bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Royal Bastardy
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

We have seen that pickings were meagre in the field of common bastardy at Sparta, albeit instructively so; by contrast pickings are quite rich in the field of royal bastardy, with bastardy allegations clustering round the figures of Cleomenes I and the Leotychidas whose throne was usurped by Agesilaus I I. While it may initially appear odd that royal succession should work to principles that differ from those of the common succession that surrounds it, it must be remembered not only that royal families develop all sorts of customs to differentiate themselves from the common herd, but also that in each royal family only one man can succeed to the throne at a time: the pressure on succession could not therefore be greater.
Bastardy in the Cities of the Classical Period
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

Aristotle, writing at the end of the classical period and the eve of the hellenistic, implies that the double civic ascendance requirement was the rule in the cities of his day: ‘For practical purposes they define a citizen as he that is born of parents that are both citizens, not just one of the two, be it the father or the mother, and some take this requirement even further, such as to two or three or more generations’ (Aristotle Politics 1275b22–4).
The Hellenistic Relaxation
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

These people did not dream of returning to live in their original home state and worried little about the political rights which had lost much of their significance and prestige; these strangers married amongst themselves, formed a stock, and tended to constitute a homogenous class of Greeks bearing their original ethnic by tradition, but in reality being citizens of the world, because they no longer belonged to any city.
Greeks and Barbarians
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

Before turning to the Egyptian material, however, it will be well to conduct a very brief survey of the background of Greek–barbarian intermarriage. It has recently become fashionable among archaeologists to study the interface of Greek and barbarian culturet using, for the most part, evidence other than the written variety: Descreudres’ Greek Colonists and Native Populations ( 1990) is an example of this trend. Although this kind of work can indeed tell us much about the mixing of cultures, it can rarely tell us anything about intermarriage: it is significant that the index to Descreudres’ massive volume contains only five meagre references to the subject, while it is somewhat alarming that Coldstream can write of mixed marriage at Pithecusae on the basis of the non-verbal archaeological record. Only written evidence can tell us whether intermarriage took place, and even this has to be treated with the utmost care. This is a point that will become particularly clear when we attempt to chart Greek–Egyptian intermarriage. For these reasons, I shall not waste time on the consideration of archaeological material, but shall confine the investigation to written sources.
Hellenistic Egypt: The Cities
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: November 2023

As in early days in the chora, Alexandria used a system of double documentation for marriages, but the Alexandrian system differed importantly from the enchoric one, it seems, in that one contract documented the marriage privately and the other documented it publicly, with the city-state taking a traditional interest in the lines of descent. The few surviving Alexandrian marriage contracts, known as synchōrēseis (BGU 1050–2 and 1098–1101), all derive from the Augustan period, but by this stage the Ptolemaic marital system is unlikely to have been drastically altered. The Roman system which was to take over from the Greek was very different from it, as can be seen from the marital provisions of the Roman Gnomon of the Idios Logos, and was dependent upon the census, but the earliest Roman census of Egypt did not occur until AD 19/20 or possibly even AD 33/4.
Conclusions
Authors: Fear A T
Published: November 2023

As will have become clear, no one simple model adequately explains urban development in Baetica in the early imperial period. This should not be surprising, given the geographical and cultural diversity of the province, and the fact that Rome does not appear to have attempted actively to impose a standard pattern on the region. The province was much less influenced by Roman cultural patterns at the beginning of our period than is commonly assumed, and this too must be borne in mind when assessing its overall development.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Christopher John
Published: November 2023

This book is an attempt by a historian to interpret and analyse the evidence for a particular region across a number of centuries, beginning with a period which can only be understood from its material remains and continuing into a period when the literary record possesses a degree of truth which may be discovered with caution and due scepticism. One aspect of such a work is that it is a study of the longue duree. This book covers over seven centuries of human endeavour and, without wishing to underplay the contribution of individuals within the period, it is necessarily focused on the contribution of such factors as geography, trade systems, and the long-term development of society.
Latia! Period IVB
Authors: Smith Christopher John
Published: November 2023

Period IVB is a vital phase of transition between the pre-urban society of IVA and the urban society of the later sixth century; this aspect of transition is not particularly well illustrated by the material remains, which are far less impressive than those of IVA, and do not yet have the monumentality which marks, as well as anything, the urban period. The nature of this transition will be discussed from the other side in Part II, and what follows is an attempt to follow the process through chronologically.
Lines of Interpretation
Authors: Smith Christopher John
Published: November 2023

This conclusion to Part I draws together the general trends so far identified. The first section is a discussion of luxury goods in the area; the second is a brief attempt to indicate the way in which the economy of Latium worked; the third is an account of the development of society in Latium from the archaeological evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Laks André , Most Glenn W
Published: November 2023

If the Derveni papyrus has been surrounded by an aura of mystery ever since its discovery a third of a century ago, this has been due not only to its contents-theological, eschatological, allegorical, cosmological-but also to the circumstances of its delayed diffusion. For the first two decades after its discovery, no text of the papyrus was generally available at all; the unauthorized publication of a transcription in Zeitschrift Jilr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 47 (1982) after p. 300 strained relations within the scholarly community but provided a basis-albeit one whose correctness could not be checked-for a growing number of published studies and for a far greater number of research projects. This situation may help to explain why, despite the obvious need for a public forum in which scholars who shared interests and questions could discuss their views with one another and foster the understanding of the Derveni papyrus, there were, as far as we know, no conferences on this extraordinary document during these years.
Figures of Sexuality and Initiatory Transition in the Derveni Theogony and its Commentary
Authors: Calame Claude
Published: November 2023

Whatever their position and their philosophical premises, scholars agree that the commentary in the Derveni papyrus bears upon one of the most ancient versions of the Orphic cosmo-theogony we know. After a brief description of the sacrificial rites performed by the followers of Orpheus-which perhaps form the cultic circumstances of enunciation of the poem commented upon (col. v1)the interpreter proceeds to state an essential premise: the poem is ‘enigmatic ‘ (alviyµ,a7 ‘W07JS, col. VII. 4, 5, cf. IX. 10, XIV. 6, XVII. 13). To this extent it requires explanations, or rather decipherment, for the commentator thinks that its formulations are metaphoric and allegorical. And in fact his reading often refers to the knowledge of those who ‘know ‘, that is, of the initiates who hold the keys of this allegorical epic diction (cols. IX. 2, XII. 5, xvm. 5, xx.2-3 and 8, xvrn. 2 and 5, xxv1. 8).
Thracian Narratives
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H
Published: November 2023

Elements of Thracian dress appear during the first half of the fifth century in a distinct group of narrative scenes about Dionysos including the Gigantomachy, the Return of Hephaistos, the madness of Dionysos and the encounter with Lykourgos. Before the middle of that century those Thracian elements seldom appear in other Dionysian scenes, which suggests that they should be understood as visual links connecting the episodes. Through the imagery, then, some vase painters make a clear distinction between Thracian and ‘Greek’ narratives about the god.
Aegean and Orient
Authors: West M L
Published: November 2023

Culture, like all forms of gas, tends to spread out from where it is densest into adjacent areas where it is less dense. For some six thousand years, from the seventh millennium BC to the first, a steady succession of arts, crafts, and comforts found their way from south-western Asia, the cradle of the Neolithic revolution, to south-eastern Europe and to that gnarled outpost of Europe that we call Greece: the cultivation of cereals, of flax, of the olive and the vine; pottery, first hand-made and later wheel-made; the working of copper, then bronze, then iron; the protection of property by means of stamped or rolled seals; the art of writing on clay tablets, waxed wooden boards, papyrus, and skins; the walling of towns; the music of harp, lyre, and double oboe—these are only some of the more important items that spring to mind. }dost of those millennia lie outside the purview of the present work, which is concerned with the contribution of the Near East—more specifically the Semitic area and Anatolia-to Greek poetry and myth as we know them in the period 750–450 BC. Of course we cannot restrict our attention to those three centuries, since the literature of that time may well contain eastern elements that reflect earlier contacts.
The Lyric Poets
Authors: West M L
Published: November 2023

The term ‘the lyric poets’ is here used in the conventional, practically meaningless but frequently convenient catch-all sense in which it covers an authors of non-hexameter and non-dramatic poetry down to Pindar and Bacchylides. The poets with whom I shall have occasion to deal will be disposed under the broad headings of iambus, elegy, and melic poetry. l[n terms of literary history these are not completely satisfactory terms, because there is some overlap between them; but there is no need to go into that. The review of these poets will extend the inquiry in two ways. The first is chronological. In considering myths in the last chapter we were dealing with material of often uncertain age, some of it clearly going back to the eighth century or before, some of it not much, if at all, earlier (in Greece) than 500. Now we shall be proceeding in an orderly fashion through reasonably well dated texts that take us from the mid seventh to the mid fifth century. The other extension is in register. Certain popular forms of utterance that were excluded from epic, or at any rate under¬ represented in it, such as proverb and fable, will come more clearly into view in the less elevated types of poetry that we shall be concerned with here.
Aeschylus
Authors: West M L
Published: November 2023

Aeschylus? Aeschylus? Was this not the man who fought at Marathon and Salamis against the forces of the East? The poet who first articulated the antithesis of Hellene and barbarian, and posited the all-round inferiority of the latter to the former? Pioneer of the most quint¬ essentially and autonomously Greek of literary forms, Attic tragedy? Is even he now to be found prey to these insidious oriental influences that seem to reach everywhere? The fact is that his plays do yield a further body of evidence for the penetration of West Asiatic motifs into Greece, as the plays of Sophocles and Euripides do not. It is not a question of Aeschylus’ personal access to eastern sources or receptivity to eastern ideas. It is just that he happens to be the author from the first half of the fifth century whose work is most extensively preserved; indeed, we have more of it than we have of any earlier Greek writer apart from the poets of the Iliad and Odyssey.
Imported Luxuries And Their Meaning
Authors: Archibald Z H
Published: November 2023

Gold vessels rarely survive. Three golden phialai from Daskal Atanassovo, south-east of Stara Zagora, are of the ‘open lotus’ form, with a high omphalos and thirty-six narrow pointed petals ham mered in relief onto the exterior, with a supplementary row of thirty-six behind. Originating in ninth-century Assyria, this shape had become popular in various parts of Greece by the fifth century (see App. 2). Each phiale had a hole in the centre of the omphalos for the insertion of an applique. These two bowls were probably made at an Aegean centre; they are found principally in east Greece and at mainland sites with strong east ern connections.
The Warrior’s Image: Arms and the Artist’s Projection
Authors: Archibald Z H
Published: November 2023

Wealthy Male Thracian Burials Of A Pre Dominantly martial character form a limited but distinctive group in this period. The burial of weapons with their owners is not new and the overall increase in the number and quality of weapons deposited reflects increased access to such goods, both in social and geo graphical terms. The ‘warrior’ burials of Odrysian Thrace contain a carefully selected panoply, though the form of each article is not standard. ‘Princely’ or ‘warrior burial’ is a term applied to male graves containing weapons and sometimes armour at different times and in different parts of Europe. The status associations of these panoplies have long been recognized. Arms as grave goods may indicate a social role as physical protector and, by extension, guarantor of social cohesion and security.
Lyric Discourses
Authors: Lowrie Michéle
Published: November 2023

The degree zero of lyric discourse is utterance, a dramatic speaking out grounded in occasion (Heinze 1923; Johnson 1982: 4, 30; Nussbaum 1981: 2099 et al.). This said, we must qualify. Occasion and speech are always subject to fiction, and thereby fail to provide more than a semblance of origins. Utterance, within its realm, is all-encompassing, and all-empowering, so that narrative (the formal category) is one possible speech act among others. Narrative, what we do when we order words into sense, is utterance. How then does it relate to lyric? History, with the help of poets, creates different ways of lyric speaking out at different times. Sappho reads differently from Horace, or Marvel, or Keats, or Ashbury. Each poet reinvents a way to speak out that in turn requires us to reconfigure our own notion of lyric utterance. This chapter sets up a formal distinction between lyric and narrative in the attempt to show why narrative poses a disruptive threat to Horace’s version of lyric, that is, lyric narrowly defined as the small, private space of aesthetics. In the larger picture, it could rather turn out that lyric as an aesthetic category poses a distinct threat to a narrative desire to make sense.
Forbidding Mourning
Authors: Lowrie Michéle
Published: November 2023

Memory in Odes I — 3 looks forward: the monumentum does not so much preserve the past as project Horace’s future immortality. Death, for Horace, has no sting. How then to cope with the death of others, particularly with the primary impulse arising from death and memory that is mourning? Can poetry compensate for death? Does a place exist for mourning in a poetics of presence? The usual threat to the ethics of carpe diem arises from anxiety about the future (death); less frequent, but no less disruptive, is brooding over the past (mourning). The injunction of C. I. 24, I. 33, and 2. 9 offers a simple answer: ‘don’t mourn’. But — there is always a ‘but’ — the very injunction not to mourn inscribes others’ mourning on the tombstone of the monumentum. Furthermore, the alternative Horace offers in C. 2. 9, praise Augustus Caesar, disturbs (Putnam 1990).
The Programmatic Statements of the Lives
Authors: Duff Tim
Published: November 2023

Plutarch claims, through his Parallel Lives, to reveal his subjects’ character and thereby improve his readers’ character. In this chapter, I shall consider Plutarch’s conception of the moralizing function of his biographies. We should note first, however, that the concept of moralism, like its content, is not transcultural. Ancient Greek has no term equivalent to our abstract ‘moralism’ or ‘morality’.
The Lives of Phokion and Cato Minor
Authors: Duff Tim
Published: November 2023

The Pyrrhos-Marius is a pair of Lives with a fairly straightforward moral message, which runs across both Lives of the pair. More complex, and providing more difficulties for a moral reading, is the Phokion-Cato Minor. Here Plutarch confronts the issue of whether there is, in the reality of political life, such a thing as absolute good and absolute evil.
The Lives of Lysander and Sulla
Authors: Duff Tim
Published: November 2023

Plutarch’s treatment of Lysander and Sulla forms the second example of Lives in which Plutarch seems to problematize the moral status of the subject. Christopher Pelling recognized the problem posed by these Lives when he labelled the moralism here as ‘ descriptive’ rather than evaluative, as more concerned with pointing to a truth in human nature than with presenting a model for imitation or avoidance. In fact, although there is no simple didacticism in the text, evaluative judgements are nevertheless encouraged; the subjects are viewed from an ethical perspective. But these judgements are contradictory, and the ethical status of the pair seems to remain deliberately ambiguous right through to the end. Frederick Brenk, discussing the ambivalence in Plutarch’s presentation of Sulla, attributed it to the contradictory nature of the sources, which he saw as pulling Plutarch in opposite directions: the moral ambiguity of the Life is the result of a lack of reflection, of an inadequate harmonization of sources. But, as we have already noted, Plutarch does not usually simply follow the emphases of his sources. The lack of moral clarity in this pair does not result from the sources; rather, Plutarch seems to be making it deliberately difficult to extract simple moral lessons from this text.
Crafts and Commerce
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De
Published: November 2023

The economy of the ancient Mesopotamian city was not restricted to the primary activities of food production and processing. The manufacture of goods, both common utensils and luxury items, found in abundance in the archaeological and textual records, was also a major economic enterprise. Craft production was not limited to cities: village craftsmen produced a variety of goods for the local market as well. But manufacture in cities, or administered by urban institutions, was clearly more extensive, more complex, and of greater importance to the Mesopotamian economy. In this chapter I will investigate how crafts in Mesopotamia depended on the city, and especially how they were intrinsically connected to international trade. Their reliance on cities was threefold: first, the producers could only be supported in an urban economy where a food surplus was available; second, the variety of raw materials needed for manufacture was only available in cities where both local supplies, such as reed and wool, and foreign ones, such as metal ores, were collected; third, the clientele was an urban one, which either used the finished products locally or exported them.
The Eclipse of the Ancient Mesopotamian City
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De
Published: November 2023

What happened to the ancient Mesopotamian city? Did it die out suddenly or gradually or did it form the basis for a long evolution leading to the medieval cities of Iraq? In this book the bulk of documentation was derived from archaeological and textual sources dating to the early third millennium through the fourth century BC, the period traditionally identified as that of ancient Mesopotamian history. Scholars have rarely addressed the issue of when this period ends, and various dates seem to be tacitly accepted for different purposes. Some define the end of Mesopotamia as when it ceased to exist as an independent political entity by its integration in the Persian empire in 539; while this is seen as a convenient date, most scholars see the conquest by Alexander of Macedon and the coming of Hellenism as the decisive moment. But scholars working with sources written in cuneiform from the Persian and Seleucid periods are readily considered ancient Mesopotamian specialists and themselves often emphasize the continuity with earlier periods. Alexander has been called the last of the Achaemenids, ending a period of Persian reforms based on Assyrian antecedents, while the end of Babylonian culture has been seen as caused by Iranization under the Parthians starting in the second century BC, rather than by Hellenization under the Seleucids two centuries earlier.
The Wooden Horse
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

The tale of the wooden horse, at once one of the most renowned and most enigmatic elements of the Trojan tradition, finds remarkable narrative complements in two earlier episodes of the saga. Although insufficient for unravelling the mysteries of the cultural and poetic origins of this unusual creature, analysis of its relationship with the two correlative episodes can illuminate how the poets understood the statue and defined its function within the saga.
Daughters and Daughters-in-Law
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

Of the twelve daughters and the many daughters-in-law who inhabited Priam’s palace, Ilioupersis sources focus their attention primarily on three: Kassandra, Polyxene, and Andromache. The rest, Helen excepted, seem not to have been elevated to canonical status in the tradition. Apollodoros records that a chasm opens in the earth to engulf Laodike (Epit. 5. 25), the princess accompanying Hekabe at her meeting with Hektor in Iliad 6; but, although Lykophron’s allusion to the fate of Laodike at Alexandra 316-22 would suggest an earlier, possibly Classical treatment, the episode remained on the periphery of the tradition, and no evidence associates it with the early epic. Pausanias lists the names of several other Trojan women in his commentary on Polygnotos’ Ilioupersis, but few reappear in other sources, verbal or visual.
Aineias
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

According to Proklos’ summary of the Iliou Persis, Aineias departs from Troy together with a group of followers immediately after the death of Laokoon, which he perceives as a sign of approaching disaster: Set immediately prior to the attack of the Achaians, Aineias’ escape from Troy contrasts with the widespread suffering that is to follow. Aineias perceives and takes precautions against the impending danger while the rest of Troy, as Proklos and Apollodoros tell us, celeb rates the putative retreat of the Achaians. Aineias thereby avoids the destruction that catches the other Trojans by surprise. Another tradition. for which the most famous witness is Vergil’s Aeneid. places the escape not prior to, but during the attack itself and thereby allows Aineias to confront the invaders heroically before his final retreat. The result is the same, however: Aineias survives the disaster that destroys the vast majority of the remaining Trojans.
Correlative Episodes before the Achaian War against Troy
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

Two final examples of epic incidents correlative with the Ilioupersis, Herakles’ campaign against Troy and Theseus’ abduction of Helen. lie on the chronological periphery of the Trojan legend. Both events take place well before the outbreak of the Achaian war against Troy and belong primarily to antecedent generations of heroes, no longer active in the age of Agamemnon. A mythographic handbook like that of Apollodoros would prefer to catalogue Herakles’ expedition against Troy not with the later campaign against the city, but among the hero’s other contemporary adventures. And because the stories of the Dioskouroi are best represented in the work of poets affiliated with Sparta, we might, if categorizing the myth, group it more readily with Spartan legend than with Helen’s later abduction. Yet, despite the narrative distance separating Herakles and Theseus from their Achaian and Trojan successors, a surprising degree of affiliation can be traced between the traditions. The creative activity of the poets was not restricted by mythological categories or geographical guidelines, and the extensive narrative interaction among these stories is evidence of wide migration of the epic tradition and mingling of diverse currents of myth.
Closing Remarks
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

Beyond the one-dimensional plot sequence in which elements of the saga lock into place one after another, a network of resonating themes, motifs, and allusions winds the saga together into a complex and dynamic work of art. The preceding exploration of narrative correlations demonstrates that the cluster of Ilioupersis elements exerts a centripetal gravitational force within this galaxy of interconnected stories, its grip extending deep into episodes at both ends of the saga and beyond: Herakles’ campaign against Laomedon; the invasion of the Dioskouroi into Attika; Paris’ voyage to Sparta; the sacrifice of Iphigeneia; the capture of Thebe; Aineias’ escape from Lyrnessos and the subsequent death of Troilos; the string of events in Iliad 20 to 24, including the escape of Aineias, the death of Hektor, and the ransoming of his corpse; the theft of the Palladion; the deaths of Aias and Neoptolemos: and the homecoming of Odysseus.
The Lost Ilioupersis Dramas of Sophokles
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

In addition to Euripides’ Hekabe and monumental Troades, several other dramas incorporating Ilioupersis material were composed for the Athenian stage. No record of such plays survives for Aischylos, who was perhaps dissuaded by the composite nature and unwieldy magnitude of the myth. Sophokles, however, managed to extract at least three dramas from the Ilioupersis tradition: Laokoon, Aias Lokros, and Polyxene. Evidence exists also for an anonymous Ilioupersis drama which treated the Trojan captives and was perhaps centred upon the fate of Andromache.
Further Directions
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

The fact that many of the Ilioupersis combinations on vase-paintings display deliberate and logical organization and interaction among scenes suggests that these features were to be found also on monumental representations. One tantalizing example is the series of Ilioupersis metopes on the north side of the Parthenon. Although the linear alignment of temple metopes does not facilitate the complexity of associations observed in Onesimos’ octagonal arrangement, the Kleophrades Painter provides a sophisticated precedent for inter active adjacent scenes, and some comparable system of connections is likely to have governed the choice and structure of the adjacent temple metopes.
The Letters and Literature
Authors: Hutchinson G O
Published: November 2023

Cicero’s correspondence forms one of the most remarkable collections of texts in Latin. Not only do these letters throw a uniquely penetrating light on the social and political world of the late Republican elite, and the events of a momentous period; not only are they vital to understanding one of the most central figures in Latin literature, and fundamental to our knowledge of many contemporary authors; they also contain a great quantity and variety of powerful and vivacious writing. One hears many scholars and students speak of them with delight. And yet in some ways they have been curiously neglected.
Polybius and the Constitution
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

Polybius’ analysis of the Roman constitution is an excursus, placed in his sixth book as an explanation of why the Romans did not collapse after their series of devastating defeats at the hands of Hannibal at the beginning of the Second Punic War. He remarks that there had been some changes between then and his time of writing but they were not significant (6. n. 13). My present chapter has more than one purpose. Polybius provides a theoretical schema, a map of the constitution, which may be criticized in the light of facts otherwise known to us, and thus help us to construct our own map.
The Mixed Constitution and Republican Ideology
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

The varying beliefs of those who participated in Republican politics have already become apparent in the foregoing chapters. From the third century onwards at least, perhaps the majority of the elite supported senatorial authority in the interests of maintaining the status quo, others believed in the superiority of the elected magistrate, while plebeian leaders laid stress on the rights of the plebs-provocatio, the inviolability of tribunes, and the freedom of the plebeian assembly.1
The Early Rhetorical Tradi’tion
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

Oratory became a more or less distinct genre of Greek prose literature some time around the middle of the fifth century nc. The uncertainties surrounding its beginnings do not allow a more precise dating. On one important aspect of its early development, however, confident assertion is possible: unlike other genres, oratory evolved under the stimulus of two agencies, that of the preceptor and that of the practitioner. From the start there were teachers instructing would-be orators in what to say, how and in what order to say it. By the time of Antiphon, the first Greek orator whose speeches have survived, the work and influence of the teachers had crystallized into a body of topics and types of argument which only the most talented (or foolhardy) might ignore. An attempt, such as is envisaged in the present enquiry, to assess the literary achievement of each of the Attic orators, must logically approach their texts with the initial intention of trying to identify what they received from the first teachers, before examining the merit of what may seem idiosyncratic and original. The tradition begins with these early teachers, and it is necessary to clarify the form in which their instruction was transmitted.
Antiphon
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

Antiphon is the earliest of the Attic orators by a generation (born 6.480 BC). Dearth of biographical detail is unsurprising in his case, since he shunned public attention throughout a career which combined rhetorical writing with political conspiracy. Thucydides, his admirer, credited him with masterminding the oligarchic revolution of 411–410 after years of clandestine preparation (8. 68). Its failure led to his trial and death. His literary legacy, by contrast, was permanent. He comes down as the first man to publish speeches written for others.1 Some of the surviving titles of lost or fragmentary speeches suggest a political programme or affinity,2 and a less clearly definable political background may be discerned in the extant full speeches. All concern homicide. They contain few indications as to their date, though they are probably all products of his later years. There has been little scholarly opposition to the tentatively expressed opinion of Blass (AB i. 192–3) that the speech Against the Stepmother is the earliest, but there is less agreement over the dates of the other two speeches. Without a high degree of conviction, I accept the arguments which assign Death of a Chorus-Boy to 419/18 and Murder of Herodes to 417/16.
Demosthenes Logographos (Part II)
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

Discussion now turns to the remaining speeches. These are all concerned with private lawsuits, except the De Corona, his masterpiece, which will be treated last. Some sixty speeches and other works are preserved under Demosthenes’ name, but critical examination of them over many years, using various means, has reduced the number of those accepted as authentic. Dionysius of Halicarnassus (Dem. r3) considered that there were ‘not many more than twenty’ private speeches in addition to the six he had mentioned. This provides a rough guide to the number of private Demosthenic speeches known and recognized in the Augustan period; and there is the further fact that he accepts as genuine two speeches (43 Ag. Macartatus and 48 Ag. Olympiodorus) which modern critics have tended to reject. When these two facts are applied to the modern list of ‘authentic’ speeches, which is substantially that of Blass, the fourteen titles which it contains must seem conservative, and consequently the seventeen speeches rejected as spurious may seem excessive. In the present early stage of Demosthenic authenticity-studies, my own observations lead me to include in the twenty speeches examined below some which others have rejected.
Isocrates Sophistes
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

The first pupils at Isocrates’ Athenian school probably began their four-year courses in 388 or a little later. In his tract Against the Sophists, he inveighs against his pedagogical rivals, criticizing the narrowness and impracticality of their teaching, with its concentration on dialectic (‘eristic’), and the excessive claims they made for it. It is a bid for pupils in a small market; but the text breaks off abruptly before revealing his own educational programme. We find elsewhere3 that it is directed towards contemporary political studies, including issues of domestic, inter-state, and international importance. His stance gives rise to a number of contradictions: here is a man who sold practical knowledge, thereby meeting the definition of ‘sophist’, but who railed against that class; who wrote disparagingly about forensic oratory after himself earning his living, however briefly, by writing it; and whose chosen medium was, in its popular and published form, one of mass communication, yet he himself was forced, because of vocal weakness and a nervous temperament, to ply his trade behind the closed doors of his exclusive school.
Ceremonial Oratory
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

Whether or not a precise date for the earliest epitaphios can be established,1 it is clear that this main sub-genre of ceremonial or epideictic oratory was already formalized and its contents were determined even before the beginnings of Sicilian rhetoric.
The Hellenization of Jerusalem and Shechem
Authors: Schwartz Seth
Published: November 2023

Everyone knows that an important category of Greek city in the Hellenistic period was the Hellenized native city—a phenomenon especially common in Asia Minor (where Sardis is the best-known example) and in Syria-Palestine. This type of city is of particular interest because it illustrates in the most critical way possible the changing character of ethnicity in the Hellenistic period, for it seems likely that apart from those who, wherever they lived, could plausibly claim Greek ancestry, the prevailing definition of ‘Greek’ now became formal: a citizen of a city with a Greek constitution was Greek. Everyone also knows, though Jewish historians tend not to think of it in precisely these terms, that the loci classici for the Hellenization of native cities are the cases of Jerusalem and Shechem under Antiochus IV. Only here do we have information, however tendentious and incomplete, about the process by which communities actually became Greek.
The Gifts of God at Sardis
Authors: Rajak Tessa
Published: November 2023

The great late antique Sardis synagogue is often taken as a proof and a symbol of the integration of a major, long-standing Jewish community into its environment. A community of standing is conjured up, allocated a former basilica in the heart of the city as its synagogue, as early as the second century; a community, whose worship in this edifice of marble and rich mosaic was, famously, conducted hard up against the civic baths-gymnasium; a community which contributed to the city, producing, in the surviving inscriptions alone, nine Sardian councillors among some thirty donors. Among its humbler members, this community could number a maker of marble menoroth tellingly called Socrates. God-fearers, to be understood as sympathizers with Judaism or as affiliates, emerge as an active part of the community, at least in their operation as benefactors recorded on equal terms with others, just as we find them in the comparable milieu of Aphrodisias.
Introduction
Authors: Lendon J E
Published: November 2023

On what was to be the last day of his life, the emperor Nero awoke to find that the palace sentries had abandoned their posts. His friends did not respond to his summons. He rushed around to their rooms with a handful of servants, and pounded on the doors. If they were within, they did not answer. Returning to his own chamber he found that his very bodyguards had slipped away, taking with them the bedclothes and his box of poison. To the empty halls of his vast palace he cried, ‘Have I neither friend nor foe?’ Here was an emperor who no longer commanded obedience, an emperor at last bereft of his power. And the last hours of Vitellius were eerily similar: he wandered an empty palace, tried locked doors, and shuddered at vacant rooms until he was finally discovered and dragged away to his death.
Notes And Discussions The Comic Encomium And Aristophanes Clouds 1201-1211
Authors: Macleod C W
Published: November 2023

Arecurrent Feature of Aristophanic comedy is what may be labelled the encomium. In the latter part of the play the hero regularly achieves some kind of success or happiness; and this is saluted, often in a separate ode by the chorus. Such congratulations may be, as well as a natural outgrowth of the plot, a designed contrast to the chorus ‘ mockery of individuals which is also typical of the latter part of an Aristophanic comedy.
A Note on P. Oxy. 3010. 29
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

In BICS 18 (1971), 53-68 Mr Peter Parsons published with a commentary a new fragment of a Greek satirical novel, which will now appear as P. Oxy. 30m; further valuable work on the papyrus by Professor Merkel bach came out in ,?,PE 11 (1973), 81-rno. From these discussions the following plot emerges. At the beginning someone learns arcane knowledge from a gallus, which he is to teach in his turn to a certain Iolaus. He then does so. His teaching is a catalogue of what he knows, which seems to comprise both information about what Iola us has done or intends to do and revelations granted to the speaker as an initiate. _In this catalogue are found (line 29) the word ava-\vow q,aa,v, followed by the letters Ka1ToK01TTJP,, which, as Mr Parsons suggests (art. cit. 60), may refer to the a1ToK01T or self-mutilation of the galli. This note concerns the interpretation of ava-\va,v <f,aa,v.
BathosIn ‘Longinus ‘ And Methodius
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

IN ch. 2. I of On the Sublime the author raises the question El la-r,v vif,ovs ‘TIS ij f3a0ovs ‘TE ‘)(V ‘TJ. Russell in his edition ad loc. suggests that {3a0ov, is a complementary, not a contrary, term to vif,ovs, i.e. ‘depth ‘, which can merely be ‘sublimity ‘ seen from another viewpoint. He admits, however, that this leaves a difficulty: ‘the trouble is that, despite L ‘s rich vocabulary for this sort of thing, f3a.Bos does not appear again in the extant parts of the book, and therefore strikes a somewhat alien note ‘; and he considers that there may be textual corruption. This short paper is designed to give some support to the view that {3a0ovs is the genuine reading and the opposite to vif,ov,.
Reading the Laws ‘Written in Blood’
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: November 2023

Draco’s laws of bloodshed occupied a singular place of reverence among the laws of the ancient democracy at Athens–‘the noblest and most hallowed of all … forever unaltered’ (Ant. 5. 14=6. 2). Enacted in the seventh century BC (c.622) to resolve conflict among the ruling families, they were retained virtually intact as the democracy emerged and evolved, down to the end of the democratic regime some three hundred years later. Against other offences the law of Athens underwent prodigious changes beginning with Solon (c.594): the second lawgiver recognized the right of any concerned citizen to prosecute for a multitude of misdeeds, and this involvement awakened a sense of wrong to the community. But against homicide the burden of prosecution continued to rest almost exclusively with the aggrieved parties themselves, the victim’s kinsmen. In this respect Draco’s law was a legacy of the archaic polis where noble families held sway. Yet it became an icon of the democratic ideology in which loyalty and legitimate authority belonged to the dēmos. This paradoxical conception had a profound and still unfathomed effect upon the early development of rhetoric at Athens.
Antiphon I and the Concept of Malice
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: November 2023

The first speech in the corpus was once judged the best of Antiphon’s work for its portrayal of character. It is now generally regarded the worst of his efforts for the failings of its argument. It presents us with a set of problems not unlike the puzzle of the Tetralogies. The case involves a plot so convoluted that it was once thought to be an artificial scenario for demonstration: the plaintiff, having recently come of age, prosecutes a woman for the murder of her husband, the plaintiff’s father; the death occurred some years earlier when the young man was too young to prosecute; the wife allegedly brought about the victim’s death by poisoning at the hands of an unwitting accomplice—a concubine who belonged to a friend of the victim and administered the drug to both men. Antiphon’s authorship is again in question—though not, in this instance, on grounds of language or law. There are dramatic flourishes that seem out of character with Antiphon’s austere style: the plaintiff refers to his ‘stepmother’ as Clytemnestra and casts himself in the role of a latter-day Orestes. The arrangement of the speech is peculiarly disjointed: the proof (5-13) comes before the narrative (14-20); and after what appears to be the proper epilogue, there is yet a second, rather disconnected, closing statement (28-31).
Antiphon 6: Causation and the Law
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: November 2023

The last speech in Antiphon’s modest corpus, for a defendant implicated in the death of a choirboy, is the earliest extant speech that can be dated with any confidence: the death occurred in the spring of 419 and the trial was held in late autumn or winter of 419 / 18. It is also our earliest reliable evidence for the kind of case that was tried at the Palladium. The argument centres upon the peculiar concept of ‘planning’ or determining in unintentional homicide, and the speech is, again, our best evidence for this peculiar concept. This speech also gives us an intriguing glimpse of internal politics at Athens. There is a consensus going back to Schwartz and Wilamowitz that the defendant in this case was one of those mentioned by Thucydides as relying upon the artful arguments of Antiphon to further their cause in the courts and assembly, and scholars have been inclined to read partisan issues into the arguments. Such matters lie outside the scope of this study. On the questions that most concern us, of law and its rhetorical uses, there has been broad disagreement.
Justifiable Killing and the Problem of Lysias 1
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: November 2023

Demosthenes spoke of the Delphinium court as the most dread and awe-inspiring of them all (23. 74). What is it that made the proceedings of this court so disturbing, more so than trial at the Areopagus itself? The verdict of justifiable manslaughter, which the gods themselves had sanctioned, was the most ancient and sacred of legal concepts; it was also the most troubling aspect of the primitive law. How, after all, were the judges to determine what constitutes ‘justifiable killing’ – to rule that in one case a vindictive killer will go unpunished, in another that the killer be put to death? We know that in the fourth century a defendant must plead that his act was justified by specific provisions of statute law. This legalistic understanding of justifiable killing was undoubtedly strengthened by the reforms of the restored democracy. But the Draconian conception of justifiable homicide as retributive killing is remarkably persistent: by this reckoning the justification lies not in the interests of society or moral excuse on behalf of the killer; it is the victim’s wrongdoing that brings punishment upon him (Ch. 3 §2.3). The charter myth for this institution is the legendary acquittal of Orestes for avenging the wrong his mother had done his father. And this retributive principle is honoured even in some cases where we might expect a more humane rationale: Demosthenes judges a killing in athletic competition by the same rule that justifies the killing of an adulterer or an outlaw; the victim himself is to blame for his death (23. 54). This principle of Draconian justice persisted even when democratic values might seem to weigh against it. The two ways of justice were sometimes reconciled by rather ingenious constructions.
Regicide, Restoration, and the ‘English’ Oedipus
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

Writing in the Preface to John Dryden and Nathaniel Lee’s Oedipus in a collected edition of Dryden’s works in 1808, Sir Walter Scott refers to a revival ‘some thirty years ago’, which had so offended the audience that the boxes had been emptied before the end of the third act. That Dryden and Lee’s play, first per­ formed at the Dorset Garden Theatre in 1678, should have remained within the London repertoire some hundred years or more after its premiere (albeit now fading from it on grounds of taste), is of no small note. And in many ways this Restoration Oedipus is unique amongst the numerous late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century tragedies based upon the ancient Greek plays in enjoying such a long production history.
London’s Greek Plays in the 1880s: George Warr and Social Philhellenism
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

On 13 and 1S May 1886 at 9 p.m. ‘The Story of Orestes’, billed as ‘An abridged English version of the Oresteian Trilogy of Aeschylus’, was performed in the Prince’s Hall, Piccadilly, under the patronage of the Prince and Princess of Wales. The proceeds of these two performances, together with those from a series of scenes of tableaux from Homer entitled The Tale of Troy on the afternoon of 14 May, formed ‘a contribution towards a University Endowment Fund, with the object of enabling King’s College and University College, London, to extend and cheapen the higher collegiate education, with a view to qualify them for the functions of a Teaching University’ .
The Shavian Euripides and the Euripidean Shaw: Greek Tragedy and the New Drama
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

In an essay entitled ‘The Womanly Woman’ published in The Quintessence of Ibsenism (1891), George Bernard Shaw refers to the quickly fading romantic ideal following completion of the marriage ceremony. Shaw informs us that: The wife finds that her husband is neglecting her for his business; that his interests, his activities, his whole life except that one part of it to which only a cynic referred before her marriage, lies away from home; and that her business is to sit there and mope until she is wanted.