bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of High Density Lipophorin (HDLP) Receptor from the Fat Body of Galleria mellonella by Ligand Blot Analysis
Authors: LEE Chang‐Seok , HAN Jik‐Hyon , KIM Hak‐Ryul
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
To identify and characterize the HDLP (high density lipophorin) receptor from Galleria mellonella (LPRGm), we used techniques of ligand blotting. This method was, to our knowledge, firstly used to characterize the lipophorin receptor (LPR) in insect. LPRgm had the approximate molecular weight of 100 kDa under non‐reducing conditions and bound the HDLP very rapidly and specifically. The receptor had an absolute requirement of Ca2+ but exceeding concentration of Ca2+ has shown some inhibitory effect, and this result was supported by the effect of EDTA, here used for Ca2+ chelating reagent. LPRGm has the high binding affinity to HDLP and its binding with HDLP was rapid and specific. Suramin (polysulfated polycyclic hydrocarbon) effectively inhibited the LPRGm and HDLP binding. LPRGm showed the stage specific binding activity especially in day 1‐3 last instar larval, prepupal, and adult stages.
Biological Control of Culex pipiens pattens (Diptera, Culicidae) by the Release of Fish Muddy Loach, Misgurnus mizolepis in Natural Ponds, Korea
Authors: LEE Dong‐Kyu
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
An assessment on the biological control potential with the fish muddy loaches (Misgurnus mizolepis) was conducted against naturally bred Culex pipiens pollens larvae in four ponds (A, B, C and D) in Busan from July through September, 2001. Predation of the fish at 3 different release rates of 4,5, and 6 fish/m2 resulted in mostly over 90% mosquito control from the first week after treatment through the end of the survey period for 11 weeks. There were no significant difference among the release rates of fish at the 5% level of probability. However, substantial controls of 43.0% and 25.9% were obtained from pond C during the 3rd and 7th weeks after the fish introduction, respectively. The results of those two weeks showed a lower biological control by the introduced larvivorous fishes. This might be due to the presence of heavy organic matters including aquatic weeds and/or severely polluted water from sewage in pond C. The aquatic weeds covered the pond's water surface which may have affected the deterioration of mosquito preying in favor of aquatic weeds. Also, the fishes were observed to avoid severely contaminated sewage water in some parts of ponds A and C where more mosquito larvae were found.
Two New Larentiinae Species (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) from Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Two species of the Larentiinae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), Venusia megaspilata (Warren) and Pasiphila (Gymnodisca) excise (Butler), are reported for the first time in Korea. Diagnosis, descriptions including male and female genitalia and systematic account of each species are provided.
Cultivation Optimization of Insect‐Pathogenic Fungi PaecUomyces lilacinus HY‐4 to Soil‐pest Adoretus tenuimaculatus
Authors: SUH Eun Young , SON Kwang Hee , SHIN Dong Ha , KIM Ki Duk , JANG Cheol , YU Yong Man , PARK Ho‐Yong
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
A new insect pathogenic fungi, Paecilomyces licacinus HY‐4 that was isolated from soil sample, showed biological activity to Chestnut Brown Chafer, pest of golf course. The culture condition for the fungi P. lilacinus HY‐4 was optimized through statistical approach for the mass production. According th the bioassay on the pest, the insecticidal activity reached up to 30%, and positive factor for the production of the fungi was zeolite with 97.5% of significance.
Silkworm Growth and Silk Yield on Selected Supplemented/ Un‐supplemented Mulberry Varieties
Authors: AKRAM Waseem , ZAFAR Usman , LEE Jong‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Sericulture has been on developing foot hills till today in Pakistan. It is for the past few years that this industry has received recognition through greater research on the nutritional aspects. Various experiments i.e., nutritional supplementation and searching alternate food plants have been on way with varying degree of success. The present approach includes the very much neglected aspect of trying mulberry varieties and working out their impact on the silkworm growth/ development and silk yield. In Pakistan three varieties of mulberry Morus alba, M. nigra and M. indica are commonly found, these were selected for the present studies and the already established mineral dose 0.2 %N +0.1%P+0.3%K+0.1%Ca+0.15%Mg+0.15%Mn was supplemented to them through dipping method. Amongst the so designed nine treatments those in which the silkworm larvae were fed on M. nigra leaves in any form /combinati‐yielded best results, as the larvae in these treatments consumed more food (73.71 gm/10 larvae) and converted maximum (77.22%) of it into body matter. This improved silkworm growth, a primary parameter for increasing the over all production and resulted in better cocoon size which weighed heavier (2.43 gm/cocoon and 1.10 gm/shell) as compared to rest of the test treatments (0.67 and 0.70 gm/shell on M. alba and M. indica, respectively).
Fine Structural Analysis of the Silk Apparatus in the Funnel‐web Spider, Agelena limbata (Araneae: Agelenidae)
Authors: PARK Jong‐Gu , MOON Myung‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Silk apparatus of the funnel‐web spider, Agelena limbata was located at the ventral end of the abdominal part, and was composed of internal silk glands and external spinnerets. Among the three pairs of spinnerets, the posterior pairs were highly elongated along the body axis. By the light and electron microscopic inspections, it was found that four types of silk glands were connected through the typical spinning tubes of each spinneret. Anterior spinnerets comprise 2 pairs of the ampullate and 125 to 150 pairs (female) or 110 to 114 (male) of pyriform glands. Another 2 pairs of ampullate glands in both sexes, 5 to 8 pairs of tubuliform glands in females, and 20 to 26 pairs (female) or 15 to 17 pairs (male) of aciniform glands were connected on the median spinnerets. Additional 8 to 10 pairs of tubuliforms in female and 41 to 53 pairs (female) or 27 to 32 pairs (male) of aciniform glands were on the posterior spinnerets, respectively. While the ampullate and tubuliform glands were connected with the spigot‐type spinning tubes, the pyriform and aciniform glands with that of spool‐type tubes. It has been also revealed that the tubuliform glands were only observed in female spiders, however the flagelliform and aggregate glands which had the function of adhesive thread production in orb‐web spiders were not observed at both sexes of this spiders.
Taxonomic Review of the Genus Mycterothrips (TEREBRANTIA: THYSANOPTERA) and its Species from Pakistan
Authors: AKRAM Waseem , OH Se‐Won , LEE Jong‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Genus Mycterothrips and one species M. nilgiriensis with both male and female specimens has been recorded for the first time from Pakistan. The genus and the species have been described in detail, measurements of body parts along with illustrations have also been provided for future references. Thus adding to the list of Thysanoptera fauna from Pakistan.
Chromosomal Polymorphism in Korean Natural Populations of Drosophila immigrans
Authors: KIM Nam Woo , LEE Jae Doo , LEE Yang Suk , JOO Eun Young , KIM Jin Tae , RIM Nac Ryong
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
To analyze chromosome inversions of Drosophila immigrans, wild flies were captured from large vineyards located in the suburbs of Yecheon and Gyeongsan from October 1999 to 2001. With the egg samples obtained singly at each of the 799 females of D. immigrans, cytological examinations were carried out for the type and frequency of inversions. Two types of different inversions were found only in the second chromosome. The inversions detected were known to be the cosmopolitan inversion “A” and “B”. The mean frequency of inversion A was estimated to be 0.074 in Yecheon and 0.066 in Gyeongsan and that of B was to be 0.026 in Yecheon and 0.021 in Gyeongsan, respectively. In the frequency ratio, inversion A was significantly higher than that of B. The present populations of D. immigrans showed subtle differences from other Korean populations in inversion frequencies. To account for the local variations observed in inversion frequencies, several hypotheses are discussed such as founding event or selective force.
Fine Structural Analysis of the Central Nervous System in the Spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum (Theridiidae: Araneae)
Authors: HWANG Hee‐Jun , MOON Myung‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Central nervous system (CNS) of arachnids is still mysterious and has a rich unexplored field compare to what is known in insects or crustaceans. The CNS of the spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum, consists of a dorsal brain or supraesophageal ganglion and circumesophageal connectives joining it to the subesophageal mass. As the segmentation of the arachnid brain is still under discussion, we classify the brain as a protocerebral and tritocerebral ganglion depending on the evidences which generally accepted. The subesophageal nerve mass underneath the brain is the foremost part of the ventral nerve cord. All of this nerve mass is totally fused together, and forming subesophageal ganglia in this spider. In the brain, the nerve cells are packed in the frontal, dorsal and lateral areas, but are not absent from the posterior and ventral regions. In addition, the nerve cells of the subesophageal and abdominal ganglia are only restricted to the ventral and ventolateral regions. The CNS of the spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum is similar in feature to the Family Araneidae.
Ultrastructure of the Malpighian Tubule Cells in the Mosquito Larvae, Anopheles sinesis
Authors: YU Chai Hyeock
Published: March 2007

Ultrastructure of epithelial cells constituting the Malpighian tubule of Anopheles sinesis last instar larvae was observed with electron microscope. Malpighian tubule consists of four long and narrow tubule structures with principal cells in typical absorptive cells and regenerative cells forming the simple epithelium. Apical plasma membrane of the principal cell is differentiated into microvilli with one mitochondrion in each microvilli. Basal plasma membrane had extreme infolding to form a canaliculi and a well developed mitochondria was attached in the infoldings. And, rER, ribosomes, and vacuoles were well developed inside the cells. However, there were two main cell types depending on the differentiation of cell organelles. Type 1 cell was cubic, forming the distal portion of Malpighian tubule. The length of microvilli was approximately 4 μm and the basal infoldings were introjected to the depth of 2 μm inside the cell. On the other hand, Type II cell that formed the main proxinal portion was a low squamous type cells with shorter 2 μm of microvilli and the basal infoldings were introjected to the depths of 4 μm inside the cell. As for vacuoles scattered inside the cells, they were regularly observed in both Type I and II and the Type II cells had better developed cellular organelles. Although regenerative cells were extremely small, their cellular organelles were developed and their overall electron density was high that they appeared darker than the principal cells.
Seasonal Prevalence of Mosquitoes Collected from Light Traps in the Republic of Korea, 2001
Authors: KIM Heung Chul , FRIENDLY Oscar S. , PIKE Jason G. , SCHUSTER Anthony L. , O'GUINN Monica L. , KLEIN Terry A.
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted during 2001 at 28 US military installations and training sites located in five provinces in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey and dry ice‐baited CDC‐type light traps from 1 May through 15 October. Mosquito surveillance was conducted to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticide applications and identify malaria infection rates at selected Army installations and training sites. A total of 61,584 adults [45,814 (74.4%) females and 15,770 (25.6%) males] comprising 17 species and 7 genera were collected during 2001. The most common species collected were Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann (36.3%), Aedes vexans nipponii (Theobald) (23.1%), Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (22.3%) and Culex pipiens Coquillett (17.6%). Trap indices (TIs) varied widely for species over their range, due in part, to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban communities. During 2001, the TI for An. sinensis was 19.6 females/trap night compared to years 1999 and 2000, when the TI for the Munsan area was 1.4 and 2.9 times (27.7 and 57.4 TI) greater, respectively. The weekly population densities for some species were variable for each of the years, apparently as a result of variable annual weather conditions. None of the 16,302 Anopheles sinensis assayed for plasmodium vivax (Pv) malaria infections by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were positive.
Juvenile Hormone Binding Protein Titers During Adult Metamorphosis in Manduca sexta
Authors: KANG Young Jin , SEO Sook‐Jae
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT During the pupal and adult stages, the JHBP levels displayed a sex‐related difference, with females showing higher levels than males. A sharp increase in JHBP levels was observed at day 2 of the pupal stage. After day 2 the JHBP titer declined precipitously, and then remained unchanged until day 12 in males. JHBP titers in females decreased slightly after day 2 and then remained relatively constant until day 12. In both sexes, the JHBP levels showed a steep increase and peaked around day 15. During the previtellogenic period, the JHBP titers declined dramatically until adult ecdysis. During early adult stage, JHBP titiers in the female remained constant at preecdysis level. This information could broaden our understanding of pest physiology during adult metamorphosis, and could have extensive implications for developing insect growth regulators to control agricultural pests.
Taxonomic Notes on Myllocerus malignus Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Entiminae)
Authors: HAN Kyungduk , HONG Ki‐Jeong
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Myllocerus malignus Faust was described new to science from Korea in 1887. Since then, the species collected from Korea and Far‐east Russia has been misidentified as Eumyllocerus gratiosus Sharp, E. filicornis (Reitter), or E. longulus Egorov et Zherikhin. A taxonomic review of Myllocerus malignus Faust (1887) with its synonymy and the clarification of sexual dimorphism is presented. As a results, Myllocerus viridiaureus Suvorov (1915) and Eumyllocerus longulus Egorov et Zherikhin (1990) are synonymized with Myllocerus malignus.
The Occurrence of a Winter Geometrid Moth, Sebastosema bubonaria Warren, in Korea (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong , SOHN Jea‐Cheon
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
One species of ennomine genus Sebastosema Warren, S. bubonaria Warren, is first recorded from Korea. Description of adult and illustration of male genitalia are provided. Based on the previous and the present works, there are 23 winter geometrid moths in Korea.
Genus Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) from Pakistan with Most Commonly Recorded Species
Authors: AKRAM Waseem , KOH Jin‐Bog , LEE Jong‐Jin
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT
Genus Thrips Linnaeus ranks as the most commonly distributed genus in Pakistan and as such, its members largely occur on crops. The species of genus Thrips L. are taxonomically reviewed and keyed. Amongst the 14 species recognized, six species T. alatus Bhatti, T. decens Palmer, T. florum Schmutz, T. garuda Bhatti, T. kodaikanalensis Ananthakrishnan and Jagadish and T. unonae Priesner are recorded for the first time from Pakistan. An account on habitat of 14 species presently known, along with detailed description and figures of 6 species is given for the future investigation.
Purification of Lysozyme from Hemolymph of Tobacco Cutworm,Spodoptera litura
Authors: KIM Jong‐Wan , YOE Sung Moon
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTLysozyme is one of the components of the innate immunity of the insects. The lysozyme has been isolated by heat treatment, cation exchange, and reversed‐phase chromatography from immunized hemolymph of last instar larvae ofSpodoptera litura.The hemolymph immunized with the insect nonpathogen,Escherichia coliwas collected 2 days after the abdominal injection. The molecular weight ofSpodopteralysozyme was estimated to be about 15 kDa by SDS‐PAGE and it is great similarity withAgriuslysozyme, which recently purified from larval hemolymph ofAgrius convolvuli.
Taxonomy of the Cidariini (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) in Korea (II)
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: March 2007

Eight genera and 16 species of the Korean Cidariini, a tribe of Larentiinae (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), were revised: Dysstroma Hübner, Paradysstroma Choi, Callabraxas Butler, Thera Stephens, Heterothera Inoue, Pennithera Viidalepp, Polythrena Guenée and Xenortholitha Inoue. Pennithera comis (Butler) was newly added to the Korean fauna. Diagnostic and phylogenetic characters supporting the monophyly of the genera and a key to the genera were provided. For the species, diagnoses with figures of male and female genitalia and distributional data with maps in Korea, and taxonomic remarks were provided.
Change of Haemolymph Ferritin of Sweet Potato Hornworm, Agrius convolvuli by Heavy Metals
Authors: CHOI Chi‐Won , HAN Jikhyon , SEO Dong‐Hwan , RYU Jae‐Kwan , HWANG Seock‐Yeon , SEO Sook Jae , YUN Chi‐Young
Published: March 2007

Agrius convolvuli haemolymph ferritin was purified by KBr density gradient ultracentrifugation and anion exchange column chromatography. The 670 kDa ferritin was composed of two subunits of 26 kDa and 31 kDa. It was also shown that the protein had an isoelectric point (pI) of pH 7.4. The N‐terminal amino acid sequences of the two subunits were NH2‐DNXYQDVSLDXSQAXNXL (26 kDa subunit) and NH2‐TQXHVNPVNIQRDXVTMHXS (31 kDa subunit). The sequential analysis showed that they had high similarity to lepidopteran ferritin subunits, S‐ and G‐type, respectively. Using electron microscope, it was observed that the protein had a core whose size was about 7 nm. In the amino acid composition of the protein, Glu (13.22%), Asp (10.43%), Pro (9.69%), Leu (9.63%), Ala (9.55%) and Gly (8.49%) were in relatively high contents while Tyr (1.21%), His (2.58%) and Arg (3.10 %) were in low. It was shown that the amount of ferritin in A. convolvuli haemolymph was increased by injection of eight different heavy metal ions, FeCl3, HgCl2, CuSO4, ZnSO4, MnCl2, MgCl2, CrCl3 and CdCl2. Among the ions, Fe3+, Hg2+, Zn4+, Mn2+ and Cd.2+ significantly induced the amount of the protein.
Description of Neolimothrips binervis (Kobus) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Chirothripini) from Pakistan, with a New Locality Record
Authors: UMAR Muhammad , AKRAM Waseem , CHOI Jhong‐Kyoung , LEE Jong‐Jin
Published: March 2007

Genus Neolimothrips with a single species N. binervis has been collected, identified and described for the first time from Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan. Redescription and illustration of the key characters of the species are provided. The genus and the only collected species can easily be identified and separated on the basis of head protruding in front of eyes and antennal segments 3‐4 with simple sense cones.
Rapid and Efficient Purification of Haemolymph Ferritin from Cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: SEO Dong‐Hwan , NAM Kyung‐Pil , HAN Jikhyon , PARK Jong‐Bae , KIM Iksoo , RYU Kang Sun , SEO Sook Jae , YUN Chi‐Young
Published: March 2007

The Gryllus bimaculatus ferritin was purified from the haemolymph by a consecutive four‐step procedures consisting of 50% ammonium sulfate fractionation, anion exchange column chromatography using HiTrapTM Q column (1.6 x 4 cm, Amersham Bioscience), 70°C heat treatment for 10 min, acid treatment of 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer (pH 6.0), and gel filtration column chromatography using G4000SW column (0.75 x 60 cm, Tosoh, Japan) connected on FPLC system. The purified ferritin was found to have two major subunits of 32 and 30 kDa and three minor subunits of 28, 27, and 25 kDa by 2D electrophoresis analysis. Amino acid composition analysis showed that there are high contents of Asp, Glu, Met, Leu, and Lys residues in ferritin while low contents of Cys, Tyr, and Trp residues in the protein. G. bimaculatus haemolymph ferritin could be classified as a methionine‐rich protein.
Fine Structure of the Hemopoietic Tissues in the Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor
Authors: CHUNG Kyung‐Hwun , MOON Myung‐Jin
Published: March 2007

The fine structure of the hemopoietic tissue and its detailed reticular organization in the mealworm beetle, T. molitor were examined using light and scanning electron microscopes. The major hemopoietic tissues in the abdomen were located on the upper surface of the dorsal diaphragm which continuous over the ventral wall of the heart. Histologic characteristics of this hemopoietic tissues are dense clusters of cells. They are irregular in outline and are not surrounded by any connective tissue sheath. The hemopoietic tissue of this insect is consisted of three cellular components which are the reticular cells, hemocytic stem cells and several kinds of mature hemocytes. The reticular cells had numerous cytoplasmic processes and forming a complex network. The stem cells give rise to differentiating hemocytes of the different cell lineages. Mature hemocytes within this hemopoietic tissue are originated from the stem cells and differentiated into several types of hemocytes including prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, and granulocytes.
A New Species of the Genus Amblyseius from Korea (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: RYU Myon‐Ok
Published: March 2007

A new species, Amblyseius choii sp. nov. is described from Korea. The new species was collected on the deciduous plants, Acer pseudo‐sieboldianum (Paxton) Kom. at Mahyeon‐ri, Geunnam‐myeon, Cheorwon‐gun, Gangwon‐do Province.
Two Newly Recorded Coprophagid Species from Korea (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae and Aphodiidae)
Authors: KIM Jin
Published: March 2007

A species of Scarabaeidae, Panelus parvulus Waterhouse and a species of Aphodiidae, Aphodius fossor (Linné) are newly recorded from Korea. The diagnosis and photographs of them are provided.
Taxonomic Note on Lemyra inaequalis (Butler) (Lepidoptera, Arctiidae) in Korea
Authors: CHOI Sei‐Woong
Published: March 2007

This work provides taxonomy of a little known arctiine species, Lemyra inaequalis (Butler) which was first reported from Is. Ulleungdo, but was omitted in the latest checklist of Korean Arctiidae. Up to now 78 species of Arctiidae are recorded in the Korean peninsula. Diagnosis, descriptions including male and female genitalia, and systematic account are briefly provided.
Seasonal Prevalence of Mosquitoes Collected from Light Traps in the Republic of Korea, 2002
Authors: KIM Heung Chul , CHONG Sung Tae , PIKE Jason G. , O'GUINN Monica L. , PACHA Laura A. , LEE Hee‐Choon S. , KLEIN Terry A.
Published: March 2007

Adult mosquito surveillance was conducted during 2002 at 30 US military installations and training sites located in six provinces in the Republic of Korea (ROK). Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey and dry ice ‐baited New Jersey light traps from 1 May through 15 October. Mosquito surveillance was conducted to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticide applications and identify malaria infection rates at selected Army installations and training sites. A total of 100,617 adults [82,410 (81.9%) females and 18,207 (18.1%) males] comprising 17 species and 7 genera were collected during 2002. The most common species collected were Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (49.5%), Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann (30.9%), Culex pipiens Coquillett(11.8%) and Aedes vexans nipponii (Theobald) (7.1%). Trap indices (TIs) varied widely for species over their range, due in part, to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban communities. Anopheles sinensis were collected at the same level while Culex tritaeniorhynchus increased by 27.2% in 2001, due in part to very high populations of Culex tritaeniorhynchus at Gunsan Air Base. The weekly population densities for some species were variable for each of the years, apparently as a result of variable annual weather conditions. None of Anopheles sp. assayed for plasmodium vivax (Pv) malaria infections by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) were positive.
A Taxonomic Study of the Genus Agathidium Panzer (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) from Korea, Part II. Subgenus Agathidium
Authors: PARK Sun‐Jae , HOSHINA Hideto , AHN Kee‐Jeong
Published: March 2007

A taxonomic study of the subgenus Agathidium of the genus Agathidium Panzer in Korea is presented. Four species [Agathidium (Agathidium) coreanum Angelini, A. (A.) crassicorne Portevin, A. (A.) merkli Angelini, and A. (A.) oblongum Angelini] are recognized. Agathidium (A.) mequignoni Roubal recorded by Angelini is misidentification of A. (A.) crassicorne Portevin. Spermatheca of A. (A.) merkli is illustrated for the first time. A key to the species, diagnoses and illustrations of diagnostic characters are provided.
North Korean Ground‐beetles Deposited in Hungarian National History Museum(HNHM, Budapest)
Authors: Kyun Park Jong , Szél Gyozo
Published: March 2007

A total of 95 species of ground‐beetles from North Korea deposited in Hungarian National History Museum were examined on February of 2004. They were collected in North Korea by Hungarian investigators through 16th expeditions from 1970 to 1994. Major collecting sites and materials of the species, based on 731 individuals of all deposited specimens in HNHM, are given.
New Record of the Genus Palaminus Erichson in Korea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae)
Authors: CHO Young Bok , AHN Kee‐Jeong
Published: March 2007

The genus Palaminus Erichson and P. japonicus Cameron are newly recorded in Korea. Lectotype of P. japonicus is designated. Diagnosis of Palaminus, description of P. japonicus, and illustrations of diagnostic features are provided.
Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction of Hematopoietic Organ of Bombyx mori Larva
Authors: JOO Kyoung Ook , MUN Ji Young , LEE Kyung Eun , YU Chai Hyeock , KANG Seok Woo , SEO Young Rok , HAN Sung Sik
Published: March 2007

Three‐dimensional reconstructions of a hematopoietic organ (HPO) from Bombyx mori larva were undertaken using light and electron microscopy. Each compact islet varied in sizes, but in the central area of the HPO their size became smaller. Compact islets and loose islets were made up of prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, and reticular cells, but there were differences in the proportions of these cells. Within the cytoplasm of reticular cells and within their cell projection, vacuoles were observed. Cell proliferation occurs primarily in the compact islets, and differentiation associated with the reticular cells occurs primarily in the loose islets. It can be inferred that reticular cells have a significant influence on proliferation and differentiation associated with hematopoiesis. According to the results of the 3‐D reconstruction, one reticular cell is in contact with eight or nine hemocytes. Each reticular cell is presumably of approximately ten hemocytes. Movies relevant to Figs. 3, 4 and 5 can be found at http://biotech.korea.ac.kr/ cellbio/pages/ 3D‐results.html.
Rearing of Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on Artificial Diet
Authors: LEE Ki‐Sang , LEE Jang‐Hoon
Published: March 2007

Orius strigicollis (Poppius) was reared on the modification of rearing media for Tetrastichus sp. at 28°C, 18L: 6D, and 50‐60% RH, in which meat diets were used for partial replacements of insect source of the artificial diets. Life history traits of the predacious bug fed on the diet were measured. Nymphal development period and mortality rate of O. strigicollis were about 14 days and 31.5% (survival rate: 68.5%), respectively. The female bug produced average of 82.5 eggs during its oviposition period of 18 days when artificial oviposition substrate was provided. The fecundity was shown to be superior compared with previous researches on the species fed natural preys as a food.
A Taxonomic Review of the Genus Platydema Laporte and Brulle in Korea (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae, Diaperinae)
Authors: KIM Jin Ill , JUNG Boo Hee
Published: March 2007

Taxanomic review of Korean Platydema Laporte and Brulle of tribe Diaperini in Tenebrionidae is presented. Eight species including P. marseuli Lewis, 1894 recorded newly in Korea are described here. We provide a key to Korean species, diagnoses, lists of feeding fungi and photos for them.
Laboratory Evaluation of the Lethal Efficacy of an Insect Growth Regulator, Pyriproxyfen against Anopheles sinensis (Diptera, Culicidae) Larvae
Authors: LEE Won‐Ja , LEE Dong‐Kyu
Published: March 2007

The granular formulation of 0.5% pyriproxyfen is a mosquito insect growth regulator larvicide. It was evaluated for residual activity for killing and/or emergence inhibition against 3rd stage larvae of Anopheles sinensis in the laboratory. Mortality rates ranged from 60.9% to 79.7% at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/L of water during the first seven days. Except for the lowest concentration (0.01 mg/L) mortality rates were greater than 80% from day 8 through 28. Mortality rates for 0.01 mg/L concentrations were 70.4% from days 8‐14, and thereafter exceeded 80% through day 28. The residual activity gradually increased post‐treatment since the granular formulation of pyriproxyfen has a gradual solubility and increases concentration of active ingredient over time. The mortality rates of An. sinensis larvae and pupae eventually reached 100% for the three (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mg/L) concentrations.
Spinneret Microstructure of the Silk Spinning Apparatus in the Crab Spider, Misumenops tricuspidatus (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Authors: MOON Myung‐Jin , AN Jeong‐Su
Published: March 2007

The silk spinning apparatus in the crab spider, Misumenops tricuspidatus was studied with the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and the main microstructural characteristics of the silk glands are presented. In spite of the fact that the crab spiders do not spin webs to trap a prey, they also have silk apparatus even though the functions are not fully defined. The crab spider, Misumenops tricuspidatus possesses only three types of silk glands which connected through the typical spinning tubes on the spinnerets. The spinning apparatus of Misumenops closely corresponds to that of wandering spiders such as jumping spiders or wolf spiders except some local variations. Anterior spinnerets comprise 2 pairs of the ampullates and 48 (±5) pairs of pyriform glands. Another 2 pairs of ampullate glands and nearly 20 (±3) pairs of aciniform glands were connected on the middle spinnerets. Additional 50 (±5) pairs of the aciniform glands were connected on the posterior spinnerets. The aggregate glands and the flagelliform glands which have the function of sticky capture thread production in orb‐web spiders as well as the tubuliform glands for cocoon production in females were not developed at both sexes of this spider, characteristically.
Taxonomic Review on the Far Eastern Species of the Genus Discoelius Latreille (Hymenoptera: Eumeninae, Vespidae)
Authors: KIM Jeong Kyu
Published: March 2007

Far eastern species of the genus Discoelius Latreille are taxonomically reviewed. Two species are confirmed: Discoelius zonalis (Panzer) and D. dufourii Lepeletier. Discoelius japonicus originally described from Japan is synonymized under D. zonalis. Discoelius dufourii is newly recorded in Manchuria and Korea. The taxonomic status of D. manchurianus is briefly discussed.
Cloning and Functional Expression of cDNA Encoding Pheromone Δ9 Acyl‐CoA Desaturase of the Tobacco Cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Hee Yun PARK , Seong Eun JEONG
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT A cDNA encoding pheromone Δ9 acyl‐CoA desaturase, Slit KPSE was isolated from sex pheromone gland of the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura which uses a diene unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) derivative, Z9E11‐14 : 2 as a major pheromone component. The fulllength open reading frame coding region of Slit KPSE was inserted in a yeast shuttle vector, YEpOLEX, and two kinds of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant strains were transformed with the recombinant vector. In the desaturase‐deficient ole1 strain, Slit KPSE expressed a complementary enzyme producing two kinds of diene UFAs, more 9–16 : 1 and less 9–18 : 1 at a ratio of 1 : 0.74 exhibiting a typical functional characteristics as one of the pheromone Δ9 acyl‐CoA desaturase lineage group, KPSE, but no Δ9 14C monoene was detectable because of too small amount of 14C saturated fatty acid precursor to be reliably used by Slit KPSE in the transformed cells. However, the another transformed yeast strain elo1 which is deficient of elongase 1, an enzyme converting 14C to 16C hydrocarbon substrate, was supplemented with some myristic acid (14 : 0) in the medium, and produced a significant amount of 9–14 : 1 in due to a much enhanced level of the 14C substrate suggesting that Slit KPSE may be responsible for making the Δ9 double bond on the diene pheromone component.
Inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate‐mediated spontaneous activity in mouse embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes
Authors: Kapur Nidhi , Banach Kathrin
Published: March 2007

Embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (ESdCs) have been proposed as a source for cardiac cell‐replacement therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the Ca2+‐handling mechanisms that determine the frequency and duration of spontaneous Ca2+ transients in single ESdCs. With laser scanning confocal microscopy using the Ca2+‐sensitive dye Fluo‐4/AM, we determined that spontaneous Ca2+ transients in ESdCs at the onset of beating (day 9) depend on Ca2+ entry across the plasma membrane (50%) whereas Ca2+‐induced Ca2+ release is the major contributor to Ca2+ transients in ESdCs after 16 days (72%). Likewise, Ca2+ extrusion in 9‐day‐old ESdCs depends on Na+–Ca2+ exchange (50.0 ± 8%) whereas Ca2+ reuptake by the sarco(endo)plasmic Ca2+ ATPase (72 ± 5%) dominates in further differentiated cells. Spontaneous Ca2+ transients were suppressed by the inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) blocker 2‐aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2‐APB) and the phospholipase C blocker U73122 but continued in the presence of caffeine. Stimulation of IP3 production by phenylephrine or endothelin‐1 had a positive chronotropic effect that could be reversed by U73122 and 2‐APB. The presence of Ca2+‐free solution and block of L‐type Ca2+ channels by nifedipine also resulted in a cessation of spontaneous activity. Overall, IP3R‐mediated Ca2+ release in ESdCs is translated into a depolarization of the plasma membrane and a whole‐cell Ca2+ transient is subsequently induced by voltage‐dependent Ca2+ influx. Although ryanodine receptor‐mediated Ca2+ release amplifies the IP3R‐induced trigger for the Ca2+ transients and modulates its frequencies, it is not a prerequisite for spontaneous activity. The results of this study offer important insight into the role of IP3R‐mediated Ca2+ release for pacemaker activity in differentiating cardiomyocytes.
Kv2 subunits underlie slowly inactivating potassium current in rat neocortical pyramidal neurons
Authors: Guan D. , Tkatch T. , Surmeier D. J. , Armstrong W. E. , Foehring R. C.
Published: March 2007

We determined the expression of Kv2 channel subunits in rat somatosensory and motor cortex and tested for the contributions of Kv2 subunits to slowly inactivating K+ currents in supragranular pyramidal neurons. Single cell RT‐PCR showed that virtually all pyramidal cells expressed Kv2.1 mRNA and ∼80% expressed Kv2.2 mRNA. Immunocytochemistry revealed striking differences in the distribution of Kv2.1 and Kv2.2 subunits. Kv2.1 subunits were clustered and located on somata and proximal dendrites of all pyramidal cells. Kv2.2 subunits were primarily distributed on large apical dendrites of a subset of pyramidal cells from deep layers. We used two methods for isolating currents through Kv2 channels after excluding contributions from Kv1 subunits: intracellular diffusion of Kv2.1 antibodies through the recording pipette and extracellular application of rStromatoxin‐1 (ScTx). The Kv2.1 antibody specifically blocked the slowly inactivating K+ current by 25–50% (at 8 min), demonstrating that Kv2.1 subunits underlie much of this current in neocortical pyramidal neurons. ScTx (300 nm) also inhibited ∼40% of the slowly inactivating K+ current. We observed occlusion between the actions of Kv2.1 antibody and ScTx. In addition, Kv2.1 antibody‐ and ScTx‐sensitive currents demonstrated similar recovery from inactivation and voltage dependence and kinetics of activation and inactivation. These data indicate that both agents targeted the same channels. Considering the localization of Kv2.1 and 2.2 subunits, currents from truncated dissociated cells are probably dominated by Kv2.1 subunits. Compared with Kv2.1 currents in expression systems, the Kv2.1 current in neocortical pyramidal cells activated and inactivated at relatively negative potentials and was very sensitive to holding potential.
Intrinsic properties and mechanisms of spontaneous firing in mouse cerebellar unipolar brush cells
Authors: Russo Marco J. , Mugnaini Enrico , Martina Marco
Published: March 2007

Neuronal firing patterns are determined by the cell's intrinsic electrical and morphological properties and are regulated by synaptic interactions. While the properties of cerebellar neurons have generally been studied in much detail, little is known about the unipolar brush cells (UBCs), a type of glutamatergic interneuron that is enriched in the granular layer of the mammalian vestibulocerebellum and participates in the representation of head orientation in space. Here we show that UBCs can be distinguished from adjacent granule cells on the basis of differences in membrane capacitance, input resistance and response to hyperpolarizing current injection. We also show that UBCs are intrinsically firing neurons. Using action potential clamp experiments and whole‐cell recordings we demonstrate that two currents contribute to this property: a persistent TTX‐sensitive sodium current and a ruthenium red‐sensitive, TRP‐like cationic current, both of which are active during interspike intervals and have reversal potentials positive to threshold. Interestingly, although UBCs are also endowed with a large Ih current, this current is not involved in their intrinsic firing, perhaps because it activates at voltages that are more hyperpolarized than those associated with autonomous activity.
Sleep/wake fragmentation disrupts metabolism in a mouse model of narcolepsy
Authors: Zhang Shengwen , Zeitzer Jamie M. , Sakurai Takeshi , Nishino Seiji , Mignot Emmanuel
Published: March 2007

Recent population studies have identified important interrelationships between sleep duration and body weight regulation. The hypothalamic hypocretin/orexin neuropeptide system is able to influence each of these. Disruption of the hypocretin system, such as occurs in narcolepsy, leads to a disruption of sleep and is often associated with increased body mass index. We examined the potential interrelationship between the hypocretin system, metabolism and sleep by measuring locomotion, feeding, drinking, body temperature, sleep/wake and energy metabolism in a mouse model of narcolepsy (ataxin‐ablation of hypocretin‐expressing neurons). We found that locomotion, feeding, drinking and energy expenditure were significantly reduced in the narcoleptic mice. These mice also exhibited severe sleep/wake fragmentation. Upon awakening, transgenic and control mice displayed a similar rate of increase in locomotion and food/water intake with time. A lack of long wake episodes partially or entirely explains observed differences in overall locomotion, feeding and drinking in these transgenic mice. Like other parameters, energy expenditure also rose and fell depending on the sleep/wake status. Unlike other parameters, however, energy expenditure in control mice increased upon awakening at a greater rate than in the narcoleptic mice. We conclude that the profound sleep/wake fragmentation is a leading cause of the reduced locomotion, feeding, drinking and energy expenditure in the narcoleptic mice under unperturbed conditions. We also identify an intrinsic role of the hypocretin system in energy expenditure that may not be dependent on sleep/wake regulation, locomotion, or food intake. This investigation illustrates the need for coordinated study of multiple phenotypes in mouse models with altered sleep/wake patterns.
Mounting a Response to Viral Infection
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: March 2007

Pathogen recognition receptors are important first responders to viral infection that bind to viral proteins or nucleic acids to trigger the immune response. RIG-1 is an RNA helicase with tandem caspase activation and recruitment domains (CARDs) that binds viral RNA and ultimately stimulates the genes induced by interferon regulator factor 3 (IRF-3) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). The CARDs of RIG-1 interact with the CARD of interferon (IFN)-β promoter stimulator 1 (IPS-1), an adaptor that links RIG-1 to the signaling pathway that leads to gene activation. Saito
et al
. report that RIG-1 is maintained inactive as a result of the interaction of a C-terminal repressor domain (RD), and this autoinhibition is alleviated by binding to RNA with a secondary structure, including RNA from hepatitis C virus. A related helicase, LGP2, which lacks CARDs, also bound double-stranded RNA, including sequences from hepatitis C virus. Mutation analysis showed that RNA binding by RIG-1 required the helicase domain and the C terminus but did not require the CARDs. Trypsin digestion studies indicated that upon binding RNA, RIG-1 underwent a conformational change that displaced the C-terminal region. Downstream signaling, the interaction with IPS-1, and gene activation by RIG-1 in response to Sendai virus infection required both CARDs. However, a RIG-1 with a C-terminal deletion was constitutively activated, and the C-terminal domain served as a dominant-negative inhibiting RIG-1. In transfected cells, Sendai virus induced the formation of RIG-1 multimers, and this was blocked by coexpression of the C-terminal RD. The C-terminal domain of LGP2 is similar to that of RIG-1, and when transfected into cells expressing RIG-1, LGP2 prevented induction of gene expression in response to viral infection. Full-length LGP2 or the C-terminal RD region formed a complex with RIG-1 when the proteins were overexpressed. Expression of the RIG-1 RD in cells conferred increased permissiveness to viral infection with Sendai virus. Thus, the RD of RIG-1 keeps RIG-1 inactive until viral RNA is present; then a conformational change alleviates this repression, allowing RIG-1 to interact with IPS-1 and stimulate genes involved in the immune response. LGP2, through its RD, appears to act in trans to inhibit RIG-1. Thus, these two proteins appear to serve as modulators of the response--RIG-1 turns it on, and LGP2 turns it off.

T. Saito, R. Hirai, Y.-M. Loo, D. Owen, C. L. Johnson, S. C. Sinha, S. Akira, T. Fujita, M. Gale Jr., Regulation of innate antiviral defenses through a shared repressor domain in RIG-1 and LGP2.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
104
, 582-587 (2007).
[Abstract]
[Full Text]
Understandable ComplexityReview and commentary on
An Introduction to Systems Biology: Design Principles of Biological Circuits
, by Uri Alon (Chapman & Hall/CRC, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL, 2006), 301 pp., ISBN: 1-58488-642-0.
Authors: Stelling Jörg
Published: March 2007

The field of systems biology has received considerable attention lately, but it is not easy to define or to enter. The book
An Introduction to Systems Biology: Design Principles of Biological Circuits
by Uri Alon greatly facilitates both. In particular, it combines fundamental concepts on biological networks with an introduction to their formal analysis, using a wide array of biological examples. The book’s intention is not to cover everything about systems biology—rather, it provides an original, pointed, and very intelligible essence of the field.
Activity of Faropenem against Middle Ear Fluid Pathogens from Children with Acute Otitis Media in Costa Rica and Israel
Authors: Stone Kimberley Clawson , Dagan Ron , Arguedas Adriano , Leibovitz Eugene , Wang Elaine , Echols Roger M. , Janjic Nebojsa , Critchley Ian A.
Published: March 2007

Faropenem was tested against 1,188 middle ear fluid pathogens from children in Israel and Costa Rica. Against
Streptococcus pneumoniae
and
Haemophilus influenzae
, faropenem was the most active β-lactam, with activity that was similar to or greater than of the other oral antimicrobial classes studied. Faropenem was also active against
Moraxella catarrhalis
and
Streptococcus pyogenes
.
Probability of Target Attainment for Ceftobiprole as Derived from a Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of 150 Subjects
Authors: Lodise Thomas P. , Pypstra Rienk , Kahn James B. , Murthy Bindu P. , Kimko Hui C. , Bush Karen , Noel Gary J. , Drusano George L.
Published: March 2007

Ceftobiprole is a broad-spectrum cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) that is undergoing phase III trials for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections and nosocomial pneumonia. The objectives were to describe the pharmacodynamic profiles of ceftobiprole given at 500 mg intravenously (i.v.) every 8 h (q8h) (2-h infusion) and 500 mg i.v. every 12 h (q12h) (1-h infusion) to determine the overall probability of target attainment (PTA) by weighting for the expected distributions of renal function in the populations of interests, to determine the PTA against representative pathogens encountered in clinical trials, and to determine the optimal renal dose adjustment for ceftobiprole at 500 mg i.v. q8h (2-h infusion). Data for a total of 150 subjects in phase I/II trials were analyzed by using the population pharmacokinetic modeling program BigNPOD (nonparametric optimal design). Monte Carlo simulation was performed with the ADAPT II program to estimate the PTA at which the free drug concentrations exceed the MIC for 30 to 60% of the dosing interval (30 to 60%
fT
> MIC). For ceftobiprole at 500 mg i.v. q12h, the probabilities of achieving 30% and 50%
fT
> MIC exceeded 90% for MICs ≤2 mg/liter and ≤1 mg/liter, respectively, For ceftobiprole at 500 mg i.v. q8h, the probabilities of achieving 40 and 60%
fT
> MIC exceeded 90% for MICs ≤4 mg/liter and ≤2 mg/liter, respectively. For ceftobiprole at both 500 mg i.v. q12h and 500 mg i.v. q8h, the probability of achieving a nearly bactericidal effect (50%
fT
> MIC) exceeded 90% for methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
and MRSA. For gram-negative pathogens, the PTA for achieving a nearly maximal bactericidal effect (60%
fT
> MIC) for ceftobiprole at 500 mg i.v. q8h exceeded 90% for non-AmpC-producing gram-negative organisms. Ceftobiprole at 500 mg i.v. q12h, for patients who had a creatinine clearance rate of ≤50 ml/min, was identified as the most appropriate treatment regimen for patients who require renal dose adjustment for mild to moderate renal impairment.
Traitement algébrique du système de MIC–Kepler
Authors: Chefrour M T
Published: March 2007

The MIC–Kepler system is studied via the Milshtein and Strakhovenko variant of the so(2,1) Lie algebra. The Green function is constructed in parabolic coordinates, with the help of the Kustaanheimo–Stiefel variables and the generators of the SO(2,1) group. The energy spectrum and the normalized wave functions of the bound states are obtained.