bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Road Characteristics Detection Based on Joint Convolutional Neural Networks with Adaptive Squares
Authors: Kuo Chiao-Ling , Tsai Ming-Hua
Published: June 2021

The importance of road characteristics has been highlighted, as road characteristics are fundamental structures established to support many transportation-relevant services. However, there is still huge room for improvement in terms of types and performance of road characteristics detection. With the advantage of geographically tiled maps with high update rates, remarkable accessibility, and increasing availability, this paper proposes a novel simple deep-learning-based approach, namely joint convolutional neural networks (CNNs) adopting adaptive squares with combination rules to detect road characteristics from roadmap tiles. The proposed joint CNNs are responsible for the foreground and background image classification and various types of road characteristics classification from previous foreground images, raising detection accuracy. The adaptive squares with combination rules help efficiently focus road characteristics, augmenting the ability to detect them and provide optimal detection results. Five types of road characteristics—crossroads, T-junctions, Y-junctions, corners, and curves—are exploited, and experimental results demonstrate successful outcomes with outstanding performance in reality. The information of exploited road characteristics with location and type is, thus, converted from human-readable to machine-readable, the results will benefit many applications like feature point reminders, road condition reports, or alert detection for users, drivers, and even autonomous vehicles. We believe this approach will also enable a new path for object detection and geospatial information extraction from valuable map tiles.
Cross-Linking Effects Dictate the Preference of Galectins to Bind LacNAc-Decorated HPMA Copolymers
Authors: Bertuzzi Sara , Gimeno Ana , Martinez-Castillo Ane , Lete Marta G. , Delgado Sandra , Airoldi Cristina , Rodrigues Tavares Marina , Bláhová Markéta , Chytil Petr , Křen Vladimír , Abrescia Nicola G. A. , Ardá Ana , Bojarová Pavla , Jiménez-Barbero Jesús
Published: June 2021

The interaction of multi-LacNAc (Galβ1-4GlcNAc)-containing N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers with human galectin-1 (Gal-1) and the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of human galectin-3 (Gal-3) was analyzed using NMR methods in addition to cryo-electron-microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments. The interaction with individual LacNAc-containing components of the polymer was studied for comparison purposes. For Gal-3 CRD, the NMR data suggest a canonical interaction of the individual small-molecule bi- and trivalent ligands with the lectin binding site and better affinity for the trivalent arrangement due to statistical effects. For the glycopolymers, the interaction was stronger, although no evidence for forming a large supramolecule was obtained. In contrast, for Gal-1, the results indicate the formation of large cross-linked supramolecules in the presence of multivalent LacNAc entities for both the individual building blocks and the polymers. Interestingly, the bivalent and trivalent presentation of LacNAc in the polymer did not produce such an increase, indicating that the multivalency provided by the polymer is sufficient for triggering an efficient binding between the glycopolymer and Gal-1. This hypothesis was further demonstrated by electron microscopy and DLS methods.
Overexpression of OsCASP1 Improves Calcium Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Chen Zhiwei , Zhang Xiang , Wei Qiuxing , Xin Yafeng , Zhang Baolei , Liu Fuhang , Xia Jixing
Published: June 2021

The Casparian strip domain protein 1 (OsCASP1) is necessary for the formation of the Casparian strip (CS) in the rice endodermis. It also controls Ca2+ transport to the stele. Here, we demonstrated that OsCASP1 overexpression enhanced Ca tolerance in rice. Under normal conditions, OsCASP1-overexpressed lines showed similar concentrations of essential metals in the roots and shoots compared to the wild type, while under high Ca conditions, Ca in the roots, shoots, and xylem sap of the OsCASP1-overexpressed lines was significantly decreased. This did not apply to other essential metals. Ca-inhibited growth was significantly alleviated in the OsCASP1-overexpressed lines. Furthermore, OsCASP1 overexpression resulted in earlier formation of both the CS and functional apoplastic barrier in the endodermis but did not induce ectopic CS formation in non-endodermal cell layers and affect suberin accumulation in the endodermis. These results indicate that the overexpression of OsCASP1 promotes CS formation in endodermal cells and inhibits Ca2+ transport by the apoplastic pathway, restricting Ca accumulation in the roots and shoots under high Ca conditions. Taken together, the results suggest that OsCASP1 overexpression is an effective way to improve rice adaptation to high Ca environments.
Novel Approach to Tooth Chemistry. Quantification of the Dental-Enamel Junction
Authors: Kuczumow Andrzej , Chałas Renata , Nowak Jakub , Lekki Janusz , Sarna-Boś Katarzyna , Smułek Wojciech , Jarzębski Maciej
Published: June 2021

The dentin-enamel junction (DEJ) is known for its special role in teeth. Several techniques were applied for the investigation of the DEJ in human sound molar teeth. The electron (EPMA) and proton (PIXE) microprobes gave consistent indications about the variability of elemental concentrations on this boundary. The locally increased and oscillating concentrations of Mg and Na were observed in the junction, in the layer adhering to the enamel and covering roughly half of the DEJ width. The chemical results were compared with the optical profiles of the junction. Our chemical and optical results were next compared with the micromechanical results (hardness, elastic modulus, friction coefficient) available in the world literature. A strong correlation of both result sets was proven, which testifies to the self-affinity of the junction structures for different locations and even for different kinds of teeth and techniques applied for studies. Energetic changes in tooth strictly connected with crystallographic transformations were calculated, and the minimum energetic status was discovered for DEJ zone. Modeling of both walls of the DEJ from optical data was demonstrated. Comparing the DEJ in human teeth with the same structure found in dinosaur, shark, and alligator teeth evidences the universality of dentin enamel junction in animal world. The paper makes a contribution to better understanding the joining of the different hard tissues.
Molecular Details of the Frataxin–Scaffold Interaction during Mitochondrial Fe–S Cluster Assembly
Authors: Campbell Courtney J. , Pall Ashley E. , Naik Akshata R. , Thompson Lindsey N. , Stemmler Timothy L.
Published: June 2021

Iron–sulfur clusters are essential to almost every life form and utilized for their unique structural and redox-targeted activities within cells during many cellular pathways. Although there are three different Fe–S cluster assembly pathways in prokaryotes (the NIF, SUF and ISC pathways) and two in eukaryotes (CIA and ISC pathways), the iron–sulfur cluster (ISC) pathway serves as the central mechanism for providing 2Fe–2S clusters, directly and indirectly, throughout the entire cell in eukaryotes. Proteins central to the eukaryotic ISC cluster assembly complex include the cysteine desulfurase, a cysteine desulfurase accessory protein, the acyl carrier protein, the scaffold protein and frataxin (in humans, NFS1, ISD11, ACP, ISCU and FXN, respectively). Recent molecular details of this complex (labeled NIAUF from the first letter from each ISC protein outlined earlier), which exists as a dimeric pentamer, have provided real structural insight into how these partner proteins arrange themselves around the cysteine desulfurase, the core dimer of the (NIAUF)2 complex. In this review, we focus on both frataxin and the scaffold within the human, fly and yeast model systems to provide a better understanding of the biophysical characteristics of each protein alone and within the FXN/ISCU complex as it exists within the larger NIAUF construct. These details support a complex dynamic interaction between the FXN and ISCU proteins when both are part of the NIAUF complex and this provides additional insight into the coordinated mechanism of Fe–S cluster assembly.
DNA Homeostasis and Senescence: Lessons from the Naked Mole Rat
Authors: Boughey Harvey , Jurga Mateusz , El-Khamisy Sherif F.
Published: June 2021

As we age, our bodies accrue damage in the form of DNA mutations. These mutations lead to the generation of sub-optimal proteins, resulting in inadequate cellular homeostasis and senescence. The build-up of senescent cells negatively affects the local cellular micro-environment and drives ageing associated disease, including neurodegeneration. Therefore, limiting the accumulation of DNA damage is essential for healthy neuronal populations. The naked mole rats (NMR) are from eastern Africa and can live for over three decades in chronically hypoxic environments. Despite their long lifespan, NMRs show little to no biological decline, neurodegeneration, or senescence. Here, we discuss molecular pathways and adaptations that NMRs employ to maintain genome integrity and combat the physiological and pathological decline in organismal function.
Epithelial Regeneration Ability of Crohn’s Disease Assessed Using Patient-Derived Intestinal Organoids
Authors: Lee Chansu , Hong Sung-Noh , Kim Eun-Ran , Chang Dong-Kyung , Kim Young-Ho
Published: June 2021

Little is known about the ability for epithelial regeneration and wound healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. We evaluated the epithelial proliferation and wound healing ability of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) using patient-derived intestinal organoids. Human intestinal organoids were constructed in a three-dimensional intestinal crypt culture of enteroscopic biopsy samples from controls and CD patients. The organoid-forming efficiency of ileal crypts derived from CD patients was reduced compared with those from control subjects (p < 0.001). Long-term cultured organoids (≥6 passages) derived from controls and CD patients showed an indistinguishable microscopic appearance and culturing behavior. Under TNFα-enriched conditions (30 ng/mL), the organoid reconstitution rate and cell viability of CD patient-derived organoids were significantly lower than those of the control organoids (p < 0.05 for each). The number of EdU+ cells was significantly lower in TNFα-treated organoids derived from CD patients than in TNFα-treated control organoids (p < 0.05). In a wound healing assay, the unhealed area in TNFα-treated CD patient-derived organoids was significantly larger than that of TNFα-treated control organoids (p < 0.001). The wound healing ability of CD patient-derived organoids is reduced in TNFα-enriched conditions, due to reduced cell proliferation. Epithelial regeneration ability may be impaired in patients with CD.
Role of Long Noncoding RNAs ZlMSTRG.11348 and UeMSTRG.02678 in Temperature-Dependent Culm Swelling in Zizania latifolia
Authors: Wang Zheng-Hong , Yan Ning , Luo Xi , Guo Sai-Sai , Xue Shu-Qin , Liu Jiang-Qiong , Zhang Shen-Shen , Zheng Li-Wen , Zhang Jing-Ze , Guo De-Ping
Published: June 2021

Temperature influences the physiological processes and ecology of both hosts and endophytes; however, it remains unclear how long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) modulate the consequences of temperature-dependent changes in host–pathogen interactions. To explore the role of lncRNAs in culm gall formation induced by the smut fungus Ustilago esculenta in Zizania latifolia, we employed RNA sequencing to identify lncRNAs and their potential cis-targets in Z. latifolia and U. esculenta under different temperatures. In Z. latifolia and U. esculenta, we identified 3194 and 173 lncRNAs as well as 126 and four potential target genes for differentially expressed lncRNAs, respectively. Further function and expression analysis revealed that lncRNA ZlMSTRG.11348 regulates amino acid metabolism in Z. latifolia and lncRNA UeMSTRG.02678 regulates amino acid transport in U. esculenta. The plant defence response was also found to be regulated by lncRNAs and suppressed in Z. latifolia infected with U. esculenta grown at 25 °C, which may result from the expression of effector genes in U. esculenta. Moreover, in Z. latifolia infected with U. esculenta, the expression of genes related to phytohormones was altered under different temperatures. Our results demonstrate that lncRNAs are important components of the regulatory networks in plant-microbe-environment interactions, and may play a part in regulating culm swelling in Z. latifolia plants.
Contribution of PGC-1α to Obesity- and Caloric Restriction-Related Physiological Changes in White Adipose Tissue
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Deguchi Yusuke , Nozaki Yuka , Higami Yoshikazu
Published: June 2021

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 α (PGC-1α) regulates mitochondrial DNA replication and mitochondrial gene expression by interacting with several transcription factors. White adipose tissue (WAT) mainly comprises adipocytes that store triglycerides as an energy resource and secrete adipokines. The characteristics of WAT vary in response to systemic and chronic metabolic alterations, including obesity or caloric restriction. Despite a small amount of mitochondria in white adipocytes, accumulated evidence suggests that mitochondria are strongly related to adipocyte-specific functions, such as adipogenesis and lipogenesis, as well as oxidative metabolism for energy supply. Therefore, PGC-1α is expected to play an important role in WAT. In this review, we provide an overview of the involvement of mitochondria and PGC-1α with obesity- and caloric restriction-related physiological changes in adipocytes and WAT.
Switching Ticagrelor to 600 mg or 300 mg Clopidogrel Loading Bridge in Patients with Unstable Angina
Authors: Cakal Sinem , Cakal Beytullah , Güven Zafer , Tosu Aydın Rodi , Kalyoncuoglu Muhsin , Biter Halil Ibrahim , Apaydın Ziya , Karaca Ibrahim Oguz , Belen Erdal , Can Mehmet Mustafa
Published: June 2021

Ticagrelor is believed to be a more potent and faster antiplatelet agent compared with clopidogrel and may result in lower ischemic outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, the best strategy of switching from ticagrelor to clopidogrel is unclear. Current guidelines advocate clopidogrel bridging with a 600 mg loading dose (LD). This study aimed to compare the safety and feasibility of switching protocols from ticagrelor to clopidogrel 600 mg or 300 mg LD in patients with unstable angina pectoris (USAP). One hundred and eighty patients with USAP undergoing adhoc percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) received preprocedural ticagrelor 180 mg/daily. The decision to switch antiplatelet therapy to clopidogrel with either 300 mg LD or 600 mg LD at 12 h was left to the discretion of the treating physician. The primary outcome was a composite of an efficacy endpoint major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs) and a safety endpoint Bleeding Academic Research Consortium scale (BARC) (≥1). There were no differences in our composite clinical endpoint of MACCE between the two strategies, with one event occurring in each group. One patient in each group had myocardial infarction due to stent thrombosis, and the patient in the 300 mg switching group died due to stent thrombosis. No difference between the two arms was observed in terms of BARC bleeding criteria. This study showed that among USAP patients undergoing PCI, switching to clopidogrel with 300 mg LD showed no significant difference compared to 600 mg clopidogrel LD. Ticagrelor LD in ad hoc PCI and de-escalation to clopidogrel with 300 mg LD could translate to lower costs for patients with USAP without compromising safety and efficacy.
Inclisiran—Silencing the Cholesterol, Speaking up the Prognosis
Authors: Rogula Sylwester , Błażejowska Ewelina , Gąsecka Aleksandra , Szarpak Łukasz , Jaguszewski Milosz J. , Mazurek Tomasz , Filipiak Krzysztof J.
Published: June 2021

The reduction of circulating low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is a primary target in cardiovascular risk reduction due to its well-established benefits in terms of decreased mortality. Despite the use of statin therapy, 10%–20% of high- and very-high-risk patients do not reach their LDL-C targets. There is an urgent need for improved strategies to manage dyslipidemia, especially among patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, but also in patients with established cardiovascular disease who fail to achieve LDL goals despite combined statin, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 inhibitor (PCSK9i) therapy. Inclisiran is a disruptive, first-in-class small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutic developed for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia that inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin–kexin type 9 (PCSK9) synthesis, thereby upregulating the number of LDL receptors on the hepatocytes, thus lowering the plasma LDL-C concentration. Inclisiran decreases the LDL-C levels by over 50% with one dose every 6 months, making it a simple and well-tolerated treatment strategy. In this review, we summarize the general information regarding (i) the role of LDL-C in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, (ii) data regarding the role of PCSK9 in cholesterol metabolism, (iii) pleiotropic effects of PCSK9, and (iv) the effects of PCSK9 silencing. In addition, we focus on inclisiran, in terms of its (i) mechanism of action, (ii) biological efficacy and safety, (iii) results from the ORION trials, (iv) benefits of its combination with statins, and (v) its potential future role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Aspergillus in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients: A Scoping Review
Authors: Yusuf Erlangga , Seghers Leonard , Hoek Rogier A. S. , van den Akker Johannes P. C. , Bode Lonneke G. M. , Rijnders Bart J. A.
Published: June 2021

Several reports have been published on Aspergillus findings in COVID-19 patients leading to a proposition of new disease entity COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis. This scoping review is designed at clarifying the concepts on how the findings of Aspergillus spp. in COVID-19 patients were interpreted. We searched Medline to identify the studies on Aspergillus spp. findings in COVID-19 patients. Included were observational studies containing the following information: explicit mention of the total number of the study population, study period, reason for obtaining respiratory samples, case definition, and clinical outcomes. Excluded were case series, case reports and reviews. Identified were 123 publications, and 8 observational studies were included. From the included studies the following issues were identified. The proportion of immunocompromised patients considered as host factors varied from 0 to 17%. Most of the studies did not mention radiographic findings explicitly. Respiratory samples were mostly obtained to investigate clinical deterioration. Aspergillus culture, antigen or PCR testing on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were performed in between 23.3% and 66.3% of the study population. Two studies performed periodic samples of BAL. Galactomannan index (GI) positivity in BAL was between 10% and 28%. GI in blood was found in 0.9% to 6.7% of the available samples. The prevalence of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis ranged from 2.7% to 27.7%. Studies compared the mortality between defined cases and non-cases, and all showed increased mortality in cases. No studies showed that antifungal treatment reduced mortality. Concluding, this review showed how studies defined the clinical entity COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis where positive Aspergillus test in the respiratory sample was the main driver for the diagnosis. There were many differences between studies in terms of test algorithm and Aspergillus test used that largely determined the prevalence. Whether antifungal therapy, either as prophylaxis, pre-emptive or targeted therapy will lead to better outcomes of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis patients is still need to be answered.
Emerging Immunogenicity and Genotoxicity Considerations of Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Gene Therapy for Hemophilia
Authors: Monahan Paul E. , Négrier Claude , Tarantino Michael , Valentino Leonard A. , Mingozzi Federico
Published: June 2021

Adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector gene therapy has shown promise as a possible cure for hemophilia. However, immune responses directed against AAV vectors remain a hurdle to the broader use of this gene transfer platform. Both innate and adaptive immune responses can affect the safety and efficacy of AAV vector–mediated gene transfer in humans. These immune responses may be triggered by the viral capsid, the vector’s nucleic acid payload, or other vector contaminants or excipients, or by the transgene product encoded by the vector itself. Various preclinical and clinical strategies have been explored to overcome the issues of AAV vector immunogenicity and transgene-related immune responses. Although results of these strategies are encouraging, more efficient approaches are needed to deliver safe, predictable, and durable outcomes for people with hemophilia. In addition to durability, long-term follow-up of gene therapy trial participants will allow us to address potential safety concerns related to vector integration. Herein, we describe the challenges with current methodologies to deliver optimal outcomes for people with hemophilia who choose to undergo AAV vector gene therapy and the potential opportunities to improve on the results.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion in the Emergency Department: An Observational Cross-Sectional Multicenter Study
Authors: Peyrony Olivier , Gamelon Danaé , Brune Romain , Chauvin Anthony , Ghazali Daniel Aiham , Yordanov Youri , Arsicaud Aude , Gilleron Pauline , Curac Sonja , Richard Marie-Caroline , Feral-Pierssens Anne-Laure , Villoing Barbara , Beaune Sébastien , Goulet Hélène , Fontaine Jean-Paul , François Anne , Pirenne France
Published: June 2021

Background: We aimed to describe red blood cell (RBC) transfusions in the emergency department (ED) with a particular focus on the hemoglobin (Hb) level thresholds that are used in this setting. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 12 EDs including all adult patients that received RBC transfusion in January and February 2018. Descriptive statistics were reported. Logistic regression was performed to assess variables that were independently associated with a pre-transfusion Hb level ≥ 8 g/dL. Results: During the study period, 529 patients received RBC transfusion. The median age was 74 (59–85) years. The patients had a history of cancer or hematological disease in 185 (35.2%) cases. Acute bleeding was observed in the ED for 242 (44.7%) patients, among which 145 (59.9%) were gastrointestinal. Anemia was chronic in 191 (40.2%) cases, mostly due to vitamin or iron deficiency or to malignancy with transfusion support. Pre-transfusion Hb level was 6.9 (6.0–7.8) g/dL. The transfusion motive was not notified in the medical chart in 206 (38.9%) cases. In the multivariable logistic regression, variables that were associated with a higher pre-transfusion Hb level (≥8 g/dL) were a history of coronary artery disease (OR: 2.09; 95% CI: 1.29–3.41), the presence of acute bleeding (OR: 2.44; 95% CI: 1.53–3.94), and older age (OR: 1.02/year; 95% CI: 1.01–1.04). Conclusion: RBC transfusion in the ED was an everyday concern and involved patients with heterogeneous medical situations and severity. Pre-transfusion Hb level was rather restrictive. Almost half of transfusions were provided because of acute bleeding which was associated with a higher Hb threshold.
Contribution of an Integrated Maritime Policy to the Dialogue of Civilisations: The Asia-Pacific Case
Authors: Sereda Amrtatjuti Vladimirovna , Mikhaylichenko Yuriy Gennadievich , Baklanov Petr Yakovlevich , Kachur Anatoly Nikolaevich , Lappo Andrei Dorofeevich , Danilova Larisa Valentinovna
Published: June 2021

Sustainable development of marine resources requires a robust national coastal and ocean policy and harmonization of environmental management systems in areas of overlapping interests among nations. This is becoming increasingly important in the efforts of governments worldwide. Critical issues related to the exploitation of natural resources and the degradation of marine ecosystems, coupled with global crosscutting environmental issues such as climate change and climate-related hazards, require forging cross-border cooperation and international consensus on ensuring ecosystem-based approach principles in marine management and maritime domain awareness and security as reflected in the U.N.’s Sustainable Development Goals. Increasing the scale of marine planning processes entails increased cooperation on humankind’s shared endowment of global oceans and interconnected marine systems. As a result, interactions across the world are multiplying, which intensifies the dialogue of civilisations. The following exploration of a roadmap for developing an Integrated Marine/Maritime Policy in the Asia-Pacific region reveals enhanced opportunities for maintaining environmental integrity and sustainability in transboundary areas while considering local, regional, and global socio-economic and environmental challenges. This is a science-policy analysis of the marine-related practices of the region under consideration. The key here is to improve environmental safety and strengthen global security because of coherent actions jointly adopted in a setting of mutual respect and unity by a shared purpose to create reliable foundations for sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region.
Advances in Numerical Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes Modelling of Wave-Structure-Seabed Interactions and Scour
Authors: Díaz-Carrasco Pilar , Croquer Sergio , Tamimi Vahid , Lacey Jay , Poncet Sébastien
Published: June 2021

This review paper presents the recent advances in the numerical modelling of wave–structure–seabed interactions. The processes that are involved in wave–structure interactions, which leads to sediment transport and scour effects, are summarized. Subsequently, the three most common approaches for modelling sediment transport that is induced by wave–structure interactions are described. The applicability of each numerical approach is also included with a summary of the most recent studies. These approaches are based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations for the fluid phase, and mostly differ in how they tackle the seabed response. Finally, future prospects of research are discussed.
Bottlenose Dolphins Produce Underwater Bubbles Linked to Cognitive Task Engagement but Not Success
Authors: Alexander Elena , Abrahams Mark , Clark Fay E.
Published: June 2021

Captive mammals respond emotionally toward cognitive challenges, but research has precluded marine mammals. A potential indicator of emotion in toothed cetaceans is a large singular bubble (‘burst’) emitted from the blowhole, previously linked to surprise and excitement. Our study analysed bursts from a published study on dolphin cognitive enrichment. Bursts were only produced by task-engaged (72%) or task-spectating (28%) dolphins (n = 6 males in total). Burst frequency increased with the proportion of task engagement and spectator frequency, but not task progress or success (providing no evidence for an instantaneous ‘Eureka moment’). Bursts were reduced in frequency over three weeks, consistent with a decrease in task-engagement. Bursts were significantly more likely to come at the start of a bout of task-engagement than in the middle or end. We suggest bursts were an emotional response signaling dolphins’ instantaneous judgement of the task, more likely related to positive affect (interest, curiosity) than negative affect (frustration). They appear unrelated to respiration. It was unclear whether bursts were produced consciously and had a social function. We call for further dedicated research on the emotional valence of cetacean bursts. This will require simultaneous behavioural and acoustic measurements under different levels of more controlled challenge.
Local Perceptions on the Impact of Drought on Wetland Ecosystem Services and Associated Household Livelihood Benefits: The Case of the Driefontein Ramsar Site in Zimbabwe
Authors: Marambanyika Thomas , Mupfiga Upenyu Naume , Musasa Tatenda , Ngwenya Keto
Published: June 2021

The paper assesses local people’s perceptions on the impact of drought on wetland ecosystem services and the associated household livelihood benefits, focusing on the Driefontein Ramsar site in Chirumanzu district, Zimbabwe. Field data were obtained using a questionnaire from 159 randomly selected households, key informant interviews and transect walks. The study findings show that provisioning, regulating and supporting services are severely affected by a high frequency of drought, occurring at least once every two years, compared to cultural services. There is a reduction in water for domestic use and crop farming, pasture for livestock, fish, thatch grass and ground water recharge. Although cultural services such as traditional rain-making ceremonies and spiritual enhancement are largely unaffected by drought, the wetland’s aesthetic value was reported to be diminishing. The habitat and breeding areas of endangered crane bird species were perceived to be dwindling, affecting their reproduction. All the household heads are not formally employed and largely depend on the wetland resources for food and income. However, drought is adversely affecting wetland-based agricultural activities that are key pillars of the households’ economy. Therefore, there is a need for alternative livelihood strategies that enable local communities to adapt to drought impacts without exerting more pressure on the declining wetland resources.
Non-Timber Forest Products and the Cosmetic Industry: An Econometric Assessment of Contributions to Income in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Antunes Aghane , Simmons Cynthia S. , Veiga Joao Paulo
Published: June 2021

This study explores Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) production and company–community partnerships with the multinational cosmetic industry. The objectives are to critically assess: (1) how income generated from market-oriented NTFPs extraction impacts small farmers’ livelihoods; and (2) whether membership in cooperatives linked to such partnerships is a factor in improved livelihood. Household-level data from 282 surveys conducted in remote communities in four municipalities in the Northeast region of the State of Pará provide empirical insight into NTFPs extraction and processing activities by smallholder farmers in the Brazilian Amazon. We employ a spatial econometric approach to assess if engagement in NTFPs extraction and membership in cooperatives result in statistically significant increases in the overall household income. A series of spatial regression models are used, including Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Spatial Autoregressive Regression (SAR), Spatial Error Model (SEM), Spatial Durbin Model (SDM) and their corresponding alternative Bayesian models. Our study finds that NTFP extraction and membership in cooperatives tied to company–community partnerships are statistically significant and result in increases in total income at the household level. Findings also show that distance to transportation modes and markets are statistically significant with more distant households earning greater income. This finding presents challenges for the long-term sustainability of green alternatives to development that rely on remote, inaccessible environments for the commodities of interest. This is especially pronounced given the commitment of the Amazonian Nations, and the massive national and international investments, in the Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America (IIRSA), which has as its goal the creation of a multimodal transportation hub to integrate the continent with global markets and make accessible far reaches of the Amazon.
The Cape Gooseberry Constituent Physalin B Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Attenuates Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Weiskirchen Sabine , Weiskirchen Ralf
Published: June 2021

Physalin B belongs to a family of Physalins that can be isolated from the genus Physalis (Solanaceae). In traditional Chinese Medicine, Physalis angulata L. is frequently used to treat a variety of illnesses such as dermatitis, trachitis, rheumatism, and hepatitis. Physalin B promotes cellular apoptosis and has antitumor, antimalarial, and antimycobacterial activities. Two recent studies evaluated the therapeutic activities of Physalin B in pre-clinical hepatic disease models. In this comment, a brief summary of the most important findings of these two studies is given and discussed.
An Integrated Impact of Blockchain on Supply Chain Applications
Authors: Meidute-Kavaliauskiene Ieva , Yıldız Bülent , Çiğdem Şemsettin , Činčikaitė Renata
Published: June 2021

Market conditions have become increasingly dynamic and demanding, resulting in a challenging competitive environment. To adapt to this dynamic environment, supply chains have become increasingly reliant on collaboration, integration, flexibility, and trust between stakeholders. Therefore, the importance of new technological applications in supply chains has grown even more. To improve supply chain flow control, modern specialized applications must be implemented. Blockchain technology has established itself as a necessary component of today’s competitive environment. Companies should invest in blockchain technology to respond quickly to changing market conditions and demands in today’s dynamic business environment. In this regard, this study investigates the effect of blockchain technology utilization on supply chain transparency, supply chain flexibility, and trust in suppliers. For this purpose, first, data were collected from the first 1000 exporting firms declared in 2019 by the Turkey Exporters Assembly using a survey method. Secondly, factor analyses and regression analyses were performed with the dataset obtained from 84 companies. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that blockchain technology utilization increases transparency, flexibility, and trust in supply chains. According to these results, it is suggested that companies should invest in blockchain technology to make their supply chain more transparent, flexible, and secure. Moreover, blockchain plays a crucial role in building mutual trust with supply chain stakeholders. Finally, the research includes some considerations on the positive implications and potential of blockchain in collaboration and integration.
The Size Effects of Point Defect on the Mechanical Properties of Monocrystalline Silicon: A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Wan Wei , Tang Changxin , Qiu An , Xiang Yongkang
Published: June 2021

The molecular dynamics method was used to simulate the fracture process of monocrystalline silicon with different sizes of point defect under a constant strain rate. The mechanism of the defect size on the mechanical properties of monocrystalline silicon was also investigated. The results suggested that the point defect significantly reduces the yield strength of monocrystalline silicon. The relationships between the yield strength variation and the size of point defect fitted an exponential function. By statistically analyzing the internal stress in monocrystalline silicon, it was found that the stress concentration induced by the point defect led to the decrease in the yield strength. A comparison between the theoretical strength given by the four theories of strength and actual strength proved that the Mises theory was the best theory of strength to describe the yield strength of monocrystalline silicon. The dynamic evolution process of Mises stress and dislocation showed that the fracture was caused by the concentration effect of Mises stress and dislocation slip. Finally, the fractured microstructures were similar to a kind of two-dimensional grid which distributed along the cleavage planes while visualizing the specimens. The results of this article provide a reference for evaluating the size effects of point defects on the mechanical properties of monocrystalline silicon.
Experimental and Numerical Study on the PG-7VM Warhead Performance against High-Hardness Armor Steel
Authors: Żochowski Paweł , Warchoł Radosław , Miszczak Maciej , Nita Marcin , Pankowski Zygmunt , Bajkowski Marcin
Published: June 2021

Analyses presented in the article were carried out in order to characterize the main parameters of the shaped charge jet formed due to detonation of the PG-7VM warhead. As opposed to the previously published studies in which rolled homogeneous armored steel was mainly used as a target, in the current work the warhead penetration capability was determined against more contemporary high-hardness (500 HB) ARMSTAL 30PM steel armor with precisely determined mechanical properties. The research included experimental depth of penetration tests and their numerical reproduction in the LS-Dyna software. Special attention was paid to factors that could perturbate the shaped charge jet formation process and under- or overestimate its penetration capability. For this reason, warheads were X-ray inspected for structural discrepancies (voids or air inclusions in explosive, misalignment between the body, explosive, and liner, or lack of contact between the explosive and the liner) and properties of materials (explosive, targets, and most important warhead components) were analyzed before the experiments. The numerical model of the warhead was defined more accurately than in previously published studies, since it was based on the real grenade dimensions and its technical documentation. Thanks to this, the depth of penetration of the target made of ARMSTAL 30PM armored steel plates by the shaped charge jet formed from the PG-7VM warhead obtained by numerical simulation was consistent with the experimental results and equaled 278 mm and 280 mm, respectively. The difference between the experimental and numerical value was smaller than 1%, which confirms that the developed methodology of modeling allows users to properly reproduce the PG-7VM shaped charge jet formation and target penetration processes. A verified numerical model of the shaped charge jet penetration into a steel target was used to determine depth of penetration in function of stand-off distance for the PG-7VM warhead. A maximum depth of penetration of about 317 mm was obtained for the stand-off distance of 360 mm, which may indicate the potential direction of modernization of warheads.
Effect of Fly Ash on Strength and Stiffness Characteristics of Controlled Low-Strength Material in Shear Wave Monitoring
Authors: Kim Sang-Chul , Kim Dong-Ju , Byun Yong-Hoon
Published: June 2021

Fly ash, the main component for controlled low-strength material (CLSM), has physical and chemical characteristics according to the resources used in the thermal power plant, and thus fly ash type can influence the physical and strength properties of CLSM. This study investigates the effect of fly ash type on the engineering properties of CLSM and establishes relationships between mechanical properties of CLSM and shear wave velocity (SWV) for long curing times. Six fly ashes with different physical properties and chemical components are used for preparing the CLSM mixtures. The air content, unit weight, flowability, and setting time of CLSM are measured. Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and elastic modulus (E) are obtained from unconfined compressive tests, and SWV (Vs) is determined using a bender element-based wave measurement system. Experimental results show that the stiffness and strength characteristics of CLSM are relevant to the contents of two oxides (SiO2 and Al2O3) and the fineness of fly ash. Because the evolution of SWV is influenced by the fly ash type, the relationships UCS-Vs and E-Vs are well established. Thus, considering the fly ash type, shear wave monitoring may be effectively used for estimating strength and stiffness characteristics of CLSM.
Characterization and Evaluation of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Char from Alkali Lignin in Subcritical Temperatures
Authors: Jayathilake Madhawa , Rudra Souman , Akhtar Naureen , Christy Alfred Antony
Published: June 2021

An evaluation of hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) char is investigated in this work. Morphological studies, N2 adsorption behavior, FTIR analysis, thermal behavior, and elemental composition are studied. The HTL char yield showed an increase with higher operating temperatures. It increased from 11.02% to 33% when the temperature increased from 573 K to 623 K. At lower temperatures, the residence time showed an impact on the yield, while close to the critical point, residence time became less impactful. Elemental analysis showed that both higher operating temperatures and longer residence times increased the nitrogen content of the chars from 0.32% to 0.51%. FTIR analysis suggested the char became more aromatic with the higher temperatures. The aliphatic groups present diminished drastically with the increasing temperature. Residence time did not show a significant impact as much as the temperature when considering the functional group elimination. An increase in operating temperatures and residence times produced thermally stable chars. HTL char produced at the lowest operating temperature and showed both the highest surface area and pore volume. When temperature and residence time increase, more polyaromatic char is produced due to carbonization.
The Influence of Temperature on the Hydration Rate of Cements Based on Calorimetric Measurements
Authors: Kiernożycki Włodzimierz , Błyszko Jarosław
Published: June 2021

The study presents results of calorimetric tests of three different cements. Two Ordinary Portland cements, CEM I 52.5 R and CEM I 42.5 R, and one Blastfurnace cement, CEM III/A 42.5 N LH/HSR/NA, were analysed. The analysis has shown that the empirical formulas derived based on the results can successfully replace the Arrhenius formula in determination of the hydration rate in relation to curing temperature. It was proven that the hydration rate in relation to the curing temperature changes with the progression of hydration. The study introduces an En coefficient which determines the influence of curing temperature on generation of heat. Results of the study have shown that the value of En is not constant and changes with the progression of hydration process. Proposed method of numerical modelling of the total heat generated and generation rate based on obtained results allows for the calculation of those two parameters for any curing conditions.
Silicon Oxide Etching Process of NF3 and F3NO Plasmas with a Residual Gas Analyzer
Authors: Kim Woo-Jae , Bang In-Young , Kim Ji-Hwan , Park Yeon-Soo , Kwon Hee-Tae , Shin Gi-Won , Kang Min-Ho , Cho Youngjun , Kwon Byung-Hyang , Kwak Jung-Hun , Kwon Gi-Chung
Published: June 2021

The use of NF3 is significantly increasing every year. However, NF3 is a greenhouse gas with a very high global warming potential. Therefore, the development of a material to replace NF3 is required. F3NO is considered a potential replacement to NF3. In this study, the characteristics and cleaning performance of the F3NO plasma to replace the greenhouse gas NF3 were examined. Etching of SiO2 thin films was performed, the DC offset of the plasma of both gases (i.e., NF3 and F3NO) was analyzed, and a residual gas analysis was performed. Based on the analysis results, the characteristics of the F3NO plasma were studied, and the SiO2 etch rates of the NF3 and F3NO plasmas were compared. The results show that the etch rates of the two gases have a difference of 95% on average, and therefore, the cleaning performance of the F3NO plasma was demonstrated, and the potential benefit of replacing NF3 with F3NO was confirmed.
Crack Growth Simulation of Functionally Graded Materials Based on Improved Bond-Based Peridynamic Model
Authors: Min Liyi , Liu Qiwen , Liu Lisheng
Published: June 2021

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are widely used in the aerospace industry, especially for the thermal protection shields of aerospace vehicles. Studies show that the initiation and expansion of micro-cracks are important factors that adversely affect the service life of these shields. Based on the peridynamic theory of bonds, an improved peridynamic model is proposed in the present study for FGMs. In the proposed model, integral equivalence is applied to calculate the required material parameters. Obtained results reveal that this method can better reflect the gradient change of material properties.
Ultrasound Supported Galvanostatic Deposition of Zn Coatings Reinforced with Nano-, Submicro-, and Micro-SiC Particles—Weak Acidic Chloride Baths
Authors: Mech Krzysztof , Marzec Mateusz , Szaciłowski Konrad
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we present results concerning the electrochemical deposition of Zn-SiC composite coatings reinforced with nano-, submicro-, and microparticles. The influence of current density, particle size, and ultrasound on functional parameters which are especially important from a practical point of view (i.e., concentration of particles in coatings, current efficiency, morphology, reflectivity, roughness, hardness, and corrosion resistance) are investigated and discussed. Coatings were deposited from commercial, chloride-based electrolytes dedicated for the deposition of Zn coatings in a weakly acidic environment. Electrodeposited composites contained up to 1.58, 4.08, and 1.15 wt. % of SiC for coatings reinforced with nano, submicro, and micrometric particles, respectively. The process proceeded with relatively high efficiency, exceeding 80% in almost all cases. The results indicate that ultrasounds strongly increase Faradaic efficiency and affect the kinetics of electrode processes and the properties of synthesized coatings. Moreover, the obtained results show that it is possible to synthesize composite coatings with slightly higher mechanical properties while retaining corrosion resistance compared to metallic Zn coatings.
A Review of Software for Spatial Econometrics in R
Authors: Bivand Roger , Millo Giovanni , Piras Gianfranco
Published: June 2021

The software for spatial econometrics available in the R system for statistical computing is reviewed. The methods are illustrated in a historical perspective, highlighting the main lines of development and employing historically relevant datasets in the examples. Estimators and tests for spatial cross-sectional and panel models based either on maximum likelihood or on generalized moments methods are presented. The paper is concluded reviewing some current active lines of research in spatial econometric software methods.
The Crossing Numbers of Join Products of Paths and Cycles with Four Graphs of Order Five
Authors: Staš Michal
Published: June 2021

The main aim of the paper is to establish the crossing numbers of the join products of the paths and the cycles on n vertices with a connected graph on five vertices isomorphic to the graph K1,1,3\e obtained by removing one edge e incident with some vertex of order two from the complete tripartite graph K1,1,3. The proofs are done with the help of well-known exact values for the crossing numbers of the join products of subgraphs of the considered graph with paths and cycles. Finally, by adding some edges to the graph under consideration, we obtain the crossing numbers of the join products of other graphs with the paths and the cycles on n vertices.