bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies of Ambivalence
Authors: Shaw Vivian
Published: September 2020

In recent years, Japan has witnessed the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, a rise in racist hate speech, and the reinterpretation of the constitution to enable state militarization. In response to these crises, a segment of Japanese activists has adopted antifa to bolster their ongoing participation in antinuclear, antiracist, and antiwar social movements. This intervention focuses on what the author calls liberal antifa. Informed by its vexed relationships to the Japanese New Left, liberal antifa in Japan attempts to encompass a broad spectrum of political positions including liberal, left-wing, and even right-wing activism. This intervention traces linkages between liberal antifa and the resurgence of protest after Fukushima, drawing on ethnographic observations and interviews to analyze opposition to fascism within multiple, overlapping social movements. The author also shows how liberal antifa borrows from transnational influences to blend radical and popular cultural practices in relation to music, fashion, art, and food.
Teaching It Can’t Happen Here in the Trump Era
Authors: Riccò Giulia
Published: September 2020

In the dystopian 1935 novel It Can’t Happen Here, Sinclair Lewis imagines what it would look like if fascism came to the United States. It Can’t Happen Here is a richly productive text for anybody interested in teaching fascism, but the work requires pedagogical caution, as students tend to find it overwhelming, especially in the post-2016-election era. In this short essay, I consider how best to teach students to read a novel that, though originally intended as a satirical take on the political situation of the United States and the world in the interwar period, has now become unnervingly relevant and prescient.
Ring-Structured DNA and RNA as Key Players In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Liang Xingguo , Chen Hui , Li Lin , An Ran , Komiyama Makoto
Published: September 2020

Ring-structured DNA and RNA exhibit a variety of unique features in chemistry, biology, medicine, material science, and so on, which cannot be accomplished by their non-cyclic counterparts. In this review, both naturally occurring DNA/RNA rings and artificially synthesized ones have been comprehensively covered, mainly to bridge these two growing fields. In the first part, the structures and functions of naturally occurring DNA/RNA rings (extrachromosomal circular DNA, circulating cell-free DNAs, cyclic RNAs, and others) are described. Their roles as biomarkers for disease diagnosis are especially noteworthy. The second part mainly presents recent methods to synthesize DNA/RNA rings selectively and efficiently from oligonucleotide fragments. DNA/RNA rings of desired sequences and sizes are successfully prepared in large amounts for versatile applications. Production of RNA rings in cells using autocatalytic transcripts is also described. Lastly, practical applications of DNA/RNA rings are briefly reviewed. Critical significance of the cooperation of these two areas for further developments, as well as strong potential for interdisciplinary studies, have been emphasized.
Representing antibiotic relationships using measurements of efficacy against clinical isolates
Authors: Shaw Liam
Published: September 2020

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a worrying and confusing problem for both patients and medical professionals. It is often difficult for non-specialists to understand how different antibiotics are related to one another. Here, I use experimental data from hundreds of thousands of clinical isolates to infer relationships between antibiotics and represent them with simple diagrams.

Methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of a bacterial isolate for a given antibiotic is defined as the lowest concentration that prevents visible growth. Measuring MICs for multiple antibiotics using the same isolate implicitly records the relationships of the antibiotics for a given species. The basic principle is that antibiotics with similar mechanisms of action should give rise to similar mechanisms of resistance, so should have correlated MICs across large numbers of isolates. This information can then be used to calculate distances between antibiotics based on pairwise correlations of their rank-ordered MICs. I apply this approach to a large historical AMR surveillance dataset (the Pfizer ATLAS surveillance dataset, 2004-2017).

Results. I demonstrate that clustering antibiotics in this way allows a simple visual comparison of how similar antibiotics are to each other based on their efficacy within a species. The resulting visualizations broadly recapitulate antibiotic classes. They also clearly show the dramatic effects of combining beta-lactam antibiotics with beta-lactamase inhibitors, as well as highlighting antibiotics which have unexpected correlations in MICs that are not predicted from their chemical similarities alone.

Conclusion. Large AMR surveillance datasets can be used in a hypothesis-free manner to show relationships between antibiotics based on their real-world efficacy.
Adolescent Autopsychological Competence as a Target for the Development of Self-Knowledge in Group Psychological Work
Authors: Griboedova O.
Published: September 2020

The article discusses the relationship between autopsychological competence and self-knowledge of adolescents in order to determine the scientific basis for the development of self-knowledge through group developmental psychological work. The author focuses on the need to use autopsychological competence as a target reference point (result) of the development of self-knowledge of adolescents in the framework of the implementation of new educational tasks of the national project "Education" and the Federal state educational standard of basic education.

The article clarifies the concept of autopsychological competence, makes sense of its structural and content characteristics, and determines the place of self-knowledge in the development of autopsychological competence of adolescent children.

Based on the analysis of modern domestic research, the author determined that self-knowledge is the basis for the formation of autopsychological competence, which in turn is the result of self-knowledge and reflects the degree of its development. It is noted that autopsychological competence is a necessary tool and mechanism for the formation of subjectivity, the formation of which is due to the accumulation of autopsychological experience of internal activity.

The article defines the scientific basis for building a program for the development of autopsychological competence of adolescents as a target for the development of their self-knowledge.

In conclusion, the author presents the conclusions that the use of the construct "autopsychological competence" in the development of programs for the development of self-knowledge of adolescents allows structuring and algorithmizing this work, translating it into an instrumentally understandable applied sphere of developmental work with adolescents, observing the competence approach in education and upbringing of schoolchildren, set by the state as a new task in new educational conditions.
The Complexity Assessment Method of Logical Reasonings
Authors: Mayer Robert
Published: September 2020

The development of methods for assessing the various didactic characteristics of teaching texts and teacher messages is an urgent problem of modern teaching theory. Its solution allows to rank texts (descriptions, proofs, explanations, etc.) according to the degree of complexity, and this helps to optimize the learning process and increase the objectivity of assessing students' knowledge. In general, educational texts contain a descriptive-narrative and logical component; the share of the latter can be defined as the ratio of informative content of logical reasonings to the overall informative content of the text. The complexity (informativity) of the text can be found as a sum of the com-plexities of its constituent scientific terms and ordinary words. The semantic complexity of the term relative to the Z0 thesaurus is equal to the number of words that need to be spoken to explain the term to a student with the thesaurus Z0. It should be noted that each new mention of the term reduces its contribution to the overall complexity of the text. The proposed method for assessing the complexity of logical reasonings involves: 1) identifying all facts and logical rules used, the complexity of which exceeds the cho-sen level of knowledge; 2) expanding the text by adding all the statements necessary for conducting reasonings; 3) creation of text file text.txt containing verbal part of educa-tional text and verbally encoded formulas and figures; 4) creation of a dictionary (slo-var.txt file) containing the scientific terms used with indication of their level of com-plexity; 5) analysis of the text.txt file using the special computer program addressing to the dictionary which allows to determine the overall semantic complexity of the eva-luated text; 6) isolating logical reasonings from the text and determining their total complexity; 7) finding the share of logical reasoning in the text. The complexity of four text fragments was estimated, for which the share of logical reasonings and the average coefficient of information folding were calculated.
A Dynkin Game on Assets with Incomplete Information on the Return
Authors: De Angelis Tiziano , Gensbittel Fabien , Villeneuve Stephane
Published: September 2020

This paper studies a two-player zero-sum Dynkin game arising from pricing an option on an asset whose rate of return is unknown to both players. Using filtering techniques, we first reduce the problem to a zero-sum Dynkin game on a bidimensional diffusion (X,Y). Then we characterize the existence of a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies in which each player stops at the hitting time of (X,Y) to a set with a moving boundary. A detailed description of the stopping sets for the two players is provided along with global C1 regularity of the value function.
Static Risk-Based Group Testing Schemes Under Imperfectly Observable Risk
Authors: Aprahamian Hrayer , Bish Ebru K. , Bish Douglas R.
Published: September 2020

Testing multiple subjects within a group, with a single test applied to the group (i.e., group testing), is an important tool for classifying populations as positive or negative for a specific binary characteristic in an efficient manner. We study the design of easily implementable, static group testing schemes that take into account operational constraints, heterogeneous populations, and uncertainty in subject risk, while considering classification accuracy- and robustness-based objectives. We derive key structural properties of optimal risk-based designs and show that the problem can be formulated as network flow problems. Our reformulation involves computationally expensive high-dimensional integrals. We develop an analytical expression that eliminates the need to compute high-dimensional integrals, drastically improving the tractability of constructing the underlying network. We demonstrate the impact through a case study on chlamydia screening, which leads to the following insights: (1) Risk-based designs are shown to be less expensive, more accurate, and more robust than current practices. (2) The performance of static risk-based schemes comprised of only two group sizes is comparable to those comprised of many group sizes. (3) Static risk-based schemes are an effective alternative to more complicated dynamic schemes. (4) An expectation-based formulation captures almost all benefits of a static risk-based scheme.
A competência relacional de enfermeiros em unidades de centros cirúrgicos
Authors: Santos Danilo José dos , Henriques Silvia Helena , Leal Laura Andrian , Soares Mirelle Inácio , Chaves Lucieli Dias Pedreschi , Silva Beatriz Regina da
Published: September 2020

Objetivo: identificar e descrever como é desenvolvida a competência relacional no cotidiano do trabalho de enfermeiros cirúrgicos e identificar em que momento/situações o enfermeiro utiliza essa competência.  Método: estudo exploratório, qualitativo. O cenário foram unidades cirúrgicas pertencentes a cinco instituições hospitalares privadas de um município no Estado de Minas Gerais e a amostra composta por 43 enfermeiros atuantes destas unidades. Foi realizada a técnica de grupo focal em 2018 e os dados foram interpretados pela análise temática indutiva. Resultados: evidenciou-se que a competência relacional se dá por meio do desenvolvimento de capacidades a serem adquiridas pelos enfermeiros, tais como o gerenciamento de conflitos, comunicação assertiva, gestão de pessoas por meio do dimensionamento de pessoal e inteligência emocional. Conclusão: O ambiente cirúrgico demanda atividades que potencializam o desgaste físico e emocional do enfermeiro com demais membros da equipe de saúde, o que torna imprescindível o aprimoramento de capacidades/aptidões associadas a competência relacional.
Autodeclaração racial e desdobramentos educacionais na escola estadual General Azevedo Costa
Authors: Videira Piedade Lino , Penha Sabrina Silva , Oliveira Wesley Vaz de
Published: September 2020

Este trabalho aborda questões educacionais do processo formativo relativo a autodeclaração racial dos estudantes do ensino médio da Escola Estadual General Azevedo Costa, localizada no município de Macapá-AP. O objetivo desta análise consiste em investigar como os estudantes do ensino médio se autodeclaram do ponto de vista racial. Utilizou-se como metodologia práticas pesquisa qualitativa por meio da aplicação de questionários aos discentes, registros e anotações em atividade de campo, e a pesquisa quantitativa para auxiliar na análise dos dados. Assim, constatou-se que a autodeclaração racial é configurada de maneira complexa pelos discentes, visto que a construção da identidade negra é um processo dificultoso, permeada de tensões, com   implicações formativas e educacionais.
Danças em terreiros: educação dos corpos para as giras na Quimbanda
Authors: Soares Rodrigo Lemos , Tavares Mauro Dillmann
Published: September 2020

As danças, em terreiros, são elementos constituintes de caracteres específicos de expressividade, elas reiteram identidades. O artigo em questão problematiza a educação dos corpos em relação às danças de exus e pombagiras, em terreiros de Quimbanda, na cidade do Rio Grande/RS. Utilizei, para tanto, conceitos como educação dos corpos e danças, para discutir sobre estas manifestações em terreiros de Quimbanda. As danças em terreiros, especificamente, as de exus e pombagiras, estão vinculados com noções acerca do que significa ser um sujeito religioso, que pertence a um local específico, uma expressividade religiosa. Dançar, a partir das mitologias dos exus ou das pombagiras, é aqui entendido como acontecimentos socioculturais, que tem por base noções de pertencimento. O aporte teórico deste texto está centrado nos Estudos Culturais, na sua vertente pós-estruturalista e as narrativas foram produzidas a partir de entrevistas estruturadas, sendo os dados observados sob uma análise cultural. Considero, então, que as danças, compõem o aparato ritualístico dos terreiros, além disso, elas não possuem caráter único e sinalizam produções de identidades. Assim, especifico que dançar, nestes locais, é uma manifestação simbiótica entre entidades e sujeitos, a qual resulta em uma forma de expressão da religiosidade.
Pedagogia da Circularidade: fundamentos de ensino inspirados no Unzó ia Kisimbi ria Maza Nzambi
Authors: Ferreira Tássio
Published: September 2020

A Lei 10.639/03, isoladamente, não representará efeito real no processo de ensino-aprendizagem na educação básica brasileira. A questão é ampliada sendo necessário refletir sobre a constituição da escola, seus pilares didáticos que não refletem o modo de pensar/existir/expressar da maioria das pessoas do  país. Esta pesquisa reflete sobre os processos de ensino-aprendizagem inspirados no conhecimento tradicional do Candomblé Congo-Angola, ancorado na filosofia Bantu, em sua visão de mundo e noção de sociedade. Para adensar a discussão, o Terreiro Unzó ia Kisimbi ria Maza Nzambi é  afrografado na pesquisa como uma inspiração para pensar em uma educação antirracista que favoreça a integralização da pessoa como cerne do processo de ensino-aprendizagem.
Homens negros, futebol e memórias coletivas em Mato Grosso
Authors: Pinho Vilma Aparecida , Grunennvaldt José Tarcísio
Published: September 2020

As análises deste artigo centram nos significados que as memórias atribuem às relações étnico-raciais no futebol a partir das lembranças de ex-jogadores negros campeões no estado de Mato de Grosso que atuaram entre os anos de 1950 a 1970. A metodologia utilizada foi a história oral orientada por perguntas abertas sobre futebol, sociabilidades e relações étnico-raciais. Utilizamos fotografias para verificar as equipes no que se refere a raça/cor e a classificação nos certames nos quais participaram os entrevistados.  Os resultados indicam que as memórias buscam contrapor uma história de [in] visibilidade do negro. Nesse sentido, os ex-jogadores fazem releituras de si e se valem da memória para inscrever a sua história do lugar de protagonista na história do esporte. Os sentidos que emergem da memória rompem com a noção de subalternidade racial para uma perspectiva de reconhecimento e valorização coletiva.
Formação de professores e racismo: Para onde vamos?
Authors: Macedo Rejane Lucia Amarante de
Published: September 2020

Escrever sobre racismo nos dias atuais é trazer à tona fatos do cotidiano que apontam para o debate sobre a questão racial no Brasil. A proposta dessa escrita baseia-se no reconhecimento de que o racismo está presente também na formação de professores e de um modo geral, muitos preconceitos concebidos e introjetados ao longo da vida social estão no espaço escolar de forma explícita, ou ainda, de forma camuflada. Pensar a formação de professores como um espaço de discussão das relações raciais é possível? Na sociedade brasileira o racismo se efetiva de diversas formas e o racismo se dá não apenas pelas questões culturais, mas também com relação aos aspectos físicos observáveis no corpo do/a negro/a. Dentro deste cenário apresentado, este artigo dará maior destaque a educação que acontece no interior da escola, pois há tempos recai sobre ela uma aposta para a emancipação e garantia de melhores condições de vida para a população negra.
A heart failure care optimisation project in the north of Scotland
Authors: O'Hara Marianne , Smith Amanda , Foster Emma , Leslie Stephen J
Published: September 2020

Introduction:

This project aimed to assess and optimise the treatment of all patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Methods:

Consecutive patients discharged with a heart failure code (ICD-10) between April 2014 and July 2017 were included. The medical records were reviewed to ensure optimal medical therapy and in cases where this was not being received, a process of ‘active optimisation’ was initiated.

Results:

Out of 656 patients, 139 were identified as eligible for guideline-directed treatment, 129 (93%) of which were receiving optimal medical therapy. Of these, 47 (36%) were deemed to be optimised but were not on full guideline-directed therapy owing to contraindication, intolerance, comorbidities or non-compliance.

Conclusion:

The project data reflect real-world patients and practice and highlight a tension between guideline-based care and real-life (realistic) medicine.
Newly qualified health visitor: Working with families to help reduce obesity
Authors: Boddy Bethany
Published: September 2020

With the government publishing a policy paper on obesity in July 2020, Bethany Boddy looks at the health visitor role in early identification, health promotion and intervention for families
Enhancing interprofessional working
Authors: Brook Judy
Published: September 2020

It is only through the determination and commitment of individual health visitors and midwives that a seamless, effective transition from one service to the other will occur for families, says Judy Brook
Jewish Christianity
Authors: Jackson-McCabe Matt
Published: September 2020

This book argues that the concept of Jewish Christianity represents an enduring legacy of Christian apologetics. Freethinkers of the English Enlightenment created the category of Jewish Christianity as a means of isolating a true and distinctly Christian religion from the Jewish culture of Jesus and the apostles. The book shows how a category that began as a way to reimagine the apologetic notion of an authoritative “original Christianity” continues to cause problems in the contemporary study of Jewish and Christian antiquity.
The Islamic Perspective on Freedom and Human Rights
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached
Published: September 2020

This chapter expounds on the Islamic perspective on freedom and human rights, and draws references from multiple Islamic thinkers on the subject. It asserts that freedom, according to the Islamic worldview, is a trust, a responsibility, an awareness of the truth, a commitment to follow it, and a dying to self for its sake. According to its literal meaning, freedom is permission and choice, or simply following one's instincts. Freedom is thus the power to choose between good and evil—a divinely appointed responsibility. Furthermore, according to the specialists in legal theory, in its ethical and legal meaning freedom means “conformity.” Freedom is to exercise responsibility in a positive way, fulfilling one's duty in in a spirit of obedience by following what is commanded and avoiding what is forbidden.
Basic Democratic Principles
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses basic democratic principles. Here, the issue of political freedoms in the modern era can hardly be separated from democratic systems of government, simply because democracy offers the best system of governance, which when applied enables citizens to practice their basic freedoms, including political ones. In this light, the chapter considers the basic principles which make a political system democratic. It also considers the evolution of a democratic system as well as what this evolution entails and what impulses have driven it. The chapter also seeks ways in which the democratic system might be improved. To conclude, the chapter explores the basic principles of an Islamic political system.
The Basic Principles of Islamic Governance
Authors: Ghannouchi Rached
Published: September 2020

This chapter concerns the basic principles of an Islamic political system. Within the context of a growing Western impact on Muslim lands, the chapter offers a blueprint based on the unity of Islam and politics. It shows that the structure of the Islamic state that developed in Medina provided all the elements necessary to any state, like a people (umma), a territory, a political authority, and a legal system. Using precise wording, Medina's constitution or charter (al-sahifa) defined the groups that constituted the state—one by one it listed the Muslims, the Jews, and the pagans—all of them forming together a political umma. The document mentions their rights and duties as citizens of the state. In effect, each person was a member of the Islamic umma in their political dimension. Together they laid the solid foundation of an Islamic civilization in which hundreds of ethnic groups and tribes from different faith traditions gathered in response to a divine call.
Dragonomics
Authors: Wise Carol
Published: September 2020

This book explores the impact of Chinese growth on Latin America since the early 2000s. Some twenty years ago, Chinese entrepreneurs headed to the Western Hemisphere in search of profits and commodities, specifically those that China lacked and that some Latin American countries held in abundance—copper, iron ore, crude oil, fishmeal and soybeans. Focusing largely on Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Peru, the book traces the evolution of political and economic ties between China and these countries back to the 1950s and explores how more recent and ongoing interaction with China has shaped the respective political economies of these country cases. Drawing on the development economics literature as an analytical roadmap, the book offers two sets of findings. First, the three small, open economies—Chile, Costa Rica, and Peru—outperformed Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico by a wide margin during the China 2003–2013 boom and thereafter. Second, success in dealing with China has varied by sector, project, and country. The author argues that while opportunities for closer economic integration with China are seemingly infinite, so are the risks. The best outcomes have stemmed from endeavours where the rule of law, regulatory oversight, and a clear strategy exist on the Latin American side.
Bread Winner
Authors: Griffin Emma
Published: September 2020

Nineteenth-century Britain saw remarkable economic growth and a rise in real wages. But not everyone shared in the nation's wealth. Unable to earn a sufficient income themselves, working-class women were reliant on the ‘breadwinner wage’ of their husbands. When income failed, or was denied or squandered by errant men, families could be plunged into desperate poverty from which there was no escape. This book unlocks the homes of Victorian England to examine the lives — and finances — of the people who lived there. Drawing on over 600 working-class autobiographies, including more than 200 written by women, the book changes our understanding of daily life in Victorian Britain.
Archipelago of Justice
Authors: Wood Laurie M
Published: September 2020

An examination of France’s Atlantic and Indian Ocean empires through the stories of the little known people who built it. This book is a groundbreaking evaluation of the interwoven trajectories of the people, such as itinerant ship-workers and colonial magistrates, who built France’s first empire between 1680 and 1780 in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. These imperial subjects sought new political and legal influence via law courts, with strategies that reflected local and regional priorities, particularly regarding slavery, war, and trade. Laurie M. Wood focuses largely on appellate courts in Martinique and Île de France (now Mauritius) and shows how the courts appealed to French citizens owing to their strategic place at the center of the largest and most dynamic oceanic zones of trade during the early modern era. Through court records and legal documents, she reveals how the courts became liaisons between France and its new colonial possessions, and how subjects used the courtrooms as gateways to other courtrooms in the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, and in France.
Sovereignty, RIP
Authors: Herzog Don
Published: September 2020

Social order requires a sovereign: an actor with unlimited, undivided, and unaccountable authority. Or so the classic theory says. But without noticing, we've gutted the theory. Constitutionalism limits state authority. Federalism divides it. The rule of law holds it accountable. In vivid historical detail—with millions tortured and slaughtered in Europe, a king put on trial for his life, journalists groaning at complaints about the League of Nations, and much more—this book charts both the political struggles that forged sovereignty and the ones that undid it. The book argues that it's no longer a helpful guide to our legal and political problems, but a pernicious bit of confusion. It's time to retire sovereignty.
The molecular mechanism study of COMP involved in the articular cartilage damage of Kashin-Beck disease
Authors: Ma Mei , Liang Xiao , Wang Xi , Zhang Lu , Cheng Shiqiang , Guo Xiong , Zhang Feng , Wen Yan
Published: September 2020

Aims

Kashin-Beck disease (KBD) is a kind of chronic osteochondropathy, thought to be caused by environmental risk factors such as T-2 toxin. However, the exact aetiology of KBD remains unclear. In this study, we explored the functional relevance and biological mechanism of cartilage oligosaccharide matrix protein (COMP) in the articular cartilage damage of KBD.

Methods

The articular cartilage specimens were collected from five KBD patients and five control subjects for cell culture. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression levels were detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot. The survival rate of C28/I2 chondrocyte cell line was detected by MTT assay after T-2 toxin intervention. The cell viability and mRNA expression levels of apoptosis related genes between COMP-overexpression groups and control groups were examined after cell transfection.

Results

The mRNA and protein expression levels of COMP were significantly lower in KBD chondrocytes than control chondrocytes. After the T-2 toxin intervention, the COMP mRNA expression of C28/I2 chondrocyte reduced and the protein level of COMP in three intervention groups was significantly lower than in the control group. MTT assay showed that the survival rate of COMP overexpression KBD chondrocytes were notably higher than in the blank control group. The mRNA expression levels of Survivin, SOX9, Caspase-3, and type II collagen were also significantly different among COMP overexpression, negative control, and blank control groups.

Conclusion

Our study results confirmed the functional relevance of COMP with KBD. COMP may play an important role in the excessive chondrocytes apoptosis of KBD patients. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(9):578–586.
Philippika. Altertumswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen / Contributions to the Study of Ancient World Cultures
Authors: Rollinger Robert , Ruffing Kai , Witthuhn Orell
Published: September 2020

Edited by Joachim Hengstl, Elizabeth Irwin, Andrea Jördens, Torsten Mattern, Robert Rollinger, Kai Ruffing and Orell Witthuhn The Philippika series provides a platform for publications from all areas of Studies of Antiquity. Contributions in German, English, French and Italian from all sub-disciplines of Classical Studies are welcome (Egyptology, Ancient History, Ancient Near East, Archaeology, Epigraphy, Historical Information Technology, Classical Philology, Numismatics, Papyrology, Legal History, History of Reception). The series is open to representatives of the aforementioned disciplines on a national and an international level. Thus, the Philippika series intends to provide a contribution to the enhancement of interdisciplinary contacts in archaeological research and, furthermore, to document its wide spectrum today. All contributions submitted undergo a review process designed to ensure a constant high level of academic excellence in accordance with international standards (peer-review).
The life course, inequalities and mental health in later life
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 explores the contribution of the lifecourse approach and social gerontology to understanding mental health outcomes in later life. It also explores the role played by health and social inequalities. By bringing these perspectives together the Chapter makes visible the ways in which lifecourse inequality and adversity e.g. childhood abuse, create and/or amplify risks to mental health in later life. It also exposes the embedded and structural nature of causative mechanisms. Health inequalities have profound implications for mental health. People from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds suffer disproportionately from common mental disorders, such as depression, across the whole lifecourse. They are also exposed to higher levels of chronic psychosocial stress which, independently and additively, undermines mental wellbeing. These effects are cumulative over the longer term and in more unequal societies; also by exposure to discrimination and oppression. These arguments challenge the dominance of the ‘inevitable decline’ model of ageing exposing a more nuanced complex set of intersecting risks to mental health that are structurally located and socially produced. The role of policy in addressing health inequalities and their social determinants was a key dimension of mental health policy until 2011; since then it has become increasingly uncoupled from the policy agenda.
Conceptualising dementia
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

The way dementia is conceptualised influences the wellbeing and treatment of people living with the condition. The traditional neuro-degenerative model has increasingly been challenged. Significant contributions include the 1970’s concepts of malignant social psychologv and personhood, the 1990’s drive to engage with the social model of disability, and the recent development of the social citizenship approach. Not only has this new paradigm widened the conceptual lens through which dementia is viewed but it has incorporated issues, beyond the biomedical, that extend our understanding of dementia as a situated condition and lived experience. It is situated in relationships, a lifecourse and a socio-political context and is shaped by inequalities and limited engagement with rights and social justice. Dementia is a multi-dimensional phenomenon and requires a response that addresses its clinical, psychological, social and political dimensions. The new paradigm helps re-focus policy, care and research on the person rather than the condition; relocates the ‘problem’ from the individual to societal structures, attitudes, policy and services; demands new forms of critical practice; and engages with the perspectives of people living with dementia. Whilst there are dementia specific policies in the UK they have limited legal traction and are not integrated with other relevant policies.
Conclusion
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: September 2020

In the conclusion, ways forward, located in five cross cutting domains, are proposed. Firstly, if many of the factors that place an older person at risk of impaired mental health are lifecourse and age-related inequalities it is axiomatic that policy should address these. Secondly, as the link between inequalities and health is accepted in the public health field, adopting a public mental health approach may hold considerable potential. There is also scope to refocus policy, services and practice in the dementia arena, including public and policy acknowledgment that some dementia risks are located in the lifecourse. Thirdly, when services are offered within the context of an older person’s lifecourse and life narrative it is possible to adopt a truly person-centred approach that upholds dignity and promotes quality of life. Refocusing research lenses is a fourth issue. This includes developing a concept of ‘late lifeadversity’, engaging to a greater degree with older people’s perspectives and effectively capturing links between lifecourse factors and mental health outcomes. Fifthly, there is a need to make visible the neo-liberal values that underpin policy. Mental health in later life is a political issue as well as a research, policy, service and health related concern.
Family
Authors: Treanor Morag C.
Published: September 2020

Chapter three takes a critically informed look at the role of families, and children’s position within families, in understanding child poverty and disadvantage. It looks at the role of social support and gendered relationships and examines how families are not value-free environments. Family life under conditions of disadvantage tends to be pathologised and denigrated: parents who are ‘poor’ are frequently situated as ‘poor parents’. Low income families are particularly vulnerable to categorisation as ‘troubled families’ or troublesome families (Ribbens McCarthy et al 2013). This chapter looks at the myths and realities of family life at the bottom of the income structure, how children understand, negotiate and mediate poverty in family life and their experiences and agency within the family. It also considers how wealthier families, who are held up as the benchmark of the ideal family, reinforce and perpetuate the disadvantage of poor children and families by employing their superior resources to confer (further) advantage onto their own children.
Education
Authors: Treanor Morag C.
Published: September 2020

Chapter five explores the importance of understanding child poverty and its relationship to children’s education. It takes a child-centred perspective to situate children in the context of their peer relationships, pupil-teacher relationships and parental relationships to explore their wellbeing and achievement at school. Education has the potential to be a vital passport for low income children, but many children are unsettled, undervalued and underachieving at school. This chapter explores the importance of education, of school social and academic life to children living in poverty, of educational transitions, of examinations and achievements, and of wellbeing, participation and inclusion at school. It looks at how school culture and the misunderstandings of teachers on the causes and consequences of poverty can present a barrier to the full participation of children living in poverty in their schooling. It also addresses the cost of a school day some of the parental factors that are suggested to influence a child’s education, such as the so-called ‘poverty of aspiration’. It concludes by looking at the policy responses of affluent societies, which aim to close the attainment gap between advantaged and disadvantaged children, and discusses why we need to flip the thinking on education for children living in poverty.
Health
Authors: Treanor Morag C.
Published: September 2020

Chapter seven focuses on health. It explores how poor health can be a risk, cause and consequence of poverty. It illuminates the ways in which poor health has particularly strong consequences for children and young people. There is a strong association between health and poverty with poor health being a universally accepted predictor of poverty across time and place. What is less well-known is that the association is bi-directional, that is that poverty also causes poor health. Even short-term falls in income increase the risk of ill health (Smith and Middleton, 2007: 58). This reverse causal relationship is strong and is also seen in people with disabilities: those who become disabled are more likely to have been poor beforehand. Another facet of health that is important to the study of children living in poverty is whether the health condition is physical or mental. Poverty is strongly related to poor mental health in adults and children. Furthermore, children are increasingly presenting with poor mental health themselves. This chapter focuses predominantly on mental health as an increasing risk to the wellbeing and outcomes of children living in poverty now and in the future.
Ethnicity and disability
Authors: Treanor Morag C.
Published: September 2020

Chapter eight looks at two groups of children who are at increased risk of living in poverty: those from an ethnic minority background and those who are disabled or who live in a family with a disabled family member. For those from an ethnic minority background the conscious and unconscious racism and discrimination they face affect many areas of life from education to employment and health. Those with a disability experience higher levels of poverty, personal and social disadvantage and are more likely to experience deprivation, debt and poor housing than children without disability in the family. This chapter explores the issues that affect children from these groups and emphasises the need to have policies that help to overcome the discrimination they face.
Adversity and poverty
Authors: Treanor Morag C.
Published: September 2020

Chapter nine looks at the children who are particularly vulnerable and who are at increased risk of living in poverty. Some of these children are living outwith the protection of family and community, e.g. looked after children and refugee/asylum-seeking children, which enhances their risk of poverty and lack of support. Other children are bearing inappropriate levels of responsibility and are a hidden population, such as young carers. There is also a proportion of children who experience trauma and adversity in childhood, sometimes called ‘adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) - such as parental mental health issues, domestic abuse or a parent in prison - that put them at particular risk. These adverse circumstances can also make children more likely to experience complex needs in adulthood, such as homelessness, imprisonment, addiction or mental health issues. It is often the case that these particular adversities are confused with poverty, and there is often the assumption that all children living in poverty are exposed to adverse experiences. This chapter shows that, while it is the minority of children who experience additional adversities in childhood, they comprise a group of children in great need of dedicated services and a dedicated policy response.
Social work and the attachment story: a felicitous bond?
Authors: White Sue , Gibson Matthew , Wastell David , Walsh Patricia
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the symbiotic relationship between child welfare professional practice, social work in particular, and the ascent of attachment theory. The development of social work had provided fertile ground for the incubation of early ideas about attachment theory, particularly in child and family social work. It was not, however, accepted as a legitimate theory simply because John Bowlby had introduced it to the profession. Rather, while the foundations were there for attachment theory to be used in practice, it was a more complex process that eventually resulted in the theory being taught on social work courses and used routinely by practitioners. Crucial in that translation was the shift in emphasis from ‘normal’, non-clinical populations to children suffering maltreatment. As the institutional logics driving social work with children and families have shifted from the provision of help to the prediction of risk, attachment theory has been a flexible companion providing enticing vocabularies to support moral claims.
Exhibiting disorganised attachment: not even wrong?1
Authors: White Sue , Gibson Matthew , Wastell David , Walsh Patricia
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents the controversial category ‘disorganised’ attachment as an exhibit to assess how research agendas get shaped and distorted by normative and habitual assumptions that drive the belief systems of the research community. This classification has come to prominence because of its alleged relationship with child abuse and abusive parenting. Yet, there is some considerable debate in the primary literature about what the classification really means. Indeed, for diagnostic purposes, the coding system for disorganised attachment is complicated, and the inter-coder reliability only marginal: not all observers can agree when they have seen a case of disorganised attachment behaviour. The important point here is that different accounts of the same phenomenon coexist; they are associated with different worldviews. This makes it important to understand the origins of theoretical ideas within the scientific community, and of the debates and controversies within that world.
New frames for food charity in Finland
Authors: Silvasti Tiina , Tikka Ville
Published: September 2020

This chapter forms the land case study for Finland. As with all empirical chapters it explores several key themes in relation to food charity in Finland:
• the history of food charity in the national context and the relationship between the welfare state and charities;
• the nature of and drivers behind contemporary food charity provision;
• key changes in social policy and their impact on rising charitable food provision;
• and the social justice implications of increasing need for charitable assistance with food.
The chapter concludes with critical reflections on the future direction of food charity provision in Finland and the implications of this.
Limitation of welfare to work: the prohibition of forced labour and the right to freely chosen work
Authors: Dermine Elise
Published: September 2020

Welfare-to-work programmes imply a legal duty to perform work, often accompanied by sanctions which can be questioned from the angle of human rights and the freedom of work. The chapter examines the conformity of those programmes with the prohibition of forced labour and the right to freely chosen work proclaimed in international human rights instruments. It shows that the mandatory character of those programmes does not violate per se the prohibition of forced labour, neither the right to freely chosen work. However, those fundamental rights set limits and frames the development of welfare to work measures. Through a rigorous analysis of the emerging international case law, the chapter identifies six criteria for assessing the conformity of welfare-to-work programmes with those rights.
The silent expansion of welfare to work policies: how policies are enhanced through the use of categorizations, evidence-based knowledge and self-governance
Authors: Nielsen Mathias H. , Danneris Sophie , Andersen Niklas A.
Published: September 2020

The chapter explores how Danish WTW policies have recently been implemented and extended while to a large degree avoiding the hazards of public justification. The chapter investigates three cases, which exemplify three different ways to expand the scope of WTW polices, without them having to be publicly justified. The first case digs into classification processes where the work capability of Danish social assistance claimants is assessed. It shows how incremental changes of such processes have formed a system where more and more claimants are deemed capable of working – and therefore legitimate targets of harsher demands and sanctions. The second case explores how the political quest for evidence-based employment policies comes with an inherent bias: ‘Evidence’ is constructed in ways that clearly favour work first policies. The third case investigates how the municipal welfare offices’ autonomy to try out new and innovative activation programs, is currently being restructured by subtle changes that increase the incentives to take up activations programs that support WTW strategies.
Left in limbo: social assistance recipients’ evolving views on the fairness of workfare volunteerism
Authors: Kampen Thomas
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on social assistance recipients’ evolving views on the fairness of being summoned to do volunteer work by Dutch local authorities. This ‘workfare volunteering’ is often considered the best alternative to – but also route towards – paid employment. Building on Nancy Fraser’s work on recognition and redistribution as well as Boltanski and Thévenot’s ‘worlds of justification’ framework, this chapter reveals how social assistance recipients’ perceptions of ‘workfare volunteering’ change over the course of their involvement as volunteers. While many social assistance recipients initially judged the obligation to do volunteer work as unfair, the meaning many found in their voluntary positions reversed their initial judgements. But over time – especially as the lack of sustained guidance left them as far away from the paid labour market as ever – they came to see workfare volunteering as deeply unfair. The chapter aims to further our theoretical and empirical understanding of social justice from the perspective of the subjects of welfare-to-work policies.
Disorderly conduct: the community in the archive
Authors: Popple Simon
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the transition and alignments of communities through a consideration built around the changing role of the community in the photographic archive and the shift from subjecthood to agency. It also examines the use of the photographic archive as a means of exploring the new potentialities of the community archive. The chapter reflects on the sense of the community as pictured within the archive and the increasing potential of self-archiving and curation afforded by new digital technologies. It draws on recent projects funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) Connected Communities and Digital Transformations schemes. A model in which the disruptive can be privileged and the counterfactual become an essential component of the archivist's armoury is offered.