bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of papain enzyme in various doses to the growth and intestinal of cantang grouper (Epinephelus fuscogutattus lanceolotus)
Authors: Rostika R , Pratiwy F M , Permana R
Published: May 2021

This research was carried out to observe the appearance of the cantang grouper (Ephinephelus fuscogutattus lanceolotus) intestine which was fed with exogenous papain enzyme-added, and the fish were raised in the cage on the coast of Pangandaran, West Java Province from January to March 2019. A completely Randomized Design Method in this study was performed with five treatments and three repetitions with enzyme doses of 0%, 1.25%, 2.5%, 3.75%, and 5% for 60 days. The fish used were two months old with an average weight 20 ± 10 g and randomly placed in fifteen cages with the size of 1m × 1m × 1.2m. All fish were fed commercial diets (CP: 40%) at a feeding level of 5% sampling was carried out every 10 days for 60 days. The Average Daily Gain (ADG) calculation was done by calculating the initial and final weights, the fish were dissected and the intestine conditions was carried out by taking the digestive tract from the anterior to the posterior. The parameters observed were ADG and intestine conditions (number of villi, villi length, necrosis, and goblet cells) in the region of anterior, midterior, and posterior. The results showed that the ADG was significantly different in all treatments, the best was the addition of enzymes 3.75% and 5 % namely 2.26 and 2.30 gram/day. The number of villi at the anterior intestine was 32, the length of villi was 290.34 μm, necrosis cells was 39 and goblet was 168. Meanwhile, at the midterior the number of villi was 26, the length of villi was 275.18 μm, necrosis cells was 47 and goblet was 177. The number of villi at the posterior was 28, the length of villi was 277.26 μm, Necrosis cells was 56 and goblet was 201. Overall it can be concluded that the feed was added with papain enzyme of 3.75 % shows a significant effect on the growth and intestinal conditions of the Cantang grouper.
The development of adapted marmorated medaka Oryzias marmoratus (Aurich, 1935) at ex-situ habitat
Authors: Said D S , Mayasari N
Published: May 2021

Marmorated Medaka (Oryzias marmoratus) is a small endemic fish species of Malili Lakes, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The fish is a valuable commodity as an ornamental fish. However, their population in wild is threatened with extinction and has been categorized as vulnerable by IUCN. An effort to conserve O. marmoratus by ex-situ breeding is necessary for its sustainability. Research Center for Limnology-LIPI has succeeded to take the fish from Lake Towuti and adapted them in an ex-situ habitat (laboratory) (2017–2018). Research on the development to adapt O. marmoratus outside their natural habitat has been conducted in 2019-2020. The sex ratio of male: female was 1:2 (1:2.223±0.638). During mass spawning, the fish was able to reproduce seven times in 37 days which the dark moon phase. Egg diameter (mm) was 1.193±0.017. Reproduction viability was very good. Fertilization and hatching rates were 100% and 98.149±3.347%, respectively. Length of Incubation Period (LIP) (days) was 7.286±1.329, and the larva size (mm) was 3.3±0.483. Survival Rate on seven days (SR7) was 97.02112±5.510 % with larva size of 5.5±0.707. Juvenile size (mm) at 16 weeks was 33.6±5.661 (26–42). Oryzias marmoratus can be developed in ex-situ habitats and still needs further research.
High catch of Sardinella lemuru (Bleeker, 1853) and plankton abundance in Prigi Waters: Case study in 2017 and 2019
Authors: Sartimbul A , Kasitowati R D , ‘Izza M K , Fauzia S S
Published: May 2021

Prigi Waters, East Java, is known as a fishing ground for mackerel tuna and other tunas. However, at the end of 2019, it was found that Bali Sardine (Sardinella lemuru) was a dominant caught that reach more than 56% of the total catch. The reason for the high fish abundance in 2019 is still unknown. Therefore, this study aims to understand the relationship between S. lemuru catch and plankton abundance in Prigi Waters during the high catch event and comparing a similar study in 2017. Plankton abundance was analyzed using the APHA method. Pearson correlation analysis was used to express the relationship between S. lemuru catch and plankton abundance. The result showed that the composition of zooplankton and phytoplankton in waters was 52.8:47.2. Class Bacillariophyceae dominated the phytoplankton group in Prigi waters (47%), where Actinocyclus is the most common genus found (28,762 cell/m3). While in the zooplankton group, the class Maxillopoda dominated (75%), where Nauplius is the most common genus found (34,876 ind./m3). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that S. lemuru catch in November 2019 was greatly influenced by phytoplankton (61.32%) than zooplankton (21.38%) abundances, and the rest was influenced by other factors. High and low plankton abundance in 2019 and 2017 has implications to high and low catch of S.lemuru, respectively. It is suggested that routine and continuous monitoring of plankton may provide good information for fisheries prediction and management in Prigi Waters.
Fat, water and ash content in Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae and Phaeophyceae macroalgae at Sepanjang Beach, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Setyorini H B , Puspitasari A
Published: May 2021

Communities in Sepanjang Beach have utilized the macroalgae as main ingredients in various special processed products. The objective of this study was to analyze the content of fat, water, and ash in Chlorophyceae, Rhodophyceae, and Phaeophyceae macroalgae at Sepanjang Beach, Yogyakarta, Indonesia to support optimization of macroalgae processed products. This research was conducted at Sepanjang Beach, Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta, Indonesia in August 2020. A method of descriptive exploratory was used in this research. Analysis of fat content, water, and ash content was carried out on Ulva lactuta, Palmaria palmata, Sargassum crassifolium, Gelidium spinosum, Gelidiella acerosa, and Gracilaria verrucosa quantitatively using Soxhlet method for content of fat, the thermogravimetric method for content of water, and gravimetric method for content of ash. The results showed that the highest fat, water, and ash content was found in U. lactuta in the central of Sepanjang Beach 0.174%, S. crassifolium in the eastern 89.460%, and U. lactuta in the eastern 8.715% respectively.
Sound character of the coconut crab (Birgus latro) of Bacan Island
Authors: Shintia I , Hestirianoto T , Sulistiono  , Wildan D M , Simanjuntak C P H , Islami D
Published: May 2021

Coconut crab (Birgus latro) is a unique land living crustacea, that has economical value in some countries. While the abundance of crab in nature is very rare. The crab is nowadays being a protected organism. The study aims to determine the characteristics of sound produced by the coconut crabs. The data collection was conducted in November-December 2018. The sound was recorded in the new moon, using a microphone, TOA and recorder. Data of the sound was analyzed using software Wavelab, Matlab, and Excel. The sound type obtained by the coconut crab was snap sound that is used for repelling an opponent to came, and stridulating sound used for communicating. Male coconut crab producing stridulating sound to attract the female. The results of this study indicate that the snap sound had high frequency sound with a range of 400-500 Hz, but it was a high intensity sound. While the stridulating sound has a relatively high frequency with a range of 300-400 Hz, but low in its intensity.
Socio-Ecological System perspective of seagrass ecosystem in Wakatobi
Authors: Sjafrie N D M , Rahmadi P , Kurniawan F , Triyono  , Supriyadi I H
Published: May 2021

The Socio-Ecological System (SES) perspective is widely used to identify and explain the relationship between seagrass ecosystem and their dependent community. These relationships can be recognized when humans utilize the seagrass ecosystem that benefits as a dependent community. Further, these utilization patterns can be used as a basis for managing the seagrass ecosystems themselves. This study was conducted to identify and map the relationship between seagrass ecosystem and their communities in Wangi-wangi Island, Kaledupa Island and Tomia Island. The data were collected in June–July 2019 through observation, focused group discussions and interviews with 59 respondents. The relationship between the seagrass ecosystem and its community was analyzed descriptively. The results show that the SES built a simple pattern. Seagrass ecosystems were used as the main source of daily food for island people. Seagrass products were traded limited inside the island. Resource users, infrastructure providers, as well as public infrastructure formed a short-chain. It is important to preserve the condition of seagrass ecosystems by ensuring existing legal rules and local wisdom to enhance the SES.
Increasing the water stability of sinking feed grits using edible fungal hyphae for reducing aquatic waste: A laboratory study
Authors: Sriherwanto C , Purwaningsih R H , Yunita E , Suja’i I
Published: May 2021

Binding agents and extruder machines are commonly used to produce aquafeeds with high water stability, preventing feed disintegration and wastage. This technique is complicated and costly. The alternative use of living microorganisms as the binding agent without a high-temperature extrusion has been studied. This research aimed at increasing the water stability of sinking-aquafeed grits using edible fungal hyphae as a binding agent through fungal fermentation, with and without subsequent oven-drying. Commercial sinking pellets were pulverized and subjected to 3 different treatments: fermentation and oven-drying, fermentation without oven-drying, and oven-drying without fermentation. Results showed that the oven-dried unfermented aquafeed disintegrated and sank in water. In contrast, the fermented feeds, with or without oven-drying, showed better stability and floatability in water. The combination of fermentation and oven-drying produced the highest water stability of 73.59 ± 12.13% as well as the highest floatability of 86.67 ± 5.77% at the 120th minute. These values were higher than the undried fermented feed (36.90 ± 0.83 water stability and 74.0 ± 8.94% floatability). Thus, the fungal hyphae possessed the ability to bind the aquafeed constituents, enhancing the water stability and floatability, which was further improved by oven-drying.
Estuarine fish community structure in Banten Bay Indonesia
Authors: Sugiarti  , Nasution S H , Sulistiono
Published: May 2021

Fish community structure in the aquatic environment including estuarine often affected by water quality and condition surrounding the aquatic area. Banten Bay is close to several activities that could affect water quality and its biota. This research aims to reveal the fish community structure in four estuaries in Banten Bay. Fish and water were sampled in May, July, and October 2013 in the estuarine area i.e. Wadas, Cibanten, Cengkok, and Pamong in the Banten Bay. Fishes were collected using several fishing gears which are commonly used by fishermen in each sampling station and identified in the laboratory. Four types of fishing gears were used for the sampling i.e.beach seine (Wadas), lift net (Cibanten), beach seine (Cengkok), and mullets gill net (Pamong). Several water qualities were measured and analyzed using Pollution Index methods. Trophic status was analyzed using TRIX methods. Seventeen species of fishes were collected in Wadas, twenty species in Cibanten, fifteen species in Cengkok, and one species in Pamong. Fish Diversity Index was the medium category in Wadas, Cibanten, and Cengkok estuaries while it was the low category in Pamong estuarine. Water quality that slightly polluted with the richness of nutrients supported the abundance of fishes at four estuaries in Banten Bay.
Current status of coral reef ecosystems in Brumbun Bay, Tulungagung
Authors: Sukandar  , Dewi C S U , Capriati A , Prabuning D , Maududi A , Harsindhi C J
Published: May 2021

Coral reefs play a vital role in providing habitat for reef fish and other invertebrates, yet there is increasing pressure on the systems. Moreover, only a few studies and information were provided about coral reef’s status in Tulungagung. The purposes of this study were to determine substrate cover, diversity of reef fish, and invertebrates. The study was carried out in Brumbun Bay, Tulungagung in October 2017. The methods were done by diving at depths of 9 to 14 meters. The data obtained then were analyzed descriptively to describe the current status of coral reefs. The result showed that 34% of the substrate was covered by hard coral, 45% by sand, rock, coral fragments, soft corals, and algae. Snapper is known as a reef fish group that is more commonly found. The results showed that there were no invertebrates found during the dive. Based on the results, the status of coral reefs in Tulungagung was rated moderate. It is imperative to note down that trash nets and plastic waste was found frequently. This study provides crucial information about the current status of coral reefs in Brumbun Bay, Tulungagung which in the future can be used as a reference study.
Phytoplankton diversity and functional group in three urban lakes of Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: Sulastri  , Akhdiana I
Published: May 2021

Urban lakes are rapidly becoming vulnerable because of such as anthropogenic pollution and urbanization. Phytoplankton is classified as a biological indicator of lake status. Study was conducted to determined and compared diversity and functional group of phytoplankton including environmental factors in three urban lakes of Cibinong, West Java, Indonesia. The data was collected twice a month from July to October 2018. Three urban lakes showed a different water quality. Phytoplankton composition consists of Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta, Pyrrhophyta, Cryptophyta and Euglenophyta division Chlorophyta is more diverse group than other divisions in those three urban lakes. High abundance of Chlorophyta was found in Situ Cibuntu. In Situ Lotus, high of abundance was represented by Bacillariophyta. Temporally, in August, the percentage abundance changes from Chlorophyta to Chrysophyta in Situ Dora. Based on the index diversity, Situ Dora is more stable habitat than Situ Cibuntu and Situ Lotus. The index diversity (H’) and Evenness (J) value of Situ Dora, Cibuntu and Lotus, H’: 1.41-4.03, J: 0.4-0.98; H’: 0.65-2.61; J: 0.2-0.76 and H’: 0.12-2.19, J: 0.11-0.57, respectively. The stability of habitat in Situ Dora was also indicated by the balance of phytoplankton functional group.
Spatial variation of phytoplankton and some physico-chemical variables in Lake Tempe, South Sulawesi
Authors: Sulawesty F , Yustiawati Y
Published: May 2021

Lake Tempe in South Sulawesi is one of the floodplain lakes in Indonesia that has a unique phytoplankton characteristic. This study aims to see the abundance of phytoplankton and their relationship with physico-chemical parameters in Lake Tempe. Observations were conducted in March and May 2017 in six zones of the lake, consist of 5 zones are non-permanent areas and 1 zone are permanent area. Dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, turbidity, total dissolved solids, transparency, chlorophyll-a, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were measured to determine the water quality. Phytoplankton abundance was calculated using the Sedgewick Rafter Method. Phytoplankton community structure was analyzed by Diversity Index, Evenness Index, and Dominance Index. A total of five phyla and 80 species of phytoplankton were found in Lake Tempe, consists of Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Dinophyta, and Euglenophyta. The abundance of phytoplankton ranged between 1,133–701,390 individual L−1. Moderate to high diversity (1.751–3.859) and low uniformity (0.069–0,306) among species in the phytoplankton community was found in Lake Tempe. The dominant species was found at two sampling sites (Z.2.1 and Z.2.2), namely Aphanocapsa. The presence of Cyanophyta in Lake Tempe is related to the total phosphorus value.
Fish community structure in Sermo Reservoir, Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Initial study on invasive fish species
Authors: Suryandari A , Hedianto D A , Indriatmoko
Published: May 2021

Invasive species are becoming issues in freshwater ecosystems throughout the world including Indonesia. Sermo Reservoir is located in Yogyakarta, Centra Java, was indicated to have invasive species identified as Cichlidae family. The study aimed to assess fish communities’ structure and identified invasive fish in Sermo Reservoir. The research was conducted in Sermo Reservoirs, Yogyakarta, Indonesia on March-October 2019. In total, about 3,084 individuals of 10 fish species belonging to 3 families and 8 genera were captured using a experimental gillnets (mesh size 0.75; 1; 1.5; 2; 2.5; 3 inch) at five stations. The fish community in Sermo Reservoir was dominated by Cichlid fish (98.66%). Red devil (Amphilophus labiatus) and Midas cichlid (A. citrinellus) were dominant species founded in Sermo Reservoir (58.82% and 37.00%, respectively). Another species of cichlid that caught consist of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), mozambique tilapia (O.mossambicus), and jaguar cichlid (Parachromis managuensis). The study showed thatAmphilophusspp. have high dispersal (One-way ANOSIM revealedAmphilophusspp. was not significantly different for spatio-temporal (p>0.05)). SIMPER analysis (p < 0.05) showed thatA. citrinellusandA. labiatushad spread throughout the waters and were concentrated in Tegiri station which had more littoral zones.
Management strategy of plastic waste in the Cimandiri River-Sukabumi, West Java
Authors: Taryono  , Wulandari D Y
Published: May 2021

Plastic waste is an emerging global and national issue. However, the global concern about plastic waste in the river system is even decreasing. Cimandiri Watershed is the most important watershed within the Sukabumi Regency area which flows to the Palabuhanratu Bay. Nowadays, the plastic pollution of the Cimadiri River water that ends up in the coastal area of Palabuhanratu becoming a sensitive and critical issue. Plastic waste directly threatens local coastal tourism as a major activity of the local economy. Each stakeholder is aware that plastic pollution is a consequence of anthropogenic activities along the stream of the Cimandiri River that are becoming widespread. Several policy steps have been taken by the local government, to resolve the issue and remain unsuccessful but they are still not successful. To resolve the problems, this paper aims to perform policy analysis to formulate the necessary priority policy strategy. The cause-effect analysis and gap analysis were used to resolve the appropriate plastic waste management behavior and management strategy. The management strategies for the proper management of plastic waste management in the Cimandiri River are improving community behavior by raising public knowledge, implementing legal regulation and social processes, developing technological innovation for the handling of transported plastic waste in the river flows and temporary community-friendly landfills, conduct more 3R (reduce-reuse-recycle) and waste bank management training and build policy affirmations on improving the management of plastic waste.
Optimization of stocking density of milkfish (Chanos chanos) in polyculture system with seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) on the traditional pond
Authors: Widyastuti Y R , Setiadi E
Published: May 2021

To determine the optimal stocking in the traditional pond is the objective of this study. The study was carried out from March until June 2019 in Karawang, West Java. The milkfish stocking density is the treatment A: 3 fish/container (2,500 fish/ha); B: 6 fish/container (5,000 fish/ha) and C: 9 fish/container (7,500 fish/ha). The weight of the seaweed planted is 900 g (1 ton/ha) for each treatment. Net as a research container measuring 3 x 3 meters was placed in the middle of the pond. The main variables analyzed were growth rate, absolute weight, daily growth rate, survival, and final weight of milkfish. For seaweed, weight and length gain, absolute weight, and daily growth rate. The observed water quality includes temperature, pH, DO, salinity, and brightness. The results showed that the milkfish density of 3 fish/container gave the highest (p<0.05) of absolute weight 25.43 (±1.75) g, survival rate 88.9 (±1.27) %, and ADG (p>0.05). The lowest weight of seaweed occurred in the treatment of 9 fish/container which is 74.67 g. The optimal number of milkfish stocking in a polyculture system with seaweed is 3 fish/container (2,500 fish/ha).
Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of cultivated sea cucumbers from Bali, Indonesia
Authors: Wulandari D A , Murniasih T , Sari M , Syahputra G , Rasyid A , Septiana E , Untari F , Harahap I A , Ardiansyah A , Gustini N , Putra M Y
Published: May 2021

Sea cucumber is marine commodity widely distributed throughout Indonesian waters, Indonesia exported sea cucumber to Hongkong, Japan, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia and Australia. This study aims to characterize sea cucumber, determine the antioxidant, and antibacterial activity of cultivated sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers are cultivated in the pond for 12 months, with the weight and size average 160.9 grams, and 15.3 cm at harvest. The sea cucumbers were characterized by measuring their proximate and heavy metals content. The samples were extracted using water at 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, and soxhletation with 70% ethanol. Furthermore, the antibacterial analysis was tested on three bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Escherichia coli and antioxidants were analyzed using the ABTS method. The results showed that the sea cucumber protein content was 78.77%, fat content was 1.66%, and carbohydrate was 3.80%. Heavy metal content of cultivated sea cucumbers, including as 1.12 mg/kg, Pb 0.15 mg/kg, Ni, Hg, and Cd were not detected. Antibacterial test results showed all the extract of sea cucumber could not inhibit the growth of bacteria. The best antioxidant activity was found in dried sea cucumbers extracted using the soxhletation method with IC50 value 62.72 μg/mL.
A framework of artificial intelligent for investment assessment in coastal and small island area, relate to disaster risk
Authors: Yonvitner  , Agus S B , Perdinan  , Ramadhani R A , Wicaksana B A
Published: May 2021

Coastal areas and small islands in Indonesia have reliable investment feasibility potential. The location of small islands that must be developed must assess the ecosystem’s carrying capacity and the environment, including disaster risk. Research on investment feasibility based on disaster risk is necessary to support small islands’ investment plans and development. This area is known as a vulnerable and potentially high risk from natural or human-made disasters. The research conducted in the Kepulauan Seribu will adopt digital technology to assess the eligibility criteria as the start of an investment step. The intervention of digital technology on investment feasibility assessment in line with the digital era in the Industrial Revolution 4.0. The outputs of the research are (1) investment feasibility indicators in coastal areas and small islands based on disaster risk; (2) strengthening systems and institutions related to investment feasibility assessment in coastal areas and small islands; (3) the prototype of smart system technology for assessing investment feasibility in coastal areas and small islands based on disaster risk as part of the adaptation of revolution 4.0 to support the policy of integrated electronic business licensing services.
Potential carrying capacity of marine ecotourism in Sub-region III of Seribu Islands Marine National Park
Authors: Yulianda F , Mazaya A F A
Published: May 2021

The carrying capacity analysis needs to be approved to control the impacts caused by marine tourism activities. Before the management related to limiting the number of tourists is carried out, an analysis of the carrying capacity potential is accepted to determine the maximum number of tourists who can conduct marine ecotourism. This paper aimed to analyze the potential carrying capacity and allocation of marine tourism tourists in sub-region III, the Taman Nasional Laut Kepulauan Seribu (TNLKpS – Seribu Islands Marine National Park). The research method used is tourism suitability analysis, carrying capacity analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis. Marine ecotourism in sub-region III TNLKpS is divided into two activities based on the distribution of coral reef resources used; snorkeling and diving. The area of coral reefs for snorkeling activities is 1,008,433.24 m2, while the area of coral reefs for diving activities is 2,766,593.80 m2 scattered in the waters of sub-region III TNLKpS. The potential carrying capacity for snorkeling and diving tourism activities is 3,752 and 9,814 people/day, respectively. This paper concludes that marine ecotourism in sub-region III TNLKpS can still be developed by applying the carrying capacity principle and setting spot tourism allocation per trip per day.
Stakeholders role in economy creative development of maritime culture in Alor Regency
Authors: Yuliaty C , Kurniasari N , Triyanti R , Zulham A
Published: May 2021

Culture-based creative economy development policies need to have a broader impact on the acceptance of benefits, by the community, local and central governments. Furthermore, these policies need the support of various stakeholders to determine their roles and functions. Therefore, this study examines each stakeholder’s roles and influences in the creative economy development based on the maritime culture in the Alor Regency. The snowball sampling method was used to obtain data from government, private, community, and non-governmental organizations. Besides, the analytical method used is descriptive and stakeholder analyzed comprising the mactor program (Matrix of Alliances and Conflicts: Tactics, Objectives, and Recommendations). The results showed that the main stakeholders that play important roles in the formulation of maritime culture-based creative economy development policies in the Alor Regency are the Industries Extensions, Cooperatives Small and Medium Enterprises Extensions, Empowerment Community Extensions, Fisheries Extensions, District Tourism Office, and Kabola Fishers Communication Forum. These stakeholders are achieved in collaboration with those with high power and interests and increase academics’ role as a part of Penta helix process.
Surface runoff of Bekasi River subwatershed
Authors: Yusuf S M , Nugroho S P , Effendi H , Prayoga G , Permadi T , Santoso E N
Published: May 2021

Watershed responses to the rainfall are affected by watershed characteristics, geology, soil and land use type. Land use type is dynamic as human activity. The changes in land use will effects surface runoff. More impervious area means more surface runoff generated to the downhill. The surface runoff transported nutrient and factory waste to the river that can affect the water quality. Thus, the objective of this research was to analyse surface runoff because of the land uses change in Bekasi River sub watershed. Surface runoff was analysed using SCS Curve Number and land use change data was generated using cross tabulation. The increase of settlement and agricultural land was noted in Bekasi River sub watershed for 2014-2019 periods. The land use change effected the increase of surface runoff approximately 3.69%.
Induced Mutations Using Gamma Ray and Multiplication of Plantlet through Micro Cross Section Culture of Banana (Musa acuminata cv. Berangan)
Authors: Hasim A A , Shamsiah A , Hussein S
Published: May 2021

The conventional breeding approach in banana was slow predominantly because of the limited genetic diversity, infertility and polyploid condition of the species. Induced mutation is one of the promising tools to create new varieties for the improvement of banana. While vitro propagation technique ensures a rapid and in an organized manner for production of banana. Thus, induced mutation using gamma ray in combination with in vitro culture micro cross section culture was conducted to evaluate the effects of gamma radiation on growth and development of plantlet of Musa acuminata cv. Berangan. Tissue cultured banana plantlet was used as the source of explant. The plantlet was cut into halved and radiated using gamma ray with the dose of 0 (control), 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 and 80 Gy. The highest survival rate (23.33%) was recorded in treatment 10 Gy while the lowest survival (0.33%) was in treatment 80 Gy. The lethal dose (LD50) which had caused 50% mortality to the irradiated material was found to be 37 Gy. The morphological study on the growth of in vitro irradiated plantlets showed that 25 Gy induced a stimulation effect on the number of shoot produced (5.56), root number per explant (8.5) and root length (37.36 cm) compared to untreated banana explants (0 Gy). Hence, this study introduces the in vitro multiplication of gamma irradiated culture system for future breeding of a new varieties of banana.
The Analysis of Ergonomic Risk Factors Effecting Health Problem on Workers from Harvesting Activity in Oil Palm Plantation
Authors: Rozadi R , Fatin K
Published: May 2021

Oil palm plantation consists of several activities such as harvesting, manuring, and spraying are exposed to ergonomic problems in their routine work. Although many technology advances have been developed, harvesting process is still using manual tools and need strength, energy, skill, and technique which exposed to the high postural risk. The environment and work nature also hazardous to the workers can cause accidents and ergonomic pain. This study aimed to determine ergonomic risk factor such as worker’s attitude, training, skill and management that influence to high pain experience, identify the common accidents faced by workers during harvesting activity and determine the relationship between risk factor toward pain and accident experienced. This study was conducted on 44 workers who involved in harvesting activity at Pembangunan Pertanian Melaka Sdn Bhd. The data were collected through survey method using structural distribution questionnaires and the data analysis involved were descriptive analysis, regression analysis and correlation analysis. The result showed that the common accident and pain experienced by the workers was neck, shoulder and lower back. Besides, the result showed that the training is the main factor that contribute to the high pain experienced and accident. Correlation analysis was found that there a positive correlation between training and ergonomic risk factor since the p-value is 0.02 less than 0.05. As a conclusion, this study gives an advantage in the oil palm plantation sector in terms of safety and health for future planning to reduce ergonomic pain and indirectly help in improve workers productivity.
An Assessment of Comparative Advantage of Pineapple Production (Ananas comosus) among Smallholders in Johor, Malaysia
Authors: Suhaimi N H , Fatah F A
Published: May 2021

Pineapple is a tropical fruit that contains great nutritional values and fine flavor with high export potential and provide income generation for many smallholders in Malaysia. Despite its popular appeal, there is little empirical data on the costs and competitiveness of its production in Malaysia. The objective of study was to assess a comparative advantage of pineapple production in Johor using Policy Analysis Matrix Model. A sample of 191 farmers was selected through a random sampling technique in Johor. The study demonstrated that Malaysian smallholders particularly in Johor had strong comparative advantages in the production of pineapple. The findings showed that the Domestic Cost Ratio (DRC) value for pineapple was 0.94, suggesting pineapple smallholders generated private profits because their ratio implied that the value added per unit of product was larger than the value of domestic resources used to produce a unit of pineapple. Along with it, the SCB value was positive, which means at social price, smallholders were socially profitable and internationally competitive. To conclude, the article presents recommendations for potential enhancement of the viability of pineapple smallholders.
Determinants of Technical Efficiency Among Coconut Smallholder Production in Johor, Malaysia: A Cobb Douglas Stochastic Frontier Production Approach
Authors: Omar Z , Fatah F A
Published: May 2021

This study highlights technical efficiency of crop production as an important aspect of pursuing output growth in agriculture and smallholders’ farming. Using a randomly selected sample of 152 smallholder coconut in Johor, Malaysia, a stochastic frontier production model was applied, using Cobb–Douglas production function to determine the production elasticity coefficients of inputs, technical efficiency and the determinants of efficiency. The study reveals that coconut production responds positively to increases in fertilizers, fungicides and the area planted. The study also found that transportation, education and experience were the significant determinants of technical efficiency. The technical efficiency analysis suggests that about 60% of smallholders in the sample are below 70% efficient and suggesting that opportunities still exist for increasing technical efficiency among smallholders through better use of existing resources and technology. The results highlight some recommendations in improving efficiency by promoting access to productive resources, education and more reliable transportation systems.
Public Concern for the Use of Backyard to Maintain the Environment and Food Security of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the City of Padang
Authors: Yanti N R , Putri I
Published: May 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has forced people to do activities from home. Activities from home make some people feel bored and will try new useful things. One way to reduce boredom is by farming around the house. In addition to filling spare time and the aesthetic added value of farming in the yard, being able to preserve the environment encourages programs to maintain food security. The purpose of this study was to identify knowledge and public awareness of the importance of protecting the environment and maintaining food security starting from small things, namely gardening around the yard. This research uses survey research methods, data collection through individuals or certain physical samples in order to generalize about what is being studied. The research data were obtained using a questionnaire. The results showed that There has been a change in people’s behavior in environmental concern in using the yard to encourage food security during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Effect of Acoustic Waves on the Growth and Productivity of Sawi Plants (Brassica Juncea L.)
Authors: Arlius F , Putri R E , Putri N S , Putri I
Published: May 2021

Sonic bloom is an audio system that can stimulate the process of plant growth. This technology can help farmers, especially in areas with low water availability and poor soil conditions. Appropriate sonic bloom stimulation can affect plant metabolism at the cellular level and increase the size and number of stomata in each leaf, resulting in a rate of absorption of water and nutrients from the soil. This can be quickly seen in root growth, seed germination, plant growth, and yield. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of sound wave frequency and length of exposure on the quality and productivity of mustard plants. This research was conducted with an experimental method, and used factorial ANOVA with two treatments, namely: 1) Frequency (frequency 4000 Hz and frequency 5000 Hz); 2) Duration of exposure (1 hour/day, 2 hours/day and 3 hours / day). Based on the research that has been done, there is an effect of giving sound wave frequency on plant height growth, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width and harvest weight of plant. The effect of the growth rate of plants given sound wave frequency treatment is better in plants with a maximum frequency of 5000 Hz and for the best exposure time treatment is in plants with an hour treatment.
Performance Analysis of Fuzzy Logic Controller Applied on Portable Roaster
Authors: Radi  , Saragih E P , Pratama B , Fitri W K
Published: May 2021

Roaster is a device commonly used to roast various products, especially for food processing. In the roasting process, temperature parameter plays a major role in determining the final quality of the roasted product. In real-world applications, some products must be roasted at low temperatures such as cocoa products and others must be roasted at high temperatures such as coffee products. In addition, roasting is sometimes not always carried out at a constant temperature, but sometimes it must be done at various roasting temperature levels for the purpose of forming the optimal flavour. Thus, a roaster must be able to operate at the desired operating temperature, not only a constant operating temperature but also able to work with varying operating temperatures. For this purpose, a roaster must be equipped with a reliable temperature controller. Several control models have been developed by many researchers, including fuzzy logic control. This research was conducted to design, implement, and evaluate the performance of a control system based on fuzzy logic on a laboratory scale portable roaster. For this study, a fuzzy control system with two input variables, namely the difference in temperature and changes in temperature difference as well as one control signal output variable, had been designed to regulate the roasting temperature on the roaster. To evaluate its performance, the domain membership function of the input and output variables was varied. The design was then applied to the microcontroller-based control system hardware attached to the portable roaster. The test results show that the fuzzy logic control was able to regulate the roast temperature stably. With a varied roast temperature setpoint, the control system can follow and maintain the target with small temperature variation.
The Application of a Data Acquisition System and Airflow Control System in an Air Dehumidified Drying Machine
Authors: Susilo B , Hermanto M B , Damayanti R , Putra A I A
Published: May 2021

There are various possible drying methods used in seed drying. The tray dryer with an air dehumidifying system was used to produce various agricultural seeds. Seed drying by using an optimal air temperature requirement with low relative humidity can accelerate the drying process. To meet the specific drying requirement for agricultural products, air dehumidifying process, measurement data record, and airflow control were conducted in the drying machine. The objective of this research was to apply the data acquisition system and airflow control for seeds drying. The drying machine consisted of an air dehumidifying unit, data acquisition and airflow control unit, and a tray dryer unit. The air dehumidifying system was used to minimize the moisture in the drying air. The data acquisition system was used to monitor temperature and relative humidity distribution along with the drying machine. While the airflow control system was used to confirm that the requirement of air dehumidifying process was reached. A tray dryer used dehumidified air as the air input for the seed drying process. The drying machine was successfully reaching the optimal condition for drying with the temperature and relative humidity distribution were recorded. The optimal condition for the seed drying was reached by using this air dehumidified drying machine.
The Effects of Pyrolysis Temperature on Chemical Properties of Empty Fruit Bunch and Palm Kernel Shell Biochars
Authors: Hadi A R A , Norazlina A S
Published: May 2021

Biochar is a valuable by-product which has a potential as a new soil amendment in improving soil fertility. However, the properties of biochar highly depend on the types of feedstock used and the pyrolysis condition. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of pyrolysis temperature on chemical properties of biochar derived from oil palm. Two types of biochars were produced from empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) by slow pyrolysis process applied at different levels of pyrolysis temperature (350, 500 and 750°C). The chemical properties of biochars such as pH, electricity conductivity (EC), total nutrients and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were determined. The adsorption capacities of cadmium on biochars also were investigated. The results showed that pH value, EC and total macronutrients for both EFB and PKS biochars increased with the increased of temperature. In contrast, CEC value decreased when pyrolysis temperature is increased. Biochar derived from EFB produced at 750°C showed the highest adsorption capacity of cadmium.
Design and Fabrication of Small-Scale Potato Peeling Machine with Lye Method
Authors: Sandra  , Damayanti R , Prayogi I Y , Basukesti A S
Published: May 2021

Peeling or removing the skin is one of the main post-harvest processes in fruits and vegetables. At present, most of the peeling of fruits and vegetables is done manually using sharp objects / knives. This method of peeling causes more fruit flesh to be wasted, especially fruits / vegetables with thin skins. Therefore, the design of a machine that can peel thin-skinned fruits / vegetables using the lye peeling method is needed. The purpose of this study was to design and fabrication a machine that can peel fruits and vegetables after the pre-treatment process of soaking in hot NaOH. The way this machine works is by spraying pressurized water on the fruit soaked in hot NaOH solution. In this study, the object was potatoes. Control of water pressure coming out of the nozzle is done using the pulse width modulation (PWM) method with a potentiometer. The treatments were carried out using three duty cycle values with the analogue input setting value on the microcontroller which resulted in three variations of water pressure coming out of the nozzle, namely: 60% (4.2038 Pa); 80% (5.6051 Pa); and 100% (7, 0065 Pa). Respectively for low, medium and high levels. Treatment concentrations of NaOH were 9%, 11% and 13%. The results obtained were the percentage of perfectly peeled skin close to 100% was obtained at 11% NaOH with a duty cycle value of 60% and 80%; and 13% NaOH with a duty cycle value of 80%. The calculation of the smallest percentage weight loss is 14.96% at 9% NaOH duty cycle 100% and the highest percentage weight loss is 35.89% at 13% NaOH 80% duty cycle.
Spatial Identification of Black Soils in Indonesia
Authors: Sulaeman Y , Cahyana D , Husnain  , Nursyamsi D
Published: May 2021

Black soils are dark in color, having soil organic carbon, high base saturation and generally good in soil structure. Having relatively higher soil organic carbon, which is declining due to intensive cultivation, therefore, the conservation and wise use of these soils are of great important. This study aimed to identify spatial distribution of black soils in Indonesia. We used available national soil maps as reference. The identification was derived from the following: (i) collated available, published soil maps, (ii) studied map legends and identified mapping unit, (iii) plotted mapping unit, (iv) calculated the coverage based on proportion of Mollisols in given map units, and (v) did spatial cross tabulation with slope map and parent material map. Results show that black soils cover 6.3Mha and are categorized into 9 soil great groups (Hapludolls, Haplustolls, Endoaquolls, Argiudolls, Argiustolls, Rendolls, Calciustolls, Haprendolls, and Epiaquolls). We argue this has potential to be used as general guide for implementing conservation techniques.
Economic Value of Water Yields on Critical Land Conservation in Kuranji Watershed
Authors: Ekaputra E G , Yonariza  , Wardiman D
Published: May 2021

The Kuranji watershed has a complex problem which cannot be studied with a single scientific approach. In addition to an ecological approach it is also necessary to consider social and economic influences. Conserving areas that have a negative impact on watersheds, such as critical lands, is one of the efforts made to conserve watersheds will reducing costs and speeding up the recovery. The aim of this research is to estimate the economic value of the water yield of the Kuranji watershed on land conservation efforts. To get the economic value of water yield in the watershed, the non-market price approach method is used with the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). The results showed that there were 356.10 ha of critical land in the Kuranji watershed that could be conserved. The value of water yield in existing land use conditions is greater than water yield in land use conditions influenced by conservation efforts. In this study, it was determined that the estimated economic value of water yield in the Kuranji watershed is 272 IDR/m3 of water. This is supported with a conservation value of 80% of critical land.
Chemical Properties of Volcanic Soil After 10 Years of the Eruption of Mt. Sinabung (North Sumatera, Indonesia)
Authors: Lubis R L , Juniarti  , Rajmi S L , Armer A N , Hidayat F R , Zulhakim H , Yulanda N , Syukri I F , Fiantis D
Published: May 2021

Mount Sinabung was active again in 2010 after 400 years of dormancy and it is still erupting to date. The eruptions produced volcanic ash which blanket the soil surface. The distribution of volcanic materials was monitored by using Landsat Satellite which covers an area of 30, 320 Ha in 2018, then in 2019, it changed to 1, 371 Ha. After eruptions for 10 years, we believed soil characteristics are changed. The objective of this study was to characterize soil properties in the vicinity of Mt. Sinabung. There were 34 soil samples taken at a depth of 0-20 cm with a total research area of 4, 517.25 Ha. The samples were analyze for chemical properties included pH (H2O), total N, organic carbon, exchangeable base cations, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The results showed that the pH (H2O) ranged from very acidic to neutral (4.14-6.52). The total N low to high category (0.13-0.60%). Organic carbon low to very high (1.73-13.05%). The exchangeable base cations have a high concentration with values of K (1.60-2.98 cmol kg−1), Na (3.72-7.45 cmol kg−1) and Mg (5, 79-12.15 cmol kg−1) respectively. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) showed high to very high category values (11.78-97.71 cmol kg−1). Volcanic ash provides many benefits to soil properties. This indicates that volcanic ash enrich soils by providing nutrients to the soils aftermath of volcanic eruptions.