bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical Evidence of an Unusual Deformity in Dogs (“Short‐Spine Dog”)*
Authors: HANSEN HANS‐JÖRGEN
Published: May 2008

Abstract— —The author describes two malformed dogs portrayed in 1668 and 1690 by the court painter David Klocker Ehrenstrahl, who described the dogs as “monster of wolf and dog” and “monster of fox and dog” respectively. As the pictures were executed from living models and as the artist was known for his closeness to nature in his animal paintings, the author considers that the pictures can serve as the basis for a critical interpretation from the patho‐anatomical viewpoint. The author shows how the paintings agree in every detail with the type of malformation in the Japanese breed of dog, described in 1956 as “short‐spine dog”. The pictures can therefore be considered early historical evidence of the existence of this malformation.

Résumé— —L'auteur décrit les chiens malformés figurant dans les deux portraits canins erécutés en 1668 et en 1690 par David Klöker Ehrenstrahl, peintré attitré de la cour de Suède, qui définit ses sujets comme “monstres”, hybrides “loup et chien” et “renard et chien”. Exécutés d'après nature, par un artiste réputé pour le réalisme de ses peintures d'animaux, les deux tableaux autorisent, de l'avis de l'auteur, une interprétation critique du point de vue pathologique et anatomique. L'auteur établit que les deux peintures représentent, avec une parfaite précision, les caractéristiques d'une malformation propre au chien indigène du Japon, phénoméne décrit en 1956 sous le nom de “chien à la colonne vertébrale raccourcie”. Les deux tableaux étudiés apportent donc une preuve de l'existence de cette malformation dès le XVIIe siècle.

Zusammenfaeeung—Der Autor beschreibt zwei missgebildete Hunde, die 1668 und 1690 von dem Hofmaler David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl porträtiert wurden, welcher die Hunde als “Monstrum von Wolf und Hund” und “Monstrum von Fuchs und Hund” beschrieb. Da die Gemälde nach den lebenden Modellen ausgeführt wurden und der Künstler fiir seine Naturtreue in seinen Tierbildern bekannt war, Mält es der Autor für möglich, die Bilder als Grundlage einer kritischen Betrachtung vom pathologisch‐anatomichen Standpunkt zu wählen. Der Autor zeigt, wie die Bilder in jeder Emzelheit mit der Art von Missbildung der in Japan einheimischen Hunderasse übereinstimmen, die 1956 als “Short‐spine dog” beschrieben wurde. Die Bilder können deshalb als früher historischer Beweis für die Existenz dieser Missbildung angesehen werden.
Practical Neurological Examination of the Dog*
Authors: FOSTER S. J.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— —The method of examination of the nervous system of the dog utilizing spinal and cranial nerve reflexes, postural reactions and sensation is demonstrated. The data obtained is systematically tabulated, and from it the neurological picture is constructed.

Résumé— —L'auteur expose la méthode propre à examiner le systéme nervew du chien par 1'étude des réflexes des nerfs rachidiens et crsniens, des réflexes de posture et de la sensation. Les données obtenues, disposées en une table coordonnée, servent de base à l'établissement de la description neurologique.

Zusammenfassung— —Die Methode der Untersuchung des Nervensystems des Hundes durch Spinal‐ und Cranialnervenreflexe, Haltungsreaktionen und Sensibilitätsprüfungen wird demonstriert. Die erhaltenen Daten werden systematisch in Tabellenform erfasst und daraus das neurologische Bild entwickelt.
Incidence and Types of Canine Rectal Carcinomas
Authors: SCHÄFFER E. , SCHIEFER B.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— In a period of 12 years (1956–1967) fourteen carcinomas of the rectum were observed in a total number of 12,456 autopsies and surgical specimens. Additionally one polypous adenoma and six mesenchymal tumours of the rectum were seen. The average age of the dogs with tumours was 9 years. Adenocarcinomas with mucin production (eight cases) were more prevalent than scirrhous carcinomas (four cases) and undifferentiated carcinomas (two cases).

Metastases were seen in nine out of fourteen cases reported.

Résumé— 12.456 nécropsies et interventions chirurgicales effectuées au cours de 12 am (1956–1967) ont permis de déceler, chez les chiens étudiés, quatorze carcinomes du rectum, ainsi qu'un adénome polypeux et six tumeurs du mésenchyme. L'âge moyen des chiens atteints était de 9 ans. L'ordre de fréquence des tumeurs constatées se présente comme suit: adénocarcinomes avec production de mucine (huit cas); carcinomes squirreux (quatre cas); carcinomes non différenciés (dew cas).

Sur les quatorze cas constatés un seul comportait, des métastases neof comportaient

Zusammenfassung— In einem Zeitraum von 12 Jahren (1956–1967) wurden bei einer Gesamtzahf von 12,456 Sektionen und Organeinsendungen 14 Rektumkarzinome bei Hunden festgestellt. Weiterhin wurden 1 polypöses Adenom und 6 mesenchymale Tumoren des Rektums beobachtet. Das Durchschnittsalter der Hunde mit Tumoren betrug 9 Jahre. Adenokarzinome mit Muzinbildung (8 Fälle) waren häufiger als skirrhöse Karzinome (4 Fälle) und undifferenzierte Karzinome (2 Fälle). Metastasen wurden in 9 von 14 Fällen festgestellt.
Symposium on Canine Recto‐Anal Disorders—I: Clinical Anatomy*
Authors: ASHDOWN R. R.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The rectum, anal canal and anus are delimited and described, and the blood supply, innervation and lymphatic drainage summarized. These structures are considered in the light of present knowledge of the mechanisms of faecal continence. Certain aspects of the anatomy of the peIvic diaphragm are discussed in relationship to perineal hernia. Experiments on the evacuation of the anal sacs are described, and the functional significance of the sacs is discussed.

Résumé— Après avoir délimité et décrit le rectum, le canal anal et Panus, Pauteur en expose brièvement les vaisseaux sanguins, l'innervation et le systhème lymphatique, qu'il examine à la lumière des connaissances actuelles concernant le méanisme de la continence des matières fécales. Il étudie en outre certains aspects de l'anatomie de la cloison pelvienne par rapport aux hernies péinéales. Il décrit des expériences portant sur l'évacuation des glandes anales et examine la fonction de celles‐ci.

Zusammenfassung— Rectum, Analkanal und Anus werden umgrenzt und beschrieben und die Blutzufuhr, die Innervation und der Lymphabfluss zusammenfassend behandelt. Diese Strukturen werden im Lichte des gegenwärtigen Wissens vom Mechanismus der Faeceskontinenz betrachtet. Bestimmte Aspekte der Anatomie der Beckenmembran werden in Beziehung zur Perinealhernie besprochen. Versuche der Entleerung der Analsacke werden beschrieben und die funktionelle Bedeutung der Säcke erläutert.
Some Observations on the Irish Wolfhound Rhinitis Syndrome
Authors: WILKINSON G. T.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— —The clinico‐pathological features of the Irish Wolfhound Rhinitis Syndrome are described. Investigations into the aetiology of the condition are reported and the results discussed. It is believed that the syndrome is primarily viral in origin with a superimposed secondary bacterial infection.

Résumé— —L'auteur expose les Caractéristuqyes clinico‐pathologiques du syndrome de coryza du lévrier irlandais [Irish Wolfhound), ainsi que les études étiologiques effectuées et les résultats obtenus.

II semble qu'il s'agisse d'une maladie à virus à laquelle s'ajoute une infection secondaire d'origine bactérienne.

Zusammenfassung— —Das klinisch‐pathologische Bild des Rhinitis‐Syndroms im Irischen Wolfs‐hund wird beschriebrn. Untersuchungen der Aetiologie dieser Erscheinung werden dargelegt und deren Ergebnisse diskutiert. Man nimmt an, dass dieses Syndrom primaer eine Viruserkrankung ist, ueverlagert von einer sekundaeren bakteriellen Infektion.
Male Fern Retro‐Bulbar Neuropathy in Cattle*
Authors: Rosen E. S. , Edgar J. T. , Smith J. L. S.
Published: May 2008

An outbreak of cattle blindness involving two separate episodes is documented here. Ophthalmoscopic, photographic and histological investigations have established the condition as being due to acute retrobulbar neuropathy progressing to optic atrophy in severely affected animals.

Though poisoning by extracts of Male Fern is well known, this is considered to be the first reported instance of poisoning by consumption of the naturally growing plant.
Pathology of Feline Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Hirth R. S. , Nielsen S. W.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— —A retrospective pathologic study of sixteen cats with toxoplasmosis revealed that the most consistent lesion was an interstitial pneumonia accompanied by fibrinous exudate, focal necrosis, proliferation of alveolar lining cells and the presence of large numbers of alveolar macro‐phages. The liver and central nervous system were the next two most commonly affected organs. Lesions in the former were characterized by disseminated focal necrosis, while those in the brain most often consisted of areas of focal gliosis and perivascular cuffing. These pathologic changes are similar to those which have been reported in canine, bovine, ovine and porcine toxoplasmosis, and the pathogenesis is considered to be similar to that in the dog.

Résumé— —Une étude anatomopathologique rétrospective de 16 chats atteints de toxoplasmose révèle que la lésion la plus importante était représentée par me pneumonie intentitielle accompagnée d'un exsudat fibrineux, de foyers de nécrose, d'une prolifération des cellules alvéolaires et par la préence d'un grand nombre de macrophages dans les alvéoles. Le foie et le système nerveux central sont la dew autres organa le plus souvent atteints. Les lésions hépatiques sont caractérisées par une nécrose focale disséminée tandis que celles du cerveau consistent la plupart du temps en foyers de gliose focale et en machons périvasculaires. Ces modifications pathologiques sont identiques à celles qui ont été rapportées dans la toxoplasmose canine, bovine, ovine et porcine et on considère que la pathogènie est identique à celle du chien.

Zusammenfassung— —Eine retrospektive pathologische Studie über 16 Fälle von Toxoplasmose bei Katzen ergab, dass die konsistenteste Läsion eine intentitielle Pneumonie war, begleitet von fibrinösem Exsudat, fokaler Nekrose, Proliferation der inneren Alveolenzellen und der Anwesenheit einer grossen Zahl alveolarer Makrophagen. Die Leber und das Zentralnervensystem waren die beiden am nächstäufigen angegriffenen Organe. Läsionen der ersteren waren durch disseminierte fokale Nekrosen gekennzeichnet, während die des Gehirns am häfigsten aus Gebieten fokaler Gliosis und perivasculärer zylindrischer Neubildungen bestanden. Diese pathologischen Veränderugnen sind gleich denen bei Toxoplasmose beim Hund, Rind, Schaf und Schwein, und die Pathogenese wird als gleich der beim Hund angesehen.
The Establishment oi a Specihc Pathogen Free Cat (Felis catus) Colony
Authors: Bleby J. , Lacey A.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— —The establishment of the first Specific Pathogen Free cat (Felis catus L) colony in the U.K. is described. The application of anaesthesia and the techniques employed in hysterectomy are described, as also is a method of hand‐rearing kittens under conventional and SPF conditions. The formulae of diets used in rearing kittens from birth to maturity, and some details of body weight, are given. Cats free from endemic pathogens were produced with considerably improved breeding performance. It is likely that these results will have a marked effect on future methods of cat breeding.

Résumé— —On décrit l'établissement de la première colonie de chats (Felis catus L) exempts d'organismes pathogènes spécifiques au Royaume‐Uni. Des techniques d'anesthésie et d'hystérec‐tomie qui ont été employées, aussi bien que la méthode d'élevage des chatons dans des conditions traditionnelles et S.P.F. sont décrites. La composition du régime utilist pour élever les chatons de la naissance a l'âge adultes et quelques détails sur la croissance sont donnés. Les chats exempts de germes pathogènes endémiques ont été produits ave une amélioration considérable des résultats de l'élevage. On peut s'attendre à une répercussion ultérieure importante de ces résultats sur les futures méthodes d'élevage du chat.

Zusammenfassung— —Die Einrichtung der ersten spezifisch pathogenfreien Katzenkolonie (Felis catus L.) in Grossbritannien wird beschrieben. Ausserdem werden die Anwendung der Anästhesie und die bei der Hysterectomie gebrauchten Techniken sowie eine Methode der künstlichen Aufzucht des Wurfs unter herkömmlichen und spezifisch pathogenfreien Bedingungen beschrieben. Die Futtenusammensetzung bei der Aufzucht des Wurfs bis zur Reife und einige Einzelheiten übu das Körpergewicht werden angegeben. Von endemischen Pathogenen freie Katzen wurden mit beträchtlich verbesserter Zuchtleistung hervorgebracht. Es ist als wahrscheinlich anzunehmen, dass diese Ergebnisse einen wesentlichen Einfluss auf künftige Methoden der Katzenzucht haben werden.
Genetic Anomalies of the Posterior Segment of the Canine Eye*
Authors: Barnett K. C.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— —The clinical signs and ophthalmoscopic appearance, the breed and age incidence, the histopathological changes, and the mode of inheritance of a number of both congenital and abiotrophic eye conditions in the dog will be discussed. The conditions mainly affect the retina, and are retinal dysplasia, the “collie eye anomaly”, typical colobomatoq defects, and generalised and central forms of progressive retinal atrophy.
Gastric Torsion in the Dog. Non‐Surgical Reposition
Authors: Funkquist B.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— —In 11 of 21 cases of gastric torsion in the dog there was a spontaneous reposition following a vigorous emptying of the stomach by means of the special set of instruments described. In those cases in which there was no spontaneous reposition after emptying, reposition was effected by means of a stout gastric tube fitted with a rubber balloon or cuff which, after it had been passed into the stomach, was inflated with air and then rotated in the opposite direction to the rotation of the stomach.
Effect of Fluid Treatment on the Changes in Lactate‐Pyruvate Metabolism caused by Limb Tissue Damage in Dogs
Authors: Paatsama S. , Kataja J. , Lahdensuu M. , Rokkanen P. , Sittnikow K.
Published: May 2008

Abstract— The effect of combined fluid treatment (dextran, bicarbonate, physiological sodiumchloride and aminoacid‐glucose solutions) on the lactate‐pyruvate metabolism was studied in seven dogs. Tissue damage including fractures of the femur and tibia with soft tissue injuries were produced. The common iliac veins and the abdominal aorta were cannulated. Blood samples were drawn through each catheter prior to trauma in order to obtain basal values and at 1/2, 1, 3, 12 and 24 hours after trauma. The following parameters were determined; pH, standard bicarbonate, PCO2, base excess, paO2, lactate, pyruvate, haemoglobin and haematocrit. A favourable effect of fluid treatment on the lactate‐pyruvate ratio and the blood gas values was observed.

Résumé— On a étudié sur 7 chiens I'effet du traitement par un ensemble de solutés (dextran, bicarbonate, chlorure de sodium physiologique, solutions d'amino‐acide et de glucose) sur le méta‐bolisme lactate pyruvate. Des léions tissulaires comprenant des fractures du fémur et du tibia avec atteinte des tissus mous ont été produites. La veines iliaques communes et l'aorte abdominale ont été catheterisées. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés au niveau de chaque cathetère avant le traumatisme afin d'obtenir des valeurs de base et à 1/2, 1, 3, 12 et 24 heures après le traumatisme. On a determiné les paramètres suivants; pH, concentration en bicarbonate, pCO2, réerve alcalinc pO2, lactate pyruvate, hémoglobine et hématocrite. II a été observé une action favorable du traite‐ment par un ensemble de solutés sur le rapport lactate pyruvate et sur les valeurs des gaz sanguins.

Zusammenfassung— Der Einffuss einer kombinierten Flüssigkeitsbehandlung (Dextran, Bicarb‐onat, physiologische Kochsalzlösung und Aminosäure‐Glucose‐Lösung) ad den Lactat‐Pyxuvat‐Stoffwechsel wurde an sieben Hunden untersucht. Gewebeschädigungen einschliesslich Femur‐und Tibiafrakturen mit Weichteilverletzungen wurden erzeugt. In die Vena iliaca communis und die Aorta abdominalis wurden KanuIen eingefuhrt. Vor dem Trauma wurden Blutproben durch jedes Katheter entnommen, um Ausgangswerte und Werte 1/2, I, 3, 12 und 24 Stunden nach dem Trauma zu erhalten. Es wurden die folgenden Werte bestimmt; pH, Standardbicarbonat, pCO2, Basenüberschuss, pO2 Lactat‐Pyruvat, Hämoglobin und Hämatokrit. Ein günstiger Einfluss der Flüssigkeitsbehandlung auf das Lactat‐Pyruvat‐Verhältnis und die Blutgaswerte wurde beo‐bachtet.
Perineal hernia because of retroflexion of the urinary bladder in a rottweiler bitch during pregnancy
Authors: Sontas B. H. , Apaydin S. Ö. , Toydemir T. S. F. , Kasikci G. , Ekici H.
Published: May 2008

A young pregnant rottweiler bitch was presented with a large mass of tissue protruding through the vulvar lips. Foetal death was diagnosed on ultrasonography, and ovariohysterectomy was performed, at which time the bladder was observed to be dislocated caudally into the pelvic cavity under the vagina. The bladder was manually repositioned during surgery. One week later, the bitch was healthy with no evidence of dysuria, stranguria or urinary incontinence. Two months later, the owner reported that the bitch was clinically normal with no recurrence of the retroflexion. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of retroflexion of the urinary bladder during pregnancy.
Constructing and testing the thermodynamic limits of synthetic NAD(P)H:H2 pathways
Authors: Veit Andrea , Akhtar M. Kalim , Mizutani Taeko , Jones Patrik R.
Published: May 2008

NAD(P)H:H2 pathways are theoretically predicted to reach equilibrium at very low partial headspace H2 pressure. An evaluation of the directionality of such near‐equilibrium pathways in vivo, using a defined experimental system, is therefore important in order to determine its potential for application. Many anaerobic microorganisms have evolved NAD(P)H:H2 pathways; however, they are either not genetically tractable, and/or contain multiple H2 synthesis/consumption pathways linked with other more thermodynamically favourable substrates, such as pyruvate. We therefore constructed a synthetic ferredoxin‐dependent NAD(P)H:H2 pathway model system in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and experimentally evaluated the thermodynamic limitations of nucleotide pyridine‐dependent H2 synthesis under closed batch conditions. NADPH‐dependent H2 accumulation was observed with a maximum partial H2 pressure equivalent to a biochemically effective intracellular NADPH/NADP+ ratio of 13:1. The molar yield of the NADPH:H2 pathway was restricted by thermodynamic limitations as it was strongly dependent on the headspace : liquid ratio of the culture vessels. When the substrate specificity was extended to NADH, only the reverse pathway directionality, H2 consumption, was observed above a partial H2 pressure of 40 Pa. Substitution of NADH with NADPH or other intermediates, as the main electron acceptor/donor of glucose catabolism and precursor of H2, is more likely to be applicable for H2 production.
Girls’ Violence: Beyond Dangerous Masculinity
Authors: Irwin Katherine , Chesney‐Lind Meda
Published: May 2008

In this article, we review criminological perspectives of girls’ violence. To do this, we first look at the 20th‐century tendency to view violent girls as being the same as violent boys or as taking up dangerous types of masculinity. Second, we consider the contemporary ways that researchers have tried to move beyond male‐centered and masculinized explanations of female violence. Noting potential problems with current perspectives, we argue that researchers need to address the contexts surrounding female offending, which includes understanding the effects and nature of gender, race, and class inequalities and how they (singly and in combination) predict popular representations and treatment of violent girls. We conclude by cautioning contemporary researchers to avoid returning to androcentric perspectives of girls’ physical aggression. Not only are such perspectives logically problematic, they are also consequential. In particular, they have facilitated the masculinization and punishment of poor or working‐class girls of color who are filling US detention centers and juvenile prisons in ever increasing numbers.
Explaining the Weak Relationship Between Job Performance and Ratings of Job Performance
Authors: Murphy Kevin R.
Published: May 2008

Ratings of job performance are widely viewed as poor measures of job performance. Three models of the performance–performance rating relationship offer very different explanations and solutions for this seemingly weak relationship. One-factor models suggest that measurement error is the main difference between performance and performance ratings and they offer a simple solution—that is, the correction for attenuation. Multifactor models suggest that the effects of job performance on performance ratings are often masked by a range of systematic nonperformance factors that also influence these ratings. These models suggest isolating and dampening the effects of these nonperformance factors. Mediated models suggest that intentional distortions are a key reason that ratings often fail to reflect ratee performance. These models suggest that raters must be given both the tools and the incentive to perform well as measurement instruments and that systematic efforts to remove the negative consequences of giving honest performance ratings are needed if we hope to use performance ratings as serious measures of job performance.
A microsatellite DNA toolkit for studying population structure in Apis mellifera
Authors: SHAIBI T , LATTORFF HMG , MORITZ RFA
Published: May 2008

We present a set of 18 microsatellite DNA markers that can be run in two multiplex polymerase chain reactions as standard tool for assessing molecular ecological problems in honeybees (Apis mellifera). In addition to a set of six unlinked loci testing for classical population genetic parameters, we present three sets of four tightly linked loci, each located on three different chromosomes. These linked markers are useful for determining the number of colonies in a population as well as the parentage of drones and workers. Moreover, the tool kit can test for various modes of natural selection in honeybee populations.
Spatial analysis method (sam): a software tool combining molecular and environmental data to identify candidate loci for selection
Authors: JOOST STÉPHANE , KALBERMATTEN MICHAEL , BONIN AURÉLIE
Published: May 2008

sam is a Windows program designed to detect candidate loci for selection in whole‐genome scans. It also gives valuable clues as regards the ecological factors at stake in the selection process. The method used is based on multiple univariate logistic regression models to test for association between allelic frequencies at marker loci and environmental variables. The software reads matrices constituted of presence/absence of molecular markers, and of the corresponding environmental parameters at sampling locations. It provides dynamic analysis tables to process the results. The tool is freely available for download at http://www.econogene.eu/software/sam/.
Spatial scale and the conservation of threatened species
Authors: Boyd Charlotte , Brooks Thomas M. , Butchart Stuart H. M. , Edgar Graham J. , Da Fonseca Gustavo A. B. , Hawkins Frank , Hoffmann Michael , Sechrest Wes , Stuart Simon N. , Van Dijk Peter Paul
Published: May 2008

The spatial scale of conservation necessary to avoid species extinctions is one of the most vigorous debates in conservation biology. One approach holds that protecting sites should be the primary level for action on the ground, the other that conservation action targeting broader seascapes and landscapes is more important. We address this debate systematically by assessing the appropriate spatial scales of conservation for all 4,239 threatened mammals, birds, tortoises and turtles, and amphibians. We find that, in the short‐ to medium term, 20% of these species are dependent on conservation at single sites, 62% on multiple sites, 18% on both sites and sea‐ or landscape‐scale efforts, and <1% on broad‐scale actions alone (where sites are variably sized units that are actually or could potentially be managed for conservation, and “broad scale” refers to sea‐ or landscape‐scale and is determined by the needs of the species in question). Calls for broad‐scale conservation action have generally focused on terrestrial birds and mammals, and we confirm that a fifth and a tenth of these, respectively, require conservation action at the landscape scale. However, we also find that two‐fifths of threatened freshwater turtles and one‐fifth of threatened amphibians depend on broad‐scale conservation action to address changes in freshwater processes. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of threatened marine mammals, birds, and turtles require urgent conservation action at the seascape scale. Our key conclusion is that neither site‐scale nor broad‐scale approaches alone can prevent mass extinction. Although site protection should remain the cornerstone for almost all threatened species, we demonstrate that a substantial proportion and unexpected diversity of threatened species will be lost in the absence of urgent conservation interventions at the sea‐ or landscape scale.
Effect of selective cyclooxygenase‐2 inhibitor meloxicam on liver fibrosis in rats with ligated common bile ducts
Authors: Kim Seong Min , Park Ki Chung , Kim Ho Guen , Han Seok Joo
Published: May 2008

Aim:  Cholestasis triggers fibrogenesis in the liver. Hepatic cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression increases in various chronic liver diseases caused either by viruses or toxins. We hypothesized that selective COX‐2 inhibitor meloxicam could suppress inflammation and fibrogenesis in a rat model of cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation (BDL).

Methods:  Forty‐three Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned to one of four treatment groups (sham‐operation, BDL, daily meloxicam injections following BDL, and daily meloxicam injection without BDL). Liver histopathology was analyzed with hematoxylin–eosin and Masson's trichrome staining. The expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), and COX‐2 were measured with immunohistochemical staining. The levels of COX‐2, TGF‐β1, and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) production were measured with the Western blot method and an enzyme immunoassay.

Results:  Meloxicam treatment attenuated the expression of α‐SMA, TGF‐β1, and COX‐2 in rats that were treated with BDL for 3 weeks. This was associated with a marked reduction in collagen accumulation and histological improvement. In addition, meloxicam treatment was found to downregulate the levels of hepatic COX‐2, TGF‐β1, and MMP‐9 production.

Conclusion:  Cholestasis in BDL rats induces hepatic COX‐2 expression. Selective COX‐2 inhibitor meloxicam reduces BDL‐induced hepatic fibrosis, and this is associated with reduced hepatic TGF‐β1 expression as well as decreased cyclooxygenase activity in the liver.
Natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Abe Masanori , Onji Morikazu
Published: May 2008

The natural history of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) has improved significantly over the last two decades. Most patients are diagnosed with asymptomatic PBC (a‐PBC). The prognosis of a‐PBC is usually better than that of symptomatic PBC (s‐PBC). Among a‐PBC patients, some remain asymptomatic, whereas others progress to s‐PBC. The prognosis of s‐PBC is still poor and the main cause of death in PBC is liver failure. Other complications, such as esophageal varices and hepatocellular carcinoma, also affect the prognosis of PBC patients. Ursodeoxycholic acid treatment improves the prognosis of PBC patients in the early stage. There seems to be several types of PBC progression.
A Comparison of Cylindrical and Fan-Shaped Film-Cooling Holes on a Vane Endwall at Low and High Freestream Turbulence Levels
Authors: Colban W. , Thole K. A. , Haendler M.
Published: May 2008

Fan-shaped film-cooling holes have been shown to provide superior cooling performance to cylindrical holes along flat plates and turbine airfoils over a large range of different conditions. Benefits of fan-shaped holes include less required cooling air for the same performance, increased part lifetime, and fewer required holes. The major drawback, however, is increased manufacturing cost and manufacturing difficulty, particularly for the vane platform region. To this point, there have only been extremely limited comparisons between cylindrical and shaped holes on a turbine endwall at either low or high freestream turbulence conditions. This study presents film-cooling effectiveness measurements on an endwall surface in a large-scale, low-speed, two-passage, linear vane cascade. Results showed that film-cooling effectiveness decreased with increasing blowing rate for the cylindrical holes, indicating jet liftoff. However, the fan-shaped passage showed increased film-cooling effectiveness with increasing blowing ratio. Overall, fan-shaped holes increased film-cooling effectiveness by an average of 75% over cylindrical holes for constant cooling flow.
Calculation of the Time-Averaged Flow in Squirrel-Cage Blowers by Substituting Blades With Equivalent Forces
Authors: Tremmel Markus , Taulbee Dale B.
Published: May 2008

Radial fans of the squirrel-cage type are used in various industrial applications. The analysis of such fans via computational fluid mechanics can provide the overall fan performance coefficients, as well as give insights into the detailed flow field. However, a transient simulation of a 3D machine using a sliding grid for the rotating blades still requires prohibitively large computational resources, with CPU run times in the order of months. To avoid such long simulation times, a faster method is developed in this paper. Instead of solving the transient Navier–Stokes equations, they are first averaged over one impeller rotation, and then solved for the mean flow since only this flow is of practical interest. Due to the averaging process, the blades disappear as solid boundaries, but additional equation terms arise, which represent the blade forces on the fluid. An innovative closure model for these terms is developed by calculating forces in 2D blade rows with the same blade geometry as the 3D machine for a range of flow parameters. These forces are then applied in the 3D machine, and the resulting 3D time-averaged flow field and performance coefficients are calculated. The 3D flow field showed several characteristic features of squirrel-cage blowers, such as a cross-flow pattern through the fan at low flow coefficients, and a vortexlike flow pattern at the fan outlet. The 3D fan performance coefficients showed an excellent agreement with experimental data. Since the 3D simulation solves for the mean flow, it can be run as a steady-state problem with a comparatively coarse grid in the blade region, reducing CPU times by a factor of about 10 when compared to a transient simulation with a sliding grid. It is hoped that these savings in computational cost will encourage other researchers and industrial companies to adopt the new method presented here.
Causes of Acoustic Resonance in a High-Speed Axial Compressor
Authors: Hellmich Bernd , Seume Joerg R.
Published: May 2008

Nonharmonic acoustic resonance was detected in the static pressure and sound signals in a four-stage high-speed axial compressor when the compressor was operating close to the surge limit. Based on prior research reported in the literature and measurements of the resonance frequency, Mach number of the mean flow, and the axial and circumferential phase shifts of the pressure signal during resonance, it is shown that the acoustic resonance is an axial standing wave of a spinning acoustic mode with three periods around the circumference of the compressor. This phenomenon occurs only if the aerodynamic load in the compressor is high, because the mode needs a high circumferential Mach number for resonance conditions. Mathematics of existing analyses of acoustic resonances in turbomachinery complex and have therefore rarely resulted in published examples of good agreement with real engine data. The present paper provides suitable, physically based simplifications of the existing mathematical models which are applicable for modes with circumferential wavelengths of more than two blade pitches and resonance frequencies considerably higher than the rotor speed.
Computations of Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer Through a Three-Dimensional Nonaxisymmetric Blade Passage
Authors: Saha Arun K. , Acharya Sumanta
Published: May 2008

The design of a three-dimensional nonaxisymmetric end wall is carried out using three-dimensional numerical simulations. The computations have been conducted both for the flat and contoured end walls. The performance of the end wall is evaluated by comparing the heat transfer and total pressure loss reduction. The contouring is done in such a way to have convex curvature in the pressure side and concave surface in the suction side. The convex surface increases the velocity by reducing the local static pressure, while the concave surface decreases the velocity by increasing the local pressure. The profiling of the end wall is done by combining two curves, one that varies in the streamwise direction, while the other varies in the pitchwise direction. Several contoured end walls are created by varying the streamwise variation while keeping the pitchwise curve constant. The flow near the contoured end wall is seen to be significantly different from that near the flat end wall. The contoured end wall is found to reduce the secondary flow by decreasing radial pressure gradient. The total pressure loss is also lower and the average heat transfer reduces by about 8% compared to the flat end wall. Local reductions in heat transfer are significant (factor of 3). This study demonstrates the potential of three-dimensional end-wall contouring for reducing the thermal loading on the end wall.
Control of Rotor Tip Leakage Through Cooling Injection From the Casing in a High-Work Turbine
Authors: Behr Thomas , Kalfas Anestis I. , Abhari Reza S.
Published: May 2008

This paper presents an experimental investigation of a novel approach for controlling the rotor tip leakage and secondary flow by injecting cooling air from the stationary casing onto the rotor tip. It contains a detailed analysis of the unsteady flow interaction between the injected air and the flow in the rotor tip region and its impact on the rotor secondary flow structures. The experimental investigation has been conducted on a one-and-1/2-stage, unshrouded turbine, which has been especially designed and built for the current investigation. The turbine test case models a highly loaded, high pressure gas turbine stage. Measurements conducted with a two-sensor fast-response aerodynamic probe have provided data describing the time-resolved behavior of flow angles and pressures, as well as turbulence intensity in the exit plane of the rotor. Cooling air has been injected in the circumferential direction at a 30 deg angle from the casing tangent, opposing the rotor turning direction through a circumferential array of ten equidistant holes per rotor pitch. Different cooling air injection configurations have been tested. Injection parameters such as mass flow, axial position, and size of the holes have been varied to see the effect on the rotor tip secondary flows. The results of the current investigation show that with the injection, the size and the turbulence intensity of the rotor tip leakage vortex and the rotor tip passage vortex reduce. Both vortices move toward the tip suction side corner of the rotor passage. With an appropriate combination of injection mass flow rate and axial injection position, the isentropic efficiency of the stage was improved by 0.55 percentage points.
Film Cooling Effectiveness Distributions on a Turbine Blade Cascade Platform With Stator-Rotor Purge and Discrete Film Hole Flows
Authors: Wright Lesley M. , Blake Sarah A. , Han Je-Chin
Published: May 2008

An experimental investigation to obtain detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions on a cooled turbine blade platform within a linear cascade has been completed. The Reynolds number of the freestream flow is 3.1×105, and the platform has a labyrinthlike seal upstream of the blades to model a realistic stator-rotor seal configuration. An additional coolant is supplied to the downstream half of the platform via discrete film cooling holes. The coolant flow rate through the upstream seal varies from 0.5% to 2.0% of the mainstream flow, while the blowing ratio of the coolant through the discrete holes varies from 0.5 to 2.0 (based on the mainstream velocity at the exit of the cascade). Detailed film cooling effectiveness distributions are obtained using the pressure sensitive paint (PSP) technique under a wide range of coolant flow conditions and various freestream turbulence levels (0.75% or 13.4%). The PSP technique clearly shows how adversely the coolant is affected by the passage induced flow. With only purge flow from the upstream seal, the coolant flow rate must exceed 1.5% of the mainstream flow in order to adequately cover the entire passage. However, if discrete film holes are used on the downstream half of the passage, the platform can be protected while using less coolant (i.e., the seal flow rate can be reduced).
Optimized Shroud Design for Axial Turbine Aerodynamic Performance
Authors: Porreca L. , Kalfas A. I. , Abhari R. S.
Published: May 2008

This paper presents a comprehensive study of the effect of shroud design in axial turbine aerodynamics. Experimental measurements and numerical simulations have been conducted on three different test cases with identical blade geometry and tip clearances but different shroud designs. The first and second test cases are representative of a full shroud and a nonaxisymmetric partial shroud geometry while the third test case uses an optimized partial shroud. Partial shrouds are sometimes used in industrial application in order to benefit from the advantage of shrouded configuration, as well as reduce mechanical stress on the blades. However, the optimal compromise between mechanical considerations and aerodynamic performances is still an open issue due to the resulting highly three-dimensional unsteady flow field. Aerodynamic performance is measured in a low-speed axial turbine facility and shows that there are clear differences between the test cases. In addition, steady and time resolved measurements are performed together with computational analysis in order to improve the understanding of the effect of the shroud geometry on the flow field and to quantify the sources of the resultant additional losses. The flow field analysis shows that the effect of the shroud geometry is significant from 60% blade height span to the tip. Tip leakage vortex in the first rotor is originated in the partial shroud test cases while the full shroud case presents only a weak indigenous tip passage vortex. This results in a significant difference in the secondary flow development in the following second stator with associated losses that varies by about 1% in this row. The analysis shows that the modified partial shroud design has improved considerably the aerodynamic efficiency by about 0.6% by keeping almost unchanged the overall weight of this component, and thus blade root stresses. The work, therefore, presents a comprehensive flow field analysis and shows the impact of the shroud geometry in the aerodynamic performance.
Unsteady Flow and Aeroelasticity Behavior of Aeroengine Core Compressors During Rotating Stall and Surge
Authors: Vahdati M. , Simpson G. , Imregun M.
Published: May 2008

This paper will focus on two core-compressor instabilities, namely, rotating stall and surge. Using a 3D viscous time-accurate flow representation, the front bladerows of a core compressor were modeled in a whole-annulus fashion whereas the rest of bladerows were represented in single-passage fashion. The rotating stall behavior at two different compressor operating points was studied by considering two different variable-vane scheduling conditions for which experimental data were available. Using a model with nine whole bladerows, the unsteady flow calculations were conducted on 32 CPUs of a parallel cluster, typical run times being around 3–4 weeks for a grid with about 60×106 points. The simulations were conducted over several engine rotations. As observed on the actual development engine, there was no rotating stall for the first scheduling condition while malscheduling of the stator vanes created a 12-band rotating stall which excited the rotor blade first flap mode. In a separate set of calculations, the surge behavior was modeled using a time-accurate single-passage representation of the core compressor. It was possible to predict not only flow reversal into the low pressure compression domain but also the expected hysteresis pattern of the surge loop in terms of its mass flow versus pressure characteristic.
Finite Difference Schemes for Diffusion Problems Based on a Hybrid Perturbation–Galerkin Method
Authors: Geer James , Fillo John
Published: May 2008

A new technique for the development of finite difference schemes for diffusion equations is presented. The model equations are the one space variable advection diffusion equation and the two space variable diffusion equation, each with Dirichlet boundary conditions. A two-step hybrid technique, which combines perturbation methods based on the parameter ρ=Δt∕(Δx)2 with the Galerkin method, provides a systematic way to develop new finite difference methods, referred to as hybrid equations. The main contributions of this paper include the (1) recovery of classical explicit or implicit finite difference schemes using only the perturbation terms; (2) development of new finite difference schemes, referred to as hybrid equations, which have better stability properties than the classical finite difference equations, permitting the use of larger values of the parameter ρ; and (3) higher order accurate methods, with either O((Δx)4) or O((Δx)6) truncation error, formed by convex linear combinations of the classical and hybrid equations. The solution of the hybrid finite difference equations requires only a tridiagonal equation solver and, hence, does not lead to excessive computational effort.
An Interfacial Tracking Method for Ultrashort Pulse Laser Melting and Resolidification of a Thin Metal Film
Authors: Zhang Yuwen , Chen J. K.
Published: May 2008

An interfacial tracking method was developed to model rapid melting and resolidification of a freestanding metal film subject to an ultrashort laser pulse. The laser energy was deposited to the electrons near thin film surface, and subsequently diffused into a deeper part of the electron gas and transferred to the lattice. The energy equations for the electron and lattice were coupled through an electron-lattice coupling factor. Melting and resolidification were modeled by considering the interfacial energy balance and nucleation dynamics. An iterative solution procedure was employed to determine the elevated melting temperature and depressed solidification temperature in the ultrafast phase-change processes. The predicted surface lattice temperature, interfacial location, interfacial temperature, and interfacial velocity were compared with those obtained by an explicit enthalpy model. The effects of the electron thermal conductivity models, ballistic range, and laser fluence on the melting and resolidification were also investigated.
Flow
Boiling of R134a and R134a/Propane Mixtures at Low Saturation Temperatures Inside a Plain Horizontal
Tube
Authors: Rabah A. , Kabelac S.
Published: May 2008

Local heat transfer coefficients for flow boiling of pure 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) and binary mixtures of propane (R290) and R134a were measured. The experimental setup employed a vapor heated plain horizontal tube (di=10mm, do=12mm, L=500mm). The measurements covered a wide range of saturation temperatures (233≤Ts≤278K), mass fluxes (100≤ṁ≤300kg∕m2s), qualities (0≤ẋ≤1), and concentrations (0≤z̃≤0.65). In the zeotropic region of R134a/R290 mixtures, the measured local heat transfer coefficient was found to show a maximum decrease by a factor of 2 relative to that for pure R134a. At the azeotropic point (65% R290), it was found to increase by a factor of 1.2. The measured local heat transfer coefficients for both R134a and R134a/R290 were compared with a number of correlations.
Temperature Distribution During ICG-Dye-Enhanced Laser Photocoagulation of Feeder Vessels in Treatment of AMD-Related Choroidal Neovascularization
Authors: Zhu Liang , Banerjee Rupak K. , Salloum Maher , Bachmann Albert , Flower Robert W.
Published: May 2008

Laser photocoagulation of the feeder vessels of age-related macula degeneration-related choroidal neovascularization (CNV) membranes is a compelling treatment modality, one important reason being that the treatment site is removed from the fovea in cases of sub- or juxtafoveal CNV. To enhance the energy absorption in a target feeder vessel, an indocyanine green dye bolus is injected intravenously, and the 805nm wavelength diode laser beam is applied when the dye bolus transits the feeder vessel; this tends to reduce concomitant damage to adjacent tissue. A 3D theoretical simulation, using the Pennes bioheat equation, was performed to study the temperature distribution in the choroidal feeder vessel and its vicinity during laser photocoagulation. The results indicate that temperature elevation in the target feeder vessel increases by 20% in dye-enhanced photocoagulation, compared to just photocoagulation alone. The dye bolus not only increases the laser energy absorption in the feeder vessel but also shifts the epicenter of maximum temperature away from the sensitive sensory retina and retinal pigment epithelial layers and toward the feeder vessel. Two dominant factors in temperature elevation of the feeder vessel are location of the feeder vessel and blood flow velocity through it. Feeder vessel temperature elevation becomes smaller as distance between it and the choriocapillaris layer increases. The cooling effect of blood flow through the feeder vessel can reduce the temperature elevation by up to 21% of the maximum that could be produced. Calculations were also performed to examine the effect of the size of the laser spot. To achieve the same temperature elevation in the feeder vessel when the laser spot diameter is doubled, the laser power level has to be increased by only 60%. In addition, our results have suggested that more studies are needed to measure the constants in the Arrhenius integral for assessing thermal damage in various tissues.