bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Evolution of the Fusion (F) Genes in Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2
Authors: Shirai Tatsuya , Mizukoshi Fuminori , Kimura Ryusuke , Matsuoka Rina , Sada Mitsuru , Shirato Kazuya , Ishii Haruyuki , Ryo Akihide , Kimura Hirokazu
Published: February 2025

Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) is a clinically significant respiratory pathogen, which highlights the necessity of studies on its molecular evolution. This study investigated the evolutionary dynamics, phylodynamics, and structural characteristics of the HPIV2 fusion (F) gene using a comprehensive dataset spanning multiple decades and geographic regions. Phylogenetic analyses revealed two distinct clusters of HPIV2 F gene sequences, which were estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor approximately a century ago. Cluster 1 demonstrated a higher evolutionary rate and genetic diversity compared to the more stable cluster 2. Bayesian Skyline Plot analyses indicated a significant increase in the effective population size of the F gene between 2005 and 2015; potentially linked to enhanced diagnostic and surveillance capabilities. Structural modeling identified conserved conformational epitopes predominantly in the apex and stalk regions of the F protein. These findings underscore the evolutionary constraints and antigenic landscape of the HPIV2 F protein.
Molecular Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Serotype Dublin Isolated from 2011 to 2022 from Veal and Dairy Cattle in Pennsylvania
Authors: Sekhwal Manoj K. , Li Lingling , Pierre Traci , Matthews Tammy , Luley Erin , Tewari Deepanker , Kuchipudi Suresh V. , Jayarao Bhushan , Byukusenge Maurice
Published: February 2025

The emergence of Salmonella enterica serotype Dublin (S. Dublin) presents significant challenges to animal and human health. We analyzed 109 S. Dublin isolates from bovine submissions to the Penn State Animal Diagnostic Laboratory between 2011 and 2022. Using whole genome sequencing, we assessed their phenotypic and genotypic resistance patterns and correlated these traits with case histories and pathology reports. Core-genome analysis identified cgSTs with similar allelic profiles between our isolates and those from the U.S. and Canada, while some cgSTs were unique to our study. Histopathologic findings suggest a predominance of respiratory and gastroenteric/hepatic lesions, aligning with the histopathological case definition for S. Dublin infection. Critically, all isolates were multidrug-resistant, particularly to ampicillin (87%), ceftiofur (89%), chlortetracycline (94%), oxytetracycline (94%), enrofloxacin (17%), florfenicol (94%), sulfadimethoxine (97%), and trimethoprim (20%). Plasmid genomic analysis unveiled distinct plasmid types including virulence, resistance, and hybrid plasmids, carrying unique compositions of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance. These findings underscore the importance of managing calf movement to control the introduction and dissemination of new cgSTs in Pennsylvania and potentially nationwide. Furthermore, they emphasize the urgent need to mitigate S. Dublin transmission, combat antimicrobial resistance, and enhance surveillance efforts to effectively protect animal and human health.
The Role of Active Packaging in the Defense Against Foodborne Pathogens with Particular Attention to Bacteriophages
Authors: Wagh Rajesh V. , Priyadarshi Ruchir , Khan Ajahar , Riahi Zohreh , Packialakshmi Jeyakumar Saranya , Kumar Pavan , Rindhe Sandeep N. , Rhim Jong-Whan
Published: February 2025

The increasing demand for food safety and the need to combat emerging foodborne pathogens have driven the development of innovative packaging solutions. Active packaging, particularly those incorporating antimicrobial agents, has emerged as a promising approach to enhance food preservation and safety. Among these agents, bacteriophages (phages) have gained significant attention due to their specificity, efficacy, and natural origin. This manuscript explores the role of active packaging in protecting against foodborne pathogens, with a particular focus on bacteriophages. The review overviews recent advances in antimicrobials in food packaging, followed by a detailed discussion of bacteriophages, including their classification, mode of action, multidisciplinary applications, and their use as antimicrobial agents in active food packaging. The manuscript also highlights commercially available bacteriophage-based products and addresses the challenges and limitations associated with their integration into packaging materials. Despite their potential, issues such as stability, regulatory hurdles, and consumer acceptance remain critical considerations. In conclusion, bacteriophages represent a promising tool in active packaging for enhancing food safety, but further research and innovation are needed to overcome existing barriers and fully realize their potential in the food industry.
Utilizing High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Data Mining Strategy in R Programming Language for Rapid Annotation of Absorbed Prototypes and Metabolites of Gypenosides
Authors: Li Xiaoshan , Zhang Qianru , Li Yuqin , Qin Lin , Wu Di , Tan Daopeng , Xie Jian , Wu Jiajia , Yang Qingping , Lu Yanliu , Zhao Yongxia , Fan Qingjie , Wu Xingdong , He Yuqi
Published: February 2025

The rapid and accurate annotation of the complex compounds and metabolites in natural products remains a significant challenge. In this study, we developed an integrated strategy to efficiently and accurately profile both the prototypes and metabolites of natural products in vivo. And this was achieved by establishing a gypenosides constituent database and utilizing R programming language to combine sample selection, virtual metabolite database construction, polygon mass defect filtering, and Kendrick mass defect filtering. In addition, the annotation strategy was successfully applied to identify the prototypes and metabolites of gypenosides in mice serum. As a case study, gypenoside LXXV was used to validate the feasibility of this approach. The results demonstrated 36 prototypes and 108 metabolites were annotated from the serum by the established annotation strategy. The prototype and eight metabolites of gypenoside LXXV were further confirmed, indicating that the proposed strategy is available. This study provides a novel approach for the rapid and accurate identification of prototypes and metabolites of natural products and offers new insights into the metabolic processes of gypenosides in vivo.
Synergistic Solvent Extraction of Lanthanoids with Traditional Ligands (4-Acylpyrazolone and Bidentate Nitrogen Bases) in a Nontraditional Diluent Confirmed by Slope Analysis and NMR
Authors: Atanassova Maria , Todorova Nina , Simova Svetlana
Published: February 2025

The synergistic solvent extraction of La(III), Eu(III) and Lu(III) with a chelating extractant, 4-benzoyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (HL), and neutral bidentate heterocyclic amines, such as 1,10-phenanthroline (S1 (phen)) or 2,2′-bipyridine (S2 (bipy)) in an ionic liquid of the imidazolium family [C1C4im+][Tf2N−] was investigated. Synergistic effects have been observed to result from the formation of a ternary complex in the organic phase, particularly in cases where the ligand S is a neutral synergistic agent. Examples include La(L)2(S2)2, Eu(L)3(S2) and Lu(L)x(S2)2, as well as La(L)3(S1)2, Eu(L)2(S1) and Lu(L)3(S1)x). The parameters of the solvent extraction process were determined and the influence of the synergistic agent on the extraction process was discussed. Additionally, the synergistic increase and separation factors were determined. The equilibrated organic phases were analyzed using 1H NMR spectroscopy to elucidate the synergism in an extraction mechanism. The role of the ionic diluent in complexation processes and selectivity was investigated with the employment of the two synergistic agents for various metal s-, p-, d- and f-cations in the periodic table, with almost 22 metal ions.
The Development and Preparation of Novel Gel Emulsion Systems Based on a Cholesterol Star-Shaped Derivative
Authors: Liu Shuaihua , Yao Tian , Xia Donghui , Liu Quan , Tian Guanghui , Liu Yang
Published: February 2025

Low-molecular-mass gelators (LMMGs) as stabilizers for gel emulsions offer numerous advantages, such as low usage, functionalizability, and insensitivity to phase ratio. Using LMMGs as stabilizers is one of the effective strategies for preparing gel emulsions. Currently, developing LMMGs and stable gel emulsion systems in a rapid and convenient manner remains a challenge. To cope with the challenge, this study aims to develop a simple and efficient gel emulsion preparation method based on LMMGs. In this study, a cholesterol-based star-shaped derivative (CSD) was designed and synthesized as an LMMG. Based on gelation experiments, a high internal phase W/O gel emulsion system (H2O/CSD-poly(oligo)-dimethylsiloxane/dichloromethane) was successfully developed and stabilized synergistically by the stabilizer (CSD) and the crosslinker (poly(oligo)-dimethylsiloxane with two olefinic bonds at its ends, D-PDMS). The results demonstrate that the synergistic interaction between CSD and D-PDMS is critical for the formation of the gel emulsion. Building on the original gel emulsion system, two novel in situ polymerizable gel emulsion systems (H2O/CSD-D-PDMS/dichloromethane-tert-butyl methacrylate and H2O/CSD-D-PDMS/dichloromethane-N-tert-butyl methacrylamide) were successfully developed by introducing suitable amphiphilic (hydrophilic/lipophilic) polymerizable monomers. This study found that changes in the amphiphilicity of the introduced monomers significantly affected the stability and microscopic morphology of the gel emulsion system. The findings indicate that constructing a hydrophilic/lipophilic balanced system via the synergistic action of stabilizers and crosslinkers in a solvent system, followed by the introduction of polymerizable monomers, is a simple and efficient method for rapidly developing novel polymerizable gel emulsions. These new polymerizable gel emulsions lay the foundation for the subsequent preparation of porous organic polymers (POPs).
Small-Molecule Tyrosinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Hyperpigmentation
Authors: Ni Xinhua , Luo Xinyu , Jiang Xiaoying , Chen Wenchao , Bai Renren
Published: February 2025

Increasing attention is being focused on skin health currently, especially the excessive deposition of melanin in the skin. Tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin biosynthesis, is a crucial enzyme in melanin synthesis. However, existing tyrosinase inhibitors pose some degree of toxicity to humans. Therefore, the development of more efficient and low-toxicity tyrosinase inhibitors is urgently needed. This review briefly depicts the melanin biosynthesis process and the crystal structure and catalytic mechanism of tyrosinase. The latest research progress regarding small-molecule tyrosinase inhibitors is also reviewed. Moreover, the structure–function relationships are analyzed and summarized. This is expected to provide new and more scientific insights to enable researchers to explore safer and more potent tyrosinase inhibitors.
Recent Advances in Vanadate-Based Materials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Sasikumar Kandasamy , Ju Heongkyu
Published: February 2025

Metal vanadates are a developing group of semiconducting metal oxide materials that are gaining increasing attention due to their great redox potential, effective separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, and tunability of structural and physicochemical properties. Their rational design as effective photocatalysts can find use in various applications, including energy conversion/storage and environmental remediation. In particular, one of the viable ways to address energy-related issues can be through the sustainable production of hydrogen (H2), a clean fuel produced by photocatalysis using metal vanadates. However, the rapid recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs limits their practical use as effective photocatalysts, and thus, many efforts have been devoted to optimizing metal vanadates to enhance their efficiency. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review that deals with the recent development strategies of metal (Ni, Fe, Zn, Ag, In, Bi, rare earth, etc.) vanadates with the working mechanisms. Their synthesis, doping, cocatalyst loading, heterojunction creation, and carbon loading are also reviewed for photocatalytic H2 production. The challenges that metal vanadate-based photocatalysts have been facing are also discussed along with their significant potential for environmentally friendly and sustainable clean fuel production.
Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, and Biological Activity of Extracts and Non-Volatile Compounds from Lantana camara L. and Semisynthetic Derivatives—An Updated Review
Authors: Ramírez Jorge , Armijos Chabaco , Espinosa-Ortega Nelson , Castillo Leydy Nathaly , Vidari Giovanni
Published: February 2025

Lantana camara L., commonly known as pigeon berry, is a herbaceous plant of growing scientific interest due to the high medicinal value. In fact, despite being categorized as an invasive species, it has been used for a long time to treat different diseases thanks to the many biological activities. Triterpenes, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and iridoid glycosides are the bioactive compounds naturally occurring in L. camara that have demonstrated anticancer, antifilarial, nematocidal, antibacterial, insecticidal, antileishmanial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The aim of this review is to update the information concerning the chemistry and biological activity of L. camara extracts and their constituents, including semisynthetic derivatives, revising the literature until June 2024. We believe that the data reported in this review clearly demonstrate the importance of the plant as a promising source of medicines and will therefore stimulate further investigations.
Correction: Taniuchi et al. The Combination of Binding Avidity of Ovomucoid-Specific IgE Antibody and Specific IgG4 Antibody Can Predict Positive Outcomes of Oral Food Challenges during Stepwise Slow Oral Immunotherapy in Children with Hen’s Egg Allergy. Nutrients 2023, 15, 2770
Authors: Taniuchi Shoichiro , Sakai Rika , Nishida Takahiro , Goma Meguru , Mitomori Masatoshi , Imaide Aya , Enomoto Masahiro , Nishino Masamitsu , Okizuka Yo , Kido Hiroshi
Published: February 2025

The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper [...]
Building Healthier Communities in the Workplace: The Impact of a Year-Long Lifestyle Intervention on Food Access, Quality of Life, and Health Metrics
Authors: Yona Orit Afumado , Boaz Mona , Ben-Yaish Shir , Kaufman-Shriqui Vered
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The present study assessed the impact of a year-long community-engaged lifestyle intervention to improve healthy food access, anthropometric measures, and quality of life among factory workers. Methods: A total of 80 workers aged 20–65 participated in this quasi-experimental pre–post intervention with nine dietitian-led sessions, weekly physical activity classes, and adjustments to the factory food menu. Volunteer health leaders from the workforce played a pivotal role as project stakeholders, promoting the initiative, liaising with the food supplier, advocating for physical activity hours with management, and supporting activity dissemination. Data were collected at baseline, four months, and one year, including weight, waist circumference, dietary intake, physical activity, and quality of life (SF-36 questionnaire). Results: Waist circumference significantly decreased after 4 and 12 months. Regression models showed that each additional year of age correlated with a 0.72 cm reduction, while over 150 min of weekly physical activity was associated with a 6.58 cm decrease. The mental health component of the quality of life scores improved from 73.1 ± 18.5 to 78.7 ± 17.6 (p = 0.017), alongside reductions in sugar and sodium intake. The intervention cost ILS 4875 (EUR 1314 or USD 1369) per employee annually. Conclusions: This community-engaged, dietitian-led intervention significantly improved factory workers’ health and well-being, providing a cost-effective solution.
From Pregnancy to Breastfeeding: The Role of Maternal Exercise in Preventing Childhood Obesity
Authors: Calcaterra Valeria , Cena Hellas , Pirazzi Agnese , Sottotetti Francesca , Cordaro Erika , Cavallo Caterina , Milanta Chiara , El Masri Dana , Conti Maria Vittoria , Vandoni Matteo , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo
Published: February 2025

Low adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors during pregnancy and lactation is strongly associated with a higher risk of childhood obesity. This narrative review aims to elucidate and summarize the pivotal role played by physical activity (PA) during pregnancy and breastfeeding, highlighting the potential mechanisms linking PA in these periods to the prevention of childhood obesity. Maternal exercise during pregnancy and breastfeeding significantly reduces the risk of childhood obesity by enhancing fetal metabolism, supporting healthy maternal weight management, and promoting improved breastfeeding practices. Pregnancy and the postpartum period represent critical windows for implementing preventive strategies that benefit both the mother and child. Encouraging an active lifestyle during pregnancy and breastfeeding is a vital public health strategy with extensive benefits. Healthcare professionals play a crucial role in creating supportive environments and providing tailored guidance to empower mothers to engage in regular PA. This approach not only enhances individual health outcomes but also contributes to the broader goal of fostering healthier communities.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Conjugated Peptide Lunatin-Folate
Authors: de Souza Amanda Neves , de Castro Pimenta Adriano Monteiro , Verly Rodrigo Moreira
Published: February 2025

Bioactive peptides are promising therapeutic agents due to their antimicrobial and anticancer activities, although their lack of selectivity often limits clinical applications. This study demonstrates the optimal synthetic route for conjugating folic acid (FA) with the bioactive peptide Lunatin-1, aiming to improve selectivity for neoplastic cells. The synthesis combines solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition to link folic acid to Lunatin-1 via a triazole ring. Using the model tripeptide FIG-NH2, key intermediates and the final product were characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Reaction yields and purity were optimized with FIG-NH2, providing a reproducible synthesis pathway. Additionally, the results confirmed successful conjugation, with the FA-Trz-Luna product exhibiting molecular integrity and structural stability, as validated by spectral analyses. This study highlights a potential synthesis route for peptide-folate conjugates to be used as selective and multifunctional therapeutic agents, laying the groundwork for biological evaluations of their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties.
Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Feline Patients Admitted to a Small Animal Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Central Germany over 11 Years (2012–2023)
Authors: Altner Nils , Kemmling Laura , Rentería-Solís Zaida , Obiegala Anna , Fietz Simone A. , Heilmann Romy M.
Published: February 2025

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite in cats that can be a cause of zoonotic concern due to sheding infectious and highly resistant oocysts. Clinical toxoplasmosis is rare in cats and can occur with mild to severe clinical signs or even fatal outcomes. T. gondii immunoglobulin M (IgM) or IgG is an indicator of ongoing or prior infection. Information about T. gondii occurrence in the domestic cat population, primary clinical concerns about affected cats, and potential risk factors is scarce in Germany. This retrospective study explored data from 174 feline patients (≥12 weeks old) presented to a tertiary veterinary care facility in central Germany between 2012 and 2023. T. gondii serological status, determined as part of the cats’ routine diagnostic evaluation, was assessed in relation to patient characteristics, environmental factors, medical history data, and clinical diagnosis. Neurological (57%), locomotor (25%), and ocular signs (11%) were common, and older age was associated with the presence of IgG (p = 0.008). Sex had no significant effects on T. gondii antibody positivity (p = 0.865). More outdoor cats than indoor-only cats were T. gondii IgG-positive (p = 0.021), and IgG-seropositive animals received a canned/wet diet more often than a dry kibble diet (p < 0.0001). Clinical representations aligned with previous studies, and age, choice of food, and outdoor living (p = 0.021) were significant predisposing factors.
Advances in Oral Biomacromolecule Therapies for Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Jiao Qiuxia , Huang Yuan , He Jinhan , Xu Yining
Published: February 2025

Metabolic diseases like obesity and diabetes are on the rise, and therapies with biomacromolecules (such as proteins, peptides, antibodies, and oligonucleotides) play a crucial role in their treatment. However, these drugs are traditionally injected. For patients with chronic diseases (e.g., metabolic diseases), long-term injections are accompanied by inconvenience and low compliance. Oral administration is preferred, but the delivery of biomacromolecules is challenging due to gastrointestinal barriers. In this article, we introduce the available biomacromolecule drugs for the treatment of metabolic diseases. The gastrointestinal barriers to oral drug delivery and strategies to overcome these barriers are also explored. We then discuss strategies for alleviating metabolic defects, including glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and energy metabolism, with oral biomacromolecules such as insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors, fibroblast growth factor 21 analogues, and peptide YY analogues.
Floating Multi-Focus Metalens for High-Efficiency Airborne Laser Wireless Charging
Authors: Meng Zheting , Xiao Yuting , Chen Lianwei , Wang Si , Fang Yao , Zhou Jiangning , Li Yang , Zhang Dapeng , Pu Mingbo , Luo Xiangang
Published: February 2025

Laser wireless power transfer (LWPT) offers a transformative approach to wireless energy transmission, addressing critical limitations in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) such as battery energy limitation. However, challenges like beam divergence, non-uniform irradiation, and alignment instability limit its practical application. Here, we present a lightweight air-floating metalens platform to overcome these barriers. This innovative lens focuses laser beams near the photovoltaic receiver with an energy distribution uniformity across a single spot at the focal plane that is 50 times greater than that of a conventional Gaussian beam spot, achieving a multi-spot energy distribution uniformity of up to 99% theoretically. Experimentally, we achieved 75% uniformity using a metalens sample. Simultaneously, our system maintains superior beam quality within a dynamic range of 4 m and enhances charging efficiency by 1.5 times. Our research provides a robust technical solution to improve UAV endurance, enabling efficient, long-range wireless power transfer and opening broader technological implications.
Role of Plants and Urban Soils in Carbon Stock: Status, Modulators, and Sustainable Management Practices
Authors: Fiorentino Antonino , Rajput Farah Zahoor , Di Serio Annamaria , Baldi Vincenzo , Guarino Francesco , Baldantoni Daniela , Ronga Domenico , Mazzei Pierluigi , Motta Oriana , Falanga Mariarosaria , Cicatelli Angela , Castiglione Stefano
Published: February 2025

Urban soils are vital components of urban ecosystems, significantly influenced by anthropogenic activities and environmental factors. Despite misconceptions about their quality, urban soils play a pivotal role in carbon (C) cycling and storage, impacting global emissions and sequestration. However, challenges such as soil contamination, land use changes, and urban expansion pose significant threats to soil quality and C storage capacity. Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing interest in the C storage potential of soils as part of climate change mitigation strategies. In this review, a bibliometric analysis covering the last twenty years (2004–2024) was performed to offer insights into global research trends, mainly in urban soils of the Mediterranean region. This paper also identifies research gaps and proposes essential solutions for mitigating the negative impacts of urbanization on soil biodiversity and functions. Key modulators, including plants, microbes, and soil features, are highlighted for their role in C dynamics, emphasizing the importance of effective soil and vegetation management to enhance C sequestration and ecosystem services. Strategies such as reintroducing nature into urban areas and applying organic amendments are promising in improving soil quality and microbial diversity. Further research and awareness are essential to maximize the effectiveness of these strategies, ensuring sustainable urban soil management and climate resilience.
Changes in the Responses of Leaf Gas Exchange to Temperature and Photosynthesis Model Parameters in Four C3 Species in the Field
Authors: Bunce James
Published: February 2025

Substantial variation in the temperature dependence of parameters of the Farquhar, von Caemmerer, and Berry C3 photosynthesis model, as well as those of in vitro Rubisco kinetic characteristics, have been observed in controlled conditions but have seldom been systematically examined in the field. In this work, A vs. Ci curves were measured over a 15 or 20 °C range of temperature in four C3 species growing outdoors on two occasions about three weeks apart early in the growing season and also once near mid-season when air temperatures were more stable. The two early season occasions were chosen for having contrasting temperatures for 3 to 4 days preceding the measurements. Low temperatures (mean maximum/minimum temperatures of 19/11 °C) resulted in higher values of the VCmax of Rubisco and Jmax at a given measurement temperature in most species compared with higher temperatures (max/min 31/25 °C). The apparent activation energy of VCmax of Rubisco ranged from 56 to 82 kJ mol−1, and that of electron transport (Jmax) ranged from 28 to 56 kJ mol−1 across species and temperatures. In three of the four species, the activation energy of VCmax decreased and that of Jmax increased after the cooler temperatures. Stomatal conductance measured at 20 and 25 °C increased strongly with the prior warm temperatures in all species. Measurements made near mid-season, after a period of relatively stable temperatures (mean maximum/minimum temperatures of 27/18 °C), also indicated a wide range of values of the activation energies of VCmax and Jmax among these species.
Adaptive Defense Mechanism During Flowering Period of Rhododendron decorum Revealed by Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis
Authors: Liu Weiwei , Yu Chenghua , Yang Kaiye , Wang Ling , Gao Lianming , Mo Xinchun
Published: February 2025

Rhododendron decorum, a widely distributed Rhododendron species in southwestern China, is recognized not only for its significant ornamental value but also as a culinary resource for local tribes. However, the defense mechanisms underlying the ecological adaptations of R. decorum remain to be elucidated. In this study, we conducted comparative transcriptomic analyses of various organs (corolla, androecium/gynoecium and leaves) of R. decorum collected from two distinct two regions. Approximately 186.98 Gb of clean data were generated from three organs of R. decorum across these regions. Through de novo assembly, a total of 92,025 unigenes were obtained and nearly half of them (43,515 unigenes) were successfully annotated. Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within three comparative groups of different organs (HQI/LFI, HQO/LFO and HQL/LFL, respectively) revealed that the distribution of R. decorum in the Heqing region exhibited an increased requirement for plant immunity, including resistance to diseases, insects, and herbivores across various plant organs. Conversely, R. decorum in the Lijiang region showed a greater reliance on environmental factors, such as cold tolerance, aromatic compounds production, and the attraction of pollinating insects. Notably, the validation of 21 pivotal genes identified from significantly regulated enrichment pathways across different organs showed functional consistency in the KEGG enrichment analysis among different organs in these two regions. The functional disparities observed in the transcriptome of R. decorum across distinct regions provide valuable insight into the understanding of its adaptive defense mechanism.
Change in Thermodynamic Entropy and Free Volume of Epoxy Resin During Tensile Deformation
Authors: Inoue Takuma , Oya Yutaka , Koyanagi Jun , Sakai Takenobu
Published: February 2025

The relationship between thermodynamic entropy generation and free volume changes during the tensile deformation of epoxy resin was investigated. Thermodynamic entropy generation was evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) for samples at various strain levels, while free volume changes were measured with positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). Volumetric strain was assessed through the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The results showed that both thermodynamic entropy and free volume increase during tensile deformation, and the average free volume radius becomes more uniform. It was observed that thermodynamic entropy generation and free volume each exhibit a linear relationship with volumetric strain. Additionally, thermodynamic entropy generation increased linearly with free volume. These findings suggest that the increase in thermodynamic entropy during tensile deformation is attributed to irreversible changes, such as the expansion of free volume within the material.
Design and Optimization of Polyaniline/SWCNT Anodes for Improved Lithium-Ion Storage
Authors: Channabasavana Hundi Puttaningaiah Keshavananda Prabhu
Published: February 2025

The integration of polyaniline (PANI) with single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) offers a promising technique to improve the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery (LIB) anodes. In this work, we report on the synthesis and advanced optimization of PANI/SWCNT composite anodes aimed toward further developing lithium-ion (Li+) storage capacity. A proper characterization, including SEM and XRD, revealed the well-defined morphology and synergistic collaboration among PANI and SWCNTs. Electrochemical evaluations showed that the PANI anodes display predominant Li+ storage capacities, with a high specific capacity of 528 mA g−1 at 100 mA g−1, and the 10 wt% SWCNT-doped PANI (PANI/10 wt% SWCNT) composite demonstrated an exceptional cycling performance of 830 mA g−1 at 100 mA g−1 and excellent capacity retention (101% after 200 cycles). Cyclic voltammetry demonstrated reduced charge transfer resistance and improved ion diffusion kinetics. These improvements originate from the correlative properties of PANI’s redox activity and SWCNT’s conductivity, which enable effective Li+ transport and intercalation. This work features the capability of PANI/SWCNT composites as superior-performance anode materials for advanced LIBs, tending to key difficulties of energy density and cycling stability. The discoveries establish the importance of additional investigation of polymer–carbon nanocomposites in advanced energy storage systems.
Thermochromically Enhanced Lubricant System for Temperature Measurement in Cold Forming
Authors: Kuhn Christoph , Volke Patrick , Groche Peter
Published: February 2025

Cold forming offers high dimensional accuracy, energy and cost efficiency in the mass production of highly stressed components but is also associated with high tribological loads. Complex lubrication systems are required to ensure smooth production. As environmental standards rise, traditional zinc phosphate-based lubricants are to be replaced by less harmful single-layer systems. However, these new lubricants are temperature-sensitive, which requires precise knowledge of the temperatures in the forming zone for optimal design. Due to high compressive stress, conventional measuring methods cannot measure temperatures directly in the forming zone. In this work, lubricants are expanded into a temperature sensor using thermochromic pigments so that temperatures can be measured directly in the forming zone. This work outlines the selection and integration of the indicators, the development of a calibration method for thermochromic lubricants to characterize the correlation between colour value and temperature. It is shown that the lubricant behaviour does not deteriorate up to concentrations of 10%. The transfer of the measurement methodology from the laboratory application to the industrial multi-stage process has been successfully implemented and local temperature peaks are measured directly in the contact zone and correspond to the simulation results. The results of the work show an approach to closing the gap identified in existing research work, namely that the temperature cannot be measured directly in the forming zone during cold forging. The measuring system developed can be transferred to various processes in the future and contribute to the identification of correlations between temperature, lubricant failure and wear.
In the Footsteps of Tradition: Reinventing the Paths of Santa Faz Within the Paradigm of Sustainability and Territorial Development in Alicante
Authors: Rosser Pablo , Soler Seila
Published: February 2025

The Santa Faz Pilgrimage, with over 600 years of history and as Spain’s second most significant pilgrimage, is at a critical point due to urbanization and inadequate planning. This study explores revitalizing and enhancing the historical Santa Faz routes, integrating cultural tourism, environmental sustainability, and socioeconomic benefits. Recognized as an Intangible Cultural Heritage, the pilgrimage impacts Alicante’s cultural landscape yet faces pressure from modern urban development. Using a multidisciplinary approach aligned with the UN’s 2030 Sustainable Development Goals, the study proposes alternative routes, such as a “green route” through ancient paths and water routes, a Villafranqueza route, and one from the former Monastery of Los Ángeles. These paths would be revived through local reforestation, sustainable tourism infrastructure, and rest areas for pilgrims. The restoration of the Santa Faz paths is seen as vital for cultural heritage conservation, sustainable tourism, and job creation, with both opportunities and challenges in integrating these routes into the Council of Europe’s Cultural Routes. The study advocates modifying the urban plan and promoting employment in heritage and tourism management, emphasizing the need for ongoing research and cross-disciplinary collaboration to secure the long-term preservation and development of these culturally significant spaces.
The Contributions of University Chaplains to Suicide Prevention: Results from International Multimethod Research
Authors: Saliba Serena Margaret
Published: February 2025

Suicide is a significant public health issue and a leading cause of death amongst those aged 15 to 29, making it particularly relevant in the university context, where many students fall within this age range. Universities are motivated to promote student wellbeing, as it is closely linked to academic achievement and overall satisfaction with the university experience. University chaplains play a vital role on campuses, providing spiritual care to the entire university community. Whilst their contributions to suicide prevention are acknowledged, there is a notable lack of explicit research in this area. This paper presents the results of an online multimethod questionnaire on the self-reported contributions of university chaplains to suicide prevention, involving 50 participants working in 16 different countries. The findings indicate that university chaplains self-report contributing to all three levels of the suicide prevention framework: prevention, intervention, and postvention, with prevention being the area where they feel they contribute most. This paper also explores the wellbeing practices of university chaplains, key elements of university chaplaincy, and various aspects of the professionalisation of university chaplaincy.
Inversion of Leaf Chlorophyll Content in Different Growth Periods of Maize Based on Multi-Source Data from “Sky–Space–Ground”
Authors: Nile Wu , Rina Su , Mula Na , Ersi Cha , Bao Yulong , Zhang Jiquan , Tong Zhijun , Liu Xingpeng , Zhao Chunli
Published: February 2025

Leaf chlorophyll content (LCC) is a key indicator of crop growth condition. Real-time, non-destructive, rapid, and accurate LCC monitoring is of paramount importance for precision agriculture management. This study proposes an improved method based on multi-source data, combining the Sentinel-2A spectral response function (SRF) and computer algorithms, to overcome the limitations of traditional methods. First, the equivalent remote sensing reflectance of Sentinel-2A was simulated by combining UAV hyperspectral images with ground experimental data. Then, using grey relational analysis (GRA) and the maximum information coefficient (MIC) algorithm, we explored the complex relationship between the vegetation indices (VIs) and LCC, and further selected feature variables. Meanwhile, we utilized three spectral indices (DSI, NDSI, RSI) to identify sensitive band combinations for LCC and further analyzed the response relationship of the original bands to LCC. On this basis, we selected three nonlinear machine learning models (XGBoost, RFR, SVR) and one multiple linear regression model (PLSR) to construct the LCC inversion model, and we chose the optimal model to generate spatial distribution maps of maize LCC at the regional scale. The results indicate that there is a significant nonlinear correlation between the VIs and LCC, with the XGBoost, RFR, and SVR models outperforming the PLSR model. Among them, the XGBoost_MIC model achieved the best LCC inversion results during the tasseling stage (VT) of maize growth. In the UAV hyperspectral data, the model achieved an R2 = 0.962 and an RMSE = 5.590 mg/m2 in the training set, and an R2 = 0.582 and an RMSE = 6.019 mg/m2 in the test set. For the Sentinel-2A-simulated spectral data, the training set had an R2 = 0.923 and an RMSE = 8.097 mg/m2, while the test set showed an R2 = 0.837 and an RMSE = 3.250 mg/m2, which indicates an improvement in test set accuracy. On a regional scale, the LCC inversion model also yielded good results (train R2 = 0.76, test R2 = 0.88, RMSE = 18.83 mg/m2). In conclusion, the method proposed in this study not only significantly improves the accuracy of traditional methods but also, with its outstanding versatility, can achieve rapid, non-destructive, and precise crop growth monitoring in different regions and for various crop types, demonstrating broad application prospects and significant practical value in precision agriculture.
Ground-Based RFI Source Localization via Single-Channel SAR Using Pulse Range Difference of Arrival
Authors: Wan Jiaxin , Han Bing , Xiang Jianbing , Yin Di , Zhang Shangyu , He Jiazhi , Shen Jiayuan , Feng Yugang
Published: February 2025

Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) significantly degrades the quality of spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images, and RFI source localization is a crucial component of SAR interference mitigation. Single-station, single-channel SAR, referred to as single-channel SAR, is the most common operational mode of spaceborne SAR. However, studies on RFI source localization for this system are limited, and the localization accuracy remains low. This paper presents a method for locating the ground-based RFI source using spaceborne single-channel SAR echo data. First, matched filtering is employed to estimate the range and azimuth times of the RFI pulse-by-pulse in the SAR echo domain. A non-convex localization model using Pulse Range Difference of Arrival (PRDOA) is established based on the SAR observation geometry. Then, by applying Weighted Least Squares and Semidefinite Relaxation, the localization model is transformed into a convex optimization problem, allowing for the solution of its global optimal solution to achieve RFI source localization. Furthermore, the error analysis on the PRDOA localization model is conducted and the Cramér–Rao Lower Bound is derived. Based on the simulation platform and the SAR level-0 raw data of Gaofen-3, we conduct several verification experiments, with the Pulse Time of Arrival localization selected for comparison. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves localization accuracy with a hundred-meter error in azimuth and a kilometer-level total error, with the total localization errors reduced to approximately 1/4 to 1/3 of those of the Pulse Time of Arrival method.
Sea Surface Wind Speed Retrieval Using Gaofen-3-02 SAR Full Polarization Data
Authors: Zhang Kuo , Hu Yuxin , Yang Junxin , Wang Xiaochen
Published: February 2025

The primary payload onboard the Gaofen-3-02 (GF3-02) satellite is a C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) capable of achieving a maximum resolution of 1 m. This instrument is critical to monitor the marine environment, particularly for tracking sea surface wind speeds, an important marine environmental parameter. In this study, we utilized 192 sets of GF3-02 SAR data, acquired in Quad-Polarization Strip I (QPSI) mode in March 2022, to retrieve sea surface wind speeds. Prior to wind speed retrieval for vertical-vertical (VV) polarization, radiometric calibration accuracy was analyzed, yielding good performance. The results showed a bias and root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 0.02 m/s and 1.36 m/s, respectively, when compared to the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis V5 (ERA5) data. For horizontal–horizontal (HH) polarization, two types of polarization ratio (PR) models were introduced based on the GF3-02 SAR data. Combining these refitted PR models with CMOD5.N, the results for HH polarization exhibited a bias of −0.18 m/s and an RMSE of 1.25 m/s in comparison to the ERA5 data. Regarding vertical–horizontal (VH) polarization, two linear models based on both measured normalized radar cross sections (NRCSs) and denoised NRCSs were developed. The findings indicate that denoising significantly enhances the accuracy of wind speed measurements for VH polarization when dealing with low wind speeds. When compared against buoy data, the wind speed retrieval results demonstrated a bias of 0.23 m/s and an RMSE of 1.77 m/s. Finally, a comparative analysis of the above retrieval results across all three polarizations was conducted to further understand their respective performances.
Partitioning Green and Blue Evapotranspiration by Improving Budyko Equation Using Remote Sensing Observations in an Arid/Semi-Arid Inland River Basin in China
Authors: Zhou Dingwang , Zheng Chaolei , Jia Li , Menenti Massimo
Published: February 2025

The estimation of water requirements constitutes a critical prerequisite for delineating water scarcity hotspots and mitigating intersectoral competition, particularly in endorheic basins in arid or semi-arid regions where hydrological closure exacerbates resource allocation conflicts. Under conditions of water scarcity, water supplied locally by precipitation and shallow groundwater bodies should be taken into account to estimate the net water requirements to be met with water conveyed from off-site sources. This concept is embodied in the distinction of blue ET (BET) and green ET (GET). In this study, the Budyko hypothesis (BH) method was optimized to partition the total ET into GET and BET during 2001–2018 in the Heihe River Basin. In this region, a better knowledge of net water requirements is even more important due to water allocation policies which reduced water supply to irrigated lands in the last 15 years. This study proposes a modified BH method based on a new vegetation-specific parameter (ωv) which was optimized for different vegetation types using precipitation and actual ET data obtained from remote sensing observations. The results show that the BH method partitioned GET and BET reasonably well, with a percent bias of 23.8% and 37.4% and a root mean square error of 84.8 mm/a and 113.6 mm/a, respectively, when compared with reported data, which are superior to that of the precipitation deficit and soil water balance methods. A sensitivity experiment showed that the BH method exhibits a low sensitivity to uncertainties of input data. The results documented differences in the contribution of GET and BET to total ET across different land cover types in the Heihe River Basin. As expected, rainfed forest and grassland ecosystems are predominantly governed by GET, with 81.3% and 87.2% of total ET, respectively. In contrast, croplands and shrublands are primarily regulated by BET, with contributions of 61.5% and 84.3% to total ET. The improved BH method developed in this study paves the way for further analyses of the net water requirements in arid and semi-arid regions.
Multi-Size Voxel Cube (MSVC) Algorithm—A Novel Method for Terrain Filtering from Dense Point Clouds Using a Deep Neural Network
Authors: Štroner Martin , Boušek Martin , Kučera Jakub , Váchová Hana , Urban Rudolf
Published: February 2025

When filtering highly rugged terrain from dense point clouds (particularly in technical applications such as civil engineering), the most widely used filtering approaches yield suboptimal results. Here, we proposed and tested a novel ground-filtering algorithm, a multi-size voxel cube (MSVC), utilizing a deep neural network. This is based on the voxelization of the point cloud, the classification of individual voxels as ground or non-ground using surrounding voxels (a “voxel cube” of 9 × 9 × 9 voxels), and the gradual reduction in voxel size, allowing the acquisition of custom-level detail and highly rugged terrain from dense point clouds. The MSVC performance on two dense point clouds, capturing highly rugged areas with dense vegetation cover, was compared with that of the widely used cloth simulation filter (CSF) using manually classified terrain as the reference. MSVC consistently outperformed the CSF filter in terms of the correctly identified ground points, correctly identified non-ground points, balanced accuracy, and the F-score. Another advantage of this filter lay in its easy adaptability to any type of terrain, enabled by the utilization of machine learning. The only disadvantage lay in the necessity to manually prepare training data. On the other hand, we aim to account for this in the future by producing neural networks trained for individual landscape types, thus eliminating this phase of the work.