bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La nécessité d'un programme d'amélioration de certaines essences forestières feuillues : Applications aux genres Juglans et Acer
Authors: Parrot L.
Published: February 2014

Although most of our tree-breeding programs are concerned with coniferous forest species, we must not neglect the valuable hardwoods exploited in our region. The need of these programs for hardwoods is undeniable and they should be based, as much as possible, on genecological studies.One such study illustrates the wide variation in genetic adaptation of Juglans nigra and indicates its practical implications. Further, these results were obtained from a short-term study of 17 provenances for variations in frost-hardiness at a single location.Intra-specific variation is being investigated in Juglans cinerea, a more common species in our region than the one previously mentioned and one which is also in strong demand for furniture-making and wood sculpture. The resulting data will permit the selection of the best seed zones. Such a breeding program could eventually support far more than small, local industries.Another project involving Acer saccharum describes the variation in sugar-content of sap in three maple stands sampled each spring from 1965 to 1969. Two stands were very homogeneous compared to the third. The magnitude of the differences maintained throughout the study period led to the selection of nine genotypes whose sugar contents varied from 4.6% to 9.7%, indicating maximum genetic gains on the order of 150%.Continued research in vegetative propagation of Acer saccharum is needed for the production of clonal populations for breeding programs.
Genetic Improvement of Red Pine and Eastern White Pine
Authors: Fowler D. P. , Heimburger C. C.
Published: February 2014

Present knowledge of the genetics of red and white pine is reviewed. The adequacy of the existing program is discussed and suggestions are made concerning the direction that future programs should follow.Red pine is genetically the least variable of any of the tree species that have been intensively studied. Genetic improvement of the species will be difficult, but by no means impossible. The expected improvement will be small in comparison to that which can be made with other coniferous species, but even a modest improvement may be economically justified where the species is potentially valuable in reforestation. Future research with red pine should concentrate on locating, producing, and utilizing additional genetic variation by: interprovenance and interspecific hybridization; individual tree selection with emphasis on growth rate, branch habit, and site adaption; and long-term studies with mutagenic agents.White pine is a genetically variable species in which considerable improvement can be made in growth characteristics, and in resistance to white pine blister rust, Cronartium ribicola Fischer, and to white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck). A good deal of effort has been expended on developing white pines resistant to blister rust. This resistance appears to be controlled by a large number of small-effect genes. White pine seed orchards have been established for the production of rust-resistant materials. Future work should emphasize combining rust resistance with weevil resistance into types with superior growth rate and growth form.
A Proposal for Wilderness Areas, Nature Reserves and Forestry in the Kenora Forest District
Authors: Burgar R. J.
Published: February 2014

Resolution of current conflicts between fibre production, wilderness area and nature reserve use of forest land depends largely on quantitative definition of the future needs for each use.Land required for future fibre production is estimated from forecasted demands for wood products. Description of the purposes and values of wilderness areas and nature reserves indicates their spatial requirements.Translation of these forecasts and descriptions into quantitative spatial estimates, using as an example Ontario's Kenora Forest District, indicates that the mutual realization of these three land uses is possible.
Vitality Determinations of Tree Tissue with Kilocycle and Megacycle Electrical Impedance
Authors: Glerum C.
Published: February 2014

Electrical impedance at one kilocycle and one megacycle frequency was measured on twigs of white spruce, red pine and silver maple, before and after freezing or boiling. The ratio of kilocycle over megacycle impedance ranged from 3.0 to 5.0 for living tissue, before treatment and from 1.1 to 1.6 for killed tissue, after treatment.
Fomes annosus Root and Butt Rot: A Threat in Managed Stands in Coastal British Columbia
Authors: Wallis G. W. , Reynolds G.
Published: February 2014

In coastal British Columbia stands, airborne spores of Fomes annosus are present throughout most of the year and are particularly numerous during October-November and February-March. Stumps of most commercial conifer species are susceptible to spore infection and the fungus can grow from diseased into healthy roots when in contact. Infection centers in immature stands have originated from mycelium present in stumps of the previous stands. Indications are that Fomes annosus root rot will be a significant problem should thinning become a common forest management practice if steps are not taken to control stump infection. Application of borax is recommended to reduce spore infection of stumps.
The Physical and Mechanical Properties of Whitebark Pine
Authors: Kasper J. B. , Szabo T.
Published: February 2014

The results of physical and mechanical tests on samples from five whitebark pines (Pinus albicaulis Engelm.) clearly indicate that this species should be classed as soft pine.
Mechanical Properties of Whitebark Pine
Authors: Keenan F. J. , Glavicic M. R. , Swindle P. W. , Cooper P. A.
Published: February 2014

Whitebark pine is a mountain species, usually considered non-commercial throughout its range. However, it appears as a dominant tree in mixed stands with lodgepole pine and hybrid spruce. The lumber processed from these trees is sold as lodge-pole pine which is in Group III of the National Building Code of Canada's species groups. Preliminary mechanical testing of whitebark pine specimens indicates that the wood is relatively weak and that it should belong in the Building Code's species Group IV, e.g., with the white pines.
Chemical Herbicides and Forestation
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

Weeds commonly impair the growth of forest crop trees. Control measures rely increasingly on herbicides, large-scale use of which dates from the development of chlorophenoxyacetic herbicides in the 1940's. Weed control is not to kill weeds but to divert growth resources into crop trees. The herbicide tool becomes increasingly powerful and versatile because of new herbicides and new ways of using them. Of the organic herbicides, only phenols have high mammalian toxicity. It is highly improbable that problems could arise from use of herbicides in normal forestry operations. Herbicides make available to crop trees nutrients that would otherwise be taken up by weeds and those that are released by killed weeds. Control measures are especially important during plantation establishment. Grasses and herbs, and woody weeds are the main types of weed growth. Effective control measures may be devised for almost any situation.
Conventional Hand and Machine Planting in Southern Ontario
Authors: Staley R. N.
Published: February 2014

Tree planting has been carried out in Southern Ontario since 1900 on sites ranging from coarse sands to slay to peat. Most of the tree planting has been on sandy soils of the marginal and sub-marginal agricultural lands with limited planting on bog sites.Trees are planted for commercial forest products, for soil stabilization, for soil rehabilitation, for windbreaks, and increasing each year, for aesthetic, recreational and habitat improvement values.In the early years, scotch pine and jack pine were planted. However, red pine, white pine and white spruce are now the primary species planted. Hardwood planting in general, has been unsuccessful.In 1967, approximately 13,500,000 trees were planted in Southern Ontario on 13,500 acres.
Innovations in Present Nursery Production of Conventional Planting Stock
Authors: Bamford A. H.
Published: February 2014

Nursery production is likened to a subsystem of the total reforestation system. The inputs to the nursery subsystem are categorized as environment, management, raw material, the production process, research and development and finally, quality control.The various input fields are considered in some detail for innovations which can lead to improvement in quality and economies in production as well as point the direction for future research effort.In order to close the loop on the system and provide the necessary feedback of information from planting projects close liaison must be maintained by co-ordinators.The ultimate criterion for measuring success of the total system is the cost per established tree. The co-ordinators must balance the quality of stock versus production cost interaction in the nurseries against this criterion in order to maintain an efficient total system.
Some effects of root dipping, root exposure and extended planting dates with white spruce
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

In 1967 a planting experiment was initiated at Midhurst Nursery with 3-0 white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) to examine the effects of dipping the roots in water immediately on lifting, and of exposure of roots to air for periods of up to 3 hours. Weekly liftings and (same day) plantings were used. The corresponding controls (minimum exposure) were an example of fresh-lift, quick-plant procedure through and extending the normal planting season for this area and species. The results were examined in terms of second-year survival percentages and terminal growth.A all times of lifting and planting, dipping was beneficial to survival (83.5 ± 4.7% dipped, 77.2 ± 7.0% non-dipped) and to terminal growth (9.46 ± 0.42 cm dipped, 9.0 ± 0.42 cm non-dipped).Increased time of exposure of roots caused considerable reduction in survival and growth. On the one rainy day of planting there was little adverse effect from exposure. The extended planting season showed that although survival was reasonable, there was an indication of the inhibition of terminal growth as the season progressed.
Effects of weed control on the survival and growth of planted black walnut, white ash and sugar maple
Authors: von Althen F. W.
Published: February 2014

not available
To plant or not to plant: land use on the barrens of southwestern Nova Scotia
Authors: Strang R. M.
Published: February 2014

not available
Survival and growth of some exotic firs in Newfoundland
Authors: Hall J. Peter , Singh Pritam , Schooley H. O.
Published: February 2014

not available
Mined-land reclamation in British Columbia
Authors: Hogg J. L. E.
Published: February 2014

not available
Simulation studies in the logging development program of the Canadian Forestry Service
Authors: Newnham R. M.
Published: February 2014

not available
The challenge is people
Authors: Moore Bill
Published: February 2014

not available
World consultation on forestry education and training
Authors: Sisam J. W. B.
Published: February 2014

not available
"Do I have a budworm-susceptible forest?"
Authors: van Raalte G. D.
Published: February 2014

not available
Occurrence and distribution of sugar maple in northern Cape Breton Island
Authors: Greenidge K. N. H.
Published: February 2014

not available
Impact of root rot and other diseases in young Douglas-fir plantations
Authors: Johnson A. L. S. , Wallis G. W. , Foster R. E.
Published: February 2014

not available
Projection of stumpage charge and harvesting costs for northern Ontario black spruce pulpwood to the year 2010
Authors: Payandeh Bijan
Published: February 2014

not available
The use and misuse of public forests in Ontario
Authors: Folkema Michael
Published: February 2014

Our merchantable timber supplies in Ontario are becoming depleted and our forest industries which are presently standing still will recede into a stage of still less importance. Overcutting in spruce and jackpine is equally serious. Dwindling timber supplies are largely the result of an inadequate reforestation policy. During the past 10 years there have been some increases in reforestation but they are only drops in the bucket. If we the people of Ontario want harvestable forests in the future we must press for an effective government policy to legislate that ALL the areas that are logged must be regenerated into harvestable forests. Only then can we be assured of a healthy economy in Ontario's forests.
Effect of a soil wetting agent on germination of four important British Columbia conifers
Authors: Edwards D. G.
Published: February 2014

not available
Seismic and resistivity exploration of soils and shallow bedrock in forestry research and management
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

not available
Theological ecology or Models and the real world
Authors: Bunnell Fred
Published: February 2014

not available
Integrating timber and wildlife management planning
Authors: Thompson Emmett F. , Halterman Bernard G. , Lyon Tunis J. , Miller Robert L.
Published: February 2014

not available
Approaches to multiple-use planning
Authors: Madill R. J.
Published: February 2014

not available
Problems and approaches in biological research related to mechanized reforestation
Authors: Sutton R. F.
Published: February 2014

not available
Armillaria root rot in aphid-damaged balsam fir in Newfoundland
Authors: Hudak J. , Wells R. E.
Published: February 2014

not available
White spruce limestone ecotypes
Authors: Teich A. H. , Holst M. J.
Published: February 2014

White spruce provenances from soils with limestone parent material, and non-limestone parent material were planted on calcareous and non-calcareous soils. The limestone provenances grew the most on calcareous soils: the non-limestone provenances grew the most on non-calcareous soils. Limestone ecotypes have evolved by natural selection.
Survey and control of small mammal populations on two hardwood plantations in southern Ontario
Authors: Radvanyi Andrew
Published: February 2014

Live trapping and tagging methods were employed to assess small mammal populations within two hardwood plantations in southern Ontario. Excessive girdling damage in past years to young planted trees necessitated an evaluation of rodent populations and development of effective control measures. The application of an anticoagulant rodenticide to oat groats bait broadcast over the study area at an ingredient cost of approximately three dollars per acre virtually wiped out the small mammals. Reinvasion from surrounding areas was, however, fairly rapid, particularly during late summer. Further research on longer term control measures using poisoned bait feeder stations is recommended.
Some planting effects still significant after 20 years
Authors: Mullin R. E.
Published: February 2014

A 1953 planting of unrefrigerated storage of 2-2 red pine contained tests of bales versus crates, and of two planting crews. Storage was to 31/2 weeks with plantings at 1/2 week intervals. Survival and diameter at 20 years have now been examined. Results show a decrease in survival with duration of holding, and an accompanying drop in basal area and volume, in spite of partially compensating increased diameters with lower densities. For one week of holding the loss of volume at 20 years was about 12%. Trees from crates survived about 12% better than those from bales, and achieved about 17% more volume at 20 years. Differences between planting crews, which did not show up in early survival or height, were significant in the 20th year diameters. One crew obtained about 14% better basal area and volume at 20 years than the other crew, through better planting.
Height growth of black spruce and jack pine seedlings in flooded flats
Authors: Stanek W.
Published: February 2014

Black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings were grown in a green-house on peat-filled flats flooded with nutrient solution or distilled water. None was aerated. However, an O2 concentration gradient existed across the flats, 3.0 – 3.7 ppm along the edges, and 1.4 – 1.9 ppm in the centers. After 4½ months seedlings of both species grew taller with nutrient solution than with distilled water. In flats supplied with nutrient solution, seedlings of both species grew taller along the edges than in the centers, whereas in flats supplied with distilled water height differential did not develop. Jack pine grew taller than black spruce under similar conditions.
Slope instability in relation to timber harvesting in the Chilliwack Provincial Forest
Authors: Ballard T. M. , Willington R. P.
Published: February 2014

Slope instability problems in the Chilliwack Forest are particularly prominent in areas of sedimentary rock and where very steep glaciated slopes persist. Increased frequency of slope failures often appears related to recent logging and road construction. Specific factors contributing to instability can be analyzed by interpreting site conditions in relation to soil shear strength and stress equations. Such analysis can be applied in planning roads and harvesting to minimize stability problems.
Root Rot and Stem Decay Following Commercial Thinning in Western Hemlock and Guidelines for Reducing Losses
Authors: Wallis G. W. , Morrison D. J.
Published: February 2014

Significant losses can occur following thinning in western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) if stump protection is not practised and attention is not given to minimizing stem and root injuries. As many as 12 new Fomes annosus root rot centers per hectare were created by a low thinning that removed only about 250 trees, when stumps were not treated. An annual loss to decay of 0.75% of the gross volume was recorded in trees severely injured during logging. Procedures for reducing losses to decay are given.
Provisional guidelines for fall lifting for frozen overwinter storage of nursery stock
Authors: Mullin R. E. , Parker J. D.
Published: February 2014

An experiment was started in the fall of 1972 to study the effects of the date of fall lifting on the post-planting performance of overwinter stored white spruce and jack pine. Storage at two temperatures was used, 0°F (−18 °C) and 26°F (−4 °C), with the former a failure, the latter successful. Spring planting indicated that "too early" outplanting is possible. Stored white spruce may be used to extend the planting season into late spring, but not jack pine.Degree-Hardening-Days, D-H-D, i.e. cumulative daily differences below 50°F from soil temperatures at 15 cm depth, is suggested as a possible criterion of stock readiness for storage. White spruce was about 200 D-H-D and jack pine about 375. By inferences from other experiments white pine is about 225 D-H-D and red pine about 300.
Can Bacillus Thuringiensis Replace Chemical Insecticides in the Control of Spruce Budworm?
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: February 2014

Recent demands by citizen groups calling for replacement of chemical insecticides by Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.), a microbial insecticide, for the control of spruce budworm have received considerable publicity. Effects of chemical spray operations on the forest environment are discussed, and progress made to date with trial applications of B.t. against spruce budworm is reported. Although great caution should be exercised in the aerial application of insecticides, there is no evidence that these chemical compounds at conventional dosages cause serious damage to the forest environment. Although a desirable substitute for chemicals, B.t. still presents many drawbacks and requires further experimentation before it can be recommended as an economic alternative for effective reduction of damage by spruce budworm.
Effects of Clearcut Logging on Wild Ungulates in the Central Albertan Foothills
Authors: Stelfox J. G. , Lynch G. M. , McGillis J. R.
Published: February 2014

The effects on big game of clearcut logging a mature white spruce forest (Picea glauca) in strips 10-chains wide, with residual strips 5-chains wide to be logged 12 years later, were studied in a 6-square-mile area of the Rocky Mountain foothills near Hinton, Alberta. Use by deer, elk and moose decreased during the first 5 years following clearcut logging with the decrease most pronounced in scarified cut-overs. Five years after logging, browse production in the unscarified area exceeded the 529 lb./acre in the unlogged forest. In years 9 and 17 the logged unscarified area produced three and four times as much browse as the unlogged forest while production in the logged scarified area averaged 10% below the unscarified area. Changes in species composition and height affected both browse utilization and cover. These habitat changes were further evident in estimates of ungulate use. Observed numbers of big game 17 years after logging and scarification were much lower than expected from the forage carrying-capacity estimates. Forage carrying capacity potentials were one moose/7.7, one elk/3.6 and one deer/0.7 acres. However, in summer, observed populations were one moose/213.3, one elk/71.1 and one deer/40.0 acres respectively. Observed use of the area dropped drastically in winter, apparently due to the absence of adequate cover, to no moose or elk and only one deer/1280 acres.
Point-3P Sampling: A Useful Timber Inventory Design
Authors: Rennie John C.
Published: February 2014

Point-3P sampling, a sampling method combining horizontal point sampling and 3-P sampling, is described. Field procedures, associated formulas and an example are presented.
Forestry-Wildlife: Whither the Future
Authors: Bunnell F. L.
Published: February 2014

Conditions in areas with higher ratios of people to trees than North America suggest changes in North American perspectives of forestry-wildlife relations. These conditions, as they were presented at a recent IUFRO meeting, are summarized. Implications of these conditions for North America are that our forestry-wildlife problems will acquire an increasing social dimension, while solutions will become increasingly varied and complex. The old-growth forests still present in North America will permit a degree of flexibility in management now lacking in much of Europe.
Forestry in a Mountain Environment
Authors: Waelti Hans
Published: February 2014

The importance of mountain forests in several countries is shown and the environmental role of geomorphologic processes, particularly the role of rare events and their significance for forestry, demonstrated. Planning of forestry operations must give recognition to these factors, if long lasting erosion problems are to be avoided. The development of environmentally acceptable and efficient logging systems and silvicultural practices for steep slopes is urgently required if the full potential of mountain forests is to be realized.
Forest Fertilization in Ireland
Authors: Farrell Edward P.
Published: February 2014

Fertilizers have been in operational use in Irish forestry for almost 25 years. At present, 12 000-16 000 ha of forest land are fertilized annually. Deficiencies of nitrogen and phosphorus are widely encountered, particularly in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) on infertile peatland sites. Forest fertilization research in Ireland has been centered, to a large extent, on the nutrition of this species on peat soils. Current work on mineral soils includes the investigation of the response to fertilizers on moderately fertile sites. Preliminary results indicate that phosphatic fertilizers may be effective in these situations.
The Seed Source-Environment Interaction: A Factor in Nursery Management
Authors: Morgenstern E. K.
Published: February 2014

The physiological condition of planting stock is an important criterion in plantation establishment and is related to seed origin, nursery or greenhouse environment, and conditions of storage and shipment. For the benefit of silvicultural planners and nurserymen, the genetic effects of seed origin are reviewed. Generally, seed sources from low latitudes and altitudes respond more slowly to warming temperatures in spring and declining length of day in autumn than sources from high latitudes and altitudes. If several sources are grown in the same nursery, there may be variation in phenology of root and shoot growth depending upon the distance of displacement from the place of seed origin to the nursery site. Such variation must be taken into account when plants are lifted, transplanted, fertilized and shipped, to apply treatments with maximum effect and attain a high percentage of field survival and rate of growth. Similarly, the temperature and day length requirements of different seed sources must be considered when designing optimum environments for container production. Displacement effects are not necessarily disadvantageous and have been beneficial in some cases, for example, when southern provenances were grown in northern nurseries with long days and mild fall climates. These effects should also be considered in the location of new nurseries.
White Spruce Seed Dispersal in Central British Columbia
Authors: Dobbs R. C.
Published: February 2014

Seed dispersal of white spruce (Picea glauca) (Moench) Voss) from stands bordering a large clearcut and a strip cut was studied. Seedfall fell sharply with distance from the clearcut edge to 100 m, but even at 300 m the average dispersed seed density exceeded 740 000 seeds/ha or 3% of that recorded within the stand. Dispersed seed density in the middle of the 200-metre-wide strip cut exceeded 1 300 000 seeds/ha or 20% of that recorded within the bordering stands. About one-third of the seeds was disseminated by the end of September.
Terrain Analysis from Landsat Imagery
Authors: Oswald E. T.
Published: February 2014

An evaluation of the use of unenhanced Landsat-1 imagery for depicting features of the earth's surface, which is important to resource management, was conducted in central British Columbia. Sampling was conducted, using as many as six scales of photography, along with ground observations. Some features, such as water bodies, rivers, drainage systems, mountains, snow fields and contrasting vegetation types, can be readily distinguished. Other features, such as major powerlines, roads and railroads, can often be seen, especially when they pass through forested areas, but may be confused on some land types. Within the forested areas, tonal differences reveal broad age- and density-classes. Lodgepole pine was the only species that could be distinguished with any degree of reliability, and only when it occurred in large pure stands. Landsat imagery is most useful in monitoring dynamic events, such as forest harvesting, alterations in Lake levels, snow distribution and some erosion patterns.
Root Deformities in Some Container-Grown Jack Pine in Southeastern Manitoba
Authors: Carlson L. W. , Nairn L. D.
Published: February 2014

The growth of containerized jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seedlings three years after outplanting was still influenced by the original container configuration. Paper material from paperpots still surrounded root systems and root deformities caused by container confinement were still evident. Three types of root deformities were noted: spiraling, container compression, and kinked roots. Spiraling and container compression were most severe with seedlings grown in the BC/CFS Styro 2 and the 408 paperpot. The use of a rib-type container should eliminate spiraling. Seedling growth was directly related to the volume of the original containers, but could not be correlated with deformities.
Recherches sylvicoles sur les feuillus nordiques à la Station forestière de Duchesnay
Authors: Robitaille Lise
Published: February 2014

Four silvicultural experiments are in progress at the Duchesnay Experimental Forest in stands dominated by sugar maple, yellow birch and beech. In the case of very defective old stands with a history of highgrading, five-year results demonstrate that clearcutting followed by planting could be used provided that unwanted vegetation is eliminated by herbicide application the year before planting and that fast growing species are used. Studies on diameter limit cutting and precommercial thinning for sawlog production, as well as thinning and fertilization for maple syrup production, are also described but results are not yet available.
Ripper Scarification: A Silvicultural Technique Developed in Northwestern Alberta
Authors: Norman Clyde M.
Published: February 2014

There are currently several different scarification techniques being applied silviculturally in Alberta. All techniques are designed around a crawler tractor equipped with a front-mounted dozer or ripper blade. Although these techniques are effective on better drained sites, their efficiency is limited on wet or frozen ground.Summer is the most suitable time for general reforestation operations but is often a very poor time for good forest access and site operability in low wet areas.With these considerations in mind, North Canadan Forest Industries Limited, Grande Prairie, determined the most economical time to carry out its scarification would be in winter when access is best and winter logging is in full scale operation. A parallelogram ripper mounted on the rear of a suitably sized crawler tractor has proven to be best suited for this heavy work. Equipment was designed, modified and built for use on the parallelogram ripper.Three thousand acres (1200 hectares) have been treated to date at a very reasonable cost, many of these acres being virtually untreatable during the summer or winter by conventional means.
Glyphosate Herbicide: An Assessment of Forestry Potential
Authors: Sutton Roy F.
Published: February 2014

Environmentally safe, yet potent in controlling herbs, grasses, and woody species, with possibilities for selective use, glyphosate (Roundup®) has great potential usefulness in forestry.In the small study reported here, twelve.01 ha plots were established in August, 1973 in dense 6-year-old shrub and hardwood post-fire regrowth near Chapleau, Ontario. In each plot, 16 rising 3 + 0 white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) were planted centrally at.9 m ×.9 m spacing. Six treatments with two replications were applied at random the next day: 1, control; 2, all woody vegetation cut off at ground level; 3, all woody vegetation cut off in central planted area of plot; 4, sprayed with 60 mL glyphosate in 1.892 L of water; 5, sprayed with double strength glyphosate; 6, sprayed with sextuple strength glyphosate. Eight trees in each plot were shielded during the spraying. Browsing affected 16% of the spruce after 2 weeks, 96% by spring. Half of each plot was replanted with eight white spruce (four of them caged against browsing) in May, 1974.The objectives were to observe the effect of glyphosate on hardwood and shrub competition, to assay this effect by white spruce outplantings, and to evaluate the resistance to glyphosate of newly planted white spruce. Glyphosate was highly effective in killing trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), and beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta Marsh.): pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L. f.) resprouted with moderate vigor. White spruce responded significantly (P.01) to first-year non-herbicide (i.e., immediate) weed control, but second-year height increment was significantly (P.001) less than that of the first year: second-year height increment in the glyphosate treatments was significantly (P.001) greater than in the non-herbicide treatments. Growth and survival were both affected by non-treatment disturbances, but shielding during spraying improved second-year survival significantly (P.001).
Future Forest Management Trends In Sweden
Authors: Andréason Ove
Published: February 2014

The structure and production of Swedish forests are described. It is pointed out that an imbalance in age classes will result in a serious decline in allowable cut unless growth is increased and utilization is improved. Interesting measures that are being adopted to maintain annual production at the normal level are described and discussed.
A Method to Evaluate White Spruce Cone Crops
Authors: Calvert R. F.
Published: February 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate variation in cone size and seed production in Manitoba white spruce so that general guides to seed collection could be developed. Relationships were established using regression techniques which permitted the development of a three category cone crop classification system based on the probable yield of sound seed from cones. It is tentatively suggested to use this system, that the mean number of filled seed on one half of longitudinal cone sections be determined from a minimum of five to ten cones taken from all aspects of the top two to three m of each of six to ten dominant or co-dominant trees. A crop quality rating is then determined by relating this to a graph which indicates a Good, Fair or Poor seed yield.
An Integrated Wildfire and Forest Inventory Management Information System
Authors: Tuinhof Nanning B. , Nicholls Gregory M.
Published: February 2014

In 1976 Manitoba established a computerized wildfire recording system which is integrated with the provincial forest inventory data banks. It is designed not only to facilitate data collection but also to provide estimates of timber volume loss records for fire history appraisals and to assist in improved forest management.The system enables foresters to determine volume losses with respect to such parameters as species, age class and site. It provides computer stored fire data which can be used to update forest inventory area and volume statistics, reforestation for second growth management records, and the recalculation of annual allowable cuts. Data for other resource concerns such as wildlife and watershed management can also be obtained.
Silviculture in the Eastern Deer Yards
Authors: Telfer E. S.
Published: February 2014

In northeastern North America white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) aggregate on small areas of habitat providing shelter against windchill and snow. Landscape types used include coniferous forests on south-facing lower slopes, conifer swamps, steep upper portions of southerly-facing slopes or low-lying dense conifer stands adjacent to sea coasts or large lakes. Management involves locating and evaluating yards, preservation of shelter, and provision of improved food sources adjacent to cover. Cutting to control stand density, species composition and age class distribution along with coniferous plantings are the main tools of management.
Predicting Wind-Caused Mortality in Strip-cut Stands of Peatland Black Spruce
Authors: Elling Arthur E. , Verry Elon S.
Published: February 2014

Wind-caused mortality in strip-cut peatland black spruce was found to be a function of residual stand size, length of exposed edge, and site index. We developed a simple equation, based on these variables, to predict wind-caused mortality. A table is included that shows conditions where wind-caused mortality exceeds net growth. Wind-caused mortality includes uprooting and main stem breakage.
Fall Lifting Dates, Overwinter Storage, and White Pine Seedling Performance
Authors: Mullin R. E. , Hutchison R. E.
Published: February 2014

The effects of the date of fall lifting on post-planting performance of overwinter stored 3 + 0 white pine were studied for two types of containers — the regular kraft-polyethylene bag and the polybin (a sturdy polyethylene bin with a peg-down cover, approximately 50 × 60 × 30 cm deep). Plantings of the stored stock (−3 °C) and of fresh stock from the same seedbeds were made. Second-year survival was taken and measurements of total height and terminal growth obtained.The results indicate that the Degree-Hardening-Days (D-H-D; cumulative daily differences of the minimum below base 50°F from soil temperatures at 15 cm depth) for fall lifting of white pine should be about 300 (D-H-D = 165 on base 10 °C). The previous suggestion of D-H-D = 225 (or D-H-D = 125 with base 10 °C) is now considered too low for safe storage. Polybins may be slightly inferior to kraft bags for storage of white pine because of the imperfect air seal.
Comparative Height Growth of Eastern Larch and Black Spruce in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Mead Douglas A.
Published: February 2014

Height growth of eastern larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) was determined using standard stem analysis methods on trees from two sites in northwestern Ontario. The data were obtained from mixed larch-spruce stands which were relatively undisturbed. The larch exhibited substantially better height growth than the spruce through age 65.
Internal Defect Resulting from Logging Wounds in Residual White Pine Trees
Authors: Whitney R. D. , Brace L. G.
Published: February 2014

About 20% of residual white pine (Pinus strobus L.) trees, 55 to 80 years old, were wounded despite a carefully supervised improvement logging operation. Five years after logging, samples of the most severe wound types revealed very little internal defect (avg of 0.25% of gross merchantable volume decayed and 0.39% stained). Thirteen decay-causing basidiomycetes were isolated from the decays and stains in wounded tissues, some of which (Stereum sanguinolentum (Alb. and Schw. ex Fr.) Fr., Coniophora puteana (Schum. ex Fr.) Karst., Fomes pini (Fr.) Karst., and Scytinostroma galactinum [Fr.] Donk), are known to be capable of extensive decay in mature white pine or other conifers. Several of the other fungi are of unpredictable importance in white pine. Felling scrapes and skidder scrapes on tree trunks, gouges in the wood caused by skidders, and broken tree tops were most frequently invaded by wood rotting fungi. Modifications to logging procedures are suggested that would reduce the incidence and severity of these wounds.
Growth Response of Northern Hardwoods to Partial Cutting in Southern Ontario
Authors: Ondro William J. , Love David V.
Published: February 2014

To test the effect of three methods of partial cutting on diameter growth and tree quality, three treatments (a light improvement cut based on individual tree selection, an improvement cut based on group tree selection, and a commercial cut) were applied removing approximately 20% of the stand volume, and a control area chosen. The stands, made up of american beech (Fagus grandiflora Ehrh.), sugar maple (Acer saccharum March.), and yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.), were located near Dorset, Haliburton County, Ontario, in the former University of Toronto Forest.Remeasurement data 10 years after cutting were used for treatment comparison. The commercial cut resulted in the greatest dbh increment. Although growth response was lower in the improvement cuts, most dbh increment occurred on trees of better quality. Dbh increment response was greater after group selection than individual tree selection.
The Economic Impact of Individual Fires on the Whole Forest
Authors: Wagner C. E. Van
Published: February 2014

A method is presented whereby the economic impact of a forest fire can be calculated, not just on the burned stand alone, but on the entire area under management. The main question is whether, when the burned area would have been ready for harvesting, another area will be substituted in its place. If so, then the economic impact is diffused throughout all stands younger or less desirable than the burned one, and the present value of the burned stand only may not be a fair measure of loss. The true loss would be, instead, the change in present value of the whole forest as a result of the fire. Some examples are given, and the effects of varying the rates of interest and forest growth are illustrated.
Lodgepole Pine and White Spruce Establishment After Glyphosate and Fertilizer Treatments of Grassy Cutover Forest Land.
Authors: Blackmore D. G. , Corns Wm. G.
Published: February 2014

Perennial herbaceous vegetation, mainly marsh reed grass, (Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx) Beauv.), was sprayed with glyphosate on the day before planting one-year-old plugs of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) on cutover forest land north of Edson, Alberta. Spraying at 4.5 kg ai/ha, included spot and strip applications in June 1976, compared with unsprayed scalps and controls. At the same time, all treatments were repeated plus a 9 g, 22-8-2 fertilizer tablet for each seedling. Another experiment at the same site, begun on August 1, 1976, compared scalp, unfertilized control and glyphosate strip treatments, followed by planting of pine seedlings the day after spraying 4.5 kg ai/ha glyphosate. An adjacent experiment, also commenced on August 1, included dosages of 1.1 to 5.6 kg ai/ha with planting of pine seedlings in 4.5 kg/ha and in control plots in May 1977. August application of 2.2 kg/ha provided excellent initial vegetation control, as effective as the larger amounts applied at that time, and was superior during the first 12 months to 4.5 kg/ha applied in June. Twenty-six months after the spring planting new shoot growth of fertilized pine in the glyphosate strips was statistically significantly greater than that for all other treatments and growth in fertilized scalps was also very good. At the same time leader growth of spruce in fertilized scalps was significantly greater than that for other treatments but growth in glyphosate strips did not exceed that of unfertilized controls. Contrary to results of spring planting, there was marked injury and mortality of pine planted in August in glyphosate plots which had been sprayed on the preceding day. Seedlings planted in glyphosate-treated strips nine months after the August spraying exceeded the growth of control plants but not until the year after they were planted.
Releasing Unweevilled White Pine to Ensure First-Log Quality of Final Crop
Authors: Stiell W. M.
Published: February 2014

A plantation of eastern white pine was established in 1939 on an old field, at the extremely close spacing of 0,66 × 0,66 m in an attempt to limit the occurrence and severity of damage by the white pine weevil. A pre-commercial thinning at age 19 released selected crop trees, unweevilled within the first 5-m log, which have since grown well and should survive to maturity if periodically released. The untreated part of the plantation showed sustained heavy mortality from suppression, drastically reducing the numbers of unweevilled trees which were mostly in the lower crown classes. It was concluded that even a dense stand of white pine will retain only a negligible number of trees without weevil damage to the first log through to the final crop, unless some form of protection is provided, or release thinnings are started at an early age. Plantation establishment at very close spacings is not economic, but early release could be a feasible approach to managing dense natural stands of open-grown white pine.
Estimation of Logging Costs and Timber Supply Curves from Forest Inventory Data
Authors: Berndt Ernst R. , Cox Alan J. , Pearse Peter H.
Published: February 2014

This paper illustrates a procedure whereby the costs of logging are estimated using simple econometric techniques. The necessary data can in principle be readily assembled through forest inventory procedures. Using available information on forest inventory and topographic conditions, we illustrate the derivation of a timber "supply" curve that relates the availability of timber in large region at various costs.
The Common Denominator of Land Classification in Canada: an Ecological Approach to Mapping
Authors: Rowe J. S.
Published: February 2014

The cores and boundaries of land units are located by reference to relationships between climate, landform and biota in ecological land classification. This appeal to relationships, rather than to climate, or to geomorphology, or to soils, or to vegetation alone, provides the common basis for land classification.
Gaps in Crown Cover May Indicate Possibilities for Increasing Yield
Authors: Smith J. Harry G.
Published: February 2014

Data from several inventories and from various studies of natural crown cover have shown that stand closure is seldom complete. Therefore, opportunities may exist for increasing yield by preventing or reducing the size of gaps in young stands, and by establishing stands at a spacing that will reduce irregular mortality. Although extremely wet or dry sites may not be able to support closed stands, in managed stands it should be possible to improve the distribution of trees to overcome much of the natural stocking loss which may average about 30% in Coastal forests and 50% in Interior or Continental forests by age 100.
Germination of R-55 Repellent Treated and Non-Treated Seeds of White Spruce Following Prolonged Cold Storage
Authors: Radvanyi A.
Published: February 2014

Depredation of broadcast seed supplies by small mammals has frequently caused forest regeneration endeavours by direct seeding methods to fail and have pointed out the need for a more effective coating formulation to protect the seed supply. Past experience has indicated coniferous seeds may not always be promptly sown following treatment and seeds are frequently returned to cold storage. Tests indicate white spruce seeds treated with the newly developed R-55 rodent repellent/graphite formulation can be safely stored for at least 5.5 years without a significant decline in germinative capacity.
An Ecosystematic Approach to Forest Planning
Authors: Klinka K. , Horst W. D. van der , Nuszdorfer F. C. , Harding R. G.
Published: February 2014

Ecological and planning studies were carried out to develop and demonstrate a new method for integrated management of a forest resource. This method, combining an ecosystematic approach and a new subunit planning procedure, was applied to the Koprino River watershed on Vancouver Island.Following an analysis, forest ecosystems were classified according to the taxonomy proposed by Krajina and his students. Eighteen associations, divided into 26 types, were recognized in the watershed. These biogeocoenotic taxa were integrated for practical application into fourteen treatment units which were subsequently mapped at the scale of 1:20 000. Each treatment unit was designated by a numerical symbol and a selected color to convey ecosystem productivity and sensitivity. For resource planning a resource management map at the scale 1:20 000 was prepared using the treatment unit map as a base. To guide forest harvesting, the watershed was subdivided into seven resource management areas, each with a specific combination of resource values and management prescriptions.