bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boat seines in Greece: Landings profiles and identification of potential métiers
Authors: Katsanevakis Stelios , Maravelias Christos D. , Vassilopoulou Vassiliki , Haralabous John
Published: November 2009

Although boat seines have a significant share in the total fish landings in Greece, there is little information on boat seine fisheries. The present study aims to identify boat seine métiers on a national level and contribute to a better understanding of their operation in Greece. We used boat seine landings data collected from a large number of ports in the Aegean and east Ionian Sea between 2002 and 2006. The landings profiles were grouped with a two-step procedure: the first step involved a factorial analysis of the log-transformed landings profiles, and the second step was a classification of the factorial coordinates (hierarchical agglomerative clustering). Six métiers were identified in the Aegean Sea, and three in the Ionian Sea. The ‘picarel-bogue’ métier was the most important in both seas, accounting for 54% and 88% of the fishing trips of the sample in the Aegean and Ionian Seas respectively. Apart from picarel and bogue, other important target species were red mullet, European squid, common pandora, chub mackerel, and European pilchard. Varying spatial (within the Aegean and Ionian Seas) and seasonal patterns were evident for the identified métiers.
A comparison of video and static photo lineups with child and adolescent witnesses
Authors: Havard Catriona , Memon Amina , Clifford Brian , Gabbert Fiona
Published: November 2009

In the UK video parades are the preferred method of identification employed in criminal cases. This policy implementation has been employed with little or no evidence concerning its validity. The reported research examines the effect of new video technology on children's identification evidence. The study compared 7–9 and 13–15‐year olds' ability to make identifications from either video or static photo lineups. Two hundred and fifteen participants witnessed a live event and then after a delay of 2–3 days viewed a target present (TP), or target absent (TA) video or photo lineup. For video and photo TP lineups, correct responses did not differ as a function of age. Video lineups produced lower rates of false identifications for the TA lineups, but only for adolescent witnesses. It is concluded that there is nothing contra‐indicated in the use of video identification procedures with children, and possibly certain benefits can accrue from its use. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clean and Flexible Modification Strategy for Carboxyl/Aldehyde‐Functionalized Upconversion Nanoparticles and Their Optical Applications
Authors: Zhou Huan‐Ping , Xu Chun‐Hu , Sun Wei , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: November 2009

Rare‐earth upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) exhibit great potential in luminescent biolabels and other multifunctional probes; however, their applications are limited by their low water solubility and the lack of binding groups. To address these problems, a clean and flexible strategy to modify hydrophobic monodisperse UCNPs into hydrophilic ones that are capped with functional groups is developed. The modification process is implemented by direct oxidation of oleic acid ligands with ozone under specific conditions, where the oleic acid (OA) ligands on the surface of the UCNPs can be converted into azelaic acid ligands (HOOC(CH2)7COOH) or azelaic aldehyde HOOC(CH2)7CHO, as is revealed by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. This oxidation process has no significant side‐effects on the morphology, phase, composition, or luminescent properties of the UCNPs. Free carboxylic acid groups on the surface endow the UCNPs with good water solubility, while aldehyde groups at the surface provide binding sites for amino‐containing molecules via Schiff‐base condensation, such as 2‐(4‐aminophenylethylyl)‐5‐methoxy‐2‐(2‐pyridyl)thiazole (MPTEA) and 2‐aminoethanethiol hydrochloride (NH2CH2CH2SH·HCl, HEMA). A Ce4+ sensor is constructed based on the dual‐emission arising from the different spectral responses of MPTEA and the UCNPs. Facilitated by the covalent linkage between the terminal aldehyde group on the UCNPs and the amino group in HEMA, a hybrid structure of UCNPs and Au NPs is fabricated. The effective coupling between the aldehyde group and the amino group suggests that these functionalized UCNPs have potential in combining other functional units for simultaneous biolabeling, or other optical applications.
Specific Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes for Advanced Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Sahoo Nanda Gopal , Cheng Henry Kuo Feng , Li Lin , Chan Siew Hwa , Judeh Zaher , Zhao Jianhong
Published: November 2009

A novel approach to chemically functionalize multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for making advanced polymeric nanocomposites with liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) is presented. In this approach, two types of chemical moieties (i.e., carboxylic and hydroxyl benzoic acid groups) are selectively introduced onto the sidewalls of the MWCNTs. Fourier transform IR and Raman spectroscopy are used to examine the interaction between the functionalized MWCNTs and the LCP. The strong interaction between the functionalized MWCNTs and the LCP greatly improved the dispersion of MWCNTs in the polymer matrix as well as the interfacial adhesion. The dispersion of the MWCNTs in the LCP matrix is observed by optical microscopy and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy. As a result, the addition of 1 wt% MWCNTs in the LCP resulted in the significant improvement (41 and 55%) in the tensile strength and modulus of the LCP.
Oral health and frailty in the medieval English cemetery of St Mary Graces
Authors: DeWitte Sharon N. , Bekvalac Jelena
Published: November 2009

The analysis of oral pathologies is routinely a part of bioarcheological and paleopathological investigations. Oral health, while certainly interesting by itself, is also potentially informative about general or systemic health. Numerous studies within modern populations have shown associations between oral pathologies and other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer, and pulmonary infections. This article addresses the question of how oral health was associated with general health in past populations by examining the relationship between two oral pathologies (periodontal disease and dental caries) and the risk of mortality in a cemetery sample from medieval England. The effects of periodontitis and dental caries on risk of death were assessed using a sample of 190 individuals from the St Mary Graces cemetery, London, dating to ∼AD 1350–1538. The results suggest that the oral pathologies are associated with elevated risks of mortality in the St Mary Graces cemetery such that individuals with periodontitis and dental caries were more likely to die than their peers without such pathologies. The results shown here suggest that these oral pathologies can be used as informative indicators of general health in past populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solid state and proton relaxation NMR study ofDipteryx alataVogel
Authors: Maciel Paula de Miranda Costa , Tavares Maria Inês Bruno
Published: November 2009

The knowledge of polysaccharides obtained from fruit seed and its chemical characteristics are important to evaluate their final properties, as well as their uses and benefits. Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been used to evaluate the behavior of the samples, since NMR permits to evaluate both chemical and dynamic molecular behavior of polysaccharides, because they are amorphous and heterogeneous. The NMR analyzes were carried out using high and low field NMR techniques. The results obtained from high field showed the main chemical constituents present in the seeds and seed flour. Through low field NMR different domains with their own molecular mobility and interactions were observed; due to the measurements of proton spin‐lattice relaxation time (T1H). According to the results obtained for Cumbaru seed, solid state NMR showed to be a powerful source to characterize fruit seed flour. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Inhibition of the thermal degradation of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) using poly(N‐[4‐(N′‐phenyl amino carbonyl)phenyl]maleimide)
Authors: Fahmy Mona Mohamed
Published: November 2009

Poly(N‐[4‐(N′‐phenyl amino carbonyl)phenyl]maleimide), poly(PhPM), has been investigated for the inhibition of the thermal degradation of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) in air, at 180°C. Its stabilizing efficiency was evaluated by measuring the length of the induction period, the period during which no detectable amounts of hydrogen chloride gas could be observed, and also from the rate of dehydrochlorination as measured by continuous potentiometric determination, and the extent of discoloration of the degraded polymer. The results have proved the greater stabilizing efficiency of poly(PhPM) relative to that of the DBLC commercial stabilizer. This is well demonstrated by the longer induction period values and by the lower rates both of dehydrochlorination and discoloration of the polymer during degradation relative to those of the DBLC reference stabilizer. The greater stabilizing efficiency of the poly(PhPM) is most probably attributed not only to its possession of various centers of reactivity that can act as traps for radical species resulting during the degradation process, and replacement of labile chlorine atoms on PVC chains by relatively more thermally stable poly(PhPM) moieties, but also due to the ability of its fragmentation products to react with the evolved hydrogen chloride gas. A radical mechanism is suggested to account for the stabilizing action of this polymeric stabilizer. A synergistic effect is achieved when the poly(PhPM) was blended in various weight ratios with DBLC. This synergism attains its maximum when poly(PhPM) and DBLC are taken at 3 : 1 weight ratio. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Shape‐memory property and characterization of epoxy resin‐modified Mesua ferrea L. seed oil‐based hyperbranched polyurethane
Authors: Deka Harekrishna , Karak Niranjan
Published: November 2009

Modification of existing polymers leads to enhancement of many desirable properties. So, a hyperbranched polyurethane (HBPU) of monoglyceride of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil, poly(ε‐caprolactone)diol (Mn = 3000 g mol−1), 2,4‐toluene diisocyanate, and glycerol with 30% hard segment (NCO/OH = 0.96) has been modified with different amounts of bisphenol‐A based epoxy resin. The system is cured by poly(amido amine) hardener at 120°C for specified period of time. Improvement of thermostability, scratch hardness, and impact strength are observed by this modification of HBPU. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results show improvement of melting temperature of the modified systems. The enhancement of tensile strength is about 2.4 times compared with that of the unmodified one. The morphology and structural changes due to variation of epoxy content was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The rheological properties of the epoxy‐modified HBPU show the dependence on the amount of epoxy resin. Shape memory study of the crosslinked HBPUs shows 90–98% thermoresponsive shape recovery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The foundation of the concept of relevance
Authors: Hjørland Birger
Published: November 2009

In 1975 Tefko Saracevic declared “the subject knowledge view” to be the most fundamental perspective of relevance. This paper examines the assumptions in different views of relevance, including “the system's view” and “the user's view” and offers a reinterpretation of these views. The paper finds that what was regarded as the most fundamental view by Saracevic in 1975 has not since been considered (with very few exceptions). Other views, which are based on less fruitful assumptions, have dominated the discourse on relevance in information retrieval and information science. Many authors have reexamined the concept of relevance in information science, but have neglected the subject knowledge view, hence basic theoretical assumptions seem not to have been properly addressed. It is as urgent now as it was in 1975 seriously to consider “the subject knowledge view” of relevance (which may also be termed “the epistemological view”). The concept of relevance, like other basic concepts, is influenced by overall approaches to information science, such as the cognitive view and the domain‐analytic view. There is today a trend toward a social paradigm for information science. This paper offers an understanding of relevance from such a social point of view.
Hypothesis: Could Epstein‐Barr virus play a role in the development of gastroschisis?
Authors: Werler Martha M.
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

The strong inverse association between maternal age and risk of gastroschisis in offspring has spurred many investigators to hypothesize that behaviors among younger females are the cause. Examples include cigarette smoking, illicit drugs, genitourinary infections, and sexually transmitted diseases, each of which has been reported to be associated with gastroschisis. Although these exposures are more common in young women, recent studies have shown that cigarette smoking, genitourinary infections, and sexually transmitted diseases are most strongly associated with gastroschisis in older women. There is both anecdotal and published evidence showing that gastroschisis sometimes (but not always) occurs in clusters, raising the possibility that an infectious agent might be involved in its pathogenesis.

RESULTS:

One such agent whose epidemiologic characteristics parallel those of gastroschisis is Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV). Primary EBV infection in early childhood has been decreasing over time, leaving a greater proportion of adolescents at risk, as reflected by increased rates of infectious mononucleosis over time. During the childbearing years, risk of primary EBV infection decreases dramatically, as does risk of gastroschisis. The stronger risks of gastroschisis associated with cigarette smoking, genitourinary infections, and sexually transmitted diseases in older women might be explained by EBV reactivation resulting from multiple challenges to immune response such as pregnancy, age, toxic exposures, and genitourinary and sexually transmitted infections.

CONCLUSION:

EBV and other herpes viruses should be added to the research agenda for gastroschisis. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Class of Modular P,N‐Ligand Library for Asymmetric Pd‐Catalyzed Allylic Substitution Reactions: A Study of the Key Pd–π‐Allyl Intermediates
Authors: Mazuela Javier , Paptchikhine Alexander , Tolstoy Päivi , Pàmies Oscar , Diéguez Montserrat , Andersson Pher G.
Published: November 2009

A new class of modular P,N‐ligand library has been synthesized and screened in the Pd‐catalyzed allylic substitution reactions of several substrate types. These series of ligands can be prepared efficiently from easily accessible hydroxyl–oxazole/thiazole derivatives. Their modular nature enables the bridge length, the substituents at the heterocyclic ring and in the alkyl backbone chain, the configuration of the ligand backbone, and the substituents/configurations in the biaryl phosphite moiety to be easily and systematically varied. By carefully selecting the ligand components, therefore, high regio‐ and enantioselectivities (ee values up to 96 %) and good activities are achieved in a broad range of mono‐, di‐, and trisubstituted linear hindered and unhindered substrates and cyclic substrates. The NMR spectroscopic and DFT studies on the Pd–π‐allyl intermediates provide a deeper understanding of the effect of ligand parameters on the origin of enantioselectivity.
The impact of health insurance status on the survival of patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Kwok Joseph , Langevin Scott M. , Argiris Athanassios , Grandis Jennifer R. , Gooding William E. , Taioli Emanuela
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

In 2006, it was estimated that 47 million people in the United States are without insurance. Studies have shown that patients who are uninsured or are insured by Medicaid are more likely to present with more advanced cancer. The objective of this study was to examine whether cancer recurrence and mortality of patients diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck are associated with insurance status, after adjusting for known cancer risk factors. The main outcome measures were overall survival and relapse‐free survival.

METHODS:

Retrospective cohort of patients with a biopsy‐proven primary squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, or larynx diagnosed or treated at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center between 1998 and 2007. Patients were stratified by their insurance status, including private insurance, uninsured/Medicaid, Medicare disability (Medicare under age 65), and Medicare 65 years + . Covariates included age, gender, race, smoking status, alcohol consumption, anatomic tumor site, treatment, stage at diagnosis, and occupational prestige score. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate the effect of insurance status on overall survival, relapse‐free survival, tumor stage, and lymph node involvement.

RESULTS:

A total of 1231 patients were included in the analysis. Patients with Medicaid/uninsured (hazard ratio [HR], 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07‐2.11) and Medicare disability (HR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.16‐2.48) had significantly lower overall survival compared with patients with private insurance; the result was independent of variables known to affect outcome, such as alcohol and tobacco use. For all squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) cancer sites, Medicaid and uninsured patients were significantly more likely to present with an advanced stage tumor at diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 2.94; 95% CI, 1.72‐5.01) and to present with at least 1 positive lymph node (OR = 1.84; 95% CI, 1.16‐2.90) compared with patients with private insurance.

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients with Medicaid/uninsured and Medicare disability were at increased risk of death after a diagnosis of SCCHN when compared with patients with private insurance, after adjustment for age, gender, race, smoking, alcohol use, site, socioeconomic status, treatment, and cancer stage. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Connexin36 is required for gap junctional coupling of most ganglion cell subtypes in the mouse retina
Authors: Pan Feng , Paul David L. , Bloomfield Stewart A. , Völgyi Béla
Published: November 2009

Converging evidence indicates that electrical synaptic transmission via gap junctions plays a crucial role in signal processing in the retina. In particular, amacrine and ganglion cells express numerous gap junctions, resulting in extensive electrical networks in the proximal retina. Both connexin36 (Cx36) and connexin45 (Cx45) subunits are widely distributed in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) and therefore are likely contribute to gap junctions formed by a number of ganglion cell subtypes. In the present study, we used the gap junction‐permeant tracer Neurobiotin to compare the coupling pattern of different ganglion cell subtypes in wild‐type (WT) and Cx36 knockout (KO) mouse retinas. We found that homologous ganglion‐to‐ganglion cell coupling was lost for two subtypes after deletion of Cx36, whereas two other ganglion cell subtypes retained homologous coupling in the KO mouse. In contrast, deletion of Cx36 resulted in a partial or complete loss of ganglion‐to‐amacrine cell heterologous coupling in 9 of 10 ganglion cell populations studied. Overall, our results indicate that Cx36 is the predominant subunit of gap junctions in the proximal mouse retina, expressed by most ganglion cell subtypes, and thereby likely plays a major role in the concerted activity generated by electrical synapses. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:911–927, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ret‐PCP2 colocalizes with protein kinase C in a subset of primate ON cone bipolar cells
Authors: Sulaiman Pyroja , Fina Marie , Feddersen Rod , Vardi Noga
Published: November 2009

Purkinje cell protein 2 (PCP2), a member of the family of guanine dissociation inhibitors and a strong interactor with the G‐protein subunit Gαo, localizes to retinal ON bipolar cells. The retina‐specific splice variant of PCP2, Ret‐PCP2, accelerates the light response of rod bipolar cells by modulating the mGluR6 transduction cascade. All ON cone bipolar cells express mGluR6 and Gαo, but only a subset expresses Ret‐PCP2. Here we test the hypothesis that Ret‐PCP2 contributes to shaping the various temporal bandwidths of ON cone bipolar cells in monkey retina. We found that the retinal splice variants in monkey and mouse are similar and longer than the cerebellar variants. Ret‐PCP2 is strongly expressed by diffuse cone bipolar type 4 cells (DB4; marked with anti‐PKCα) and weakly expressed by midget bipolar dendrites (labeled by antibodies against Gαo, Gγ13, or mGluR6). Ret‐PCP2 is absent from diffuse cone bipolar type 6 (DB6; marked with anti‐CD15) and blue cone bipolar cells (marked with anti‐CCK precursor). Thus, cone bipolar cells that terminate in stratum 3 of the inner plexiform layer (DB4) express more Ret‐PCP2 than those that terminate in strata 3 + 4 (midget bipolar cells), and these in turn express more than those that terminate in stratum 5 (DB6 and blue cone bipolar cells). This expression pattern approximates the arborization of ganglion cells (GC) with different temporal bandwidths: parasol GCs stratifying near stratum 3 are faster than midget GCs stratifying in strata 3 + 4, and these are probably faster than the sluggish GCs that arborize in stratum 5. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1098–1112, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential gene expression in migrating cortical interneurons during mouse forebrain development
Authors: Faux Clare , Rakic Sonja , Andrews William , Yanagawa Yuchio , Obata Kunihiko , Parnavelas John G.
Published: November 2009

γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons play a vital role in modulating the activity of the cerebral cortex, and disruptions to their function have been linked to neurological disorders such as schizophrenia and epilepsy. These cells originate in the ganglionic eminences (GE) of the ventral telencephalon and undergo tangential migration to enter the cortex. Currently, little is known about the signaling mechanisms that regulate interneuron migration. We therefore performed a microarray analysis comparing the changes in gene expression between the GABAergic interneurons that are actively migrating into the cortex with those in the GE. We were able to isolate pure populations of GABAergic cells by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting of cortex and GE from embryonic brains of glutamate decarboxylase 67 (GAD67)‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic mice. Our microarray analysis identified a number of novel genes that were upregulated in migrating cortical interneurons at both E13.5 and E15.5. Many of these genes have previously been shown to play a role in cell migration of both neuronal and non‐neuronal cell types. In addition, several of the genes identified are involved in the regulation of migratory processes, such as neurite outgrowth, cell adhesion, and remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton and microtubule network. Moreover, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization analyses confirmed that the expression of some of these genes is restricted to cortical interneurons. These data therefore provide a framework for future studies aimed at elucidating the complexities of interneuron migration and, in turn, may reveal important genes that are related to the development of specific neurological disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1232–1248, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basal ganglia and thalamic input from neurons located within the ventral tier cell cluster region of the substantia nigra pars compacta in the rat
Authors: Cebrián Carolina , Prensa Lucía
Published: November 2009

The most caudally located dopaminergic (DA) ventral tier neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) form typical cell clusters that are deeply embedded in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Here we examine the efferent projections of 35 neurons located in the SNr region where these SNc cell clusters reside. The neuronal cell body was injected with biotinylated dextran amine so as to trace each complete axon in the sagittal or the coronal plane. Electrophysiological guidance guaranteed that the tracer was ejected among neurons displaying a typical SNc discharge pattern. Furthermore, double immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical labeling ensured that the tracer deposits were placed within the DA cell clusters. Three types of projection neurons occurred in the SNc ventral tier cell cluster region: type I neurons, projecting to basal ganglia; type II neurons, targeting both the basal ganglia and thalamus; and type III neurons, projecting only to the thalamus. The striatum was targeted by most of the type I and II neurons and the innervation reached both the striosome/subcallosal streak and matrix compartments. Many nigrostriatal fibers provided collaterals to the globus pallidus and, less frequently, to the subthalamic nucleus. At a thalamic level, type II and III neurons preferentially targeted the reticular, ventral posterolateral, and ventral medial nuclei. Our results reveal that the SNr region where DA ventral tier cell clusters reside harbors neurons projecting to the basal ganglia and/or the thalamus, thus suggesting that neurodegeneration of nigral neurons in Parkinson′s disease might affect various extrastriatal basal ganglia structures and multiple thalamic nuclei. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1283–1300, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
KCNQ5 reaches synaptic endings in the auditory brainstem at hearing onset and targeting maintenance is activity‐dependent
Authors: Garcia‐Pino Elisabet , Caminos Elena , Juiz José Manuel
Published: November 2009

Kv7.5/KCNQ5, a voltage‐dependent potassium channel that generates a subthreshold K+ current (also called M‐current), is localized in excitatory endings of auditory brainstem nuclei in the adult rat. Here, we focus on how specific targeting develops from birth to adulthood in the rat. We first analyzed by immunocytochemistry the distribution of KCNQ5 during postnatal development of neurons in the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) and their targets in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). From postnatal days (P) 0 to 12, KCNQ5 immunoreactivity was restricted to cell bodies, whereas from P13 onward a shift in labeling pattern was seen, with KCNQ5 immunoreactivity becoming confined to synaptic endings in both the AVCN and MNTB. The developmental synaptic targeting was also accompanied by a downregulation of KCNQ5 transcripts in the cochlear nucleus from P13 onward, as seen with quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. We further tested whether auditory nerve activity at hearing onset (approximately P12) regulates synaptic targeting of the channel. Cochleae were removed at P10, before hearing onset. In the MNTB, 3 days after cochlear ablation, at P13, KCNQ5 immunoreactivity was seen in calyces of Held, as in normal age‐matched controls. However, immunolabeling virtually disappeared from MNTB calyces 40 days after cochlear ablation but reappeared in the somata of neurons in AVCN. These findings suggest that synaptic targeting of KCNQ5 in brainstem auditory neurons occurs around the time of hearing onset, regardless of auditory nerve activity. However, long‐term synaptic localization after hearing onset depends on peripheral input. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1301–1314, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Actions of motor neurons and leg muscles in jumping by planthopper insects (hemiptera, issidae)
Authors: Burrows Malcolm , Bräunig Peter
Published: November 2009

To understand the catapult mechanism that propels jumping in a planthopper insect, the innervation and action of key muscles were analyzed. The large trochanteral depressor muscle, M133b,c, is innervated by two motor neurons and by two dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurons, all with axons in N3C. A smaller depressor muscle, M133a, is innervated by two neurons, one with a large‐diameter cell body, a large, blind‐ending dendrite, and a giant ovoid, axon measuring 50 μm by 30 μm in nerve N5A. The trochanteral levator muscles (M132) and (M131) are innervated by N4 and N3B, respectively. The actions of these muscles in a restrained jump were divisible into a three‐phase pattern. First, both hind legs were moved into a cocked position by high‐frequency bursts of spikes in the levator muscles lasting about 0.5 seconds. Second, and once both legs were cocked, M133b,c received a long continuous sequence of motor spikes, but the two levators spiked only sporadically. The spikes in the two motor neurons to M133b,c on one side were closely coupled to each other and to the spikes on the other side. If one hind leg was cocked then the spikes only occurred in motor neurons to that side. The final phase was the jump movement itself, which occurred when the depressor spikes ceased and which lasted 1 ms. Muscles 133b,c activated synchronously on both sides, are responsible for generating the power, and M133a and its giant neuron may play a role in triggering the release of a jump. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1349–1369, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Area‐specific migration and recruitment of new neurons in the adult songbird brain
Authors: Vellema Michiel , van der Linden Annemie , Gahr Manfred
Published: November 2009

Neuron recruitment has been implicated in morphological and functional plasticity in the adult brain. Whereas mammals restrict neuron recruitment specifically to two regions of known plasticity, the hippocampus and olfactory bulb, newborn neurons are found throughout the forebrain of adult songbirds. In order to study the area‐specificity of the widespread proliferation and recruitment in the songbird brain, six adult male canaries received repetitive intraperitoneal injections of the mitotic marker BrdU (5‐bromo‐2‐deoxyuridine) and were sacrificed after 24 hours to study proliferation or after 38 days to study recruitment. Migration and incorporation of new neurons was apparent throughout many but not all parts of the canary forebrain and was quantitatively related to mitotic levels in the most closely associated proliferative zones. Surprisingly, some areas of the vocal control system sensitive to plastic changes, such as nucleus higher vocal center (HVC) and area X, recruited similar numbers of new neurons as their surrounding brain tissues, employing no specific directional mechanisms. The distribution pattern in and around HVC could best be described by a random displacement model, where cells originating from the overlying lateral ventricle can move independently in any direction. Other plastic song control areas, such as the medial magnocellular nucleus of anterior nidopallium and the robust nucleus of arcopallium, were specifically avoided by migrating neurons, while migration toward the olfactory bulb showed high specificity, similar to the mammalian rostral migratory stream. Thus, different mechanisms appear to organize area‐specific neuron recruitment in different recipients of the adult songbird brain, unrelated to global plasticity of brain regions. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1442–1459, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure of the adult central complex in Drosophila: Organization of distinct neuronal subsets
Authors: Young J.M. , Armstrong J.D.
Published: November 2009

The central complex (CX) is a defined set of neuropils located on the midline of the protocerebrum in several arthropods and has been implicated in a number of behaviors. To investigate the function of the CX further it is imperative to know the neuroarchitecture of this structure and to ensure all known neuron types conform to a common nomenclature system. Several types of CX neuron have been identified but it is not known if these exist singly or as components of isomorphic sets. We used an enhancer trap approach to study the adult structure, connectivity, and polarity of CX neurons in Drosophila. We observed several isomorphic sets of small‐field neurons including pontine and fb‐eb neurons, and also isomorphic sets of large‐field neurons including R neurons and F neurons. We found that several types of large‐field F neurons existed in isomorphic sets of approximately eight (four per hemisphere) and found evidence for small‐field neuron types existing as isomorphic sets of 16. Small‐field neurons were observed in clearly organized layers. This study provides a novel insight into CX structure and connectivity and provides a set of characterized enhancer trap lines that will be valuable for future study. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1500–1524, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C2‐Symmetric Ferrocene–Bis(ureido)peptides: Synthesis, Conformation and Solid‐State Structure
Authors: Lapić Jasmina , Djaković Senka , Cetina Mario , Heinze Katja , Rapić Vladimir
Published: November 2009

The extension of peptide derivatives of ferrocene‐1,1′‐dicarboxylic acid by formal insertion of NH units between ferrocene and peptide strands results in ferrocene–bis(ureido)peptides. Experimentally, alanine and dialanine methyl esters were attached to the 1‐ and 1′‐position of 1,1′‐diisocyanoferrocene to give the corresponding bis(ureido)peptide derivatives 3 and 4. The conformation of 3 has been determined in the solid state by X‐ray crystallography. In solution the preferred conformation of 3 and 4 has been elucidated by NMR, IR and CD spectroscopy in concert with DFT calculations. The secondary structure of ferrocene–bis(ureido)peptides 3 and 4 is determined by double bifurcated intramolecular hydrogen bonds (IHBs). The different stability of the secondary structures of 3 and 4 is due to different types of IHBs.
Platinum‐Catalyzed Hydrogenative Cyclization of Yne‐Enones, Yne‐Aldehydes, and Yne‐Dienes (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 35/2009)
Authors: Shinde Mahadev P. , Wang Xi , Kang Eun Joo , Jang Hye‐Young
Published: November 2009

The cover picture shows Pt‐catalyzed reductive cyclizations under environmentally benign hydrogenation conditions. In a reaction vessel equipped with a hydrogen balloon, the Pt complex catalyzed the cyclizations of yne‐enones, yne‐aldehydes, and yne‐dienes to form five‐ and six‐membered rings. The reaction scope and deuterium labeling studies show the expanded reactivity of the Pt complex for the hydrogenative cyclization of various π systems. Details are discussed in the Short Communication by H.‐Y. Jang et al. on page 6091 ff. The authors acknowledge Won‐Seob Cho for the cover page design.
Does health affect portfolio choice?
Authors: Love David A. , Smith Paul A.
Published: November 2009

A number of recent studies find that poor health is empirically associated with a safer portfolio allocation. It is difficult to say, however, whether this relationship is truly causal. Both health status and portfolio choice are influenced by unobserved characteristics such as risk attitudes, impatience, information, and motivation, and these unobserved factors, if not adequately controlled for, can induce significant bias in the estimates of asset demand equations. Using the 1992–2006 waves of the Health and Retirement Study, we investigate how much of the connection between health and portfolio choice is causal and how much is due to the effects of unobserved heterogeneity. Accounting for unobserved heterogeneity with fixed effects and correlated random effects models, we find that health does not appear to significantly affect portfolio choice among single households. For married households, we find a small effect (about 2–3 percentage points) from being in the lowest of five self‐reported health categories. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managerial characteristics and willingness to send employees on expatriate assignments
Authors: Benson George S. , Pérez‐Nordtvedt Liliana , Datta Deepak K.
Published: November 2009

This paper examines the characteristics of managers that influence their willingness to send employees on expatriate assignments. Data from 336 senior managers in a major U.S. professional services firm indicate that managers who are higher up in the organizational hierarchy are more willing to send employees on expatriate assignments. In addition, our findings show that managers who have more extensive international experience are more inclined to send employees on such assignments and that managers with expatriate experience themselves are much more willing to send their employees overseas, regardless of whether they currently work with international clients. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Encouraging knowledge sharing among employees: How job design matters
Authors: Foss Nicolai J. , Minbaeva Dana B. , Pedersen Torben , Reinholt Mia
Published: November 2009

Job design is one of the most frequently researched practices in the Human Resource Management (HRM) literature, and knowledge sharing has become an important and heavily researched managerial practice. The links between these practices, however, have received little attention in the literature. We argue that job design matters to knowledge sharing for motivational reasons. Specifically, jobs contain characteristics that stimulate different kinds of motivation toward knowledge sharing, which have different effects on individual knowledge sharing behavior. We develop six hypotheses that unfold these ideas and test them on the basis of individual‐level data collected within a single firm. The hypotheses are tested in a LISREL model that confirms that job characteristics, such as autonomy, task identity, and feedback, determine different motivations to share knowledge, which in turn predict employees' knowledge sharing behaviors. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outsourcing occupational safety and health: An analysis of the make or buy decision
Authors: Nuñez Imanol
Published: November 2009

This paper investigates the factors affecting the outsourcing decision of occupational safety and health (OSH) services. I posit several hypotheses following the three main approaches to the make or buy question: (1) the transaction cost theory, (2) the resource‐based view of the firm, and (3) the behavioral decision‐making framework. The empirical analysis draws on microdata from 3,047 Spanish firms that are legally obliged to provide organized OSH activities but free to choose the option to outsource. Results show that informational symmetries and increasing transaction costs mainly explain the decision to outsource the OSH activity. Organizational behavior variables, such as management commitment to safety and workers' representation, also relate to the outcome of the decision but not necessarily as hypothesized. Finally, I did not generally observe the strategic value of safety in informing the make or buy decision. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The pros and cons of rewarding social responsibility at the top
Authors: Berrone Pascual , Gomez‐Mejia Luis R.
Published: November 2009

Overemphasis on financial performance criteria to award incentives for CEOs has often been mentioned as one of the main culprits behind recent corporate scandals. In response, there is a growing chorus for inclusion of social performance criteria in the design of executive compensation schemes. To date, however, very little is known about the true benefits of this practice. This article critically discusses the potential advantages and pitfalls of this recommendation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endothelin‐1, big endothelin‐1, and nitric oxide in patients with chronic renal disease and hypertension
Authors: Mikulić Ivanka , Petrik József , Galešić Krešimir , Romić Željko , Čepelak Ivana , Zeljko‐Tomić Monika
Published: November 2009

The complex pathogenesis of chronic renal disease (CRD) depends on endothelin (ET) axis (ETs and ET receptors) and nitric oxide (NO) because of their vasoactive effects and their role in general modulation of vascular homeostasis. Various renal cells synthesize ETs and NO that play a significant role in renal hemodynamics as well as in water and salt excretion via urine. ET‐1 is a strong vasoconstrictor. Besides its vasoactive effects, ET‐1 modulates mitosis and apoptosis in a cell type‐dependent manner, and may play an important role in CRD pathogenesis. The aims of this study were to emphasize the role and interactions of ET‐1, Big ET‐1, and NO in CRD. Concentrations of these vasoactive molecules were measured in plasma/serum and/or urine of 57 patients with diabetic nephropathy (subgroup 1), arterial hypertension (subgroup 2) or CRD with chronic renal insufficiency (subgroup 3), and in healthy control subjects (n=18). In comparison with control group, urine concentration of Big ET‐1 was significantly increased (13.13 pmol/L vs. 11.34 pmol/L;P<0.001) in CRD patients, whereas plasma and urine concentrations of ET‐1 did not differ significantly. NO concentrations were also significantly increased in CRD patients (serum, 72.55 µmol/L;P<0.001, and urine 141.74 µmol/L;P<0.05) as compared to control group. Study results indicated that Big ET‐1 and NO could be useful diagnostic parameters in CRD for their diagnostic sensitivity and diagnostic specificity (Big ET‐1 in urine: 56.1 and 88.9%, and NO in serum: 66.7 and 83.3%, respectively). In addition, Big ET‐1 may prove useful in the differential diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy (78.6% diagnostic sensitivity and 88.9% diagnostic specificity). J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:347–356, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AML1 amplification and 17q25 deletion in a case of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Gulten Tuna , Yakut Tahsin , Karkucak Mutlu , Baytan Birol , Meral Guneş Adalet
Published: November 2009

We report a case of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) with both acute myeloid leukemia 1 (AML1) amplification and 17q25 deletion. AML1 gene is located on 21q22 and encodes a transcription factor. AML1 amplification is a common finding in childhood ALL, and itis observed as an increase in gene copy number by the FISH analysis. The mechanism of AML1 amplification is not associated with AML1 gene mutations. The 17q25 is a gene‐rich chromosomal location and distinct abnormalities of this region have been observed in previous cases of different kinds of leukemia. Deletion of the 17q25 region has been reported in two leukemia patients. Septin 9 (SEPT9) and survivin genes are located on 17q25. High expression of these genes and AML1 amplification are regarded as markers in tumorigenesis and disease progression; however, more data are needed for accurate prognostic evaluation. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 23:368–371, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Raman and X‐ray diffraction analysis on unburned carbon powder refined from fly ash
Authors: Tai F. C. , Wei C. , Chang S. H. , Chen W. S.
Published: November 2009

The bonding and crystalline structures of oil‐fried fly ash collected from a power plant were analyzed by using Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. These carbon powders underwent a series of annealing treatment for graphitization and crystallization. In Raman spectra, the refined, unburned carbon contains clearly the D, G and D′ peaks under 2000 or 2700 °C treatment. The Raman spectral line shape of refined, unburned carbon heated at 2700 °C is similar to that of commercial graphite made from graphitization process. In the XRD spectra, the refined, unburned carbon contains (002), (100) and (004) diffraction peaks under heating at 2000 or 2700 °C. The XRD spectral line shape of refined, unburned carbon heated at 2700 °C is similar to that of a commercial graphite bar. The quantitative graphitization level from Raman spectra and crystallization degree from XRD spectra on refined, unburned carbon powders serve as preliminary guide for the qualitative evaluation of these unburned carbon powders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of hydrogen‐arsenate group (AsO3OH) in solid‐state compounds: copper mineral phase geminite Cu(AsO3OH)·H2O from different geological environments
Authors: Sejkora Jiří , Čejka Jiří , Frost Ray L. , Bahfenne Silmarilly , Plášil Jakub , Keeffe Eloise C.
Published: November 2009

The participation of hydrogen‐arsenate group (AsO3OH)2− in solid‐state compounds may serve as a model example for explaining and clarifying the behaviour of As and other elements during weathering processes in natural environment. The mineral geminite, a hydrated hydrogen‐arsenate mineral of ideal formula Cu(AsO3OH)·H2O, has been studied by Raman and infrared spectroscopies. Two samples of geminite of different origin were investigated and the spectra proved quite similar. In the Raman spectra of geminite, six bands are observed at 741, 812, 836, 851, 859 and 885 cm−1 (Salsigne, France), and 743, 813, 843, 853, 871 and 885 cm−1 (Jáchymov, Czech Republic). The band at 851/853 cm−1 is assigned to the ν1 (AsO3OH)2− symmetric stretching mode; the other bands are assigned to the ν3 (AsO3OH)2− split triply degenerate antisymmetric stretching mode. Raman bands at 309, 333, 345 and 364/310, 333 and 345 cm−1 are attributed to the ν2 (AsO3OH)2− bending mode, and a set of higher wavenumber bands (in the range 400–500 cm−1) is assigned to the ν4 (AsO3OH)2− split triply degenerate bending mode. A very complex set of overlapping bands is observed in both the Raman and infrared spectra. Raman bands are observed at 2289, 2433, 2737, 2855, 3235, 3377, 3449 and 3521/2288, 2438, 2814, 3152, 3314, 3448 and 3521 cm−1. Two Raman bands at 2289 and 2433/2288 and 2438 cm−1 are ascribed to the strong hydrogen bonded water molecules. The Raman bands at 3235, 3305 and 3377/3152 and 3314 cm−1 may be assigned to the ν OH stretching vibrations of water molecules. Two bands at 3449 and 3521/3448 and 3521 cm−1 are assigned to the OH stretching vibrations of the (AsO3OH)2− units. The lengths of the OH···O hydrogen bonds vary in the range 2.60–2.94 Å (Raman) and 2.61–3.07 Å (infrared). Two Raman and infrared bands in the region of the bending vibrations of the water molecules prove that structurally non‐equivalent water molecules are present in the crystal structure of geminite. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic and Morphological Investigation on the Magnesium Ethoxide‐Based Ziegler‐Natta Catalyst for Propylene Polymerization Using Typical External Donors
Authors: Dashti Ali , Ramazani S.A. Ahmad , Hiraoka Yuichi , Kim Sang Yull , Taniike Toshiaki , Terano Minoru
Published: November 2009

Kinetic and morphological aspects of slurry propylene polymerization using a MgCl2‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalyst synthesized from a Mg(OEt)2 precursor in the presence and absence of two different external donors are investigated. The kinetic profiles show similar trend in presence and absence of donors. The Mg(OEt)2‐based catalyst show a mild activation and a long‐standing activity with good replication of the catalyst particles. The results show that synthesized Mg(OEt)2‐based Ziegler‐Natta catalyst presents a highly stable polymerization activity and good replication due to the uniform Ti distribution all over the catalyst particles.
Gas‐Phase Polymerization with Transition Metal Catalysts Supported on Montmorillonite – A Particle Morphological Study
Authors: Shin Sang‐Young A. , Simon Leonardo C. , Soares João B. P. , Scholz Günter , McKenna Timothy F. L.
Published: November 2009

This investigation focuses on the mechanism of particle fragmentation and growth when clay‐supported metallocene catalysts are used to polymerize ethylene in gas‐phase reactors. We supported bis(cyclopentadienyl)‐zirconium dichloride (Cp2ZrCl2) on montmorillonite (MMT) pretreated with triisobutylaluminum and 10‐undecence‐1‐ol to produce in‐situ polyethylene‐clay nanocomposites. During gas phase polymerization, the MMT layers were exfoliated by the growing polymer chains, starting from the openings of the clay galleries. After microtoming, the cross‐section of the fragmented MMT particles showed bundles of distorted silicate layer stacks, proving that exfoliation took place during polymerization, producing an in‐situ polyethylene‐clay nanocomposite. Calculations of d‐spacing by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) matched those measured by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.