bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What determines individuals' preferences for efficiency over equity-based wages?
Authors: F. Bangwayo-Skeete Prosper , H. Rahim Afaf , Zikhali Precious
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The paper aims to examine factors that influence individuals' preferences between wages indexed on job performance or efficiency over equity-based wages.

Design/methodology/approach

– Generalized linear latent and mixed models (GLLAMM) are estimated on the 2005 wave of the World Values Survey on employed individuals from 43 countries.

Findings

– Results suggest that employees' preference for efficiency-based wages increases with education and globalization, while it decreases with unemployment rates.

Research limitations/implications

– Institutions and specifically public policies that promote education, and globalization, along with policies that reduce unemployment rates could be used to promote wage setting policies that reward performance or efficiency.

Originality/value

– The originality of the study lies in its use of both individual- and country-level data to estimate GLLAMM that take into account the multi-level nature of the dataset. This study can inform firms and policymakers on what measures to adopt to promote preferences for efficiency-based wages among individuals.
Gender effects of education on economic development in Turkey
Authors: Tansel Aysit , Gungor Nil
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– This study is concerned with the separate output effects of female and male education, as well as output effects of the educational gender gap. Several recent empirical studies have examined the gender effects of education on economic growth or on output level using the much exploited, familiar cross-country data. This paper aims to undertake a similar study of the gender effects of education on economic growth using a panel data across the provinces of Turkey for the period 1975-2000.

Design/methodology/approach

– The theoretical basis of the estimating equations is the neoclassical growth model augmented to include separate female and male education capital and health capital variables. The methodology the authors use includes robust regression on pooled panel data controlling for regional and time effects. The results are found to be robust to a number of sensitivity analyses, such as elimination of outlier observations, controls for simultaneity and measurement errors, controls for omitted variables by including regional dummy variables, steady-state versus growth equations and different samples of developed and less-developed provinces of Turkey.

Findings

– The main findings indicate that female education positively and significantly affects the steady-state level of labor productivity, while the effect of male education is in general either positive or insignificant. Separate examination of the effect of educational gender gap was to reduce output.

Originality/value

– As evident in the literature, there is controversy surrounding the gender effects of education on growth. This paper provides new evidence on this issue from the perspective of a single country rather than a cross-country viewpoint.
Connecting corruption to ethnic polarization and religious fractionalization
Authors: Nissan Edward , Naghshpour Shahdad
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The paper aims to investigate the connection between corruption and ethnic polarization and religious fractionalization.

Design/methodology/approach

– Analysis of variance and regression expectation models were used to identify groups of countries for their similarities and differences.

Findings

– Results show that significant statistical differences exist between the countries grouped by human development, income and developing countries. Countries with expectations higher or lower than the norm in corruption were identified.

Originality/value

– The paper highlights the connection between corruption and ethnicity for some 127 countries.
Perception towards sustainable development concept: Egyptian students' perspective
Authors: Khalil Dalia , Ramzy Omar , Mostafa Rasha
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to measure students' perception towards sustainable development (SD) concept. The paper highlights students' perception before and after joining Heliopolis University (HU). Also, the research underscores different activities, facilities and methods HU is implementing to sharpen the delivery of SD concept. Furthermore, the study emphasizes on the extent to which students are anticipating implementing SD concept in their life.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research paper is an exploratory qualitative research design. The sample frame was the database of HU. A non-probability convenient sampling approach was applied to select 26 elements of the study. In-depth personal interviews were conducted. Questions were coded to facilitate analysis and to link respondents' answers with different questions. Accordingly, 12 structured open-ended questions were designed to gain clear insights regarding students' awareness of SD. Personal interviews took place at the end of fall semester 2012.

Findings

– Students' responses were classified into observations and realization, needs and suggestions, and future plans. All students confirmed interest to apply SD in their lives.

Research limitations/implications

– This research is limited only to HU students, which is considered a limitation of the research findings. Another limitation is that the study is an exploratory qualitative research, which could be enhanced if a conclusive design is applied. However, both limitations are considered within the context of conducting future research. One is related to the expansion of the sample frame to include more diversified students, and the other to conduct a conclusive research for fine-tuning the results and recommendations.

Originality/value

– The paper's value stems from measuring multi-disciplinary freshmen perception regarding SD concept at HU, which is the first non-for-profit university in Egypt and the Middle East declaring SD as its overall guiding principle and specialization. Moreover, the paper provides insights on SD concept from a developing country perspective.
Organisational learning towards sustainability in higher education
Authors: Cebrián Gisela , Grace Marcus , Humphris Debra
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– Research on sustainability in higher education has focused on environmental management of the university campus, case studies and examples of good practice. Although the value and contribution of these initiatives has been articulated, little holistic and structural transformation of universities has been achieved so far. This paper aims to explore different theoretical frameworks to better understand and improve the effectiveness of organisational change processes towards sustainability in universities.

Design/methodology/approach

– The combination of different theoretical approaches on organisational learning such as organisational learning theory, the idea of expansive learning at work, the ideal of the learning organisation and transformative learning theory are reviewed in this paper. These ideas in combination with leadership for sustainability and education for sustainability lead to an integrative model that links theory and practice, cultural and social aspects influencing learning, and the ability of individuals to critically reflect and challenge existing worldviews to learn and develop new practices.

Findings

– The theoretical foundations and model presented seek to provide useful theoretical basis with which to better understand the process of transformation towards sustainability in higher education. This involves a continuous process of learning to rethink existing practices and worldviews by individuals within the organisation, which lead to community learning, which in turn lead to organisational learning. Six key implications for action have also been identified.

Originality/value

– Little research exists that uses organisational learning to inform the design and development of the research reporting on the achievements, opportunities and challenges emerged during the change process towards embedding sustainability in higher education. The suggested framework is envisaged as an integrative theoretical framework that can help understand the “how to”, thus the learning processes associated with embedding sustainability in the core activities of universities.
Innovative solutions for future tourism development in Sri Lanka (2013-2026)
Authors: (Chandi) Jayawardena Chandana
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– This paper aims to present practical answers to the strategic question: “How might post-war Sri Lanka develop inbound tourism?” It attempts to capture the essence of contributions by 12 experts on aspects on tourism of Sri Lanka, for the Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes (WHATT) issue on Sri Lanka in 2013.

Design/methodology/approach

– Having analyzed the key findings and recommendations made in eight preceding papers on the same theme issue, the author integrates innovative suggestions in order to provide a succinct response to the strategic question.

Findings

– While providing an overview of the key trends and challenges of tourism in post-war Sri Lanka, this paper proposes innovative solutions to those challenges. At the end of the paper 11 final concluding suggestions which have incorporated 71 suggestions from other sections of this paper are made to all policy makers and stakeholders of tourism industry of Sri Lanka. Based on relevant discussions, conclusions, suggested innovative solutions and assumptions, the paper provides a helicopter view of the potential for future tourism development in Sri Lanka up to the year 2026.

Originality/value

– This paper provides fresh perspectives on many relevant issues by analyzing inputs, viewpoints, comments, and suggestions from subject experts. These inputs make this paper valuable to the readers. Industry professionals, consultants, researchers, academics and students with interests in tourism in Sri Lanka or similar tourism destinations around the world would benefit from this paper.
Matched and mismatched appraisals of the effectiveness of communication strategies by family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Savundranayagam Marie Y. , Orange J. B.
Published: October 2013

Background

Communication problems stemming from Alzheimer's disease (AD) often result in misunderstandings that can be linked with problem behaviours and increased caregiver stress. Moreover, these communication breakdowns also can result either from caregivers’ use of ineffective communication strategies, which paradoxically are perceived as helpful, or can occur as a result of not using effective communication strategies that are perceived as unhelpful.

Aims

The two primary aims were to determine the effectiveness of strategies used to resolve communication breakdowns and to examine whether caregivers’ ratings of strategy effectiveness were consistent with evidence from video‐recorded conversations and with effective communication strategies documented in the literature.

Methods & Procedures

Twenty‐eight mealtime conversations were recorded using a sample of 15 dyads consisting of individuals with early, middle and late clinical‐stage AD and their family caregivers. Conversations were analysed using the trouble‐source repair paradigm to identify the communication strategies used by caregivers to resolve breakdowns. Family caregivers also rated the helpfulness of communication strategies used to resolve breakdowns. Analyses were conducted to assess the overlap or match between the use and appraisals of the helpfulness of communication strategies.

Outcomes & Results

Matched and mismatched appraisals of communication strategies varied across stages of AD. Matched appraisals by caregivers of persons with early‐stage AD were observed for 68% of 22 communication strategies, whereas caregivers of persons with middle‐ and late‐stage AD had matched appraisals for 45% and 55% of the strategies, respectively. Moreover, caregivers of persons with early‐stage AD had matched appraisals over and above making matched appraisals by chance alone, compared with caregivers of persons in middle‐ and late‐stage AD.

Conclusions & Implications

Mismatches illustrate the need for communication education and training, particularly to establish empirically derived evidence‐based communication strategies over the clinical course of AD.
Does timing matter? A real options experiment to farmers' investment and disinvestment behaviours
Authors: Ihli Hanna J. , Maart‐Noelck Syster C. , Musshoff Oliver
Published: October 2013

In this article, we analyse the (dis)investment behaviour of farmers in a within‐subject designed experiment. We ascertain whether, and to what extent, the real options approach (ROA) and the classical investment theory can predict farmers' (dis)investment behaviour. We consider a problem of optimal stopping, stylising an option to (dis)invest in agricultural technology. Our results show that both theories do not explain exactly the observed (dis)investment behaviour. However, some evidence was found that the ROA predicted the decision behaviour of farmers better than the classical investment theory. Moreover, we found that farmers learn from repeated investment decisions and consider the value of waiting over time. Socio‐demographic and farm‐specific variables also affect the (dis)investment behaviour of farmers.
Reflections on network governance in Africa's forestry sector
Authors: Andrew Grant J. , Balraj Dianne , Mavropoulos‐Vagelis Georgia
Published: October 2013

International forestry governance is an integral part of the global policy debates on how to prevent deforestation, illicit extraction, and unsustainable timber practices. Africa is an important producer of timber, yet the region is beset by a lack of capacity and other governance challenges in the management of its forestry sector. We employ a network governance analysis to examine the extent to which the evolution and operation of the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) and la Commission des Forêts d'Afrique Centrale (COMIFAC) have addressed governance challenges. We assess the strengths and weaknesses of these two leading examples of international forestry governance by introducing recent evidence and insights from Africa. We conclude with a policy‐relevant discussion of how the FSC and COMIFAC might enhance authority, legitimacy, and effectiveness and improve forestry governance in Africa and other parts of the world.
Percutaneous tenotomy: Development of a novel, percutaneous, ultrasound‐guided needle‐cutting technique for division of tendons and other connective tissue structures
Authors: Hopkins James , Sampson Matthew
Published: October 2013

A variety of surgical procedures derive therapeutic benefit from the division of retinacular, ligamentous or tendinous structures. Examples include carpal tunnel release for median nerve impingement, annular pulley release for trigger finger and tendon division for spastic muscular contractures. Here, using an animal cadaveric model, we describe the first steps in determining the feasibility of a novel, percutaneous, ultrasound‐guided needle‐cutting technique to achieve the same ends. The technique we describe involves the creation of an effective needle tenotomy device via a simple modification to an 18G coaxial, beveled needle. The technique holds promise for the development of a minimally invasive alternative approach that utilises readily available technology and equipment with minimisation of morbidity and cost associated with open procedures.
Microsatellite markers from the Ion Torrent: a multi‐species contrast to 454 shotgun sequencing
Authors: Elliott Carole P. , Enright Neal J. , Allcock Richard J. N. , Gardner Michael G. , Meglécz Emese , Anthony Janet , Krauss Siegfried L.
Published: October 2013

The development and screening of microsatellite markers have been accelerated by next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technology and in particular GS‐FLX pyro‐sequencing (454). More recent platforms such as the PGM semiconductor sequencer (Ion Torrent) offer potential benefits such as dramatic reductions in cost, but to date have not been well utilized. Here, we critically compare the advantages and disadvantages of microsatellite development using PGM semiconductor sequencing and GS‐FLX pyro‐sequencing for two gymnosperm (a conifer and a cycad) and one angiosperm species. We show that these NGS platforms differ in the quantity of returned sequence data, unique microsatellite data and primer design opportunities, mostly consistent with the differences in read length. The strength of the PGM lies in the large amount of data generated at a comparatively lower cost and time. The strength of GS‐FLX lies in the return of longer average length sequences and therefore greater flexibility in producing markers with variable product length, due to longer flanking regions, which is ideal for capillary multiplexing. These differences need to be considered when choosing a NGS method for microsatellite discovery. However, the ongoing improvement in read lengths of the NGS platforms will reduce the disadvantage of the current short read lengths, particularly for the PGM platform, allowing greater flexibility in primer design coupled with the power of a larger number of sequences.
Alcohol Activates the Hedgehog Pathway and Induces Related Procarcinogenic Processes in the Alcohol‐Preferring Rat Model of Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Chan Isaac S. , Guy Cynthia D. , Machado Mariana V. , Wank Abigail , Kadiyala Vishnu , Michelotti Gregory , Choi Steve , Swiderska‐Syn Marzena , Karaca Gamze , Pereira Thiago A. , Yip‐Schneider Michele T. , Max Schmidt C. , Diehl Anna Mae
Published: October 2013

Background

Alcohol consumption promotes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The responsible mechanisms are not well understood. Hepatocarcinogenesis increases with age and is enhanced by factors that impose a demand for liver regeneration. Because alcohol is hepatotoxic, habitual alcohol ingestion evokes a recurrent demand for hepatic regeneration. The alcohol‐preferring (P) rat model mimics the level of alcohol consumption by humans who habitually abuse alcohol. Previously, we showed that habitual heavy alcohol ingestion amplified age‐related hepatocarcinogenesis in P rats, with over 80% of alcohol‐consuming P rats developing HCCs after 18 months of alcohol exposure, compared with only 5% of water‐drinking controls.

Methods

Herein, we used quantitative real‐time PCR and quantitative immunocytochemistry to compare liver tissues from alcohol‐consuming P rats and water‐fed P rat controls after 6, 12, or 18 months of drinking. We aimed to identify potential mechanisms that might underlie the differences in liver cancer formation and hypothesized that chronic alcohol ingestion would activate Hedgehog (HH), a regenerative signaling pathway that is overactivated in HCC.

Results

Chronic alcohol ingestion amplified age‐related degenerative changes in hepatocytes, but did not cause appreciable liver inflammation or fibrosis even after 18 months of heavy drinking. HH signaling was also enhanced by alcohol exposure, as evidenced by increased levels of mRNAs encoding HH ligands, HH‐regulated transcription factors, and HH target genes. Immunocytochemistry confirmed increased alcohol‐related accumulation of HH ligand‐producing cells and HH‐responsive target cells. HH‐related regenerative responses were also induced in alcohol‐exposed rats. Three of these processes (i.e., deregulated progenitor expansion, the reverse Warburg effect, and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transitions) are known to promote cancer growth in other tissues.

Conclusions

Alcohol‐related changes in Hedgehog signaling and resultant deregulation of liver cell replacement might promote hepatocarcinogenesis.
A putative upupiform bird from the Early Oligocene of the Central Western Carpathians and a review of fossil birds unearthed in Slovakia
Authors: Kundrát Martin , Soták Ján , Ahlberg Per E.
Published: October 2013

An isolated hind limb of a miniature bird from an Early Oligocene locality (30–34 Ma) near Bystré (Slovakia) is described and analyzed. The tarsometatarsus (TMT) of the specimen is remarkably short relative to the tibiotarsus. When relative length ratios of the bones are compared with a sample of 29 extant and extinct birds with short metatarsi, the specimen variably clusters with some alcedinids, coraciids and trochilids. Log‐clusters give less ambiguous results and indicate significant proximity of the Bystré specimen to the extinct messelirrisorids (Upupiformes) and the recent acledinids (Coraciiformes). With regard to morphological details, such as those of the first metatarsal, II‐IV metatarsal trochleae, intertrochlear incisurae and phalanges, the Slovak specimen shows a combination of features, which are distributed among recent upupiforms and coraciiforms as well as extinct upupiforms (Messelirrisor) and apodiforms (Eocypselus, Parargornis). Taken together, the metric and morphological data sets suggest that the specimen from Bystré is a coraciiform sensu lato rather than an apodiform bird. Within the Coraciiformes, the robust trochlea of MT‐I with expanded dorsal shelf, the large medial and slit‐like lateral intertrochlear incisura, and the long hindtoe suggest upupiform rather than alcedinid relationships.
Abnormal screening for gestational diabetes, maternal mood disorder, and preterm birth
Authors: Sit Dorothy , Luther James , (Jesse) Dills John Louis , Eng Heather , Wisniewski Stephen , Wisner Katherine L
Published: October 2013

Objective

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 7% of pregnant mothers, and those with GDM have increased rates of perinatal complications. Major depressive disorder (MDD) and its pharmacologic treatments are associated with obesity and adverse pregnancy outcomes. In this prospective study, we investigated the relationship between abnormal GDM screens, maternal mood disorders, and adverse outcomes.

Methods

We examined mothers with MDD, those with bipolar disorder (BD), and healthy controls (HC) at 20, 30, and 36 weeks of gestation and delivery. We obtained demographic data and pre‐pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and confirmed diagnoses with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV. We evaluated smoking, alcohol use, substance use, and medication treatments with the Longitudinal Interval Follow‐up Evaluation interview. Mothers received the one‐hour 50‐g glucose challenge test (GCT) at 26–28 weeks of gestation. Outcome variables were preterm birth, birth weight (BW) and peripartum events.

Results

We enrolled 62 HC, 50 BD, 41 past MDD, and 39 current MDD mother–infant pairs. Mean GCT levels and the frequency of abnormal GCT (>140 mg/dL) did not differ across groups. Rates of smoking (χ2 = 20.68, df = 3, p < 0.001), substance use (χ2 = 21.76, df = 3, p < 0.001), and pre‐pregnancy obesity [BMI ≥ 30 (χ2 = 9.97, df = 3, p = 0.019)] differed significantly across groups. Mothers with BD received medications associated with weight gain significantly more often than others [13/45 (29%), p < 0.001). After adjusting for group differences, GCT levels were associated significantly with increased odds for preterm birth (odds ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval: 1.0–1.7, p = 0.05) and increased perinatal events (beta = 0.11, p = 0.04) but were not associated with BW.

Conclusions

In mothers with or without mood disorders, having increased GCT levels contributes to a higher likelihood for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Mothers with BD or current MDD can have additional risks for adverse outcomes and may benefit from early referral for high‐risk services and supportive management in pregnancy.
Romiplostim in children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP): the French Experience
Authors: Pasquet Marlène , Aladjidi Nathalie , Guiton Corinne , Courcoux Mary‐France , Munzer Martine , Auvrignon Anne , Lutz Patrick , Ducassou Stéphane , LeRoy Gwennaelle , Munzer Caroline , Leverger Guy ,   for the Centre de Référence National des Cytopénies Auto‐immunes de l'Enfant (CEREVANCE)
Published: October 2013

A minority of children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) require therapeutic intervention to prevent haemorrhagic risk. This retrospective national study evaluated romiplostim in childhood non‐responsive or refractory chronic ITP. Between 2009 and 2012, 10 patients whose Buchanan score was 3–4 were treated with romiplostim. The median duration of thrombocytopenia was 1·9 years (0·8–15). The median duration of romiplostim treatment was 9 months (3–36). A response was observed in 5/10 patients (one complete, four partial). No serious adverse effect was noticed. The long‐term benefit/risk balance of this innovative treatment is currently recorded by Centre de Référence National des Cytopénies Auto‐immunes de l'Enfant.
In vitro and ex vivo evaluation of a multi‐epitope heparinase vaccine for various malignancies
Authors: Tang Xu‐Dong , Guo Shu‐Liang , Wang Guo‐Zhen , Li Ning , Wu Yu‐Yun , Fang Dian‐Chun , Fan Ya‐Han , Yang Shi‐Ming
Published: October 2013

Previous studies have indicated that heparanase (Hpa) might represent a candidate universal tumor‐associated antigen. However, vaccine therapy targeting only one cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope is suboptimal in preventing cancer. In the present study, we designed heparanase multi‐epitope vaccines to increase the immune response to standard single heparanase epitopes. The results showed that multi‐epitope vaccines Hpa525 + 277 + 405 + 16 and Hpa8 + 310 + 315 + 363 induced higher Hpa‐specific lysis of various cancer cells from different tissues in a HLA‐A2‐restricted and heparanase‐specific manner compared with the single epitope vaccines Hpa525, Hpa277, Hpa405, Hpa16, Hpa8, Hpa310, Hpa315 and Hpa363, both in vitro and ex vivo. Heparanase multi‐epitope vaccines not only induced the heparanase‐specific CTL to lyse tumor cells but also increased CTL secretion of interferon‐γ. However, these heparanase‐specific CTL did not lyse heparanase‐expressing autologous lymphocytes and dendritic cells, which confirms the safety of these multi‐epitope vaccines. Therefore, the present study provides theoretical evidence for the use of heparanase multi‐epitope vaccines for clinical application.
Dimensional changes in soft tissues around dental implants following free gingival grafting: an experimental study in dogs
Authors: Bengazi Franco , Lang Niklaus P. , Caroprese Marino , Urbizo Velez Joaquin , Favero Vittorio , Botticelli Daniele
Published: October 2013

Objective

To study the buccal dimensional tissue changes at oral implants following free gingival grafting, with or without including the keratin layer, performed at the time of implant installation into alveolar mucosa.

Material and methods

The mandibular premolars and first molars were extracted bilaterally in six Beagle dogs. In the right side of the mandible (Test), flaps were first elevated, and the buccal as well as part of the lingual masticatory mucosa was removed. An incision of the periosteum at the buccal aspect was performed to allow the flap to be coronally repositioned. Primary wound closure was obtained. In the left side, the masticatory (keratinized) mucosa was left in situ, and no sutures were applied (Control).

After 3 months of healing, absence of keratinized mucosa was confirmed at the test sites. Two recipient sites were prepared at each side of the mandible in the region of the third and fourth premolars. All implants were installed with the shoulder placed flush with the buccal alveolar bony crest, and abutments were connected to allow a non‐submerged healing. Two free gingival mucosal grafts were harvested from the buccal region of the maxillary canines. One graft was left intact (gingival mucosal graft), while for the second, the epithelial layer was removed (gingival connective tissue graft). Subsequently, the grafts were fixed around the test implants in position of the third and fourth premolars, respectively. After 3 months, the animals were euthanized and ground sections obtained.

Results

Similar bony crest resorption and coronal extension of osseointegration were found at test and control sites. Moreover, similar dimensions of the peri‐implant soft tissues were obtained at test and control sites.

Conclusions

The increase in the alveolar mucosal thickness by means of a gingival graft affected the peri‐implant marginal bone resorption and soft tissue recession around implants. This resulted in outcomes that were similar to those at implants surrounded by masticatory mucosa, indicating that gingival grafting in the absence of keratinized mucosa around implants may reduce the resorption of the marginal crest and soft tissue recession.
Evaluation of Atrial Electromechanical Coupling Times in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Karavelioğlu Yusuf , Karapınar Hekim , Özkurt Sultan , Sarıkaya Savas , Küçükdurmaz Zekeriya , Arısoy Arif , Kurt Recep , Yılmaz Ahmet , Kaya Mehmet G.
Published: October 2013

Background

There are no definite data about the atrial electromechanical coupling times (AEMCT) in patients with end stage renal failure (ESRF). The aim of this study was to investigate the AEMCT in ESRF patients without hypertension (HT) and diabetes mellitus.

Methods

The study population consisted of 47 normotensive, nondiabetic ESRF patients and 41 healthy age/gender‐matched control subjects. The time intervals from the onset of P‐wave on the surface electrocardiogram to the beginning of late diastolic A‐wave (PA) were obtained from the lateral mitral annulus (PA‐lateral, maximum AEMCT), septal annulus (PA‐septal), and tricuspid lateral annulus (PA‐tricuspid). Time intervals were corrected according to the heart rate. The difference between PA‐septal and PA‐tricuspid (right AEMCT), PA‐lateral and PA‐septal (left AEMCT), and PA‐lateral and PA‐tricuspid (inter AEMCT) were calculated. Corrected time intervals were used for calculations.

Results

Groups were similar for age (52 ± 12.3 vs. 49.9 ± 6 years, P > 0.05) and gender. Maximum (61 ± 20 vs. 47 ± 13 ms; P < 0.001) AEMCT was significantly higher in the patients compared with the control group, but septal and tricuspid EMCT were not different (P > 0.05). Both inter‐atrial (37 ± 21 vs. 24 ± 16 ms, P = 0.002) and left atrial (25 ± 18 vs. 12 ± 9 ms; P < 0.001) EMCT were significantly higher in patients when compared with the controls but intra‐right atrial EMCT was not different.

Conclusions

Atrial conduction parameters such as maximal EMCT, left atrial, and inter‐atrial EMCTs were prolonged in ESRF patients. This prolongation is seen in ESRF patients even in the absence of factors that affect atrial coupling, such as HT.
Cell‐type‐dependent action potentials and voltage‐gated currents in mouse fungiform taste buds
Authors: Kimura Kenji , Ohtubo Yoshitaka , Tateno Katsumi , Takeuchi Keita , Kumazawa Takashi , Yoshii Kiyonori
Published: October 2013

Taste receptor cells fire action potentials in response to taste substances to trigger non‐exocytotic neurotransmitter release in type II cells and exocytotic release in type III cells. We investigated possible differences between these action potentials fired by mouse taste receptor cells using in situ whole‐cell recordings, and subsequently we identified their cell types immunologically with cell‐type markers, an IP3 receptor (IP3R3) for type II cells and a SNARE protein (SNAP‐25) for type III cells. Cells not immunoreactive to these antibodies were examined as non‐IRCs. Here, we show that type II cells and type III cells fire action potentials using different ionic mechanisms, and that non‐IRCs also fire action potentials with either of the ionic mechanisms. The width of action potentials was significantly narrower and their afterhyperpolarization was deeper in type III cells than in type II cells. Na+ current density was similar in type II cells and type III cells, but it was significantly smaller in non‐IRCs than in the others. Although outwardly rectifying current density was similar between type II cells and type III cells, tetraethylammonium (TEA) preferentially suppressed the density in type III cells and the majority of non‐IRCs. Our mathematical model revealed that the shape of action potentials depended on the ratio of TEA‐sensitive current density and TEA‐insensitive current one. The action potentials of type II cells and type III cells under physiological conditions are discussed.
Cells or signals: which moves to drive skin pattern formation?
Authors: Headon Denis
Published: October 2013

During its development, the skin produces an array of evenly spaced hair follicles. How the location of each follicle is determined to produce this pattern has been the subject of study and speculation for several decades. A central unresolved issue is the extent to which movement of scattered, precommitted follicle cells might play a role in this process. Xavier et al. now report the identification of subpopulations of dermal cells in developing sheep skin which are positive for Delta1 expression, suggesting that these cells may represent precommitted dermal papilla cells and that dermal Notch pathway signalling plays a role in hair follicle patterning.
Potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of Hb Handsworth in areas with high prevalence of HbS
Authors: Al Zadjali S. , Al‐Riyami A. Z. , Gravell D. , Al Haddabi H. , Al Rawahi M. , Al Falahi K. , Daar S.
Published: October 2013

Hb Handsworth is a rare α‐globin structural variant caused by a missense mutation either on the α2 or α1‐globin gene (HBA2 or HBA1: c.55G>C, p.Gly18Arg). This variant might be erroneously diagnosed as HbS unless secondary confirmative tests are carried out. We encountered a child with a prominent peak eluting in the ‘S’ window on high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sickle solubility test, gel electrophoresis, and selective direct nucleotide sequencing of α1, α2, and β globin genes were performed on the patient's sample. In addition, previous HPLC results on a cord blood sample were retrieved. Sickle solubility test was negative. Gel electrophoresis revealed a band migrating at the S region with an extra faint band seen on acid gel electrophoresis. Molecular analysis of α2 globin gene revealed heterozygous state of Hb Handsworth. Hb Handsworth is a rare variant that can mimic HbS on HPLC. Failure to recognize this rare variant in regions where HbS is highly prevalent may result in serious misdiagnosis and subsequent incorrect genetic counseling.
Networks of prey specialization in an Arctic monomorphic seabird
Authors: Provencher Jennifer F. , Elliott Kyle H. , Gaston Anthony J. , Braune Birgit M.
Published: October 2013

Generalist predator populations are sometimes made up of individuals that specialize on particular prey items. To examine specialization in thick‐billed murres Uria lomvia during self‐feeding we obtained stomach contents and muscle stable isotope values for 213 birds feeding close to five colonies in the Canadian Arctic. Adults were less specialized during self‐feeding than during chick‐provisioning. Nonetheless, particular specialists clustered together within the foraging network. While sexes showed similar levels of specialization, individuals of the same sex clustered together within the foraging network. The significant degree of clustering regardless of sex showed that individuals specializing on one prey item tend to also specialize on another, although network topology varied from colony to colony. Adult muscle stable isotope values correlated with the stable isotope values of the prey found in stomachs, at least at the one colony with relevant prey data, suggesting that specializations are maintained over time. Degree of specialization increased with niche width across the five colonies, but similarity in gastro‐intestinal and bill morphology was independent of dietary similarity. Thus, although individual specialization is thought to play a key role in sympatric speciation through trophic specialization, we found no support for an association between morphology and foraging patterns in our species. We conclude that self‐feeding murres show clustered dietary specialization, and that specialization is highest where diet is most diverse.
LINGUISTIC VALIDATION OF THE 5D ITCHING SCALE TO ARABIC IN PATIENTS WITH END‐STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE
Authors: Khan Tahir Mehmood , Al‐Haider Ibrahim , Syed Sulaiman Syed Azhar , Hassali Mohamed Azmi
Published: October 2013

Background

Pruritus is one of the commonest skin complaints in end‐stage kidney disease. Pruritus can be effectively managed if proper assessment is carried out to categorise its severity. The objective of this study is to test the reliability of an Arabic version of the 5D‐Itching scale (5D‐IS).

Method

A self‐ administered Arabic version of the 5D‐IS was tested for linguistic validation. Language validity of the tool was carried by using the forward/backward method. Internal consistency was tested using Cronbach's alpha and Spearman's rank. Factor analysis was performed to assess the content adequacy of the study tool.

Findings

A total of 151 patients completed the survey. The 5D‐IS is mainly comprised of five domains that are used to assess the level of itching. The mean ± SD 5‐D score obtained in the study group was 12.7 ± 5.3 with scores ranging between 6 and 25. Cronbach's alpha was 0.850 for the five domains of 5 D‐IS. The reliability of five domain 5 D‐IS indicates the practical applicability of the instrument with inter‐correlation of 0.847 (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The 5D‐IS was found to be a reliable tool for assessing itching in Arabic patients with uraemic pruritus. Due to its simplicity, this tool can easily be used by clinical staff to assess the severity of pruritus.
Genome‐wide patterns of large‐size presence/absence variants in sorghum
Authors: Zhang Li‐Min , Luo Hong , Liu Zhi‐Quan , Zhao Yi , Luo Jing‐Chu , Hao Dong‐Yun , Jing Hai‐Chun
Published: October 2013

The presence/absence variants (PAVs) are a major source of genome structural variation and have profound effects on phenotypic and genomic variation in animals and humans. However, little is understood about PAVs in plant genomes. Our previous resequencing effort on three sorghum (Sorghum bicolour L.) genomes, each 12× coverage, uncovered 5 364 PAVs. Here, we report a detailed characterization of 51 large‐size (>30 kb) PAVs. These PAVs spanned a total size of 2.92 Mb of the sorghum genome containing 202 known and predicted genes, including 38 genes annotated to encode cell death and stress response genes. The PAVs varied considerably for repeat sequences and mobile elements with DNA transposons as the major components. The frequency and distribution of these PAVs differed substantially across 96 sorghum inbred lines, and the low‐ and high frequency PAVs differed in their gene categories. This report shed new light on the occurrence and diversity of PAVs in sorghum genomes. Our research exemplifies a new perspective to explore genome structural variation for genetic improvement in plant breeding.
Longitudinal pilot‐study of Sustained Attention to Response Task and P300 in manifest and pre‐manifest Huntington's disease
Authors: Hart Ellen P. , Dumas Eve M. , van Zwet Erik W. , van der Hiele Karin , Jurgens Caroline K. , Middelkoop Huub A. M. , van Dijk J. Gert , Roos Raymund A. C.
Published: October 2013

Background

Earlier research has found cross‐sectional attentional control deficits in manifest Huntington's disease (HD) using neuropsychological testing combined with simultaneous P300 registration. In the current pilot‐study, we investigate attentional control in pre‐manifest and manifest HD over a 3‐year follow‐up period.

Method

Five manifest HD (MHD), 9 pre‐manifest HD (PMHD), and 12 control subjects were included. Sustained Attention to Response task (SART) and P300 registration resulted in number of errors, reaction time (RT), and P300 amplitude and latency. RT change patterns surrounding No‐go trials were also investigated. Within‐subject differences were tested using paired‐samples t‐tests and between‐group results with ANCOVA on delta scores (follow‐up – baseline scores).

Results

Manifest HD made more errors and were slower than controls and PMHD. Longitudinally, MHD showed an overall RT increase and a specific slowing on trials preceding a correct No‐go trial (within‐group effects). The latter was also seen in PMHD. P300 latency prolongation was found for controls on No‐go and for MHD on Go trials. On specific trials surrounding both correct and incorrect No‐go trials, MHD became significantly slower over time than controls and PMHD (between‐group effects).

Conclusions

Over 3‐years, MHD subjects became slower on the SART and showed a prolongation of P300 latency on specific SART trials. Specific slowing of performance over time was also seen in PMHD, suggestive of compensatory mechanisms in this group.
Retrospective comparison of two peripheral lumbosacral plexus blocks in dogs undergoing pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery
Authors: Vettorato E. , De Gennaro C. , Okushima S. , Corletto F.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

To compare the lateral pre‐iliac approach to the lumbar plexus combined with lumbar paravertebral sciatic nerve block, and the dorsal paravertebral approach to the lumbar plexus combined with sciatic nerve block in dogs.

Methods

Retrospective examination of case records of dogs that received the blocks and underwent pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery between 2010 and 2012. Success rate (intraoperative fentanyl consumption <2·1 µg/kg/hour), type and dose of local anaesthetic used, multiple of minimum alveolar concentration of volatile anaesthetic agent administered, incidence of intraoperative hypotension, postoperative methadone administration, postoperative contralateral limb paralysis and neurological complication at 6 weeks re‐examination were analysed.

Results

Ninety‐six and 95 records were retrieved in which lateral pre‐iliac – lumbar paravertebral sciatic nerve and dorsal paravertebral – sciatic nerve were used, respectively. Success rates were 82·3% in lateral pre‐iliac – lumbar paravertebral sciatic nerve and 74·7% in dorsal paravertebral – sciatic nerve groups. Bupivacaine, levobupivacaine and ropivacaine were used. Total local anaesthetic doses, intraoperative hypotension and postoperative methadone administered were similar between groups; minimum alveolar concentration multiple was significantly (P<0·001) lower in lateral pre‐iliac – lumbar paravertebral sciatic nerve group. No neurological complications were noted.

Clinical Significance

Although success rates and perioperative analgesic requirements were not significantly different, the different exposure to anaesthetic agents suggests that the two techniques may not be equivalent.
Pharmacokinetics and preliminary safety data of a single oral dose of bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in cats
Authors: Puza N. , Papich M. G. , Reinero C. , Chang C.‐H. , Yu D.‐H. , Sharp C. , DeClue A.
Published: October 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and adverse effect profile of single‐dose oral bosentan, a dual endothelin receptor antagonist, in healthy cats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined following a single mean ± SD oral dose of 3.2 ± 0.6 mg/kg of bosentan in 6 adult cats. Blood was collected for quantification of bosentan via high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Blood and urine were evaluated for CBC, plasma biochemical profile, and urinalysis, and repeat physical examinations were performed to evaluate for adverse effects. The mean terminal half‐life of bosentan was 20.4 ± 17.2 h. The mean peak plasma concentration was 0.49 ± 0.24 g/mL, and the mean time to maximum plasma concentration was 6.8 ± 8.6 h. The area under the curve was 5.14 ± 3.81 h·μg/mL. Oral bosentan tablets were absorbed in cats, and no clinically important adverse events were noted. Further evaluation of repeat dosing, investigation into the in vivo efficacy of decreasing endothelin‐1 concentrations in cats, as well as safety in conjunction with other medications is warranted.
XANES and Mg isotopic analyses of spinels in Ca‐Al‐rich inclusions: Evidence for formation under oxidizing conditions
Authors: Paque J. M. , Sutton S. R. , Simon S. B. , Beckett J. R. , Burnett D. S. , Grossman L. , Yurimoto H. , Itoh S. , Connolly H. C.
Published: October 2013

Ti valence measurements in MgAl2O4 spinel from calcium‐aluminum‐rich inclusions (CAIs) by X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy show that many spinels have predominantly tetravalent Ti, regardless of host phases. The average spinel in Allende type B1 inclusion TS34 has 87% Ti+4. Most spinels in fluffy type A (FTA) inclusions also have high Ti valence. In contrast, the rims of some spinels in TS34 and spinel grain cores in two Vigarano type B inclusions have larger amounts of trivalent titanium. Spinels from TS34 have approximately equal amounts of divalent and trivalent vanadium. Based on experiments conducted on CAI‐like compositions over a range of redox conditions, both clinopyroxene and spinel should be Ti+3‐rich if they equilibrated with CAI liquids under near‐solar oxygen fugacities. In igneous inclusions, the seeming paradox of high‐valence spinels coexisting with low‐valence clinopyroxene can be explained either by transient oxidizing conditions accompanying low‐pressure evaporation or by equilibration of spinel with relict Ti+4‐rich phases (e.g., perovskite) prior to or during melting. Ion probe analyses of large spinel grains in TS34 show that they are enriched in heavy Mg, with an average Δ25Mg of 4.25 ± 0.028‰, consistent with formation of the spinel from an evaporating liquid. Δ25Mg shows small, but significant, variation, both within individual spinels and between spinel and adjacent melilite hosts. The Δ25Mg data are most simply explained by the low‐pressure evaporation model, but this model has difficulty explaining the high Ti+4 concentrations in spinel.
A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Trial of Duloxetine for the Treatment of Pain in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Vollmer Timothy L. , Robinson Michael J. , Risser Richard C. , Malcolm Sandra K.
Published: October 2013

Background

Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often report neuropathic pain (NP‐MS). The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of duloxetine as treatment for NP‐MS.

Methods

In this study, 239 adults with NP‐MS (duloxetine = 118, placebo = 121) were randomized to duloxetine 60 mg (30 mg for 1 week, then 60 mg for 5 weeks) or placebo once daily for a 6‐week acute therapy phase, followed by a 12‐week open‐label extension phase (duloxetine 30 to 120 mg/day). Eligible patients had MS for ≥ 1 year and a score ≥ 4 on daily average pain intensity (API) ratings for ≥ 4 of 7 days immediately before randomization. Patients rated API daily on an 11‐point numeric scale (0 [no pain] to 10 [worst possible pain]) in an electronic diary. The primary efficacy measure, change in weekly API ratings, was analyzed longitudinally with a mixed‐model repeated‐measures analysis. Completion, reasons for discontinuation, and treatment‐emergent adverse event incidence were compared by Fisher's exact test.

Results

Duloxetine‐treated patients had statistically greater mean improvement in API vs. placebo at Week 6 (−1.83 vs. −1.07, P = 0.001). Treatment completion did not significantly differ between groups. Discontinuation due to adverse events was statistically greater for duloxetine vs. placebo (13.6% vs. 4.1%, P = 0.012). Decreased appetite was reported significantly more often by duloxetine‐treated patients (5.9% vs. 0%, P = 0.007).

Conclusions

This study found analgesic efficacy of duloxetine for NP‐MS. Duloxetine is not approved for treatment of this condition. The duloxetine safety profile of this study was consistent with the known profile in other patient populations.