bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trading water for carbon in the future: Effects of elevated CO2 and warming on leaf hydraulic traits in a semiarid grassland
Authors: Mueller Kevin E. , Ocheltree Troy W. , Kray Julie A. , Bushey Julie A. , Blumenthal Dana M. , Williams David G. , Pendall Elise
Published: June 2022

The effects of climate change on plants and ecosystems are mediated by plant hydraulic traits, including interspecific and intraspecific variability of trait phenotypes. Yet, integrative and realistic studies of hydraulic traits and climate change are rare. In a semiarid grassland, we assessed the response of several plant hydraulic traits to elevated CO2 (+200 ppm) and warming (+1.5 to 3°C; day to night). For leaves of five dominant species (three graminoids and two forbs), and in replicated plots exposed to 7 years of elevated CO2, warming, or ambient climate, we measured: stomatal density and size, xylem vessel size, turgor loss point, and water potential (pre‐dawn). Interspecific differences in hydraulic traits were larger than intraspecific shifts induced by elevated CO2 and/or warming. Effects of elevated CO2 were greater than effects of warming, and interactions between treatments were weak or not detected. The forbs showed little phenotypic plasticity. The graminoids had leaf water potentials and turgor loss points that were 10% to 50% less negative under elevated CO2; thus, climate change might cause these species to adjust their drought resistance strategy away from tolerance and toward avoidance. The C4 grass also reduced allocation of leaf area to stomata under elevated CO2, which helps explain observations of higher soil moisture. The shifts in hydraulic traits under elevated CO2 were not, however, simply due to higher soil moisture. Integration of our results with others' indicates that common species in this grassland are more likely to adjust stomatal aperture in response to near‐term climate change, rather than anatomical traits; this contrasts with apparent effects of changing CO2 on plant anatomy over evolutionary time. Future studies should assess how plant responses to drought may be constrained by the apparent shift from tolerance (via low turgor loss point) to avoidance (via stomatal regulation and/or access to deeper soil moisture).
To see and be seen: Technological change and power in deforestation driving global value chains
Authors: Gallemore Caleb , Delabre Izabela , Jespersen Kristjan , Liu Ting
Published: June 2022

New digital tools for monitoring forest‐ and land‐cover change have made it easier for civil society actors to call firms to account for deforestation. In response, companies in deforestation‐linked global value chains (GVCs) have turned to these technologies themselves. In contrast to many case analyses of technology in GVCs, which focus on how technology changes production processes, forcing governance to adapt, forest‐monitoring technologies change governance directly. Synthesising work on transaction characteristics and power relations in GVCs to address this novel situation, we argue that monitoring technologies’ effects on GVCs will likely depend on their accessibility. Proprietary technologies favour large‐scale operations and already established lead firms, while open technologies could support democratization. Treating forest‐ and value‐chain information as a public good could support more inclusive, equitable and sustainable value chains.
C/C–SiC composites derived from single‐source poly(silylene–acetylene) precursors
Authors: Dong Shilong , Hu Xueying , Yuan Qiaolong , Huang Farong
Published: June 2022

Carbon‐fiber‐reinforced carbon–silicon carbide (C/C–SiC) composites were prepared by impregnating carbon fibers with ethynylphenyl‐terminated poly(silylene–acetylene) (EPTSA) as a single‐source precursor with subsequent hot pressing and pyrolysis. The structural evolution, crystallization behavior, and graphitization of bulk C–SiC ceramics, as well as their mechanical properties and ablation behavior, were investigated. The EPTSA precursor starts to transform into inorganic SiC ceramic materials at 800°C, which is characterized by an amorphous structure with weight loss, shrinkage, and densification between 800 and 1000°C. The formation of SiC crystals inhibited the growth of the graphitic structure between 1000 and 1200°C. As the temperature was raised, both graphite and SiC crystals continued to grow, and the crystalline forms became more complete. The carbon‐fiber cloth (T300CF)‐reinforced C–SiC composite (T300CF/C–SiC) prepared using polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) exhibited excellent mechanical properties. After five PIP cycles, the flexural strength, flexural modulus, and interlaminar shear strength of the T300CF/C–SiC composite reached 169 MPa, 32.5 GPa, and 9.38 MPa, respectively. In addition, the chopped‐carbon‐fiber‐reinforced C–SiC composite fabricated using the PIP process demonstrated good oxyacetylene‐torch ablation properties.
Design of mechanically advantaged glasses with hydration‐induced stress profiles
Authors: Gross Timothy M. , Wu Jingshi
Published: June 2022

The glass composition design work leading to the discovery of highly crack resistant glasses exhibiting hydration‐induced stress profiles is described. Initial hydration studies on ternary aluminosilicate glasses show the importance of potassium for facilitating hydration. Further modification of the glass composition through the incorporation of P2O5 increased the hydration rate such that a specimen with a 29‐µm hydration depth was prepared by holding in an 85°C 85% relative humidity chamber for 65 days. Not only did this glass have a high Vickers indentation crack resistance of >20 kgf, but the sample also displayed considerable stored energy at failure. This indication of a stress profile was subsequently measured and a compressive stress (CS) of 400 MPa with a compressive depth of layer of 29 µm was found. The initially long process times were shortened using pressurized steam vessels. When held at 250°C and .3 MPa, samples can be prepared with surface CSs >300 MPa and compressive depths >30 µm in less than 8 h.
Challenges and opportunities of brand corporate social responsibility classification: A review, new conceptualization and future research agenda
Authors: Prasad Ashok A. , Kumar Ravi Shekhar
Published: June 2022

Scholars have outlined several corporate social responsibility (CSR) classifications to analyse the wide range of CSR initiatives. The usage of diverse CSR types has resulted in independent and fragmented research. Previous literature reviews have analysed the overall CSR domain or focused on specific CSR activity, like cause‐related marketing. A comprehensive review of CSR classifications is not available to the best of the authors' knowledge. This article synthesizes the literature on CSR classification and proposes a holistic brand CSR mechanism classification schema. We review the CSR classifications outlined in 104 academic resources published between 1979 and 2021 (across 47 ABDC listed journals and one book). The review utilizes the 5W1H—Who, Why, What, When, Where and How—analytical framework to reveal the underlying rationale of different CSR classifications. The 5W1H analysis indicates that the majority of CSR classifications are from the overall business perspective rather than the product brand perspective. It also suggests the importance of the CSR delivery mechanism, that is, how CSR is delivered. The review finds a lack of conceptual basis in the extant brand CSR mechanism classifications. To address these challenges, we propose a conceptually grounded classification schema for brand CSR mechanisms with 10 classes to capture the feasible options holistically and parsimoniously. We describe the proposed classes and sub‐classes, provide real‐life illustrations, and assess the proposed classification's robustness. The implications of this study for theory, practice, and consumers are discussed. Leveraging the proposed classification, we identify several avenues for further research.
Short‐term administration of Polypodium leucotomos extract does not inhibit CYP3A4‐mediated metabolism of midazolam in healthy subjects: an open‐label, two‐period, fixed‐sequence study
Authors: Shinya Koichiro , Nishimura Yuki , Ryu Kakei , Sambe Takehiko , Fujishiro Masaya , Nakauchi Akihiro , Kashiwabuchi Yumika , Iwase Mariko , Chokki Hirokazu , Kurata Norimitsu , Matsuyama Takaaki , Kiuchi Yuji
Published: June 2022

The extract of Polypodium leucotomos is used as a dietary supplement for its ultraviolet radiation‐protective properties. Polypodium leucotomos extract reportedly inhibits CYP3A, which is important for drug metabolism in vitro in human microsomes and in vivo in rats. In this study, we explored the inhibitory effect of the P. leucotomos extract on CYP3A4‐mediated midazolam metabolism in humans. This open‐label, two‐period, fixed‐sequence study was performed on six healthy, Japanese, male volunteers. During period 1 (control), midazolam (1 mg) was orally administered. After a wash‐out period of at least 5 days, period 2 was initiated. Subjects ingested P. leucotomos extract (240 mg) once in the morning and once at noon on the day before midazolam administration, and once the next morning (thrice overall). Midazolam was administered as in period 1. Blood samples were regularly collected for 8 hours after drug administration, and serum midazolam concentration was determined by ultra‐fast liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. The pharmacokinetic parameters of midazolam were calculated and compared between the two periods. The area under the concentration‐time curve was 19.18 ± 3.65 ng h/ml, maximum serum concentration was 7.81 ± 1.25 ng/ml, and half‐life was 2.32 ± 0.35 hours during period 2. These parameters did not differ from those recorded in period 1 (area under the concentration‐time curve: 18.74 ± 2.97 ng h/ml, maximum serum concentration: 8.78 ± 1.67 ng/ml, half‐life: 2.52 ± 0.52 h). Therefore, short‐term oral administration of P. leucotomos extract did not cause food‐drug interactions mediated by CYP3A4 inhibition in humans.
Red cell distribution width and in‐hospital mortality in septic shock: A public database research
Authors: Ding Qiong , Su Yingjie , Li Changluo , Ding Ning
Published: June 2022

Objective

This study aimed to explore the relationship between red cell distribution width (RDW) and in‐hospital mortality in septic shock based on a large‐scale public database.

Methods

All patients with septic shock in MIMIC‐IV were enrolled. Based on RDW values, the general characteristics of different groups were compared. Different models were constructed for exploring the association of RDW and in‐hospital mortality. To assess the predictive value of RDW, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied.

Results

A total of 3006 patients with septic shock were included and in‐hospital mortality was 32.27% (n = 970). The results of the fully adjusted model demonstrated that RDW was positively associated with in‐hospital mortality in septic shock patients after adjusting all confounders (OR = 1.12, 95% CI:1.08–1.17, p < .001). A linear relationship between RDW and in‐hospital mortality was found. For predicting in‐hospital mortality, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of RDW was .602 and the best threshold of RDW was 17.25%.

Conclusion

RDW was associated with in‐hospital mortality in septic shock. It could be a useful marker for predicting clinical outcomes in septic shock.
The functional diversity of tissue‐resident natural killer cells against infection
Authors: Le Toby , Reeves Roger Keith , McKinnon Lyle Robert
Published: June 2022

For decades, studies of natural killer (NK) cells have focused on those found in peripheral blood (PBNK cells) as the prototype for NK cell biology. Only recently have researchers begun to explore the diversity of tissue‐resident NK (tr‐NK) cells. While tr‐NK cells were initially identified from mice parabiosis and intravascular staining experiments, they can also be identified by tissue retention markers such as CD69, CD103 and others. More importantly, tr‐NK cells have distinct functions compared to PBNK cells. Within the liver, there are diverse subsets of tr‐NK cells expressing different combinations of tissue‐retention markers and transcription factors, the clinical relevance of which are still unclear. Functionally, liver tr‐NK are primed with immediate responsiveness to infection and equipped with regulatory mechanisms to prevent liver damage. When decidual NK (dNK) cells were first discovered, they were mainly characterized by their reduced cytotoxicity and functions related to placental development. Recent studies, however, revealed different mechanisms by which dNK cells prevent uterine infections. The lungs are one of the most highly exposed sites for infection due to their role in oxygen exchange. Upon influenza infection, lung tr‐NK cells can degranulate and produce more inflammatory cytokines than PBNK cells. Less understood are gut tr‐NK cells which were recently characterized in infants and adults for their functional differences. In this mini‐review, we aim to provide a brief overview of the most recent discoveries on how several tr‐NK cells are implicated in the immune response against infection.
The kinetics of IgG subclasses and contributions to neutralizing activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 wild‐type strain and variants in healthy adults immunized with inactivated vaccine
Authors: Chen Weixin , Zhang Lichi , Li Juan , Bai Shuang , Wang Yali , Zhang Bing , Zheng Qun , Chen Meng , Zhao Wei , Wu Jiang
Published: June 2022

Neutralizing antibody is an important indicator of vaccine efficacy, of which IgG is the main component. IgG can be divided into four subclasses. Up to now, studies analysing the humoral response to SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination have mostly focused on measuring total IgG, and the contribution of specific IgG subclasses remains elusive. The aim of this study is to investigate the kinetics of neutralizing antibodies and IgG subclasses, and to explore their relationships in people vaccinated with inactivated COVID‐19 vaccine. We conducted a prospective cohort study in 174 healthy adults aged 18–59 years old who were administrated 2 doses of CoronaVac 14 days apart and a booster dose 1 year after the primary immunization, and followed up for 15 months. Blood samples were collected at various time points after primary and booster immunization. We used live SARS‐CoV‐2 virus neutralizing assay to determine neutralizing ability against the wild‐type strain and 4 variants (Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron) and ELISA to quantify SARS‐CoV‐2 RBD‐specific IgG subclasses. The results showed that the 2‐dose primary immunization only achieved low neutralizing ability, while a booster shot can significantly enhance neutralizing ability against the wild‐type strain, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron variants. IgG1 and IgG3 were the most abundant serum antibodies, and IgG2 and IgG4 were hardly detected at any time. The ratio of IgG1/IgG3 was positively associated with the neutralization ability. The underlying mechanism requires further exploration.
Effect of platelet‐rich plasma vs standard management for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer wounds: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Gong Fan , Zhang Yun , Gao Jian , Li Xiaoliang , Zhang Hanlin , Ma Guoxu , Huang Yonglu , Zhang Bowen , Zhao Fei
Published: June 2022

We performed a meta‐analysis to evaluate the effect of platelet‐rich plasma vs standard management for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer wounds. A systematic literature search up to March 2022 was performed and 1435 subjects with diabetic foot ulcer wounds at the baseline of the studies; 723 of them were treated with platelet‐rich plasma, and 712 used control. Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) was calculated to assess the effect of platelet‐rich plasma vs standard management for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer wounds using the dichotomous method with a random or fixed‐effect model. The use of autologous platelet‐rich plasma resulted in significantly higher complete‐healed diabetic foot ulcer wounds compared with control (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.49‐2.56, P < 0.001). The use of allogeneic platelet‐rich plasma resulted in significantly higher complete‐healed diabetic foot ulcer wounds compared with control (OR, 6.19; 95% CI, 2.32‐16.56, P < 0.001). The use of autologous and allogeneic platelet‐rich plasma resulted in significantly higher complete‐healed diabetic foot ulcer wounds compared with control. Though, the analysis of outcomes should be with caution because of the low number of studies in certain comparisons, for example, allogeneic platelet‐rich plasma compared with control.
Exploration of Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans and Furfurilactobacillus rossiae as potential cocoa fermentation starters
Authors: Korcari Dea , Ricci Giovanni , Fanton Alberto , Emide Davide , Barbiroli Alberto , Fortina Maria Grazia
Published: June 2022

Aims

To investigate the characteristics of two minority autochthonous LAB species, with particular regard to those properties that could be exploited in an improved cocoa fermentation process from a quality and safety point of view.

Methods and Results

Bacterial, yeast and mould strains characteristic of spontaneously fermented Dominican cocoa beans were isolated and identified by 16S or 26S rRNA gene sequencing. The potential of two autochthonous strains of LAB belonging to the species Lactiplantibacillus fabifermentans and Furfurilactibacillus rossiae were investigated. The two selected LAB strains were able to utilize glucose and fructose, produced mainly D-L lactic acid and had a good ability to resist to cocoa-related stress conditions such as low pH, high temperature and high osmotic pressure, as well as to grow in sterile cocoa pulp. The strains did not inhibit the growth of yeasts and acetic acid bacteria, that are essential to the cocoa fermentation process, and possessed a complex pool of peptidases especially active on hydrophobic amino acids. The strains also showed antifungal activity against mould species that can be found at the final stages of cocoa fermentation, as Aspergillus tamarii, A. nidulans, Lichtheimia ornata and Rhizomucor pusillus.

Conclusions

The tested strains are good candidates for the design of starter cultures for a controlled cocoa fermentation process.

Significance and Impact of the Study

This research showcases the potential of two alternative LAB species to the dominating Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Limosilactibacillus fermentum as cocoa fermentation starters, with an interesting activity in improving the safety and quality of the process.
Authentication of putative competitive bacterial endophytes of rice by re-isolation and DNA fingerprinting assay
Authors: Nunna Sai Aparna Devi , Balachandar Dananjeyan
Published: June 2022

Aim

The plant-growth-promoting putative competitive endophytes offer significant benefits to sustainable agriculture. The unworthy opportunistic and passenger endophytes are inevitable during the isolation of putative competitive endophytes. This study aimed to discriminate the putative competitive endophytes undoubtedly from the opportunistic and passenger endophytes.

Methods and results

The newly isolated endophytes from field-grown rice were inoculated to 5-days old rice seedlings under gnotobiotic conditions. Re-isolation of the inoculated strains from the root surface, inner tissues of the whole plant, root and shoot was performed after 5-days. All the re-isolated colonies were compared with native isolates for homology by BOX-A1R-based repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (BOX-PCR) and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR) DNA fingerprints. The results revealed that the putative competitive endophytes (RE25 and RE10) showed positive for re-isolation and BOX and ERIC fingerprints for the whole plant, root and shoot. The opportunistic (RE27 and RE8) and passenger endophytes (RE44 and RE18) failed in re-isolation either from root or shoot. The epiphytes (ZSB15 and Az204) showed negative for endophytic re-isolation and positive for surface colonization.

Conclusion

This modified procedure can discriminate the putative competitive endophytes from others.

Significance and impact of the study

Eliminating the opportunistic and passenger endophytes and epiphytes early by this method would help develop endophytic inoculants to enhance rice productivity.
The effect of option listing on financing decisions
Authors: Hong Eunpyo , Park Min C. , King Tao‐Hsien Dolly
Published: June 2022

This paper investigates the effect of option listing on corporate financing decisions. Firms experience a significant drop in leverage, which is driven mainly by an increase in new equity issues. This effect is more prominent in firms with greater information asymmetry and lower percentages of quasi‐index and transient investors before listing and those with active options trading after listing. After options are listed, the newly listed firms hold more cash and engage in more acquisitions, which are funded mainly by equity issues. These findings suggest that option listing has a significant impact on financing decisions because of lower information asymmetry and that firms use the post‐listing equity to build up financial slack and support major investments, such as acquisitions.
Ontogeny of skeletal ossification in Labeo calbasu (Hamilton, 1822) using differential fluorescence staining technique
Authors: Swain Himanshu S. , MN Ambily , Samal Amir K. , Ramteke Mitesh H. , Das Basanta K.
Published: June 2022

The present study was carried out to study the larval skeletal development in Labeo calbasu by using a modified double skeletal staining technique with Alizarin red and Alcian blue. The larval samples were obtained after induced breeding of wild L. calbasu germplasm from the River Ganga. Samples from 2 to 20 dph (day post hatching) were preserved in 4% neutral phosphate buffered formalin solution. Alizarin red and Alcian blue were used to stain the bony and cartilage parts of the skeleton, respectively. The size of the specimens ranged from 6.6 ± 0.16 to 15.6 ± 1.15 mm. The development of skeleton was observed at very early stages. A straight notochord throughout its length and origin of caudal fin rays were seen on 2 dph. The ventral spines, unbranched caudal fin rays and hypurals at ventral side of notochord were clearly visible from 4 dph. Most of the head skeletal elements and vertebral column with vertebral centrum and neural spines started appearing at 4 dph. The dorsal and caudal fins with branched rays and the opercular and jaw bones started ossifying between 10 and 20 dph. The present study gives an idea about the skeletal development process as well as detects the skeletal abnormalities in Indian major carp, L. calbasu.
Associations of Guillain‐Barré syndrome with coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination: Disproportionality analysis using the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database
Authors: Kim Jee‐Eun , Park Jin , Min Young Gi , Hong Yoon‐Ho , Song Tae‐Jin
Published: June 2022

Vaccinations against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 which causes COVID‐19 have been administered worldwide. We aimed to investigate associations of COVID‐19 vaccination with the occurrence of Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS). We explored potential safety signals regarding the development of GBS using disproportionality analyses to compare COVID‐19 vaccination with all adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports and influenza vaccines reported to VigiBase. As of October 15, 2021, a total of 2163 cases (0.13%) of GBS and its variants (including 46 cases of Miller‐Fisher syndrome and 13 cases of Bickerstaff's encephalitis) were identified in entire ADR database after vaccination with the ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 (AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK) or the two messenger RNA‐based COVID‐19 (BNT162b2; Pfizer and BioNTech) or mRNA‐1273; Moderna) vaccines. The median time to onset of GBS after vaccination was around 2 weeks. The ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 and two messenger RNA‐based COVID‐19 vaccines demonstrated a higher risk for GBS against entire database (information component [IC]025 = 1.73 reporting odds ratio [ROR]025 = 3.51; IC025 = 1.07, ROR025 = 2.22, respectively). When compared with influenza vaccines, neither the ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 nor mRNA‐based vaccines were found to be associated with greater risks of GBS (IC025 = −1.84, ROR025 = 0.11; IC025 = −1.86, ROR025 = 0.06, respectively). Although potential safety signals associated with GBS COVID‐19 vaccines have been identified, the risk of GBS from COVID‐19 vaccines were low and did not surpass those of influenza vaccines; however, because of the heterogeneity of the sources of information in the WHO pharmacovigilance database, further epidemiological studies are warranted to confirm these observations.
Development of ribs and intercostal muscles in the chicken embryo
Authors: Khabyuk Julia , Pröls Felicitas , Draga Margarethe , Scaal Martin
Published: June 2022

In the thorax of higher vertebrates, ribs and intercostal muscles play a decisive role in stability and respiratory movements of the body wall. They are derivatives of the somites, the ribs originating in the sclerotome and the intercostal muscles originating in the myotome. During thorax development, ribs and intercostal muscles extend into the lateral plate mesoderm and eventually contact the sternum during ventral closure. Here, we give a detailed description of the morphogenesis of ribs and thoracic muscles in the chicken embryo (Gallus gallus). Using Alcian blue staining as well as Sox9 and Desmin whole‐mount immunohistochemistry, we monitor synchronously the development of rib cartilage and intercostal muscle anlagen. We show that the muscle anlagen precede the rib anlagen during ventrolateral extension, which is in line with the inductive role of the myotome in rib differentiation. Our studies furthermore reveal the temporary formation of a previously unknown eighth rib in the chicken embryonic thorax.
Efficacy of cysteamine and methimazole in treating melasma: A comparative narrative review
Authors: Niazi Sana , Gheisari Mehdi , Moravvej Hamideh , Doroodgar Farideh , Niazi Feizollah
Published: June 2022

Melasma is a chronic and acquired pigmentary condition that primarily affects women and undermines patient satisfaction and confidence. Melasma mostly affects females, accounting for 90% of all cases. It affects people of all races, particularly those with skin types IV and V who live in areas with lots of UV radiation. According to the studies, Melasma lesions are seen throughout the face in centrofacial, malar, and mandibular patterns. Melasma lesions on the forehead, cheeks, nose, upper lip, and/or chin are the most prevalent centrofacial pattern. Melasma lesions can also be detected along the periorbital area, especially in Asian people. Melasma is notably resistant to treatment, with many patients experiencing only temporary relief and relapses. Combining therapies that target numerous pathologic components, including photodamage, inflammation, aberrant vascularity, and abnormal pigmentation, generally results in the most dramatic therapeutic improvements. Treatments for dark circles include topical depigmenting medicines like hydroquinone, kojic acid, azelaic acid, and topical retinoic acid, and physical treatments such as chemical peels, surgical adjustments, and laser therapy. The objective of therapy should be to figure out what is causing the hyperpigmentation and what is contributing to it. This article provides an overview of melasma therapies and the efficacy of methimazole and cysteamine for melasma therapy.
Pro‐Inflammatory versus Anti‐Inflammatory cytokines in atopic dermatitis patients: A case control study
Authors: Kiwan Azza Hamada , Mohamed Hassan Abou Khodair , Hashim Osama Abd El‐Azim , Abd‐Elraheem Sabah Ibrahim , Alkhrsawy Amr Mohamed
Published: June 2022

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic relapsing inflammatory skin disorder with significant morbidity and impairment of life quality. Prevalence is increasing around the world; therefore, intensive research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms of development of AD and offer new treatment options for AD patients.

Aims

To investigate the association between Inflammatory (IL‐17, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ) versus anti‐Inflammatory Cytokines (IL‐35, TGF‐β) in AD patients.

Patients and Methods

A case control study included 40 AD patients and 20 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy subjects. Cases were subjected to full history taking and full dermatological examination. The assessment of disease severity was conducted by using SCORAD score. Assessment of inflammatory (IL‐17, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ) and anti‐Inflammatory Cytokines (IL‐35, TGF‐β) was performed by using ELISA technique.

Results

The mean level of TNF‐α, IL‐17 was statistically significantly higher in the AD cases as compared with the control group. The mean level of TGF‐β, Il‐35, and IFN‐γ was statistically significantly lower in the Atopic dermatitis cases as compared with the control group. There was statistically significant strong positive correlation between TNF‐α with SCORAD score and IL‐17 while there was statistically significant strong negative correlation between TNF‐α with TGF‐β and IL‐35. There was statistically significant strong positive correlation between IL‐17 with SCORAD score and TNF‐α while there was statistically significant strong negative correlation between IL‐17 with TGF‐β and IL‐35.

Conclusion

The current results could be used as a clue for the utilization of inflammatory (IL‐17, TNF‐α, IFN‐γ) versus anti‐inflammatory Cytokines (IL‐35, TGF‐β) in AD as a diagnostic biomarker for severity of cases with Atopic dermatitis. IL‐17 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD, and IL‐17 blocker may be used as a potential future treatment of AD.
Expression and role of miR‐146a and SMAD4 in placental tissue of pregnant women with preeclampsia
Authors: Qi Yue , Cui Shihong , Liu Ling , Liu Beibei , Wang Tiantian , Yan Shujun , Tian Haoxin , Huang Xiaobin
Published: June 2022

Introduction

To investigate the expression of miR‐146a in severe preeclampsia (PE) and its effect on trophoblast cell proliferation, invasion and apoptosis, as well as its relationship with SMAD4.

Material and Methods

Participants were divided into the severe PE group (n = 30) and the normal group (n = 30). The expression of miR‐146a and SMAD4 in placenta tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry, qRT‐PCR, and western blot. Trophoblast cell lines HTR‐8/SVneo were cultured to detect the expression of miR‐146a under the Cobalt chloride (CoCl2)‐simulated hypoxia. The effects of miR‐146a transfection on cell proliferation, invasion, apoptosis, and SMAD4 expression were analyzed.

Results

Compared with the normal group, miR‐146a expression was decreased and the protein and mRNA levels of SMAD4 were increased in placenta tissues of the severe PE group. Our in vitro experiments showed that the expression of miR‐146a decreased after CoCl2 treatment. Silencing miR‐146a caused increased expression of SMAD4 and decreased expression of VEGF. After transfection with miR‐146a inhibitor, compared with the NC group, the invasion and proliferation of HTR‐8/Svneo cells were decreased, while the apoptosis was enhanced.

Conclusion

The expression of miR‐146a decreased in severe PE and was negatively correlated with SMAD4 expression. The expression of miR‐146a was inhibited under hypoxia, and the low expression of miR‐146a affected the proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis of trophoblast cells.
Impact of gastroplasty on salivary characteristics, dental health status and oral sensory aspects: A controlled clinical study
Authors: Marquezin Maria Carolina Salomé , Scudine Kelly Guedes de Oliveira , Lamy Elsa , Finassi Carolina Martins , Carreira Laura , Segura Wilson Dias , Rasera Irineu , Pessotti Elisane Rossin , Castelo Paula Midori
Published: June 2022

Background

Saliva is a non‐invasive source of biomarkers useful in the study of different pathophysiological conditions. The qualitative and quantitative study of saliva, as well as the assessment of oral health, can be particularly useful for a better understanding of obesity due to its importance in the food oral perception and ingestion.

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of treatment of morbid obesity (dietary counselling versus gastroplasty) on salivary characteristics, oral sensory perception and dental health in a controlled study.

Methods

Seventy‐three adults (60 females; 19–59 years) with morbid obesity were divided in: Control group (CG; n = 34) followed‐up during a 6‐months dietary programme, and Gastroplasty group (GG; n = 39) evaluated immediately before, 3 and 6 months after gastroplasty. Dietary habits, Oral Health Impact Profile and xerostomia complaints were investigated by interview. The clinical examination included anthropometric and caries experience evaluation. Salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, total protein and alpha‐amylase levels, and sensitivity for the four basic tastes were assessed. Two‐way mixed model and sign test were applied.

Results

Physical and clinical aspects did not differ between groups in the beginning of the study, and GG showed a rapid weight loss after surgery (p < .001). An improvement in most of the dietary aspects was observed, especially in the GG. A worsening in the dental health status was observed over time in both groups, with an increase in the number of filled and decayed teeth. CG showed a better oral health‐related quality of life, while xerostomia complains increased in GG after gastroplasty. Salivary flow rate remained stable in both groups, but a decrease in buffering capacity, total protein and alpha‐amylase activity was observed in GG after 6‐months; taste sensitivity increased from baseline to 6‐months in GG (p < .05).

Conclusion

After 6‐months of follow‐up, patients undergoing gastroplasty presented an improvement in dietary habits and taste sensitivity. However, changes in saliva composition and a worsening in dental health status and xerostomia complaints were also observed.
Effect of Palatal Vault Depth on the Trueness of Metal Laser‐Sintered and Cast Cobalt‐Chromium Removable Partial Denture Frameworks
Authors: Hamed Hala Abd El , Hebeshi Ahmed M. , Husseiny Eman
Published: June 2022

Purpose

This in vitro study compared the trueness of removable partial denture cobalt‐chromium (Co‐Cr) frameworks fabricated by 3D‐printed pattern casting and those fabricated by selective laser sintering (SLS) with different palate vault depths.

Materials and methods

A partially edentulous Kennedy class II mod.1 maxillary model with a deep palatal vault was used, which was modified and duplicated to produce another model with medium palatal vault depth. After model scanning, the partial denture framework was designed using CAD software to fabricate 20 removable partial denture (RPD) frameworks. For each model, two types of frameworks were fabricated. For the 1st type, the 3D‐printed resin patterns were formed using a 3D printer, and then casting was performed (AM‐cast framework). For the 2nd type, a direct metal laser sintering machine was used for the RPD frameworks fabrication (SLS framework). 3D scanning of fabricated frameworks was performed, and the standard tessellation language (STL) file was superimposed over the STL file from the original design, and the average deviation was recorded. Data were statistically analyzed.

Results

Two‐way ANOVA test was used, followed by the least significant difference (LSD) for pair‐wise comparisons to estimate any significant differences between groups. The RPD frameworks with high palatal vault depth represent larger discrepancies mean value than that with the medium palatal vault depth with a highly significant statistical difference. SLS shows less deviation than AM‐cast CO‐Cr frameworks with highly significant statistical differences whatever palatal vault depth.

Conclusion

RPD metal frameworks fabricated with SLS have better accuracy compared to those fabricated by AM‐cast, regardless of the depth of the palatal vault.
Family‐based treatment for adolescents with anorexia nervosa: A long‐term psychological follow‐up
Authors: Springall Gabriella , Caughey Michelle , Zannino Diana , Cheung Michael , Burton Claire , Kyprianou Kypros , Yeo Michele
Published: June 2022

Aim

Family‐based treatment (FBT) has the greatest evidence base for the treatment of adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). However, little is known about the long‐term outcomes for patients who receive FBT. The current study aimed to investigate the long‐term psychological health of former patients who received FBT for AN during adolescence.

Methods

Former patients diagnosed and treated for AN at the Royal Children's Hospital and Monash Children's Hospital (N = 36) in Melbourne, Australia completed self‐report questionnaires to assess eating, exercising, mood and the impact of the coronavirus (COVID‐19) pandemic. Patient scores were compared to healthy controls (N = 29) and normative data.

Results

The eating and exercising behaviours of the patients who formerly had AN were comparable to controls. However, the former patients experience significantly greater levels of depression, anxiety, and stress than the controls (P < 0.05). The COVID‐19 pandemic appeared to impact the former patients and controls to a similar extent across quantifiable criteria.

Conclusions

This study extends previous research highlighting FBT as an effective intervention for adolescents with AN. Positive short‐ and long‐term patient outcomes can be achieved with this form of treatment.
Does family quality of life get better as the years go by? A comparative mixed‐methods study between early years and school‐aged children with disability in Australia
Authors: Bhopti Anoo , Brown Ted , Lentin Primrose
Published: June 2022

This Australian study compared perspectives of family quality of life (FQOL) of parents of preschool children attending early childhood intervention services (ECIS) with parents of school‐aged children with disability. It examined the relationships between disability‐related services, parent occupations, and FQOL. Two mixed‐methods studies with 122 participants and 24 in‐depth interviews were conducted. The first study included 72 parents attending ECIS. The second study included 50 parents of school‐aged children with disability. The quantitative aspect (N = 122) used the Beach Center FQOL survey and a demographic questionnaire. Twelve semistructured interviews were conducted for each study. Spearmann's Rho correlations for quantitative data analysis and thematic analysis for qualitative data were used for each study. A two‐way analysis of variance along with a qualitative comparative analysis were conducted to compare the findings from both studies. Results indicated lower scores on FQOL in parents with school‐aged children when compared with the ECIS group. Loss of work, lack of time for caregiver health, lack of respite, and interim residential care had detrimental impacts on parents' long‐term well‐being. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the hardships and challenges of caregiving increase as the child gets older; however, positive adaptations, beliefs, and positive transformations help FQOL. Family‐centered care and supportive practitioners assist FQOL and are highly recommended.
Semiosis, thought and codes: A theoretical framework for social knowledge
Authors: Wachelke Joao
Published: June 2022

I present a theoretical social psychological framework for social knowledge based mainly on the triadic concept of sign relations and the process of semiosis. The framework is based on concepts from authors aligned with interpretative semiotic approaches, such as Peirce, Deely and Eco. After defining signs and sign relations, I propose to conceive social knowledge as sign relations happening in communication processes, and employ the notion of code to account for socially shared group conventions. I suggest that the analysis of code properties such as content, social acknowledgment and history can identify differences in social knowledge forms and the concrete contexts that sustain them. The framework is discussed in comparison with other social and cultural psychological approaches based on semiosis. Finally, methodological implications are commented.
Irrigation improves weight‐for‐height z‐scores of children under five, and Women's and Household Dietary Diversity Scores in Ethiopia and Tanzania
Authors: Mekonnen Dawit K. , Choufani Jowel , Bryan Elizabeth , Haile Beliyou , Ringler Claudia
Published: June 2022

Evidence on the potential for agricultural intensification to improve nutrition has grown considerably. While small‐scale irrigation is a key factor driving agricultural intensification in sub‐Saharan Africa, its impact on nutrition has not yet been thoroughly explored. In this study, we assess the impact of adoption of small‐scale irrigation in Ethiopia and Tanzania on household and women's dietary diversity, as well as children's nutrition. We use two rounds of primary data collected from irrigators and nonirrigators in Ethiopia and Tanzania. We used a panel fixed effects econometric approach to control for observed household, women and children specific characteristics as well as observed and unobserved time‐invariant confounding factors. The results show that among Ethiopian households who reported having faced drought, women in irrigating households have higher Women's Dietary Diversity Score (WDDS) compared to women in nonirrigating households. In Tanzania, women in irrigating households have higher WDDS compared to nonirrigators and the impact of irrigation on WDDS more than doubles among households facing drought. In addition, among Tanzanian households who reported having faced a drought shock, irrigating households have higher Household Dietary Diversity Score compared to nonirrigators. Children in irrigating households in Ethiopia have weight‐for‐height z‐scores (WHZ) that are 0.87 SDs higher, on average, than WHZ of children in nonirrigating households. In Tanzania, irrigation leads to higher WHZ‐scores in children under‐five among households who reported having experienced a drought in the 5 years preceding the survey. The study shows small‐scale irrigation has a strong effect on households' economic access to food and on nutritional outcomes of women and children.
Hybridization decreases native cutthroat trout reproductive fitness
Authors: Rosenthal William C. , Fennell John M. , Mandeville Elizabeth G. , Burckhardt Jason C. , Walters Annika W. , Wagner Catherine E.
Published: June 2022

Examining natural selection in wild populations is challenging, but crucial to understanding many ecological and evolutionary processes. Additionally, in hybridizing populations, natural selection may be an important determinant of the eventual outcome of hybridization. We characterized several components of relative fitness in hybridizing populations of Yellowstone cutthroat trout and rainbow trout in an effort to better understand the prolonged persistence of both parental species despite predictions of extirpation. Thousands of genomic loci enabled precise quantification of hybrid status in adult and subsequent juvenile generations; a subset of those data also identified parent–offspring relationships. We used linear models and simulations to assess the effects of ancestry on reproductive output and mate choice decisions. We found a relatively low number of late‐stage (F3+) hybrids and an excess of F2 juveniles relative to the adult generation in one location, which suggests the presence of hybrid breakdown decreasing the fitness of F2+ hybrids later in life. Assessments of reproductive output showed that Yellowstone cutthroat trout are more likely to successfully reproduce and produce slightly more offspring than their rainbow trout and hybrid counterparts. Mate choice appeared to be largely random, though we did find statistical support for slight female preference for males of similar ancestry. Together, these results show that native Yellowstone cutthroat trout are able to outperform rainbow trout in terms of reproduction and suggest that management action to exclude rainbow trout from spawning locations may bolster the now‐rare Yellowstone cutthroat trout.
Multi‐objective optimization for community building group recovery scheduling and resilience evaluation under earthquake
Authors: Zhang Juan , Li Gang , Zhang Mingyuan
Published: June 2022

The building group is the basis for the maintenance and operation of the city. The rapid recovery of community building group (CBG) can effectively reduce economic losses caused by earthquakes. There is service function interdependence among the buildings, and the impact of this interdependence on the postdisaster recovery of CBG is not clear. In order to improve the postdisaster recovery efficiency of CBG and explore the impact of service function dependence among buildings on postdisaster recovery, this paper integrates the recovery time (RT) and functionality loss (FL) of individual buildings and proposes two multi‐objective optimization recovery models suitable for CBG: the postearthquake recovery optimization model of CBG and the postearthquake recovery optimization model of CBG considering the service function interdependence among buildings. In these models, building RT, building FL, CBG resilience, and building recovery resources are considered, and the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm‐Ⅱ is used to solve the models to obtain the optimal restoration scheduling of CBG. At the same time, through a case, this paper analyzes the impact of the interdependence of service function among buildings and recovery resources on the recovery scheduling and resilience of CBG. This method can provide a basis for pre‐earthquake disaster risk reduction planning and significantly improves the postdisaster recovery efficiency of CBG.
Finding a suitable coat: The ecology of the invasive deer ked (Lipoptena cervi (Linnaeus, 1758); Diptera: Hippoboscidae), an ectoparasite of large mammals in the Czech Republic
Authors: Bjelková Karolína , Horák Jakub
Published: June 2022

Some parasitic diseases of wild animals are transmissible to humans and cause health problems. A widespread ectoparasite of vertebrates is the deer ked, Lipoptena cervi ((L.); Diptera: Hippoboscidae). We studied the interaction of this parasite with habitat‐related, host‐related, and temporal factors in the Czech Republic. We analysed observations of its abundance in hunted wild animals in the context of their environment. Our results confirmed that cervids are a preferred host species. Most of the other relationships between ked abundance and the studied factors were probably due to the olfactory preferences of keds. Males and older individuals of the game host species were more attractive to the parasites for this reason. The higher abundance of keds at the beginning of the hunting season can be explained by their phenology. The deer ked can significantly affect the management of game species. We conclude that its preference for older male cervids is important for the future conditions of game animals. The population densities of deer keds in areas with high parasitization rates could thus be influenced by active game management.