bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution and palaeogeography of two Mallee species of Eucalyptus in Southern Australia
Authors: Parsons RF
Published: December 2005

The present distributions of Eucalyptus diversifolia and E. incrassata are described
and disjunctions indicated. It is suggested that a former continuous distribution of both
species has been fragmented by rising sea-levels in the Quaternary, and that E. diversifolia
was more widespread during a period of lower effective rainfall than the present. It is
proposed that Quaternary sea-level changes are of importance in the interpretation of
the palaeogeography of plant and animal species with disjunctions in the Nullarbor and
Roe Plain area. The nature and role of edaphic barriers to migration in this area are
also assessed.
Vascularization of the scutellum of wheat
Authors: Swift JG , O'Brien TP
Published: December 2005

The pattern of vascularization of the wheat scutellum shortly after germination
is reconstructed from serial sections of plastic-embedded specimens. Nearly half of the
phloem in the scutellum is unaccompanied by xylem. Most of the phloem tissue consists
of distinct strands, composed of a central sieve tube encircled by a single ring of
phloem parenchyma cells. The possible functions of this unusual vascular system are
discussed in detail.
Seedling morphology and classification in the Bisectae group of Eucalypts
Authors: Brooker MIH
Published: December 2005

A few species of Eucalyptus produce heath-like seedlings in which the leaves are
developed in spirals or are densely clustered, unlike seedlings of most eucalypts which
have a decussate phyllotaxis. Heath-like seedlings were found to be characteristic of
Eucalyptus oleosa F. Muell. ex Miq., E. oleosa var. obtusa C. A. Gardner, E. longicornis
F. Muell., E. brockwayi C. A. Gardner, and E. formanii C. A. Gardner. Low percentages
of heath-like seedlings were found among the progeny of E. foecunda Schau., E. calycogona
Turcz., E. gracilis F. Muell., and E. socialis F. Muell. ex Miq.
All heath-like seedlings examined were of species belonging to Maiden's
"division" Bisectae but belong to groups of species widely separated on anther
characters in Blakely's classification.
The significance of eucalypt seedling morphology is discussed in relation to
classification within the Bisectae group.
Oil glands and ducts in Eucalyptus L'Hérit. III. The flowers of series Corymbosae (Benth.) maiden
Authors: Carr SGM , Carr DJ , Milkovits L
Published: December 2005

Oil ducts are a constant feature of the flower in series Corymbosae. Their distribution
in the tissues and their relationship to the vascular systems of the flower are
described. Oil ducts occur in the pedicel and in the hypanthium and its extension
as the tube of the flower. In all species ducts also underlie the nectary, a tissue the nature
and distribution of which is defined and described. Ducts also occur in the ovary wall in
all species.
In different species there are two distinctly different patterns of arrangement of
ducts in the pedicels; two groups of species, A and B, can thus be distinguished. There
are also three different patterns of arrangement of ducts in the hypanthium of the flower,
corresponding to group A and two subdivisions of group B. It is further shown that the
grouping of species based on the patterns of ducts in the pedicels and flowers conforms
with that arrived at by consideration of other, unrelated characters, both floral and
vegetative. The duct systems of the flower persist in the fruit and, as fruits or flowers are
almost invariably available for examination, the pattern of arrangement of the ducts is
of considerable use and importance to the taxonomy of the series Corymbosae.
Wollemi Pine (Wollemia nobilis, Araucariaceae) Possesses the Same Unusual Leaf Axil Anatomy as the other Investigated Members of the Family
Authors: Burrows Geoffrey E.
Published: December 2005

Most leaf axils of most conifers are devoid of any bud-forming potential. Bycontrast, the numerous, apparently blank, leaf axils of the previouslyinvestigated species of the Araucariaceae possess unusual, if not unique,little-differentiated axillary meristems which have neither a bud-likeorganisation nor vascular or provascular connections with the central vascularcylinder. These meristems are exogenous in origin but are buried beneath thestem surface by the formation of localised periderms. Leaf axils fromplagiotropic branch shoots of juvenile and adult morphology and fromorthotropic leaders of adult morphology of the recently described Wollemi pine(Wollemia nobilis W.G.Jones, K.D.Hill & J.M.Allen)have been found to possess a anatomy similar to that previously described forthe Araucariaceae. Thus, W. nobilis is, on the basis ofits leaf axil anatomy, a typical member of the Araucariaceae.
Revision of the Charophyte Flora of the Siwalik Group (Neogene-Quaternary) of the Lesser Himalaya, India
Authors: Bhatia S. B.
Published: December 2005

On the basis of a re-examination of the topotype material of the Siwalikcharophytes described by Bhatia and Mathur (1978) and on additional materialcollected from six new localities, the taxonomy of the charophyte flora isbrought up to date. In all, 17 taxa are recorded and illustrated. At thespecific level, generic shifts have been made in the case ofChara rantzieni sivalensis,Chara contraria (non Braun et Kuetzing),Tectochara sahnii andSphaerochara pecki. The following taxa were hitherto notknown from the Siwalik Group:Chara globularis globularis Thuillier,C. globularis aspera (Deth. ex Wild.),C. sp. cf. hispida Linné,Lychnothamnus breviovatus Lu & Luo,Lamprothamnium papulosum (Wallr.) Groves,L. succinctum (A.Braun),Nitellopsis (Tectochara)bicarinata (MÄdler), N.(T.) helvetica (MÄdler) andSphaerochara prolifera (Zizermann ex A.Braun).
Influence of temperature on the mycorrhizal associations of Pinus radiata D. Don
Authors: Theodorou C , Bowen GD
Published: December 2005

The growth on Melin-Norkrans medium by 12 out of 13 isolates (five species)
of mycorrhizal fungi declined rapidly between 20 and 16°C, as did colonization of the
rhizosphere of Pinus radiata by four out of five isolates (three species). Mycorrhizal
production in soil was optimal at 25° and declined markedly between 20 and 15°.
Large differences occurred between strains within a fungal species in length of
root colonized and in the intensity of growth on the root at 16°C. Extremely poor
colonization by some fungi at 16° compared with 20° reveals a necessity to select fungi
for field inoculation on the basis of root colonization at soil temperatures appropriate to
the area and season as well as on ability to stimulate plant growth. The effect of tem-
perature on the linear growth of different fungal isolates in a rich laboratory medium
was a poor guide to their growth in the rhizosphere.
Soil surface lichens in arid and subarid south-eastern Australia. II. Phytosociology and geographic zonation
Authors: Rogers RW
Published: December 2005

Five lichen species groups were delimited, principal components analysis and
influence analysis being used as aids to group identification. With these same techniques
it was demonstrated that two of the species groups formed "background" floras in
adjacent geographic areas, the other three species groups, being superimposed upon the
"background" floras to produce five separate geographic zones of lichen distribution.
Classificatory Dendrograms and Their Interpretation
Authors: Clifford HT , Williams WT
Published: December 2005

The constitution and configuration of taxonomic groups resulting from
applying three classificatory programs-two intensely clustering and the third of
variable intensity-to two sets of data relating to a base group of 54 grass genera
scored for 62 attributes are compared. All programs produced much the same
groupings of genera at the 10-group level. Addition of identical taxa to the original
sample resulted in increasing isolation of the replicated genus (Panicum) without
affecting the composition of the remaining groups. Addition of near-identical taxa
had a more generalized influence on the dendrogram. Dendrograms arrived at by
intensely clustering programs may not represent taxonomically acceptable
hierarchies. The flexible program causes less distortion between dendrograms based
on different sample sizes, but may produce weakly structured, less informative
classifications.
Factors affecting the distribution of proteoid roots within the root systems of two Hakea species
Authors: Lamont B
Published: December 2005

The proteoid roots of Hakea prostrata and H. laurina are concentrated in the
surface soil horizons, even though the root systems penetrate to much greater depths.
The relationships of a number of soil and plant factors to proteoid root occurrence
in a given portion of the root system were examined. Pockets of humus-rich soil in
any part of the root system greatly increased the proteoid root concentration in that
region. The following factors, listed in their apparent order of importance, were analysed:
local concentration of parent roots, local level of soil organic matter, local
nitrogen availability, shoot growth, nitrogen concentration of the shoots, vertical
distance of the region from the soil surface, local availability of calcium, magnesium,
and potassium, local bulk density and certain other physical factors, nutrient status of
the rest of the root system, horizontal distance of the region from the centre of the
plant, relative maturity of parent roots in the region, and local soil pH and certain
other chemical factors.
The nitrogen component of soil regions high in organic matter largely accounted
for their higher non-proteoid root concentration, smaller proteoid root size, greater
number of laterals, and longer roots per unit weight, but not their much greater number
of proteoid roots per unit total root weight. This suggests that other factors are also
involved in proteoid root formation.
Pattern Diversity in a Eucalyptus Forest
Authors: Lewin DC , Westman WE
Published: December 2005

Pattern diversity is a measure of the degree of spatial intermingling of species
in a community of sessile organisms, combining the effects of species richness and
equitability with those due to spatial patterning. The pattern diversity index was
computed for an Australian Eucalyptus forest and the results interpreted in the light
of an earlier analysis of the pattern of component species. The pattern diversity index
was found to be sensitive to the number of individuals sampled at each point, reflecting
a dependence of the index on the scale of species pattern, and hence on the scale of
sampling. Limitations of the method in relation to low sample sizes and to particularly
diverse samples are also discussed.
Palynology and Historical Ecology of Some Cave Excavations in the Australian Nullarbor
Authors: Martin HA
Published: December 2005

Palynological information from deposits associated with three archaeological
sites on the Nullarbor is documented and interpreted in relation to likely environ-
mental changes and aboriginal prehistory in the region.
Deposits from two excavations near Madura have been dated at 8000-9000
years before present (B.P.), whilst a third deposit located near Eucla is probably
27,000-28,000 years B.P. Palynologically, the key interest centres on a demon-
strated reciprocal relationship between the Myrtaceae (M) and chenopod type
(C) grains in the pollen spectra from these sites, and the fact that the respective
pollen ratios (M/C) of present surface deposits reflect the relative abundance of
these two floristic groups in the modern regional vegetation.
Evidence from the pollen spectra of the Eucla profile suggests that some
18,000 years B.P., when the sea was at its last glaciation low level of 90 m below the
present level, the treeless plain extended south of its position today to this district.
A marked increase in mallee shrub cover, associated with evidence of a rising sea
level, occurred about 5000-9000 years B.P., and from this time to the present, the
cover has been maintained or increased slightly.
Unlike those of Eucla, both the Madura pollen profiles provide evidence of a
marked decline in the mallee scrub cover, from 5000-6000 B.P. to the present. A
substantial increase in the density of artifacts is regarded as possible evidence of an
increased aboriginal population in all three profiles, about 4000-6000 B.P. From
the evidence available, it appears that man and his uninhibited use of fire may have
been largely responsible for the relative decline in mallee scrub near Madura where
regeneration is restricted by a lower rainfall, whereas at Eucla a slightly higher
rainfall regime allowed a more continuously effective regeneration of this vegetation
type.
Rhizomes in Tropical Eucalypts and Their Role in Recovery From Fire Damage
Authors: Lacey CJ
Published: December 2005

Some tropical woody perennials including three Eucalyptus species, viz. E. porrecta S. T. Blake, E.
Ptychocarpa F. Muell., and E. jacobsiana Blakely, were observed to have rhizomes and rhizomatous
systems. The possession of rhizomes by woody perennials has rarely been reported, and never in
other eucalypts.
Further investigation of E. porrecta revealed that it occurred in varying stages of development,
ranging from short aerial stems commonly less than 0.7 m high to trees varying from 1.5 to 10 m
high. The short stems and trees were distributed as isolated individuals, or in clonal patches usually
consisting only of short stems or one to many trees in combination with short stems. Aerial systems
were correlated with fire frequency and severity. The characteristics of rhizomes and rhizomatous
systems of E. porrecta are described in relation to aerial systems.
The adaptive significance of the rhizomatous systems to persistence and reproduction of the species
is discussed. Vegetative spread results in a large reservoir of protected dormant buds in underground
stems. This ensures persistence of the plant when subjected to frequent fire damage.
Nodule and Plant Development in Stylosanthes humilis H.B.K.: Symbiotic Response to Phosphorus and Sulphur
Authors: Gates CT
Published: December 2005

The effect of phosphorus and sulphur on the initiation and subsequent course of development of
effective nodulation was determined for young seedlings of Stylosanthes humilis over the period
days 1 1 to 26 from sowing. The plants were inoculated with an effective strain of Rhizobium and
grown under controlled conditions in a small amount of nitrogen-deficient soil.
Phosphorus had a beneficial effect on the initiation of nodules, which were first detected at
day 11 in high-phosphorus plants, but not until day 14 in low. Thereafter, nodule development
was greatly enhanced by phosphorus, nodule numbers, volumes and dry weights being increased.
Nodule relative growth rates were stimulated from 0 . 3 g/g/day at low phosphorus levels to 0 . 7 g/g/day
at high phosphorus levels over days 23-26.
The nodules became pink earlier, and developed more rapidly as nitrogen-rich organs, in response
to phosphorus. This suggested that from the earliest stages, phosphorus not only promoted the
development of an increased mass of nodular tissue but also favoured an effective symbiosis.
This enhanced nodule development led to greatly stimulated growth, with increasing amounts
of total nitrogen and phosphorus in high-phosphorus plants. The assimilation of nitrogen by the
whole plant was increased from 17 mg/g nodule dry weightlday at low to 53 mg/g/day with high
phosphorus over days 23-26.
Sulphur caused an increase in dry weight, but the response to sulphur mainly occurred late in
development and was smaller than the response to phosphorus in the young seedlings of this trial.
Variation in Drought Tolerance in Eucalyptus viminalis Labill
Authors: Ladiges PY
Published: December 2005

Six-month-old seedlings of two low rainfall populations of Eucalyptus viminalis showed greater
resistance to desiccation and were less damaged by sustained drought than seedlings from two high
rainfall populations.
The more resistant seedlings did not simply avoid drought by quickly closing stomata, but were
capable of maintaining relatively high rates of transpiration under moderate moisture stress. The
two populations from moist habitats wilted at a higher relative turgidity of leaves than did the
populations from the drier habitats. Furthermore, for populations from one dry habitat and one
moist habitat, changes in relative turgidity in relation to water potential of leaves during drying were
not significantly different. It is suggested that the greater tolerance of the low rainfall populations to
drought is related to physiological resistance of the protoplasm to desiccation.
Some differences in drought resistance were also noted between the two low rainfall populations.
Young seedlings (3 months old) from a population on a deep basalt-derived soil were less resistant
than young seedlings from a neighbouring population on a shallower granite soil. It is suggested that
the selection for drought tolerance at the granite site has been more severe than at the basalt site.
Mechanisms Controlling Dormancy in the Arid Zone Grass Aristida contorta. II. Anatomy of the Hull
Authors: Mott JJ , Tynan PW
Published: December 2005

The anatomy of the hull directly over the embryo was examined by light and electron microscopy in
long-term dormant and non-dormant grains of A. contorta.
A lipid-containing layer was noted, covering the surface of the inner epidermis of the hull, and
examination by scanning electron microscopy showed that although the layer was intact in all
dormant grain examined, it was fractured in non-dormant grain. A definitive statement on the
function of these cracks is not possible, but they appear to be an anatomical change leading to
increased gas permeability of the hull of non-dormant grains.
The Effects of Calcium on the Ultrastructure of Cox's Orange Apples With Reference to Bitter Pit Disorder
Authors: Mahanty HK , Fineran BA
Published: December 2005

An electron microscope study on thin sections of epidermal, hypodermal and cortical tissues has been
made of calcium-sprayed and unsprayed apples in relation to bitter pit disorder. Golgi bodies,
endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chromoplasts, vacuoles and groundplasm were better preserved
in sprayed apples during cool storage for up to 2 months than in unsprayed samples. In unsprayed
apples these organelles were often drastically changed. The nucleus remained reasonably well
preserved in all samples. Apples from trees sprayed only once gave somewhat intermediate results.
Phytophthora drechsleri: Pathogenicity Testing and Determination of Effective Host Range
Authors: Cother EJ
Published: December 2005

Pathogenicity tests with Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker chlamydospores and different flooding
times were conducted on 15 weed and 17 cultivated plant species. Lucerne, safflower and skeleton
weed were the only plants that showed a marked response to the pathogen. Lucerne, safflower and
soya bean plants were inoculated with agar culture, vermiculite culture or chlamydospores, and
their reaction was shown to vary with the type of inoculum used. On the basis of these results, the
concept of pathogenicity testing and the results on which the known host range of this fungus is
based are examined. It is argued that conclusions drawn from pathogenicity tests are often question-
able if the inoculation techniques employed bear little similarity to what may occur in the field.
Suggestions for future pathogenicity tests are made.
Scanning Microscope Observations of the Pigment Strand in the Caryopsis of Wheat
Authors: Zee S
Published: December 2005

Structural features of the tissues of the pigment strand in the caryopsis of wheat were studied by
means of the scanning electron microscope.
Sphalmium, a distinctive new genus of Proteaceae from North Queensland
Authors: Briggs BG , Hyland BPM , Johnson LAS
Published: December 2005

The rain-forest tree described by C. T. White as Orites racemosa is shown to have no close relationship with Orites. The genus Sphalmium is here described with the single species S. racemosum (C. T. White) Briggs et al. An amplified description is provided and the genus is discussed in relation to a current review of the systematics and phylogeny of the Proteaceae. Both morphology and karyotype (2n = 24, chromosomes c. 2.0-3.7 �m long) present difficulties in determining its subfamilial position, and the bearing on this of similar difficulties with Carnarvonia is considered. The wood anatomy of Sphalmium and Placospermum is described and discussed.
Physical Constraint and Tiller Growth in Wheat
Authors: Williams RF , Metcalf RA
Published: December 2005

Young wheat seedlings were subjected to mild physical constraint by placing short plastic collars
with internal diameters of 1.5, 1.7 and 2.0 mm around the coleoptile close to the grain. In others
the natural constraint of the coleoptile was reduced experimentally by making a vertical slit just above
the site of the coleoptile tiller.
The narrowest of the plastic collars reduced the growth of the primary shoot, but the others did
not. Collars of all sizes prevented the emergence of all tillers sited immediately within them, though
the coleoptile tiller, and occasionally the first tiller 'escaped' through the coleoptile or leaf sheath
tissues below the collar. The coleoptile tillers of about half of the surgically treated seedlings grew
vigorously, but those of the control plants did not.
The results are interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that physical constraint can be an impor-
tant determinant of developmental events within shoot apical systems.
Association of Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker With Death of Pinus radiata D. Don in Southern New South Wales
Authors: Heather WA , Pratt BH
Published: December 2005

Phytophthora drechsleri was found to be abundant in the root zone of declining specimens of 3-year-
old Pinus radiata growing in wet conditions at Yass in southern New South Wales. One-month-old
and 6-month-old seedlings of P. radiata inoculated with Phytophthova drechsleri under experimental
conditions rapidly developed symptoms of disease similar to those observed in the field. Phytophthora
drechsleri is suggested as the causal agent of disease in young plants grown on water-gaining sites.
An Immunofluorescence Technique for Detecting Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands
Authors: Malajczuk N , Mccomb AJ , Parker CA
Published: December 2005

Fluorescein-labelled antibodies were prepared for 'cell-wall' and 'soluble' antigens from P. cinnamomi.
Those prepared against the cell wall fraction were superior for observing P. cinnamomi hyphae with
the fluorescence microscope. Antibody-stained hyphae could be distinguished among hyphae from a
wide range of fungal groups. P. cinnamomi hyphae could be seen on root surfaces and, although
definition was hampered by plant tissue fluorescence, in infected roots. P. cinnamomi could not be
detected in forest soil shown by baiting techniques to contain the pathogen, but was detected, and
assayed quantitatively, in samples from laboratory soil cultures.
The Distribution and Ultrastructural Effects of Passionfruit Woodiness Virus in Bean Leaves
Authors: Pares RD , Mcgechan JK
Published: December 2005

An electron microscope examination was made of mesophyll cells in the leaves of French bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Cherokee Wax infected with passionfruit woodiness virus (PWV). Virus
particles and virus-induced inclusions were found in the mesophyll cells of yellow areas of inoculated
leaves, leaves with vein clearing, and yellow areas of leaves with systemic mosaic symptoms, but
not in the green areas of inoculated leaves and only occasionally in dark green areas of leaves with
systemic mosaic symptoms. Virus-induced inclusions were confined to the cytoplasm and were
frequently associated with cell membranes. Chloroplasts in infected cells had an increased tendency
to invagination of the limiting membranes, and the invaginated portion frequently contained a
mitochondrion. Some effects were recorded on the numbers of starch grains per chloroplast.
Temperature Effects on Formation and Fine Structure of Brassica napus Leaf Waxes
Authors: Armstrong DJ , Whitecross MI
Published: December 2005

Incorporation of 1-14C-palmitic acid, a precursor of leaf waxes, into leaf strips of Brassica napus
was examined by thin section autoradiography and electron microscopy. Label was found to be
associated with mitochrondria, Golgi vesicles and endoplasmic reticulum of epidermal cells, and
also with the outer epidermal wall across which cuticular lipids are expected to migrate.
Variations in growth temperatures produced structural changes in surface waxes as previously
reported but no specific correlation could be found between changes in surface fine structure and
variations in subcellular morphology. It is concluded that variations in wax fine structure, as
influenced by growth temperature, resulted from effects at the biochemical level.
The Hordeum murinum Complex in Australia
Authors: Cocks PS , Boyce KG , Kloot PM
Published: December 2005

Barley grass (in Australia usually called Hordeum leporinum Link) was collected at 88 sites in
South Australia and Victoria and grown at Northfield, near Adelaide, S.A. Time to Aowering was
noted and each line was identified taxonomically. Specimens from the Australian herbaria were
examined.
The material was shown to belong to the three species within the Hordeum murinum complex.
H. murinum L. itself is restricted to near Hobart, Tasmania, but H. leporinum grows widely through
the wetter parts of southern Australia: it seems to grow commonly as far north as Sydney, and in
South Australia and Victoria where the rainfall exceeds c. 425 mm. H. glaucum Steud., the third
species in the complex and not previously recorded in Australia, was shown to be the common barley
grass in the semiarid zone of the southern States (<425 mm of rain), and in wetter regions in
northern New South Wales and southern Queensland.
Both H. leporinum and H. glaucum showed wide ecotypic variation in regard to flowering time,
and this was related to length of growing season in South Australia and Victoria. The relationship
was closest in H. leporinum.
The first specimens of both H. leporinum and H. glaucum were collected in the 1840s and
1850s. Thus both species were introduced into Australia well before the Suez Canal opened in 1869.
This eliminates the eastern Mediterranean as a direct source of the H. murinum complex even
though the European distribution of one member, H. glaucum, is apparently limited to that region.
Four other possible origins-England, the Atlantic coast and islands of Europe and north Africa,
South Africa, and India-are discussed in relation to the distribution of the species and their
opportunities for being introduced.
Taxonomic account of Lycium (Solanaceae) in Australia
Authors: Haegi L
Published: December 2005

The genus Lycium L. is represented in Australia by one endemic (L. australe F. Muell.) and three naturalized alien species (L. ferocissimum Miers, L. barbavum L. and L. afrum L.). L. macvocalyx Domin, originally described as a new species from Australia, is a synonym of L. ferocissimum.
Palynology of Tertiary sediments from Papua New Guinea. II. Gymnosperm pollen from upper Tertiary sediments
Authors: Khan AM
Published: December 2005

Palynological investigations were carried out on 16 samples from a core of Iviri No. 1 Well in the Central Delta region of Papua New Guinea. The age range is from Upper Miocene to Recent. Nine species belonging to the genera Araucariacites, Podocarpidites, Lygisfepollenites (Dacrydiumites), Dacrycarpites, Microcachryidites, Trisaccites, Ginkgocycadophytus and Ephedra are described. Ginkogocycadophytus novaguineensis is described as new. The distribution of gymnosperms in the Neogene epoch in Australasia is discussed in the light of this fossil record.
Some morphological and anatomical features of the Monotypic genus Bryobartramia Sainsbury (Musci)
Authors: Stone IG
Published: December 2005

Some previously unreported features of the moss Bryobartramia including details of the development of its remarkable inflated epigonium are described. A comparison is made with two other genera, Trachycarpidium and Encalypta, with some discussion on the possible phylogenetic relationships of Bryobartramia.
The Comparative Effects of Waterlogging on Two Populations of Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. And One Population of E.ovata Labill
Authors: Ladiges PY , Kelso A
Published: December 2005

Both populations of Eucalyptus viminalis grew faster than E. ovata on a non-saturated soil but
showed a greater reduction in seedling height when subjected to waterlogging. Under such conditions,
both the species developed adventitious roots and stem hypertrophy and exhibited leaf abscission.
The levels of iron in leaves increased with waterlogging, and phosphorus and manganese decreased.
E. ovata had a smaller change in internal levels of iron and manganese than E. viminalis.
Intraspecific variation was also noted in E. viminalis. A population which occurs in association
with E. ovata on a heavy clay soil grew faster on topsoil from this site than did a population of E.
viminalis which occurs naturally on deep sands. The latter population showed a high mortality rate
in a field trial.
Raciation in Epacris impressa. II. Habitat differences and flowering times
Authors: Stace HM , Fripp YJ
Published: December 2005

The various races of E. impressa occupy different habitats. In east Gippsland, the Otways and the Western District of Victoria, the white-flowered race is found in open sunny sites, whereas the pink-flowered race occurs in more shaded situations. These contrasting habitats-sunny and shaded -frequently form an interlocking distribution mosaic. In these areas the white-flowered race is distinctively spring-flowering whilst the pink-flowered race is winter-flowering. The scarlet-flowered race found at Wilson's Promontory on the granitic mountains has a flowering season from approximately April to November. The field data presented here strongly suggest that flowering time is a variable which has become modified in regions of sympatry to give a large measure of reproductive isolation between the pink and white-flowered races. In one area of allopatry-the Little Desert-only the white-flowered race occurs where it is winter-flowering.
Influence of Isolation Method on Growth Rate Characteristics of Populations of Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Shepherd CJ , Forrester RI
Published: December 2005

Direct plating and baiting methods were used to obtain 266 isolates of Phytophthova cinnamomi from
eucalypt forest in north-eastern Victoria. Isolates derived by baiting grew faster than those from
plating. Single zoospore progeny showed that many of those obtained by direct plating were probably
heterocaryotic for determinants of growth rate, while those obtained by baiting exhibited significantly
less variance among single zoospore progenies.
Biosystematics of Subgenus Glycine (Verdc.): Isoenzymatic Data
Authors: Broue P , Marshall DR , Muller WJ
Published: December 2005

Isoenzymatic phenotypes on horizontal starch gel zymograms were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among 20 populations representing four species of the subgenus Glycine (Verdc.).
Numerical analysis of the data showed that three of the four species reacted as well-defined entities
in keeping with traditional taxonomic grouping. G. canescens populations, on the other hand, did
not behave as a homogeneous group. Some populations tended to group with G. clandestina whereas
others grouped less readily with G. tomentella.
Studies of the Lignotubers of Eucalyptus gummifera (Gaertn. & Hochr.). III. Inheritance and Chemical Composition
Authors: Mullette KJ , Bamber R.K.
Published: December 2005

An investigation has been made of the inheritance of some lignotuber characters and the inter-
relationship of inorganic nutrients to lignotuber development in E. gummifera. This investigation
has confirmed that lignotuber development is (a) inherited and (b) influenced by substrate
phosphorus concentration. Chemical analyses also confirm that the lignotuber is an important
storage organ for inorganic nutrients and starch.
Mating Behaviour of Australian Isolates of Phytophthora Species. II. Phytophthora cinnamomi
Authors: Shepherd CJ , Cunningham RB
Published: December 2005

Determinations were made of the patterns of oogonial occurrence in the culture medium, the numbers of oogonia produced and of aborted oogonia formed in matings between 18 A1 and 116 A2 compatability type isolates of Phytophthora cinnamomi from south-eastern and Western
Australia.
The majority of the A2 isolates mated freely with their A1 counterparts, but three A2 isolates
mated with only some of the A1 testers and five others were sterile. Patterns of occurrence of oogonia,
their quantitative production and the percentage of aborted oogonia produced were affected by the
particular isolates used. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the nine populations of A2
isolates were significantly different from each other in all three parameters studied. Populations from
Eden and Bemm River were markedly less fertile than those from other regions. These findings are
consistent with the hypothesis that P. cinnamomi is an allochthonous organism in Australia.
Oogonial size was found to vary according to position within the mating plate and according to
the particular isolates used, although different geographical groups of isolates could not be dis-
tinguished. Abnormally small oogonia were produced in matings involving three of the A2 isolates.
The taxonomic significance of these findings is discussed.
Mineral Nutrition of Drosera erythrorhiza Lindl. With Special Reference to Its Tuberous Habit
Authors: Pate JS , Dixon KW
Published: December 2005

The seasonal cycle of uptake and partitioning of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium,
sodium, calcium and zinc by Drosera erythrorhiza was studied in natural habitat near Perth, W.A.
All elements except calcium were mobilized from germinating parent tubers with more than 80%
efficiency. The leaf rosette served as the major repository for minerals obtained from the parent
tuber and rooting medium. Efficiency of carry-over from vegetative parts to the new season's tubers
was 88% for phosphorus, 79% for nitrogen, 71 % for dry matter, 63% for magnesium, 56% for
potassium, but only 25-39 % for calcium, sodium and zinc. Pot culture studies showed insects to be
an effective source of nitrogen and phosphorus, and eluate of ash particularly a source of potassium.
Habitat soil enriched with whole ash produced tubers especially rich in nitrogen, phosphorus,
magnesium and calcium, elevated levels of phosphorus being attributed particularly to the ash.
Growth on full mineral culture solution or distilled water produced tubers with low levels of minerals.
Tuber composition varied greatly between habitats, especially in relation to phosphorus, nitrogen
and zinc. The relationship between phosphorus levels in tubers and recent fire history of a habitat
was examined.
Survival of Chlamydospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi in Several Non-Sterile, Host-Free Forest Soils and Gravels at Different Soil Water Potentials
Authors: Weste G , Vithanage K
Published: December 2005

Chlamydospore survival was investigated for six soil types, collected from disease-free areas of native forest in Victoria, in 50-g packs of non-sterile, unamended soils and gravels at five different matric soil water potentials ( ψ ). No chlamydospores survived in gravel free from OM, and only one chlamydospore survived at ψ -3000 kPa. In other packs the numbers of chlamydospores declined for 2 months then increased markedly at 4-6 months. Many chlamydospores remained viable for 8 months and some for 10 months despite the use of non-sterile soil and the absence of hosts. Maximum numbers survived in gravel from the Brisbane Ranges 6 and 8 months after inoculation at ψ -500 kPa. Decreasing soil moisture appeared to stimulate chlamydospore formation while a low rganic matter content and small numbers of microorganisms increased survival.
Spore Populations and Infectivity of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in New South Wales
Authors: Hayman DS , Stovold GE
Published: December 2005

Spores of vesicular arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi were found in all 73 soil samples collected
from different parts of New South Wales. Their numbers ranged widely from site to site (from 2 to
1952 spores per 100 g dry soil) and varied considerably for the same crop at different sites (e.g.
from 47 to 464 spores per 100 g dry soil for wheat). In general there were more spores in
agricultural than in native grassland-bush soils.
Of the eight species found, Acaulospora laevis and Glomus mosseae were the commonest. Small
spores of the Glomus fasciculatus and G. microcarpus groups were also frequent but Gigaspora spp.
were fairly rare. Usually more than two VA species occurred at each site.
The infectivity of the VA population in soil, assayed by measuring the rate of mycorrhizal develop-
ment in clover seedlings, did not correlate with spore numbers.
Variations in Populations of Eucalyptus ovata Labill., And the Effects of Waterlogging on Seedling Growth
Authors: Clucas RD , Ladiges PY
Published: December 2005

Techniques of classification and ordination were used to describe the pattern of variation in tree form and leaf, fruit and seedling morphology found in four southern Victorian populations, referred to as Eucalyptus ovata (swamp gum), from sites differing in mean annual rainfall, soil type and severity of waterlogging. Trees from sites with higher mean annual rainfall were large in stature (33 + m) and smooth-trunked with a variable amount of flaky bark at the base. Fruits were typical of E. ovata in shape, although their size, and that of leaves, varied from west to east from relatively large to small. In drier coastal areas in western Victoria trees may be short (5 m), multi-stemmed, large-fruited and small-leaved compared with the more common, and typical, open-forest form of the species. Seedlings from the tall open-forest forms grew rapidly, developed distinctly square stems and broad lanceolate to cordate leaves which were opposite and sessile at least to the 10th node, and had a low frequency of lignotuber development. In contrast, seedlings from open-forest forms of lower rainfall areas, and particularly from waterlogged sites, were slower-growing and morphologically more typical of the species, having round stems, oval leaves which were petiolate and alternating at the 10th node, and lignotubers. Waterlogging reduced seedling yield, leaf size and lignotuber development. All populations responded similarly to waterlogging treatment and typical responses included development of stem hypertrophy and adventitious roots which were often negatively geotropic. The pattern of variation observed in southern Victoria may reflect ecotypic differentiation, although the source of that genetic information may have been the result of past hybridization, perhaps with E. cypellocarpa or E. viminalis depending on locality.
Changes in the Fine Structure of the Desiccation-Tolerant Sedge Coleochloa setifera (Ridley) Gilly Under Water Stress
Authors: Bartley M , Hallam ND
Published: December 2005

Electron microscopy demonstrated gross changes to organelles during dehydration, particularly
in chloroplasts which lose thylakoids. Plastoglobuli increase in size as internal chloroplast membranes
develop into vesicles. An increase in polysomes and in rough endoplasmic reticulum after moderate
stress suggested the possibility of increased protein synthesis at this time. The loss of chlorophyll
while grana were still evident suggested an ordered destructuring of the chlorophyll. In dry tissue
the nucleus remained intact, mitochondria contained few indistinct cristae and chloroplasts appeared
as organelles containing vesicles and plastoglobuli.
Both aqueous and anhydrous fixation techniques were used to follow h e structural changes on
drying.
Extension of the Optical Diffraction Analysis Technique for Estimating Forest Canopy Geometry.
Authors: Kimes DS , Smith JA , Berry JK
Published: December 2005

Optical diffraction analysis of in situ ground photographs has previously been used to estimate
foliage angle distributions in grassland canopies. These canopies are typically characterized by a
single component-leaves-and the foliage is highly linear in nature. In this paper, the diffraction
technique is extended to a multicomponent forest canopy containing needles and branches. Additional
convolution and coordinate transformations are used to estimate the branch and needle angle
frequency distributions for top, middle, and base sections of two lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta)
trees. The resulting distributions show that the branch inclination angles tend to increase as one
proceeds to the tree tops. The needle inclination angle distribution was relatively constant for all
layers, and it is believed that this distribution is characteristic of a large class of needle-bearing species.
Behaviour of Phytophthora cinnamomi Zoospores on Roots of Australian Forest Species
Authors: Hinch J , Weste G
Published: December 2005

Twenty-three species from Australian native forests were examined in a comparative assay of the chemotaxis
of zoospores of Phytophthora cinnamomi towards their roots. Zoospores were attracted to all species tested
when within 3-4 mm from the roots. Attraction to wounds and cut ends of roots was also observed. The
chemotaxis was neither species-specific nor host-orientated. The root zone which attracted most zoospores
was the region of elongation for most species, but this varied and is described and illustrated for the different
species. Encysted zoospores produced one and occasionally two germ tubes which were normally orientated
towards the root axis. Subsequent penetration of epidermis, cortex and vascular tissue was observed and,
like the chemotaxis and chemotropy, was not related to host susceptibility.
Contrasting Success of Natural Hybridization in Two Eucalyptus Species Pairs
Authors: Drake DW
Published: December 2005

A morphological study with univariate and principal component analyses of mature tree and open-pollinated seedling populations shows that natural hybridization is occurring between Eucalyptus
melanophloia and E. crebra, and E. populnea and E. crebra (subgenus Symphyomyrtus, section Adnataria).
The level of successful hybridization in these two systems, where fundamental genetic (reproductive) and
ecological (habitat and spatial) barriers are absent, is examined.
Within the ecotone, hybrids between E. melanophloia and E. crebra are about one-fifth as frequent as
those between E. populnea and E. crebra. Analyses of the phenotype/genotype compositions of the hybrid
populations, the patterns of segregation, and outcrossing frequencies between the species pairs indicate the
level of development of the hybrid populations. All E. melanophloia × E. crebra hybrids appear to be F1
hybrids. In contrast, the E.populnea x E. crebra hybrid population attains a much higher level of development
in terms of both hybrid number and genotypic complexity.
Flowering phenology is a major barrier to E. melanophloia × E. crebra hybrid formation compared with
the other hybrids, although it is considered an incomplete barrier and alone may not explain the diversity of
hybrid success which occurs.A theory of plant hybridization which incorporates the concept of hybridization success is presented and
discussed in relation to the two hybridizing systems, as a basis for further investigating the mechanisms
involved.
Pollen Analysis of Digger's Creek Bog, Kosciuszko National Park: Vegetation History and Tree-line Change
Authors: Martin A. R. H.
Published: December 2005

Digger's Creek Bog, an
Empodisma minus–Callistemon pityoides–Sphagnum cristatum shrubby subalpine peat bog, alt. c. 1690 m, not far
below local altitudinal tree-line, began development > 10 000 years before
present as an Astelia
sp.–Carex alpine soak. Surrounding vegetation was
a grassy alpine herbfield with many Asteraceae, Apiaceae and
Gentianella diemensis, corresponding to the regional
Club Lake Zone C, dated to the same period. Astelia died
out c. 6500 years before present approximately at the
Club Lake C/D 1 boundary, marked by spread of
Pomaderris in subjacent montane forests. Thereafter,
shrubs, mainly Myrtaceae and Epacridaceae, and Restionaceae
(Empodisma and Restio australis)
dominated the bog. Epacris cf.
paludosa and C. pityoides seem to
have been the earliest shrubs to invade, Baeckea,
probably B. gunniana, and
Richea continentis reaching maximum prominence
5000–3000 years before present. Sphagnum was
uncommon until recently. Regional arboreal pollen enable comparisons with
other sites in south-eastern Australia but immigration of the tree-line
species Eucalyptus pauciflora subsp.
niphophila (snowgum) is not well expressed in the pollen
spectra. Surface and near-surface counts of this species are higher than at
any preceding time, and correspond most closely to surface counts in adjacent
young snowgum woodland. The co-occurrence of weed pollens, probably associated
with the late 19th and early 20th century practice of summer pasturing stock
on the alpine–subalpine tract, suggests that pasturing and burning,
responsible for widespread severe fires on this range, led both to the
formation of dense even-aged snowgum woodland that had been open and patchy at
this altitude, and a spread of Sphagnum on the bog
surface.
Floral Biology and Self-Incompatibility in Some Australian Mistletoes of the Genus Amyema (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Bernhardt P , Knox RB , Calder DM
Published: December 2005

Facultative cleistogamy has not been found In some Austrahan Amyema spp , and the stigma does not functlon in pollen presentation at anthesis. Wlthin mature flower buds self-polllnatlon is prevented by morphological and physiological barriers, a protandrous condition largely prevents mechanical or zoophilous self-pollination In vitro pollination experiments revealed that xenogamous crosses are most successful In the production of pollen tubes in the style although geitonogamy may act as a 'fail safe mechanism' at varying levels under natural condltlons in A miquelii (Lehm, ex Miq) Van Tiegh, A. miraculosum (Miq ) Van Tiegh and A. penduium (Sieber ex Spreng ) Van Tiegh. Of the four species studied, A. quandang (Lindl ) Van Tiegh had the highest levels of self-compatibility.
Appraisal by Numerical and Statistical Techniques of the Interaction of Moisture Stress and Phosphorus in the Development of the Tropical Legume Macroptilium atropurpureum (Dc.) Urb
Authors: Gates CT , Sandland RL
Published: December 2005

The interaction of two levels of soil moisture and four levels of phosphorus on the development of
Macroptilium atropurpureurn was studied for 18 harvests at 2-day intervals beginning on day 29 after sowing.
Variates studied were fresh weight. dry weight, nitrogen and phosphorus contents for the laminae.
stem plus petioles, root and nodules. The responses to treatment of these variates were shown by preliminary
analyses of variance to contain complex patterns of interaction. The important facets of these interactions
were then appraised by an extension of the usual univariate methods and the overall pattern of the
interaction was delineated by a classificatory analysis.
On the basis of the 14 attributes studied, there were six groups of responses to treatment. The lowest of
these groups corresponded to failure to grow at low levels of phosphorus. The next group represented the
response of nodules to treatment. Subsequent groups represented higher growth potential following efficient
functioning of the nodules. Effects on nodulation were thus primary to subsequent patterns of plant
development.
Water stress greatly impaired both plant and nodule development, particularly at the higher two levels of
phosphorus, whereas active growth occurred in normally watered plants. At these two phosphorus levels the
effect of water stress was on development rather than on chemical composition, there being large absolute
but small relative effects on chemical data. The lower levels of phosphorus supply contrasted with the two
higher levels in having much lower rates of growth and of water loss.