bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Washington, Forrester Blanchard
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Forrester Blanchard Washington (1887–1963) was a social work educator. He was a strong proponent of the scientific method for professional training of social workers. He was an Urban League Fellow and director of the Atlanta University School of Social Work for 27 years.
Wells-Barnett, Ida Bell
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Ida Bell Wells-Barnett (1862–1931) was a journalist, civil rights spokeswoman, and civic organizer. She wrote and lectured about the plight of Blacks in the South, especially lynching. She founded the Alpha Suffrage Club of Chicago, the first Black women's organization of its kind.
Wickenden, Elizabeth
Authors: Kingson Eric R.
Published: October 2014

Elizabeth Wickenden (1909–2001) was a social work administrator and advisor, policy writer, and advocate. In the 1950s, she launched an effective coalition of social welfare and labor organizations, known as the “Wicky Lobby.” A pioneering legal rights advocate, she advanced legal services and class action strategies on behalf of public assistance and child welfare clients.
Youngdahl, Benjamin Emanuel
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Benjamin Emanuel Youngdahl (1897–1970) was a public welfare administrator, educator, and lecturer. He influenced the social work profession during his career as president of the American Association of Schools of Social Work, the American Association of Social Workers, and the National Conference on Social Welfare.
Continuing Education
Authors: Strom-Gottfried Kimberly
Published: October 2014

Continuing education (CE) refers to an array of opportunities by which professionals can augment existing knowledge and skills. CE is essential for professional competence, career development, and compliance with licensing rules and other regulations. CE is offered through a variety of auspices, methods, and venues. Advances in instructional technology and electronic communication have further expanded access to CE opportunities. Ongoing challenges in CE include strategies for assuring quality in CE programming and adequately evaluating skill and knowledge acquisition.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Authors: Dewane Claudia J.
Published: October 2014

Clinical social work is a derivative profession, drawing its knowledge and practice base from several theoretical schools. The four primary theoretical schools contributing to social-work philosophy are psychodynamic, humanist, cognitive–behavioral, and postmodern. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), although considered one of the third-wave behavioral approaches, draws from all four theoretical schools of clinical intervention. This entry gives an overview of ACT development, its essential features, empirical base, tenets and techniques, and relevance to the social-work profession.
Ageism in the Workplace
Authors: Brownell Patricia
Published: October 2014

Older workers make important contributions to the workplace, its productivity, and its culture. Work remains important for older adults for financial security, to give meaning to later life, to maintain social networks, and to promote lifelong learning. However, ageist beliefs about the capacity of older adults to remain productive and contributing workers in the workforce can create barriers for older workers. Understanding how older workers experience ageist behavior in the workplace can help employers, policy makers, and social workers learn more about how to address this social problem. Organizations can become more age friendly through enabling workplace programs, supportive management, and proactive human resource managers. Social workers serving older adults in employee assistance programs and in private practice can help them to challenge ageism in the workplace. Finally, legislation such as the Age Discrimination in Employment Act protects the rights of older workers; however, more legislation is needed to address bullying and harassment of older adults in the workplace.
Contracting Out of Social Services
Authors: Schmid Hillel , Hasenfeld Yeheskel “Zeke”
Published: October 2014

Contracting out of social services is defined as the purchase of services by government agencies from for-profit and nonprofit organizations. It has a long history beginning with the English Poor Law of 1723 and becoming a major policy during Reagan's administration. Both the advantages and shortcomings of contracting out are described and analyzed. The effects on providers' accountability to government and clients and the implications for social work practice and ethics are discussed. Special emphasis is given to the social workers' dilemma facing a dual loyalty to contractor–employer on the one hand and to clients on the other.
Common Factors in Psychotherapy
Authors: Drisko James W.
Published: October 2014

This entry examines the common factors approach in social work and in related professions. The term “common factors” refers to a set of features that are shared across different specific models of psychotherapy and social services, but may not always be conceptualized as being curative influences. The common factors approach broadens the conceptual base of potentially curative variables for practice and research. The history of common factors, the research designs and statistical methods that have led to the approach’s elaboration, the approach’s empirical base, and its fit with social work’s person-in-environment perspective are each explored. The intersection of the common factors approach with the evidence-based practice movement is examined. The role of common factors in the psychotherapy integration movement is also discussed. The implications of the common factors approach for research, policy, and practice in social work are identified.
Disproportionality and Disparities
Authors: Fong Rowena , McRoy Ruth G. , Dettlaff Alan
Published: October 2014

Racial disproportionality and disparities are problems affecting children and families of color in the child welfare, juvenile justice, education, mental-health, and health-care systems. The term “disproportionality” refers to the ratio between the percentage of persons in a particular racial or ethnic group at a particular decision point or experiencing an event (maltreatment, incarceration, school dropouts) compared to the percentage of the same racial or ethnic group in the overall population. This ratio could suggest underrepresentation, proportional representation, or overrepresentation of a population experiencing a particular phenomenon. The term “disparity” refers to “unequal treatment or outcomes for different groups in the same circumstance or at the same decision point.” A close examination of disproportionality and disparities brings attention to differences in outcomes, often by racial group, and by social service systems. It is necessary to examine the reasons for these differences in outcomes and to be sure that culturally competent practices are upheld.
Couples
Authors: Harnden Susan C.
Published: October 2014

This entry discusses the evolution of the field of couples counseling from an auxiliary service provided through a variety of professional disciplines to a well-established field defined by its own standards, approaches, and a building body of research. While a few interventions for couples have been well researched using well-established standards, many of the interventions used by practitioners still lack evidence-based research or standard criteria. Also the research does little to address diversity and the application of interventions considering race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic levels. These concerns require ongoing attention.
Martin, Elmer P.
Authors: Gibson Priscilla
Published: October 2014

Elmer Perry Martin (1946–2001) is prominent for his contributions on African Americans families, history, and culture both in the academy as a professor and co-author and with the general public as the creator/founder/manager along with his wife, Dr. Joanna Martin, of the Great Blacks in Wax Museum, Inc.
Financial Social Work
Authors: Wolfsohn Reeta , Michaeli Dorlee
Published: October 2014

Financial well-being is an individual responsibility in twenty-first century America, even though research reveals a serious inability for many Americans to attain it. Social workers have the education and training to help people modify behavior and a history of working with low-income and minority families, as well as the skills to engage and empower clients, making them the best professionals to help Americans take control of their money and their lives. This article explains how incorporating financial-literacy skills and models of financial behavioral change into the social work curriculum would benefit both social workers and their clients. It describes the financial social work model and an understanding of its relevance to the social work profession.
Social Policy in Canada
Authors: Shier Micheal L. , Graham John R.
Published: October 2014

The focus and aim of social policy in Canada have in part been determined by the unique sociohistorical and cultural context of the country. This entry provides a brief overview of the leading factors that have contributed to the development of social policy in Canada. Emphasis is placed on the economic, social, and cultural context of the development of the country, along with the system of governance and the ideological framework among the general populace. Following this contextualization, four dominant periods of social policy are described. These include the residual period, the emerging institutional period, the institutional period, and the postinstitutional period. In each era the forces leading to specific social policy outcomes are described. These include aspects of the changing economic system and emerging cultural and social needs among the population. Key social policies in each era are introduced and described. Fundamental to each period of social policy development are the efforts of the voluntary sector. In conclusion, future trends in social policy and social welfare in Canada are discussed.
Impaired Social Workers/Professionals
Authors: Reamer Frederic G.
Published: October 2014

The possibility of practitioner impairment exists in every profession. Stress related to employment, illness or death of family members, marital or relationship problems, financial problems, midlife crises, personal physical or mental illness, legal problems, substance abuse, and professional education can lead to impairment. This article provides an overview of the nature and extent of impairment in social work, practitioners’ coping strategies, responses to impairment, and rehabilitation options and protocols. Particular attention is paid to the problem of sexual misconduct in social workers’ relationships with clients. The author reviews relevant ethical standards and presents a model assessment and action plan for social workers who encounter an impaired colleague.
Meditation, Mindfulness, and Social Work
Authors: Logan Sadye L. M.
Published: October 2014

Research has shown that social workers and other helping professionals can make use of the contemplative practices from religion and spiritual disciplines. These practices can be utilized as tools that help social workers become more intentional and effective change agents as helpers in their work with individuals, families, children, and communities. This entry discusses the evolution and emergence of the practices of meditation and mindfulness within the helping context, starting with the historic roots in different religions to its usage in the early 21st century with children and families. Additionally, it addresses the limitations and benefits of meditation and mindfulness as practice tools.
Mental Health Courts
Authors: Epperson Matthew , Thompson Julian , Canada Kelli E.
Published: October 2014

This article discusses the emergence, structure, and purpose of the mental health court. It details the therapeutic aspects of the mental health court and its function as a specialized-treatment court serving persons with serious mental illnesses in the criminal justice system. Guiding themes, such as the criminalization of mental illness, therapeutic jurisprudence, and drug-treatment courts are described. It also identifies key legislation that contributed to the funding and proliferation of mental health courts. The effectiveness of mental health court, along with current criticisms regarding its impact on participants’ mental health and recidivism outcomes, are also covered. Last, social work values and the various roles of social workers in the mental health court are highlighted to demonstrate the relevance of mental health court to contemporary social work practice and intervention.
Play Therapy
Authors: Webb Nancy Boyd
Published: October 2014

Play makes children happy, and it also helps them problem-solve, learn, and create new imaginary worlds. Play therapy employs this natural interest to engage and help children who are having emotional difficulties. This article includes a historical overview of the development of different models of play therapy that have evolved since the 1920s and reviews some of the distinctive approaches and trends in the field. Almost all play therapists value the therapeutic relationship as critical in the helping process, but the methods of helping vary. Play therapists come from a variety of professional backgrounds, including social work. All have received education and supervision in this specialized method of practice with children. Certification as a play therapist requires post-master’s degree level training. The article pays special attention to the use of play therapy with children who have experienced crises and trauma, and to specific approaches that address this reality of modern life.
Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716)
Authors: Weik Elke
Published: October 2014

Born in Leipzig in 1646, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is an influential figure in the world of process philosophy. In addition to his philosophical contributions, Leibniz invented the infinitesimal calculus and binary numbers, along with mathematical and logical forms of notation still used today. Leibniz believed that the worlds of theory, praxis, nature, morals, and the divine as well as the human world all formed one perfect system. This chapter examines Leibniz’s philosophy in relation to process metaphysics and its relevance to organization studies. It also discusses his responses to René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza concerning various issues, such as why he called the monads substances. It also considers which organization studies authors use Leibniz today.
Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)
Authors: Raffnsøe Sverre , Dalsgaard Matias Møl , Gudmand-Høyer Marius
Published: October 2014

Søren Kierkegaard, a Danish theologian and philosopher of existence, proposed concepts that have challenged not only philosophy and theology but also psychology, literary criticism, social political thought, the humanities, social sciences, fiction, institutions, and organizations. In particular, he focused on the human self and human existence, will, choice, subjective truth, commitment and responsibility, and meaning as ineradicable concrete dimensions of reality. His emphasis on subjective becoming finds expression in an open critique of process philosophy and still presents a challenge to organizations and organization studies. This chapter examines Kierkegaard’s relevance for process philosophy in an organizational setting by discussing his thought and selected writings. It considers important facets of Kierkegaard’s philosophy, his consummation of the Lutheran-Protestant tradition, and his lifelong existential critique of Hegelian philosophy. Finally, it analyses Kierkegaard’s influence on later thinkers who have close affinity to process philosophy.
Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947)
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: October 2014

Born in England in 1861, Alfred North Whitehead turned to philosophy after a brilliant career in mathematics, where he developed a philosophical scheme based on experience as the ultimate unit of analysis, rejecting what he called the bifurcation between mind and nature that had dominated philosophical thought. He also invoked the idea of concrete experience to connect to American pragmatism, and especially to William James’s work. This chapter first provides an overview of Whitehead’s life and times before turning to his philosophical views. It examines Whitehead’s notion of atomism and his influence on organization studies. Finally, it discusses three aspects of events that may help lay foundations for an event-based organization theory inspired by Whitehead’s philosophy: events as spatio-temporal durations, the forming of events through mirroring, and the open structures of events.
Gregory Bateson (1904–1980)
Authors: Zundel Mike
Published: October 2014

Gregory Bateson is a British philosopher, scientist, and teacher known for his investigations into ‘patterns that connect’. Bateson’s philosophical, psychological, biological, anthropological, and cybernetic ideas have important implications for organization studies. His epistemology can be characterized by five themes: creatura and pleroma; logical typing; feedback and the organization of creatura; symmetry and complementarity; and acclimation, thresholds, and flexibility.
Michel Foucault (1926–1984)
Authors: Weiskopf Richard , Willmott Hugh
Published: October 2014

Michel Foucault has been variously pigeon-holed as a philosopher, structuralist, post-structuralist, anti-modernist, postmodernist, happy positivist, political activist, gay rights activist, krypto-normativist, and pseudo-marxist. Yet his work escapes categorizations including ‘philosophy’ and ‘process philosophy’. It is Foucault’s ‘systematic scepticism toward all anthropological universals’, combined with his illumination of the processes and practices through which the subject and object are formed and transformed historically, which makes his work significant in the context of process philosophy and organization studies. This chapter begins by considering Foucault as a placeholder for a particular style, or styles, of thinking that contributes to an appreciation of process. It then examines his understanding of discourse, history, and practices as it interrogates process, and reflects on the engagement of his thinking within the field of organization studies. In addition, this chapter considers some of the more influential Foucauldian ideas that are relevant to organization studies, including panopticism, resistance, and governmentality, as well as the apparatus of security and the question of freedom in the context of power relations.
World Englishes and the Study of Typology and Universals
Authors: Siemund Peter , Davydova Julia
Published: October 2014

In our contribution, we discuss language variation observed in the field of World Englishes from the perspective of language typology and universals research. The major motivation behind this approach is the assumption that, as contained linguistic systems, varieties are constrained by essentially the same mechanisms as languages. Taking the idea of cross-linguistic, and in that sense universal, generalizations as a starting point, we proceed to discussing patterns of variation in different Englishes encountered worldwide. In so doing, we draw on the concepts of markedness relations, frequency, semantic maps, and implicational hierarchies, feature bundles, and complexity, offering possible (and plausible) explanations for the patterns of forms encountered in language data. Our contribution also includes an assessment of angloversals and vernacular universals, as these are generalizations specifically related to World Englishes. We conclude our study with a discussion of postcolonial Englishes in relation to language contact, second language acquisition, and contact-induced grammaticalization.
Introduction
Authors: Borelli Melissa Blanco
Published: October 2014

In addition to providing an overview of the chapters that comprise the volume, this chapter uses a music video by George Michael as an example of how to engage students in dance studies analysis of bodies on the popular screen. It also provides an overview to students on how they might engage with the bodies and the choreographies they see on the screen.
A Taste of Honey
Authors: Borelli Melissa Blanco
Published: October 2014

This chapter examines the filmic representations of the mulatta body in the filmsSparkle(1976),Flashdance(1983), andHoney(2003). The main research aim is to unravel how the Hollywood filmic apparatus engages with signifiers of raced sexuality and hierarchies of dance styles to enforce and reify mythic narratives about dance, dancing raced bodies, and dance-making. By establishing a genealogy of the mulatta body in the US context through these dance films, the chapter illustrates how the mulatta subject develops from a tragic figure (inSparkle) to an independent and self-reliant one (inHoney).
Denaturalizing Coco’s “Sexy” Hips
Authors: Liu Chih-Chieh
Published: October 2014

This chapter, starting from a seemingly standardized dance promotion in Mandarin pop, one of the dominant music genres in East Asia, attempts to reveal the cultural logics and to denaturalize the corporeal discourses behind what is commonly perceived as the “naturally” spectacular hip movement of a Chinese-American superstar, Coco Lee, whose dance is, in Taiwan, often linked with the idea of “sexiness” and “American-ness.” Calling upon Judith Butler’s idea of performativity (1990) in tandem with Richard Dyer’s notion of star image (1979) and the concept of the dancing body (Thomas 1995; Foster 1996), this chapter, using music video analysis (Vernallis 2004; Beebe and Middleton 2007), delineates Coco’sHip Hop Tonight(2006) to point out the contradictions and reversals of the body in contemporary multimedial context in that “sexiness” is desexualized, “American-ness” is Sinocized, and the meaning of “Chinese-ness” continues to shift according to local cultural and political sensibilities. In this process, music video becomes an intersecting point in which cultural boundaries negotiate and body politics fight to gain the upper hand, revealing a web of complex power struggles in Taiwan where meaning of the body is locally produced yet globally contested.
Coastal Landforms on Islands of Pacific Oceania
Authors: Dickinson William R.
Published: October 2014

The evolution of coastal landforms on tropical Pacific islands has been influenced jointly by changes in relative sea level and by shoreline sediment dynamics. During human occupation of Pacific Oceania, changes in sea level have reflected a monotonic hydro-isostatic drawdown in regional sea level following a mid-Holocene highstand in eustatic sea level, and varied patterns of tectonic uplift or subsidence affecting individual islands or island groups. Wave erosion has altered some bold coastlines, but the dominant trend of paleoshoreline evolution along lowland coasts has been the expansion of coastal plains by the accretion of successive beach ridges to island cores as regional sea level gradually fell. Anthropogenic impacts on island landscapes have influenced strandline sedimentation by enhancing sediment delivery to island coasts in response to inland deforestation.
The Prehistory of Hawai‘i
Authors: Kirch Patrick V.
Published: October 2014

The Hawaiian Islands are the most isolated inhabited archipelago in the world. Initially colonized around A.D. 1000, the environmental gradients of rainfall and island-age have influenced subsequent cultural variation and differentiation in the islands. Settlements are typically dispersed hamlets and integrated within agricultural facilities such as irrigated pondfields and dryland field systems. Populations were politically organized in idealized pie-shaped units or ahupua`a that typically encompass a cross-section of island resources. Material culture , including fishhooks, stone tools, and religious temples, is broadly similar within these units, but there is also much evidence for elite control of specialized production in some areas. The Hawaiian Islands are the archetypal chiefdom society, although based on changes in demography, monumental architecture (heiau) and royal centers, intensive agriculture, and divine kingship, the population had likely crossed the threshold of sociopolitical complexity to that of an archaic state prior to the arrival of Europeans in 1778.
Neurophysiological Correlates of Sevoflurane-induced Unconsciousness
Authors: Blain-Moraes Stefanie , Tarnal Vijay , Vanini Giancarlo , Alexander Amir , Rosen Derek , Shortal Brenna , Janke Ellen , Mashour George A.
Published: October 2014

AbstractAbstract

In human volunteers, sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness was not consistently correlated with anteriorization of alpha rhythms or frontal cross-frequency coupling patterns, but rather disrupted phase relationships between frontal and posterior brain structures. Since other agents induce disrupted phase relationships, network fragmentation may be a common correlate or cause of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness.

Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background:

Recent studies of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness in humans have focused predominantly on the intravenous drug propofol and have identified anterior dominance of alpha rhythms and frontal phase–amplitude coupling patterns as neurophysiological markers. However, it is unclear whether the correlates of propofol-induced unconsciousness are generalizable to inhaled anesthetics, which have distinct molecular targets and which are used more commonly in clinical practice.

Methods:

The authors recorded 64-channel electroencephalograms in healthy human participants during consciousness, sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness, and recovery (n = 10; n = 7 suitable for analysis). Spectrograms and scalp distributions of low-frequency (1 Hz) and alpha (10 Hz) power were analyzed, and phase–amplitude modulation between these two frequencies was calculated in frontal and parietal regions. Phase lag index was used to assess phase relationships across the cortex.

Results:

At concentrations sufficient for unconsciousness, sevoflurane did not result in a consistent anteriorization of alpha power; the relationship between low-frequency phase and alpha amplitude in the frontal cortex did not undergo characteristic transitions. By contrast, there was significant cross-frequency coupling in the parietal region during consciousness that was not observed after loss of consciousness. Furthermore, a reversible disruption of anterior–posterior phase relationships in the alpha bandwidth was identified as a correlate of sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness.

Conclusion:

In humans, sevoflurane-induced unconsciousness is not correlated with anteriorization of alpha and related cross-frequency patterns, but rather by a disruption of phase–amplitude coupling in the parietal region and phase–phase relationships across the cortex.
Developmental stress increases reproductive success in male zebra finches
Authors: Crino Ondi L. , Prather Colin T. , Driscoll Stephanie C. , Good Jeffrey M. , Breuner Creagh W.
Published: October 2014

There is increasing evidence that exposure to stress during development can have sustained effects on animal phenotype and performance across life-history stages. For example, developmental stress has been shown to decrease the quality of sexually selected traits (e.g. bird song), and therefore is thought to decrease reproductive success. However, animals exposed to developmental stress may compensate for poor quality sexually selected traits by pursuing alternative reproductive tactics. Here, we examine the effects of developmental stress on adult male reproductive investment and success in the zebra finch (
Taeniopygia guttata
). We tested the hypothesis that males exposed to developmental stress sire fewer offspring through extra-pair copulations (EPCs), but invest more in parental care. To test this hypothesis, we fed nestlings corticosterone (CORT; the dominant avian stress hormone) during the nestling period and measured their adult reproductive success using common garden breeding experiments. We found that nestlings reared by CORT-fed fathers received more parental care compared with nestlings reared by control fathers. Consequently, males fed CORT during development reared nestlings in better condition compared with control males. Contrary to the prediction that developmental stress decreases male reproductive success, we found that CORT-fed males also sired more offspring and were less likely to rear non-genetic offspring compared with control males, and thus had greater overall reproductive success. These data are the first to demonstrate that developmental stress can have a positive effect on fitness via changes in reproductive success and provide support for an adaptive role of developmental stress in shaping animal phenotype.
Aquatic polymers can drive pathogen transmission in coastal ecosystems
Authors: Shapiro Karen , Krusor Colin , Mazzillo Fernanda F. M. , Conrad Patricia A. , Largier John L. , Mazet Jonna A. K. , Silver Mary W.
Published: October 2014

Gelatinous polymers including extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) are fundamental to biophysical processes in aquatic habitats, including mediating aggregation processes and functioning as the matrix of biofilms. Yet insight into the impact of these sticky molecules on the environmental transmission of pathogens in the ocean is limited. We used the zoonotic parasite
Toxoplasma gondii
as a model to evaluate polymer-mediated mechanisms that promote transmission of terrestrially derived pathogens to marine fauna and humans. We show that transparent exopolymer particles, a particulate form of EPS, enhance
T. gondii
association with marine aggregates, material consumed by organisms otherwise unable to access micrometre-sized particles. Adhesion to EPS biofilms on macroalgae also captures
T. gondii
from the water, enabling uptake of pathogens by invertebrates that feed on kelp surfaces. We demonstrate the acquisition, concentration and retention of
T. gondii
by kelp-grazing snails, which can transmit
T. gondii
to threatened California sea otters. Results highlight novel mechanisms whereby aquatic polymers facilitate incorporation of pathogens into food webs via association with particle aggregates and biofilms. Identifying the critical role of invisible polymers in transmission of pathogens in the ocean represents a fundamental advance in understanding and mitigating the health impacts of coastal habitat pollution with contaminated runoff.
Evolution of cultural traits occurs at similar relative rates in different world regions
Authors: Currie Thomas E. , Mace Ruth
Published: October 2014

A fundamental issue in understanding human diversity is whether or not there are regular patterns and processes involved in cultural change. Theoretical and mathematical models of cultural evolution have been developed and are increasingly being used and assessed in empirical analyses. Here, we test the hypothesis that the rates of change of features of human socio-cultural organization are governed by general rules. One prediction of this hypothesis is that different cultural traits will tend to evolve at similar relative rates in different world regions, despite the unique historical backgrounds of groups inhabiting these regions. We used phylogenetic comparative methods and systematic cross-cultural data to assess how different socio-cultural traits changed in (i) island southeast Asia and the Pacific, and (ii) sub-Saharan Africa. The relative rates of change in these two regions are significantly correlated. Furthermore, cultural traits that are more directly related to external environmental conditions evolve more slowly than traits related to social structures. This is consistent with the idea that a form of purifying selection is acting with greater strength on these more environmentally linked traits. These results suggest that despite contingent historical events and the role of humans as active agents in the historical process, culture does indeed evolve in ways that can be predicted from general principles
Macroevolutionary consequences of profound climate change on niche evolution in marine molluscs over the past three million years
Authors: Saupe E. E. , Hendricks J. R. , Portell R. W. , Dowsett H. J. , Haywood A. , Hunter S. J. , Lieberman B. S.
Published: October 2014

In order to predict the fate of biodiversity in a rapidly changing world, we must first understand how species adapt to new environmental conditions. The long-term evolutionary dynamics of species' physiological tolerances to differing climatic regimes remain obscure. Here, we unite palaeontological and neontological data to analyse whether species' environmental tolerances remain stable across 3 Myr of profound climatic changes using 10 phylogenetically, ecologically and developmentally diverse mollusc species from the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, USA. We additionally investigate whether these species' upper and lower thermal tolerances are constrained across this interval. We find that these species' environmental preferences are stable across the duration of their lifetimes, even when faced with significant environmental perturbations. The results suggest that species will respond to current and future warming either by altering distributions to track suitable habitat or, if the pace of change is too rapid, by going extinct. Our findings also support methods that project species' present-day environmental requirements to future climatic landscapes to assess conservation risks.
The epithet aurantiaca in Micromonospora aurantiaca Sveshnikova et al. 1969 (Approved Lists 1980) is illegitimate and requires a replacement epithet. Opinion 89. Judicial Commission of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes
Authors: Tindall B. J.
Published: October 2014

The Judicial Commission affirms that the combination

Micromonospora aurantiaca

Sveshnikova et al. 1969 (Approved Lists 1980) may not serve as the correct name of the taxon because Rule 12b states that no specific or subspecific epithets within the same genus may be the same if based on different types and the specific epithet
aurantiaca in

Micromonospora aurantiaca

Sveshnikova et al. 1969 (Approved Lists 1980) is the same as the subspecific epithet
aurantiaca in

Micromonospora carbonacea subsp. aurantiaca

Luedemann and Brodsky 1964 (Approved Lists 1980) and the latter has priority. According to Rule 53, the duplication of the same specific or subspecific epithet based on different types creates an illegitimate epithet with the principle of priority determining which is to be replaced as specified in Rule 54. The replacement of the specific epithet
aurantiaca in

Micromonospora aurantiaca

Sveshnikova et al. 1969 (Approved Lists 1980) also requires that the authorship of the original authors is retained. However, action of this nature requires that the original epithet is maintained in the original combination. There currently appears to be no mechanisms where such action can be taken.
Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn 1942 has priority over Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 when the two are treated as members of the same species based on the principle of priority and Rule 23a, Note 1 as applied to the corresponding specific epithets. Opinion 94.
Authors: Tindall B. J.
Published: October 2014

The Judicial Commission affirms that, according to the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (including changes made to the wording), the combination

Agrobacterium radiobacter

(Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn 1942 has priority over the combination

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

(Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 when the two are treated as members of the same species based on the principle of priority as applied to the corresponding specific epithets. The type species of the genus is

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

(Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942, even if treated as a later heterotypic synonym of

Agrobacterium radiobacter

(Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn 1942.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

(Smith and Townsend 1907) Conn 1942 is typified by the strain defined on the Approved Lists of Bacterial Names and by strains known to be derived from the nomenclatural type.
Solvent minimization induces preferential orientation and crystal clustering in serial micro-crystallography on micro-meshes,in situplates and on a movable crystal conveyor belt
Authors: Soares Alexei S. , Mullen Jeffrey D. , Parekh Ruchi M. , McCarthy Grace S. , Roessler Christian G. , Jackimowicz Rick , Skinner John M. , Orville Allen M. , Allaire Marc , Sweet Robert M.
Published: October 2014

X-ray diffraction data were obtained at the National Synchrotron Light Source from insulin and lysozyme crystals that were densely deposited on three types of surfaces suitable for serial micro-crystallography: MiTeGen MicroMeshes™, Greiner Bio-One Ltdin situmicro-plates, and a moving kapton crystal conveyor belt that is used to deliver crystals directly into the X-ray beam. 6° wedges of data were taken from ∼100 crystals mounted on each material, and these individual data sets were merged to form nine complete data sets (six from insulin crystals and three from lysozyme crystals). Insulin crystals have a parallelepiped habit with an extended flat face that preferentially aligned with the mounting surfaces, impacting the data collection strategy and the design of the serial crystallography apparatus. Lysozyme crystals had a cuboidal habit and showed no preferential orientation. Preferential orientation occluded regions of reciprocal space when the X-ray beam was incident normal to the data-collection medium surface, requiring a second pass of data collection with the apparatus inclined away from the orthogonal. In addition, crystals measuring less than 20 µm were observed to clump together into clusters of crystals. Clustering required that the X-ray beam be adjusted to match the crystal size to prevent overlapping diffraction patterns. No additional problems were encountered with the serial crystallography strategy of combining small randomly oriented wedges of data from a large number of specimens. High-quality data able to support a realistic molecular replacement solution were readily obtained from both crystal types using all three serial crystallography strategies.
Correcting for surface topography in X-ray fluorescence imaging
Authors: Geil E. C. , Thorne R. E.
Published: October 2014

Samples with non-planar surfaces present challenges for X-ray fluorescence imaging analysis. Here, approximations are derived to describe the modulation of fluorescence signals by surface angles and topography, and suggestions are made for reducing this effect. A correction procedure is developed that is effective for trace element analysis of samples having a uniform matrix, and requires only a fluorescence map from a single detector. This procedure is applied to fluorescence maps from an incised gypsum tablet.
Nutritional composition of takeaway food in the UK
Authors: Jaworowska Agnieszka , M. Blackham Toni , Long Rachel , Taylor Catherine , Ashton Matthew , Stevenson Leonard , Glynn Davies Ian
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– This paper aims to determine the nutritional profile of popular takeaway meals in the UK. Fast food has a poor nutritional profile; research has focused on the major catering chains, with limited data on takeaway food from independent establishments.

Design/methodology/approach

– Random samples of takeaway meals were purchased from small, independent takeaway establishments. Multiple samples of 27 different takeaway meals, from Indian, Chinese, kebab, pizza and English-style establishments (n = 489), were analysed for portion size, energy, protein, carbohydrate, total fat, salt and total sugars.

Findings

– Takeaway meals were inconsistent with UK dietary recommendations; pizzas revealed the highest energy content, and Chinese meals were lowest in total fat. However, there was a high degree of variability between and within categories, but the majority of meals were excessive for portion size, energy, macronutrients and salt.

Research limitations/implications

– The present study focused on energy, macronutrients, salt and total sugars. Future research should analyse the quality of fat and carbohydrates and micronutrients to provide a more detailed nutritional profile of takeaway food.

Practical implications

– The nutritional variability between establishments suggests that recipe reformulation should be explored in an attempt to improve the nutritional quality of takeaway foods. In addition, portion size reduction could favour both the consumer and the industry.

Social implications

– Takeaway outlets do not provide nutritional information; due to the excessive nutritional profiles, regular intake may increase the risk of non-communicable disease. Therefore, there is a pressing need for this provision to help consumers make conscious food choices.

Originality/value

– This is the first study to analyse energy and macronutrient content of independent takeaway meals in the UK.
Learning from interacting: language, economics and the entrepreneur
Authors: K. O’Rourke Brendan
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this article is to provide a method of gaining transdisciplinary insight by focusing on keywords in the language we use. The language of economics dominates discourse about the economy. Analyzing this discourse from a great variety of perspectives has blossomed but promises much more. The study of the keyword “entrepreneur” illustrates the strengths and weaknesses of this diversity of perspectives, and also points to some possible opportunities for enhancing the quality of their interaction.

Design/methodology/approach

– A broad discourse analytic approach is drawn upon to understand the role the language of mainstream economics plays in our discussions of the economy, to trace the keyword “entrepreneur” as it has been and is used in economics and more general conversations about the economy and to use a keyword approach to create a transdisciplinary understanding of the way the economy is discussed.

Findings

– Economics in the sense of the mainstream approach that adopts the rational narrowly self-interested, calculating and decontextualized individual as its default assumption is a very particular language that has detrimentally dominated discussions of the economy. “Entrepreneur” is a keyword, the use of which in economics has both strengthened and put constraints on the way it can be deployed in talking about the economy. Focusing on keywords in the language, we use can provide a method of gaining transdisciplinary insight.

Research limitations/implications

– A short article with such a broad sweep such as this no doubts illustrates the limits imposed by attempts at transdisciplinary communication, but a potential gain from any such interaction is that we might grow to have more informed and genuinely dialogic interactions about the economy. As another way to attempt communication across diverse positions, looking at keywords in the discourse about the economy seems profitable.

Social implications

– Discourses of economics and the entrepreneur play a huge role in how people construct their roles and representations in the economy. Producing critical and creative understandings of these discourses that allow social actors to benefit from the diversity of completed and potential research work seems imperative in a world facing our current economic and social problems.

Originality/value

– Discourse analysis of the economy, the entrepreneur and economics has produced many insights but these insights have remained stranded in intellectual niches. As studies of language and the economy continue to blossom this article stresses the need, and points to some opportunities, for more fruitful interaction, by adopting a keyword approach.
Dyeing properties of PSA/MPIA blended yarn
Authors: Cui Shuling , Dou Chunxiao
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper was to study the dyeing properties of polysulphonamide (PSA)/aramid 1313 (MPIA) blended yarn by selecting suitable dyes and carriers required in the dyeing process.

Design/methodology/approach

– Dyeing the blended yarn with cationic dyes, acid dyes, disperse dyes, reactive dyes and pigment, and comparing the shades, K/S values and fastness of the blended yarns.

Findings

– The PSA/MPIA blended fibre is suitable for dyeing with the cationic dye at high temperature and pressure in the presence of carrier acetophenone, and good homochromatism is seen on the two fibres when using same type of dye.

Originality/value

– PSA fibre is a thermo-resistant and flame-retardant product made in China in recent years. Blended with aramid 1313 fibre, it may acquire good spinnability. But there is little technical report about properties of the blended yarn in the literature at present. This paper reports the dyeing property of such fibres for the first time.
Is tropical montane forest heterogeneity promoted by a resource‐driven feedback cycle? Evidence from nutrient relations, herbivory and litter decomposition along a topographical gradient
Authors: Werner Florian A. , Homeier Jürgen
Published: October 2014

Ridges of tropical mountains often differ strikingly from neighbouring ravines in terms of forest structure, productivity and species composition. This heterogeneity is poorly understood despite its critical role in biodiversity maintenance, carbon and nutrient budgets.

We examined measures of tree biomass and productivity, foliage and litter quality (nutrient concentrations, specific leaf mass, phenolics), herbivory and leaf litter decomposition in each six plots laid out in upper and lower slope position in a tropical montane moist forest in southeastern Ecuador.

Productivity, quality of foliage and litter as well as herbivory were significantly lower in upper slope position, and closely correlated with soil nutrient concentrations and accumulated humus. The decomposition of upper slope leaf litter (decomposition ratek) was substantially lower than in litter from lower slope forest, whereas the site of decomposition (slope position) only had a marginal effect on the decomposition rate.

Our results suggest that the differences in stand structure, productivity, foliar quality, herbivory and decomposition between slope positions are ultimately due to stronger nutrient limitations in upper slope forest. We propose a general conceptual model that explains origin and maintenance of contrasting forest types along topographical gradients through down‐slope fluxes of nutrients and water, and a nutrient‐driven positive feedback cycle.
Data at our fingertips, myths in our minds: recent grain price jumps as the ‘perfect storm’
Authors: Wright Brian D.
Published: October 2014

The onset of the grain price spikes in late 2007 heralded a heated discussion among economists and policy makers on the source of the problem and appropriate policy responses. The subsequent rounds of price surges hit landless poor consumers hard, and transferred billions of dollars from them to landowners worldwide. Economists offered a list of highly plausible explanations for the recent jumps in grain price levels. Key findings included the large harvest shortfalls caused by climate change, energy prices, and fertilizer prices, as well as demand increases due to the large and persistent annual income increases in India and China. Several declared various combinations of the above factors to be a ‘perfect storm’ in grain markets. In fact little more than a quick series of online searches easily reveals that only the last is plausible as a major cause of recent grain price jumps. In particular there was no major global grain production shortfall. On the other hand biofuels mandates, relatively neglected in many studies, introduced a new source of grain demand that tightened markets and drove up prices. The disconnect between economic analysis and easily verified facts is a disturbing feature of recent economic analyses of grain markets.