bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny of bradyrhizobia from Chinese cowpea miscellany inferred from 16S rRNA,atpD,glnII, and 16S–23S intergenic spacer sequences
Authors: Zhang Sufang , Xie Fuli , Yang Jiangke , Li Youguo
Published: April 2011

The cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L.), peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.), and mung bean ( Vigna radiata L.) belong to a group of plants known as the “cowpea miscellany” plants, which are widely cultivated throughout the tropic and subtropical zones of Africa and Asia. However, the phylogeny of the rhizobial strains that nodulate these plants is poorly understood. Previous studies have isolated a diversity of rhizobial strains from cowpea miscellany hosts and have suggested that, phylogenetically, they are from different species. In this work, the phylogeny of 42 slow-growing rhizobial strains, isolated from root nodules of cowpea, peanut, and mung bean from different geographical regions of China, was investigated using sequences from the 16S rRNA, atpD and glnII genes, and the 16S–23S rRNA intergenic spacer. The indigenous rhizobial strains from the cowpea miscellany could all be placed in the genus Bradyrhizobium , and Bradyrhizobium liaoningense and Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense were the main species. Phylogenies derived from housekeeping genes were consistent with phylogenies generated from the ribosomal gene. Mung bean rhizobia clustered only into B. liaoningense and B. yuanmingense and were phylogenetically less diverse than cowpea and peanut rhizobia. Geographical origin was significantly reflected in the phylogeny of mung bean rhizobia. Most cowpea rhizobia were more closely related to the 3 major groups B. liaoningense, B. yuanmingense, and Bradyrhizobium elkanii than to the minor groups Bradyrhizobium japonicum or Bradyrhizobium canariense . However, most peanut rhizobia were more closely related to the 2 major groups B. liaoningense and B. yuanmingense than to the minor group B. elkanii.
Proteomic insight into phenolic adaptation of a moderately halophilicHalomonassp. strain AAD12
Authors: Ceylan Selim , Akbulut Berna Sarıyar , Denizci Aziz Akın , Kazan Dilek
Published: April 2011

A gram-negative, moderately halophilic bacterium was isolated from Çamaltı Saltern area, located in the Aegean Region of Turkey. Analysis of its 16S rRNA gene sequence and physiological characteristics showed that this strain belonged to the genus Halomonas ; hence, it was designated as Halomonas sp. strain AAD12. The isolate tolerated up to 800 mg⋅L–1phenol; however, at elevated concentrations, phenol severely retarded cell growth. The increase in lag phase with increasing phenol concentrations indicated that the microorganism was undergoing serious adaptative changes. To understand the physiological responses of Halomonas sp. strain AAD12 to phenol, a 2-dimensional electrophoresis approach combined with mass spectrometric analysis was used. This approach showed that the expression of 14 protein spots were altered as phenol concentration increased from 200 to 800 mg⋅L–1. Among the identified proteins were those involved in protein biosynthesis, energy, transport, and stress metabolism. So far, this is the first study on phenolic adaptation of a gram-negative, moderately halophilic bacteria using proteomic tools. The results provided new insights for understanding the general mechanism used by moderately halophilic bacteria to tolerate phenol and suggested the potential for using these microorganisms in bioremediation.
Detection of a large linear plasmid inBorrelia spielmaniiisolate
Authors: Lenčáková Daniela Handžáková , Schulte-Spechtel Ulrike , Fingerle Volker , Pet’ko Branislav , Wilske Bettina
Published: April 2011

Borrelia spielmanii belongs to human pathogenic species within the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex in Europe, which is a causative agent of Lyme disease. So far, the human disease caused by B. spielmanii has been associated with skin manifestations. The aim of the study was to analyze 4 human B. spielmanii isolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and to localize genes of 3 important Borrelia proteins: OspA, DbpA, and VlsE. The analysis revealed variation within linear plasmid profiles among the strains; isolate PSigII contained a large plasmid of 100 kb compared with a 50 kb plasmid present in the 3 other B. spielmanii isolates, all carried the genes ospA and dbpA. Differences in the size of linear plasmids among the Borrelia strains may be a result of host–pathogen interactions, as the PSigII strain was the only strain of the 4 tested strains to be isolated from a patient with a previous history of Lyme disease, whereas 3 other patients were diagnosed with this disease for the first time.
Human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B genotyping from bronchoalveolar lavage specimens
Authors: Bergallo Massimiliano , Costa Cristina , Gambarino Stefano , Tornicelli Alessandra , Astegiano Sara , Terlizzi Maria Elena , Solidoro Paolo , Cavallo Rossana
Published: April 2011

The genes encoding glycoprotein complexes of human cytomegalovirus are often polymorphic; in particular, glycoprotein B (gB), which is essential for both in vivo and in vitro replication, is encoded by the highly polymorphic gene UL55. In this study, the distribution of gB genotypes was investigated in 44 bronchoalveolar lavage specimens from adult patients positive for human cytomegalovirus DNA by a multiplex nested fast PCR able to amplify 5 gB genotypes (gB1–gB5). The distribution of gB genotypes was as follows: 12 (27.3%) gB1, 11 (25%) gB2, 9 (20.4%) gB3, 4 (9.1%) gB4, 0 gB5, and 8 (18.2%) mixed genotypes. No difference in prevalence was found in relation to clinical features, including immunological status, non-transplant or transplant condition, and type of transplanted organ, or in follow-up specimens; while gB4 and gB3 were shown to be significantly more prevalent in patients with respiratory insufficiency, and gB4 and gB2 in those with pneumonia. The prevalence of gB genotypes in the lower respiratory tract was similar to that previously reported using other specimen types and patients, with gB1 found to be the most prevalent. The association of gB genotypes with specific clinical features should be further investigated.
FIRST PRINCIPLES STUDY OF THE STRUCTURAL, ELASTIC AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF Ti2InC and Ti2InN
Authors: BENAYAD N. , RACHED D. , KHENATA R. , LITIMEIN F. , RESHAK ALI H. , RABAH M. , BALTACHE H.
Published: April 2011

The structural, elastic and electronic properties of Ti 2 InC and Ti 2 InN compounds have been calculated using the full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital (FP-LMTO) method. The exchange and correlation potential is treated by the local density approximation (LDA). The calculated ground state properties, including, lattice constants, internal parameters, bulk modulus and the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus are in reasonable agreement with the available data. The effect of pressure, up to 40 GPa, on the lattice constants and the internal parameters is also investigated. Using the total energy-strain technique, we have determined the elastic constants Cij, which have not been measured yet. The band structure and the density of states (DOS) show that both materials have a metallic character and Ti 2 InN is more conducting than Ti 2 InC . The analysis of the site and momentum projected densities shows that the bonding is achieved through a hybridization of Ti -atom d states with C ( N )-atom p states. Otherwise, it has been shown that Ti – C and Ti – N bonds are stronger than Ti – In bonds.
Effects of Catalyst Carbon Support on Proton Conduction and Cathode Performance in PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Yuxiu , Ji Chunxin , Gu Wenbin , Jorne Jacob , Gasteiger Hubert A.
Published: April 2011

The effects of the porosity and pore size distribution of catalyst carbon support on the proton conduction and electrode performance have been studied by comparing two carbon supports [Vulcan XC 72 (V) and Ketjenblack (KB)]. Differences in the H2/O2cell performance of the two catalysts are shown to be consistent with differences in the electrodes’ proton resistivity and the area of the Pt catalysts available for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at a similar area specific activity. For the same ionomer-to-carbon weight ratio (I/C) and relative humidity (RH), the electrode with KB-supported catalyst exhibits higher proton resistivity than the one with Vulcan-supported catalyst. The cumulative surface area and cumulative volume distributions of the two catalysts were obtained from N2BET measurements. It is concluded that the difference in surface area and pore volume for these two catalysts comes from pores smaller than 4 nm. The extent of ionomer captured within these small pores is substantial for Pt/KB and minor for Pt/V. It is shown that the ionomer captured within these small pores of the primary carbon particles does not contribute to the proton conductivity across the electrode. If the total electrode I/C-ratio is corrected for the amount of ionomer captured within the primary carbon particles, the dependence of the proton resistivity of Pt/KB and Pt/V on the effective I/C-ratio becomes identical. Since Pt/KB contains more pores smaller than 4 nm, higher total I/C-ratio is needed for Pt/KB to achieve the same proton resistivity as Pt/V based electrodes. Pt particles are more uniformly dispersed on higher surface-area carbon supports, resulting in a higher Pt area available to ORR. The selection of the proper carbon support depends on the porosity and its effect on cathode proton conduction, ORR kinetics and electrode durability.
Inhibition of sodium appetite by lipopolysaccharide: involvement of α2-adrenoceptors
Authors: Almeida R. L. , David R. B. , Constancio J. , Fracasso J. F. , Menani J. V. , De Luca L. A.
Published: April 2011

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin from the wall of Escherichia coli , produces a general behavioral inhibition and affects several aspects of fluid-electrolyte balance. LPS inhibits thirst; however, it is not clear if it also inhibits sodium appetite. The present results show that LPS (0.3–2.5 mg/kg body wt) injected intraperitoneally produces a dose-dependent reduction of sodium appetite expressed as 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by sodium depletion (furosemide plus removal of ambient sodium for 24 h). The high doses of LPS (1.2–2.5 mg/kg) also produced transient hypothermia at the beginning of the sodium appetite test; however, no dose produced hyperthermia. LPS also increased the stomach liquid content (an index of gastric emptying) after a load of 0.3 M NaCl given intragastrically by gavage to sodium-depleted rats. The α2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine (5 mg/kg ip) abolished the effect of LPS on 0.3 M NaCl intake, without changing the effect of LPS on gastric emptying. Injection of RX-821002 (160 nmol), another α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, in the lateral cerebral ventricle (LV) also reversed the inhibition of sodium appetite produced by LPS. Yohimbine intraperitoneally or RX-821002 in the LV alone had no effect on sodium intake. Although yohimbine plus LPS produced a slight hypotension, RX-821002 plus LPS produced no change in arterial pressure, suggesting that the blockade of the effects of LPS on sodium intake by the α2-adrenoceptor antagonists is independent from changes in arterial pressure. The results suggest an inhibitory role for LPS in sodium appetite that is mediated by central α2-adrenoceptors.
A novel lipid natriuretic factor in the renal medulla: sphingosine-1-phosphate
Authors: Zhu Qing , Xia Min , Wang Zhengchao , Li Pin-Lan , Li Ningjun
Published: April 2011

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite formed by phosphorylation of sphingosine. S1P has been indicated to play a significant role in the cardiovascular system. It has been shown that the enzymes for S1P metabolism are expressed in the kidneys. The present study characterized the expression of S1P receptors in the kidneys and determined the role of S1P in the control of renal hemodynamics and sodium excretion. Real-time RT-PCR analyses showed that S1P receptors S1P1, S1P2, and S1P3 were most abundantly expressed in the renal medulla. Immunohistochemistry revealed that all three types of S1P receptors were mainly located in collecting ducts. Intramedullary infusion of FTY720, an S1P agonist, produced a dramatic increase in sodium excretion by twofold and a small but significant increase in medullary blood flow (16%). Administration of W146, an S1P1 antagonist, into the renal medulla blocked the effect of FTY720 and decreased the sodium excretion by 37% when infused alone. The antagonists of S1P2 and S1P3 had no effect. FTY720 produced additive natriuretic effects in combination with different sodium transporter inhibitors except amiloride, an epithelial sodium channel blocker. In the presence of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor l-NAME, FTY720 still increased sodium excretion. These data suggest that S1P produces natriuretic effects via activation of S1P1 in the renal medulla and this natriuretic effect may be through inhibition of epithelial sodium channel, which is nitric oxide independent. It is concluded that S1P is a novel diuretic factor in the renal medulla and may be an important regulator of sodium homeostasis.
Intermittent hypoxia-induced sensitization of central chemoreceptors contributes to sympathetic nerve activity during late expiration in rats
Authors: Molkov Yaroslav I. , Zoccal Daniel B. , Moraes Davi J. A. , Paton Julian F. R. , Machado Benedito H. , Rybak Ilya A.
Published: April 2011

Hypertension elicited by chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) is associated with elevated activity of the thoracic sympathetic nerve (tSN) that exhibits an enhanced respiratory modulation reflecting a strengthened interaction between respiratory and sympathetic networks within the brain stem. Expiration is a passive process except for special metabolic conditions such as hypercapnia, when it becomes active through phasic excitation of abdominal motor nerves (AbN) in late expiration. An increase in CO2evokes late-expiratory (late-E) discharges phase-locked to phrenic bursts with the frequency increasing quantally as hypercapnia increases. In rats exposed to CIH, the late-E discharges synchronized in AbN and tSN emerge in normocapnia. To elucidate the possible neural mechanisms underlying these phenomena, we extended our computational model of the brain stem respiratory network by incorporating a population of presympathetic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla that received inputs from the pons, medullary respiratory compartments, and retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group (RTN/pFRG). Our simulations proposed that CIH conditioning increases the CO2sensitivity of RTN/pFRG neurons, causing a reduction in both the CO2threshold for emerging the late-E activity in AbN and tSN and the hypocapnic threshold for apnea. Using the in situ rat preparation, we have confirmed that CIH-conditioned rats under normal conditions exhibit synchronized late-E discharges in AbN and tSN similar to those observed in control rats during hypercapnia. Moreover, the hypocapnic threshold for apnea was significantly lowered in CIH-conditioned rats relative to that in control rats. We conclude that CIH may sensitize central chemoreception and that this significantly contributes to the neural impetus for generation of sympathetic activity and hypertension.
Integration of sensory and motor representations of single fingers in the human cerebellum
Authors: Wiestler Tobias , McGonigle David J. , Diedrichsen Jörn
Published: April 2011

The cerebellum is thought to play a key role in the integration of sensory and motor events. Little is known, however, about how sensory and motor maps in the cerebellum superimpose. In the present study we investigated the relationship between these two maps for the representation of single fingers. Participants made isometric key presses with individual fingers or received vibratory tactile stimulation to the fingertips while undergoing high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Using multivariate analysis, we have demonstrated that the ipsilateral lobule V and VIII show patterns of activity that encode, within the same region, both which finger pressed and which finger was stimulated. The individual finger-specific activation patches are smaller than 3 mm and only show a weak somatotopic organization. To study the superposition of sensory and motor maps, we correlated the finger-specific patterns across the two conditions. In the neocortex, sensory stimulation of one digit led to activation of the same patches as force production by the same digit; in the cerebellum, these activation patches were organized in an uncorrelated manner. This suggests that, in the cerebellum, a movement of a particular finger is paired with a range of possible sensory outcomes. In summary, our results indicate a small and fractured representation of single digits in the cerebellum and suggest a fundamental difference in how the cerebellum and the neocortex integrate sensory and motor events.
Biphasic action of axonal GABA-A receptors on presynaptic calcium influx
Authors: Stell Brandon M.
Published: April 2011

Although ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid A receptors (GABAARs) have long been known to exist on the axons of many different cells, their effect on axon excitability and synaptic transmission remains controversial. Here, using high-speed Ca2+ imaging, it is shown that they induce a biphasic effect in parallel fibers of the cerebellar cortex. Multicellular measurements indicate a facilitation of action potential (AP)-evoked Ca2+ transients, which is subsequently followed by depression. However, the receptor activation does not increase influx of Ca2+ into individual fibers but instead, increases the probability of AP generation. These results provide a description of the effect of presynaptic GABAAR activation and explain why reports of the effect of their activation have been so varied.
Growing Teratoma Syndrome and Peritoneal Gliomatosis
Authors: Mrabti H. , El Ghissassi I. , Sbitti Y. , Amrani M. , Hachi H. , Errihani H.
Published: April 2011

The growing teratoma syndrome (GTS) is defined as a detection of an enlarged mass during or after chemotherapy treatment for germ cell tumor. We report a case of an 18-year-old girl treated for growing teratoma syndrome after chemotherapy for malignant germ cell tumor of the ovary associated with peritoneal gliomatosis. Chemotherapy induced normalisation of alpha-fetoprotein rate whereas there was an enlargement of the mass. Subsequent complete resection was performed, and the patient remained in good control for 60 months. This clinical picture suggested the diagnosis of “GTS”. This syndrome can lead to confusion with progression or relapse of a germ cell tumour because of increase in tumour volume during chemotherapy, so it is important to recognize it.
Experimental Investigation of Radiation Emitted by Optically Thin to Optically Thick Wildland Flames
Authors: Boulet P. , Parent G. , Acem Z. , Kaiss A. , Billaud Y. , Porterie B. , Pizzo Y. , Picard C.
Published: April 2011

A series of outdoor experiments were conducted in a fire tunnel to measure the emission of infrared radiation from wildland flames, using a FTIR spectrometer combined with a multispectral camera. Flames of different sizes were produced by the combustion of vegetation sets close to wildland fuel beds, using wood shavings and kermes oak shrubs as fuels. The nongray radiation of the gas‐soot mixture was clearly observed from the infrared emitted intensities. It was found that the flame resulting from the combustion of the 0.50 m long fuel bed, with a near‐zero soot emission, may be considered as optically thin and that the increase in bed length, from 1 to 4 m, led to an increase in flame thickness, and therefore, in flame emission with contributions from both soot and gases. A further analysis of the emission was conducted in order to evaluate effective flame properties (i.e., emissivity, extinction coefficient, and temperature). The observation of emission spectra suggests thermal nonequilibrium between soot particles and gas species that can be attributed to the presence of relatively cold soot and hot gases within the flame.
Development of  68Ga‐Glycopeptide as an Imaging Probe for Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Tsao Ning , Wang Chau-Hui , Her Li-Jane , Tzen Kai-Yuan , Chen Jing-Yi , Yu Dong-Fang , Yang David J.
Published: April 2011

Objective. This study was aimed to study tissue distribution and tumor imaging potential of 68Ga‐glycopeptide (GP) in tumor‐bearing rodents by PET. Methods. GP was synthesized by conjugating glutamate peptide and chitosan. GP was labeled with 68Ga chloride for in vitro and in vivo studies. Computer outlined region of interest (counts per pixel) of the tumor and muscle (at the symmetric site) was used to determine tumor‐to‐muscle count density ratios. To ascertain the feasibility of 68Ga‐GP in tumor imaging in large animals, PET/CT imaging of 68Ga‐GP and 18F‐FDG were conducted in New Zealand white rabbits bearing VX2 tumors. Standard uptake value of tumors were determined by PET up to 45 min. To determine blood clearance and half‐life of 68Ga‐GP, blood samples were collected from 10 seconds to 20 min. Results. Radiochemical purity of 68Ga‐GP determined by instant thin‐layer chromatography was >95%. Tumor uptake values (SUV) for 68Ga‐GP and 18F‐FDG in New Zealand white rabbits bearing VX2 tumors were 3.25 versus 7.04. PET images in tumor‐bearing rats and rabbits confirmed that 68Ga‐GP could assess tumor uptake. From blood clearance curve, the half‐life of 68Ga‐GP was 1.84 hr. Conclusion Our data indicate that it is feasible to use 68Ga‐GP to assess tumor angiogenesis.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Amino Acid‐Based Radiotracer  99mTc‐N4‐AMT for Breast Cancer Imaging
Authors: Kong Fan-Lin , Ali Mohammad S. , Zhang Yinhan , Oh Chang-Sok , Yu Dong-Fang , Chanda Mithu , Yang David J.
Published: April 2011

Purpose. This study was to develop an efficient synthesis of 99mTc‐O‐[3‐(1,4,8,11‐tetraazabicyclohexadecane)‐propyl]‐α‐methyl tyrosine (99mTc‐N4‐AMT) and evaluate its potential in cancer imaging. Methods. N4‐AMT was synthesized by reacting N4‐oxalate and 3‐bromopropyl AMT (N‐BOC, ethyl ester). In vitro cellular uptake kinetics of 99mTc‐N4‐AMT was assessed in rat mammary tumor cells. Tissue distribution of the radiotracer was determined in normal rats at 0.5–4 h, while planar imaging was performed in mammary tumor‐bearing rats at 30–120 min. Results. The total synthesis yield of N4‐AMT was 14%. Cellular uptake of 99mTc‐N4‐AMT was significantly higher than that of 99mTc‐N4. Planar imaging revealed that 99mTc‐N4‐AMT rendered greater tumor/muscle ratios than 99mTc‐N4. Conclusions. N4‐AMT could be synthesized with a considerably high yield. Our in vitro and in vivo data suggest that 99mTc‐N4‐AMT, a novel amino acid‐based radiotracer, efficiently enters breast cancer cells, effectively distinguishes mammary tumors from normal tissues, and thus holds the promise for breast cancer imaging.
Craniux: A LabVIEW-Based Modular Software Framework for Brain-Machine Interface Research
Authors: Degenhart Alan D. , Kelly John W. , Ashmore Robin C. , Collinger Jennifer L. , Tyler-Kabara Elizabeth C. , Weber Douglas J. , Wang Wei
Published: April 2011

This paper presents “Craniux,” an open-access, open-source software framework for brain-machine interface (BMI) research. Developed in LabVIEW, a high-level graphical programming environment, Craniux offers both out-of-the-box functionality and a modular BMI software framework that is easily extendable. Specifically, it allows researchers to take advantage of multiple features inherent to the LabVIEW environment for on-the-fly data visualization, parallel processing, multithreading, and data saving. This paper introduces the basic features and system architecture of Craniux and describes the validation of the system under real-time BMI operation using simulated and real electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals. Our results indicate that Craniux is able to operate consistently in real time, enabling a seamless work flow to achieve brain control of cursor movement. The Craniux software framework is made available to the scientific research community to provide a LabVIEW-based BMI software platform for future BMI research and development.
Innate Immune Recognition ofMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Kleinnijenhuis Johanneke , Oosting Marije , Joosten Leo A. B. , Netea Mihai G. , Van Crevel Reinout
Published: April 2011

Tuberculosis (TB), caused byMycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB), is a major health problem, with 10 million new cases diagnosed each year. Innate immunity plays an important role in the host defense againstM. tuberculosis, and the first step in this process is recognition of MTB by cells of the innate immune system. Several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PPRs) are involved in the recognition ofM. tuberculosis, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs), and Nod-like receptors (NLRs). Among the TLR family, TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 and their adaptor molecule MyD88 play the most prominent roles in the initiation of the immune response against tuberculosis. In addition to TLRs, other PRRs such as NOD2, Dectin-1, Mannose receptor, and DC-SIGN are also involved in the recognition ofM. tuberculosis. Human epidemiological studies revealed that genetic variation in genes encoding for PRRs and downstream signaling products influence disease susceptibility, severity, and outcome. More insight into PRRs and the recognition of mycobacteria, combined with immunogenetic studies in TB patients, does not only lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis but also may contribute to the design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
Aberrant Right Hepatic Duct Draining into the Cystic Duct: Clinical Outcomes and Management
Authors: Sofi Aijaz A. , Alaradi Osama H. , Abouljoud Marwan , Nawras Ali T.
Published: April 2011

Background. Aberrant right hepatic duct (ARHD) draining into cystic duct (CD) is relatively rare but clinically important because of its susceptibility to injuries during cholecystectomy. These injuries are often-times missed or diagnosed late and as a result can develop serious complications.Methods. Four consecutive patients diagnosed with ARHD draining into CD were identified for inclusion.Results. The mean age of patients was 42.5 years. The diagnosis in one of the patient was incidental during a routine endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Other three patients were diagnosed post-cholecystectomy- one presented with suspected intra-operative biliary injury, one with persistent bile leak and another with recurrent cholangitis. Inadequate filling of the segment of liver on ERCP with dilation of intrahepatic ducts in the corresponding segment on imaging was present in two patients with complete obstruction of ARHD which was managed surgically. In another patient, the partially obstructed ARHD was managed by endoscopic therapy.Conclusion. ARHD draining into the CD can have varied clinical manifestations. In appropriate clinical settings, it should be suspected in patients with persistence of bile leak early after cholecystectomy, segmental dilation of intrahepatic-bile ducts on imaging and paucity of intrahepatic filling in a segment of liver on ERCP.
A Characterization of Power Method Transformations through L‐Moments
Authors: Headrick Todd C.
Published: April 2011

Power method polynomial transformations are commonly used for simulating continuous nonnormal distributions with specified moments. However, conventional moment‐based estimators can (a) be substantially biased, (b) have high variance, or (c) be influenced by outliers. In view of these concerns, a characterization of power method transformations by L‐moments is introduced. Specifically, systems of equations are derived for determining coefficients for specified L‐moment ratios, which are associated with standard normal and standard logistic‐based polynomials of order five and three. Boundaries for L‐moment ratios are also derived, and closed‐formed formulae are provided for determining if a power method distribution has a valid probability density function. It is demonstrated that L‐moment estimators are nearly unbiased and have relatively small variance in the context of the power method. Examples of fitting power method distributions to theoretical and empirical distributions based on the method of L‐moments are also provided.
Seatbelt Injury Causing Small Bowel Devascularisation: Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: O'Dowd Vincent , Kiernan Christine , Lowery Aoife , Khan Waqar , Barry Kevin
Published: April 2011

The use of seatbelts has increased significantly in the last twenty years, leading to a decrease in mortality from road traffic accidents (RTA). However, this increase in seatbelt use has also led to a change in the spectrum of injuries from RTA; abdominal injuries, particularly intestinal injuries have dramatically increased with the routine use of seatbelts. Such intestinal injuries frequently result from improper placement of the “lap belt”. We present 3 cases in which passengers wearing a seatbelt sustained significant devascularisation injuries to the small bowel requiring emergency surgical intervention. A high index of suspicion is crucial in such cases to prevent delays in diagnosis that can lead to severe complications and adverse outcomes. It is evident that while advocating seatbelt use, the importance of education in correct seatbelt placement should also be a focus of public health strategies to reduce RTA morbidity and mortality.
Unilateral Pulmonary Artery Aplasia in a Pregnant Patient
Authors: Lal Chitra , Barker Jim , Strange Charlie
Published: April 2011

Unilateral pulmonary artery aplasia is a rare anomaly. Case reports of this condition in pregnant patients are even more uncommon and the best approach to management of such patients is still unclear. We report a patient who presented with a history of dyspnea, chest pain, and hemoptysis. Imaging established the diagnosis in a newly pregnant female. Management of the pulmonary artery aplasia patient in pregnancy requires prospective evaluation of pulmonary hypertension.
Combinations of Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in the 5-Fluorouracil Metabolism Pathway Are Associated with Gastrointestinal Toxicity in Chemotherapy-Treated Colorectal Cancer Patients
Authors: Afzal Shoaib , Gusella Milena , Vainer Ben , Vogel Ulla B. , Andersen Jon T. , Broedbaek Kasper , Petersen Morten , Jimenez-Solem Espen , Bertolaso Laura , Barile Carmen , Padrini Roberto , Pasini Felice , Jensen Søren A. , Poulsen Henrik E.
Published: April 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether specific combinations of polymorphisms in genes encoding proteins involved in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are associated with increased risk of treatment-induced toxicity.

Experimental Design: We analyzed two cohorts of 161 and 340 patients, the exploration and validation cohort, respectively. All patients were treated similarly with 5-FU–based adjuvant chemotherapy. We analyzed 13 functional polymorphisms and applied a four-fold analysis strategy using individual polymorphisms, haplotypes, and phenotypic enzyme activity or expression classifications based on combinations of functional polymorphisms in specific genes. Furthermore, multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis was used to identify a genetic interaction profile indicating an increased risk of toxicity.

Results: Alleles associated with low activity of methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) were associated with decreased risk of toxicity [ORExploration 0.39 (95% CI: 0.21–0.71, P = 0.003), ORValidation 0.63 (95% CI: 0.41–0.95, P = 0.03)]. A specific combination of the MTHFR 1298A>C and thymidylate synthase (TYMS) 3′-UTR (untranslated region) ins/del polymorphisms was significantly associated with increased toxicity in both cohorts [ORExploration 2.40 (95% CI: 1.33–4.29, P = 0.003), ORValidation 1.81 (95% CI: 1.18–2.79, P = 0.007)]. The specific combination was also associated with increased cumulative incidence and earlier occurrence of severe toxicity during treatment.

Conclusions: Our results indicate that MTHFR activity and a specific combination of the MTHFR 1298A>C and TYMS 3′-UTR ins/del polymorphisms are possible predictors of 5-FU treatment–related toxicity. Clin Cancer Res; 17(11); 3822–9. ©2011 AACR.
Proteolytic Matrix Metallopeptidases and Inhibitors in BCR-ABL1-Negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Correlation with JAK2V617F Mutation Status
Authors: Vadikolia C.M. , Tsatalas C. , Anagnostopoulos K. , Trypsianis G. , Pantelidou D. , Bazdiara I. , Anastasiadis A. , Spanoudakis E. , Kotsianidis I. , Margaritis D. , Kortsaris A. , Bourikas G.
Published: April 2011

Background/Aims: Philadelphia chromosome-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) share the same acquired lesion JAK2V617F and may exhibit substantial overlap. Variability in JAK activation and allele burden, complemented by host, genetic and non-genetic modifiers, determine the phenotype. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of the JAK2 mutation in association with the ratio of metallopeptidases inhibitors (TIMPs) to tissue metallopeptidases (MMPs) in MPNs, where inhibitory rather than proteolytic activity in marrow microenvironment appears to predominate. Methods: 94 patients with polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis, and 102 healthy individuals were evaluated. Allele-specific PCR and RFLP were used to detect JAK2 and genomic status. Serum concentrations of MMP and TIMP were measured by ELISA. The parameters were assessed with covariance analysis, and adjusted for gender, age and co-morbidity. Results: Mutation frequency was 81.91%. Abnormal TIMP/MMP ratios were identified in all three diseases. JAK2 mutation was correlated with significant changes in TIMP concentrations. Conclusions: Identification of an abnormal TIMP/MMP ratio in all three diseases, regardless of the JAK2 status, indicates invariable marrow remodeling. In this particular group of patients, presence of a JAK2V617F mutation, being associated with even higher ratios, appears to be a concurring participant in bone marrow-reforming processes. Additional research may delineate correlates with the JAK2 allelic burden.
The Effects of Controlled Breathing during Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with COPD
Authors: van Gestel Arnoldus J.R. , Kohler Malcolm , Steier Jörg , Teschler Sebastian , Russi Erich W. , Teschler Helmut
Published: April 2011

Background: Conventional pulmonary rehabilitation programs improve exercise tolerance but have no effect on pulmonary function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The role of controlled breathing using respiratory biofeedback during rehabilitation of patients with COPD remains unclear. Objectives: To compare the effects of a conventional 4-week pulmonary rehabilitation program with those of rehabilitation plus controlled breathing interventions. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was performed. Pulmonary function (FEV1), exercise capacity (6-min walking distance, 6MWD), health-related quality of life (chronic respiratory questionnaire, CRQ) and cardiac autonomic function (rMSSD) were evaluated. Results: Forty COPD patients (mean ± SD age 66.1 ± 6.4, FEV1 45.9 ± 17.4% predicted) were randomized to rehabilitation (n = 20) or rehabilitation plus controlled breathing (n = 20). There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding the change in FEV1 (mean difference –0.8% predicted, 95% CI –4.4 to 2.9% predicted, p = 0.33), 6MWD (mean difference 12.2 m, 95% CI –37.4 to 12.2 m, p = 0.16), CRQ (mean difference in total score 0.2, 95% CI –0.1 to 0.4, p = 0.11) and rMSSD (mean difference 2.2 ms, 95% CI –20.8 to 25.1 ms, p = 0.51). Conclusions: In patients with COPD undergoing a pulmonary rehabilitation program, controlled breathing using respiratory biofeedback has no effect on exercise capacity, pulmonary function, quality of life or cardiac autonomic function.
Follow-Up of Known Carcinoid Liver Metastases: Is Respiratory-Gated T2 Fast Spin-Echo Enough?
Authors: Bhosale Priya , Kwek Jin Wei , Iyer Revathy , Wei Wei , Bassett Roland , Kundra Vikas
Published: April 2011

Purpose: To compare the reliability of T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and different phases of dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in the detection and reproducible size assessment of known carcinoid hepatic metastases. Materials and Methods: 22 patients with known carcinoid hepatic metastases qualified for the study. Three readers reviewed MRI images twice independently at sessions that were >2 weeks apart. The best sequences for metastases conspicuity, number and size, and reproducibility of size were compared subjectively. Linear mixed models were used to compare the number and size of metastases between readers and sequences, with the significance level set at p < 0.05. Results: The best overall sequence rated was T2 FSE (fast spin-echo). The average numbers of metastases was equivalent using T1-weighted arterial and T2 FSE but less for T2 FRFSE (fast-recovery, fast spin-echo) or delayed imaging. 1,067 lesions were detected and 66 were measured twice by three readers. There was no significant difference between the sequences or between the readings in size measurement when the same sequence was used. However, there was a difference among sequences for size of metastases (p < 0.001). Conclusion: T2 FSE can be used as a basic sequence in detecting and monitoring the size of carcinoid hepatic metastases and may serve as the primary sequence in patients with contrast allergy or at risk for nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
Sleep Disturbance in Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Multicenter Analysis
Authors: Bliwise Donald L. , Mercaldo Nathaniel D. , Avidan Alon Y. , Boeve Bradley F. , Greer Sophia A. , Kukull Walter A.
Published: April 2011

Background/Aims: Evidence suggests that patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) may have more nocturnal sleep disturbance than patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We sought to confirm such observations using a large, prospectively collected, standardized, multicenter-derived database, i.e. the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set. Methods: Nocturnal sleep disturbance (NSD) data, as characterized by the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q), were derived from 4,531 patients collected between September 2005 and November 2008 from 32 National Institute on Aging participating AD centers. Patient and informant characteristics were compared between those with and without NSD by dementia diagnosis (DLB and probable AD). Finally, a logistic regression model was created to quantify the association between NSD status and diagnosis while adjusting for these patient/informant characteristics, as well as center. Results: NSD was more frequent in clinically diagnosed DLB relative to clinically diagnosed AD (odds ratio = 2.93, 95% confidence interval = 2.22–3.86). These results were independent from the gender of the patient or informant, whether the informant lived with the patient, and other patient characteristics, such as dementia severity, depressive symptoms, and NPI-Q-derived measures of hallucinations, delusions, agitation and apathy. In AD, but not DLB, patients, NSD was associated with more advanced disease. Comorbidity of NSD with hallucinations, agitation and apathy was higher in DLB than in AD. There was also evidence that the percentage of DLB cases with NSD showed wide variation across centers. Conclusion: As defined by the NPI-Q, endorsement of the nocturnal behavior item by informants is more likely in patients with DLB when compared to AD, even after the adjustment of key patient/informant characteristics.
Management of Parapneumonic Effusion and Empyema: Medical Thoracoscopy and Surgical Approach
Authors: Kern Lukas , Robert John , Brutsche Martin
Published: April 2011

Parapneumonic effusions or empyemas are frequently seen in patients with lower respiratory tract infections. The condition is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Since Gram stains and bacterial cultures are usually negative, treatment focuses on empiric antibiotic treatment and chest tube drainage. The role of intrapleural fibrinolytics is still a matter of debate. Medical thoracoscopy is a simple and effective therapeutic alternative associated with better outcome and fewer complications than conservative treatment. Furthermore, it can be performed in analgo-sedation in a bronchoscopy suite. Video-assisted thoracic surgery carries the advantage of providing optimal visibility of the pleural cavity, thus allowing better debridement. Thoracotomy is the treatment of choice when thoracoscopic cleaning is not satisfactory.
AT1 Receptor Antagonist Candesartan Attenuates Genomic Damage in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients on Maintenance Hemodialysis Treatment
Authors: Schupp Nicole , Rutkowski Przemyslaw , Šebeková Katarina , Klassen André , Bahner Udo , Grupp Clemens , Heidland August , Stopper Helga
Published: April 2011

Background: Angiotensin II (ANG II) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) exert genotoxic effects in vitro which were prevented by the ANG II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker, candesartan. In end-stage renal disease (ESRD) the incidence of genomic damage is increased. A stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system and accumulation of AGEs could be involved. Methods: We tested whether oral co-administration of candesartan modulates enhanced DNA damage in ESRD patients. Fifteen maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with mild hypertension were treated with candesartan for 4.5 months. Fourteen MHD patients served as conventionally treated uremic controls. DNA damage was measured as micronucleus frequency (MNF) in peripheral blood lymphocytes and evaluated three times before candesartan therapy and afterwards every 6 weeks. Results: Compared to 14 healthy controls, MNF at baseline was significantly elevated in MHD patients. While in the conventionally treated MHD patients the enhanced DNA damage persisted, the co-administration of candesartan ameliorated the genomic damage significantly and independently of blood pressure changes. Conclusion: Blockade of AT1 receptors with candesartan can reduce DNA damage in MHD patients. Long-term studies in larger patient groups are needed to investigate whether the improved genomic damage lowers atherosclerotic complications and cancer development.
Nutrigenetic Disruption of Inflammation-Resolution Homeostasis and Atherogenesis
Authors: Merched Aksam J. , Serhan Charles N. , Chan Lawrence
Published: April 2011

Background/Aim: Pro-resolving and anti-inflammatory mediator products of murine 12/15-lipoxygenase (LOX) exhibit potent actions on vascular inflammation and protect against the progression of atherosclerosis. The present study was designed to determine whether augmenting dietary lipids modulates the body’s endogenous anti-inflammatory pro-resolving mechanisms and promotes atherosclerosis. Methods/Results: We investigated the biometabolic consequences of variations in lipid mediator biosynthesis using genetic knockout and overexpression models of 12/15-LOX mice fed the commonly used ‘Western diet’. Unexpectedly, this high-fat diet annulled the protective actions of 12/15-LOX, and the combination of a Western diet and 12/15-LOX overexpression paradoxically promoted inflammation leading to production of diet-related and 12/15-LOX-dependent blood mediators that differentially activated endothelial cells via expression of ICAM-1. Hyperlipidemia not only affected the biosynthesis of lipoxin A4, a key pro-resolving mediator, but also disrupted the protective pro-resolving function of 12/15-LOX products, and the enzyme pathway no longer protected against atherosclerosis in vivo. Conclusion: We uncovered a novel mechanism whereby a high-fat diet as well as hyperlipidemia disrupt the homeostasis of inflammation resolution. These findings underscore the importance of dietary essential PUFAs and LOX-derived lipid mediators in combination with lipid-lowering agents in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
Functional Disability Profiles in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Yeh Yen-Chi , Lin Ker-Neng , Chen Wei-Ta , Lin Chi-Ying , Chen Ting-Bin , Wang Pei-Ning
Published: April 2011

Background/Aims: Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) can be impaired in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and the severity of functional disability predicts Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in amnestic MCI (aMCI). This study investigated the functional profiles of aMCI in a Chinese population. Methods: The Disability Assessment for Dementia scores of 56 subjects with single-domain aMCI (sd-aMCI) and 94 with multiple-domain aMCI (md-aMCI) were compared with normal controls (n = 64) and mild AD patients (n = 102). Results: Both the sd-aMCI (2.5 ± 2.5) and md-aMCI (3.7 ± 3.5) groups had more impaired IADL items than the controls (0.7 ± 1.7). Their IADL scores were intermediate, between the control and AD groups. sd-aMCI subjects presented deficits in 7 IADL items involving the ‘meal preparation’, ‘telephoning’, ‘finance’, ‘medications’, ‘housework’, and ‘leisure’ subscales. md-aMCI subjects presented deficits in 14 IADL items involving all subscales of daily activities. The Mini-Mental State Examination and Modified Trail-Making Test Part B scores were the major neuropsychological correlates of IADL performance in aMCI. Conclusion: IADL can be impaired in both sd-aMCI and md-aMCI. Including the functional ability assessment in the evaluation of aMCI may help clinicians to provide appropriate suggestions to maintain daily functioning.
Phosphodiesterase 10A in the Rat Pineal Gland: Localization, Daily and Seasonal Regulation of Expression and Influence on Signal Transduction
Authors: Spiwoks-Becker Isabella , Wolloscheck Tanja , Rickes Oliver , Kelleher Debra K. , Rohleder Nils , Weyer Veronika , Spessert Rainer
Published: April 2011

The cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is highly expressed in striatal spiny projection neurons and represents a therapeutic target for the treatment of psychotic symptoms. As reported previously [J Biol Chem 2009; 284:7606–7622], in this study PDE10A was seen to be additionally expressed in the pineal gland where the levels of PDE10A transcript display daily changes. As with the transcript, the amount of PDE10A protein was found to be under daily and seasonal regulation. The observed cyclicity in the amount of PDE10A mRNA persists under constant darkness, is blocked by constant light and is modulated by the lighting regime. It therefore appears to be driven by the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Since adrenergic agonists and dibutyryl-cAMP induce PDE10A mRNA, the in vitro clock-dependent control of Pde10a appears to be mediated via a norepinephrine → β-adrenoceptor → cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway. With regard to the physiological role of PDE10A in the pineal gland, the specific PDE10A inhibitor papaverine was seen to enhance the adrenergic stimulation of the second messenger cAMP and cGMP. This indicates that PDE10A downregulates adrenergic cAMP and cGMP signaling by decreasing the half-life of both nucleotides. Consistent with its effect on cAMP, PDE10A inhibition also amplifies adrenergic induction of the cAMP-inducible gene arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (Aanat) which codes the rate-limiting enzyme in pineal melatonin formation. The findings of this study suggest that Pde10a expression is under circadian and seasonal regulation and plays a modulatory role in pineal signal transduction and gene expression.