bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiences of Academic Unit Reorganization: Organizational Identity and Identification in Organizational Change
Authors: Mills Michael , Bettis Pamela , Miller Janice W , Nolan Robert
Published: June 2005

This paper presents a case study of departmental reorganization. Using journals kept by five faculty members, the study traces the difficulties of establishing an organizational identity for and faculty identification with the new unit. The analysis suggests that reorganizations may not produce anticipated advantages. Many of the new department's problems are related to the inability of the faculty to engage in forming the culture and identity of the new unit.
Gender Differences in Explaining Grades Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Ruban Lilia M , McCoach D. Betsy
Published: June 2005

This study examined the differential impacts of SAT scores and high school rank, college academic level, motivational variables, and self-regulatory variables in explaining variance in the academic achievement of male and female collegians using structural equation modeling and multiple groups analyses. Significantly, in light of earlier research, we found no gender differences. Structural equation modeling accounted for 65% of the variance on cumulative GPA for females and 58% for males. Several effects in the model were of interest, such as the effects of the SAT-Verbal, high school rank, and motivation on other variables in the model.
Do Measures of College Quality Matter? The Effect of College Quality on Graduates' Earnings
Authors: Zhang Liang
Published: June 2005

This study reviews and explores varying effects of college quality caused by different measures of college quality, including Barron's ratings, mean SAT scores of entering freshman class, tuition and fees, and Carnegie Classification. Data for this research come from NCES's Baccalaureate & Beyond study. Results indicate that the estimated effect of college quality is sensitive to the measure of college quality, suggesting that different measures of college quality may provide a partial explanation for varying effects of college quality in previous studies. More importantly, this analysis shows that the common wisdom—that it pays to attend high-quality colleges—is robust to these measures.
Searching for the Peach Blossom Shangri-La: Student Engagement of Men and Women SMET Majors
Authors: Zhao Chun-Mei , Carini Robert M , Kuh George D
Published: June 2005

This study examined the extent to which women and men majoring in science, math, engineering, and technology (SMET) fields engaged in a broad array of effective educational practices. Women in SMET fields were generally as, or more, engaged in educationally fruitful activities as their male counterparts. The results of this study, when combined with other research, suggest that women may experience greater gender parity in math and science fields in college than in either high school or the post-college SMET workplace.
Collards in North Carolina
Authors: Davis Edward H , Morgan John T
Published: June 2005

The collard plant has flourished as an important
garden food crop in the U.S. South since the early
nineteenth century because it is able to endure hot
summers and still thrive in winter, when it is harvested
and consumed as greens. The uneven geographic
pattern of collard production in North
Carolina calls into question claims that the collard
is a ubiquitous Southern food crop. It is still
the dominant winter garden crop on the North
Carolina Coastal Plain, but fewer patches are
being planted and consumption of collards is
waning, especially among young people. Commercial
collard production is increasing to satisfy the
demand of older folk.
Using Historical Records of Land Use to Improve Wetland Mitigation
Authors: Ewing Justin M , Vepraskas Michael J , Zanner C. William
Published: June 2005

Successful wetland mitigation is determined by
goals and performance standards of a U.S. Army
Corp of Engineers approved mitigation plan. This
study collected and reviewed historical data for a
mitigation site prior to construction to reduce the
cost and risk of mitigation failure. Historical records
were reviewed to evaluate the hydrology, vegetation,
and soils of a drained Carolina bay wetland. Historical
data were obtained from courthouse records,
aerial photographs, personal interviews, the local
Natural Resources Conservation Service, and the
National Railroad Historical Society. Photographs
and interviews indicated there was open water before
drainage, suggesting a potential source of consistent
hydrology. Organic soils subside when influenced
by land clearance, drainage, and agricultural
activities and could result in a water table above the
soil surface once hydrology is restored. Aerial photographs
show that several drainage systems have
existed over the last 90 yr. Soils along the lines of the
earlier drainage ditches and a former railroad line
still show disturbance to depths of 1 m. These areas
of disturbance could affect vegetation establishment.
Records of agricultural practices suggest
higher nutrient levels than those of undisturbed
Carolina bays, indicating that undesired vegetation
could compete with desired vegetation. Historical
information verified that Juniper Bay is a viable
restoration site and identified areas where design
change could help improve chances for success. Similar
historical reviews with other mitigation sites
can help reduce cost and risk through evaluation of
hydrology, soils, and vegetation.
Volumetric Analysis of Overwash Fans Resulting from Tropical Storms on North Hatteras Island, North Carolina
Authors: Gares Paul A , White Stephen A
Published: June 2005

In 1999, Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene affected
the North Carolina coastline. Although
none of these storms made landfall north of Cape
Hatteras, the northern Hatteras Island shoreline
suffered severe beach erosion and widespread
overwash. The volume of three overwash fans located
within a 3.75 km section of shoreline in
Rodanthe was determined by measuring depth of
deposition at selected locations on the fans. Fan
area was determined from measurements taken
from aerial photographs. The depths of deposition
on the fans ranged from 0.2-1.2m, and 30-50m3
per meter length of fan were deposited at the sites.
The volumes deposited exceed the amounts recorded
during previous storms at locations along
the U.S. East Coast. Subaerial sedimentation on
barrier islands depends on high magnitude/low
frequency events because their higher storm surge
and wave heights produce dune breaching. Overwash
is not widespread during lower magnitude
storms because the water levels are not high
enough to result in flow across the barrier. The
total volume of overwash on North Hatteras Island
was estimated from fan areas measured on aerial
photographs in conjunction with the average
depth of deposition measured on the Rodanthe
fans. The total amount of sediment deposited was
estimated to be 48 m3 per meter of fan length.
Comparing these overwash volumes to amounts
deposited by wind on the barrier island north of
Hatteras Island shows that, on an annual basis,
overwash far exceeds wind as a mechanism for
transferring sediment inland. However, an extrapolation
over a longer period to accommodate for
temporal variations reveals that the volumes of
sediment transferred by overwash and by wind are
nearly balanced.
Dialed In? Geographic Expansion and Regional Identity in NASCAR's Nextel Cup Series
Authors: Hurt Douglas A
Published: June 2005

In recent years, NASCAR (National Association
for Stock Car Auto Racing) has undertaken an
aggressive campaign of geographic expansion.
With the hopes of becoming a national sport, new
races have been held in the Chicago, Dallas-Fort
Worth, Kansas City, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and
Miami markets. While the traditional southeastern
United States core continues to host the
majority of races, some argue that expansion has
resulted in a re-writing of stock car history and a
decline of southern distinctiveness in the sport.
Changing NASCAR Nextel (formerly Winston)
Cup race locations, driver hometowns, and fan
club membership will be considered as part of an
attempt to assess the impact of NASCAR expansion
upon southern regional identity.
Making the Legal Visible: Wilhelmina Griffin Jones' Experience of Living in Alabama During Segregation
Authors: Inwood Joshua
Published: June 2005

Using Delaney's conception of the legalized landscape,
this paper seeks to understand the intersection
of race and power in the everyday experiences
of an African-American woman. Using
Delaney's theory to understand the Jim Crow-era
experiences of Wilhelmina Griffin Jones and her
interaction with a white police officer offers
clues about how the visible, legalized landscape
and the metaphysical, conceptualized legalized
landscape are manifest in the everyday realm.
Furthermore, by asserting the importance of the
everyday experiences of African Americans and
whites during segregation, this paper comes to a
more nuanced understanding of the ways in
which resistance and power became enacted
through these interactions.
Appalachian Churchscapes: The Case of Menifee County, Kentucky
Authors: Leppman Elizabeth J
Published: June 2005

Christian churches form part of the American cultural
landscape, and their construction and reconstruction
is a circular process. Belief, attitude, and
intentionality (behavior) produce the churchscape,
or church landscape, an icon, which in turn
influences beliefs, attitudes, and intentionality
in the next users. The features of this icon vary
widely, but evangelical denominational churches,
mission churches, and Appalachian Mountain
churches tend to follow certain themes or styles.
In Menifee County, Kentucky, Appalachian Mountain
churches, which have been marginalized in
the study of American religion, exist in close proximity
to mainstream evangelical denominational
and mission churches, exhibiting these contrasts
within a small geographical area.
Regional Geographies of the U.S. Southeast and Sub-Saharan Africa: The Potential for Comparative Insights
Authors: Moseley William G
Published: June 2005

This article outlines how the study of Sub-Saharan
African regional geography has the potential to
inform scholarship on the U.S. Southeast and vice
versa. The author describes two approaches to
comparative regional analysis and then provides
an example of how each form of analysis may lead
to interesting and productive intellectual crossfertilization.
The first case is one of Africanist geographical
scholarship informing southeastern
U.S. studies that emphasizes actual historical linkages
between the two regions. The second case is an
example of how southeastern U.S. scholarship
could potentially inform research in South Africa
because of similar circumstances that the two regions
hold in common. The article concludes by
commenting on the two forms of comparative regional
analysis.
A Comparison of 30-yr Climatic Temperature Normals for the Southeastern United States
Authors: Soule Peter T
Published: June 2005

Thirty-year climatic normals are an integral part
of climate and climate assessment, but they are
typically not used to address issues of climatic
change. For 104 stations within the southeastern
United States, I analyze spatial parameters of
the two most recent 30-yr temperature normals
(1961-1990, 1971-2000) to illustrate the utility
of 30-yr normals for an assessment of climatic
change. My comparison of the two normal periods
shows that the Southeast as a whole has experienced
a small (0.10�C) but significant increase
in average temperature. However, of the seven
physiographic provinces examined, only the lower
Coastal Plain has experienced a significant increase
in temperature. My analysis of urban
versus rural sites produced mixed results on the
potential impacts of urbanization and the associated
heat island effects on the observed changes
in temperature. While some long-term analyses of
the thermal climate of the Southeast have shown
the region to be cooling, my results suggest that
the thermal climate of the southeastern United
States since 1961 is stable or slightly warming.
"Selling Lifestyles, not Homes": Growth and Politics in Forsyth County, Georgia
Authors: Whitelegg Drew
Published: June 2005

Forsyth County, Georgia, was one of the fastest
growing counties in the nation during the 1990s.
This paper examines how it benefited from the
general Atlanta boom yet grew through differentiating
itself both from the central city and neighboring
suburban counties. The irony of rapid development
is that issues such as pollution and
heavy traffic have made Forsyth's 'go-it-alone' attitude
progressively more untenable, while the
county is now increasingly indistinguishable from
much of the rest of Atlanta. Framed within David
Harvey's notion of structured coherence, this paper
argues that Forsyth provides an excellent example
of intra-urban competition amid the uneven
development of a metropolitan region.
Dry Chemistry Urinalysis of Pathological Proteinuria
Authors: Kutter Dolphe
Published: June 2005

The paper presents a review of the characteristics and analytical performance of the most current dry chemistry methods for detection and estimation of the different urinary proteins. Description of the classical “protein error” dipsticks for macroalbuminuria is supplemented by data on more sensitive alternatives based on the same principle, reaching into the zone of microalbuminuria. Immunological test strips are available for detection of low concentrations of albumin. Application of the same principle is attempted for detection of other specific proteins.

Highly sensitive enzymatic reactions allow detection of “lysis proteins”: haemoglobin, leukocyte esterase and β-N-acetyl-glucosaminidase.

An efficient strategy for screening for all types of pathological proteinuria based on detection of low albumin levels is presented.
European Multicentre Evaluation of the Super Aution SA-4220 Urinalysis Analyser
Authors: Galimany Román , Arambarri Marta , Biosca Carmen , Ceriotti Ferruccio , Chapelle Jean Pierre , Lopez Rosa , Souverijn John H. M. , Spagnuolo Giovanni , Scopacasa Francesco , Almirall Lourdes
Published: June 2005

A multicentre evaluation of the urine test strip analyser Super Aution-4220 was carried out in six laboratories. The analytical performance of the instrument with regard to imprecision, linearity, detection limit, drift, carry-over and method comparison was studied. Using the Aution stick 8 test strip the pH, glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, blood, urobilinogen and leukocyte esterase were analysed. Specific gravity measurements were performed by refractive index method. Within-run and between-run imprecision determined at three levels of analyte were good. No carry-over was observed. Obtained results were linear through all the described analytical range. No significant drift was detected. Method comparison with some quantitative methods was performed and showed a good correlation with most of the analytes. The study of interferences showed minor interferences by common therapeutic drugs with the measurement of some analytes. During the assessment period of about 6 months no breakdown occurred in any laboratory. The Super Aution urine analyser appeared to be a highly automated analyser of urinary test strips. The operation was simple and the maintenance required only a few minutes a day.
Evaluation of the Activated Partial Thrombo-plastin Time (APTT) Sensitivity to Heparin Using Five Commercial Reagents: Implications for Therapeutic Monitoring
Authors: Manzato Franco , Mengoni Alessandra , Grilenzoni Angela , Lippi Giuseppe
Published: June 2005

Heparin is an effective drug for prevention and treatment of thromboembolic conditions. Although several biological assays have been proposed for monitoring unfractionated heparin therapy, the measurement of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) is the most widely employed test, and the overall risk of thromboembolic episodes was markedly reduced by maintaining APTT ratios above 1.5. However, the adjustment of the heparin therapy on the basis of APTT presents several questions which are still unresolved. Major discrepancies were found in APTTs performed using different reagents in bothex vivoandin vitroheparinized samples and occasionally with different lots of the same reagents; poor correlation was observed between APTT values and plasma heparin concentrations. In order to gain further insights into this phenomenon, we analysed the sensitivity to heparin of five commercial reagents for APTT measurement in 19ex vivoheparinized samples. Differences were observed; correlation coefficients ranged from 0.820 to 0.985 and slopes of linear regressions from 0.26 to 1.14. Moreover, unsatisfactory correlations were obtained when APTT ratios were compared with heparin plasma concentrations in the same patients' samples. In the heparin therapeutic range of 0.35–0.70 U/ml, reagent-dependent differences were observed in the corresponding APTT values. These results point out a critical role of the assay methodology in monitoring heparin therapy by APTT. We suggest that reference materials and methods should be urgently identified, a universally agreed scale for reporting results should be established and reference ranges for the unfractionated heparin therapy should be reconsidered taking on account the reagent employed.
Conditioned Nicotine Withdrawal Profoundly Decreases the Activity of Brain Reward Systems
Authors: Kenny Paul J. , Markou Athina
Published: June 2005

Withdrawal from nicotine decreases the activity of brain reward systems, measured in rats by elevations of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) thresholds. This reward deficit is hypothesized to contribute to the persistence of the tobacco habit in tobacco smokers. Accumulating evidence suggests that aspects of drug withdrawal may become conditioned to previously neutral environmental stimuli via pavlovian conditioning processes. Here we investigated whether hedonically neutral stimuli repeatedly paired with nicotine withdrawal gained “affective valence” such that withdrawal-associated conditioned stimuli alone decreased brain reward function. Nicotine-dependent rats were presented with a light/tone conditioned stimulus and injected with the nicotinic receptor antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE; 3 mg/kg) for 4 d consecutively; ICSS thresholds were assessed before and immediately after DHβE injection. On the test day, the rats were presented with the conditioned stimulus and injected with saline; next, ICSS thresholds were assessed. During conditioning sessions, DHβE elevated reward thresholds, and the magnitude by which thresholds were elevated increased during successive conditioning sessions. These data suggest that withdrawal-associated conditioned stimuli potentiated the magnitude of nicotine withdrawal as their motivational significance increased. Most importantly, on the test day, the conditioned stimulus alone elevated reward thresholds. Similarly, in a separate experiment, withdrawal-associated cues elevated reward thresholds in morphine-dependent rats. These data provide the first empirical verification that conditioned nicotine withdrawal may occur after exposure to withdrawal-paired cues. Moreover, these data demonstrate that withdrawal-paired conditioned stimuli attain negative affective valence and can decrease the activity of brain reward systems, mimicking the reward deficit observed during withdrawal from nicotine and other addictive drugs.
Accommodation and Reformation in The Family/Children of God
Authors: Shepherd Gary , Shepherd Gordon
Published: June 2005

This article presents a case study analysis of recent institutional changes occurring in The Family, a well-known international movement originally called The Children of God. The Family is now flourishing well into its third generation in spite of intense external opposition that portrays it as an insidious cult. During the past ten years since the death of its founder, David Berg, The Family has dramatically changed many of its organizational modes of operation. These new developments have rational democratizing, and worldly accommodation implications that enhance organizational viability and prospects for success, while simultaneously threatening the group's internal standards and moral identity. Family leadership has imposed several retrenchment campaigns on Family homes worldwide to offset what are seen as the corrupting consequences of too much worldly accommodation. Tensions generated by these changes and reactions to them are analyzed in this article within sociological models of religious accommodation. The data for this article were obtained from extensive interviews with Family co-leaders Maria and Peter, and from close readings of key Family documents.
Polymethyl methacrylate/montmorillonite nanocomposite beads through a suspension polymerization‐derived process
Authors: Kim Sung Soo , Park Tae Sook , Shin Byung Cheol , Kim Young Baek
Published: June 2005

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymer beads with montmorillonite (MMT) were prepared using a suspension polymerization method for applying acrylic bone cements. The polymer beads were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy to examine MMT dispersion. The change in the shape and size of the polymer beads due to the preparation conditions, such as stirring speed, degree of polymerization, and concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a suspension stabilizer, and MMT contents, etc. was observed by scanning electron microscopy and particle size analysis. The prepared polymer beads were composed of polymer‐intercalated nanocomposites with partially exfoliated MMT layers. The size of the polymer beads was decreased by increasing the stirring speed. The bead size was decreased with increasing the degree of polymerization and the concentration of PVA molecules. MMT addition into the monomer portion increased the size of the corresponding polymer beads. The bead size was slightly reduced by adding of styrene to the MMA solution. The incorporation of PMMA into monomer portion enlarged the bead size. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2340–2349, 2005
Positive‐working aqueous base developable photosensitive polybenzoxazole precursor/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Hsu Steve Lien‐Chung , Lin Chi‐Yi , Chuang Shih‐Wei
Published: June 2005

Positive‐working aqueous base developable photosensitive polybenzoxazole (PBO) precursor/organoclay nanocomposites have been prepared through the addition of an organoclay to a PBO precursor. The organoclay was formed by a cation exchange reaction between a Na+‐montmorillonite clay and an ammonium salt of dodecylamine. The PBO precursor used in this study was a polyhydroxyamide that was prepared from a low‐temperature polymerization of 2′2′‐bis(3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane and 4,4′‐oxydibenzoyl chloride with an inherent viscosity of 0.3 dL/g. The photosensitive resin/clay formulations were prepared from the precursor with 2,3,4‐tris(1‐oxo‐2‐diazonaphthoquinone‐5‐sulfonyloxy)‐benzophenone photosensitive compound and 3–5 wt % organoclay. The PBO precursor/clay was subsequently thermally cured to PBO/clay at 350°C. Both X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope analyses showed that the organoclay was dispersed in the PBO matrix in a nanometer scale. The thermal expansion coefficient of PBO/clay film, which contained 5 wt % organoclay, was decreased 33% compared to the pure PBO film. The PBO/clay nanocomposite films also displayed higher thermal stability, glass transition temperature, and water resistance than the pure PBO film. The photosensitive PBO precursor/clay nanocomposite showed a line/space pattern with a resolution of 5 μm and its sensitivity and contrast were not affected by the organoclay. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2350–2356, 2005
Synthesis of CdS nanoparticles dispersed within amphiphilic poly(urethane acrylate‐co‐styrene) films
Authors: Kim Ju‐Young , Shin Dong‐Hyun , Ihn Kyo‐Jin
Published: June 2005

CdS nanoparticles were prepared using amphiphilic urethane acrylate nonionomer (UAN) precursor chains having a poly(propylene oxide)‐based hydrophobic segment and a hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) segment. Cadmium salts were first dissolved in UAN/styrene solutions, and then the solutions were copolymerized to obtain poly(urethane acrylate‐co‐styrene) films containing dissolved cadmium salts. After reduction with H2S gas, freestanding films containing CdS nanoparticles were obtained. Transmission electron microscopy images of the films showed that 9.67‐nm CdS nanoparticles were dispersed within the poly(urethane acrylate‐co‐styrene) matrix. The formation of CdS nanoparticles was also confirmed with UV absorption spectra and photoluminescence emission spectra of the films. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic mechanical analysis measurements confirmed that hydrophilic/hydrophobic microphase separation in UAN/styrene solutions occurred during the dissociation of the cadmium salts, and the microphase‐separated structures were locked in by crosslinking copolymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2357–2363, 2005
Methacryloylpropyl–βcyclodextrin and vinylpyrrolidone copolymers: Synthesis and characterization as potential chiral selector
Authors: Carbonnier B. , Janus L. , Deratani A. , Morcellet M.
Published: June 2005

The free radical copolymerization of vinylpyrrolidone (VP) with 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxypropyl β‐cyclodextrin (βW7 MAHP), a derivative of hydroxypropyl β‐cyclodextrin (CD) substituted by polymerizable methacryloyl groups, is carried out in water by varying the molar ratio of the comonomers. It is found that the higher the molar ratio of βW7 MAHP to VP, the larger the molar mass of the water‐soluble copolymer. A size exclusion chromatography analysis coupled with multiangle laser light scattering detection (SEC–MALLS) suggests that VP‐rich copolymers with a mass‐average molar mass (MM) of about 2.5 × 104 g mol−1 may consist of βW7 MAHP dimers, trimers, and oligomers containing few CD units whereas βW7 MAHP rich copolymers with an MM of about 5.5 × 106 g mol−1 are likely to be dominated by crosslinked polymer materials. βW7 MAHP‐co‐VP copolymers coated on porous silica are used as high‐performance liquid chromatography chiral selectors. The effects of the structural features of the guest molecule and the characteristics of the chiral stationary phases on the retention and resolution are evaluated. SEC–MALLS detection shows that, by varying the comonomer feed, copolymers with different molar masses and macromolecular structures are formed. The chiral separation ability of Copo VP is evaluated toward enantiomers having one or more aromatic rings as a function of the amount of copolymer adsorbed onto the silica surface, the βW7 MAHP content, and the concentration of solute. It is clear that the column combining the greater amounts of adsorbed copolymer and βW7 MAHP exhibits better resolving power. Moreover, the size, geometry, and functionality of the guest molecule are important factors that strongly affect the enantioselectivity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2364–2374, 2005
Tensile and flammability properties of polypropylene‐based RTPO/clay nanocomposites for cable insulating material
Authors: Hong Chae Hwan , Lee Yong Bum , Bae Jin Woo , Jho Jae Young , Nam Byeong Uk , Nam Gi Joon , Lee Kun Joo
Published: June 2005

Nanocomposites of polypropylene‐based RTPO with organically modified clays were prepared by melt compounding of three components, that is, polypropylene‐based RTPO, maleic anhydride‐grafted polypropylene oligomer (PPgMA), and organically modified clay. Their morphologies, tensile behaviors, and flammability properties were investigated. In the clay nanocomposites, the silicate layers were dispersed at the nanometer level, which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The tensile yield strength of nanocomposites containing 10 wt % clay exhibited 2.8 times higher value compared with that of neat resin. The combustion behavior of the nanocomposites was evaluated by measuring the heat release rate (HRR) using cone calorimetry. The peak HRR was lowered greatly and the char yield was very high compared with those of neat resin. However, these flame retardant properties of clay are not sufficient as a flame retardant used alone in cable applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2375–2381, 2005
Graft copolymerization of water‐soluble monomers containing quaternary ammonium group on poly(vinyl alcohol) using ceric ions
Authors: Zheng San‐Yan , Chen Zhi‐Chun , Lu De‐Shui , Wu Qi , Lin Xian‐Fu
Published: June 2005

Graft copolymerization of water‐soluble monomers containing quaternary ammonium onto PVA was studied in an aqueous medium using ceric ammonium nitrate‐nitric acid as the redox initiator. To optimize the reaction conditions for obtaining a maximum percent of grafting, the concentrations of methacryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DMC) monomer, ceric ammonium nitrate, and temperature were varied, and the effects on the grafting copolymerization were discussed. Under optimum conditions, a series of water‐soluble monomers containing quaternary ammonium, such as methacryloxyethyl trimethylammonium chloride (DMC), DMAEMA˙C2H5Br, DMAEMA˙C4H9Br, DMAEMA˙C16H33Br, and DMAEMA˙C7H7Cl, were successfully grafted onto PVA. The resulting grafted PVA were characterized with IR, NMR, and viscosity measurements. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2186–2191, 2005
Effect of low‐temperature plasma and chitosan treatment on wool dyeing with Acid Red 27
Authors: Jocic Dragan , Vílchez Susana , Topalovic Tatjana , Molina Ricardo , Navarro Antonio , Jovancic Petar , Julià Maria Rosa , Erra Pilar
Published: June 2005

This study examines in detail the influence of low‐temperature plasma and biopolymer chitosan treatments on wool dyeability. Wool knitted fabrics were treated and characterized by whiteness and shrink‐resistance measurements. Surface modification was assessed by contact‐angle measurements of human hair fibers, which were used as a model to study the wetting properties of the treated wool knitted fabrics. The dyeing behavior was assessed from the diffusion mechanism point of view. The dyeing kinetics were measured at two different pHs (4.2 and 6.5) and three different temperatures (60, 85, and 100°C) to gain information about the contribution of the surface modification treatment to the dyeing mechanism. The exhaustion and reflectance data were compared, and the apparent diffusion coefficients were calculated. On the basis of the obtained results, a model for the dyeing mechanism of the chitosan treated wool was proposed. When treated with chitosan, the polymer sheath spread on the surface of the fibers acted as a predominant dyeing site in very short dyeing times, thus interacting with the dye and in later stages imparting the dye to the wool fiber. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2204–2214, 2005
Surface photografting polymerization of vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride, and their charge‐transfer complex. IX. Charge‐transfer complex (5)
Authors: Jianping Deng , Wantai Yang
Published: June 2005

The two‐step method was employed to obtain insight into the grafting mechanism of (MAH‐VAC)/LDPE film in the preceding investigation, where photoreduction of BP (the first step) was investigated and the subsequent grafting polymerization (the second step) was studied from the viewpoint of kinetics. The present article is devoted to investigation of the living polymerization performance, the compositions of the grafted chains, and the relevant grafting copolymerization mechanism of the (MAH‐VAC)/LDPE system. Both grafting copolymerization and nongrafting copolymerization performed living polymerization characteristics to some degree. Regarding the nongrafting copolymerization at a monomer concentration, [MAH] = [VAC] = 2M, MAH and VAC mainly underwent alternating copolymerization, especially at low temperatures; however, the grafting copolymerization mostly exhibited random copolymerization, which became obvious with the elevation of temperature. The composition of the monomer feed largely affected the composition of the grafted copolymer and the nongrafted copolymer. When [MAH]/[VAC] was either 2.5/1.5, 2/2, or 1.5/2.5, MAH/VAC in nongrafted copolymers stayed approximately at 1/1; while when [MAH]/[VAC] was 2.5/1.5, MAH/VAC in the grafted copolymer was nearly 1/1; but in the case of [MAH]/[VAC] being 2/2 and 1.5/2.5, the content of MAH in grafted chains was somewhat lower than that of VAC. All these results demonstrated that the grafting copolymerization on the substrate occurred randomly, which was greatly affected by the affinity of the monomer toward the substrate. This performance of the grafting copolymerization was much different from the nongrafting copolymerization in the solution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2230–2237, 2005
Cure kinetics of T700/BMI prepreg used for advanced thermoset composite
Authors: Guo Zhansheng , Du Shanyi , Zhang Boming , Wu Zhanjun
Published: June 2005

A new isothermally based, cure kinetic model for the prepreg was presented using an industrially supplied prepreg rather than pure resin. The matrix resin was bismaleimide (BMI) resins, and the reinforcement was carbon fiber T700–12S. The BMI prepreg was measured from 170 to 220°C by isothermal DSC. The isothermal cure reaction heat increases with the increment of cure temperature. The DSC data were analyzed by the proposed nth‐order reaction model. An increase in reaction rate was observed at higher temperature in both neat and prepreg. After reaching the peak value, the reaction rate dropped off faster in prepreg, resulting in a lower average value of the ultimate heat of reaction. It was suggested the presence of carbon fiber had an effect on the cure kinetics as a heat sink. The carbon fibers imposed restrictions on the molecular mobility of the reactive species and did not change the cure mechanism. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2238–2241, 2005
Diffusion of sulfuric acid solutions in Nylon 6,6 monitored by neutron activation analysis
Authors: Brown L. , Bui V. T. , Bonin H. W.
Published: June 2005

Nylon 6,6 is an excellent material for the study of the diffusion mechanism and associated mechanical performance of polymers saturated with aqueous solutions of varying pH at different temperatures. The diffusion profile was studied for samples saturated at temperatures ranging from 20 to 90°C in solutions decreasing in pH from distilled water to 1.0M sulfuric acid. The presence of sulfuric acid molecules within the diffusing solutions acts to promote hydrolysis of the polyamide molecules. The degree of hydrolysis is dependent on saturation temperature and solution pH. The extent of degradation was evaluated via changes to mechanical performance and inherent viscosity and often results in a reduction of the stress at yield, flexural modulus, and inherent viscosity on increasing temperature and decreasing pH. The use of neutron activation analysis allowed for an evaluation of the sulfur content within the samples as a function of diffusing time. This demonstrated that although the mechanical performance decreases rapidly on initial exposure to the aqueous medium, this is likely due to plasticization. As diffusion time progresses, the sulfur content within the sample continues to rise to a level where the acid/water molar ratio is much higher in the sample than that of the bulk. This results in an enhancement of the degradation process as time progresses. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 2476–2487, 2005
Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: Implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth
Authors: Smith Joshua B. , Vann David R. , Dodson Peter
Published: June 2005

Isolated theropod teeth are common Mesozoic fossils and would be an important data source for paleoecology biogeography if they could be reliably identified as having come from particular taxa. However, obtaining identifications is confounded by a paucity of easily identifiable characters. Here we discuss a quantitative methodology designed to provide defensible identifications of isolated teeth usingTyrannosaurusas a comparison taxon. We created a standard data set based as much as possible on teeth of known taxonomic affinity against which to compare isolated crowns. Tooth morphology was described using measured variables describing crown length, base length and width, and derived variables related to basal shape, squatness, mesial curve shape, apex location with respect to base, and denticle size. Crown curves were described by fitting the power function Y = a + bX0.5to coordinate data collected from lateral‐view images of mesial curve profiles. The b value from these analyses provides a measure of curvature. Discriminant analyses compared isolated teeth of various taxonomic affinities against the standard. The analyses classified knownTyrannosaurusteeth withTyrannosaurusand separated most teeth known not to beTyrannosaurusfromTyrannosaurus. They had trouble correctly classifying teeth that were very similar toTyrannosaurusand for which there were few data in the standard. However, the results indicate that expanding the standard should facilitate the identification of numerous types of isolated theropod teeth. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Binding of copper (II) ion to an Alzheimer's tau peptide as revealed by MALDI‐TOF MS, CD, and NMR
Authors: Ma Qing‐Feng , Li Yan‐Mei , Du Jin‐Tang , Kanazawa Kenji , Nemoto Tadashi , Nakanishi Hiroshi , Zhao Yu‐Fen
Published: June 2005

The tau protein plays an important role in some neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), a biological marker for AD, are aggregates of bundles of paired helical filaments (PHFs). In general, the α‐sheet structure favors aberrant protein aggregates. However, some reports have shown that the α‐helix structure is capable of triggering the formation of aberrant tau protein aggregates and PHFs have a high α‐helix content. In addition, the third repeat fragment in the four‐repeat microtubule‐binding domain of the tau protein (residues 306–336: VQIVYKPVDLSKVTSKCGSLGNIHHKPGGGQ, according to the longest tau protein) adopts a helical structure in trifluoroethanol (TFE) and may be a self‐assembly model in the tau protein. In the human brain, there is a very small quantity of copper, which performs an important function. In our study, by means of matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS), circular dichroism (CD), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, the binding properties of copper (II) ion to the R3 peptide derived from the third repeat fragment (residues 318–335: VTSKCGSLGNIHHKPGGG) have been investigated. The results show that copper ions bind to the R3 peptide. CD spectra, ultraviolet (UV)‐visible absorption spectra, and MALDI‐TOF MS show pH dependence and stoichiometry of Cu2+ binding. Furthermore, CD spectra and NMR spectroscopy elucidate the copper binding sites located in the R3 peptide. Finally, CD spectra reveal that the R3 peptide adopts a mixture structure of random structures, α‐helices, and β‐turns in aqueous solutions at physiological pH. At pH 7.5, the addition of 0.25 mol eq of Cu2+ induces the conformational change from the mixture mentioned above to a monomeric helical structure, and a β‐sheet structure forms in the presence of 1 mol eq of Cu2+. As α‐helix and β‐sheet structures are responsible for the formation of PHFs, it is hypothesized that Cu2+ is an inducer of self‐assembly of the R3 peptide and makes the R3 peptide form a structure like PHF. Hence, it is postulated that Cu2+ plays an important role in the aggregation of the R3 peptide and tau protein and that copper (II) binding may be another possible involvement in AD. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 79: 74–85, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A kinetic model of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Mehra Sarika , Hu Wei‐Shou
Published: June 2005

Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is one of the most sensitive and accurate methods for quantifying transcript levels especially for those expressed at low abundance. The selective amplification of target DNA over multiple cycles allows its initial concentration to be determined. The amplification rate is a complex interplay of the operating conditions, initial reactant concentrations, and reaction rate constants. Experimentally, the compounded effect of all factors is quantified in terms of an effective efficiency, which is estimated by curve fitting to the amplification data. We present a comprehensive model of PCR to study the effect of various reactant concentrations on the amplification efficiency. The model is used to calculate the kinetic progression of the target DNA concentration with cycle number under conditions when different species are stoichiometrically or kinetically limiting. The reaction efficiency remains constant for the initial cycles. As the primer concentration becomes limiting, the efficiency is marked by a gradual decrease. This is in contrast to a steep decline under nucleotide limiting conditions. Under some conditions, commonly used experimentally, increasing primer concentration has the adverse effect of reducing the final amplified template concentration. This phenomenon seen at times experimentally is explained by the simulation results under rate limiting enzyme concentrations. Primer dimer formation is shown to significantly affect the reaction rates, effective efficiency, and the estimated initial concentrations. This model, by describing the interplay of the many operating variables, will be a useful tool in designing PCR conditions and evaluating its results. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Ba6Mn5O16: The First Layered Oxide Isostructural to Cs6Ni5F16.
Authors: Boulahya K. , Parras M. , Gonzalez‐Calbet J. M. , Martinez J. L.
Published: June 2005

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A New Luminescent Material, Sr3Al10SiO20:Tb3+.
Authors: Kubota Shunichi , Yamane Hisanori , Shimada Masahiko
Published: June 2005

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Superconductivity in Compressed Lithium at 20 K.
Authors: Shimizu Katsuya , Ishikawa Hiroto , Takao Daigoroh , Yagi Takehiko , Amaya Kiichi
Published: June 2005

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The LixVPn4 Ternary Phases (Pn: P, As): Rigid Networks for Lithium Intercalation/Deintercalation.
Authors: Doublet Marie‐Liesse , Lemoigno Frederic , Gillot Frederic , Monconduit Laure
Published: June 2005

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An Investigation of the Synthesis of the Layered Perovskite RbCa2Nb3O10 Using Time‐Resolved in situ High‐Temperature Powder X‐Ray Diffraction.
Authors: Geselbracht Margret J. , Walton Richard I. , Cowell E. Sarah , Millange Franck , O'Hare Dermot
Published: June 2005

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Nanocrystalline Orthoferrite GdFeO3 from a Novel Heterobimetallic Precursor.
Authors: Mathur Sanjay , Shen Hao , Lecerf Nicolas , Kjekshus Arne , Fjellvaag Helmer , Goya Gerardo F.
Published: June 2005

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Diastereoselective Synthesis of Aziridines from (1R)‐10‐(N,N‐dialkylsulfamoyl)isobornyl 2H‐Azirine‐3‐carboxylates.
Authors: Alvares Yolanda S. P. , Alves M. Jose , Azoia Nuno G. , Bickley Jamie F. , Gilchrist Thomas L.
Published: June 2005

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N‐Acyl “Quat” Pyrrolidinone Auxiliary as a Chiral Amide Equivalent via Direct Aminolysis.
Authors: Davies Stephen G. , Dixon Darren J.
Published: June 2005

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The Behavior of Nitrilimines Towards Ethyl Isocyanoacetate.
Authors: Moderhack Dietrich , Daoud Ali , Jones Peter G.
Published: June 2005

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Hexamethylenetetramine‐bromine Complex (HMTAB) on Wet Silica: Oxidation of Alcohols and Sulfides.
Authors: Shaabani Ahmad , Teimouri Mohammad Bagher , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: June 2005

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α‐Azido Ketones. Part 4. Synthesis of Tetrafunctionalized 2‐Azido‐3‐hydroxy‐1,4‐diones and Their Transformation into 5‐Substituted 3‐Acylisoxazoles.
Authors: Juhasz‐Toth Eva , Patonay Tamas
Published: June 2005

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Selective Preparation of Benzyltitanium Compounds by the Metalative Reppe Reaction. Its Application to the First Synthesis of Alcyopterosin A.
Authors: Tanaka Ryoichi , Nakano Yoshitaka , Suzuki Daisuke , Urabe Hirokazu , Sato Fumie
Published: June 2005

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Triethylborane Induced Radical Reaction of Gallium Enolates with α‐Halo Esters.
Authors: Usugi Shin‐ichi , Yorimitsu Hideki , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro
Published: June 2005

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Formal Vinyl C—H Activation and Allylic Oxidation by Olefin Metathesis.
Authors: Chatterjee Arnab K. , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: June 2005

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Pd‐Catalyzed Regioselective Acylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketone Derivatives by Acylzirconocene Chloride as an Acyl Group Donor.
Authors: Hanzawa Yuji , Tabuchi Nobuhito , Narita Kensuke , Kakuuchi Akito , Yabe Masaya , Taguchi Takeo
Published: June 2005

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New Approach to the Stereoselective Synthesis of Metalated Dienes via an Isomerization—Elimination Sequence.
Authors: Chinkov Nicka , Majumdar Swapan , Marek Ilan
Published: June 2005

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Functionalization of Non‐Activated C—H Bonds in Ketones and Imines with HF/SbF5/CCl4.
Authors: Thibaudeau Sebastien , Martin‐Mingot Agnes , Jouannetaud Marie‐Paule , Jacquesy J. C.
Published: June 2005

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Hydrochlorination of 2,3‐Acetylenic Acids with Thionyl Chloride in Dimethylformamide.
Authors: Urdaneta Neudo A. , Herrera Julio C. , Salazar Jose , Lopez Simon E.
Published: June 2005

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Efficient, Multigram‐Scale Synthesis of Three 2,5‐Dihalobenzoquinones
Authors: Lopez‐Alvarado Pilar , Avendano Carmen , Menendez J. Carlos
Published: June 2005

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Studies on β‐Enaminonitriles. Part 4. Reaction of β‐Enaminonitriles with Acid Chlorides.
Authors: Mahalanabis Kumar K. , Sarkar Mili , Chowdhury S. K. Dutta , Ghosal C. R.
Published: June 2005

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Clean‐Chemistry Sulfonation of Aromatics.
Authors: Corby Brian W. , Gray Anthony D. , Meaney Padraig J. , Falvey Michael J. , Lawrence Gregory P. , Smyth Timothy P.
Published: June 2005

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Synthesis and Inhibitory Activity of Dimethylamino‐Chalcone Derivatives on the Induction of Nitric Oxide Synthase.
Authors: Rojas Javier , Dominguez Jose N. , Charris Jaime E. , Lobo Gricela , Paya Miguel , Ferrandiz M. Luisa
Published: June 2005

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Microwave‐Assisted Efficient Oxidative Coupling of 2‐Naphthols in the Solid State.
Authors: Ji Shun‐Jun , Lu Jianmei , Zhu Xinlin , Yang Jin , Lang Jian‐Ping , Wu Lin
Published: June 2005

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Indan for Synthesis of N‐Alkyl Diarylamines and N‐Acylcyclopenta[4,5‐b]phenothiazines.
Authors: Chatel Florence , Boyer Gerard , Galy Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2005

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Converting Radical Oligomers to a Single Product.
Authors: Yu Hu , Wu Tao , Li Chaozhong
Published: June 2005

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Microwave Induced Diastereoselective Synthesis of Spiro[indole‐oxiranes] and Their Conversion to Spiro[indole‐pyrazoles].
Authors: Dandia A. , Singh R. , Saha M. , Shivpuri A.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.