bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Government Requirements and Professional Standards
Authors: Mercer Kenneth L. , Whipple George C.
Published: April 2018

George Chandler Whipple was the Gordon McKay Professor of Sanitary Engineering at Harvard University and co‐founder of the Harvard School of Public Health in the early 1900s. Writing at a time when the idea of federal water quality standards was initially becoming accepted, Whipple supported the idea that drinking water quality should ultimately be determined by professional standards more so than government regulations, in part because the latter sets the bar too low (minimum requirements tend to become maximum practice). In addition, Whipple proposed to establish different grades of water purity, and in doing so he outlines the criteria for quality (e.g., color, turbidity, taste, odor, chemical analysis, bacterial content) that are the basis for modern water standards. Whether or not you agree with his perspective on the role of government in determining water quality standards, you have to admire his faith in water professionals as demonstrated in his argument that maintaining high standards of quality should be a matter of pride as opposed to the result of government directives ‐ if only we were all so good.
Tissue influx of neutrophils and monocytes is delayed during development of trovafloxacin‐induced tumor necrosis factor‐dependent liver injury in mice
Authors: Giustarini Giulio , Kruijssen Laura , van Roest Manon , Bleumink Rob , Weaver Richard J. , Bol‐Schoenmakers Marianne , Smit Joost , Pieters Raymond
Published: April 2018

Idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury (iDILI) has a poorly understood pathogenesis. However, iDILI is often associated with inflammatory stress signals in human patients as well as animal models. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and neutrophils play a key role in onset of trovafloxacin (TVX)‐induced iDILI, but the exact role of neutrophils and other leukocytes remains to be defined. We therefore set out to study the kinetics of immunological changes during the development of TVX‐induced iDILI in the established murine model of acute liver injury induced by administration of TVX and TNF. Initially, TNF stimulated the appearance of leukocytes, in particular neutrophils, into the liver of TVX‐treated mice, but even more so in control mice treated with the non‐DILI inducing analogue levofloxacin (LVX) or saline as vehicle (Veh). This difference was apparent at 2 hours after TNF administration, but at 4 hours, the relative neutrophil amounts were reduced again in Veh‐ and LVX‐treated mice whereas the amounts in TVX‐treated mice remained at the same increased level as at 2 hours. The influx of monocytes/macrophages, which was unaffected in Veh‐ and LVX‐treated mice was markedly reduced or even absent in TVX‐treated mice. Unlike controls, mice receiving TVX + TNF display severe hepatotoxicity with clear pathology and apoptosis, coagulated hepatic vessels and increased alanine aminotransferase levels and interleukin 6/10 ratios. Findings indicate that TVX delays the acute influx of neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages. Considering their known anti‐inflammatory functions, the disruption of influx of these innate immune cells may hamper the resolution of initial cytotoxic effects of TVX and thus contribute to liver injury development.
Multifunctional properties of novel tacrine congeners: cholinesterase inhibition and cytotoxic activity
Authors: Sabolová Danica , Kristian Pavol , Kožurková Mária
Published: April 2018

This review describes the synthesis of a wide range of novel tetrahydroacridine derivatives (tiocyanates, selenocyanates, ureas, selenoureas, thioureas, isothioureas, disulfides, diselenides and several tacrine homo‐ and hetro‐hybrids). These tacrine congeners exhibit significant anticholinesterase and cytotoxic properties and may therefore be of considerable potential for the development of new drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
Volumetric Bone Mineral Density and Failure Load of Distal Limbs Predict Incident Clinical Fracture Independent of FRAX and Clinical Risk Factors Among Older Men
Authors: Langsetmo Lisa , Peters Katherine W , Burghardt Andrew J , Ensrud Kristine E , Fink Howard A , Cawthon Peggy M , Cauley Jane A , Schousboe John T , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Orwoll Eric S ,   for the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study Research Group
Published: April 2018

Our objective was to determine the associations of peripheral bone strength and microarchitecture with incident clinical and major osteoporotic fracture among older men after adjusting for major clinical risk factors. We used a prospective cohort study design with data from 1794 men (mean age 84.4 years) in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study. Eligible men attended the year 14 visit, had high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT) scans of the distal radius and distal or diaphyseal tibia, DXA measured BMD, and were followed for mean 1.7 years for incident fracture. Failure load was estimated using finite element analysis. We used Cox proportional hazards models with standardized HR-pQCT parameters as exposure variables. Primary outcome was clinical fracture (n = 108). Covariates included either Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) major osteoporotic fracture probability calculated with BMD (FRAX-BMD), or individual clinical risk factors (CRF) including age, total hip BMD, race, falls, and prevalent fracture after age 50 years. Lower failure load was associated with higher risk of incident clinical fracture and incident major osteoporotic fracture. For clinical fracture with FRAX-BMD adjustment, the associations ranged from hazard ratio (HR) 1.58 (95% CI, 1.25 to 2.01) to 2.06 (95% CI, 1.60 to 2.66) per SD lower failure load at the diaphyseal tibia and distal radius. These associations were attenuated after adjustment for individual CRFs, but remained significant at the distal sites. Associations of volumetric BMD with these outcomes were similar to those for failure load. At the distal radius, lower trabecular BMD, number, and thickness, and lower cortical BMD, thickness, and area were all associated with higher risk of clinical fracture, but cortical porosity was not. Among community-dwelling older men, HR-pQCT measures including failure load, volumetric BMD, and microstructure parameters at peripheral sites (particularly distal radius) are robust independent predictors of clinical and major osteoporotic fracture. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Preliminary Evidence for the Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Adolescents
Authors: Hunnicutt Hollenbaugh Karen Michelle , Lenz A. Stephen
Published: April 2018

This meta‐analysis evaluated the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy for adolescents in reducing symptoms of depression, anxiety, self‐injury, and suicide risk. Twelve between‐group studies (N = 834) were chosen that met the inclusion criteria. Results revealed small‐to‐medium Hedges's g effect sizes for all 4 symptoms compared with control and alternative treatment groups. However, the small number of effect sizes available for each analysis limited the generalizability of the findings. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Emotion Regulation for Counselors
Authors: Prikhidko Alena , Swank Jacqueline M.
Published: April 2018

Emotion regulation is a developmental process that begins at an early age. However, working with clients experiencing highly emotionally charged situations may challenge a counselor's skills in this area. Therefore, emotion regulation capacity seems to be pivotal in the professional development of a counselor. This article focuses on the developmental concept of emotion regulation, with an emphasis on counselor development and specific recommendations for coping with strong feelings toward clients and oneself.
Accuracy of 2D shear wave elastography in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Abe Tamami , Kuroda Hidekatsu , Fujiwara Yudai , Yoshida Yuichi , Miyasaka Akio , Kamiyama Naohisa , Takikawa Yasuhiro
Published: April 2018

Purpose

This prospective study was conducted to assess the diagnostic accuracy of two‐dimensional shear wave elastography (2D SWE) in the diagnosis of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease and hepatitis C virus (HCV) compared with the serum liver fibrosis biomarkers using the results of liver biopsy as the reference standard.

Methods

We analyzed 233 consecutive HCV patients. On the same day, 2D SWE m, biochemical tests, and liver biopsy were performed. We used the METAVIR staging system and receiver operating characteristic curves for the analysis.

Results

The success rate of 2D‐SWE was 98.7%. The median shear wave velocities (SWVs) of patients in the F0, F1, F2, F3, and F4 stages were 1.35 m/s, 1.42 m/s, 1.58 m/s, 1.83 m/s, and 2.13 m/s, respectively, demonstrating a stepwise increase (P < .0001). The accuracy of 2D‐SWE in the prediction of ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 was .888 (95% CI: .85‐.93), .915 (95% CI: .88‐095), .940 (95% CI: .91‐.97), and .949 (95% CI: .92‐.97), respectively. 2D‐SWE was significantly superior to serum liver fibrosis biomarkers.

Conclusion

2D‐SWE was positively correlated with the severity of liver fibrosis and was more useful for to predict all liver fibrosis grades in HCV patients than liver fibrosis biomarkers.
Zooming Out from the Struggling Individual Student: An Account of the Cultural Construction of Engineering Ability in an Undergraduate Programming Class
Authors: Secules Stephen , Gupta Ayush , Elby Andrew , Turpen Chandra
Published: April 2018

Background

To explain educational problems such as student attrition, engineering education literature often focuses on the characteristics of individuals. In 2006, Ray McDermott and Hervé Varenne called for examining the “cultural construction” of educational problems, uncovering how multiple actors create and inscribe meaning to the educational problem.

Purpose

We apply the cultural construction framework to examine how the educational problem of a student being “not cut out for engineering” is constructed within the context of a specific electrical engineering course. We focus on culturally taken‐for‐granted course structures, practices, and interactions, all of which produce the local enactment of this common educational problem.

Method

We used ethnographic methods, including field‐noted participant observations, one‐on‐one participant interviews, and video‐recorded student work on lab assignments. Coordinating multiple data streams enabled us to question explanations couched in terms of individual ability and background, and to illustrate how ability hierarchies were constructed in the educational context.

Results

Our findings illustrate how several mundane and seemingly innocuous aspects of engineering classrooms add up to construct the educational problem of our focal student as “not cut out” for engineering. Contributions to this construction included lecture seating positions, interactional norms in lecture and lab, and labels made meaningful through institutional and interactional processes.

Conclusions

The forces at play in constructing educational problems for students are deeply embedded in institutions, disciplines, and society, making it difficult to generate a simple list of instructional interventions. We highlight cultural construction analysis as a potentially fruitful orientation for researchers and practitioners to find the particular sites and tools for local intervention.
Electron microscopic observations of stomata, epicuticular waxes, and papillae in Chamaecyparis obtusa: Reconsidering the traditional concept of Y‐shaped white stomatal bands
Authors: Kim Ki Woo
Published: April 2018

The foliar morphological characters of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) were revisited using optical and scanning electron microscopy. In C. obtusa, typical Y‐shaped white stomatal bands were evident on the abaxial leaf surfaces. Two facial leaves and two lateral leaves were observed at the same node. Waxy papillae and oval stomata were arranged in two or three rows with protuberant rims on the abaxial leaf surfaces. Higher magnifications revealed the deposition of epicuticular waxes (tubules) on the Y‐shaped white stomatal bands. Given the absence of stomatal bands after dewaxing with organic solvents, the white stomatal bands in C. obtusa were related to the epicuticular waxes rather than the presence of aggregated stomata alone. In contrast to C. obtusa, a single median leaf and two lateral leaves were observed at the same node of oriental arborvitae (Platycladus koraiensis). Neither stomatal bands nor papillae were observed on P. koraiensis leaves. The stomatal density and epicuticular waxes in the stomatal regions of C. obtusa were higher than those of P. koraiensis. This study suggests that the traditional concept of Y‐shaped white stomatal bands in C. obtusa should be revised to describe the arrangement of the aggregated waxy stomata that occur in rows.
Subclinical cardiac perforation caused by a Micra™ leadless pacemaker
Authors: Togashi Ikuko , Sato Toshiaki , Hoshida Kyoko , Soejima Kyoko
Published: April 2018

A subclinical cardiac perforation by a device cup of the Micra™ transcatheter pacing system was suspected in a 78‐year‐old woman. During the procedure, the device cup was placed on the septum. The contrast media was injected before device deployment and remained outside of the myocardium. Later, a cardiac computed tomography scan visualized a protruded diverticular structure on the right ventricle. The contrast material remained in a pouch within the pericardium. To ensure the device is oriented away from the border between the right ventricular septum and the free wall, right anterior oblique view should be carefully reviewed before deployment.
Greenland blocking index daily series 1851–2015: Analysis of changes in extremes and links with North Atlantic and UK climate variability and change
Authors: Hanna Edward , Hall Richard J. , Cropper Thomas E. , Ballinger Thomas J. , Wake Leanne , Mote Thomas , Cappelen John
Published: April 2018

We present a homogenized Greenland blocking index (GBI) daily record from 1851 to 2015, therefore significantly extending our previously published monthly/seasonal GBI analysis. This new time series is analysed for evidence of changes in extreme events, and we investigate the underlying thermodynamic and dynamic precursors. We compare occurrences and changes in extreme events between our GBI record and a recently published, temporally similar daily North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) series, and use this comparison to test dynamic meteorology hypotheses relating negative NAO to Greenland blocking. We also compare daily GBI changes and extreme events with long‐running indices of England and Wales temperature and precipitation, to assess potential downstream effects of Greenland blocking on UK extreme weather events and climate change. In this extended analysis we show that there have been sustained periods of positive GBI during 1870–1900 and from the late 1990s to present. A clustering of extreme high GBI events since 2000 is not consistently reflected by a similar grouping of extreme low NAO events. Case studies of North Atlantic atmospheric circulation changes linked with extreme high and low daily GBI episodes are used to shed light on potential linkages between Greenland blocking and jet‐stream changes. Particularly noteworthy is a clustering of extreme high GBI events during mid‐October in 4 out of 5 years during 2002–2006, which we investigate from both cryospheric and dynamic meteorology perspectives. Supporting evidence suggests that these autumn extreme GBI episodes may have been influenced by regional sea‐ice anomalies off west Greenland but were probably largely forced by increases in Rossby‐wave train activity originating from the tropical Pacific. However, more generally our results indicate that high GBI winter anomalies are co‐located with sea‐ice anomalies, while there seems to be minimal influence of sea‐ice anomalies on the recent significant increase in summer GBI.
Raman scattering and phase transitions in (NH4)3TiF7
Authors: Gerasimova Y.V. , Oreshonkov A.S. , Laptash N.M. , Krylov A.S. , Aliev A.R. , Roginskii E.M.
Published: April 2018

Raman spectra of (NH4)3TiF7 within spectral range 10–3,400 cm−1 at temperatures 8–370 K are recorded, which revealed 2 phase transitions at temperatures T1 = 355 K and T2 = 283 K. First principles calculations of lattice dynamics and assignment of the observed lines to specific vibrational types are performed. The first phase transition is classified as an “order–disorder” one. Manifestation of 97 cm−1 vibration (mixed translational [NH4 + F7]) evidences the creation of the hydrogen bond between ammonium group and free fluorine atom, indicating to reconstructive type of phase transition an T2 = 283 K. The emergence of a large number of vibrational lines in Raman spectra at low temperatures proves symmetry lowering of NH4 tetrahedra with the simultaneous ordering of TiF6 octahedra.
An organizational change framework for digital servitization: Evidence from the Veneto region
Authors: Bustinza Oscar F. , Gomes Emanuel , Vendrell‐Herrero Ferran , Tarba Shlomo Y.
Published: April 2018

Product firms implementing integrated product/service solutions through in‐house development must have a long‐term commitment to the project and focus on enhancing their resource base and strategic agility. Our results confirm the importance of organizational capabilities and strong firm commitment to the development of integrated solutions. While previous studies have demonstrated the importance of the service business unit’s configuration, this article identifies critical variables (the firm’s strategic agility and capability) that influence make‐or‐buy decisions. Agility is a prerequisite for digital organizational transformation, and our results corroborate that weak firm agility is closely linked to the need for external development of integrated solutions.
Managerial capabilities to address digital business models: The case of digital health
Authors: Gauthier Caroline , Bastianutti Julie , Haggège Meyer
Published: April 2018

The full digitization of products and services coupled with advanced analytics impacts the dynamics of BMs and requires entrepreneurs to adapt their managerial capabilities to meet new challenges regarding customer needs, regulations, and privacy. Our research shows that the three main kinds of managerial capabilities required of entrepreneurs are: information technology (IT) capabilities for internal issues, strategic capabilities for external issues, and BM‐specific capabilities to manage the in/out interface. This research underlines the challenges of managing network effects, value appropriation, and sensitive information in the digital health industry.
Biodegradable Lubricants: What Does ‘Biodegradable’ Really Mean?
Authors: Battersby N.S.
Published: April 2018

A minimum level of biodegradability for either the base fluid(s) or the formulated product is stipulated in all the major schemes for defining an environmentally acceptable lubricant (EAL). Unfortunately, there are many standard tests for assessing biodegradability, while differences in the test conditions and how biodegradation is measured (e.g., carbon dioxide evolution, oxygen consumption, loss of parent material) affect the level of biodegradation measured. This means that the stated biodegradability of the base fluid (or any other component) of an EAL will be dependent on both its molecular properties and the test method used.

This paper describes suitable test methods for assessing the biodegradability of EALs and gives examples of the confusion that can arise with the different test methods. It is recommended that ‘biodegradable’ for an EAL is defined as achieving at least 60% ThCO2 (net CO2 production as percentage of theoretical maximum) after 28 days, when tested according to OECD Test Guideline 301 B (CO2 evolution test).
Additives for Rape Seed Oil 1: Preparation and Tribological Behaviour of a Sulphurised Rape Seed Oil Lubricant Additive
Authors: Fang J.-H. , Chen B.-S. , Dong L. , Wang J. , Li X.-D.
Published: April 2018

A new type of environmentally friendly lubricant additive ‐ a sulphurised rape seed oil additive ‐ was prepared, and the chemical structure characterised using infrared spectroscopy. The tribological properties of the additive in a rape seed base oil were evaluated using a friction tester. The morphologies and tribochemical species of worn surfaces were analysed by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the additive increased the load‐carrying capacity and improved the antiwear and friction‐reducing properties of the rape seed oil. The inferred lubrication mechanism is that a high‐strength adsorption film and a tribochemical reaction film form on rubbing surfaces due to the carrier effect of the long‐chain rape seed oil molecules, the high reactivity of sulphur, and their synergism.
Seal Material and Base Fluid Compatibility: An Overview
Authors: Torbacke M. , Johansson A.
Published: April 2018

This study compares the seal material compatibility of environmentally adapted base fluids with that of mineral and synthetic base fluids. The seal materials studied were nitrite rubber (NBR), hydrogenated nitrile rubber ( HNBR), and fluorine rubber (FKM) elastomers, which are common in lubricated applications. The base fluids studied were synthetic esters (monoester, polyol ester, complex ester, and diester), a natural ester (i.e., vegetable oil), different types of mineral base oils, polyalphaolefin, and a fluid of very high viscosity index. The base fluids have been studied without additives. The elastomeric properties measured include volume, hardness, tensile strength, and elongation. A small elastomer volume increase was observed for mineral base oils whereas a significant increase was noted for all synthetic esters when tested on NBR and HNBR. The mechanical properties of the elastomers deteriorated in all cases. The amount of deterioration (i.e., in the tensile strength and the elongation) was in general less than 30%.
Friction and Wear of Self‐Lubricating Polyimides in Vacuum and Air to High Temperatures
Authors: Merstallinger A. , Gaillard L. , Bieringer H. , Kubinger E. , Brenner J.
Published: April 2018

In an increasing number of tribosystems, liquid lubrication cannot be applied or its application has to be avoided for environmental reasons. Examples include both plain bearings and linear guides used in space applications and in industrial vacuum production devices, e.g., for flat screens. Demand has also grown to raise the upper working temperatures of tribosystems and vacuum tribometers to around 300°C.

For these reasons, a new formulation of polyimide (P84‐HT) for higher temperatures has been developed. Composites (Sintimid) with selected fillers (MoS2, graphite, polytetrafluoroethylene, carbon fibres) were previously tested as to their general properties (physical, thermal, mechanical, vacuum stability) in temperatures up to 300°C and as regards the ECSS requirements for materials for operation in space (vacuum). The Sintimid compounds were successfully qualified according to these considerations. This paper reports a study of their mechanical properties and friction and wear behaviour. In particular. the influence of environmental parameters ‐ atmosphere and temperature ‐ and load are discussed and compared to other known materials, e.g., Vespel SP3. The tribological results are discussed in terms of the different filler types and their combinations.
Additives for Rape Seed Oil 3: Synthesis and Tribological Behaviour of Boron‐Sulphur‐Modified Rape Seed Oil Lubricant Additive
Authors: Fang J.-H. , Chen B.-S. , Dong L. , Wang J. , Li X.-D.
Published: April 2018

A type of boron‐sulphur‐modified rape seed oil for use as a lubricant additive was prepared. The tribological properties of the additive in rape seed oil were evaluated using a friction tester. The morphologies and tribochemical species of the worn surfaces of the test balls were analysed by means of X‐ray photo‐electron spectroscopy. The results show that the additive is very good in increasing the load‐carrying capacity and improving the antiwear and friction‐reducing properties of a rape seed base oil. The inferred lubrication mechanism is that a high‐strength adsorption film and a tribochemical reaction film form on rubbing surfaces due to the carrier effect of the long‐chain fatty acid molecules, to the high reactivities of sulphur and boron, and to the electron deficiency of boron, and their synergism.
The chondrodystrophic dog: A clinically relevant intermediate‐sized animal model for the study of intervertebral disc‐associated spinal pain
Authors: Thompson Kelly , Moore Sarah , Tang Shirley , Wiet Matthew , Purmessur Devina
Published: April 2018

Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, with an estimated 80% of the American population suffering from a painful back condition at some point during their lives. The most common cause of LBP is intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IVDD), a condition that can be difficult to treat, either surgically or medically, with current available therapies. Thus, understanding the pathological mechanisms of IVDD and developing novel treatments are critical for improving outcome and quality of life in people living with LBP. While experimental animal models provide valuable mechanistic insight, each model has limitations that complicate translation to the clinical setting. This review focuses on the chondrodystrophic canine clinical model of IVDD as a promising model to assess IVD‐associated spinal pain and translational therapeutic strategies for LBP. The canine IVD, while smaller in size than human, goat, ovine, and bovine IVDs, is larger than most other small animal IVDD models and undergoes maturational changes similar to those of the human IVD. Furthermore, both dogs and humans develop painful IVDD as a spontaneous process, resulting in similar characteristic pathologies and clinical signs. Future exploration of the canine model as a model of IVD‐associated spinal pain and biological treatments using the canine clinical model will further demonstrate its translational capabilities with the added ethical benefit of treating an existing veterinary patient population with IVDD.
Utilization of aspirin and statin in management of coronary artery disease in patients with cirrhosis undergoing liver transplant evaluation
Authors: Patel Samarth S. , Guzman Luis A. , Lin Fei‐Pi , Pence Taylor , Reichman Trevor , John Binu , Celi Francesco S. , Liptrap Erika , Bhati Chandra , Siddiqui Mohammad S.
Published: April 2018

Coronary artery disease (CAD) assessment is a vital part of liver transplantation (LT) evaluation, as it allows for identification and medical optimization prior to transplantation. Although aspirin and statins are standard of care for CAD, they are not universally used in cirrhosis due to concerns about adverse events. Per protocol, coronary angiography was performed as part of the LT evaluation in all patients over the age of 50 years or with CAD risk factors, even if they were younger than 50. Optimal CAD medical management was defined as the use of both statin and aspirin, unless a contraindication was documented. Impact of these medications on hepatic decompensation, renal function, gastrointestinal bleeding, and need for transfusion was evaluated. CAD was detected in 84/228 (36.8%) patients. Lipid profile was similar in patients with and without CAD. In patients with CAD, statins were started in 19 (23%), while aspirin was used in 30 (36%) patients. In patients with obstructive or multivessel CAD, statin therapy was used only in 41% and 65%, respectively. Statins were more likely to be prescribed in patients with diabetes (32% versus 15%, P = 0.05) and history of dyslipidemia (38% versus 15%, P = 0.02). Use of statin therapy was not linked to hepatic decompensation, hospitalization, or rise in Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD). Similarly, use of aspirin therapy was not associated with increased risk acute variceal hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, or worsening anemia. In conclusion, in decompensated cirrhosis, lipid profile alone is unable to risk stratify patients with CAD. Statin and aspirin appear to be safe. However, they are significantly underutilized for the management of CAD in this patient population. Liver Transplantation 24 872–880 2018 AASLD.
Electrochemical characterization of automotive aluminum alloys regarding their corrosion fatigue behavior
Authors: Engler T. , Andersohn G. , Oechsner M. , de Araújo F. Duarte , Kaufmann H. , Melz T.
Published: April 2018

„Downsizing“ is a well‐established practice in a wide range of industrial application. The aim is to reduce energy and raw material consumption through the enhancement of the efficiency of materials in service. In automotive and supply industry this is related to an increasing demand on performance and comfort whilst decreasing fuel consumption and pollutant emission. This is resulting in a higher and more complex material stress. Hence new testing methods have to be developed and implemented in order to meet the upcoming specifications. Aluminium alloys in chassis components are subjected to corrosion fatigue load and therefore have to be qualified for their use. The behavior of the aluminium alloys EN AW‐6082 T6 and EN AW‐7075 T73 are investigated in this study under simultaneous cyclic mechanical and corrosion loading. Load synchronized electrochemical as well as electrochemical noise measurements are performed to investigate the activation‐ and repassivation processes during corrosion fatigue testing. By monitoring the current these effects are assessed. The data monitored is conditioned by Fast‐Fourier‐Transformation in order to investigate the signal of the current density at different frequencies. Electrochemical noise measurements are performed without polarization and therefore a current transient describes local corrosion at very early stages.
A genetic variant in IL‐15Rα correlates with physical activity among European–American adults
Authors: Bruneau Michael , Walsh Sean , Selinsky Eric , Ash Garrett , Angelopoulos Theodore J. , Clarkson Priscilla , Gordon Paul , Moyna Niall , Visich Paul , Zoeller Robert , Thompson Paul , Gordish‐Dressman Heather , Hoffman Eric , Devaney Joseph , Pescatello Linda S.
Published: April 2018

Background

Interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) is a myokine associated with muscle strength, possibly by attenuating protein breakdown. A variant in the alpha‐receptor (IL‐15Rα 1775 A>C, rs2228059) partially modulates the muscle strength and size response to resistance training. We examined if this polymorphism associated with habitual physical activity among European‐American adults.

Methods

Men (n = 240, 23.7 ± 0.3 year, body mass index [BMI] 25.3 ± 0.3 kg/m2) and women (n = 292, 23.2 ± 0.3 year, 24.0 ± 0.3 kg/m2) were genotyped. Physical activity phenotypes were derived from the Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire. Analysis of covariance (ancova) tested log‐transformed differences between the IL‐15Rα genotype and physical activity phenotypes by gender with age and BMI as covariates.

Results

Men with the IL‐15Rα 1775AA genotype spent more time in light intensity physical activity (39.4 ± 2.4 hr/week) than men with the CC genotype (28.6 ± 2.3 hr/week, (p = .009).

Conclusion

Further research is needed to confirm our finding and determine the possible mechanisms by which the IL‐15Rα variant modulates light intensity physical activity.
Fragile X checklists: A meta‐analysis and development of a simplified universal clinical checklist
Authors: Lubala Toni Kasole , Lumaka Aimé , Kanteng Gray , Mutesa Léon , Mukuku Olivier , Wembonyama Stanislas , Hagerman Randi , Luboya Oscar Numbi , Lukusa Tshilobo Prosper
Published: April 2018

Background

Clinical checklists available have been developed to assess the risk of a positive Fragile X syndrome but they include relatively small sample sizes. Therefore, we carried out a meta‐analysis that included statistical pooling of study results to obtain accurate figures on the prevalence of clinical predictors of Fragile X syndrome among patients with intellectual disability, thereby helping health professionals to improve their referrals for Fragile X testing.

Methods

All published studies consisting of cytogenetic and/or molecular screening for fragile X syndrome among patients with intellectual disability, were eligible for the meta‐analysis. All patients enrolled in clinical checklists trials of Fragile X syndrome were eligible for this review, with no exclusion based on ethnicity or age. Odds ratio values, with 95% confidence intervals as well as Cronbach coefficient alpha, was reported to assess the frequency of clinical characteristics in subjects with intellectual disability with and without the fragile X mutation to determine the most discriminating.

Results

The following features were strongly associated with Fragile X syndrome: skin soft and velvety on the palms with redundancy of skin on the dorsum of hand [OR: 16.85 (95% CI 10.4–27.3; α:0.97)], large testes [OR: 7.14 (95% CI 5.53–9.22; α: 0.80)], large and prominent ears [OR: 18.62 (95% CI 14.38–24.1; α: 0.98)], pale blue eyes [OR: 8.97 (95% CI 4.75–16.97; α: 0.83)], family history of intellectual disability [OR: 3.43 (95% CI 2.76–4.27; α: 0.81)] as well as autistic‐like behavior [OR: 3.08 (95% CI 2.48–3.83; α: 0.77)], Flat feet [OR: 11.53 (95% CI 6.79–19.56; α:0.91)], plantar crease [OR: 3.74 (95% CI 2.67–5.24; α: 0.70)]. We noted a weaker positive association between transverse palmar crease [OR: 2.68 (95% CI 1.70–4.18; α: 0.51)], elongated face [OR: 3.69 (95% CI 2.84–4.81; α: 0.63)]; hyperextensible metacarpo‐phalangeal joints [OR: 2.68 (95% CI 2.15–3.34; α: 0.57)] and the Fragile X syndrome.

Conclusion

This study has identified the highest risk features for patients with Fragile X syndrome that have been used to design a universal clinical checklist.
Accuracy of electron density, effective atomic number, and iodine concentration determination with a dual‐layer dual‐energy computed tomography system
Authors: Hua Chia‐ho , Shapira Nadav , Merchant Thomas E. , Klahr Paul , Yagil Yoad
Published: April 2018

Purpose

This study aimed to quantitate the accuracy of the determination of electron density (ED), effective atomic number (Zeff), and iodine concentration, directed for more accurate radiation therapy planning, with a new dual‐layer dual‐energy computed tomography (DL‐DECT) system. The dependence of the accuracy of these values on the scan and reconstruction parameters, as well as on the phantom size, was also examined.

Methods

Measurements were performed on a commercial DECT system with a DL detector (IQon Spectral CT, Philips Healthcare), using phantoms with various tissue‐equivalent inserts as well as iodine and calcium inserts of different concentrations. The expected values of ED and Zeff for the insert materials were derived from the chemical compositions provided by the vendors. The nominal scan condition for the accuracy measurements was 120 kVp, 20 mGy CTDIvol, 0.812 pitch, 16 × 0.625 mm collimation, and 0.33‐second gantry rotation.

Results

The median deviation of ED ranged from −0.1% to 1.1% for all Gammex tissue inserts. The median deviation of Zeff ranged from −2.3% to 1.7% for soft tissue and bone inserts and was ≤7% for lung inserts. The absolute deviations for ED and Zeff in lung inserts were within 1% of the ED of water and 1 a.u., respectively. For two different phantom sizes, the ED values agreed to within 0.7% and the Zeff values agreed to within 2%, except for the lung inserts. When the scan parameters were changed from 120 kVp/20 mGy to 140 kVp/30 mGy, the ED differed within [−0.51%, 0.65%] and the Zeff differed within [−1.1%, 0.23%] for all materials except lungs, in which Zeff increased by 2.4%. The accuracy of ED and Zeff measurement at 120 kVp was no worse than that at 140 kVp. For iodine quantitation, the median absolute deviations from the nominal values were up to 0.3 mg/mL for iodine concentrations of 2–20 mg/mL, with an overall median deviation of −0.1 mg/mL. Iodine and calcium were well separated on the ED‐Zeff scatter plot, even at the lowest concentrations (2 mg/mL for iodine and 50 mg/mL for calcium).

Conclusions

The accuracy of ED measurement, Zeff determination, and iodine quantitation derived from DL‐DECT was demonstrated with phantom measurements. The accuracies were not sensitive to scan and reconstruction parameters, namely tube potential, dose, rotation time, and spectral reconstruction level, especially in the case of electron density.
Gute Regulatorische Praxis – was ist das?
Authors: Bonarius Thorben
Published: April 2018

Staatliche und internationale Organisationen regeln Chemikalien, Biozide, Pflanzenschutzmittel und Pharmazeutika, um Mensch, Tier und Umwelt schützen – es sollen nur ausreichend sichere und wirksame Produkte auf den Markt gelangen. Dafür gibt es bestimmte Grundsätze.
Stammzelltechnik: Japans systematischer Ansatz
Authors: Schmid Rolf
Published: April 2018

Augenleiden, Herz‐ oder Lebererkrankungen sind vielleicht bald mit modifizierten Zellen – etwa aus dem eigenen Körper – zu behandeln. Japanische Wissenschaftler forschen daran, Unternehmen gehen dafür finanzielle Risiken ein, entwickeln neue Techniken und exportieren mehr.
Die digitale Disziplin
Authors: Vollmer Martin
Published: April 2018

Das Berufsbild des Chemikers wird spannender: Durch die wachsende Bedeutung der Datenanalyse und der Digitalisierung wird Interdisziplinarität immer wichtiger. Die GDCh spielt eine wichtige Rolle, um bestehende Netzwerke zu stärken und um Impulse für die Zukunft zu geben.
Prominent positioniert
Authors: Meinel Christoph
Published: April 2018

August Wilhelm von Hofmann zum 200. Geburtstag: ein fast vergessenes Stück deutscher Gedenkkultur.
Angler Effort Estimates from Instantaneous Aerial Counts: Use of High-Frequency Time-Lapse Camera Data to Inform Model-Based Estimators
Authors: Askey Paul J. , Ward Hillary , Godin Theresa , Boucher Marcus , Northrup Sara
Published: April 2018

Due to the logistics of monitoring remote and diffuse fisheries, typically only a small portion of the annual fishing effort can be observed, and a random sample is often impractical. We used a large data set (over 250,000 observations) from time-lapse cameras placed at 53 lakes across the province of British Columbia, Canada, to better understand the relative influence of different temporal strata (time of day, day type, and month) on the relative number of fishing boats observed on lakes. The high temporal frequency data available from cameras were used to evaluate alternative effort monitoring and estimation strategies for aerial surveys that are commonly used in recreational fisheries. We tested the predictive performance of simple mean count expansion factors versus generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) under random and stratified (targeting high-effort strata) sampling regimes. Out-of-sample cross validation showed that the current sampling protocol and estimation method (mean count expansion) used for aerial surveys in British Columbia have low predictive power and are biased. A stratified sampling design combined with the GLMM estimator was an efficient strategy that could easily be applied to effort monitoring programs using aircraft. Moreover, the GLMM approach is much more flexible to interpret data obtained from nonstandard sampling regimes and can estimate angler effort over any temporal scale. We outline several summary statistics on accuracy, precision, and bias of estimates at different sample sizes so that managers can evaluate expected precision versus sampling effort in their management jurisdictions. Furthermore, we suggest that our general approach of using camera data to parameterize predictive models applied to data from other low-frequency effort monitoring methods (such as aircraft) can easily be replicated elsewhere.
Precision of Three Structures for Saugeye Age Estimation
Authors: Koch Jeff , Neely Ben , Sowards Bryan
Published: April 2018

We evaluated the precision of age estimates obtained from sagittal otoliths, scales, and dorsal fin spines from 341 saugeyes (Walleye Sander vitreus × Sauger S. canadensis) collected from six Kansas reservoirs. Between-reader agreement was greatest for otoliths, followed by dorsal spines and then scales. Coefficient of variation (CV) values for between-reader comparisons were 1.3–3.1% for otoliths and 13.8–18.2% for dorsal spines. Between-reader comparisons for scales were the most variable, with CV estimates between 19.9% and 23.1%. Age estimates from otoliths aligned with age estimates from scales more often than with estimates from dorsal spines, although age estimate comparisons between structures were generally variable. Between-reader agreement for scales and dorsal spines decreased with increasing estimated age; however, agreement for otoliths generally remained high (i.e., >80%) through age 10. Given greater precision relative to other structures, we recommend the use of sectioned otoliths to estimate ages of saugeyes, especially when sacrificing the fish is not a concern.
Returns of Chum Salmon Released from Net-Pens and Rivers in Eastern Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Kasugai Kiyoshi , Sakamoto Hiroyuki , Miyakoshi Yasuyuki , Nagata Mitsuhiro
Published: April 2018

The effectiveness of net-pen release of Chum Salmon Oncorhynchus keta in improving commercial coastal and river catches was examined by releasing marked fish from seawater net-pens in Nemuro Bay or into the Nishibetsu River, eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Chum Salmon fry were reared in the hatchery and marked by clipping either the left or right pelvic fin in 2006 and 2007; the fin clip was used to distinguish between net-pen and river releases. Returning marked fish were surveyed in 17 set nets along the coast of Nemuro Bay, a small set net at the Betsukai Fishing Port, and a salmon weir in the Nishibetsu River 2–5 years after release. No differences were observed in the coastal catch period between the net-pen-released and river-released fishes. Estimated coastal return rates of the net-pen-released fish (0.929% and 0.845%) were twice those of the river-released fish (0.488% and 0.406%). However, six to seven times more river-released fish (river catch rate = 9.591% and 7.513%) migrated upstream than net-pen-released fish (1.292% and 1.192%). Our results suggest that the use of marine net-pens for Chum Salmon will not sustainably improve adult salmon catches in rivers, although it might increase coastal catches.
Quasi-Stationary Atlantic Cod Bycatch Estimation in the Maine American Lobster Homarus americanus Trap Fishery
Authors: Boenish Robert , Chen Yong
Published: April 2018

The Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua population in the Gulf of Maine (GOM) is currently near historically low levels of abundance. Reliable estimates of incidental Atlantic Cod bycatch from Maine's American lobster Homarus americanus fishery, which are unavailable and not included in the current stock assessment, are potentially critical for understanding complete catch dynamics and are thus essential for rebuilding the stock. Available fishery-dependent data cannot be used directly in estimating Atlantic Cod bycatch because of nonrandom spatial and temporal sampling efforts. We developed a standardized framework for estimating Atlantic Cod bycatch in Maine's inshore lobster fishery for the years 2006–2013. We employed environmental covariates in a bootstrapped generalized additive model framework to standardize monthly zonal Atlantic Cod bycatch per unit effort (BCPUE) and lobster CPUE. Bootstrapped distributions of standardized CPUE and BCPUE were combined with landings data to estimate spatiotemporally explicit confidence intervals of Atlantic Cod discards in the Maine lobster fishery. Modeling results remained consistent throughout the study years, suggesting robustness in our approach. The estimates of Atlantic Cod discards in the lobster fishery improve the understanding of the total GOM Atlantic Cod bycatch and help to address current stock assessment deficiencies.
No Injuries in European Sea Bass Tetanized by Pulse Stimulation Used in Electrotrawling
Authors: Soetaert M. , Verschueren B. , Decostere A. , Saunders J. , Polet H. , Chiers K.
Published: April 2018

Electrotrawling using electric pulse stimulation is a promising alternative to beam trawling in the brown shrimp Crangon crangon and Dover Sole Solea solea (also known as Solea vulgaris) fisheries of the North Sea. In the sole fishery, a 40–80-Hz pulse stimulation induces tetany in the muscles, which may result in injuries. Whereas no injuries have been reported in flatfish or selachian sharks and rays, electrically induced spinal injuries have been observed in gadoids such as Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua and Whiting (also known as European Whiting) Merlangius merlangus. This may indicate that fish species with a fusiform shape are more susceptible to electric pulses. Similar variation among species in electrically induced spinal injuries has been observed in freshwater electrofishing, although large variability in vulnerability has been reported among different freshwater fusiform species. Therefore, we aimed to assess the vulnerability of another, nongadoid, fusiform osteichthyan: Sea Bass Dicentrarchus labrax (also known as European Bass Morone labrax). Two length groups of Sea Bass (31.3 ± 2.2 and 42.1 ± 2.5 cm) were exposed to electric pulses as used in commercial electrotrawls targeting Sole (80 bipolar pulses per second, 2% duty cycle). Thereafter, the fish were monitored daily and then euthanized 14 d after exposure for gross, radiographic, and histologic examination. No injuries were found in fish exposed to the electrical pulses. Differences in vertebral morphology among fusiform species may result in varying vulnerabilities to electrically induced spinal injuries. As a result, electrically induced spinal injuries and/or their variability in both marine and freshwater species may be determined by similar morphological parameters.
Entrainment of Juvenile and Adult American Shad at a Pumped Storage Facility
Authors: Mathur Dilip , Heisey Paul G. , Royer Doug D. , White Eric J. , Slowik Adam C. , Bleistine Ray A. , Pracheil Brenda M. , Long Kimberly A. , Sullivan Thomas J.
Published: April 2018

The American Shad Alosa sapidissima has been targeted for restoration to the upper Susquehanna River, and entrainment losses at hydroelectric facilities on the river, including the Muddy Run Pumped Storage Facility, are of concern for the potential growth of the American Shad population. Based on the integration of pumping volume, time of entrainment, and literature-reported diel emigration of juvenile American Shad, the entrainment rate (N = 145; 53 exposed to pumping) was estimated at 3.5%. The entrainment rate for adults (N = 507) was estimated at 0.3–3.9%. Using multistate mark–recapture models, the estimated entrainment probabilities (Ψ) of radio-tagged juveniles were higher during periods of extended pumping (>1 h; Ψ = 0.093; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.054–0.156) than at periods of no pumping or short-duration pumping (<1 h; Ψ < 0.0001; 95% CI = 0.0–0.001); the high extended pumping occurred between 2300 and 0600 hours. Entrainment probabilities for adults were low (Ψ < 0.02); the highest probability occurred for fish detected downstream of the intake during the peak portion of the run (Ψ = 0.015; 95% CI = 0.004–0.047). Entrainment probability for most adult fish did not differ from zero. The low values of Ψ for both life stages were attributed to (1) the deep location of the intake (intake ceiling >11.7 m below the water surface), (2) the surface orientation of American Shad (upper 3.1 m), (3) the low overlap between high-volume pumping and peak emigration/migration times, (4) the pumping volume relative to prevailing river flows, and (5) the prolonged, robust swimming speed of American Shad, particularly that of adults (>2.2 m/s), which exceeded the intake velocity (0.2–0.9 m/s). Entrainment of juveniles increased with co-occurrence of low incoming river flows, high pumping volume, and peak emigration times. Quantification of migratory species’ entrainment at pumped storage facilities requires integration of diel migration/emigration times with the frequency, timing, and duration of pumping volume.