bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons in State Capacity from Delhi's Schools
Authors: Aiyar Yamini
Published: October 2024

What will it take to build high-performing, purpose-oriented public systems in India? In answering this question, it is all too common to dismiss the voices of India’s army of frontline officers charged with running schools and health centres and delivering the vast array of public services to citizens. Weak state capacity is a well-recognized reality that has contributed to the persistent poor quality of public services (poor learning outcomes, broken health care, gaps in the provision of water, sanitation, law and order) in India. In public debates on the Indian state, the frontline is seen as the problem. This book pushes back on this dominant discourse by training an empathetic ear to the voices of the frontlines of the Indian State. It does so through a thick descriptive account of an ambitious effort to improve the quality of Government schools, specifically its ability to equip students with basic foundational literacy and numeracy, in the city-state of Delhi. It documents the trials and tribulations of teachers, heads of schools, bureaucrats, and reformers as they struggled to implement reforms. In doing so, it offers new insights into what it takes to build state capacity and embed reform ideas into the public system. In doing so, this book makes the case for reframing the debate on state capacity to focus on the centrality of organizational culture, professional identity, and aligning management practices with mission oriented purpose as the critical ingredients of building state capacity and entrenching a learning-oriented approach in the education system.
French Mapping and Colonization of 19th-Century West Africa
Authors: Bassett Thomas J.
Published: October 2024

Maps stand out in popular images of European colonization of Africa but are rarely discussed in the scholarly literature. This essay fills this gap by exploring the intertwined nature of mapping and colonization. French mapping of late 19th-century West Africa demonstrates the contribution of maps and mapmaking to colonialism as well as the influence of colonialism on map history. The essay begins with a review of contrasting approaches to map history. Conventional approaches focus on maps as increasingly accurate representations of reality and the role of individual mapmakers. Critical approaches emphasize mapping discourses and practices. This section is followed by a case study of French imperial and colonial mapping of West Africa that adopts a processual approach to map history. It views mappings as contingent processes that unfold in the course of solving socio-spatial problems. The essay presents a network mapping approach to investigate the relational nature of mapping in the making of colonial French Sudan. The final sections point to the major map archives in France and the primary and secondary literature pertinent to this topic. The essay concludes with a call for further research that explores the impact of mapping on the imperial and colonial history of Africa and the effects of imperialism and colonialism on map history.
Best Practices for Supporting Transgender Youth in Schools
Authors: Mulkern Patrick , Wei August , Price Maggi
Published: October 2024

Transgender youth are those whose genders do not align with their sex assigned at birth. Transgender youth are increasingly visible and frequently encounter discrimination and a lack of understanding from others, especially at school. As a result, they experience profound mental health challenges, with one in five transgender youth attempting suicide. However, such youth who are adequately supported do not experience serious mental health difficulties. Accordingly, promoting school support for transgender youth is critical. While school staff know how to help youth generally, many want more guidance on how to help transgender youth. However, few resources provide clear and actionable best practices for school staff to help transgender youth.

Best practices for supporting transgender youth in schools include verbal, behavioral, and visual skills that all school staff can use. Research shows that when these practices are used, transgender youth experience fewer mental health challenges, feel more connected to their school community, and do better academically.

There are at least 20 best practices for supporting transgender youth in schools supported by empirical and practice-based literature; they span four categories: (a) language to use and avoid, (b) coming out at school, (c) creating a supportive school environment, and (d) preventing and intervening in bullying. Examples include sharing pronouns, advocating for, and sharing the location of gender-inclusive facilities, and intervening in gender-based bullying. School staff—including school social workers—can and should use this set of easy-to-implement, research-informed best practices to improve transgender youths’ mental health.
Identifying the proximal cue(s) for pupal color variation in the bordered patch butterfly, Chlosyne lacinia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Phelps Jamie M , Santiago-Rosario Luis Y , Kelly Morgan W
Published: October 2024

Coloration is a multifaceted trait that serves various functions, including predator defense, thermoregulation, and immune response, among others. We investigated pupal color variation in Chlosyne lacinia pupae, focusing on identifying the cue that influences variation in melanization. Through laboratory experiments, we demonstrated that pupae reared on black backgrounds exhibited significantly higher melanization compared to those on white backgrounds. Additionally, black pupae experienced longer developmental periods, suggesting a trade-off between defense and developmental time. Our findings support crypsis as a likely evolutionary driver for increased melanization in response to substrate color. We discuss potential implications for predator avoidance, immune response, and developmental costs associated with melanization. This study provides insights into the adaptive significance of pupal melanization in response to environmental cues, shedding light on the complex interplay between life history traits in butterflies.
Quantitative analysis of sodium concentration in condiments, soft drinks, and mineral water by external standard 23Na-qNMR
Authors: Ogura Kenji
Published: October 2024

Sodium is essential for human health, but excessive intake can lead to hypertension. Accurate sodium labeling in foods is critical due to increasing health awareness. This study investigated the use of 23Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) for sodium quantification in condiments, soft drinks, and mineral water. In this study, external standard quantitative 23Na-NMR was used to measure sodium concentrations. Key steps included sample preparation, 90° pulse width calibration, and linewidth evaluation. The results showed that 23Na-NMR can accurately quantify sodium concentrations over a wide range, with good agreement with ion electrode methods. The results demonstrated that 23Na-NMR is a reliable method for the quantification of sodium in various liquid foods.
m6ATM: a deep learning framework for demystifying the m6A epitranscriptome with Nanopore long-read RNA-seq data
Authors: Yu Boyi , Nagae Genta , Midorikawa Yutaka , Tatsuno Kenji , Dasgupta Bhaskar , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Ueda Hiroki
Published: October 2024

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant and well-known modifications in messenger RNAs since its discovery in the 1970s. Recent studies have demonstrated that m6A is involved in various biological processes, such as alternative splicing and RNA degradation, playing an important role in a variety of diseases. To better understand the role of m6A, transcriptome-wide m6A profiling data are indispensable. In recent years, the Oxford Nanopore Technology Direct RNA Sequencing (DRS) platform has shown promise for RNA modification detection based on current disruptions measured in transcripts. However, decoding current intensity data into modification profiles remains a challenging task. Here, we introduce the m6A Transcriptome-wide Mapper (m6ATM), a novel Python-based computational pipeline that applies deep neural networks to predict m6A sites at a single-base resolution using DRS data. The m6ATM model architecture incorporates a WaveNet encoder and a dual-stream multiple-instance learning model to extract features from specific target sites and characterize the m6A epitranscriptome. For validation, m6ATM achieved an accuracy of 80% to 98% across in vitro transcription datasets containing varying m6A modification ratios and outperformed other tools in benchmarking with human cell line data. Moreover, we demonstrated the versatility of m6ATM in providing reliable stoichiometric information and used it to pinpoint PEG10 as a potential m6A target transcript in liver cancer cells. In conclusion, m6ATM is a high-performance m6A detection tool, and our results pave the way for future advancements in epitranscriptomic research.
DeepCheck: multitask learning aids in assessing microbial genome quality
Authors: Wei Guo , Wu Nannan , Zhao Kunyang , Yang Sihai , Wang Long , Liu Yan
Published: October 2024

Metagenomic analyses facilitate the exploration of the microbial world, advancing our understanding of microbial roles in ecological and biological processes. A pivotal aspect of metagenomic analysis involves assessing the quality of metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), crucial for accurate biological insights. Current machine learning–based methods often treat completeness and contamination prediction as separate tasks, overlooking their inherent relationship and limiting models’ generalization. In this study, we present DeepCheck, a multitasking deep learning framework for simultaneous prediction of MAG completeness and contamination. DeepCheck consistently outperforms existing tools in accuracy across various experimental settings and demonstrates comparable speed while maintaining high predictive accuracy even for new lineages. Additionally, we employ interpretable machine learning techniques to identify specific genes and pathways that drive the model’s predictions, enabling independent investigation and assessment of these biological elements for deeper insights.
What is Life Story Work? How defining approaches can bring clarity to research, training, and practice
Authors: Neal Laura , Matthews Kimberley
Published: October 2024

Within health and social care settings, Life Story Work (LSW) for care-experienced children and young people is a social intervention that includes using a biographical or narrative approach. LSW is cited in policy, practice guidance and literature as important in helping young people develop their identity, increase placement stability and in supporting mental health and well-being. Despite an acknowledgement of the potential benefits of LSW, recent studies suggest that little is known about LSW effectiveness in practice, with a lack of qualitative studies available. In this article, we explore the potential benefits of LSW to care-experienced young people and the barriers to research, training, and practice, and suggest that clearly defined approaches could provide clarity for carers, practitioners and researchers. We introduce five defined approaches to LSW that are informed by literature and current practice. We provide examples of how they might be incorporated into research, training, and practice, then discuss how use of the five approaches could meet practice guidance requirements, and increase the emotional and psychological well-being of care-experienced young people. We conclude by suggesting how the approaches may be used within LSW research to develop an international evidence base for best practice.
9-Fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-modified taurine as a hydrogelator bearing sulfonate group
Authors: Sugiura Shintaro , Higashi Sayuri L , Shintani Yuki , Shibata Aya , Hirosawa Koichiro M , Suzuki Kenichi G N , Ikeda Masato
Published: October 2024

Here, we report that a 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc)-modified taurine (Fmoc-Tau) can act as a hydrogelator. The supramolecular hydrogels of Fmoc-Tau were constructed through the self-assembly to form fibrous structures under physiologically relevant aqueous conditions. Fluorescence microscopy was employed to investigate the accumulation of basic fibroblast growth factors along the self-assembled fibrous structures.
Dashing off a Diagnosis: Diagnostic Reading in Meg Mason’s Sorrow and Bliss
Authors: Allitt Marie
Published: October 2024

Sorrow and Bliss (2020) concerns one woman’s experiences of mental illness, from adolescence into adulthood, and the unraveling of her marriage, culminating in receiving the diagnosis of “– –.” This “diagnosis novel” treats the moment of disclosure as transformative, but it is withheld from the reader. In this essay, I argue that this omission creates a certain kind of reading which seeks to unlock the mystery. Ultimately, however, the novel ends without explanation, aside from a paratext explaining that it is no real illness. I argue that the multiple levels of diagnostic disclosure and disillusionment challenge us to reconsider and reassess our assumptions about the power of diagnosis. This essay offers an opportunity to reflect on our complicit impulse to pathologize and categorize individuals.
Shifts in geographic vulnerability of US corn crops under different climate change scenarios: corn flea beetle (Chaetocnema pulicaria) and Stewart’s Wilt (Pantoea stewartii) bacterium
Authors: Schattman Rachel E , Merrill Scott C , Tracy William F
Published: October 2024

Changing climate patterns will likely affect insect pressure on many agricultural crops. Mild winters may decrease the number of insects that experience reduced fecundity or that are killed during hard freezes. This may result in larger populations in subsequent years and allow for range expansion. Direct effects from pests are compounded by indirect effects, such as crop damage resulting from insect-vectored diseases. Corn flea beetle (Chaetocnema pulicaria) infestations have both direct and indirect effects on crops. This beetle is a pest on all types of corn in the United States, including sweet corn and grain corn (sometimes referred to as dent corn). It is responsible for damage to plant foliage and also serves as the primary overwintering vector for Pantoea stewartii bacterium, which causes Stewart’s Wilt, a disease that can severely impact the health and productivity of corn. Evidence suggests that warmer winters will contribute to a geographic range expansion for the corn flea beetle. Here we show the projected northward expansion of economically damaging crop losses caused by Stewart’s Wilt: (A) from 1980 to 2011, (B) projected by mid-century, and (C) projected by end-century. Our work suggests that climate change and associated increasing winter temperatures in the United States will lead to a dramatic increase in the probability of severe damage from corn flea beetle across the United States, including the Corn Belt. Predicted increases in pest and disease pressure will have negative ramifications for corn production and are likely to exacerbate issues associated with specific management tactics, such as pesticide application.
Balancing realist review outputs with the needs of policymakers and practitioners
Authors: Mukumbang Ferdinand C , Klingberg Sonja , Adhikari Bipin
Published: October 2024

A realist review is a theory-driven approach to synthesizing evidence based on the realist philosophy of science. Realist reviews are conducted to provide the policy and practice community with a rich, detailed and practical understanding of complex social interventions that will likely be of much more use to them when planning and implementing programmes. Robust realist reviews must balance philosophical engagement, methodological rigour and relevance to practice. Nevertheless, they have been criticized for being more philosophically inclined and less methodologically robust, with findings that have little implication for practice. Using the philosophy/epistemology➔ methodology➔ theory➔ practice concept flow, we report how we balanced philosophical principles and practical insights in a recently conducted realist review on participatory practices that impact the benefits of non-communicable disease research and interventions in low- and middle-income countries. If realist reviews are not comprehensible enough for these practitioners, their utility and relevance may suffer from being limited to a specialist cohort of academics. We propose that realist review findings and outputs must be framed and communicated to meaningfully engage practitioners without undertaking translational efforts.
The role of social identity in a suicide prevention programme for construction workers in Australia
Authors: Gullestrup Jorgen , Thomas Samantha , King Tania , LaMontagne Anthony D
Published: October 2024

Each year, more than 700 000 people die by suicide globally, the majority of whom are men. The United Nations and World Health Organization have set targets to reduce suicide rates by one-third by 2030. While large-scale suicide prevention programmes are required to meet these targets, diffusion of these types of initiatives is difficult—particularly with male populations. This qualitative study investigated the MATES in Construction suicide prevention programme in Australia. Guided by Social Identity Theory and the Social Identity Model for Collective Action, the study aimed to understand why construction workers chose to volunteer and advocate for industry-based suicide prevention programmes, and how their worker identity, solidarity and relationships impacted their volunteering and advocacy. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 participants who had chosen to engage with MATES as volunteers. Data were interpreted using a reflexive approach to thematic analysis, and four themes were constructed from the data relating to feelings of belonging, connection and solidarity between workers and their industry; how specific context and roles impacted identity while existing within an overall sense of identity and solidarity; how industry mateship supported engagement in suicide prevention; and how the role of lived experience, mateship and responsibility provided hope for change. Providing intervention skills to workers, particularly workers with a lived experience of mental ill-health, empowered them to believe that they could make a difference by acting collectively. The MATES engagement model described in this study may have applications for other health promotion prevention programmes targeting male cultures.
Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Chlamydia trachomatis in Women and Associations With Chlamydia Outcomes
Authors: Yu Hong , Geisler William M , Dai Chuanbin , Gupta Kanupriya , Cutter Gary , Brunham Robert C
Published: October 2024

We assessed neutralizing antibody responses in a well-characterized cohort of 60 women with different Chlamydia trachomatis infection outcomes noted at a treatment visit and 3-month follow-up. We found varying rates of neutralization (inhibition of C trachomatis) in sera at different dilution levels and varying neutralizing antibody titers across outcomes. Median neutralization rates were significantly higher in sera at high dilutions (1:320–1:1280) from women with spontaneous resolution vs persisting infection before treatment (all P < .05). These findings suggest that neutralizing antibody responses may contribute to protective immunity against chlamydia.
Witness Preparation at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Pulvirenti Rossella
Published: October 2024

The case law on witness preparation at the International Criminal Court (ICC) does not provide a coherent answer to whether it is admissible. Similarly, scholars have examined this practice from different perspectives, but they have not come to a consensus, and no academic study focuses on the link between witness preparation and witnesses’ well-being. This article analyses ICC case law on this issue and identifies three different approaches to witness preparation. It suggests that witness preparation corresponds to a legal obligation under Article 68 of the Rome Statute to protect witnesses’ well-being. Additionally, Article 68 imposes an obligation to ensure witnesses are adequately prepared upon the entire ICC and not only its judges. This article recommends that the ICC should hold a broad consultation on witness preparation with different actors. Finally, given that the practice has the potential to be abused, this article provides some suggestions on how to balance witness preparation with the right to a fair trial and witnesses’ rights.
Geographic variability of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of nonvolant terrestrial small mammals (Rodentia) across 3 Brazilian biomes
Authors: Diniz-Reis Thaís Rovere , Abdalla Filho Adibe Luiz , Augusto Fernanda Gaudio , Kisaka Tiago Borges , Marques Thiago Simon , Ribeiro Juliana Fernandes , Percequillo Alexandre Reis , Nardoto Gabriela Bielefeld , Verdade Luciano Martins , de Camargo Plínio Barbosa , Martinelli Luiz Antônio
Published: October 2024

In this study, we investigated landscape variability of the carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of nonvolant small mammals in the 3 main Brazilian biomes (Amazon, Atlantic Forest, and Cerrado) while also considering the differential spatial distribution of C4 plants in these biomes. We compiled a subset of data on stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from nonvolant small mammals of the order Rodentia and compared the aggregated isotopic variability at the biome level using classical δ13C–δ15N biplot. The concept of isotopic niche width was used to test whether different foraging attributes drive their isotopic composition, while a Bayesian isotopic mixing model was used to estimate the proportion of 3 main food categories available to these small mammals. We also developed isoscapes in the Brazilian biomes, interpolating animals δ13C and δ15N based on the geographic coordinates of each sample and “sourcescapes” considering geographic variation of the dietary sources. The findings of this study advance our understanding of the foraging ecology of small mammals in biodiversity-rich regions of the Neotropics. Classical methodologies such as stomach content confirmed dietary choices revealed by the stable isotopic composition and also highlighted the importance of C3 and C4 plants in the diet of this group of animals, especially in biomes such as the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado, where there is a predominance of highly altered landscapes. These results confirm that replacing the original vegetation with C4 crops has altered the feeding patterns of small mammals, which could lead to critical ecological changes in the trophic structure of these areas. Vertical stratification of the dietary niche and the interaction between biome and foraging lifestyle were also observed. However, in each biome, there was significant intraspecific and interspecific variation caused by preferences for ingestion of plant and animal material, leading to different degrees of omnivory. Finally, the high local variability between individuals and species requires a larger sampling design that may also contribute to improved spatial resolution of the isoscapes.
Two critical membranes: how does the chloroplast envelope affect plant acclimation properties?
Authors: John Annalisa , Keller Isabel , Ebel Katharina W , Neuhaus H Ekkehard
Published: October 2024

Chloroplasts play a pivotal role in the metabolism of leaf mesophyll cells, functioning as a cellular hub that orchestrates molecular reactions in response to environmental stimuli. These organelles contain complex protein machinery for energy conversion and are indispensable for essential metabolic pathways. Proteins located within the chloroplast envelope membranes facilitate bidirectional communication with the cell and connect essential pathways, thereby influencing acclimation processes to challenging environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations and light intensity changes. Despite their importance, a comprehensive overview of the impact of envelope-located proteins during acclimation to environmental changes is lacking. Understanding the role of these proteins in acclimation processes could provide insights into enhancing stress tolerance under increasingly challenging environments. This review highlights the significance of envelope-located proteins in plant acclimation.
Revised temperatures for two benchmark M-dwarfs – outliers no more
Authors: Martin David V , Armitage Tayt , Duck Alison , Swayne Matthew I , Martínez Romy Rodríguez , Sethi Ritika , Stassun G Keivan , Gaudi B Scott , Gill Sam , Sebastian Daniel , Maxted Pierre F L
Published: October 2024

Well-characterized M-dwarfs are rare, particularly with respect to effective temperature. In this letter, we re-analyse two benchmark M-dwarfs in eclipsing binaries from Kepler/K2: KIC 1571511AB and HD 24465AB. Both have temperatures reported to be hotter or colder by $\approx 1000$ K in comparison with both models and the majority of other M-dwarfs in the literature. By modelling the secondary eclipses with both the original data and new data from TESS, we derive significantly different temperatures: $2865\pm 27$ for KIC 1571511B and $3081\pm 32$ for HD 24465B from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) and $3114\pm 32$ K for HD 24465B from K2. These new temperatures are not outliers. Removing this discrepancy allows these M-dwarfs to be truly benchmarks. Our work also provides relief to stellar modellers. We encourage more measurements of M-dwarf effective temperatures with robust methods.
Boosting the evolutionary picture of galaxy clusters: a case study at intermediate-redshift of Cl 0024+17 and MS 0451−03
Authors: Costa A P , Ribeiro A L B , de Carvalho R R , Benavides J A
Published: October 2024

In this work we improve the dynamic-evolutionary framework of two massive clusters at intermediate redshifts: Cl 0024+17 at $z \sim 0.4$ and MS 0451−03 at $z \sim 0.5$. The spectroscopic galaxy members were selected from Moran et al. (2007a), which combine optical and UV imaging with spectroscopy. Using a set of dynamic estimators with different approaches, our results show that both Cl 0024+17 and MS 0451−03 are non-relaxed systems with distinct dynamical configurations. Cl 0024+17 exhibits a disturbed kinematics, displaying significant gaps and a velocity dispersion profile suggesting a merger. This is confirmed by the presence of previously reported substructures and new ones identified in this study. MS 0451−03 appears less disturbed than Cl 0024+17, indicating by the significant segregation between late and early-type galaxies, with the latter occupying more central regions of the projected phase-space. However, five previously unobserved substructures and non-Gaussianity in the velocity distribution indicate that MS 0451−03 is also out of equilibrium. In both clusters, there are substructures infalling onto the systems, indicating key moments in their assembly histories and potential effects on the pre-processing of galaxies within these subgroups. This is suggested by the high percentage of early-type galaxies outside $R_{200}$ (approximately 83 per cent) in the case of CL 0024+17. This work reinforces the importance of more detailed dynamical analysis of clusters to better characterize their evolutionary picture.
DIONYSUS: a database of protein–carbohydrate interfaces
Authors: Gheeraert Aria , Bailly Thomas , Ren Yani , Hamraoui Ali , Te Julie , Vander Meersche Yann , Cretin Gabriel , Leon Foun Lin Ravy , Gelly Jean-Christophe , Pérez Serge , Guyon Frédéric , Galochkina Tatiana
Published: October 2024

Protein-carbohydrate interactions govern a wide variety of biological processes and play an essential role in the development of different diseases. Here, we present DIONYSUS, the first database of protein-carbohydrate interfaces annotated according to structural, chemical and functional properties of both proteins and carbohydrates. We provide exhaustive information on the nature of interactions, binding site composition, biological function and specific additional information retrieved from existing databases. The user can easily search the database using protein sequence and structure information or by carbohydrate binding site properties. Moreover, for a given interaction site, the user can perform its comparison with a representative subset of non-covalent protein-carbohydrate interactions to retrieve information on its potential function or specificity. Therefore, DIONYSUS is a source of valuable information both for a deeper understanding of general protein-carbohydrate interaction patterns, for annotation of the previously unannotated proteins and for such applications as carbohydrate-based drug design. DIONYSUS is freely available at www.dsimb.inserm.fr/DIONYSUS/.
Chem(Pro)2: the atlas of chemoproteomic probes labelling human proteins
Authors: Fu Songsen , Chen Zhen , Luo Zhiming , Nie Meiyun , Fu Tingting , Zhou Ying , Yang Qingxia , Zhu Feng , Ni Feng
Published: October 2024

Chemoproteomic probes (CPPs) have been widely considered as powerful molecular biological tools that enable the highly efficient discovery of both binding proteins and modes of action for the studied compounds. They have been successfully used to validate targets and identify binders. The design of CPP has been considered extremely challenging, which asks for the generalization using a large number of probe data. However, none of the existing databases gives such valuable data of CPPs. Herein, a database entitled ‘Chem(Pro)2’ was therefore developed to systematically describe the atlas of diverse types of CPPs labelling human protein in living cell/lysate. With the booming application of chemoproteomic technique and artificial intelligence in current chemical biology study, Chem(Pro)2 was expected to facilitate the AI-based learning of interacting pattern among molecules for discovering innovative targets and new drugs. Till now, Chem(Pro)2 has been open to all users without any login requirement at: https://idrblab.org/chemprosquare/
Harm to Myself or Others? A Qualitative Study of the Preferences of People Who Smoke for Messages to Be Included in Cigarette Pack Inserts
Authors: Myers Vicki , Guttman Nurit , Rosen Laura J
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Tobacco package inserts (TPIs) are a novel channel to transmit smoking cessation messages. Research has shown associations between inserts, intentions to quit, and increased self-efficacy. In Israel, TPIs have been legislated but not yet implemented. This study aimed to learn what kind of messages would appeal to people who smoke, for the purpose of developing effective TPIs.

Aims and Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 25 people who smoke or formerly smoked, aged 18–67 years. An inductive and deductive thematic analysis was conducted to enable a dynamic process of coding and identifying themes and categories across interviews.

Results

Two main themes identified were the harms of smoking and motivators for quitting. Many participants were averse to information about the harms of smoking but were interested in specific information about the harm of smoking to others, particularly children, on comparative risks of different tobacco/nicotine products, and about how to address the challenge of addiction. There was a preference for motivational messages encouraging quitting, including how the body recovers, personal quit stories, practical quit tips, and information on cessation services.

Conclusions

Adults who smoke were receptive to the idea of TPI but considered some types of information superfluous. It is important to emphasize harm to others, provide information on quit services, and deliver information that is reliable, specific, and evidence-based regarding quitting so that it can be encouraging, useful, and practical. The merits of providing information to people who smoke on the relative risks of different nicotine and tobacco products should also be considered. The findings provide a basis for developing TPI content.

Implications

A large proportion of adults who smoke are interested in quitting. Pack inserts with positive motivating messages, quitline details, and novel information about risks to people who smoke and particularly to others, should be developed and tested, and subsequently distributed nationally to reach all those who open a cigarette package.
Right to the City
Authors: Friendly Abigail
Published: October 2024

Activists and academics often invoke claims for a “right to the city,” frequently based on philosopher Henri Lefebvre’s ideas, first penned in the late 1960s. Associated with broad calls for social justice and transformative urban change, it has become somewhat of an umbrella term for a range of specific demands. Coming under widespread practical use, right to the city claims touch on discussions about gentrification, housing, immigration, citizenship, public space, and a multiplicity of other topics. Popularized by Marxist geographer David Harvey, the right to the city has become a rallying cry for a range of actors and groups around the world as a call for better inclusion in all aspects of urban life. Included in international legislation like the 2016 New Urban Agenda, applied through national legislation like the 2001 Statute of the City in Brazil, and framing the goals of multiple advocacy groups, the right to the city has made a significant impact on urban studies, planning, and geography. The idea has been used to demand access to space for urban inhabitants, including low-income residents, immigrants, and the homeless and marginalized, and used to protest unjust treatment and demand improved inclusion in policy processes. Calls for the right to the city generally share a focus on two key emphases: first, a focus on use value rather than exchange value of urban space and resources; and second, appeals for all inhabitants to have the power to shape the city. The concept, as a whole, is framed by the context of considerable social inequalities within cities under conditions of capitalism, together with a call for political mobilization driven by a language of rights. Yet the multiplicity of its meanings has been connected to the loss of its critical potential, suggesting that it has become far too widespread and even diluted. As a result, critics suggest that practically any issue could be ascribed to the right to the city terminology. However, part of the broad appeal of the right to the city is the possibility to attribute a range of possible meanings to what could be considered a rather arcane idea, and to do this through constant engagement with current contextual and political conditions. Therefore, its broad appeal can be seen as a possibility to continuously refine and reconceptualize the right to the city in our current times.
Onomastics
Authors: Solin Heikki
Published: October 2024

This article deals with the use of proper names in the Greco-Roman world. The main stress is laid on names of historical persons; other name categories are divine and heroic names, ethnics, toponyms, names of animals, festivities, and so on. The main sources for ancient onomastics are the hundreds of thousands of inscriptions (including coin legends) and papyri, as well as ancient literary works. Since the decipherment of the Linear B texts, the beginning of the Greek name repertoire has been extended to circa 1400 bce. In Rome, the first known personal names date to the seventh century bce. Greek nomenclature is closely affiliated with the Indo-European pattern; its main features can be seen already in Mycenaean Linear B texts and in Homer. As in many other Indo-European languages, like Celtic, German, Slavic, Baltic, Thracian, Indo-Iranian (but not Italic!), the compound names prevailed, but simple names were also numerous (they could be shortenings of compound names or originally simple names, identical to any noun or adjective or suffix derivatives). As in most Indo-European languages, a person bore only one name. It was sufficient in private life, while in public contexts, such as decrees, dedications, or tombstones, it was normally followed by the patronymic in the form of the father’s name in the genitive. An early type of patronymic inherited from Indo-European known in Homer and in Mycenaean, an adjectival form with the suffix -ιος (Αἴας Τελαμώνιος), survived in the historical period only in Aeolic dialects. In addition, patronymics in -ίδης, -(ι)άδης, and in -ίων appear in Homer (Πηλείδης, Πηληιάδης, Πηλείων of Achilles). After the name and the patronymic, an indication of location could further follow: demos or phyle (Δημοσθένης Δημοσθένους Παιανιεύς); one could get along also with the ethnicon (Ἀθηναῖος). It should be emphasized, however, that all these additions were not obligatory; the Greeks were able to manage during the whole of Antiquity with one name only—Rome: In the classical period, the Romans shared with other peoples of Italy, including the Etruscans, a system of personal nomenclature in which the central element was a hereditary family name, gentilicium. The official designation of a freeborn male Roman citizen embraced five components. Thus M. Tullius M. f. Cor. Cicero consists of praenomen, M(arcus); the nomen or gentilicium, the family-name, Tullius; the indication of the father’s name, M(arci) f(ilius); the indication of the Roman voting tribe to which the citizen belonged, Cor(nelia tribu); and the cognomen, Cicero (optional in the Republican age). It is probable, however, that the Italic peoples originally used a single name only. Indo-European compound names were abandoned very early in the proto-Italic period, giving way to simple names, the origin of which often remains obscure, especially of those of the oldest stock. Many are certainly Latin, such as the numerical praenomina such as Quintus and Sextus. Others are definitely of Etruscan origin, as Aulus from avle (derived from avil, “year”).
Mining and Metallurgy
Authors: Graulau Jeannette
Published: October 2024

Mining and metallurgy experienced decisive changes linked to available geological possibilities and the political, economic, and cultural transformation of Europe. Extraction of lead, iron, silver, copper, gold, and other metals led to continual adaptations of water-pumping machines and blast furnace technology. With successes and failures, miners adapted wind-blown hearths, bellows-blown furnaces, and cupellation techniques to a whole range of crude ores. Techniques spread from one mining district to the next, expanding metal production in towns of the Black Forest, Devon, Alsace, the Alps and the Dinaric Alps, the Carpathians, the Ore Rich Hills of Tuscany, Mediterranean islands, the Pyrenees, and the Iberian Baetic Cordillera. Over the last decades, historians have emphasized the role of demographic and income expansion in the success of mining and metallurgy. Increasing demand for African gold, Chinese silk, and other Asian goods by European ruling classes and merchants created stimulus for intensifying mining and metallurgical activities. After the Spanish conquest of the Americas, a new method for treating silver ores emerged in Mexico, radically expanding the metallurgical possibilities of mining districts. A corpus of knowledge of mining and metallurgy emerged, distilling, absorbing, and clashing with alchemical views that refused to die easily. Mining bureaucracies, royal mine officers, and mining financiers appeared everywhere competition for mines and metals emerged in a European economy increasingly dependent upon mines, metals, and a changing mining and metallurgical industry.
The Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission
Authors: Beckerlegge Gwilym
Published: October 2024

The Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission, together known as the Ramakrishna movement, attribute the source of their inspiration to Sri Ramakrishna (b. c.1836–d. 1886; see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article “Rāmakŗşŋa”). They were effectively created, however, after Ramakrishna’s death by Swami Vivekananda (b. 1863–d. 1902), Ramakrishna’s most prominent disciple (see the separate Oxford Bibliographies article “Vivekananda”). Together with Sri Sarada Devi, Ramakrishna’s wife and spiritual consort, who is held to be the movement’s Holy Mother, they comprise the movement’s “Spiritual Trinity.” The Ramakrishna Math (or Order) traces its origins to a cluster of young, largely unmarried, male devotees. Under Vivekananda’s leadership, they cared for Ramakrishna during his terminal illness and after Ramakrishna’s death ritually inducted themselves into saṃnyāsa (a life of renunciation). The Ramakrishna Mission was created in 1897 on Vivekananda’s return to Calcutta after a four-year absence in the United States and Europe, following his attendance at the World’s Parliament of Religions. The Mission is dedicated to offering sevā, service to the recipient held to be a manifestation of the divine. By the time Vivekananda returned to India in 1897, he had already established in New York the first Vedanta Society, the name commonly given to branches of the Ramakrishna movement beyond India, also referred to as Vedanta Centers. Vedanta Societies/Centers are branches of the Ramakrishna Math. Vivekananda had also gathered a circle of followers in London. Several of these first American and British supporters played significant roles in the subsequent development of the Math and Mission. Legally separate, the Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission function as one under the direction of the president of the Ramakrishna Math and a board of trustees. The principles that govern the Math (including Vedanta Societies/Centers) and Mission, which were formulated under Vivekananda’s influence and continue to direct these organizations, envisage them having overlapping but also distinct roles. All branches are committed to promoting the teaching of Ramakrishna and, among other things, celebrating festivals. Branches of the Math and Mission in India and other historically less affluent countries are expected to assist in advancing material and social uplift, healthcare, and education through sevā. Vedanta Centers located in the more affluent settings of United States and Europe are expected to confine themselves to spiritual service.
Maritime Literature
Authors: Publicover Laurence , Packham Jimmy
Published: October 2024

Maritime literature is the literature of ships and sailing, of seafaring and water-logged contention with the tempestuous elements in the midst of an ocean. The literary works most likely to come to mind are the grand voyage narratives of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by writers such as Melville and Conrad—and to lesser degrees these days, Scott and Cooper—while the most significant historical points of reference include voyages of exploration and colonization, transatlantic slavery, and the long history of efforts to fathom the sea’s depths. In approaching the vast and diverse body of work that might be apprehended under the term “maritime literature,” this article foregrounds literary and scholarly work that concerns itself, above all, with the experience of being at sea: work interested, that is, in encounters with (and those enabled by) the ocean. In this way, we want to emphasize the many ways that the Atlantic Ocean is a space (or place) in its own right. Rather than conceiving the “Atlantic world” as one made up of the nations that sit on the periphery of this ocean, then, this bibliography—in the influential words of Hester Blum—“takes the sea as a proprioceptive point of inquiry” (“The Prospect of Oceanic Studies,” PMLA 125.3 (2010): 670–677 (p. 671)). Our aim here is also to indicate how literary scholarship that draws on or sits within what we might call “maritime studies”—scholarship that is concerned with literary representation of human interactions with the ocean, in particular through sea-voyages—overlaps with work in the “blue humanities”: that is, environmentally minded scholarship concerned with the seven-tenths of our planet covered by water. Such scholarship, generally presentist in focus, in that it keeps at least one eye on contemporary issues including (post)colonial histories, ocean warming and acidification, rising sea levels, and the ways in which human activities have imperiled marine life, moves well beyond literary analysis, often foregrounding historical narratives, legal questions, cultural geography, and matters of social and environmental justice; blue humanities scholarship also approaches environmental questions through visual media, as well as textual examples. Our bibliography selects works from the blue humanities—or from other emerging and adjacent fields—which has a substantial literary focus, or which has had a particular influence on literary studies. While occasionally moving into other ocean basins, the bibliography also takes the Atlantic as its center of gravity, as a result leaving out many excellent works whose focus is the (literary) cultures of the Pacific and the Indian Ocean. This also means that the bibliography is mostly focused on the Anglo-American world, though it features some key works dealing with literature and oceanic culture from beyond this sphere.
Australian Politics and Government
Authors: Beauregard Katrine
Published: October 2024

Australia’s colonial history as well as the presence of the longest continuing Indigenous culture have profoundly shaped its political system and have led to a vast literature. This bibliography starts by discussing general works focusing on the history and evolution of the Australian political system. It also reviews textbooks on Australian politics and government as well as news sources and principal academic journals publishing leading research into Australian politics. The subsequent sections focus on Australian political institutions and review the literature on the executive, legislative, and judiciary branches, followed by discussions on Australian federalism and the role of the public sector. The bibliography then turns to the role of political parties in Australia by elaborating on the history and evolution of the party system as well as each major political party. The elections and political behavior section provides an overview of Australian electoral systems, political behavior, and some specific national elections. Successive sections on political leadership and society include literature on politicians and major forces in Australian politics such as gender and sexuality, immigrants, Indigenous people, news media, and interest groups. The final section focuses on policymaking in Australian and includes general works and literature on important policy areas such as the environment, foreign policy, and immigration.