bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Isolationism
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

The politics of gun control can be looked at in two ways. The first is to see in the cautious approach of the 104th Congress a true reflection of the national mood. Relatively minor legislative changes were made re-enacting the federal ban on guns in school zones and adding persons convicted of a misdemeanor offense of domestic violence to the categories prohibited by federal law from possessing a firearm or ammunition. The vote to repeal the assault weapons ban had been an embarrassing fiasco, contributing to the electoral defeat a few months later of several of its most ardent proponents. No comprehensive proposals to limit the availability of firearms had been put forward by the administration, and had it done so only a few brave spirits believed that such a measure would have had any realistic chance of passing into law.
From Adkins to Nebbia
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

1923: Adkins and Wolff Packing In 1918 Congress enacted a statute creating a minimum wage board for the District of Columbia. The board was authorized to investigate the wages paid to women engaged in local occupations and to prescribe for those occupations minimum wages adequate “to supply the necessary cost of living to any such women workers to rnaintain them in good health and to protect their morals “Thceonstitutionality of the act was questioned in Adkins v. Children’s Hospital Felix Frankfurter’s argument defended the statute as a legitimate exercise of Congress’ power to protect public health, morals, and general welfare in the District of Columbia.
Catching the Current
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

The Schechter Corporation was a slaughterhouse operator that purchased live poultry from commission men in New York City and Philadelphia, slaughtered the purchased poultry at its Brooklyn slaughterhouse, and then sold the slaughtered poultry to local retail poultry dealers and butchers for direct sale to consumers. The corporation did not sell poultry in interstate commerce. The principals of the corporation were convicted of violating, inter alia, the provisions of the code pertaining to minimum wages and maximum hours.
The Persistence of Memory
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

Wagner’s Wake Reaction to the Wagner Act decisions was mixed. Many sanguine New Dealers were confident that Carter Coal had been overruled and the gateway to national regulation thrown wide open. Others were more circumspect. Solicitor General Stanley Reed, for example, wrote: “I do not see any clear inconsistency between Wagner on the one hand and the Guffey or N.R.A. decision on the other.
The Struggle with Judicial Supremacy
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1937, the Four Horsemen began to put themselves out to pasture. Justice Van Devanter retired June 2, 1937; Justice Sutherland followed him on January 18, 1938. Due to illness Justice Butler did not participate in any of the cases heard during the 1939 term; he died in Washington on November 16, 1939. Justice McReynolds, dissenting to the end, retired February 1, 1941. Frustrated during his first term by his lack of opportunity to make any appointments to the Court, Roosevelt placed five justices on the High Bench during his second term. By the time the Court handed down its opinion in United States v. Darby in 1941, the only justices remaining from the 1937 Court were Hughes, Roberts, and Stone.
Style: writing a readable sentence
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

“What does that have to do with writing?” you may ask. Everything. You see, in plain English, words and sentences are more like those in spoken English. Spoken English is the language we’re most comfortable with-the language that works for us.
Passive voice
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

This chapter attacks the most important villain of readability in business and technical writing: passive voice. If you’ve heard one outcry against bad business and government writing, it’s “Too much passive voice!” That’s a good outcry, because bureaucratic writers significantly overuse it. Passive voice isn’t always bad, but lots of it absolutely kills readability.
Punctuation
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

Punctuation has intimidated brave men and women for years. Yet it’s not that hard-really. This chapter simplifies some rules and makes them easier to learn. How often is punctuation important when you write? The answer: every time. So take a few minutes now to expand your arsenal. There’s no need to spend the rest of your life restricted to only the period, the comma, and the colon introducing a list.
Headings
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

Good headings can make a terrific difference in most of your documents! At a glance, your reader can see that your documents look organized. Headings also help show where the parts of your documents begin and end. Headings make nice reference points when your reader is trying to find something again. And they help you organize your thoughts in the first place.
Graphics
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

If you look at a page with an illustration on it, don’t you look at the illustration first? And if you look at a page with nothing but paragraphs full of words, don’t you wish there were an illustration there? I imagine most of us have learned to value illustrations. There are some obvious types of illustrations. For example: If you want to show how your profits have increased over the past five years, use a line graph or bar chart.
The writing process
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

So far this book has been totally concerned with the product of your writing: your document should have a clear style, start with the bottom line, and use good layout. This chapter is about the process of writing. It shows how you can get words on paper easily.
Equality and Impasse: Mobilizing Group-Based Perspectives in an Era of Group-Blindness
Authors: Abrams Kathryn
Published: November 2023

For more than a decade, critical legal commentators have observed a tension between doctrinal understandings of equality and the perspectives of outsider, or victim, groups. This tension has grown into frank divergence as “color-blindness” has become a constitutional sword, used to dismantle governmental programs from state and federal set-asides to “safe” minority electoral districts. Underlying this tension is a conflict not simply about the nature of discrimination but about a range of related concepts: namely, the meaning, dynamics, and consequences of group membership, in which “group” connotes those connected by race, sex, or other largely inalienable characteristic that has assumed social salience. This essay will trace the escalating tension between doctrinal understandings and outsiders ’ understandings of these concepts. It will then ask how the law might accommodate outsiders ’ understandings of “group-ness” and group-based discrimination, at a time when mainstream constitutional doctrine prevents institutional actors from considering the social consequences-indeed the very fact-of group membership.
Can Courts Make a Differenee?
Authors: Chemerinsky Erwin
Published: November 2023

The 1990s are a time of skepticism about the ability of government to solve serious social problems. The Republican victory at the polls in the 1994 congressional elections is explained, in part, by frustration with government and its efforts at social improvement. Therefore, it is not surprising that doubts are being expressed about the ability of courts to make a difference. Nor is it surprising that academics, those most familiar with the judicial process and its impact, are raising the issue.
Communicators
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

In 490 BC, Pheidippides carried the news of the Greek victory over the invading Persian army at Marathon to Athens, a distance of some twentytwo miles, in three hours. It is told that this messenger gasped the news to his audience but then fell dead of his exertion. The story of this early messenger illustrates the primitive reliance on humans, animals, or other natural forces for communicating over long distances. Messengers and commerce appear hand in hand historically, representing the reliance of business on means of communication. Indeed, Mercury, the Latin god of commerce, portrayed as wearing a winged hat, was also the messenger of the gods and the god of eloquence.
Financiers
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

Early American business organizations were sole proprietorships or partnerships and were financed out of the pockets of individuals. There were no securities such as stocks or bonds required for these types of firms, but an early financial market in government securities arose as early as 1789. There was no organized trading, and transactions occurred in New York City coffeehouses-the most well known one was the Tontine Coffee House-and there was a “curb” market, a meeting place on the street where buyers and sellers could make their transactions. The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) was formalized in 1863; it moved to II Wall Street in 1865, and it installed a telegraphic stock market ticker in 1867.
Working Smarter
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

The latter part of the nineteenth century in the United States was characterized by national economic expansion and rapid technological growth in manufacturing, transportation, and communication, fostering the growth of enterprise. As firms grew, their size exceeded the grasp of the family management practices of the past, and finding managers for these firms was no easy task. America’s first successful school of business, the Wharton School of Finance and Economy, founded in 1881 at the University of Pennsylvania, did not offer a course in management. Where could managers be found for this burgeoning economic system? Some came from law and were steeped in the legal tradition, while others came from financial institutions and were schooled in accounting and banking.
Quality Seekers
Authors: Wren Daniel A , Greenwood Ronald G
Published: November 2023

The importance of product quality is not a new idea. It began at least as early as the medieval period, when craft guilds developed the practice of placing a mark on the product (a hallmark) so that customers could connect quality with the maker of the item. In some guild halls it was the practice to work by an open window where passersby could see the worker and the work. Andrew Carnegie considered quality the bedrock of his enterprise: “There lies still at the root of business success the much more important factor of quality After that, and a long way after, comes cost.”
Unbroken Ties Comparing Personal Business Networks Cross-Nationally
Authors: Aldrich Howard E , Sakano Tomoaki
Published: November 2023

Japanese business has attracted a great deal of attention from social scientists, but almost all of it has been directed toward big firms, keiretsu, and cooperative alliances. Little attention has been paid to small firms, even though they are critical to the Japanese economy. In Japan, a much higher proportion of firms is in the under-100 and under-20 employee size categories than in the United States or most Western European nations. Using a very generous definition of “small:’ Takaoka (1989) argued that 99.4 percent of all Japanese businesses are small, employing about 60 percent of the workforce. He defined “small” for each of three sectors: (a) manufacturing: an incorporated company whose capital is no more than 100 mil­ lion yen or with fewer than 300 employees, or a sole proprietorship with fewer than 300 employees; (b) wholesale: an incorporated company whose capital is no more than 30 million yen, or a sole proprietorship with fewer than 100 employees; and (c) retail and service: an incorporated company whose capital is less than 10 million yen, or a sole proprietorship with fewer than fifty employees (Takaoka, 1989), Miwa (1993) also noted that the proportion of establishments in the private sector (not including agriculture and fisheries) that are small has remained very stable over the past thirty or forty years.
Entrepreneurial Networking Organizations Cases, Taxonomy, and Paradoxes
Authors: Kanai Toshihiro
Published: November 2023

Entrepreneurship is nurtured by networking, and, clearly, entrepreneurial net­ working is not an abstract activity. With help from their friends and acquaintances, entrepreneurs make things happen. There are specific places to make things hap­ pen, such as the Greater Boston area and Silicon Valley, where there are various kinds of networking opportunities for entrepreneurs and those who want to be entrepreneurs. In other words, networking can be facilitated by more or less formalized organizational arrangements for meeting others and encouraging entre­ preneurship.
Making Things Clique, Cartels, Coalitions, and Institutional Structure in the Tsukiji Wholesale Seafood Market
Authors: Bestor Theodore C
Published: November 2023

Tokyo’s Tsukiji Central Wholesale Market is Japan’s (and the world’s) largest marketplace for fresh, frozen, and processed seafood, a market where more than 60,000 people come each day to buy and sell fish that will feed many of the Tokyo region’s 22 million residents. Six days a week between 4 and 10 A.M., the rambling sheds at Tsukiji become a swirling maelstrom of frenetic motion and industrial-strength noise, high-tech electronics, and nearly preindustrial manual labor. Tsukiji stands at the center of a technologically sophisticated, multibillion dollar international fishing industry, and every day the market’s auctions match international supply with the traditional demands of Japanese cuisine, made ever more elaborate by Japan’s prosperity and the gentrification of culinary tastes. Boosters encourage the homey view that Tsukiji is “Tokyo no daidokoro”-Tokyo’s kitchen or pantry-but in this pantry over 628 million kilograms of seafood worth $5.3 billion changed hands in 1996 (Tokyo-to Chuo Oroshiuri Shijo, 1997: 16-17). (By way of comparison, New York’s Fulton Fish Market, the largest in North America, handled only 13% of the tonnage of Tsukiji’s trade, valued at about $1 billion (New York Times, November 11, 1996, p. B4).) Despite the enormous scale of the marketplace as a whole, the bulk of Tsukiji’s daily trade flows through tiny family businesses, the roughly 1,000 trading firms licensed to buy at Tsukiji’s morning auctions and resell their purchases in the market’s 1,677 stalls.
Governance, Managed Competition, and Network Organization at a Toshiba Factory
Authors: Fruin W Mark
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s, a decade of increased trade, foreign direct investment, and internationalization of the Japanese economy, between 73 and 83 percent of the production value of the Yanagicho Works (one of the Toshiba Corporation’s multifunction, multiproduct Knowledge Works) was sourced from suppliers (Fruin, 1997). This occurred despite elevated internationalization in the form of foreign direct investment (FDI) in three overseas branch factories and a decided dependency on literally hundreds of suppliers for most of the value-added content, quality, and price/performance appeal of Yanagicho’s products.
Business in its Cultural Environment: Changing Conceptual Frameworks
Authors: Rosenthal Sandra B , Buchholz Rogene A
Published: November 2023

The embeddedness of the firm in its cultural environment can best be understood in terms of the dynamics of adjustment whereby a culture and its institutions mutually affect each other. Business institutions affect the culture, and as the culture adjusts this adjustment in turn affects the direction of the ongoing development of corporate activity. As these dynamics have worked themselves out over time, the changes taking place can perhaps be viewed in terms of successive conceptual shifts among three major moral frames in which market activity has been placed. Through this process the market system gradually gained its independent stature and dominating force.
The Constitution & The Pride Of Reason
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: November 2023

Examining the perennial claim that constitutional law somehow embodies a commitment to governance by “reason,” this book shows how the lofty intentions of yesterday’s framers and today’s scholars have culminated in rampant confusion and elaborate sophistry. The Constitution and the Pride of Reason gives readers a provocative overview of the noble aspirations and tragic failures of American constitutionalism, offering iconoclastic assessments of constitutionalists ranging from Madison and Jefferson to Dworkin and Bork. “This is not a book for specialists in constitutional doctrine. It draws upon political and moral philosophy, history, constitutional theory, and political science to sustain a thesis which should interest all thinking Americans. It is also refreshingly well-written, very clear, and precise, often witty.”—Gerald V. Bradley, University of Notre Dame.
The Special Dispensation of Reason and the Legal Constitution
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: November 2023

Suppose that without initially knowing anything about the matter you happen to hear the sorts of laudatory claims, such as those described earlier in this book, declaring that the Constitution is the political expression or embodiment of “reason,” or that, in Cass Sunstein’s words, the Constitution established “for the first time, a republic of reasons.” Curious and hopeful, you resolve to do something that lawyers, law professors, and judges themselves rarely do-that is, actually go and read the document. What will be your reaction? The Preamble may seem promising. In it you encounter commitments to forming a more perfect union, establishing justice, and securing the blessings of liberty for a people and its posterity. These are lofty aspirations, worthy of a document presented as the manifestation of political reason.
From the Legalistic Constitution to the Constitution of Principle
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, the framers’ ideas about the role of reason in governance led them to draft a document with a particular character: Their Constitution was legalistic, reflecting a focus on institutional structure with the end of carefully defining and limiting the powers of various governmental institutions. As the legalistic, limited powers strategy proved ineffectual, however, it was natural for constitutional thinking to shift to different strategies, often more oriented to the elaboration of fundamental rights and principles. But the document that judges, lawyers, and citizens had inherited was not designed for such strategies. So a major challenge to the constitutional project has been to pursue one set of strategies for bringing reason into governance while attempting, or at least purporting, to adhere to a document self-consciously designed with a different strategy in mind. A good deal of modern constitutional theory and controversy arises out of this disjunction.
After the Fall: Regulatory Reason
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: November 2023

By reconceiving the Constitution as an open-textured repository of principles and rights, modern theorizing has made room for the operation of a more free-standing reason that is loosely connected to but not inconveniently confined by a legalistic text devoted to a failed, “enumerated powers” strategy. The result, especially in academic discourse, is that to a significant degree constitutional reasoning becomes less a mode of thought peculiar to lawyers and more a subset of political-moral reasoning in general. The constitutional thinkers most committed to the governance of reason readily concede this fact, and indeed celebrate it.
Constitutional Reasoning, Constitutional Sophistry
Authors: Smith Steven D
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter I argued that modern constitutional discourse is byand-large committed to a version of reason that may be called “regulatory reason.” Although regulatory practices and techniques may look very much like the sorts of practices and techniques that have always been associated with “reason,” the essential point of the exercise has changed. In the modern approach, the function of reason is not to ascertain the design inherent in Nature, as it was for the Jeffersonians and for countless predecessors going back at least to Plato. Instead, reason supervises or regulates conventional moral beliefs and practices, demanding that they be supported by “reasons,” and judging whether this demand has been met by asking whether statements offered in support of such conventions are inconsistent or are expressions of prejudice or emotion or parroting.
Antimetabole
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne
Published: November 2023

The prologue to the Sumerian epic, “Gilgamesh, Enkidu and the Netherworld,” dating from the third millennium B.C.E., opens with a cosmic placing of its tale that makes use of a deliberate verbal device carefully preserved in translation (Smith 1981, 17): The recognizable structure found in this passage also occurs in what are probably liturgical invocations preserved on tablets discovered at Ugarit in Syria and dating between 1400 and 1200 b.c.e.: “Your slave is Baal, O Yamm, / The son of Dagan [Baal again] your captive” (Welch 1981b, 40).
Ploche and Polyptoton
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne
Published: November 2023

In a 1992 issue of Science, two aeronautical engineers explained a new approach in the manufacturing of advanced materials for aircraft engines, an approach known as intelligent processing of materials (1PM), which they defined as “an integrated, comprehensive effort to apply mathematical modeling, sensor tech nologies, and control system methods to improve materials processes.” 1PM, they claimed, applied the scientific method “to deduce process behavior and estab lish extensible theories governing process performance” (Backman and Williams 1992, 1086).
Sex Roles, Creation Myths, and Worldview Japanese and western Historical Perspectives
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

In primeval times, women were one with the sun and truth of all-being. Now we are like pale-faced moons who depend on others and reflect their light. Raicho Hiratsuka, feminist literary circle, SEITO journal, Blue Stockings, 1911 Beginning my research on women in management, I realized it was necessary to learn more Japanese history in order to understand women’s roles and the evolution of today’s women managers. History as bestowed to each generation constructs, and is a construct of, a society’s values, and in turn becomes a tool to maintain the status quo. Roles of women and men in all cultures are socially constructed and have antecedents in historical roots.
Paths to Management
Authors: Renshaw Jean R
Published: November 2023

Women don’t know the sweet taste of success. Only the fear of taking the heavy responsibility is imagined, and thus women often run away from success. We need more models. Interview with successful female media executive, fifties Success for me seems like being able to do what one likes to do with happiness given the job satisfaction, fair evaluation, fair opportunities, and support. It is more difficult for women as the system and the mentality of the society is still in transition.
The Foundations of Classical Legal Thought, 1760-1860
Authors: Wiecek William M
Published: November 2023

Classical legal thought did not appear suddenly and without precedent in 1890, nor was it an innovation. It grew instead out of the previous century of constitutional growth, evolving in an organic development of antebellum legal culture. Its origins go back to the creation of the American republics. Classicism arose from the original eighteenth-century constitutional foundations and derived its legitimating power from them. In the ideology of the American revolution, in the early state constitutions, in the national constitution of 1787, and in early precedents of the state and federal courts, Americans created a constitutional system that privileged certain substantive values, particularly those relating to contracts, property, and security for personal liberty. The Framers of the state and federal constitutions assigned the courts’ place in the constitutional order and legitimated the use of judicial power.
Jones’s Theory of Evolution
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

We identify transformational grammar with Chomskyan grammar, but ideas about language “transformations” were in the air well before Chomsky’s name was attached to them. We call the heliocentric solar system the Copernican system, but Aristarchus first proposed it nearly 2,000 years before Copernicus. We call the theory of evolution “Darwin’s theory of evolution,” but the central notion of evolution was proposed nearly 100 years before Darwin by the eminent English philologist Sir William Jones.
Adaptive Resonance
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

In chapters 3 and 4, we glimpsed the marvelous biochemical and anatomical complexity of the human brain. But in a single breath of a summer wind, a million leaves turn and change color in a single glance. The mind need not read meaning into every turning leaf of nature, but neither the hundreds of neurochemical messengers of chapter 3 nor the forty-odd Brodmann areas of chapter 4 can begin to tally the infinite complexity of an ever-changing environment. To gain even the smallest evolutionary advantage in the vastness of nature, a brain must combinatorially compute thousands and millions of patterns from millions and billions of neurons. In the case of Homo loquens, as we estimated in chapter 1, the competitive brain must be capable of computing something on the order of patterns.
Romiet and Juleo
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

In chapter 8 we saw how serial order could be stored and retrieved by a parallel brain. We noted, however, that there were limits upon serial learning and performance. In particular, we noted that series of more than four items seem to exceed our immediate memory span, forcing us to unitize long lists as a list of sublists.
What If Language Is Learned by Brain Cells?
Authors: Loritz Donald
Published: November 2023

The generative deduction held that children learn their first language effortlessly. As the theory went, an innate language acquisition device (LAD) stops operating somewhere between the age of six and twenty. Children, thanks to their LAD, were supposed to “acquire” language perfectly and “naturally” (Krashen 1982). Adults, however, were left with no alternative but to “learn” second languages in an “unnatural” and suboptimal manner.
What Firms Should Do
Authors: McKenzie Richard B , Lee Dwight R
Published: November 2023

Key Insight: The firm’s decision on whether to make or buy is determined by the tradeoff between the efficiencies of market specialization and the costs of transactions. People would not bother organizing themselves into “firms” if there were not gains to be had by doing so. But therein lies a fundamental dilemma for managers: How can managers ensure that the gains that could be had are actually realized and are shared in some mutually agreed upon way by all of the stakeholders in the firm? The problem is especially difficult since every group associated with the firm--owners, managers, line workers, buyers, and suppliers-probably wants to take a greater share of the gains than it is getting and contribute less in the way of work and investment than it is contributing. Managers have to find ways of overcoming the stakeholders’ inclination to “give little but take a lot.” One of the jobs of incentives is to overcome that inclination by tying how much people receive to what they give to the firm.
Negotiated Understandings the Organizational Implications of a Cross-National Business Negotiation
Authors: Kleinberg Jill
Published: November 2023

Bargaining or negotiating is the generic term used to describe the cultural performance wherein different parties come together in an effort to reach what are interpreted as inconsistent goals (M. E. Pacanowsky and N. O’ Donnell-Trujillo). We commonly think of business negotiation as an activity physically and cognitively demarcated by the conference room, the table around which negotiators sit, and the time it takes to conclude the negotiation. The actors are there for the express purpose of reaching agreement on previously identified issues. Each “side” hopes to secure an outcome consistent with its own goals. Success or failure, either to agree or to win favorable conditions, hinges on a variety of factors, but foremost among them is the negotiators’ behavior-how thoroughly they prepare, the effectiveness of their overall strategy, and their powers of persuasion, including the verbal and nonverbal tactics they utilize. When negotiation activity crosses nations, as in this case of the Japanese buyout of an American firm, the conventional model incorporates cognizance of cultural differences in negotiation behavior, differences that complicate the prospects for reaching agreement (Adler, 1991).
Continuities, Discontinuities and Contingencies of the Holocaust
Authors: Langmuir Gavin I
Published: November 2023

When it is a choice between “Holocaust,” “Shoah,” “Final Solution,” “War Against the Jews,” “Auschwitz,” or some other term, what’s in a name is a matter of some importance, for each term brings with it a particular perspective and concept of action and agency, whether religious, military, ethnic, Hitlerian, social, individualistic or some other. Perhaps “Holocaust” remains the best choice for historians. Even though it implies a particular (a Jewish) perspective and is a misnomer according to its original religious meaning, nonetheless, precisely because of its ambiguous religious overtones, the word suggests a cosmic or overarching perspective that could embrace all the structures, events, agents and causalities involved in the killing authorized by the government of Germany of more than five million Jews between 1941 and 1945.
Auschwitz: New Perspectives on the Final Solution
Authors: Marrus Michael R
Published: November 2023

Auschwitz does not lend itself easily to a historical perspective.1 For most, the camp will forever be what it became: the largest and most important of the Nazi concentration camps, the most destructive and sophisticated killing machine ever developed, the place where the greatest number of Jews-close to one million-were killed during the Holocaust, and as a result, the largest cemetery in the world. No one intended this at the beginning, however, and for much of its history Auschwitz was, in Raul Hilberg’s striking phrase, “a site in search of a mission.”2 And because it took time for Auschwitz to become what it became, its history is complex, and there are different missions to explain. Looking back, our preoccupation with the camp’s ultimate significance interferes with our understanding of how the Auschwitz we know actually came to be. What I would like to do in this brief essay is to survey this history. Doing so, I think, is an aid to understanding what troubles people especially about the Nazi Holocaust-how people could do such things to other human beings.
The Italian Racial Laws, 1938-1943: A Reevaluation
Authors: Zuccotti Susan
Published: November 2023

The theme of continuity or contingency, when applied to the racial laws in Fascist Italy between 1938 and 1943, gives rise to conflicting interpretations regarding both origins and impact. Did the laws in this most Catholic of states involve a continuity with the past-with religious antisemitism and comprehensive restrictions that lasted in most of the Italian states until 1860 and in papal Rome until 1870? Or were they a contingency, a temporary aberration, an alien concept in liberal Italy imposed by the powerful new German ally or, at the very least, by Prime Minister Benito Mussolini, eager to please that ally? Concerning impact, did the racial laws in tum initiate a new continuity, easing the transition between Mussolini’s independent Italy and the deportations and murders of Jews following the German occupation in September 1943? Or was there no meaningful connection between pre and post occupation Italy? Did most Italians regard the fierce Nazi persecution of Italian Jews, aided and abetted by Fascists still loyal to the puppet Republic of Salo, as yet another new and alien contingency?
Ukrainian Collaboration in the Extermination of the Jews During the Second World War: Sorting Out the Long-Term and Conjunctural Factors
Authors: Himka John-Paul
Published: November 2023

The subject of Ukrainian collaboration in the Nazi-directed genocide of the European Jews is a minefield. Over the past decade it has several times erupted into public controversy (notably over the Deschenes Commission of Inquiry on War Criminals in Canada, the trial of John Demjanjuk in Israel and the television broadcast “The Ugly Face of Freedom” [60 Minutes] in the United States). The rhetoric on both the Ukrainian and Jewish sides of these controversies can reach an uncomfortably high pitch. Even the scholarly literature on the subject is sharply polarized. The issue is not only sensitive, but devilishly complex. Moreover, it is an issue with insufficient monographic research behind it; it is only apprehendable from the sources, which are multilingual, widely scattered and frustratingly contradictory. Given the context in which it is written, this chapter is necessarily exploratory and its conclusions tentative. It is offered, within these limitations, as a case study of the problem of continuity versus contingency in the perpetration of the genocide against the Jews; that is, as an attempt to sort out the long-term from the short-term factors inducing Ukrainians to collaborate in the extermination of the Jewish population, by examining the time frame in which the circumstances and attitudes facilitating collaboration were formed.
Beyond Condemnation, Apologetics and Apologies: On the Complexity of Polish Behavior Toward the Jews During the Second World War
Authors: Polonsky Antony
Published: November 2023

On the eve of the Second World War, Poland contained the largest Jewish community in Europe, with a population of nearly three and a half million individuals. It was a Jewry with a long and distinguished history. By the middle of the eighteenth century, a Jewish community of some 750,000 people-representing at least one third of the total Jewish population worldwide-had established itself on the lands that made up the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth. This community had prospered as a result of a marriage of convenience with the Polish nobility, which dominated pre-partition Poland and which enabled the Jews to flourish both economically and spiritually in spite of outbreaks of anti-Jewish violence such as those that accompanied the crisis of the Polish state in the middle of the seventeenth century. Jews were allowed to participate in a wide range of trades, crafts and skills, and they very frequently managed the estates of the nobility. They were the indispensable craftsmen of the rural economy in the villages and towns (shtetlekh)-the carpenters, cobblers, blacksmiths, tailors, tarmakers, and wheelwrights-occupying, as a group, a position that was unique in Europe. A rich Jewish religious and intellectual life had also developed. The yeshivot of Poland became the models for talmudic study for the rest of Europe and Polish masters of halakhah became a dominant influence in Jewish life.
Role Performance in an Interpreted Discourse Process
Authors: Roy Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

From the previous chapter it is clear that an interpreter’s role is more than that of passing messages back and forth; it is also a role that manages the communication process of exchanging those messages. In this chapter, I begin with a discussion of how the role has been and, in many ways, still is conceived. To investigate further the performance of that role and its implications for norms in interpreting, I analyze four examples of interpreter performance.
Ebonie Genesis
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2023

In January 1973 Robert Williams hosted a conference in St. Louis titled “Cognitive and Language Development of the Black Child.” Two years later he published Ebonics: The True Language of Black Folks. There he defined Ebonics in the Pan-African tradition of W. E. B. Du Bois.
Legislative Lament
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2023

Politicians weren’t far behind the press in hot pursuit of Ebonics. Although spokespersons from the U.S. Department of Education fired some early warning shots across the Ebonics bow, categorically rejecting any suggestion that African Americans speak a foreign language, Secretary Richard Riley was the first national figure to officially reject assertions that Ebonics is anything other than an English dialect. On December 24, 1996, only six days after the Oakland school board passed its controversial resolution, Secretary Riley exclaimed, “The Administration’s policy is that Ebonics is a nonstandard form of English and not a foreign language” (New York Times, Dec. 24, 1996, p. A22).
Legal Implications
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2023

At the height of the Ebonics controversy few Americans were able to dispassionately step back and realize that Oakland was trapped between conflicting state and federal regulations. California’s SEP program acknowledged the fact that many African American students could be considered language-minority students, whereas corresponding federal statutes excluded African Americans from comparable language-minority classification. The technical, indeed legal, discrepancy lies between the essential distinction between standard English proficiency (which was Oakland’s goal) and English proficiency (as specified in federal statutes). Although one would presume that all native English speakers acquire English proficiency, many native English speakers never acquire standard English proficiency.
Disparate Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2023

Our survey of theory in these fields begins with some alternative Afrocentric interpretations of Ebonics, beyond those previously described. Speech pathologists, educators, and linguists who specialize in African American language gradually became aware of Ebonics through contact with Afrocentric scholarship. Because there is no unequivocal definition of Ebonics, its transformation from an international construct into one pertaining to domestic usage in the United States went virtually unnoticed . The Ebonics movement took place exclusively among African Americans; white scholars were not part of the enterprise.
Beyond Ebonics
Authors: Baugh John
Published: November 2023

Although my parents did their best to teach me the difference between proper and improper English, they never did so in terms of “black English versus white English” or “broken English versus correct English.” Such racial or judgmental classifications were nevertheless common among my peers, regardless of racial background. Those early childhood experiences run counter to my professional predilection toward linguistic equality among the world’s languages and dialects. Humanity has often defied theoretical idealism, and scholars from various backgrounds have repeatedly demonstrated that social divisions come to be reorganized, reinvented, and maintained through a host of interrelated criteria.
Do Japanese Business Practices Travel Well? Managerial Technology Transfer to Thailand
Authors: Sedgwick Mitchell W
Published: November 2023

We know from the many thorough studies of domestic Japanese firms that Japanese corporate “know-how” is more than technological innovation riding on financial clout.1 Japanese corporations’ organizational forms and managerial practices have been shown to be particular, powerful, and profitable. Expansion off shore, however, has naturally required substantial organizational and managerial modifications at Japanese firms as they move beyond their familiar-and apparently extremely consequential-domestic economic, political, and social environment. Host countries have gained important economic stimulus as a result of Japanese investment, but questions have arisen concerning the accomplishments of Japanese multinational corporations (MNCs) in implanting their powerful management technologies abroad. This issue may be even more relevant in Asia than in Europe or North America since in Asia the impact of Japanese foreign direct investment (FDI) on both national economies and the structure of industrialization has been far more pronounced.
Is Japan Hollowing Out?
Authors: Ishiyama Yoshihide
Published: November 2023

Japan has recently gone through waves of yen appreciation. As annual averages, the yen-dollar rate was 145 in 1990, 135 in 1991, 127 in 1992, 111 in 1993, and 102 in 1994. The rate went up further to 94 in 1995. Rapid yen appreciation is, naturally, causing radical changes in the Japanese economy on many fronts, including the deepening of the recession. The immediate impact of a higher yen is reduction in export revenues in yen terms, and manufacturing corporations suffer. In a higher yen environment, nonmanufacturing corporations should be in creasing profits because many of them depend on imports and sell their services on the domestic market. However, profit increases in the nonmanufacturing sec tor usually do not spread well to the rest of the economy in the form of lower sales prices or larger investment, because the competitive pressure in the nonmanufacturing sector is insufficient. By contrast, the manufacturing sector exerts a more powerful influence on the rest of the economy, both when it contracts and when it expands.
Celebrity Comes of Age
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

In the 181Os, the printer’s art still entailed inking the era’s hand-operated presses with lye-soaked sheepskin balls “knocked up” with wool, a tedious and unpleasant task that left an indelible impression on many a shop apprentice. It most certainly did with Nathaniel Parker Willis (1806-67), though not perhaps in the usual manner.
American Pelham
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Even as the process of excommunication proceeded apace, Park Street’s errant son had been exploring the practicality of realizing his most fervent ambition: to experience Europe’s romance firsthand. “You can’t imagine what a mystery there is to me in every thing which I have not positively handled,” the twenty-two-year-old N. P. Willis admitted late in September 1828. “It is all beautiful, and man as I am & ought to be, I cannot get over the delusion.
The Coming Aristocracy
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Upon returning to his native land in the late spring of 1836, America’s newly married penciller by the way had inevitably faced the question of what to make of his situation. At first, he was inclined to retire from public notice altogether. “London is not so d--d bad,” the world-weary traveler had confessed to a close friend shortly before leaving for the States, “cependant, I am disgusted with authorship & being now passing rich on forty pounds a year-more or less-I mean to hang up my fiddle and pass round the hat.” Notwithstanding his smooth accommodation to the requisites of the new literary professionalism, this inclination to quit authorial labors for an older ideal of gentlemanly independence ran deep. Whenever his professional duties would let him, Willis was off to enjoy the quiet charms of Glenmary, his beloved “cottage insoucieuse’ on the upper Susquehanna River. (It was this comfortable rural existence that the author evoked in his popular “Letters from under a Bridge” series.) For half a decade, he also chased an elusive diplomatic appointment, hoping to trade his magazinist’s drudgery for a secretary’s easy yoke. Yet when high living and financial reverses forced Glenmary’s sale in 1842 and every diplomatic scheme miscarried, penciller Willis was obliged to concede what more than a decade of experience suggested: his surest prospects lay with the vibrant market for popular letters. He must be a literary man, or no man at all.
Echoes
Authors: Baker Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Boston was suitably somber that day. Death had come at last, after protracted suffering. Now, in the gray January noontide, a phalanx ofliterary compatriots bore the mortal remains of N. P. Willis from the solid walls of St. Paul’s Episcopal Church. Throughout the city, bookstores ceased their bustling trade to honor his passing. Old friends and associates also hastened to pay their last respects: chief among them, the poets Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, James Russell Lowell, and T. B. Aldrich; Ors. Oliver Wendell Holmes and Samuel Gridley Howe; the publishers E. P. Whipple and James T. Fields-pallbearers all. It was, in sum, just the sort of public homecoming long denied Willis in his prime-the prodigal welcomed at last, if only in memoriam.
Intestinal And Urogenital Flagellates
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

The intestinal and urogenital flagellates of humans were placed in a single taxonomic group, implying a close phylogenetic relationship between the two. However, molecular biology studies indicate the opposite, and modern classifications of the flagellated protists are taking these advances into account (Corliss, 1994). The newest classification indicates that the intestinal and urogenital flagellates actually belong to two Kingdoms, As this classification shows, the protist flagellates of humans are a group of species broadly characterized by having more than one flagellum, but phylogenetically they are very diverse, belonging to two Kingdoms. Only two of these flagellates are unquestionably pathogenic: Giardia lamblia in the small intestine and Trichomonas vaginalis in the urogenital tract. A third, Dientamoeba fragilis, occurs in the large intestine and most likely produces diarrhea, though no definitive proof of its pathogenicity is available (Millet et al. 1983; Shein, Gelb, 1983).
Leishmaniae
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

The leishmaniae is a group of organisms that inhabit the tissues, specifically the monocyte-macrophage lineage and, to a lesser extent, other phagocytic cells. The leishmaniae and the closely related trypanosomes (see Chapter 5), which inhabit the blood and other tissues, constitute the blood and tissue flagellates. These two groups of organisms are placed in the kingdom Protozoa, phylum Euglenozoa, class Kinetoplastida, order Trypanosomatida, and family Trypanosomatidae. The phylum Euglenozoa is characterized by the presence of one to four flagella, mitochondria with discoidal cristae, a microtubular cytoskeleton, and a well-developed Golgi apparatus. Some species are aquatic, and others are symbiontic (live in other hosts). The Kineoplastida are defined by having stages in their life cycles with a single flagellum, an undulating membrane, and a kinetoplast, which is a mitochondrion with a core of DNA (Fig. 4-1). The order Trypanosomatida has two genera parasitic in humans: Trypanosoma and Leishmania, with many species widely distributed in humans and animals.
Intestinal Apicomplexa
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid
Published: November 2023

A large number of organisms previously placed in different zoologic groups were found to have a set of organelles seen in electron micrographs and called the apical complex. The apical complex is located in the anterior part of the body and is present in one or more stages of the life cycle of these parasites. Its main function is to attach to and enter the host cell (Fig. 8-1). The presence of the apical complex is the basis for classifying all organisms that possess it in a separate phylum, the Apicomplexa. All organisms placed in the Apicomplexa are intracellular parasites at some point in their life cycles. The classification of the Apicomplexa is better defined than that of other groups of the Protozoa; following is a simplified version showing the relationships of the genera and species important in human medicine (Beaver et al. 1984; Corliss, 1994). For didactic purposes, we will divide this phylum into three groups in accordance with the organ systems where they occur: the intestinal, tissue, and blood Apicomplexa. Each group will be studied in separate chapters.