bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E.E.C. Harmonization program and its impact and status on E.E.C. legislation for vegetable proteins
Authors: Kinch Anthony
Published: July 2007

The paper reviews a number of difficulties facing expansion of the use of vegetable proteins in foods in the present and future policital and economic environments of the European Community. Integration of vegetable proteins into a wide spectrum of food products could be affected by existing market organizations for agricultural products for which they are substitutes. On the procedural plane, there are possibilities for change in the wake of the enlargement of the Community, and the author traces the procedural steps by which Community legislation is proposed by the European Commission, and adopted by the Council of Ministers. The author ends by outlining the conditions under which the European Commission would find it both necessary and desirable to consider making a proposal for the harmonization of the laws of member states concerning vegetable protein, and points to the need for broad agreement between national administrations, consumer organizations and industry if such a proposal is to have any prospect of being adopted.
Vegetable proteins in snacks
Authors: Fitch Peter
Published: July 2007

Snack foods can be highly engineered products. Vegetable proteins may be manipulated by the food scientist to match the challenge offered by this extremely diverse group of foods. The two‐fold practical problems of performance and nutritional value can usually be solved; economy in use is an extra bonus.
Use of vegetable protein in processed seafood products
Authors: Sipos E. F. , Endres J. G. , Tybor P. T. , Nakajima Y.
Published: July 2007

In comparison to other muscle foods like red meats, utilization of vegetable protein products in seafood is limited, and can be considered to be in its infancy. The opportunities are not predicated entirely on the future. Opportunities exist today, and vegetable protein products such as soy can and will impact on the seafood market. The opportunities for soy protein products in seafood are and will be realized in terms of nutrition, functionality, and economics. The change in price of frozen fish paste caused by the influence of the 200‐mile zones was 2 to 2.5 times in one year. In contrast, the price of soy protein products has not changed during the same period. Obviously, this price difference has an important impact on the demand for soy protein products. As the price of fish in Japan has risen, consumers have tended to avoid buying fish products, and there has been a trend toward buying animal products. Consequently, the use of textured soy proteins in these animal protein foods has also increased. Japan has a long and well developed tradition of eating soybean foods, and at the same time, Japan possesses a high level of scientific technology concerned with new soy protein foods. The whole nation, including the consumers, producers, academic societies and the government, is of the consensus that soybeans are a good food source whose consumption should be encouraged and increased. In spite of such favored conditions, utilization of soy protein foods in Japan has not really taken off even after almost 20 years of development. Reasons for the slow expansion of the market are many. However, the definite factor which decisively affects the increased use seems ultimately to be a balance between the quality and price of the products. In Japan the balance would become favorable to soy protein because of the limited fish resources as well as recent advances in the technology of soy protein foods. Several formulations for fish/soy products are presented.
The marketing of isolated soy proteins
Authors: Anton J. J.
Published: July 2007

The soy protein industry is an established industry today. Current isolated soy protein technology and know‐how are practical and being used today. Isolated soy proteins are comparable in protein quality to traditional proteins. Cost effectiveness of isolated soy proteins will offer an economic advantage to processor and consumer. These products are available and strategically located to support commercial utilization anywhere in the world.
Potato protein for human food use
Authors: Meuser F. , Smolnik H. ‐D.
Published: July 2007

Potato protein can be produced as by‐product of potato starch production in relatively large amounts. The technical problems concerning the production as well as the necessary purification of the protein for human consumption are mainly solved. However, the marketing of potato protein is difficult because it can be used, without purification, only in limited fields. Besides many physiological advantages, there may exist som hygienic risk factors which must be investigated in detail before potato protein can be applied by the food industry as a new source of protein.
Development of grapeseed protein
Authors: Fantozzi P. , Betschart A. A.
Published: July 2007

The potential for grapeseed oil and protein in regions where grape production is significant is discussed. Extraction and concentration procedures which improve the nutritional value of grapeseed protein and problems related to protein digestibility are presented.
New, unusual long chain fatty acid (argemonic acid) fromArgemone Mexicana
Authors: Rukmini C.
Published: July 2007

An unusual long chain fatty acid has been isolated from argemone oil. By chemical degradation and by spectral analysis, the acid now is shown to be (+) 6‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐9‐oxo‐octacosanoic acid and designated as argemonic acid.
Use of zinc acetate in extract purification for aflatoxin assay of cottonseed products
Authors: Mckinney John D.
Published: July 2007

The official Association of Official Analytical Chemists’ and American Oil Chemists’ Society’s methods for aflatoxin assay of cottonseed products utilize 20% lead acetate solution to remove gossypol, fatty acids, and traces of lipids as insoluble lead derivatives. The substitution of a 20% zinc acetate solution containing a trace of a trivalent metal chloride to precipitate zinc derivatives yields, in some cases, superior cleanup of interfering compounds of primary extracts.
Protein determination by nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Coles B. A.
Published: July 2007

Protein may be determined using a pulsed nuclear magnetic reso‐nance (NMR) spectrometer in conjunction with a relaxation reagent. These reagents exhibit characteristic nuclear relaxation rates, controlled by a paramagnetic ingredient such as copper, and these rates are altered if substances are added which can bind the copper. The method is fast and simple. Sample and reagent are mixed, brought to a standard temperature and transferred to the spectrom‐eter for measurement. Sample throughput can be high since the time for the spectrometer reading is on the order of 30 sec. Compositions and methods of use are given for 2 copper‐based reagents together with the results on a number of materials. The alkaline copper reagent gives a very similar response to different types of protein and it appears suitable for meat, fish and for other protein materials low in carbohydrates. It shows a response to carbohydrate which depends strongly on type. The acid copper reagent is intended for measurements of vegetable or seed protein and similar applications where carbohydrate is present. This reagent does not respond to carbohydrates tested; the response to protein depends on the type of protein.
Monitoring of oil composition by an automated system for esterification‐ GC analysis
Authors: Bitner E. , Mounts T. L. , Dutton H. J.
Published: July 2007

An automatic system for transesterification of fats and oils was developed and coupled with an auto‐injector type gas chromato‐graph. Using a timer sequencer, electronic valving for sample and reactant solution introduction and appropriate pumps and a real‐time computer, the system permits programmed monitoring of vegetable oil for fatty acid composition. The system can be used with batch or continuous reactors to determine the progress of composition modification and in processing streams to confirm uniformity of incoming stocks or finished products.
Studies on the antioxidants: X. oxidation products of concomitantly used butylated hydroxyanisole and ethyl protocatechuate
Authors: Kurechi T. , Yamaguchi T.
Published: July 2007

The effects of antioxidants were studied from the viewpoints of (a) the products generated during the autoxidation process and (b) the functional mechanism of antioxidation. The chemical structure and antioxidant activity of the oxide obtained by irradiating an ethanol solution of an equal mixture of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and ethyl protocatechuate (EP) with the ultraviolet (UV) ray and its secondary decomposition were studied. The oxide was identified as 2,2′‐dihydroxy‐3‐tert‐butyl‐5‐methoxy‐5′‐carboethoxy‐diphenyl ether which was a dimer of free radicals generated by BHA and EP. The resulting oxide showed a strong antioxidant activity on lard and methyl oleate in the stability testing by active oxygen method (AOM).
Cholesterol‐lowering effect of dextro‐thyroxine in patients with hypercholesterolemia and coronary diseasel
Authors: Horning E. C. , Holmes W. L. , Wheeler D. H.
Published: July 2007

Sixty‐three patients with hypercholesterolemia and coronary disease were treated with d‐thyroxine for an average period of 16 months. D‐thyroxine decreased serum cholesterol without increasing the metabolic rate significantly when amt ranging from 4舑8 mg/day were used.

In 56 patients with essential hypercholesterolemia d‐thyroxine lowered the serum cholesterol in a little over half of the patients. In five patients with hypothyroidism and hypercholesterolemia treated with thyroid extract, the addition of d‐thyroxine resulted in marked and sustained lowering of serum cholesterol without causing hypermetabolism.

In two patients with diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia d‐thyroxine lowered the serum cholesterol without significantly affecting the diabetic state and the insulin requirement. Increase in angina was seen in 13% of the patients. In man, d‐thyroxine lowers the serum cholesterol by increasing the degradation and excretion of cholesterol.
Thin‐layer chromatography of lipids
Authors: Mangold Helmut K.
Published: July 2007

Technique

Thin‐Layer Chromatography as an Analytical Tool

Qualitative Analysis

Quantitative Analysis

Thin‐Layer Chromatography as a Preparative Tool

Applications

Analysis of Lipids in Microorganisms, Plants and Laboratory Animals

Fats, Oils, Waxes and Their Hydrolysis Products

Phospholipids, Sulfolipids and Glycolipids

Steroids, Including Bile Acids

Terpenes, Including Carotenoids, Balsams and Resins

Fat‐Soluble Vitamins and Biologically Active Quinones

Topographic Lipid Analysis of Human Tissues

Lipid Patterns in Healthy Humans

Lipid Patterns in Pathological Cases
The determination of specific free fatty acids in peanut oil by gas chromatography
Authors: Phillips Richard J. , Singleton Bert
Published: July 2007

Peanut oil is dissolved in 2,2,4‐trimethylpentane standard. The free acids are extracted into N,N‐dimethylformamide as their sodium salts and treated with methyl iodide. The resulting methyl esters are analyzed by gas chromatography. A typical result for oleic acid is about 200 ppm with a relative standard deviation of 6%. An average recovery of 95% is obtained from a sample spiked with an additional 200 ppm of oleic acid. Evidence is presented that the procedure does not give high values as a result of sample hydrolysis.
Changing trends in consumer margarines
Authors: Massiello F. J.
Published: July 2007

Margarine has changed dramatically from 100 years ago when it was first made as a butter substitute. It is now a high technology product with many mutations and variations. There are ten different types of margarine produced today. There are regular, whipped, and polyunsaturated margarines in both stick and soft forms. There are diet margarines, liquid margarines, and new 60% vegetable oil spreads. These margarines are made from a variety of oils including soybean, cottonseed, palm, corn, safflower, and sunflower oils. These tailor‐made products cater to the needs of many different segments of the population. This marketing strategy has helped to create increasing consumer demand over the years.
Determination of oil and lipids in cottonseed meal
Authors: Skau E. L. , Cucullu A. F.
Published: July 2007

Two simple methods for determining total oil equivalent in cottonseed meal are described. The meal is extracted with methanol, and the crude extract is either (a) saponified and subsequently acidified to find the weight of acids set free, or (b) subjected to methanolysis to determine the weight of esters formed. When applied to a meal previously extracted with petroleum ether, these methods determine lipids. Results obtained on three commercial cottonseed meals were in excellent agreement with those obtained by the more cumbersome method requiring direct saponification of the ground meal. The methods described should also be applicable to soybean and sunflower seed meals and to other systems containing lipids, such as flours, doughs, and leaf proteins. One of the methods is particularly useful as a preliminary step in the determination of cyclopropenoid acids in cottonseed meal because much larger lated as methyl esters.
Automated AOM test for fat stability
Authors: deMan J. M. , deMan L.
Published: July 2007

A home‐built version of the automated AOM test was used with Canola, corn, sunflower, olive and Crisco® oils, shortening and lard. The endpoint was found by measuring the conductivity of a solution of the exit gas from the reaction tube. Coefficients of variability of the samples ranged from 1.1% to 8.3%. The endpoint of the test was ca. 100 PV for Canola oil, ca. 200 PV for corn oil and 35 PV for lard. The aqueous solutions of the volatiles of three oils were used to determine the TBA value. Canola, sunflower and olive oil had TBA values ranging from 6–60 µg malonaldehyde/g at the end point. No apparent relationship was found between the TBA values of the volatiles’ solutions and the PV's of the oils.
Synthesis of tetrazole from α, β—Unsaturated carbonyl fatty acid
Authors: Mustafa Jamal , Ahmad M. S. , Rauf A. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

Methyl 4‐oxo‐trans‐2‐octadecenoate (II), when treated with excess hydrazoic acid in the presence of BF3‐etherate, produced 66% methyl 5‐aza‐nonadec‐trans‐2‐enoate (4,5‐d)‐tetrazole (III), 10% methyl 5‐aza‐nonadec‐4‐oxo‐trans‐2‐enoate (IV) and 7% pentadecamide (V). Individual products were characterized by spectral and elemental methods.
A study of dilatation and acoustic propagation in solidifying fats and oils: II. Experimental
Authors: Hussin A. B. B. H. , Povey M. J. W.
Published: July 2007

Experimental evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that acoustic dilatation is linearly related to solid fat index dilation. This hypothesis is shown to be consistent with the measured temperature dependence of the dilation and ultrasonic velocity during solidification of palm oil, coconut oil, tristearin and a vegetable fat, all of which were diluted with triolein. The maximum solid content examined was 15%. The ultrasonic pulse echo method may provide a means of measuring the solid content of oils and of indicating the presence of phase transitions in the solid phase.
Methanesulfonic acid catalyzed addition of aromatic compounds to oleic acid
Authors: Nakano Y. , Foglia T. A.
Published: July 2007

The addition of aromatic compounds to the double bond of oleic acid has been studied using methanesulfonic acid as the acid catalyst. When alkylbenzenes were reacted with oleic acid, the yield of addition product was dependent on the electron density of the benzene ring. For example, a 76% yield of addition product was obtained with toluene, whereas for benzene and monochlorobenzene, the yields of addition products were 60% and 2%. The addition of phenol to oleic acid gave 2 types of addition products, an ethertype (phenylether) product and a ring‐substituted product (hydroxy‐phenylstearic acid). The ratio of the 2 products varied with the reaction temperature and the amount of methanesulfonic acid. The ring‐substituted product predominated at a high molar ratio of methanesulfonic acid to oleic acid (6:1) and elevated reaction temperature (50 C). Thiophenol was found to add to oleic acid to form a thioether derivative exclusively.
Synthesis of jojobamide and homojojobamide
Authors: Shani A. , Lurie P. , Wisniak J.
Published: July 2007

Jojobamide has been synthesized from methyl jojoboate (the transesterification product of jojoba oil and methanol) and concentrated ammonium hydroxide by high temperature treatment of the mixture in a sealed vessel. Homojojobamide has been synthesized by partial hydrolysis of homojojobylnitrile, which was prepared from jojobyl mesylate. The melting points of the amides were found to be relatively high (>75 C) for a mixture of amides.
Stepwise purification of fatty acids: compared fractional crystallization with urea or from acetone solutions of palmitoleic, heptadecenoic, and oleic acids
Authors: Aurousseau B. , Bauchart D.
Published: July 2007

Stepwise partition of a mixture of hexa‐ (C16:1ω7), hepta‐(C17:1ω8), and octadecenoic (C18:1ω9) acids was thoroughly investigated. The efficiency of different rates of three fractionation procedures (i.e., fatty acid crystallization from acetone or fatty acid pared. Fatty acid urea adducts formation is best suited for stepwise removal of the bulk of C18:l (accumulated in the crystals) and C16:l as well as small quantities of C18:l (both being removed in the filtrates). Whatever the technique, high crystallization rates were more efficient.
Evaluating suicide-related adverse events in clinical trials of fluoxetine treatment in adults for indications other than major depressive disorder
Authors: TAUSCHER-WISNIEWSKI SITRA , DISCH DAMON , PLEWES JOHN , BALL SUSAN , BEASLEY CHARLES M.
Published: July 2007

Background

The association between treatment-emergent suicidality as an adverse event and fluoxetine treatment was examined using a fluoxetine double-blind placebo-controlled database of clinical trials for indications other than major depressive disorder.

Method

The database consisted of 53 trials for 16 different indications (14 psychiatric, two non-psychiatric). Within each study, patient adverse event reports and narratives were searched extensively for treatment-emergent thoughts and behaviors associated with suicide. The incidence of adverse events was classified using Food and Drug Administration (FDA) codes for completed suicide, preparatory acts, suicidal ideation and the summary category of ‘all suicidality.’ The risk difference and risk ratios between fluoxetine and placebo treatment arms were compared using Mantel–Haenszel methods.

Results

Within this large database, patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment with either fluoxetine (n=7066) or placebo (n=4382). Treatment groups did not differ in their risk for the emergence of suicidality for any FDA code; the risk ratio for ‘all suicidality’ was 0·82 (p=0·406), and there were no completed suicides in either group. Analyses based on treatment indication (bulimia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, other psychiatric and non-psychiatric illness) also showed no significant difference in risk between treatment groups. When examined by age categories (18–24, 25–30, 31–65, and ⩾65 years), fluoxetine and placebo treatments did not result in significant risk difference for the emergence of suicidality.

Conclusions

The risk of treatment-emergent suicidality does not appear to be associated with fluoxetine treatment for adults with various non-MDD conditions.
Quantifying water sources to a semiarid riparian ecosystem, San Pedro River, Arizona
Authors: Baillie Matthew N. , Hogan James F. , Ekwurzel Brenda , Wahi Arun K. , Eastoe Christopher J.
Published: July 2007

The Upper San Pedro River Basin (Southeastern Arizona, United States) contains one of the few desert riparian areas in the Southwest, a system that is dependent on both shallow groundwater to support phreatic vegetation and baseflow for aquatic plants and animals. Proper management decisions for sustaining this biodiversity hotspot require understanding the hydrology of the riparian system and its interaction with the basin aquifer. To meet this need and to assess whether the techniques used would be efficient for evaluating other semiarid riparian ecosystems, we addressed the following questions. What are the contributions of different water sources (e.g., local recharge during monsoon flood events versus inflow of basin groundwater) to riparian groundwater and river baseflow? How does the spatial variability in water sources relate to gaining and losing reaches along of the river? We first characterize the possible water sources to the riparian system using a suite of geochemical tracers. Results indicate that, of the possible sources, basin groundwater recharged along the Huachuca Mountains to the west and local recharge of monsoon floodwaters are the dominant riparian water sources. Then, using their geochemical composition, we quantify these sources using a two end‐member mixing model. We find that riparian groundwater composition varies between gaining and losing reaches. Locally recharged monsoon floodwater comprises 60 to 85% of riparian groundwater in losing reaches whereas that of gaining reaches contains only 10% to 40%. Baseflow, sampled year round, also contains a significant component of monsoon floodwater ranging from 80% on the upstream end and decreasing to 55% after passing though several gaining reaches. These results highlight the significance of local recharge during monsoon flood events as a water source for desert riparian systems, a fact that should be addressed when constructing and calibrating hydrologic models used to evaluate these future water management decisions.
An Enzyme Immunoassay to Detect Australian Flaviviruses and Identify the Encephalitic Subgroup using Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Hall Roy A , Kay Brian H , Burgess Graham W
Published: July 2007

An antigen‐capture enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed to detect antigens of Australian flaviviruses in mosquito pools, suckling mouse brain and infected cell culture supernatant fluid. A monoclonal antibody reactive to an epitope on the envelope glycoprotein common to all flaviviruses was used as the capture antibody. Purified rabbit IgG, produced against Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE) virus, which reacted with eight Australian flaviviruses in haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and in an indirect fluorescent antibody test, was used as the indicator antibody in direct and indirect antigen‐capture ELISA. A monoclonal antibody specific for a subgroup of encephalitic flaviviruses was conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and used as the indicator antibody to distinguish MVE, Kunjin and Alfuy viruses from the remainder tested. This ELISA could detect viral antigen in mosquito cell culture fluids and suckling mouse brain preparations at titres as low as 1000 TCID50/100μ1. Viral antigen in a single mosquito infected with MVE could be detected in a pool of 500.
The cytotoxic response to murine cytomegalovirus: requirements for the generation of MCMV‐specific target cells
Authors: Sinickas VG , Ashman RB , Blanden RV
Published: July 2007

The preparation of target cells susceptible to lysis by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)‐immune T cells in vitro was investigated and found to be dependent upon target cell type, culture conditions, virus adsorption protocol and virus preparation. Optimally sensitive MCMV‐infected targets were obtained by preculture of mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) in 3% vol/vol concanavalin‐A‐stimulated spleen cell supernatant (CSS)‐supplemented medium, adsorption of salivary gland stock MCMV under 800 g centrifugation and at least 4 h further incubation at 37° before addition of T cells. In contrast, salivary gland stock MCMV did not cause thioglycollate‐induced peritoneal exudate cells lo be susceptible to MCMV‐specific T cell‐mediated lysis, whereas tissue culture‐passaged stock MCMV was successful. The preparation of MCMV‐infected target cells is discussed in terms of the need for H‐2 and viral antigen expression for T cell recognition.
High Dose Suppression of Human Anti‐Influenza A Virus Responses Using T Cell Clones
Authors: Adams E , Wotherspoon J , Hellqvist L , Basten A
Published: July 2007

Human T cells exposed to high concentrations of influenza A virus cause specific suppression of the in vitro antibody response to the virus, but the phenomenon does nol require viable T cells. In order lo investigate the mechanism of this form of suppression, IL‐2‐dependent T cell clones of helper phenotype (CD4+, HLA‐DR+, 1L‐2R+) were prepared with specificity for influenza A (Mem/Bel) and B (B HK) viruses and the non‐crossreacting antigen purified protein derivative (PPD). When pulsed with high dose MemBel virus, all three clones transferred suppression equally well to effector cultures of syngeneic or allogeneic E+ and E+ cells stimulated with an immunogenic dose of the same virus. Thus, although suppression was specific at the level of expression, the induction phase was non‐specific and non‐major histocompatibitity complex (MHC) restricted and did not involve interaction of antigen with the T cell receptor. HLA‐DR. CD3 and CD8 determinants were excluded as the binding site for the virus by two‐colour immunofluoresceni staining and flow cytometric analysis. The concentrations of antigen required for high dose suppression inhibited antigen‐specific proliferation by the clones; on the other hand, they remained partially sensitive to lL‐2 and could still release gamma‐interferon. These findings suggest that this phenomenon is distinct from conventional antigen‐specific suppression mediated by CD8 T cells, but may play a biologically important role in regulating immune responses at least to viral antigens.
The immunohistochemical localisation of microfibril‐associated glycoprotein (MAGP) in elastic and non‐elastic tissues
Authors: Gibson Mark A , Cleary Edward G
Published: July 2007

We have previously identified the major antigen of elastin‐associated microfibrils as a 31kD glycoprotein which we named microfibril‐associated glycoprotein or MAGP. Affinity‐purified antibodies to MAGP were shown to localise specifically to elastin‐associated microfibrils in sections of bovine foetal nuchat ligament (20). In the present paper we compare the localisation of anti‐MAGP antibodies and anti‐tropoelaslin antibodies in a range of bovine elastic and non‐elastic tissues. The results show that anti‐MAGP antibodies invariably localised to immuno‐reactive elastic fibres, wherever they occurred. Extensive additional localisation was observed in a number of tissues. This extra distribution of anti‐MAGP antibodies was found to correspond to those structures exhibiting the oxytalan histochemical staining reaction in tissues such as skin, periodontal ligament and ocular zorule. Since these oxytalan fibres have been shown to consist of 12 nm microfibrils which are morphologically similar to those of elastic fibres (and unpublished data from this laboratory confirm this conclusion), the results suggest that MAGP is a component of 12 nm microfibrils in both elastic and non‐elastic tissues. Anti‐tropoelastin antibodies did not localise to these oxytalan fibres, suggesting that tropoetastin is not a component of 12 nm microfibrils. MAGP was also detected in extracellular matrix regions of tissues such as skeletal muscle. Achilles tendon and spleen, suggesting that 12 nm microfibrils, containing one or more macromolecular constituents in common, make up an important structural system within the extracellular matrix in a wide range of elastic and non‐elastic tissues.
Studies on glycoproteins in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Identification of a myristilated 45kDa merozoite membrane glycoprotein
Authors: Ramasamy R
Published: July 2007

A murine monoclonal antibody has been used to characterise a 45,000 Da antigen that is associated with the surface membrane of merozoites of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The antigen is a glycoprotein and incorporates myristic acid.
CR3 receptor on platelets and its role in the prostaglandin metabolic pathway
Authors: Cosgrove Leah J , d'Apice Anthony JF , Haddad Albert , Pedersen John , McKenzie Ian FC
Published: July 2007

The human C3R receptor, which binds C3bi, present on the surface of monocytes, granulocytes and natural killer cells, can be detected by several monoclonal antibodies, OKMI, Mol and Mac‐1 and also by RM2.184 which detects a polymorphism of the receptor. Platelets have been considered to lack complement receptors on their cell surface; however, we now describe the detection of CR3 receptors on human platelets by radioimmunoassay using both OKM1 and RM2.184 antibodies. Using OKM1, immunoprecipitation studies with 125l‐labelled platelets revealed the typical CR3 complex with an α chain of 165,000 daltons and β chain of 95,000 daltons. By immunofluorescence, megakaryocytes were also found to be OKM1+. However, platelet CR3 does not merely bind C3bi, but the binding of the OKM1 antibody to platelet CR3 selectively blocks platelet functions of aggregation and serotonin release induced by arachadonic acid but not by other ligands (ristocetin, ADP, L‐epinephrine, collagen and thrombin). The studies demonstrate an important role of platelet CR3 in both complement binding and in prostaglandin metabolic pathways.
Specific IgA antibody response in Ross River virus infection
Authors: Carter IWJ , Fraser JRE , Cloonan MJ
Published: July 2007

Sera were collected over a period of several years from the onset of initial symptoms from 77 patients with Ross River virus infection. When tested for virus‐specific IgA antibodies, using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on antibody class capture, 245 out of 704 sera were antibody‐positive. Although Ross River virus IgA antibodies were present in the serum of all patients soon after onset of symptoms, the IgA response was relatively short‐lived in comparison with specific IgM antibodies. The results suggested that the detection of high levels of Ross River virus IgA antibodies was of potential value in differentiating between recent and past infection, especially in those patients with persisting IgM antibodies.
The rejection of thyroid allografts in the ovine testis
Authors: Maddocks S , Setchell BP
Published: July 2007

The survival of thyroid autografts and allografts in the ovine testis has been investigated. Thyroid autografts survived and concentrated iodine 4 weeks after transplantation. Healthy colloid‐containing follicles were found in the graft at this time, although no response of the grafts to a thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) challenge could be detected and there was no detectable basal thyroxine secretion into testicular venous blood or lymph. Thyroid allografts, however, were effectively rejected within 4 weeks of transplantation and did not concentrate iodine. No healthy tissue in the allografts could be found at 4 weeks after transplantation. Thus, in contrast to rodents and related species, the ovine testis does not appear to be an immunologically privileged site. This suggests that the immune privileged status of the rodent testis is not necessarily a general mammalian characteristic.
Festschrift Immunological aspects of interaction between rotavirus and the intestine in infancy
Authors: Uhnoo Ingrid , Dharakul Tararaj , Riepenhoff‐Talty Marie , Ogra Pearay L
Published: July 2007

Rotaviruses are important pathogens causing severe diarrhoea in human infants and young animals. Available information on the pathogenic mechanisms of and the immune response to rotaviruses is reviewed here. Studies in our laboratory using the suckling mouse model have focused on elucidating the nature of interaction between the virus and the gut, and on the importance of T and B cell mediated immunity in protection and recovery from the disease. Our data suggest that the age dependence of mouse rotavirus (MRV) infection is related to the presence of virus‐specific receptors on the enterocytes. The uptake of rotavirus antigens appears to be limited to the epithelium associated with Peyer's patches. The antigen is transported to local and regional lymph nodes. Recent studies have indicated that rotavirus infection also increases the uptake of other macromolecules in the intestine. Rotavirus‐specific mucosal IgA response seems to be related to the location and magnitude of MRV antigen in the lymph follicles in different segments of the small intestine. Studies in mice with different types of immunodeficiency suggest that a specific immune response is required for complete resolution of virus infection. Several parameters of immunity to rotavirus infection have been examined and, similar to other reports, local immunity in the intestine appears to have the most important role in protection. It also has been observed that nutritional factors may be important in modifying disease. However, there are still many questions to be answered concerning the role of immunity in mediating the pathogenesis of rotavirus infection.
Immunobiological relationships between Vibrio fluvialis and Vibrio cholerae enterotoxins
Authors: Ahsan CR , Sanyal SC , Zaman A , Neogy PKB , Huq MI
Published: July 2007

A total of 26 strains of Vibrio fluvialis was included in this study, which were isolated from patients with diarrhoea and other sources. The GM1 enzyme linked immunosorbent assays performed with the culture filtrates of V. fluvialis yielded negative results, indicating that their receptor site is different from that of the known labile toxin. The cholera antitoxin failed to neutralize the skin permeability factor activities of all the V. fluvialis culture filtrates and none of the concentrated culture filtrates gave any precipitin band, when tested against the cholera antitoxin in Ouchterlony's gel diffusion test. These observations suggest that the toxin of V. fluvialis differs from the known cholera toxin in receptor site, mode of action and antigenicity.
A monokine which binds to class II histocompatibility proteins
Authors: Hedberg Nancy , Hunter Neil
Published: July 2007

There is a marked decrease in the viability, in vitro, of dense, immature rat thymocytes over a 4 h incubation period. The addition of a monokine of relative molecular weight 36 000 derived from cultured rat peritoneal macrophages which had been previously stimulated with lipopolysaccharide prevented these cells from dying. The early release of this factor, together with preliminary results of its physical and functional properties suggest that it is distinct from the well characterized monokines. The macrophage factor was found to bind in competition with a monoclonal antibody directed against a common determinant on the la antigen complex, but also to bind non‐competitively with a monoclonal antibody to a strain‐specific epitope on Ia. Based on the results of experiments using a fractionated thymic cell model, it would appear that this monokine binds to the la protein complex on the cell surface of thymic epithelial cells, causing them in turn to release an activity which is responsible for the survival of thymocytes.
Clearance of Brugia pahangi microfilariae in immunized mice
Authors: Rajasekariah GR , Puri P Mukherjee , Chandrashekar R , Subrahmanyam D
Published: July 2007

Active Brugia pahangi microfilariae (Mf) were injected into naive male BALB/c mice intraperitoneally. Microfilaraemia was studied for 28 days; and Mf circulated in blood in optimum numbers from 3 to 14 days. Anti‐Mf respose was assessed by the rate of disappearance of Mf from blood as well as their absence from visceral organs. Sonicated antigens of Mf (MfE) and whole worm extract of adults (WWE) induced absolute protection against the establishment of Mf in mice. This potent anti‐Mf response elicited by sonicated antigens was intense, rapid and with stood repeated challenge infection. In comparison, immunization with in vitro excretory, secretory and metabolic antigens of Mf (MfESM) produced a partial but significant level of protection. Sera collected periodically from immunized animals showed antibody by micro‐ELISA compared to sham vaccinated controls. When Mf were used as targets along with the peritoneal exudate cells in vitro, sera from mice immunized with MfE and MfESM showed about four‐fold cellular adherence to(Mf‐ADCA) and 10‐fold killing (Mf‐ADCC) of Mf which was antibody‐dependent. Some degree of correlation was apparent when the antibody levels, Mf‐ADCA/Mf‐ADCC activity, and Mf clearance were compared. This murine microfilaraemia model was therefore shown to be suitable for studying the host‐protective immune response against filarial parasites.
HLA (Class I) antigens on platelets are involved in platelet function
Authors: Cosgrove Leah J , Vaughan Hilary A , Tjandra Joe J , Thurlow Peter J , McKenzie Ian FC
Published: July 2007

HLA (Class I) antigens are ubiquitous in their cellular distribution and, while their function in major histocompatability complex (MHC)‐restricted phenomena are clear, their function on other cells, such as platelets, is not so obvious. We now report that several anti‐HLA monoclonal antibodies (including an anti‐β2 microglobulin antibody) selectively affect platelet function in that three different anti‐HLA monoclonal antibodies caused not only the aggregation of human platelets, but also caused the release of 14C‐serotonin. In addition, the anti‐HLA antibodies could selectively block the binding of several platelet agonists such as collagen, adrenalin, ADP, but not the binding of others such as thrombin and arachidonic acid. In blocking studies there also appeared to be an association between platelet glycoprotein IIb‐IIIa and HLA Class I antigens. We propose that both heavy and light chains of Class I HLA antigens on platelets may be involved in platelet aggregation and release and suggest an additional role for HLA antigens on platelets.
Intratumour therapy of solid tumours with ricin–antibody conjugates
Authors: Kanellos J , McKenzie IFC , Pietersz GA
Published: July 2007

Immunotoxin conjugates of whole ricin with monoclonal antibody were prepared with the galactose binding site on the ricin B chain blocked. These whole ricin‐antibody conjugates were then injected directly into tumours (IT) in mice with established solid tumours. The conjugates were found to be effective, in vivo, in (C57BL/6 × BALB/c)F1 mice carrying thymoma grafts and in nude mice bearing human tumour xenografts. Thymomas (Ly‐1.1−, 2.1+) completely regressed following IT injection of cither ricin‐anti‐Ly‐2.1 or ‘modified’ (periodate treated to remove carbohydrate) ricin–anti‐Ly‐2.1 but did not regress when treated with the non‐reactive ricin–anti‐Ly‐1.1. Similarly, established CEM (transferrin receptor+) or HT‐29 (17.1/2+) tumours in nude mice completely regressed following IT injection of ricin–anti‐transferrin receptor antibody or ricin‐17.1/2 antibody conjugates. The tumours disappeared within 48 h, and in 80–100% of these there was no recurrence. Intact ricin–antibody conjugates did not require the presence of lactose to block the binding of native ricin and selective activity was entirely dependent on the reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies (MoAb). Further, the killing of target cells was specific because non‐reactive ricin–antibody conjugates did not cause regression of tumours and MoAb alone did not inhibit tumour growth. In addition, there was no systemic toxicity evident in mice treated with reactive conjugates. By contrast, in mice treated with only ricin or with non‐reactive ricin–antibody conjugates there was toxicity to liver and spleen due to diffusion from the tumour; thus the MoAb moiety of the immunotoxin serves to target the ricin lo the tumour, to hold ricin in the tumour, and little escapes, it was found that ricin–antibody conjugate treatment (IT) with 1–2 μg of ricin–antibody conjugate was not harmful to mice, in contrast to ricin alone, which killed all treated tumour bearing mice at a dose of 0.5 μg. Thus whole ricin–antibody conjugates can be used successfully in vivo for local therapy, leading to the eradication of solid tumours by direct injection of the tumour.
Effect of cyclosporin A treatment on the enteropathy of graft‐versus‐host reaction in the rat: A quantitative study of intestinal morphology, epithelial cell kinetics and mucosal immune activity
Authors: Cummins AG , Munro GH , Miller HRP , Ferguson A
Published: July 2007

Mucosal graft‐versus‐host reaction (GvHR) of the small intestine exemplifies an immunologically mediated enteropathy that is associated with expansion of mucosal mast cells (MMC). Quantitative measures of intestinal morphology, epithelial cell kinetics and mucosal immune activity were used to assess the effect of the immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporin A (CyA), in ameliorating this enteropathy and on increased activity of MMC in the jejunum. GvHR was induced in two groups of PVGU × PVGC rats by irradiation (4·50 Gy) and intravenqus injection of PVGC spleen cells (150 × 106). One group remained untreated, while a second group of eight rats was treated with a 50 mg/kg dose of CyA subcutaneously given daily for the first 3 days and then every second day, and which had commenced the day before induction of GvHR. On day 14, all animals were killed. Treatment with CyA prevented intestinal crypt hyperplasia but did not affect villus length, and normalized the crypt cell production rate (CCPR) from 38 to 15 cells/crypt/h (P<0·0001). CyA reduced the number of MMC and jejunal content of the MMC associated protease, rat mucosal mast cell protease II (RMCPII). Mean serum RMCPII concentration was reduced from 302 (s.d. = 112) in GvHR animals to 10 (s.d. = 6) ng/mL in GvHR/CyA‐treated rats (P<0·0001). We conclude that CyA ameliorates the enteropathy of GvHR and depresses the activation of MMC, as evident by the strongly depressed serum RMCPII concentration.
Genetically‐restricted effector molecules released by human lymphocytes in response to early pregnancy factor
Authors: Rolfe Barbara , Quinn Kathryn , Athanasas Stavrosia , Cavanagh Alice , Morton Halle
Published: July 2007

The binding of early pregnancy factor (EPF) to lymphocytes stimulates the release of soluble effector molecules. Studies in mice have shown that it is these factors rather than EPF as such which are inhibitory in the T cell‐dependent reactions, the adoptive transfer of contact sensitivity and the rosette inhibition test. Two factors have been identified: mEPF‐S1 (Mr ∼15 000) is major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐restricted while mEPF‐S2 (Mr ∼55 000) is restricted to a locus (or loci) outside the MHC. In the present paper, evidence is presented which shows that EPF also induces the release of soluble mediators from human lymphocytes. With the rosette inhibition test two factors have been detected, both of similar size and genetic restriction to those described previously in the mouse. One factor, designated hEPF‐S1 (Mr 14‐18 000), is human lymphocyte antigen (HLA)‐restricted and the other, hEPF‐S2 (Mr 50‐60 000), appears to be restricted to a locus (or loci) outside the HLA complex.
Immunolocalization of collagenase in neoplastic epithelial cells
Authors: Whitelock JM , O'Grady RL , Lyons JG
Published: July 2007

The distribution of interstitial collagenase in a rat mammary carcinoma model system has been studied by immunocytochemistry. Rabbit antibodies were raised against collagenase from neoplastic epithelial cells which were derived from an anaplastic, invasive, rat mammary carcinoma (BC1). Specificity of the antibodies was determined by Western blot analysis which showed reactivity with the inactive procollagenase from conditioned culture medium of BC1 cells as well as with purified, active BC1 collagenase. Anti‐BC1 collagenase antibodies did not recognize BC1 collagenase entrapped by the inhibitor, rat α‐2‐macroglobulin (α2M), or collagenase derived from TPA‐stimulated human fibroblasts. Anti‐human fibroblast collagenase antibodies did not recognize BC1 collagenase, suggesting that the human‐mesenchymal and rat‐epithelial enzymes are immunologically distinct molecules.

Collagenase was immunolocalized intracellularly in BC1 cells cultured in the presence of monensin. Neither BC1 collagenase, α2M nor enzyme‐inhibitor complexes were demonstrated in or around invading tumours by immunostaining of tissue sections of rat mammary carcinomas.
Transfection of genes for human cell surface antigens identified by monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Cole SR , Kriek GW , Hope RM , Ashman LK
Published: July 2007

Six murine L cell lines expressing five different human cell surface antigens have been prepared by DNA‐mediated gene transfer. Ltk− cells were transfected with calcium phosphate co‐precipitates of human genomic DNA and a plasmid containing the Herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene. After HAT selection, transfectants expressing specific cell surface antigens were identified by in situ immune resetting using monoclonal antibodies. In this way, transfected cell lines expressing the CD9 antigen, the CD31 antigen (two lines), a unique platelet antigen, an X‐linked antigen (R1), and a previously unreported monocyte antigen 11D1 were prepared. These cell lines have proved useful in the definitive assignment of monoclonal antibodies to specific CD groups. In addition, they provide a source of mRNA for use in expression cloning of the genes for these antigens.
Methylation‐Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism in Date Palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and their Off‐Shoots
Authors: Fang J.‐G. , Chao C. T.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: DNA methylation plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes. In this study, the extent and patterns of DNA methylation were assessed in date palm mother‐plants and their off‐shoots using the methylation‐sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) technique. Three types of bands were generated using 12 pairs of primers. Type I were present in both EcoR I +Hpa II and EcoR I +Msp I lanes; type II were present in EcoR I +Hpa II lanes, but not in EcoR I +Msp I lanes; and type III bands were present in EcoR I +Msp I lanes, but not in EcoR I +Hpa II lanes. The total numbers of these three types of bands were 782, 55, and 34, respectively. Among these three types of bands, the polymorphic bands were, respectively, 37, 10, and 0. The distribution of polymorphic bands among mother‐plants and off‐shoots suggests the methylation variation was present in both the mother‐plants and off‐shoots. Forty‐ four out of these 47 polymorphic bands show clear difference between mother‐plant and off‐shoots: 38 were present only in off‐shoots and 6 in both mother‐plants and off‐shoots. Compared to methylation status in mother‐plants, the methylation variation during off‐shoot growth of date palm can be characterized as a process involving primarily de‐methylation. Hypomethylation of DNA in off‐shoots, compared with mother‐plants, reflects the marked expression of this molecular feature, which may be related to gene expression during off‐shoot development. The methylation or de‐methylation status of specific loci in the mother‐plants and their off‐shoots were probably random events.