bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geomorphic, Aquatic, and Engineering Design Considerations for Low-Water Crossings
Authors: Keller Gordon R. , Clarkin Kim
Published: June 2007

A wide variety of low-water stream crossings have been built on low-volume roads across the United States over the past 50 years with the primary objectives of traffic access and cost savings. They are generally a rigid structure in a dynamic stream system, so most have worked to varying degrees from a road use standpoint. Many have required maintenance, repairs, or design modifications to function as they exist today. In addition, most structures have caused problems with regard to stream sediment transport, promoting upstream aggradation or downstream scour and creating barriers or limitations to the passage of aquatic organisms. Three fundamental types of fords both maintain good stream function and provide for traffic use: simple at-grade fords, low-water bridges, and vented fords with a large waterway opening area, preferably with a natural stream channel bottom. Each has a large waterway open area that does not constrict most flow. Ideally the width is at least equal to that of the natural bankfull channel. This paper discusses the problems observed and the requirements for a ford to meet stream function needs, pass sediment appropriately, provide for the passage of fish and other aquatic organisms, and meet engineering design needs. Some fords are designed specifically to function in extreme dynamic conditions, such as in debris torrent or alluvial fan channels, in desert or other “flashy” hydrologic regimes, or where debris jams and overbank flooding are frequent. Fitting the structure to the site requires experience and sound geomorphic, hydraulic, and engineering design. The task should be undertaken with an interdisciplinary team approach.
Stabilization Mechanisms of Nontraditional Additives
Authors: Tingle Jeb S. , Newman J. Kent , Larson Steve L. , Weiss Charles A. , Rushing John F.
Published: June 2007

Because of the high cost of quality construction materials, transportation engineers are often forced to seek alternative designs using substandard materials, commercial construction aids, alternative pavement materials, and innovative design practices. Nontraditional soil stabilization additives are being marketed as viable solutions for stabilizing marginal materials as a low-cost alternative to traditional construction materials. Nontraditional additives are diverse in their composition and the way they interact with soil. Unfortunately, little is known about their interaction with geotechnical materials and their fundamental stabilization mechanisms. The objective of this research was to advance current understanding of the chemical and physical bonding mechanisms associated with selected non-traditional stabilizers. The research consisted of conducting qualitative analyses of hypothesized stabilization mechanisms, examining historical literature for supporting documentation, and performing laboratory experiments to improve the understanding of how these nontraditional additives stabilize soils. Laboratory experiments included image analyses, physical characterization, and chemical analyses to determine the primary constituents of the mineral, soil, stabilizer, and stabilized soil composite. The focus of this effort was to provide insight into the proposed mechanisms by using the laboratory data to examine proposed mechanisms from the historical literature and to provide additional hypotheses for the interaction between nontraditional additives and different soil types.
Empirical Design Methods for Geosynthetic-Reinforced Low-Volume Roads
Authors: Tingle Jeb S. , Jersey Sarah R.
Published: June 2007

Low-volume road managers are forced to focus their limited resources on higher-capacity infrastructure, with minimal funding for repairing, maintaining, or improving unpaved low-volume roads as a result. Insufficient funding requires road managers to consider the use of innovative stabilization and reinforcement materials to reduce operational costs and minimize maintenance requirements. Geosynthetic materials have been used for many years to improve the quality of low-volume roads in an effort to reduce the amount of aggregate required or to extend the service life of the pavement. The objective of this paper is to review the use of geotextiles and geogrids in unpaved roads, compare common design approaches, discuss advantages and limitations of current design methods, and seek directions for future research efforts to improve the implementation of geosynthetic technologies. This paper summarizes prior research activities to establish the historical performance of geosynthetic-reinforced unpaved roads. Once the performance benefits have been generally supported, current design methods for separation and reinforcement, including advantages and limiting assumptions, are discussed. The sensitivity of the design methods to specific input parameters is examined to provide users with an understanding of the impact of design assumptions on the resulting structural design. Design methods are compared by performing designs with different methods for a variety of site conditions. Finally, the paper discusses the essential requirements for the development of more advanced design methods.
Mechanistic–Empirical Design Model Predictions for Base-Reinforced Pavements
Authors: Perkins Steve , Cuelho Eli L.
Published: June 2007

A mechanistic–empirical design method for geosynthetic-reinforced bases of flexible pavements is described. This method shares features with a nationally recognized mechanistic–empirical method developed through NCHRP Project 1-37a for conventional, unreinforced flexible pavements. The method developed for reinforced pavements contains material and damage models for the different layers of the pavement cross section, testing methods for identification of material properties, incorporation of reinforcement into a finite element response model, and development of response model modules that account for fundamental mechanisms of reinforcement. Unreinforced mechanistic–empirical models were field calibrated from low-volume road test sections constructed in two pavement test facilities. One facility involved full-scale tests loaded by a heavy vehicle simulator. The second facility involved large-scale laboratory model tests with cyclic load applied to a stationary circular plate resting on the pavement surface. Reinforced models were then compared with test sections from these same two facilities to gauge the suitability of the developed modeling techniques. A sensitivity study was performed to evaluate reinforced models for bracketing combinations of pavement traffic level, sub-grade stiffness, reinforcement type, and reinforcement position. The majority of the models were set up to evaluate the increased number of traffic passes that could be applied when reinforcement was added to the cross section. Several models were created to evaluate the reduction in base course thickness for an equal number of traffic passes for reinforced and unreinforced sections. Pavement section performance was evaluated for permanent surface deformation and asphalt concrete fatigue cracking. This paper focuses on the results of these predictions and the implications for the use of geosynthetic reinforcement in low-volume roads.
Characterization of Some Tropical Soils for Road Pavements
Authors: Molenaar A. A. A.
Published: June 2007

Design models for pavements in developing countries are almost empirical methods. There is a need, however, to use mechanistic methods to determine in a much better way the consequences of overloading, permission to use wide-base tires instead of the commonly used dual-wheel configuration, benefits of polymer-modified asphalt mixtures, use of recycled materials, and so on. The problem is that characterization of tropical soils and granular materials is still done mainly with California bearing ratio (CBR) testing because triaxial testing equipment, and especially repeated load testing equipment, is not readily available. Although it is useful, the CBR does not give information on the resilient and permanent deformation characteristics of these materials. This paper presents work done at the Road and Railway Laboratory of Delft University on characterizing a number of tropical soils, resulting in input parameters for mechanistic design analyses. The conclusion is that these soils can be characterized effectively by means of CBR and repeated load CBR testing. Nevertheless, the use of triaxial tests is highly recommended. Furthermore, some materials originally rated as marginally suited or not suited for use in base and subbase courses can be upgraded, effectively avoiding the high costs of producing and hauling high-quality materials.
Establishing Deterioration Models for Local Roads in Australia
Authors: Giummarra George J. , Martin Tim , Hoque Zahidul , Roper Ron
Published: June 2007

Local government authorities across Australia have adopted a variety of pavement management systems (PMSs) for local roads to guide the development of pavement maintenance, rehabilitation programs, and the appropriate allocation of road funding. Many practitioners managing local roads (the majority of which are considered low volume) are becoming disenchanted with their PMS packages, since the forecast of pavement performance does not accurately reflect actual pavement condition. A reason for this deficiency is that the prediction models used in PMSs are based more on the performance of overseas pavements. Pavement deterioration models are a critical component in any PMS, and accurate models are essential in order to better manage roads at both strategic (network) and maintenance work (project) levels to gain greater value from the funding available. To develop appropriate deterioration models for local roads, it was considered necessary to establish a number of sample local road sites at which pavement performance could be monitored over time. The sites selected are representative of local road pavements and cover a range of road types, climatic conditions, traffic loading, soil types, construction techniques, and maintenance practices. The study being undertaken by ARRB Group (formerly the Australian Road Research Board) as a commercial research project to establish deterioration models for low-volume roads across Australia, both sealed and unsealed, is outlined. The methods used to gain national support for the study, methodology adopted, performance criteria established, collection methods used, and interim results are described.
Low-Volume Road Performance Related to Traffic Loadings at Minnesota Road Research Project
Authors: Worel Benjamin J. , Clyne Timothy R.
Published: June 2007

The Minnesota Department of Transportation built the Minnesota Road Research Project (MnROAD) between 1990 and 1993. The low-volume road consists of a two-lane roadway that originally contained hot-mix asphalt (HMA) and portland cement concrete (PCC) test sections. Each of these test sections is trafficked by a controlled five-axle tractor-semitrailer. The trucks have two different load configurations, resulting in the same equivalent single-axle loads (ESALs) over time. The first configuration consists of a legally loaded 80,000-lb (80-kip) truck that runs on the inside lane 4 days per week, and the second configuration consists of an overloaded 102,000-lb (102-kip) truck that runs on the outside lane 1 day per week. The field performances of the different MnROAD test sections over time resulting from the different loading applications are compared. As expected, the thermal cracking performance of HMA was not affected by the traffic loadings, because it is a distress caused by the environment. Similarly, the ride quality of both HMA and PCC pavements was not noticeably different between the two lanes. However, rutting and fatigue cracking of asphalt pavements and faulting of PCC pavements were more severe in the lane with the 80-kip truck than they were in the lane with the 102-kip truck. The higher number of repetitions at a lower load level in the 80-kip lane produced more distress than did the lower number of repetitions at a higher load level in the 102-kip lane. The data presented show that the concept of ESALs may not be appropriate for mechanistic–empirical design procedures.
Units of English spelling‐to‐sound mapping: a rational approach to reading instruction
Authors: Vousden Janet I.
Published: June 2007

In this paper a rationale for choosing how many and what types of spelling‐to‐sound units of English to teach children to learn to read is introduced. The rationale is based on an analysis of the frequency with which various units of spelling‐to‐sound mapping occur in monosyllabic words of the English language. Analysis of spelling‐to‐sound mappings at three levels (whole words, onsets and rimes and graphemes) reveals that the distribution of these mappings in English text approximates Zipf's Law. Further analyses reveal that a substantial proportion of text can be read if knowledge of the most frequent mappings at each level is assumed. It is suggested that viewing reading from this perspective can be useful in developing reading instruction so that children are taught information that is most useful in achieving the endpoint of learning to read. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beliefs about interactions between factors in the natural environment: a causal network study
Authors: White Peter A.
Published: June 2007

This research is concerned with the structure of people's beliefs about causal processes in complex natural systems. A set of entities was derived from an expert analysis of important factors in relation to forest ecosystems and climate change. These included human population, atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, fires and several biological features such as extinction rates. In two experiments participants were presented with each pair of entities and asked whether change in one would produce change in the other. From the judgements made, causal networks were constructed that reflected consensual causal beliefs. The resultant causal network was unidirectional, with some entities, such as humans, functioning as causal origins and others, such as extinction rates, functioning as effects. This is consistent with previous research showing unidirectional patterns of thinking about causality in natural systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Output shaping in continuous‐time predictive control
Authors: Yavuzyılmaz Çağatay , Demircioğlu Hüseyin
Published: June 2007

In many control applications, it is expected that the system output tracks a desired reference signal. This paper describes a new approach in which the tracking problem is formulated as an output shaping problem. The approach uses the framework of predictive control and imposes the desired reference signal as a constraint on the output. Some simulation results and a real‐time application are also given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crimean‐Congo hemorrhagic fever: Five patients with hemophagocytic syndrome
Authors: Tasdelen Fisgin Nuriye , Fisgin Tunc , Tanyel Esra , Doganci Levent , Tulek Necla , Guler Nil , Duru Feride
Published: June 2007

Three pediatric and two adult Turkish patients with Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) induced hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) were admitted to Ondokuz Mayis University Hospital, which is in the Middle Black Sea Region of Turkey. All of them had remarkable hemophagocytosis in the bone marrow with severe bleeding symptoms along with the other known clinical and laboratory findings of CCHF. We would like to present these patients and to discuss the pathophysiology and the effect of acquired HPS on the severity of the disease. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hip osteoarthritis in a rural male population: A prospective population‐based register study
Authors: Thelin Anders , Holmberg Sara
Published: June 2007

Objectives

A cohort of rural men with urban referents was followed over 13 years to study the risk of developing osteoarthritis of the hip joint.

Methods

A group of 1,220 farmers, 1,130 matched rural non‐farming men, and 1,087 urban men were identified in 1989 and followed over time. Information on hospital care and surgery was obtained from the national Swedish register of hospital care and surgery.

Results

More farmers than referents had been hospitalized for osteoarthritis and had undergone surgery for osteoarthritis of the hip joint. Hazard ratio for osteoarthritis of the hip joint was 3.0 (95% CI: 1.7–5.3) for farmers versus urban controls. Non‐farming rural men had no increased risk as compared with urban referents.

Conclusion

Farmers but not non‐farming rural men had a significantly increased risk of developing osteoarthritis of the hip joint as compared with urban referents. Am. J. Ind. Med. 50:604–607, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The influence of artificial cranial vault deformation on the expression of cranial nonmetric traits: Its importance in the study of evolutionary relationships
Authors: Del Papa Mariano C. , Perez S. Ivan
Published: June 2007

Nonmetric cranial traits have been commonly used in evolutionary relationship studies. They develop during the growth and development of an individual, and for this reason its expression presents different sources of genetic and nongenetic variation. However, the use of these features in evolutionary relationship studies carries the implicit assumption that much of the nonmetric trait variation is essentially genetic. Among the nonheritable factors, cranial vault deformation has been the most studied in human populations. Because of the widespread distribution and elevated rate of artificial cranial vault deformation found in America, and the importance of nonmetric traits in evolutionary relationship studies in this area, the objectives of this paper are as follows: (a) to study the influence of artificial cranial vault deformation on the presence of nonmetric traits within samples of human craniofacial remains; and (b) to establish artificial cranial vault deformation influence on evolutionary relationships between local populations on a regional scale. Our results indicate that artificial cranial vault deformations alter the variation and covariation of metric and nonmetric traits in some samples. Wormian bones, placed in cranial vault sutures, are the most influenced by this factor. However, our results suggest that when all nonmetric traits were used the artificial cranial vault deformation did not influence the basic pattern of variation among samples. The exclusion or inclusion of wormians bones in evolutionary relationships analysis did not modify the results, but using only wormians bones lead to inconsistent results indicating that these traits have little value on these kind of studies. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conservation of aquatic plants in artificial watercourses: are main drains a substitute for vulnerable navigation canals?
Authors: Goulder R.
Published: June 2007

The vegetation of disused and occasionally used navigation canals with acknowledged botanical conservation value was compared with that of major land‐drainage channels with potential conservation interest.

Aquatic plant taxa and their abundance were recorded in 500‐m lengths of watercourses in East Yorkshire, north‐east England.

There was substantial overlap between canals and drains in the aquatic plant species recorded (42 out of 66 taxa were found in both canals and drains) and ordination analysis (DECORANA) showed that there were not two distinct vegetation types: one for canals and one for drains.

The aquatic plants recorded in both canals and drains probably largely originated from an eighteenth‐ and nineteenth‐century pre‐drainage marshland flora that has since been lost.

The conservation value of the aquatic vegetation at canal sites (assessed as diversity, rarity and naturalness) was not significantly greater than at the drain sites.

The canals are potentially threatened by restoration of navigation or increase in boat usage; a simplistic interpretation of the results is that potential losses in the conservation value of canals would be substituted by the flora of the drains.

A more measured interpretation, however, is that the canals and drains should be regarded as parallel conservation resources. This is because some aquatic plant taxa with limited distribution at local, regional or national level were found only in canals while others were found only in drains.

The results emphasize that evaluation of the botanical conservation value of artificial watercourses should include drains as well as canals; disused and lightly used navigation canals are widely recognized as of high conservation value whereas drains, being utilitarian landscape features, are more likely to be overlooked.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survivorship and tube growth of reef‐building Serpula vermicularis (Polychaeta: Serpulidae) in two Scottish sea lochs
Authors: Hughes David J. , Poloczanska Elvira S. , Dodd Jane
Published: June 2007

In the UK, reef formation by the tubicolous polychaete Serpula vermicularis L. has been recorded in only two sea lochs in Argyll, west Scotland. Serpula vermicularis aggregations are now confined to Loch Creran, those in Loch Sween having died out for unknown reasons.

Survivorship and tube extension rates were measured in situ in order to compare habitat quality of the two sea lochs and to determine the feasibility of artificial restoration of Loch Sween reefs using stock translocated from Loch Creran. After labelling and measurement, clusters of inhabited tubes collected from Loch Creran were re‐planted at two sites in Loch Sween and two in Loch Creran in July 2004, and monitored at intervals before recovery and remeasurement in July 2005.

In Loch Sween the tube clusters gradually disappeared over the monitoring period. Only remnants were left by May 2005 and no growth data were obtained. In Loch Creran 76% of the labelled tubes were relocated. Confirmed mortality over the year was 5.3% and mean tube extension rate was 33 mmy−1.

There was no significant difference in tube growth between the two Loch Creran sites and inter‐individual differences accounted for most of the variability in the data. Individual tube extension declined significantly with worm body mass but mean extension showed no relationship to total worm biomass in each cluster. Annual tube extension rate in Loch Creran was low in comparison with literature data from other serpulids, suggesting that tube growth is strongly seasonal.

The 10‐month persistence of some living worms in Loch Sween suggests that there is no physiological barrier to survival of stock translocated from Loch Creran but in situ video monitoring would be necessary to determine the cause of tube disappearance.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cost‐effectiveness analysis of information retrieval and dissemination systems
Authors: Lancaster F. W.
Published: June 2007

A distinction is made between cost‐effectiveness analysis and cost‐benefits analysis as applied to information systems; and the relationship between costs, performance, and benefits is discussed. Some factors influencing the cost‐effectiveness of retrieval and dissemination systems are identified. Various aspects of system operation that are susceptible to cost‐effectiveness analysis are discussed, including system coverage, indexing policies and procedures, system vocabulary, searching procedures, and mode of interaction between system and user. Possible tradeoffs between input and output costs, and the effects of these tradeoffs on cost‐effectiveness are presented.
A systems approach to the design of information systems
Authors: Liston David M. , Schoene Mary L.
Published: June 2007

Systems design consists of a tremendously complex series of choices in which no decision point is completely independent of other decisions which have already been made or have yet to be made. A systems approach to the design of document‐handling information systems would require a detailed examination of the choices to be made in the design process and the ramifications of possible choices in terms of the capabilities, performance, cost, and other characteristics of the system. The authors advocate a systematic procedure involving six steps: 1) identification of fixed parameters, 2) identification of variable parameters, 3) identification of available options for each variable parameter, 4) identification of factors affecting a choice among available options, 5) identification of factors affected by a choice among available options, and 6) logical analysis of the picture thus presented to determine the optimum sequence in which decisions should be made during the design process and the nature of the decision process itself.
A note on the mathematical basis of the SLIC index
Authors: Rush James E. , Russo Phillip M.
Published: June 2007

It has been shown that the index entries generated by the SLIC technique constitute a lattice which is a subset of the power set of the set of descriptors assigned to a document and that this fact leads to an improved algorithm for generating SLIC entries. It has also been shown that an isomorphic mapping exists between the SLIC lattice and a Boolean lattice (algebra).
Curricula in information science: Analysis and development
Authors: Belzer Jack , Isaac Akkanad , Finkelstein Eugene , Williams James
Published: June 2007

The Curriculum Committee of the Special Interest Group/Education Information Science of ASIS is charged with the responsibility for determining the scope and characteristics of information science programs in the U.S. & Canada in terms of curriculum developments and course offerings. To fulfil this responsibility, questionnaires were developed to elicit reliable information concerning courses being offered relating to information storage and retrieval, information science and/or documentation. The data requested included course levels, pre‐ and post‐requisite courses, textbooks used, topics covered, frequency with which offered, etc.

Responses were received from 45 schools, providing information about 185 courses and 242 topics. Using several methods of clustering the data, it was difficult to arrive at firm results, because of the diversity and scatter of the topics included in this field. It was therefore decided to hold a workshop of experts which would examine the validity of the questionnaire results.

This workshop, using the Delphi technique to arrive at consensus, was held at the University of Pittsburgh on September 21–23, 1970. Sixteen specialists in the field representing universities, industry and government were brought together to participate. Consensus was reached in identifying nine factors which contribute to the curriculum in information science and seven courses which constitute the core for the Master's program. The topics to be included in each of these courses were also isolated.

The 9 factors are: Psychology/Behavioral Science, Language/Linguistics, Management, Statistics, Library Science, Systems, Mathematics, Information and Communication Theory, and Computer Science/Automata.

The 7 courses are: Introduction to Information Science, Systems Theory and Applications, Mathematical Methods in Information Science, Computer Organization and Programming Systems, Abstracting/Indexing/Cataloging, Information and Communication Theory, and Research Methods.

The topics relating to these courses are given in Appendix III.

Not all the objectives have been attained. The “meat” surrounding the core has not yet been supplied; the core for a Doctoral program must also be determined. The committee feels that some conventions for evaluating the levels of professionalism reached at the completion of such programs could result as a byproduct of ths study.
Compound words: A problem in post‐coordinate retrieval systems
Authors: Jones Kevin P.
Published: June 2007

Compound words cause some difficulty in post‐coordinate indexing systems: if too many are fractured, or the wrong categories are selected for fracturing, noise will be produced at unacceptable levels on retrieval. Various prior suggestions for handling compound terms are examined which include those for precoordinated or rotated, indexes.

The syntactic origins are also explored and it is found that many compound words hinge on a prepositional relationship between the components, and that this relationship can be applied to decision making. Other compound words are in effect abbreviated statements from longer phrases, while some are influenced by the presence of a verb‐like form.

These syntactic influences, together with some of the philosophy from earlier studies–especially that of the ‘force’ required to fracture a term, have been combined to produce a set of rules which have been employed at the Natural Rubber Producers' Research Association (NRPRA) for over two years. These have greatly eased decision making and have enabled the thesaural vocabulary to be made more consistent.

It is also suggested that the rules have some bearing on the application of roles especially if these are employed on a pre‐coordinate basis.
Format recognition: A report of a project at the library of congress
Authors: Maruyama Lenore S.
Published: June 2007

An experiment using a computer to assign content designators to unedited machine readable bibliographic data to create MARC records is described. Input typing conventions are briefly discussed. A computer program (Assembler Language for DOS) is being developed which analyzes unedited data according to predefined algorithms and builds MARC records. A manual simulation using 150 catalog records was done to test the computer algorithms. The results of the test in terms of accuracy and throughput compared favorably with the current MARC input system in use at the Library of Congress.
The efficiency of medlars titles for retrieval
Authors: Miller William L.
Published: June 2007

Previous research has indicated that the titles rather than index terms would, in the standard MEDLARS system, give lower Recall but higher Precision. A title searching technique is described which allows the number of references retrieved to be fixed before a search commences. With this technique the greater applicability of title‐terms offsets their relative paucity. The title‐searching technique is tested using queries put to MEDLARS. These queries were not specially solicited for the test. Title searching is compared with the standard MEDLARS index term search and with an index term search with fixed output size. For equal output sizes, Title searching retrieves 4 relevant references for every 5 retrieved by index term searching. Thus the relative retrieval efficiency of Titles and Index terms is so close that the choice of one method or the other must be primarily on economic grounds.
Interface design for an interactive information retrieval system: A literature survey and a research system description
Authors: Thompson David A.
Published: June 2007

This article focuses on the human interaction characteristics of an information retrieval system, suggests some design considerations to improve man‐machine cooperation, and describes a research system at Stanford that is exploring some of these techniques.

Librarians can only be of limited assistance in helping the naive user formulate an unstructured feeling in his mind into an appropriate search query that maps into the retrieval system. Consequently, the process of query formulation by the user, interactively with the information available in the system, remains one of the principal problems in information retrieval today.

In an attempt to solve this problem by improving the interface communication between man and the computer, we have pursued the objective of displaying hierarchically structured index trees on a CRT in a decision tree format permitting the user merely to point (with a light pen) at alternatives which seem most appropriate to him. Using his passive rather than his active vocabulary expands his interaction vocabulary by at least an order of magnitude. Moreover, a hierarchically displayed index is a modified thesaurus, and may be augmented by adding lateral links to provide semantic assistance to the user. A hierarchical structure was chosen because it seems to replicate the structure of cognitive thought processes most closely, thus allowing the simplest, most direct transfer of the man's problem into the structure and vocabulary of the system.
Effectiveness of retrieval Key Abbreviation Schemes
Authors: Lowe Thomas C.
Published: June 2007

Frequently it is useful to abbreviate or otherwise transform keys used for the retrieval of information. These transformations include the compression of long keys into a fixed field length by operations on characters or groups of characters, hash or random transformations in order to obtain a direct address, or phonetic coding to order to group together keys that are in some way similar. The various transformations have differing effects on file retrieval schemes. Given a transformation algorithm and data to be transformed, it is possible to characterize certain qualities of the algorithm that relate to retrieval problems. This paper is concerned with some measures of effectiveness of such transformation algorithms.
Analytical models for library planning
Authors: Leimkuhler Ferdinand F. , Cooper Michael D.
Published: June 2007

Operations Research models of the acquisition and storage functions of a library are developed. Rules for selection of materials for a depository are analyzed and models of circulation interference and usage are explored. A generalized model of library costs and benefits is proposed.
Microfiche: A study of user attitudes and reading habits
Authors: Christ C. W.
Published: June 2007

The Libraries and Information Systems Center of Bell Telephone Laboratories conducted a study to evaluate microfiche as a possible alternative to paper copy for distributing technical information. The two objectives of this study were to determine the acceptability of the microfiche format as a medium for reading technical reports among a representative group of engineers and scientists and to measure the effects of using this medium on the reading habits of the group.

For a period of approximately nine months, a test group received microfiche copies of technical reports for their personal retention in place of paper copies on loan. Paper copies were available as a secondary response.

At the conclusion of the study, only a narrow majority of those participating answered affirmatively when asked if they would agree to receiving microfiche in the future. Analysis of other data indicated that (1) the reading habits of the scientists and engineers were not adversely affected by this format and (2) with careful planning, microfiche could be made generally acceptable to Bell Laboratories technical staff.
The development and preliminary test of behavior related dimensions of information systems
Authors: Moor William C.
Published: June 2007

A model identifying seven principal “dimensions” of information systems and sources is developed and tested. The dimensions are defined in terms of “required” user behavior, with an associated scale indicating differential “steps” or levels of this behavior. These required behavior dimensions are seen as yielding both system design information and probable use behavior information in compatible forms.

An empirical test of the model is presented which focuses on determining if the suggested patterns of user behavior exist. Data for this test are self‐reports of information system use by R & D personnel. It is found that the dimensions do serve as a model for identifying behavior.
A new comparison between conventional indexing (MEDLARS) and automatic text processing (SMART)
Authors: Salton G.
Published: June 2007

A new testing process is described designed to compare conventional retrieval (MEDLARS) and automatic text analysis methods (SMART). The results obtained with a collection of documents chosen independently of either SMART or MEDLARS indicate that a simple automatic extraction of keywords from document abstracts produces a 30 to 40 percent loss compared with MEDLARS indexing. A replacement of the unranked Boolean searches used in MEDLARS by the standard ranked output normally provided by SMART reduces the loss to between 15 and 20 percent. When an automatically generated word control list or a thesaurus is used as part of the SMART analysis, the results are comparable in effectiveness to those obtained by the intellectual MEDLARS indexing. Finally, the incorporation of user feedback procedures into SMART furnishes an improvement over the normal MEDLARS output of 15 to 30 percent.

One concludes again that no technical justification exists for maintaining controlled, manual indexing in operational retrieval environments.
Report on the evaluation of an experimental computer‐based current‐awareness service for chemists
Authors: Barker Frances H. , Wyatt Barry K. , Veal Douglas C.
Published: June 2007

A selected sample of U.K. University, industrial and Government scientists were given a current‐awareness service for 18 months, in order to investigate the practicability and problems of such a service. Six hundred profiles were run, using the natural‐language data bases Chemical Titles and Chemical‐Biological Activities produced by Chemical Abstracts Service.

Precision and recall were measured, and correlations between profile performance and such factors as subject area and profile logic were investigated statistically. Precision and recall failures were analysed and various improvements to the system were suggested as a consequence.

It was concluded that a viable computerised current‐awareness service based on searching natural language could be created.
Linguistics and information science
Authors: Montgomery Christine A.
Published: June 2007

This paper defines the relationship between linguistics and information science in terms of a common interest in natural language. The notion of automated processing of natural language–i.e., machine simulation of the language processing activities of a human–provides novel possibilities for interaction between linguists, who have a theoretical interest in such activities, and information scientists, who have more practical goals, e.g. simulating the language processing activities of an indexer with a machine.

The concept of a natural language information system is introduced as a framework for reviewing automated language processing efforts by computational linguists and information scientists. In terms of this framework, the former have concentrated on automating the operations of the component for content analysis and representation, while the latter have emphasized the data management component. The complementary nature of these developments allows the postulation of an integrated approach to automated language processing. This approach, which is outlined in the final sections of the paper, incorporates current notions in linguistic theory and information science, as well as design features of recent computational linguistic models.
Information networks: Definitions and message transfer models
Authors: Nance Richard E. , Korfhage Robert R. , Bhat U. Narayan
Published: June 2007

A mathematical definition of an information network is constructed with the purpose of developing a theory useful in answering practical questions concerning information transfer. An information network includes: (1) users, (2) information resources, (3) information centers, and (4) the total information transfer structure linking (1), (2), and (3). Emphasis is placed on the message transfer structure, as distinguished from the document transfer structure, to identify some basic network configurations.

Any message transfer structure is shown in graph theory concepts to be either isographic or nonisographic. Among the isographic structures, the cyclic and decentralized networks are defined. The strictly hierarchical network is also defined, and the 2‐regular network, reflected in the ARPA design, is identified.

Measures of network structure, in particular the accessibility and flexibility in message transfer, are developed. These measures for the basic structures are used to characterize more general structures. While some comparisons of message transfer structures can be made, development of more comprehensive measures is a necessity.
Measures of effectiveness for a university library
Authors: Rzasa Philip V. , Baker Norman R.
Published: June 2007

Two measures of effectiveness for university libraries are constructed. The Primary Measure of Effectiveness, defined over the total population of users, considers the number of material and information items desired by the users, the number of satisfactorily answered inquiries, and the number of users. For the Secondary Measure of Effectiveness, the total population is classified into subsets according to similarity of user needs. A measure is defined for each subset and is a function of the number of individuals in the subset.
The use patterns of physics journals in a large academic research library
Authors: Chen Ching‐Chih
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to reveal the use patterns of the physics journals in the M.I.T. Science Library. The findings are based upon an analysis of actual use data recorded from all volumes and issues left by library users on study tables and on trucks in the photocopy area from March 15 to June 31, 1971. The Science Library contains some 220 physics journals. The study reveals that only 138 journals (62.7%) were used even once during the 3 1/2‐month interval. A core of 49 journals supplies 90% of use, and these titles would cost 51.5% of the total single subscription costs of the 138 used titles: 52.3% of use occurs in journal volumes less than 6 years old. English is the most used language of physics journals and the English journals account for 95.3% of use. American journals, 57.2% of which are published by the American Institute of Physics, supply 59.4% of the total use.
A universal source thesaurus as a classification generator
Authors: Soergel Dagobert
Published: June 2007

The construction of a Universal Source Thesaurus (UST) is suggested. Unlike a universal classification, UST's main purpose would not be to serve as an indexing language to be applied directly on an universal scale but to:

serve as a source in the construction of special schemes;

serve as a concordance between a great many classification schemes, existing ones as well as new ones.

The following problems arising in the planning for UST are dealt with briefly:

The structure of UST–UST would have to be as complete and detailed as possible.

The use of UST in the construction of special schemes—especially the “extraction” of special schemes.

The use of UST as a concordance or “switching language” between different classification schemes as a basis for cooperative cataloguing and the possibility to have special schemes common to a group of related institutions (semi‐universal classifications).

Organization and management of UST.
A bibliometric analysis of certain information science literature
Authors: Donohue Joseph C.
Published: June 2007

Several bibliometric techniques previously applied to separate scientific literatures were used together in the analysis of a single corpus of journal articles relating to information science. Techniques included were (a) Bradford analysis, (b) epidemic analysis, (c) identification of research front, and (d) bibliographic coupling. Similar analysis was made of writings cited by the main corpus articles, and of the literature which in turn cites the main corpus. Results were analyzed in terms of structure and processes observable in patterns of authorship, publication, and citation. Their significance is discussed with potential application of the method to the solution of problems in the management of large research libraries.
Interrelationships of scientific journals
Authors: Narin Francis , Carpenter Mark , Berlt Nancy C.
Published: June 2007

A series of models of the interrelationship of scientific journals has been developed from the cross citing amongst 275 journals in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biochemistry, and biology. The data source was the Journal Citation Index (JCI), a file derived from the Science Citation Index. The JCI consists of a journal by journal tabulation of citings to and from each journal in the Index. A large amount of consistency was found between the citing characteristics of the journals in the different scientific fields, with quite clear boundaries between fields and a few well known cross disciplinary journals as cross field information links. The separate disciplines appear to relate to each other in an orderly manner, with a natural sequence: mathematics → physics → chemistry → biochemistry → biology. Within disciplines the journals form fully transitive hierarchies with very few relational conflicts.
Correcting author, title and multiple‐term index entries in mechanized bibliography preparation
Authors: Smith Kingsley R. , Judy Theodore M.
Published: June 2007

An operational, comprehensive, economical method for changing and correcting author(s), title and multiple‐term index entries in a computerized bibliographic system is presented. The technique was developed in producing the bibliographic preparation and maintenance system for the East African Agricultural Bibliographic Project at West Virginia University. The problems encountered in the production of a 10,000 entry bibliography using records variable in length up to 7,200 characters are discussed and the method is described as it is embodied in the system master file update program. Data modification is performed at three file structure levels with equal ease: record, entry and singular character string. The operations of SEARCH, DELETE, REPLACE, INSERT and ADD are described. The record formats and sequencing schemes are also discussed as well as the limitations of the method as it was applied. The reduced cost of file creation and maintenance resulted in a financially feasible mechanized bibliography which met planned specifications. Noting that the techniques involved have universal application in computerized bibliography preparation, it is concluded that this new tool is applicable to similar projects concerning other subject materials in the biological and social sciences.
An evaluation of the rheumatology coverage of index medicus. A preliminary report
Authors: Thorpe Peter
Published: June 2007

A preliminary investigation has revealed rather disturbing omissions in the rheumatology coverage of Index Medicus. Four full length articles from a sample of ninety‐three periodical references taken from the rheumatological literature could not be traced in the Cumulated Index Medicus author indexes, and no obvious reason for their intentional exclusion could be deduced. All four articles were from journals “Covered” by Index Medicus.
Improvement of automatic abstracts by the use of structural analysis
Authors: Mathis Betty A. , Rush James E. , Young Carol E.
Published: June 2007

We have undertaken to extend the capabilities of the abstracting system described by Rush, Salvador and Zamora by adding to the system a modification procedure that could be employed to make the abstracts produced by the system more acceptable to the reader. Results of this study are reported in this paper. Our purpose is to present a rationale for the modification phase of an abstracting system and to describe several modification rules whose implementation is an initial step toward the automated production of abstracts that contain sentences written especially for the abstract. We have described several methods for improving the readability of abstracts produced by computer program. The research described in this paper was performed as a part of a larger project whose aim is the development of an operational automatic abstracting system. 18 references are given.

This abstract was produced by the Rush, Salvador, and Zamora automatic abstracting system and the procedures described in this paper.