bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILERS FED SALINOMYCIN IN DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVELS OF METHIONINE AND ENERGY
Authors: LEESON S. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

In trial 1, caged broiler chicks were reared to 28 days on corn-soybean meal diets containing 60 ppm salinomycin or 99 ppm monensin with either 0, 0.05, 0.1 or 0.15% supplemental DL-methionine at metabolizable energy levels of 13.14 or 12.13 MJ/Kg. Monensin, but not salinomycin, depressed (P < 0.01) female body weight. Male birds were influenced by the salinomycin treatment resulting in increased feed efficiency. There were no significant interactions between treatments. Two subsequent trials involved floor-reared male and female birds to 49 days. Diets contained 0 or 60 ppm salinomycin in low (12.01 MJ ME/kg starter, 12.38 MJ ME/kg finisher) or high (13.33 MJ ME/kg starter, 13.63 MJ ME/kg finisher) energy regimens. Methionine levels were adjusted to the National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council (NAS-NRC) (1977) level of 1.56 g/4.184 MJ ME as a control treatment. Methionine treatments were obtained by supplementation or not of a corn-soybean meal basal. Salinomycin reduced feed intake (P < 0.01) of both male and female birds, and reduced body weight (P < 0.01) in males. Salinomycin improved (P < 0.05) feed efficiency in female birds. High levels of methionine supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake when the diet contained salinomycin, but not without the medication. There was a salinomycin × methionine interaction (P < 0.01) for feed efficiency. Salinomycin resulted in improved (P < 0.01) carcass fleshing grade at the low and standard levels of methionine. Key words: Salinomycin, methionine, broiler chicks, energy
EFFECTS OF AMMONIA AND STEAM TREATMENTS ON THE COMPOSITION AND NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF CANOLA (LOW GLUCOSINOLATE RAPESEED) SCREENINGS IN DIETS FOR GROWING PIGS
Authors: KEITH M. O. , BELL J. M.
Published: March 2010

Two lots of fine screenings from canola (low glucosinolate rapeseed) were flaked (rolled) and processed (a) control, uncooked (UC); (b) wet-cooked using steam (WC), dried; and (c) WC with ammonia added (WC + NH3) and dried. The screenings meals were tested at 10 and 20% levels in diets that were individually fed to 48 pigs (23–57 kg) of both sexes in each of two factorially designed feeding experiments. In a separate digestibility trial, the meals were fed at 15 or 30% of a barley:wheat (2: 1) basal diet. The glucosinolate content was reduced from approximately 40 μmol/g (UC) to 15 μmol and 2 μmol in WC and WC + NH3 screenings, respectively. The availability of lysine was reduced by processing. Pigs fed diets containing WC screenings gained faster (625 g/day) (P < 0.05) than those fed diets containing UC (576 g) or WC + NH3 screenings (588 g). Pigs fed 10% screenings gained faster than those fed 20% (612 vs. 583 g/day) (P < 0.05) with a similar difference (P < 0.05) between sources (lots). Digestibility of crude protein was reduced from 67% in UC to 62–65% in processed screenings. Minor treatment effects on energy digestibility were observed depending on the source. Key words: Rapeseed screenings, cooking, ammoniation, pigs, feeding trials, digestibility
EFFECT OF DELAYED CHILLING ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF BEEF CARCASSES
Authors: JEREMIAH L. E. , MARTIN A. H. , ACHTYMICHUK G.
Published: March 2010

A total of 40 bovine carcasses were utilized to evaluate the effects of delayed chilling at 13 or 22 °C for 12 or 24 h on the microbiological quality of beef carcasses. Areas on the neck, rib cage, and inside round were aseptically swabbed at 1, 24, and 144 h postmortem and psychrotrophic and mesophilic counts were obtained. Psychrotrophic and mesophilic counts generally did not differ (P > 0.05) between treated and control sides, and these counts did not increase (P > 0.05) on either control or treated sides during 144 h of cooler aging. Therefore, the results of the present study indicate that beef carcasses can be successfully delay-chilled without producing meaningful alterations in surface counts. Key words: Beef, delayed chilling, microbiological quality
THE EFFECT OF LEVEL AND FREQUENCY OF FEEDING WHOLE MILK ON BODY WEIGHT GAIN AND FEED CONVERSION OF CALVES
Authors: FISHER L. J. , MERLE FRANK VAN
Published: March 2010

Thirty-two male Holstein calves, beginning at 1 wk of age, were used to estimate differences in weight gain between two feeding levels and two feeding frequencies over a period of 3 wk. Calves were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments: whole milk (WM) fed at 10% of body weight (BW) twice a day; WM fed at 10% BW, three times a day; WM fed at 12% of BW, in two feedings per day, or WM fed at 12% of BW, in three feedings per day. Body weight gains and feed conversions were 279 and 437 g per day and 12.02 and 9.51 kg whole milk per kilogram of gain for the 10 and 12% levels of feeding, respectively. There was a trend towards increased rate of gain and improved feed efficiency when calves were fed twice compared to three times a day. Cost of medication was not influenced by level or frequency of feeding. It was concluded from this study that feeding whole milk at 12% of body weight was preferable to feeding at the 10% level of intake. Key words: Milk feeding, level, frequency, dairy calves
BODY WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS OF PURELINE AND CROSSLINE HEIFERS OF THE CANADIAN DAIRY CATTLE BREEDING PROJECT
Authors: BATRA T. R. , McALLISTER A. J. , LEE A. J. , LIN C. Y. , ROY G. L. , VESELY J. A. , WAUTHY J. , WINTER K. A.
Published: March 2010

Data on body weights and dimensions from birth to 82 wk of age on 1216 heifers of the National Cooperative Dairy Cattle Breeding Project were analyzed using best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) procedures. The effects of station, year of birth, dam's parity, line of sire, line of dam, interaction between line of sire and line of dam and sires within sire line were estimated. Age at first calving was included in the model as a covariate for body weights and dimensions taken after 50 wk of age. All effects except sire were assumed to be fixed. The effect of station was significant (P < 0.01) for all traits studied. The effects of year of birth and dam's parity were significant (P < 0.05) for more than half of the traits studied. Line of sire, line of dam and their interaction effects were significant (P < 0.05) for most of the body weights and dimensions. The effect of line of dam was much greater than line of sire for all traits. The non-additive genetic effect from crossing lines H and A resulted in a 1.9–3.8% increase in body weights and up to 1.6% increase in body dimensions taken from birth to 82 wk of age. Key words: Body weights, dimensions, pureline, crossline, dairy cattle
BREED OF TERMINAL SIRE EFFECTS ON CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE-WAY CROSS BEEF CATTLE REARED AT TWO LOCATIONS
Authors: RAHNEFELD G. W. , FREDEEN H. T. , WEISS G. M. , NEWMAN J. A. , LAWSON J. E.
Published: March 2010

Carcass characteristics of 3673 steers and heifers born over a 6-yr period (1973–1978) at Brandon, Manitoba (farm conditions) and Manyberries, Alberta (range conditions) were compared. Calves weaned at Manyberries were fed and evaluated at Lacombe. The progeny produced were out of 10 specific F1 crosses of dams mated to bulls of the Charolais (C), Simmental (S), Limousin (L) and Chianina (Chi) breeds. Dam crosses included the Hereford × Angus (HA) and crosses sired by C, S and L sires out of H, A and Shorthorn (N) dams. Terminal sire breed differences in the paired comparisons involving progeny of the Chi (the comparisons with maximum degrees of freedom) indicated that their carcass weight per day of age averaged 1.1% greater than C, 3.6% greater than S and 6.4% greater than L at both locations [Formula: see text]. Simmental progeny had significantly heavier (P = 0.0001) hide weights as a percentage of liveweight and significantly lower (P = 0.0001) dressing percentages than the progeny from C, L and Chi sires. Limousin and Chi-sired progeny had the lowest percentage of hide weight and the highest dressing percentage. Limousin progeny averaged 5.2% greater rib eye area/wt (cm2/kg) than Chi progeny P = 0.0001). Chianina progeny had the lowest proportions (percent of hot carcass weight) of long loin, rib, brisket and flank and the highest proportions of round and the combined trait of rib, round and long loin (P < 0.05). Chianina progeny had the highest percentage of lean in the rib, chuck and long loin while L-sired progeny had the highest percentage lean in the round. Chianina progeny had the highest and L progeny the lowest percentage bone in the rib, chuck, round and long loin. Limousin progeny had the highest lean:bone ratios but least percent lean per day of age at the long loin and round. At both locations significant terminal sire breed by year interactions were observed for all traits. The interactions of breed of dam by year, by sex, and by breed of sire and the interaction of year by sex were nonsignificant. Key words: Cattle, breeds, carcass, cuts, composition
POSTWEANING CHANGES IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE SOW
Authors: DYCK G. W.
Published: March 2010

The postweaning growth changes in the reproductive tract of the sow were determined in 98 Yorkshire sows slaughtered at 2-day intervals from weaning (day 0) to day 16 postweaning. At the time of weaning, after a 42-day lactation, the reproductive tract resembled that of a prepubertal gilt or anestrous sow. From weaning to day 6 (estrus), the only observed change in the ovaries was an increase in size of the vesicular follicles. After ovulation there was a decrease (P < 0.01) in ovarian weight (day 6, 8.2 ± 0.3 g; day 8, 6.0 ± 0.5 g). Subsequently ovarian weight increased with development of the corpora lutea (day 16, 13.2 ± 0.9 g). Growth of the oviducts and cervix followed the pattern of ovarian follicle growth with an increase (P < 0.01) in weight and length until day 6 postweaning (7.5 ± 0.6 g, 51.7 ± 2.2 cm, and 108 ± 7 g, 15.9 ± 0.9 cm, respectively). After ovulation, the weight and length of the oviducts and the cervix declined to those observed on day 2 postweaning. Uterine weight increased (P < 0.01) from weaning to day 6 postweaning (137 ± 24 g to 371 ± 24 g). A small increase (P < 0.01) in length was observed by day 4 postweaning (125 ± 8 cm to 151 ± 5 cm). After ovulation, uterine weight decreased to 278 ± 15 g by day 8 postweaning. Subsequently both weight and length increased to day 16 postweaning (455 ± 31 g, 264 ± 11 cm). Thus, while growth of the oviducts, uterus and cervix were associated with preovulatory follicular development only uterine growth was postiviely associated with development of the corpora lutea. Key words: Sow, postweaning, reproductive tract growth
POSTMATING FEEDING LEVEL EFFECTS ON CONCEPTION RATE AND EMBRYONIC SURVIVAL IN GILTS
Authors: DYCK G. W. , STRAIN J. H.
Published: March 2010

One hundred and twenty-eight gilts were used to evaluate the effect of reducing the level of feeding at estrus on conception rate and embryonic survival. Within each of 4 yr, 16 Yorkshire and 16 Lacombe gilts were penned individually in a piggery, fed 2 kg of diet once daily and 11 days after being observed in estrus were fed 2.5 kg of diet (H). The gilts were mated on the first (day 0) and second day of estrus with two boars of the other breed. On day 1 feed intake was reduced to 1.5 kg (L) per day for one-half of the gilts of each breed. On day 11 the feeding level was switched for one-half of the gilts in each of the two groups to give four feeding level treatments of HH, HL, LH and LL. All gilts were slaughtered between days 30 and 35. The breeds did not differ in average daily gain (ADG), conception rate, or embryonic survival. The Yorkshire gilts had fewer (P < 0.01) corpora lutea (12.0 vs. 13.1) and fetuses (9.3 vs. 11.1) than the Lacombe gilts. The HH and LH gilts had higher ADG than HL and LL gilts (P < 0.01). The HH, HL and LH gilts had higher (P < 0.01) conception rates than the LL gilts (87.1, 86.2 and 87.1% vs. 64.3%, respectively). The numbers of corpora lutea and fetuses were not significantly different among treatments. However, when the H and L treatments to day 10 were compared, the L gilts had more fetuses (11.0 vs. 9.5) and a higher embryonic survival (86.2 vs. 75.8%) than the H gilts (P < 0.05). A body weight maintenance feeding level for 10 days after mating appeared to improve embryonic survival. Key words: Gilts, feed restriction, conception rate, embryonic survival
A METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF GESTATING EWES
Authors: LYNCH G. P. , JACKSON Jr. C.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to identify metabolic changes that occur at low feed intake in order to develop a method to predict the nutritional status of gestating ewes carrying single or multiple fetuses. At about the 5th week of gestation, 32 ewes were assigned equally into treatments of free choice and restricted intakes of chopped orchardgrass hay. The initial intake of each restricted ewe was determined by calculating ration amounts to supply 60% of the NRC crude protein allowance. Feed intake of each ewe was increased weekly to 80 and then to 100% of NRC crude protein allowance according to changes in the metabolites studied. Plasma citrate and nonesterified fatty acids were increased during gestation, but 3-hydroxybutyrate showed the greatest potential for indicating nutritional status of the gestating ewe. Urinary ketones appeared during the 15th week of gestation and in about one-half of the ewes on restricted intake by the 17th week of gestation. At this point, plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate was 0.53 μmol/mL and might indicate a value at which intake adjustment is needed. Total serum protein and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were decreased by the 20th week of gestation by the ewes fed restricted intakes indicating an effect of restricted feeding on protein metabolism. Increases in both plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and urine ketone bodies by restricted feeding indicated that energy was an early limiting nutrient and that these metabolites may be useful as indicators of nutritional status. Key words: Gestating ewes, predicting nutritional requirements, citrate, nonesterified fatty acids, 3-hydroxybutyrate
AN EVALUATION OF THREE STAGES OF MATURITY OF HAY FED WITH TWO CONCENTRATE LEVELS FOR LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Authors: STEACY G. M. , CHRISTENSEN DAVID A. , COCHRAN M. I. , HORTON G. M. J.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted on a mixed brome-alfalfa hay grown on the University of Saskatchewan farm in 1977. The hay was cut at three stages of maturity: alfalfa at 10% bloom (cut 10 June); alfalfa at 50% bloom (cut 30 June); alfalfa at full bloom or early seed set (cut 22 July). Intake and apparent digestibility were determined for each of the three stages of maturity (exp. 1) using growing Hereford steers. Voluntary intakes per unit of metabolic body size (g DM/W0.75) were 127.9, 128.1 and 114.0 for the 10 June, 30 June and 22 July cuttings, respectively. Digestibility of dry matter was 70.7%, 67.0% and 58.0%; crude protein digestibility was 70.8%, 66.4% and 53.3% for the respective cuttings. Percent total digestible nutrients were 69.0%, 66.5% and 56.6%. A dairy production trial (exp. 2) was also conducted using the three stages of maturity of hay each fed with a low and a high concentrate level in an incompletely replicated 6 × 6 Latin square design experiment using six cows, six rations (three hays × two concentrate levels) and four feeding periods. Voluntary intakes of hay varied (P < 0.05) as a result of concentrate feeding level (15.0 kg DM/day on low concentrate level vs. 11.9 kg DM/day on the high concentrate level) although total dry matter intakes did not differ (21.7 kg DM/day on low concentrate vs. 21.6 kg DM/day on high concentrate). Total milk production was higher (P < 0.05) on the high concentrate feeding level (25.5 kg/day) than on the low concentrate feeding level (22.9 kg/day) although the low concentrate-early maturity hay combination did not reduce milk production significantly. Milk fat percent was lowest (P < 0.05) for the high concentrate-late maturity hay combination while all other hay-concentrate combinations resulted in similar milk fat percentages. No differences were observed in kilograms of feed dry matter consumed per 100 kg of 4% fat-corrected milk produced. Key words: Maturity, hay, concentrate, dairy cow
INFLUENCE OF GLUCOSINOLATES AND FREE OXAZOLIDINETHIONE IN A LAYING DIET CONTAINING A CONSTANT AMOUNT OF SINAPINE ON THE TRIMETHYLAMINE CONTENT AND FISHY ODOR OF EGGS FROM BROWN-SHELLED EGG LAYERS
Authors: GOH Y. K. , ROBBLEE A. R. , CLANDININ D. R.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted to study the effect that varying the amount of glucosinolates and free oxazolidinethione (OZT) in a laying diet containing a constant amount of sinapine had on the trimethylamine (TMA) content of eggs and the incidence of fishy eggs from brown-shelled egg layers. Duplicate groups of 10 Rhode Island Red laying hens which had been found to lay fishy eggs when fed a diet containing 10% rapeseed meal (RSM) were fed each of the four experimental diets. The diets consisted of a wheat-soybean-meal-type control diet and three diets to which aqueous extracts of RSM produced from high, medium and low glucosinolate cultivars (Oro, Span and Tower) were added. The extracts were included in the diet at levels of 3.42, 4.4 and 5.0%, respectively, to provide a sinapine content of 0.17%, a level equivalent to that which would result from the inclusion of 10% RSM in the diet. The results showed that the TMA content of eggs produced by the layers fed the diet containing Tower aqueous extract was significantly higher than that of eggs produced by birds fed the diets containing Oro or Span aqueous extracts (P < 0.05). Since the level of glucosinolates in the diets containing Oro and Span aqueous extracts were about seven times that in the diet containing the Tower aqueous extract, it may be concluded that intact glucosinolates do not affect the amount of TMA in eggs from brown-shelled egg layers fed a diet containing a constant amount of sinapine. On the other hand, free OZT in the diet increased the TMA content of the eggs and the incidence of fishy eggs produced by brown-shelled egg layers. Key words: Rapeseed meal, glucosinolate, oxazolidinethione, trimethylamine, fishy eggs, brown-shelled egg layers
A NOTE ON THE CARCASS COMPOSITION OF YORKSHIRE BOARS AND BARROWS
Authors: FORTIN A. , FRIEND D. W. , SARKAR N. K.
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four boars and 24 barrows were slaughtered at 95 kg liveweight. Boars consumed less feed (P < 0.01), showed more efficient feed conversion (P < 0.01), but had a lower (P < 0.05) dressing percentage and percentage of internal fat than barrows. Boars produced a higher (P < 0.01) percentage of trimmed boneless meat and their carcasses contained more protein, more water and less fat (ether extract) (P < 0.01) than barrows. Key words: Carcass characteristics, boars, barrows
EFFECT OF SODIUM BICARBONATE ON RUMEN TURNOVER IN FREQUENTLY FED SHEEP
Authors: STOKES M. R.
Published: March 2010

In four rumen-cannulated sheep fed 0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5% NaHCO3, the buffer increased rumen pH (P < 0.01) and isobutyrate (P < 0.10) but not rumen ammonia, lactate or other volatile fatty acids. Water intake increased (P < 0.01), liquid turnover rate varied quadratically (P < 0.09) and solids retention time and rumen solids volume varied cubically (P < 0.09 and P < 0.01) with NaHCO3 levels. Key words: Sodium bicarbonate, liquid turnover rate, solids retention time, sheep
EFFECT OF REARING WEANER PIGS AT THREE STOCKING DENSITIES ON RAISED DECKS OR SOLID FLOORING
Authors: LUNEN T. A. VAN
Published: March 2010

Ninety-six weaner pigs were reared at densities of 0.37, 0.18 and 0.12 m2/pig on decks or in floor pens. At 25 kg all were moved to floor pens at 1.44 m2/pig. A significant difference of stocking density on rate of gain, days to market and backfat occurred. Key words: Stocking density, decks, swine, weaner
STAGE OF LACTATION EFFECTS, REPEATABILITIES AND INFLUENCES ON WEANING WEIGHTS OF YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF MILK IN BEEF CATTLE
Authors: MONDRAGON I. , WILTON J. W. , ALLEN O. B. , SONG H.
Published: March 2010

Yield and composition of milk was measured on 270 cows with up to three parities each. Several combinations of breeds were included with all first parity females nursing Angus-sired calves and second and third parity females nursing Simmental-sired calves. Milk yields and compositions were obtained at 6, 14 and 22 wk postcalving. Yields were measured by both calf-nursing and machine-milking techniques. Milk yields were similar throughout lactation in first parity but declined over stages of lactation in parities two and three. No interactions between breed group of cow and stage of lactation were found. Milk fat percentages were found to be highest in early lactation, while protein percentages increased during lactation and lactose percentages remained constant. Milk yields increased from first to second parity, but were similar for second and third parities. Composition of milk was similar in all parities. Cows classified as being of dairy breeding had the highest milk yields, Jersey crosses were intermediate, while Charolais, British breeds and their crosses were lower and similar in milk yield. Jersey crosses were highest in milk fat percentage. Milk yield estimates were higher for the calf-nursing method than for the machine-milking method. Estimated repeatabilities of total milk yield, milk fat percent, milk protein percent and milk lactose percent were 0.40, 0.36, 0.58 and 0.52, respectively. Milk yields had a significant positive effect on weaning weights of calves. The inclusion of either milk fat percent or milk protein percent as covariates did not increase the percent of variation explained in weaning weights. Key words: Milk yield, beef weaning weights, milk composition, repeatabilities
INCIDENCE OF SUBCLINICAL AND CLINICAL MASTITIS IN PURELINE AND CROSSLINE DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: BATRA T. R. , McALLISTER A. J.
Published: March 2010

Bi-monthly California Mastitis Tests (CMT) scores and the number of cases of clinical mastitis in 758 lactations of the Holstein-based H line, 376 lactations of the Ayrshire-based A line and 409 lactations of their reciprocal crossbreds housed under intensive management were studied to examine effects of sire line, dam line and sire line by dam line interaction using mixed model methodology. The incidence of subclinical mastitis as judged by CMT score, number of cases of clinical mastitis during the lactation, proportion of cows showing clinical mastitis at least once during the lactation and the cost of drugs for the treatment of clinical mastitis were lower in the crossline cows than pureline cows. The heterosis for these traits ranged from 2.5 to 7.8%. Sire line effect was significant for CMT score, cost of drugs for clinical mastitis and most of the traits measuring clinical mastitis. Dam line effect was small and nonsignificant for most of the traits studied. Significant sire line and dam line interaction was found for number of clinical cases in right front and proportion infected in right front and left hindquarters. Pathogenic organisms were isolated from 10.4, 34.2, 56.3, 77.7, and 84.8% of the composite milk samples, showing a CMT score of negative, trace, 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Staphylococcus was the most frequently isolated organism from the composite milk samples. Key words: Subclinical, clinical, mastitis, dairy cattle
EFFECTS OF BREED OF SIRE AND BREED OF DAM OF COW ON CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF THREE-WAY CROSS BEEF CATTLE REARED AT TWO LOCATIONS
Authors: RAHNEFELD G. W. , FREDEEN H. T. , WEISS G. M. , NEWMAN J. A. , LAWSON J. E.
Published: March 2010

Carcass characteristics of 3673 steers and heifers born over a 6-yr period 1973–1978 at Brandon, Manitoba (farm conditions) and Manyberries, Alberta (range conditions) were compared. Calves weaned at Manyberries were fed and evaluated at Lacombe. The progeny were out of 10 specific F1 crosses of dams mated to bulls of the Charolais (C), Simmental (S), Limousin (L) and Chianina (Chi) breeds. Dam crosses included the Hereford × Angus (HA) and crosses sired by C, S and L sires out of H, A and Shorthorn (N) dams. Breed of sire of dam effects indicated that progeny from S cross cows generally had the heaviest carcasses S = C > L, the greatest carcass weight per day of age S = C > L, the highest percentage of dissected bone of the round S > C > L and rib S > C = L, the highest proportions of brisket S > L > C and flank S > L = C, and carried more kidney fat (percent liveweight) S > C = L and average rib fat S > C = L. Progeny from Limousin and Charolais cross cows had the highest dressing percentage [Formula: see text] and rib eye area/100 kg carcass wieght L > C > S while those from Limousin cross cows had the highest proportion of long loin and the combined lean cuts (rib, round and long loin) a higher percentage of dissected lean in the round L > C > S and the highest lean-to-bone ratio L > C > S. Progeny from dams of Shorthorn breeding generally had the heaviest carcasses, the greatest carcass weight per day of age, the highest percentage kidney fat and at Brandon the greatest proportions of plate and brisket. Hereford cross dams consistently produced progeny with the highest percentage head H = A > N, hide [Formula: see text], feet H > A = N, percentage bone in the long loin [Formula: see text], round [Formula: see text], and rib [Formula: see text], and the highest percentage lean in the long loin H > N (Brandon) and chuck H > N (Brandon). The progeny from Angus cross dams carried the greatest average rib fat [Formula: see text], had the greatest rib eye area/100 kg carcass weight [Formula: see text], the highest percentage lean in the round [Formula: see text], and the highest lean to bone ratio A > H = N. Key words: Cattle, breeds, carcass, cuts, composition
INFLUENCE OF BREED, BIRTH DATE, AGE AND BODY WEIGHT ON TESTICULAR MEASUREMENTS OF GROWING RAMS MAINTAINED IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: SHRESTHA J. N. B. , FISER P. S. , LANGFORD G. A. , HEANEY D. P.
Published: March 2010

Testicular measurements, including scrotal circumference (SC), testis length (TL), testis width (TW), scrotal skinfold thickness (ST) and tonometer score (TS), and body weight (BW) were collected from 233 rams of three synthetic strains, Suffolk and Finnish Landrace breeds, at 6, 8 and 10 mo of age, at the time of first breeding in September 1981 (11–13 mo) and second breeding in April 1982 (18–21 mo). Rams were exposed to continuous light from birth to weaning (21 ± 3 days of age), to a long day-length (16 h light: 8 h darkness) from weaning to 6 mo and then to a short day-length (9 h light: 15 h darkness) to the time of breeding. Subsequently, the rams were exposed to 4 mo of long day-length followed by a 4 mo of short day-length. All rams were hysterectomy derived, housed indoors year-round on expanded metal floors in windowless barns and reared artificially. Breed, birth date, age of ram and body weight were found to have important effects (P < 0.05) on testicular measurements of growing rams, whereas, age of dam and litter size effects were absent (P > 0.05). In general, meat-type sire breeds (Strain 1 and Suffolk) had larger SC, TL, TW and BW when compared to the fecund sheep breeds (Finnish Landrace, Strains 2 and 3). Testicular measurements and BW of Finnsheep rams were smaller when compared to all other rams examined. The significance of breed and birth date effects varied as the ram progressed in age. Testicular measurements and BW increased with age of ram from 6 to 8 mo but TS showed no change. SC and BW increased substantially at 18–21 mo (April) compared to 11–13 mo (September), whereas TL, TW, ST and TS declined. SC, TL and TW were significantly correlated with each other at all ages. ST and TS were independent traits with no significant relationship to SC, TL, TW and BW. Key words: Sheep, testicular measurements, breed, birth date, age of ram, body weight
RUMEN FERMENTATION AND DIGESTIBILITY IN STEERS AS INFLUENCED BY LEVEL OF INTAKE AND MONENSIN
Authors: HORTON G. M. J. , FARMER M. J. , BASSENDOWSKI K. A. , STEACY G. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of level of feed intake and monensin on rumen fermentation and digestibility in steers were evaluated. The four levels of feed intake were 30, 50, 70 and 90 g of dry matter per kilogram body weight raised to the 0.75 power (g/kg0.75). Monensin was included at 0 and 33 mg/kg diet. The diet contained 60% rolled barley and 36.5% alfalfa pellets. Organic matter digestibility decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of intake when the control diet was fed but was not affected by intake when monensin was included in the feed. Crude protein digestibility was consistently higher (P < 0.05) in monensin than control-fed steers at all four intake levels and decreased with increasing feed consumption in steers fed both control and monensin diets. Rumen fluid pH and ammonia and plasma urea nitrogen were not affected by monensin, and decreased (P < 0.05) as feed intake increased. Both higher feed intake and monensin caused an increase in the molar proportion of ruminal propionic acid and a decrease in the proportion of acetic acid. Key words: Intake monensin, digestibility, PUN, VFA, cattle
AN INEXPENSIVE MACHINE FOR FREQUENT FEEDING OF SHEEP IN METABOLISM CRATES
Authors: STOKES M. R. , SCHNEIDER P. L. , STEINMETZ L. M.
Published: March 2010

A simply designed and easily constructed solenoid-operated automatic feeder which can be mounted on a metabolism cage is described. Although compact in size, the machine can feed long or chopped forages, concentrates or mixed diets eight times daily in amounts sufficient for metabolism studies with sheep or calves. Key words: Automatic feeder, sheep, frequent feeding
EFFECTS OF SINGLE OR MULTIPLE INJECTIONS OF MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND GESTATION LENGTH OF RANCH MINK
Authors: MURPHY BRUCE D.
Published: March 2010

Single or multiple injections of 2 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) given to pastel female mink during embryonic diapause had no effect on fertility or litter size. Multiple injections prolonged gestation by 11 days over that of controls. These results indicate that MPA does not shorten the duration of embryonic diapause as has been suggested. Further, frequency of handling may prolong gestation. Key words: Progestagen effects, implantation, gestation length, mink
CHANGES IN PRIMAL CUTS WITH INCREASING CARCASS WEIGHT IN LARGE AND SMALL CATTLE
Authors: THONNEY M. L. , NOUR A. Y. M. , STOUFFER J. R. , WHITE Jr. W. R. C.
Published: March 2010

Carcasses from steers which had been fed to one of five within-breed slaughter weights, ranging from 363 to 544 kg for 74 small-framed Angus and from 454 to 612 kg for 71 Holsteins, were separated into wholesale cuts trimmed to 1 cm of outside fat. At the same carcass weight, Holsteins contained more (P < 0.05) of each of the trimmed chuck, rib, loin and round primal cuts. When carcass weight without, rather than with, kidney and KPH (kidney, pelvic and heart) fat was used as the predictor variable, each kilogram increase in carcass weight contained more of each of the trimmed primal cuts and the differences between Holstein and Angus carcasses were larger. Percentage primal cuts declined at a decreasing rate with increasing weight. Chilled carcass weight and fat thickness explained 70.6 and 61.8% of the variation in percentage combined primal cuts and round, respectively. Only from 20 to 27% of the variation in percentage chuck, rib and loin was explained by the best (minimum Sy–x and number of predictors) equations. Key words: Cattle, carcass, primal cuts, weight, mature size
THE EFFECTS OF SLAUGHTER WEIGHT AND SEX ON THE COOKING LOSSES FROM AND PALATABILITY ATTRIBUTES OF PORK LOIN CHOPS
Authors: JEREMIAH L. E. , WEISS G. M.
Published: March 2010

A total of 130 barrows and 113 gilts were slaughtered over a range of liveweights from 65.6 to 143.9 kg. These animals were randomly assigned to six different liveweight groups (group 1, less than 79.5 kg; group 2, 79.5 through 93.1 kg; group 3, 93.2 through 106.7 kg; group 4, 106.8 through 120.4 kg; group 5, 120.5 through 134.0 kg; and group 6, 134.1 kg and over) and utilized to evaluate the effects of slaughter weight and sex on palatability and cooking properties. The composite results indicated that the slaughter weight of both barrows and gilts can, from a practical standpoint, be increased to take advantage of potential economic advantages without meaningfully altering cooking losses or palatability attributes. Key words: Pork, slaughter weight, sex, palatability, cooking losses
EMPTY BODY WEIGHTS, CARCASS WEIGHTS AND OFFAL PROPORTIONS IN BULLS AND STEERS OF DIFFERENT MATURE SIZE
Authors: JONES S. D. M. , ROMPALA R. E. , WILTON J. W. , WATSON C. H.
Published: March 2010

Empty body weights, carcass weights and offal proportions were compared in 33 young beef bulls and 33 beef steers of different mature body size (35 small or mainly British breed crosses, 31 large or Continental crosses). All cattle were fed a high energy diet based on corn silage and high moisture corn from weaning to slaughter. Slaughter was carried out once 6 mm of fat had been attained at the 11/12th ribs, determined ultrasonically. Feed was removed 24 h and water 16 h prior to slaughter. The offal components were all weighed fresh and the alimentary components emptied of digesta. Bulls weighed 8.0% heavier (P < 0.05) than steers at slaughter, while large animals were 38.7% heavier (P < 0.0001) than small animals. Bulls and large animals had carcasses that dressed out 1.5% heavier than steers and small animals. To eliminate the effect of gutfill, carcass weights and offal components were expressed as a proportion of empty body weight. Bulls had a higher proportion of warm carcass weight and lower proportions of liver, spleen, heart, lungs, rumen, abomasum, large intestine and front feet relative to empty body weight than steers. Large animals had a greater proportion of warm carcass weight and hind feet, and a lower proportion of head, hide, liver, kidneys, omasum and small intestine relative to empty body weight than small animals. All castration by size interactions for liveweight, carcass weight, empty body weight and offal proportions were not significant. Castration and small animal size both increased the proportion of noncarcass parts relative to empty body weight in animals slaughtered at similar finish. Key words: Body, carcass, offal, bull, steer, maturity
PREPUBERTAL PLASMA LH CONCENTRATION, OVULATION RATE AND PROLIFICACY IN FINN, SUFFOLK AND FINN-SUFFOLK EWES
Authors: CHIQUETTE J. , MINVIELLE F. , DUFOUR J. J.
Published: March 2010

Fifty-seven Finn, Suffolk or Finn-Suffolk ewe lambs were used to study the relationships between prepubertal LH levels, measured at intervals between 2 and 10 wk of age, ovulation rate and litter size, both within and between genetic types. The most prolific group of ewes (Finn) did not have consistently higher mean levels of LH than the two other genetic groups possibly because the relationship between LH and number of ovulations among breeds may be age-dependent. On the other hand, within each genetic group, mean LH levels were generally higher in more prolific ewe lambs: small differences were observed up to 6 wk of age. These results show that early mean prepubertal LH concentration alone is not a precise indicator of future reproductive performance. Key words: Prepubertal plasma LH, ovulation rate, prolificacy, breed differences, ewes
EFFECTS OF INGESTION OF WARM, COLD AND FROZEN WATER ON HEAT BALANCE IN CATTLE
Authors: DEGEN A. A. , YOUNG B. A.
Published: March 2010

Four steers were used in a 4 × 4 latin-square-designed study that consisted of four 14-day periods and four water treatments. Once daily for 30 min, the steers were offered either snow, crushed ice, cold water (CW) near 0 °C or warm water (WW near 30 °C. These restricted water sources were offered 18 h after feeding to maximize possible thermal stress due to ingestion of the cold or frozen water. The snow and ice treatments reduced water intakes, rumen volume and dry matter of rumen contents. The maximum increment in metabolic heat production was observed with the ice treatment, 278% of preingestion metabolic rate, and this treatment also elevated metabolic rate for the longest time (182.5 min). The total increment in heat production by the steers was approximately 50% of the heat energy required to melt the snow or ice and raise the resultant water to body temperature. Minimal rumen temperatures were observed earlier than minimal rectal temperatures with the ice treatment resulting in the largest decrease in both rumen (16.5 °C) and rectal (1.4 °C) temperature. When offered choices of pairs of all combinations of snow, ice, CW and WW, the steers showed no preference for either the CW or WW. They preferred liquid water but would consume snow or ice when no liquid water was available. It was concluded that steers can tolerate thermal stress resulting from rapid ingestion of snow and ice drawing approximately equally from body heat and from increased metabolic heat production to compensate for the latent heat and heat of warming water. Key words: Cold water, heat balance, thermal stress, cattle, snow
EFFECTS OF FEEDING CANOLA-MEAL-PROTECTED-TALLOW OR SOYBEAN-MEAL-PROTECTED-TALLOW IN THE LOW-ROUGHAGE DIET OF DAIRY COWS IN EARLY LACTATION
Authors: VICENTE G. R. , SHELFORD J. A. , PETERSON R. G. , KRISHNAMURTI C. R.
Published: March 2010

Fifteen Holsteins and 12 Ayrshires were randomly assigned within breed and lactation category to one of three isonitrogenous concentrates containing 0% protected tallow (C), 8% soybean-meal-protected-tallow (SPT), or 8% canola-meal-protected-tallow (CPT) which they received during the first 15 wk of lactation. Concentrates and alfalfa hay cubes were offered ad libitum in the ratio 70:30. Statistical analyses compared the effects of diets containing protected tallow (PT) versus the control and secondly the effects of the SPT diet versus the CPT diet. When compared to the control, protected tallow diets significantly increased (P < 0.05) the yields of milk and milk fat and the gross efficiencies of conversion of energy and protein. Plasma NEFA concentration also was significantly higher with PT diets (P < 0.05) than in the control. PT diets significantly reduced milk protein percentage (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the SPT and CPT diets for any parameters measured except apparent digestibility of ether extract which was significantly higher for the canola-meal-protected-tallow diet (P < 0.01). Key words: Dairy, cow, milk, composition, protected, lipid, canola
NUTRITIONAL EVALUATION OF FORAGES BY HIGH-RESOLUTION SOLID STATE 13C-NMR
Authors: EFLOSON R. M. , CYR N. , RIPMEESTER J. A. , MILLIGAN L. P. , MATHISON G.
Published: March 2010

The nmr technique known as 13C cross-polarization-magic angle spinning with proton decoupling (CP/MAS) was examined as an approach to the direct measurement of the nutritional value of forages. Preliminary results indicate that the relative amounts of protein, lignin and carbohydrate can be estimated not only in single species but also on mixtures thereof without special treatment. This technique reveals changes due to maturation which should in turn be related to digestibility of forages. Use of a dipolar dephasing (spectra with delay) technique can be used to enhance relatively resonance signals due to protein and lignin and probably distinguish the fructose moiety from the remaining carbohydrate complex. While detailed quantitative correlations between nmr spectra and nutritional values remain to be established, the scope of the technique and some of the problems to be overcome are discussed here. Key words: Nutritional evaluation, forages, digestibility, solid-state carbon-13 nmr, protein, lignin, carbohydrate
NITROGEN KINETICS IN THE LARGE INTESTINE OF SHEEP GIVEN BROMEGRASS PELLETS
Authors: DIXON R. M. , MILLIGAN L. P.
Published: March 2010

Six sheep fed 606 g of pelleted bromegrass (Bromus inermis) hay per day were used in acute experiments to study nitrogen (N) metabolism. With three sheep (15NH4)2SO4 was infused into the caecum and with another three sheep a mixture of 14C- and 15N-urea was infused into the blood. Samples were obtained before infusions commenced and on tracer plateau before slaughter for determination of blood urea N and rumen ammonia N concentrations, enrichments and specific radioactivities. Digesta were also obtained at slaughter from the rumen, abomasum, ileum and five segments of the large intestine for determination of concentrations and enrichments of ammonia N, microbial N and nonurea nonammonia N (NU-NAN). Urine was obtained from the bladder at slaughter. Flows of N calculated from these data were represented by an eight-pool model. There was negligible transfer of endogenous urea into the caecum and proximal colon either via ileal digesta or by direct transfer across the gut wall. Approximately 9% of caecal ammonia N was derived from blood urea. Approximately 0.61 g endogenous non-urea N/day was secreted into the caecum and proximal colon. Proteolysis and deamination produced 1.21 g ammonia N/day in the caecum and proximal colon. Absorption of ammonia from the caecum and proximal colon was 0.80 g N/day, while at least 0.80 g ammonia N was absorbed from the spiral colon descending colon and rectum. Ammonia N (0.40 g N/day) was incorporated into microbial N in the caecum. Microbial N constituted 49% of the NU-NAN in digesta flowing from the caecum; some 72% of this microbial N was excreted in the faeces. The rate of irreversible loss of the blood urea pool measured with 14C-urea (6.52 ± 0.76 g N/day) was greater (P < 0.05) than that measured with 15N-urea (5.20 ± 0.32 g N/day). Caecal ammonia contributed 10% of the N entering the blood urea pool and 2% of that entering the rumen ammonia pool. Key words: Sheep, large intestine, nitrogen kinetics, models
PROTEIN QUALITY EVALUATIONS OF SELECTED CULTIVARS OF WHEAT, MEASURED BY CHEMICAL SCORES AND MOUSE BIOASSAYS
Authors: BELL J. M. , ANDERSON D. M.
Published: March 2010

Wheat cultivars, Glenlea, Inia-66, Neepawa, Pitic-62 and Twin, and Bonanza barley, were fed to mice in digestibility and protein quality evaluation trials. In the digestibility trial each diet contained 94.7% test grain, plus mineral and vitamin supplements and 0.55% chromic oxide fecal marker. Digestibility of energy ranged from 79.3% (Twin) to 83.4% (Neepawa). Digestibility of protein ranged from 71.0% (Twin) to 84.4% (Neepawa). Crude protein (CP) (N × 6.25) ranged from 11.8% (Twin) to 15.8% (Neepawa) and affected the protein apparent digestibility coefficients. In the 14-day growth trials the grains were compared in four ways: (a) as 94.7% of the diet, (b) in diets containing 9% CP, (c) in diets containing 9% CP plus amino acids to meet the requirements for growth of the mouse and (d) in diets containing 7% CP. Casein control diets were used. In (a) mice fed Twin wheat and Bonanza barley gained less than all others. In (b) all wheats resulted in slower growth than barley or casein but Twin had better protein than Inia-66 and Pitic-62, reflecting lysine contents. In (c) all wheats supplemented with amino acids equalled casein in terms of growth. In (d) the responses to 7% CP diets were inferior but parallel to those from 9% CP diets. In the protein quality evaluations barley ranked highest in relative growth index, protein efficiency ratio and net protein ratio. Twin wheat ranked second and Pitic-62 ranked last. Lysine was the first-limiting amino acid in all wheats, having from about 59 to 64% of the level required by 20- to 35-kg pigs. Isoleucine was second-limiting except for Glenlea with threonine. Key words: Wheat, cultivars, protein quality, mouse assays, digestibility
UTILIZATION OF SUGAR CANE FINAL MOLASSES BY THE PIG: COMPOSITION OF ILEAL DIGESTA
Authors: PEREZ A. , FIGUEROA VILDA , LY J. , MAYLIN A. , BAYLEY H. S.
Published: March 2010

Castrated male pigs of 30-kg live weight were fitted with re-entrant ileal cannulae using a surgical procedure which minimized disruption of digestive tract function. Three diets were investigated: sugar cane final molasses, a mixture of molasses and torula yeast, 3:1 on a dry weight basis, and a mixture of molasses and processed food industry by-products: (garbage), 3:1 on a dry weight basis. The pigs were trained to consume their diet in a single daily meal period of 30 min. The ileal digesta were collected, measured and sampled every 30 min for 24 h following the meal. Two collections were made for each diet, using a group of four pigs for both the first and second diets, and another group of four pigs for the third diet. Food and water intake, and ileal digesta flow varied greatly between pigs but there were linear relationships between the volume of ileal digesta and the dry matter intakes: the regression coefficient being 11,6 and 3 mL/g dry matter consumed for the molasses, molasses plus yeast, or molasses plus garbage, respectively. Regression analysis of digesta flux and digesta composition showed that the ash content of the digesta was directly related to the water flux through the terminal ileum. Carbohydrate constituted almost half of the organic matter in the ileal digesta from the molasses diet, and 41% of this was sucrose, 57% fructose and 2% glucose. This indicated incomplete hydrolysis of the sucrose and incomplete absorption of the fructose, within the small intestine. Key words: Swine, molasses, ileal cannulation, digesta composition, torula yeast, garbage
AN ATTEMPT TO ESTIMATE TEAT QUALITY OF SOWS BY HAND MILKING DURING FARROWING
Authors: FRASER D. , LIN C. S.
Published: March 2010

For 21 sows, teats were hand milked individually in a standard way during farrowing in an attempt to produce an index of teat quality. The piglets' teat selection and 14-day weights were then compared with the hand milking results. Of within-litter variation in 14-day weight, 38.6% was explained by 1-day weight, and only 4.6% extra variation by the index derived from hand milking. Use of the index gave no improvement over previous models involving 1-day weight and teat number (anterior to posterior). Hand milking showed a pronounced decline in colostrum yield from the most anterior teat pair (46.8 g) to the most posterior (13.7 g); this may help to explain the piglets' strong tendency to select anterior positions. Piglets of high, medium and low 1-day weight differed significantly in liveweight gain, but not in their selection of anterior or posterior teats. Key words: Colostrum, milk, piglet, sow, suckling behavior, teat quality