bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plutonian Moon confirmed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In late February, two separate observations confirmed the 1978 discovery by U.S. Naval Observatory scientist James W. Christy of a moon orbiting the planet Pluto. According to the U.S. Naval Observatory, these two observations were needed before the International Astronomical Society (IAS) would officially recognize the discovery.

Two types of observations of the moon, which was named Charon after the ferryman in Greek mythology who carried the dead to Pluto's realm, were needed for confirmation: a transit, in which the moon passes in front of Pluto, and an occultation, in which the moon passes behind the planet. These two phenomena occur only during an 8‐year period every 124 years that had been calculated to take place during 1984–1985. Both events were observed in late February.
Recent Ph.D's
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eos periodically lists information on recently accepted doctoral dissertations in the disciplines of geophysics. Faculty members are invited to submit the following information, on institution letterhead, above the signature of the faculty advisor or department chairman:

the dissertation title

author's name

name of the degree‐granting department and institution

faculty advisor

month and year degree was awarded

.

If possible, include the current address and telephone number of the degree recipient (this information will not be published).
New IAGA Working Group
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Members of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) have announced the formation of a new IAGA Working Group: (IIb) Thermospheric Dynamics. The group plans to promote and coordinate the study of thermospheric dynamics by providing a forum for researchers with an international newsletter and by organizing regular meetings.
X ray astrophysics investigations
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Key scientific investigations selected for the proposed Advanced X Ray Astrophysics Observatory (AXAF), which will make detailed observations of X ray emissions from such sources as stars and quasars, were announced recently by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

Investigations selected include charged coupled device imaging spectroscopy, high throughput transmission grating for cosmic X ray spectroscopy, the coronal structures of selected cool stars and close binary systems, studies of radio jets and the narrow line regions of active galaxies with AXAF, and cooling flows in clusters and galaxies.
Mineral physics abroad
Authors: Liebermann Robert
Published: October 2011

During the 1983–1984 academic year, I spent a sabbatical leave in France, during which I had the opportunity to visit several mineral physics laboratories in Europe and meet many of our colleagues there. The purpose of this item is to report briefly on developments of interest to the U.S. mineral physics community.
Research drilling at Inyo Domes, California: 1984 Results
Authors: Eichelbeger J. C. , Lysne P. C. , Miller C. D. , Younker L. W.
Published: October 2011

During the 1984 field season, two research holes were cored into the Inyo chain of young rhyolite domes, which cuts across the northwest margin of Long Valley Caldera, Calif. (Figure 1). One hole slanted under the vent of Obsidian Dome and completely penetrated the conduit of the volcano. It was spudded on August 16 and reached its final depth on September 9. The second hole was sited along Glass Creek between Obsidian Dome and the next dome to the south; it intersected the rhyolite dike which underlies the chain. It was spudded on September 18 and reached final depth on October 28.
Nomination sought for VGP Award
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Nominations are being sought for the 1985 VGP Award, which will be presented at the 1985 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco.

The award is given for a single outstanding contribution to volcanology, geochemistry, or petrology made during the preceding 5 years. The contribution may be a single outstanding paper published in any journal; a series of papers that, taken together, are an outstanding contribution; or any other contribution that the Selection Committee considers worthy.
Seismic imaging in Long Valley, California, by surface and borehole techniques: An investigation of active tectonics
Authors: Rundle John B. , Elbrig Greg J. , Striker Richard P. , Finger John T. , Carson Charles C. , Walck Marianne C. , Ellsworth William L. , Hill David P. , Malin Peter , Tono Enrique , Robertson Michelle , Kuhlman Steve , McEvilly Tom , Clymer Richard , Smithson Scott B. , Deemer Sharon , Johnson Roy , Henyey Tom , Hauksson Egill , Leary Peter , McCraney John , Kissling Edi
Published: October 2011

The search for silicic magma in the upper crust is converging on the Long Valley Caldera of eastern California, where several lines of geophysical evidence show that an active magma chamber exists at mid‐to lower‐crustal depths. There are also other strong indications that magma may be present at depths no greater than about 5 km below the surface. In this paper, we review the history of the search for magma at Long Valley. We also present the preliminary results from a coordinated suite of seismic experiments, conducted by a consortium of institutions in the summer and fall of 1984, that were designed to refine our knowledge of the upper extent of the magma chamber. Major funding for the experiments was provided by the Geothermal Research Program of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and by the Magma Energy Technology Program of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), a program to develop the technology necessary to extract energy directly from crustal magma. Additional funding came from DOE's Office of Basic Energy Sciences and the National Science Foundation (NSF). Also, because extensive use was made of a 0.9‐km‐deep well lent to us by Santa Fe Geothermal, Inc., the project was conducted partly under the auspices of the Continental Scientific Drilling Program (CSDP). As an integrated seismic study of the crust within the caldera that involved the close cooperation of a large number of institutions, the project was moreover viewed as a prototype for future scientific experiments to be conducted under the Program for Array Seismic Studies of the Continental Lithosphere (PASSCAL). The experiment thus represented a unique blend of CSDP and PASSCAL methods, and achieved goals consistent with both programs.
The NASA budget in Congress
Authors: Reiff Patricia H.
Published: October 2011

I would like to make the members of AGU aware of the recent happenings in Congress with regard to the fiscal year (FY) 1986 budget for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). NASA was scheduled for modest increases from FY 1985 levels in the President's budget (Eos, February 19, 1985, p. 73), which was approved by the House Science and Technology Committee. However, when the authorization bill (H.R. 1714) “hit the floor” on April 3, amendments were offered and overwhelmingly passed to freeze funding at FY 1985 levels. (A similar fate met the National Science Foundation bill, H.R. 1210, on April 17.) The process is under way in the Senate, and the Subcommittee on Science, Technology, and Space, which is the authorizing committee (under the chairmanship of Slade Gorton), plans to mark up its NASA bill in the next few days; the full committee—the Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee—will then offer it to the floor.
Travel Grants for 1984 IASPEI Assembly
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

AGU received, from the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Smithsonian Institution, 19 block travel grants for U.S. scientists to attend the first Regional Assembly of the International Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior, held at the National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad, India, October 31–November 7, 1984.
Erosion and sedimentation in Arab countries
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This symposium is organized by the Iraqi National Committee for the International Hydrological Program (IHP) and the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) International Commission on Continental Erosion (ICCE). It will be held February 15–19, 1986, at the Water Research Center in Baghdad, Iraq. The program will cover a wide range of topics associated with erosion and sedimentation in Arab countries. These topics include soil erosion and sedimentation problems, erosion, transport and deposition processes, sediment yields, reservoir sedimentation, and river training.
Transport phenomena in porous media
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A NATO Advanced Study Institute on Fundamentals of Transport Phenomena in Porous Media will be held July 14–23, 1985, in Newark, Del.

Directors of the institute are Jacob Bear, Department of Civil Engineering, Technion‐Israel Institute of Technology, and M. Yavuz Corapciogiu, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark.
Synthesis and Modelling of Intermittent Estuaries
Authors: Kjerfve Bjürn
Published: October 2011

Port Hacking is a small subtropical estuary, relatively unpolluted despite its location only 30 km south of Sydney on Australia's Pacific coast. It was the site of a 5‐year (1973–1978) multidisciplinary ecosystem project, focusing on the flow of carbon into, within, and out of the estuarine system. The ultimate goal of the project was the formulation and implementation of a predictive model of the carbon dynamics. However, this book, which summarizes the project, reports that the scientific team failed in its effort to reach the goal of a predictive model.
Deep continental margin reflectors
Authors: Ewing J. , Heirtzler J. , Purdy M. , Klitgord K.
Published: October 2011

In contrast to the rarity of such observations a decade ago, seismic reflecting and refracting horizons are now being observed to Moho depths under continental shelves in a number of places. These observations provide knowledge of the entire crustal thickness from the shoreline to the oceanic crust on passive margins and supplement Consortium for Continental Reflection Profiling (COCORP)‐type measurements on land.
Remote sensing at Imperial College
Authors: Hunt Garry E.
Published: October 2011

The Centre for Remote Sensing was founded at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, in London, in 1983 to serve as a focus for the teaching and research activities on remote sensing at the college. The interests at Imperial College cover a wide range of disciplines including earth resources, land use, geology, atmospheric physics, oceanography and planetary studies. There are also major activities in a number of image processing applications in scientific topics and industrial problems, which has led to a major interest in pattern recognition.
April streamflow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Record or near‐record low streamflows— including some of the lowest April flows in nearly 50 years of record—were reported all along the East Coast from Maine to Florida during April, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). In contrast, well above average flows for the month were reported on many streams in the Midwest, Far West, and Rocky Mountain states.

USGS hydrologists said 36% (60 stations) of the key index stream‐gaging stations, almost all of them along the East Coast, reported streamflow in the well below normal range— within the lowest 25% of historic record. Of the remaining stations, 41% (67 stations) reported flows in the normal range, while 23% (37 stations), mostly in the West and Far West, reported well above normal flows.
Geomagnetics and Scientific Institutions in 19th Century America
Authors: Good Gregory A.
Published: October 2011

The earth's magnetism was a subject of intense interest among America's most prominent scientists in the middle of the 19th century. By 1850 they had helped to create an international network of cooperation for its observation. They had founded three magnetic observatories and were planning a fourth for the fledgling Smithsonian Institution. Yet by the mid‐1860's, none of these observatories remained in operation.
Japan signs Ocean Agreement
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Ocean Research Institute of the University of Tokyo and the National Science Foundation (NSF) have signed a Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation in the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). The agreement calls for Japanese participation in ODP and an annual contribution of $2.5 million in U.S. currency for the project's 9 remaining years, according to NSF.

ODP is an international project whose mission is to learn more about the formation and development of the earth through the collection and examination of core samples from beneath the ocean. The program uses the drillship JOIDES Resolution, which is equipped with laboratories and computer facilities. The Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES), an international group of scientists, provides overall science planning and program advice regarding ODP's science goals and objectives.
May streamflow
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Streamflows across the country during May continued to be generally below normal east of the Mississippi River, with record low flows in parts of New York, but flows were generally average to well above average west of the Mississippi, especially in the Southwest, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

As a general indication of streamflows in the nation, the combined flow of the three largest rivers in the lower 48 states—Mississippi, St. Lawrence, and Columbia—was 934 billion gallons per day (bgd) during May, 9% below that for the previous month and 5% below the long‐term May average. These three rivers account for streamflow runoff from more than half of the conterminous United States and provide the USGS with a useful check on the status of the nation's surface water resources.
Abiogenic methane: Evidence sought
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

Thomas Gold, longtime advocate of the notion that the earth holds vast stores of methane and other hydrocarbons that are derived from nonliving, or “abiogenic,” sources, thinks that strong evidence for his ideas will be found at a well to be drilled in Sweden this fall.

The Cornell University researcher told fellow scientists at the recent American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting that he hopes that the findings will support his argument that abiogenic methane has been trapped in the earth's mantle since the creation of the planet (Eos, August 11, 1981, p. 618).
Nitrogen in the Marine Environment
Authors: Devol Allan H.
Published: October 2011

Although the perception that nitrogen plays a major role in the ecology of the sea goes back at least to the turn of the century, it is only in the past 2 decades, after significant advances in analytical methodologies, that the importance of nitrogen to marine primary production and the importance of the oceans in the global nitrogen cycle have begun to be quantified. Articles on marine nitrogen cycling studies have appeared, and continue to appear, in every major journal dealing with the environment. The book Nitrogen in the Marine Environment is a compilation of the major results and insights of these studies.
Export bill and scientific exchanges
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

President Ronald Reagan has signed into law the reauthorization of the Export Administration Act (EAA), first passed in 1979. The amended version of the law, signed July 12, includes a policy statement in support of “vigorous scientific enterprise. . .in accordance with applicable provisions of law. . .by means of publication, teaching, conferences, and other forms of scholarly exchange.”
Johannes Theodoor Thijsse 1893–1984
Authors: Ploeg Jozinus
Published: October 2011

On April 30, 1984, Professor Doctor Engineer J.T. Thijsse, professor emeritus of the Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, passed away at the age of 91.

Johannes T. Thijsse was born in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, in 1893, the son of a well‐known Dutch biologist. He graduated from the Delft University of Technology in 1917 with a degree in civil engineering. In 1927, he became the first director of the newly formed Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, a function he continued until 1960. In 1936, Thijsse received a lectureship in hydraulics at the Delft University, to be followed in 1938 by his appointment as Professor Extraordinary and in 1946 as ordinary professor.
Upcoming hearings in Congress
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The following hearing and conference committee have tentatively been scheduled for the coming weeks by the Senate and House of Representatives. Dates and times should be verified; all offices on Capitol Hill may be reached by telephoning 202‐224‐ 3121. For guidelines on contacting a member of Congress, see AGU's Guide to Legislative Information and Contacts (Eos, August 28, 1984, p. 669).
Largest known galaxy system
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

An association of galaxies more than one billion light years in length was identified recently by Jack O. Burns and David J. Batuski of the University of New Mexico. This “filament” is now the largest known structure in the universe.

The new finding lends support to the model, first proposed in the 1970's, that galaxies formed from the fragmentation of supercluster‐sized clouds of gas, instead of the superclusters having formed from the aggregation of individual galaxies. According to Burns, the filament that they have found is too large to have formed from the clustering of galaxies in the 10–15 billion years believed to have passed since the creation of the universe.
[Comment on “Explosive magnetic reconnection: Puzzle to be solved as the energy supply process for magnetospheric substorms?” by Syun‐Ichi Akasofu] Explosive magnetic reconnection in solar flares and type III bursts
Authors: Chubb Talbot A.
Published: October 2011

This letter concerns the lead article by S.‐I. Akasofu in the January 8, 1985, Eos, concerning the lack of evidence that explosive magnetic reconnection plays a major role in auroral substorms. Akasofu's [1985] article also mentions the likely inapplicability of explosive reconnection to solar flares. I concur with this view. The primary instability responsible for solar flares seems to be located in the low‐temperature part of the chromosphere, as evidenced by the intimate association of chromospheric surges with solar flares. Based on a study by Schmahl [1981], Rust and Hildner [1980] state that surges may be associated with all flares. This conclusion is in agreement with visual Ha observations by E. T. Byram (Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.) in 1969 (unpublished), in which he found a surge associated with every disk flare he observed.
Union and Section candidates
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In the coming months, Eos will carry biographies and photographs of all candidates for President‐Elect for the Union and for President‐ Elect and Secretary of each section. In addition, statements by the candidates for Union and Section President‐Elect will appear. The material for the Solar‐Planetary Relationships Section appears below. The slate of candidates for all offices was carried in Eos, July 2, 1985, p. 533.
Artificial recharge of groundwater
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Surface water available to be recharged into areas underground often comes all at once as the result of a storm or during melt of an above normal snowpack. Planning of projects for the artificial recharge of the underground storage space encompasses the detailed investigation of flow duration, water rights, geology, subsurface flow characteristics, financial arrangements, economics, and methods of recharge. The design, construction, operation, maintenance, and planning of the facility requires sufficient knowledge to keep flow paths open to the underground storage space without causing localized high water tables and other local nuisance problems, while simultaneously conserving sufficient water to justify the project expenditures.
Global Transport Program
Authors: Oliver Howard
Published: October 2011

The aim of the NATO Science Committee's Global Transport Mechanisms in the Geosciences program is to stimulate and facilitate international collaboration among scientists of the member countries in the study of selected global transport mechanisms. The program organizers intend to sponsor advanced research workshops, advanced study institutes, conferences, collaborative research, research study, and lecture visits. NATO grants are available, but they are intended to cover only part of the expenses involved in the international aspects of the sponsored activities. Citizens or permanent residents of one of the member countries of NATO who possess qualifications appropriate to the proposed activity are eligible to apply.
Australian Science Exchange Programs
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Australian Academy of Sciences has announced that it now has scientific exchange program opportunities that are available through two new international agreements. One program, an exchange with the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, is open to postdoctoral scientists in the biological and physical sciences who are residents of Australia. The second program, an exchange with he Royal Society of London, has the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences as an additional sponsor. Its organizers invite applications from Australian scientists who would like to conduct research in the United Kingdom.
Sea Cliffs, Beaches, and Coastal Valleys of San Diego County
Authors: White Kenneth L.
Published: October 2011

For anyone interested in coasts and coastal processes, this book is a must. The 80 years of comparative photography of the San Diego County coast alone makes the book worthwhile reading.

There are two major themes of this small volume. The first, and best presented, is the episodic nature of erosion along a high‐energy coast. This portion of the southern California coast has been observed by one of the authors for many years. A large portion of the historical photos were taken by Shepard, and the exact sites have been recently revisited and rephotographed. The comparisons are striking.
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 10(7), July 31, 1985, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution's Scientific Event Alert Network. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. For the microfiche, order document E85‐009 at $2.50 (U.S.) from AGU Customer Services, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20009. For the paper reprint, order SEAN Bulletin (giving volume and issue numbers and issue date) through AGU Separates at the above address; the price is $3.50 for one copy of each issue number for those who do not have a deposit account, $2 for those who do; additional copies of each issue number are $ 1. Subscriptions to SEAN Bulletin are available from AGU Fulfillment at the above address; the price is $18 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a U.S. address, $28 if mailed elsewhere, and must be prepaid.
Cenozoic Geology of Idaho
Authors: Lipman Peter W.
Published: October 2011

Cenozoic Geology of Idaho provides abundant information, including much that was previously unpublished, about the last 65 m.y. of the earth's history in this interesting state. The softbound volume consists of 41 individually authored papers organized by topic into 14 chapters. Volcanic stratigraphy and structures have received the most attention, but Tertiary basin sediments and Quaternary glacial deposits are each the subject of several papers. Geophysical data is seldom mentioned, except for a fine summary of the geophysics and tectonics of the Snake River Plain by D. R. Mabey (Utah Geological and Mineral Survey, Salt Lake City). Unfortunately absent, especially for those unfamiliar with the region, is any overview summary (or even a regional location map) to provide a framework within which the individual detailed papers can be integrated.
Venting sites studied by NOAA
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

Evidence of hydrothermal venting at the north end of the Gorda Ridge was identified by a team of researchers from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) this summer on the research vessel Surveyor. If high‐temperature venting actually occurs at the seafloor spreading center at the site, deposits of sulfide minerals may also be present there. Located off the coast of Oregon, the Gorda Ridge is within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
Section candidates
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eos is carrying biographies and photographs of candidates for President‐Elect of the Union and for President‐Elect and Secretary of each section. In addition, statements by the candidates for Union and section President‐Elect will appear. The material for the Tectonophysics Section appears below. The material for the Solar‐Planetary Relationships Section appeared in the August 6 issue, for the Seismology Section in the August 13 issue, for the Geodesy Section in the August 20 issue, and for the Atmospheric Sciences Section in the August 27 issue. The slate of candidates for all offices was carried in the July 2
The storm controversy (1830–1860) and its impact on American science
Authors: De Young Gregory
Published: October 2011

Between 1831 and 1857 the amateur weather observer William C. Redfield propounded the view that storm winds often have a rotary motion. This view was opposed by James P. Espy, meteorologist with the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, Penn. who held the theory of centripetal wind motion within storms. Redfield argued that Espy's theory arose because he followed an incorrect methodology. Instead of practicing “correct induction,” Espy seemed content to develop mere theories. Redfield was also critical of Espy's attempts to gain popular support by using the public press as a platform for scientific debates. Redfield's success in interpreting the motion of storm winds helped to entrench the “Baconian” philosophy in American science—just at the time when it was being replaced by the method of hypothesis in Britain. Espy's incorrect interpretation of the motion of storm winds not only delayed the acceptance of the method of hypothesis in American science but also obscured the validity of his study of cloud thermodynamics.
Research lab funding debated
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

A bill aimed at rebuilding and modernizing scientific research facilities at colleges and universities has received mixed reviews in the academic community. While university administrators seem to agree that research buildings and laboratories desperately need revitalization, some officials differ with the funding mechanism set forth in the proposed legislation.
Arms Control Fellowship
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA) has announced that it is accepting applications for visiting scholars under the William C. Foster Fellows Program for 1986–1987. This program is designed to give specialists in the physical sciences and other disciplines relevant to ACDA activities an opportunity to participate actively in the arms control and disarmament activities of this agency and to give ACDA the perspective and expertise that such people can offer.
Computers and geophysics: Requirements outlined
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The use of computers to process enormous volumes of data is likely to improve our abilities to predict earthquakes and issue tsunami warnings, geophysicist J. Freeman Gilbert recently told a House of Representatives task force on science policy. Gilbert, of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, testified before the task force on September 11, in one of a series of hearings intended to explore the “impact of the information age on science.” Scientists and administrators from universities and private industry served as witnesses during the 3 days of hearings.

Rep. George E. Brown, J r . , (D‐Calif.) asked Gilbert to compare the amount of damage done by tsunamis in the United States to the cost of improved detection and warning systems. “I think it's worth the effort,” Gilbert responded, adding that as in the case of hurricane warnings, tsunami warnings would affect only a small proportion of the nation's population but could be crucial to protect their lives and property. Such a system, Gilbert said, “represents technology that is easy to implement.”
Section candidates
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eos is carrying biographies and photographs of candidates for President‐Elect of the Union and for President‐Elect and Secretary of each section. In addition, statements by the candidates for Union and section President‐Elect will appear. The material for the Ocean Sciences Section appears below. The material for the Solar‐Planetary Relationships Section appeared in the August 6 issue, that for the Seismology Section in the August 13 issue, that for the Geodesy Section in the August 20 issue, that for the Atmospheric Sciences Section in the August 27 issue, that for the Hydrology Section in the September 3 issue, that for the Tectonophysics Section in the September 10 issue, that for the Volcanology, Geophysics, and Petrology Section in the September 17 issue, and that for the Planetology Section in the September 24 issue. The slate of candidates for all offices was carried in the July 2 issue.
Who discovered Mount Everest?
Authors: Dickey Parke A.
Published: October 2011

The discovery that Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world was made by the officers of the Survey of India. This organization measured a network of triangulation across India between 1800 and 1870. In order to reduce the measurements to geodetic coordinates, it was necessary to determine the size and shape of the earth. This was accomplished by measuring the length of an arc of the meridian under the direction of the Surveyor General, Sir George Everest. This measurement disagreed with the observations of the stars for latitude by 5 seconds of arc (530 ft or 162 m). In 1855, Pratt and Airy pointed out that the discrepancy was due to the gravitational effect of the Himalayas. Their work was the first indication that the material of the earth's crust under the mountains is lighter than that under plains. During the course of the survey the officers made observations on the snowy Himalayas. They were excluded from Nepal; observations had to be taken from more than 100 mi (160 km) away in jungles infested by malaria. Mount Everest was observed by three different officers between November 27, 1847, and January 17, 1850. The height of the mountain had to be determined by the (human) computers in the survey headquarters in Dehra Dun. The fact that it is the highest mountain in the Himalayas, and probably in the world, was announced by Surveyor General Andrew Waugh in 1856. It is not clear whether the chief computer who made the calculations was an Indian, Radanath Sikhdar, or an Englishman born in India of an Indian mother, John B. N. Hennesy. The local name for the mountain, if it had any, was unknown, so Waugh named it Mount Everest, in honor of the great scientist who was largely responsible for the accomplishments of the Survey of India.
Bacon‐Bercey Award to Gruner
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Elissa L. Gruner, a graduate student at the University of Illinois in Champaign‐Urbana, is the recipient of the 1985 June Bacon‐Bercey Scholarship for Women in Atmospheric Sciences. The scholarship, administered by AGU, is provided through a gift from the noted meteorologist June Bacon‐Bercey.
Union candidates
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Eos is carrying biographies and photographs of candidates for President‐Elect of the Union and for President‐Elect and Secretary of each section. In addition, statements by the candidates for Union and section President‐Elect will appear. The material for the candidates for Union President‐Elect appears below. The sections and the date of the issue in which the material for their candidates appeared are as follows: Solar Planetary Relationships: August 6 Seismology: August 13 Geodesy: August 20 Atmospheric Sciences: August 27 Hydrology: September 3 Tectonophysics: September 10 Volcanology, Geochemistry, and Petrology: September 17 Planetology: September 24 Ocean Sciences: October 1 Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism: October 8
Upcoming hearings in Congress
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The following hearings have been tentatively scheduled for the coming weeks by the Senate. Dates and times should be verified with the committee or subcommittee holding the hearing; all offices on Capitol Hill may be reached by telephoning 202‐224‐3121. For guidelines on contacting a member of Congress, see AGU's Guide to Legislative Information and Contacts (Eos, August 28, 1984, p. 669).
Baker nominated to Science Board
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

President Ronald Reagan has announced his intention to nominate Warren J. Baker to the National Science Board (NSB), according to an announcement by the National Science Foundation (NSF). Baker is the president of California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo. A civil engineer by training, his research specialty is soil dynamics.

The 24‐member NSB is the policy‐making body of the NSF. Provided that the Senate confirms his appointment, Baker will serve on the board until May 1988.
Earthquake watch to be discussed
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

The most intensive earthquake monitoring program ever mounted in this country is going on near Parkfield, Calif., about midway between Los Angeles and San Francisco on the San Andreas fault. Although no particularly large or destructive quake is feared in Parkfield, the regularity with which earthquakes have occurred there in the past makes the site unique. Since the next quake has been forecast for 1988 (±5 years), seismologists have decided to blanket the area with data‐gathering equipment in hopes of having front‐row seats for the expected seismic show. The studies in Parkfield will be the topic of an all‐day session sponsored by the Seismology Section on Friday, December 13, at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.
[Comment on “There is no magnestophere nor is there a plasmasphere!”] There is no magnetosphere
Authors: Mook Conrad P.
Published: October 2011

A. C. Fraser‐Smith writes in Eos (June 18, 1985, p. 498) a satirical note complaining about the use of the term “magnetosphere” to describe a nonspherical phenomenon. It is as though all other English words had logical origins.

What is really fun about our language is the tracing of words back to their original roots. Future generations will find excitement in learning that at the time “magnetosphere” was coined, the phenomenon thereby described was believed to be quasi‐spherical.
Subsurface solute transport modeling
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A symposium on the coupling of geochemical and hydrologic models for subsurface solute transport was held as part of the AGU Hydrology Section at the 1985 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md. Its purpose was to bring together scientists and engineers to address various aspects of this relatively new research area. The symposium came about in response to the common interest of modelers of comparatively diverse pedagological backgrounds, including porous media physicists, colloid and soil chemists, and applied mathematicians, to problems in multiphase and multicomponent solute transport. In all, 21 invited and contributed papers were presented.
Reply to [“Comment on “There is no magnestosphere…nor is there a plasmasphere!’”]
Authors: Fraser‐Smith A. C.
Published: October 2011

Despite the thorough introduction to four‐letter words being given to our children at an early age by the television and recording industries, it is difficult to avoid the impression that accuracy in the use of words is declining in our society. Indeed, Orwellian doublespeak has become the norm at the leadership level: we all know what tax reform really means, for example. With this background, it is a pleasure to see Behannon and Anderson consulting their dictionaries and taking me to task for my literal interpretation of the “sphere” in magnetosphere and plasmasphere. However, I had earlier rejected the “sphere of influence,” or “place or range of action or existence” connotation, and I continue to do so, for the following reasons.
Methane increase to be reported
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

Between 1965 and 1981, atmospheric methane increased at a rate of about 1% per year; extrapolation of this finding to make long‐term predictions, however, is a risky proposition, say three researchers from the Oregon Graduate Center in Beaverton. Discussion of these conclusions will launch a session on the chemistry of the global atmosphere, Tuesday, December 10, 1985, at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.
Geophysicists
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The following hearings and markups have been tentatively scheduled for the coming weeks by the Senate and House of Representatives. Dates and times should be verified with the committee or subcommittee holding the hearing or markup; all offices on Capitol Hill may be reached by telephoning 202‐224‐ 3121. For guidelines on contacting a member of Congress, see AGU's Guide to Legislative Information and Contacts (Eos, August 28, 1984, p. 669).
Meeting information
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The 1986 Ocean Sciences Meeting of the American Geophysical Union and the American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) will be held January 13–17, 1986, in New Orleans, La., at the Fairmont Hotel. Co‐sponsoring societies are the Acoustical Society of America (ASA), the American Meteorological Society (AMS), the Marine Technology Society (MTS), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Oceanic Engineering Society (OES).
Space telescope research opportunity
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Md., is seeking proposals from scientists who wish to be among the first general observers to use the Hubble Space Telescope. A “project of international cooperation” between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the European Space Agency (ESA), the 240‐cm telescope is to be placed in orbit in August 1986 by the NASA space shuttle orbiter At1anta.
Dynamics of the Middle Atmosphere
Authors: Brasseur Guy
Published: October 2011

In recent years, much effort has been put in the study of chemical, dynamical, and radiative processes in the middle atmosphere. A great deal of activity has been stimulated by the necessity of estimating the potential effects of several anthropogenic perturbations on the ozone layer and on the earth's climate. For example, the atmospheric response to the emission of chlorofluorocarbons or nitrogen oxides is among the problems to be elucidated. Questions such as this cannot be properly answered without an understanding of the various processes involved in the transport of chemical constituents. The publication of a book. that contains original contributions on a variety of topics, such as internal gravity waves, tides, planetary waves, and stratospheric warmings, and that presents overview articles on the transport of trace species and on general circulation models is particularly useful for both research scientists and graduate students involved in atmospheric science.
Shallow Refraction Seismics
Authors: Mooney Walter D.
Published: October 2011

This book is a welcome addition to the literature on shallow engineering seismic refraction surveying (“refraction seismics” in the European parlance). The theoretical approach given is general, while the practical applications discussed mainly concern surveys over shallow alluvial basins covering crystalline rocks.

The book is divided into five major subtopics. First, the basic principles of refraction and diffraction are covered in 20 well‐written pages. Second, depth formulae are developed for multilayer media in a 22‐page chapter, and the concepts of parallelism and reciprocity of traveltime curves are introduced. Third, by far the longest chapter (173 pages) is devoted to interpretation methods. A very lucid and complete treatment is given for the author's preferred method, the ABEM method of interpretation (named for a Swedish company with these initials). The relationship between this method and other more familiar ones (such as delay times, plus‐minus, Hales' method, and the wavefront method) is clearly explained. It should be noted, however, that interpretation is limited to the analysis of first arrivals, and amplitudes are not considered. Fourth, instrumentation, field work and interpretation procedures are covered in 18 pages. The author wisely avoids a lengthy chapter of general advice, since each investigator generally will be using different equipment to solve a unique field problem. Fifth, a pleasant bonus is the 79‐page chapter on applications of refraction seismics to a variety of situations. These brief case histories involve 200‐m‐long profiles with interpretation to a depth of 20–40 km. Almost all of the examples are taken from Norway and Sweden.
“Planet Earth”is ours
Authors: Hartung Jack
Published: October 2011

“Planet Earth” belongs to us. In this case, I'm not referring to the planet, earth, on which we live and which we consider our home in space. Instead, I'm saying that the upcoming television series, “Planet Earth,” belongs to us, the earth and space science community.

Several years ago the AGU Council voted to provide $10,000 as “seed money” to initiate what was to become “Planet Earth.” To be sure, the series would not have happened without support from the Annenberg Foundation ($3,000,000) and the IBM Corporation ($1,000,000), but we were there, up front, where a little bit meant a lot.
Landsberg Memorial Symposium
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In memory of the late Helmut E. Landsberg, an all‐day symposium will be held at the Adult Education Center of the University of Maryland, College Park, on February 10, 1986. The symposium had originally been planned to honor what would have been the climatologist's 80th birthday. Landsberg, a past president of AGU, died December 6, 1985, while attending a meeting of the International Commission on Climatology at the World Meteorological Organization in Geneva, Switzerland.

The symposium's speakers will discuss aspects of Landsberg's influence on climatology. At 5:00 P.M., several of Landsberg's close friends and colleagues will give eulogies in a commemorative ceremony. A reception will be held after this ceremony. (The banquet that had originally been planned for the symposium has been cancelled.)
Weather satellite deactivated
Authors: Katzoff Judith A.
Published: October 2011

NOAA 8, the polar‐orbiting weather satellite that was revived last May after tumbling in its orbit for 11 months (Eos, July 2, 1985, p. 527), recently suffered additional setbacks and has been “deactivated” by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The satellite's only working oscillator faltered and caused episodes of tumbling in September, November, and December 1985, according to Gary K. Davis, manager of NOAA's satellite operations control center in Suitland, Md. In addition, the episode that began December 30 apparently was accompanied by the rupture of a damaged battery, sending what seem to be pieces of the battery's thermal blankets and shields into orbits near the satellite.
1985 Maurice Ewing Medalist: K.O. Emery
Authors: Stevenson Robert E. , Emery K. O.
Published: October 2011

Kenneth O. Emery is the consummate scientist in his chosen field; inventive, curious, imaginative, a leader, a listener, a teacher, an iconoclast, and the inveterate producer, all carried out with ingenuity and a warm, humorous yet constant personality. He is the friend one always appreciates, who is ready with counsel for every idea, who can think through nearly any question, big or small, and provide the logical brackets in which your concept is comfortably enclosed. For all of us, he stands high as the exemplary marine geologist of our time.
More About “Planet Earth”
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Seven programs, each 1 hour in length, form the centerpiece of Planet Earth: The Living Machine, The Blue Planet, The Climate Puzzle, Tales from Other Worlds, Gifts from the Earth, The Solar Sea, Fate of the Earth

Most public television stations will broadcast the series on Wednesday evenings; check local listings for the correct time and station.
Partially solidified systems
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The evolution of magmas is a topic of considerable importance in geology and geophysics because it affects volcanology, igneous petrology, geothermal energy sources, mantle convection, and the thermaland chemical evolution of the earth. The dynamics and evolution of magmas are strongly affected by the presence of solid crystals that occur either in suspension in liquid or as a rigid porous matrix through which liquid magma can percolate. Such systems are physically complex and difficult to model mathematically. Similar physical situations are encountered by metallurgists who study the solidification of molten alloys, and applied mathematicians have long been interested in such moving boundary problems. Clearly, it would be of mutual benefit to bring together scientists, engineers, and mathematicians with a common interest in such systems. Such a meeting is being organized as a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Advanced Research Workshop on the Structure and Dynamics of Partially Solidified Systems, to be held at Stanford University's Fallen Leaf Lodge at Tahoe, Calif., May 12–16, 1986 The invited speakers and their topics are
1985 Fall Meeting Report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Fall Meetings continue to set records. At the 1985 meeting, more than 2800 papers were presented, and over 4150 attendees registered. Poster sessions accounted for 17% of the total papers, but despite these poster sessions there were atleast 24 simultaneous sessions ongoing. The meeting also attracted a record number of exhibitors. It is worth nothing that this meeting did not involve American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO) participation, as did the 1984 Fall Meeting. ASLO participates in the AGU Fall Meeting on a 2‐year cycle.
Hydrogeologists honored for service
Authors: Back Bill
Published: October 2011

Joseph F. Poland and Stanley W. Lohman, retired U.S. Geological Survey hydrogeologists, were honored at the recent annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Orlando, Fla., with the 1985 Award for Distinguished Service in Hydrology. The first award, in 1984, was given posthumously to George Burke Maxey. The award is based on “history of sustained creditable service to the hydrogeologic profession.” In August, Poland also received the American Water Resources Association's Honorary Member Award, which recognizes individuals with eminence in a branch of water resources science and technology.