bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Inertial Sensor Based Mobile Gait Analysis: Event-Detection and Spatio-Temporal Parameters
Authors: Teufl Wolfgang , Lorenz Michael , Miezal Markus , Taetz Bertram , Fröhlich Michael , Bleser Gabriele
Published: December 2018

The aim of this study was to assess the validity and test-retest reliability of an inertial measurement unit (IMU) system for gait analysis. Twenty-four healthy subjects conducted a 6-min walking test and were instrumented with seven IMUs and retroreflective markers. A kinematic approach was used to estimate the initial and terminal contact events in real-time. Based on these events twelve spatio-temporal parameters (STP) were calculated. A marker based optical motion capture (OMC) system provided the reference. Event-detection rate was about 99%. Detection offset was below 0.017 s. Relative root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 0.90% to 4.40% for most parameters. However, the parameters that require spatial information of both feet showed higher errors. Step length showed a relative RMSE of 6.69%. Step width and swing width revealed the highest relative RMSE (34.34% and 35.20%). Test-retest results ranged from 0.67 to 0.92, except for the step width (0.25). Summarizing, it appears that the parameters describing the lateral distance between the feet need further improvement. However, the results of the validity and reliability of the IMU system encourage its validation in clinical settings as well as further research.
Construction of a Biosensor Based on a Combination of Cytochrome c, Graphene, and Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Guo Chenxing , Wang Jianfang , Chen Xianzhe , Li Yujiao , Wu Lifang , Zhang Jin , Tao Cheng-an
Published: December 2018

A biosensor based on a combination of cytochrome c (Cyt c), electrochemical reduced graphene oxides (ERGO), and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was fabricated. The proposed biosensor electrode was denoted as GCE/ERGO-Nafion/AuNPs/Cyt c/Nafion, where ERGO-Nafion was deposited by dropping graphene oxides-Nafion mixed droplet first and following electrochemical reduction, AuNPs were directly deposited on the surface of the ERGO-Nafion modified electrode by electrochemical reduction, and other components were deposited by the dropping-dry method. The effect of the deposition amount of AuNPs on direct electrochemistry of Cyt c in the proposed electrode was investigated. The hydrogen peroxide was taken to evaluate the performance of the proposed biosensor. The results showed that the biosensor has great analytical performance, including a high sensitivity, a wide linear range, a low detection limit, and good stability, reproducibility, and reliability.
Face Recognition in SSPP Problem Using Face Relighting Based on Coupled Bilinear Model
Authors: Choi Sang-Il , Lee Yonggeol , Lee Minsik
Published: December 2018

There have been decades of research on face recognition, and the performance of many state-of-the-art face recognition algorithms under well-conditioned environments has become saturated. Accordingly, recent research efforts have focused on difficult but practical challenges. One such issue is the single sample per person (SSPP) problem, i.e., the case where only one training image of each person. While this problem is challenging because it is difficult to establish the within-class variation, working toward its solution is very practical because often only a few images of a person are available. To address the SSPP problem, we propose an efficient coupled bilinear model that generates virtual images under various illuminations using a single input image. The proposed model is inspired by the knowledge that the illuminance of an image is not sensitive to the poor quality of a subspace-based model, and it has a strong correlation to the image itself. Accordingly, a coupled bilinear model was constructed that retrieves the illuminance information from an input image. This information is then combined with the input image to estimate the texture information, from which we can generate virtual illumination conditions. The proposed method can instantly generate numerous virtual images of good quality, and these images can then be utilized to train the feature space for resolving SSPP problems. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the existing algorithms.
Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study of a Simplified Force-Displacement Relationship in Superelastic SMA Helical Springs
Authors: Huang Bin , Lv Hongwang , Song Yang
Published: December 2018

This paper proposes a new force-displacement model for superelastic shape memory alloy (SMA) springs under complex loading and unloading. For the SMA wires used to make superelastic springs, a new multilinear constitutive model based on a modification of the 1D Motahari model is developed. In the modified model, the stress-strain relation curves are changed to fit the experimental results. Furthermore, the established force-displacement relationship of the springs considers the impact of not only the torque but also the moment on the cross sections of the SMA wires. Afterwards, a series of tension tests are performed on four NiTi helical spring specimens under various loading conditions. From the numerical simulations and experimental results, it is shown that, compared with the force-displacement curves for the SMA springs simulated by the Motahari model, those simulated by the proposed model can better approximate the experimental results. The new model inherits the advantage of simple computation of the multilinear constitutive model and can predict the force-displacement relation for superelastic SMA springs very well. Furthermore, due to the self-sensing properties of the SMA springs, the new model is very significant for establishing a new strategy for measuring the displacements or forces of SMA springs under complex loading and unloading.
Low-Complexity High-Order Propagator Method for Near-Field Source Localization
Authors: Li Jianzhong , Wang Yide , Le Bastard Cédric , Wu Zongze , Men Shaoyang
Published: December 2018

In this paper, an efficient high-order propagator method is proposed to localize near-field sources. We construct a specific non-Hermitian matrix based on the high-order cumulant of the received signals. With its columns and rows, we can obtain two subspaces orthogonal to all the columns of two steering matrices, respectively, with which the estimation of the directions of arrival (DOA) and ranges of near-field sources can be achieved. Different from other methods, the proposed method needs only one matrix for estimating two parameters separately, therefore leading to a smaller computational burden. Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves the same performance as the other high order statistics-based methods with a lower complexity.
Empirical Study and Improvement on Deep Transfer Learning for Human Activity Recognition
Authors: Ding Renjie , Li Xue , Nie Lanshun , Li Jiazhen , Si Xiandong , Chu Dianhui , Liu Guozhong , Zhan Dechen
Published: December 2018

Human activity recognition (HAR) based on sensor data is a significant problem in pervasive computing. In recent years, deep learning has become the dominating approach in this field, due to its high accuracy. However, it is difficult to make accurate identification for the activities of one individual using a model trained on data from other users. The decline on the accuracy of recognition restricts activity recognition in practice. At present, there is little research on the transferring of deep learning model in this field. This is the first time as we known, an empirical study was carried out on deep transfer learning between users with unlabeled data of target. We compared several widely-used algorithms and found that Maximum Mean Discrepancy (MMD) method is most suitable for HAR. We studied the distribution of features generated from sensor data. We improved the existing method from the aspect of features distribution with center loss and get better results. The observations and insights in this study have deepened the understanding of transfer learning in the activity recognition field and provided guidance for further research.
Preseason Y Balance Test Scores are not Associated with Noncontact Time-Loss Lower Quadrant Injury in Male Collegiate Basketball Players
Authors: Brumitt Jason , Nelson Kyle , Duey Duane , Jeppson Matthew , Hammer Luke
Published: December 2018

The Y-Balance Test-Lower Quarter has shown promise as a screening tool for identifying athletes at risk of injury. Subsequent studies, utilizing heterogeneous populations or different operational definitions of injury, have presented equivocal findings. Therefore, studies evaluating the efficacy of the Y-Balance Test to discriminate injury risk in a homogeneous population is warranted. One-hundred sixty-nine male (mean age 19.9 ± 1.5 y) collegiate basketball players were recruited during 2 consecutive seasons (2016–2017/2017–2018). Athletes completed the Y-Balance testing protocol at the start of each preseason. Athletic trainers tracked noncontact time-loss lower quadrant injuries over the course of the season. Receiver operator characteristic curves failed to identify cutoff scores; therefore, previously reported cutoff scores were utilized when calculating relative risk. There was no association between preseason Y-Balance Test scores and noncontact time-loss lower back or lower extremity injury in a population of male collegiate basketball players. This study adds to a growing body of evidence that demonstrates no relationship between preseason Y-Balance Test scores and subsequent injury.
Experimental Evaluation of Modified Sulfur Concrete for Achieving Sustainability in Industry Applications
Authors: Dugarte Margareth , Martinez-Arguelles Gilberto , Torres Jaime
Published: December 2018

Portland cement concrete (PCC) has been the most widely used concrete in the construction industry. However, PCC has a short service life under some aggressive environments, leading to the need of costly repairs. The purpose of this research was to implement local materials to produce a modified sulfur concrete (MSC) with better performance in industrial applications. Several modified sulfur concrete mixtures were prepared using natural aggregates from the northern region of Colombia, and sulfur cement by combination of sulfur with a modifier, with the objective of achieving the best performance based on mechanical strength and chemical resistance. To achieve this purpose, an experimental program based on a k-factorial design was used to determine the optimal mix design based on the results of the compressive strength. The mixture presenting the best results was then examined further with standardized tests to determine its physical, mechanical, and chemical properties (compressive strength, abrasion resistance, bulk density, absorption, and chemical resistance). Final results showed that the sulfur concrete mixture is very resistant to chemical attack and an outstanding substitute for PCC. The results indicated that there is no significant loss in weight and no relevant variation in compressive strength after the specimens were immersed in sulfuric acid and sulfate solutions. In addition, similar results were obtained for the slabs located in chemicals plants whose conditions were assessed during a 60-day period of exposure.
An Analysis of Relationship between the Environment and User’s Behavior on Unimproved Streets: A Case Study of Da Nang City, Vietnam
Authors: Do Duy Thinh , Mori Suguru , Nomura Rie
Published: December 2018

One of the most insoluble problems confronted by urban areas in developing countries is the shortage of open space; street space allows daily human activities, promotes social interaction, and is seen as a precondition for the sustainable development of the community. Although some seemingly public space is also built up in Vietnam, street space is often where resident’s go to perform activities. This research aims at studying behaviors of users in old street space and the interaction with existing physical settings; as an input to future renovation and the development of street space in a manner that respects the cultural and social context of the Vietnamese people. User’s behaviors in streets and physical characteristics of space were collected and processed in accordance with theories of behavior setting and proxemics using some methods including place-centered behavioral mapping (PcBM) and visual encounter surveys (VES). The analysis showed that three types of behavior, including (1) Type A where various frequent activities occurred, (2) Type B which discouraged most human activities, and (3) Type C where neither frequent nor infrequent behaviors can represent environmental behavior patterns in the old street spaces of Vietnam and for each of these types of patterns improvements have been proposed by organizing street and pavements layouts detailed in this paper. The proposed improvements are based on the relationship between human behaviors and properties of the street space to assist designers, administers, and authorities in renovating and developing better and more sustainable street space.
Measurement of Investor Sentiment and Its Bi-Directional Contemporaneous and Lead–Lag Relationship with Returns: Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Khan Mehwish Aziz , Ahmad Eatzaz
Published: December 2018

The present study examines bi-directional contemporaneous and lead–lag relationships between investor sentiment and market returns in the emerging market of Pakistan over the period of 2006 to 2016. To measure investor sentiment, the study employs a direct proxy namely Google search volume index (GSVI) and nine other indirect proxies. Besides conventional regression and VAR model, the study applies Geweke’s (1982) tests to investigate the nature of relationships between sentiment and returns. Thus, the study adds to existing literature by providing latest and thorough statistical evidence on the role of investor sentiment in influencing market returns. The study finds sufficient evidence regarding irrational behavior of investors in the thin market of Pakistan. In particular, the results indicate substantive role of sentiment in dragging stock market away from its sustainable path as implied by economic fundamentals.
Result on the Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay Search of 82Se with the CUPID-0 Experiment
Authors: Bellini Fabio , Azzolini Oscar , Teresa Barrera Maria , Beeman Jeffrey , Beretta Mattia , Biassoni Matteo , Brofferio Chiara , Bucci Carlo , Canonica Lucia , Capelli Silvia , Cardani Laura , Carniti Paolo , Casali Nicola , Cassina Lorenzo , Clemenza Massimiliano , Cremonesi Oliverio , Cruciani Angelo , D’Addabbo Antonio , Dafinei Ioan , Di Domizio Sergio , Ferroni Fernando , Gironi Luca , Giuliani Andrea , Gorla Paolo , Gotti Claudio , Keppel Giorgio , Martinez Maria , Morganti Silvio , Nagorny Sergei , Nastasi Massimiliano , Nisi Stefano , Nones Claudia , Orlandi Donato , Pagnanini Lorenzo , Pallavicini Marco , Palmieri Vincenzo , Pattavina Luca , Pavan Maura , Pessina Gianluigi , Pettinacci Valerio , Pirro Stefano , Pozzi Stefano , Previtali Ezio , Puiu Andrei , Rusconi Claudia , Schäffner Karoline , Tomei Claudia , Vignati Marco , Zolotarova Anastasia
Published: December 2018

CUPID-0 is the first large array of scintillating Zn 82 Se cryogenic calorimeters (bolometers) implementing particle identification for the search of the neutrinoless double beta decay (0 ν β β ). The detector consists of 24 enriched Zn 82 Se bolometers for a total 82 Se mass of 5.28 kg and it has been taking data in the underground LNGS (Italy) since March 2017. In this article we show how the dual read-out provides a powerful tool for the α particles rejection. The simultaneous use of the heat and light information allows us to reduce the background down to (3.2 − 1.1 + 1.3 )×10 − 3 counts/(keV kg year), an unprecedented level for cryogenic calorimeters. In a total exposure of 5.46 kg year Zn 82 Se we set the most stringent limit on the 0 ν β β decay 82 Se half-life T 1 / 2 0 ν > 4.0 × 10 24 year at 90% C.I.
Hybrid Detection of High Energy Showers in Urban Environments
Authors: Leisos Antonios , Nonis Stavros , Tsirigotis Apostolos , Bourlis George , Papageorgiou Kostas , Gkialas Ioannis , Manthos Ioannis , Tzamarias Spyros
Published: December 2018

The Astroneu array comprises 9 large charged particle detectors and 3 RF antennas arranged in three autonomous stations operating at the University Campus of the Hellenic Open University in the city of Patras. Each station of the array detects extensive air showers with primary energy threshold of about 10 TeV, while double station coincidence events select showers with energies higher than 10 3 TeV. In such an environment, the radio detection of air showers is challenging. The RF signals besides being extremely weak they also suffer from strong human made electromagnetic noise. In this work, we present the analysis of double station coincidence events and we study the correlation of the RF data with the particle detectors data. We use the experimental information from the particle detectors and the antennas to select very high energy showers and we compare the timing of the RF signals with the timing of the particle detector signals as well as the strength of the RF signals with the simulation predictions.
Spatial and Temporal Variability in Hydrological Responses of the Upper Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia
Authors: Lemann Tatenda , Roth Vincent , Zeleke Gete , Subhatu Alemtsehay , Kassawmar Tibebu , Hurni Hans
Published: December 2018

To assess the spatial and temporal availability of blue and green water for up- and downstream stakeholders, the hydrological responses of the upper Blue Nile basin in the Ethiopian Highlands was modelled and analysed with newly generated input data, such as soil and land use maps. To consider variations in the seasonal climate, topography, soil, land use, and land management, the upper Blue Nile basin was modelled in seven major sub-basins. The modelling showed significant spatial and temporal differences in the hydrological responses of different sub-basins and years. The long-term mean annual drainage ratios of the watersheds range from <0.1 to >0.65, and the annual drainage ratio of one sub-basin can vary from 0.22 to 0.49. Steep slopes, shallow soils, and cultivated areas increase the drainage ratios due to high surface runoff, low soil moisture content, and a smaller share of evapotranspiration. Various climate change scenarios predict more precipitation, and land use change scenarios foresee a higher share of cultivated areas due to population growth. In view of these trends, results from our study suggest that drainage ratios will increase and more available blue water can be expected for downstream stakeholders.
Insentek Sensor: An Alternative to Estimate Daily Crop Evapotranspiration for Maize Plants
Authors: Qin Anzhen , Ning Dongfeng , Liu Zhandong , Sun Bin , Zhao Ben , Xiao Junfu , Duan Aiwang
Published: December 2018

Estimation of ground-truth daily evapotranspiration (ETc) is very useful for developing sustainable water resource strategies, particularly in the North China Plain (NCP) with limited water supplies. Weighing lysimetry is a well-known approach for measuring actual ETc. Here, we introduced an alternative to lysimetry for ETc determination using Insentek sensors. A comparison experiment was conducted for maize plants at Xuchang Irrigation Experiment Station, in the NCP, in 2015 and 2016. Insentek ETc was evaluated using data on clear days and rainy days independently. We found that daily ETc increased gradually from VE (emergence) to VT (tasseling) stages, peaked at the R1 (silking) stage with the highest value of 7.8 mm·d−1, and then declined until maturity. On average, cumulative total of lysimetric ETc was 19% higher than that of Insentek ETc. The major depth of soil water extraction might be 60 cm for maize plants on lysimeters according to soil water depletion depth monitored by Insentek sensors. Daily ETc significantly related to soil water content (SWC) in topsoil (0–30 cm) in an exponential function (coefficients of determination (R2) = 0.32–0.53), and to precipitation (Pre) in a power function (R2 = 0.84–0.87). The combined SWC (0–30 cm)–Pre–ETc model may offer significant potential for accurate estimation of maize ETc in semi-humid environment of the NCP.
Strategic Approach for Prioritising Local and Regional Sanitation Interventions for Reducing Global Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Graham David W. , Giesen Myra J. , Bunce Joshua T.
Published: December 2018

Globally increasing antibiotic resistance (AR) will only be reversed through a suite of multidisciplinary actions (One Health), including more prudent antibiotic use and improved sanitation on international scales. Relative to sanitation, advanced technologies exist that reduce AR in waste releases, but such technologies are expensive, and a strategic approach is needed to prioritize more affordable mitigation options, especially for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Such an approach is proposed here, which overlays the incremental cost of different sanitation options and their relative benefit in reducing AR, ultimately suggesting the “next-most-economic” options for different locations. When considering AR gene fate versus intervention costs, reducing open defecation (OD) and increasing decentralized secondary wastewater treatment, with condominial sewers, will probably have the greatest impact on reducing AR, for the least expense. However, the best option for a given country depends on the existing sewerage infrastructure. Using Southeast Asia as a case study and World Bank/WHO/UNICEF data, the approach suggests that Cambodia and East Timor should target reducing OD as a national priority. In contrast, increasing decentralized secondary treatment is well suited to Thailand, Vietnam and rural Malaysia. Our approach provides a science-informed starting point for decision-makers, for prioritising AR mitigation interventions; an approach that will evolve and refine as more data become available.
Storm Water Management of Low Impact Development in Urban Areas Based on SWMM
Authors: Bai Yiran , Zhao Na , Zhang Ruoyu , Zeng Xiaofan
Published: December 2018

LID (low impact development) is the storm management technique designed for controlling runoff in urban areas, which can be used to solve urban flooding disasters. Taking Sucheng District of Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China as an example, this project used SWMM (storm water management model) to study the effect of four different types of LID scenarios (① no LID technique, ② LID technique based on infiltration, ③ LID technique based on water storage, ④ LID technique based on the combination of infiltration and water storage) on urban flooding under different rainfall patterns. For the whole study area, the results show that infiltration facilities have the greater reduction rate of surface runoff compared with storage facilities. The combined model (infiltration + storage) works best in the reduction of peak flow and flood volume, with the maximum reduction rate of peak flow (32.5%), and the maximum reduction rate of flood volume (31.8%). For local nodes, infiltration facilities and water storage facilities have different effects. Infiltration facilities significantly reduce runoff of node 47, the reduction rate of ponding time ranges from 73.1% to 54.5%, while water storage facilities have no effects on it. Storage facilities significantly reduce runoff of node 52, the reduction rate of ponding time is 100%, while infiltration facilities have no effects on it. Under all the LID designs, runoff reduction gradually increases with the increasing rainfall amount, and peak reduction becomes stable when rainfall amount reaches about 81.8 mm. In general, the combined model (infiltration + storage) performs better than any other scenarios in runoff reduction. The research shows that LID facilities can greatly mitigate flood, thus the urban flooding disasters caused by extreme rainstorms can be prevented.
Analysis of Players' Speed Thinking in Color Mix Game Application
Authors: Fairuzabadi Ahmad , Supianto Ahmad Afif , Tolle Herman
Published: December 2018

Color Mix Game is an educational game that introduces the theory of color mixing, which is very important for everyday needs, especially in all areas of visual art such as graphic design and videography. Unfortunately, just a few people know this knowledge. The game has become an interesting and fun learning media for its players. In addition to learning media, games can have positive impacts on the players. Among its effects, it can improve basic mental skills for players, such as alertness, speed thinking ability, and concentration ability. Therefore we are interested to analyze the player behavior in the game to see the improvement of their players' speed thinking ability. To perform this analysis, we collect the data by recording every player activity log during playing the game. Every step was taken by the player along with detailed information such as the time of the attack and the distance of the attack will be stored in the database. By using MySQL, the database of this game is built on PhpMyAdmin application. After collecting data from 10 respondents we asked to play this game 2 times, we get the result that the players experienced a speed increase of thinking as much as 32% in the game.
Evaluating Smartphones for Infrastructure Work Order Management
Authors: Guinn Victor , Langhals Brent , Elshaw John
Published: December 2018

Infrastructure managers require timely and accurate state information to diagnose, prioritize, and repair the substantial infrastructure assets supporting modern society.  Challenges in obtaining sufficient information can often be attributed to inadequate data collection procedures (phone calls, paper reports, etc.) or a general lack of knowledge or ability on the part of the reporting individual to accurately convey what is actually wrong with the facility.  Fortunately, modern smart-phone technology offers the potential to improve maintenance work requests by providing better geolocation and problem description accuracy.  An experiment simulating real-world maintenance requests was conducted comparing smart-phones with traditional verbal work order request systems.  Usefulness and description accuracy ratios revealed smartphone systems generated more useful information regardless of submitter background or experience.  However, interestingly the smart-phone applications did not improve asset geolocation and actually negatively impacted the ability of maintenance personnel to accurately relocate the asset needing service.  Given the ubiquitous nature of smartphone technology, the potential exists to turn any citizen into an infrastructure sensor.  This study takes a step toward understanding the benefits, as well as the limitations, of the smart-phone based work order submission systems.
The Relationship between Mobile Phone Usage in Classroom and Academic Achievement in College Life
Authors: Yunita Ariana , Nursechafia Nursechafia , Setiawan Erwin , Nugroho Herminarto , Ramadhan Hani
Published: December 2018

The use of mobile phone has been increasing nowadays in most part of the world and it has become the  phenomenon where people cannot live without. This study aims to reveal whether mobile phone use affects student’s academic achievement compared to other factors such as study program, student’s focus and gender. The frequent of mobile phone use and how excellence student’s academic performance will be analysed. A survey has been conducted to a large number of college students. A questionnaire was developed and delivered by online questionnaire to 513 students of Universitas Pertamina, Jakarta, Indonesia. Using Ordinary Least Square’s result statistical analysis, it can be concluded that gender and study program have significant effects to GPA, while the use of mobile phone and its effect of distracting student’s focus are not significant to GPA. Furthermore , female students significantly scored higher GPA result by 0.23 point than male students, cateris paribus. Then, students from social sciences have higher GPA results by 0.2 point than students from engineering sciences, cateris paribus. Generally, the results should be interesting for decision maker in academic field on how important to embrace mobile phone for learning style. 
Integration of Peer Instruction in Online Social Network to Enhance Higher Order Thinking Skills
Authors: Mohd Zaid Norasykin , Yaacob Fatimah Sarah , A Shukor Nurbiha , Mohd Said Mohd Nihra Haruzuan , Musta'amal Aede Hatib , Rahmatina Desi
Published: December 2018

Higher Order Thinking skills (HOTs) are important thinking skills for lifelong learners, active social responsibility and proactive employees in the 21st century. The rapid development of technology in education has made learning anywhere and anytime possible. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the integration of peer instruction in online social network could on students ability to answer HOTs questions. Peer instruction is one of the learning techniques that promote HOTs in a cooperative learning setting. It promotes students’ participation in class and increasestheir learning engagement. This study applied repeated measures one group pre-post test design which was carried out among 20 students (purposive sampling technique) in higher education institution. It was carried out in 3 different sessions. Students have to answer HOTs questions in the form of multiple choices using an online quiz system, while peer instruction activities were carried out using and online social network app. Findings show that there is significant effect of peer instruction activities on students quiz scores and no significant difference of students peer instruction activities among the 3 learning sessions.
Water Consumption: Domestic Water Consumption, 1999
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows total municipal needs by province and territory. Domestic water consumption includes the quantity of water used for household purposes such as washing, food preparation, and bathing. Across Canada, nearly all of the water used by municipal water
systems comes from lakes and rivers the remainder (12% of the total) comes from groundwater. Establishing and maintaining water systems is costly. There are three major costs: water supply, infrastructure maintenance, and administration. Water prices across Canada are generally low compared to
other countries. Monthly bills range between $15 and $90, the lowest being in Quebec, Newfoundland, and British Columbia, and the highest in the Prairie Provinces and northern Canada. Although water usage rates vary across Canada, the overall per capita use is very high compared to that of other
industrialized countries. Only the United States has higher rates of municipal water usage.
Utility Generating Stations, 1997: By Capacity
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the 630 generating stations operated by utilities, with the stations being classed by their capacity (in kilowatts). They have an enormous size range: many are under 10 000 kilowatts, whereas a small number exceed 1 000 000 kilowatts in
size.
Tree Species by Ecoregion
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

This map shows the number of tree species by ecoregion.There are about 180 species of trees in Canada. More tree species are found in Southern Ontario and along the St. Lawrence River. The highest number of tree species is found in the Lake Erie Lowlands
ecoregion.
Threats to Ecosystems - Species at Risk
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The highest number of species at risk is in the southern areas of Canada where human activity is most extensive and intensive. As of May 2002, 30 animal and plant species had disappeared in Canada. Eleven of these species are no longer found anywhere on the
Earth. For most species the greatest threat is the alteration of habitat or essential growing conditions. The major national recovery program of endangered species in Canada is called RENEW, Recovery of Nationally Endangered Wildlife. Canada is committed to implementing sustainable development, and
establishment of protected areas representing all of Canadas landscapes and species. The map shows the number of species at risk per ecoregion. Species at risk include native mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, plants and molluscs that have been assessed as being at risk of extinction at a
national level.
Threats to Ecosystems - Sewage Treatment
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Urban living generates waste that is usually treated to some degree and then discharged into water bodies. Too much waste can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems and species. Pollutants can remain environmentally damaging even after passing through conventional
sewage treatment. Municipal wastewater, including residential, commercial and industrial wastewater, is the major source of contaminants in the marine environment. In southern Canada, where most Canadians live, much of the municipal wastewater is treated by reducing some of the oxygen, suspended
solids, phosphorus and sometimes ammonia and nitrogen to reduce the environmental impact on the receiving aquatic ecosystems. The map shows the percentage of the population without access to sewage treatment by ecoregion.
Threats to Ecosystems - Road Density
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Transportation activities have a great impact on the environment because they fracture natural habitats and create pollution. Roads intrude into natural habitats, separating ecosystems and permanently altering the landscape. Road building has undesirable effects
on species that require large tracts of undisturbed land. The main impact of transportation is due to vehicles large consumption of fossil fuels. This consumes the fossil fuel reserves, as well as releasing greenhouse gasses into the atmosphere. There is a radical difference between high road
density in the settled parts of southern Canada, and virtually no roads in the Arctic ecosystems. The map shows the length of roads per ecoregion (in kilometres).
Threats to Ecosystems - Population Variation by Ecoprovince, 1971 to 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The higher the concentration of people in an ecoprovince, the higher the chance of loss of habitat and species. To better evaluate and minimize population impacts on the environment, it is necessary to study the distribution and variation of population within
ecological areas. The map shows the population variation by eco-province, between 1971 and 1996.
Threats to Ecosystems - Industrial Discharge Sites
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Industrial activities generate waste that is discharged into water bodies, the air or ends up in landfill sites. Air is the most common release medium. Ammonia, methanol, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide are by far the most common industrial pollutants
released in Canada. Industrial discharge sites are concentrated in southern Ontario and Quebec, and around major cities in British Columbia and the Prairies. The map shows the number of industrial discharge sites per ecoregion.
The Western Interior 1731 to 1757
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Exploration in the period 1731 to 1757 was dominated by the rapid thrust of French exploration into the western interior of Canada, particularly by Pierre Gaultier de la Vérendrye and his five sons who made nine expeditions between 1731 to 1743. As well, the
map shows the exploration routes of other explorers sponsored either by New France or by England: Mallet (1739), De Niverville (1751), Henday (1754 to 1755) and Smith and Waggoner (1756 to 1757). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all exploration
routes in the period 1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
The Search for a Northwest Passage 1576 to 1587
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The fourth phase of exploration in what is now Canada consisted of Frobisher's three voyages (1576, 1577 and 1578) and the two voyages of Davis (1586 and 1587) made in search of a northwest passage to Asia. These voyages represented the initial penetration of the
Arctic. The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans in the period 1497 to 1650; and the navigation of all exploration routes during the period of maritime exploration between 1497 and 1599. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written
documents of the period.
The Iroquois Country 1654 to 1656
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Between 1654 and 1656, except for a few trader's agents, missionaries were the principal explorers in the Iroquois country (an area covering much of present-day southern Ontario). The map shows three explorer routes: Le Moyne (1654), Chaumonot and Ménard
(1656) and Chaumonot (1656). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all exploration routes in the period 1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the
period.
The Great Lakes 1654 to 1670
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In the period between 1654 and 1670, missionaries were the principal explorers in the Great Lakes area. This map shows expeditions covering all parts of the Great Lakes except for southern Lake Michigan. The six expeditions shown are: Des Groseilliers (1654 to
1656), Des Groseilliers and Radisson (1659 to 1660); Allouez (1665 to 1667 and 1669); Peré and Adrien Jolliet (1669); and Adrien Jolliet, Dollier and Galinée (1669 to 1670). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans and the navigation of all exploration routes in the
period 1651 to 1760. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
The Atlantic Coast and Saint Lawrence River 1603 to 1607
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Champlain's resource surveys of the Atlantic Coast and Saint Lawrence River between 1603 and1607 were the first exploration in this area since Cartier and Bellenger. This map shows five of Champlain's exploration routes. The map also shows the extent of territory
known to Europeans in the period 1497 to 1650; and the navigation of all exploration routes during the period of the penetration of the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Bay from 1600 to 1650. The historical names found on the map are derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the
period.
The Arctic Coast and Hudson Bay 1610 to 1632
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In the period from 1610 to 1632, English navigators explored Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay. This map shows the routes of seven explorers: Hudson (1610 to 1611), Button (1612 to 1613), Bylot (1615 to 1616), Baffin (1615 to 1616), Munk (1619 to 1620), Fox (1631),
and James (1631 to 1632). The map also shows the extent of territory known to Europeans in the period 1497 to 1650; and the navigation of all exploration routes during the period of the penetration of the Eastern Great Lakes and Hudson Bay from 1600 to 1650. The historical names found on the map are
derived from contemporaneous maps and written documents of the period.
Territorial Evolution, 1920
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The boundaries of the districts within the Northwest Territories are redescribed in 1920. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western
Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1901
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The boundaries of Yukon Territory in 1901 are changed to those of today. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1897
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Boundaries are changed in 1897 for the districts of Franklin, Keewatin, Mackenzie, Ungava and Yukon. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western
Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1889
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1889, Ontario is enlarged west to Lake of the Woods and north to the Albany River. The southwestern boundary of Keewatin is adjusted to conform with boundaries of the districts created in 1882. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in
the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1886
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The south-western boundary of Keewatin is adjusted in 1886 to conform to the boundaries of the districts created in 1882. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern
and western Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1880
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1880, Canada acquires title to the Arctic Islands that become part of the Northwest Territories. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western
Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1873
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1873, Prince Edward Island joins the Confederation as the seventh province. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1871
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

In 1871, British Columbia joins the federation as a province with the boundaries it attained in 1866. Canadas long and diversified settlement history is reflected in the two distinct patterns of boundaries that differentiate between eastern and western
Canada.
Territorial Evolution, 1870
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory are acquired to form the Northwest Territories. The province of Manitoba is created. In 1877, boundaries of Manitoba are adjusted to conform to the Dominion Lands Survey System.
Territorial Evolution, 1867 to 1999
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada had a relatively small area when created in 1867, but it then expanded greatly to become, by area, the second largest country in the world. This map is a composite of 18 Atlas maps which show territorial changes at specific times during the period 1867 to
1999. Not only did Canada as a whole expand over time, but also most of the provinces expanded their areas: only two provinces (New Brunswick and Nova Scotia) had their present boundaries as of Confederation (1867). The boundaries and names of the territories also changed over time; one of the three
existing territories, Nunavut, was created as recently as 1999.
Terrestrial Ecozones (forests)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Ecozones are broad ecological zones on the earth's surface and cover a large range of ecosystems such as temperate forest, mountain ranges, grassland, taiga, arctic tundra, extensive river systems, coastline and farmlands. Each ecozone has its own climate,
relief, soil, fauna and flora and distinct human activities. In Canada, there are 20 ecozones, consisting of 15 terrestrial and 5 marine units. Forests of Canada cover in total about nine ecozones.
Terrestrial Ecozones
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Canada has defined a hierarchical classification of ecosystems. At a simple level there are 20 ecozones, fifteen terrestrial and five marine. An ecozone is an area of the earths surface that represents a large ecological zone and has characteristic landforms and
climate. Each ecozone is distinguished from others by its unique mosaic of plants, wildlife, climate, landforms, and human activities. Ecozones are useful for general national reporting and for placing Canadas ecosystem diversity in a North American or global context.
Surficial Materials (Diamond Exploration)
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Minerals associated with diamond source rocks found in glacial sediments indicate presence of a kimberlite. To a certain extent it also gives an evaluation of the potential presence of diamonds. Regional ice advance and retreat pattern knowledge, combined with
geophysical analysis, help to find the kimberlites that are the rock formations where diamonds can be found. This map shows the location of surficial materials and gives the general direction of ice flow.
Surficial Hydrogeological Materials
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Surficial hydrogeological materials show the distribution of sediment deposited in glacially influenced environments. Most drinkable groundwater resources in Canada occur in shallow surficial-sediment aquifers. Surface sediments, such as gravel, sand, silt and
clay, or mixed sediments, are an important control on vegetation patterns and surface-water recharge to aquifers. In addition, areas with significant thicknesses of sand and gravel-large moraines and buried valleys-often host prolific aquifers.
Stress to the Atmosphere - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Sector, 1998
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Regional greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by sectors of the economy for 1998 are shown here. The map also shows the regional carbon intensity measured in tonnes of CO2-equivalent to per million dollars of Real Domestic Product. The share of economic sectors in the
total regional GHG emissions depends on the region's economic structure and availability of energy resources. The share of greenhouse gas emissions from power generation is considerable in provinces where electricity is generated based on coal and natural gas (such as Alberta and Saskatchewan) or
fossil fuels (such as Ontario). Emissions associated with the industrial sector, which include the fossil-fuel production industries, occupy an important share of total greenhouse gas emissions in almost every province.
Stress to the Atmosphere - Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Gas, 1998
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The regional pattern of greenhouse gas emissions for 1998 is shown on this map. The map also shows regional emissions per capita, in terms of tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per habitant in each region. Carbon dioxide emissions are a large part, at least 55%,
of the total greenhouse gas emissions in each region. Methane's share of greenhouse gas emissions is higher in provinces where agriculture and fossil fuel production are important economic activities. Nitrous oxide is produced by the transportation sector and by agricultural activities. The other
gases shown are produced primarily by industrial sectors, particularly the aluminium production, located mainly in Quebec.
Service Industries: Per Capita Income, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

The map shows the two most important characteristics of markets: their size (measured by population) and the level of income - hence the ability to buy various kinds of services. The market is the amount of money available to purchase goods and services. The
corporations that provide services (wholesale, retail, finance, business services, leisure services, personal services) to Canadian consumers visualize the country as a set of markets of varying sizes (the cities), and with different characteristics, especially the level of income - which directly
affects the ability to consume.
Service Industries - Specialization in Retail Convenience, 1996
Authors:   Atlas of Canada
Published: December 2018

Retailing is the most familiar service of all: goods are brought together, displayed and sold directly to consumers. This map shows the difference between the actual employment in retail convenience and the expected level, based on the city's population and
income.