bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outsides and outsiders: Environmental critique in Leonard Woolf’s The Village in the Jungle and Romesh Gunesekera’s Reef
Authors: Lavery Charne
Published: November 2014

In Leonard Woolf’s The Village in the Jungle, the jungle is depicted as a great sea. It represents a potent outside, an unknowable, unconquerable boundary zone characterized by natural and supernatural evils. Romesh Gunesekara’s Reef depicts the island-surrounding Indian Ocean in similar terms — the undersea world is described as an ungovernable jungle, and the ocean an ever-encroaching danger. Both novels highlight the metaphoric importance of the natural world in their titles: it is the oceanic reef and the encircling jungle that form the spatial and discursive limits to the imagined island. In different ways, these Sri Lankan narratives engage with ways of imagining the jungle and ocean as outside space, interrogating their construction as boundless externality. In addition, they are marked by a sympathetic portrayal of indigenous and disenfranchised perspectives, through the villager protagonists and the servant-boy narrator, suggesting an analogous critique of the transference of ideas of externality onto human populations. This article investigates a way in which these novels intersect at the point of engagement between ecocritical and postcolonial studies, through their imaginative mapping of outsides and outsiders.
Numerical analysis of the interactive damage mechanisms in two-dimensional carbon fabric-reinforced thermoplastic composites under low velocity impacts
Authors: Ullah Himayat , Silberschmidt Vadim V
Published: November 2014

Damage and failure in carbon fabric-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites under low velocity impacts is investigated using explicit finite element analyses. Three-dimensional finite element models are developed to simulate the deformation behaviour of, and damage evolution in CFRP laminates under such loading conditions. In these simulations, the onset and growth of inter-ply delamination is captured by bilinear cohesive zone elements inserted between plies of the composite. Intra-ply fabric fracture is simulated by defining a transverse layer of cohesive elements at the specimen fracture location. The energies associated with dynamic propagation of these damage mechanisms are also captured by the numerical simulations, demonstrating their potential to model the damage modes as well as their interaction. In this study, a novel damage modelling technique based on the cohesive zone method is proposed for interaction of various damage modes, which is more efficient for coupling between failure modes than a continuum damage mechanics approach. For the first time, it was observed that the pattern of interlaminar damage formation was from the front interface towards the back of the specimen, unlike the traditional back to front one in drop-weight tests. Results of experimental tests performed on a woven CFRP material under low velocity impact in Izod-type impactor at various energy levels are used for comparison with simulations. A satisfactory agreement was found between experiments and simulations confirming the validity of the numerical analyses.
Study on static and fatigue behaviors of carbon fiber bundle and the statistical distribution by experiments
Authors: Song Jian , Wen Weidong , Cui Haitao , Zhao Sibo
Published: November 2014

In this paper, the static, tension–tension fatigue, and residual strength behaviors of carbon fiber bundle have been investigated using experimental methods. The corresponding mechanical models and statistical distribution regulations have also been established based on the experimental data. The test results indicate that the test section length of fiber bundle had a marked effect on the static strength, which decreased with the increase of length. A two-parameter Weibull distributional function was used to describe the distribution of static strength. Furthermore, the S-N curve was obtained by a new segmented function to reflect the changing of fatigue life against stress levels. The experimental results of residual strength show that there was an abnormal tendency, which increased first and decreased later as the increase of cyclic number, for the residual strength of carbon fiber bundle in both tested stress levels 87% and 80%, respectively. Therefore, a new model for the residual strength was put forward and the good agreement between the fitting curves and experimental was obtained.
Establishment of Functional Acinar-like Cultures from Human Salivary Glands
Authors: Jang S.I. , Ong H.L. , Gallo A. , Liu X. , Illei G. , Alevizos I.
Published: November 2014

Disorders of human salivary glands resulting from therapeutic radiation treatment for head and neck cancers or from the autoimmune disease Sjögren syndrome (SS) frequently result in the reduction or complete loss of saliva secretion. Such irreversible dysfunction of the salivary glands is due to the impairment of acinar cells, the major glandular cells of protein, salt secretion, and fluid movement. Availability of primary epithelial cells from human salivary gland tissue is critical for studying the underlying mechanisms of these irreversible disorders. We applied 2 culture system techniques on human minor salivary gland epithelial cells (phmSG) and optimized the growth conditions to achieve the maintenance of phmSG in an acinar-like phenotype. These phmSG cells exhibited progenitor cell markers (keratin 5 and nanog) as well as acinar-specific markers—namely, α-amylase, cystatin C, TMEM16A, and NKCC1. Importantly, with an increase of the calcium concentration in the growth medium, these phmSG cells were further promoted to acinar-like cells in vitro, as indicated by an increase in AQP5 expression. In addition, these phmSG cells also demonstrated functional calcium mobilization, formation of epithelial monolayer with high transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and polarized secretion of α-amylase secretion after β-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Taken together, suitable growth conditions have been established to isolate and support culture of acinar-like cells from the human salivary gland. These primary epithelial cells can be useful for study of molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the function of acinar cells and in the loss of salivary gland function in patients.
Not all dictators are equal
Authors: von Soest Christian , Wahman Michael
Published: November 2014

Since the end of the Cold War, Western powers have frequently used sanctions to fight declining levels of democracy and human rights violations abroad. However, some of the world’s most repressive autocracies have never been subjected to sanctions, while other more competitive authoritarian regimes have been exposed to repeated sanction episodes. In this article, we concentrate on the cost–benefit analysis of Western senders that issue democratic sanctions, those which aim to instigate democratization, against authoritarian states. We argue that Western leaders weight domestic and international pressure to impose sanctions against the probability of sanction success and the sender’s own political and economic costs. Their cost–benefit calculus is fundamentally influenced by the strength of trigger events indicating infringements of democratic and human rights. Western sanction senders are most likely to respond to coups d’état, the most drastic trigger events, and tend to sanction vulnerable targets to a higher extent than stable authoritarian regimes. Senders are also more likely to sanction poor targets less integrated in the global economy and countries that do not align with the Western international political agenda, especially in responding to ‘weaker’ trigger events such as controversial elections. The analysis is carried out using a new dataset of US and EU sanctions against authoritarian states in the period 1990–2010.
ESLAV/ECLAM/LAVA/EVERI recommendations for the roles, responsibilities and training of the laboratory animal veterinarian and the designated veterinarian under Directive 2010/63/EU
Authors: Poirier G M , Bergmann C , Denais-Lalieve D G , Dontas I A , Dudoignon N , Ehall H , Fentener van Vlissingen J M , Fornasier M , Kalman R , Hansen A , Schueller S , Vergara P , Weilenmann R , Wilson J , Degryse A-D
Published: November 2014

Directive 2010/63/EU was adopted in September 2010 by the European Parliament and Council, and became effective in January 2013. It replaces Directive 86/609/EEC and introduces new requirements for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. In particular, it requires that establishments that breed, supply or use laboratory animals have a designated veterinarian (DV) with expertise in laboratory animal medicine, or a suitably qualified expert where more appropriate, charged with advisory duties in relation to the well-being and treatment of the animals. This paper is a report of an ESLAV/ECLAM/LAVA/EVERI working group that provides professional guidance on the role and postgraduate training of laboratory animal veterinarians (LAVs), who may be working as DVs under Directive 2010/63/EU. It is also aimed at advising employers, regulators and other persons working under the Directive on the role of the DV. The role and responsibilities of the DV include the development, implementation and continuing review of an adequate programme for veterinary care at establishments breeding and/or using animals for scientific purposes. The programme should be tailored to the needs of the establishment and based on the Directive’s requirements, other legislations, and current guidelines in laboratory animal medicine. Postgraduate laboratory animal veterinary training should include a basic task-specific training module for DVs to complement veterinary competences from graduation, and continuing professional development on the basis of a gap analysis. A tiered approach to further training in laboratory animal veterinary medicine and science offers career development pathways that are mutually beneficial to LAVs and establishments.
Pavlovian discrimination in rats using voluntary exposure to a lithium chloride procedure
Authors: Arriola N , Alonso G , Vázquez GA , Rodríguez G
Published: November 2014

In a conditioned taste aversion (CTA) procedure, the consumption of a flavor is followed by the administration of a toxin (e.g. lithium chloride, LiCl), resulting in the future avoidance of the flavor. CTA studies typically make use of forced-exposure paradigms where a volume of the toxin dependent upon the weight of the animal is injected. The use of forced paradigms can be problematic when extended training is required, such as in stimulus discrimination training involving similar flavors, since the animals can be exposed to a high amount of the toxin. In the present study we confirmed the viability of an alternative voluntary-exposure paradigm that more closely mimics natural conditions and is more considerate of the welfare of the animals as a useful tool for investigating discrimination training. In three experiments, rats received free access to either a flavor (sucrose in Experiments 1a and 1b, and saccharin in Experiment 2) or a compound of the flavor mixed with LiCl. The presence of LiCl in the compound induced post-consumption illness. Rats acquired an aversion to the flavor + LiCl compound, thus reducing both their consumption of, and exposure to, LiCl, and gradually increased their consumption of the flavor alone. The present paradigm is more similar to natural conditions than the forced-exposure paradigm as it allows the animals to experience a direct relationship between the amount of the flavor consumed and the magnitude of the illness induced by the toxin.
Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: decreasing incidence may reduce the impact of a Scottish screening programme
Authors: Dreyer Stephan B , Burns Paul
Published: November 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine whether there has been a change in annual ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm admissions and elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs in a tertiary vascular surgery department.

Methods

All patients admitted with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm from 1987 to 2009 and all undergoing elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repair from 1995 to 2009 were identified from the local surgical audit database. Annual ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm admissions were calculated and compared in the first and second halves of the study period.

Results

During a 23-year period, 888 patients (male 728, female 158, gender was not documented for two patients) were identified with a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. The annual number of admissions remained relatively constant from 1987 to 1997, with a mean of 44 (95% CI 39.91–48.09). There was a significant decrease to a mean of 33.67 per annum (95% CI 28.53–38.8) in the period 1998–2009, p = 0.006. The mean mortality was 39.8% and showed no significant decrease. There was no increase in the number of elective abdominal aortic aneurysm repairs during the study period.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms is decreasing, mirroring the trend seen in other cardiovascular disease. As such, further analysis as to the cost-effectiveness of a Scottish screening programme is merited.
Coalition building in the UN Security Council
Authors: Monteleone Carla
Published: November 2014

Political coalitions in the international system are still understudied in International Relations theory. This article claims that the formation of and variations in coalitions in the international system are affected by changes in their bargaining power and bargaining environment related to the global leadership cycle and by long-term organisational changes of the international political system. Identifying the Security Council as the institution in which states are more likely to keep their systemic preferences at the institutional level, the article studies the presence, formation and change of coalitions in the international system by testing variations in the behaviour of the Security Council members in the period 1993–2012. To overcome methodological difficulties, it proposes to analyse sponsoring rather than voting behaviour. In the analysed period, the presence of a mutating dominant coalition, signs of potential coalitions in the making and an increase in participation and competition resulting from modifications in the organisational form of the international system are found.
The Economic Valuation of Climate Change Policies in Tourism
Authors: León Carmelo J. , Araña Jorge E.
Published: November 2014

Climate change policies may compete for scarce economic resources with other alternative policies that might also be needed in tourist destinations. This article studies the economic valuation of tourists of a “carbon neutral” destination policy in the Canary Islands, under the context of joint valuation with potential alternative tourism policies, taking into account the impact of emotions and knowledge. Results show that the economic value assigned by tourists for this policy increases when other competing policy alternatives are jointly evaluated. In addition, the amount of knowledge on the causes and consequences of climate change positively influences the economic value the tourists give to the carbon-neutral policy. Negative emotions such as fear, anger, and sadness also raise the economic value assigned by tourists. The results have implications for the design of tourism policies and the study of the economic value of tourism policies.
The predictive roles of social safeness and flourishing on problematic Facebook use
Authors: Uysal Recep
Published: November 2014

Social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and Foursquare have become an integral part of human life, and their use has increased considerably over recent years. Facebook is the fastest growing social networking site, but little research has investigated the negative outcomes relating to the problematic use and predictors of this media phenomenon. This study examined the predictive roles of social safeness and flourishing on problematic Facebook use. The study was carried out among 229 Turkish university students (120 women, 109 men, Mage = 20.41 years, standard deviation = 1.64, and age range = 18–27). The participants completed the Turkish version of the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale, the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale, and the Flourishing Scale. The research data were analyzed by correlation and multiple regression analyses. Problematic Facebook use was correlated negatively with social safeness and flourishing. In addition, the findings indicated that social safeness and flourishing were significant predictors of problematic Facebook use. The results were discussed in light of relevant literature.
Print Is Future, Online Is Past
Authors: Tenenboim-Weinblatt Keren , Neiger Motti
Published: November 2014

This article examines the representation of past, present, and future in print and online news, while establishing a link between the temporal orientation of news stories and the constraints of the news cycle. Based on a content analysis of top news stories in the Israeli media, the study shows that a future temporal orientation is more prevalent in print media, which assume the role of projecting upcoming events, analyzing potential outcomes, and shaping collective expectations. In contrast, online news tends to assume the more commonly recognized journalistic role of informing the public on recent-past events. The discussion introduces the notion of “temporal affordances,” referring to the temporal constraints and possibilities of media technologies, which in turn can lead to distinctive content characteristics. These affordances, which connect symbolic and material dimensions, contribute to the shaping and reshaping of the functions served by divergent communication outlets in changing media landscapes.
“The Master of the House”—Agencies in Municipal Service Provision: Balancing Autonomy and Accountability
Authors: Andersen Ole Johan , Torsteinsen Harald
Published: November 2014

The article raises the question of to what extent municipalities adopting reforms of decentralization are able to find a stable balance between strategic management and operational autonomy. We performed a case study in a Norwegian municipality with more than 10 years of experience in practicing the agency model characterized by a radical disaggregation and autonomization of functions. Our findings suggest that finding a stable balance seems hard to obtain. Instead, there is a continuous process of “negotiation” going on between the two levels. The risk of sliding back to hierarchy and central rule seems to be more or less permanent.
Causes of (and Solutions for?) Financial Crises in Local Governments: Insights From Local Arab Authorities in Israel
Authors: Zeedan Rami , Vigoda-Gadot Eran , Ben-Artzi Yossi
Published: November 2014

This article examines the relative impact of internal and external factors on the financial decline of local Arab municipalities in Israel. We employ a unique case study to demonstrate that the negative relationship between local management policies and local financial crises is stronger than any other relationship; in addition, this relationship is expected to hold for other local authorities in Israel and for local authorities in Western countries. The new theoretical approach developed in this study indicates that, with respect to local authorities, the “local management approach” more often explains a financial crisis than other approaches.
Understanding the Challenges and Sustainability of Citizen Engagement in the Budgeting Processes of Developing Countries
Authors: Kasymova Jyldyz
Published: November 2014

Using Kyrgyzstan as a source of data, this article answers the following questions about citizen engagement in budgeting: (a) What are the key challenges to implementing budget hearings in developing countries? and (b) What factors influence the sustainability of citizen engagement? It identifies several barriers hindering the implementation of local budget meetings, which range from simple organizational issues to complex problems—such as lack of trust and inadequate professional management skills. This study demonstrates that administrators and non-profit experts cite different types of impediments. The involvement of donors appears to have a positive impact on engagement practices in developing countries.
Shared Identity Is Key to Effective Communication
Authors: Greenaway Katharine H. , Wright Ruth G. , Willingham Joanne , Reynolds Katherine J. , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: November 2014

The ability to communicate with others is one of the most important human social functions, yet communication is not always investigated from a social perspective. This research examined the role that shared social identity plays in communication effectiveness using a minimal group paradigm. In two experiments, participants constructed a model using instructions that were said to be created by an ingroup or an outgroup member. Participants made models of objectively better quality when working from communications ostensibly created by an ingroup member (Experiments 1 and 2). However, this effect was attenuated when participants were made aware of a shared superordinate identity that included both the ingroup and the outgroup (Experiment 2). These findings point to the importance of shared social identity for effective communication and provide novel insights into the social psychology of communication.
Stability and Change in Political Conservatism Following the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Milojev Petar , Greaves Lara , Osborne Danny , Sibley Chris G.
Published: November 2014

The current study analyzes data from a national probability panel sample of New Zealanders ( N = 5,091) to examine stability and change in political orientation over four consecutive yearly assessments (2009-2012) following the 2007/2008 global financial crisis. Bayesian Latent Growth Modeling identified systematic variation in the growth trajectory of conservatism that was predicted by age and socio-economic status. Younger people (ages 25-45) did not change in their political orientation. Older people, however, became more conservative over time. Likewise, people with lower socio-economic status showed a marked increase in political conservatism. In addition, tests of rank-order stability showed that age had a cubic relationship with the stability of political orientation over our four annual assessments. Our findings provide strong support for System Justification Theory by showing that increases in conservatism in the wake of the recent global financial crisis occurred primarily among the poorest and most disadvantaged.
Self-Esteem Instability and Personality
Authors: Zeigler-Hill Virgil , Holden Christopher J. , Enjaian Brian , Southard Ashton C. , Besser Avi , Li Haijiang , Zhang Qinglin
Published: November 2014

Relatively few studies have focused on the connections between self-esteem and basic personality dimensions. The purpose of the present studies was to examine whether self-esteem level and self-esteem instability were associated with the Big Five personality dimensions and whether self-esteem instability moderated the associations that self-esteem level had with these personality features. This was accomplished by conducting a series of studies that included samples from the United States, Israel, and China. Across these studies, self-esteem level was associated with high levels of extraversion, emotional stability, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness, whereas self-esteem instability was associated with low levels of emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Individuals with stable high self-esteem reported the highest levels of emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness, whereas those with stable low self-esteem had the lowest levels of openness. The results of these studies suggest that feelings of self-worth are associated with self-reported and perceived personality features.
When Voice Matters
Authors: Bashshur Michael R. , Oc Burak
Published: November 2014

The conventional wisdom is that voice leads to desirable outcomes for organizations. However, this is most certainly an oversimplification. Of the over 1,000 studies examining the impact of voice in organizations, the implications of voice vary by the level of the organization (individual, group, organization) as well as the outcome of interest (e.g., group harmony vs. job satisfaction). In this article, we draw from the diverse literatures examining the impact of voice to integrate the theoretical frameworks and empirical results for voice outcomes across organizational levels. To do so, we start with a discussion of the definition and development of voice as a construct, beginning with Hirschman’s seminal work on voice/exit/loyalty. We then review the theoretical frameworks within each level that explain the effect of voice on outcomes, highlight the role of mediating or moderating mechanisms, and discuss directions for future research. Finally, we emphasize emerging trends in the study of voice and suggest areas in which the various literatures may benefit from borrowing across fields and levels of interest to produce a more comprehensive, theoretically grounded, and cohesive body of work.
Family Life Across Borders
Authors: Wagner Rikke
Published: November 2014

Restrictive rules for family unification are in place in a range of European countries today. In response, some persons affected by these rules are mobilizing their European Union (EU) citizenship to bring in a spouse from outside the EU. EU free movement legislation provides extensive protection of family life for mobile citizens enabling them to sidestep or contest national law. This article discusses what such restrictive policies and migrant strategies entail for the economic, sociocultural, and political integration of transnational couples. It develops a dynamic, multidimensional analytics of integration beyond the nation-state. The merits of this approach are then illustrated through a heuristic case study based on narrative interviews with Danish-international couples in the border region of Øresund. I show that while restrictive domestic rules for entry can be a barrier to integration, EU citizenship can help promote inclusion in existing and emerging communities.
Sport and the Resettlement of Young People From Refugee Backgrounds in Australia
Authors: Jeanes Ruth , O’ Connor Justen , Alfrey Laura
Published: November 2014

Within recent years, policy makers and practitioners have increasingly drawn on sport as a vehicle to assist with the resettlement of young people from refugee backgrounds. This article presents the views of sport development and resettlement service staff responsible for supporting the participation of young refugees within sport. Our data suggest that while there are a myriad of well-established barriers beyond the sporting context that restrict the participation of young people from refugee backgrounds, there are considerable issues within mainstream sports settings and structures that will continue to reduce the value of sport in the resettlement process. Sports providers continue to attempt to integrate young people from refugee backgrounds into existing mainstream sport structures that may not meet their needs or provide inclusive environments. We outline how sporting practices reflect broader integration/resettlement policy rhetoric and suggest problematizing the structure and culture of sport is essential if it is to be of value in resettlement work.
‘Who you gonna call?’ The role of trust and relationships in desistance from crime
Authors: Rowe Michael , Soppitt Sarah
Published: November 2014

Motivation and engagement in desistance programmes are examined in an article that analyses two projects that aimed to ‘normalize lifestyles’ of chaotic offenders. In one of the projects, participants claimed that their engagement was related to the charitable sector of the provider, which meant that staff were outside of the parameters of offender management regimes. However, similar claims were made by participants in the other programme − which was delivered by statutory public sector agencies but by staff operating in different roles to the usual probation service framework. On this basis it is argued that the character, culture and ethos of programmes is of greater significance than their status in terms of third, public or private sectors.
Trajectories of perceived social support among low-income female survivors of Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Lowe Sarah R. , Willis Margaret
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to explore trajectories of perceived social support among low-income women who survived Hurricane Katrina, and were surveyed prior to the hurricane and approximately one and four years thereafter ( N = 562). Latent class growth analysis provided evidence of the following four trajectories of perceived support: High Increasing (35.9%), High Decreasing (20.3%), Low Stable (41.1%), and Low Decreasing (2.7%). Bereavement was significantly predictive of membership in the Low Stable trajectory, relative to the High Increasing and High Decreasing trajectories. Higher psychological distress and indicators of greater social network size, density, and closeness were significantly predictive of membership in the Low Decreasing trajectory, relative to the High Increasing and High Decreasing trajectories.
Relational savoring in long-distance romantic relationships
Authors: Borelli Jessica L. , Rasmussen Hannah F. , Burkhart Margaret L. , Sbarra David A.
Published: November 2014

Relationship satisfaction is crucial for health and happiness. In the absence of physical contact, people in long-distance romantic relationships (LDRs) may use alternate means of maintaining relationship satisfaction, such as mentally activating feelings of closeness to their partners. This experiment examined the effects of relational savoring, relative to two control conditions, on emotion and relationship satisfaction following a laboratory-based stress task, among 533 people in an LDR. Relational savoring yielded greater positive emotion among participants, particularly those with medium to high baseline relationship satisfaction. Further, emotional state mediated the link between relational savoring and post-stressor relationship satisfaction for participants with average or higher baseline satisfaction. Savoring relational memories resulted in short-term benefits among people in LDRs with average or higher satisfaction. The promise of relational savoring as a brief intervention is discussed as well as the implications of the results for couples in LDRs.
The influence of intergenerational relationships on marital quality following the death of a parent in adulthood
Authors: Stokes Jeffrey E.
Published: November 2014

Bereavement not only is an individual psychological experience but also has meaningful social and familial impacts. This article examines how relationship quality with both a deceased and a surviving parent influence adult children’s marital quality over time and whether this differs by gender. Data were drawn from the Longitudinal Study of Generations, a study of three- and four-generation families from Southern California. The sample included married adult children who experienced the death of a parent between survey waves ( N = 304). A series of multilevel random effects models were estimated using a before/after loss framework. Analyses revealed that improvements and declines in relationship quality with a surviving parent were related with improvements and declines in marital quality following the death of a first parent, regardless of gender. High pre-loss relationship quality with a deceased parent resulted in improved marital quality only for sons who lost mothers. Findings support the linked lives framework and offer some evidence for the “greedy marriage” thesis.
Categorising and labelling entrepreneurs: Business support organisations constructing the Other through prefixes of ethnicity and immigrantship
Authors: Högberg Lena , Schölin Tobias , Ram Monder , Jones Trevor
Published: November 2014

This article demonstrates how Swedish support organisations approach and target immigrant entrepreneurs in terms of categorisation and labelling. In their strategic positioning, and as a result of framing and communicating specific target groups for their activities, organisations simultaneously produce and reproduce categories of clients. We argue that despite its emancipatory intent, the process of categorisation runs the risk of reproducing an inferior Other. Adding prefixes in labelling entrepreneurs may replicate the societal hierarchies that business support initiatives were designed to counteract. This article questions the basis of business support for minority entrepreneurs and is a contribution to wider debates concerned with exposing the constructed nature of entrepreneurship.
SMEs and public sector procurement: Does entrepreneurial orientation make a difference?
Authors: Reijonen Helen , Tammi Timo , Saastamoinen Jani
Published: November 2014

This article illustrates how the proactivity/innovativeness dimension of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) influences how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) search for information on public sector tender opportunities and their subsequent bidding activity. From an analysis of the contemporary literature and our findings, we demonstrate how successful SME participation in public procurement can be encouraged and increased.
Moving to the peoplemetered audience: A sociotechnical approach
Authors: Méadel Cécile
Published: November 2014

Using an actor–network theory approach, this article argues that the audience exists only from the moment it is circumstantiated and instantiated. To observe the audience, sociology thus needs to identify its practices, discourses and manifestations. This hypothesis is illustrated through a historical case study: the adoption of a new television audience measurement, the peoplemeter (a new audimeter machine nowadays widely used by professionals) in France in the late 1980s. It opens the technology’s black box at a time when changes forced actors to reconsider their collective and individual audience definitions. Through analysing the implementation of the peoplemeter, this article shows how a triple process of routine, consensus and trust led the actors to accept this new system. This process, it is argued, explains how actors translated a state of their own construction of the audience into a technological system.
How to prevent venous cannula orifice obstruction during extracorporeal circulation
Authors: Abdel-Sayed S , Favre J , von Segesser LK
Published: November 2014

Venous cannula orifice obstruction is an underestimated problem during augmented cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), which can potentially be reduced with redesigned, virtually wall-less cannula designs versus traditional percutaneous control venous cannulas. A bench model, allowing for simulation of the vena cava with various affluent orifices, venous collapse and a worst case scenario with regard to cannula position, was developed. Flow (Q) was measured sequentially for right atrial + hepatic + renal + iliac drainage scenarios, using a centrifugal pump and an experimental bench set-up (afterload 60 mmHg). At 1500, 2000 and 2500 RPM and atrial position, the Q values were 3.4, 6.03 and 8.01 versus 0.77*, 0.43* and 0.58* l/min: p<0.05* for wall-less and the Biomedicus® cannula, respectively. The corresponding pressure values were -15.18, -31.62 and -74.53 versus -46.0*, -119.94* and -228.13* mmHg. At the hepatic position, the Q values were 3.34, 6.67 and 9.26 versus 2.3*, 0.42* and 0.18* l/min; and the pressure values were -10.32, -20.25 and -42.83 versus -23.35*, -119.09* and -239.38* mmHg. At the renal position, the Q values were 3.43, 6.56 and 8.64 versus 2.48*, 0.41* and 0.22* l/min and the pressure values were -9.64, -20.98 and -63.41 versus -20.87 -127.68* and -239* mmHg, respectively.

At the iliac position, the Q values were 3.43, 6.01 and 9.25 versus 1.62*, 0.55* and 0.58* l/min; the pressure values were -9.36, -33.57 and -44.18 versus -30.6*, -120.27* and -228* mmHg, respectivly. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates that the redesigned, virtually wall-less cannulas, allowing for direct venous drainage at practically all intra-venous orifices, outperform the commercially available control cannula, with superior flow at reduced suction levels for all scenarios tested.
A study of whether video scoring is a reliable option for blinded scoring of the Gross Motor Function Measure-88
Authors: Franki Inge , Van den Broeck Chris , De Cat Josse , Molenaers Guy , Vanderstraeten Guy , Desloovere Kaat
Published: November 2014

Objective:

To investigate the agreement between live and video scores of the Gross Motor Function Measure-88.

Design:

Reliability study.

Subjects:

Forty children with bilateral spastic cerebral palsy.

Interventions:

Fifty evaluations were administered according to the test guidelines, and were videotaped. After a minimum interval of one month, the video recordings were again rated by the same assessor. Two physical therapy students also each scored the recordings twice, with a minimal interval of one month.

Main measures:

Agreement between live and video scores as well as inter-rater and intra-rater agreement of the video scores were assessed using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC), standard error of measurements (SEM), and smallest detectable changes (SDC). Weighted kappa coefficients were used to analyse individual items.

Results:

The live and video scores from the same assessor showed good to very good agreement for the total score (ICC, 0.973; SEM, 2.28; SDC, 6.32) and dimensions B (ICC, 0.938), D (ICC, 0.965), and E (ICC, 0.992) but lower agreement for A (ICC, 0.720) and C (ICC, 0.667). Live-versus-video agreement for the total score was higher than inter-rater agreement by video (ICC, 0.949; SEM, 3.15; SDC, 8.73) but lower than intra-rater agreement by video (ICC, 0.989; SEM, 1.42; SDC, 3.96).

Conclusion:

The Gross Motor Function Measure-88 can be reliably scored using video recordings. The agreement between live and video scores is lower than the intra-rater reliability using video recordings only. Future clinical trial results should be interpreted using the appropriate SEM and SDC values.
Sonic affinity
Authors: Campos Calvo-Sotelo Javier
Published: November 2014

Starting with a brief review of the question, this article examines evidence stemming from classical, popular and ethnic music, as well as from the field of language-based taxonomies and other research areas, that seem to prove a strong correlation between aural environment and musical production. To explain these interesting phenomena, we propose the sonic affinity theory, which holds that the human musical brain is shaped by the action of surrounding sounds, which generate aural profiles and aesthetic patterns in complex reflective processes. The ability to unconsciously internalize auditory signals is the result of an adaptive evolutionary mechanism and develops into a sonic affinity.
Hiccups as a migraine aura
Authors: Chaudhry Priyanka , Friedman Deborah I
Published: November 2014

Objective

To report a case series of hiccup as a migraine aura.

Background

Hiccup is a syndrome of inappropriate muscle contraction. To our knowledge, hiccup as a migraine aura has not been reported.

Case series

We describe series of patients who presented with hiccups as their migraine aura symptom.

Conclusion

Hiccups can present as a primary aura symptom in patients with migraine.
Comparing Fit and Reliability Estimates of a Psychological Instrument using Second-Order CFA, Bifactor, and Essentially Tau-Equivalent (Coefficient Alpha) Models via AMOS 22
Authors: Black Ryan A. , Yang Yanyun , Beitra Danette , McCaffrey Stacey
Published: November 2014

Estimation of composite reliability within a hierarchical modeling framework has recently become of particular interest given the growing recognition that the underlying assumptions of coefficient alpha are often untenable. Unfortunately, coefficient alpha remains the prominent estimate of reliability when estimating total scores from a scale with a hierarchical structure, in part because there are few published articles that provide a step-by-step demonstration of how to estimate reliability within the context of structural equation modeling. Using AMOS 22 to analyze simulated and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) summary data, the authors demonstrate how to compare the fit and reliability estimates of a (a) second-order confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) model, (b) bifactor model, and (c) essentially tau-equivalent model, which conforms to the stringent assumptions underlying coefficient alpha. The variance–covariance matrices generated from the simulated data as well as the WAIS-IV data are provided to allow for replication of results.
Assessing Psychological Symptoms and Well-Being
Authors: Antaramian Susan
Published: November 2014

A dual-factor mental health model includes measures of positive psychological well-being in addition to traditional indicators of psychopathology to comprehensively determine mental health status. The current study examined the utility of this model in understanding the psychological adjustment and educational functioning of college students. A sample of 561 college students were classified into four groups based on their levels of subjective well-being and clinical symptoms, and group differences in student engagement and academic achievement were examined. Results indicated that among students without clinical symptoms, those with high subjective well-being were more engaged in the college experience than their peers with low subjective well-being. Moreover, students with high well-being and low symptoms had the highest grade point averages (GPAs) of all groups. These findings suggest that both the presence of positive well-being and the absence of clinical symptoms are important in facilitating academic success.
A Mathematical Model of Communication between Groups of Circadian Neurons in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Risau-Gusman Sebastián , Gleiser Pablo M.
Published: November 2014

In the fruit fly, circadian behavior is controlled by a small number of specialized neurons, whose molecular clocks are relatively well known. However, much less is known about how these neurons communicate among themselves. In particular, only 1 circadian neuropeptide, pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), has been identified, and most aspects of its interaction with the molecular clock remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, it is speculated that many other peptides should contribute to circadian communication. We have developed a relatively detailed model of the 2 main groups of circadian pacemaker neurons (sLNvs and LNds) to investigate these issues. We have proposed many possible mechanisms for the interaction between the synchronization factors and the molecular clock, and we have compared the outputs with the experimental results reported in the literature both for the wild-type and PDF-null mutant. We have studied how different the properties of each neuron should be to account for the observations reported for the sLNvs in the mutant. We have found that only a few mechanisms, mostly related to the slowing down of nuclear entry of a circadian protein, can synchronize neurons that present these differences. Detailed immunofluorescent recordings have suggested that, whereas in the mutant, LNd neurons are synchronized, in the wild-type, a subset of the LNds oscillate faster than the rest. With our model, we find that a more likely explanation for the same observations is that this subset is being driven outside its synchronization range and displays therefore a complex pattern of oscillation.
Modification of Glial Response in Hibernation
Authors: Nikolic Ljiljana , Bataveljic Danijela , Andjus Pavle R. , Moldovan Ivana , Nedeljkovic Miodrag , Petkovic Branka
Published: November 2014

Hibernation is a dormant state of some animal species that enables them to survive harsh environmental conditions during the winter seasons. In the hibernating state, preservation of neuronal rhythmic activity at a low level is necessary for maintenance of suspended forms of behavior. As glial cells support rhythmic activity of neurons, preservation of brain function in the hibernating state implies accompanying modification of glial activity. A supportive role of glia in regulating neuronal activity is reflected through the activity of inwardly rectifying K+ channels (Kir). Therefore, we examined electrophysiological response, particularly Kir current response, of glial cells in mixture with neurons acutely isolated from active and hibernating land snail Helix pomatia. Our data show that hibernated glia have significantly lower inward current density, specific membrane conductance, and conductance density compared with active glia. The observed reduction could be attributed to the Kir currents, since the Ba2+-sensitive Kir current density was significantly lower in hibernated glia. Accordingly, a significant positive shift of the current reversal potential indicated a more depolarized state of hibernated glia. Data obtained show that modification of glial current response could be regulated by serotonin (5-HT) through an increase of cGMP as a secondary messenger, since extracellular addition of 5-HT or intracellular administration of cGMP to active glia induced a significant reduction of inward current density and thus mimicked the reduced response of hibernated glia. Lower Kir current density of hibernated glia accompanied the lower electrical activity of hibernated neurons, as revealed by a decrease in neuronal fast inward Na+ current density. Our findings reveal that glial response is reduced in the hibernating state and suggest seasonal modulation of glial activity. Maintenance of low glial activity in hibernation could be important for preservation of brain rhythmic activity and survival of the animal.
Containing Sperm—Managing Legitimacy
Authors: Mohr Sebastian
Published: November 2014

The governance of assisted reproduction in Denmark through legislation regards semen as a reproductive substance and thus restricts donor semen’s reproductive potential by setting terms for its use. What is not addressed in legislation is semen’s status as an ambiguous male bodily fluid that also carries other meanings. Making semen into a governable and exchangeable substance happens instead on the practice level. Based on qualitative interviews with Danish sperm donors and ethnographic fieldwork at Danish sperm banks, this article explores how material-semiotic practices at Danish sperm banks contribute to the legitimacy of sperm donation by making donor semen into a governable reproductive substance. Inspired by the containers that are used at sperm banks, in order to handle donor semen, these practices are understood as containment practices. By managing donor semen’s lust and disgust potential, containment practices help to secure donor semen’s conversion into an exchangeable means of donor-assisted reproduction.
A small displacement torsor model for 3D tolerance analysis of conical structures
Authors: Jin Sun , Chen Hua , Li Zhimin , Lai Xinmin
Published: November 2014

The small displacement torsor model is a classic three-dimensional tolerance analysis method. It uses three translational vectors and three rotational vectors to represent tolerance information in three-dimensional Euclidean space. However, the target features of this model mainly focused on planes and cylinders in previous studies. Little attention is invested to conical features and their joints which are used widely and more complex than the planar and cylindrical features. The objective of this article is to present a three-dimensional mathematical method of tolerance representation about conical surfaces and their joints based on the small displacement torsor model, and propose a mathematical model of variations and constraint relations of components of the small displacement torsor for conical surfaces caused by geometric tolerances limited by its tolerance zone. In addition, a simple example involving conical structures is used to demonstrate three-dimensional conical tolerance propagation. Both deterministic and statistical results are obtained by this model.