bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incomplete lymphatic sealing around the inferior mesenteric artery is a risk factor for chylous ascites in robotic rectal cancer surgery
Authors: Ushigome Hajime , Takahashi Hiroki , Maeda Anri , Kato Akira , Harata Shinnosuke , Watanabe Kawori , Yanagita Takeshi , Suzuki Takuya , Shiga Kazuyoshi , Harata Koshiro , Ogawa Ryo , Matsuo Yoichi , Mitsui Akira , Kimura Masahiro , Takiguchi Shuji
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Compared with laparoscopic surgery (LS), robotic surgery (RS) is considered to have acceptable outcomes in rectal cancer, but few reports have focused on chylous ascites in RS. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and etiology of chylous ascites after RS.

Methods

This retrospective study included 291 patients with rectal cancer who underwent RS (n = 165) or LS (n = 126) with high ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to compare the two groups.

Results

\Dissection around the IMA was achieved using ultrasonic coagulating shears in most LS cases, and monopolar scissors in most RS cases, sometimes using bipolar vessel sealing device or bipolar forceps. The incidence of chylous ascites was 12.2% in RS and 4.1% in LS after PSM (P = .037). When limited to the RS group, multivariate analysis identified absence of lymphatic sealing at the left side of the IMA and shorter operative time as independent risk factors for chylous ascites. Except for duration of drain placement, no outcomes differed significantly with or without chylous ascites. One patient with chylous ascites developed later infection and required antibiotic treatment.

Conclusion

The incidence of chylous ascites is significantly higher in RS than in LS, and RS with incomplete lymphatic sealing around the IMA is a risk factor for chylous ascites in rectal cancer. Although outcomes for patients with chylous ascites were acceptable, adequate lymphatic sealing during dissection around the IMA is crucial to prevent chylous ascites in RS.
PFKFB4 facilitates palbociclib resistance in oestrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer by enhancing stemness
Authors: Wang Sijie , Bei Yuncheng , Tian Qiang , He Jian , Wang Rui , Wang Qiuping , Sun Luchen , Ke Jiangqiong , Xie Congying , Shen Pingping
Published: September 2022

Background

ER+ breast cancer (ER+ BC) is the most common subtype of BC. Recently, CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with aromatase inhibitors have been approved by FDA as the first‐line therapy for patients with ER+ BC, and showed promising therapeutic efficacy in clinical treatment. However, resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors is frequently observed. A better understanding of the drug resistance mechanism is beneficial to improving therapeutic strategies by identifying optimal combinational treatments.

Methods

Western blotting, qPCR, flow cytometry and a series of cell experiments were performed to evaluate the phenotype of MCF‐7/R cells. RNA sequencing, non‐targeted metabolomics, shRNA knockdown and tumour cell‐bearing mouse models were used to clarify the drug resistance mechanism.

Results

Here, we found that ER+ BC cells have shown an adaptive resistance to palbociclib‐induced cell cycle arrest by activating an alternative signal pathway, independent of the CDK4/6‐RB signal transduction. Continuing treatment of palbociclib evoked cellular senescence of ER+ BC cells. Subsequently, the senescence‐like phenotype promoted stemness of ER+ BC cells, accompanied by increased chemoresistance and tumour‐initiating potential. Based on transcriptome analysis, we found that PFKFB4 played an important role in stemness transformation and drug resistance. A close correlation was determined between PFKFB4 expression by ER+ BC cells and cell senescence and stemness. Mechanistically, metabolomic profiling revealed that PFKFB4 reprogramed glucose metabolism and promoted cell stemness by enhancing glycolysis. Strikingly, diminishing PFKFB4 levels improved drug sensitivity and overcame chemoresistance during palbociclib treatment in ER+ BC.

Conclusions

These findings not only demonstrated the novel mechanism underlying which ER+ BC cells resisted to palbociclib, but also provided a possible therapeutic strategy in the intervention of ER+ BC to overcome drug resistance.
Treatment of acquired transthyretin amyloidosis in domino liver transplantation
Authors: Tsamis Konstantinos I. , Mytilinaios Dimitrios , Heneghan Michael , Gillmore Julian D. , Gilbertson Janet A. , Giannopoulos Sotirios , Sarmas Ioannis , Konitsiotis Spyridon
Published: September 2022

Background

Domino liver transplantation (DLT) has been commonly used during the last two decades to partly meet the high need for liver transplants. However, the recipients of grafts from patients with noncirrhotic inherited metabolic disorders may ultimately develop metabolic syndrome, and management is usually intricate, being complicated by the underlying initial disorder, other comorbidities, and post‐transplantation conditions.

Case

We report here the management and the outcome in a patient with acquired transthyretin amyloidosis after DLT and significant comorbidities. Final treatment with a transthyretin gene silencing agent, patisiran, was well tolerated and resulted in remission of the aggravating neurological deficits in a follow‐up period of 2 years.

Conclusions

The case presented here supports the concept that patisiran can target the hepatocytes producing the mutated transthyretin in acquired transthyretin amyloidosis, as efficiently as in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR), and can be used to treat patients with transthyretin amyloidosis after DLT.
Play and liberty: A brief incursion into some ideological currents in the history of systems‐oriented family therapy
Authors: Sampolahti Timo , Laitila Aarno
Published: September 2022

We reflect on family therapy and its history from two points of view, as an entity that becomes understood with the help of a twofold concept of a game, and a twofold concept of liberty. Systemic family therapy has always been comprehended with the help of game theory. Its development becomes more properly understood if we keep in mind that game itself is a dualistic concept entailing both a cultural and a logico‐mathematical interpretation of a game. We show how cultural ethos has molded the ways how game metaphor have been implemented to systemic thinking. In the same manner we show how Isaiah Berlin's idea of two incompatible concepts of liberty helps to contextualize family therapy in a way that its connections to sociopolitical theories of liberty become obvious. We believe that we have been able to demonstrate, how this twofold recontextualisation enriches the understanding of the ideological history of the family therapy. We claim that our reflections imply that family therapy is essentially a dualistic endeavor, that in the amid of it is a rift that cannot become repaired but only contemplated, that integrity of family therapy requires that we preserve both conflictual views, and don't try to simplify situation by abandoning one or the other. As a result, our article intends to develop further and deepen the idea that is originally presnted in the article "Strategy and intervention or non‐intervention: A matter of theory" by Harold Goolishian and Harlene Anderson.
Effect of microwave and ultrasound‐assisted extraction methods on phytochemical extraction of bee propolis of Indian origin and its antibacterial activity
Authors: Janani Dhanapathi , Lad Sunaina Sunil , Rawson Ashish , Sivanandham Vignesh , Rajamani Meenatchi
Published: September 2022

The propolis is a natural resinous product of bee hive and its composition majorly depends on the flora and geographical region. This study evaluated the propolis extracts collected from two different phytogeographical regions of India: Jammu & Kashmir (JKP) and Rajasthan (RP) obtained through maceration, ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE). Phytochemical composition and antibacterial effect of bee propolis against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria by the minimum inhibitory concentration assay were performed. The best results were obtained for JKP propolis and UAE was more efficient provided the highest extraction yield (46.76–62.44 g), phenols (137.17–355.58 GAE per g propolis), flavonoids (20.66–60.23 Q per g propolis) and antioxidant activity (76.04–64.24%) for both samples. The JKP and RP samples exhibited maximum inhibitory effect on gram – positive bacteria S. aureus with MIC value of 5 mg mL−1 compared to gram – negative bacteria E. coli.
Migrant community responses to the COVID‐19 pandemic: Mutual aid at La Morada
Authors: Délano Alonso Alexandra , Samway Daria
Published: September 2022

This article documents the impact of mutual aid, considering not just the food, resources and information that have been shared within and across communities since the onset of the COVID‐19 pandemic in New York City, but the ways in which these efforts are part of an abolitionist framework that precedes and transcends this context, aiming to transform relationships, build community and create alternative structures with justice and dignity at the centre. We centre our analysis in La Morada's mutual aid kitchen in The South Bronx, drawing from our personal experiences working there and our collaboration with La Morada from 2020–2022.
Pursuit of happiness: Subjective well‐being of immigrants and natives
Authors: Zafar Sameen , Ammara Suman
Published: September 2022

Recent studies establish that subjective well‐being plays a significant part in the adjustment of immigrants in the host country and that after facing the initial costs of migration, immigrants experience levels of well‐being similar to natives across generations. Using two surveys, including the World Values Survey as well as the joint World Values Survey and European Value Survey, we, however, find that variations in subjective well‐being of immigrants and natives persist across generations, with second‐generation immigrants experiencing higher differences. This finding can be attributed to an increase in the aspirations of second‐generation immigrants. In developed regions, both first‐generation and second‐generation immigrants have a higher probability of reporting greater subjective well‐being than natives, which can be attributed to an improved standard of living among immigrants. Additionally, we look at the association between holding immigration‐friendly attitudes and the subjective well‐being of natives. Our study provides important policy insights.
‘Powering through’: A qualitative descriptive study of nurses working while in pain
Authors: Rainbow Jessica G. , Dudding Katherine M. , Bethel Claire
Published: September 2022

Aims and Objectives

To describe the experience of nurses working while in pain and the potential impact on work performance. Pain is described more broadly and inclusive of musculoskeletal injuries, psychological and emotional pain.

Background

Nurse have been recognised as developing pain and injuries; however, the experience of nurses working while in pain and its impact is not well‐described.

Design

A qualitative descriptive analysis of interviews from an explanatory mixed methods study.

Methods

Twenty direct care nurses who experienced pain in the past week participated in the semi‐structured interviews. Transcripts were analysed using content analysis. Guidelines for reporting following the COREQ checklist.

Results

Categories identified: (1) pain provocation, quality of pain, refers, severity, and time (PQRST); (2) Avoiding pain at work; (3) Hiding pain's impact; (4) Tools at Work; (5) Pain recovery at home; (6) Career consequences; and (7) ‘Supernurse’ culture; (8) Stigma and its impact on pain management; and (9) Dream work environment.

Conclusions

Pain was described as part of nursing and impacted nurses' career plans and performance. Nurses described minimising the direct impact on their patient care but admitted that there was an impact on teamwork and thinking which have been linked to negative patient outcomes.

Relevance to clinical practice

Clinical practice was an aggravating factor for all nurses in the study and impacted their performance and career trajectory. Workplace tools to decrease nurse injury and pain exist; however, tools were not used often due to lack of resources and training. The culture of nursing that accepts pain as part of the job needs to be addressed.
Availability of hospital‐based cancer services before and after rural hospital closure, 2008‐2017
Authors: Zahnd Whitney E. , Hung Peiyin , Shi Sylvia Kewei , Zgodic Anja , Merrell Melinda A. , Crouch Elizabeth L. , Probst Janice C. , Eberth Jan M.
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Rural populations have less access to cancer care services and experience higher cancer mortality rates than their urban counterparts, which may be exacerbated by hospital closures. Our objective was to examine the impact of hospital closures on access to cancer‐relevant hospital services across hospital service areas (HSAs).

Methods

We used American Hospital Association survey data from 2008 to 2017 to examine the change in access to cancer‐related screening and treatment services across rural HSAs that sustained hospitals over time, experienced any closures, or had all hospitals close. We performed a longitudinal analysis to assess the association between hospital closure occurrence and maintenance or loss of cancer‐related service lines accounting for hospital and HSA‐level characteristics. Maps were also developed to display changes in the availability of services across HSAs.

Results

Of the 2,014 rural HSAs, 3.8% experienced at least 1 hospital closure during the study period, most occurring in the South. Among HSAs that experienced hospital closure, the loss of surgery services lines was most common, while hospital closures did not affect the availability of overall oncology and radiation services. Screening services either were stable (mammography) or increased (endoscopy) in areas with no closures.

Discussion

Rural areas persistently experience less access to cancer treatment services, which has been exacerbated by hospital closures. Lack of Medicaid expansion in many Southern states and other policy impacts on hospital financial viability may play a role in this. Future research should explore the impact of closures on cancer treatment receipt and outcomes.
Anthocyanin pigmentation as a quantitative visual marker for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization of Medicago truncatula roots
Authors: Kumar Anil , Lin Hui , Li Qiuju , Ruan Yiting , Cousins Donna , Li Fuyu , Gao Shu , Jackson Kirsty , Wen Jiangqi , Murray Jeremy D. , Xu Ping
Published: September 2022

Visualization of root colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is the most elementary experiment in the field of mycorrhizal symbiosis. The most widely used approach for evaluating levels of AMF colonization is staining with trypan blue or ink, which is scored using the time‐consuming grid intersection method. Here we demonstrate the use of an anthocyanin‐based visual marker system for visualizing AMF colonization of Medicago truncatula roots.

Expression of MtLAP1, a transcription factor which regulates the production of anthocyanins, from the AMF‐induced Kunitz Protease Inhibitor 106 promoter, allowed the visualization of arbuscules in live plant tissues without microscopy or staining.

This marker system allowed straightforward qualitative evaluation of the ram1, vpy and dmi3 AMF phenotypes using Agrobacterium rhizogenes hairy‐root transformation. For the strigolactone biosynthesis mutant carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8a and a novel mutant scooby, which show quantitative AMF symbiotic phenotypes, the amount of anthocyanins in the roots estimated by spectrophotometry correlated very well with colonization levels estimated by staining and scoring using the grid intersection method.

The LAP1‐based marker system therefore provides a highly efficient approach for mutant screening and monitoring of AMF colonization in live tissues by eye, or for quantitative assessment using a simple and quick photometric assay.
Evidence‐based classification in golf for athletes with a vision impairment: A Delphi study
Authors: Hynes Niall J. , Beukes Eldre W. , Hawkes Roger , Bennett Howard A. , Hamilton Christian , Jayabalan Prakash , Allen Peter M.
Published: September 2022

Vision‐impaired (VI) golf is a global para‐sport currently played under several different classification systems under different bodies. This study aimed to gather expert opinion to determine whether the current classification systems are fit for the purpose intended and to identify any particular issues where VI impacts the game of golf for the disabled (G4D). A panel of 20 participants with expertise in G4D took part in a three‐round Delphi study. The panel agreed that the current classification system(s) for VI golf did not or only partially fulfilled the aim to minimise the impact of VI on the outcome of competition and that there should be one, internationally recognised, classification system. It was agreed that other metrics of VI, in addition to the measurement of visual acuity (VA), need to be considered. Intentional misrepresentation of VI was identified as a cause for concern. The panel agreed that the current classification system does not fully achieve its purpose. Any changes that are made to these classification systems need to be evidence based specific to VI golf. Further research is required to determine how measures of VI affect golfing performance and whether other metrics other than VA are required.
Systematic review of the prevalence of onychomycosis in children
Authors: Vestergaard‐Jensen Sif , Mansouri Abdullah , Jensen Lise Heilmann , Jemec Gregor B. E. , Saunte Ditte Marie L.
Published: September 2022

Onychomycosis is one of the most common nail diseases in adults but is described as infrequent in children. Data are, however, scattered and diverse. Studies have nevertheless suggested that the prevalence of onychomycosis is increasing in children lately and the aim of this review was therefore to examine this problem. Two authors individually searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for articles on epidemiology and prevalence of onychomycosis in children. The literature search was conducted in accordance per PRISMA guidelines. In total 1042 articles were identified of which 23 were eligible for inclusion. One of the articles presented two studies and a total of 24 studies were therefore included. Seventeen studies presented data of the prevalence of onychomycosis in children in the general population and seven studies among children visiting a dermatological and pediatric department or clinic. The prevalence ranged from 0% to 7.66% with an overall discrete increase of 0.66% during the period 1972 to 2014 in population studies (not statistically significant). This review supports a trend towards an increased prevalence of onychomycosis in children, albeit based on a paucity of studies. The data suggests an increasing prevalence of onychomycosis with age, and co‐infection with tinea pedis (reported in 25% of the studies). The most common pathogen reported was Trichophyton rubrum and onychomycosis was more prevalent in toenails compared to fingernails. The general characteristics of onychomycosis in children are thus similar to those described in adults.
Exploring mutual support awareness in Japanese communities: A pilot study
Authors: Kawasaki Hiromi , Yamasaki Satoko , Yamashita Kotomi , Iki Tomoko
Published: September 2022

Objective

The study aimed to examine life situations and perceptions related to the recognition of mutual support among Japanese people.

Design

A quantitative, correlational, cross‐sectional analysis.

Sample

Nine hundred and nine participants who provided complete questionnaire responses.

Measurements

As a disaster prevention measure, a community center conducted a “questionnaire survey evaluating the recognition of mutual support and several potentially related factors”. In our study, these data from a self‐administered questionnaire were used secondarily.

Results

The perceptions that differed with regard to the sense of mutual support included family structure; satisfaction with support, security, and disaster prevention in the district; being able to ask for help with shopping; closeness of the relationship with one's neighbors; seeing oneself as providing or needing protection; and recognition of existing worries regarding evacuation. In a logistic regression model, the factors predicting the sense of mutual support included being younger than 70 years, being able to ask for help with shopping, and the closeness of the association with one's neighbors.

Conclusions

The study identified situations that might predict the sense of mutual support in individuals in Japanese communities.
Constrained optimization of objective functions determined from random forests
Authors: Biggs Max , Hariss Rim , Perakis Georgia
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we examine a data‐driven optimization approach to making optimal decisions as evaluated by a trained random forest, where these decisions can be constrained by an arbitrary polyhedral set. We model this optimization problem as a mixed‐integer linear program. We show this model can be solved to optimality efficiently using pareto‐optimal Benders cuts for ensembles containing a modest number of trees. We consider a random forest approximation that consists of sampling a subset of trees and establish that this gives rise to near‐optimal solutions by proving analytical guarantees. In particular, for axis‐aligned trees, we show that the number of trees we need to sample is sublinear in the size of the forest being approximated. Motivated by this result, we propose heuristics inspired by cross‐validation that optimize over smaller forests rather than one large forest and assess their performance on synthetic datasets. We present two case studies on a property investment problem and a jury selection problem. We show this approach performs well against other benchmarks while providing insights into the sensitivity of the algorithm's performance for different parameters of the random forest.
Don't waste that free lettuce! Impact of BOGOF promotions on retail profit and food waste
Authors: Wu Qi , Honhon Dorothee
Published: September 2022

Buy‐one‐get‐one‐free (BOGOF), a ubiquitous sales promotion scheme by which consumers get two items for the price of one, encourages consumers to buy and waste food. An alternative promotional scheme is one where consumers receive a coupon for a second item available for free at a later time. Our work is motivated by British supermarkets which, facing criticism from lawmakers for running BOGOF promotions on perishables, started a “BOGOF Later” campaign with the claim that it would reduce the amount of waste. Food waste is indeed a very pressing issue, which has not yet been explored in connection to sales promotions. We compare the impact of these promotion schemes on a retailer's profit as well as on the amount of product wasted at the retail and household levels. We consider two possible applications: unexpected high inventory of a fresh product with a short shelflife and excess leftover inventory for an item at the end of its season or product life.

We propose a two‐period newsvendor model which captures the sales‐boosting effect of promotions, the postpromotion sales drop due to satiation, the coupon‐redemption behavior, and the increased consumer wastage rate from BOGOF promotions. We obtain analytical comparisons of order quantity, profit, and waste across the different promotion schemes and use numerical experiments to generate further insights. We find that, in general, BOGOF promotions are profitable ways to liquidate inventory. In many instances, the increase in waste at the consumers' homes is offset by the decrease in waste at the retail store. As a result, BOGOF promotions often constitute “win‐win propositions” by simultaneously increasing the retailer's profit and decreasing total waste. Overall, our results paint a more favorable picture of the BOGOF promotion scheme than commonly perceived and suggest that its environmental criticism emanates from a too narrow and too consumer‐centric view of the waste problem.
Bioinformatic analysis and relative expression of hyd and fdx during H2 production in microalgae
Authors: Tamayo‐Ordoñez Yahaira de Jesús , Ayil‐Gutiérrez Benjamín Abraham , Moreno‐Davila Ileana Mayela Maria , Tamayo‐Ordoñez Francisco Alberto , Córdova‐Quiroz Atl Victor , Poot‐Poot Wilberth Alfredo , Damas‐Damas Siprian , Villanueva‐Alonzo Hernán de Jesús , Tamayo‐Ordoñez Maria Concepción
Published: September 2022

Microalgae have been positioned as excellent models for producing new sources of energy (biofuels and biohydrogen). Some investigations in these biological models have been directed to know if the enzymes ferredoxin (FDX) and hydrogenase (HYD) are involved in the algae producing different concentrations of molecular hydrogen (H2). To date, little is known about the concomitant transcriptional regulation of both enzymes during H2 evolution in algae. In this research, we evaluated the relative expression of hdy and fdx genes during the evolution of H2 in three microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus obliquus, and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) in N‐deprived anaerobic cultures in the presence of Fe, and 12:24 and 24:24 h dark:light cycles. We also detected structural differences in the enzymes. The 3D modeling indicated that the 3D structure of HYD and FDX are conserved in most algal genera, and the results of our grouping according to the aa characteristics of the proteins showed two grouping trends: One, according to the algae's phylogenetic classification, and another one according to the species‐specific enzyme's characteristics, and the grouping could perhaps be more influenced by the algae's ability to produce H2. The three microalgae species reached maximum H2 accumulation values in 24h:24 h dark:light conditions in Fe‐supplemented media (4.2 ± 0.12 mL L−1 in C. vulgaris, 3.9 ± 0.10 mL L−1 in S. obliquus, and 4.5 ± 0.10 mL L−1 in C. reinhardtii), and the highest global relative expression of hyd and fdx genes was reached during the first hour of exposure to light, which suggests concomitant expression of both enzymes at the beginning of H2 production. The behavior of the expression of the hyd and fdx genes in these algal species proved to be similar between species. A better understanding of the concomitant regulation of both enzymes could lay the groundwork for the future use of both enzymes to improve H2 yields in microalgae.
Investigation of Adaptive Mesh Refinement on an Industrial Gas Turbine Combustor
Authors: McManus Liam , Karalus Megan , Munktell Erik , Rogerson Jim
Published: September 2022

An adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) method is demonstrated for Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of an industrial gas turbine combustor, the SGT-100 provided by Siemens Energy Industrial Turbomachinery Ltd. In this paper, the simcenterstar-ccm+® solver is used to dynamically refine a series of Large Eddy Simulations with a Flamelet Generated Manifold (FGM) combustion model as applied to the SGT-100. Mesh refinement criteria are defined using second gradients of mixture fraction and reaction progress. Two meshes are assessed with and without AMR. The results are then compared to a refined static mesh and experimental data. The accuracy and computational cost of the static and adaptively refined meshes are discussed. It is shown that AMR can provide close to 2× speed up compared to a refined static mesh with similar predictions of mean and RMS quantities of the flow field, flame temperature and major species.
Dissipation of Gravity Waves Due to Submerged Porous Plate Coupled With Porous Structures
Authors: Athul Krishna K. R. , Abdulla Khansa , Karmakar D.
Published: September 2022

The present study focuses on wave trapping due to the submerged horizontal porous plate combined with the bottom-standing porous structure and surface-piercing porous structure. The submerged plate thickness is considered to be negligible as compared to the incident wavelength and water depth, and the porous structure is considered to be of finite width. The study is performed based on the eigenfunction expansion method, and the wave interaction with the combined structure is investigated using the small amplitude wave theory. The orthogonal mode-coupling relation is used to analyze the wave interaction with the combined structure. The reflection, transmission, and dissipation coefficients along with wave force on the porous structure are investigated to analyze the hydrodynamic performance of the composite porous breakwater system. Further, the effect of porosity of submerged plate and structure, submergence depth of plate and structure, angle of incidence, and the submerged plate length are investigated to analyze the effective wave dissipation by the composite breakwater. In addition, the comparative study of the numerical method is performed with the results available in the literature. The study noted that the wave damping due to the submerged porous plate backed by surface-piercing porous structure is more as compared to the submerged porous plate backed by the bottom-standing porous structure. The study performed will be helpful to scientists and engineers in the design of suitable composite breakwater systems and also assists in selecting the best structural configuration for attenuation of wave height and to protect the offshore facility from high waves in the coastal region.
Thermal Fluid Assessment of Bluff Versus Streamlined Bodies With a Slot for Aligned Flow
Authors: Alshareef Sultan , Harman Todd , Ameel Tim
Published: September 2022

Heat transfer and flow characteristics for a two-dimensional ellipse of different aspect ratios with single slot aligned with the principal flow direction is investigated numerically. In this study we quantify the change in drag force and heat transfer rate due to the slot. The ellipsoid aspect ratios are 1.0 (circle), 0.75, and 0.5 and the normalized slot height S/a, where S is the slot height and a is the minor-axis length of the ellipsoid, is 0.2. For each aspect ratio, simulations are conducted for both the slotted and solid ellipsoids. Two-dimensional incompressible airflow for Reynolds numbers Rea (based on minor-axis length a) between 100 and 1000 is modeled assuming an isothermal ellipsoid. A maximum drag force reduction of ∼11%, ∼25%, and ∼40% is found for aspect ratios of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, respectively, at Rea = 1000. At the same Rea, a maximum heat rate increase of ∼74%, ∼73%, and ∼69% is found for aspect ratios of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, respectively. The change in the performance index, defined as the ratio of the heat rate to the drag force, increases up to maximum of ∼1.96, ∼2.33, and ∼2.83 for aspect ratios of 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0, respectively, at Rea = 1000. The improvements are the result of the increased heat transfer area and the reduction in the total drag force, due to the flow interaction with the wake near the exit of the slot.

An entropy analysis shows that an ellipsoid, aspect ratio of 1.0, has the best overall thermodynamic performance for 400 ≤ Rea ≤ 1000, whereas the ellipsoid of aspect ratio of 0.5 has the least entropy generation for 100 ≤ Rea ≤ 400. Finally, the ellipsoid with an aspect ratio of 1.0 benefits the most through the addition of the slot, inferring that this feature is most suited to bluff bodies.
A Novel Dynamic CubeSat Radiator Design With Annular Geometry and Varied Thickness Profiles
Authors: DeBortoli Nicholas , Douglass Natalie , Warburton David , Price Jeremy , Cannon Josh , Iverson Brian D. , Mulford Rydge
Published: September 2022

Dynamic radiators are thermal control systems that are able to vary emitting surface area or surface properties in order to control the amount of heat rejected. These systems are often used onboard spacecraft where large fluctuations in heat dissipation can exist. This work explores the performance of a dynamic spacecraft radiator design with annular geometry where the fin is concealed within a satellite architecture and then is deployed as additional heat rejection is required. The performance criteria analyzed are fin temperature profile, system turndown ratio, and fin efficiency. Furthermore, the effect of various thickness profiles, namely uniform, tapered, and a step-change in thickness, is analyzed. Two-dimensional heat transfer equations are developed to analyze the system heat transfer. Results are then validated with computer-aided design software that has capabilities for thermal analysis. It is found that turndown ratios of 3.3 are capable with the proposed system. Furthermore, it was found that fins with tapered thickness profile have the highest efficiency and turndown ratio. Uniform thickness fins have the largest difference between maximum and minimum fin temperature. Finally, it was found that fins with a single step-change in thickness differ in turndown ratio performance by less than 1% from those with tapered thickness fins.
Heat Transfer Measurements in Neutrally Buoyant Suspensions in the Inertial Regime
Authors: A. P. Merin , Srinivasan V.
Published: September 2022

The present study experimentally investigates the behavior of thermal diffusivity of a sheared granular suspension with neutrally buoyant particles. The study uses a Taylor-Couette cell with a rotating outer cylinder and fixed inner cylinder to create a uniform shear flow while suppressing fluid turbulence for lower Reynolds numbers. Spherical PMMA beads of 2 mm were used to make a suspension with a glycerol-water mixture as the base fluid. For a small fixed volume fraction of 5%, changing the rotation speed, and therefore the shear rate, particle Reynolds numbers are varied from 0–30, going from Stokes flow to time-dependent flow with increasing inertia. We study the thermal diffusivity of the suspension by examining the decay of the inner wall temperature after a sharp thermal pulse. The thermal diffusivity is extracted from the observed temperature decay using a model for one-dimensional diffusion into the particle suspension. A non-monotonic behavior of thermal diffusivity with volume fraction is observed.
Kinetics of laser-induced melting of thin gold film: How slow can it get?
Authors: Arefev Mikhail I. , Shugaev Maxim V. , Zhigilei Leonid V.
Published: September 2022

Melting is a common and well-studied phenomenon that still reveals new facets when triggered by laser excitation and probed with ultrafast electron diffraction. Recent experimental evidence of anomalously slow nanosecond-scale melting of thin gold films irradiated by femtosecond laser pulses motivates computational efforts aimed at revealing the underlying mechanisms of melting. Atomistic simulations reveal that a combined effect of lattice superheating and relaxation of laser-induced stresses ensures the dominance of the homogeneous melting mechanism at all energies down to the melting threshold and keeps the time scale of melting within ~100 picoseconds. The much longer melting times and the prominent contribution of heterogeneous melting inferred from the experiments cannot be reconciled with the atomistic simulations by any reasonable variation of the electron-phonon coupling strength, thus suggesting the need for further coordinated experimental and theoretical efforts aimed at addressing the mechanisms and kinetics of laser-induced melting in the vicinity of melting threshold.
Spin homojunction with high interfacial transparency for efficient spin-charge conversion
Authors: Han Lei , Wang Yuyan , Zhu Wenxuan , Zhao Runni , Chen Xianzhe , Su Rongxuan , Zhou Yongjian , Bai Hua , Wang Qian , You Yunfeng , Chen Chong , Yan Sen , Chen Tongjin , Wen Yongzheng , Song Cheng , Pan Feng
Published: September 2022

High interfacial transparency is vital to achieve efficient spin-charge conversion for ideal spintronic devices with low energy consumption. However, in traditional ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic heterojunctions, the interfacial Rashba spin-orbit coupling brings about spin memory loss (SML) and two-magnon scattering (TMS), quenching spin current crossing the heterointerfaces. To address the intrinsic deficiency of heterointerface, we design a ferromagnetic FeRh/antiferromagnetic FeRh spin homojunction for efficient spin-charge conversion, verified by a high interfacial transparency of 0.75 and a high spin torque efficiency of 0.34 from spin pumping measurements. First-principles calculations demonstrate that the interfacial electric field of homojunction is two orders of magnitude smaller than that of traditional heterojunction, producing negligible interfacial spin-orbit coupling to drastically reduce SML and TMS. Our spin homojunction exhibits potential and enlightenment for future energy-efficient spintronic devices.
FBXO42 facilitates Notch signaling activation and global chromatin relaxation by promoting K63-linked polyubiquitination of RBPJ
Authors: Jiang Hua , Bian Weixiang , Sui Yue , Li Huanle , Zhao Han , Wang Wenqi , Li Xu
Published: September 2022

Dysregulation of the Notch–RBPJ (recombination signal-binding protein of immunoglobulin kappa J region) signaling pathway has been found associated with various human diseases including cancers; however, precisely how this key signaling pathway is fine-tuned via its interactors and modifications is still largely unknown. In this study, using a proteomic approach, we identified F-box only protein 42 (FBXO42) as a previously unidentified RBPJ interactor. FBXO42 promotes RBPJ polyubiquitination on lysine-175 via lysine-63 linkage, which enhances the association of RBPJ with chromatin remodeling complexes and induces a global chromatin relaxation. Genetically depleting
FBXO42
or pharmacologically targeting its E3 ligase activity attenuates the Notch signaling–related leukemia development in vivo. Together, our findings not only revealed FBXO42 as a critical regulator of the Notch pathway by modulating RBPJ-dependent global chromatin landscape changes but also provided insights into the therapeutic intervention of the Notch pathway for leukemia treatment.
Cryo–electron microscopy unveils unique structural features of the human Kir2.1 channel
Authors: Fernandes Carlos A. H. , Zuniga Dania , Fagnen Charline , Kugler Valérie , Scala Rosa , Péhau-Arnaudet Gérard , Wagner Renaud , Perahia David , Bendahhou Saïd , Vénien-Bryan Catherine
Published: September 2022

We present the first structure of the human Kir2.1 channel containing both transmembrane domain (TMD) and cytoplasmic domain (CTD). Kir2.1 channels are strongly inward-rectifying potassium channels that play a key role in maintaining resting membrane potential. Their gating is modulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP
2
). Genetically inherited defects in Kir2.1 channels are responsible for several rare human diseases, including Andersen’s syndrome. The structural analysis (cryo–electron microscopy), surface plasmon resonance, and electrophysiological experiments revealed a well-connected network of interactions between the PIP
2
-binding site and the G-loop through residues R312 and H221. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations and normal mode analysis showed the intrinsic tendency of the CTD to tether to the TMD and a movement of the secondary anionic binding site to the membrane even without PIP
2
. Our results revealed structural features unique to human Kir2.1 and provided insights into the connection between G-loop and gating and the pathological mechanisms associated with this channel.
Giredestrant reverses progesterone hypersensitivity driven by estrogen receptor mutations in breast cancer
Authors: Liang Jackson , Ingalla Ellen Rei , Yao Xiaosai , Wang Bu-Er , Tai Lisa , Giltnane Jennifer , Liang Yuxin , Daemen Anneleen , Moore Heather M. , Aimi Junko , Chang Ching-Wei , Gates Mary R. , Eng-Wong Jennifer , Tam Lucinda , Bacarro Natasha , Roose-Girma Merone , Bellet Meritxell , Hafner Marc , Metcalfe Ciara
Published: September 2022

ESR1
(estrogen receptor 1) hotspot mutations are major contributors to therapeutic resistance in estrogen receptor–positive (ER
+
) breast cancer. Such mutations confer estrogen independence to ERα, providing a selective advantage in the presence of estrogen-depleting aromatase inhibitors. In addition,
ESR1
mutations reduce the potency of tamoxifen and fulvestrant, therapies that bind ERα directly. These limitations, together with additional liabilities, inspired the development of the next generation of ERα-targeted therapeutics, of which giredestrant is a high-potential candidate. Here, we generated
Esr1
mutant–expressing mammary gland models and leveraged patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) to investigate the biological properties of the
ESR1
mutations and their sensitivity to giredestrant in vivo. In the mouse mammary gland,
Esr1
mutations promote hypersensitivity to progesterone, triggering pregnancy-like tissue remodeling and profoundly elevated proliferation. These effects were driven by an altered progesterone transcriptional response and underpinned by gained sites of ERα-PR (progesterone receptor) cobinding at the promoter regions of pro-proliferation genes. PDX experiments showed that the mutant ERα-PR proliferative program is also relevant in human cancer cells. Giredestrant suppressed the mutant ERα-PR proliferation in the mammary gland more so than the standard-of-care agents, tamoxifen and fulvestrant. Giredestrant was also efficacious against the progesterone-stimulated growth of
ESR1
mutant PDX models. In addition, giredestrant demonstrated activity against a molecularly characterized
ESR1
mutant tumor from a patient enrolled in a phase 1 clinical trial. Together, these data suggest that mutant ERα can collaborate with PR to drive protumorigenic proliferation but remain sensitive to inhibition by giredestrant.
Draft Genome Sequences of Robbsia andropogonis Isolated from Sorghum bicolor Exhibiting Bacterial Leaf Stripe in Australia
Authors: Young Anthony J. , Birt Henry W. G. , Hoelzle Robert D. , Dennis Paul G.
Published: September 2022

Robbsia andropogonis
causes leaf spots, streaks, or stripes on a wide range of commercially important crops. Here, we present the draft genome sequences of two isolates of
R. andropogonis
sourced from
Sorghum bicolor
displaying symptoms of bacterial leaf stripe disease in Australia.
Controlled Self-Assembly of Low-Dimensional Supramolecular Systems Based on Double-Decker Lanthanide Phthalocyaninates
Authors: Zvyagina A. I.
Published: September 2022

Possessing unique physicochemical properties, phthalocyanines are widely used as active components of supramolecular ensembles and nanomaterials. The functional properties of phthalocyanine-based materials are governed by not only the structure of their discotic molecules, but also the character of their intermolecular interactions, which determine both the self-assembly mechanism and the structure of such systems. This review discusses the experimental approaches, which are based on the notions of colloid and coordination chemistry that enable one to control intermolecular interactions in low-dimensional supramolecular ensembles based on phthalocyanines and metallocomplexes thereof. Using double-decker crown-substituted lanthanide phthalocyaninates as an example, it is shown how one- and two-dimensional nanomaterials with different properties can be obtained from the same type of building blocks employing a set of colloid-chemical methods. Such materials are, in particular, capable for controlled absorption of visible light in ultrathin films and can be employed as conducting one-dimensional components of planar elements for organic electronics.
A team beyond my team: establishing a national online neurodisability and community child health educational programme and network – a personal reflection
Authors: Nicholson Hannah , Gumm Rebecca , Cheung Yan , Barlow Tricia
Published: September 2022

The experience of establishing a virtual team and developing a national neurodisability and community online learning platform is discussed. The aim of the article is to advocate for the development of shared practice and communities of learning. Lessons learnt within this specialty forum may have broader relevance that could inform approaches to postgraduate teaching and virtual or online education. Regular access to national expert speakers offers trainees autonomy to meet their needs beyond local provision. Mapping objectives to the subspecialty level 3 curricula has been appreciated by both learners and speakers. Ease of speaker participation and the appeal of a national platform have revealed opportunities to provide a broad educational programme that goes beyond traditional topics. Being part of an educational forum stimulates wider discussion and makes engagement more accessible to a range of learning styles. The feedback responses indicate that the programme is valued by the learning community and provide insight into learners’ needs during this time. The COVID-19 pandemic has reminded us of the importance of crucial themes underpinning our roles as healthcare professionals: communication, compassion, teamwork, sharing knowledge, responsiveness and professional development. The Neurodisability Community webinar development has been based on an ethos of coproduction using reciprocity and inclusion, recognising that trainees are well placed to address their educational needs. Allyship was essential to promote advocacy and network growth. The webinar programme was launched in Summer 2020, during a time when training was significantly disrupted. The programme was organised by trainees and supported generously by experts in the field.
Caecal endometriosis presenting with an acute abdomen in pregnancy
Authors: Dunphy Louise , Furara Samira , Swaminathan Ajay , Howe Rachael , Ali Kazem Mohammed , Kyriakidis Dimitrios
Published: September 2022

Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, which induces a chronic inflammatory response. Its prevalence remains unknown, but it has been estimated to affect up to 10% of women of reproductive age. Although it is a benign oestrogen-dependent gynaecological condition, women may describe painful symptoms such as cyclical pelvic pain, dysmenorrhoea and dyschezia. Intestinal endometriosis may affect the ileum, appendix, sigmoid colon and rectum. It may present with a myriad of symptoms such as abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation and haematochezia. Caecal endometriosis can present as an acute appendicitis, making the diagnosis challenging to establish in pregnancy. Transmural involvement and acute occlusion are very rare events. The gold standard for diagnosis remains laparoscopy with tissue sampling for histological confirmation. Although endometriosis improves during pregnancy under the effect of progesterone, the ectopic endometrium becomes decidualised with a progressive reduction in size. The authors present the case of a multiparous woman in her mid-30s with acute onset of right-sided abdominal pain at 35 weeks gestation. Physical examination was suggestive of an acute appendicitis and MRI showed an inflamed caecum. She became acutely unwell requiring an emergency caesarean section. A mass in the caecum was observed with impending perforation at the caecal pole. A right hemicolectomy was performed. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of endometriosis with decidualisation. Although endometriosis improves during pregnancy, this case shows the unexpected complications of the disease and demonstrates the importance of considering endometriosis in the differential diagnosis of an acute abdomen in women of childbearing age to prevent maternal morbidity and fetal loss.