bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of diet in multiple sclerosis onset and course: results from a nationwide retrospective birth‐year cohort
Authors: Loonstra Floor C. , de Ruiter Lodewijk R. J. , Schoonheim Menno M. , Moraal Bastiaan , Strijbis Eva M. M. , de Jong Brigit A. , Uitdehaag Bernard M. J.
Published: July 2023

Objective

To examine (1) the association between childhood diet and developing MS, age of onset and onset type and (2) the association between diet at age 50 and disability and MRI volumes in people with MS (PwMS).

Methods

The study enrolled 361 PwMS born in 1966 and 125 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HCs). Information on individual dietary components (fruit, vegetables, red meat, oily fish, whole‐grain bread and candy, snacks and fast food) and MS risk factors at the age of 10 and 50 years were collected using questionnaires. Overall diet quality score was calculated for each participant. Multivariable regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between diet at childhood and developing MS, age of onset and onset type and to evaluate diet at age 50, disability and MRI outcomes.

Results

Poorer overall diet quality and individual dietary components during childhood (less whole‐grain bread, more candy, snacks and fast food and oily fish) were associated with developing MS and onset type (all p < 0.05), but not with the age of onset. Fruit consumption at age 50 was associated with lower disability (Q3 vs. Q1: −0.51; 95% CI: −0.89 to −0.13). Furthermore, several individual dietary components at age 50 were associated with MRI volumetric measures. Higher‐diet quality at age 50 was only associated with lower lesion volumes in PwMS (Q2 vs. Q1: −0.3 mL; 95% CI: −0.5 to −0.02).

Interpretation

We demonstrate significant associations between dietary factors in childhood and developing MS, age of onset and onset type and between dietary factors at age 50 and disability and MRI‐derived volumes.
Childhood use of stimulants for ADHD not linked to later substance use
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: July 2023

An analysis of data from a clinical trial involving youths with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has found no evidence that use of stimulant medication in childhood increases the risk of substance use or a substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescence and young adulthood. The study's investigators also reported no protective effect of childhood stimulant use on later substance use, a finding contrary to that of some prior studies.
In Situ Pyrolysis of 3D Printed Building Blocks for Functional Nanoscale Metamaterials
Authors: Sun Qing , Dolle Christian , Kurpiers Chantal , Kraft Kristian , Islam Monsur , Schwaiger Ruth , Gumbsch Peter , Eggeler Yolita M.
Published: July 2023

This study presents a novel approach for investigating the shrinkage dynamics of 3D‐printed nanoarchitectures during isothermal pyrolysis, utilizing in situ electron microscopy. For the first time, the temporal evolution of 3D structures is tracked continuously until a quasi‐stationary state is reached. By subjecting the 3D objects to different temperatures and atmospheric conditions, significant changes in the resulting kinetic parameters and morphological textures of the 3D objects are observed, particularly those possessing varying surface‐to‐volume ratios. Its results reveal that the effective activation energy required for pyrolysis‐induced morphological shrinkage is approximately four times larger under vacuum conditions than in a nitrogen atmosphere (2.6 eV vs. 0.5–0.9 eV, respectively). Additionally, a subtle enrichment of oxygen on the surfaces of the structures for pyrolysis in nitrogen is found through a postmortem electron energy loss spectroscopy study, differentiating the vacuum pyrolysis. These findings are examined in the context of the underlying process parameters, and a mechanistic model is proposed. As a result, understanding and controlling pyrolysis in 3D structures of different geometrical dimensions not only enables precise modification of shrinkage and the creation of tensegrity structures, but also promotes pyrolytic carbon development with custom architectures and properties, especially in the field of carbon micro‐ and nano‐electromechanical systems.
In Situ Ion‐Exchange Metathesis Induced Conformal LiF Surface Films on Cathode (NMC811) as a Cathode Electrolyte Interphase
Authors: Thapaliya Bishnu P. , Wang Tao , Borisevich Albina Y. , Meyer Harry M. , Sun Xiao‐Guang , Paranthaman Mariappan Parans , Bridges Craig A. , Dai Sheng
Published: July 2023

High‐capacity cathodes (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2, NMC811) are promising for vehicle electrification because of their high gravimetric energy density. However, their electrochemical performance still relies upon the stability of the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). A highly reactive cathode interface leads to parasitic side reactions with electrolytes, resulting in accelerated capacity fading. Well‐developed LiF and LiF‐like inorganic compounds are believed to be good CEI components for stabilizing such reactive electrode interfaces. However, it is challenging to form an optimal surface sub‐nanolayer of LiF on the cathode surfaces because of the complexity of the electrochemical reaction during battery cycling. Herein, the formation of a conformal LiF layer on the NMC811 electrode surface via an in situ ion‐exchange metathesis process is reported, demonstrating a promising electrochemical performance because of a LiF‐stabilized CEI. In situ generated LiF‐coated NMC811 electrodes exhibit ≈97% capacity retention up to 100 cycles at a 0.3 C rate with average coulombic efficiency of ≈99.9% and ≈80% capacity retention up to 200 cycles at a 1 C rate with average coulombic efficiency of >99.6%. This finding may pave the way for reengineering the CEI to enhance the electrochemical performances and cycling stability of the high‐capacity cathodes.
Strategic Doping in Metal Halide Perovskites for Thermoelectrics
Authors: Chen Ruisi , Chen Lidong , Liang Ziqi
Published: July 2023

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have not only shown unique merits of ultralow thermal conductivity compared to traditional inorganic thermoelectric (TE) materials, but also featured superior Seebeck effect to organic semiconductors, thereby affording great prospect in TE field. However, their severely poor electrical conductivity significantly hinders TE applications, which results from the restrained doping efficiency due to the limited accommodation capability of heterogeneous dopants and the heavy compensation from interior defects in MHPs. Realizing high‐effectiveness electrical doping in MHPs becomes imperative yet remains extremely challenging. This Minireview is therefore intended to sort out the diversified doping strategies and highlight their underlying impacts on both thermal and electrical transportation in MHPs. These strategies are systematically classified into bulk and surface/interface doping as dictated by where the dopants are implemented while unravelling how they critically impact TE properties in distinctive means. A rational guideline is hence derived to strengthen electrical doping towards desirable perovskite TEs.
Fe─N─C Electrocatalyst for Enhancing Fe(II)/Fe(III) Redox Kinetics in Thermo‐Electrochemical Cells
Authors: Jung Sang‐Mun , Kang Seung‐Yeon , Lee Byung‐Jo , Lee Jinhyeon , Kwon Jaesub , Lee Dongwook , Kim Yong‐Tae
Published: July 2023

Harvesting low‐grade waste heat, which constitutes 60% of the overall waste heat, is key to halting climate change. Electrochemical waste‐heat harvesting has recently drawn attention to practical low‐grade waste‐heat harvesting. In this study, a power density maximization strategy is presented in scalable and cost‐effective aqueous redox couple‐based thermo‐electrochemical cells (TECs). The n‐type feature of the water‐soluble Fe2+/3+ redox couple is essential for constructing the TEC p–n leg device; however, it has not been investigated much so far. The modulation of the chaotropicity of counteranions enhances the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient for the Fe2+/3+ redox couple with an inner‐sphere reaction mechanism because of the greater structural disorder in the solvation shell. Moreover, the use of a cost‐effective Fe─N─C electrocatalyst shows redox kinetics and a power density comparable to those of state‐of‐the‐art Pt electrodes, economically compensating for the sluggish charge‐transfer kinetics of the inner‐sphere redox mechanism. The Fe─N─C ‐based TEC device exhibits 1.73 W m−2 of power density at 0.1 $ W−1 of cost per power, which is 1.24% with respect to the Carnot efficiency, exceeding 0.23–0.53% compared to those reported for previous Pt‐based TEC devices with the same redox chemistry.
Cobalt Nanoparticles Synergize with Oxygen‐Containing Functional Groups to Realize Fast and Stable Potassium Storage for Carbon Anode
Authors: Yuan Fei , Li Yanan , Wang Yaqing , Li Zhaojin , Wang Qiujun , Sun Huilan , Zhang Di , Wang Wei , Wang Bo
Published: July 2023

Oxygen‐containing functional groups (OFGs) grafted by carbon materials surface can serve as active sites to reversibly store potassium and simultaneously contribute to forming a stable solid‐electrolyte interphase layer, leading to increased capacity and cycling stability. However, the excessive OFGs will damage conductivity and hence causes the increase in electron transfer resistance, easily resulting in a poor rate. Herein, it is theoretically demonstrated that the embedded metallic Co particles can synergize with C‐O‐C moieties in OFGs to accelerate K‐ion adsorption (△E = −1.62 eV) and regulate electronic structure, ensuring high capacity and rate. In view of this, O‐doped carbon with implanted Co is well established, and it is found that pyrolysis temperature can effectively regulate Co content and C‐O‐C proportion. Various characterizations unveil that the introduced Co species not only evidently promote the adsorption capability of C‐O‐C to K‐ion, but catalyze the generation of graphitic carbon. Benefiting from these merits (e.g., enhanced adsorption ability and electronic conductivity), the sample with the optimal Co content and C‐O‐C proportion presents a high capacity of 254.7 mAh g−1 and an excellent rate capability (202.9 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1). The unique design route makes fast and stable K‐storage of carbon anode possible.
Engineered Intranasal Virus Trap Provides Effective Protection Against SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection in Hamsters
Authors: Au‐Yeung Yee‐Man , Zhang Chuyuan , Chen Huan , Chu Hin , Zhao Hanjun , Zhang Bao‐Zhong , Huang Jian‐Dong
Published: July 2023

As face masks are no longer required in many public areas, SARS‐CoV‐2 continues to spread and pose health risks to vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. This study presents the development of an Fn‐LCB1‐based engineered intranasal virus trap (EIVT) designed to capture and neutralize multiple SARS‐CoV‐2 variants, limiting viral infection and transmission. Fn‐LCB1, a fusion protein consisting of an Fn domain that binds to fibronectin and an LCB1 domain with high affinity for the Spike protein receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of SARS‐CoV‐2 viruses, can be produced on a large scale and purified in soluble form with high thermal stability. In vitro experiments demonstrated the efficient neutralization of SARS‐CoV‐2 wildtype and several variants, including Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) by Fn‐LCB1. Additionally, Fn‐LCB1 effectively protected against SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta infection in a noncontact viral transmission Syrian hamster model. This study establishes Fn‐LCB1 as a potent prophylactic agent against SARS‐CoV‐2 in vitro and in vivo, and serves as a proof‐of‐concept for the application of intranasal proteins to capture respiratory viruses and reduce live cell infections by competing with viral receptors.
Bifunctional Single‐Atom Iron Cocatalysts Enable an Efficient Photoelectrochemical Fuel Cell for Sensitive Biosensing
Authors: Tan Rong , Qin Ying , Liu Mingwang , Wang Hengjia , Su Rina , Xiao Runshi , Li Jinli , Hu Liuyong , Gu Wenling , Zhu Chengzhou
Published: July 2023

Semiconductor‐based photoelectrochemical (PEC) fuel cells offer a feasible solution for sustainable and environmentally friendly energy production by converting solar and chemical energy into electrical energy. However, the low PEC activities of PEC fuel cells have hindered their practical application due to rapid electron‐hole recombination and slow interfacial reaction kinetics. To address this issue, a unique PEC fuel cell composed of dual photoelectrodes utilizing low‐cost biomass, ascorbic acid, as an organic fuel is reported. Significantly, the integration of bifunctional iron single‐atom catalysts (Fe SACs) and photoactive materials has effectively constructed a bridge for charge carrier transfer, boosting interfacial reaction kinetics and photoelectric conversion efficiency. Notably, the optimal dual‐photoelectrode PEC fuel cell decorated with Fe SACs exhibits superior performance, delivering a maximum power density of 82.82 µW cm−2. Taking advantage of the peroxidase‐like activity of Fe SACs, the resultant self‐powered PEC fuel cells are explored for sensitively detecting actual uric acid samples. This study provides a promising avenue to boost the energy conversion efficiency of PEC fuel cells for sensitive self‐powered biosensing.
Catalytic MnWO4 Nanorods for Chemodynamic Therapy Synergized Radiotherapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhao Bin , Ma Zhili , Ding Shuaishuai , Cao Yuhua , Du Jiangfeng , Zeng Lijuan , Hu Yunping , Zhou Jingrong , Zhang Xiao , Bian Xiu‐wu , Tian Gan
Published: July 2023

Nanomedicine‐based synergy of chemodynamic therapy (CDT) and radiotherapy (RT) modulated by tumor microenvironment enables rapid tumor ablation, which holds great hope for the refractory and recurrent cancers, such as triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). The clinical translation of hafnium oxide (HfO2), commercially named as NBTXR3, has aroused new research focus on single‐component inorganic nanomedicines as clinical candidates. Herein, the single‐component MnWO4 is first reported as a new kind of Fenton‐like agent yet radiosensitizer for TNBC treatment undergoing the synergistic CDT/RT mechanism. MnWO4 nanorods are synthesized via a simple one‐pot hydrothermal method and then undergo a layer‐by‐layer PEGylation to obtain bioavailable MnWO4‐PEG (MWP). MWP‐based Fenton‐like reaction efficacy depends on reaction time, temperatures, pH values, and MWP concentrations. Mn‐triggered chemodynamic effect delays RT‐induced DNA damage repair and sorts cell cycles distribution toward radiosensitive phases, while W‐mediated radiosensitization improves the tumoral H2O2 overexpression to enhance CDT, remarkably amplifying of the intracellular oxidative stress to boost 4T1 cell apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo evaluations further demonstrate the effectiveness and biosafety of MWP‐based synergistic therapy. Considering the potential magnetic resonance and computed tomography imaging capabilities, MWP can be expected as an intelligent cancer theranostics for imaging‐guided cancer therapy in clinic in the future.
Copper Ion‐Modified Germanium Phosphorus Nanosheets Integrated with an Electroactive and Biodegradable Hydrogel for Neuro‐Vascularized Bone Regeneration
Authors: Xu Yan , Xu Chao , Yang Kun , Ma Liang , Li Gaocai , Shi Yunsong , Feng Xiaobo , Tan Lei , Duan Deyu , Luo Zhiqiang , Yang Cao
Published: July 2023

Severe bone defects accompanied by vascular and peripheral nerve injuries represent a huge orthopedic challenge and are often accompanied by the risk of infection. Thus, biomaterials with antibacterial and neurovascular regeneration properties are highly desirable. Here, a newly designed biohybrid biodegradable hydrogel (GelMA) containing copper ion‐modified germanium‐phosphorus (GeP) nanosheets, which act as neuro‐vascular regeneration and antibacterial agents, is designed. The copper ion modification process serves to improve the stability of the GeP nanosheets and offers a platform for the sustained release of bioactive ions. Study findings show that GelMA/GeP@Cu has effective antibacterial properties. The integrated hydrogel can significantly boost the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, facilitate angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and up‐regulate neural differentiation‐related proteins in neural stem cells in vitro. In vivo, in the rat calvarial bone defect mode, the GelMA/GeP@Cu hydrogel is found to enhance angiogenesis and neurogenesis, eventually contributing to bone regeneration. These findings indicate that in the field of bone tissue engineering, GelMA/GeP@Cu can serve as a valuable biomaterial for neuro‐vascularized bone regeneration and infection prevention.
Exciton‐Scissoring Perfluoroarenes Trigger Photomultiplication in Full Color Organic Image Sensors
Authors: Kim Juhee , Kweon Hyukmin , Lee Myeongjae , Kang Mingyun , Lee Sangjun , An Sanghyeok , Lee Wonjong , Choi Seokran , Choi Hanbin , Seong Yujin , Ham Hyobin , Cha Hyojung , Lim Jongchul , Kim Do Hwan , Kim BongSoo , Chung Dae Sung
Published: July 2023

An unprecedented but useful functionality of perfluoroarenes to enable exciton scissoring in photomultiplication‐type organic photodiodes (PM‐OPDs) is reported. Perfluoroarenes that are covalently connected to polymer donors via a photochemical reaction enable the demonstration of high external quantum efficiency and B‐/G‐/R‐selective PM‐OPDs without the use of conventional acceptor molecules. The operation mechanism of the suggested perfluoroarene‐driven PM‐OPDs, how covalently bonded polymer donor:perfluoroarene PM‐OPDs can perform as effectively as polymer donor:fullerene blend‐based PM‐OPDs, is investigated. By employing a series of arenes and conducting steady‐state/time‐resolved photoluminescence and transient absorption spectroscopy analyses, it is found that interfacial band bending between the perfluoroaryl group and polymer donor is responsible for exciton scissoring and subsequent electron trapping, which induces photomultiplication. Owing to the acceptor‐free and covalently interconnected photoactive layer in the suggested PM‐OPDs, superior operational and thermal stabilities are observed. Finally, finely patterned B‐/G‐/R‐selective PM‐OPD arrays that enable the construction of highly sensitive passive matrix‐type organic image sensors are demonstrated.
Copper‐Bacteriochlorin Nanosheet as a Specific Pyroptosis Inducer for Robust Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhang Yunxiu , Jia Qingyan , Li Jian , Wang Jian , Liang Ke , Xue Xiaokuang , Chen Tiejin , Kong Lin , Ren Haohui , Liu Weimin , Wang Pengfei , Ge Jiechao
Published: July 2023

Pyroptosis is increasingly considered a new weathervane in cancer immune therapy. However, triggering specific pyroptotic tumor cell death while preserving normal cells still remains a major challenge. Herein, a brand‐new pyroptosis inducer, copper‐bacteriochlorin nanosheet (Cu‐TBB), is designed. The synthesized Cu‐TBB can be activated to an “on” state in the tumor microenvironment with glutathione (GSH) overexpression, leading to the release of Cu+ and TBB, respectively. Intriguingly, the released Cu+ can drive cascade reactions to produce O2−• and highly toxic ·OH in cells. Additionally, the released TBB can also generate O2−• and 1O2 upon 750 nm laser irradiation. Encouragingly, both Cu+‐driven cascade reactions and photodynamic therapy pathways result in potent pyroptosis along with dendritic cell maturation and T cell priming, thus simultaneously eliminating the primary tumors and inhibiting the distant tumor growth and metastases. Conclusively, the well‐designed Cu‐TBB nanosheet is shown to trigger specific pyroptosis in vitro and in vivo, leading to enhanced tumor immunogenicity and antitumor efficacy while minimizing systemic side effects.
Enzyme‐Based Synthetic Protein Nanoparticles as Colloidal Antioxidants
Authors: Mauser Ava , Quevedo Daniel F. , Zhang Boya , Hernandez Yazmin , Berardi Anthony , Brown William , Lee Sophia , Miki Rikako , Raymond Jeffery , Lahann Joerg , Greineder Colin F.
Published: July 2023

Protein‐based drug delivery systems have gained popularity due to their biocompatibility, straightforward surface modification, and potential for intrinsic therapeutic activity. Among therapeutic proteins, enzymes are particularly attractive because of their specificity, efficient reaction rates, regeneration after substrate turnover, and proven track record in the treatment of diseases ranging from cancer to inherited metabolic and lysosomal storage disorders. Herein, previous work on electrohydrodynamic jetting is expanded upon by developing a novel class of protein nanoparticles that features therapeutic enzymes. In particular, nanoparticles incorporating the antioxidant enzyme, catalase, at weight fractions as high as 50% are reported. Catalase‐based synthetic protein nanoparticles (CAT‐SPNPs) demonstrate sustained antioxidative activity, retain significantly enhanced enzymatic activity compared to its solute form, and overall demonstrate good structural stability. Moreover, surface functionalization of CAT‐SPNPs with targeting antibodies results in ≈12.5‐fold increase in uptake over unmodified control particles. Importantly, CAT‐SPNPs exert protection from oxidative stress, as indicated by significant increase in viability and reduction in LDH release compared to equivalent amounts of free catalase. Taken together, the work establishes targeted enzyme‐based SPNPs as a platform for enhancing the drug‐like properties of therapeutic enzymes.
Bipolar Photoresponse in Graphene/GaN Heterostructure and its Secure Function in Free‐Space Optical Communication
Authors: Zhang Shifeng , Hu Anqi , Liu Qiaoli , Xu Li , Ren Xiansong , Wang Bo , Ren Yanling , Liu Wenyu , Zhou Xingye , Chen Shanshan , Guo Xia
Published: July 2023

The free‐space optical communication is regarded as a promising technique for next generation networks. However, all the data are exposed in free space with high risk of being attacked or eavesdropping by unauthorized parties. Here, a bipolar photodetector based on the graphene/GaN heterojunction is demonstrated. The polarity of the UV light photocurrent is opposite to that of the red light photocurrent, which results from the interface state filling effect and hot carrier injection into graphene, verified by Kelvin probe force microscope measurement results. Four stable photocurrent levels are demonstrated with only a single graphene/GaN heterojunction via the photocurrent polarity control, which is employed for a secure capability in conventional optical communication by setting visible and UV light as secret and key information, respectively. The technique provides a new strategy to design photodetectors for information encryption technology.
Interface Engineering Boosting High Power Density and Conversion Efficiency in Mg2Sn0.75Ge0.25‐Based Thermoelectric Devices
Authors: Wu Xinzhi , Lin Yangjian , Liu Chengyan , Han Zhijia , Li Huan , Wang Yupeng , Jiang Feng , Zhu Kang , Ge Binghui , Liu Weishu
Published: July 2023

Electrode contact interfaces for practical thermoelectric (TE) devices require high bonding strength, low specific contact resistivity, and superb stability. Herein, the state‐of‐the‐art Cu2MgFe/Mg2Sn0.75Ge0.25interface is designed for Mg2Sn0.75Ge0.25‐based TE devices, adhering to the general strategy of high bonding propensity, thermal expansion matching, diffusion passivation, and dopant inactivation. The interfacial stability is verified by the in situ transmission electron microscopy analysis, thereby confirming the contributions from decreasing the chemical potential gradient and increasing the diffusion activation energy barrier. The single‐leg device exhibits a high power density (ωmax) of 2.6 W cm−2and conversion efficiency (ηmax) of 8% under a temperature difference (ΔT) of 370 °C, which is the record‐breaking value in comparison to other Mg2(Si, Ge, Sn)‐based TE devices. Additionally, a two‐couple device withp‐type Bi2Te3shows an excellentωmaxof 1.3 W cm−2andηmaxof 5.4% under a ΔTof 270 °C, comparable to commercial Bi2Te3devices. The proposed interface design strategy provides a general technique for constructing high‐performance devices using cutting‐edge TE materials.
Host resistance by sowing date interaction reduced Fusarium wilt pressure and improved grain yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in North Shoa, Ethiopia
Authors: Ali Bereket , Terefe Habtamu
Published: July 2023

Chickpea Fusarium wilt is seriously damaging chickpea productivity. To determine the integrated effects of three sowing dates and four chickpea varieties on epidemics of Chickpea Fusarium wilt and grain yield, field experiments were conducted in naturally infested soils at Alem Ketema and Enewari, Ethiopia, during 2018. Treatments were factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results showed that variety Mastewal recorded relatively low mean Fusarium wilt incidence at Alem Ketema (15.344%) and Enewari (38.19%) compared with the other test varieties. Variety Mastewal also produced high grain yield over others at Alem Ketema (1155.14 kg ha−1) and Enewari (1120.91 kg ha−1). Related trends were observed for infection rate, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), and yield components at both locations. Late August sowing resulted in higher stand count at harvest (132.08 and 102.08), number of pods (50.28 and 40.62), grain yield (1030.86 and 1122.08 kg ha−1), and lower AUDPC value (321.30%‐days and 540.34%‐days) than early August sowing in that order at Alem Ketema and Enewari. Interaction of variety Mastewal by late August sowing gave relatively high grain yield (1341.36 and 1331.85 kg ha−1), and it had low AUDPC (196.58%‐days and 483.36%‐days) at Alem Ketema and Enewari, respectively. Conversely, early planting caused up to 25.32% (Alem Ketema) and 193.67% (Enewari) yield reductions in chickpea varieties over late planting. Therefore, delaying sowing date and growing variety Mastewal found to maximize chickpea yield and minimize effect and progression of Fusarium wilt, and hence, recommended for the study areas.
Building Intelligence in the Mechanical Domain—Harvesting the Reservoir Computing Power in Origami to Achieve Information Perception Tasks
Authors: Wang Jun , Li Suyi
Published: July 2023

Herein, the cognitive capability of a simple, paper‐based Miura‐ori—using the physical reservoir computing framework—is experimentally examined to achieve different information perception tasks. The body dynamics of Miura‐ori (aka its vertices displacements), which is excited by a simple harmonic base excitation, can be exploited as the reservoir computing resource. By recording these dynamics with a high‐resolution camera and image processing program and then using linear regression for training, it is shown that the origami reservoir has sufficient computing capacity to estimate the weight and position of a payload. It can also recognize the input frequency and magnitude patterns. Furthermore, multitasking is achievable by simultaneously applying two targeted functions to the same reservoir state matrix. Therefore, it is demonstrated that Miura‐ori can assess the dynamic interactions between its body and ambient environment to extract meaningful information—an intelligent behavior in the mechanical domain. Given that Miura‐ori has been widely used to construct deployable structures, lightweight materials, and compliant robots, enabling such information perception tasks can add a new dimension to the functionality of such a versatile structure.
Accurate Prediction and Reliable Parameter Optimization of Neural Network for Semiconductor Process Monitoring and Technology Development
Authors: Yun Hyeok , An Chang-Hyeon , Jang Hyundong , Cho Kyeongrae , Lee Jeong-Sik , Eom Seungjoon , Kim Choong-Ki , Yoo Min-Soo , Choi Hyun-Chul , Baek Rock-Hyun
Published: July 2023

Herein, novel neural network (NN) methods that improve prediction accuracy and reduce output variance of the optimized input in the gradient method for cross‐sectional data are proposed, and the variability evaluation approach of optimized inputs in the semiconductor process is suggested. Specifically, electrical parameter measurements (EPMs) and power‐delay product of industrial high‐kmetal gate DRAM peripheral 29‐stage ring oscillator circuits, including NMOS, PMOS, and interconnects, are focused on. The proposed methods find an optimized input to achieve a lower NN output variance in the gradient descent than one multilayer perceptron (MLP) and mean ensemble of MLPs even when considering the variabilities of the devices and interconnects. The local optima problem of one MLP is resolved by utilizing multiple MLPs trained with different train/validation data, their trimmed mean, and an additional learnable layer. Moreover, adding the learnable layer secures versatility for various parametric datasets. The methods improve the prediction accuracy (R2) by 5.6–15.6% in sparse data space compared to one MLP and the mean ensemble, decrease the NN output variance of the optimized input by 73.0–81.6% compared to one MLP and the mean ensemble, and are successfully verified by implementing it on EPMs of 3977 test patterns of 314 wafers and 16 lots.
Hydrogel Microrobots Self‐Assembled into Ordered Structures with Programmable Actuation
Authors: Kropacek Jindrich , Maslen Charlie , van Dijk Bertjan , Iniguez-Rabago Agustin , Overvelde Johannes T.B. , Zubov Alexandr , Vrba Jan , Cigler Petr , Stepanek Frantisek , Rehor Ivan
Published: July 2023

Sub‐millimeter robots—microrobots—that can autonomously perform mechanical work at the microscale would radically change new areas of human activity such as micromanipulation, microfabrication, or healthcare. Sets of identical microrobots that can connect into different, larger structures open the possibility for a “universal” microrobotic unit that fulfills a large variety of functions derived from the structure that multiple units can be assembled into. The capability of individual hydrogel microcrawlers to self‐assemble under confinement into periodically ordered planar structures is demonstrated. Subsequently, these can be bound together using light to form a solid porous sheet. The lateral shape of the sheet is imprinted during the binding process. Furthermore, the sheets bend into 3D structures, where the bending direction can be programmed. The resulting structures actuate anisotropically when exposed to heat or laser illumination and can be designed for various modes of operation, such as manipulation or untethered locomotion. The formation of ordered microstructures from individual mobile robots enables easier transport and remote assembly of these structures at the place of interest without the need for direct intervention.
Flexible Biopsy Robot with Force Sensing for Deep Lung Examination
Authors: Zhang Jingyu , Fang Qin , Xiang Pingyu , Liu Lilu , Xiong Rong , Wang Yue , Lu Haojian
Published: July 2023

Lung disease has become a leading cause of disease‐related death, making it one of the most serious health problems in the world. Due to the advantages of fast postoperative recovery and small trauma, transbronchoscopic biopsy has become the main method for the diagnosis of lung diseases. However, limited by the large outer diameter of the bronchoscope, insufficient flexibility of the biopsy needle, and lack of force sensing, traditional biopsy operation is simple and rough, and it is difficult to enter the deep narrow areas of the lung for examination. In this article, a flexible biopsy robot with force‐sensing ability is proposed. The robot is composed of a tendon‐actuated catheter and an inner sliding flexible needle as well as their driving systems. The experimental results demonstrate that the robot has good positioning accuracy of 0.72 mm and high flexibility and repeatability. With the cooperation of the commercial bronchoscope, the robot can reach various narrow areas of the lung to perform biopsy operations. The proposed robot has the potential to improve the diagnosis rate of lung diseases and reduce related deaths.
Distributed Strain Sensor Based on Self‐Powered, Stretchable Mechanoluminescent Optical Fiber
Authors: Zhou Hongyou , Wang Xin , He Yongcheng , Liang Haohua , Chen Meihua , Liu Haojun , Qasem Abdulkareem , Xiong Puxian , Peng Dengfeng , Gan Jiulin , Yang Zhongmin
Published: July 2023

The ability to locate and quantify large strains will significantly improve the real‐world application scenario of flexible and stretchable strain sensors. However, current methods for implementing stretchable distributed strain sensing still face challenges such as complicated demodulation, multisensor crosstalk, and high power consumption. Herein, a self‐powered and stretchable optical fiber strain sensor is reported with distributed sensing capability based on mechanoluminescent optical fiber, where mechanoluminescent phosphors with different emission color light are discretely integrated onto the outer cladding of the elastomer optical fiber. Based on the wavelength coding technique and time‐domain filtering comparison method, the capability of strain magnitude quantification (10–60%) and strain location identification together in a single stretchable optical fiber is successfully realized, even at multiple positions simultaneously in the strain‐applied situation. Moreover, this stretchable optical fiber strain sensor shows insensitivity to bending, compression, and temperature disturbances and outstanding durability (>8000 cycles). Due to the excellent light confinement of the elastomer optical fiber, demonstrations such as bright‐field measurement, saline water operation, and wearable glove application exhibit its potential as a promising technology for future self‐powered distributed optical sensing systems.
An Electric Self‐Sensing and Variable‐Stiffness Artificial Muscle
Authors: Liu Chen , Busfield James J. C. , Zhang Ketao
Published: July 2023

Soft robots have better flexibility than their rigid counterparts thus offering greater adaptability to changing environments. These robots made from flexible materials are generally with low stiffness and have limited capability to perform tasks that require the application of large forces. Soft artificial muscles (AMs) with variable stiffness are promising solutions for soft robots to handle larger payloads. However, the existing actuators need to overcome their small range of stiffness variation and slow response. Further, it is difficult to integrate self‐sensing into existing actuators. Herein, a novel electric AM with variable stiffness and self‐sensing referencing smooth muscle contraction in nature is proposed. The AM consists of two pieces of soft anode mesh, a flexible cathode and a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) gel dielectric layer, where the cathode is also a resistive sensor. The stiffness variation is induced by the friction change caused by electrostatic adsorption. Compared with the existing PVC gel actuation technology, the new design integrated the dielectric and the cathode layers and combined the sensing function. Also, the rigid anode and cathode are replaced by the soft ones, respectively, which makes the AM suitable for soft robotics or wearable devices.
Analog Ion‐Slicing LiNbO3 Memristor Based on Hopping Transport for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Wang Jiejun , Zeng Huizhong , Xie Yiduo , Zhao Zebin , Pan Xinqiang , Luo Wenbo , Shuai Yao , Tang Ling , Zhu Dailei , Xie Qin , Wan Limin , Wu Chuangui , Zhang Wanli
Published: July 2023

Inspired by human brain, the emerging analog‐type memristor employed in neuromorphic computing systems has attracted tremendous interest. However, existing analog memristors are still far from accurate tuning of multiple conductance states, which are crucial from the device‐level view. Herein, a reliable analog memristor based on ion‐slicing single‐crystalline LiNbO3 (LNO) thin film is demonstrated. The highly ordered LNO crystal structure provides a stable pathway of oxygen vacancy migration, which is contributed to a stable Mott variable‐range hopping process in trap sites. Excellent analog switching characteristics with high reliability and repeatability, including long retention/great endurance with small fluctuation (fluctuated within 0.22%), a large dynamic range of two orders of magnitude, hundreds of distinguishable conductance states with tunable linearity, and ultralow cyclic variances for multiple weight updating (down to 0.75%), are realized with the proposed memristor. As a result, a multilayer perceptron with a high recognition accuracy of 95.6% for Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology dataset is realized. The proposed analog memristive devices based on ion‐slicing single‐crystalline thin films offer a novel strategy for fabricating high‐performance memristors that combined linear tunability and long‐term repeatability, opening a novel avenue for neuromorphic computing application.
Recent Advances in Hydrogel‐Based Self‐Powered Artificial Skins for Human–Machine Interfaces
Authors: Wang Yaling , Zhu Pengcheng , Tan Ming , Niu Mengjuan , Liang Siyang , Mao Yanchao
Published: July 2023

With the rapid development of artificial intelligence, human‐machine interfaces (HMI) are continuing to affect human lifestyles. Artificial skin is a new type of HMI sensor that enables a seamless connection between human and electronic devices. Currently, artificial skin is mostly prepared from rigid materials, which lack flexibility and scalability, thus impeding the development of HMI. Hydrogel, consisting of 3D polymer network and water is similar to human tissues and is therefore an excellent candidate for artificial skin in HMI. The conventional HMI of hydrogel‐based artificial skin includes touch pad and machine control based on capacitive or resistive sensors. However, the energy supply of HMI depends on battery which requires frequent recharging and replacement. Therefore, hydrogel‐based self‐powered artificial skin is expected to become primary interaction medium for the forthcoming generation of HMI. This article reviews the development of hydrogel‐based self‐powered artificial skin for HMI. Various power supply mechanisms of hydrogel‐based artificial skin are discussed. The materials for self‐powered artificial skin are introduced, including ionic hydrogel, ionic‐liquid hydrogel, metal‐based hydrogel, carbon‐based and MXene‐based hydrogel, and conductive polymer‐based hydrogel. The application of the hydrogel‐based self‐powered artificial skin in HMI is also reviewed. Finally, the challenges and development trends in HMI are outlined.
Patterns of alcohol use among middle school students in rural communities: Associations with community violence exposure
Authors: Dunn Courtney B. , Farrell Albert D.
Published: July 2023

Stress‐coping theory posits that exposure to stressors, such as community violence, increases risk for early alcohol initiation. The current study identified patterns of alcohol use in an ethnically diverse sample of early adolescents in rural communities, and examined relations between different forms of exposure to community violence and severity of adolescents' alcohol use patterns. Participants were 5011 middle school students (46.4% non‐Hispanic White, 25.5% Latinx, and 13.4% Black; 50% female) living in rural communities in the southeastern United States. Latent class analysis identified subgroups that differed in their patterns of lifetime and past 30‐day alcohol use, and subgroup differences in exposure to community violence. Five subgroups were identified: abstainers (56.5%), initiators of wine and beer (12.5%); moderately frequent wine and beer users (10.3%); moderately frequent wine, beer, and liquor users who got drunk (12.0%); and highly frequent wine, beer, and liquor users who got drunk (8.6%). Subgroups differed across sex, grade, and racial‐ethnic background. Subgroups characterized by severe alcohol use reported more frequent exposure to community violence and physical victimization, while controlling for nonviolent stressors. Consistent with stress‐coping theory, the results indicate that experiencing physical victimization and witnessing community violence robustly relate to adolescents' high‐risk alcohol use.
Association between muscle strength and executive function in Tibetan adolescents at high altitude in China: Results from a cross‐sectional study at 16–18 years of age
Authors: Xia Xiangwei , Li Yonghui , Chen Sitong
Published: July 2023

Background

In recent years, adolescents have shown a trend of decreasing muscle strength, especially in the upper limbs, and it affects the development of executive functions. However, few studies have been conducted on Tibetan adolescents in high‐altitude regions of China. To this end, this study investigated upper limb muscle strength and executive function in Tibetan adolescents in Tibetan regions of China and analyzed the association between them.

Methods

A three‐stage stratified whole‐group sampling method was used to test and investigate grip strength, executive function, and basic information in 1093 Tibetan adolescents from Tibet, a high‐altitude region of China. A chi‐square test and one‐way ANOVA were used to compare the basic status and executive function of Tibetan adolescents with different muscle strength. Multiple linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the correlations that existed between muscle strength and each sub‐function of executive function.

Results

The differences between the inconsistently and congruent reaction times of Tibetan adolescents with different grip strength levels (P75) at high altitude in China were statistically significant (F‐values of 32.596 and 31.580, respectively; P‐values <.001). The differences between the 1‐back and 2‐back response times for the refresh memory function were also statistically significant (F‐values of 9.055 and 6.610, respectively; P‐values <.01). Linear regression analysis showed that after adjusting for the relevant covariates, the 1‐back reaction time of Tibetan adolescents in the grip strength < P25 group increased by 91.72 ms (P < .01); the 2‐back reaction time of Tibetan adolescents in the grip strength < P25 group increased by 105.25 ms (P < 0.01), using grip strength > P75 as the reference group. Logistic regression analysis showed that, after adjusting for relevant covariates, Tibetan adolescents in the grip strength < P25 group had a higher risk of developing 2‐back dysfunction (OR = 1.89, 95% CI: 1.24,2.88), using grip strength >P75 as the reference group (P < .01). The risk of cognitive flexibility dysfunction (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.16, 2.98) was also increased (P < .05).

Conclusion

There was a significant correlation between grip strength and executive function of refresh memory function and cognitive flexibility in Tibetan adolescents in high altitude areas of China. Those with higher upper limb muscle strength had shorter reaction time, that is, better executive function. In the future, we should focus on improving the upper limb muscle strength of Tibetan adolescents at high altitude in China to better promote the development of executive function.
Physical activity, biomarkers of brain pathologies and dementia risk: Results from the Memento clinical cohort
Authors: Grasset Leslie , Planche Vincent , Bouteloup Vincent , Azouani Chabha , Dubois Bruno , Blanc Frédéric , Paquet Claire , David Renaud , Belin Catherine , Jonveaux Thérèse , Julian Adrien , Pariente Jérémie , Mangin Jean‐François , Chêne Geneviève , Dufouil Carole ,   the Memento Cohort Study Group
Published: July 2023

INTRODUCTION

This study aims to examine whether physical activity moderates the association between biomarkers of brain pathologies and dementia risk.

METHODS

From the Memento cohort, we analyzed 1044 patients with mild cognitive impairment, aged 60 and older. Self‐reported physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Biomarkers of brain pathologies comprised medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA), white matter lesions, and plasma amyloid beta (Aβ)42/40 and phosphorylated tau181. Association between physical activity and risk of developing dementia over 5 years of follow‐up, and interactions with biomarkers of brain pathologies were tested.

RESULTS

Physical activity moderated the association between MTA and plasma Aβ42/40 level and increased dementia risk. Compared to participants with low physical activity, associations of both MTA and plasma Aβ42/40 on dementia risk were attenuated in participants with high physical activity.

DISCUSSION

Although reverse causality cannot be excluded, this work suggests that physical activity may contribute to cognitive reserve.

Highlights

Physical activity is an interesting modifiable target for dementia prevention.

Physical activity may moderate the impact of brain pathology on dementia risk.

Medial temporal lobe atrophy and plasma amyloid beta 42/40 ratio were associated with increased dementia risk especially in those with low level of physical activity.
Extension of Non‐alternant Nanographenes Containing Nitrogen‐Doped Stone‐Thrower‐Wales Defects
Authors: Wang Chang , Deng Ziqi , Phillips David Lee , Liu Junzhi
Published: July 2023

Non‐alternant topologies have attracted considerable attention due to their unique physiochemical characteristics in recent years. Here, three novel topological nanographenes molecular models of nitrogen‐doped Stone–Thrower–Wales (S–T–W) defects were achieved through intramolecular direct arylation. Their chemical structures were unambiguously elucidated by single‐crystal analysis. Among them, threefold intramolecular direct arylation compound (C42H21N) is the largest nanographene bearing a N‐doped non‐alternant topology to date, in which the non‐benzenoid rings account for 83 % of the total molecular skeleton. The absorption maxima of this compound was located in the near‐infrared region with a long tail up to 900 nm, which was much longer than those reported for similarly sized N‐doped nanographene with six‐membered rings (C40H15N). In addition, the electronic energy gaps of these series compounds clearly decreased with the introduction of non‐alternant topologies (from 2.27 eV to 1.50 eV). It is noteworthy that C42H21N possesses such a low energy gap (Egopt=1.40 eV; Egcv=1.50 eV), yet is highly stable under ambient conditions. Our work reported herein demonstrates that the non‐alternant topology could significantly influence the electronic configurations of nanocarbons, where the introduction of a non‐alternanting topology may be an effective way to narrow the energy gap without extending the molecular π‐conjugation.
Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer Aided Thermoelectric Energy Conversion and Storage
Authors: Wang Yang , Dai Yongqiang , Li Longbin , Yu Lin , Zeng Wei
Published: July 2023

Low‐grade heat is ubiquitous in the environment and its thermoelectric conversion by the ionic conductors remains a challenge because of the low efficiency and poor sustainability. Here we demonstrate that the thermoelectric performances can be boosted by combining the Soret effect of protons and proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) reaction of benzoquinone and hydroquinone in hydrogels. An overall enhancement of thermopower (25.9 mV K−1), power factor (5 mW m−1 K−2), figure of merit (>2.4) and continuity of power output is achieved. Moreover, an energy‐storage function can be achieved by the redox couple, and a retained power output of 27.7 %, or 14 mW m−2 for more than 3 hours is obtained by the re‐balance of PCET reactants in the hydrogel after the removal of the temperature gradient.