bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelos de elevação para obtenção de atributos topográficos utilizados em mapeamento digital de solos
Authors: Pinheiro Helena Saraiva Koenow , Chagas César da Silva , Carvalho Júnior Waldir de , Anjos Lúcia Helena Cunha dos
Published: November 2012

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar modelos digitais de elevação (MDE), obtidos por diferentes fontes de dados, e selecionar um deles para derivar variáveis morfométricas utilizadas em mapeamento digital de solos. O trabalho foi realizado na Bacia Guapi‑Macacu, RJ. Os dados primários utilizados nos modelos gerados por interpolação (MDE‑carta e MDE‑híbrido) foram: curvas de nível, drenagem, pontos cotados e dados de sensor remoto transformados em pontos. Utilizaram-se, na comparação, modelos obtidos por sensor remoto e por aerorrestituição (MDE SRTM e MDE IBGE). Todos os modelos apresentaram resolução espacial de 30 m. A avaliação dos modelos de elevação foi baseada na análise de: atributos derivados (declividade, aspecto e curvatura); depressões espúrias; comparação entre feições derivadas a partir dos modelos e as originais, oriundas de cartas planialtimétricas; e análise das bacias de contribuição derivadas. O modelo digital de elevação híbrido apresenta qualidade superior à dos demais modelos.
Prediction of soil orders with high spatial resolution: response of different classifiers to sampling density
Authors: Sarmento Eliana Casco , Giasson Elvio , Weber Eliseu , Flores Carlos Alberto , Hasenack Heinrich
Published: November 2012

The objective of this work was to evaluate sampling density on the prediction accuracy of soil orders, with high spatial resolution, in a viticultural zone of Serra Gaúcha, Southern Brazil. A digital elevation model (DEM), a cartographic base, a conventional soil map, and the Idrisi software were used. Seven predictor variables were calculated and read along with soil classes in randomly distributed points, with sampling densities of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 points per hectare. Data were used to train a decision tree (Gini) and three artificial neural networks: adaptive resonance theory, fuzzy ARTMap; self‑organizing map, SOM; and multi‑layer perceptron, MLP. Estimated maps were compared with the conventional soil map to calculate omission and commission errors, overall accuracy, and quantity and allocation disagreement. The decision tree was less sensitive to sampling density and had the highest accuracy and consistence. The SOM was the less sensitive and most consistent network. The MLP had a critical minimum and showed high inconsistency, whereas fuzzy ARTMap was more sensitive and less accurate. Results indicate that sampling densities used in conventional soil surveys can serve as a reference to predict soil orders in Serra Gaúcha.
Evaluation of the permanence of skin sensitization to allergens in patients with allergic contact dermatitis
Authors: Duarte Ida , Silva Mariana de Figueiredo , Malvestiti Andrey Augusto , Machado Beatriz de Abreu Ribeiro , Lazzarini Rosana
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND: Background: Patch tests are an efficient method to confirm the etiological diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine the permanence of results between two tests performed with an interval of at least one year, in patients with allergic contact dermatitis; 2) To compare the positive results according to rates of intensity; 3) To evaluate the permanence of sensitization according to each substance that was tested. METHODS: Patients with previous diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis, confirmed by patch tests carried out between the years 2005 and 2008, underwent new testing, using the same methodology, and data was compared. RESULTS: A total of 1470 results of both tests on 49 patients were analyzed. The negative results remained in the second test in a rate of 96%, and 4% became positive (+) without relevance to the clinical history. Moreover, moderately (++) and strongly (+++) positive results were also maintained in, respectively, 86% and 100%. Nevertheless, weakly (+) positive results became negative in 65%. By ignoring all weakly (+) positive tests, the calculation of Kappa Index of Agreement Statistics between the two tests showed a value of 0.88. CONCLUSION: Patch tests showed to be reliable for negative, moderately (++) positive and strongly (+++) positive results, by reproducing the same standard of individual response to allergens. However, for weakly (+) positive results, tests were not reliable.
OX40+ T lymphocytes and IFN-γ are associated with American tegumentary leishmaniasis pathogenesis
Authors: Domingos Patrícia Luciana Batista , Viana Agostinho Gonçalves , Fraga Carlos Alberto de Carvalho , Bonan Paulo Rogério Ferreti
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniases are zoonoses considered a public health problem, representing a complex group of diseases with a broad clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity. Leishmaniasis is caused by several species of protozoa of the genus Leishmania. The evolution of the pathology and the resolution of the leishmaniasis are dependent mainly on the Leishmania species involved, although the cytokine profile plays an important role in the development of the immune response. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the immune response of patients affected by lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis by immunostaining of the OX40, CD20, IFN-γ and IL-4 proteins. METHODS: The tissue samples were collected from indolent skin ulcers confirmed as cutaneous leishmaniasis of 41 patients aged between six and 90 years. The lesions were submitted to OX40, CD20, INF-γ and IL-4 immunolabeling. RESULTS: We observed a statistically significant higher expression of IFN-γ compared with IL-4 (p=0.009). Besides, OX40 had higher expression when compared with CD20 (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that the immune response in lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis is associated with a healing process, which can be explained by the higher expression of IFN-γ when compared with IL4 protein levels.
Clinical and histological challenge in the differential diagnosis of diffuse alopecia: female androgenetic alopecia, telogen effluvium and alopecia areata - part II
Authors: Werner Betina , Mulinari-Brenner Fabiane
Published: November 2012

Diffuse alopecia is mainly caused by telogen effluvium, diffuse androgenetic alopecia (femalepattern hair loss) and diffuse alopecia areata. Differential diagnosis between the three disorders may be difficult in several occasions. In this second part of our study, chronic telogen effluvium and diffuse alopecia areata are discussed in detail, including clinical, dermoscopic and histological aspects. A flowchart presents a practical and objective differential diagnostic approach to diffuse alopecia.
Accidental PUVA burns, vitiligo and atopic diathesis resulting in prurigo nodularis: a logical but undocumented rarity
Authors: Verma Shyam Bhanushankar , Wollina Uwe
Published: November 2012

Vitiligo is a dreaded disease in India due to its social and cultural consequences. PUVA and PUVAsol are the main treatment modalities for vitiligo vulgaris. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of accidental PUVA burns eventuating in prurigo nodularis lesions to be reported in a female patient who was undergoing home PUVA therapy. The itch is so prominent and disabling that the focus of the patient has shifted from treating her vitiligo to ameliorating the pruritus.
Harlequin syndrome in childhood: case report
Authors: Breunig Juliano de Avelar , Hartmann Mariana , Freire Cristiano Firpo , Almeida Jr Hiram Larangeira de
Published: November 2012

Harlequin syndrome happens in only one side of the face. In the affected half, the face does not sweat or flush even with simulation. Arms and trunk could also be affected. This condition is induced by heat, exercise and emotional factors. The article reports a case of a nine-year-old female with a 3-year history of unilateral flushing and sweating after exercise; a brief literature review is included. Despite the rarity of this syndrome, dermatologists should recognize this condition and refer these patients to ophthalmological and neurological examination.
Norwegian scabies mimicking rupioid psoriasis
Authors: Costa Juliana Bastos , Sousa Virna Lygia Lobo Rocha de , Trindade Neto Pedro Bezerra da , Paulo Filho Thomás de Aquino , Cabral Virgínia Célia Dias Florêncio , Pinheiro Patrícia Moura Rossiter
Published: November 2012

Norwegian scabies is a highly contagious skin infestation caused by an ectoparasite, Scarcoptes scabiei var. Hominis, which mainly affects immunosuppressed individuals. Clinically, it may simulate various dermatoses such as psoriasis, Darier's disease, seborrheic dermatitis, among others. This is a case report of a 33-year-old woman, immunocompetent, diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (cancer phobia), who had erythematous, well-defined plaques, covered with rupioid crusts, on her neck, axillary folds, breast, periumbilical region, groin area, besides upper back and elbows, mimicking an extremely rare variant of psoriasis, denominated rupioid psoriasis.
Proliferating trichilemmal tumor of the nose
Authors: Rosmaninho Aristóteles , Caetano Mónica , Oliveira Ana , Almeida Teresa Pinto de , Selores Manuela , Alves Rosário
Published: November 2012

Proliferating trichilemmal tumor is a rare tumor originating in the external root sheath, that is usually found in the scalp of middle-aged or elderly females. Its histologic appearance may not correlate with its clinical behavior. In addition, there are no guidelines available for the treatment of these tumors, making its management a challenge for physicians. We report the case of a 53 year-old woman with a proliferating trichilemmal tumor on her nose, which is a very uncommon location for these lesions.
Type 1 Ig-E mediated allergy to human insulin, insulin analogues and beta-lactam antibiotics
Authors: Andrade Pedro , Barros Luísa , Gonçalo Margarida
Published: November 2012

Insulin, a crucial therapeutic agent for diabetes mellitus, has been rarely associated with hypersensitivity events. We present a 69-year-old type-2 diabetic patient with urticariform lesions on the sites of subcutaneous injection of insulin. The patient denied any known allergies, except for an unspecific cutaneous reaction after intramuscular penicillin administration in childhood. Prick tests revealed positive reactions to all tested human insulins and insulin analogues. Serum IgE levels were above normal range and RAST tests were positive for human, bovine and porcine insulins, as well as beta-lactams. Type 1 IgEmediated allergy to insulin analogues demands a prompt diagnosis and represents a significant therapeutic challenge in diabetic patients.
Tinea nigra: successful treatment with topical butenafine
Authors: Rossetto André Luiz , Cruz Rosana Cé Bella
Published: November 2012

The authors report a case of Tinea nigra in an 8-year-old child, male, from Itajaí, SC, Brazil, with lesions of the macular hyperchromic type, unique, asymptomatic, localized in the right palmar area. The lesion was treated with the topical antifungal butenafine, with remission of symptoms and without recurrence at follow-up for two years.
Limites biológicos, biotecnociência e transumanismo: uma revolução em Saúde Pública?
Authors: Vilaça Murilo Mariano , Palma Alexandre
Published: November 2012

O desenvolvimento da biotecnociência tem propiciado avanços biotecnológicos tidos como capazes de instituir uma revolução. Hipoteticamente, haverá mudanças radicais quanto à compreensão, manipulação e promoção da vida humana. A perspectiva é de que os chamados limites biológicos possam ser superados, libertando-nos, por exemplo, do processo do adoecimento. À semelhança dos transumanistas, alguns apostam nos benefícios disso; outros, contudo, ressaltam seus hipotéticos e graves malefícios, como é o caso dos bioconservadores. No presente artigo, definem-se os conceitos de biotecnociência e biotecnologia, analisando-se criticamente seus potenciais; descrevem-se os aspectos gerais do transumanismo, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento do ainda incipiente debate, no Brasil, sobre esse polêmico movimento; e especula-se sobre algumas implicações da interface biotecnociência-transumanismo, analisando-se se ela revolucionará completamente o campo da Saúde Pública ou se haverá continuidades e descontinuidades.
O campo de pesquisa em etnomodelagem: as abordagens êmica, ética e dialética
Authors: Rosa Milton , Orey Daniel Clark
Published: November 2012

Neste artigo, oferecemos um conceito alternativo de pesquisa por meio da aquisição dos conhecimentos êmico e ético para a implementação da etnomodelagem, que tem o objetivo de conectar os aspectos culturais da matemática com os seus aspectos acadêmicos. Nessa perspectiva, a utilização das abordagens êmica e ética facilita a tradução de situações-problema presentes nos sistemas, retirados da realidade de grupos culturais distintos, para a matemática acadêmica. O conhecimento êmico é essencial para a compreensão intuitiva e empática das práticas matemáticas desenvolvidas por determinado grupo cultural, enquanto o conhecimento ético é essencial para a comparação entre essas práticas. Discutimos também a abordagem dialética para a pesquisa em etnomodelagem, que utiliza ambos os conhecimentos êmico e ético por meio de um processo dialógico, auxiliando uma compreensão mais completa sobre o conhecimento das práticas matemáticas desenvolvidas pelos membros de distintos grupos culturais. Nesse sentido, o conhecimento êmico é uma valiosa fonte de inspiração para a elaboração de hipóteses éticas. Em tal contexto dialético, um currículo matemático baseado na perspectiva da etnomodelagem favorece o desenvolvimento da geração do conhecimento matemático para garantir a integração equilibrada do domínio efetivo dos objetivos educacionais, que são essenciais para o reconhecimento e a utilização do conhecimento êmico dos alunos.
Investigación en la práctica docente universitaria: obstáculos epistemológicos y alternativas desde la Didáctica General Constructivista
Authors: Tovar-Gálvez Julio César , García Contreras Germán Antonio
Published: November 2012

El artículo se estructura señalando la docencia universitaria como un amplio campo de investigación y definiendo la práctica docente como objeto de estudio. De esta manera, emerge el problema teórico y metodológico de qué y cómo observar la dimensión didáctica en la práctica docente, frente a lo cual se hace una discusión en torno a la Didáctica General como derivada de las Teorías del Aprendizaje y las Didácticas Específicas fundamentadas en la especificidad epistemológica de cada disciplina. Frente a la dificultad de encontrar didácticas específicas de todas las disciplinas que pueden hacer parte de la formación de diferentes profesionales, las cuales estén argumentadas filosófica, epistemológica, teórica y metodológicamente, se propone optar la Didáctica General Constructivista como alternativa teórica y metodológica que fundamente la investigación sobre lo didáctico de la práctica docente. El artículo continúa con una revisión amplia sobre los paradigmas Positivista y Constructivista y las didácticas que desde cada uno se sustentan, para cerrar proponiendo los elementos y procesos que caracterizan la Didáctica General Constructivista.
Bater não educa ninguém!práticas educativas parentais coercitivas e suas repercussões no contexto escolar
Authors: Patias Naiana Dapieve , Siqueira Aline Cardoso , Dias Ana Cristina Garcia
Published: November 2012

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre os efeitos das práticas educativas coercitivas para o desenvolvimento da criança e do adolescente, buscando compreender sua influência no comportamento e na aprendizagem em ambiente escolar. A partir da análise assistemática de estudos sobre o tema, foi possível compreender que as estratégias coercitivas que se utilizam da força física para educar estão associadas a resultados negativos no desenvolvimento humano da criança e do adolescente, como comportamentos agressivos e baixa autoestima, constituindo-se em risco ao desenvolvimento saudável. Contudo, tais práticas são compartilhadas socialmente e consideradas naturais pelas famílias, não havendo, muitas vezes, o conhecimento de outras formas de educar. Sendo a escola um importante ambiente de interação das crianças, ela tem sido chamada a engajar-se nessa temática. Assim, discutem-se formas de instrumentalizar os profissionais da educação para a identificação dos casos de uso de estratégias coercitivas e violência física na educação dos filhos, como também ações preventivas junto aos estudantes e à comunidade. Para que o propósito seja alcançado, órgãos responsáveis pela defesa dos direitos da criança e psicólogo escolar poderão atuar juntamente com a escola, auxiliando-a nesse processo. O psicólogo pode trabalhar com os pais no sentido de apresentar formas de educar que não passem pela perspectiva da violência, prevenindo, assim, danos ao desenvolvimento e comportamentos que dificultam a aprendizagem. Fomentar reflexões sobre essa problemática fará com que os valores da educação sem violência tomem espaço nas famílias, contribuindo para que as crianças tornem-se adultos saudáveis no futuro.
Rotulagem nutricional: você sabe o que está comendo?
Authors: Cavada Giovanna da Silva , Paiva Flávia Fernandes , Helbig Elizabete , Borges Lúcia Rota
Published: November 2012

O rótulo tem por função orientar o consumidor sobre os constituintes dos alimentos, promovendo escolhas alimentares saudáveis. No entanto, isto não significa que os consumidores o estejam utilizando como uma ferramenta para a escolha dos alimentos que deverão compor sua dieta e, assim, reduzir os excessos alimentares e os danos ocasionados à saúde. Este trabalho, um estudo transversal, avaliou o hábito de leitura dos rótulos de consumidores em uma rede de supermercados de Pelotas-RS. Verificou-se que 48,13% dos entrevistados avaliam os rótulos dos alimentos. Os usuários da rotulagem são, na sua maioria, mulheres, jovens e com curso superior. Houve associação significativa entre hábito de leitura e influência na compra dos produtos, o que mostra a importância da rotulagem como um instrumento no ato da compra, uma vez que representa um elo de comunicação entre o consumidor e o produto; além disso, se o rótulo é bem compreendido, permite escolhas alimentares mais criteriosas.
Segurança alimentar: retorno às origens?
Authors: Nitzke Julio Alberto , Thys Roberta , Martinelli Sônia , Oliveiras Lina Yamachita , Augusto-Ruiz Walter , Penna Neidi Garcia , Noll Isa Beatriz
Published: November 2012

O questionamento sobre a tendência percebida no mercado alimentício de valorizar a alimentação da forma como era consumida no passado e sua congruência com o ritmo de vida e as tecnologias atuais foi a tônica das apresentações e discussões ocorridas durante o 4.º Simpósio de Segurança Alimentar, em Gramado. Os debates aconteceram ao redor dos cinco eixos temáticos: Tendências da alimentação, Comunicação e alimentos, Direito à alimentação, Sustentabilidade e produção de alimentos, e Garantia da qualidade. Em todos esses eixos, ficou muito claro que esta busca pelas origens - seja em seu conteúdo, seja na sua forma - já é mais do que uma tendência, vindo a impor-se como uma nova demanda social e de mercado. Por outro lado, também foi quase uma unanimidade a constatação de que esta acomodação entre antigos valores e novos modos de vida e tecnologia traz muitos desafios, que somente serão vencidos por meio de uma visão colaborativa de segurança alimentar e nutricional sustentável, que envolva os diversos atores por ela responsáveis.
Esthetics in Orthodontics: interest points, reference points and discrepancy points
Authors: Câmara Carlos Alexandre
Published: November 2012

It is fundamental for orthodontists and all professionals related with facial, oral and dental esthetics to know how the individuals observe dentofacial structures. Thus, it will be the purpose of this Orthodontic Insight to present and describe the Interest, Reference and Discrepancy. Points With the knowledge and perception of these points it will be easier for orthodontists to create a convergent canal of communication with their patients.
Study of face pleasantness using facial analysis in standardized frontal photographs
Authors: Morosini Imara de Almeida Castro , Peron Ana Paula Lazzari Marques , Correia Keila Rodrigues , Moresca Ricardo
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this research was to check if the numeric facial analysis can determine facial attractiveness. METHOD: The sample consisted of frontal and lateral standard facial photographs, in natural head position, of 85 Brazilian Caucasian women, without facial plastic surgery report. The sample mean age was 23 years and 9 months. A group of 5 orthodontists, 5 layman and 5 plastic artists classified the photographs according to their own attractiveness graduation in: pleasant, acceptable and not pleasant. The numeric facial analysis was then performed using a computerized method. Linear, proportional and angular measurements were compared among groups. RESULTS: According subjective analysis the sample was consisted of 18.8% of pleasant, 70.6% of acceptable and 10.6% of not pleasant. In most measurements there were no differences among groups. Just in three of them significant statistical difference was observed and in two of them the comparison value was within decision limit. All the differences found were related to the lower third of the face and to facial pattern. CONCLUSION: On the present research, the numeric facial analysis, by itself, was not capable of detecting facial attractiveness, considering that beauty judgment seems to be very personal.
Facial pattern of patients with post-foramen incisor cleft
Authors: Capelozza Filho Leopoldino , Caldas Rodrigo Silva , Lauris Rita de Cássia Moura Carvalho , Cavassan Arlete de Oliveira
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE: The assessment and establishment of the facial growth pattern for patients with a cleft palate. MATERIAL: This cross-sectional retrospective study was based on front and profile photos of a sample of 71 patients at the HRAC-USP, 22 males and 49 females, Brazilians, young adults, with a mean age of 17 years 8 months, without previous orthodontic treatment and no associated syndromes. The method was the subjective facial diagnosis based on technical concepts, that is, the qualitative morphologic analysis of the face through clinical examination. Individuals were classified as Pattern I, II, III, Long Face or Short Face. RESULTS: The distribution found with the frontal morphologic analysis was: Pattern I (69%), II (6%), III (7%), Long (18%) and Short (0%). As for the profile morphologic analysis, the distribution was: Pattern I (35%), II (38%), III (10%), Long (17%) and Short (0%).The distribution observed in the frontal analysis was very positive, since individuals Pattern I prevailed. For the profile evaluation, the anterior-posterior dysplasias were essentially shown, significantly increasing their participation. Long Face Pattern maintained a balance in both ratings and Short Face Pattern was not found in the sample used, probably related to the low prevalence in the general population. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of different Facial Patterns for patients with cleft palate was similar to that found in individuals without cleft.
Photometric analysis applied in determining facial type
Authors: Martins Luciana Flaquer , Vigorito Julio Wilson
Published: November 2012

INTRODUCTION: In orthodontics, determining the facial type is a key element in the prescription of a correct diagnosis. In the early days of our specialty, observation and measurement of craniofacial structures were done directly on the face, in photographs or plaster casts. With the development of radiographic methods, cephalometric analysis replaced the direct facial analysis. Seeking to validate the analysis of facial soft tissues, this work compares two different methods used to determining the facial types, the anthropometric and the cephalometric methods. METHODS: The sample consisted of sixty-four Brazilian individuals, adults, Caucasian, of both genders, who agreed to participate in this research. All individuals had lateral cephalograms and facial frontal photographs. The facial types were determined by the Vert Index (cephalometric) and the Facial Index (photographs). RESULTS: The agreement analysis (Kappa), made for both types of analysis, found an agreement of 76.5%. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the Facial Index can be used as an adjunct to orthodontic diagnosis, or as an alternative method for pre-selection of a sample, avoiding that research subjects have to undergo unnecessary tests.
In vivo color changes of esthetic orthodontic ligatures
Authors: Silva Andréia Viana Martins da , Mattos Giselle Vasconcelos de , Kato Carlos Mario , Normando David
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE: To assess the color changes that occur in four commercial brands of esthetic orthodontic elastomeric ligatures after exposure to the oral environment. METHODS: The four elastomeric ligatures manufacturers mostly mentioned by orthodontists were investigated: Morelli, Uniden, American Orthodontics (AO) and TP. The sample comprised 25 patients. The elastomeric ligatures were randomly distributed and arranged in the four dental quadrants of each patient, r for 30 days. After this period, two units of each brand were photographed in a standardized manner. Subsequently, color changes were visually evaluated and assigned a score (0, 1, 2 or 3) by a panel of four examiners. The mean scores assigned by the examiners were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: The mean pigmentation scores assigned to Morelli (1.80 ± 0.78) and Uniden (1.92 ± 0.66) elastomeric ligatures after 30 days in the oral environment were not statistically different. However, these brands were significantly more pigmented after 30 days in the oral environment (p < 0.01) compared to American Orthodontics (0.97 ± 0.6) and TP (0.83 ± 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: Although all four brands exhibited an undesirable pigmentation after 30 days in the oral environment, color change for American Orthodontics and TP Orthodontics ligatures was significantly lower than Morelli and Uniden products.
Influence of different width/height ratio of maxillary anterior teeth in the attractiveness of gingival smiles
Authors: Borges Ana Carolina Guimarães , Seixas Mayra Reis , Machado Andre Wilson
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate, among laypersons and orthodontists, the influence of the width/height proportions of upper anterior teeth on the smile attractiveness, in photographs of close up smile from three adult Caucasian women, with 4 mm of gingival exposure. METHODS: The photographs of close up smiles were digitally manipulated and six images were created from each smile with teeth's width/height proportions in 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85% and 90%. Then, all these images were manipulated again and a black mask covering all teeth from the lower arch was created. The figures were then assessed by 60 evaluators, 30 orthodontists and 30 laypersons, who assigned, in a visual analog scale, the level of attractiveness of each image. RESULTS: The obtained results, in general, showed that the proportions of 75%, 80% and 85% received the highest scores while the proportion of 65% received the lowest scores, for both groups of examiners (p < 0.05). When orthodontists and laypersons were compared, it was not found, in most situations, a significant statistical difference between their assessments (p > 0.05). Yet, the comparison between scores assigned to smiles with and without inferior teeth showed that, for all situations, there was no statistically significant difference between them (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: For patients with gingival smile, the width/height proportions of upper anterior teeth considered more esthetic were the ones of 75%,80% and 85% for laypersons and orthodontists, and the presence or absence of inferior teeth did not affect the attractiveness level of the assessed smiles.
Evaluation of immediate soft tissue changes after rapid maxillary expansion
Authors: Kim Ki Beom , Adams Daniel , Araújo Eustaquio A. , Behrents Rolf G.
Published: November 2012

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate immediate soft tissue changes following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in growing patients, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). METHODS: Twenty-three consecutive patients (10 male, 13 female) treated by RME were selected. Patients were scanned using CBCT prior to placement of the rapid maxillary expander (T0), then immediately following full activation of the appliance (T1). Defined landmarks were then located on the pre- and post-treatment orientated images. Change in landmark position from pre- to post-treatment was then measured. In addition to landmarks, 10 direct measures were made to determine distance change without regard to direction to measure soft tissue change of the lips. RESULTS: Significant transverse expansion was measured on most soft tissue landmark locations. All the measures made showed significant change in the lip position with a lengthening of the vertical dimension of the upper lip, and a generalized decrease of anterior-posterior thickness of both the upper and lower lips. CONCLUSIONS: Significant changes in the soft tissue do occur with RME treatment. There is a transverse widening of the midface, and a thinning of the lips.
Treatment of Class II malocclusion with bialveolar protrusion by means of unusual extractions and anchorage mini-implant
Authors: Chae Jong-Moon
Published: November 2012

INTRODUCTION: Patients with dental Class II bialveolar protrusion are generally treated by extracting the four first premolars or two first and two second premolars, and retracting the anterior teeth. This case report describes the treatment of an adult patient with bialveolar protrusion, a Class II canine and molar relationship, and lip protrusion. METHODS: In this patient, the maxillary right second molar (1.7) had to be extracted due to extensive caries. To create sufficient space to retract the anterior teeth, the maxillary right posterior teeth were distalized with a maxillary posterior mini-implant (1.2~1.3 mm in diameter, 10 mm long), which was placed into the maxillary tuberosity area and allowed an en masse retraction of the maxillary anterior teeth. RESULTS: Overall, mini-implant can provide anchorage to produce a good facial profile even without additional premolar extraction in cases of dental Class II bialveolar protrusion with the hopeless second molar. CONCLUSION: The total treatment period was 42 months and the results were acceptable for 34 months after debonding.
Class III malocclusion with severe anteroposterior discrepancy
Authors: Rizzatto Susana Maria Deon
Published: November 2012

This study aims at reporting the clinical case of a patient with Class III skeletal malocclusion with severe maxillary deficiency, producing a reduced midface associated with severe mandibular prognathism. The pre-surgical orthodontic preparation was composed mainly by dentoalveolar expansion and repositioning of the incisors in the lower arch. Then, a combined maxillary and mandibular orthognathic surgery was performed. The treatment objectives were achieved, with significant improvement in facial esthetics and occlusion, followed by post-treatment stability. This case was presented to the Brazilian Board of Orthodontics and Facial Orthopedics (BBO), as part of the requirements for obtaining the title of Diplomate by BBO.
Footing on double-faced wrap-around reinforced soil walls
Authors: Anubhav Anubhav , Basudhar Prabir K.
Published: November 2012

The response of double-faced wrap-around reinforced soil retaining walls subjected to strip loading on the surface has been studied by conducting small-scale model laboratory tests. Model reinforced soil walls were constructed using Kalpi sand as backfill material and geotextiles as reinforcing elements. In the present study, two different multifilament geotextiles were used. Strip loading was applied at the centrally placed footing on the surface of the wrap-around reinforced soil walls. The influence of the number of reinforcing layers and overlap length on load deformation behaviour, ultimate bearing pressure and initial tangent modulus of the footings on double-faced reinforced soil walls was studied. The lateral deformations of wrap-around wall facing with settlement of the footing are also presented.
Future skill needs in municipal engineering in Sri Lanka
Authors: Mohan Veluppillai
Published: November 2012

This paper addresses the challenges faced in municipal engineering management for sustainable development in Sri Lanka and identifies the need for improving the quality of life of low-income urban populations with the participation of relevant stakeholders. The paper also identifies the training needs for managing the identified challenges and assesses the municipal engineering management segment of local government. In Sri Lanka, there has been a long-felt need for the training of technical personnel with a view to building their capacity to manage future needs and cater for current demands at local authority level. The research and training division of the municipal engineering management section has recently carried out a fact-finding exercise to determine the nature of technical personnel associated with local authorities. This project has recognised the fact that existing staff skills in urban local authorities need to be strengthened in order for them to fulfil their role in municipal engineering management and to assume greater responsibilities in the profession of urban services. The training programme will enhance this particular segment of local government employee skills in municipal finance management, municipal engineering and environmental management.
Sustainability assessment of UK streetworks
Authors: Hayes Russell , Metje Nicole , Chapman D. N. , Rogers C. D. F.
Published: November 2012

Streetworks to repair buried pipes and cables use many different technologies and working methods. These are usually determined by the dual pressures of time, and economic costs. However, many other constraints should be imposed by the need to minimise both environmental costs and social costs, as these drivers, taken together, cover a range of other impacts. Given that the boundaries between the different categories of costs are often blurred, and different stakeholders hold different views on what to account for, the calculation is complex. This review paper focuses on the drivers for, and barriers to, the delivery of a balanced solution in the UK, and explores whether currently available methodologies are able effectively to assess different solutions to this complex problem. Following a review of the full range of potential impacts caused by streetworks in the UK, it concludes that a bespoke assessment framework needs to be developed for streetworks – application of general frameworks will not serve adequately.
Mobility surveys and sustainable policies in universities
Authors: Gonzalo-Orden Hernan , Rojo Marta , Velasco Lara , Linares Alaitz
Published: November 2012

The obligatory mobility patterns of the university community are analysed, in this case for the University of Burgos (Spain). The study is based on a survey that gathered data of a personal nature and data on daily journeys made by the university community. The mobility survey was conducted with over 2500 interviewees at the University of Burgos (students, teachers and other personnel). Outgoing and incoming journeys to each study centre and the modal split are analysed. The motives for using each transport mode that were given by the university population in reply to the questionnaire are also studied. Various discrete choice models are calibrated to determine how to improve demand for sustainable modes of public transport, in the search for a new scenario that would offer a better quality of life. On that basis, different action plans are proposed, comparing the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and occupation of the urban area, among other points. The results will be useful for urban public transport planners and for the implementation of strategies to incentivise more sustainable modes of transport.
Balancing prescription and guidance for local transport plans
Authors: May Anthony D.
Published: November 2012

The UK has a long tradition of local transport plans as a means of articulating and implementing transport strategy. That approach is now being emulated by the European Commission. This paper assesses the appropriateness of past and current practice in England outside London as a basis for application more widely in Europe, and advocates improvements in the ways in which guidance might be provided to local authority staff. It draws on the international literature to identify the requirements for effective local transport plans. In particular it outlines the evidence on the policy instruments which are likely to be most effective, identifies the barriers to implementing them and summarises the development of decision-support tools which could help to overcome these barriers. It then reviews, on the basis of the literature and personal experience, the development of transport policies and programmes and local transport plans in England. Combining these two analyses, it assesses the effectiveness of these procedures for local transport planning in England, and recommends improvements.
The Killing Fields of Inequality
Authors: Therborn Göran
Published: November 2012

The article presents a multidimensional analysis of inequality, in a global perspective, distinguishing vital, existential, and material resources inequality. These dimensions are interrelated and interacting, but irreducible to each other, and have had different historical trajectories, within and between nations. Over the last half-century, the contrast between advances of existential equalization, on one hand, and persistent, even increasing, vital inequality of life expectancy and health is striking. Inequalities are produced by specific mechanisms, of which distanciation, exclusion, hierarchization, and exploitation are the most important. They have each their corresponding mechanism of equality, of rapprochement or approximation, of inclusion, of organizational flattening or de-hierarchization, and of redistribution, rehabilitation, and recompensation. The mechanisms and their results are illustrated empirically in a systematic global overview.
Caregiving and Elderly Health in Mexico
Authors: Trujillo Antonio J. , Mroz Thomas A. , Piras Claudia , Angeles Gustavo , Tran Nhan
Published: November 2012

Using the National Mexican Health and Aging Study panel dataset, the authors estimate the effect of having informal care on the probability of dying and on the change in elderly health over a two-year period. Three measures of functional health were used: self-reported health, activities of daily living, and instrumental activities of daily living. We develop an empirical strategy that relies on the panel structure of the dataset to sort out the possible correlation between unobservable characteristics that affect both elderly health and an individual's decision to provide informal care. Our findings suggest that informal care provided by daughters reduces the probability of dying. In addition, informal care provided by daughters reduces the probability of having a decline in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, while it has no effect on the observed changes in self-reported health status. The protective effect of informal care provided by sons is not statistically significant for any health outcomes. A discussion of the policy options to increase elderly health and to improve the role of caregivers is included.
Changes in Awareness and Utilization of Social Participation Mechanisms of the Colombian Health Care System in the Last 10 Years
Authors: Delgado-Gallego María Eugenia , Vázquez María Luisa
Published: November 2012

This article seeks to analyze changes in awareness and utilization of social participation mechanisms of the Colombian health care system in the last 10 years by comparing two cross-sectional studies based on surveys among health care users in 2000 and 2010. The results show that while in 2000, the level of awareness and utilization of the mechanisms were low, in 2010 researchers identified a significant tendency toward further diminishing of awareness and utilization. In both surveys, the best-known and most-used participation mechanisms were the market mechanisms. Also in both surveys, individuals from the rural zone were aware of and used the mechanisms. In the first survey, men were more aware of the mechanisms and used them more frequently, but it was women in the second survey who presented higher rates of awareness and use; these differences, however, were not statistically significant. The results herein indicate that effective social participation in the General Social Security System in Health is far from being achieved. The policy has failed to materialize, as evidenced by the lack of balance in the participation of one of the main actors of the General Social Security System in Health: the users.
Understanding the Oversupply of Physicians in Greece: The Role of Human Resources Planning, Financing Policy, and Physician Power
Authors: Kaitelidou Daphne , Mladovsky Philipa , Leone Tiziana , Kouli Eugenia , Siskou Olga
Published: November 2012

Planning of the workforce has emerged as a critical issue in European health policy, as the need for human resources for health is changing in light of demographic, epidemiological, and socio-cultural trends and patterns of supply and demand in service provision. Greece represents a country with an oversupply of physicians, having the highest concentration of physicians among European Union countries. The study aims to analyze the factors influencing the high number of physicians in Greece and make policy recommendations. The analysis was conducted through international literature review and database searches. Neither the demography of the physician population in terms of age, gender composition, and geographic dispersion, nor the epidemiology of the Greek population, can explain the relatively high number of physicians in Greece. Despite the physician surplus, Greece faces serious geographical inequities regarding the distribution of physicians. There are also imbalances within the specialist category, with certain specialists (e.g., cardiologists) being in oversupply compared to other European countries, while others (e.g., general practitioners) remain weakly represented. Inadequate planning of human resources for health, inadequate health financing policy regarding primary care, gatekeeping mechanisms, and medical power constitute the primary themes explaining the trends of physicians' population in Greece.
The Social Cost of China's Economic Growth: Messages from China's 2012 Parliamentary Session
Authors: Zhang Wei
Published: November 2012

The fifth and final session of China's Eleventh National People's Congress (NPC), or parliament, was held in Beijing from March 5 to March 14, 2012. Several episodes stand out in this year's session. One is the abrupt dismissal immediately after the session of Bo Xilai, party chief of a major Chinese municipality and Politburo member. That has been arguably linked to the political and economic model he championed, which incorporated redistributive social policies and proactive government intervention. Also worthy of note is that nearly all NPC delegate seats are occupied by the country's elites, while working people are overwhelmingly under-represented, if not unrepresented. Last but not least, although neoliberalism has been widely discredited since the global economic crisis, the government work report delivered at this year's NPC session signals further embracement of private investment—not only domestic, but also foreign—in key industries and social services controlled by the state. These episodes merit reflection as they send important messages about the challenges facing the country's political economy now and in the future.
The Effects of Culture, Long-Term Orientation, and Gender on Consumers' Perceptions of Clothing Values
Authors: Hsu Hsiu-Ju , Burns Leslie Davis
Published: November 2012

We examined the effects of culture, high and low long-term orientation, and gender on consumers' perceptions of clothing values when making clothing purchase decisions. Participants were 487 university students from USA and 903 from Taiwan who completed a self-administered questionnaire.
It was found that consumers from the culture with high long-term orientation (Taiwan) scored significantly higher on economic and religious clothing values than did consumers from the culture with low long-term orientation (USA). Moreover, consumers' clothing values varied according to the
type of clothing, and female participants scored significantly higher on aesthetic and social clothing values when compared to male participants.
Girls' and Boys' Choices of Peer Behavioral Characteristics at Age Five
Authors: Braza Francisco , Sánchez-Martín José R. , Braza Paloma , Carreras Rosario , Muñoz José M. , Azurmendi Aitziber M. , Verdier Iñaki
Published: November 2012

We analyzed age differences in the behavioral profiles of the girls and boys chosen as play partners by same- and cross-sex peers at age 5 and the influence of these choices on subsequent behavior at 9 in a sample of 107 Spanish children. Girls chose girls who had an interest in resources
and affective leadership, whereas boys chose boys interested in sport and rejected those preferring role-taking play. Both girls and boys who were preferred by boys at 5 showed low levels of maladaptive behaviors. We suggest that children's selection of the type of play and behavior of their
same-sex peers could be considered a relevant mechanism for explaining the adaptive role of sex segregation during childhood.
Book Review
Authors: Pinsker Robert
Published: November 2012

SHARON BERTSCH MCGRAYNE, The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant from Two Centuries of Controversy (New Haven, CT and London, U.K.: Yale University Press, 2011, ISBN: 9780300169690, 336 pages, $27.50).
Detection of the Newcastle disease virus and its effect on development of post-vaccination immunity in a commercial flock of laying hens
Authors: Jeřábková Jana , Juranová Růžena , Rosenbergová Kateřina , Kulíková Libuše , Hera Alfred , Lány Petr , Kubíček Oldřich , Koláček Josef
Published: November 2012

The aim of this study was to monitor the concentration of antibodies against Newcastle disease after vaccination of laying hens at the beginning and in the end of the laying period. The study was carried out in one commercial flock of laying hens in Opatovice in the Czech Republic in the years 2008-2010. A total of 280 samples of blood sera were taken from laying hens coming from four poultry houses. The sera were tested by the haemagglutination inhibition test according to the OIE Manual. Virological testing was conducted as a consequence of atypical results of serological testing. Newcastle disease virus RNA was proved by the RT-nested PCR method in the pooled tissue samples of 5 hens, in the samples of intestines with ileocaecal tonsila, in trachea and also in one swab sample from the environment of one house. Based on sequencing analysis and subsequent phylogenetic analysis, the virus was identified as a low pathogenic strain of paramyxovirus (PMV-1). This low pathogenic strain did not have any impact on the health of laying hens.
The Kernel of the Reciprocity Map of Simple Normal Crossing Varieties over Finite Fields
Authors: Forré Patrick
Published: November 2012

For a smooth and proper variety

Y

over a finite field

k

the reciprocity map

\rho^Y: \operatorname{CH}_0(Y) \to \pi_1^{\mathrm{ab}}(Y)

is injective with dense image. For a proper simple normal crossing variety this is no longer true in general. In this paper we give a discription of the kernel and cokernel of the reciprocity map in terms of homology groups of a complex filled with descent data using an algebraic Seifert–van Kampen theorem. Furthermore, we give a new criterion for the injectivity of the reciprocity map for proper simple normal crossing varieties over finite fields.