bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Celebrating or Mourning Patriarchal Love: The Case of Curious Courtships in Marquez’s Love in the Time of Cholera
Authors: Zubair Baig Mirza Muhammad
Published: February 2020

The present study on the novel Love in the Time of Cholera is a critique of idealized
patriarchal concept of love divided into higher and debased love by Freud. Love in the
novel is predominantly physical and sexual in nature that involves the politics of body and eroticism by creating what Freidan calls feminine mystique. Love, omnipotent in the novel, is choleric in nature showing multi-facets of structured sexuality ranging from extramarital violations to child abuse. The novel projects intensive display of genderism and patriarchal sexual fetishes that gratify whatever masculinity can possibly imagine. There is noticeable narrative indifference towards the women presented as weaklings fallible to commercialized sex, pretty fit in their gender role exhibiting internalized sexual oppression and violence. Florentino has been promoted as an indefatigable stud and celebrated macho with magically exaggerated virility and inexhaustible libido. He has deconstructed the concept of virginity where one may have many partners but still is a virgin as one could not conquer the desired womb. The multifarious sexual violations of women, celebrated as debased love in the text, is to be mourned in the world where textualization of amour is all about sexualisation and sensationalization of female bodies resulting into exclusion of authentic female images except the character of Leona Cassiani who resists patriarchal assumptions.
Poetry Customs and Traditions of Shahriyar: Shahriyar and “Sahandim”
Authors: Fuad Shukurova Esmira
Published: February 2020

The poem which made Shahriyar popular among all Turkic people in the art world was “Hello to Heydar Baba”. It was translated to 76 languages. This masterpiece of poetry written by the “Heydar Baba Poet” as he was called by various masters of word, has given him an unprecedented glory not only in Southern Azerbaijan and Iran, but also in the Middle East and in a number of countries around the world. The majority of literary critics consider the poem "Hello to Heydar Baba" as a poet's masterpiece. However, the poem "My Sahand", written in his mother tongue, is a special era in the poet's creativity, with a sense of mastery, poetic structure and meaning, as well as an improved work in terms of social content. All natural events taken place in the poet’s poetic description are related to the human kind and the living creatures are compared namely with the man. At the same time, the poet transfers the qualities of the human kind’s spirit, such as sorrowing, laughing, crying, fighting and to be a prisoner, in short, all qualities that are inherent in human beings on the nature of the native lands with an artistic perfection, as a result of which he creates strong smiles, metaphorical periphrasis, as if carrying a pick on his hand is drawing colorful landscapes with charming beauty, inimitable tableau.
Revisited Strategies of Politeness Translation in 'The Simpsons' Sitcom
Authors: Akbari Alireza , Shahnazari Mohammadtaghi
Published: February 2020

Generally, the role of politeness in society can never be legitimately repudiated. In this
direction, politeness and its role in translation studies would be considered as a universal phenomenon across languages and cultures. However, every language has its special system of expressing and translating politeness expression in order to satiate the needs of the target audience completely. Therefore, translator as 'Sprachmittler' may confront with particular and culture-bound politeness facets which can a paramount source of difficulty for them. Hence, deciphering the points of similarities and differences across languages and cultures is of significance importance for the translator who is responsible for amalgamating and reconciling source language regulations to the target language ones. The present study strives for tracing one stable and durable politeness framework for the translator of which their aims are to transfer the main essence of the source language into the target one. This framework was proposed by Akbari (2014) consisting two particular strategies namely solidarity and deference strategies along with eight procedures showing the right path to translator in order to produce an indelible rendering. Also this study utilizes Pearson chisquare (χ2) to see the correlation between solidarity and deference strategies found in the source and target languages.
Spatial Requirements for Elderly and Disabled People in the Frame of Universal Design
Authors: ARAT Yavuz
Published: February 2020

The living areas and fulfilling all the requirements of these areas’ users are very important for designers. Space design for the old and disabled users in the scope of privileged individuals is important from this point. The situation of the privileged individual mass fulfilling their basic needs like shelter, education, working and entertainment in a physically and psychologically unlimited way unlike to the other individuals is exposed as the most important design problem. Designers must pay attention to the user desires and requirements while they design spaces. However, the desires and requirements of the changing/changed body structures of old and disabled people happen to be different from the people without any handicaps in their bodies. In this scope the stereotyped “average dimensions” used in designs are not valid in the spaces with specialized users. In other words, the arrangements without changing their
living environments or using the privileged human typologies as design inputs in rebuilt
spaces make it possible for old and disabled people to live without detaching from life. The basic target wanted here is with the aim of continuing a life without detaching from their families. The universal design handled in this scope developed a suggestion aiming to expose the ability to continue an equal life with all living creations. In the study the outer and inner space qualities of Konya Selcuk University Elderly and Disabled Education, Care Application and Research Center (EDCRC) project will be exemplified from the point of spatial requirements of privileged individuals.
“…Aspects of My Life that I am trying to Understand better”: Reinterpreting the Misinterpreted Mother in Doris Lessing’s under My Skin and the Grass is Singing
Authors: Ashraf Rabia
Published: February 2020

With the application of psychoanalytic and feminist tradition, the psychotherapeutic aspect of interpreting the mother, concept of motherhood and the phenomenon of mothering using feminist tradition is analyzed in this paper. Doris Lessing, through her self-representational writing, fictive protagonists (based on herself and her mother) and by declaring in the later part of her life that her mother was a personality that demanded more thinking, understanding and empathy on her part instead of repulsion, hatred and fear to be like her which is called matrophobia, it can be stated that this psychotherapy of matrophobia (Ashraf 77) is Lessing’s predominant concern in both her novels and autobiographies. However, there are means through which the works emerges out to be psychotherapeutic and tracing out those modes and exploration of the therapy of matrophobia is the primary concern of this research paper.
Cyber and in-person intimate partner violence victimization: Examining maladaptive psychosocial and behavioral correlates
Authors: Melander Lisa A. , Marganski Alison J.
Published: February 2020

This study examines psychological and behavioral correlates of cyber and in-person intimate partner victimization (IP-IPV; psychological, physical, and sexual violence) including strain (i.e., depression and anger), substance use, and antisocial behavior among young adults. Because intimate partner cyber aggression victimization (C-IPV) has received less research attention than IP-IPV, it is important to learn whether such victimization experiences are similar to in-person victimization experiences in terms of their associations with maladaptive functioning or whether they comprise a unique form of IPV. The study also explores strain as a potential mediator of the link between IPV victimization and maladaptive behavior. A sample of undergraduate students aged 18-25 who were in intimate relationships during the past year participated in a voluntary and anonymous online survey (n = 540). Results signaled that C-IPV and IP-IPV shared similar correlates (e.g. depression, substance use, and antisocial behavior) and C-IPV was linked with more forms of maladaptive behavior than certain types of in-person IPV victimization (e.g., sexual and physical) experiences. Results indicated partial support for the predicted mediation. Males were also at higher risk for engaging in substance use and antisocial behavior across all models. The study suggests that harmful electronic exchanges may have adverse consequences for young adults. As such, services providers and educators addressing the issue of IPV should tailor prevention and intervention strategies in a way that is inclusive of cyber aggression and considers it a public health concern.
Mobile virtual reality distraction reduces needle pain and stress in children?
Authors: Piskorz Joanna Ewa , Czub Marcin , Šulžickaja Beata , Kiliś-Pstrusińska Katarzyna
Published: February 2020

Virtual reality (VR) technology is a remarkably effective method for distracting attention from painful stimuli. This is particularly important for children who undergo painful and stressful medical treatments. The main aim of the present study was to examine whether the type of VR distraction had an effect on reducing pain and stress in children during a short blood sampling treatment, and to investigate the effectiveness of mobile VR.Fifty-seven patients of a pediatric nephrology clinic (Mage = 12, range: 7–17) participated in a between-group experimental design study. Participants in the treatment group (active vs passive VR) underwent a venipuncture procedure with VR distraction. Mobile VR (Samsung gear) was used in this study. Participants in the active VR experimental condition played a game based on the multiple object tracking task paradigm. In the passive VR experimental condition, participants watched a film similar to the presented game. All participants rated their pain and stress levels on the Visual Analogue Scale and completed a short questionnaire.Both VR groups reported significantly lower pain and stress intensity than the control group. When comparing the two experimental groups, no statistically significant differences were found, although participants differed in their level of perceived pain and stress, with greater benefits in the active VR. The present study focused on comparing the effect sizes of active and passive VR interventions. Additionally, the study confirmed feasibility of using Multiple Object Tracking paradigm as a method of attention distraction in VR.
“Tailored pornography”
Authors: Harder Sidsel , Bentzen Julie Johanne Vittet , Demant Jakob Johan , Maxwell Claire
Published: February 2020

Drawing on 17 qualitative interviews with women aged 18–22, this paper explores how sexting practices are related to views on and uses of pornography. While pornography was found to be an important reference point for participants in their sexting, sexted images were actively tailored to differentiate themselves from porn in three ways. First, private images were to be less explicit and more realistic in terms of content. Second, unlike pornography, which was seen as one-sided, sex- ting relied on reciprocity and intimacy. Third, participants were careful to explicitly state what they were consenting to when sexting and, although a few were turned on by coercive fantasies found in porn, they clearly demarcated such experiences from those they wanted in their sexting relationships. This paper examines women’s active engagement with pornography to extend our understanding of the relationship between sexting and mundane media use, specifically in this case pornography.
Intimitet og visuel kommunikation i sociale medier
Authors: Thorhauge Anne Mette
Published: February 2020

Hverdagens intime og seksuelle relationer er flyttet ind i sociale medier og på digitale platforme. Vi hører mest om det, når det går galt og skandalerne ruller, men hvis vi skal forstå disse enkeltstående og ekstreme sager, må vi også forstå konteksten: Digitale medier og visuel kommunikation som en naturlig del af hverdagens intime og seksuelle relationer, en måde at være kærester, gøre tilnærmelser og lege med sin seksualitet på. Derfor kredser dette temanummer om intimitet og visuel kommunikation i sociale medier. Artiklerne er alle på engelsk og adresserer et internationalt forskningsmiljø, men nummeret tager samtidig direkte afsæt i en specifik dansk debat og nogle specifikke danske sager. Derfor har vi inviteret Liva Manghezi og Louise Kjølsen ind i en samtale intimitet og visuel kommunikation i sociale medier der måske kan danne bro mellem den danske debat og den internationale forskning på området.
New horizons: Beyond territorialism
Authors: Faludi Andreas
Published: February 2020

Taking inspiration from maritime spatial planning, more in particular the Law of the Sea dividing ocean space into zones of graduated control, including areas beyond national jurisdiction (where by definition territorialism does not apply) the paper revisits territories as the building blocks of a political order. From there it proceeds to discussing the power, not to say the delusion of territorial sovereignty, only to revisit neo-medievalism as an alternative ordering principle for the governance of space. Accordingly, though sovereign in theory, stand-along territories are in reality conceptualised as being enmeshed in a web of functional relations, many of which with their own governance arrangements and with many overlaps between them. Which makes imposing an overall order a doubtful enterprise.
Rapid sex-specific adaptation to high temperature in Drosophila
Authors: Hsu Sheng-Kai , Jakšić Ana Marija , Nolte Viola , Lirakis Manolis , Kofler Robert , Barghi Neda , Versace Elisabetta , Schlötterer Christian
Published: February 2020

The pervasive occurrence of sexual dimorphism demonstrates different adaptive strategies of males and females. While different reproductive strategies of the two sexes are well-characterized, very little is known about differential functional requirements of males and females in their natural habitats. Here, we study the impact environmental change on the selection response in both sexes. Exposing replicated Drosophila populations to a novel temperature regime, we demonstrate sex-specific changes in gene expression, metabolic and behavioral phenotypes in less than 100 generations. This indicates not only different functional requirements of both sexes in the new environment but also rapid sex-specific adaptation. Supported by computer simulations we propose that altered sex-biased gene regulation from standing genetic variation, rather than new mutations, is the driver of rapid sex-specific adaptation. Our discovery of environmentally driven divergent functional requirements of males and females has important implications-possibly even for gender aware medical treatments.
Enkelt og greit?
Authors: Grepperud Gunnar , Riddervold Kari
Published: February 2020

I denne rapporten sees det nærmere på hvordan undervisningskompetanse (pedagogisk kompetanse/utdanningsfaglig kompetanse) forstås, vurderes og verdsettes i forbindelse med tilsetting i førsteamanuensis- og professorstillinger ved UiT for perioden høst 2016 til vår 2018. Dette gjøres med utgangspunkt i to tilfeldig utvalgte fakultet, her benevnt som fakultet A og fakultet B. Erfaringene fra UiTs fakultet er sammenlignet med tilsvarende erfaringer fra NTNU.

Hovedkonklusjonen er at vurderingen av søkernes undervisningskompetanse følger i tradisjonelle spor og at det på dette feltet synes å ha skjedd få endringer de siste 20 årene. Vurderingene fremstår mer som korte omtaler enn reelle og begrunnede vurderinger og de vies liten plass. De sakkyndige fokuserer så å si utelukkende på omfanget av søkernes undervisning og veiledning. Også søkerne legger hovedvekten på dette.   

Søkernes undervisningskompetanse tillegges liten vekt ved rangering og endelig tilsetting. Den marginale betydningen er i overenstemmelse med UiTs vage formulering om at det «skal tas hensyn til pedagogiske kvalifikasjoner» (sidestilt med mange andre ikke-vitenskapelige kvalifikasjoner). Derimot er det stor avstand mellom Kunnskapsdepartementets og universitetsledelsens ambisjoner om satsing på undervisning og det som fremkommer gjennom tilsettingsprosessen.

Erfaringene ved UiT er sammenlignet med tilsvarende erfaringer fra to fakultet (fakultet C og fakultet D) ved NTNU. Dette universitetet fremstår i sine dokumenter som noe tydeligere enn UiT når det gjelder rutiner og prosesser for vurdering av undervisningskompetansen. I motsetning til UiT har NTNU et mer bevisst forhold til hva som skal vurderes ved prøveforelesninger og intervju enn UiT.

Avslutningsvis lanseres en del forslag til hvordan vurdering av undervisningskompetanse, i lys av den nye reviderte forskriften om krav og prosedyrer for ansettelse og opprykk i vitenskapelige stillinger, kan og bør forbedres.
Antitrust Private Enforcement and the Binding Effect of Public Enforcement Decisions
Authors: Ferro Miguel Sousa
Published: February 2020

This paper provides an overview of the legal status quo in the European Union relating to the binding effect, in follow-on competition law cases, of public enforcement decisions, as well as of some of the legal issues which are likely to be the subject of controversy in years to come, in this regard. It tackles decisions declaring antitrust infringements adopted by the European Commission and by national competition authorities, as well as commitment decisions and decisions declaring infringements of merger control and State aid rules. It discusses the material, subjective and temporal scope of the binding effect. It also tackles other issues, such as the obligations of national courts relating to non-infringement decisions and ongoing investigations, and the issue of negative declarations. Finally, it looks into the arguments which may be put forward by litigants before national courts to avoid or circumvent the binding effect of public enforcement decisions. It is argued that the case-law already provides answers to many of the issues which are likely to be raised, which one may arrive at through a systematic and coherent interpretation of the general principles of EU Law, as clarified by the Court.
Legal Obstacles to Private Enforcement of Competition Law
Authors: Gal Michal S. , Dahan Rivi
Published: February 2020

Private enforcement of competition law serves many important goals, including deterrence of future anti-competitive harms and correction of past harms. This article sheds light on several potential legal obstacles to such enforcement which could prevent it from achieving its goals. The examples mainly build upon the experience of different jurisdictions with private litigation. It also suggests some possible solutions for dealing with or limiting such obstacles. As Europe is in the early stages of applying its Damages Directive and creating a private competition law enforcement regime, recognising – and possibly avoiding – obstacles to efficient private enforcement is both timely and important.
The complete mitogenome ofArion vulgarisMoquin-Tandon, 1855 (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): mitochondrial genome architecture, evolution and phylogenetic considerations within Stylommatophora
Authors: Doğan Özgül , Schrödl Michael , Chen Zeyuan
Published: February 2020

Stylommatophora is one of the most speciose orders of Gastropoda, including terrestrial snails and slugs, some of which are economically important as human food, agricultural pests, vectors of parasites or due to invasiveness. Despite their great diversity and relevance, the internal phylogeny of Stylommatophora has been debated. To date, only 34 stylommatophoran mitogenomes were sequenced. Here, the complete mitogenome of an invasive pest slug,Arion vulgarisMoquin-Tandon, 1855 (Stylommatophora: Arionidae), was sequenced using next generation sequencing, analysed and compared with other stylommatophorans. The mitogenome ofA. vulgarismeasures 14,547 bp and contains 13 protein-coding, two rRNA, 22 tRNA genes, and one control region, with an A + T content of 70.20%. All protein coding genes (PCGs) are initiated with ATN codons except forCOX1, ND5andATP8and all are ended with TAR or T-stop codons. All tRNAs were folded into a clover-leaf secondary structure except fortrnCandtrnS1(AGN). Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the position ofA. vulgariswithin the superfamily Arionoidea, recovered a sister group relationship between Arionoidea and Orthalicoidea, and supported monophyly of all currently recognized superfamilies within Stylommatophora except for the superfamily Helicoidea. Initial diversification time of the Stylommatophora was estimated as 138.55 million years ago corresponding to Early Cretaceous. The divergence time ofA. vulgarisandArion rufus(Linnaeus, 1758) was estimated as 15.24 million years ago corresponding to one of Earth’s most recent, global warming events, the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum. Furthermore, selection analyses were performed to investigate the role of different selective forces shaping stylommatophoran mitogenomes. Although purifying selection is the predominant selective force shaping stylommatophoran mitogenomes, six genes (ATP8,COX1,COX3,ND3,ND4andND6) detected by the branch-specific aBSREL approach and three genes (ATP8,CYTBandND4L) detected by codon-based BEB, FUBAR and MEME approaches were exposed to diversifying selection. The positively selected substitutions at the mitochondrial PCGs of stylommatophoran species seems to be adaptive to environmental conditions and affecting mitochondrial ATP production or protection from reactive oxygen species effects. Comparative analysis of stylommatophoran mitogenome rearrangements using MLGO revealed conservatism in Stylommatophora; exceptions refer to potential apomorphies for several clades including rearranged orders oftrnW-trnYand oftrnE-trnQ-rrnS-trnM-trnL2-ATP8-trnN-ATP6-trnRclusters for the genusArion. Generally, tRNA genes tend to be rearranged and tandem duplication random loss, transitions and inversions are the most basic mechanisms shaping stylommatophoran mitogenomes.
Growth and Yield Performance of Six Aman Rice Varieties of Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun Soyema , Mondal Md. Monjurul Alam , Khalil Md. Ibrahim , Roknuzzaman M. , Mollah Md. Mahi Imam
Published: February 2020

A field experiment was conducted with six rice varieties to determine their growth and yield performance. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. All the growth and yield contributing attributes varied significantly among the six rice varieties. The results revealed that in all rice varieties maximum growth performance observed at 58-68 Days after transplanting and maximum dry matter production was observed at 68 days after transplanting. Maximum number of filled spikelet observed in Binadhan-17 (164.89/ penical) and that was significantly different from other varieties. Percent of sterile spikelet was highest in BRRI dhan39 (12.9%) and that was statistically similar with Binadhan-16 (11.96%) and BRRI dhan33 (12.36%). Maximum 1000-seed weight was observed in Binadhan-17 (27.25 g). Highest grain yield was obtained from Binadhan-17 (6.13 t/h) that was significantly different from other varieties. Lowest grain yield observed in BRRI dhan39 (4.49 t/h) that was statistically similar to BRRI dhan33 (4.57 t/h) and Binadhan-7 (4.86 t/h).
One-pot Synthesis of Carbon-doped TiO2 with Bimetallic Ni-Ag co-catalysts in Photodegradation of Methylene Blue under UV and Visible Irradiation
Authors: Putri Kurnia , Annisa Annisa , Husain Sadang , Rodiansono Rodiansono
Published: February 2020

Carbon modified-titanium dioxide (@C-TiO2) was prepared by one-pot procedure from TiCl4 and glucose under hydrothermal conditions at 150 ºC for 24 hours. The obtained @C-TiO2 was employed as support for Ni-Ag(3.0)@C-TiO2 nanocomposite (3.0 is the Ni/Ag molar ratio). The synthesized catalysts were characterized by means of XRD and UV-Vis DRS Spectroscopy. The XRD patterns of @TiO2 show the brookite as the main phase, meanwhile the main phase in the @C-TiO2, Ni-Ag(3.0)@TiO2 and Ni-Ag(3.0)@C-TiO2 nanocomposites were anatase. The band gap of the TiO2 sample slightly shifted to the visible range after the addition of C dopant or Ni-Ag(3.0) co-catalyst as indicated by UV-Vis DRS spectra. Ni-Ag(3.0)@C-TiO2 catalyst showed high photocatalytic activity for photodegradation of MB under both UV and visible irradiations at 60 ºC within 2 hours with maximum MB conversion of 67.5% and 54.1%, respectively. The synergistic action of C dopant or Ni-Ag(3.0) co-catalyst is believed to be important in the improvement of photocatalytic activity of @TiO2. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Effects of Cobalt and Chromium Loadings to The Catalytic Activities of Supported Metal Catalysts in Methane Oxidation
Authors: Mardwita Mardwita , Sri Yusmartini Eka , Wisudawati Nidya
Published: February 2020

A series of alumina supported cobalt and chromium catalysts with different metal loadings were prepared by impregnation method. Six types of alumina supported cobalt and chromium catalysts contained 5 wt%, 10 wt%, and 15 wt% loadings were produced and tested in methane oxidation. The catalysts were characterized by using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and carbon monoxide chemisorption (CO chemisorption). The XRD results do not confirmed any features of cobalt and chromium metal. The metal sizes for both catalysts were larger in high loading as shown by CO chemisorption results. Methane conversion results showed that the conversion increases with increasing the metal loading, however supported chromium catalysts were higher in activities compared to supported cobalt catalysts. Thermal stability tests on 15 wt% Co/Al and 15 wt% Cr/Al catalyst showed that supported chromium catalyst is more stable and maintain the particle size due to its strong interaction with support, while supported cobalt catalyst decrease in methane conversion due to deactivation of the catalyst. Copyright © 2020 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Viperin, through its radical‐SAM activity, depletes cellular nucleotide pools and interferes with mitochondrial metabolism to inhibit viral replication
Authors: Ebrahimi Kourosh H. , Howie Duncan , Rowbotham Jack S. , McCullagh James , Armstrong Fraser A. , James William S.
Published: February 2020

Viperin (RSAD2) is an antiviral radical S‐adenosylmethionine (SAM) enzyme highly expressed in different cell types upon viral infection. Recently, it has been reported that the radical‐SAM activity of viperin transforms cytidine triphosphate (CTP) to its analogue 3′‐deoxy‐3′,4′‐didehydro‐CTP (ddhCTP). Based on biochemical studies and cell biological experiments, it was concluded that ddhCTP and its nucleoside form ddhC do not affect the cellular concentration of nucleotide triphosphates and that ddhCTP acts as replication chain terminator. However, our re‐evaluation of the reported data and new results indicate that ddhCTP is not an effective viral chain terminator but depletes cellular nucleotide pools and interferes with mitochondrial activity to inhibit viral replication. Our analysis is consistent with a unifying view of the antiviral and radical‐SAM activities of viperin.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation tracks subminute changes in cortical excitability during propofol anesthesia
Authors: Gersner Roman , Paredes Carmen , Hameed Mustafa Q. , Dhamne Sameer C. , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro , Rotenberg Alexander
Published: February 2020

Automated anesthesia systems that continuously monitor cortical excitability (CE) changes to govern drug infusion rates, are desirable. Paired‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (ppTMS), with electromyography (EMG), provides noninvasive CE measures. We tested whether, and with what temporal resolution, ppTMS‐EMG detects dose‐dependent CE in rats anesthetized with continuous intravenous propofol. Motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) were recorded every 20 seconds as either propofol bolus or change in infusion rate was applied. ppTMS‐derived measures varied in direct proportion to propofol dose with subminute temporal resolution. We conclude that ppTMS‐EMG enables real‐time markers of target engagement by anesthetics that may be incorporated into an automated device.
Synthesis of Eight‐Membered Nitrogen Heterocycles via a Heterogeneous PtI2‐Catalyzed Cascade Cycloaddition Reaction of δ‐Aminoalkynes with Electron‐Deficient Alkynes
Authors: Li Xinhong , Wang Songmeng , Wang Hongkai , Wang Weilin , Liu Lingyan , Chang Weixing , Li Jing
Published: February 2020

A novel heterogeneous PtI2‐catalyzed cascade reaction of δ‐aminoalkynes was developed for the synthesis of various eight‐membered nitrogen heterocycles in excellent yields. The reaction proceeds via a hydration of δ‐aminoalkynes and subsequent intramolecular cyclization and intermolecular addition as well as ring‐expansion cascade reaction with another electron‐deficient alkynes. This method has the advantages of simple operation and mild reaction conditions. And the simple PtI2 with no any supports could be readily recycled through simple centrifugation without substantial loss of activity in 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE). The recyclability of PtI2 may be ascribed to its insolubility in DCE. The reaction constitutes a formal [6+2]‐cycloaddition.

magnified image
Phosphoramidates as Transient Precursors of Nitrogen‐Centered Radical Under Visible‐Light Irradiation: Application to the Synthesis of Phthalazine Derivatives
Authors: De Abreu Maxime , Selkti Mohamed , Belmont Philippe , Brachet Etienne
Published: February 2020

Phosphoramidates are for the first time presented as efficient N‐Centered Radical (NCR) precursors under visible‐light irradiation. More precisely among this class of phosphorus‐derived compounds, we studied the radical reactivity of phosphonohydrazones, under mild reaction conditions, which allowed the synthesis of a wide and diversified library of the scarcely reported phthalazine scaffold. Mechanistic investigations confirmed the formation of a NCR from these brand‐new phosphonohydrazones (derivatived from phosphoramidates), which were further engaged in an intramolecular 6‐exo‐dig cyclization to provide phthalazines. Compared to other pre‐activated moieties, the phosphoramidate group is self‐immolative, thus enhancing its attractiveness for the C−N bond formation.

magnified image
DBSA‐Catalyzed Regioselective Dehydrative Friedel‐Crafts Arylation of CF3‐Containing 3‐Indolyl(2‐thiophenyl)methanols with 2‐Substituted Indoles in Water
Authors: An Di , Miao Xinzhu , Ling Xiangxiang , Chen Xianxiao , Rao Weidong
Published: February 2020

A green and efficient regioselective dehydrative Friedel‐Crafts arylation of trifluorinated 3‐indolyl(2‐thiophenyl) methanols with 2‐substituted indoles, catalyzed by DBSA (dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) in water is described. This simple and atom‐economical protocol features a unique regioselective 1,8‐addition, operational simplicity, mild conditions, excellent functional group compatibility, and environmental benignity.

magnified image
Nitrogen effect on zinc biofortification of maize and cowpea in Zimbabwean smallholder farms
Authors: Manzeke Muneta G. , Mtambanengwe Florence , Watts Michael J. , Broadley Martin R. , R. Murray Lark , Mapfumo Paul
Published: February 2020

Agronomic biofortification of crops with zinc (Zn) can be enhanced under increased nitrogen (N) supply. Here, the effects of N fertilizer on grain Zn concentration of maize (Zea mays L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) were determined at two contrasting sites in Zimbabwe over two seasons. All treatments received soil and foliar zinc‐sulphate fertilizer. Seven N treatments, with three N rates (0, 45, and 90 kg ha−1 for maize; 0, 15, and 30 kg ha−1 for cowpea), two N forms (mineral and organic), and combinations thereof were used for each crop in a randomized complete block design (n = 4). Maize grain Zn concentrations increased from 27.2 to 39.3 mg kg−1 across sites. At 45 kg N ha−1, mineral N fertilizer increased maize grain Zn concentration more than organic N from cattle manure or a combination of mineral and organic N fertilizers. At 90 kg N ha−1, the three N fertilizer application strategies had similar effects on maize grain Zn concentration. Co‐application of N and Zn fertilizer was more effective at increasing Zn concentration in maize grain than Zn fertilizer alone. Increases in cowpea grain Zn concentration were less consistent, although grain Zn concentration increased from 39.8 to 52.7 mg kg−1 under optimal co‐applications of N and Zn. Future cost/benefit analyses of agronomic biofortification need to include information on benefits of agro‐fortified grain, complex farmer management decisions (including cost and access to both N and Zn fertilizers), as well as understanding of the spatial and site‐specific variation in fertilizer responses.
“Anytime, anyplace, anywhere”—A sample selection model of mobile internet adoption in german agriculture
Authors: Michels Marius , Fecke Wilm , Feil Jan‐Henning , Musshoff Oliver , Lülfs‐Baden Frederike , Krone Saskia
Published: February 2020

Mobile internet is considered one of the most important developments in information and communication technology due to its considerable effect on both the economy and our daily lives. Furthermore, mobile internet is an essential tool for overcoming the rural–urban digital divide. With respect to agriculture, mobile internet can play a central role in information gathering as well as the implementation of precision and smart farming technologies. Yet, no study has identified the determinants of mobile internet adoption in agriculture. Using a bivariate probit model with a sample selection and a representative data set from 815 German farmers, this study showed that, among other characteristics, the age of the farmer, farm size and location, as well as familiarity with internet risks is associated with mobile internet adoption in agriculture. These results may be of interest to policy makers, who deal with internet infrastructure, and providers of farm equipment that rely on mobile internet connection. [EconLit citations: Q16].
Microfluidic synthesis of ultrasmall Co nanoparticles over reduced graphene oxide and their catalytic properties
Authors: Yang Mei , Luo Lamei , Chen Guangwen
Published: February 2020

We prepared a one‐stage microfluidic‐based method for continuous synthesis of cobalt (Co) nanoparticles over reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to produce Co/rGO composites. These were generated by the coreduction of Co2+ ions and GO with NaBH4 which was confined within discrete aqueous plugs segmented by octane as continuous phase. Owing to the excellent transfer properties from recirculation in these plugs, ultrasmall Co nanoparticles were distributed homogeneously on the GO sheets without using any surfactants. As compared to batch methods, the average size of Co nanoparticles and the relative standard deviation decreased from 4.0 ± 1.42 nm and 35.9% to 2.0 ± 0.45 nm and 22.6%, respectively. The as‐prepared Co/rGO composites exhibited superior activity towards the catalytic reduction of p‐nitrophenol to p‐aminophenol with NaBH4 compared with Co nanoparticles and rGO; this enhanced activity could be attributed to the synergistic effect between Co nanoparticles and rGO.
Hydrodynamic forces on monodisperse assemblies of axisymmetric elongated particles: Orientation and voidage effects
Authors: Sanjeevi Sathish K. P. , Padding Johan T.
Published: February 2020

We investigate the average drag, lift, and torque on static assemblies of capsule‐like particles of aspect ratio 4. The performed simulations are from Stokes flow to high Reynolds numbers (0.1 ≤ Re ≤ 1,000) at different solids volume fraction (0.1 ≤ ɛs ≤ 0.5). Individual particle forces as a function of the incident angle ϕ with respect to the average flow are scattered. However, the average particle force as a function of ϕ is found to be independent of mutual particle orientations for all but the highest volume fractions. On average, a sine‐squared scaling of drag and sine‐cosine scaling of lift holds for static multiparticle systems of elongated particles. For a packed bed, our findings can be utilized to compute the pressure drop with knowledge of the particle‐orientation distribution, and the average particle drag at ϕ = 0° and 90°. We propose closures for average forces to be used in Euler–Lagrange simulations of particles of aspect ratio 4.
Synthesis of Disulfide Surrogate Peptides Incorporating Large‐Span Surrogate Bridges Through a Native‐Chemical‐Ligation‐Assisted Diaminodiacid Strategy
Authors: Qu Qian , Gao Shuai , Wu Fangming , Zhang Meng‐Ge , Li Ying , Zhang Long‐Hua , Bierer Donald , Tian Chang‐Lin , Zheng Ji‐Shen , Liu Lei
Published: February 2020

The use of synthetic bridges as surrogates for disulfide bonds has emerged as a practical strategy to obviate the poor stability of some disulfide‐containing peptides. However, peptides incorporating large‐span synthetic bridges are still beyond the reach of existing methods. Herein, we report a native chemical ligation (NCL)‐assisted diaminodiacid (DADA) strategy that enables the robust generation of disulfide surrogate peptides incorporating surrogate bridges up to 50 amino acids in length. This strategy provides access to some highly desirable but otherwise impossible‐to‐obtain disulfide surrogates of bioactive peptide. The bioactivities and structures of the synthetic disulfide surrogates were verified by voltage clamp assays, NMR, and X‐ray crystallography; and stability studies established that the disulfide replacements effectively overcame the problems of disulfide reduction and scrambling that often plague these pharmacologically important peptides.
Synthesis of Poly(acyclic orthoester)s: Acid‐Sensitive Biomaterials for Enhancing Immune Responses of Protein Vaccine
Authors: Xing Yumeng , Xu Zunkai , Liu Tao , Shi Linqi , Kohane Daniel , Guo Shutao
Published: February 2020

While poly(acyclic orthoester)s (PAOEs) have many appealing features for drug delivery, their application is significantly hindered by a lack of facile synthetic methods. Reported here is a simple method for synthesizing acyclic diketene acetal monomers from diols and vinyl ether, and their polymerization with a diol to first synthesize PAOEs. The PAOEs rapidly hydrolyze at lysosomal pH. With the help of a cationic lipid, ovalbumin, a model vaccine antigen was efficiently loaded into PAOEs nanoparticles using a double emulsion method. These nanoparticles efficiently delivered ovalbumin into the cytosol of dendritic cells and demonstrated enhanced antigen presentation over poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. PAOEs are promising vehicles for intracellular delivery of biopharmaceuticals and could increase the utility of poly(orthoesters) in biomedical research.
Water‐Insensitive Synthesis of Poly‐β‐Peptides with Defined Architecture
Authors: Zhou Min , Xiao Ximian , Cong Zihao , Wu Yueming , Zhang Wenjing , Ma Pengcheng , Chen Sheng , Zhang Haodong , Zhang Danfeng , Zhang Donghui , Luan Xiangfeng , Mai Yiyong , Liu Runhui
Published: February 2020

Biocompatible and proteolysis‐resistant poly‐β‐peptides have broad applications and are dominantly synthesized via the harsh and water‐sensitive ring‐opening polymerization of β‐lactams in a glovebox or using a Schlenk line, catalyzed by the strong base LiN(SiMe3)2. We have developed a controllable and water‐insensitive ring‐opening polymerization of β‐amino acid N‐thiocarboxyanhydrides (β‐NTAs) that can be operated in open vessels to prepare poly‐β‐peptides in high yields, with diverse functional groups, variable chain length, narrow dispersity and defined architecture. These merits imply wide applications of β‐NTA polymerization and resulting poly‐β‐peptides, which is validated by the finding of a HDP‐mimicking poly‐β‐peptide with potent antimicrobial activities. The living β‐NTA polymerization enables the controllable synthesis of random, block copolymers and easy tuning of both terminal groups of polypeptides, which facilitated the unravelling of the antibacterial mechanism using the fluorophore‐labelled poly‐β‐peptide.
Water‐Soluble Non‐Classical Benzene Mimetics
Authors: Levterov Vadym V. , Panasyuk Yaroslav , Pivnytska Valentyna O. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: February 2020

A new generation of saturated benzene mimetics, 2‐oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes, was developed. These compounds were designed as analogues of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane with an improved water solubility. Crystallographic analysis of 2‐oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes revealed that they occupy a novel chemical space, but, at the same time, resemble the motif of meta‐disubstituted benzenes.
Low‐temperature fast curable behavior and properties of bio‐based carbon fiber composites based on resveratrol
Authors: Guo Zongwei , Zhang Mengjie , Zhang Yuansi , Liu Liu , Li Ming , Shang Lei , Ao Yuhui
Published: February 2020

Environmentally friendly materials are an integral part of sustainable chemistry, and bio‐based polymer composites are an important class of materials. The manufacture of composites is expected to reduce or even eliminate the use of adjuvants, considering the importance of reducing energy consumption and avoiding health and environmental risks. In this study, a phenyl‐containing, polyfunctional, bio‐based epoxy resin (TGER) was synthesized, and carbon fiber‐reinforced, bio‐based epoxy resin composites were fabricated by vacuum‐assisted resin infusion using two aromatic amine curing agents, 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and 3,3′‐diethyl‐4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DEDDM). Curing reactions and rheological behavior studies showed that TGER had higher curing reactivity toward DDM and DEDDM than to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and possessed good processability. The results indicated that the resveratrol‐based epoxy resin displayed low‐temperature fast curing properties. The evaluation of the mechanical properties of the carbon fiber composites showed that the flexural strengths of CF/TGER/DDM and CF/TGER/DEDDM were 520 and 628 MPa, respectively. The initial decomposition temperature of CF/TGER composites is above 200°C. Furthermore, the carbon fiber–reinforced biopolymers possess excellent heat resistance. Therefore, carbon fiber‐reinforced, resveratrol‐based epoxy resin composites are promising candidates as alternatives to petroleum‐based high‐performance carbon fiber composites.
Heat‐responsive shape memory Eucommia ulmoides gum composites reinforced by zinc dimethacrylate
Authors: Kang Hailan , Xu Mingze , Wang Haoyu , Li Long , Li Jiaxi , Fang Qinghong , Zhang Jichuan
Published: February 2020

With the renewability, functionality, and biocompatibility of Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG), shape memory polymers fabricated from EUG present the potential application in biomedical devices and sensors. In this study, heat‐responsive shape memory composites were developed and reinforced by zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA). ZDMA particles were in situ polymerized and uniformly dispersed in the EUG, showing strong interfacial interactions with EUG. The obviously improved tensile strength and storage modulus in the elastic state are attributed to the reinforcement of poly‐ZDMA particles. The switching temperature of EUG/ZDMA composites changed from 50 to 29°C through altering the dicumyl peroxide and ZDMA loading. The EUG/ZDMA composites exhibited high shape fixity of 95% and shape recovery of 90%, which favors theirs biomedical applications.
A Porous and Stable Porphyrin Metal‐Organic Framework as an Efficient Catalyst towards Visible‐Light‐Mediated Aerobic Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Liu Jiewei , Zhang Kun , Chen Zhiyao , Wei Zhang‐Wen , Zhang Li
Published: February 2020

Porphyrin metal‐organic frameworks (PMOFs) are emerging as heterogeneous photocatalysts owing to the well‐designed frameworks incorporated with powerful light‐harvesting porphyrin chromophores. The porous and stable framework Ir−PCN‐224 (which is also denoted as Ir−PMOF‐1), which has been prepared by the self‐assembly of Ir(TCPP)Cl (TCPP=tetrakis(4‐carboxyphenyl)porphyrin) and ZrCl4, is reported herein to be efficient for the aerobic cross‐dehydrogenative carbon−phosphorus coupling reaction, giving rise to a high turn‐over number (TON) of up to 17200 under visible light irradiation (λ≥420 nm). Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments disclose that the active species might be the superoxide radical anion (O2.−). Additionally, the intermediate imine cation has been detected by high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS).
A new approach for affinity‐based purification of horseradish peroxidase
Authors: Almaz Zuleyha , Oztekin Aykut , Abul Nurgul , Gerni Serpil , Erel Deniz , Kocak Seyma Mehtap , Sengül Mehmet Emin , Ozdemir Hasan
Published: February 2020

We have developed efficient procedure for isolation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) using aminobenzohydrazide‐based affinity chromatography. Sepharose 4B‐bounded aminobenzohydrazides are suitable for long‐term use and large‐scale purification. In this study, 26 aminobenzohydrazide derivatives were synthesized, characterized and defined as new HRP inhibitors. In addition, detailed inhibition effects of these molecules on HRP enzyme were investigated. Affinity matrix was formed by bonding aminobenzohydrazides, which exhibited inhibitory activity to sepharose‐4B‐l‐tyrosine. HRP was isolated from crude homogenate in single step and purification factors were recorded as 1,151‐fold (recovery of 8.5%) with 4‐amino 3‐bromo benzohydrazide and as 166.16‐fold (recovery of 16.67 %) with 3‐amino 4‐chloro benzohydrazide.
Formulation of a pH‐sensitive cancer cell‐targeted gene delivery system based on folate–chitosan conjugated nanoparticles
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Reza , Shahim Parinaz , Akbari Ali
Published: February 2020

In this study, we investigated the design and construct of a chitosan (CA)‐based targeted gene delivery system and evaluated its function. To this end, CA–folic acid/pDNA (CA–FA/pDNA) nanoparticles were prepared in different formulations using the ion gelation method. All the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using FTIR, TEM, SEM and DLS. Moreover, the effects of molecular weight (MW) of CA, DNA, and CA concentration were inspected on encapsulation efficiency (EE). The results showed that the EE of pDNA was directly proportional with MW of CA and CA concentration but was in an inverse proportion with DNA concentration. In addition, high MW of CA and low MW of CA nanoparticles showed lower and higher pDNA release in all pH ranges, respectively. It is concluded that the N/P ratio increase can cause controlled pDNA release.