bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In-situ synthesis and characterization of Al2O3 nanostructured whiskers in Ti–Al intermetallic matrix composites
Authors: Ai Taotao , Zhang Yingtang , Feng Xiaoming , Li Wenhu
Published: October 2010

In-situ Al2O3 rod-like whiskers were synthesized by pressure-less sintering at 1 493 K for 30 min. The whiskers were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The results indicate that the diameter distribution of the Al2O3 rod-like whiskers ranges from 20 to 90 nm and the lengths are up to 20 μm. The growth mechanism of the Al2O3 nanostructured whiskers is considered to be a vapor–liquid–solid process. Al liquid acts as both a catalyst and a key component of forming Al2O3 whiskers. Nb2O5 additive results in a lot of small diameter whiskers distributed more evenly in the substrate.
Influence of volume fraction of martensite on the work hardening behaviour of two dual-phase steels with high and low silicon contents
Authors: Nouri Ashkan , Saghafian Hasan , Kheirandish Shahram
Published: October 2010

Two low carbon steels with the same manganese content (approximately 1.6 wt.%) but different silicon contents (0.34 and 2.26 wt.%) with the initial microstructures consisting of ferrite and pearlite were intercritically annealed at five different temperatures followed by water quenching to obtain dual-phase microstructures. The modified Crussard–Jaoul analysis was employed to describe the work hardening behaviour of the dual-phase steels. Both steels exhibited two stages of work hardening in the range of plastic deformation. It is shown that for each stage the work hardening exponent is not constant and varies with volume fraction of martensite and silicon content. The dependence of the transition stress σk and strain ∊k of dual-phase steels on the annealing temperature is discussed for both steels. It is concluded that ∊k increases with increasing silicon content and decreases with annealing temperature, while the reverse is true for σk.
Microstructure, texture, grain boundary characteristics and mechanical properties of a cold rolled and annealed ferrite–bainite dual phase steel
Authors: Ghosh Chiradeep , Haldar Arunansu , Ghosh Pampa , Ray Ranjit Kumar
Published: October 2010

The microstructural, textural evolution and changes in grain boundary character distribution during annealing of a prior cold worked (30 %, 50 % and 80 %) ferrite–bainite dual phase steel have been studied and correlated with mechanical properties. It has been shown that submicron sized subgrains can be obtained by selecting the appropriate amount of cold rolling and annealing cycle. Increasing the annealing temperature in all the materials produces the expected results, namely decrease in strength with a simultaneous increase in ductility. Although reasonably sharp γ-fibres were obtained in 80 % cold rolled and its 500 °C annealed counterpart, the very low values (< 1.0) make the steel unsuitable for the purpose of deep drawing. It is envisaged that grain boundary engineering may lead to better strength–ductility combinations in this steel for an enhanced range of applications.
The role of talc in preparing steatite slurries suitable for spray-drying
Authors: Oliveira Fernando A. C. , Ferreira Andreia , Domingues Joaquim R. , Fernandes Jorge C. , Dias Diamantino
Published: October 2010

The present work was driven by the need to replace the source of talc (hereafter referred to as standard) used in the manufacturing of steatite ceramics at Rauschert Portuguesa Lda. For this purpose, several talc powders were characterised in terms of pH, mean particle size (d50), morphology and crystalline phases, as well as the rheological behaviour of the resulting slurries as functions of the type of clay, type of deflocculant and pH of the slurry. The main goal was to attain density at around 1.70 and viscosities ranging between 200 and 800 mPa · s suitable for spray-drying. Slurries resulting from the mixture of two types of talc and two types of clays were spray-dried and the powders obtained were characterised. The spray-dried powders were then pressed and sintered under typical processing conditions.

The results show that that the addition of a dispersant (deflocculant) considerably decreased the viscosity of the prepared slurries. Furthermore, the increase in pH did promote deflocculation. Steatite slurries were also found to be thixotropic. It was only possible to achieve the density level 1.70 by combining the deflocculant with dry steatite powder additions. D1, an aqueous solution of an anionic acrylic polymer sodium salt was found to be the most efficient deflocculant.
Preparation and photocatalytic properties of TiO2 film produced via spin coating
Authors: Yao Jun , Yin Yunjie , Wang Chaoxia
Published: October 2010

TiO2 thin film coated onto glass was prepared by a spin coating method without being calcined at high temperature. X-ray diffraction showed that the TiO2 film consisted of a single anatase phase. Good adhesion was obtained between the film and the substrate. UV-vis spectra showed that the TiO2 film was transparent in the visible range and opaque in the ultraviolet range. The transmittance decreased and the absorption edge shifted as the layers increased. The photocatalytic performance of the TiO2 film was evaluated by degradation of methylene blue. The results indicated that the degradation of TiO2 film spun for 3 times (each time for 30 s) at a rotation speed of 2 500 revolutions per minute reached 93.3 %. The TiO2 film could be reused for more than 5 times without great decrease in photocatalytic activity.
Thermodynamic assessment of the Mn–Ni–O system
Authors: Kjellqvist Lina , Selleby Malin
Published: October 2010

Experimental data on thermodynamic properties and phase relations of the ternary Mn–Ni–O system were reviewed, and by use of the CALPHAD method, a consistent set of model parameters was optimised. The solid oxide phases were modelled using the compound energy formalism. The model allows representation of non-stoichiometry and solid solution in the phases. The distribution of cations between different lattice sites in the two spinel phases is also modelled. The liquid phase is described using the ionic two-sublattice model. The same model is used both for the metallic and the oxide liquid. Good agreement between calculated and experimental values is achieved.
CDDO-Me: A Novel Synthetic Triterpenoid for the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Deeb Dorrah , Gao Xiaohua , Arbab Ali S. , Barton Kenneth , Dulchavsky Scott A. , Gautam Subhash C.
Published: October 2010

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most lethal human malignancy with dismal prognosis and few effective therapeutic options. Novel agents that are safe and effective are urgently needed. Oleanolic acid-derived synthetic triterpenoids are potent antitumorigenic agents, but their efficacy or the mechanism of action for pancreatic cancer has not been adequately investigated. In this study, we evaluated the antitumor activity and the mechanism of action of methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate (CDDO-Me), a oleanane-derived synthetic triterpenoid for human pancreatic cancer cell lines. CDDO-Me inhibited the growth of both K-ras mutated (MiaPaca2, Panc1 and Capan2) and wild-type K-ras (BxPC3) pancreatic cancer cells at very low concentrations. The growth inhibitory activity of CDDO-Me was attributed to the induction of apoptosis characterized by increased annexin-V-FITC binding and cleavage of PARP-1 and procaspases-3, -8 and-9. In addition, CDDO-Me induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome C. The antitumor activity of CDDO-Me was associated with the inhibition of prosurvival p-Akt, NF-κB and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling proteins and the downstream targets of Akt and mTOR, such as p-Foxo3a (Akt) and p-S6K1, p-eIF-4E and p-4E-BP1 (mTOR). Silencing of Akt or mTOR with gene specific-siRNA sensitized the pancreatic cancer cells to CDDO-Me, demonstrating Akt and mTOR as molecular targets of CDDO-Me for its growth inhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activity.
Node Coloring and Color Conflict Detection in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Mahfoudh Saoucene , Chalhoub Gerard , Minet Pascale , Misson Michel , Amdouni Ichrak
Published: October 2010

In wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency is mainly achieved by making nodes sleep. In this paper, we present the combination of SERENA, a new node activity scheduling algorithm based on node coloring, with TDMA/CA, a collision avoidance MAC protocol. We show that the combination of these two protocols enables substantial bandwidth and energy benefits for both general and data gathering applications. As a first contribution, we prove that the three-hop node coloring problem is NP-complete. As a second contribution, the overhead induced by SERENA during network coloring is reduced, making possible the use of these protocols even in dense networks with limited bandwidth. The third contribution of this paper is to show that applying any slot assignment algorithmwith spatial reuse based on node neighborhood without taking into account link quality can lead to poor performances because of collisions. The use of good quality links will prevent this phenomenon. The fourth contribution consists of optimizing end-to-end delays for data gathering applications, by means of cross-layering with the application. However, color conflicts resulting from topology changes, mobility and late node arrivals can give rise to collisions. As a fifth contribution, we show how the MAC layer can detect color conflicts, and cope with them at the cost of a slightly reduced throughput. Then, we discuss the tradeoffbetween requesting SERENA to solve the color conflicts and dealing with them at the MAC layer, our third contribution. The combination of SERENA and TDMA/CA is evaluated through simulations on realistic topologies.
Vibrio Fluvialis: An Unusual Enteric Pathogen of Increasing Public Health Concern
Authors: Igbinosa Etinosa O. , Okoh Anthony I.
Published: October 2010

In developing countries, the fraction of treated wastewater effluents being discharged into watersheds have increased over the period of time, which have led to the deteriorations of the qualities of major rivers in developing nations. Consequently, high densities of disease causing bacteria in the watersheds are regularly reported including incidences of emerging Vibrio fluvialis. Vibrio fluvialis infection remains among those infectious diseases posing a potentially serious threat to public health. This paper addresses the epidemiology of this pathogen; pathogenesis of its disease; and its clinical manifestations in humans.
Effect of Accelerator in Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Darroudi Majid , Ahmad Mansor Bin , Abdullah Abdul Halim , Ibrahim Nor Azowa , Shameli Kamyar
Published: October 2010

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) were successfully synthesized in the natural polymeric matrix. Silver nitrate, gelatin, glucose, and sodium hydroxide have been used as silver precursor, stabilizer, reducing agent, and accelerator reagent, respectively. This study investigated the role of NaOH as the accelerator. The resultant products have been confirmed to be Ag-NPs using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), UV-vis spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The colloidal sols of Ag-NPs obtained at different volumes of NaOH show strong and different surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks, which can be explained from the TEM images of Ag-NPs and their particle size distribution. Compared with other synthetic methods, this work is green, rapid, and simple to use. The newly prepared Ag-NPs may have many potential applications in chemical and biological industries.
Excavatoids O and P, New 12-Hydroxybriaranes from the Octocoral Briareum excavatum
Authors: Sung Ping-Jyun , Li Gung-Ying , Su Yin-Di , Lin Mei-Ru , Chang Yu-Chia , Kung Ting-Hsuan , Lin Chan-Shing , Chen Yung-Husan , Su Jui-Hsin , Lu Mei-Chin , Kuo Jimmy , Weng Ching-Feng , Hwang Tsong-Long
Published: October 2010

Two new 12-hydroxybriarane diterpenoids, designated as excavatoids O (1) and P (2), were isolated from the octocoral Briareum excavatum. The structures of briaranes 1 and 2 were established on the basis of extensive spectral data analysis. Excavatoid P (2) is the first metabolite which possesses a 6b-chlorine atom in briarane analogues.
Trabectedin for Metastatic Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Retrospective Single Center Analysis
Authors: Schmitt Thomas , Keller Eva , Dietrich Sascha , Wuchter Patrick , Ho Anthony D. , Egerer Gerlinde
Published: October 2010

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) comprises a large variety of rare malignant tumors. Development of distant metastasis is frequent, even in patients undergoing initial curative surgery. Trabectedin, a tetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the Caribbean marine tunicate Ecteinascidia turbinata, was approved in 2007 for patients with advanced STS after failure of anthracyclines and ifosfamide, or for patients unsuited to receive these agents. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 25 patients who had been treated with trabectedin at our institution between 2007 and 2010. The majority (72%) had been heavily pre-treated with ³2 previous lines of chemotherapy. Response assessed by conventional RECIST criteria was low, with only one patient achieving a partial remission (PR) and 10 stable disease (SD) after three cycles of treatment. However, median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were significantly prolonged in this population compared to non-responders, with 7.7 months versus 2.1 months (p < 0.0001; HR 15.37, 95% CI 4.3 to 54.5) and 12.13 months versus 5.54 months (p = 0.0137; HR 3.7, 95% CI 1.3 to 10.5), respectively. PFS for all patients was 58% at three months and 37% at six months. Side effects, including neutropenia, elevation of liver transaminases/liver function tests, and nausea/vomiting, were usually mild and manageable. However, dose reductions due to side effects were necessary in five patients. We conclude that trabectedin is an effective and generally well tolerated treatment for STS even in a heavily pre-treated patient population.
Addressing the Dual Challenges of Meeting Demand for Minerals and Sustainable Development
Authors: Grayson R. Larry
Published: October 2010

In recent decades, excellent progress has been made globally in finding mineral resources, extracting them efficiently and effectively, dramatically reducing environmental degradation, and preventing adverse health and safety impacts on workers and stakeholders. The industry has realized tremendous advances in technology and applied science; has met changing and more stringent environmental performance criteria; has made remarkable reductions in fatality, illness, and lost-time accident rates; and has connected better than ever before with the communities in which mining, milling, and smelting are housed. A new era focused on continuous improvement in tackling key sustainable development parameters has come and is intensifying [1]. In order to maintain the social licenses needed to enlist broad public support for mining businesses, continued progress must be visible to national, provincial, and local governments as well as the people who live in the areas blessed with the mineral resources that the global economy and growing population will demand. [...]
Cherry Antioxidants: From Farm to Table
Authors: Ferretti Gianna , Bacchetti Tiziana , Belleggia Alberto , Neri Davide
Published: October 2010

The dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower incidence of degenerative diseases such as cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancers. Most recent interest has focused on the bioactive phenolic compounds found in vegetable products. Sweet and sour cherries contain several antioxidants and polyphenols that possess many biological activities, such as antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammation properties. The review describes the effect of environment and other factors (such as production, handling and storage) on the nutritional properties of cherries, with particular attention to polyphenol compounds. Moreover the health benefits of cherries and their polyphenols against human diseases such as heart disease, cancers, diabetes are reviewed.
Analysis of the Chemical Composition of the Essential Oil of Polygonum minus Huds. Using Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC-TOF MS)
Authors: Baharum Syarul Nataqain , Bunawan Hamidun , Ghani Ma’aruf Abd. , Mustapha Wan Aida Wan , Noor Normah Mohd
Published: October 2010

The essential oil in leaves of Polygonum minus Huds., a local aromatic plant, were identified by a pipeline of gas chromatography (GC) techniques coupled with mass-spectrometry (MS), flame ionization detector (FID) and two dimensional gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC–TOF MS). A total of 48 compounds with a good match and high probability values were identified using this technique. Meanwhile, 42 compounds were successfully identified in this study using GC-MS, a significantly larger number than in previous studies. GC-FID was used in determining the retention indices of chemical components in P. minus essential oil. The result also showed the efficiency and reliability were greatly improved when chemometric methods and retention indices were used in identification and quantification of chemical components in plant essential oil.
Potential of the Dietary Antioxidants Resveratrol and Curcumin in Prevention and Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies
Authors: Kelkel Mareike , Jacob Claus , Dicato Mario , Diederich Marc
Published: October 2010

Despite considerable improvements in the tolerance and efficacy of novel chemotherapeutic agents, the mortality of hematological malignancies is still high due to therapy relapse, which is associated with bad prognosis. Dietary polyphenolic compounds are of growing interest as an alternative approach, especially in cancer treatment, as they have been proven to be safe and display strong antioxidant properties. Here, we provide evidence that both resveratrol and curcumin possess huge potential for application as both chemopreventive agents and anticancer drugs and might represent promising candidates for future treatment of leukemia. Both polyphenols are currently being tested in clinical trials. We describe the underlying mechanisms, but also focus on possible limitations and how they might be overcome in future clinical use – either by chemically synthesized derivatives or special formulations that improve bioavailability and pharmacokinetics.
The Fungicidal Terpenoids and Essential Oil from Litsea cubeba in Tibet
Authors: Yang Yu , Jiang Jiazheng , Qimei Luobu , Yan Xiaojing , Zhao Junxia , Yuan Huizhu , Qin Zhaohai , Wang Mingan
Published: October 2010

A new C9 monoterpenoid acid (litseacubebic acid, 1) and a known monoterpene lactone (6R)-3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxy-2-octen-6-olide (2), along with three known compounds – vanillic acid (3), trans-3,4,5-trimethoxylcinnamyl alcohol (4), and oxonantenine (5) – were isolated with bioassay-guided purification from the fruit extract of Litsea cubeba collected in Tibet. The structure of 1 was elucidated by MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOE spectral data as 2,6-dimethyl-6-hydroxy-2E,4E-hepta-2,4-diene acid. Additionally 33 compounds were identified from the essential oil of L. cubeba. The preliminary bioassay results showed that 1 and 2 have good fungicidal activities against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Thanatephorus cucumeris, Pseudocer-cospora musae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides at the concentration of 588 and 272 μM, and the essential oil has good fungicidal activities against T. cucumeris and S. sclerotiorum, with IC50 values of 115.58 and 151.25 μg/mL, repectively.
The Biochemical Basis of Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Wong George Kwok Chu , Poon Wai Sang
Published: October 2010

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has the highest morbidity and mortality rates of all types of stroke. Many aneurysmal SAH patients continue to suffer from significant neurological morbidity and mortality directly related to delayed cerebral ischemia. Pilot clinical studies of the use of Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors (statins) in aneurysmal SAH patients have reported a reduction in delayed cerebral ischemia and better clinical outcomes. We review the biochemical effects of statins on endothelium vascular function, glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity, inflammatory changes, and oxidative injuries, with reference to their possible neuroprotective effects in aneurysmal SAH.
Endocannabinoids and Human Sperm Cells
Authors: Ambrosini Annarina , Fiorini Rosamaria , Zolese Giovanna
Published: October 2010

N-acylethanolamides (NAEs) are naturally occurring signaling lipids consisting of amides and esters of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Usually they are present in a very small amounts in many mammalian tissues and cells, including human reproductive tracts and fluids. Recently, the presence of N-arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA), the most characterised member of endocannabinoids, and its congeners palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and oleylethanolamide (OEA) in seminal plasma, oviductal fluid, and follicular fluids was demonstrated. AEA has been shown to bind not only type-1 (CB1) and type-2 (CB2) cannabinoid receptors, but also type-1 vanilloid receptor (TRPV1), while PEA and OEA are inactive with respect to classical cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 but activate TRPV1 or peroxisome proliferator activate receptors (PPARs). This review concerns the most recent experimental data on PEA and OEA, endocannabinoid-like molecules which appear to exert their action exclusively on sperm cells with altered features, such as membrane characteristics and kinematic parameters. Their beneficial effects on these cells could suggest a possible pharmacological use of PEA and OEA on patients affected by some forms of idiopathic infertility.
Malaria Prophylaxis: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Castelli Francesco , Odolini Silvia , Autino Beatrice , Foca Emanuele , Russo Rosario
Published: October 2010

The flow of international travellers to and from malaria-endemic areas, especially Africa, has increased in recent years. Apart from the very high morbidity and mortality burden imposed on malaria-endemic areas, imported malaria is the main cause of fever possibly causing severe disease and death in travellers coming from tropical and subtropical areas, particularly Sub-Saharan Africa. The importance of behavioural preventive measures (bed nets, repellents, etc.), adequate chemoprophylaxis and, in selected circumstances, stand-by emergency treatment may not be overemphasized. However, no prophylactic regimen may offer complete protection. Expert advice is needed to tailor prophylactic advice according to traveller (age, baseline clinical conditions, etc.) and travel (destination, season, etc.) characteristics in order to reduce malaria risk.
A Method for Direct Measurement of the First-Order Mass Moments of Human Body Segments
Authors: Fujii Yusaku , Shimada Kazuhito , Maru Koichi , Ozawa Junichi , Lu Rong-Sheng
Published: October 2010

We propose a simple and direct method for measuring the first-order mass moment of a human body segment. With the proposed method, the first-order mass moment of the body segment can be directly measured by using only one precision scale and one digital camera. In the dummy mass experiment, the relative standard uncertainty of a single set of measurements of the first-order mass moment is estimated to be 1.7%. The measured value will be useful as a reference for evaluating the uncertainty of the body segment inertial parameters (BSPs) estimated using an indirect method.
A Zero Velocity Detection Algorithm Using Inertial Sensors for Pedestrian Navigation Systems
Authors: Park Sang Kyeong , Suh Young Soo
Published: October 2010

In pedestrian navigation systems, the position of a pedestrian is computed using an inertial navigation algorithm. In the algorithm, the zero velocity updating plays an important role, where zero velocity intervals are detected and the velocity error is reset. To use the zero velocity updating, it is necessary to detect zero velocity intervals reliably. A new zero detection algorithm is proposed in the paper, where only one gyroscope value is used. A Markov model is constructed using segmentation of gyroscope outputs instead of using gyroscope outputs directly, which makes the zero velocity detection more reliable.
Neuraminidase Inhibitor Susceptibility Testing in Human Influenza Viruses: A Laboratory Surveillance Perspective
Authors: Okomo-Adhiambo Margaret , Sleeman Katrina , Ballenger Kristina , Nguyen Ha T. , Mishin Vasiliy P. , Sheu Tiffany G. , Smagala James , Li Yan , Klimov Alexander I. , Gubareva Larisa V.
Published: October 2010

Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are vital in managing seasonal and pandemic influenza infections. NAI susceptibilities of virus isolates (n = 5540) collected during the 2008–2009 influenza season were assessed in the chemiluminescent neuraminidase inhibition (NI) assay. Box-and-whisker plot analyses of log-transformed IC50s were performed for each virus type/subtype and NAI to identify outliers which were characterized based on a statistical cutoff of IC50 >3 interquartile ranges (IQR) from the 75th percentile. Among 1533 seasonal H1N1 viruses tested, 1431 (93.3%) were outliers for oseltamivir; they all harbored the H275Y mutation in the neuraminidase (NA) and were reported as oseltamivir-resistant. Only 15 (0.7%) of pandemic 2009 H1N1 viruses tested (n = 2259) were resistant to oseltamivir. All influenza A(H3N2) (n = 834) and B (n = 914) viruses were sensitive to oseltamivir, except for one A(H3N2) and one B virus, with D151V and D197E (D198E in N2 numbering) mutations in the NA, respectively. All viruses tested were sensitive to zanamivir, except for six seasonal A(H1N1) and several A(H3N2) outliers (n = 22) which exhibited cell culture induced mutations at residue D151 of the NA. A subset of viruses (n = 1058) tested for peramivir were sensitive to the drug, with exception of H275Y variants that exhibited reduced susceptibility to this NAI. This study summarizes baseline susceptibility patterns of seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses, and seeks to contribute towards criteria for defining NAI resistance.
Cet obscur objet de l'épidémiologie
Authors: Goldberg Marcel
Published: October 2010

Marcel Goldberg : This obscure object of epidemiology.

This article is a critical study of the théories, methods and applications in the field of the epidemiology of socio- economic factors. The gênerai présentation of the main pat- tern is followed by a detailed analysis of the difficulties and limits of its use. Thèse difficulties dépend on the particulars of the variables representing the socio-economic environ- ment and on those representing the health phenomena on the one hand, and on the choices and définitions applied to each of thèse groups of variables on the other hand. It seems that the absence of a theory concerning the connection between environment and health in a population is responsible for this jammed situation. As a conclusion, the author suggests some considérations on the epistemological and ideological aspects of epidemiology.
La protection sociale et les professionnels de santé.
Authors: Friot Bernard
Published: October 2010

Bernard Friot: Social Protection and Medical and paramedical professions.

Sanitary matters can hardly be discussed apart from social matters. For the author (whose point of view is that of an economist), the sanitary administration of the manpower can be considered as a part of something wider which is usually called «social protection» that is to say the covering of old-age, illness, unemployment and family risks.

This article tries to point out the new aims in the policy of the medical and para medical professions, aims which proceed from the récent evolution of the part played by the social protection in the administration of the manpower.
Absentéisme et santé. Une revue critique de la littérature
Authors: Thébaud Annie , Lert France
Published: October 2010

Annie Thébaud et France Lert : Absentéisme et santé : un débat entre disciplines.

Le travail effectué par les chercheurs du GERSS (INSERM) illustre, à partir d'un thème d'actualité (Absentéisme et santé), la difficulté des l'approche pluridisciplinaire en sciences sociales. Si l'absence au travail peut être considérée a priori comme un objet à la fois socio-économique et épidémiologique, le problème est ici de savoir si l'épidémiologie, qui a pour objet l'étude des phénomènes de santé dans une population, peut prendre l'absentéisme pour instrument de mesure. Alors qu'Annie Thébaud et France Lert, à partir d'une analyse de la littérature sur l'absence au travail pour raison de santé, répondent par la négative, Marcel Goldberg et Annette Leclerc estiment pour leur part que la morbidité transparaît à travers l'absentéisme.
La micro-économie des soins médicaux doit-elle nécessairement être d'inspiration néo-classique ?
Authors: Darbon Sébastien , Letourmy Alain
Published: October 2010

Sébastien Darbon et Alain Letourmy: Should the micro-economics of medical care necessarily be neo-classical?

As far as medical care is concerned, attempts of a possible economie explanation of the conduct of its agents are prevailing today in the neo-classical pattern. A detailed study of its abilities accounting for the way the medical system is being run, shows that even in the light of its most recent developments (i.e. the theory of the demond for health born from the research made on the human capital ; considerations on the links between supply and demand resulting from the notion of induction), this pattern remains little convincing. Sébastien Darbon and Alain Letourmy are studying here the reasons of such a failure and propose to direct our thinking towards the expansion of a micro-economy of the disease and of the medical profession, which would take more into account the specific characters of the field studied.
Les techniques de planification de la santé : Comment progresser ?
Authors: Dumoulin Jérôme
Published: October 2010

Jérôme Dumoulin: The technics of health planification. How to progress?

Using the situation of the Republic of Congo as a starting point this article criticizes the sophistication of the health-planning methods recommended for the Third World.

Epidemiology is thought to be of little use because other criteria of various kinds necessarily determine the choice of priorities and the definition of programmes. A survey of medical means only emphasizes the shortages, and fails to show structural problems. The outcome is a multiplication of equipments in order to try to catch up with the model of occidental medicine, without diagnosing the nature of concrete problems, and therefore doesn't suggest any other alternative.

As far as hygiene and médico-social action are concerned, unrealistic norms are also proposed. Health planification appears as being more an incantatory discourse on health and medicine than an effective means of rising the health standard.
Les innovations scientifiques dans le champ sanitaire (1750-1825)
Authors: Kuty Olgierd
Published: October 2010

Olgierd Kuty : The scientific innovations in the Lefth fîeld.

In what context has medicine achieved the status of a scientific discipline during the 18th and 19 th centuries?

Olgierd Kuty gives a sociological approach to this question applying a theoretical analysis in terms of logics of action and physicians' stratégic behavior to the examination of many works by french historians who took much interest in this period.
La prévention en médecine générale
Authors: Bucquet Denis , Hatton Françoise , Colvez Alain
Published: October 2010

Denis Bucquet, Alain Colvez, Françoise Hatton: Prevention in general practice.

In France in 1975, according to a national survey among practitioners, 11 % of encounters in General Practice are related to prevention, accounting for 20 million encounters a year for a total of 156 million. Higher among females, the proportion of preventive encounters shows two peaks according to age : the first among small-age children and the second round 15-24 years of âge among females and to a lesser extent among maies. Whereas the frequency of preventive encounters does not differ between urban or rural areas, or according to the sex of practitioner, the content of these encounters appears different, especially as far as the contraception is concerned. Practitioners aged 60 years and over perform half less preventive encounters than their younger colleagues, the defect turning on contraception and child/maternal care. The part of the preventive work in the whole workload of general practitioners verges on 5 %.

Within the framework of a research on the specific field of General Practice, analysing the preventive activity of practitioners leads to some questions about the level of their concern with preventive matters. The importance of different types of their preventive activity is discussed : primary, secondary, tertiary prévention as well as health education or chronic diseases surveillance. Finally we move to the education of physicians in the regard of preventive strategies and to their propencity to prevention.
Une éternelle pléthore médicale ?
Authors: Bungener Martine
Published: October 2010

Martine Bungener: An endless médical plethora?

In spite of a notable population increase, the denunciation of a medical plethora seems to be a constant in the history of the profession. From sources that have been provided by medical historians, articles in the professional press, and reports of the Medical Association, Martine Bungener shows how the logic of the discourse differs from the demographie reality. The hypothesis is that medical demography, whichever discourse it incites, seems to be the consequence of functions that have been assigned to health System by society with regard to the discourse, it attests the profession's ignorance of the social movement it fits in with, and its concern for protecting its privilèges which inhibits any adaptation.
Politiques sociales et de santé, évolution de la mortalité : questions posées au cours d'un séminaire de démographie
Authors: Bouvier-Colle Marie-Hélène
Published: October 2010

M. H. Bouvier-Colle: Social hard health policies, evolution of mortality: a seminar on demography.

In this paper, an attempt is made to describe how social and health policies do affect mortality. This question had been the main theme of an international seminar held from February the 28th to March the 4th 1983 in Paris and organized by the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (I.U. S. S. P.). It appeared difficult to assess a clear relation between mortality and social policies because of the great variety of the cases examined. Social and health policies and trends of mortality are shown in six countries which are: Senegal, Cuba, Costa-Rica, Japan, France and USSR.
Demande d'assistance et droit de protection : insécurité sociale et stratégies sanitaires au Cameroun
Authors: Hours Bernard
Published: October 2010

Bernard Hours : Demande d'assistance et droit de protection : insécurité sociale et stratégies sanitaires au Cameroun.

À partir d'une enquête ethnologique effectuée de 1980 à 1983 au Cameroun, l'auteur tente d'appréhender les représentations de la santé publique et d'analyser les rapports sociaux qui se jouent dans ce champ. Deux grandes logiques opposées se mêlent à propos de la couverture des besoins sanitaires : entre la demande de charité ou d'assistance d'un côté, et de l'autre la revendication du droit à recevoir des prestations de la part de l'État, se construisent des stratégies sanitaires contradictoires des malades, qui manifestent à la fois insatisfaction et insécurité.
Éthique et vaccinations des enfants
Authors: Manciaux Michel
Published: October 2010

Michel Manciaux : Éthique et vaccination des enfants.

Face aux problèmes croissants posés par la vaccination des enfants, des principes d'action et des garanties ont été édictés par les pouvoirs publics ou les organisations internationales concernés. Leur application, que ce soit en matière thérapeutique, préventive ou de recherche clinique, ne va pas de soi. Cet article, qui donne le point de vue d'un spécialiste de santé publique, examine les diverses conceptions qui traversent les milieux médicaux et suggère des éléments de solution au niveau des différents partenaires impliqués.
Quelques réflexions sur l'éthique dans le domaine bio-médical
Authors: Isambert François-André
Published: October 2010

François- A. Isambert : Quelques réflexions sur l'éthique dans le domaine bio-médical.

Au delà de l'usage courant de la notion d'éthique, le sociologue peut chercher à mettre en évidence une ou plusieurs visées fondamentales, une ou plusieurs logiques. C'est dans cette perspective que l'auteur examine successivement les relations entre cette notion et la morale, l'articulation de l'éthique médicale et des nouvelles tâches de la médecine (en particulier dans le domaine de la recherche) et les rapports entre une éthique des médecins et une éthique publique de la santé et de la vie. Apparaissent alors les insuffisances d'une position qui se contenterait de limiter un problème éthique, posé par une pratique médicale particulière, à cette pratique particulière ou à sa dimension proprement éthique.
Conditions de production et d'utilisation des connaissances scientifiques et relations de travail : une étude de cas de cancer de la vessie dans l'industrie de l'aluminium au Québec.
Authors: Abenhaim Lucien , Dab William
Published: October 2010

Lucien Abenhaïm, William Dab : Conditions de production et d'utilisation des connaissances scientifiques et relations de travail. Une étude de cas de cancer de la vessie dans l'industrie de l'aluminium au Québec.

Une étude épidémiologique, mettant en cause le rôle d'un procédé utilisé dans l'industrie de l'aluminium au Québec dans la survenue de cancer de la vessie chez les employés, nous a fourni l'occasion d'examiner concrètement la façon dont les rapports sociaux dans l'entreprise conditionnent la production et l'utilisation des connaissances scientifiques dans le domaine de la santé. À la suite de cette étude, la partie patronale a activement publicisé les résultats tandis que la partie syndicale s'est attachée à saper la crédibilité de la recherche. Le matériel de notre étude de cas est formé des informations écrites radiophoniques et télévisées, produites au moment de la révélation des résultats de l'enquête. Nous discutons les enjeux de la situation à quatre niveaux : médical, scientifique, patronal et syndical. Cela permet de mettre à jour le rôle joué par la négociation sur la restructuration de l'entreprise qui était alors en cours - avec un enjeu important en termes d'emploi - dans ces prises de positions en apparence paradoxales. En Santé Publique, quand se pose la question de l'utilisation concrète de connaissances scientifiques, il n'est pas possible de faire l'économie d'un diagnostic sur les rapports de force entre les acteurs en présence. Les notions de « bonne » recherche ou de connaissance « neutres » deviennent dès lors purement circonstancielles.
Quand les Pastoriens traquaient la maladie du sommeil.
Authors: Dozon Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2010

Jean-Pierre Dozon: When the Pastorians hunted down sleeping sickness.

While the Pastorians' activities in their home country is well-known, their work in the colonies is much less studied. The author focuses on the research they did on sleeping sickness or «trypanosomiasis», and attemps to explain a paradox: the Pastorians were eventually less efficient in the treatment of the disease than in a codification of health activities which allowed them to play a crucial role in the colonising process.
Le contre-sorcier Haalpulaar, un justicier hors-la-loi. Étude de la dynamique du système thérapeutique des Haalpulaaren (Sénégal).
Authors: Tall Emmanuelle Kadya
Published: October 2010

Emmanuelle Kadya Tall : El contra-brujo haalpulaar, un justi- ciero al margen de la ley.

La sociedad haalpulaar es una sociedad senegambiana islamizada desde el siglo once. La rige una jerarquia muy fuerte y es ordenada por estatutos. En dicha sociedad, recoge el contra-brujo todos los valores del uni verso tera- péutico haalpulaar en el dominio de la magia y de la religion a la vez ; utiliza el mas completo de los sistemas etiolôgicos manejando un modelo teorico que se prétende cerrado, pero al que manda su arraigo a lo real. Lo especifico del contra- brujo radica en el carâcter contradictorio de su sistema de representaciones y su prâctica cotidiana : afirma lo importante del estatuto y del linaje en su etiologia a la par que se niega a soportar individualmente las consecuencias. La fun- ciôn de contra-brujo permite pues hacer cosas que prohibe la lôgica estatutaria.
Epidémiologie et anthropologie : « la preuve du pudding c'est quand on le mange ».
Authors: Hubert Annie
Published: October 2010

Annie Hubert : Epidemiología y antropología : « la prueba del pudding es cuando se le corne».

En Francia, es raro y difîcil que exista la colaboración entre la antropología y las ciencias biomédicas. Sin embargo, un trabajo pluridisciplinario de ese género pudo ser realizado con éxito. Su objeto, el cancer de la rinofaringe frecuente en la China del Sur, en el Artico y en el Magreb. Una encuesta antropológica comparativa ha sido realizada en esas très regiones y condujo a la investigación de carcinógenas químicos en laboratorio. En su conclusión, el artículo expone los problemas diversos que son planteados en una colaboración interdisciplinaria de este tipo.
Le planning familial au Mexique. Processus de formation d'une politique publique
Authors: Brachet-Marquez Viviane
Published: October 2010

Viviane Brachet-Marquez: Family planning in Mexico. Methods for the formation of public policy.

What were the conditions which made it possible to establish a policy of family planning in Mexico? The author shows that the adoption of such a policy, far from being the result of public discussion of a social question, is the result of the existing compatibility beween the action of a group of professionals and academies and the personal projects of the president of Mexico. The relatively peaceful character of the application of the family planning programs stems from the fact that it involved merely bringing new elements into the health sector without affecting the established structures. Finally, the author insists on the importance of reinterpreting the impetus from abroad; indeed, one may speak of processes of exchange and negociation, since the groups which influenced the adoption of this policy did not simply convey information.
Hôpitaux et pratique médicale dans la ville de Mexico
Authors: Mercer Hugo
Published: October 2010

Hugo Mercer: Hospitals and medical practices in Mexico City.

This article is the translation of a communique by the author on hospitals and the medical practice; it outlines a socio-historical analysis of the hospital infrastructure which is divided into three parts: the hospital as an instrument for righting wrongs, as an instrument of order, or as an agent of modernization of the country. For each type of establishment there is a corresponding spécific medical practice with its particular social function of medicine.
La privatisation du système de soins britannique depuis 1979
Authors: MacDonald John Stuart , Saillard Yves
Published: October 2010

John Stuart Mac Donald, Yves Saillard : Privatización del sistema de cuidos británicos desde 1979.

Es analizado el proceso de privatización del sistema de cuidos intentado por el gobierno Thatcher desde 1979, y eso, en sus diferentes formas : desarrollo del seguro privado, de los hospitales privados, contractualización de los servicios no-médicos producidos por el N.H.S. Muestra un balance de dicha política, las condiciones de desarrollo del sector privado cuya importancia permanece aún marginada.
Approche sociologique des données de morbidité
Authors: Aïach Pierre
Published: October 2010

Pierre Aiach : Approche sociologique des données de morbidité.

Cet article se propose de montrer, à partir d'un certain nombre d'exemples, ce qu'une approche sociologique peut révéler et mettre en question dans un domaine particulier habituellement investi par l'épidémiologie, celui de l'évaluation de la morbidité. Deux types de problèmes sont successivement traités : ceux soulevés par la question de la définition du trouble et de la maladie, ceux liés aux procédures de recueil. Après discussion portant sur une mise en perspective, dans le contexte sociologique français, d'une problématique invitant à la vigilance en matière de production et d'interprétation des données statistiques, proposition est faite pour le développement d'une sociologie instituant le fait statistique maladie comme une construction sociale.
Epidémiologie et psychiatrie : questions de méthode
Authors: Fombonne Eric , Fuhrer Rebecca
Published: October 2010

Eric Fombonne, Rebecca Fuhrer : Epidémiologie et psychiatrie : Questions de méthode.

L'épidémiologie psychiatrique s'est beaucoup développée depuis vingt ans. Pour cela, des progrès méthodologiques ont été nécessaires ; parmi eux, la définition des cas, les techniques d'identification des cas, et la recherche de facteurs de risque sont présentés ici. Pour les illustrer, certaines connaissances actuelles sur les facteurs de risque dans la schizophrénie et la dépression sont brièvement décrits. Finalement, après avoir fait le point de la situation française, quelques opinions communes qui freinent l'essor de la recherche épidémiologique sont passées en revue. Les conclusions soulignent la possibilité et la nécessité de développer cette approche multidisciplinaire en psychiatrie.
Sciences sociales et psychologie : un partage des tâches. Analyse seconde des réponses à un appel d'offres sur la prévention des handicaps
Authors: Duyme Michel , Souteyrand Yves
Published: October 2010

Michel Duyme, Yves Souteyrand : Ciencias sociales y psicologia : una repartición de las tareas.

Inscríbese el trabajo en un proceso general de análisis de la estructura de investigaciones en el dominio sanitario y social. Utiliza los proyectos recibidos, en el marco de un programa a propósito de la prevención de las desventajas, con el propdsito de realizar una tipologia a partir de las instituciones de las disciplinas cientificas, de las problemâti- cas y las metodologias propuestas en los proyectos.

Haciendo uso de listas cruzadas y de un anâlisis facto- rial, trâtase de poner de relieve un vinculo entre el tipo de interrogaciones hechas por los equipos y sus caracteristicas institucionales y cientificas. Revelan los resultados., particu- larmente, una oposiciôn neta entre las disciplinas psicolôgi- cas y las disciplinas sociales, y plantean el problema de la articulaciôn entre ambas.
Des médecines dites naturelles
Authors: Elzière Pierre
Published: October 2010

Pierre Elzière : A propósito de las medicinas llamadas naturales.

Trás haber hecho el censo de las principales terapías con calificación de « naturales », « suaves », o « paralelas », y tras breve descripcion, nos hemos interrogado sobre la legitimidad de dicha apelación, sin dejar de subrayar la dimension polémica. Ayudándonos de las fuentes estatísticas existentes, hemos intentado définir la importancia y la actividad de las diferentes variedades de médicos que ejercen las « medicinas naturales » y embaucar las razones sociales y profesionales de su expansion.

El recurso a los métódos « naturales », desarrollado sobre todo entre las categorías de la población joven, clases médias y superiores, animadas por fuertes preocupaciones sanitarias, demuestra una actitud crítica con relatión a la medicina oficial y la búsqueda de une relación terapeútica personalizada pero sin estar cortada de sus referencias corporales. Sin embargo, el propio desarrollo de las « medicinas naturales » y su integración tendenciosa en el sistema de cuidos oficial es une amenaza a la vez, para el carácter atractivo de su posición « alternativa » y para el interés económico que puede adherir a la tenue socialización actual de sus costes.