bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Makes a Good Historian?
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Basing his analysis on the insights of Sir Keith Hancock, Wight discusses three ways in which historical works can have “more durable merits than that of being up to date.” These merits are “attachment, justice, and span.” Attachment, “the opposite of detachment,” does not call for “impartiality or objectivity” but for “getting close to people, getting inside situations.” By understanding in depth the viewpoint of each principal party, the historian may achieve “the virtue of justice or fairness, to redress the balance between different attachments” and avoid “partisanship.” The virtue of span provides “an awareness of background” with “proper perspective” for related objects of study. Hancock’s principles complement Wight’s proposed concepts of historical imagination, architecture, and reflection. By imagination he means “to enter the past, to understand it, to re-enact it,” regarding what people thought as well as concrete physical details. By architecture he refers to discovering and communicating an intelligible pattern in events. By reflection he has in mind “the historian’s function as interpreter,” whether the “fundamental beliefs” about theory and philosophy are explicit or implicit and thus “concealed.” Wight concluded that “the greatest history ever written,” the account of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides, “whether designedly or not, is a concealed tragic drama.”
Switzerland, the Low Countries, and Scandinavia in The World in March 1939
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

In 1939 the main neutral European states were Switzerland, the Low Countries (Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) and the Scandinavian countries (here defined as Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden). They were all successful parliamentary democracies; and in their foreign policies, Wight observed, “the elements of prestige and competition for power had perhaps a smaller part than in any other states in the world.” They complemented their traditional reliance on neutrality with efforts to promote collective security and disarmament in the League of Nations. Both approaches failed. For example, “At the military conference of 23 May 1939 Hitler declared that the Dutch and Belgian air bases must be occupied by force: ‘declarations of neutrality must be ignored.’” Small Powers such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal were incapable of defending their colonial holdings. “The disproportion between their weight in the world and their possessions marked them down for attack.” Discussions between Hitler and high-level British officials on colonial matters raised concerns among European neutral states. “The Western neutrals had to trust that Britain, being traditionally more sensitive to disturbances of the balance of power in Africa and the Indian Ocean than in Central Europe, would thenceforward recognize in her policy that the great empires overseas were reciprocally dependent upon the security of the smaller.”
Review of A. J. P. Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Wight praised Taylor for his “style of matchless lucidity, vigour, and wit,” with “brief, biting character-sketches.” Taylor, Wight wrote, cuts “through myth and propaganda” with “a kind of inspired and dogged common sense.” Wight observed that “not many indispensable books are so firm in construction, so clear and compelling in narrative.” Wight shared Taylor’s reservations about an economic interpretation of European imperialism in this era: “Foreign policies have deep social and economic springs, but the antecedent causes are usually political and strategic.” Paraphrasing Taylor, Wight noted that “The war of 1859 was the only aggressive war in modern history (Hitler’s included) that had no element of prevention, yet it has been unanimously applauded.” In Taylor’s words regarding this war, “The historian cannot be expected to explain this paradox; while himself approving of the war, he can only record that it was incompatible with any known system of international morality.” Taylor’s insights on the causes of wars show his “decisive and independent mind.” Wight regretted that Taylor “ignores the idea of the Concert of Europe, and does not discuss whether it meant anything more to its advocates than a mode of preserving the Balance [of Power] in their own favour.”
Review of Edouard Perroy, The Hundred Years’ War, translated by W. B. Wells, with an introduction by David Douglas (London: Eyre and Spottiswode, 1951)
Authors: Wight Martin , YOST DAVID S.
Published: July 2023

Historians have neglected the Hundred Years’ War, and Perroy’s book therefore has “neither predecessor nor rival.” Perroy’s attention to individuals is distinctive. In Wight’s words, “In the weight that Perroy allows to the influence of personality in the historical process he is in the great tradition of humane historiography. His character-sketches are exact and fascinating, and his discussion of Joan of Arc’s effect on the war is a model of critical piety.” The book clarifies governmental, artistic, and social developments on each side, including the Black Death, while carrying forward the central narrative of the conflict, “from a quarrel about feudal relationships to a war that is backed by a new national sentiment.” In retrospect, however, “The two senior nation-States of Europe have forgotten the struggle in which they attained self-consciousness… What mutual mistrust survives today, says Perroy, does not go back further than Louis XIV, and that is far enough.”
Jayne Anne Phillips, Lark and Termite
Authors: Godden Richard
Published: July 2023

Combining Randy Martin’s work on “derivative wars,” wars fought to maximize risk and volatility (Iraq, Afghanistan), and Dick Bryan and Michael Rafferty’s account of derivatives as the “new money,” or “flexible gold” of dollar-denominated global liquidity flows, I argue that from Korea to the War on Terror, the U.S. has conducted a form of “monetary imperialism” (Michael Hudson), in which military investment in “open-ended war,” driven by a doctrine of “anticipatory self-defence” (Radhika Desai), underpins the enforced flow of monies from the credit nations of the world into America’s debt factory. Such “fiat monies” (militarized) take their questionable “value” from war (monetized), and consequently rest on military labor, whose literal raw material amounts to opened bodies in pain. Phillips creates, in Termite, a severely damaged child, damaged as an extension of his father’s long-dying in Korea, doing so as a realization of the debilitation attaching to the supposed “New American Empire” and “New American Century.”
Identification with Mortals and Gods
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the portrayal of Agamemnon in Iliad 11, Hera in Iliad 14, Thetis in Iliad 18, Andromache in Iliad 22, and Priam in Iliad 24. It also investigates the funeral games in Iliad 23 and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. These close readings show how the Iliad provides numerous opportunities for its audiences to identify in various ways with its mortal and immortal characters. At the same time, breaks from and impediments to identification help audiences recharge for the next moment of identification. These analyses, as well as the arguments found in the previous chapters, enable a critique of earlier scholarship’s discussions of the politics of identification.
Conclusion
Authors: Ready Jonathan L.
Published: July 2023

Immersion in a narrative and identification with its characters are complex and variable experiences. From that perspective, one factor not yet considered in this book merits discussion: the Homeric poet’s oral performance of the poetry, a performance that would have involved gestures, vocal effects, and music. If we can only speculate on how their oral performance affected their audiences’ experiences of immersion and identification, we do know that immersed recipients do not counterargue and that immersion and identification can have profound effects on recipients. We can attribute the Iliad’s impact to its audiences’ experiences of these phenomena. In that spirit, instructors should talk about immersion and identification with their students.
Fagin in America
Authors: Anthony David
Published: July 2023

Chapter 4 focuses on various novels from the 1850s that borrow from and revise Charles Dickens’s Oliver Twist (1838). As in Dickens, these narratives revolve around downwardly mobile middle-class characters pitted against the scheming machinations of a criminal Jew. Also as in Oliver Twist, the Fagin-like Jew is in these novels intent upon abducting the child to whom an unexpected inheritance is due. The result is a subgenre revolving around the pathos of class decline and the projection of this issue onto the urban Jew. But in these novels, the very forms of sentimental affect displayed by newly impoverished characters become the means by which they are identified as truly middle class. As such, the Fagin character acts as the convenient and even necessary means by which true class identity is manifested, even in the face of economic stress and uncertainty. Conversely, even though, as per the Oliver Twist plotline, the American Fagin is inevitably killed off, arrested, or otherwise jettisoned from the storyline, this removal is cosmetic. Even in his absence, the leftover waste of the ambivalence the Jew represents remains. Where the Jew is involved, especially when packaged in the familiar form of Fagin, closure is always partial or indeterminate.
A Continental Middle Way
Authors: Bollard Alan
Published: July 2023

Chapter 4 builds on the experience of Ludwig Erhard, a little-known economist, brought up during the instability of late nineteenth-century Germany, who rose rapidly to the position of Economy Minister under the US Occupation Administration. Erhard and the ordo-economists practised ‘social market’ economic policies, releasing the market from its wartime controls but with active social support. Erhard crossed paths with Jean Monnet, who was promoting a quite different ‘common market’ approach. Erhard’s economic policies helped to spark the miracle economy growth that was to bring prosperity to post-war Germany and would establish the country as a pillar of the Cold War Western Alliance.
How the Norwegian SWF Balances Ethics, ESG Risks, and Returns
Authors: Halvorssen Anita Margrethe
Published: July 2023

As the largest sovereign wealth fund (SWF) in the world, the Norwegian SWF’s efforts to move in a more sustainable direction are often followed by other institutional investors. This chapter examines how the Norwegian SWF (officially, the Government Pension Fund—Global, or GPFG) has evolved into a responsible investor, balancing ethics, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) risks with returns. The focus is mainly on its actions to address financial climate change risks. If the GPFG continues to evolve toward sustainable investment and acts on the latest International Energy Agency report that calls, among other things, for an end to all new fossil fuel production, it can serve as a good model for other institutional investors to deal with the challenge of climate change while remaining profitable.
Why ReadaboutNietzsche, Instead of Just Reading Nietzsche Himself?
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: July 2023

Nietzsche was the philosopher of disintegrating agency, and he wrote as though he was coming apart at the seams. (Which he was.) That makes him hard to read, and this book is here to help. This Introduction previews the main themes of the book, and gives a chapter-by-chapter roadmap. Each of the coming five chapters shows how to read one of Nietzsche’s books by first identifying its implicit author.
Who Was Nietzsche’s Convalescent?
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: July 2023

The Gay Science marks a turning point in Nietzsche’s writing, from the Rochefoucauld-like middle works to books that make their point by presenting their implicit authors. In its second edition, the “French moralist” who wrote the first edition is made out to be recovering from realism, a sickness whose cure is borrowed from Stendhal. Nietzsche’s appropriation of Stendhalian “crystallization” has it that the secret to a successful life is to see the both the world and oneself in the unrealistic manner that love-stricken young men imagine the objects of their crushes.
Regulatory State-Building and Authoritarian Survival
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa
Published: July 2023

Formal rules that do not restrict regulatory agencies' discretionary authority empower state officials and low-level bureaucrats to make arbitrary regulatory decisions and selectively enforce regulatory compliance. When the bureaucrats engage in such behavior, the resulting regulatory regime often makes it costlier for the firms to comply with regulations. As the amount of red tape grows and costs of compliance increase, alternative strategies (collusion, bribery, and rent-seeking) become more attractive to businesses, which may dampen the overall effectiveness of economic regulations. Politicians may anticipate these effects and strategically empower the state bureaucracy with discretionary powers as a mechanism for rewarding political loyalty, or they may constrain the state bureaucracy's regulatory discretion to enhance economic performance. Considerations of political survival may pressure rulers to sacrifice sound economic policy for economic rent opportunities extended to their political supporters. The chapter concludes by developing a set of testable hypotheses to empirically evaluate the theoryâ€™s implications.
Regulatory Details and Economic Development in Kazakhstan
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa
Published: July 2023

The chapter describes the institutional makeup of the Kazakh state and its allocation of regulatory authority and surveys the major directions of economic policy and civil service reforms. It then tests the hypotheses about economic effects of discretion in authoritarian settings. Using a newly assembled dataset containing information on the number, length, and types of all legislative statutes, executive orders, and bureaucratic bylaws adopted by the regional legislative and administrative authorities, it examines the effects of region-specific economic regulations on investment decisions and the development of the regional small and medium enterprise sector. Analysis shows that more-specific regulations positively impact capital investment and aggregate performance of small private companies. The statutory mechanisms for restricting bureaucratic discretion are no less effective than the administrative bylaws. This means that the regulatory specificity (but not the legislative oversight) is the main mechanism connecting the development of formal regulatory norms to better economic outcomes.
Philosophical Methods
Authors: Demeter Tamás
Published: July 2023

Following a general characterization of enlightened methodologies in Scotland, the chapter sketches four research programmes that integrated inquiries in natural philosophy (physics and ‘philosophical chemistry’), physiology (including medical theory), pneumatology, moral philosophy, and political economy. These are: (i) a programme inspired by Newton’s Principia, its core consisting of a combination of a typically a priori, but not exclusively mathematical, framework for processing empirical facts (representative works by Cheyne, Pitcairne, Maclaurin, Hutcheson, Turnbull); (ii) a programme inspired by Newton’s Opticks, focusing on comparative, analogical reasoning sensitive to proportions and qualitative differences (most important contributions by Cullen, Black, Hume, Smith); (iii) a programme founded on ‘common sense principles’ in inquiries into subjects of both moral and natural philosophy (most prominently represented by Reid and Robison); and (iv) a primarily Baconian research programme focusing on a descriptive and classificatory approach to natural history, medicine, and society (represented by Smellie, Anderson, Sinclair, John Gregory).
The Active Powers of the Human Mind
Authors: Boeker Ruth
Published: July 2023

This chapter traces the development of the philosophical debates concerning active powers and human agency in eighteenth-century Scotland. It examines how and why Scottish philosophers such as Francis Hutcheson, George Turnbull, David Hume, and Henry Home, Lord Kames, depart from John Locke’s and other traditional conceptions of the will and how Thomas Reid and Dugald Stewart reinstate Locke’s distinction between volition and desire. Moreover, the chapter examines what role desires, passions, and motives play in the writings of these and other Scottish Enlightenment philosophers on human agency and draws attention to their underlying disputes concerning liberty and necessity. The chapter ends by reflecting on how classifications of principles of actions changed in eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Scottish philosophy.
What Is Collaboration?
Authors: Sharpe Will
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the meaning of collaboration from a number of standpoints, ultimately homing in on the precise meaning of co-written drama. The first section deals with more permissive, culturally non-specific ideas of collaboration, including the broader commercial and social contexts within which lived and worked, and within which his works were transmitted, produced, and sold. In doing so it considers the potential ideas of ‘co-’ and ‘labour’ bound up in ‘collaboration’. The second section takes this a stage further to focus on theatrical collaboration specifically, and the various ways in which plays were communally made for, and shaped in, performance. The third focuses on authorial collaboration, thinking about the patterns and rationale of collaborative drama, and thinking about how the circumstances of Shakespeare’s arrangements within his company made him a unique dramatist among his contemporaries. The fourth and last is an overview of Shakespeare’s collaborative activities across his career, also offering a taxonomy of the different kinds of collaborative work in which Shakespeare was variously involved.
Modeling with Possible Worlds
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: July 2023

In chapter three I discuss the practice of using sets of possible worlds to model the contents of belief and knowledge. While the virtues of this approach are well known, it also faces a family of familiar objections. A familiar response to these objections involves “fragmentation”, the idea that agents shouldn't be modeled as having a single set of propositional attitudes, but instead multiple, inconsistent, “fragmented” sets. I argue that we can motivate fragmentationist ideas from first principles, independently of the need to avoid refutation. Having motivated fragmentationist views of the mind via modest modeling, I discuss the relationship between fragmentation and contextualism. Once we are fragmentationists, a broadly contextualist theory of belief attribution is extremely natural. I call the sort of contextualism emerges “model contextualism”, and discuss its relationship to extant forms of contextualism in the literature
Ideal and Non-Ideal Epistemology
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: July 2023

In chapter eight I consider how the perspective developed in the previous chapters bears on the distinction between “ideal theory” and “non-ideal theory” in epistemology. While the distinction is familiar from political philosophy, recently many philosophers have argued that epistemology needs to take a non-ideal turn. I argue that idealizations play a very different role in epistemology and political philosophy, and that “de-idealizing” epistemology is far more fraught than eschewing the sorts of idealizations in the Rawslian tradition that have recently been subject to critique.
The biogeography of island life: biodiversity hotspots in context
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J.
Published: July 2023

‘The biogeography of island life: biodiversity hotspots in context’ outlines well-established biogeographical properties of islands. It demonstrates their disproportionate contribution to global biodiversity and, in particular, their possession of high proportions of locally endemic species, notwithstanding that smaller islands are typically species poor. It describes how dispersal filters limit colonization to disharmonic subsets of source pool species. It considers the application of biogeographical regionalization and network analyses to islands, showing that island regions typically possess modular patterns of compositional relationship and can feature a mix of neoendemic and palaeoendemic species. It considers vicariance and long-distance dispersal as explanations for biogeographical affinities and illustrates these ideas for the Macaronesian region. It describes island endemism patterns for birds, insects, land snails, lizards, mammals, and plants, and highlights that human colonization has generated as yet only partially understood impacts on island biodiversity patterns.
Extending the timescale: island biodynamics in response to island geodynamics
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J.
Published: July 2023

‘Extending the timescale: island biodynamics in response to island geodynamics’, describes how variation in island species turnover processes over time are driven by the geo-environmental dynamics of islands. It exemplifies the role of extreme events and climate-driven fluctuations in carrying capacity. It describes the role of ongoing volcanic and geomorphological activity within the Krakatau Islands on ecological succession processes and their impact on species accumulation and loss. It describes the general dynamic model (GDM) of oceanic island biogeography, which formally intersects island biodynamics with a simplified island life cycle or ontogeny. It reviews simulations, empirical assessments, and extensions of the GDM. It describes the glacial-sensitive model of island biogeography, which models how changed island configurations driven by Quaternary sea-level fluctuations impact on island biodiversity. It closes with a review of the balance between equilibrium and non-equilibrium biodynamics on island systems across a range of spatial and temporal scales.
Anthropogenic extinction on islands: a synthesis
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J.
Published: July 2023

‘Anthropogenic extinction on islands: a synthesis’ provides a review of extinction data describing the magnitude of island endemic species losses, amounting to >60% of extinctions globally since 1500 CE. It reviews the meanings of extinction and depicts the categorization of threat to surviving species through the International Union for the Conservation of Nature’s Red List system. It describes how biodiversity losses may be multiplicative through trophic cascades. It assesses the key drivers of extinction, past and present, and notes the importance of synergisms between them. It reviews impacts of habitat degradation and loss, predation and collection by humans, and the impacts of invasive non-native fauna (especially vertebrate predators and herbivores), flora and disease organisms. It describes resulting modifications to pollinator and dispersal networks, and occasional incidence of hybridization between native and non-native species. It provides a synthesis of why island life is particularly susceptible to anthropogenic extinction.
Fighting for Liberty
Authors: Kinsey Christopher
Published: July 2023

There is very little, if any, academic discussion among scholars of security studies about the role played by British and American mercenaries in South America’s Wars of Independence at the start of the nineteenth century. This book takes an in-depth look at how these mercenaries played a crucial role in Bolívar’s eventual victory over Spain. Mercenaries were able to provide strategic effect because of the ambivalence of their own governments towards their activities. This ambivalence towards the mercenaries was the product of two completing logics. On the one hand both the British and American governments hoped to gain from Spain’s defeat at the hands of Bolívar’s rebels, an outcome that would provide them greater political/strategic and economic influence in South America. However, both governments also faced political and strategic constraints over how they managed their relationship with Spain and its colonies, in that they needed to retain good relations with the Spanish monarchy and the Holly Alliance that supported Spain’s policy towards its colonies. Consequently, by turning a blind eye and not doing anything to prevent the mercenaries from operating, both governments were able to evade the political constraints imposed on them through their relationships with Spain and the Holly Alliance, while at the same time benefiting from the actions of the mercenaries. Indeed, partly because of the mercenaries, Great Britain and the USA would come to play major roles in South America’s development through the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The Re-Examination
Authors: Matthew Christopher A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the evidence for the use of a stade 180 m in length by Eratosthenes by using the innovative approach of using modern satellite mapping software to compare the distances between various locations that are recounted by Eratosthenes in the ancient source material. These distances were recorded by the professional surveyors (bematists) accompanying the army of Alexander the Great in the fourth century BC, were recounted by Eratosthenes, and later by Strabo. The unit of measure employed by the bematists in these measurements then formed the basis for Eratoshtenes’ works on geography and his calculation of the circumference of the Earth. Interestingly, the application of the 180 m stade to Eratosthenes’ calculations leads to an incorrect result. However, by critically analysing the available literary evidence, the chapter concludes by demonstrating how this value was altered by the next generation of astronomers, and determining the ‘true’ result of Eratosthenes’ calculation of the size of the Earth.
Ancient forces
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: July 2023

Tells the full story of microevolutionary forces beyond selection that make the abundance of genes fluctuate from one generation to the next. Highlights how the processes of migration (gene flow), mutation, genetic drift, and recombination affect the genetics and evolution of populations. Illustrates microevolutionary change with examples from squirrels, Drosophila fruit flies, and wolves. In addition to discussing wild animals and plants, shows how these forces teach us about modern human and Neanderthal pedigrees, the accumulation of DNA sequence change as a molecular clock, and how people can read evolution from sequences of DNA to trace the genealogical history of the past and, in some ways, predict the future.
Ongoing evolutionary outcomes
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: July 2023

Explores the diversity of nature’s evolutionary outcomes to illustrate and inspire how future traits could be shaped by genetic welding. Shows the wonders of adaptation in nature, using themes of teeth, visual and odor sensation, body-size gigantism and dwarfism, and flight. Documents both living and extinct creatures with lessons from experiments and fossils, macroevolutionary patterns of diversification among species, microevolution within species, and molecular genetic mechanisms. Illustrates the constraints of physical laws and how animals skirt the boundaries of those laws. Highlights examples from sharks, baleen whales, narwhal, cichlid fish, dogs, beach mice, and birds, as well as the infrared vision of deep-sea fishes and the ribs-as-wings of lizards. Describes how the outcomes of evolution are works in progress, continuing to be subject to genetic change.
Nature, rewilded
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: July 2023

Explores a view of new species and their traits within the broader ecosystems of the world. Discusses Anthropocene ecosystems and how humans have shaped and continue to shape the environment. Considers diverse notions of rewilding as both a passive and active ecological endeavor, as with European wisent, describing Pleistocene and Anthropocene species losses. Explains initiatives for de-extinction of species such as aurochs, mammoths, Galapagos tortoises, and American chestnuts, as well as natural de-extinction from cryopreserved seeds, nematode roundworms, and tardigrade water bears. Describes how de-extinction works in principle and the difficulties in practice, and debates about its intersection with biodiversity conservation and ideas of wilderness. Explains how newly engineered species might shape Anthropocene ecosystems even further.
When we become dragons
Authors: Cutter Asher D.
Published: July 2023

Discusses the delicate yet urgent issue of heritable human genome editing. Considers the many ethical complexities of genetic engineering of human genomes, exploring viewpoints informed by decades of invasive medical interventions, invasive nonmedical body modifications, in vitro fertilization, and genetic screening. Explores humanity’s distressing historical entanglements with eugenic policies, drawing on the perspectives of bioethicists, philosophers, disability rights advocates, and futurists. Considers issues surrounding genetic determinism, polygenic scores, authoritarian versus liberal eugenics, and genetic treatment versus enhancement. Introduces the alarming possibility of “guerilla eugenics” in the form of genetic welding with CRISPR-Cas9 gene drives should they be applied to human genomes.
Progress and Suspicions, 1952–6
Authors: Baylis John , Eames Anthony
Published: July 2023

Reclaiming the office of the prime minster, Churchill set out to restore Anglo-American nuclear cooperation. Strategic planning and technical expertise contributed to an increase in trust as the United States and United Kingdom considered ways to make Anglo-American nuclear power serve broader geopolitical goals. These efforts were shaped by the formation of the NATO alliance, the Korean War, and Eisenhower’s Atoms for Peace campaign designed to control the spread of nuclear power. Congress further complicated Anglo-American nuclear relations in the lead-up to the Suez Crisis. The crisis over Suez seemed to indicate a drift in geopolitical alignment, which weakened the foundation upon which trust could be built.
Trident and the Death of Détente, 1979–82
Authors: Baylis John , Eames Anthony
Published: July 2023

The Trident SLBM is now recognized as an enduring symbol of the special nuclear relationship, but its provision to the UK was not always a guarantee. A resurgent peace movement and the growing anti-nuclear sympathies of the Labour Party cast doubt on the UK’s continued commitment to its nuclear deterrent. Anti-nuclear politics created new elements of trust and mistrust in the relationship. Across the Atlantic, the Reagan administration gave greater attention and support to the special nuclear relationship than any president since Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Renewed intimacy between the American and British nuclear establishments proved key to ending the Cold War, and simultaneously attached pro-nuclear ideas to conservative politics.
Narrative generation from the author’s perspective
Authors: Pérez Rafael Pérez y , Sharples Mike
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses how planning techniques are employed for the automatic generation of narratives. In this approach, authors’ goals and characters’ goals drive the tale’s development. An author goal is a computer representation of a goal of a human story-writer, e.g. choosing a theme to develop a story. Thus, this chapter complements and expands the notions about problem-solving studied in previous chapters. The chapter introduces concepts that include story-theme structure and knowledge base (a characterization of the authors’ knowledge). It explains how to represent the organization of a story (Introduction, Development, Resolution, and Closing) employing data structures. Finally, we consider the main steps to generate a narrative based on planning: choosing a theme structure, creating the characters’ structures of the theme, instantiating the Introduction, instantiating the Development, instantiating the Resolution, instantiating the Closing, and transforming the data structures into English.
Representing the author’s experience in planning
Authors: Pérez Rafael Pérez y , Sharples Mike
Published: July 2023

In this chapter we continue our study of planning techniques. We describe how a storyteller gains knowledge from its own outputs or from examples provided by the user employing a technique known as case-based reasoning (CBR). A storyteller based on CBR needs to include methods for storing and retrieving useful episodes, routines for adapting those episodes to novel situations as well as mechanisms that make sure that the coherence of the tales is preserved. We explain how narrative elements like suspense or flashback can be implemented as part of the author’s goals. Next, we review MINSTREL a well-known storyteller that illustrates all the concepts we studied about planning. The main contribution of this program is its representation of the creative process. When MINSTREL cannot find events in memory to instantiate a theme, a set of heuristics called Transform Recall Adapt Methods (TRAMS) are employed to create novel scenes. We finish with some thoughts about the scope and limitations of planning to narrative generation.
Endless ways to use computers to study narrative generation (part 1)
Authors: Pérez Rafael Pérez y , Sharples Mike
Published: July 2023

The purpose of this chapter and Chapter 13 is to illustrate how computers offer endless ways of approaching the study of narrative generation. Thus, rather than providing an exhaustive review of story-generator systems, these two chapters describe seven computer programs that exemplify the diversity of research interests and technical possibilities, in order to represent in computer terms some core aspects of narrative generation not covered earlier in this book. In this chapter we study four systems, MESSY, SCÉALEXTRIC, GRIOT, and the chess-game narrator, that show how general-purpose techniques commonly used in computer science for other purposes can be successfully handled for automatic narrative generation.
Calredoxin regulates the chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Zinzius Karen , Marchetti Giulia Maria , Fischer Ronja , Milrad Yuval , Oltmanns Anne , Kelterborn Simon , Yacoby Iftach , Hegemann Peter , Scholz Martin , Hippler Michael
Published: July 2023

Calredoxin (CRX) is a calcium (Ca2+)-dependent thioredoxin (TRX) in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) with a largely unclear physiological role. We elucidated the CRX functionality by performing in-depth quantitative proteomics of wild-type cells compared with a crx insertional mutant (IMcrx), two CRISPR/Cas9 KO mutants, and CRX rescues. These analyses revealed that the chloroplast NADPH-dependent TRX reductase (NTRC) is co-regulated with CRX. Electron transfer measurements revealed that CRX inhibits NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX1) via NTRC and that the function of the NADPH-NTRC complex is under strict control of CRX. Via non-reducing SDS-PAGE assays and mass spectrometry, our data also demonstrated that PRX1 is more oxidized under high light (HL) conditions in the absence of CRX. The redox tuning of PRX1 and control of the NADPH-NTRC complex via CRX interconnect redox control with active photosynthetic electron transport and metabolism, as well as Ca2+ signaling. In this way, an economic use of NADPH for PRX1 reduction is ensured. The finding that the absence of CRX under HL conditions severely inhibited light-driven CO2 fixation underpins the importance of CRX for redox tuning, as well as for efficient photosynthesis.
Deep learning-based automatic scoring models for the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis based on multimodal ultrasound images
Authors: He Xuelei , Wang Ming , Zhao Chenyang , Wang Qian , Zhang Rui , Liu Jian , Zhang Yixiu , Qi Zhenhong , Su Na , Wei Yao , Gui Yang , Li Jianchu , Tian Xinping , Zeng Xiaofeng , Jiang Yuxin , Wang Kun , Yang Meng
Published: July 2023

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the value of deep learning (DL) models based on multimodal ultrasonographic (US) images to quantify RA activity.

Methods

Static greyscale (SGS), dynamic greyscale (DGS), static power Doppler (SPD) and dynamic power Doppler (DPD) US images were collected and evaluated by two expert radiologists according to the EULAR–OMERACT Synovitis Scoring system. Four DL models were developed based on the ResNet-type structure, evaluated on two separate test cohorts, and finally compared with the performance of 12 radiologists with different levels of experience.

Results

In total, 1244 images were used for the model training, and 152 and 354 for testing (cohort 1 and 2, respectively). The best-performing models for the scores of 0/1/2/3 were the DPD, SGS, DGS and SPD models, respectively (Area Under the receiver operating characteristic Curve [AUC] = 0.87/0.95/0.74/0.95; no significant differences). All the DL models provided results comparable to the experienced radiologists on a per-image basis (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.239–0.756, P < 0.05). The SPD model performed better than the SGS one on test cohort 1 (score of 0/2/3: AUC = 0.82/0.67/0.95 vs 0.66/0.66/0.75, respectively) and test cohort 2 (score of 0: AUC = 0.89 vs 0.81). The dynamic DL models performed better than the static ones in most of the scoring processes and were more accurate than the most of senior radiologists, especially the DPD model.

Conclusion

DL models based on multimodal US images allow a quantitative and objective assessment of RA activity. Dynamic DL models in particular have potential value in assisting radiologists to improve the accuracy of RA US-based grading.
Summary of methodology used in enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) challenge experiments in weanling pigs and quantitative assessment of observed variability
Authors: Dahmer Payton L , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , Paulk Chad B , Jones Cassandra K
Published: July 2023

Postweaning diarrhea in pigs is often caused by the F4 or F18 strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). To evaluate interventions for ETEC, experimental infection via a challenge model is critical. Others have reviewed ETEC challenge studies, but there is a lack of explanation for the variability in responses observed. Our objective was to quantitatively summarize the responses and variability among ETEC challenge studies and develop a tool for sample size calculation. The most widely evaluated response criteria across ETEC challenge studies consist of growth performance, fecal consistency, immunoglobulins, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and small intestinal morphology. However, there is variation in the responses seen following ETEC infection as well as the variability within each response criteria. Contributing factors include the type of ETEC studied, dose and timing of inoculation, and the number of replications. Generally, a reduction in average daily gain and average daily feed intake are seen following ETEC challenge as well as a rapid increase in diarrhea. The magnitude of response in growth performance varies, and methodologies used to characterize fecal consistency are not standardized. Likewise, fecal bacterial shedding is a common indicator of ETEC infection, but the responses seen across the literature are not consistent due to differences in bacterial enumeration procedures. Emphasis should also be placed on the piglet’s immune response to ETEC, which is commonly assessed by quantifying levels of immunoglobulins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Again, there is variability in these responses across published work due to differences in the timing of sample collection, dose of ETEC pigs are challenged with, and laboratory practices. Small intestinal morphology is drastically altered following infection with ETEC and appears to be a less variable response criterion to evaluate. For each of these outcome variables, we have provided quantitative estimates of the responses seen across the literature as well as the variability within them. While there is a large degree of variability across ETEC challenge experiments, we have provided a quantitative summary of these studies and a Microsoft Excel-based tool was created to calculate sample sizes for future studies that can aid researchers in designing future work.
Clinical Outcomes After Cranioplasty With Titanium Mesh, Polyetheretherketone, or Composite Bone Cement: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Chen Kui , Liang Wenjia , Zhu Qingyun , Shen Haoyu , Yang Youlei , Li Yanxin , Li Haichun , Wang Yonghong , Qian Rongjun
Published: July 2023

Cranioplasty is a common neurosurgical procedure; however, the optimal material choice remains controversial. At the time of this writing, autologous bone, the preferred choice for primary cranioplasty, has a high incidence of complications such as infection and resorption, thus requiring frequent use of synthetic materials. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the clinical benefits of titanium mesh (Ti), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and composite bone cement (CBC) in cranioplasty to provide a clear selection basis for clinicians and patients. This study retrospectively collected data from 207 patients who underwent cranioplasty with Ti (n=129), PEEK (n=54), and CBC (n=24) between January 2018 and December 2020 at Henan Provincial People’s Hospital. Postoperative follow-up information after 6 months was used to compare the long-term effects of the 3 materials on the patients. There were no significant differences in the overall complication rate after cranioplasty among the 3 materials. However, subcutaneous effusion was more frequent with PEEK (24.07%) and CBC (20.83%) than with Ti (2.33%). Second, there were no significant differences in the increase in Glasgow Outcome Scale and Karnofsky Performance Status scores after cranioplasty among the 3 materials. Finally, we found that PEEK had the highest patient satisfaction and hospitalization cost, whereas the opposite was true for Ti. Although the surgical outcomes of the 3 implant materials were similar, an examination of clinical outcomes such as patient satisfaction showed significant differences, deepening people’s perceptions of the 3 materials.
Within‐person associations between alcohol use and memory lapses among middle‐aged and older adults
Authors: Miller Sara E. , Mogle Jacqueline A. , Linden‐Carmichael Ashley N. , Almeida David M.
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Alcohol use has been linked to impairment in both short‐ and long‐term measures of objective memory. However, limited research has investigated the association between alcohol use and subjective memory in everyday life. The study purpose was to investigate within‐ and between‐person associations between daily alcohol use and prospective (i.e., forgetting an intended task) and retrospective (i.e., forgetting something learned in the past) memory lapses among middle‐aged and older adults.

Methods

Participants (n = 925; Mage = 55.2) were non‐abstaining adults from the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study or the MIDUS Refresher who participated in an 8‐day telephone diary asking about their daily experiences.

Results

Multilevel models revealed that within‐individuals, heavier‐than‐usual alcohol use (i.e., having more drinks than one's daily average number of drinks) was associated with greater odds of reporting any memory lapses (odds ratio [OR] 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01, 1.12), while associations at the between‐person level were nonsignificant (OR 1.07; 95% CI 0.99, 1.16). When assessing retrospective and prospective lapses separately, alcohol use was only associated with prospective lapses and only at the between‐person level (OR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01, 1.19). Finally, alcohol use was unassociated with reported irritation or interference from memory lapses (p > 0.05).

Discussion and Conclusions

Heavier‐than‐usual alcohol use may have acute effects on daily memory functioning. Future studies should assess how alcohol use relates to an individual's ability to meet daily cognitive demands, as these findings may have critical implications for harm reduction efforts targeting daily functioning among older adults.
Utilising qualitative data for social network analysis in disaster research: opportunities, challenges, and an illustration
Authors: Benedict Bailey C. , Lee Seungyoon , Jarvis Caitlyn M. , Siebeneck Laura K. , Wolfe Rachel
Published: July 2023

An abundance of unstructured and loosely structured data on disasters exists and can be analysed using network methods. This paper overviews the use of qualitative data in quantitative social network analysis in disaster research. It discusses two types of networks, each with a relevant major topic in disaster research—that is, (i) whole network approaches to emergency management networks and (ii) personal network approaches to the social support of survivors—and four usable forms of qualitative data. This paper explains five opportunities afforded by these approaches, revolving around their flexibility and ability to account for complex network structures. Next, it presents an empirical illustration that extends the authors' previous work examining the sources and the types of support and barrier experienced by households during long‐term recovery from Hurricane (Superstorm) Sandy (2012), wherein quantitative social network analysis was applied to two qualitative datasets. The paper discusses three challenges associated with these approaches, related to the samples, coding, and bias.
Experiential learning of management principles via online student‐manager discussions
Authors: Fish Lynn A.
Published: July 2023

This teaching brief describes an experiential project used in a graduate Principles of Management course for nonbusiness undergraduate students. Groups of four to six first‐year MBA students interviewed a seasoned manager online twice over the 8‐week course and discussed the applications of course material. Project subtopics included an introduction to management, strategic management, ethics and social responsibility, innovation and change management, international business, organizational structure, authority and job design, human resource management, leadership, and communication, operations management, and business analytics. Students completed a group report and an individual reflection on their experience. Over 92% of graduate students in the class indicated that the project was a positive learning activity.