bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inheritance of Temperament. (Publication 236 of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1915.) Davenport, C. B.
Authors: Davenport C. B.
Published: August 2008

The author here seeks to analyse the distribution in families of temperament, as expressed in mood, and to test the hypothesis that it is dependent on heredity. Mood is divided into two main clashes (as seen in manic depressive states): the hyperkinetic or exalted, and the hypokinetic or depressed. The hyperkinetic temperament is divided into two grades: a less developed called nervous (and sometimes sanguine), and a more developed called choleric. The hypokinetic temperament is likewise divided into two grades: a less developed called phlegmatic, and a more developed called melancholic. In some families there is a prevailing tendency to the first class of conditions, and in other families for the second class, while yet other families show a mixed state. How can we bring under one general scheme the inheritance of these various types of mood? After several trials the following hypothesis was selected to test. There is in the germplasm a fectot E, which induces the more or less periodic occurrence of an excited condition (or an exceptionally strong reactibility to exciting conditions), and its absence e, which results in an absence of extreme excitability. There are also the factor C, which makes for normal cheerfulness of mood, and its absence c, which permits a more or less periodic depression. Moreover, these factors behave as though in different chromosomes, so that they are inherited independently of each other and may occur in any combination.
Séguin and Physiological Education
Authors: Shuttleworth G. E.
Published: August 2008

I much appreciate the honour of being allowed to supplement your more formal courses of study with regard to mental defectives by a few biographical particulars and personal reminiscences of one who may be designated as the pioneer in their training, and the earliest exponent of the educational principles essential to their mental development. I may add that the principles Séguin laid down some seventy years ago apply to a far wider range than the instruction of imbeciles, and I shall hope to show that his master mind anticipated many of the modern methods which of late years have been accepted by the educational world as recent discoveries. As Mr. Holman well puts it in the opening sentence of his admirable book (1) on Séguin (to which I would at once express my appreciative acknowledgments), “The world has not infrequently had to rediscover its great men after they were dead, though their works lived after them.” The voice of Séguin was indeed, in his own day, at any rate as far as general educational science was concerned, as of one crying in the wilderness, and was even derided by the self-satisfied educationalists of the time. His ideas were indeed in advance of the age in which he lived; but what joy would it have been to him to see a summer school of earnest students of the subject nearest to his heart!
On Shame
Authors: Rae James
Published: August 2008

Here we shall consider the effect of shame; then try to discover why we feel it at certain times, and whether it can be represented as the development of any other emotion.
Notes on Mental Defect in Criminals
Authors: Donkin Bryan
Published: August 2008

I. In pursuance of the intention, signified in my “Notes on the Mental Deficiency Act” in the Journal for July, 1916, to consider, as practically as may be, the subject of mental defect as a factor in the production of crime, I find it desirable to make some introductory remarks concerning the recently increasing literature of what is known as “Criminology.” This term may be properly applied to investigations undertaken with a view to giving such an account of criminal conduct and criminal men as may assist in the formation of practical measures towards the prevention of the one and the appropriate treatment of the other. Most of the more modern discussions on crime and criminals have either directly or indirectly been occasioned by the efforts of persons concerned in some way with prison administration, or otherwise specially conversant with convicted criminals, who strive to discover just principles on which to base their practice. But the growing bulk of doctrine and debate on the causation of crime, the genesis and treatment of the criminal, the meaning of “responsibility,” and even the State's “right” to “punish” offenders at all, consists to a great extent of definitely formulated theories largely based on preconceived assumptions regardless of fact, and often mutually contradictory. This occasions much difficulty to those who aim at any clear understanding of the subject; and the difficulty is increased by the frequently indefinite and equivocal use of the words “crime,” “criminal,” and “punishment,” which denote the very subjects of discussion. Thus the handling of the whole matter becomes widely diffused, leaving no firm ground on which to rest any useful conclusion. Sundry kinds of topics, sociological, ethical, psychological, and biological, become involved in the dispute, and the student may even be landed and left in the midst of such perennial controversies as those about the “freedom of the will,” and the nature, and even existence, of the relation between mind and matter.
The Origin of Mental Power
Authors: Redfield Casper L.
Published: August 2008

The ordinary biological teaching is to the effect that the inheritance of the child is not affected by the education of the parent. That dictum is not based upon a direct investigation of the matter itself, nor is it based upon an investigation of anything which is related to human intelligence. The dictum is nothing but an unwarranted deduction from observations on the colours of animals, and some experiments on amputating the tails of mice.
Zola's Studies in Mental Disease
Authors: Adams J. Barfield
Published: August 2008

As a rule novelists have not been very successful in their delineation of mad people. They usually overdo it; their maniacs are too maniacal, and their melancholics too melancholy. Even when descriptions of milder cases of mental disorder have been attempted, as in those of Miss Flite in Bleak House, or Mr. F's aunt in Little Dorrit, they have not been altogether satisfactory. Neither have the dramatists been more fortunate. One of the first plays that I ever saw on a London stage was a dramatised version of Jane Eyre, and the character of Bertha, the mad woman, as featured by the actress, was a very terrible exhibition. It is only fair to say, however, that in several modern French plays, where a person of unsound mind has been included in the dramatis personæ, the character has been a fairly natural study of the disease.
Dreams and their Interpretation, with Special Application to Freudism
Authors: Armstrong-Jones Sir Robert
Published: August 2008

It may seem out of place, whilst we are face to face with so grim a reality as a war for our very existence, and a war which has so deeply affected the life of every individual in this country as well as within the Empire, that we should be discussing the realms of dream-land; but we may claim that the “Bowmen,” in the early days of the war, laid particular emphasis upon dreams—for to these of our brave warriors, appeared the “Angel of the Mons,” and the “unconscious mind” has been drawn, in literature at any rate, into the tragedies of the war.
The Crime of Porter Charlton [Il Delitto di Porter Charlton]. (Il Manicomio, April, 1916.) Valtorta, Dr. Dario.
Authors: Adams J. Barfield
Published: August 2008

This study in psychological and forensic medicine is a model of systematic arrangement of facts. Narrative, family history, and biography occupy their proper positions in the perspective, and although one cannot altogether agree with the writer's conclusions, one is filled with admiration for the minute and careful analysis of the physical and mental personality of the criminal.
Egyptian News
Authors: Warnock
Published: August 2008

Dr. Collins encloses two cuttings from the Egyptian Mail, which are translations from the native papers, and will, no doubt, be read with interest.
War Psychoses: An Analysis of 202 Cases of Mental Disorder Occurring in Home Troops
Authors: Henderson D. K.
Published: August 2008

In June, 1916, a portion of the Lord Derby War Hospital was set aside for the care and treatment of cases of mental disorder occurring in non-commissioned officers and men of the British Expeditionary Forces. In addition, it was found that at the home training camps, and in soldiers doing garrison duty in India, Gibraltar, Sierra Leone, and so on, numerous cases of mental disorder were from time to time arising. As it was obviously impossible for general hospitals adequately to care for such cases, the Lord Derby War Hospital, pending their final disposal, was called upon to receive a certain number of them. Other arrangements have now been made for more expeditiously dealing with these cases, and in consequence none such are now received in this hospital.
The Psychoneurotic Temperament and its Reactions to Military Service
Authors: Ballard E. Fryer
Published: August 2008

The term temperament is used in this paper to denote the sum total of inherent emotional potentialities and kinetic tendencies peculiar to the individual. A person's tendencies to action and reaction, his outlook upon life, and his liability to mental and nervous disorder, are in a large measure determined by the temperament with which he is born. Character, in the usual sense of the term, and personality, at any given time, are the resultant of temperament and environment in its widest sense, past and present, and previous reactions thereto, and are varying quantities. Temperament, although susceptible of modification by external influences, cannot be changed fundamentally in type.
The Infective Factors in Some Types of Neurasthenia
Authors: Robertson W. Ford
Published: August 2008

The distinctive signs and symptoms of neurasthenia are capable of fairly precise definition, and there need rarely be any doubt, or difference of opinion, as to whether a particular case is to be classed as of this nature or not. The chief symptoms are a constant feeling of fatigue, not relieved by rest, and the occurrence of various forms of hyperæsthesia, paræsthesia, and localised pain. Two important physical signs constantly occur—exaggeration of the patellar reflex and tremor of the eyelids when the eyes are half closed. Added to these, there are, in greater or less degree, characteristic mental features which constitute the picture of psychasthenia, namely, incoercible ideas, obsessions, and monophobias.
War Psychology: English and German
Authors: Maudsley Henry
Published: August 2008

[The following article was sent to the Editors so far back as the autumn of 1916. Exception was taken by the Censor to certain passages, and as it was felt that it was preferable that it should be published in its entirety or not at all, its publication was withheld in the hope that the objections would eventually be withdrawn. This has now been done, and the Editors are glad to be in a position to present the article as it came from the pen of Dr. Maudsley, and without any mutilation.
Notes on a Case Treated by Hypnotic Suggestion.
Authors: Jeffrey G. Rutherford
Published: August 2008

Mr. President and Gentlemen,—You will, I know, agree with me that there is no doctor who has not frequently been at a loss to know what treatment to adopt in a case which, although apparently simple and straightforward, continued to show no signs of improvement, and when we are dealing with mental cases this is, I think, especially noticeable. But, after all, we must admit that the means at our disposal for the treatment of mental diseases are very inadequate—differing widely from many medical and surgical conditions in which the only and proper treatment is invariably followed by recovery. In most mental diseases I am afraid we must acknowledge that there is still no specific treatment guaranteed to cure any given case: recoveries frequently occur when least we expect them, cases which we deem recoverable frequently disappoint us.
Notes on Two Cases of Epilepsy in Twins, with Photographs
Authors: Toledo R. M.
Published: August 2008

Special features of interest in two cases of epilepsy in twin sisters under care in this asylum induced me to publish these short notes, although the cases do not exhibit anything particular from the clinical side.
Sadism and Masochism
Authors: Rees-Thomas W.
Published: August 2008

Sadism is conceived as including anything from an impetuous attitude towards the sexual object to the stage in which sexual gratification is exclusively dependent upon the complete subjection and ill-treatment of the sexual victim.
Applicability of the Findings of the Neuro-psychiatric Examinations in the Army to Civil Problems. (Ment. Hyg., April, 1920.) Bailey, P.
Authors: Gifford John
Published: August 2008

Applicability of the Findings of the Neuro-psychiatric Examinations in the Army to Civil Problems. (Ment. Hyg., April, 1920.) Bailey, P.
The Oxford Clinic
Authors: Good T. S.
Published: August 2008

The Oxford Clinic for Nervous Disorders first came into official being in the beginning of 1918, when the Committee of the Radcliffe Infirmary did Dr. W. McDougall and myself the honour of appointing us as Physicians-in-Charge of this department, and asked us to organise and run it. It was started with an outpatient department one afternoon a week and was entitled the Department for Nervous Disorders. This term was chosen as it was hoped that it would induce all classes of nervous cases to apply for treatment. Particularly for those cases which show mental symptoms was this title chosen, in the hope that such patients would come to the clinic without feeling they were being specially branded as “mental.” Opportunity would be given for treatment, and possibly improvement or even cure might be effected, and thus certification, which every one of these cases most dreads, could be avoided.
The Passage of a Barium Sulphate Meal in ten Cases of Dementia Præcox
Authors: Stanford R. V. , Goodall Edwin
Published: August 2008

The investigation of which the ten cases here dealt with constitute the early stage was undertaken in connection with an inquiry, still in progress, into the gastric digestion of a test-meal in cases of dementia præcox. Incidentally, Sir Arbuthnot Lane includes dementia præcox amongst the conglomeration of diseases which, according to him, are traceable to coprostasis.
The Third Maudsley Lecture
Authors: Craig Maurice
Published: August 2008

We are met to fulfil the behest of one of the most distinguished physicians of psychological medicine of recent times. Maudsley was a leader in his lifetime, and he lit a lamp for research which it is our duty and that of the generations which follow after to keep burning. He was a man with a great insight and practical withal, for he has left behind him benefactions which are endowed by his inspiration and which must live with increasing benefit to mankind. The acuteness of Maudsley's vision is demonstrated by the method in which he founded these lectures; he perceived, and perceived rightly, that mental disorder was not purely a medical problem, but that there was a lay side to it which was of vital importance, and in consequence he directed that in alternate years a scientific and a popular lecture should be given. He wrote that “there are not many natures predisposed to insanity but might be saved from it were they placed in their earliest days in exactly those circumstances and subjected to exactly that training most fitted to counteract that innate infirmity.” No doubt this connotes much, and to some it may seem an overwhelming task. For it would appear to include a full appreciation of how mental disorder is brought about; what, if any, are the precursory indications, and what symptoms, when present, should be regarded as potentially dangerous to the future welfare of the mind of an individual. The inquiry is a fascinating one, and the problem can be more quickly unravelled by the working of physician, psychologist and educationalist in close collaboration. Mental disorder unfortunately, as things are at present, only becomes a medical matter when it has advanced a considerable distance, but this must be changed, and it must be our endeavour as physicians to control its very beginnings. Whilst it is right to devote time and energy to examine scientifically every means by which the recovery or the alleviation of mental disorder may be brought about and to use them to the full, in the end the return for these labours must be limited; to control its gateways and to prevent its occurrence far out-rivals any treatment of disorder that has once become established. In fact it is doubtful whether a complete recovery ever does take place in the sense that the patient is free from any scarring from the experience he has passed through. Preventive medicine is the side of medical science which is most attractive, offering as it does benefits of infinite value both to the individual and to the nation. Investigation tends more and more to establish the view that many disorders have their inception in childhood and experience confirms that this is true of the more common types of mental disturbance. It is on this account that I have decided to take as my subject for this lecture “Some Aspects of Education and Training in Relation to Mental Disorder.” The term “education” will be used in its widest sense and will connote the instruction and upbringing of the child both at home and in the school.
The Hospitalisation of the Scottish Asylum System. The Presidential Address at the Annual Meeting of the Medico-Psychological Association of Great Britain and Ireland, held in Edinburgh, July 19–21, 1922
Authors: Robertson George M.
Published: August 2008

The dominating motive which for more than a generation has directed the activities of the asylum authorities in Scotland has been the desire to make the asylum in that country an institution, inspired by the same exalted principles and conducted on the same medical and nursing methods as those existing in our great general hospitals. That ideal has the supreme merit of being simple and tangible as well as high, for the voluntary hospital is the most perfect embodiment of practical humanitarianism and science at present known to us, and the position it occupies is unique among medical institutions. The more nearly this ideal is reached, the more closely will the care of those suffering from mental disorder approximate to a state of perfection, and the more completely will the asylum be transformed into a hospital for the treatment of a special disease. This is what is understood by the phrase, “the hospitalisation of the asylum,” which was first used in 1902.
Some Chemical Influences in regard to the Endocrine Glands and the Central Nervous System
Authors: Meakins Jonathan C.
Published: August 2008

Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen,—In view of what has already been said to-day I am afraid that anything which I may be able to contribute to this discussion will be superfluous, but perhaps, by approaching the subject from the point of view of the influence of certain chemical substances on the general function of the animal organism, an additional side-light may be obtained on this subject. It is difficult to separate many of these chemical actions, as the functional activity of the endocrine glands and the nervous system are so intimately connected. In addition the active principles of some of the endocrine secretions are now identified as definite chemical compounds closely allied to other substances which may possibly be produced in the organism under pathological conditions.
The Treatment of the Insane in Pavilions without Detention [Le Traitement des Aliénés en “Pavillons Libre”]. (Bull. de la Soc. de Med. Ment. de Belg., February, 1922.) Laruelle, L.
Authors: Franklin Marjorie E.
Published: August 2008

The writer's experience shows the need of co-operation between magistrates and alienists. Representations which led to legal investigations were made by the former confederates of an alcoholic woman who was improving rapidly in the sanatorium of Fort-Jaco. The inquiry was conducted in a spirit of antagonism and suspicion which spread discontent among patients. The removal either home or to the asylum was ordered of certain patients well suited to sanatorium care who had not asked to go. These included chronic psychoses without anti-social conduct, paranoias, simple dementias, transitory and curable psychoses, etc. In particular the removal home as mentally fit and wishing to leave was ordered of a blind paraphrenic who made a stereotyped demand for discharge to go to “X, where she had the freedom of the city,” but who remained, though she carried the writer's signed permit, and who refused to depart with her friends. Other cases, unable to exercise volition (e.g., of stupor) were to be certified.
Infection in Mental Hospitals, with Special Reference to Floor Treatment
Authors: Shaw B. H.
Published: August 2008

The average mortality from tubercular disease in mental hospitals is over nine times that of the outside population, and as regards dysentery, which is rarely met with among the sane community in this country, the Board of Control state that “during the second half of 1921 some 728 persons were attacked by the disease in mental hospitals and of these 126 died.” It is a most serious reflection that consequent on admission to a mental hospital a valuable life may be lost, such as, for instance, that of a young mother suffering from nervous shock after confinement, as a result of infection with one of these pathogenic organisms. It is therefore a matter of most urgent necessity that everything possible shall be done in order to eliminate dysentery from our mental hospitals and to reduce the mortality from tuberculosis; and now that the voluntary boarder principle is likely to be adopted for public mental hospitals it becomes more than ever necessary.
Considerations, Bacteriological, Toxicological and Hæmatological, and others thereto akin, bearing upon the Psychoses
Authors: Goodall Edwin
Published: August 2008

In the course of toxic and febrile processes, such as occur in association with typhoid, erysipelas, malaria, pneumonia, influenza, psychoses may arise. Amongst the infection-psychoses may be counted also the insanity of the puerperium. In association with epidemic encephalitis various psychoses develop—a fact of significance in the problems of the pathogenesis of these states. Of peculiar interest is the occurrence of disorders of motility in the course of, and after, this disease, resembling muscular disorders in katalepsy and katatonia. A recent and valuable addition to the literature of this subject is furnished in an article by Skliar, who has had the unusual experience of seeing mental disturbances in the course of typhus and relapsing fever, prevalent in Russia during the three winters 1918–1920, inclusive. He also describes five cases of Lyssa in which psychotic disturbances occurred.
The Psychology of Epilepsy
Authors: Wiersma E. D.
Published: August 2008

In this lecture it is my intention to illustrate the usefulness of the psychological conception of psychical disturbances by saying some thing about the psychology of epilepsy.
Observations on the Size and Construction of Lunatic Asylums
Authors: Lalor Joseph
Published: August 2008

It is only after much thinking, and with much hesitation, that I venture to advocate in the following pages, principles as to the size and construction of lunatic asylums, which I believe to be at variance with those upheld by the highest authorities on this subject; but the question how provision may be best made for the enormous number of lunatics now known to exist in every civilized country, is one of such importance, and still so far from having received a satisfactory answer, that it seems a matter of duty on the part of every one who has had favourable opportunities for considering the matter, to place his views before the public. In this, as in other questions, full and free discussion seems to offer the best chance for a speedy arrival at the truth, and though my views may not meet public approval, yet their publication may contribute to enquiry, and thus tend to a satisfactory solution of the question. I am of opinion, that asylums of large size are the best adapted for the curative and humane treatment of the insane, and whilst I am not prepared to say what limit should be put to the size of an asylum, I do not consider that Colney Hatch, which is the largest of our public asylums, would be too large, if its internal construction had been arranged so as to meet certain modifications in the principles of management, which, in my mind, would be advisable in all asylums, but which are still more requisite in those of large than of small size.
A Case of Homicidal Mania, with Auditory Hallucinations
Authors: Robertson C. Lockhart
Published: August 2008

History of the case.—G. C—, No. —, æt. 41, single, a Scotchman, was admitted into the Hayward's Heath Asylum on the 31st October, 1860.

In 1856, this patient was committed for seven days to Maidstone Gaol for some breach of the peace while under the influence of drink, and he then stabbed a fellow-prisoner (who subsequently died of the wound), whom he had never seen before, and who had in no way provoked or offended him. His own account of the transaction is that, on the second or third day after his committal, he was coming out of the chaplain's room, and being left alone in the corridor, a sudden idea took possession of his mind that he was in a place where men were cut up for preserved meat for the navy, and that seeing a carpenter's chisel lying on the ground (some repairs were in progress), he took it up, and blindly attacked the first prisoner he met.
The Cottage System and Gheel
Authors: Sibbald John
Published: August 2008

A System, called the cottage system, has of late years been attracting the attention of many of those interested in the construction of our lunatic asylums. The careful study of the requirements of the insane, which distinguishes many of the beautiful structures recently erected by the English counties has succeeded in producing what may be regarded as nearly the perfection of our present system; and unless it can be shown that an arrangement based on entirely new principles ought to be adopted, there remains little to be done in the way of improvement. Every proposal, therefore, which suggests a new principle of construction deserves the serious consideration of our profession; and the cottage system has been so highly commended by many respectable authorities that an examination of its merits will not be unacceptable to the readers of the Journal. The following pages are intended to be devoted to this object, as well as to the consideration of how much, if any, of the peculiarities of the system should be adopted in future arrangements for the accommodation of the insane; whether it should be adopted in place of our present system, engrafted upon it, or rejected altogether as unsuitable or impracticable.
Notes on Idiocy
Authors: Duncan P. Martin
Published: August 2008

It is remarkable, considering the advance which has been made in the study of the diseases of the mind during this century, that so little is still known concerning idiocy and idiots. With an increasing population, there is no decrease in the numbers of these helpless beings; their origin is connected with the, apparently, inevitable results of our social system; their very existence is, in most instances, a natural protest against vexatious and unreasonable interference with those great laws which govern the well-being of communities; and, both in a scientific sense as well as in a philanthropical, they have great claims for consideration.
On Remissions in the Course of General Paralysis
Authors: Sauze A.
Published: August 2008

The study of the intermissions which occur in the course of general paralysis is not the least interesting chapter in the history of this disease. Is it not a matter of surprise, that an affection which occasions such grave disturbances of the cerebral organ should undergo ameliorations so pronounced as might well be taken for a real cure, did not the experience of each day teach us that it is but arrested for a longer or shorter time, and that sooner or later the paralysis resumes its fatal course. Have not even alienists asserted that they have cured demented paralytics ? The existence of intermission in the course of general paralysis does not at the present time need to be demonstrated. It is enough to glance at the treatises of MM. Calmeil and Bayle, to find the most remarkable examples of it.
Œnomania, or Methyskomania; its Prevalence and Treatment
Authors: MacIlwaine W.
Published: August 2008

It is a fact, which few attentive observers of the state of society around will either deny or dispute, that while our “Hospitals for the Insane” enclose within their walls numbers of the class commonly known as “dangerous lunatics;” and while our prisons and houses of correction incarcerate a still greater number of the enemies of peace and order and the well-being of the community; and whereas our nosocomiums give shelter and treatment to the sufferers from bodily maladies, in all their terrible variety; there are yet at large, and to a sad extent uncared for, multitudes of persons who are the victims of a malady as dire as any in the entire catalogue of disease, and who are, moreover, as dangerous and damaging, by habit and act, to the best interest of society as any criminal or lunatic in existence. The class of persons referred to are those who, from long addiction to intemperance in the use of stimulants, have ceased to possess any available amount of self-control, and have thus become, in effect, to a great extent, if riot unaccountable and absolutely insane, at least closely allied to that unhappy class of mental sufferers. It is true that, with the exception of this one mental derangement, these persons may be in all other respects mentis compotes, and able to manage their ordinary affairs. But the same remark applies to nearly all monomaniacs. It is also true that the attacks of their malady, and their succumbing to it, are in many instances periodical, and that, unless during the prevalence of one of these attacks, the persons in question may be quiet and orderly, and to all appearance respectable members of society; but the like is the case with not a few forms of insanity which have their equally well-marked periods and paroxysms.
The Diagnosis of Dysenteric Infections in Mental Hospitals
Authors: Petrie A. A. W.
Published: August 2008

The diagnosis of dysentery is a matter of considerable administrative importance in mental hospitals.
The Effect of Malarial Fever upon Dementia Prœcox Subjects
Authors: Templeton W. L.
Published: August 2008

It has long been known that remissions of varying degree and duration may occur in chronic mental states as a result of acute febrile intercurrent disease, and many attempts have been made to produce such an acute febrile reaction by artificial means, with a view to improving the mental condition thereby.
The Organization of Medical Education in Psychiatry and Neurology at the Dutch Universities, with Special Reference to the Neuro-Psychiatric Clinic at Utrecht University. An address delivered to the Medico-Psychological Association of Great Britain and Ireland on November 22, 1923
Authors: Winkler C.
Published: August 2008

The organization of the study of psychiatry and neurology at the Universities in Holland has been very difficult. Schreuder van der Kolk, the well-known reformer of psychiatry in my country, was Professor of Physiology at the University of Utrecht. The fruit of his work was the asylum of Meerenberg, exemplary at that time, very useful still, but he did not organize medical education in psychiatry. He died in 1862. It was not until 1871 that our “Society of Psychiatry” was constituted. The many petitions originating from this society brought about the first possibility of psychiatrical teaching by our “law on higher education,” of 1877. The director of the asylum in Utrecht, Dr. Van der Lith, got the title of a university professor. His lectures were not obligatory, and he retired in 1878. In Amsterdam an energetic young doctor, Arie de Jong, taught psychiatry from 1878 to 1881. When he retired psychiatrical teaching was no longer given in Holland. Organization of this branch of medical education had never existed. Examination in it did not exist. Asylum doctors were mostly recruited from military medical men, returned from our colonies, who desired to add the small pay of the asylum to their pension.
Mental Trends and Mechanisms, and their Relation to Disease considered in their more familiar Manifestations
Authors: Middlemiss J. E.
Published: August 2008

A cursory survey of the varied fields of human activity suffices to establish the existence of a fundamental rhythm, an action and reaction, an antithetical sequence as it were, by virtue of which the prevailing phase in any movement is inevitably and inexorably succeeded by its direct opposite. Manifestations of this periodicity or cyclical tendency underlying all forms of human endeavour abound on every hand. Peace follows war as night succeeds day; an age of feudalism and despotic rule gives place to one of democratic Government. The time-worn creeds and simple faiths crumble a little before the exigent demands of a higher criticism, and, even as we glow with triumph at the achievements of modern science, we feel the premonitions of new developments whose exponents care for none of those things, and speak not the language of an out-worn materialism. And here it may not be inapposite to remark that the science of medicine is by no means immune from this prevailing principle.
Pressure Changes in the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Riddel D. O. , Stewart R. M.
Published: August 2008

During the course of the last few years the study of the cerebrospinal fluid in both mental and nervous disorders has made rapid progress, and with the introduction of methods of precision much useful knowledge in regard to its physical, chemical, and serological properties has been acquired. Nevertheless, much remains to be learnt, and we propose to submit observations on one aspect of the subject which is still in its infancy, namely, the pressure of the cerebrospinal fluid, and the modifications which it may undergo in the insane. At the outset, however, it will be convenient to refer in as few words as possible to the distribution and circulation of this fluid.
Diet according to Symbiosis
Authors: Reinheimer H.
Published: August 2008

According to the late Sir William Bayliss, a leading physiologist, the vitamins, which the plant alone knows how to manufacture, are a kind of chemical messengers (hormones). “They are obtained from the plant, and are particularly abundant in fresh green vegetables and fruit.” … “Their precise mode of action is still unknown, but in their absence normal growth and function is impossible and certain diseases make their appearance.” Hence the normal growth of the animals depends upon stimulations and influences directly derived from the plant kingdom. The evolution of the animal is in large part directed by the plant, which is also saying that it is cosmically directed, in virtue of those terrestrial and solar influences which the plant purveys. But it is also saying, in a most important sense, that all organic evolution is directed by the amount of mutuality existing between the kingdoms and what this involves in bio-sociality. If the vitamins are, in Sir William's words, “obviously a kind of chemical messengers,” then we must consider them as the hormones of symbiosis, as “messengers” of health—the diametric opposites of the alkaloids, the vegetable poisons which are of appalling efficacy in the physiological economy of the animal. By symbiosis I mean not parasitism, not commensalism, but definite, almost deliberate, mutual adaptation for the purpose of mutual service, on the part of living things, nearly always of different orders of creation, broadly, that is, between the plant and the animal (“Norm-symbiosis”).
The Malarial Treatment of General Paralysis; Some Psychological and Physical Observations
Authors: De M. Rudolf G.
Published: August 2008

Numerous articles have appeared within the last few months in both Continental and English literature describing the value of the malarial treatment in cases of general paralysis. Thus Yorke and Macfie state that out of 84 general paralytics treated with malaria, 23 (or 27.4 per cent.) had been, or were about to be, discharged, at the time of writing, from the mental hospitals. Weygandt in 50 cases obtained good remissions in 48 per cent., and Kirschbaum in 51 in 58.8 per cent. Scripture states that in Wagner-Jauregg's clinic complete remissions were obtained in 44 per cent, out of 141 cases treated. This percentage of complete remissions is still being maintained, Gerstmann reporting recently that 40 per cent, show complete remissions with ability to work, 30 per cent, improvement, and 30 per cent, no improvement. If only early cases are treated Wagner-Jauregg states that nearly 100 per cent. of cures can be obtained. These figures compare very favourably with the percentage of spontaneous remissions recorded by Kirschbaum. This writer found that spontaneous remissions occurred in only 11.4 per cent. of untreated general paralytics. At present it is too early to make any definite statement with regard to the permanence of the remissions, although the three oldest successful cases in Wagner-Jauregg's clinic have now shown complete remissions for years.
Observations on Delinquent Mental Defectives
Authors: Thomas W. Rees , Gostwyck Cecil H. G.
Published: August 2008

The problem of delinquency has a peculiar interest for the alienist as well as the social reformer, for it is now accepted that intelligence and mental disorder have a close relationship with antisocial conduct.
Occupational Therapy. A Series of Papers read at a Meeting of the Scottish Division held at the Glasgow Royal Mental Hospital on Friday, May 2, 1924
Authors: Henderson D. K.
Published: August 2008

The time for a discussion of occupation as a means of cure or betterment in cases of mental disorder has long been overdue, and needs no apology. The papers which have been read deal with its practical aspect, and relate in a convincing way what has actually been accomplished. My aim is twofold. In the first place, I wish to give a short historical résumé of occupation as it has affected Gartnavel, and in the second place, to discuss its importance and value.
Typhoid Carriers in Mental Hospitals
Authors: McCowan P. K. , Mann S. A.
Published: August 2008

The following paper presents the results obtained from the investigation of enteric fever at Cane Hill Mental Hospital. For some time past there has been a persistent incidence of enteric fever on the female side of this institution. The cases have been sporadic, and as ail circumstances pointed to the existence of “carriers” as the cause, it was deemed advisable to conduct an extensive bacteriological examination on all possible sources of infection.
The Unconscious: a Suggestion
Authors: Calwell William
Published: August 2008

The word “unconscious” is used in Freud's sense; the word “suggestion” is used more in the general sense of the presentation of an idea to the mind than perhaps in the more technical sense of McDougall.
Laboratory Aids to Diagnosis in Mental Diseases
Authors: McCowan P. K.
Published: August 2008

For some time past there has been an increasing use of laboratory methods in the diagnosis of mental disorders. The following aims at offering further proof of the undoubted value of this method of approach in such cases. There seems, however, to be a growing tendency, not devoid of danger, to ascribe diagnostic specificity to one or other of the many tests in use for such examinations. Although it is undoubtedly true that an exhaustive analysis of a spinal fluid may in many cases lead to a correct diagnosis of the clinical condition of the patient from whom the specimen has been taken, it only requires a study of the literature to show that none of the reactions or group of reactions obtained from the spinal fluid can be regarded as pathognomonic of any disease of the central nervous system.
Epilepsy: A Clinico-Pathological Study of Fifty Cases
Authors: Lord J. R.
Published: August 2008

It seems a long time ago since I spent days, even nights, observing and examining cases of epilepsy in the epileptic wards of Hanwell Mental Hospital. I had always felt drawn to the epileptic, and epilepsy was ever a fascinating subject to me.
Vasomotor Reactions in Mental Disorders, with special reference to the Hæmoclastic Crisis
Authors: Robertson Isabella McDougall
Published: August 2008

The hæmoclastic crisis is the name given by Widal and his col laborators to the vasculo-sanguinary crisis which occurs following the ingestion of milk by patients with hepatic disease and in certain anaphylactic conditions, and was originally described as a test for liver inefficiency. Its occurrence has also been noted in certain cases of psychoses and epilepsy.
The Interpretation of some Sexual Offences
Authors: East W. Norwood
Published: August 2008

The family physician is occasionally called into consultation when one of his patients, a hitherto respected citizen, becomes arrested for a sexual offence. In such circumstances the relatives, friends or legal advisers of the accused are often prompted to raise a defence of insanity, mental disorder or defect in answer to the charge. On examination the physician may find such evidence. If not he may regard the patient as being psycho-pathological, but unless he has devoted time to the consideration of the subject, and is also well acquainted with insanity, amentia and border-line states in his daily work, he may not feel sufficient confidence in his general knowledge and medical experience to face with equanimity the prospect of a severe cross-examination in the witness-box on an admittedly difficult and controversial subject. I know the family physician may, in such cases, feel embarrassed, and I propose to attempt to bring before you certain matters for consideration which it seems well to bear in mind when inquiring into the mental condition of persons accused of sexual crime, and which I suggest throw some light upon actions that otherwise appear unusually obscure.
Blood-Sugar Studies in Mental Disorders
Authors: Mann S. A.
Published: August 2008

It is a common experience in the investigation of mental disorders that glycosuria is frequently found, thus indicating a tendency in such cases to a faulty carbohydrate metabolism. With the exception of epilepsy, this occurrence of glycosuria has been noted in most mental conditions. Intermittent glycosuria is met with in general paralysis (Kraepelin) (1); Bond (2) and Strauss (3) note it in about 10per cent.of their cases. In dementia prócox Schultze and Knauer (4) did not observe glycosuria in the apathetic form of hebephrenia, but often found it to occur with catatonic excitement. With other observers (see Allers (5)) they record the marked association of glycosuria with depressed states, while its occurrence in mania was infrequent except in markedly excited and resistive cases.
Institutional Treatment of Mental Defectives, with Special Reference to Occupation
Authors: McCutcheon A. M.
Published: August 2008

The problem of the treatment of defectives is somewhat different from that met with in regard to the patients in mental hospitals. In the case of mental hospital patients most of them have filled useful positions in the world, and also the percentage of possible recoveries is hopeful, and many of them are able to resume their former occupations. But mental defectives are social misfits, many with anti-social traits, others neglected and ill-treated, and again others of a much lower grade, many of whom are helpless and even cot-cases.
The Incubation Period of Benign Tertian Malaria
Authors: Rudolf G. de M.
Published: August 2008

The incubation period of naturally acquired benign tertian malaria is usually given as being from two to three weeks. Thus James (1920) states that the period is usually from 14 to 18 days, Stitt (1922) from 14 days, Acton, cited by Castellani and Chalmer (1919), 6 to 21 days, and Castellani and Chalmers (1919) from 9 to 12 days.
Henry Rayner, M.D.Aberd., M.R.C.P.Edin
Authors: Smith R. Percy
Published: August 2008

By the death of Dr. Henry Rayner our Association has lost one of its oldest and most esteemed members, who had done great service to it and to the cause of the insane.
General Paralysis and the Treatment by Malaria Fever
Authors: Grant A. R. , Silverston J. D.
Published: August 2008

Wagner-Jauregg was led to adopt the treatment of general paralysis by malaria, following the preliminary observations he had made in 1887. He and many other investigators had noticed the tendency of paretics to improve after intercurrent affections, and he finally decided to use benign tertian malaria because he had satisfied himself that it could be controlled whenever desired. The publication of his results and those of Gerstmann, Weygandt, Kirschbaum, Delgado and others attracted considerable attention, and an increasing amount of literature on the subject is accumulating. Observations on this subject are being made in most European countries, in America and in this country. So far the treatment has been empirical; no one has been able to prove why infection with malaria should produce such striking results. Jahnel and Weichbrodt have shown the destructive influence of high temperature as such on the spirochætes, and it may be the case that the intermittent waves of high temperature may be more destructive to the spirochætes than a continuous temperature to which the organisms might have a better chance to adjust. Again it may be that spirochætes under these conditions would be more readily killed when arsenic is given. Muelilens and Kirschbaum hold the view that there is a great impoverishment of the blood following inoculation, and that the subsequent regeneration leads to a reactivation of the immunity process. In this connection it may be noted that some authorities, e.g., Brown and Pearce, believe that success in the treatment of neuro-syphilis by chemical preparations, e.g., tryparsamide, is due, not to the germicidal properties of the chemicals in question, but to the fact that these chemicals confer some form of protective reaction on the tissue cells which enables them to exercise a destructive effect on the spirochætes. Moore has pointed out that the relative infrequency of clinical neuro-syphilis in women as compared with men may be due to the incidence of pregnancy. It is known that pregnancy modifies the reaction to syphilitic infection, and it may be that the physiological process in pregnancy tends to prevent the disease.
The Clinical Study of Mental Disorders
Authors: Lord J. R.
Published: August 2008

Now that our Association, by a gracious act of our Sovereign, has been granted a Royal Charter—a signal recognition of its achievements and of the humane principles and aspirations of which it is an expression; a change, too, which is emblematic of the growth of its activities and influence—it is not inappropriate that I should address you on some aspects of the practice of psychiatry, especially in regard to possibilities and lines of progress in the future, and as to how the Association might better assist their materialization. The aspect I wish particularly to dwell upon is that which is the title of my address.
Clinical Notes and Cases
Authors: Clark R. M.
Published: August 2008

This is the Meinicke turbidity reaction (M.T.R.) for the serodiagnosis of syphilis improved and adapted to a microscope slide test; venous puncture is unnecessary, for sufficient serum is got from a drop of blood collected as for a Widal reaction.
Occasional Notes
Authors: Lord J. R.
Published: August 2008

On October 25 of this year falls the centenary of the death of Philippe Pinel, and we feel that we cannot let the occasion pass without paying a tribute to the fine character and great achievements of this illustrious physician and philosopher whose name is written indelibly in the annals of psychological medicine.