bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypersensitivity to titanium osteosynthesis with impaired fracture healing, eczema, and T‐cell hyperresponsiveness in vitro: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Thomas Peter , Bandl Wolf‐Dieter , Maier Sonja , Summer Burkhard , Przybilla Bernhard
Published: September 2006

There are very few reports on hypersensitivity reactions in association with titanium‐based materials so that the existence of allergy to titanium is still put in question. We report on a patient in whom impaired fracture healing and eczema localized to the perioperative area developed upon titanium‐based osteosynthesis. Patch testing gave no reactions to titanium nor to nickel, chromium, or cobalt. However, in the lymphocyte transformation test, the patient’s lymphocytes showed markedly enhanced proliferation in vitro to titanium. After removal of the titanium material, fracture healing was achieved and the eczema cleared. Parallel to this, in vitro hyperreactivity to titanium disappeared. Although contact allergic reactions to titanium have been very rarely reported, these findings support a diagnosis of titanium allergy in our patient.
Ca2+‐binding allergens from olive pollen exhibit biochemical and immunological activity when expressed in stable transgenic Arabidopsis
Authors: Ledesma Amalia , Moral Verónica , Villalba Mayte , Salinas Julio , Rodríguez Rosalía
Published: September 2006

Employing transgenic plants as alternative systems to the conventional Escherichia coli, Pichia pastoris or baculovirus hosts to produce recombinant allergens may offer the possibility of having available edible vaccines in the near future. In this study, two EF‐hand‐type Ca2+‐binding allergens from olive pollen, Ole e 3 and Ole e 8, were produced in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants. The corresponding cDNAs, under the control of the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter, were stably incorporated into the Arabidopsis genome and encoded recombinant proteins, AtOle e 3 and AtOle e 8, which exhibited the molecular properties (i.e. MS analyses and CD spectra) of their olive and/or E. coli counterparts. Calcium‐binding assays, which were carried out to assess the biochemical activity of AtOle e 3 and AtOle e 8, gave positive results. In addition, their mobilities on SDS/PAGE were according to the conformational changes derived from their Ca2+‐binding capability. The immunological behaviour of Arabidopsis‐expressed proteins was equivalent to that of the natural‐ and/or E. coli‐derived allergens, as shown by their ability to bind allergen‐specific rabbit IgG antiserum and IgE from sensitized patients. These results indicate that transgenic plants constitute a valid alternative to obtain allergens with structural and immunological integrity not only for scaling up production, but also to develop new kind of vaccines for human utilization.
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency II
Authors: Yakubenia Sviatlana , Wild Martin K.
Published: September 2006

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency II (LAD II) belongs to a group of human congenital diseases in which the interactions of leukocytes with the vascular endothelium are strongly impaired. LAD II is based on a defect in the synthesis of fucosylated glycostructures. This leads to an immunodeficiency owing to the absence of functional selectin ligands and to strong psychomotor defects, as a result of as‐yet unknown reasons. In this review we focused on the current controversies, and open questions that have arisen from recent studies on the genetic defect, therapy and the basis of psychomotor defects in LAD II.
A family of killer toxins
Authors: Holbourn Kenneth P. , Shone Clifford C. , Acharya K. R.
Published: September 2006

The ADP‐ribosylating toxins (ADPRTs) are a family of toxins that catalyse the hydrolysis of NAD and the transfer of the ADP‐ribose moiety onto a target. This family includes many notorious killers, responsible for thousands of deaths annually including: cholera, enterotoxic Escherichia coli, whooping cough, diphtheria and a plethora of Clostridial binary toxins. Despite their notoriety as pathogens, the ADPRTs have been extensively used as cellular tools to study and elucidate the functions of the small GTPases that they target. There are four classes of ADPRTs and at least one structure representative of each of these classes has been determined. They all share a common fold and several motifs around the active site that collectively facilitate the binding and transfer of the ADP‐ribose moiety of NAD to their protein targets. In this review, we present an overview of the physiology and cellular qualities of the bacterial ADPRTs and take an in‐depth look at the structural motifs that differentiate the different classes of bacterial ADPRTs in relation to their function.
The potent inhibitory activity of histone H1.2 C‐terminal fragments on furin
Authors: Han Jinbo , Zhang Ling , Shao Xiaoxia , Shi Jiahao , Chi Chengwu
Published: September 2006

Many physiologically important proproteins, pathogenic bacterial exotoxins and viral envelope glycoproteins are activated by the proprotein convertase furin, which makes furin inhibitor a hot target for basic research and drug design. Although synthetic and bioengineered inhibitors of furin have been well characterized, its endogenous inhibitor has not been directly purified from mammalian tissues to date. In this study, three inhibitors were purified from the porcine liver by using a combination of chromatographic techniques, and identified to be the C‐terminal truncated fragments with different sizes of histone H1.2. The gene of porcine histone H1.2 was cloned and sequenced, further confirming the determined sequences. These three C‐terminal fragments inhibited furin with Ki values around 2 × 10−7 m while the full‐length histone H1.2 inhibited it with a lesser activity, suggesting that the inhibitory activity relies on the C‐terminal lysine‐rich domain. Though the inhibition was temporary, these inhibitors were specific, and the reactive site of one C‐terminal fragment was identified. A 36 amino acid peptide around the reactive site was synthesized, which could still inhibit furin with a Ki of 5.2 × 10−7 m.
Protective effect of dietary curcumin and capsaicin on induced oxidation of low‐density lipoprotein, iron‐induced hepatotoxicity and carrageenan‐induced inflammation in experimental rats
Authors: Manjunatha Hanumanthappa , Srinivasan Krishnapura
Published: September 2006

The beneficial influence of dietary curcumin, capsaicin and their combination on the susceptibility of low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) to oxidation was examined in an animal study. Individually, both dietary curcumin and capsaicin significantly inhibited the in vivo iron‐induced LDL oxidation, as well as copper‐induced oxidation of LDL in vitro. The protective effect of the combination of curcumin and capsaicin on LDL oxidation was greater than that of individual compounds. This protective influence of spice principles was also indicated by the relative anodic electrophoretic mobility of oxidized LDL on agarose gel. In another study, rats injected with iron showed hepatic toxicity as measured by an increase in lipid peroxides and elevated serum enzymes, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and lactate dehydrogenase. Dietary curcumin, capsaicin and their combination reduced the activities of these enzymes, and lowered the liver lipid peroxide level, indicating amelioration of the severity of iron‐induced hepatotoxicity. In yet another study, a comparison of the extent of carrageenan‐induced paw inflammation showed that both dietary curcumin and capsaicin moderately lowered inflammation, while the spice principles in combination were more effective. Dietary curcumin and capsaicin significantly decreased the activity of 5′‐lipoxygenase activity in the polymorphonuclear lymphocytes in carrageenan‐injected rats, the decrease being even higher in the case of combination of these two spice principles. Results suggest that dietary curcumin and capsaicin individually are protective to LDL oxidation both in vivo and in vitro, to iron‐induced hepatotoxicity and to carrageenan‐induced inflammation. This beneficial effect was higher when the two compounds were fed in combination.
Controlling Chemical Reactivity with Antibodies
Authors: Hsieh Linda C. , Yonkovich Shirlee , Kochersperger Lynn , Schultz Peter G.
Published: October 2006

The remarkable specificity of an antibody molecule has been used to accomplish highly selective functional group transformations not attainable by current chemical methods. An antibody raised against an amine-oxide hapten catalyzes the reduction of a diketone to a hydroxyketone with greater than 75:1 regioselectivity for one of two nearly equivalent ketone moieties. The antibody-catalyzed reaction is highly stereoselective, affording the hydroxyketone in high enantiomeric excess. Similarly, the reduction of ketones containing branched and aryl substituents, including the highly symmetrical 1-nitrophenyl-3-phenyl-2-propanone, was enantioselective. The simple strategy presented herein may find general applicability to the regio- and stereoselective reduction of a broad range of compounds.
Activation of Transplant Immunity: Effect of Donor Leukocytes on Thyroid Allograft Rejection
Authors: Talmage David W. , Dart Gladys , Radovich Jevrosima , Lafferty Kevin J.
Published: October 2006

The survival of thyroid allografts in mice was prolonged by either holding the grafts in in vitro culture for 20 to 27 days or by cobalt-60 irradiation of the donor 2 days before transplantation with or without the intravenous injection of colloidal carbon just before removing the thyroid from the donor. In both cases the rejection process was restored by an intravenous injection of recipients with living peritoneal exudate cells (50 to 80 percent macrophages) syngeneic to the thyroid donor.
Glucagon: Role in the Hyperglycemia of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dobbs R. , Sakurai H. , Sasaki H. , Faloona G. , Valverde I. , Baetens D. , Orci L. , Unger R.
Published: October 2006

Glucagon suppression by somatostatin reduces or abolishes hyperglycemia in dogs made insulin-deficient by somatostatin, alloxan, or total pancreatectomy. This suggests that the development of severe diabetic hyperglycemia requires the presence of glucagon, whether secreted by pancreatic or newly identified gastrointestinal A cells, as well as a lack of insulin. Glucagon suppression could improve therapeutic glucoregulation in diabetes.
Flagellar Coordination in
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
: Isolation and Reactivation of the Flagellar Apparatus
Authors: Hyams Jeremy S. , Borisy Gary G.
Published: October 2006

The flagellar apparatus (both flagella with basal bodies and accessory structures) of
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
was isolated from a wall-less mutant and induced to swim in the presence of adenosine triphosphate. The movement of the flagella of the isolated apparatus was largely synchronous and indistinguishable from the movement of flagella on living cells. These observations suggest that the mechanism of flagellar coordination in this biflagellate alga is largely intrinsic to the structure of the flagellar apparatus itself.
Intestinal Metabolism of Phenacetin in the Rat: Effect of Charcoal-Broiled Beef and Rat Chow
Authors: Pantuck E. J. , Hsiao K.-C. , Kuntzman R. , Conney A. H.
Published: October 2006

The intestinal metabolism of phenacetin in vitro was increased 1100 percent in rats fed charcoal-broiled ground beef in a semisynthetic diet. The intestinal metabolism of phenacetin was increased 200 percent in rats fed a chow diet, as compared to rats fed the semisynthetic diet. The results obtained suggest a need for studies in man to determine whether charcoal-broiled meat and other dietary constituents can stimulate the intestinal metabolism of phenacetin or other drugs and thereby decrease their absorption and bioavailability.
Uniflagellate Spermatozoa in
Nemertoderma
(Turbellaria) and Their Phylogenetic Significanc
Authors: Tyler Seth , Rieger Reinhard M.
Published: October 2006

An ultrastructural study of
Nemertoderma
(Turbellaria, Nemertodermatida) has revealed that its spermatozoa have only a single flagellum. This is the first uniflagellate spermatozoon known in the Turbellaria; it is indicative of the primitiveness of Nemertoderma and is evidence in support of the view that the Turbellaria as a whole are among the most primitive living Bilateria.
Cerebellar Plasticity: Modification of Purkinje Cell Structure by Differential Rearing in Monkeys
Authors: Floeter Mary Kay , Greenough William T.
Published: October 2006

Dendritic branching in Purkinje and granule cells and the diameters of Purkinje cell somas were compared in several cerebellar areas of monkeys reared in isolation, with social experience, or in a large colony. In the colony-reared monkeys, spiny branchlets of Purkinje cells were more extensive in the paraflocculus and the nodulus than they were in the other two groups. Granule cell dendritic branching in the paraflocculus and nodulus did not differ across groups. In addition, Purkinje cell somas were larger in the uvula and the nodulus of the colony animals than in the other groups. These data indicate that the social and physical environment during development influences the morphology of cerebellar Purkinje cells.
Satiety: A Graded Behavioral Phenomenon Regulating Caloric Intake
Authors: McHugh Paul R. , Moran Timothy H. , Barton George N.
Published: October 2006

Rhesus monkeys inhibited their feeding in response to intragastric nutrient preloads, so as to maintain a constant caloric intake. There is a definite dose-response relationship to calories which does not depend on the volume, caloric concentration, or nature of the nutrient. This accurate control is accomplished even though some of the preload remains in the stomach throughout the feeding period.
Polarizing Fucoid Eggs Drive a Calcium Current Through Themselves
Authors: Robinson K. R. , Jaffe L. F.
Published: October 2006

Calcium ions enter the prospective growth pole of polarizing Pelvetia eggs faster than the opposite pole and leave this antipode faster than the growth pole. The resultant calcium current is greatest when first measured at 6 hours after fertilization and decreases as the time of final commitment to growth in a particular direction approaches.
Subcutaneous Temperatures: A Method of Noninvasive Sensing
Authors: Barrett Alan H. , Myers Philip C.
Published: October 2006

A new method of noninvasive sensing of the subsurface temperature distribution in human and animal tissue is described. Thermal radiation emitted from subsurface depths of several centimeters can be detected with microwave receivers. Temperature sensitivity of order 0.1°C and spatial resolution of approximately 1 by 2 centimeters have been obtained. Measurements demonstrating the technique, with feline and human tissue, are reported. A potential medical application is the detection of subsurface thermal anomalies such as malignant tumors and regions of vascular insufficiency.
Preferences for Sweet and Salty in 9- to 15-Year-Old and Adult Humans
Authors: Desor J. A. , Greene Lawrence S. , Maller Owen
Published: October 2006

Preferences for the tastes of sucrose, lactose, and sodium chloride were measured in 618 subjects between 9 and 15 years of age and in 140 adults. The younger subjects preferred greater sweetness and saltiness than did the adults. In the younger groups, there were race and sex differences in preferences, none of which appeared among the adults.
Cortical Effect of Early Selective Exposure to Diagonal Lines
Authors: Leventhal Audie Gene , Hirsch Helmut V. B.
Published: October 2006

Neurons in the visual cortex that respond preferentially to diagonal contours are present only in cats exposed to diagonal lines early in life. In contrast, cells that prefer horizontal or vertical contours are found following exposure to horizontal, to vertical, and to diagonal lines. Such cells do not require a specific visual input for maintenance or for development; neurons responding preferentially to diagonal lines do.
Perceived Visual Motion as Effective Stimulus to Pursuit Eye Movement System
Authors: Yasui Syozo , Young Laurence R.
Published: October 2006

Human eye tracking of a foveal afterimage during angular head oscillation in the dark produced smooth eye movements exceeding those for normal vestibular nystagmus, and a reduction in the frequency of the fast phase component of nystagmus eye movements. These results may support a closed loop extension of the corollary discharge theory, with oculomotor commands based on perceived object velocity.
Chromosome Damage in Liver Cells from Low Dose Rate Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Irradiation: Derivation of RBE
Authors: Brooks Antone L.
Published: October 2006

Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for chromosome damage in liver cells was determined after low dose rate exposures to alpha, beta, or gamma irradiation. Protracted exposures to beta and gamma irradiation were equally effective, whereas low dose rate exposures to alpha emitters were 15 to 20 times more damaging than exposures to beta or gamma irradiation. These data support the use of the quality factor of 10 recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and the National Council on Radiation Protection for estimating the biological hazard from internally deposited alpha emitters. When the dose rates were low, all types of chromosome damage observed were produced by single-hit processes.
Wastewater Renovation and Reuse: Virus Removal by Soil Filtration
Authors: Gilbert R. G. , Rice R. C. , Bouwer H. , Gerba C. P. , Wallis C. , Melnick J. L.
Published: October 2006

Secondary sewage effluent and renovated water from four wells at the Flushing Meadows Wastewater Renovation Project near Phoenix, Arizona, in operation since 1967, were assayed approximately every 2 months in 1974 for viruses during flooding periods. Viruses, regularly found in the secondary effluent, were not detected in any renovated water samples. Our results indicated that human viral pathogens do not move through soil into the groundwater, but are apparently absorbed and degraded by the soil and reduced in numbers by a factor of at least 10(4) (99.99 percent removal).
Second Spectroscopically Abnormal Methemoglobin Associated with Hereditary Cyanosis
Authors: Gerald Park S. , George Philip
Published: October 2006

Isolation of an abnormal methemoglobin from two families exhibiting dominantly transmitted cyanosis have permitted the recognition of two different pigments of the hemoglobin M type. It is possible that the abnormal properties which characterize the acidic methemoglobin derivatives result from a crevice configuration of the heme, with two Feprotein bonds.
Incidence of Sex Chromatin in
Gallus domesticus
Authors: Kosin I. L. , Ishizaki Hironori
Published: October 2006

The presence of so-called sex chromatin has been demonstrated in the interphase nuclei of the cells of the domestic chicken (
Gallus domesticus
). Definite sex dimorphism was observed for the incidence of this nuclear component; the frequency of its occurrence in females was at least ten times that of its occurrence in the males, ranging from 22 percent in the duodenal muscle cells to 52 percent in the epidermal cells of a growing feather.
Transmembrane Potential Measurements of Cells of Higher Plants as Related to Salt Uptake
Authors: Etherton Bud , Higinbotham N.
Published: October 2006

Measurements of the difference in electropotential between the interior of the cell and the external solution have been made for the first time in cells of several crop plants. The interiors of cells of
Avena
,
Pisum
, and
Zea
seedling tissues all have potentials of about -80 to -115 mv relative to that of an external solution of 0.1 mmole of KCl per liter, bathing the tissue. The potential difference of
Avena
coleoptiles varies with the concentration of external KCl and is depressed by 2,4-dinitrophenol. The potential difference occurs between the cytoplasmic layer and the exterior; the potential of the vacuole does not appear to be significantly different from that of the cytoplasm. Obviously a relatively large cation accumulation ratio could be accounted for in plant cells by this large potential without invoking a chemical cation transport scheme.
Characteristics of Blood-Brain Barrier to Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid in Neonatal Cat
Authors: Purpura D. P. , Carmichael M. W.
Published: October 2006

Systemic γ-aminobutyric acid produces a rapid, sustained, but transiently reversible blockade of evoked axodendritic excitatory postsynaptic potentials in neonatal cortex when the "barrier" operating to restrict its passage has been altered by various experimental procedures. The data obtained under these conditions indicate the existence of well-developed synaptic pathways in the superficial neuropil of immature cortex.
Water Intake without the Act of Drinking
Authors: Epstein Alan N.
Published: October 2006

A method is described that allows a rat to ingest fluid through a chronic gastric tube that bypasses the oropharyngeal cavity. In this situation longterm regulation of water intake occurs in normal rats and in the rat with diabetes insipidus. Under special circumstances, a remarkable degree of excess intake can be produced.
Use of Chemicals To Control Shellfish Predators
Authors: Loosanoff V. L. , MacKenzie C. L. , Shearer L. W.
Published: October 2006

Many enemies of such bivalves as oysters and clams can be controlled by the use of heavy oils, such as orthodichlorobenzene. These oils are mixed with dry sand, or other inert carriers, to anchor them in place on shellfish beds. Effects of the treatment may be increased by incorporating other chemicals in heavy oils. The treated sand can be used to surround the shellfish beds, thus preventing the entrance of the enemies, or it may be spread over the infested areas, killing the enemies and, under certain conditions, stopping their larvae from reinvading the beds. Snails, starfish, and, in some instances, crabs can be controlled in this manner.
Life Shortening and Tumor Production by Strontium-90
Authors: Archer Victor E. , Carroll Benjamin E.
Published: October 2006

A linear relationship between dose of internal radiation and two effects, which implies no threshold, is shown to be a possible interpretation of data given by Finkel in "Mice, men and fallout". This interpretation is at variance with that offered by Finkel, which was that the dose-effect relationship is nonlinear and indicates a threshold.
Suppression of Pain by Sound
Authors: Gardner Wallace J. , Licklider J. C. R. , Weisz A. Z.
Published: October 2006

A procedure involving music and noise has been effective in suppressing pain in 5000 dental operations. The music promotes relaxation, and the noise (the main agent) directly suppresses pain. The dental procedure and results are described, and an explanatory hypothesis is suggested.
Environmental Factors Influencing Progeny Yields in
Drosophila
Authors: Levengood W. C. , Shinkle M. P.
Published: October 2006

Progeny counts in
Drosophila melanogaster
were found to be correlated with barometric pressures. Addition of a sublethal chemical to the culture produced a higher correlation coefficient, whereas growth of the culture in an electric field reduced the correlation well below the level of significance. The electric field appeared to have a protective action.
Biological Activity of 3-Methoxy-Catecholamines
Authors: Champagne Jacques , D'Iorio Antoine , Beaulnes Auréle
Published: October 2006

The methoxy analogs of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine manifest some activity on smooth muscle and blood pressure. Metanephrine is as potent as epinephrine on rabbit aortic strips. The same compounds demonstrate a lesser potency on rabbit duodenum preparation, while 3-methoxy-dopamine produces a slight contraction of the duodenum. Both metanephrine and 3-methoxy-dopamine have 15 to 25 percent of the pressor activity of the original nonmethylated catecholamines. Normetanephrine is 1/600 as active as norepinephrine on the blood pressure of the cat.
Sex Chromatin in Mammalian Bone
Authors: Vernino Daniel M. , Laskin Daniel M.
Published: October 2006

The presence of a sex chromatin body similar to that reported in other tissues has been demonstrated in the nuclei of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and periosteal cells from female dogs and cats.
Regeneration of Hydra from the Endoderm
Authors: Normandin Diane K.
Published: October 2006

The endoderm of hydra, when cultured independently, can differentiate so that the total animal is reconstituted. Reconstitution or regeneration, or both, occurs without the demonstrable aid of the interstitial cells.
Electrical Responses of the Retinal Nerve and Optic Ganglion of the Squid
Authors: MacNichol Edward F. , Love Warner E.
Published: October 2006

Recordings were obtained from the retinal nerves and optic ganglia of intact squid, which were maintained in good condition by perfusing their mantles with sea water. Only "on" discharges were found in the nerves, whereas "on" and "off" discharges as well as spontaneous activity and tactile responses were obtained from the ganglia.
Effect of Synthetic Polylysine on Fungi
Authors: Buchanan-Davidson Dorothy J. , Deese Dawson C. , Uritani Ikuzo , Stahmann Mark A.
Published: October 2006

The synthetic, basic poly-α-amino acid, polylysine, had antifungal activity against plant pathogens (three strains of fusaria, three isolates of verticillia, and
Ceratocystis fimbriata
) and against the human pathogens (
Trichophyton mentagrophytes, T. rubrum
, and
Candida albicans
) in vitro. It inhibited penetration of
Ceratocystis fimbriata
on sweet potato slices. Polylysine inhibited the infection of tomato cuttings by
Fusarium oxysporum
f.
lycopersici
, but it was also toxic to the plants.
Regulation of Protein Serine-Threonine Phosphatase Type-2A by Tyrosine Phosphorylation
Authors: Chen Jian , Martin Bruce L. , Brautigan David L.
Published: October 2006

Extracellular signals that promote cell growth activate cascades of protein kinases. The kinases are dephosphorylated and deactivated by a single type-2A protein phosphatase. The catalytic subunit of type-2A protein phosphatase was phosphorylated by tyrosine-specific protein kinases. Phosphorylation was enhanced in the presence of the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid, consistent with an autodephosphorylation reaction. More than 90% of the activity of phosphatase 2A was lost when thioadenosine triphosphate was used to produce a thiophosphorylated protein resistant to autodephosphorylation. Phosphorylation in vitro occurred exclusively on Tyr
307
. Phosphorylation was catalyzed by p60
v-src
, p56
lck
, epidermal growth factor receptors, and insulin receptors. Transient deactivation of phosphatase 2A might enhance transmission of cellular signals through kinase cascades within cells.
Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
-Dependent Adenosine Triphosphatase as Receptor for Divalent Cations in Bacterial Sensing
Authors: Zukin R. S. , Koshland D. E.
Published: October 2006

The Mg
2+
,Ca
2+
-dependent adenosine triphosphatase responsible for interconversion of the energized membrane state to adenosine triphosphate is the receptor for divalent metal ions in bacterial chemotaxis. The receptors controlling bacterial behavior show a common pattern of dual functions.
Test of Response Bias Explanation of Word-Frequency Effect
Authors: Brown Charles R. , Rubenstein Herbert
Published: October 2006

Observers identified monosyllabic words presented in noise. It was found that controlling response bias eliminates the word-frequency effect. However, the magnitude of the word-frequency effect was greater than that predicted by a mathematical model denying stimulus words any role in producing the word-frequency effect.
Sensory Deprivation and Pain Thresholds
Authors: Vernon Jack , McGill Thomas E.
Published: October 2006

Four days of sensory deprivation produced a significant lowering of thresholds for electrically induced pain.
Effect of Psychotropic Drugs on the Uptake of H
3
-Norepinephrine by Tissues
Authors: Axelrod Julius , Whitby L. G. , Hertting George
Published: October 2006

Reserpine, amphetamine, imipramine, and chlorpromazine markedly reduced the uptake of circulating H
3
-norepinephrine by several tissues and elevated the plasma concentration of the H
3
-catecholamine.
Preparation of a Floral Initiating Extract from
Xanthium
Authors: Lincoln Richard G. , Mayfield Darwin L. , Cunningham Alan
Published: October 2006

An extract from lyophilized tissue of flowering
Xanthium
(cocklebur) plants initiates floral development when applied to
Xanthium
test plants maintained on long-day photoperiodic conditions. Details of the preparation of the extract are described.
Wave-Guide Modes in Retinal Receptors
Authors: Enoch Jay M.
Published: October 2006

Retinal receptor wave-guide modal patterns have been photographed. The inner and outer segments of the rod and cone receptors of albino rats, rhesus macaque monkeys, and human beings have been studied. The wave-guide modal pattern is believed to be the normal form of energy transfer in these parts of the retinal receptors in these species.
Reactivation of Rabies Virus Infection with Adrenocorticotropic Hormones
Authors: Soave Orland A. , Johnson Harald N. , Nakamura Koichi
Published: October 2006

A guinea pig inoculated intramuscularly with rabies street virus survived for 5 months, but developed paralysis in the inoculated limb and died of rabies after treatment with adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Provisional Audiogram for the Shark,
Carcharhinus leucas
Authors: Kritzler Henry , Wood Langley
Published: October 2006

In an operant-conditioning study, a bull shark responded to signals at frequencies between 100 and 1500 cy/sec. In its band of greatest sensitivity (400 to 600 cy/sec), it discriminated, from high-level ambient noise, signals of amplitudes which the apparatus could not measure.
Possible Physical Effect of Solar Particles on Meteorological Parameters in Alaska
Authors: Julius Anthony L.
Published: October 2006

Statistical significance was found in the reception of solar-particle invasions to sea-level pressure and upperflow pattern changes at 500 mb in Alaska during a period of high solar activity. Recent IGY findings suggest that a physical relation exists between such solar particles and atmospheric changes.
Theory of Oxygen Transport through Hemoglobin Solutions
Authors: Fatt Irving , La Force Richard Conley
Published: October 2006

A combination of equations describing diffusion, gas solubility, and mass conservation yields a general relation for oxygen transport in hemoglobin solutions. Total oxygen flux is shown to be the sum of the flux in the plasma and the flux due to transport by hemoglobin. The total flux depends not only on oxygen concentration gradient but also on absolute oxygen concentration.
Fractionation of Tracer Effluxes during Action Potential
Authors: Spyropoulos C. S. , Tasaki I. , Hayward G.
Published: October 2006

The fluid flowing by the
Nitella
internode or squid giant axon loaded with radioactive cations was fractionated during the action potential. In this manner it was possible to ascertain the time course of efflux of these cation tracers during activity.
Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Vaccine Prepared in Cell Cultures
Authors: Lowenthal Joseph P. , Berman Sanford , Grogan Earl W.
Published: October 2006

Protection tests in guinea pigs indicate that vaccines prepared from virus propagated in chick embryo cell cultures are as effective as the purified whole chick embryo vaccines which are currently used for human immunization against eastern equine encephalomyelitis.
Influence of Dead-End Pores on Relative Permeability of Porous Media
Authors: Fatt Irving
Published: October 2006

The network model is used to show that wetting phase relative permeability of porous media is only slightly influenced by the fraction of that phase trapped in dead-end pores. On the other hand, the trapping of nonwetting phase in dead-end pores is a major influence on the shape of the nonwetting phase relative permeability curve. Laboratory experiments on porous media are suggested to test these network model predictions.
Disinhibition of Inhibitory Conditioned Responses following Selective Brain Lesions in Dogs
Authors: Brutkowski Stefan , Mempel Eugeniusz
Published: October 2006

Discrete lesion of the genual portion of the anterior cingulate gyrus in three dogs produced temporary disinhibition of preoperatively trained inhibitory food conditioned responses. This disinhibition was accompanied by increase in general behavior motivated by food reinforcement. Lesion of the posterior cingulate gyrus in three other dogs did not produce such impairment.
Synergism of Malathion against Resistant Insects
Authors: Plapp Frederick W. , Eddy Gaines W.
Published: October 2006

Several tris-substituted derivatives of phosphoric acid synergized the toxicity of malathion to resistant houseflies and mosquitoes. In some tests it was possible to overcome acquired resistance completely. The synergists had much less effect on the toxicity of malathion to susceptible strains of the same species.
Nuclear Clues to the Early History of the Solar System
Authors: Fowler William A.
Published: October 2006

Space research seeks to ascertain, among other things, the history of the origin of the solar system. There already exist certain nuclear clues to this history, and additional evidence will be forthcoming from exploration of the moon and the planets.
Papova Virus Group
Authors: Melnick Joseph L.
Published: October 2006

The papilloma, polyoma, and vacuolating agents seem to form a natural group of tumor viruses, for which the name papova virus group is proposed. Members of the group have the following properties: 45 mμ diameter, deoxyribonucleic acid core, 42 capsomeres, absence of essential lipids, thermal resistance, slow growth cycle with multiplication within the cell nucleus, and tumorigenicity.
Antibody Production in Human Malaria as Determined by the Fluorescent Antibody Technique
Authors: Kuvin Sanford F. , Tobie John E. , Evans Charles B. , Coatney G. Robert , Contacos Peter G.
Published: October 2006

No reliable serological test has been available in the past to follow the course of antibody production in malarial infections. The indirect method of immunofluorescence was utilized in this investigation to study antibody response to sporozoite-induced
Plasmodium vivax
infections in two human volunteers. Malarial antibody was demonstrated approximately 3 weeks after infection, and has persisted thus far for 121 days. These preliminary results suggest that this method of serological testing is specific and provides a sensitive means of titrating antibody produced in malarial infections.
Dual-target Inhibition of HIV-1 in Vitro by Means of an Adeno-Associated Virus Antisense Vector
Authors: Chatterjee Saswati , Johnson Philip R. , Wong K. K.
Published: October 2006

An adeno-associated virus vector encoding an antisense RNA was used to transduce stable intracellular resistance to human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in human hemopoietic and non-hemopoietic cell lines. The antisense targets are present in all HIV-1 transcripts and include the TAR sequence, which is critical for transcription and virus replication, and the polyadenylation signal. Cell lines expressing antisense RNA showed up to 95 percent inhibition of gene expression directed by the HIV-1 long terminal repeat and greater than 99 percent reduction in infectious HIV-1 production, with no detectable cellular toxicity. Because of their efficient transcription and inability to recombine with HIV-1, adeno-associated virus vectors represent a promising form of anti-retroviral gene therapy.
Retardation of Plant Growth by a New Group of Chemicals
Authors: Riddell J. A. , Hageman H. A. , J'Anthony C. M. , Hubbard W. L.
Published: October 2006

Sprays of N-dimethylaminomaleamic acid were found to retard the growth of a variety of plants, including legumes, vine crops, potatoes, and ornamentals. It was readily translocated, had a long residual action, was relatively nonphytotoxic, and did not appear to affect adversely root, vegetative, or reproductive development.
Transfer Effects of Successive Discrimination-Reversal Training in Chimpanzees
Authors: Schusterman Ronald J.
Published: October 2006

Chimpanzees receiving successive discrimination-reversal training on a single pair of stimuli transferred almost perfectly to two additional reversal tasks and to a "learning-set" series of 180 discrimination problems. A "win-stay, lose-shift" strategy, however it is acquired, seems to be a sufficient basis for one-trial discrimination learning.
Tissue Cultures of a Cactus
Authors: Steinhart C. E.
Published: October 2006

Tissue cultures have been established from stems of
Trichocereus spachianus
(Riccob.) for the purpose of studying alkaloid biosynthesis in cactus tissue. On a basal inorganic medium supplemented with glucose, coconut milk, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, three distinct types of callus are initiated. One is greenish, compact, and slow-growing; another is firm and yellowish, with a moderate growth rate; the third is very friable and rapid-growing. The growth habit remains constant for a given clone in successive subcultures.
The Specificity of Translational Control Switched with Transfer RNA Identity Rules
Authors: Graffe M. , Dondon J. , Caillet J. , Romby P. , Ehresmann C. , Ehresmann B. , Springer M.
Published: October 2006

The interaction of
Escherichia coli
threonyl-transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetase with the leader sequence of its own messenger RNA inhibits ribosome binding, resulting in negative translational feedback regulation. The leader sequence resembles the substrate (tRNA
Thr
) of the enzyme, and the nucleotides that mediate the correct recognition of the leader and the tRNA may be the same. A mutation suggested by tRNA identity rules that switches the resemblance of the leader sequence from tRNA
Thr
to tRNA
Met
causes the translation of the threonyl-tRNA synthetase messenger RNA to become regulated by methionyl-tRNA synthetase. This identity swap in the leader messenger RNA indicates that tRNA identity rules may be extended to interactions of synthetases with other RNAs.
Malignant transformation by a mutant of the IFN-inducible dsRNA-dependent protein kinase
Authors: Koromilas Antonis E. , Roy Sophie , Barber Glen N. , Katze Michael G. , Sonenberg Nahum
Published: October 2006

The double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (dsRNA-PK) is thought to be a key mediator of the antiviral and antiproliferative effects of interferons (IFNs). Studies examining the physiological function of the kinase suggest that it participates in cell growth and differentiation by regulating protein synthesis. Autophosphorylation and consequent activation of dsRNA-PK in vitro and in vivo result in phosphorylation of the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) and inhibition of protein synthesis. Expression of a functionally defective mutant of human dsRNA-PK in NIH 3T3 cells resulted in malignant transformation, suggesting that dsRNA-PK may function as a suppressor of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.
Aftereffect of Seen Motion with a Stabilized Retinal Image
Authors: Sekuler Robert William , Ganz Leo
Published: October 2006

Prolonged inspection of uniformly moving contours affects differentially the luminance threshold for the detection of test contours as a function of the direction of motion of the test contours. This finding supports a new explanation of the well-known aftereffect.
l
-α-Tocopheryl Acetate: Biological Activity
Authors: Weiser H. , Brubacher G. , Wiss O.
Published: October 2006

1
-α-Tocopheryl acetate has 42 percent of the activity of
d
-α- tocopheryl acetate when compared in the rat hemolysis test. Based on this activity a potency ratio of 1.4 : 1.0 for
d
-α-tocopheryl acetate compared to
dl
-α- tocopheryl acetate was established; this confirms the currently accepted biological ratio. Preparations of
dl
-α-tocopheryl acetate from phytol and from isophytol were equally active in the rat hemolysis test.
Variations in Alpha Voltage of the Electroencephalogram and Time Perception
Authors: Anliker James
Published: October 2006

Human subjects were instructed to respond regularly at 3-second intervals while their brain waves were recorded and analyzed. When subjects were alert the time between two successive responses did not vary greatly; however, as subjects became increasingly drowsy these times lengthened and the mean voltage of the peak alpha frequency decreased.
Adaptation to Chromatic Aberration by the Human Visual System
Authors: Hay John C. , Pick Herbert L. , Rosser Edwenna
Published: October 2006

Prolonged exposure to the chromatic dispersion produced by prism spectacles leads to a perceptual adaptation. The adaptation develops rapidly in the first two days of the wearing of the spectacles, and seems to be a special reaction to the relative change in illuminance at intensity gradients on the retina.
Distribution of Atoms in High Chalcocite, Cu
2
S
Authors: Buerger M. J. , Wuensch Bernhardt J.
Published: October 2006

In spite of its simple composition, the structure of chalcocite, CU
2
S, has long defied analysis. In high chalcocite the sulfur atoms are in hexagonal close-packing, while three varieties of copper atoms, with four-fold, three-fold, and two-fold coordinations respectively, are in disorder in the interstices.
Motor-Sensory Feedback and the Geometry of Visual Space
Authors: Held Richard , Rekosh Jerold
Published: October 2006

Normal surroundings appear curved when viewed through wedge prism eyeglasses. But prolonged viewing of uniformly curved lines makes them appear less curved. An environment specially patterned to prevent the appearance of curvature when viewed through a prism made possible the demonstration of change in apparent curvature wholly dependent upon the visual feedback accompanying self-produced movement of the prism-wearer.
Unit Responses in the Frog's Tectum to Moving and Nonmoving Visual Stimuli
Authors: Grüsser-Cornehls Ursula , Grüsser Otto-Joachim , Bullock Theodore H.
Published: October 2006

"Movement-detecting" units that respond little or not at all to illumination without movement, respond well to change in position under stroboscopic light even when relatively large jumps in the visual field occur during a dark pause between two flashes. The threshold angle and angular velocity are different for different classes of units. They are higher for the periphery of the receptive field and increase with decreasing contrast. An inhibitory effect of a large surrounding of the receptive field could be demonstrated in class-2 neurons.
Small-Angle Synchrotron X-Ray Scattering Reveals Distinct Shape Changes of the Myosin Head During Hydrolysis of ATP
Authors: Wakabayashi Katsuzo , Tokunaga Makio , Kohno Izumi , Sugimoto Yasunobu , Hamanaka Toshiaki , Takezawa Yasunori , Wakabayashi Takeyuki , Amemiya Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2006

In the energy transduction of muscle contraction, it is important to know the nature and extent of conformational changes of the head portion of the myosin molecules. In the presence of magnesium adenosine triphosphate (MgATP), fairly large conformational changes of the myosin head [subfragment-1 (S1)] in solution were observed by small-angle x-ray scattering with the use of synchrotron radiation as an intense and stable x-ray source. The presence of MgATP reduced the radius of gyration of the molecule by about 3 angstrom units and the maximum chord length by about 10 angstroms, showing that the shape of S1 becomes more compact or round during hydrolysis of MgATP. Comparison with various nucleotide-bound S1 complexes that correspond to the known intermediate states during ATP hydrolysis indicates that the shape of S1 in a key intermediate state, S1-bound adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and phosphate [S1**.ADP.P
i
], differs significantly from the shape in the other intermediate states of the S1 adenosine triphosphatase cycle as well as that of nucleotide-free S1.
Diurnal Rhythm and Photoperiodism in Testicular Recrudescence of the House Finch
Authors: Hamner William M.
Published: October 2006

A circadian rhythm in house finches appears to control the timing of the photoperiodic response of testicular recrudescence. A 6-hour light period coupled with dark periods of varying duration does not stimulate spermatogenesis in cycle lengths of 24, 48, and 72 hours, but initiates spermatogenesis in cycles of 12, 36, and 60 hours.
Polyribosomes: Size in Normal and Polio-Infected HeLa Cells
Authors: Rich Alexander , Penman Sheldon , Becker Yechiel , Darnell James , Hall Cecil
Published: October 2006

HeLa cells normally contain a distribution of polysome sizes, and the largest polysomes contain over 40 ribosomes. After infection with polio virus and actinomycin-D treatment, a new class of polio-induced polysomes are found, some of which contain up to 60 ribosomes. Examinaton of these polysomes suggests a mechanism for protein synthesis with this polycistronic RNA.
Infrared Study of the OH Groups in Expanded Kaolinite
Authors: Ledoux Robert L. , White Joe L.
Published: October 2006

Expansion of kaolinite with potassium acetate and with hydrazine followed by deuteration, shifts the absorption frequency at 3695 cm
-1
to lower values, but does not affect the intensity of the 3620-cm
-1
absorption band. The band at 3695 cm
-1
is correlated predominantly to inner-surface hydroxyls with the dipole at right angles to the basal plane and the band at 3620 cm
-1
is related to inner hydroxyls with the dipole inclined toward empty octahedral sites.
Wheat: Reconstitution of the Tetraploid Component (AABB) of Hexaploids
Authors: Kerber E. R.
Published: October 2006

The tetraploid AABB genomic component of two varieties of common hexaploid wheat (AABBDD; 2
n
= 42) was reconstituted by a simple back-crossing technique in which known phylogenetic relationships between the hexaploid and tetraploid groups of
Triticum
were used. The reconstituted tetraploids do not closely resemble commonly described varieties of the present-day group of tetraploid species. The plants are dwarfed, lack vigor, and are partially or completely self-sterile, depending on the variety of the hexaploid source. Chromosome pairing is similar to that observed in a variety of durum wheat (AABB; 2
n
= 28). Synthetic hexaploids derived from hybrids between one of the reconstituted tetraploids and several strains of
Aegilops squarrosa
(D genome) are of normal growth and vigor and are highly fertile.
Isotopic Molecules: Separation by Recycle Gas Chromatography
Authors: Root John W. , Lee Edward K. C. , Rowland F. S.
Published: October 2006

Gas chromatographic columns, greatly extended in length by the use of paired columns in a recycling apparatus, have been used to separate butane (
n
-C
4
H
10
) from deuterated butane (
n
-C
4
D
10
) and methane (C H
4
) from deuterated methane (C D
4
). The separation of monotritiated cyclobutane (C
4
H
7
T) from cyclobutane (C
4
H
8
) is nearly complete. This procedure is generally applicable to a wide variety of separations of isotopic molecules.
Water Transport across Root Cell Membranes: Effect of Alkenylsuccinic Acids
Authors: Kuiper P. J. C.
Published: October 2006

Alkenylsuccinic acids increase permeability of cells to water by incorporation of the molecules into the lipid layer of the cytoplasmic membrane, thereby changing the membrane from a phase characterized by a high activation energy for water transport to a phase where only the effect of the viscosity of water is observable.
Luminous Figures: Influence of Point of Fixation on Their Disappearance
Authors: Hart J. Truman
Published: October 2006

When a simple luminous figure is viewed in a darkened room, parts of the figure seem to disappear. Usually, the part that fades from view is the part on which the viewer's gaze is centered (fixated). Figure parts which are not fixated seldom disappear independently; they are lost to view only if the entire figure disappears.