bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Filosofía y ciencia a partir del pensamiento temprano de Heidegger
Authors: Johnson Edmundo Felipe
Published: September 2012

El objetivo del presente artículo es realizar una reflexión acerca de la relación entre filosofía y ciencia a partir de los planteamientos de Martin Heidegger en los años 20. Atendiendo a las Frühe(n) Freiburger Vorlesungen, se indicará cómo es que filosofía y ciencia pueden ser entendidas como posibilidades concretas de la vida fáctica que, en última instancia, se refieren a dos tendencias existenciales particulares: la des-vivificación, por parte de la actitud teórica, perteneciente al ejercicio científico, y el intento de aprehensión de la vitalidad misma de la existencia, correspondiente al ejercicio filosófico. A partir de una aclaración de ambas tendencias, el presente artículo intentará esbozar el modo cómo se podría comprender la relación entre ambas desde una perspectiva existencial.
Direito à justificação - dever de justificação: reflexões sobre um modus de fundamentação dos direitos humanos
Authors: Klemme Heiner F.
Published: September 2012

Neste texto, discute-se a concepção desenvolvida por Rainer Forst do "direito à justificação", um princípio filosófico básico dos direitos humanos presente na tradição da ideia kantiana de "razão pura prática". Forst procura demonstrar que o reconhecimento do outro, como um ser finito e com necessidades, fundamenta diante de mim um direito a razões justificadoras. A dignidade do outro me obriga a agir perante ele apenas conforme tais razões, as quais ele pode compreender e aprovar. No texto, demonstram-se também alguns pontos fracos desse princípio de Forst que, sobretudo, resultam da insolúvel tensão entre uma teoria da razão prática e uma teoria do reconhecimento. Além disso, defende-se a tese de que o "direito à justificação" deve ser considerado "direito ao conhecimento do Bem" (Hegel), que a pessoa ativa tem em relação aos outros.
A incomensurabilidade entre as filosofias e a inexistência de revoluções em filosofia
Authors: Oliva Alberto
Published: September 2012

Este artigo se ocupa de questões metafilosóficas. Nele, discutiremos as razões que fazem com que a filosofia, diferentemente da ciência, problematize a si mesma como empreendimento cognitivo. Em particular, procuraremos identificar como e por que a filosofia acaba se constituindo em problema para si mesma. À exceção das ciências sociais onde há estudos críticos do tipo sociologia da sociologia, a ciência em geral não põe em discussão a si mesma. Raros são os casos em que a ciência chega ao extremo de questionar a própria cognitividade. A filosofia, em alguns de seus mais lúcidos e profícuos exercícios, não se furta a se avaliar como projeto cognitivo. Com esse tipo de preocupação metafilosófica, nosso artigo questionará a pretensão das grandes filosofias de protagonizar revoluções. Defenderemos a tese de que inexistem as revoluções postuladas pelos filósofos, destacando que a incomensurabilidade subsistente entre as filosofias não é provocada por rupturas conceituais ou explicativas e sim pela adoção de diferentes pressuposições absolutas, conforme definidas por Collingwood.
Carreiras políticas e nepotismo na Terceira República francesa (1871-1940)
Authors: Niess Alexandre
Published: September 2012

Ainda que possa parecer improvável em um regime baseado no sufrágio universal masculino, as conexões familiares e o nepotismo cumpriram um papel extremamente importante na democracia representativa na Terceira República Francesa (1870-1940). Na verdade, essas práticas continuam importantes em algumas partes da esfera política até hoje. Este artigo examina detalhadamente as conexões e as práticas políticas no departamento de Marne, um espaço político onde vários tipos diferentes de conexões políticas operavam em distintos níveis. Usando o conceito de Sippe, concebido para o estudo de conexões familiares mais amplas no início da Idade Média, esta pesquisa estatística sobre família e política vai levantando diferentes camadas de influência familiar, em nível de municipalidade, conseil d'arrondissement, conseil général do departamento e parlamento nacional. Ela sugere que, em cada nível, diferentes tipos de conexões familiares eram vitais.
Brazilian ground pearl damaging blackberry, raspberry and blueberry in Brazil
Authors: Efrom Caio Fábio Stoffel , Botton Marcos , Meyer Geraldine de Andrade
Published: September 2012

The Brazilian ground pearl, Eurhizococcus brasiliensis (Wille, 1922) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae), is a subterranean, polyphagous scale insect native of Southern Brazil that feeds on a variety of different vineyard plant species (Vitis spp.). In this study, it is reported three new plant hosts of the species. In 2007 and 2010, infested plants were documented in the towns of Farroupilha (29°14'34"S, 51°23'20"W) and Vacaria (28°26'30"S, 50°52'59"W) in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Specimens of the ground pearl were found in the roots of three cultivated berry plants: blackberry (Rubus spp.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and blueberry (Vaccinium sp.). Observed symptoms included: chlorotic leaves, gradual wasting, reduced production, and mortality. Given the increasing popularity of berry orchards in the region, this study serves as an alert for farmers to avoid establishing them in areas infested with the ground pearl and to check for the insects in the root cuttings used to establish berry crops.
Modelos de regressão aleatória para avaliação da curva de crescimento em matrizes de codorna de corte
Authors: Teixeira Bruno Bastos , Euclydes Ricardo Frederico , Teixeira Rafael Bastos , Silva Luciano Pinheiro da , Torres Robledo de Almeida , Lehner Helmut Gonçalves , Caetano Giovani da Costa , Crispim Aline Campores
Published: September 2012

Objetivou-se comparar diferentes modelos de regressão aleatória por meio de funções polinomiais de Legendre de diferentes ordens, para avaliar o que melhor se ajusta ao estudo genético da curva de crescimento de codornas de corte. Foram avaliados dados de 2136 matrizes de codorna de corte, dos quais 1026 pertenciam ao grupo genético UFV1 e 1110 ao grupo UFV2. As codornas foram pesadas nos 1°, 7°, 14°, 21°, 28°, 35°, 42°, 77°, 112° e 147° dias de idade e seus pesos utilizados para a análise. Foram testadas duas possíveis modelagens de variância residual heterogênea, sendo agrupadas em 3 e 5 classes de idade. Após, foi realizado o estudo do modelo de regressão aleatória que melhor aplica-se à curva de crescimento das codornas. A comparação entre os modelos foi feita pelo Critério de Informação de Akaike (AIC), Critério de Informação Bayesiano de Schwarz (BIC), Logaritmo da função de verossimilhança (Log e L) e teste da razão de verossimilhança (LRT), ao nível de 1%. O modelo que considerou a heterogeneidade de variância residual CL3 mostrou-se adequado à linhagem UFV1, e o modelo CL5 à linhagem UFV2. Uma função polinomial de Legendre com ordem 5, para efeito genético aditivo direto e 5 para efeito permanente de animal, para a linhagem UFV1 e, com ordem 3, para efeito genético aditivo direto e 5 para efeito permanente de animal para a linhagem UFV2, deve ser utilizada na avaliação genética da curva de crescimento das codornas de corte.
É preciso ir aos porões
Authors: Veiga-Neto Alfredo
Published: September 2012

A partir da metáfora bachelardiana da casa como nossa primeira morada no mundo, o artigo argumenta a favor da necessidade de conhecermos os porões e alicerces arquetípicos e epistemológicos que sustentam as nossas práticas educacionais cotidianas e dão sentido a elas. Ao estabelecer uma diferenciação entre militância (como manifestação de uma actio militaris) e ativismo (como uma prática refletida que visa à transformação), discute-se a importância de manter ativa a vigilância epistemológica e o ethos hipercrítico, capazes de tornar efetivas nossas tentativas de transformação individual e social. O caráter radicalmente contingente das nossas crenças e práticas pedagógicas torna-se evidente quando descemos aos porões e examinamos as condições históricas em que tais crenças e práticas se engendraram e se transformaram em verdades. São exemplos disso alguns dos pressupostos das principais metanarrativas educacionais modernas, como o catastrofismo, o salvacionismo, o prometeísmo, o metodologismo, o messianismo etc.
Corpo grávido deixando-se fecundar pela vida
Authors: Ramminger Tatiana
Published: September 2012

Este ensaio propõe-se a pensar o processo criativo, o “corpo-grávido” - este corpo que é marcado por uma diferença, deixando-se fecundar por ela. Com o auxílio da filosofia, discutimos o lugar destinado ao corpo e ao desejo através da história, aprofundando a origem de conceitos pontuais em duas ciências aparentemente opostas: a biologia e a psicologia.
Meu paciente não pára de repetir... isso é mau?: a concernência da repetição
Authors: Medeiros Roberto Henrique Amorim de
Published: September 2012

Durante a história do pensamento psicanalítico a repetição foi abordada através de vários enfoques. A forma impactante e constrangedora como o conceito apareceu na teoria freudiana, fez dela um dos pontos mais intrigantes dentre os conceitos psicanalíticos. Na prática clínica, da mesma forma, quando percebemos que um paciente está repetindo, a primeira impressão que se tem é de que isso estaria sendo prejudicial ao tratamento, um verdadeiro entrave e, com freqüência, lamenta-se essa situação. O presente texto procura resgatar o caráter ambíguo do conceito de repetição e ressaltar um possível aspecto produtivo no caminho da cura, o qual foi denominado de concernência. Propõe, ainda, que escutar a repetição tendo em mente a possibilidade desse caráter produtivo é o que pode permitir que o paciente crie algo de novo para si, interrompendo os processos repetitivos indesejáveis ao seu tratamento, embora tenha de abdicar temporariamente ao prazer.
Relato de pesquisa: a influência do contexto ambiental nos trabalhadores off-shore de uma plataforma petrolífera
Authors: Pena Anderson Córdova
Published: September 2012

A pesquisa contextualizou o trabalho off-shore de uma plataforma de petróleo, sob a perspectiva da Psicologia Social do Ambiente e da Proxêmica, objetivando investigar as conseqüências do confinamento no trabalho e suas relações com o stress, com as emoções e com os distúrbios do sono nos trabalhadores. A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa qualitativa, tendo por instrumentais a entrevista semi-estruturada e a observação participante no tocante à demarcação, personalização de territórios e ao isolamento social. Concluiu-se haver pouca privacidade, invasão do espaço pessoal, indícios de stress e discriminação entre os grupos de trabalhadores.
O saber e a prevenção no trabalho e na vida: representações de profissionais de saúde que trabalham com HIV/ Aids
Authors: Andrade Sônia Maria Oliveira de , Tanaka Oswaldo Yoshimi
Published: September 2012

A manutenção das práticas sexuais de risco dos heterossexuais levam ao aumento do número de casos de Aids em pessoas sem qualquer outra prática de risco senão as relações sexuais. Buscamos investigar e compreender as representações dos profissionais de saúde que trabalham com HIV/Aids sobre sua prática profissional, sobre os riscos no trabalho e na vida pessoal, considerando o conhecimento diferenciado que possuem. Os resultados mostraram que o conhecimento sobre Aids é utilizado como instrumento de trabalho e não para a vida pessoal. Para esses profissionais, o uso do preservativo é incompatível com o viver sexual cotidiano, como conseqüência de um conjunto de processos culturais e históricos; sexo seguro não se faz presente na vida pessoal desses profissionais até esse momento.
Amor, casamento e sexualidade: velhas e novas configurações
Authors: Araújo Maria de Fátima
Published: September 2012

Neste artigo, a autora revisita a história do amor, do casamento e da sexualidade buscando resgatar o processo de construção e transformação das relações amorosas da antigüidade à modernidade. Sua análise enfatiza as mudanças ocorridas no casamento moderno e as novas configurações que adquire na atualidade.
Acompanhar é uma barra: considerações teóricas e clínicas sobre o acompanhamento psicoterapêutico
Authors: Ribeiro Thais da Cruz Carneiro
Published: September 2012

Este artigo apresenta o acompanhamento psicoterapêutico como uma das formas de atuação do psicólogo na clínica das psicoses. A função do acompanhante é abordada a partir de questões teóricas relativas ao desencadeamento, desenvolvimento e estabilização de quadros psicóticos, segundo a perspectiva psicanalítica. O acompanhamento também exige o manejo de algumas questões técnicas, como a composição e funcionamento da equipe, horários e relacionamento com os demais profissionais envolvidos, bem como com a família. Os objetivos dessa modalidade de tratamento centram-se na potencialização das possibilidades discursivas e criativas e na reconstrução dos vínculos sociais desses sujeitos. Isto se faz à medida que o acompanhante sustenta seu trabalho em acordos verbais, contratos terapêuticos e atividades em que comparece como mediador entre esses sujeitos e a realidade socialmente construída.
A histeria e a beleza: uma expressão no contexto cultural da atualidade
Authors: Freire Lilian
Published: September 2012

Qual é a relação entre cultura e mulher?, poderíamos perguntar. É esse o conteúdo desta resenha, que visa a propor, como tema de discussão, a hipótese de que a excessiva preocupação com a beleza e a perfeição do corpo é uma forma encontrada pela mulher para exprimir-se na cultura. O investimento no corpo é uma pista que nos leva à histeria como fenômeno de massa, apresentando caricaturas de feminino, que renegam noções tradicionais: bondade, maternidade, fragilidade, morte, pureza, danação, tabu. Diante de tais rótulos, a mulher recua, impondo uma agressividade que lhe foi negada por milênios.
A mestiçagem enquanto um dispositivo de poder e a constituição de nossa identidade nacional
Authors: Tadei Emanuel Mariano
Published: September 2012

Analisa a questão racial brasileira numa perspectiva foucaultiana. Ao invés de encarar a mestiçagem como um fenômeno natural, isto é, como se fosse o resultado de uma pré-disposição dos portugueses para a mistura étnica, trabalha com a hipótese de que ela é fruto de um dispositivo de poder. Descreve e analisa o desenvolvimento histórico do dispositivo de mestiçagem, demonstrando a participação que a Psicanálise e Arthur Ramos tiveram nele, levanta os problemas que tal dispositivo nos coloca hoje, impondo uma certa racionalidade presente de forma indelével no pensamento racial brasileiro.
O político, o público e a alteridade como desafios para a psicologia
Authors: Azerêdo Sandra Maria da Mata
Published: September 2012

A idéia central do ensaio é que é necessário incluir a dimensão política na formação em Psicologia, na qual predomina um enfoque individualista, que mantém o sistema de desigualdade, impedindo o desenvolvimento da pluralidade e o ideal de bem comum. Questões de raça e etnia e outras diferenças devem ser tratadas juntamente com a questão do racismo. A autora fundamenta seu argumento a partir de sua experiência como professora do Departamento de Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, onde adota o grupo operativo como metodologia de ensino, considerando as relações de poder que se estabelecem no grupo.
Exposição ao vivo no tratamento de agorafobia: relato de caso
Authors: D'El Rey Gustavo J. Fonseca
Published: September 2012

Relato de caso, em que a Exposição ao Vivo foi utilizada no tratamento de paciente com diagnóstico de agorafobia. O tratamento foi realizado em doze sessões, apresentando êxito no uso dessa técnica comportamental.
Psicologia escolar: um duplo desafio
Authors: Valle Luiza Elena Leite Ribeiro do
Published: September 2012

A educação representa a capacidade de um povo organizar-se e construir seu futuro, portanto, não se realiza ao acaso, mas como consequência de um esforço expressivo. A Psicologia Escolar pretende facilitar o desenvolvimento humano, mas ainda permanece pouco conhecida. O sucesso no desempenho do psicólogo escolar exige uma imagem clara de seus principais propósitos, enfrentando um duplo desafio: ser aceito na escola (sem ter seu papel limitado na busca da promoção do desenvolvimento infantil) e ser apoiado na organização de atividades preventivas que afetam o curso do desenvolvimento da criança (envolvendo o desenvolvimento cognitivo, afetivo, social e físico e o enriquecimento da interação social da criança). Brevemente, o propósito deste estudo é focalizar de forma prática um campo mais eficiente, amplo e satisfatório para a Psicologia Escolar.
Sobre a afetividade na odontologia para bebês
Authors: Barreto Ricardo Azevedo
Published: September 2012

Este artigo é uma síntese da dissertação de mestrado “A afetividade na Odontologia para bebês: lugares e nuances”, defendida na Universidade de São Paulo. A partir da perspectiva teórica de Guirado (1986 e 1987), com a colaboração de três odontopediatras, investigou-se a afetividade na Odontologia para bebês por meio de análise de representações de verbalizações das dentistas em vinte sessões clínicas e entrevistas individualizadas. Depreenderam-se, deste estudo, temáticas específicas, como a indiferenciação profissional-paciente e as possibilidades de transformação nas relações na área pesquisada.
Uma reflexão sobre o trabalho docente a partir da análise do conceito de crenças
Authors: Silva Rita de Cassia da
Published: September 2012

Este texto é uma reflexão sobre as crenças do professor que condicionam sua ação cotidiana e influenciam/determinam seus saberes/ações, tanto para o sucesso como para o insucesso escolar. Conhecêlas e interpretá-las pode ser um caminho ou um movimento para a transformação do trabalho docente. A partir dos conceitos de crenças, cotidiano, não-cotidiano e alienação, analisamos um trabalho realizado em uma escola da rede de ensino público paulista. O trabalho se constituiu de uma assessoria a um grupo de professores. Foi possível uma reflexão sobre as crenças e a postura dos professores, reflexão essa que indica perspectivas de mudanças.
Algumas considerações sobre o fazer científico realizadas a partir da análise dos modelos de ciência propostos por Taylor, Wundt e Watson
Authors: Ribeiro Bruno Alvarenga
Published: September 2012

A história das ciências como um todo, incluindo a história das ciências humanas e, particularmente, a história da Psicologia, nos presenteia com exemplos de como às vezes o fazer científico é restringido aos lugares comuns da metodologia. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre a crença de que a ciência é o próprio método que ela utiliza, demonstrando que metodologias particulares decorrem da adoção de determinados pressupostos filosóficos também particulares, que podem levar o fazer científico a algumas incorreções, nem sempre refutáveis por questões de lógica.
Growth, Development, and Morphological Differences among Native and Nonnative Prickly Nightshades (Solanumspp.) of the Southeastern United States
Authors: Bryson Charles T. , Reddy Krishna N. , Byrd John D.
Published: September 2012

Prickly nightshades are troublesome weeds of natural habitats, pastures, feedlots, right-of-ways, and croplands. Native and nonnative invasive weedy species of prickly nightshades were compared to determine growth, development, and morphological differences. Six (Solanum bahamense, Solanum capsicoides, Solanum carolinense, Solanum dimidiatum, Solanum donianum, andSolanum pumilum) of the 18 species of prickly nightshades studied are native to the US. Two species,Solanum citrullifoliumandSolanum rostratum, are annuals; the others are perennials or are short lived perennials or annuals in northern extremes of their range in North America. Tables were developed from new and existing data to differentiate vegetative and reproductive characteristics among 18 species of prickly nightshade found in the southeastern US. In greenhouse experiments, average plant height ranged from 24 and 26 cm (9.45 and 10.24 inch) forS. carolinenseandSolanum jamaicense, respectively, to 100 and 105 cm forSolanum tampicenseandSolanum sisymbriifolium, respectively at 10 wk after emergence (WAE). By 10 WAE, the average number of leaves per plant ranged from < 10 forS. carolinenseandSolanum torvumto > 40 leaves/plant forS. rostratumandS. dimidiatum. Average number of nodes/plant main stem ranged from 11, 12, and 14 nodes inS. jamaicense, S. torvum, andS. carolinense, respectively, to 54 nodes inS. rostratum. Average plant dry weights were collected at 10 WAE and were greatest forSolanum mammosumand (> 17 g/plant) (0.6001 oz/plant) and least forS. carolinense(1 g/plant). Based on these data, nightshade growth rate and dry weight were variable among some species and variability may be a result of phenology and life cycles, annual or perennial. Plants ofS. rostratum, an annual, were relatively tall and produced high number of nodes and leaves and had the shortest period from emergence to flower among the prickly nightshades evaluated.
Response of Giant Reed (Arundo donax) to Intermittent Shading
Authors: Spencer David F.
Published: September 2012

A species' successful invasion into a new site depends on its ability to persist in the local environment. An experiment was conducted to examine the response of giant reed to intermittent periods of shading for 2 yr. Results indicate that giant reed persisted when exposed to significant shading (i.e., 90% reduction of full sun) and that shading also caused changes in a number of plant characteristics, such as stem height, internode length, leaf nitrogen, leaf chlorophyll content, specific leaf area, total leaf area per plant, and leaf life span. Estimates of leaf photosynthetic rates did not differ across shade levels. Giant reed's ability to persist and grow under intermittent low-light conditions implies that plants would be poised to take advantage of sun flecks and disturbances that create gaps within the resident plant community.
Collapse of loose sand with the addition of fines: the role of particle shape
Authors: YANG J. , WEI L.M.
Published: September 2012

This paper describes a fundamental study to explore the role of particle shape in the shear behaviour of mixtures of sand and fine particles (fines) through macro-scale and grain-scale laboratory experiments together with interpretations in the framework of critical state soil mechanics and conceptual micromechanics models. Two non-plastic fines of distinct shape (angular crushed silica fines and rounded glass beads) were added to two uniform quartz sands (Toyoura sand and Fujian sand) to produce four binary mixtures. Laboratory quantification of particle shape and size was conducted for both fines and sands, and a series of undrained triaxial tests was performed to investigate the overall response of the mixed soils at different percentages of fines. One of the significant findings is that the critical state friction angle of a mixed soil is affected not only by the shape of coarse particles but also by the shape of fine particles, and this shape effect is coupled with fines content. When a small amount of crushed silica fines was added to either Toyoura sand or Fujian sand, the critical state friction angle increased slightly with fines content; however, when a small amount of glass beads was added to either sand, the critical state friction angle decreased markedly with an increase in fines content. A new index, termed combined roundness, is proposed to account for the coupled effects of particle shape and fines content. The study also provides evidence showing that the undrained shear behaviour and collapsibility of a mixed soil are closely related to the shape of its constituent particles: a mixed soil containing rounded fines tends to exhibit higher susceptibility to collapse than a mixed soil containing angular fines of the same percentage, and this tendency will become more evident if the base sand is also composed of rounded particles. In addition, the study provides the first experimental evidence showing that the quasi-steady state marks a transition from a metastable to a stable microstructure. It is postulated that in a binary mixture composed of fine and coarse particles that are both rounded, the particles favour rolling, thus yielding a microstructure that is unstable, whereas in a binary mixture composed of fine and coarse particles that are both angular, the particles favour sliding rather than rolling, thus leading to a much more stable structure and response.
Factors in Career Choice among US Nephrologists
Authors: McMahon Gearoid M. , Thomas Lynette , Tucker J. Kevin , Lin Julie
Published: September 2012

Background and objectives

There is a projected shortage of kidney specialists, and retention of trainees in nephrology is important. Determining factors that result in choosing a nephrology career could inform future strategies to attract nephrology fellows.

Design, settings, participants, & measurements

An anonymous, internet-based survey was sent to members of the American Society of Nephrology in June 2009. Respondents answered questions about demographics, training background, and career choices.

Results

Of the 3399 members, 913 (23%) returned the survey. Mean age was 51.1±10.5 years, and 46.1% were academic nephrologists. In addition, 38.4% of respondents graduated between 2000 and 2009. Interest in nephrology began early in training, with the intellectual aspects of nephrology, early mentoring, and participation in nephrology electives named as the most common reasons in choosing nephrology. Academic nephrologists were more likely to have participated in research in medical school, have a master’s degree or PhD, and successfully obtained research funding during training. Academic debt was higher among nonacademic nephrologists. Research opportunities and intellectual stimulation were the main factors for academic nephrologists when choosing their first postfellowship positions, whereas geographic location and work-life balance were foremost for nonacademic nephrologists.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the importance of exposing medical students and residents to nephrology early in their careers through involvement in research, electives, and positive mentoring. Further work is needed to develop and implement effective strategies, including increasing early exposure to nephrology in preclinical and clinical years, as well as encouraging participation in research, in order to attract future nephrology trainees.
Synthesis and sintering of high-temperature composites based on mechanically activated fly ash
Authors: Terzic A. , Pavlovic Lj. , Obradovic N. , Pavlovic V. , Stojanovic J. , Milicic Lj. , Radojevic Z. , Ristic M.M.
Published: September 2012

Amount of fly ash which is and yet to be generated in the coming years
highlights the necessity of developing new methods of the recycling where
this waste can be reused in significant quantity. A new possibility for fly
ash utilization is in high-temperature application (thermal insulators or/and
refractory material products). As such, fly ash has to adequately answer the
mechanical and thermal stability criteria. One of the ways of achieving it is
by applying mechanical activation procedure on fly ash. In present study, fly
ashes from two different power plants were mechanically activated in a
planetary ball mill. Mechanically treated fly ashes were cemented with two
different binders: standard Portland cement and high-aluminates cement.
Physico-chemical analysis and investigation of mineralogical components of
composites are emphasized, due to the changes occurred in fly ash during
mechanical activation and sintering of composites. Macro-performance of the
composites was correlated to the microstructure of fly ash studied by means
of XRD and SEM analysis. Thermal stability of crystalline phases was
investigated with DTA. Highlight was placed on determination of relationship
between mechanically activated fly ash and obtained composites microstructure
on one side and behavior of sintered composites on the other side.
Master Sintering Surface: A practical approach to its construction and utilization for Spark Plasma Sintering prediction
Authors: Pouchly V. , Maca K. , Xiong Y. , Shen J.Z.
Published: September 2012

The sintering is a complex thermally activated process, thus any prediction
of sintering behaviour is very welcome not only for industrial purposes.
Presented paper shows the possibility of densification prediction based on
concept of Master Sintering Surface (MSS) for pressure assisted Spark Plasma
Sintering (SPS). User friendly software for evaluation of the MSS is
presented. The concept was used for densification prediction of alumina
ceramics sintered by SPS.
Effect of the cBN content and sintering temperature on the transverse rupture strength and hardness of cBn/diamond cutting tools
Authors: Kır Durmuş , Islak Serkan , Çelik Halis , Çelik Ertuğrul
Published: September 2012

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of cBN content and
sintering temperature on the transverse rupture strength (TRS) of cBN/diamond
cutting tools produced by hot pressing. The segments containing different cBN
content were manufactured under 35 MPa pressure at 600, 650 and 700?C with a
3 minutes sintering time. The TRS of segments were determined using
three-point bending test. Microstructure and phase composition of fracture
surface of segments were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The obtained results show that the TRS
of the segments with cBN were higher than that of the segments with diamond.
Architectural Collaboration in the Early Renaissance: Reforming the Florentine Badia
Authors: Leader Anne
Published: September 2012

In the late 1420s, Abbot Gomezio di Giovanni initiated a major building campaign to reform the Benedictine monastery of the Florentine Badia. Designed to provide its community with an orderly space in which to pursue the Benedictine Observance, the compound rises around the so-called Orange Cloister, long considered to be an early work of Bernardo Rossellino. A reevaluation of the archival record demonstrates that Rossellino was one of many who contributed to the project, which was a collaborative effort codirected by master mason Antonio di Domenico della Parte and master stonecutter Giovanni d'Antonio da Maiano. In addition to issues of authorship, this article investigates why the building looks the way it does, how it was built, and how it served the abbot's reform program. Answers to these questions allow us to develop our appreciation of Benedictine life and architectural practice in Early Renaissance Florence.
Plan B and the Geometry of Façade Design at Strasbourg Cathedral, 1250-1350
Authors: Bork Robert
Published: September 2012

A remarkable series of medieval drawings in Strasbourg documents the emergence of the local cathedral workshop as a major center of Gothic design around 1300. The so-called Plans A and B, in particular, figure prominently in the literature on Gothic architecture, but the formalistic methods usually brought to bear on the drawings leave many questions unresolved. This article uses geometrical analysis to show how the proportions of both drawings resulted from the compass-based Gothic design process. This discussion reveals a striking difference between the essentially planar Plan A and the more three-dimensionally conceived Plan B, in which the octagonal plan of the intended spire played a crucial generating role. Geometrical analysis of the complete façade block, meanwhile, shows that Plans A and B continued to influence the façade builders in the fourteenth century, despite the introduction of a new ground plan shortly before the beginning of construction in 1277.
Mountain Temples and Temple-Mountains: Masrur
Authors: Meister Michael W.
Published: September 2012

In the first half of the eighth century, Indian craftsmen cut back a high ridge of sandstone, its back to the Beās River and the plains beyond, and carved a grand temple-complex facing northeast toward the Dhauladhar range, the first outcropping of the great Himalayan Mountains. Never completed, and damaged by successive earthquakes that sheered the stone and folded parts of the complex back into the hill, the temple at Masrur-in the modern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh-seems today half returned to its primordial condition. Its ground plan, partial section, and a roof plan, drawn by an unidentified Indian draftsman, were published in the second decade of the twentieth century, but scholarship since has neglected and misrepresented the site. It is possible to reconstruct the intention of the planning of this important complex, however, and to reposition it in a historical and symbolic context. Its creation not only marked a movement of political power into the hills in the eighth century, but also mapped cosmological power and kingship in a new way. The metaphor of temple as mountain runs throughout India's traditions of building, but, as this article demonstrates, the temple at Masrur, beyond all others from the Indian subcontinent, provides the antecedent and conceptual model for the great "temple-mountains" of Cambodia soon to be built by kings in southeast Asia.
Sears, Roebuck and the Remaking of the Department Store, 1924-42
Authors: Longstreth Richard
Published: September 2012

Less than two decades after Sears, Roebuck-once the nation's largest mail-order business-entered the retailing business in 1924, it had gained prominence in that field nearly equal to that of its competitors. This unprecedented rate of expansion was marked by innovations in merchandising and store design. Sears was a pioneer in creating department stores that catered to men as well as women, that eschewed style in favor of practicality in merchandise, and that allowed customers to select goods without the aid of a clerk. The buildings likewise broke from convention. They were generally oriented to motorists-set apart from existing business districts amid residential areas occupied by their target audience; had ample, free, off-street parking; and communicated a clear corporate identity. In the 1930s, the company designed fully air-conditioned, "windowless" stores whose layout was driven wholly by merchandising concerns. In all these respects, Sears set important precedents that were widely followed by other major retailers after World War II.
Irresolute Ravishers and the Sexual Economy of Chivalry in the Romantic Novel
Authors: Dyer Gary
Published: September 2012

Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1819) and James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans (1826) attempt in divergent ways to deal with the contradictions attendant on the contemporary ideology of "chivalry." In these novels chivalry becomes inconsequential: the woman's fate depends ultimately not on the intervention of a "knight" but on the irresolution of her would-be ravisher, who becomes paralyzed momentarily when he finds that the heroine is "resolved" to die rather than suffer abuse. Scott's method of rescuing his heroine Rebecca is not reassuring: the villain Bois-Gilbert implausibly drops dead, killed by "the violence of his own contending passions." One reason that chivalry fails to protect women in these novels is that it is not disinterested (as Edmund Burke defined it), but rather dependent on sexual desire. The Last of the Mohicans, moreover, shows that not all evil men will be irresolute: when the Europeanized Indian Magua cannot bring himself to kill Cora Munro, one of his "savage" comrades stabs her instead. The impulse that impedes the unchivalrous Magua is, ironically, the sexual desire that undergirds chivalry, but Cora's killer lacks even this desire. By showing that chivalry is powerless against men who are outside its sexual economy, The Last of the Mohicans renders moot Scott's struggles in Ivanhoe over chivalry's inconsistencies and contradictions.
Heroes and Hero-Worship in Charlotte Brontë's Shirley
Authors: Morris Pam
Published: September 2012

This paper situates Charlotte Brontë's Shirley (1849) within an extensive 1840s debate, arising from the Chartist agitations and European revolutions; a debate on political leadership and the qualities required for national heroism. In particular, it argues that Brontë is responding directly to Thomas Carlyle's influential lecture series published as On Heroes and Hero-Worship, and the Heroic in History (1841). But while Brontë is attracted to Carlyle's association of the hero with a fearless love of truth and a hatred of cant, she distances herself from his persistent linkage of heroism with the power to subdue and vanquish. Brontë's class, gender, and regional affiliations produce a deeply ambivalent figuring of the hero in Shirley. While the narrative fully recognizes the charismatic fascination of heroes, it also explores the cost of hero-worship for women, suggesting that the desire for great men is anti-democratic and part of a regressive narcissism at both national and individual levels. Yet, although heroism is regarded skeptically in the novel, Shirley can be read as expressing Brontë's claim to leadership as a woman of letters; a type of hero that Carlyle associates with modern democratic nations.
From the Punchmen to Pugin's Gothics: The Broad Road to a Sentimental Death in The Old Curiosity Shop
Authors: Zemka Sue
Published: September 2012

In The Old Curiosity Shop Dickens integrates a typically intricate variety of subplots, characters, and settings. And yet, more than his other novels, The Old Curiosity Shop has dismayed readers by its disunity and lack of design. By focusing on four of its seemingly disconnected motifis-the Punch and Judy show, the traveling waxworks, Gothicism, and gambling-I hope to show that a certain coherence is evident in the novel's preoccupation with questions of class position, class mobility, and the class status of various cultural practices. This preoccupation supplies as tight symbolic organization that underlies the disorder of the plot, but it does not indicate a thematically self-consistent text. On the contrary, the coherent symbolic economy of The Old Curiosity Shop is itself symptomatic of contradictions inherent in the ideological interleaving of Protestantism and capitalism in early Victorian England.
The Intellectual Origins of Musical Canon in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Weber William
Published: September 2012

A canon of old musical works first appeared in public performance in eighteenth-century England. Its intellectual origins can be traced to a new mode of empirical musical thinking that focused upon musical practice rather than philosophical or scientific theory. Canonic judgments and repertories developed as a source of authority within this intellectual framework. While developments either in canonic thinking or in repertories of old works appeared in many European countries during the eighteenth century, only in England did both aspects develop significantly in the period. Although a general reconstitution of canons was taking place within the arts at the time, the changes that came about in musical culture took their own particular direction.
Abbot Helisachar's Antiphoner
Authors: Levy Kenneth
Published: September 2012

Helisachar (Elisagarus), archchancellor to Louis the Pious, writes ca. 820 to his friend Nidibrius, archbishop of Narbonne, concerning an antiphoner that he and his palace musicians at Aachen have been revising. His remarks bear on the nature of the Gregorian melos and the manner of its transmission, three quarters of a century before the first preserved antiphoners with neumes. Helisachar's language indicates that musical substances were fixed in detail and precisely memorized. It also suggests that his antiphoner was, as a matter of course, provided with music notation. An eventual critical edition of the Gregorian proper melodies will want to take that into account.
Discrimination and Generalization of Rhythmic and Arrhythmic Sound Patterns by European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
Authors: Hulse Stewart H. , Humpal John , Cynx Jeffrey
Published: September 2012

European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) learned to discriminate patterns of 2000-Hz tones organized into rhythmic as compared with random, arrhythmic temporal structures, and the perceptual processes underlying the discrimination were then analyzed. Two rhythmic patterns were constructed, for different birds, according to a linear rule in which tones and intertone intervals of equal duration alternated or according to a hierarchical rule in which two subpatterns alternated. The arrhythmic pattern was a sequence of tone and intertone intervals each of random duration. The birds were required to peck at one key in the presence of a rhythmic pattern and at another key in the presence of the arrhythmic pattern to obtain food reward. All birds learned the rhythmic–arrhythmic discrimination, and discrimination accuracy was the same for both the linear and hierarchical rhythmic structures. In a series of transfer tests that followed, discrimination performance was tested when the temporal structure of the rhythmic stimulus patterns was transformed and when their pitch was shifted up or down an octave. For temporal transformations, performance was well maintained under (a) a log transformation which, from test to test, changed the absolute duration of tones and intertone intervals but kept their ratios constant (a simple tempo transformation); (b) an additive transformation which kept either tone duration or intertone interval constant from test to test while their counterparts changed in duration; and (c) a pattern interchange in which, for the appropriate birds, the linear was substituted for the hierarchical pattern, or the hierarchical was substituted for the linear pattern. Performance deteriorated (but remained above chance), however, when rhythmic patterns were degraded by holding tone (or intertone) duration constant while intertone (or tone) durations varied randomly within a test session. Performance was also well maintained when the baseline temporal patterns were shifted an octave in pitch, but the data do not necessarily force the conclusion that the birds showed true octave generalization. The results suggest the birds solved the rhythmic–arrhythmic discrimination on the basis of a nominal, qualitative pattern attribute, rhythmicity. Patterns are high in rhythmicity if pattern components are of constant duration within a test session, and if they reoccur periodically. Rhythmicity deteriorates as pattern components vary in duration within a test session and reoccur at varying time intervals. The results also show that the human capacity for discrimination among complex temporal patterns of sound is shared with at least one other species and may, therefore, represent a perceptual process that is—within limits yet to be determined—phylogenetically general.
String Inharmonicity and Piano Tuning
Authors: Rasch Rudolf A. , Heetvelt Vincent
Published: September 2012

Inharmonicity is a well-known property of stiff strings such as those used in the modern piano. Effects on piano tuning (e.g., the stretched octave) have been suggested but have never been fully investigated. We have measured the inharmonicities of the strings of a medium-sized grand piano. The measured inharmonicities are in excellent correspondence with the predictions by formula from the physical properties of the strings. Strings with higher frequencies usually have higher inharmonicity than strings with lower frequencies; this cancels out part of the effect of inharmonicity on beat frequency.
Dissociation in Musical Reading: A Musician Affected by Alexia without Agraphia
Authors: Fasanaro A. M. , Spitaleri D. L. A. , Valiani R. , Grossi D.
Published: September 2012

Previous works have postulated a similarity between music reading and text reading. Therefore it is interesting to evaluate both of these functions in an alexic subject. The patient investigated is a professional musician who had an ischemic lesion in the left temporoparieto-occipital region. Text reading showed pure alexia in which both the phonological and global routes were damaged. His ability to read correctly via matching tests showed that the word-form system was preserved. The reading of musical scores was damaged too and showed a dissociation between the reading of ideograms and rhythms (preserved) and the reading of notes (impaired). The results of note reading were analogous to those of word reading. Furthermore, the patient could read notes correctly via matching tests. On the basis of these findings, we propose a model of music reading where the reading of notes is based on a representational system analogous to that of words (the so-called internal language) whereas reading of ideograms and rhythms occurs via an internal representation unrelated to linguistic functions.
Music Theory as Cognitive Science: Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues
Authors: Agmon Eytan
Published: September 2012

Arguments in favor of a cognitive-scientific approach to music theory based on the following conceptual and methodological distinctions are presented: (1) external (physical) vs. internal (perceptual and cognitive) musical realities and (2) music theories that account for what a given (internal) musical reality is ("what-theories") vs. music theories that account for how this musical reality is constructed by the listener on the basis of some external (physical) stimulus ("how-theories").
Music Perception and Sensory Information Acquisition: Relationships and Low-Level Analogies
Authors: Terhardt Ernst
Published: September 2012

Information processing is characterized by conditional decisions on hierarchically organized levels. In biological systems, this principle is manifest in the phenomena of contourization and categorization, which are more or less synonymous. Primary contourization—such as in the visual system—is regarded as the first step of abstraction. Its auditory equivalent is formation of spectral pitches. Hierarchical processing is characterized by the principles of immediate processing, open end, recursion, distributed knowledge, forward processing, autonomy, and viewback. In that concept, perceptual phenomena such as illusion, ambiguity, and similarity turn out to be essential and typical. With respect to perception of musical sound, those principles and phenomena readily explain pitch categorization, tone affinity, octave equivalence (chroma), root, and tonality. As a particular example, an explanation of the tritone paradox is suggested.
Musical Dynamic Levels of Pipe Organ Sounds
Authors: Hall Donald E.
Published: September 2012

The pipe organ offers the opportunity to conduct psychoacoustic experiments in which the sound of a natural instrument can be perfectly steady and reproducible. This study takes advantage of the pipe organ to concentrate on that aspect of musical dynamics determined by the physical parameters of steady sounds, leaving aside the admittedly important effects of other variables such as context and articulation. Juries of musicians and music students provided judgments of musical dynamic levels produced by steady sounding of various stops and combinations on two pipe organs. The physical strength of each of these sounds was measured, and they were analyzed in $\frac{1}{3}$ octave band spectra. Correlations between the physical parameters and the musical judgments were examined. Results of this study provide some support for the hypothesis that loudness calculated by a procedure such as Zwicker's will be a good predictor of the steady aspect of musical dynamic strength, whereas a simple unweighted sound level in decibels is rather poor.