bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary protein-to-carbohydrate ratio effects development and metabolism in Drosophila larvae and imago
Authors:   Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Stefanyshyn Nadya , Strilbytska Olha ,   Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Burdyliuk Nadia ,   Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Zadorozhna Olena ,   Uman State Pedagogical University named after Pavlo Tychyna, Bubalo Volodymyr ,   L. I. Medved’s Research Center of Preventive Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety, Ministry of Health, SE, Yurkevych Ihor ,   Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Lushchak Oleh ,   Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University; L. I. Medved’s Research Center of Preventive Toxicology, Food and Chemical Safety, Ministry of Health, SE
Published: March 2024

Background. Nutrition during growth and development affects various traits not only in larvae but also imago including lifespan, reproduction, feeding, metabolism, and stress resistance. In this study, we have tested the hypothesis of whether the dietary protein-to-carbohydrate (P:C) ratio in the developmental diet could be related to subsequent changes in metabolic profile and physiological parameters in Drosophila larvae and imago. Materials and Methods. Drosophila melanogaster Canton-S strain were used in this study. Larvae were fed diets with different P:C ratios. Experimental media were composed of either 2 % or 5 % dry yeast and 0 %, 1 %, or 10 % of sucrose. We tested developmental rate, wet or dry body weight and the levels of certain metabolites inclu­ding glucose, glycogen, triacylglycerides and total lipids. The developmental rate was assessed by counting the number of generated pupae every 6/6/12 hours. For wet or dry weight measurement, 20 larvae or flies were weighed and transferred to plastic vial with a cut bottom. The flies were dried at 60 °C with the subsequent weighing after two days. Another two-day flies cohort were separated by sex and frozen in liquid nitrogen for further biochemical assays. Hemolymph glucose, total lipid concentration, triacyl­glycerides (TAG), body glucose and glycogen contents were determined spectrophotometrically. Results. We found that a low 0.08 P:C ratio in the diet slowed down pupation by ~20 % and decreased body weight in larvae. Hemolymph glucose levels in both larvae and imago were inversely associated with dietary P:C. Larvae developing on a diet with a low P:C ratio displayed a lower level of glycogen pool, but a higher level of lipids. Developmental dietary P:C ratio also influences metabolic traits such as hemolymph glucose, glycogen, TAG and total lipids in male and female imago. A higher total protein intake combined with restriction of sucrose consumption had glucose-lowering and lipids-lowering effects. Conclusions. Our study demonstrated that nutritional conditions during larval development trigger adaptive changes that provide a level of regulation necessary to surpass dietary stress in Drosophila imago.
Ciencia ciudadana para el monitoreo meteorológico de la costa de la provincia de Buenos Aires, República Argentina
Authors: Bustos María Luján , Ferrelli Federico , Piccolo María Cintia
Published: March 2024

La ciencia ciudadana es una eficaz herramienta que permite monitorear y comprender los fenómenos ambientales. En este contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la metodología y el desarrollo de la primera red de monitoreo meteorológico urbano en la provincia de Buenos Aires, República Argentina, a través de la ciencia ciudadana. El proceso consistió en 3 fases: la capacitación de los voluntarios, la instalación de instrumental y recolección de datos, y la validación de datos y comunicación de los resultados. La red de monitoreo se distribuyó en 23 localidades costeras e incluye 84 pluviómetros manuales y 16 dispositivos con sensores de temperatura y humedad diseñados para analizar condiciones micro-locales generadas por el desarrollo urbano. Además, se instalaron 15 estaciones meteorológicas para validar estos datos medidos por los ciudadanos. La comunicación de resultados fue a través de una página web con información y datos meteorológicos de acceso público, gratuitos y en tiempo real. La información recopilada se utilizará para construir una base de datos que analice los efectos de eventos meteorológicos a nivel micro-local, local y regional, respaldando la toma de decisiones en la planificación urbana y aumentando la conciencia pública sobre la variabilidad climática local.
ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ РАННЬОГО ВТРУЧАННЯ У РОБОТІ З ДІТЬМИ З МОВЛЕННЄВИМИ ПОРУШЕННЯМИ РАННЬОГО ВІКУ
Authors: Слозанська Ганна , Горішна Надія
Published: March 2024

Із збільшенням кількості дітей з порушеннями психофізичного розвитку останніми роками в Україні та світі зростають запити на раннє втручання як комплексну соціально-реабілітаційну послугу. В час коли зарубіжні країни мають добре розвинений механізм надання означеної послуги в основному шляхом пропонування програм раннього втручання, Україна починає тільки напрацьовувати мережу закладів по роботі з дітьми раннього віку та систему надання самої послуги. За таких умов вивчення зарубіжного досвіду з провадження послуги раннього втручання є важливим, особливо з позиції доведення ефективності раннього втручання у роботі з дітьми раннього віку з мовленнєвими порушеннями задля виокремлення умови його успішної реалізації.
У процесі дослідження використано систематичний огляд літератури. Інструкції PRISMA були базовими. Стратегію пошуку публікацій було сформульовано з використанням параметрів PICOS (Population (вибірка), Intervention (втручання), Comparator (порівняння/співставлення), Outcome (результати) and Study Design (дизайн дослідження). Результати пошуку та вибору публікацій з проблеми дослідження на початковому етапі дозволив диференціювати 3470 статей, з яких 3458 були виключені на різних етапах аналізу через невідповідність критеріям включення. 12 публікацій були включені в список для глибинного мета-аналізу. Характеристики включених в огляд 12 статей свідчать про: різні підходи до дизайнування (3 є рандомізованими контрольованими дослідженнями, 2 – описовими, 2 – експериментальними, 2 – вивчення кейсів, 1 – пробним та 1 – лонгітюдним), широку географію досліджень та дві основні категорії дітей, які були учасниками програм втручання: 1) діти з порушеннями рецептивної та/або експресивної мови, фонетико-фонематичний недорозвиток мовлення та затримка мовленнєвого розвитку; 2) діти з розщепленням піднебіння і губи. При цьому, діти не мали жодних супутніх захворювань, порушень інтелекту, слуху та аутизму. Участь батьків у інтервенційних програмах була обов’язковою у 7 дослідженнях.
Результати аналізу статей дозволили виокремити умови при яких програми раннього втручання будуть ефективними: батьки – активні учасники інтервенційних програм раннього втручання; раннє залучення дітей з мовленнєвими порушеннями на програму раннього втручання; тривалість перебування дитини з мовленнєвими порушеннями на програмі раннього втручання.
Genesis and trends in the development of education from the standpoint of ensuring national security
Authors: Yakushev Aleksey , Lanchakov Alexander , Filin Sergey
Published: March 2024

This article is devoted to the continuity of trends in the formation and further development of the higher education system in Russia. The compliance of the ongoing transformations in the field of higher education with its genesis is analyzed, on the basis of which the success of these reforms is assessed and predicted. The authors' approaches are of interest to persons developing measures for the development of the national system of higher education in Russia in accordance with the requirements of the socio-economic development of the country in new historical and geopolitical conditions.
Russian-Chinese relations up to the 21st century: the history of development
Authors: Xiaoyan Gu , Yunsheng Ju , Hongwei Qi
Published: March 2024

This article explores the historical development of relations between Russia and China, focusing on the crises that have arisen between the two countries and on measures to strengthen cooperation and friendly relations between Russia and China.
A study on the musical artistic conception and charm of the classical poetry “Everlasting longing for each other” by the Chinese poet Li Bai
Authors: Lan Yao
Published: March 2024

The Zheng music “Everlasting longing for each other” is adapted from the poems of the same name created by the famous poet Li Bai. Although the forms of expression are different, the artistic conception and emotion described are exactly the same. This paper aims to study the musical mood and charm of the classical poem “Everlasting longing for each other”.
The Impact Of Cross-Linguistic Orthographic Similarity In Different Learning Contexts: Incidental Vs Intentional Learning
Authors: Bisson Marie-Josee
Published: March 2024

Some foreign language words are much easier to learn than others. This can be due to a variety of factors such as concreteness and word type. Cross-linguistic orthographic similarity, whether the combination and position of letters within words conform to native language spelling rules, also plays an important role. Very little is known however, about the effect of cross-linguistic orthographic similarity in different learning contexts. The current research therefore examines this with participants learning Welsh (Study 1) and Polish (Study 2) words through incidental and intentional learning tasks before completing meaning recall and translation recognition tasks. Cross-linguistic orthographic similarity was measured using the comparative judgement approach. Using mixed-effects models, both studies revealed robust effects of both cross-linguistic orthographic similarity and learning contexts. Crucially, the data showed very little learning for cross-linguistically dissimilar items especially in the incidental learning context with implications for teaching and learning.
Reinforcement Learning Jazz Improvisation: When Music Meets Game Theory
Authors: Fu Feng
Published: March 2024

Live performances of music are always charming, with the unpredictability of improvisation due to the dynamic between musicians and interactions with the audience. Jazz improvisation is a particularly noteworthy example for further investigation from a theoretical perspective. Here, we introduce a novel mathematical game theory model for jazz improvisation, providing a framework for studying music theory and improvisational methodologies. We use computational modeling, mainly reinforcement learning, to explore diverse stochastic improvisational strategies and their paired performance on improvisation. We find that the most effective strategy pair is a strategy that reacts to the most recent payoff (Stepwise Changes) with a reinforcement learning strategy limited to notes in the given chord (Chord-Following Reinforcement Learning). Conversely, a strategy that reacts to the partner's last note and attempts to harmonize with it (Harmony Prediction) strategy pair yields the lowest non-control payoff and highest standard deviation, indicating that picking notes based on immediate reactions to the partner player can yield inconsistent outcomes. On average, the Chord-Following Reinforcement Learning strategy demonstrates the highest mean payoff, while Harmony Prediction exhibits the lowest. Our work lays the foundation for promising applications beyond jazz: including the use of artificial intelligence (AI) models to extract data from audio clips to refine musical reward systems, and training machine learning (ML) models on existing jazz solos to further refine strategies within the game.
Interactive Human-Robot Teaching Recovers and Builds Trust, Even With Imperfect Learners
Authors: Chi Vivienne Bihe , Malle Bertram F
Published: March 2024

Building and maintaining trust is critical for continued human-robot teaching and the prospect of robot learning social skills from natural environments. Whereas previous work often explored strategies to reduce system errors, mitigate trust loss, or using enhanced interactivity to induce learning success, few studies have investigated the possible benefits of fully engaged, interactive teaching on human trust. Motivated by the discrepancy discovered from a pair of previous investigations, the studies presented in this paper for the first time directly tested the causal impact of interactivity on the loss and recovery of trust in a human-robot social skills training context. Using a novel paradigm, we experimentally manipulated the mode of interaction that participants were able to engage in (robot supervisor or active teacher) and measured the teachers' changing trust in a 15-trial robot training session, centering on the critical social skills of norm-appropriate behavior. Our results demonstrate that interactive teachers were more resilient to initial trust loss, showed increased reliance from baseline to post-training, and attributed more of the robot's improvement to themselves than did supervisors, even when their robots were imperfectly slower learners.
Genetic code as a semiotic system
Authors: Rakočević Miloje M.
Published: March 2024

In previous works we presented a new type of mirror symmetry, expressed in the set of protein amino acids; such a symmetry, that it simultaneously represents the semiotic essence of the genetic code. In this book we provide new evidences that the genetic code represents the unity of chemism and semiosis.
Meta-analysis with Jeffreys priors: Empirical frequentist properties
Authors: Mathur Maya B
Published: March 2024

In small meta-analyses (e.g., up to 20 studies), the best-performing frequentist approaches for estimation and inference can yield very wide confidence intervals for the meta-analytic mean, as well as biased and imprecise estimates of the heterogeneity. We investigate the frequentist performance of alternative Bayesian methods that use the invariant Jeffreys prior. This prior can be motivated from the usual Bayesian perspective, but can alternatively be motivated from a purely frequentist perspective: the resulting posterior modes correspond to the established Firth bias correction of the maximum likelihood estimator. We consider two forms of the Jeffreys prior for random-effects meta-analysis: the previously established “Jeffreys1” prior treats the heterogeneity as a nuisance parameter, whereas the “Jeffreys2” prior treats both the mean and the heterogeneity as estimands of interest. In a large simulation study, we assess the performance of both Jeffreys priors, considering different types of Bayesian point estimates and intervals. We assess the performance of estimation and inference for both the mean and the heterogeneity parameters, comparing to the best-performing frequentist methods. We conclude that for small meta-analyses of binary outcomes, the Jeffreys2 prior may offer advantages over standard frequentist methods for estimation and inference of the mean parameter. In these cases, Jeffreys2 can substantially improve efficiency while more often showing nominal frequentist coverage. However, for small meta-analyses of continuous outcomes, standard frequentist methods seem to remain the best choices. The best-performing method for estimating the heterogeneity varied according to the heterogeneity itself.
Bouncing Back with Bliss - Nurturing Body Image and Embracing Intuitive Eating in the Postpartum: A Cross-Sectional Replication Study
Authors: Lee Megan Frances , Target Charlotte , Liddelow Caitlin , Burke Karena
Published: March 2024

Aims/Background: Social pressure to “bounce back” and unrealistic body expectations place postpartum women at risk of body image dissatisfaction, depressive symptomology, and disordered eating. Prior research suggests that intuitive eating may reduce these risks. This study replicated a previous 2016 study between intuitive eating, postpartum depression, disordered eating, and body image satisfaction. Design/Method: Women over 18 who had given birth in the last four years were recruited through social media to complete an online survey. The final sample comprised 163 women aged between 21 and 42 years (M = 33.61, SD = 4.59) who were between one and 208 weeks postpartum (M = 78.27, SD = 53.40). Results: Correlation analyses revealed significant negative associations between intuitive eating and body dissatisfaction, disordered eating, depression, and BMI. A hierarchical multiple linear regression demonstrated that body image dissatisfaction significantly predicted 29% of the variance in intuitive eating scores after controlling for BMI, disordered eating, and postpartum depression F(4, 133) = 68.71, p < .001. Body image dissatisfaction fully mediated the relationships between intuitive eating and disordered eating (c’ = -0.01, p = .359), and depression (c’ = 0.01, p = .427). There was a significant reduction in body dissatisfaction scores in the present sample compared to the 2016 cohort t(292.87) = 3.38, p < .001. Conclusion: These findings highlight the central role of body image and intuitive eating in postpartum wellbeing and emphasise the need for tailored interventions promoting realistic postpartum body expectations and adaptive eating behaviours.
Beyond paywalls and paid prestige: the ethical minefield of contemporary scientific dissemination
Authors: Souza Bruno Rezende
Published: March 2024

Scientific publishing has become a complex economic engine intertwined with prestige and power. While publicly funded research fuels prestigious journals owned by private entities, the success of scientists and institutions becomes intimately tied to a cycle of increasing publication costs and limited access. The initial section of this article employs a satirical analogy, drawing parallels between the scientific publishing industry and the familiar framework of social media platforms. It offers a succinct historical overview, elucidating the progression of the present publishing structure. The final section delves into the paradoxical realities of this system. (1) Nation-funded research, public players, private profits: Public institutions and nation-states fuel research, but publishers reap the financial benefits through copyright ownership and inflated Article Processing Charges (APCs); (2) The prestige trap: Journals become platforms for constructing and maintaining scientific authority, with citation counts fueling the cycle of high prices and exclusivity; (3) Higher prices, more visibility: The APCs add a layer of financial burden, hindering access for researchers, especially from developing countries. This article proposes potential solutions such as leveraging existing models. Platforms like arXiv demonstrate sustainable open-access models, relying on voluntary contributions and community engagement. Integrating scientist-driven peer review within open-access frameworks can create a more equitable and accessible system, empowering the scientific community. The future of scientific publishing demands a shift towards transparency, affordability, and open access. By disentangling the economic web and prioritizing open access and transparency, we can create a more equitable and sustainable future for scientific publishing, ensuring that knowledge truly serves its intended purpose – to benefit humanity as a whole.
Zero Inflation? Zero Worries! Unraveling Count Data with the Hurdle Model
Authors: Mabire-Yon Renaud
Published: March 2024

In the dynamic field of psychological research, analyzing count data often unveils a prevalent challenge: an unexpectedly high number of zero observations, known as zero inflation. The Hurdle model stands out as a sophisticated statistical method tailored to address this specific aspect of data science in psychology. This paper is dedicated to demystifying the Hurdle model for a wide audience within the psychological sciences, demonstrating its application through R programming to derive meaningful insights from complex datasets. By walking readers through a compelling example, we illustrate the process of identifying when the Hurdle model is the most apt choice for count data analysis, fostering an intuitive grasp of its operation, and showcasing its implementation in R. This narrative emphasizes the model's broad applicability across various domains of psychological research, encouraging researchers to adopt advanced statistical techniques. The goal is to inspire a deeper, nuanced interpretation of data, paving the way for innovative research outcomes in psychological studies.
Assessment of outcome reporting bias in studies included in Campbell systematic reviews: Protocol
Authors: Littell Julia H. , Gorman Dennis M. , Valentine Jeff , Pigott Terri
Published: March 2024

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows: To identify methods used to assess the risk of outcome reporting bias (ORB) in studies included in recent Campbell systematic reviews of intervention effects. The review will answer the following questions: What proportion of recent Campbell reviews included assessment of ORB? How did recent reviews define levels of risk of ORB (what categories, labels, and definitions did they use)? To what extent and how did these reviews use study protocols as sources of data on ORB? To what extent and how did reviews document reasons for judgments about risk of ORB? To what extent and how did reviews assess the inter-rater reliability of ORB ratings? To what extent and how were issues of ORB considered in the review's abstract, plain language summary, and conclusions?
Intact ultrafast memory consolidation and learning dynamics in children and adults with autism and neurotypicals with autism traits
Authors: Nagy Cintia Anna , Hann Flóra , Brezóczki Bianka , Farkas Kinga , Vékony Teodóra , Pesthy Orsolya , Nemeth Dezso
Published: March 2024

To comprehend learning processes in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), it is crucial to examine memory consolidation. The discovery of ultrafast memory consolidation has emerged in the last five years. These studies have revealed that learning can take place not only during practice but also during ultrashort (<1 min) rests between practice blocks, termed ultrafast offline learning. To date, no study has investigated this fundamental learning mechanism in autistic individuals. Therefore, we conducted a series of research with three different samples: 1) children, 2) adults, and 3) neurotypical adults with distinct levels of autistic traits. Participants performed a well-established probabilistic learning task, allowing us to measure statistical learning (i.e., probability-based regularities) and general skill learning (i.e., speed-up regardless of probabilities) separately. Individual differences in online (during blocks) and offline (between blocks) changes of statistical learning were observed. Regarding general skill learning, performance improved between blocks and deteriorated during practice. The results of individual studies indicate that neither ASD status nor the extent of autistic traits influenced the ultrafast consolidation or the dynamics of learning. Our results suggest that ultrafast memory consolidation, a fundamental learning mechanism, is intact in autism.
Artificial Intelligence Adoption prediction Model: Would ChatGPT-3.5 be adopted in English poetry classrooms?
Authors: van Staden Christina J
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this concurrent embedded mixed methods research was to determine if students would adopt ChatGPT-3.5 in English poetry classrooms, but no theoretical models were applicable. Therefore, two objectives were identified, namely (a) to design an Artificial Intelligence Adoption Prediction Model (AIAPM) to determine if an Artificial Intelligence Tool would be adopted in a specific classroom, and (b) to explore ChatGPT-3.5’s English poetry writing, justification, and analyses skills to better understand how responsible use of this AI-tool might be promoted in English poetry classrooms. The results showed that ChatGPT-3.5 could write and justify four of the five types of poems explored, namely a haiku, an acrostic, sedoka and a satirical poem, but struggled with the rhyme scheme of a ballad. It made valid points during the justifications of own poems and the analyses of famous poems, but ChatGPT-3.5 also hallucinated convincingly. It generated unique texts, both for the same user and different users. The errors were student-like; therefore, ChatGPT-3.5 could be useful, both for ethical and unethical purposes. An Artificial Intelligence Adoption Prediction Tool (AIAPT) was designed to complement the AIAPM to calculate the Adoption Prediction Score (APS). Based on the results, all factors of the AIAPM can drive the adoption of ChatGPT-3.5 in English poetry classrooms; therefore, practical strategies are suggested to promote the responsible use of this AI-tool in English poetry classrooms.
America the Beautiful: Meeting '30x30' conservation goals through connected protected areas
Authors: Frazier Amy E , Kedron Peter , Yang Wenxin , Quan Hejun
Published: March 2024

Protected areas are a primary instrument for biodiversity conservation, and area-based targets have become a hallmark of global efforts with the recent Kunming-Montreal Global Biological Framework recommending at least 30 percent of land and water be protected by 2030. In parallel, the U.S. has implemented “America the Beautiful”, a call for local, state, and regionally-led efforts to conserve, connect, and restore 30 percent of U.S. lands and waters by 2030. However, achieving these goals is complicated by the multiple policy scales at which conservation decisions are made and the limited guidance provided on how gains to protected and connected areas should be evaluated. We assess the connectedness of U.S. protected areas at multiple scales and find that less than 3 percent of the U.S. is protected and connected. Connectedness increases when the area under investigation is partitioned into smaller policy units (e.g., counties), a product of the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Similarly, connectedness values increase by an order of magnitude when assessed in relative terms of just the PA network rather than all land area. Both findings support the need for standardized reporting frameworks and highlight the challenges in coordinating conservation goals across administrative units.
Free Fractional Gauge Fields: An Elementary Model Based on the Standard Model (SM)
Authors: Eastmond Shawn
Published: March 2024

We study the Lagrangian density for freely propagating gauge fields on the basis of the Stan- dard Model (SM); namely its fractional counterpart. From this, we attain some free fractional Klein- Gordon equations, associated with the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces. In addition to that, we verify that the Lagrange density is gauge invariant by virtue of the fractional Hessian condition. Also, using the fractional energy density we establish the fractional continuity equation for the freely propa- gating gauge bosons. And finally, a fractional analog of the Riemann-Silberstein vector and its equation is presented. Hence, we formulate fractional analogs of the Riemann-Silberstein and gravitoelectro- magnetic equations, which are compared to the fractional Maxwell’s equations.
Communication Geography Analysis in Jatiwangi Conflict Resolution
Authors: Dewi Liza Dwi Ratna , Jamalullail  , Subhan Arief
Published: March 2024

The Decree of the Central Government of the Republic of Indonesia which established the Rebana Triangle Strategic Industrial Area which covers the Cirebon City - Subang Regency – Majalengka Regency area has given rise to various changes and social conflicts in this region. This research aims to see how the community resolves the conflict over land conversion and the elimination of local cultural identity that occurred in Jatiwangi District, Majalengka Regency. This research uses the communication geography model by Adams and Jansson as analysis tools which is combined with Henri Lefebvre's thoughts about "right to the city". This research has a critical, postmodern paradigm, with case study methods and qualitative data. The research results show that the people of Jatiwangi carry out communication geography to maintain their public areas and cultural identity through various festivals, art performances, and proposing the Terracotta City concept in the spatial planning of the Majalengka region which was organized by the Jatiwangi Art Factory (JAF), a local artist community.
Performance, analysis and design of photonic spectral microwave filters based on microcombs
Authors: Moss David
Published: March 2024

Microwave transversal filters, which are implemented based on the transversal filter structure in digital signal processing, offer a high reconfigurability for achieving a variety of signal processing functions without changing hardware. When implemented using microwave photonic (MWP) technologies, also known as MWP transversal filters, they provide competitive advantages over their electrical counterparts, such as low loss, large operation bandwidth, and strong immunity to electromagnetic interference. Recent advances in high-performance optical microcombs provide compact and powerful multi-wavelength sources for MWP transversal filters that require a larger number of wavelength channels to achieve high performance, allowing for the demonstration of a diverse range of filter functions with improved performance and new features. Here, we present a comprehensive performance analysis for microcomb-based MWP spectral filters based on the transversal filter approach. First, we investigate the theoretical limitations in the filter spectral response induced by finite tap numbers. Next, we analyze the distortions in the filter spectral response resulting from experimental error sources. Finally, we assess the influence of input signal’s bandwidth on the filtering errors. These results provide a valuable guide for the design and optimization of microcomb-based MWP transversal filters for a variety of applications.
Introduction to Algogens
Authors: Shachar Amir
Published: March 2024

This book introduces the concept of Algogens, a promising integration of generative AI with traditional algorithms aimed at improving problem-solvingtechniques across various fields. It provides an accessible overview of howAlgogens combine AI's innovative potential with the reliability of algorithms totackle complex challenges more effectively than either could alone. The text explores the basics of Algogens, their development, applications, and advantages, such as better adaptability and efficiency. Through examples and case studies, readers will learn about Algogens' practical uses today and their potential for future cybersecurity, healthcare, and environmental science innovation. Acknowledging new technologies' challenges and ethical considerations, the book offers a balanced look at the prospects and obstacles facing Algogens. It invites a broad audience, including experts and newcomers, to engage with the topic and consider Algogens' role in advancing our problem-solving capabilities. This work is presented as a starting point for anyone interested in the intersection of AI and algorithms, encouraging further exploration and discussion on this emerging field. It aims to spark curiosity and contribute to the ongoing conversation about how technology can evolve to meet the complex demands of the AI era.
prePrint Super and deepened-extinction in human predictive learning and a comparison of associative models
Authors: Brudan Ovidiu , Eisenbarth Hedwig , Glautier Steven
Published: March 2024

Cue-exposure is a treatment (e.g. for addictions and phobias) which aims to extinguish conditioned responses to target cues. However, especially in the case of addiction, relapse still occurs after cue-exposure and this may be due to recovery of conditioned responses outside of the extinction context. Super-extinction and deepened-extinction are two compound-cue extinction procedures which have been assessed for their capacity to produce more robust extinction than standard single-cue extinction procedures. We carried out further assessment of super and deepened-extinction protocols but found no evidence that they produced less response recovery compared to single-cue extinction. Contrariwise, super-extinction actually produced more recovery than the other two conditions. These results can be understood in the terms of configural associative models (configural Rescorla-Wagner and Pearce configural model) but not in terms of the simple elemental Rescorla-Wagner model. Furthermore, the configural models provided better fits to overall data and the Pearce configural model was better then the configural Rescorla-Wagner model.
Data Science Plus Plus (DS++): The Definition
Authors: Gajawada Satish
Published: March 2024

Data Science and Artificial Intelligence are popular fields of research. A significant contribution was made to Artificial Intelligence in the recent past by defining branches like “Artificial Intelligence Plus Plus (AI++)”, “The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)”, “Out of the Box Artificial Intelligence (OBAI)”, “Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence (TSCAI)”. A similar significant contribution can be made to Data Science by defining branches like “Data Science Plus Plus (DS++)”, “The Interesting and Complete Data Science (ICDS)”, “Out of the Box Data Science (OBDS)”, “Twenty Second Century Data Science (TSCDS)”. This article is based on these research gaps. The primary focus of this work is to coin, define and invent a new Data Science field titled “Data Science Plus Plus (DS++)”.
A Mixed-Methods Pilot Randomised Control Trial of Ultrasound Visual Biofeedback versus Standard Intervention for Children with Cleft Palate +/- Cleft Lip: Parents’ and Children’s Perspectives.
Authors: Cleland Joanne , McCluskey Robyn , Dokovova Marie , Crampin Lisa , Campbell Linsay
Published: March 2024

Background: Ultrasound visual biofeedback has the potential to be useful for the treatment of compensatory errors in speakers with Cleft Palate +/- Lip, but there is little research on its effectiveness, nor on how acceptable families find the technique. This study reports on parents’ and children’s perspectives on taking part in a pilot randomised control trial of ultrasound visual biofeedback compared to articulation intervention. Aims: To determine the acceptability of randomisation, ultrasound visual biofeedback, and articulation intervention to families. We set feasibility criteria of at least 75% of responses rated as acceptable or positive in order to determine progression from a pilot to full randomised control trial. Methods & Procedures: 19 families who received ultrasound visual biofeedback therapy (11 families) and articulation intervention (8 families) were invited to participate. Mixed methods were employed: two questionnaires to determine the acceptability of ultrasound visual biofeedback and articulation intervention respectively; and semi-structured focus groups/interviews. Questionnaires were analysed for frequency of positive versus negative acceptability, and the focus groups/interviews were analysed using thematic analysis and coded using the theoretical framework of acceptability.Outcomes & Results: More than 75% of families rated randomisation as acceptable and more than 75% of families rated both interventions as acceptable, with the caveat that half of participants did not wish to continue articulation intervention after the study. Six families (3 in each intervention) volunteered to take part in the focus groups/interviews. Results showed more positive than negative themes regarding acceptability, particularly affective attitude where high levels of enjoyment were expressed, although some participants found the articulation intervention “boring”. In both groups there was a considerable burden involved in travelling to the hospital location. Conclusions & Implications: Randomisation in a clinical trial is acceptable to families; ultrasound visual biofeedback and articulation intervention are acceptable and indeed enjoyable. The burden of the additional outcome measures required for a clinical trial are manageable, although there is a travel burden for participants. Future studies should seek to mitigate travel burden by considering additional locations for intervention.
The relation between beat perception and auditory ordinal encoding may not depend on neural entrainment
Authors: Silva Susana , Batista Ana Rita , Baltos Dimitris , Sousa José , Torres Nathércia Lima , Folia Vasiliki
Published: March 2024

Various theories have attempted to explain the association between the perception of musical rhythm and reading skills, one οf them being the Temporal Sampling Framework (TSF). According to TSF, neural entrainment to auditory input facilitates both rhythm and speech perception, in the latter case by enhancing the acquisition of speech units (ordinal encoding) at different frequencies. In line with this, we found a correlation between beat perception and ordinal encoding of meaningless auditory sequences in a previous study, but evidence that neural entrainment underpins this association is still lacking. In the current investigation, participants engaged in a beat perception task alongside auditory and visual ordinal encoding tasks during which their EEG was recorded and later analyzed for strength of neural entrainment. We replicated the positive correlation between beat perception and auditory encoding, and we found neural entrainment to the frequency of auditory sequences (around 2.5 Hz). However, no direct evidence pointed to neural entrainment as the common mechanism. Our findings suggest that neural entrainment either operates differently than TSF predicted or is not the sole determinant of ordinal encoding.
The Diversity of Informal Employment: a survey of drivers, outcomes, and policies
Authors: Duman Anil
Published: March 2024

Informal employment is widespread across many developing countries and remains to be the source of livelihood for billions of workers and their families. Even though diverse forms of informal employment can be seen globally, the paper mainly focuses on developing countries due to high share and endurance of the informal sector. The aim of the paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of the drivers and outcomes of informal employment by distinguishing between wage labor and self-employment. Additionally, the paper reviews potential policies that could incentivize workers and informal firms to transition to the formal sector. Given that the impact of informal employment on workers’ well-being is closely tied to individual characteristics and job status, the paper also examines the various types of informal employment that exist across different working groups. This includes informal employment among women, youth, and vulnerable groups such as migrant workers. Finally, the paper briefly discusses potential policies aimed at formalizing informal enterprises and offering greater protections to informal employees. This includes measures such as improving access to social protection benefits, promoting skills development, and training for informal workers, and creating more flexible and adaptable regulatory frameworks that can better accommodate the needs of informal firms.
Frontline Employees’ Responses to Citizens’ Communication of Administrative Burdens
Authors: Halling Aske , Petersen Niels Bjørn Grund
Published: March 2024

The literature on administrative burdens demonstrates that citizens may experience different kinds of administrative burdens when interacting with the state. However, we know little about whether citizens' communication of these experiences affects how frontline employees implement compliance demands. Building on the street-level bureaucracy and administrative burden literature, we hypothesize that citizens' communication of direct and indirect psychological costs affects frontline employees' inclination to accommodate citizens. Furthermore, we expect this effect to be stronger for members of the ethnic majority than for ethnic minority members. We test these expectations using a preregistered survey experiment on a sample of 1048 Danish public caseworkers from 32 employment agencies. Results show that frontline employees are indeed more willing to reduce demands and help citizens that communicate their experiences of direct and indirect psychological costs. Further, we find some evidence that frontline employees are more responsive to citizens from the ethnic majority.
Development and Characterization of a Paper-Based Sensor for Colorimetric Urea Detection in Artificial Urine
Authors: Şen Mustafa , Yaşasın Burak
Published: March 2024

Toxic nitrogen, which is formed as a result of the breakdown of proteins, is converted into nontoxic urea by the enzymes in the "urea cycle". While a small part of the produced urea is eliminated with sweat, a large part is removed from the body by the kidneys with urine. Therefore, urea determination in blood and urine provides important information about kidney functions. In this study, a colorimetric paperbased sensor was developed and characterized for use in urea detection. Basically, urea measurement was carried out by immobilization of urease enzyme on pH sensitive papers. The determination of urea was made by observing the changes in pH caused by ammonia with basic properties, which is formed as a result of the destruction of urea by urease. In the presence of different concentrations of urea, the colorimetric changes on the sensor were visualized with a camera and analyzed with the ImageJ program in the computer environment. In the first stage, a calibration curve showing the relationship between urea concentration and color intensity was obtained, and then the detection limit and sensitivity of the system were determined from this curve. Finally, the selectivity of the sensor was demonstrated by testing the different molecules involved.
The Properties of Personal Semantics
Authors: Tanguay Annick , Thériault Kim , Clough Sharice , Taler Vanessa , Renoult Louis , Davidson Patrick
Published: March 2024

Recent cognitive neuroscience research has uncovered some similarities and some differences between General semantic memory (e.g., knowledge about family in general) and Personal semantic memory (PS; e.g., knowledge about my family). To better understand the representational content and cognitive processes of PS and their relation to general semantics, we adapted a staple of General semantic memory research, the Property generation task. We randomly assigned 240 adult participants to a traditional General semantics perspective (e.g., listing the properties of families and bedrooms in general) or to a PS perspective (e.g., my family, my bedroom). Relative to the General semantics condition, the PS condition was associated with more features; these were more semantically distant from each other, and more frequently included adjectives, verbs, and prepositions and less frequently nouns. However, the two conditions had substantial (~46%) overlap in the frequency of their features. The findings contribute to the identification of the cognitive differences (e.g., semantic richness) and similarities (e.g., correspondence in semantic features) between personal and general semantic memory.
Context effects when forecasting NCAA men’s basketball rankings
Authors: Fang Jun , Cai Xiaohong , Adaryukov James Alexander , Pleskac Timothy Joseph
Published: March 2024

It has been challenging to identify context effects in natu- ralistic settings. We incorporated the Spatial Arrangement method in constructing individual representations and devel- oped a search algorithm to select useful triplets. This approach was applied in predicting NCAA men’s basketball team rank- ings. Our two-phase method involved first having 113 partic- ipants spatially map 50 teams, thereby capturing their unique mental representations. Then, we presented them with cus- tomized triplets of teams (e.g., Kansas, Gonzaga, Texas) de- signed to trigger context effects. Participants judged the like- lihood of one team ranking higher than the others. The re- sults indicated the presence of three context effects (similar- ity, attraction, compromise) in subjective probabilities (SPs). This approach not only shows that context effects can occur in real-world scenarios but also challenges the traditional support invariance assumption in psychological theories of SPs, sug- gesting that the construction of belief and preference may be influenced by similar cognitive processes.
Development and Validation of the Difficult Person Scale (DDPS-35): A Psychometric Assessment of Difficult Personality Traits Among College Students
Authors: Dar Deen Mohd
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to develop and validate the Difficult Person Scale (DDPS-35), a 35-item questionnaire designed to measure traits associated with difficult personalities including Grandiosity, Stubbornness, Rigidity, Impulsiveness, Defensiveness, Aggressiveness, and Callousness. A sample of 102 college students from diverse backgrounds participated in the study, with 87 males and 15 females. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) revealed a seven-factor structure with satisfactory fit indices (χ2 = 245.68, df = 203, CFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.06), indicating a coherent underlying structure of the scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) confirmed the goodness-of-fit indices for the proposed model (χ2 = 126.84, df = 82, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.05), supporting the construct validity of the DDPS-35. Internal consistency analysis yielded a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.89, indicating excellent reliability. These findings suggest that the DDPS-35 is a reliable and valid tool for assessing difficult personality traits among college students, with implications for intervention and support services.
Maintenance of subcategorical information during speech perception: revisiting misunderstood limitations
Authors: Bicknell Klinton , Bushong Wednesday , Tanenhaus Michael K. , Jaeger T. Florian
Published: March 2024

Accurate word recognition is facilitated by context. Some relevant context, however, occurs after the word. Rational use of such “right context” would require listeners to have maintained uncertainty or subcategorical information about the word, thus allowing for consideration of possible alternatives when they encounter relevant right context. A classic study continues to be widely cited as evidence that subcategorical information maintenance is limited to highly ambiguous percepts and short time spans (Connine et al., 1991). More recent studies, however, using other phonological contrasts, and sometimes other paradigms, have return mixed results. We identify procedural and analytical issues that provide an explanation for existing results. We address these issues in two reanalyses of previously published results and two new experiments. In all four cases, we find consistent evidence against both limitations reported in Connine et al.’s seminal work: at least within the classic paradigms. Key to our approach is the introduction of an ideal observer framework to derive normative predictions for human word recognition expected if listeners maintain and integrate subcategorical information about preceding speech input optimally with subsequent context. We test these predictions in Bayesian generalized linear mixed-effect analyses, including at the level of individual participants.