bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards Light‐Weight Portrait Matting via Parameter Sharing
Authors: Dai Yutong , Lu Hao , Shen Chunhua
Published: November 2020

Traditional portrait matting methods typically consist of a trimap estimation network and a matting network. Here, we propose a new light‐weight portrait matting approach, termed parameter‐sharing portrait matting (PSPM). Different from conventional portrait matting models where the encoder and decoder networks in two tasks are often separately designed, here a single encoder is employed for the two tasks in PSPM, while each task still has its task‐specific decoder. Thus, the role of the encoder is to extract semantic features and two decoders function as a bridge between low‐resolution feature maps generated by the encoder and high‐resolution feature maps for pixel‐wise classification/regression. In particular, three variants capable of implementing the parameter‐sharing portrait matting network are proposed and investigated, respectively. As demonstrated in our experiments, model capacity and computation costs can be reduced significantly, by up to and , respectively, with PSPM, whereas the matting accuracy only slightly deteriorates. In addition, qualitative and quantitative evaluations show that sharing the encoder is an effective way to achieve portrait matting with limited computational budgets, indicating a promising direction for applications of real‐time portrait matting on mobile devices.
Leisure‐time physical activity interventions for children and adults with cerebral palsy: a scoping review
Authors: Lai Byron , Lee Eunbi , Kim Yumi , Matthews Coke , Swanson‐Kimani Erin , Davis Drew , Vogtle Laura , Rimmer James H
Published: November 2020

Aim

To summarize current evidence on the effects and reach of leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) interventions among children and adults with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of LTPA interventions in CP. Data from eligible studies were extracted for qualitative synthesis.

Results

Forty‐nine studies enrolled a total of 1513 participants (mean [SD] age 13y [7y], range 5–43y; 818 males, 655 females, 40 not reported) and primarily included ambulatory children. RCTs underrepresented adults and people in Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels IV and V. Forty‐one studies reported at least one favorable benefit from LTPA. Benefits included improvements to musculoskeletal strength, cardiorespiratory fitness, quality of life, spasticity, participation, and core aspects of physical function. Regarding reach, only 34% of people that were contacted to participate enrolled within a study. A smaller percentage of participants dropped out from intervention (8%) and follow‐up periods (3%).

Interpretation

Study findings highlight effective interventions to improve health, fitness, and function. To enhance the reach and generalizability of LTPA trials for CP, future studies should examine how to increase study sample sizes and aim to include a better representation of adults and people in GMFCS levels IV and V.

What this paper adds

People with cerebral palsy (CP) may experience improvements in health, fitness, and physical function from leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) interventions.

Effective interventions include exercise training, active video games, recreation activities, behavioral coaching, and motor skills training.

Interventions that incorporate telehealth technology, behavioral coaching, and community resources may enhance LTPA.

Interventions primarily include children in Gross Motor Functional Classification System (GMFCS) levels I to III.

Adults, wheelchair users, and those in GMFCS levels IV and V are underrepresented.
Coronoidectomy as a treatment for mandibular immobility caused by fracture of the coronoid process in three horses
Authors: Magri C. , Schramme M. , Nottrott K. , Schweizer‐Gorgas D. , Segard E. , Kelly G. , Schumacher J.
Published: November 2020

This report describes the history, clinical signs and treatment of three horses suffering from deviation and immobility of the mandible resulting from fracture of a coronoid process of the mandible. Deviation and immobility resulted from impingement of a callus between the temporal bone and zygomatic arch. Fracture of the coronoid process was identified by using radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography or a combination of two or more of these imaging modalities. Osteoarthritis of the ipsilateral temporomandibular joint of two horses was identified. All horses were treated by excising the fractured coronoid process, and two were also treated by excising the diseased ipsilateral mandibular condyle. All horses were able to open their mouth more widely immediately after surgery. One horse experienced moderate post‐operative haemorrhage, and all had severe shear mouth. Shear mouth was ameliorated gradually over many months by rasping dental overgrowths. Mandibular movement of all horses improved, allowing efficient mastication of feed. One horse was able to be used as a showjumper, one horse was sold at Thoroughbred yearling sales and was lost to follow‐up, and one horse died from an unrelated gastrointestinal disease 10 months after mandibular coronoidectomy and condylectomy.
Gastric squamous cell carcinoma in the horse: Seven cases (2009–2019)
Authors: Rocafort Ferrer G. , Nolf M. , Belluco S. , Desjardins I.
Published: November 2020

This report describes gastric squamous cell carcinoma (GSCC) in seven horses. It records the clinical signs, treatment and outcomes. Main clinical signs were mostly nonspecific and included weight loss, anorexia, fever, tachycardia and tachypnoea. Some more suggestive clinical signs were observed such as recurrent choke, halitosis and hypersalivation. Chronic anaemia and hypoalbuminaemia were common findings. Gastroscopy identified a gastric mass in four cases (57.1%); however, visualisation of the stomach was precluded in the other three horses due to distal oesophageal neoplastic infiltration and compression. Gastric wall thickening was noticed using abdominal ultrasonography in four horses (57.1%). Neoplastic cells could only be detected in the peritoneal fluid of 2 out of 7 horses. Endoscopic‐guided or transabdominal ultrasound‐guided biopsies allowed an ante‐mortem diagnosis in three horses (42.8%). Gastric masses were identified at post‐mortem examination and metastasis were confirmed in the liver and/or the spleen for 4/4 cases. In the cases for which palliative therapy was attempted, most of the horses were subjected to euthanasia within 4 weeks. In conclusion, GSCC is an uncommon neoplastic disease in horses. A combination of diagnostic tests is often necessary to achieve a diagnosis, which is frequently only made late in the course of the disease. As a result, GSCC is commonly associated with a poor short‐term prognosis.
Operating at the Edge of Il/legality: Systemic Corruption in Mexican Health Care
Authors: Vega Rosalynn A. , Maya Alfredo Paulo
Published: November 2020

Through a series of ethnographic vignettes, this article examines how providers contribute to corruption in Mexican health care, how providers are themselves subjected to logics of corruption, and the relationship between patients’ and providers’ vulnerability within contexts of resource scarcity. Doctors, faced with insecure salaries due to nonpayment of wages by the government, collude with hospital staff to sell state drugs on the black market. Meanwhile, vulnerable patients are used as teaching opportunities for private school students—with horrifying, and fatal, effects. Palancas (“favors” granted by colleagues and higher‐ups to individuals with less authority) and exclusive treatment of recomendados (patients given preferential treatment based on the “recommendation” of personnel with greater authority) signal the importance of hierarchical power in determining how corrupt acts are interpreted. What counts as corruption varies from one context to another; therefore, our method seeks to understand how the actors themselves evaluate the “corrupt” social practices in question. Through transnational collaboration (between two coauthors positioned in the United States and Mexico), we aim to contribute to decolonization of anthropology as a discipline by situating Mexico not only as a repository of ethnographic data but also a site for emerging theoretical intervention.
Low profile vascular plug for transarterial occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus in small dogs
Authors: Hulsman Alma H. , Breur Johannes M. P. J. , Szatmári Viktor
Published: November 2020

Background

Minimally invasive transcatheter occlusion using Amplatz canine duct occluder (ACDO) is the treatment of choice for dogs with left‐to‐right shunting patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). However, in small dogs the femoral artery diameter is often too small to accommodate the guiding catheter required for ACDO deployment.

Objective

Describe the effectiveness of transarterial implantation of Amplatzer Vascular Plug 4 (AVP‐4), the only self‐expandable nitinol mesh occlusion device which can be implanted through a 4 French diagnostic catheter, in small dogs with left‐to‐right shunting PDA.

Animals

Seven client‐owned dogs.

Methods

Descriptive case series. Dogs with hemodynamically relevant left‐to‐right shunting PDA and a femoral artery diameter less than 2.0 mm measured preoperatively with ultrasonography were prospectively enrolled.

Results

Angiography after releasing the device showed complete immediate PDA closure in 5 dogs, where the manufacturers' recommendation were strictly followed (30%‐50% device oversizing of the ductal ampulla's diameter). Trivial residual flow on angiography in the 6th dog, whose device was slightly undersized, had resolved on echocardiography within 2 hours after placement. Marked device undersizing in the 7th dog resulted in severe residual shunting, which necessitated the addition of a coil. In this dog, the AVP‐4 embolized into the pulmonary artery within 2 weeks after placement.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Transarterial implantation of AVP‐4 is a safe, effective and technically easy procedure for PDA occlusion in small dogs and offers a valuable alternative to coil implantation. Accurate PDA measurement and device sizing is essential to prevent residual shunting, inadvertent device embolization, and protrusion of the device into the aorta.
The N400 indexes acquisition of novel emotion concepts via conceptual combination
Authors: Hoemann Katie , Hartley Ludger , Watanabe Akira , Solana Leon Estefania , Katsumi Yuta , Barrett Lisa Feldman , Quigley Karen S.
Published: November 2020

The ability to learn new emotion concepts is adaptive and socially valuable as it communicates culturally held understandings about values, goals, and experiences. Yet, little work has examined the underlying mechanisms that allow for new emotion concepts and words to be integrated into the conceptual system. One such mechanism may be conceptual combination, or the ability to form novel concepts by dynamically combining previously acquired conceptual knowledge. In this study, we used event‐related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of novel emotion concept acquisition via conceptual combination. Participants were briefly trained on 30 novel emotion combinations, each consisting of two English emotion words (the components; e.g., “sadness + fatigue”) and a pseudoword (the target; e.g., “despip”). Participants then completed a semantic congruency task while ERPs were recorded. On each trial, two components were presented serially, followed by a target; participants judged whether the target was a valid combination of the preceding components. Targets could be correct or incorrect trained pseudowords, or new untrained pseudowords. Furthermore, components could be presented in reversed order (e.g., “fatigue” then “sadness”) or as synonyms (e.g., “exhaustion” for “fatigue”). Consistent with our main hypotheses, we found a main effect of target, such that the correct combinations showed reduced N400 amplitudes when compared to both incorrect and untrained pseudowords. Critically, this effect held regardless of how the preceding components were presented, suggesting deeper semantic learning. These results extend prior findings on conceptual combination and novel word learning, and are congruent with predictive processing accounts of brain function.
Dialysis adequacy reconsidered: The person comes first
Authors: O'Hare Ann M.
Published: November 2020

Although many nephrologists see value in maximizing clearance and time on dialysis, clinical trials have failed to show a clear and consistent benefit of increasing clearance above the minimum threshold level recommended in clinical practice guidelines or of increasing dialysis session length or frequency. Available evidence suggests that patients and clinicians do not necessarily agree on what matters most when it comes to dialysis care, and that what patients consider to be an adequate dialysis session is highly individual and has little to do with solute clearance. Qualitative studies suggest that patients value spending less time on dialysis, having the dialysis procedure go smoothly, and being treated like an individual by staff members. Because many patients feel that they have little choice but to show up for their dialysis sessions, failing to involve them in decisions about time spent on the machine can contribute to feelings of powerlessness and loss of control, erode their sense of self, and diminish the quality of therapeutic relationships. On the other hand, a flexible and shared approach to decision‐making about time spent on dialysis (and other aspects of care) can help to strengthen relationships, uphold personhood, and align care with what matters most.
Flexibility in individual funding schemes: How well did Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme support remote learning for students with disability during COVID‐19?
Authors: Yates Sophie , Dickinson Helen , Smith Catherine , Tani Massimiliano
Published: November 2020

Individualized funding schemes are designed to offer people with disability greater choice and control over the services they receive. In this research, we report on a survey of over 700 families to explore how Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) supported children and young people and their families to learn remotely during COVID‐19. NDIS funding to support education during the first COVID‐19 lockdown period forms an important case study of the flexibility of individualized funding schemes. Our results suggest that participant experiences varied widely, with some people able to make the changes they required and others left with a significant service gap. This shows that individual funding schemes are not necessarily more flexible than traditional systems in an emergency situation—useful flexibility depends on many factors, such as clarity of information giving, all actors having a shared message, proactive support of flexibility initiatives, and participants' ability to quickly navigate a complicated system. This research also highlights problems with the interface between the NDIS and mainstream services such as education.
Genomic full‐length sequence of the HLA‐A*24:233 allele, identified by full‐length group‐specific sequencing
Authors: Hu Bin , Jiao Shuxian , An Run , Pang Shutao
Published: November 2020

Genomic full‐length sequence of HLA‐A*24:233 was identified by group‐specific sequencing in a Chinese individual.
Two new RHD alleles with deletions spanning multiple exons
Authors: Matteocci Antonella , Monge‐Ruiz Jorge , Stef Marianne , Apraiz Izaskun , Herrera‐del‐Val Lara , Mancuso Tommaso , Fennell Katie , Lopez Monica , Larizgoitia‐Martin Yolanda , Nespoli Guido , Rubia‐Tejero Montserrat , Collaretti Angela , Pierelli Luca , Ochoa‐Garay Gorka
Published: November 2020

Background

The most common large‐deletion RHD allele (RHD*01N.01) includes the entire coding sequence, intervening regions and untranslated regions. The rest of large‐deletion RHD alleles reported to‐date consist of single‐exon deletions, such as RHD*01N.67 which includes exon 1.

Materials and Methods

Samples from two donors with RhD‐negative serology yielded unclear or inconclusive results when subject to confirmatory testing on RHD genotyping arrays. To determine their RHD genotypes, genomic DNA was analyzed with a combination of allele‐specific PCR, long‐range PCR, Sanger sequencing, and next‐generation sequencing assays.

Results

Allele‐specific PCR failed to detect products for RHD exons 1 to 3 in one sample and RHD exons 1 to 5 in the other. A quantitative next‐generation sequencing assay confirmed deletion of exons 1 to 3 and 1 to 5 respectively, and detected the absence of an RHD gene in trans in both samples. Long‐range PCR and Sanger sequencing enabled identification of the breakpoints for both alleles. Both deletions start within the 5′ Rhesus box (upstream of the identity region for the 1‐to‐3 deletion, downstream of it for the 1‐to‐5 deletion), and end within introns.

Conclusions

Resolution of unclear or inconclusive results from targeted genotyping arrays often leads to the discovery of new alleles. The 5′ Rhesus box may be a hot spot for genetic recombination events, such as the large deletions described in this report.
Growth hormone receptor knockout to reduce the size of donor pigs for preclinical xenotransplantation studies
Authors: Hinrichs Arne , Riedel Evamaria O. , Klymiuk Nikolai , Blutke Andreas , Kemter Elisabeth , Längin Matthias , Dahlhoff Maik , Keßler Barbara , Kurome Mayuko , Zakhartchenko Valeri , Jemiller Eva‐Maria , Ayares David , Bidlingmaier Martin , Flenkenthaler Florian , Hrabĕ de Angelis Martin , Arnold Georg J. , Reichart Bruno , Fröhlich Thomas , Wolf Eckhard
Published: November 2020

Background

Many genetically multi‐modified donor lines for xenotransplantation have a background of domestic pigs with rapid body and organ growth. The intrinsic growth potential of porcine xeno‐organs may impair their long‐term function after orthotopic transplantation in non‐human primate models. Since growth hormone is a major stimulator of postnatal growth, we deleted its receptor (GHR‐KO) to reduce the size of donor pigs in one step.

Methods

Heart weight and proteome profile of myocardium were investigated in GHR‐KO and control pigs. GHR‐KO mutations were introduced using CRISPR/Cas9 in an α1,3‐galactosyltransferase (GGTA1)‐deficient background expressing the human cluster of differentiation (hCD46) and human thrombomodulin (hTHBD) to generate quadruple‐modified (4GM) pigs.

Results

At age 6 months, GHR‐KO pigs had a 61% reduced body weight and a 63% reduced heart weight compared with controls. The mean minimal diameter of cardiomyocytes was 28% reduced. A holistic proteome study of myocardium samples from the two groups did not reveal prominent differences. Two 4GM founder sows had low serum insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) levels (24 ± 1 ng/mL) and reached body weights of 70.3 and 73.4 kg at 9 months. Control pigs with IGF1 levels of 228 ± 24 ng/mL reached this weight range three months earlier. The 4GM sows showed normal sexual development and were mated with genetically multi‐modified boars. Offspring revealed the expected Mendelian transmission of the genetic modifications and consistent expression of the transgenes.

Conclusion

GHR‐KO donor pigs can be used at an age beyond the steepest phase of their growth curve, potentially reducing the problem of xeno‐organ overgrowth in preclinical studies.
A fungal effector targets a heat shock–dynamin protein complex to modulate mitochondrial dynamics and reduce plant immunity
Authors: Xu Guojuan , Zhong Xionghui , Shi Yanlong , Liu Zhuo , Jiang Nan , Liu Jing , Ding Bo , Li Zhiqiang , Kang Houxiang , Ning Yuese , Liu Wende , Guo Zejian , Wang Guo-Liang , Wang Xuli
Published: November 2020

A fungal effector targets a heat shock–dynamin protein complex to modulate mitochondrial dynamics and reduce plant immunity.
Functionally distinct resident macrophage subsets differentially shape responses to infection in the bladder
Authors: Lacerda Mariano Livia , Rousseau Matthieu , Varet Hugo , Legendre Rachel , Gentek Rebecca , Saenz Coronilla Javier , Bajenoff Marc , Gomez Perdiguero Elisa , Ingersoll Molly A.
Published: November 2020

Phenotypically and spatially distinct macrophage subsets reside in the bladder with differing roles in response to infection.
Redox state of Earth’s magma ocean and its Venus-like early atmosphere
Authors: Sossi Paolo A. , Burnham Antony D. , Badro James , Lanzirotti Antonio , Newville Matt , O’Neill Hugh St.C.
Published: November 2020

Oxidation state of iron in Earth’s magma ocean indicates it would have produced a Venus-like early atmosphere upon cooling.
A chimeric gene paternally instructs female sex determination in the haplodiploid wasp
Nasonia
Authors: Zou Yuan , Geuverink Elzemiek , Beukeboom Leo W. , Verhulst Eveline C. , van de Zande Louis
Published: November 2020

Paternal factor specifies female wasps

Not all animals have specialized sex chromosomes to determine their sex. In hymenopteran insects, for example, unfertilized eggs become males and fertilized eggs become females. Prior work showed that the paternal genome provides instruction for female development. Zou
et al.
identified a sex determination instructor gene,
wasp overruler of masculinization
, with parent-of-origin effect, in the parasitoid
Nasonia vitripennis
. It is only transcribed from the paternally provided genome in fertilized eggs to initiate female development. This discovery provides insights into the molecular basis and evolution of sex determination.

Science
, this issue p.
1115
Crisis and catharsis in atomic physics
Authors: Ubachs Wim
Published: November 2020

Precise measurement of an atomic hydrogen transition resolves the proton size puzzle
Tree rings circle an abrupt shift in climate
Authors: Zhang Qi-Bin , Fang Ouya
Published: November 2020

A recent drier-hotter climate stands out in the context of past climate variability
Systemic cancer therapy with engineered adenovirus that evades innate immunity
Authors: Atasheva Svetlana , Emerson Corey C. , Yao Jia , Young Cedrick , Stewart Phoebe L. , Shayakhmetov Dmitry M.
Published: November 2020

Safe and effective “designer” adenoviruses target tumors after systemic administration.
Dynamics of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Antibodies and Development of a Multifactorial Model To Improve the Diagnosis of HEV Infection in Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Lu Jie , Huang Yan , Wang Peiyun , Li Qing , Li Ziqiang , Jiang Jiayuan , Guo Qing , Gui Honglian , Xie Qing
Published: November 2020

Serological markers are important for the diagnosis of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. This study aims to compare the diagnostic performance of the anti-HEV IgM and the HEV antigen (Ag) assays and establish a multifactorial model to improve the diagnosis of current HEV infection when HEV RNA detection is not available.
Time trends, associations and global burden of intraocular foreign bodies
Authors: Jin Guangming , Zou Minjie , Zhang Yichi , Chen Aiming , Young Charlotte Aimee , Li Yi , Jin Ling , Congdon Nathan , Zheng Danying
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To estimate the disease burden due to intraocular foreign bodies (IOFBs) and evaluate contributions of various risk factors to IOFB-associated disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs).

Methods

Global, regional and country-level number, rate and age-standardised rate of DALYs due to IOFBs were acquired from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 database. The Human Development Index (HDI) and other region and country-level data were obtained from open databases. Time trends for number, rate and age-standardised rate of DALYs due to IOFBs were calculated. Regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between age-standardised rate of DALYs and potential predictors.

Results

Global DALYs due to IOFBs rose by 43.7% between 1990 (139 (95% CI 70.8 to 233) thousand) and 2017 (202 (95% CI 105 to 335) thousand). The DALY rate remained stable while the age-standardised rate decreased during this period. Higher disease burden due to IOFBs was associated with higher glaucoma prevalence (β=0.006, 95% CI 0.003 to 0.09, p<0.001), lower refractive error prevalence (β=−0.0005, 95% CI −0.0007 to −0.0002, p<0.001), and lower income (β=−0.020, 95% CI −0.035 to −0.006, p=0.007).

Conclusion

Predictors of a greater burden of IOFB disability generally point to lower socioeconomic level. The association with glaucoma may reflect a complication of IOFB, increasing risk of vision loss and disability.
Evaluation of fluocinolone acetonide 0.19 mg intravitreal implant in the management of birdshot retinochoroiditis
Authors: Ajamil-Rodanes Sofia , Testi Ilaria , Luis Joshua , Robson Anthony G , Westcott Mark , Pavesio Carlos
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To report treatment outcomes and efficacy of the fluocinolone acetonide 0.19 mg intravitreal implant (Iluvien) in controlling retinal and choroidal inflammation in 11 patients with birdshot retinochoroiditis.

Methods

A single-centre, retrospective, interventional case series. The primary efficacy end point was improvement in vascular leakage on fluorescein angiography (FA), effect on cystoid macular oedema (CMO) and resolution of hypofluorescent lesions on indocyanine green angiography (ICGA); secondary measures were improvements on pattern and full-field electroretinogram (PERG; ERG) parameters. Safety outcome measures were intraocular elevation and cataractogenesis.

Results

Fifteen eyes received Iluvien implant with an average follow-up of 31 months (range 12–36 months). Prior to the implant, 5 (33.3%) eyes had received dexamethasone intravitreal implant 0.7 mg (Ozurdex). FA showed evidence of vascular leakage in all eyes at baseline. Between month 6 and 12, FA showed that 73.4% of eyes had no leakage, this increased to 84.6% by month 24. Three eyes in our study had CMO at baseline. 6 months after Iluvien implant, all eyes achieved complete CMO resolution. One year after insertion of the implant, the characteristic hypofluorescent lesions on ICGA were unchanged in all cases. There was baseline ERG evidence indicating a high incidence of peripheral cone system dysfunction and most showed PERG evidence of macular dysfunction. Retinal function improved and macular function improved or was stable in the majority following treatment.

Conclusions

The results show the possible therapeutic effect of Iluvien in the management of Birdshot-related vascular leakage, CMO and retinal dysfunction. However, choroidal lesions seem to persist with no detectable response to treatment.
Maximising the impact of global and national physical activity guidelines: the critical role of communication strategies
Authors: Milton Karen , Bauman Adrian E , Faulkner Guy , Hastings Gerard , Bellew William , Williamson Chloë , Kelly Paul
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Physical activity guidelines are evidence-based statements on recommended physical activity levels for good health. Guidelines, in isolation, are unlikely to increase population levels of physical activity; appropriate and effective communication is fundamental to maximising their impact. The aim of this paper is to provide a planning framework for physical activity guideline communication, including an overview of key audiences, aims and approaches.

Methods

All authors considered and agreed on the three broad issues to address by consensus. We identified key sources of evidence through scoping of the literature and our knowledge of the research area.

Results

Whether guidelines are global or national, communication of the physical activity guidelines should be informed by: (1) a situational analysis that considers the context in which the communication will take place and (2) a stakeholder analysis to determine the key target audiences for the communication and their values, needs and preferences. Audiences include policy-makers within and outside the health sector, other key stakeholders, the general public, specific population subgroups, health professionals and non-health professionals with a role in physical activity promotion. The aims and approach to communication will differ depending on the target audience.

Conclusion

Communication to raise awareness and knowledge of the physical activity guidelines must be supported by policies, environments and opportunities for physical activity. Besides the intrinsic value of the physical activity guidelines, it is essential that substantial effort is put in to diligently planning, funding and implementing their communication from the outset.
How can global physical activity surveillance adapt to evolving physical activity guidelines? Needs, challenges and future directions
Authors: Troiano Richard P , Stamatakis Emmanuel , Bull Fiona C
Published: November 2020

Public health guidelines on physical activity (PA) establish national policy agendas and provide the basis for setting goals and targets. Advances in measurement and resulting new scientific findings lead to evolution of PA guidelines. PA surveillance serves to track compliance with national guidelines, usually expressed as the proportion of the population ‘meeting’ the main quantitative guidelines. The WHO recently completed a process to review and update the global PA guidelines. Changes to the guidelines, such as removal of a 10-min bout criterion, pose challenges for PA surveillance. We review the evolution of PA guidelines and associated surveillance methods and explore implications of the updated guidelines for changes in population surveillance and opportunities for technological approaches to PA to enhance surveillance.
Literature review of medication administration problems in paediatrics by parent/caregiver and the role of health literacy
Authors: Dahmash Dania Talaat , Shariff Zakia B , Kirby Daniel J , Terry David , Huynh Chi
Published: November 2020

Objective

To identify studies that highlighted medication administration problems experienced by parents and children, which also looked at health literacy aspect using a validated tool to assess for literacy.

Study design

Ten electronic databases were systematically searched and supplemented by hand searching through reference lists using the following search terms: (1) paediatric, (2) medication error including dosing error, medication administration error, medication safety and medication optimisation and (3) health literacy.

Results

Of the (1230) records screened, 14 studies were eligible for inclusion. Three analytical themes emerged from the synthesis. The review highlighted that frequencies and magnitudes of dosing errors vary by the measurement tools used, the dose prescribed and by the administration instruction provided. Parent’s sociodemographic, such as health literacy and language, is a key factor to be considered when designing an intervention aimed at averting medication administration errors at home. The review summarised some potential strategies that could help in reducing medication administration errors among children at home. Among these recommendations is to show the prescribed dose to the parents or young people along with the verbal instructions, as well as to match the prescribed dose with the measuring tool dispensed, to provide an explicit dose intervals and pictographic dosing instructions.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that in order to optimise medication use by parents, further work is needed to address the nature of these issues at home. Counselling, medication administration instructions and measurement tools are some of the areas in addition to the sociodemographic characteristics of parents and young people that need to be considered when designing any future potential intervention aimed at reducing medication errors among children and young people at home.
Predictors of paravalvular leak following implantation of the ACURATE neo transcatheter heart valve: the PREDICT PVL study
Authors: Brinkert Miriam , De Boeck Bart , Stämpfli Simon F , Wolfrum Mathias , Moccetti Federico , Attinger-Toller Adrian , Bossard Matthias , Cuculi Florim , Kobza Richard , Toggweiler Stefan
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Report predictors and the natural course of paravalvular leak (PVL) following implantation of the ACURATE neo transcatheter heart valve (THV).

Background

Understanding the mechanisms of PVL may help to improve patient selection, patient outcomes and the design of next-generation THVs.

Methods

A total of 30 patients (mean age 81±5 years, 47% women) undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the ACURATE neo were enrolled in the PREDICT PVL study. The effective regurgitant orifice area (EROA, in mm2) of PVL was assessed by transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography before discharge and at 6 months follow-up.

Results

PVL was none/trace in 10 (33%), mild in 18 (60%) and moderate in 2 (7%) patients and occurred in distinct locations with largest EROAs in the area of the left coronary cusp and its adjacent commissures. Independent predictors for EROA were implantation depth (r coefficient −1.9 mm2per mm implantation depth, p=0.01), leaflet calcification (6.2 mm2per calcification grade, p=0.03) and THV size L (7.6 mm2more than size S or M, p=0.01). At 6 months follow-up, EROA decreased by 29% from 13.7±9.7 mm2to 9.5±7.9 mm2(p<0.01). Patients with smaller EROAs were more likely to be in New York Heart Association class 1 than patients with larger EROAs (p<0.01).

Conclusions

PVL occurred predominantly in the region of the left coronary cusp and decreased by 29% during 6 months of follow-up. Our results underscore the importance of adequate patient selection and optimal implantation depth.
Influence of weather conditions on children’s school travel mode and physical activity in 3 diverse regions of Canada
Authors: Blanchette Sébastien , Larouche Richard , Tremblay Mark S. , Faulkner Guy , Riazi Negin A. , Trudeau François
Published: November 2020

Children who engage in active school transportation (AST) have higher levels of physical activity (PA). Climate and weather were shown to influence adults’ daily travel behaviours, but their influence on children’s AST and PA has been less examined. This study examined the influence of weather conditions on children’s AST and overall PA. Children in grades 4 to 6 (N = 1699; age, 10.2 ± 1.0 years) were recruited in schools located in urban, suburban and rural areas, stratified by area-level socioeconomic status, in 3 different regions of Canada (Trois-Rivières, Québec; Ottawa, Ontario; Vancouver, British Columbia). Mode of school travel was self-reported and physical activity was measured using a pedometer. We used publicly available data on total precipitation and early morning temperature. AST increased with temperature only among girls. Daily precipitation was negatively associated with boys’ and girls’ PA while warmer temperature was associated with increased PA on weekend days. We also observed that season and region moderated the relationship between weather conditions and children’s physical activity behaviours. Our results suggest that daily weather variations influence children’s AST and PA to a greater extent than seasonal variations. Interventions designed to help children and families adapt to weather-related barriers to AST and PA are needed.

Novelty: In Canada, weather conditions may influence children’s active behaviours daily. Associations between weather conditions, choice of travel mode and physical activity vary by sex, season, and region. Weather affects children's PA differently during the week than on weekends.
Bottom hypoxia alters the spatial distribution of pelagic intermediate consumers and their prey
Authors: Dillon Rebecca A. , Conroy Joseph D. , Lang Kathryn J. , Pangle Kevin L. , Ludsin Stuart A.
Published: November 2020

While recent research has shed insight into how bottom hypoxia affects pelagic food webs in coastal marine ecosystems and natural lakes, its effects on man-made lake (reservoir) food webs remains more incomplete. To address this gap, we conducted a study in two midwestern USA reservoirs to examine how the spatial overlap and vertical distributions of dominant zooplanktivores (i.e., pelagic fish, bentho-pelagic Chaoborus spp.) and their prey vary between periods of normoxia and hypoxia. Surprisingly, we found high levels of spatial overlap between zooplankton and both intermediate consumers (pelagic fish and Chaoborus) during both normoxia and hypoxia, though the extent of spatial overlap was higher during hypoxia at night relative to day. As expected, pelagic fish and zooplankton avoided hypoxic waters, and Chaoborus moved from hypoxic waters during the day to the well-oxygenated surface waters at night. Using our findings, we discuss the potential influence of bottom hypoxia and Chaoborus on the function and structure of north-temperate reservoir food webs.
“Borders don’t protect areas, people do”: insights from the development of an Indigenous Protected and Conserved Area in Kitasoo/Xai’xais Nation Territory
Authors: Tran Tanya C. , Neasloss Douglas ,   Kitasoo/Xai’xais Stewardship Authority, Bhattacharyya Jonaki , Ban Natalie C.
Published: November 2020

Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs) have gained global attention because of renewed interest in protecting biodiversity during a time of Indigenous resurgence. However, few examples in academic literature illustrate Indigenous Peoples’ rationale and processes for developing IPCAs. This paper fills that gap, describing a participatory action research collaboration with the Kitasoo/Xai’xais Nation. We used document analysis, interviews, and community engagement to summarize the Nation’s perspectives while assisting Kitasoo/Xai’xais efforts to develop a land-and-sea IPCA. IPCAs are a tool for the Nation to address ongoing limitations of state protected area governance and management, to better reflect the Nation’s Indigenous rights and responsibilities, and to preserve cultural heritage and biological diversity while fostering sustainable economic opportunities. The Kitasoo/Xai’xais process benefits from research on other IPCAs, includes intergenerational community engagement, and is rooted in long-term territory planning and stewardship capacity building. The Kitasoo/Xai’xais IPCA faces challenges similar to other protected areas but is influenced by ongoing impacts of settler-colonialism. The Kitasoo/Xai’xais Nation applies Indigenous and western approaches along with responsibility-based partnerships to address many anticipated challenges. Our case study demonstrates that more efforts are needed by state and other actors to reduce burdening Indigenous Nations’ protected area governance and management and to create meaningful external support for Indigenous-led conservation.
The Non-inclusive Diagnosability of Hypercubes under the MM* Model
Authors: Ding Tongtong , Xu Min , Zhu Qiang
Published: November 2020

Diagnosability is an important factor in multiple-processor systems defined as the maximum number of faulty nodes that a system can recognize. In this paper, we propose a new form of diagnosability called non-inclusive diagnosability that requires all faulty sets to be non-inclusive. Furthermore, we study the non-inclusive diagnosability of hypercubes under the MM* model for [Formula: see text].
NOVEL PCR ASSAYS FOR THREE FUR MITES IN NATURALLY INFECTED MICE WITHOUT ANIMAL SACRIFICE
Authors: Chou Chih-Lin , Cheng Ying-Chien , Wang Ming-Hseng , Wan Cho-Hua
Published: November 2020

Rodent fur mite infestation is a persistent and intractable problem in laboratory rodent colonies, due to insensitive diagnostics, unrepresentative samples for testing and improper sentinel system. Myocoptes musculinus (COP), Myobia musculi (MOB) and Radfordia affinis (RDA) have been reported in laboratory mouse colonies. To improve the sensitivity and efficiency of fur mite detection, COP-specific PCR and MOB/RDA-specific PCR assays were developed to detect and differentiate these fur mites, with the existence of a rodent housekeeping gene. The COP-specific PCR and the MOB/RDA-specific PCR could specifically detect COP and MOB/RDA at as low as 10 copies, respectively. In comparison of the specific PCRs with traditional methods (pluck test, tape test and pelt exam) for fur mite diagnosis, 31 rodents and 17 cage environment samples were evaluated. In screening for the infestation status of various fur mites on individual animals, the specific PCR assays showed distinctly higher sensitivity and accuracy (100% and 100%) than those of the traditional methods (sensitivity: 25–80%, accuracy: 83.9–96.8%). Interestingly, by using cage wipe environmental samples, the specific PCR assays exhibited 100% sensitivity and accuracy in the fur mite detection and differentiation. The COP-specific and MOB/RDA-specific PCR assays developed in this study could be reliable alternatives for routine pathogen monitoring of laboratory mice and environments of animal facilities without animal sacrifice. [Chou C-L, Cheng Y-C, Wang MH, Wan CH, Novel PCR assays for three fur mites in naturally infected mice without animal sacrifice, Taiwan Vet J 46(4):133–142, 2020.]
The biostratigraphy of Carboniferous chondrichthyans
Authors: Ginter Michał
Published: November 2020

Among several groups of fishes existing in the Carboniferous, the Chondrichthyes appear to have the greatest stratigraphic potential. However, despite the long history of investigation into Paleozoic sharks, and especially their teeth, our knowledge of their usefulness in biostratigraphy and palaeoecology is still at an early stage of development. This is mainly because for a long time palaeoichthyologists have been focused on descriptions of individual taxa, and not on documenting whole assemblages. The microscopic teeth of pelagic stem-group Chondrichthyes, such as
Thrinacodus
(Phoebodontiformes),
Denaea
and
Stethacanthulus
(Falcatidae, Symmoriiformes) appear to be more useful than macrofossils (e.g. tooth plates of Holocephali) because of their wider geographical distribution and weaker facies dependence.
Parametric Scenario Optimization under Limited Data
Authors: Lam Henry , Li Fengpei
Published: November 2020

We consider optimization problems with uncertain constraints that need to be satisfied probabilistically. When data are available, a common method to obtain feasible solutions for such problems is to impose sampled constraints following the so-called scenario optimization approach. However, when the data size is small, the sampled constraints may not statistically support a feasibility guarantee on the obtained solution. This article studies how to leverage parametric information and the power of Monte Carlo simulation to obtain feasible solutions for small-data situations. Our approach makes use of a distributionally robust optimization (DRO) formulation that translates the data size requirement into a Monte Carlo sample size requirement drawn from what we call a generating distribution. We show that, while the optimal choice of this generating distribution is the one eliciting the data or the baseline distribution in a nonparametric divergence-based DRO, it is not necessarily so in the parametric case. Correspondingly, we develop procedures to obtain generating distributions that improve upon these basic choices. We support our findings with several numerical examples.
Engagement by Design
Authors: Yang Mochen , Ren Yuqing , Adomavicius Gediminas
Published: November 2020

We study the impact and interplay of social design features on the engagement behaviors toward user-generated content on Facebook business pages. By examining the introduction of the “Reactions” feature on Facebook, we aim to understand how the introduction of a new engagement feature affects the overall engagement activities and the use of existing engagement features. We found evidence of a positive effect of Reactions on overall engagement levels. Furthermore, the introduction of the Reactions feature had heterogeneous effects on the use of existing engagement features. Posts that received Reactions also ended up receiving more Likes and Comments than what they
would have
received before the feature change. However, the opposite is true for posts that received no Reactions, although the effect sizes were small. These effects were detected within the first four weeks after the feature introduction, and persisted after six months, indicating long-term structural changes in users’ engagement behaviors.
POSE.R
Authors: Hare James Z. , Song Junnan , Gupta Shalabh , Wettergren Thomas A.
Published: November 2020

The article presents a distributed algorithm, called Prediction-based Opportunistic Sensing for Resilient and Efficient Sensor Networks (POSE.R), where the sensor nodes utilize predictions of the targets' positions to probabilistically control their multi-modal operating states to track the targets. There are two desired features of the algorithm: energy efficiency and resilience. If the target is traveling through a high-node-density area, then an optimal sensor selection approach is employed that maximizes a joint cost function of remaining energy and geometric diversity around the target’s position. This provides energy efficiency and increases the network lifetime while preventing redundant nodes from tracking the target. However, if the target is traveling through a low-node-density area or in a coverage gap (e.g., formed by node failures or non-uniform node deployment), then a potential game is played amongst the surrounding nodes to optimally expand their sensing ranges via minimizing energy consumption and maximizing target coverage. This provides resilience, that is, the self-healing capability to track the target in the presence of low node densities and coverage gaps. The algorithm is comparatively evaluated against existing approaches through Monte Carlo simulations that demonstrate its superiority in terms of tracking performance, network-resilience, and network-lifetime.
FastPath_MP
Authors: Stratikopoulos Athanasios , Kotselidis Christos , Goodacre John , Luján Mikel
Published: November 2020

In this article, we present FastPath_MP, a novel low-overhead and energy-efficient storage multi-path architecture that leverages FPGAs to operate transparently to the main processor and improve the performance and energy efficiency of accessing storage devices. We prototyped FastPath_MP on both Arm-FPGA Zynq 7000 SoC and Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC and evaluated its performance against standard microbenchmarks as well as the real-world in-memory Redis database. Our results show that FastPath_MP achieves up to 82% lower latency, up to 12× higher throughput, and up to 10× more energy efficiency against the baseline storage path of the Linux kernel.
Hydroinformatics and the web
Authors: Pathak Drashti , Varde Aparna S. , De Melo Gerard , Alo Clement
Published: November 2020

Climate change and global sustainability are among the most urgent concerns facing humanity. One important aspect of this is hydrology, i.e., the scientific study of the movement, distribution and management of water. In light of the pervasiveness of Web technology and more broadly of information and communication technology (ICT), this article presents an overview of recent advances in Web data analytics for hydrology and hydroinformatics, via scientific perspectives, experiments, and tools pertaining to hydrology data and its relevance to areas such as climate change. Researchers have conducted studies on hydrological problems that are spreading globally, and the role of the Web is crucial here for providing ubiquitous access to information, enabling its efficient analysis and adequately disseminating the results via websites and apps. This aids in predictive analytics and decision support. We address the management, mining, and dissemination of hydrology data with the long-term goal of global sustainability. We survey classical and state-of-the-art works in hydroinformatics and the Web, also including recent COVID-19 related issues, and discuss notable open avenues for future research both with regard to climate change as well as the future of the Web.