bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential for Paramedic roles in Irish General Practice: A qualitative study of stakeholder’s perspectives
Authors: Barry Tomás , Batt Alan , Agarwal Gina , Booker Matthew , Casey Mary , McCombe Geoff
Published: May 2022

Background: Irish health policy emphasises the role of Primary Care and General Practice however, there is a growing shortage of General Practitioners (GPs) in Ireland. Paramedics have traditionally focused on emergency care in the community. More recently Paramedics have taken on roles in General Practice in international jurisdictions, but not yet in Ireland. This study aimed to explore key stakeholder perceptions of ‘the potential for Paramedic roles in Irish General Practice’.

Methods: We conducted an exploratory, qualitative stakeholder consultation study incorporating in-depth semi structured telephone interviews followed by thematic analysis. Interviews were conducted with a total of eighteen participants that included six senior Paramedics (Advanced Paramedics), seven General Practitioners (GPs), three Practice Nurses and two Practice Managers.

Results: Participants in this study expressed polarised views on the potential for Paramedic roles in Irish General Practice. Paramedics were enthusiastic, highlighting opportunity for professional development and favourable working conditions. GP’s, Practice Nurses and Managers were more circumspect and had concerns that Paramedic scope and skillset was not currently aligned to General Practice care. GP’s, Practice Nurses and Managers emphasised a greater role for expanded General Practice Nursing. There were varied perceptions on what the potential role of a Paramedic in General Practice might entail, but consensus that Government support would be required to facilitate any potential developments.

Conclusions: The findings of this research can inform future development of novel roles in Irish General Practice and suggests that there is appetite from within the Paramedic profession to pursue such roles. A pilot demonstration project, grounded in an action research framework could address data gaps and potential concerns. Any future developments should occur in tandem with and with due consideration for the expansion of General Practice Nursing in Ireland.
A Leibnizian Logic of Possible Laws
Authors: Świętorzecka Kordula , Łyczak Marcin
Published: May 2022

The so-called Principle of Plenitude was ascribed to Leibniz by A. O. Lovejoy in The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea (1936). Its temporal version states that what holds always, holds necessarily (or that no genuine possibility can remain unfulfilled). This temporal formulation is the subject of the current paper. Lovejoy’s idea was criticised by Hintikka. The latter supported his criticisms by referring to specific Leibnizian notions of absolute and hypothetical necessities interpreted in a possible-worlds semantics. In the paper, Hintikka’s interpretative suggestions are developed and enriched with a temporal component that is present in the characteristics of the real world given by Leibniz. We use in our approach the Leibnizian idea that change is primary to time and the idea that there are possible laws that characterize worlds other than the real one. We formulate a modal propositional logic with three primitive operators for change, temporal constancy, and possible lawlikeness. We give its axiomatics and show that our logic is complete with respect to the given semantics of possible worlds. Finally, we show that the counterparts of the considered versions of the Principle of Plenitude are falsified in this semantics and the same applies to the counterpart of Leibnizian necessarianism.
Equality and Near-Equality in a Nonstandard World
Authors: Dinis Bruno
Published: May 2022

In the context of nonstandard analysis, the somewhat vague equality relation of near-equality allows us to relate objects that are indistinguishable but not necessarily equal. This relation appears to enable us to better understand certain paradoxes, such as the paradox of Theseus’s ship, by identifying identity at a time with identity over a short period of time. With this view in mind, I propose and discuss two mathematical models for this paradox.
Introduction
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

Historians of the early modern Atlantic have long recognized the connection between commerce and colonies—“unthinkable each without the other,” wrote Charles McLean Andrews, the great historian of colonial America. The bond between commerce and colonies is nowhere more plain than in the overseas trade of British America. The centrality of trade is evident in the blueprint for an English America that Richard Hakluyt laid before Queen Elizabeth I in 1584; in the commercial potential of Newfoundland cod; in the transformative impact of tobacco on the first permanent English New World settlement at Jamestown early in the seventeenth century; in how the Georges Bank fishery and West Indian trade rescued the Massachusetts economy in the 1640s; and in the consequences of sugar production on England’s fragile colonial settlements in the eastern Caribbean. Trade built British America; trade enriched it; and a dispute over trade in the third quarter of the eighteenth century led to its breakup and the birth of the United States of America....
Tudor Beginnings, 1485–1603
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 1 of The Overseas Trade of British America follows the transformation of Tudor England from an inconsequential late-medieval European kingdom into an early modern maritime power with well-established trading interests along an arc stretching from Russia to Morocco. Change was accelerated by demand abroad for English wool, the widespread enclosure of arable land for grazing sheep, rapid population growth, the English Reformation, and the impact of European–wide inflation on the stability of English life. Fishermen from England’s West Country ports began appearing on the coast of Newfoundland, jostling with the Basque, Spanish, Portuguese, and French competition for a share of the Atlantic cod teeming in those waters. Participation in the Grand Banks fishery contributed to the growth of English maritime capacity. Meanwhile, English seafarers entered the Spanish Caribbean — sometimes as privateers (licensed private ships of war), sometimes as pirates (seaborne thieves). They came to raid, not settle, and challenged Spain’s claims to New World hegemony. Then in 1584, a prescient English geographer, Richard Hakluyt, presented Queen Elizabeth I with a vision of American settlement and commerce that would connect England to the far side of the Great Western Ocean.
Shaping Atlantic Commerce, 1650–1696
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 3 of The Overseas Trade of British America tells how the London government struggled to establish order in the English Atlantic. Following its victory in the English Civil War, the Commonwealth set about expelling the Dutch from colonial trade. Mercantilists in London pushed through the Ordinance of 1651, a law posting an unambiguous “Keep Out” sign over the trade of English America. Trade must be channeled through English ports and confined to English ships and mariners. Commonwealth trade policy contributed to the first of three seventeenth-century Anglo-Dutch wars. These conflicts were accompanied, after the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, by violent clashes with France and Spain in the Caribbean. The 1670s and 1680s saw a pronounced expansion of colonial trade, a surge in the population of enslaved Africans, and the rapid development of the commercial infrastructure of English North America. Restrictions in the English Navigation Acts fostered violations of the rules governing trade and led Parliament to enact sweeping reforms in 1673 and 1696. The most comprehensive of these reforms, the Act of 1696, closed loopholes in the law, reformed customs practices, and established vice-admiralty courts in leading colonial ports.
Engines of Opportunity, 1696–1733
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 4 of The Overseas Trade of British America explores key features of the fast-growing commercial economy of British America in an era of light regulation and salutary neglect. Buffeted by vicious Atlantic pirates and financial crisis at home, colonial trade continued to grow after the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) ended British participation in the War of the Spanish Succession. Discussion touches on a wide array of topics: geography, the structure of colonial commerce, and regional economic interdependence; money (including bills of exchange), capital, credit, and debt; marine insurance and the management of risk — on land and at sea; multi-lateral trading patterns, the coasting trade, and inter-island commerce; the rise of the French West Indies and their dependence on supplies from British North America; the corrosive rivalry between British North America and the British West Indies that led to Parliament’s Molasses Act of 1733; and intimate links between colonial trade and transatlantic migration — including the large-scale movement of white indentured servants and enslaved Africans. Here, a dark shadow falls across the topic: the complicity of the overseas trade of British America in the evil of the Atlantic slave trade and Atlantic slavery.
Crisis, 1763–1773
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

In chapter 6 of The Overseas Trade of British America, postwar recession coincides with London’s attempt to tighten its control over colonial trade. First came the Customs Enforcement Act of 1763, a law that deputized naval officers as customs agents. Prosecutions garnered wide public attention, and Americans pushed back against prize-hungry naval officers, customs officials, and vice-admiralty courts. Clearly, salutary neglect was over. The Sugar Act of 1764 ushered in even stricter enforcement of laws governing trade, and the Stamp Act of 1765 asserted Britain’s authority to tax its American colonies. Americans responded with a campaign of political action and boycott that led to repeal of the Stamp Act. But new duties on paper, paint, lead, glass, and tea in 1767 signaled the determination of Parliament to proceed. In 1770, the renewed threat of boycott resulted in repeal of these “Townsend Duties” — except that on tea. Trade immediately revived. Then in June 1772, Great Britain, Ireland, and the British colonies in America fell victim to a credit crisis whose severity threatened the commercial and financial structure of the empire. Teetering on the edge of collapse was the greatest of Britain’s chartered corporations: the East India Company.
Epilogue
Authors: Truxes Thomas M.
Published: May 2022

The Epilogue of The Overseas Trade of British America tells how the United States of America stepped onto the stage of world trade. In the midst of joyous celebrations of American Independence, the commercial economy of the young republic was mired in postwar depression. Idle ships and unemployed sailors were a common sight in every American seaport. In 1783 — responding to a plan conceived by John Ledyard, a well-travelled Connecticut mariner — a group of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston investors and Revolutionary War veterans organized the first venture by an American trading ship beyond the Cape of Good Hope. Their vessel, the Empress of China, departed New York in February 1784 for Canton (present-day Guangzhou), the sole entry point for foreign ships wishing to do business in China. The fifteen-month voyage of the Empress of China opened the world to American trade and set in motion the commercial expansion of the United States. By the early nineteenth century, American trading ships had become, wrote Samuel Eliot Morison, “as familiar as the seasons” in the Pacific and Indian Oceans, the South China Sea, the Indonesian Archipelago, and nearly every European port.
Uncertain Allies
Authors: Larres Klaus
Published: May 2022

The United States has long been conflicted between promoting a united Western Europe in order to strengthen its defense of the West, and fearing that a more united Western Europe might not submit to American political and economic leadership. The era of wholehearted support for European unity was limited to the immediate postwar era. The stances of the past three US presidents—Bush's unilateralism, Obama's insistence on “leading from behind” and Trump's overt hostility toward the European Union—were prefigured by Washington's economic and geopolitical strategies of the 1960s and 1970s. Concentrating on the policies of Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger, the book argues that their years in office were the major turning point when “benign hegemony” gave way to an attitude toward Europe that was seldom better than lukewarm, frequently even outright hostile, and that was returned in kind. The book offers a clear and comprehensive examination of transatlantic relations during the Nixon era.
Special Relationships
Authors: Larres Klaus
Published: May 2022

This chapter talks about Robert Schaetzel, who was an old-style US diplomat that developed a reputation as having a sharp tongue that is always ready to take on his superiors in the State Department. It describes Schaetzel as a believer in the necessity of a closely knitted Atlantic community. Schaetzel had been a strong proponent of the Multilateral Force (MLF), the concept for a joint transatlantic nuclear force that Henry Kissinger had thoroughly attacked in his scholarly work. The chapter surveys some of the major events that shaped international relations in the first half of the 1970s, which the late historian Tony Judt has referred to as a protean moment in the international and national history of the times. An increasing number of historians view the 1970s as a crucial period of transition in recent world politics.
Downward Spiral
Authors: Larres Klaus
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines the characteristics that National Security Adviser Henry Kissinger shared with William Safire, one of President Nixon's special assistants. It emphasizes how Kissinger and Safire were highly intelligent, very articulate, and held in high esteem by the president and had both worked on Nelson Rockefeller's 1964 presidential campaign. Safire became a celebrated conservative-libertarian New York Times columnist upon leaving the White House in early 1973, but his first love always remained politics. The chapter refers to Safire as one of Richard Nixon's foremost speechwriters from 1968 to 1972, composing many of the president's addresses on Vietnam and the economy. While working as a TV and radio producer and correspondent in the 1950s, Safire had become interested in national politics when he joined the campaign to draft General Dwight D. Eisenhower as a Republican presidential candidate.
Conclusion
Authors: Larres Klaus
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the early 1970s as the decisive watershed years, a clear turning point in the United States' policy toward the European unity process. It cites Richard Nixon's prediction that Europe will be in increasing confrontation with the United States rather than joining with it to present a united front against worldwide communism. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, during an angry outburst in his office, wondered why the US should support the European integration process, if the Europeans were always opposing US policies. The chapter highlights Kissinger's belief that it was senseless to speak of a unified Europe not being a third force to some extent, because the reason it is being unified is to make it a third force. The question is whether it is going to be a third force that will cooperate with the United States or not.
Sin-Consciousness, Self-Alienation, and the Construction of Interiority
Authors: Newsom Carol A.
Published: May 2022

This chapter lies at the heart of the book. It traces the way in which tropes and formulations initially developed in the books of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and the late additions to Deuteronomy that envisioned and resolved catastrophic failure in moral agency were introduced into other post-exilic genres, notably first-person singular prayer. In this shift the speaking voice (“I”) confronts the ineradicable flaw of its own moral self (its “Me”) in a gesture of self-alienation. The objectification of certain troubling aspects of one’s own self develops an arena of intrapersonal conflict and leads toward the development of introspective practices. Some forms of this awareness, especially those nurtured in the sectarian culture of the Yahad, develop dualistic models of intrapersonal conflict in which an executive consciousness contemplates struggles taking place within its self. The most developed is found in the Two Spirits Teaching of the Serek ha-Yahad. The shift in the model of the self also involves a reconfiguration of the nature of agency.
Conclusion
Authors: Newsom Carol A.
Published: May 2022

Models of self and agency changed over the course of the history of ancient Israel and Second Temple Judaism in response to historical and cultural changes. But they were also--in ways less easy to define--part of broader cultural explorations of the nature of the self that can be traced in Greco-Roman culture and later Christian formulations of anthropology.
The Past Futures of Others
Authors: Deluermoz Quentin , Singaravélou Pierre
Published: May 2022

This chapter probes how the counterfactual approach may be formally defined through its relationship to time, a scientific idea, and the natural world. Employing this mode of reasoning generally relies upon a series of presuppositions: a temporal succession of elements connected by a simple or complex causal relationship, the notion of an event or fact, and the idea of the future in its modern sense. It describes a certain conception of time that structures the counterfactual approach. The chapter explores a realm of historicity that designates how history emerges within the consciousness of the actors, or more generally, the articulation between the past, the present, and the future. It is a question of treating the different ways of inhabiting time and their material, social, and cognitive translations within a given society.
Writing History Together
Authors: Deluermoz Quentin , Singaravélou Pierre
Published: May 2022

This chapter talks about establishing a more balanced relationship with the public, without denying the specific knowledge that such a public brings with it. By using such an approach, the counterfactual becomes a space for sharing considerations, understanding, and emotions and for developing a greater mastery of the issues involved in historical reasoning and its impact. It highlights the possibility of talking together about knowledge, fantasies, accepted ideas, personal and family histories, political positions, beliefs, or utopias and how they relate to history. The chapter explains how risks and benefits go hand in hand as the historian's word becomes more fragile, but it is also more welcoming and open. It mentions the forum “Remaking Society” in Grenoble, France in 2011, which was aimed to provide the participants with insights and develop their own alternative stories.
Introduction: Calvinism in the Dutch Empire
Authors: Parker Charles H.
Published: May 2022

This chapter focuses on the mutual exchanges and influences that resulted from Dutch participation in the global orbit of goods, peoples, and texts in the early modern period. It describes personnel employed by the trading companies and a number of settlers who interacted directly with a wide range of peoples in Asia, Africa, and America in many different ways. These interactions not only left cultural footprints in colonial societies, but they also left their imprint on Dutch intellectual and religious currents in the early eighteenth century. The chapter explores reciprocities by examining the intersection of religion and empire in the early modern period. For the Dutch, this inquiry means attending to the overlooked place of Calvinism in a paramount age of empire building, long-distance trade, migration, and proselytization.
This “Terrestrial Elysium”
Authors: Hickman Clare
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes how Grove Hill formed the backdrop for a lavish and sociable event for more than eight hundred invited guests in May 1804, two months before Dr. John Coakley Lettsom's daughter's wedding. Beginning in the house, a suite of seven rooms were thrown open to the invited throng. It cites an anonymously penned report detailing the party that was published in The Gentleman's Magazine. The chapter looks at how the bowered and rusticated space is based on familiar features of the eighteenth-century landscape garden and was designed to be used as the backdrop for a concert, a ball, and a supper. It highlights ingenious methods of incorporating the theatrical garden features that were also a key element of the gastronomic experience.
Trading with the Enemy
Authors: Shovlin John
Published: May 2022

Britain and France waged war eight times in the century following the Glorious Revolution, a mutual antagonism long regarded as a “Second Hundred Years” War. Yet officials on both sides also initiated ententes, free trade schemes, and colonial bargains intended to avert future conflict. What drove this quest for a more peaceful order? This book reveals the extent to which Britain and France sought to divert their rivalry away from war and into commercial competition. The two powers worked to end future conflict over trade in Spanish America, the Caribbean, and India, and imagined forms of empire-building that would be more collaborative than competitive. They negotiated to cut cross-channel tariffs, recognizing that free trade could foster national power while muting enmity. This account shows that eighteenth-century capitalism drove not only repeated wars and overseas imperialism but spurred political leaders to strive for global stability.
Introduction
Authors: Shovlin John
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the actions and ideas of the British and French officials, merchants, and writers who sought to direct the rivalry of the Leviathans into a more peaceful channel — towards commerce rather than war. It discusses the nature of geopolitics at a time when the capitalist order had recently emerged. It also considers Franco-British conflict over trade and colonies and the efforts to contain it, which engages some of the big questions perennially posed about capitalism and geopolitics. The chapter highlights the problem of capitalism and geopolitics in general by looking at eighteenth-century Britain and France in particular. It outlines a history of efforts to contain conflict over trade and empire between Europe's two most powerful commercial states.
A System of Collective Restraint
Authors: Shovlin John
Published: May 2022

This chapter mentions Thomas Pelham-Holles, duke of Newcastle, who went before the House of Lords to defend the foreign policy of the Walpole administration on May 2, 1738. Aggravated by smuggling from Jamaica to the Spanish colonies in America, Spanish guardacostas boarded and confiscated British ships. The chapter details how these depredations, required a forceful response from Britain — a war to be carried on against Spanish settlements in the Caribbean, ideally to secure new footholds for British trade. The chapter explains how war must destabilise the present balance of power due to the great importance of the trade of Spanish America — a key market for European goods, and the source of most of the world's silver. In Newcastle's telling, the Spanish commercial system in America, excluding all but the king of Spain's subjects, underpinned a system of collective restraint, written into the treaty of Utrecht (1713).
An Elusive Balance
Authors: Shovlin John
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts how peace prevailed between France and Britain for more than a quarter of a century after 1713. Ill-assorted allies since the days of John Law and the Abbé Dubois, the two kingdoms went their separate ways in 1731, only to preserve a wary détente down to the end of the decade. The chapter mentions Sir Robert Walpole, Britain's prime minister from 1721 to 1742, and Cardinal André-Hercule de Fleury, Louis XV's chief minister from 1726 to 1743, who favored the policy of peace. It talks about the development of a state of undeclared war by 1740, as Britain launched a military expedition to force open markets in Spanish America and Louis XV sent the French navy to defend Spanish colonies. This conflict was soon subsumed by the larger War of the Austrian Succession, the first general conflagration in Europe since 1713.
Security Cartel
Authors: Shovlin John
Published: May 2022

This chapter recounts how the officials of the French and British India companies on the Coromandel Coast signed a treaty late in 1754 to suspend hostilities between them after years of war. For nearly a decade, the companies had clashed in the southeastern part of the Indian subcontinent. The chapter mentions Charles Godeheu and Thomas Saunders, who each promised to recognise the possessions of the other company, permit a free trade in zones where they had established political control, and withdraw from the Indian power struggles that had enmeshed them in conflict. The chapter details how the French proposed a treaty to exempt the outposts and vessels of both corporations from attack in case of future wars in Europe. Such an understanding would demilitarise Franco-British commercial competition east of the Cape of Good Hope.
Harry White and the American Creed
Authors: Boughton James M.
Published: May 2022

Although Harry Dexter White (1892–1948) was arguably the most important U.S. government economist of the twentieth century, he is remembered more for having been accused of being a Soviet agent. During the Second World War, he became chief advisor on international financial policy to Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau, a role that would take him to Bretton Woods, where he would make a lasting impact on the architecture of postwar international finance. However, charges of espionage, followed by his dramatic testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee and death from a heart attack a few days later, obscured his importance in setting the terms for the modern global economy. This book rehabilitates White, delving into his life and work and returning him to a central role as the architect of the world's financial system.
Prologue
Authors: Boughton James M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes the combination of American power and a broadening domestic worldview that enabled Harry White to impose a universal vision on the process of creating institutions for postwar economic and financial cooperation. It provides a background on Harry's visionary positions on how to modernize the international monetary system and the practical ability to bring them to fruition. The Bretton Woods agreements that were the centerpiece of Harry's life's work have been thoroughly analyzed in thousands of articles and books throughout the seven-plus decades since the end of World War II. The chapter highlights White's central role in bringing the Bretton Woods agreements to fruition, although it has been obscured and downplayed. It covers White's career as a government bureaucrat, which has muddled the effort to assess his contributions.
What Next?
Authors: Boughton James M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt that was struggling to find a way to restart economic activity and to end the Depression, while Harry White was also struggling to find a way forward professionally. Among the mass of legislation enacted during the first year of the New Deal, one would prove to be a decisive influence on Harry's career: the Gold Reserve Act of January 1934. It explains that the U.S. dollar had been pegged to and freely exchangeable into gold at a fixed price of $20.67 an ounce from 1879 to 1933. The chapter highlights Harry's invitation to spend the summer at the U.S. Treasury, analyzing the recent changes in monetary policy and institutions, with a view to planning a long-term legislative program for the Administration. On June 20, Harry began work as a temporary economic analyst in the office of the secretary of the U.S. Treasury.
The Attack Begins behind the Curtain, 1945
Authors: Boughton James M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter mentions that refugees from the communist underground were invoking Harry White's name in secret meetings with the FBI and other government agencies, starting a campaign that ultimately would severely damage his posthumous reputation. Jay Vivian Chambers was a one-time member of the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) who renounced his former activities and became a fervent crusader against communism. The chapter talks about how Chamber would eventually become an iconic hero to anti-communist fanatics because of the sensationalism of the charges he raised against Alger Hiss, Harry White, and many others. It explores that the line between truth and fiction in the stories Chambers spun is never clear, and much of what he claimed, is impossible to verify. Chambers testified multiple times under oath that he left the Communist Party at the end of 1937.
Dealing with the Red Scare, 1947–48
Authors: Boughton James M.
Published: May 2022

This chapter talks about the allegations made by Whittaker Chambers and Elizabeth Bentley about communist affiliations and espionage activities of federal government employees in 1947. It details how the FBI responded to the allegations by investigating the named individuals, including Harry White, with electronic and physical surveillance. In Harry's case, the investigation revealed nothing illegal, but it did confirm his social and professional association with several other people who were under suspicion. The chapter highlights that the last year of Harry's life had become increasingly consumed by the fallout from these allegations and findings. On August 15, 1947, FBI agents interviewed Harry at his New York apartment, asking him what he knew about several people who had been alleged to be communists or to have engaged in espionage for the Soviet Union.
Introduction
Authors: Lander Brian
Published: May 2022

This chapter combines the comparative study of political institutions with the methods of environmental history to examine the ecology of state formation in early China. The chapter traces this process in the central Yellow River valley, the heartland of Chinese civilization, from the origins of farming until the fall of China's first empire. It also focuses on the Guanzhong Basin of Shaanxi Province, a region known outside China for the city of Xi'an and the terracotta army that guards the tomb of the First Emperor of China. The chapter explores the ecology of political power from the origins of agriculture around ten thousand years ago to the fall of the Qin Empire in 207 BCE. The formation of Chinese culture was always a process of hybridization between conquerors and conquered, but in the long run the imperial center tended to have the upper hand.
Seeds of Life
Authors: Lander Brian
Published: May 2022

This chapter talks about the long-term development of North China's agricultural system, noting how people learned to raise more and more kinds of plants and animals over thousands of years. Each new domesticated species increased their ability to modify their environments, and people continued to develop better breeds and new techniques. The chapter explains how farming allowed the human population to increase, so natural ecosystems were increasingly replaced with grain fields, orchards, and grazing land. It emphasizes the advancements in various sciences that provided an increasingly good idea of what people ate and how they modified their environments. Soil research helps understand the changing climate, while fossil pollen gives an idea of the regional vegetation.
Trials in London
Authors: Richards Joan L.
Published: May 2022

In the context of England in the early 1790s, the consequences Frend faced were mild. In the spring of 1794 Priestly fled the country; in the fall of that year several leaders of the radical London Corresponding Society were arrested and tried for high treason in the London Treason Trials. The radical William Godwin wrote an impassioned defense, based on a literalist reading of the statute of 1351 under which these men were charged. Some form of Godwin’s reasoned argument won the day and the men were released, but within the year new laws were passed that made groups like the London Corresponding Society illegal.
In addition to facing him with a dangerous political landscape, Frend’s move from essentially monastic Cambridge forced him to rethink his relation to women. Mary Hays was a radical woman who fell in love with him. When Frend drew away, Hays turned for advice to William Godwin, who advised her to write out her feelings in a novel. The result was The Adventures of Emma Courtney, a passionately romantic novel with a thinly disguised William Frend at its center.
Heiress
Authors: Richards Joan L.
Published: May 2022

In 1807, Frend accepted a position as actuary to the Rock Assurance Company; on January 16, 1808, he married Blackburne’s granddaughter and Hannah Lindsey’s niece, Sarah Blackburne; on November 10, 1808, their first child, Sophia Elizabeth Frend was born. In the first year of Sophia’s life, her father was entangled with the radical MP Francis Burdett, who was sent to the Tower for speaking up about a discussion that was to have been confidential. But for most of Sophia’s childhood, her father acted as a reliable breadwinner. Sophia’s parents taught her to reason at home. As she moved through her teen-age years, she laid the groundwork for what was to be a lifetime of philanthropic activity volunteering in Mary Lister’s Invalid Asylum for Respectable Females. At home she learned from the eclectic group of free thinkers who flocked around Frend for lively discussions and arguments.
Son of India
Authors: Richards Joan L.
Published: May 2022

Augustus De Morgan was born on June 26, 1806, in Madura India, and two months later his family sailed with him to England. His father, John De Morgan, who was a rather restless and dissatisfied officer in the East India Company, returned to India within the year, which left his mother, Elizabeth nee Dodson, to raise Augustus and his three siblings. Augustus’s father spent a couple of years in England when he was five and six, but then returned to India, where he died when his oldest son was ten. Augustus’s mother was the fourth of sixteen children, and his many uncles who formed a net of support for the family. Augustus was blind in one eye and very short-sighted in the other. Nonetheless he had a lively imagination, read prodigiously, drew constantly, and played the flute beautifully. After a rather haphazard education in a variety of dame schools, his mother sent him to a school run by Mr. Parsons in Redlands. As well as making a number of friends for life, Augustus discovered his love of mathematics at Mr. Parsons’s school.
Reading Man
Authors: Richards Joan L.
Published: May 2022

On February 4, 1823, Augustus De Morgan entered Trinity College Cambridge. There he was deeply influenced by the ideas of George Peacock, William Whewell, Charles Babbage and John Herschel, who, in the decade before he matriculated, had formed an Analytical Society which had focused its attention on developing a truly reasoned mathematical curriculum. At the end of his studies, De Morgan took the mathematical Tripos, which was developing into a fiercely competitive written examination. De Morgan was very disappointed to finish fourth in his class
Unitarian Women
Authors: Richards Joan L.
Published: May 2022

In the late 1820s and 1830s, William Frend and his former pupil Lady Byron were deeply involved in efforts to improve the condition of the poorer people of England. Central to their efforts, were attempts to establish and support the development of Mechanics Institutes as envisioned by Henry Brougham. As she grew into adulthood, Sophia Frend was also drawn into Lady Byron’s philanthropic orbit and became active in the Children’s Frend Society. Joined by the literalist view reason they had each learned from Frend, the two women together examined the implications of the literalist view of reason for their world of early Victorian womanhood, and aspired to understand the nature of what they called ‘Truth with a capital T.” As they did so, both were deeply affected by the ideas of Ramouhan Roy, albeit in somewhat different ways.
The Change in Permeability of Larch Boxed-Heart Timber During Drying After High Temperature and Low Humidity Treatment
Authors: Sun Yao-Xing , Kang Chun-Won , Li Chengyuan
Published: May 2022

Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) boxed-heart timbers with the dimension of 100 × 100 × 1,000 mm were dried after being steamed at 100°C and 0°C wet-bulb depression for 5 hours, and then dried at 120°C and 30°C wet-bulb depression for 8, 12, and 16 hours, respectively. The radial permeability of the surface layers of the timbers during drying was measured to discover the moisture movement mechanism in the transverse direction. The radial permeability in the surface layers of pretreated timbers decreased and tended to decrease as pretreating time increased. The decreased permeability can be attributed to the reduced distance between microfibrils inside the surface layers of pretreated timbers attributable to the pretreatment. This reduced distance decreases the moving rates of the bound water and water vapor from the inner part to surface layers of pretreated timbers during drying. Therefore, the average drying rate of pretreated timbers was decreased.
Researching precarious, virtual and clandestine labour
Authors: Iphofen Ron , Huws Ursula , Spencer Neil. H.
Published: May 2022

Introducing this volume, this article reflects on recent changes that brought to the editors’ attention the need for this special issue on the methodological and ethical challenges facing those who research precarious, virtual and clandestine labour in the 21st century. An exponential spread of algorithmically managed platform labour, just-in-time working, micro-work, teleworking and other trends associated with digitalisation has converged with traditional patterns of work in the informal economy, including clandestine practices, such as the use of child labour, trafficked labour and slave labour, to create a dynamically shifting labour market that cannot be captured by traditional means using existing indicators. Simultaneously, digitalisation has introduced the possibility of new research methods, raising new ethical challenges, as well as stimulating the adaptation of older forms of ethnographic research including participant observation and action research. It discusses the articles in this issue, suggesting that they form the basis of an ongoing debate.
Is anonymity dead?
Authors: Spilda Funda Ustek , Howson Kelle , Johnston Hannah , Bertolini Alessio , Feuerstein Patrick , Bezuidenhout Louise , Alyanak Oğuz , Graham Mark
Published: May 2022

Critical research into the gig economy frequently relies on using platform interfaces, platform mobile applications or websites, as intermediaries to contact and recruit participants. Yet, these methods are accompanied by significant ethical implications that are rarely considered. In this article, we look at the organisational features of platform interfaces for research and explore the ways in which, through their intensive knowledge about their users, they present additional challenges to researchers’ abilities to (a) conduct independent research – for example by influencing the participant recruitment process and (b) establish and maintain respondent anonymity and researcher transparency. Our analysis is based on an international study of platform workers which investigates working conditions and fairness in the gig economy in both geographically tethered gig work and cloudwork. We argue that the ethical boundaries of doing research through platform interfaces are shaped not only by researchers, but also by the platforms whose interfaces researchers use. Establishing and protecting the anonymity of research participants provides an acute example of this, as platforms have the potential to scrutinise the activities of researchers on their interfaces, and capture information shared between researchers and participants. The question of anonymity arises also in the reverse order: when platforms share personal information on workers, at a level not required by researchers. After building our argument, we propose a set of suggestions for promoting ethical research in the study of gig economy platforms.
Men’s family participation in low-income urban neighbourhoods
Authors: Tarrant Anna
Published: May 2022

This final empirical chapter takes a different, but nonetheless theoretically relevant direction. It focuses on the experiences of men residing in a low-income locality in the city where the ‘Men, Poverty and Lifetimes of Care’ study was conducted. It reports on the creative ethnographic methods that were employed at a community centre in this locality. The centre was observed as an important site of care and connectedness both by the professionals who supported recruitment of participants to the study and confirmed by the men themselves. The findings in this chapter demonstrate how and why being a father or carer remains an important identity for men even when access to children may have been compromised or lost. It also explores the limits to men’s family lives and relationships and considers the significance of local engagement, social networks, and community participation for men in low-income contexts.
Discourse, capital, intersectionality and precarity
Authors: Simmonds Bethany
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, I begin by presenting an analysis of neoliberal discourse and how this has shaped global and national health and social care policies by subtly shifting the responsibility of paying for care from the state to the individual. The biopolitical nature of this subtle shift in health responsibilities, driven by a rhetoric of choice, has paved the way for the marketisation of health and social care systems in most Western countries. The dominant theorisations of ageing — biomedical, social gerontological and ‘successful ageing’ — are then discussed. The chapter goes onto discuss the Bourdieusian concepts of capital and field, applying these to the health and social care context. Following this, I discuss how a feminist intersectional analysis, which situates social class alongside other identities (such as age, gender, ethnicity and disability), is important for understanding the heterogeneity of older people. The layering of different identities impacts on the levels of inequality older people experience and their ability to access health and social care services.
The COVID-19 health and social care challenge
Authors: Simmonds Bethany
Published: May 2022

The result of the COVID-19 pandemic was devastating for older people in the UK (particularly the tragedy of numerous deaths in care and residential homes). This chapter provides an initial discussion of what went wrong, including an examination of some of the (exceptional) practices implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as, unsafe hospital discharges, denial of medical treatment, and blanket ‘Do Not Resuscitate’ orders. Followed by a comparative analysis of the respective COVID-19 health and social care policies of Sweden and Germany. Here, I revisit the two case studies detailed in Chapter Three, where Germany’s and Sweden’s health and social care systems were summarised. Finally, I discuss the impact of the COVID-19 and Brexit nexus on health and social care, and the ways forward the government are indicating they may take.
Innovative solutions and cultural change
Authors: Simmonds Bethany
Published: May 2022

The final chapter considers alternative innovative health and social care solutions that have been trialled in the UK but not adopted fully. Cultural considerations arise, like whether it is socially acceptable for non-family members to live together. These questions could reflect something significant about the norms within British culture. This closing chapter emphasises the importance of holistic rather than process-driven solutions, as well as the importance of valuing interdependence over and above independence. Finally, I consider how the COVID-19 pandemic could be a unique opportunity for transformation and change.
Introduction: Placing dementia
Authors: Phillipson Lyn , Clark Andrew , Ward Richard
Published: May 2022

This chapter highlights the importance of situations and conditions wherein people live with dementia beyond care settings. Most research on dementia primarily focuses on disorientation in time and space. In line with the pathologising perspective of dementia in police reports or newpaper articles, outdoor spaces and mobility for affected individuals were often problematised. According to research, neighbourhoods are multi-dimensional in terms of being amalgamations of social, physical, real, and imagined spaces that hold varying importance in each person. Thus, therapeutic design in dementia studies focuses to mitigate risk and threat in environments by tackling supportive properties and features for people with dementia. The chapter also explains how the book contributes to the emerging capacity-oriented approach to dementia.
My neighbourhood, my future …?
Authors: Mitchell Wendy
Published: May 2022

This chapter tackles Wendy Mitchell's narrative about being diagnosed with Mixed Dementia, Alzheimer's and Vascular and her life moving into a new neighbourhood. People in the neighbourhood had been vital in fighting loneliness amidst the pandemic. Whilst Zoom and technological connection had been a lifesaver during the pandemic lockdown, human contact and socialisation are still essential in people's lives. Thus, the safety of her neighbourhood due to simple acts of kindness enabled Mitchell to venture out of her comfort zone, and to take the chance to photograph and post on the village's Facebook page. The chapter clarifies that a person's talent does not go away simply after being diagnosed with dementia. It notes how the COVID pandemic gave people a chance to appreciate forms of people and places.
Building community capacity for dementia in Canada: new directions in new places
Authors: Phinney Alison , Macnaughton Eric , Wiersma Elaine
Published: May 2022

This chapter describes a project in which researchers, community programs, and people living with dementia are working together to promote social inclusion, raise awareness and reduce stigma around dementia. Guided by principles of social citizenship, the Building Capacity Project (2019–2023) is implementing an asset-based community development approach to build and connect community-based activities that provide opportunities for people with dementia to be involved and to contribute in meaningful ways. The project takes place in two Canadian cities: Vancouver, located in the densely urbanized southwestern region of British Columbia, and Thunder Bay, a regional centre located in the rural and remote region of northwestern Ontario. Taking a ‘ground-up’ approach to implementation in these two distinct geographic contexts provides opportunity to consider and analyze the importance of common principles and local tailoring. The implementation and evaluation design is described, and projects activities and early learnings are explored.
Business of Asylum Justice case studies
Authors: Wilding Jo
Published: May 2022

The book is based on a range of case studies of not-for-profits, solicitors’ firms, and barristers doing immigration and asylum legal aid work, who are introduced in this chapter through their own accounts of how they balance quality and financial viability in their mediation of demand from clients. A map shows the distribution of providers with legal aid contracts, revealing areas of advice desert. The closure of Refugee and Migrant Justice, formerly the Refugee Legal Centre, is examined in detail as a case study of how a large specialist legal aid provider was unable to survive the legal aid cuts. The chapter presents the first published case study of the publicly funded immigration bar.