bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructural, nanomechanical and wear properties of magnetic pulse electrodeposited Ni-TiN composite coatings
Authors: Xia Fafeng , Tian Jiyu , Ma Chunyang , Xu Xiuying , Huang Ming
Published: April 2015

The current paper reports successful syntheses of Ni-TiN composite coatings via pulse current (PC) and magnetic PC (MPC) depositions. The microstructural, nanomechanical, wear properties and wear mechanism of the Ni-TiN composite coatings were investigated via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), a nanoindenter (NI) and a high frequency reciprocating wear test instrument. The results showed that the Ni-TiN composite coating deposited at magnetic intensity of 0.3 T had numerous homogeneously dispersed TiN particles. The size of the Ni grains and the TiN particles in the coating were of nanometer size, with an average diameter of ∼65 nm and ∼25 nm, respectively. The maximum hardness and Young’s modulus values for the Ni-TiN composite coatings, deposited at magnetic intensity of 0.3 T, were 34.85 GPa and 165.2 GPa, respectively. The wear results showed that the weight loss of the Ni-TiN composite coating was approximately 47.4 mg at a magnetic density of 0.3 T. Furthermore, the coatings deposited at 0.3 T presented low friction coefficients, with an average value of about 0.43.
Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Pregnancy and Major Congenital Anomalies in Offspring
Authors: Dhalwani Nafeesa N. , Szatkowski Lisa , Coleman Tim , Fiaschi Linda , Tata Laila J.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is now being used as a smoking cessation aid during pregnancy, although little is known about fetal safety. We assessed the relationship between early pregnancy exposure to NRT or smoking with major congenital anomalies (MCA) in offspring.

METHODS:

We studied 192 498 children born in the United Kingdom between 2001 and 2012 with linked mother–child primary care records. The absolute risks of MCAs in the NRT group (women prescribed NRT during the first trimester or 1 month before conception [and therefore likely consumed during the first trimester]) and odds ratios (ORs) and 99% confidence intervals (CIs) were compared with those of women who smoked during pregnancy and with a control group (women who neither smoked nor were prescribed NRT); logistic regression models adjusted for maternal morbidities that increase MCA risk were used for analysis.

RESULTS:

MCA prevalence was 288 per 10 000 live births (5535 children with ≥1 MCA). Maternal morbidities were most common in the NRT group (35%) followed by smokers (27%) and the control group (20%). Compared with the control group, adjusted ORs for MCAs in the NRT group and smokers were 1.12 (99% CI: 0.84–1.48) and 1.05 (99% CI: 0.89–1.23), respectively. The OR comparing the NRT group directly with smokers was 1.07 (99% CI: 0.78–1.47). There were no statistically significant associations between maternal NRT and system-specific anomalies except for respiratory anomalies (OR: 4.65 [99% CI: 1.76–12.25]; absolute risk difference: 3 per 1000 births), which was based on 10 exposed cases.

CONCLUSIONS:

For most system-specific MCAs, we found no statistically significant increased risks associated with maternal NRT prescribed during pregnancy, except for respiratory anomalies. Although this study is the largest published to date, NRT use in pregnancy remains rare; thus, the statistical power was limited. Higher morbidities in those women prescribed NRT may also be an explanatory factor. Nevertheless, absolute MCA risks were similar between women who smoked and those prescribed NRT during pregnancy.
Parental Hope for Children With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Kamihara Junne , Nyborn Justin A. , Olcese Maura E. , Nickerson Taylor , Mack Jennifer W.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND:

Previous work suggests that parents of children with cancer can remain hopeful despite receiving prognostic information, but we know little about what hope means to such parents, or the extent to which parents can feel hopeful even while facing the child’s impending death.

METHODS:

We audiotaped conversations between clinicians and parents of 32 children with relapsed or refractory cancer, and then interviewed parents about their hopes and expectations for their child.

RESULTS:

Parent statements about prognosis in interviews mirrored those made by clinicians during discussions about the child’s diagnosis with refractory or relapsed cancer. Clinicians used language referring to hope during these conversations but did not ask parents directly about their hopes. Parents expressed a range of hopes for their children, from hopes related to cure or treatment response, to quality of life, normalcy, and love and relationships for the child. For most parents, expectations about prognosis were not aligned with their hopes for the child; for example, many parents hoped for a cure and also reported that they did not believe cure was possible. Many parents were able to acknowledge this incongruence.

CONCLUSIONS:

Parents accurately conveyed the reality of their child’s serious condition in the setting of advanced cancer, and yet maintained hope. Hopes were not limited to hope for cure/treatment response. Clinicians should be encouraged to engage in direct conversations about hope with parents as a means to elicit realistic hopes that can help to focus the most meaningful plans for the child and family.
Linear Growth and Child Development in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sudfeld Christopher R. , Charles McCoy Dana , Danaei Goodarz , Fink Günther , Ezzati Majid , Andrews Kathryn G. , Fawzi Wafaie W.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

The initial years of life are critical for physical growth and broader cognitive, motor, and socioemotional development, but the magnitude of the link between these processes remains unclear. Our objective was to produce quantitative estimates of the cross-sectional and prospective association of height-for-age z score (HAZ) with child development.

METHODS:

Observational studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) presenting data on the relationship of linear growth with any measure of child development among children <12 years of age were identified from a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO. Two reviewers then extracted these data by using a standardized form.

RESULTS:

A total of 68 published studies conducted in 29 LMICs were included in the final database. The pooled adjusted standardized mean difference in cross-sectional cognitive ability per unit increase in HAZ for children ≤2 years old was +0.24 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.14–0.33; I2 = 53%) and +0.09 for children >2 years old (95% CI, 0.05–0.12; I2 = 78%). Prospectively, each unit increase in HAZ for children ≤2 years old was associated with a +0.22-SD increase in cognition at 5 to 11 years after multivariate adjustment (95% CI, 0.17–0.27; I2 = 0%). HAZ was also significantly associated with earlier walking age and better motor scores (P < .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Observational evidence suggests a robust positive association between linear growth during the first 2 years of life with cognitive and motor development. Effective interventions that reduce linear growth restriction may improve developmental outcomes; however, integration with environmental, educational, and stimulation interventions may produce larger positive effects.
Firearm Violence Among High-Risk Emergency Department Youth After an Assault Injury
Authors: Carter Patrick M. , Walton Maureen A. , Roehler Douglas R. , Goldstick Jason , Zimmerman Marc A. , Blow Frederic C. , Cunningham Rebecca M.
Published: April 2015

BACKGROUND:

The risk for firearm violence among high-risk youth after treatment for an assault is unknown.

METHODS:

In this 2-year prospective cohort study, data were analyzed from a consecutive sample of 14- to 24-year-olds with drug use in the past 6 months seeking assault-injury care (AIG) at an urban level 1 emergency department (ED) compared with a proportionally sampled comparison group (CG) of drug-using nonassaulted youth. Validated measures were administered at baseline and follow-up (6, 12, 18, 24 months).

RESULTS:

A total of 349 AIG and 250 CG youth were followed for 24 months. During the follow-up period, 59% of the AIG reported firearm violence, a 40% higher risk than was observed among the CG (59.0% vs. 42.5%; relative risk [RR] = 1.39). Among those reporting firearm violence, 31.7% reported aggression, and 96.4% reported victimization, including 19 firearm injuries requiring medical care and 2 homicides. The majority with firearm violence (63.5%) reported at least 1 event within the first 6 months. Poisson regression identified baseline predictors of firearm violence, including male gender (RR = 1.51), African American race (RR = 1.26), assault-injury (RR = 1.35), firearm possession (RR = 1.23), attitudes favoring retaliation (RR = 1.03), posttraumatic stress disorder (RR = 1.39), and a drug use disorder (RR = 1.22).

CONCLUSIONS:

High-risk youth presenting to urban EDs for assault have elevated rates of subsequent firearm violence. Interventions at an index visit addressing substance use, mental health needs, retaliatory attitudes, and firearm possession may help decrease firearm violence among urban youth.
RETRACTED: Silicon phase origin on glassy carbon in KF-KCl-K2SiF6 fusion
Authors: Zhuk S. I. , Minchenko L. M. , Chemezov O. V. , Malkov V. B. , Isakov A. V. , Zaikov Yu. P.
Published: April 2015

Following the joint decision of the Editor-in-Chief and the journal's Ethics Committee, this article has been retracted. The article (its original Russian version) is an erroneously published duplicate of a paper that has already been published in Chimica Techno Acta 2014;1(2):67-72, doi:10.15826/chimtech.2014.1.2.1047. One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that a paper has not been published previously. As such this article represents a severe abuse of the scientific publishing system. Our Editorial Board takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
Reaction of 4-acetyl-1,2,3-triazol-5-olate with hydrazine derivatives
Authors: Khazhieva I. S. , Glukhareva T. V. , Morzherin Yu. Yu.
Published: April 2015

1,2,3-triazole attracts attention because of the ability opening ring to form α-diazoimin and intramolecular rearrangements with the formation of various heterocyclic systems. Previously the interaction of the 1H-1,2,3-triazole-5-ol sodium salt with amine hydrochloride leading to the formation of isomeric 1,2,3-triazoles was studied. In this paper we present a research of the interaction of 4-acetyl-1,2,3-triazole-5-ol sodium salt with hydrazine derivatives. As result 5-methyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-phenylcarboxamide-phenylamide and bis-5,5’-dimethyl-[1,1’]bi[[1,2,3]triazolyl]-4,4’-dicarboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized.
Synthesis and investigation of La1-xBixMn1-yFeyO3-δ structure
Authors: Kaymieva O. S. , Morozova M. V. , Buyanova E. S.
Published: April 2015

Doped manganites La1-xBixMn1-yFeyO3-δ(x=0.0-0.3; у=0.0-0.5, Δх, у=0.1) with perovskite-like structure were sintered by solid state reaction and solution method. It was determined by X-ray diffraction that sintered samples have rhombohedral symmetry (S.G. R-3c). The parameters of unit cell were calculated. The morphology of briket was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that sintered sample is homogeneous, porous and grains are formed by different size. Elemental composition was checked by atomic emission spectroscopy. Additional studies were performed by TG/DSC and laser diffraction (analysis of size distribution of particles).
Physicochemical conditions for the stability of manganese-doped nanolayers of gallium arsenide and its iso-electronic analogues
Authors: Terenteva Yu. V. , Fomina L. V. , Beznosyuk S. A.
Published: April 2015

In this paper research of stability of nanolayers of manganese doped materials of AIIIBV and AIIBIVСV2 types holding much promise as spintronic semiconductor compounds is described. The method of non-local density functional has been applied to calculate bonding energies {εij (r)} in atomic pairs for structures of AIIIBV and AIIBIVСV2 types and for MnAs. According to the calculations of internal energy, entropy and free energy of Helmholtz (Т = 298К), in the context of used models, addition of manganese to the arsenide’s AIIIBV and AIIBIVСV2 nanolayers affects its stability in different ways depending on its morphology and substitution mode. However, a critical instability in nanofilm leading to the tendency of growing of a new phase germ may be formed under any manganese concentrations. This leads to deterioration of electrophysical parameters of magnetic semiconductor compounds that is agreed with experimental data.
Physicochemical conditions of GaAs/GaAsxNy/GaN nanochips stability
Authors: Komarovskih N. V. , Fomina L. V. , Beznosyuk S. A.
Published: April 2015

In this work the study of the stability nanochips GaAs / GaAsxNy / GaN is presented. For the calculation of parameters used quantum-chemical and thermodynamic approaches. The calculations of the surface free energy nanochips within the models used show that a significant contribution to the crystalline structure stability of the GaN layer is the molar concentration of nitrogen atoms in the intermediate layer GaAsxNy nanochips GaAs / GaAsxNy / GaN.
Salvage Systemic Therapy for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: On the Cusp of a Sea Change?
Authors: Sonpavde Guru , Bellmunt Joaquim
Published: April 2015

This commentary addresses salvage therapy of advanced urothelial carcinoma and the importance of prognostic classification. Patients should be referred to one of the important clinical trials of salvage therapy rather than treatment with marginally active chemotherapeutic agents.
How resilient are African woodlands to disturbance from shifting cultivation?
Authors: McNicol Iain M. , Ryan Casey M. , Williams Mathew
Published: April 2015

Large parts of sub‐Saharan Africa are experiencing rapid changes in land use and land cover, driven largely by the expansion of small‐scale shifting cultivation. This practice creates complex mosaic landscapes with active agricultural fields and patches of mature woodland, interspersed with remnant patches in various stages of regrowth. Our objective here was to examine the rate and extent to which carbon stocks in trees and soils recover after cultivation, and detail how this disturbance and regrowth affect patterns in tree species composition and diversity over 40 years of succession in a miombo woodland landscape in southeast Tanzania. We sampled 67 areas, including plots previously cleared for cultivation, active fields, and mature woodlands for reference purposes. Sites were further stratified by soil texture to test for associated effects. Tree carbon stocks accumulated at an average rate of 0.83 ± 0.10 Mg C·ha−1·yr−1, with soil texture having no clear impact on accumulation rates. Bulk soil carbon stocks on both soil types appeared unaffected by both the initial land clearance and the subsequent regrowth, which resulted in no significant changes over time. Tree species diversity in regrowing plots developed rapidly and within ~10 years was equivalent to that of mature woodland. Many of the species found in mature woodlands reappeared relatively quickly after abandonment, although species composition is expected to take considerably longer to recover, with at least 60–80 years required for the compositional similarity between regrowing and mature woodlands to reach levels similar to that among nearby mature woodlands. Through impacts on β‐diversity, disturbance was also found to increase the total number of tree species present in the landscape, with many of the recorded species only found in regrowing woodlands. Our results are of relevance to carbon sequestration projects by helping to inform the potential future carbon and biodiversity benefits of restoring disturbed habitats (REDD+). At a time where the use of shifting cultivation is threatened by shifts to larger‐scale, commercial agriculture, we show that secondary woodland habitats can retain considerable biodiversity value, and act as carbon sinks.
Calibration of Well Logs With Mini-Frac Data for Estimating the Minimum Horizontal Stress in the Tight-Gas Monteith Formation of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin: A Case Study
Authors: Jimenez Bruno Lopez , Yu Guang , Aguilera Roberto , Settari Antonin (Tony)
Published: April 2015

The determination of the minimum horizontal (in-situ) stress (MHS) is one of the most-important aspects in the characterization of geomechanical behavior of petroleum reservoirs because a good knowledge of such stress is critical in many activities of practical importance, including design of hydraulic-fracturing treatments and estimation of the distribution of MHS for reservoir-simulation purposes.

The main objective of the study is to calibrate well logs with available mini-frac data for estimating the MHS in the tight-gas Monteith formation, Nikanassin Group of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. For deep formations such as Monteith, the minimum stress is generally horizontal. Thus, the focus of this research is the MHS of the Monteith formation.

First, actual values of the MHS at different well locations are acquired from the analysis of surface-pressure data during mini-frac treatments. Next, the estimates calculated from an existing correlation and from actual mini-frac data are matched for calibration purposes. Finally, vertical and horizontal Biot's constant values are determined to generate a correlation applicable to the Monteith formation. Vertical Biot's constant ranging between 0.1 and 0.45 is obtained in this study, whereas horizontal Biot's constant is found to vary from 0.94 to 1.0.

Three vertical wells located in the same township with available compressional and shear sonic logs and mini-frac data are selected for this work. The Monteith was hydraulically fractured in these wells in isolation. This aspect is important because there are many commingled completions in the area from which selective Monteith data are not available. Five additional wells in the same general area are selected to assist in the analysis.

It is concluded that assuming vertical and horizontal Biot's constants equal to 1.0 is not appropriate for the Monteith formation in the study area. The procedure presented in this paper, which uses real data, is robust and has the potential to help in obtaining more-reliable geomechanical values in other tight formations around the world.
Characterization of Depression Among Patients At Urban Primary Healthcare Centers in Oman
Authors: Al-Salmani Asthma , Juma Tahara , Al-Noobi Arwa , Al-Farsi Yahya , Jaafar Najlaa , Al-Mamari Khalsa , Anwar Huda , Al-Lawati Ghada , Klein Thomas J. , Al-Adawi Samir
Published: April 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and predictors of depression among Oman adult population attending primary healthcare clinics (PHCs) in Muscat Governorate in 2011.

Methodology

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 2005 participants attending 27 different PHCs in Muscat Governorate during 2011. A Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), together with a socio-demographic and relevant clinical data questionnaire was administered.

Results

Of the 2005 participants, 61.8% were women and 42.1% were of 25-50 age group. Of the total, 44.4% were employed, of whom 51% were government employees. The prevalence of depression among them was 8.1%. The adjusted odds ratios generated by logistic regression models indicated that depression was significantly associated with age greater than 50 years old (OR = 2.23; 95% CI 1.07, 4.22; P = 0.04), female (OR = 1.34; 95% CI 1.12, 3.82; P = 0.03), married (OR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.11, 3.30; P = 0.02), graduated or attended higher education (OR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.03, 2.66; P = 0.04), working in the private sector if employed (OR = 1.72; 95% CI 1.08, 2.75; P = 0.02), and having chronic illness such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, asthma, heart, thyroid, and renal diseases (OR = 1.82; 95% CI 1.03, 3.51; P = 0.01).

Conclusion

The rate of depression appears to be in the lower range compared to rate reported from elsewhere. Some socio-cultural factors that may contribute to the present findings are discussed.
Atypical Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome in Patients Treated with Aripiprazole and Clozapine: A Case-Series Study and Short Review
Authors: Tseng Ping-Tao , Chang Yi-Chung , Chang Chih-Hua , Wang Hung-Yu , Cheng Yu-Shian , Wu Ching-Kuan , Chen Yen-Wen , Chung Weilun
Published: April 2015

Objectives

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) requires emergency treatment and can be fatal. Combined aripiprazole and clozapine therapy is rarely used in clinical settings, and NMS related this combination still lacks evaluation. Herein, we present two cases of atypical NMS treated with aripiprazole and clozapine.

Methods

Case 1 was a schizophrenic male with a history of NMS under treatment with aripiprazole 20 mg. He was hospitalized and maintained with aripiprazole 5 mg and clozapine 225 mg. On the 25th day, atypical NMS occurred with rigidity, elevated creatine kinase, and stupor, which subsided with supportive therapy. He was discharged under treatment with aripiprazole 15 mg and fluoxetine 60 mg. Case 2 was a female with schizoaffective disorder without a history of NMS. She was hospitalized and maintained with clozapine 50 mg and aripirazole 30 mg. On the 11th day, atypical NMS occurred with mild fever, delirium, and rigidity, which subsided under supportive therapy.

Results and Conclusions

Our cases highlight the atypical features of NMS in patients being treated with combined ari-piprazole and clozapine. Consciousness change, modest elevation of creatine kinase, and leukocytosis were the most consistent findings; hyperthermia accounts for only some of the cases. This is a reminder of the importance of earlier detection of the soft signs and atypical features of NMS under this combined treatment.
Differences Between Patients that Made an Impulsive or Premeditated Suicide Attempt in a Mexican Population
Authors: Reyes-Tovilla Jorge E. , Hernández Yánez Homero Daniel , Peralta-Jiménez Yesenia , Ramón-Frías Teresa , Juárez-Rojop Isela , Pool-García Sherezada , Velázquez-Sánchez Martha Patricia , López-Narvóez Lilia , Fresán Ana , Tovilla-Zárate Carlos Alfonso
Published: April 2015

Objective

We performed a study to identify differences between patients with impulsive suicide attempt and those with premeditated suicide attempt in a Mexican population.

Method

We studied 144 patients who recently attempted suicide. Impulsive and premeditated suicide attempts were evaluated with the Suicide Intent Scale. These data were divided according to the type of attempt. Subsequently, the characteristics between the two groups were compared.

Results

The rate of patients that made an impulsive attempt was 61.8% and only 9.7% of the patients carried out a premeditated suicide attempt. More years of schooling/education and less severity of the attempt were observed in patients that carried out an impulsive suicide attempt ( p < 0.001). Alcohol consumption (0.003) and use of cannabis (0.002) were present in patients who premeditated a suicide attempt.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that there are clinical differences among the individuals who carried out an impulsive suicide attempt from those who premeditated an attempt in a Mexican population. As a result, when planning interventions and prevention efforts it may be helpful to consider these clinical differences and demographic characteristics.
Dietary Polyphenols Promote Growth of the Gut Bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and Attenuate High-Fat Diet–Induced Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Roopchand Diana E. , Carmody Rachel N. , Kuhn Peter , Moskal Kristin , Rojas-Silva Patricio , Turnbaugh Peter J. , Raskin Ilya
Published: April 2015

Dietary polyphenols protect against metabolic syndrome, despite limited absorption and digestion, raising questions about their mechanism of action. We hypothesized that one mechanism may involve the gut microbiota. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) containing 1% Concord grape polyphenols (GP). Relative to vehicle controls, GP attenuated several effects of HFD feeding, including weight gain, adiposity, serum inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]α, interleukin [IL]-6, and lipopolysaccharide), and glucose intolerance. GP lowered intestinal expression of inflammatory markers (TNFα, IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase) and a gene for glucose absorption (Glut2). GP increased intestinal expression of genes involved in barrier function (occludin) and limiting triglyceride storage (fasting-induced adipocyte factor). GP also increased intestinal gene expression of proglucagon, a precursor of proteins that promote insulin production and gut barrier integrity. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR of cecal and fecal samples demonstrated that GP dramatically increased the growth of Akkermansia muciniphila and decreased the proportion of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, consistent with prior reports that similar changes in microbial community structure can protect from diet-induced obesity and metabolic disease. These data suggest that GP act in the intestine to modify gut microbial community structure, resulting in lower intestinal and systemic inflammation and improved metabolic outcomes. The gut microbiota may thus provide the missing link in the mechanism of action of poorly absorbed dietary polyphenols.
Anesthetic Efficacy of Meperidine in Teeth With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis
Authors: Mohajeri Ladan , Salehi Farnaz , Mehrvarzfar Payman , Arfaee Hamide , Bohluli Behnam , Hamedy Reza
Published: April 2015

Achieving adequate pulpal anesthesia in mandibular teeth is always a challenge. Supplementary injections and using drugs in combination are some methods implemented to overcome this hurdle. In this randomized clinical trial, use of meperidine in conjunction with lidocaine in intraligamentary injection did not exhibit significant improvement in anesthesia.
Effect of Needle Design on Pain From Dental Local Anesthetic Injections
Authors: McPherson Joanna Saenz , Dixon Sara A. , Townsend Richard , Vandewalle Kraig S.
Published: April 2015

The purpose of this randomized, double-blind clinical study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a larger-bore compared with a standard-bore dental local anesthetic needle of the same gauge in reducing pain during inferior alveolar (IA) and long buccal (LB) nerve block injections. Twenty active duty military or Department of Defense beneficiaries undergoing dental treatment were anesthetized using a split-mouth design with 4 anesthetic dental injections. Both sides of the mouth received IA nerve block and LB nerve injections, one using the 27-gauge large-bore Septoject XL needle and other using a 27-gauge standard-bore Septoject needle. Patients rated the pain experienced with each method using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The IA injection mean VAS score and standard deviation were 38.9 ± 22.7 mm and 37.1 ± 22.4 mm, respectively, for the larger and standard-bore needles. The LB injection mean VAS score and standard deviation were 33.5 ± 22.8 mm and 35.1 ± 19.6 mm, respectively, for the larger and standard-bore needles. The data were analyzed with a paired t test (α = .05). No significant difference was found between the IA (P = .70) or LB injections (P = .73). The use of a larger-bore 27-gauge needle did not reduce pain on injection compared with the standard-bore 27-gauge needle.
Independent Predictors of Delay in Emergence From General Anesthesia
Authors: Maeda Shigeru , Tomoyasu Yumiko , Higuchi Hitoshi , Ishii-Maruhama Minako , Egusa Masahiko , Miyawaki Takuya
Published: April 2015

Some patients with intellectual disabilities spend longer than others in emergence from ambulatory general anesthesia for dental treatment. Although antiepileptic drugs and anesthetics might be involved, an independent predictor for delay of the emergence remains unclear. Thus, a purpose of this study is to identify independent factors affecting the delay of emergence from general anesthesia. This was a retrospective cohort study in dental patients with intellectual disabilities. Patients in need of sedative premedication were removed from participants. The outcome was time until emergence from general anesthesia. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis was used to extract independent factors affecting the outcome. Antiepileptic drugs and anesthetic parameters were included as predictor variables. The study included 102 cases. Clobazam, clonazepam, and phenobarbital were shown to be independent determinants of emergence time. Parameters relating to anesthetics, patients' backgrounds, and dental treatment were not independent factors. Delay in emergence time in ambulatory general anesthesia is likely to be related to the antiepileptic drugs of benzodiazepine or barbiturates in patients with intellectual disability.
Statistical Properties of Protein-Protein Interfaces
Authors: Mezei Mihaly
Published: April 2015

The properties of 1172 protein complexes (downloaded from the Protein Data Bank (PDB)) have been studied based on the concept of circular variance as a buriedness indicator and the concept of mutual proximity as a parameter-free definition of contact. The propensities of residues to be in the protein, on the surface or form contact, as well as residue pairs to form contact were calculated. In addition, the concept of circular variance has been used to compare the ruggedness and shape of the contact surface with the overall surface.
Emerging Perspectives on the Natural Microbiome of Fresh Produce Vegetables
Authors: Jackson Colin , Stone Bram , Tyler Heather
Published: April 2015

Plants harbor a diverse microbiome existing as bacterial populations on the leaf surface (the phyllosphere) and within plant tissues (endophytes). The composition of this microbiome has been largely unexplored in fresh produce vegetables, where studies have tended to focus on pathogen detection and survival. However, the application of next-generation 16S rRNA gene sequencing approaches is beginning to reveal the diversity of this produce-associated bacterial community. In this article we review what is known about the composition of the microbiome of fresh produce vegetables, placing it in the context of general phyllosphere research. We also demonstrate how next-generation sequencing can be used to assess the bacterial assemblages present on fresh produce, using fresh herbs as an example. That data shows how the use of such culture-independent approaches can detect groups of taxa (anaerobes, psychrophiles) that may be missed by traditional culture-based techniques. Other issues discussed include questions as to whether to determine the microbiome during plant growth or at point of purchase or consumption, and the potential role of the natural bacterial community in mitigating pathogen survival.
2004 Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Manure Management in South Africa
Authors: Moeletsi Mokhele , Tongwane Mphethe
Published: April 2015

Manure management in livestock makes a significant contribution towards greenhouse gas emissions in the Agriculture; Forestry and Other Land Use category in South Africa. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions are prevalent in contrasting manure management systems; promoting anaerobic and aerobic conditions respectively. In this paper; both Tier 1 and modified Tier 2 approaches of the IPCC guidelines are utilized to estimate the emissions from South African livestock manure management. Activity data (animal population, animal weights, manure management systems, etc.) were sourced from various resources for estimation of both emissions factors and emissions of methane and nitrous oxide. The results show relatively high methane emissions factors from manure management for mature female dairy cattle (40.98 kg/year/animal), sows (25.23 kg/year/animal) and boars (25.23 kg/year/animal). Hence, contributions for pig farming and dairy cattle are the highest at 54.50 Gg and 32.01 Gg respectively, with total emissions of 134.97 Gg (3104 Gg CO2 Equivalent). Total nitrous oxide emissions are estimated at 7.10 Gg (2272 Gg CO2 Equivalent) and the three main contributors are commercial beef cattle; poultry and small-scale beef farming at 1.80 Gg; 1.72 Gg and 1.69 Gg respectively. Mitigation options from manure management must be taken with care due to divergent conducive requirements of methane and nitrous oxide emissions requirements.
Behavioral Response of Invertebrates to Experimental Simulation of Pre-Seismic Chemical Changes
Authors: Grant Rachel , Conlan Hilary
Published: April 2015

Unusual behavior before earthquakes has been reported for millennia but no plausible mechanism has been identified. One possible way in which animals could be affected by pre-earthquake processes is via stress activated positive holes leading to the formation of hydrogen peroxide at the rock water interface. Aquatic and fossorial animals could be irritated by H2O2 and move down the concentration gradient. Here, we carry out avoidance tests with hydrogen peroxide in two model organisms; Daphnia pulex and earthworms. Daphnia were found to move away from increasing concentrations of H2O2 but earthworms appeared unaffected. It is possible that earthworm swarming behavior, reported frequently before earthquakes, is caused by electric field shifts or another unknown mechanism, whereas zooplankton may be affected by increasing levels of H2O2.
Evaluation of Policy Influence on Long-Term Indoor Air Quality in Emperor Qin’s Terra-Cotta Museum, China
Authors: Li Hua , Hu Tafeng , Jia Wenting , Cao Junji , Liu Suixin , Huang Rujin , Ma Tao , Xi Na
Published: April 2015

Long-term measurement results of indoor air quality (IAQ) from 1989 to 2013 inside Pit No. 1, the largest display hall in Emperor Qin’s Terra-cotta Museum (QTM), were used to evaluate the effectiveness of measures for conservation environment improvement of antiques. By comparing the results of sampling campaigns in 2013 with databases in 1989, 2004–2005, 2006–2007 and 2011, seasonal and inter-annual variation in microclimate, aerosol chemical compositions and gaseous pollutant concentrations were incorporated in estimating the probable influences of the management of the surroundings, tourist flow, excavation and restoration tasks and renovation and/or new construction work on IAQ in the QTM. After the implementation of the environmental policies in 1990s, a significant decrease of indoor particulate matter mass for the QTM was quantified. The mass concentrations of summer TSP decreased from 540.0 μg∙m−3 in 1994 to 172.4 μg∙m−3 in 2004, as well as the winter TSP decreased from 380.0 μg∙m−3 in 1994 to 312.5 μg∙m−3 in 2005. The mass concentrations of summer PM2.5 decreased from 108.4 μg∙m−3 in 2004 to 65.7 μg∙m−3 in 2013, as well as the winter PM2.5 decreased from 242.3 μg∙m−3 in 2005 to 98.6 μg∙m−3 in 2013. However, it is noted that potential hazards due to the fluctuant microclimate conditions, gaseous and secondary particulate acidic species in indoor air should still be considered to ensure the long-term preservation and conservation of the museum’s artifact collection.
An Investigation of Atmospheric Mercury from Power Sector in Thailand
Authors: Pham Thao , Junpen Agapol , Garivait Savitri
Published: April 2015

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic pollutant with a long range transport in the atmosphere resulting in both local and global concerns. Understanding of emissions is required to support an effective control strategy. In this study, atmospheric Hg emissions from power sector in Thailand in 2010 were investigated by using the bottom-up approach to improve the accuracy of the estimate by up to 50% in comparison to those provided in global inventories. The activity data of each individual source were collected and emissions factors were assessed based on local sources, well reflecting the emissions behavior of various emitters in Thailand. The atmospheric Hg emissions from power sector in 2010 amounted to 844.5 kg, in which emissions from coal and lignite power plants constituted up to 92.3% and biomass power plants constituted up to 7.4%. Spatial and temporal distribution analysis indicated high emissions in the Central and Northern regions, and from February to July. Annual trends in emissions from 2010 to 2030 were estimated and discussed.
An Investigation of Aerosol Scattering and Absorption Properties in Wuhan, Central China
Authors: Gong Wei , Zhang Miao , Han Ge , Ma Xin , Zhu Zhongmin
Published: April 2015

Aerosol scattering and absorption properties were continuously measured and analyzed at the urban Laboratory for Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing (LIESMARS) site in Wuhan, central China, from 1 December 2009 to 31 March 2014. The mean aerosol scattering coefficient , absorption coefficient , and single scattering albedo (SSA) were 377.54 Mm−1, 119.06 Mm−1, and 0.73, respectively. Both and showed obvious annual variability with large values in winter and small values in summer, principally caused by the annual characteristics of meteorological conditions, especially planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) and local emissions. The SSA showed a slight annual variation. High values of SSA were related to formation of secondary aerosols in winter hazes and aerosol hygroscopic growth in humid summer. The large SSA in June can be attributed to the biomass combustion in Hubei and surrounding provinces. Both and showed double peak phenomena in diurnal variation resulting from the shallow stable PBLH at night and automobile exhaust emission during morning rush hours. The SSA also exhibited a double peak phenomenon related to the proportional variation of black carbon (BC) and light scattering particulates in the day and night. The long-term exploration on quantified aerosol optical properties can help offer scientific basis of introducing timely environmental policies for local government.
CFD Simulation and Optimisation of a Low Energy Ventilation and Cooling System
Authors: Calautit John , O'Connor Dominic , Sofotasiou Polytimi , Hughes Ben
Published: April 2015

Mechanical Heating Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems account for 60% of the total energy consumption of buildings. As a sector, buildings contributes about 40% of the total global energy demand. By using passive technology coupled with natural ventilation from wind towers, significant amounts of energy can be saved, reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases. In this study, the development of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis in aiding the development of wind towers was explored. Initial concepts of simple wind tower mechanics to detailed design of wind towers which integrate modifications specifically to improve the efficiency of wind towers were detailed. From this, using CFD analysis, heat transfer devices were integrated into a wind tower to provide cooling for incoming air, thus negating the reliance on mechanical HVAC systems. A commercial CFD code Fluent was used in this study to simulate the airflow inside the wind tower model with the heat transfer devices. Scaled wind tunnel testing was used to validate the computational model. The airflow supply velocity was measured and compared with the numerical results and good correlation was observed. Additionally, the spacing between the heat transfer devices was varied to optimise the performance. The technology presented here is subject to a patent application (PCT/GB2014/052263).
Synthesis of Framework Isomer MOFs Containing Zinc and 4-Tetrazolyl Benzenecarboxylic Acid via a Structure Directing Solvothermal Approach
Authors: Ordonez Carlos , Kinnibrugh Tiffany , Xu Hongwu , Lindline Jennifer , Timofeeva Tatiana , Wei Qiang
Published: April 2015

The solvothermal synthesis of framework isomers was carried out using the hybrid carboxylate and tetrazolate functional ligand, 4-tetrazolyl benzenecarboxylic acid (H2TBC, TBC = 4-tetrazolyl benzenecarboxylate) and zinc. H2TBC was also synthesized with the solvothermal approach, and is referred herein as structure 1. Using single-crystal X-ray diffraction, we found that the tetrazolate groups of TBC show an unusual “opposite-on” coordination mode with zinc. Three previously characterized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were obtained by systematically changing the solvents of the H2TBC-Zn reaction, (1) ZnTBC, 2, which has a non-porous structure; (2) Zn2(TBC)2(H2O), 3, which has an amphiphilic pore structure and (3) Zn2(TBC)2{guest}, 4, which is porous and has channels containing uncoordinated N heteroatoms. Fluorescence spectra of 4 reveal a strong blue emission mainly from the TBC ligands.
Assessing Coupling Dynamics from an Ensemble of Time Series
Authors: Gómez-Herrero Germán , Wu Wei , Rutanen Kalle , Soriano Miguel , Pipa Gordon , Vicente Raul
Published: April 2015

Finding interdependency relations between time series provides valuable knowledge about the processes that generated the signals. Information theory sets a natural framework for important classes of statistical dependencies. However, a reliable estimation from information-theoretic functionals is hampered when the dependency to be assessed is brief or evolves in time. Here, we show that these limitations can be partly alleviated when we have access to an ensemble of independent repetitions of the time series. In particular, we gear a data-efficient estimator of probability densities to make use of the full structure of trial-based measures. By doing so, we can obtain time-resolved estimates for a family of entropy combinations (including mutual information, transfer entropy and their conditional counterparts), which are more accurate than the simple average of individual estimates over trials. We show with simulated and real data generated by coupled electronic circuits that the proposed approach allows one to recover the time-resolved dynamics of the coupling between different subsystems.
Translation of Ludwig Boltzmann’s Paper “On the Relationship between the Second Fundamental Theorem of the Mechanical Theory of Heat and Probability Calculations Regarding the Conditions for Thermal Equilibrium” Sitzungberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissen Classe. Abt. II, LXXVI 1877, pp 373-435 (Wien. Ber. 1877, 76:373-435). Reprinted in Wiss. Abhandlungen, Vol. II, reprint 42, p. 164-223, Barth, Leipzig, 1909
Authors: Sharp Kim , Matschinsky Franz
Published: April 2015

Translation of the seminal 1877 paper by Ludwig Boltzmann which for the first time established the probabilistic basis of entropy. Includes a scientific commentary.
High Efficiency Variable-Frequency Full-Bridge Converter with a Load Adaptive Control Method Based on the Loss Model
Authors: Zhao Lei , Li Haoyu , Liu Yuan , Li Zhenwei
Published: April 2015

In this paper, a load adaptive control method to improve the efficiency and dynamic performance of the Phase-Shifted Full-Bridge (PSFB) converter which works under a wide range of load conditions is presented. The proposed control method can be used as a battery charger since this application demands a wide range of load conditions. The composition of the PSFB converter’s losses and the loss analysis model are both discussed. According to this model, the optimum switching frequency which results in minimum power loss is adopted to improve the efficiency. The relationship between switching frequency and power loss is formulated over a wide load range. Indicated by this kind of relationship, the proposed controller adjusts the switching frequency at different load currents. Moreover, an adaptive gain adjustment controller is applied to replace the traditional controller, with the aim to improve the dynamic performance which is influenced by the changes of the switching frequency and load current. In addition, the experimental results show that the maximum improvement of efficiency is up to 20%. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed load adaptive control method.
LAI Variability as a Habitat Feature Determining Reptile Occurrence: A Case Study in Large Forest Complexes in Eastern Poland
Authors: Berezowski Tomasz , Kośmider Jakub , Greczuk Magdalena , Chormański Jarosław
Published: April 2015

Reptile habitats are described using various indices. The definitions of such indices are crucial, as they are applied to habitat modelling for numerous species on local to continental scales. We examined the Leaf Area Index (LAI) for its value as a tool for determining reptile habitat. During measurements carried out in spring and summer months between 2011 and 2013, LAI values were assessed and surveys were conducted on reptile fauna at 11 survey sites in the Solska Forest and Roztocze National Parks areas in Eastern Poland. In total, six Squamata reptiles occurring in Poland were found. We determined that LAI can be utilized as a reptile habitat index, with reptile species associated with LAI seasonal variability as well as LAI range. Moreover, we found that the higher the LAI median value, the greater the variety of reptile species. These findings are useful for development of spatial models of habitats based on LAI as they point to the importance of its seasonal variation.
Stability of Capsaicinoids and Antioxidants in Dry Hot Peppers under Different Packaging and Storage Temperatures
Authors: Iqbal Qumer , Amjad Muhammad , Asi Muhammad , Ariño Agustin , Ziaf Khurram , Nawaz Aamir , Ahmad Tanveer
Published: April 2015

The maintenance of the quality and storage life of perishable fruits and vegetables is a major challenge for the food industry. In this study, the effects of different temperatures, packaging materials and storage time on the stability of capsaicinoids and antioxidants, such as total carotenoids, ascorbic acid and total phenolic compounds, were studied in three commercially cultivated hot pepper hybrids, namely Sky Red, Maha and Wonder King. For this purpose, dry whole pods were packed in jute bags and low-density polyethylene bags (LDPE), stored for five months under controlled conditions at 20, 25 or 30 ○C and analyzed on Day 0 and at 50-day intervals until Day 150. The three hot pepper hybrids differed significantly with respect to their capsaicinoids and antioxidant concentrations, but the results indicated that with the increase in storage temperature and time, a gradual and steady decrease in these levels was equally observed for all hybrids. Overall, mean concentrations after five months were significantly reduced by 22.6% for ascorbic acid, 19.0% for phenolic compounds, 17% for carotenoids and 12.7% for capsaicinoids. The trends of capsaicinoids and antioxidants evolution were decreasing gradually during storage until Day 150, this effect being more pronounced at higher temperature. Furthermore, the disappearance rates of capsaicinoids and antioxidants were higher in peppers packed in jute bags than in those wrapped with LDPE. In conclusion, despite the sensitivity of capsaicinoids and antioxidants to oxygen, light and moisture, the packaging in natural jute or synthetic LDPE plastic bags, as well as the storage at ambient temperature preserved between 77.4% and 87.3% of the initial amounts of these health- and nutrition-promoting compounds during five months’ storage.