bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathways and Strategies of Advocacy in International Organizations
Authors: Oksamytna Kseniya
Published: October 2023

This chapter summarizes the book’s findings, outlines implications for theory and practice, and suggests directions for further research. In terms of implications for theory, the advocacy-centred framework has been able to explain the transformation of UN peacekeeping better than rival perspectives, such as principal–agent models, functionalism, or historical institutionalism. In terms of implications for practice, advocacy has unintended consequences. It can lead to proliferation of uncoordinated agendas and become one of the reasons why organizations end up with an ever-growing list of responsibilities that do not fit well together. When novel issues become institutionalized in international organizations, they are formalized in structures, frameworks, and guidelines. While promoting uniformity and predictability, institutionalization can stifle innovation. Together, advocacy and institutionalization create three problems: incoherence, overcommitment, and inflexibility. In terms of directions for further research, the advocacy-focused framework should be applied to the analysis of the trajectories of other peacekeeping innovations, such as the women, peace and security agenda or community violence reduction projects. The framework should also be applied to the study of institutional change in organizations in other fields beyond peacekeeping. While this book focuses on international organizations’ expansion, assessing whether the advocacy-focused framework can explain their contraction equally well would be an important contribution. Finally, reasons why advocates take up campaigning for change in international organizations is an important question that this study has not addressed but that further research should explore.
Suggestions for a Projected Study of International Security Organisation
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: October 2023

The goal of this projected study of international security organizations was to compare the new-born United Nations with the League of Nations. Wight asked, “Why did the League fail and how far does the United Nations Charter avoid the causes of that failure? … What defects of the Covenant is the United Nations Charter designed to circumvent, and were these really the defects that brought about the failure of the League? … It is suggested that the central question of the study should be the relation between the ambiguities or defects of the Covenant and the failure of the League in practice.” The latter derives from the political choices of specific states. In Wight’s view, “It would be necessary to try to assess the relative importance of the following factors … 1. The balance of power. … 2 The differences in interest, and consequently in Genevan theory, between the League Great Powers. … 3. The differences in aim and interpretation within the bosom of the democratic League Powers. … 4. The growth or perversion in practice of the original design of the League. … But the controversy over the security provisions of the Charter shows differences between the Great Powers not less deep than those between the Great Powers of the League. … The Charter, like the Covenant, must be analyzed in relation to the balance of power from which it springs.”
Review of John Middleton Murry, Trust or Perish (Rickmansworth: Andrew Dakers, 1946)
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: October 2023

Martin Wright raised the question “Does Peace Take Care of Itself?”—as implied by Kantian principles—and concluded that it does not, and that purposeful action will be necessary. Wight wrote, “Mr. Middleton Murry makes a profound, brilliant and lucid analysis of the present crisis of civilization, of war, totalitarianism and the inadequacy of the United Nations Organization. But the suggestion that a unilateral renunciation of war by Great Britain might turn Russia’s heart and contribute to a reign of law seems to repeat the pacifist illusion, familiar during Hitler’s ascendancy, that you can have collective security without force, and non-violence without suffering.”
Review of Ely Culbertson, Must We Fight Russia? (Philadelphia: The John C. Winston Company, 1946)
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: October 2023

In Wight’s view, this document constitutes “the most vigorous, lucid, and intelligent restatement of the collective security case that has been published in the United States or Great Britain since the war. It faces all the defects which make the revision of the United Nations Charter imperative, all the difficulties which make it virtually impossible.” Culbertson holds that “in the light of America’s tremendous power, the United States is perfectly able to build an honest and effective system for international security—with Russia if possible, without her if necessary.” Wight concludes that this policy prescription “has made at least one reader feel that the American people might yet rise to the height of Mr. Culbertson’s argument and avert the Third World War.”
Review of C. E. M. Joad, Conditions of Survival (London: Federal Union, 1946)
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: October 2023

Martin Wight asked, “Has Scientific Advance Changed the Nature of International Politics in Kind, Not Merely in Degree?” and delivered a qualified “no” in reply, in view of the continuing willingness of governments, including rulers of Western societies, to regard defeat in combat as a greater threat than nuclear war. In Wight’s view, Joad “goes too far” in his enthusiasm for federal union: “The history of Switzerland and the United States proves not that federation abolishes war, but that it substitutes civil war for international war. And the formation of federations short of a single world federation would not abolish international war but would only increase the size of the units which continued to live in a state of anarchy.”
Review of William C. Bullitt, The Great Globe Itself: A Preface to World Affairs (New York: Scribner, 1946; and London: Macmillan, 1947)
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: October 2023

William Bullitt served as US Ambassador to the Soviet Union (1933–36) and France (1936–41). His book has three noteworthy features. “(1) It is a standard work for followers of the anti-Red crusade. It describes the insatiable tyranny and aggrandizement of Russia as continuous from Ivan the Terrible to Stalin, from the Oprichina to the N. K.V.D., from the conquest of Kazan in 1552 to the occupation of Persian Azerbaijan in 1945–46. (2) It uncompromisingly criticizes Roosevelt’s War-time diplomacy and his failure to coax Stalin into good-neighbourliness. (3) It sketches a policy of a Defence League of Democratic States to resist Soviet aggression and prepare a federal organization of the world, which foreshadows the Truman doctrine and the Marshall plan.” The book may “leave unsatisfied even those who agree that the Soviet regime is a detestable tyranny, and that appeasement is contemptible folly.” It exhibits “too much of the egocentric illusion here to give the truest perspective in which to see the Russo-Occidental conflict, and the deepest grounds on which to understand and condemn the Stalinist despotism.” Moreover, the book “isolates and emphasizes” Roosevelt’s diplomacy, notably “the naive optimism with which Roosevelt approached Stalin, repeating Chamberlain’s approach to Hitler.” Roosevelt may have “paid too high a price to keep Russia in the war, but Mr. Bullitt scarcely recognizes that the price paid secured goods punctually delivered and of surpassing quality.”
Review of John MacLaurin, The United Nations and Power Politics (London: Allen and Unwin, 1952)
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: October 2023

Wight wrote, “This is the most useful general book about the United Nations that has yet appeared in English. It covers the entire work of the organization thoroughly, simply, clearly, and freshly. It is extraordinarily readable, and makes the dreariest convolutions of procedure exciting. It is studded with good quotations from the official records; the documentation is complete and will provide a switchboard of clues for the intelligent student. … But he [MacLaurin] is emotionally less interested in the cold war (‘an unsavoury power struggle with the Politburo,’ p. vi) than in the social advancement of the under-developed regions, where he thinks the Western Powers are losing ground more rapidly than they may be gaining it in the direct struggle with Russia. He trounces the British for their record of reaction and mean subterfuge in trusteeship debates (e. g., pp. 371, 386), and in a sense Michael Scott is the hero of the book. ‘Man’s struggle against man,’ he concludes, ‘has … been and remains largely the struggle of the ruled against oppressive rulers. It is this struggle that is basic. Compared with it, international conflicts form a fleeting pattern imposed on the surface’ (p. 440). A generation ago the popular liberal interpretation of international affairs saw political arrangements as broadly rational; today, an element of inherent conflict is acknowledged, provided it is horizontal not vertical; we have moved from Locke to Rousseau, but not to Hobbes.”
Review of A. P. Thornton, The Imperial Idea and Its Enemies: A Study in British Power (London: Macmillan, 1959)
Authors: Wight Martin
Published: October 2023

Wight wrote, “British imperialism has produced one of the great debates in the history of political thinking—a debate largely between absolute and conditioned morality. No man is good enough to be another’s master. True; but if masters are inevitable, some are better than others. We may have no right to be there, indeed; but if enterprise and accident have put us there the question quickly becomes, have we a right to leave? Good government can be a duty overriding the grant of self-government, as the young Churchill argued in the South African debate in 1906. … The book’s chief weakness is that while it describes from the inside the nationalism of the older Dominions (so distressing to imperialists), Indian and Egyptian nationalism are seen from the outside, as the imperialists saw them, and remain a mysterious and unanalysed force. But it is reassuring to see how little the anti-imperialist case has rested on any belief that if only British despotism is dismantled, democracy will spring up in its place.” “‘British liberalism,” Thornton argued, “is the story of a privileged class working to abolish or extend its privileges.” “But no group of men that has yet governed Britain has come to the decision that political and international power are also privileges which may be given away on grounds of conscience or humane principle.” Wight concluded, “The book leaves you debating with yourself … whether this statement is true, and if it be true whether it is right.”
Conclusions and Future Directions
Authors: Newby Zahra
Published: October 2023

This concluding chapter draws together some of the themes explored by the proceeding chapters and identifies avenues for further research. In particular, it shows how different chapters explore the ways in which material culture places individuals or cities within a social network, underlining the connections between particular groups, or setting up dialogues of conversation or competition. While some of the chapters show the central role played by the emperor and his interactions with different groups, such as victorious athletes, guilds and individual cities, others reveal how material culture helped to set up networks of collaboration or rivalry between individuals, cities or groups. Another key theme is the way in which material culture helps to fix ephemeral events into communal memory and to create particular visions of civic identity. Finally, the chapter explores how material culture can help to create emotional communities and also to frame and create ritual experience. All of these themes are set into a wider context, drawing parallels with research into other areas of the roman empire, and identifying areas for further future research.
A Theory of Possible Worlds
Authors: Fritz Peter
Published: October 2023

Possible worlds are widely appealed to in philosophy. At the same time, it is often considered questionable whether there are such entities as possible worlds. Consequently, many proposals exist for reducing possible worlds to entities which may be considered less problematic. Based on the language of propositions and necessity developed in the previous chapter, this chapter develops a language for talking about possible worlds, and a theory which characterizes the theoretical role of possible worlds. It is shown that if anything satisfies the role of possible worlds, then certain propositions, called maximal, satisfy the role of possible worlds. Furthermore, it is shown that maximal propositions satisfy the role of possible worlds just in case a principle called Atomicity is true, according to which necessarily, there is a true maximal proposition.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Fritz Peter
Published: October 2023

The major choice points in the book are revisited, and alternatives to each of them are sketched. The alternatives either take the form of endorsing different principles in the formal languages adopted here, or of adopting different languages. Worries about the metasemantics of higher-order languages are addressed, and a methodology is advocated according to which the good standing of new ideological resources can be established through their successful use. The chapter concludes with two cautionary remarks: First, views of fine-grained individuation of propositions which are sometimes grouped under the umbrella term "hyperintensional metaphysics" may not in fact be able to make sense of the notion of hyperintensionality. Second, the difficulties in establishing that such views are viable is greater than is often appreciated, since showing their consistency by model-theoretic means requires models of our talk of propositions rather than merely models of the propositions themselves.
Historical Appropriations/Historical Claims
Authors: Gerstenblith Patty
Published: October 2023

This chapter explores how the development of international law to protect the economic interests of colonizing and imperial countries at the expense of the colonized led to expropriations that continue to make it extremely difficult to carry out restitution today. Three examples of expropriations over the course of the nineteenth century are used to highlight the ongoing debate as to the proper location of cultural objects. The chapter first discusses three phases of the Parthenon Sculptures in ancient history, at the time of their expropriation by England, and as a modern example of the conflict between the rescue narrative and contextualism. The chapter then turns to the Yuanmingyuan Palace complex that was destroyed with its cultural artefacts appropriated in a display of domination by the British and the French over foreign trade. Finally, the chapter explores the Benin cultural objects looted during the British Punitive Expedition of 1897 and the lasting effects of colonialism and imperialism on cultural heritage.
Historical Appropriations: Of Time and Reparative Justice
Authors: Gerstenblith Patty
Published: October 2023

This chapter turns to proposing a methodology for the return of cultural objects from where they were taken without the consent of the local communities and States. First the chapter lays out the obstacles time places on restitution including bars to litigation based on passage of time, bars based on the non-retroactive nature of laws (tempus regit actum), and bars based on the failure to recognize colonized States as beneficiaries of international law in the nineteenth century. It then outlines and invalidates contemporary arguments, which are based on the rationales developed in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, against the return of objects taken during armed conflict and colonialism: the rescue narrative, the justification for universal museums, and an integration of appropriated objects into a possessing State’s national identity. The chapter next details the framework of reparations consisting of establishing obligations to correct historical injustice, establishing an appropriate form of correction, and establishing an appropriate means of reparation. A paradigm of restitution for cultural objects, including detailed restitutionary principles for human remains; objects with cultural, religious, or historical ties; integral monuments; and representative collections is proposed. Finally, this chapter grapples with the difficult question of to whom cultural objects should be returned and suggests a need for reparations beyond restitution.
Financier network behaviour
Authors: Meyer David R.
Published: October 2023

The business press coverage of four leading Goldman Sachs investment bankers demonstrates how little we know about financier network behaviour. Interviews with experienced financiers are difficult to acquire. They need assurance that the interviewer will not break that confidentiality; therefore, the author’s interview strategy was based on referrals. The book draws on this unique database of interviews with 167 financiers in London (24 interviews), Zurich (4), New York (45), Hong Kong (45), Singapore (9), Shanghai (13), Beijing (6), and Mumbai (21). Digitally recorded interviews covered financiers in corporate and investment banking, hedge funds, private equity, venture capital, fund management, real estate investment, insurance, and private banking. Extensive quotes are the mechanisms to explain how financiers behave. Social network theory supplies the theoretical framework. The thesis is that financiers leverage their access to social capital to enhance their performance.
Networked financiers leverage their social capital
Authors: Meyer David R.
Published: October 2023

The financier is an archetype of financiers in different sectors. The financier leverages social capital to enhance business performance. This social capital is both the resources that the financier accesses from network members and the network structure used to access these resources. Financiers access confidential knowledge through weak and strong ties. Group members have diverse external networks which provide financiers access to rich resources. Financiers build relational social capital to enhance the value of informal meetings. Elite alumni networks are mechanisms to transfer high status to the members, and they are viewed as high quality. Organizational membership also gives financiers access to this social capital. Financiers strategically employ weak and strong ties to obtain referrals. They utilize relational social capital in order to build and maintain relationships, and they employ structural social capital to maximize the number and breadth of their relationships. Trust builds over time through social networks.
Will financiers change their network behaviour?
Authors: Meyer David R.
Published: October 2023

Interviews with experienced financiers in global financial centres reveal the strategic network behaviour they employ to access social capital, thus enhancing their performance. While the interview results match many theoretical expectations, the findings also raise intriguing questions for future research. Financiers’ cohesive networks are open networks because each member has external network ties. The small-world phenomena of financiers’ networks is extraordinary. Experienced financiers reach targeted contacts across global financial centres with, at most, one referral. The significance of trust to financiers’ network behaviour is succinctly captured by the phrase ‘It’s all about trust.’ The deep-seated feelings about trust need more research. Neither telecommunications technologies nor adjustments to workplace or long-distance travel will alter the fundamental behavioural principles of financiers’ network behaviour. Fintech mostly impacts their business indirectly. Senior financiers, similar to those interviewed for this book, will continue to operate from the pivotal global financial centres as networked financiers.
Time
Authors: Russell Gillian K.
Published: October 2023

This chapter is about the past/future barrier. It begins with a summary of what Hume said about the barrier, and then introduces a tense logic, which is used to formulate A. N. Prior’s lesser-known counterexample (lesser known than his objection to the is/ought barrier, that is). The technique from Chapter 2 is then reapplied within this new framework, proving the barrier but identifying some new problems as a result. One technicque for avoiding the problems is investigated—refining the taxonomical categories—but at the end it is argued that this is ultimately unnecessary.
Modality
Authors: Russell Gillian K.
Published: October 2023

Chapter 5 concerns the modal barrier. It notes that there are at least two plausible interpretations that we might try to formulate more precisely. The is/must interpretation (version A) says that claims which attribute necessity don't follow from claims which don’t, but says nothing about other modal properties, such as possibility. The other interpretation (version B) says that sentences about what’s going on at other possible worlds don’t follow from sentences about the actual world. A class of familiar modal logics is laid out and both versions are proved. The chapter then investigates some of the taxanomical consequences, noting that the status of sentences can vary with the logic employed, which explains the theorem’s robustness even as the logic is strengthened.
Normativity
Authors: Russell Gillian K.
Published: October 2023

This chapter formulates and proves Hume’s Law. It brings together the work on complex logics from the previous two chapters and lays out a deontic-alethic modal logic, defines descriptive and normative sentences using narrow model-theoretic properties (breakability and unbreakability with respect to the intermodel relation of S-shifting) and uses these to formulate and prove the barrier theorem. The barrier and the definitions are used to diagnose a list of purported counterexamples to the law.
Historical contingency and the development of planetary ecosystems
Authors: Wilkinson David M.
Published: October 2023

The ecology of a planet is influenced by historical processes. At any stage in its development the current conditions of life on a planet form the starting point from which new conditions develop. This means that over time, an ever-increasing number of historical accidents will be incorporated into the system and so the role of past history will become increasingly important. This happens across a range of scales, from the chance long-distance dispersal of seeds to the survival of mass extinction events. Gould's interpretation of the Burgess Shale is discussed as a well-known, if controversial, example of the potential importance of historical contingency. The idea of historical contingency is a simple one and yet it is crucially important in understanding much of ecology. This constrained the possible subsequent trajectories of ecological development on Earth.
Histories of the Self, the World, and the Sermon
Authors: Bennett Alastair
Published: October 2023

This chapter reads the dreamer’s encounter with Anima, culminating in the first inner dream and the vision of the Tree of Charity. Anima helps to recuperate the dreamer’s sense of his own identity at a moment of spiritual and personal crisis, by encouraging him first to narrate the story of his own life, and then to understand his life in the larger story of Christian eschatology. He employs the exegetical distinctiones that were often found in sermons as a stimulus to narrative interpretation, while in the inner dream, events at the Tree of Charity itself show how a new conception of history can emerge from a set of distinctiones like this. Anima synthesizes and integrates many different forms of narrative into a cohesive whole, but he also models a more radical, experimental use of narrative: Anima discusses the preaching of Mohammed, and considers several different models from the history of Christian evangelism that might successfully convert Muslims to Christianity.
Coda
Authors: Bennett Alastair
Published: October 2023

The Coda considers the sixth vision, where Langland dramatizes the crucifixion and the harrowing of hell. This part of the poem employs tropes and images that were familiar from medieval sermons to imagine a moment in time before Christian preaching was possible. In his triumphant speech at the harrowing, Christ performs an act of emplotment that resolves the debates about the atonement in this vision, and that establishes, as though for the first time, the story that later preachers would tell.
Custom and Convention at the Foundations of Law
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

The creation of law cannot be authorized by law ‘all the way down’. Its ultimate foundations lie in a complex of acts and attitudes among its officials. These amount to customary norms. Some legal philosophers go further and argue that these customs are conventions in the sense that they solve complex problems of cooperation. This chapter explores the strengths and weakness of that view, concluding that it must be rejected. The basis of law lies in various customary norms that legal officials treat as obligatory. Conventions are never in themselves obligatory. But this is not because they fail to explain the ‘normativity of law’. Properly understood, there is no such puzzle to explain. Conventions are norms of the wrong structure. At base, law is as much about conflict as it is about consensus. Conventionalism is a misleadingly consensual view of law.
Gender and Jurisprudence
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

Theories of gender are relevant to the study of law because gender norms shape the content and application of law. Are such theories also relevant to general jurisprudence? This chapter raises doubts. Taking my work as a target, Joanne Conaghan argues that the abstractions of analytical jurisprudence, its pretence to value-neutrality, and its inattention to empirical evidence screen out the pervasive relevance of gender to jurisprudence, including to the concept of law. This chapter argues that such charges rest on a series of common confusions and errors. Once we understand the nature of conceptual argument, the value-relevance of all descriptions, and the place of empirical evidence, we see that analytical jurisprudence is able to detect the relevance of gender where it exists. But it has no relevance to conceptual problems in general jurisprudence. Claims like ‘law is male’ are metaphorical, not metaphysical.
The Morality in Law
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

This chapter tackles the place of morality in law. Jurisprudential distinctions are somewhat indeterminate since many social kinds are multi-criterial and none of the criteria is itself very precise. According to H. L. A. Hart, who believes the law is wholly a social construction, there is nonetheless a moral minimum essential to law. His two arguments to this conclusion are, however, defective. Instead, we should see law as an institution that is apt for supporting morality, so that is how we use it. This is part of the demarcation between law and other complex rule systems. Explaining that distinction is a task for legal philosophy. In contrast, distinguishing law from pseudo-law is a task for the rule of recognition in each legal system. The latter distinction is a task for law, not for legal philosophy.
Associative Obligations and the State
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines associative obligation as a possible model for the relationship between citizens and the law by taking Ronald Dworkin’s argument as an example. According to Dworkin, people have a duty to honour their responsibilities under social practices that define groups and attach special responsibilities to membership. The validation of such obligations depends on the group satisfying conditions of ‘true community’. This fails to notice the difference between people owing some sort of duties to an association and their owing a duty of obedience. It also fails to take account of the difference between a justification for state coercion and a justification for subjects’ obedience. The personal virtue of integrity offers a poor analogy to the sort of consistency we can expect from states. Consent theory can be reconstructed to offer a better way of capturing the social dimension of our relationship to the state.
The Duty to Govern
Authors: Green Leslie
Published: October 2023

Contemporary legal philosophers have focussed their attention on two aspects of law’s authority: the issue of legitimacy (or the right to govern) and the issue of obligation (or the duty to obey). John Finnis proposes the importance of a third issue: the problem of governance (or the duty to govern). This chapter explores the nature of this duty, its foundations, and its relation to the other aspects of a theory of authority. It concludes with discussion of the question of whether one who has a primary duty to govern may nonetheless delegate that duty to others.
Court to City
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

Continental gaming established patterns that metropolitan gaming in England later followed. Commercial gaming was well established in continental Europe by the eighteenth century, and exhaustively documented in the detailed records of a pervasive police apparatus. In continental Europe, gaming was part of the shared culture of an international elite. In Venice and particularly in Paris, commercial gaming ventures provided important sources of income for elite households. These furnish instructive parallels illustrating many of the patterns that commercial gaming followed across the Channel. In England, commercial gaming in the metropolis and its satellite cultures at resorts adopted continental models, which elite tourists and the diplomatic community observed first-hand.
In the Shade of the Royal Oak
Authors: Eglin John
Published: October 2023

Royal sponsorship of the Royal Oak Lottery, a game more akin to roulette than to a modern lottery, led to the emergence of lotteries as a specific legal category of gaming under at least partial protection of the state. The Royal Oak Lottery was the prototypical commercial gaming venture, setting the patterns and precedents that characterized subsequent enterprises. It was an important gaming innovation in two respects, as it introduced the concept of an organized gaming syndicate that operated ‘banks,’ and introduced the Crown as an agency bestowing legitimacy on otherwise shady enterprises. Both developments were critical to the proliferation of commercial gaming in the metropolis, and in different ways complicated efforts to regulate, contain, or proscribe it.
Sympathy in the Era of Ungood Feelings
Authors: Faherty Duncan
Published: October 2023

The second chapter explores the hauntology of Haiti by focusing on how early American fiction represented the United States as hermeneutically, temporally, and ontologically disjointed by the arrival of French, Creole, and enslaved refugees. Using Martha Meredith Read’s 1802 novel Monima; or The Beggar Girl as a point of departure, the chapter maps how Federalist writers accentuated the ghostly indecipherability of foreign connections which they feared were unsettling the domestic realm. In depicting an American social scene bereft of networks of sympathetic support, Read draws linkages between radicalism in the Francophone world and the rise of Democratic-Republican politicians in the United States. A range of Federalist writers, including Read, responded to their predicament by flooding print networks with sensationalist representations of the dangers of Jeffersonianism. These Federalist fictions seized upon fears about bad plantation management as portending what a supposed abandonment of foundational principles meant for the early American Republic.
“UNIVERSAL EMANCIPATION!”
Authors: Faherty Duncan
Published: October 2023

The chapter positions New York as a microcosm of national anxieties by surveying how the local press connected domestic insurrection to rumors of Haitian intrigue. Beginning in 1799, New York enacted a series of gradual Emancipation Acts that finally “freed” all enslaved people in 1827. Unsurprisingly, racism within the state increased as white citizens openly questioned what it would mean for formerly enslaved people to become “free.” The chapter culminates by reading the first American vampire tale which was itself torn from the pages of New York’s periodical press. The pseudonymous The Black Vampyre (1819) openly riffs on a multiplicity of discourses about African American emancipation and fears about international Black solidarity. Considering the text alongside the anti-Black anxieties circulating in the New York press, the chapter unpacks how the domestic implications sensationalized in The Black Vampyre parallel contemporaneous periodical accounts as a means of grounding its otherwise outlandish plot.
Errors or Innovations?
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

This chapter tackles the key disagreement in attitudes and models of New Englishes, the thorny distinction between errors or dialect innovations, and whether it is even possible to draw such a distinction. Bringing together analytic approaches from second language acquisition, contact linguistics, and sociolinguistics, the chapter presents a usage cline across speakers that shows that certain nonstandard grammatical variables resemble second-language learning, while others resemble a more stable, incipient nonstandard system shared to some extent by all speakers. Implicational scaling is selected as a particularly appropriate tool for the initial analysis in this chapter. The broad usage profile developed for 24 Indian English speakers in this chapter forms the basis for in-depth analysis in later chapters.
Style Range and Attitudinal Change
Authors: Sharma Devyani
Published: October 2023

This final chapter returns to the social side of the evolution of Englishes, with a particular focus on the dramatic difference in style ranges of Indian English (IndE) and Singapore English (SingE), and the attitudes associated with them. IndE is seen as a conservative, slow-changing dialect, with a tendency to discount nonstandard usage as learner errors; SgE, by contrast, includes the divergent colloquial variety Singlish and much greater nativization, generating a more acute moral panic around language change than in India. This forms a final piece of the puzzle of incipient dialect birth in both regions. The different style ranges found in the two regions are assessed in relation to emergent registers, style shifting, and vernacularization in each speech community. The degree of focusing toward new norms, language attitudes, and language dominance in individuals in each speech community are also discussed.
Multimodality and Cognition
Authors: Borkent Mike
Published: October 2023

This chapter presents the key theoretical concepts about cognition that inform the remainder of this book. It shows how cognition is a result of multisensory interactions between textual cues and cognitive parameters and inputs based on embodied experiences. Engaging with texts activates background knowledge through perceptual and conceptual cues that inform attentional, predictive, inferential, and combinatorial processes that blend into reader comprehension. As texts unfold, these activation processes perpetually update and revise to develop increasingly complex understandings and experiences of the text. There are various levels of abstraction and degrees of cognitive activation that similarly inform comprehension, and these align with aspects of the multimodal form of comics.
Temporalities
Authors: Borkent Mike
Published: October 2023

This chapter analyzes how temporal interpretations of panel contents and sequential arrangements are grounded in embodied cognitive assumptions and processes. It notes how simulating modalities produces different temporal connotations that build asynchronous temporalities, and how mental biases in simulation and blending overcome these asynchronies. This chapter analyzes the mental metaphors that inform temporality and how they apply to comics criticism, and shows how the materiality of the form anchors temporal inferences. It discusses many examples to show how spatialization can produce a range of temporal effects, which are further complicated by the multimodal content of panels. Through this analysis, this chapter shows how temporality is a complex emergent property of multimodality and relates primarily to subjective construals of depicted experiences and background knowledge and how these relate to a more global narrative structure, reaffirming the cognitive bias for human-scale meaning and predictability within subjective experiences.
Spatial Conceptualizations
Authors: Borkent Mike
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines the creative uses of layout as a means of developing character and narrative viewpoints across a long narrative. The chapter focuses on Jeff Lemire’s graphic novel, The Underwater Welder, whose protagonist undergoes a mental breakdown and must come to terms with his past in order to embrace his future. Lemire uses a range of layout strategies to represent the protagonist’s crisis and process of recovery. The analysis elaborates on the concepts of mental metaphors and material anchors in conjunction with the notion of narrative anchors to explore how salience of stylistic choices and layout cues contribute to meaning construction.
Fostering Youth Leadership
Authors: Searcy Yan Dominic , Harden Troy
Published: October 2023

Chapters 7 provides practical ways to foster youth leadership. Believing that the core of youth work is offering young people a chance to be affirmed psychologically and socially, the authors frame leadership as a way to not only affirm youth but also attract and retain them. The chapter applies the discussion of leadership in order to gain and maintain participation in youth programs. The authors assert that leadership-framed programs provide opportunities for youth to demonstrate skill, knowledge, and purpose. Covering formal and informal program leadership opportunities, the authors separate leadership into the categories of contributional leadership (planning and management) and representational leadership (autonomous self-determination).
“Dying of Hunger”
Authors: Rosenberg William G.
Published: October 2023

“Dying of Hunger” confronts the problem of material scarcities that developed as the war progressed, emphasizing the distinction between actual deficits and their various representations. It shows how early voices of “extreme need” echoed from the front, some reflecting the shortages of materiel and medical care, others more rhetorical in nature in anticipation of new deprivations. Central here were actual scarcities as well as the rising cost of living. How, then, did their effects relate to confiscatory practices in Russia’s enormous war zone and the horrific violence against Jews? Some petitioners, frequently women, insisted they were “dying of hunger,” but the chapter suggests that whether or not this was the case, growing fears about the welfare of loved ones at home as well as at the front—“food insecurity” is how these anxieties currently are linguistically diluted—carried increasing weight on their own.
The Buddhist Tantras
Authors: Gray David B.
Published: October 2023

This work provides an introduction to the Buddhist tantras, the scriptures of the tantric or esoteric Buddhist traditions that developed in India in the seventh century and became the scriptural basis for several Buddhist traditions, most notably Tibetan Buddhism and the Japanese Shingon traditions. The volume begins with an introduction to the tantras, focusing on the context in which they arose in India and the traditional accounts for their origin. It then moves on to survey the contents of the tantras, with particular focus on the ritual and meditative practices that they describe. It explores the history of their dissemination in Asia and beyond, and it introduces the ways that the tantras were categorized, canonized, translated, and explained by the traditions that value them, with particular attention paid to the transgressive content of the tantras and the ways that this was rationalized.
Structure and Contents
Authors: Gray David B.
Published: October 2023

The second chapter surveys the contents of the Buddhist tantras. It begins with the opening background verse, which is an element that demonstrates continuity with the genre of Mahāyāna sutras, although it was taken in a new and transgressive direction of many of the tantras. It then explores both the languages in which the tantras were composed and the philosophical positions expressed in many of the tantras. It concludes with a survey of the ritual and contemplative practices described in the tantras, focusing on the production of mandalas and initiation rituals practiced therein, with particular focus on the latter’s connection with Śaiva Hindu practices involving possession and ritual sexual practices. It also briefly describes other ritual, magical practices contained within many Buddhist tantras.
Dissemination and Reception of the Tantras
Authors: Gray David B.
Published: October 2023

The third chapter provides an overview of the transmission of Buddhist tantras and their associated practices beyond India from the seventh century ce up until the present. It focuses on their spread via maritime routes to Southeast Asia and China, and from China to Korea and Japan, as well as the overland spread from India and Nepal to Tibet and then Mongolia and Central Asia. One of the central arguments in this chapter is that tantric Buddhist rituals for the protection of the state was a major appeal that facilitated its dissemination. The chapter concludes with a survey of major historical changes that impacted the regions in Asia where tantra was practiced during the twentieth century, and the resulting global spread over the past sixty years facilitated by the Tibetan diaspora.
Entitlement and Complaint
Authors: Troyansky David G.
Published: October 2023

Entitlement and Complaint explores the early history of the right to retirement and the shaping of the modern life course, applying cutting-edge insights from social, cultural, and political history as well as gerontology to an extraordinarily rich collection of retirement dossiers from the post-revolutionary French Ministry of Justice. While it tracks career patterns, with all their continuities and interruptions, it reveals the original ways that people were coming to understand the course of their personal, professional, and political lives in an era of revolutionary turmoil and how they reconfigured those lives in the half-century that followed. The book argues that a succession of political regimes and a shift from a world of favor and privilege to a world of right formed the context for changes in how people spoke of their own lives, careers, and desires and how they juxtaposed their own life histories with emerging narratives of a more public and national history. It uses the example of the magistracy to get at ideas of public service and entitlement, but it balances the development of state institutions with people’s uses of those institutions, and it shows how people tried to make sense retrospectively of their experiences as they made themselves both heroes and victims on the French historical stage. As they aged and as one cohort replaced another, their narratives of self and career evolved into something increasingly formulaic and recognizably modern.
Pensions as Favor and Pensions as Right
Authors: Troyansky David G.
Published: October 2023

The chapter traces the evolution of pensions, from recompense at all ages to reward at a particular stage of the life course. It describes a shift from favor to right and demonstrates a foreshadowing of modern social questions and the development of ideas of citizenship and entitlement. It begins by working back through the history of pensions in order to situate the problems raised throughout the book; it then moves forward in one particular world, that of the French magistracy. It discusses Old Regime pensions and revolutionary and Napoleonic innovations as well as the role of lawyers and magistrates in the history of public service and state bureaucracy.
Unveiling Racism in the College Settlement Movement
Authors: Hillier Amy , Boddie Stephanie C.
Published: October 2023

This chapter relies on primary sources to compare and contrast the work of White philanthropist Susan Wharton and Black civil rights activist and scholar W. E. B. Du Bois as it intersected in an investigation of Philadelphia’s Seventh Ward sponsored by the College Settlement Association and University of Pennsylvania. They held similar ideas about research and the responsibility of elites like themselves to help with the moral and economic uplift of poor Black Philadelphians, but their very different lived experience of class and race and understanding of racism and structural inequity led to distinct ideas about what needed to change. This story ultimately complicates the narrative about the history of the settlement movement and points to a more nuanced social welfare narrative incorporating the perspectives of people of color to understand the past and authentically forge the next chapter of our history.
Coercion and Institutional Racism in the Evolving Mental Health System
Authors: Murphy Melissa G.
Published: October 2023

Racism in the mental health system has been well documented in historical and contemporary practice models. Social workers provide more mental health services than psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurses. This chapter introduces a fundamental paradox, wherein social workers contribute to the problem of racial harm in mental health care while also mitigating racial oppression in mental health. Consideration of the social work profession alongside historical mental health treatments and the expansion of the psychiatric profession reveals the influence of racism in mental health care over time. Social workers’ evolution from community-based interventions to behavioral health care is examined alongside impactful critiques and evidence of resistance from within the profession. The complex history of social workers’ proximity to racism must be understood within the limitations of recorded information, narratives, and voices telling the story. Implications and future considerations for reconciling social workers’ paradoxical role concerning the enduring problem of racism in mental health care are discussed.
From Denial to Disproportionality
Authors: Selleck Kristen L. , Toland Ashley M. , Blakey Joan M.
Published: October 2023

Can a system rooted in White supremacy that has harmed predominantly Black and Indigenous children and families be reformed, or does it need to be abolished? It is essential to understand the history of racism and White supremacy within the child welfare system, identify the ways that racism and White supremacy continue to be embedded in policy and practice, and critically evaluate efforts made by the child welfare system to address racial disproportionality to answer this question. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the institution of child welfare by highlighting the racist beginnings of child welfare history and critically analyzing “promising practices” within the child welfare system that were intended to eliminate inequities in practice and policy. The chapter also briefly explores current movements to reform and abolish the child welfare system and lay the groundwork for next steps.