bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Mango Kernel Seed (Mangifera indica) Oil as Cutting Fluid in Turning of AISI 1525 Steel Using the Taguchi-Grey Relation Analysis Approach
Authors: Kazeem Rasaq A. , Fadare David A. , Ikumapayi Omolayo M. , Akinlabi Stephen A. , Akinlabi Esther T.
Published: March 2022

The hunt for environmentally friendly cutting fluids is underway as the problems of conventional cutting fluids become more evident. To achieve environmentally conscious machining, the current study examines the use of Mango Kernel Seed Oil (MKSO) as a cutting fluid during the turning of AISI 1525 steel. According to the 24 complete factorial techniques, the vegetable-oil-based cutting was produced by dissolving four different additives in mango kernel seed oil: emulsifying, antimicrobial, anti-corrosive, and antifoam substances. Afterward, the formulated vegetable oil was characterized both physically and chemically to determine its capability. The developed MKSO was mechanically evaluated using a Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Spindle speed, depth of cut, and feed rate served as the input parameters, while surface roughness, cutting temperature, machine sound level, and machine vibration rate were the responses. Taguchi-based Grey Relational Analysis was used to perform multi-objective optimization. It was used to determine the best machining conditions. The best parameters for mango kernel seed oil are a spindle speed of 0.683 rev/min, feed of 0.617 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.620 mm, while the optimum parameter for Mineral-Oil-based Cutting Fluid (MOCF) is 0.7898 rev/min spindle speed, 0.6483 mm/rev feed, and a 0.6373 mm depth of cut. This research revealed that, when compared to the feed rate and the depth of cut, the spindle speed has the highest influence on multi-responses in turning operations with both cutting fluids. Generally, MOCF outperformed mango kernel seed cutting fluid in most machining conditions.
Long-Chain Hydrosilanes Mediated Phase Transfer of Aqueous Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Cook Elijah , Johnson Qiaxian , Longia Gurjeet , Longia Gurpreet , Chauhan Bhanu P. S.
Published: March 2022

This research presents a new approach to the dispersion and stabilization of gold nanoparticles from aqueous to organic solution through the use of alkylsilanes. The unique phase activity of poly(hydro)silanes inspired the investigation of monomeric hydrosilanes as transfer agents. This method utilizes n-butylsilane, hexylsilane, octylsilane, and octadecylsilane as transfer agents to complete a ligand exchange, allowing the nanoparticles to flow into organic solution. These reactions were monitored and characterized through UV-Vis Spectrometry (UV-Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The gold and silver nanoparticles transferred using this protocol maintained their size and shape throughout the reaction. This phase-transfer reaction successfully transferred 2-AST stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles to a variety of organic solvents which remained stable for prolonged periods.
Preparation and Characterization of a Thin-Film Composite Membrane Modified by MXene Nano-Sheets
Authors: Wang Yi , Nie Yuqi , Chen Chunhong , Zhao Hongjie , Zhao Ye , Jia Yujin , Li Jun , Li Zhanguo
Published: March 2022

MXene nano-sheets were introduced into a thin-film composite membrane (TFC) to reduce the mass transfer resistance (concentration polarization) and improve the membrane performance. The process entailed dissolving the MXene nano-sheets in a membrane casting solution using the blending method and introducing them into the porous support layer to prepare a modified thin-film composite forward osmosis (TFC-FO) membrane. The results showed that the water contact angle decreased by about 16%, indicating that the hydrophilicity was strengthened, and the O/N ratio of the active selective layer decreased by 13%, indicating an increased degree of crosslinking, thereby demonstrating that the introduction of MXene nano-sheets changed the properties of the membrane and played a positive role in its physicochemical properties. In contrast to the unmodified TFC-FO membrane, the modified membrane had a slightly higher reverse solute flux, while its water flux increased by about 80%. Its specific reverse osmosis flux was also significantly optimized (only 0.63 g/L). In conclusion, adding MXene nanosheets to TFC-FO membranes led to the modified membranes with better mass transfer, lessened internal concentration polarization (ICP), and better osmotic separation.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of CO2 Absorption in Double-Unit Flat-Plate Membrane Contactors
Authors: Ho Chii-Dong , Chang Hsuan , Tu Jr-Wei , Lim Jun-Wei , Chiou Chung-Pao , Chen Yu-Jie
Published: March 2022

Theoretical predictions of carbon dioxide absorption flux were analyzed by developing one-dimensional mathematical modeling using the chemical absorption theory based on mass-transfer resistances in series. The CO2 absorption into monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions was treated as chemical absorption, accompanied by a large equilibrium constant. The experimental work of the CO2 absorption flux using MEA solution was conducted in double-unit flat-plate membrane contactors with embedded 3D turbulence promoters under various absorbent flow rates, CO2 feed flow rates, and inlet CO2 concentrations in the gas feed stream for both concurrent and countercurrent flow operations. A more compact double-unit module with embedded 3D turbulence promoters could increase the membrane stability to prevent flow-induced vibration and enhance the CO2 absorption rate by overwhelming the concentration polarization on the membrane surfaces. The measured absorption fluxes with a near pseudo-first-order reaction were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions for the CO2 absorption efficiency in aqueous MEA solutions, which was shown to be substantially larger than the physical absorption in water. By embedding 3D turbulence promoters in the MEA feed channel, the new design accomplishes a considerable CO2 absorption flux compared with an empty channel as well as the single unit module. This demonstrates the value and originality of the present study regarding the technical feasibility. The absorption flux enhancement for the double-unit module with embedded 3D turbulence promoters could provide a maximum relative increase of up to 40% due to the diminution in the concentration polarization effect. The correlated equation of the average Sherwood number was obtained numerically using the fourth Runge–Kutta method in a generalized and simplified expression to calculate the mass transfer coefficient of the CO2 absorption in the double-unit flat-plate membrane contactor with turbulence promoter channels.
Lattice Boltzmann Method Modeling of the Evolution of Coherent Vortices and Periodic Flow in a Continuous Casting Mold
Authors: Zhao Peng , Piao Rongxun
Published: March 2022

Transient phenomena and vortex structures throughout the mold are simulated using a lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) coupled with large eddy simulation (LES) using a free surface model under steady operating conditions. The accuracy of the LBM-LES model has been verified by comparing the simulated velocities with published experimental values. The current work focuses on the evolution of the vortex structure in internal flow inside the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) jet flow and the turbulent flow near the wall of the mold. The results show various types of vortex structures with different directions are presented during the jet impingement, including the “ring, rib, and horseshoe”-like shaped vortices in the simulation, resulting in complex turbulent flow near the wall of the mold. Vortices structures are then identified and compared by different vorticial criteria, including vortex methods (ω), Q method, λ2 method (Lambda-2), Δ method (Delta), and Ω method (Omega). The formation, development, and dissipation of the vortex structures and their effects on turbulence are investigated. The results indicate that the turbulent flow (viscosity) can reflect changes in asymmetric vortices structures and flow patterns (via crossflow), which can reflect the periodical flow in the mold. Flow oscillation frequencies are mainly concentrated in the range of 0.3 Hz in this simulation. The oscillations are not a simple combination of frequency modes of crossflow in the mold. These new studies can elucidate the mechanism of vortex structure distributions in representative flow regions of the continuous casting mold.
Spark Plasma Sintering of Copper-Niobium-Graphite Composites, and the Investigations of Their Microstructure and Properties
Authors: Eze Azunna Agwo , Sadiku Emmanuel Rotimi , Kupolati Williams Kehinde , Ndambuki Julius Musyoka , Snyman Jacques , Ibrahim Idowu David
Published: March 2022

The microstructures and properties of ternary copper-niobium-graphite (Cu-Nb(nano)10-C4, and Cu-Nb(micron)10-C4) composites produced via spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique have been investigated for their potential use as electrical connection materials at high-temperature application. Nowadays, there is much activity in the development of such material all over the world. This study was aimed to compare the effect of adding the nano and micron particles sizes of Nb powders in the microstructures and properties of Cu-Nb-C composites sintered at 700 and 650 °C temperatures. The investigated materials have been produced via the SPS method. The microstructures were observed by electron microscopy technique, the wear test was observed by Anton-Paar TRB3 tribometer, thermal diffusivity was observed by LFA427 NETzschlaser flash device within the temperature of 100–900 °C, and the corrosion test was performed by potentiodynamic polarization. The discoveries have been presented in the manuscript and were discussed with reference to the microstructure development, the composite with nanoparticles sintered at 650 °C displayed closed thermal stabilities as temperature increased, and it recorded a low coefficient of friction and suitable corrosion resistance, which correspond to requirements for electrical contacting materials. The SPS method of production of the composites caused initial microstructure refinement and improved the properties of the composites.
Fatigue Performance of Laser Welds in Heavy-Gage Press Hardening Steels
Authors: de Almeida Diego Tolotti , Bianchi Kleber Eduardo , Corrêa de Souza João Henrique , de Lima Milton Sergio Fernandes , Clarke Thomas Gabriel Rosauro , da Silva Fabio Pinto , Mohrbacher Hardy
Published: March 2022

This work investigates and compares the fatigue performance of laser-welded joints of two press hardening steels: a standard 22MnB5 and a variant modified by a combination of niobium and molybdenum (NbMo) alloying. The results indicate that joint geometry aspects, superposed to an intrusion-generated damage mechanism, were prevalent in causing a poor fatigue life in the case of peak stress values greater than 11% of the base metal's ultimate strength being around 1450 MPa. As identical process procedures were employed, the tests allowed investigating the influence of the alloy design on fatigue performance. The results of geometrical analysis and fatigue tests indicated that the NbMo modified alloy performed better than the standard 22MnB5 steel. The results also suggest that, if extremely tight quality limits are used in the manufacturing procedures, laser-welded joints of press hardened steels could offer a very favorable fatigue performance being considerably better than that of conventional and high strength structural steels.
Multi-Physics Analysis of Machining Ti-6Al-4V Alloy: Experimental Characterization and a New Material Behavior Modeling
Authors: Haddag Badis , Yameogo Dominique , Nouari Mohammed , Makich Hamid
Published: March 2022

Titanium alloys are considered difficult-to-cut materials due to their low machinability. Understanding the physical mechanisms occurring during cutting titanium alloys is of particular interest to improve their machinability. Experimental and numerical investigations on Ti-6Al-4V alloy machining are proposed in this paper. Orthogonal cutting tests are performed. The chip microstructure is characterized using SEM observations coupled with the EBSD technique to reveal the deformation mechanisms occurring inside the microstructure. Based on these microscale observations, a new hybrid flow stress model considering the link between the microstructure and damage evolutions is proposed. The model was implemented FE code to simulate the cutting process. The morphology of generated chips and microstructural parameters were deeply analyzed and compared with experimental data. The effect of the dynamic recrystallization phenomenon and its interaction with damage on the cutting process was discussed. The model can be applied for machining simulations of Ti-6Al-4V and other titanium alloys to better choose adequate cutting conditions.
Extracellular Matrix in Heart Disease: Focus on Circulating Collagen Type I and III Derived Peptides as Biomarkers of Myocardial Fibrosis and Their Potential in the Prognosis of Heart Failure: A Concise Review
Authors: Nikolov Asparuh , Popovski Nikola
Published: March 2022

Accumulating evidence indicates that two major proteins are responsible for the structural coherence of bounding cardiomyocytes. These biomolecules are known as myocardial fibrillar collagen type I (COL1) and type III (COL3). In addition, fibronectin, laminin, fibrillin, elastin, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans take part in the formation of cardiac extracellular matrix (ECM). In physiological conditions, collagen synthesis and degradation in human cardiac ECM are well-regulated processes, but they can be impaired in certain cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure (HF). Myocardial remodeling is part of the central mechanism of HF and involves cardiomyocyte injury and cardiac fibrosis due to increased fibrillar collagen accumulation. COL1 and COL3 are predominantly involved in this process. Specific products identified as collagen-derived peptides are released in the circulation as a result of abnormal COL1 and COL3 turnover and myocardial remodeling in HF and can be detected in patients’ sera. The role of these products in the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis and the possible clinical implications are the focus of numerous investigations. This paper reviews recent studies on COL1- and COL3-derived peptides in patients with HF. Their potential application as indicators of myocardial fibrosis and prognostic markers of HF is also highlighted.
Interplay between Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4, Fetuin-A, Retinol Binding Protein 4 and Thyroid Function in Metabolic Dysregulation
Authors: Dadej Daniela , Szczepanek-Parulska Ewelina , Ruchała Marek
Published: March 2022

Signalling between the tissues integrating synthesis, transformation and utilization of energy substrates and their regulatory hormonal axes play a substantial role in the development of metabolic disorders. Interactions between cytokines, particularly liver derived hepatokines and adipokines, secreted from adipose tissue, constitute one of major areas of current research devoted to metabolic dysregulation. The thyroid exerts crucial influence on the maintenance of basal metabolic rate, thermogenesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, while its dysfunction promotes the development of metabolic disorders. In this review, we discuss the interplay between three adipokines: fatty acid binding protein type 4, fetuin-A, retinol binding protein type 4 and thyroid hormones, that shed a new light onto mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis, cardiovascular complications, obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes accompanying thyroid dysfunction. Furthermore, we summarize clinical findings on those cytokines in the course of thyroid disorders.
The Impact of Thermal Radiation on Maxwell Hybrid Nanofluids in the Stagnation Region
Authors: Zainal Nurul Amira , Nazar Roslinda , Naganthran Kohilavani , Pop Ioan
Published: March 2022

Previous research has recognised the study of stagnation point flow by focusing Maxwell nanofluid on a stretching sheet surface. Motivated by this research idea, our main objective is to formulate and analyse a new mathematical model of stagnation point flow in Maxwell fluid that highlights the dual types of fluid known as hybrid nanofluids. The effects of thermal radiation and heat transfer are also considered. The partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via similarity variables that generate similarity solutions. Following that, the bvp4c approach is employed to discover the approximate solutions of the reduced ODEs. The significance of various parameters is graphically presented and considers the physical quantities of interest. A remarkable observation found in this study is the enhancement of the heat transfer rate in Maxwell hybrid nanofluids, which is steadily amplified in contrast to traditional fluids. Indeed, the Maxwell parameter in hybrid nanofluids embarks on a substantial increment of the heat transfer rate. The current study succeeds in establishing more than one solution along the stretching/shrinking sheet. Thus, the stability analysis is conducted to confirm the sustainability of the solutions.
Vanadium and Manganese Carbonyls as Precursors in Electron-Induced and Thermal Deposition Processes
Authors: Jungwirth Felix , Knez Daniel , Porrati Fabrizio , Schuck Alfons G. , Huth Michael , Plank Harald , Barth Sven
Published: March 2022

The material composition and electrical properties of nanostructures obtained from focused electron beam-induced deposition (FEBID) using manganese and vanadium carbonyl precursors have been investigated. The composition of the FEBID deposits has been compared with thin films derived by the thermal decomposition of the same precursors in chemical vapor deposition (CVD). FEBID of V(CO)6 gives access to a material with a V/C ratio of 0.63–0.86, while in CVD a lower carbon content with V/C ratios of 1.1–1.3 is obtained. Microstructural characterization reveals for V-based materials derived from both deposition techniques crystallites of a cubic phase that can be associated with VC1−xOx. In addition, the electrical transport measurements of direct-write VC1−xOx show moderate resistivity values of 0.8–1.2 × 103 µΩ·cm, a negligible influence of contact resistances and signatures of a granular metal in the temperature-dependent conductivity. Mn-based deposits obtained from Mn2(CO)10 contain ~40 at% Mn for FEBID and a slightly higher metal percentage for CVD. Exclusively insulating material has been observed in FEBID deposits as deduced from electrical conductivity measurements. In addition, strong tendencies for postgrowth oxidation have to be considered.
Nanopesticide Formulation from Pyraclostrobin and Graphene Oxide as a Nanocarrier and Application in Controlling Plant Fungal Pathogens
Authors: Peng Fei , Wang Xiuping , Zhang Wenjing , Shi Xuejuan , Cheng Caihong , Hou Wenlong , Lin Xiaohu , Xiao Xiaolu , Li Jun
Published: March 2022

Efficient and environment-friendly nanopesticide delivery systems are critical for the sustainable development of agriculture. In this study, a graphene oxide nanocomposite was developed for pesticide delivery and plant protection with pyraclostrobin as the model pesticide. First, graphene oxide–pyraclostrobin nanocomposite was prepared through fast adsorption of pyraclostrobin onto graphene oxide with a maximum loading of 87.04%. The as-prepared graphene oxide–pyraclostrobin nanocomposite exhibited high stability during two years of storage, suggesting its high potential in practical application. The graphene oxide–pyraclostrobin nanocomposite could achieve temperature (25 °C, 30 °C and 35 °C) and pH (5, 7 and 9) slow-release behavior, which overcomes the burst release of conventional pyraclostrobin formulation. Furthermore, graphene oxide–pyraclostrobin nanocomposite exhibited considerable antifungal activities against Fusarium graminearum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum both in vitro and in vivo. The cotoxicity factor assay revealed that there was a synergistic interaction when graphene oxide and pyraclostrobin were combined at the ratio of 1:1 against the mycelial growth of Fusarium graminearum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with co-toxicity coefficient values exceeding 100 in vitro. The control efficacy of graphene oxide–pyraclostrobin nanocomposite was 71.35% and 62.32% against Fusarium graminearum and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in greenhouse, respectively, which was higher than that of single graphene oxide and pyraclostrobin. In general, the present study provides a candidate nanoformulation for pathogenic fungal control in plants, and may also expand the application of graphene oxide materials in controlling plant fungal pathogens and sustainable agriculture.
Theoretical Analysis of Terahertz Frequency Multiplier Based on Semiconductor Superlattices
Authors: Feng Wei , Wei Shuting , Zheng Yonghui , Wang Chang , Cao Juncheng
Published: March 2022

We propose a terahertz frequency multiplier based on high order harmonic generation in a GaAs-based miniband superlattice driven by an electric field. The performance of the frequency multiplier is analyzed using the balance equation approach, which incorporates momentum and energy relaxation processes at different lattice temperatures. It is found that the generated high-order harmonic power is sensitive to temperature changes. The peak power appears around resonance between driving terahertz frequency and intrinsic Bloch frequency. In the presence of the magnetic field, the peak power shifts towards a stronger static electric field region. The simulated results about the dependence of the second and third harmonic powers on a DC electric field are in qualitative consistence with the experiments. The proposed terahertz frequency multiplier based on semiconductor superlattice, being compact and efficient, is provided as a good candidate for terahertz wave generation.
Direct Laser Writing of Copper Micropatterns from Deep Eutectic Solvents Using Pulsed near-IR Radiation
Authors: Avilova Ekaterina A. , Khairullina Evgeniia M. , Shishov Andrey Yu. , Eltysheva Elizaveta A. , Mikhailovskii Vladimir , Sinev Dmitry A. , Tumkin Ilya I.
Published: March 2022

In this study, we developed a method for the fabrication of electrically conductive copper patterns of arbitrary topology and films on dielectric substrates, by improved laser-induced synthesis from deep eutectic solvents. A significant increase in the processing efficiency was achieved by acceptor substrate pretreatment, with the laser-induced microplasma technique, using auxiliary glass substrates and optional laser post-processing of the recorded structures; thus, the proposed approach offers a complete manufacturing cycle, utilizing a single, commercially available, pulsed Yb fiber laser system. The potential implications of the presented research are amplified by the observation of laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSSs) that may be useful for the further tuning of tracks’ functional properties.
Transport Properties of Methyl-Terminated Germanane Microcrystallites
Authors: Sciacca Davide , Berthe Maxime , Ryan Bradley J. , Peric Nemanja , Deresmes Dominique , Biadala Louis , Boyaval Christophe , Addad Ahmed , Lancry Ophélie , Makarem Raghda , Legendre Sébastien , Hocrelle Didier , Panthani Matthew G. , Prévot Geoffroy , Lhuillier Emmanuel , Diener Pascale , Grandidier Bruno
Published: March 2022

Germanane is a two-dimensional material consisting of stacks of atomically thin germanium sheets. It’s easy and low-cost synthesis holds promise for the development of atomic-scale devices. However, to become an electronic-grade material, high-quality layered crystals with good chemical purity and stability are needed. To this end, we studied the electrical transport of annealed methyl-terminated germanane microcrystallites in both high vacuum and ultrahigh vacuum. Scanning electron microscopy of crystallites revealed two types of behavior which arise from the difference in the crystallite chemistry. While some crystallites are hydrated and oxidized, preventing the formation of good electrical contact, the four-point resistance of oxygen-free crystallites was measured with multiple tips scanning tunneling microscopy, yielding a bulk transport with resistivity smaller than 1 Ω·cm. When normalized by the crystallite thickness, the resistance compares well with the resistance of hydrogen-passivated germanane flakes found in the literature. Along with the high purity of the crystallites, a thermal stability of the resistance at 280 °C makes methyl-terminated germanane suitable for complementary metal oxide semiconductor back-end-of-line processes.
Recent Trends and Advances of Co3O4 Nanoparticles in Environmental Remediation of Bacteria in Wastewater
Authors: Anele Anuoluwapo , Obare Sherine , Wei Jianjun
Published: March 2022

Antibiotic resistance is a formidable global threat. Wastewater is a contributing factor to the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and genes in the environment. There is increased interest evident from research trends in exploring nanoparticles for the remediation of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles have various technological, biomedical, and environmental applications. Beyond the environmental remediation applications of degradation or adsorption of dyes and organic pollutants, there is emerging research interest in the environmental remediation potential of Co3O4 nanoparticles and its nanocomposites on antibiotic-resistant and/or pathogenic bacteria. This review focuses on the recent trends and advances in remediation using Co3O4 nanoparticles and its nanocomposites on antibiotic-resistant or pathogenic bacteria from wastewater. Additionally, challenges and future directions that need to be addressed are discussed.
Inverse ISAsomes in Bio-Compatible Oils—Exploring Formulations in Squalane, Triolein and Olive Oil
Authors: Trummer Florian , Glatter Otto , Chemelli Angela
Published: March 2022

In contrast to their more common counterparts in aqueous solutions, inverse ISAsomes (internally self-assembled somes/particles) are formulated as kinetically stabilised dispersions of hydrophilic, lyotropic liquid-crystalline (LC) phases in non-polar oils. This contribution reports on their formation in bio-compatible oils. We found that it is possible to create inverse hexosomes, inverse micellar cubosomes (Fd3m) and an inverse emulsified microemulsion (EME) in excess squalane with a polyethylene glycol alkyl ether as the primary surfactant forming the LC phase and to stabilise them with hydrophobised silica nanoparticles. Furthermore, an emulsified L1-phase and inverse hexosomes were formed in excess triolein with the triblock-copolymer Pluronic® P94 as the primary surfactant. Stabilisation was achieved with a molecular stabiliser of type polyethylene glycol (PEG)-dipolyhydroxystearate. For the inverse hexosomes in triolein, the possibility of a formulation without any additional stabiliser was explored. It was found that a sufficiently strong stabilisation effect was created by the primary surfactant alone. Finally, triolein was replaced with olive oil which also led to the successful formation of inverse hexosomes. As far as we know, there exists no previous contribution about inverse ISAsomes in complex oils such as triolein or plant oils, and the existence of stabiliser-free (i.e., self-stabilising) inverse hexosomes has also not been reported until now.
Nitrites Detection with Sensors Processed via Matrix-Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation
Authors: Craciun Cristina , Andrei Florin , Bonciu Anca , Brajnicov Simona , Tozar Tatiana , Filipescu Mihaela , Palla-Papavlu Alexandra , Dinescu Maria
Published: March 2022

This work is focused on the application of a laser-based technique, i.e., matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) for the development of electrochemical sensors aimed at the detection of nitrites in water. Commercial carbon-based screen-printed electrodes were modified by MAPLE via the application of a newly developed composite coating with different concentrations of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), chitosan, and iron (II) phthalocyanine (C32H16FeN8). The performance of the newly fabricated composite coatings was evaluated both by investigating the morphology and surface chemistry of the coating, and by determining the electro-catalytic oxidation properties of nitrite with bare and modified commercial carbon-based screen-printed electrode. It was found that the combined effect of CNTs with chitosan and C32H16FeN8 significantly improves the electrochemical response towards the oxidation of nitrite. In addition, the MAPLE modified screen-printed electrodes have a limit of detection of 0.12 µM, which make them extremely useful for the detection of nitrite traces.
Metal-organic Framework ZIF-67 Functionalized MXene for Enhancing the Fire Safety of Thermoplastic Polyurethanes
Authors: Wan Mei , Shi Congling , Qian Xiaodong , Qin Yueping , Jing Jingyun , Che Honglei
Published: March 2022

In this work, a novel functionalization strategy for ZIF-67-modified layered MXene was proposed, aiming at improving the fire safety of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU). The ZIF-67@MXene was verified by microscopic morphology, elemental composition, functional group species and crystal structure, and then the successfully prepared ZIF-67@MXene was introduced into the TPU material. When ZIF-67@MXene content was only 0.5 wt%, the peak heat release rate, total heat release rate, peak smoke release rate, total smoke release rate, and CO yield of the TPU/ZIF-67@MXene composites were reduced by 26%, 9%, 50%, and 22%, respectively, compared with the pure TPU. The thermogravimetric tests showed that the residual char of TPU/ZIF-67@MXene composites was the most in all samples. In short, the high-quality carbon layer of TPU/ZIF-67@MXene composites acts as a physical barrier to the transfer of heat and toxic gases, greatly improving the flame retardant properties of the TPU polymer.
Synthesis and Characterization of Biopolyol-Based Waterborne Polyurethane Modified through Complexation with Chitosan
Authors: Choi Soon-Mo , Lee Sunhee , Shin Eun-Joo
Published: March 2022

In this study, a series of castor oil-based anionic waterborne polyurethane (CWPU) systems, which it has been suggested may be suitable for use as green elastomers with diverse applications in films and coatings, was prepared by modified with O-carboxymethyl chitosan (CS) as not only a reinforcing filler, but a chain-extender of polyurethane prepolymer to enhance the properties of polyurethanes. Moreover, not only was the system obtained with castor oil-based polyol in the absence of a catalyst, but it was maintained with low viscosity by using acetone instead of toxic methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) during the synthesis process. The sizes, zeta potential, chemical formation, and morphology of the CWPU-CS composites had been investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the results show that the modification allows to enhance storage/loss modulus, tensile properties, thermal stability at high temperature, and biocompatibility of CWPU and CWPU/CS nanocomposites according to various contents of CS.
A Comparison of Methods for Identifying Enterobacterales Isolates from Fish and Prawns
Authors: Zakrzewski Arkadiusz Józef , Zarzecka Urszula , Chajęcka-Wierzchowska Wioleta , Zadernowska Anna
Published: March 2022

Enterobacterales is a prevalent order, which inhabits a variety of environments including food. Due to the high similarities between pathogenic and non-pathogenic species, their identification might be difficult and laborious, and therefore there is a need for rapid and precise identification. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the available methods of identifying order Enterobacterales strains isolated from fresh fish and shrimps (n = 62). The following methods were used in this study: biochemical, sequencing and identification using the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). For this purpose, biochemical identification was performed with the use of the EnteroTest 24N set, while the identification using the MALDI-TOF MS technology was operated on VITEK® MS. Results were compared with identification made by 16S rRNA sequencing. The results of the study showed that conventional identification methods might provide a false result. Identification by VITEK® MS to the species level was correct at 70.97%, and the accuracy of EnteroTest 24N identification did not exceed 50.0%. The genus identification reached 90.32% for the MALDI-TOF technique, while for EnteroTest 24N it was nearly 70.0%. Due to errors in identification, especially of pathogenic organisms, the use of each of these methods should be confirmed by another method, preferably sequencing.
Anti-TBE Intrathecal Synthesis as a Prediction Marker in TBE Patients
Authors: Siemieniako-Werszko Agnieszka , Czupryna Piotr , Moniuszko-Malinowska Anna , Dunaj-Małyszko Justyna , Pancewicz Sławomir , Grygorczuk Sambor , Zajkowska Joanna
Published: March 2022

Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an emerging vector-borne disease in Europe caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), which belongs to Flaviviridae. Although most of the patients quickly recover from TBE, some require further neurological and psychiatric treatment due to persistent symptoms. The aim of the study was to evaluate the usefulness of an antibodies index for predicting the course of the disease and potential persistent sequalae. Sixty-six patients (49 males and 17 females, mean age 45.97 ± 13.69 years) with TBE hospitalized in the Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland, in years 2016–2019 were included to the study. TBE antibodies titer in serum and CSF samples were measured with an Anti-TBEV ELISA (IgM, IgG) EUROIMMUN test. Patients who developed persistent sequelae after TBE had significantly lower IgG intrathecal index at admission. Additionally, IgG2/IgG1was significantly higher in patients who developed sequelae. IgG intrathecal index might be a useful tool for the prediction of TBE sequelae development.
Characteristics of NH4+ and NO3− Fluxes in Taxodium Roots under Different Nitrogen Treatments
Authors: Wu Shuting , Hua Jianfeng , Lu Yan , Zhang Rui , Yin Yunlong
Published: March 2022

To understand the characteristics of net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes and their relation with net H+ fluxes in Taxodium, net fluxes of NH4+, NO3− and H+ were detected by a scanning ion-selective electrode technique under different forms of fixed nitrogen (N) and experimental conditions. The results showed that higher net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes occurred at 2.1–3.0 mm from the root apex in T. ascendens and T. distichum. Compared to NH4+ or NO3− alone, more stable net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes were found under NH4NO3 supply conditions, of which net NH4+ flux was promoted at least 1.71 times by NO3−, whereas net NO3− flux was reduced more than 81.66% by NH4+ in all plants, which indicated that NH4+ is preferred by Taxodium plants. T. ascendens and T. mucronatum had the largest net NH4+ and total N influxes when NH4+:NO3− was 3:1. 15N Atom% and activities of N assimilation enzymes were improved by single N fertilization in the roots of T. distichum. In most cases, net H+ fluxes were tightly correlated with net NH4+ and NO3− fluxes. Thus, both N forms and proportions could affect N uptake of Taxodium. These findings could provide useful guidance for N management for better productivity of Taxodium plants.
Seed Morphology in Species from the Silene mollissima Aggregate (Caryophyllaceae) by Comparison with Geometric Models
Authors: Martín-Gómez José Javier , Porceddu Marco , Bacchetta Gianluigi , Cervantes Emilio
Published: March 2022

The description of seed shape by comparison with geometric models allows shape quantification, providing the means for an accurate comparison between different species or populations. Geometric models described for the lateral and dorsal views of the seeds of Silene species are applied to the quantification of the shape in the seeds belonging to twenty populations of the eleven taxa of S. mollissima aggregate. Cardioid models LM1, LM5 and LM6 adjust differentially to the lateral views of the seeds, while models DM1, DM5 and DM6 are applied to the dorsal views of the seeds. Quantification of the lateral view of seeds with LM5 results in two groups of species of different geographic origin. The seeds more resembling DM5 include S. andryalifolia, S. badaroi, S. gazulensis, S. hifacensis and S. tomentosa, i.e., the taxa with a continental distribution from southern Spain to northern Italy; in contrast, the group of seeds with lower similarity to DM5 includes those from species in northern Africa and the Mediterranean Tyrrhenian islands: S. auricolifolia, S. hicesiae, S. ichnusae, S. mollissima, S. oenotriae and S. velutina. The description of the seed shape based on geometric models contributes to investigating the relationships between related species and constitutes a promising technique for taxonomy.
Unexpected Responses of Bean Leaf Size to Elevated CO2
Authors: Bunce James
Published: March 2022

CO2 is currently a growth-limiting resource for plants with C3 metabolism, and elevated CO2 also often reduces stomatal conductance, reducing plant water stress. Increased photosynthesis and improved water status might be expected to result in increased leaf size. It is therefore unexpected that leaf size is in some cases reduced in plants grown at elevated CO2, and also unexpected that elevated CO2 applied only during darkness can increase leaf size. These experiments compared leaf size responses to day and/or night elevated CO2 in six cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris grown with either constant or varying temperature in controlled environment chambers. Diverse responses of leaf size to elevated CO2 were found among the cultivars, including increased leaf size with elevated CO2 applied only during darkness in some cultivars and temperature regimes. However, leaf size responses to elevated CO2 and cultivar differences in response were unrelated to differences in leaf water potential or turgor pressure.
Molecular Characterization, Evolutionary Analysis, and Expression Profiling of BOR Genes in Important Cereals
Authors: Sharma Himanshu , Sharma Alok , Rajput Ruchika , Sidhu Sukhjeet , Dhillon Harpal , Verma Praveen Chandra , Pandey Ashutosh , Upadhyay Santosh Kumar
Published: March 2022

Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient of plants. Plants grapple with a narrow range of B between its toxicity and deficiency. B homeostasis mechanism is required to rescue plants from such a quagmire. B transporters are specialized proteins involved in the homeostasis of B. In the present study, a total of 29 BOR genes were identified in five major cereals, including three BORs in each Brachypodium distachyon and Sorghum bicolor, four in Oryza sativa, six in Zea mays, and 13 in Triticum aestivum. Multiple sequence alignments, domain structure analyses, and phylogenetic analysis indicated the conserved nature of the BOR protein family. Duplication events and Ka/Ks analysis of TaBORs showed the role of segmental duplication events and purifying selection in the expansion of the BOR family in T. aestivum. Furthermore, in silico expression and co-expression analyses under biotic and abiotic stress conditions depicted their involvement in combating such conditions. Moreover, qRT-PCR of TaBORs in B treatment suggested the roles of BOR genes in B stress management. The present study hints at the conserved nature of BOR proteins and their different aspects. The study will lay down a way for several crop improvement programs.
Genome-Wide Identification and Characterisation of Cytokinin-O-Glucosyltransferase (CGT) Genes of Rice Specific to Potential Pathogens
Authors: Dauda Wadzani Palnam , Shanmugam Veerubommu , Tyagi Aditya , Solanke Amolkumar U. , Kumar Vishesh , Krishnan Subbaiyan Gopala , Bashyal Bishnu Maya , Aggarwal Rashmi
Published: March 2022

Cytokinin glucosyltransferases (CGTs) are key enzymes of plants for regulating the level and function of cytokinins. In a genomic identification of rice CGTs, 41 genes with the plant secondary product glycosyltransferases (PSPG) motif of 44-amino-acid consensus sequence characteristic of plant uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) were identified. In-silico physicochemical characterisation revealed that, though the CGTs belong to the same subfamily, they display varying molecular weights, ranging from 19.6 kDa to 59.7 kDa. The proteins were primarily acidic (87.8%) and hydrophilic (58.6%) and were observed to be distributed in the plastids (16), plasma membrane (13), mitochondria (5), and cytosol (4). Phylogenetic analysis of the CGTs revealed that their evolutionary relatedness ranged from 70–100%, and they aligned themselves into two major clusters. In a comprehensive analysis of the available transcriptomics data of rice samples representing different growth stages only the CGT, Os04g25440.1 was significantly expressed at the vegetative stage, whereas 16 other genes were highly expressed only at the reproductive growth stage. On the contrary, six genes, LOC_Os07g30610.1, LOC_Os04g25440.1, LOC_Os07g30620.1, LOC_Os04g25490.1, LOC_Os04g37820.1, and LOC_Os04g25800.1, were significantly upregulated in rice plants inoculated with Rhizoctonia solani (RS), Xoo (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) and Mor (Magnaporthe oryzae). In a qRT-PCR analysis of rice sheath tissue susceptible to Rhizoctonia solani, Mor, and Xoo pathogens, compared to the sterile distilled water control, at 24 h post-infection only two genes displayed significant upregulation in response to all the three pathogens: LOC_Os07g30620.1 and LOC_Os04g25820.1. On the other hand, the expression of genes LOC_Os07g30610.1, LOC_Os04g25440, LOC_Os04g25490, and LOC_Os04g25800 were observed to be pathogen-specific. These genes were identified as the candidate-responsive CGT genes and could serve as potential susceptibility genes for facilitating pathogen infection.
Negative Effects of Rhizobacteria Association on Plant Recruitment of Generalist Predators
Authors: Löser Tobias B. , Lucas-Barbosa Dani , Maurhofer Monika , Mescher Mark C. , De Moraes Consuelo M.
Published: March 2022

Plant-associated microbes can influence above- and belowground interactions between plants and other organisms and thus have significant potential for use in the management of agricultural ecosystems. However, fully realizing this potential will require improved understanding of the specific ways in which microbes influence plant ecology, which are both more complex and less well studied than the direct effects of microbes on host-plant physiology. Microbial effects on mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between plants and insects are of particular interest in this regard. This study examines the effects of two strains of Pseudomonas rhizobacteria on the direct and indirect (predator-mediated) resistance of tomato plants to a generalist herbivore (Spodoptera littoralis) and associated changes in levels of defense compounds. We observed no significant effects of rhizobacteria inoculation on caterpillar weight, suggesting that rhizobacteria did not influence direct resistance. However, the generalist predator Podisus maculiventris avoided plants inoculated with one of our rhizobacteria strains, Pseudomonas simiae. Consistent with these results, we found that inoculation with P. simiae influenced plant volatile emissions, but not levels of defense-related compounds. These findings show that rhizobacteria can negatively affect the attraction of generalist predators, while highlighting the complexity and context dependence of microbial effects on plant–insect interactions.
Comparison of the Accuracy between Denture Bases Produced by Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing Methods: A Pilot Study
Authors: Grande Francesco , Tesini Fabio , Pozzan Mario Cesare , Zamperoli Edoardo Mochi , Carossa Massimo , Catapano Santo
Published: March 2022

Today, two different types of CAD-CAM fabrication methods for complete denture bases are available besides the conventional protocols: a subtractive milling process from a prepolymerized block of polymethylmethacrylate and an additive manufacturing process that built the denture base using a light-cured liquid in a VAT-polymerization process. The aim of this study was to evaluate and to compare the accuracy and precision of denture prosthetic bases made with subtractive and additive manufacturing technologies and to compare them with a denture base with the conventional method in muffle. From the results obtained, 3D printing dentures show a statistically significant higher accuracy than milled prosthetic bases. Milled prosthetic bases have similar accuracy than conventional fabricated dentures.
Differential Diagnosis of MCI, Dementia and Depression—A Comparison of Different Cognitive Profiles
Authors: Wunner Christina , Schubert Anne , Gosch Markus , Stemmler Mark
Published: March 2022

Three-hundred-and-thirty-four cognitive profiles from neuropsychological examinations assessed during a 5-year period (2015 to 2020) from geriatric patients of a day clinic in the south of Germany were analyzed. For this purpose, the profiles were divided into the following subgroups: (1) Mild Cognitive Impairment, no depression (2) Onset or mild dementia, no depression (3) No cognitive deficit, depression (4) cognitively impaired (MCI, dementia) and depression. Subgroups were be compared using analysis of variance (independent variable IV: diagnostic groups, dependent variable DV: cognitive functions) to reveal specific differences that will allow a differential diagnosis. Post-hoc comparisons and a graphical representation of the cognitive profiles were also investigated. All cognitive profiles with a Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) score of 25 or more points were selected for analysis if they had complete data from the following testing procedures: MMSE, clock drawing test, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Syndrom-Kurztest (SKT), Nuremberg Aging Inventory (NAI) maze test, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) similarities, Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test (RBMT) story immediate and delayed. The results will help to improve the differential diagnostic examination of older depressed people with and without cognitive impairment: Depressed patients usually have no objectifiable memory impairment and inconspicuous scores in the logical structure of thought processes, while attention was usually impaired in both depressed and demented patients.