bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Packaging Quality of Surgical Suture Products at PT. XYZ with the Application of the Six Sigma Method and Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA)
Authors: Fathiya Nurul , Kurniawan Wawan , Mayusda Idriwal
Published: March 2024

The medical industry today upholds strict quality standards for medical products, including surgical sutures. PT XYZ, a leading manufacturer in this sector, faces challenges in mitigating surgical suture product defects. This research focuses on the packaging of surgical suture products produced by PT XYZ, with a focus on the production period from January to March. During this time period, there was a significant level of packaging production defects. The aim of future research is to improve the quality of packaging for surgical suture products. Specifically, it aims to identify the causes of defects in PT The Six Sigma method, using DMAIC, will be used in this research. The Define stage combines tools such as the Supplier, Input, Process, Output, and Customer (SIPOC) diagram, along with Critical to Quality (CTQ) identification. The Measure stage involves calculations using the P control chart, C control chart, DPMO, and sigma level. During the Analysis phase, a thorough analysis of the causes of failure is carried out using tools such as Pareto diagrams, fishbone diagrams, and Failure Mode Effects Analysis (FMEA). Moving to the Improve stage, FMEA identifies high-risk defects, including torn cartons, inconsistent colors, and damp cartons. Therefore, the proposed defect repair involves analysis of 5W 1H cartons. The results of the analysis provide alternative solutions such as increasing the frequency of replacing cutting tools on mold cutting machines, using cleaning aids on molding machines, and improving environmental monitoring SOPs in factories. An additional suggestion is to include antiseptic wet wipes in each carton of surgical suture products. After making improvements in the Improve stage, the final Control stage is carried out to assess the impact of the proposed changes on the company. The results show a positive impact, with an increase in the sigma value to 3.670.
The Use of Natural Polymers to Enhance Oil Recovery
Authors: Fathaddin Muhammad Taufiq , Maulida Fajri , Hattu Valentyn Paul Bodywein , Ulfah Baiq Maulinda , Adianto Mohamad Obby , Afdi Rozi
Published: March 2024

This paper reports a laboratory study on the use of natural polymers to increase oil recovery. The use of natural polymers compared to synthetic polymers is more economical due to their abundant availability, renewability, biodegradability, and non-toxicity to the environment as they do not use chemicals. The purpose of this research is to measure the aqueous solution stability test and recovery factor produced by natural polymers through core flooding tests. The natural polymers used are Shrimp Chitosan, Crab Chitosan, Cyclea Barbata Miers, Mesona Palustris, and Seaweed. The methods used in this research are aqueous solution stability test and core flooding test. The shrimp chitosan solution used had a concentration from 5,000; 10,000 and 15,000 ppm and 2 salinities between 10,000 and 20,000 ppm. The crab chitosan solution used had a concentration from 5,000; 10,000 and 15,000 ppm with 2 salinities between 10,000 and 20,000 ppm. The Cyclea barbata Miers solution used had a concentration from 1,500; 2,500 and 3,500 ppm and 2 salinities between 7,000 and 15,000 ppm. The Mesona Palustris solution used had a concentration from 500; 1,000 and 2,000 ppm and 3 salinities from 10,000; 15,000 and 20,000 ppm. The Seaweed solution used had a concentration from 1,000; 2,000 and 3,000 ppm and 3 salinities from 5,000; 10,000 and 15,000 ppm. Sandpack is used as a porous media for crab chitosan experiments, while sandstone core is used for Cyclea Barbata Miers and Mesona Palustris with crude oil 44°API. The aqueous solution stability test showed that all polymer solution samples were clear for various concentrations and salinities. Except for the solutions of Cyclea barbata Miers and Masona palustris which are greenish and blackish respectively. Transmittance for shrimp and crab chitosan solutions shows a value of more than 80%. This shows that natural polymers are compatible with brine. Flooding tests were carried out to measure oil recovery related to the use of natural polymers. The experimental results showed that the best additional oil recovery was 10.3% using crab chitosan solution injection. The chitosan solution used had a concentration of 15,000 ppm and a viscosity of 1,729 cp. We can conclude that the addition of polymer can improve recovery factor.
Eco-Friendly Motorcycle Technology: Examining the Impact of Banana Peel-Based Catalytic Converters on CO Emissions with Biogasoline Fuel
Authors: Wagino Wagino , Purwanto Wawan , Saputra Hendra Dani , Putra Dwi Sudarno , Indrawan Eko , Rahim Bulkia , Koto Rahmat Desman
Published: March 2024

This study aims to overcome the impact of increased air pollution due to an increase in the number of motor vehicles, especially due to dependence on fuel oil. The focus of research is the use of banana peels as activated carbon to reduce vehicle exhaust emissions in the hope of providing environmentally friendly alternative solutions to reduce air pollution, utilizing the adsorption properties of banana peels, and using biogasoline to overcome potential fuel crises. The experimental method was used to test the effect of an activated carbon catalytic converter made from banana peel with biogasoline fuel on motorcycle exhaust emissions. The test results showed that the use of catalytic converters with biogasoline fuel tended to reduce carbon monoxide (CO) levels by an average of 18%, compared to standard conditions with pertalite fuel. The results of the Paired Samples T-Test showed a strong correlation with a value of 0.967 and a significance level of 0.033, where a small value of 0.05 means statistically significant.
Analysis of Land Potential Index of Village Cash Land and Oro-Oro Land in Boyolali Regency
Authors: Altair Garin Rachmad , Saputra Aditya , Irfan Muhammad
Published: March 2024

Boyolali Regency comprises a variety of land uses, which encompass village treasury land and oro-oro land. The importance of examining this land’s potential lies in its optimization and the reduction of disaster-related risks. This study’s objective is to evaluate the land potential index, aiding in effective land management decisions. The primary aim is to assess the land potential index for village treasury land and oro-oro land in Boyolali Regency. This research employs spatial analysis within a geographic information system and involves parameter rating and overlaying. Parameters such as topography, lithology, soil type, hydrology, and disaster vulnerability are considered to determine the land potential. The results classify Boyolali Regency’s land potential index into five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high. Each category exhibits variations in potential and vulnerability for various purposes, including settlements, gardens, moorlands, forests, and rice fields. Field surveys generate maps showing the distribution of village treasury and oro-oro land with varying potential levels. The assessment takes multiple factors into account, such as topography, land area, and proximity to protected or disaster-prone areas when identifying suitable land for relocation. This research provides valuable insights for land planning and management in Boyolali Regency by integrating considerations of land potential and vulnerability.
From the Drugbank Application to the Novel Drugs: A Pharmacogenomic Summary
Authors: Abiyana Setya Rini , Santoso Setiyo Budi , Pribadi Prasojo , Hapsari Widarika Santi , Syarifuddin Alfian
Published: March 2024

Computational drug research has grown in popularity in recent decades because to lower risks, time, cost, and resource needs as compared to traditional experimental approaches. The DrugBank application has expanded the number and quality of pharmacological activities and drug metabolic pathways depicted visually. The review elaborated a number of novel drugs and the molecular target mechanisms discovered with DrugBank. The study involves papers indexed by Scopus and Pub Med, the search uses a combination of the following keyword variants; “Drugbank AND Repurposing Drug”, “Drugbank AND Pharmacogenomic”. This study only used original articles in English that were published peer reviewed journals from October 2020 to November 2022. Thus, the screening results of library sources were narrowed to 9 original articles that met the inclusion criteria. Our result highlighted the involvement of 23 drug-targeting molecules in nine spesific diseases. The result shows 46 lists of repurposing drugs, four of which have the potential to be developed as prostate cancer treatments, five new drugs for ovarian cancer five new breast cancer drugs, eight new drugs highly recommended for depression, five candidates for atopic dermatitis, two recommended treatment for asthma, a novel drug for multiple sclerosis, and 18 potential medication for chronic hepatitis B.
Towards a Global Village: English Literacy in Tourism Village
Authors: Fidian Athia , Muliawanti Lintang , Pambuko Zulfikar Bagus , Vianto Adi Nur
Published: March 2024

The well-known tourist destination in Indonesia is the Borobudur Temple, which is in the Central Java Province's Magelang Regency. In the Borobudur District, Wanurejo Village is a village with a good reputation for tourism attractions and foreign visitors. Tour activists must be able to employ a variety of English language skills, including reading, listening, speaking, and writing. This study compares and analyzes Wanurejo tourism village activists' levels of English literacy depending on several criteria, mainly age. To acquire data for this study, a questionnaire was used as a data collection tool. 87 advocates for the Wanurejo tourist resort made up the sample for this study. The study's findings revealed that the Wanurejo tourism village activists had a moderate level of English literacy, with a score of 64.44. The reading indication of English literacy scores the highest out of the four, while the writing indicator scores the lowest. According to the respondents' characteristics, younger tourism village activists are more literate than older ones. Additionally, according to recent studies, activists from tourism villages with high school degrees are more literate in English than those with only elementary or junior high school degrees. There was no discernible difference in terms of gender, income, or work experience.
Waqf of Trade Secret: An Analysis in Indonesian Legal Perspective
Authors: Praja Chrisna Bagus Edhita , Riswandi Budi Agus , Wartini Sri , Hakim Hary Abdul
Published: March 2024

Since 2004, the Indonesian Government has tried to expand waqf assets through Law Number 41 of 2004 concerning Waqf (Waqf Law), one of which is Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). However, the Implementing Regulations of Waqf Law do not contain provisions on the IPR regime that can be used as waqf. The problem is the different characteristics of each IPR regime, especially the Trade Secret. The characteristics of the Trade Secret are that confidentiality is maintained for protection. In its implementation, the Waqf Pledge Deed Maker (PPAIW) must state the assets and information of waqf objects. This study aims to identify criteria for trade secrets that can be used as waqf assets. The results show that waqf with trade secret assets must fulfill the following conditions: (1) Trade secret owned by Waqif legally proven by its use in business activities continuously (2) Trade secrets have economic value (3) Trade secrets can be accounted for in Shari'a (4) Waqif previously made efforts in maintaining confidentiality (5) Transition of trade secrets through waqf accompanied by an agreement to maintain secrecy with Nazhir and the inclusion of clauses on the obligation to keep secrets in the Waqf Pledge Act made by PPAIW. The Indonesian government should revise the regulation of waqf implementers that seem obsolete by including the IPR waqf mechanism.
Borobudur Tourists' Electronic Word of Mouth: The Impact of Memorable Tourism Experiences
Authors: Muliawanti Lintang , Masrini Najmi Laili , Pambuko Zulfikar Bagus
Published: March 2024

Electronic Word of Mouth (e-WOM) activities play a crucial role in sharing information online, including the sustainability of a tourist destination, which is influenced by the ripple effect of tourists sharing their experiences on social media. This study aims to examine the influence of memorable tourism experiences, which include factors like hedonism, refreshment, novelty, and involvement, on tourists' e-WOM at Borobudur. Data was collected through questionnaires from Borobudur visitors, and multiple linear regression analysis was employed. Our findings indicate that knowledge, involvement, and novelty have positive impact on e-WOM, while hedonism has negative impact. Consequently, comprehensive and diverse management of tourism experiences is key to influencing tourists' intentions to contribute to e-WOM.
Characterization of organochlorine pesticides in the surface waters of Marchica Lagoon, Morocco
Authors: Kaddouri Sanae , Oujidi Bouchra , Kabriti Mohamed , Ouahidi Hassan , Layachi Mostafa , Laqsir Chourouq , Aitali Rajaa , Chahban Mohamed , Baghour Mourad , Skalli Ali , El Bouch Mohammed , Akodad Mustapha
Published: March 2024

The main objective of this initial study is to assess the extent of surface water contamination in Marchica Lagoon caused by organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) historically used in agriculture through a sampling network consisting of eight stations covering all areas of the lagoon during the 2022 summer season. Located on Morocco’s Mediterranean coast, the lagoon has undergone several restoration actions since 2010 to improve its environmental state. However, this ecosystem is under constant pressure from its watershed, which can convey water pollution from agricultural, industrial, mining, and domestic sources, making continuous monitoring essential. Eight organochlorine pesticides (Alpha HCH, Beta HCH, Gamma HCH, Aldrin, Dieldrin, DDD, DDE, and DDT) were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using the SIM (Selected Ion Monitoring) method. The results revealed OCPs contamination of the lagoon’s surface waters; the spatial variation of total OCPs concentrations (Σ8OCPs) ranged from 7.58 to 18.79 ng/l. The predominant element detected was β-HCH (lindane), recorded between the Bouarg channel and Selouane wadi, an area characterized by intensive agriculture.
Assessment of marine litter on Morocco’s Mediterranean beaches
Authors: Abid Abdeslam , Obtel Morad , Oujidi Bouchra , Kabriti Mohamed , Rhayour Khadija , Laqsir Chourouq , Belkacem Abdelaaziz , El Bouch Mohammed , El Mrini Abdelmounim , Nachite Driss
Published: March 2024

Marine litter pollution is one of the world’s major environmental challenges. In the Mediterranean, marine litter on beaches is mainly generated by tourism and recreational activities. The present study is part of an "Adopt-a-Beach" pilot project, initiated as part of the Marine Litter MED (ML MED) project, coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme UNEP/MAP. The main objective of this work was to assess and quantify marine litter on four beaches along Morocco’s Mediterranean coast (Merkala Tanger, Amsa Tetouan, Sabadia Al Hoceima, and Miami Nador) over a seasonal cycle during 2018–2019, in line with UNEP/MAP guidelines. On average, 1768 items/100 m were collected from the four beaches, with a density of 0.34 items/m2. "Plastic/polystyrene" was the main component of the total debris collected, accounting for 74.1% in number of items, followed by "paper/cardboard" at 6.4%. The dominant categories of top 10 items were "plastic/polystyrene pieces < 50 cm" (G76), "cigarette butts and filters" (G27), "plastic caps and lids" (G21/24), and "crisps packets/sweets wrappers" (G30/31) that all comprised 49.9% of the total items. Tourism and recreational wastes were the most represented sources at 52%.
Characterization of the physico-chemical parameters of the surface water in Al-Hoceima Bay, Morocco
Authors: Koubaa Zakaryae , Oujidi Bouchra , Tahri Mounia , Thaiki Mohammed , Houssa Rachida , Dekkaki Hinde Cherkaoui
Published: March 2024

Al Hoceima Bay, located on Morocco's Mediterranean coast, is a very important ecosystem characterized mainly by seaside tourism and sea fishing. Continental inputs and climate change generally contribute to modifying the environmental parameters that characterize coastal waters. This work aims to characterize the seasonal and spatial variation of the physico-chemical parameters of the surface waters of Al-Hoceima Bay during an annual cycle in the context of global change. Four sampling campaigns (autumn, winter, spring, summer) were conducted during the period 2022-2023 in a sampling network of 15 stations covering all areas of the bay. Surface water samples were collected and analyzed by a multi-parameter instrument. The results show a significant seasonal variation (p < 0.01) for parameters analyzed. Temperatures ranged from 15.59°C to 21.8°C, pH ranged from 7.8 to 8.4. Dissolved oxygen ranged from 3.7 mg/l to 7 mg/l. Salinity ranged from 35.7 g/l to 39.5 g/l. Conductivity ranged from 54 ms/cm to 56.5 ms/cm.
Assessment of riverbank macrolitter contamination in two mediterranean river catchments: Laou and Martil, Morocco
Authors: Obtel Morad , Abid Abdeslam , El Bouch Mohammed , Nachite Driss , El Mrini Abdlmoumin , Meziane Faiçal , Azaaouaj Soria , Laqsir Chourouq , Oujidi Bouchra
Published: March 2024

The Mediterranean Sea has been characterized in recent years by marine litter pollution. Our study aims to quantify waste flows in two watersheds in the northern Mediterranean region of Morocco. For Laou wadi and Martil wadi, floating and bank-accumulated waste was monitored during the autumn 2022 and spring 2023 seasons respectively. The results revealed that for Laou wadi, 384 objects/100 m were collected on the banks with a density of 0.20 objects/m2, and "plastic/polystyrene" constituted the main component of the total debris collected representing 57.19% in number of pieces, followed by "glass/ceramic" with 28.44%. For Martil wadi, 4715 objects/100 m were collected, with a density of 6.74 objects/m2, and "plastic/polystyrene" also constituted the main component of the total debris collected with 94.38%. The debris recorded are mainly associated with waste discharge along the river banks. It is therefore recommended to improve solid waste management and activate environmental control in the two Mediterranean basins studied in order to protect the Mediterranean Sea.
Contribution to the physicochemical characterisation of soils in the Beni Boufrah watershed (Central Rif, Morocco)
Authors: Tawfik Abdelhamid , Etebaai Issam , Smoh Yassine , Ait Akki Youssef , Ed-Dakiri Soukaina , Taher Morad
Published: March 2024

As part of the study of soil water erosion in the Beni Boufrah watershed, which forms part of the northern slopes of the Central Rif, generally dipping towards the Mediterranean Sea, we carried out soil analyses to determine certain physicochemical characteristics of the soil. These analyses, which consisted of measuring pH, estimating residual moisture content, organic matter and carbonates, and measuring magnetic susceptibility in the horizons of eight profiles sampled from different soils in the Beni Boufrah watershed, are of great interest in understanding the behaviour of these soils with regard to water erosion. The results obtained show that the soils in this catchment area are alkaline, and that their residual moisture and organic matter content are remarkably low, especially in the surface horizons. The carbonate content is only significant in soils resulting from the alteration of parent rocks belonging to the Bokkoya limestone ridge. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show that the soils studied are disturbed and reworked.
Landslide mapping using geospatial techniques: A case study of the Bokoya Massif (Central Rif, Morocco)
Authors: Ait Omar Mustapha , Taher Morad , Etebaai Issam
Published: March 2024

The terrestrial zone of Al-Hoceima National Park is faced with a multitude of natural and man-made hazards that threaten the stability of the soil and the ecological balance: earthquakes, coastal erosion, floods, fires and landslides. The creation of landslide susceptibility maps is a crucial step in making informed decisions for preventing and mitigating landslide risks. This work focuses on the analysis of landslide potential in the Bokoya massif, located in the central Moroccan Rif, using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). Our aim is to develop a landslide probability map, which will be an important tool for land-use planning and risk management, helping to identify priority areas for further research.
Generative AI and the future for China’s diplomacy
Authors: Manfredi-Sánchez Juan Luis , Morales Pablo Sebastian
Published: March 2024

This paper explores the challenges of Generative AI technologies to China’s diplomatic engagement worldwide. First, it examines the discourse in China about the development of ChatGPT, by focusing on the treatment of the technology and the possible risks and opportunities regarding international affairs. Second, the article highlights four challenges: (1) the securitization of AI, where import/export controls, data access, and semiconductors open a new field of research; (2) the (techno-) socialism with Chinese characteristics and the response to the arrival of cutting-edge technologies from U.S. capital and their impact on the development of a local model; (3) the soft censorship: the development of a technology that responds in the "correct" way (i.e., in line with the ruling ideology) by discriminating the suitability of sources/data deemed correct and appropriate for the public sphere; (4) the impact on public diplomacy, as AI projects an aura of innovation and technological reputation. In summary, this paper contributes to the theoretical debate on the challenges posed by Generative IA technologies in the context of China’s diplomatic practices.
How aging impacts environmental sustainability—insights from the effects of social consumption and labor supply
Authors: Li Shuyu , Wang Qiang , Li Rongrong
Published: March 2024

Population aging is discreetly reshaping the dynamics of social demand and labor supply, introducing potential turbulence to global carbon emissions. Understanding the impact of aging on carbon emissions is imperative for steering the next phase of sustainable development. This study, focusing on China, the world’s largest carbon emitter, delved into the intricacies of how population aging influences carbon emissions using a dynamic panel threshold model and a mediated effects model. Geographic heterogeneity within China was also considered. On the one hand, this study incorporated three consumer-side intermediation mechanisms: energy consumption, residential consumption and medical consumption. It was found that the positive driving effect of consumption-side variables on carbon emissions was characterized by an inverted “U”-shaped change in China’s highly aging regions, while an asymptotic upward trend of 7.65% was observed in regions with moderate and low aging. On the other hand, this study scrutinized three supply-side mediating mechanisms: industrial structure, R&D innovation and labor supply. The mechanism of supply-side variables on carbon emissions exhibited a shift from robustly positive driving to more nuanced weak positive driving or even negative inhibiting in highly aging regions, while inhibiting effects dominated in regions with moderate and low aging. This study offers a dual perspective encompassing both the production and consumption sides, which lays a foundation for exploring the internal mechanism of aging on carbon emission.
Expanding useful degrees of freedom for more powerful quantum cryptography
Authors: Thompson Avery
Published: March 2024

Exploiting all of light’s degrees of freedom would enable faster, more secure communication, but getting there requires addressing multiple challenges.
Modeling of fluctuations in dynamical optoelectronic device simulations within a Maxwell-density matrix Langevin approach
Authors: Popp Johannes , Stowasser Johannes , Schreiber Michael A. , Seitner Lukas , Hitzelhammer Felix , Haider Michael , Slavcheva Gabriela , Jirauschek Christian
Published: March 2024

We present a full-wave Maxwell-density matrix simulation tool including c-number stochastic noise terms for the modeling of the spatiotemporal dynamics in active photonic devices, such as quantum cascade lasers and quantum dot structures. The coherent light–matter interaction in such devices plays an important role in the generation of frequency combs and other nonlinear and non-classical optical phenomena. Since the emergence of nonlinear and non-classical features is directly linked to the noise properties, detailed simulations of the noise characteristics are required for the development of low-noise quantum optoelectronic sources. Our semiclassical simulation framework is based on the Lindblad equation for the electron dynamics, coupled with Maxwell’s equations for optical propagation in the laser waveguide. Fluctuations arising from the interactions of the optical field and quantum system with their reservoirs are treated within the quantum Langevin theory. Here, the fluctuations are included by adding stochastic c-number terms to the Maxwell-density matrix equations. The implementation in the mbsolve dynamic simulation framework is publicly available.
Phase-encoding of loosely bound soliton molecules
Authors: Yang Yang , Lin Wei , Guo Yuankai , Hu Xu , Xu Haijiao , Chen Dongdan , Wei Xiaoming , Yang Zhongmin
Published: March 2024

Dissipative soliton molecules (DSMs) are of great interest for studying the complexity of nonlinear optical problems as they can map with the matter molecules for making interdisciplinary analogies. In contrast to strongly bound DSMs that have a short time separation between the bound solitons, the complex dynamics and underlying binding mechanism of loosely bound soliton molecules (LBSMs) with orders of magnitude longer time separation remain open questions. To this end, here, we explore real-time spectroscopy using a dispersive temporal interferometer (DTI) to visualize the dynamics of LBSMs in a mode-locked fiber laser and unveil their underlying phase-evolving mechanism. The DTI enables fringe-resolved spectroscopy in real time of the LBSM’s evolution by creating duplicates of the LBSM that results in a much closer time separation between the individual solitons of the LBSM. The real-time evolution of the LBSM’s phase exhibits a diverging sliding landscape, which is theoretically and experimentally proved to be closely associated with gain dynamics. Based on the understanding of its phase dynamics, we finally demonstrate programmable phase-encoding modulation of the LBSM through gain control. These efforts not only shed light on understanding the mechanism of long-range interactions in LBSMs but also provide an alternative approach for all-optical information processing.
Depredation of eggs of threatened freshwater turtles by the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus (Shaw, 1792))
Authors: Robinson Kymberly J. , Limpus Duncan J. , Crosbie Brad , Limpus Colin J. , Fabbro Larelle D.
Published: March 2024

The echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) is documented as a new native predator of freshwater turtle eggs, particularly those of the vulnerable Fitzroy River turtle (Rheodytes leukops), and the critically endangered white-throated snapping turtle (Elseya albagula). This depredation has been identified in the Fitzroy, Burnett and Mary Catchments with echidnas recorded at traditional turtle nesting banks using direct observation of depredation of eggs, remote camera footage and identification of tracks. Echidnas were observed at traditional nesting banks for E. albagula and R. leukops nesting across eight months of the year. The presence of echidnas was more frequent during the R. leukops nesting season in spring. R. leukops is endemic to the Fitzroy Catchment and the depredation rate of eggs was significantly higher than for other species and catchments. The mean top egg depth of R. leukops nests was found to be the same depth as the echidna’s beak length. There was a significant increase in depredation during the five-year study period, with 47.4% of R. leukops clutches depredated by echidna in the 2022 season. This substantial loss of eggs and recruitment of hatchling turtles poses a significant threat to the populations of this threatened species.
Higher total energy costs strain the elderly, especially low-income, across 31 developed countries
Authors: Tian Peipei , Feng Kuishuang , Sun Laixiang , Hubacek Klaus , Malerba Daniele , Zhong Honglin , Zheng Heran , Li Dan , Zhang Ning , Li Jiashuo
Published: March 2024

Addressing the total energy cost burden of elderly people is essential for designing equitable and effective energy policies, especially in responding to energy crisis in an aging society. It is due to the double impact of energy price hikes on households—through direct impact on fuel bills and indirect impact on the prices of goods and services consumed. However, while examining the household energy cost burden of the elderly, their indirect energy consumption and associated cost burden remain poorly understood. This study quantifies and compares the direct and indirect energy footprints and associated total energy cost burdens for different age groups across 31 developed countries. It reveals that the elderly have larger per capita energy footprints, resulting from higher levels of both direct and indirect energy consumption compared with the younger age groups. More importantly, the elderly, especially the low-income elderly, have a higher total energy cost burden rate. As the share of elderly in the total population rapidly grows in these countries, the larger per capita energy footprint and associated cost burden rate of elderly people would make these aging countries more vulnerable in times of energy crises. It is therefore crucial to develop policies that aim to reduce energy consumption and costs, improve energy efficiency, and support low-income elderly populations. Such policies are necessary to reduce the vulnerability of these aging countries to the energy crisis.
Anthropogenic short-lived halogens increase human exposure to mercury contamination due to enhanced mercury oxidation over continents
Authors: Fu Xiao , Sun Xianyi , Travnikov Oleg , Li Qinyi , Qin Chuang , Cuevas Carlos A. , Fernandez Rafael P. , Mahajan Anoop S. , Wang Shuxiao , Wang Tao , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso
Published: March 2024

Mercury (Hg) is a contaminant of global concern, and an accurate understanding of its atmospheric fate is needed to assess its risks to humans and ecosystem health. Atmospheric oxidation of Hg is key to the deposition of this toxic metal to the Earth’s surface. Short-lived halogens (SLHs) can provide halogen radicals to directly oxidize Hg and perturb the budget of other Hg oxidants (e.g., OH and O
3
). In addition to known ocean emissions of halogens, recent observational evidence has revealed abundant anthropogenic emissions of SLHs over continental areas. However, the impacts of anthropogenic SLHs emissions on the atmospheric fate of Hg and human exposure to Hg contamination remain unknown. Here, we show that the inclusion of anthropogenic SLHs substantially increased local Hg oxidation and, consequently, deposition in/near Hg continental source regions by up to 20%, thereby decreasing Hg export from source regions to clean environments. Our modeling results indicated that the inclusion of anthropogenic SLHs can lead to higher Hg exposure in/near Hg source regions than estimated in previous assessments, e.g., with increases of 8.7% and 7.5% in China and India, respectively, consequently leading to higher Hg-related human health risks. These results highlight the urgent need for policymakers to reduce local Hg and SLHs emissions. We conclude that the substantial impacts of anthropogenic SLHs emissions should be included in model assessments of the Hg budget and associated health risks at local and global scales.
Spatiotemporal beating and vortices of van der Waals hyperbolic polaritons
Authors: Zhang Tianning , Yan Qizhi , Yang Xiaosheng , Ma Weiliang , Chen Runkun , Zhang Xin , Janzen Eli , Edgar James H. , Qiu Cheng-Wei , Zhang Xinliang , Li Peining
Published: March 2024

In conventional thin materials, the diffraction limit of light constrains the number of waveguide modes that can exist at a given frequency. However, layered van der Waals (vdW) materials, such as hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), can surpass this limitation due to their dielectric anisotropy, exhibiting positive permittivity along one optic axis and negativity along the other. This enables the propagation of hyperbolic rays within the material bulk and an unlimited number of subdiffractional modes characterized by hyperbolic dispersion. By employing time-domain near-field interferometry to analyze ultrafast hyperbolic ray pulses in thin hBN, we showed that their zigzag reflection trajectories bound within the hBN layer create an illusion of backward-moving and leaping behavior of pulse fringes. These rays result from the coherent beating of hyperbolic waveguide modes but could be mistakenly interpreted as negative group velocities and backward energy flow. Moreover, the zigzag reflections produce nanoscale (60 nm) and ultrafast (40 fs) spatiotemporal optical vortices along the trajectory, presenting opportunities to chiral spatiotemporal control of light–matter interactions. Supported by experimental evidence, our simulations highlight the potential of hyperbolic ray reflections for molecular vibrational absorption nanospectroscopy. The results pave the way for miniaturized, on-chip optical spectrometers, and ultrafast optical manipulation.
Direct electrochemical evidence suggests that aqueous microdroplets spontaneously produce hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Krushinski Lynn E. , Dick Jeffrey E.
Published: March 2024

Recent reports have detailed the striking observation that electroactive molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) and radical water species (H
2
O
.+
/H
2
O
.−
), are spontaneously produced in aqueous microdroplets. Stochastic electrochemistry allows one to study reactions in real-time occurring inside subfemtoliter droplets, one droplet at a time, when a microdroplet irreversibly adsorbs to an ultramicroelectrode surface (radius ~ 5 µm). Here, we use stochastic electrochemistry to probe the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) in single aqueous microdroplets suspended in 1,2-dichloroethane. The oxidation of H
2
O
2
at alkaline pH (11.5) differs from near-neutral conditions (6.4), allowing us to create a digital, turn-off sensing modality for the presence of H
2
O
2
. Further, we show that the stochastic electrochemical signal is highest at the mass transfer limitation of the H
2
O
2
couple and is dampened when the potential nears the formal potential. We validate these results by showing that the addition of a H
2
O
2
selective probe, luminol, decreases the stochastic electrochemical response at alkaline pH (11.5). Our results support the observation that H
2
O
2
is generated in water microdroplets at concentrations of ~100 s of µM.
Calixarenes and cyclodextrins as off- and on-fluorescence probes for carbazole
Authors: Carranza Matías E , Elero Hugo M , Hernández Pedro J Peña , Veglia Alicia V
Published: March 2024

Absorption and fluorescence spectra of the nitrogen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon carbazole (CZL) were analyzed with native cyclodextrins (CD; α, β, γ); derivatized CD (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, HPCD; methyl-β-cyclodextrin, MeCD) and p-sulfonated calixarenes (SCAn, with n = 6 and 8) macrocycles. The results showed a slight increase in the absorbance of CZL with CD, but the mixture of CZL with SCA showed lower absorption than the sum of the individual spectra. Also, changes in fluorescence were observed by adding the macrocycles, quenching with SCA, and significant increases with CD. The higher fluorescence enhancement was with HPCD rationalized as a complex formation with 1:1 stoichiometry, with an average value for the association constant (K

A
) of (12 ± 1) x 102 M−1, and a quantum yield ratio between the complexed CZL and free CZL (ΦCZL-HPCD/ΦCZL) of (1.56 ± 0.02) at neutral pH and 25.0 °C. These increases in fluorescence were used as an on-fluorescence switch to develop a supramolecular analytical method for CZL in aqueous samples. The best analytical parameters were in HPCD (LOD = 1.41 ± 0.01 ng mL−1). The method was validated in aqueous samples of river and tap water with recoveries between 96%–104%. The proposed supramolecular method is quick, direct, selective and represents an alternative and low-cost analysis method.
Making Makers
Authors: Finch Michael P M
Published: March 2024

This chapter examines the genesis of the original version of Makers of Modern Strategy. It situates the production of the volume within the intellectual atmosphere of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, with particular reference to opportunities afforded to Edward Mead Earle during the founding years of the institute. It also demonstrates that whilst the book that would become Makers was a product of Earle’s seminar on military studies, the particulars of its creation were driven by a narrower group of key individuals who took charge of the project as the membership of the seminar entered government service. Driven by further developments in that conflict and his desire to link past to present, Earle sought to revise his book almost immediately after publication. The chapter examines the parameters of Earle’s proposed revisions, and shows how he was unable to rise to the new challenge of remaking his own book.
Conclusion
Authors: Finch Michael P M
Published: March 2024

The conclusion brings together common themes that emerge through consideration of the attempts to make and remake Makers, reflecting on the strengths and the limitations of the volumes and the projects associated with them, and emphasizing that contexts and contingency affected the ways in which Makers was made and remade. It places emphasis on the role of historians in the development and revision of Makers, and their importance in the broader academic approach to the study of war in the twentieth century. It also pays particular attention to differences between historians, the way in which their attitudes to the relationship between past and present affected their output, and the breadth and scope that they persistently sought to bring to their work.
In Search of Human Evolution
Authors: Crawford Michael H
Published: March 2024

This volume focuses on methods of field investigations on the theory of evolution set in diverse environments. It also discusses the necessary preparation, sources of funds, and training required to conduct fieldwork in various countries. Populations investigated include (1) Siberian and Alaskan indigenous people; (2) Tlaxcaltecan populations of Mexico transplanted to adjoining valleys; (3) Mennonite migrants from Europe to the Midwestern United States; (4) origins of Irish Tinkers; (5) Basque populations of Spain; and (6) lymphoma in baboons of Sukhumi. Genetic markers were utilized to reconstruct the genetic structure of these populations and the micro-differentiation of transplanted groups over time periods of several hundred years. Genetic markers included blood groups, proteins, immunoglobulins, HLA and sequences, and uniparental DNA markers, such as maternal mtDNA and paternal NRY, autosomal short tandem repeats and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Results of these analyses indicate that (1) the Basque populations were descendants of migrants from the Middle East; (2) Tinkers are Irish who were displaced by the potato famine and political conditions; and (3) Black Caribs (Garifuna) represent an evolutionary success story forming 54 villages along the coast of Central America, from Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Methodology associated with bio-demography was utilized to develop testable hypotheses in Tiszahat, Hungary, and Valle Maira, Italy. This volume demonstrates that theories of evolution can be tested using DNA markers.
Methods to assess dermal exposures in occupational settings: a scoping review
Authors: Therkorn Jennifer H , Mathewson Brittany A , Laursen Christopher J , Maberti Silvia , Aizenberg Vitaly , Dinkelacker Brian T , Rege Saumitra
Published: March 2024

Objectives

The dermal exposure route is expected to become increasingly significant relative to total worker exposure as inhalational exposure limits continue to decrease. However, standardization of occupational exposure assessment methods and scientific consensus are needed. This is the first scoping review mapping the literature across all dermal exposure assessment methods and their targeted substances/chemicals in occupational settings.

Methods

Eligibility criteria broadly included studies reporting any noninvasive dermal exposure assessment method in an occupational setting. The literature search (Web of Science and MEDLINE) was restricted to peer-reviewed, primary literature published in the last 20 years (2002–2022). Titles/abstracts were dual independently screened. Data charting was performed by a single reviewer using standard template. All stages were pilot tested. The JBI (formerly, the Joanna Briggs Institute) scoping review methods and PRISMA-ScR checklist (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) were used.

Results

In total, 493 articles were data charted and categorized by 4 study types: methods development (22%), exposure assessment (51%), health outcomes (21%), and controls assessment (6%). Fourteen types of dermal exposure assessment methods were charted with biomarkers (51%), dosimeters (21%), and qualitative assessments such as questionnaires or surveys (17%) most common. Seventeen different chemicals/substances were charted; pesticides (28%) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (22%) associated with crude oil products and combustion were most common. Mapping between substances and exposure assessment method categories, pesticide dosimeters (11%), and PAH biomarker studies (14%) were most reported. Literature gaps were identified for cleaning agents, hair dyes, glycol ether, N,N-dimethylformamide/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dioxins, and bisphenol A.

Conclusions

To foster scientific consensus, standardization across study reporting is needed for describing: (i) exposure assessment methods used, (ii) worker tasking/conditions, (iii) targeted substances and substance state, and (iv) targeted exposure routes. Overall, this review categorizes, maps, and defines the scope of literature for occupational dermal exposure assessment methods.
Exploring geographical influences on physicochemical characteristics of honey: the Montesinho Natural Park scenario
Authors: Soares Sónia , Magalhães Leandro , Moreira Manuela M , Rede Diana , Fernandes Virgínia Cruz , Viegas Olga , Pinto Edgar , Almeida Agostinho , Azevedo Rui , Delerue-Matos Cristina
Published: March 2024

Objectives

In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in the global consumption of honey, driven by the high demand for natural products that offer health benefits. Consequently, consumers show a preference for honey, recognised for its superior quality, namely honey with a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) or honey produced in protected areas, as it is associated with superior attributes and characteristics. Portugal is one of the leading countries in the production of PDO honey, with Montesinho Natural Park (MNP) being an excellent example of high-quality Portuguese honey, known for its distinctive attributes. However, environmental threats pose a double challenge, leading to a decline in honey production and compromising its overall quality. This study aimed to assess the specific physicochemical parameters and nutritional characteristics of MNP honey and investigate their correlation with the different locations of apiaries.

Materials and Methods

MNP honey samples (n=13) were obtained from local producers or purchased at supermarkets. Standard physicochemical parameters, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, diastase activity, moisture and ash content, free acidity, electrical conductivity and pH, were determined according to honey legislation. Additionally, colour parameters, protein, low-molecular-weight carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides), and mineral content were determined.

Results

The results obtained were consistent with the requirements outlined in the legislation and those described in the literature. The results suggest that geographical factors within the park and boundaries do not contribute to variations in the analysed parameters.

Conclusions

A significant level of homogeneity was evident in all parameters evaluated among the MNP honey samples. This is the first comprehensive study of the physicochemical properties of honey from various apiaries within the MNP.
Residual life modeling and maintenance planning for repairable systems
Authors: Ahmadi Reza , Sobhani Amirhossein , Rasaei Zohreh
Published: March 2024

Accepted by: Phil Scarf

This paper formulates a state-dependent mean residual lifetime model for a repairable system operating in a dynamic environment. The problem is addressed by means of a two-state damage process reflecting the effect of operating environment on the system and a repair process associated with the damage process. As the damage process shifts to a higher state, to maintain a minimum level of performance, the decision maker repairs the system at times that arise according to a point process with a constant intensity. We demonstrate the generality of the proposed model and show how existing models emerge as specific cases. Our approach stimulates further research on the determination of two types of maintenance policies: maintenance policy based on the number of imperfect repairs (Model I) and time-based maintenance policy (Model II). In both cases, using the renewal reward theorem argument, we aim at minimizing the long-run average maintenance cost per unit time by determining optimal replacement policies and the optimal level of imperfect repairs. We illustrate the proposed models and carry out a comparative analysis of maintenance policies through numerical examples. The main conclusions drawn are that repair and maintenance policies depend on the failure mechanism, repair frequency and the level of costs involved. Also, numerical comparison shows that the maintenance modelling based on the number of imperfect repairs (model I) outperforms the time-based replacement model (model II) and two baseline models ignoring the effect of operating environment or whose attention is restricted to perfect repair.
Advancing Diagnosis of Current Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Key to Hepatitis C Elimination in the United States
Authors: Kamili Saleem , Wester Carolyn
Published: March 2024

More than 2 million adults have hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in the United States, and new infections continue to increase. Without treatment, HCV infection can lead to advanced liver disease and death. Treatment is recommended for nearly everyone with hepatitis C, resulting in a cure in >95% of people treated and raising the possibility of hepatitis C elimination. Testing is the first step to accessing life-saving treatment. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends hepatitis C screening for all adults, all pregnant persons, and anyone with risk; yet about one-third of people with hepatitis C remain unaware of their infection. Testing begins with a hepatitis C antibody test, followed, when reactive, by a nucleic acid test to detect HCV RNA. This antibody-first, 2-step testing strategy misses early infections and can result in incomplete diagnoses. Advancements in hepatitis C diagnostics and the US regulatory landscape have created an opportunity to include viral-first testing strategies and improve hepatitis C diagnosis. This journal supplement features 8 articles detailing challenges and opportunities for improving hepatitis C diagnostics in support of advancing hepatitis C elimination in the United States.