bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
بين التدين والتطرف: قراءة جدلية
Authors: Trablusi Berij
Published: October 2015

يناقش الكاتب مكانة ووضع الدين في هذا العصر الذي يتسم بالعولمة والحداثة. ومن خلاله بدأت المبادرات التي تسعى على "تطوير ثقافة الحوار والسلام بين الشعوب وحضاراتها وثقافاتها وأديانها". وبالرغم من تلك المحاولات إلا أن الكاتب يجد أن معظم تلك الحوارات هي دفاعية. ومن ثم ينتقل الكاتب ليناقش مسألة الدين والتدين، تعدد الأديان، الدين وحقوق الإنسان، الحرية الدينية، والعقوبات البدنية، ويتم مناقشة تلك المسائل عبر المقارنة بين المسيحية والإسلام. ويتسأل الكاتب هل من الممكن أن "نتخطى الفروقات الجوهرية" بين الأديان السماوية. ويعدد الكاتب ثلاث مقاربات تعرف بفئات متواجدة في كل دين، ويناقش إن كانت تلك الفئات والالقاب هي "أساليب سلمية" أو "مغالاة وتطرف"؟ وبعد مناقشة أثر تلك الفئات على الدين، يتطرق الكاتب إلى طرح مسألة تعدد الأديان عبر المنطلق الروحاني والممارسات اليومية.
الكلية في القرآن : تقديم الشيخ أحمد العلوي وتفسيره للآيه ۶٢:٢
Authors: Chourief Tayeb
Published: October 2015

يتطرق الكاتب طيب شويرف إلى منهجية الشيخ أحمد علوي لتفسير آيات القرآن، والتي تتجزأ لأربعة مراحل وهي: التفسير، الاستنباط، الإشارة ولسان الروح. ويذكر الشيخ علوي أن الأحداث التاريخية قد أدت لتراجع في الفكر والتطور للمجتمعات الإسلامية. ومن ثم ينتقل الكاتب لمناقشة مواقف الفقهاء "من مسألة نسخ الإسلام للديانات الإبراهيمية في أربع أطروحات". مما يؤدي لمناقشة مسألة قبول الأديان السماوية السابقة، بالإضافة إلى معرفة فعالية قاعدة النسخ التي من وجهة بعض العلماء "[تبطل] كل الديانات الأخرى". ولكن يطرح الكاتب الأسئلة التالية: ما هي أساليب تبليغ الرسالة، وهل يتوجب تحقيق الشروط من أجل تبليغ الرسالة؟ ومن ثم ينتقل الكاتب ليفسر الآية رقم ٢٤٠ من سورة البقرة، مطبقاً منهجية الشيخ علوي، مما يسمح له أن يستنتج المغزى "أن جميع هذه الفرق لها مكانة في الدين".
"الدين الخالد"
Authors: Schuon Frithjof
Published: October 2015

يناقش الكاتب العنصر العلمي أو الكوني الذي "يكمن في كل إرثٍ روحي للإنسانية...ويسمى بالدين الخالد". ويبدأ بمناقشة مبدأ الدين الخالد من حيث التمييز من أجل الوصل إلى المنهج وهو الإيمان وحب الله، حيث يتصف الدين "بالأصالة الدينية". وبالرغم من ذلك يذكر الكاتب أن على الدين أن "يوفر مفهوماً مجزياً" من أجل أن يكون "ذا فاعلية بالنظر إلى مصيرنا النهائي". ويتطرق الكاتب إلى شرح مفهوم الدين الخالد من خلال تحليل وتركيب المفاهيم والمعتقدات. ومن ثم ينتقل الكاتب ليناقش مفهوم الحق والباطل في الأديان، بالإضافة إلى "توافق الدين الخالد وبين الطبيعة العذراء".
Interview with Archbishop Rowan Williams
Authors: Williams Rowan
Published: October 2015

Archbishop Rowan Williams discusses the challenges for believers of living in a society in which the traditional conceptions about family can no longer be taken for granted. How should religious education be adapted to the needs and constrains of largely secularized and multicultural societies like those of the West?
Continuing Oral Transmission of Islamic Knowledge
Authors: Casewit Jane
Published: October 2015

Jane Casewit takes the case of contemporary students of the Nabbaghiyya in Mauritania as a starting point to compare modern and traditional means of learning and transmitting knowledge. Whereas modern secular education emphasizes writing and critical thinking, traditional religious education stresses the importance of the oral transmission from teacher to disciple and the process of memorization. In the Islamic context, students would be trained from an early age to memorize the Holy Koran. Ultimately, modern education has forgotten the highest objective of education, namely “to prepare young souls for Salvation in the Afterlife.”
Sacred Homes: Marriage beyond Spiritual Orphanages
Authors: Schaper Donna
Published: October 2015

Rev. Dr Donna Schaper shares her practical experience with young couples, in a world in which traditional conceptions about marriage are no longer taken for granted. Very often young couples are of a different religious background. In her experience, both partners should live their respective faith fully, instead of becoming spiritual orphans or raising their children as spiritual orphans. Most of the time as well, the spiritual significance of marriage is partially or totally lost. As Rev. Dr Donna Schape reminds us here, marriage should be seen as “a spiritual arrangement that has economic benefits” and, not the other way around, not as "an economic arrangement which has spiritual benefits”. For Christians, marriage is nothing less than "the imitation of God’s unconditional love for us.”
Kapwa in Pamilya rooted in Loob of Divine Image: Thoughts from a Filipino Catholic Theologian
Authors: Lara Lanaria Levy
Published: October 2015

In this article, Levy Lara Lanaria oulines a religious sociology of the Philippines. The author begins by stressing the holistic dimension and the centrality of inter-personal relationships within the Filipino society. He then analyzes some key-concepts underlying the image that Filipino society has of itself, including kapwa and loob. He finally revisits and reinterprets them in the light of the Catholic conception of man as the image of God and of Trinitarian theology.
From Father to Son, from Master to Disciple: Terms and Stakes of Knowledge Transmission in Islam
Authors: Ollivry Florence
Published: October 2015

The article explores the parallel between the process of transmission in the context of Sufism and in the context of guilds. The concern of the artisan to inscribe his gestures in a hereditary chain or in a “guild family” has its parallel in the spiritual fraternity of the takya, and the initiation of the novice on the Path towards God. For within the takya are formed the bonds of a celestial brotherhood. Even though most guilds have more or less disappeared since the 12th century, this mode of organizing a society which was perpetuated during ten centuries has profoundly marked the city and explains even to this day the modes of transmission of a profession.
Love and Marriage: the Realities of Myth
Authors: Kristofovich Zelensky Elizabeth
Published: October 2015

Denis de Rougement, in his classic opus Love in the Western World argues that the West was unique in its paradoxical modeling of the relationship between passionate love and marriage; “Since its origins in the twelfth century passionate love was constituted in hostility to marriage.” This articles explores this hypothesis by comparing the French legend of Tristan of Yseult and the Russian legend of Peter and Fevronia of Murom. The contrast between the two stories can be analyzed in terms of the tension between Eros and Agape, between a fatal/passionate love in which the individual defies society - narrowing it down to the point of one irreducible and a companionate love, which embeds the individual in an ever-widening network of community made up of friends, relations, descendants. The article concludes on Anna Karenina. There Tolstoy presents a new variation on the theme of passion love and marriage - a synthesis demonstrating the effects of Westernization on traditional Russian culture, and one much closer to our modern sensibility.
Review of Philip A. Cunningham et al. (eds.), 2011, Christ Jesus and the Jewish People Today.
Authors: Lefebure Leo D.
Published: October 2015

The book being reviewed revists the history of misunderstandings between Christians and Jews and analyzes the phenomenon of Christian anti-Semitism in the light of the experience with the Holocaust. The reviewer suggests that such open and frank discussion could provide a model for Christian-Muslim dialogue.
Effect of Sowing Dates on Growth, Yield and Grain Quality of Hybrid Maize
Authors: M. Buriro  , T.A. Bhutto  , A.W. Gandahi  , I.A. Kumbhar  , M.U. Shar
Published: October 2015

This study was conducted during 2013-14 at Student Farm, | department of Agronomy, Faculty of Crop Production, Sindh Agriculture University, Tandojam. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (factorial) with three replications having net plot size 3x4m=(12m2). The effect of three sowing dates 25thOctober, 10th November and 25th November on three hybrid maize varieties Pioneer 1543, Syngenta 4841 and Monsanto DK-6142 was studied. Yield components and grain quality parameters such as plant height, number of cobs per plant, cob length, grains per cob, grain yield, protein, starch and oil content of maize varieties were significantly affected by different sowing dates. It was concluded from the finding of present research work that all quantity and quality traits were promising when the sowing was completed up to 25th October. Further delay of the sowing had negative effects on the performance of quantity and quality of maize. Hybrid maize variety Pioneer 1543 was promising variety which gave the grain yield more than 8312 kg ha-1.
Information literacy training in AgroParisTech food studies
Authors: Grimal Agnès , Dubois-Brissonnet Florence , Dumoulin Elisabeth
Published: October 2015

AgroParisTech professors and librarians in Food Science and Technology have developed information literacy instruction to help students find and use relevant information. The course trains students to develop information literacy competencies: to identify the information needed and define its nature and extent; to access the information with efficiency because they select and use methods, resources and retrieval systems most appropriate to the topic; to evaluate the used methods, information, and sources; to search, access and use information ethically and legally; to read, use and write bibliographic references.
AgroParisTech trains two kinds of students. For Higher Education students (engineering students), the training takes place at their arrival in AgroParisTech, including courses and practical classes: role and management of information in organizations; information on plagiarism; resources in environment, food science and technology; use of relevant tools and methods for searching in databases; reference writing.
For students attending a Master of Science, the training prepares them to produce a literature review. The curriculum includes: information about scientific integrity, plagiarism; information needed for a researcher; critical reading of a journal article; how to manage a literature review: resources used, information search with databases, full text access; reference writing. The students will use these information literacy skills along their studies as well as in their future jobs.
Teaching microbiological food safety through case studies
Authors: Dubois-Brissonnet Florence , Guillier Laurent , Naıtali Murielle
Published: October 2015

Higher education students usually ask for more training based on case studies. This was addressed by designing a specific food safety module (24 hours) in which students were shown how to predict microbiological risks in food products i.e. they were asked to determine product shelf-life according to product formulation, preservation methods and consumption habits using predictive microbiology tools. Working groups of four students first identified the main microbiological hazards associated with a specific product. To perform this task, they were given several documents including guides for good hygiene practices, reviews on microbiological hazards in the food sector, flow sheets, etc. . . After three-hours of work, the working groups prepared and gave an oral presentation in front of their classmates and professors. This raised comments and discussion that allowed students to adjust their conclusions before beginning the next step of their work. This second step consisted in the evaluation of the safety risk associated with the two major microbiological hazards of the product studied, using predictive microbiology. Students then attended a general lecture on the different tools of predictive microbiology and tutorials (6 hours) that made them familiar with the modelling of bacterial growth or inactivation. They applied these tools (9 hours) to predict the shelf-life of the studied product according to various scenarios of preservation (refrigeration, water activity, concentration of salt or acid, modified atmosphere, etc. . . ) and/or consumption procedures (cooking). The module was concluded by oral presentations of each working group and included student evaluation (3 hours).
Training of SMEs for frozen food shelf life testing and novel smart packaging application for cold chain monitoring
Authors: Tsironi Theofania , Giannoglou Marianna , Platakou Eleni , Taoukis Petros
Published: October 2015

Application of an optimized cold chain management system for frozen products can be assisted by monitoring with Time Temperature Integrators (TTI). TTI are smart labels that cumulatively show the product history in an easily measurable, time-temperature dependent change. In the IQ-Freshlabel European project enzymatic and photochromic TTI were developed and tested for frozen products. Further to the technical objectives, training activities were implemented to provide information and training to the staff of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) regarding the properties of the developed TTI and their utilization within food packaging, transport, storage and sale. In total, more than 276 European companies and consumers representing the frozen food industry, the packaging industry and food business operators were successfully trained. The objective of the present article is to describe a general methodology for frozen food shelf life testing and modelling, and the selection of appropriate TTI for specific foods. This document serves as a technical manual for SMEs, including a case study for frozen shrimp and application of enzymatic and photochromic TTI, aiming to build their capacities to understand and use TTI for frozen food products. The value of systematic modelling of the food quality kinetics as well as the response of the TTI in building an effective chill chain management system is also demonstrated. The TTI response study allows a reliable optimization and selection of TTI to be correlated to the target food product for which accurate information on temperature dependence is available. 
Identifying most important skills for PhD students in Food Science and Technology: a comparison between industry and academic stakeholders
Authors: Gonzalez-Martınez Chelo , Ho Peter , Cunha Luis , Schluter Oliver , Pittia Paola
Published: October 2015

Nowadays, there is an increasing need of new skills for PhD students to face the future labour market prospects. PhD graduates must have qualities attractive not only in academia but also outside, in both manufacture and service-oriented enterprises, in small innovative companies, and in the civil services and public administration, among others. To know what the needs of these future employees are, is of great importance to be able to improve their personal and academic formation. The aim of this work was, in the framework of the EC-funded ISEKI Food 4 network, to evaluate the most desirable specific and soft skills that PhD students should acquire by the end of their doctoral studies. To this aim,
several surveys were conducted and sent to the different stakeholders (academia and food industry partners) in order to collect the information needed. Results showed that competences related to research skills and techniques, research management, personal effectiveness and communication skills were considered to be the most valuable skills to be acquired by our PhD students to meet the future needs of the labour market. The importance of these skills was appreciated differently, depending on the stakeholder. To sum up, some recommendations to integrate such valuable skills into the curricula of the PhD student are given.
Qualifications of Food Science and Technology/Engineering professionals at the entrance in the job market
Authors: Giannou Virginia , Lakner Zoltan , Pittia Paola , Mayor Luis , Costa Rui , L. M. Silva Cristina , L. M. Silva Cristina , Oreopoulou Vassiliki
Published: October 2015

The qualifications of Food Science and Technology/Engineering (FST/E) professionals were examined by a web-based survey conducted in 15 countries (14 EU and Turkey). The analysis of the responses showed that 65% of the respondents had a higher education (HE) degree (BSc 29%, MSc 28%, and PhD 8%), and 20% carried out extracurricular training before entering in the job market. The main fields of study were Food Science and Technology/Engineering, followed by Agriculture, Nutrition and Health, Safety/Hygiene, and Chemical Engineering in all three levels of HE degrees. Differences in the level of degree between genders were not observed, although a higher percentage of female respondents (36% of all female respondents) reported no higher qualification degree, compared to male respondents (33% of all male respondents). On the contrary, female respondents prevailed in extracurricular studies, compared to male ones. Gender, however, was a differentiating factor as far as the field of studies was concerned with female respondents prevailing in Nutrition and Health and male in Agriculture. A considerable percentage of the respondents acquired either a HE degree or had extracurricular training while working in the 1st job. Extracurricular training both before entering the job market and during work at the 1st workplace comprised mainly the topics Safety and Hygiene, Management, followed by Sensory Science, FST/E and Nutrition and Health. In addition, Marketing Science/Consumer Behaviour was also one of the main topics of company or other training during work at the 1st workplace. 
Probiotic fermented almond “milk” as an alternative to cow-milk yoghurt
Authors: Bernat Neus , Chafera Maite , Chiralt Amparo , Gonzalez-Martınez Chelo
Published: October 2015

Probiotics in almond-based matrices were considered as a means of obtaining fermented products which would cover both the current demand for health-promoting foods and for alternatives to standard yoghurts. Firstly, the combined effect of high pressure homogenisation (HPH) and heat treatment on the physical stability of almond “milk” was studied. The beverage was homogenised by applying 62, 103 and 172 MPa (MF1, MF2 and MF3 respectively); MF3 was also combined with two different heat treatments (85 °C-30 min (LH) and 121 °C-15 min (HH)). Both microstructure and colloidal stability were analysed in all the processed samples to select the most suitable treatment with which to obtain a stable product. The selected almond milk was then fermented with probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptococcus thermophilus and the final product was characterised throughout cold storage time (28 days) as to pH, acidity, serum retention and starter viability. A sensory evaluation and probiotic survival to in vitro digestion was also conducted. The results showed that the physical and structural almond-milk properties were affected by both HPH and heat treatments, obtaining the greatest stability in MF3-LH samples. The fermented milk permitted probiotic survivals above the level suggested as minimum for ensuring health benefits during the entire controlled time and, hence, can be considered as a functional food. No differences in the sensory acceptability of the product were found between 1 and 28 storage days. Therefore, a new, functional, fermented product was developed, which was suitable for targeted groups, such as the lactose-intolerant and cow-milk-protein allergic populations.
Microencapsulation of steviol glycosides (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) by a spray drying method – Evaluation of encapsulated products and prepared syrups
Authors: Chranioti Charikleia , Chanioti Sofia , Tzia Constantina
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study was to encapsulate the steviol glycosides (SGs), derived from Stevia rebaudiana (Bert) Bertoni leaves, by applying a spray-drying method. The purpose was to minimize the bitter aftertaste of the SGs as well as to ameliorate/improve their properties. The encapsulation agents used were maltodextrin (19 DE) and inulin in a ratio of 80 : 20, while three levels of SGs in total solids (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 %) were studied. The encapsulated SGs products were evaluated for their hygroscopicity, solubility, moisture content and microencapsulation efficiency (MEE %). Also, syrups prepared with encapsulated SGs, at 1 % w/v, were tested for their viscosity, refractive index, turbidity and sensory properties. Significant differences (P<0.05) in MEE %, moisture content, hygroscopicity and solubility values of the encapsulated SGs products were observed depending on the level of SGs in total solids. In particular, the MEE %, the hygroscopicity and the solubility values ranged from 62.36, 82.46 to 94.67 %, 21.51, 26.67 and 24.25 % and 99.93, 97.50 to 96.03 % for encapsulated SGs products produced with 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5 % SGs in total solids, respectively. The encapsulated product produced with 2.5 % steviol glycosides in total solids presented the most appealing sensory and quality characteristics.
HIV Tat controls RNA Polymerase II and the epigenetic landscape to transcriptionally reprogram target immune cells
Authors: Reeder Jonathan E , Kwak Youn-Tae , McNamara Ryan P , Forst Christian V , D'Orso Iván
Published: October 2015

HIV encodes Tat, a small protein that facilitates viral transcription by binding an RNA structure (trans-activating RNA [TAR]) formed on nascent viral pre-messenger RNAs. Besides this well-characterized mechanism, Tat appears to modulate cellular transcription, but the target genes and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. We report here that Tat uses unexpected regulatory mechanisms to reprogram target immune cells to promote viral replication and rewire pathways beneficial for the virus. Tat functions through master transcriptional regulators bound at promoters and enhancers, rather than through cellular ‘TAR-like’ motifs, to both activate and repress gene sets sharing common functional annotations. Despite the complexity of transcriptional regulatory mechanisms in the cell, Tat precisely controls RNA polymerase II recruitment and pause release to fine-tune the initiation and elongation steps in target genes. We propose that a virus with a limited coding capacity has optimized its genome by evolving a small but ‘multitasking’ protein to simultaneously control viral and cellular transcription.
The Influence of Habitat on the Quality Characteristics of the Green Macro Alga Caulerpa lentillifera Agardh (Caulerpaceae,Chlorophyta)
Authors: Delan Gloria G. , Legados Julieto A. , Pepito Ador R. , Cunado Venerando D. , Rica Rachel Luz , Abdon Hector C. , Ilano Anthony S.
Published: October 2015

The seaweed Caulerpa lentillifera is commonly utilized as food for human in many Asian countries. It is an efficient bio-filter, despite its ability to absorb pollutants from the habitat of sources.This study determine the influence of habitat on the quality characteristics of the green macro alga, Caulerpa lentillifera, taken from the different sources. Purposive sampling was used with samples taken from Bohol and Cebu islands, throughout the three (3) trials. Samples from Bohol islands were obtained from the culture ponds; while samples from Cebu islands were taken from both the culture ponds and from the wild. The sea-grapes were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals, lethality assay, bacterial count, direct pollution indicators and proximate composition. Data obtained were treated statistically using ANOVA at 5percent level of significance. Results of the study showed significant difference on heavy metals (Hg and Pb) from various seaweed sources. High concentrations of heavy metals were found in all the seaweed samples from Cebu compared with that of the Bohol samples. In terms of lethality assay (LC 50), the wild samples from Cebu significantly showed higher lethal values compared with that obtained from Bohol samples. As to the bacterial count (cfu/g), the wild samples from Cebu showed the lowest Aerobic Plate Count of 9.3 x 103 cfu/g. However, higher bacterial counts were obtained from Cebu samples that were taken from the two culture ponds co-cultured with milkfish. Across sites, the proximate composition of all the sea-grape samples from Cebu and Bohol also showed significant difference. In terms of E. coli, all the samples have shown no significant difference, with <1.0 x 10 cfu.g-1. Regarding the indicators of direct pollution, all the samples from both islands showed low levels of direct pollutants, such as PO4 , NH3, and NO3 . Based on the results of this study, sea-grapes showed varying quality characteristics as influenced by the habitat or sources they were obtained. As a bio-filter, the quality characteristics of the seaweed are indicators of the various pollutants found from the habitat or sorces.
Theory and experiment of Differential Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Vogelaar Bouko B. S. A. , Smeulders David M. J. , Harris Jerry M.
Published: October 2015

Recent advances in Differential Acoustic Resonance Spectroscopy (DARS) techniques have given rise to applications in the field of poromechanics. We report on the experimental demonstration of bulk modulus measurements on poroelastic samples at sonic frequencies (1 kHz) with DARS. Normal mode perturbation is due to scattering of a foreign object (i.e., a rock sample) within an otherwise fluid‐filled resonator. The perturbation theory on an elastic object determines its bulk modulus (inverse compressibility). The experimental bulk modulus of medium‐ to high‐permeability (>10 mD) poroelastic samples is in agreement with predictions from quasi‐static loading of a porous sphere using the Biot theory. This result demonstrates that pore fluid flow governs the dominant relaxation process of the rock during compression. For low‐permeability samples (<10 mD), pressure equilibration via slow wave diffusion is limited, and only qualitative agreement is found between the upper bound (Gassmann undrained modulus) and the lower bound (volume‐weighted compressibilities of the two constituents). DARS experiments, in conjunction with the poroelastic theory presented here, allow one to infer such rock physical properties as the effective bulk modulus at sonic frequencies.
Antenna gain and link budget for waves carrying orbital angular momentum
Authors: Nguyen Duy Kevin , Pascal Olivier , Sokoloff Jérôme , Chabory Alexandre , Palacin Baptiste , Capet Nicolas
Published: October 2015

This paper addresses the RF link budget of a communication system using unusual waves carrying an orbital angular momentum (OAM) in order to clearly analyze the fundamental changes for telecommunication applications. The study is based on a typical configuration using circular array antennas to transmit and receive OAM waves. For any value of the OAM mode order, an original asymptotic formulation of the link budget is proposed in which equivalent antenna gains and free‐space losses appear. The formulations are then validated with the results of a commercial electromagnetic simulation software. By this way, we also show how our formula can help to design a system capable of superimposingseveral channels on the same bandwidth and the same polarization, based on the orthogonality of the OAM. Additional losses due to the use of this degree of freedom are notably clearly calculated to quantify the benefit and drawback according to the case.
Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Process Conditions on the Morphology in Injection Molding of Polymer Blends
Authors: Liu Fen , Zhang Yi , Zhang Yun , Huang Zhigao , Ying Jiru , Xie Xiaolin , Zhou Huamin
Published: October 2015

The effects of process conditions on the morphological evolution in injection molding of polymer blends are investigated with experimental methods. Numerous injection molding tests on isotactic polypropylene/polyolefin elastomer blends are conducted under varying process conditions, including the injection rate, melt temperature, packing pressure, packing time, and cooling time. The mean radius and deformation rate of dispersed phase of the moldings are observed and measured. Comparison of the experiments suggests a fine predictive competence and different influence degrees with variation of the injection molding process conditions.
Efficient Access to Bicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes: Copper‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Silylative Cyclization of Cyclohexadienone‐Tethered Allenes
Authors: He Zhi‐Tao , Tang Xiao‐Qi , Xie Li‐Bo , Cheng Mian , Tian Ping , Lin Guo‐Qiang
Published: October 2015

The creation of three consecutive chiral carbon centers in one step is achieved using Cu‐catalyzed asymmetric silylative cyclization of cyclohexadienone‐tethered allenes. Through regioselective β‐silylation of the allene and subsequent enantioselective 1,4‐addition to cyclohexadienone, this tandem reaction could afford cis‐hydrobenzofuran, cis‐hydroindole, and cis‐hydroindene frameworks with excellent yields (80–98 %) and enantioselectivities (94–98 % ee) bearing vinylsilane and enone substructures. Meanwhile, this mild transformation is generally compatible with a wide range of functional groups, which allows further conversion of the bicyclic products to bridged and tricyclic ring structures.
A Novel Strategy to Reveal the Latent Abnormalities in Human Embryonic Stages from a Large Embryo Collection
Authors: Kanahashi Tohoru , Yamada Shigehito , Tanaka Mire , Hirose Ayumi , Uwabe Chigako , Kose Katsumi , Yoneyama Akio , Takeda Tohoru , Takakuwa Tetsuya
Published: October 2015

The cause of spontaneous abortion of normal conceptuses remains unknown in most cases. The study was aimed to reveal the latent abnormalities by using a large collection of embryo images from a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) database and novel phase‐contrast radiographic computed tomography (PXCT). MRI from 1,156 embryos between Carnegie stage (CS) 14 and CS23 from the Kyoto Collection were screened by using the volume of the liver as the target organ. Embryos with liver volumes ≥2 SD above or below the mean for the stage of development were screened and examined precisely on MRI. Embryos with potentially abnormal livers were further analyzed by using PXCT. Liver abnormality was detected in all 7 embryos in the extra‐small liver group and in 2 of 8 embryos in the extra‐large liver group. The abnormalities in the extra‐small liver group consisted of hepatic agenesis (2 embryos), hepatic hypogenesis (4), and liver lobe defect (1). Among the 7 extra‐small liver group, 2 had only liver abnormalities and 5 exhibited complications in other organs. Of the 2 embryos in the extra‐large liver group, one had only a single liver abnormality and the other had a morphologically abnormal liver with complications in other organs. Most of such liver abnormality cases are not survive, as liver function becomes essential. The prevalence of liver malformations in CS18 and CS21 in the intrauterine population of externally normal embryos is approximately 1.7%. The present study is the first step toward the elucidation of the latent abnormalities resulting in spontaneous abortion in externally normal embryos. Anat Rec, 299:8–24, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Historical perspective—Anatomy down the ages in Australasia; lessons for the future
Authors: Flack Natasha Ams , Nicholson Helen D.
Published: October 2015

Is anatomy a dying discipline? This article explores the history and current state of human anatomy in Australasia, and considers the changing nature of the discipline, and possibilities for the future. A web‐based search of all tertiary institutions in Australasia was performed to identify which taught anatomy. Those identified were invited to provide further information about postgraduate student numbers, external courses and public outreach. Forty‐one institutions across Australasia teach anatomy. There are seven identifiable anatomy departments and nine disciplines of anatomy. From 1900 to 2014, the number of medical schools has increased (from 4 to 20), however a concomitant increase in the number of anatomy departments (2014, n = 7) was not observed. Twenty‐one institutions, without medical schools, currently teach anatomy but none have a stand‐alone anatomy department. Anatomy is taught in more than 18 different undergraduate and postgraduate programs. From the 28 institutions that provided current data, 310 postgraduate research students were identified. Predominantly, they came from longer‐established institutions with an identifiable anatomy department. Similarly, those with anatomy departments/disciplines offered external professional courses. Many institutions engaged in public outreach. The evidence suggests that anatomy is alive and possibly even growing in Australasia. However, the structures around the discipline and the students who are learning anatomy are changing. Our challenge is to prepare the next generation of anatomy faculty to be both researchers and teachers. Clin. Anat. 29:4–10, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ethical issues surrounding the use of images from donated cadavers in the anatomical sciences
Authors: Cornwall Jon , Callahan David , Wee Richman
Published: October 2015

Body donor programs rely on the generosity and trust of the public to facilitate the provision of cadaver resources for anatomical education and research. The uptake and adoption of emerging technologies, including those allowing the acquisition and distribution of images, are becoming more widespread, including within anatomical science education. Images of cadavers are useful for research and education, and their supply and distribution have commercial potential for textbooks and online education. It is unclear whether the utilization of images of donated cadavers are congruent with donor expectations, societal norms and boundaries of established public understanding. Presently, no global “best practices” or standards exist, nor is there a common model requiring specific image‐related consent from body donors. As ongoing success of body donation programs relies upon the ethical and institutional governance of body utilization to maintain trust and a positive relationship with potential donors and the community, discussions considering the potential impact of image misuse are important. This paper discusses the subject of images of donated cadavers, commenting on images in non‐specific use, education, research, and commercial applications. It explores the role and significance of such images in the context of anatomical science and society, and discusses how misuse ‐ including unconsented use ‐ of images has the potential to affect donor program success, suggesting that informed consent is currently necessary for all images arising from donated cadavers. Its purpose is to encourage discussion to guide responsible utilization of cadaver images, while protecting the interests of body donors and the public. Clin. Anat. 29:30–36, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thoughts on practical core elements of an ethical anatomical education
Authors: Hildebrandt Sabine
Published: October 2015

While questions of ethics in body procurement have become a focus of attention in many medical schools around the world, the recent report by a medical student regarding disturbing incidences in an anatomical dissection course (Terry, ) underlines the importance of a discussion of ethical practices in anatomical education. Here thoughts on core elements of instruction are proposed which are based on the premise that both, ethical body procurement and ethical anatomical education, are the foundation for a humanism‐based professional training of students in medicine. As the anatomical dissection course presents an exceptional situation for students, practical guidelines for a curriculum founded on ethical considerations are essential. They include a preparatory phase before the start of the course in which students are asked about their expectations and fears concerning anatomical dissection; an introduction to the history and ethics of anatomy; a time for reflection in the dissection room before the start of dissection; a regular opportunity for reflections on dissection in parallel to the course with students and faculty; and a memorial service for the donors organized by students for faculty, students and donor families. Finally, anatomical faculty should undergo training in ethical educational practices. Many anatomy programs have incorporated various of these ideas, while others have not done so. Guidelines for ethical anatomical practices can strengthen the foundation of a humanistic approach to medicine in future physicians and health care workers. Clin. Anat. 29:37–45, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Searching for good practice recommendations on body donation across diverse cultures
Authors: Jones David Gareth
Published: October 2015

Good practice recommendations for the donation of human bodies and tissues for anatomical examination have been produced by the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA). Against the background of these recommendations, the ethical values underlying them were outlined. These were the centrality of informed consent, their non‐commercial nature, and the respect due to all associated with donations including family members. The latter was exemplified in part by the institution of thanksgiving services and commemorations. A number of issues in the recommendations were discussed, including the movement of bodies across national borders, donor anonymity, taking images of bodies and body parts, and the length of time for which bodies can be kept. Outstanding questions in connection with body donation included the availability of bodies for research as well as teaching, allowing TV cameras into the dissecting room, and the display of archival material in anatomy museums. Future prospects included whether IFAA could be formulating a position on the public exhibition of plastinated human material, and in what ways IFAA could assist countries currently dependent upon the use of unclaimed bodies. Clin. Anat. 29:55–59, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Consent and consensus—ethical perspectives on obtaining bodies for anatomical dissection
Authors: Winkelmann Andreas
Published: October 2015

Biomedical research and education benefit from the use of human cadavers. These are usually acquired from donors who have willed their body to science during their lifetime. This concept of donation through “informed consent” respects the personal autonomy of the donor and the dignity of the dead body (extended from the dignity of the living person). The concept of informed consent is taken from research on living human subjects regulated in the Helsinki Declaration. This transfer to the domain of anatomical donation, however, has several problems. For example, the dead cannot speak for themselves and the ethical status of the human cadaver remains ambiguous. It is therefore suggested that an element of consensus is added to the concept of consent, a consensus between donors, relatives, anatomists, and the wider community. A consensus can give difficult decisions surrounding body donation and dissection a broader basis and can help bridge the gap between donors and families on the one side and anatomists, researchers and students on the other side. This approach can help to establish relationships of trust with local communities, on which body donation programs depend. Clin. Anat. 29:70–77, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cadmium Sulfide Nanorods Decorated with Copper Sulfide via One‐Step Cation Exchange Approach for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution under Visible Light
Authors: Sun Zijun , Liu Xiang , Yue Qiudi , Jia Hongxing , Du Pingwu
Published: October 2015

Photocatalytic hydrogen production by means of water splitting has attracted significant attention to convert solar energy into chemical energy. In this present study, a facile one‐step cation exchange approach was used to prepare CuxS decorated on CdS nanorods (CuxS/CdS NRs, x=1–2) for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production in water under visible light irradiation (λ>420 nm). Under optimal conditions, the highest H2 production rate achieved was ≈111 μmol h−1 and the apparent quantum yield reached ≈7 %. Efficient transfer processes of photogenerated charge carriers from CdS to CuxS, which can be attributed to the uniform distribution of CuxS on the CdS surface, were confirmed by steady‐state photoluminescence (PL) spectra and time‐resolved photoluminescence spectra. All the results indicate that this low‐cost cation exchange reaction is a promising method to construct an efficient system for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
Determination of Core–Shell Structures in Pd‐Hg Nanoparticles by STEM‐EDX
Authors: Deiana Davide , Verdaguer‐Casadevall Arnau , Malacrida Paolo , Stephens Ifan E. L. , Chorkendorff Ib , Wagner Jakob B. , Hansen Thomas W.
Published: October 2015

The structural and elemental configuration of a high‐performing Pd‐Hg electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction to hydrogen peroxide has been studied by means of high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy. Pd‐Hg nanoparticles are shown to have a crystalline core–shell structure, with a Pd core and a Pd‐Hg ordered alloy shell. The ordered shell is responsible for the high oxygen reduction selectivity to H2O2.
Combined Imine Reductase and Amine Oxidase Catalyzed Deracemization of Nitrogen Heterocycles
Authors: Heath Rachel S. , Pontini Marta , Hussain Shahed , Turner Nicholas J.
Published: October 2015

A novel amine oxidase (AO)/imine reductase (IRED) system was developed for the deracemization of racemic amines. By combining (R)‐6‐hydroxy‐d‐nicotine oxidase (6‐HDNO) with an (R)‐IRED, a panel of racemic 2‐substituted piperidines and pyrrolidines were deracemized to yield the (S)‐amines in high yields and enantiomeric excess values. Other N‐heterocycles were deracemized with monoamine oxidase (MAO‐N) or 6‐HDNO in combination with ammonia borane, which allowed comparison of the two enzyme deracemization approaches with that involving a chemical reducing agent.
OSDA‐Free Zeolite Beta with High Aluminum Content Efficiently Catalyzes a Tandem Reaction for Conversion of Glucose to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Otomo Ryoichi , Yokoi Toshiyuki , Tatsumi Takashi
Published: October 2015

Organic structure‐directing agent (OSDA)‐free zeolite Beta with high Al content exhibit remarkably high catalytic performance in the conversion of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) by virtue of their appropriate acid properties; specifically, a sufficient number of Lewis acid sites were generated by calcination of the NH4‐form zeolite, while the original Brønsted acid sites were substantially maintained, with both acid sites being in close proximity. The OSDA‐free Beta catalyst, having a large number of Brønsted acid sites and sufficient Lewis acid sites, showed superior catalytic performance to a physical mixture of each type of acid catalyst with a similar number of each acid site. This behavior could be ascribed to the high reactivity and slow intrazeolitic diffusion of fructose. The structure of the Al species active in the isomerization of glucose to fructose is discussed based on relationships between catalytic activities and changes in Al species by the calcination, changes that were observed by 27Al magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR and IR spectroscopies.
Electrocatalytic Activities of Chemically Reduced Graphene Are Essentially Dominated by the Adhered Carbonaceous Debris
Authors: Li Xiaomeng , Ma Danyang , Zhu Liande
Published: October 2015

Due to its simple, scalable, and facile qualities, the chemical reduction of graphene oxide seems to be the most popular approach to prepare graphene. We show that such prepared graphene is strongly adhered with carbonaceous debris that has been produced during the synthesis of graphene oxide by the chemical exfoliation of graphite and still remain on graphene sheets through the chemical reduction steps. Interestingly, the presence of the carbonaceous debris causes a significant impact on the electrochemical behavior of the chemical reduced graphene. Herein, we demonstrate that the electrocatalytical activities of the graphene are greatly boosted by the adhered carbonaceous debris. After the removal of the carbonaceous debris, the electrocatalysis of graphene is not superior to conventional graphite.
Identification of Cellular MicroRNA Coupling Strand Displacement Polymerization and Nicking‐Endonuclease‐Based Cleavage
Authors: Miao Peng , Tang Yuguo , Zhang Qi , Bo Bing , Wang Jue
Published: October 2015

Invited for this month's cover are collaborators from a group at Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and a group at Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine. The cover picture shows the design of an electrochemical method for cellular microRNA detection coupling strand displacement polymerization and nicking‐endonuclease‐mediated cleavage. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.201500249.
Control and Study of the Stoichiometry in Evaporated Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Teuscher Joël , Ulianov Alexey , Müntener Othmar , Grätzel Michael , Tétreault Nicolas
Published: October 2015

Herein, we present the precise stoichiometric control of methlyammonium lead iodide perovskite thin‐films using high vacuum dual‐source vapor‐phase deposition. We found that UV/Vis absorption and emission spectra were inadequate for assessing precisely the perovskite composition. Alternatively, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) is used to give precise, reproducible, quantitative measurements of the I/Pb ratio without systematic errors that often result from varying device thicknesses and morphologies. This controlled deposition method enables better understanding of the evaporation and deposition processes; methylammonium iodide evaporation appears omnidirectional, controlled using the chamber pressure and incorporated in the film through interaction with the unidirectionally evaporated PbI2. Furthermore, these thin‐films were incorporated into solar cell device architectures with the best photovoltaic performance and reproducibility obtained for devices made with stoichiometric perovskite active layers. Additionally, and particularly pertinent to the field of perovskite photovoltaics, we found that the I–V hysteresis was unaffected by varying the film stoichiometry.
Voltammetric Determination of Metronidazole Using a Sensor Based on Electropolymerization of α‐Cyclodextrin over a Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Hernández‐Jiménez Arturo , Roa‐Morales Gabriela , Reyes‐Pérez Horacio , Balderas‐Hernández Patricia , Barrera‐Díaz Carlos E. , Bernabé‐Pineda Margarita
Published: October 2015

An electrochemical sensor for metronidazole (MTZ) was built via the surface modification of a carbon paste electrode (CPE) by a film obtained through electropolymerization of α‐cyclodextrin (CPEα‐CD). The CPEα‐CD was characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), by both techniques was demonstrated that the polymer film is coating the electrode surface. The electroreduction behaviour of MTZ in HClO4 media as a supporting electrolyte was studied by differential‐pulse voltammetric (DPV) technique. The DPV electrochemical process was observed to be diffusion controlled and irreversible. Under optimal conditions, the peak current was proportional to MTZ concentration in the range of 0.5 to 103.0 μM with a detection limit of 0.28±0.02 μM. The method was successfully applied to quantify of MTZ in pharmaceutical formulations. In addition, this proposed MTZ sensor exhibited good reproducibility, long‐term stability and fast current response.
Thiourea Based Dipodal Receptor Development for Electrochemical Detection of Br− Ion in an Aqueous Medium
Authors: Singh Narinder , Billing Beant Kaur , Singh Jasminder , Agnihotri Prabhat K.
Published: October 2015

Thiourea based dipodal receptor (R1) was developed and characterised using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. Using re‐precipitation method, R1 was processed into organic nanoparticles (N1), evaluated its sensor activity in aqueous medium. The prepared N1 were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) which shows 30 nm size. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) was employed for calculating average particle size. To imply N1 as sensor, its interaction with various anions was studied and found reasonable selectively for Br− ions with detection limit of 3.79 nM. For real life analysis, involving determining Br− from environmental samples, proposed sensor works successfully with accuracy more than 95 %.