bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
تأثير تدريبات لاكتيكية خاصة لتطوير التحمل الخاص وبعض المتغيرات البيوكيميائية و انجاز عدو 400 م حرة للشباب
Authors: عبد المهدي جاسم تقوى , محمد ناصر عامر
Published: April 2024

تعد العاب الساحة والميدان من العاب الجماهيرية التي تتمتع بقدرات بدنية ومهارات كثيرة ومتنوعة تتسم بأداء سريع ومفاجئ وهذا ما يكون مصحوباً بكفاءة وظيفية لأجهزة الجسم المختلفة ، ومن بين فعاليات العاب القوى فعالية عدو(400) متر وهي التي تتميز بالسرعة والقوة والأثارة، حيث صنفت هذه الفعالية ضمن فعاليات السرعة القصيرة الطويلة الأمد نسبياً، وأن التنافس المستمر لتحطيم الأرقام وتحقيق اعلى درجات الإنجاز في فعاليات العاب القوى بشكل عام وفعالية عدو (400) متر بشكل خاص يعد أحد الموضوعات التي تشغل أذهان الكثير من المهتمين بتحقيق التطور الرقمي لهذه الفعالية نظراً لطول مسافة السباق وزمن قطعها، اذ تعتمد هذه الفعالية في أدائها الحركي والمهاري لتحقيق اعلى المستويات على الصفات البدنية والفسيولوجية ودرجة التكامل بينها، وبصفه خاصة تحمل السرعة وتحمل القوة ، لما لهاتين الصفتين المركبتين من علاقة كبيرة بعامل مقاومة التعب ، فضلا عن تراكم نسبة تركيز حامض اللاكتيك في الدم ، ان تدريبات عدو 400 م بصورة منتظمة يؤدي الى حدوث تغيرات بيوكيميائية تحدث على الاجهزة الداخلية والتي تؤثر على المتغيرات البايوكيميائية والتي تظهر عن طريق وجود انزيمات معينة في الدم او تغير تركيز الانزيمات والتي تعكس التغيرات الفسيولوجية الحاصلة في جسم الانسان . وتساعد التدريبات على زيادة تحمل السرعة و القوة في تطوير بعض المتغيرات البايوكيميائية كانزيم  (LDH,CAT) و البدنية للاعدائين الشباب واستخدام تقنيات القياس العلمية
التحليل المكاني لانحدارات سطح الارض شرق محافظة واسط
Authors: راضي حسين القريشي ماجد , عذاب خليف الموسوي حسين
Published: April 2024

تناولت هذه الدراسة التحليل المكاني لانحدارات سطح الارض شرق محافظة واسط  كون منطقة الدراسة لم تحظى سابقاً بدراسات تخص المنحدرات,  وبذلك تعد هذه الدراسة الأولى من نوعها في المنطقة  والخاصة بدراسة منحدرات , ولاسيما إذ علمنا إن المنطقة ذات طبيعة جبلية في اجزاءها الشمالية والشمالية الشرقية  , تبين ذلك من خلال استخدام  انموذج الارتفاع الرقمي DEM الذي يعد أفضل البيانات التي تستخدم في نظم المعلومات الجغرافية ولاسيما في دراسة الانحدارات الارضية اذ يتم خلال الـ DEM انتاج خرائط المنحدرات التي يستفاد منها لمعرفة الانحدارات لكل نقطة في منطقة الدراسة , اذ دقة المخرجات بوساطة برامج نظم المعلومات الجغرافية في حساب وتصنيف المنحدرات الارضية والمشتقة من الصور الرادارية فضلاً عن تطبيقات عملية اخرى كحساب شبكة المثلثات واتجاه الانحدار وظل التل والمجسمات الثلاثي الابعاد 3D , ان الدقة المتناهية لهذه المخرجات تعطي فكرة واضحة ومتكاملة في منطقة الدراسة بالرغم من سعة مساحتها في منطقة الدراسة .
Big Data Analysis Suggests COVID Vaccination Increases Excess Mortality Of Highly vaccinated North Temperate Zone and North Frigid Zone Countries
Authors: Sakura Ken
Published: April 2024

COVID vaccines were reported to be effective for reducing COVID infection, hospitalization, mortality rate and as a result, suppressing excess mortality during the pandemic period. However, since they were developed in limited period of time and didn’t complete the regular drug-approval process, there is high uncertainty on long-term side effects. Serious long-term side effects will increase the non-COVID mortality rate, which may leads to increasing excess mortality. Therefore, whether the COVID vaccines could reduce or increase excess mortality in both short term and long term needs to be studied. In this study, relationships between Vaccination Amount of Post-Vaccination Period(VA-PVP) and excess mortality are evaluated. Other factors that affect global excess mortality like COVID death, potential post-COVID sequelae effect related factors and pull-forward effect(PFE) are also discussed to make sure the relationship between VA-PVP and excess mortality is exclusive. Multiple Linear Regression(MLR) model is used to evaluate the relationships between these factors and excess mortality. Data of highly vaccinated 29 north temperate zone and north frigid countries representing 1.19 billion population are used in the models, which is the largest dataset as far as we know. The result clearly shows that COVID vaccination increases excess mortality in post-vaccination periods and the effect keeps increasing. Furthermore, according to our model, the excess mortality caused by COVID vaccination is higher than COVID itself. The massive vaccination campaign is proven to be a huge mistake and should be stopped immediately.
Grammaticality illusions in Czech: A speeded acceptability study of agreement attraction
Authors: Lacina Radim , Dotlacil Jakub
Published: April 2024

Agreement attraction has been extensively studied in both the production and comprehension of language. In comprehension, it has been found that ungrammatical sentences such as '*The key to the cabinets were rusty' are often judged as acceptable due to the word 'cabinets' that matches the verb in number, but not when the attractor is singular ('cabinet'). This illusion of grammaticality has been documented in many of the world's languages. We report a speeded acceptability judgement experiment that tested the presence of this illusion in Czech. We find that Czech comprehenders notice the ungrammatical agreement pattern reliably, and that their acceptability judgements are affected by the number-match of the attractor. This number agreement attraction effect is however minuscule when compared to what has been reported in the literature on English. We show this in a comparative analysis of our data with those from Wagers, Lau and Phillips (2009).
ENIGMA-Meditation: Worldwide consortium for neuroscientific investigations of meditation practices
Authors: Ganesan Saampras , Tsuchiyagaito Aki , Siegle Greg , goldin philippe , Eyler Lisa T. , Treves Isaac N , Lutz Antoine , Pagnoni Giuseppe , Dagnino Paulina Clara , Escrichs Anira , Saccaro Luigi Francesco , Sacchet Matthew , Tripathi Vaibhav , Batta Ishaan , Prakash Ruchika , Brown Kirk Warren , Reggente Nicco , Khalsa Sahib S. , McDermott Timothy J. , Valk Sofie , Tang Yi-Yuan , Fani Negar , Deco Gustavo , Garland Eric , Calhoun Vince D , Davanger Svend , Piguet Camille , Bauer Clemens C.C. , Barrios Fernando Alejandro , Chételat Gaël , Kirlic Namik , Fresco David Marc , Rahrig Hadley , Torske Alyssa , Kang Yoona , Cain Joshua , Farb Norman A. S. , Garg Rahul , Turner Matthew D , Fialoke Suruchi , Hafeman Danella M. , Dutcher Janine M , Brewer Judson A. , Creswell J. David , Braver Todd Samuel , Zeidan Fadel , Vago David R , Lazar Sara , Davidson Richard , Ching Christopher RK , Jahanshad Neda , Thomopoulos Sophia I , Thompson Paul , Zalesky Andrew , Turner Jessica , King Anthony P.
Published: April 2024

Meditation is a family of ancient and contemporary contemplative mind-body practices that can modulate psychological processes, awareness, and mental states. Over the last 40 years, clinical science has manualised meditation practices and designed various meditation interventions (MIs), that have shown therapeutic efficacy for disorders including depression, pain, addiction, and anxiety. Over the past decade, neuroimaging has examined the neuroscientific basis of meditation practices, effects, states, and outcomes for clinical and non-clinical populations. However, the generalizability and replicability of current neuroscientific models of meditation are yet to be established, as they are largely based on small datasets entrenched with heterogeneity along several domains of meditation (e.g., practice types, meditation experience, clinical disorder targeted), experimental design, and neuroimaging methods (e.g., preprocessing, analysis, task-based, resting-state, structural MRI). These limitations have precluded a nuanced and rigorous neuroscientific phenotyping of meditation practices and their potential benefits. Here, we present ENIGMA-Meditation, the first worldwide collaborative consortium for neuroscientific investigations of meditation practices. ENIGMA-Meditation will enable systematic meta- and mega-analyses of globally distributed neuroimaging datasets of meditation using shared, standardized neuroimaging methods and tools to improve statistical power and generalizability. Through this powerful collaborative framework, existing neuroscientific accounts of meditation practices can be extended to generate novel and rigorous neuroscientific insights, accounting for multi-domain heterogeneity. ENIGMA-Meditation will inform neuroscientific mechanisms underlying therapeutic action of meditation practices on psychological and cognitive attributes, advancing the field of meditation and contemplative neuroscience.
Narrating global emerging issues with complexity-inspired installations
Authors: Liu Ivan Chen-Hsiu
Published: April 2024

The global emerging issues including those targeted by the United Nation in the 2030 Agenda has a pervasive impact on the whole humanity and the ecosystem. These issues share common features inherent in complex sys-tems. In this paper, we describe an innovative approach to raise the public awareness of the global emerging is-sues with complexity-inspired new media installations. These installations are derived from scientific models in the domain of complex science, manifesting self-organized criticality. We demonstrate how they can be used to narrate issues related to food-insecurity caused by climate change, antimicrobial resistance, and human-induced seismicity. Furthermore, a brief discussion is provided regarding the merits associated with employing such systems for storytelling.
Minimizing the Cost of Overstocking: Towards a Thinning Regime for Community - Managed Pine Plantations in the Central Hills of Nepal
Authors: Hunt Steve , Dangal Shambu , Shrestha Sarita
Published: April 2024

The authors assess the impact of stocking levels on the growth of Pinus Roxburghii and Pinus Patula which were planted in the two central hill districts of Nepal over the past two decades, and are generally overstocked due to conservative thinning practices. An analysis of more than 150 tress at different stocking levels showed that overstocking has reduced volume growth, and if thinning is delayed, this will be equivalent to a loss of over USD 200 per hectare per anum. To maximize income from such plantations, thinning regimes for the two species are also suggested.
Household characteristics and common property forest use: complementarities and contradictions
Authors: Adhikari Bhim
Published: April 2024

Being limited in supply but accessible for community usage, sustainable management of Common pool resources is still an important question facing both development planners and the academia. Experience from community forestry program in Nepal, and elsewhere, has so far indicated that poorer households are still marginalized even if resources are managed under community ownership. In this paper, I seek to analyze the socio-economic attributes of households that determine labor allocation decisions for forest product collection activities. This will help better understand why poorer groups have not been benefited from the management of community forests. I will then highlight the need for more effective policy and institutional interventions that would help ensure efficient and equitable access to the local level natural resource base.
Participating or Just Sitting In? The Dynamics of Gender and Caste in Community Forestry
Authors: Nightingale Andrea J
Published: April 2024

Community Forestry has successfully promoted sustainable resource use across Nepal. But to what extent do the programs fulfill the goal of providing resources for the poorest of the poor? Although some attention has been paid to the issue of participation of women and marginalized castes within CF, there is no or limited investigation into how such members participate, the extent to which theyinfluence management decisions and the implications of this for sustainable resource management. This article first outlines why equating gender with women is problematic and then highlights the importance of integrating other forms of social difference into an understanding of social power. Using case study data from north-western Nepal, it is shown that how implementation of communityforestry needs to take into account pre-existing social relations for the programs to be universally successful.
Narzędzia komunikacji strategicznej Republiki Chińskiej (Tajwanu)
Authors: Rajczyk Robert
Published: April 2024

Obecność Tajwanu w globalnej przestrzeni informacyjnej wykazuje fluktuację. Owa widzialność międzynarodowa Republiki Chińskiej uzależniona jest od skuteczności tajwańskiej komunikacji strategicznej prowadzonej przez władze w Tajpej. W niniejszym artykule poddano analizie efektywność działań w tym zakresie prowadzonych metodą analizy funkcjonalnej. Jej efektem jest ustalenie, że poziom widzialności międzynarodowej Tajwanu jest wprost proporcjonalny do liczby wydarzeń medialnych, operacji informacyjnych i innych działań prowadzonych w ramach komunikacji strategicznej. Podkreślenia wymaga jednak przede wszystkim fakt, iż prowadzona przez Republikę Chińską komunikacja strategiczna nie jest determinowana specyficznym statusem prawnomiędzynarodowym Tajwanu. Celem prowadzonych przez władze w Tajpej działań jest pozycjonowanie Republiki Chińskiej jako odpowiedzialnego, wiarygodnego i demokratycznego partnera politycznego i gospodarczego dla społeczności międzynarodowej.
Dada Bhagwan’s Insight on Intellect
Authors: Yajnik Dyuti
Published: April 2024

In this paper the attempt has been made to clarify Dada Bhagwan’s concept of Intellect. Further, its difference and relation with the concept of faith, Knowledge, Prajna are also seen critically. The whole approach of Dada Bhagwan is analytical, critical as well as practical. Further, it should be noted that like Swaminarayana or Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Dada Bhagwan also narrated the metaphysical, epistemological or moral truths in very lucid and colloquial language and expressions. The highest noble truths are expressed by him with simple examples of day-to-day like. Thus, it can be said regarding the writings of Dada Bhagwan that an illiterate will find it easy to understand and a scholar will find complex reasoning in his writing. The paper comprises of the narration and clarifications of Dada Bhagwan’s theory of Akrama Vijnana. Here, fate and freedom of soul, emancipation of soul is discussed with reference to the use of intellect. Dada Bhagwan elaborately gives the specific definition of Faith, Fate, Freedom, Intellect, Knowledge, Decisive knowledge, Prajna etc. Further it is expressively seen in Dada Bhagwan’s writings that the whole effort is done not only for intellectual pleasure, but for the purpose of Sadhana or spiritual practices for the attainment of salvation. Firstly, we will see his basic brief concept of Akrama Vijnana according to Dada Bhagwan and then his detailed definitions, concepts and practices will be discussed, with his views on the necessity and limitations of intellect.
Laser Heat Treatment with the Latest System Components
Authors: Bonss Steffen , Hannweber Jan , Karsunke Udo , Kuehn Stefan , Seifert Marko , Poegen Dirk , Beyer Eckhard
Published: April 2024

Laser beam heat treatment has been established during the last years as a complementary technology for local hardening treatment tasks at tool manufacturing, automotive industry and many others. Recently developed new high power diode lasers and a lot of process supporting systems lead to an increase of industrial laser hardening applications. The presentation starts with information about the basics of laser heat treatment. After that a review about suitable lasers and recommended systems for reliable and well adapted laser heat treatment processes is given. Recent examples of the transfer of laser beam hardening into industry are presented and discussed.
Residual Stress Distribution in Induction Hardened Gear
Authors: Ivanov Dmitry , Asperheim John Inge , Markegård Leif
Published: April 2024

The development of residual stress in an induction hardened small spur gear is numerically simulated. A full scale 3D simulation is utilized to obtain the results, providing the possibility to evaluate the complete distribution of residual stress in the hardened component. Electromagnetic and thermal solutions under induction heating conditions are obtained with Cedrat Flux 3D, whereas EDF Code Aster software is used for thermal simulation during the quenching stage, phase transformation, and stress-strain simulations. The simulated induction heating isotherms and distribution of residual stress are compared with experimental investigations done by Larregain et al. and Savaria et al.
Heat Treating 400-Series Stainless Steel in Air Without Flaking
Authors: Kerber Susan J.
Published: April 2024

During heat treating in air, 400-series stainless steels suffer from significant oxidation. It will be shown that doping the surface with a small amount of reactive element effect (REE) material can minimize this oxidation. Examples of REE materials include aluminum, silicon and cerium. After this treatment, the thermal oxides that form are thin and protective rather than thick and flaking. The process can be done in the field without any hazardous materials or special equipment. Complex geometries can be protected. The reduction of heat treat warp has also been demonstrated. The net result of the very thin thermal oxide is significantly reduced secondary operations.
Austempering Treatment in HIP Improves Ausferritic Steels and Ductile Irons
Authors: Larker Richard , Rubin Per
Published: April 2024

Austempering heat treatments of steels and cast irons are usually performed using salt bath quenching followed by isothermal transformation of austenite to bainite or ausferrite. High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ) at 1-4 MPa gas pressures is increasingly used to replace oil quenching, but may also be used for austempering. However, to obtain sufficient heat transfer high gas speeds >25 m/s are required. Hot Isostatic Pressing (HIP) is widely used for densifying castings and powder-based materials. Recent equipment developments enable Uniform Rapid Quenching (URQ) under 200 MPa pressure and 0.3 m/s speed, providing uniform cooling. Superplastic conditions during austenitization and initially during URQ reduce residual stresses and eliminate internal porosity in castings and PM materials. Hardenability is increased due to stabilization of the close-packed austenite. The inherent freedom provided by HIP to select optimum levels and rates for temperatures and pressures has been shown to improve mechanical properties and reduce process duration.
New Technical Resource for Induction Heat Treating Professionals
Authors: Rudnev Valery
Published: April 2024

The recently published ASM Handbook, Volume 4C is specifically devoted to meeting the needs of the induction heating and heat treating community. It is a long-awaited expansion of the ASM Handbook series to cover induction technology in depth. Heating by electromagnetic induction is a topic of major technological significance that continues to grow at an accelerated rate in a variety of thermal applications such as hardening, tempering, stress relieving, brazing, soldering, shrink fitting, melting, normalizing, annealing, coating, as well as re-heating ferrous and non-ferrous metallic materials prior to warm and hot working. The new ASM Handbook volume reflects an ambitious undertaking to compile an all-new, comprehensive resource on 21st-century induction thermal processes. World-recognized experts from leading universities, national research laboratories, and industrial corporations from 10 countries contributed to this volume, making it a truly international work to address leading-edge induction technologies.
The Effects of Tempering on the Structure of Martensite in 52100 Steel
Authors: Yu Haixuan , Lu Yuan , Cai Xiaoqing , Sisson Richard D.
Published: April 2024

To experimentally investigate the effect of tempering temperature and time on the structure and composition of martensite, AISI 52100 was austenized at 1000°C for 40 minutes and quenched in agitated water at 21°C. The as-quenched steel contained body-centered tetragonal (BCT) martensite with 22% retained austenite. These samples were tempered at 100°C, 200°C, and 300°C with different holding times and then were characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the effect on the structure of the martensite. It was found that the content of retained austenite did not change after tempering at 100°C. Retained austenite decomposed after tempering for 40 minutes at 300°C. The changes in crystal structures and lattice parameters for tempered martensite with different holding times and temperatures were measured. The effect of sample preparation on retained austenite and the structure of martensite and tempered martensite was evaluated. An effective technique for carbide extraction and collection in steel is introduced.
Development of Nanostructured Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI)
Authors: Putatunda Susil K. , Panneerselvam Saranya , Alshwigi Mohamed
Published: April 2024

Austempered Ductile Cast Iron (ADI) has emerged as an important engineering material in recent years. It has a combination of high strength, good ductility, good fatigue strength and fracture toughness. Because of these excellent properties, it is now extensively used in many structural applications such as automotive components, earth moving machineries etc. An investigation was carried out to develop ADI with a nano scale microstructure. This was achieved by high temperature deformation and subsequent austempering of ductile cast iron. The effect of processing parameters such as deformation temperature, strain rate, austempering temperature and austempering time on microstructural features such as volume fraction of phases, size and distribution of phases were examined.
Analysis of Heat Treat Growth on Carburized Ring Gear and Multivariate Regression Model Development
Authors: Rowan Olga K. , Yaniak Thomas J.
Published: April 2024

Accurate assessment of heat treat (HT) growth on carburized ring gears is of critical importance when developing new gears or implementing various design/process changes on current production gears. The traditional approach has been to conduct expensive and time consuming HT trials with green and after- HT measurements on a case-by-case basis. An advancement of this process was to create an extensive database in order to develop a predictive model. Various statistical analyses were performed using Minitab. Ring gear HT growth on measurements between pins expressed in % growth gave better predicting power than delta (mm) growth. The best subset model with green hardness data utilizes 7 factors (material, key geometrical features) and yields 98.3% R2. The model developed from a larger dataset without green hardness yields 89.8% R2. On-going work includes continuously updating the database and refining the model. This work will help minimize the number of trials needed for new product launches and shortening of the development cycle.
Design and Validation of Induction Heat Treatment Processes Utilizing 2D and 3D Computer Simulation
Authors: Russell Collin
Published: April 2024

This paper will address practical aspects of developing induction heat treatment processes – induction hardening processes in particular. Examples will be presented to illustrate methods of improving inductor and process designs utilizing computer simulation. A number of everyday challenges encountered by heat treatment practitioners will be addressed, specifically challenges related to metallurgical and mechanical quality. The value of utilizing computer simulation will be demonstrated in these real-world solutions through the revelation of subtle facets of induction heat treatment that cannot otherwise be physically observed or measured.
Principles of Heat Treatment Processes Modeling
Authors: Wołowiec-Korecka Emilia
Published: April 2024

This study deals with the fundamentals of intelligent computer-aided processes in thermal and thermochemical treatments. The aim of this study is the improvement of the conformity of the actual post-treatment properties with the assumed properties, thereby improving the repeatability of the process results. A detailed study was conducted involving low-pressure carburizing and low-pressure nitriding. The principal objective of the literature review was to better understand the cause-and-effect relationship in these processes and to develop a methodology of designing functional and effective processes of low-pressure thermal and thermochemical treatment, using effective computation methods. The paper contains a synthetic presentation of modeling methods, in particular of artificial intelligence methods; it also analyses the opportunities and threats associated with the methods.
Effects of Deformation and Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Supare Ashish , Jadhav Shital , Patil Sandip , Powar Amit , Farane Bhagwan , Singh Rajkumar
Published: April 2024

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is characterized to be sensitive to heat treatment and deformation. This paper focuses on microstructural evolution and variation in mechanical properties with respect to the deformation and change in the heat treatment cycle. Different heat treatment cycles such as mill annealing, solution treatment and beta solution treatment followed by annealing were carried out on deformed and undeformed Ti-6Al-4V samples. Heat treated samples were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy. Also different mechanical tests (i.e. tensile test, fracture toughness test) were conducted and results were analyzed. Large variation in mechanical properties and microstructures were found out with different heat treatment cycles. Fracture toughness was found to be high for beta solution treatment samples than the mill annealed and solution treated samples and the reason for the same has been analyzed.
Torsional Fatigue Behavior of Through Surface Hardened Low Hardenability Steel Compared to Gas Carburized SAE 8620 Steel
Authors: Govier Erin M. , Glass Matthew , Larsen James
Published: April 2024

A new technology has been introduced to the North American market as a potential replacement for conventional gas carburizing. This new approach, called Through Surface Hardening (TSH) technology, utilizes a low hardenability (LH) steel and induction hardening to create a contoured hardened pattern, similar to a traditional gas carburizing process. In this study, TSH-processed and conventional gas-carburized SAE 8620 fatigue samples were subjected to reverse torsional loading, generating comparative stress to cycle curves. This paper outlines the torsional fatigue performance and metallurgical characteristics of each process type.
Effective Ways of Joining Using Induction Heating Technology
Authors: Larrabee Scott R.
Published: April 2024

Induction heating is a very controlled and cost effective way of heating parts for bonding or joining applications. This presentation will talk about what induction is and why manufacturers are switching to induction over other heating processes for their joining and bonding needs. Applications covered include brazing and soldering, weld pre-heating, seam welding, shrink fitting, hard surfacing alloy bonding, adhesive and paint curing, heat staking, and heat sealing. Advantages to manufacturers include flexibility to process a variety of parts with relatively rapid changeover, efficient use of energy, time, and shop floor space, and economical processing of both large continuous production runs or small batch jobs.
Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and Analysis of Rapidly Heat Treated M-42 High-Speed Steels
Authors: KarthikBabu R.N. , Sarvesh R. , Rajendra Prasad A. , Swaminathan G.
Published: April 2024

M-42 is Molybdenum-series high speed steel used as a cutting tool material because of its hot hardness and toughness properties. With the better hot hardness and wear resistance, M-42 is one of the most widely used tool materials for cutting tools. These Molybdenum steels are heat treated conventionally in four steps viz., preheating, austenitizing, quenching along with two stages of tempering. The main step in heat treatment, austenitizing is done with the aid of salt bath furnace by heating the tool steel to the austenitizing temperature (1260°C) with three stages of preheating. This method is often a time consuming process with most of the time and energy utilized for the achievement of the required temperature. This study deals with the rapid heat treatment of the aforementioned M-42 steel samples by the action of microwaves from a hybrid microwave furnace. The quenching is done as of in a conventional method using a neutral salt bath maintained at a temperature of 550 °C. Comparison between the rapidly heat treated specimen and the conventionally heat treated specimen With similar dimensions is carried out. The tempering processes for both the specimens were carried out conventionally. Mechanical properties such as hardness, microstructure, etc., are compared between the conventional and the rapid heat treated specimens. Scanning electron microscopy was also taken to study the grain refinement of the microwave heat treated steel specimen at a higher magnification. The comparison between the properties and the microstructure revealed minute changes in mechanical properties of the rapid heat treated specimen and also resulted in the marked drop of the heating time and the energy saving thereby reducing the costs incurred for the heat treatment process.
Specifying Nitriding Process Requirements
Authors: Chatterjee Madhu S. , Ruxanda Roxana
Published: April 2024

Discovering microstructural features of white layer in a nitrided part has appealed to many scientists and researchers. A slight change in microscopic properties can bring a huge difference in their macro-scale behavior. A thorough knowledge of the compound (the white layer) and of the diffusion zone will enable materials scientists to monitor the grain size (the phases within the material), which alter the macro-scale toughness and strength and finally the amount of porosity. Unlike carburizing, which is a more matured technology, nitriding specifications are genetically stated as surface hardness and hardness at depths. No constituents or type and percent of compounds are mentioned. This paper will attempt to address methodologies used to identify different constituents of both the compound and the diffusion layers of a nitrided part. Three different materials have been heat treated for this study. Three different methods of investigation were used: optical microscopy, electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). This is the beginning of a series of investigations which are underway. In this article, information already known will be the starting point. In future articles, more in depth investigation of the white layer and of the diffusion zone will be shown.
Obtaining Nadcap Accreditation— Helping You Pass Your Audit
Authors: Durham Nathan
Published: April 2024

With the integral role that heat treatment plays in our everyday lives – from the tools we use to the planes in which we fly – the quality and safety of these products and the processes used to create them is of the utmost importance. As such, the Nadcap accreditation process and Aerospace Material Specification (AMS) standards help ensure consistent, high-quality standards are adhered to for aerospace products. We have found from customers who heat treat aerospace products that a variety of questions and challenges can arise about the Nadcap accreditation process. To aid in and help simplify this process, we have curated recommended best practices and steps from those who have undergone Nadcap accreditation. This presentation provides tips on preparing for the internal and official Nadcap audits, including networking with other suppliers and having acceptable quality system approval. It also discusses where to locate key documents and specifications that help you prepare for the audit process. Reviewing common nonconformances from past years can help heat treaters develop a better understanding of specifications and requirements
Choosing the Proper Heat Resistant Alloy Based on Application Criteria
Authors: Glasser Marc
Published: April 2024

In today’s competitive world of globalization and low cost manufacturing, it is essential that when engineering a job, to get it right the first time. This is especially true for capital equipment with a high cost and long expected lifetimes. It is even more critical, when the equipment must operate at high temperatures, and different potential for failure exists. In order to do it right the first time, engineers must understand high temperature properties, and incorporate these principles into the decision making process for materials. Some of these properties are intrinsic, some are affected by environment, and some are governed by thermodynamic and kinetic changes to the material at the operating temperatures. All must be considered.
RA 602 CA— An Alloy for the Highest Temperature Processes
Authors: Glasser Marc
Published: April 2024

RA 602 CA (also known as 602 CA and NiCroFer 6025, which are trademarks of VDM) is one of the best heat resistant alloys. It has excellent creep strength even at high temperatures, and oxidation resistance up to 2250°F. It is being used in an increasing number of new applications in the toughest of high temperature environments with success.
Retiring Paper-Based Maintenance Systems in Commercial Heat Treating Shops
Authors: Jones Roger A
Published: April 2024

It hardly needs to be said that for commercial heat treat companies, the furnace with its components is the most important piece of equipment in the shop. The furnace is a workhorse often functioning around the clock, year in and year out. With care, a furnace can give decades of productive service; proper and timely maintenance of furnace systems is therefore critical to the success of the heat treat enterprise. Recognizing this fact, software that provides an automated system of reminders and records for both planned and unplanned maintenance tasks becomes a worthwhile investment.
Everything You Wanted To Know About AMS2750E but Were Afraid To Ask
Authors: Schulze Jason
Published: April 2024

AMS2750E describes the testing of Pyrometry on Industrial Ovens, furnaces and other thermal processing equipment and related instruments. Products which are heat treated through thermal processing equipment cannot be individually verified for conformance without destructive testing. Samples representing the hardware being processed are typically distributed throughout the production load and destructively tested post cycle. Some processes do not utilize samples as the process is stable enough or the thermal process has no need for testing. Ensuring stable and repeatable process parameters within the thermal processing equipment is imperative to ensure results of the heat treatment are conforming. This is done through Pyrometry. Pyrometry gains industry acceptance and conformance through AMS2750E. This specification covers all aspects of pyrometry.
Hydroprime Modular Plants Provide Low Cost, Reliable Hydrogen for Heat Treating
Authors: Shahani Goutam H. , Finley Kyle , Lyda Larry , Moroz Grzegorz , Onelli Nick
Published: April 2024

Gas mixtures containing hydrogen are used as a protective atmosphere in many heat treating processes including annealing, brazing and sintering. Hydrogen in conjunction with nitrogen or argon, carbon monoxide, methane provides protective and oxide reducing properties of furnace atmosphere to enhance the physical and chemical properties of heat treated metal products. This paper provides an overview of a unique steam methane reformer, employing an integrated heat recovery system, which reduces the cost and improves the reliability of hydrogen supply. This modular plant can produce 0.15 – 0.3 MMSCFD of 99.999 % hydrogen at 200 psig. This system offers a flexible hydrogen supply solution to heat treating market, which has demonstrated excellent results in actual commercial operation worldwide.
Next Gen Technology—Wearables and Predictive Maintenance in Heat Treatment
Authors: Sherwin Peter
Published: April 2024

Sustainable Heat Treatment requires getting the most from all the available assets in a Heat Treat operation. If run to breaking point, burn-out literally can occur in people and equipment. Making smarter choices by utilizing emerging Wearable technology and Next gen maintenance technology can help avoid this catastrophic situation and produce optimized returns through creating more productive people and equipment.
Technology and Advancements in Analog and Digital Control
Authors: Miller Steve
Published: April 2024

Modern technological advancements make it easier to achieve accurate control to meet AMS2750E and CQI9 requirements. Today’s Industrial technologies have advanced rapidly alongside electronic innovations that improve accuracy and control. In years past there was a difficulty associated with accuracy from translating or updating older existing controls to new modern process controls due to the level of complexity and cost involved. Today, equipment manufacturers are integrating a variety of new technologies to improve the accuracy of monitoring. This presentation looks at some of the old and new technologies and recent innovations for improving input accuracy for analog and digital signals.
Determination of the Cause of Low Temperature Charpy Toughness Values in ASTM A350 LF2 Flanges
Authors: Nissan Andrew B. , Baker Kirk C.
Published: April 2024

Recent destructive analysis of six ASTM A350 LF2 flanges has revealed vastly different low temperature (-50°F) Charpy impact toughness from 4 J (3 ft-lbs) to greater than 298 J (220 ft-lbs). These relatively low strength flanges, minimum 248 MPa (36 ksi) yield and 483-655 MPa (70-95 ksi) tensile strength, had nominally the same yield and UTS despite the difference in toughness. Detailed chemical and microstructural analysis was undertaken to elucidate the cause of the toughness range. The majority of the flanges had aluminum additions and a fine grain size with the toughness differences mostly explained by the cooling rate after normalizing with the still air cool showing the lowest toughness and the fastest air cooled sample the highest. For flanges of this strength level a quench and temper operation is not required to obtain good low temperature toughness but forced air cooling after normalizing is a minimum cooling rate to ensure good toughness and overall strength.
Microstructure and Failure Analysis of Austenitic Fe-Ni Alloys and Ni-Cr-Fe Alloys for Furnace Alloys and Fixtures
Authors: Wang Anbo , Sisson R.D.
Published: April 2024

The heat-treating industry is in need of heat-treatment furnace materials and fixtures that have a long service life and reduced heat capacity. Failure mechanisms on the effect of prolonged exposure to carburization heat treatment have been investigated. RA330, RA602CA, 304L, 316L and Inconel 625 alloys were selected to study the anti-corrosion properties. The alloys were exposed to 0.7%C carburizing atmosphere at around 900°C for 3 months, 6months, and 12months. Based on microstructural analysis of components that were used until failure in carburization furnace application, it was found that the primary reason for failure was the excessive carburization that leads to “metal dusting” and subsequent cracking. In addition, metallographic analysis indicated that “flake offs” of Fe-Cr-Ni alloys were mainly graphite and chromium carbides. In this paper the failure analysis of industrial components will be presented. In addition, the preliminary analysis of microstructural development during long term exposure experiments in an industrial carburizing furnace will be presented. These samples were characterized using optical and scanning electron microscope and x-ray diffraction.
Ten New Trends in Heat Treatment— Global Prospective
Authors: Kowalewski Janusz
Published: April 2024

Heat treatment comprises a series of operations involving heating, holding, and cooling of materials in the solid state for the purpose of obtaining certain desirable metallurgical, mechanical, or physical properties. The driving forces behind developing new heat treatment technologies are reducing the overall process time, minimizing its environmental footprint, minimizing distortion, lowering material cost, and lowering the cost of furnace operations. This paper discusses ten global trends that are driving technology development in the heat treating industry.
Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of AISI 41B30 Forgings in As-Forged and Normalized Condition
Authors: Milicevic Dusan
Published: April 2024

An attempt was made to characterize microstructure, mechanical properties and cleanliness of continuous cast as rolled billets versus microstructure, mechanical properties and cleanliness of the forging in normalized condition, upset forged from AISI 41B30 modified chemistry billets. Two forgings were compared, one in as forged condition and one in normalized or heat treated condition. Upsets were produced by upsetting only one end of the billet by hydraulic press. Samples from cold portion of the forgings, near the flange location and from flanges were taken and examined. Results of microstructure, mechanical properties and hardness are presented. Normalizing cycle did not improve mechanical and impact properties. Low impact and ductile properties are results of Widmanstätten structure and continue to be present in the final product. Low impact and ductile properties of this structure might not be the best solution for dynamically loaded parts.
Energy Savings through Steady State Control
Authors: Mooney Chris
Published: April 2024

Energy Savings through Steady State Control Modern heat treat companies are faced with challenges trying to balance work-flow, processing time, and production/energy costs. Unnecessarily long processing times induce extra costs when an automated process cannot tell the true temperature of a load and the engineer must increase soak times to accommodate. These increased soak times use more energy and increase overall production costs. Typically, control or load thermocouples in an oven or furnace only show the wall temperature, and normally only parts of the load. However, the real interest is in what temperature the load actually has reached inside and when is the temperature uniform throughout the whole work piece. Normally, to accommodate for this lack of knowledge in a ramp/soak program, the dwell-time is extended to ensure that the temperature is uniform without truly knowing. Instead, using a method for predicting load uniformity, or Steady State Control, would save time, energy, and, most importantly, money.
Overview of Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling for Furnace Design and Improvements
Authors: Waligora Ronald E.
Published: April 2024

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a widely acceptable tool for design simulations of systems. The cost of software, educated engineers, and user friendly interfaces allow for CFD products to be a viable solution in many applications of industrial furnace designs. This paper will focus on some of the ways CFD analysis has improved furnace designs, decreased the time to delivery, and meet tighter process tolerances of the heat treatment of materials.
Countermeasures for Various Defective Phenomenon in the Heat Treatment Process
Authors: Ichitani Katsumi , Arita Yuji
Published: April 2024

Because quench oil deterioration varies depending on the operating conditions, maintaining constant performance is difficult. Various defective phenomena occur in response to changes in the quench oil degradation. In this paper, we will examine how the oil condition, cooling performance, brightness and carbide growth are effected by various defective phenomena such as oil oxidation, thermal decomposition etc. In doing so we would like to introduce important points in managing and setting operating conditions to optimize the performance of quench oils.
Controlled Cooling as an Alternative to Normalizing/Isoannealing Heat Treatment of Case Carburizing Grade Steel Forgings
Authors: Bajaj Priyanshu , Chatterjee Pallav , Pathak Udayan B.
Published: April 2024

Case carburizing grade steel forgings are often normalized or iso-annealed to improve machinability. The aim here is to get a uniform ferrite-pearlite microstructure and controlled, uniform hardness. Since during forging material is above austenitizing temperature, controlled slow cooling after trimming can give similar results. In this work, the effect of forging temperature and cooling rate at different stages on microstructure is studied. Further the effect of this process on machinability and distortion behavior of gears during case carburizing is studied. It was observed that the controlled cooled gear blanks had coarse grain size resulting in superior machinability, and no change was observed in the distortion behavior of the gears during case carburizing.
Quenching Process Analysis of an Aluminum Cylinder Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Cantu-Perez Alberto , Mariella Karlo , Colás Rafael , Espinosa Luis , Rodriguez Omar , Keer Arturo
Published: April 2024

Metallurgical properties required in aluminum alloys are highly dependent on the cooling uniformity during the quenching process. Non-uniformity during cooling is associated with piece distortion and failure. Although the quenching process is considered the most critical step during alloy heat treating, quench tank design is still based mainly on experience. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) offers detailed understanding of the complex behavior of fluid flow and its impact on part cooling. Detailed cooling rates can then be used to predict part metallurgical properties. Although computational fluid dynamics are being used increasingly in quench tank design, there is still considerable imprecision due to assumptions that must be made. In this work, cooling curves are obtained for a 25 mm diameter 6061 aluminum cylinder probe under different conditions. Results are also obtained numerically via computational fluid dynamics. Results show the suitability for designing quench systems based on CFD simulations.
Coupling CFD and Oil Quench Hardening Analysis of Gear Component
Authors: Li Zhichao (Charlie) , Ferguson B. Lynn , Greif David , Kovacic Zlatko , Urbas Simon , Kopun Rok
Published: April 2024

During the liquid quenching process, there are three main phases between the solid and the liquid interface: film boiling where vapor blanket covers the entire solid structure, transition or nucleate boiling, and single phase convection. The type of the quenching media, the agitation, and the flow pattern of a quench tank have significant effect on the cooling behavior during these three phases, which will affect the cooling rate, phase transformation, stress evolution and shape change of the quenched components. In this paper, transient CFD analysis using AVL FIRE is coupled with heat treatment analysis using DANTE to simulate an oil quench hardening process of a test gear made of Pyrowear 53. The gear is carburized prior to quench hardening. During the coupling analyses, the heat flux between the gear and the oil calculated in the CFD model is applied to the solid heat treatment model, and the gear surface temperature predicted by the heat treatment model is passed back to the transient CFD model. The aforementioned CFD tool is capable of considering the entire quenching domains without considering phase transformations in the quenched components. In the present case the gear is treated with a finite element tool in combination with DANTE to account for the latent heat release, which slows down the cooling. The relations between carbon content, temperature field, phase transformation, internal stress, and shape change during quenching are explained from the heat treatment modeling results. The coupling of CFD and heat treatment analyses provides a more robust application of computer modeling in the heat treatment industry.