bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change in patterns of hospitalization for influenza during COVID‐19 surges
Authors: Venkatram Sindhaghatta , Alapati Anuhya , Dileep Arundhati , Diaz‐Fuentes Gilda
Published: August 2021

Background

Hospitalization due to influenza has been stable in recent years. In March 2020, New York was an epicenter for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Because influenza and COVID‐19 present similarly, there were serious concerns that coinfection of these viruses would burden the healthcare system. We compared incidence and outcomes of patients hospitalized with influenza before and during COVID‐19 (seasons 2017–2021).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study evaluating hospitalized patients with influenza. Four influenza seasons were evaluated, 2017–2021, pre‐ and during COVID‐19 pandemic. We compared incidence of influenza and clinical outcomes across the seasons.

Results

We found 412 patients hospitalized due to influenza in the study period; 394 had influenza, and 18 had both influenza and COVID‐19 infections. Demographics across the four influenza seasons were comparable; the cohort was predominantly female (61%) and had an average age of 60 years old. Comorbid conditions were common. No outcome differences were found for patients with influenza when comparing influenza seasons prior to and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The mortality for the entire cohort was 6.5%. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, there were 18 (4.4%) influenza patients coinfected with COVID‐19 and 32 (7.8%) patients with bacterial super infection. Predictors of mortality in patients with influenza included presence of shock, heart failure, bacterial pneumonia, and use of mechanical ventilation. Coinfection with COVID‐19 did not increase mortality.

Conclusion

We observed a significant decrease in the incidence of hospitalization due to influenza during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Clinical presentations and outcomes for patients with influenza remain stable. Being aware of possible increased mortality for patients with both influenza and bacterial pneumonia is important. Although coinfection with COVID‐19 did not increase mortality in influenza patients, identifying the specific virus responsible for infections has major therapeutic implications.
The “self‐treatment of wounds for venous leg ulcers checklist” (STOW‐V Checklist V1.0): Part 1—Development, pilot and refinement of the checklist
Authors: Kapp Suzanne , Santamaria Nick
Published: August 2021

Patients who have chronic wounds such as leg ulcers should be active participants in their treatment and care. This participation may include self‐treatment of the wound which involves the patient cleaning the wound, applying and removing wound dressings, and/or applying and removing compression therapy. The aim of the study was to develop a Checklist to assist nurses to appraise the conduct of wound treatment when undertaken by the patient. A three‐phase mixed methods study was conducted. A systematic and evidence‐based approach to developing and using structured observations for the study of health behaviour guided the process of developing, piloting and refining the Checklist. The resulting “Self‐Treatment of Wounds for Venous Leg Ulcers Checklist” (STOW‐V Checklist V1.0) can assist the nurse to evaluate the conduct of key self‐treatment behaviours in the areas of equipment and workspace, hand hygiene, wound dressing removal, skin care, wound cleansing and debridement, wound assessment, wound dressing application, and compression therapy application. The growing recognition that patients can benefit when involved in care, the need to enact self‐management because of COVID‐19, and the ever present competition for healthcare funding and resources are compelling reasons for patients, care providers, and healthcare services to afford the self‐management approach, and associated interventions such as self‐treatment, greater consideration. It is recommended that the STOW‐V Checklist is used with patients in a shared‐care model, with nurses and other healthcare professionals providing supervision and oversight of self‐treatment practices whenever this is feasible and acceptable to the patient.
The “self‐treatment of wounds for venous leg ulcers checklist” (STOW‐V Checklist V1.0): Part 2—The reliability of the Checklist
Authors: Kapp Suzanne , Prematunga Roshani , Santamaria Nick
Published: August 2021

The “Self‐Treatment of Wounds for Venous Leg Ulcers Checklist” (STOW‐V Checklist V1.0) is an evidence‐based, standardised tool designed to assist nurses to appraise the conduct of wound treatment when undertaken by patients who have venous leg ulcers. A prospective reliability study was conducted to determine the reliability of the STOW‐V Checklist V1.0. Video‐recordings of patients who self‐treated their leg ulcer were obtained (n = 5) and nurses (n = 15) viewed each video‐recording three times and concurrently completed the Checklist. Internal consistency, inter‐rater reliability and intra‐rater reliability were evaluated. Cronbach's alpha for items in the Checklist was 0.792, 0.791 and 0.783 for Occasions 1, 2 and 3, respectively, indicating good reliability. Inter‐rater reliability was 0.938, 0.958 and 0.927 for Occasions 1, 2 and 3, respectively; these results were statistically significant and indicative of excellent reliability. Intra‐rater reliability was 0.403 to 0.999; these results were statistically significant and meeting or exceed adequacy in the case of all except two raters. The study provides preliminary evidence that the Checklist is measuring the concepts that it intends to measure and that there is a high level of agreement among raters. It is recommended that the STOW‐V Checklist V1.0 is utilised with patients in a shared‐care model, with nurses and other healthcare professionals providing supervision and oversight of self‐treatment practices whenever this is feasible and acceptable to the patient.
Development of a genomic tool for breed assignment by comparison of different classification models: Application to three local cattle breeds
Authors: Wilmot Hélène , Bormann Jeanne , Soyeurt Hélène , Hubin Xavier , Glorieux Géry , Mayeres Patrick , Bertozzi Carlo , Gengler Nicolas
Published: August 2021

Assignment of individual cattle to a specific breed can often not rely on pedigree information. This is especially the case for local breeds for which the development of genomic assignment tools is required to allow individuals of unknown origin to be included to their herd books. A breed assignment model can be based on two specific stages: (a) the selection of breed‐informative markers and (b) the assignment of individuals to a breed with a classification method. However, the performance of combination of methods used in these two stages has been rarely studied until now. In this study, the combination of 16 different SNP panels with four classification methods was developed on 562 reference genotypes from 12 cattle breeds. Based on their performances, best models were validated on three local breeds of interest. In cross‐validation, 14 models had a global cross‐validation accuracy higher than 90%, with a maximum of 98.22%. In validation, best models used 7,153 or 2,005 SNPs, based on a partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) and assigned individuals to breeds based on nearest shrunken centroids. The average validation sensitivity of the first two best models for the three local breeds of interest were 98.33% and 97.5%. Moreover, results reported in this study suggest that further studies should consider the PLS‐DA method when selecting breed‐informative SNPs.
Value of detecting peri‐device leak and incomplete endothelialization by cardiac CT angiography in atrial fibrillation patients post Watchman LAAC combined with radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Zhao Ming‐Zhe , Chi Run‐Min , Yu Ying , Wang Qun‐Shan , Sun Jian , Li Wei , Zhang Peng‐Pai , Liu Bo , Feng Xiang‐Fei , Zhao Yan , Mo Bin‐Feng , Chen Mu , Zhang Rui , Gong Chang‐Qi , Yu Yi‐Chi , Li Yi‐Gang
Published: August 2021

Objectives

To explore the value of detecting the peri‐device leak (PDL) and device endothelialization after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) by cardiac computed tomography (CT) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), who underwent Watchman LAAC combined with radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation (AFCA).

Methods

Patients with symptomatic drug‐refractory atrial fibrillation at high risk of stroke (CHA2DS2‐VASc Score ≥ 2), who underwent Watchman LAAC combined with AFCA in our center from March 2017 to December 2018 were enrolled. Maximum diameter of LAA orifice was determined by preoperative CCTA. A standardized view of Watchman device was obtained by postoperative CCTA multiplannar reconstruction to evaluate the PDL and device endothelialization.

Results

Approximately 84 patients post successful LAAC and AFCA were enrolled in this study. The satisfactory LAA occlusion rate was 100%. There was no death, bleeding, stroke, and device‐related thrombus (DRT) events. At 6‐month postprocedure, CCTA images evidenced complete endothelialization in 44 patients (no contrast enhancement in LAA); contrast enhancement in LAA and visible PDL in 33 patients; contrast enhancement in LAA but without PDL in seven patients (incomplete device endothelialization). Maximum diameter of LAA orifice could independently predict the occurrence of PDL (odds ratio, 1.31; 95% confidence interval, 1.11–1.55; p = .002), sensitivity was 69.7% and specificity was 80.4% with the cutoff value of maximum diameter of LAA orifice more than 28.2 mm on predicting PDL.

Conclusions

CCTA is feasible to evaluate PDL and device endothelialization after LAAC. The maximum diameter of LAA orifice derived from CT can independently predict the occurrence of post‐LAAC PDL.
Sodium channel blockers in the management of long QT syndrome types 3 and 2: A system review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Ying , Lv Ting‐ting , Li Si‐yuan , Zhang Ping
Published: August 2021

Background

β‐Blockers are first‐line therapy in patients with long QT syndrome (LQTS). However, β‐blockers had genotype dependent efficacy (LQT1>LQT2>LQT3). Sodium channel blockers have been recommended as add‐on therapy for LQT3 patients. However, the pooled effect of sodium channel blockers in all LQTS patients remains unknown.

Methods

We conducted a systematic electronic search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Fixed effects model was used to assess the effect of sodium channel blockers on QTc, cardiac events (CEs), and the proportion of QTc ≥ 500 ms and QTc ≤ 460 ms in LQTS patients.

Results

Pooled analysis of 14 studies with 213 LQTS (9 LQT1 + 63 LQT2 + 135 LQT3 + 6 others) patients showed that sodium channel blockers significantly shortened QTc by nearly 50 ms (mean difference [MD], −49.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], −57.80 to −41.05, p < .001), reduced the incidence of CEs (risk ratio [RR], 0.23; 95% CI, 0.11–0.47; p < .001) and the proportion of QTc ≥ 500 ms (RR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.24–0.47; p < .001), and increased the proportion of QTc ≤ 460 ms (RR, 10.33; 95% CI, 4.62–23.09; p < .001). Sodium channel blockers significantly shortened QTc both in LQT3 and LQT2 patients, while the QTc shortening effect in LQT3 was superior to that in LQT2 (57.39 vs. 36.61 ms). Mexiletine, flecainide, and ranolazine all significantly shortened QTc, and the QTc shortening effect by mexiletine was the best (60.70 vs. 49.08 vs. 50.10 ms).

Conclusions

Sodium channel blockers can be useful both in LQT3 and LQT2 patients. Mexiletine, flecainide and ranolazine significantly shortened QTc in LQTS patients, and the QTc shortening effect by mexiletine was the best.
A Japan nationwide web‐based survey of estimation on patients for renal denervation based on blood pressure level and the number of antihypertensives (J‐NEEDs survey)
Authors: Kagitani Hideaki , Hayashi Shoko , Hanamura Satsuki , Ozawa Keisuke , Kobayashi Daisuke , Hiki Shunsuke , Kario Kazuomi
Published: August 2021

Catheter‐based renal denervation (RDN) is currently being developed as a new complementary treatment option for hypertension. RDN has not yet received approval in Japan and so the number of possible candidates for RDN in Japan also remains unknown. A total of 10 756 hypertensive patients who regularly visit medical institutions and reported their latest home blood pressure (BP) values were identified from registrants at an online research company. They filled out a survey regarding their prescribed antihypertensives and latest BP values in March 2020 in Japan. The mean age of the patients was 61.3 years old (83.5% male). According to JSH 2019, the prevalence of resistant hypertension (RHT) was estimated to be 1.4% (0.52% having an office BP of 140/90 mm Hg or more while taking three antihypertensives, including diuretics; 0.84% taking four or more antihypertensives regardless of BP level). Assuming the indication for RDN was RHT with morning home systolic BP (HSBP) ≥ 135 mm Hg and office systolic BP (OSBP) ≥ 140 mm Hg, the number of candidates for RDN was estimated to be approximately 340 000 and 372 000, respectively. When hypertensive patients prescribed three or more, two, one, and no antihypertensives were included, the estimated number based on uncontrolled HSBP and OSBP cumulatively increased 2.6, 14.2, 40.6, and 58.0‐fold; 1.8, 8.6, 25.3, and 36.4‐fold, respectively. These findings revealed that a substantial number of hypertensive patients are unable to adequately control their BP level with existing treatments, and new complemental therapies, such as RDN, would alleviate the burden of hypertension in this population.
MicroRNA‐205‐5p targets E2F1 to promote autophagy and inhibit pulmonary fibrosis in silicosis through impairing SKP2‐mediated Beclin1 ubiquitination
Authors: Qian Qingzeng , Ma Qinghua , Wang Bin , Qian Qingqiang , Zhao Changsong , Feng Fumin , Dong Xiaona
Published: August 2021

Silicosis is an occupational disease characterized by extensive pulmonary fibrosis, and the underlying pathological process remains uncertain. Herein, we explored the molecular mechanism by which microRNA‐205‐5p (miR‐205‐5p) affects the autophagy of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and pulmonary fibrosis in mice with silicosis through the E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1)/S‐phase kinase‐associated protein 2 (SKP2)/Beclin1 axis. Alveolar macrophages (MH‐S cells) were exposed to crystalline silica (CS) to develop an in vitro model, and mice were treated with CS to establish an in vivo model. Decreased Beclin1 and increased SKP2 and E2F1 were identified in mice with silicosis. We silenced or overexpressed miR‐205‐5p, E2F1, SKP2 and Beclin1 to investigate their potential roles in pulmonary fibrosis in vivo and autophagy in vitro. Recombinant adenovirus mRFP‐GFP‐LC3 was transduced into the MH‐S cells to assay autophagic flow. Knocking down Beclin1 promoted pulmonary fibrosis and suppressed the autophagy. Co‐immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination assays suggested that SKP2 induced K48‐linked ubiquitination of Beclin1. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation‐PCR revealed the site where E2F1 bound to the SKP2 promoter between 1638 bp and 1645 bp. As shown by dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay, the transfection with miR‐205‐5p mimic inhibited the luciferase activity of the wild‐type E2F1 3′untranslated region, suggesting that miR‐205‐5p targeted E2F1. Additionally, miR‐205‐5p overexpression increased autophagy and reduced the pulmonary fibrosis, while overexpression of E2F1 or SKP2 or inhibition of Beclin1 could annul this effect. The current study elucidated that miR‐205‐5p targeted E2F1, thereby inhibiting SKP2‐mediated Beclin1 ubiquitination to promote macrophage autophagy and inhibit pulmonary fibrosis in mice with silicosis.
Religious differences and households' investment decisions
Authors: Kim Hohyun , Kim Kyoung T. , Han Seung H.
Published: August 2021

This study examines effects of religion on US households' investment decisions, with focusing on the two channels; individual religious belief and local religious culture. We find that Protestants are less likely to invest in stocks than nonreligious households. Catholics are more likely to participate in stock markets than nonreligious households, which is largely driven by Catholic households' greater wealth and older age. Moreover, a higher local Catholic–Protestant ratio (CPratio) is associated with greater stock market participation of the local households, regardless of their own religious preferences. Furthermore, we find that the local CPratio is associated with stock choices—the higher the CPratio, the riskier the stock portfolios. The findings are economically meaningful and they provide salient insights into theory and policy.
Temporal changes in magnetic resonance imaging appearance of adult granulosa cell tumor
Authors: Ueda Masashi , Sato Yukiyasu , Iwami Shuichiro , Dodo Toshiki , Shirase Tomoyuki , Fujita Kohei
Published: August 2021

Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) can have a wide variety of appearances on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ranging from entirely solid to multilocular cystic, suggesting that GCTs undergo remarkable morphological changes during growth. These temporal changes in MRI appearance of individual GCTs have not been documented. A 54‐year‐old asymptomatic postmenopausal woman was referred to our department for a small ovarian mass. This 3‐cm solid mass showed high intensity on diffusion‐weighted MRI and low intensity on apparent diffusion coefficient mapping. Close clinical follow‐up was recommended, but she did not return to our hospital until the age of 63, when she was referred for a large ovarian tumor. MRI showed a 15‐cm multilocular cyst containing a solid component with hemorrhaging. Postoperative diagnosis was adult GCT (AGCT). These temporal changes demonstrate a possible reason why GCTs can have such a wide range of MRI appearance. This knowledge might promote accurate preoperative diagnosis of AGCTs.
Incarceration and family instability: Considering relationship churning
Authors: Turney Kristin , Halpern‐Meekin Sarah
Published: August 2021

Objective

This study examines the association between incarceration and relationship churning.

Background

It is well known that incarceration gives rise to family instability, in the form of relationship dissolution and impaired relationship quality. However, existing research does not consider the repercussions of incarceration for a common, yet understudied, form of family instability—relationship churning (being in an on‐again/off‐again relationship)—despite good reasons to expect that incarceration may destabilize relationships in this way.

Method

This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 4060) to examine the association between incarceration and relationship churning.

Results

This study finds that incarceration was positively associated with relationship churning, net of characteristics associated with selection into incarceration. These associations were concentrated among Black parents and those experiencing incarceration for the first time. Supplemental analyses show that both maternal incarceration and paternal incarceration were similarly associated with subsequent relationship churning.

Conclusion

Taken together, the findings suggest the liminal status induced by incarceration may facilitate liminality in family relationships.
Compact development and preferences for social mixing in location choices: Results from revealed preferences in Santiago, Chile
Authors: Cox Tomás , Hurtubia Ricardo
Published: August 2021

Even though densification and social mixing are declared objectives of many nowadays urban planning paradigms, their simultaneous implementation is usually questioned by different actors and is not frequent in practice. In a market economy, understanding potential demand for this class of development, from different types of households, is essential to define public policies oriented to achieve both compact development (CD) and social mixture. To understand the preferences of households and potential demand, we implement a location choice model based on a bid–rent framework and spatial latent classes (LC), using census data and location attributes. By using spatial LC, we do not impose exogenous definitions of which zones are perceived as CD or suburban, rendering a robust method to identify variation in preferences. We apply the model to Santiago de Chile, where social mixing in dense and well‐located areas is being intensely discussed. We find strong differences in households' valuation of attributes between spatial classes. Results show that social mixing is more difficult in dense, well‐connected areas than in suburban areas because higher‐income households are more sensitive to the socioeconomic context of the location in compact areas. Besides showing evidence on household preferences and their implications for social‐mixing policies, this paper also provides a proof of concept for the use of spatial LC (proposed in previous work by the authors), showing this is a robust methodology allowing to generate behavior‐based classifications for urban areas. The paper also contributes methodologically, by deriving the elasticity formulation for bid‐auction location choice models, which allows quantifying the importance of location attributes in location probability.
Reducing Educators' Weight Bias: The Role of School‐Based Anti‐Bullying Policies
Authors: Lessard Leah M. , Puhl Rebecca M.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Educators' negative weight biases toward students with high body weight have been well‐documented. The present investigation examined whether inclusion of body weight in school anti‐bullying policies is associated with lower levels of weight bias among educators.

METHODS

Data on explicit weight bias was collected from a sample of secondary school teachers and principals in the United States (N = 246) and examined in relation to the presence of weight‐related language in each participant's school district anti‐bullying policy.

RESULTS

The results indicate that, although educators on average make negative judgments about individuals with high weight, these biases were lower for educators whose school district anti‐bullying policy included enumeration of body weight. Notably, this association did not hold when policies enumerated “appearance.”

CONCLUSIONS

The study findings suggest that the explicit mention of “weight” in school anti‐bullying policies may represent a feasible mechanism to reduce explicit weight bias among U.S. secondary school educators.
School Safety Among Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents: Implications for Eating and Weight Control Behaviors
Authors: Lessard Leah M. , Wang Ethan Y. , Watson Ryan J.
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Unhealthy weight control and disordered eating behaviors are prevalent among adolescents who identify as a gender and/or sexual minority (SGM). The current study examined how perceptions of school safety contribute to reduced negative weight control and eating behaviors across adolescents with diverse sexual and gender identities.

METHODS

Data on perceptions of school safety, as well as negative weight control and disordered eating behaviors (ie, binge eating, eating to cope), were drawn from a large national sample of SGM secondary school students (ie, grades 7‐12; N = 17,112; LGBTQ National Teen Survey).

RESULTS

Differences in negative weight control and disordered eating behaviors emerged as a function of gender identity and sexual orientation. School safety was significantly associated with fewer negative weight control behaviors (B = −0.30, p < .001), reduced binge eating (B = −0.19, p < .001), and less eating to cope (B = −0.21, p < .001). Despite slight variation in the strength of these associations, the protective effects of school safety were significant across sexual and gender identities.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings suggest that efforts to support feelings of school safety among SGM students are likely to have positive implications for eating and weight‐related behaviors, and emphasize the need for interventions to promote climates of safety and inclusion within the school setting.
Development and Reach of the Stanford Tobacco Prevention Toolkit: Implementation of a Community‐Based Participatory Approach
Authors: Gaiha Shivani Mathur , Zorrilla Marcia , Sachnoff Ira , Smuin Stephen , Lazaro Adrienne , Ceballos Richard Daniel , Razo Anabel , Halpern‐Felsher Bonnie
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

We developed the Tobacco Prevention Toolkit (Toolkit) to enhance the impact of school‐based tobacco education. This study describes the process of developing the Toolkit, its contents, and reach.

METHODS

Qualitative community‐based participatory research (CBPR), including focus group discussions (N = 152) and working groups with parents, educators, researchers, and youth (N = 87) were used to develop the Toolkit and design its implementation. Toolkit reach was assessed through number of trained educators using the Toolkit, estimated number of youth recipients of the Toolkit resources, and using Google Analytics for online engagement.

RESULTS

The Toolkit is a free, online resource aimed at preventing tobacco use by middle and high school students. Toolkit content addresses varied forms of tobacco including electronic cigarettes, hookah, smokeless tobacco, and cigarettes; addiction; and positive youth development; and is available in multiple interactive formats such as real‐time quizzes, factsheets, activities, and presentations. The Toolkit is mainly delivered by trained educators, who adapt its content and duration to tailor their drug prevention teaching to student needs. As of April 2020, when data for this paper were collected, 4,750 educators have reached an estimated 1.3 million youth. The Toolkit website has 186,116 users and 802,602 page views, growing steadily since 2016. As of August 2021, additional students have been reached, for now a total of 1.85 million students reached.

CONCLUSION

The Toolkit resources are evidence‐based, comprehensive, responsive, interactive, easily accessible, and flexible. Applying CBPR was instrumental in developing the Toolkit and expanding its reach.
Prevalence and Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Chicago Public School Students in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey
Authors: Korpics Jacqueline , Altman Lara , Feinglass Joseph , Stillerman Audrey
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) can impair health and other outcomes. To obtain district‐level data about the prevalence and impact of ACEs in Chicago Public Schools (CPS), we advocated for CPS to add a short ACE screener to the 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) and analyzed the results.

METHODS

Responses to the screener were scored zero, one, or two ACEs. Student scores for violence and victimization, substance use, sexual health risk, mental health, housing insecurity, physical health, grades, and multiple risk/high vulnerability (those students in the top 20% of affirmative responses) were correlated with ACE scores for categories and individual items.

RESULTS

Among 1883 student respondents (response rate 73%), there were 17.8% affirmative responses for experiencing physical abuse and 19.8% for witnessing domestic violence; 20% reported at least one ACE and 8% both. A significant dose‐response was found for behaviors, experiences, and sleep by ACE scores.

CONCLUSIONS

ACEs were common among CPS high school students and associated with many negative behavior and health‐related outcomes. Increased awareness of ACEs and their impact among all school personnel can inform and strengthen the development of safer, more supportive, and trauma‐informed schools that help all students and families thrive.
Mosquito species associated with horses in Madagascar: a review of their vector status with regard to the epidemiology of West Nile fever
Authors: Tantely M. L. , Guis H. , Randriananjantenaina I. , Raharinirina M. R. , Velonirina H. J. , Cardinale E. , Raveloarijaona N. , Cêtre‐Sossah C. , Garros C. , Girod R.
Published: August 2021

In Madagascar, the high West Nile virus (WNV) antibody prevalence reported in horse populations suggests a high level of vector‐horse contact. This study aims to characterize the mosquito species usually involved in WNV transmission in horse stables in Madagascar. Five horse stables were investigated in October and November 2016 in five distinct inland areas. Mosquitoes were collected using double net traps baited with human, poultry or horse as well as light traps. Blood meal identification from engorged females was performed using host‐specific PCRs. A total of 2898 adult mosquitoes were collected with Culex (Culex) antennatus (Becker) (40.7%), and Cx. (Cux.) quinquefasciatus Say (14.9%), being the most abundant species. The mosquito abundance varied between horse stables (P < 10−7) and depending on the bait used in the double net traps (P < 0.003). Among the 190 tested blood meals, 119 consisted of single blood meals with 85 from horse, 17 from human, 16 from chicken, one from cattle and 71 consisted of mixed blood meals. The mosquito species collected during this study exhibited a generalist feeding behaviour allowing them to act as bridge vectors between different vertebrate hosts involved in WNV transmission cycle. Their vector status with regard to West Nile fever epidemiology is reviewed.
A genealogy of what nurses know about ‘the good death’: A socio‐materialist perspective
Authors: Rushton Carole , Edvardsson David
Published: August 2021

In this article, we report the outcome of a sociological inquiry into nursing knowledge of death and dying, specifically ‘the good death’. A genealogical approach informed by actor‐network theory and appreciative inquiry were used to compose a broad socio‐material account of how nurses concern themselves with the care of the dying and end‐of‐life care. Our enquiry revealed similarly to other studies, that there was no shared or overarching model of care. Key themes derived from nurses' translations of ‘the good death’ were re‐presented pictorially as six pillars and two processes to comprise a new diagram of The Personalised Ideal Death.
Drought response QTLs in a Super Basmati × Azucena population by high‐density GBS‐based SNP linkage mapping
Authors: Waheed Raheela , Ignacio John Carlos , Arbelaez Juan David , Juanillas Venice Margarette , Asif Muhammad , Henry Amelia , Kretzschmar Tobias , Arif Muhammad
Published: August 2021

Basmati rice is favoured for its grain type and aroma, but its production is vulnerable due to climate change and freshwater accessibility. Discovery and refinement of genomic regions conferring drought tolerance are needed to develop new drought tolerant Basmati varieties. Using Recombinant Inbred Lines (RILs) derived from a cross between drought‐sensitive elite Basmati variety, ‘Super Basmati’, and drought‐tolerant japonica cultivar, ‘Azucena’, a linkage map was constructed with 862 high‐quality GBS‐based SNP markers. Thirty‐three QTLs were detected for yield‐related and physiological traits. Of five QTL clusters, two were identified as novel on chromosome 7 and 11 for shoot dry weight and water uptake that could be designated as promising QTLs, and their candidate gene analysis suggested contributions to yield in the ‘Super Basmati’ background. Comparing the greenhouse and field results, this study suggests that selection of drought tolerance donor varieties must be matched with the target growth stage of drought tolerance needed. Along with fine mapping and functional marker selection, the QTL clusters identified can be further tested to contribute to Basmati rice improvement.
The Immigration Rhetoric of Donald Trump
Authors: Eshbaugh‐Soha Matthew , Barnes Kenlea
Published: August 2021

Donald Trump's rise to the presidency included frequent and divisive public remarks on immigration. He not only promised to secure the border by building a wall, but he also assured his supporters that Mexico would pay for it! Nevertheless, we know little about how frequently and in what ways President Trump spoke about immigration. Moreover, was Donald Trump's rhetoric mere bluster, or did it affect Congress and the public in measurable ways? To answer these questions, we collected all public comments by President Trump related to immigration. We describe both Trump's level of attention to immigration policy and its tone, and compare this with legislative activity and public opinion on immigration. We find that although Trump devoted considerable public attention to immigration through a slightly positive lens, he was more bluster than substance in leading Congress and public opinion on immigration.
Skeletal muscle phenotype and game performance in elite women football players
Authors: Mohr Magni , Fatouros Ioannis G. , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , Draganidis Dimitrios , Thomassen Martin , Ørntoft Christina , Ermidis Georgios , Loules Georgios , Batsilas Dimitrios , Poulios Athanasios , Papanikolaou Konstantinos , Randers Morten B. , Krustrup Peter , Nybo Lars
Published: August 2021

We combined game activity analyses with skeletal muscle phenotypes and comprehensive physiological testing to elucidate factors of importance for physical performance in elite women's football. GPS‐data from an experimental game, sprint and endurance testing, and muscle tissue analysis of metabolic enzyme activity, protein expression and fiber type composition were completed for international top‐level women players (n = 20; age; 23 ± 4 yrs, height; 166 ± 10 cm, weight; 60 ± 8 kg; VO2max; 51 ± 6 ml/min/kg). Muscle monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) protein expression explained 46% of the variance in total game distance, while the ability to maintain high‐intensity running (HIR) during the final 15 min of the game correlated to myosin heavy chain 1 (MHCI) and Na+‐K+ ATPase β1, FXYD1 (phospholemman) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) protein expression (range: r = 0.51–0.71; all p < 0.05). Total HIR distance correlated with (MHCIIa) protein expression (r = 0.51; p < 0.05), while muscle Na+/H+ exchanger 1 (NHE1) protein explained 36% of the variance in game sprint distance (p < 0.05). Total game accelerations (actions >4 m/s2) correlated with platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM‐1) protein expression (r = 0.51; p < 0.05), while concentric knee flexor strength explained 42–62% of the variance in intense decelerations (>4 m/s2). In conclusion, for elite women players’ game endurance performance and resistance to end‐game fatigue were affected by monocarboxylate transporter expression and myosin heavy chain profile. HIR was also correlated to ion transporter expression and muscle antioxidative capacity. Finally, the importance of functional strength and measures of muscle vascularization in relation to total game decelerations and accelerations, respectively, illustrates the complex physiological demands in elite women's football.
Racial identity and emotional responses to confederate symbols
Authors: Orey Byron D'Andra , Baptist Najja , Sinclair‐Chapman Valeria
Published: August 2021

Objective

This research tests whether psychological predispositions influence African Americans’ emotional responses to Confederate battle symbols. The former Mississippi state flag is employed here because it contained the Confederate battle symbol in the left canton.

Methods

The data were collected using a snowball sample of 68 African Americans from Jackson, the state capital of Mississippi. Emotional responses to the Mississippi state flag were measured using skin conductance levels (SCLs). Using ordinary least squares regression, the SCLs were regressed on variables measuring multiple dimensions of racial identity and ideology: Linked Fate, Private Regard, and Legal Disillusionment. Because of the significant presence of police officers in the sample, a dummy variable was included to account for this group. The study also controlled for the self‐reported Age of the participants.

Results

The findings of this study reveal that African‐Americans suffer psychological trauma when observing racist symbols. African Americans who shared a common fate with other African Americans and those who possessed a high regard for other African‐American people were more emotionally responsive when they viewed the former Mississippi state flag. Police, however, were less responsive, when compared to civilians. This result may be attributable to officers working near the state capitol building and becoming desensitized to seeing the flag.

Conclusion

In recent years there has been an increased interest among
political scientists in the study of biopolitics. One of the shortcomings, however, is that the research has relied almost exclusively on white subjects. Our research helps to fill this gap by focusing exclusively on African Americans. We interpret the findings to suggest that African Americans do not uniformly respond to the flag but are unique individuals whose personal views and experiences shape how they respond to the world. Even when presented with symbols representing a horrid past of lynchings and terror, African Americans do not constitute a monolithic group. The removal of the Mississippi state flag establishes one of many historical markers in the states efforts to balance the scale of racial justice. Its removal also represents one less source of trauma for African‐Americans and a step toward racial healing for Mississippi and the nation.
Educational gender inequality in the Muslim world: A problem of a cultural heritage, religion, or modernization?
Authors: Al‐Kohlani Sumaia A.
Published: August 2021

Objective

The difference between the Muslim and non‐Muslim world in terms of educational gender equality has been blamed on the Islamic faith, and sometimes on a lack of modernization. Thus, I examine how Islam reduces educational gender equality and how/if its influence varies from one Muslim country to another.

Method

I use Time‐series–cross‐section (TSCS) analysis for 29 Muslim countries between 1980 and 2010 to examine the influence of Arab culture on educational gender parity.

Result

The result indicates that the religious culture of Arab states seems to be highly associated with the educational gender gap. Also, the positive effect of modernization is more significant in Non‐Arab Muslim countries than in Arab Muslim countries.

Conclusion

These findings are informative to educational policymakers since they explain why the international and local efforts on improving educational gender equality have not been as successful in the Muslim world as is the case in other societies.
Sexism as a political force: The impact of gender‐based attitudes on the presidential elections of 2012 and 2016
Authors: Hanley Eric
Published: August 2021

Objective

This article examines the effect of gender attitudes on the voting behavior of whites in the 2012 and 2016 presidential elections.

Methods

Logistic regression models are used to analyze data from the 2012 and 2016 waves of the American National Election Study.

Results

Sexist orientations had a greater impact on how Americans, and white Americans in particular, voted in 2016 than in 2012. Attitudes toward gender roles and feminism affected the voting behavior of white men and white women in a highly similar fashion in 2016 but had a greater effect on the voting behavior of college—as opposed to noncollege‐educated whites.

Conclusion

Many observers have argued that the mobilization of sexist voters over the course of the 2016 campaign helped carry Trump to victory. The results of this analysis indicate that, in regard to many key voting blocs, the activation of sexism cost Trump at least as many votes as he gained as due to the countermobilization of nonsexist white voters, particularly those with college degrees. The strength of the nonsexist backlash suggests a need to reassess the received wisdom that sexism among white voters played to Trump's advantage in the 2016 election.
The INCREASE project: Intelligent Collections of food‐legume genetic resources for European agrofood systems
Authors: Bellucci Elisa , Mario Aguilar Orlando , Alseekh Saleh , Bett Kirstin , Brezeanu Creola , Cook Douglas , De la Rosa Lucía , Delledonne Massimo , Dostatny Denise F. , Ferreira Juan J. , Geffroy Valérie , Ghitarrini Sofia , Kroc Magdalena , Kumar Agrawal Shiv , Logozzo Giuseppina , Marino Mario , Mary‐Huard Tristan , McClean Phil , Meglič Vladimir , Messer Tamara , Muel Frédéric , Nanni Laura , Neumann Kerstin , Servalli Filippo , Străjeru Silvia , Varshney Rajeev K. , Vasconcelos Marta W. , Zaccardelli Massimo , Zavarzin Aleksei , Bitocchi Elena , Frontoni Emanuele , Fernie Alisdair R. , Gioia Tania , Graner Andreas , Guasch Luis , Prochnow Lena , Oppermann Markus , Susek Karolina , Tenaillon Maud , Papa Roberto
Published: August 2021

Food legumes are crucial for all agriculture‐related societal challenges, including climate change mitigation, agrobiodiversity conservation, sustainable agriculture, food security and human health. The transition to plant‐based diets, largely based on food legumes, could present major opportunities for adaptation and mitigation, generating significant co‐benefits for human health. The characterization, maintenance and exploitation of food‐legume genetic resources, to date largely unexploited, form the core development of both sustainable agriculture and a healthy food system. INCREASE will implement, on chickpea (Cicer arietinum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), lentil (Lens culinaris) and lupin (Lupinus albus and L. mutabilis), a new approach to conserve, manage and characterize genetic resources. Intelligent Collections, consisting of nested core collections composed of single‐seed descent‐purified accessions (i.e., inbred lines), will be developed, exploiting germplasm available both from genebanks and on‐farm and subjected to different levels of genotypic and phenotypic characterization. Phenotyping and gene discovery activities will meet, via a participatory approach, the needs of various actors, including breeders, scientists, farmers and agri‐food and non‐food industries, exploiting also the power of massive metabolomics and transcriptomics and of artificial intelligence and smart tools. Moreover, INCREASE will test, with a citizen science experiment, an innovative system of conservation and use of genetic resources based on a decentralized approach for data management and dynamic conservation. By promoting the use of food legumes, improving their quality, adaptation and yield and boosting the competitiveness of the agriculture and food sector, the INCREASE strategy will have a major impact on economy and society and represents a case study of integrative and participatory approaches towards conservation and exploitation of crop genetic resources.
El papel de los organismos no estatales de estandarización en la formulación del Marco Internacional de Información Integrada
Authors: Rivera Arrubla Yaismir Adriana
Published: August 2021

En los últimos años el Marco Internacional para la Información Integrada ha sido promovido como la norma global de información corporativa, y avanza en el espacio regulador, gracias al apoyo de sus fundadores y a la evolución previa de otros estándares internacionales. En este artículo analizamos las cartas de comentarios dirigidas por organismos de estandarización no estatal, participantes del proyecto de consulta del marco, cuya posición estratégica influyó el contenido publicado por el IIRC en 2013. En esta tarea identificamos el impacto de sus posiciones frente a la definición de un marco basado en principios, el concepto de IR y el público destinatario del informe. Nuestras conclusiones destacan que estos organismos, y en general, los procesos de estandarización privada tienen gran influencia en la definición de estándares esenciales tanto para este informe como para la evolución de las prácticas de rendición de cuentas. Las instituciones analizadas influyeron en los contenidos del marco, ocuparon roles relevantes en el gobierno y fuerzas de trabajo del IIRC y continúan trabajando en que esta tendencia se abra paso a partir de su experiencia, alianzas y recursos.
M-learning: Connecting Teaching and Learning Inside and Outside of School
Authors: Chiappe-Laverde Andrés , Paz-Balanta Gustavo Adolfo
Published: August 2021

El uso educativo de dispositivos móviles, conocido como m-learning, se presenta en la actualidad como una alternativa con gran potencial para abordar la crisis de pertinencia de la educación como mecanismo social de desarrollo en el siglo XXI. Para abordar este asunto, se condujo una revisión sistemática de literatura sobre m-learning, a partir de la cual se encontró que, dependiendo del uso dado a los dispositivos móviles se generan al menos tres tipos de experiencias de aprendizaje de naturaleza distinta. Adicionalmente, se identificaron las principales ventajas del m-learning, sus riesgos, ámbitos de aplicación y focos actuales de investigación.
Segregación escolar por nivel socioeconómico en Colombia y sus departamentos
Authors: Murillo F. Javier , Carrillo-Luna Sandra
Published: August 2021

El objetivo de este estudio es estimar la magnitud de la segregación escolar en Colombia y sus departamentos,tanto en educación primaria como en secundaria inferior.Para ello, se hace una explotación especial de los datos de las pruebas censales Saber de 2016 para estudiantes de 5o y 9o grado. La muestra está conformada por 1 138 885 estudiantes, matriculados en 24 401 escuelas. Los resultados indican que la magnitud de la segregación escolar es alta, tanto para primaria como para secundaria, con tendencia a una mayor segregación en los grupos de más nivel socioeconómico, así como diferencias significativas entre los departamentos.
Effects of Surface Waviness on Fan Blade Boundary Layer Transition and Profile Loss—Part I: Methodology and Computational Results
Authors: Lee Jinwook , Spakovszky Zoltán S. , Greitzer Edward M. , Drela Mark , Talbotec Jérôme
Published: August 2021

This two-part paper describes a new approach to determine the effect of surface waviness, arising from manufacture of composite fan blades, on transition onset location movement and hence fan profile losses. The approach includes analysis and computations of unsteady disturbances in boundary layers over a wavy surface, assessed and supported by wind tunnel measurements of these disturbances and the transition location. An integrated framework is developed for analysis of surface waviness effects on natural transition. The framework, referred to as the extended eN method, traces the evolution of disturbance energy transfer in flow over a wavy surface, from external acoustic noise through exponential growth of Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves, to the start and end of the transition process. The computational results show that surface waviness affects the transition onset location due to the interaction between the surface waviness and the TS boundary layer instability and that the interaction is strongest when the geometric and TS wavelengths match. The condition at which this occurs, and the initial amplitude of the boundary layer disturbances that grow to create the transition onset is maximized, is called receptivity amplification. The results provide first-of-a-kind descriptions of the mechanism for the changes in transition onset location as well as quantitative calculations for the effects of surface waviness on fan performance due to changes in surface wavelength, surface wave amplitude, and the location at which the waviness is initiated on the fan blade.