bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Skill and Social Class
Authors: Welford A. T.
Published: September 2011

Skill is conceived as the use of efficient strategies for using capacities to meet the demands of tasks or situations. The modern concept of social skill arose in the early 1960s from application of the concepts of skill in studies of man-machine interactions, to those between persons. Since then, substantial research has been done developing the concept and applying it to industrial and clinical problems. The present paper outlines a possible application to social class, suggesting how, according to principles of social skill, this is likely, to arise from ways of life found efficient by those in different occupations.
Measures of Deviant Behavior, Activity Level, and Self-Concept for Educable Mentally Retarded-Emotionally Disturbed Students
Authors: Wolf Thomas M.
Published: September 2011

Measures of deviant behavior, activity level, and self-concept were obtained from a sample of 39 mentally retarded-emotionally disturbed special education students. They were predominantly black and came from lower socioeconomic families. Means and standard deviations as well as intercorrelations for the three measures are reported. Measures of test-retest (about six months) and interrater (teacher-aide) reliability are also reported. Compared to other samples, the measure of deviant behavior is relatively high while the measure of self-concept is relatively low. Generally the measure of deviant behavior was positively correlated with activity level and negatively correlated with self-concept. Reasonable test-retest and interrater reliability was obtained on the measures of deviant behavior and activity level while the self-concept reliability was relatively low. The relatively long time and the differential experience of the raters probably contributed to some of the modest correlations.
Correlations between Scores on the B Factor and the Wisc-R for Gifted Students
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Wherry Jeffrey N.
Published: September 2011

The correlations between the sten B Factor scores of the Children's and the High School Personality Questionnaires and the WISC-R Full Scale IQs for 121 gifted (IQ > 120) students in Grades 4 to 7 were low. Caution should be utilized in interpreting the B Factor as a valid measure of intellectual functioning of gifted youth.
Special Considerations in Administering the Quick Test to Mentally Retarded and Central Nervous System-Impaired Subjects
Authors: Persinger Bill D.
Published: September 2011

Eight special considerations are reported for use with the Quick Test (Ammons & Ammons, 1962) when testing mentally retarded or central nervous system-impaired subjects. Use of these techniques may result in a more accurate IQ. The techniques pertain to the manner of presenting stimuli, examiner's empathy, subject's self-perception, and control of guessing. The techniques are intended to supplement directions that appear in the Quick Test manual.
Behavioral Analyses of Communities: A Challenge
Authors: Stumphauzer Jerome S. , Veloz Esteban V. , Aiken Thomas W.
Published: September 2011

Converging paths between community mental health and behavior therapy are noted. Kanfer and Saslow's (1969) model for individual behavior analysis is expanded in a 7-point schema for behavioral analyses of community problems that has been utilized in a juvenile crime program. Finally, issues in the application of this model are discussed.
Social Class Correlates of Perceived Offender Typicality
Authors: Hoffman Eric
Published: September 2011

A mock juror-simulation was utilized to analyze the effect of socio-economic status on the tendency to be viewed as a typical offender. Student-subjects ( n = 386) were presented a newspaper article in which an individual, varied by social class, was being tried for one of two crimes, petty larceny or armed robbery. As hypothesized, the lower the stimulus person's social class, the lower the perceived personal attractiveness and the higher the tendency to be viewed as a typical offender.
Factors Related to Academic and Job Performance of Graduates of Practical Nursing Programs
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

The predictive power of age, educational level, selected test scores, and theory and clinical course grades for predicting job satisfactoriness and test performance for licensure for 91 practical nurses was determined. The National Test Pool examination, a standardized licensure test, was clearly the best predictor of Job Performance, Conformance, and General Satisfactoriness. Age reliably predicted Dependability and Educational level was negatively related to Dependability and Personal Adjustment. Previous test performance during training reliably predicted performance on the licensure examination ( R2 = .66).
Relationship between Women's Attitudes and Choice of Birth Control
Authors: Hunter Kathleen I. , Linn Margaret W. , Harris Rachel
Published: September 2011

No differences were observed in background measures for 108 mothers among whom the tubal ligation group was significantly more negative on two measures of attitude toward birth control than those whose husbands had had vasectomies and those who had had no intervention. However, women in the tubal ligation group were of the lowest socioeconomic class.
‘Syllogisms in Productive Thinking’ by Max Wertheimer
Authors: Levy Erwin
Published: September 2011

In this essay Wertheimer investigated what he considered to be an essential aspect of truly productive logical processes. The syllogism modus barbara served as his paradigm. The older hypothesis that the syllogism was but a hidden induction, a petitio, was refuted; instead, a careful analysis of a number of examples showed that in really good syllogistic thinking Gestalt processes such as restructuring and recentering were involved, processes which could lead to genuinely new, often surprising insights and to scientific progress.
Season of Birth and Intelligence in Samples of Exceptional Children
Authors: Whorton James E. , Karnes Frances A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between season of birth and intelligence was studied utilizing a group of 923 exceptional students, including 213 gifted, 302 mentally retarded, and 408 learning disabled children. The statistical analysis indicated that the areas of exceptionality and season of birth are not independent of one another. The significance was attributed to the subjects with learning disabilities.
The Brighter Side of Deviance: Implications from a Study of Need for Uniqueness and Sensation-Seeking
Authors: Baird John G.
Published: September 2011

Correlations between Snyder's Uniqueness Scale and Zuckerman's Sensation-seeking Scale, Form IV are presented for 60 adults (30 males, 30 females) ranging in age from 16 to 64 yr. The Uniqueness Scale, measuring “abnormality” as a positive characteristic, was related to scores on 5 subscales of Zuckerman's scale. Significant correlations were found between the Uniqueness Scale and all Sensation-seeking subscales with the exception of Thrill and Adventure Seeking for females.
Self-Concepts of Gifted Students as Measured by the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Wherry Jeffrey N.
Published: September 2011

Self-concepts of gifted children were studied using the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale. No significant differences were found among grades, between sexes, or between students enrolled in such programs. A significant difference was found between the gifted students and the standardization population, suggesting higher self-esteem for the gifted.
Impact of Maternal Employment on Daughters' Sex-Role Orientation and Fear of Success
Authors: Gilroy Faith D. , Talierco Teresa M. , Steinbacher Roberta
Published: September 2011

Maternal employment was related to scores on the Bem Sex-role Inventory as well as to fear of success in a sample of 90 high school females. Data indicated that the daughters of working mothers were significantly more androgynous and demonstrated less fear of success than did the daughters of non-working mothers. Results are discussed in terms of the modeling of a broad spectrum of sex-role behaviors by the employed mothers that are positively reflected in the daughters' self-concept.
Entry Level Achievement Characteristics of Youth and Adults Reading below Fifth Grade Equivalent: A Preliminary Profile and Analysis
Authors: Gold Patricia Cohen , Johnson John A.
Published: September 2011

This study explored entry level achievement characteristics of 132 youth and adults who read below fifth grade equivalent who volunteered to participate in an adult tutorial project. Specifically, reading, self-esteem, listening comprehension, and verbal language levels were measured and analyzed to substantiate observed characteristics of adult illiterates and to examine a developmental reading model of adult beginning readers. Analysis demonstrated that subjects had low levels of listening comprehension and verbal language as well as reading. Contrary to reports from informal observations, self-esteem was not substantially below average or significantly related to reading, listening comprehension, or verbal language. However, verbal language was significantly related to both listening comprehension and reading. Listening comprehension and verbal language achievement appeared to be higher than reading achievement. Further research is needed to explore the extent to which low intellectual ability or specific language disabilities contribute to low levels of reading, listening comprehension, and verbal language. Results suggest that programs for adult illiterates should include instruction to develop listening comprehension and verbal language skills as well as reading ability.
Dogmatism and Conventionality
Authors: Raden David
Published: September 2011

The scores of 68 undergraduates on Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale correlated significantly with their responses to a conventionality measure, as dogmatism theory would predict. These attitudinal findings are consistent with the results of experimental research on the manifestations of dogmatism and authoritarianism.
Mystical Experiences, Romantic Love, and Hypnotic Susceptibility
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: September 2011

Measures of tendency to have mystical experiences, romantic love, and hypnotic susceptibility were positively intercorrelated suggesting that they all involve the ability to suspend contact with objective reality.
Structure of Depression in Alcoholic Men: A Partial Replication
Authors: Steer Robert A. , McElroy Margo G. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2011

The Beck Depression Inventory was self-administered to 101 men admitted for alcoholism treatment at a large metropolitan, community mental health center, and their responses to the 21 items of the inventory were subjected to a maximum-likelihood factor analysis. One meaningful oblique factor was identified as representing Intrapunitive Self-attitudes which reflected a sense of failure and self-criticalness. The factor structure of the inventory for this alcoholic sample was then compared to a previous factor analysis for black alcoholic men. Only the factor representing Intrapunitive Self-attitudes emerged in both samples.
Clients' Rehabilitation Goals and Outcome
Authors: Eisen Susan V. , Grob Mollie C.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed (1) the relationship between clients' individual goals and outcome of a rehabilitation treatment program, and (2) improvement in particular areas of functioning irrespective of clients' intentions to work on a goal. Subjects were 49 psychiatric inpatients. Clients identified their goals and assessed their own functioning in 11 areas before beginning the treatment program and again upon termination. Rehabilitation counselors provided parallel assessments of clients at both times. From both clients' and counselors' perspectives, there was statistically significant improvement in the client-identified goal areas, but no significant change in the areas on which clients did not plan to work. Methodological and clinical implications of the findings are discussed.
Appeal of Rational-Emotive and Client-Centered Therapies to First-Year Psychology and Non-Psychology Students
Authors: Jaffe Yoram , Kipper David A.
Published: September 2011

20 first-year psychology students and 20 non-majors were asked to compare and evaluate excerpts from therapy sessions by Albert Ellis and a Rogerian therapist. Both groups favored rational-emotive over client-centered therapy on all therapeutic dimensions assessed except that the majority of the psychology students perceived the latter therapy to produce greater feelings of comfort in the therapeutic session.
Development of a Lie Scale for the Child Abuse Potential Inventory
Authors: Milner Joel S.
Published: September 2011

The present studies describe the development of a lie scale for the Child Abuse Potential Inventory. A total of 515 subjects were employed in the initial development of a scale designed to detect and eliminate individuals who attempt to “fake good” on the inventory. Preliminary norms and reliability data for the lie scale are provided.
Androgyny and Occupational Sex-Stereotyping of College Students
Authors: Yanico Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies of occupational sex-stereotypes have focused either on discovering stereotypes of specific occupations or on exploring variables related to occupations that affect such stereotyping. This study investigated psychological androgyny as a possible mediator of occupational sex-stereotyping among college students. Androgynous women showed less stereotyped attitudes about traditionally female occupations than did traditionally sex-typed subjects of both sexes, and they also showed less stereotyping of traditionally male occupations than sex-typed subjects and than androgynous men. There was no difference in the degree of stereotyping by androgynous women of female vs male occupations. The other three groups stereotyped male occupations significantly more than the female occupations.
Effectiveness of Various Omission Training Procedures as a Function of Reinforcement History
Authors: Brockman M. Patricia , Leibowitz J. Michael
Published: September 2011

This experiment analyzed the relative effectiveness of three different omission-training conditions (OT 5 sec., OT 20 sec., and gradual OT with a time-dependent criterion) in reducing a lever-press response following three different histories of reinforcement. 36 children between the ages of 4½ and 11 yr. were initially trained to press a lever according to a VR 35 schedule of reinforcement for 10 min. (Period I). Following acquisition, subjects were exposed to one of three conditions: DRL 10 sec. followed by OT, maintenance of VR followed by OT, or OT alone (Periods II and III). Over-all results indicated a significant reduction in response rate with the introduction or continuation of the various OT schedules. The DRL-OT treatment combination was significantly more effective in reducing response rate than the introduction of the same OT schedules following the lengthened VR history, but the use of the DRL-OT treatment combination was not significantly better than the OT condition of the same duration. OT was equally effective following both short (10 min.) and long (25 min.) VR histories. No significant differences were found in the relative effectiveness of the three types of OT schedules. These findings, however, may be related to the use of a time-dependent gradual OT schedule, as opposed to one in which the temporal values are increased as a function of the subjects' rate of response.
Effect of Context on Word Order in Children's Expression of Locative Propositions
Authors: Mohanty Ajit K. , Mishra Babban
Published: September 2011

60 preschool Hindi-speaking children, randomly assigned to 3 context conditions, were asked to describe 24 pictures depicting locative relationships—under, front, behind, and above—between pairs of nouns. Preceding each locative picture there were three context cards showing the subject of the locative proposition in the subject-context condition, the object of the locative term in the object-context condition, and an unrelated object in the neutral condition. As permissible in Hindi, children's locative utterances began either with the subject or the object of the proposition. Compared to the neutral condition, subject-first word order was more frequent in the subject-context condition and less frequent in the object-context condition. Analysis of variance showed a significant context effect. The results were interpreted as showing a pragmatic topic-comment strategy in syntactic ordering of Hindi locative propositions.
Interpreting Functioning Levels: Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery
Authors: Cummings Jack A.
Published: September 2011

The verbal classification schema for the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery was investigated to determine what meaning should be ascribed to the various labels, i.e., Below Average, Moderate Deficit, Severe Deficit, etc. It was noted that the relative meaning of the labels changes, depending on the examinee's chronological age or grade placement. This contrasts with Wechsler's classifications which are invariant with respect to the examinee's age. Although the Woodcock-Johnson and Wechsler labels are semantically similar, it was cautioned that they are not conceptually similar.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXX. Note on Sources of Francis Hutcheson's Views on the Association of Ideas
Authors: Brooks G. P.
Published: September 2011

Francis Hutcheson is among the important but neglected figures who contributed to the historical development of the concept of the association of ideas. Although Hutcheson's influence on that development has been acknowledged, nothing is known of the sources of his ideas. It is argued that inasmuch as his views differed from those of John Locke, they were derived from the aesthetic writings of Joseph Addison—although Hutcheson was not initially aware of this debt. It was not until Hutcheson wrote the Reflections upon Laughter that he recognized the similarity between his own views and those which Addison had expressed 13 years earlier in his Spectator papers on the pleasures of the imagination.
Using the Templer Scale to Assess “Death Anxiety:” A Cautionary Note
Authors: Durlak Joseph A.
Published: September 2011

This note's purpose is to argue against the continued use of the Templer (1970) Death Anxiety Scale, which has become the most widely used measure of death attitudes. Recent findings indicate that the scale has from 3 to 5 separate factors; total scores cannot be interpreted as a straightforward measure of death anxiety. Data may not be psychologically comparable across studies because it cannot be determined how multiple factorial components contribute to obtained scale scores. Alternatives are suggested.
Conflict in Unstructured Groups: An Explanation from Control-Theory
Authors: Abbey David S.
Published: September 2011

The early development of many small groups is marked by conflict and stress between two sub-groups. It is argued that each sub-group is governed by a different feedback system: one reduces deviations from plans (negative feedback system), whereas the other seeks novelty and spontaneity (positive feedback system). The two systems are incompatible and result in ‘storming’ or hostility among group members.
Sex Differences among Business Graduates on Fear of Success and Fear of Appearing Incompetent as Measured by Objective Instruments
Authors: Brenner O. C. , Tomkiewicz Joseph
Published: September 2011

Sex differences in fear of success and fear of appearing incompetent among graduating business students ( ns = 162 males, 113 females) were investigated using the objective measures described by Good and Good in 1973. No sex differences in fear of success emerged, but females showed a significantly greater fear of appearing incompetent than males. A significant positive moderate correlation of .54 exists between fear of success and fear of appearing incompetent. Caution is urged in attempts toward universal application of research involving these constructs.
Conformity as a Function of Semantic Wording and Direction of Peers' Opinions
Authors: Jastrebske E. M.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduate men who held neutral positions on a variety of issues were exposed to peer-group opinions whose semantic wording was varied to present either a positive or negative context. Two replications of the procedure using statements of different contents were conducted (each sample n = 40); a 2 × 2 factorial design was used for both replications where the independent variables were direction of semantic wording (positive or negative) and direction of influence from peer ratings (for agreement or disagreement). Support was found for an interaction of the two independent variables wherein conformity increased as a function of congruity between direction of peer opinions and semantic context of stimulus-wording.
Effects of Gain versus Loss of Reward on Actual and Perceived Altruism
Authors: McCarthy Patricia R. , Rogers Todd
Published: September 2011

The effects of loss versus gain of reward on altruistic responding and subsequent self-ratings of altruism were examined for 46 male subjects. Subjects who lost reward were told they would lose experimental credit for helping. Subjects who gained reward were told they would receive full credit and do less work for helping. Control subjects were not asked for assistance. Subjects who lost reward were significantly less likely to help than subjects who gained reward. Subjects who lost reward and helped rated themselves significantly higher in altruism than all other subjects who did not differ.
Comparison of Locus of Control among Students within a Prison Setting with Students at a Private Liberal Arts College
Authors: Killinger Laura E. , Boivin Michael J.
Published: September 2011

Differences were assessed between two types of student populations in terms of Collins' four-dimensional locus of control. 44 students at a 4-yr. college were compared to 58 college-enrolled inmates at a state penitentiary. Subjects were administered a test based on Collins' analysis of the Rotter I-E scale. Data showed the prisoners to be more externally oriented on the dimension of political responsiveness vs unresponsiveness; no significant differences were found regarding difficult vs easy world, just vs unjust world, or predictable vs unpredictable world comparisons. Suggestions were made for further research.
Social Intelligence: Evidence for Independence of the Construct
Authors: Marlowe Herbert A. , Bedell Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2011

The existence of a domain of social intelligence, separate from general intelligence, has recently been questioned. This study presents evidence suggesting that methodological variables associated with the type of instrument utilized to measure social intelligence may be critical to the identification of this construct. Results support the existence of an independent factor of social intelligence.
Intercorrelational Structure of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire with an Alcoholic Population
Authors: Hurlburt Graham , Gade Eldon , Fuqua Dale
Published: September 2011

This correlational study included a sample of 237 alcoholics who had just completed a detoxification treatment and both male and female Native Americans and Caucasians were tested. On the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire the alcoholics were generally higher than normal samples on the dimensions of toughmindedness, emotionality, and the tendency to fake, but lower on extraversion. Only the P (toughmindedness) and N (emotionality) scales were significantly related. The other scales showed independence. Although scores should be separately reported by sex and race when using the scales, the questionnaire appears to be “culturally fair” for use with Native American alcoholics.
Effects of Locus of Control on Induction of Learned Helplessness
Authors: Adams Brian J. , Dewson Michael R. J.
Published: September 2011

73 female university students were assigned to one of three groups, Internal, External, or No Traits, according to scores on Rotter's I-E Scale. Each group was divided into three conditions, Helpless, Non-helpless, and Control. During Phase I (treatment) subjects in the Helpless condition performed a functionally insoluble double-lever problem, subjects in the Non-helpless condition performed a similar but soluble problem, and Control subjects completed a noise-rating task. All subjects (Phase II) were then tested on a button-pushing problem which required both systematic and non-systematic strategies for solution. In the testing phase, subjects in the Helpless condition committed more errors and took more trials to criterion than did the Non-helpless and Control subjects. This difference between conditions was a result of poorer performance on the part of the Helpless subjects only during the phase of testing which required a systematic strategy. There were no main effects or interactions involving the locus of control variable on any of the dependent measures. The results were discussed in terms of previous research and an information-processing viewpoint was suggested as a possible alternative explanation of some learned helplessness phenomena.
A Case Study of Pruritic Eczema Treated by Relaxation and Imagery
Authors: Gray Steven G. , Lawlis G. Frank
Published: September 2011

A 25-yr.-old white, married female was treated for chronic pruritic eczema through the use of frontalis EMG, relaxation, and imagery training. The biofeedback readings, ratings of the pruritus (0 to 5) and ratings of skin smoothness (0 to 5) were made over 10 sessions. Although the EMG measures did not decrease significantly, the rash disappeared completely. A 1-yr. follow-up confirmed disease control.
Effectiveness of Differential Reinforcement as a Function of past Reinforcement and Present Schedule
Authors: Chappell La Rue , Leibowitz J. Michael
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of three techniques in reducing lever-pressing behavior was studied as a function of past reinforcement history and present schedule of reinforcement. 30 children (mean age 5 yr., 10 mo.) with average abilities were reinforced for tapping an assigned key on either a differential reinforcement of low rates (drl 10″) or a differential reinforcement of high rates (conjunctive VR 21 drh 4.5″) schedule of reinforcement. The children were subsequently reinforced for responding on an alternate key on a variable ratio (VR 32) schedule while the previous response was either placed on extinction or maintained with the continuance of reinforcement. Findings indicated that divergent reinforcement histories can influence later responding. Although the three differential reinforcement techniques tended to have differing effects in reducing the old response, the differences were nonsignificant.
Attitudes toward Masturbation
Authors: Durham Thomas W. , Grossnickle William F.
Published: September 2011

105 male and 123 female college students were shown photographs of college women varying in attractiveness. Subjects were asked to identify the photograph they considered most attractive, the one they felt was of the woman most likely to be a virgin, and the one they felt was of the woman most likely to masturbate. All subjects selected as most attractive one of the photographs rated as high in attractiveness in prior research. When asked to select the picture of the individual most likely to be a virgin, subjects significantly more frequently selected a less attractive individual. This finding was also true when subjects selected the picture of the individual they believed most likely to masturbate. By the “beauty as good” model, these findings suggest that masturbation and virginity are viewed as negative sexual concepts by college students.
Effects of Authoritarian, Anti-Authoritarian, and Egalitarian Legal Attitudes on Mock Juror and Jury Decisions
Authors: McGowen Ramsey , King Glen D.
Published: September 2011

The effects of authoritarian, anti-authoritarian, and egalitarian legal attitudes on verdicts by simulated jurors and juries were investigated. 360 undergraduate students in introductory psychology were classified as authoritarian, anti-authoritarian, or egalitarian in their legal attitudes on the basis of responses to the Legal Attitudes Questionnaire. An equal number (120) of each juror type was selected. They were grouped into six-person homogeneous mock juries and asked to render an individual decision prior to deliberation, an individual post-deliberation verdict, and a group decision. Prior to deliberation the authoritarian student jurors responded more punitively toward a defendant to whom they were similar. The deliberation process exerted a moderating influence, and the egalitarian student jurors were especially susceptible to this influence. Finally similarity to the defendant was the most salient factor in determining the decision, and student juries were significantly more punitive toward a defendant who was similar to them in race and socio-economic status.
Comments on Three Methods of Scoring Androgyny as a Continuous Variable
Authors: Blackman Sherry
Published: September 2011

It is shown that Kalin's (1979), Bryan, Coleman, and Ganong's (1981), and Strahan's (1981) one-dimensional scoring systems of androgyny as a continuous variable do not reflect Bern's (1974) and Spence, Helmreich, and Stapp's (1975) two-dimensional masculinity-femininity theories. Further, Kalin's approach can be simplified to the smaller of either the masculinity or the femininity score.
Analysis of the Need Systems of Twenty Male Rapists
Authors: Scott Ronald L.
Published: September 2011

15 needs from Murray's theoretical work (1938) were used to assess and analyze the need systems of 20 men convicted of forcible rape and compared to those of a control group of 20 violent, but non-sex, offenders. Three instruments were used: Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, the TAT, and a semi-structured interview. As predicted, the over-all need profiles of the rapists and the non-rapists were statistically non-parallel on two of the three instruments. Rapists also differed significantly on four specific needs on two of the three instruments. These results are discussed with relation to psychoanalytic theory.
Two Treatment Strategies for Improving a Profoundly Retarded Girl's Mealtime Posture
Authors: Richmond Glenn
Published: September 2011

Two treatment strategies, overcorrection and time-out, were used to improve a profoundly retarded girl's mealtime posture. Analysis showed that the subject's posture improved as a result of both strategies. Time spent eating was also longer during treatment.
Bias in Psychology and Introductory Psychology Textbooks
Authors: Brown R. Michael , Brown Norma L.
Published: September 2011

This article critically examines recent claims that contemporary psychology in America can be characterized as biased in the directions of behaviorism, environmentalism, and left-wing ideology. These allegations of bias are based upon a survey of introductory psychology textbooks conducted by Robert Hogan and David Schroeder. We recognize the importance of monitoring one's own discipline, and the vehicles that introduce the discipline to students. However, it is our contention that critiques such as Hogan and Schroeder's ought to be examined closely, especially during these times of waning federal support for the social sciences and social programs. Psychologists can ill afford to allow their discipline and profession to be placed in further political jeopardy needlessly. Analysis of the Hogan-Schroeder survey, and results from a survey of our own, seriously question the generality of Hogan and Schroeder's claims of bias in psychology.
Synthesis of Training Programs for Mental Health Evaluators
Authors: Franco Juan N. , Croft Don B.
Published: September 2011

A national survey was conducted of mental health program evaluation training programs. Commonalities between the various programs were identified and model programs are presented at the Master's, doctoral, and post-doctoral levels. Suggestions for specific courses are also given. In addition, some comments are made on what acceptable research should be in the field of evaluation.
Influence of Social-Class Information and Spelling Mistakes on Judgment of Essays
Authors: Van Oudenhoven Jan Pieter , Withag Jan
Published: September 2011

In this study 244 student teachers had to assess an essay, in which number of spelling mistakes was varied. Class information was also manipulated. Both the presence of many spelling mistakes and the information that the student was of a lower social class evoked lower judgments. The results indicate that lower class children experience a double disadvantage when their essays are being assessed: the fact that they are less familiar with the standard language (spelling) as well as their social background subject them to lower judgments.
Psychology of the Scientist: XLIX. On Becoming a Student—Again
Authors: McConnell James V.
Published: September 2011

The author describes the difficulties he encountered when, as a full professor in the Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, he wished to enroll as a medical student and obtain an M.D. Forced to take classes in chemistry and zoology to make up his “undergraduate deficiencies,” he soon learned first-hand why students complain so bitterly about poor teaching and why they are often forced to cheat in order to “beat the curve.” The author concludes that the quality of undergraduate instruction might improve if all professors occasionally took courses as well as giving them.
Treatment Expectancy and Therapeutic Change in Treatment of Migraine Headache: Are They Related?
Authors: Barrios Francisco X. , Karoly Paul
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to assess subjects' perceptions of treatment effectiveness, plausibility of rationale, and willingness to participate in an experimental project for the treatment of migraine headache. Treatment expectancy was assessed for three experimental treatments (relaxation training, biofeedback training, and social skills training) and for two standard treatments (pharmacotherapy and insight psychotherapy) both prior to assignment to a treatment group and at the end of eight treatment sessions 4 wk. later. Data indicated that: (1) subjects did not change in their expectancy of the experimental treatments over time; (2) the three experimental treatments were perceived by subjects as being at least as plausible, effective, and desirable as the two comparison treatments; and (3) the three aspects of expectancy measured were significantly correlated. Implications of these results were discussed with respect to whether improvement occurring as a result of the experimental treatments could be entirely attributed to expectancy or to other non-specific effects.
Activation-Increasing Properties of Task Performance
Authors: Ferris Gerald R.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the notion that task performance serves as a source of physiological activation in the work setting. Specifically, it is proposed that individuals performing highly in terms of both quantity and quality of performance will demonstrate higher levels of physiological activation than lower performing participants. 120 undergraduate students in psychology performed a clerical editing task after which pulse rate was taken as a measure of physiological activation. The results support the effects of task performance on activation.
Circadian Relations among Level of Activation, Conflict, and Body Temperature Assessed by Chronobiologic Serial Section
Authors: Hoskins Carol , Halberg Franz
Published: September 2011

One couple who had been living together for 2 yr. indicated level of activation and interpersonal conflict on self-report measures six times per day for a period of 35 days. Body temperatures were recorded rectally at a sampling interval of 2 min. throughout the 24-hour period by means of the Vitalog Thermolog-2 ambulatory monitor. The activation and conflict scales each consisted of three factors: general activation, deactivation sleep, and high activation and interaction need conflict, emotional need conflict and sexual need conflict. Rhythmometric analyses provided descriptive parameters of peak time (acrophase), over-all mean (mesor), and degree of excursion of the wave of the rhythm (amplitude) for each variable. Significant circadian rhythms in activation and temperature were noted for both partners and in the emotional component of conflict for the man. The general activation data indicated that the man was more of a morning person than the woman who was evening-oriented. Correlations between the activation and conflict factor scores varied in significance between partners. A significant relation was noted for the man between a decline in general activation and a decrease in interaction need conflict in the early and late parts of the day. For the woman, a decrease in the deactivation sleep state, occurring at mid-day, was related to an increase in both emotional and interaction need conflict.
Reduction of Anxiety: Comparative Effectiveness of Imagery Psychotherapy vs Self-Help Seminars
Authors: Morrison James K. , Becker Robert E. , Heeder Robyn
Published: September 2011

13 participants (33.9 yr., college students, 11 women, 2 men) in 8 2-hr., 20-min. didactic self-help seminars were compared with 13 individual clients (35.9 yr., college students, 10 women, 3 men) engaged in 15 sessions of imagery psychotherapy (emotive-reconstructive therapy) to assess the comparative effectiveness of each treatment on a measure of anxiety. Analysis indicated the superior effect of therapy over self-help instruction in reducing the trait of anxiety.
Comparison of between-Subjects and within-Subjects Designs in Assessing Perceptions of Risk
Authors: Keown Charles F.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of subjects rated the risks associated with five hypothetical prescription drugs. Subjects were 329 undergraduates whose average age was 19 yr.; 68% were male and most were single and Caucasian. The drugs differed in terms of the number and the relative frequency of occurrence of their side effects. The within-subjects group rated all five drugs in one task, while the between-subjects group rated only one drug. Within-subjects' ratings were higher than between-subjects' ratings for all five drugs. The within-subjects group appeared to be sensitive to differences in the drug stimuli at both low and high frequencies of occurrence whereas the between-subjects group were not at low frequencies.
Reactivity of Measurement: A Single-Subject Investigation of Effects of Participant Observers
Authors: Mizes J. Scott , Hill G. Perry , Boone Steven E. , Lohr Jeffrey M.
Published: September 2011

Reactivity of measurement as a major threat to validity is a very important topic in behavioral assessment. The use of participant rather than novel observers has been suggested as a strategy to reduce reactivity. However, it has also been suggested that under some circumstances use of participant observers may also produce reactivity. This study reports the single-subject investigation of the reactive effects of participant observers on the disruptive classroom behavior of a 5-yr.-old boy. Results are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that data collection by participant observers altered the social-reinforcement contingencies maintaining the disruptive classroom behavior. The usefulness of participant observation as a clinical intervention is also discussed.
Preselection of Child's Sex: Technological Utilization and Feminism
Authors: Gilroy Faith , Steinbacher Roberta
Published: September 2011

A survey of 236 undergraduates was conducted to assess preference for sex of firstborn. Respondents also indicated their support for the women's movement and their willingness to use sex-selection techniques when these become available. Results confirm earlier findings of significant preference for boys by both female and male college students, although almost half of all respondents indicated they had no preference. There was no relationship between support of the women's movement and sex preference by females in this sample, but those males who indicated “strong support” were unanimous in indicating no preference for sex of firstborn. Among students who indicated a willingness to use sex-choice technology there was an overwhelming preference for boys. Possible implications of these stated choices were discussed, as were limitations of the present sample.
Multidimensional Assessment of Locus of Control and Obesity
Authors: Thomason John A.
Published: September 2011

Previous research examining locus of control among the obese has been contradictory. Previous research has examined locus of control among the obese using Rotter's I-E test, a unidimensional questionnaire. The present study examined locus of control among 20 obese and 42 average weight research participants using the Reid-Ware three-factor I-E test. The obese group scored more external on the Self-control scale and on the Social System Control scale. The obese were not more external on the Fatalism scale. There were no differences between sexes. The results support the hypothesis that obese persons maintain an external locus of control only in certain, circumscribed attitude areas.
Some Preliminary Findings on New Maacl Scales
Authors: Gosselin Roberta Y. , Lubin Bernard , Sokoloff R. Michael
Published: September 2011

To determine reliability and validity of the new composite scores on the MAACL, 91 male and 98 female adults completed either the state or trait forms of the MAACL together with either the state or trait forms of the POMS on two separate occasions. Test-retest reliability was as expected: high for Composite score 1 (2 anxiety + depression + hostility) and for Composite score 2 (2 positive affect + sensation seeking) on the trait form and for Composite 2 on the state form. As expected, test-retest reliability for Composite 1 on the state form was low. All alphas were .87 and above. Correlations between the MAACL Composite 1 and the Composite score on the POMS were moderate and significant for both trait (.52) and state (.65) forms. Also as expected, correlations between MAACL Composite 1. and POMS Vigor were non-significant (trait and state), and those between MAACL Composite 2 and the Composite score on the POMS (trait and state) were negative.
State Anxiety: 120 Days in the Life of a Very Anxious Man
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

A highly anxious man experienced erratic oscillations in moods that were associated with numerous physiological interactions. State-anxiety was at one extreme, calm-lethargic state at the other, but at the mid-point he was in precarious autonomic balance and very responsive to even mild stimuli.
Attachment: A Reconsideration of its Heterogeneity and Construct Validity
Authors: Alpher Victor S.
Published: September 2011

The concept of attachment is discussed with respect to the search for explanations of social-developmental phenomena. A distinction between explanation and description is predicated as useful when applied to assessing the ecological validity and predictive utility of research on attachment. It is concluded that, while the concept has had heuristic value, it is naturally constrained in the contributions it can make as an explanation of social development.
Ridge Regression in the Presence of Multicollinearity
Authors: Garg Rashmi
Published: September 2011

The ordinary least squares solution is generally applied to multiple regression problems in social sciences. When the intercorrelations among predictor variables are close to one, the estimates of regression coefficients obtained from ordinary least squares are very unstable. This situation is often referred to as near multicollinearity. When there is a problem of near mulricollinearity, the ridge regression provides an alternative to the ordinary least squares method. The ridge estimates are biased but more stable from sample to sample. The purpose of this article is to describe the method of ridge regression in a simple form and to provide examples of its application.
The Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale: A Further Brief Report
Authors: Grover Kelly J. , Paff-Bergen Lois A. , Russell Candyce S. , Schumm Walter R.
Published: September 2011

The Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale was administered by survey to 51 wives between the ages of 32 and 71 yr. Further support for the internal consistency reliability of the scale (α = 0.92) was obtained, and patterns of differences between the item means paralleled previous research. Evidence was found for the concurrent validity of the scale, which correlated significantly with six of seven items from the satisfaction subscale of Spanier's Dyadic Adjustment Scale.
Validity of Norms for Drug Addicts on the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule
Authors: Ruben Douglas H. , Perra Robert G. , Bakker Richard J.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the validity of norms for drug addicts from the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule. Subjects were 100 drug-abuse outpatients who completed the schedule, an audiotape analogue assessment, and another paper-and-pencil test adapted from both previous instruments. The discrepancy in test scores raised doubts as to the accuracy of measurement of the assertiveness schedule without an intermediate analogue intervention. Implications for the efficacy of audiotape devices are suggested.
Measuring Geographical Environments through Adjectives: The Environmental Check List
Authors: Domino George
Published: September 2011

The Environmental Check List, a 140-item adjective check list developed to measure geographical environments, is presented. The list was developed from 304 open-ended descriptions, and its utility illustrated by three studies: (1) a pre-post study over 1 yr. of 108 newcomers to Tucson, AZ; (2) a 5-yr. study of initial reaction to a desert environment as related to subsequent mobility; and (3) a comparison of responses to the check list and to the Environmental Response Inventory.
Learning Survival Skills, Solo Camping and Improvements in Self-Image: Is There a Relationship?
Authors: George Richard A.
Published: September 2011

No change in scores on Fitts' measure of self-concept was obtained for 14 high school boys learning survival skills with or without solo camping ( ns = 7) or 10 controls or 4 who dropped out.
Concreteness, Imagery, Comprehensibility, and Complexity Ratings for Technical Vocabulary
Authors: Johnson Craig W. , Bruning Roger
Published: September 2011

Mean ratings and standard errors of ratings were obtained on four stimulus attributes of the meanings of 138 low-frequency relatively technical words. A group of 34 undergraduates rated the concreteness, imagery, comprehensibility, and complexity of the items. A second group of 22 undergraduates rated imagery, comprehensibility, and complexity. Within- and between-groups' measures of reliabilities exceeded .79. Test-retest reliabilities for a subsample of 25 items indicated negligible confounding of attributes ratings from rating other attributes in the same sitting. Imagery correlated highly (.714) with concreteness and comprehensibility (.743). Complexity was highly negatively correlated with comprehensibility (−.675) and moderately negatively correlated with imagery (−.408). Patterns of relationships among the variables were similar to those described by Paivio, et al. (1968) for familiar nouns and extend the documented viability of those relationships and the dual coding position to the more complex and educationally useful realm of meanings for technical vocabulary. The reported ratings of concreteness, imagery, and comprehensibility, in particular, have been shown to be important predictors of acquisition of technical vocabulary.
More on Scoring Androgyny as a Single Continuous Variable
Authors: Strahan Robert F.
Published: September 2011

Blackman's (1982) interpretation of Strahan (1981) is considered incorrect. The position is reiterated that no single index appears able to represent comprehensively the androgyny construct.