bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photochemical Generation of Light Responsive Surfaces
Authors: Blasco Eva , Piñol Milagros , Oriol Luis , Schmidt Bernhard V. K. J. , Welle Alexander , Trouillet Vanessa , Bruns Michael , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: March 2013

The preparation of patterned photoswitchable surfaces by employing the nitrile imine‐mediated tetrazole ene cycloaddition (NITEC) photoinduced reaction in the presence of dipolarophiles based on photoresponsive azobenzene moieties is reported. The dipolarophile used is a maleimide carrying either an azobenzene unit or a first generation dendron containing two azobenzene units. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is employed to analyze the functionalized silicon wafers, while time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) evidences the spatial control of the functionalization of the surface achieved by using a micropatterned shadow mask. Water contact angle measurements and optical inspection observing the behavior of a water droplet demonstrate the photoinduced change on wettability of the structured functionalized surfaces due to the reversible trans‐to‐cis isomerization of the azobenzene moities.
2D and 3D Nanopatterning of Titanium for Enhancing Osteoinduction of Stem Cells at Implant Surfaces
Authors: Sjöström Terje , McNamara Laura E. , Meek R. M. Dominic , Dalby Matthew J. , Su Bo
Published: March 2013

The potential for the use of well‐defined nanopatterns to control stem cell behaviour on surfaces has been well documented on polymeric substrates. In terms of translation to orthopaedic applications, there is a need to develop nanopatterning techniques for clinically relevant surfaces, such as the load‐bearing material titanium (Ti). In this work, a novel nanopatterning method for Ti surfaces is demonstrated, using anodisation in combination with PS‐b‐P4VP block copolymer templates. The block copolymer templates allows for fabrication of titania nanodot patterns with precisely controlled dimensions and positioning which means that this technique can be used as a lithography‐like patterning method of bulk Ti surfaces on both flat 2D and complex shaped 3D surfaces. In vitro studies demonstrate that precise tuning of the height of titania nanodot patterns can modulate the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Cells on both the 8 nm and 15 nm patterned surfaces showed a trend towards a greater number of the large, super‐mature osteogenic focal adhesions than on the control polished Ti surface, but the osteogenic effect was more pronounced on the 15 nm substrate. Cells on this surface had the longest adhesions of all and produced larger osteocalcin deposits. The results suggest that nanopatterning of Ti using the technique of anodisation through a block copolymer template could provide a novel way to enhance osteoinductivity on Ti surfaces.
Multifunctional Albumin Nanoparticles As Combination Drug Carriers for Intra‐Tumoral Chemotherapy
Authors: Cui Mingjie , Naczynski Dominik J. , Zevon Margot , Griffith Craig K. , Sheihet Larisa , Poventud‐Fuentes Izmarie , Chen Suzie , Roth Charles M. , Moghe Prabhas V.
Published: March 2013

Current cancer therapies are challenged by weakly soluble drugs and by drug combinations that exhibit non‐uniform biodistribution and poor bioavailability. In this study, we have presented a new platform of advanced healthcare materials based on albumin nanoparticles (ANPs) engineered as tumor penetrating, delivery vehicles of combinatorially applied factors to solid tumors. These materials were designed to overcome three sequential key barriers: tissue level transport across solid tumor matrix; uptake kinetics into individual cancer cells; therapeutic resistance to single chemotherapeutic drugs. The ANPs were designed to penetrate deeper into solid tumor matrices using collagenase decoration and evaluated using a three‐dimensional multicellular melanoma tumor spheroid model. Collagenase modified ANPs exhibited 1‐2 orders of magnitude greater tumor penetration than unmodified ANPs into the spheroid mass after 96 hours, and showed preferential uptake into individual cancer cells for smaller sized ANPs (<100 nm). For enhanced efficacy, collagenase coated ANPs were modified with two therapeutic agents, curcumin and riluzole, with complementary mechanisms of action for combined cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in melanoma. The collagenase coated, drug loaded nanoparticles induced significantly more cell death within 3‐D tumor models than the unmodified, dual drug loaded ANP particles and the kinetics of cytotoxicity was further influenced by the ANP size. Thus, multifunctional nanoparticles can be imbued with complementary size and protease activity features that allow them to penetrate solid tumors and deliver combinatorial therapeutic payload with enhanced cancer cytotoxicity but minimal collateral damage to healthy primary cells.
Prevalence of diabetes and pre‐diabetes in a cohort of Italian young adults with Williams syndrome
Authors: Masserini Benedetta , Bedeschi Maria Francesca , Bianchi Vera , Scuvera Giulietta , Beck‐Peccoz Paolo , Lalatta Faustina , Selicorni Angelo , Orsi Emanuela
Published: March 2013

Williams syndrome (WS) is a rare, multisystemic genomic disorder showing a high prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism in adulthood. The reason for this association is unknown, though hemizygosity for genes mapping to the WS chromosome region has been implicated. Twenty‐two Italian young adults with WS (13 females, 9 males) were studied. A 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed and β‐cell function was estimated with Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA)‐B%, Insulinogenic Index, and corrected insulin response whereas insulin sensitivity was assessed with HOMA‐Insulin Resistance Index, Quantitative Insulin Check Index, and composite Insulin Sensitivity Index. One patient had known diabetes mellitus (DM), whereas impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was diagnosed in 12 patients and DM in one (63.6% prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism). IGT patients were more insulin resistant than those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), whereas β‐cell function was unchanged or increased. Islet autoimmunity was absent. Logistic regression showed that impaired glucose metabolism was not associated with age, body mass index (BMI), or family history of DM. β‐cell function, insulin sensitivity, and post‐load insulin levels did not differ between WS patients with NGT and healthy controls comparable for gender, age, and BMI, though WS–NGT patients had higher post‐load glucose values. These data confirm the high prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism in WS young adults, thus suggesting the need for screening these patients with OGTT. IGT is associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, but not with impaired β‐cell function, islet autoimmunity, and traditional risk factors for type 2 DM. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three cases of isolated terminal deletion of chromosome 8p without heart defects presenting with a mild phenotype
Authors: Burnside Rachel D. , Pappas John G. , Sacharow Stephanie , Applegate Carolyn , Hamosh Ada , Gadi Inder K. , Jaswaney Vikram , Keitges Elisabeth , Phillips Karen K. , Potluri Venketaswara R. , Risheg Hiba , Smith Janice L. , Tepperberg Jim H. , Schwartz Stuart , Papenhausen Peter
Published: March 2013

Individuals with isolated terminal deletions of 8p have been well described in the literature, however, molecular characterization, particularly by microarray, of the deletion in most instances is lacking. The phenotype of such individuals falls primarily into two categories: those with cardiac defects, and those without. The architecture of 8p has been demonstrated to contain two inversely oriented segmental duplications at 8p23.1, flanking the gene, GATA4. Haploinsufficiency of this gene has been implicated in cardiac defects seen in numerous individuals with terminal 8p deletion. Current microarray technologies allow for the precise elucidation of the size and gene content of the deleted region. We present three individuals with isolated terminal deletion of 8p distal to the segmental duplication telomeric to GATA4. These individuals present with a relatively mild and nonspecific phenotype including mildly dysmorphic features, developmental delay, speech delay, and early behavior issues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New therapies for treating Down syndrome require quality of life measurement
Authors: Goodman Michael J. , Brixner Diana I.
Published: March 2013

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of cognitive deficits. Using mouse models and therapies for Alzheimer disease, researchers are exploring therapies that may improve cognitive function in people with DS. These developments shift the health economic paradigm of understanding DS from determining the appropriate screening tool to the effect of therapy on quality of life in those with DS. To date, there are no validated quality of life instruments for DS. Research should begin to develop instruments that can evaluate changes in quality of life in therapeutic trials and beyond. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A cryptic microdeletion including MBD5 occurring within the breakpoint of a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 2 and 5 in a patient with developmental delay and obesity
Authors: Shichiji Minobu , Ito Yasushi , Shimojima Keiko , Nakamu Hidetsugu , Oguni Hirokazu , Osawa Makiko , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: March 2013

The 2q23.1 deletion syndrome has been recently recognized as a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability, epilepsy, and autism spectrum disorder. Recently, methyl‐CpG‐binding domain 5 gene (MBD5), located in the 2q23.1 region, has been considered as a single causative gene of this syndrome. We report on a female patient with a de novo reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 2 and 5. Chromosomal microarray testing revealed a cryptic 896 kb deletion that included MBD5. Although clinical manifestations of this patient are compatible with those of patients with 2q23.1 deletion syndrome, a focal pachygyria revealed by brain magnetic resonance imaging has never been observed in the previously reported cases. Obesity caused by hyperphagia was observed in our patient and 28% of the previously reported patients with the 2q23.1 deletion syndrome. For better medical management, appropriate dietary guidance against hyperphagia should be given to the patients' family. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Haploinsufficiency of ZNF238 is associated with corpus callosum abnormalities in 1q44 deletions
Authors: Perlman Seth J. , Kulkarni Shashikant , Manwaring Linda , Shinawi Marwan
Published: March 2013

A variety of candidate genes have been proposed to cause corpus callosum abnormalities (CCAs) in patients with terminal chromosome 1q deletions. Recent data excluded AKT3 and implicated ZNF238 and/or CEP170 as genes causative of corpus callosum anomalies in patients with 1q43–1q44 deletions. We report on a girl with dysmorphic features, seizures beginning in infancy, hypotonia, marked developmental delay, and dysgenesis of the corpus callosum. Chromosomal microarray analysis detected a de novo 1.47 Mb deletion at 1q44. The deleted interval encompasses the ZNF238 gene but not the CEP170 or AKT3 genes, thus providing additional evidence for the former and against the latter as being causative of corpus callosum anomalies in patients with such deletions. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A highly specific coding system for structural chromosomal alterations
Authors: Martínez‐Frías M.L. , Martínez‐Fernández M.L.
Published: March 2013

The Spanish Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECEMC, from the name in Spanish) has developed a very simple and highly specific coding system for structural chromosomal alterations. Such a coding system would be of value at present due to the dramatic increase in the diagnosis of submicroscopic chromosomal deletions and duplications through molecular techniques. In summary, our new coding system allows the characterization of: (a) the type of structural anomaly; (b) the chromosome affected; (c) if the alteration affects the short or/and the long arm, and (d) if it is a non‐pure dicentric, a non‐pure isochromosome, or if it affects several chromosomes. We show the distribution of 276 newborn patients with these types of chromosomal alterations using their corresponding codes according to our system. We consider that our approach may be useful not only for other registries, but also for laboratories performing these studies to store their results on case series. Therefore, the aim of this article is to describe this coding system and to offer the opportunity for this coding to be applied by others. Moreover, as this is a SYSTEM, rather than a fixed code, it can be implemented with the necessary modifications to include the specific objectives of each program. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dermatosparaxis (Ehlers–Danlos Type VIIC): Prenatal Diagnosis Following a Previous Pregnancy With Unexpected Skull Fractures at Delivery
Authors: Solomons Joyce , Coucke Paul , Symoens Sofie , Cohen Marta C. , Pope F. Michael , Wagner Bart E. , Sobey Glenda , Black Rebecca , Cilliers Deirdre
Published: March 2013

Dermatosparaxis Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (or EDS VIIC), a rare autosomal recessive connective tissue disorder, is characterized by extreme skin fragility, premature rupture of membranes in pregnancy, and spontaneous rupture of internal organs. Here we report a second patient with EDS VIIC presenting with congenital skull fractures and skin lacerations at birth, complications which may occur more frequently than previously thought in this condition. We also discuss the role of prenatal diagnosis in the management of a subsequent normal pregnancy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postnatal brain and skull growth in an Apert syndrome mouse model
Authors: Hill Cheryl A. , Martínez‐Abadías Neus , Motch Susan M. , Austin Jordan R. , Wang Yingli , Jabs Ethylin Wang , Richtsmeier Joan T. , Aldridge Kristina
Published: March 2013

Craniofacial and neural tissues develop in concert throughout prenatal and postnatal growth. FGFR‐related craniosynostosis syndromes, such as Apert syndrome (AS), are associated with specific phenotypes involving both the skull and the brain. We analyzed the effects of the FGFR P253R mutation for AS using the Fgfr2+/P253R Apert syndrome mouse to evaluate the effects of this mutation on these two tissues over the course of development from day of birth (P0) to postnatal day 2 (P2). Three‐dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy and computed tomography images were acquired from Fgfr2+/P253R mice and unaffected littermates at P0 (N = 28) and P2 (N = 20).Three‐dimensional coordinate data for 23 skull and 15 brain landmarks were statistically compared between groups. Results demonstrate that the Fgfr2+/P253R mice show reduced growth in the facial skeleton and the cerebrum, while the height and width of the neurocranium and caudal regions of the brain show increased growth relative to unaffected littermates. This localized correspondence of differential growth patterns in skull and brain point to their continued interaction through development and suggest that both tissues display divergent postnatal growth patterns relative to unaffected littermates. However, the change in the skull–brain relationship from P0 to P2 implies that each tissue affected by the mutation retains a degree of independence, rather than one tissue directing the development of the other. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parental perspectives on the diagnostic process for Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy
Authors: Daack‐Hirsch Sandra , Holtzer Caleb , Cunniff Christopher
Published: March 2013

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DBMD) are allelic, X‐linked recessive, neuromuscular disorders characterized by progressive loss of muscle function. Despite technological advances in diagnostic genetic testing, the mean age at diagnosis (4.7 years) has remained unchanged for decades. The purpose of the study was to characterize parental perceptions of the diagnostic process and identify factors that influence the timeline. Data collection for this qualitative study consisted of six individual and five group interviews. Participants (N = 30) included Hispanic, non‐Hispanic black, and non‐Hispanic white parents whose son was diagnosed with DBMD. The “help‐seeking behavior model” provided an analytical framework to analyze the data. Parents did not move through help‐seeking stages unidirectionally as described in other studies. Delays existed at each stage. We identified personal, familial, social, cultural, and provider factors that impeded earlier diagnosis. These barriers prolonged movement through a stage or led families to repeat previous stages. Results should initiate debate among system administrators, patient advocates, and healthcare providers regarding which barriers may be most modifiable and which interventions may reduce the time to diagnosis and limit parental emotional distress. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An unbalanced translocation involving loss of 10q26.2 and gain of 11q25 in a pedigree with autism spectrum disorder and cerebellar juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma
Authors: Minhas Hassan M. , Pescosolido Matthew F. , Schwede Matthew , Piasecka Justyna , Gaitanis John , Tantravahi Umadevi , Morrow Eric M.
Published: March 2013

We report on a pedigree with a pair of brothers each with minor anomalies, developmental delay, and autistic‐symptoms who share an unbalanced translocation (not detectable by karyotype). The unbalanced translocation involves a 7.1 Mb loss of the terminal portion of 10q, and a 4.2 Mb gain of 11q. One of the brothers also developed a cerebellar juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma. The father was found to be a balanced carrier and the couple had a previous miscarriage. We demonstrate that the breakpoint for the triplicated region from chromosome 11 is adjacent to two IgLON genes, namely Neurotrimin (NTM) and Opioid Binding Protein/Cell Adhesion Molecule‐like (OPCML). These genes are highly similar neural cell adhesion molecules that have been implicated in synaptogenesis and oncogenesis, respectively. The children also have a 10q deletion and are compared to other children with the 10q deletion syndrome which generally does not involve autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) or cancer. Together these data support a role for NTM and OPCML in developmental delay and potentially in cancer susceptibility. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The changing clinical course of multiple sclerosis: A matter of gray matter
Authors: Calabrese Massimiliano , Romualdi Chiara , Poretto Valentina , Favaretto Alice , Morra Aldo , Rinaldi Francesca , Perini Paola , Gallo Paolo
Published: March 2013

Objective

Clinical and neuroimaging parameters predictive of the changing clinical course of multiple sclerosis (MS) from relapsing–remitting to secondary progressive have not been clarified yet. We specifically designed a prospective 5‐year longitudinal study aimed at assessing demographic, clinical, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters that could predict the changing clinical course of MS.

Methods

At study entry and after 5 years, clinical and MRI (ie, gray matter and white matter lesions, including spinal cord lesions, and global and regional cortical thinning) parameters were assessed in a training set of 334 consecutive relapsing–remitting MS patients and in an independent validation set of 84 relapsing–remitting MS patients.

Results

Sixty‐six (19.7%) relapsing–remitting MS patients changed their clinical course during the study and entered into the secondary progressive phase. Age (p = 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 1.2), cortical lesion volume (p < 0.001,OR = 1.7), and cerebellar cortical volume (p < 0.001, OR = 0.2) at study entry were found to predict the changing clinical course. The model including only these 3 variables correctly identified 252 of 268 (94.0%) patients who maintained the relapsing–remitting course and 58 of 66 (87.8%) patients who became secondary progressive (cross‐validated error rate = 7.2%). When applied on the validation set, the model obtained a similar error rate (8.4%).

Interpretation

A prediction model based on age, cortical lesion load, and cerebellar cortical volume suitably explains the probability of relapsing–remitting MS patients evolving into the progressive phase. Gray matter damage appears to play a pivotal role in determining the changing clinical course of MS. Ann Neurol 2013;74:76–83
Observational effects from quantum cosmology
Authors: Calcagni Gianluca
Published: March 2013

The status of quantum cosmologies as testable models of the early universe is assessed in the context of inflation. While traditional Wheeler–DeWitt quantization is unable to produce sizable effects in the cosmic microwave background, the more recent loop quantum cosmology can generate potentially detectable departures from the standard cosmic spectrum. Thus, present observations constrain the parameter space of the model, which could be made falsifiable by near‐future experiments.
History of teaching anatomy in India: From ancient to modern times
Authors: Jacob Tony George
Published: March 2013

Safe clinical practice is based on a sound knowledge of the structure and function of the human body. Thus, knowledge of anatomy has been an essential tool in the practice of healthcare throughout the ages. The history of anatomy in India traces from the Paleolithic Age to the Indus Valley Civilization, the Vedic Times, the Islamic Dynasties, the modern Colonial Period, and finally to Independent India. The course of the study of anatomy, despite accompanying controversies and periods of latencies, has been fascinating. This review takes the reader through various periods of Indian medicine and the role of anatomy in the field of medical practice. It also provides a peek into the modern system of pedagogy in anatomical sciences in India. Anat Sci Educ 6: 351–358. © 2013 American Association of Anatomists.
CuCu2OTiO2 Nanojunction Systems with an Unusual Electron–Hole Transportation Pathway and Enhanced Photocatalytic Properties
Authors: Xing Jun , Chen Zu Peng , Xiao Fang Yuan , Ma Xue Yan , Wen Ci Zhang , Li Zhen , Yang Hua Gui
Published: March 2013

Multicomponent CuCu2OTiO2 nanojunction systems were successfully synthesized by a mild chemical process, and their structure and composition were thoroughly analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as‐prepared CuCu2OTiO2 (3 and 9 h) nanojunctions demonstrated higher photocatalytic activities under UV/Vis light irradiation in the process of the degradation of organic compounds than those of the CuCu2O, CuTiO2, and Cu2OTiO2 starting materials. Moreover, time‐resolved photoluminescence spectra demonstrated that the quenching times of electrons and holes in CuCu2OTiO2 (3 h) is higher than that of CuCu2OTiO2 (9 h); this leads to a better photocatalytic performance of CuCu2OTiO2 (3 h). The improvement in photodegradation activity and electron–hole separation of CuCu2OTiO2 (3 h) can be ascribed to the rational coupling of components and dimensional control. Meanwhile, an unusual electron–hole transmission pathway for photocatalytic reactions over CuCu2OTiO2 nanojunctions was also identified.
Surface‐Passivated SBA‐15‐Supported Gold Nanoparticles: Highly Improved Catalytic Activity and Selectivity toward Hydrophobic Substrates
Authors: Gao Jinsuo , Zhang Xueying , Yang Yan , Ke Jun , Li Xinyong , Zhang Yaobin , Tan Feng , Chen Jingwen , Quan Xie
Published: March 2013

Silanol groups on a silica surface affect the activity of immobilized catalysts because they can influence the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, matter transfer, or even transition state in a catalytic reaction. Previously, these silanol groups have usually been passivated by using surface‐passivation reagents, such as alkoxysilanes, bis‐silylamine reagents, chlorosilanes, etc., and surface passivation has typically been found in mesoporous‐silicas‐supported molecular catalysts and heteroatomic catalysts. However, this property has rarely been reported in mesoporous‐silicas‐supported metal‐nanoparticle catalysts. Herein, we prepared an almost‐superhydrophobic SBA‐15‐supported gold‐nanoparticle catalyst by using surface passivation, in which the catalytic activity increased more than 14 times for the reduction of nitrobenzene compared with non‐passivated SBA‐15. In addition, this catalyst can selectively catalyze hydrophobic molecules under our experimental conditions, owing to its high (almost superhydrophobic) hydrophobic properties.
A REVIEW OF COMPARISON STUDIES IN APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS
Authors: Shabani Daniel B. , Lam Wing Yan
Published: March 2013

A commonly used research design in applied behavior analysis involves comparing two or more independent variables. Typically, the relative effectiveness of two different interventions is measured on a single dependent variable. In the current review, 54 comparison studies from seven different peer‐reviewed, behavior analytic journals were evaluated between the years 2002 and 2011. Each study was evaluated across seven dimensions: (1) experimental design, (2) setting, (3) participants, (4) type of comparison, (5) number of comparisons, (6) treatment integrity, and (7) outcome. There were some consistencies across studies, with half resulting in equivalent outcomes across comparisons. In addition, most studies employed the use of an alternating treatments or multi‐element single‐subject design and compared a teaching methodology. On the basis of these results, the value of comparison study as well as directions for future comparison research is discussed. Overall, comparison study is a worthy and important enterprise that requires a high degree of experimental control and a careful analyses of the results, regardless of whether the outcome clearly favored one independent variable or not. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the central metabolism of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 under different trophic conditions
Authors: Yoshikawa Katsunori , Hirasawa Takashi , Ogawa Kenichi , Hidaka Yuki , Nakajima Tsubasa , Furusawa Chikara , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: March 2013

Cyanobacteria have received considerable attention as a sustainable energy resource because of their organic material production capacity using light energy and CO2 as a carbon source. Therefore, it is important to understand the cellular metabolism of cyanobacteria for metabolic engineering. In this study, to shed light on the central metabolism of cyanobacteria, we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of a glucose‐tolerant strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, which was cultured under auto‐ and mixotrophic conditions. Our results indicate that the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis are activated under mixotrophic conditions rather than autotrophic conditions. Moreover, we examined the effect of atrazine, a photosynthesis inhibitor, on the metabolism of PCC 6803 under mixotrophic conditions, which was defined as photoheterotrophic conditions, by transcriptomics and metabolomics. We demonstrated that the activity of the glycolytic pathway decreased due to the indirect effect of atrazine. In addition, the difference in transcriptional and metabolic changes between auto‐ and photoheterotrophic conditions could also be captured. The omics dataset reported herein provides clues for understanding the metabolism of cyanobacteria.
An introductory classroom exercise on protein molecular model visualization and detailed analysis of protein–ligand binding
Authors: Poeylaut‐Palena Andrés A. , de los Ángeles Laborde María
Published: March 2013

A learning module for molecular level analysis of protein structure and ligand/drug interaction through the visualization of X‐ray diffraction is presented. Using DeepView as molecular model visualization software, students learn about the general concepts of protein structure. This Biochemistry classroom exercise is designed to be carried out by following the detailed instructions that make software handling straightforward. Students learn about protein structure and gain insight into the molecular level of the interaction of two active compounds with their receptor. © 2013 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 41(2):118‐124, 2013.
Problem‐solving test: Pyrosequencing
Authors: Szeberényi József
Published: March 2013

Terms to be familiar with before you start to solve the test: Maxam–Gilbert sequencing, Sanger sequencing, gel electrophoresis, DNA synthesis reaction, polymerase chain reaction, template, primer, DNA polymerase, deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, orthophosphate, pyrophosphate, nucleoside monophosphates, luminescence, acid anhydride bond, phosphodiester bond, mismatch, proofreading, 5′→3′ exonuclease.
Competency Enhancement Training for Philippine Family Court Judges and Personnel Handling Child Abuse Cases
Authors: Sana Erlyn A. , Melencio‐Herrera Ameurfina A. , Avellano Amy A. , Legarda Katrina , Vilches Nimfa C. , Madrid Bernadette J.
Published: March 2013

Key Practitioner Messages

Judges, lawyers and court personnel should be familiar with children and their developmental stages.

They should be sensitive in getting vital information to ensure that children can tell their story without fear.

Competency enhancement training is an interactive, comprehensive and multidisciplinary programme developed for Philippine family court personnel.

Evaluation of the short‐ and long‐term effects of training show that family court personnel demonstrated sensitivity and helped children to overcome the trauma of their abuse.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Butanolides from Methanolic Extract of Litsea glutinosa
Authors: Agrawal Nisha , Pareek Deepika , Dobhal Sonal , Sharma Mahesh C. , Joshi Yogesh C. , Dobhal Mahabeer P.
Published: March 2013

Phytochemical investigations of a MeOH extract obtained from the heartwoods of the Litsea glutinosa (Lauraceae) led to the isolation and characterization of four new butenolides, (3R,4S,5S)‐2‐hexadecyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐methylbutanolide 1, litsealactone C (2), and litsealactone D (4), litsealactone G (5), and a new benzoic acid derivative named eusmoside C (3). The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral studies.
StructureActivity Relationship of Polypyridyl Ruthenium(II) Complexes as DNA Intercalators, DNA Photocleavage Reagents, and DNA Topoisomerase and RNA Polymerase Inhibitors
Authors: Chen Xing , Gao Feng , Yang Wei‐Yan , Zhou Zhu‐Xin , Lin Jin‐Qiang , Ji Liang‐Nian
Published: March 2013

To investigate the relationship between the molecular structure and biological activity of polypyridyl RuII complexes, such as DNA binding, photocleavage ability, and DNA topoisomerase and RNA polymerase inhibition, six new [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine; dppz=dipyrido[3,2‐a:2,′,3′‐c]phenazine) analogs have been synthesized and characterized by means of 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. Interestingly, the biological properties of these complexes have been identified to be quite different via a series of experimental methods, such as spectral titration, DNA thermal denaturation, viscosity, and gel electrophoresis. To explain the experimental regularity and reveal the underlying mechanism of biological activity, the properties of energy levels and population of frontier molecular orbitals and excited‐state transitions of these complexes have been studied by density‐functional theory (DFT) and time‐depended DFT (TDDFT) calculations. The results suggest that DNA intercalative ligands with better planarity, greater hydrophobicity, and less steric hindrance are beneficial to the DNA intercalation and enzymatic inhibition of their complexes.
Two Novel Potent α‐Amylase Inhibitors from the Family of Acarviostatins Isolated from the Culture of Streptomyces coelicoflavus ZG0656
Authors: Geng Peng , Sun Ting , Zhong Qiping , Li Xiaoxia , Shi Liying , Bai Fang , Bai Gang
Published: March 2013

Two novel aminooligosaccharides were separated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces coelicoflavus ZG0656. Their chemical structures were determined by acidic hydrolysis, electrospray‐ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS), and NMR spectroscopy. The compounds were named acarviostatins III0(−1) and III23 according to the nomenclature of this group of metabolites. The two novel acarviostatins were both mixed noncompetitive inhibitors of porcine pancreatic α‐amylase (PPA). The inhibition constants (Ki) for acarviostatins III0(−1) and III23 were 0.009 and 0.026 μM, respectively, 151 and 52 times more potent than acarbose.
A Cellular Automata Model of Proton Hopping Down a Channel
Authors: Kier Lemont B. , Tombes Robert , Hall Lowell H. , Cheng Chao‐Kun
Published: March 2013

Proton hopping is the process where a H‐atom on a hydronium ion forms a H‐bond with the O‐atom of a neighboring H2O molecule. There is then an exchange of bonding forces when that covalent bond of the H‐atom in the hydronium ion changes to a H‐bond, and the previous H‐bond changes to a covalent bond with the neighboring O‐atom. The neighboring molecule now becomes a hydronium (H3O+) ion. This process repeats itself very rapidly among neighboring hydronium and H2O molecules. There is a flow of protonic character through bulk H2O, referred to as proton hopping. This process carries information through living systems where H2O is present. A cellular automata model of proton hopping down a channel has been created and studied. Variations in the rate of proton entry into the channel and the effects of the polar character of the channel walls was studied using the model. The behavior of the models corresponds to experimental results.
Biomolecular Characterization of Wild Sicilian Oregano: Phytochemical Screening of Essential Oils and Extracts, and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activities
Authors: Tuttolomondo Teresa , La Bella Salvatore , Licata Mario , Virga Giuseppe , Leto Claudio , Saija Antonella , Trombetta Domenico , Tomaino Antonio , Speciale Antonio , Napoli Edoardo M. , Siracusa Laura , Pasquale Andrea , Curcuruto Giusy , Ruberto Giuseppe
Published: March 2013

An extensive survey of wild Sicilian oregano was made. A total of 57 samples were collected from various sites, followed by taxonomic characterization from an agronomic perspective. Based on morphological and production characteristics obtained from the 57 samples, cluster analysis was used to divide the samples into homogeneous groups, to identify the best biotypes. All samples were analyzed for their phytochemical content, applying a cascade‐extraction protocol and hydrodistillation, to obtain the non volatile components and the essential oils, respectively. The extracts contained thirteen polyphenol derivatives, i.e., four flavanones, seven flavones, and two organic acids. Their qualitative and quantitative characterization was carried out by LC/MS analyses. The essential oils were characterized using a combination of GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses; a total of 81 components were identified. The major components of the oils were thymol, p‐cymene, and γ‐terpinene. Cluster analysis was carried out on both phytochemical profiles and resulted in the division of the oregano samples into different chemical groups. The antioxidant activity of the essential oils and extracts was investigated by the FolinCiocalteau (FC) colorimetric assay, by UV radiation‐induced peroxidation in liposomal membranes (UV‐IP test), and by determining the O$\rm{{_{2}^{{^\cdot} -}}}$‐scavenging activity.
Chemical Composition and in vitro Biological Activities of the Essential Oil of Vepris macrophylla (Baker) I.Verd. Endemic to Madagascar
Authors: Maggi Filippo , Fortuné Randriana Richard , Rasoanaivo Philippe , Nicoletti Marcello , Quassinti Luana , Bramucci Massimo , Lupidi Giulio , Petrelli Dezemona , Vitali Luca A. , Papa Fabrizio , Vittori Sauro
Published: March 2013

Vepris macrophylla is an evergreen tree occurring in sub‐humid forest of Madagascar and traditionally used in the Island to treat several complaints as well as to prepare aromatic teas and alcoholic drinks. In the present work, the essential oil distilled from the leaves was analyzed for the first time by gas chromatography (GC‐FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The major compounds were citral (56.3%), i.e., mixture of neral (23.1%) and geranial (33.2%), citronellol (14.5%), and myrcene (8.3%). The essential oil exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans as determined by vapor‐diffusion assay, supporting the traditional use of the plant for preparing steam bath for the treatment of infectious diseases. The essential oil was evaluated for cytotoxic activity on human tumor cell lines by MTT (=3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide) assay, showing inhibitory effects comparable to those of cisplatin, notably on MDA‐MB 231 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HCT116 (human colon carcinoma) cell lines. Finally, the essential oil was also subjected to screening for its antioxidant activity and the free radical scavenging capacity.
Variability of n‐Alkanes and Nonacosan‐10‐ol in Natural Populations of Picea omorika
Authors: Nikolić Biljana , Tešević Vele , Đorđević Iris , Todosijević Marina , Jadranin Milka , Bojović Srdjan , Marin Petar D.
Published: March 2013

This is the first report of population variability of the contents of n‐alkanes and nonacosan‐10‐ol in the needle epicuticular waxes of Serbian spruce (Picea omorika). The hexane extracts of needle samples originated from three natural populations in Serbia (Vranjak, Zmajevački potok, and Mileševka Canyon) were investigated by GC and GC/MS analyses. The amount of nonacosan‐10‐ol varied individually from 50.05 to 74.42% (65.74% in average), but the differences between the three investigated populations were not statistically confirmed. The results exhibited variability of the composition of n‐alkanes in the epicuticular waxes with their size ranging from C18 to C35. The most abundant n‐alkanes were C29, C31, and C27 (35.22, 13.77, and 12.28% in average, resp.). The carbon preference index of all the n‐alkanes (CPItotal) of the P. omorika populations (average of populations I–III) ranged from 3.3 to 11.5 (mean of 5.9), while the average chain length (ACL) ranged from 26.6 to 29.2. The principal component and cluster analyses of the contents of nine n‐alkanes showed the greatest difference for the population growing in the Mileševka Canyon. The obtained results were compared with previous literature data given for other Picea species, and this comparison was briefly discussed.
Calmodulin Inhibitors from Aspergillus stromatoides
Authors: González‐Andrade Martín , Del Valle Paulina , Macías‐Rubalcava Martha ;L. , Sosa‐Peinado Alejandro , Del Carmen González María , Mata Rachel
Published: March 2013

An organic extract was prepared from the culture medium and mycelia of the marine fungus Aspergillus stromatoides Raper & Fennell. The extract was fractionated via column chromatography, and the resulting fractions were tested for their abilities to quench the fluorescence of the calmodulin (CaM) biosensor hCaM M124C‐mBBr. From the active fraction, emodin (1) and ω‐hydroxyemodin (2) were isolated as CaM inhibitors. Anthraquinones 1 and 2 quenched the fluorescence of the hCaM M124C‐mBBr biosensor in a concentration‐dependent manner with Kd values of 0.33 and 0.76 μM, respectively. The results were compared with those of chlorpromazine (CPZ), a classical inhibitor of CaM, with a Kd value of 1.25 μM. Docking analysis revealed that 1 and 2 bind to the same pocket of CPZ. The CaM inhibitor properties of 1 and 2 were correlated with some of their reported biological properties. Citrinin (3), methyl 8‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐9‐oxo‐9H‐xanthene‐1‐carboxylate (4), and coniochaetone A (5) were also isolated in the present study. The X‐ray structure of 5 is reported for the first time.
Acetylcholinesterase‐Inhibitory Activities of the Extracts from Sponges Collected in Mauritius Waters
Authors: Beedessee Girish , Ramanjooloo Avin , Surnam‐Boodhun Rashmee , van Soest Rob W. M. , Marie Daniel E. P.
Published: March 2013

Patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) show a characteristic neurochemical deficit of acetylcholine, especially in the basal forebrains. The use of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors to retard the hydrolysis of acetylcholine has been suggested as a promising strategy for AD treatment. In this study, we evaluated the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory (AChEI) activities of 134 extracts obtained from 45 species of marine sponges. Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) and microplate assays reveal potent acetylcholinsterase inhibitory activities of two AcOEt extracts from the sponges Pericharax heteroraphis and Amphimedon navalis Pulitzer‐Finali. We further investigated the inhibitory kinetics of the extracts and found them to display mixed competitive/noncompetitive inhibition and associated their inhibitory activity partly to terpenoids. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from marine organisms have been rarely studied, and this study demonstrated the potential of marine sponges as a source of pharmaceutical leads against neurodegenerative diseases.
Influence of kolaviron and vitamin E on ethylene glycol monoethyl ether‐induced haematotoxicity and renal apoptosis in rats
Authors: Adedara Isaac A. , Farombi Ebenezer O.
Published: March 2013

The present study investigated the protective effects of kolaviron, a biflavonoid from the seed of Garcinia kola, and vitamin E on ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE)‐induced haematotoxicity and renal apoptosis in male rats. EGEE was administered at a dose of 200 mg kg−1 alone or simultaneously administered with kolaviron (100 and 200 mg kg−1) and vitamin E (50 mg kg−1) for 14 days. Results of haematological examination showed that white blood cells, platelets, neutrophils and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were significantly lower, whereas lymphocytes were increased in EGEE‐exposed rats compared with those in the control. Administration of EGEE caused a significant decrease in the superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as in the glutathione level but significantly increased glutathione Stransferase activity and levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in kidneys of rats compared with those in the control. Also, EGEE‐treated rats showed significant elevation in the serum urea and creatinine with marked increase in the frequency of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay‐positive apoptotic cells in the tubular epithelial cells in comparison with the control. Co‐administration with kolaviron or vitamin E exhibited chemoprotective effects against EGEE‐mediated haematotoxicity, augmented renal antioxidant status and prevented the induction of renal apoptosis. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endovascular stenting in transverse aortic arch hypoplasia
Authors: Pushparajah Kuberan , Sadiq Masood , Brzezińska‐Rajszys Grażyna , Thomson John , Rosenthal Eric , Qureshi Shakeel A.
Published: March 2013

Objectives

Describe outcomes from stenting transverse aortic arch hypoplasia.

Background

Hypoplasia of the transverse arch may result in residual systemic hypertension and may be amenable to stenting.

Methods

Outcomes for transverse aortic arch hypoplasia stenting were collated from four centers between 2000 and 2010. Primary endpoints were reduction in peak systolic catheter gradient, dimensions of the stented segment, and systolic right arm blood pressure. Changes in antihypertensive medication and early and late complications were recorded. Data were collated for 21 patients (16 male, 5 female), median age of 16.5 years (range, 0.25–25.9 years) and median weight of 55 kg (range, 4.5–103 kg). 19/21 patients were hypertensive at baseline, excluding the two neonates after repair of interrupted aortic arch.

Results

Median transverse arch diameter increased from 7 to 14 mm after stenting (P < 0.001). Median ratio of the transverse arch to descending aorta at the diaphragm level improved from 0.43 to 0.9 (P < 0.001). Mean gradient across the hypoplastic transverse arch was 38 mm Hg (range, 14–76) at baseline and 5 mm Hg (range, 0–13) after stenting (P < 0.001). There were no deaths and 6 early complications occurred in 5 patients. Follow‐up (median 24 months) data were available for 19 patients. 17/19 hypertensive patients had follow‐up data. Two neonates developed intimal hyperplasia within the stent with a stent fracture in one. Median systolic blood pressure was 153 mm Hg (range, 117–180) prestent and 130 mm Hg (range, 105–150) poststent (P = 0.0002). In 13/17 patients, the antihypertensive medication could be reduced.

Conclusions

Stenting of transverse aortic arch hypoplasia, although technically challenging, produced good angiographic and haemodynamic results with an early improvement in blood pressure control. These results appear to be sustained in the medium term. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improved para‐Xylene Selectivity in meta‐Xylene Isomerization Over ZSM‐5 Crystals with Relatively Long b‐Axis Length
Authors: Liu Yan , Zhou Xiaozhao , Pang Xinmei , Jin Yinying , Meng Xiangju , Zheng Xiaoming , Gao Xionghou , Xiao Feng‐Shou
Published: March 2013

ZSM‐5 zeolite crystals with controllable b‐axis length (sheet‐like, S‐ZSM‐5; chain‐like, C‐ZSM‐5) have been synthesized by using urea and starch as additives in the starting aluminosilicate gels. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that these zeolite samples have good crystallinity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show that there is a strong chemical interaction between the stacked crystals in C‐ZSM‐5 samples. N2 sorption isotherms indicate that C‐ZSM‐5 crystals are mesoporous. Catalytic tests for the formation of p‐xylene from m‐xylene isomerization show that, compared with other zeolite catalysts, C‐ZSM‐5 catalysts give both high conversion and improved p‐xylene selectivity, which are attributed to the combination of relatively long b‐axis length and the present mesoporosity in the crystals. The improvement of p‐xylene selectivity in catalytic m‐xylene isomerisation is of great importance for selective industrial production of p‐xylene in the future.
Methylated β‐Cyclodextrin‐Capped Ruthenium Nanoparticles: Synthesis Strategies, Characterization, and Application in Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Chau Nguyet Trang Thanh , Handjani Soraya , Guegan Jean‐Paul , Guerrero Miguel , Monflier Eric , Philippot Karine , Denicourt‐Nowicki Audrey , Roucoux Alain
Published: March 2013

Colloidal suspensions of ruthenium nanoparticles (Ru0NPs) stabilized by randomly methylated β‐cyclodextrins were easily prepared in aqueous solution by two comparative reductive approaches. The first method relies on a one‐step hydrogen reduction of ruthenium trichloride as a metal precursor in the presence of cyclodextrins (one‐pot method). The second method consists of the chemical reduction of metal salts by NaBH4, followed by the stabilization of ruthenium NPs by post‐addition of the methylated β‐cyclodextrins (cascade method). The modified β‐cyclodextrin‐capped ruthenium NPs obtained were characterized using TEM, DLS, and NMR techniques. The highly dispersed colloidal suspensions contain very small particles in the size range of 1–1.4 nm. Their catalytic performances were investigated in terms of activity and selectivity of their biphasic hydrogenation of various substrates (olefins, ketones, and disubstituted arenes) under mild conditions.