bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy transfer in laser-induced plasma generation on nano-aerosols
Authors: Wang Chen , Zhang Ying , Liu Tianye , He Delong , Cheng Xuemei , BAI Jinbo
Published: February 2025

We report on the investigation of laser-induced plasma generation mechanism in laser-aerosols interaction with dry Cu nano-aerosols of different sizes as the samples. The energy transfer mechanism is firstly analyzed based on the comparison of electron temperature between pure air and that containing aerosols, and the breakdown energy threshold for particles with respect to aerosol density. It is inferred that both laser-particle interaction and plasma-particle interaction exist in laser-induced plasma generation on nano-aerosols. And the plasma-particle interaction gets dominant for the cases with low aerosol density. In specific, the plasma plays dual roles in interaction with aerosols - atomization and excitation. According to the electron temperature drop for the case with aerosols compared with pure air, we roughly estimated the energy loss of plasma and found it is not enough to fully atomize the particles. On this basis, the smaller particles, which can absorb more energy because of the larger relative surface and more absorbing entities presenting in the plasma, are helpful to achieve higher LIBS signal intensity, electron temperature and density. This work is useful in understanding the mechanism of laser-aerosol interaction, which would be of importance in the wide applications of laser-induced plasma generation from aerosols including radiation generation, aerosol detection, dual-pulse LIBS technique.
Controlling plasma produced fluxes to liquid surfaces by acoustic structuring: Applications to plasma driven solution electrochemistry
Authors: Doyle Scott James , Dias Tiago C. , Meyer Mackenzie , Kushner Mark J
Published: February 2025

Plasmas interacting with liquid surfaces produce a complex interfacial layer where the local chemistry in the liquid is driven by fluxes from the gas phase of electrons, ions, photons, and neutral radicals. Typically, the liquid surface has at best mild curvature with the fluxes of impinging plasma species and applied electric field being nominally normal to the surface. With liquids such as water having a high dielectric constant, structuring of the liquid surface by producing a wavy surface enables local electric field enhancement due to polarization of the liquid, as well as producing regions of higher and lower advective gas flow across the surface. This structuring (or waviness) can naturally occur or can be achieved by mechanical agitation such as with acoustic transducers. Electric field enhancement at the peaks of the waves of the liquid produces local increases in sources of reactive species and incident plasma fluxes which may be advantageous for plasma driven solution electrochemistry (PDSE) applications. In this paper, results are discussed from a computational investigation of pulsed atmospheric pressure plasma jets onto structured water solutions containing AgNO3 as may be used in PDSE for silver nanoparticle formation. The solution surface consists of standing wave patterns having wavelength and wave depth of hundreds of microns to 1 mm. The potential for structured liquid surface to facilitate spatially differentiated chemical selectivity and enhance nanoparticle synthesis in the context of PDSE is discussed.
Ultra-broadband small-size polarization splitter based on gold-coated dual-core photonic crystal fiber
Authors: Zou Hui , Wang Shizheng , Du Yuhang , Zhang Ruizhe
Published: February 2025

In this paper, an ultrashort polarization beam splitter (PBS) for ortho-hexagonal dual-core photonic crystal fiber (RS-DC-PCF) based on a gold-coated film with central holes is proposed. In RS-DC-PCF, air holes are arranged in the ortho-hexagonal lattice, and elliptical structures and metal coatings are introduced to enhance birefringence. The coupling and propagation characteristics of the transmitted light with the PBS are investigated using the full vector finite element method, and the effects of different structural parameters on the coupling lengths (CLx and CLy), coupling length ratios (CLR), and extinction ratios (ER) in the x-polarization and y-polarization directions, as well as the effects of the preparation tolerances on the device length and the thickness of the gold film, are explored. The simulation results show that the optimized DC-PCF PBS has an ultrashort splitting length of 16.67 µm, an ER higher than 20 dB over the wavelength range of 0.94-1.97 µm, and a bandwidth of up to 1030 nm, which fully covers the E + S + C + L + U communication band. With ultra-short device length, ultra-wide operating bandwidth and good preparation tolerance, this polarization beam splitter has great potential for applications in optical fiber communications.
Constraints on the Pre-Big Bang scenario from a cosmological interpretation of the NANOGrav data
Authors: Conzinu P. , Fanizza G. , Gasperini M. , Pavone E. , Tedesco L. , Veneziano G.
Published: February 2025

We discuss a recently proposed
fit of the 15-year data set obtained from the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav)
in terms of a relic stochastic background of primordial gravitons, produced in the context of the string cosmology pre-big bang scenario. We show that such interpretation cannot be reconciled with a phenomenologically viable minimal version of such scenario, while it can be allowed if one considers an equally viable but generalised, non-minimal version of pre-big bang evolution. Maintaining the S-duality symmetry throughout the high-curvature string phase is possible although somewhat disfavoured. The implications of this non-minimal scenario for the power spectrum of curvature perturbations are also briefly discussed.
Validation of Photovoltaic Mathematical Model Integrated with Grid-Connected Microinverter through online Mechanism
Authors: Erixno O , Ramadhani F , Rivai A , Silalahi DK , Yustika L M , Rahim N Abd
Published: February 2025

Photovoltaic as green energy source has widely implemented in the world to push down the use of fossil fuel. To realize the photovoltaic into simulation, a proper model of photovoltaic should be validated with a real device. This paper provides a validation of photovoltaic model through online mechanism, meaning that the photovoltaic is connected to a national grid with an intermediary a grid-connected microinverter. The validation including real experiment and simulation was applied for ten days measurement with same solar irradiance and temperature profiles. The result showed that average error between model and real system for the electricity generation was on the average of 1.7%.
Prediction of PM2.5 and CO2 concentrations using the PCA-LightGBM method in Bandung, Indonesia
Authors: Adiwidya A S , Romadhony A , Chandra I , Sukmawati A N D , Sholihah H M , Islamiah D U , Rinaldi A
Published: February 2025

Poor air quality due to large amounts of human activity shows the need to increase public awareness and alertness by building a system predicting future pollutant concentrations. This research creates a prediction system using the LightGBM algorithm for PM2.5 and CO2 pollutant parameters with an additional parameter reduction method using PCA to increase prediction accuracy. The number of valid datasets is 918 for each of the five parameters at each measurement station, with data gaps filled using median values so that they can be used for predictions. The prediction results show that the best accuracy for PM2.5 is at the Deli station, which uses PCA with a MAPE of 21.5%, and for CO2, it is achieved at the Deli station without PCA with a MAPE of 4.8%. Based on its accuracy, PCA is less suitable if there are outliers in the dataset, but PCA is ideal for homogeneous datasets. Overall, the prediction results based on accuracy for PM2.5 are in the feasible category, and for CO2, they are in the accurate and very accurate category. To optimize prediction results, especially in the long term, it is necessary to retrain with a complete and up-to-date dataset to better suit air conditions.
Enhancing Agricultural Monitoring: Integrating ANP with QFD for the Design of a Smart Agriculture Tracking System
Authors: Soesanto Rayinda Pramuditya , Akbar Resha
Published: February 2025

Monitoring agriculture over large areas is crucial for improving crop management practices and maximizing yields. On the other hand, current technologies continue to fail at high-level integration of user needs and technical capabilities, resulting in more complexity and dissatisfaction on the user’s end. The study fills this gap by offering a Smart Agriculture Tracking System framework based on QFD and ANP. This process includes evaluating consumer needs via surveys and interviews, determining technical characteristics, and developing a House of Quality (HoQ) matrix. Weighted ANP analysis was performed to prioritize these needs, and the results suggest that accuracy in sensor readings, reliability in scheduling notifications, and convenience of use are the top priority for users. The study demonstrates that the proposed architecture removes constraints for other similar systems by boosting functionality and usability. In simple terms, the Smart Agriculture Tracking System delivers practical improvements in the range of agricultural monitoring by aligning user needs with relevant technical characteristics, which impacts the way crops are handled, and productivity is increased.
Numerical Study of the Effect of Damper Opening Angle and Flue Gas Temperature on Temperature Distribution in Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Authors: Majid M R , Prabowo
Published: February 2025

Combined Cycle Gas Turbine (CCGT) utilises the hot flue gas from the gas turbine to produce steam in the Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). The steam from the HRSG is then used to generate electricity in the steam turbine. At PLTGU Tanjung Uncang Batam, the exhaust gas temperature when the damper is open must be below 400°C. However, the turbine gas with an initial load of 5 MW has an exhaust gas temperature of 560°C - 580°C. It is necessary to remove the turbine gas load or Full Speed No Load (FSNL) to reduce the inlet temperature of the turbine gas. The analysis was conducted using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with ANSYS Fluent 2020 software. The variations used are the diverter damper angle values of 51°, 68°, and 90° combined with inlet temperatures of 400°C and 580°C. HRSG simulation results, velocity, and temperature contours show that the flue gas is not evenly distributed. The turbine flue gas is only spread along 4 - 12 m. Apart from that, from the results of calculations based on operation conditions, at a flue gas temperature of 580°C, the steam flow rate affects the tube wall temperature. Analysis shows that at a steam flow rate of 0.0576 t/h, the tube wall temperature can increase to 541.84°C, which causes the material strength limit to decrease significantly to 143.94 MPa. The ideal steam flow rate is 2.484 t/h, at which the material strength limits remain almost the same as the current operating conditions (400°C). Thus, if the steam flow rate is 2.484 t/h, which is safe for the tube temperature, there is potential for cost savings. Savings from using demineralized water reach IDR 24,708,240 per start up process.
Risk Mitigation: Evaluation of Rig X, Rig Y, and Rig Z Performance by Analyzing Non-Productive Time on Drilling Activities in Field “A”
Authors: Ariyon M , Hilmy D R
Published: February 2025

The study examined the non-productive time (NPT) of drilling activities on rigs X, Y, and Z in field A. It utilized the pareto chart approach to identify the specific type of NPT that was the primary issue during the drilling operation. Moreover, seeking methods to rectify and enhance the efficiency of X, Y, and Z rigs in carrying out drilling operations. According to the conducted research, the operational performance of rigs X, Y, and Z may be characterized by their work performance percentages, which are 90%, 92%, and 85% respectively, in completing drilling activities. The primary factors contributing to non-productive time (NPT) on rig X are rig maintenance and drilling issues, while rigs Y and Z experience NPT due to maintenance activities and unforeseen circumstances. To classify the NPT repair rig, it is necessary to perform preventative maintenance, inspect vital components, and replace any spare parts with authentic replacements. Unmanageable categorization involving the installation of matting boards near wellpads and the incorporation of mobile fleets. To effectively categorize NPT hole issues, it is necessary to optimize the rate of penetration (ROP), ensure the mud filters are not excessively thick, and prioritize thorough hole cleaning.
Feasibility study of a wind power plant for East Kalimantan
Authors: Clarabell M , Aprillia B S
Published: February 2025

According to the National Energy General Plan (RUEN) 2017 and National Energy Policy (KEN) 2014 issued by the National Energy Government, the use of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) is expected to reach 31% by 2030. However, until 2019 the renewable energy mix in national energy only reached 9.1%. Even though the wind potential in East Kalimantan or East Borneo can be exploited by considering the supply of the wind using the Wind Turbine Generation and helping to fulfil the electricity needs. Based on the feasibility study, the development was obtained at IDR 17,056 billion per year over 25 years of operation. Meanwhile, the payback period is achieved for around 6.4 years of operation making the project feasible to be implemented. This project is based on the needs of one household that consumed around 5,116 Watt for everyday electricity consumption.
Numerical Study of Conventional Oscillating Water Column and Oscillating Water Column Using Helmholtz Resonator on Non-Linear Wave Input with Sloshing Characteristics
Authors: Kurniadi S , Sutardi
Published: February 2025

One of the latest OWC concepts that is expected to improve OWC performance and lessen the sloshing phenomenon is the Helmholtz resonator OWC. This study uses the Reynold Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) based CFD method with the k-ω SST turbulence model. 2D modeling is performed under transient conditions by applying the Volume of Fluid (VoF) technique to model the sloshing phenomenon in the OWC. According to the simulation result on input waves with sloshing characteristics (T = 1.08 s, H = 0.13 m, H/L = 0.073) the Helmholtz resonator OWC (Sc
= 0.05 m, e = 0.01 m, e = 0.05 m) produces better performance with ξ by 17%, Cr
by 7% and is able to prevent energy loss (Cd
) up to 9.4% compared to the conventional OWC (Sc
= 0.05 m, e = 0.05 m, e = 0.01 m). From the results of the OWC airspace velocity contours, it is found that the conventional OWC has a larger and faster vortex shedding than the Helmholtz resonator OWC. In this case, the Helmholtz resonator OWC in waves with sloshing characteristics can reduce the effect of turbulence-shedding vortex caused by waves with sloshing characteristics much better than the OWC.
Design of a LifePo4 Battery Pack 21 A for Electric Motorcycle
Authors: Kusumah S S , Zahran R , Raharjo J
Published: February 2025

Currently, Indonesia has implemented Presidential Regulation Number 55 of 2019 in an effort to accelerate the Battery-Based Electric Motor Vehicle Program. However, currently there are no voltage standards and battery pack communication systems used in Indonesia. Meanwhile, 72-volt battery packs with a capacity of 20 Ah are widely used because they have superior mileage even though the price of replacing lithium-ion battery cells is more expensive than LiFePo4 battery cells. Therefore, this research aims to design a LifePo4 battery pack with specifications of 72 volts with a capacity of 21 Ah. Based on dyno tests, results show that the battery can produce up to 11.51 HP of power with a maximum speed of 86 km/hour.
Electrochemical Detection of Cu Based on ZnO/PVA Nanocomposites and Doped by Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Ismardi A , Fathona I W , Soegiarto D , Maulida S , Putri F A , Fariz B N , Prihadni I W
Published: February 2025

River water must meet environmental and health standards for social uses such as drinking, bathing, agriculture, and sanitation. However, many rivers are contaminated with hazardous substances like copper (Cu), which can be harmful in excess. This study aims to detect Cu in water samples using a Glassy Carbon Electrode (GCE) modified with Zinc Oxide (ZnO), Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA), and doped with Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC). ZnO was selected for its chemical stability, wide energy band gap, and exciton binding energy. PVA, a conductive polymer with hydroxyl groups, was used to enhance the surface area, while CNC increased heavy metal adsorption. The ZnO/PVA/CNC nanocomposite was synthesized via the hydrothermal method and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). Electrochemical properties were tested with Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV) using a Corrtest potentiostat. The nanocomposite was applied as a thin film to modify the working electrode in GCE measurements. CV results showed a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.12 ppm and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98758, while SWV measurements produced an LOD of 2.52 ppm and an R2 of 0.81282. These findings demonstrate the potential of ZnO/PVA/CNC-modified electrodes for detecting Cu in water samples.
Vehicle Counting and Classification in Varying Traffic Conditions using Faster R-CNN
Authors: Setiyono Budi , Wijaya Ridho Nur Rohman , Sulistyaningrum Dwi Ratna , Sanjoyo Bandung Arry , Octavia Rumia
Published: February 2025

Traffic congestion is a persistent problem requiring efficient management solutions. A Traffic Management System (TMS) has been introduced to mitigate traffic congestion due to scientific and technological advancements. One of the primary problems in TMS is accurately identifying and quantifying moving vehicles, especially for complex data, such as one-way traffic flow videos. To address these problems, we propose enforcing the Faster R-CNN model. We systematize it in three main steps. The first step is data preprocessing, which converts the video into frames and improves the image quality. Then, we created a TMS with Faster R-CNN. Finally, the classification and counting of moving vehicles. There are five classes of vehicles: car, bus, truck, motorbike, and bicycle. Each vehicle was identified as having either moderate or heavy traffic flow. Based on the experimental results, we obtained the highest average counting and classification accuracy of 87.89% and 93.18%, respectively. Hence, our results can be used as a solid baseline for further TMS development and practical applications.
Design and Implementation Fuzzy Logic Control of Battery Discharging on Wind Turbine Power System based Cyber Physics System
Authors: Asy’ari M K , Dudayef A H , Musyafa’ A , Mahardika A K
Published: February 2025

Electric power plays a very important role in people’s lives and in the development of various sectors of the economy. Modern economies are very dependent on electrical energy as the main driving force for activities. This has led to an increase in the number and capacity of power plants. Solar power is a new renewable energy generator that is developed to increase the capacity of electricity generation in Indonesia. The instability of solar irradiance means that the resulting solar power generation must be stored in batteries before being transferred to the load. There is an inverter in the battery discharging system which functions to change the amount of DC to AC. Changes in battery capacity due to the use of loads result in an unstable inverter output voltage, so a control system is required. The battery discharging system also needs to be controlled to maintain battery performance. This study aims to design and implement fuzzy logic control (FLC) for controlling the inverter output voltage and a cyber physics system (CPS) based battery discharging system. Input FLC is in the form of error and delta error and the output is in the form of pulse width modulation (PWM). The control of battery discharging uses two batteries which can work automatically and manually via the CPS connected command. The response of the inverter output voltage control system has a rise time of 0.38 minutes, a maximum overshoot of 4.54 percent, and a steady-state error value of 0.1817 percent. Battery discharging control can work properly according to the built control mechanism. The uncertainty of U

A1 for the inverter output voltage is 0.434, the output current is 0.002, and the output power is 0.408 Watt.
Advanced Automated Consolidometer for Enhanced Soil Consolidation Testing
Authors: Suli Adinda Sabrina , ’Abbas Muhammad Fadhl , Nawir Hasbullah , Mahayana Dimitri
Published: February 2025

Geotechnical analysis of clay soils traditionally relies on incremental load consolidation tests to determine key parameters for estimating soil settlement, which often require extensive testing times of up to 288 hours. This study presents an advanced automated consolidometer system aimed at enhancing both the accuracy and efficiency of soil consolidation testing. The system integrates microcontroller technology and sensors for real-time measurements of axial stress, displacement, and pore water pressure. Key components include a load cell for axial pressure measurement, a dial indicator for monitoring displacement, and a pressure transmitter for pore water pressure assessment, all managed by a stepper motor controlled through an Arduino microcontroller. Data acquisition and processing are facilitated using LabVIEW, enabling seamless and efficient data management. The system utilizes On-Off (Bang-Bang) control logic for precise load application during soil consolidation tests. This straightforward control strategy ensures consistent performance by switching the motor on and off as needed, maintaining loads within specified thresholds. Additionally, Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) analysis is employed to comprehensively evaluate the system’s stability, transient response, and control dynamics, offering a theoretical framework for optimal control performance. The modified CRS (Constant Rate of Strain) method integrated into the system reduces testing time significantly to just 8.5 hours, achieving a 97% reduction compared to the traditional incremental load method, while maintaining high accuracy in test results. By leveraging both practical and analytical control strategies, the automated consolidometer achieves remarkable efficiency and precision, making it highly applicable for modern geotechnical engineering needs.
Advancing bio-sensing technology: developing high-performance PVA-HEC hydrogels for innovative applications
Authors: Entifar Nisa A E , Entifar Siti A N , Kim Yong H
Published: February 2025

Hydrogel-based strain sensors are attracting significant attention for their exceptional mechanical properties and sensing capabilities, particularly in liquid environments. In this study, the synergistic combination of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) produced hydrogels with remarkable mechanical performance—featuring a UTS (Ultimate Tensile Strength) of 0.201 MPa, 316.41% elongation at break, and a toughness of 0.26157 MJ/m3—making them ideal for next-generation wearable sensors. The PVA/HEC hydrogel also exhibited excellent electrical performance, with a relative resistance increase of up to 3.2 times the initial resistance at 200% strain, a hysteresis degree of 0.599, and impressive durability across 500 cycles. When applied to body joints, it accurately captured resistance signals during movement, highlighting its vast potential for wearable technology. This breakthrough hydrogel composition demonstrates extraordinary mechanical resilience and sensing precision, positioning it as a transformative material for bio-sensing applications.
Optimization of the Processing Parameters On The Tensile Strength of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Cellulose Nanocrystals Biocomposites for Potential Food Packaging Application.
Authors: Senusi NAM , Abdullah WNW , Shukri NM , Razab MKAA , Ismardi A , Abdullah NH
Published: February 2025

The non-biodegradable characteristic of plastic films produced from petroleum contaminates the environment through multiple pathways, encompassing food, beverages, soil, water, and even the atmosphere. Therefore, numerous nations actively advocate substituting synthetic polymers derived from fossil fuels with bio-based and environmentally friendly materials through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) program. This study implemented a three-factor, three-level Box Behnken design to study the concurrent effects of three main variables, namely CNC loading (%), mixing temperature (ºC) and mixing time (min) on the tensile strength of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Cellulose Nanocrystals Biocomposites using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The determined solutions of PVA and CNC were mixed and poured into a petri dish using the solvent casting method. The prepared samples were then tested using a uniaxial tensile test machine. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to explore potential interactive and quadratic effects between those three main variables. It was found that CNC loading was the most influential parameter for tensile strength, which attained 0.29 F-value, followed by mixing time with 0.086 F-value and mixing temperature, which scored 0.04996 F-value. Experimental results showed that the optimum tensile strength was obtained when the CNC loading, mixing temperature and mixing time were 4 wt.%, 55 °C and 45 min, respectively, where the tensile strength was 10.7 MPa. Using CNC as a natural filler in a PVA matrix may create a biodegradable, eco-friendly composite with good mechanical properties.
Design and Implementation of a Fuzzy Logic Controlled Water Heater for Laboratory-Scale Indoor Swimming Pools
Authors: Pratama E F , Utami Amaliyah R I , Iskandar R F , Qurthobi A , Suwandi
Published: February 2025

In recent times, the indoor swimming pool has emerged as a source of physical well-being and recreational enjoyment. Various endeavours have been undertaken to enhance the comfort of indoor swimming pools, including measures to decrease the evaporation of heated water. As a consequence, the humidity level in the indoor swimming pool rises. An indoor swimming pool must meet specific criteria to provide optimal comfort, including maintaining appropriate water temperature, air space, and relative humidity levels. Thus, this study created a laboratory-scale indoor swimming pool measuring 1 meter x 0.5 meters x 0.3 meters. The pool had a water heater controlled by a fuzzy logic technique control system. The water heater was installed within a water tank of 0.25 meters in length, 0.18 meters in width, and 0.3 meters in height. This water tank functions as a reservoir of heated water to be transported to an indoor swimming pool on a laboratory scale. The experimental findings demonstrate that implementing the fuzzy technique effectively regulates the water temperature at a constant level of 35 degrees Celsius. Additionally, the average duration required for heating the water to reach this temperature is 11.08 minutes, while the time taken to empty the water tank is 4.11 minutes. The duration needed to heat a laboratory-scale indoor swimming pool is precisely 5.14 minutes. Moreover, the findings of this study indicate that the application of these results is particularly relevant to indoor swimming pools, specifically those located in the Tokong Nanas Building at Telkom University.
Utilization of Luminosity Sensors to Measure Potential Energy Produced by Solar Panels
Authors: Suhendi Asep , Rafly Muhammad , Riyanto Daud , Tika Fadilla , Saputra Casmika
Published: February 2025

In this research, the potential energy produced by solar panels has been measured through the use of luminosity sensors. A system has been created to measure the potential of solar energy and electrical energy produced from a solar panel-based power generation system. The system consists of a microcontroller, luminosity sensor, current sensor and voltage sensor which is used in a solar power generation system of 800 WP. The measurement of potential energy from the light source is then compared with the electrical energy produced within the specified measurement time interval. From the results of measuring the luminosity of sunlight, it was found that the peak luminosity ranged between 132.556-149.485 Lux which is equivalent to 1.201-1.354 W/m2 with the highest average intensity of sunlight and solar radiation during the measurements being 140.003 Lux and 1.268 W/m2. From the measurement data The resulting electrical energy obtained the highest energy value of 2,2-4,0 kWh with an average of 3,1 kWh. This shows that the potential energy produced by a solar panel-based system can be obtained from luminosity measurements.
Predictive Modelling of Ethanol Production from Biomass Pretreated with Ionic Liquids Using SuperPro Designer
Authors: Utami Amaliyah R I , Sugiwati S , Maryana R , Darus L , Mel M , Maulidin I , Erawan F , Yupaldi N , Zhafran A L
Published: February 2025

The research focuses on optimizing ethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) by utilizing various ionic liquids (ILs) for pretreatment. These ILs include 1-butyl imidazole, 1-butyl 3-methylimidazolium chloride, and choline acetate (ChOAc) as biocompatible IL. The study employs the SuperPro Designer (SPD) software to simulate the ethanol biorefinery process, incorporating pretreatment, enzyme-mediated saccharification, and fermentation stages. The SPD model underwent validation against published data regarding the cholinium ionic liquid-facilitated processing of OPEFB biomass, setting an IL/biomass ratio of 1.5 (g/g). Investigations into the ionic liquid-facilitated pretreatment of OPEFB plant material suggest that an IL/biomass ratio of 0.5 is optimal for achieving the highest ethanol yield. After 72 hours of high-loading enzymatic saccharification, the amounts of glucose that were found were 98 g/L for 1-butyl imidazole, 130 g/L for 1-butyl 3-methylimidazolium chloride, and 138 g/L for OPEFB that had been treated with ChOAc. Similarly, xylose concentrations were consistent across treatments, with 33 g/L for the first two ILs and 32 g/L for ChOAc. After co-fermentation, ethanol concentrations of 70 g/L for 1-butyl imidazole IL, 85 g/L for 1-butyl 3-methylimidazolium chloride IL, and 92 g/L for ChOAc IL were found after 24 hours. These amounts equal 96%, 97%, and 96% of the theoretical sugar-based ethanol yield. The utilization of SPD simulation in ethanol production from biomass like OPEFB demonstrates the potential to reduce production costs and satisfies the criteria for future research demands.
Interfacial damage mechanical characterization and evolution model of EB-PVD thermal barrier coatings based on 3D-DIC technology
Authors: Lv Z Z , Hu D Y , Liu H Y , Jing F L , Zhao Y , Wang R Q
Published: February 2025

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs), owing to their excellent properties, are widely used in aero-engines to enhance efficiency and extend lifespan. In this paper, a novel uniaxial compression-based mechanical characterization model for TBCs interface damage was proposed, which is applicable to a range of buckling modes. Furthermore, with the aid of threedimensional digital image correlation (3D-DIC) technology, the exfoliation criterion of TBCs in room temperature compression tests was determined, and damage quantification was achieved in conjunction with the damage characterization model. The results indicate that total damage consists of oxidative, cyclic, and sintering damages, and respective damage evolution models were established. Finally, the total interface damage evolution model of TBCs was constructed based on the principle of nonlinear accumulation of damage The results demonstrate that the error between the measured and calculated damage values is less than ±10%, indicating high accuracy.
Numerical simulation of the internal flow in the mixing chamber of a 150MW combined cycle thermal power plant
Authors: Gonzalez K , Briones P , Ronceros J , Zapata G , Raymundo C
Published: February 2025

This study examines the internal flow dynamics within the mixing chamber of a combined cycle thermoelectric plant (steam-gas), with a particular focus on the distribution of key parameters such as temperature, pressure, and density. Both the continuity and energy equations were subjected to analytical and numerical simulations for validation purposes. In the numerical simulation, a three-dimensional tetrahedral mesh was constructed using Ansys Meshing software, and the resulting data was processed using Ansys Fluent. The turbulence model employed was the k-epsilon model, and the energy equation was also utilized. The results demonstrated the effective transfer of energy and the uniform distribution of temperature and pressure throughout the mixing chamber. This study makes a significant contribution to the field of thermal engineering and provides a robust foundation for future research in the optimization of combined cycle systems. Furthermore, critical areas for design improvement were identified, emphasizing the importance of precise control of operating parameters. The results of the numerical simulations were validated by comparisons with experimental data and previous theoretical studies, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of the internal flow dynamics and their impact on the operating efficiency of the thermal power plant.
Design and Fabrication of Mechanized Pressing Machine For Pandan Leaves
Authors: Atienza A H , Frias L J , Palad M S
Published: February 2025

The contemporary market for crafts and décor is in continual flux, particularly within the artisanal, handcrafted goods domain. Skilled artisans within our local community meticulously fashion most of these products. Given its environmentally conscious and sustainable nature, this industry holds considerable potential for expansion and heightened visibility. In the Philippines, pandan leaves are a prevalent material within this sector. However, the processing of pandan leaves is often arduous and time intensive. The primary objective of this study is to enhance the thickness reduction of the produced pandan leaves. In response, the researchers have developed a prototype for a mechanized pandan leaf-pressing machine utilizing roller design. The thickness measurements before and after the process, along with the pressing time for the machine and iluhan were recorded. The time efficiency and relative draft were calculated. Following rigorous statistical analysis using z test, the gathered data demonstrate a significant difference in the relative draft and leaf thickness obtained from the machine compared to the traditional method.
The ATLASPix3.1 CMOS pixel sensor testbeam performance and serial powering characterisation
Authors: Ustuner F. , Zanzottera R. , Andreazza A. , Dong R. , Fox H. , Gao Y. , Gheewalla P. , Masic B. , Meng L. , Peric I. , Sabatini F.
Published: February 2025

High-voltage CMOS (HV-CMOS) pixel technology is being considered for future Higgs factory experiments. The ATLASPix3.1 chip, with a pitch of 50 μm × 150 μm, fabricated using TSI 180 nm HV-CMOS technology, is a full reticle-size monolithic HV-CMOS sensor with shunt-low dropout (LDO) regulators that allow serial powering for multiple sensors. A beam test was conducted at DESY using 3–6 GeV electron beams, with chips operated in triggerless readout mode with zero suppression, demonstrating multi-chip capability. This was further evaluated with hadron beams, both with and without the built-in power regulators. This study presents the electrical characterisations of the shunt-LDO regulators for serial powering and test beam results of ATLASPix3.1 sensors.
Evaluation of efficiency, radiation hardness, and timing performance of the Analogue Pixel Test Structure for ALICE ITS3
Authors: Liu J. ,   the ALICE collaboration
Published: February 2025

A replacement of the three innermost layers of the new ALICE Inner Tracking System (ITS2), referred to as ITS3, is planned for the LHC Long Shutdown 3 (2026–2028) to further enhance tracking precision and efficiency. The ITS3 is designed as a cylindrically bent silicon vertex detector, utilizing stitched, wafer-scale sensors developed with the Tower Partners Semiconductor Co. 65 nm technology. The feasibility of this technology for ITS3 was evaluated using prototypes fabricated in the initial multi-reticle-layer run. This contribution presents the latest sensor characterization results from the analogue pixel test structures, focusing on detection efficiency, timing response, and radiation hardness.
Narrative Research in Climate Change Adaptation - Learning from Communities Resilience in Informal Area
Authors: Ilmi W Z , Sunarharum T M , Santoso H , Prihanto Y
Published: February 2025

Many cities in Indonesia are facing problems caused by climate change, which affect their population, society, and infrastructure. These problems range from increased exposure to coastal flooding to discomfort caused by urban heat, depending on geographical conditions. Research on best practices used by communities to withstand the impacts of climate change through various adaptation and mitigation efforts can be an example of good initiatives and holistic knowledge. This study employs an extractive social research methodology through in-depth interviews and observations in community and informal settlement environments on the coast of Bandar Lampung city, which aims to understand the socio-ecological system and design better and more participatory local adaptation policies can be useful. This journal is written using a narrative approach as the basis for argumentation and reflection. The results conclude that the relationship between informal communities and the natural environment is disrupted by activities such as mangrove destruction and land reclamation; as a result, these communities are feeling the impacts of climate change. But They managed to survive through simple adaptive measures, including purchasing daily water, raising the floors of buildings, gathering with their families, and accepting the assistance and social programs available in their midst. These communities are able to survive in current conditions through a variety of diverse policy choices and interventions in their areas. the adaptation and mitigation they carry out is closely related to the relationship between humans and the economy, namely their livelihood as fishermen, but the relationship between humans and ecology, they intervene in the environment thereby destroying land, water and ocean ecosystems, which also makes them more vulnerable.
Smart Silvofishery to Mitigate Climate Change Impacts on Food Security
Authors: Hardi Esti Handayani , Sardjono Mustofa Agung , Agriandini Maulina
Published: February 2025

The impact of climate change makes access to safe food increasingly important, including protein from fish and shrimp. Declining water quality, uncertain environmental conditions, and pollution often impede the development of shrimp cultivation in Indonesia, leading to product rejection in export markets. In Indonesia, traditional farming has actually been conducted by a large number of people, although it is unpopular due to its low production (200 kg/ha). The smart Silvofishery method presents a novel approach to shrimp cultivation within mangrove ecosystems. It optimizes pond preparation to increase productivity, utilizing plant extracts as prebiotics, immunostimulants, and natural pesticides. This system encourages environmentally friendly management, utilizing the mangrove area for filtration, sedimentation, cyclic activity, and as a biodiversity area for natural prawns, fish larvae, and eggs, which are then processed slowly. Not only does the harvest reach 400 kg/ha, but it also has higher concentrations of the amino acids AA, DHA, omega 3, omega 6, and omega 9. The advantages of smart silvofishery include sustainable management and optimal use of natural resources with low operational costs. There are at least two advantages to implementing smart silvofishery, both on and off the farm. However, disseminating this innovative technology requires significant political and financial support, particularly from the regulatory agent.
Planting Exceptional Tropical Tree Species to Enhance Long-Term Carbon Storage in Assisted Secondary Succession: Practical approach to develop Legal Norm
Authors: Kristianto PH
Published: February 2025

This paper conducts a legal analysis of the efforts to develop legal norms based on existing case studies applicable to a reforestation initiative in East Kalimantan, which involves planting exceptional tropical tree species to enhance long-term carbon storage in assisted secondary succession. The core of this analysis revolves around the legal frameworks pertinent to ecosystem restoration and climate change mitigation, particularly through carbon enhancement in degraded landscapes. This involves scrutinizing Indonesia’s environmental and forestry laws to identify opportunities for legal advancements that support the development of Ibu Kota Nusantara as a model for sustainable urban development in Indonesia. The primary focus is on the Dipterocarpaceae family, a group of plants with significant carbon absorption capabilities, deemed suitable for this region. The cultivation of Dipterocarpaceae promises to bolster Indonesia’s carbon buffering capacity to enhance the socio-economic landscape of local communities. Furthermore, this paper will explore the role of local flora, such as Eusideroxylon zwageri and Polypodiophyta, in fostering a sustainable capital environment. Using a normative juridical methodology, supported by empirical data from various studies, this research aims to influence forestry policy in Indonesia broadly and, more specifically, the policy frameworks for the Nusantara Capital, steering towards sustainable development. By integrating lessons from successful environmental programs globally and applying a multicultural approach to industrial forest plantations, the Nusantara Capital can achieve significant ecological and socio-economic benefits.
Integrating Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Cooling: A Geospatial Analysis in Cilegon City’s Urban Corridor
Authors: Asnawi Saryulis , Kurniawan Abhi , Tahier Galih Hafidzi
Published: February 2025

The increasing urban heat island effect and rapid industrialization of cities present significant environmental, health, and social challenges. This study focuses on Cilegon City, an industrialized urban area characterized by a pronounced urban heat island effect. The research aims to analyze the prioritization of nature-based solutions (NBS) within the urban corridor of Cilegon City through spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA). The analysis integrates multiple factors: city strategic value using land use data, thermal comfort assessed via land surface temperature (LST) data, and health risk reduction by incorporating pollutant data such as NO2, SO2, and CO. The results are synthesized into a priority map categorizing areas into three classes: high priority, medium priority, and low priority for implementing nature-based solutions. This categorization aids in identifying priority areas for intervention, ultimately contributing to enhanced urban livability and resilience in Cilegon City. Based on these findings, this case study demonstrates the critical role of integrating technology and nature-based design in addressing urban environmental issues, offering a replicable model for other cities experiencing similar challenges.
Nature-based Solutions for Hydrometeorological Risk Reduction: The Challenges and Opportunities of Riparian Forest in Indonesia’s New Capital City
Authors: Yuanita Cecilia Nonifili , Sagala Saut , Zawani Hoferdy , Harahap William , Alam Kharis Aulia
Published: February 2025

As climate change intensifies the risk of hydrometeorological disasters, Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) are emerging as transformative solutions, especially in newly developing urban areas such as the New Capital City (Ibu Kota Nusantara/IKN). Riparian forests are a sustainable NbS strategy for disaster risk reduction and address the complexity of urban issues. However, its implementation still faces various obstacles, such as the absence of a policy framework and limited understanding. This study aims to identify the challenges and opportunities of implementing riparian forests as NbS to reduce hydrometeorological risk. A qualitative approach with descriptive analysis was used in this study to review relevant literature and map existing policies. The results of this study highlight how the implementation of riparian forests in IKN has potential, given the various benefits, the existing foundation of policies, and the urgency of increasing the risk of hazards in areas around riverbanks. Challenges to riparian forest management include rapid urbanisation leading to land conversion and forest fragmentation, weak policy and institutional frameworks, limited awareness and capacity, and land tenure issues. However, some opportunities can be optimised, such as providing riparian forest co-benefits, integration in spatial planning, collaborative and participatory approaches, and using advanced technology to monitor riparian forests. This study also indicates the urgency of integrated management of riparian forests to maintain their sustainability. This study serves as a recommendation for decision-makers in IKN to adopt riparian forests, with a focus on long-term benefits, community involvement, and multisectoral collaboration.
Estimating Carbon Stock Potential of Tectona grandis in Community Forests, Sungai Siring, East Kalimantan
Authors: Siswanto Hari , Utami Widia Sri , Ruslim Yosep , Monica Mei , Sari Diah Rakhmah , Herlambang Heru
Published: February 2025

Mitigating climate change is increasingly seen as a pressing global concern. The current climate change and global warming issues are leading to a growing demand for information and data on carbon. Forests are one of the biggest carbon sinks on the planet. Forests play a role in lowering the levels of CO2 in the air. Teak plantation forests are forests with teak trees that have a relatively long harvesting period (long rotation) so that the possibility of carbon components absorbed from the atmosphere will be stored large enough in plant tissue, teak plantation forests have ecological potential as carbon storage for a long time. Teak is a type of tree that grows quickly and has a large amount of biomass. Even though it is widely recognized that teak forests have the potential to store carbon, there is still limited information available on their carbon storage potential across different locations and environmental conditions. This study aims to calculate the average carbon stock and identify the most suitable allometric model for teak community forests in Sungai Siring Village. The study found that the mean carbon per hectare was 0.114 kg/ha, with the effective model utilizing the equation model B = 0.0143 (D)2.4686 using one independent variable. Where B (above-ground biomass) and D (diameter at the breast height). The equation has an RMSE value of 0.391 and an NRMSE value of 0.088, it has an accurate category because less than 10%.