bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomic revision of the genus Glypthelmins Stafford, 1905 (Platyhelminthes: Digenea: Plagiorchiida), parasites of anurans in the Americas
Authors: RAZO-MENDIVIL U. , DE LEÓN G. PÉREZ-PONCE
Published: June 2019

The phylogeny of the genus Glypthelmins has previously been examined using molecular data. Based on those results, congeneric species can now be defined by a combination of phylogenetic, morphological and geographical criteria. The 10 putative congeneric species (G. quieta, G. californiensis, G. facioi, G. shastai, G. pennsylvaniensis, G. hyloreus, G. intestinalis, G. brownorumae, G. tuxtlasensis, and G. parva) form a monophyletic group. In this work, morphological descriptions are provided for these 10 species, including a full list of synonymies, diagnoses, hosts, geographic distributions and details of specimen deposition in museum collections, comments on their life cycles, and references to gene sequences deposited in GenBank. An amended diagnosis of the genus and a key to identify the species is presented, based on a combination of morphological traits.
Taxonomic partitioning of Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (Lacertilia: Gekkonidae) from Papua New Guinea
Authors: KRAUS FRED
Published: June 2019

As recently understood, the gecko species Cyrtodactylus louisiadensis (de Vis, 1892) ranges across eastern New Guinea and adjacent islands, the Solomon Islands, and northern Queensland. Within that portion of its range encompassed by Papua New Guinea I show that five species are currently masquerading under this appellation. Two of these occur in sympatry at the type locality for the species, Sudest Island. Because the type specimen is lost, the taxonomy of this complex has been confused, and two species are present at the type locality, I designate a neotype for C. louisiadensis so as to stabilize taxonomy within this complex. I describe the four additional species, C. epiroticus sp. nov., C. klugei sp. nov., C. robustus sp. nov., and C. tripartitus sp. nov., which differ from each other in a variety of scalational, mensural, and color-pattern features. Four of these species are confined to single islands off the southeastern peninsula of New Guinea. The fifth occupies the eastern rim of New Guinea.
A new species of Adelophryne (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from Guyana, with additional data on A. gutturosa
Authors: MACCULLOCH ROSS D. , LATHROP AMY , KOK PHILIPPE J. R. , MINTER LESLIE R. , KHAN SAMIR Z. , BARRIO-AMORÓS CÉSAR L.
Published: June 2019

A new species of frog, Adelophryne patamona, from 678–1414 m elevation in the Pakaraima Mountains of Guyana, is described. The new species is distinguished by large size, second phalange of Finger IV longer than wide, tips of digits bearing small pointed discs and small tympanum size. Seventeen specimens of Adelophryne gutturosa were also collected in the Pakaraima region; these specimens expand the description of A. gutturosa. The calls of A. patamona and A. gutturosa are described.
Western Atlantic Prochaetodermatidae from 35°N south to the Argentine Basin including the Gulf of Mexico (Mollusca: Aplacophora)
Authors: IVANOVA DMITRY L. , SCHELTEMA AMÉLIE H.
Published: June 2019

Nine new species of Prochaetodermatidae from the western Atlantic Ocean south of 35°N (off North Carolina, off eastern Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Guiana Basin, Argentine Basin) are described: Chevroderma cuspidatum, Claviderma amplum, Cl. compactum, Cl. crassum, Cl. mexicanum, Prochaetoderma gilrowei, Niteomica captainkiddae, Spathoderma bulbosum, and S. quadratum. Four species are endemics, C. cuspidatum and S. quadratum, Gulf of Mexico; Cl. crassum, Guiana Basin, and Cl. compactum, Argentine Basin. Added to those described earlier for the northwestern, northern, and eastern Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea (Scheltema 1985; Scheltema & Ivanov 2000), they complete the descriptions of all Atlantic prochaetodermatid species known to us. Two previously described species are amphi-Atlantic: S. grossum Scheltema & Ivanov, described from the eastern Atlantic, was found in the collections made in the Guiana and Argentine Basins, and Ch. turnerae Scheltema, which had already been described from the northwestern and eastern Atlantic and the Argentine Basin, was not found in the Guiana Basin material.
A review of Antillocladius Sæther and Litocladius Mendes, Andersen et Sæther, with the description of two new Neotropical genera (Diptera, Chironomidae, Orthocladiinae)
Authors: MENDES HUMBERTO FONSECA , ANDERSEN TROND
Published: June 2019

The genus Antillocladius Sæther, 1981 currently comprises 17 described species. In the present paper, seven new Brazilian species, A. atalaia sp. n., A. axitiosus sp. n., A. brazuca sp. n., A. campususp sp. n., A. gephyrus sp. n., A. plicatus sp. n., and A. ultimus sp. n. are described and illustrated as males, and Parametriocnemus subnubilus Sinharay et Chaudhuri, 1979 from India is transferred to Antillocladius. Two new species of the closely related genus, Litocladius Mendes, Andersen et Sæther, 2004, L. floripa sp. n. and L. confusus sp. n., are described and figured as males. Two new Neotropical genera are described and figured. Gravatamberus gen. n. with five included species, G. apicalus sp. n., G. curtus sp. n., G. guatemaltecus sp. n., G. nidularium sp. n., and G. pilosus sp. n., is based on larva, pupa, and male. Lyrocladius gen. n. with the single included species L. radulatus sp. n. is based on the male only. Keys to orthoclad genera with scalpellate acrostichals and to the males of the included genera are provided. According to the cladogram presented, three monophyletic groups can be recognized; one composed of Antillocladius, Litocladius and Lyrocladius; one composed of Compterosmittia Sæther, Hanocladius Wang et Sæther, Limnophyes Eaton and Paralimnophyes Brundin; and a third, composed of Gravatamberus, Genus H sensu Epler, and Gynocladius Mendes, Sæther et Andrade-Morraye.
Three new species of Shirozuella Sasaji (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) from China
Authors: TONG JUNBO , ZHANG XIAONING , CHEN XIAOSHENG , WANG XINGMIN
Published: June 2019

Three new species of Shirozuella Sasaji, 1967 are described from Yunnan, China, Shirozuella flavosemiovata sp. n., Shirozuella limbata sp. n. and Shirozuella poststigmaea sp. n. A distribution map, diagnoses and detailed descriptions for these new species are provided. A key to the known species from China is updated.
A key to the Mexican genera of Tanymecini (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: CORTÉS-HERNÁNDEZ KEVIN A. , MORRONE JUAN J.
Published: June 2019

We provide a key to the eight genera of the tribe Tanymecini distributed in Mexico. Habitus photographs of all genera are included as are photographs of various other key characters. A brief synopsis of each genus is included as well as a list of the species recorded for Mexico. The species Minyomerus languidus Horn and Pandeleteius championi Howden are newly recorded for Mexico.
Review of Chinese species of the genus Nakaharanus Ishihara (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae), with description of a new species
Authors: WEI XINGTAO , XING JICHUN
Published: June 2019

The Chinese species of the genus Nakaharanus Ishihara are reviewed, and a new species Nakaharanus lii sp. nov. is described and illustrated. Nakaharanus sagittarius Kwon & Lee, 1979 is recorded from China for the first time. Two keys based on the male genitalia and female seventh sternum are given to distinguish Chinese species of this genus. The type specimens of the new species are deposited in the Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China (GUGC).
2. A Novel Function for the Calendar in Add. Ms. 24332
Authors: Rudy Kathryn M.
Published: June 2019

A short Chapter 2 discusses the significance of the unusual calendar the beghards constructed, which goes some distance to help us understand how they thought in terms of fungible categories: these innovators in the realm of print technology were also inventing new ways of organising information. They experimented with how the book could be reordered to accommodate prints. These ideas speak to a larger concern in the era, one of reducing labour by using fungibility. What is surprising is that the beghards applied this idea to several different endeavours. This chapter will appeal to those who are interested in the history of organisational and indexing systems. I have given the subject a separate chapter because it is more technical than the other material.
Diagnosing Moisture Sources for Flash Floods in the United States. Part II: Terrestrial and Oceanic Sources of Moisture
Authors: Erlingis Jessica M. , Gourley Jonathan J. , Basara Jeffrey B.
Published: June 2019

Backward trajectories were derived from North American Regional Reanalysis data for 19 253 flash flood reports published by the National Weather Service to determine the along-path contribution of the land surface to the moisture budget for flash flood events in the conterminous United States. The impact of land surface interactions was evaluated seasonally and for six regions: the West Coast, Arizona, the Front Range, Flash Flood Alley, the Missouri Valley, and the Appalachians. Parcels were released from locations that were impacted by flash floods and traced backward in time for 120 h. The boundary layer height was used to determine whether moisture increases occurred within the boundary layer or above it. Moisture increases occurring within the boundary layer were attributed to evapotranspiration from the land surface, and surface properties were recorded from an offline run of the Noah land surface model. In general, moisture increases attributed to the land surface were associated with anomalously high surface latent heat fluxes and anomalously low sensible heat fluxes (resulting in a positive anomaly of evaporative fraction) as well as positive anomalies in top-layer soil moisture. Over the ocean, uptakes were associated with positive anomalies in sea surface temperatures, the magnitude of which varies both regionally and seasonally. Major oceanic surface-based source regions of moisture for flash floods in the United States include the Gulf of Mexico and the Gulf of California, while boundary layer moisture increases in the southern plains are attributable in part to interactions between the land surface and the atmosphere.
Impact of Assimilating Upper-Level Dropsonde Observations Collected during the TCI Field Campaign on the Prediction of Intensity and Structure of Hurricane Patricia (2015)
Authors: Feng Jie , Wang Xuguang
Published: June 2019

The dropsondes released during the Tropical Cyclone Intensity (TCI) field campaign provide high-resolution kinematic and thermodynamic measurements of tropical cyclones within the upper-level outflow and inner core. This study investigates the impact of these upper-level TCI dropsondes on analyses and prediction of Hurricane Patricia (2015) during its rapid intensification (RI) phase using an ensemble–variational data assimilation system. In the baseline experiment (BASE), both kinematic and thermodynamic observations of TCI dropsondes at all levels except the upper levels are assimilated. The upper-level wind and thermodynamic observations are assimilated in additional experiments to investigate their respective impacts. Compared to BASE, assimilating TCI upper-level wind observations improves the accuracy of outflow analyses verified against independent atmospheric motion vector (AMV) observations. It also strengthens the tangential and radial wind near the upper-level eyewall. The inertial stability within the upper-level eyewall is enhanced, and the maximum outflow is more aligned toward the inner core. Additionally, the analyses including the upper-level thermodynamic observations produce a warmer and drier core at high levels. Assimilating both upper-level kinematic and thermodynamic observations also improves the RI forecast. Compared to BASE, assimilating the upper-level wind induces more upright and inward-located eyewall convection, resulting in more latent heat release closer to the warm core. This process leads to stronger inner-core warming. Additionally, the initial warmer upper-level inner core produced by assimilating TCI thermodynamic observations also intensifies the convection and latent heat release within the eyewall, thus further contributing to the improved intensity forecasts.
Spectral Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis of Weather and Climate Data
Authors: Schmidt Oliver T. , Mengaldo Gianmarco , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Wedi Nils P.
Published: June 2019

We apply spectral empirical orthogonal function (SEOF) analysis to educe climate patterns as dominant spatiotemporal modes of variability from reanalysis data. SEOF is a frequency-domain variant of standard empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, and computes modes that represent the statistically most relevant and persistent patterns from an eigendecomposition of the estimated cross-spectral density matrix (CSD). The spectral estimation step distinguishes the approach from other frequency-domain EOF methods based on a single realization of the Fourier transform, and results in a number of desirable mathematical properties: at each frequency, SEOF yields a set of orthogonal modes that are optimally ranked in terms of variance in the L2 sense, and that are coherent in both space and time by construction. We discuss the differences between SEOF and other competing approaches, as well as its relation to dynamical modes of stochastically forced, nonnormal linear dynamical systems. The method is applied to ERA-Interim and ERA-20C reanalysis data, demonstrating its ability to identify a number of well-known spatiotemporal coherent meteorological patterns and teleconnections, including the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) (i.e., a range of phenomena reoccurring with average periods ranging from months to many years). In addition to two-dimensional univariate analyses of surface data, we give examples of multivariate and three-dimensional meteorological patterns that illustrate how this technique can systematically identify coherent structures from different sets of data. The MATLAB code used to compute the results presented in this study, including the download scripts for the reanalysis data, is freely available online.
Marriage migration and the economic trajectories of first- and second-generation immigrants in Norway
Authors: Mohn Ferdinand A
Published: June 2019

Although marriage migration is an important route for immigration to Western Europe, little is known about how it is associated with the labour market trajectories of the minority populations involved. Using longitudinal population registry data on residents from a non-Western migrant background in Norway, this study compares the employment and earnings of those who ‘marry back home’, with those who find a spouse among Norwegian residents with the same national origin background. Following individuals up to 10 years before and after their first marriage (279,527 observations between 1993 and 2010), distributed fixed effects estimations suggest that the labour market trajectory is weaker in the years after marriage for those who have married marriage migrants, albeit the differences are small for men. For women from the first generation, marrying a marriage migrant is associated with lower employment and earnings, progressively declining with time. For women from the second generation, this relative decrease only holds for the labour earnings of employed women. Supplementary analyses indicate that the falling labour market trajectories of women marrying marriage migrants are related to lower educational attainment, higher fertility and stronger associations between motherhood and the labour market.
The role of vasoactive neuropeptides in the genesis of venous pelvic pain: A review
Authors: Gavrilov Sergey G , Vassilieva Galina Y , Vasilev Ivan M , Grishenkova Anastasiya S
Published: June 2019

Mechanisms of the development of pain in chronic venous diseases, including pelvic congestion syndrome, are not studied in detail so far. The existing hypotheses of the occurrence of venous pelvic pain do not allow to answer the question why some patients have no pain syndrome, while others have very pronounced pain despite the same morphofunctional changes in the pelvic veins. This review presents current hypotheses of the venous pelvic pain development, data on some vasoactive neuropeptides (endothelin, calcitonin gene-related peptide, and substance P), their role in the modulation of vascular tone and sensation of pain, and possible association between neurogenic inflammation and venous pelvic pain, as well as provides rationale for studying the activity of these neurotransmitters in the treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome and pelvic pain.
What socio-economic factors determine place of death for people with life-limiting illness? A systematic review and appraisal of methodological rigour
Authors: Neergaard Mette Asbjoern , Brunoe Anne Hostrup , Skorstengaard Marianne Hjorth , Nielsen Mette Kjaergaard
Published: June 2019

Background:

Socio-economic factors play important roles in place of death. However, up-to-date knowledge on socio-economic determinants for place of death is warranted including analysis of collinearity between socio-economic determinants.

Aim:

To examine associations between socio-economic determinants (social class, deprivation level in area of residence, income, education, occupation, urbanisation) and place of death among adult patients with life-limiting illnesses. Furthermore, to describe how these factors are operationalised and examined for collinearity.

Design:

A systematic review was performed (PROSPERO, record: CRD42018091218) and quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.

Data sources:

A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus and PsycINFO was conducted for studies published from 1 January 2008 until the date of the search (23 March 2018) in English or Scandinavian languages.

Results:

Of the 1599 unique citations identified, 34 studies were eligible. Dying at home was to a high degree associated with better financial situation and living in rural areas. Furthermore, hospital death was associated with a high level of deprivation in the area of residence and being employed. Regarding educational level, we found mixed and inconclusive results.

Conclusion:

Inequalities concerning place of death were found, and attention towards socio-economic inequality concerning place of death is necessary, especially in patients with a poor financial status, patients living in deprived and metropolitan areas and patients who are employed. Furthermore, we found a low degree of assessment for collinearity and adjustment of socio-economic variables. These issues should be considered in planning of future studies of socio-economic determinants for place of death.
Accurate prognostic awareness and preference states influence the concordance between terminally ill cancer patients’ states of preferred and received life-sustaining treatments in the last 6 months of life
Authors: Wen Fur-Hsing , Chen Jen-Shi , Chang Wen-Cheng , Chou Wen-Chi , Hsieh Chia-Hsun , Tang Siew Tzuh
Published: June 2019

Background:

Factors facilitating/hindering concordance between preferred and received life-sustaining treatments may be distorted if preferences and predictors are measured long before death.

Aim:

To examine factors facilitating/hindering concordance between cancer patients’ preferred and received life-sustaining-treatment states in their last 6 months.

Design:

Longitudinal, observational design.

Setting/participants:

States of preferred and received life-sustaining treatments (cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, intensive care unit care, cardiac massage, intubation with mechanical ventilation, intravenous nutritional support, and nasogastric tube feeding) were examined in 218 Taiwanese cancer patients by a latent transition model with hidden Markov modeling. Multivariate logistic regression modeling was used to examine factors facilitating/hindering concordance between preferred and received life-sustaining-treatment states.

Results:

Concordance between preferred and received life-sustaining-treatment states was poor (40.8%, kappa value (95% confidence interval): 0.05 [–0.03, 0.14]). Patients who accurately understood their prognosis and preferred comfort care were significantly more likely to receive preferred life-sustaining treatments before death than those who did not know their prognosis but wanted to know, those who were uniformly uncertain about what life-sustaining treatments they preferred to receive, and those who preferred nutritional support but declined other life-sustaining treatments. Patient age, physician–patient end-of-life-care discussions, symptom distress, and functional dependence were not associated with concordance between preferred and received life-sustaining-treatment states.

Conclusion:

Prognostic awareness and preferred states of life-sustaining treatments were significantly associated with concordance between preferred and received life-sustaining-treatment states. Personalized interventions should be developed to cultivate terminally ill cancer patients’ accurate prognostic awareness, allowing them to formulate realistic life-sustaining-treatment preferences and facilitating their receiving value-concordant end-of-life care.
Age- and sex-specific reference intervals for the serum cystatin C/creatinine ratio in healthy children (0–18 years old)
Authors: Liu Changjin , Wen Jing , Xiang Jialin , Ouyang Xuhong , Yang Yan , Lu Wei , Wang Jianwei , Huang Jian , Min Xun
Published: June 2019

Objective

This study aimed to investigate serum levels of the cystatin C (CysC)/creatinine (Cr) ratio and renal serum markers (CysC, Cr, urea, and uric acid [UA]) for different ages and by sex. We also aimed to establish pediatric reference intervals for the serum CysC/Cr ratio.

Methods

Serum samples were collected from 4765 healthy children (0–18 years old). Serum markers of renal function were measured, and the CysC/Cr ratio of each participant was calculated and statistically analyzed.

Results

The renal marker CysC did not substantially change after 1 year old. Cr, urea, and UA levels generally increased with age. However, the serum CysC/Cr ratio steadily decreased with age. The CysC/Cr ratio showed significant differences in age among all age groups and varied with sex, except for in the 1 to 6-year-old groups. The overall serum CysC/Cr ratio in girls was higher than that in boys.

Conclusion

Reference intervals of the serum CysC/Cr ratio in the pediatric population were established. These intervals need to be partitioned by age and sex.
Mid-Holocene drylands: A multi-model analysis using Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III (PMIP3) simulations
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Jiang Dabang , Lang Xianmei
Published: June 2019

This study examines changes in aridity levels during the mid-Holocene (approximately 6000 cal. yr ago) using multi-model simulations from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III. Overall, there is little difference in the total area of drylands from the preindustrial period; global drylands are 8% wetter than during the preindustrial period as measured by an aridity index; and 16% of preindustrial drylands convert to a wetter climate subtype, double the sum of zones that are replaced by a drier category. Considerable variations are present among regions with major contractions of each dryland subtype from northern Africa to South Asia and the main expansions of arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid climates in southern hemisphere continents. The difference in precipitation is the leading factor of the aforementioned changes. The second factor is the altered potential evapotranspiration as mainly induced by relative humidity, which contributes to additional aridity changes in a same direction as precipitation does. The collective effects of precipitation and relative humidity account for more than 80% of the dryland variations. In comparison, the simulated aridity change is in reasonable agreement with reconstructions, while there are model–data discrepancies for Australia and uncertainties across proxies for southern Africa.
Barriers to ethical decision-making for pre-hospital care professionals
Authors: Torabi Mohammad , Borhani Fariba , Abbaszadeh Abbas , Atashzadeh-Shoorideh Foroozan
Published: June 2019

Background:

Emergency care providers are frequently faces with situations in which they have to make decisions quickly in stressful situations. They face barriers to ethical decision-making and recognizing and finding solutions to these barriers helps them to make ethical decision.

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to identify barriers of ethical decision-making in Iranian Emergency Medical Service personnel.

Methods:

In this qualitative research, the participants (n = 15) were selected using the purposive sampling method, and the data were collected by deep and semi-structured interviews. Finally, the data are analyzed using the content analysis approach.

Ethical considerations:

Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The objectives of the study were explained to the participants and written consent was received from them. Also, participants were assured that necessary measures were taken to protect their anonymity and confidentiality.

Findings:

The results of the analysis are classified in five main categories. It encompasses the following areas: perception of situation, patient-related factors, input and output imbalance, uncoordinated health system, and paradoxes.

Conclusion:

Emergency Medical Service personnel make ethical decisions every day. It is important that prehospital personnel know how to manage those decisions properly so that clients’ moral rights are respected. Hence, by identifying the dimensions and obstacles of ethical decision-making in Emergency Medical Service personnel, it is possible to enhance the moral judgment and ethical accountability of the personnel and develop the strategies necessary for ethical decision-making in them.
A Qualitative Analysis of Resident Adverse Event Reporting: What’s Holding Us Back
Authors: Szymusiak John , Walk Thomas J. , Benson Maggie , Hamm Megan , Zickmund Susan , Gonzaga Alda Maria , Bump Gregory M.
Published: June 2019

This study utilized focus groups of residents, who report adverse events at differing rates depending on their hospital site, to better understand barriers to residents’ reporting and identify modifiable aspects of an institution’s culture that could encourage resident event reporting. Focus groups included residents who rotated at 3 hospitals and represented 4 training programs. Focus groups were audio recorded and analyzed using qualitative methods. A total of 64 residents participated in 8 focus groups. Reporting behavior varied by hospital culture. Residents worried about damage to their professional relationships and lacked insight into the benefits of multiple reports of the same event or how human factors engineering can prevent errors. Residents did not understand how reporting affects litigation. Residents at other academic institutions likely experience similar barriers. This study illustrates that resident reporting is modifiable by changing hospital culture, but hospitals have only a few opportunities to mishandle reporting before resident reporting attitudes solidify.
Large elastic deformation of micromorphic shells. Part II. Isogeometric analysis
Authors: Norouzzadeh Amir , Ansari Reza , Darvizeh Mansour
Published: June 2019

In Part I of this study, a variational formulation was presented for the large elastic deformation problem of micromorphic shells. Using the novel matrix-vector format presented for the kinematic model, constitutive relations, and energy functions, an isogeometric analysis (IGA)-based solution strategy is developed, which appropriately estimates the macro- and micro-deformation field components. Due to the capability of constructing exact geometries and the powerful mesh refinement tools, IGA can be successfully applied to solve the equilibrium equations with dominant nonlinear terms. It is known that different types of locking phenomena take place in the conventional finite element analysis of thin shells based on low-order elements. Non-standard finite element models with mixed interpolation schemes and additional degrees of freedom (DOFs) or the ones used the high-order Lagrangian shell elements which require high computational costs, are the available solutions to tackle locking issues. The present 16-DOFs IGA is found to be efficient because of possessing a good rate of convergence and providing locking-free stable responses for micromorphic shells. Such a conclusion is found from several comparative studies with available data in the well-known macro-scale benchmark problems based on the classical elasticity as well as the corresponding numerical examples studied in nano-scale beam-, plate-, cylindrical shell- and spherical shell-type structures on the basis of the micromorphic continuum theory.
The biopolitical commons: A revised theory of urban land in the age of biopolitical production
Authors: Conroy William
Published: June 2019

The literature on biopolitical production largely presumes that contemporary capital is parasitic, enclosing and capturing value that is autonomously and collectively produced across the urban landscape. In contrast, this article suggests that in particular contexts, planners—acting largely as surrogates for urban real estate capital—play an active role in the production of the urban commons for the sake of future enclosure. Using contemporary Chicago as a point of reference, it argues that such commons are (generally) produced in locales of racialized “ontological devaluation”—in spaces that have been historically marginalized under racial capitalism. Further still, this article develops a theoretical concept, the “biopolitical commons,” to name those spaces and practices that are produced for the sake of future racialized biopolitical accumulation—pulling together, in the process, research on biopolitical production and “abolition ecology.” Finally, this article concludes by posing a series of questions for future research on the biopolitical commons.
The Impact of Clinical Review Bias on Child Language Grammaticality
Authors: Castilla-Earls Anny P. , Harvey Brittany , Fulcher-Rood Katrina , Barr Christopher D.
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of clinical review bias on the coding of grammaticality in child language. Seventy-four native-English students studying communication disorders and sciences made judgments about the grammaticality of 250 utterances presented in five language samples. Each language sample included grammatical, ungrammatical, and ambiguous utterances. Participants were randomly assigned to a blind or nonblind group. The nonblind group was presented with diagnostic information, whereas the blind group was not. We employed a generalized linear mixed model to examine the binary data. Our results suggest that both blind and nonblind participants were accurate in judging grammatical and ungrammatical utterances. However, nonblind participants were slightly more likely to judge ambiguous utterances as ungrammatical when the language sample identified the child as having a language impairment, suggesting that there was an effect of clinical review bias in this study. This effect, although statistically significant, was small.
Tobacco Advertising, Anti-Tobacco Information Exposure, Environmental Smoking Restrictions, and Unassisted Smoking Cessation Among Chinese Male Smokers: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Yang Tingzhong , Zhu Zan , Barnett Ross , Zhang Weifang , Jiang Shuhan
Published: June 2019

The study examined the prevalence of unassisted smoking cessation among Chinese urban male smokers and factors important in the decision to quit. A cross-sectional survey employing multistage sampling involving 5,782 participants in six cities in China was conducted. Survey respondents reported their smoking cessation status and related individual and environmental variables. Among current smokers 1,112 or 35.0% (95% CI [31.0%, 40.8%]) had attempted to quit and of those who had made such an attempt 87.6% reported that they had done so without assistance. Of all former smokers (3,389), most (97.6%; 95% CI [96.7%, 98.5%]) quit without assistance. Logistic regression analysis showed those who engaged in physical exercise and who had more belief in their ability to quit were more than twice as likely to make a quit attempt and be successful than those in comparable reference groups. Exposure to tobacco advertising was negatively associated with both unassisted quit attempts and success. By contrast, exposure to anti-tobacco information was positively associated with unassisted quit attempts while household and workplace smoking restrictions were negatively associated with unassisted attempts to quit. Most attempts to quit smoking among Chinese males are unassisted. Unassisted attempts to quit smoking and success rates are highly influenced by the presence of environmental smoking restrictions, tobacco advertising, and exposure to anti-tobacco information. Smoking cessation programs and policies in China need to pay greater attention to the social and cultural norms, which perpetuate high levels of smoking.
The Scoliosis Quandary: Are Radiation Exposures From Repeated X-Rays Harmful?
Authors: Oakley Paul A. , Ehsani Niousha Navid , Harrison Deed E.
Published: June 2019

X-rays have been the gold standard for diagnosis, evaluation, and management of spinal scoliosis for decades as other assessment methods are indirect, too expensive, or not practical in practice. The average scoliosis patient will receive 10 to 25 spinal X-rays over several years equating to a maximum estimated dose of 10 to 25 mGy. Some patients, those getting diagnosed at a younger age and receiving early and ongoing treatments, may receive up to 40 to 50 X-rays, approaching at most 50 mGy. There are concerns that repeated radiographs given to patients are carcinogenic. Some studies have used the linear no-threshold model to derive cancer-risk estimates; however, it is invalid for low-dose irradiation (ie, X-rays); these estimates are untrue. Other studies have calculated cancer-risk ratios from long-term health data of historic scoliosis cohorts. Since data indicate reduced cancer rates in a cohort receiving a total radiation dose between 50 and 300 mGy, it is unlikely that scoliosis patients would get cancer from repeated X-rays. Moreover, since the threshold for leukemia is about 1100 mGy, scoliosis patients will not likely develop cancers from spinal X-rays. Scoliosis patients likely have long-term health consequences, including cancers, from the actual disease entity itself and not from protracted X-ray radiation exposures that are essential and indeed safe.
Myocardial bridge: an unrecognized cause of chest pain in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Rajmohan Divya , Sung Yon K. , Kudelko Kristina , Perez Vinicio de Jesus , Haddad Francois , Tremmel Jennifer A. , Schnittger Ingela , Zamanian Roham T. , Spiekerkoetter Edda
Published: June 2019

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by an increased pulmonary vascular resistance resulting in progressive right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. While dyspnea on exertion is the leading symptom at diagnosis, the occurrence of chest pain, although less frequently observed, is an alarming symptom that requires immediate diagnostic work‐up.

Here we report the case of a 44‐year‐old woman with severe end‐stage group 1 PAH who had repetitive occurrences of chest pain that led to frequent emergency room visits with documented signs of myocardial ischemia on EKG and troponin leaks. A computed tomography (CT) angiogram of the coronary arteries revealed the presence of a myocardial bridge (MB). An invasive coronary angiogram confirmed a MB over the left anterior descending (LAD) artery compressing the lumen of the LAD. As the patient was deteriorating on maximal medical PAH therapy, she was listed for, and subsequently received, a bilateral lung transplantation. Recognizing that the MB would pose a significant risk for ischemia during surgery as well as continuing source for chest pain after lung transplantation, the MB was surgically “unroofed” during the transplant surgery. The patient did well after surgery and did not complain of any residual chest pain.

In conclusion, a MB compressing a segment of the coronary artery could be an under‐diagnosed, but potentially not so rare cause of recurrent chest pain in PAH patients, which requires specialized diagnostic evaluation and treatment
Quality-adjusted life year weights and treatment bias: Theory and evidence from cognitive interviews
Authors: Patenaude Bryan N , Bärnighausen Till
Published: June 2019

Objectives:

The purpose of this research is to understand the thought processes that underpin responses to stated preference approaches for eliciting quality of life, in particular the standard gamble.

Methods:

We utilize standard gamble preference elicitation survey techniques to elicit quality-adjusted life year weights for two reduced health states: chronic severe depression and total blindness. After the survey, we conduct open-ended qualitative interviews with respondents to determine their thought processes while taking the surveys and to shed light on what their quality-adjusted life year weight is capturing. Survey responses were coded and analyzed for themes in NVivo, the results of which were then formalized in the terminology of decision sciences.

Results:

The qualitative results of the cognitive interviews present systematic evidence for a type of cognitive bias present in standard gamble quality-adjusted life year weight elicitation, which has not been previously highlighted and which we call treatment bias. We define this treatment bias as the consideration of salient treatment alternatives correlated with a reduced health state, when these alternatives are not explicitly posed in the question. Our formalization of this cognitive behavior demonstrates that treatment bias will always bias the elicited health state utility of treating the illness in question downward.

Conclusion:

The treatment bias highlighted in this study has implications for economic evaluation when comparing treatment for illnesses where alternative treatments are widely publicized versus those that are not. For example, comparing the effectiveness of treating depression versus arthritis may be biased against depression if advertisements for anti-depressants are more widely viewed by survey respondents than advertisements for arthritis treatments. We propose a statement to be imbedded in all questionnaires regarding stated preference elicitation of quality-adjusted life year weights in order to correct for this bias in future stated preference surveys.
Anti-inflammatory effect of green tea petiole extracts in poly(I:C)–stimulated human epidermal keratinocytes and a human 3D skin equivalent
Authors: Park Nok Hyun , Bae Il-Hong , Han Seonsoo , Kim Minkee , Lee Sung Hoon , Park Won Seok , Lee Chang Seok , Hwang Jae Sung
Published: June 2019

Green tea is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverage crops worldwide. Leaf extracts of the green tea, Camellia sinensis, are known to have natural anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. However, relatively few studies have focused on the biological activities of green tea petiole (GTP) (the stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem, currently considered waste material) compared with other parts of the tree, such as the leaf, root, and flower. Here, we report the first investigation of the anti-inflammatory effect of GTP extract against poly(I:C)–stimulated human keratinocytes (a model of skin inflammatory conditions) and EpiDerm (a three-dimensional skin equivalent). Our results reveal that GTP extract suppresses the induction of the messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), and Interleukin-8 (IL-8)) and matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). These findings indicate that GTP extract could prove useful in protecting skin cells from inflammatory conditions and skin aging.
Animal Visitation Program (AVP) Reduces Cortisol Levels of University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Pendry Patricia , Vandagriff Jaymie L.
Published: June 2019

University students report high levels of stress. Although causal work is limited, one popular approach to promote stress relief is animal visitation programs (AVPs). We conducted a randomized trial (N = 249) examining effects of a 10-minute AVP on students’ salivary cortisol levels. Undergraduate students were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: hands-on AVP (petting cats and dogs; n = 73), AVP observation (watching others pet animals; n = 62), AVP slideshow (viewing images of same animals; n = 57), or AVP waitlist (n = 57). Participants collected salivary cortisol upon waking, and two samples were collected 15 and 25 minutes after the 10-minute condition, reflecting cortisol levels at the beginning and end of the intervention. Controlling for students’ basal cortisol, time awake, and circadian pattern, students in the hands-on condition had lower posttest cortisol compared to slideshow (β = .150, p = .046), waitlist (β = .152, p = .033), and observation (β = .164, p = .040). A 10-minute college-based AVP providing hands-on petting of cats and dogs provides momentary stress relief.
Regularized elastic full-waveform inversion using deep learning
Authors: Zhang Zhen-Dong , Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: June 2019

Obtaining high-resolution models of the earth, especially around the reservoir, is crucial to properly image and interpret the subsurface. We have developed a regularized elastic full-waveform inversion (FWI) method that uses facies as the prior information. Deep neural networks (DNNs) are trained to estimate the distribution of facies in the subsurface. Here, we use facies extracted from wells as the prior information. Seismic data, well logs, and interpreted facies have different resolution and illumination to the subsurface. Besides, a physical process, such as anelasticity in the subsurface, is often too complicated to be fully considered. Therefore, there are often no explicit formulas to connect the data coming from different geophysical surveys. A deep-learning method can find the statistically correct connection without the need to know the complex physics. In our deep-learning scheme, we specifically use it to assist the inverse problem instead of the widely used labeling task. First, we conduct an adaptive data-selection elastic FWI using the observed seismic data and obtain estimates of the subsurface, which do not need to be perfect. Then, we use the extracted facies information from the wells and force the estimated model to fit the facies by training DNNs. In this way, a list of facies is mapped to a 2D or 3D inverted model guided mainly by the structure features of the model. The multidimensional distribution of facies is used either as a regularization term or as an initial model for the next waveform inversion. Our method has two main features: (1) It applies to any kind of distribution of data samples and (2) it interpolates facies between wells guided by the structure of the estimated models. Results with synthetic and field data illustrate the benefits and limitations of this method.
Relationships between lineal fracture intensity and chemical composition in the Marcellus Shale, Appalachian Basin
Authors: Martin Keithan G. , Song Liaosha , Kavousi Payam , Carr Timothy R.
Published: June 2019

Within mudrock reservoirs, brittle zones undergo failure during hydraulic stimulation, creating numerous artificial fractures which enable hydrocarbons to be liberated from the reservoir. Natural fractures in mudrock reduce the tensile strength of the host rock, creating planes of weaknesses that are hypothesized to be reactivated during hydraulic stimulation. Combined, brittleness and natural fractures contribute to creating more abundant and complex fracture networks during hydraulic stimulation. Research efforts toward quantifying rock brittleness have resulted in numerous mineral-/compositional-based indices, which are used during petrophysical analysis to predict zones most conducive to hydraulic stimulation. In contrast, investigations on the relationship between chemical composition and core-scale natural fractures are limited. For this study, we collected high-resolution energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data, calibrated with a wave-dispersive XRF, from a Marcellus Shale core. Additionally, we characterized corescale natural fractures in terms of length, width, in-filling material or lack thereof, and orientation. Following the characterization, we transformed the natural fracture data into a continuous P10 (lineal fracture intensity) curve, expressed as the number of fractures per a one-half foot window. Using these data sets, we investigated the relationship between rock composition and natural fracture intensity. Regression analyses recorded positive relationships between natural fracture intensity and calcium, silicon/aluminum, and total organic carbon (TOC), and negative relationships with silicon and aluminum. Aluminum recorded the strongest (negative) relationship ([Formula: see text]) with natural fracture intensity. To access the degree to which natural fractures can be predicted based on chemical composition, we applied a partial least-squares analysis, a multivariate method, and recorded an [Formula: see text]. Our study illustrates that although numerous factors are responsible for natural fracture genesis, such fractures predictively concentrate in areas of similar chemical composition, largely in zones with low aluminum concentrations.
Transgenerational Bisphenol A Causes Deficits in Social Recognition and Alters Postsynaptic Density Genes in Mice
Authors: Wolstenholme Jennifer T , Drobná Zuzana , Henriksen Anne D , Goldsby Jessica A , Stevenson Rachel , Irvin Joshua W , Flaws Jodi A , Rissman Emilie F
Published: June 2019

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a ubiquitous endocrine-disrupting chemical. Developmental exposure produces changes in behavior and gene expression in the brain. Here, we examined social recognition behaviors in mice from the third familial generation (F3) after exposure to gestational BPA. Second-generation mice were bred in one of four mating combinations to reveal whether characteristics in F3 were acquired via maternal or paternal exposures. After repeated habituation to the same mouse, offspring of dams from the BPA lineage failed to display increased investigation of a novel mouse. Genes involved in excitatory postsynaptic densities (PSDs) were examined in F3 brains using quantitative PCR. Differential expression of genes important for function and stability of PSDs were assessed at three developmental ages. Several related PSD genes―SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 1 (Shank1), Homer scaffolding protein 1c (Homer1c), DLG associated protein 1 (Gkap), and discs large MAGUK scaffold protein 4 (PSD95)―were differentially expressed in control- vs BPA-lineage brains. Using a second strain of F3 inbred mice exposed to BPA, we noted the same differences in Shank1 and PSD95 expression in C57BL/6J mice. In sum, transgenerational BPA exposure disrupted social interactions in mice and dysregulated normal expression of PSD genes during neural development. The fact that the same genetic effects were found in two different mouse strains and in several brain regions increased potential for translation. The genetic and functional relationship between PSD and abnormal neurobehavioral disorders is well established, and our data suggest that BPA may contribute in a transgenerational manner to neurodevelopmental diseases.