bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient global optimization of reservoir geomechanical parameters based on synthetic aperture radar-derived ground displacements
Authors: Comola Francesco , Janna Carlo , Lovison Alberto , Minini Marco , Tamburini Andrea , Teatini Pietro
Published: April 2016

When large volumes of fluids are removed from or injected into underground formations for, e.g., hydrocarbon and water production, [Formula: see text] storage, gas storage, and geothermal energy exploitation, monitoring of surface deformations coupled to numerical modeling improves our understanding of reservoir behavior. The ability to accurately simulate surface displacements, however, is often impaired by limited information on reservoir geometry, waterdrive strength, and fluid-geomechanical parameters characterizing the geologic formations of interest. We have investigated the ability of efficient global optimization (EGO) to reduce the parameter uncertainties usually affecting geomechanical modeling. EGO is used to identify the parameter set that minimizes the difference in land displacements obtained from synthetic aperture radar (SAR)-derived measurements and 3D geomechanical modeling. We have tested the approach on the Tengiz giant oil field, Kazakhstan, where large uncertainties affect our knowledge of geomechanical parameters and pore pressure evolution. SqueeSAR on ENVISAT and RADARSAT-1 images acquired between 2004 and 2007 provided a set of high-precision, high-areal-density subsidence measurements of the test site. Based on the available information, a 3D geomechanical model of the reservoir has been developed using the elastoplastic finite-element code GEPS3D. Our results indicated that EGO efficiently identifies the global optimum in the parameter space, yielding a significant reduction in the difference between modeled and measured land subsidence. The match between simulated and SAR-measured horizontal displacements was developed as validation of the EGO calibration, which thus proved an effective and rather inexpensive method for the simultaneous management of several uncertainties and the reliable quantification of the rock properties.
P-wave slowness surface approximation for tilted orthorhombic media
Authors: Hao Qi , Stovas Alexey
Published: April 2016

We have developed an analytic and approximate formula for vertical slowness components of down- and upgoing plane P waves in 3D tilted orthorhombic media. A perturbation method and Shanks transform were used to derive the approximation for slowness surface of P waves in tilted orthorhombic media. We have also quantitatively described the validity range of the radial horizontal slowness components for the proposed formula. The validity range was affected by the strength of the anellipticity of an orthorhombic medium: the stronger the anellipticity, the smaller the validity range. Numerical examples determined that the proposed formula is accurate for tilted orthorhombic media with weak to strong anellipticity. We have also evaluated in detail the application of the proposed formula on calculating the P-wave intercept time in the [Formula: see text] domain for horizontally layered, tilted orthorhombic models. Our formula is useful for ray tracing, phase-shift migration, and [Formula: see text] domain intercept time approximation for tilted orthorhombic media.
The Effect of Intrathecal Morphine Dose on Outcomes After Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Sultan Pervez , Halpern Stephen H. , Pushpanathan Ellile , Patel Selina , Carvalho Brendan
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND:

The intrathecal morphine dose achieving optimal analgesia for cesarean delivery while minimizing side effects has not yet been deduced. In this meta-analysis, our objective was to determine whether low- or high-dose intrathecal morphine provides acceptable duration and intensity of analgesia with fewer side effects.

METHODS:

A literature search (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and CINAHL) was performed to identify randomized controlled trials involving patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia comparing low-dose (LD; 50–100 μg) morphine with higher dose (HD; >100–250 μg). The primary outcome was the time for first request for supplemental analgesia. The secondary outcomes included pain scores, morphine use, maternal side effects (vomiting and pruritus), and Apgar scores. Mean differences (MDs) and odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using random effects modeling with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS:

Eleven articles met our inclusion criteria. Four hundred eighty patients were recruited in all study groups (233 patients in the HD and 247 in the LD groups). The mean time to first analgesic request was longer (MD, 4.49 hours [95% CI, 1.85–7.13]; P = 0.0008) in the HD group compared with the LD group. Pain scores (0–100 scale) at 12 hours (MD, 2.54 [95% CI, −2.55 to 7.63]; P = 0.33) as well as morphine consumption at 24 hours (MD, 1.31 mg [95% CI, −3.06 to 7.31]; P = 0.42) were not significantly different. The incidence of nausea or vomiting (OR, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.27–0.73]; P = 0.002) and pruritus (OR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.20–0.59]; P = 0.0001) was lower in the LD group. The incidence of Apgar scores <7 at 1 minute was not different between groups (OR, 1.11 [95% CI, 0.06–20.49]; P = 0.94).

CONCLUSIONS:

This meta-analysis shows that HDs of intrathecal morphine prolong analgesia after cesarean delivery compared with lower doses. The MD of 4.5 hours (95% CI, 1.9–7.1 and 99% CI, 1.0–8.2 hours) of pain relief must be balanced against the increased risk of maternal pruritus and vomiting. Results from this study can be used by clinicians to weigh the benefits and potential side effects of using HDs of intrathecal morphine for cesarean delivery.
The Effects of Fentanyl on Hepatic Mitochondrial Function
Authors: Djafarzadeh Siamak , Vuda Madhusudanarao , Jeger Victor , Takala Jukka , Jakob Stephan M.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND:

Remifentanil interferes with hepatic mitochondrial function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether hepatic mitochondrial function is affected by fentanyl, a more widely used opioid than remifentanil.

METHODS:

Human hepatoma HepG2 cells were exposed to fentanyl or pretreated with naloxone (an opioid receptor antagonist) or 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD, an inhibitor of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium [mitoKATP] channels), followed by incubation with fentanyl. Mitochondrial function and metabolism were then analyzed.

RESULTS:

Fentanyl marginally reduced maximal mitochondrial complex–specific respiration rates using exogenous substrates (decrease in medians: 11%–18%; P = 0.003–0.001) but did not affect basal cellular respiration rates (P = 0.834). The effect on stimulated respiration was prevented by preincubation with naloxone or 5-HD. Fentanyl reduced cellular ATP content in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.001), an effect that was not significantly prevented by 5-HD and not explained by increased total ATPase concentration. However, in vitro ATPase activity of recombinant human permeability glycoprotein (an ATP-dependent drug efflux transporter) was significantly stimulated by fentanyl (P = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS:

Our data suggest that fentanyl reduces stimulated mitochondrial respiration of cultured human hepatocytes by a mechanism that is blocked by a mitoKATP channel antagonist. Increased energy requirements for fentanyl efflux transport may offer an explanation for the substantial decrease in cellular ATP concentration.
Epidural Volume Extension During Combined Spinal-Epidural Labor Analgesia Does Not Increase Sensory Block
Authors: Zaphiratos Valerie , George Ronald B. , Macaulay Bruce , Bolleddula Prasad , McKeen Dolores M.
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND:

Combined spinal-epidural (CSE) analgesia is widely used for delivering labor analgesia. Epidural volume extension (EVE) involves the injection of fluid into the epidural space compressing the dural sac, causing cephalad shift of the cerebral spinal fluid. Our hypothesis was that EVE with 10 mL normal saline during CSE would increase the sensory block height at 15 minutes after intrathecal injection. We expected EVE to decrease pain scores, decrease analgesia onset time, and decrease motor block compared with performing CSE without EVE (NEVE).

METHODS:

We randomly assigned 60 healthy term laboring nulliparous parturients with cervical dilation <5 cm to receive CSE either with EVE of 10 mL normal saline through the Tuohy needle before catheter insertion or CSE NEVE. Intrathecal analgesia consisted of 2 mg plain bupivacaine and 10 μg fentanyl (1 mL total). A blinded researcher assessed sensory dermatome level, analgesia, and motor blockade at regular intervals for 30 minutes. The primary outcome measure was the median peak sensory dermatome level at 15 minutes.

RESULTS:

Fifty-four parturients were analyzed. There was no significant difference in peak sensory dermatome levels at 15 minutes (median difference, 1 dermatome level; 95% confidence interval of median difference, 0 to 2; P = 0.22) and 30 minutes (median difference, 0 dermatome level; 95% confidence interval, −2 to 2; P = 0.76). There was no difference in the time to peak dermatome, minimum pain score, or the time to minimum pain score between groups.

CONCLUSIONS:

We found no significant difference between groups with regard to sensory dermatome level or pain scores when using EVE compared with NEVE. Our study demonstrates that addition of EVE does not offer superior analgesia when using a CSE technique for parturients requesting labor analgesia.
The Pharmacokinetics of Atomized Lidocaine Administered via the Trachea: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Takaenoki Yumiko , Masui Kenichi , Oda Yutaka , Kazama Tomiei
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND:

Under emergent conditions, endotracheal drug administration may be an effective method of delivering emergency drugs. A common technique is to administer these drugs using a nonatomized spray. Atomized drug delivery may be an attractive alternative to nonatomized delivery because atomized particles are small, cover a large surface area, and may better adhere to endotracheal membrane resulting in more effective drug absorption. In this study, we compared the pharmacokinetic profile of lidocaine administered into the trachea using an atomized or a nonatomized technique.

METHODS:

Twenty patients were anesthetized using propofol and remifentanil. Ten minutes after rocuronium was administered, patients received 4% lidocaine (2 mg/kg) intratracheally over 2 seconds before tracheal intubation. Ten patients received atomized lidocaine using a mucosal atomization device, and the other 10 patients received nonatomized lidocaine using a traditional spray tube. Arterial lidocaine plasma concentrations were measured before; at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, and 60 minutes; and then every 60 minutes after the administration of lidocaine until the end of the operation. We developed a pharmacokinetic model to examine whether bioavailability or absorption rate was different between atomized versus nonatomized lidocaine administration. The total body clearance was fixed at a published value to determine the bioavailability.

RESULTS:

Peak plasma concentrations were larger using the mucosal atomization device (median [range]: 1.9 [1.4−3.2] μg/mL) than the spray tube (1.1 [0.6−2.0] μg/mL; P = 0.0021). Our pharmacokinetic model estimated a difference of bioavailability between the atomized and the nonatomized lidocaine (0.801 and 0.559 respectively, P = 0.0005), whereas our model estimated no difference in the absorption rate constant (0.00688/min).

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results suggest that when using atomized delivery of lidocaine, less drug is required to achieve a near equivalent plasma lidocaine concentration. Atomized drug administration may be a more efficient method for endotracheal drug administration.
Supplying the Front
Authors: Bostrom Alex
Published: April 2016

The First World War placed previously unforeseen demands on the industries of all nations to supply their armies with the matériel to fight at the front lines. Despite the loss of the industrial heartland in the north, a dearth of manpower, and a mobilization plan that left the country on the brink of defeat, by 1918 France was producing more munitions and artillery than its allies, while supplying the arriving American army. Building on foundations laid in the early months of the war, the Ministry of War ultimately coordinated production to the operational and tactical needs of the army, thus facilitating the actions of the artillery at the front. The link between industry and the army, and the compromises made to ensure that artillery and shells of the required quantity and quality were supplied, proved crucial to French success on the battlefield.
Garlic exerts allelopathic effects on pepper physiology in a hydroponic co-culture system
Authors: Ding Haiyan , Cheng Zhihui , Liu Menglong , Hayat Sikandar , Feng Han
Published: April 2016

A hydroponic co-culture system was adopted to determine the allelopathic potential of garlic on the growth of pepper plants. Different numbers of garlic plants (0, 2, 4, 8 and 12) were hydroponically co-cultured with two pepper plants to investigate allelopathic effects on the growth attributes and antioxidative defense system of the test pepper plants. The responses of the pepper plants depended on the number of garlic plants included in the co-culture system, indicating an association of pepper growth with the garlic root exudate concentration. When grown at a pepper/garlic ratio of 1:1 or 1:2, the pepper plant height, chlorophyll content, and peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities were significantly increased after 30 days of co-culture; in contrast, reduction in methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) content was observed. However, when the pepper/garlic ratio was 1:4 or higher, these morphological indices and protective enzyme activities were significantly inhibited, whereas MDA levels in the pepper leaves were significantly increased due to severe membrane lipid peroxidation. The results indicate that although low concentrations of garlic root exudates appear to induce protective enzyme systems and promote pepper growth, high concentrations have deleterious effects. These findings suggest that further investigations should optimize the co-culture pepper/garlic ratio to reduce continuous cropping obstacles in pepper production.
Μουσείον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Μελέται, εργασίαι και περιηγήσεις του 1894
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Μουσείον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Μελέται, εργασίαι και περιηγήσεις του 1895
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Μουσείον της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας. Μελέται, εργασίαι και περιηγήσεις του 1896
Authors: ΛΑΜΠΑΚΗΣ Γεώργιος
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Αρχαί της Χριστιανικής Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας κατά το έτος 1897
Authors: ΧΡΙΣΤΙΑΝΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΗ ΕΤΑΙΡΕΙΑ (ΧΑΕ)
Published: April 2016

no abstract
Bridging the research-practice gap
Authors: Hewison Alistair , Rowan Louise
Published: April 2016

Health service redesign researchers from the National Institute for Health Research Collaborations for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care for Birmingham and the Black Country (NIHR CLAHRC BBC) investigated the process of large scale service redesign. In order to engage clinical staff and service users in the study, and to ensure findings were disseminated as widely as possible, the team included professional communicators who helped to connect researchers and key stakeholders. The NHS ‘communications fellows’ provided expertise in professional communication approaches and links to a wider network of communications professionals. The use of a range of communications industry techniques was vital in establishing effective communication channels to share interim and final research findings. The benefits of using a selection of key techniques is examined and recommendations are made that could help other researchers capitalise on professional communication approaches to help ensure the impact of their work is fully realised. While the need for authoritative academic papers and reports is acknowledged, it is concluded that harnessing the huge potential of new communication technologies, and traditional journalistic instincts, may be the missing link in knowledge transfer.
Are patients informed about their MRI IAM results in a timely manner?
Authors: Konieczny Katarzyna , Pringle Mike
Published: April 2016

Introduction:

A new follow-up system, was designed to avoid unnecessary clinical appointments and ensure that patients receive the results of their investigations in a timely manner.

Methods:

We assessed the system by analysing the number of days between the magnetic resonance imaging of the internal auditory meatus (MRI IAM) scan and the result being conveyed to patients with unilateral/asymmetric sensorineural hearing loss, throughout a two-cycled audit. The arbitrary target was set at six weeks.

Results:

The first audit cycle revealed that only 32% of the results were conveyed to patients within six weeks. We redesigned the pathway with one person responsible for the process and introduced an e-mail alert system. Second cycle showed a statistically significant improvement. 96% of patients received their results within the target time (unpaired t-test, P < 0.0001).

Discussion:

Our follow up system allows a better use of available resources, frees up outpatient appointments, saves patients time and expense, and helps meet the waiting targets.
Research roundup: April 2016
Authors: Brook Judy , Murray Joy , Seal Joanne
Published: April 2016

In this section, a range of brief synopses of recently published articles that may be of interest to health visitors is presented. The aim of this roundup is to provide an overview, rather than a detailed summary, of the research papers selected. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided.
Equity in care: How culturally competent is the health visitor?
Authors: Gunn Margaret Frances
Published: April 2016

This article explores the concept of cultural competency and analyses the knowledge and skills required to function effectively as a health visitor in the changing demographic landscape of the UK, particularly Scotland. An exploration of the Quickfall (2010) model of cultural competence highlights it as a framework to support optimal service delivery in our increasingly diverse communities. Culture and ethnicity are known to influence clients' perceptions of health and wellbeing ( Giger and Davidhizar, 2004 ); therefore, cultural values and beliefs affect the extent to which families engage with health and social care services ( Sheridan et al, 2015 ). Health visitors are required to acknowledge, understand and respond sensitively to diversity to deliver culturally competent care that enables the provision of a truly equitable health visiting service.
The case for collaborative learning: Introducing opportunities in the higher education setting
Authors: Ridley Neesha , Smith Charlotte
Published: April 2016

This paper discusses the benefits to parents and health professionals of collaborative working and learning in the higher education setting between midwives and health visitors, together with the challenges faced in the current climate.
Aiming for optimal medication management in care homes
Authors: While Alison
Published: April 2016

Residents living in a care home are likely to have a number of long-term conditions for which they may be taking multiple medicines. Alison While offers some valuable advice for staff in relation to the importance of good staff training and record keeping
Moving into a care home: the mental health implications
Authors: Barber Christopher
Published: April 2016

Moving from an independent home environment into a care facility can be a difficult change for an older person and their family. Christopher Barber explores the spectrum of feelings and emotions that might be experienced
Dispelling the myth: HIV in older people
Authors: Briggs Eleanor
Published: April 2016

You might not think that HIV is relevant to your day job; it's time to think again. With a growing number of people with HIV living into older age, the care sector needs to be ready to respond. Eleanor Briggs from the National AIDS Trust explains
The therapeutic use of dolls in dementia care
Authors: Mendes Aysha
Published: April 2016

Doll therapy in older people with dementia can be a contentious topic, often dividing opinion. While critics argue it can be patronising and infantalising, supporters believe it can help alleviate a range of challenging behaviours, Aysha Mendes investigates
Dementia and spirituality: caring for Christians
Authors: Hirst Katy
Published: April 2016

A person's religion and spirituality can be a very important part of who they are. Katy Hirst discusses caring for an older person with dementia, from a Christian perspective, offering some tips for practising the faith in a care home environment
Preventing, detecting and investigating cyber fraud
Authors: Krause Jonathan
Published: April 2016

The threat of cyber fraud is ever-present and increasingly sophisticated. Fortunately, so are the steps that care homes can take to protect themselves. Jonathan Krause offers some advice
Think care home directors can't be banned? Think again
Authors: Windatt Peter
Published: April 2016

Because some directors feel ‘untouchable’, they ride roughshod over internal policies or ignore them altogether. Big mistake, argues Peter Windatt, and possibly a disastrous one
The Care Quality Commission: how it could be better
Authors: Ridout Paul
Published: April 2016

Paul Rideout takes a critical look at the brief, and arguably troubled, history of the Care Quality Commission (CQC) and offers some tough love on how it could become even fairer and more effective
Implementing the Care Certificate: safeguarding adults
Authors: Ashurst Adrian
Published: April 2016

In this article, the second of a two-part series on safeguarding adults, Adrian Ashurst discusses a number of important issues, including whistleblowing, managing risk and the importance of promoting dignity and rights.
Consecuencias sociodemográficas de la inmigración en la huerta del Bajo Segura: el caso de Orihuela (1930-1945)
Authors: Bonmatí Antón José Fermín , Canales Martínez Gregorio
Published: April 2016

Orihuela actuó durante la Guerra Civil Española como foco de atracción de refugiados procedentes sobre todo del Centro de la Península y Andalucía. Llegaron principalmente durante los primeros doce meses de la contienda, marcando los avatares de la Guerra el ritmo de los desplazamientos. Para su atención se creó un Comité Local de Refugiados, en noviembre de 1936, que coordinó sus acciones con las del propio Ayuntamiento oriolano, gracias a las cuales pudieron concederles ayudas económicas y alojamientos. Frente a esta corriente, existe una inmigración tradicional (según reflejan los Padrones de Población de 1930 y 1945) en la que participan contingentes de emigrantes que proceden sobre todo de las áreas geográficamente más cercanas al Bajo Segura, en las provincias de Alicante y Murcia.
La dinámica de la población en la provincia de Alicante durante la Guerra Civil
Authors: Gozálvez Pérez Vicente
Published: April 2016

Durante la guerra civil española de 1936-39, la provincia de Alicante, pese a su situación de retaguardia, tuvo un movimiento natural con graves dificultades, sobre todo en 1939, a resultas del clima de inseguridad y las dificultades económicas creadas por el conflicto; el fuerte aumento de la mortalidad infantil entre 1937 y 1941, así como la sobremortalidad acumulada durante 1936-41, subrayan la fortísima incidencia del conflicto. La migración neta, negativa para la provincia entre 1888 y 1930, fue muy positiva en 1931-40, debido, entre otras causas, a los desplazamientos provocados por la guerra, especialmente significativos para la ciudad de Alicante.
Rocas blandas y riesgos en el sur de la Comunidad Valenciana (España)
Authors: Marco Molina Juan Antonio
Published: April 2016

La evidente relación entre rocas blandas y ciertos fenómenos erosivos que implican cierta peligrosidad, así como las intervenciones humanas que actúan como factor de inestabilización de las laderas, con la génesis de formas de vaciado (cárcavas, gullies, ravines y procesos de piping) y deslizamientos, son los elementos que se tienen en cuenta como factores determinantes de un riesgo, que es preciso considerar en tareas de ordenación del territorio a escala municipal o supramunicipal.
Dissimilar discourses: the realism of Amis's conversations in Lucky Jim
Authors: Eastman Curtis John Kendall
Published: April 2016

This paper attempts an objective analysis of some lexico-grammatical features in conversations between Jim Dixon and the principal characters of Lucky Jim. The aim is to show that these relate closely in several respects to Bernstein's codes. The method of analysis is empirical, verifiable and replicable, and can claim some scientific rigour. On the measures adopted, academics and friends in the novel are found to have consistently different profiles. Social class, code and tenor appear to have interacting rather than causal relationships, suggesting a more complex language system than Halliday proposed.
"Another game in vew": the representation of the poet in The Faerie Queene
Authors: García Landa José Ángel
Published: April 2016

Many recent critics of The Faerie Queene have established an artificial distinction between the narrator of The Faerie Queene and Spenser, one which posits an olympian detachment of the author from the work, and of both from the historical circumstances in which the work was written. An analysis of the poem reveals the limited sense in which a distinction between the narrator and the implied author may be drawn, and shows how the incompleteness of the work and some of its structural and thematic tensions are due to its changing significance as a political project undertaken by Spenser.
Discovering and reading the American woman
Authors: Ozieblo Rajkoswa Bárbara
Published: April 2016

In this paper, I examine the forces at work in the formation of the canon of American Literature in the early years of this century; the white anglo-saxon protestant male ethic dominant in other spheres prevailed in literature and thus women and other minority writers were excluded. The feminist movement of the last two decades has contributed lo the revision of the canon, and many writers of merit have been recovered, including Susan Glaspell. Glaspell (1876-1848) was, with Eugene O'Neill, the principal playwright to work for the Provincetown Players; she was also a renowned novelist. In this paper, I offer a brief look at The Verge, a play acclaimed by feminists of her time.
Eutopic Visions of America in the Puritan Colonial Identity
Authors: Peñalba García Mercedes
Published: April 2016

This paper is an attempt to explore the Puritan exegetical myth of 'an errand into the wilderness,' which took root in New England, and its spread across the Western territories and the South after a process of secularization. The myth has been approached by way of the colonial puritan jeremiad in order to show how the Puritan eschatological visions have exercised so creative an influence in shaping the images of America and the basic ideals of the 'American Dream.' After close scrutiny of the concepts of millennium and utopia -versions of Edenic fantasies of an earthly and heavenly paradise- the essay stresses the importance of chiliasm and eutopia (its secular term) in early Puritan literature. It is suggested that the Puritan legacy still persists not in theology but in the realm of the imagination.
Nature in Alastor, Childe Harold and Endymion
Authors: Sánchez Calvo Arsenio
Published: April 2016

This article looks at the way nature appears in Alastor, Childe Harold and Endymion. We have tried to look for both the similarities and the differences that exist in these poems in relation to nature. First, we have dealt with Shelley's poem, in which we have noticed the poet's love for nature and its contemplation. Then we analyse Byron's feelings about nature in Childe Harold, and we have a close look at the development in the way nature is treated through the different cantos. We also pay special attention to some of the characteristics Alastor and Childe Harold have in common, such as a kind of pantheistic feeling for nature that goes back to Spinoza and Plato. Finally, we study how nature is seen through Keat's imagination in Endymion.
The Linguistic Precepts of the Royal Society and their Influence in Henry Fielding's Language
Authors: Álvarez Rodríguez Román
Published: April 2016

This paper analyzes the impact on Fielding's prose of the recommendations made by the advocates of "plain English." The influence of the "plain English" movement is revealed not only in the quality of this novelist's narrative, but above all in the choice of some of his favourite tropes and literary devices. Thus the very verbal depiction of some of Fielding's characters, especially although not exclusively in Joseph Andrews, is an obvious mockery of some of the linguistic modes and speech habits in vogue at that time among some sectors of society, and clearly shows the author's attitude to the use of English.
"Cat in the rain": A Symbolic and Narrative Prelude in Ernest Hemingway's Work
Authors: Barrio Marco José Manuel
Published: April 2016

«Cat in the Rain» is one of the earliest Hemingway's short stories included in In Our Time (1925). Its study and analysis must be taken into account as very outstanding to understand the relationships between men and women in his following fiction.The plot, with certainty based partly on real facts, contains the most striking and literary symbols used by this author along his careen Nearly all these symbols are gathered together in this work, so we find the typical American couple in problems, the hotel and the room standing for a claustrophobic living space, the window focusing the action on the landscape or on the person to stand out, the symbolic animals in this case represented by the cat, the rain always in scene meaning grief and inner storm, the short hair emphasizing the weakness of the woman and her lack of feminity, the mirror facing hidden wishes with the surrounding reality and, at last, big hands symbolizing manliness and sometimes sexual encounter or its desire.
Reflections on Joseph Conrad's First Profession
Authors: Fuentes Bobo Julio B.
Published: April 2016

The author of this article first refers to the influence of Joseph Conrad's seamanship on his sea novels and then examines thoroughly the writer's personal circumstances such as his motives for going to sea, and the inevitable clash of his refined manners and education, as well as his sensitivity, with the predominant vulgarity on board ship. The article goes on to point out the young seaman's disappointment on finding far more monotony than romanticism in life at sea, and to suggest the writer's sublimation of his thirst for adventures as a basis for his literary creativity. Finally the author discusses other aspects of Conrad's life such as his attitude to the sea and ships and his love of seafaring.
The Royal Hunt of the Sun: Peter Shaffer and the quest for God
Authors: Ituarte Maite de
Published: April 2016

This paper wishes to establish how Peter Shaffer's great subject in his later plays and very particularly in The Royal Hunt of the Sun is the quest for some kind of god. The aging and spiritually depleted Pizarro embarks on a military and economic expedition which turns into a last-ditch spiritual quest for the Sun God Atahuallpa. After discussing the source for the play and the possible influence of Eugene O'Neill and Antonin Artaud, the essay goes on to demonstrate that god-hunting supplies the dramatic structure for Shaffer's masterpiece and that the multiplicity of gods is the source of dramatic conflict within the structure. It often seems as if Shaffer actually would like to believe that his dramas reflect a battle of wills between a role-player and a person who is so unstructured and unrestricted that he is literally a primitive. In The Royal Hunt of the Sun, Shaffer is able to realize his dream and begins to associate the ritual with the primitive characters found in the play. Through the ritual, Pizarro is able to mature and, for the first time in his life, he learns how false his life has been. By his nonrealistic intermingling of space and time, Shaffer forces his audiences to embark on a god-hunt along with his characters.
John Bunyan's "Celestial City" and Oliver Cromwell's "Ideal Society"
Authors: MacIntyre Wendell P.
Published: April 2016

The object of this essay is to draw a parallel between John Bunyan's dreams and ideals for a new English society as they allegorically appear in The Pilgrim's Progress, part I, and Oliver Cromwell's application of the traditional tenets of the Puritan religion —call, election, predestination— to the organization of the state. Even though Cromwell had died long before Bunyan's work was published in 1678, it can be established that such dreams and ideals for a new English society had been very much in evidence for a long time.
Clerics and courtly love in Andreas Capellanus' The Art of Courtly Love and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
Authors: Williams Andrew
Published: April 2016

In both The Canterbury Tales and The Art of Courtly Love Geoffrey Chaucer and Andreas Capellanus deal with various aspects of courtly love. In particular, both of them focus to some degree on the question of clerical celibacy. The use of tale telling and imaginary dialogues result in a contemporary overview of the role of the cleric in courtly love, the church rules on the subject, and the opinions of the people on a subject that is ripe for exploration. My aim is to point out some of the similarities that result when the question of «responsible celibacy» is considered.
Poems
Authors: Yeats William Butler , Ramos Orea Tomás
Published: April 2016

Down by the salley gardens ; The lake isle of Innisfree = En el jardín de los sauces ; La isla del lago de Innisfree / traducción de Tomás Ramos Orea
Poems
Authors: Thomas Edward , Ramos Orea Tomás
Published: April 2016

The owl = El mochuelo ; Adlestrop / traducción de Tomás Ramos Orea
A reappraisal of motivation: the cornerstone of L2 learning
Authors: Castro Calvín José
Published: April 2016

This article is aimed at increasing teacher awareness of the most relevant issues involved in motivation. It examines the importance of motivation in L2 learning, its types and sources, as well as detailing the various factors which influence it. Its focus is twofold, in that it concentrates not only on the student but also on the teacher, using authoritative sources to back up its line of argument. It aims at both clarifying the role of teachers in student motivation and the importance of motivating teachers themselves: «I do not regard motivation as an additive but as the fuel . . . 1 oz. motivation = 1 ton pedagogy» (Foldberg 15-23). If one wants to understand better the behaviour and reactions of students to methods, materials, situations, teachers and so on, it is imperative to have an insight into the nature and real significance of the affective factors (attitudes, motivation) that enter into play in the learning of an L2.
English teacher education: the need for a new perspective
Authors: Florén Serrano Celia
Published: April 2016

The paper explores the drawbacks that may arise from an excessive emphasis on either teacher education or teacher training in the syllabus of the future English language teacher. Then it analyses the present limitations in the teaching practice within the E.U. del Profesorado de E.G.B. and how some of the existing problems might be overecome.
Reduction, fusion and raising in English and Spanish
Authors: Garrudo Carabias Francisco
Published: April 2016

The reduction of clauses, together with the fusion of structures, is a source of syntactic problems especially isomorphism and structural ambiguity both in English and Spanish. Raising and Equi-NP Deletion are the processes responsible for them. Raising operates in English more often than in Spanish and under different conditions. The syntactic complication of these phenomena for a non-native speaker and the advantage of a possible reference to similar cases, although more restricted, in Spanish, makes a comparative study of these processes very useful. Ignoring the formal technicalities of Transformational Grammar, this paper analyses, compares and contrasts the conditions of operation of raising in English and Spanish.
Poems
Authors: Wordsworth William , Ramos Orea Tomás
Published: April 2016

She dwelt among the untrodden ways ; I traveled among unknown men = Viajé entre gentes ignotas ; El amor perdido / translated by Tomás Ramos Orea
"It's stories still": Reflexiveness in Samuel Beckett's Narratives
Authors: García Landa José Ángel
Published: April 2016

This paper explores the use of reflexive and metafictional narrative structures in The Unnamable and other texts by Samuel Beckett. Reflexivity is shown to be the structural basis at all textual levels, from the articulation of character and plot development, through the use of narrative voice and modality, to the implied authorial level and the aesthetic stance of the text. Narratology and deconstruction are used as analytical tools to explore the peculiar semiotic productivity of the Beckettian text and draw the aesthetic and philosophical implications of Beckett's use of narrative form.
EFL writing tasks within a University Degree in English
Authors: MacArthur Fiona
Published: April 2016

In this paper it is proposed that doing summaries of academic texts is valuable to undergraduates EFL learners for several reasons. If the informational content of a written composition k mutually known to writer and reader, feedback on recurring errors in the work of weaker writers can be given more effectively. It is also of value in introducing EFL undergraduates to the language of the academic discourse community. Furthermore, it serves to give learners a clearer idea of what kind of originality is required of them in their written compositions.
The symbol made text: Charles Palliser's postmodernist re-writing of Dickens in The Quincunx
Authors: Onega Jaén Susana
Published: April 2016

Early reviewers of The Quincunx (1989) immediately recognised the novel's striking stylistic and thematic indebtedness to Dickens and to other early Victorian writers, a fact that led them to describe Charles Palliser's first novel as a brilliant attempt to reproduce an early Victorian novel. However, closer examination reveals that The Quincunx is not merely a belated imitation of Victorian fiction, but rather a neatly structured, symbolically complex and highly self-conscious parody of it, in line with other contemporary historiographic metafictions, like The French Lieutenant's Woman or The Name of the Rose, and expresses Palliser's own postmodernist world-view.
Individualism and Leadership in Muriel Spark's The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie
Authors: Sierra Ayala Lina
Published: April 2016

This article tries to show how Muriel Spark studies the dichotomy of individualism and leadership in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. Jean Brodie poses as a daringly unconventional and individualistic woman but she cannot free herself from the brooding weight of Calvinism that has oppressed her childhood.
Sentence connexion and global text structures: a case study of a political text, English leader article
Authors: Stein Dieter , Mattei Adriana
Published: April 2016

The paper first gives a brief overview of the history and theoretical status of discourse analysis, or "text linguistics." The main body of the paper consists of a detailed analysis of sentence connexion, i.e. the logical relationship between sentences and larger chunks of text, performed on a newspaper leader article. The results of this local analysis are then related to the global organisation of text structure with components such as macro- and super-structure by way of interpreting them in terms of the psycholinguistics of global text comprehension. The analysis is supplemented by considerations of functional sentence perspective, topic management, and a characterisation of the macro-speech act as primarily subjective with the appropriate surface manifestations.
Oisin's quest: the myth of the modernist poet's evolution
Authors: Aguilera Linde Mauricio Damián
Published: April 2016

This article offers an interpretation in terms of metapoetic theory of The Wanderings of Oisin, Yeats's first important work. Our purpose is to prove that an analysis of the poem upon this basis can be useful to solve the semantic problems caused by many of the motifs as well as illuminating for the elucidation of the meaning of Oisin's journey through three mysterious islands. Taking the poem as a symbolic enactment of the poet's notion of his own artistic growth, we argue that each of the islands might correspond to different yet closely related models of poetry. The poem can then be seen as a gradual progression which includes a model of pure or subjective poetry (the Island of Dancing), a model of objective socially committed poetry (the Island of Victories) and finally an ideal of poetic language based upon the onirical experiences as the only legitimate source of knowledge (the Island of Forgetfulness).
The narrative function of Kilgore Trout and his fictional works in Slaughterhouse-Five
Authors: Lerate de Castro Jesús
Published: April 2016

This paper analyzes Vonnegut's use of historical and imaginary sources in Slaughterhouse-Five, paying particular attention to the structural role played by Kilgore Trout —Vonnegut's literary alter ego— and his six science-fiction stories. Trout's intratextual fiction, it is argued here, enlarges the scope of the novel, underlines a series of central themes, criticizes certain moral values, and introduces a comic dimension that counterbalances the seriousness of the war material.
Samuel Richardson's presence and absence in Spain
Authors: Pajares Infante Eterio
Published: April 2016

This paper is an attempt to illustrate Richardsonian influence in eighteenth century Spain, as well as his very surprising absence among several men of letters. Their silence, not to be interpreted as ignorance, is difficult to explain, given the literary leadership exercised by some of these in Spain. An overall view is given of the Spanish translations which people knew and the adaptations and imitations based on this English writer's novels and translated into Spanish. Still unknown translators of Richardson's works into Spanish are brought to light, as well as the possible Richardsonian influences on eighteenth century Spanish literature.
Verbal irony and the Maxims of Grice's cooperative principle
Authors: Alba Juez Laura
Published: April 2016

This paper makes reference to Brown and Levinson's Politeness Theory, and their treatment of irony as an off record strategy. These authors consider that different off record strategies violate or flout different maxims, and "being ironic" is labelled as a strategy violating the Quality Maxim. The main aim of this paper is to discuss how, by being ironic, a speaker or writer can flout not only the Maxim of Quality but the other three Gricean Maxims as well.
A move towards maturity: Scott Fitzgerald's The Crack-Up
Authors: Banerjee A.
Published: April 2016

When Fitzgerald's The Crack-Up essays first appeared in 1936—in the "pre-confessional" critical climate—they were received with disapprobation and sometimes condemnation even by his friends. Hemingway thought that they were "miserable" and Dos Passos felt Fitzgerald should not have made a public display of his "going to pieces." But I think that the essays are not so much as confessional as attempts at soul-searching and self-examination. Fitzgerald recognizes in them the fact that he must undergo a "spiritual conversion," that he must, as a novelist, write more objectively. During the short period, between the writing of these essays and his death, he did embark on a new, and as it turned out, a more mature strategy as an artist. The Crack-Up gives us an insight into the kind of novelist that he would have become, had he lived longer.
Deixis as a reference to an alleged shared situation in persuasive discourse
Authors: Campos Pardillos Miguel Ángel
Published: April 2016

Frequent attention has been paid to deixis within the paradigm of pragmatics, especially concerning its implications in discourse analysis. The present paper attempts to explain the presence of indexicals in monologal utterances in mass persuasive discourse, which aims to create an illusion of intimacy based on a common physical ground, where the addressee is more easily drawn to the speaker's own purposes. Examples are proposed from newspaper editorials and, most specifically, from commercial consumer advertising.
Acting the act in The Changeling
Authors: Hopkins Lisa
Published: April 2016

This paper focuses on the dumb-show which opens Act IV of Middleton and Rowley's The Changeling. Using evidence from other Renaissance drama and from within the play itself for the use of the word "act" to describe the interval between the acts, the paper argues that the dumb-show ostensibly offers one kind of act but in fact serves as a metaphoric representation of another, unactable "act," the sex act between Beatrice-Joanna and De Flores. It further suggests that the events of the dumb-show serve as an encapsulation in miniature of many of the concerns of the play as a whole—wonder, absence, seeming, and the hierarchies of class and gender.
Language contact and language change: the Danes in England
Authors: Moskowich-Spiegel Fandiño Isabel
Published: April 2016

The influence of the Scandinavian dialects on English has been often studied though no significant progress seems to have been achieved. The major aim of this paper is to offer a methodological approach which can provide a description of the Scandinavian lexical element in Middle English but considering it in its different aspects. Thus, we will undertake a corpus-based analysis where different variables such as semantic field, type of text and dialect among others are taken into consideration. The resulting description will reveal that the linguistic intercourse must have been different from what traditional scholars have always believed.
Some reflections on the analysis of discourse and dramatic text: Stoppard's Jumpers
Authors: Nieto García Jesús Manuel
Published: April 2016

Our proposal in this paper is basically to analyse dramatic texts according to the structure of those parts whose purpose is mainly dialogic in nature, mainly monologic, or, finally, those parts that emphasise the connection between writer and reader (or producer) from the organisational point of view. At the same time we also intend to study some basic pragmatic points such as reference, the informative nature of discourse, the kinds of illocutionary acts present in the text and the conversational norms broken. With this purpose in mind, we propose the application of a method of analysis of dramatic discourse to the play Jumpers, by Tom Stoppard.
Literature and ideology: the penetration of Anglo-Irish literature in Spain
Authors: Toro Santos Antonio Raúl de
Published: April 2016

One important way of penetration of Irish literature and culture in Spain was through the northwestern part of the country, Galicia in particular. Geographical, historical and ideological facts favoured a trend towards everything connected with Ireland. Therefore, Irish literature was studied, translated and became a model for some Galician critics and writers. One reason for this approach was entirely ideological: Ireland stood for a representative of the Celtic countries and Galicia was one of their members, or so they claimed. The implications of the Irish Literary Renaissance were carefully followed and, as a consequence, brought about cultural and literary manifestations inspired by the Irish movement.
Poems
Authors: Donne John , Cora Alonso Jesús
Published: April 2016

Holy sonnets: I; Holy sonnets: XIV = Sonetos sacros: I; Sonetos sacros: XIV / translated by Jesús Cora Alonso