bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of Inertial Sensor-Based Estimation Methods of Lower Limb Joint Moments and Ground Reaction Force: Results for Squat and Sit-to-Stand Movements in the Sagittal Plane
Authors: Kodama Jun , Watanabe Takashi
Published: August 2016

Joint moment estimation by a camera-based motion measurement system and a force plate has a limitation of measurement environment and is costly. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate quantitatively inertial sensor-based joint moment estimation methods with five-link, four-link and three-link rigid body models using different trunk segmented models. Joint moments, ground reaction forces (GRF) and center of pressure (CoP) were estimated for squat and sit-to-stand movements in the sagittal plane measured with six healthy subjects. The five-link model and the four-link model that the trunk was divided at the highest point of the iliac crest (four-link-IC model) were appropriate for joint moment estimation with inertial sensors, which showed average RMS values of about 0.1 Nm/kg for all lower limb joints and average correlation coefficients of about 0.98 for hip and knee joints and about 0.80 for ankle joint. Average root mean square (RMS) errors of horizontal and vertical GRFs and CoP were about 10 N, 15 N and 2 cm, respectively. Inertial sensor-based method was suggested to be an option for estimating joint moments of the trunk segments. Inertial sensors were also shown to be useful for the bottom-up estimation method using measured GRFs, in which average RMS values and average correlation coefficients were about 0.06 Nm/kg and larger than about 0.98 for all joints.
Seasonal Mass Changes and Crustal Vertical Deformations Constrained by GPS and GRACE in Northeastern Tibet
Authors: Pan Yuanjin , Shen Wen-Bin , Hwang Cheinway , Liao Chaoming , Zhang Tengxu , Zhang Guoqing
Published: August 2016

Surface vertical deformation includes the Earth’s elastic response to mass loading on or near the surface. Continuous Global Positioning System (CGPS) stations record such deformations to estimate seasonal and secular mass changes. We used 41 CGPS stations to construct a time series of coordinate changes, which are decomposed by empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), in northeastern Tibet. The first common mode shows clear seasonal changes, indicating seasonal surface mass re-distribution around northeastern Tibet. The GPS-derived result is then assessed in terms of the mass changes observed in northeastern Tibet. The GPS-derived common mode vertical change and the stacked Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mass change are consistent, suggesting that the seasonal surface mass variation is caused by changes in the hydrological, atmospheric and non-tidal ocean loads. The annual peak-to-peak surface mass changes derived from GPS and GRACE results show seasonal oscillations in mass loads, and the corresponding amplitudes are between 3 and 35 mm/year. There is an apparent gradually increasing gravity between 0.1 and 0.9 μGal/year in northeast Tibet. Crustal vertical deformation is determined after eliminating the surface load effects from GRACE, without considering Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) contribution. It reveals crustal uplift around northeastern Tibet from the corrected GPS vertical velocity. The unusual uplift of the Longmen Shan fault indicates tectonically sophisticated processes in northeastern Tibet.
A Bionic Polarization Navigation Sensor and Its Calibration Method
Authors: Zhao Huijie , Xu Wujian
Published: August 2016

The polarization patterns of skylight which arise due to the scattering of sunlight in the atmosphere can be used by many insects for deriving compass information. Inspired by insects’ polarized light compass, scientists have developed a new kind of navigation method. One of the key techniques in this method is the polarimetric sensor which is used to acquire direction information from skylight. In this paper, a polarization navigation sensor is proposed which imitates the working principles of the polarization vision systems of insects. We introduce the optical design and mathematical model of the sensor. In addition, a calibration method based on variable substitution and non-linear curve fitting is proposed. The results obtained from the outdoor experiments provide support for the feasibility and precision of the sensor. The sensor’s signal processing can be well described using our mathematical model. A relatively high degree of accuracy in polarization measurement can be obtained without any error compensation.
“I Collected Money, not a Bribe”: Strategic Ambiguity and the Dynamics of Corruption in Contemporary Nigeria
Authors: Dumbili Emeka , Sofadekan Adedayo
Published: August 2016

This article explores the language of corruption in Nigeria. It uses Eisenberg’s Strategic Ambiguity concept to examine the extent to which Nigerian legislators and those who occupy the executive arm of the government employ ambiguous languages and actions to execute and defend corrupt practices, and how this institutionalizes the culture of corruption in contemporary Nigeria. The article further explores how ambiguous light punishment, outright non-punishment, state pardon of corrupt elites and the reward of corrupt elites with sensitive government appointments engender corruption in Nigeria. The article argues that while the elites engage in diverse corrupt practices and employ ambiguous words to defend their acts, the judiciary appears to defend rather than punish them. The paper discusses the implications of these findings, concluding that the war against corruption in Nigeria may not be effective, because as those who appear to be fighting corruption are themselves corrupt, the frameworks with which corruption is fought are strategically manipulated by the elites.
Network Analysis of Open Innovation
Authors: Yun JinHyo , Jeong EuiSeob , Park JinSeu
Published: August 2016

The way people innovate and create new ideas and bring them to the market is undergoing a fundamental change from closed innovation to open innovation. Why and how do firms perform open innovation? Firms’ open innovation is measured through the levels of firms’ joint patent applications. Next, we analyze network structures and characters of firms’ joint patent applications such as betweenness and degree centrality, structure hole, and closure. From this research, we drew conclusions as follows. First, the structure of collaboration networks has both direct and indirect effects on firms’ innovative performance. Second, in the process of joint patent applications, there is a long tail phenomenon in networks of joint patent applications. Third, the number of patents and International Patent Classification (IPC) subclasses together constitute a meaningful measure of the innovation performance of firms.
Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research in Practice: Lessons from Inter- and Transdisciplinary Research in the Austrian Eisenwurzen
Authors: Gingrich Simone , Schmid Martin , Dirnböck Thomas , Dullinger Iwona , Garstenauer Rita , Gaube Veronika , Haberl Helmut , Kainz Martin , Kreiner Daniel , Mayer Renate , Mirtl Michael , Sass Oliver , Schauppenlehner Thomas , Stocker-Kiss Andrea , Wildenberg Martin
Published: August 2016

Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) is an inter- and transdisciplinary research field addressing socio-ecological change over time at various spatial and temporal scales. In the Austrian Eisenwurzen region, an LTSER platform was founded in 2004. It has fostered and documented research projects aiming at advancing LTSER scientifically and at providing regional stakeholders with relevant information for sustainable regional development. Since its establishment, a broad range of research activities has been pursued in the region, integrating information from long-term ecological monitoring sites with approaches from social sciences and the humanities, and in cooperation with regional stakeholders. Based on the experiences gained in the Eisenwurzen LTSER platform, this article presents current activities in the heterogeneous field of LTSER, identifying specific (inter-)disciplinary contributions of three research strands of LTSER: long-term ecological research, socio-ecological basic research, and transdisciplinary research. Given the broad array of diverse contributions to LTSER, we argue that the platform has become a relevant “boundary organization,” linking research to its regional non-academic context, and ensuring interdisciplinary exchange among the variety of disciplines. We consider the diversity of LTSER approaches an important resource for future research. Major success criteria of LTSER face specific challenges: (1) existing loose, yet stable networks need to be maintained and extended; (2) continuous generation of and access to relevant data needs to be secured and more data need to be included; and (3) consecutive research projects that have allowed for capacity building in the past may be threatened in the future if national Austrian research funders cease to provide resources.
Binding Specificities of the Telomere Phage ϕKO2 Prophage Repressor CB and Lytic Repressor Cro
Authors: Hammerl Jens , Jäckel Claudia , Lanka Erich , Roschanski Nicole , Hertwig Stefan
Published: August 2016

Temperate bacteriophages possess a genetic switch which regulates the lytic and lysogenic cycle. The genomes of the temperate telomere phages N15, PY54, and ϕKO2 harbor a primary immunity region (immB) comprising genes for the prophage repressor (cI or cB), the lytic repressor (cro) and a putative antiterminator (q). The roles of these products are thought to be similar to those of the lambda proteins CI (CI prophage repressor), Cro (Cro repressor), and Q (antiterminator Q), respectively. Moreover, the gene order and the location of several operator sites in the prototype telomere phage N15 and in ϕKO2 are reminiscent of lambda-like phages. We determined binding sites of the ϕKO2 prophage repressor CB and lytic repressor Cro on the ϕKO2 genome in detail by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) studies. Unexpectedly, ϕKO2 CB and Cro revealed different binding specificities. CB was bound to three OR operators in the intergenic region between cB and cro, two OL operators between cB and the replication gene repA and even to operators of N15. Cro bound exclusively to the 16 bp operator site OR3 upstream of the ϕKO2 prophage repressor gene. The ϕKO2 genes cB and cro are regulated by several strong promoters overlapping with the OR operators. The data suggest that Cro represses cB transcription but not its own synthesis, as already reported for PY54 Cro. Thus, not only PY54, but also phage ϕKO2 possesses a genetic switch that diverges significantly from the switch of lambda-like phages.
Spatiotemporal Distributions of Sr and Ba along an Estuarine River with a Large Salinity Gradient to the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: He Songjie , Xu Y.
Published: August 2016

Strontium and barium to calcium ratios are often used as proxies for tracking animal movement across salinity gradients. Many estuarine rivers face saltwater intrusion due to sea level rise, potentially causing changes in mobility and distribution of these metals upstream. From May 2013 to August 2015, monthly water samples were collected and in-situ measurements were performed at six sites along an estuary strongly affected by saltwater intrusion, the Calcasieu River, with salinity ranging from 0.02 to 29.50 Parts Per Thousand (ppt). Results showed that the total Sr concentration and the Sr/Ca ratio both increased significantly with increasing salinity. The average Sr concentration at the site closest to the Gulf of Mexico (Site 6) was 46.21 µmol/L, about 130 times higher than that of the site furthest upstream (Site 1, 0.35). The average Sr/Ca ratio at Site 6 (8.41 mmol/mol) was about three times the average Sr/Ca ratio at Site 1 (2.89). However, the spatial variation in total Ba concentration was marginal, varying from 0.36 to 0.47 µmol/L. The average Ba/Ca ratio at Site 1 (4.82 mmol/mol) was about 54 times the ratio at Site 6 (0.09), showing a negative relation between the Ba/Ca ratio and salinity. All elemental concentrations and ratios had considerable seasonal variations, with significant differences among sampling months for the Sr and Ba concentrations and the Ba/Ca ratio (p < 0.01). The results suggest that for low-gradient estuarine rivers such as the Calcasieu River, water chemistry upstream would experience substantial Sr and Ca enrichment, potentially affecting aquatic environments and biological communities.
NOMINAL VALUES FOR SELECTED SOLAR AND PLANETARY QUANTITIES: IAU 2015 RESOLUTION B3*
†
Authors: Prša Andrej , Harmanec Petr , Torres Guillermo , Mamajek Eric , Asplund Martin , Capitaine Nicole , Christensen-Dalsgaard Jørgen , Depagne Éric , Haberreiter Margit , Hekker Saskia , Hilton James , Kopp Greg , Kostov Veselin , Kurtz Donald W. , Laskar Jacques , Mason Brian D. , Milone Eugene F. , Montgomery Michele , Richards Mercedes , Schmutz Werner , Schou Jesper , Stewart Susan G.
Published: August 2016

In this brief communication we provide the rationale for and the outcome of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) resolution vote at the XXIXth General Assembly in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 2015, on recommended nominal conversion constants for selected solar and planetary properties. The problem addressed by the resolution is a lack of established conversion constants between solar and planetary values and SI units: a missing standard has caused a proliferation of solar values (e.g., solar radius, solar irradiance, solar luminosity, solar effective temperature, and solar mass parameter) in the literature, with cited solar values typically based on best estimates at the time of paper writing. As precision of observations increases, a set of consistent values becomes increasingly important. To address this, an IAU Working Group on Nominal Units for Stellar and Planetary Astronomy formed in 2011, uniting experts from the solar, stellar, planetary, exoplanetary, and fundamental astronomy, as well as from general standards fields to converge on optimal values for nominal conversion constants. The effort resulted in the IAU 2015 Resolution B3, passed at the IAU General Assembly by a large majority. The resolution recommends the use of nominal solar and planetary values, which are by definition exact and are expressed in SI units. These nominal values should be understood as conversion factors only, not as the true solar/planetary properties or current best estimates. Authors and journal editors are urged to join in using the standard values set forth by this resolution in future work and publications to help minimize further confusion.
REPEATABILITY AND ACCURACY OF EXOPLANET ECLIPSE DEPTHS MEASURED WITH POST-CRYOGENIC SPITZER
Authors: Ingalls James G. , Krick J. E. , Carey S. J. , Stauffer John R. , Lowrance Patrick J. , Grillmair Carl J. , Buzasi Derek , Deming Drake , Diamond-Lowe Hannah , Evans Thomas M. , Morello G. , Stevenson Kevin B. , Wong Ian , Capak Peter , Glaccum William , Laine Seppo , Surace Jason , Storrie-Lombardi Lisa
Published: August 2016

We examine the repeatability, reliability, and accuracy of differential exoplanet eclipse depth measurements made using the InfraRed Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer
Space Telescope during the post-cryogenic mission. We have re-analyzed an existing 4.5 μm data set, consisting of 10 observations of the XO-3b system during secondary eclipse, using seven different techniques for removing correlated noise. We find that, on average, for a given technique, the eclipse depth estimate is repeatable from epoch to epoch to within 156 parts per million (ppm). Most techniques derive eclipse depths that do not vary by more than a factor 3 of the photon noise limit. All methods but one accurately assess their own errors: for these methods, the individual measurement uncertainties are comparable to the scatter in eclipse depths over the 10 epoch sample. To assess the accuracy of the techniques as well as to clarify the difference between instrumental and other sources of measurement error, we have also analyzed a simulated data set of 10 visits to XO-3b, for which the eclipse depth is known. We find that three of the methods (BLISS mapping, Pixel Level Decorrelation, and Independent Component Analysis) obtain results that are within three times the photon limit of the true eclipse depth. When averaged over the 10 epoch ensemble,  5 out of 7 techniques come within 60 ppm of the true value. Spitzer exoplanet data, if obtained following current best practices and reduced using methods such as those described here, can measure repeatable and accurate single eclipse depths, with close to photon-limited results.
SPECTROSCOPIC ORBITS FOR 15 LATE-TYPE STARS
Authors: Willmarth Daryl W. , Fekel Francis C. , Abt Helmut A. , Pourbaix Dimitri
Published: August 2016

Spectroscopic orbital elements are determined for 15 stars with periods from 8 to 6528 days with six orbits computed for the first time. Improved astrometric orbits are computed for two stars and one new orbit is derived. Visual orbits were previously determined for four stars, four stars are members of multiple systems, and five stars have Hipparcos “G” designations or have been resolved by speckle interferometry. For the nine binaries with previous spectroscopic orbits, we determine improved or comparable elements. For HD 28271 and HD 200790, our spectroscopic results support the conclusions of previous authors that the large values of their mass functions and lack of detectable secondary spectrum argue for the secondary in each case being a pair of low-mass dwarfs. The orbits given here may be useful in combination with future interferometric and Gaia satellite observations.
ULTRA-SHORT-PERIOD PLANETS IN K2 SUPERPIG RESULTS FOR CAMPAIGNS 0–5
Authors: Adams Elisabeth R. , Jackson Brian , Endl Michael
Published: August 2016

We analyzed data from Campaigns 0–5 of the K2 mission and report 19 ultra-short-period candidate planets with orbital periods of less than one day (nine of which have not been previously reported). Planet candidates range in size from 0.7 to 16 Earth radii and in orbital period from 4.2 to 23.5 hr. One candidate (EPIC 203533312, Kp = 12.5) is among the shortest-period planet candidates discovered to date (

hr), and, if confirmed as a planet, must have a density of at least

to not be tidally disrupted. Five candidates have nominal radius values in the sub-Jovian desert (

and

days) where theoretical models do not favor their long-term stability; the only confirmed planet in this range is thought to be disintegrating (EPIC 201637175). In addition to the planet candidates, we report on four objects that may not be planetary, including one with intermittent transits (EPIC 211152484) and three initially promising candidates that are likely false positives based on characteristics of their light curves and on radial velocity follow-up. A list of 91 suspected eclipsing binaries identified at various stages in our vetting process is also provided. Based on an assessment of our survey's completeness, we estimate an occurrence rate for ultra-short-period planets among K2 target stars that is about half that estimated from the Kepler sample, raising questions as to whether K2 systems are intrinsically different from Kepler systems, possibly as a result of their different galactic location.
IRON OPACITY BUMP CHANGES THE STABILITY AND STRUCTURE OF ACCRETION DISKS IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
Authors: Jiang(姜燕飞) Yan-Fei , Davis Shane W. , Stone James M.
Published: August 2016

Accretion disks around supermassive black holes have regions where the Rosseland mean opacity can be larger than the electron scattering opacity due to the large number of bound–bound transitions in iron. We study the effects of this iron opacity “bump” on the thermal stability and vertical structure of radiation-pressure-dominated accretion disks, utilizing three-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations in the local shearing box approximation. The simulations self-consistently calculate the heating due to MHD turbulence caused by magneto-rotational instability and radiative cooling by using the radiative transfer module based on a variable Eddington tensor in Athena. For a 5 × 108 solar mass black hole with ∼3% of the Eddington luminosity, a model including the iron opacity bump maintains its structure for more than 10 thermal times without showing significant signs of thermal runaway. In contrast, if only electron scattering and free–free opacity are included as in the standard thin disk model, the disk collapses on the thermal timescale. The difference is caused by a combination of (1) an anti-correlation between the total optical depth and the midplane pressure, and (2) enhanced vertical advective energy transport. These results suggest that the iron opacity bump may have a strong impact on the stability and structure of active galactic nucleus (AGN) accretion disks, and may contribute to a dependence of AGN properties on metallicity. Since this opacity is relevant primarily in UV emitting regions of the flow, it may help to explain discrepancies between observation and theory that are unique to AGNs.
SPACE-BASED MICROLENS PARALLAX OBSERVATION AS A WAY TO RESOLVE THE SEVERE DEGENERACY BETWEEN MICROLENS-PARALLAX AND LENS-ORBITAL EFFECTS
Authors: Han C. , Udalski A. , Lee C.-U. , Gould A. , Bozza V. , Szymański M. K. , Soszyński I. , Skowron J. , Mróz P. , Poleski R. , Pietrukowicz P. , Kozłowski S. , Ulaczyk K. , Wyrzykowski Ł. , Pawlak M. ,   (The OGLE Collaboration), Albrow M. D. , Chung S.-J. , Kim S.-L. , Cha S.-M. , Jung Y. K. , Kim D.-J. , Lee Y. , Park B.-G. , Ryu Y.-H. , Shin I.-G. , Yee J. C. ,   (The KMTNet Collaboration)
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we demonstrate the severity of the degeneracy between the microlens-parallax and lens-orbital effects by presenting the analysis of the gravitational binary-lens event OGLE-2015-BLG-0768. Despite the obvious deviation from the model based on the linear observer motion and the static binary, it is found that the residual can be almost equally well explained by either the parallactic motion of the Earth or the rotation of the binary-lens axis, resulting in the severe degeneracy between the two effects. We show that the degeneracy can be readily resolved with the additional data provided by space-based microlens parallax observations. By enabling us to distinguish between the two higher-order effects, space-based microlens parallax observations will not only make it possible to accurately determine the physical lens parameters but also to further constrain the orbital parameters of binary lenses.
ON THE THERMAL LINE EMISSION FROM THE OUTFLOWS IN ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCES
Authors: Xu Ya-Di , Cao Xinwu
Published: August 2016

The atomic features in the X-ray spectra of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) may be associated with the outflow, which may provide a way to explore the physics of the ULXs. We construct a conical outflow model and calculate the thermal X-ray Fe emission lines from the outflows. Our results show that thermal line luminosity decreases with increasing outflow velocity and/or opening angle of the outflow for a fixed kinetic power of the outflows. Assuming the kinetic power of the outflows to be comparable with the accretion power in the ULXs, we find that the equivalent width can be several eV for the thermal X-ray Fe emission line from the outflows in the ULXs with stellar-mass black holes. The thermal line luminosity is proportional to 1/M
bh (M
bh is the black hole mass of the ULX). The equivalent width decreases with the black hole mass, which implies that the Fe line emission from the outflows can hardly be detected if the ULXs contain intermediate-mass black holes. Our results suggest that the thermal X-ray Fe line emission should be preferentially be detected in the ULXs with high kinetic power slowly moving outflows from the accretion disks surrounding stellar-mass black holes/neutron stars. The recently observed X-ray atomic features of the outflows in a ULX may imply that it contains a stellar-mass black hole.
COMPARING EXTENDED SYSTEM INTERACTIONS WITH MOTIONS IN SOFTENED POTENTIALS
Authors: Barnes Eric I.
Published: August 2016

Using an N-body evolution code that does not rely on softened potentials, I have created a suite of unbound interacting cluster pair simulations. The motions of the centers of mass of the clusters have been tracked and compared to the trajectories of point masses interacting via one of four different softened potential prescriptions. I find that the relationship between the impact parameter of the cluster interaction and the point-mass softening length that best approximates each cluster’s center-of-mass motion depends on the adopted prescription. In general, the range of allowed softening lengths grows roughly linearly with the impact parameter, but zero softening is acceptable in the majority of situations. In an N-body simulation that adopts a fixed softening length, such relationships lead to the possibility of two-body effects, like dynamical friction, being either larger or smaller than the corresponding cluster situation. Further consideration of more specific N-body situations leads to estimating that a very small fraction of point-mass encounters experience two-body effects significantly different from those of equivalent clusters.
PITCH-ANGLE SCATTERING OF ENERGETIC CHARGED PARTICLES IN NEARLY CONSTANT MAGNITUDE MAGNETIC TURBULENCE
Authors: Sun P. , Jokipii J. R. , Giacalone J.
Published: August 2016

We use a method developed by Roberts that optimizes the phase angles of an ensemble of plane waves with amplitudes determined from a Kolmogorov-like power spectrum, to construct magnetic field vector fluctuations having nearly constant magnitude and large variances in its components. This is a representation of the turbulent magnetic field consistent with that observed in the solar wind. Charged-particle pitch-angle diffusion coefficients are determined by integrating the equations of motion for a large number of charged particles moving under the influence of forces from our predefined magnetic field. We tested different cases by varying the kinetic energy of the particles (E
p) and the turbulent magnetic field variance (

). For each combination of E
p and

, we tested three different models: (1) the so-called “slab” model, where the turbulent magnetic field depends on only one spatial coordinate and has significant fluctuations in its magnitude (

); (2) the slab model optimized with nearly constant magnitude b; and (3) the slab model turbulent magnetic field with nearly constant magnitude plus a “variance-conserving” adjustment. In the last case, this model attempts to conserve the variance of the turbulent components (

), which is found to decrease during the optimization with nearly constant magnitude. We found that there is little or no effect on the pitch-angle diffusion coefficient

between models 1 and 2. However, the result from model 3 is significantly different. We also introduce a new method to accurately determine the pitch-angle diffusion coefficients as a function of μ.
CONSTRAINTS ON THE DISTANCE MODULI, HELIUM AND METAL ABUNDANCES, AND AGES OF GLOBULAR CLUSTERS FROM THEIR RR LYRAE AND NON-VARIABLE HORIZONTAL-BRANCH STARS. I. M3, M15, AND M92
Authors: VandenBerg Don A. , Denissenkov P. A. , Catelan Márcio
Published: August 2016

Up-to-date isochrones, zero-age horizontal-branch (ZAHB) loci, and evolutionary tracks for core He-burning stars are applied to the color–magnitude diagrams of M3, M15, and M92, focusing in particular on their RR Lyrae populations. Periods for the ab- and c-type variables are calculated using the latest theoretical calibrations of

and

as a function of luminosity, mass, effective temperature (

), and metallicity. Our models are generally able to reproduce the measured periods to well within the uncertainties implied by the stellar properties on which pulsation periods depend, as well as the mean periods and cluster-to-cluster differences in

and

, on the assumption of well-supported values of

,

, and [Fe/H]. While many of RR Lyrae in M3 lie close to the same ZAHB that fits the faintest horizontal-branch (HB) stars at bluer or redder colors, the M92 variables are all significantly evolved stars from ZAHB locations on the blue side of the instability strip. M15 appears to contain a similar population of HB stars as M92, along with additional helium-enhanced populations not present in the latter which comprise most of its RR Lyrae stars. The large number of variables in M15 and the similarity of the observed values of

and

in M15 and M92 can be explained by HB models that allow for variations in Y. Similar ages (∼12.5 Gyr) are found for all three clusters, making them significantly younger than the field halo subgiant HD 140283. Our analysis suggests a preference for stellar models that take diffusive processes into account.
BREAKING THE CURVE WITH CANDELS: A BAYESIAN APPROACH TO REVEAL THE NON-UNIVERSALITY OF THE DUST-ATTENUATION LAW AT HIGH REDSHIFT
Authors: Salmon Brett , Papovich Casey , Long James , Willner S. P. , Finkelstein Steven L. , Ferguson Henry C. , Dickinson Mark , Duncan Kenneth , Faber S. M. , Hathi Nimish , Koekemoer Anton , Kurczynski Peter , Newman Jeffery , Pacifici Camilla , Pérez-González Pablo G. , Pforr Janine
Published: August 2016

Dust attenuation affects nearly all observational aspects of galaxy evolution, yet very little is known about the form of the dust-attenuation law in the distant universe. Here, we model the spectral energy distributions of galaxies at z ∼ 1.5–3 from CANDELS with rest-frame UV to near-IR imaging under different assumptions about the dust law, and compare the amount of inferred attenuated light with the observed infrared (IR) luminosities. Some individual galaxies show strong Bayesian evidence in preference of one dust law over another, and this preference agrees with their observed location on the plane of infrared excess (IRX,

/

) and UV slope (β). We generalize the shape of the dust law with an empirical model,

where k

λ
is the dust law of Calzetti et al., and show that there exists a correlation between the color excess

and tilt δ with

. Galaxies with high color excess have a shallower, starburst-like law, and those with low color excess have a steeper, SMC-like law. Surprisingly, the galaxies in our sample show no correlation between the shape of the dust law and stellar mass, star formation rate, or β. The change in the dust law with color excess is consistent with a model where attenuation is caused by scattering, a mixed star–dust geometry, and/or trends with stellar population age, metallicity, and dust grain size. This rest-frame UV-to-near-IR method shows potential to constrain the dust law at even higher redshifts (

).
MASS TRANSPORT AND TURBULENCE IN GRAVITATIONALLY UNSTABLE DISK GALAXIES. II. THE EFFECTS OF STAR FORMATION FEEDBACK
Authors: Goldbaum Nathan J. , Krumholz Mark R. , Forbes John C.
Published: August 2016

Self-gravity and stellar feedback are capable of driving turbulence and transporting mass and angular momentum in disk galaxies, but the balance between them is not well understood. In the previous paper in this series, we showed that gravity alone can drive turbulence in galactic disks, regulate their Toomre Q parameters to ∼1, and transport mass inwards at a rate sufficient to fuel star formation in the centers of present-day galaxies. In this paper we extend our models to include the effects of star formation feedback. We show that feedback suppresses galaxies’ star formation rates by a factor of ∼5 and leads to the formation of a multi-phase atomic and molecular interstellar medium. Both the star formation rate and the phase balance produced in our simulations agree well with observations of nearby spirals. After our galaxies reach steady state, we find that the inclusion of feedback actually lowers the gas velocity dispersion slightly compared to the case of pure self-gravity, and also slightly reduces the rate of inward mass transport. Nevertheless, we find that, even with feedback included, our galactic disks self-regulate to Q ∼ 1, and transport mass inwards at a rate sufficient to supply a substantial fraction of the inner disk star formation. We argue that gravitational instability is therefore likely to be the dominant source of turbulence and transport in galactic disks, and that it is responsible for fueling star formation in the inner parts of galactic disks over cosmological times.
THE X-RAY THROUGH OPTICAL FLUXES AND LINE STRENGTHS OF TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENTS
Authors: Roth Nathaniel , Kasen Daniel , Guillochon James , Ramirez-Ruiz Enrico
Published: August 2016

We study the emission from tidal disruption events (TDEs) produced as radiation from black hole accretion propagates through an extended, optically thick envelope formed from stellar debris. We analytically describe key physics controlling spectrum formation, and present detailed radiative transfer calculations that model the spectral energy distribution and optical line strengths of TDEs near peak brightness. The steady-state transfer is coupled to a solver for the excitation and ionization states of hydrogen, helium, and oxygen (as a representative metal), without assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium. Our calculations show how an extended envelope can reprocess a fraction of soft X-rays and produce the observed optical fluxes of the order of 1043 erg s−1, with an optical/UV continuum that is not described by a single blackbody. Variations in the mass or size of the envelope may help explain how the optical flux changes over time with roughly constant color. For high enough accretion luminosities, X-rays can escape to be observed simultaneously with the optical flux. Due to optical depth effects, hydrogen Balmer line emission is often strongly suppressed relative to helium line emission (with He ii-to-H line ratios of at least 5:1 in some cases) even in the disruption of a solar-composition star. We discuss the implications of our results to understanding the type of stars destroyed in TDEs and the physical processes responsible for producing the observed flares.
AN EMPIRICAL DETERMINATION OF THE INTERGALACTIC BACKGROUND LIGHT FROM UV TO FIR WAVELENGTHS USING FIR DEEP GALAXY SURVEYS AND THE GAMMA-RAY OPACITY OF THE UNIVERSE
Authors: Stecker Floyd W. , Scully Sean T. , Malkan Matthew A.
Published: August 2016

We have previously calculated the intergalactic background light (IBL) as a function of redshift from the Lyman limit in the far-ultraviolet to a wavelength of 5 μm in the near-infrared range, based purely on data from deep galaxy surveys. Here, we use similar methods to determine the mid- and far-infrared IBL from 5 to 850 μm. Our approach enables us to constrain the range of photon densities by determining the uncertainties in observationally determined luminosity densities and spectral gradients. By also including the effect of the 2.7 K cosmic background photons, we determine upper and lower limits on the opacity of the universe to γ-rays up to PeV energies within a 68% confidence band. Our direct results on the IBL are consistent with those from complimentary γ-ray analyses using observations from the Fermi γ-ray space telescope and the H.E.S.S. air Čerenkov telescope. Thus, we find no evidence of previously suggested processes for the modification of γ-ray spectra other than that of absorption by pair production alone.
CHROMOSPHERIC AND CORONAL WAVE GENERATION IN A MAGNETIC FLUX SHEATH
Authors: Kato Yoshiaki , Steiner Oskar , Hansteen Viggo , Gudiksen Boris , Wedemeyer Sven , Carlsson Mats
Published: August 2016

Using radiation magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the solar atmospheric layers from the upper convection zone to the lower corona, we investigate the self-consistent excitation of slow magneto-acoustic body waves (slow modes) in a magnetic flux concentration. We find that the convective downdrafts in the close surroundings of a two-dimensional flux slab “pump” the plasma inside it in the downward direction. This action produces a downflow inside the flux slab, which encompasses ever higher layers, causing an upwardly propagating rarefaction wave. The slow mode, excited by the adiabatic compression of the downflow near the optical surface, travels along the magnetic field in the upward direction at the tube speed. It develops into a shock wave at chromospheric heights, where it dissipates, lifts the transition region, and produces an offspring in the form of a compressive wave that propagates further into the corona. In the wake of downflows and propagating shock waves, the atmosphere inside the flux slab in the chromosphere and higher tends to oscillate with a period of ν ≈ 4 mHz. We conclude that this process of “magnetic pumping” is a most plausible mechanism for the direct generation of longitudinal chromospheric and coronal compressive waves within magnetic flux concentrations, and it may provide an important heat source in the chromosphere. It may also be responsible for certain types of dynamic fibrils.
The Impact of the Nasal Trauma in Childhood on the Development of the Nose in Future
Authors: Kopacheva-Barsova Gabriela , Arsova Slavica
Published: August 2016

AIM: To prevent and to treat nasal trauma in children properly, because it can lead to displacement or depression of the nasal bones or septum. Second, our aim was, for the patient to recognise and create a mature decision for eventual nose changes which will be made with the operative intervention or they are not mature enough and the decisions were made by their parents.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Our retrospective study was made at University Clinic for Ear, Nose and Throat, Faculty of Medicine, Ss Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in the period of 6 years (2005 -2016). Seventy-three patients were admitted with recent or previous nasal trauma or nasal deformity. The first group of 32 were children and adolescents from 6-14 years old who were admitted to our hospital because of recent nasal trauma. The second group of 41 children and adolescents from 6-14 years old were admitted to our hospital because of previous nasal trauma, which was not treated on time, or it was not treated properly. They were admitted to our clinic for surgical intervention septo/rhinoplasty. The second group of patients fills the brief psychological questioner prepared by Clinical psychiatrist from University Clinic of Psychiatry, in Skopje, and their psychological reactions were taken into consideration.RESULTS: Eleven of the children and adolescents who had nasal fracture without dislocation, who have no symptoms, minimal swelling, and no septal deviation or hematoma, were observed with a specific follow-up: 3 days after nasal fracture, then every week in the first month, after 1 month, and after 3 months period. Sixteen of children and adolescents who had a nasal fracture with subluxation of nasal septum were operated with closed reduction (repositio nasi) under general anaesthesia. The others with septal hematomas and subperichondrial abscess were treated as in adultsâ€™ patients. The second group of 41 children and adolescents from 6-14 years old consisted with with the previous nasal trauma which was not treated on time or it was improperly treated. In 24 (58.54%) of these patients septoplasty was performed and in 17 (41.46%) was performed rhino septoplasty.CONCLUSION:Often, difficult septal deformations in children are followed with deformation of the nasal pyramid (rhino scoliosis, rhino lordosis). In those cases, we cannot solve septal pathology without nasal pyramid intervention in the same time and opposite. Clinical reports have not produced solid evidence for the statement that septal surgery has no negative effect on nasal growth or can serve for correcting abnormal growth. The functional and esthetic problems of the patient, however, mean a continuous stimulus for further clinical and experimental investigations.Â
Etiopathogenesis of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinomas
Authors: Makazlieva Tanja , Vaskova Olivija , Majstorov Venjamin
Published: August 2016

INTRODUCTION: Thyroid malignomas are a heterogeneous group of neoplasm consisting of most frequent differentiated encountered carcinomas, papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma, then medullary thyroid carcinoma originating from neuroendocrine calcitonin-producing C-cells and rare forms of thyroid lymphomas arising from intrathyroidal lymphatic tissue, thyroid sarcomas and poorly differentiated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. There are increasing numbers of epidemiological studies and publications that have suggested increased incidence rate of thyroid carcinomas. We have read, analysed and compare available reviews and original articles investigating different etiological factors in the development of thyroid carcinomas through Google Scholar and PubMed Database.DISCUSSION: Aetiology involved in the development of thyroid carcinomas is multifactorial and includes external influences, as well as constitutional predispositions and genetic etiological factors. The actual effect of environmental and constitutional factors is on promoting genetic and epigenetic alterations which result in cell proliferation and oncogenesis. Until now are identified numerous genetic alterations, assumed to have an important role in oncogenesis, with MAPK and PI3K-AKT as crucial signalling networks regulating growth, proliferation, differentiation and cell survival/apoptosis. CONCLUSION: This new molecular insight could have a crucial impact on diagnosis and also on improving and selecting an appropriate treatment to the patients with thyroid malignancies.
Maternité et déficience visuelle : accession à la parentalité, soutien social, compétence parentale, dépression et représentations d’attachement
Authors: Becerra Ludivine , Candilis-Huisman Drina , Thoueille Édith , Wendland Jaqueline
Published: August 2016

Cette étude a exploré les caractéristiques du parcours d’accession à la parentalité des mères déficientes visuelles. Nous avons réalisé des entretiens structurés comprenant six questionnaires auprès de dix-sept mères accompagnées dans un service d’aide à la parentalité des personnes handicapées. Le parcours d’accession à la parentalité semble relativement classique malgré le handicap visuel, et les mères ont des représentations d’attachement principalement « détachées », avec un besoin d’indépendance. Toutefois, le besoin de soutien social se révèle d’une grande importance. La place des professionnels est essentielle dans ce réseau de soutien, et ces services spécialisés seraient à développer.
Le rôle du pouvoir formel du supérieur dans l’efficacité des stratégies de développement de la confiance auprès des subordonnés
Authors: Abid-Dupont Marie-Aude , Chandon Jean-Louis
Published: August 2016

Cette recherche cherche à identifier les leviers managériaux de production de confiance en fonction du contexte de la relation supérieur-subordonné. Une première étude exploratoire nous amène à postuler que le pouvoir formel du supérieur conditionne l’efficacité des deux stratégies de leadership participant au développement de la confiance, l’échange de ressources et l’appartenance à un collectif de travail. Une enquête par questionnaire auprès d’un échantillon d’anciens diplômés de grandes écoles d’ingénieurs françaises, confirme nos hypothèses, en montrant qu’un supérieur disposant d’un fort pouvoir formel doit privilégier l’échange de ressources comme principale stratégie de construction de la confiance. À l’inverse, un supérieur disposant d’un faible pouvoir doit favoriser l’appartenance au groupe pour construire la confiance. Notre recherche constitue une première validation empirique du rôle d’une variable contextuelle, le pouvoir formel, dans le développement de la confiance.
L’influence des primes ex-ante et des primes ex-post sur la motivation autonome au travail : le rôle médiateur de la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux et de la justice organisationnelle perçue
Authors: Fall Amar , Roussel Patrice
Published: August 2016

Cette recherche se propose d’analyser l’influence de primes variables individuelles sur la motivation autonome au travail. Dans ce but, elle examine le rôle médiateur de la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux et de la justice organisationnelle perçue. Les résultats issus d’analyses de régressions multiples réalisées sur un échantillon de 577 salariés montrent que les primes ex-ante et ex-post agissent positivement sur la motivation, mais à des degrés différents. Par ailleurs, les primes ex-post auraient un pouvoir explicatif légèrement supérieur de la motivation autonome au travail, en comparaison aux primes ex-ante. Les résultats montrent aussi que lorsque les trois besoins fondamentaux sont simultanément pris en considération dans un même modèle de régression, seules la satisfaction du besoin d’autonomie et la satisfaction du besoin d’appartenance sociale sont associées à la motivation autonome au travail. La satisfaction des trois besoins fondamentaux joue aussi un rôle de médiation entre les primes ex-post et la motivation, mais pour les primes ex-ante, seule la satisfaction du besoin d’autonomie médiatise sa relation avec la motivation autonome au travail. Pour la justice organisationnelle perçue, lorsque ses trois dimensions sont simultanément prises en considération dans un même modèle de régression, seules la justice procédurale et la justice interactionnelle sont associées à la motivation. En revanche, les dimensions de la justice jouent un rôle de médiation totale entre les primes ex-ante et la motivation et un rôle de médiation partielle entre les primes ex-post et la motivation autonome au travail.
La représentation de l’infans dans la psyché de sa mère
Authors: Blum Harold P.
Published: August 2016

La représentation mentale intrapsychique du nourrisson par sa mère existe avant la grossesse, se modifie en cours de grossesse et après la naissance. Les parents ont des attentes conscientes ainsi que des fantasmes inconscients vis-à-vis de leur bébé qui, souvent, ne correspondent pas à la réalité. En cas de désordres dans la relation parents-enfant, il est important d’intervenir de façon précoce pour corriger ce trouble et ainsi prévenir un futur développement pathogène. On illustre ici par un exemple clinique de représentations mentales ambivalentes et inconscientes d’une mère pour son bébé.
Suites et séquelles de l’intrusion maternelle
Authors: de Mijolla-Mellor Sophie
Published: August 2016

Derrière l’enfant réel gît une exigence démesurée : revivre avec un enfant issu de soi la relation idéale que l’on n’a pas connue – mais dont paradoxalement on garde la nostalgie – avec une mère elle-même idéale. Aussi le conflit ne manquera de surgir lorsque l’évolution de l’enfant le confrontera au fait qu’il n’est en réalité plus le même que le personnage auquel il était assigné à vie. L’incapacité à supporter la réalité et les limites de l’enfant conduit en retour à considérer la maternité comme une expérience qui requiert une réélaboration pulsionnelle. Celle-ci ne se limite pas à un refoulement des pulsions sexuelles et agressives mais implique leur sublimation.
Quels soins pour des enfants avec des manifestations autistiques dans nos services de psychiatrie de proximité ?
Authors: Apter Gisèle , Oguibénine Hélène , Medjkane François
Published: August 2016

Les très jeunes enfants présentant des troubles du spectre autistique ou à risque de troubles envahissants du développement nécessitent aujourd’hui une prise en charge intégrative mise à l’épreuve des connaissances. Celles-ci en pleine expansion dans les domaines de la recherche, génétique, biologique et cognitive restent cependant réduites en ce qui concerne les projets thérapeutiques. Nous proposons au regard des données actuelles, de l’histoire des traitements en psychopathologie dans les secteurs de psychiatrie infanto-juvénile et des besoins des familles, une prise en charge intégrative pluridisciplinaire en direction deS enfants et de leur famille afin de favoriser la reprise développementale des enfants dans leur environnement.