bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights into the Risk Factors and Outcomes of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome—Results from a Retrospective, Cross-Sectional Study in Romania
Authors: Bejan Ioana , Popescu Corneliu Petru , Ruta Simona Maria
Published: November 2024

Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (post-COVID-19) syndrome represents a cluster of persistent symptoms following Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that can severely affect quality of life. The pathogenic mechanisms and epidemiology in different regions are still under evaluation. To assess the outcomes of post-COVID-19 syndrome, we performed a questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study in previously infected individuals. Out of 549 respondents, (male:female ratio: 0.32), 29.5% had persistent symptoms at 3 months, 23.5% had persistent symptoms at 6 months, and 18.3% had persistent symptoms at 12 months after the initial infection. The most common symptoms included fatigue (8.7%), sleep disturbances (7.1%), and cognitive impairment (6.4%). The risk of developing post-COVID-19 syndrome increased for those with more symptoms in the acute phase (OR 4.24, p < 0.001) and those experiencing reinfections (OR 2.405, p < 0.001), while SARS-CoV-2 vaccination halved the risk (OR = 0.489, p = 0.004). Individuals with post-COVID-19 syndrome had a 5.7-fold higher risk of being diagnosed with a new chronic condition, with 44% reporting cardiovascular disease, and a 6.8-fold higher likelihood of needing medical care or leave. Affected individuals reported significant impairments in mobility, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, with 20.7% needing to adjust their work schedules. Overall, patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome require ongoing monitoring and rehabilitation, and further socio-economic impact studies are needed.
Verbascum ponticum (Stef.) Extract Induces Lung Cancer Apoptosis via Mitochondrial-Dependent Apoptosis Pathway
Authors: Faris Pawan S.
Published: November 2024

Non-small-cell lung carcinoma remains a significant health concern due to its high incidence and mortality rates. Traditional medicines play a central role in cancer therapy, with plant-derived bioactive compounds being studied for their potential to offer fewer side effects than conventional treatments. In traditional Kurdish medicine, different Verbascum species are used to treat burns, inflammation, and other conditions. While some species extracts have shown cytotoxic effects against several cancer cell lines like A549, the efficacy and mechanisms of action of the other species like Verbascum ponticum (V. ponticum) remain to be elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of V. ponticum (Stef.) extract, collected from the Kurdistan region of the Iraq mountains, on A549 cells. A comprehensive approach was employed, utilizing immunocytochemical and functional analyses to assess apoptotic morphology, DNA fragmentation, alongside assays for cellular and mitochondrial function, proliferation, and viability. Additionally, the study investigated AIF mitochondrial translocation and evaluated mitochondrial membrane potential using the Rhodamine 123 assay. The results showed that the V. ponticum flower extract induced mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells via disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of AIF, and translocation to the nucleus, independently of the caspase-3-activation pathway. These findings emphasize the potential of V. ponticum in lung cancer strategic treatments, meriting further phytochemical studies to identify the bioactive compounds it contains.
Impact of Soot on Internal Combustion Engine Lubrication—Oil Condition Monitoring, Tribological Properties, and Surface Chemistry
Authors: Agocs Adam , Frauscher Marcella , Ristic Andjelka , Dörr Nicole
Published: November 2024

In the study at hand, a systemic investigation regarding the tribochemical effects of crankcase soot is presented. Sooted oils were generated via an engine dynamometer test. Both conventional as well as advanced oil condition monitoring methods indicated a mild degradation of additives. The wear volume was greatly increased with the sooted oils in model tribometer tests, despite the high residual zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) antiwear (AW) levels. Once the soot was removed via ultracentrifugation, the wear volume returned to levels comparable to the fresh oil. Surface investigations revealed that ZDDP tribofilms could not form in the sooted oils, as only a thin sulfide layer was present on the metal surfaces. Meanwhile, typical tribofilms were observable with centrifuged oils. The results indicated that a tribocorrosive mechanism is most likely responsible for the elevated wear in the sooted oils, where only the iron sulfide base layer of ZDDP films is formed, which is then rapidly removed by the soot particles in an abrasive manner.
5,5’-Selenobis(1-benzyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-4-carbaldehyde)
Authors: Grosjean Emeline , Rizet Julien , Arabi Aliabadi Shekoufeh , Azéma-Despeyroux Joelle , Hoffmann Pascal , Lherbet Christian
Published: November 2024

Selenium compounds have garnered significant attention in the field of medicinal chemistry due to their unique biochemical properties and potential therapeutic applications for different pathologies. In this study, we report the synthesis of a new selenylated bis-pyridone compound using SeO2 as the source of selenium. Detailed 1H and 13C NMR characterizations and mass spectral analysis are given.
Effect of Flax By-Products on the Mechanical and Cracking Behaviors of Expansive Soil
Authors: Lazorenko Georgy , Kasprzhitskii Anton , Mischinenko Vasilii , Fedotov Alexandr , Kravchenko Ekaterina
Published: November 2024

Expansive soils, prone to significant volume changes with moisture fluctuations, challenge engineering infrastructure due to their swelling and shrinking. Traditional stabilization methods, including mechanical and chemical treatments, often have high material and environmental costs. This study explores fibrous by-products of flax processing, a sustainable alternative, for reinforcing expansive clay soil. Derived from the Linum usitatissimum plant, flax fibers offer favorable mechanical properties and environmental benefits. The research evaluates the impact of flax tow (FT) reinforcement on enhancing soil strength and reducing cracking. The results reveal that incorporating up to 0.6% randomly distributed FTs, consisting of technical flax fibers and shives, significantly improves soil properties. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased by 29%, with 0.6% FT content, reaching 525 kPa, compared to unreinforced soil and further flax tow additions, which led to a decrease in UCS. This reduction is attributed to diminished soil–fiber interactions and increased fiber clustering. Additionally, flax tows effectively reduce soil cracking. The crack length density (CLD) decreased by 6% with 0.4% FTs, and higher concentrations led to increased cracking. The crack index factor (CIF) decreased by 71% with 0.4% flax tows but increased with higher FT concentrations. Flax tows enhance soil strength and reduce cracking while maintaining economic and environmental efficiency, offering a viable solution for stabilizing expansive clays in geotechnical applications.
In Situ Monitoring of Anodic Acidification Process Using 3D μ-XCT Method
Authors: Zeng Chaoqun , Qin Shanshan , Deng Zhijun , Zhu Miaochang
Published: November 2024

Debonding of the primary anode caused by anodic acidification is one of the major failure modes of the impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) system in reinforced concrete structures. This study used 3D micro X-ray computed tomography (μ-XCT) to monitor the in situ evolution of the anodic acidification-affected zone. Samples were scanned after 0 to 40 days of the accelerated anodic acidification test. The anodic acidification-affected zone was identified in μ-XCT images using the gray level segmentation method. The total volume of this zone was measured using the 3D reconstruction method. It was found that detailed 3D information can be extracted using the 3D reconstruction method. The spatial heterogeneity was analyzed using this reconstructed volume information. The Faraday efficiency was calculated and found to increase after 20 days of operation. It was also found that the affected zone was proportional to the input electrical energy. The proposed model is useful for estimating the durability of an ICCP system.
Electrical Conductivity as an Informative Factor of the Properties of Liposomal Systems with Naproxen Sodium for Transdermal Application
Authors: Musiał Witold , Caddeo Carla , Jankowska-Konsur Alina , Passiu Giorgio , Urbaniak Tomasz , Twarda Maria , Zalewski Adam
Published: November 2024

Liposomal preparations play an important role as formulations for transdermal drug delivery; however, the electrical conductivity of these systems is sparingly evaluated. The aim of the study was to outline the range of the values of electrical conductivity values that may be recorded in the future pharmaceutical systems in the context of their viscosity. The electrical conductivity, measured by a conductivity probe of k = 1.0 cm−1, and the dynamic viscosity of liposomal and non-liposomal systems with naproxen sodium, embedded into a methylcellulose hydrophilic gel (0.25%), were compared with data from preparations without naproxen sodium in a range reflecting the naproxen sodium concentrations 0.1·10−2–9.5·10−2 mol/L. The specific conductivity covered a 1.5 μS·cm−1–5616.0 μS·cm−1 range, whereas the viscosity ranged from 0.9 to 9.4 mPa·s. The naproxen sodium highly influenced the electrical conductivity, whereas the dynamic viscosity was a moderate factor. The observed phenomena may be ascribed to the high mobility of sodium ions recruited from naproxen sodium and the relatively low concentrations of applied methylcellulose. The assembly of lecithin in liposomes may have lowered the specific conductivity of the systems with naproxen sodium. These measurements will be further developed for implementation as simple assays of the concentrations of active pharmaceutical ingredient in release experiments of preparations proposed for dermatological applications.
The Synthesis of a Large Stokes-Shift Dye and Intercalation into the Nanochannels of Zeolite L
Authors: Walther Fabian , Ecker Achim , Brühwiler Dominik , Bornand Marc
Published: November 2024

A host–guest-based fluorescent composite with a large Stokes shift was synthesized by intercalating 2,2′-(thiophene-2,5-diyl)bis(benzo[d]oxazol-6-amine) (BBTA) into the nanochannels of zeolite L (ZL) and sealing the pores with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES). To confirm the orientation of the amino groups in BBTA, a single crystal of 2,5-bis(6-nitrobenzo[d]oxazol-2-yl)thiophene (BBTN) was grown and examined by X-ray crystallography. The evidence of successful intercalation of BBTA into the nanochannels of ZL was provided by fluorescence spectrometry, gas sorption and fluorescence microscopy. BBTA showed a Stokes shift of 6641 cm−1 (157 nm) in ethanol and 4611 cm−1 (93 nm) in toluene. The BBTA-ZL composite (BBTA-ZL-s) showed a Stokes shift of 5677 cm−1 (123 nm) in toluene, and 5450 cm−1 (124 nm) in ethanol. In addition, the degree of loading was determined and stability against leaching was confirmed. We report the synthesis of this novel composite dye material with potential applications where free dyes are not applicable and which retains a large Stokes shift, independent of its chemical environment.
Hydrogen Trapping at Fe/Cu Interfaces
Authors: Hammer Philipp , Militzer Matthias , Razumovskiy Vsevolod I.
Published: November 2024

Copper (Cu) in steel production can be a residual element, causing challenges during steel processing, as well as an alloying element, improving corrosion resistance and providing hardenability by nanosized precipitates. For the transition toward a green economy, increased recycling rates in steel production and alternative energy carriers, such as hydrogen, are of vital importance. As hydrogen is known for its embrittling effect on high-strength steels, this work sought to explore possible mitigation strategies for hydrogen embrittlement (HE) with the help of Cu precipitates. Hydrogen trapping at Cu/Fe interfaces following the complex phase transformations in the Cu precipitation sequence from body-centered cubic (bcc) to the so-called 9R structure to face-centered cubic (fcc) was addressed by a series of systematic density functional theory calculations. In combination with thermodynamic calculations, the pressing question regarding which of the precipitate structures was most desirable for the tackling of HE was alluded to. We found that hydrogen trapping at the Cu/Fe interfaces increased from −0.05 to −0.18 eV following the precipitation sequence. Despite this relatively weak hydrogen trapping, which was in the range of dislocations, we showed through thermodynamic calculations that fcc Cu precipitates could still contribute to lowering the risk of triggering the hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) mechanism of HE.
Efficiency Analysis and Optimization of Two-Speed-Region Operation of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Taking into Account Iron Loss Based on Linear Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Authors: Shchur Ihor , Biletskyi Yurii , Kopchak Bohdan
Published: November 2024

In this article, the linear non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach is used to mathematically describe the energy regularities of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM), taking into account iron loss. The IPMSM is considered a linear power converter (PC) that is multiple-linearized at operating points with a given angular velocity and load torque. A universal description of such a PC by a system of dimensionless parameters and characteristics made it possible to analyze the perfection of energy conversion in the object. For IPMSM, taking into account iron loss, a mathematical model of the corresponding PC has been built, and an algorithm and research program have been developed, which is valid in a wide range of machine speed regulations. This allows you to choose the optimal points of PC operation according to the maximum efficiency criteria and obtain the efficiency maps for IPMSM in different speed regions. The results of the studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for determining the references of the d and q components of the armature current for both the loss-minimization strategy at the constant torque range of motor speed and the flux-weakening strategy in the constant power range.
TF-BAPred: A Universal Bioactive Peptide Predictor Integrating Multiple Feature Representations
Authors: Wu Zhenming , Guo Xiaoyu , Sun Yangyang , Su Xiaoquan , Zhao Jin
Published: November 2024

Bioactive peptides play essential roles in various biological processes and hold significant therapeutic potential. However, predicting the functions of these peptides is challenging due to their diversity and complexity. Here, we develop TF-BAPred, a framework for universal peptide prediction incorporating multiple feature representations. TF-BAPred feeds original peptide sequences into three parallel modules: a novel feature proposed in this study called FVG extracts the global features of each peptide sequence; an automatic feature recognition module based on a temporal convolutional network extracts the temporal features; and a module integrates multiple widely used features such as AAC, DPC, BPF, RSM, and CKSAAGP. In particular, FVG constructs a fixed-size vector graph to represent the global pattern by capturing the topological structure between amino acids. We evaluated the performance of TF-BAPred and other peptide predictors on different types of peptides, including anticancer peptides, antimicrobial peptides, and cell-penetrating peptides. The benchmarking tests demonstrate that TF-BAPred displays strong generalization and robustness in predicting various types of peptide sequences, highlighting its potential for applications in biomedical engineering.
An Analysis of the Lie Symmetry and Conservation Law of a Variable-Coefficient Generalized Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff Equation in Nonlinear Optics and Plasma Physics
Authors: Miao Shu , Yin Zi-Yi , Li Zi-Rui , Pan Chen-Yang , Wei Guang-Mei
Published: November 2024

In this paper, the symmetries and conservation laws of a variable-coefficient generalized Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff (vcGCBS) equation are investigated by modeling the propagation of long waves in nonlinear optics, fluid dynamics, and plasma physics. A Painlevé analysis is applied using the Kruskal-simplified form of the Weiss–Tabor–Carnevale (WTC) method, which shows that the vcGCBS equation does not possess the Painlevé property. Under the compatibility condition (a1(t)=a2(t)), infinitesimal generators and a symmetry analysis are presented via the symbolic computation program designed. With the Lagrangian, the adjoint equation is analyzed, and the vcGCBS equation is shown to possess nonlinear self-adjointness. Based on its nonlinear self-adjointness, conservation laws for the vcGCBS equation are derived by means of Ibragimov’s conservation theorem for each Lie symmetry.
Hypersingular Integral Equations Encountered in Problems of Mechanics
Authors: Mkhitaryan Suren M. , Matevossian Hovik A. , Kanetsyan Eghine G. , Mkrtchyan Musheg S.
Published: November 2024

In the paper, for hypersingular integral equations with new kernels, a solution is constructed using an approach based on Chebyshev orthogonal polynomials and the principle of contraction mappings. Integrals in hypersingular integral equations are understood in the sense of Hadamard finite-part integrals. The hypersingular integral equations under consideration in some cases of kernels are solved exactly in closed form using the Chebyshev orthogonal polynomial method, and with other kernels by the same method, they are reduced to infinite systems of linear algebraic equations. In addition, hypersingular integral equations with the kernels considered in the article are reduced to finite systems of linear algebraic equations using Gauss–Chebyshev type quadrature formulas. To assess the effectiveness of the two methods, a comparative analysis of the results for hypersingular integral equations with the corresponding kernels is carried out.
Effects of Marine-Derived Components on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Gut Microbiota Diversity
Authors: Lamminpää Ingrid , Amedei Amedeo , Parolini Cinzia
Published: November 2024

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which comprise coronary heart disease, hypertension, and stroke, collectively represent the number one cause of death globally. Atherosclerosis is the dominant cause of CVDs, and its risk factors are elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides, hypertension, cigarette smoking, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. In addition, diverse evidence highlights the role played by inflammation and clonal haematopoiesis, eventually leading to immunity involvement. The human microbiota project and subsequent studies using next-generation sequencing technology have indicated that thousands of different microbial species are present in the human gut. Disturbances in the gut microbiota (GM) composition, i.e., gut dysbiosis, have been associated with diseases ranging from localised gastrointestinal disorders to metabolic and cardiovascular illnesses. Of note, experimental studies suggested that GM, host immune cells, and marine-derived ingredients work together to ensure intestinal wall integrity. This review discusses current evidence concerning the links among GM, marine-derived ingredients, and human inflammatory disease. In detail, we summarise the impact of fish-derived proteins/peptides and algae components on CVD risk factors and gut microbiome. Furthermore, we describe the interplay among these dietary components, probiotics/prebiotics, and CVDs.
Design of High-Performance Electrospun Membranes for Protective Clothing Applications
Authors: Filimon Anca , Serbezeanu Diana , Rusu Daniela , Bargan Alexandra , Lupa Lavinia
Published: November 2024

The integration of nanomaterials into the textile industry has significantly advanced the development of high-performance fabrics, offering enhanced properties such as UV blocking, fire resistance, breathability, hydrophobicity, antimicrobial activity, and dust rejection. In this context, our research explores the development and characterization of electrospun membranes composed of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and various polyimides (PIs (1–6)), focusing on their application in protective clothing. The combination of phosphorus-containing polyimides and PEEK, along with the electrospinning process, enhances the distinctive properties of both PEEK and polyimides, leading to composite membranes that stand out according to key parameters essential for maintaining physiological balance. The structural and morphological characteristics of these membranes have been evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify the functional groups and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine their morphology. These analyses provide critical insights into these materials’ properties, which influence key performance parameters such as moisture management, breathability, and barrier functions. The membranes’ breathability and impermeability were assessed through the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), contact angle measurements, water and air permeability, and flame resistance tests. The results obtained indicate that PEEK/polyimide composite membranes meet the complex requirements of modern protective textiles, ensuring both safety and comfort for users through their optimized structural properties and enhanced functional capabilities.
Comparison of Strengthening Mechanism of the Nb, V, and Nb-V Micro-Alloyed High-Strength Bolt Steels Investigated by Microstructural Evolution and Strength Modeling
Authors: Wen Hui , Wang Qian , Dou Yueyuan , Wang Qiang , Xu Xiaochun , Wang Qingfeng
Published: November 2024

The strengthening mechanism of Nb, V, and Nb-V micro-alloyed high-strength bolt steels was investigated and compared using microstructural evolution and strength modeling. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the microstructure and precipitations. The results show that Nb-V composite micro-alloyed steel possessed a higher yield strength compared with Nb or V micro-alloyed steel when quenched at 870 °C and tempered at 450–650 °C. Furthermore, the strength increment of Nb-V micro-alloyed steel with respect to Nb or V micro-alloyed steel reached the maximum at a tempering temperature of 600 °C, and precipitation strengthening and dislocation strengthening presented higher strength contributions in Nb-V micro-alloyed steel than in Nb micro-alloyed steel and V micro-alloyed steel owing to the higher volume fraction and finer precipitate size. When V was added in combination with Nb in steel, the number of Nb-rich carbonitrides increased, which resulted in a higher volume fraction of the effective pinning particles-Nb-rich (Ti,Nb,V)(C,N) with diameters smaller than 50 nm and led to an enhanced refinement of the prior austenite grain. In addition, Nb could reduce the consumption of V during quenching, allowing more V to be solid-solved in the matrix after quenching, thereby further enhancing the precipitation strengthening effect of V during tempering.
Leflunomide-Induced Weight Loss: Involvement of DAHPS Activity and Synthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids
Authors: Guo Xiaoyu , Wang Kai , Chen Hongli , Wang Na , Qiu Dongmei , Huang Haiyun , Luo Jiyu , Xu Ao , Xu Lingyun , Yu Zejun , Li Yuanyuan , Zhang Hongling
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Leflunomide, an isoxazole immunosuppressant, is widely used in the treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) as well as lupus nephritis (LN). In recent years, clinical data have shown that some patients have obvious weight loss, liver injury, and other serious adverse reactions after taking leflunomide. However, the causes and mechanisms by which leflunomide reduces weight are unclear. Methods: Therefore, we used a mouse animal model to administer leflunomide, and we observed that the weight of mice in the leflunomide experimental group was significantly reduced (p < 0.01). In this animal experiment, a metabolomic method was used to analyze the livers of the mice in the experimental group and found that the main difference in terms of metabolic pathways was in the metabolism of aromatic amino acids, and it was confirmed that leflunomide can inhibit the limitations of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis. Results: Our study revealed that leflunomide inhibited the activity of DAHPS in the gut microbiota, disrupting the metabolism of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan, as well as the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Leflunomide also increased endoplasmic reticulum stress by activating the PERK pathway, thereby promoting CHOP expression and increasing apoptosis-induced liver damage. Conclusions: These effects may be related to the observed weight loss induced by leflunomide.
Eukaryotic Microalgae Communities from Tropical Karstic Freshwater Lagoons in an Anthropic Disturbance Gradient Microscopic and Metagenomic Analysis
Authors: Rosaldo-Benitez Vanessa , Ayil-Chan Gerardo A. , Labrín-Sotomayor Natalia , Valdéz-Ojeda Ruby , Peña-Ramírez Yuri J.
Published: November 2024

The Yucatan aquifer sustains the people living in the Mayan forest and its associated fauna. Human activities threaten water quality and the environmental services associated with it. To assess the eukaryotic microalgae community structure as a bioindicator of water quality, we employed a combined approach of microscopic and shotgun metagenomics to identify specific genera associated with shifts in physicochemical parameters in three permanent lagoons located in Campeche, Mexico. We could identify highly complex and diverse communities independent of human activity intensity, harboring an average of 362 genera at each lagoon. Of those, 85 were affected by alkalinity, carbonates, water hardness, and cyanuric acid levels. Some genera, like Nannochloropsis and Thraustotheca, showed significant negative correlations with lead concentration. The functional annotation of genes revealed these communities’ highly diverse metabolic capabilities and the pending work for extensive genomic characterization of rare clades.
Regulatory Standard for Determining Preoperative Skin Preparation Efficacy Underreports True Dermal Bioburden in a Porcine Model
Authors: Duffy Hannah R. , Ashton Nicholas N. , Blair Abbey , Hooper Nathanael , Stulce Porter , Williams Dustin L.
Published: November 2024

Medical device companies and regulatory bodies rely on a nondestructive bacterial sampling technique specified by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM E1173-15) to test preoperative skin preparations (PSPs). Despite the widespread use of PSPs, opportunistic skin-flora pathogens remain the most significant contributor to surgical site infections, suggesting that the ASTM testing standard may be underreporting true dermal bioburden. We hypothesized that ASTM E1173-15 may fail to capture deep skin-dwelling flora. To test this hypothesis, we applied ASTM E1173-15 and a full-thickness skin sampling technique, which we established previously through application to the backs of seven pigs (Yorkshire/Landrace hybrid) following a clinically used PSP (4% chlorhexidine gluconate). The results showed that samples quantified using the full-thickness skin method consistently cultured more bacteria than the ASTM standard, which principally targeted surface-dwelling bacteria. Following PSP, the ASTM standard yielded 1.05 ± 0.24 log10 CFU/cm2, while the full-thickness tissue method resulted in 3.24 ± 0.24 log10 CFU/cm2, more than a 2 log10 difference (p < 0.001). Immunofluorescence images corroborated the data, showing that Staphylococcus epidermidis was present in deep skin regions with or without PSP treatment. Outcomes suggested that a full-thickness sampling technique may better evaluate PSP technologies as it resolves bioburdens dwelling in deeper skin regions.
Differential Cytotoxic Effects of Cell-Free Supernatants of Emerging Pathogens Escherichia albertii and Escherichia fergusonii on Four Cell Lines Reveal Vero Cells as a Putative Candidate for Cytotoxicity Analysis
Authors: Srinivas Kandhan , Ghatak Sandeep , Puro Kekungu-u , Hussain Zakir , Prasad Mosuri Chendu Bharat , Milton Arockiasamy Arun Prince , Pakyntein Careen Liza , Bhargavi Dadimi , Das Samir , Angappan Madesh , Lyngdoh Vanita , Khan Sabia , Kader Nur Abdul , Ramshon Umjerksiar
Published: November 2024

Escherichia albertii and Escherichia fergusonii are recognized as emerging pathogens with zoonotic potential. Despite their increasing importance, there is a paucity of data on the cytotoxicity of these two pathogens. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the cytotoxic potentials of the cell-free supernatants from 10 E. albertii and 15 E. fergusonii isolates for their cytotoxic effects on four different cell lines (CHO, Vero, HeLa, and MDCK). All E. albertii isolates (100%) and all but one E. fergusonii (93.33%) were cytotoxic. E. albertii isolates produced similar cytotoxicity titres across the cell lines, whereas the Vero cell was found to be the most sensitive to toxins produced by E. fergusonii (p < 0.05), followed by HeLa and CHO cells. MDCK was the least sensitive cell line to E. fergusonii toxins (p < 0.05). PCR detection of cytotoxicity-associated genes (cdtB, stx1, and stx2) indicated uniform possession of cdtB gene by all E. albertii isolates, while stx1 and stx2 genes were harboured neither by E. albertii, nor E. fergusonii. Taken together, our results provided experimental evidence of the cytotoxic effects of these two emerging pathogens, and Vero cells were identified as an optimal candidate to study the cytotoxic effects of E. albertii and E. fergusonii.
The Colonization of Synthetic Microbial Communities Carried by Bio-Organic Fertilizers in Continuous Cropping Soil for Potato Plants
Authors: Zhang Wenming , Li Shiqing , Zhang Pingliang , Han Xuyan , Xing Yanhong , Yu Chenxu
Published: November 2024

Synthetic microbial communities (SynComs) play significant roles in soil health and sustainable agriculture. In this study, bacterial SynComs (SCBs) and fungal SynComs (SCFs) were constructed by selecting microbial species that could degrade the potato root exudates associated with continuous cropping obstacles. SCBs, SCFs, and SCB + SCF combinations were then inoculated into organic fertilizers (OFs, made from sheep manure) to produce three bio-organic fertilizers (BOFs), denoted by SBFs (BOFs of inoculated SCBs), SFFs (BOFs of inoculated SCFs), and SBFFs (BOFs of inoculated SCB + SCF combinations), respectively. The OF and three BOFs, with a chemical fertilizer (CK) as the control, were then used in pot experiments involving potato growth with soil from a 4-year continuous cropping field. Microbial diversity sequencing was used to investigate the colonization of SCBs and SCFs into the rhizosphere soil and the bulk soil, and their effects on soil microbial diversity were evaluated. Source Tracker analysis showed that SCBs increased bacterial colonization from the SBFs into the rhizosphere soil, but at a relatively low level of 1% of the total soil bacteria, while SCFs increased fungi colonization from the SFF into the bulk soil at a much higher level of 5–18% of the total soil fungi. In combination, SCB + SCF significantly increased fungi colonization from the SBFF into both the bulk soil and the rhizosphere soil. Overall, the soil fungi were more susceptible to the influence of the BOFs than the bacteria. In general, the application of BOFs did not significantly change the soil microbial alpha diversity. Correlation network analysis showed that key species of bacteria were stable in the soils of the different groups, especially in the rhizosphere soil, while the key species of fungi significantly changed among the different groups. LEfSe analysis showed that the application of BOFs activated some rare species, which were correlated with improvements in the function categories of the tolerance of stress, nitrogen fixation, and saprotroph functions. Mantel test analysis showed that the BOFs significantly affected soil physicochemical properties, influencing bacterial key species, and core bacteria, promoting potato growth. It was also noted that the presence of SynCom-inoculated BOFs may lead to a slight increase in plant pathogens, which needs to be considered in the optimization of SynCom applications to overcome continuous cropping obstacles in potato production.
Organic Farming Enhances Diversity and Recruits Beneficial Soil Fungal Groups in Traditional Banana Plantations
Authors: Oliveira Maria Cristina O. , Alves Artur , Ragonezi Carla , de Freitas José G. R. , Pinheiro De Carvalho Miguel A. A.
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the impact of organic (OF) and conventional farming (CF) on soil fungal communities in banana monoculture plantations on Madeira Island. We hypothesized that OF promotes beneficial fungal groups over harmful ones, sustaining soil health. Soil samples were collected from six plantations (three OF and three CF) for ITS amplicon sequencing to assess fungal diversity. Results showed that OF significantly enhanced fungal alpha-diversity (Shannon–Wiener index) and Evenness. The phylum Ascomycota dominated OF systems, while Basidiomycota prevailed in CF. Mortierella, a beneficial genus, was abundant in OF and is observed in CF but was less evident, being the genus Trechispora the most well represented in CF agrosystems. Additionally, OF was associated with higher soil pH and Mg levels, which correlated positively with beneficial fungal groups. Functional analysis revealed that OF promoted saprotrophic fungi, crucial for the decomposition of organic matter and nutrient cycling. However, both systems exhibited low levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, likely due to high phosphorus levels. These findings suggest that organic practices can enhance soil fungal diversity and health, although attention to nutrient management is critical to further improving soil–plant–fungi interactions.
Anthocyanin-Rich Extract Mitigates the Contribution of the Pathobiont Genus Haemophilus in Mild-to-Moderate Ulcerative Colitis Patients
Authors: Zobrist Yannik , Doulberis Michael , Biedermann Luc , Leventhal Gabriel E. , Rogler Gerhard
Published: November 2024

Anthocyanins (ACs) have been shown to elicit anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects in animal models of ulcerative colitis (UC). Furthermore, we previously observed in a double-blind randomized trial in UC patients that biochemical disease activity tended to be lower in patients that were exposed to AC. Here, we report on the changes in the fecal microbiome composition in these patients upon AC exposure. UC patients received a 3 g daily dose of an AC-rich bilberry extract (ACRE) for eight weeks. We determined the microbiome composition in longitudinal stool samples from 24 patients and quantified the degree of change over time. We also correlated the relative abundances of individual microbial taxa at different timepoints to fecal concentrations of calprotectin, a proxy for inflammation. Microbiome composition did not change over time as a result of the intervention, in terms of both alpha and beta diversity. However, before the intervention, the abundance of Haemophilus parainfluenzae was positively correlated with fecal calprotectin concentrations, and this correlation persisted in placebo-treated subjects throughout the study. In contrast, the correlation between H. parainfluenzae and calprotectin vanished in ACRE-treated subjects, while the relative abundance of H. parainfluenzae did not change. Our results suggest that ACRE treatment mitigates the contribution of H. parainfluenzae to inflammation. Further research is warranted to better comprehend the role of microbial composition in response to medical therapy including AC-rich extract in UC patients.
Genomic Insights of Wheat Root-Associated Lysinibacillus fusiformis Reveal Its Related Functional Traits for Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Petroleum Products
Authors: Diabankana Roderic Gilles Claret , Zhamalbekova Akerke Altaikyzy , Shakirova Aigerim Erbolkyzy , Vasiuk Valeriia Igorevna , Filimonova Maria Nikolaevna , Validov Shamil Zavdatovich , Safin Radik Ilyasovich , Afordanyi Daniel Mawuena
Published: November 2024

The negative ecological impact of industrialization, which involves the use of petroleum products and dyes in the environment, has prompted research into effective, sustainable, and economically beneficial green technologies. For green remediation primarily based on active microbial metabolites, these microbes are typically from relevant sources. Active microbial metabolite production and genetic systems involved in xenobiotic degradation provide these microbes with the advantage of survival and proliferation in polluted ecological niches. In this study, we evaluated the ability of wheat root-associated L. fusiformis MGMM7 to degrade xenobiotic contaminants such as crude oil, phenol, and azo dyes. We sequenced the whole genome of MGMM7 and provided insights into the genomic structure of related strains isolated from contaminated sources. The results revealed that influenced by its isolation source, L. fusiformis MGMM7 demonstrated remediation and plant growth-promoting abilities in soil polluted with crude oil. Lysinibacillus fusiformis MGMM7 degraded up to 44.55 ± 5.47% crude oil and reduced its toxicity in contaminated soil experiments with garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). Additionally, L. fusiformis MGMM7 demonstrated a significant ability to degrade Congo Red azo dye (200 mg/L), reducing its concentration by over 60% under both static and shaking cultivation conditions. However, the highest degradation efficiency was observed under shaking conditions. Genomic comparison among L. fusiformis strains revealed almost identical genomic profiles associated with xenobiotic assimilation. Genomic relatedness using Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) revealed that MGMM7 is distantly related to TZA38, Cu-15, and HJ.T1. Furthermore, subsystem distribution and pangenome analysis emphasized the distinctive features of MGMM7, including functional genes in its chromosome and plasmid, as well as the presence of unique genes involved in PAH assimilation, such as phnC/T/E, which is involved in phosphonate biodegradation, and nemA, which is involved in benzoate degradation and reductive degradation of N-ethylmaleimide. These findings highlight the potential properties of petroleum-degrading microorganisms isolated from non-contaminated rhizospheres and offer genomic insights into their functional diversity for xenobiotic remediation.
The Rhizobacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens MHR24 Has Biocontrol Ability Against Fungal Phytopathogens and Promotes Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Hernández-Rodríguez Mónica , Jasso-de Rodríguez Diana , Hernández-Castillo Francisco Daniel , Moggio Ivana , Arias Eduardo , Valenzuela-Soto José Humberto , Flores-Olivas Alberto
Published: November 2024

A novel rhizobacteria Bacillus was isolated from rhizosphere of soil associated with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) under open field conditions. The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MHR24 (MHR24) is a promising biocontrol agent against several fungal phytopathogens. In this research, MHR24 was characterized by an effective antagonistic ability against Alternaria alternata (Aa), Botrytis cinerea (Bc), Fusarium oxysporum F1 (F1), F. oxysporum F2 (F2), F. oxysporum R3 (F3), and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Sc). In particular, MHR24 showed a strong inhibition via airborne volatiles against Bc, F3, Aa, and F2 fungal strains. MHR24 also showed elevated saline stress tolerance at 1% and 25% to NaCl and KCl. The molecular sequence analysis of 16S rDNA confirmed the identity of the isolate as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain MHR24. Bioassays on Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 inoculated with MHR24 showed in in vitro conditions that MHR24 significantly increases the foliar and root area, while in growth chamber conditions, it strongly increases the dry shoot biomass of A. thaliana. The observed results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens MHR24 has a broad-spectrum biocontrol against fungal phytopathogens and can be used as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent to improve horticultural crops.
The Core Story: Intertwined Maternal and Progeny Signatures Enclosed in the Otolith
Authors: Lord Clara , Berland Sophie , Haÿ Vincent , Keith Philippe
Published: November 2024

Analytical imaging via synchrotron analysis was used to study sagittal otoliths of four freshwater pipefish species exhibiting amphidromous or freshwater resident lifestyles. We undertook a hyperfine elemental scanning of a 25 μm diameter length area centred on the core, namely the pre-hatch zone, corresponding to the sagitta formed during embryogenesis. We analysed calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and sulphur (S), with the latter serving to count growth increments. Whatever the species, a Ca pit consistently marked the core; the amphidromous species exhibited Mn enrichment at the core and the sagitta formed a week before hatching. These results illustrate common otolith formation mechanistic processes. Sr and heavy metals’ signals in the pre-hatch zone were compared to their signal in the edge of the otolith, an area encompassing the adult freshwater (adFW) environmental signature. We found that Co and Ni otolith signals had no relation to environmental conditions, but it is worth looking into Cr as a marker of early-life environment. While we caution against the use of a Sr:Ca ratio for life history interpretations at the core because of the Ca pit, the Sr signal analysis uncovered possible variations in the parental behaviour that potentially trigger newly-hatched juvenile migration to sea or residency. Finally, our results demonstrate that the microchemistry of otolith formation during early development is a melting of maternal signal during egg yolk elaboration, of the environmental signal during egg incubation, and of individual physiology during early growth.
Preliminary Beneficiation Studies of Quartz Samples from the Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Zhang Hanyu , Dzemua Gideon Lambiv , Liu Qi
Published: November 2024

Three quartz-rich geologic materials—vein quartz from the Great Bear Magmatic Zone, massive quartz from the Nechalacho rare earth deposit, and quartz sands from the Chedabucto silica sand deposit along the shores of the Northern Arm of the Great Slave Lake, Northwest Territories of Canada—were evaluated for their amenability to physical beneficiation into high-purity quartz (HPQ). The samples were subjected to various treatment processes, including crushing, grinding, calcining and quenching, acid leaching, wet high-intensity magnetic separation (WHIMS), and reverse flotation. After treatment, both the core and sand quartz samples met the requirements for HPQ, making them suitable for use in the production of semiconductor filters, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and optical glass. However, the Al-bearing impurity content in the vein quartz products remained relatively high, and most of these impurities were dispersed in the quartz lattice, requiring further processing to meet the purity standards for HPQ required by these industries.
Synthesis and Enhanced Electrocatalytic Activity of Platinum and Palladium-Based Nanoflowers Supported on Reduced Graphene Oxide
Authors: Shen Jiefa , Xie Ruigang , Zhang Sai , Chen Daixiang , Yan Shenghu , Zhou Lingli , Wang Jiayin
Published: November 2024

Graphene-supported flower-shaped platinum and palladium nanomaterials assisted by hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide have been successfully developed. Compared with the catalyst reduced by the redox reaction between metal precursors and graphene oxide, the flower-shaped catalyst obtained using reduction in active hydrogen atoms exhibits enhanced catalytic activity in alcohol electrocatalytic oxidation reactions. Repeated cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry tests both indicate that the prepared catalyst has excellent stability.
Anti-Aging and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Compounds from Fresh Panax ginseng Roots: A Study on TNF-α/IFN-γ-Induced Skin Cell Damage
Authors: Kang Minseo , Park Somin , Son So-Ri , Noh Yedam , Jang Dae Sik , Lee Sullim
Published: November 2024

Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) is renowned for its health-promoting properties, attributed to its bioactive compounds, including saponins, polyphenols, and polysaccharides, which possess both antioxidant and anti-aging activities. This study investigated the anti-aging and anti-inflammatory effects of compounds isolated from the hot water extract of fresh P. ginseng roots, evaluating their resistance to TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced skin cell damage. Among 14 compounds, ginsenoside Rf (compound 2) showed significant multi-target effects. In NHDFs, ginsenoside Rf and others effectively reduced intracellular ROS, demonstrating strong antioxidant properties. Additionally, they inhibited MMP-1 expression, a key enzyme in collagen degradation, and promoted pro-collagen Type I synthesis, countering the negative effects of TNF-α and supporting skin health. Further analysis showed that ginsenoside Rf reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines like IL-1β and IL-6, exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects. It also promoted the expression of crucial skin barrier proteins, including LOR, AQP3, FLG, and KRT1 in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated NHEKs, enhancing skin hydration and structural integrity. These results suggest that compounds from P. ginseng roots, especially ginsenoside Rf, hold promise as skincare agents targeting skin aging and inflammation. Future research should further explore their mechanisms and optimize their applications in dermatological treatments.
Electric Field-Enhanced SERS Detection Using MoS2-Coated Patterned Si Substrate with Micro-Pyramid Pits
Authors: Ko Tsung-Shine , Hsieh Hsiang-Yu , Lee Chi , Chen Szu-Hung , Chen Wei-Chun , Wang Wei-Lin , Lin Yang-Wei , Wu Sean
Published: November 2024

This study utilized semiconductor processing techniques to fabricate patterned silicon (Si) substrates with arrays of inverted pyramid-shaped micro-pits by etching. Molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) was then deposited on these patterned Si substrates using a thermal evaporation system, followed by two-stage sulfurization in a high-temperature furnace to grow MoS2 thin films consisting of only a few atomic layers. During the dropwise titration of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) solution, a longitudinal electric field was applied using a Keithley 2400 (Cleveland, OH, USA) source meter. Raman mapping revealed that under a 100 mV condition, the analyte R6G molecules were effectively confined within the pits. Due to its two-dimensional structure, MoS2 provides a high surface area and supports a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) charge transfer mechanism. The SERS results demonstrated that the intensity in the pits of the few-layer MoS2/patterned Si SERS substrate was approximately 274 times greater compared to planar Si, with a limit of detection reaching 10−5 M. The experimental results confirm that this method effectively resolves the issue of random distribution of analyte molecules during droplet evaporation, thereby enhancing detection sensitivity and stability.