bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RAD-QTL Mapping Reveals Both Genome-Level Parallelism and Different Genetic Architecture Underlying the Evolution of Body Shape in Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) Species Pairs
Authors: Laporte Martin , Rogers Sean M , Dion-Côté Anne-Marie , Normandeau Eric , Gagnaire Pierre-Alexandre , Dalziel Anne C , Chebib Jobran , Bernatchez Louis
Published: May 2015

Parallel changes in body shape may evolve in response to similar environmental conditions, but whether such parallel phenotypic changes share a common genetic basis is still debated. The goal of this study was to assess whether parallel phenotypic changes could be explained by genetic parallelism, multiple genetic routes, or both. We first provide evidence for parallelism in fish shape by using geometric morphometrics among 300 fish representing five species pairs of Lake Whitefish. Using a genetic map comprising 3438 restriction site−associated DNA sequencing single-nucleotide polymorphisms, we then identified quantitative trait loci underlying body shape traits in a backcross family reared in the laboratory. A total of 138 body shape quantitative trait loci were identified in this cross, thus revealing a highly polygenic architecture of body shape in Lake Whitefish. Third, we tested for evidence of genetic parallelism among independent wild populations using both a single-locus method (outlier analysis) and a polygenic approach (analysis of covariation among markers). The single-locus approach provided limited evidence for genetic parallelism. However, the polygenic analysis revealed genetic parallelism for three of the five lakes, which differed from the two other lakes. These results provide evidence for both genetic parallelism and multiple genetic routes underlying parallel phenotypic evolution in fish shape among populations occupying similar ecological niches.
Tumor-Induced Rickets in a Child With a Central Giant Cell Granuloma: A Case Report
Authors: Fernández-Cooke Elisa , Cruz-Rojo Jaime , Gallego Carmen , Romance Ana Isabel , Mosqueda-Peña Rocio , Almaden Yolanda , Sánchez del Pozo Jaime
Published: May 2015

Tumor-induced osteomalacia/rickets is a rare paraneoplastic disorder associated with a tumor-producing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). We present a child with symptoms of rickets as the first clinical sign of a central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) with high serum levels of FGF23, a hormone associated with decreased phosphate resorption. A 3-year-old boy presented with a limp and 6 months later with painless growth of the jaw. On examination gingival hypertrophy and genu varum were observed. Investigations revealed hypophosphatemia, normal 1,25 and 25 (OH) vitamin D, and high alkaline phosphatase. An MRI showed an osteolytic lesion of the maxilla. Radiographs revealed typical rachitic findings. Incisional biopsy of the tumor revealed a CGCG with mesenchymal matrix. The CGCG was initially treated with calcitonin, but the lesions continued to grow, making it necessary to perform tracheostomy and gastrostomy. One year after onset the hyperphosphaturia worsened, necessitating increasing oral phosphate supplements up to 100 mg/kg per day of elemental phosphorus. FGF23 levels were extremely high. Total removal of the tumor was impossible, and partial reduction was achieved after percutaneous computed tomography–guided radiofrequency, local instillation of triamcinolone, and oral propranolol. Compassionate use of cinacalcet was unsuccessful in preventing phosphaturia. The tumor slowly regressed after the third year of disease; phosphaturia improved, allowing the tapering of phosphate supplements, and FGF23 levels normalized. Tumor-induced osteomalacia/rickets is uncommon in children and is challenging for physicians to diagnose. It should be suspected in patients with intractable osteomalacia or rickets. A tumor should be ruled out if FGF23 levels are high.
Evaluation and Management of ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction and Shock
Authors: Chang Lee , Yeh Robert ,   Department of Medicine,   Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, GRB800, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114, US. E: RYEH@mgh.harvard.edu
Published: May 2015

Cardiogenic shock is the deadliest complication of acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Prompt recognition and intervention are critical for patient survival. The diagnosis of cardiogenic shock is primarily a clinical one based on signs and symptoms of low cardiac output and heart failure, and can be confirmed with placement of a pulmonary arterial catheter. Vasopressor and inotropic therapies are typically required, and in severe cases, an intra-aortic balloon pump can provide additional haemodynamic support. Although mortality for cardiogenic shock associated with ST-elevation myocardial infarction remains high, early reperfusion strategies primarily via percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery have led to improved outcomes.
Fatigue and post-fatigue monotonic behaviour of partially prestressed concrete beams
Authors: Song Li , Hou Jian , Yu Zhiwu
Published: May 2015

The objective of this work was to study the fatigue and post-fatigue monotonic behaviour of partially prestressed concrete (PPC) beams with a high degree of prestress. Eleven large PPC beams were tested under fatigue and monotonic loading. The effects of applied load level and severity of fatigue damage on the beams' fatigue and post-fatigue monotonic behaviour were studied and analysed. The results indicated that the fatigue behaviour of beams with a high degree of prestress was dependent on the applied load level. For an optimum and safe design, the applied load level should be less than 1·28 times the cracking load, the maximum crack width should be limited to 0·20 mm and the initial maximum stress range of non-prestressed reinforcing bars before repeated loading should be less than 170 MPa. The post-fatigue monotonic behaviour of beams was related to the severity of fatigue damage prior to the monotonic test. Low fatigue damage was found to have only a slight impact on the monotonic behaviour of the beams, whereas medium and high fatigue damage respectively reduced the ultimate strength by up to 15·2% and 18·0% and increased the deformability ductility index by up to 18·6% and 41·0%.
Relaciones entre la pérdida de agua, suelos y semillas en zonas acarcavadas : influencia de la pendiente
Authors: Cerdá A. , García-Fayos P.
Published: May 2015

By means of simulated rainfall experiments, the dynamics of the soil, water and seed losses are studied in degraded soils of gullies. The runoff discharge reached after 40 minutes atan intensity of 55 mm h1 is very high. Ponding and runojf are almost instantaneous and the runojf curves are very steep because the low infiltration rates (2 mm h1 ). The aforementioned characteristics together with the high erodibility of the soils (sediment concentration is higher than 70 g l-1 ) result in very high erosion rates (3 Kg m2 h1 ). On the other hand, the seed losses are very low. Further studies will be necessary to explain the non-existence and the non-regeneration of the vegetation cover in the gullies.
The time to ponding and time to runoff has a positive relationship (r2 = O, 71), as does the runo.ff sediment concentration and the erosion rates (r2 = 0,83). Less defined relationships exist between the runo.ff coef ficient and the erosion rate (r2 =0,35), the erosion rate and seed losses (r2 = 0,26), and the runoff coefficient and seed losses (r2 = 0,58).
Revegetación natural en taludes de pistas forestales (Sistema Ibérico, La Rioja, España)
Authors: Larrea V. , Arnáez Vadillo J. , Ortigosa L.
Published: May 2015

In this paper the authors describe the dynamic and the spatial organization of the natural revegetation on road-sides of hillroads. They show the existence of significant differences in the percentage of vegetal cover between the road-cuts (F1) and the debris of the first meters downslope of the road (F2), and they establish the recolonization strategies. Altitude, road-sides gradient, and erosion processes are very influential in the develop of the revegetation.
Estudio espacial y temporal de las tendencias de la lluvia en la Comunidad Valenciana (1961-1990)
Authors: Luis M. de , González-Hidalgo J. C. , Raventós J. , Cortina J. , Sánchez J. R.
Published: May 2015

We analysed temporal and spatial trends in rainfall volume and concentration from 96 pluviometric stations in the Region of Valencia (E. Spain) from 1961 to 1990. The main results of analysis are the following: 1) We find a decrease in annual rainfall in 43% of the stations studied. Variability in rainfall volume remains unchanged or increase (52% and 38% of the stations respectively). 2) Monthly rainfall concentration shows no temporal trend in 41% of the stations and a gradual increase in 39% of the stations. Similar figures are obtained for variability in rainfall concentration. 3) In areas with low average rainfall (semiarid climate), annual rainfall volume increases or remain unchanged, whereas, in are as with high average precipitation (dry to subhumid climate) a negative trend dominate. 4) We discuss results in relation to predictions from GCM studies and to the origin of the rainfall events.
Variabilidad espacial de la pérdida de solutos en un polígono de regadío de Bardenas durante una campaña de riesgo
Authors: Lasanta Martínez T. , Mosch W. , Pérez Rontomé M. C. , Maestro Martínez M. , Machín Gayarre J.
Published: May 2015

Salute concentration from an irrigated area has been studied during the summer of 1999. Total sediment outputs are 8.4 times greater than inputs, largely corresponding to dissolved salts. The spatial distribution of salute concentration shows two different areas: In the first one SO42 Ca2+ and Mg 2+ ions prevail, while in the second one the highest concentrations correspond to Na+ -HCO3 and Cl-. The role of crops and irrigation management is discussed as solute sources.
Las explotaciones auríferas romanas del río de las Huelgas y su influencia en la transformación del paisaje (el ejemplo de Veguelina de Cepeda, León)
Authors: González Gutiérrez R. B.
Published: May 2015

In this paper we are going to study a Roman Gold Mine located in the middle course of Huelgas river, Tuerto’s tributary by its left side. Tbe aim is to have a knowledge about a concrete space, which has been organized and transformed by the extractive gold works. This roman planning regional has remained until nowadays in spite of news human activities (reafforestations) which are destroying this antique mines and because of the current unknowledgement.
Desarrollo sostenible, turismo rural y parques culturales
Authors: Bielza V.
Published: May 2015

In this paper the author shows the changes observed in the rural areas from the traditional agriculture until the pluriactive agriculture. The touristic possibilities of the rural areas) and specially of the Mediterranean mountain) are argued according to the theory of the sustainable development. Finally) the author explains functions and characteristics of the cultural parks.
Procesos geomórficos históricos y su relación con la actividad humana en el Pirineo central español
Authors: García Ruiz J. M. , Valero Garcés B. L.
Published: May 2015

The Central Spanish Pyrenees show a great diversity of geomorphic processes in relation with topographic and climatic heterogeneity and according to the strong altitudinal gradient. Human activity in the last millenniums has contributed to disturb the original landscape and its hydromorphological dynamics: the upper forest belt was eliminated by means of Jire during the Middle Age, in order to enlarge the extent of summer pastures; and the hillslopes located under 1600 m were cultivated in heavy topographic conditions, being frequently burnt in order to improve the quality of pastures. At present, evidences of this human activity are visible everywhere; in the subalpine belt mass movements and dense rill networks caused the loss of many soils and the expansion of gelifluxion terracettes; in middle mountain, overland flow has much increased the soil surface stoniness, and debris flows of different size have developed on the hillslopes and on the river channels. Rivers show a strong torrentiality, prevailing unstable channels and coarse sediment transport. The authors apport information on some historical geomorphic processes, related with human activity.
Procesos erosivos intensos en las áreas marginales de la Depresión del Ebro y el Pirineo : Interpretación de los patrones de la vegetación
Authors: Guerrero-Campo J.
Published: May 2015

This article reviews the current knowledge about erosion processes in badlands and other strongly eroded areas in the northern half of Aragón (Spain), from the Middle Ebro Basin to the Pyrenees. The four most extensive lithologies with the strongest erosion processes were selected: pure gypsum from the Central Ebro Valley, Miocene clays from Hoya de Huesca and Somontano, Eocen marls from the Prepyrenees and Eocen flysch from the Pyrenees. The climate of each substratum was studied, as well as the most important edaphic and lithological characteristics in arder to explain the erosion processes. Sorne information about erosion rates and vegetation characteristics from each substratum were included. Also vegetation patterns in these areas and their interactions with erosion processes and other factors were interpretted.
Very strong differences between the lythologies were found. Pure gypsum has high infiltration and low erosion rates, but the ion exportation by dissolution is high. These characteristics and the low annual rainfall mean that the vegetation has to resist a high water stress. The vegetation pattern is very uniform and topography is the most important factor to explain this.
However, in the gullies of eocen marls, infiltration is very low anderosion rates are very high. These strong erosion processes cause formation of a mosaic with stable, depositional and eroded areas in close proximity to each other. This implies that the vegetation is very heterogeneous in small spatial scales, and typically there is a "species mixture".
Generally, Miocen clays are characteristic between eocen marls and pure gypsum, and the characteristics of eocen flysch are usually similar to eocen marls.
Influencia de los embalses sobre el régimen fluvial en los Pirineos Centrales
Authors: López Moreno J. I. , García Ruiz J. M.
Published: May 2015

Changes on river flow regimes downstream of reservoirs or multireservoir systems located in the Central Pyrenees (between Aragón river and Noguera Pallaresa river) is studied. The reservoir management aims to store water during a part of the year in order to release relatively high flows for agricultural or hydropower purposes. A high variability in the intensity of the fluvial regime change and in the seasonality of the released discharges has been observed. The impounded ratio index, the aim of the reservoir and the location of the reservoir into the multireservoir system explain most of the observed variance in the study area.
Aplicación de las tablas de contingencia (Cross-Tab analysis) al análisis espacial de tendencias climáticas en el sector oriental de la Península Ibérica
Authors: Luís M. de , Vicente S. M. , González Hidalgo J. C. , Raventós J.
Published: May 2015

We suggest cross-tab analysis to study the spatial distribution-overlapping trend between climate elements. We present two examples of such overlapping, in which we compared the spatial distribution of annual rainfall trend with spatial distribution of trend of maximum daily event and spatial distribution of annual rainfall variability. In the first ones (Comunidad de Valencia, E of Spain) we find a complex relationship between annual rainfall trend and daily maximum rainfall trend. In the second ones (Depresión del Ebro, NE inland of Spain) the relationship between annual rainfall trend and annual rainfall variability trend suggest that futures scenarios could be more and more non-predictable.
Las formaciones vegetales colonizadoras de los espacios quemados prepirenaicos
Authors: Pérez Cabello F. , Ibarra Benlloch P.
Published: May 2015

Se analiza la respuesta fisionómica y florística de una serie de comunidades vegetales representativas del Prepirineo oscense, afectadas por incendios forestales a mediados de la década de los ochenta. Teniendo en cuenta la superficie ocupada por estratos y el recubrimiento de las especies más representativas de cada comunidad, se realizan análisis comparativos entre las formaciones vegetales postincendio y parcelas control no afectadas. Los resultados finales muestran la enorme resilencia de las comunidades analizadas, lo que coincide con la mayor parte de los estudios recientes sobre regeneración en zonas quemadas del ámbito mediterráneo. Sólo en el caso de las formaciones que sustituyen a las comunidades de Pinus sylvestris se han detectado diferencias significativas en relación con las comunidades no afectadas. No obstante, las formaciones que aparecen en los espacios quemados presentan un importante incremento de la cubierta de matorral (acusado incremento de Genista scorpius) y una mayor presencia de especies herbáceas competitivas.
La cuenca experimental del Izas, Pirineo Aragonés
Authors: Alvera B.
Published: May 2015

En este articulo se describe la instrumentación de la cuenca experimental de Izas y algunos de los resultados obtenidos hasta la fecha. La cuenca de Izas es representativa de las condiciones ambientales de la alta montaña mediterránea (vertiente sur del Pirineo central), con una abundante innivación y temperaturas extremas.
Relación entre las tendencias temporales de producción y transporte de sedimentos y las condiciones climáticas en una pequeña cuenca de la montaña mediterránea (Vallcebre, Pirineos orientales)
Authors: Regüés D. , Balasch J. C. , Castelltort X. , Soler M. , Gallart F.
Published: May 2015

La cuenca de Vallcebre (cabecera del río Llobregat) muestra una importante variedad de usos del suelo y ambientes geomorfológicos: bosques, pastos, terrazas cultivadas y abandonadas, y cárcavas. Esto ha llevado a la selección de tres cuenca integradas (Cal Rodó, Ca L'lsard y Can Vila) equipadas para cuantificar la producción de escorrentía y sedimento en distintas condiciones. Además se dispuso una red de pluviómetros y dos estaciones meteorológicas en la cuenca. Las zonas acarcavadas, únicamente presentes en las cuencas de Cal Rodó y Ca L'Isard, son relativamente pequeñas pero muy activas, por dos motivos: una precipitación abundante (924 mm año-1) y unas elevadas tasas de meteorización en invierno. Entre septiembre de 1994 y diciembre de 1999 fueron registradas unas 350 crecidas en las estaciones de Cal Rodó y Ca L'Isard. En la estación de Can Vila solamente fueron registradas una pocas decenas de crecidas, ya que no estuvo completamente equipada hasta junio de 1998, en este caso la ausencia de cárcavas quedó evidenciada por la baja producción de sedimentos. Con el fin de estudiar las tendencias temporales del transporte de sedimentos se realizaron análisis de correlaciones, en las que se relacionaron los parámetros sedimentológicos con los hidrológicos, considerando las variables a diferentes escalas temporales (evento individual, mes, estación y año). Los resultados muestran que las tasas de transporte dependen de las condiciones climáticas estacionales, directamente de la distribución de las precipitaciones e indirectamente de los regímenes anuales de humedad y temperatura, que afectan a la dinámica de meteorización en las cárcavas. La principal conclusión relacionada con la escala temporal sugiere que los resultados y su interpretación dependen de la estación o el año considerado. La tasa media de erosión puede cambiar por un evento individual, porque aproximadamente el 90 % del transporte se produce en un 2 % de las crecidas y un 17 % de la precipitación total. Esto significa que, en estas zonas de cárcavas, la distribución y características de las precipitaciones (no la cantidad total) con respecto a la dinámica de meteorización en las cárcavas, son los principales factores que controlan las tasas de erosión y el transporte.
Respuesta hidrológica en los medios semiáridos : las cuencas experimentales en la Sierra de Picarcho, Murcia
Authors: Castillo V. M. , Gómez Plaza A. , Martínez-Mena M. , Albaladejo J.
Published: May 2015

La hidrología de las zonas semiáridas se caracteriza por la escasez e irregularidad de los eventos hidrometeorológicos y por la extrema variabilidad espacio-temporal de sus factores de control. Las cuencas experimentales de la Sierra del Picarcho (Cieza, Murcia) se establecieron en 1997 para estudiar los factores que controlan la generación de escorrentía en distintas escalas de trabajo, analizar la variabilidad de estos factores y desarrollar, y validar, modelos hidrológicos de simulación adaptados a estos ambientes. En el artículo se presentan los datos de escorrentía superficial obtenidos durante los tres primeros años de funcionamiento y se discute los factores de control a escala de parcela y de cuenca. También se estudia la evolución temporal de la humedad del suelo en la cuenca y se identifican qué factores la regulan.
Water resources and environmental change in Spain. A key issue for sustainable integrated catchment management
Authors: Gallart F. , Llorens P.
Published: May 2015

There are many evidences of water resources diminution in different parts of Spain for the period 1921-99, representing in average a 0.4% per year. This diminution has been claimed to be the result of the increasing irrigation and the climate variability. The main land use and cover change in Spanish mountain areas has been, since the middle of the XX century, the afforestation subsequent to land abandonment, both spontaneous and supported by Spanish and European policies. The causal links between the increase in forest land cover and decrease in water yield have been largely demonstrated at the experimental catchment scale, although there is less evidence of these links at the operational scale. The analysis of the water balance of several Spanish catchments during the last 50 years, showed that the main part of the observed decreases in flow are not explained by increases in water consumption by irrigation or by climate variability, but should be attributed to a change in the response of the headwaters. The relationships between change in forest cover and water flow decrease for these catchments were found similar to the relationships described elsewhere as experimental results. The management of land cover should be therefore taken into account for a true integrated catchment management.
Soil moisture in oak-wood and pinewood of the Moncayo (Iberian Range, Spain)
Authors: Echeverría T. , Ibarra P. , Martínez J.
Published: May 2015

Water behaviour in forest soils, an oak-wood (Quercus pyrenaica) and a pine-wood (Pinus sylvestris) located on the northern side of the Moncayo Massif (Sistema Ibérico, Zaragoza, Spain) is analysed in this study. The results demonstrate the different behaviour of water in the soils of the two forests subject to study. Soil moisture values correspond to the different depths (dead leaves, 0-5, 5-10 and 10-15 cm) and at different times during the year, and are related to climatic parameters such as rain -fall and temperature, linked phenologically to the presence of canopy and soil cover, pointing out the texture and quantity of organic matter in each of the defined depths. A clear seasonal behaviour of soil moisture in relation to climatic and phenological factors is observed in both forests. Soil moisture is always higher in the pine-wood in the upper subhorizons (0-5 and 5-10 cm), and in the oak-wood in the lower ones (10-15 cm).
Rainfall interception by Holm Oaks in Mediterranean open woodland
Authors: Mateos B. , Schnabel S.
Published: May 2015

The role of holm oaks (Quercus rotundifolia) in the redistribution of precipitation was studied in the dehesas, a landuse system widespread in the southwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula. It consists of pastureland with an openly spaced tree cover. Measurements of through-flow and stemflow were carried out in the Guadalperalón study catchment, and data of three hydrological years are available on an event basis. The effect of tree pruning on interception was also investigated, an activity carried out in intervals of approximately 10 years. Four trees were selected for monitoring, two non-pruned and two pruned individuals. Throughfall was measured with a total number of 163 raingauges distributed in a regular grid below the tree canopies, and meteorological data was registered in intervals of 5 minutes. On average 26.8% of the annual rainfall is intercepted. The pruned trees intercept clearly less rainfall than the unpruned ones, with 23.6% and 29.9%, respectively. Stemflow is of little importance, representing less than 1% of the annual precipitation. The spatial variation of throughfall is high and is mainly related with morphological characteristics of the tree canopy, though the effect of wind could also be demonstrated. On an event basis, throughfall is mainly controlled by the amount of precipitation and to a minor degree by rainfall intensity, temperature and air humidity. Although individual holm oaks intercept a considerable amount of rainfall, the importance on the water balance of the catchment is small due to the low tree density. With a canopy cover of 8%, the water loss due to interception constitutes only 4% of the annual precipitation.
Runoff generation on abandoned fields in the Central Ebro Basin. Results from rainfall simulation experiments
Authors: Ries J. B. , Langer M.
Published: May 2015

In the semi-arid Central Ebro basin experimental rainfall simulations with a small mobile jet rainfall simulator according to Calvo et al. (1988), Lasanta et al. (1994 and 2000) were carried out on abandoned fields near María de Huerva to investigate the conditions of runoff generation and local erodibility. On the silty soils, susceptible to soil sealing and crusting very divergent rates of runoff and erosion rates caused by water are found. On the crusted young fallow land runoff coefficients range between 20 and 95%, erosion rates range between 9 and 460 gm-2 in the experiments. The start of runoff was recorded between the second and fifth minute. Soil surface sealing leads to a decrease in infiltration rates and a consequent increase in runoff in comparison to freshly tilled agricultural fields. On the old fallow land, values range from 0 to 76% and 0 to 78 gm-2 depending on other parameters such as slope and the activity of the edaphon. The start of runoff was recorded between the third and the fifteenth minute. A remarkable fact is that material delivery does not significantly decrease with increasing vegetation cover. Only with a vegetation cover of over 60% does material output decrease obviously. The runoff rates show the same order of magnitude than those recorded by Lasanta et al. (2000) in abandoned fields near Peñaflor, but the erosion rates in María de Huerva are significantly lower.
Estimating low flow frequencies in the mid to late 21st century for two basins in Central Wales
Authors: Mountain N. C. , Jones J. A. A.
Published: May 2015

The research reported here uses a methodology that has been developed to generate riverflow scenarios for future climate change from GCMs. The method involves simulation of daily flows to assess the degree of change in flow frequencies, lengths of low flow periods and seasonal distributions in catchments in mid-Wales under two climate change scenarios derived from the Hadley Centre HadCM2 GCM. The method consists of: (1) establishing statistical relationships between interval-scale airflow indices (vorticity, the strength of the geostrophic wind, and its zonal and meridional directional components) and recorded precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) for the period of instrumental record within each catchment, (2) using the derived transitional probabilities and correlations as input to a daily Stochastic Weather Generator, and (3) inputting this synthesised daily weather sequence into a physicallybased hydrological simulation model (HYSIM). Split-sample tests indicate good agreement between predicted and recorded daily flow frequencies, with a Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency criterion of 0.7 for daily flows and 0.9 for monthly totals. The results suggest that there will be increased frequency of low flow days during the summer and a slight increase in the length of individual low flow spells.
El niño driven climate variability and drainage anomalies in Patagonian region Argentina
Authors: Scarpati O. E. , Spescha L. , Fioriti M. J. , Capriolo A. D.
Published: May 2015

Forecasting of interannual and seasonal variability of hydrological processes is very important when planification of water resources is involved.The hydrological cycle and the climate system are intimately linked, and the knowledge of the atmospheric general circulation disturbances allows the mentioned forecast. It is increasingly clear that hydrological variability can be interpreted in terms of large-scale climatic anomalies-such as those associated with El Niño/Souther Oscillation (ENSO), and that there are strong relationships between hydrological anomalies in different parts of the world. Environmental and human characteristics of Patagonian region also contribute to its vulnerability to changes in water availability. Important characteristics are large demand for water supply, extensive development in floodplains, vulnerable groundwater supplies, water-quality problems, dependence on rain fed agriculture, and extensive dependence on hydroelectricity. Regions where water is already scarce during part or along the whole year are especially vulnerable to the disruption of supply caused by such climatic variability as prolonged or intense droughts. This paper describes the relationship between ENSO and river discharges of several Patagonian basins. The period with the highest discharge was selected and the accumulated anomalies of the river discharges were used as hydrological variable. The indexes considered were the sea surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific Ocean as a function of El Niño3 (90°W-180 ° W; 5°N-5°S) on the Tropical Pacific Ocean, and the Multivariate ENSO Index (MEI). The results were evaluated with a simple linear regression model. They showed a relationship between ENSO (as function of SST) and annual discharges, while MEI index has no significant results.
Uranium contamination of fluvial systems. Mechanisms and processes. Part I : geochemical mobility of uranium along the water path, the Koekemoerspruit (South Africa) as a case study
Authors: Winde F.
Published: May 2015

Tailings deposits from gold- and uranium mining usually contain elevated amounts of radioactive and chemotoxical heavy metals. By seepage dissolved uranium and other contaminants migrate from tailings deposits via groundwater into adjacent fluvial systems. The subsequent transport in streams and rivers is one of the most effective pathways of distributing contaminants throughout the biosphere. In a comparative study of mining areas in Germany, South Africa and Australia mechanisms of non-point stream-contamination and the aqueous transport of uranium were investigated. The study comprises geochemical analyses of samples from various sediment-water systems along the aqueous pathway as well real-time in situ-measurements in the fluvial system itself. In this paper geochemical data of water- and sediment samples from the Koekemoer Spruit as a typical example for a mining affected stream in South Africa - are analysed with respect to possible mechanisms of transport and immobilisation of uranium migrating in solution. Ratios between dissolved and solid phases of uranium for various water-sediment-systems along the aqueous pathway indicated, unexpectedly, significant lower mobility of uranium in stream and channel water than in the groundwater-floodplain system. Correlation of various geochemical parameters suggests co-precipitation of uranium along with calcium-carbonate and iron/manganese-compounds is the main reason for the higher immobilisation rate in the flowing water systems.
Integrated catchment management : the Mooi River (Northwest Province, South Africa) as a case study
Authors: Walt J. van der , Nell B. , Winde F.
Published: May 2015

The city of Potchefstroom is situated at the lower end of the Mooi River catchment. Since 1842 the Mooi River has been the sole water supply of Potchefstroom, which currently has about 210 000 residents. The Mooi River is fed mainly by dolomitic eyes and springs. Since the 1930’s, large-scale gold mining commenced to work the ore, which occur in the Witwatersrand sedimentary layer underlying the dolomites. To reduce the danger of flooding, some dolomitic compartments were dewatered by the gold mines, sometimes resulting in catastrophic environmental impacts. Furthermore, slimes dams1 were constructed on dolomitic areas resulting in the seepage of large volumes of polluted water into the underlying aquifer. The indiscriminate mining practices, as well as the rapid development of informal and formal settlements, some diamond mining enterprises as well as agriculture in the central and upper reaches of the catchment, resulted in a steady increase in salt loads in the water of the Mooi River, as well as the deposition of high concentrations of trace metals, especially uranium, which is associated with the gold bearing ore. Recently, it was announced that some mines in the Mooi River Catchment have reached the end of their productive lives, and that projects to re-water the dolomitic compartments were underway. This paper explores the possible environmental impacts associated with re-watering the dolomitic compartments, and indicates how a lack of integrated catchment planning and management are currently exacerbating the already manifested environmental impacts. Finally, an integrated approach to the rehabilitation and restoration of the catchment to a sustainable water resource is suggested.
Environmental and ecological water requirements of a river system : a case study of the Haihe-Luanhe River system
Authors: Li Li-juan , Zheng Hong-xing
Published: May 2015

In order to reduce the environmental and ecological problems induced by water resources management and use, this paper proposes a concept of environmenta water requirement. It is defined as the minimum water amount to be consumed by the natural water bodies to conserve its environmental and ecological functions. Based on the definition, the methods for calculating the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement are determined. In the case study on Haihe-Luanhe river system, the water requirement is divided into three parts, i.e., the basic instream flow, water requirement for sediment transfer and water consumption by evaporation of the lakes or everglades. The results of the calculation show that the environmental and ecological water requirement in the river system is about 124x108 m3, including 57x108 m3 for basic in-stream flow, 63x108 m3 for sediment transfer and 4x108 m3 for net evaporation loss of lakes. The total amount of environmental and ecological water requirement accounts for 54% of the amount of runoff (228x108 m3). However, it should be realized that the amount of environmental and ecological water requirement must be more than that we have calculated. According to this result, we consider that the rational utilization rate of the runoff in the river systems must not be more than 40%. Since the current utilization rate of the river system, which is over 80%, has been far beyond the limitation, the problems of environment and ecology are quite serious. It is imperative to control and adjust water development and utilization to eliminate the existing problems and to avoid the potential ecological or environmental crisis.
El método AAR para la determinación de Paleo-ELAs : análisis metodológico y aplicación en el macizo de Valdecebollas (Cordillera Cantábrica)
Authors: Serrano Cañadas E. , González Trueba J. J.
Published: May 2015

Existen diferentes métodos para la reconstrucción de paleo-ELAs, entre los cuales el método AAR (Acumulation Area Ratio), proporciona los resultados más fiables y es uno de los más utilizados en la actualidad. Se aplica el uso de herramientas informáticas en el cálculo de las paleo-ELAs del glaciarismo cuaternario del Macizo de Valdecebollas y se muestra la utilidad del método y algunas consideraciones sobre su aplicación y los factores que intervienen en la reconstrucción de la ELA. El cálculo de la ELA en el macizo de Valdecebollas permite aportar información que enriquece la obtenida del análisis morfológico y morfométrico. Se establece una caracterización de las condiciones ambientales de los glaciares del macizo y de las dos fases glaciares registradas: un máximo glaciar con comportamiento homogéneo de ambas vertientes (F.1) y una fase de retroceso (F.2) con comportamiento glaciar diferenciado entre el sur y el norte, orientación en la que el retroceso es entrecortado, con equilibrios de orden menor del milenio.
El papel del bosque en los procesos hidrológicos : ejemplos en las cuencas de investigación de Vallcebre (Prepirineo catalán)
Authors: Llorens P. , Poyatos R. , Rubio C. , Latrón J. , Gallart F.
Published: May 2015

The Vallcebre research catchments are representative of Mediterranean mountain areas with spontaneous afforestation by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) as a consequence of the abandonment of agricultural practices since the middle of the XX century. In this context, hydrological processes have been modified as a consequence of the emergence of a mosaic of different land covers, formed by patches of the original oak forest (Quercus pubescens Willd.) or of Scots pine forest scattered in the old abandoned terraces mainly covered by mesophilous meadows. Water fluxes and stores have been studied at the Vallcebre research catchments with a twofold objective, the understanding of the processes describing the water use by different vegetation covers in areas with larger water deficits and the extrapolation of this knowledge at catchment scale by means of hydrological modelling.
El río Arlanza en cabecera : evolución reciente y tendencias en condiciones de cambio global
Authors: Machín J. , Navas A. , Domenech S. , López-Vicente M.
Published: May 2015

The headwater catchments in mountain areas are highly sensitive under conditions of global change and their fluvial regimes and hydrological resources are likely to be notably modified. The general predictions for the Mediterranean region are the increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall together with a higher frequency of extreme events, both droughts and floods. The Arlanza basin at the headwater was selected as a control sector to examine the recent evolution and trends in discharge. At the gauging station of Castrovido, a general decreasing trend of annual discharge was found for the 1960-2002 hydrological period. The main decrease period started in 1980 and discharge was reduced by almost 50%. Since 1995, extreme floods were relatively more frequent and also the largest range of variation in the maxima annual flood was found. Under climatic change conditions and in order to promote the rational planning of hydrological resources, a fundamental understanding of patterns and trends of discharge is required but specially in forest catchments as their headwaters are main sources of water to the lowlands.
Evolución de las aportaciones hídricas en una cuenca de montaña del Sistema Central : cabecera fluvial del río Tormes (1941-2004)
Authors: Ceballos Barbancho A. , Morán Tejada E.
Published: May 2015

The present work analyses the temporal trend of water discharge in the headwater of the Tormes catchment related with the temporal behaviour of main climatic variables (temperature and precipitation) and the changes that have occurred in the forest cover. The results show how water discharge decreases with a significant correlation with precipitation (r2= 0,708; p-value 0,001). Although the forest cover has increased about 30 % in the last 45 years, the analysis of hydro-climatic normalized variables does not suggest that the forest expansion has influenced in the discharge decreasing trend. An interesting result has been the monthly variation in discharge due to rainfall decreasing in February and March, and a significant increase in temperature during March. This fact has triggered losses of the snow contribution within the fluvial regime of the catchment in the last decades.
Las cooperativas en el desarrollo del espacio rural : experiencias en la provincia de Málaga (España)
Authors: Nieto Figueras C.
Published: May 2015

The objective of this work is to show the function that cooperatives play in rural development. Their main characteristics and means are analyzed to know the way these firms foment the development and encourage the economics and society of rural spaces. Some examples in Malaga are studied, and we can confirm their positive role in unemployment problem.
Un ejemplo práctico de aplicación operativa de la teledetección a la gestión de riesgos naturales : cartografía y evaluación urgente de áreas quemadas en Galicia
Authors: Martín Isabel M. P. , Chuvieco Salinero E. , Oliva Pavón P. , Rodríguez Verdú F. , Nieto Solana H. , Padrón Paredes D.
Published: May 2015

This paper presents an example of potential uses of remote sensing (RS) data to provide operational information for natural hazards management. It shows how RS was used to provide update information to evaluate the impacts of a large sequence of forest fires that took place in Galician in August 2006. Through visual interpretation of both AQUA/ TERRA-MODIS images, with 250 and 500 m spatial resolution, fire affected zones were mapped and burn severity levels were estimated. Images from IRS-AWiFS sensor with higher spatial resolution (60 m) were used as well to evaluate and map burned areas with
higher accuracy. The information generated from satellite data was disseminate to fire managers, researchers and general public through a web site using a map server which was designed specifically for this purpose.
Regeneración y cambios de diversidad en grandes incendios a partir de imágenes satélite Landsat TM y ETM+
Authors: Hernández Clemente R. , Navarro Cerrillo R. M. , Hernández Bermejo J. E. , Escuin Royo S. , García-Ferrer Porras A. , Sánchez de la Orden M.
Published: May 2015

The role played by direct regeneration in early post-fire years is well known in mediterranean plant communities. However, the effect of wildfires on medium and long-term vegetation dynamics needs a better understanding. Spatial and temporal post-fire vegetation patterns are fundamental to evaluate forest succession processes, forest structure and species diversity. Focussing on that need, this work presents an analysis of regeneration patterns and diversity dynamics after a fire which occurred in 1993, affecting around 7000 Ha in southern Spain. Field data were recorded from permanent plots in 2000 and
2005. Remotely sensed data were obtained from Landsat ETM+ images of the years 1992, 1993, 2000 and 2004. Both sets of data, fieldwork and remotely sensed data, were analyzed and modulated separately through statistical and quantitative analysis, and then related on the basis of ecological relations. Based on those results, we have developed a stochastic model to predict medium-term forest dynamics. Forests in this area followed the auto-succession model in the early years. However, because of the history of disturbance in the area, it seems unlikely that forests will return to their pre-fire state. Change on NDVI was highly correlated with the changes recorded in the regrowth of the main species, which conditioned the composition of the plant species, and, therefore, diversity indexes such as Shannon (H) and Simpson (D). As a general conclusion, it can
be affirmed that NDVI was highlighted as a good understanding of succession stage changes, showing sensitivity to post-fire plant cover changes and diversity dynamics, which therefore recommends its application in the management and restoration of wildfire-affected areas.
Variabilidad espacial del transporte de sedimento en la cuenca superior del río Aragón
Authors: Navas A. , Valero-Garcés B. , Gaspar L. , García-Ruiz J. M. , Beguería S. , Machín J. , López-Vicente M.
Published: May 2015

The Aragón river was dammed at the foothills of the Pyrenean Inner Depression in 1959. Since then sediments are accumulated and its initial water storage capacity has been reduced. In this work, a study of the transport of sediments in the hydrological network of the Aragón river catchment until the Yesa reservoir has been undertaken based on the sampling of surface waters in 44 sites representative of the main subcatchments of the Aragón river. Three surveys were carried out in winter and summer. Total suspended sediments, electrical conductivity as an expression of dissolved solids content and pH were analysed in the water samples. Records of discharges at gauging stations of the water authorities were used as controls. The highest concentrations of suspended sediments occur during the winter sampling in the Esca river (54.4 mg l -1) and also after the storm events during the summer sampling in the headwaters of the Aragón river (21.7 mg l -1). The estimation of the dissolved solids indicates that the transport of materials in solution is much lower (0.08 - 0.25 mg l -1) than the suspended sediment load. The results provide information on the features of the transport of suspended and dissolved materials across the basin. The role played by lithology, vegetation cover, land use and drainage characteristics in the transport of sediments is examined for the different periods of sampling. Information gained with this research can be of interest as the headwater catchments in mountain areas are the main sources of water to lowlands. The knowledge on the process of sediment transport can be applied for the management of water bodies to prevent reservoir siltation.
Estimación de pérdidas de agua por evaporación en embalses del Pirineo
Authors: López Moreno J. I.
Published: May 2015

This paper estimates the evaporation rates from open water surfaces using data from meteorological stations, which are closely located to seven Pyrenean reservoirs. The studied reservoirs have marked differences in their location characteristics, patterns of management and storage volume-surface flooded relationship. The combination of the evaporative rates with the daily changes on surface flooded by dams enabled us to obtain a realistic assessment of the annual volume of water lost by evaporative processes. Climate is not always the main factor to explain differences in water losses. Reservoirs morphology and the management patterns of the reservoirs may have a larger influence than the evaporative rates. Currently, water losses by evaporation do not represent a key-problem in water resource management of the region, since they do not ever exceed a 6% of the storage capacity, nor a 2% of river flows. Nevertheless, losses might become a higher problem as temperatures will warm and water resources availability will decline, according to mid-term projections for the region.
Interacción de procesos geomórficos y distribución de componentes de la superficie del suelo en relación a la evolución de los abarrancamientos de tabernas (Almería)
Authors: Calvo Cases A. , Alexander R. W. , Arnau-Rosalén E. , Bevan J. , Cantón Y. , Lázaro R. , Puigdefábregas J. , Solé-Benet A.
Published: May 2015

This paper tries to analyse the relationships between the soil surface components patches distributed along a badlands area and the factors (topographical, geomorphological and historical) affecting this spatial distribution. The soil surface components maps has been obtained by a high resolution multi-spectral image classification and also a detailed digital elevation model has been made in order to obtain topographical parameters, together with field work and previous knowledge of the area on processes and landforms evolution, constitute the dataset. Results show how the landforms history and operating surface processes interacts and is reflected on the soil surface components distribution.