bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthropometry of Tribal Farm Women to Improvise Hand Tool Designs for Bastar District of Chhattisgarh
Authors: Purvi Tiwari  , A. K. Shrivastava  , A. K. Dave
Published: October 2021

Bastar district is a cultural heritage of Chhattisgarh and tribal dominated (66.3%) area. The population comprises of 42 tribes, the prominent tribes being Muria, Abhujmaria, Dandami, Gond, Maria, Dorla, Bhattra, Halba, Dhurwa, and Kawar. The economy of this region is primarily agriculture based, followed by forest-produces. Use of traditional tools like wooden mallet (khotla), indigenous plough and sickle are overwhelming while improved tools and equipment are negligible. Traditional equipment generates early fatigue, callus in hands, and drudgery for tribal women largely involved in farming. Anthropometric data of 100 tribal women between the age group of 18-45 years were measured. Statistically analysed data revealed that tribal women of Bastar had maximum stature of 1,870 mm and 1,400 mm as minimum with a mean of 1,523 mm. The standard deviation and CV were 80.6 mm and 5.29%, respectively. The maximum hand (right) pull strength for 5th and 95th percentile was 36.6 N and 117.6 N, respectively. Anthropometric data was utilized to improvise the design of khotla and indigenous plough. The maximum length of khotla handle was decided to be 2,105 mm, while that of minimum length was 1,620 mm. The total weight of khotla could be reduced by 23 per cent. Consequently, ΔHR reduced by 20-25 bpm from earlier value of 40 bpm. The weight of indigenous plough could also be reduced by 16% (3.8 kg) by shortening the length of the handle and the beam.
Geo-informatics based Morphometric Analysis of a Reservoir Catchment in Shivalik Foothills of North-West India
Authors: Mahesh Chand Singh  , Rohit Singh  , Abrar Yousuf  , Vishnu Prasad
Published: October 2021

The present study examined 35 morphometric parameters related to stream/drainage network, catchment geometry, and relief aspects for hydrological characterization of the Thana Dam catchment using geospatial tools and techniques. The dam catchment was delineated using the high-resolution Advanced Land Observing Satellite Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data in ArcGIS 10.4.1 software using the Arc Hydro tools. The catchment is comprised of 4th order stream, obtained using a stream threshold value of 100 m length. The lower values of elongation ratio (0.61), circularity ratio (0.22), and form factor (0.29) indicated higher soil erosion potential, mainly due to their inverse relationship with land erodibility. Moreover, the higher values of stream frequency (15.7), drainage density (>5.0), drainage texture (7.48 km-1), and mean bifurcation ratio (4.08-6.33) indicated higher runoff potential, which would intensify the soil erosion, mainly due to their direct relationship with erodibility. Bifurcation ratio, elongation ratio, circulatory ratio, form factor, altogether indicated an elongated shape of the catchment with a fine drainage texture. The higher values of bifurcation ratio and texture ratio of the catchment also indicated severe overland flow (low infiltration rate) with a limited scope for groundwater recharge in the area, which in turn might significantly encourage the soil erosion. Overall, it was concluded that the catchment has a huge runoff potential resulting in high soil erosion due to its fine texture, impermeable subsurface material, steep slope, low infiltration rate, limited vegetation, longer duration of overland flow, and higher surface runoff. The morphometric analysis was found to be suitable for identifying catchment shape and the factors affecting hydrologic conditions and erodibility of the catchment. Thus, Geo-informatics based morphometric analysis of a reservoir catchment can be useful to study the erosion potential in relation to hydrologic (rainfall-runoff relationship) and other related land characteristics (e.g., relief, slope, infiltration rate, etc.).
The real reason why Nakagin Capsule Tower was never metabolized
Authors: Maeda Tatsuyuki , Yoshida Yuka
Published: October 2021

The first part of this two-part essay is about the Nakagin Capsule Tower restoration and preservation project and discusses the low awareness of the current situation of the building. In part two Showcase Tokyo Architecture tours share survey responses from enthusiastic capsule tower fans on the future of the building.
FREQUENCY OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY IN NEONATAL JAUNDICE IN DISTRICT SWAT, PAKISTAN
Authors: AMREEK LAL  , S.M.NAEEM  , SHAHJEHAN  , ASHFAQ AHMAD  , ISRARUL HAQ
Published: October 2021

Background: Hyperbilirubinemia is the most common cause of neonatal jaundice. Severe neonatalhyperbilirubinemia and kemicterus continue to be reported worldwide in otherwise healthy term infants.We conducted this study to estimate the incidence of severe neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and to determineunderlying causes, improved knowledge of which would be valuable to help identify strategies for riskreduction.Methods: 100 infants of both sexes, of the age between 1-28 days, with no infection and Rh incompatibilitywere included in the study. The activity of G6PD was determined by a dye-reduction method screening testdevised by Sigma Diagnostics USA. Complete blood counts (CBC) with reticulocyte count, serum bilirubin(total and indirect) were performed and the results were recorded for further analyses.Results: Out of the total 100 subjects, classified in two groups on the basis of presence of jaundice, 14 (14%)were G6PD deficient. The frequency of G6PD deficiency was markedly prominent, in neonates withjaundice.Discussion: G6PD deficiency is one of the major causes of jaundice in neonates. The study area also have aconsiderable number of G6PD deficient individuals. This indicates a need for a more thorough assessmentof newborn infants and consideration of strategies to identify at-risk newborns, such as pre-dischargemeasurement of serum bilirubin levels and G6PD deficiency screening.
FREQUENCY OF HEPATITIS B AND HEPATITIS C IN MULTITRANSFUSED BETA THALASSAEMIA MAJOR PATIENTS IN DISTRICT SWAT
Authors: IMRAN UD DIN KHATTAK  , MUKAMIL SHAH  , IMTIAZ AHMED  , AMIR REHMAN  , MOHAMMAD SAJID
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: Beta thalassaemia major is the commonest inherited as autosomal recessive disorder inPakistan. Almost all patients beta thalassaemia major require blood transfusion within the first two years oflife to prevent severe anaemia and its physical consequences. Due to repeated blood transfusions hepatitis Band hepatitis C infections can occur in these patients. To document the prevalence and frequency of hepatitisB & hepatitis C in multi transfused beta Thalassemia major patients in our set up.STUDY DESIGN:Aprospective descriptive study.PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: The study was conducted in thalassaemia care center A1 FajarFoundation Blood Transfusion ServicesSwat from 1-1-2012 to 31-12-2012.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Study was carried on 170 multi transfused thalassaemia major patientswho were registered with A1 Fajar Foundation Swat, irrespective of age, sex, time of diagnosis. Only thosepatients were included in the study who had received so far more than 10 transfusions. They were screenedfor hepatitis B and C by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The subjects were in the agesrange of 2-15 year,with 94 (55.29%) male and 76 (94:71%) female.RESULTS: Out of these 10 patients (5.88%) were found to have hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)positive and 37 patients (21.76%) hepatitis C virus(HCV) antibody positive.CONCLUSION: In spite of the fact that screened blood is used for transfusions, still a large number ofpatients have been found infected with hepatitis B and C. It has been recommended that properly screenedbloods using a reliable and accurate method are used for screening of blood to prevent transfusiontransmitted diseases. It can be avoided by giving screened safe blood.KEYWORDS: Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C,Thalassaemia Major,Transfusion
PREVALENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASES AMONG CHERAT COAL MINERS OF DISTRICT NOWSHERA PAKISTAN
Authors: MUHAMMAD ISHTIAQ  , TAJ MUHAMMAD KHAN  , SARDAR KHAN  , ZIA UR REHMAN  , RABNAWAZ  , GHULAM SARWAR  , BUSHRAIFTIKHAR  , NOOR JEHAN
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND: Coal mining is considered as one of the dangerous occupation though out the world, andposes many work related health problems to coal miners. It is reported that overall situation of occupationalsafety and health is not encouraging and thus coal miners' work under hazardous conditions, resulting inunnecessary morbidity and mortality. The occupational problems are on rise and cause hazardous impactson coal miners as well as affect the economic status of the country. The objective of this study was to assessthe prevalence of occupational obstructive diseases among coal miners.MATERIAL & METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Cherat; among 400 coal miners,from January 2013 to July 2013. To estimate the prevalence of occupational obstructive diseases; coalminers of more than six months were included and pulmonary function tests& CXR were conducted.RESULTS: The coal miners showed an increased prevalence of occupational obstructive diseases. Themedical examinations of coal miner's revealed that approximately 17% i.e. 15.75% on PFTs and 18% onCXR had findings of occupational obstructive diseases.CONCLUSION: The prevalence of the occupational obstructive diseases was high among the Cherat coalminers.KEY WORDS: Prevalence, Occupational Obstructive Diseases, Pulmonary Function Tests, Chest X-rays,Coal Miners.
THE IMPACT OF PERSONALITY AND LEADERSHIP STYLES ON LEADING CHANGE CAPABILITY OF MALAYSIAN MANAGERS
Authors: Alkahtani Ali Hussein , Abu-Jarad Ismael , Sulaiman Mohamed , Nikbin Davoud
Published: October 2021

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the Big Five Dimensions of personality of the Malaysian Managers and the leadership styles these managers use on their leading change capabilities. Total sample of 105 managers was used in this study. The results of this study revealed that the Malaysian managers tend to enjoy personalities that are conscious and open to experience. These managers tend to use consultative leadership style. However, they use autocratic, democratic and some of them use laissez-fair, but the respondents of this study scored higher in consultative leadership style. The results of the study showed that Extroversion personality trait as well as involvement leadership style were positively related with Leading Change. Both Openness to Experience and Emotional Stability were significantly and positively correlated with Consultative Leadership Style that the managers use. Involvement Leadership Style was found to be significantly and positively correlated with Leading Change (R2=.38) In conclusion, this study showed a positively significant correlation between personality of managers, their leadership styles and their leading change capabilities.
PROSPECTS OF ISLAMIC BANKING: REFLECTIONS FROM PAKISTAN
Authors: Akram Muhammad , Rafique Mamoona , Alam Hassan Mobeen
Published: October 2021

This study examines the growth and development phases as well as prospects of Islamic banking in Pakistan. The role of Islamic banking is explained with special regards to corporate social responsibility (CSR) as now days this concept is growing vastly. Awareness in public also has been growing and people are moving towards Islamic banking system. As we live in a Muslim country so it is very essential to have some basic knowledge about the Islamic banking. In this paper growth and performance of Islamic banking is discussed and compared among the financial years from 2003 to 2010 in terms of growth parameters like assets, deposits, sources and uses of funds. The performance indicators are also discussed to evaluate the growth and performance of Islamic banking system. In the last eight years, Islamic banking paved with the rapid market share of banking services. Moreover the efforts made by the central bank in Pakistan (SBP) are also remarkable in growth of Islamic banking. By seeing the present growth of Islamic banking, it is anticipated that in near future, Islamic banking with get major share in banking industry in Pakistan.
Management of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Mohamed Salem Youssef
Published: October 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous disease that develops most of the time on diseases liver. Early diagnosis and management are the best options for the patients, so screening programs are mandatory for those who are at risk of the development of HCC. Despite the challenge of management of HCC, there is hopeful management for HCC as the field of primary liver cancer has moved quickly
EFFECTS OF PROBIOTIC SACCHAROMYCES BOULARDII AND CO-TRIMOXAZOLE ON SOME HAEMATOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN ADULT WISTAR RATS
Authors: Obazelu P. A. , Aruomaren I. A. , Nwangwu C. C.
Published: October 2021

Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast used as a nutritional supplement. Co-trimoxazole, is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections.The goal of this study was to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii and co-trimoxazole on some haematological parameters in albino rats. Thirty (30) albino Wistar rats weighing 150-200g were divided into five groups; Basal, A, B, C, and D, with six animals in each group. Group A (control) was given a normal rat pellet (standardized feed) and clean water (pH 6.5- 8.5). Group B was administered 5.5mg/kg body weight of the commercial probiotics (Saccharomyces boulardii). Group C was administered 4.4mg/kg body weight of co-trimoxazole. Group D was administered 5.5mg/kg body weight of the commercial probiotics and 4.4mg/kg body weight of co-trimoxazole. All administrations were done using a gavage tube for 15 days. Blood samples were collected for analysis on days 0, 5 and 15. The results showed that Saccharomyces boulardii caused a significant increase (P<0.05) in total white blood cell count and packed cell volume of the treated groups at day 5. On day 15, the total white blood cell count (10.67±0.66), packed cell volume (43.23±0.47), platelet count (932±38.89) and mean platelet volume (8.53±0.38) showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in the probiotic group. The co-trimoxazole group showed a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the packed cell volume and total white blood cell count. This study shows that Saccharomyces boulardii has a positive effect on the haematological profile of the test animals.
Administrative suspension of operations for violations of industrial safety: theoretical and practical issues
Authors: Buchakova M. A. , Vershilo M. D.
Published: October 2021

The subject. The main issues of law enforcement activity on the application of administrative punishment in the form of administrative suspension of operations for identified offenses in the field of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities.

The purpose of the article is to confirm or disprove hypothesis that Russian legislation allows the resumption of activities after the expiration of the period of its suspension without eliminating violations of industrial safety.

The methodology of research is logical analysis of Russian legislation, statistical data and judicial decisions concerning enforcement of administrative suspension of operations in Russia.

The main results. There is an ambiguous approach in the scientific literature to fixing the administrative suspension of operations in the system of administrative penalties. The effectiveness of its application is noted by some authors. At the same time, there are adverse consequences associated with the application of administrative suspension of operations for the further production activities of economic entities. Social tension in the collective of enterprises, difficulties of recovery after forced downtime, unclear prospects for further economic activity – this is not a complete list of problems arising in connection with the administrative suspension of activity. When making a court decision, judges often appoint a fine as a penalty and rarely a penalty in the form of suspension of operations. This is due to the complexity of the actual realization of suspension of operations, the special social significance of objects; the lack of a specialist's conclusion about the real danger of an offense. But if violations of industrial safety are detected during the operation of hazardous production facilities, it is initially possible to assume a high probability of serious consequences for the life and health of people, the environmental safety. Administrative suspension of activities is carried out by both judicial and non-judicial control authorities. In authors’ opinion, the application of this type of administrative punishment should be exclusively in the judicial jurisdiction. The law enforcement judicial practice concerning administrative suspension of operations in Russia is not uniform.

Conclusions. There is a legal uncertainty in the mechanism of imposing administrative punishment in the form of administrative suspension of operations for violations of industrial safety of hazardous production facilities (Article 9.1 of the Russian Code of Administrative Offences). The uncertainty is manifested in the fact that the economic entity does not always eliminate the detected violations within the legally established period and after the expiration of the period for which the activity was suspended, the company resumes its activities nevertheless. Such opportunity reduces the preventive value of this punishment.
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF AVAYAVA UTPATTI SIDHANTA - REVIEW
Authors: Dr Sreeja Pillai  , Pillai Sandeep
Published: October 2021

The  qualitative and quantitative aspects of longevity are programmed from the intricate, but systematic embryogenesis which can be tailored wholesome  through the clinical intervention of Ayurvedic strategies at different levels ie,even before conception and during conception. The Avayava Utpatti Sidhanta reckoned in the context of Garbha Avakranti is a key to the susceptibility to vitiation (Nidana) and the ways of breaking the pathology ( Samprapti vighatana) by the guidelines to pacification and purity of Dosha and Dhatus involved in utpatti krama. Since chikitsa comprises Nidana parivarjana and Samprapti vighatana, the present review explores the possibilities of Avayava Utpatti Sidhanta in a clinical perspective.
The study of therapeutic effect of Rasagutika in the management of Tamaka shwasa (Bronchial Asthma) – A case study.
Authors: Paratkar Eshwari S. , S. K. Jaiswal  , M. S. Jaiswal
Published: October 2021

Tamaka shwasa is made by two words ‘Tamaka’ and ‘Shwasa’. The  ‘Tamaka’ word came from ‘tama’ means experience of darkness;  And ‘Shwasa’ means respiration or breathing process ; but as concern to this disease it means increased rate of respiration or difficulty in breathing process. Acharya Charaka quoted that Shwasa and Hicca are two diseases, which are fatal to life amongst all other diseases[1].Tamaka Shwasavyadhi comes under Shwasa vyadhi. On the basis of severity; Shwasa roga is classified into five types. Kshudra shwasa can be seen as asymptoms in many diseases and is self limiting. Chhinna, Urdhwa, Maha shwasa are the terminal stages and have extremely bad prognosis. And Tamaka shwasa having its own etiology, pathology and management. It is mentioned as yapya vyadhi[2] . In this disease Vayu is vitiated and blocked by Kapha. So, vayu moves upward instead of its normal flow.Bronchial asthma in modern medicine closely resembles with Tamaka shwasa. Ayurvedic drugs including the respiratory tonics and naturally occurring bronchodilators and immunomodulators can be a potential and effective alternative for the treatment of Bronchial asthma.  Aim: To evaluate the effect of Rasagutika[3] in the management of Tamaka Shwasa w. s. r. to Bronchial asthma. Materials and methods:In this study , a patient of Asthma managed by an Ayurvedic formulation Rasagutika in dose of 250mg with kantakari kwatha administered orally three times a day after food for the period of 8 weeks.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Work Attributes of Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives during COVID-19 in Nigeria
Authors: T.E. Oamen , L.B. Moshood
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) study on the work attributes of pharmaceutical sales executives in Nigeria using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and furthermore to evaluate the relative importance of the work attributes. An analytical study design used a 13-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire administered to 226 pharmaceutical sales executives using a simple random sampling method. Data analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) with a significance level set at p<0.05. The measurement model was evaluated using the maximum likelihood method. Model fit criteria measures for CFA were satisfactory (CMIN/df=2.297; NFI=0.017; TLI=0.905; CFI=0.950; RMSEA=0.064). The study showed that the most dominant attribute was involvement in community education programs with a regression coefficient of 0.892, and the least was limited access to customers (0.446). Convergent validity measures were acceptable. Divergent validity can be enhanced by including more items. The study confirmed the validity of the EFA study outcomes obtained from the previous research work. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) study on the work attributes of pharmaceutical sales executives in Nigeria using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and furthermore to evaluate the relative importance of the work attributes. An analytical study design used a 13-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire administered to 226 pharmaceutical sales executives using a simple random sampling method. Data analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) with a significance level set at p<0.05. The measurement model was evaluated using the maximum likelihood method. Model fit criteria measures for CFA were satisfactory (CMIN/df=2.297; NFI=0.017; TLI=0.905; CFI=0.950; RMSEA=0.064). The study showed that the most dominant attribute was involvement in community education programs with a regression coefficient of 0.892, and the least was limited access to customers (0.446). Convergent validity measures were acceptable. Divergent validity can be enhanced by including more items. The study confirmed the validity of the EFA study outcomes obtained from the previous research work.
Phytochemical, Proximate and Mineral Analysis of Different Parts of Senna Alata Linn
Authors: U.C. Okeke , N.P. Okeke , N.M. Orji , A.O. Mbaukwu , F.C. Iroka
Published: October 2021

This study was carried out to determine the phytochemical and proximate composition of the flowers, leaves, stem and root of Senna alata. The phytochemical analysis result revealed that saponin was highest in the leaf (4.13±0.035), flavonoid was higher in the stem (6.63±0.064) while anthraquinone was highest in the root (4.52±0.438). The result of the proximate analysis showed that carbohydrate was higher in the leaf (33.81±0.827), root (50.52±1.945) and flower (55.67±0.021). The result of the mineral composition showed that the leaf, root, flower and stem extract of S. alata were higher in potassium (779.01±0.276, 556.39±0.198, 1121.85±0.141, and 246.29±0.042). The results obtained from this research revealed that the leaves, roots, flowers and stem of Senna alata Linn were rich in crude fibre, crude protein, carbohydrate, potassium, magnesium, iron and calcium. That is, well-processed parts of Senna alata may improve the health status of livestock.
İbn Haldun'un Asabiyeti: Bir Kavramın Sosyolojik İzdüşümleri
Authors: BATUR Behçet
Published: October 2021

İbn Haldun’un sosyal bilimsel analizinin temel kavramı kuşkusuz asabiyet kavramıdır. İbn Haldun bu kavramı Mukaddime adlı eserinde oldukça geniş bir anlam yelpazesi içerisinde kullanmaktadır. Onun açısından bakıldığında bu kavram, toplumu oluşturan en küçük gruptan küresel ölçekteki en büyük sosyal birime kadar geniş bir anlamsal içeriğe sahiptir. Asabiyet, özünde toplumsal birimlerin birleştiricisi ve ortak bilinci, sosyal yardımlaşma, dayanışma ile savunma duygu ve bilinci olmakla birlikte bu kavramın sahip olduğu geniş anlamın sosyolojik izdüşümleri vardır. Bunlar, temel grup (aile) bilinci olarak asabiyet, milli bilinç olarak asabiyet, dini (ideolojik) bilinç olarak asabiyet, siyasi bilinç olarak asabiyet, küresel bilinç olarak asabiyet, toplumsal düzenin sağlayıcısı olarak asabiyet ve toplumsal değişmenin kaynağı olarak asabiyet. Her bir asabiyet formunun özerk bir yapısı bulunmakla birlikte toplumda faaliyet gösteren tüm asabiyetler karşılıklı etkileşim ve eşgüdüm halindedirler. Bu çalışmada asabiyete ilişkin olarak yapılan tipolojik analizin çağdaş toplumsal hayatın çözümlenmesi ve anlaşılması noktasında oldukça yararlı bir analitik işleve sahip olabilir.
Turist Rehberlerinin Gruplarına Davranış Biçimlerinin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: DEĞİRMENCİOĞLU A.özdal , AKYURT KURNAZ Hande
Published: October 2021

Turist rehberleri turizm sektörü içerisinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Turistlerle birebir iletişim içerisinde olan, sorunlara anında çözüm üretebilen, etkili iletişim kabiliyetini gösterebilen, bilgi ve deneyim aktarma konusunda da en önemli turizm çalışanlarından biri olan turist rehberlerinin gruplara olan davranışı turizmde hizmet kalitesi açısından oldukça etkilidir. Turist rehberlerinin iletişim ve grup davranışı konularında da kendilerini yetiştirmesi, turların sağlıklı ve kaliteli bir şekilde yönetilmesini sağlayacaktır. Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda yapılan çalışmanın konusunu turist rehberlerinin gruplara yönelik davranışları oluşturmaktadır. Turist rehberlerinin gruplarına olan davranış biçimlerinin belirlenmesi de çalışmanın amacını açıklamaktadır. Belirlenen konu ve amaç doğrultusunda, nicel araştırma desenlerinden tarama deseni olarak çalışma belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın verileri nicel veri toplama yöntemlerinden biri olan anket veri toplama yöntemi ile verilerin elde edilmiştir. Sayıca fazla turist rehberine ulaşma hedefinden dolayı nicel veri toplama yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Yapılan araştırmanın sonucunda turist rehberlerinin grup davranışlarında cinsiyet ve lisans alış şekillerine göre anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiş ve sonuç bölümünde öneriler sunulmuştur.
Effect of chromium substitution on the dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of PLNZNT ceramics
(P=Pb2+, L=La3+, N=Nd3+, Z=Zr4+, N=Nb5+, T=Ti4+)
Authors: Hadjadj Sadok. , Bouchaala Afaf. , Mebrouki Noura. , Benmabrouk Lazhar. , Boutarfaia Ahmed.
Published: October 2021

Piezoelectricity is one of the renewable and clean electrical energy sources, as it is generated from materials specially manufactured for this purpose in proportions and scales called piezoelectric materials, that is, electricity resulting from mechanical work that produces the electric field, and this is known as the direct piezoelectric effect. An inverse mechanical effect can also be observed when an electric field is applied to the same piezoelectric material that deforms and returns to its original shape after the electric field is removed. In order to contribute to improving the properties of these materials that have been prepared from insulating ceramic materials having an equivalent formula: Pb0.975 La0.015 Nd0.01 [(Zr 0,524 Ti 0,476) 0.9875 -3/4 z Nb0.005 Crz]O3 abbreviated PLNZCNT (z = 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1,5% and 2%). The formation of pure single-phase perovskite compounds of tetragonal symmetry for all samples was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzes. The scanning electron micrographs show that the grains have melted, most of the separating walls have disappeared, and the average grain size has increased. Information about the effects of chromium concentration on the measured properties was obtained based on temperature and frequency measurements of the dielectric properties of PLNZNT ceramics, represented by an increase in Curie temperature with increasing Cr3+ concentration. The ferroelectric properties of materials are characterized by the presence of a polarization hysteresis cycle as a function of the applied electric field (P-E). To measure the piezoelectric and electromechanical properties at room temperature, was used by the standard resonance and anti-resonance method. It was found that the sample E2 (0.75%) sintered at 1200°C achieves excellent dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties (𝜺r=24394.51, tan δ =0.072 and Tc = 378K). The values of saturated electric polarization (Ps=29.61 µC/cm²), remnant electric polarization (Pr=24.63 µC/cm²) and coercive electric field (Ec=0.905kV/mm), as well as piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33 = 435 pC/N) for sample E2 (0.75%).
CAPA: An important concept of Quality Assurance in Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Ajit Chavan Pooja , Bhagwat Avinash Mahadeo , Chaudhari Atul Prabhakar
Published: October 2021

CAPA is used in the improvements to be made in product, process or quality system to eliminate non-conformities and other undesirable situation. CAPA could be regulatory concept that focuses on systematic investigations to search out the root cause, understanding and correcting discrepancies while attempting to avoid their reoccurrence. Instructions for a way they must be handled within the organization just in case of potential product problems, customer complaints or action to eliminate the cause of a detected nonconformities or incident. Regulatory inspections give more importance for CAPA, for the explanation, it will high light the systems followed within the company additionally because the technical capability of the people concerned. Changes proposed are to be verified and validated to confirm the effectiveness and quality attribution. CAPA is also an integrated part of ISO: 13485 and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for medical products. The FDA defines the purpose of a CAPA procedure as: collecting and analyzing information, identifying and investigating product and quality problems, and taking appropriate and effective corrective and/or preventive action to prevent their recurrence. There is not a regulatory defined framework for the CAPA process only different requirements. The CAPA system investigation document will provide a clear picture of how the standard system works and hence, Regulatory Inspectors give lot of importance to audit this method. Real root cause is to be identified with scientific proof and which further may not be generated. This review provides comprehensive views on steps involved in corrective action and preventive action (CAPA), mechanism of taking CAPA enabling to boost the system of quality management. CAPA is a component of the overall quality management system. As per the FDA documents CAPA accounts for 30-50% of FDA-483 forms issued for noncompliance.
Good Documentation Practices: A Need of Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Kolekar Pravin D. , Bhagwat Avinash Mahadeo
Published: October 2021

Good Documentation Practice (GDP) is a term used in the pharmaceutical industry. Good Documentation is an integral part of good manufacturing practices. it is essential for the integrity of data collection and reporting for supporting development, registrations, commercialization, and life-cycle management of pharmaceutical products. Documents are a mirror to show actual image of any pharmaceutical Industry. Such measures that collectively and individually ensure documentation, whether paper or electronic, is attributable, legible, traceable, permanent, contemporaneously recorded, original and accurate.
Ingeniería genética, CRISPR y futuro otro
Authors: Sánchez-Villa Rodrigo
Published: October 2021

Este artículo toma la tecnología CRISPR/Cas (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats-associated endonucleases Cas) como centro de análisis, pues hoy día parece tener altas expectativas de aplicación clínica para erradicar enfermedades humanas. Ante esta posibilidad, el objetivo de este artículo es plantear preguntas que abren la puerta al diálogo con la sociedad civil, debido a que el hecho de aplicar CRISPR/Cas clínicamente no sólo compete a científicos, sino a todo aquel que tenga un genoma humano. Concluyendo que cada respuesta tiene que ser pensada desde el futuro próximo; un futuro que no es nuestro, sino del otro.
¿Agujeros de gusano y Viajes en el Tiempo? No es Probable
Authors: De la Cruz Adrian
Published: October 2021

Los agujeros de gusano han avanzado tanto como un método para eludir las limitaciones de la velocidad de la luz, así como un medio para construir una máquina del tiempo (para viajar al pasado). Así, se argumenta que la Relatividad General puede permitir estas dos posibilidades. En este artículo se argumenta que los agujeros de gusano conectan regiones contrarias desconectadas causalmente, violando dos de los principios más fundamentales de la física, a saber, la conservación de la energía local y el principio de incertidumbre energía-tiempo.
El Modelo económico en Viaje a las Estrellas (Star Trek)
Authors: Rothgiesser Hans
Published: October 2021

El mundo representado en las series y películas de la franquicia Star Trek trasciende muchas de las reglas que tenemos hoy en día para la sociedad como la conocemos. En ese sentido y como consecuencia de las distintas tecnologías avanzadas que presenta, ¿está ese mundo más allá de las reglas de la economía moderna como la entendemos hoy? A partir del análisis del impacto de dos tecnologías existentes dentro del universo narrativo de la franquicia (uno ofrece un bien y el otro un servicio) llegamos a la conclusión de que las reglas básicas de la microeconomía convencional se aplican en el futuro representado.
KAMU DENETÇİLERİNİN KARAR ALMA MEKANİZMALARINI ETKİLEYEBİLECEK BİLİŞSEL UNSURLAR VE BUNLARIN OLASI NEGATİF ETKİLERİNİ AZALTMANIN YOLLARI
Authors: BAYRAKCI Murat Erinç
Published: October 2021

Denetim işi araştırma, planlama, uygulama ve neticelendirme gibi birden fazla karar alma aktivitesinden oluşur. Denetim işinin doğru ve tarafsız yapılabilmesi denetçi
tarafından denetim sürecinin her aşamasında verilen kararların doğru ve tarafsız olması ile bağlantılıdır. Bilişsel önyargıların ve kısa yolların denetim sürecinde karar alma mekanizmalarına müdahil olması, yapılan denetim işinin ve sonuçlarının taraflı ve yanlış olmasına yol açabilir. Bu yüzden karar alma mekanizmalarını etkileyen bilişsel unsurların denetim işine olan etkilerinin azaltılması için bazı önlemlerin alınması faydalı olacaktır. Bu önlemlerin başında denetçinin bilişsel önyargı ve kısa yolların karar alma mekanizmalarını nasıl etkilediği konusunda farkındalık sahibi olması gelmektedir. Denetçinin kaynak planlamasını iyi yapması, karşı görüşleri dinlemesi ve irdelemesi, eksik yönlerini iyi analiz edebilmesi gerekmektedir. Özellikle kamuda görev yapan denetçilerin objektifliği ve yaptıkları işin doğruluğu, idareye olan güveni artırmada önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu sebeple bilişsel unsurlardan ve önyargılardan ari karar alma mekanizmalarına dayalı düzenlenen raporlar, yapılan düzenlemelerden maksimum fayda alınmasını sağlayacak ve her kesimden kişilerin yaşamlarını pozitif etkileyecektir. Çalışmada öncelikle denetim işinde karar alma mekanizmalarını etkileme olasılığı bulunan bilişsel önyargılar ve kısa yollar, daha sonra da bunların negatif etkilerini azaltmak için kullanılabilecek yöntemler analiz edilmiştir.
Visions of God
Authors: Forster Regula
Published: October 2021

Is man capable of ever seeing God? In Qur’an 7,143 Mose’s request of seeing God is denied: “Said He, ‘Thou shalt not see Me; but behold the mountain – if it stays fast in its place, then thou shalt see Me.’ And when his Lord revealed Him to the mountain He made it crumble to dust; and Moses fell down swooning.” (Arberry’s translation) Departing from this passage, this paper discusses whether other passages of the Qur’an imply a vision of God by Muhammad. Furthermore, some glimpses into the prophetic tradition (ḥadīṯ) and into Muslim theology show aspects of the discussion whether God might be seen by Muhammad or by just any believer and whether a vision of God in this world or in the after-world is thought to be (in)feasible, probable or certain.
Orange knives
Authors: Hajjar Osman
Published: October 2021

Starting from Annemarie Schimmel’s remark that the central issue of the Sura on Joseph is the admiration of beauty, this study focusses on the scene in which Zulaykha invites the women of her town to a banquet representing them Joseph, planned to justify her attempt to seduce him. Overwhelmed by his beauty, in fact, they cut their hands with the knives while eating. The women’s exclamation “he is naught but an angel noble!” contradicts this quite fleshly experience, since the Quranic context – in which the appearance of angels is undoubtedly to be expected – precludes the possibility of interpreting it as naturalized metaphor. Thus, the question being considered here is: what does the beauty mean to Joseph and how does he experience himself as an ‘angel’? At the beginning of the Sura he reports a dream to his father that heavenly bodies throw down themselves before him. Even this motif cannot be interpreted as being metaphorical. It is an initiatic dream that represents a prefiguration of the human aspiration to reach perfection. In this sense the legend of Joseph can be read as a ‘Bildungsroman’. This story about the blurring of man’s boundaries – by stylizing him as a cosmical figure – seems to be an anticipation of the Sufi idea of the Perfect Man (al-insān al-kāmil). In other words, this concept can be regarded thoroughly as an original Quranic teaching and not as a later Sufi interpretation or invention.
On the transcendence and immanence of God
Authors: Nestler Michael
Published: October 2021

Transcendence and immanence are two terms used to differentiate two realities, one of transcending worldly experience and the other of an inner-worldly experience. In scholastic theology (kalām), a respective distinction is being made regarding the image of God, whereby transcendence (tanzīh) is set against anthropomorphism (tašbīh) to solve the problem of how to deal with Quranic expressions that attribute human – formal or essential – characteristics to God. Also, in mysticism, the notion of transcendence and immanence of God plays a central role, for instance, in the teachings of Ibn al-ʿArabī. He mainly discusses this distinction in the chapter of Noah in Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam (“The Bezels of Wisdom”), regarding knowledge of God. He rejects a pure theology of transcendence as it describes only a part of the divine reality. However, he points out that even though His immanent reality can be experienced, it is not comprehensible, because it is unlimited. Both realities interlock through the idea of the Oneness of Being or Unity of Existence (waḥdat al-wuǧūd), because ‘in reality’ they are nothing else than God. Ibn al-ʿArabī illustrates this ontological dependency by the example of Noah’s legend, by showing that the prophet supported the belief of the absolute transcendence of God, which was unacceptable for his people, not because they negated God’s existence, but because they had an immanent image of God. Accordingly, Ibn al-ʿArabī interprets the divine punishment, instead of misfortune, as immersing in the sea of knowledge of God. In this way the soul becomes a place of manifestation or a mirror of the divine reality.
Thinking about boundaries and self-knowledge
Authors: Esfahani Mahdi
Published: October 2021

What are conditions of possibility of thinking about boundaries? When we are speaking of boundaries, it means that we know both side of them, without such a presupposition we can’t know boundaries and can’t speak meaningfully about them. This ‘knowledge of both sides’ is the most important epistemological condition of possibility of thinking about boundaries. This article tries to analyze this epistemological Condition and its anthropological (or ontological) conditions; it tries to explain the role of human existence and its specialties in this context and through it, attempt to disclose key function of thinking about boundaries for self-knowledge which is core of Socrates definition of philosophy.
At the limit of meaning
Authors: Esfahani Mahdi
Published: October 2021

This article concentrates on an entity that for many is the highest form of sense, namely God. Assuming that God is endless, the author asks what can be known about such an eternity and which epistemological consequences go along with such an experience of God. By taking up the verse in the Koran (57:4): “He is with you, wherever you are”, the author shows that the infinity of God is nothing far away or abstract. It is rather the penetration of everything. A flower, for example, not only shows itself in its finitude but also testifies with its existence to the infinity of God and thus points a way to God. The more one tries to fathom the given signs, the more the divine infinity manifests itself. Therefore, if sense is equated with finitude, the alleged nonsensicality of the infinite in fact has its own sense in the finite creature.
時尚設計著作權可分離性論戰──以美國Star Athletica案為核心
Authors: 許炳華 許炳華
Published: October 2021

美國著作權法之概念上分離自1954年起即引發時尚業及司法實務之混亂，在著作權法之範疇，將美感與實用放在一起總是引發違和之感覺，實用性物品之可著作性為今日著作權法最艱難的爭議之一，「可分離性」原則即被用以處理上開疑難，然而該等原則描述容易，適用卻是困難，而多種現存之概念上分離的標準，使得著作權對於實用性物品之保護成為著作權法中最困難之領域，單一之標準容或降低司法實務間之緊張關係，而得以提供穩定之先例及可預測之結果。美國聯邦最高法院在最近之Star Athletica, L. L. C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc.案即被認為有釐清上開難題之機會，Star Athletica案提出可分離性之新途徑，著作權法並未定義可分離性，Star Athletica案可謂司法意欲填補該等模糊空間最新之嘗試，然而仍被批評所提出之標準缺乏明確性及清晰之指引，多數意見僅僅對法條加以釋義，且對於功能性之理論視若無睹。不過，Star Athletica案亦被認為對於時尚及配件產業，可謂恩賜，如果寬鬆地適用Star Athletica案最高法院所提出之新標準，有可能具備藝術特徵之實用性物品獲得著作權保護之機會將大增。
Conceptual separability in U. S. copyright law has been causing confusion in the fashion industry amongst American since 1954. In copyright law, the marriage of beauty and utility often proves fraught. One of the most difficult issues arising under the Copyright Act today is the copyrightability of useful articles. Seperability doctrine is used to deal with the issues. The doctrine has been easy to state but difficult to apply. The numerous existing tests for conceptual separability have made copyright protection of useful articles an exceedingly difficult area of copyright law. A single test for conceptual separability would alleviate conflict and tension with the judicial system, which would provide firm precedent and predictable outcomes. In Star Athletica, L. L. C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc., the U. S. Supreme Court had an opportunity to clarify the issues. In Star Athletica case, the Supreme Court recently unveiled a new approach to separability. The Copyright Act does not define separability, and Star Athletica is the latest judicial effort to try to fill that void. But the reasoning of Star Athletica still lacks clarity. The majority did little more than paraphrase the statue, and downplayed the functionality concern. Even so, Star Athletica decision is predictrd to be a boon to the fashion and apparel industry.
初探雙層股權結構於我國之運用－－以複數表決權特別股為中心
Authors: 廖秀芯 廖秀芯
Published: October 2021

過去我國實務見解始終否認公司得發行複數表決權特別股，2015年公司法正式引進閉鎖性公司專節後，方承認閉鎖性公司得發行複數表決權特別股，更進一步，2018年修法時放寬至非公開發行之一般股份有限公司均得適用，逐步提供閉鎖性公司及非公開發行公司股權規劃上有更彈性的空間，以符合現今鬆綁管制之國際趨勢，並有利於新創事業籌集資金。本文首先介紹我國特別股規定之演進過程，並討論增訂複數表決權規定後於公司法後將發生之問題，進而介紹美國法相關制度之運作及公司實務之作法作為借鏡，最後歸納數項修正方向建議，以其複數表決制度之適用能更加完備。In the past, the opinions of the courts in Taiwan have always denied that the corporations could issue multiple voting rights shares. Until 2015, the Corporation Law in Taiwan finally amended to include “Close Corporation Section”, it was acknowledged close corporations could issue multiple voting right shares. Moreover, the rules applied to non-public corporations after the amendment of the Corporation Law in 2018, gradually providing more flexible space for the equity planning in close corporations and non-public corporations. The amendment of multiple voting right shares is also in line with the current trend of the world to ease restrictions. The article first introduces the evolution of the rules of preferred stocks, and discussed the problems that may occur after the amendment of multiple voting right shares. Furthermore, it would make a thorough inquiry into the practice of multiple voting right shares in America to conclude some suggestions for the legal system in Taiwan.
THE RELEVANCY OF WALTER LIPPMANN FOR ARNOLD WOLFERS’ UNDERSTANDING OF SECURITY
Authors: LUCINESCU Alexandru
Published: October 2021

Currently, the definition of security that was put forward in 1952 by Arnold Wolfers in his article “National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol” is widely cited within the field of security studies while the definition of this concept that have been advanced by Walter Lippmann in his book from 1943, “US foreign policy: Shield of the Republic” is largely absent, a situation which hinders the turning into a research topic of the connections between these definitions. However, there are authors who cite both the definition of security advanced by Wolfers and the definition of it put forward by Lippmann, but they either do not mention the existence of connections between these definitions or take notice of them but do not investigate them, with the consequence that a thoughtful consideration of this problem is lacking. In order to fill this gap in the study of the early stages of the development of security studies, this article provides an in-depth investigation of the links between the two definitions of security which reveals that Wolfers’ reflection on security was meant to explain implicit aspects of Lippmann’s definition of this concept but that eventually and somehow unintentional Wolfers advanced a different perspective on security.
INTEGRATING CAPABILITY DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES ‒ NECESSARY ACTION TO INCREASE EFFECTIVENESS OF MILITARY ACTIONS
Authors: CIORANU Ionuţ , CHIORCEA Ion
Published: October 2021

In the increasingly uncertain future conditions, because the lost time cannot be recovered, the only one within reach remains the future. Thus, defence planning is about planning for an uncertain future, about reducing the level of uncertainty, or about increasing the level of tolerance for uncertainty. Therefore, we consider that it is time to move on to prospective planning, to the management components reprioritization, with an emphasis on foresight, especially as we observe the security environment new specifics, in order to choose, develop and maintain those capabilities to meet current and future challenges. In this article we will analyze all these aspects, in an attempt to highlight the fact that the efficient integration of those elements, which lead to obtaining and maintaining optimal capabilities, must represent a synergistic action in order to increase the effectiveness of military actions.
THE ROLE OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICES IN AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY. CASE STUDY: THE WAR IN AFGHANISTAN (1979-1989)
Authors: DUȚU Daniel-Mihai
Published: October 2021

This paper aims to present the role of intelligence services in the American foreign policy using as a case study the Afghan conflict from 1979-1989. Thus, this paper underlines the actions (or inactions) of the American intelligence services, highlighting their limitations from this period. It is important to describe the context that contributed to the start of the soviet invasion in Afghanistan and the two perspectives (American and Soviet) over the conflict. In this regard, we considered necessary an analysis on the Soviet point of view regarding the conflict and, most importantly, concerning the American involvement, having in mind the purpose of objectiveness while presenting the context and events. Using the relevant documents, testimonies and statements of former CIA officials from that period, the paper underlines the way foreign policy decisions were taken by the Administrations from Washington, during the Soviet-Afghan war, and how American intelligence services influenced the foreign policy decision-making process and the evolution of the conflict.