bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Maya Blue-like Pigments Obtained in the Presence of Green Seaweed Extract
Authors: Dumbrava Anca , Rosca Iulia , Rațiu Grigore-Leon , Berger Daniela
Published: February 2025

Nanopigments consisting of organic/inorganic hybrid composites represent a convenient alternative for pigments, combining the qualities of organic dyes with those of inorganic materials. We obtained Maya blue pigments from methylene blue and modified bentonites, using Ulva lactuca aqueous extract. Structural modifications of bentonites during the synthesis of nanopigments were evidenced by the interplanar distance and the basal peak position in X-ray diffraction patterns. The presence of methylene blue in Maya blue nanopigments was also confirmed by UV-vis and FTIR spectra. The adsorption study revealed a higher adsorption capacity in the presence of Ulva lactuca extract compared to water, and two adsorption models, Langmuir and Freundlich, were applied for studying the adsorption of methylene blue onto bentonite. The stability and seed germination effect of the resulting nanopigments were assessed. Accordingly, it was found that the nanopigments obtained in Ulva lactuca extract had superior redox stability compared to those obtained in water or methylene blue solution. The ability of bentonite-based nanopigments to be used in seed treatment is another interesting feature that can be exploited.
Paleoenvironments and Paleoclimate Reconstructions of the Middle–Upper Eocene Rocks in the North–West Fayum Area (Western Desert, Egypt): Insights from Geochemical Data
Authors: Sayed Mostafa M. , Heinz Petra , Abd El-Gaied Ibrahim M. , Gier Susanne , El-Kahawy Ramadan M. , Sayed Dina M. , Salama Yasser F. , Abuamarah Bassam A. , Wagreich Michael
Published: February 2025

This study deals with the reconstruction of the paleoenvironment and the paleoclimate situation of the middle–upper Eocene sediments in the northwest Fayum area. The reconstruction is based on comprehensive stratigraphical and geochemical analyses of major oxides and trace elements for selected sediment samples from the Gehannam Formation (Bartonian–Priabonian), the Birket Qarun and the Qasr El Sagha formations (Priabonian). The sedimentological features coupled with paleo-redox trace elemental ratios (Ni/Co, V/Cr, U/Th, V/(V + Ni), and Cu/Zn), paleosalinity (Sr/Ba, Mg/Al ×100, Ca/Al), and paleowater depth (Fe/Mn) proxies, indicate that deposition took place in a shallow marine agitated environment with high oxygen levels. Paleoclimate indicators (Sr/Cu, Rb/Sr, K2O3/Al2O3, Ga/Rb, C-value, CIA, and CIW) suggest warm and prevailing arid climatic conditions, with minor humid periods at some intervals. The observed low values of the total organic carbon (TOC) are attributed to significant high sediment influx, predominant oxygenated conditions, and poor primary productivity, which is further confirmed by low values of paleoprimary productivity proxies (P, Ni/Al, Cu/Al, P/Al and P/Ti, and Babio ratios). These findings enhance our understanding of the Eocene environments and provide insights into sedimentation processes during this period.
An Evaluation of the Potential Radiosensitization Effect of Spherical Gold Nanoparticles to Induce Cellular Damage Using Different Radiation Qualities
Authors: Engelbrecht-Roberts Monique , Miles Xanthene , Vandevoorde Charlot , de Kock Maryna
Published: February 2025

Global disparities in cancer prevention, detection, and treatment demand a unified international effort to reduce the disease’s burden and improve outcomes. Despite advances in chemotherapy and radiotherapy, many tumors remain resistant to these treatments. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have shown promise as radiosensitizers, enhancing the effectiveness of low-energy X-rays by emitting Auger electrons that cause localized cellular damage. In this study, spherical AuNPs of 5 nm and 10 nm were characterized and tested on various cell lines, including malignant breast cells (MCF-7), non-malignant cells (CHO-K1 and MCF-10A), and human lymphocytes. Cells were treated with AuNPs and irradiated with attenuated 6 megavoltage (MV) X-rays or p(66)/Be neutron radiation to assess DNA double-strand break (DSB) damage, cell viability, and cell cycle progression. The combination of AuNPs and neutron radiation induced higher levels of γ-H2AX foci and micronucleus formation compared to treatments with AuNPs or X-ray radiation alone. AuNPs alone reduced cellular kinetics and increased the accumulation of cells in the G2/M phase, suggesting a block of cell cycle progression. For cell proliferation, significant effects were only observed at the concentration of 50 μg/mL of AuNPs, while lower concentrations had no inhibitory effect. Further research is needed to quantify internalized AuNPs and correlate their concentration with the observed cellular effects to unravel the biological mechanisms of their radioenhancement.
Ordered Mesopore Channels of SBA-15 for Contaminant Adsorption: Characterization, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Silva Francisco Emanuel da , Spaolonzi Marcela Pires , Vieira Melissa G. A. , Pergher Sibele B. C.
Published: February 2025

SBA-15 is used in various processes, including adsorption, due to its textural properties, mesoporous channels, and silanol groups on the surface. These characteristics make it a promising material for the adsorption of emerging contaminants. This work evaluated the potential use of SBA-15 for the adsorption of bisphenol A (BPA), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and losartan (LS). This study showed that the material has highly ordered mesoporous channels and silanol groups on the surface, which influenced the affinity tests. SBA-15 exhibited the highest adsorption capacity (0.1317 mmol g−1) and removal percentage (60%) for CIP among the contaminants assessed. The adsorption mechanism was elucidated, revealing different interactions for each molecule. The kinetic curves for CIP adsorption indicated that the process reached saturation in 20 min, the equilibrium isotherm showed the highest adsorption at 15 °C, and the thermodynamic study shows an exothermic behavior and spontaneous process. The simplified batch design estimated that 27 g of SBA-15 is required to treat 10 L of 0.2 mmol L−1 initial CIP concentration solution and achieve 90% adsorption removal. This material demonstrated satisfactory performance in absorbing emerging contaminants.
On the Structural and Biological Effects of Hydroxyapatite and Gold Nano-Scale Particles in Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Smart Scaffolds for Bone and Neural Tissue Engineering
Authors: Zaszczyńska Angelika , Zychowicz Marzena , Kołbuk Dorota , Denis Piotr , Gradys Arkadiusz , Sajkiewicz Paweł Ł.
Published: February 2025

Piezoelectric materials, due to their ability to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical deformation, are becoming increasingly attractive in the engineering of bone and neural tissues. This manuscript reports the effects of the addition of nanohydroxyapatite (nHA), introduction of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) via sonochemical coating, and collector rotation speed on the formation of electroactive phases and biological properties in electrospun nanofiber scaffolds consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF). FTIR, WAXS, DSC, and SEM results indicate that introduction of nHA increases the content of electroactive phases and fiber alignment. The collector rotational speed increases not only the fiber alignment but also the content of electroactive phases in PVDF and PVDF/nHA fibers. Increased fiber orientation and introduction of each of additives resulted in increased SFE and water uptake. In vitro tests conducted on MG-63 and hiPSC-NSC cells showed increased adhesion and cell proliferation. The results indicate that PVDF-based composites with nHA and AuNPs are promising candidates for the development of advanced scaffolds for bone and neural tissue engineering applications, combining electrical functionality and biological activity to support tissue regeneration.
Microwave-Assisted P–C Coupling of the Less Reactive Chlorobenzene and >P(O)H Reagents in the Absence of the Usual Mono- and Bidental P-Ligands
Authors: Huszár Bianka , Mucsi Zoltán , Keglevich György
Published: February 2025

The so far unattended version of the Hirao reaction involving the coupling of the less reactive chloroarenes with >P(O)H reagents, such as diarylphosphine oxides, diethyl phosphite, and ethyl phenyl-H-phosphinate, was investigated in detail using Pd(OAc)2 as the catalyst precursor, and applying some excess of the P-reagent to provide the ligand via its trivalent tautomeric (>P-OH) form. In the presence of triethylamine, no P–C coupling took place, meaning that there was a need for a stronger base, an alkali carbonate. The solvent had a significant effect on the efficiency of the Hirao reaction. The optimum conditions (10% of the Pd(OAc)2, 1.3 equiv. of the P-reagent, 1.1 equiv. of the alkali carbonate, 135–150 °C) explored herein were applied in the synthesis of diaryl-phenylphosphine oxides, aryl-diphenylphosphine oxides, diethyl arylphosphonates, and ethyl diphenylphosphinate. Theoretical calculations performed at the M06-2X/6-31G(d,p)[PCM(MeCN)] level also justified coupling with the chloroarenes under appropriate conditions, and were in accord with the experimental results revealing the unsuitability of triethylamine as a base and the need for an alkali carbonate. The new protocol elaborated herein is more practical and “greener” than the version with bromoarenes, and embraces a wide substrate scope.
A Dual-Function Fe-Doped Co3O4 Nanosheet Array for Efficient OER and HER in an Alkaline Medium
Authors: Su Yibo , Liu Bo , Shi Zijun , Yan Mei , Ma Tengfei
Published: February 2025

The electrocatalysts of heteroatom-doped non-precious metal oxide materials are of great significance for efficient and low-cost electrochemical water-splitting systems. Herein, an innovative Fe-doped Co3O4 nanoflake (Fe-Co3O4/NF) on nickel foam has been developed, which exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for both hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs) and oxygen evolution reactions (OERs). Benefiting from the synergy of the charge redistribution and d-band center shift caused by doping engineering, the as-obtained Fe-Co3O4/NF shows both excellent HER (η10 = 196 mV) and OER (η10 = 290 mV) activities with low Tafel slopes (109 mV dec−1 for HER and 49 mV dec−1 for OER, respectively) and excellent stability. This work provides an effective method for designing and synthesizing bifunctional electrocatalysts with high activity and stability of metal oxide hybrids for the HER/OER.
Beyond the Phenothiazine Core: Mechanistic Insights into the Three-Electron Oxidation of Chlorpromazine
Authors: Miller Kiara T. , Mruthunjaya Ashwin K. V. , Torriero Angel A. J.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the electrochemical oxidation mechanisms of chlorpromazine (CPZ), revealing a novel three-electron oxidation pathway that challenges the traditionally accepted two-electron paradigm, offering new insights into CPZ oxidation pathways. Using an integrated approach combining cyclic voltammetry, bulk electrolysis, UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR spectroscopy, and LC-MS/MS analysis, we demonstrate that CPZ undergoes sequential oxidation processes involving both the phenothiazine core and the tertiary amine-containing side chain. Our results highlight the critical role of side-chain oxidation in forming nor-CPZ sulfoxide, an often-overlooked metabolite, which may influence CPZ’s metabolic and pharmacological behaviour. Spectroelectrochemical data reveal stable intermediate species, providing insight into the structural rearrangements accompanying oxidation. This work offers a detailed mechanistic understanding of CPZ redox behaviour, contributing to improved interpretations of its pharmacological and metabolic properties.
Efficient Removal of Sulfamethoxazole in Electro-Oxidation System with Boron-Doped Diamond Anode and Electrolyte NaCl: Degradation Mechanisms
Authors: Du Xinghui , Xie Wenxi , Long Xianhu , Li Dazhen , Huang Weixiong , Zhang Igor Ying , Huang Rongfu
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the pollutant sulfamethoxazole (SMX) that is widely used in medical therapy has been frequently detected in different water systems. Thereby, it is necessary to develop green and effective advanced oxidation strategies, especially the electro-oxidation process. In this study, an electro-oxidation system featuring a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and NaCl as the supporting electrolyte was implemented to effectively remove sulfamethoxazole (SMX) without the addition of external oxidants. The operational parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology with a pH 7.5, current density of 4.44 mA/cm2, and NaCl concentration of 20 mmol/L. The optimization significantly enhanced the degradation efficiency of SMX to obtain 100% removal in 5 min. Results of scavenging and chemical probe experiments indicated the presence of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and chlorine radicals (Cl•), with the latter primarily forming between the reaction of Cl− and •OH. A competition experiment further revealed the relative oxidative contribution of Cl• of 38.6%, highlighting its significant role in the degradation process. Additionally, ion chromatography analysis confirmed the presence of Cl• without the formation of harmful by-products such as ClO4−, affirming the environmentally friendly nature of the system. The toxicity of the degradation by-products was also assessed. The application of current was investigated to explore the influence of coexistence ions as well as repeatability. Overall, this work highlighted the effectiveness of the electro-oxidation system for the degradation of organic pollutants in saline wastewater, demonstrating the significance of optimization of operational parameters for efficient and sustainable environmental remediation.
Selective Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation to Olefin-Rich Hydrocarbons by Cu/FeOx Nanoarchitectures Under Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Qadir Muhammad I. , Žilková Naděžda , Kvítek Libor , Vajda Stefan
Published: February 2025

The conversion of carbon dioxide into fuels and fine chemicals is a highly desirable route for mitigating flue gas emissions. However, achieving selectivity toward olefins remains challenging and typically requires high temperatures and pressures. Herein, we address this challenge using 12 nm copper nanoparticles supported on FeOx micro-rods, which promote the selective hydrogenation of CO2 to light olefins (C2–C4) under atmospheric pressure. This catalyst achieves up to 27% conversion and 52% selectivity toward C2–C4 olefins, along with the production of C2–C4 paraffins, C5+ hydrocarbons (with all C1+ products totalling to up to about 75%), and methane, while suppressing CO formation to just 1% at 340 °C. The enhanced performance of the Cu/FeOx pre-catalyst is attributed to the efficient in situ generation of iron carbides (Fe5C2) in the presence of copper nanoparticles, as confirmed by ex situ XRD analysis. Copper facilitates the reduction of FeOx to form Fe5C2, a crucial intermediate for shifting the reaction equilibrium toward higher hydrocarbons. The hydrogenation of CO2 to higher hydrocarbons proceeds through the reverse water–gas shift reaction coupled with Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.
Shifting Outcomes: Superior Functional Recovery in Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source Compared to Cardioembolic Stroke
Authors: Seetge Jessica , Cséke Balázs , Karádi Zsófia Nozomi , Bosnyák Edit , Szapáry László
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: An embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) is a subtype of ischemic stroke characterized by a non-lacunar infarct in the absence of a clearly identifiable embolic source, despite comprehensive diagnostic evaluation. While ESUS patients are typically younger, have fewer cardiovascular comorbidities, and experience milder strokes than those with cardioembolic strokes (CEs), their functional recovery remains underexplored. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 374 ischemic stroke patients (n = 94 ESUS, n = 280 CE) admitted to the Department of Neurology, University of Pécs, between February 2023 and September 2024. Functional recovery was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance the baseline characteristics, and the mRS-shift was compared between groups. Independent predictors of mRS-shift were identified using Huber regression and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost). Results: The ESUS patients were significantly younger (60.7 ± 13.8 years vs. 75.1 ± 11.3 years, p < 0.001), had lower pre-morbid modified Rankin Scale (pre-mRS) scores (0.34 ± 0.91 vs. 0.81 ± 1.23, p < 0.001), were less likely to have hypertension (75.5% vs. 86.1%, p = 0.027) and diabetes (23.4% vs. 36.8%, p = 0.024), and presented with milder strokes (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale [NIHSS] score at admission: 5.4 ± 4.5 vs. 8.1 ± 6.3, p < 0.001, and 72 h post-stroke: 3.0 ± 4.4 vs. 6.5 ± 6.3, p < 0.001) compared to the CE patients. After adjusting for baseline differences, the ESUS patients demonstrated significantly greater functional recovery than the CE patients (adjusted mRS-shift: 1.84 ± 1.14 vs. 2.53 ± 1.69, p = 0.022). Age, pre-mRS score, and NIHSS score at 72 h post-stroke were the strongest predictors of mRS-shift, with an older age, a higher pre-mRS score, and a greater stroke severity significantly decreasing the odds of recovery. Conclusions: The ESUS patients showed superior functional recovery compared to the CE patients, even after accounting for baseline differences. These findings highlight the need for further research into the pathomechanisms underlying ESUSs and the development of optimal treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes.
Relationships Between Diet and Geographic Atrophy Progression in the Age-Related Eye Diseases Studies 1 and 2
Authors: Agrón Elvira , Vance Emily , Domalpally Amitha , Chew Emily Y. , Keenan Tiarnán D. L.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The objective of this study was to analyze the relationships between diet and geographic atrophy (GA) progression, both area-based and proximity-based, for dietary pattern, components, and micronutrients. Methods: In the Age-Related Eye Diseases Study (AREDS) and AREDS2, an Alternative Mediterranean Diet Index (aMedi), its nine components, and individual micronutrient intakes were calculated. Mixed-model regression was performed for square root GA area, GA foveal proximity, and acuity. Results: The study populations comprised 657 (AREDS) and 1179 eyes (AREDS2). For area-based progression, a higher aMedi was associated with slower progression in AREDS2 and (in analyses excluding MUFA:SFA) AREDS. A higher intake was associated with slower progression for seven components (including vegetables and fruit at Bonferroni) and four components (including fruit and less red meat at Bonferroni), and seven and 15 nutrients, in AREDS1/2, respectively. For proximity-based progression, a higher aMedi was associated with slower progression in AREDS. A higher intake was associated with slower progression for three components (including vegetables at Bonferroni) and two components, and 10 and 8 nutrients, in AREDS1/2, respectively. With increasing oral supplementation, associations between proximity-based progression and aMedi/components/nutrients were weaker. In AREDS2 eyes with non-central GA, higher aMedi was associated with a slower acuity decline. Conclusions: A Mediterranean-type diet is associated with slower GA area-based progression and slower progression to the fovea, accompanied by a slower decline in acuity. The most important components and micronutrients for incidence, area-based progression, and foveal progression overlap only partially. For the latter two, they include vegetables, fruit, and less red meat. These findings suggest the benefits of targeted nutritional and supplementation strategies.
The Relationship Between Fiber Intake and Gut Bacterial Diversity and Composition During the Third Trimester of Pregnancy
Authors: Schwartz Lindsay T. , Ladouceur Jillian G. , Russell Madeleine M. , Xie Shiyi Y. L. , Bu Sihan , Kerver Jean M. , Comstock Sarah S.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: High fiber (34–36 g/day) diets are recommended during pregnancy due to inverse associations with constipation and adverse pregnancy health outcomes, including pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes. However, the mechanism for this protective effect is poorly defined. Fiber may be protective due to its impact on the composition and function of specific bacteria within the pregnancy gut microbiome. The purpose of this analysis was to investigate whether a sub-sample of cohort study participants in their third trimester met daily dietary fiber and vegetable intake recommendations and, in turn, how this impacted bacterial composition and butyrate-producing genes within the gut microbiome. Methods: Pregnant participants (n = 52) provided stool samples and survey data, which were used to calculate fiber and vegetable intake. Genomic DNA was extracted from the stool samples, followed by PCR to amplify the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Amplicons were sequenced and mapped to the RDP reference. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to measure the abundance of bacterial genes for butyrate production. Results: Of the pregnant participants in this sample, 84.7% and 92.3% failed to meet recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans for dietary fiber and vegetable intake, respectively. All four participants who met the vegetable recommendation were a subset of those who met the fiber recommendation. The participants who met the pregnancy fiber recommendation had gut microbiotas with greater alpha diversity (Shannon and Inverse Simpson) than those who did not. However, there was no association between dietary fiber intake and the abundance of bacterial genes for butyrate production. Conclusions: This research suggests that general fiber intake during pregnancy has a modest association with the gut bacterial community. These preliminary results demonstrate a need to improve fiber intake during pregnancy. Further, studies that measure the relationship between dietary intake of specific types of fiber and associations with specific gut bacterial community members and their functions are needed.
Assessment of Vitamin D Metabolism Disorders in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Hryciuk Maksymilian , Heleniak Zbigniew , Małgorzewicz Sylwia , Kowalski Konrad , Antosiewicz Jędrzej , Koelmer Anna , Żmijewski Michał , Dębska-Ślizień Alicja
Published: February 2025

Background: Patients with end-stage chronic diseases, especially those undergoing hemodialysis (HD), often experience mineral bone disease (MBD), leading to hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH). Vitamin D deficiency and metabolism disorders are also common, resulting from impaired conversion of 25(OH)D3 to its active form, 1,25(OH)2D3, and reduced inactivation to 24,25(OH)2D3. This study aimed to assess the levels of 25(OH)D2, 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3, 3-epi-25(OH)D3, and the vitamin D metabolism ratio (VMR) in patients with maintenance HD. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 66 HD patients (22–90 years, average 61.3 ± 16.4), with a control group of 206 adults without chronic kidney disease (CKD), both without cholecalciferol supplementation. Results: the HD patients had significantly lower 25(OH)D3 levels (15 ng/mL vs. 22 ng/mL) and higher deficiency rates (69% vs. 39%) compared to the controls. However, both groups showed similarly low levels of optimal vitamin D3. The HD patients had lower 24,25(OH)D3 levels (0.1 vs. 2.1 ng/mL) and a lower VMR (0.9% vs. 9%). 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels and its ratio to 25(OH)D3 were significantly lower in the HD group. Alphacalcidol supplementation raised 1,25(OH)2D3 levels (30.4 vs. 16.2 pg/mL) without affecting other vitamin D metabolites. The HD patients had higher levels of 25(OH)D2 compared to the controls (0.61 vs. 0.31 ng/mL). Conclusions: Vitamin D3 reserves are lower, and both functional deficiency and impaired catabolism of vitamin D3 are present in HD patients compared to the general population. The VMR index is the most sensitive parameter for vitamin D3 deficiency assessment, highlighting the importance of measuring 24,25(OH)D3. Alphacalcidol supplementation increases 1,25(OH)2D3 levels without affecting other vitamin D metabolites. 25(OH)D2 is the only metabolite that was higher in HD patients than the controls.
Adherence to Dietary Recommendations for Red and Processed Meat in Poland: Insights from the 2017–2020 National Nutrition Survey
Authors: Kucharska Alicja , Sińska Beata Irena , Panczyk Mariusz , Samel-Kowalik Piotr , Szostak-Węgierek Dorota , Raciborski Filip , Samoliński Bolesław , Traczyk Iwona
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Meat is an important source of nutrients, but the excessive consumption of red and processed meat raises concerns related to its association with chronic diseases. This study aimed to analyze the consumption of red and processed meat in Poland, compare it to dietary recommendations and examine sociodemographic factors affecting consumption patterns. Methods: Data from two representative studies conducted in 2017–2020, including 4000 adult inhabitants of Poland, were analyzed using a repeated 24-h recall to estimate the intake of red meat (RM), processed meat (PM), and combined red and processed meat (CRPM). CRPM intake was compared to national recommendations. Statistical analyses were performed using weighting to improve result generalization and adjust for demographic distribution errors. Results: The mean daily intake of CRPM was 139.0 g, including 64.0 g of RM and 75.3 g of PM. PM accounted for 59.4% of CRPM intake. Men consumed significantly more CRPM than women (171 g/day vs. 106 g/day, p < 0.001). Significant differences were found between age groups in RM consumption (p < 0.001) with younger individuals consuming more RM. PM intake was highest among middle-aged respondents (35–54 years, p < 0.001). Consumer profiles most closely aligned with the recommended ≤70 g/day intake included women (OR = 0.36, p < 0.001), older individuals (OR = 1.01, p = 0.002), and those with higher education (OR = 1.38, p = 0.010). Conclusions: The results indicate a significant exceedance of recommended meat intake, particularly processed meat, posing a health risk. Targeted public health interventions are needed, especially for younger men and middle-aged groups, to reduce processed meat consumption and promote healthier alternatives.
Differentiable Deep Learning Surrogate Models Applied to the Optimization of the IFMIF-DONES Facility
Authors: Gallardo Romero Galo , Rodríguez-Llorente Guillermo , Magariños Rodríguez Lucas , Morant Navascués Rodrigo , Khvatkin Petrovsky Nikita , Lorenzo Ortega Rubén , Gómez-Espinosa Martín Roberto
Published: February 2025

One of the primary challenges for future nuclear fusion power plants is understanding how neutron irradiation affects reactor materials. To tackle this issue, the IFMIF-DONES project aims to build a facility capable of generating a neutron source in order to irradiate different material samples. This will be achieved by colliding a deuteron beam with a lithium jet. In this work, within the DONES-FLUX project, deep learning surrogate models are applied to the design and optimization of the IFMIF-DONES linear accelerator. Specifically, neural operators are employed to predict deuteron beam envelopes along the longitudinal axis of the accelerator and neutron irradiation effects at the end, after the beam collision. This approach has resulted in models that are able of approximating complex simulations with high accuracy (less than 17% percentage error for the worst case) and significantly reduced inference time (ranging from 2 to 6 orders of magnitude) while being differentiable. The substantial speed-up factors enable the application of online reinforcement learning algorithms, and the differentiable nature of the models allows for seamless integration with differentiable programming techniques, facilitating the solving of inverse problems to find the optimal parameters for a given objective. Overall, these results demonstrate the synergy between deep learning models and differentiable programming, offering a promising collaboration among physicists and computer scientists to further improve the design and optimization of IFMIF-DONES and other accelerator facilities. This research will lay the foundations for future projects, where optimization efforts with differentiable programming will be performed.
Integrated One Health Surveillance of West Nile Virus and Usutu Virus in the Veneto Region, Northeastern Italy, from 2022 to 2023
Authors: Gobbo Federica , Chiarello Giulia , Sgubin Sofia , Toniolo Federica , Gradoni Francesco , Danca Lidia Iustina , Carlin Sara , Capello Katia , De Conti Giacomo , Bortolami Alessio , Varotto Maria , Favero Laura , Brichese Michele , Russo Francesca , Mutinelli Franco , Vogiatzis Stefania , Pacenti Monia , Barzon Luisa , Montarsi Fabrizio
Published: February 2025

West Nile virus (WNV) and Usutu virus (USUV) are neurotropic mosquito-borne orthoflaviviruses maintained in an enzootic cycle, in which birds are amplifying/reservoir hosts, while humans and equids are dead-end hosts. As northern Italy, especially the Veneto Region, is considered an endemic area for WNV and USUV circulation, a surveillance plan based on a One Health approach has been implemented since 2008. This work reports the results of entomological, veterinary and human surveillances for WNV and USUV in the Veneto Region in 2022 and 2023, through virological and/or serological examinations. In 2022, 531 human WNV infections were recorded, and 93,213 mosquitoes and 2193 birds were virologically tested, showing infection rates (IRs) of 4.85% and 8.30%, respectively. The surveillance effort in 2023 provided these results: 56 human WNV infections were confirmed, and 133,648 mosquitoes and 1812 birds were virologically tested, showing IRs of 1.78% and 4.69%, respectively. This work highlights the exceptional circulation of WNV in the Veneto Region, due to the new re-introduction of WNV lineage 1 and co-circulation with WNV lineage 2. This paper confirms the efficacy of integrated surveillance for early warning of viral circulation and gives new insights about avian hosts involved in the enzootic cycle of orthoflavivirus in the endemic region of Italy.
Potential of Essential Oils from Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt: Promising Evaluation for the Control of Mollusks and Embryos of Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni Cercariae
Authors: Farias Gomes Keyla Nunes , Machado Francisco Paiva , Mota Ester Maria , da Silva Ana Cláudia Rodrigues , Xavier Mikaella Gonçalves , Menezes Joana Tostes da Cunha e , do Valle Anita Ferreira , da Silva Leandro Louback , Leite Beatriz de Frias , Rocha Leandro , Faria Robson Xavier
Published: February 2025

Background/objectives: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease that represents a serious public health problem. An alternative for the control of snails, intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis, is the use of molluskicides. Niclosamide, recommended by the WHO, has limitations, such as environmental toxicity, which has driven the search for safer and biodegradable alternatives, especially of plant origin. In this context, this study investigated the biological activity of Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil on embryos, juveniles, and adults of Biomphalaria glabrata and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. Methods: Essential oils (EOs) were extracted from fresh leaves via the Clevenger system and characterized via gas chromatography (GC/MS and GC/FID), revealing geraniol (25.0%), citronellal (29.2%), citronellol (10.5%) and elemol (9.6%) as the main components. Results: The results revealed lethal concentrations 90 (LC90) for young and adult snails of 60.72 mg/L, 74.21 mg/L and 115.35 mg/L, respectively. In the histological analysis, no changes were observed in the tissues of the mollusks exposed to the lethal concentration 25 (LC25). However, the lethal concentrations 50 (LC50) and 75 (LC75) caused crystalline concretions in proximity to the renal saccular portion. At a concentration of 60 mg/L, the oil resulted in 100% lethality in embryos and cercaricidal activity greater than 90% in 3 h. Acute toxicity tests in mice via the intraperitoneal or oral route did not reveal toxic effects, with hematological and biochemical parameters within the reference values. Furthermore, the oil did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), indicating low toxicity to fish, and caused a slight reduction in human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE) activity without affecting human AChE, which suggests low toxicity to mammalian tissues. In terms of environmental impact, the oil was not toxic to algae until the 75th day, with mortality observed thereafter. Conclusions: These results indicate that essential oils have great potential as biodegradable and safe alternatives for controlling mollusks and interrupting the schistosomiasis cycle.
Cardioprotective Effects of Ferulic Acid Through Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End Products in Diabetic Rats with Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Bekheit Sarah Ouda , Kolieb Eman , El-Awady El-Sayed E. , Alwaili Maha Abdullah , Alharthi Afaf , Khodeer Dina M.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Myocardial infarction (MI) and diabetes pose significant health challenges globally, necessitating the development of innovative medication strategies to improve outcomes in affected populations. This research aimed to determine the defensive impact of ferulic acid (FA) against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in diabetic rats. Methods: A group of male rats was partitioned into five distinct groups: control group, diabetic group, diabetic + MI, diabetic + MI + 20 mg/kg FA, and diabetic + MI + 40 mg/kg FA. The experimental groups received isoproterenol (ISO) subcutaneously at a dosage of 50 mg/kg body weight for two consecutive days. Results: The outcome was severe cardiac toxicity, as shown by changes in electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm and a substantial increase in blood cardiac enzymes such as creatinine kinase (CK-MB), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Additionally, there was a surge in inflammatory cytokines, like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and a disruption of the antioxidant system, evidenced by a rise in malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Moreover, there was a rise in cardiac receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Treatment with FA with escalating dosages of 20 and 40 mg/kg b.w. effectively mitigated changes in serum cardiac enzymes and improved the cellular architecture, which was evaluated by histopathological examination. Conclusions: In conclusion, in a dose-dependent manner, FA successfully showed a cardioprotective effect against ISO-induced cardiac toxicity in diabetic rats, as shown by the improvement in ECG findings, normalization of serum cardiac biomarkers, and augmentation of the endogenous antioxidant system. Therefore, the aforementioned data indicate that ferulic acid may potentially have a protective effect on MI patients who have diabetes mellitus.
Gastrointestinal Dysfunction and Dysbiosis in Ischemic Stroke: Opportunities for Therapeutic Intervention
Authors: Macom Rhiannon V. , Brown Candice M.
Published: February 2025

Although strokes originate in the brain, it is now widely appreciated that peripheral organ systems are also impacted by stroke. The gastrointestinal system is one peripheral organ system that is impaired during ischemic stroke. This impairment results in numerous complications, which impede post-stroke recovery. Many of the gastrointestinal mechanisms that contribute to the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke remain poorly understood. This review will highlight the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying gastrointestinal outcomes in stroke by focusing on the complex interactions that largely occur in the small intestine. The final portion of this review will focus on therapeutic interventions that target the gut as a strategy to prevent or delay functional impairment and cognitive disability in stroke patients.
Available Treatments for Autism Spectrum Disorder: From Old Strategies to New Options
Authors: Dell’Osso Liliana , Bonelli Chiara , Giovannoni Federico , Poli Francesca , Anastasio Leonardo , Cerofolini Gianluca , Nardi Benedetta , Cremone Ivan Mirko , Pini Stefano , Carpita Barbara
Published: February 2025

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition that is gaining increasing interest in research and clinical fields. Due to the improvement of screening programs and diagnostic procedures, an increasing number of cases are reaching clinical attention. Despite this, the available pharmacological options for treating ASD-related symptoms are still very limited, and while a wide number of studies are focused on children or adolescents, there is a need to increase research about the treatment of ASD in adult subjects. Given this framework, this work aims to review the available literature about pharmacological treatments for ASD, from older strategies to possible new therapeutic targets for this condition, which are often poorly responsive to available resources. The literature, besides confirming the efficacy of the approved drugs for ASD, shows a lack of adequate research for several psychopharmacological treatments despite possible promising results that need to be further investigated.
Research Advances on Distributed Acoustic Sensing Technology for Seismology
Authors: Rashid Alidu , Tackie-Otoo Bennet Nii , Abdul Latiff Abdul Halim , Otchere Daniel Asante , Jamaludin Siti Nur Fathiyah , Asfha Dejen Teklu
Published: February 2025

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) has emerged as a groundbreaking technology in seismology, transforming fiber-optic cables into dense, cost-effective seismic monitoring arrays. DAS makes use of Rayleigh backscattering to detect and measure dynamic strain and vibrations over extended distances. It can operate using both pre-existing telecommunication networks and specially designed fibers. This review explores the principles of DAS, including Coherent Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (COTDR) and Phase-Sensitive OTDR (ϕ-OTDR), and discusses the role of optoelectronic interrogators in data acquisition. It examines recent advancements in fiber design, such as helically wound and engineered fibers, which improve DAS sensitivity, spatial resolution, and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Additionally, innovations in deployment techniques include cemented borehole cables, flexible liners, and weighted surface coupling to further enhance mechanical coupling and data accuracy. This review also demonstrated the applications of DAS across earthquake detection, microseismic monitoring, reservoir characterization and monitoring, carbon storage sites, geothermal reservoirs, marine environments, and urban infrastructure surveillance. The study highlighted several challenges of DAS, including directional sensitivity limitations, vast data volumes, and calibration inconsistencies. It also addressed solutions to these problems, such as advances in signal processing, noise suppression techniques, and machine learning integration, which have improved real-time analysis and data interpretability, enabling DAS to compete with traditional seismic networks. Additionally, modeling approaches such as full waveform inversion and forward simulations provide valuable insights into subsurface dynamics and fracture monitoring. This review highlights DAS’s potential to revolutionize seismic monitoring through its scalability, cost-efficiency, and adaptability to diverse applications while identifying future research directions to address its limitations and expand its capabilities.
Effect of Structurally Modified Toluene Diisocyanate-Based Polyurethane Pads on Chemical Mechanical Polishing of 4H Silicon Carbide Substrate
Authors: Meng Yiming , Zhang Shanduan , Zhang Zefang
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the impact of polycarbonate diol (PCDL)-modified toluene diisocyanate (TDI)-based polyester polyurethane polishing pads on the chemical mechanical polishing of 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) substrates. Employing a unique metho, PCDL alters the ratio of polyurethane soft and hard segments, facilitating the one-step synthesis of a polishing pad via chemical foaming. The extent of the reaction of isocyanate groups was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, while the changes in the glass transition temperature of the material before and after modification were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry. The mechanical properties and surface morphology of the modified pad have been systematically characterized. The results showed that compared with the polyurethane polishing pad without PCDL, tensile strength was augmented by a factor of 2.1, the elastic modulus surged by a factor of 4.2, the elongation at break improved by a factor 1.6, and the wear index decreased by a factor of 0.5 by 40 wt.% PCDL loading. Furthermore, the modified pad demonstrated a 14.5% increase in material removal rate and a reduction in surface roughness of 4H-SiC from 0.124 nm to 0.067 nm. Additionally, the compact surface pore structure and enhanced chemical stability in the strong oxidizing slurry of the modified pad enabled superior polishing performance, achieving an ultrasmooth 4H-SiC surface. The study highlights the potential of tailored polyurethane formulations in enhancing polishing efficiency and surface finish in semiconductor manufacturing processes.
Diamine-Crosslinked and Blended Polyimide Membranes: An Emerging Strategy in Enhancing H2/CO2 Separation
Authors: Mohd Amin Noor Hafizah , Junaidi Mohd Usman Mohd , Amir Zulhelmi , Hashim Nur Awanis , Hizaddin Hanee Farzana , Ahmad Abdul Latif , Zainal Abidin Mohd Izzudin Izzat , Rabuni Mohamad Fairus , Syed Nor Sharifah Norsyahindah
Published: February 2025

The increasing demand for high-purity hydrogen (H2) as renewable energy sources is driving advancements in membrane technology, which is essential for achieving efficient gas separation. Polyimide (PI) membranes have become an emerging option for H2/CO2 separation due to its excellent thermal stability and stability under harsh conditions. However, the neat PI membrane suffers performance loss due to CO2 plasticization effect and an encountered trade-off limit between permeability and selectivity. Therefore, membrane modification by crosslinking and blending emerged as a recent strategy to enhance the membrane’s performance and properties. This paper provides: (1) An overview of the possible method to do the modification in PI membranes, including the advantages and challenges of the membrane modification types; (2) As blending and crosslinking is the most popular modification for the PI membrane, their roles in enhancing membrane properties for improved H2/CO2 separation are discussed; (3) The critical parameters of the blending and crosslinking processes are also clarified for the optimal purification process; (4) The future outlook for H2/CO2 separation using membrane technology is discussed, aiming to provide commercialization strategy for optimal H2/CO2 separation. Thus, this review could provide guidelines for the readers to implement changes that significantly enhance the membrane’s features for high-purity H2 production.
Energy Storage and Management of Offshore Wind-Based Green Hydrogen Production
Authors: Pizzuti Isabella , Conti Michela , Delibra Giovanni , Corsini Alessandro , Castorrini Alessio
Published: February 2025

The coupling of offshore wind energy with hydrogen production involves complex energy flow dynamics and management challenges. This study explores the production of hydrogen through a PEM electrolyzer powered by offshore wind farms and Lithium-ion batteries. A digital twin is developed in Python with the aim of supporting the sizing and carrying out a techno-economic analysis. A controller is designed to manage energy flows on an hourly basis. Three scenarios are analyzed by fixing the electrolyzer capacity to meet a steel plant’s hydrogen demand while exploring different wind farm configurations where the electrolyzer capacity represents 40%, 60%, and 80% of the wind farm. The layout is optimized to account for the turbine wake. Results reveal that when the electrolyzer capacity is 80% of the wind farm, a better energy balance is achieved, with 87.5% of the wind production consumed by the electrolyzer. In all scenarios, the energy stored is less than 5%, highlighting its limitation as a storage solution in this application. LCOE and LCOH differ minimally between scenarios. Saved emissions from wind power reach 268 ktonCO2/year while those from hydrogen production amount to 520 ktonCO2/year, underlying the importance of hydrogen in hard-to-abate sectors.
A Comprehensive Optimization Framework for Diesel Filtration in Nuclear Emergency Systems: Integrating Genetic Algorithms, State-Space Networks, and Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Zhang Lanqi , He Yupan , Zhou Yong , Jiang Guoying , Chu Xiangnan , Ma Qi , Liu Fengyi , Ye Haotian
Published: February 2025

Aging diesel fuel in emergency storage tanks at nuclear power plants requires regular filtration to remove impurities. Due to the stringent safety requirements of nuclear power plants, high standards are set for operational timeliness and reliability. This study proposes an efficient optimization framework that integrates MATLAB-based genetic algorithm optimization, state-space networks (SSNs), and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A FLUENT simulation model is used to simulate the internal flow field of the diesel storage tank, while the SSN comprehensively analyzes flow distribution and filtration path strategies. Global parameter optimization is achieved using a genetic algorithm (GA). The framework improves filtration efficiency by 7.9%, reducing filtration time from 464,000 s to 417,600 s. Water impurity levels decreased by 22.2% (from 0.00045 to 0.00035), and mechanical impurities decreased by 33.3% (from 0.000015 to 0.000010). The findings not only enhance the reliability of emergency diesel generator systems and support nuclear safety operations but also provide a solid foundation for further innovations in emergency fuel filtration technologies.
A Study on Improved Langley Plot Calibration Methods Using Noise Reduction for Field Solar Spectral Irradiance (SSI) Observation Instruments
Authors: Li Guanrui , Zhou Aiming , Huang Yu , Yang Xiaohu , Li Zhanfeng
Published: February 2025

Accurate spectral and radiometric calibration is critical for precise Solar Spectral Irradiance (SSI) and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrievals in ground-based observations. This study introduces a pixel-based real-time noise deduction method and evaluates its performance using laser sources, Fraunhofer dark lines, and an improved Langley plot calibration. The proposed approach addresses challenges in long-term field SSI monitoring, including spectral noise variation and frequent calibration requirements for wavelength and responsivity corrections. The pixel-based noise deduction method effectively suppresses spectral dark noise to 0 ± 0.890, outperforming temperature-based corrections by 0.6%. Wavelength accuracy tests with laser sources and Fraunhofer dark lines demonstrate high consistency, with δλ < 0.3 nm, while spectral calibration uncertainty is assessed at 0.195 nm to 0.299 nm. The improved Langley plot achieves spectral responsivity differing by only 0.80% from the standard Langley plot and enhances AOD correlation with CE318 by 0.9–2.7% (RMSE: 0.002–0.003), significantly improving AOD observation accuracy. This work advances the development of field SSI hyperspectral observation and calibration, improving the accuracy of SSI and AOD measurements and contributing to the study of environmental changes and climate dynamics.