bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A SNP, Gene, and Polygenic Risk Score Approach of Oxytocin‐Vasopressin Genes in Adolescents’ Loneliness
Authors: Verhagen Maaike , Verweij Karin J. H. , Lodder Gerine M. A. , Goossens Luc , Verschueren Karine , Van Leeuwen Karla , Van den Noortgate Wim , Claes Stephan , Bijttebier Patricia , Van Assche Evelien , Vink Jaqueline M.
Published: January 2019

Not much is known regarding underlying biological pathways to adolescents’ loneliness. Insight in underlying molecular mechanisms could inform intervention efforts aimed at reducing loneliness. Using latent growth curve modeling, baseline levels and development of loneliness were studied in two longitudinal adolescent samples. Genes (OXTR, OXT, AVPR1A, AVPR1B) were examined using SNP‐based, gene‐based, and polygenic risk score (PRS) approaches. In both samples, SNP‐ and gene‐based tests showed involvement of the OXTR gene in development of loneliness, though, significance levels did not survive correction for multiple testing. The PRS approach provided no evidence for relations with loneliness. We recommend alternative phenotyping methods, including environmental factors, to consider epigenetic studies, and to examine possible endophenotypes in relation to adolescents’ loneliness.
Paediatric emergency department presentations due to feeding tube complications in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Wong Ai‐Lynn , Meehan Elaine , Babl Franz E , Reid Susan M , Catto‐Smith Anthony , Williams Katrina , Reddihough Dinah S
Published: January 2019

Aim

To describe the characteristics of emergency department (ED) presentations due to complications from gastrostomy or gastrojejunal feeding tubes among children with cerebral palsy (CP), the complexity of complications and the management approaches taken.

Methods

The Victorian CP Register was linked to the ED databases of Victoria's two tertiary paediatric hospitals, and data on presentations due to feeding tube complications were identified based on discharge diagnosis codes. Additional data on presentations were extracted from medical records.

Results

Over 5 years, there were 234 ED presentations due to feeding tube‐related complaints among a CP cohort (n = 2183). ED notes were located for 183 of the 234 presentations. The majority of presentations (90%) involved children with severe gross motor impairment. A total of 46% of presentations (n = 84) was triaged as lower urgency, and 68% (n = 124) took place between 08:00 am and 06:00 pm. The most common presenting complaint was tube dislodgement (n = 105; 70%). No investigations were recorded in the majority of cases, and in almost 90% of cases, the feeding tube was successfully replaced in the ED, usually by an ED physician (n = 74) and less frequently by a surgeon (n = 9), gastroenterologist (n = 2) or nurse (n = 8); 9% (n = 17) resulted in a hospital admission.

Conclusions

Most ED presentations due to feeding tube complaints in children with CP are in children with severe gross motor impairment but are able to be managed in the ED. As such, it is likely that care givers and other health professionals could manage some of the complications experienced in primary health‐care settings closer to home.
Melatonin suppression is exquisitely sensitive to light and primarily driven by melanopsin in humans
Authors: Prayag Abhishek S. , Najjar Raymond P. , Gronfier Claude
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Light elicits a range of non‐visual responses in humans. Driven predominantly by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), but also by rods and/or cones, these responses include melatonin suppression. A sigmoidal relationship has been established between melatonin suppression and light intensity; however, photoreceptoral involvement remains unclear.

Methods and Results

In this study, we first modelled the relationships between alpha‐opic illuminances and melatonin suppression using an extensive dataset by Brainard and colleagues. Our results show that (a) melatonin suppression is better predicted by melanopic illuminance compared to other alpha‐opic illuminances, (b) melatonin suppression is predicted to occur at levels as low as ~1.5 melanopic lux (melanopsin‐weighted irradiance 0.2 µW/cm2), (c) saturation occurs at 305 melanopic lux (melanopsin‐weighted irradiance 36.6 µW/cm2). We then tested this melanopsin‐weighted illuminance‐response model derived from Brainard and colleagues' data and show that it predicts equally well melatonin suppression data from our laboratory, although obtained using different intensities and exposure duration.

Discussion

Together, our findings suggest that melatonin suppression by monochromatic lights is predominantly driven by melanopsin and that it can be initiated at extremely low melanopic lux levels in experimental conditions. This emphasizes the concern of the non‐visual impacts of low light intensities in lighting design and light‐emitting devices.
Aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder: State of the art and future perspectives
Authors: Gieselmann Annika , Ait Aoudia Malik , Carr Michelle , Germain Anne , Gorzka Robert , Holzinger Brigitte , Kleim Birgit , Krakow Barry , Kunze Anna E. , Lancee Jaap , Nadorff Michael R. , Nielsen Tore , Riemann Dieter , Sandahl Hinuga , Schlarb Angelika A. , Schmid Carolin , Schredl Michael , Spoormaker Victor I. , Steil Regina , van Schagen Annette M. , Wittmann Lutz , Zschoche Maria , Pietrowsky Reinhard
Published: January 2019

This consensus paper provides an overview of the state of the art in research on the aetiology and treatment of nightmare disorder and outlines further perspectives on these issues. It presents a definition of nightmares and nightmare disorder followed by epidemiological findings, and then explains existing models of nightmare aetiology in traumatized and non‐traumatized individuals. Chronic nightmares develop through the interaction of elevated hyperarousal and impaired fear extinction. This interplay is assumed to be facilitated by trait affect distress elicited by traumatic experiences, early childhood adversity and trait susceptibility, as well as by elevated thought suppression and potentially sleep‐disordered breathing. Accordingly, different treatment options for nightmares focus on their meaning, on the chronic repetition of the nightmare or on maladaptive beliefs. Clinically, knowledge of healthcare providers about nightmare disorder and the delivery of evidence‐based interventions in the healthcare system is discussed. Based on these findings, we highlight some future perspectives and potential further developments of nightmare treatments and research into nightmare aetiology.
Assessing Children's Understanding of Complex Syntax: A Comparison of Two Methods
Authors: Frizelle Pauline , Thompson Paul , Duta Mihaela , Bishop Dorothy V. M.
Published: January 2019

We examined the effect of two methods of assessment—multiple‐choice sentence–picture matching and an animated sentence‐verification task—on typically developing children's understanding of relative clauses. A sample of children between the ages of 3 years 6 months and 4 years 11 months took part in the study (N = 103). Results indicated that (a) participants performed better on the sentence‐verification than on the multiple‐choice task independently of age, (b) each testing method revealed a different hierarchy of constructions, and (c) the impact of testing method on participants’ performance was greater for some constructions than others. Our results suggest that young children can understand complex sentences when they are presented in a manner that better reflects how people process language in natural discourse. These results have implications for the study of language comprehension in suggesting that results from multiple‐choice tasks may not generalize to other methods.

Open Practices

This article has been awarded an Open Data badge. All data are publicly accessible via the Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/27gwb. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Antibiotic disturbance affects aquatic microbial community composition and food web interactions but not community resilience
Authors: Eckert Ester M. , Quero Grazia M. , Di Cesare Andrea , Manfredini Giuliana , Mapelli Francesca , Borin Sara , Fontaneto Diego , Luna Gian Marco , Corno Gianluca
Published: January 2019

Notwithstanding the fundamental role that environmental microbes play for ecosystem functioning, data on how microbes react to disturbances are still scarce, and most factors that confer stability to microbial communities are unknown. In this context, antibiotic discharge into the environment is considered a worldwide threat for ecosystems with potential risks to human health. We therefore tested resilience of microbial communities challenged by the presence of an antibiotic. In a continuous culture experiment, we compared the abundance, composition and diversity of microbial communities undisturbed or disturbed by the constant addiction of tetracycline in low (10 µg/L) or intermediate (100 µg/L) concentration (press disturbance). Further, the bacterial communities in the three treatments had to face the sudden pulse disturbance of adding an allochthonous bacterium (Escherichia coli). Tetracycline, even at low concentrations, affected microbial communities by changing their phylogenetic composition and causing cell aggregation. This, however, did not coincide with a reduced microbial diversity, but was mainly caused by a shift in dominance of specific bacterial families. Moreover, the less disturbed community (10 µg/L tetracycline) was sometimes more similar to the control and sometimes more similar to heavily disturbed community (100 µg/L tetracycline). All in all, we could not see a pattern where the communities disturbed with antibiotics were less resilient to a second disturbance introducing E. coli, but they seemed to be able to buffer the input of the allochthonous strain in a similar manner as the control.
L2 Imperfective Functions With Verb Types in Written Narratives: A Cross–Sectional Study With Instructed Hispanophone Learners of French
Authors: IZQUIERDO JESÚS , KIHLSTEDT MARIA
Published: January 2019

Through either morphological or functional approaches, previous research has examined how instructed second language (L2) learners develop control over a challenging area of French: the use of the imparfait. In order to better understand this challenge, this cross‐sectional study utilized both approaches and examined how 94 university Hispanophone learners of French developed control over 5 L2 imperfective functions with 4 verb types in 2 written narratives. Each L2 learner was assigned to 1 of 6 groups depending on the number of imperfective instances in their texts. In order to identify features of learner language, L2 imperfective use was compared to the imperfective found in first language (L1) Spanish (n = 31) and L1 French (n = 47) narratives. The analyses of the 2,176 instances of L2 imperfective use revealed that this form develops in accordance with a trend whereby a decrease is found from the characterization/state combination, to habituality/telics, to progressivity/nonpunctual dynamic verbs, to inchoative characterization/states, and to frequentation/activities. In contrast to the L1 imperfective in Spanish and French, the L2 imperfective showed variability across these combinations. Moreover, in the L2 narratives, learners favored the characterization/state association at the expense of using other imperfective functions with other verb types.
A Bayesian Approach to Measuring Evidence in L2 Research: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: NOROUZIAN REZA , MIRANDA MICHAEL DE , PLONSKY LUKE
Published: January 2019

Null hypothesis testing has long since been the ‘go‐to analytic approach’ in quantitative second language (L2) research (Norris, 2015, p. 97). To many, however, years of reliance on this approach has resulted in a crisis of inference across the social and behavioral sciences (e.g., Rouder et al., 2016). As an alternative to the null hypothesis testing approach, many such experts recommend the Bayesian hypothesis testing approach. Adopting an open‐science framework, the present study (a) re‐evaluates the empirical findings of 418 t‐tests from published L2 research using Bayesian hypothesis testing, and (b) compares the Bayesian results with their conventional, null hypothesis testing counterparts as observed in the original reports. The results show that the Bayesian and the null hypothesis testing approaches generally arrive at similar inferential conclusions. However, considerable differences arise in the rejections of the null hypothesis. Notably, in 64.06% of cases when p‐values fell between .01 and .05 (i.e., evidence to reject the null), the Bayesian analysis found the evidence in the primary studies to be only at an ‘anecdotal’ level (i.e., insufficient evidence to reject the null). Practical implications, field‐wide recommendations, and an introduction to free online software (https://rnorouzian.shinyapps.io/bayesian-t-tests) for Bayesian hypothesis testing are discussed.
“You Possess The Land That Belongs To All Salvadorans”: Archbishop Óscar Romero and Ordinary Violence
Authors: Whelan Matthew Philipp
Published: January 2019

The essay focuses on the notion of ordinary violence in the homiletical and literary corpus of Archbishop Óscar Romero of El Salvador. Focusing especially on the reality of landlessness, I attend to Romero’s characterization of the inability of people to access land and livelihood as itself a form of violence, which he understands to be an attack upon the dignity of those deprived of what they need to survive and to flourish. The essay then turns to the assumptions about the world that make the perception of ordinary violence possible, arguing that such violence assumes and elaborates upon the theological grammar of creation as a common gift. I proceed to sketch the moral and theological landscape opened up by this belief about creation, suggesting some of the possibilities it generates for moral description and agency. For instance, Romero’s understanding of ordinary violence considerably complicates commonplace conceptions of thievery—a complexity especially evident in his claim that some Salvadoran oligarchs are like thieves because they take the land that belongs to all.
‘Is imperialist nationalism an oxymoron?’*
Authors: Kolstø Pål
Published: January 2019

According to Ernest Gellner's celebrated definition, nationalism is a political principle that holds that the political and the national unit should be congruent. Based on this definition, Alexander Motyl has declared that ‘nationalism and imperialism are polar types’. Even so, dozens of books and articles have used the concept of ‘imperialist nationalism’ without any qualms. Is this just a matter of terminological confusion, or does it reflect a deeper disagreement on what the phenomenon of nationalism actually is? In the lecture, I discuss the concept of ‘imperialist nationalism’ as used in the standard literature and find that numerous historical actors take pride in being both nationalists and imperialists. I distinguish between overseas colonial empires and contiguous land‐based empires and demonstrate that in both cases, ‘imperialist nationalism’ can be found. In the latter case, nationalism can take the shape of either ‘nation‐building imperialism’, in which nationalists strive for cultural homogenisation throughout the state, or ‘ethnocratic imperialism’, in which the distinction between ‘the imperial nation’ and other national groups is retained. In overseas colonial empires, I find only ethnocratic imperialism. As a case study, I analyse how Russian nationalists have related to the fact that Russia has historically been an Empire.
Plant performance response to eight different types of symbiosis
Authors: Gibert Anais , Tozer Wade , Westoby Mark
Published: January 2019

Almost all plant species interact with one or more symbioses somewhere within their distribution range.

Bringing together plant trait data and growth responses to symbioses spanning 552 plant species, we provide for the first time on a large scale (597 studies) a quantitative synthesis on plant performance differences between eight major types of symbiosis, including mycorrhizas, N‐fixing bacteria, fungal endophytes and ant–plant interactions.

Frequency distributions of plant growth responses varied considerably between different types of symbiosis, in terms of both mean effect and ‘risk’, defined here as percentage of experiments reporting a negative effect of symbiosis on plants. Contrary to expectation, plant traits were poor predictors of growth response across and within all eight symbiotic associations. Our analysis showed no systematic additive effect when a host plant engaged in two functionally different symbioses.

This synthesis suggests that plant species’ ecological strategies have little effect in determining the influence of a symbiosis on host plant growth. Reliable quantification of differences in plant performance across symbioses will prove valuable for developing general hypotheses on how species become engaged in mutualisms without a guarantee of net returns.
Plant nyctinasty – who will decode the ‘Rosetta Stone’?
Authors: Ueda Minoru , Ishimaru Yasuhiro , Takeuchi Yusuke , Muraoka Yuki
Published: January 2019

Nyctinasty is the circadian rhythmic nastic movement of leguminous plants in response to the onset of darkness, a unique and intriguing phenomenon that has attracted attention for centuries. The movement itself is caused by the asymmetric volume change of motor cells between the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaflet. Recently, we identified the ion channels responsible for the volume change of motor cells during the leaf‐opening process of Samanea saman; the asymmetric expression of SsSLAH1, which is under the control of SsCCA1, was found to play a key role in this process. Here, we summarize the history of the study of nyctinasty, our current results and several insights for further study.
Preoperative circulating platelet, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts predict survival in oral cancer
Authors: Diao Pengfei , Wu Yaping , Ge Han , Li Jin , Zhang Wei , Huang Rong , Wang Yanling , Cheng Jie
Published: January 2019

Objective

Circulating immune‐inflammatory cells have been increasingly recognized as robust prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Here, we sought to evaluate the prognostic values of preoperative peripheral platelet, neutrophil, lymphocyte quantitation in patients with primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Materials and methods

A total number of 309 patients with primary OSCC surgically treated at our institutions were retrospectively included. Detailed demographic, clinicopathological, laboratory, and follow‐up data were collected. The Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox regression assay were performed to assess the prognostic values. A new prognostic risk score was developed and designed as PNL (platelet–neutrophil–lymphocyte) score based on combined preoperative platelets, neutrophils, and lymphocytes via calculating the regression coefficients of each type of cell by Cox regression analysis.

Results

High platelet counts (≥266 × 109/L), neutrophil counts (≥2.8 × 109/L), PNL scores, and low lymphocyte counts (<1.4 × 109/L) significantly associated with reduced overall and disease‐free survival (Kaplan–Meier, p < 0.05, Log‐rank test). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses revealed that individual platelet, neutrophil, lymphocyte quantitation, and PNL score were independent prognostic predictors for patient survival. Moreover, receiver operating characteristics curve revealed superior prognostic utility of PNL score for OSCC.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that preoperative circulating platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and PNL score serve as noninvasive, low‐cost, and powerful prognostic predictors for patients with OSCC.
A Lead Seal from the Laodikeia‐Kandilkiri Excavations and an Overall Assessment of Seal Use in South‐Western Anatolia During the Early Bronze Age
Authors: Oğuzhanoğlu Umay
Published: January 2019

Kandilkırı, one of the two prehistoric settlements of the ancient city of Laodikeia on the Lykos River (Laodicea ad Lycum), was settled during the Early Bronze Age (EBA) 2 and 3 periods. The present study attempts to provide an overall assessment of questions pertaining to seals and sealing practices in south‐western Anatolia, raised due to the discovery of a lead stamp seal at Kandilkırı. In EBA 2, metal seals appeared alongside the pre‐existing clay ones, and by the end of the EBA 3, negatives of metal seals seem to have been added to the ‘trinket mould’ repertoire of artisans, who mainly cast lead and were active along the trade routes. The custom of seal usage in the Near East seems to have been partially adopted in south‐west Anatolia in the EBA, then passed to mainland Greece from this region. It is proposed that the south‐western corner of Anatolia might have played a more active role in the transport of Near Eastern ideas as a result of its closer proximity to the Mediterranean coast, and that at least a part of this connection might have been established via sea routes.
FUNNELS AS INDICATORS OF STORAGE ACTIVITIES IN THE IRON II SOUTHERN LEVANT
Authors: Faust Avraham
Published: January 2019

Although literally hundreds of houses have been excavated in the southern Levant, it is not easy to use them to study past spatial activities. While modern excavations allow high‐resolution reconstructions, due to the costs involved only a limited number of houses are excavated nowadays in their entirety; the recording of the hundreds of houses excavated until the 1960s was partial and much of the material (e.g. botanical remains, bones, charred material, etc.) was not even collected. Some of the older reports recorded the distribution of macro‐artefacts, mainly pottery, and a concentration of storage vessels, for example, may indicate that a room was used for storage. The products stored, however, cannot usually be determined. This article suggests that the volumes and forms of funnels may indicate whether they funnelled dry products, liquids or precious fluids, and can therefore be used to identify specialized activities even from reports of older excavations, when other lines of evidence are lacking.
Distribution of mid‐peripheral cones in emmetropic and myopic subjects using adaptive optics flood illumination camera
Authors: Woog Kelly , Legras Richard
Published: January 2019

Purpose

We measured in vivo cone photoreceptors up to 24° of eccentricity along the horizontal meridian of healthy human retina. We also investigated the impact on cone densities of axial eye length elongation occurring with myopia.

Methods

Using a flood illumination device coupled with an adaptive optics system, rtx1™, ( www.imagine-eyes.com), 55 right healthy retinas were imaged along the horizontal (i.e. nasal and temporal) meridian over a 48° field (i.e. from 3° to 24° each 3°). Then, cones were manually detected within 80 × 80 pixel regions of interest. Cone density and packing geometry (i.e. number of neighbours) were calculated (AOdetect software™). Subjects were divided into three groups: a group of 36 emmetropic (i.e. refractive error from −0.25D to +0.50D) subjects; a group of 10 low myopic subjects (i.e. refractive error from −0.50D to −2.50D); and a group of nine high myopic subjects (i.e. >−2.50D).

Results

Cone density decreased with eccentricity in both semi‐meridians. The decrease in cone photoreceptors occurred mainly in the first 9°. The difference of cone density between the nasal and temporal semi‐meridian increased with eccentricity from 0.6% at 3° to 26% at 24°. Average cone density of emmetropes (850 cones deg−2 or 11 087 cones mm−2), low myopes (830 cones deg−2 or 9731 cones mm−2), and high myopes (912 cones deg−2 or 9744 cones mm−2), suggested that the retinas of the high myopic subjects were more stretched than the low myopic subjects retinas and even more stretched than that of the emmetropes. The axial eyeball elongation (square of the ratio of the axial eye length of 9%) seems to explain the cone density (11%) difference between emmetropes and low myopes. However, while the eyeball elongation between low and high myopes is still important (i.e. 11%), cone density difference between both populations was negligible (i.e. 3%). The ratio of cone density varied from −17% to 22% as a function of eccentricity involving that the retinal stretching is not uniform along the horizontal meridian.

Conclusion

The difference of cone density (i.e. cone mm−2) between groups supports the hypothesis that the retina is stretched with the eyeball elongation. However, this elongation does not seem to be uniform along the horizontal meridian favouring the hypothesis of a local elongation of the retina.
Prediction of mortality following pediatric heart transplant using machine learning algorithms
Authors: Miller Rebecca , Tumin Dmitry , Cooper Jennifer , Hayes Don , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: January 2019

Background

Optimizing transplant candidates’ priority for donor organs depends on the accurate assessment of post‐transplant outcomes. Due to the complexity of transplantation and the wide range of possible serious complications, recipient outcomes are difficult to predict accurately using conventional multivariable regression. Therefore, we evaluated the utility of 3 ML algorithms for predicting mortality after pediatric HTx.

Methods

We identified patients <18 years of age receiving HTx in 2006‐2015 in the UNOS Registry database. Mortality within 1, 3, or 5 years was predicted using classification and regression trees, RFs, and ANN. Each model was trained using cross‐validation, then validated in a separate testing set. Model performance was primarily evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) curve.

Results

The training set included 2802 patients, whereas 700 were included in the testing set. RF achieved the best fit to the training data with AUCs of 0.74, 0.68, and 0.64 for 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year mortality, respectively, and performed best in the testing data, with AUCs of 0.72, 0.61, and 0.60, respectively. Nevertheless, sensitivity was poor across models (training: 0.22‐0.58; testing: 0.07‐0.49).

Discussion

ML algorithms demonstrated fair predictive utility in both training and testing data, but the sensitivity of these algorithms was generally poor. With the registry missing data on many determinants of long‐term survival, the ability of ML methods to predict mortality after pediatric HTx may be fundamentally limited.
Pious voices: Blind Spanish prayer singers
Authors: Gomis Juan
Published: January 2019

This essay aims to provide an overview on the topic of street singers in Early Modern Spain, addressing issues such as the different categories of performers, their multiple repertoires and their publics and reception. It also focuses on a characteristic Spanish figure: ciegos copleros. The role played in Spain by the blind as sellers of prints and reciters of ballads since the 16th century is well known. Spanish literature has described very often these characters, and research carried out by authors such as Pedro Cátedra, Jean‐François Botrel or Joaquín Díaz, among others, has shed light over the topic. However, there is a fundamental aspect which has been almost ignored by historiography: since the 14th century, Spanish blind people started to associate themselves in brotherhoods. Thanks to this corporate tradition, the blind succeeded in obtaining, in the 16th century, the monopoly over the reciting of prayers in streets. This essay aims to analyze this activity, highlighting how it was organized by these brotherhoods as if they were real guilds. By doing so, we try to deepen our understanding over the role played by the blind as cultural mediators.
Still People of the Book A History of the Church in 100 Objects, MikeAquilina and GraceAquilina, Ave Maria, 2017 (ISBN 978‐1‐59471‐750‐5), 448 pp., pb $24.95
Authors: Bugyis Eric
Published: January 2019

The recent turn to ‘material religion’ in the academic study of religion offers a new opportunity for scholars and practitioners to take the embodied, devotional lives of adherents seriously. In their new book, A History of the Church in 100 Objects, Mike and Grace Aquilina might be productively read as responding to this new openness on the part of scholars by presenting Roman Catholic history as told through those objects that have guided the practices of the faithful. Despite their protestations to the contrary, however, the story that they tell is still mostly determined by the authoritative interpretation of sacred texts instead of ordinary interactions with sacred objects.
Agent‐Based Recovery Model for Seismic Resilience Evaluation of Electrified Communities
Authors: Sun Li , Stojadinovic Bozidar , Sansavini Giovanni
Published: January 2019

In this article, an agent‐based framework to quantify the seismic resilience of an electric power supply system (EPSS) and the community it serves is presented. Within the framework, the loss and restoration of the EPSS power generation and delivery capacity and of the power demand from the served community are used to assess the electric power deficit during the damage absorption and recovery processes. Damage to the components of the EPSS and of the community‐built environment is evaluated using the seismic fragility functions. The restoration of the community electric power demand is evaluated using the seismic recovery functions. However, the postearthquake EPSS recovery process is modeled using an agent‐based model with two agents, the EPSS Operator and the Community Administrator. The resilience of the EPSS–community system is quantified using direct, EPSS‐related, societal, and community‐related indicators. Parametric studies are carried out to quantify the influence of different seismic hazard scenarios, agent characteristics, and power dispatch strategies on the EPSS–community seismic resilience. The use of the agent‐based modeling framework enabled a rational formulation of the postearthquake recovery phase and highlighted the interaction between the EPSS and the community in the recovery process not quantified in resilience models developed to date. Furthermore, it shows that the resilience of different community sectors can be enhanced by different power dispatch strategies. The proposed agent‐based EPSS–community system resilience quantification framework can be used to develop better community and infrastructure system risk governance policies.
The influence of an older sibling on preschoolers’ lie‐telling behavior
Authors: Nagar Pooja Megha , Williams Shanna , Talwar Victoria
Published: January 2019

In the present study, children’s (2‐ to 5‐years old) lie‐telling was examined in relation to theory of mind (first‐order false belief understanding), executive functioning (measuring inhibitory control in conjunction with working memory), and presence of siblings in the home (no siblings vs. siblings; younger siblings vs. older siblings).  Lie‐telling was observed using a temptation resistance paradigm. Overall, of the 152 (74.9%) children who peeked at the toy, 73 (48%) lied during the temptation resistance paradigm. Children with higher scores on measures of first‐order false belief understanding, and measures that relied on inhibitory control, were more likely to lie compared to their truthful counterparts.  Additionally, children with older siblings were more likely to lie to the research assistant, and this relationship was independent of performance on cognitive tasks. Overall, results demonstrate that having an older sibling has an independent, direct effect on the development of young children’s lie‐telling abilities, irrespective of cognitive ability. These findings support the argument that lie‐telling is a behavior that is facilitated by both cognitive and social factors.
We Never Change, Do We? Economic Anxiety and Far‐Right Identification in a Postcrisis Europe*
Authors: Kates Sean , Tucker Joshua A.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Macro‐level studies have consistently found a connection between economic crises and support for far‐right parties. However, research on the micro foundations for this electoral support has generally found little or no correlation between an individual's economic environment and far‐right voting. We test one possible explanation for this seeming paradox, namely, that determinants of far‐right identification differ across time and particularly in times of crisis.

Methods

Utilizing traditional representative data from Eurobarometer surveys in a manner that strips away confounding issues generally found in the extant literature, we directly test whether individuals concerned about their personal economic situation, or that of their country, are more likely to identify with far‐right ideological beliefs during economic crises.

Results

Ultimately, we find little evidence to support the claim that the Great Recession of 2007–2009 and its aftermath shifted the determinants of support for far‐right ideology, though prospective pocketbook concerns do increase the likelihood of identifying with the far right.

Conclusions

We discuss the implications of these findings and offer additional avenues for future research.
15N Fertilizer recovery in different tillage–straw systems on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico
Authors: Grahmann Kathrin , Dittert Klaus , Verhulst Nele , Govaerts Bram , Buerkert Andreas
Published: January 2019

Tillage and residue retention affect nitrogen (N) dynamics and nutrient losses and therefore nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and crop fertilizer use, however, there is little information about residual fertilizer effects on the subsequent crop. Micro‐plots with 15N‐labelled urea were established in 2014/2015 on a long‐term experiment on a Vertisol in north‐west Mexico. N fertilizer recovery (NFR) and the effects of residual fertilizer N for summer maize (Zea mays L.) and the subsequent wheat (Triticum durum L.) crop were studied in three tillage–straw management practices (CTB: conventionally tilled beds; PB‐straw: permanent raised beds with residue retention; PB‐burn: permanent raised beds with residue burning). Fertilizer 15N recovery rates for maize grain across all treatments were low with an average of 11%, but after wheat harvest total recovered 15N (15N in maize and wheat straw and grain, residual soil 15N) was over 50% for the PB‐burn treatment. NFR was lowest in CTB after two cropping cycles (32%). Unaccounted N from applied fertilizer for the maize crop averaged 120 kg 15N ha−1 after wheat harvest. However, more than 20% of labelled 15N was found in the 0–90 cm soil profile in both PB treatments after wheat harvest, which highlights the need for long‐term studies and continuous monitoring of the soil nutrient status to avoid over‐application of mineral N fertilizer.
A new allele found in a volunteer hematopoietic stem cell donor: HLA‐B*15:465
Authors: Hedin Anders , Knutson Carina , Bengtsson Mats
Published: January 2019

HLA‐B*15:465 differs from HLA‐B*15:01:01:01 in codon 336 of exon 7.
Maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes associated with long‐term use of corticosteroids during pregnancy
Authors: AlSaad Doua , Lindow Stephen , Lee Ben H , Tarannum Asma , Abdulrouf Palli Valapila
Published: January 2019

Key content

Antenatal corticosteroid use is strongly associated with reduced neonatal mortality and morbidity arising from preterm delivery.

Betamethasone and dexamethasone are the corticosteroids of choice to enhance fetal lung maturation in this situation.

Maternal medical conditions such as autoimmune diseases, asthma and allergies may necessitate long‐term use of corticosteroids during pregnancy.

The maternal, fetal and neonatal effects in pregnant women using chronic corticosteroids are reviewed. The question as to whether the standard course of antenatal corticosteroids is necessary if preterm delivery is anticipated is discussed.

Learning objectives

To review the production of endogenous corticosteroids in pregnancy.

To be aware of the effect of chronic corticosteroid use on fetal lung maturity during pregnancy.

To appreciate the maternal, fetal and neonatal effects of exogenous corticosteroid use in pregnancy.

Ethical issues

Is the fluorinated antenatal corticosteroids course given for preterm delivery indicated in women using corticosteroids on a chronic basis?

What are the fetal and neonatal outcomes of chronic corticosteroid use by the pregnant woman?

How should women taking chronic corticosteroids be managed?
Examination the Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Body Compositions of Sedentary Male Individuals
Authors: Adıgüzel Niyazi Sıdkı , Canli Umut
Published: January 2019

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of 8-week aerobic and resistance training on body composition values of sedentary male individuals. A total of 30 healthy sedentary male subjects volunteered to participate in the study and were divided into two groups randomly: aerobic training group (n = 15, age = 34.0 ± 5.22 years), and resistance training group (n = 15, age = 34.2 ± 6.12). Body heights of the participants were measured and their body compositions body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), basal metabolic rate (BMR), body fat percentage (BFP), body fat mass (BFM), lean body mass (LBM) were measured with bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) device, and then evaluated. Their resting heart rates were determined, and maximum heart rates were calculated with the Karvonen formula. The Brzycki Equation was used to predict one-repetition maximum strength. There were statistically significant decreases in BW, BMI, BFP and BFM values of the aerobic training group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-test values of BMR and LBM (p>0.05). BW and BMI values of the resistance training group did not show a significant difference in pre-test and post-test (p>0.05). Significant decreases were found in BFP and BFM values (p<0.05). The increase in BMR and LBM values were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). There were significant differences between BW, BMI, BMR, BFM and LBM values in the comparison of pre- and post-test values of the aerobic and resistance training groups (p<0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in BFP (p>0.05). In conclusion, it was found out that regular aerobic and resistance training caused positive effects on body composition of sedentary male individuals.
The effect of short‐duration resistance training on insulin sensitivity and muscle adaptations in overweight men
Authors: Ismail Ahmad D. , Alkhayl Faris F. Aba , Wilson John , Johnston Lynsey , Gill Jason M. R. , Gray Stuart R.
Published: January 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

What is the time course of muscular adaptations to short‐duration resistance exercise training?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Short‐duration resistance training results in early and progressive increases in muscle mass and function and an increase in insulin sensitivity.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of 6 weeks of resistance exercise training, composed of one set of each exercise to voluntary failure, on insulin sensitivity and the time course of adaptations in muscle strength/mass. Ten overweight men (age 36 ± 8 years; height 175 ± 9 cm; weight 89 ± 14 kg; body mass index 29 ± 3 kg m−2) were recruited to the study. Resistance exercise training involved three sessions per week for 6 weeks. Each session involved one set of nine exercises, performed at 80% of one‐repetition maximum to volitional failure. Sessions lasted 15–20 min. Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed at baseline and post‐intervention. Vastus lateralis muscle thickness, knee‐extensor maximal isometric torque and rate of torque development (measured between 0 and 50, 0 and 100, 0 and 200, and 0 and 300 ms) were measured at baseline, each week of the intervention, and after the intervention. Resistance training resulted in a 16.3 ± 18.7% (P < 0.05) increase in insulin sensitivity (Cederholm index). Muscle thickness, maximal isometric torque and one‐repetition maximum increased with training, and at the end of the intervention were 10.3 ± 2.5, 26.9 ± 8.3, 18.3 ± 4.5% higher (P < 0.05 for both) than baseline, respectively. The rate of torque development at 50 and 100 ms, but not at 200 and 300 ms, increased (P < 0.05) over the intervention period. Six weeks of single‐set resistance exercise to failure results in improvements in insulin sensitivity and increases in muscle size and strength in young overweight men.
Static and Rotordynamic Analysis of a Plain Annular (Liquid) Seal in the Laminar Regime With a Swirl Brake for Three Clearances
Authors: Bin Najeeb Ovais Ahmed , Childs Dara W.
Published: January 2019

Tests are reported for a smooth seal with radial clearances 127 μm, 254 μm, 381 μm (1×, 2×, and 3×); length 45.72 mm, diameter 101.6 mm. An insert induced upstream preswirl. Swirl brakes (SBs), comprising 36 square cuts with axial depth 5.08 mm, radial height 6.35 mm, and circumferential width 6.35 mm each. Static and rotordynamic data were produced at ω = 2, 4, 6, 8 krpm, ΔP = 2.07, 4.14, 6.21, 8.27 bar, and eccentricity ratios ε0 = e0/Cr = 0.00, 0.27, 0.53, and 0.80. ISO VG 46 oil at a range of 46–49 °C was used, netting laminar flow (total Re ≤ 650). Dynamic measurements included components of the following vectors: (a) stator–rotor relative displacements, (b) acceleration, and (c) applied dynamic force in a stationary coordinate system. SBs were effective at the 3× clearance only. With the 3× seal, the cross-coupled stiffness coefficients have the same sign (not destabilizing). However, the seal has a negative direct stiffness K that could potentially “suck” the rotor into contact with the stator wall, along with dropping the pump rotor's natural frequency, further reducing its dynamic stability. Measurements were compared to predictions from a code by Zirkelback and San Andrés. Most predictions agree well with test data. Notable exceptions are the direct and cross-coupled stiffness coefficients for the 3× clearance. Predictions showed positive direct stiffness and opposite signs for the cross-coupled stiffness coefficients.
Experimental and Numerical Characterization of Drop Impact on a Hydrophobic Cylinder
Authors: Zohrabi Chakaneh Javid , Pishbin Seyed Javad , Sheikhi Lotfabadi Alireza , Passandideh-Fard Mohammad
Published: January 2019

In this paper, the impact of distilled water drops on hydrophobic cylinders is characterized using both experiments and numerical simulations. Water drops of 2.54 mm in diameter impact with a velocity of 1 m/s on hydrophobic cylinders. The corresponding Reynolds and Weber numbers are 2800 and 34, respectively. Three different stainless steel cylinders with diameters of 0.48 mm, 0.88 mm, and 1.62 mm were used. The surfaces of the cylinders were made hydrophobic using a special coating spray. An experimental setup consisting of a drop generator, a high-speed camera, a lighting system, and a photoelectric sensor was used to capture images of the impact with a time-step of 1 ms. The images were then analyzed using an image processing technique implemented in the matlab software. Both the centric and off-centric impacts were studied for each cylinder diameter. A numerical simulation of the impact was also obtained using an open-source code called OpenFOAM by employing its InterFoam solver. The numerical scheme used by the solver is the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. The predicted images of the simulations were compared well with those of the captured photographs both qualitatively and quantitatively for the entire experiments. The behavior of the drop after the impact and the subsequent deformation on hydrophobic cylinders including flow instabilities, liquid breakup, and secondary drops formation were observed from both simulations and experiments. By decreasing the cylinder diameter, the breakup occurs sooner, and a smaller number of secondary drops are formed.
Curvature correction to the field emission current
Authors: Biswas Debabrata , Ramachandran Rajasree
Published: January 2019

The curvature of field emitter tips leads to an altered tunneling potential that assumes significance when the radius of curvature is small. The authors provide here an analytical curvature corrected formula for the field emission current from axially symmetric emitters aligned in the direction of the asymptotic electric field. Its domain of applicability is tested across a range of apex radius, Ra, and local electric field, Ea. It is found to give excellent results for Ra>5nm and Ea>5V/nm with errors generally less than 10%. Surprisingly, for the uncorrected potential, the authors find the errors to be high even at Ra=100nm (>35% at Ea=3V/nm) and conclude that curvature correction is essential for apex radius less than a micron.
Enhanced red emission of Eu3+ in ZnO-TiO2:Dy3+, Eu3+ nanocomposites by UV downconversion process
Authors: Mofokeng Sefako J. , Kumar Vinod , Kroon Robin E. , Cho So-Hye , Ntwaeaborwa Odireleng M.
Published: January 2019

ZnO-TiO2:0.4 mol. %Dy3+,x mol. %Eu3+ (x = 0.05, 0.15, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) nanophosphors were synthesized using the solgel method. X-ray diffraction data confirmed crystallization of a mixture of wurtzite hexagonal ZnO and tetragonal TiO2 (anatase and rutile) nanocomposite phases. The nanocomposites were excited in the ultraviolet region with a wavelength of 248 nm, and the major narrowband emissions were observed in the visible range at 496, 584, 593, and 614 nm. The emissions at 496 and 584 nm were assigned to f → f transitions of Dy3+ ions from the upper 4F9/2 level to lower 6H15/2 and 6H13/2 levels, respectively, while those at 593 and 614 nm were assigned to f → f transitions of Eu3+ ions from the 5D0 level to the 5F1 and 5F2 levels, respectively. The effects of changing the Eu3+ concentrations on the PL intensity and energy transfer mechanisms from the charge transfer states and Dy3+ to Eu3+ are discussed. Energy transfer from Dy3+ to Eu3+ was confirmed by measuring the decay curves of orange-yellow and red emission of Dy3+ and Eu3+, respectively, in ZnO-TiO2:Dy3+,Eu3+.
Demonstration of a quasi-monostatic autonomous underwater vehicle based high duty cycle active sonar
Authors: Waters Zachary J. , Kost Jason L. , Yoder Timothy J. , Amon Daniel L. , Saniga Michael L. , Berdoz Alain R. , Simpson Harry J. , Houston Brian H. , Gendron Paul J.
Published: January 2019

The feasibility of resolving target returns within receive signals collected by a continuously transmitting quasi-monostatic, broadband, autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) based sonar is explored. Theoretical studies supported by experimental results suggest that it is possible to capture the source-to-receiver coupling response and target scattering with sufficient fidelity during the continuous transmission to enable detection and (potentially) classification processing. Demonstrations focused upon the detection of a bottomed target object at sea using transmit signals with duty cycles of 60% and 100% indicate that such an approach is feasible for a representative AUV-based side looking sonar system operating in shallow water.
The pseudokinase domains of guanylyl cyclase–A and –B allosterically increase the affinity of their catalytic domains for substrate
Authors: Edmund Aaron B. , Walseth Timothy F. , Levinson Nicholas M. , Potter Lincoln R.
Published: January 2019

Pseudokinase domains in natriuretic peptide receptors promote receptor activation through a conserved allosteric mechanism.
Immune suppression with complex III
Authors: Foley John F.
Published: January 2019

Loss of mitochondrial complex III in regulatory T cells reduces their suppressive activity without affecting their survival.
Complete Genome Sequence of an
N
-Acyl Homoserine Lactone Producer,
Breoghania
sp. Strain L-A4, Isolated from Rhizosphere of
Phragmites australis
in a Coastal Wetland
Authors: He Changfei , Zheng Li , Ding Jinfeng , Gao Wei , Chi Wendan , Ding Yu
Published: January 2019

The
Breoghania
sp. strain L-A4 was isolated from the rhizosphere of
Phragmites australis
in the Qinhaungdao coastal wetland in China.