bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTER-ANNUAL DYNAMICS (2001-2020) OF CASHEW CROP IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF JACARAÚ, PARAÍBA
Authors: Souza Júnior Silvio Lisboa de , Pereira Daniel Duarte , Cartaxo Paulo Henrique de Almeida , Araújo José Rayan Eraldo Souza , Santos João Paulo de Oliveira
Published: May 2022

Cashew farming is an activity of great economic importance for many areas of the Northeast of Brazil.  In the state of Paraíba, the seventh-largest producer of cashew nuts in Brazil, a municipality of prominence in cashew culture is Jacaraú, known regionally for its production of cashew nuts. In this sense, this study aimed to analyse the productive dynamics of cashew production in Jacaraú in the period from 2001 to 2020, seeking to analyse the performance and the factors that interact in this production chain. The data were obtained from the database of the Municipal Agricultural Survey of the IBGE, from which five variables were extracted: harvested area – the percentage of the total, harvested area, quantity produced, productivity, and value of production. The cashew culture is an agricultural activity of great relevance for Jacaraú, with strong participation in the total percentage of the areas harvested with permanent crops in this municipality; however, a strong reduction in the area harvested with this crop was registered, as well as in the quantity produced. The results together show improvements in the production variables in the last two years of the period under analysis, derived mainly from improved productivity and that are a consequence of government efforts to strengthen this production chain. However, these actions need to be continuous and focus on the introduction of more productive and early materials, as well as management strategies suitable for this crop.
DAMPAK SOSIAL OMNIBUS LAW CIPTA KERJA PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI HUKUM
Authors: Annisah Lilies
Published: May 2022

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dampak social omnibus law cipta kerja perspektif sosiologi hukum. Analisis ini diharapkan dapat merangsang kepekaan generasi bangsa untuk peduli terhadap pemerintah dalam membenahi kebijakan-kebijakan regulasi yang dibuat. Selain itu, generasi bangsa mampu menjadi agen perubahan untuk pengembangan berbagai jenis sumber daya baik SDM maupun SDA yang ada. Selanjunya mampu untuk memajukan Negara Indonesia kearah yang lebih baik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan pandangan sosiologi hukum terhadap lahirnya omnibus law sebagai lembaga yang menitikbertakan penyederhanaan perundang-undangan dalam merevisi, memberlakukan, atau mencabut aturan perundang-undangan. Respon penolakan masyarakat terhadap pembentukan omnibus law, pemerinah harus memikirkan kelebihan dan kekurangan dalam setiap tindakan yang akan dilakukan. Pemerintah harus memperhitungkan secara matang konsekuensi yang akan timbul dari diberlakukannya suatu aturan perundang-undangan, terutama dalam mesejahterakn kehidupan rakyat.
A A Rare Case Report of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis with Iron Sucrose/first line Anti-tuberculosis Treatment Drugs
Authors: Bijalwan Saurabh , Randhawa Gurpreet Kaur , Aggarwal Kohima , Garg Deepak
Published: May 2022

Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis [TEN] is life-threatening condition with mortality rate of 30-60%. Most common etiology of TEN is drug induced. Though Anaphylactic [Type I Hypersensitivity] reactions have been reported with Iron Sucrose, we present first case of TEN [Type IV Hypersensitivity], associated with Iron Sucrose along with Anti-tuberculosis treatment [ATT], to our knowledge. Iron Sucrose is considered relatively safer than other iron formulations. After 48 hours of administering Intravenous Iron Sucrose [20 mg in 200 ml N.S] infusion [first day], patient developed TEN symptoms [third day]. He was taking first line ATT drugs since past one month for Pulmonary Tuberculosis. On basis of history, 80-90% Body Surface area involvement, positive Nikolsky sign and laboratory findings, patient was diagnosed with drug induced TEN [fifth day]. For TEN management, ATT was withdrawn and patient was treated with intravenous Dexamethasone, Piperacillin/Tazobactam, Metronidazole, Pantoprazole, Intravenous fluids with dermatologically supportive local applications and patient was monitored. Patient died due to septic shock despite all resuscitative measures [seventh day]. Causality assessment (WHO UMC scale and Naranjo scale) was ‘Possible’ for both Iron Sucrose and ATT drugs. No improvement in patient’s condition after withholding ATT and short duration between Iron sucrose and symptoms of TEN onset suggests an increased likelihood of TEN induction by Iron sucrose. However, either ATT or Iron Sucrose could trigger TEN in presence of other drug. Improved understanding by physicians of these relatively unknown life-threatening ADR’s and interactions can aid in early identification and enhanced vigilance in future scenarios.

Keywords: WHO UMC Scale, SCORTEN score, Naranjo scale, Anaphylactic reactions
TROUBLESHOOTING TEMPERATURE GAUGE ON CONTROL PANEL OF ENGINE 3066 AT ALAT BERAT WORKSHOP OF POLITEKNIK NEGERI JAKARTA
Authors: Abdillah Abdul Azis , Zahada Erifmi , Sibarani Lentang B. , Wahyudi Imam , Azwardi Azwardi , Zainuri Fuad , Juna Haidir , Sumatono Memed
Published: May 2022

Troubleshooting on the temperature gauge on the engine control panel 3066 with the serial number is 7JKa method used to find the cause of the problem with the temperature gauge. The temperature gaugecontained in the 3066 control panel engine does not work while running. Therefore, this research aims todetermine the cause of the temperature gauge on the 3066 control panel engine not functioning. The formof this research is to take data on the method of problem solving and repair of temperature gauges that areexperiencing problems by buying new components that do not use transformer step-ups. Instrumentationdata in literature research, data, visual inspection and making changes to temperature gauges. The resultsof conducting literature studies, studying data, visual inspection, and replacing the temperature gauge witha new one on the 3066 control panel engine, get the root of the problem of damage to the coil of the stepup transformer because the input voltage is too large.
Keywords : Troubleshooting, Control Panel, Heavy Equipment, Temperature Gauge
ENERGY AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF BIOGAS POWER PLANT FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE IN INDONESIA
Authors: Aulia Aditia , Wahyudi Hadi , Susanto Edy
Published: May 2022

Indonesia is the fourth most populous country with a population of more than 270 million people and is expected to continue to increase. The increasing population has an effect on increasing municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and energy demand. Waste-to-energy (WTE) can be a solution to these two problems. This article will discuss two types of waste-to-energy technology, namely anaerobic digestion and landfill gas recovery. The study began by conducting kinetic modeling on the two technologies to determine the potential of biogas energy produced from municipal waste in Indonesia, the case study applied was Yogyakarta. Then a feasibility study was carried out to find out whether these two technologies are possible to be applied in Indonesia in terms of various aspects such as initial capital costs, operating and maintenance costs, and waste processing service costs. At the end of the study, it was found that biogas power plant with both technology bases was economically feasible. Landfill gas recovery is more attractive because it has a smaller capital and a higher IRR of 22%. The scenario using anaerobic digestion requires a larger capital than the previous scenario and has a lower IRR value of 14%.
Keywords: Biogas, Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Kinetic modeling, Waste-to-energy (WTE), Feasibility study.
PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENJADWALAN SEMINAR PROPOSAL BERBASIS WEB DI JURUSAN TEKNIK SIPIL POLITEKNIK NEGERI JAKARTA MENGGUNAKAN FRAMEWORK CODEIGNITER
Authors: Pangestu Alif Nurrizki , Santosa Kussigit
Published: May 2022

Penjadwalan seminar proposal di Jurusan Teknik Sipil Politeknik Negeri Jakarta sistem yang digunakan saat ini secara manual menggunakan software Microsoft Excel, sehingga kemungkinan bentrok dan keterlambatan dalam penyusunan Jadwal Seminar Proposal sering dialami. Pada penelitian ini akan dirancang sebuah aplikasi penjadwalan seminar proposal berbasis web dengan nama PSPTS untuk mempermudah para mahasiswa dapat melakukan penyerahan berkas tanpa harus ke kampus, administrasi jurusan tidak harus mengetik data dengan manual, dan Ketua kepala program studi dapat menyusun jadwal secara online. Menggunakan Waterfall sebagai metodenya, PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) untuk landasan bahasa pemrogramannya, Codeigniter untuk bagian  framework dan untuk penyimpanan data menggunakan MysQl. Dengan adanya website dengan nama PSPTS ini dapat meningkatkan kualitas dan pelayanan pada Jurusan Teknik Sipil Politeknik Negeri Jakarta.
 
Kata Kunci : Jadwal, Seminar Proposal, Codeigniter, Waterfall.
The Ethyl Acetate Extract of Mangosteen Peel Cream Attenuates Ultraviolet B Radiation-Induced Apoptotic Cell Death Via Antioxidant Effect By Regulation TNF-Α and Caspase 3 in Guinea Pig Skin
Authors: Harlisa Pasid , Sentono Harijono Kario , Purwanto Bambang , Dirgahayu Paramasari , Soetrisno -
Published: May 2022

Background:UV radiation induced ROS cause DNA damage mainly due to photoaging. Lipid peroxidation due to UV exposure also produces non-toxic metabolite compounds namely malonyldialdehyde (MDA). Upregulation of TNF-α is key to the initial response to ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure by keratinocytes. The basal cell layer is the most affected undergoes to apoptosis and can be detected through caspase 3 which is the main executor of apoptosis. Mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana Linn.)contains xanthon known as alpha mangosteen, the most attention today is as an antioxidant. The purpose of this study is to determine the antioxidant effects of ethyl acetate extract in mangosteen peel cream on MDA levels, anti-inflammatory effects on TNF-α levels and anti-apoptosis effects on caspase 3 levels, testedin guinea pig skin exposed to UVB rays.
Methods :This study uses a post test only control group design using female guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) who obtained, cared, and treated at the Wates Veterinary Center, Yogyakarta. Consisting of 20 animals divided randomly into 4 treatment groups.P1: normal group, without any treatment. P2: exposed to UVB light. P3: exposed to UVB light and given base cream. P4: exposed to UVB light and given 12% extract mangosteen peel cream. MDA were analyzed by the TBARS method (nmol/ml). Levels of TNF-α epidermis were obtained by the TNF alpha Elisa antibodies Kit (pg/ml). Levels of caspase 3 epidermis were obtained by the caspase antibody 3 Elisa Kit (pmol / L).
Results:Post Hoc statistical analysis showed that MDA serum levels of P4 group was significantly lower compared to P2 group(p<0.01), TNF-αepidermis levels of P4 groupwas significant lower compared to P2 group(p<0,001) and caspase 3 epidermis levels of P4 groupwas significant lower compared to P2 group (p<0.01).
Conclusion:Administration of 12% dose ethyl acetate extract of mangosteen peel cream is proven to significantly lower MDA levels, TNF-α levels and Caspase-3 levels in the epidermal tissues of guinea pig skin exposed to ultraviolet B light.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 512-520
Normovolumetric Haemodilution and Auto Transfusion in Major Operations Prevents Transfusion- Related Complications
Authors: Khan Mohammad Iqbal , Ashraf Mohammad , Iqbal Hania
Published: May 2022

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety normovolumetric haemodilution and auto transfusion in patients undergoing major surgical operations. To compare the outcome differences between normovolumetric haemodilution and auto transfusion with allogenic transfusion group.
Methods: The number and intensity of transfusion related complications in 36 patients, who received normovolumetric haemodilution and auto transfusion were compared with 36 patients who received similar amount of allogenic blood in the similar clinical environment and situation. The number and intensity of the complications encountered in study and control groups were compared and evaluated.
Results: The study revealed statistically significant reduction in number and frequency of transfusion related complications in the study group comparing with the control group. The study also demonstrated reduction in number and intensity of surgery and anesthesia related complications compared with the control group without detection of harmful effect of haemodilution and auto transfusion. The study group also had statistically insignificant shorter hospital stay comparing with control group.
Conclusion: Autologous transfusion with normovolemic haemodilution appears to be a safe and feasible method of reducing the need for homologous transfusion. Transfusion-related complications were significantly fewer in the autotransfusion group in comparison with allotransfusion, in patients undergoing major operations.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 547-552
Pharmacokinetics of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Elderly Patients with Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Mikhailova Elizaveta , Chernus Natalya , Egorova Elena , Lozano Roberto
Published: May 2022

Objective: With the gradual aging of the world’s population, selecting an effective treatment regime for arterial hypertension (AH) becomes increasingly important. This article aims to analyze the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of parent enalapril and generic drugs in elderly patients suffering from AH.
Materials and methods: The study is randomized, implying random distribution of patients into study groups. The study was conducted in 2018 among 200 patients diagnosed with AH. All elderly patients (mean age 77.5 ± 1.5 years) were divided into two equal groups. Group 1 was prescribed 10 mg of original enalapril orally, and Group 2 similarly took 10 mg of generic enalapril. The blood pressure of all patients was measured 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 11 hours after dosing and one day after treatment. Also, blood samples were taken after blood pressure measurements.
Results and Discussion: After 1 hour, differences between Groups 1 and 2 (p ≤ 0.001) were found at the level of 29.84 ng/1 ml for the original drug and 19.01 ng/1 ml for the generic. Further, these values were 38.2 ng/1 ml vs. 28.7 ng/1 ml (p ≤ 0.001) after 2 hours, 36.6 ng/1 ml vs. 26.5 ng/1 ml (p ≤ 0.001) after 4 hours, and 9.2 ng/1 ml vs 5.1 ng/1 ml (p ≤ 0.001) after 24 hours, respectively. The maximum concentration-time curve values for both medications corresponded to the period of 2 hours after administration.
Conclusion:Thus, generics are much less effective as an antihypotensive medication than the original enalapril.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 562-569
The Current Epidemic Situation of Infections with Airborne Transmission of Viral Etiology in Ukraine
Authors: Podavalenko Alla , Malysh Nina , Zadorozhna Viktoriya , Chemych Mycola , Birukova Svitlana , Chorna Inna
Published: May 2022

Background: The infectious diseases of viral etiology with airborne transmission generally dominate in the structure of infectious incidence.
Objective: To determine incidence of viral infections with airborne transmission in the north-eastern region of Ukraine, to research the impact of social and natural factors on the intensity of epidemic process.
Methods: In order to determine the current epidemiological peculiarities of infections with airborne transmission in the north-eastern region of Ukraine, a retrospective and operative analysis of the incidence, reports of vaccination of decreed child population in 2009‒2019, demographic and natural indicators.
Results: Trends in the incidence of influenza were characterized by chaotic nature and disorder, acute respiratory viral infections ‒ high intensity and monotony. Significant correlations were established between the incidence of influenza and number and density of the population, the incidence of acute respiratory viral infections and the coefficient of migration population movement. Direct strong correlations were found between social factors and trends in the incidence of rubella and mumps. Coronavirus infection COVID–19 has become the problem for health care facilities in Sumy oblast.
Conclusion: Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the epidemic process of infections of viral etiology with airborne transmission have changed, which requires new approaches to organization of the system of epidemiological surveillance.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 610-619
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in unexplained neonatal hyperbilirubinemia – A study in neonatal care unit of a tertiary care hospital.
Authors: Ghosh Soma , Ray Soma , Ghosh Tarak Nath
Published: May 2022

Background: Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)deficiency causes impaired production of reduced glutathione and in turn exposes red blood cells to damage by oxidative metabolites with resultant hemolysis.
Objective: To study the spectrum of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia , to investigate the relevance of G6PD deficiency in unexplained causes of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and to look for outcome in cases of deficiency of the enzyme.
Material & methods: Cross sectional observational study done on 100 neonates. The inclusion criteria was babies born between 37 and 42 completed weeks of gestation with clinically evident jaundice and those of age upto seven days requiring admission in neonatal care unit .Their age, gender, religion, socioeconomic and residential status noted. History elicited from mother following informed consent and babies were examined clinically.Investigations included complete hemogram, total bilirubin with conjugated and unconjugated assay, red blood cell G6PD assay, thyroid profile and coomb’s test
Result: The mean age (mean±s.d.) of patients was 4.5100± 1.4460 days. The study population of 100 babies included 69 males and 31 females with a male to female ratio of 2.23:1. G6PD testing showed deficiency in fifteen patients, whereas eighty five showed normal values of G6PD. All patients in the study population showed normal values of T3, T4, TSH and negative direct coomb’s test. G6PD assay showed a mean value of 9.7291± 2.5480. The mean total bilirubin (mean±s.d.) of patients with deficient G6PD was 20.4533 ± 2.2853 mg/dl. G6PD deficient group showed higher serum bilirubin assay compared to non- deficient ones.
Conclusion: G6PD deficiency is a common enzyme defect causing severe indirect hyperbilirubinemiain neonates which can result in kernicterus with neurological damage. Early neonatal screening programmes should be implementedin areas where the deficiency is prevalent.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 669-674
Third Molar Impactions Prevalence and Pattern Among Adults Using 5923 Digital Orthopantomogram
Authors: Sujon Mamun Khan , Alam Mohammad Khursheed , Rahman Shaifulizan Abdul , Mohd Noor Siti Noor Fazliah
Published: May 2022

Background: Third molars positions and eruption patterns tend to be unpredictable in most cases. Substantial diversity exists globally among modern human races in the prevalence of third molar impaction.
Aims and Method: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and pattern of third molar impaction amongBangladeshi adults. Digital panoramic radiographs of 5923 patientswith the mean age of 35.90 ± 10.76 years olds were retrieved from database and evaluatedusingPlanmecaRomexis software.Demographics, gender and sidedifferences wereanalysed using SPSSversion 26.0.
Result:Approximately, 46.2% of the adult population had third molar impaction where significant impaction occurred in the mandible compared to maxillary arch. However, no significant differences were observed among gender and side distribution. The most common type of third molar angulation in the maxilla and mandible was distoangular (55.9%) and mesioangular (36.6%), respectively.Comprehension of demographic and morphological variations in third molar impaction will lead to an understanding of third molar impaction assessment, which will aid in understanding the evolutionary origins of an important condition adversely affecting modern peoples.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 717-729
Acute Haemolysis Precipitating Rhabdomyolysis and Acute Kidney Injury in a Newly Diagnosed G6PD Deficiency: A Case Report
Authors: Ai Xin Jayne Ong , Majid Mardhiah , Utama Husaini , Taib Fahisham
Published: May 2022

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is a common X-linked genetic condition among Malaysians that have largely caused acute intravascular haemolysis. In G6PD deficient children, the phenomenon of rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria is a rare complication as muscle has more resistant to undergo acute myolysis. A 22-month-old Malay child was presented with severe anaemia following with ingestion of large amount of fava beans. He then developed into acute kidney injury together with the laboratory findings of intravascular haemolysis, rhabdomyolysis, and the presence of multi-systems bloods derangement. He showed positive response to hyperhydration, haemodialysis and blood transfusions.
Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 21 No. 03 July’22 Page: 741-744
Arabic Political Discourse in Transition
Authors: Lahlali El Mustapha
Published: May 2022

This book explores the dialectical relationship between discourse and social change during and post the conflict. In particular, the book examines how Arabic public and political discourse shapes and is shaped by the wider social, cultural and political environment. Analysing the dialogue of various actors, Islamic parties and stakeholders – as well as marginalised voices – Arabic Political Discourse in Transition identifies the key linguistic strategies and features used to frame, represent and position oneself at times of conflict. It provides a detailed analysis of the use of language in political discourse, demonstrating therefore key shifts and strategies in the use of language during conflicts. Key Features • Provides a detailed micro- and macro-analysis of Arabic political discourse. • Presents an innovative framework for the analysis of Arabic discourse in the context of conflict. • Provides a comprehensive review of key literature pertaining to discourse, framing and representation. • Offers a detailed examination of the strategic shifts in discourse throughout the course of the uprisings in Egypt, Libya and Tunisia • Analyses how some Arab officials and the Arab public use discourse to position themselves in relation to each other. • Examines the power of image in conveying discourses at times of conflict Highlights key framing and representation strategies in discourses of key actors.
Introduction
Authors: Lahlali El Mustapha
Published: May 2022

In 2011 the Arab world woke up to an eruption of protests and demonstrations, in what has become known as the Arab Spring. These waves of protests took everyone by surprise inside and outside the region. Such unprecedented uprisings across the Arab world have heralded a new era of social and political change, evidenced by the cacophony of voices and interruption to the structure of governance, paving the way for a new social and political order, where Arab citizens have been empowered to call for change. This change has been manifested in the discourse employed by both citizens and leaders of these countries....
Macro-Analysis of Arabic Political Discourse: The Discourse of Enforcement and Persuasion
Authors: Lahlali El Mustapha
Published: May 2022

In chapter 4, we conducted a micro-analysis of speeches and discourses, and we offered some practical analysis and methodological steps for applying different discourse analysis concepts and tools that are vital to understanding the function of discourse. In this chapter, the discursive practices of two main actors will be examined and analysed. Firstly, Arab leaders’ strategies and discourses in response to the Arab Spring will be carefully examined to identify the type and nature of discourses used and the shift in their discursive practices. It demonstrates how shifts in discourse shape and are shaped by the reality on the ground, and how shifts in the balance of power affects leaders’ speeches and discursive practices and their argumentation. Secondly, this chapter offers an insight into the discursive practices and strategies of the Arabic public (protesters) during the Arab Spring. It examines their response to different leaders’ discourses and strategies.
Arabic Islamic Political Discourse
Authors: Lahlali El Mustapha
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the Islamic parties discourse during and post Arab Spring. The landslide victory of most Islamic parties in post Arab Spring elections in Egypt and Tunisia took many observers by surprise and revealed the popularity of the parties in these countries. The study of their discourse offers a good understanding of the dialectical relationship between these parties and the wider public. It also examines their discourses in the context of conflict and social change. The focus in this chapter is on Al-Nahda and the Freedom and Justice Party (FJP) in Tunisia and Egypt respectively. A CDA approach, mainly Fairclough’s framework of language and social change, has been adopted for the analysis of the data, which has been collected from speeches, statements and slogans made by leaders of the two parties.
Secrets, Technology and Musical Narrative: Remarks on Method
Authors: Kramer Lawrence
Published: May 2022

This preface to Kramer’s ‘Music and the Rise of Narrative’, Chapter 34 of this volume, identifies several methodological issues raised by the understanding that Western ‘classical music’, instrumental music composed since the nineteenth century, frequently presents itself as a narrative genre – as musical narrative. The issues include the relationship of narrative to knowledge, technology, communications and transportation systems (including the railway journey), secrecy, and self-reflection, together with the question of whether narrative language is adequate to describe musical events. Examples of music include Brahms’s Fourth Symphony and Beethoven’s String Quartet Op. 59, no. 3.
Introduction
Authors: Butterfield Ardis , Deeming Helen , Leach Elizabeth Eva
Published: May 2022

This introduction demonstrates the close links between literature and music in the Middle Ages, perhaps closer than in any other period. It sets out the disciplinary history of scholarship in both fields, showing how at different phases music and literature of this period have been studied both together and in isolation. Lastly, it introduces and gives an overview of the chapters in this part of the book.
Citation and Quotation
Authors: Saltzstein Jennifer
Published: May 2022

Citation and quotation were fundamental to most genres of writing prior to 1500. This chapter focuses on song citation in music and literature of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries; the case study is a segment of music and text that was quoted across a diverse assortment of vernacular songs, polyphonic compositions, and romances. A reading of this intertextual network highlights the role of citation in fostering generic hybridity and the use of citation to situate works in specific historical and geographical contexts, uniting cultural and formal considerations.
Polytextuality
Authors: Clark Suzannah , Eva Elizabeth
Published: May 2022

A short definition of polytextuality is followed by an account of debates about meaning that polytextuality in music has engendered in recent scholarship. Examples are then given, centred on thirteenth-century motets and on fourteenth-century songs. The chapter includes a table of the different types of fourteenth-century polytextuality found in the song repertoire.
Gender: The Art and Hermeneutics of (In)differentiation 1
Authors: Leach Elizabeth Eva , Zeeman Nicolette
Published: May 2022

This chapter starts from the observation that in the Middle Ages the language of gender and gender instability is often used to express ambivalent attitudes towards both erotic desire and the pleasures of music. It uses psychoanalytic theory to explore this interface. Many medieval theorists criticised amorous or erotic desire because it was thought to destabilise gender categories. Nonetheless in many contexts this destabilisation was also cultivated as an index of exoticism and intensity. Similarly, in music the ‘feminising’ effects of the ars nova and the directed progression, while critiqued in some quarters, were also objects of fascination and cultivation in others. The interplay of these two bodies of theory and practice are shown in close textual and musicological readings of two songs: A discort and its Latin contrafact, and Guillaume de Machaut’s Motet 7, J’ay tant / Lasse! / EGO MORIAR PRO TE.
The ‘Sister’ Arts of Music and Poetry in Early Modern England
Authors: Wilcox Helen
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the relationship between poetry and music in early modern England, beginning with some of the metaphors used by writers from the period to evoke the partnership between the two ‘sister’ arts, ranging from sibling rivalry to conjugal love. Renaissance writers cited for their ideas on the music of poetry and the unheard harmony of the spheres include Sidney, Shakespeare, Campion, Donne, Herbert and Sir Thomas Browne. At the centre of the discussion are readings of two poems – Milton’s ‘At a Solemn Music’ and Marvell’s ‘Music’s Empire’ – with radically different conceptions of the interaction between music and the creation. While Milton praises heavenly ‘Voice’ and ‘Verse’ and laments the ‘disproportioned sin’ of human beings which ‘jarred’ against the concord of nature, Marvell instead celebrates the civilising power of music to conquer the ‘empire of the ear’ on earth.
Against ‘the Music of Poetry’
Authors: Stagg Robert
Published: May 2022

This chapter takes issue with the notion of a ‘music of poetry’ – an exact equation of poetry’s sonic resources with music – and its particular crystallisation in the sixteenth century. It discusses some points of tension between music and poetry (rhyme, rhythm, melisma) before turning to apprehend an apparently musical poem, or poetical piece of music, in Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
Speaking the Song: Music, Language and Emotion in Shakespeare’s C YMBELINE
Authors: Minear Erin
Published: May 2022

In Cymbeline, Shakespeare addresses contemporary debates on the relationship between music and language, the power of music over the emotions, and the paradoxical connection of music to both truth and deception. When two characters choose to speak – in their terms, to ‘word’ – rather than sing a song, their decision forms only one part of a brief but complex meditation on the nature of music and the relationship between song and poetic speech. Spoken, the words of the song should not be overwhelmed by the destabilising affect of music; but in practice, music proves difficult to eliminate, as its dangerous effects continue to operate in its nominal absence. Shakespeare poses a double question: how does music work on the mind and affections? And can language be made to work in the same way?
Introduction
Authors: Aspden Suzanne
Published: May 2022

This chapter provides an overview of key elements of eighteenth-century thought on music in which its relationship with words and the origins of language (as well as literature) was central. The chapter briefly explores different approaches to these conjunctions, considering contemporaneous theorisations of musical mimesis and semiosis as expressions of rhetoric, national character, the long-running ‘ancients vs moderns’ conflict, and the contrast between imitation and expression. The impact these theoretical explorations had on musical works composed during the period is addressed using examples from Vivaldi and Handel.
Phaedra and Fausta: Female Transgression and Punishment in Ancient and Early Modern Plays
Authors: Strohm Reinhard
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses courtly ideologies of sexual morality and gender in the early modern period, exemplifying with spoken dramas and opera libretti derived from ancient plays on the analogous figures of Phaedra, wife of Theseus (Euripides, Seneca, Racine, Lalli, Salvioni) and Fausta, wife of Emperor Constantine (Lope de Vega, Ghirardelli, Frigimelica Roberti, Pasqualigo). Their adulterous transgression is punished with death (suicide in some versions), while male infidelity is admonished or forgiven. However, the narrative shows striking variations through ancient and early modern literatures, ultimately including happy endings and aspects of enlightened forgiveness. A difference is observed between the ‘shame culture’ of Greek tragedy and the ‘guilt culture’ of French drama (Albert S. Gérard). Some real historical incidents seem to replicate or prefigure the fictitious story. There is a close intertextuality between spoken drama and opera.
‘When Farce and when Musick can eke out a Play’: Ballad Opera and Theatre’s Commerce
Authors: Joncus Berta
Published: May 2022

Ballad opera, fathered by John Gay in 1728 and propelled forward by Henry Fielding until 1736, capitalised on tensions rampant in eighteenth-century theatre. Its music joined with the literary and theatrical traditions of pastoral, satire, burlesque and sentimental comedy in riotous, heterodox works connected not by similar content but by shared practice. John Ralph, lampooning the genre in his ballad opera The Fashionable Lady (1730), succinctly articulated the practices and critical reception of current ballad opera productions in ways illuminating for students of the genre.
A close reading of Ralph’s burlesque will allow us to identify how Gay, Fielding and others first formulated, and then brilliantly exploited, ballad opera’s curious dramatic syntax, crucial to which were the manipulation of generic formulae and the introduction of musical numbers to interrupt the narrative flow.
National Aspiration: S AMSON A GONISTES Transformed in Handel’s S AMSON
Authors: Smith Ruth
Published: May 2022

In common with Handel’s other oratorios which invoke the wishful analogy between Old Testament Israel and contemporary Britain, Handel’s and Hamilton’s Samson radically diverges from its principal source text, Milton’s Samson Agonistes. National unity replaces heroic singularity, fellow-feeling replaces spiritual growth, and the salvation hoped for is Christian as well as temporal. Contra Milton, communal righteousness culminates in an uplifting funeral sequence and a vision of heaven. Originating a Philistine chorus from Milton’s psalm translations, Hamilton gives scope to Handel’s customary progression by contrast. Assertive, homophonic, dance-metre Philistine choruses and lilting airs are pitted against the prayers of the chosen nation, in which Handel deploys all the musical elements of his period’s most esteemed form of rhetoric, the religious sublime, for which his music was especially admired.
‘Dreadful Insanity’: Jane Austen and Musical Performance
Authors: Trillini Regula Hohl
Published: May 2022

The commodification of female ‘accomplishments’ to promote marriage reached a peak in the decades around 1800, when mechanical prowess on the piano was an openly acknowledged currency on the marriage market. Austen is very sensitive to the demeaning aspect of musical performance, which can be seen from her ambivalent portrayal of proficient playing (Marianne Dashwood in Sense and Sensibility, Jane Fairfax in Emma) and the fact that she mostly exempts her heroines from such implicitly erotic exposure at the piano. This conspicuous strategy protects the gentility as well as the personal dignity of Austen’s heroines, as in Pride and Prejudice when Mr Darcy’s bond to Elizabeth is not sealed by her seductive playing but by his appreciative remark ‘We neither of us perform to strangers.’
Music in Thomas Hardy’s Fiction: ‘You Must Not Think Me a Hard-Hearted Rationalist’
Authors: Hughes John
Published: May 2022

This chapter traces the shifting nature of the representation of music throughout Hardy’s career as a novelist and short story writer. Musical experience in itself and as a trope was always of compelling significance for Hardy as a writer and a person. From his earliest fiction he associated it with dynamic aspects of mind – physical, collective, involuntary – that exceed the closures of conscious subjectivity, and contribute to the characteristic tension between romance and social convention that became increasingly tragic and disjunctive throughout his career as a writer of fiction. This account is supplemented by reference to biographical, theoretical, and critical literature on Hardy and music, as well as to Hardy’s poetry and his philosophical and other reading.
Music in Romantic and Victorian Poetry
Authors: O’Gorman Francis
Published: May 2022

This chapter is a broad survey of poetry and poets in the nineteenth century thinking about, and writing about, music. Its subjects are principally the representation of music, from Coleridge and Shelley to Thomas Hardy, and the use of musical language to try to express something of what is distinctive not about music itself but about poetry. Examples illustrate the separation of the two arts and the innate impossibility of expressing one in terms of the other. Robert Browning’s dramatic monologues include attempts to translate pieces of music into semantic propositions.
T HE P RINCESS and the Tennysons’ Performance of Childhood
Authors: Jones Ewan , Weliver Phyllis
Published: May 2022

This chapter uncovers the multi-modal and collaborative nature of Tennyson’s verse. Reading manuscript materials (drafts, scores) related to the songs from the long narrative poem The Princess, it demonstrates the active but overlooked role that Emily Sellwood played in setting and curating her husband’s verse. Apparently domesticated lyrics such as ‘Sweet and Low’ could perform a surprising variety of functions, within a variety of concrete pedagogical and performative settings. These in turn hold consequences for broader Victorian cultures of recitation and intimacy.
Tchaikovsky’s Songs: Music as Poetry
Authors: Bullock Philip Ross
Published: May 2022

Realism, as the prevailing aesthetic in mid-nineteenth-century Russia, shaped the artistic practice of even those artists who may not have seen themselves as realists. In this regard, the case of Tchaikovsky is particularly instructive. Tchaikovsky’s songs enjoyed considerable popularity; however, César Cui, for example, denounced them for failing to respect the literary values of the words they set. Tchaikovsky’s views about the ability of music to access a form of truth that lay beyond verbal language might suggest a belief in the fundamental primacy of music over text. His songs play a crucial role in literary, as well as musical, culture, and in some cases are the only known source for otherwise unpublished poetry. He composed songs to his own lyrics, and also wrote poems not intended to be set to music. One of these, ‘Lilies of the Valley’ (‘Landyshi’), was set in part by Arensky, arguably misrepresenting the poem. Tchaikovsky particularly admired the work of the poet Afanasy Fet, comparing him to Beethoven. In the work of Tchaikovsky and of other song-composers of the nineteenth century, music plays a crucial role in the formation and dissemination of the literary canon.
Wagner and French Poetry from Nerval to Mallarmé: The Power of Opera Unheard
Authors: Dayan Peter
Published: May 2022

This chapter is woven around a succinct history of the engagement of French poets of the nineteenth century with the operas of Wagner. It highlights the curious fact that while almost all of the most famous of these poets write about Wagner’s operas, none of them ever really heard one. (It was Baudelaire who came closest; he attended a performance which was inaudible due to heckling.) All are fascinated by the Wagnerian concept of lending a poetic power to music, but evasive or sceptical about the possibility of poetry itself, poetry in Wagner’s words, providing that power. The two arts need to be kept at a certain physical distance. Their co-operation can only thrive in the imagination. Music needs inaudible poetry, and poetry needs unheard music.
Introduction
Authors: Benson Stephen
Published: May 2022

This introduction provides an overview of relations between literature and music in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. It begins with the representation in literature of music and the musical setting of works of literature. It then considers three of the defining developments of the period: the turn from music to sound, the dominance of pop music, and the profound effect of technology on the production, dissemination and reception of music. Finally, it charts the rise of the discipline of musico-literary studies.
Lyotard, Phenomenology and the Shared Paternity of Literature and Music
Authors: Gritten Anthony
Published: May 2022

This essay unpacks the relationship between literature and music through the prism of Lyotard’s writings. These offer an exemplary approach to phenomenology of art and to phrasing the intimate and co-determining emergence of literature and music in contemporary society. Literature and poetry are treated together as ‘literature’, bracketing the complications that come from not making a separation between them. It is proposed that the constitution shared by music and literature can be reduced phenomenologically to a matter of energy. A single undifferentiated flow of energy comes to be invested and cathected in different ways in different art forms, in the process generating their different and characteristic rhythms and tempi. I unpack this claim with reference to Lyotard’s phenomenology of aesthetic events in Postmodern Fables.
Listening in to D. H. Lawrence: Music, Body, Feelings
Authors: Reid Susan
Published: May 2022

D. H. Lawrence’s oft-quoted complaint that ‘we have no language for the feelings’ prompts this chapter’s exploration of the extent to which the abundant musical references in his writing suggest how music as a medium might bridge this perceived lacuna in language. His essay ‘The Novel and the Feelings’ (1925) exhorts us to ‘listen in’ to the characters in novels, an approach that this chapter applies in its reading of Women in Love (1920). The vibrations that pulse through Lawrence’s novel are felt at both bodily and universal levels, in ways that chime with musical thinkers from Pythagoras to Busoni, while its characters also experience a ‘violent oscillation’ between harmony and dissonance that resonates with Veit Erlmann’s notion of the ‘acoustic unconscious’ and parallels developments in musical modernism.
E. M. Forster and Music: Listening for the Amateur
Authors: May Will
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the importance of music to E. M. Forster’s understanding of the amateur. It considers the authorial position he constructs in his music reviews, the role of musicology and collaboration in his career, and the significance of Benjamin Britten to his thinking about Romantic and Classical tradition. It traces the characterisation of the musical amateur in his novels, and outlines the range of recent scholarship on Forster’s musical life.
Beckett, Music and the Ineffable
Authors: Prieto Eric
Published: May 2022

For Beckett, influenced from the outset by Schopenhauer, music always represented a more essential medium than language, one able to overcome the inherent abstractness of the linguistic sign and point the way to a reality beyond the impoverished world of phenomenal experience. An overview of Beckett’s career as seen through the lens of his ongoing experiments with music in his narrative and dramatic works shows how they originate in the high modernist aesthetic he inherited from Joyce and Proust (Dream of Fair to Middling Women, Proust), morph into the experimental comic idiom of his most characteristic works (Watt, the trilogy, Waiting for Godot), and then delve into the increasingly postmodern thematics of unknowability, radical doubt, and fragmentation that characterise his later works (e.g. Cascando, Words and Music, Ghost Trio, Nacht und Traüme). Significantly, these works associate music with the glimmer of epistemological hope that saves his work from the ever-present temptation of absolute scepticism or nihilism.
Modernist Poetry and Music: Pound Notes
Authors: Paterson Adrian
Published: May 2022

‘Poetry is a composition of words set to music’ wrote poet (and music critic) Ezra Pound. ‘Most other definitions of it are indefensible, or metaphysical.’ Taking the troubadours as his example (and the opening quotation is a version of Dante), Pound became evangelist and pivot for a renewed melopoeia, drawing on all music’s resources, rhythm, song, notation, and even pitch. We observe Pound experimenting with typography, and with W. B. Yeats’s prompting fastening on the ‘inner form’ of the line, the precise rhythmic equivalent of what would become T. S. Eliot’s ‘objective correlative’.
Line, motion, form: all could be traced back to rhythm. This central idea that rhythm underlay every art cleared the ground for imagism, vorticism and all Pound’s studies in melopoeia. The Cantos are a transcription of poetry and music; the poem engages not just our ears but our musical sense. This final resounding synaesthesia finds synthesis in the organising principle of the ideograms of written music.
Ivor Gurney: Embracing and Attacking A. E. Housman
Authors: Kennedy Kate
Published: May 2022

Ivor Gurney, probably the only composer since Thomas Campion to be as gifted a poet as he was a musician, used, in his 1919 song cycle Ludlow and Teme, a complex and conflicted engagement with poems from A. E. Housman’s A Shropshire Lad to express his deeply ambivalent relationship to the war he had just survived.
His settings in Ludlow and Teme are compared with Butterworth’s Housman settings, written in 1911 and 1912, and with Gurney’s own war poetry. While Gurney does harness Housman’s cultural associations with the pastoral, England and nationhood, his musical treatment of the texts translates the sentiments of a war poet into music.
L E C AS D EBUSSY : Layers of Resonance from Literature into Music
Authors: Smith Richard Langham
Published: May 2022

Beginning with a brief discussion of the Impressionism/Symbolism discourse which questioned Debussy’s extra-musical allegiances even before his death, this chapter charts several connections between his music and literature. First comes his early setting of a scene from Diane au bois, an acte en vers by Théodore de Banville, and its musical and poetic relationship with Mallarmé’s L’après-midi d’un faune, to which Debussy composed his celebrated Prélude. The composer’s one completed opera, Pelléas et Mélisande, is approached from the angle of its relationship between music and text, focusing on a recently discovered – and unusual – correspondence between Debussy and a critic. Underpinning the chapter is the observation that there is, to date, no complete edition of Debussy’s songs, nor any scholarly study devoted to his text setting.
Britten, Austen and M ANSFIELD P ARK
Authors: May Will
Published: May 2022

This chapter considers the unwritten opera planned by Benjamin Britten based on Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park. The chapter uncovers the archival trace of the planned opera, suggests how W. H. Auden’s and E. M. Forster’s engagement with Austen helped Britten explore various literary contexts, and considers how this unwritten opera influenced the rest of Britten’s oeuvre. It concludes by discussing Jonathan Dove’s 2011 opera based on the novel.