bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimation of importance: Relative contributions of symbolic and non-symbolic number systems to exact and approximate calculation
Authors: Waring Rylan J. , Penner-Wilger Marcie
Published: February 2017

The topic of how symbolic and non-symbolic number systems relate to exact calculation skill has received great discussion for a number of years now. However, little research has been done to examine how these systems relate to approximate calculation skill. To address this question, performance on symbolic and non-symbolic numeric ordering tasks was examined as predictors of Woodcock Johnson calculation (exact) and computation estimation (approximate) scores among university adults (N = 85, 61 female, Mean age = 21.3, range = 18-49 years). For Woodcock Johnson calculation scores, only the symbolic task uniquely predicted performance outcomes in a multiple regression. For the computational estimation task, only the non-symbolic task uniquely predicted performance outcomes. Symbolic system performance mediated the relation between non-symbolic system performance and exact calculation skill. Non-symbolic system performance mediated the relation between symbolic system performance and approximate calculation skill. These findings suggest that symbolic and non-symbolic number system acuity uniquely relate to exact and approximate calculation ability respectively.
Bedeutungsbeziehungen in fachlexikographischen Nachschlagewerken
Authors: Geeb Franziskus
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Argumentative Strategies in French Company Brochures
Authors: Nielsen Anne Ellerup
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
Inroduction to Thematic Section on Text Linguistics
Authors: Nølke Henning , Frandsen Finn
Published: February 2017

No abstract.
La sémantique des textes - concepts et applications
Authors: Rastier François
Published: February 2017

Cette étude présente synthétiquement un point de vue argumenté par ailleurs dans diverses publications1. Je commencerai par rappeler les principales approches, pour formuler ensuite des propositions. Je men-tionnerai ensuite les besoins nouveaux qu’une sémantique des textes doit contribuer à satisfaire, puis les remaniements épistémologiques qu’elle engage.
Faut-il continuer à faire de l'analyse de discours?
Authors: Reboul Anne , Moeschler Jacques
Published: February 2017

This paper is concerned with the legitimacy of discourse analysis. We intend to show here that discourse analysis rest on a highly debatable hypothesis and that the notion of coherence, which is closely associated with discourse analysis, is, at best, a pre-scientific notion. We will try to show that a reductionist approach to discourse would be both more scientifically sound and more efficient. We will, finally, outline an alternative view of discourse and coherence.
Towards a Multifunctional Grammar. 'Language, Reality and Mind' in a Grammatical Description
Authors: Durst-Andersen Per
Published: February 2017

Previous grammars of the Russian language are written on the same methodological background and with the same purpose and may therefore be characterized in their entirety. It appears that they (1) are oriented towards the interpretive function, i.e. the hearer, (2) describe the different parts of the grammar in isolation without internal connection, (3) lack a contrastive element and finally (4) incorporate only written sources. In that respect previous grammars fail and cannot live up to what could be called modern standards. Against this background a new type of grammar is proposed -a grammar which (1) takes the speaker into consideration, (2) differentiates three types of “wrongness”, (3) views the Russian language as a specific member of a linguistic supertype which is opposed to two other supertypes, and (4) takes its starting point in speech production, i.e. in oral discourse. After a theoretical discussion several pieces of evidence will be presented in favour of such type of grammar.
Emoções e Sentimendos de (In)justiça no Processo de Mudança - Resistência: Experiências dos Barraqueiros na Praia, e de Moradores de Favelas no Rio de Janeiro / Emotions and feelings of (in)justice) in the process of change - Resistance: experiences of informal vendors on the beach, and slum residents in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Reginensi Caterine
Published: February 2017

RESUMOCom base em trabalhos etnográficos realizados em três locais diferentes da metrópole do Rio de Janeiro, entre 2005 e 2010, o presente artigo aborda o que se chama de emoções (medo, raiva, vergonha, ódio, amor, indignação, sentimento de (in)justiça, que não podem ser analisadas como simples sensações. O texto visa evidenciar o caráter social das emoções e observar a capacidade de diversos atores a avaliar situações de conflito a partir do uso de emoções. Pretendemos abrir uma discussão sobre o papel das emoções nos processos de mudança e de resistência. Palavras-chave: emoções, mudança, experiências urbanas.RESUMENBasado en el trabajo etnográfico realizado en tres lugares diferentes de la metrópolis de Río de Janeiro entre 2005 y 2010, este documento se refiere a lo que se llama emociones (miedo, ira, vergüenza, odio, amor, ira, sentimientos de in(justicia), que no pueden ser considerado como sensaciones simples. El texto tiene por objeto subrayar el carácter social de las emociones y observar a capacidad dos actores para evaluar situaciones de conflicto. Tenemos la intención de abrir un debate sobre el papel de las emociones en los procesos de cambio y la resistencia.Palabras Clave: ciudad, postconflicto, ColombiaABSTRACTBased on ethnographic work carried out in three different places of the metropolis of Rio de Janeiro between 2005 and 2010, this paper addresses what is called emotions (fear, anger, shame, hate, love, anger, feelings of (in) justice), which cannot be regarded as simple sensations. The text aims to underline the social character of emotions and observe the ability of various actors to assess conflict situations from the use of emotions. We plan to open a discussion on the role of emotions in the processes change and resistance.Keywords: emotions, change, urban experiences.
Mecanismo de Superación de Identidad Social Negativa Y Legitimación Del Sistema Y Del Estigma en la Población El Castillo, La Pintana, Chile. / Mechanisms to Overcome Negative Social Identity and Legitimyze the System and the Stigma in the “El Castillo” Community, La Pintana, Chile
Authors: Cavieres Higuera Héctor , Cheyre Triat Manuel José
Published: February 2017

RESUMENLa presente es una investigación que exploró los mecanismos de superación de identidad social negativa que utilizan los habitantes de la población El Castillo en Santiago de Chile. Se analizan las implicancias de dichos mecanismos en la legitimación del ordenamiento social. Metodológicamente es un estudio exploratorio en el cual se trabajó con entrevistas abiertas que fueron analizadas desde el análisis social del discurso. Los hallazgos muestran la existencia de mecanismos individuales de tipo cognitivo que legitiman el estereotipo de delincuente y narcotraficante; se produce además una visión dicotómica de los habitantes en base a una elección de implicación o desarraigo con el territorio.Palabras Clave: identidad social negativa, estigma, justificación del sistema RESUMOEsta é uma pesquisa que explorou os mecanismos de superação identidade social negativa, utilizado pelos habitantes da aldeia El Castillo, em Santiago do Chile. As implicações desses mecanismos na legitimação da ordem social são analisados. Metodologicamente é um estudo exploratório em que trabalhou com entrevistas abertas que foram analisados a partir da análise do discurso social. Os resultados mostram a existência de mecanismos cognitivos individuais que legitimam o estereótipo dos criminosos e de traficante de drogas; também produz uma visão dicotômica dos habitantes com base em uma escolha de envolvimento ou desenraizamento com o território.Palavras-Chave: identidade social negativa, o estigma, a justificação do sistema ABSTRACTThe present research explored the use of negative social identity coping mechanisms by the inhabitants of the El Castillo community in Santiago, Chile. The implications of such mechanisms to the legitimation of the social order are also analyzed. Methodologically this is an exploratory study based in open interviews, which were analyzed from the “social discourse analysis” approach. Findings show the existence of individual and cognitive mechanisms that legitimize the stereotypes of being criminals and drugdealers; also a dichotomous vision is produced regarding the inhabitants of the comunity that is based on the premise of “choice” or their rootlessness with the territory.Keywords: negative social identity, stigma, system justification
La maladie grave et le deuil vécus en contexte familial : la contribution des modèles théoriques et des démarches intégratives à l’avancement des recherches
Authors: Diane Laflamme  , Joseph Josy Lévy
Published: February 2017

Nombreux sont les travaux contemporains qui portent sur les aspects théoriques, méthodologiques et empiriques des problématiques entourant la maladie grave et le deuil vécus en contexte familial. Ce texte se propose de faire le point sur les perspectives théoriques, qui se recoupent à plusieurs reprises dans ces deux domaines, à partir d’une recension des travaux contemporains. On retrouve ainsi des modèles théoriques, essentiellement sociologiques et psychosociaux, qui peuvent être regroupés selon les catégories suivantes : approches qualitatives inductives qui conduisent à des modèles intégrateurs ; approches hypothético-déductives qui prennent en considération des facteurs spécifiques organisés en modèles et vérifiés à partir d’approches quantitatives et de procédures statistiques. À ces perspectives théoriques viennent s’ajouter les apports des approches systémiques, celles de la résilience, de l’ajustement au deuil et la construction du sens, de même que celles qui privilégient une démarche intégrative comme le modèle du double processus d’ajustement au deuil. Ce survol des fondements théoriques, des concepts et des principales hypothèses permet de démontrer la richesse de ces travaux et leur contribution à la compréhension des réseaux familiaux confrontés à des crises majeures qui demandent une réorganisation des configurations relationnelles et de trouver des ressources adaptatives pour traverser ces moments difficiles.
Entre nous, le cancer : monde du travail et dynamiques familiales autour de l’enfant gravement malade
Authors: Marc-Antoine Berthod  , Yannis Papadaniel  , Nicole Brzak
Published: February 2017

Lorsqu’un enfant tombe gravement malade, ses parents doivent réaménager leur mode de conciliation entre sphère privée et sphère professionnelle afin d’articuler au mieux travail, famille et soins. Cet article se fonde sur une recherche anthropologique menée en Suisse durant plus de trois ans auprès de parents, de proches, de collègues et de supérieurs hiérarchiques pour analyser les incidences que ces réaménagements produisent tant sur le monde du travail que sur les dynamiques familiales. S’appuyant sur l’exemple helvétique où les personnes salariées n’ont droit qu’à trois jours pour organiser la garde de leur enfant malade, il documente les pouvoirs discrétionnaires qui sont à l’œuvre entre employés et employeurs dans ces situations, ce qui induit une gestion au cas par cas. Ce constat, loin de se limiter aux pays qui n’ont pas mis en place de mesures légales de soutien à ces parents, dénote une faille des arrangements contemporains entre État, entreprises et familles dans la prise en charge des enfants, en particulier ceux qui sont malades du cancer ; cette faille s’opère au détriment de ces parents.
L’autre veuvage : les concubins face à la mort en France
Authors: Isabelle Delaunay
Published: February 2017

Ce texte porte sur le veuvage entendu au sens large : celui de personnes mariées, non mariées ou remariées, qui ne sont pas considérées comme des veufs au sens de l’état civil. Il s’intéresse plus particulièrement au veuvage précoce.

Une réflexion globale sur les catégories sociodémographiques montre la nécessité de moderniser la catégorie veuvage pour tenir compte du démariage.

Les résultats de deux enquêtes menées en France sont exposés : la première, quantitative, révèle qu’un cinquième des veufs et un tiers des jeunes veufs sont habituellement effacés des statistiques. La seconde, qualitative, explore la réalité du décès au sein des couples et le statut de veuf aujourd’hui.
Mort et deuil en contexte migratoire : spécificités, réseaux et entraide
Authors: Lilyane Rachédi  , Catherine Montgomery  , Béatrice Halsouet
Published: February 2017

Compte tenu des mutations sociodémographiques de la société québécoise, l’événement de la mort et l’accompagnement des immigrants endeuillés deviennent des sujets incontournables. Pourtant, le croisement de la thématique du deuil et de l’immigration est encore peu documenté au Québec (Rachédi et al., 2010). Nous pensons qu’il serait intéressant d’appréhender la mort et le vécu du deuil chez les familles immigrantes non seulement sur le plan de l’expérience, mais aussi en considérant l’entraide et la participation des immigrants à une variété de réseaux sociaux, locaux et transnationaux qui jouent un rôle lors de difficultés liées au cycle de vie. De plus, les pratiques et savoirs cultuels transmis et transformés au sein de ces réseaux constituent une avenue pertinente pour mieux comprendre la mort et le deuil dans leur cadre culturel. Dans cet article, nous présentons quelques pistes de réflexion sur la mort et sur le deuil en contexte migratoire, en nous basant sur la littérature locale et internationale ainsi que sur trois recherches qualitatives menées au Québec. Nous livrons aussi l’analyse préliminaire d’une première entrevue tirée d’une recherche-action qui en est à son stade exploratoire.
Le réseau familial de jeunes adultes hébergés en famille d’accueil jusqu’à leur majorité
Authors: Claudine Parent  , Marie-Hélène Labonté  , Marie-Christine Fortin  , Marie-Christine Saint-Jacques  , Françoise-Romaine Ouellette  , Sylvie Drapeau  , Caroline Paré-Lévesque
Published: February 2017

L’étude documente le réseau familial de 12 jeunes adultes qui, au cours de leur enfance, ont fait l’objet d’une mesure de placement en famille d’accueil jusqu’à leur majorité. L’objectif est de décrire la composition de leur réseau familial, de cerner l’importance des liens familiaux d’origine et d’accueil ainsi que d’identifier ce qui a pu faciliter ou entraver le maintien de ces liens. Tous ont participé à une entrevue individuelle semi-dirigée au cours de laquelle ils ont été invités à construire deux génogrammes : l’un représentant leur famille lors de la période de placement et l’autre leur famille actuelle. Les résultats suggèrent que les représentations familiales sont diversifiées et spécifiques au vécu de chaque participant. Si la complémentarité des liens entre les familles d’accueil et d’origine existe pour quelques participants, la tendance est davantage orientée vers l’exclusivité des liens. Enfin, même si la qualité du lien est un prérequis essentiel pour assurer un placement positif, elle ne garantit pas le maintien du lien après la fin des services.
Un baby-boom, des baby-boomeuses ? Trajectoires professionnelles des femmes françaises issues du baby-boom
Authors: Céline Clément  , Catherine Bonvalet
Published: February 2017

Dans le schéma classique des années 1960, la vie en dehors de la famille était exclusivement réservée aux hommes, alors que les femmes étaient considérées comme les « reines du logis ». Élevées selon ce modèle, les générations nées après-guerre vont pourtant s’en affranchir et initier des comportements plus autonomes en élaborant de nouvelles formes de vie au sein du couple et de la famille, mais aussi en dehors de cette sphère privée. Ainsi, à partir du moment où les femmes ont reçu une éducation, ont eu la possibilité de maîtriser leur fécondité en choisissant le moment de l’arrivée et la taille de leur descendance finale, leurs trajectoires se sont diversifiées, notamment par le biais de leur activité professionnelle, comme en témoigne leur insertion massive et durable dans le marché de l’emploi à partir de 1960. Il s’agit alors d’une véritable rupture sociologique, d’une transformation radicale du rapport à l’emploi, avec le passage d’un modèle féminin d’inactivité à celui d’une activité discontinue, lequel va permettre l’émergence du modèle que nous connaissons aujourd’hui, celui de la continuité et du cumul (Maruani, 2000). Or, si les générations du baby-boom sont souvent considérées comme les initiatrices de ce dernier modèle, il en coexiste plusieurs à cette période.

L’objet de cet article est de décrire, dans le temps long, ces différents modèles d’activité à partir de 32 récits de vie réalisés à Paris et en région parisienne auprès de femmes issues de la première génération du baby-boom, c’est-à-dire nées entre 1945 et 1954. Cela permettra de s’interroger sur ces profils d’activité qui se construisent depuis l’enfance notamment selon l’empreinte maternelle (Battagliola, 1987), jusqu’à la fin de vie active, en passant par les modes d’entrée dans la vie adulte, source de différenciation sociale des trajectoires féminines (Blöss et al., 1996), et d’en établir une typologie (tout en sachant que ces modèles sont loin d’être statiques et s’avèrent poreux, les femmes pouvant passer d’un modèle à un autre, notamment lorsqu’elles se séparent). Car ces évolutions ne se réalisent pas pour toutes, ni au même moment du cycle de vie, ce qui induit une hétérogénéité des parcours, mais aussi différentes visions de ce que doit être la place des femmes au sein de la famille et de la société, ces différents modèles structurant fortement l’organisation familiale ainsi que les représentations de la famille, et influençant leurs trajectoires– notamment conjugales.
Pyloroantrectomy and Pedunculated Short Gastric-Tube Interposition in Esophageal Carcinoma Patients Associated With Early Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sato Yu , Kanda Tatsuo , Kosugi Shin-ichi , Ishikawa Takashi , Tada Tetsuya , Wakai Toshifumi
Published: February 2017

Gastric carcinoma is one of the most common secondary malignancies in esophageal cancer patients. We herein report our surgical procedure for esophageal reconstruction in esophageal cancer patients associated with synchronous or metachronous early gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastric adenocarcinoma was removed by pyloroantrectomy with preservation of the right gastroepiploic artery and vein, and a pedunculated short gastric tube was used as an esophageal substitute in a Roux-en-Y fashion. Surgical data of 6 esophageal cancer patients who underwent this type of surgery between 1993 and 2012 were analyzed. Three patients had synchronous early gastric carcinoma and the remaining 3 patients had metachronous early gastric adenocarcinoma. The gastric tube was easily pulled up to the neck and no problems occurred during this procedure. Postoperative complications, including leakage of esophagogastrostomy, acute respiratory failure, and diffuse peritonitis, were observed in 3 patients. No patients suffered from necrosis of the gastric tube. Although 3 patients died of other diseases, gastric cancer recurrence has not been observed to date. Despite the need for precaution to ensure technical safety, pyloroantrectomy and esophageal reconstruction using a pedunculated short gastric-tube are oncologically feasible as a potential curative surgery for esophageal cancer patients with early gastric adenocarcinoma.
Surgical Resection for Liver Metastases Developing 10 and 21 Years After Primary Surgery for Mucinous Colon Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Arai Keisuke , Fukumoto Takumi , Tanaka Motofumi , Kusunoki Nobuya , Kido Masahiro , Kuramitsu Kaori , Kinoshita Hisoka , Komatsu Shohei , Tsugawa Daisuke , Terai Sachio , Matsumoto Taku , Goto Tadahiro , Asari Sadaki , Toyama Hirochika , Ajiki Tetsuo , Ku Yonson
Published: February 2017

Optimal management for liver metastases from colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma is still controversial. Here, we report such a case of liver metastases that developed twice with 10-year intervals after curative resection. An 84-year-old man had undergone a radical left hemicolectomy for descending colon cancer at age 63 years. The histopathologic diagnosis was mucinous adenocarcinoma. Ten years later, he was found to have a cystic tumor in liver and underwent partial hepatectomy of segment 5. Moreover, 10 years after that hepatic resection, computed tomography showed a low-density tumor with calcification in remnant liver, and partial hepatectomy of segment 8 was performed. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of each liver tumor indicated metastasis from primary colon mucinous adenocarcinoma. It is rare for colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma to recur twice after long intervals of 10 years. However, in a patient with a history of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma, possibility of recurrence more than 10 years after curative surgery also must be kept in mind. Long-term clinical follow-up after curative surgery for primary colon cancer or liver metastases may be necessary to detect early signs of recurrence of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma.
Exploring the mechanism of inhibition of human telomerase by cysteine‐reactive compounds
Authors: Kellermann Guillaume , Dingli Florent , Masson Vanessa , Dauzonne Daniel , Ségal‐Bendirdjian Evelyne , Teulade‐Fichou Marie‐Paule , Loew Damarys , Bombard Sophie
Published: February 2017

Telomerase is an almost universal cancer target that consists minimally of a core protein human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and a RNA component human telomerase RNA (hTR). Some inhibitors of this enzyme are thought to function by the covalent binding to one or several cysteine residues; however, this inhibition mechanism has never been investigated because of the difficulty in producing telomerase. In this study, we use a recent method to produce recombinant hTERT to analyze the effect of cysteine‐reactive inhibitors on telomerase. Using mass spectrometry and mutagenesis analysis, we identify several targeted residues in separated domains of the hTERT protein and show that cysteine‐reactive reagents abolish the interaction with the CR4/5 region of hTR.
The exponential growth of autophagy‐related research: from the humble yeast to the Nobel Prize
Authors: Mizushima Noboru
Published: February 2017

Autophagy was discovered more than half a century ago. In the early days, autophagy was studied mostly through the use of biochemical methods and electron microscopy. In the 1990s, yeast genetics was introduced to this field and brought about an exponential expansion. The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was eventually awarded to the scientist who spearheaded the rapid development of the field: Yoshinori Ohsumi. Here, I describe in a Nutshell how the autophagy machinery was discovered and how the autophagy research field has grown following the breakthroughs from yeast studies.
The ocean's saltiness and its overturning
Authors: Cael B. B. , Ferrari Raffaele
Published: February 2017

Here we explore the relationship between the mean salinity
of the ocean and the strength of its Atlantic and Pacific Meridional Overturning Circulations (AMOC and PMOC). We compare simulations performed with a realistically configured coarse‐grained ocean model, spanning a range of mean salinities. We find that the AMOC strength increases approximately linearly with
. In contrast, the PMOC strength declines approximately linearly with
until it reaches a small background value similar to the present‐day ocean. Well‐established scaling laws for the overturning circulation explain both of these dependencies on
.
Geometry and segmentation of the North Anatolian Fault beneath the Marmara Sea, Turkey, deduced from long‐term ocean bottom seismographic observations
Authors: Yamamoto Y. , Takahashi N. , Pinar A. , Kalafat D. , Citak S. , Comoglu M. , Polat R. , Kaneda Y.
Published: February 2017

Both the geometry and the depth of the seismogenic zone of the North Anatolian Fault under the Marmara Sea (the Main Marmara Fault (MMF)) are poorly understood, in part because of the fault's undersea location. We recorded 10 months of microseismic data with a dense array of ocean bottom seismographs and then applied double‐difference relocation and 3‐D tomographic modeling to obtain precise hypocenters on the MMF beneath the central and western Marmara Sea. The hypocenters show distinct lateral changes along the MMF: (1) both the upper and lower crust beneath the Western High are seismically active and the maximum focal depth reaches 26 km; (2) seismic events are confined to the upper crust beneath the region extending from the eastern part of the Central Basin to the Kumburgaz Basin; and (3) the magnitude and direction of dip of the main fault change under the Central Basin, where there is also an abrupt change in the depth of the lower limit of the seismogenic zone. We attribute this change to a segment boundary of the MMF. Our data show that the upper limit of the seismogenic zone corresponds to sedimentary basement. We also identified several seismically inactive regions within the upper crust along the MMF; their spatial extent beneath the Kumburgaz Basin is greater than beneath the Western High. From the comparison with seafloor extensometer data, we consider that these regions might indicate zones of strong coupling that are accumulating stress for release during future large earthquakes.
The role of cloud phase in Earth's radiation budget
Authors: Matus Alexander V. , L'Ecuyer Tristan S.
Published: February 2017

The radiative impact of clouds strongly depends on their partitioning between liquid and ice phases. Until recently, however, it has been challenging to unambiguously discriminate cloud phase in a number of important global regimes. CloudSat and CALIPSO supply vertically resolved measurements necessary to identify clouds composed of both liquid and ice that are not easily detected using conventional passive sensors. The capability of these active sensors to discriminate cloud phase has been incorporated into the fifth generation of CloudSat's 2B‐FLXHR‐LIDAR algorithm. Comparisons with Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System fluxes at the top of atmosphere reveal that an improved representation of cloud phase leads to better agreement compared to earlier versions of the algorithm. The RMS differences in annual mean outgoing longwave (LW) radiation gridded at 2.5° resolution are 4.9 W m−2, while RMS differences in outgoing shortwave (SW) are slightly larger at 8.9 W m−2 due to the larger diurnal range of solar insolation. This study documents the relative contributions of clouds composed of only liquid, only ice, and a combination of both phases to global and regional radiation budgets. It is found that mixed‐phase clouds exert a global net cloud radiative effect of −3.4 W m−2, with contributions of −8.1 W m−2 and 4.7 W m−2 from SW and LW radiation, respectively. When compared with the effects of warm liquid clouds (−11.8 W m−2), ice clouds (3.5 W m−2), and multilayered clouds consisting of distinct liquid and ice layers (−4.6 W m−2), these results reinforce the notion that accurate representation of mixed‐phase clouds is essential for quantifying cloud feedbacks in future climate scenarios.
The footprints of 16 year trends of Arctic springtime cloud and radiation properties on September sea ice retreat
Authors: Huang Yiyi , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Dolinar Erica K. , Stanfield Ryan E.
Published: February 2017

The most prominent September Arctic sea ice decline over the period of 2000–2015 occurs over the Siberian Sea, Laptev Sea, and Kara Sea. The satellite observed and retrieved sea ice concentration (SIC) and cloud/radiation properties over the Arctic (70°–90°N) have been used to investigate the impact of springtime cloud and radiation properties on September SIC variation. Positive trends of cloud fractions, cloud water paths, and surface downward longwave flux at the surface over the September sea ice retreat areas are found over the period of 1 March to 14 May, while negative trends are found over the period of 15 May to 28 June. The spatial distributions of correlations between springtime cloud/radiation properties and September SIC have been calculated, indicating that increasing cloud fractions and downward longwave flux during springtime tend to enhance sea ice melting due to strong cloud warming effect. Surface downward and upward shortwave fluxes play an important role from May to June when the onset of sea ice melting occurs. The comparison between linearly detrended and nondetrended of each parameter indicates that significant impact of cloud and radiation properties on September sea ice retreat occurs over the Chukchi/Beaufort Sea at interannual time scale, especially over the period of 31 March to 29 April, while strongest climatological trends are found over the Laptev/Siberian Sea.
The G2 checkpoint—a node‐based molecular switch
Authors: de Gooijer Mark C. , van den Top Arnout , Bockaj Irena , Beijnen Jos H. , Würdinger Thomas , van Tellingen Olaf
Published: February 2017

Tight regulation of the eukaryotic cell cycle is paramount to ensure genomic integrity throughout life. Cell cycle checkpoints are present in each phase of the cell cycle and prevent cell cycle progression when genomic integrity is compromised. The G2 checkpoint is an intricate signaling network that regulates the progression of G2 to mitosis (M). We propose here a node‐based model of G2 checkpoint regulation, in which the action of the central CDK1–cyclin B1 node is determined by the concerted but opposing activities of the Wee1 and cell division control protein 25C (CDC25C) nodes. Phosphorylation of both Wee1 and CDC25C at specific sites determines their subcellular localization, driving them either toward activity within the nucleus or to the cytoplasm and subsequent ubiquitin‐mediated proteasomal degradation. In turn, this subcellular balance of the Wee1 and CDC25C nodes is directed by the action of the PLK1 and CHK1 nodes via what we have termed the ‘nuclear and cytoplasmic decision states’ of Wee1 and CDC25C. The proposed node‐based model provides an intelligible structure of the complex interactions that govern the decision to delay or continue G2/M progression. The model may also aid in predicting the effects of agents that target these G2 checkpoint nodes.
Readdressing of Magnetoelectric Effect in Bulk BiFeO3
Authors: Shi Xin Xin , Liu Xiao Qiang , Chen Xiang Ming
Published: February 2017

After decades of study, BiFeO3 is still the most promising single‐phase multiferroic material due to its large polarization and high operating temperature, drawing much attention. As a typical type‐I multiferroic material, the magnetoelectric coupling in BiFeO3 is deemed to be weak due to the different origins of its ferroelectricity and magnetism. Here, the magnetoelectric effect in bulk BiFeO3 is readdressed both theoretically and experimentally. Based on the Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interaction scenario, the magnetoelectric effect in BiFeO3 is actually strong, with a coupling energy of about 1.25 meV and a magnetism‐coupled parasitic polarization comparable to that of the type‐II multiferroics. However, such strong magnetoelectric coupling also causes the cycloidal spin structure, which inhibits the observation of linear magnetoelectric coupling in bulk BiFeO3. To resolve this contradiction, Sm‐substitution is utilized to suppress the magnetoelectric effect and unlocks the weak ferromagnetism. At an optimized composition, such a weak ferromagnetic state can be switched back to the cycloidal state by an electric field, thus realizing electrical control of the magnetism. It has been argued that field‐controlled phase transition is a promising path to colossal magnetoelectric effect. It is of pioneering significance for further investigations down this road.
Unveiling a Key Intermediate in Solvent Vapor Postannealing to Enlarge Crystalline Domains of Organometal Halide Perovskite Films
Authors: Xiao Shuang , Bai Yang , Meng Xiangyue , Zhang Teng , Chen Haining , Zheng Xiaoli , Hu Chen , Qu Yongquan , Yang Shihe
Published: February 2017

Hybrid organic/inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown great potential in meeting the future challenges in energy and environment. Solvent‐vapor‐assisted posttreatment strategies are developed to improve the perovskite film quality for achieving higher efficiency. However, the intrinsic working mechanisms of these strategies have not been well understood yet. This study identifies an MA2Pb3I8(DMSO)2 intermediate phase formed during the annealing process of methylammonium lead triiodide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) atmosphere and located the reaction sites at perovskite grain boundaries by observing and rationalizing the growth of nanorods of the intermediate. This enables us to propose and validate an intermediate‐assisted grain‐coarsening model, which highlights the activation energy reduction for grain boundary migration. Leveraging this mechanism, this study uses MABr/DMSO mixed vapor to further enhance grain boundary migration kinetics and successfully obtain even larger grains, leading to an impressive improvement in power conversion efficiency (17.64%) relative to the pristine PSCs (15.13%). The revelation of grain boundary migration‐assisted grain growth provides a guide for the future development of polycrystalline perovskite thin‐film solar cells.
Achieving High‐Performance Nondoped OLEDs with Extremely Small Efficiency Roll‐Off by Combining Aggregation‐Induced Emission and Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence
Authors: Guo Jingjing , Li Xiang‐Long , Nie Han , Luo Wenwen , Gan Shifeng , Hu Shimin , Hu Rongrong , Qin Anjun , Zhao Zujin , Su Shi‐Jian , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: February 2017

Luminescent materials with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) can harvest singlet and triplet excitons to afford high electroluminescence (EL) efficiencies for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, TADF emitters generally have to be dispersed into host matrices to suppress emission quenching and/or exciton annihilation, and most doped OLEDs of TADF emitters encounter a thorny problem of swift efficiency roll‐off as luminance increases. To address this issue, in this study, a new tailor‐made luminogen (dibenzothiophene‐benzoyl‐9,9‐dimethyl‐9,10‐dihydroacridine, DBT‐BZ‐DMAC) with an unsymmetrical structure is synthesized and investigated by crystallography, theoretical calculation, spectroscopies, etc. It shows aggregation‐induced emission, prominent TADF, and interesting mechanoluminescence property. Doped OLEDs of DBT‐BZ‐DMAC show high peak current and external quantum efficiencies of up to 51.7 cd A−1 and 17.9%, respectively, but the efficiency roll‐off is large at high luminance. High‐performance nondoped OLED is also achieved with neat film of DBT‐BZ‐DMAC, providing excellent maxima EL efficiencies of 43.3 cd A−1 and 14.2%, negligible current efficiency roll‐off of 0.46%, and external quantum efficiency roll‐off approaching null from peak values to those at 1000 cd m−2. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is one of the most efficient nondoped TADF OLEDs with small efficiency roll‐off reported so far.
Arginine‐Modified Nanostructured Lipid Carriers with Charge‐Reversal and pH‐Sensitive Membranolytic Properties for Anticancer Drug Delivery
Authors: Sun Minjie , Li Jing , Zhang Cuiting , Xie Ying , Qiao Hongzhi , Su Zhigui , Oupický David , Ping Qineng
Published: February 2017

The ability to escape endo/lysosomal trafficking is critically important to prevent entrapment of nanomedicines in lysosomes and to achieve maximum therapeutic efficacy of drugs delivered to cells through endocytosis. In this study, a novel pH‐sensitive chitosan carrier with the ability to reverse its charge during endo/lysosomal trafficking is developed as a way of improving lysosomal disruption. N‐Arginine‐N‐octyl chitosan (AOCS) is synthesized by grafting l‐arginine onto carboxymethyl chitosan. The AOCS is used to modify the surface of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to prepare pH‐sensitive charge‐reversal lysosomolytic nanocarriers (ANLC). The ANLC is loaded with 10‐hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT). The results show that ANLC is able to reverse surface zeta potential from negative to positive at lysosomal pH, which contributes to improved release of encapsulated drugs into cytoplasm. The lysosomolytic capability of ANLC is confirmed by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In vitro studies demonstrate that the anticancer activity of HCPT‐loaded ANLC is improved when compared with HCPT‐NLC and free HCPT. In vivo pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution analysis show improved delivery of HCPT‐ANLC to subcutaneous Heps mouse liver tumors and greatly improved antitumor activity. The results present ANLC as a promising drug delivery carrier for improved antitumor therapy.
The relationship of vulcanization and structural characteristics‐dispersion of organoclay‐mechanical properties in (butadiene rubber/natural rubber) based nanocomposite
Authors: Zarei Ahmad , Jalali‐Arani Azam
Published: February 2017

Nanocomposites based on (organoclay [OC]/butadiene rubber [BR]/natural rubber [NR]) containing different ratio of (sulfur/accelerator [dibenzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS)] or N‐Oxydiethyl‐2‐benzthiazolsulfenamid (NOBS)) were prepared. Evaluation of the vulcanization characteristics showed that the curing system and the type of the used accelerator affected the impact of the OC on the scorch and cure times. The crosslink density and the percentage of polysulfide bonds of the compounds were enhanced by using OC. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the type of curing system and the used accelerator affected the network structure as well as the expansion of the interlayer space of the OC. In nanocomposites with less crosslink density and less polysulfide bonds, greater expansion of the OC interlayer spaces was observed. The use of the OC and its effect on the level of crosslink density and percent of polysulfide bonds affected the tensile properties and abrasion loss of the samples.
Multifunctional Logic Demonstrated in a Flexible Multigate Oxide‐Based Electric‐Double‐Layer Transistor on Paper Substrate
Authors: Shao Feng , Feng Ping , Wan Changjin , Wan Xiang , Yang Yi , Shi Yi , Wan Qing
Published: February 2017

Paper electronics represents a newly raised concept that includes various types of electronic devices and circuits on paper. In this work, the authors report multigate oxide‐based homojunction electric‐double‐layer thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with cellulose nanofibers electrolyte film as the gate dielectrics on paper substrate. These flexible TFTs exhibit high performance with a high ON/OFF ratio of 107 and a high mobility of around 26 cm2 V−1 s−1. Resistor‐loaded inverters are demonstrated both in a bottom‐gate mode and an in‐plane‐gate mode. Logic AND operation is realized in a device with two in‐plane gates. Significantly, the universal logic NAND is experimentally demonstrated using a one transistor/one resistor structure by combining NOT and AND logics together. The paper‐based TFT devices are very interesting for emerging areas such as disposable paper electronics and sensors.
Bimetallic Catalysis: Palladium/Lanthanide co‐Catalyzed Allylation of Anilines
Authors: Šolić Ivan , Reich Dominik , Lim Jieyan , Bates Roderick W.
Published: February 2017

The direct palladium catalyzed N‐allylation of anilines by underivatized allyl alcohols can be achieved using lanthanide co‐catalysis. The reaction works equally well with different lanthanides. Surprisingly, lanthanum acetate and lanthanum chloride can give yields comparable to or better than those obtained using lanthanum triflate. Electron‐rich, unhindered anilines are the best substrates, although an aminopyridine and benzimidazole are both also efficiently allylated.
Ni‐Catalyzed Stannylation of Aryl Esters via C−O Bond Cleavage
Authors: Gu Yiting , Martín Rúben
Published: February 2017

A Ni‐catalyzed stannylation of aryl esters with air‐ and moisture‐insensitive silylstannyl reagents via C−O cleavage is described. This protocol is characterized by its wide scope, including challenging combinations, thus enabling access to versatile building blocks and orthogonal C−heteroatom bond formations.
Neue Modalitäten für schwierige Zielstrukturen in der Wirkstoffentwicklung
Authors: Valeur Eric , Guéret Stéphanie M. , Adihou Hélène , Gopalakrishnan Ranganath , Lemurell Malin , Waldmann Herbert , Grossmann Tom N. , Plowright Alleyn T.
Published: February 2017

Unsere sich stetig erweiternden Kenntnisse über biologische Systeme haben eine Vielzahl an hoch interessanten neuen biologischen Zielstrukturen aufgedeckt, deren Modulation möglicherweise neuartige Therapiemöglichkeiten für viele Krankheiten erschließt. Diese Angriffspunkte umfassen insbesondere Protein‐Protein‐ und Protein‐Nukleinsäure‐Wechselwirkungen, die jedoch durch klassische niedermolekulare Substanzen oftmals nicht adressierbar sind. Andere Substanzklassen oder Modalitäten werden daher benötigt, um diese Ziele anzuvisieren. Einige akademische Forschungsgruppen und pharmazeutische Unternehmen greifen daher zunehmend das Konzept der so genannten “neuen Modalitäten” auf. Dieser Aufsatz definiert erstmals diesen Begriff, der neuartige Peptidgerüststrukturen, Oligonukleotide, Hybride, molekulare Konjugate sowie auf neuartige Weise eingesetzte, klassische niedermolekulare Verbindungen berücksichtigt. Wir stellen die repräsentativsten Beispiele dieser Modalitäten vor, die auf große Bindungsoberflächen, wie sie in Protein‐Protein‐Wechselwirkungen vorkommen, sowie auf zentrale biologische Zellregulationsvorgänge abzielen.
Alkyl−(Hetero)Aryl Bond Formation via Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling: A Systematic Analysis
Authors: Sandfort Frederik , O'Neill Matthew J. , Cornella Josep , Wimmer Laurin , Baran Phil S.
Published: February 2017

Suzuki, Negishi, and Kumada couplings are some of the most important reactions for the formation of skeletal C−C linkages. Their widespread use to forge bonds between two aromatic rings has enabled every branch of chemical science. The analogous union between alkyl halides and metallated aryl systems has not been as widely employed due to the lack of commercially available halide building blocks. Redox‐active esters have recently emerged as useful surrogates for alkyl halides in cross‐coupling chemistry. Such esters are easily accessible through reactions between ubiquitous carboxylic acids and coupling agents widely used in amide bond formation. This article features an amalgamation of in‐house experience bolstered by approximately 200 systematically designed experiments to accelerate the selection of ideal reaction conditions and activating agents for the cross‐coupling of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl carboxylic acids with both aryl and heteroaryl organometallic species.
Application of poly(diphenolic acid‐phenyl phosphate)‐based layer by layer nanocoating in flame retardant ramie fabrics
Authors: Yan Hongqiang , Li Nannan , Fang Zhengping , Wang Hao
Published: February 2017

Poly(diphenolic acid‐phenyl phosphate) [poly(DPA‐PDCP)], obtained from diphenolic acid (a well‐known biomass chemical), was used together with polyethylenimine (PEI) to construct a flame retardant surface coating for ramie fabric using layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometer (EDX) were used to confirm the successful formation of layer by layer assembly. Assessment of the thermal and flammability properties for poly(DPA‐PDCP)/PEI‐coated ramie fabrics showed that the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and residual char were enhanced as the concentration of poly(DPA‐PDCP) and the BL number in the LbL process increased as well as the treatment of KH550 was applied. SEM and EDX analysis of the char residue confirmed further the intumescent flame retardant mechanism. This work demonstrated the great potentials of poly(DPA‐PDCP)/PEI flame retardant nanocoating constructed by LbL assembly method in the application of ramie fabric. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44795.
Imidazolium ionic liquid incorporation on sulfonated poly(styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene) proton exchange membranes
Authors: Ortiz‐Negrón Ariangelís , Lasanta‐Cotto Noelia , Suleiman David
Published: February 2017

Ionic liquids (ILs) with different anions and cations were incorporated in sulfonated poly(styrene‐isobutylene‐styrene) (SIBS) to modify its chemical, morphological, and transport properties for direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) applications. Different loadings of IL and different solvents were studied to have a better understanding of the incorporation process and the ability of the solvent to affect the interaction of the IL with the sulfonated polymer. Morphological characterization with SAXS and AFM suggested changes caused by the incorporation of the IL and by the solvent used. FT‐IR spectra showed small variations in energy related to interactions of the IL with the sulfonic groups which caused thermogravimetric stabilization of the ionic domains. Other results suggest that water has a very significant effect on the morphology, interaction with the IL, and transport properties of the membranes. Optimal concentration of IL (∼10 mol %) provides enough water to produce efficient proton conductivity (0.15 S/cm) and minimal methanol permeability (0.8 × 10−6 cm2/s). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44900.
Crosslinking and post‐crosslinking of ethylene vinyl acetate in photovoltaic modules
Authors: Oreski G. , Rauschenbach A. , Hirschl C. , Kraft M. , Eder G.C. , Pinter G.
Published: February 2017

Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) is the dominating material for the encapsulation of solar cells. A better understanding of the crosslinking reaction progress during PV module lamination could lead to promising approaches for shortening of PV module lamination times but also for optimization of the EVA formulation. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate the crosslinking behavior of EVA but also for optimization potentials of the EVA formulation. Currently, a degree of crosslinking higher than 70% obtained from Soxhlet extraction, is used as quality control standard in PV industry. Thermomechanical properties of the investigated EVA films demonstrate a sufficient state of crosslinking already after 5 min, which corresponds to a Soxhlet value of around 50%. Nevertheless, the effect of the remaining, still reactive peroxide crosslinker under service relevant conditions cannot be neglected. Therefore, the behavior of mini‐modules manufactured at different lamination times and stored under various aging conditions is investigated. EVA not fully cured during lamination are undergoing postlamination crosslinking. At the same time, remaining active crosslinker causes discoloration at soldering ribbons after accelerated aging. The crosslinking time in the lamination process may be reduced to ≥6 min, compromising between high throughput in production and the need of avoiding degradation. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44912.