bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROUP EXPOSURE IN VIVO FOR AGORAPHOBICS (1974): A MULTIFACETED PILOT STUDY AND ITS IMPACT ON SUBSEQUENT AGORAPHOBIA RESEARCH
Authors: Hand Iver
Published: September 2019

This paper reviews the research in
agoraphobia in four areas: (i) Is the group application of exposure
in vivo really the most effective treatment for agoraphobia? (ii) Does high group cohesion really increase the power of group exposure? (iii) Was the exposure mode applied in this study actually the first cognitive-behavioural intervention in behaviour therapy of anxiety disorders? (iv) How often do agoraphobics really
suffer from marital discord, and how does this affect the outcome of short-term, massed exposure-treatment? It describes the development of concepts and the evolution of knowledge, but it also points out the redundancies, misunderstandings and pitfalls in research that have hindered progress. This paper does not deal with the data quality of the studies reviewed; sometimes high data quality does
not result in high information quality, and vice versa. This is therefore not a scientific paper but a non-comprehensive journey through the recent history of research in behaviour therapy for agoraphobia. It is hoped to give practice-relevant information for clinicians and some new ideas for future research.
WHAT DO PEOPLE WANT FROM SPECIALIST MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES AND CAN THIS BE MEASURED IN ROUTINE SERVICE SETTINGS?
Authors: Lelliott Paul
Published: September 2019

The level of public satisfaction with mental health
services is low. This is evident in adverse media coverage and the Government's view that community care has failed. Some components of a comprehensive mental health service are in disrepair and others are missing altogether. Surveys of those who use services show that many are dissatisfied with the care they receive. One of the actions that services must take to improve their effectiveness,
acceptability and public image is to understand better what people want from the services they use. Surveys of service users have identified what these issues are. It is now important that these factors are incorporated into measurement instruments that can be used in routine practice settings. This paper summarizes what service users have indicated that they want from services, lists the
desirable attributes of instruments that might measure these factors, and gives brief descriptions of four instruments that meet some aspects of the specification.
TOP MARKS
Authors: Darnley Simon , Bee 650 Ian
Published: September 2019

This is a qualitative study in which the views and opinions of Professor Isaac Marks were sought from various nurse therapists using the loosest of interview schedules. The results are annotated
and presented below.
POWER THERAPIES, MIRACULOUS CLAIMS, AND THE CURES THAT FAIL
Authors: Rosen Gerald M. , Lohr Jeffrey M. , McNally Richard J. , Herbert James D.
Published: September 2019

Recent “Power Therapies” claim near miraculous
cures but fare less well under controlled testing. These developments recall
for cognitive behavior therapists the history of past “cures” that
temporarily induced high levels of expectancies, but failed the test of time.
EMOTIVE IMAGERY TREATMENT FOR CHILDHOOD PHOBIAS: A CREDIBLE AND EMPIRICALLY VALIDATED INTERVENTION?
Authors: King Neville J. , Molloy Geoffrey N. , Heyne David , Murphy Gregory C. , Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: September 2019

Childhood phobias are complexly determined but responsive to behavioral
interventions. This review focuses on emotive imagery, a variant of
systematic desensitization developed specifically for use in treatment of
children’s excessive fears. Although emotive imagery appears to be a useful
treatment procedure, further research is needed before it could be considered
as having “well-established” empirical status. Several other
important methodological and theoretical issues are emphasized.
SOME REASONS WHY PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM CHRONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA FAIL TO CONTINUE IN PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Authors: Tarrier Nicholas , Yusupoff Lawrence , McCarthy Eilis , Kinney Caroline , Wittkowski Anja
Published: September 2019

The study aimed to investigate why patients suffering from chronic
schizophrenia discontinue psychological therapy. Patients who dropped out of
a randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behaviour therapy and supportive
counselling in the treatment of persistent positive psychotic symptoms were
asked to complete a questionnaire on their reasons for doing so. Nine out of
12 patients who dropped out completed the questionnaire which consisted of
22 items that could be rated true or false. Although the size of the sample
was small, the response rate was acceptable at 75%. The median number of
reasons given was 7 (range 3 to 12), with the most common reason being that
therapy was not perceived as suitable for the individual’s particular
problems. The characteristics of the patients who dropped out are described.
THE ROLE OF DYSFUNCTIONAL BELIEFS IN INDIVIDUALS WHO EXPERIENCE PSYCHOSIS AND USE SUBSTANCES: IMPLICATIONS FOR COGNITIVE THERAPY AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE
Authors: Graham Hermine L.
Published: September 2019

It can be argued that an individual’s subjective experience and beliefs
about a substance are important. Motives and expectancies regarding the use of
alcohol and drugs are often that they are going to modify a cognitive state or
help them cope with a particular situation. However, there are growing concerns
in the U.S.A. and in the U.K. regarding individuals who experience psychosis and
concurrently use substances. Correctly diagnosing individuals with dual
presentation is said to be difficult, engagement in treatment is problematic, and
medication adherence and prognosis poor. In this paper a cognitive-developmental
model is proposed. I suggest that for individuals who experience psychosis and
also use drugs or alcohol, the ability to identify the relationship between the
substance use and the psychotic illness in terms of a case formulation/conceptualization
would provide a good starting point for developing strategies and interventions
that are most likely to succeed in treatment. Such an approach would explicitly
address key cognitions. Unless the dysfunctional substance-related beliefs are
addressed, adherence to medication and engagement with treatment services will
be hindered and the possibility of relapsing to problematic substance use and
acute psychosis remains. A cognitive treatment component, to target these beliefs,
based on the cognitive model of substance misuse and the motivational
interviewing approach will also be briefly outlined.
‘‘STRESS CONTROL’’ LARGE GROUP THERAPY FOR GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: TWO YEAR FOLLOW-UP
Authors: White Jim
Published: September 2019

While treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder have considerably improved
recently, they remain less effective than similar treatments for other
anxiety disorders. This paper reports on a comparative outcome study of a
large group didactic therapy specifically designed to teach patients to
“become their own therapists” in an attempt to counter
the relapse problems commonly associated with this condition. The data suggest
that improvements noted at six month follow-up are maintained at two years. Suggestions are forwarded to explain the lack of differential responding found among
different therapy approaches.
ATTENTIONAL BIAS IN MORBID JEALOUSY
Authors: Intili Rita , Tarrier Nicholas
Published: September 2019

Morbid jealousy is a potentially disruptive condition that has received
little attention. A cognitive-behavioural formulation of morbid jealousy
proposes that such individuals possess schema in which there is a perceived
threat of loss of their sexual partner. An attentional bias in morbid
jealousy was investigated by using a dichotic listening task and the
modified Stroop test. Twenty subjects who had met criterion for morbid
jealousy were compared with 20 control subjects. In the dichotic listening
task, word pairs were presented to each ear simultaneously, and subjects
shadowed one channel while identifying target words. Ten percent of the
words presented to the non-attended channel were target words, of which
half were jealousy-related and half were not. Subjects were not told that
the target words were only presented in the unattended channel. In the
modified Stroop test, subjects had to name the colour of a series of Os,
colour words, emotional words, control neutral words and jealousy-related
words. As predicted, jealous subjects showed a superior performance in
detecting jealousy-related stimuli in the dichotic listening task and an
impaired performance in the colour naming of jealousy-related stimuli in
the modified Stroop test, compared to the control subjects and the control
conditions. The results of this study add support to the formulation that
morbid jealousy involves an attentional bias towards jealousy-related
information and this may have clinical implications.
CREDIT WHERE CREDIT’S DUE: GUIDELINES ON AUTHORSHIP
Authors: Reichelt F. Katharina , James Ian A , Milne Derek L.
Published: September 2019

The thorny issue of inappropriate authorship is a well recognized problem in
research (Epstein, 1993). Recent editorials and articles in the
British Medical Journal (BMJ), Lancet and Journal of American
Medical Association (JAMA) have raised its profile amongst our medical
colleagues. The current authors feel that clinical psychologists, nurses
and other mental health professionals need to be more aware of the
complexities of the area. Hence this paper intends to clarify the major
concerns regarding proper accreditation and gives some recommendations
and guidelines.
THE PERFECT PATIENT: COGNITIVE-BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY FOR PERFECTIONISM
Authors: Hirsch Colette R , Hayward Peter
Published: September 2019

A case is described in which the patient’s perfectionistic assumptions seemed to play a major role in perpetuating his anxiety and depression. Techniques to deal with perfectionistic assumptions are discussed, and the various effects that perfectionism may have on therapy, both positive and negative, are considered.
POWER THERAPIES: EVIDENCE VERSUS EMOTION A REPLY TO ROSEN, LOHR, MCNALLY AND HERBERT
Authors: Poole A. Desmond , de Jongh Ad , Spector John
Published: September 2019

Rosen, Lohr, McNally and Herbert’s (1998) arguments directed at the
so-called “Power Therapies” and, in particular, Eye Movement
Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are examined. It is suggested that
their paper does not adequately review the available research data and,
therefore, draws unwarranted conclusions. Based on published controlled
studies it is concluded that there is evidence to support the use of EMDR
in the treatment of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
POWER THERAPIES: EVIDENCE VS MIRACULOUS CLAIMS
Authors: Rosen Gerald M. , Lohr Jeffey M. , McNally Richard J. , Herbert James D.
Published: September 2019

Poole, de Jongh and Spector ask for empirical research rather than emotive
arguments when evaluating EMDR. When one applies this standard, Poole
et al.’s remaining points are devoid of substance. EMDR, like other Power
Therapies, is a “miracle” cure that has failed.
ONE YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF COGNITIVE THERAPY, ANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY AND ANXIETY MANAGEMENT TRAINING FOR GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER: SYMPTOM CHANGE, MEDICATION USAGE AND ATTITUDES TO TREATMENT
Authors: Durham Robert C. , Fisher Peter L. , Trevling Linda R. , Hau Cathryn M. , Richard Karen , Stewart John B.
Published: September 2019

A one year follow-up is reported of a randomized clinical trial with
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in which the main comparison was between
analytic psychotherapy (AP) and cognitive therapy (CT), each delivered at
weekly or fortnightly intervals over a six month period. CT was found to be
significantly more effective than AP. However, GAD is a chronic and
relapsing condition and follow-up data are needed to assess the durability
of improvement and the possibility that the benefits of analytic
psychotherapy may be more apparent over the longer term. Data were
collected in three areas: (1) symptomatology and overall improvement;
(2) medication usage and contact with GPs; and (3) attitudes to therapy. CT
was clearly superior to AP on the main outcome measures and only a minority
of AP patients made significant improvements. CT but not AP was associated
with significant reductions in medication usage, and patients receiving CT
were generally more positive about treatment received. Differences between
treatments were less evident in the less intensive treatment condition where
overall results were relatively poor. The most positive outcomes were
achieved in the more intensive CT condition in which approximately two-thirds of patients achieved clinically significant improvements.
WORRY, WORRY PROCESSES AND DIMENSIONS OF DELUSIONS: AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION OF A ROLE FOR ANXIETY PROCESSES IN THE MAINTENANCE OF DELUSIONAL DISTRESS
Authors: Freeman Daniel , Garety Philippa A.
Published: September 2019

The efficacy of CBT for psychosis will be enhanced by a greater
understanding of the mechanisms underlying symptoms. Therefore, an
investigation is reported that examined a role for a neglected factor,
anxiety, in the maintenance of delusional beliefs. It was hypothesized that
processes responsible for chronic worry, as detailed by Wells’ (1994a)
meta-cognitive model, contribute to delusional distress. Questionnaire
measures of anxiety, chronic worry and of meta-worry and related processes
were administered to individuals with persecutory delusions (N=15)
and individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
(N=14). Evidence was found for the presence of dysfunctional
meta-cognitive processes in the clinically anxious group, which adds to
the growing support for the model of GAD. Moreover, it was found that many
of the individuals with persecutory delusions had high levels of general
worry, and the factors implicated in the meta-cognitive model of anxiety
were also present in this group. The results indicated that delusional
distress is not simply related to content but is associated with whether
the individual experiences meta-worry concerning the control of
delusion-relevant worries, that is, whether he or she worries about not
being able to control thoughts about the belief. This is the first
theoretical development of the important dimension of delusional distress.
ON, TO, FOR, WITH – VULNERABLE
PEOPLE AND THE PRACTICES OF THE RESEARCH COMMUNITY
Authors: Clements John , Rapley Mark , Cummins Robert A.
Published: September 2019

Following a disputed review
of a paper submitted to this journal the present paper seeks to raise the profile of some of the issues
involved when the research community engages with vulnerable people. The paper is unashamedly polemical. It
argues that this is a dangerous time for vulnerable people and that current protections are inadequate. The
paper suggests the need to re-evaluate the whole relationship between the scientific community and vulnerable
people but also tries to identify some practical and immediate improvements that could be made.
ATTENTIONAL FOCUS AND FEAR OF BLUSHING: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Mulkens Sandra , Bögelts Susan
M. , de Jong Peter J.
Published: September 2019

By means of a single case study, the effects of redirecting
attention above exposure only on fear of blushing, avoidance, and idiosyncratic dysfunctional beliefs were
tested. A social phobic patient with fear of blushing as the predominant complaint received sessions of Task
Concentration Training (TCT) and Exposure in Vivo (EXP) alternately, after a steady baseline had been
established. The treatment consisted of 14 individual sessions. Assessments were held before and after
baseline, after treatment, after 4 weeks follow-up, and after 1-year follow-up. Continuous measurements were
held throughout the treatment in order to measure the differential effects of TCT and EXP on fear, avoidance
and beliefs. TCT and EXP together, turned out to be an effective treatment for fear of blushing: large effects
were observed on all three outcome measurements. When differential effects are closely looked at, EXP seemed
more effective in decreasing fear of blushing. However, the patient appeared to have used TCT strategies as
well during the EXP weeks, which may have contributed to the favourable effects of EXP.
URINE-TRIGGERED ALARM SIGNALS AND PROMPTS TO PROMOTE DAYTIME URINARY CONTINENCE IN A BOY WITH
SEVERE INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Markus Sonia
Published: September 2019

A strategy
involving urine-triggered alarm signals and prompts combined with positive reinforcement for
appropriate urination was employed for promoting daytime urinary continence in a boy with severe
intellectual disability. The strategy, which was applied only in the day centre the boy attended,
seemed effective for promoting self-initiated toileting actions and for eliminating almost totally
large urinary accidents. Some small urinary accidents (consisting of wetting small areas of the
underpants) remained. Implications of the findings are discussed.
‘The Hand Is the Cutting Edge of the Mind’
Authors: Haaland Kathleen Y.
Published: September 2019

Connolly's preface to this book ends with Jacob Bronowski's
very apt quote, “the hand is the cutting edge of the mind.”
The “Preface” illustrates his fascination with the complexity
of human movement.
Evidence-Based Neuropsychology?
Authors: Barr William B.
Published: September 2019

Neuropsychologists are placed in an increasing number
of situations where they must provide empirical evidence of
the validity of their methods. Managed care companies want to
know the bottom line of whether a given assessment will have
any impact on the patient's medical or psychological care.
Expert witnesses are asked increasingly to provide scientific
facts regarding the tests used in their assessment battery.
Grant review committees inquire about the probability that a
given test will yield a significant finding when used with a
particular clinical population. It is argued that there is little
empirical information available to aid in making these decisions.
The volume Neuropsychological Differential Diagnosis
by Zakzanis, Leach, and Kaplan takes an initial step in providing
this type of information.
Impaired production priming and intact identification priming
in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: FLEISCHMAN DEBRA A. , MONTI LAURA A. , DWORNIK LISA M. , MORO TERESA T. , BENNETT DAVID A. , GABRIELI JOHN D.E.
Published: September 2019

This study examined the distinction between identification
and production processes in repetition priming for 16 patients
with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 16 healthy old control
participants (NC). Words were read in three study phases. In
three test phases, participants (1) reread studied words, along
with unstudied words, in a word-naming task (identification
priming); (2) completed 3-letter stems of studied and unstudied
words into words in a word-stem completion task (production
priming); and (3) answered yes or no to having
read studied and unstudied words in a recognition task (explicit
memory). Explicit memory and word-stem completion priming were
impaired in the AD group compared to the NC group. After correcting
for baseline slowing, word-naming priming magnitude did not
differ between the groups. The results suggest that the distinction
between production and identification processes has promise
for explaining the pattern of preservation and failure of
repetition priming in AD. (JINS, 2001, 7,
785–794.)
Acalculia: Deficits of operational and quantity number knowledge
Authors: CRUTCH SEBASTIAN J. , WARRINGTON ELIZABETH K.
Published: September 2019

We describe the standardization of three new tests of knowledge
of quantity facts, number operations and multiplication facts.
We also report a validation study in which a group of 50 patients
with cortical degenerative disorders were tested on these three
new tests of number processing. Our results show that the quantity
facts and number operations tests are sensitive measures of
number processing abilities. Performance on the three new tests
and the Graded Difficulty Arithmetic (GDA) test were found to
be significantly impaired in the Alzheimer's Disease (AD)
group. The frontotemporal dementia (FTD) group was subdivided
into those with a semantic dementia (SD) and those with prominent
frontal features (Non-SD). The semantic dementia subgroup was
more impaired than both the AD patient group and the nonsemantic
FTD subgroup on the quantity facts test. A more fine grained
analysis reveals several interesting patterns of performance,
including a dissociation between impaired performance on the
quantity facts and number operations tests and preserved
performance on the GDA. The findings attest the value of comparing
performance on the GDA and our new tests in delineating the
nature of an individual's number processing deficits.
Implications for the relation between simple arithmetic fact
knowledge and higher level number processing are discussed.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 825–834.)
Neurobehavioral deficits associated with chronic fatigue
syndrome in veterans with Gulf War unexplained illnesses
Authors: BINDER LAURENCE M. , STORZBACH DANIEL , CAMPBELL KEITH A. , ROHLMAN DIANE S. , ANGER W. KENT ,   MEMBERS OF THE PORTLAND ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS RESEARCH CENTER
Published: September 2019

Gulf War unexplained illnesses (GWUI) are a heterogeneous
collection of symptoms of unknown origin known to be more common
among veterans of the Gulf War than among nonveterans. In the
present study we focused on one of these unexplained illnesses.
We tested the hypothesis that in a sample of Persian Gulf War
veterans chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) was associated with
cognitive deficits on computerized cognitive testing after
controlling for the effects of premorbid cognitive differences.
We obtained Armed Forces Qualification Test (AFQT) data acquired
around the date of induction into the military on 94 veterans
of the Gulf War, 32 with CFS and 62 healthy controls. Controls
performed better than participants diagnosed with CFS on the
AFQT. Cognitive deficits were associated with CFS on 3 of 8
variables after the effect of premorbid AFQT scores was removed
with ANCOVA. (JINS, 2001, 7, 835–839.)
Assessment of calculation and number processing using the
EC301 battery: Cross-cultural normative data and application
to left- and right-brain damaged patients
Authors: DELLATOLAS GEORGES , DELOCHE GÉRARD , BASSO ANNA , CLAROS-SALINAS DOLORES
Published: September 2019

To provide referential normative data on simple tasks dealing
with number processing and calculation which could be used in
clinical investigations, 551 normal volunteers aged between
18 and 69 years from France and Belgium (n = 180),
Italy (n = 212) and Germany (n = 159), performed
the 31 tasks which constitute the EC301 calculation and number
processing battery. Differences between countries were significant
for 16 tasks and a Gender × Education interaction was
observed for some tasks, with men performing better than women
among subjects with low education only. To present an overview
of preserved and impaired calculation and number processing
abilities in left-brain damaged (LBD) aphasic patients and
right-brain damaged (RBD) nonaphasic patients, the 31 subtests
of the EC301 battery were proposed to 80 patients with
cerebrovascular accident, 56 left and 24 right, for most cases
in the territory of the middle cerebral artery. LBD aphasic
patients showed low performance on oral and alphabetical spoken
verbal and written verbal counting, transcoding when a written
code was involved, and mental or written calculation; but
relatively good performance at finding the number of elements
in small sets, comparing numbers written in the Arabic digital
code and placing correctly numbers on an analogue number line.
The lowest performances of RBD patients were observed for
estimation tasks and for placing a number on a scale. Results
and their implications for further research are discussed according
to the present information processing and anatomofunctional
models of calculation and number processing. (JINS,
2001, 7, 840–859.)
Exploring the clinical utility of WAIS–III and WMS–III
Authors: TULSKY DAVID S. , HAALAND KATHLEEN Y.
Published: September 2019

While some of the modifications made to produce the
WAIS–III and WMS–III (Wechsler, 1997a, 1997b) make
sense from a neuropsychological standpoint, there are many
questions still unanswered about the validity and reliability
of these tests and their ultimate utility to neuropsychologists.
The new tests have been criticized for having long administration
times, which is problematic given pressures to decrease rather
than increase the length and cost of neuropsychological evaluations
(Ryan et al., 1998). Clinical neuropsychologists want to know
if these tests can help them evaluate their patients more
accurately with greater sensitivity and specificity than the
alternatives, and experimental neuropsychologists want to know
if they can help answer theoretical questions.
WAIS–III reliability data for clinical groups
Authors: ZHU JIANJUN , TULSKY DAVID S. , PRICE LARRY , CHEN HSIN-YI
Published: September 2019

Reliability estimates for psychological tests are almost always
reported for nonclinical populations (e.g., the normative samples).
Such practice will no longer be sufficient as the new standards
for testing call for an adequate assessment of psychometric
properties within the specific population being tested. The
purpose of this study was to provide internal consistency
reliability estimates for clinical groups on the Wechsler Adult
Intelligence Scale–Third Edition. The study included data
from 403 clinical participants composed of 10 groups of adults
recruited as part of the WAIS–III clinical validity studies.
Split-half reliability coefficients were obtained for these
groups replicating the procedure used in the WAIS–III.
With 8 of the clinical groups, the split-half reliability
coefficients were comparable to, or even higher than, those
reported for the WAIS–III standardization sample. In general,
the split-half coefficients for the Verbal subtests tended to
be higher than the coefficients for the Performance subtests.
The high magnitude and general pattern of these coefficients
demonstrate that the WAIS–III scales do not include
additional error variance above and beyond what is reported
in the WAIS–III–WMS–III Technical Manual
when it was used to assess certain clinical groups. For the
ADHD/ADD and learning disabilities groups, however, the internal
consistencies coefficients of some subtests were relatively
lower, although not statistically significant, than the normative
sample. These findings may reflect more heterogeneity within
the groups. The implications for assessment and for using alternate
methods of determining the psychometric properties in these
populations are discussed. (JINS, 2001, 7,
862–866.)
The influence of IQ Stratification on
WAIS–III/WMS–III FSIQ–General Memory Index
discrepancy base-rates in the standardization sample
Authors: HAWKINS KEITH A. , TULSKY DAVID S.
Published: September 2019

Since memory performance expectations may be IQ-based,
unidirectional base rate data for IQ-Memory Score discrepancies
are provided in the WAIS–III/WMS–III Technical
Manual. The utility of these data partially rests on the
assumption that discrepancy base rates do not vary across ability
levels. FSIQ stratified base rate data generated from the
standardization sample, however, demonstrate substantial
variability across the IQ spectrum. A superiority of memory
score over FSIQ is typical at lower IQ levels, whereas the converse
is true at higher IQ levels. These data indicate that the use
of IQ–memory score unstratified “simple
difference” tables could lead to erroneous conclusions
for clients with low or high IQ. IQ stratified standardization
base rate data are provided as a complement to the “predicted
difference” method detailed in the Technical Manual.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 875–880.)
Criterion validity of new WAIS–III subtest scores after
traumatic brain injury
Authors: DONDERS JACOBUS , TULSKY DAVID S. , ZHU JIANJUN
Published: September 2019

The criterion validity of the new subtests from the Wechsler
Adult Intelligence Scale–Third Edition (WAIS–III;
Wechsler, 1997) was evaluated in a sample of 100 patients with
traumatic brain injury (TBI). Letter–Number Sequencing
and Symbol Search, but not Matrix Reasoning, yielded statistically
significant differences in performance between patients with
moderate–severe TBI, patients with mild TBI, and
demographically matched controls. Level of education accounted
for a statistically significant amount of variance in the
performance of patients with TBI, in addition to that explained
by injury severity variables. It is concluded that
Letter–Number Sequencing and Symbol Search have satisfactory
criterion validity, but that they need to be supplemented with
other measures in the context of neuropsychological evaluations.
Matrix Reasoning, on the other hand, is not sensitive to the
sequelae of TBI and more studies are needed to determine how
it can be used for neuropsychological assessment purposes.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 892–898.)
Childhood bacterial meningitis: Impact of age at illness
and acute medical complications on long term outcome.
Authors: ANDERSDON VICKI , BOND LYNDAL , CATROPPA CATHY , GRIMWOOD KEITH , KEIR EDDIE , NOLAN TERRY
Published: September 2019

This study compared postmeningitic children (N = 130) with grade and sex matched controls (N = 130) selected from target children's schools on
measures of intellectual, linguistic, learning, and reading
skills. Results showed that children with a history of
meningitis are at greater risk for impairment in these
areas, with experience of the disease prior to 12 months
of age being an important risk factor. Within the postmeningitic
sample presence of medical complications was associated
with poorer verbal abilities. Finally, a significant relationship
was identified between depressed language skills and later
educational difficulty, with these findings interpreted
with respect to both developmental and neuropsychological
principles. (JINS, 1997, 3, 147–158.)
An examination of the nature of attentional deficits in
patients with Parkinson's disease: Evidence from a
spatial orienting task
Authors: FILOTEO J. VINCENT , DELIS DEAN C. , SALMON DAVID P. , DEMADURA THERESA , ROMAN MARY J. , SHULTS CLIFFORD W.
Published: September 2019

Endogenous and exogenous shifts of attention were
examined in nondemented patients with Parkinson's
disease (PD). In the endogenous condition, an arrow was
used to cue participants' attention to the possible
location of an impending target, whereas in the exogenous
condition, a brightened box was used to cue attention.
Cues were either valid (i.e., the target appeared in the
cued location) or invalid (i.e., the target appeared in
a noncued location). The time between cue onset and
target onset (stimulus onset asynchrony or SOA) was
varied in each condition. The results indicated that PD
patients were not differentially impaired in shifting attention
at the shorter SOAs relative to normal controls. However,
at longer SOAs, the PD patients demonstrated less of an
effect from cueing than did the normal control participants.
PD patients' differential effect from cueing was evident
in both exogenous and endogenous conditions. These results
suggest that PD patients may experience a rapid decay of
attentional inhibition and do not support the notion that a
decrement in processing resources underlies their attentional
deficits. Moreover, these findings further support the notion
that the basal ganglia may play an important role in attentional
functions. (JINS, 1997, 3, 337–347.)
Profiles of cognitive functioning in chronic spinal cord
injury and the role of moderating variables
Authors: DOWLER RACHAEL N. , HARRINGTON DEBORAH L. , HAALAND KATHLEEN Y. , SWANDA REX M. , FEE FRANK , FIEDLER KURT
Published: September 2019

A traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is accompanied
by a documented moderate to severe head injury in significant
numbers of SCI patients. In a previous study (Dowler et
al., 1995), cognitive deficits were found in 41% of the
SCI individuals who were studied with a chronic injury
from a traumatic event. The present study investigated
whether clinically useful subtypes of normal and impaired
cognition could be identified in a chronic (M
= 17 years postinjury) SCI sample using a cluster analysis
of neuropsychological test performance. A battery of 16
neuropsychological tests was administered to 91 SCI patients
and 75 control participants. Composite scores, reflecting
performance in different cognitive domains, were derived
from a factor analysis of the battery, and these scores
were then used in the cluster analysis. A six-cluster solution
generated the most distinct and clinically relevant SCI
group profiles. Two of the cognitive profiles were characterized
by normal functioning in all cognitive domains, but they
were distinguished by differences in performance levels.
The remaining four SCI groups (60% of the sample) showed
clinically significant deficits in one or more cognitive
domains, with different groups showing moderate attention
and processing speed deficits, mild deficits in processing
speed, executive processing difficulties, or moderate memory
impairments. Though age and premorbid intellectual ability
were strong predictors of the cognitive profiles of some
SCI groups, when these factors were controlled, the findings
suggested that the patterns of cognitive impairment were
likely due to a potential concomitant head injury. (JINS,
1997, 3, 464–472.)
Neuropsychological impairment in candidates for cardiac
surgery
Authors: VINGERHOETS GUY , VAN NOOTEN GUIDO , JANNES CONSTANTIN
Published: September 2019

The preoperative cognitive test performance of
77 candidates for elective open-heart surgery that did
not suffer from carotid artery stenosis, was compared with
the performance of 37 normal controls. Multivariate analysis
of variance, with state anxiety score and depression score
as covariates, showed a significantly reduced cognitive
performance in the surgical candidates. Post hoc
analyses using univariate F tests revealed a significantly
impaired word fluency, manual dexterity, verbal learning,
and psychomotor speed. A stepwise multiple regression analysis
revealed that, besides the usual demographic factors, preoperative
variables indicating a more precarious heart function also
contributed significantly to the estimation of the proportion
of variance of the results on several impaired cognitive
tests. Future research should focus on the etiology of
the cognitive impairment in cardiovascular disease. (JINS,
1997, 3, 480–484.)
Cognitive Rehabilitation: How it is and how it might be
Authors: WILSON BARBARA A.
Published: September 2019

This paper suggests there are, at present, four
main kinds of cognitive rehabilitation programs for brain
injured people. The first attempts to rehabilitate cognitive
deficits through drills and exercises. The second uses
theoretical models from cognitive psychology to identify
deficits in order to remediate them. The third is primarily
a patient-driven approach that uses a combination of learning
theory, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology to identify
and remediate cognitive difficulties. The fourth is the
holistic approach that has, as its basic philosophy,
a belief that cognitive functions cannot be divorced from
emotion, motivation, or other noncognitive functions, and
consequently all aspects of functioning should be addressed
in rehabilitation programs. Despite some overlap between
these approaches, there are major differences. The two
main arguments offered in this paper are (1) that the first
two approaches do not lead to good clinical rehabilitation
practice; and (2) that a synthesis of the second two approaches
would result in the best cognitive rehabilitation model.
(JINS, 1997, 3, 487–496.)
Memory and insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): Effects
of childhood onset and severe hypoglycemia
Authors: HERSHEY TAMARA , CRAFT SUZANNE , BHARGAVA NEIL , WHITE NEIL H.
Published: September 2019

Previous studies of the neuropsychological consequences
of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) have had
mixed and often contradictory results, possibly due to
the heterogeneity of the samples and neuropsychological
measures, and a lack of specific hypotheses. In order to
address this problem, we focused on the effect of severe
hypoglycemia on memory functioning in a relatively homogeneous
sample of childhood-onset IDDM patients. Given the deleterious
effects of hypoglycemia on medial temporal lobe structures
(e.g., hippocampus) and the relationship between medial
temporal damage and declarative memory functioning, we
hypothesized that those patients who had experienced severe
hypoglycemia would demonstrate impaired declarative memory
and spared nondeclarative memory functioning. Results of
the study were generally consistent with this hypothesis,
although some impact of hypoglycemia was observed on perceptual
priming ability. (JINS, 1997, 3, 509–520.)
On the relationship between knowledge and memory for pictures:
Evidence from the study of patients with semantic dementia
and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: GRAHAM KIM S. , BECKER JAMES T. , HODGES JOHN R.
Published: September 2019

Current views of long-term memory presume that
both the hippocampal complex and the neocortex play interactive,
but separate, roles in the storage of memories. While the
neocortex is considered the eventual and permanent store
for our memories, the encoding of recently experienced
events is thought to be initially dependent upon the hippocampus
and closely related structures. Neuropsychological studies
have demonstrated that damage to the medial temporal lobe
results in a retrograde amnesia extending back in time,
with better preservation of older memories. The converse
pattern has been shown in patients with semantic dementia,
who have focal atrophy of the inferolateral temporal neocortex,
but relative sparing of the hippocampal complex (Graham
& Hodges, 1997). Here we demonstrate that such patients
can show relatively preserved new learning on a forced-choice
recognition memory test (based on real and chimeric animals),
while patients in the early amnestic phase of Alzheimer's
disease show severely impaired learning on the same test.
This result provides support for the view that new learning
is primarily dependent upon the hippocampus and related
structures. (JINS, 1997, 3, 534–544.)
The 48-Pictures Test: A two-alternative forced-choice recognition
test for the detection of malingering
Authors: CHOUINARD MARIE-JOSÉE , ROULEAU ISABELLE
Published: September 2019

We tested the validity of the 48-Pictures Test,
a 2-alternative forced-choice recognition test, in detecting
exaggerated memory impairments. This test maximizes subjective
difficulty, through a large number of stimuli and shows
minimal objective difficulty. We compared 17 suspected
malingerers to 39 patients with memory impairments (6 amnesic,
15 frontal lobe dysfunctions, 18 other etiologies), and
17 normal adults instructed to simulate malingering on
three memory tests: the 48-Pictures Test, the Rey Auditory
Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), and the Rey Complex Figure
Test (RCFT). On the 48-Pictures Test, the clinical groups
showed good recognition performance (amnesics: 85%; frontal
dysfunction: 94%; other memory impairments: 97%), whereas
the two simulator groups showed a poor performance (suspected
malingerers: 62% correct; volunteer simulators 68% correct).
The two other tests did not show a high degree of discrimination
between the clinical groups and the simulator groups, except
in 2 measures: the 2 simulator groups tended to show a
performance decrement from the last recall trial to immediate
recognition of the RAVLT and also performed better than
the clinical groups on the immediate recall of the RCFT.
A discriminant analysis with the latter 2 measures and
the 48-Pictures Test correctly classified 96% of the participants.
These results suggest that the 48-Pictures Test is a useful
tool for the detection of possible simulated memory impairment
and that when combined to the RAVLT recall–recognition
difference score and to the immediate recall score on the
RCFT can provide strong evidence of exaggerated memory
impairment. (JINS, 1997, 3, 545–552.)
Predicting recovery from head injury in young children:
A prospective analysis
Authors: ANDERSON VICKI A. , MORSE SUE A. , KLUG GEOFFREY , CATROPPA CATHY , HARITOU FLORA , ROSENFELD JEFFREY , PENTLAND LINDA
Published: September 2019

It has been argued that young children's brains
are “plastic,” and may sustain substantial
brain insult with little loss of function. Recent research
suggests that this notion may not apply for generalized
cerebral pathology. The present study aimed to evaluate
this proposition using a sample of 73 young children, divided
into 3 groups: severe head injury (HI; N
= 17); mild–moderate HI (N = 32);
and noninjured controls (N = 24). Preinjury screening
established equivalence across groups for age, sex, preinjury
ability, behavioral adjustment, socioeconomic status, and
family functioning. Children were evaluated as soon as
possible postinjury, and again 12 months postinjury, in
three domains: intellectual ability, language, and memory.
Results indicated that severe HI was associated with substantial,
persisting difficulties in all areas. In contrast, children
with mild–moderate HI experienced fewer difficulties,
and often performed similarly to controls, both acutely
and 12 months postinjury. There was no evidence of differential
recovery of function associated with injury severity, with
performance increments consistent across groups and probably
due to either age-appropriate developmental gains, or test–related
practice effects. Poorer outcome at 12 months postinjury
was predicted by injury severity primarily, with earlier
age at injury, and premorbid ability associated with outcome
in specific domains. (JINS, 1997, 3,
568–580.)
Longitudinal neuropsychological outcome in infants and preschoolers
with traumatic brain injury
Authors: EWING-COBBS LINDA , FLETCHER JACK M. , LEVIN HARVEY S. , FRANCIS DAVID J. , DAVIDSON KEVIN , MINER MICHAEL E.
Published: September 2019

Neuropsychological outcome was evaluated in a prospective,
longitudinal follow-up study of children age 4 months to
7 years at injury with either mild-to-moderate (N
= 35) or severe (N = 44) traumatic brain injury
(TBI). Age-appropriate tests were administered at baseline,
6 months, 12 months, and 24 months after the injury. Performance
was compared on (1) composite IQ and motor, (2) receptive
and expressive language, and (3) Verbal and Perceptual–Performance
IQ scores. In comparison to mild-to-moderate TBI, severe
TBI in infants and preschoolers produced deficits in all
areas. Interactions between task and severity of injury
were obtained. Motor scores were lower than IQ scores,
particularly after severe TBI. Both receptive and expressive
scores were reduced following severe TBI. Expressive language
scores were lower than receptive language scores for children
sustaining mild-to-moderate TBI. While severe TBI lowered
both Verbal and Perceptual– Performance IQ scores,
Verbal IQ scores were significantly lower than Perceptual–Performance
IQ scores after mild-to-moderate TBI. Mild injuries may
produce subtle linguistic changes adversely impacting estimates
of Verbal IQ and expressive language. Within the limited
age range evaluated within this study, age at injury was
unrelated to test scores: The impact of TBI was comparable
in children ages 4 to 41 months versus 42 to 72
months at the time of injury. All neuropsychological scores
improved significantly from baseline to the 6-month follow-up.
However, no further change in scores was observed from
6 to 24 months after the injury. The persistent deficits
and lack of catch-up over time suggest a reduction in the
rate of acquisition of new skills after severe TBI. Methodological
issues in longitudinal studies of young children were discussed.
(JINS, 1997, 3, 581–591.)
Age of disease onset influences cognition in Parkinson's
disease
Authors: KATZEN HEATHER L. , LEVIN BONNIE E. , LLABRE MARIA L.
Published: September 2019

It is controversial whether age of disease onset
is related to cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease
(PD). We administered 7 cognitive measures assessing visuospatial
skills, memory, and executive functions to 222 patients
with idiopathic PD and 108 normal control participants.
Regression analyses demonstrated that older age of disease
onset consistently predicted cognitive decline above and
beyond normative aging and duration of illness. These findings
suggest that older age of disease onset is a critical determinant
of cognitive deterioration in PD. (JINS, 1998,
4, 285–290.)
Information processing and antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1
infection
Authors: MARTIN EILEEN M. , PITRAK DAVID L. , PURSELL KENNETH J. , ANDERSEN BURTON R. , MULLANE KATHLEEN M. , NOVAK RICHARD M.
Published: September 2019

Computerized reaction time (RT) tasks are sensitive
measures of subclinical HIV-related mental slowing. We
previously reported that nondemented HIV-seropositive patients
on antiretroviral therapy at the time of testing had faster
choice RTs compared to matched untreated seropositive participants.
In the present study, we evaluated the performance of 163
nondemented HIV-seropositive participants on a reaction
time version of the Stroop task as a function of antiretroviral
status. Persons on antiretroviral therapy at the time of
testing had significantly faster reaction times than untreated
individuals, although treated asymptomatic participants
showed significantly less Stroop interference than treated
symptomatic participants. These effects could not be attributed
to differences in demographic variables, disease status,
substance abuse, or psychological distress. These data
indicate that central information processing is faster
for patients treated with antiretroviral compounds compared
to untreated patients, and suggest that reaction time tasks
may have significant potential utility in clinical trials
of neuroprotective compounds. (JINS, 1998, 4,
329–335.)
Primary progressive semantic aphasia: A case study
Authors: KERTESZ ANDREW , DAVIDSON WILDA , McCABE PATRICIA
Published: September 2019

A longitudinal case study of a patient with a progressive
loss of meaning of objects with preserved phonology and
syntax is presented. Repeated measures of language, praxis,
visual cognition, and semantic processing were carried
out. The patient still has preserved conversational speech,
social skills, and orientation in her 8th year of her illness,
but shows severe anomia and comprehension deficit in all
modalities of stimulus presentation. In addition to standardized
tests of language, cognition, and memory, specific experiments
of categorization, modalities of word access, item consistency,
category specificity, and definition of words were carried
out. Results indicate a frequency dependent loss of meaning
that was consistent in all modalities and throughout all
object categories. However, the relative preservation of
visual categorization of all categories tested and the
language based categorization of animals suggested some
fractionation of semantic memory. Relative preservation
of autobiographical and personal memories versus
semantic memory was a striking observation. Evidence for
selective impairment of central semantic processing was
obtained from experiments indicating item consistency of
loss and the lack of semantic cuing. Neuroimaging evidence
of left temporal lobe atrophy and the classical picture
is compatible with similar cases published under the term
semantic dementia or “transcortical sensory aphasia
with visual agnosia” and suggest the diagnosis of
Pick's disease. (JINS, 1998, 4,
388–398.)