bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of labor‐onset hypertension persist after neuraxial labor analgesia
Authors: Kumagai Asako , Makino Shintaro , Takeda Jun , Hirai Chihiro , Inoue Rie , Sumikura Hiroyuki , Itakura Atsuo , Takeda Satoru
Published: October 2019

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the rate of labor‐onset hypertension (LOH) under neuraxial labor analgesia and the effect of neuraxial labor analgesia on LOH.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary university hospital from 2015 to 2016. Patients who were admitted to the hospital for vaginal delivery under combined spinal and epidural anesthesia were selected. LOH was defined as the elevation of systolic blood pressure (BP) to ≥140 mmHg or diastolic BP to ≥90 mmHg for the first time after the onset of labor. Cases of LOH that persisted after neuraxial labor analgesia (prolonged LOH) were further analyzed to determine the hypertension severity and therapeutic intervention rate.

Results

Among 775 patients, 213 (28.4%) developed LOH. Prolonged LOH was observed in 30 patients (3.9%). LOH severity and the likelihood of prolonged LOH were positively correlated. Therapeutic intervention was administered only to the patients with prolonged LOH, that is, to 100% of those with emergent hypertension, to 21.1% of those with severe hypertension during labor, and to 36.8% of those with severe hypertension, to 55.6% of those with mild hypertension in the post‐partum period.

Conclusion

The rate of LOH was reduced significantly after neuraxial labor analgesia. Patients with prolonged LOH should be carefully followed up during labor and in the post‐partum period because such patients often require antihypertensive therapy.
Independent and combined effects of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils and acetic acid on prevalence and intensity of fatty liver syndrome in broiler chickens
Authors: Mirderikvandi Maryam , Khosravinia Heshmatollah , Parizadian Kavan Bahman
Published: October 2019

Two hundred fifty two male Ross 308 broiler chicks were raised to examine the effects of Satureja khuzistanica essential oils (SkEO; 0, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg/bird/day) administrated via oral gavage and dietary supplementation of acetic acid (AA; 0 or 20 g/kg) in a 6 × 2 factorial fashion using a complete randomized block design with seven replicates of three birds each. In Day 34 of age, liver fat percentage decreased by increasing SkEO levels in a quadratic trend (p < .05). Oral gavag of 200 and 300 mg of SkEO decreased AST activity by 16.67% and 16.94%, respectively, compared with the control birds (p < .05). In Day 38 of age, liver percentage was greater by 0.37% in the birds received 400 mg SkEO than those given 500 mg (p < .05). Liver fat percentage decreased in the birds fed the acidified diet and received 300 and 500 mg SkEO as well as in the birds offered 200 and 400 mg of SkEO and fed non‐acidified diet than those received acidified diet with no SkEO administration (p < .05). Prevalence of score zero for hepatocytic vacuolations and necrosis was 80.00% and 42.42% in the birds receiving 600 mg SkEO respectively. Median for relative frequency of scores for hepatocytic vacuolations and hepatocytic necrosis was lesser in the birds received SkEO by oral gavage compared with that of control birds (p < .05). In conclusion, administration of SkEO via oral gavage reduced liver fat in broiler chicken but no consistent dosage could be verified as the effective dosage for all ages concerned. The acidified diet per se showed no evident effect on liver fat at all ages considered. The SkEO × AA interaction exhibited promising but unreliable effects on liver colour score in market age (42 days).
Facility‐ and community‐based delivery of micronutrient powders in Uganda: Opening the black box of implementation using mixed methods
Authors: D'Agostino Alexis , Ssebiryo Francis , Murphy Hillary , Cristello Angelica , Nakiwala Rose , Otim Katherine , Sarkar Danya , Ngalombi Sarah , Schott Whitney , Katuntu David , Griffiths Marcia , Namaste Sorrel M.L.
Published: October 2019

Micronutrient powders (MNP) have the potential to increase micronutrient intake, yet documentation of implementation lessons remains a gap. This paper presents results of a pilot in Uganda comparing community‐ and facility‐based delivery of MNP and documenting experiences of caregivers and distributors. The pilot's mixed method evaluation included a cross‐sectional endline survey, monthly household visits, and midline and endline interviews. Primary outcomes were ever‐covered (received ≥1 MNP packet), repeat‐coverage (received ≥2 MNP packets), and adherence (consumed no more than 1 MNP sachet per day, consumed MNP with food, and consumed MNP 3+ days in past week). An adjusted Wald chi‐square test compared differences in programme outcomes between arms, and logit regression identified predictors to adherence. Key informant interviews were coded thematically. Most programme outcomes in the endline survey were statistically significantly higher in the community arm, although in both arms, adherence was lower than other outcomes (adherence 31.4% in facility vs. 58.3% in community arm). Counselling, receipt of communication materials, perceived positive effects, MNP knowledge, and child liking MNP were consistent predictors of adherence in both arms. Qualitative findings corroborated survey results, revealing that social encouragement and advocacy facilitated use and that forgetting to give MNP was a barrier. Facility arm caregivers also cited distance, time, and transportation cost as barriers. Distributors had positive experiences with training and supervision but experienced increased workloads in both arms. MNP programme design is context‐specific but could benefit from strengthened community sensitization, continued and more effective counselling for caregivers, and increased support for distributors.
The origins and evolutionary history of feral apples in southern Canada
Authors: Cronin Dane , Kron Paul , Husband Brian C.
Published: October 2019

Feral populations of domesticated crops can establish through two nonmutually exclusive pathways: hybridization with native relatives and recruitment of and recombination between known cultivars. The extent and relative importance of these pathways is not known, especially for woody fruit crops. Here, we examined the evolutionary origins of feral populations of Malus domestica (domestic apple) in southern Canada using a population genetic analysis. We characterized genotypes of 578 putative feral apple trees and evaluated them in relation to genotypes of 156 commercial cultivars, 28 non‐native, ornamental crabapples and 47 native Malus coronaria trees using 14 microsatellite markers. No feral trees were genetic admixtures between domestic and native Malus; however, a minority of trees were admixed with introduced ornamental Malus. Feral trees and commercial cultivars both occurred in two major genetic groups and seven subgroups distributed throughout all commercial growing regions. A total of 42 cultivars, both heritage and currently grown, occurred in probable parental pairs for feral trees, with nine heritage varieties accounting for 72% of parental assignments. We conclude that feral apples in southern Canada are not products of hybridization with native M. coronaria but we cannot exclude ornamental apple species as contributing to the naturalization process. Nonhybrid feral domestic apples have multiple origins, with a prominent signature of early heritage cultivars. These lineages have spread and coexist throughout Ontario, rather than being derived strictly from local sources.
The Intellectual Animal
Authors: Vogler Candace
Published: October 2019

Properly interpreted, Aquinas supports a transformative rather than an additive understanding of how the human intellect relates to the capacities human beings share with other animals, an understanding founded in a metaphysics. The soul (‘life-form’) is the substantial form that maintains an organism as a single being throughout life, and Aquinas holds that the human soul is the only substantial form in the human being. He respects the variety of appetitive and apprehensive capacities displayed by different animals, and has a high view of the perceptive (even inductive) powers of the higher animals: they ‘share somewhat in reason’. It is no surprise that we cannot easily identify a rigid boundary between our intellectual powers and the cognitive and conative powers we share with other animals; rather, the powers not only interact, they qualify each other. As Stephen Brock put it, ‘Rationality is a mode of intellect … intrinsically connected to the life of the senses, and therefore to the sense-organs … and to matter itself.’
Thomistic Animalism
Authors: Chik Janice T.
Published: October 2019

Animalism, according to its strongest proponents, is the view that human beings are ‘essentially or most fundamentally animals’. Specifically, ‘we are essentially animals if we couldn't possibly exist without being animals’ (Olson 2008). Although contemporary animalism offers an account superior to its Lockean competitors, Olson's ‘biological approach’ has certain limitations, particularly in its denial of any psychological continuity whatsoever as either necessary or sufficient for individual persistence through time. I propose a number of amendments towards a Thomistic variety of animalism that avoids these difficulties. Although prone to misinterpretation, animalism understood properly is compatible with Aquinas's theory of subsistent intellect. Against recent challenges, I defend the view that Thomistic animalism not only is intelligible, but is indeed crucial for understanding Aquinas's view of human nature and rationality.
Restoration and management for cliff‐nesting birds in Mediterranean mining sites: the Sand Martin case study
Authors: Rohrer Zoë , Rebollo Salvador , Andivia Enrique , Franco Goyena Juan , Rodríguez Urquía Carlos
Published: October 2019

Habitat enhancement for birds is frequently implemented during mine site restoration. Cliff‐nesting birds often colonize anthropogenic environments such as mining areas (aggregate sites and quarries for aggregate and cement production). Mining activity can compromise breeding success, causing cliff‐nesting birds to depend on the management and restoration of mining areas. The objective of our study is to assess the importance of mine site habitats for Sand Martin conservation and reconcile mining activity with breeding success in Mediterranean environments. We studied Sand Martin breeding habitat preferences in mining areas at three spatial scales. At the mining site scale, we compared 10 mining sites with Sand Martin burrows with 19 mining sites without burrows. At the colony scale (vertical structures with colonies), we evaluated the relationships between the number of breeding pairs, number of burrows, and colony characteristics within 30 distinct Sand Martin colonies. At the burrow scale, we compared the characteristics of the available vertical structure with the areas used by Sand Martins. At the mining site scale, Sand Martins preferred more surface of water bodies, shorter distances to flowing water, older sites, and mining sites which produce aggregates instead of cement. At the colony scale, Sand Martins preferred southwest orientations and stockpiles to vertical extraction faces. At the burrow scale, birds preferred the most vertical areas of the face. Our results support the need for effective habitat restoration and improved management for more effective Sand Martin conservation within mining areas. Simple interventions can enhance habitat quality and conservation of cliff‐nesting birds.
Exchange Rate and Inflation Dynamics in a Resource Rich Setting: The Case of Zambia
Authors: Roger Lionel , Smith Gregory , Morrissey Oliver
Published: October 2019

This paper investigates the relationship between copper prices, the exchange rate and consumer price inflation in Zambia using a structural vector autoregression with quarterly data for 1995–2014 and a combination of sign and zero restrictions to identify relevant global and domestic shocks. The paper makes two contributions. First, it provides new measures of exchange rate pass through (ERPT), based on less restrictive assumptions than previous estimates, to show how changes in the value of the kwacha are reflected in changes in consumer prices (distinguishing food and non‐food inflation). Second, the ERPT is disaggregated to demonstrate that measured ERPT depends on the nature of the shock, with implications for policy responses. Although the price of copper is the most important driver of the exchange rate, the fluctuations it caused are associated with a low pass‐through of about 7% (consistent with a period of relatively low inflation). Exchange rate fluctuations caused by monetary shocks, in contrast, come with a pass‐through of up to 25% (and even more for food prices). A fast response by monetary authorities can mitigate the adverse effects of exchange rate shocks.
A multi‐modal transportation data‐driven approach to identify urban functional zones: An exploration based on Hangzhou City, China
Authors: Du Zhenhong , Zhang Xiaoyi , Li Wenwen , Zhang Feng , Liu Renyi
Published: October 2019

Recent urban studies have used human mobility data such as taxi trajectories and smartcard data as a complementary way to identify the social functions of land use. However, little work has been conducted to reveal how multi‐modal transportation data impact on this identification process. In our study, we propose a data‐driven approach that addresses the relationships between travel behavior and urban structure: first, multi‐modal transportation data are aggregated to extract explicit statistical features; then, topic modeling methods are applied to transform these explicit statistical features into latent semantic features; and finally, a classification method is used to identify functional zones with similar latent topic distributions. Two 10‐day‐long “big” datasets from the 2,370 bicycle stations of the public bicycle‐sharing system, and up to 9,992 taxi cabs within the core urban area of Hangzhou City, China, as well as point‐of‐interest data are tested to reveal the extent to which different travel modes contribute to the detection and understanding of urban land functions. Our results show that: (1) using latent semantic features delineated from the topic modeling process as the classification input outperforms approaches using explicit statistical features; (2) combining multi‐modal data visibly improves the accuracy and consistency of the identified functional zones; and (3) the proposed data‐driven approach is also capable of identifying mixed land use in the urban space. This work presents a novel attempt to uncover the hidden linkages between urban transportation patterns with urban land use and its functions.
Do deferred donors continue their donations? A large‐scale register study on whole blood donor return in the Netherlands
Authors: Spekman Marloes L.C. , van Tilburg Theo G. , Merz Eva‐Maria
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Temporary deferral of whole blood donors is essential for a safe blood supply, yet deferral may impact donor return. Different deferral reasons may differently affect return, and donor experience may interfere with this. Therefore, we studied the joint effect of deferral reason and donor experience on return.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We used a large‐scale retrospective cohort design including all Dutch donors with a whole blood donation attempt in 2013 to 2015 (n = 343,825). We established details of the target donation (including deferral reason if applicable), details of attendances in the 2 years after the target donation, donor characteristics (blood type, sex, age), and donor experience (first‐time, novice, experienced, reactivated). Descriptive statistics as well as time‐to‐events methods were used.

RESULTS

Experienced donors were most likely to return, even after deferral (nondeferred 96% vs. deferred 92%). First‐time and reactivated donors were less likely to return after deferral (69 and 61%, respectively) compared to their nondeferred counterparts (82 and 76%, respectively). First‐time hemoglobin (Hb)‐deferred donors were less likely to return and slower to return than other donors. Similar results were found for reactivated donors deferred for short‐term medical reasons.

CONCLUSION

Deferral reason and donor experience individually as well as jointly impacted donor return. Particularly first‐time and reactivated donors were at risk of nonreturn, especially when deferred for Hb or short‐term medical reasons, respectively. Blood banks designing and implementing donor retention strategies should thus not only take successful but also unsuccessful donation experiences and different experience levels into account.
Synaptic cleft microenvironment influences potassium permeation and synaptic transmission in hair cells surrounded by calyx afferents in the turtle
Authors: Contini Donatella , Holstein Gay R. , Art Jonathan J.
Published: October 2019

Key points

In central regions of vestibular semicircular canal epithelia, the [K+] in the synaptic cleft ([K+]c) contributes to setting the hair cell and afferent membrane potentials; the potassium efflux from type I hair cells results from the interdependent gating of three conductances.

Elevation of [K+]c occurs through a calcium‐activated potassium conductance, GBK, and a low‐voltage‐activating delayed rectifier, GK(LV), that activates upon elevation of [K+]c.

Calcium influx that enables quantal transmission also activates IBK, an effect that can be blocked internally by BAPTA, and externally by a CaV1.3 antagonist or iberiotoxin.

Elevation of [K+]c or chelation of [Ca2+]c linearizes the GK(LV) steady‐state I–V curve, suggesting that the outward rectification observed for GK(LV) may result largely from a potassium‐sensitive relief of Ca2+ inactivation of the channel pore selectivity filter.

Potassium sensitivity of hair cell and afferent conductances allows three modes of transmission: quantal, ion accumulation and resistive coupling to be multiplexed across the synapse.

In the vertebrate nervous system, ions accumulate in diffusion‐limited synaptic clefts during ongoing activity. Such accumulation can be demonstrated at large appositions such as the hair cell–calyx afferent synapses present in central regions of the turtle vestibular semicircular canal epithelia. Type I hair cells influence discharge rates in their calyx afferents by modulating the potassium concentration in the synaptic cleft, [K+]c, which regulates potassium‐sensitive conductances in both hair cell and afferent. Dual recordings from synaptic pairs have demonstrated that, despite a decreased driving force due to potassium accumulation, hair cell depolarization elicits sustained outward currents in the hair cell, and a maintained inward current in the afferent. We used kinetic and pharmacological dissection of the hair cell conductances to understand the interdependence of channel gating and permeation in the context of such restricted extracellular spaces. Hair cell depolarization leads to calcium influx and activation of a large calcium‐activated potassium conductance, GBK, that can be blocked by agents that disrupt calcium influx or buffer the elevation of [Ca2+]i, as well as by the specific KCa1.1 blocker iberiotoxin. Efflux of K+ through GBK can rapidly elevate [K+]c, which speeds the activation and slows the inactivation and deactivation of a second potassium conductance, GK(LV). Elevation of [K+]c or chelation of [Ca2+]c linearizes the GK(LV) steady‐state I–V curve, consistent with a K+‐dependent relief of Ca2+ inactivation of GK(LV). As a result, this potassium‐sensitive hair cell conductance pairs with the potassium‐sensitive hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated channel (HCN) conductance in the afferent and creates resistive coupling at the synaptic cleft.
Análisis de patrones espaciales en la expansión urbana de ciudades intermedias. El caso de San Fernando, Chile
Authors: Morales-Soto Mauricio , Maturana-Miranda Francisco
Published: October 2019

El estudio de las ciudades intermedias ha tomado relevancia, producto de las dinámicas que presentan estas urbes y las problemáticas que podrían experimentar similares a grandes áreas urbanas. Así, resulta relevante para la planificación urbana y la sustentabilidad en tales espacios, comprender los procesos que las aquejan. Bajo tal contexto, este artículo simula dos escenarios de crecimiento para la ciudad intermedia de San Fernando (Chile) para los años 2025, 2030, 2040 y 2050, por lo cual se determinaron patrones espaciales de crecimiento del Área Urbana Consolidada (AUC) y de aquellas zonas rurales que en la actualidad no están urbanizadas y que para los escenarios propuestos serán áreas altamente urbanizadas. Se concluye que existirían importantes cambios en la superficie construida, que tiendan hacia la configuración de un espacio policéntrico en el territorio en que se localiza tal ciudad y, por tanto, surge la necesidad de generar instrumentos de planificación que puedan gestionar y planificar tales cambios
Produciendo la ciudad formal: geografías urbanas de la contribución por valorización en El Poblado, Medellín (1951-2014)
Authors: Alzate-Navarro Ángela Milena
Published: October 2019

La contribución por valorización fue, al menos durante el ‘régimen urbano desarrollista’ (1947-1989), el principal instrumento para financiar obras públicas en áreas formales de las ciudades colombianas. Así, el objetivo del presente artículo es identificar de qué manera las distintas etapas normativas de esta contribución (siendo la segunda, el régimen urbano neoliberal, 1990-2014) han sido moldeadas por los regímenes urbanos dominantes en Colombia, y describir su instrumentación en la comuna El Poblado en Medellín. A partir de la georreferenciación y la sistematización de series históricas de obras públicas financiadas mediante esta contribución, se evidenciaron los patrones espaciales en cada fase descrita. Se encontró que dicho instrumento ejerció, hasta los años sesenta, un rol de primacía en las finanzas públicas municipales, que luego decayó. No obstante, la valorización incidió de manera directa en dos fases de producción de morfología urbana en el área de estudio, primero, articulando la trama suburbana a la ciudad; y luego, solucionando problemas puntuales derivados de la densificación que ella misma facilitó.
Reformas neoliberales y acción colectiva vecinal en Chile: reflexiones desde el trabajo territorial
Authors: Letelier -Troncoso Luis Francisco , Tapia-Barría Verónica Cecilia , Boyco-Chioino Patricia Luisa
Published: October 2019

Hasta 1973, el poder vecinal en Chile vivió un proceso ascendente de organización y articulación social que se consagró en la Ley de Juntas de Vecinos de 1968. Este proceso histórico de constitución de poder vecinal se interrumpió bruscamente luego del golpe militar de 1973. El periodo post dictatorial no implicó una rearticulación del poder vecinal; por el contrario, se debilitó aún más la capacidad colectiva para discutir y modificar la agenda urbana neoliberal. Hoy, sin embargo, se insinúa un escenario propicio para una discusión pública en torno a lo vecinal y a su rol en la construcción de la democracia y el derecho a la ciudad. En este contexto, y analizando experiencias de reconfiguración de marcos de acción colectiva vecinal, el artículo propone que al ser el espacio vecinal una arena política clave en la producción de lo urbano, la reconstitución de su capacidad de incidencia puede contribuir a establecer nuevas formas de relación entre las políticas urbanas y los ciudadanos.
Capillary Filling Dynamics of Electromagnetohydrodynamic Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Philip Jeffy John , Mukherjee Joydeb , Sarkar Sandip , Saha Sandip K.
Published: October 2019

In this work, we aim to develop a mathematical model for capillary filling dynamics of electromagnetohydrodynamic flow of non-Newtonian fluids. An axially applied electric field and a transverse magnetic field are considered to elucidate the electromagnetohydrodynamic transport through the microcapillary. Assuming a non-Newtonian power-law obeying fluids, we analyze the transient evolution of the electromagnetohydrodynamic capillary positions by considering the magnitude of the total force balance via finite volume-based numerical formalism. We have highlighted the various rheological regimes in the horizontal capillary through a scaling analysis. For the Newtonian fluids, corresponding inviscid linear Washburn regime is also analyzed and compared with the power-law obeying fluids. Furthermore, we have also derived closed-form analytical expressions for the electromagnetohydrodynamic velocity, pressure gradient, and transient evolution of the capillary positions by using couple stress parameter model to characterize the fluid rheological behaviors. We perform a comparison test of the coupled stress parameter model with the results from the literature for a similar set of fluid rheological parameters. The comparison results are found to be in good agreement.
A Study on New Surface Textured Tools for Inhibition of Derivative Cutting
Authors: Duan Ran , Deng Jianxin , Lei Shuting , Ge Dongliang , Liu Yayun , Li Xuemu
Published: October 2019

Derivative cutting is a texture-edge cutting of chip bottom side, which happens all the time in machining with textured tools. Two new types of textured tools are developed and fabricated: a micro-textured tool with chamfered texture edge (CTE) tool and a multiscale textured (MSTT) tool with the texture surface below the rake face. The effectiveness of the tools on inhibiting derivative cutting is investigated at different cutting velocities. For the CTE tool, the inhibiting effect is more pronounced with the increase in the chamfer angle, but the severe rake face wear eventually leads to the occurrence of derivative cutting. Compared with the CTE tool, the multiscale textures of the MSTT tool provide more sustainable effectiveness in inhibiting derivative cutting. The inhibition mechanisms of the two types of textured tools are discussed.
Detection of early reflections from a binaural activity map using neural networks
Authors: Deshpande Nikhil , Braasch Jonas
Published: October 2019

Human listeners localize sounds to their sources despite competing directional cues from early room reflections. Binaural activity maps computed from a running signal can provide useful information about the presence of room reflections, but must be inspected visually to estimate auditory cues. A model was constructed using machine learning to validate the presence of and perform the extraction of these cues. The model uses the running signal output of a binaurally integrated cross-correlation/autocorrelation mechanism (BICAM) to analyze a lead/lag stimulus and generate a binaural activity map. System reflections are visually presented on the binaural display as correlation peaks with increased amplitude. Three independent neural networks estimate the location of the direct sound, the time delay of the reflection, and the location of the reflection from binaural activity maps displayed by BICAM. Depending on the task, neural network accuracies on test data sets vary from 84.1% to 98.5%.
Adaptive archaic introgression of copy number variants and the discovery of previously unknown human genes
Authors: Hsieh PingHsun , Vollger Mitchell R. , Dang Vy , Porubsky David , Baker Carl , Cantsilieris Stuart , Hoekzema Kendra , Lewis Alexandra P. , Munson Katherine M. , Sorensen Melanie , Kronenberg Zev N. , Murali Shwetha , Nelson Bradley J. , Chiatante Giorgia , Maggiolini Flavia Angela Maria , Blanché Hélène , Underwood Jason G. , Antonacci Francesca , Deleuze Jean-François , Eichler Evan E.
Published: October 2019

Adaptive archaic hominin genes

As they migrated out of Africa and into Europe and Asia, anatomically modern humans interbred with archaic hominins, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. The result of this genetic introgression on the recipient populations has been of considerable interest, especially in cases of selection for specific archaic genetic variants. Hsieh
et al.
characterized adaptive structural variants and copy number variants that are likely targets of positive selection in Melanesians. Focusing on population-specific regions of the genome that carry duplicated genes and show an excess of amino acid replacements provides evidence for one of the mechanisms by which genetic novelty can arise and result in differentiation between human genomes.

Science
, this issue p.
eaax2083
Oxygen fugacities of extrasolar rocks: Evidence for an Earth-like geochemistry of exoplanets
Authors: Doyle Alexandra E. , Young Edward D. , Klein Beth , Zuckerman Ben , Schlichting Hilke E.
Published: October 2019

Peering inside extrasolar rocky bodies

The oxygen fugacity of a rock, f

O
2

, is a measure of how oxidizing or reducing its surroundings were when the rock formed. Different minerals form at different f

O
2

and have different physical properties, so the internal structure of an exoplanet depends on this value. Doyle
et al.
exploited the signature left behind when rocky bodies impact a white dwarf—the remnant of a dead star. By examining the rock-forming elements left on the surface of each white dwarf, they determine f

O
2

in the impacting body. Six systems all had similar f

O
2

to bodies in the Solar System, consistent with the idea that rocky exoplanets often have internal properties similar to those of Earth and Mars.

Science
, this issue p.
356
The work of words in the Anthropocene
An Ecotopian Lexicon
M. Schneider-Mayerson and B. R. Bellamy, Eds.
University of Minnesota Press, 2019. 344 pp.
Extinction Events
Liz Breazeale
University of Nebraska Press, 2019. 131 pp.
Authors: Dixon Deborah
Published: October 2019

Two books—one fictional, one dictionary—probe how we conceive of our changing world
Deterministic generation of a two-dimensional cluster state
Authors: Larsen Mikkel V. , Guo Xueshi , Breum Casper R. , Neergaard-Nielsen Jonas S. , Andersen Ulrik L.
Published: October 2019

Generating large-scale cluster states

The development of a practical quantum computer requires universality, scalability, and fault tolerance. Although much progress is being made in circuit platforms in which arrays of qubits are addressed and manipulated individually, scale-up of such systems is experimentally challenging. Asavanant
et al.
and Larsen
et al.
explore an alternative route: measurement-based quantum computation, which is a platform based on the generation of large-scale cluster states. As these are optically prepared and easier to handle (one simply performs local measurements on each individual component of the cluster state), such a platform is readily scalable and fault tolerant. The topology of the cluster state ensures that the approach meets the requirements for quantum computation.

Science
, this issue p.
373
, p.
369
Nitroxide Functionalized Antibiotics Are Promising Eradication Agents against Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms
Authors: Verderosa Anthony D. , Dhouib Rabeb , Fairfull-Smith Kathryn E. , Totsika Makrina
Published: October 2019

Treatment of biofilm-related
Staphylococcus aureus
infections represents an important medical challenge worldwide, as biofilms, even those involving drug-susceptible
S. aureus
strains, are highly refractory to conventional antibiotic therapy. Nitroxides were recently shown to induce the dispersal of Gram-negative biofilms
in vitro
, but their action against Gram-positive bacterial biofilms remains unknown.
Distance measures in cosmology: a simple approach
Authors: Benedetto Elmo , Iovane Gerardo , Sersante Biancamaria , Feleppa Fabiano
Published: October 2019

The aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of cosmological distance with a simple didactic approach that is not easy to find in textbooks. In this way, we hope to help facilitate student learning about this issue.
SINGULAR PERTURBATION EXPANSION FOR UTILITY MAXIMIZATION WITH ORDER-𝜖 QUADRATIC TRANSACTION COSTS
Authors: CHANDRA SHIVA , PAPANICOLAOU ANDREW
Published: October 2019

We present an expansion for portfolio optimization in the presence of small, instantaneous, quadratic transaction costs. Specifically, the magnitude of transaction costs has a coefficient that is of the order [Formula: see text] small, which leads to the optimization problem having an asymptotically-singular Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation whose solution can be expanded in powers of [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we derive explicit formulae for the first two terms of this expansion. Analysis and simulation are provided to show the behavior of this approximating solution.
HEALTH MANAGEMENT MONITORING SYSTEM FOR USE IN CLASSIFYING LOWER EXTREMITY MOVEMENTS OF THE ELDERLY
Authors: KIM JE-NAM , CHONG WOO SUK , KIM SEONG-HYUN , KIM KYONG
Published: October 2019

Knee joints play an indispensable role in the activities of daily living. In particular, the knee joints of the elderly and the physically challenged require continuous care in order to ensure a healthy daily life. This study proposes a health monitoring system for knee joints, which is able to classify lower extremity movements using the angle and acceleration components of these joints. The proposed monitoring system consists of a wearable frame placed on the knee joint, consisting of a sensor part for monitoring the knee joint angle and acceleration and a wireless communication part for transferring bio signals to a smart device. Knee joint angles and accelerations are measured using potentiometers installed at the hinges of the upper and lower parts of the wearable frame and an inertial sensor (IMU) attached to the thigh. Data thus measured are transferred via Bluetooth to an application on a smart device. The proposed system incorporates a classification algorithm for lower extremity movements, which can distinguish users’ actions such as sitting, lying, and standing by using real-time measurements of knee joint angles and accelerations. This study shows that the proposed monitoring system detects postures that negatively affect knee joints and informs a user when these postures are adopted, thereby helping to maintain healthy knee joints.
DESIGN AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PASSIVE INTERLOCKING POSTURE ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM FOR TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND PROBE
Authors: JIANG JINGANG , MIN ZHAOWEI , ZHANG YONGDE , GUO XIAOWEI , XU YONG
Published: October 2019

In the current prostate biopsy procedure, it is necessary for the doctor to hold the ultrasonic probe during the entire process. This increases the fatigue degree of the doctor, and the motion of the ultrasonic probe is more likely to cause damage to the anus of the patient. A medical device that can assist doctors in prostate scans and biopsy puncture devices was developed. We focused on the passive interlocking transrectal ultrasonic probe posture adjustment mechanism. Based on the posture adjustment mechanism, a passive interlocking transrectal ultrasound probe position and posture adjustment mechanism capable of assisting the doctor in prostate scanning and puncture intervention was designed. The passive interlocking posture adjustment mechanism with a seven-degree-of-freedom (DOF) interlocking mechanism was designed and can meet the requirements of doctors. The physical prototype of the passive interlocking transrectal ultrasonic probe posture adjustment mechanism was developed and commissioned. The locking torque and braking torque of the mechanism were measured. The results showed that the ultrasonic probe can achieve reliable locking and effectively meet the operation requirements.
DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPACT LOWER-LIMB EXOSKELETON FOR WALKING ASSISTANCE: A CASE STUDY
Authors: ZHENG TIANJIAO , LIU GANGFENG , WANG TIANSHUO , ZHANG YU , ZHAO JIE , ZHU YANHE
Published: October 2019

Lower-limb exoskeletons are an effective means to provide paraplegic and hemiplegic individuals with the ability to walk upright. A lot of studies about lower-limb exoskeletons have been developed to assist the impaired populations. However, the existing devices are still too technically complex and expensive for practicality. In this paper, a compact lower-limb exoskeleton for walking assistance is developed, in which a steel-cable actuator is specially designed. In order to accomplish the different tasks presented to gait generation, a control method with multiple stages is employed. In this approach, four basic states and seven intended motions are designed for the finite-state machine. In addition, the reference trajectories of these intended motions are presented and fitted by a modified first-order polynomial-fitting method. Preliminary motion tests of the exoskeleton with three healthy subjects are performed. The results verify the effectiveness of the system design and the gait-generation approach proposed in this paper. The overall exoskeleton system is compact and the corresponding operations are convenient and reliable.
COMPARISON OF ANKLE JOINT LOAD IN DIFFERENT FOOT STRIKE STRATEGIES DURING STAIR ASCENT
Authors: CHOI EUI BUM , JEON HYEONG MIN , HEO JAE HOON , EOM GWANG MOON
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to find a foot strike strategy that can reduce the ankle joint load during stair ascent by comparing the ankle joint load in two strategies of initial contact during stair ascent. Twenty young subjects performed ascending stairs with two strategies, i.e., rearfoot strike (RFS) and forefoot strike (FFS). Kinematic data was measured from 12 cameras and the ground reaction force was measured by a force plate inserted in the second step of four-step stairs. Stance phase was divided into three phase, i.e., weight acceptance, pull up, and forward continuance. Four ankle related kinetic variables were derived from the measured data, i.e., joint reaction force, moment, and the magnitude and moment arm of ground reaction force. Root-mean-square (RMS) was used as the representative value of the variables during each phase was compared between strategies. In the weight acceptance phase, FFS resulted in greater values of all four kinetic variables than RFS. For the pull-up and forward continuance phases, joint reaction force and ground reaction force were not different between strategies but joint moment and moment arm was greater for FFS than RFS. In weight acceptance phase, greater ground reaction forces and longer moment arm of FFS may have resulted from faster weight transfer to the ipsilateral foot and the more anterior location of center of pressure, respectively. Both have contributed greater joint moment of FFS. In pull-up and forward continuance phases, greater ankle moment of FFS was affected mainly by longer moment arms, which may reflect the persistent farther location of center of pressure from the ankle joint. The results suggest that RFS would be more advantageous than FFS in terms of ankle joint load.
Ureteral Guidewire Looping and Entrapment above an Impacted Ureter Stone
Authors: Tsionga Aikaterini , Anastasiadis Anastasios , Mutomba Wilbert Fana , Memmos Dimitrios , Vakalopoulos Ioannis , Dimitriadis Georgios
Published: October 2019

We present a rare case of a hydrophilic guidewire looping and entrapment in the ureter of a patient with an impacted stone in the proximal ureter during a simple double-J stent insertion. Looping of guidewire is a rare complication in urology and only few cases have been described. In that case, release and removal of the entrapped guidewire was possible only after one step fragmentation of the stone with laser lithotripsy.
Study of the Addition of a Thermoplastic Vulcanizate to a HDPE Composite Highly Filled with Magnesium Hydroxide and Its Effect on the Tensile and Flame Retardant Properties
Authors: Beltrán-Ramírez F. I. , Ramos-deValle L. F. , Ramírez-Vargas E. , Cabrera-Alvarez E. , Sánchez-Valdes S. , Espinoza-Martínez A. , Martínez-Colunga J. G. , López-Barajas F. , Esparza-Claudio J. J.
Published: October 2019

A work was carried out in order to obtain a TPV based on HDPE and EPDM, studying the effect of three different peroxides. The effect of one mono- and two bifunctional peroxides was studied. In general, at equal wt% of peroxide, the bifunctional peroxides produced greater gel content, higher tensile stress, and higher elongation at break. Thereafter, the work was focused on studying the effect of this TPV, as well as a commercial TPO, on the tensile and flame retardant properties of composites based on blends of HDPE and a thermoplastic elastomer (either TPV or TPO), plus 130 phr of magnesium hydroxide (MH). The composites without the rubbery phase, but with 130 phr of MH, were highly brittle and fragile. The composites with the rubbery phase, on the other hand, (either TPO or TPV), were tougher and presented relatively much higher tensile properties. With regard to flame retardancy, the formulations containing the TPV showed better flame retardancy and passed as V-1 in the UL-94V. With respect to the cone calorimeter, those with TPO or TPV all generated a total of 80 MJ of heat energy. The compositions with TPV, however, generated this amount of heat over a larger period of time, i.e., showing less heat generated per second. In addition, the compositions with TPV presented a markedly lower pHRR, by an average of 15%. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the MH in the samples with a 40 wt% rubbery phase starts decomposing at 315°C. However, as the temperature increases, the MH in the TPV composite apparently decomposes at a slower rate than that in the TPO composite.
Triband Operation Enhancement Based on Multimode Analytics of Modified Rhombic Ring Structure with Fractal Ring Parasitic
Authors: Mahatthanajatuphat Chatree , Suangun Thanakarn , Wongsin Norakamon , Akkaraekthalin Prayoot
Published: October 2019

This paper presents a triband operation enhancement based on multimode analytics of a monopole antenna designed by combining a rhombic ring radiator with a strip on a top layer and a fractal ring resonator placed at the bottom layer. The proposed antenna can achieve triband operation to support the modern wireless communication systems. The antenna size is approximately 36 × 52 mm2, which is quite compacted compared with the revised antenna. The simulation and measurement results are in good agreement. The antenna covers the operating bands at 22.22%, 9.8%, and 31.27% at the resonant frequencies of 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 3.71 GHz, respectively, to support the application bands of LTE 1800, WLAN IEEE802.11b/g, WiMAX, and IMT Advanced Systems (5G). The average gain of the antenna is about 2 dBi. Also, the radiation patterns are omnidirectional for all operating frequencies.
Rituximab-Induced Psoriasis in a Patient with Granulomatosis with Polyangitis Treated with Adalimumab
Authors: Alahmari Hana S. , Alhowaish Nasser Y. , Omair Mohammed A.
Published: October 2019

Rituximab (RTX) is a chimeric B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibody against CD-20 positive cells that has been approved for the induction and maintenance of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Reports have identified RTX to cause drug-related psoriasis. Many theories of underlying pathways have been proposed. However, further workup around the mechanism and treatment is required. Here, we present a 38-year-old woman known to have GPA that developed drug-related psoriasis that was successfully treated with treatment discontinuation and starting adalimumab along with a literature review.
Recommendation Based on Users’ Long‐Term and Short‐Term Interests with Attention
Authors: Tan Qiaoqiao , Liu Fang’ai
Published: October 2019

Recommendations based on user behavior sequences are becoming more and more common. Some studies consider user behavior sequences as interests directly, ignoring the mining and representation of implicit features. However, user behaviors contain a lot of information, such as consumption habits and dynamic preferences. In order to better locate user interests, this paper proposes a Bi‐GRU neural network with attention to model user’s long‐term historical preferences and short‐term consumption motivations. First, a Bi‐GRU network is established to solve the long‐term dependence problem in sequences, and attention mechanism is introduced to capture user interest changes related to the target item. Then, user’s short‐term interaction trajectory based on self‐attention is modeled to distinguish the importance of each potential feature. Finally, combined with long‐term and short‐term interests, the next behavior is predicted. We conducted extensive experiments on Amazon and MovieLens datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms current state‐of‐the‐art models in Recall and NDCG indicators. Especially in MovieLens dataset, compared with other RNN‐based models, our proposed model improved at least 2.32% at Recall@20, which verifies the effectiveness of modeling long‐term and short‐term interest of users, respectively.
The Spectrum of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Mild Encephalopathy with Reversible Splenial Lesion
Authors: Sáenz-Farret Michel , Cansino-Torres Mariana Aurora , Sandoval-Rodríguez Valeria , Navarro-Ibarra Rigoberto , Zúñiga-Ramírez Carlos
Published: October 2019

Background. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and mild encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion are autoimmune demyelinating disorders of central nervous system. Diagnosis remains clinical, aided by neuroimaging confirmation and excluding other causes. In the absence of a biological marker, the diagnosis of these entities based on clinical and imaging criteria could overlap. Methods. We describe a 22-year-old woman developing mild neurological signs after an upper tract infection, a brain magnetic resonance image revealed confluent, symmetrical white matter lesions with corpus callosum involvement; after extensive ancillary testing that ruled out secondary causes we concluded that this subject had a post infectious encephalitis sharing clinical and imaging criteria for acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. However, mild encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion could be an alternate diagnosis for this subject. Treatment with methylprednisolone completely solved both the clinical and image abnormalities without relapsing for more than 3 years of follow-up. Conclusion. Both acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and mild encephalopathy with reversible splenial lesion share clinical and radiological features. A biological marker is needed to differentiate among these entities, since overlap is seen according to current criteria.