bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the magnitude of cartel overcharges: An empirical analysis of food‐industry cartels
Authors: Bolotova Yuliya , Connor John M. , Miller Douglas J.
Published: January 2007

Using overcharge estimates for 395 cartel episodes from the 18th to the 21st century, we evaluate the impact of cartel characteristics on the size of overcharges imposed by cartels across several geographic regions and antitrust law regimes. The results of our study have important policy implications. We find that the average overcharge imposed by cartels in our sample is 19 percent with the median of 16 percent of the selling price. Food industry cartels achieve lower overcharges than domestic cartels. Longer cartel episodes generate higher levels of overcharges. Cartels that were found or pled guilty achieve approximately the same levels of overcharges as legal cartels. [JEL classifications: L1, L2, L4, L6]. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 17–33, 2007.
De novo proximal duplication of 1(q12q22) in a female infant with multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Sawyer Jeffrey R. , Binz Regina Lichti , Swanson Charles M. , Lim Cynthia
Published: January 2007

Reports of small proximal 1q duplications are rare. We report a 1 month‐old female who was referred to clinic because she was believed to have features suggestive of Turner syndrome. The patient's dysmorphic features included a prominent nose, low‐set and crumpled ears, slightly high palate, short neck, high‐pitched cry, mild micrognathia, hypoplastic labia majora, and somewhat deep palmar creases. Traditional G‐band chromosome studies of the patient were interpreted as 46,XX,dup(1)(q12q21). To further evaluate the extent of the chromosome 1 duplication, Spectral Karyotyping and a series of six fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes were utilized. The FISH probes refined the extent of the duplication to involve the region 1(q12q22) indicating the duplicated segment was larger than interpreted by the G‐banding studies. This first case of non‐mosaic proximal duplication of 1q to be characterized by multiple locus specific FISH probes should allow a more refined delineation of the phenotypic findings and clinical significance associated with this rare chromosomal duplication. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of the neuronal nicotinic receptor β2 subunit gene (CHRNB2) with subjective responses to alcohol and nicotine
Authors: Ehringer Marissa A. , Clegg Hilary V. , Collins Allan C. , Corley Robin P. , Crowley Thomas , Hewitt John K. , Hopfer Christian J. , Krauter Kenneth , Lessem Jeffrey , Rhee Soo Hyun , Schlaepfer Isabel , Smolen Andrew , Stallings Michael C. , Young Susan E. , Zeiger Joanna S.
Published: January 2007

Nicotine addiction and alcohol dependence are highly comorbid disorders that are likely to share overlapping genetic components. We have examined two neuronal nicotinic receptor subunit genes (CHRNA4 and CHRNB2) for possible associations with nicotine and alcohol phenotypes, including measures of frequency of use and measures of initial subjective response in the period shortly after first using the drugs. The subjects were 1,068 ethnically diverse young adults participating in ongoing longitudinal studies of adolescent drug behaviors at the University of Colorado, representing both clinical and community samples. Analysis of six SNPs in the CHRNA4 gene provided modest support for an association with past 6 month use of alcohol in Caucasians (three SNPs withP < 0.08), but no evidence for an association with tobacco and CHRNA4 was detected. However, a SNP (rs2072658) located immediately upstream of CHRNB2 was associated with the initial subjective response to both alcohol and tobacco. This study provides the first evidence for association between the CHRNB2 gene and nicotine‐ and alcohol‐related phenotypes, and suggests that polymorphisms in CHRNB2 may be important in mediating early responses to nicotine and alcohol. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structures of RNA Switches: Insight into Molecular Recognition and Tertiary Structure
Authors: Schwalbe Harald , Buck Janina , Fürtig Boris , Noeske Jonas , Wöhnert Jens
Published: January 2007

RNA switches (riboswitches) have important functions in gene regulation. They comprise an aptamer domain, which is responsible for ligand binding, and an expression platform that transmits the ligand‐binding state of the aptamer domain through a conformational change. Riboswitches can regulate gene expression either at the level of transcription or translation, and it has been proposed that riboswitch mechanisms are even used to regulate the processing of mRNA. This Minireview summarizes the current understanding of the structures and mode of action of RNA switches, with particular focus on secondary and tertiary interactions, which stabilize the global RNA structure and thus determine the function of the aptamer domain.
Knowledge map of information science
Authors: Zins Chaim
Published: January 2007

This article is part of a group of four articles that resulted from a Critical Delphi study conducted in 2003–2005. The study, “Knowledge Map of Information Science,” was aimed at exploring the foundations of information science. The international panel was composed of 57 leading scholars from 16 countries who represent nearly all the major subfields and important aspects of the field. This article presents a systematic and comprehensive knowledge map of the field, and is grounded on the panel discussions. The map has 10 basic categories: (1) Foundations, (2) Resources, (3) Knowledge Workers, (4) Contents, (5) Applications, (6) Operations and Processes, (7) Technologies, (8) Environments, (9) Organizations, and (10) Users. The model establishes the groundwork for formulating theories of information science, as well as developing and evaluating information science academic programs and bibliographic resources.
Development and function of the mammalian spleen
Authors: Brendolan Andrea , Rosado Maria Manuela , Carsetti Rita , Selleri Licia , Dear T. Neil
Published: January 2007

The vertebrate spleen has important functions in immunity and haematopoiesis, many of which have been well studied. In contrast, we know much less about the mechanisms governing its early embryonic development. However, as a result of work over the past decade‐mostly using knockout mice–‐significant progress has been made in unravelling the genetic processes governing the spleen's early development. Key genetic regulators, such as Tlx1 and Pbx1, have been identified, and we know some of the early transcriptional hierarchies that control the early patterning and proliferation of the splenic primordium. In mouse and humans, asplenia can arise as a result of laterality defects, or the spleen can be absent with no other discernible abnormalities. Surprisingly, given the spleen's diverse functions, asplenic individuals suffer no major haematopoietic or immune defects apart from a susceptibility to infection with encapsulated bacteria. Recent evidence has shed light on a previously unknown role of the spleen in the development and maintenance of specific B cell populations that are involved in the initial response to infection caused by encapsulated bacteria. The lack of these populations in asplenic mice and humans may go some way to explaining this susceptibility. BioEssays 29: 166–177, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the form and function of severe self‐injurious behavior
Authors: Barrera F. J. , Violo R. A. , Graver E. E.
Published: January 2007

Three adults with developmental disabilities and severe, chronic self‐injurious behavior (SIB) were exposed in separate studies to multi‐element functional analog experimental and control conditions. Participants' physiological status, primarily cardiac function, was recorded with a sophisticated computerized ambulatory monitoring garment (VivoMetrics® LifeShirt system). Results revealed a reliable and consistent heart rate (HR) pattern in all conditions, consisting of an escalating HR immediately before SIB occurrence, and quickly followed by a temporary drop in HR level occasioned by SIB action. This waveform was not an artifact of movement, HR level, respiration, posture, or SIB topography. This discovery suggests that the fundamental function of SIB is an escape from autonomic arousal. This function is consistent with other physiological and clinical findings. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chiral separation of three agrochemical toxins enantiomers by high‐performance liquid chromatography on a vancomycin crystalline degradation products‐chiral stationary phase
Authors: Mojtahedi Mohammad Majid , Chalavi Sohila , Ghassempour Alireza , Tabar‐Heydar Kourosh , Sharif Seyed Javad Ghotb , Malekzadeh Maryam , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y.
Published: January 2007

This work aims to evaluate for the enantiomeric separations of three agrochemical toxins: haloxyfop‐methyl, fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl and indoxacarb on crystalline degradation products–chiral stationary phase (CDP‐CSP) of high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) under normal and polar organic phases. In the normal phase, the mobile phase was n‐hexane with alcohols including methanol and isopropanol as polar modifiers. In the polar organic phase mode, the mobile phase was methanol with different percentages of triethylammunium acetate. The influence of flow rate (0.3–0.9 mL/min), analyte concentration and silica gel particle sizes (10, 15 and 30 µm) was investigated. This new chiral stationary phase showed excellent stereoselectivity for the two enantiomers of haloxyfop‐methyl and fenoxaprop‐p‐ethyl and chiral recognition for indoxacarb under normal‐phase mode. However, under polar organic phase, only indoxacarb was separated (α < 1.5). The chromatographic results were compared with commercial chiral columns. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The poor, the Black, and the marginalized as the source of cadavers in United States anatomical education
Authors: Halperin Edward C.
Published: January 2007

When the practice of hands‐on anatomical dissection became popular in United States medical education in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, demand for cadavers exceeded the supply. Slave bodies and thefts by grave robbers met this demand. Members of the public were aware that graves were being robbed and countered with various protective measures. Since the deterrence of grave robbing took time and money, those elements of society who were least economically and socially advantaged were the most vulnerable. Enslaved and free African Americans, immigrants, and the poor were frequently the target of grave robbing. The politically powerful tolerated this behavior except when it affected their own burial sites. Slave owners sold the bodies of their deceased chattel to medical schools for anatomic dissection. Stories of the “night doctors” buying and stealing bodies became part of African American folklore traditions. The physical and documentary evidence demonstrates the disproportionate use of the bodies of the poor, the Black, and the marginalized in furthering the medical education of white elites. Clin. Anat. 20:489–495, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bony eminence on the middle cranial fossa corresponding to the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Tsunoda Atsunobu , Sumi Takuro , Shirakura Satoshi , Kishimoto Seiji , Akita Keiichi
Published: January 2007

We report a nameless bony eminence over the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its possible clinical significance. Forty‐two half heads of 21 UK Caucasian cadavers (61–95 years old, mean 84.3 ± 8.2 years, male:female = 11:10) were used to investigate the surface of the middle cranial fossa (MCF) over the TMJ. The thickness of the bony roof of the glenoid fossa was also measured. A bony eminence over the glenoid fossa was observed in half of the specimens. Some showed a complete oval bulge, which completely reflected the contour of the glenoid fossa. The others showed a bony bulge, which partially reflected that contour. The mean (±SD) thickness of the bone in the roof of glenoid fossa was 1.5 ± 1.2 mm. The mean bony thickness of specimens showing the eminence was 0.8 ± 0.5 mm, whereas it was 2.3 ± 1.2 mm in specimens without an eminence. These differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). The osteological features we describe may be relevant to certain clinical problems. Traumatic dislocation of mandibular condyle, for example, might relate to a weakness of the glenoid fossa. Clin. Anat., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Avulsion of ascending lumbar and iliolumbar veins in anterior spinal surgery: An anatomical study
Authors: Sivakumar G. , Paluzzi A. , Freeman B.
Published: January 2007

To expose the disc between the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae in anterior spinal surgery, left to right retraction of inferior vena cava and aorta is required. This manoeuvre can be complicated by venous haemorrhage that, in most cases, is due to avulsion of the left ascending lumbar vein (ALV) or the left iliolumbar vein (ILV). We dissected 23 embalmed cadavers to assess the factors that contribute to the risk of tearing these two veins during retraction. We describe a triangular region that should help surgeons in identifying the ALV and ILV. This triangle is defined by the lateral border of the common iliac vein, the medial border of the psoas major muscle, and the superior end‐plate of the L5 vertebral body. We observed that 3 cm between the termination of the left ALV, or a common stem with the ILV, and the termination of the common iliac vein is the critical distance, less than which the risk of venous avulsion is highest. Although the sample considered is small, our study seems to suggest that male patients tend to have a higher risk of venous avulsion than female patients. Clin. Anat. 20:553–555, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical Micropatterning of Polycarbonate for Site‐Specific Peptide Immobilization and Biomolecular Interactions
Authors: Carion Olivier , Souplet Vianney , Olivier Christophe , Maillet Céline , Medard Nicolas , El‐Mahdi Ouafâa , Durand Jean‐Olivier , Melnyk Oleg
Published: January 2007

Polycarbonate (PC) is a useful substrate for the preparation of microfluidic devices. Recently, its utility in bioanalysis has attracted much attention owing to the possibility of using compact discs as platforms for the high‐throughput analysis of biomolecular interactions. In this article we report a novel method for the chemical micropatterning of polycarbonate based on the printing of functionalized silica nanoparticles. The semicarbazide groups present on the surface of the nanoparticles were used for the site‐specific semicarbazone ligation of unprotected peptides derivatized by an α‐oxoaldehyde group. The peptide micropatterns permitted the specific capture of antibodies. We report also the characterization of micropatterns on PC by using a wide‐field optical imaging technique called Sarfus; this allows the detection of nm‐thick films by using nonreflecting PC substrates and an optical microscope working with reflected differential interference contrast. The method described here is an easy way to modify polycarbonate surfaces for biomolecular interaction studies and should stimulate the use of PC for developing plastic biosensors.
Ruthenium–Lewis Acid Catalyzed Asymmetric Diels–Alder Reactions between Dienes and α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Rickerby Jenny , Vallet Martial , Bernardinelli Gerald , Viton Florian , Kündig E. Peter
Published: January 2007

The complex [Ru(Cp)(R,R‐BIPHOP‐F)(acetone)][SbF6], (R,R)‐1 a, was used as catalyst for asymmetric Diels–Alder reactions between dienes (cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene, isoprene, 2,3‐dimethylbutadiene) and α,β‐unsaturated ketones (methyl vinyl ketone (MVK), ethyl vinyl ketone, divinyl ketone, α‐bromovinyl methyl ketone and α‐chlorovinyl methyl ketone). The cycloaddition products were obtained in yields of 50–90 % and with enantioselectivities up to 96 %ee. Ethyl vinyl ketone, divinyl ketone and the halogenated vinyl ketones worked best and their reactions with acyclic dienes consistently provided products with >90 %ee. α‐Chlorovinyl methyl ketone performed better than α‐bromovinyl methyl ketone. The reaction also provided a [4.3.1]bicyclic ring system in 95 %eethrough an intramolecular cycloaddition reaction. Crystal structure determinations of [Ru(Cp)((S,S)‐BIPHOP‐F)(mvk)][SbF6], (S,S)‐1 b, and [Ru(Cp)((R,R)‐Me4BIPHOP‐F)(acrolein)][SbF6], (R,R)‐2 b, provided the basis for a rationalization of the asymmetric induction.
Self‐Assembly of an Alkylated Guanosine Derivative into Ordered Supramolecular Nanoribbons in Solution and on Solid Surfaces
Authors: Lena Stefano , Brancolini Giorgia , Gottarelli Giovanni , Mariani Paolo , Masiero Stefano , Venturini Alessandro , Palermo Vincenzo , Pandoli Omar , Pieraccini Silvia , Samorì Paolo , Spada Gian Piero
Published: January 2007

We report on the synthesis and self‐assembly of a guanosine derivative bearing an alkyloxy side group under different environmental conditions. This derivative was found to spontaneously form ordered supramolecular nanoribbons in which the individual nucleobases are interacting through H‐bonds. In toluene and chloroform solutions the formation of gel‐like liquid‐crystalline phases was observed. Sub‐molecularly resolved scanning tunneling microscopic imaging of monolayers physisorbed at the graphite–solution interface revealed highly ordered two‐dimensional networks. The recorded intramolecular contrast can be ascribed to the electronic properties of the different moieties composing the molecule, as proven by quantum‐chemical calculations. This self‐assembly behavior is in excellent agreement with that of 5′‐O‐acylated guanosines, which are also characterized by a self‐assembled motif of guanosines that resembles parallel ribbons. Therefore, for guanosine derivatives (without sterically demanding groups on the guanine base) the formation of supramolecular nanoribbons in solution, in the solid state, and on flat surfaces is universal. This result is truly important in view of the electronic properties of these supramolecular anisotropic architectures and thus for potential applications in the fields of nano‐ and opto‐electronics.
Crystal Structure and Photoluminescence of Tb3+ Doped Y3GaO6.
Authors: Liu F. S. , Liu Q. L. , Liang J. K. , Luo J. , Yang L. T. , Song G. B. , Zhang Y. , Wang L. X. , Yao J. N. , Rao G. H.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermal Evolution of a MgAl Hydrotalcite‐Like Material Intercalated with Hexaniobate.
Authors: Carriazo Daniel , Martin Cristina , Rives Vicente
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhenium‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Isomerization of Allylic Alcohols: Scope and Chirality Transfer.
Authors: Morrill Christie , Beutner Gregory L. , Grubbs Robert H.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Hydrogenation of Olefins Using Water and Zinc Metal Catalyzed by a Rhodium Complex.
Authors: Sato Takashi , Watanabe Shoji , Kiuchi Hiroyoshi , Oi Shuichi , Inoue Yoshio
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Monodentate Phosphines Provide Highly Active Catalysts for Pd‐Catalyzed C—N Bond‐Forming Reactions of Heteroaromatic Halides/Amines and (H)‐N‐Heterocycles.
Authors: Anderson Kevin W. , Tundel Rachel E. , Ikawa Takashi , Altman Ryan A. , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Organozinc Halides.
Authors: Su Xianbin , Fox David J. , Blackwell David T. , Tanaka Kiyotaka , Spring David R.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lewis Base‐Catalyzed Alkynylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Trimethylsilylacetylenes.
Authors: Kitazawa Takayuki , Minowa Tomofumi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Self‐Organization of “Janus‐Like” Diblock Codendrimers: Synthesis, Thermal Behavior, and Phase Structure Modeling.
Authors: Bury Izabela , Heinrich Benoit , Bourgogne Cyril , Guillon Daniel , Donnio Bertrand
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Second‐Generation N,O‐[2.2]Paracyclophane Ketimine Ligands for the Alkenylzinc Addition to Aliphatic and Aromatic Aldehydes: Scope and Limitations.
Authors: Lauterwasser Frank , Gall Julia , Hoefener Sebastian , Braese Stefan
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Diisopropyloxy(η2‐cyclopentene)titanium for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Various 1,2‐Disubstituted Cyclopentanes.
Authors: Cadoret Frederic , Retailleau Pascal , Six Yvan
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aluminum Amalgam for the Reduction of Sensitive β‐Nitroamines to 1,2‐Diamines.
Authors: Anderson James C. , Chapman Helen A.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper(II) Triflate—Mediated Addition Reaction of α‐Oxygenated Alkylsilanes to Imines for the Synthesis of Vicinal‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Kagoshima Hirotaka , Yonezawa Kohtaro
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Decomposition of Sodium Trichloroacetate in the Presence of Quaternary Ammonium under Microwave Irradiation: A Convenient One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Hydroxy Acids in Water.
Authors: Yu Haitao , Fang Yun , Xia Yongmei , Wu Jing
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Green Procedure for the Knoevenagel Condensation under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Rong Liangce , Li Xiaoyue , Wang Haiying , Shi Daqing , Tu Shujiang , Zhuang Qiya
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Inexpensive, One‐Pot Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Disulfides Using 1‐Chlorobenzotriazole.
Authors: Hunter Roger , Caira Mino , Stellenboom Nashia
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐1,5‐bis(2‐hydroxyaryl)pentane‐1,5‐diones.
Authors: Wang Can , Jiang Wen‐Qing , Zou Jian‐Ping , Zeng Run‐Sheng
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrrolidines via a [3 + 2]‐Annulation of N‐Ts‐α‐Amino Aldehydes and 1,3‐Bis(silyl)propenes.
Authors: Restorp Per , Fischer Andreas , Somfai Peter
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Δ1‐Pyrrolines Through the Michael Addition of Nitroalkanes to Chalcones and Subsequent Reductive Cyclization in Aqueous Media.
Authors: Liang Yongjiu , Dong Dewen , Lu Yumei , Wang Yan , Pan Wei , Chai Yanyan , Liu Qun
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Substituted Reactions of 4‐Allylimidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Pasupathy , Sivappa Rasapalli , Du Hongwang , Lovely Carl J.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Benzoxazole‐7‐carboxylate Esters Using Trifluoroacetic Acid and Acetic Acid.
Authors: Huxley Anthony
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Regiospecific Isothiazole C—C Coupling Chemistry.
Authors: Christoforou Irene C. , Koutentis Panayiotis A.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Simple and Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,4‐Diaryl‐1,2,3‐triazoles.
Authors: Tang Wen‐Jie , Hu Yong‐Zhou
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Route to Benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1‐a]phthalazines.
Authors: Kuznetsov Viktor A. , Shubin Kirill M. , Schipalkin Andrej A. , Petrov Mikhail L.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Comparison of Permeation Through Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers of N‐Dipicolinyl‐α‐ and ‐β‐oligopeptides.
Authors: Gardiner James , Thomae Anita V. , Mathad Raveendra I. , Seebach Dieter , Kraemer Stefanie D.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical Formal Total Syntheses of the Homocamptothecin Derivative and Anticancer Agent Diflomotecan via Asymmetric Acetate Aldol Additions to Pyridine Ketone Substrates.
Authors: Peters Rene , Althaus Martin , Diolez Christian , Rolland Alain , Manginot Eric , Veyrat Marc
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Clavosolide A.
Authors: Chakraborty Tushar Kanti , Reddy Vakiti Ramkrishna , Chattopadhyay Amit Kumar
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nonmevalonate Terpene Biosynthesis Enzymes as Antiinfective Drug Targets: Substrate Synthesis and High‐Throughput Screening Methods.
Authors: Illarionova Victoria , Kaiser Johannes , Ostrozhenkova Elena , Bacher Adelbert , Fischer Markus , Eisenreich Wolfgang , Rohdich Felix
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Short Synthetic Route Toward the Tricyclic Core of Schulzeines.
Authors: Kuntiyong Punlop , Akkarasamiyo Sunisa , Eksinitkun Gedsirin
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemoinformatics: Past, Present, and Future.
Authors: Chen William Lingran
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Basic Overview of Chemoinformatics.
Authors: Engel Thomas
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
RAFT‐Mediated Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene Using a Non‐Ionic Surfactant.
Authors: Urbani Carl N. , Nguyen Hang N. , Monteiro Michael J.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Neutral and Cationic Cyclopentadienyliron Macromolecules Containing Azo Dyes
Authors: Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S. , Shipman Patrick O.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Ordered Mesoporous Organosilica Hybrid Materials
Authors: Kapoor Mahendra P. , Inagaki Shinji
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbonylative Approaches to α,β‐Unsaturated Acyl Radicals and α‐Ketenyl Radicals. Their Structure and Applications in Synthesis
Authors: Ryu Ilhyong , Uenoyama Yoshitaka , Matsubara Hiroshi
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cycloaddition Reactions of Transition Metal‐Containing Benzopyrylium and Related Zwitterionic Intermediates
Authors: Kusama Hiroyuki , Iwasawa Nobuharu
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organolithium and Organomagnesium Compounds of the Naphthalene Series in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Pozharskii A. F. , Ryabtsova O. V.
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Synthesis of Cryptophycins.
Authors: Eissler Stefan , Stoncius Arvydas , Nahrwold Markus , Sewald Norbert
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fluorinated Cyclobutanes and Their Derivatives
Authors: Lemal David M. , Chen Xudong
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclobutarenes
Authors: Stanger Amnon
Published: January 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Physico‐Chemical Characterization of Nanofiltration Membranes
Authors: Boussu Katleen , De Baerdemaeker Jérémie , Dauwe Charles , Weber Marc , Lynn Kelvin G. , Depla Diederik , Aldea Steliana , Vankelecom Ivo F. J. , Vandecasteele Carlo , Van der Bruggen Bart
Published: January 2007

This study presents a methodology for an in‐depth characterization of six representative commercial nanofiltration membranes. Laboratory‐made polyethersulfone membranes are included for reference. Besides the physical characterization [molecular weight cut‐off (MWCO), surface charge, roughness and hydrophobicity], the membranes are also studied for their chemical composition [attenuated total reflectance Fourier spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)] and porosity [positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS)]. The chemical characterization indicates that all membranes are composed of at least two different layers. The presence of an additional third layer is proved and studied for membranes with a polyamide top layer. PAS experiments, in combination with FIB (focused ion beam) images, show that these membranes also have a thinner and a less porous skin layer (upper part of the top layer). In the skin layer, two different pore sizes are observed for all commercial membranes: a pore size of 1.25–1.55 Å as well as a pore size of 3.20–3.95 Å (both depending on the membrane type). Thus, the pore size distribution in nanofiltration membranes is bimodal, in contrast to the generally accepted log‐normal distribution. Although the pore sizes are rather similar for all commercial membranes, their pore volume fraction and hence their porosity differ significantly.
Toward routine billion‐variable optimization using genetic algorithms
Authors: Goldberg David E. , Sastry Kumara , Llorà Xavier
Published: January 2007

The push for better understanding and design of complex systems requires the solution of challenging optimization problems with large numbers of decision variables. This note presents principled results demonstrating the scalable solution of a difficult test function on instances over a billion variables using a parallel implementation of a genetic algorithm (GA). The problem addressed is a noisy, blind problem over a vector of binary decision variables. Noise is added equaling a tenth of the deterministic objective function variance of the problem, thereby making it difficult for simple hillclimbers to find the optimal solution. The genetic algorithm used—the compact GA—is able to find the optimum in the presence of noise quickly, reliably, and accurately, and the solution scalability follows known convergence theories. These results on noisy problem together with other results on problems involving varying modularity, hierarchy, and overlap foreshadow routine solution of billion‐variable problems across the landscape of complexity science. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 12: 27–29, 2007
Antimicrobial peptides human β‐defensin (hBD)‐3 and hBD‐4 activate mast cells and increase skin vascular permeability
Authors: Chen Xuejun , Niyonsaba François , Ushio Hiroko , Hara Mutsuko , Yokoi Hidenori , Matsumoto Kenji , Saito Hirohisa , Nagaoka Isao , Ikeda Shigaku , Okumura Ko , Ogawa Hideoki
Published: January 2007

Antimicrobial peptides human β‐defensins (hBD) are mainly produced by epithelia of several organs including skin, and participate in innate immunity by killing invading pathogens. Besides their microbicidal activities, hBD activate several inflammatory and immune cells. Since hBD are generated by tissues where mast cells are present, we hypothesized that these peptides could activate mast cells. In this study, we demonstrated that both hBD‐3 and hBD‐4 induced mast cell degranulation, prostaglandin D2 production, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and chemotaxis. Furthermore, hBD‐3‐ and hBD‐4‐induced activation of mast cells was suppressed by pertussis toxin and U‐73122, inhibitors for G protein and phospholipase C, respectively. We further revealed that hBD‐3 and hBD‐4 increased vascular permeability in the skin, which was dependent on the presence of mast cells, because hBD‐3 and hBD‐4 failed to enhance vascular permeability in mast cell‐deficient Ws/Ws rats. We also demonstrated that hBD‐3 and hBD‐4 induced phosphorylation of MAPK p38 and ERK1/2, which were further required for hBD‐mediated mast cell activation, as evidenced by the inhibitory effects of p38 and ERK1/2 inhibitors on mast cell degranulation. Together, these findings suggest the key role of hBD in inflammatory responses by recruiting and activating mast cells, and increasing vascular permeability.
TREM‐1 promotes survival during septic shock in mice
Authors: Gibot Sébastien , Massin Frederic , Marcou Markella , Taylor Valerie , Stidwill Ray , Wilson Peter , Singer Mervyn , Bellingan Geoff
Published: January 2007

Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid (TREM)‐1 is integral to the inflammatory response occurring during septic shock, although its precise function has yet to be determined. Here we show that in vivo silencing of TREM‐1 using siRNA duplexes in a fecal peritonitis mouse model resulted in a blunted inflammatory response and increased mortality. This was associated with impaired bacterial clearance related to marked inhibition of the neutrophil oxidative burst. By contrast, TREM‐1‐silenced mice were highly resistant to a lethal endotoxin challenge, while partial silencing of TREM‐1 in the bacterial peritonitis model produced a significant survival benefit. These data highlight the crucial role of the TREM‐1 pathway in mounting an adequate inflammatory and cytotoxic response to polymicrobial sepsis, and both the therapeutic promise and potential risks of its modulation.
Dectin‐1 promotes fungicidal activity of human neutrophils
Authors: Kennedy Adam D. , Willment Janet A. , Dorward David W. , Williams David L. , Brown Gordon D. , DeLeo Frank R.
Published: January 2007

Human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are a first line of defense against fungal infections. PMN express numerous pattern recognition receptors (PRR) that facilitate identification of invading microorganisms and ultimately promote resolution of disease. Dectin‐1 (β‐glucan receptor) is a PRR expressed on several cell types and has been studied on monocytes and macrophages. However, the role played by dectin‐1 in the recognition and killing of fungi by PMN is unknown. We investigated the ability of dectin‐1 to mediate human PMN phagocytosis and fungicidal activity. Dectin‐1 was expressed on the surface of PMN from all subjects tested (n=29) and in an intracellular compartment that co‐sedimented with azurophilic granules in Percoll density gradients. Soluble β‐glucan and mAb GE2 (anti‐dectin‐1) inhibited binding and phagocytosis of zymosan by human PMN (e.g., ingestion was inhibited 40.1% by 30 min, p<0.001), and blocked reactive oxygen species production. Notably, soluble β‐glucan and GE2 inhibited phagocytosis and killing of Candida albicans by PMN (inhibition of killing was 54.8% for β‐glucan and 36.2% for GE2, p<0.01). Our results reveal a mechanism whereby PMN dectin‐1 plays a key role in the recognition and killing of fungal pathogens by the innate immune system.
N‐Functionalization of Azoles through Coupling Reactions with Alkoxydienyl and Alkoxystyryl Boronic Esters
Authors: Deagostino Annamaria , Prandi Cristina , Zavattaro Chiara , Venturello Paolo
Published: January 2007

Alkoxydienyl boronates 1a and 1b and alkoxystyryl boronate 2 have been used in various copper mediated cross‐coupling reactions with azoles. A variety of N‐alkoxydienyl‐ and N‐styrylazoles have been synthesized under mild conditions. The process utilizes Cu(OAc)2 in the presence of CsF in CH2Cl2 at room temperature. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Removal of boron dissolved in water
Authors: Kluczka Joanna , Ciba Jerzy , Trojanowska Jolanta , Zolotajkin Maria , Turek Marian , Dydo Piotr
Published: January 2007

The study aimed to investigate boron adsorption on activated carbon, activated carbon impregnated with different substances, activated alumina, zirconium dioxide and silica‐aerosil. The removal of boron from water was carried out in static and dynamic systems. Isotherms for boron adsorption from model aqueous solutions on various adsorbents were applied and Langmuir constants were calculated. The results indicate that the application of the impregnants increases the ability of activated carbon to adsorb boron. The first removal of boron using activated carbon impregnated with mannitol compared favorably with other impregnants. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog 26:71–77, 2007.
Hydrodistillation of caraway by direct induction heating assisted by a magnetic field process
Authors: Rivera L. Lagunez , Vilarem G.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents the development of a new method of hydrodistillation of the essential oil of caraway (Carum carvi L.) by direct induction heating assisted by magnetic field (DIHMF) and the development of the required apparatus. Water and food salt (99.8% sodium chloride) were used as electrolyte solutions and at the same time as an extractant solution. The method was tested on caraway fruits as a source of carvone and limonene as the main components. The essential oil of this fruit was also isolated by conventional hydrodistillation as a standard method on both laboratory and pilot scale. The isolated volatile products obtained by the two methods were analysed using gas chromatography (GC). The obtained results were then compared. Even though DIHMF hydrodistillation ensures the isolation of the essential oils as well as conventional hydrodistillation, the time required to obtain the isolated products is remarkably shorter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An examination of momentum strategies in commodity futures markets
Authors: Shen Qian , Szakmary Andrew C. , Sharma Subhash C.
Published: January 2007

Commodity futures and equity markets differ in several important respects. Nevertheless, it was found that momentum profits in commodities are highly significant for holding periods as long as 9 months, and returns to momentum strategies are roughly equal in magnitude to those that have been reported in stocks. The profits documented are too large to be subsumed by transactions costs. Although the momentum strategies appear to be quite risky, their profitability cannot be fully accounted for in the context of a market factor model. Further, it is shown that momentum profits eventually reverse if positions are maintained long enough after portfolio formation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 27:227–256, 2007
Anatomical subsite discrepancy in relation to the impact of the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and betel quid on esophageal cancer
Authors: Lee Chien‐Hung , Wu Deng‐Chyang , Lee Jang‐Ming , Wu I‐Chen , Goan Yih‐Gang , Kao Ein‐Long , Huang Hsiao‐Ling , Chan Te‐Fu , Chou Shah‐Hwa , Chou Yi‐Pin , Ho Chi‐Kung , Wu Ming‐Tsang
Published: January 2007

The carcinogenetic impact of risk factors on esophageal cancer (EC) may differ according to the portion of the esophagus where the tumor occurs. It is unclear why more esophageal squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) developed in the middle location. We carried out a multicenter case–control study in Taiwan to assess anatomical subsite risk discrepancy for this neoplasm in regard to the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and betel quid. Four hundred forty seven incident patients with pathology‐proven SCC of the esophagus (107 were upper‐third [U/3‐EC], 199 middle‐third [M/3‐EC] and 141 lower‐third [L/3‐EC] cases), as well as 1,022 gender, age and study hospital matched controls were analyzed by unordered polytomous logistic regression. All consumption of the three substances was related to the development of each subsite of EC, with a heterogeneously higher risk for current smokers (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 6.2) found in M/3‐EC and for current chewers, in U/3‐EC (AOR = 4.9). The joint risk of contracting lower two‐third EC for drinking and smoking appeared to significantly surpass those estimated by a multiplicative interaction model. Concomitant exposure to these two agents brought the risks of EC at all three subsites up to 10‐ to 23.9‐fold and additional tobacco‐free betel quid to a 30.3‐ to 75.0‐fold. In conclusion, tumor subsite discrepancy risk is related to prolonged exposure to tobacco and betel quid with inflorescence. Alcohol interacts with tobacco in a stronger supra‐multiplicative way in the middle portion of the esophagus, probably explaining why esophageal SCC occurs more commonly at this anatomical location. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retracted: Inhibition of heat shock protein‐90 modulates multiple functions required for survival of human T‐cell leukemia virus type I‐infected T‐cell lines and adult T‐cell leukemia cells
Authors: Kawakami Hirochika , Tomita Mariko , Okudaira Taeko , Ishikawa Chie , Matsuda Takehiro , Tanaka Yuetsu , Nakazato Tetsuro , Taira Naoya , Ohshiro Kazuiku , Mori Naoki
Published: January 2007

Retraction: The following article has been retracted through agreement between the first author and several coauthors, the journal Editor‐in‐Chief, Peter Lichter, and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Kawakami H, Tomita M, Okudaira T, Ishikawa C, Matsuda T, Tanaka Y, Nakazato T, Taira N, Ohshiro K, Mori N. (2007). Inhibition of heat shock protein‐90 modulates multiple functions required for survival of human T‐cell leukemia virus type I‐infected T‐cell lines and adult T‐cell leukemia cells. Int J Cancer; 120 (April (8)): 1811‐1820, published online on 17 JAN 2007 in Wiley Online Library (www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com). After an investigation the retraction has been agreed due to inappropriate duplication of images and overlap with other published work.