bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les sources de l'histoire de la seconde guerre mondiale aux archives départementales de la Haute-Garonne
Authors: Charnay Annie
Published: March 2015

Die Quellen der Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges in den Archiven der Haute-Garonne.

Zahlreiche Verwaltungsdokumente, die in den Archiven des Departements der Haute-Garonne aufbewahrt werden und unter gewissen Bedingungen zugänglich sind, stellen unersetzliche Quellen der Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges in dieser Gegend dar. Es handelt sich im wesentlichen um Archive der Präfekturverwaltung, welche die Auswirkungen des spanischen Bürgerkrieges, die Aufnahme von Flüchtlingen und Ausländern, die Internierungslager betreffen sowie die Polizei- und Gerichtsarchive, die die Geschichte der Besatzung und der Résistance erhellen.
La maison vicomtale de Narbonne aux Xe et XIe siècles
Authors: Stasser Thierry
Published: March 2015

The House of the Viscounts of Narbonne in the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries.

The matrimonial behavior of medieval potentates allows one to study and to understand better the political, economic and social structures of their times. In this perspective, the present study deals with the union of several Viscountesses of Narbonne with neighboring houses and shows up the House of Narbonne's network of family alliances.
La chasublerie à Toulouse du XVIe au XIXe siècle
Authors: Aribaud Christine
Published: March 2015

Établissant les fonctions et les usages des ornements liturgiques textiles dans les paroisses rurales du diocèse de Toulouse entre le XVIe et le XIXe siècle, cette étude dégage leur évolution stylistique, liée davantage aux aléas de la conjoncture économique et de la mode qu'aux prescriptions liturgiques. La chasublerie moderne doit donc être rangée parmi les arts appliqués.
Sur quelques « marchands portugais » établis à Toulouse à la fin du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Escoupérié-Merle Rose-Blanche
Published: March 2015

La condamnation en 1685 par le parlement de Toulouse de huit « marchands portugais » soupçonnés de continuer à pratiquer le judaïsme révèle la présence à Toulouse, dans la deuxième moitié du XVIIe siècle, d'un groupe de marchands d'origine ibérique, liés à leurs compatriotes de Bordeaux. Les actes qu'ils passèrent devant les notaires toulousains permettent d'évoquer certains aspects de leur vie familiale et professionnelle.
Le voyage en Californie de Pierre Vignes, de Béguey, Gironde (1843-1851)
Authors: Foucrier Annick
Published: March 2015

La découverte de son carnet de voyage permet de reconstituer l'itinéraire de vie de Pierre Esliens Vignes, parti de Bordeaux le 5 mai 1843 rejoindre son frère Jean-Louis en Californie, où il arrive le 15 juin 1844 et séjourne jusqu'en 1851. Il y est témoin d'événements majeurs dans l'histoire de cet état : occupation puis annexion par les Etats-Unis, ruée vers l'or. Trace de l'aventure personnelle d'un émigrant, ce carnet illustre le fonctionnement des mécanismes de l'émigration : les difficultés financières dans la région de départ, le voyage pour rejoindre un parent ou une connaissance, les solidarités familiales, l'installation temporaire ou définitive dans le pays d'accueil.
Fortaney Dupuy, un marchand bordelais au début du XVIe siècle
Authors: Mouthon Fabrice
Published: March 2015

Fortaney Dupuy, a Bordeaux Merchant at the Beginning of the 16th Century.

The archives of Saint Michael's church in Bordeaux contains the personal papers of a merchant, Fortaney Dupuy, who died about 1525. These papers include, in particular, the inventory of his estate and real property as well as a part of his accounting books for the years 1505-1522. Not very specialised, Fortaney Dupuy was active principally in the wine, barrel, cloth and woad trades, as well as in money lending.
Les ordres mendiants à Montpellier : « religieux de la ville nouvelle » ou religieux du consulat ?
Authors: Dérens Jean-Arnault
Published: March 2015

Les ordres mendiants implantés très tôt à Montpellier - Frères Prêcheurs, Mineurs, Augustins, Carmes et Sachets - entretenaient des relations extrêmement étroites avec les autorités consulaires, qui prenaient clairement leur parti lors des conflits qui les opposaient au clergé séculier (l'évêque de Maguelone ou le prieur de Saint-Firmin). Ces « religieux du consulat » jouaient un rôle important dans les cérémonies publiques, comme les processions qui visaient à affirmer l'unité de la ville. Seules les difficultés rencontrées par le couvent des Carmes au XIVe siècle semblent contredire cette collaboration entre les Frères et les consuls, ce qui est peut-être le signe d'une moindre intégration de cet ordre dans la vie urbaine.
Saint Amadour : formation et évolution de sa légende (XIIe-XXe siècle)
Authors: Bulles-Gasmand Bénédicte
Published: March 2015

Saint Amadour : Formation and Evolution of his Legend (twelfth-twentieth century).

Since the twelfth century, the body of Saint Amadour is preserved at Rocamadour. The legend, born at this period with the « discovery » of his entire body, tells how this servant of Jesus and Mary became a hermit in Quercy, thus founding the pilgrimage to Rocamadour. Up to tht seventeenth century accounts, the legend never stopped building ; Bernard Gui, for instance, linked it to the cycle of Saint Martial of Limoges. Subsequent historiography has linked it to others saints bearing the same name in Southern Europe, but the sources studied do not allow confirmation of this opinion.
Les magistrats de la Chambre de l'Édit de Languedoc (1579-1679)
Authors: Capot Stéphane
Published: March 2015

Die Richter der Ediktkammer des Languedoc (1579-1679).

Die 64 Richter, die zwischen 1579 und 1679 ein Amt an der Ediktkammer des Languedoc besaßen und ausübten, waren in der Mehrzahl Protestanten und entstammten entweder dem Adel oder solchen Familien, die erst kurz zuvor den gesellschaftlichen Aufstieg vollzogen hatten. Ihr Herkunftsgebiet lag in den stark vom Protestantismus geprägten Einzugsbereichen von Nîmes, Montpellier, Montauban und Castres. Häufig verblieben die Richterämter im Besitz ein und desselben Familienverbandes, wodurch die Richterschaft einen starken Gemeinschaftssinn entwickeln konnte, der sich in gegenseitigen Eheverbindungen und Patenschaften genauso ausdrückte wie in der untereinander geförderten Mitgliedschaft in der Akademie von Castres (1648-1670). Obwohl diese Familien gemeinsam als Funktionsträger der Justiz, des Militärs und der Kirche auftraten, entzweite sie ihr religiöses Bekenntnis, da sich jeder der Richter bemüßigt sah, die Ansprüche seiner eigenen Gemeinschaft geltend zu machen.
Mandibular gnathobases of marine planktonic copepods – feeding tools with complex micro- and nanoscale composite architectures
Authors: Michels Jan , Gorb Stanislav N
Published: March 2015

Copepods are dominant members of the marine zooplankton. Their diets often comprise large proportions of diatom taxa whose silicified frustules are mechanically stable and offer protection against grazers. Despite of this protection, many copepod species are able to efficiently break even the most stable frustule types. This ability requires specific feeding tools with mechanically adapted architectures, compositions and properties. When ingesting food, the copepods use the gnathobases of their mandibles to grab and, if necessary, crush and mince the food items. The morphology of these gnathobases is related to the diets of the copepods. Gnathobases of copepod species that mainly feed on phytoplankton feature compact and stable tooth-like structures, so-called teeth. In several copepod species these gnathobase teeth have been found to contain silica. Recent studies revealed that the siliceous teeth are complex microscale composites with silica-containing cap-like structures located on chitinous exoskeleton sockets that are connected with rubber-like bearings formed by structures with high proportions of the soft and elastic protein resilin. In addition, the silica-containing cap-like structures exhibit a nanoscale composite architecture. They contain some amorphous silica and large proportions of the crystalline silica type α-cristobalite and are pervaded by a fine chitinous fibre network that very likely serves as a scaffold during the silicification process. All these intricate composite structures are assumed to be the result of a coevolution between the copepod gnathobases and diatom frustules in an evolutionary arms race. The composites very likely increase both the performance of the siliceous teeth and their resistance to mechanical damage, and it is conceivable that their development has favoured the copepods’ dominance of the marine zooplankton observed today.
Development of Insertion and Deletion Markers based on Biparental Resequencing for Fine Mapping Seed Weight in Soybean
Authors: Li Ying‐hui , Liu Bo , Reif Jochen C. , Liu Yu‐lin , Li Hui‐hui , Chang Ru‐zhen , Qiu Li‐j uan
Published: March 2015

As a complement to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and simple sequence repeats (SSRs), biallelic insertions and deletions (InDels) represent powerful molecular markers with desirable features for filling the gap in current genetic linkage maps. In this study, 28,908 small InDel polymorphisms (1–5 base pair, bp) distributed genome‐wide were identified and annotated by comparison of a whole‐genome resequencing data set from two soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] genotypes, cultivar Zhonghunag13 (ZH) and line Zhongpin03‐5373 (ZP). The physical distribution of InDel polymorphisms in soybean genome was uneven, and matched closely with the distribution of previously annotated genes. The average density of InDel in the arm region was significantly higher than that in the pericentromeric region. The genomic regions that were fixed between the two elites were elucidated. With this information, five InDel markers within a putative quantitative trait locus (QTL) for seed weight (SW), qSW‐17‐2, were developed and used to genotype 254 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross of ZP × ZH. Adding these five InDel markers to previously used SNP and SSR markers facilitated the discovery of further recombination events allowing fine‐mapping the QTL to a 0.5 Mbp region. Our study clearly underlines the high value of InDel markers for map‐based cloning and marker‐assisted selection in soybean.
Fruit Quality Traits Have Played Critical Roles in Domestication of the Apple
Authors: Khan M. Awais , Olsen Kenneth M. , Sovero Valpuri , Kushad Mosbah M. , Korban Schuyler S.
Published: March 2015

With its long history of cultivation, the domesticated apple, Malus × domestica Borkh., is an excellent model for studying domestication in long‐lived perennial plants. As apples have been transported from their center of origin in the Tian Shan region in central Asia and moved along the famous Silk Road trading path, they have undergone selection for distinct phenotypic traits. In this study, a high‐throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping assay is used to investigate relationships of Malus species, draw inferences on the domestication history, identify traits critical for domestication, and assess potential genetic loci under selection. A total of 160 Malus accessions, including wild species, old and new apple cultivars, and advanced selections, were genotyped. Of 1536 SNPs from GoldenGate oligonucleotide pool assays (OPAs), 901 SNPs fulfilled filtering criteria. A principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that most M. × domestica accessions grouped together. A total of 67 loci, including 13 genomic SNPs and 54 genic SNPs, have been identified as potential targets for selection during evolution of the apple genome from its wild progenitor M. sieversii. Genes introgressed from local wild species into M. × domestica are associated with adaptation to local environments, while genes for fruit quality traits are derived from M. sieversii.
Evolution and Expression Analysis of the CCCH Zinc Finger Gene Family in Vitis vinifera
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Long , Zhong Yan , Cheng Zong‐Ming (Max)
Published: March 2015

The CCCH‐type (C3H‐type) zinc finger (Znf) proteins are specific transcriptional factors containing a typical motif with three cysteine residues and one histidine residue. Increasing evidence suggests that members of this family play important roles in many biological processes functioning in RNA processing as RNA‐binding proteins. To date, few plant C3H genes have been functionally characterized. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of C3H‐type Znf genes was performed in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). A total of 69 C3H genes were identified in V. vinifera (VvC3H1‐69), which clustered into 12 distinct phylogenetic subgroups. These genes were unevenly distributed on 19 grapevine chromosomes with 13 segmental duplication pairs and one tandem duplication pair. Thirty‐eight VvC3H proteins were predicted to putatively participate in nucleon‐cytoplasm shuttling and one was identified as a typical RNA‐binding protein. Expression profiling of the C3H genes indicated a pattern of differential expression of retained paralogous gene copies within V. vinifera. The information and data provided in the present study contributes to understand the evolutionary processes and potential functions of this gene family in grapevine growth and development, and responses to abiotic stress. The functional divergence and relationship to abiotic stresses of duplicate genes present in this family serves as a starting point.
Le psychologue et la question de l'urgence dans la clinique de l'étudiant
Authors: Sormet Thierry
Published: March 2015

L’exercice, dans une structure de consultation, expose le clinicien à des demandes urgentes. Ce type de demande nécessite, d’une part, une contextualisation, une prise en compte de l’environnement dans lequel émerge cette demande, d’autre part, une évaluation clinique, qui permettent de penser l’urgence supposée. À partir d’une expérience en service de médecine préventive universitaire et après avoir exposé quelques spécificités de la population étudiante, nous analyserons le décalage, qui consiste à envisager une urgence de la clinique plutôt qu’une clinique de l’urgence, considérant que ce qui semble impérieux serait, pour le sujet, d’être entendu dans son symptôme, de trouver une adresse à son symptôme.
Creating the “secret register”: The background to the register of trade agreements in Australia, 1967–1974
Authors: Shanahan Martin P. , Round Kerrie
Published: March 2015

Plusieurs pays qui après la Seconde Guerre mondiale ont adopté des lois contre les pratiques anticoncurrentielles ont obligé les firmes à déclarer tous les accords restrictifs. La loi de 1965 qui établit un registre de ce type en Australie mit de nombreuses années à voir le jour. Sa version finale n’est que l’ombre du texte initial. Néanmoins plus de 14000 ententes ont été déclarées durant les 7 années où la loi a été en vigueur. Cet article examine les facteurs qui expliquent la formation de ce registre, les forces qui en ont affaibli le fonctionnement, les débats parlementaires qui se sont déroulés au long de la genèse de la loi et pourquoi rétrospectivement cette loi peut être vue comme une étape décisive dans l’évolution de l’Australie vers une économie plus concurrentielle.
Does cartelization deteriorate or enhance industrial competitiveness? A case study of the Korean automotive industry
Authors: Parc Jimmyn
Published: March 2015

Bien que les aspects négatifs des cartels soient traditionnellement mis en avant, un certain nombre de chercheurs soutiennent sur la base de cas empiriques que les cartels ont aussi des aspects positifs. Ainsi, l’entente est l’une des questions controversées dans les débats sur la croissance économique. Cet article approfondit certains des effets et des fonctions propres à la cartellisation de l’industrie automobile coréenne. Le gouvernement de la Corée a encouragé la cartellisation afin de parvenir à un développement efficace de l’industrie et de renforcer sa compétitivité. En particulier, le gouvernement est activement intervenu dans l’industrie pendant les périodes de ralentissement économique. En conséquence, l’industrie automobile coréenne s’est stabilisée et a amélioré sa compétitivité pour devenir l’une des cinq premières mondiales aujourd’hui.
Les campagnes de communication sur les drogues sont-elles efficaces et utiles ?
Authors: Costes Jean-Michel , Wellenstein Aurélie
Published: March 2015

Cet article traite de l’utilité et de l’efficacité des grandes campagnes nationales de prévention sur les drogues. « Marchent-elles » ou ne « marchent-elles pas » ? Sont-elles vérifiées, évaluées ? Peut-on objectivement juger de leur impact ? Nous commencerons par détailler les onze campagnes de communication grand public qui ont été diffusées en France depuis 1982. Ensuite, nous nous pencherons sur l’évaluation de deux de ces campagnes nationales, avant de passer en revue la littérature scientifique sur l’efficacité des campagnes de communication grand public comme outil de prévention. Nous conclurons sur les points clés de l’efficacité d’une campagne et les points clés de son évaluation.
L'imaginaire cinématographique : une représentation culturelle
Authors: Freitas Gutfreind Cristiane
Published: March 2015

Résumé Ce texte fait partie d’une recherche sur l’imaginaire brésilien dans les médias en France et vice versa. Nous allons proposer une réflexion sur le cinéma entendu dans sa capacité d’articulation entre un système socioculturel, qui l’organise, et l’imaginaire.
Evaluación de diferentes ambientes en la sinterización de aleaciones pulvimetalúrgicas consolidadas por inducción de ultra-alta frecuencia
Authors: Sari Çavdar Pınar , Çavdar Uǧur
Published: March 2015

Este trabajo comprende una revisión de la aplicación de la inducción de ultra-alta frecuencia (UHFIS) en la sinterización de aleaciones pulvimetalúrgicas de base hierro para diferentes ambientes. Los tres ambientes estudiados son: atmósfera, argón y vacío aplicados a material ya consolidado. Aleaciones base hierro ya compactadas se sinterizan a temperaturas de 1120 °C durante 550 segundos por medio de máquinas de sinterizado por inducción de potencia de 2,8 kW y 900 kHz de frecuencia. Se compararán las propiedades microestructurales, y los valores obtenidos de densidad, rugosidad y microdureza para todos los ambientes estudiados.
Noncanonical STAT3 Activation Regulates Excess TGF-β1 and Collagen I Expression in Muscle of Stricturing Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Li Chao , Iness Audra , Yoon Jennifer , Grider John R. , Murthy Karnam S. , Kellum John M. , Kuemmerle John F.
Published: March 2015

Increased TGF-β1 and TGF-β1–dependent Collagen I production in intestinal mesenchymal cells result in fibrosis in patients with Montreal B2 fibrostenotic Crohn’s disease. Numerous cytokines, including IL-6, are produced by activated mesenchymal cells themselves and activate STAT3. The aim of the current study was to determine the mechanisms by which STAT-3 activation might result in intestinal fibrosis. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. STAT3 and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 protein levels were measured by immunoblot, STAT3-TGFB1 DNA–binding activity by chromatin immunoprecipitation, and TGFB1 transcriptional activity by luciferase reporter assay. TGF-β1 (TGFB1), Collagen1α1, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) gene expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The role of STAT3 activation was determined using STAT3 inhibitor, Stattic, and by transfection of STAT3 mutants. Autocrine production of cytokines was increased in muscle cells of B2 phenotype patients from strictures and normal intestine in the same patient and compared with other Crohn’s phenotypes, ulcerative colitis, and non-Crohn’s patients. A unique pattern of STAT3 phosphorylation emerged: high STAT3(S727) and low STAT3(Y705) in strictures and the opposite in unaffected intestine. TGFB1 transcriptional activity was regulated by phospho-STAT3(S727) and was decreased by Stattic or dominant-negative STAT3(S727A). TGF-β1, COL1A1, and CTGF expression was inhibited by Stattic or dominant-negative STAT3(S727A). Treatment of normal muscle cells with IL-6 or expression of constitutively active STAT3(S727E) phenocopied muscle cells from strictured intestine. Neutralization of autocrine IL-6 reversed STAT3 phosphorylation and normalized expression of TGF-β1 in strictured intestinal muscle. The ability of Stattic to improve development of fibrosis was confirmed in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid–induced colitis. We observed a unique phospho-STAT3(S727) response in patients with Montreal B2 Crohn’s disease, particularly in response to IL-6 leading to increased TGF-β1, collagen, and CTGF production in ileal strictures.
A PosterioriError Estimates of Semidiscrete Mixed Finite Element Methods for Parabolic Optimal Control Problems
Authors: Chen Yanping , Lin Zhuoqing
Published: March 2015

A posteriorierror estimates of semidiscrete mixed finite element methods for quadratic optimal control problems involving linear parabolic equations are developed. The state and co-state are discretised by Raviart-Thomas mixed finite element spaces of orderk, and the control is approximated by piecewise polynomials of orderk(k≥ 0). We derive oura posteriorierror estimates for the state and the control approximations via a mixed elliptic reconstruction method. These estimates seem to be unavailable elsewhere in the literature, although they represent an important step towards developing reliable adaptive mixed finite element approximation schemes for the control problem.
Distributed Feedback Control of the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers Equation by a Reduced-Order Model
Authors: Piao Guang-Ri , Lee Hyung-Chun
Published: March 2015

A reduced-order model for distributed feedback control of the Benjamin-Bona-Mahony-Burgers (BBMB) equation is discussed. To retain more information in our model, we first calculate the functional gain in the full-order case, and then invoke the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method to design a low-order controller and thereby reduce the order of the model. Numerical experiments demonstrate that a solution of the reduced-order model performs well in comparison with a solution for the full-order description.
Инвариантные функционалы и интеграл Замолодчиковых
Authors: Bui Van Binh  , Schechtman Vadim V
Published: March 2015

Комплексный интеграл Сельберга, встречающийся в модели Лиувилля конформной теории поля, вычисляется методом Бернштейна-Резникова.
Индекс дифференциальных форм на полных пересечениях
Authors: Aleksandrov Aleksandr Grigor'evich
Published: March 2015

Статья посвящена развитию гомологического подхода к задаче вычисления локального топологического индекса голоморфных дифференциальных $1$-форм, заданных на комплексном пространстве. При исследовании случая полных пересечений описанный метод опирается на конструкцию резольвент Лебелта и Кузена, а также на простейшие свойства обобщенного и обычного комплексов Кошуля, регулярных мероморфных дифференциальных форм и отображения вычета. В частности, показано, что индекс дифференциальной формы с изолированной особенностью равен размерности аналитической алгебры нульмерного ростка, который задается идеалом, порожденным внутренним произведением этой формы и гамильтоновых векторных полей, заданных на полном пересечении. При этом в квазиоднородном случае индекс можно явно выразить в терминах значений классических симметрических функций. Кроме того, обсуждаются и некоторые другие способы вычисления гомологического индекса $1$-форм, заданных на аналитических пространствах с особенностями самых разных типов.
The South-South and the National Conference of 2014
Authors: Okeke OE
Published: March 2015

In 2014, the Goodluck Jonathan-led federal government convened a constitutional conference. The government charged the delegates to discuss every conceivable constitutional issue except the breakup of Nigeria. Delegates at the conference represented states and interest groups. But the most controversial issues at the conference were those that pitted groups organized on geo-political basis against one another. It is in this context that we can discuss proceedings and decisions of the conference on the basis of the conflicting interests of the regions and geopolitical zones of the country. This essay discusses the positions of the South-South on the conference. It begins with a definition of the South-South. This is followed by a discussion of the zone’s position on the convocation of the conference. Finally, it discusses three issues that were of special concern to South-South delegates at the conference.Key words and Phrases: Goodluck Jonathan, federal government, south-south, and national conference.
Morphological features of the tongue in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Authors: Pourlis A.
Published: March 2015

Introduction: The aim of the study was to examine the morphology of the tongue in the quail. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the tongues of six adult quails (three males, three females) were studied. Specimen's observation was performed with a scanning electron microscope. Results: The tongue was triangular in shape with a shallow median groove along the body. The length of the tongue was 1.2 cm. The length of the body was 1cm whereas of the root 2 mm. The anterior dorsal surface showed a relatively smooth surface lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Openings of lingual glands, partly filled with mucus were identified. The caudal part of the body of the tongue exhibited two slightly raised symmetrical areas. A transverse groove separated the root from the body of the tongue. Along the posterior border of the root, a crest of conical papillae was observed. Behind the glottis, big conical papillae were also recorded. Conclusion: These morphological indings could be useful for further studies of avian feeding mechanisms and comparisons with other avian species.
A new method for measuring the imaginary part of the atmospheric refractive index structure parameter in the urban surface layer
Authors: Yuan R. , Luo T. , Sun J. , Zeng Z. , Ge C. , Fu Y.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The atmospheric refractive index consists of both real and imaginary parts. The intensity of refractive index fluctuations is generally expressed as the refractive index structure parameter, with the real part reflecting the strength of atmospheric turbulence and the imaginary part reflecting absorption in the light path. A large aperture scintillometer (LAS) is often used to measure the structure parameter of the real part of the atmospheric refractive index, from which the sensible and latent heat fluxes can further be obtained, whereas the influence of the imaginary part is ignored or considered noise. In this theoretical analysis study, the relationship between logarithmic light intensity variance and the atmospheric refractive index structure parameter (ARISP), as well as that between the logarithmic light intensity structure function and the ARISP, is derived. Additionally, a simple expression for the imaginary part of the ARISP is obtained which can be conveniently used to determine the imaginary part of the ARISP from LAS measurements. Moreover, these relationships provide a new method for estimating the outer scale of turbulence. Light propagation experiments were performed in the urban surface layer, from which the imaginary part of the ARISP was calculated. The experimental results showed good agreement with the presented theory. The results also suggest that the imaginary part of the ARISP exhibits a different diurnal variation from that of the real part. For the wavelength of light used (0.62 μm), the variation of the imaginary part of the ARISP is related to both the turbulent transport process and the spatial distribution characteristics of aerosols.
Smoke aerosol properties and ageing effects for Northern temperate and boreal regions derived from AERONET source and age attribution
Authors: Nikonovas T. , North P. R. J. , Doerr S. H.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Particulate emissions from wildfires impact human health and have a large but uncertain effect on climate. Modelling schemes depend on information about emission factors, emitted particle microphysical and optical properties and ageing effects, while satellite retrieval algorithms make use of characteristic aerosol models to improve retrieval. Ground based remote sensing provides detailed aerosol characterisation, but does not contain information on source. Here, a method is presented to estimate plume origin land cover type and age for AERONET aerosol observations, employing trajectory modelling using the HYSPLIT model, and satellite active fire and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) observations from MODIS and AATSR. It is applied to AERONET stations located in or near Northern temperate and boreal forests, for the period 2002–2013. The results from 629 fire attributions indicate significant differences in size distributions and particle optical properties between different land cover types. Smallest fine mode median radius are attributed to plumes from cropland – natural vegetation mosaic (0.143 μm) and grasslands (0.147 μm) fires. Evergreen needleleaf forest emissions show a significantly smaller fine mode median radius (0.164 μm) than plumes from woody savannas (0.184 μm) and mixed forest (0.193 μm) fires. Smoke plumes are predominantly scattering for all of the classes with median single scattering albedo at 440 nm (SSA(440)) values close to 0.95 except the cropland emissions which have a SSA(440) value of 0.9. Overall fine mode volume median radius increase rate is 0.0095 μm per day for the first 4 days of ageing and 0.0084 μm per day for seven days of ageing. Changes in size were consistent with a decrease in Angstrom Exponent and increase in Asymmetry parameter. No significant changes in SSA(λ) with ageing were found. These estimates have implications for improved modelling of aerosol radiative effects, relevant to both climate modelling and satellite aerosol retrieval schemes.
Hygroscopic and phase separation properties of ammonium sulfate/organic/water ternary solutions
Authors: Zawadowicz M. A. , Proud S. R. , Seppalainen S. S. , Cziczo D. J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosol particles are often partially or completely composed of inorganic salts, such as ammonium sulfate and sodium chloride, and therefore exhibit hygroscopic properties. Many inorganic salts have well-defined deliquescence and efflorescence points at which they take up and lose water, respectively. Deliquescence and efflorescence of simple inorganic salt particles have been investigated by a variety of methods, such as IR spectroscopy, tandem mobility analysis and electrodynamic balance. Field measurements have shown that atmospheric aerosols are not typically pure inorganic salt, instead they often also contain organic species. There is ample evidence from laboratory studies that suggests that mixed particles exist in a phase-separated state, with an aqueous inorganic core and organic shell. Although phase separation has not been measured in situ, there is no reason it would not also take place in the atmosphere. Many recent studies have focused on microscopy techniques that require deposition of the aerosol on a glass slide, possibly changing its surface properties. Here, we investigate the deliquescence and efflorescence points, phase separation and ability to exchange gas-phase components of mixed organic and inorganic aerosol using a flow tube coupled with FTIR spectroscopy. Ammonium sulfate aerosol mixed with organic polyols with different O : C ratios, including 1,4-butanediol, glycerol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol, 1,2-hexanediol, and 1,5-pentanediol have been investigated. Those constituents correspond to materials found in the atmosphere in great abundance, and therefore, particles prepared in this study should mimic atmospheric mixed phase aerosol particles. The results of this study tend to be in agreement with previous microscopy experiments, with several key differences, which possibly reveal a size-dependent effect on phase separation in organic/inorganic aerosol particles.
Chemical aging of single and multicomponent biomass burning aerosol surrogate-particles by OH: implications for cloud condensation nucleus activity
Authors: Slade J. H. , Thalman R. , Wang J. , Knopf D. A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Multiphase OH and O3 oxidation reactions with atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) can influence particle physicochemical properties including composition, morphology, and lifetime. Chemical aging of initially insoluble or low soluble single-component OA by OH and O3 can increase their water-solubility and hygroscopicity, making them more active as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and susceptible to wet deposition. However, an outstanding problem is whether the effects of chemical aging on their CCN activity are preserved when mixed with other organic or inorganic compounds exhibiting greater water-solubility. In this work, the CCN activity of laboratory-generated biomass burning aerosol (BBA) surrogate-particles exposed to OH and O3 is evaluated by determining the hygroscopicity parameter, κ, as a function of particle type, mixing state, and OH/O3 exposure applying a CCN counter (CCNc) coupled to an aerosol flow reactor (AFR). Levoglucosan (LEV), 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol (MNC), and potassium sulfate (KS) serve as representative BBA compounds that exhibit different hygroscopicity, water solubility, chemical functionalities, and reactivity with OH radicals, and thus exemplify the complexity of mixed inorganic/organic aerosol in the atmosphere. The CCN activities of all of the particles were unaffected by O3 exposure. Following exposure to OH, κ of MNC was enhanced by an order of magnitude, from 0.009 to ~0.1, indicating that chemically-aged MNC particles are better CCN and more prone to wet deposition than pure MNC particles. No significant enhancement in κ was observed for pure LEV particles following OH exposure. κ of the internally-mixed particles was not affected by OH oxidation. Furthermore, the CCN activity of OH exposed MNC-coated KS particles is similar to the OH unexposed atomized 1 : 1 by mass MNC : KS binary-component particles. Our results strongly suggest that when OA is dominated by water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) or inorganic ions, chemical aging has no significant impact on OA hygroscopicity. The organic compounds exhibiting low solubility behave as if they are infinitely soluble when mixed with a sufficient amount of water-soluble compounds. At and beyond this point, the particles' CCN activity is governed entirely by the water-soluble fraction and not influenced by the oxidized organic fraction. Our results have important implications for heterogeneous oxidation and its impact on cloud formation given that atmospheric aerosol is a complex mixture of organic and inorganic compounds exhibiting a wide-range of solubilities.
Total column water vapour measurements from GOME-2 MetOp-A and MetOp-B
Authors: Grossi M. , Valks P. , Loyola D. , Aberle B. , Slijkhuis S. , Wagner T. , Beirle S. , Lang R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Knowledge of the total column water vapour (TCWV) global distribution is fundamental for climate analysis and weather monitoring. In this work, we present the retrieval algorithm used to derive the operational TCWV from the GOME-2 sensors aboard EUMETSAT's MetOp-A and MetOp-B satellites and perform an extensive inter-comparison in order to evaluate their consistency and temporal stability. For the analysis, the GOME-2 data sets are generated by DLR in the framework of the EUMETSAT O3M-SAF project using the GOME Data Processor (GDP) version 4.7. The retrieval algorithm is based on a classical Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) method and combines a H2O and O2 retrieval for the computation of the trace gas vertical column density. We introduce a further enhancement in the quality of the H2O total column by optimizing the cloud screening and developing an empirical correction in order to eliminate the instrument scan angle dependencies. The overall consistency between measurements from the newer GOME-2 instrument on board of the MetOp-B platform and the GOME-2/MetOp-A data is evaluated in the overlap period (December 2012–June 2014). Furthermore, we compare GOME-2 results with independent TCWV data from the ECMWF ERA-Interim reanalysis, with SSMIS satellite measurements during the full period January 2007–June 2014 and against the combined SSM/I + MERIS satellite data set developed in the framework of the ESA DUE GlobVapour project (January 2007–December 2008). Global mean biases as small as ±0.035 g cm−2 are found between GOME-2A and all other data sets. The combined SSM/I-MERIS sample and the ECMWF ERA-Interim data set are typically drier than the GOME-2 retrievals, while on average GOME-2 data overestimate the SSMIS measurements by only 0.006 g cm−2. However, the size of these biases is seasonally dependent. Monthly average differences can be as large as 0.1 g cm−2, based on the analysis against SSMIS measurements, which include only data over ocean. The seasonal behaviour is not as evident when comparing GOME-2 TCWV to the ECMWF ERA-Interim and the SSM/I+MERIS data sets, since the different biases over land and ocean surfaces partly compensate each other. Studying two exemplary months, we estimate regional differences and identify a very good agreement between GOME-2 total columns and all three data sets, especially for land areas, although some discrepancies (bias larger than ±0.5 g cm−2) over ocean and over land areas with high humidity or a relatively large surface albedo are observed.
Maximum likelihood representation of MIPAS profiles
Authors: von Clarmann T. , Glatthor N. , Plieninger J.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In order to avoid problems connected with the content of a priori information in volume mixing ratio vertical profiles measured with the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS), a user-friendly representation of the data has been developed which will be made available in addition to the regular data product. In this representation, the data will be provided on a fixed pressure grid coarse enough to allow a virtually unconstrained retrieval. As to avoid data interpolation, the grid is chosen to be a subset of the pressure grids used by the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative and the Data Initiative within the Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate (SPARC) project as well as the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change climatologies and model calculations. For representation, the profiles have been transformed to boxcar base functions, which means that volume mixing ratios are constant within a layer. This representation is thought to be more adequate for comparison with model data. While this method is applicable also to vertical profiles of other species, the method is discussed using ozone as an example.
PyXRD v0.6.2: a FOSS program to quantify disordered, layered minerals using multi-specimen X-ray diffraction profile fitting
Authors: Dumon M. , Van Ranst E.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. This paper presents a free and open-source model called PyXRD (short for Python X-ray diffraction) to improve the quantification of complex, poly-phasic mixed-layer phyllosilicate assemblages. The novelty of this model is the ab initio incorporation of the multi-specimen method, making it possible to share phases and (a selection of) their parameters across multiple specimens. By effectively reducing the number of parameters and increasing the number of observations, this approach speeds up the manual refinement process significantly when automated algorithms are used. To check the hypothesis that the multi-specimen set-up can improve automatic parameter refinement, we calculated X-ray diffraction patterns for four theoretical mineral assemblages. These patterns were then used as input for a refinement employing the multi-specimen set-up and one employing the single-pattern set-ups. For all of the assemblages, PyXRD was able to reproduce or approximate the input parameters with the multi-specimen approach. Diverging solutions only occurred in single-pattern set-ups which do not contain enough information (e.g. patterns of heated samples) to discern all the different minerals. Assuming a correct qualitative interpretation was made and a single pattern exists in which all phases are sufficiently discernible, the obtained results indicate a good quantification can often be obtained with just that pattern. For naturally occurring samples, this could mean modelling air-dry and/or ethylene-glycolated patterns might be sufficient. However, these results from theoretical experiments cannot automatically be extrapolated to all real-life experiments. In any case, PyXRD has proven to be very useful when X-ray diffraction patterns are modelled for complex mineral assemblages containing mixed-layer phyllosilicates with a multi-specimen approach.
Development of Global Sea Ice 6.0 CICE configuration for the Met Office Global Coupled Model
Authors: Rae J. G. L. , Hewitt H. T. , Keen A. B. , Ridley J. K. , West A. E. , Harris C. M. , Hunke E. C. , Walters D. N.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. The new sea ice configuration GSI6.0, used in the Met Office global coupled configuration GC2.0, is described and the sea ice extent, thickness and volume are compared with the previous configuration and with observationally-based datasets. In the Arctic, the sea ice is thicker in all seasons than in the previous configuration, and there is now better agreement of the modelled concentration and extent with the HadISST dataset. In the Antarctic, a warm bias in the ocean model has been exacerbated at the higher resolution of GC2.0, leading to a large reduction in ice extent and volume; further work is required to rectify this in future configurations.
Linking local wildfire dynamics to pyroCb development
Authors: McRae R. H. D. , Sharples J. J. , Fromm M.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Extreme wildfires are global phenomena that consistently result in loss of life and property and further impact the cultural, economic and political stability of communities. In their most severe form they cause widespread devastation of environmental assets and are capable of impacting the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere through the formation of a thunderstorm within the plume. Such fires are now often observed by a range of remote-sensing technologies, which together allow a greater understanding of a fire's complex dynamics. This paper considers one such fire that burnt in the Blue Mountains region of Australia in late November 2006, which is known to have generated significant pyrocumulonimbus clouds in a series of blow-up events. Observations of this fire are analysed in detail to investigate the localised processes contributing to extreme fire development. In particular, it has been possible to demonstrate for the first time that the most violent instances of pyroconvection were driven by, and not just associated with, atypical local fire dynamics, especially the fire channelling phenomenon, which arises due to an interaction between an active fire, local terrain attributes and critical fire weather and causes the fire to rapidly transition from a frontal to an areal burning pattern. The impacts of local variations in fire weather and of the atmospheric profile are also discussed, and the ability to predict extreme fire development with state-of-the-art tools is explored.
Structure of the upper mantle in the north-western and central United States from USArray S-receiver functions
Authors: Kind R. , Yuan X. , Mechie J. , Sodoudi F.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. We used more than 40 000 S-receiver functions recorded by the USArray project to study the structure of the upper mantle between the Moho and the 410 km discontinuity from the Phanerozoic western United States to the cratonic central US. We obtained clear observations of downward velocity reductions in the uppermost mantle which are commonly interpreted as the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) in the western US and as the mid-lithospheric discontinuity (MLD) in the cratonic US. We observe the western LAB reaching partly to the mid-continental rift system underneath the cratonic crust. The MLD is surprisingly plunging steeply towards the west from the Rocky Mountains Front to about 200 km depth near the Sevier Thrust Belt. There is a significant break in the lithosphere at the Sevier Thrust Belt. We also observe a velocity reduction about 30 km above the 410 km discontinuity in the same region where in the western US the LAB is observed, but not in the cratonic US.
Korean mothers’ KakaoStory use and its relationship to psychological well-being
Authors: Kim Jinyoung , Ahn June , Vitak Jessica
Published: March 2015

This study investigates the relationship between life contexts, SNS use, and psychological well-being, by focusing on Korean mothers’ interactions on a popular social network site (SNS), KakaoStory. Through analysis of survey and interview data, we find (1) a positive relationship between KakaoStory use and mothers’ perceptions of positive relations with others (a construct of psychological well-being), but no relationship with overall life satisfaction; (2) employment status is an important contextual factor that influences Korean mothers’ social connections, KakaoStory use, and psychological well-being; and, (3) working mothers lack opportunities for socialization and report lower levels of positive relations with others compared to stay-at-home mothers, when controlling for reported self-esteem. By analyzing these relationships, this study sheds light on the important role contextual factors play in determining women’s use of social media and unpacks the effect of social media use on different dimensions of psychological well-being.
ADVANCES IN FILLER DISPERSION MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Nikiel Leszek , Mason Russell , Wampler Wesley
Published: March 2015

It is well documented throughout the literature that filler dispersion significantly influences rubber performance. However, there is no single experimental method to measure dispersion precisely. By presenting new experimental techniques and reviewing several existing ones that measure dispersion at different length scales, steps are undertaken to close the knowledge gap in understanding dispersion. Some methods, such as electrical resistivity, are able to probe only the conductive carbon black network; the others take into consideration all compounding ingredients including mineral fillers and chemicals. One of the techniques discussed in more detail will be surface profilometry, which is based on the noncontact optical interferometry principle. The other technique reviewed in more detail is based on high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging. These different techniques were employed to evaluate multiple rubber compounds with varying dispersion levels, and the data will be presented and discussed.