bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with common comorbidities in children, adolescents and adults: a review
Authors: Hutchison Shari L. , Ghuman Jaswinder K. , Ghuman Harinder S. , Karpov Irina , Schuster James M.
Published: May 2016

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders and is associated with higher incidence of comorbid oppositional or conduct, mood, anxiety, pervasive developmental, and substance-use disorders. Comorbid mental health conditions may alter the presence of symptoms and treatment of ADHD. Atomoxetine (ATX), a nonstimulant medication for the treatment of ADHD, may be prescribed for individuals with ADHD and comorbid conditions despite some risk for certain undesirable side effects and lower effectiveness for the treatment of ADHD than stimulants. In this paper, we review studies utilizing randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) as well as within-subject designs to determine the effectiveness of ATX in the treatment of children and adults with ADHD and comorbid conditions. The current review uses an expanded methodology beyond systematic review of randomized controlled trials in order to improve generalizability of results to real-world practice. A total of 24 articles published from 2007 to 2015 were reviewed, including 14 RCTs: n = 1348 ATX, and n = 832 placebo. The majority of studies show that ATX is effective in the treatment of ADHD symptoms for individuals with ADHD and comorbid disorders. Cohen’s d effect sizes (ES) for improvement in ADHD symptoms and behaviors range from 0.47 to 2.21. The effectiveness of ATX to improve symptoms specific to comorbidity varied by type but appeared to be most effective for diminishing the presence of symptoms for those with comorbid anxiety, ES range of 0.40 to 1.51, and oppositional defiant disorder, ES range of 0.52 to 1.10. There are mixed or limited results for individuals with ADHD and comorbid substance-use disorders, autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia or reading disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, and Tourette syndrome. Results from this review suggest that ATX is effective in the treatment of some youth and adults with ADHD and comorbid disorders, and may be a treatment option in these patients.
Consensus and Crisis in American Classical Music Historiography from 1890 to 1950
Authors: Paul David C.
Published: May 2016

In the late nineteenth century American publishers began to answer a burgeoning demand for histories of classical music. Although some of the authors they contracted are well-known to scholars of music in the United States—most notably Edward MacDowell and John Knowles Paine—the books themselves have been neglected. The reason is that these histories are almost exclusively concerned with the European musical past; the United States is a marginal presence in their narratives. But much can be learned about American musical culture by looking more closely at the historiographical practices employed in these histories and the changes that took place in the books that succeeded them in the first half of the twentieth century. In particular, they shed light on the shifting transatlantic connections that shaped American attitudes toward classical music. Marked at first by an Anglo-American consensus bolstered by the social evolutionary theory of prominent Victorians, American classical music histories came to be variegated, a result of the influence of Central European émigrés who fled Hitler’s Germany and settled in North America. The most dramatic part of this transformation pertains to American attitudes toward the link between music and modernity. A case study, the American reception of Gustav Mahler, reveals why Americans began to see signs of cultural decline in classical music only in the 1930s, despite the precedent set by many pessimistic fin-de-siècle European writers.
Dimensión geográfica de los lugares de socialización entre HSH en la Ciudad de Guatemala y su vinculación con el turismo
Authors: Sánchez-Crispín Álvaro , Mollinedo-Beltrán Gerardo
Published: May 2016

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo explicar, territorialmente, los sitios de socialización entre hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres (HSH) en la Ciudad de Guatemala y su relación con la actividad turística. En una primera parte, se exponen algunos de los conceptos centrales referentes al estudio de los lugares de encuentro de este segmento de la población, desde una perspectiva geográfica. Enseguida, se presenta una visión general de la capital guatemalteca como lugar central del país y nodo principal de servicios para comunidades allende su demarcación nacional, en términos económicos en general y turísticos en especial. En la tercera parte del texto se exponen los resultados de investigación que revelan la expresión territorial de los lugares estudiados. Un hallazgo de este trabajo indica que aunque el volumen demográfico de esta ciudad es considerable, dispone de pocos espacios de socialización de este tipo; sin embargo, su hinterland se expande hacia distintos sitios del país y de naciones vecinas, como El Salvador. ABSTRACTThis paper examines the issue of the territorial arrangement of MSM (men who have sex with men) socialization spaces in Guatemala City and its relationship with tourism. First, we analyze some of the main concepts associated with the explanation of how such places have managed to occupy certain areas within the urban area. Then, we present an overview of Guatemala City as the central place of the country providing services to nationals and foreigners alike. The main research results are given in the last part of the paper, pinpointing at the territorial expression of the places studied. One important finding is that, regardless of its demographic volume, Guatemala City offers a limited number of homoerotic locations. These have a clearly identifiable hinterland, drawn along the southern areas of the country, and including places in neighboring countries such as El Salvador.
Identificación de tipologías de asentamiento para el diseño de tratamiento descentralizado de aguas residuales. Caso de estudio: San Isidro de Heredia - Costa Rica
Authors: Avendaño-Leadem Daniel Francisco
Published: May 2016

El proyecto de Saneamiento Ambiental de la Empresa de Servicios Públicos de Heredia tiene como objetivo tratar las aguas residuales que se generan en los cantones de Heredia, San Rafael y San Isidro de forma centralizada, sin embargo se ha topado con el problema de que ciertos asentamientos del cantón de San Isidro no podrán ser conectados directamente a la nueva red de alcantarillado sanitario. Partiendo de la eficiencia y la adaptabilidad de las diferentes alternativas de tratamiento, la presente investigación propone sistemas descentralizadas de tratamiento de aguas residuales para los asentamientos que lo requieran. La metodología contempla las variables de densidad y crecimiento poblacional, zonificación de uso del suelo, disponibilidad de espacio y cercanía a un cuerpo de agua. ABSTRACT The Environmental Sanitation Project of the Public Works Company of Heredia (ESPH, for its name in Spanish) aims at treating the wastewater being generated in the municipalities of Heredia, San Rafael and San Isidro in a centralized system. However, it has faced the problem that certain settlements in San Isidro cannot be connected directly to the proposed sewerage network. Based on the efficiency and adaptability of the different treatment alternatives, this research proposes decentralized wastewater treatment systems for the settlements that require them. The methodology considers the variables of population growth and density, land use zoning, spatial availability and closeness to a waterbody in order to classify the settlements into four archetypal typologies sharing similar conditions to facilitate the selection of decentralized treatment options for each settlement.
Amamentação e prática de benzimentos: revisão integrativa
Authors: STADLER Suzelaine Taize , FUJINAGA Cristina Ide
Published: May 2016

Objetivo: investigar a influência da práticas de benzimentos relacionadas com o processo de amamentação apresentadas na literatura científica. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa, com publicações coletadas no banco de dados: Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO); Google Scholar e ResearchGate, resultando em duas publicações para a amostra. Resultados: Os estudos abordam a prática de benzedeiras como uma forma alternativa de tratamento eficaz para ser utilizado durante a lactação; a busca pela prática de benzedeiras ocorre pelas próprias mulheres geralmente logo após o nascimento do bebê, por influências familiares, pelos amigos e também pelo ambiente social. Conclusão: Observou-se que a utilização da prática de benzimentos são eficazes frente as dificuldades que podem surgir durante o processo de amamentação. Além disso, percebe-se que a postura das benzedeiras é de acolhimento e as mesmas fazem parte da rede social das mulheres. Diante disso, torna-se relevante que os profissionais de saúde reconheçam a importância das relações da rede social das mulheres que amamentam e valorizem os aspectos culturais e saberes populares constituintes do processo de amamentação.
O atendimento terapêutico às vitimas de violência sexual no município de São José dos Pinhais: Experiência de implantação do ambulatório sentinela.
Authors: FRIEDRICH Soeli Andrea Guralh
Published: May 2016

As reflexões do presente artigo tratam de uma importante demanda de saúde pública na atualidade, o atendimento e acompanhamento às vitimas de violência sexual. Objetiva discorrer sobre a implantação do Ambulatório Sentinela, no Município de São José dos Pinhais, como alternativa de atendimento terapêutico às vitimas de violência sexual, bem como, dos agravos decorrentes desta violência. O estudo parte da contextualização dos indicadores da proporção de casos, dos conceitos necessários à compreensão da temática, articulada às diretrizes de atendimento presentes na legislação recente. Na sequencia, é apresentada uma caracterização do Ambulatório, elencando também as alternativas e desafios que se colocam aos profissionais que realizam os atendimentos. Na esfera dos procedimentos metodológicos fez-se uso de pesquisa bibliográfica, estudo de fontes documentais e observação da dinâmica institucional. A principal constatação evidenciada pela pesquisa é de que a implantação de um serviço específico de atendimento às pessoas em situação de violência sexual promove a agilidade das ações de saúde ao centralizá-las em um único espaço, maior vinculação dos pacientes ao serviço, reduzindo a exposição e o constrangimento, além de servir de referência aos demais equipamentos da rede.
Contributo para a compreensão do financiamento da saúde em Portugal: O caso dos cuidados de saúde primários, dos cuidados hospitalares e dos cuidados continuados.
Authors: ESCOVAL Ana , SANTOS Ana Tito Lívio , BARBOSA Patrícia
Published: May 2016

O sistema de saúde português assenta num mix de fontes de financiamento público e privado, tal como acontece em vários países europeus.Dada a sua complexidade, pareceu útil desenvolver um artigo com o objetivo de contribuir para a compreensão do financiamento de saúde em Portugal, tendo em conta as particularidades dos cuidados de saúde primários, dos cuidados hospitalares e ainda dos cuidados continuados.Para esse efeito, foi realizada uma revisão de literatura, com recurso à B-on (Biblioteca do Conhecimento OnlineB-ON - Biblioteca do conhecimento online), através da opção “pesquisa global”, utilizando os descritores financiamento, saúde, Portugal. Como critérios de inclusão foram considerados a existência de um resumo, a disponibilidade integral do artigo online, o período temporal de publicação entre 2005-2015 e o facto de respeitar em concreto o setor da saúde.Os resultados obtidos permitiram a descrição e explicitação das formas de financiamento utilizados no setor da saúde em Portugal, assim como apresentar o modelo de financiamento nos vários níveis de cuidados: primários, hospitalares e continuados.
Community Learning and University Policy: An Inner-City University Goes Back to School
Authors: Axworthy Lloyd , DeRiviere Linda , Moore Rattray Jennifer
Published: May 2016

For at least a decade now, the University of Winnipeg (U of W), an urban institution on Treaty One land in the heart of the Métis Nation, has challenged existing academic models and practices, and has incorporated strategies that address the social divide between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in order to more effectively serve the learning needs of its surrounding community. This article demonstrates how an inner-city university has used internal policies and programs to help support the self-determination of Indigenous peoples. Six community learning initiatives were recently evaluated for impact. This article will provide an overview of the positive outcomes of these learning initiatives on a community of underrepresented learners.
Association of New Mutant Allele, w4‐nw, at W4 Locus with Near‐White Flower Color in Soybean
Authors: Park Gyu Tae , Sundaramoorthy Jagadeesh , Lee Jeong‐Dong , Kim Jeong Hoe , Park Soon‐Ki , Seo Hak Soo , Song Jong Tae
Published: May 2016

An ethyl methanesulfonate‐induced mutant (PE1033) with near‐white flowers was isolated from the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivar Pungsannamul with purple flowers that had the W1w3W4 genotype. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the genetic and molecular bases of the flower color variation displayed by the PE1033 mutant. Analyses of genomic sequences and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) revealed that the color variation of PE1033 flowers originated from a recessive mutation in the W4 locus that encodes dihydroflavonol 4‐reductase (DFR) 2. The new mutant allele, named w4‐nw, harbored a single‐nucleotide substitution (G to A) at the 5′ spliceosome recognition site in the first intron of DFR2, resulting in the failure of splicing and producing two different abnormal transcripts: w4‐nw‐a and w4‐nw‐b. The former encoded a truncated DFR2 protein because of the occurrence of a premature stop codon in the first intron, which was retained in the transcript; the latter resulted from alternative splicing of the first intron and encoded a DFR2 protein that lacked 11 amino acid residues in the N‐terminus. Derived cleaved amplified polymorphism sequence (dCAPS) analysis revealed a tight cosegregation pattern between the w4‐nw mutant allele and near‐white color phenotype. In conclusion, the novel mutation in the W4 locus, w4‐nw, caused the production of near‐white flowers under the w3 allelic background of PE1033.
L’adieu aux armes ?
Authors: Le Huérou Anne , Sieca-Kozlowski Elisabeth
Published: May 2016

Dans cette contribution consacrée aux vétérans russes de la guerre en Tchétchénie, les auteurs explorent un certain nombre de trajectoires post-guerre suivies par les anciens soldats démobilisés ou les policiers retournés à leurs fonctions ordinaires de maintien de l’ordre. La transposition de l’expérience de guerre est l’une des hypothèses avancées, mais d’autres facteurs sont mis en avant pour expliquer les manifestations de violence apparues sur d’autres terrains et dont les vétérans sont partie prenante, comme la socialisation des combattants dans des institutions brutales (armée, police) et des éléments relevant du discours et des politiques étatiques autorisant implicitement ou explicitement la violence.
Tourisme durable, attractivité touristique et gastronomie : le cas de la Bretagne
Authors: Prigent Lionel
Published: May 2016

Le tourisme constitue l’un des secteurs économiques majeurs de la Bretagne. Mais les résultats de fréquentation du début des années 2010 ont confirmé son essoufflement. Pour y répondre, des initiatives se sont développées pour diversifier l’offre de produits touristiques et améliorer la qualité, notamment par des actions vers la gastronomie : mise en valeur des produits du terroir, soutien aux appellations labellisées et aux restaurants étoilés. Ces politiques sont portées par des acteurs économiques locaux, mais elles sont aussi largement relayées, voire initiées par les pouvoirs publics...
La gastronomie du terroir, source de plénitude : le cas de la Haute-Savoie
Authors: Barthod-Prothade Mireille , Sages Roger , Cristini Hélène
Published: May 2016

Les habitants du territoire de la Haute-Savoie ont l’art et la manière d’offrir aux touristes, la possibilité de concilier les activités sportives telles que le ski et les sports nautiques, les randonnées, le VTT, l’alpinisme avec la contemplation des paysages magnifiques pendant qu’ils apprécient les produits du terroir. Le but de cet article est d’envisager le processus de création du bien commun au sein d’un district patrimonial, de telle façon à ce que celui-ci devienne durablement un facteur d’attractivité du territoire. Une approche exploratoire est menée, et les données sont traitées avec l’approche phénoménologique (Husserl, 1992) et le logiciel Minerva (Sages, 2006). Les résultats montrent que le management de la marque employeur sur les composantes de l’attractivité du territoire, s’accompagne d’une réflexion des acteurs, centrée sur l’écodéveloppement et le bien-être.
Le rôle de la gastronomie et de l’artisanat dans l’attractivité touristique de la ville de Fès : étude à partir des perceptions des touristes étrangers
Authors: Hmioui Aziz , Haoudi Amina
Published: May 2016

Cette recherche traite de l’attractivité touristique de la ville de Fès. Le questionnement auquel elle s’intéresse et celui de savoir si la gastronomie et l’artisanat constituent ou non des déterminants de l’attractivité de Fès comme destination touristique. L’étude est présentée en deux axes. Le premier définit les concepts de l’attractivité et de l’attractivité touristique et développe les facteurs, qui, théoriquement, constituent les piliers de l’attractivité des destinations touristiques. Quant au second axe, il étudie les attraits touristiques de la ville de Fès, en souligne quelques indicateurs des performances touristiques, et avance et discute les résultats issus de l’étude menée auprès des touristes étrangers séjournant au sein de la médina de Fès. De l’étude réalisée, nous avons retenu les deux principales conclusions suivantes : (i) la destination étudiée est peu attractive pour les touristes étrangers et constitue pour eux une ville de passage ; et (ii) la gastronomie et l’artisanat ne sont pas perçus par les touristes interviewés comme facteur d’attractivité de la médina de Fès.
Affine cones over smooth cubic surfaces
Authors: Cheltsov Ivan , Park Jihun , Won Joonyeong
Published: May 2016

We show that affine cones over smooth cubic surfaces do not admit non-trivial

\mathbb{G}_{a}

-actions.
Sustainability and Common Sense
Authors: Haddock Daniel
Published: May 2016

Global conditions demand sustainability practices that conserve and protect natural resources. AWWA and the water industry play a critical role in this movement and are indeed up to the challenge.
Less Than 1
Authors: LaFrance David B.
Published: May 2016

Sometimes it is wise to listen to your own advice. I have spent a significant amount of time over the past year talking about lead in water, how it gets there, what utilities are doing to protect their customers, and what customers can do if they have concerns. And then it occurred to me that I had no idea if there was lead in my family's drinking water. So I did what I have suggested, over and over, to others – I called my water utility. Turns out that my utility, Denver Water, has a program where it will test customers' tap water free of charge. It is a new program, and I was the first customer.
Removal of chromium by Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1
Authors: Iyengar C. Alekhya , Usha Malavalli Subbaiah
Published: May 2016

The present study was taken up to carry out the removal of chromium by bacteria. Chromium is a heavy metal which is of concern as it causes chromium toxicity in both plants and animals. The tanneries are a major source of chromium release into the water bodies, and hence this study is aimed at identifying the potential chromium-tolerant bacterium and at studying the bacterium for its maximum tolerance and chromium removal capacity. A total of 20 samples each of soil and industrial effluents were collected from the Peenya industrial area, Bangalore, India. The bacterial isolates were screened for chromium resistance by supplementing the nutrient media with 300 µg/ml of chromium. The  growth of the  bacteria was measured in terms of O.D. at 670 nm. The isolates were further screened by increasing the concentration of chromium from 300 to 3000 µg/ml. The isolate S105c which showed better resistance to chromium compared to other isolates was identified as Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1 based on 16S rRNA sequencing. Optimization of temperature, pH, carbon sources, and nitrogen sources was carried out for the removal of chromium by S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1.  Atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis was carried out for the removal of chromium by S. saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1 in the mineral salts medium supplemented with 300 µg/ml of chromium. Out of 40 soil and industrial effluent samples collected, a total of 51 isolates were obtained. Out of 51 isolates, 7 isolates gave the highest O.D. values in the presence of 300 µg/ml of chromium. The isolate S10-5c showed maximum tolerance up to 3000 µg/ml of chromium. S.  saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1 was able to remove 2% of chromium in the medium at the end of 24 hours under optimized conditions. It can be concluded that the organism Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. bovis strain 1 can be used for the removal of chromium from industrial effluents.
Geomorphological control on variably saturated hillslope hydrology and slope instability
Authors: Giuseppe Formetta , Simoni Silvia , Godt Jonathan W. , Lu Ning , Rigon Riccardo
Published: May 2016

In steep topography, the processes governing variably saturated subsurface hydrologic response and the interparticle stresses leading to shallow landslide initiation are physically linked. However, these processes are usually analyzed separately. Here, we take a combined approach, simultaneously analyzing the influence of topography on both hillslope hydrology and the effective stress fields within the hillslope itself. Clearly, runoff and saturated groundwater flow are dominated by gravity and, ultimately, by topography. Less clear is how landscape morphology influences flows in the vadose zone, where transient fluxes are usually taken to be vertical. We aim to assess and quantify the impact of topography on both saturated and unsaturated hillslope hydrology and its effects on shallow slope stability. Three real hillslope morphologies (concave, convex, and planar) are analyzed using a 3‐D, physically based, distributed model coupled with a module for computation of the probability of failure, based on the infinite slope assumption. The results of the analyses, which included parameter uncertainty analysis of the results themselves, show that convex and planar slopes are more stable than concave slopes. Specifically, under the same initial, boundary, and infiltration conditions, the percentage of unstable areas ranges from 1.3% for the planar hillslope, 21% for convex, to a maximum value of 33% for the concave morphology. The results are supported by a sensitivity analysis carried out to examine the effect of initial conditions and rainfall intensity.
Ion‐scale structure in Mercury's magnetopause reconnection diffusion region
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , Dorelli John C. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Raines Jim M. , Slavin James A. , Poh Gangkai , Zurbuchen Thomas H.
Published: May 2016

The strength and time dependence of the electric field in a magnetopause diffusion region relate to the rate of magnetic reconnection between the solar wind and a planetary magnetic field. Here we use ~150 ms measurements of energetic electrons from the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft observed over Mercury's dayside polar cap boundary (PCB) to infer such small‐scale changes in magnetic topology and reconnection rates. We provide the first direct measurement of open magnetic topology in flux transfer events at Mercury, structures thought to account for a significant portion of the open magnetic flux transport throughout the magnetosphere. In addition, variations in PCB latitude likely correspond to intermittent bursts of ~0.3–3 mV/m reconnection electric fields separated by ~5–10 s, resulting in average and peak normalized dayside reconnection rates of ~0.02 and ~0.2, respectively. These data demonstrate that structure in the magnetopause diffusion region at Mercury occurs at the smallest ion scales relevant to reconnection physics.
Decoupled sedimentary records of combustion: Causes and implications
Authors: Hanke Ulrich M. , Eglinton Timothy I. , Braun Ana L. L. , Reddy Christopher M. , Wiedemeier Daniel B. , Schmidt Michael W. I.
Published: May 2016

Pyrogenic carbon (PyC) is a collective term for carbon‐rich residues comprised of a continuum of products arising from biomass burning and fossil‐fuel combustion. PyC is ubiquitous in the environment where it can be transported by wind and water before being deposited in aquatic sediments. We compare results from four different methods used to trace PyC that were applied to a high‐temporal resolution sedimentary record in order to constrain changes in PyC concentrations and fluxes over the past ~250 years. We find markedly discordant records for different PyC tracers, particularly during the preindustrial age, implying different origins and modes of supply of sedimentary PyC. In addition to providing new insights into the composition of sedimentary combustion products, this study reveals that elucidation of past combustion processes and development of accurate budgets of PyC production and deposition on local to regional scales requires careful consideration of both source characteristics and transport processes.
How important is tropospheric humidity for coastal rainfall in the tropics?
Authors: Bergemann Martin , Jakob Christian
Published: May 2016

Climate models show considerable rainfall biases in coastal tropical areas, where approximately 33% of the overall rainfall received is associated with coastal land‐sea interaction. Building on an algorithm to objectively identify rainfall that is associated with land‐sea interaction we investigate whether the relationship between rainfall in coastal regions and atmospheric humidity differs from that over the open ocean or over inland areas. We combine 3‐hourly satellite estimates of rainfall with humidity estimates from reanalyses and investigate if coastal rainfall reveals the well‐known relationship between area‐averaged precipitation and column‐integrated moisture. We find that rainfall that is associated with coastal land‐sea effects occurs under much drier midtropospheric conditions than that over the ocean and does not exhibit a pronounced critical value of humidity. In addition, the dependence of the amount of rainfall on midtropospheric moisture is significantly weaker when the rainfall is coastally influenced.
A new back‐and‐forth iterative method for time‐reversed convection modeling: Implications for the Cenozoic evolution of 3‐D structure and dynamics of the mantle
Authors: Glišović Petar , Forte Alessandro M.
Published: May 2016

The 3‐D distribution of buoyancy in the convecting mantle drives a suite of convection‐related manifestations. Although seismic tomography is providing increasingly resolved images of the present‐day mantle heterogeneity, the distribution of mantle density variations in the geological past is unknown, and, by implication, this is true for the convection‐related observables. The one major exception is tectonic plate motions, since geologic data are available to estimate their history and they currently provide the only available constraints on the evolution of 3‐D mantle buoyancy in the past. We developed a new back‐and‐forth iterative method for time‐reversed convection modeling with a procedure for matching plate velocity data at different instants in the past. The crucial aspect of this reconstruction methodology is to ensure that at all times plates are driven by buoyancy forces in the mantle and not vice versa. Employing tomography‐based retrodictions over the Cenozoic, we estimate the global amplitude of the following observables: dynamic surface topography, the core‐mantle boundary ellipticity, the free‐air gravity anomalies, and the global divergence rates of tectonic plates. One of the major benefits of the new data assimilation method is the stable recovery of much shorter wavelength changes in heterogeneity than was possible in our previous work. We now resolve what appears to be two‐stage subduction of the Farallon plate under the western U.S. and a deeply rooted East African Plume that is active under the Ethiopian volcanic fields during the Early Eocene.
Downscaling and Charge Transport in Nanostructured Ferroelectric Memory Diodes Fabricated by Solution Micromolding
Authors: Lenz Thomas , Ghittorelli Matteo , Benneckendorf Frank Simon , Asadi Kamal , Kasparek Christian , Glasser Gunnar , Blom Paul W. M. , Torricelli Fabrizio , de Leeuw Dago M.
Published: May 2016

Ferroelectric polymer memory diodes are interface devices where charge injection into the organic semiconductor is controlled by the stray electric field of the ferroelectric polymer. Key to high current density and current modulation is the areal density of well‐defined interfaces. Here, bistable diodes are fabricated by using the soft lithography method solution micromolding. First, the semiconducting polymer poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) is patterned into linear gratings. Subsequently, bilinear arrays are obtained by backfilling with the ferroelectric polymer poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐trifluoroethylene). The lateral feature size is scaled down from 2 μm to 500 nm. Comprising memory diodes show rectifying J–V characteristics with an On‐current density larger than 103 A m−2 and an On/Off current ratio exceeding 103. The charge transport is explained by 2D numerical simulations. Since the dependence of polarization on electric field is explicitly taken into account, entire J–V characteristics can be quantitatively described. The simulations reveal that rectifying J–V characteristics are inherently related to the concave shape of the patterned ferroelectric polymer. It is argued that the exponential increase in current density with decreasing feature size can be due to confinement of the semiconductor. High On‐current density combined with downscaling, rectification, and simple fabrication yield new opportunities for low‐cost integration of high‐density solution‐processed memories.
Precisely Controlled Hydration Water for Performance Improvement of Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ling Li , Yuan Sijian , Wang Pengfei , Zhang Huotian , Tu Li , Wang Jiao , Zhan Yiqiang , Zheng Lirong
Published: May 2016

Recently, intensive studies on the role of water molecule in the formation of organic–inorganic perovskite film have been reported. However, not only the contradictive phenomena but also the complex processing technique has hindered the widespread use of water molecule in perovskite preparation. Here the hydration water is introduced into the precursors instead of water. By precisely controlling the content of hydration water, a smoother and more uniform perovskite film is obtained through a simple one‐step spin coating method. The improvement of perovskite film quality leads to highly efficient planar perovskite solar cells. Summing up the device studies and the investigation of morphology, crystallization, and optical properties, the impact of water molecule in the formation of perovskite crystal and consequences of device performance is understood. Due to its universal adaptability and simplified process, precise control of hydration water is therefore of great utility to high quality perovskite films fabrication and large‐scale production of this upcoming photovoltaic technology.
Radiation‐Tolerant Flexible Large‐Area Electronics Based on Oxide Semiconductors
Authors: Cramer Tobias , Sacchetti Allegra , Lobato Maria Teresa , Barquinha Pedro , Fischer Vincent , Benwadih Mohamed , Bablet Jacqueline , Fortunato Elvira , Martins Rodrigo , Fraboni Beatrice
Published: May 2016

Large‐area electronics for applications in environments with radioactive contamination or medical X‐ray detectors require materials and devices resistant to continuous ionizing radiation exposure. Here the superior X‐ray radiation hardness of oxide thin film transistors (TFTs) based on gallium‐indium‐zinc oxide is demonstrated, when compared to organic ones. In the experiments both TFTs are subjected to X‐ray radiation and their performances are monitored as a function of total ionizing dose. Flexible oxide TFTs maintain a constant mobility of 10 cm2 V−1 s−1 even after exposure to doses of 410 krad(SiO2), whereas organic TFTs lose 55% of their transport performance. The exceptional resistance of oxide semiconductors ionization damage is attributed to their intrinsic properties such as independence of transport on long‐range order and large heat of formation.
Barber–Say syndrome and Ablepharon–Macrostomia syndrome: An overview
Authors: De Maria Beatrice , Mazzanti Laura , Roche Nathalie , Hennekam Raoul C.
Published: May 2016

Barber–Say syndrome (BSS) and Ablepharon–Macrostomia syndrome (AMS) are congenital malformation syndromes caused by heterozygous mutations in TWIST2. Here we provide a critical review of all patients published with these syndromes. We excluded several earlier reports due to misdiagnosis or insufficient data for reliable confirmation of the diagnosis. There remain 16 reliably diagnosed individuals with BSS and 16 with AMS. Major facial characteristics present in both entities, albeit often in differing frequencies, are excessive facial creases, hypertelorism, underdevelopment of the anterior part of the eyelids (anterior lamella), ectropion, broad nasal ridge and tip, thick and flaring alae nasi, protruding maxilla, wide mouth, thin upper vermillion, and attached ear lobes. In BSS a remarkable extension of the columella on the philtrum can be seen, and in both the medial parts of the cheeks bulge towards the corners of the mouth (cheek pads). Scalp hair is sparse in AMS only, but sparse eyebrows and eyelashes occur in both entities, and general hypertrichosis occurs in BSS. We compare these characteristics with those in Setleis syndrome which can also be caused by TWIST2 mutations. The resemblance between the three syndromes is considerable, and likely differences seem larger than they actually are due to insufficiently complete evaluation for all characteristics of the three entities in the past. It is likely that with time it can be concluded that BSS. AMS and Setleis syndrome form a continuum. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Redox‐Responsive Complex System Based on 2 D Shape‐Persistent Cyclo[6]aramide and Ferrocenium
Authors: Chen Long , Yuan Xiangyang , Wang Zixiao , Luo Youran , Huang Wei , Zhang Shuai , Yuan Wenli , Qin Song , Tao Guohong , Yuan Lihua
Published: May 2016

Electrochemical stimuli‐responsive systems via macrocyclic host–guest interactions are of practical significance in realizing functions of biological materials and synthetic molecular machines. In this study, a cyclo[6]aramide‐ferrocenium (Fc+) recognition motif was demonstrated to be a novel redox‐responsive system based on two‐dimensional (2D) macrocycle in organic media, in which the host strongly binds the oxidized form Fc+ and shows no complexation towards the reduced form ferrocene. Results from cyclic voltammetric experiments clearly show the redox responsiveness of the claimed system, in sharp contrast to a control system based on an acyclic compound that contains the same number of introverted amide oxygens, highlighting the importance of the macrocyclic effect in the redox process. This study provides a rare example of using 2D hydrogen‐bonded aromatic amide macrocycles to form a ferrocene‐based redox‐responsive inclusion complex and thus paves the way for future applications.
Phosphine–Thiourea‐Organocatalyzed Asymmetric C−N and C−S Bond Formation Reactions
Authors: Ngo Thi‐Thuy‐Duong , Nguyen Thi‐Huong , Bournaud Chloée , Guillot Régis , Toffano Martial , Vo‐Thanh Giang
Published: May 2016

Phosphine–thiourea based‐organocatalysts derived from l‐proline promoted C−N or C−S bond formation of tert‐butoxycarbonyloxy‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman adducts with phthalimide or alkyl thiols, respectively. Good yields and enantioselectivities up to 93 % were achieved.
Body surface area as a prognostic marker in chronic heart failure patients: results from the Heart Failure Registry of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology
Authors: Zafrir Barak , Salman Nabeeh , Crespo‐Leiro Maria G. , Anker Stefan D. , Coats Andrew J. , Ferrari Roberto , Filippatos Gerasimos , Maggioni Aldo P. , Mebazaa Alexandre , Piepoli Massimo Francesco , Ruschitzka Frank , Paniagua‐Martin Maria J. , Segovia Javier , Laroche Cecile , Amir Offer ,   on behalf of the Heart Failure Long‐Term Registry Investigators
Published: May 2016

Aims

The ‘obesity paradox’ is consistently observed in patients with heart failure (HF). We investigated the relationship of body surface area (BSA) to mortality and hospitalizations in patients with chronic HF.

Methods and results

Data from the outpatient cohort of the observational, prospective, Heart Failure Long‐Term Registry of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology was analysed in order to evaluate the prognostic significance of BSA in chronic HF. A total of 9104 chronic HF patients (age 64.8 ± 13.4 years; 71.6% males) were enrolled. Mortality during 1‐year follow‐up was observed in 718 of 8875 (8.1%) patients. A progressive, inverse relationship between all‐cause mortality and BSA levels was observed; the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for 1‐year mortality was 1.823 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.398–2.376], P < 0.001 for the lowest quartile of BSA <1.78 m2, and 1.255, 95% CI 1.000–1.576, P = 0.05 for the middle two quartiles (1.78 ≤BSA ≤2.07 m2), compared with the highest quartile (BSA >2.07 m2). For each increase of 0.1 m2 in BSA, an adjusted HR of 0.908 (95% CI 0.870–0.948), P < 0.001 for mortality was calculated. HF hospitalizations were not associated with BSA subgroup distribution. In both genders, subjects within the lowest BSA quartile (males <1.84 m2 and females <1.64 m2) had significantly higher mortality rates during follow‐up (log‐rank P < 0.0001). However, the stepwise association with mortality was more distinct in males.

Conclusions

Total and cardiovascular mortality, but not HF hospitalizations was inversely associated with BSA levels in chronic HF patients. BSA may serve as a prognostic indicator for adverse outcome in HF patients.
Use of RNA amplification and electrophoresis for studying virus aerosol collection efficiency and their comparison with plaque assays
Authors: Jiang Xiao , Pan Maohua , Hering Susanne V. , Lednicky John A. , Wu Chang‐Yu , Fan Z. Hugh
Published: May 2016

The spread of virus‐induced infectious diseases through airborne routes of transmission is a global concern for economic and medical reasons. To study virus transmission, it is essential to have an effective aerosol collector such as the growth tube collector (GTC) system that utilizes water‐based condensation for collecting virus‐containing aerosols. In this work, we characterized the GTC system using bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate for a small RNA virus. We investigated using RNA extraction and reverse transcription‐ polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) to study the total virus collection efficiency of the GTC system. Plaque assays were also used to enumerate viable viruses collected by the GTC system compared to that by a commercially available apparatus, the SKC® Biosampler. The plaque assay counts were used to enumerate viable viruses whereas RT‐PCR provides a total virus count, including those viruses inactivated during collection. The effects of relative humidity (RH) and other conditions on collection efficiency were also investigated. Our results suggest that the GTC has a collection efficiency for viable viruses between 0.24 and 1.8% and a total virus collection efficiency between 18.3 and 79.0%, which is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that of the SKC® Biosampler. Moreover, higher RH significantly increases both the viable and total collection efficiency of the GTC, while its effect on the collection efficiency of the SKC® Biosampler is not significant.
Piceatannol exhibits anti‐inflammatory effects on macrophages interacting with adipocytes
Authors: Yamamoto Takayuki , Li Yongjia , Hanafusa Yuki , Yeh Yu‐Sheng , Maruki‐Uchida Hiroko , Kawakami Shinpei , Sai Masahiko , Goto Tsuyoshi , Ito Tatsuhiko , Kawada Teruo
Published: May 2016

Piceatannol (PIC), a natural analog of resveratrol (RES), is a phytochemical found in passion fruit seeds. To clarify the effects of PIC on obesity‐induced inflammation in adipose tissue, we investigated the anti‐inflammatory activity of PIC‐related compounds (PIC, RES, and metabolites from PIC) in culture models of obese adipose tissue. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and conditioned medium from 3T3‐L1 adipocytes (3T3‐L1‐CM) enhanced proinflammatory gene expression and synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in RAW264.7 macrophages. Although each compound inhibited the mRNA expression of iNOS (inducible NO synthase), TNF‐α, and IL‐6, PIC potently inhibited them, and 30 μmol/L PIC suppressed the LPS‐ and 3T3‐L1‐CM‐induced mRNA expression of iNOS (70.4% and 69.2% suppression, respectively), TNF‐α (42.6% and 47.0% suppression), and IL‐6 (27.3% and 42.1% suppression). PIC also significantly suppressed production of NO (80.3% suppression) and inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α; 33.7% suppression, IL‐6; 66.5% suppression). Furthermore, PIC was found to rescue the uncoupling protein 1 mRNA expression induced by isoproterenol in 10T1/2 adipocytes, which was suppressed by LPS‐activated macrophages. These results suggest that PIC may attenuate the pathologic inflammation triggered by adipose tissues.
A comprehensive tractography study of patients with bipolar disorder and their unaffected siblings
Authors: Sprooten Emma , Barrett Jennifer , McKay D Reese , Knowles Emma E , Mathias Samuel R , Winkler Anderson M , Brumbaugh Margaret S , Landau Stefanie , Cyr Lindsay , Kochunov Peter , Glahn David C
Published: May 2016

Background

Diffusion tensor imaging studies show reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) in individuals with bipolar disorder and their unaffected siblings. However, the use of various analysis methods is an important source of between‐study heterogeneity. Using tract‐based spatial statistics, we previously demonstrated widespread FA reductions in patients and unaffected relatives. To better interpret the neuroanatomical pattern of this previous finding and to assess the influence of methodological heterogeneity, we here applied tractography to the same sample.

Methods

Diffusion‐weighted images were acquired for 96 patients, 69 unaffected siblings and 56 controls. We applied TRACULA, an extension of a global probabilistic tractography algorithm, to automatically segment 18 major fiber tracts. Average FA within each tract and at each cross‐section along each tract was compared between groups.

Results

Patients had reduced FA compared to healthy controls and their unaffected siblings in general, and in particular in the parietal part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. In unaffected siblings, FA was nominally reduced compared to controls in the corpus callosum. Point‐wise analyses indicated that similar effects were present along extended sections, but with variable effect sizes. Current symptom severity negatively correlated with FA in several fronto‐limbic association tracts.

Conclusions

The differential sensitivity of analysis techniques likely explains between‐study heterogeneity in anatomical localization of FA reductions. The present tractography analysis confirms the presence of overall FA reductions in patients with bipolar disorder, which are most pronounced in the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Unaffected siblings may display similar, albeit more subtle and anatomically restricted FA reductions. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3474–3485, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of Lean Manufacturing in Hospitals—the Need to Consider Maturity, Complexity, and the Value Concept
Authors: Hasle Peter , Nielsen Anders P. , Edwards Kasper
Published: May 2016

Lean is widely applied in hospitals, but the impact tends to be limited. This paper investigates three possible explanations: 1) maturity, 2) complexity, and 3) the value concept and analyses the bearing of these in a case study of lean application in a large Danish university hospital. The results indicate that lean tends to be applied in secondary and support functions with a logistic character and therefore has had a limited impact on the overall healthcare performance. The case study shows that there are constraints related to low lean maturity, the complexity of processes and operations as well as differences in value perceptions among the different professions (e.g., doctors, nurses, and managers) within the hospital. The conclusion is that lean is useful for hospitals, but the lean concept as well as its implementation methods need to be fitted to the organizational complexity and diverging values in hospitals in order to bring about a larger impact. It is therefore necessary to develop new models for the lean concept as well as the implementation of lean adapted to the particular context of hospitals with a stronger focus on patient experiences and on coordination of social relations.
Romantic Relationships and Relationship Satisfaction Among Adults With Asperger Syndrome and High‐Functioning Autism
Authors: Strunz Sandra , Schermuck Constanze , Ballerstein Sarah , Ahlers Christoph J. , Dziobek Isabel , Roepke Stefan
Published: May 2016

Objective

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often experience difficulties in maintaining romantic relationships. In this study high‐functioning adults with ASD were examined concerning their romantic relationship interest and experience.

Method

Participants, 31 recruited via an outpatient clinic and 198 via an online survey, were asked to answer a number of self‐report questionnaires. The total sample comprised 229 high‐functioning adults with ASD (40% males, average age: 35 years).

Results

Of the total sample, 73% indicated romantic relationship experience and only 7% had no desire to be in a romantic relationship. ASD individuals whose partner was also on the autism spectrum were significantly more satisfied with their relationship than those with neurotypical partners. Severity of autism, schizoid symptoms, empathy skills, and need for social support were not correlated with relationship status.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the vast majority of high‐functioning adults with ASD are interested in romantic relationships.