bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bilateral chronic subdural hematoma presenting with pseudo-subarachnoid hemorrhage sign on computed tomography
Authors: Shima Hiroshi , Shirokane Kazutaka , Baba Eiichi , Tsuchiya Atsushi , Nomura Motohiro
Published: April 2019

Background: On rare occasions, cisterns are demonstrated as high-density areas on computed tomography (CT) and misdiagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). This false-positive finding is called pseudo-SAH. Patients and Methods: From April 2014 to August 2018, a total of 161 patients with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) were treated in our hospital. For these cases, the existence of a pseudo-SAH sign on CT was retrospectively examined. Results: One patient with bilateral CSDH showed pseudo-SAH and a further examination to evaluate vascular abnormalities causing true SAH was necessary. In three patients, the Sylvian fissures were demonstrated as high-density areas due to an atherosclerotic middle cerebral artery; however, the condition was not misdiagnosed with SAH. Conclusion: In cases of CSDH, there is a possibility that CT demonstrates a pseudo-SAH sign. In such cases, close examinations to exclude true SAH are mandatory.
Choroid plexus papilloma of the fourth ventricle: A pediatric patient
Authors: Munoz Montoya Juan , Maldonado Moran Miguel , Santamaria Rodriguez Paula , Toro Lopez Sebastian , Perez Cataño Carlos , Luque Suarez Juan
Published: April 2019

Choroid plexus papilloma is a low-frequency entity in both the adult and pediatric populations. Its clinical presentation is very variable as it depends on its location and length. We must always do the differential diagnosis between papilloma and other intraventricular pathologies. This article is about a case report of a pediatric patient with a Choroid plexus papilloma located in the fourth ventricle, a location that is atypical for the pediatric population.
Large-scale transport into the Arctic: the roles of the midlatitude jet and the Hadley Cell
Authors: Yang Huang , Waugh Darryn W. , Orbe Clara , Zeng Guang , Morgenstern Olaf , Kinnison Douglas E. , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Tilmes Simone , Plummer David A. , Jöckel Patrick , Strahan Susan E. , Stone Kane A. , Schofield Robyn
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Transport from the Northern Hemisphere (NH) midlatitudes to the
Arctic plays a crucial role in determining the abundance of trace gases and
aerosols that are important to Arctic climate via impacts on radiation and
chemistry. Here we examine this transport using an idealized tracer with a
fixed lifetime and predominantly midlatitude land-based sources in models
participating in the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI). We show that
there is a 25 %–45 % difference in the Arctic concentrations of this tracer
among the models. This spread is correlated with the spread in the location
of the Pacific jet, as well as the spread in the location of the Hadley Cell
(HC) edge, which varies consistently with jet latitude. Our results suggest
that it is likely that the HC-related zonal-mean meridional transport rather
than the jet-related eddy mixing is the major contributor to the inter-model
spread in the transport of land-based tracers into the Arctic. Specifically,
in models with a more northern jet, the HC generally extends further north
and the tracer source region is mostly covered by surface southward flow
associated with the lower branch of the HC, resulting in less efficient
transport poleward to the Arctic. During boreal summer, there are poleward
biases in jet location in free-running models, and these models likely
underestimate the rate of transport into the Arctic. Models using specified
dynamics do not have biases in the jet location, but do have biases in the
surface meridional flow, which may result in differences in transport into
the Arctic. In addition to the land-based tracer, the midlatitude-to-Arctic
transport is further examined by another idealized tracer with zonally
uniform sources. With equal sources from both land and ocean, the inter-model
spread of this zonally uniform tracer is more related to variations in
parameterized convection over oceans rather than variations in HC extent,
particularly during boreal winter. This suggests that transport of land-based
and oceanic tracers or aerosols towards the Arctic differs in pathways and
therefore their corresponding inter-model variabilities result from different
physical processes.
Multivariate statistical air mass discrimination for the high-alpine observatory at the Zugspitze mountain, Germany
Authors: Sigmund Armin , Freier Korbinian , Rehm Till , Ries Ludwig , Schunk Christian , Menzel Anette , Thomas Christoph K.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. To assist atmospheric monitoring at high-alpine sites, a statistical approach for distinguishing between the dominant air masses was developed. This approach was based on a principal component analysis using five gas-phase and two meteorological variables. The analysis focused on the site Schneefernerhaus at Mt. Zugspitze, Germany. The investigated year was divided into 2-month periods, for which the analysis was repeated. Using the 33.3 % and 66.6 % percentiles of the first two principal components, nine air mass regimes were defined. These regimes were interpreted with respect to vertical transport and assigned to the air mass classes ML (recent contact with the mixing layer), UFT/SIN (undisturbed free troposphere or stratospheric intrusion), and HYBRID (influences of both the mixing layer and the free troposphere or ambiguous). 78 % of the investigated year were classifiable. ML accounted for 31 % of the cases with similar frequencies in all seasons. UFT/SIN comprised 14 % of the cases but were not found from April to July. HYBRID (55 %) mostly exhibited intermediate characteristics, whereby 17 % of HYBRID suggested an influence of the marine boundary layer or the lower free troposphere. The statistical approach was compared to a mechanistic approach using the ceilometer-based mixing layer height from a nearby valley site and a detection scheme for thermally induced mountain winds. Only 25 % of the cases were classifiable with the mechanistic approach. Both approaches agreed well, except in the rare cases of thermally induced uplift. The statistical approach is a promising step towards a real-time discrimination of air masses. Future work is necessary to assess the uncertainty arising from the standardization of real-time data.
Photochemical modeling of molecular and atomic oxygen based on multiple
in-situ emissions measured during the Energy Transfer in the Oxygen Nightglow rocket campaign
Authors: Lednyts'kyy Olexandr , von Savigny Christian
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Electronically excited states of molecular and atomic oxygen (six of O2 and two of O) were implemented in the proposed Multiple Airglow Chemistry (MAC) model as minor species coupled with each other as well as with the ground states of O2 and O to represent the photochemistry in the upper Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere (MLT) region. The MAC model is proposed combining chemical processes of the well-known photochemical models related to identified O2 and O species and some additional processes. Concentrations of excited O2 and O species were retrieved using the MAC model on the basis of the multiple in-situ nightglow emissions measured during the Energy Transfer in the Oxygen Nightglow (ETON) rocket campaign. The proposed retrieval procedure to obtain concentrations of these MLT minor species is implemented avoiding a priori data sets. Unknown and poorly constrained reaction rates were tuned and reaction rates of the well-known models were updated with the MAC model comparing in-situ and evaluated emission profiles as well as in-situ and retrieved O concentration profiles. As a result, precursors of O2 and O species responsible for transitions considered in the MAC model are identified and validated by calculations with the MAC model.
Estimating ground-level CO concentrations across China based on national monitoring network and MOPITT: Potentially overlooked CO hotspots in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Dongren , Di Baofeng , Luo Yuzhou , Deng Xunfei , Zhang Hanyue , Yang Fumo , Grieneisen Michael L. , Zhan Yu
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Given its relatively long lifetime in the troposphere, carbon monoxide (CO) is commonly employed as a tracer for characterizing airborne pollutant distributions. The present study aims to estimate the spatiotemporal distributions of ground-level CO concentrations across China during 2013–2016. A refined random-forest-spatiotemporal-kriging model (RF-STK) is developed to simulate daily gridded CO concentrations (0.1° grid with 98 341 cells) based on the extensive CO monitoring data and the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere CO retrievals (MOPITT-CO). The refined RF-STK model alleviates the negative effects of sampling bias and variance heterogeneity on the model training, resulting in cross-validation R2 of 0.51 and 0.71 for predicting daily and spatial CO concentrations, respectively. The national population-weighted CO concentrations were predicted to be (0.99 ± 0.30) mg m−3 (µ±σ) and showed decreasing trends over all regions of China at a rate of (−0.021 ± 0.004) mg m−3 per year. The CO pollution was more severe in North China (1.19 ± 0.30) mg m−3, and the predicted spatial pattern was roughly consistent with the MOPITT-CO. The hotspots in the Central Tibetan Plateau which were overlooked by the MOPITT were revealed by the refined RF-STK predictions. This information has an implication for improving the MOPITT-CO derivation procedure and air quality management.
Liquid-liquid phase separation and viscosity within secondary organic aerosol generated from diesel fuel vapors
Authors: Song Mijung , Maclean Adrian M. , Huang Yuanzhou , Smith Natalie R. , Blair Sandra L. , Laskin Julia , Laskin Alexander , DeRieux Wing-Sy Wong , Li Ying , Shiraiwa Manabu , Nizkorodov Sergey A. , Bertram Allan K.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Information on liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and viscosity (or diffusion) within secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is needed to improve predictions of particle size, mass, reactivity, and cloud nucleating properties in the atmosphere. Here we report on LLPS and viscosities within SOA generated by the photooxidation of diesel fuel vapors. Diesel fuel contains a wide range of volatile organic compounds, and SOA generated by the photooxidation of diesel fuel vapors may be a good proxy for SOA from anthropogenic emissions. In our experiments, LLPS occurred over the relative humidity (RH) range of ~ 70 % to ~ 100 %, resulting in an organic-rich outer phase and a water-rich inner phase. These results may have implications for predicting the cloud nucleating properties of anthropogenic SOA since the organic-rich outer phase can lower the kinetic barrier for activation to a cloud droplet. At ≤ 10 % RH, the viscosity was in the range of ≥ 1 × 108 Pa s, which corresponds to roughly the viscosity of tar pitch. At 38–50 % RH the viscosity was in the range of 1 × 108–3 × 105 Pa s. These measured viscosities are consistent with predictions based on oxygen to carbon elemental ratio (O : C) and molar mass as well as predictions based on the number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Based on the measured viscosities and the Stokes–Einstein relation, at ≤ 10 % RH diffusion coefficients of organics within diesel fuel SOA is ≤ 5.4 × 10−17cm2 s−1 and the mixing time of organics within 200 nm diesel fuel SOA particles (τmixing) is ≳ 50 h. These small diffusion coefficients and large mixing times may be important in laboratory experiments, where SOA is often generated and studied using low RH conditions and on time scales of minutes to hours. At 38–50 % RH, the calculated organic diffusion coefficients are in the range of 5.4 × 10−17 to 1.8 × 10−13 cm2 s−1 and calculated τmixing values are in the range of ~ 0.01 h to ~ 50 h. These values provide important constraints for the physicochemical properties of anthropogenic SOA.
Chlorine partitioning in the lowermost Arctic vortex during the cold winter 2015/2016
Authors: Marsing Andreas , Jurkat-Witschas Tina , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Kaufmann Stefan , Heller Romy , Engel Andreas , Hoor Peter , Krause Jens , Voigt Christiane
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Activated chlorine compounds in the polar winter stratosphere drive catalytic cycles that process ozone and methane, whose abundances are highly relevant to the evolution of global climate. The present work introduces a novel dataset of in situ measurements of relevant chlorine species in the Arctic lowermost stratosphere from the aircraft mission POLSTRACC/GWLCYCLE/SALSA during winter 2015/2016. The major stages of chemical evolution of the lower polar vortex are presented in a consistent series of high resolution mass spectrometric observations of HCl and ClONO2. Simultaneous measurements of CFC-12 are used to derive total inorganic chlorine (Cly) and active chlorine (ClOx). The new data highlight an altitude dependent shift in the pathway of chlorine deactivation through the recovery of the reservoir species from ClONO2 to HCl in the lowermost vortex below the 380 K isentropic surface. Further, we show that the Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) is generally able to reproduce the chemical evolution of the lower polar vortex chlorine budget, except from a bias in HCl concentrations. The model is used to relate local measurements to the vortex-wide evolution. The results are aimed at fostering our understanding of the climate impact of chlorine chemistry, providing new observational data to complement satellite data and assess model performance in the climate sensitive upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region.
Study of the diffraction pattern of cloud particles and the respective responses of optical array probes
Authors: Vaillant de Guélis Thibault , Schwarzenböck Alfons , Shcherbakov Valery , Gourbeyre Christophe , Laurent Bastien , Dupuy Régis , Coutris Pierre , Duroure Christophe
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Optical array probes (OAPs) are classical instrumental
means to derive shape, size, and number concentration of cloud and
precipitation particles from 2-D images. However, recorded 2-D images are
subject to distortion based on the diffraction of light when particles are
imaged out of the object plane of the optical device. This phenomenon highly
affects retrievals of microphysical properties of cloud particles. Previous
studies of this effect mainly focused on spherical droplets. In this study we
propose a theoretical method to compute diffraction patterns of all kinds of
cloud particle shapes in order to simulate the response recorded by an OAP.
To check the validity of this method, a series of experimental measurements
have been performed with a 2D-S probe mounted on a test bench. Measurements
are performed using spinning glass discs with imprinted non-circular opaque
particle shapes.
Commercial traceability of Arapaima spp. fisheries in the Amazon basin: can biogeochemical tags be useful?
Authors: Pereira Luciana A. , Santos Roberto V. , Hauser Marília , Duponchelle Fabrice , Carvajal Fernando , Pecheyran Christophe , Bérail Sylvain , Pouilly Marc
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The development of analytical tools to determine the origin of fishes is
useful to better understand patterns of habitat use and to monitor, manage,
and control fisheries, including certification of food origin. The
application of isotopic analyses
to study calcified structures of fishes (scales, vertebrae, and otoliths) may
provide robust information about the fish geographic origin and environmental
living conditions. In this study, we used Sr and C isotopic markers recorded
in otoliths of wild and farmed commercialized pirarucu (Arapaima
spp.) to evaluate their prediction potential to trace the fishes origin. Wild
and farmed fish specimens, as well as food used for feeding pirarucu in
captivity, were collected from different sites. Isotope
composition of otoliths performed by
isotope-ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS; δ13C) and femtosecond
laser ablation multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAfs-MC-ICPMS; 87Sr∕86Sr) were
compared to the isotopic composition of water and of the food given to the
fishes in the farms. Wild fish specimens that lived in environments with the
largest fluctuation of river water Sr isotope ratios over time presented the
largest Sr isotope variations in otoliths. A quadratic discriminant analysis
on otolith isotopic composition provided 58 % of correct classification
for fish production (wild and farmed) and 76 % of correct classification
for the fish region. Classification accuracy for region varied between
100 % and 29 % for the Madeira and the Lower Amazon fishes,
respectively. Overall, this preliminary trial is not yet fully developed to
be applied as a commercial traceability tool. However, given the importance
of Arapaima spp. for food security and the generation of economic
resources for millions of people in the Amazon basin, further analyses are
needed to increase the discrimination performance of these biogeographical
tags.
Characterizing photosymbiosis in modern planktonic foraminifera
Authors: Takagi Haruka , Kimoto Katsunori , Fujiki Tetsuichi , Saito Hiroaki , Schmidt Christiane , Kucera Michal , Moriya Kazuyoshi
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Photosymbiosis has played a key role in the diversification of foraminifera and their carbonate production through geologic history. However, identification of photosymbiosis in extinct taxa remains challenging and even among the extant species the occurrence and functional relevance of photosymbiosis remains poorly constrained. Here, we investigate photosymbiosis in living planktonic foraminifera by measuring active chlorophyll fluorescence with fast repetition rate fluorometry. This method provides unequivocal evidence for the presence of photosynthetic capacity in individual foraminifera and it allows us to characterize multiple features of symbiont photosynthesis including chlorophyll a (Chl a) content, potential photosynthetic activity (Fv / Fm), and light absorption efficiency (σPSII). To obtain robust evidence for the occurrence and importance of photosymbiosis in modern planktonic foraminifera, we conducted measurements on 1266 individuals from 30 species of the families Globigerinidae, Hastigerinidae, Globorotaliidae, and Candeinidae. Among the studied species, 19 were recognized as symbiotic and 11 as non-symbiotic. Of these, six species were newly confirmed as symbiotic and five as non-symbiotic. Photosymbiotic species have been identified in all families except the Hastigerinidae. A significant positive correlation between test size and Chl a content, found in 16 species, is interpreted as symbiont growth scaled to the growth of the host, consistent with persistent possession of symbionts through the lifetime of the foraminifera. The remaining three symbiont-bearing species did not show such a relationship, and their Fv / Fm values were comparatively low, indicating that their symbionts do not grow once acquired from the environment. The objectively quantified photosymbiotic characteristics have been used to design a metric of photosymbiosis, which allows the studied species to be classified along a gradient of photosynthetic activity, providing a framework for future ecological and physiological investigations of planktonic foraminifera.
Investigating the environmental response to water harvesting structures: A field study in Tanzania
Authors: Eisma Jessica A. , Merwade Venkatesh M.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Sand dams, a popular water harvesting structure employed by rural communities, capture and store water for use during the dry season in arid and semi-arid regions. Most sand dam research has been performed on the ideal sand dam, despite approximately fifty percent of sand dams not functioning as intended. This research involves a year-long, in-depth field study of three sand dams in Tanzania, one of which is essentially non-functioning. The study investigated a sand dam's impact on macroinvertebrate habitat, vegetation, streambank erosion, and the local water table. Surveys of macroinvertebrate assemblage were performed each season. Vegetation surveys were performed every other month, and erosion was recorded semi-monthly. Water table monitoring wells were installed at each sand dam, and measurements were taken twice a day. The study showed that sand dams are not a suitable habitat for macroinvertebrates. The non-functioning sand dam has a thick layer of silt preventing infiltration of rainwater. The functioning sand dams store a significant amount of water, but most is lost to evapotranspiration within a few months of the last rainfall. Unlike the non-functioning sand dam, the functioning sand dams have a positive impact on local vegetation and minimal impact on erosion. Sand dams can increase the water security of a community, but site characteristics and construction methods must be strongly considered to maximize the sand dam's positive impact.
Exposure of tourism development to salt karst hazards along the Jordanian Dead Sea shore
Authors: Abou Karaki Najib , Fiaschi Simone , Paenen Killian , Al-Awabdeh Mohammad , Closson Damien
Published: April 2019

Abstract. The Dead Sea shore is a unique, young and dynamic salt karst
system. Development of the area began in the 1960s, when the main water
resources that used to feed the Dead Sea were diverted towards deserts,
cities and industries. During the last decade, the water level has fallen by
more than 1 m per year, causing a hydrostatic disequilibrium between
the underground fresh waters and the base level. Thousands of underground
cavities have developed as well as hectometre-sized landslides. Despite these
unfavourable environmental conditions, large tourism development projects
have flourished along the northern coast of the Jordanian Dead Sea. In this
work, which is based on a multi-method approach (analyses of radar and
optical satellite data, in situ observations, and public science), we show
that a 10 km long strip of coast that encompass several resorts is
exposed to subsidence, sinkholes, landslides and flash floods. Geological
discontinuities are the weakest points where the system can re-balance and
where most of the energy is dissipated through erosional processes.
Groundwater is moving rapidly along fractures to reach the dropping base
level. The salt that fills the sediments matrix is dissolved along the water
flow paths favouring the development of enlarged conduits, cavities and
then the proliferation of sinkholes. The front beaches of the hotels, the
roads and the bridges are the most affected infrastructure. We point out
the importance for the land planners to include in the Dead Sea development
schemes the historical records and present knowledge of geological hazards
in the area.
On the nonlinear and Solar-forced nature of the Chandler wobble in the Earth's pole motion
Authors: Sonechkin Dmitry M.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. About 250 years ago L. Euler has derived a system of three quadratic-nonlinear differential equations to depict the rotation of the Earth as a rigid body. Neglecting a small distinction between the equatorial inertia moments, he reduced this system to much simpler linear one, and concluded that the Earth's pole must experience a harmonic oscillation of the 304-day period. Astronomers could not find this oscillation, but instead, S.C Chandler has found two powerful wobbles with the 12- and ~ 14-month periods in reality. Adhering to the Euler's linearization, astronomers can not explain the nature of the later wobble up to now. I indicate that the neglect by the above small distinction (“a small parameter” of the Euler's primary nonlinear equations) is not admissible because the effect of this parameter is singular. Analysing the primary equations by an asymptotic technique, I demonstrate that the Chandler wobble tones are formed from combinational harmonics of the Euler's 304-day oscillation, long-term Luni-Solar tides as well as the 22-year cycle of the heliomagnetic activity. Correlating simultaneous variations of the wobble and a solar activity index, I corroborate that the Chandler wobble is really affected by the Sun.
Assimilation of surface observations in a transient marine ice sheetmodel using an ensemble Kalman filter
Authors: Gillet-Chaulet Fabien
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Marine based sectors of the Antarctic Ice Sheet are increasingly contributing to sea level rise. The basal conditions exert an important control on the ice dynamics and can be propitious to instabilities in the grounding line position. Because the force balance is non-inertial, most ice flow models are now equipped with time-independent inverse methods to constrain the basal conditions from observed surface velocities. However, transient simulations starting form this initial state usually suffer from inconsistencies and are not able to reproduce observed trends. Here, using a synthetic flow line experiment, we assess the performance of an ensemble Kalman filter for the assimilation of transient observations of surface elevation and velocities in a marine ice sheet model. The model solves the shallow shelf equation for the force balance and the continuity equation for ice thickness evolution. The position of the grounding line is determined by the floatation criterion. The filter analysis estimates both the state of the model, represented by the surface elevation, and the basal conditions, with the simultaneous inversion of the basal friction and topography. The idealized experiment reproduces a marine ice sheet that is in the early stage of an unstable retreat. Using observation frequencies and uncertainties consistent with current observing systems, we find that the filter allows to accurately recover both the basal friction and topography after few assimilation cycles with relatively small ensemble sizes. In addition it is found that assimilating the surface observations has a positive impact to constrain the evolution of the grounding line during the assimilation window. Using the initialised state to perform century-scale forecast simulations, we show that grounding line retreat rates are in agreement with the reference, however remaining uncertainties in the basal conditions may lead to significant delays in the initiation of the unstable retreat. These results are encouraging for the application to real glacial systems.
Aplicação de entrevistas em pesquisa qualitativa
Authors: Silva Luciano Ferreira da , Russo Rosária De Fátima Segger Macri
Published: April 2019

Este comentário editorial tem como objetivo discutir o processo aplicação de entrevistas em pesquisa qualitativa. A entrevista é uma rica fonte de evidências desde que seja bem empregada, o que gera validade, com análise e interpretação adequada, resultando em uma pesquisa confiável. Um aspecto relevante nesse método é o grau de interação e profundidade na “conversa direcionada” com o entrevistado. Este diálogo proporciona compreender a intersubjetividade do entrevistado, permitindo ao pesquisador descrever a realidade social pesquisada. Contudo, essa compreensão depende da competência e do preparo do entrevistador. Entrevistas mais objetivas permitem depreender frações superficiais dos sentimentos, percepções e atitudes dos entrevistados. Por outro lado, entrevistas em profundidade e Focus Group permitem compreender a realidade do entrevistado a partir da sua perspectiva. Esperamos contribuir na obtenção de pesquisas com uma melhor aplicação de entrevistas, o que contribuirá com o processo de análise e construção dos achados, melhorando a qualidade de artigos recebidos.
Fatigue Testing of Pipeline Welds and Heat-Affected Zones in Pressurized Hydrogen
Gas
Authors: Drexler Elizabeth S. , Slifka Andrew J. , Amaro Robert L. , Sowards Jeffrey W. , Connolly Matthew J. , Martin May L. , Lauria Damian S.
Published: April 2019

Several welds and associated heat-affected zones (HAZs) on two API X70 and two
API X52 pipes were tested to determine the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) in
pressurized hydrogen gas and assess the area of the pipe that was most susceptible
to fatigue when subjected to hydrogen gas. The relationship between FCGRs for welds
and HAZs compared to base metal is discussed relative to local residual stresses,
differences in the actual path of the crack, and hydrogen pressure effects.
Sezonowa i wieloletnia zmienność niektórych elementów klimatu w Tatrach i Karkonoszach w latach 1951-2015 = Seasonal and multiannual variability of selected elements of climate in the Tatra and Karkonosze Mts over the 1951-2015 period
Authors: Błażejczyk Krzysztof
Published: April 2019

W ostatnich dekadach XX w. i na początku XXI w. obserwuje się w skali globalnej znaczący wzrost temperatury powietrza. W odniesieniu do pozostałych elementów klimatu informacje są rozbieżne. Na przykład, relacjonowany jest wzrost opadów lub ich zmniejszanie. Brak jest praktycznie informacji, czy i w jakim stopniu zmieniają się wilgotność powietrza i prędkość wiatru. Obszary górskie są miejscami szczególnie wrażliwymi na zmiany klimatu. Dlatego też w opracowaniu tym podjęto próbę porównania sezonowych i wieloletnich zmian niektórych elementów klimatu i wskaźników klimatycznych w polskich wysokich górach (Tatry i Karkonosze) w latach 1951–2015. Stwierdzono szereg podobieństw i różnic klimatycznych pomiędzy badanymi pasmami, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do gradientów wysokościowych temperatury powietrza (gradient średniej rocznej temperatury powietrza wynosi -0,53°C w Tatrach i -0,55°C na 100 m wzniesienia w Karkonoszach)1 i pokrywy śnieżnej (10 cm/100 m w Tatrach i 12 cm/100 m w Karkonoszach). Opady atmosferyczne cechują się gradientem wysokościowym 38 mm/100 m w Karkonoszach i 53 mm/100 m w Tatrach. Stwierdzono także podobieństwa i różnice tempa zmian różnych elementów klimatu w analizowanym wieloleciu. W przypadku średniej rocznej temperatury istotny trend zmian wynosi w obydwu pasmach około 0,3°C na 10 lat. W większości przypadków zmiany charakterystyk opadowych oraz dotyczących pokrywy śnieżnej są nieistotne statystycznie.
Wpływ gospodarki leśnej na terenach górskich na wybrane elementy środowiska - aktualny stan wiedzy = Impact of mountain forest management on selected elements of the environment - the current state of knowledge
Authors: Affek Andrzej Norbert
Published: April 2019

W artykule dokonano przeglądu literatury zagranicznej i polskiej dotyczącej wpływu pozyskiwania drewna na wybrane procesy naturalne i elementy środowiska na terenach górskich. Skoncentrowano się przede wszystkim na oddziaływaniu gospodarki leśnej na strukturę gleby i tempo erozji oraz na reakcji hydrologicznej w skali stoku i zlewni, w tym na natężenie i częstotliwość przepływów szczytowych oraz transport fluwialny. Z przeglądu literatury wynika, że zrywka jest tym elementem procesu pozyskiwania drewna, który w największym stopniu oddziałuje na glebę i reakcję hydrologiczną zlewni górskich, a sieć dróg leśnych może przyczyniać się do zwiększenia nawet o kilkanaście procent natężenia przepływów maksymalnych i wynikających z nich powodzi błyskawicznych.
Utilisation et enjeux des données clinico-administratives dans le domaine de la santé
mentale et de la dépendance
Authors: Fleury Marie-Josée , Delorme André , Benigeri Mike , Vanasse Alain
Published: April 2019

Les banques de données clinico-administratives sont des outils clés pour la prise
de décision publique en santé. Pour soutenir la gestion des services, plusieurs banques sont
disponibles s’intéressant aux besoins des populations et aux ressources disponibles, tout en
intégrant des indicateurs de performance. Depuis les années 2000, des efforts considérables
ont été menés afin de consolider les données et développer des outils visant à mieux
surveiller l’état de santé des populations ou la performance du système sociosanitaire. Dans
le cadre du congrès annuel de l’Association francophone pour le savoir (ACFAS), qui s’est
tenu à l’Université McGill en 2017, un colloque a été organisé pour débattre de leur
exploitation en santé mentale et en dépendance. Le colloque a intégré une discussion
d’experts qui se sont entretenus afin d’identifier les principales banques
clinico-administratives, l’ampleur de leur utilisation, leurs limites et les solutions à
développer pour les optimiser afin de mieux soutenir la gestion des services. Cet article
vise à résumer le contenu de ces discussions. Bien que les banques comportent des forces
importantes, dont un potentiel élevé de généralisation de l’information, elles présentent
des limites se rapportant surtout à leur capacité à répondre aux besoins, à des enjeux de
qualité et de validation, ainsi que d’accessibilité. Diverses recommandations ont été émises
pour améliorer leur gestion et optimiser leur impact, dont leur conservation et traitement
dans un organisme autonome et hautement accessible, et un changement sociétal de culture
favorisant l’évaluation de la performance afin d’améliorer les pratiques et de mieux
monitorer les résultats de santé.
Utilisation de l’urgence au Québec des patients avec des troubles mentaux incluant les
troubles liés aux substances psychoactives
Authors: Fleury Marie-Josée , Fortin Marilyn , Rochette Louis , Grenier Guy , Huỳnh Christophe , Pelletier Éric , Lesage Alain , Vasiliadis Helen-Maria
Published: April 2019

L’urgence joue un rôle de baromètre de la qualité du système de santé. Basée sur le
Système intégré de surveillance des maladies chroniques du Québec (SISMACQ), une cohorte de
patients avec troubles mentaux (TM) incluant les troubles liés aux substances psychoactives
(TLS) est décrite quant à son utilisation de l’urgence, de l’hospitalisation, incluant sa
durée, et les raisons de l’utilisation de ces services en 2014-15, selon le sexe, l’âge, et
la zone d’habitation, et certains résultats comparés aux patients sans TM et à ceux d’une
cohorte de 2000-01. De la population québécoise, 12 % (865 255) avaient présenté des TM, et
de ceux-ci 39 % visité l’urgence en 2014-15, une diminution de 6 % depuis 2000-01. Environ
deux fois plus de patients avec TM que sans TM ont visité les urgences et ont été
hospitalisés. Près de 17 % des patients étaient de grands ou très grands utilisateurs
(>4 visites/an) de l’urgence, et 34 % avaient été hospitalisés. L’urgence était
davantage utilisée par les plus de 65 ans et en milieux ruraux. Pour les TM exclusivement
(sans les TLS), 68 % des visites étaient reliées aux patients avec des troubles
anxio-dépressifs ; pour un TLS exclusivement, 51 % à l’alcool. Les maladies physiques
étaient la principale raison des visites à l’urgence et d’hospitalisation, mais plus les
patients présentaient des TM sévères et visitaient fréquemment les urgences, plus les
visites étaient reliées aux TM. Cette étude relève l’importance de l’utilisation de
l’urgence et de l’hospitalisation des patients avec des TM, exposant ainsi l’intérêt
d’améliorer l’accès et la continuité des services pour ces patients.
Consultations médicales et types de services de santé utilisés dans les deux années
précédant le suicide auprès des Québécois diagnostiqués avec et sans troubles mentaux et
troubles avec utilisation de substances
Authors: Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Lamoureux-Lamarche Catherine , Rochette Louis , Levesque Pascale , Pelletier Éric , Lesage Alain
Published: April 2019

Les objectifs de cette étude étaient de décrire l’utilisation des services de santé
auprès des personnes décédées par suicide au Québec, diagnostiquées ou non avec troubles
mentaux (TM) et dépendances (D) (TM/D), répertoriées dans les bases de données
administratives (BDA), et un groupe témoin de Québécois vivants diagnostiqués avec un TM/D.
Les données proviennent du Système intégré de surveillance des maladies chroniques du Québec
(SISMACQ), qui jumelle les bases de données des services médicaux rémunérés à l’acte et
d’hospitalisations. La population source est composée de Québécois âgés de 15 ans et plus
assurés entre le 1er avril 1996 et le 31 mars 2013 par la Régie de l’assurance
maladie du Québec (RAMQ). Les résultats montrent que les cas de suicide avec et sans TM/D
avaient moins tendance à consulter (oui/non) dans l’année qui précède le décès et avaient
moins tendance à être de grands utilisateurs de services de santé (c’est-à-dire au moins 4
visites) que le groupe témoin des personnes vivantes. Les cas de suicide sans TM/D
diagnostiqués avaient plus tendance à se rendre uniquement à l’urgence. Le groupe de
personnes décédées par suicide avec TM/D avait plus tendance à consulter en ambulatoire et à
l’urgence que les deux autres groupes. Le groupe témoin des personnes vivantes avec un TM/D
était plus enclin à consulter en ambulatoire seulement. Des études futures devraient se
focaliser sur des analyses multivariées afin de comparer les profils d’utilisation des
services de santé et les raisons de consultations des cas de suicide et les personnes
vivantes avec différents TM/D.
Raison d’être et perspectives d’avenir de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) à l’aube de son centenaire
Authors: Duplessis Isabelle
Published: April 2019

Près de 100 ans après sa création, le mandat de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) de promouvoir la justice sociale grâce à un travail décent pour toutes et pour tous semble toujours aussi pertinent aujourd’hui. Toutefois, l’OIT doit actuellement faire face à des défis sans précédent, notamment en ce qui concerne une certaine mollesse normative dans le choix des instruments adoptés par ses mandants depuis une vingtaine d’années, une surchauffe de son système de contrôle de supervision de l’application des normes internationales du travail (NIT) ainsi qu’une crise institutionnelle ayant éclaté en 2012, mais dont les questions de fond semblent toujours très largement non résolues. C’est dans ce contexte tendu et complexe que l’OIT essaie, à l’heure actuelle, de se repositionner, notamment dans le cadre d’une réflexion globale sur l’avenir du travail. Le présent article tente de donner un éclairage aux défis immédiats auxquels l’OIT est confrontée, en particulier à ceux illustrant la difficulté de trouver des consensus pour les mandants tripartites traditionnels de l’OIT sur les questions normatives du travail, ainsi qu’à ceux qui se poseront à moyen et long terme, y compris en ce qui concerne l’interprétation des normes et de leur appropriation par d’autres acteurs, afin que cette institution puisse rester un lieu de dialogue, de discussion et de décision au sein duquel les parties prenantes pourront continuer à oeuvrer en faveur du travail décent.
Characterisation of Fungal Bioflocculants and Its Application in Water Treatment
Authors: David O. M. , Oluwole O. A. , Ayodele O. E. , Lasisi T.
Published: April 2019

Bioflocculants of microbial origin have the advantage of being safe, biodegradable and harmless to the environment. Production of bioflocculant by two fungi isolates and the factors affecting its production were investigated in this study. Primary screening of fungi for the production of bioflocculants, efficiencies and conditions for the optimum production of the bioflocculants were determined using standard microbiological and chemical methods. Aspergillus flavus MCB 271 and Aspergillus niger MCBF 08 were the best bioflocculant producers among the fourteen fungal isolates screened. Aspergillus flavus optimally produced bioflocculant with glucose and peptone as sole carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. Calcium ions (Ca2+) at 78.4% served as best cation sources for bioflocculant production with optimal pH of 7 and temperature of 40°C. Aspergillus niger MCBF 08 produced bioflocculant optimally when the media had peptone as a nitrogen source and maltose as a sole carbon source. The two species achieved the maximum flocculating activity of            97% (A. flavus MCBF 271) and 86% (A. niger MCBF 08) at pH values of 7 on the 3rd day of the study and caused a reduction in bacterial load of the wastewater samples by 58.73% and 60.85% respectively. These bioflocculants are thus potential replacement for synthetic flocculants conventionally used for wastewater treatment.
Isozyme Pattern and Morpho-agronomical Traits Based Genetic Divergence Studies in Maize (Zea mays L.) Inbreds
Authors: Kumari Ranju , Singh A. K. , Sharma V. K.
Published: April 2019

The present investigation was carried out with an objective to study genetic divergence based on morpho-agronomical traits and isozyme pattern in eight maize inbreds. These inbreds were evaluated in randomized block design with three replication for ten morph-agronomical traits. Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis technique used to study the isozyme polymorphism in different tissues of eight inbreds. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the inbreds for all the ten morpho-agronomical traits. Nature and extent of genetic divergence for morpho-agronomical traits was measured using average taxonomic distances as a measure of dissimilarity coefficient. Eight inbreds were clustered into four groups (A, B, C, D) based on dissimilarity coefficient. Cluster B and cluster D showed the highest inter cluster distance (2.2422) and the lowest was observed between clusters B and C (1.0401). Cluster A exhibited the highest intra cluster distance (0.8519). Based on inter cluster distances inbreds present in cluster B and D were found more diverse  consisted of inbred CML 186 and CM 600 respectively. Six isozyme systems were used for characterization and divergence studies based on similarity coefficients. Inbreds were classified into six clusters (A, B, C, D, E and F). The lowest (0.5957) similarity coefficient exist between inbreds CM 600 and CML 176 and the highest (0.8132) existed between inbreds CML 186 and CML 144. Cluster analysis in both cases reflected the moderate level of genetic divergence among the inbred lines but result may not be completely similar, but somewhat distinct and complementary in nature. Isozyme patterns was found to effective in revealing the nature of relationship among the inbred lines Therefore, divergence study using one estimate can’t replace the need to evaluate the relationship on the basis of the other which may be to used as parents in hybridization programme.
Continuous Control and Enhancement of Excitonic Valley Polarization in Monolayer WSe2 by Electrostatic Doping
Authors: Shinokita Keisuke , Wang Xiaofan , Miyauchi Yuhei , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Matsuda Kazunari
Published: April 2019

Enhancement and continuous control of the excitonic valley polarization in electrostatically doped monolayer WSe2 are demonstrated. Under excitation with circularly polarized light, 20% valley polarization of excitons around the charge neutrality condition at 70 K is increased to 40% by modulating the electron/hole density up to 2 × 1012 cm−2. This increase originates from slow valley relaxation for neutral exciton between the K and −K valleys owing to screening of long‐range e–h exchange interactions by doped carriers. The gate‐dependences of the exciton valley polarization at various temperatures are reproduced by theoretical calculations, which holds potential for next‐generation valleytronic devices continuously controlled by an applied bias voltage.
High‐Yield Fabrication, Activation, and Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Ion Channels by Repeated Voltage‐Ramping of Membrane‐Capillary Assembly
Authors: Min Hyegi , Kim Yun‐Tae , Moon Seung Min , Han Jae‐Hee , Yum Kyungsuk , Lee Chang Young
Published: April 2019

The interior channels of carbon nanotubes are promising for studying transport of individual molecules in a 1D confined space. However, experimental investigations of the interior transport have been limited by the extremely low yields of fabricated nanochannels and their characterization. Here, this challenge is addressed by assembling nanotube membranes on glass capillaries and employing a voltage‐ramping protocol. Centimeter‐long carbon nanotubes embedded in an epoxy matrix are sliced to hundreds of 10 µm‐thick membranes containing essentially identical nanotubes. The membrane is attached to glass capillaries and dipped into analyte solution. Repeated ramping of the transmembrane voltage gradually increases ion conductance and activates the nanotube ion channels in 90% of the membranes; 33% of the activated membranes exhibit stochastic pore‐blocking events caused by cation translocation through the interiors of the nanotubes. Since the membrane‐capillary assembly can be handled independently of the analyte solution, fluidic exchange can be carried out simply by dipping the capillary into a solution of another analyte. This capability is demonstrated by sequentially measuring the threshold transmembrane voltages and ion mobilities for K+, Na+, and Li+. This approach, validated with carbon nanotubes, will save significant time and effort when preparing and testing a broad range of solid‐state nanopores.
Random Copolymers Outperform Gradient and Block Copolymers in Stabilizing Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Kong Chen , Song Byeongseop , Mueller Emily A. , Kim Jinsang , McNeil Anne J.
Published: April 2019

Recent advances have led to conjugated polymer‐based photovoltaic devices with efficiencies rivaling amorphous silicon. Nevertheless, these devices become less efficient over time due to changes in active layer morphology, thereby hindering their commercialization. Copolymer additives are a promising approach toward stabilizing blend morphologies; however, little is known about the impact of copolymer sequence, composition, and concentration. Herein, the impact of these parameters is determined by synthesizing random, block, and gradient copolymers with a poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) backbone and side‐chain fullerenes (phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM)). These copolymers are evaluated as compatibilizers in photovoltaic devices with P3HT:PC61BM as the active layer. The random copolymer with 20 mol% fullerene side chains and at 8 wt% concentration in the blend gives the most stable morphologies. Devices containing the random copolymer also exhibit higher and more stable power conversion efficiencies than the control device. Combined, these studies point to the random copolymer as a promising new scaffold for stabilizing bulk heterojunction photovoltaics.
Complement and coagulation cascades in trauma
Authors: Satyam Abhigyan , Graef Elizabeth R. , Lapchak Peter H. , Tsokos Maria G. , Dalle Lucca Jurandir J. , Tsokos George C.
Published: April 2019

Trauma remains a major cause of death throughout the world, especially for patients younger than 45 years. Due to rapid advances in clinical management, both in the acute and prehospital settings, trauma patients survive devastating injuries at unprecedented rates. However, these patients can often face life threatening complications that stem from the robust innate immune response induced by severe hemorrhage, leading to further tissue injury rather than repair. The complement and coagulation cascades are key mediators in this disordered reaction, which includes the development of trauma‐induced coagulopathy. There is increasing evidence that cross‐talk between these two pathways allows rapid amplification of their otherwise targeted responses and contributes to overwhelming and prolonged systemic inflammation. In this article, we summarize the initial steps of innate immune response to trauma and review the complex complement and coagulation cascades, as well as how they interact with each other. Despite progress in understanding these cascades, effective therapeutic targets have yet to be found and further research is needed both to improve survival rates as well as decrease associated morbidity.