bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Genes Involved in Alkaloid Biosynthesis in Vinca minor through Transcriptomics and Gene Co-Expression Analysis
Authors: Stander Emily Amor , Sepúlveda Liuda Johana , Dugé de Bernonville Thomas , Carqueijeiro Inês , Koudounas Konstantinos , Lemos Cruz Pamela , Besseau Sébastien , Lanoue Arnaud , Papon Nicolas , Giglioli-Guivarc’h Nathalie , Dirks Ron , O’Connor Sarah Ellen , Atehortùa Lucia , Oudin Audrey , Courdavault Vincent
Published: November 2020

The lesser periwinkle Vinca minor accumulates numerous monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIAs) including the vasodilator vincamine. While the biosynthetic pathway of MIAs has been largely elucidated in other Apocynaceae such as Catharanthus roseus, the counterpart in V. minor remains mostly unknown, especially for reactions leading to MIAs specific to this plant. As a consequence, we generated a comprehensive V. minor transcriptome elaborated from eight distinct samples including roots, old and young leaves exposed to low or high light exposure conditions. This optimized resource exhibits an improved completeness compared to already published ones. Through homology-based searches using C. roseus genes as bait, we predicted candidate genes for all common steps of the MIA pathway as illustrated by the cloning of a tabersonine/vincadifformine 16-O-methyltransferase (Vm16OMT) isoform. The functional validation of this enzyme revealed its capacity of methylating 16-hydroxylated derivatives of tabersonine, vincadifformine and lochnericine with a Km 0.94 ± 0.06 µM for 16-hydroxytabersonine. Furthermore, by combining expression of fusions with yellow fluorescent proteins and interaction assays, we established that Vm16OMT is located in the cytosol and forms homodimers. Finally, a gene co-expression network was performed to identify candidate genes of the missing V. minor biosynthetic steps to guide MIA pathway elucidation.
Src Regulation of Cx43 Phosphorylation and Gap Junction Turnover
Authors: Solan Joell L. , Lampe Paul D.
Published: November 2020

The gap junction protein Connexin43 (Cx43) is highly regulated by phosphorylation at over a dozen sites by probably at least as many kinases. This Cx43 “kinome” plays an important role in gap junction assembly and turnover. We sought to gain a better understanding of the interrelationship of these phosphorylation events particularly related to src activation and Cx43 turnover. Using state-of-the-art live imaging methods, specific inhibitors and many phosphorylation-status specific antibodies, we found phospho-specific domains in gap junction plaques and show evidence that multiple pathways of disassembly exist and can be regulated at the cellular and subcellular level. We found Src activation promotes formation of connexisomes (internalized gap junctions) in a process involving ERK-mediated phosphorylation of S279/282. Proteasome inhibition dramatically and rapidly restored gap junctions in the presence of Src and led to dramatic changes in the Cx43 phospho-profile including to increased Y247, Y265, S279/282, S365, and S373 phosphorylation. Lysosomal inhibition, on the other hand, nearly eliminated phosphorylation on Y247 and Y265 and reduced S368 and S373 while increasing S279/282 phosphorylation levels. We present a model of gap junction disassembly where multiple modes of disassembly are regulated by phosphorylation and can have differential effects on cellular signaling.
Reduced Expression of Cerebral Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 in Men with Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Brašić James R. , Nandi Ayon , Russell David S. , Jennings Danna , Barret Olivier , Mathur Anil , Slifer Keith , Sedlak Thomas , Martin Samuel D. , Brinson Zabecca , Vyas Pankhuri , Seibyl John P. , Berry-Kravis Elizabeth M. , Wong Dean F. , Budimirovic Dejan B.
Published: November 2020

Glutamatergic receptor expression is mostly unknown in adults with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Favorable behavioral effects of negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) in fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse models have not been confirmed in humans with FXS. Measurement of cerebral mGluR5 expression in humans with FXS exposed to NAMs might help in that effort. We used positron emission tomography (PET) to measure the mGluR5 density as a proxy of mGluR5 expression in cortical and subcortical brain regions to confirm target engagement of NAMs for mGluR5s. The density and the distribution of mGluR5 were measured in two independent samples of men with FXS (N = 9) and typical development (TD) (N = 8). We showed the feasibility of this complex study including MRI and PET, meaning that this challenging protocol can be accomplished in men with FXS with an adequate preparation. Analysis of variance of estimated mGluR5 expression showed that mGluR5 expression was significantly reduced in cortical and subcortical regions of men with FXS in contrast to age-matched men with TD.
DNA Polymerases at the Eukaryotic Replication Fork Thirty Years after: Connection to Cancer
Authors: Pavlov Youri I. , Zhuk Anna S. , Stepchenkova Elena I.
Published: November 2020

Recent studies on tumor genomes revealed that mutations in genes of replicative DNA polymerases cause a predisposition for cancer by increasing genome instability. The past 10 years have uncovered exciting details about the structure and function of replicative DNA polymerases and the replication fork organization. The principal idea of participation of different polymerases in specific transactions at the fork proposed by Morrison and coauthors 30 years ago and later named “division of labor,” remains standing, with an amendment of the broader role of polymerase δ in the replication of both the lagging and leading DNA strands. However, cancer-associated mutations predominantly affect the catalytic subunit of polymerase ε that participates in leading strand DNA synthesis. We analyze how new findings in the DNA replication field help elucidate the polymerase variants’ effects on cancer.
B-ALL Complexity: Is Targeted Therapy Still A Valuable Approach for Pediatric Patients?
Authors: Ratti Stefano , Lonetti Annalisa , Follo Matilde Y. , Paganelli Francesca , Martelli Alberto M. , Chiarini Francesca , Evangelisti Camilla
Published: November 2020

B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is a hematologic malignancy that arises from the clonal expansion of transformed B-cell precursors and predominately affects childhood. Even though significant progresses have been made in the treatment of B-ALL, pediatric patients’ outcome has to be furtherly increased and alternative targeted treatment strategies are required for younger patients. Over the last decade, novel approaches have been used to understand the genomic landscape and the complexity of the molecular biology of pediatric B-ALL, mainly next generation sequencing, offering important insights into new B-ALL subtypes, altered pathways, and therapeutic targets that may lead to improved risk stratification and treatments. Here, we will highlight the up-to-date knowledge of the novel B-ALL subtypes in childhood, with particular emphasis on altered signaling pathways. In addition, we will discuss the targeted therapies that showed promising results for the treatment of the different B-ALL subtypes.
Adrenomedullin Inhibits Osmotic Water Permeability in Rat Inner Medullary Collecting Ducts
Authors: Ma Fuying , Chen Guangping , Rodriguez Eva L. , Klein Janet D. , Sands Jeff M. , Wang Yanhua
Published: November 2020

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a vasodilator that causes natriuresis and diuresis. However, the direct effect of ADM on osmotic water permeability in the rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) has not been tested. We investigated whether ADM and its ADM receptor components (CRLR, RAMP2, and 3) are expressed in rat inner medulla (IM) and whether ADM regulates osmotic water permeability in isolated perfused rat IMCDs. The mRNAs of ADM, CRLR, and RAMP2 and 3 were detected in rat IM. Abundant protein of CRLR and RAMP3 were also seen but RAMP2 protein level was extremely low. Adding ADM (100 nM) to the bath significantly decreased osmotic water permeability. ADM significantly decreased aquaporin-2 (AQP2) phosphorylation at Serine 256 (pS256) and increased it at Serine 261 (pS261). ADM significantly increased cAMP levels in IM. However, inhibition of cAMP by SQ22536 further decreased ADM-attenuated osmotic water permeability. Stimulation of cAMP by roflumilast increased ADM-attenuated osmotic water permeability. Previous studies show that ADM also stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) pathways including protein kinase C (PKC) and cGMP. We tested whether PLC pathways regulate ADM-attenuated osmotic water permeability. Blockade of either PLC by U73122 or PKC by rottlerin significantly augmented the ADM-attenuated osmotic water permeability and promoted pS256-AQP2 but did change pS261-AQP2. Inhibition of cGMP by L-NAME did not change AQP2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, ADM primarily binds to the CRLR-RAMP3 receptor to initiate signaling pathways in the IM. ADM reduced water reabsorption through a PLC-pathway involving PKC. ADM-attenuated water reabsorption may be related to decreased trafficking of AQP2 to the plasma membrane. cAMP is not involved in ADM-attenuated osmotic water permeability.
The Path towards Predicting Evolution as Illustrated in Yeast Cell Polarity
Authors: Daalman Werner , Sweep Els , Laan Liedewij
Published: November 2020

A bottom-up route towards predicting evolution relies on a deep understanding of the complex network that proteins form inside cells. In a rapidly expanding panorama of experimental possibilities, the most difficult question is how to conceptually approach the disentangling of such complex networks. These can exhibit varying degrees of hierarchy and modularity, which obfuscate certain protein functions that may prove pivotal for adaptation. Using the well-established polarity network in budding yeast as a case study, we first organize current literature to highlight protein entrenchments inside polarity. Following three examples, we see how alternating between experimental novelties and subsequent emerging design strategies can construct a layered understanding, potent enough to reveal evolutionary targets. We show that if you want to understand a cell’s evolutionary capacity, such as possible future evolutionary paths, seemingly unimportant proteins need to be mapped and studied. Finally, we generalize this research structure to be applicable to other systems of interest.
An Investigation into Incidences of Microbial Contamination in Cosmeceuticals in the UAE: Imbalances between Preservation and Microbial Contamination
Authors: Jairoun Ammar Abdulrahman , Al-Hemyari Sabaa Saleh , Shahwan Moyad , Zyoud Sa’ed H.
Published: November 2020

In recent years, concern about certain personal care products and cosmetics suffering from microbial contamination has increased. In this research, we aimed to determine the types and incidence of the most common microorganisms found in unopened/unused personal care and cosmetic products in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) market. This research involved an analysis of 100 personal care products and cosmetics. For every product, microbial (Candida albicans, Staphylococcusaureus, aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Escherichia coli, yeast and mold, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) contamination was assessed, and levels were compared with the guidelines used in Europe. Of the total samples, 15% (95% CI: 0.79–22.1) were contaminated by aerobic mesophilic bacteria compared to the maximum microbial limit of 1000 CFU/g. In addition, 13% (95% CI: 0.63–19.7) of the samples were contaminated with yeast and mold compared to the maximum microbial limit of 1000 CFU/g. Of all samples, nine (9%) were contaminated with both aerobic mesophilic bacteria and yeast and mold. However, none of the tested samples were contaminated with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Manufacturers of cosmetics and personal care products should be developing and implementing best practices regarding quality control/quality assurance in partnership with government regulators. Additionally, there should be greater control of the quality and safety of this type of product regarding good manufacturing practice (GMP), regulation, research, education, and the reporting of adverse events.
Thermal Behavior of Pyromorphite (Pb10(PO4)6Cl2): In Situ High Temperature Powder X-ray Diffraction Study
Authors: Gu Tingting , Qin Shan , Wu Xiang
Published: November 2020

Pyromorphite is one of the important end member lead apatites that has potential applications in environment remediation. The thermal behavior of natural pyromorphite, Pb10(PO4)6Cl2, has been investigated up to 1373 K at room-pressure using a powder X-ray diffraction device equipped with a heating system. Pyromorphite experiences melting and decomposing at 1373 K into lead phosphate (Pb3(PO4)2), and lead dioxide (PbO2) with reaction with air. The fit of the temperature–volume data yields a linear volume expansion coefficient αV = 4.5 (±0.02) × 10−5 K−1. The linear expansion coefficients for lattice parameters present the anisotropic thermal expansibility, i.e., αa = (±0.06) × 10−5 K−1 and αc = 2.2 (±0.06) × 10−5 K−1. We looked into the crystal chemistry and proposed an expression to quantitatively evaluate the structural evolution of pyromorphite upon high temperature by calculating the twist angle of the Pb(1)O6 metaprism, which decreases at elevated temperatures. A distinct drop of the twist angle was observed at ~1100–1200 K, which might be a sign for the phase transition to a low symmetric subgroup. The variation of the twist angle is more sensitive than that of the unit cell; therefore, it can be applied to monitor the structural and phase changes of apatite group materials in general.
Survivability of Salmonella Pathogens and Physicochemical Characteristics of Powder Goat Milk Stored under Different Storage Treatment Regimens
Authors: Paswan Roshan , Mishra Abhinav , Park Young W.
Published: November 2020

Survivability of Salmonella pathogens in commercial powdered goat milk (PGM) under different storage treatments was investigated using three batches of PGM products stored at two temperatures (4 °C and 25 °C) and ten storage periods (0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 days). A cocktail of three Salmonella serotypes (Salmonella agona, Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella tennessee) was inoculated to the PGM samples and then survival of Salmonella counts was enumerated in the inoculated and non-inoculated control groups. Results showed that the initial Salmonella counts were 7.103 Log CFU (colony forming unit)/g at both temperatures. At the first 3 days, the viable Salmonella counts were reduced about 0.94 and 1.40 Log CFU/g at 4 °C and 25 °C, respectively, where the same levels were sustained for 14 days. Further reductions continued and at the end of 180 days storage, Salmonella survivability was 1.15 Log CFU/g higher at 4 °C than at 25 °C under the same water activity condition. As the storage period advanced, viable pathogen counts were gradually decreased. The pH of samples stored at 4 °C for 0 and 4 month were higher than those stored at 25 °C except for 2 months, while no differences were found in water activity (aw) between treatments of the PGM products. With regard to physicochemical characteristics, the samples stored at 25 °C showed higher POV (peroxide value) values than those stored at 4 °C for 2 and 4 month periods, indicating that the rate of lipid oxidation in the PGM was elevated by a higher storage temperature and a longer storage period. The basic nutrient compositions of the experimental PGM were similar to those reported in recent studies. Oleic acid (C18:1) was the highest, caprylic acid (C8:0) was the second highest, and behenic acid (C22:0) was the lowest concentration among all fatty acids identified in the PGM samples. Most of the fatty acid concentrations tended to decrease with advanced storage periods. This research indicates that the survivability of Salmonella pathogens in the PGM products stored at 4 °C for 180 days was higher than those stored at 25 °C under the same aw condition.
Partial Information Decomposition and the Information Delta: A Geometric Unification Disentangling Non-Pairwise Information
Authors: Kunert-Graf James , Sakhanenko Nikita , Galas David
Published: November 2020

Information theory provides robust measures of multivariable interdependence, but classically does little to characterize the multivariable relationships it detects. The Partial Information Decomposition (PID) characterizes the mutual information between variables by decomposing it into unique, redundant, and synergistic components. This has been usefully applied, particularly in neuroscience, but there is currently no generally accepted method for its computation. Independently, the Information Delta framework characterizes non-pairwise dependencies in genetic datasets. This framework has developed an intuitive geometric interpretation for how discrete functions encode information, but lacks some important generalizations. This paper shows that the PID and Delta frameworks are largely equivalent. We equate their key expressions, allowing for results in one framework to apply towards open questions in the other. For example, we find that the approach of Bertschinger et al. is useful for the open Information Delta question of how to deal with linkage disequilibrium. We also show how PID solutions can be mapped onto the space of delta measures. Using Bertschinger et al. as an example solution, we identify a specific plane in delta-space on which this approach’s optimization is constrained, and compute it for all possible three-variable discrete functions of a three-letter alphabet. This yields a clear geometric picture of how a given solution decomposes information.
Knowledge Heterogenization of the Franchising Literature Applying Transaction Cost Economics
Authors: Tsai Fu-Sheng , Kuo Chin-Chiung , Lin Julia L.
Published: November 2020

Transaction Cost Economics is one of the most critical theories for business studies, including Franchise research. Knowing this stream of research well can help researchers to ground and sustain their studies on a more solid theoretical foundation. Through a Scientometric literature review via the Search-AppraisaL-Synthesis-Analysis (SALSA) procedures, this paper proposes, investigates and demonstrates the knowledge heterogenization (i.e., the knowledge structure becoming heterogeneous) of literature in the social science domain. Focused on the Transaction Cost Economics application in Franchising research that intersects Economics and Business areas, knowledge heterogenization is found and demonstrated in the following aspects of research stream development: research topics, targeted outlets, empirical (geographical) contexts, analytic approaches, as well as important scholars and publications. However, we did not find heterogenization in terms of the adoption of cross-sectional versus longitudinal research design and quantitative versus qualitative data sources. Implications for the continuous practices and theory development of this research stream are discussed. Mainly, we argue that knowledge heterogenization is an approach for a scientific community to achieve developmental sustainability.
Planar Dual Polarized Metasurface Array for Microwave Energy Harvesting
Authors: Aldhaeebi Maged A. , Almoneef Thamer S.
Published: November 2020

The design of a dual polarized metasurface collector based on the metamaterial full absorption concept for electromagnetic energy harvesting is introduced. Unlike previous metamaterial absorber designs, here the power absorbed is mostly dissipated across a resistive load rather than within the dielectric substrate. This is achieved by channeling the absorbed power to an optimal resistive load through a via hole. The simulation results show that a power absorption efficiency of 98% is achieved at an operating frequency of 2 GHz for a single unit cell. A super unit cell consisting of four cells with alternating vias was also designed to produce a dual polarized metasurface. The simulation results yielded a radiation to AC efficiency of around 98% for each polarization.
Fingertip Gestures Recognition Using Leap Motion and Camera for Interaction with Virtual Environment
Authors: Rehman Inam Ur , Ullah Sehat , Khan Dawar , Khalid Shah , Alam Aftab , Jabeen Gul , Rabbi Ihsan , Rahman Haseeb Ur , Ali Numan , Azher Muhammad , Nabi Syed , Khan Sangeen
Published: November 2020

The emergence in computing and the latest hardware technologies realized the use of natural interaction with computers. Gesture-based interaction is one of the prominent fields of natural interactions. The recognition and application of hand gestures in virtual environments (VEs) need extensive calculations due to the complexities involved, which directly affect the performance and realism of interaction. In this paper, we propose a new interaction technique that uses single fingertip-based gestures for interaction with VEs. The objective of the study is to minimize the computational cost, increase performance, and improve usability. The interaction involves navigation, selection, translation, and release of objects. For this purpose, we propose a low-cost camera-based system that uses a colored fingertip for the fastest and accurate recognition of gestures. We also implemented the proposed interaction technique using the Leap Motion controller. We present a comparative analysis of the proposed system with the Leap Motion controller for gesture recognition and operation. A VE was developed for experimental purposes. Moreover, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of two different recognition setups including video camera and the Leap Motion sensor. The key parameters for analysis were task accuracy, interaction volume, update rate, and spatial distortion of accuracy. We used the Standard Usability Scale (SUS) for system usability analysis. The experiments revealed that camera implementation was found with good performance, less spatial distortion of accuracy, and large interaction volume as compared to the Leap Motion sensor. We also found the proposed interaction technique highly usable in terms of user satisfaction, user-friendliness, learning, and consistency.
Deep Learning Method for Selecting Effective Models and Feature Groups in Emotion Recognition Using an Asian Multimodal Database
Authors: Maeng Jun-Ho , Kang Dong-Hyun , Kim Deok-Hwan
Published: November 2020

Emotional awareness is vital for advanced interactions between humans and computer systems. This paper introduces a new multimodal dataset called MERTI-Apps based on Asian physiological signals and proposes a genetic algorithm (GA)—long short-term memory (LSTM) deep learning model to derive the active feature groups for emotion recognition. This study developed an annotation labeling program for observers to tag the emotions of subjects by their arousal and valence during dataset creation. In the learning phase, a GA was used to select effective LSTM model parameters and determine the active feature group from 37 features and 25 brain lateralization features extracted from the electroencephalogram (EEG) time, frequency, and time–frequency domains. The proposed model achieved a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.0156 in terms of the valence regression performance in the MAHNOB-HCI dataset, and RMSE performances of 0.0579 and 0.0287 in terms of valence and arousal regression performance, and 65.7% and 88.3% in terms of valence and arousal accuracy in the in-house MERTI-Apps dataset, which uses Asian-population-specific 12-channel EEG data and adds an additional brain lateralization (BL) feature. The results revealed 91.3% and 94.8% accuracy in the valence and arousal domain in the DEAP dataset owing to the effective model selection of a GA.
A Non-Dissipative Equalizer with Fast Energy Transfer Based on Adaptive Balancing Current Control
Authors: Wang Shun-Chung , Liu Chun-Yu , Liu Yi-Hua
Published: November 2020

In this study, an active inductive equalizer with fast energy transfer based on adaptive balancing current control is proposed to rapidly equilibrate lithium-ion battery packs. A multiphase structure of equalizer formed by many specific parallel converter legs (PCLs) with bidirectional energy conversion serves as the power transfer stage to make the charge shuttle back and forth between the cell and sub-pack or sub-pack and sub-pack more flexible and efficient. This article focuses on dealing with the problem of slow balancing rate, which inherently arises from the reduction of balancing current as the voltage difference between the cells or sub-packs decreases, especially in the later period of equalization. An adaptive varied-duty-cycle (AVDC) algorithm is put forward here to accelerate the balance process. The devised method has taken the battery nonlinear behavior and the nonideality of circuit component into consideration and can adaptively modulate the duty cycle with the change of voltage differences to maintain balancing current nearly constant in the whole equilibrating procedure. Test results derived from simulations and experiments are provided to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the equalizer prototype constructed. Comparing with the conventional fixed duty cycle (FDC) method, the improvements of 68.3% and 8.3% in terms of balance time and efficiency have been achieved.
High Photocurrent Density and Continuous Electron Emission Characterization of a Multi-Alkali Antimonide Photocathode
Authors: Dai Jun , Ding Yikun , Ruan Cunjun , Xu Xiangyan , Liu Hulin
Published: November 2020

High photocurrent density cathodes that enable small cross-section electron beams are required for high-power terahertz vacuum devices. Multi-alkali antimonide photocathodes may be well suited for generating sub-mm electron beam sources. This paper involves the repeatability, stability, uniformity, and linearity experiments of the multi-alkali antimonide photocathodes electron emission operations under a continuous-wave 450 nm laser with a bias voltage of 5000 V. The effect of heat, electric contact, and cathode surface roughness to emission characterizations is analyzed. The methods to maintain the high-current-density emission and avoid the fatigue of the photocathode are verified. The emission can be repeated with increased optical power. The stable photocurrent density of near 1 A/cm2 and maximum current density of near 1.43 A/cm2 is recorded. The continuous photocurrent density is significantly improved compared to the current density reported in traditional applications. It is found that the current curves measuring at different areas of the photocathode differ greatly after the laser power of 800 mW. The increase in current for some areas may be attributed to the conductive current caused by built-in electric fields between the emission rough area and its adjacent areas.
A Steady-State Wind Farm Wake Model Implemented in OpenFAST
Authors: Cioffi Antonio , Muscari Claudia , Schito Paolo , Zasso Alberto
Published: November 2020

Wake models play a fundamental role in finding optimized solutions in wind farm control. In fact, they allow assessing how wakes develop and interact with each other with the agility required for real-time applications. In this paper, a Gaussian Wake Model (GWM) is implemented in the OpenFAST framework in a way such that its fidelity is increased with respect to previously implemented models, while enhancing its compatibility with control purposes. The OpenFAST tool is coupled with Floris, NREL’s software based on the GWM, in order to simulate the wake effect on downstream machines (in the case where the downstream rotor is fully covered by the wake, only partially covered by the wake, of the wake is generated by the interaction of more than one turbine), while the rotor aerodynamics is calculated using the BEMT on the actual rotor flow field. We intend this work as a starting point for developing and testing open/closed-loop control logics that will work in real wind farms. To show the suitability of the implementation, the entire model is then compared to Floris.
Camera-Driven Probabilistic Algorithm for Multi-Elevator Systems
Authors: Bapin Yerzhigit , Alimanov Kanat , Zarikas Vasilios
Published: November 2020

A fast and reliable vertical transportation system is an important component of modern office buildings. Optimization of elevator control strategies can be easily done using the state-of-the-art artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms. This study presents a novel method for optimal dispatching of conventional passenger elevators using the information obtained by surveillance cameras. It is assumed that a real-time video is processed by an image processing system that determines the number of passengers and items waiting for an elevator car in hallways and riding the lifts. It is supposed that these numbers are also associated with a given uncertainly probability. The efficiency of our novel elevator control algorithm is achieved not only by the probabilistic utilization of the number of people and/or items waiting but also from the demand to exhaustively serve a crowded floor, directing to it as many elevators as there are available and filling them up to the maximum allowed weight. The proposed algorithm takes into account the uncertainty that can take place due to inaccuracy of the image processing system, introducing the concept of effective number of people and items using Bayesian networks. The aim is to reduce the waiting time. According to the simulation results, the implementation of the proposed algorithm resulted in reduction of the passenger journey time. The proposed approach was tested on a 10-storey office building with five elevator cars and traffic size and intensity varying from 10 to 300 and 0.01 to 3, respectively. The results showed that, for the interfloor traffic conditions, the average travel time for scenarios with varying traffic size and intensity improved by 39.94% and 19.53%, respectively.
The Effect of Thixotropy on Pressure Losses in a Pipe
Authors: Cayeux Eric , Leulseged Amare
Published: November 2020

Drilling fluids are designed to be shear-thinning for limiting pressure losses when subjected to high bulk velocities and yet be sufficiently viscous to transport solid material under low bulk velocity conditions. They also form a gel when left at rest, to keep weighting materials and drill-cuttings in suspension. Because of this design, they also have a thixotropic behavior. As the shear history influences the shear properties of thixotropic fluids, the pressure losses experienced in a tube, after a change in diameter, are influenced over a much longer distance than just what would be expected from solely entrance effects. In this paper, we consider several rheological behaviors that are relevant for characterizing drilling fluids: Collins–Graves, Herschel–Bulkley, Robertson–Stiff, Heinz–Casson, Carreau and Quemada. We develop a generic solution for modelling the viscous pressure gradient in a circular pipe under the influence of thixotropic effects and we apply this model to configurations with change in diameters. It is found that the choice of a rheological behavior should be guided by the actual response of the fluid, especially in a turbulent flow regime, and not chosen a priori. Furthermore, thixotropy may influence pressure gradients over long distances when there are changes of diameter in a hydraulic circuit. This fact is important to consider when designing pipe rheometers.
Impact of Fan Airflow of IT Equipment on Thermal Environment and Energy Consumption of a Data Center
Authors: Futawatari Naoki , Udagawa Yosuke , Mori Taro , Hayama Hirofumi
Published: November 2020

Energy-saving in regard to heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) in data centers is strongly required. Therefore, to improve the operating efficiency of the cooling equipment and extend the usage time of the economizer used for cooling information-technology equipment (ITE) in a data center, it is often the case that a high air-supply temperature within the range in which the ITE can be sufficiently cooled is selected. In the meantime, it is known that when the ambient temperature of the ITE rises, the speed of the built-in cooling fan increases. Acceleration of the built-in fan is thought to affect the cooling performance and energy consumption of the data center. Therefore, a method for predicting the temperature of a data center—which simply correlates supply-air temperature with ITE inlet temperature by utilizing existing indicators, such as air-segregation efficiency (ASE)—is proposed in this study. Moreover, a method for optimizing the total energy consumption of a data center is proposed. According to the prediction results obtained under the assumption of certain computer-room air-conditioning (CRAC) conditions, by lowering the ITE inlet temperature from 27 °C to 18 °C, the total energy consumption of the machine room is reduced by about 10%.
Quantitative Analysis of Amorphous Silica and Its Influence on Reservoir Properties: A Case Study on the Shale Strata of the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Depression, Junggar Basin, China
Authors: Sun Ke , Chen Qinghua , Chen Guohui , Liu Yin , Chen Changchao
Published: November 2020

To establish a new quantitative analysis method for amorphous silica content and understand its effect on reservoir properties, the amorphous silica (SiO2) in the shale strata of the Lucaogou Formation in the Jimsar Depression was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). Amorphous silica shows no specific morphology, sometimes exhibits the spherical or ellipsoid shapes, and usually disorderly mounds among other mineral grains. A new quantitative analysis method for observing amorphous SiO2 was established by combining XRD and XRF. On this basis, while the higher content of amorphous SiO2 lowers the porosity of the reservoir, the permeability shows no obvious changes. The higher the content of amorphous SiO2, the lower the compressive strength and Young’s modulus and the lower the oil saturation. Thus, amorphous SiO2 can reduce the physical properties of reservoir rocks and increase the reservoir plasticity, which is not only conducive to the enrichment of shale oil but also increases the difficulty of fracturing in later reservoir development.
Effects on Energy Demand in an Office Building Considering Location, Orientation, Façade Design and Internal Heat Gains—A Parametric Study
Authors: Carlander Jakob , Moshfegh Bahram , Akander Jan , Karlsson Fredrik
Published: November 2020

12.9% of the energy use in the EU originates from the commercial and public sector. It has therefore become a priority to optimize energy efficiency in these buildings. The purpose of this study has been to explore how energy demand in a new office building is affected by different internal heat gains, location, orientation, and façade design, and also to see how different indicators can change perspective on energy efficiency. The study was performed with simulations in IDA-ICE with different façade design and changes in internal heat gains (IHG), orientation, and location. Energy demand was then compared to two different indicators. Using a façade designed to lower solar heat gains had little effect on energy demand in the north of Sweden, but slightly more effect further south. The amount of internal heat gains had significant effect on energy demand. Making deeper studies on design and internal heat gains should therefore be prioritized in the beginning of new building projects so the most energy-efficient design can be chosen. When the indicator kWh/m2 was used, the cases with low internal heat gains were perceived as the most energy efficient, while when kWh/(m2 × hpers) (hpers = hours of use) was used, the cases with high occupancy and low electricity use were considered to be the most energy efficient. Therefore, revising the standardized indicator is of great importance.
Design and Analysis of Tubular Slotted Linear Generators for Direct Drive Wave Energy Conversion Systems
Authors: Mohd Zamri Naily Akmal , Ibrahim Taib , Mohd Nor Nursyarizal
Published: November 2020

Linear generator utilization in a wave energy converter (WEC) is an attractive alternative to a rotary generator. This paper presents the design of a permanent magnet linear machine (PMLM) for WEC applications in low wave power areas. In this paper, the wave height and vertical speed of Malaysian water is used for the simulation and design. Two design variants are introduced which are tubular PMLM with no spacer (TPMLM-NS) and tubular PMLM with spacer (TPMLM-S). Finite element analysis (FEA) has been conducted to investigate the performance and to refine the main dimensions of the design in terms of split ratio, pitch ratio and tooth width. The FEA results are then validated using an analytical method which is established according to the design’s magnetic field distribution. Based on main dimension refinement, it can be deduced that both the split ratio and the pitch ratio have a significant influence on the airgap flux density and back EMF of the design. The obtained FEA results also reveal that the TPMLM-NS variant is capable of producing 240 V back EMF, 1 kW output power with satisfactory efficiency. Consequently, this indicates the capability of the design to convert wave energy with good performance. Additionally, good agreement between the analytical predictions and FEA results was obtained with a low percentage of error, thus providing concrete assurance of the accuracy of the design.
Wave Patterns of Gravity–Capillary Waves from Moving Localized Sources
Authors: Gnevyshev Vladimir , Badulin Sergei
Published: November 2020

We study wave patterns of gravity–capillary waves from moving localized sources within the classic setup of the problem of ship wakes. The focus is on the co-existence of two wave systems with opposite signatures of group velocity relative to the localized source. It leads to the problem of choice of signs for phase functions of the gravity (“slow”) and capillary (“fast”) branches of the dispersion relation: the question generally ignored when constructing phase patterns of the solutions. We detail characteristic angles of the wake patterns: (i) angle of demarcation of gravity and capillary waves—“the phase Mach” cone, (ii) angle of the minimal group velocity of gravity–capillary waves—“the group Mach” cone, (iii, iv) angles of cusps of isophases that appear after a threshold current speed. The outer cusp cone is naturally associated with the classic cone of Kelvin for pure gravity waves. The inner one results from the effect of capillarity and tends to the “group Mach” pattern at high speeds of current. Amplitudes of the wave patterns are estimated within the recently proposed approach of reference functions for the problem of propagation of packets of linear dispersive waves. The effect of shape is discussed for elliptic reference sources.
Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry Were Used to Develop a Lamb Authentication Method: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Wang Jishi , Xu Lei , Xu Zhenzhen , Wang Yanyun , Niu Chune , Yang Shuming
Published: November 2020

A untargeted metabolomics approach was proposed in this study based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (UHPLC-QTOF) and rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) to discriminate lamb and mutton meat and investigate their subtle metabolic differences, considering the higher popularity of lamb meat than mutton in the market. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed for data processing in order to distinguish between the two sample types. A total of 42 potential metabolites (20 in positive and 22 in negative ion mode) were defined for UHPLC-QTOF analysis, which provided references for discriminating the two kinds of meat. Furthermore, three potential markers were tentatively identified using LC/MS data against chemical databases. In addition, 14 potential metabolites were putatively identified in negative ion mode using the LipidMaps database. Meanwhile, the data-driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA) model was established, which could rapidly differentiate non-pretreated lamb meat and mutton with 92% specificity, rendering REIMS a promising technique for meat identification.
Are Dietary Lectins Relevant Allergens in Plant Food Allergy?
Authors: Barre Annick , Damme Els J.M. Van , Simplicien Mathias , Benoist Hervé , Rougé Pierre
Published: November 2020

Lectins or carbohydrate-binding proteins are widely distributed in seeds and vegetative parts of edible plant species. A few lectins from different fruits and vegetables have been identified as potential food allergens, including wheat agglutinin, hevein (Hev b 6.02) from the rubber tree and chitinases containing a hevein domain from different fruits and vegetables. However, other well-known lectins from legumes have been demonstrated to behave as potential food allergens taking into account their ability to specifically bind IgE from allergic patients, trigger the degranulation of sensitized basophils, and to elicit interleukin secretion in sensitized people. These allergens include members from the different families of higher plant lectins, including legume lectins, type II ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIP-II), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), jacalin-related lectins, GNA (Galanthus nivalis agglutinin)-like lectins, and Nictaba-related lectins. Most of these potentially active lectin allergens belong to the group of seed storage proteins (legume lectins), pathogenesis-related protein family PR-3 comprising hevein and class I, II, IV, V, VI, and VII chitinases containing a hevein domain, and type II ribosome-inactivating proteins containing a ricin B-chain domain (RIP-II). In the present review, we present an exhaustive survey of both the structural organization and structural features responsible for the allergenic potency of lectins, with special reference to lectins from dietary plant species/tissues consumed in Western countries.
Techno-Economic Prospects and Desirability of 3D Food Printing: Perspectives of Industrial Experts, Researchers and Consumers
Authors: Jayaprakash Siddharth , Paasi Jaakko , Pennanen Kyösti , Flores Ituarte Iñigo , Lille Martina , Partanen Jouni , Sozer Nesli
Published: November 2020

3D food printing is an emerging food technology innovation that enables the personalization and on-demand production of edible products. While its academic and industrial relevance has increased over the past decade, the functional value of the technology remains largely unrealized on a commercial scale. This study aimed at updating the business outlook of 3D food printing so as to help entrepreneurs and researchers in the field to channel their research and development (R&D) activities. A three-phase mixed methods approach was utilized to gain perspectives of industrial experts, researchers, and potential consumers. Data were collected from two sets of interviews with experts, a survey with experts, and consumer focus group discussions. The results gave insights into key attributes and use cases for a 3D food printer system, including the techno-economic feasibility and consumer desirability of identified use cases. A business modelling workshop was then organized to translate these results into three refined value propositions for 3D food printing. Both the experts and consumers found personalized nutrition and convenience to be the most desirable aspects of 3D food printing. Accordingly, business models related to 3D printed snacks/meals in semi-public spaces such as fitness centers and hospitals were found to offer the highest business potential. While the technology might be mature enough at component level, the successful realization of such high-reward models however would require risk-taking during the developmental phase.
Prevalence of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacterales Isolated from Raw Vegetables Retailed in Romania
Authors: Colosi Ioana Alina , Baciu Alina Mihaela , Opriș Răzvan Vlad , Peca Loredana , Gudat Tristan , Simon Laura Mihaela , Colosi Horațiu Alexandru , Costache Carmen
Published: November 2020

(1) Background: As β-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales are no longer exclusively associated with the health care system, investigating the potential risk they pose to the integrity of the environment and food safety has become of utmost importance. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC, and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales isolates from retailed raw vegetables and to determine if household washing is an effective method of lowering bacterial load; (2) Methods: Seasonal vegetables (n = 165) were acquired from supermarkets (n = 2) and farmer markets (n = 2) in Romania. Following sample processing and isolation, identification of Enterobacterales was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) multiplex was used to ascertain the presence of the main ESBL, AmpC, and Carbapenemase genes. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles of isolates were determined by extended antibiograms. Enterobacteriaceae colony-forming units (CFU) counts were compared between vegetable types; (3) Results: Beta-lactamase producing bacteria were observed on 7.9% of vegetables, with 5.5% displaying ESBL/AmpC phenotype and 2.4% identified as Carbapenemase producers. The most frequently detected β-lactamase genes were blaSHV (n = 4), followed by blaCTX-M and blaTEM (each with n = 3). Phenotypic antibiotic resistance analysis showed that 46% of isolates were multiple drug resistant, with aminoglycosides (38.5%) the most prevalent non-β-lactam resistance, followed by first-generation quinolones (38.5%). (4) Conclusions: The present study has described for the first time the presence of β-lactamase producing Enterobacterales in fresh produce retailed in Romania.
Becoming and Being Irish-Pākehā: Crafting a Narrative of Belonging That Inspirits Indigenous–Settler Relationships
Authors: Hancock Frances
Published: November 2020

Irish-Pākehā (a European New Zealander of Irish descent) is a settler identity that embodies ancestral relations with forebears and homelands as well as a relationship with Māori, the Indigenous Peoples of Aotearoa-New Zealand. Being of Irish descent carries multiple meanings that can nourish a sense of identity, a sense of belonging, and significant relationships. How have my Irish ancestral relations and places of belonging cultivated in me those relational qualities and ethical–political commitments that inspirit the Indigenous–settler engagements that are part of my personal and professional life? Here I explore the complexities of becoming and being Irish-Pākehā in response to that question. Travelling across generations and two countries, I utilise a series of guiding questions to help construct an Irish-Pākehā diasporic identity through a narrative of belonging. Following Nash, I explore geographies of relatedness, doing kinship, and the effects of identity-making through kinship as a way to understand who I am/am becoming and why being Irish-Pākehā matters in my work with Indigenous Māori.