bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desenvolvimento de modelo agrometeorológico espectral para estimativa de rendimento do milho na Província de Manica-Moçambique
Authors: Mabilana Hugo Adriano , Fontana Denise Cybis , Fonseca Eliana Lima da
Published: June 2013

Moçambique é um país localizado ao longo da costa Leste da África Austral, com a economia baseada essencialmente na agricultura. A cultura do milho (Zea mays L.) é a mais importante, cultivada em regime de sequeiro, com rendimentos dependentes das condições meteorológicas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o ajuste de um modelo agrometeorológico espectral, para estimativa de rendimentos do milho, na província de Manica. A área de estudo envolveu os distritos de Gondola, Manica, Mossurize e Sussundenga, responsáveis por mais de 80% da produção de milho na província de Manica, nos anos de 2000 a 2009. ETr e ETm e ISNA foram as variáveis agrometeorológicas testadas no ajuste, obtidas a partir de estimativas de elementos meteorológicos do modelo do ECMWF. As variáveis espectrais foram os índices EVI e NDVI, provenientes do produto MOD13Q1, e o índice LSWI, calculado utilizando-se as bandas de refletância contidas neste produto. O modelo agrometeorológico espectral, ajustado por meio de regressão linear múltipla, teve como variáveis independentes os índices meteorológicos e espectrais e, como variável dependente, o rendimento médio ou o rendimento relativo. O modelo regional, que incluiu os distritos de Gondola, Manica e Sussundenga, e considerou o rendimento relativo, foi o mais recomendado para estimativa de rendimentos do milho, na região, com r² = 0,762 e RMSE de 9,46%.
Tolerância de gemas floríferas, flores e frutos de pessegueiro a temperaturas de ocorrência de geadas
Authors: Borges Amanda da Fonseca , Silveira Tiago Madruga Telesca da , Santos Juliano dos , Raseira Maria do Carmo Bassols
Published: June 2013

Na região produtora de pêssegos do sul do Brasil, não é rara a ocorrência de geadas nos meses de julho, agosto e, em alguns anos, até setembro. Este período coincide com a floração do pessegueiro e com o início do desenvolvimento dos frutos. Com a finalidade de testar possíveis diferenças entre cultivares quanto à tolerância a baixas temperaturas foram conduzidos experimentos, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, nos anos de 2009 e 2010. Foram testados dois fatores (genótipo e estádio da gema floral), com três repetições e 20 botões forais por parcela. Os genótipos testados foram os cultivares 'Chimarrita', 'Coral' e 'BR-1' e a seleção Cascata 730. Em 2010, foi acrescentado o cv. 'Charme'. Os estádios fenológicos testados foram: o de botão prateado, botão rosado, balão e flor aberta. Ramos destacados dos genótipos a serem testados foram submetidos, por 16 horas, a temperaturas entre -2,2 e -5,5 ºC. Ramos com frutos, antes e após o endurecimento do caroço, foram testados em outro experimento. As diferenças entre genótipos foram pequenas e parecem estar mais ligadas ao pré-condicionamento das gemas. A seleção Cascata 730 mostrou ser das mais sensíveis ao frio. As gemas florais são, geralmente, menos sensíveis a temperaturas negativas (próximas a -3 ºC), nos estádios de botão rosado e balão. Frutos com endocarpo macio são sensíveis a danos de frio, independentemente do genótipo. Temperaturas próximas a 2 ºC negativos não causam problemas em frutos com endocarpo já endurecido.
Alterações fisiológicas após aplicação de silício em cacau e sua influência na preferência por pulgões
Authors: Pinto Diego Guimarães , Aguilar Marco Antonio Galeas , Souza Carlos Alberto Spaggiari , Silva Diolina Moura , Siqueira Paulo Roberto , Cao Jelber Rigato , Zanetti Leonardo Valandro
Published: June 2013

Os aspectos fisiológicos e bioquímicos influenciados pelo silício e que condicionam reações de resistência a pragas no cacaueiro ainda são pouco conhecidos. O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de silício sobre a fotossíntese, sobre o teor foliar de fenóis solúveis totais e a sua influência na preferência de Toxoptera aurantii em genótipos de cacau. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial 3 x 3, constituído por três genótipos (TSH 1188, CCN 51 e Catongo), duas doses de silicato de potássio (3 e 6 mL L-1), aplicadas por via foliar e um controle pulverizado somente com água. Foram realizadas avaliações das trocas gasosas, da fluorescência da clorofila a e do teor de compostos fenólicos foliar, além de um teste de preferência com chance de livre escolha com T. aurantii. Os genótipos TSH 1188 e CCN 51 apresentam maior eficiência fotoquímica e fotossintética, comparados com o Catongo. Independentemente do genótipo, a aplicação de silicato de potássio não alterou o índice de desempenho das plantas (PI ABS e PI TOTAL); no entanto, a dose 3 mL L-1 aumentou a fotossíntese líquida e o teor de fenóis solúveis totais. A dose 6 mL L-1 reduziu a preferência de T. aurantii pelas folhas do genótipo TSH 1188. A aplicação de silicato de potássio é promissora no aumento da resistência do cacaueiro a T. aurantii.
Propriedades físicas do solo em função de manejos em lavouras de cafeeiro conilon
Authors: Effgen Teóphilo André Maretto , Passos Renato Ribeiro , Andrade Felipe Vaz , Lima Julião Soares de Souza , Reis Edvaldo Fialho dos , Borges Elias Nascentes
Published: June 2013

Os solos de uso agrícola estão sujeitos a modificações em suas propriedades, de acordo com o tipo de uso e sistemas de manejo adotados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar, em diferentes locais de amostragem, as propriedades físicas de solos cultivados com lavouras cafeeiras, sob distintos manejos, no sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. Foram realizadas amostragens nas camadas de 0,00-0,20 m e 0,20-0,40 m, na parte superior da projeção da "saia" do cafeeiro, em relação ao sentido de declive do terreno. Foram utilizadas, para o estudo, lavouras representativas da região sul do Estado, apresentando a mesma classe de solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico, relevo forte ondulado), tendo os seguintes manejos: M1 - irrigação por gotejamento, calagem a cada dois anos, adubação, roçadas e uso da palha de café; M2 - adubação, roçadas e capinas; M3 - capinas e roçadas. Em cada manejo, foram avaliados os seguintes locais de amostragem: TS - terço superior, TM - terço médio; TI - terço inferior, ao longo do declive. As propriedades físicas avaliadas foram: densidade do solo, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade e resistência do solo à penetração. Para as condições experimentais, a resistência do solo à penetração, a macroporosidade e a microporosidade mostraram-se importantes indicadores físicos da qualidade do solo, influenciados pelo manejo, local de amostragem e camada avaliada.
A new laboratorial method for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs
Authors: Coelho Willian Marinho Dourado , Gomes Jancarlo Ferreira , Amarante Alessandro Francisco Talamini do , Bresciani Katia Denise Saraiva , Lumina Giuliano , Koshino-Shimizu Sumie , Leme Denise Pereira , Falcão Alexandre Xavier
Published: June 2013

In this study, we aimed to introduce a new technique calledTF-Test Modified∕Dog for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal parasites in dogs. Fecal samples from 106 dogs were processed by the technique TF-Test Modified∕Dog and the techniques of centrifugation-flotation in zinc sulfate, simple-flotation by saturated solution of sodium chloride, direct microscopy exam and TF-Test Conventional. Sensitivity was higher in the TF-Test Modified∕Dog (98.41%), followed by flotation in saturated zinc sulfate (77.78%), TF-Test Conventional (73.02%), flotation by saturated sodium chloride (55.55%), and direct microscopy exam (30.16%). The diagnostic efficiency varied from 58.49% to 99.06%, with the highest value also obtained by the new proposed technique. Efficiency level of 99.06% with kappa index 0.979 (almost perfect) was obtained with the TF-Test Modified∕Dog. These results represent significant statistical gains (P < 0.05) of 20.63% in sensitivity and 12.27% in efficiency over the best among the other techniques – flotation by saturated zinc sulfate, whose kappa index was 0.738, much lower than that of the TF-Test Modified∕Dog. All techniques presented 100% specificity. In this sense, the high sensitivity of theTF-Test Modified∕Dog makes it suitable for epidemiological surveys of gastrointestinal parasitosis in dogs, zoonoses control and preventive surveillance programs.
Oocyst shedding by green-winged-saltator (Saltator similis) in the diagnostic of coccidiosis and Isospora similisi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae)
Authors: Coelho Cleide Domingues , Berto Bruno Pereira , Neves Daniel Medeiros , Oliveira Vinícius Modesto de , Flausino Walter , Lopes Carlos Wilson Gomes
Published: June 2013

Diurnal periodicity is a phenomenon that has been observed in coccidian of Isospora parasites of passerines, which have been eliminated great number of oocysts at dusk. The objective of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of periodicity of oocysts presence in the green-winged-saltator Saltator similis, and its use in the diagnosis of coccidiosis in wild birds in captivity. A total of 220 fecal samples were collected from birds, apprehended from illegal trading and kept in quarantine in CETAS∕IBAMA, in the morning and late afternoon, from May to November 2010. It was observed that 1.82% of the samples collected in the morning were positive, while 31.36% of samples were positive in the late afternoon. In addition, the number of oocysts shed was greater in the afternoon. Therefore, it was concluded that the sampling in the late afternoon provided greater reliability for the diagnosis of coccidiosis in green-winged-saltators. Moreover, in this study a new isosporoid coccidian parasite from the green-winged-saltator S. similis was observed and is herein described. Isospora similisi n. sp. oocysts are spheroidal to sub-spheroidal, 27.5 × 25.9 µm, with a smooth and bi-layered wall, ∼1.2 mm. Micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent, but splinter-like or comma-like granules are present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal or slightly ovoidal, 17.4 × 12.2 mm. A stieda body and substieda body are present. The sporocyst residuum is composed of granules of different sizes. Sporozoites are vermiform with a single refractile body and a nucleus. This is the fourth description of an isosporoid coccidium infecting S. similis and the sixth description from Cardinalidae.
New host records of Ixodes luciae(Acari: Ixodidae) in the State of Para, Brazil
Authors: Luz Hermes Ribeiro , Faccini João Luiz Horacio , Landulfo Gabriel Alves , Sampaio Janio dos Santos , Costa Neto Sócrates Fraga , Famadas Kátia Maria , Onofrio Valeria Castilho , Barros-Battesti Darci Moraes
Published: June 2013

The aim of this paper is to record new hosts for Ixodes luciae Sénevet in the State of Para, Brazil, and present a case of malformation (teratogeny) in a nymph of this species. The new host records are Marmosa murina (parasitized by females) and Philander opossum (parasitized by nymphs). One of these nymphs showed malformation in the posterior margin of the opisthosoma resulting in a heart shaped posterior end.
Predatory activity of chlamydospores of the fungusPochonia chlamydosporia on Toxocara caniseggs under laboratory conditions
Authors: Araujo Juliana Milani , Araújo Jackson Victor de , Braga Fabio Ribeiro , Ferreira Sebastião Rodrigo , Tavela Alexandre de Oliveira
Published: June 2013

The objective of this study was to use chlamydospores of the fungusPochonia chlamydosporia (isolates VC1 and VC4) against Toxocara canis eggs in a 15-day in vitro assay. One thousand T. canis eggs were placed in Petri dishes containing 2% water agar medium with different concentrations of chlamydospores (1,000, 10,000 or 100,000) of each fungal isolate of P. chlamydosporia (treated groups) and 1,000 eggs in Petri dishes without fungus (control group). Egg counts were performed to determine the ovicidal activity, which was classified as three effect levels: type 1, type 2 and type 3. Significant differences (P < 0.01) in egg destruction were found in comparison with the control group. The highest percentage of egg destruction was found in plates containing 100,000 chlamydospores (68.5% for VC1 and 70.5% for VC4). Chlamydospores of P. chlamydosporiawere effective in destroying T. canis eggs and may contribute in the future towards combating the eggs of this parasite.
Frequency of geohelminths in public squares in Pelotas, RS, Brazil
Authors: Moura Micaele Quintana de , Jeske Sabrina , Vieira Juliana Nunes , Corrêa Tiago Gallina , Berne Maria Elisabeth Aires , Villela Marcos Marreiro
Published: June 2013

The frequency of parasitic contamination of public areas in the municipality of Pelotas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, was studied between June 2010 and May 2011, when soil samples were collected from eight city squares. Out of 400 samples submitted to centrifugal floatation technique in solution of sodium dichromate with density of 1.35, 176 (44%) proved positive for at least one parasite; 29 (16.5%) samples were multi-infested. The results showed that there was a significant soil contamination rate in all the parks included in the study. The positivity rate was higher for hookworms eggs (13.5%) andToxocara eggs (8.8%);Trichuris, Ascaris andCapillaria eggs were also detected. This study shows the risks to which the population is exposed in relation to zoonotic geohelminths, and suggests that sanitation and health education measures should be implemented in the municipality.
Fasciola hepatica infection and association with gastrointestinal parasites in Creole goats from western Argentina
Authors: Cuervo Pablo , Sidoti Laura , Fantozzi Cecilia , Neira Gisela , Gerbeno Leticia , Mera y Sierra Roberto
Published: June 2013

Goats, called “the cow of the poor”, are the livestock species with the most significant population growth worldwide in recent years. Gastrointestinal parasitism constitutes one of the main constraints to its outdoor and extensive breeding in temperate and tropical countries. Despite a Creole goat population of nearly 4 million heads, local reports on parasitological prevalence are scarce, and while Fasciola hepatica infection is spread all over Argentina, the goat is usually neglected as a reservoir and economic losses are not considered. To evaluate gastrointestinal parasitism prevalence and associations between parasite genera and species, with emphasis on fascioliasis, Creole goats from the plateau and Andean regions from western Argentina were investigated by coprological techniques, and associations were statistically assessed. Eighty-five percent (85%) of the animals harbored one or more parasite types, while 46% showed mixed infections. Significant positive associations between F. hepatica + Strongyle eggs, Eimeria sp. + Nematodirus sp. andNematodirus sp. + Trichuris oviswere detected. Further studies are required to define the causality of these associations and their relevance in epidemiology. F. hepaticais rarely considered as goat parasite in the country, but a 33% prevalence poses an interrogation on the role goats play on the transmission and dissemination of this zoonotic trematode.
Identification of Cryptosporidiumspecies and genotypes in dairy cattle in Brazil
Authors: Silva Flavio Medeiros Paz e , Lopes Raimundo Souza , Araújo-Junior João Pessoa
Published: June 2013

In this study, we identified Cryptosporidium species and genotypes present in dairy cattle in the central region of São Paulo state, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected from 200 animals (100 calves and 100 cows) in ten dairy farms. Fecal samples were examined using microscopic examination (ME), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cryptosporidiumspecies and genotypes were determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) or DNA sequencing analysis of the SSU-rRNA and GP60 genes. The occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. infection was 14% (28/200). The occurrence in calves (26%) was significantly higher than in cows (2%). Of the 27 Cryptosporidium-positive specimens submitted to genotyping, C. andersoni was identified in 23 (85.1%), C. bovis in three (11.1%), and the zoonotic C. parvum subtype IIaA15G2R1 in one (3.7%). The study demonstrates thatCryptosporidium spp. infection was common and widespread in dairy cattle in this region and that calves have a high prevalence of C. andersoni. Furthermore, the presence of C. parvumsubtype IIaA15G2R1 indicates that dairy calves from this region should be considered a potential source of zoonotic Cryptosporidiumoocysts.
Personalized Cancer Care Is Not New
Authors: Longo Dan L.
Published: June 2013

This editorial reviews the history of personalized medicine in oncology and concludes that it is not a new trend, but rather has guided oncology treatment for decades.
A case study on the P–Δ effect on inelastic seismic behaviour of a bridge pier
Authors: Dutta Sekhar Chandra , Das Saumyasuchi
Published: June 2013

The P–delta (P–Δ) effect imposes higher ductility demand during earthquakes, which may not be adequately catered for in the prescribed values of response reduction factors (Rμ). The present work investigates the P–Δ effect on inelastic seismic response of slender bridge piers through a case study. Displacement ductility demands and overturning moments of a typical pier are computed both with and without the P–Δ effect using non-linear dynamic analysis and pushover methods. Response history analysis is carried out for four hysteresis behaviours: elasto-plastic, strength degrading, stiffness degrading, and combined strength and stiffness degrading behaviour. The study shows that the P–Δ effect at the plastic stage is a progressive phenomenon and depends on strength rather than on stiffness. The conventional practice to restrict sway based on first-order analysis to prescribed values for containing the P–Δ effect is ineffective. By using a case study, the research provides a methodology for arriving at acceptable Rμ values to prevent occurrence of any instability due to the P–Δ effect arising from undue low lateral strength.
Investigation on tamping spacing in dynamic compaction using model tests
Authors: Hajialilue-Bonab Masoud , Zare Fateme Soghra
Published: June 2013

The effect of tamping space and pattern in dynamic compaction has been investigated on loose dry sand using particle image velocimetry technique. A small-scale physical model of dynamic compaction was prepared. Tamping was executed by rising and dropping semi-cylindrical steel tampers on sand deposit at two points with different distances. In all the tests, the weight of the tampers and drop height were kept constant. Digital photographs were taken after each drop. Using image processing on sequences of digital images, soil deformation and the effect of each drop on the soil improvement were obtained. The diagram of relative density increase against normalised depth has been plotted for different tamping spaces, and it can be used for achieving the optimum tamping distance in order to obtain efficient density at a given depth. The results also show that the tamping space about four times of tamper diameter (4D) is the most efficient in dry sand improvement. Tamping pattern can also influence the compaction results. Further soil improvement occurs with tamping alternatively at the adjacent tamping points.
Secondary foundation species as drivers of trophic and functional diversity: evidence from a tree–epiphyte system
Authors: Angelini Christine , Silliman Brian R.
Published: June 2013

Facilitation cascades arise where primary foundation species facilitate secondary (dependent) foundation species, and collectively, they increase habitat complexity and quality to enhance biodiversity. Whether such phenomena occur in nonmarine systems and if secondary foundation species enhance food web structure (e.g., support novel feeding guilds) and ecosystem function (e.g., provide nursery for juveniles) remain unclear. Here we report on field experiments designed to test whether trees improve epiphyte survival and epiphytes secondarily increase the number and diversity of adult and juvenile invertebrates in a potential live oak–Tillandsia usneoides (Spanish moss) facilitation cascade. Our results reveal that trees reduce physical stress to facilitate Tillandsia, which, in turn, reduces desiccation and predation stress to facilitate invertebrates. In experimental removals, invertebrate total density, juvenile density, species richness and H′ diversity were 16, 60, 1.7, and 1.5 times higher, and feeding guild richness and H′ were 5 and 11 times greater in Tillandsia‐colonized relative to Tillandsia‐removal limb plots. Tillandsia enhanced communities similarly in a survey across the southeastern United States. These findings reveal that a facilitation cascade organizes this widespread terrestrial assemblage and expand the role of secondary foundation species as drivers of trophic structure and ecosystem function. We conceptualize the relationship between foundation species' structural attributes and associated species abundance and composition in a Foundation Species–Biodiversity (FSB) model. Importantly, the FSB predicts that, where secondary foundation species form expansive and functionally distinct structures that increase habitat availability and complexity within primary foundation species, they generate and maintain hot spots of biodiversity and trophic interactions.
Formation of Breastfeeding Attitudes Among Nursing Students
Authors: Showalter Darlene A.
Published: June 2013

Nurses’ attitudes about breastfeeding may play a role in their ability to support and promote it. Orientation for labor and delivery (L&D) nurses includes the initial placement of neonate to breast. However, formation of nurses’ attitudes begins in their academic and clinical experiences.
Educational interventions that target nursing students’ attitudes about breastfeeding provide an opportunity to not only teach lactation-specific information, but to also diffuse biases and misconceptions prior to delivering patient care as students and more importantly, registered nurses.
Senior nursing students in a baccalaureate program were surveyed for attitudes about breastfeeding and perceived readiness to support breastfeeding practices. An educational intervention was implemented and a post-intervention survey was administered. Students’ attitudes toward breastfeeding
and perceived readiness to support breastfeeding practices were positively impacted by the educational intervention. Nurses’ ability to promote and support breastfeeding may be dependent upon their attitude toward this healthy behavior.
Exclusive Breastfeeding in the Prevention and Treatment of Cholera in Haiti
Authors: Bowles Betty Carlson , Gibson Marty
Published: June 2013

It has been two years since an earthquake devastated Haiti, and over a year since the outbreak of cholera. On a recent medical mission to a rural village in Haiti, the authors staffed a medical clinic and made home visits on motorcycle into the remote mountain regions to treat patients
who were unable to attend the clinic. Their major emphasis was patient education including the prevention of cholera. Because there is no hospital and no doctor in the area and most births occur in the home, the authors were also charged with teaching homebirth classes to untrained midwives
who spoke only Creole. During the clinics, home visits, and classes, they became extremely aware of the importance of breastfeeding in the prevention of cholera. A banner over the main intersection in the village stated in Creole, Bay tibebe yo tete pou pwoteje yo kont malady Kolera(English
translation: "Give small babies your breast to protect them from the malady of Cholera"). The banner bears the logos of the Ministry of Public Health and Population (MSPP) and that of UNICEF (see Figure 1). Despite the obviously robust breastfed babies, the authors encountered a pervasive
lack of knowledge about breastfeeding, and fielded many questions related to recommended duration of breastfeeding and ways to build a waning milk supply. Many opportunities arose for promotion of exclusive breastfeeding for extended periods to preserve the lives and ensure the health of their
infants. The purpose of this article is to describe the conditions in Haiti, the effects of the earthquake and cholera outbreak of 2010, and the importance of promoting exclusive breastfeeding in these extraordinary circumstances.
Biomedical Ethics and Peer-to-Peer Milk Sharing
Authors: Gribble Karleen D.
Published: June 2013

The facilitation of peer-to-peer milk sharing via the Internet has proven challenging to many health professionals and organizations. Biomedical ethics can be used to explore medical dilemmas and find reasoned, consistent, and defensible solutions to moral problems. The principles of
biomedical ethics – autonomy, veracity, beneficence, nonmaleficence, confidentiality, and justice – are applied to peer-to-peer milk sharing in this article. Application of these principles provides guidance to assist lactation consultants to act ethically in their interactions
with mothers and others around the peer sharing of milk.
Marijuana Use and Breastfeeding
Authors: Miller Carrie W.
Published: June 2013

Marijuana is one of the most widely used recreational substances in the United States, with high rates of use during peak childbearing years. Medical marijuana use is also becoming more widely accepted in the United States, with legalization in 17 states and the District of Columbia.
The available literature suggests that maternal marijuana use during breastfeeding is associated with potentially negative outcomes for infants and children. Adverse effects can include feeding difficulty, lethargy, and delayed cognitive and motor development. Mothers considered heavy or chronic
users of marijuana are advised to not breastfeed infants. The aim of this article is to examine the prevalence of marijuana use, the potential effects on breastfed infants, and current recommendations from lactation experts.
A novel current injection model of PWMSC for control and analysis of power system stability
Authors: Safari Amin , Shayanfar Ali , Kazemi Ahad
Published: June 2013

This paper proposes a novel current injection model of Pulse width Modulation
based Series Compensator (PWMSC), as new FACTS controller, for damping of low
frequency oscillations. The PWMSC operates as a means of continuous control
of the degree of series compensation through the variation of the duty cycle
of a train of fixed frequency-pulses. The methodology is tested on the sample
single machine power system including PWMSC controller by performing computer
simulations for small and large distributions. MATLAB/ Simulink software
package was used for the simulations.
Preparation and characterization of block copolymers containing cinnamate groups with end-capped ZnO
Authors: Jitaru Florentina , Buruiana Tinca , Hitruc Gabriela , Buruiana Emil
Published: June 2013

Abstract ZnO-poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate) and ZnO-poly(2-cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate)-b-poly[(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] have been prepared by atom transfer polymerization initiated through a 2-bromoisobutyryl or bromoethyl group linked onto the ZnO nanoparticle surface (ZnO-BIBB, ZnO-BEI). The structure and morphology of the hybrids were characterized using Fourier transform infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance, fluorescence and UV spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron (TEM) and atomic force microscopy. The existence of nanoparticles with diameters varying between 40 and 100 nm was evident in the TEM images of the pure ZnO, ZnO-PCEMA-Br-2 and the diblock copolymer. Under an excitation of 340 nm, these materials exhibit a broad emission band at around 390 nm, which was associated with the presence of ZnO in the organic matrix. Graphical abstract
In vitro bioactivity of Polyurethane/85S Bioglass composite scaffolds
Authors: Radev Lachezar , Zheleva Darina , Michailova Irena
Published: June 2013

In the present work Polyurethane (PU)/Bioglass (BG) composite materials were synthesized with different content of BG (10 and 20 mol.%) as filler. The 85S Bioglass was synthesized via polystep sol-gel method. The chemical composition of BG is 85SiO2-10CaO-5P2O5 (wt.%). The synthesis of PU was carried out by a two-step polyaddition reaction. The 85S BG was added in situ during the polymerization reaction. In vitro bioactivity of the prepared composites was examined in the presence of 1.5 SBF for 7 days in static conditions. The structure of synthesized PU/BG composites before and after in vitro test was determined by XRD, FTIR and SEM. XRD of the samples before in vitro test proved that the phase of γCa2P2O7 in the PU/20BG is visible. FTIR revealed the presence of urethane bond between OH-(from BG) and NCO groups (from PU). Based on FTIR results after in vitro test in 1.5 SBF solutions, A/B-carbonate containing hydroxyapatite (CO3HA) was formed. XRD proved that HA was formed on the surface of the samples, but Ca2P2O7 does not undergo any changes in the 1.5 SBF solution. SEM depicted the nano-HA agglomerated in spherical particles after immersion in 1.5 SBF for 7 days.
Modelling and optimization of chromiumIII biosorption on soybean meal
Authors: Witek-Krowiak Anna , Podstawczyk Daria , Chojnacka Katarzyna , Dawiec Anna , Marycz Krzysztof
Published: June 2013

Abstract In this investigation a waste biological material, soybean meal, was applied as a biosorbent for heavy metal ions (CrIII). The diffusive Webber-Morris model and the pseudo-II-order model suitably described the kinetics of CrIII ions binding on soybean meal. The Langmuir-Freundlich equation was valid for the description of the isotherm. Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES), FTIR and scanning electron microscopy with an energy dispersive X-ray analytical system (SEM-EDX) were used in order to identify the mechanism of the metal ions binding. The analysis of the composition of the enriched soybean meal confirmed the contribution of ion exchange in the biosorption process. Three-variable-three-level Box-Behnken design was used to determine the optimal conditions for biosorption of CrIII on soybean meal. The optimal conditions for predicted maximum Cr3+ uptake (61.07 mg g−1) by soybean meal were estimated by Matlab and established as temperature of 38.04°C, initial metal concentration 500 mg L−1 and biosorbent dosage 1 g L−1. Graphical abstract
How to specify the structure of substituted blade-like zigzag diamondoids
Authors: Balaban Alexandru , Rücker Christoph
Published: June 2013

Abstract The dualist of an [n]diamondoid consists of vertices situated in the centers of each of the n adamantane units, and of edges connecting vertices corresponding to units sharing a chair-shaped hexagon of carbon atoms. Since the polycyclic structure of diamondoids is rather complex, so is their nomenclature. For specifying chemical constitution or isomerism of all diamondoids the Balaban-Schleyer graph-theoretical approach based on dualists has been generally adopted. However, when one needs to indicate the location of C and H atoms or of a substituent in a diamondoid or the stereochemical relationships between substituents, only the IUPAC polycycle nomenclature (von Baeyer nomenclature) provides the unique solution. This is so since each IUPAC name is associated with a unique atom numbering scheme. Diamondoids are classified into catamantanes (which can be regular or irregular), perimantanes, and coronamantanes. Regular catamantanes have molecular formulas C4n+6H4n+12. Among regular catamantanes, the rigid blade-shaped zigzag catamantanes (so called because their dualists consist of a zigzag line with a code of alternating digits 1 and 2) exhibit a simple pattern in their von Baeyer nomenclature. Their carbon atoms form a main ring with 4n + 4 atoms, and the remaining atoms form two 1-carbon bridges. All zigzag [n]catamantanes with n > 2 have quaternary carbon atoms, and the first bridgehead in the main ring is such an atom. Their partitioned formula is Cn−2(CH)2n+4(CH2)n+4. As a function of their parity, IUPAC names based on the von Baeyer approach have been devised for all zigzag catamantanes, allowing the unique location for every C and H atom. The dualist of such a zigzag catamantane defines a plane bisecting the molecule, and the stereochemical features of hydrogens attached to secondary carbon atoms can be specified relatively to that plane. Graphical abstract
An experimental and theoretical study of the polar [2+3] cycloaddition reactions between 1-chloro-1-nitroethene and (Z)-C-aryl-N-phenylnitrones
Authors: Jasiński Radomir , Mikulska Maria , Barański Andrzej
Published: June 2013

Abstract Kinetic studies and B3LYP/6-31g(d) calculations indicate the polar nature of [2+3] cycloadditions between 1-chloro-1-nitroethene to (Z)-C-aryl-N-phenylnitrones. This is clearly confirmed by the activation parameters and the substituent and solvent effects. Graphical abstract
Azo-polysiloxane micelles charged with nifedipine
Authors: Prisacaru Anca-Irina , Grama Silvia , Durdureanu-Angheluta Ana , Pinteala Mariana , Hurduc Nicolae
Published: June 2013

Abstract One recent aspect of the research study on polymers is their capability to respond to external stimuli. Of importance are photosensitive polymers due to their application in drug delivery systems, sensors, therapeutic devices or optoelectronic switches. The present paper focuses on the azo-polysiloxane micelles capacity charged with hydrophobic drugs, such as nifedipine. Azo-polysiloxanes modified with quaternary ammonium groups and which are capable to generate photo-sensitive micelles were synthesized and characterized by 1H-NMR, UV-VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy. The critical concentration of the micellar aggregation (CCA) was evaluated as was the nifedipine embedding capacity. The CCA values were influenced only by the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance and not by the chemical structure of the quaternary ammonium groups. The disaggregation capacity of the micelles under UV irradiation was investigated as well, and the best results were obtained for the samples with higher azobenzene content. The DLS measurements evidenced micelles diameters situated in the optimum range domain (70–130 nm). The capacity to incorporate nifedipine inside the micelles was demonstrated. The micelles proved to be stable in time, 21 days after preparation with the diameter having constant values. Graphical abstract
Simple hydrothermal synthesis of Fe3O4-PEG nanocomposite
Authors: Junejo Yasmeen , Baykal Abdulhadi , Sözeri Huseyin
Published: June 2013

Abstract We report a one-step hydrothermal synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with Polyethyleneglycol (PEG). The formation of the Fe3O4 core and the polymer coating took place simultaneously. Fe3O4/polyethylene glycol (PEG) magnetic nanocomposite with a core-shell structure with a 17±7 nm crystallite size prepared by simple hydrothermal method. VSM ( Vibrating Sample Magnetometer) analysis proved the superparamagnetic character of the nanocomposite. Graphical abstract
The Ti-Fe-P system: phase equilibria and crystal structure of phases
Authors: Toma Oksana , Dzevenko Mariya , Oliynyk Anton , Lomnytska Yaroslava
Published: June 2013

Abstract Phase equilibria was investigated in the Ti-Fe-P system at T = 1070 K in the region 0–67 at.% of P, employing X-ray powder diffraction. The two ternary compounds, namely Ti0.5–0.8Fe1.5−1.2P (Co2Si-type; space group Pnma; a = 0.5964(2)–0.6011(3), b = 0.3575(3)–0.3600(1), c = 0.6828(2)–0.6882(2) nm) and Ti0.85−1.25Fe1.15−0.75P (ZrNiAl-type; space group P-62m; a = 0.6071(4)–0.6117(1), c = 0.3510(9)–0.3506(1) nm) exist in the Ti-Fe-P system at this temperature. The crystal structure of the Ti0.85–1.25Fe1.15−0.75P compound was additionally determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction on the phase with stoichiometric composition. The substitutions of Ti by Fe were observed for Ti5P3.16, Ti3P and TiP phases, and Fe for Ti in the case of Fe3P, Fe2P binary compounds. Graphical abstract
Synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol) — hydroxyapatite composites and characterization of their bioactivity
Authors: Balgová Zuzana , Palou Martin , Wasserbauer Jaromír , Kozánková Jana
Published: June 2013

Abstract A series of poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes reinforced with hydroxyapatite in various weight percent — 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% were prepared. Hydroxyapatite was prepared by a sol-gel procedure using diammonium hydrogen phosphate and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate as starting materials in an alkaline aqueous environment and then mixed with a solution of poly(vinyl alcohol), which was prepared by dissolving it in water at 85°C. The different mixtures were cast in a mould and evaporated for 7 days at a temperature of 30°C to obtain 1 mm thin membranes. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the different functional groups in the composites. The surface morphology was examined using a scanning electron microscope. In vitro bioactivity tests in Simulated Blood Fluid were performed for up to 28 days, especially for the membrane containing 50 wt.% HA. SEM was used to characterise the surface microstructure of biocomposite membranes before and after soaking in SBF. It was observed that the formation of clusters in membranes increases with increasing amount of HA. The clusters are formed due to agglomeration and crystal growth of HA particles during drying of the membranes. The in vitro bioactivity was found to increase with soaking time of biocomposite materials in simulated blood fluid. Graphical abstract
Quantitative determination of tolfenamic acid and its pharmaceutical formulation using FTIR and UV spectrometry
Authors: Ahmed Sofia , Sheraz Muhammad , Yorucu Ceyla , Rehman Ihtesham
Published: June 2013

Abstract The quantitative analysis of Tolfenamic Acid (TA) both as a pure compound and in tablet dosage form has been carried out using FT-IR and UV spectroscopy. In the FT-IR method, a number of characteristic absorption peaks were examined that could be used for analytical purpose. The analysis was carried out by preparing calibration curves of peak height/area versus TA content using two points baseline correction with fixed location, and the data was also analyzed through PLS regression model. In the UV method, ethanolic solutions of the drug were analyzed at 288 nm (λmax) using 480 as the value of A (1%, 1 cm) at the analytical wavelength. The results have been compared statistically for recovery, precision, accuracy and linearity with the British Pharmacopoeial titration method that showed good validity of both test procedures. The two test methods exhibited good recovery of TA with an accuracy of 99.75–100.83% and 99.53–100.11% by FTIR spectrometry for peak height and area respectively and 100.21% for UV method. However, UV spectrometry was found to be more accurate and precise on the basis of statistical evaluation and hence can be employed in the quality control of TA in pharmaceuticals as an alternative to the titration method. Graphical abstract
The study of rutile pigments Ti1−3x
CrxM2x
O2
Authors: Večeřa Jan , Čech Jan , Mikulášek Petr , Šulcová Petra
Published: June 2013

Abstract This study deals with rutile pigments of type Ti1−3x Crx M2x O2 (where M = Sb, W and x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.50) prepared by solid state reaction. Chromium is the chromophore (coloring ion); antimony and tungsten are added for achieving electroneutrality. The effect of doping elements (M = Sb, W), calcination temperature (850, 950, 1050, 1150°C) and composition (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.50) on color properties, particle size and electrokinetic (zeta) potential was observed. The optimal conditions for synthesis of these rutile pigments are Sb2O3 as raw material, calcination temperature 1050°C and composition x = 0.20 (Ti0.4Cr0.2Sb0.4O2). This orange-green pigment has high stable dispersion (ζ = −43.81 mV) and good color properties (chroma C = 39.50). However, brightly orange pigment Ti0.85Cr0.05W0.10O2 (x = 0.05) synthesized at temperature 1050°C gives “the finest” color with higher chroma (C = 49.48), but less stable dispersion (ζ = −37.32 mV). In light of phase composition, the optimal calcination temperature is 1150°C. Graphical abstract
Effect of Selected Manual Therapy Interventions for Mechanical Neck Pain on Vertebral and Internal Carotid Arterial Blood Flow and Cerebral Inflow
Authors: Thomas Lucy C. , Rivett Darren A. , Bateman Grant , Stanwell Peter , Levi Christopher R.
Published: June 2013

Background

Manual therapy of the cervical spine has occasionally been associated with serious adverse events involving compromise of the craniocervical arteries. Ultrasound studies have shown certain neck positions can alter craniocervical arterial blood flow velocities; however, findings are conflicting. Knowledge about the effects of neck position on blood flow may assist clinicians in avoiding potentially hazardous practices.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of selected manual therapeutic interventions on blood flow in the craniocervical arteries and blood supply to the brain using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA).

Design

This was an experimental, observational magnetic resonance imaging study.

Method

Twenty adult participants who were healthy and had a mean age of 33 years were imaged using MRA in the following neck positions: neutral, rotation, rotation/distraction (similar to a Cyriax manipulation), C1–C2 rotation (similar to a Maitland or osteopathic manipulation), and distraction.

Results

The participants were imaged using 3T MRA. All participants had normal vascular anatomy. Average inflow to the brain in neutral was 6.98 mL/s and was not significantly changed by any of the test positions. There was no significant difference in flow in any of the 4 arteries in any position from neutral, despite large individual variations.

Limitations

Only individuals who were asymptomatic were investigated, and a short section of the arteries only were imaged.

Conclusions

Blood flow to the brain does not appear to be compromised by positions commonly used in manual therapy. Positions using end-range neck rotation and distraction do not appear to be more hazardous to cerebral circulation than more segmentally localized techniques.
Square Grid and Pillared Square Grid Coordination Polymers – Fertile Ground for Crystal Engineering of Structure and Function
Authors: Burd Stephen D. , Nugent Patrick S. , Mohameda Mona H. , Elsaidia Sameh K. , Zaworotko Michael J.
Published: June 2013

Square grid coordination polymers (CPs) based upon four-connected metal centres linked by linear bifunctional ligands such as 4,4'-bipyridine were first reported in 1990 and the study of their pillared variants began in 1995. It was quickly realized by crystal engineers that the modularity
of such CPs creates families of related compounds or platforms which in turn affords opportunities for systematic study of structure/function relationships in the context of catalysis, magnetism and porosity. This review covers the historical development of this important class of CPs before
addressing recent studies of variants which incorporate 4,4'-bipyridine and related linkers to facilitate control over pore size and inorganic anion pillars to enable strong interactions with polarizable molecules such as CO2. Such pillared CPs offer relatively low cost, high stability
and modularity. When these features are coupled with superior performance vs . other classes of porous materials in the context of carbon capture and other gas separations involving CO2, they are likely to gain increased attention in the future.
Coordination Polymers of Small Cyano Anions
Authors: Batten Stuart R. , Deacon Glen B. , Murray Keith S. , Turner David R.
Published: June 2013

Small cyano anions, and their derivatives, have proved to be remarkably versatile building blocks for coordination polymers. They have led to magnetically ordered materials, structures with new entangled motifs or novel topologies, and a significant structural diversity, including polymorphism,
induced by subtle changes in anion, cation, co-ligands, preparative conditions, or even desolvation.
A Journey from Supramolecular Chemistry to Nanoscale Networks
Authors: Constable Edwin C.
Published: June 2013

The use of the coordination properties of metal centres to organise organic ligands in space is a concept that dates back to the seminal work of Alfred Werner that was recognised by the award of the first Nobel Proze for Chemistry in inorganic chemistry 100 years ago. Metal ions may
be used to control the assembly of one-, two- or three-dimensional structures by matching the coordination number and geometry with the number and arrangement of donor atoms within ligands. These so-called coordination polymers have recently emerged from the category of unwanted insoluble
side-products to materials of high scietrific interest and economic potential. This short article presents the simple design principles that lie behind the synthesis of materials possessing useful properties and, often stunningly attractive structural motifs.
Crystal Engineering of FeII Spin Crossover Coordination Polymers Derived from Triazole or Tetrazole Ligands
Authors: Garcia Yann , Adarsh N. N. , Naik Anil D.
Published: June 2013

The past decade has witnessed intense research activity in the area of FeII spin crossover coordination polymers, which are structurally diverse and functionally intriguing materials. In this endeavor, a less exploited series of ligands have been selected among various N-donor
triazole and tetrazole molecules. Developing conventions that allow the tailoring of such functional materials with predictable architecture and properties is an important objective and current interest in crystal engineering. However, detailed knowledge on the structure–property correlation
is still scanty due to the small number of crystal structures of such compounds. The principal focus is to decipher the effect of various supramolecular factors such as intermolecular interactions, hydrogen bonding etc., on the resultant FeII coordination polymers. This tutorial
review aims at highlighting some of the developments of such structurally diverse and functionally intriguing 1D polymeric chains, 2D and 3D networks built from triazole or tetrazole ligands exhibiting fascinating spin crossover phenomena.
Load Combination
Authors: Poutanen Tuomo
Published: June 2013

A universal theory on combining loads in structural design is missing. The current codes include three methods: dependent, semi-dependent and independent. These methods are mutually contradicting and inconsistently applied: The paper presents arguments that the structural loads must always be combined dependently. The current load combination is unsafe in comparison with the target reliability. In the Eurocodes for instance the safety factors are up to 20 % too low. Before the load combination, the load distributions must be set up to the appropriate design state. In the Eurocodes, the permanent load distribution is set up correctly. However, the variable load is set up wrongly for one-year loads but should be set up for 50-year loads. Therefore the safety factor for the variable load is too low. 50-year failure probability of the Eurocodes should be 1/15000 but it is 1/1000 assuming that the uncertainty is 10 % and the variable load factor is increased ca 10 %.