bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Testing of a GPS-Augmented Multi-Sensor Vehicle Navigation System
Authors: Stephen J. , Lachapelle G.
Published: July 2002

An integrated multi-sensor vehicle navigation system is presented that uses a low-cost rate
gyro and differential odometry to supplement GPS under signal masking conditions such as
tree foliage and urban canyons. Signal masking is often accompanied by extreme multi-path
in urban centres with tall buildings, and is also found in wooded areas, enclosed car parks,
tunnels, etc. The purpose of the system tested is to provide an accuracy of better than
20 metres almost 100% of the time throughout these interruptions, which are assumed to last
up to a few minutes. The equipment used is discussed in detail, as is the method used for
filtering measurements. Results are presented from tests carried out in an urban core with
relatively long periods of signal loss – up to several minutes over a 6-km test circuit. Tests
in urban canyons demonstrate that it is difficult to reach the above specifications with aiding
from differential odometry alone due to the high precision of the wheel-scale factor required.
However, with the use of a rate gyro and odometry, RMS errors are below 20 metres while
availability is nearly 100%. Some of the large deviations could probably be better controlled
if GPS multi-path errors were detected before they are allowed to corrupt the filtered
solution.
Modelling earthquake accelerograms using neural networks
and linear predictors
Authors: FLOOD IAN , GAGARIN NICOLAS , KARTAM NABIL
Published: July 2002

The paper describes and evaluates three methods
of modelling earthquake accelerograms using artificial
neural networks and linear predictors. These are a radial-Gaussian
neural networking system, a linear predictor, and a hybrid
of these two. Two methods of using these models to predict
ground acceleration are adopted. The first is based on
a direct prediction of ground acceleration at some point
in time in the future from a series of ground accelerations
that occurred earlier in the earthquake event. The second
is a recursive approach whereby a model predicts a sequence
of future ground accelerations by feeding back its predictions
to its inputs. The performances of the models are tested
using the 1985 Mexico earthquake and aftershock. The linear
predictor and hybrid models perform best at direct prediction
while none of the models perform particularly well at recursive
prediction. The paper concludes with an outline of some
areas for future work.
Molecular epidemiology of respiratory syncytial virus in
The Gambia
Authors: CANE P. A. , WEBER M. , SANNEH M. , DACKOUR R. , PRINGLE C. R. , WHITTLE H.
Published: July 2002

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in The Gambia occurs
seasonally in association
with the rainy season. This study examined the genetic variability of RSV
isolates from four
consecutive epidemics from 1993–6. Each epidemic was made up of a
number of variants
which were replaced in subsequent epidemics. Analysis of attachment (G)
protein gene
sequences showed that isolates were closely related to those observed in
the rest of the world.
However, many isolates from 1993 and 1994 were unlike other isolates observed
in the
developed world during this period and were more similar to isolates from
1984 in Europe. In
addition, the most commonly observed genotype in the UK in the 1990s was
not detected in
The Gambia during this period.
Assessment of neutralizing antibodies elicited by a vaccine
(Nakayama) strain of Japanese encephalitis virus in Taiwan
Authors: SHYU W. R.-H. , WANG Y.-C. , CHIN C. , CHEN W.-J.
Published: July 2002

A total of 368 blood specimens were resampled from a serum
collection containing 2914 blood
samples which were collected by a random sampling in Taiwan in 1991. The
plaque reduction
neutralization test was applied to evaluate the neutralizing ability to
two strains of Japanese
encephalitis viruses, i.e. Nakayama (the present vaccine strain) and JE5
(a Taiwan isolate). The
result revealed that antibodies against JE virus were present in each
stratified age group.
Antibody positive rates were both highest in the group older than 70
years although the lowest
rates were located in different groups. In addition, the result showed
that the immunogenicity
potency of the antibody induced by the vaccine strain did not have a
good coverage against
JE5. The rate of neutralizing antibodies above the level of protective
efficacy of the present
vaccine was limited as low as 37·93%. Efficacy of the vaccine
used at present was apparently
not efficient. Consideration of a more promising vaccine may be necessary.
Serum antibodies to secreted proteins in patients infected with
Escherichia coli O157 and other VTEC
Authors: CHART H. , JENKINS C. , SMITH H. R. , ROWE B.
Published: July 2002

Certain strains of verotoxigenic Escherichia coli
(VTEC), and in particular those belonging to
serogroup O157, cause attaching and effacing (AE) lesions of the host gut
mucosa during
pathogenesis. The mechanisms involved with bacterial attachment and the
destruction of
microvilli are determined by a cluster of genes within the LEE region,
which also encode five
secreted proteins. Sera from patients with antibodies to the
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of E. coli
O157 and other VTEC were tested for antibodies to these secreted proteins.
Twenty-one of 34
(62%) sera with antibodies to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of
E. coli O157 also contained
antibodies to one or more of the secreted proteins. Five of 12 sera containing
antibodies to the
LPS of a range of other VTEC serogroups also contained antibodies to 1
or more of the 5
secreted proteins, as did 16 of 70 (23%) sera from patients with haemolytic
uraemic syndrome
(HUS), haemorrhagic colitis (HC) or diarrhoea, but without bacteriological
evidence of
infection with VTEC and which did not contain antibodies to VTEC serogroups
O5, O115,
O145, O153 or O157. The detection of serum antibodies to secreted proteins
may provide
additional information for interpreting the results of established lipopolysaccharide-based

VTEC serology.
Determination of farm-level risk factors for abnormalities
observed during post-mortem meat inspection of lambs: a
feasibility study
Authors: EDWARDS D. S. , CHRISTIANSEN K. H. , JOHNSTON A. M. , MEAD G. C.
Published: July 2002

To investigate the feasibility of using information about the health and management of lambs
on farms to predict the risk of gross abnormalities at post-mortem meat inspection, 6732 lambs
from 30 different farms in Great Britain were followed through to slaughter in 1995/6. The
farm-level data were collected during farm visits at the beginning of the study. Routine meat
inspection findings for the lambs were obtained from the 10 participating abattoirs. The most
common abnormalities found during post-mortem inspection were pneumonia/pleurisy (53%
of cohorts), lungworm (40%), abscesses (30%), liver fluke (27%) and nephritis/nephrosis
(27%). The farm-level risk factors associated with abnormalities at slaughter varied with the
type of lesion. The most significant risk factor was the age of the lambs at slaughter. Lambs
slaughtered at an older age were more likely to have an abnormality, especially pneumonia,
abscesses and liver fluke. After age, environmental factors appeared to be better predictors of
those cohorts that would have lesions at slaughter than health and disease control variables.
However, a much larger study would be required to identify a set of farm-level factors that
adequately discriminated between lambs with high and low risks of lesion at slaughter. At the
end of the study, the farmers were informed of the meat inspection findings for their lambs
and a third indicated that they would improve their animal husbandry as a result of the
information.
Morphological and physiological properties of the A17 amacrine
cell of the rat retina
Authors: MENGER NICOLE , WÄSSLE HEINZ
Published: July 2002

In addition to the well-studied AII amacrine cell, there
is another amacrine cell type participating in the rod
pathway of the mammalian retina. In cat, this cell is called
the A17 amacrine cell, and in rabbits, it is called the
indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cell (S1 and S2); however,
the presence of the corresponding cell type has not yet
been described in detail for the rat retina. To this end,
we injected amacrine cells with Neurobiotin in vertical
retinal slices. After histological processing, we were
able to reconstruct the morphology of a wide-field amacrine
cell which showed characteristics of A17 and S1/S2 amacrine
cells. The rat wide-field amacrine cells exhibited the
same stratification pattern, their dendrites bore varicosities
and ramified in sublamina 5 of the inner plexiform layer
(IPL), and they were dye-coupled to other amacrine cells.
To determine whether those amacrine cells shared electrophysiological
characteristics as well, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp
recordings and examined their voltage-activated currents
and neurotransmitter-induced currents. We never observed
voltage-gated Na+ currents and spike-like potentials
upon depolarization by current injection in these cells.
We identified GABA- and glycine-sensitive Cl−
currents that could be blocked by bicuculline and strychnine,
respectively. We also observed kainate- and AMPA-activated
currents, which could be inhibited by the application of
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). Finally, a
400-ms full-field light stimulus was used to characterize
the light responses of A17 amacrine cells. The light ON-induced
inward current could be suppressed by the application of
2,3-Dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulphonamide
(NBQX), while the majority of the light OFF-induced current
was inhibited by bicuculline and reduced to a smaller extent
by NBQX. CPP, an NMDA blocker, had no effect on the light
response of rat A17 amacrine cells.
Calcium action potentials in retinal bipolar neurons
Authors: ZENISEK DAVID , MATTHEWS GARY
Published: July 2002

Patch-clamp and calcium-indicator measurements
were used to examine the electrical excitability of large-terminal
bipolar neurons from goldfish retina. Large, transient
increases in intracellular calcium occurred spontaneously
in the synaptic terminal but not in the soma of bipolar
neurons. Calcium transients were blocked by hyperpolarization,
by external application of calcium-channel blockers, and
by the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate. These observations
suggest that calcium action potentials are responsible
for the spontaneous increases in intraterminal calcium,
which was directly confirmed by electrical recordings of
calcium-dependent action potentials in both whole-cell
and perforated-patch recordings. We suggest that regenerative
depolarization produced by the opening of calcium channels
in the synaptic terminal of on-type bipolar neurons represents
an amplification mechanism in the high-sensitivity ON pathway
in the dark-adapted fish retina.
Effect of early monocular enucleation upon ocular dominance
columns and cytochrome oxidase activity in monkey and human
visual cortex
Authors: HORTON JONATHAN C. , HOCKING DAVINA R.
Published: July 2002

We examined cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity in
striate cortex of four macaque monkeys after monocular
enucleation at ages 1, 1, 5, and 12 weeks. These animal
experiments were performed to guide our interpretation
of CO patterns in occipital lobe specimens obtained from
two children who died several years after monocular enucleation
during infancy for tumor. In the macaques, the ocular dominance
columns were labelled by injecting [3H]proline
into the remaining eye. After enucleation at age 1 week,
ocular dominance columns were eliminated in layer IVcβ,
resulting in a uniform pattern of autoradiographic label
and CO staining. However, columns could still be seen in
wet, unstained sections and with the Liesegang silver stain.
Autoradiographs through layers IVcα and IVa showed
residual, shrunken columns belonging to the missing eye,
indicating that enucleation has less drastic effects in
these layers. In the two human cases, enucleation at age
1 week also resulted in uniform CO staining in layer IVc.
In the macaque after enucleation at age 5 weeks, ocular
dominance columns belonging to the missing eye were severely
narrowed, but still occupied 20% of layer IVcβ. CO
revealed wide, dark columns alternating with thin, pale
columns in layer IVcβ. The CO pattern and the columns
labelled by autoradiography matched perfectly. After enucleation
at age 12 weeks, only mild shrinkage of ocular dominance
columns occurred. Enucleation at ages 1, 5, and 12 weeks
did not alter the pattern of thin-pale–thick-pale
stripes in V2. The main findings from this study were that
(1) CO histochemistry accurately labels the boundaries
of columns in layer IVcβ of macaque striate cortex
after early monocular enucleation, making it a suitable
technique for defining the critical period for plasticity
of ocular dominance columns in human striate cortex; (2)
enucleation causes more severe shrinkage of ocular dominance
columns than eyelid suture; (3) early monocular enucleation
obliterates ocular dominance columns in layer IVcβ,
but their pattern remains visible in wet sections and with
the Liesegang stain; and (4) enucleation does not affect
CO staining in V2.
Photoreceptor coupling in turtle retina
Authors: FIRSOV M.L. , GREEN D.G.
Published: July 2002

Photoreceptors in the isolated turtle retina of two
species of turtle, Chelydra serpentina and
Pseudemus scripta elegans, were penetrated with double-barrel
electrodes. Physiological responses were recorded through
one barrel and Neurobiotin tracer was injected from the
other. Intracellular injection of Neurobiotin revealed
patterns of tracer-coupled photoreceptors. Both the patterns
of tracer coupling and the electrophysiology suggest a
high degree of specificity of connections. Rods seem to
be coupled only to rods and green and red cones seem to
be coupled to cones of the same spectral type. Receptive-field
profiles, measured with a thin, sharply focused slit of
light, often had well-defined peaks and troughs in sensitivity.
We have taken advantage of this observation and used the
position of a peak in sensitivity to locate the position
on the retina of a coupled cell. In one rod, it was possible
to correlate physiological and morphological data and to
show that the peaks in the physiological receptive field
occurred at positions on the retina where there were dye-coupled
cells. This provides direct evidence that gap junctions
produce the physiological coupling between rods.
Nitric oxide modulates cGMP levels in neurons of the inner
and outer retina in opposite ways
Authors: GOTZES SEBASTIAN , de VENTE JAN , MÜLLER FRANK
Published: July 2002

In the mammalian retina, neuronal nitric oxide
synthase (NOS) is mainly localized in subpopulations of
amacrine cells. One function of nitric oxide (NO) is to
stimulate soluble guanylate cyclases which in turn synthesize
cGMP. We used an antibody specific for cGMP to demonstrate
cGMP-like immunoreactivity (cG-IR) in bovine, rat, and
rabbit retinae and investigated the effects on cGMP levels
of both exogenously applied NO and of endogenously released
NO. We found that cGMP levels in inner and outer retina
were controlled in opposite ways. In the presence of the
NO-donors SNP, SIN-1 or SNAP, cG-IR was prominent in neurons
of the inner retina, mainly in cone bipolar cells, some
amacrine and ganglion cells. Retinae incubated in IBMX
showed weak cG-IR in bipolar cells. Glutamate increased
cG-IR in the inner retina, presumably by stimulating endogenous
NO release, whereas NOS inhibitors or GABA and glycine
decreased cG-IR in bipolar cells by reducing NO release.
In somata, inner segments and spherules of rod photoreceptors
the situation was reversed. cG-IR was undetectable in the
presence of NO-donors or glutamate, was moderate in IBMX-treated
retinae, but increased strongly in the presence of NOS
inhibitors or GABA/glycine. We conclude that NO is released
endogenously in the retina. In the presence of NO, cGMP
levels are increased in neurons of the inner retina, but
are decreased in rods.
Cloning and functional expression of a novel gap junction
channel from the retina of Danio aquipinnatus
Authors: WAGNER T.L.E. , BEYER E.C. , McMAHON D.G.
Published: July 2002

Electrical synapses, or gap junctions, are widely
distributed in the vertebrate retina and are thought to
play critical roles in the transmission and coding of visual
signals. To investigate the molecular basis of this form
of neural communication in the retina, we have isolated,
characterized, and functionally expressed a cDNA for a
gap junction channel derived from the retina of the teleost
fish Danio aquipinnatus (giant danio). The cDNA
contained an open reading frame of 1146 nucleotides encoding
a connexin with a predicted molecular mass of 43.3 kDa
which shared extensive identity with Rattus norvegicus
Cx43 (78%). This protein (DACX43) contained several consensus
phosphorylation sequences in the c-terminal region, some
of which are conserved among Cx43 orthologs. RNA blot hybridization
revealed that DACX43 was expressed in the brain as well
as in the retina. In addition, Southern analysis suggested
that there are multiple copies of DACX43, or other closely
related sequences, in the Danio aquipinnatus genome.
When DACX43 was expressed by stable transfection in gap-junction-deficient
mouse N2A neuroblastoma cells, functional gap junctions
were formed as indicated by dual whole-cell recordings
of electrical coupling. We conclude that DACX43 is a connexin43
ortholog, which is expressed in the retina of Danio
aquipinnatus, and when translated is able to form
functional gap junction channels.
Photoreceptor cells with unusual functional properties on
the ventral nerve of Limulus
Authors: NAGY KÁROLY , DORLÖCHTER MARLIES , KLÄSEN SVENJA , STEINBUSCH DANNY
Published: July 2002

Normal photoreceptor cells on the ventral nerve of
Limulus respond to a moderately intense flash
with a large receptor potential or current. Occasionally,
cells are found in which the same flash evokes only a small
receptor potential or current. Our investigations reveal
physiological reasons for the poor light sensitivity in
these “unusual cells.” In unusual cells prolonged
illumination with intense light evokes a step-like inward
current with an amplitude of some nanoamperes, but without
a large transient peak. The current appears to be summed
up of single photon responses with amplitudes smaller than
about 50 pA. Their time course is similar to that of small
single photon responses forming the so-called macroscopic
C1 component in normal cells. The macroscopic
current evoked by an intense flash has slow activation
and deactivation kinetics and reaches a saturated amplitude
of about 4–5 nanoamperes. The light-intensity dependence
of the current evoked by flashes or by prolonged illumination
has a slope of about 1 in log–log plots. The decay
kinetics of the current is similar to that of the C1
component measured in normal cells after the block of the
C2 component. Occasionally, the step-like current
is superposed by large standard bumps. These bumps are
blocked by the Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor cyclopiazonic
acid, while the sustained inward current persists. We conclude
that in unusual cells the light-activated current is identical
to the C1 component of normal cells. The phospholipase
C pathway that in normal cells presumably gives rise to
the C2 component functions only with a low efficiency
in unusual cells.
The diet of shy albatrosses (Thalassarche cauta) at Albatross Island, Tasmania
Authors: Hedd April , Gales Rosemary
Published: July 2002

The diet of shy albatrosses Thalassarche cauta at Albatross Island, Tasmania, was examined quantitatively from 1995 to 1998. Two main sample types were examined: (1) whole stomach contents from chicks that had recently died of natural causes; (2) samples of fresh food delivered to chicks by their parents. Fresh food samples were considered most representative of the overall diet composition and, throughout the study, they were predominated by fish (89+ by wet mass). Cephalopods, tunicates and crustaceans contributed 10+, < 0.1+ and < 0.1+ by wet mass, respectively, to the diet. There was little indication of seasonal or inter‐annual variation in prey selection, as the composition of the diet was relatively constant through time. Fish from 16 species or families were identified, however, pelagic schooling Jack mackerel Trachurus declivis and redbait Emmelichthys nitidus together accounted for 57+ and 80+ (by number) of the fish identified in the stomach and fresh food samples, respectively. Cephalopods from 16 species or families were also identified, and here a single species (Gould's squid Nototodarus gouldi), accounted for 66+ and 84+ (by number) of the cephalopods identified. Both salps Pyrosoma spp. and crustaceans (largely Australian krill Nyctiphanes australis) contributed little by mass, but they occurred frequently and sometimes they accounted for a significant number of the prey items identified. Aspects of the biology and behaviour of the albatrosses and their main prey species combine to indicate that shy albatrosses have a largely predatory foraging nature. Much of their prey can be captured live, at the surface, during the day.
Maternal prenatal, postpartum, and concurrent stressors and temperament in 3-year-olds: A
person and variable analysis
Authors: SUSMAN ELIZABETH J. , SCHMEELK KAREN H. , PONIRAKIS ANGELO , GARIEPY JEAN LOUIS
Published: July 2002

The study was based on the assumption that stressors in the lives of pregnant and parenting
women are processes that affect prenatal, postpartum, and concurrent maternal hormones and
emotions and that these processes affect child temperament. The hypotheses were tested in a
group of 67 young mothers and their 3-year-old children. Mothers were clustered into groups
based on longitudinal patterns of hormones and emotions at prenatal, postpartum, and 3-year
follow-up assessments. The analyses focused on relating maternal patterns of hormones and
emotions to the child's temperament at age 3 years. Temperament was assessed by
questionnaire and observation of behavior during a challenging situation. Illustrative findings
included the following. Verbal aggression and nonverbal aggression were significantly higher in
children of mothers in the low prenatal hormone cluster than children of mothers in the
high prenatal hormone cluster. Children of mothers in the postpartum low testosterone
(T), estradiol (E2), and androstenedione (Δ4-A) and medium cortisol (Cort) cluster (mainly low hormone cluster) exhibited significantly more physical aggression than children of mothers in the medium T and Δ4-A, high E2 and low Cort cluster. Maternal patterns of hormones, emotions, and parenting attitudes and practices were related to multiple aspects of temperament when the children were age 3 years. The findings support the important role of maternal biological and psychological processes in the development of child temperament.
The aging surgical patient - an update
Authors: Seymour D Gwyn
Published: July 2002

The present review, building on a previous review published in 1993, gives a general overview of a large subject. As on the previous occasion, it is primarily concerned with the assessment of risk and the improvement of outcome in the older surgical patient. However, some of the previously-discussed technical difficulties of assessing risk, which apply to a wide range of medical and surgical specialties, have not been repeated this time. Updates have been given on cardiac, respiratory and nutritional risk assessment in older surgical patients, and a section on post-operative changes in mental function has been added. The use of new outcome measures, including the measurement of quality of life, is also discussed more fully in the present review.
The British Conservative Party in the Twentieth Century: from Beginning to End?
Authors: TURNER JOHN
Published: July 2002

Stuart Ball, The Conservative Party since 1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 205 pp., £40.00, ISBN 0-7190-4012-4.

John Charmley, A History of Conservative Politics, 1900–1996 (London: Macmillan, 1996), 283 pp., £16.99, ISBN 0-333-56293-3.

Alan Clark, The Tories: Conservatives and the Nation State 1922–1997 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998), 493 pp., £20.00, ISBN 0-297-81849-X.

N. J. Crowson, Facing Fascism: The Conservative Party and the European Dictators 1935–1940 (London: Routledge, 1997), 270 pp., £20.00, ISBN 0-415-15315-8.

Brendan Evans and Andrew Taylor, From Salisbury to Major: Continuity and Change in Conservative Politics (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996), 288 pp., £14.99, ISBN 0-7190-4291-7.

Steven Ludlam and Martin J. Smith, Contemporary British Conservatism (London: Macmillan, 1996), 322 pp., £14.99, ISBN 0-333-62949-3.

Philip Norton (ed.), The Conservative Party (London: Prentice Hall, 1996), 264 pp., £15.95, ISBN 0-13-374653-4.

John Ramsden, An Appetite for Power: A History of the Conservative Party since 1830 (London: HarperCollins, 1998), 562 pp., £24.99, ISBN 0-002-55686-3.

John Ramsden, The Age of Churchill and Eden 1940–1957 (London: Longman, 1995), 350 pp., £57.50, ISBN 0-582-50463–5.

John Ramsden, The Winds of Change: Macmillan to Heath 1957–1975 (London: Longman, 1996), 485 pp., £70.00, ISBN 0-582-27570-9.

Anthony Seldon (ed.), How Tory Governments Fall (London: Fontana, 1996), 510 pp., £7.99, ISBN 0-00-686366-3.

Anthony Seldon and Stuart Ball (eds.), Conservative Century: The Conservative Party since 1900 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 842 pp., £20.00, ISBN 0-19-820238-5.

Robert Self, The Austen Chamberlain Diary Letters: The Correspondence of Sir Austen Chamberlain with his sisters Hilda and Ida, 1916–1937 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Royal Historical Society, 1995), 548 pp., £40.00., ISBN 0-521-55157-9.
Cloning and Infertility
Authors: STRONG CARSON
Published: July 2002

Although there are important moral arguments against
cloning human beings, it has been suggested that there
might be exceptional cases in which cloning humans would
be ethically permissible. One type of supposed exceptional
case involves infertile couples who want to have children
by cloning. This paper explores whether cloning would be
ethically permissible in infertility cases and the separate
question of whether we should have a policy allowing cloning
in such cases. One caveat should be stated at the beginning,
however. After the cloning of a sheep in Scotland, scientists
pointed out that using the same technique to clone humans would,
at present, involve substantial risks of producing children
with birth defects. This concern over safety gives compelling
support to the view that it would be wrong to attempt human
cloning now. Thus, we do not reach the debate about exceptional
cases unless the issue of safety can be set aside. I ask the
reader to consider the possibility that in the future humans
could be cloned without a significantly elevated risk of birth
defects from the cloning process itself. The remainder of this
paper assumes, for sake of argument, that cloning technology
has advanced to that point. Given this assumption, would
cloning in the infertility cases be ethically permissible,
and should it be legally permitted?
Group B streptococcus infection in pregnancy: an update
Authors: O'Reilly Geralyn C , Hitti Jane E , Benedetti Thomas J
Published: July 2002

Group B streptococcus (GBS), or Streptococcus agalactiae, has been a continuing focus of debate in the paediatric and obstetric worlds. The organism has emerged as the leading cause of early-onset neonatal sepsis. With an average of 20% of mothers being carriers for the organism (range from 15–40%), the following questions remain to be answered:

1 How best to screen for GBS and which protocol to use?

2 How best to counsel patients who are GBS carriers?

3 What is the cost effectiveness of the screening protocols?
“MORE THAN ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE”: FRIEDRICH ENGELS IN INDUSTRIAL MANCHESTER
Authors: Krishnamurthy Aruna
Published: July 2002

IN HIS BOOKMarxism and the City, Ira Katznelson, while lamenting the disappearance of spatial elements within Marxist thought, points to Friedrich Engels’s The Condition of the Working Class in England as an ur-text that is able to provide “positive specification of the mechanisms linking base and superstructure” (56). As a corrective to the narrowly “scientific” strain of Marxism that privileged “structure” over “agency,” Katznelson views Engels’s early text on the industrial city of Manchester as the bearer of a double message: “Writing at the precise branching moment of the emergence of the modern industrial city, [Engels] connected the development of this new urban form to the epochal changes of the industrial revolution; he showed how changes in organization of city space affected social relationships within and between classes; and he tied this social geography to the suffering and coming to consciousness of the new proletariat” (144). In this critical exchange between “base” and “superstructure,” where Marxism becomes a tool for reading the city, and the city a space for revising Marxist method, class consciousness gets redefined as “urban consciousness,”1 thus supplanting the site of praxis from the arena of production to the psycho-social experience of space.
Extended finite state models of language
Authors: KORNAI ANDRÁS
Published: July 2002

In spite of the wide availability of more powerful (context free,
mildly context
sensitive, and even Turing-equivalent) formalisms, the bulk of the applied
work on
language and sublanguage modeling, especially for the purposes of recognition
and
topic search, is still performed by various finite state methods.
In fact, the use of
such methods in research labs as well as in applied work actually increased
in the
past five years. To bring together those developing and using extended
finite state
methods to text analysis, speech/OCR language modeling, and related
CL and NLP
tasks with those in AI and CS interested in analyzing and possibly extending
the
domain of finite state algorithms, a workshop was held in August 1996 in
Budapest
as part of the European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI'96).
Interpreting WISC–III Interpretations
Authors: Butler Robert W.
Published: July 2002

This concise volume contains a wealth of information
on scoring and interpreting the WISC–III. There are
chapters on gifted children, mental retardation, attention
deficit hyperactivity disorder, language impairment, hearing
impairment, minority and culturally diverse children, and
also emotionally disturbed children. The text also addresses
the use of the WISC–III with achievement tests, accurately
recording and interpreting behavioral observations over
the course of administering a WISC–III, and also
the neuropsychological basis of intelligence and the WISC–III.
Modelling of natural sounds by time–frequency and wavelet representations
Authors: KRONLAND-MARTINET R. , GUILLEMAIN Ph. , YSTAD S.
Published: July 2002

Sound modelling is an important part of the analysis–synthesis process since it combines sound processing and algorithmic synthesis within the same formalism. Its aim is to make sound simulators by synthesis methods based on signal models or physical models, the parameters of which are directly extracted from the analysis of natural sounds. In this article the successive steps for making such systems are described. These are numerical synthesis and sound generation methods, analysis of natural sounds, particularly time–frequency and time–scale (wavelet)
representations, extraction of pertinent parameters, and the determination of the correspondence between these parameters and those corresponding to the synthesis models. Additive synthesis, nonlinear synthesis, and waveguide synthesis are discussed.
Ibn Battūta and the Mongols
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: July 2002

The revised text of the Charles Beckingham Memorial Lecture, Ibn Battūta and the Mongols, delivered to the Royal Asiatic Society on 13th January 2000 by D. O. Morgan.
David Galloway
Authors: Cox Antony
Published: July 2002

David Galloway, Chair of the ACPP, is
Professor of Primary Education and
Chairman of the Board of Studies in
Education in the University of Durham.
‘Primary Education’ in the title of his
Chair does not do justice to the extraordinary range of his interests and
achievements. At the core there lies a fundamental
concern to maximise schools' contribution
to children's development by extending our
understanding of processes, individuals
and personal relationships. His exploration
of processes extends from the interface
between home and school to children's
approach to learning: their motivational
style. Those with a mastery orientation
‘are concerned with their own further
learning and the opportunities offered by
new and challenging tasks’. It is an adaptive response in which such children
demonstrate persistence and seek ways to
overcome difficulties. That this is David's
style became rapidly apparent when discussing his career. Some would call him a
self-starter, who has retained his independence of spirit while working within
educational and university structures.
Water vole in the Scottish uplands: distribution patterns of disturbed and pristine populations ahead and behind the American mink invasion front
Authors: Aars Jon , Lambin Xavier , Denny Rebecca , Griffin A. Cy
Published: July 2002

The invasion of Britain by American mink has had a catastrophic impact on water vole populations. We surveyed and live‐trapped water voles over 2 years in eight c. 25 km2 blocks in the upland of Scotland behind and ahead of the mink invasion front. Water voles had a similar distribution in the Grampian Mountains of north‐east Scotland, on the edge of the invasion front, and in the Assynt area of north‐west Sutherland well beyond the front. Water voles occurred in small, discrete colonies. Median nearest‐neighbour distance between colonies was 0.6‐0.7 km in both areas. Colonies experienced a high degree of turnover with extinction and colonization being commonplace and only a fraction of suitable sites were occupied at a given time. High dispersal rates connecting numerous (> 30) colonies over large areas (> 25 km2) enable water voles to persist in such circumstances. Synchronized fluctuations in occupancy not caused by mink also occurred at the regional scales of the Grampian Mountains and Assynt areas. Localized mink invasions have fragmented a previously continuous metapopulation into smaller clusters and this may indirectly affect the likely persistence of water vole colonies not directly exposed to predation by mink.
Effects of Stress and Hippocampal NMDA Receptor Antagonism on Recognition Memory in Rats
Authors: Baker Kevin B. , Kim Jeansok J.
Published: July 2002

Exposures to uncontrollable stress have been shown to alter ensuing synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and interfere with hippocampal-dependent spatial memory in rats. The present study examined whether stress, which impairs hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), also affects (nonspatial) hippocampal-dependent object-recognition memory, as tested on the visual paired comparison task (VPC) in rats. After undergoing an inescapable restraint–tailshock stress experience, rats exhibited markedly impaired recognition memory at the 3-h (long) familiarization-to-test phase delay but not at the 5-min (short) delay. In contrast, unstressed control animals showed robust recognition memory (i.e., they exhibited reliable preferences for novel over familiar objects) at both short- and long-delay periods. The impairing effect of stress on long-delay recognition memory was transient because 48 h after undergoing stress experience, animals performed normally at the long delay. Similar to stress, microinfusions of DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), a competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist that blocks LTP, into the dorsal hippocampus selectively impaired object-recognition memory at the long-delay period. Together, these results suggest that stress and intrahippocampal administration of APV affect recognition memory by influencing synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus.

[The following individuals kindly provided reagents, samples, or unpublished information as indicated in the paper H. Blair.]
Effect of ATP Sulfurylase Overexpression in Bright Yellow 2 Tobacco Cells1
Authors: Hatzfeld Yves , Cathala Nicole , Grignon Claude , Davidian Jean-Claude
Published: July 2002

To determine if the ATP sulfurylase reaction is a regulatory step for the SO42−-assimilation pathway in plants, anArabidopsis thaliana ATP sulfurylase cDNA,APS2, was fused to the 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus and introduced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation into isolated Bright Yellow 2 tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells. The ATP sulfurylase activity in transgenic cells was 8-fold that in control cells, and was correlated with the expression of a specific polypeptide revealed by western analysis using an anti-ATP sulfurylase antibody. The molecular mass of this polypeptide agreed with that for the overexpressed mature protein. ATP sulfurylase overexpression had no effect on [35S]SO42− influx or ATP sulfurylase activity regulation by S availability, except that ATP sulfurylase activity variations in response to S starvation in transgenic cells were 8 times higher than in the wild type. There were also no differences in cell growth or sensitivity to SeO42− (a toxic SO42−analog) between transgenic and wild-type cells. We propose that in Bright Yellow 2 tobacco cells, the ATP sulfurylase derepression by S deficiency may involve a posttranscriptional mechanism, and that the ATP sulfurylase abundance is not limiting for cell metabolism.
Expression of β-Amylase from Alfalfa Taproots
Authors: Gana Joyce A. , Kalengamaliro Newton E. , Cunningham Suzanne M. , Volenec Jeffrey J.
Published: July 2002

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) roots contain large quantities of β-amylase, but little is known about its role in vivo. We studied this by isolating a β-amylase cDNA and by examining signals that affect its expression. The β-amylase cDNA encoded a 55.95-kD polypeptide with a deduced amino acid sequence showing high similarity to other plant β-amylases. Starch concentrations, β-amylase activities, and β-amylase mRNA levels were measured in roots of alfalfa after defoliation, in suspension-cultured cells incubated in sucrose-rich or -deprived media, and in roots of cold-acclimated germ plasms. Starch levels, β-amylase activities, and β-amylase transcripts were reduced significantly in roots of defoliated plants and in sucrose-deprived cell cultures. β-Amylase transcript was high in roots of intact plants but could not be detected 2 to 8 d after defoliation. β-Amylase transcript levels increased in roots between September and October and then declined 10-fold in November and December after shoots were killed by frost. Alfalfa roots contain greater β-amylase transcript levels compared with roots of sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Southern analysis indicated that β-amylase is present as a multigene family in alfalfa. Our results show no clear association between β-amylase activity or transcript abundance and starch hydrolysis in alfalfa roots. The great abundance of β-amylase and its unexpected patterns of gene expression and protein accumulation support our current belief that this protein serves a storage function in roots of this perennial species.
Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase in the C4 Monocot Urochloa panicoides Is Encoded by Four Differentially Expressed Genes1
Authors: Finnegan Patrick M. , Suzuki Shoichi , Ludwig Martha , Burnell James N.
Published: July 2002

Previous screening of a cDNA library of leaf poly(A+) RNA from Urochloa panicoides, a phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK)-type C4 monocot, led to the characterization of cDNAs encoding the U. panicoides PCK subunit PCK1. A second PCK sequence, designated PCK2, has now been found by rescreening the library. The deduced PCK2 polypeptide is 626 residues in length, has a predicted molecular mass of 68,686 D, and is 96% identical to the deduced PCK1 sequence. Isolation and characterization of genomic DNA fragments revealed that the PCK1 and PCK2genes are each closely linked to another PCK gene. These additional genes have been designated PCK3 andPCK4, respectively. In each case, the second gene is located upstream and in the same transcriptional orientation as the gene characterized through cDNA analysis. A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay was used to demonstrate that PCK1 and PCK2 transcripts predominate in leaves, whereas PCK3 andPCK4 transcripts predominate in roots. Moreover, accumulation of PCK1 and PCK2 transcripts is light dependent. Direct N-terminal sequencing of PCK polypeptides purified from leaves demonstrated that PCK2 is produced. These results strongly suggest that PCK1 and PCK2 are involved in the photosynthetic CO2-concentrating mechanism active in U. panicoides.
Contrast analysis of the composition of ribosomes extracted with different purification procedures
Authors: Briganti Giuseppe , Giordano Rita , Londei Paola , Valle Francesco
Published: July 2002

The composition and hydration ofE. coliribosomes isolated with different purification protocols has been analysed by combining two experimental techniques: measurements of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), for two different isotopic solvent compositions, and refractive index (RI) increments. From the contrast between the solvent and solute scattering densities and the molar polarizability, determined experimentally with SANS and RI measurements, three independent equations are obtained and three unknown quantities are determined: (i) the volume of the solute hydrated skeletonVs, (ii) the material contained in it, namely the biological components, intrinsic (rRNA and proteins) and extrinsic, such as aminoacylsynthetase and elongation factors, (iii) the number of water molecules structurally bound to the ribosome and non-exchangeable with the solvent. From the form factor at infinite contrast, a second definition of the solute volume is obtained, V_s^c, which represents the volume within the contour surface of the ribosome. This value is generally larger thanVsand can include a certain amount of water molecules,i.e.those inside the volume (V_s^c −Vs). Considering the molar volume of this water to be equal to that of the bulk water, it is possible to evaluate its amount. The particle density calculated from the ribosome components in V_s^c, including proteins, RNA, bound and unbound water molecules, corresponds to the buoyant density measured forE. coli70S particles. The two ribosomal preparations display different performances in protein synthesis; hence the results indicate that the optimal condition corresponds to a wider skeleton and contour volume but containing a smaller amount of segregated water molecules. It is believed that the method provides a reliable technique to determine the composition of ribosomes under various experimental conditions.
Small-angle neutron scattering investigation of the early stages of decomposition in Ni-rich Ni-Ti
Authors: Kompatscher M. , Schönfeld B. , Heinrich H. , Kostorz G.
Published: July 2002

In-situ small-angle neutron scattering was performed on polycrystals and single crystals of Ni-10 to 12 at.% Ti at temperatures between 900 and 1240 K. A plateau in the integrated intensity as a function of aging time for polycrystalline Ni-11.3 at.% Ti at 900 K indicates the presence of a precursor state γ'' preceding the formation of the metastable γ' state, with a Ti concentration of 16.5(1.0) at.% in the particles. In the scattering patterns of a Ni-12.0 at.% Ti single crystal aged at 1200 and 1240 K, strong scattering intensities along <100> related to the coherent γ''/γ' states, and sharp streaks along <111> related to plates of the stable η phase appear successively. At 1240 K, the presence of the L12-related intensities along <100> is unexpected, as this temperature lies above the metastable miscibility gap suggested in the literature.
A double-source double-crystal X-ray spectrometer for high-sensitivity lattice-parameter difference measurements
Authors: Buschert R. C. , Meyer A. J. , Kauffman D. S. , Gotwals J. K.
Published: July 2002

A method of measuring the difference between the lattice parameter of a region of an unknown sample and that of a region of a standard reference crystal to a sensitivity of 1 part in 109 is presented. Problems inherent in multiple-beam arrangements due to sample strains and non-uniformity have been overcome by the use of a new double-source arrangement in which the two X-ray beams sample the same spot on a crystal under study. Ways of identifying and preventing errors from significant mechanical and thermal effects arising in the sensitivity region explored are indicated.
RAD, a program for analysis of X-ray diffraction data from amorphous materials for personal computers
Authors: Petkov V.
Published: July 2002

RAD is an interactive computer program for radial distribution analysis of X-ray diffraction data from amorphous materials. RAD has been written in Fortran 77 and runs on IBM PC/XT/AT or compatible computers.
The determination of crystal size and disorder from X-ray diffraction photographs of polymer fibres. 1. The accuracy of determination of Fourier coefficients of the intensity profile of a reflection
Authors: Somashekar R. , Hall I. H. , Carr P. D.
Published: July 2002

Methods which determine the number and disorder of lattice planes in a crystal from the Fourier cosine coefficients of the intensity profile of an X-ray reflection use only the low harmonics and require that the coefficients be normalized so that the zero harmonic is unity. Experimentally, the profiles can only be recorded over a smaller range of scattering angle than required by the theory, and it is necessary to subtract background, which is likely to be estimated with considerable error, before determining the coefficients. It is shown that with polymer fibres this causes serious errors in the normalization, and in the values of those low harmonics used in the size and disorder determination, and prevents reliable values being obtained. Methods which avoid normalization and use only high harmonics are needed. It is shown that disorder may be obtained in such a way, but not size, for which low-order normalized coefficients are essential. A method of extrapolation is described and tested which enables the accurate high harmonics to be used to improve the estimates of the low ones. Whilst this will yield more reliable values of crystal size than are obtainable from existing methods, the accuracy depends entirely on the validity of the extrapolation, which cannot be tested in many cases of interest.
A near-ambient-temperature-control cell for use with synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction
Authors: Cernik R. J. , Craig S. R. , Roberts K. J. , Sherwood J. N.
Published: July 2002

A low-cost cell has been designed and built for synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction studies of materials with low melting points. The cell has been operated between 253 and 323 K with a temperature stability of better than 0.1 K. The construction of the cell allows free rotation of the sample during a scan in order to maximize the number of powder grains in the reflecting position. The cell has been used to study a transition from an ordered to a rotator phase in hexadecane occurring at 278 K and the results from that study are reported.