bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are the Same Clinical Risk Factors Relevant for Incident Diabetes Defined by Treatment, Fasting Plasma Glucose, and HbA1c?
Authors: Balkau Beverley , Soulimane Soraya , Lange Céline , Gautier Alain , Tichet Jean , Vol Sylviane ,   the DESIR Study Group
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

To compare incidences and risk factors for diabetes using seven definitions, with combinations of pharmacological treatment, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥7.0 mmol/L, and HbA1c ≥6.5%.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants aged 30–65 years from the Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR) cohort were followed for 9 years.

RESULTS

More men had incident diabetes as defined by FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L and/or treatment than by HbA1c ≥6.5% and/or treatment: 7.5% (140/1,867) and 5.3% (99/1,874), respectively (P < 0.009); for women incidences were similar: 3.2% (63/1,958) and 3.4% (66/1,954). Known risk factors predicted diabetes for almost all definitions. Among those with incident diabetes by FPG alone versus HbA1c alone, there were more men (78 vs. 35%), case patients were 8 years younger, and fewer were alcohol abstainers (12 vs. 35%) (all P < 0.005). A diabetes risk score discriminated well between those with and without incident diabetes for all definitions.

CONCLUSIONS

In men, FPG definitions yielded more incident cases of diabetes than HbA1c definitions, in contrast with women. An FPG-derived risk score remained relevant for HbA1c-defined diabetes.
Blood Pressure and the Risk of Developing Diabetes in African Americans and Whites
Authors: Wei Gina S. , Coady Sean A. , Goff David C. , Brancati Frederick L. , Levy Daniel , Selvin Elizabeth , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Fox Caroline S.
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

We examined the association between high blood pressure and incident type 2 diabetes in African Americans and whites aged 35–54 years at baseline.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We combined data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, and the Framingham Heart Study offspring cohort. Overall, 10,893 participants (57% women; 23% African American) were categorized by baseline blood pressure (normal, prehypertension, hypertension) and examined for incident diabetes (median follow-up 8.9 years).

RESULTS

Overall, 14.6% of African Americans and 7.9% of whites developed diabetes. Age-adjusted incidence was increasingly higher across increasing blood pressure groups (P values for trend: <0.05 for African American men; <0.001 for other race-sex groups). After adjustment for age, sex, BMI, fasting glucose, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides, prehypertension or hypertension (compared with normal blood pressure) was associated with greater risks of diabetes in whites (hazard ratio [HR] for prehypertension: 1.32 [95% CI 1.09–1.61]; for hypertension: 1.25 [1.03–1.53]), but not African Americans (HR for prehypertension: 0.86 [0.63–1.17]; for hypertension: 0.92 [0.70–1.21]). HRs for developing diabetes among normotensive, prehypertensive, and hypertensive African Americans versus normotensive whites were: 2.75, 2.28, and 2.36, respectively (P values <0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

In African Americans, higher diabetes incidence among hypertensive individuals may be explained by BMI, fasting glucose, triglyceride, and HDL cholesterol. In whites, prehypertension and hypertension are associated with greater risk of diabetes, beyond that explained by other risk factors. African Americans, regardless of blood pressure, have greater risks of developing diabetes than whites.
Effect of Intensive Glycemic Lowering on Health-Related Quality of Life in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Anderson Roger T. , Narayan K.M. Venkat , Feeney Patricia , Goff David , Ali Mohammed K. , Simmons Debra L. , Sperl-Hillen Jo-Ann , Bigger Thomas , Cuddihy Robert , O'Conner Patrick J. , Sood Ajay , Zhang Ping , Sullivan Mark D. ,   for the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Investigators
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE

To compare the effect of intensive versus standard glycemic control strategies on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in a substudy of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A randomly selected subsample of 2,053 ACCORD participants enrolled in the HRQL substudy was assessed at baseline and 12-, 36-, and 48-month visits. HRQL assessment included general health status (the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey [SF-36]), diabetes symptoms (the Diabetes Symptom Distress Checklist), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ]-9), and treatment satisfaction (Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire [DTSQ]). Repeated-measures ANOVA models were used to estimate change in HRQL outcomes by treatment group over 48 months adjusting for model covariates. The effects of early discontinuation of the ACCORD intensive glycemic control arm on study results were explored.

RESULTS

A total of 1,956 (95%) completed the self-report HRQL instrument(s) at baseline. The intensive arm had a larger decrease in SF-36 physical health component score than the standard arm (−1.6 vs. −1.1, P = 0.0345). Treatment satisfaction (DTSQ) showed larger improvement with intensive than standard (P = 0.0004). There were no differences in mean scores of the Diabetes Symptom Checklist and PHQ-9. Effects of participant transition following discontinuation of the intensive arm on HRQL were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS

The ACCORD trial strategy of intensive glycemic control did not lead to benefits in HRQL and was associated with modest improvement in diabetes treatment satisfaction. Thus patient acceptability was apparently not compromised with intensive and complex interventions such as those used in ACCORD.
Sport and other motor activities of Warsaw students
Authors: Biernat Elżbieta
Published: February 2011

Sport and other motor activities of Warsaw students

Study aim: To assess the engagement of students of Warsaw university schools in sports and in recreational motor activities.

Material and methods: A cohort (n = 1100) of students attending B.S. or M.S. courses at 6 university schools in Warsaw were studied by applying questionnaire techniques. The questions pertained to participation in competitive sports and in recreational motor activities throughout the last year.

Results: 8% of all students participated in competitive sports, 5% were members of college athletic clubs. Over 90% of students declared practicing leisure motor activities regularly (53%), seasonally (29%) or occasionally (11%). Most differences were related to the study year, 2nd year students being more active than their 4th year mates.

Conclusions: Higher engagement of 2nd than of 4th year students in motor activities may result from obligatory, curricular physical education activities. Academic communities ought to undertake substantial effort towards shaping continuous health-directed habits of students.
Completion of the Common Internal Market of Recycling in the EU - Position of New Member States
Authors: Wysokińska Zofia
Published: February 2011

In the paper will be presented the analysis of ecological competitiveness in the EU ("old" and "new" Member States) recycling market within the process of the establishment of common standards related to the Prevention and Recycling of Waste. The paper examined advantages of common standards for Europe from the point of view of the completion of the common internal market of recycling within the EU Strategy promoting the sustainable growth.
Innovativeness of the US economy. Permanent or weakening dominance?
Authors: Kasperkiewicz Witold , Rogalski Wiesław
Published: February 2011

The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the innovativeness of the US economy against those of European and Asian economies. The particular attention was given to the reasons for the forming of the US dominance in the field of innovation. The paper also considers the process of vanishing of American dominance at the end of 1990s. The paper is divided into three parts. In the first one, main causes of American leadership in the field of technology are explained. In the second part, innovation performance of the US economy in comparison with the EU and Asian economies is presented. Finally, there is an analysis of innovation capacity of US economy in the context of challenges resulting from the financial and economic crisis.
Failure of the market, state and economics from the perspective of the financial crisis
Authors: Godłów-Legiędź Janina
Published: February 2011

The debate between the advocates of market and interventionist solutions, primarily based on pitting the market against regulation, has escalated as a result of the financial crisis. The objective of the paper is not only to analyze the advantages and drawbacks of alternative regulatory mechanisms in the light of the global economic downturn, but also to evaluate the modern economy from this perspective. The paper focuses on three hypotheses. 1. It is illegitimate to pit the market against regulation. 2. The crisis resulted from the violation of the principles of classical liberalism, which was precipitated both by inadequate policies and by modern economic methodology. 3. Critical analysis of the methodology and logic of the development of 20th century economic thought reveals the existence of a systemic failure of the dominant doctrines in mainstream economics.
pH-Responsive chromogenic-sensing molecule based on bis(indolyl)methene for the highly selective recognition of aspartate and glutamate
Authors: Wang Litao , He Xiaoming , Guo Yong , Xu Jian , Shao Shijun
Published: February 2011

Bis(indolyl)methene displays high selectivity and sensitivity for aspartate and glutamate in water-containing medium based on the proton transfer signaling mode. The presence of acid can easily induce proton transfer to the basic H-bond acceptor moiety, which modulates the internal charge transfer state of the bis(indolyl)methene skeleton and gives rise to dramatic change in color. The detection limits for aspartate and glutamate were 0.80 ppm and 1.12 ppm, respectively.
Palladium-catalyzed formation of oxazolidinones from biscarbamates: a mechanistic study
Authors: Kilbas Benan , Balci Metin
Published: February 2011

Oxazolidinones can be synthesized starting from cyclic biscarbamates via a palladium-catalyzed reaction. To test the proposed mechanism of this reaction, first, bicyclonorcarene endoperoxides derived from cyano and carbomethoxy cycloheptatrienes were synthesized and converted into the corresponding diols. The reaction of diols with toluenesulfonyl isocyanate followed by a palladium catalyzed reaction furnished oxazolidinone derivatives in similar yields. It was shown that, if one face of the double bond is blocked by substituents such as H or CN, the reaction also takes place. On the basis of these results, it was assumed that an antiperiplanar orientation of the metal and nucleophile is not necessary to form oxazolidinones. The metal is probably bonded to the allylic system from the same face as the nucleophile.
Le métayage d'élevage au Mexique. Colonisations foncières et dynamiques d'une institution agraire dans l'histoire contemporaine
Authors: Cochet Hubert , Léonard Éric , Tallet Bernard
Published: February 2011

Très répandu avant la révolution, puis largement passé sous silence ou nié pendant le processus de réforme agraire, le métayage s’est à nouveau développé au Mexique à partir des années cinquante, sous une forme renouvelée : le bail à cheptel. Ce nouveau rapport social est devenu caractéristique des fronts pionniers de l’élevage bovin-viande dans une grande partie des régions tropicales, notamment sur la façade atlantique du pays, mieux arrosée et plus propice à la croissance de l’herbe. Contrairement au métayage classique, caractérisé par le monopole exercé sur le foncier par le grand propriétaire, cette forme de métayage d’élevage s’est appuyée sur une inversion du rapport de propriété ( reverse tenancy ). Trop faiblement dotés de moyens de production, la majorité des bénéficiaires des programmes de colonisation a en effet été contrainte de faire appel à de grands éleveurs pour se procurer le bétail nécessaire à la mise en valeur des terres qui lui avaient été allouées, contre paiement de la moitié du produit au propriétaire du bétail. La généralisation des baux à cheptel révèle ainsi une certaine continuité dans les rapports de force entre les composantes du monde rural, au-delà de la réforme agraire : la propriété foncière est devenue une composante secondaire de ces rapports, tandis que la maîtrise du capital assied l’hégémonie du propriétaire du cheptel vif.
Vers la fin des Pays ?
Authors: Taulelle François
Published: February 2011

Résumé Initiés par la loi aménagement de 1995 puis renforcés en 1999, les Pays ont été conçus comme des territoires de projets évolutifs pour porter un projet de développement à une échelle infra-régionale. Pourtant, la réforme des collectivités territoriales préfère minorer l’apport de ces territoires et valoriser plutôt les intercommunalités. Le procès des Pays a donc été ouvert. Or le bilan est nuancé : si les Pays n’ont jamais réellement trouvé leur place dans le paysage institutionnel, leurs apports en matière de réflexion, d’ingénierie et de participation des citoyens ne sont pas à négliger. Au moment où l’interterritorialité est une notion fort répandue, les Pays ne constituent-ils pas le lieu de la modernité territoriale ?
Le roi
Authors: Lauvaux Philippe
Published: February 2011

Résumé Partant du constat d’un rôle encore très actif de la royauté en Belgique, cet article analyse successivement les causes, la nature, les modalités et les limites de cette persistance exceptionnelle de la fonction royale dans l’ordre politique, et met en évidence la relation entre cette singularité et la crise décisive que subit l’État-nation.
Le melting pot belge
Authors: Stroobants Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2011

Résumé Longtemps terre de « bâtardise exemplaire », la Belgique est aujourd’hui rattrapée par un nationalisme ethno-culturel qui pousse la Flandre politique à prôner, au mieux, « l’évaporation » du pays. La leçon est rude pour une Europe communautaire qui voit l’un des pays qui l’ont fondée remettre en cause certains principes de son propre projet. Dans la crise belge, les notions de consensus, de tolérance réciproque et de cohabitation des cultures sont en jeu.
Marie Sklodowska-Curie, scientifique et femme tout simplement
Authors: Lattes Armand
Published: February 2011

No disponible
La química española en el año internacional de la química
Authors: Oro Luis A.
Published: February 2011

No disponible
Mujer y ciencia
Authors: Salas Margarita
Published: February 2011

No disponible
Targeting of a T Cell Agonist Peptide to Lysosomes by DNA Vaccination Induces Tolerance in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse
Authors: Rivas Elisa I. , Driver John P. , Garabatos Nahir , Presa Maximiliano , Mora Conchi , Rodriguez Fernando , Serreze David V. , Stratmann Thomas
Published: February 2011

CD4 T cells are crucial effectors in the pathology of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Successful therapeutic interventions for prevention and cure of T1D in humans are still elusive. Recent research efforts have focused on the manipulation of T cells by treatment with DNA. In this paper, we studied the effects of a DNA treatment strategy designed to target antigenic peptides to the lysosomal compartment on a monospecific T cell population termed 2.5mi+ T cells that shares reactivity with the diabetogenic T cell clone BDC-2.5 in the NOD mouse. MHC class II tetramer analysis showed that repeated administrations were necessary to expand 2.5mi+ T cells in vivo. This expansion was independent of Ag presentation by B cells. A single peptide epitope was sufficient to induce protection against T1D, which was not due to Ag-specific T cell anergy. Typical Th2 cytokines such as IL-10 or IL-4 were undetectable in 2.5mi+ T cells, arguing against a mechanism of immune deviation. Instead, the expanded 2.5mi+ T cell population produced IFN-γ similar to 2.5mi+ T cells from naive mice. Protection against T1D by DNA treatment was completely lost in NOD.CD28−/− mice which are largely deficient of natural regulatory T cells (Treg). Although Ag-specific Foxp3+ Treg did not expand in response to DNA treatment, diabetes onset was delayed in Treg-reconstituted and DNA-treated NOD.SCID mice. These observations provide evidence for a Treg-mediated protective mechanism that is independent of the expansion or de novo generation of Ag-specific Treg.
Promoter Hypomethylation Results in Increased Expression of Protein Phosphatase 2A in T Cells from Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Sunahori Katsue , Juang Yuang-Taung , Kyttaris Vasileios C. , Tsokos George C.
Published: February 2011

The catalytic subunit α isoform of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Acα) activity, protein, and mRNA have been found increased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cells and to contribute to decreased IL-2 production. The PP2Acα promoter activity is controlled epigenetically through the methylation of a CpG within a cAMP response element (CRE) motif defined by its promoter. We considered that hypomethylation may account for the increased expression of PP2Acα in patients with SLE. Using bisulfite sequencing, we found that SLE T cells displayed decreased DNA methylation in the promoter region compared with normal T cells. More importantly, we found that the CRE-defined CpG, which binds p-CREB, is significantly less methylated in SLE compared with normal T cells, and the levels of methylation correlated with decreased amounts of DNA methyltransferase 1 transcripts. Methylation intensity correlated inversely with levels of PP2Acα mRNA and SLE disease activity. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed more binding of p-CREB to the CRE site in SLE T cells, resulting in increased expression of PP2Acα. We propose that PP2Acα represents a new methylation-sensitive gene that, like the previously reported CD70 and CD11a, contributes to the pathogenesis of SLE.
A Novel Tumor-Associated Pancreatic Glycoprotein Is Internalized by Human Dendritic Cells and Induces Their Maturation
Authors: Franceschi Cécile , Collignon Aurélie , Isnardon Daniel , Benkoel Liliane , Vérine Alain , Silvy Françoise , Bernard Jean-Paul , Lombardo Dominique , Beraud Evelyne , Olive Daniel , Mas Eric
Published: February 2011

Aberrant glycosylation or overexpression of cell-surface glycosylated tumor-associated Ags (TAA) distinguish neoplastic from normal cells. Interactions of TAA MUC1 and HER2/neu with dendritic cells (DC) preclude efficient processing, which impairs immune responses. It is thus important to define the mechanisms of interactions between DC and glycosylated TAA and their trafficking and processing for further T cell activation. In this work, we study interactions between DC and the oncofetal fucose-rich glycovariants of bile salt-dependent lipase (BSDL), expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and referred to as pathological BSDL carrying the fucosylated J28 glycotope (pBSDL-J28) because it is characterized by the mAb J28. The expression of pBSDL-J28 was assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantified by confocal microscopy. Nontumoral pancreatic tissues and cells do not express pBSDL-J28. Using multidisciplinary approaches and functional studies, we provide the first evidence, to our knowledge, that this tumoral glycoprotein is rapidly internalized by human DC through macropinocytosis and endocytosis via mannose receptors and then transported to late endosomes for processing. Interestingly, pBSDL-J28 per se induced DC maturation with increased expression of costimulatory and CD83 molecules associated with cytokine secretion (IL-8 and IL-6). Surprisingly, DC retained their full ability to internalize Ags, making this maturation atypical. Finally, the allogeneic pBSDL-J28–treated DC stimulated lymphocyte proliferation. Besides, pulsing DC with pBSDL-J28 C-terminal glycopolypeptide and maturation with CD40L triggered CD4+ and CD8+ T cell proliferation. Therefore, interactions of pBSDL-J28, expressed on tumoral pancreatic tissue, with DC may lead to adequate Ag trafficking and processing and result in T cell activation.
The Apolipoprotein E Antagonistic Pleiotropy Hypothesis: Review and Recommendations
Authors: Tuminello Elizabeth R. , Han S. Duke
Published: February 2011

Research on apolipoprotein E (APOE) has consistently revealed a relationship between the gene′s ε4 allele and risk for development of Alzheimer′s disease (AD). However, research with younger populations of ε4 carriers has suggested that the APOE ε4 allele may in fact be beneficial in earlier ages and may only confer risk of cognitive decline later in life. Accordingly, we and others have proposed that APOE may represent an example of antagonistic pleiotropy. Antagonistic pleiotropy is an evolutionary biology concept that proposes certain genes or alleles that may differentially impact fitness during different life stages. We critically review this hypothesis in light of new research of the impact of APOE on cognition and neural integrity across the lifespan. We provide recommendations for the revision of the antagonistic pleiotropy hypothesis of APOE and suggest important avenues for future research in this area.
Evaluation of high protein distillers’ dried grains as a feed ingredient for broiler chickens
Authors: Jung B. , Batal A.B.
Published: February 2011

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of high-protein corn distillers’ dried grains (HP-cDDG), from a plant using a front-end fractionation process, on broiler performance in batteries (0 to 20 d of age: exp. 1) and floor pens (0 to 33 d of age: exp. 2). In exp. 1, 1-d-old male broiler chicks were placed in batteries in an environmentally controlled room. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 16% HP-cDDG and to be isocaloric and isonitrogeneous. The mash diets were fed to eight replicates of six chicks per replicate from 0 to 20 d of age. Overall (0 to 20 d of age) the inclusion of 6% HP-cDDG or greater in the diets negatively impacted body weight (BW) gain and feed conversion ratio as compared with the control or the 3% HP-cDDG diet. The negative effect was likely due to a marginal lysine deficiency in the diets as the level of HP-cDDG increased. In exp. 2, 1-d-old male broiler chicks were housed in floor pens equipped with hanging tube feeders, a nipple watering system and pine wood shavings in an environmentally controlled room. Six experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 16% HP-cDDG and to be isocaloric. The crumble (0 to 15 d of age) and pellet diets (16 to 33 d of age) were fed to eight replications per treatment containing 40 chicks per replication. There was no effect of up to 16% HP-cDDG inclusion on broiler performance during the starter period (0 to 15 d of age). However, any inclusion of HP-cDDG in the diets during the grower period (16 to 33 d of age) significantly decreased BW gain as compared with the control diet. Also, the inclusion of 9% HP-cDDG or greater to the diets negatively impacted feed conversion ratio. The reason for the depression in performance was also likely due to a lysine deficiency. In conclusion, HP-cDDG could be an acceptable feed ingredient for broilers, but special attention must be paid to the amino acid levels (especially lysine) in order to prevent deficiencies.
The effect of Ala293Val single nucleotide polymorphism in the stearoyl-CoA desaturase gene on conjugated linoleic acid concentration in milk fat of dairy cows
Authors: Clark L.A. , Thomson J.M. , Moore S.S. , Oba M.
Published: February 2011

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of the Ala293Val single nucleotide polymorphism in stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) on the concentration of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk fat of dairy cows, and to identify a phenotypic indicator of cows with a greater genetic capability to produce CLA that is not affected by dietary lipid content. In Study 1, 12 cows, four of each Ala293Val SCD genotype, were fed either a control or an oil-supplemented diet in a cross-over design to examine effects of diet, genotype and their interaction. The CLA concentration in milk fat was greater for cows fed the oil-supplemented (4.4%) vs. the control diet (0.6%), but was not affected by the Ala293Val SCD genotype. In Study 2, the Ala293Val SCD genotype of 215 dairy cows at a commercial dairy did not affect milk yield, composition, or CLA concentration in milk fat. However, in both studies, C14:1 desaturation index was greater for the AA genotype compared with the others. The Ala293Val SCD genotype may not affect CLA production although the SCD Ala293 allele is associated with a higher C14:1 desaturation index possibly because effects of the SCD genotype vary depending on fatty acid chain length or origin.
Quantitative trait loci analysis of economically important traits inSorghum bicolor×S. sudanensehybrid
Authors: Xiao-ping Lu , Jin-feng Yun , Cui-ping Gao , Acharya Surya
Published: February 2011

Lu, X-p., Yun, J-f., Gao, C-p. and Acharya, S. 2011. Quantitative trait loci analysis of economically important traits in Sorghum bicolor×S. sudanense hybrid. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 81–90. Many agronomic traits of Sorghum bicolor×S. sudanense hybrid are quantitatively inherited, and the gene mapping of these traits has important research and practical consequences. In this study, genetic mapping and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses were conducted using 248 F2:3plants of a cross between sorghum 314A (female parent) and Sudan grass 2002GZ-1 (male parent). A total of 178 markers (170 amplified fragment length polymorphism and 8 random amplified polymorphic DNA) were employed to construct a linkage map with 10 linkage groups covering 836 cM of the genome. The two parents expressed polymorphism for 10 agronomic characters (plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, spike length, tiller number, ratio of stem and leaf weight, fresh plant weight and dry plant weight). When analyzed for possible QTLs a total of 98 QTLs were identified in two test sites, out of which 26 QTLs overlapped in both sites. The average number of QTLs per character was found to be 2.6 and the distributions of these QTLs were found to be uneven across linkage groups. This, and the fact that molecular marker densities were not proportional with QTL frequencies, indicates that the detectable QTLs correlated with the agronomic traits and the genetic map can be useful for improvement in relevant characters in Sorghum bicolor×S. sudanense hybrids.
Effect of fungicidal seed treatments on the emergence, development, and grain yield of Fusarium graminearum-infected wheat and barley seed under field conditions
Authors: May W.E. , Fernandez M.R. , Lafond G.P.
Published: February 2011

In areas affected by Fusarium head blight, growers are concerned about planting seed infected with Fusarium graminearum. This study evaluated the effects of commercially available fungicidal seed treatments on the emergence, development, and grain yield of Fusarium-infected seed of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat [T. turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.], and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Infected seedlots were treated with 12 combinations of seed-applied fungicides; nine of these are currently registered in Canada. In addition, five experimental products were used. The experiment was conducted over three years (2003-2005) at four locations in eastern Saskatchewan. Common wheat was grown in all 3 yr, durum wheat in 2003 and 2004, and barley in 2004 and 2005. In the seedlot with the highest level of F. graminearum infection (63%), fungicidal seed treatments improved plant emergence and grain yield. In the three seedlots with moderate levels of infections (25 to 35%), seed treatments improved emergence, but did not significantly affect grain yield. In four seedlots with lower levels of F. graminearum infection (5 to 10%) seed treatments had no significant effect on emergence or grain yield. By adjusting the seeding rate, based on percent germination needed to achieve a target plant density of 200 plants m-2 reductions in grain yield were prevented except in the seedlot with the highest level of infection. However, actual plant density was often below the target plant density, which indicates that field seedling mortality was greater than the 5% assumed when determining the seeding rates. Seed treatments did not significantly affect the test weight in the harvested grain. In conclusion, fungicidal seed treatments did not consistently improve the agronomic performance of F. graminearum-infected common wheat, durum wheat, or barley seed in eastern Saskatchewan.
A meta-analysis of seed protein concentration QTL in soybean
Authors: Zhao-ming Qi , Ya-nan Sun , Qiong Wu , Chun-yan Liu , Guo-hua Hu , Qing-shan Chen
Published: February 2011

Qi, Z.-m., Sun Y.-n., Wu, Q., Liu, C.-y., Hu, G.-h. and Chen, Q.-s. 2011. A meta-analysis of seed protein concentration QTL in soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 221–230. An integrated map of QTLs related to seed protein concentration in soybean has been constructed, based on the public genetic map, soymap2 as a reference map, along with a set of 107 QTLs reported in the literature over the past 20 yr. Each of these QTLs was projected onto the soymap2 by software package BioMercator v2.1. Twenty-three consensus QTLs were detected. The confidence interval at all sites ranged from 1.52 to 14.31cM, and the proportion of the phenotypic variance associated with each of them from 1.5 to 20.8%. Major chromosomal sites were identified on LG I (Gm20), four important sites were identified, involving LG A1 (Gm05), B2 (Gm14), E (Gm07) and M (Gm15). A meta-analysis approach was used to improve the precision of the location of these sites. These results facilitate gene mining and molecular assist-selection in soybean.
Napoleon Amber durum wheat
Authors: Humphreys D.G. , Townley-Smith T.F. , Leisle D. , McCallum B. , Gaudet D. , Gilbert J. , Menzies J.
Published: February 2011

Napoleon is an amber durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) that meets the end-use quality specifications of the Canada Western Amber Durum wheat class. Napoleon was evaluated in the Durum Cooperative Test in 1996, 1997 and 1998 as DT484. Overall, Napoleon had significantly higher grain yield than all checks except AC Avonlea, and Napoleon had higher grain yields in the Black soil zone compared with the Brown soil zone. Napoleon had maturity similar to AC Morse and AC Avonlea, but was 1 d earlier maturing than Kyle and 2 d later maturing than Hercules. Napoleon was similar to AC Avonlea in height, but was significantly taller than AC Morse, and significantly shorter than Kyle and Hercules. Napoleon had lower lodging scores than Hercules and Kyle, but had higher lodging scores than AC Avonlea and AC Morse. Napoleon is resistant to leaf rust, stem rust, and common bunt, and moderately susceptible to loose smut, leaf spot and Fusarium head blight. Napoleon is the first low cadmium durum cultivar registered in Canada.
Yield stability analysis of broadly adaptive triticale germplasm in southern and central Alberta, Canada, for industrial end-use suitability
Authors: Goyal A. , Beres B. L. , Randhawa H. S. , Navabi A. , Salmon D. F. , Eudes F.
Published: February 2011

Goyal A., Beres, B. L., Randhawa, H. S., Navabi, A., Salmon, D. F. and Eudes, F. 2011. Yield stability analysis of broadly adaptive triticale germplasm in southern and central Alberta, Canada for industrial end-use suitability. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 125–135. Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) is a cereal crop with high grain yield and biomass potential, which are traits desired in biorefinery processes that currently utilize wheat (Triticum aestivum). This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of introduced germplasm for its adaptability to selected Canadian prairie agroecosystems, and to benchmark both introduced and registered triticale lines against hard red spring wheat. To investigate the genotype×environment interaction effects on the performance of triticale genotypes, 30 genotypes (27 triticale; 3 hard red spring wheat) were grown in three environments for 3 yr (2005–2007) in southern and central Alberta, Canada. Variance due to genotypes, years, locations, and their interactions were studied by employing several stability analysis models. Site Regression Model (SREG) and GGE biplot analysis were conducted to rank the relative yield performance of cultivars and to identify stable genotypes. Triticale consistently produced higher grain and biomass than hard red spring wheat, but some lines were high in pentosan content, produced low test weight, and possessed unacceptable growing degree day requirements. However, several of the introduction lines displayed superior trait performance and high stability. Five advanced to “C” level registration testing with one subsequently recommended for registration. The results provide evidence that some of the global triticale germplasm are well-suited to the production environments of the Canadian prairies, and that triticale has potential to be the ideal cereal platform for future technological and biorefinery end-use applications.
Seedling age and inoculum density affect clubroot severity and seed yield in canola
Authors: Hwang S. F. , Ahmed H. U. , Strelkov S. E. , Gossen B. D. , Turnbull G. D. , Peng G. , Howard R. J.
Published: February 2011

Hwang, S. F., Ahmed, H. U., Strelkov, S. E., Gossen, B. D., Turnbull, G. D., Peng, G. and Howard, R. J. 2011. Seedling age and inoculum density affect clubroot severity and seed yield in canola. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 183–190. Clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae, is a serious threat to canola (Brassica napus, B. rapa) production in western Canada because of its long-lived resting spores, high spore production potential, and negative impact on seed yield when inoculum pressure is high. The effect of inoculum density was studied by diluting heavily infested field soil with pathogen-free soil-less potting mix at seven increments, ranging from completely pathogen-free to 100% infested soil, and also by incorporating resting spores into the soil-less mix at concentrations of 1×105to 1×108spores cm−3, along with a non-inoculated control. Seed of the susceptible canola cultivar 34 SS 65 was planted in soil of each treatment, grown to maturity, and rated for plant height, seed yield, and clubroot severity (0–3 scale) at harvest. Clubroot severity increased and plant height and seed yield decreased with increasing inoculum density. To assess the effect of seedling age on reaction to clubroot, resting spores of P. brassicae were inoculated onto roots of 1-, 2-, 3- and 4-wk-old seedlings of 34 SS 65. In addition, seed (i.e., 0-wk-old seedlings) was sown into infested soil. Inoculation of young seedlings resulted in higher clubroot severity, shorter plants and lower yield than inoculation of older seedlings. These results indicate that seed treatment fungicides with a long residual period (4 wk or more) may be useful for the management of clubroot.
Influence of isoxaflutole on colonization of corn (Zea mays L.) roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices
Authors: Stokłosa Agnieszka , Nandanavanam Ranganayaki , Puczel Urszula , Upadhyaya Mahesh
Published: February 2011

Stokłosa, A., Nandanavanam, R., Puczel, U. and Upadhyaya, M. K. 2011. Influence of isoxaflutole on colonization of corn (Zea mays L.) roots with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 143–145. In a greenhouse pot culture study, corn plants were grown in sterilized soil containing mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices and different concentrations of Converge Pro® herbicide (19.8, 39.6, 79.2, and 158.4 µg a.i. isoxaflutole L−1 soil). Mycorrhizal colonization of corn roots was observed to be 10 to 20% at 6 wk (exp. I) and 50 to 60% at 8 wk (exps. II and III) of plant growth. Isoxaflutole did not inhibit mycorrhizal colonization in any of the three experiments. These results show that the use of isoxaflutole does not affect corn plants by influencing mycorrhizal colonization for up to 8 wk of growth.
The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 145.Muhlenbergia frondosa(Poir.) Fernald
Authors: Darbyshire Stephen , Francis Ardath , Crompton Clifford , Swanton Clarence
Published: February 2011

Darbyshire, S. J., Francis, A., Crompton, C. W. and Swanton, C. J. 2011. The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 145. Muhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernald. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 205–219. Muhlenbergia frondosa is a perennial grass native to eastern North America, which naturally inhabits moist to wet forest margins and openings, freshwater littoral habitats, and grasslands. In Canada, its spread as a weed appears to have coincided with changes in cultivation practices during the past few decades. Infestations in such crops as maize and soya bean have been reported mainly from southern Ontario and Quebec, and the Midwest and northeastern areas of the United States, where it reduces yields and can be difficult to control. It is shade tolerant and able to compete under the closed canopy of crops. Although this weed can be controlled by herbicides, its ability to spread by regrowth from rhizomes, and its abundant seed production, cause ongoing problems in arable fields, particularly in conservation-tillage systems. As a warm-season C4grass, growth begins relatively late in the season (early June in Canada), after most intensive weed control measures have already been taken. Timing herbicide application with active growth stages (10–30 cm) is most effective and the use of herbicide-tolerant crops provides additional control opportunities after crop planting.
Bioreactors and molecular analysis in berry crop micropropagation – A review
Authors: Debnath Samir
Published: February 2011

Debnath, S. C. 2011. Bioreactors and molecular analysis in berry crop micropropagation – A review. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 147–157. While berry fruits have long enjoyed huge popularity among consumers, tremendous progress in plant tissue culture, resulting in great advances in micropropagation, has occurred. Of particular significance has been the evolution of the technology permitting multiplication of berry plants in bioreactors containing liquid media. Although automation of micropropagation in bioreactors has been advanced as a possible way of reducing propagation cost, optimal plant production depends upon better understanding of physiological and biochemical responses of plant to the signals of culture microenvironment and an optimization of specific physical and chemical culture conditions to control the morphogenesis of berry plants in liquid culture systems. Clonal fidelity can be a serious problem, and molecular strategies have been developed in order to reduce the variation to manageable levels. Molecular markers have been introduced to tissue culture research and can potentially be used in various facets of pertinent studies with berry crops. The paper focuses on bioreactor systems combined with semi-solid media used for in vitro culture of berry crops, cultivation of micropropagules and employment of molecular markers in micropropagated plants for the assessment of genetic fidelity, uniformity, stability and trueness-to-type among donor plants and tissue culture regenerants. The pertinent literature is reviewed and the relative merits and shortcomings of the various molecular markers applied are presented with an emphasis on the nature of tissue culture-induced variation.
SPC103 (Sentennial™) sweet cherry
Authors: Kappel Frank , MacDonald Richard , Brownlee Rob , McKenzie Darrell-Lee
Published: February 2011

Kappel, F., MacDonald, R. A., Brownlee, R. T. and McKenzie, D.-L. 2011 SPC103 (Sentennial™) sweet cherry. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 179–181. SPC103 (Sentennial™) is a sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) that has been released by the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC-Summerland), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at Summerland, BC, as part of the ongoing sweet cherry breeding program that began in 1936. Sentennial™ is the latest maturing cultivar released from PARC-Summerland and has very good fruit size and firmness. It was released to growers for advanced commercial testing in 2006. The name Sentennial™ was chosen in honour of the District of Summerland's centennial year in 2006 and it was spelled with an “S” to maintain the tradition of starting most cherry cultivar names from the Summerland breeding program with an “S”.
Influence of biosolids and fertilizer amendments on physical, chemical and microbiological properties of copper mine tailings
Authors: Gardner W.C. , Broersma K. , Naeth A. , Chanasyk D. , Jobson A.
Published: February 2011

A 3-yr field study was conducted on two texturally different tailings sites at the Highland Valley Copper Partnership mine in south-central British Columbia to determine the effects of fertilizer and biosolids amendments on selected soil physical, chemical and microbiological properties. Soil bulk density and penetration resistance decreased in the upper 15 cm of tailings with increasing dry biosolids application rates of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 Mg ha-1. The addition of biosolids increased gravimetric water retention at field capacity and wilting point, but no significant changes occurred in the gravimetric water-holding capacity as both field and wilting point increased proportionally. Increasing biosolids decreased volumetric water-holding capacity on the silt loam, but had no effect at the sandy site because of decreased bulk density. Soil pH was not impacted by the treatments while electrical conductivity, soil organic matter, total carbon and cation exchange capacity increased with increasing levels of biosolids applied. Biosolids enhanced biological activity by increasing total aerobic, total anaerobic, iron reducing, sulfate reducing and denitrifying microorganisms near the surface. The fertilizer amendment did not alter soil physical or chemical properties from those of the control. The addition of biosolids was more effective at enhancing properties related to soil quality and fertility and therefore more effective for building soil organic matter on reclaimed tailings sites than the traditional use of inorganic fertilizer.
Calibration and validation of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation for estimating sediment yield on sloping plots: A case study in Khun Satan catchment of Northern Thailand
Authors: Pongsai S. , Schmidt Vogt D. , Shrestha R.P. , Clemente R.S. , Eiumnoh A.
Published: February 2011

In this study, model testing, calibration, and validation of the Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE) model were carried out in Khun Satan catchment, Thailand, for the estimation of sediment yield in plots of different slopes using the S factor from the classic Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and the McCool model, as the calibration parameter. In situ experimental plots were established with five different inclinations (9, 16, 25, 30, and 35%), with the other model parameters (e.g., erodibility, conservation practice, etc) being treated as constants. Sediment yields were recorded from 27 rainfall events between July and October 2003. It was found that both the classic USLE and the McCool models over-estimated sediment yields at all slope angles. However, the classic USLE produced a smaller relative error (RE) than the McCool model at plots with slopes of 9 and 16%, while the McCool model performed better at plots with slopes over 16% inclination. The calibration of the model using the S factor was then made for two slope range intervals, and the slope algorithm was later modified. The calibrated S factors were used in the prototype model for slope ranges of 9 to 16% using classic USLE and for slopes from 16 to 35% using the McCool model. The results revealed that an acceptable accuracy can be obtained through model calibration. The model validation based on paired t-test, on the other hand, showed that there was no difference (α = 0.05) between measured and estimated sediment yield using both models. This result indicates that if data on various slope gradients are limited, MUSLE needs to be calibrated before application, especially with respect to topographic factors, in order to obtain an accurate estimate of the sediment yield from individual rainfall events.
Soil formation on supraglacial tephra deposits, Klutlan Glacier, Yukon Territory
Authors: Sanborn P.
Published: February 2011

Soils formed on the White River tephra (1147 cal years BP) cover a large portion of a complex of late Holocene ice-cored moraines at the terminus of the Klutlan Glacier in southwestern Yukon. Supraglacial debris is subject to continuing disturbance by mass wasting and erosion as the underlying glacial ice melts, creating a complex mosaic of vegetation and soil types. Patches of mature spruce forest with thick (> 20 cm) forest floors on Brunisolic soils are juxtaposed with Regosols covered by shrubs or discontinuous biological soil crusts. This pedological diversity will persist until the underlying glacial ice has completely melted. Overall, the moderate degree of weathering of the tephra is similar to that observed in Brunsolic and Cryosolic soils formed on this material elsewhere in southern Yukon. Although ephemeral, this pedogenic setting has likely occurred repeatedly in northwestern North America, given the level of volcanic activity and glacier extent during the Quaternary.
Tipos de análise da cultura organizacional de trompenaars (1994) predominantes na área de controladoria em empresas familiares do ramo têxtil
Authors: Santos Vanderlei dos , Beuren Ilse Maria , Hein Nelson , Santos Ananias Francisco dos
Published: February 2011

O estudo objetiva identificar os tipos de análise da cultura organizacional de Trompenaars (1994) predominantes na área de controladoria em empresas familiares do ramo têxtil. Realizou-se pesquisa descritiva, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, por meio de um estudo multicasos. Os dados foram coletados através de entrevista com o controller das empresas. Em relação aos quatro tipos básicos de cultura sugeridos por Trompenaars (1994), conclui-se que não existe um tipo puro, mas há forte presença da cultura familiar entre as empresas pesquisadas nas dimensões Relação entre Empregados, Atitude em Relação à Autoridade, Formas de Mudanças, Formas de Motivação e Recompensa.
Fear of Falling Among People Who Have Sustained a Stroke: A 6-Month Longitudinal Pilot Study
Authors: Schmid Arlene A. , Van Puymbroeck Marieke , Knies Kasie , Spangler-Morris Carrie , Watts Kathryn , Damush Teresa , Williams Linda S.
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE. Fear of falling (FoF) after stroke is not well understood. We assessed change in FoF over the first 6 mo after a stroke and compared 6-mo anxiety, depression, balance, and quality of life (QoL) scores between people with and without baseline FoF (at the time of hospital discharge).

METHOD. Data for this longitudinal study were collected at baseline and 6 mo. Of the 28 people included at baseline, 18 remained in the study 6 mo later.

RESULTS. FoF significantly decreased over time (p = .015). Participants with baseline FoF had higher 6-mo anxiety and depression scores (s = .002 and .005, respectively) and lower QoL scores (p < .001) than did those without baseline FoF.

CONCLUSION. The results are suggestive of the need for occupational therapists and their colleagues to consider anxiety and depression variables in managing the needs of poststroke participants experiencing FoF.
Wanted: Entrepreneurs in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Anderson Kristin M. , Nelson David L.
Published: February 2011

The American Occupational Therapy Association (AOTA) has challenged occupational therapy practitioners to advance the profession so that we may become more “powerful” and “widely recognized” by the year 2017 (AOTA, 2007a). To fully achieve this vision, this article argues that the profession should encourage occupational therapy entrepreneurship. As Herz, Bondoc, Richmond, Richman, and Kroll (2005, p. 2) stated, “Entrepreneurship may provide us with the means to achieve the outcomes we need to succeed in the current health care environment.” This article also argues the urgency of seizing the many opportunities that entrepreneurship offers and recommends specific actions to be taken by AOTA and by therapists.