bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Executive functions and adaptive behaviour in individuals with Down syndrome
Authors: Onnivello S. , Colaianni S. , Pulina F. , Locatelli C. , Marcolin C. , Ramacieri G. , Antonaros F. , Vione B. , Piovesan A. , Lanfranchi S.
Published: November 2021

Background

Previous research has explored executive functions (EFs) and adaptive behaviour in children and adolescents with Down syndrome (DS), but there is a paucity of research on the relationship between the two in this population. This study aims to shed light on the profile of EFs and adaptive behaviour in DS, exploring the differences by age and investigating the relationship between these two domains.

Method

Parents/caregivers of 100 individuals with DS from 3 to 16 years old participated in the study. The sample was divided into preschoolers (3–6.11 years old) and school‐age children (7–16 years old). Parents/caregivers completed either the Preschool Version of the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function (for children 2–6.11 years old) or the Second Edition of the same Inventory (for individuals 7 + years old). Adaptive behaviour was assessed with the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scale – Interview, Second Edition.

Results

Findings suggest that individuals with DS have overall difficulties, but also patterns of strength and weakness in their EFs and adaptive behaviour. The preschool‐age and school‐age children's EF profiles differed slightly. While both age groups showed Emotional Control as a relative strength and Working Memory as a weakness, the school‐age group revealed further weaknesses in Shift and Plan/Organise. As concerns adaptive behaviour, the profiles were similar in the two age groups, with Socialisation as a strength, and Communication and Daily Living Skills as weaknesses, but with a tendency for preschoolers to obtain intermediate scores for the latter. When the relationship between EFs and adaptive behaviour was explored, Working Memory predicted Communication in the younger group, while in the older group the predictors varied, depending on the adaptive domains: Working Memory was a predictor of Communication, Inhibit of Daily Living Skills, and Inhibit and Shift of Socialisation.

Conclusion

As well as elucidating the EF profiles and adaptive behaviour in individuals with DS by age, this study points to the role of EFs in adaptive functioning, providing important information for targeted interventions.
Overweight/obesity and chronic health conditions in older people with intellectual disability in Ireland
Authors: Ryan J. , McCallion P. , McCarron M. , Luus R. , Burke E. A.
Published: November 2021

Background

This study examines overweight/obesity and chronic health conditions (CHCs) in older people with intellectual disability (ID).

Methods

Data for this cross‐sectional observational study emanated from Wave 2 of the Intellectual Disability Supplement to the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, a longitudinal study assessing the health and well‐being of older Irish adults with ID aged ≥40 years across all levels of ID. Participation involves an interview process and collation of objective health measures. In this study, body mass index (BMI) (n = 572), used as a measure of weight status, was examined with clustered doctor's diagnosed CHCs. Descriptive analysis was conducted where counts (n) and proportions (%) were used to summarise the variables univariately, while cross‐tabulations were used for bivariate summary into counts and proportions. With overweight/obesity prevalence established and patterns described using logistical regression, Pearson's chi‐squared test was used to test for significant associations.

Results

Overweight/obesity identified in 69% of participants occurred with greater frequency in women (72%). A higher percentage of participants aged <50 years (72.5%) were overweight/obese than those aged 50–64 (70%) and 65+ (61.4%). Level of ID and residence type were significantly associated with weight status (P < 0.001), with overweight/obesity more prevalent in mild (85.7%) than moderate (72%) or severe/profound ID (51.4%). Of those who lived independently/with family, 78.4% were overweight/obese, as were 74% living in a community group home (P < 0.001). Almost all overweight/obese participants' waist measurements were in the substantially increased risk of metabolic disease waist measurement category (92%, P < 0.001). Logistical regression used to model CHCs on BMI showed significant association between BMI and gastrointestinal tract [odds ratio (OR) = 0.57, P < 0.008, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (0.37; 0.86)], respiratory condition [OR = 8.95, P < 0.004, 95% CI = (2.57; 56.72)] and musculoskeletal disorders [OR = 0.40, P < 0.001, 95% CI = (0.25; 0.63)].

Conclusions

The findings illustrate the strong cross‐sectional association between overweight/obesity and CHCs. These findings suggest a need to prioritise weight status as a health risk to people with ID as they age.
Nef‐specific CD107a+ CD4+ T‐cell responses in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) showing partial simian immunodeficiency virus control following passive neutralizing antibody infusion
Authors: Hau Trang Thi Thu , Kanno Yoshiaki , Nishizawa Masako , Nomura Takushi , Matano Tetsuro , Yamamoto Hiroyuki
Published: November 2021

Acute‐phase neutralizing antibody (NAb) passive immunization in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)‐infected rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) can confer stringent viremia control with T‐cell augmentation. In one NAb‐infused SIV partial controller, we identify chronic‐phase Nef‐specific CD107a+ CD4+ T‐cell response maintenance, implicating that NAb infusion modulates long‐term T‐cell responses even within viremic control.
Effects of Vitality Acupunch exercise on functional fitness and activities of daily living among probable sarcopenic older adults in residential facilities
Authors: Tung Hsiao‐Ting , Chen Kuei‐Min , Huang Kuo‐Chin , Hsu Hui‐Fen , Chou Chia‐Pei , Kuo Chuan‐Feng
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To test the effects of a Vitality Acupunch exercise program on the functional fitness and the ability to perform the activities of daily living (ADL) among older adults with probable sarcopenia in residential facilities.

Design

This was a cluster‐randomized controlled trial. A total of 12 long‐term care facilities randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups with 1:1 allocation ratio. Among them, 114 older adults with probable sarcopenia participated at baseline and were allocated to either the intervention or control group according to the facility where they resided in. Of these, 103 older adults completed the study.

Methods

The intervention group (n = 52) underwent the Vitality Acupunch exercise program three times a week, each lasting 40 min, for 6 months while the control group (n = 51) performed its routine daily activities.

Findings

The functional fitness and ADL of the intervention group significantly improved at each time point (all p < 0.001), while the control group showed a significant decreasing trend. Except the lower limb muscular endurance, the functional fitness and ADL of the intervention group significantly improved compared to the control group at T1, and the improvements were still significant at T2.

Conclusions

Functional fitness and the ability to perform ADL in older adults with probable sarcopenia were significantly improved after receiving the Vitality Acupunch exercises.

Clinical relevance

An exercise that integrates the meridian theory and exercise concepts effectively improves functional fitness in probable sarcopenic older adults.

Clinical trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04504786). The trial was first posted on August 7, 2020. This part of the data was collected from August 2020 to March 2021.
Weight Concerns in Black Youth: The Role of Body Mass Index, Gender, and Sociocultural Factors
Authors: Lisse Adenique A. , Hochgraf Anna K. , McHale Susan M.
Published: November 2021

Weight concerns are prevalent among Black adolescents and have negative ramifications for well‐being. We examined racial identity and racial socialization as potential sociocultural resources that might mitigate the development of weight concerns among Black adolescents, and we evaluated gender differences in these links. Participants were 132 Black youth (45% female; M age = 14.33 years at Time 1) who completed two annual home interviews. Results revealed that for adolescents with high (but not low) body mass indices (BMI), racial identity may be protective against developing weight concerns. Further, fathers’ (but not mothers’) racial socialization was protective against weight concerns for girls with high BMI. Findings highlight the importance of sociocultural contexts toward refining theory and advancing evidence‐based practice.
Acute gastrointestinal injury in critically ill children: Impact on clinical outcome
Authors: Dhochak Nitin , Singh Alka , Malik Rohan , Jat Kana R , Sankar Jhuma , Makharia Govind , Kabra Sushil K , Lodha Rakesh
Published: November 2021

Aim

To estimate acute gastrointestinal injury (AGI) in critically ill children and association of its severity with mortality.

Methods

In a prospective cohort study, critically ill children (1 month–18 years) were enrolled. Gastrointestinal symptoms over the first week of admission were classified into AGI grades 1 through 4, using a paediatric adaptation of European Society of Intensive Care Medicine AGI definitions. Performance of AGI grades in predicting 28‐day mortality was evaluated.

Results

Of 151 children enrolled, 71 (47%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 38.9–55.3%) developed AGI, with AGI grades 1, 2, 3 and 4 in 22.5%, 15.9%, 6.6% and 2%, respectively. The 28‐day mortality progressively increased with AGI grade 0 (15%), 1 (35%), 2 (50%), 3 (70%), through 4 (100%), P < 0.001. Association of AGI grades with 28‐day mortality was significant even after adjustment for disease severity, age and nutritional status (odds ratio (OR) = 2.152, 95% CI: 1.455, 3.184). Among AGI grades, and paediatric logistic organ dysfunction‐2 score components, cardiovascular (OR = 1.525, 95% CI: 1.142, 2.037) and haematological (OR = 1.719, 95% CI: 1.067, 2.772) components of paediatric logistic organ dysfunction‐2 score and AGI grades (OR = 1.565, 95% CI: 1.001, 2.449) showed significant association with 28‐day mortality.

Conclusions

Nearly half of the critically ill children developed AGI. AGI grades were independently associated with increased mortality, and mortality progressively increased with AGI grade.
Rural differences in psychiatric medication prescribing in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Lund Brian C. , Bernardy Nancy C.
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Disparities in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for rural veterans have been noted in prior research. The objective was to examine rural differences in prescribing for veterans with PTSD, and changes over time, in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) health care system.

Methods

Prescribing prevalence in veterans with PTSD during 2009 and 2019 was determined using national VA administrative pharmacy data according to the joint VA‐Department of Defense clinical practice guideline as medications recommended for use in PTSD and those recommended against use. Multivariable logistic regression was used to contrast patient residence (urban vs rural) and site of PTSD care (medical center, urban clinic, or rural clinic), while adjusting for clinical covariates.

Findings

Recommended medications were prescribed significantly less often to patients of rural clinics, relative to medical centers in 2009 (OR = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.89‐0.94) but reached equivalence in 2019 (OR = 1.01; 95% CI: 0.99‐1.03). In addition, rural clinics had significantly lower prescribing of recommended against medications (OR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.84‐0.87) in 2019. Prescribing of medications recommended against the use for PTSD was higher among rural residents, relative to urban residents in 2009 (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.12‐1.16), which declined toward equivalence by 2019 (OR = 1.06; 95% CI: 1.05‐1.07).

Conclusions

While some clinically meaningful differences in prescribing for rural veterans with PTSD were observed in 2009, these differences shifted toward equivalency within the following decade. In 2019, we failed to observe any systematic prescribing deficiencies for veterans receiving PTSD care at rural clinics.
The effects of temephos, permethrin and malathion selection on the fitness and fecundity of Aedes aegypti
Authors: Gleave K. , Mechan F. , Reimer L. J.
Published: November 2021

The recent scale‐up of insecticide use has led to the rapid spread of insecticide resistance (IR) in mosquito populations across the world. Previous work has suggested that IR mechanisms could influence mosquito life‐history traits, leading to alterations in fitness and key physiological functions. This study investigates to what extent mosquito fitness may be affected in a colony of Aedes aegypti after selection with temephos, permethrin or malathion insecticides. We measured immature development, sex ratio, adult longevity, energetic reserves under different rearing conditions and time points, ingested bloodmeal volume, mosquito size, male and female reproductive fitness and flight capability in the unexposed offspring of the three selected strains and unselected strain. We found that insecticide selection does have an impact on mosquito fitness traits in both male and female mosquitoes, with our temephos‐exposed strain showing the highest immature development rates, improved adult survival, larger females under crowded rearing and increased sperm number in males. In contrast, this strain showed the poorest reproductive success, demonstrating that insecticide selection leads to trade‐offs in life‐history traits, which have the potential to either enhance or limit disease transmission potential.
A multicentre, randomised, parallel‐group, double‐blind, vehicle‐controlled and open‐label, active‐controlled study (versus amorolfine 5%), to evaluate the efficacy and safety of terbinafine 10% nail lacquer in the treatment of onychomycosis
Authors: Blume‐Peytavi Ulrike , Tosti Antonella , Falqués Meritxell , Tamarit Maria Luisa , Carreño Cristina , Galván Jordi , Tebbs Veronica
Published: November 2021

Background

Onychomycosis is a difficult‐to‐treat fungal nail infection whose treatment can involve systemic or topical antifungal approaches.

Objectives

To assess the efficacy and safety of terbinafine 10% nail lacquer in distal‐lateral subungual onychomycosis (DLSO).

Patients/Methods

Patients with mild‐to‐moderate DLSO were randomised (3:3:1) to receive double‐blind topical terbinafine 10% (n = 406) or its vehicle (n = 410) administered once daily for 4 weeks and then once weekly for 44 weeks, or open‐label topical amorolfine 5% (n = 137) for 48 weeks, with a 12‐week follow‐up period. The primary efficacy endpoint, complete cure rate at Week 60, was a composite of negative potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopy, negative culture for dermatophytes and no residual clinical involvement of the target big toenail.

Results

Complete cure rates at Week 60 in the terbinafine, vehicle and amorolfine groups were 5.67%, 2.20% and 2.92%, respectively (odds ratio (OR) vs vehicle = 2.68; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.22–5.86; p = .0138). Statistically significant differences in responder (negative KOH and negative culture and ≤10% residual clinical involvement) and mycological cure rates (negative KOH and negative culture) at Week 60 were obtained between terbinafine and vehicle. Terbinafine was well‐tolerated with no systemic adverse reactions identified; the most common topical adverse reactions were erythema and skin irritation.

Conclusions

Terbinafine 10% nail lacquer was an effective treatment for mild‐to‐moderate onychomycosis improving both clinical and mycological criteria compared with vehicle. Furthermore, there may be some benefits compared to the currently available topical agent, amorolfine 5%. Treatment was well‐tolerated and safe.
Bile Acid Diarrhea in Adults and Adolescents
Authors: Camilleri Michael , Nurko Samuel
Published: November 2021

Background

Bile acids are central to enterohepatic signaling pathways activated through natural receptors, farnesoid X receptor [FXR mediates synthesis of fibroblast growth factor‐19 (FGF‐19)], and G protein‐coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1, also known as TGR5). Although bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is more commonly encountered in ileal resection or disease, there is evidence documenting “idiopathic” BAD in about 20% of adolescents and 30% of adults presenting with chronic, non‐bloody diarrhea often attributed to irritable bowel syndrome. Mechanism(s) leading to increased hepatic synthesis and colonic bile acid levels in “idiopathic” BAD include reduced synthesis of FGF‐19 by the ileal mucosa, or genetic variation in hepatocyte proteins klotho β and FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) that mediate negative feedback of bile acid synthesis. Purpose: The objective of this review is to summarize the diagnosis of BAD in adults and adolescents. In addition to 75SeHCAT retention for diagnosis of BAD, studies have validated fasting serum 7αC4 and FGF‐19, respectively, by‐product and inhibitor of hepatic bile acid synthesis, as well as fecal bile acid measurements. These assays are widely available through reference laboratories, and they are being simplified (eg, measurement of primary fecal bile acids in a random stool sample). BAD has also been identified as a co‐factor contributing to persistent diarrhea in other diseases in remission including inflammatory bowel disease, microscopic colitis, celiac disease, and neuroendocrine tumors. In summary, advances in diagnosis of BAD provide opportunities for generalists and pediatric and adult gastroenterologists to provide targeted treatment for BAD presenting as chronic non‐bloody diarrhea.
Comparative evaluation of landmark technique and ultrasound‐guided caudal epidural injection in pediatric population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jain Dhruv , Hussain Sana Yasmin , Ayub Arshad
Published: November 2021

Background

Caudal block is a common regional anesthesia technique in pediatrics with landmark method predominantly being practiced. Ultrasound‐guided technique provides real‐time visualization of the structures and injection while performing caudal block. We performed this meta‐analysis to determine the utility of ultrasound in caudal blocks in children over the landmark‐based technique.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials comparing ultrasound‐guided caudal blocks and landmark technique in pediatrics were searched from databases—PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and CENTRAL from inception until August 2020. The primary objective was success rate between the two techniques and secondary objectives included time to perform the block, first puncture success, and complications.

Results

Five trials with 904 participants were included for this meta‐analysis. There was no difference in success rate between the two techniques (Risk ratio–1.07; 95% CI [0.97, 1.18]; p = .15). Time to perform the block was similar (Mean difference–8.88 s; 95% CI [−21.64, 39.40; p = .57) while first puncture success was higher with ultrasound‐guided technique (Risk ratio–1.31; 95% CI [1.15, 1.49]; p = .0001). Complications like vascular puncture and needle misplacement were lower in the ultrasound group, and no serious complications were seen in any patient. Needle visualization and sacral canal distension were seen in 82% and 97.5% of the cases, respectively, in ultrasound group.

Conclusion

Ultrasound‐guided caudal injection does not improve the success rate or time to perform the block but results in higher first puncture success and lower incidence of complications compared to landmark technique.
Conceiving Parents, Consolidating the State: Emphasis and Erasure in the Governance of Marginal Parenthoods in Brazil
Authors: Fonseca Claudia
Published: November 2021

This article examines the combination of moral regimes and bureaucratic materialities in the adoption procedures through which the Brazilian government attempts to bring adoptive parenthood under state surveillance. I argue that, faced with ambiguous laws that do not consistently outlaw informal practices, Brazil's juvenile courts rely on technological means to shore up their claim to exclusive authority over humanitarian child placements. Lists, statistics, and graphs take on central meaning in a realm that conveys the impression of transparency, technical expertise, and scientific ethics. Insistence on using these artifacts not only transmutes political options into moral certainties but also—by highlighting certain behaviors while imposing silence on others—creates zones of legal ambiguity. This allows the state's authority to remain apparently intact despite the widespread existence of practices outside the norms of orthodox courthouse procedures.
“Countering Documents with Documents”: The Politics of Independent Environmental Auditing in Mexico
Authors: Richard Analiese M.
Published: November 2021

Environmental impact statements are designed to enable rational calculation of the ecological risks of proposed development projects and to serve as a basis for institutional decision making. In Mexico, a neo‐extractivist “boom” has led to massive ecosystem loss and environmental activists are increasingly under threat of violence. Now these same activists and the residents affected by development projects have targeted these bureaucratic instruments as key points of legal intervention and political mobilization. This article analyzes how volunteer scientists conduct independent audits of environmental impact statements and how their work provides the grounds for critiquing the state's performance of public reason. Independent audit constitutes an innovative form of administrative politics that seeks simultaneously to hold bureaucrats accountable and open the decision‐making process to the participation of excluded actors. [expertise, governance, environmental movements, science, Mexico]
Different expression of LHR, PRLR, GH and IGF1 during testicular development of yak
Authors: La Yongfu , Ma Fulong , Ma Xiaoming , Bao Pengjia , Chu Min , Liang Chunnian , Guo Xian , Yin Mancai , Li Jiye , Yan Ping
Published: November 2021

Luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), prolactin receptor (PRLR), growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1) have been shown to be key regulators of germ cell development. However, the role of LHR, PRLR, GH and IGF1 in the development of yak testis remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to describe and compare gene expression and protein localization of LHR, PRLR, GH and IGF1 in the development of yak testes. Testes were collected from 6, 24, 36 and 72 months yak, and the kidney, liver, testicular, lung, skeletal muscle, heart and spleen tissues were collected from 36 months yak. The quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) results showed that the expression of these four genes was widely expressed in kidney, liver, testicular, lung, skeletal muscle, heart and spleen, while the LHR and PRLR were highly expressed in the kidney, skeletal muscle and testis, and higher levels of GH and IGF were expressed in spleen and testis. Moreover, the mRNA expression of these genes in adults was higher than in pre‐pubertal yak. In the testis, the LHR‐, PRLR‐, GH‐ and IGF1‐positive signals were detected in the Leydig cells of the 6 months, while the intense positive signals were discovered in Leydig cells, spermatogonia and spermatocytes of the 36 and 72 months. Thus, LHR, PRLR, GH and IGF1 may be involved in the development of spermatids and spermatocytes, and in the regulation of spermatogonia proliferation and Leydig cell function.
Impact of an oral health education program in Egyptian children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A cross sectional study
Authors: Hanafy Rasha MH , Abdelmoniem Soad A
Published: November 2021

Aim: This study was conducted to assess the oral health status in a group of Egyptian children, living with ADHD, before and after the implementation of an oral health education program.

Methods: A total of 29 Egyptian children, aged 8–12 years old diagnosed with ADHD were enrolled in this study. Their oral health status was assessed using OHI‐S. Oral health education program using audiovisual and verbal methods was addressed to the children and their caregivers. The children were advised to limit eating sugar to be once per week, and to brush their teeth twice a day. Modified Bass Technique of tooth brushing was demonstrated to the children using jaw model and toothbrush. A motivational visit was performed for the children after 1 month. At the end of the 3 months program, oral health status of the children was reassessed.

Results: The results showed that there was a significant increase in cases with “Good” scores after the oral health education program (p < .001), moreover, there was a significant decrease of OHI‐S scores after the program (p < .001).

Conclusion: The oral health education program was efficient in achieving improvement in the oral health status of children with ADHD.
How personal relative deprivation influences moral disengagement: The role of malicious envy and Honesty–Humility
Authors: Zhao Huanhuan , Zhang Heyun
Published: November 2021

Scant research has investigated the potential influence of personal relative deprivation on moral disengagement, and little is known regarding the mechanisms underlying this relationship. Inspired by relative deprivation theory, this study proposed a moderated mediation model to explore the relationship between personal relative deprivation and moral disengagement by examining the mediating role of malicious envy and the moderating role of Honesty–Humility. Five hundred and eighty‐nine Chinese adults completed anonymous measures of personal relative deprivation, malicious envy, Honesty–Humility, and moral disengagement. Results revealed that personal relative deprivation was positively correlated with moral disengagement and that malicious envy fully mediated this relationship. Moderated mediation analysis indicated that Honesty–Humility moderated the relationship between personal relative deprivation and malicious envy and that between malicious envy and moral disengagement. Specifically, both relationships became weaker for adults with higher levels of Honesty–Humility. These findings not only highlight the importance of identifying the underlying mechanisms between personal relative deprivation and moral disengagement, but also provide valuable implications for the effective prevention and mitigation of moral disengagement.
Manifest destiny, American exceptionalism, and the city on a hill seen through Winthrop, O'Sullivan, and Bush: Opportunities for religious peacebuilding
Authors: Cunningham Steven Clark
Published: November 2021

A dominant theme in the story of the American, city‐on‐a‐hill experience is manifest destiny, a term literally expressing a sense of a rightful, westward expansion across the continent in the late 19th century, but more broadly expressing a general entitlement granted, it is often understood, divinely to an exceptional United States of America. The origins, the political‐versus‐religious undergirding, and the implications of manifest destiny are widely discussed in the literature. Here I focus on three primary texts by John Winthrop, John O'Sullivan, and George W. Bush to argue that, even though Winthrop's and his fellow Puritan immigrants' understanding of their role in the new land was a far cry from that of O'Sullivan—who coined the term “manifest destiny” – the seeds of manifest destiny were brought with these first immigrants to the Massachusetts Bay Colony, later sprouting and blossoming in O'Sullivan's coining, and eventually bearing some of its many fruits Bush's foreign policy. Finally, I will discuss the sociological and other implications of the divine endorsement of such ideas.
Skin measurement devices to assess skin quality: A systematic review on reliability and validity
Authors: Langeveld Mirte , van de Lande Lara S. , O’ Sullivan Eimear , van der Lei Berend , van Dongen Joris A.
Published: November 2021

Background

Many treatments aim to slow down or reverse the visible signs of skin aging and thereby improve skin quality. Measurement devices are frequently employed to measure the effects of these treatments to improve skin quality, for example, skin elasticity, color, and texture. However, it remains unknown which of these devices is most reliable and valid.

Materials and methods

MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched. Instruments were scored on reporting construct validity by means of convergent validity, interobserver, intraobserver, and interinstrument reliability.

Results

For the evaluation of skin color, 11 studies were included describing 16 measurement devices, analyzing 3172 subjects. The most reliable device for skin color assessment is the Minolta Chromameter CR‐300 due to good interobserver, intraobserver, and interinstrument reliability. For skin elasticity, seven studies assessed nine types of devices analyzing 290 subjects in total. No intra and interobserver reliability was reported. Skin texture was assessed in two studies evaluating 72 subjects using three different types of measurement devices. The PRIMOS device reported excellent intra and interobserver reliability. None of the included reviewed devices could be determined to be valid based on construct validity.

Conclusion

The most reliable devices to evaluate skin color and texture in ordinary skin were, respectively, the Minolta Chromameter and PRIMOS. No reliable device is available to measure skin elasticity in ordinary skin and none of the included devices could be determined to be designated as valid.
Image of the distribution profile of targets in skin by Raman spectroscopy‐based multivariate analysis
Authors: Kang Yan , Zhang Feiyu
Published: November 2021

Raman spectroscopic imaging is a label‐free spectral technology to investigate the distribution of transdermal targets in skin. However, it is difficult to analyze low content of analytes in skin by direct imaging analysis. Combining Raman mapping technology with multiple linear regression algorithms, concentration contribution factor of targets in ex vivo human skin tissue at every point has been calculated. The distribution profiles are visualized as heat maps demonstrating the targets levels in different skin layers. This method has been successfully employed to investigate the vibrational imaging of distribution of hyaluronic acid and lidocaine in skin. Moreover, three dimensional (3D) images of the penetration profiles of hyaluronic acid with different molecular weight have been obtained. The results from 3D images were in good agreement with these from two‐dimensional images, indicating that this method was a reliable way for monitoring the distribution of targets in skin.
Kind‐Level Predicates of Events Inside Another Predication☆
Authors: Zhang Niina Ning
Published: November 2021

Kind level predicates of events such asthree times, the third time, andoccasionallycan occur as a predicate of an independent predication, or appear as an adverbial, with an event kind‐denoting expression as their argument. The reduced forms of such predicates can surface inside a nominal of another predication, e.g.,Four thousandships passed through the lock last year; Susi bought asecondguitar, andAnoccasionalsailor strolled by. This paper argues that these predicates are displaced from their base‐positions so that an event kind‐denoting expression in the verbal category can be merged as the subject in the event‐kind predication. The proposed overt movement displaces the categorial features of an expression, leaving its semantic features in situ, an operation symmetrical to a covert movement, which displaces the semantic features without categorial features.
Plasma membrane‐localized SEM1 protein mediates sugar movement to sink rice tissues
Authors: Wang Yanwei , Sun Jing , Deng Chen , Teng Shouzhen , Chen Guoxin , Chen Zhenhua , Cui Xuean , Brutnell Thomas P. , Han Xiao , Zhang Zhiguo , Lu Tiegang
Published: November 2021

The translocation of photosynthate carbohydrates, such as sucrose, is critical for plant growth and crop yield. Previous studies have revealed that sugar transporters, plasmodesmata and sieve plates act as important controllers in sucrose loading into and unloading from phloem in the vascular system. However, other pivotal steps for the regulation of sucrose movement remain largely elusive. In this study, characterization of two starch excesses in mesophyll (sem) mutants and dye and sucrose export assays were performed to provide insights into the regulatory networks that drive source–sink relations in rice. Map‐based cloning identified two allelic mutations in a gene encoding a GLUCAN SYNTHASE‐LIKE (GSL) protein, thus indicating a role for SEM1 in callose biosynthesis. Subcellular localization in rice showed that SEM1 localized to the plasma membrane. In situ expression analysis and GUS staining showed that SEM1 was mainly expressed in vascular phloem cells. Reduced sucrose transport was found in the sem1‐1/1‐2 mutant, which led to excessive starch accumulation in source leaves and inhibited photosynthesis. Paraffin section and transmission electron microscopy experiments revealed that less‐developed vascular cells (VCs) in sem1‐1/1‐2 potentially disturbed sugar movement. Moreover, dye and sugar trafficking experiments revealed that aberrant VC development was the main reason for the pleiotropic phenotype of sem1‐1/1‐2. In total, efficient sucrose loading into the phloem benefits from an optional number of VCs with a large vacuole that could act as a buffer holding tank for sucrose passing from the vascular bundle sheath.
An Analytical Buckling Load Formula for a Cylindrical Shell Subjected to Local Axial Compression
Authors: Yang Licai , Li Yuguang , Qiu Tian , Dong Yuanyuan , Zhang Shanglin
Published: November 2021

This paper proposes an analytical buckling load formula for a cylindrical shell subjected to local axial compression for the first time, which is achieved by a carefully constructed load description and perturbation procedure. Local axial load is described by introducing an arctangent function first. Then, the analytical solutions of local buckling load coefficients and buckling modes for a locally compressed shell are derived after solving governing differential equations by the perturbation method. For validation, using the presented analytical buckling modes, the Galerkin method is applied to obtain a numerical results, which is an infinite order determinant about local buckling load coefficient. Comparative calculation results show that local buckling load coefficients by the analytical formula are in perfect agreement with numerical ones by the Galerkin method and known results in the literature. Therefore, the validity and accuracy of the presented formula are verified. Engineering application of the analytical formula is also discussed to evaluate local buckling loads of thin-walled cylindrical shell structures such as silos, pressure vessels, and large storage tanks.
Performance Enhancement Analysis of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine by Vortex Trapping Cavity
Authors: Qaissi Khaoula , Elsayed Omer , Faqir Mustapha , Essadiqi Elhachmi
Published: November 2021

A wind turbine blade has the particularity of containing twisted and tapered thick airfoils. The challenge with this configuration is the highly separated flow in the region of high twist. This research presents a numerical investigation of the effectiveness of a vortex trapping cavity (VTC) on the aerodynamics of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory phase VI wind turbine. First, simulations are conducted on the S809 profile to study the fluid flow compared to the airfoil with the redesigned VTC. Second, the blade is simulated with and without VTC to assess its effect on the torque and the flow patterns. The results show that for high angles of incidence at Rec = 106, the lift coefficient increases by 10% and the wake region appears smaller for the case with VTC. For wind speeds larger than 10 m/s, the VTC improves the torque by 3.9%. This is due to the separation that takes place in the vicinity of the VTC and leads to trapping early separation eddies inside the cell. These eddies roll up forming a coherent laminar vortex structure, which in turn sheds periodically out of the cell. This phenomenon favorably reshapes excessive flow separation, reenergizes the boundary layer, and globally improves blade torque.
Transferable Pipeline Rupture Detection Using Multiple Artificial Intelligence Classifiers During Transient Operations
Authors: MacDonald Chris , Yang Michael , Learn Shawn , Park Simon , Hugo Ron
Published: November 2021

There are several challenges associated with existing pipeline rupture detection systems, including an inability to accurately detect during transient conditions (such as changes in pump operating points), an inability to easily transfer from one pipeline configuration to another, and relatively slow response times. To address these challenges, we employ multiple artificial intelligence (AI) classifiers that rely on pattern recognition instead of traditional operator-set thresholds. AI techniques, consisting of two-dimensional (2D) convolutional neural networks (CNN) and adaptive neuro fuzzy interface systems (ANFISs), are used to mimic processes performed by operators during a rupture event. This includes both visualization (using CNN) and rule-based decision making (using ANFIS). The system provides a level of reasoning to an operator through the use of rule-based AI. Pump station sensor data is nondimensionalized prior to AI processing, enabling pipeline configurations outside of the training dataset, independent of geometry, length, and medium. AI algorithms undergo testing and training using two data sets: laboratory-collected flow loop data that mimics transient pump-station operations and real operator data that include simulated ruptures using the real time transient model (RTTM). The multiple AI classifier results are fused together to provide higher reliability especially detecting ruptures from pipeline data not used in the training process.
Optimization of Rib Shape and Inclination in a Square Duct With Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Luan Yigang , Yan Lanyi , Yin Yue , Fu Hao
Published: November 2021

This article conducts numerical investigation coupled with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes method on detailed flow field and heat transfer characteristics of ribbed channel with symmetric ribs mounted on two walls. The physical domain is modeled by reference to a practical turbine blade internal cooling channel. The effects of three selected geometric factors of ribs, i.e., rib inclination angle, dimensionless rib height, and dimensionless rib pitch, on the flow and heat transfer are investigated by variable-controlled simulations with the Reynolds number ranges from 5000 to 90,000. The parameter ranges are 30 deg ≤ α ≤ 90 deg, 0.5 ≤ e/w ≤ 1.5, and 5 ≤ P/w ≤ 15 with the rib width w fixed at 1 mm. It is newly found that the friction factor does not follow a monotonical trend with respect to the Reynolds number under certain rib configurations. In addition, three-level numerical calculations about three geometric factors as well as the Reynolds number are conducted with the response surface method (RSM). Quadratic regression model for the targeted response, thermal performance factor (TPF), is obtained. The optimal rib shape for the goal of maximizing the channel overall thermal performance turns out to be e/w = 0.5, P/w = 15, and α = 30 deg as Re is fixed at 30,000.
Non-Linear Dynamic Analysis of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to a Flowing Fluid
Authors: Lakis A. A. , Selmane A. , Dupuis C.
Published: November 2021

A theory is presented to predict the influence of non-linearities associated with the wall of the shell and with the fluid flow on the dynamic of elastic, thin, orthotropic open and closed cylindrical shells submerged and subjected to an internal and external fluid. The open shells are assumed to be freely simply-supported along their curved edges and to have arbitrary straight edge boundary conditions. The method developed is a hybrid of thin shell theory, fluid theory and the finite element method. The solution is divided into four parts. In part one, the displacement functions are obtained from Sanders’ linear shell theory and the mass and linear stiffness matrices for the empty shell are obtained by the finite element procedure. In part two, the modal coefficients derived from the Sanders-Koiter non-linear theory of thin shells are obtained for these displacement functions. Expressions for the second and third order non-linear stiffness matrices of the empty shell are then determined through the finite element method. In part three a fluid finite element is developed, the model requires the use of a linear operator for the velocity potential and a linear boundary condition of impermeability.

With the non-linear dynamic pressure, we develop in the fourth part three non-linear matrices for the fluid. The non-linear equation of motion is then solved by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta numerical method. The linear and non-linear natural frequency variations are determined as a function of shell amplitudes for different cases.
Chaotic Oscillations of a Shallow Cylindrical Shell-Panel With a Concentrated Elastic-Support
Authors: Yamaguchi Takao , Nagai Ken-ichi
Published: November 2021

This paper presents numerical solutions on chaotic oscillations of a shallow cylindrical shell-panel excited by a periodic acceleration. The shell with rectangular boundary is simply supported along all edges, and the center of the shell is supported by an elastic spring. The Donnell-Mushtari-Vlasov type equation is used with the modification of an inertia force. The governing equation is reduced to a nonlinear differential equation of a multi-degree-of-freedom system by the Bubnov-Galerkin procedure. To estimate regions of the chaotic response, periodic solutions of steady state response are first calculated by the harmonic balance method. Next, time evolutions of the chaotic motion are obtained numerically by the Runge-Kutta-Gill method. The chaotic response accompanied with a dynamic snap-through is identified both by means of Lyapunov exponents and Poincaré projections. For the shell with a spring, the Lyapunov dimension is smaller than for the case without the spring. Multiple modes of vibration contributes to the generation of chaos, in paticular, the higher modes of vibration are significant.
Stability of Regular or Chaotic Post-Buckling Vibration of Elastic Shells
Authors: Mikhlin Yuri V.
Published: November 2021

The models under consideration may be obtained by reduction of the nonlinear shallow-shell equations via the Bubnov-Galerkin procedure. Forced, post-buckling vibrations of the shells are examined.

A two-DOF model makes it possible to study energy “pumping” from one vibration mode to another one, that is to study the stability of the vibration mode. A new stability test is used, based on of the Lyapunov criterion for the case when initial values of perturbations are not arbitrarily small. Calculations are conducted at the points of some chosen mesh on the system parameter space, which are stopped when the boundaries of stability/instability regions become invariable in the chosen scale. Some specific calculations were conducted for shells and arches.

Mutual instability of phase trajectories is a criterion of chaotic behavior in mechanical systems. One compares trajectories with close initial values. The proposed stability test permits to observe the appearance of chaotic behavior regions.
The Role of Modal Coupling on the Non-Linear Response of Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Dynamic Axial Loads
Authors: Gonçalves Paulo B. , Del Prado Zenón J. G. N.
Published: November 2021

This paper discusses the dynamic instability of circular cylindrical shells subjected to time-dependent axial edge loads of the form P(t) = P0+P1(t), where the dynamic component p1(t) is periodic in time and P0 is a uniform compressive load. In the present paper a low dimensional model, which retains the essential non-linear terms, is used to study the non-linear oscillations and instabilities of the shell. For this, Donnell’s shallow shell equations are used together with the Galerkin method to derive a set of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations of motion which are, in turn, solved by the Runge-Kutta method. To study the non-linear behavior of the shell, several numerical strategies were used to obtain Poincaré maps, stable and unstable fixed points, bifurcation diagrams and basins of attraction. Particular attention is paid to two dynamic instability phenomena that may arise under these loading conditions: parametric instability and escape from the pre-buckling potential well. The numerical results obtained from this investigation clarify the conditions, which control whether or not instability may occur. This may help in establishing proper design criteria for these shells under dynamic loads, a topic practically unexplored in literature.
Protecting the Force Through Risk Management
Authors: Hicks James E. , Peusch I. Russell
Published: November 2021

As part of a risk management campaign to enhance readiness and protect the capability of the force, the US Army leadership directed an Aviation Safety Investment Strategy Team (ASIST) to chart a path toward breakthrough gains in aviation safety. The ASIST Team was chartered to define measurable accident prevention goals and identify the most important Army-wide investments needed to achieve them. The means to achieve the Army goals will be the integration of accident prevention and risk management requirements into the Aviation planning, programming, and budgeting system. The team has completed an in-depth analysis of accident experience involving all force-modernized aircraft during the last 5 years. Currently, the team is prioritizing and validating requirements in various areas of doctrine, training, leader development, organization, materiel, and soldier performance.

Completing this work has required the team to develop analysis models and techniques significantly different than those previously employed in Army aviation. This paper will outline these methods and assess future requirements to shape safety analysis to support risk management decisions.
Knowledge Sharing for Safety at Federal Facilities
Authors: Kaplan Bruce L.
Published: November 2021

Action Science is a research and intervention method based on values of valid information, informed choice, and internal commitment. It is particularly helpful to people facing complex problems for which there are no simple solutions. It aids in detecting and correcting errors, building a mutual understanding of underlying assumptions and reasoning. It is very useful in discovering the reasons people seem to repeat the same approaches, even when the results are less than desired. It is also useful in successfully designing and implementing the knowledge transfer systems that are increasingly relied upon to improve safety in federal facilities. The author explores the latest concepts about the different ways know-how gained by teams can be shared for improving safety. He shares his own thoughts and experiences wrestling with the difficulties involved and inventing new approaches to addressing old problems and enduring myths.
Power Transmission Safety Standards
Authors: Barnett Ralph L. , Poczynok Peter J.
Published: November 2021

The development of the Safety Standard for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus has been plagued by changing definitions and a penchant for expanding the scope of power transmission applications. The current code gives examples of devices which do not transmit power and, in some cases, represent points of operation. Power transmission hazards are increasingly being defined in terms of motion. The notion that mechanical hazards may be characterized as either point of operation or power transmission is a fundamental error that persistently plagues the “rule making” process.