bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Study of the Three-Parameter Normal Distribution Characteristics of the Pore Structure in C80 High-Performance Self-Compacting Concrete (HPSCC)
Authors: Bao Lixin , Xu Guihong , Li Hui , Xin Chunhong , Li Hejun , He Mingwei , Liu Ciqi
Published: December 2024

To investigate the distribution characteristics of the micropore structure in high-performance self-compacting concrete (C80), high-resolution X-ray computed tomography, AVIZO software (version 2024.1), and scanning electron microscopy were employed to observe and analyze the internal pore structure of C80 self-compacting concrete specimens. The main conclusions are as follows: There is a large number of pore structures within the carbonate rock-based high-performance self-compacting concrete. At a testing precision range of 10 μm, the micropores exhibit a circular feature with good overall circularity. Observations through SEM, scanning electron microscopy, reveal that there are micro-cracks or interconnected crack structures within the high-performance concrete, with widths ranging from 0.5 to 2 μm, and the sample contains tiny voids of 3 to 10 μm. A statistical analysis of the micropores within the carbonate rock-based self-compacting concrete indicates that the pore diameter follows a three-parameter normal distribution. Due to the limitations of experimental observation and precision, the experimental statistical results show a positively skewed (high peak and left-skewed) phenomenon. This paper proposes a “correction of skewed peak” method for the analysis and discussion of the calculation of the “third parameter C” in the statistical results. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can quickly, objectively, and optimally determine the third parameter, compensating for the missing data not accounted for below 10 μm and the limitations of the finite number of experimental samples, providing a reference for examining the distribution of pores within concrete.
UV Hyperspectral Imaging with Xenon and Deuterium Light Sources: Integrating PCA and Neural Networks for Analysis of Different Raw Cotton Types
Authors: Al Ktash Mohammad , Knoblich Mona , Eberle Max , Wackenhut Frank , Brecht Marc
Published: December 2024

Ultraviolet (UV) hyperspectral imaging shows significant promise for the classification and quality assessment of raw cotton, a key material in the textile industry. This study evaluates the efficacy of UV hyperspectral imaging (225–408 nm) using two different light sources: xenon arc (XBO) and deuterium lamps, in comparison to NIR hyperspectral imaging. The aim is to determine which light source provides better differentiation between cotton types in UV hyperspectral imaging, as each interacts differently with the materials, potentially affecting imaging quality and classification accuracy. Principal component analysis (PCA) and Quadratic Discriminant Analysis (QDA) were employed to differentiate between various cotton types and hemp plant. PCA for the XBO illumination revealed that the first three principal components (PCs) accounted for 94.8% of the total variance: PC1 (78.4%) and PC2 (11.6%) clustered the samples into four main groups—hemp (HP), recycled cotton (RcC), and organic cotton (OC) from the other cotton samples—while PC3 (6%) further separated RcC. When using the deuterium light source, the first three PCs explained 89.4% of the variance, effectively distinguishing sample types such as HP, RcC, and OC from the remaining samples, with PC3 clearly separating RcC. When combining the PCA scores with QDA, the classification accuracy reached 76.1% for the XBO light source and 85.1% for the deuterium light source. Furthermore, a deep learning technique called a fully connected neural network for classification was applied. The classification accuracy for the XBO and deuterium light sources reached 83.6% and 90.1%, respectively. The results highlight the ability of this method to differentiate conventional and organic cotton, as well as hemp, and to identify distinct types of recycled cotton, suggesting varying recycling processes and possible common origins with raw cotton. These findings underscore the potential of UV hyperspectral imaging, coupled with chemometric models, as a powerful tool for enhancing cotton classification accuracy in the textile industry.
Coupled Hydrodynamic and Biogeochemical Modeling in the Galician Rías Baixas (NW Iberian Peninsula) Using Delft3D: Model Validation and Performance
Authors: Castro-Olivares Adrián , Des Marisela , deCastro Maite , Pereira Humberto , Picado Ana , Días João Miguel , Gómez-Gesteira Moncho
Published: December 2024

Estuaries are dynamic and resource-rich ecosystems renowned for their high productivity and ecological significance. The Rías Baixas, located in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, consist of four highly productive estuaries that support the region’s economy through key fisheries and aquaculture activities. Numerical modeling of biogeochemical processes in the rias is essential to address environmental and anthropogenic pressures, particularly in areas facing intense human development. This study presents a high-resolution water quality model developed using Delft3D 4 software, integrating the hydrodynamic (Delft3D-FLOW) and water quality (Delft3D-WAQ) modules. Calibration and validation demonstrate the robust performance and reliability of the model in simulating critical biogeochemical processes, such as nutrient cycling and phytoplankton dynamics. The model effectively captures seasonal and spatial variations in water quality parameters, including water temperature, salinity, inorganic nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll-a. Of the variables studied, the model performed best for dissolved oxygen, followed by nitrates, phosphates, ammonium, silicate, and chlorophyll-a. While some discrepancies were observed in the inner zones and deeper layers of the rias, the overall performance metrics aligned closely with the observed data, enhancing confidence in the model’s utility for future research and resource management. These results highlight the model’s value as a tool for research and managing water and marine resources in the Rías Baixas.
Ship Trajectory Prediction in Complex Waterways Based on Transformer and Social Variational Autoencoder (SocialVAE)
Authors: Wang Pengyue , Pan Mingyang , Liu Zongying , Li Shaoxi , Chen Yuanlong , Wei Yang
Published: December 2024

Ship trajectory prediction plays a key role in the early warning and safety of maritime traffic. It is a necessary assistant tool that can forecast a ship’s trajectory in a certain period to prevent ship collision. However, highly precise prediction of long-term ship trajectories is still a challenge. This study proposes a ship trajectory prediction model called ShipTrack-TVAE, which is based on a Variational Autoencoder (SocialVAE) and Transformer architecture. It aims to address ship trajectory prediction tasks in complex waterways. To enable the model to avoid potential collision risks, this study designs a collision avoidance mechanism, which comprehensively incorporates safety constraints related to the distance between ships into the loss function. The experimental results show that on the Qiongzhou Strait ship AIS dataset, the Average Displacement Error (ADE) of ShipTrack-TVAE improved by 21.85% compared to the current state-of-the-art trajectory prediction model, SocialVAE, while the Final Displacement Error (FDE) improved by 17.83%. The experimental results demonstrate that the ShipTrack-TVAE model can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of short-term, medium-term, and long-term ship trajectories. It has excellent performance and provides a certain reference value for advancing unmanned ship collision avoidance.
A Data-Driven Approach to Analyzing Fuel-Switching Behavior and Predictive Modeling of Liquefied Natural Gas and Low Sulfur Fuel Oil Consumption in Dual-Fuel Vessels
Authors: Kim Hyunju , Lee Sangbong , Lee Jihwan , Kim Donghyun
Published: December 2024

International shipping is responsible for approximately 2.7% of the global greenhouse gas emissions, a share expected to rise by as much as 250% by 2050. In response, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set ambitious targets to reduce these emissions to near-zero by 2050, focusing on alternative fuels like LNG. This study examines the energy consumption patterns of dual-fuel engines powered by LNG and develops machine learning models using LightGBM to predict fuel usage for both fuel oil (FO) and gas (GAS) modes. The methodology involved analyzing operational data to identify patterns in fuel usage across different voyage conditions. The FO mode was found to be predominantly used for rapid propulsion during speed changes or directional shifts, while the GAS mode was optimized for stable conditions to maximize fuel efficiency. Additionally, a mixed mode of FO and GAS was occasionally applied on complex routes to balance safety and efficiency. Using these insights, LightGBM models were trained to predict fuel consumption in each mode, achieving high accuracy with R2 scores of 0.94 for the GAS mode and 0.98 for the FO mode. This model enables ship operators to optimize fuel decisions in response to varying voyage conditions, resulting in reduced overall fuel consumption and lower CO2 emissions. By applying the predictive model, operators can adjust fuel usage strategies to match operational demands, potentially achieving notable cost savings and meeting stricter environmental regulations. Furthermore, the accurate estimation of fuel usage supports CO2 emissions management, aligning with the Carbon Intensity Indicator (CII) and providing ship operators with actionable data for fleet management optimization. This research provides essential data to support carbon emission compliance, improves fuel efficiency, and offers practical insights into fuel management strategies. The predictive model serves as a valuable resource for ship operators to optimize fuel use and aligns with the IMO’s environmental targets, aiding the maritime industry’s transition toward carbon neutrality.
Impact of Endocrine Disruptors on the Genitourinary Tract
Authors: Caneparo Christophe , Carignan Laurence , Lonina Elena , Goulet Sarah-Maude , Pellerin Felix-Antoine , Chabaud Stéphane , Bordeleau François , Bolduc Stéphane , Pelletier Martin
Published: December 2024

Over the last decades, the human species has seen an increase in the incidence of pathologies linked to the genitourinary tract. Observations in animals have allowed us to link these increases, at least in part, to changes in the environment and, in particular, to an increasing presence of endocrine disruptors. These can be physical agents, such as light or heat; natural products, such as phytoestrogens; or chemicals produced by humans. Endocrine disruptors may interfere with the signaling pathways mediated by the endocrine system, particularly those linked to sex hormones. These factors and their general effects are presented before focusing on the male and female genitourinary tracts by describing their anatomy, development, and pathologies, including bladder and prostate cancer.
Potential Toxicity of Nine Rare Earth Elements (REEs) on Marine Copepod Tigriopus fulvus
Authors: Biandolino Francesca , Prato Ermelinda , Grattagliano Asia , Libralato Giovanni , Trifuoggi Marco , Parlapiano Isabella
Published: December 2024

The present study focused, for the first time, on the adverse effects of nine REEs on the marine copepod Tigriopus fulvus. For this purpose, copepod mortality, immobilization, and naupliar development were assessed. Overall, the results demonstrated that all REEs tested exerted significant adverse effects on T. fulvus, with LC50 values ranging from 0.56 to 1.99 mg/L. Concentration-dependent increases in mortality and immobilization for all tested REEs were observed. Following exposure of nauplii to REEs, a significant slowing of nauplii development was shown with all REEs tested. The results obtained clearly highlight the potential toxicity of REEs, and, in particular, of Lanthanum, which could have consequences on the survival and development of T. fulvus, affecting the copepod population.
Streptococcus salivarius Role as a Probiotic in Children’s Health and Disease Prophylaxis—A Systematic Review
Authors: Al-Akel Flavia Cristina , Chiperi Lacramioara Eliza , Eszter Vas Krisztina , Bacârea Anca
Published: December 2024

Background: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the existing evidence on the use of Streptococcus salivarius (S. salivarius) probiotics as prophylactic or therapeutic tools for pediatric oral, dental, and respiratory diseases. Methods: A comprehensive search was carried out across multiple databases using the following terms: S. salivarius, probiotic, children, pediatric. Results: The systematic literature search identified 613 publications, which were meticulously screened, and, ultimately, 15 suitable citations were included in this systematic review. Three strains of S. salivarius (M18, K-12, 24SMB) were used, and they all demonstrated positive benefits in pediatric pathology. Conclusions: Administration of S. salivarius has benefits, is effective, and is convenient (cost-effective) in pediatric prophylaxis. Oral administration as a chewable tablet or powder of S. salivarius M18 for 3 months is able to reduce the incidence of black stains, plaque, and tooth decay in children. S. salivarius K-12 treatment decreased the occurrence of pharyngeal, recurrent, and streptococcal disease, and the benefits also extend to a reduction of nonstreptococcal diseases, including tracheitis, viral pharyngitis, rhinitis, flu, laryngitis, acute otitis media, and enteritis. Administration of S. salivarius 24SMB as an intranasal spray was able to reduce the risk of acute otitis media in children prone to this condition.
Digital Assistance Systems to Implement Machine Learning in Manufacturing: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rosemeyer Jannik , Pinzone Marta , Metternich Joachim
Published: December 2024

Implementing machine learning technologies in manufacturing environment relies heavily on human expertise in terms of domain and machine learning knowledge. Yet, the required machine learning knowledge is often not available in manufacturing companies. A possible solution to overcome this competence gap and let domain experts with limited machine learning programming skills build viable applications are digital assistance systems that support the implementation. At the present, there is no comprehensive overview over corresponding assistance systems. Thus, within this study a systematic literature review based on the PRISMA-P process was conducted. Twenty-nine papers were identified and analyzed in depth regarding machine learning use case, required resources and research outlook. Six key findings as well as requirements for future developments are derived from the investigation. As such, the existing assistance systems basically focus on technical aspects whereas the integration of the users as well as validation in industrial environments lack behind. Future assistance systems should put more emphasis on the users and integrate them both in development and validation.
On the Nonlinear Forced Vibration of the Magnetostrictive Laminated Beam in a Complex Environment
Authors: Herisanu Nicolae , Marinca Bogdan , Marinca Vasile
Published: December 2024

The present study dealt with a comprehensive mathematical model to explore the nonlinear forced vibration of a magnetostrictive laminated beam. This system was subjected to mechanical impact, a nonlinear Winkler–Pasternak foundation, and an electromagnetic actuator considering the thickness effect. The expressions of the nonlinear differential equations were obtained for the pinned–pinned boundary conditions with the help of the Galerkin–Bubnov procedure and Hamiltonian approach. The nonlinear differential equations were studied using an original, explicit, and very efficient technique, namely the optimal auxiliary functions method (OAFM). It should be emphasized that our procedure assures a rapid convergence of the approximate analytical solutions after only one iteration, without the presence of a small parameter in the governing equations or boundary conditions. Detailed results are presented on the effects of some parameters, among them being analyzed were the damping, frequency, electromagnetic, and nonlinear elastic foundation coefficients. The local stability of the equilibrium points was performed by introducing two variable expansion method, the homotopy perturbation method, and then applying the Routh–Hurwitz criteria and eigenvalues of the Jacobian matrix.
Hot Metal Temperature Prediction During Desulfurization in the Ladle
Authors: Durdán Milan , Terpák Ján , Laciak Marek , Kačur Ján , Flegner Patrik , Tréfa Gabriel
Published: December 2024

Hot metal is loaded from the torpedo car to the ladle, where desulfurization is realized. The main aim of the desulfurization process is to reduce the amount of sulfur in hot metal. During this process, the temperature of desulfurized hot metal is changed. The continuous measurement of this temperature during the desulfurization process is not implemented due to the device’s construction and the increasing costs. The temperature is measured only at the beginning and end of this process. For this reason, the paper focuses on the mathematical model proposal for the continuous measurement and the prediction of the desulfurized hot metal temperature. Information about this temperature will provide insight into the course of thermal processes and allow us to predict the temperature before pouring from the ladle into the oxygen converter.
Finite-Difference Analysis of Influence of Borehole Diameter and Spacing on Reduction in Rockburst Potential of Burst-Prone Coal Seams
Authors: Eremin Mikhail O. , Chirkov Artyom O. , Pazhin Albert , Laptev Sergey A. , Chanov Dmitriy V.
Published: December 2024

Decreasing the rockburst potential in longwall mining of burst-prone coal seams has been a longstanding challenge for geotechnical engineering worldwide. One of the effective approaches is drilling of relief boreholes in front of the coal seam face from the airways. This work presents a novel approach based on the integral rockburst factor (KIrb) taking account of the length of the dynamic abutment stress influence zone and the ratio of the vertical stress to the remote field virgin stress. The geotechnical conditions of seam 3 of the Alardinskaya mine (Kuznetsky basin, Russia) are taken as a study site. An approach of the finite-difference continuum damage mechanics is employed to describe the processes of deformation and fracture of coal and host rocks using an in-house software. The results indicate that the abutment stress maximum shifts deep into the seam after drilling and that the stress distribution along the coal seam horizon is a superposition of the solutions similar to those of the elastoplastic Kirsch problem. The results also indicate that the curves of KIrb dependence on spacing between the boreholes and their diameter are nonlinear and non-monotonic functions, which allows for optimizing of the drilling technology.
“Warning!” Benefits and Pitfalls of Anthropomorphising Autonomous Vehicle Informational Assistants in the Case of an Accident
Authors: Wallbridge Christopher D. , Zhang Qiyuan , Marcinkiewicz Victoria , Bowen Louise , Kozlowski Theodor , Jones Dylan M. , Morgan Phillip L.
Published: December 2024

Despite the increasing sophistication of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and promises of increased safety, accidents will occur. These will corrode public trust and negatively impact user acceptance, adoption and continued use. It is imperative to explore methods that can potentially reduce this impact. The aim of the current paper is to investigate the efficacy of informational assistants (IAs) varying by anthropomorphism (humanoid robot vs. no robot) and dialogue style (conversational vs. informational) on trust in and blame on a highly autonomous vehicle in the event of an accident. The accident scenario involved a pedestrian violating the Highway Code by stepping out in front of a parked bus and the AV not being able to stop in time during an overtake manoeuvre. The humanoid (Nao) robot IA did not improve trust (across three measures) or reduce blame on the AV in Experiment 1, although communicated intentions and actions were perceived by some as being assertive and risky. Reducing assertiveness in Experiment 2 resulted in higher trust (on one measure) in the robot condition, especially with the conversational dialogue style. However, there were again no effects on blame. In Experiment 3, participants had multiple experiences of the AV negotiating parked buses without negative outcomes. Trust significantly increased across each event, although it plummeted following the accident with no differences due to anthropomorphism or dialogue style. The perceived capabilities of the AV and IA before the critical accident event may have had a counterintuitive effect. Overall, evidence was found for a few benefits and many pitfalls of anthropomorphising an AV with a humanoid robot IA in the event of an accident situation.
Beyond Fluoride: Exploring Silicon’s Potential for Dental Repair and Caries Prevention
Authors: Oliveira Andressa Feitosa Bezerra de , Melo Costa Bianne Maria de , Forte Anderson Gomes , Sousa Elizabeth Barreto Galvão de , Nunes Vitória Régia Rolim , Brito Andrade Arthur Felipe de , da Cunha Juliellen Luiz , Fernandes Nayanna Lana Soares , Pereira Ana Maria Barros Chaves , Vilhena Fabiano Vieira , D’Alpino Paulo Henrique Perlatti , Sampaio Fábio Correia
Published: December 2024

This in vitro study evaluated the protective effect of an Si-containing toothpaste associated with different fluoride concentrations by reducing the depth of the demineralized lesions in dentin after cariogenic pH cycling. Methods: Sixty bovine dentin blocks (4 × 4 × 2 mm) were randomly assigned into five groups (n = twelve/group): RGS1 (Si toothpaste with 1450 ppm F), RGS2 (Si toothpaste with 1100 ppm F), RGS3 (fluoride-free Si toothpaste), negative control (NC) (fluoride-free toothpaste), and positive control (PC) (1450 ppm F toothpaste). The specimens underwent a three-day pH cycling model simulating the oral environment with twice-daily brushing. The mineral loss (ΔF) and lesion depth (ΔFmax) were assessed using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided a morphological analysis. Elemental analyses were performed with an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS). ANOVA and Tukey’s test were used for the data analysis (α = 5%). Results: EDS confirmed the Si in the toothpaste formulations. The groups treated with fluoride silicon toothpastes (RGS1, RGS2) had significantly reduced mineral loss and lesion depth compared to the PC group. The NC group exhibited the greatest mineral loss and lesion depth. SEM images revealed occluded superficial dentin tubules and a protective mineral layer in the groups treated with Si toothpaste, whereas no deposition (NC group) or limited mineral deposition (PC group) was observed in the control groups. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the Si toothpastes favored protection against dentin demineralization, even at a lower concentration or free of fluoride, with dentin tubule occlusion, thus representing a promising oral care product over traditional fluoride toothpastes.
Rationale and Logistics of Continuous Infusion Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Authors: Blunier Abbie L. , Crocker R. Jake , Foster Rachel , May Stephanie S. , Powers Caroline E. , Bookstaver P. Brandon
Published: December 2024

Cephalosporins have traditionally been administered as an intermittent infusion. With the knowledge that cephalosporins demonstrate a time-dependent pharmacodynamic profile, administration via continuous infusion may provide more effective antibiotic exposure for successful therapy. Proposed benefits of administration via continuous infusion include less IV manipulation, decreased potential for antibiotic resistance, and potential cost savings. The objective of this review was to provide a detailed assessment of available evidence for the use of continuous infusion cephalosporins and practical dosing and administration recommendations. Studies were gathered and assessed for inclusion via a literature search of PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE using mesh terms [“continuous infusion” and “cephalosporin”], “intermittent infusion”, [“intermittent versus continuous” and “cephalosporin”], “continuous infusion cephalosporin”, as well as specific drug names. References from included studies were also evaluated for inclusion. Data which compared the two administration methods (continuous infusion vs. intermittent infusion) were evaluated. Thirty-five studies were analyzed among several cephalosporins with variable delivery. Dosing regimens utilized in the selected studies were assessed with known compatibility and stability data and further summarized.
Optical Medium Approach: Simplifying General Relativity and Nonlinear Electrodynamics for Educational Purposes
Authors: Toktarbay Saken , Beissen Nurzada , Khassanov Manas , Aitassov Temirbolat , Sadu Amina
Published: December 2024

This paper explores the optical approach to simplifying complex concepts in general relativity (GR) and nonlinear vacuum electrodynamics. The focus is on using optical analogies to simplify the understanding of spacetime curvature and interactions in strong gravitational and magnetic fields. We demonstrate how applying concepts of effective refractive index can facilitate the teaching and comprehension of GR optical effects, such as gravitational lensing and the behavior of light around massive objects. Additionally, the paper covers the application of optical analogies in the context of nonlinear vacuum electrodynamics, showing how strong magnetic fields affect light propagation. This interdisciplinary approach provides a more natural understanding and modeling of complex physical phenomena, making them better accessible for study and teaching.
Interaction Between Gravitational Waves and Trapped Bose–Einstein Condensates
Authors: Perodi Alessio , Salasnich Luca
Published: December 2024

Inspired by recent proposals for detecting gravitational waves by using Bose–Einstein condensates (BECs), we investigated the interplay between these two phenomena. A gravitational wave induces a phase shift in the fidelity amplitude of the many-body quantum state. We investigated the enhancement of the phase shift in the case of Bose condensates confined by an anisotropic harmonic potential, considering both ideal and interacting BECs.
The Growth and Ion Absorption of Sesbania (Sesbania cannabina) and Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa) in Saline Soil Under Improvement Measures
Authors: Wu You , Liu Rui , Si Wei , Zhang Jiale , Yang Jianhua , Qiu Zhenxin , Luo Renlei , Wang Yu
Published: December 2024

Soil salinization is a serious threat to the ecological environment and sustainable agricultural development in the arid regions of northwest China. Optimal soil salinization amelioration methods were eagerly explored under different soil salinity levels. Sesbania and hairy vetch are salt-tolerant plants, and green manure improved the saline environment. In this study, two leguminous halophytic crops, sesbania (Sesbania cannabina) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), were planted under different salinity levels, combined with three saline soil improvement measures, namely gravel mulching, manure application, and straw returning. No improvement measures and no salinity treatment was set as the control (CK). This study was conducted to analyze the effects of soil salinization improvement measures on the growth and ion uptake of sesbania and hairy vetch as biological measures under different soil salinity levels. Sesbania under manure application absorbed the highest soil Na+ (2.71 g kg−1) and Cl− (2.66 g kg−1) amounts at a soil salinity of 3.2 g kg−1, which was 14.7% and 10.95% higher than under gravel mulching and straw returning, respectively. Na+ and Cl− absorption of hairy vetch under manure application reached the highest value of 1.39 g kg−1 and 1.38 g kg−1 at a soil salinity of 1.6 g kg−1, which was 24.46% and 22.31% higher than under gravel mulching and straw returning, respectively. Plant height and stem diameter as well as root growth and development of sesbania and hairy vetch were limited at soil salinities greater than 1.6 g kg−1 and 0.8 g kg−1. Overall, sesbania and hairy vetch effectively absorbed both soil Na+ and Cl− under manure application, thus regulating soil salinity and reducing soil salinization. However, soil salinity levels greater than 3.2 g kg−1 and 1.6 g kg−1 not only weakened the ionic absorption capacity but also inhibited the growth and development of sesbania and hairy vetch. This study provides evidence that soil salt ion absorption by sesbania and hairy vetch is promoted effectively, ameliorating soil salinity, under manure application as compared to under gravel mulching and straw returning.
Effects of Steam Explosion on Curcumin Extraction from Fresh Turmeric Chips
Authors: Imcharoen Umnat , Rachtanapun Pornchai , Thipchai Parichat , Sae Eng Ruangvate , Chinvorarat Sinchai , Jearanaisilawong Petch
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of the steam explosion (SE) process on curcumin extraction from fresh turmeric chips. Fresh turmeric chips abruptly disintegrated during the steam explosion process. The investigation into the turmeric particles following the steam explosion process in the SEM micrographs revealed that the formation of surface cracks and cavities led to an increase in the surface area of turmeric particles. Curcumin extracted from turmeric particles after the steam explosion process yielded 3.24% (w/w), which was comparable to the yield of 3.98% (w/w) from finely ground turmeric particles, while the steam explosion used 74% less energy than the grinding process. Therefore, the steam explosion process is an efficient process compared to untreated and conventional mechanical grinding methods. On average, the turmeric particles decreased in size when the dissipated energy per mass increased. The curcumin yield from the steam explosion exhibited a linear positive correlation with the dissipated energy per mass. FTIR, TG/DTG, and DSC analyses on the turmeric particles after the steam explosion process showed that the compounds exhibited no change in chemical structure, higher thermal decomposition properties, and higher purity, respectively. The results of this research can be applied to find optimal conditions for extracting curcumin and predicting the yield of curcumin. Additionally, they can be applied to evaluate the process condition in commercial applications.
Effect of Cathode Cooling in Three-Dimensional Simulations of an Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge
Authors: Boutrouche Valentin , Trelles Juan Pablo
Published: December 2024

The Atmospheric Pressure Glow Discharge (APGD) is a relatively simple and versatile plasma source used in a wide range of applications. Active cooling of the cathode can effectively mitigate instabilities, leading to glow-to-arc transitions. This study investigates the effect of varying the degree of cathode cooling in APGD with a planar cathode in helium. The plasma flow model incorporates mass conservation, chemical species transport, momentum conservation, conservation of thermal energy of heavy species and of electrons, and electrostatics. The model is applied to time-dependent simulations through a three-dimensional computational domain describing the whole discharge, without geometric symmetry or steady-state assumptions. Simulations of an experimentally characterized APGD explore the effects of electric current and cathode cooling—ranging from thermally insulated to extreme convective cooling. Results show the formation of an annular region with high electric field over the cathode surface under conditions of high current and low cooling.
In Situ Remediation of Combined Ammonia and Nitrate Nitrogen Contamination Using Zero-Valent Iron-Enhanced Microorganisms in Acidic Groundwater: A Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Study
Authors: Chen Junyi , Luo Yuchi , Zhang Junda , Lu Zexuan , Han Yitong , Chen Xiangxin , Li Mingkui , Fan Hanyun , Wei Xipeng
Published: December 2024

In acidic groundwater, effectively removing both ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3−-N) poses a challenge. This study focused on studying the removal of NH4+-N and NO3−-N combined contaminations by zero-valent iron (ZVI) combined with microbial agents in both laboratory and field pilot-scale studies. Laboratory experiments showed that ZVI could reduce the denitrification stage from 15 days to 10 days by increasing solution pH and improving NO3−-N reduction efficiency. In a field pilot test (at Qingyuan, Guangdong Province, China), high-pressure injection pumps were used to inject alkaline reagents to raise the pH to 7~8. Meanwhile, compressors were applied to aerate the groundwater to increase the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration above 2 mg·L−1. Subsequently, microbial agents of nitrobacteria were injected to initiate aerobic nitrification. As the DO level dropped below 2 mg·L−1, agents of micro-ZVI and denitrifying bacteria were injected to stimulate autotrophic denitrification. Intermittent aeration was employed to modify the redox conditions in the groundwater to gradually eliminate NH4+-N and NO3−-N. However, due to the effect of the low-permeability layers, adjustments in the frequency of remediation agent injection and aeration were necessary to achieve removal efficiencies exceeding 80% for both NH4+-N and NO3−-N. This work aims to overcome the limitations of microbial remediation methods in the laboratory and the field and advance nitrogen pollution remediation technologies in groundwater.
Linking Cultivation Conditions to the Fatty Acid Profile and Nutritional Value of Chlorella sorokiniana Lipids
Authors: Papapanagiotou Georgia , Charisis Aggelos , Samara Christina , Kalogianni Eleni P. , Chatzidoukas Christos
Published: December 2024

Microalgae are a promising alternative source of PUFAs, with Chlorella being one of the few microalgae widely available in the nutraceuticals market authorized for human consumption. This study explores the fatty acid (FA) profiles of nine C. sorokiniana biomass feedstocks produced under different combinations of light intensity and nitrogen and inorganic carbon loadings, derived via a Taguchi L9 (33−1) orthogonal array design. Additionally, the nutritional and medical value of Chlorella lipids using several nutritional indices is assessed. PUFAs were maximized under low light intensity and high nitrogen loading; however, these conditions favored the overaccumulation of omega-6 FAs. For omega-3 FA maximization, high light intensity must be applied, suggesting that high illumination induces the desaturation of linoleic acid to alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) in C. sorokiniana cells. Additionally, nitrogen-depleted conditions significantly downgraded its quality due to the overaccumulation of saturated FAs. Despite lacking EPA and DHA, C. sorokiniana lipids are an excellent source of ALA, surpassing concentrations met in plant-based oils. Thus, Chlorella lipids can be included in humans’ diet, satisfying daily ALA requirements; however, accurately labeling the FA profile of Chlorella products, prior to any nutritional claims, is indispensable, considering the sizeable variations in their profile under the impact of cultivation conditions.
Modification of Cotton with Chitosan: Deposition of Copper(II) Sulfate by Complexation Copper Ions
Authors: Świerczyńska Małgorzata , Mrozińska Zdzisława , Juszczak Michał , Woźniak Katarzyna , Kudzin Marcin H.
Published: December 2024

This study introduces a novel approach for enhancing the functional properties of cotton fibers through complexation of copper sulfate, and subsequent combination with chitosan (COT-CuSO4-CTS). Our preliminary investigations focused on the development composites as candidate materials for functional coatings with antimicrobial properties. The materials were thoroughly characterized via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy, providing insights into their structural features and composition. The findings show that the modified cotton materials exhibit potent antimicrobial activity. Specifically, the COT-CuSO4 and COT-CuSO4-CTS samples demonstrated zones of inhibition against both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli, confirming their ability to reduce microbial growth significantly. The incorporation of a chitosan layer significantly enhanced the Ultraviolet Protection Factor (UPF) of the cotton fabric from 3.37 to over 50, indicating exceptional UV shielding capabilities, while copper(II) oxide treatment provided a moderate UPF value of 14.56. Blood compatibility studies further revealed that COT-CuSO4 and COT-CuSO4-CTS fabrics influence coagulation parameters, with a marked prolongation in activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and prothrombin time (PT) compared to untreated cotton. This anticoagulant effect is primarily linked to the presence of copper, although the addition of chitosan modulates this response, slightly reducing clotting times compared to COT-CuSO4 alone. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessments using Peripheral Blood Mononuclear (PBM) cells indicated that untreated cotton was non-toxic and non-genotoxic. However, COT-CuSO4 and COT-CuSO4-CTS fabrics displayed a reduction in cell viability and induced DNA damage, highlighting their potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. Notably, COT-CuSO4-CTS showed lower cytotoxicity and genotoxicity than COT-CuSO4-CTS, suggesting that chitosan reduces the overall cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of the composite. Furthermore, plasmid DNA relaxation assays indicated that COT-CuSO4 and COT-CuSO4-CTS interact with DNA, with COT-CuSO4 exhibiting a stronger interaction than COT-CuSO4-CTS, consistent with the findings on PBM cells.
Hydraulic Support Liquid Supply System Adaptive Pump Controlled Pressure Stabilization Control Under Strong Time-Varying Load
Authors: Cao Chao , Gao Kai , Wang Hao , Pan Yanzhao , Deng Zhendong , Xu Haoyan , Huang Di , Zhao Xinglong , Zhao Jiyun
Published: December 2024

The hydraulic support liquid supply system provided power for the hydraulic support, serving as the core to ensure safe support of the coal mining face and to maintain continuous, efficient, and stable advancement of the coal mining operations. The hydraulic support faced complex loads while operating on the fully mechanized mining face. To meet the requirement of rapidly following the coal mining machine’s movement, numerous actuators of the hydraulic support frequently performed sequential actions, and the liquid demand of the hydraulic support varied strongly over time, causing the hydraulic system to endure constant pressure and flow shocks, making it difficult to ensure the production efficiency and equipment reliability of comprehensive working face. This study analyzed the pressure and flow characteristics of the liquid supply system during the periodic actions of the hydraulic support. To address the strong time-varying load and liquid demand during the simultaneous actions of the hydraulic support, an Extended State Observer (ESO) was designed for observation and compensation. An Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) method suitable for the configuration of a rapid pump-controlled liquid replenishment and pressure stabilization system was proposed, and a co-simulation model of the mechanical and control systems was developed by comparing indicators such as the pressure fluctuation amplitude and the execution time of the hydraulic support actions. The pressure stabilization control effects of the ADRC method, the PID control method, and the traditional multi-pump coordinated liquid supply mode under typical time-varying conditions were analyzed and compared. A simulation test system was constructed to validate the results, demonstrating that the ADRC rapid fluid replenishment and pressure stabilization control method can suppress load disturbances, reduce the system pressure fluctuation amplitude by 20.8%, and shorten the hydraulic support operation time by 2.6%.
Improved Sparrow Search Algorithm Based on Multistrategy Collaborative Optimization Performance and Path Planning Applications
Authors: Xu Kunpeng , Chen Yue , Zhang Xuanshuo , Ge Yizheng , Zhang Xu , Li Longhai , Guo Ce
Published: December 2024

To address the problems of limited population diversity and a tendency to converge prematurely to local optima in the original sparrow search algorithm (SSA), an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA) based on multi-strategy collaborative optimization is proposed. ISSA employs three strategies to enhance performance: introducing one-dimensional composite chaotic mapping SPM to generate the initial sparrow population, thus enriching population diversity; introducing the dung beetle dancing search behavior strategy to strengthen the algorithm’s ability to jump out of local optima; integrating the adaptive t-variation improvement strategy to balance global exploration and local exploitation capabilities. Through experiments with 23 benchmark test functions and comparison with algorithms such as PSO, GWO, WOA, and SSA, the advantages of ISSA in convergence speed and optimization accuracy are verified. In the application of robot path planning, compared with SSA, ISSA exhibits shorter path lengths, fewer turnings, and higher planning efficiency in both single-target point and multi-target point path planning. Especially in multi-target point path planning, as the obstacle rate increases, ISSA can more effectively find the shortest path. Its traversal order is different from that of SSA, making the planned path smoother and with fewer intersections. The results show that ISSA has significant superiority in both algorithm performance and path planning applications.
The Impact of Incorporating Grapefruit Seed Skin Particles into 3D-Printed Acrylic Resin on Mechanical Properties
Authors: Sulaiman Mira Mohideen , Fatalla Abdalbseet Ahmad , Haider Julfikar
Published: December 2024

Background: Grapefruit seed skin particles (GSSPs) have antifungal properties due to the presence of flavonoids. Therefore, it has the potential to display antifungal characteristics when added to acrylic resin, but it could affect the mechanical properties of the resin. This study investigated the effects of adding GSSPs on the mechanical characteristics of 3D-printed denture base resins. Purpose: The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of the addition of GSSPs to 3D-printed acrylic at different concentrations on the degree of conversion (DC), surface hardness, flexural strength, and tensile strength. Methods: In this study, 90 samples were printed with acrylic resin via a Digital Light Processing (DLP) printer. Thirty square samples were used for the surface hardness test. Thirty rectangular samples were used for the flexural strength test, and thirty dumbbell-shaped samples were used for the tensile strength test. These materials were prepared by adding different concentrations of GSSPs (0.0 wt.%, 5.0 wt.%, and 7.0 wt.%), which were determined by a pilot study to be the most effective in 3D denture base resins. The Durometer Shore Hardness Scale (DSHS) was used to measure the surface hardness, and a universal testing machine was employed to gauge the flexural strength and tensile strength. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was employed for particle size analysis and fracture behavior determination. Results: Compared with those of the control group, the degree of conversion (DC), surface hardness, flexural strength, and tensile strength of the treated groups significantly improved after the addition of 5.0 wt.% and 7.0 wt.% GSSPs. The FE‒SEM images revealed a decrease in porosity as the concentration of GSSPs increased with a brittle fracture behavior. Conclusions: The addition of GSSPs to 3D-printed acrylic is recommended because of their significant positive impacts on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed denture base resin.
Unexpected Polymerization of Carbamate-Bridged {Al3(μ3−O)}7+ Complex Units
Authors: Schumann Erik , Brendler Erica , Böhme Uwe , Mertens Florian
Published: December 2024

The literature on aluminum coordination networks so far contains data on COO-bridged derivatives exclusively. This paper addresses the question whether or not aluminum complexes, especially carbamate-bridged {Al3(μ3−O)}7+ units, can also form networks via the neutral ligand positions. Our findings show that a highly unexpected polymerization of the aluminum carbamates can occur during the isolation of the initially targeted compound. Although bidentate ligands bind to the neutral ligand coordination sites as expected, they do not act as linker molecules but cause an uncontrolled networking via the carbamate ligands. One- and two-dimensional solution and solid-state NMR experiments were primarily used to investigate the coordination behavior of the ligands and to elucidate the actual obtained product.
Microstructure, Corrosion and Wear Behaviors of Electroless (NiP-TiC-SiC) Nanocomposite Coating on Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Substrate
Authors: Alhamad Rusul Khalid , Hussein Abbas Khammas , Abbas Laith Kais
Published: December 2024

A variety of NiP-TiC-SiC nanocomposite coatings were deposited to acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) substrates at varying plating periods and bath temperatures using electroless plating. A field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) demonstrates the production of various coating morphologies. Morphology analysis of the deposit coatings shows homogenous, compact, and nodular structured coatings free of any apparent defects in most deposition conditions, except at extra high-temperature deposition baths, some gas bubbles under the coating layers were seen. The patterns of X-ray diffraction (XRD) illustrate nickel peaks at 44.5 which relates to Ni (111). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) data show that the coating’s main constituents are nickel, phosphorus, and nanoparticles. According to the results of the contact angle test, the potentiodynamic polarization, and the impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests conducted in (3.5%) of NaCl by weight at (25 °C), the nanocomposite coating that was created at 90 min and 75 °C exhibited the best hydrophobic qualities and corrosion resistance. The coating formed at 30 min and 75 °C illustrates the best hardness value. The adhesion force was calculated using the ASTM D 3359 method (B). The findings demonstrate that the coating made under the following deposition conditions, 30 min at 75 °C, 30 min at 95 °C, and 90 min at 75 °C, produces the best bonding strength between the coating and ABS substrate (standard classification 5B); however, the complete gas bubble rejection process from the substrate is rendered difficult by deposition times longer than 30 min in a bath over 85 °C, which decreases the adhesion between NiP-TiC-SiC and the acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene substrate. The wear rate shows a direct relationship with the coefficient of friction rather than hardness, and the coated prepared at 90 min at 75 °C offers a lower wear rate and coefficient of friction.