bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymptotic time domain analysis of sound propagation in a deep ocean sound channel
Authors: Ohshima Koji , Ishihara Toyohiko
Published: July 2007

This study relates to the time‐domain analysis of sound‐wave propagation in the deep‐ocean sound channel SOFAR (sound fixing and ranging) in the case of a sound source located on or near the channel axis. For asymptotic analysis of response waveforms in the case of an observation point located outside the boundary layer, we used the acoustic ray solution in frequency domain obtained by the acoustic ray tracing method, and derived the acoustic ray expression in time domain. In the case of an observation point located within the boundary layer sound propagation phenomena were clarified that were hard to analyze in terms of the acoustic ray theory. For asymptotic analysis of response waveforms in this case, we proposed a hybrid acoustic ray‐mode expression obtained by combining an acoustic ray with an adiabatic mode. Effectiveness of the proposed asymptotic expression was confirmed by substituting numbers in the acoustic field expressions and completing numerical computations to obtain response waveforms. the results were compared to the reference solutions based on the normal mode theory. It was also demonstrated that numerical computations based on asymptotic expressions are much faster than those based on the normal mode theory. In addition it was found that acoustic field analysis in time domain is more effective than frequency‐domain analysis in terms of physical interpretation of sound wave propagation, since each pulse wave is observed separately.
An objective method for evaluating the quality of speech with code errors using pattern matching techniques
Authors: Yamazaki Tetsuro , Irii Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

This study aims at developing an objective method for speech quality evaluation that can cope with the discrete degradation which will be produced in future communication networks. an existing approach by the objective assessment is considered which is effective in estimating the quality degradation due to the quantization distortion. Examining the problems when the conventional method is applied to the evaluation of the discrete degradation, the MOS (mean‐opinion score) estimation method is proposed with the following features: (1) the spectral features of the speech as well as its change with the time are represented by a pattern; (2) frames are clustered based on the phonemic features; and (3) the pattern matching is applied.

By applying the proposed method to the evaluation of the noise by the code error, it is seen that it can achieve a better accuracy than the CD (cepstrum distance) method, which is one of the existing objective methods of evaluation.
Ferrocenyl Oligo(phenylene‐vinylene) Thiols for the Construction of Self‐Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Amatore Christian , Gazard Stephen , Maisonhaute Emmanuel , Pebay Cécile , Schöllhorn Bernd , Syssa‐Magalé Jean‐Laurent , Wadhawan Jay
Published: July 2007

A short and efficient preparation of conjugated oligo(phenylene‐ethylene) thiols bearing redox‐active ferrocene moieties is described. While minimising the number of synthetic steps, the proposed strategy permits the development of sets of oligomers with varying chain length. The redox properties of the compounds in solution are determined. Preliminary studies of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold electrodes are discussed, and indicate that electron transfer through the SAMs is indeed rapid.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Work organization in FMS: Two case descriptions
Authors: Börjesson Sofia
Published: July 2007

The work content for individuals in an FMS is dependent both on the design of the system itself and the choice of work organization. This article describes two Swedish FMS cases. The first case is an FMS within an old plant, with traditional work organization, characterized by many hierarchical levels, job specialization, and narrowly denned tasks. The second case is a “green field” plant, a new plant with only three hierarchical levels and a low degree of division of labor. Whether the FMS will bring about a work organization with a broader work content and thereby a more stimulating work content is primarily dependent on the attitude of management and those involved in designing the system, and whether it is an incremental implementation of the FMS or a completely new plant.
Engineers using computer‐aided design and knowledge‐based systems: Changing professional roles
Authors: Bradley Gunilla , Steere Marcia , Strömqvist Görel
Published: July 2007

The role of engineers using computer‐aided design (CAD) systems, and the changes which have, taken place regarding work content and tasks, stress‐related health problems, and leisure time were analyzed. We compared these earlier results with initial findings from an ongoing research program studying the introduction and use of knowledge‐based systems (KBS). Changes in the organizational and psychosocial work environment were also analyzed. The obstacles and facilitating factors involved in the introduction and use of CAD systems with corresponding results from early experiences with KBS, from a Swedish perspective were discussed. We concluded that similar experiences with these technological tools confirm our overall hypothesis, that a well‐functioning psychosocial work environment is a prerequisite for the implementation of these systems.
The application of expert system in the design of crt information display for process control systems
Authors: Cheng Chi‐Yung , Hwang Sheue‐Ling
Published: July 2007

In this study, an expert system for the design of CRT information display was developed which organized the relevant design knowledge and provided a user‐friendly tool for the design of information display. An optimal design depends on the integration of many different aspects of knowledge, such as system characteristics, mental models, human factors principles, etc. In this study, the concept of mental model was applied during the process of design, and the knowledge was analyzed to fit the structure of the expert system.
In search of new structures: Issues in designing integrated manufacturing systems
Authors: Havn Erling
Published: July 2007

Integration of computer systems is reshaping work organization dramatically, and companies and trade unions are now searching for a new structure for skill‐based work. In this article, problems of joint organizational and technical design of integrated manufacturing are analyzed, and methods for bringing problems of work organization into the development of integrated computer systems are described.
A comparison of two command language user interfaces for a CNC machine
Authors: Torres‐Chazaro Octavio F. , Beaton Robert J. , Deisenroth Michael P.
Published: July 2007

Computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines are common pieces of equipment in manufacturing plants. In recent years, CNC‐user interfaces have been evolving from CNC command languages to menu‐based and direct‐manipulation interfaces. However, there have been few efforts to evaluate CNC‐user interfaces and to develop design strategies to improve their usability. An experiment is reported comparing the effectiveness of two user‐interface layouts for a CNC‐milling machine. One user‐interface layout was a simulation of a popular interface for a CNC‐milling machine. The second layout was designed after analyzing the command language characteristics, the button grouping, and the finger movements required to operate the first interface. Then, both layouts were compared in terms of time to complete a set of benchmark tasks, number of errors generated, and users' preferences. Four factors were manipulated: (1) users' level of expertise. (2) layouts, (3) tasks, and (4) trials. It was found that both groups of subjects completed the tasks faster using Layout 2 rather than Layout 1. Similarly, subjects' responses to a questionnaire indicated that Layout 2 was preferred over Layout 1 in almost all of the usability categories studied.
Interorganizational collaboration in manufacturing through partially mandated networks
Authors: Zanko Michael , Williams Trevor A.
Published: July 2007

The growing centrality of human resources in advanced manufacturing underpins a shift in the perception of employees as an operating cost to one that also recognizes them as valuable assets. Therefore, when employees are injured or taken ill as a consequence of work, organizations need to consider the most appropriate means for securing their effective rehabilitation. This paper analyzes important interorganizational characteristics of partially mandated employee rehabilitation networks and examines institutional arrangements that promote participative collaboration between the stakeholders involved. Finally, a general outline is proposed for initiating new interorganizational structures and processes for developing effective employee rehabilitation networks.
Successful implementation of occupational health and safety programs in manufacturing for the 1990s
Authors: Saari Jorma
Published: July 2007

Occupational health and safety activities should keep up with changing times. Many traditional safety activities may not be effective any longer. The implementation of a safety program often proves to be a disappointment. Despite that, it may be possible to develop “super programs” which would start to propagate by themselves, and would work like a vaccination, or a friendly virus. Positive feedback has shown to have potential for such a program. If workers experience the results of a program positively, they may also be willing to participate in other safety activities. Thereby, the values of an organization are gradually revised, and consequently, new safety activities initiated. Some of the essential elements of successful safety programs in the 1990s are: positive approaches focused on organizations rather than individuals, rewarding the individuals, and providing visible results.
Interdisciplinary design of skill‐based computer‐aided technologies: Interfacing in depth
Authors: Kldd P. T.
Published: July 2007

This article is concerned with the interdisciplinary design of skill‐based computer‐aided technologies. The term “interdisciplinary design” is used in this study to mean the application of insights from psychology and the organizational sciences to the design of computer‐based technologies and systems. A skill‐based computer‐aided technology is one that makes human skill, knowledge, judgment, and creativity more effective and productive. The word “technology” refers, not to the human‐machine interface, but to the details of the techniques and algorithms behind the interface, and to the architectures of integrated computer systems. Therefore, this article is not primarily concerned with allocation of functions between humans and machines, but with how the details of the technology can be influenced by insights from the social sciences. The study offers some contributions toward greater understanding of interdisciplinary design. Two case studies are presented to demonstrate that technology can be designed to reflect insights from psychology and the organizational sciences, and to demonstrate that the design of skill‐based computer‐aided technologies is not primarily a human‐machine interface issue, but a question of shaping the deeper characteristics of the technology.
The effects of assigning progressively harder production standards with feedback on worker productivity and satisfaction
Authors: Shikdar Ashraf A. , Das Biman
Published: July 2007

The impact of assigning normal and progressively harder production standards (100%, 130%, 140%, 150%) with feedback on worker productivity and satisfaction was determined in a repetitive production task. Worker productivity in terms of quantity and quality output improved significantly and continuously with a progressive increase in the assigned standards with feedback up to the assigned hard standard of 140% with feedback. A significant deterioration in worker productivity took place as a consequence of the assigned hard standard of 150% with feedback. Consequently, there was a limit of worker productivity improvement that could be achieved by assigning progressively harder standards with feedback. Worker satisfaction improved significantly as a result of assigning normal and hard standards with feedback, compared to the control group with no standard and no feedback. No significant difference was found among the standards with feedback conditions. An assigned hard standard with feedback had no significant detrimental effect on worker satisfaction.
The effects of information aids on fault diagnosis performance in process control systems
Authors: Hwang Sheue‐Ling , Cheng Hung‐Wen
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to develop an information aid to improve human performance in fault diagnosis tasks. First, a model of human behavior in fault diagnosis tasks was derived to show the process of diagnosis. Then, the source of difficulties and the limitations of human performance during the process of diagnosis tasks were considered to develop the appropriate information aids. Third, a simple graph of the fault tree was utilized to construct two types of information aids, i.e., backward information (B) and forward information (F). Finally, an experiment was conducted to verify the effects of these information aids. As shown in the experimental results, the subjects who were aided by either B or F, or both, took significantly less diagnosis time. As to the strategies of diagnosis, the subjects aided by B information avoided detecting the infeasible region, while the subjects aided by F avoided double‐detection on the same component.
Toward a new model for rationalization and labor relations in the finnish paper industry
Authors: Alasoini Tuomo
Published: July 2007

This article, based on the author's study in Finnish, examines human and labor relations implications of new production strategies in the Finnish paper industry. Starting from Sorge and Streeck's classification, it analyzes some of the effects of adopting diversified quality production (DQP) on work organization and labor‐management relations. The findings of a case study suggest that more cooperative forms of management are a major condition for raising productivity and developing flexible work organization in high‐tech manufacturing environments with well‐established systems of collective bargaining.
A survey of computer‐aided design: Implications for creativity, productivity, decision making, and job satisfaction
Authors: Barfield Woodrow , Shieldst Robert , Cooper Stephen
Published: July 2007

A survey of computer‐aided design (CAD) usage was performed to investigate the relationship between CAD tools and four aspects of the designer's job which included productivity, creativity, decision making, and job satisfaction. Several designers (n & 117) representing 19 companies and 3 major universities were administered a CAD questionnaire designed to determine whether CAD utilization improved user performance in the four main job areas. The results indicated that those features which aided the designer in visualizing the structure of the CAD model or allowed the designer to directly manipulate the CAD model, such as rotations, were highly rated tools. Further, those features which resulted in slow system response times, such as engineering analysis, were evaluated as less useful in terms of the four job categories. Implications of the results for the design of CAD systems is discussed.
Organization design implications of computer‐integrated technologies
Authors: Levy Paul , Bessant John , Tranfield David , Smith Stuart , Ley Clive
Published: July 2007

There is a growing realization that the benefits promised by integrated technology are not being delivered. One of the main reasons put forward for this is the failure to design an adequate form of manufacturing organization to support exploitation. The project described in this article set out to investigate the organizational designs supporting a wide variety of 46 applications of integrated technology in 28 companies. The companies were selected on the basis of appearing as exemplars of successful implementation. The findings showed overwhelming evidence of wide ranging organizational change at all levels. This article presents two contrasting case studies from the research sample giving anecdotal evidence for the key organizational design changes at the workplace, managerial, and interorganizational levels. It also presents a brief study of changes in the way in which work is coordinated in these companies. The examples provide some interesting insights into the shifts taking place in “best practice” manufacturing organizations as they exploit the benefits of integrated technologies in the 1990s.
Structure and culture: Putting the human dimension of CIM in perspective
Authors: Burnes Bernard
Published: July 2007

Over the last decade all industrial nations have recognized the crucial role that CIM can play in creating World Class manufacturing companies. With this recognition has come a growing concern, especially in the U.K., over the failure of many companies to gain the full benefits from the introduction of expensive CIM systems. Though many explanations have been offered as to the cause of this problem, most commentators now appear to accept that the central reason is the failure adequately to involve, train, and motivate those who use and manage these new systems. This article strongly supports this view but also argues that this failure is itself brought about by a deeper and potentially more damaging problem: the inappropriateness of and compatibility between the structures and cultures that exist in many organizations. If this is so, and we strongly believe it is, it presents not only a real and substantial barrier to the efficient and effective use of CIM but also, more importantly, poses a threat to the overall ability of companies to survive in the increasingly competitive world of the 1990s. The article begins by describing our research into the introduction and use of CIM in U.K. companies. It then goes on to examine and discuss the importance and implications of organizational structure and culture. In conclusion, it is argued that a long‐term, strategic program of change and renewal will be necessary for many companies if they are to compete with, and themselves become, the best in the world.
An approach for determining suitability of knowledge‐based systems in the workplace
Authors: Koubek Richard J. , Horn Jay A. , Cacioppo Anthony J. , Phillips Chandler
Published: July 2007

To expand worker capabilities, knowledge‐based systems (KBS) have been introduced to aid the decision‐making activities performed by shop floor personnel. With this introduction, increased concern has been expressed regarding effective and efficient utilization of resources when applying KBS technology. This article describes the development and testing of a theoretically based methodology to identify task domains where KBS technology will yield the highest gains in performance. Results indicate the described technique is capable of discriminating between application domains regarding their suitability for KBS implementation. The utility and reliability of this instrument are discussed.
Integral organizational innovation in the dutch clothing industry: The myth of new production systems
Authors: Peeters Marc H. H. , Pot Frank D.
Published: July 2007

In the clothing industry a discussion is going on about how to react to changing demands and wishes on the different markets. On the basis of a still on‐going research project in the Netherlands this article describes how these changes can be taken into account in the technical and organizational architecture of the sewing room. Special attention is paid to three new production systems, namely (1) the Toyota Sewing System, (2) the Quick Response System, and (3) the Multi Operations System. From case studies it seems that companies do not benefit directly from the mentioned production systems. The solution can rather be found in new ways of production, that is, by making changes in both the production and the work organization. The nature of production and work organization has to be considered first before committing the organization to a technical choice of equipment.
Preventive maintenance of advanced manufacturing systems: A laboratory experiment and its implications for the human‐centered approach
Authors: Gude Dietmar , Schmidt Klaus‐Helmut
Published: July 2007

Due to rising demands for flexibility in the manufacturing process, there is a strong need to reorganize the task spectrum of the shop‐floor staff by integrating, e.g., preventive maintenance functions. In this human‐centered approach the shop‐floor staff requires support in performing these additional functions. Here, based on an empirical investigation of the knowledge requirements in preventive maintenance of a simulated manufacturing system, a new support method called Behavior‐Outcome Feedback is proposed. This method has been developed primarily to promote the execution of preventive maintenance tasks, but may be adopted easily to other functions as well.
An implementation model for reducing resistance to technological change
Authors: Endsley Mica R.
Published: July 2007

The process of implementing advanced manufacturing technologies in an organization can impact the way in which individuals adjust to the new technology. The acceptance of or resistance to new technologies by individuals in the organization ultimately impacts the success of advanced technologies in achieving the organization's objectives. A framework model is presented for guiding managers and implementation teams through the implementation process with the objective of facilitating positive individual adjustment to new technologies and minimizing resistance to change. Five major stages are proposed in the model: initial decision, introduction, initialization, early job experiences, and institutionalization. Major factors that impact individual adjustment to technological change in each stage are discussed.
Usability in CAD—a psychological perspective
Authors: Allwood Carl Martin , Kalén Tomas
Published: July 2007

This article reviews recent research on design and computer aided design (CAD) from a psychological perspective. Our focus is on how CAD affects design and on how more efficient computer support can be provided. Design tasks of the adaptive and of the original type are considered. Different descriptions and approaches to design are reviewed and discussed. Next, we review research on design with and without CAD and research discussing how creativity and usability in CAD can be improved. Finally, we suggest topics for future research. Different studies show a great variability among engineers both in non‐computerized design and in CAD with respect to strategies and methods used in the work. Novices appear to encounter special difficulties and can be helped, for example, to achieve a developed task understanding and to see similarities between the present task and other tasks. Interestingly, more complex CAD programs appear to be less effective than less complex CAD programs when solving simple problems. This may have to do with problems in the human‐computer interface. Important questions for future research include better understanding of the design process as such, how to make the computer interface more informative without disturbing the design process, and how databases can interact with, and be accessed by, the designer in efficient and allowable ways.
Performance effects of human and organizational development and technological development
Authors: Hörte Sven Åke , Lindberg Per
Published: July 2007

The performance effects of technological development and of human resource management development are discussed. Three different paths of development are defined. One is technological upgrading, and the second is development of the human resources of the company and organizational changes. The third is a combined approach aimed at a synchronous development of technology and human resource management. The technological and organizational developments between 1987 and 1992 of 70 Swedish companies are analyzed, as well as the corresponding changes of six performance measures. The results indicate significant correlations between development of human resource management and most of the performance measures, whereas just a few performance increases are correlated with upgraded technology. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Managing deliberations in product development—relating organization to process
Authors: Lundqvist Mats
Published: July 2007

An analytical model of the product development process is derived from macro‐organizational and sociotechnical theory. The nonlinear and nonroutine process of product development is linked with organizational structure through the concept of deliberations. Deliberations contain the value‐adding process of uncertainty and equivocality reduction and can be more or less intrusive upon the environment. The focus of the empirical study has been on the application of the model as well as illustration of how the needs of the process are satisfied by organizational structure. Two development projects, one of which was successful, one of which was not, were compared in a case study of a manufacturer of larger customer‐adapted vehicles. The deliberations in the two projects were distinguishable by their degree of intrusiveness and ability to reduce equivocality. Large performance potentials in man‐hours could be revealed in both projects through the deliberation analysis. The managerial implication of the study is that greater recognition of what constitutes the process, among product development participants, should allow considerably increased performance. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Group work in the american and german nonautomotive metal manufacturing industry
Authors: Harvey Noel , von Behr Marhild
Published: July 2007

This article is a summary of new trends in the American and German nonautomotive metal manufacturing industry. The emerging process technologies are examined: cellular manufacturing in the case of the U.S. and production islands in the case of Germany. The focus is on the work organization that envelops these technologies, particularly the notion of group work, which is a central part of these new process technologies.
Performance of hybrid automated systems—a social cybernetic analysis
Authors: Smith Thomas J. , Henning Robert A. , Smith Karl U.
Published: July 2007

The science of behavioral cybernetics deals with the analysis of human behavior as a closed‐loop, self‐governed process. Social cybernetics focuses upon the reciprocal feedback interactions between two or more individuals in a group or organizational setting. Human‐computer interaction (HCI) also can be characterized as a social cybernetic process. The central thesis of this paper is that social cybernetics provides a comprehensive conceptual framework for understanding the nature and sources of variability in performance of hybrid automated systems, defined by reciprocal interactions between the work force, the organization, and the technology. Implications of the social cybernetic model for interpreting findings from studies of advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) operations are addressed. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A comparative study of occupational accidents in industries with advanced manufacturing technology
Authors: Backström Tomas , Döös Marianne
Published: July 2007

Using automated machinery does not eliminate accident risks. This article describes the extent to which accidents occur working with advanced manufacturing technology (AMT); analyzes differences with respect to severity and part of the body injured between AMT accidents, other machine accidents and accidents not related to machinery; describes some characteristics of AMT accidents. Data come from two engineering plants. AMT accidents constituted a substantial proportion of the accidents, especially in machining workshops. Analysis of the injury severity revealed a scale where AMT accidents were the most serious, followed by other machine accidents, and then by all other accidents. The main conclusions: AMT accidents were a significant problem in these companies; special risk is attached to the operators' handling of production disturbances. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A review of experimental studies on human‐robot system situations and their design implications
Authors: Beauchamp Yves , Stobbe Terrence J.
Published: July 2007

The literature on robot‐related accidents clearly shows that the greatest risk of accidents occurs during programming and/or maintenance, times when the individual is within the operating envelope of the robot. The circumstance of the accidents and incidents reported has frequently involved an unexpected robot movement which was caused by equipment failure or human error. The need for human factors research on human‐robot interface safety and productivity has been widely reported in the literature. Unfortunately, the number of actual studies of human performance in man‐robot systems is comparatively small. A search of the literature revealed only 11 such studies. The goal of this article is to briefly describe and synthesize the experimental results generated in the human factors studies, make recommendations to improve the safety of the persons working in the vicinity of industrial robots, and to propose future research avenues in this area. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The influence of technology on the organization: From impact to specific effects and design space
Authors: Alsène Éric , Lessard Joanne
Published: July 2007

Although studies of the impact of technology on the organization are strongly discredited in the scientific community, there has been a growing trend in research over the past few years toward once again giving weight to technology. The notion of “impact,” in particular, has been replaced by the notion of “specific effects” and that of “organizational design space.” The fact remains, however, that this trend has not progressed very far in terms of circumscribing the specific effects and the design space in question. A concrete method for achieving this is proposed and discussed. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Evaluation of local tolerance of the antiretroviral spermicide (WHI‐07)‐loaded gel‐microemulsion in the porcine female reproductive tract
Authors: D'Cruz Osmond J. , Uckun Fatih M.
Published: July 2007

The local tolerance of the antiretroviral spermicide, WHI‐07 (5‐bromo‐6‐methoxy‐5,6‐dihydro‐3′‐azidothymidine‐5′‐(p‐bromophenyl)‐methoxyalaninyl phosphate)‐loaded gel‐microemulsion was evaluated in a physiologically relevant and sensitive porcine model. Gilts (Duroc) in nonestrus stages of the reproductive cycle received either a single or a daily intravaginal application of 2.0% WHI‐07 via a gel‐microemulsion for 6 days. Cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) fluid was obtained for up to 72 h after a single exposure and the cellular profile and levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐8, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α) were quantitated by flow cytometry and chemiluminescence‐based multiplex immunoassay, respectively. The reproductive tract (vagina, cervix, uteri and Fallopian tubes) harvested on day 7 was scored histologically for evidence of mucosal irritation using a new scoring criterion for ten histological endpoints that reflect pathological changes in the epithelial/ subepithelial and vascular/perivascular compartments. When compared with irritant reactions caused by the detergent‐type spermicide, benzalkonium chloride (BZK), the scatter profile of CVL immune cells and basal levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐8, IFN‐γ and TNF‐α) in CVL fluid were unaffected by intravaginal exposure to 2% WHI‐07. Unlike BZK, endpoint histology of the proximal and distal regions of the reproductive tract from gilts treated with 2.0% WHI‐07 via gel‐microemulsion for 6 days did not result in mucosal irritation or alteration in the epithelium, subepithelium/lamina propria, vessels/perivascular tissues and underlying/surrounding muscles. Based on surrogate markers for inflammation, leukocyte profile and histologic data for local tolerance, repeated intravaginal administration of WHI‐07 via gel‐microemulsion as a prophylactic contraceptive is unlikely to cause vaginal irritation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of elapsed time following bleaching on the shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel
Authors: Unlu Nimet , Cobankara Funda Kont , Ozer Fusun
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of post‐treatment time on the shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel after bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) and 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) bleaching systems. One hundred and thirty‐five flattened labial enamel surfaces obtained from human mandibular incisors were divided into two bleaching groups of 10% CP (n = 60) and 35% HP (n = 60) and a control group (n = 15). Specimens in the control group (group 1) were not bleached. Each bleaching group was then divided into four subgroups (n = 15). For both CP and HP groups, group 2 consisted of specimens bonded immediately after bleaching. In groups 3, 4, and 5, specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 24 h, 1 week, or 2 weeks after bleaching, respectively. After the specimens were bonded with Clearfil SE Bond and Clearfil ST, they were tested in shear until failure. For both CP and HP groups, shear bond strength of composite resin to enamel that was bonded immediately after bleaching was significantly lower than that of unbleached enamel (p < 0.05). However, in CP group restored after 24 h, the bond strength returned to values close to those of nonbleached enamel (p > 0.05). It took 1 week to return to conditions that lead to control bond values for HP bleaching applications (p > 0.05). The results of this study proved that immediate bonding of composite to enamel bleached with 10% CP and 35% HP gels result in a significant decrease in shear bond strength. It is advisable that composite resin application onto bleached enamel surfaces should be delayed at least 24 h for 10% CP and 1 week for 35% HP. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2008
Morphology and development of teeth and epidermal brushes in loricariid catfishes
Authors: Geerinckx Tom , De Poorter Joris , Adriaens Dominique
Published: July 2007

Loricariidae or suckermouth armored catfishes are one of several aquatic taxa feeding on epilithic and epiphytic algae. Their upper and lower jaws bear exquisitely curved teeth, which usually are asymmetrically bicuspid. The enlarged lower lip carries papillae with keratinous unicellular epidermal brushes or unculi. Teeth, and probably unculi too, assist in scraping food off substrates. Their morphology, growth, and replacement is examined and compared among several loricariid species, using cleared and stained specimens, serial sections, and SEM. Apart from the general tooth form and crown shape, the anterior layer of soft tissue on the lower shaft region, present in several species, appears to be a specialization for enhancing the mobility of individual teeth when scraping on uneven surfaces. During early ontogeny, a transition from simple conical to mature tooth occurs. The first unculi appear together with the first teeth carrying a bicuspid crown, 2 days after the first exogenous feeding, but synchronous with the complete resorption of the yolk sac. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐throughput mass spectrometry: the mechanism of sudan azo dye fragmentation by ESI tandem mass spectrometry and extensive deuterium labeling experiments
Authors: Di Donna Leonardo , De Nino Antonio , Maiuolo Loredana , Mazzotti Fabio , Napoli Anna , Salerno Raffaele , Sindona Giovanni
Published: July 2007

The investigation of the gas‐phase chemistry of azo compounds by mass spectrometry dates back to the introduction of this peculiar research field into the armory of physical organic chemistry tools. The mechanism of the fragmentation of the azo double bond from the protonated precursor is discussed with reference to the behavior of deuterium‐labeled reference compounds. The investigated molecules belong to the sudan family and the results can be used for the detection of these potential carcinogenic compounds in different matrices by means of the isotope dilution method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring consumer involvement in products: Developing a general scale
Authors: Traylor Mark B. , Joseph W. Benoy
Published: July 2007

This article reports initial work in developing an improved consumer involvement measure that can be applied across a number of product categories. The intent
was to develop a short, easy‐to‐use scale that practitioners could use in a variety of consumer research settings, especially field designs. Factor analysis was used to reduce a list of 22 items to a final list of 6 items. The preliminary evidence on reliability and validity is encouraging, and suggestions are made for further testing of this new scale.
Manipulating dissonance to improve mail survey response
Authors: Furse David H. , Stewart David W.
Published: July 2007

Despite the large amount of research on mail questionnaires, there has been little effort toward the development of a questionnaire response theory that might guide the design of mail survey research. The authors conceptualize mail questionnaire response as a series of responses to a set of stimuli rather than a single decision to respond or not respond. A review of the mail survey response literature is provided and cognitive dissonance theory is used to explain why particular techniques are effective. Four types of nonrespondents are identified and suggestions are provided for the use of incentives, prenotification, follow‐up contacts, type of postage, and cover letter treatments.
Brain wave analysis in advertising research. Validation from basic research & independent replications
Authors: Weinstein Sidney , Drozdenko Ronald , Weinstein Curt
Published: July 2007

Evidence is presented from both basic and applied EEG studies which validates the use of EEG methods as evaluators of advertising effectiveness. Despite variations in methodology and interpretation, there is considerable consensus on the ability of the EEG to reflect cognitive and attentive processes. Studies are also cited which have independently replicated our findings on the relationship of EEG to recall, frequency of ad exposure, and advertising content. New research data from our laboratory are presented on the relationships of brain response and respondents' ratings to purchase simulation. Cross‐validation of advertising research methods is also discussed.
A developmental study of preference for advertised toys
Authors: Fischer Mary Ann
Published: July 2007

The hypothesis was tested that five‐year‐olds would be more easily persuaded than eight‐year‐olds to prefer certain toys after viewing ads for these toys. Forty kindergarteners and forty third graders viewed either a control commerical or an ad for a toy they had ranked fourth out of a group of seven toys shown to them in a preference task. After viewing, they repeated the preference task. The dependent variable was the post viewing rank of the toy that had been ranked fourth prior to viewing. Analysis of variance revealed only a significant grade by viewing condition interaction in which the older children liked the toy significantly better if they had viewed a commercial for it. Younger children showed no significant viewing effects. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for cognitive variables which may be responsible for the age differences in the effects of exposure to television commercials.
Dreams, fairy tales, animals, and cars
Authors: Levy Sidney J.
Published: July 2007

With growing interest in qualitative research beyond its popular use in focus groups, a greater appreciation of the potential of projective techniques is recommended. Examples are given to illustrate the variety of methods available, and how they may be practically applied in research projects to elicit rich information about perception of products and brands, and about characteristics of respondents.
Problem‐definition in marketing research: Facilitating dialog between clients and researchers
Authors: Jones Sue
Published: July 2007

The nature of the client‐researcher relationship and the psychology of problem‐definition as a personal interpretative process is examined. It is argued that researchers who work within norms of rational‐science objectivity and do not pay attention to learning about their clients' particular, subjective problem‐definitions do so at the potential cost of their own recommendations being ignored. An explicit modeling technique for facilitating problem definition is presented.
The effects of television advertising execution on recall, comprehension, and persuasion
Authors: Stewart David W. , Furse David H.
Published: July 2007

The present study fills a gap in the advertising effects literature for a large‐sample comprehensive study of the impact of general message factors on recall and persuasion measures of advertising performance. An analysis of executional factors in 1059 television commercials revealed that the presence of a brand differentiating message accounted for more variance in persuasion than other executional factors. Recall and persuasion performance were more closely related for new products than for established products. A brand differentiating claim in the commercial was the most important single executional factor affecting advertising effectiveness.
Frugality: A cross‐national moderator of the price‐quality relationship
Authors: Pettit Kathy L. , Sawa Sonja L. , Sawa Ghazi H.
Published: July 2007

Despite numerous studies of the effect of price information on perceived quality, the existence of a generalized price‐quality relationship is still uncertain. Methodological differences among studies make comparisons difficult. Additionally, individual difference variables have been largely ignored in the extant research. The current study investigated and found a significant mediating effect of a personal value—frugality—on the price‐perceived quality relationship, as well as on the relationship between price cues and purchasing estimates. The nature of the moderating role of frugality on imputed quality was found to be similar for consumers of two nationalities. Thus, the usefulness of employing frugality as a cross‐national segmentation variable is suggested.
Values, expectations from the marketing system and product expectations
Authors: Prakash Ved , Munson J. Michael
Published: July 2007

This paper suggests a theoretic basis for relating personal values, consumer expectations from the marketing system, and product expectations. More specifically, it suggests that personal values influence the consumer's normative standards regarding the marketing system, and that values and marketing system expectations together determine the consumer's expectations regarding product attributes. These relationships are empirically tested across three product classes and two ethnic groups—Blacks and Whites. Results indicate that among each ethnic group values are significantly related to marketing system expectations, which in turn are significantly related to product expectations. Additionally, the importance and function of specific value dimensions vary by ethnicity, and implications for research in the areas of personal values, satisfaction, and marketing strategy are discussed.
Implications for value research: A macro vs. micro perspective
Authors: Reynolds Thomas J.
Published: July 2007

The relation between macro approaches to research on consumer values, such as VALS, and micro approaches, such as the Means‐End Model, is discussed. The relevances of the Means‐End Model, represented by the attribute—consequence—value hierarchy, to judgment tasks of psychological distance and preference evaluation are reviewed. Specifics of the research methods and analysis procedures required to investigate the relative contribution of means‐end theory to explaining the underlying processes of these two judgment tasks are detailed.
Color and contrast in magazine advertising
Authors: Schindler Pamela S.
Published: July 2007

Color in advertising is used to increase the impact of an ad. However, indiscriminant use of color can sacrifice contrast, thereby reducing legibility and readability, and decreasing the effectiveness of the ad. This descriptive study evaluates the application of contrast principles in color print advertising, concluding that, at best, marketers are inconsistent in using color to enhance the impact of their advertising.
Whose lifestyle is it anyway?
Authors: Dichter Ernest
Published: July 2007

The pitfalls inherent in noble efforts to classify lifestyles and values are discussed. The complexity and the dynamic—sometimes contradictory—nature of personality and attitudes prohibit any such facile labeling. A number of interrelating factors must be taken into account in discussions of motivation and lifestyle.
Ethnicity, acculturation, and the importance of product attributes
Authors: Faber Ronald J. , O'Guinn Thomas C. , McCarty John A.
Published: July 2007

This investigation examined the relationship between subcultural group membership and the importance of various product attributes in purchase decisions. Subcultural group membership was defined on the basis of Hispanic ethnicity and level of assessed acculturation. The results indicate that cost considerations such as price and the availability of credit best distinguish these groups. This is particularly meaningful, given that these results persist even when income level is statistically controlled. The second major purpose of the investigation was to test the appropriateness of the traditional progressive learning model of acculturation within the specific buyer behavioral context of product attribute importance. The findings clearly indicate support for this model.
Values of middle‐class blacks and whites: A replication and extension
Authors: Goldsmith Ronald E. , White J. Dennis , Stith Mew T.
Published: July 2007

This study gathered ratings of the importance of the 36 Rokeach terminal and instrumental values from 37 black adults, 53 white adults, 105 black and 113 white students. The purpose was to replicate Ness and Stith's (1984) [Ness, T. E., and Smith, M. T. (1984). Middle‐class values in blacks and whites. In Pitts, R. E., and Woodside, A. G. (Eds.), Personal values and consumer psychology (pp. 231–237). Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath & Co.] finding that black adults rated many of these values higher than did white adults at the same socioeconomic level. The results support this finding. Black students rated many of the values higher than white students, and students in general rated many of the values higher than did adults in general. Measuring and controlling for two response sets, yeasaying and social desirability, showed that the race difference for the adult subsample could not be ascribed to these artifacts, but that many apparent age differences in value ratings could be accounted for by response set effects.
Effects of Message Modality and Appeal on Advertising Acceptance
Authors: Liu Scott S. , Stout Patricia A.
Published: July 2007

Differences in emotional response, cognitive response, attitude toward the ad and attitude toward the brand were observed after subjects were exposed to advertising messages of different modalities (audiovisual vs. audio‐only) and appeals (rational vs. emotional). Hypothesized causal models depicting the relationships among the dependent measures were tested using LISREL. Results sup ported the mediating roles of both emotional and cognitive responses in the acceptance of advertising messages.