bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indoor particle dynamics in schools: Determination of air exchange rate, size-resolved particle deposition rate and penetration factor in real-life conditions
Authors: Tran Dinh Trinh , Alleman Laurent Y , Coddeville Patrice , Galloo Jean-Claude
Published: October 2015

Indoor and outdoor airborne particles, CO, CO2 levels and comfort parameters were monitored at two naturally ventilated elementary schools (S1 and S2). This paper studies the variation of ventilation rate during lectures, recreations, lunchtime and after class. Additionally, mass balance equations were used to estimate the particle deposition rates and penetration factors for different particle size fractions. The originality of the present work resides in taking advantage of occupants’ activities as sources of indoor particles and tracer gas CO2 used to simultaneously estimate the above-mentioned parameters in different scenarios. This simple approach makes the determination of indoor particle dynamics more effective, and allows reducing the cost of indoor air quality studies. During the class, the ventilation rates at S1 and S2 fluctuated largely from day to day, with respective average values of 10.08 m3/h/p and 7.92 m3/h/p, significantly lower than the ASHRAE acceptable value (18 m3/h/p) in classrooms. The particle deposition loss rate coefficients for 0.3–10 µm particles dramatically increased from 0.16–0.18 h−1 for the 0.3–0.5 µm fraction to 1.81–2.31 h−1 for the 7.5–10 µm fraction, while their corresponding penetration factors declined from 0.94 to 0.30, respectively. The difference in deposition rate between schools was probably associated to discrepancies in particle density.
Design of novel high-performance Al–Cu–Mg alloys containing Zn and Li
Authors: Chen Zhiguo , Ren Jieke , Yang Wenling , Fang Liang
Published: October 2015

To design novel high-performance aluminium alloys, the properties and microstructure of Al–4.2Cu–1.4Mg alloy containing Zn and Li have been investigated by tensile tests, fatigue crack propagation test, slow strain-rate tensile test, Kahn tear test, scanning electron micrography and transmission electron micrography. The stress corrosion cracking resistance and toughness of Al–4.2Cu–1.2Mg alloy can be markedly improved by small Zn addition. Independent Li addition has no significant effect on the corrosion resistance of Al–4.2Cu–1.2Mg alloy, but the tensile strength is improved and the fatigue crack propagation is restrained. Small Zn addition promotes the precipitation of S′ phase during age treatment, and the grain boundary precipitates are scarcer than those of the base alloy. The co-effect of Li and Zn addition promotes the fine and dispersed precipitation of the S′ (non-equilibrium Al2CuMg) phases in Al–4.2Cu–1.2Mg alloy. The comprehensive performance (the fracture toughness, tensile properties, stress corrosion resistance and fatigue crack propagation resistance) of Al–4.2Cu–1.2Mg alloy with 0.25% Zn and 1.0%Li is outstanding. This alloy could lay the foundation for the design of new aluminium alloys.
Silent professionalization: EU integration and the professional socialization of public officials in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Meyer-Sahling Jan-Hinrik , Lowe Will , van Stolk Christian
Published: October 2015

This paper applies theories of international socialization to examine the impact of European Union contact on the professional socialization of public officials in Central and Eastern Europe. Based on a survey of officials in seven new member states, the paper finds that daily work on European Union issues is associated with favourable attitudes towards merit-based civil service governance. The distinction between types of European Union contact shows that officials dealing with ‘reception’-related European Union activities such as the transposition and implementation of European Union policies develop more meritocratic attitudes. By contrast, ‘projection’-related activities that involve personal contact with European Union officials have no effect. The paper concludes that the small but consistent impact of European Union contact on professional socialization promotes the silent professionalization of public administration in Central and Eastern Europe.
Emotion work in a mental health service setting
Authors: Sjølie Hege , Binder Per-Einar , Dundas Ingrid
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this article is to describe emotion work within a crisis resolution home treatment team in Norway. As defined by Hochschild, “emotion work” refers to managing one’s emotions according to what is culturally acceptable within a particular situation. A crisis resolution home treatment team is of particular interest when studying emotion work, because it represents a working environment where mental health crises and suicidal threat are common and where managing emotions is necessary for the team to function well. We aimed to expand current knowledge of the particular ways in which emotion work may be done by observing and describing the daily work of such a team. Our analyses showed that team members’ emotion work had five main features: (1) emotional expression was common and there seemed to be an informal rule that “vulnerable” emotions could be expressed; (2) emotional expression was most commonly observed in post-event discussions of challenging events or service users; (3) emotional expression facilitated digesting or processing of the event with the help of a fellow team member; (4) emotional expression was met with validation and support; and (5) this support seemed to increase mentalization and understanding of the situation and could be offered only by other team members. An implication of these findings is that informal exchanges of emotion are a necessary part of the work and cannot occur outside of the work context.
Stent-based thrombectomy versus intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischaemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Grech Reuben , Schembri Mark , Thornton John
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To date only a few studies have compared the effectiveness and functional outcomes of stent retrievers versus intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stoke. Our aim was to identify and collate all the available data and to assess for statistical differences in patient outcomes between the two treatments.

Materials and methods

We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies with a randomised controlled design which utilised stentrievers and intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke.

Results

Five randomised controlled studies published in 2015 were identified. Second-generation thrombectomy devices constituted at least 80% of thrombectomy devices in the included studies, namely MR CLEAN, ESCAPE, EXTEND-IA, SWIFT PRIME and REVASCAT. No significant heterogeneity was seen in the included studies and the five trials were therefore included in the meta-analysis. A total of 46.10% of patients treated with stentrievers achieved an independent functional outcome (mRS < 2) at 90 days compared with 26.46% of those treated with intravenous thrombolysis with an odds ratio of 2.40 ( p < 0.001). The weighted recanalisation mean in the thrombectomy arms was 76.02%. A lower mortality rate was observed with stentrievers compared to intravenous thrombolysis (15.33% vs 18.74%; OR 0.81, p = 0.15). Stentrievers were also associated with a lower risk of symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage (7.86% vs 8.64%; OR 1.02, p = 0.93). The differences in the secondary/safety outcomes were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Stentrievers can achieve a high rate of recanalisation and functional independence in acute ischaemic stroke and have a relatively good safety profile. Our meta-analysis demonstrates a clear benefit of an intra-arterial mechanical approach vs standard treatment.
Electromechanical dynamic analysis for the drum driving system of the long-wall shearer
Authors: Liu Changzhao , Qin Datong , Liao Yinghua
Published: October 2015

The drum driving system is one of the weakest parts of the long-wall shearer, and some methods are also needed to monitor and control the long-wall shearer to adapt to the important trend of unmanned operation in future mining systems. Therefore, it is essential to conduct an electromechanical dynamic analysis for the drum driving system of the long-wall shearer. First, a torsional dynamic model of planetary gears is proposed which is convenient to be connected to the electric motor model for electromechanical dynamic analysis. Next, an electromechanical dynamic model for the drum driving system is constructed including the electric motor, the gear transmission system, and the drum. Then, the electromechanical dynamic characteristics are simulated when the shock loads are acted on the drum driving system. Finally, some advices are proposed for improving the reliability, monitoring the operating state, and choosing the control signals of the long-wall shearer based on the simulation.
Resistant cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Cherng Benjamin Pei Zhi , Tan Thuan Tong , Tan Ban Hock
Published: October 2015

Resistant cytomegalovirus infection is a significant problem in the transplant population including renal transplant recipients. A combination of factors including receipt of potent immunosuppression, high viral loads and suboptimal levels of anti-cytomegalovirus antivirals leads to emergence of resistant strains. Reports of associated poor graft survival and mortality demonstrate the potential pathogenic nature of such strains. Genotypic and phenotypic resistance testing are available for laboratory diagnosis of resistant cytomegalovirus infection and may help guide therapy. Various agents, including novel and newly minted antivirals and treatment approaches have been employed, with variable success. Thus, in spite of major advances in both diagnostics and therapeutics, management of resistant cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplant recipients remains a challenging prospect.
Known or knowing publics? Social media data mining and the question of public agency
Authors: Kennedy Helen , Moss Giles
Published: October 2015

New methods to analyse social media data provide a powerful way to know publics and capture what they say and do. At the same time, access to these methods is uneven, with corporations and governments tending to have best access to relevant data and analytics tools. Critics raise a number of concerns about the implications dominant uses of data mining and analytics may have for the public: they result in less privacy, more surveillance and social discrimination, and they provide new ways of controlling how publics come to be represented and so understood. In this paper, we consider if a different relationship between the public and data mining might be established, one in which publics might be said to have greater agency and reflexivity vis-à-vis data power. Drawing on growing calls for alternative data regimes and practices, we argue that to enable this different relationship, data mining and analytics need to be democratised in three ways: they should be subject to greater public supervision and regulation, available and accessible to all, and used to create not simply known but reflexive, active and knowing publics. We therefore imagine conditions in which data mining is not just used as a way to know publics, but can become a means for publics to know themselves.
Exploring EFL Teachers’ Cognitive Models Through Metaphor Analysis
Authors: Xiong Hui , Li Lan , Qu Yingmei
Published: October 2015

This study aims to investigate how a group of Chinese university teachers developed their cognitive models by using “English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers” metaphors. The research method includes an open-ended questionnaire, a checklist questionnaire, and verbal reports. The goal for this research is twofold. First, we will present those metaphors we believe to be the most frequently used or most central in shaping the thoughts or ideas they have had for EFL teaching and learning. Second, we will provide a description of their internal process of developing cognitive models, as well as factors that could account for such models. The findings showed that (a) most of us had three ways of understanding EFL teachers in terms of the educational journey metaphor, the educational building metaphor, and the educational conduit metaphor; (b) we used such a cluster of converging cognitive models as the instructor model, the transmitter model, and the builder model to construct definitions for EFL teachers, with the instructor model as a central model; and (c) metaphor can actually serve as a useful, effective, and analytic tool for making us aware of the cognitive model underlying our conceptual framework.
Engagement of the B-cell receptor of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells drives global and MYC-specific mRNA translation
Authors: Yeomans Alison , Thirdborough Stephen M. , Valle-Argos Beatriz , Linley Adam , Krysov Sergey , Hidalgo Marina Sanchez , Leonard Elodie , Ishfaq Muhammad , Wagner Simon D. , Willis Anne E. , Steele Andrew J. , Stevenson Freda K. , Forconi Francesco , Coldwell Mark J. , Packham Graham
Published: October 2015

Key Points

BCR stimulation promotes mRNA translation in CLL cells, including of the oncoprotein, MYC, and is inhibited by ibrutinib or tamatinib. Differences in mechanisms of regulation of mRNA translation in CLL and normal blood B cells may highlight potential targets for therapy.
Inflammatory mediators in intra-abdominal sepsis or injury – a scoping review
Authors: Xiao Zhengwen , Wilson Crystal , Robertson Helen Lee , Roberts Derek J. , Ball Chad G. , Jenne Craig N. , Kirkpatrick Andrew W.
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Inflammatory and protein mediators (cytokine, chemokine, acute phase proteins) play an important, but still not completely understood, role in the morbidity and mortality of intra-abdominal sepsis/injury. We therefore systematically reviewed preclinical and clinical studies of mediators in intra-abdominal sepsis/injury in order to evaluate their ability to: (1) function as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers; (2) serve as therapeutic targets; and (3) illuminate the pathogenesis mechanisms of sepsis or injury-related organ dysfunction.

Methods

We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library. Two investigators independently reviewed all identified abstracts and selected articles for full-text review. We included original studies assessing mediators in intra-abdominal sepsis/injury.

Results

Among 2437 citations, we selected 182 studies in the scoping review, including 79 preclinical and 103 clinical studies. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein appear to be useful to rule out infection or monitor therapy; however, the diagnostic and prognostic value of mediators for complications/outcomes of sepsis or injury remains to be established. Peritoneal mediator levels are substantially higher than systemic levels after intra-abdominal infection/trauma. Common limitations of current studies included small sample sizes and lack of uniformity in study design and outcome measures. To date, targeted therapies against mediators remain experimental.

Conclusions

Whereas preclinical data suggests mediators play a critical role in intra-abdominal sepsis or injury, there is no consensus on the clinical use of mediators in diagnosing or managing intra-abdominal sepsis or injury. Measurement of peritoneal mediators should be further investigated as a more sensitive determinant of intra-abdominal inflammatory response. High-quality clinical trials are needed to better understand the role of inflammatory mediators.
Aetiological overlap between obsessive–compulsive related and
anxiety disorder symptoms: Multivariate twin study
Authors: López-Solà Clara , Fontenelle Leonardo F. , Bui Minh , Hopper John L. , Pantelis Christos , Yücel Murat , Menchón José M. , Alonso Pino , Harrison Ben J.
Published: October 2015

Background

The aetiological boundary between obsessive–compulsive related disorders
(OCRDs) including obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and anxiety
disorders is unclear and continues to generate debate.

Aims

To determine the genetic overlap and the pattern of causal relationships
among OCRDs and anxiety disorders.

Method

Multivariate twin modelling methods and a new regression analysis to
infer causation were used, involving 2495 male and female twins.

Results

The amount of common genetic liability observed for OCD symptoms was
higher when considering anxiety disorders and OCRDs in the model
v. modelling OCRD symptoms alone. OCD symptoms
emerged as risk factors for the presence of generalised anxiety, panic
and hoarding symptoms, whereas social phobia appeared as a risk factor
for OCD symptoms.

Conclusions

OCD represents a complex phenotype that includes important shared
features with anxiety disorders and OCRDs. The novel patterns of risk
identified between OCD and anxiety disorder may help to explain their
frequent co-occurrence.
Embryonic Poly(A)-Binding Protein (EPAB) Is Required for Granulosa Cell EGF Signaling and Cumulus Expansion in Female Mice
Authors: Yang Cai-Rong , Lowther Katie M. , Lalioti Maria D. , Seli Emre
Published: October 2015

Embryonic poly(A)-binding protein (EPAB) is the predominant poly(A)-binding protein in Xenopus, mouse, and human oocytes and early embryos before zygotic genome activation. EPAB is required for translational activation of maternally stored mRNAs in the oocyte and Epab−/− female mice are infertile due to impaired oocyte maturation, cumulus expansion, and ovulation. The aim of this study was to characterize the mechanism of follicular somatic cell dysfunction in Epab−/− mice. Using a coculture system of oocytectomized cumulus oophorus complexes (OOXs) with denuded oocytes, we found that when wild-type OOXs were cocultured with Epab−/− oocytes, or when Epab−/− OOXs were cocultured with WT oocytes, cumulus expansion failed to occur in response to epidermal growth factor (EGF). This finding suggests that oocytes and cumulus cells (CCs) from Epab−/− mice fail to send and receive the necessary signals required for cumulus expansion. The abnormalities in Epab−/− CCs are not due to lower expression of the oocyte-derived factors growth differentiation factor 9 or bone morphogenetic protein 15, because Epab−/− oocytes express these proteins at comparable levels with WT. Epab−/− granulosa cells (GCs) exhibit decreased levels of phosphorylated MEK1/2, ERK1/2, and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase in response to lutenizing hormone and EGF treatment, as well as decreased phosphorylation of the EGF receptor. In conclusion, EPAB, which is oocyte specific, is required for the ability of CCs and GCs to become responsive to LH and EGF signaling. These results emphasize the importance of oocyte-somatic communication for GC and CC function.
Richard Mosse’s Enclave
Authors: Frizzell Deborah
Published: October 2015

The Irish artist Richard Mosse’s The Enclave (2013), a six-screen video, photography, and sound installation made over several years in and around Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo, was featured in the Pavilion of Ireland at the Fifty-fifth Venice Biennale and at Jack Shainman Gallery, New York. Shot with infrared Kodak Aerochrome film, Mosse’s Enclave became a locus for debates about contemporary aesthetic strategies, especially within photography, and the ethics of deploying the shock of the sublime to elicit both empathy and questioning, exposing the viewer/participant to the tensions of attraction and aversion that oscillate within the sublime. I argue that Mosse’s visual/aural strategies, by running counter to those programmed within the image supply chain dominated by mass-produced culture, set in motion jarring ambiguities that an uneasy audience must struggle with or at least decode. Mosse engages the critical points at which given sign systems break down, become porous or malleable, and where glitches and short circuits upset our blasé habits and routines of consumption. His installations pose questions about how we read meaning in the texts and images that structure our experience and our understanding of cultural representation. Thus Mosse’s work highlights the limitations of photojournalism and photography by mixing the contingent and abstract, the symbolic and political, evoking the precariousness of life as experienced in the continuing cycles of war, armed conflicts, and systematic tactics of violence that mark our era.
Inner Screens and Cybernetic Battlefields
Authors: Sudlow Brian
Published: October 2015

José Padilha’s new RoboCop (2014) film can be read in the light of Paul Virilio’s theoretical work, notably Desert Screen. RoboCop serves as the city’s warrior but also as a munition in the hands of global media forces. Still, even if the film presents the fallibility of robotic technology, its true failure is in sustaining the progressivist myth of technology perfectly under human control.
Rewriting Modernity
Authors: McCaffrey Enda
Published: October 2015

This article rereads Paul Virilio, drawing on the distinction between topography and topology to argue a case for Virilio as a rewriter of modernity. Invoking Jean-François Lyotard’s notion of rewriting modernity as an unbroken process of accumulation founded on affective life in “Re-writing Modernity” and “Argumentation and Presentation: The Foundation Crisis,” it enlists topology as a horizontal spatial structure that enables us to rethink space, time, and modernity outside the limits of the “squared horizon,” where the “squared horizon” is viewed as a spatial and textual metaphor for framing perspectives on the past, present, and future. The analysis deconstructs the topography of the “squared horizon” as a relationality in an unfolding continuum, where spaces exist ontologically and where the immaterial forces of the dromospheric and the atmospheric generate a relational and historical connectedness.
Generation and analysis of knock-in mice carrying pseudohypoaldosteronism type II-causing mutations in the cullin 3 gene
Authors: Araki Yuya , Rai Tatemitsu , Sohara Eisei , Mori Takayasu , Inoue Yuichi , Isobe Kiyoshi , Kikuchi Eriko , Ohta Akihito , Sasaki Sei , Uchida Shinichi
Published: October 2015

Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II (PHAII) is a hereditary hypertensive disease caused by mutations in four different genes: with-no-lysine kinases (WNK) 1 and 4, Kelch-like family member 3 (KLHL3), and cullin 3 (Cul3). Cul3 and KLHL3 form an E3 ligase complex that ubiquitinates and reduces the expression level of WNK4. PHAII-causing mutations in WNK4 and KLHL3 impair WNK4 ubiquitination. However, the molecular pathogenesis of PHAII caused by Cul3 mutations is unclear. In cultured cells and human leukocytes, PHAII-causing Cul3 mutations result in the skipping of exon 9, producing mutant Cul3 protein lacking 57 amino acids. However, whether this phenomenon occurs in the kidneys and is responsible for the pathogenesis of PHAII in vivo is unknown. We generated knock-in mice carrying a mutation in the C-terminus of intron 8 of Cul3, c.1207−1G>A, which corresponds to a PHAII-causing mutation in the human Cul3 gene. Heterozygous Cul3G(−1)A/+ knock-in mice did not exhibit PHAII phenotypes, and the skipping of exon 9 was not evident in their kidneys. However, the level of Cul3 mRNA expression in the kidneys of heterozygous knock-in mice was approximately half that of wild-type mice. Furthermore, homozygous knock-in mice were nonviable. It suggested that the mutant allele behaved like a knockout allele and did not produce Cul3 mRNA lacking exon 9. A reduction in Cul3 expression alone was not sufficient to develop PHAII in the knock-in mice. Our findings highlighted the pathogenic role of mutant Cul3 protein and provided insight to explain why PHAII-causing mutations in Cul3 cause kidney-predominant PHAII phenotypes.
Evolution of enlarged body size of coal tits Parus ater in geographic isolation from two larger competitors, the crested tit Parus cristatus and the willow tit Parus montanus, on six Scandinavian islands
Authors: Norberg R. Åke , Lindhe Norberg Ulla M.
Published: October 2015

Here, we report that on six widely separated Scandinavian islands, the coal tit Parus ater has evolved morphologically in the direction of two absent competitors, the crested tit P. cristatus and the willow tit P. montanus, to the effect that it is up to 10% larger in linear dimensions than conspecifics on the adjacent Swedish mainland, where all three species coexist. The large size is genetically determined, as ascertained by clutch exchange experiments between island and mainland nests. We conclude that the increased size of P. ater in places where it is geographically isolated from its larger congeners is the result of evolutionary adaptation, due ultimately to relaxed interspecific competition. On the islands, P. ater has evolved into a medium-sized generalist, with selection pressures likely governed by the following causal relationships. When competitors are lacking, P. ater takes over the foraging space of the absentees. The enlarged food base allows higher population densities, which intensifies intraspecific interference competition. This, in turn, selects for increased body size. When P. ater coexists with its larger congeners, it occupies peripheral foraging sites in trees, which requires excellent manoeuvrability and energy-expensive locomotion modes. Reduction of body size increases locomotor capacity for mechanical and aerodynamic reasons and lowers energy consumption, so small size is favoured in sympatry. But in geographic isolation, P. ater exploits the tree periphery less and the inner tree regions more, and it also adopts the easier locomotion modes of the absent species. Therefore, selection for manoeuvrability and a small body size is relaxed. The new selection regime shifts the balance between opposing selection forces towards a larger body size. We were able to test 11 alternative hypotheses and available evidence conclusively eliminates them all. As a result, here, evolution could be predicted regarding both direction and amount of change.
Cdc42 regulates epithelial cell polarity and cytoskeletal function in kidney tubule development
Authors: Elias Bertha C. , Das Amrita , Parekh Diptiben V. , Mernaugh Glenda , Adams Rebecca , Yang Zhufeng , Brakebusch Cord , Pozzi Ambra , Marciano Denise K. , Carroll Thomas J. , Zent Roy
Published: October 2015

The Rho GTPase Cdc42 regulates key signaling pathways required for multiple cell functions, including maintenance of shape, polarity, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Although previous studies have shown that Cdc42 is required for proper epithelial development and maintenance, its exact molecular function in kidney development is not well understood. In this study, we define the specific role of Cdc42 during murine kidney epithelial tubulogenesis by deleting it selectively at the initiation of ureteric bud or metanephric mesenchyme development. Deletion in either lineage results in abnormal tubulogenesis, with profound defects in polarity, lumen formation, and the actin cytoskeleton. Ultimately, these defects lead to renal failure. Additionally, in vitro analysis of Cdc42-null collecting duct cells shows that Cdc42 controls these processes by regulating the polarity Par complex (Par3/Par6/aPKC/Cdc42) and the cytoskeletal proteins N-Wasp and ezrin. Thus, we conclude that the principal role of Cdc42 in ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme development is to regulate epithelial cell polarity and the actin cytoskeleton.
Neuregulin 1-mediated ErbB2/ErbB3 signalling protects human trophoblasts against apoptosis to preserve differentiation
Authors: Fock Valerie , Plessl Kerstin , Draxler Peter , Otti Gerlinde Regina , Fiala Christian , Knöfler Martin , Pollheimer Jürgen
Published: October 2015

During placentation foetal trophoblasts invade deeply into maternal tissue to establish a foeto-maternal circulation. We have previously shown that extravillous trophoblast (EVT) lineage cells express ErbB2/ErbB3, whose potential as oncogenic unit is well established. However, a physiological function of this receptor combination in humans remains a puzzling question. Here we could demonstrate neuregulin (NRG) 1 expression and secretion by human decidual stromal cells. Stimulation of human primary trophoblasts with exogenous NRG1 induced phosphorylation of ErbB2, ErbB3 and related downstream effectors. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the formation of ErbB2/ErbB3 dimers upon ligand engagement. Along this line, receptor knockdowns and ErbB3 neutralization strongly diminished NRG1-dependent activation of the signalling unit. Functional studies revealed that NRG1 promotes EVT formation in placental explant cultures. While in the presence of NRG1 basal and camptothecin-induced trophoblast apoptosis was significantly repressed, this effect was abolished upon ErbB3 inhibition. Notably, camptothecin provoked a strong reduction of trophoblast cell columns in size, whereas NRG1-treated explants were refractory to the compound. Together, our findings highlight a novel physiological function of the NRG1/ErbB2/ErbB3 axis in trophoblast survival during human placental development.
The mechanosensory lateral line is used to assess opponents and mediate aggressive behaviors during territorial interactions in an African cichlid fish
Authors: Butler Julie M. , Maruska Karen P.
Published: October 2015

Fish must integrate information from multiple sensory systems to mediate adaptive behaviors. Visual, acoustic and chemosensory cues provide contextual information during social interactions, but the role of mechanosensory signals detected by the lateral line system during aggressive behaviors is unknown. The aim of this study was first to characterize the lateral line system of the African cichlid fish Astatotilapia burtoni and second to determine the role of mechanoreception during agonistic interactions. The A. burtoni lateral line system is similar to that of many other cichlid fishes, containing lines of superficial neuromasts on the head, trunk and caudal fin, and narrow canals. Astatotilapia burtoni males defend their territories from other males using aggressive behaviors that we classified as non-contact or contact. By chemically and physically ablating the lateral line system prior to forced territorial interactions, we showed that the lateral line system is necessary for mutual assessment of opponents and the use of non-contact fight behaviors. Our data suggest that the lateral line system facilitates the use of non-contact assessment and fight behaviors as a protective mechanism against physical damage. In addition to a role in prey detection, the diversity of lateral line morphology in cichlids may have also enabled the expansion of their social behavioral repertoire. To our knowledge, this is the first study to implicate the lateral line system as a mode of social communication necessary for assessment during agonistic interactions.
Glucocorticoids inhibit shaft fracture healing but not metaphyseal bone regeneration under stable mechanical conditions
Authors: Sandberg O. H. , Aspenberg P.
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Healing in cancellous metaphyseal bone might be different from midshaft fracture healing due to different access to mesenchymal stem cells, and because metaphyseal bone often heals without a cartilaginous phase. Inflammation plays an important role in the healing of a shaft fracture, but if metaphyseal injury is different, it is important to clarify if the role of inflammation is also different. The biology of fracture healing is also influenced by the degree of mechanical stability. It is unclear if inflammation interacts with stability-related factors.

Methods

We investigated the role of inflammation in three different models: a metaphyseal screw pull-out, a shaft fracture with unstable nailing (IM-nail) and a stable external fixation (ExFix) model. For each, half of the animals received dexamethasone to reduce inflammation, and half received control injections. Mechanical and morphometric evaluation was used.

Results

As expected, dexamethasone had a strong inhibitory effect on the healing of unstable, but also stable, shaft fractures. In contrast, dexamethasone tended to increase the mechanical strength of metaphyseal bone regenerated under stable conditions.

Conclusions

It seems that dexamethasone has different effects on metaphyseal and diaphyseal bone healing. This could be explained by the different role of inflammation at different sites of injury. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:170–175.
From Social to Sale: The Effects of Firm-Generated Content in Social Media on Customer Behavior
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Bezawada Ram , Rishika Rishika , Janakiraman Ramkumar , Kannan P.K.
Published: October 2015

Given the unprecedented reach of social media, firms are increasingly relying on it as a channel for marketing communication. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of firm-generated content (FGC) in social media on three key customer metrics: spending, cross-buying, and customer profitability. The authors further investigate the synergistic effects of FGC with television advertising and e-mail communication. To accomplish their objectives, the authors assemble a novel data set comprising customers’ social media participation data, transaction data, and attitudinal data obtained through surveys. The results indicate that after the authors account for the effects of television advertising and e-mail marketing, FGC has a positive and significant effect on customers’ behavior. The authors show that FGC works synergistically with both television advertising and e-mail marketing and also find that the effect of FGC is greater for more experienced, tech-savvy, and social media–prone customers. They propose and examine the effect of three characteristics of FGC: valence, receptivity, and customer susceptibility. The authors find that whereas all three components of FGC have a positive impact, the effect of FGC receptivity is the largest. The study offers critical managerial insights regarding how to leverage social media for better returns.
Selective Laser Sintering – Binding Mechanism And Assistance In Medical Applications
Authors: Mierzejewska Ż. A. , Markowicz W.
Published: October 2015

Rapid prototyping technology (RP), based on designing and computer aided manufacturing, is widely used in traditional branches of industry. Due to its ability to accurately and precisely manufacture designed elements of various dimensions and complicated geometry, this technology is more and more frequently applied in the field of biomedical engineering. Selective laser sintering (SLS) is a universal RP technique, utilizing a laser beam to sinter powdered materials and create three-dimensional objects. Data for producing parts for tissue replacement come from medical imaging capabilities and digital presentation of test results. This paper presents the following: general classification of RP methods, the concept and methodology of performing laser sintering, sintering mechanisms, and the application of elements manufactured using this technology in biomedical engineering, particularly for the production of scaffolds used in tissue cultures, skeletal and dental prostheses in dental implantation, manufacturing of custom-made implants that are individually adjusted to the patient, and for production of training models on which a team of surgeons can train a surgical technique.
Cold Cracking Of Underwater Wet Welded S355G10+N High Strength Steel
Authors: Fydrych D. , Łabanowski J. , Tomków J. , Rogalski G.
Published: October 2015

Water as the welding environment determines some essential problems influencing steel weldability. Underwater welding of high strength steel joints causes increase susceptibility to cold cracking, which is an effect of much faster heat transfer from the weld area and presence of diffusible hydrogen causing increased metal fragility. The paper evaluates the susceptibility to cold cracking of the high strength S355G10+N steel used, among others, for ocean engineering and hydrotechnical structures, which require underwater welding. It has been found from the CTS test results that the investigated steel is susceptible to cold cracking in the wet welding process.
The prehistoric human impact on slope development at the archaeological site in Smólsk (Kuyavian Lakeland)
Authors: Kittel Piotr
Published: October 2015

Periods of intense human impact on the relief and lithology of the area of the Smólsk site were recorded during geoarchaeological research accompanying archaeological field work. The phases of occupation of the area are known in detail from the results of the large-scale archaeological research of the site. The slope deposits with buried soils were recorded at the site area and researched in detail with the use of sedimentological, geochemical and micromorphological analyses. Beside geochronological deterioration, the chronology of the artefacts found in layers played an important role in the strict recognition of the age of deposits. The lower part of the studied slope cover is constituted by deluvium and the upper part by tillage diamicton. The origin and the development of the slope deposits are correlated with the phases of an intense prehistoric human impact as defined by the archaeological research. Four main phases of acceleration of slope processes were documented at the site and date to the Early Neolithic, the Middle Neolithic, the Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age.
Novel antibacterial bioactive glass nanocomposite functionalized with tetracycline hydrochloride
Authors: Rivadeneira Josefina , Luz Gisela M. , Audisio M. Carina , Mano João F. , Gorustovich Alejandro A.
Published: October 2015

To prevent the high frequency of wound infections, anti-bacterial agents can be loaded onto composites. In the present study, the antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TC)was incorporated, for the first time, in collagen type I membranes coated with nano-sized SiO2-CaOP2O5 bioactive glass (n-BG) obtained by a sol-gel chemical route.

Collagen membranes coated with n-BG were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) containing 0.25, 0.75 or 1.25 mg mL−1 of TC for 48 h at 37∘C following a coprecipitation method. The antibiotic was released in distilledwater at 37∘C for up to 72 h. The antibacterial activity of the composites was evaluated in vitro by the inhibition zone test and plate count method. Two different Staphylococcus aureus strains, S. aureus ATCC29213 and S. aureus ATCC25923, were exposed to the biomaterials. The results showed that the incorporation but not the release of TC was dependent on the initial concentration of TC in SBF. The biomaterials inhibited S. aureus growth, although the efficacy was similar for all the concentrations. The results allow us to conclude that the new composite could have potential in the prevention of wound infections.
Added value from European Territorial Co-operation: the impact of demographic change in the Alps on the young
Authors: Marot Naja , Gantar Damjana , Mali Barbara Černič
Published: October 2015

The article sets demographic change in the Alps in the framework of European Territorial Cooperation programs. A statistical overview of selected regions in five Alpine countries serves as a basis for further policy analysis. The latter was undertaken to reveal how transnational projects tackle youth issues, including the difficulties within the labour and real estate markets that appeared to be the most problematic factors influencing (out) migration of the youth. While there is only a minor recognition of the young in current policymaking on supranational, regional and local levels, the analysis showed that the added value of transnational programs for mountain regions and localities can be recognized in the development of multi-stakeholder environments, creating and transferring new solutions for the labour market as well as empowering youth participation in policy processes. However, the extent to which these solutions might contribute to overcoming the challenges of demographic change because of transnational programs is limited by various factors. Among these are the precise governance framework, administrative capacity, and population figures.
Data Mining as Support to Knowledge Management in Marketing
Authors: Zekić-Sušac Marijana , Has Adela
Published: October 2015

Background: Previous research has shown success of data mining methods in marketing. However, their integration in a knowledge management system is still not investigated enough.

Objectives: The purpose of this paper is to suggest an integration of two data mining techniques: neural networks and association rules in marketing modeling that could serve as an input to knowledge management and produce better marketing decisions.

Methods/Approach: Association rules and artificial neural networks are combined in a data mining component to discover patterns and customers’ profiles in frequent item purchases. The results of data mining are used in a web-based knowledge management component to trigger ideas for new marketing strategies. The model is tested by an experimental research.

Results: The results show that the suggested model could be efficiently used to recognize patterns in shopping behaviour and generate new marketing strategies.

Conclusions: The scientific contribution lies in proposing an integrative data mining approach that could present support to knowledge management. The research could be useful to marketing and retail managers in improving the process of their decision making, as well as to researchers in the area of marketing modelling. Future studies should include more samples and other data mining techniques in order to test the model generalization ability.
Industry Productivity Growth: A Network Perspective
Authors: Teng Joe , Wu Dazhong , Smith Fran
Published: October 2015

Background: This study investigates the determinants of industrial productivity growth from a network perspective.

Objectives: The research focuses on the influence on a focal industry’s productivity growth by its partner industries’ productivity growth, and the impact of the focal industry’s position in the supply chain network.

Method/Approach: The paper models the economy as a customer-supplier industry network and empirically investigates how a focal industry’s multifactor productivity is influenced by the productivities of industries that are connected to it, and how this influence is moderated by its position in the network.

Results: Based on a balanced panel dataset of 55 industries from the United States Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) input-output accounts, the results indicate that a focal industry’s productivity growth is positively associated with its partner industries’ productivity growth, and that industries with higher centrality in the network tend to have higher productivity growth.

Conclusions: The study concludes with a discussion on the implications of the findings and the contribution to the productivity literature. Several directions for further research were identified.
Patterns of Structural Change in the New EU Member States
Authors: Havlik Peter
Published: October 2015

This paper analyses the extent and impact of structural changes on aggregate economic growth that occurred in European economies during the past two decades, focusing on the new EU Member States of Central and Eastern Europe. After presenting some stylised facts related to employment and output restructuring, we use a conventional shift and share analysis in order to evaluate the impact of broader sectoral shifts on GDP growth, focusing on the period 1995–2011. A decomposition of aggregate GDP/GVA growth using the shift and share analysis shows a distinct North-South pattern of growth and restructuring while the previous NMS-OMS divisions are becoming less relevant. In the North, manufacturing and trade have fuelled growth whereas in the South there has been much less structural change. Apart from these differences, our results partly differ from earlier findings of similar analyses for the NMS. Finally, we analyse differentiated impacts of the recent (2008–2011) crisis on structural changes in Europe and find interesting similarities between (groups of) NMS and OMS in terms of both growth patterns and responses to the crisis.
Application of remote sensing techniques for the identification of biotic stress in plum trees caused by the Plum pox virus
Authors: Krezhova Dora , Stoev Antoniy , Petrov Nikolay , Maneva Svetla
Published: October 2015

Two hyperspectral remote sensing techniques, spectral reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence, were used for the identification of biotic stress (sharka disease) in plum trees at an early stage without visible symptoms on the leaves. The research was focused on cultivars that are widely spread in Bulgaria: ‘Angelina’, ‘Black Diamond’ and ‘Mirabelle’. Hyperspectral reflectance and fluorescence data were collected by means of a portable multichannel fibre-optics spectrometer in the visible and near infrared spectral ranges (400-1000 nm). Statistical and deterministic analyses were applied for assessing the significance of the differences between the spectral data of healthy (control) and infected plum leaves. Comparative analyses were performed with complementary serological test DAS-ELISA, broadly implemented in plant virology. The strong relationship that was found between the results from the two remote sensing techniques and serological analysis indicates the applicability of hyperspectral reflectance and fluorescence techniques for conducting health condition assessments of vegetation easily and without damage before the appearance of visible symptoms.
Life Estimation and Creep Damage Quantification of Service Exposed Reformer Tube
Authors: Raj A. , Roy N. , Roy B.N. , Ray A.K.
Published: October 2015

This paper deals with evaluation of creep damage of ~11 years service exposed primary hydrogen reformer tube made of HP-40 grade of steel in a petrochemical industry, which has been carried out in terms of Kachanav’s continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model (K-model) and Bogdanoff model (B-model) based on Markov process. Residual life of the tubes was estimated based on hot tensile, conventional creep deformation under identical test conditions, optical microscopy and fractography. Accumulation of damage due to creep has been quantified through microstructural studies. The as received tubes did not reveal any degradation in the material like creep cavitation or voids, but there was indeed loss of tensile strength from room temperature to 870°C for the bottom portion of the tube due to ageing and overheating. Scatter in creep deformation behaviour of the material is probably due to variation in mode of fracture and scatter in voids. From statistical point of view, Weibull distribution pattern for analysing probability of rupture due to void area shifts with increase in true strain towards the higher population of void. The estimation of mean time to reach a specific damage state from K- model and B-model is in close agreement with that of experimental data and can describe the sudden changes of the creep damage in the tertiary region as well. A remnant life of >10 years is estimated at the operating stress–temperature conditions of the top as well as bottom portion of the tube.
The Pin-Loaded Small One-Bar Specimen in Use to Determine Uniaxial and Multiaxial Creep Data
Authors: Ali Balhassn S. M.
Published: October 2015

Two novel small specimen creep testing techniques are presented in this paper. The pin-loaded small one-bar specimen (OBS) and the small notched specimen with four loading pins (SNS4) are designed to determine the remaining lifetime for the high-temperature components. The small OBS is suitable for use in obtaining both uniaxial creep strain and creep rupture life data and the SNS4 is designed to obtain the multiaxial behaviour using small material samples. The specimens can be made from small material samples removed from the component surface or from the heat-affected zone. The specimens can be loaded through pin connections for testing. A conversion relationship and conversion factor have been obtained and used to convert the OBS creep data to the corresponding uniaxial data. For validation two materials have been used, P92 and P91 steels at 650°C. The advantages of these testing techniques are highlighted; the recommendations for future research are also given.