bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evidence for both inverse agonism at the cannabinoid CB1receptor and the lack of an endogenous cannabinoid tone in the rat and guinea‐pig isolated ileum myenteric plexus‐longitudinal muscle preparation
Authors: Makwana R , Molleman A , Parsons ME
Published: March 2010

Background and purpose: Cannabinoid receptor agonists reduce intestinal propulsion in rodents through the CB1receptor. In addition to its antagonistic activity at this receptor, rimonabant (N‐(piperidino)‐5‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐3‐pyrazole‐carboxyamide) alone augments intestinal transit. Using rat and guinea‐pig ileum MPLM (myenteric plexus‐longitudinal muscle) preparations, we investigated whether the latter effect was through inverse agonism or antagonism of endocannabinoid agonist(s).

Experimental approach: Inverse agonism was investigated by comparing the maximal enhancement of electrically evoked contractions of the MPLM by two CB1receptor antagonists, AM 251 (N‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)‐5‐(4‐iodophenyl)‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐4‐methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐3‐carboxamide) and O‐2050 [(6aR,10aR)‐3‐(1‐methanesulphonylamino‐4‐hexyn‐6‐yl)‐6a,7,10,10a‐tetrahydro‐6,6,9‐trimethyl‐6‐H‐dibenzo[b,d]pyran], with that produced by rimonabant. To reveal ongoing endocannabinoid activity, effects of inhibiting endocannabinoid hydrolysis by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) using AA‐5HT (arachidonyl‐5‐hydroxytryptamine), PMSF (phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride) or URB‐597 (3′‐carbamoyl‐biphenyl‐3‐yl‐cyclohexylcarbamate), or putative uptake using VDM‐11 [(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)‐N‐(4‐hydroxy‐2‐methylphenyl)‐5,8,11,14‐eicosatetraenamide] was evaluated.

Key results: The presence of CB1receptors was revealed by antagonism of exogenous anandamide, arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) and WIN 55,212‐2 [(R)‐(+)‐[2,3‐dihydro‐5‐methyl‐3‐(4‐morpholinylmethyl)‐pyrrolo[1,2,3‐de]‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐6‐yl]‐1‐naphthalenylmethanone mesylate] by rimonabant. The rank order of potentiation of contractions was AM 251 > rimonabant > O‐2050. Neither the FAAH inhibitors nor VDM‐11 affected electrically evoked contractions. Each FAAH inhibitor increased the potency of AEA but not WIN 55,212‐2. VDM‐11 did not alter the inhibitory effect of AEA.

Conclusions and implications: The different levels of maximal potentiation of contractions by the CB1receptor antagonists suggest inverse agonism. The potentiation of the action of AEA by the FAAH inhibitors showed that FAAH was present. The lack of effect of FAAH inhibitors and VDM‐11 alone on electrically evoked contractions, and on the potency of exogenous AEA suggests that pharmacologically active endocannabinoids were not released and the endocannabinoid transporter was absent. Thus, the CB1receptor antagonists behave as inverse agonists.

This article is part of a themed issue on Cannabinoids. To view the editorial for this themed issue visithttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00831.x
The role of monoamines in the changes in body temperature induced by 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) and its derivatives
Authors: Docherty JR , Green AR
Published: March 2010

Hyperthermia is probably the most widely known acute adverse event that can follow ingestion of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) by recreational users. The effect of MDMA on body temperature is complex because the drug has actions on all three major monoamine neurotransmitters [5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), dopamine and noradrenaline], both by amine release and by direct receptor activation. Hyperthermia and hypothermia can be induced in laboratory animals by MDMA, depending on the ambient temperature, and involve both central thermoregulation and peripheral changes in blood flow and thermogenesis. Acute 5‐HT release is not directly responsible for hyperthermia, but 5‐HT receptors are involved in modulating the hyperthermic response. Impairing 5‐HT function with a neurotoxic dose of MDMA orp‐chlorophenylalanine alters the subsequent MDMA‐induced hyperthermic response. MDMA also releases dopamine, and evidence suggests that this transmitter is involved in both the hyperthermic and hypothermic effects of MDMA in rats. The noradrenergic system is also involved in the hyperthermic response to MDMA. MDMA activates central α2A‐adrenoceptors and peripheral α1‐adrenoceptors to produce cutaneous vasoconstriction to restrict heat loss, and β3‐adrenoceptors in brown adipose tissue to increase heat generation. The hyperthermia occurring in recreational users of MDMA can be fatal, but data reviewed here indicate that it is unlikely that any single pharmaceutical agent will be effective in reversing the hyperthermia, so careful body cooling remains the principal clinical approach. Crucially, educating recreational users about the potential dangers of hyperthermia and the control of ambient temperature should remain key approaches to prevent this potentially fatal problem.
Role of Probiotics in Pediatric Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Authors: Lionetti Elena , Indrio Flavia , Pavone Lorenzo , Borrelli Giorgia , Cavallo Luciano , Francavilla Ruggiero
Published: March 2010

Background:  The current guidelines suggest the use of triple therapy as first choice treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, although the eradication failure rate is more than 30%. Current interest in probiotics as therapeutic agents against H. pylori is stimulated not only by the clinical data showing efficacy of some probiotics in different gastrointestinal diseases but also by the increasing resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics, thus the interest for alternative therapies is a real actual topic.

Aim:  To review in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of probiotics in H. pylori infection focusing on the paediatric literature.

Materials and methods:  Pre‐clinical and clinical paediatric studies in English assessing the role of probiotics in H. pylori infection identified by MEDLINE search (1950–2009) were reviewed.

Results:  In vitro studies demonstrated an inhibitory activity of probiotics on H. pylori growth and that this effect is extremely strain specific. Available data in children indicate that probiotics seems to be efficacious for the prevention of antibiotic associated side‐effects, and might be of help for the prevention of H. pylori complications by decreasing H. pylori density and gastritis, and for the prevention of H. pylori colonization or re‐infection by inhibiting adhesion to gastric epithelial cells. There is no clear evidence that probiotics may increase the H. pylori eradication rate.

Conclusion:  Both in vitro and in vivo studies provide evidence that probiotics may represent a novel approach to the management of H. pylori infection.
Genetic Characterization and Epidemiology of Helicobacters in Non‐domestic Animals
Authors: Schrenzel Mark D. , Witte Carmel L. , Bahl Justin , Tucker Tammy A. , Fabian Niora , Greger Heidi , Hollis Chrissie , Hsia Gary , Siltamaki Erin , Rideout Bruce A.
Published: March 2010

Background:  Novel helicobacter infections and associated disease are being recognized with increasing frequency in animals and people. Yet, the pervasiveness of infection in distantly related animal taxa, genetic diversity of helicobacters, and their transmissability are not known.

Aim:  To better understand the ecology of helicobacters, we did a PCR survey and epidemiologic analysis of 154 captive or wild vertebrate taxa originating from 6 continents.

Materials and Methods:  One hundred twenty nine helicobacter 16s rRNA gene segments were amplified by PCR and sequenced from ninety‐three mammalian, reptilian, avian, or amphibian host species. Prevalence estimates were generated, and univariate logistic regression analyses were used to explore relationships between infection status and the health and characteristics of the 220 individual animals.

Results:  One hundred and nineteen novel helicobacter DNA sequences were found. No significant relationship between infection and host health was found; however, multi‐infection or infections with particular genotypes were associated with mild clinical signs. Phylogenetic and genetic comparisons of helicobacters suggested prolonged co‐adaptation and niche‐associated divergence as well as periodic inter‐species transmission.

Conclusion:  The genus Helicobacter should accordingly be viewed as a collection of hundreds of organisms that have colonized most tetrapod taxa and have the potential to expand into new hosts as contact among animals and between animals and people increases.
Presence of Helicobacter pylori in a Sibling is Associated with a Long‐Term Increased Risk of H. pylori Infection in Israeli Arab Children
Authors: Muhsen Khitam , Athamna Abed , Bialik Anya , Alpert Gershon , Cohen Dani
Published: March 2010

Background and Objectives:  We examined the dynamics of Helicobacter pylori infection between pre‐school and school ages and compared the determinants of late acquisition of H. pylori infection with determinants of early and persistent H. pylori infection.

Methods:  ELISA was used to detect H. pylori antigens in stool specimens collected from children at preschool age (3–5 years) and from their mothers and siblings in 2004. The children were tested again for H. pylori at school age (6–9 years) in 2007–2009. Household and socioeconomic characteristics were obtained by interviews.

Results:  The prevalence of H. pylori infection increased from 49.7% (95% CI 42.8, 56.7) in 2004 to 58.9% (95% CI 51.8, 65.6) in 2007–2009. Among children tested in both examinations, 69 (49.3%) had persistent infection, 14 (10.0%) were new cases, 56 (40.0%) remained uninfected, and one (0.7%) had lost H. pylori infection. The approximate annual incidence of infection during 2004–2009 was 5%. Sibling’s H. pylori positivity at baseline increased the risk for late acquisition of H. pylori infection; adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) 4.62 (95% CI 0.76, 28.23) (p = .09), while maternal education lowered the risk; adjusted PR 0.84 (95% CI 0.69, 1.01) (p = .06). Sibling’s H. pylori positivity was the only significant variable associated with early and persistent H. pylori infection in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions:  Most H. pylori infections are acquired at preschool age and transient infection beyond this age is uncommon in this population. Helicobacter pylori‐infected siblings are the major reservoir of H. pylori in early and late childhood demonstrating sustained intra‐familial transmission of H. pylori.
Helicobacter hepaticus Cytolethal Distending Toxin Causes Cell Death in Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway
Authors: Liyanage Namal P. M. , Manthey Karoline C. , Dassanayake Rohana P. , Kuszynski Charles A. , Oakley Gregory G. , Duhamel Gerald E.
Published: March 2010

Background:  Helicobacter hepaticus, the prototype for enterohepatic Helicobacter species, colonizes the lower intestinal and hepatobiliary tracts of mice and causes typhlocolitis, hepatitis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in susceptible mouse strains. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is the only known virulence factor found in H. hepaticus. CDT of several Gram‐negative bacteria is associated with double‐stranded DNA breaks resulting in cell cycle arrest and death of a wide range of eukaryotic cells in vitro. We previously observed H. hepaticus CDT (HhCDT) mediated apoptosis in INT407 cells. However, the exact mechanism for the induction of the apoptotic pathway by HhCDT is unknown. The objective of this study was to identify the apoptotic signaling pathway induced by HhCDT in INT407 cells.

Materials and Methods:  INT407 cells were incubated with or without recombinant HhCDT for 0–72 hours. H2AX phosphorylation and apoptotic parameters were analyzed.

Results:  H2AX was phosphorylated 24 hours postexposure to HhCDT. Expression of pro‐apoptotic Bax protein was upregulated after 24 hours, while Bcl2 expression decreased. Cytochrome c was released from mitochondria after 12–24 hours of exposure. Concurrently, caspase 3/7 and 9 were activated. However, pretreatment of INT407 cells with caspase inhibitor (Z‐VAD‐FMK) inhibited the activation of caspase 3/7 and 9. Significant activity of caspase 8 was not observed in toxin treated cells. Activation of caspase 3/7 and caspase 9 confirms the involvement of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in HhCDT‐treated cells.

Conclusion:  These findings show, for the first time, the ability of HhCDT to induce apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway.
Comparing Structural Equation Models That Use Different Measures of the Level of Response to Alcohol
Authors: Schuckit Marc A. , Smith Tom L. , Trim Ryan S. , Tolentino Neil J. , Hall Shana A.
Published: March 2010

Background:  The two measures of a low level of response (LR) to alcohol, an alcohol challenge and the retrospective Self‐Report of the Effects of Alcohol questionnaire (SRE), each identify individuals at high risk for heavy drinking and alcohol problems. These measures also perform similarly in identifying subjects with unique functional brain imaging characteristics. However, few data are available regarding whether alcohol challenge‐based and SRE‐based LRs operate similarly in structural equation models (SEMs) that search for characteristics, which help to mediate how LR impacts alcohol outcomes.

Methods:  Two hundred and ninety‐four men from the San Diego Prospective Study were evaluated for their LR to alcohol using alcohol challenges at ∼age 20. At ∼age 35, the same subjects filled out the SRE regarding the number of drinks needed for effects 15 to 20 years earlier. The two different LR scores for these men were used in SEM analyses evaluating how LR relates to future heavy drinking and to drinking in peers (PEER), alcohol expectancies (EXPECT), and drinking to cope (COPE) as potential mediators of the LR to drinking pattern (ALCOUT) relationships.

Results:  While the 2 LR measures that were determined 15 years apart related to each other at a modest level (r = 0.17, p < 0.01), the SEM results were similar regardless of the LR source. In both alcohol challenge‐based and SRE‐based LR models, LR related directly to ALCOUT, with partial mediation from PEER and COPE, but not through EXPECT in these 35‐year‐old men.

Conclusions:  Consistent with the >60% overlap in prediction of outcomes for the 2 LR measures, and with results from functional brain imaging, alcohol challenge‐ and SRE‐based LR values operated similarly in SEM models in these men.
Subcutaneous Target Stimulation (STS) in Chronic Noncancer Pain: A Nationwide Retrospective Study
Authors: Sator‐Katzenschlager Sabine , Fiala Katharina , Kress Hans G. , Kofler Alexandra , Neuhold Josef , Kloimstein Herwig , Ilias Wilfried , Mozes‐Balla Eva‐Maria , Pinter Michaela , Loining Nadja , Fuchs Wolfgang , Heinze Georg , Likar Rudolf
Published: March 2010

Stimulation of primary afferent neurons offers a new approach for the control of localized chronic pain. We describe the results with a new neurostimulation technique, subcutaneous target stimulation (STS), for the treatment of chronic focal noncancer pain. STS applies permanent electrical stimulation directly at the painful area via a percutaneous‐placed subcutaneous lead. We reported the clinical outcomes of 111 patients with focal chronic, noncancer pain treated with STS in this first nationwide, multicenter retrospective analysis. The indications for STS were low back pain (n = 29) and failed back surgery syndrome (back pain with leg pain) (n = 37), cervical neck pain (n = 15), and postherpetic neuralgia (n = 12). Pain intensity was measured on a numerical rating scale (NRS) before and after implantation. Data on analgesic medication, stimulation systems, position, and type of leads and complications were obtained from the patients' records. After implantation, the mean pain intensity improved by more than 50% (mean NRS reduction from 8.2 to 4.0) in the entire patient group (P = 0.0009). This was accompanied by a sustained reduction in demand for analgesics. In all the patients, the STS leads were positioned directly at the site of maximum pain. Lead dislocation occurred in 14 patients (13%), infections in 7 (6%), and in 6 cases (5%), lead fractures were observed. The retrospective data analysis revealed that STS effectively provided pain relief in patients suffering from refractory focal chronic noncancer pain and that STS is an alternative treatment option. Prospective controlled studies are required to confirm these retrospective findings. This article presents a new minimally invasive technique for therapy‐resistant focal pain.
Consistent and Clinically Relevant Effects with Fentanyl Buccal Tablet in the Treatment of Patients Receiving Maintenance Opioid Therapy and Experiencing Cancer‐Related Breakthrough Pain
Authors: Zeppetella Giovambattista , Messina John , Xie Fang , Slatkin Neal E.
Published: March 2010

Fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT) has shown efficacy and tolerability in patients with cancer‐related persistent pain treated with maintenance opioids. We conducted a combined analysis of two similarly designed, randomized, placebo‐controlled studies to further evaluate the consistency and clinical relevance of analgesia outcomes. Of the 252 patients enrolled, 150 fulfilled the criteria for efficacy analysis and experienced 1,417 breakthrough pain episodes. A consistently greater effect was noted with FBT vs. placebo on the following measures: improvements from baseline of ≥33% and ≥50% in pain intensity (PI), a ≥2‐point reduction in PI, and a score of ≥2 for pain relief. Improvements in these clinically meaningful efficacy measures were seen with FBT at 15 minutes (earliest common evaluation) and remained evident at 60 minutes (final common evaluation). They were also reflected in a more favorable global medication performance assessment for FBT over placebo. FBT was generally well tolerated; most adverse events were typical of potent opioid use in a cancer population. Application‐site (buccal) abnormalities were infrequent and led to withdrawal of three patients. There were no serious adverse events or deaths attributable to FBT. This analysis suggests that FBT provides an analgesic effect that is consistent across multiple clinically relevant efficacy measures.
Peripheral Nerve Field Stimulation for Intractable Post‐Thoracotomy Scar Pain not Relieved by Conventional Treatment
Authors: Goyal Gaurav N. , Gupta Deepak , Jain Roopesh , Kumar Sunil , Mishra Seema , Bhatnagar Sushma
Published: March 2010

Peripheral nerve field stimulation (PNFS) is being applied in individual cases where conventional treatments have failed to control pain localized to limited dermatomal distribution. We applied PNFS for unrelieved post‐thoracotomy scar pain. Although spinal cord stimulation may have resulted in good coverage in the same dermatomal distribution, we chose the more peripheral approach to minimize the risk of complications, avoiding the potential neurologic sequelae associated with stimulation of the spinal cord. In summary, PNFS was effective in relieving post‐thoractomy pain refractory to conventional pain management suggesting great potential of PNFS as a treatment option for chronic surgical‐scar pain.
Two‐Year Clinical Registry Follow‐up of Endothelial Progenitor Cell Capture Stent Versus Sirolimus‐Eluting Bioabsorbable Polymer‐Coated Stent Versus Bare Metal Stents in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: CHONG ERIC , POH KIAN KEONG , LIANG SHEN , LEE RONALD CHI‐HANG , LOW ADRIAN , TEO SWEE‐GUAN , TAN HUAY CHEEM
Published: March 2010

Background: Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) capture stent is designed to promote rapid endothelization and healing and is potentially useful in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We studied the intermediate‐term efficacy and safety of EPC stent and compared that with sirolimus‐eluting bioabsorbable polymer stent (CURA) and bare metal stent (BMS) in AMI patients.

Methodology: Patients presenting with AMI who underwent primary PCI with the respective stents between January 2004 and June 2006 were enrolled in the single‐center clinical registry. The study end‐points were major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and stent thrombosis.

Results: A total of 366 patients (EPC = 95, CURA = 53, BMS 218) were enrolled. Baseline demographics including age, gender, diabetes, renal impairment, predischarge left ventricular ejection fraction, and creatinine kinase level were comparable among the groups. Procedural success rate was 99.5%. Post‐procedural thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 3 flow was achieved in EPC 91.6%, CURA 96.2%, and BMS 88.5% (P = 0.209). At 2 years, the MACE rate was EPC 13.7%, CURA 15.1%, and BMS 19.7% (P = 0.383). Target vessel revascularizations (TVR) were EPC 4.2%, CURA 9.4%, and BMS 6.0% (P = 0.439). Nonfatal myocardial infarctions were EPC 1.1%, CURA 3.8%, and BMS 4.1% (P = 0.364). One patient in the EPC group had acute stent thrombosis. There was no late stent thrombosis in the EPC group.

Conclusion: EPC stent appeared to be safe and had comparable clinical efficacy with a BMS when used in the AMI setting. At 2‐year follow‐up, the EPC group showed favorable, single‐digit TVR rate and stent thrombosis remained a low‐event occurrence. (J Interven Cardiol 2010;23:101‐108)
Assessing Measures Designed to Protect the Homeland
Authors: Mueller John
Published: March 2010

Some general parameters are proposed for evaluating homeland security measures that seek to make potential targets notably less vulnerable to terrorist attack, and these are then applied to specific policy considerations. Since the number of targets is essentially unlimited, since the probability that any given target will be attacked is near zero, since the number and competence of terrorists is limited, since target‐selection is effectively a near‐random process, and since a terrorist is free to redirect attention from a protected target to an unprotected one of more or less equal consequence, protection seems to be sensible only in a limited number of instances.
Greening America's Skylines: The Diffusion of Low‐Salience Policies
Authors: Koski Chris
Published: March 2010

The diffusion literature is replete with examples of highly salient policies spreading across subnational governments. However, low‐salience policies that do not benefit from a groundswell of public opinion also spread across jurisdictions in patterns that appear similar to those of other, more well‐known policy ideas. This research is an investigation of the mechanisms that propagate low‐salience policies. I analyze the adoption of the U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy Efficient Design standard across 119 U.S. cities from 2000 to 2008. The investigation indicates that a knowledge broker, in this case the USGBC, occupies critical roles in linking a low‐salience policy to a broader set of widely held societal values, developing a common policy vocabulary, providing a base policy that jurisdictions may freely adapt, and creating a diffusion infrastructure by acting as a communication hub for existing and interested jurisdictions to discuss innovations and progress.
Stramenopile Microorganisms Associated with the Massive Coral Favia sp.
Authors: SIBONI NACHSHON , RASOULOUNIRIANA DIANA , BEN‐DOV EITAN , KRAMARSKY‐WINTER ESTI , SIVAN ALEX , LOYA YOSSI , HOEGH‐GULDBERG OVE , KUSHMARO ARIEL
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT. The surfaces of massive corals of the genus Favia from Eilat, Red Sea, and from Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, are covered by a layer of eukaryotic microorganisms. These microorganisms are embedded in the coral mucus and tissue. In the Gulf of Eilat, the prevalence of corals covered by patches of eukaryotic microorganisms was positively correlated with a decrease in water temperatures (from 25–28 °C in the summer to 20–23 °C in winter). Comparisons carried out using transmission and scanning electron microscopy showed morphological similarities between the microorganisms from the two geographically distant reefs. The microorganisms found on and in the tissues were approximately 5–15 μm in diameter, surrounded by scales in their cell wall, contained a nucleus, and included unique auto‐florescent coccoid bodies of approximately 1 μm. Such morphological characters suggested that these microorganisms are stramenopile protists and in particular thraustochytrids. Molecular analysis, carried out using specific primers for stramenopile 18S rRNA genes, revealed that 90% (111/123) of the clones in the gene libraries were from the Thraustochytriidae. The dominant genera in this family were Aplanochytrium sp., Thraustochytrium sp., and Labyrinthuloides sp. Ten stramenopile strains were isolated and cultured from the corals. Some strains showed ≥97% similarity to clones derived from libraries of mucus‐associated microorganisms retrieved directly from these corals. Fatty acid characterization of one of the prevalent strains revealed a high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega‐3. The possible association of these stramenopiles in the coral holobiont appeared to be a positive one.
Preparation of Mullite‐ and Zircon‐Based Ceramics Using Kaolinite and Zirconium Oxide: A Sintering Study
Authors: Mecif Abla , Soro Julien , Harabi Abdelhamid , Bonnet Jean Pierre
Published: March 2010

The interactions between zirconia (ZrO2) powder and three Algerian hydrated kaolinitic clays were studied at high temperatures. The analysis by X‐ray diffraction of the prepared products allowed to follow the different phase developments during heat treatment and to identify the parameters controlling the zirconia conversion into zircon (ZrSiO4). It was found that ZrSiO4 formation, occurring at temperatures above 1150°C, is enhanced by the presence, in the clays, of fusing impurities such as K, Fe, Ca, and Mn, and by a decrease in zirconia particle size. A reactional mechanism, involving zirconia, a flux, and cristobalite is proposed. Moreover, the effect of zirconia additions on sintering was studied. It was also found that the increase in the porosity ratio of the final products for zirconia levels above 20 wt% was governed by a decrease in the flux amount, due to its lower clay content. Finally, it was shown that ceramics obtained by sintering at 1400°C for 2 h of a mixture of 38 wt% of fine zirconia powder and 62 wt% of the more reactive clay were mainly constituted of zircon and mullite.
Quantitative Analysis of Monoclinic Phase in 3Y‐TZP by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Muñoz Tabares José A. , Anglada Marc J.
Published: March 2010

Standard mixtures of tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia powders have been carefully prepared in order to cover the complete weight range from 0% to 100% of monoclinic phase, and they have been analyzed by X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Several equations given in the literature for determining the composition of monoclinic and tetragonal mixtures from Raman spectra have been used and the results compared with the actual compositions. The calibration constant for the ratio between the intensities of the monoclinic peaks at 181–190 cm−1 and the tetragonal peak at 147 cm−1 was estimated to be 2.07, while for the ratio between the intensities of the same monoclinic peaks and the sum of tetragonal peaks at 147 and 265 cm−1 was found to be 0.3. The first value is very close to that reported before in the literature, but the latter is significantly different from that most used in the literature for surface characterization of low‐temperature degradation of 3Y‐TZP in femoral heads and dental ceramics. The results are discussed in terms of the homogeneity of composition standards used for calibration Raman spectra.
Synthesis of Eu2+‐Doped AlN Phosphors by Carbothermal Reduction
Authors: Yin Liang‐Jun , Xu Xin , Yu Wei , Yang Jin‐Guo , Yang Li‐Xun , Yang Xiu‐Fang , Hao Lu‐Yuan , Liu Xue‐Jian
Published: March 2010

Eu2+‐doped aluminum nitride (AlN) phosphors were prepared by a carbothermal reduction process in ambient N2 atmosphere. Their structures and luminescence properties were studied in terms of the reaction temperature, soaking time, Eu2+ concentration, and carbon content. Pure AlN:Eu2+ phosphors could be obtained with a reaction temperature of 1750°C and a soaking time of 8 h. The dominant emission wavelength of the phosphor could be tuned widely from blue to green by changing the carbon content, which was attributed to the decrease of oxygen content with the increase of carbon content. An obvious enhancement in luminescence intensity was observed by the addition of Li+ to the host of AlN:Eu2+ phosphors, which was due to the promotion of crystallinity, the increase of grain size, and the decrease of lattice distortion.
Nano‐Patterning of a TiO2‐Organic Hybrid Material Assisted by a Localized Surface Plasmon
Authors: Segawa Hiroyo , Ueno Kosei , Yokota Yukie , Misawa Hiroaki , Yano Tetsuji , Shibata Shuichi
Published: March 2010

Nanopatterns of a TiO2‐organic hybrid material have been fabricated with the use of a localized surface plasmon (LSP). The TiO2‐organic hybrid material was prepared by the sol–gel method and was coated on a glass substrate with gold nanoblocks. After the hybrid films were irradiated with a femtosecond laser, the unreacted parts were removed, leaving the TiO2‐organic hybrid materials around the nanoblocks. In the nanopatterns of the TiO2‐organic hybrid materials, the

transition absorption band of the chelate compound formed between Ti‐alkoxide and β‐diketone was excited by the two‐photon absorption induced by the LSP of gold nanoblocks, and the chelate compound was decomposed and dissolved in alcohol. It was confirmed that the hybrid material changed to anatase upon sintering above 450°C.
Microwave‐Assisted Solvothermal Synthesis of Copper Indium Diselenide Powders
Authors: Lee Chung‐Han , Wu Chung‐Hsien , Lu Chung‐Hsin
Published: March 2010

Copper indium diselenide (CuInSe2) powders were successfully synthesized using the microwave‐assisted solvothermal process at 200°C within a short time. The reaction time for preparing single‐phased CuInSe2 was significantly shortened with the developed microwave treatment. The microwave field enhanced the mobility of the reactants, thereby resulting in an accelerated reaction rate. CuSe was the major intermediate product during these reactions and the CuInSe2 phase was gradually formed as the reaction temperature and time were increased. The prepared powders exhibited plate‐like and spherical shapes, and the fraction of plate was increased with increasing reaction time. The solvothermal route combined with the microwave heating system was found to significantly promote the formation of plate‐like particles.
Improving the Microstructural Stability of Nextel™ 610 Alumina Fibers Embedded in a Porous Alumina Matrix
Authors: Schmücker Martin , Mechnich Peter
Published: March 2010

Nextel™ 610 alumina fibers embedded in ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) with a pure alumina matrix show pronounced grain coarsening above 1350°C, which is not observed for stand‐alone fibers under identical conditions. Moreover, a size gradient with small grains in the fiber center and large grains at the fiber periphery occurs. This can be explained in terms of the outward diffusion of silica traces, which normally reduces the fiber grain‐boundary mobility. Silica outdiffusion and the related excessive grain growth can be suppressed if small amounts of silica are added to the alumina matrix in the green state. Aluminosilicate green compositions, on the other hand, result in a lower matrix sinterability, thus leading to inferior mechanical properties of the CMC. In this communication, we present a novel method to design a CMC that combines the key benefits of an alumina matrix (superior strength) with that of an aluminosilicate matrix (superior thermal stability). Small amounts of silica were added to a CMC starting material with a porous alumina matrix via the sol–gel technique. The silica post treatment effectively suppresses grain growth in fibers and matrix. Mechanical testing revealed significant strength retention in case of the silica‐infiltrated CMC.
Dual Enhancement of Photoluminescence and Ferroelectric Polarization in Pr3+/La3+‐Codoped Bismuth Titanate Thin Films
Authors: Zhou Hong , Wu Guangheng , Qin Ni , Bao Dinghua
Published: March 2010

Pr3+/La3+‐codoped Bi4Ti3O12 (BPLT) ferroelectric thin films were prepared on fused silica and Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates by the chemical solution deposition method, and their photoluminescence and electrical properties were investigated. Different from Pr‐doped ATiO3 (A=Sr, Ca) titanate thin films showing a red emission with the highest emission peak at 612 nm, BPLT thin films exhibited a strong blue–green emission at 493 nm. This can be ascribed to their difference of host lattice between Pr‐doped titanate with a simple perovskite structure and BPLT with a bismuth‐layered perovskite structure and/or the difference of site symmetry of Pr ions. It was also found that the luminescent intensity was enhanced by the incorporation of La3+ ions into Pr3+‐doped Bi4Ti3O12 (BPT) thin films. Meanwhile, the introduction of La3+ also greatly enhanced the ferroelectric properties of the BPT thin films. The dual enhancement of photoluminescence and ferroelectric polarization can be attributed to crystallization improvement of the BPLT thin films. It is expected that BPLT thin films can find potential applications in new multifunctional photoluminescence ferroelectric thin‐film devices.
Central nervous system involvement in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Yamamoto Wataru , Tomita Naoto , Watanabe Reina , Hattori Yukako , Nakajima Yuki , Hyo Rie , Hashimoto Chizuko , Motomura Shigeki , Ishigatsubo Yoshiaki
Published: March 2010

Background: Malignant lymphoma with central nervous system (CNS) involvement has an extremely poor prognosis. We retrospectively studied the risk factors for CNS involvement in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated by cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) or rituximab (R) ‐CHOP chemotherapy.

Patients and methods: We studied 375 consecutive patients who were newly diagnosed with DLBCL between 1996 and 2006. Patients with primary CNS involvement and patients who received CNS prophylaxis were excluded. All the patients received CHOP (n = 172) or R‐CHOP (n = 203) chemotherapy. The following variables were assessed for their potential to predict CNS involvement: gender, age, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, performance status, clinical stage, number of extranodal involvements, International Prognostic Index (IPI), bone marrow involvement, presence of a bulky mass, presence of B symptom, and treatment.

Results: CNS involvement was observed in 13 cases (3.5%). In univariate analysis, LDH more than normal range, LDH more than twice as normal range, high IPI, bone marrow involvement, and systemic relapse were the predictors for CNS involvement. In multivariate analysis, no risk factors were detected for CNS involvement. The use of rituximab did not have an impact on CNS involvement.

Conclusions: The incidence of CNS involvement dose not decrease in rituximab‐era.
Frailty vs. Disability Distinctions in People With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Brehmer Barbara , Weber Germain
Published: March 2010

While the extent of research on age‐related frailty among adults in general has increased substantially during the past two decades, there has been a void in equivalent research with respect to adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). While frailty and disability have been seen as different, but overlapping, concepts in the field of ID, the concept of frailty is missing an empirical foundation. The authors define the concept of frailty as applied to adults with ID, using indicators based on Fried's definition (i.e., a physiological state of increased vulnerability to stressors that follows from decreased physiological reserves and dysregulation of a physiological system) and Rockwood's frailty criteria (multisystemic instability, change over time, allowance for heterogeneity, association with aging, and association with an increased risk of adverse outcomes). They developed a frailty questionnaire and tested their concept of frailty against the concept of disability. To do this, frailty‐related data using self‐report and third‐party interviews were collected within the Austrian component of the POMONA II Project using a sample of 190 people with ID aged between 18 and 76 years. Variables in four frailty domains—social, cognitive, physical, and mental health—were assessed and defined as contributing to causal frailty factors. Similarities of the frailty syndrome were analyzed between the general population and the population with ID. The results offer evidence of a “frailty syndrome” affecting older people with ID.
Sexual Experiences of Men with Incontinent Partners
Authors: Bekker Milou D. , Beck Jacky J.H. , Putter Hein , Van Driel Mels F. , Pelger Rob C.M. , Weijmar Schultz Willibrord C. , Lycklama à Nijeholt Guus A.B. , Elzevier Henk W.
Published: March 2010

Introduction

Several studies show that urinary incontinence (UI) impairs women’s sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. However, there is no scientific knowledge about the effects of UI on sexual functioning of the male partners.

Aim

To analyze sexual functioning of the male partners of females with UI.

Methods

During a period of 2.5 years all new female patients and their partners (both groups aged 18 years and older), who presented at our outpatient clinic for urological evaluation, were asked for demographic characteristics, medical history, and referral indication including the main urological complaint. In addition they were asked to fill in the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction questionnaires about sexual functioning.

Main Outcome Measures

Sexual function measured by the Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction questionnaire.

Results

A total of 189 sexually active couples completed the questionnaires. Eighty-one (42.9%) of the women had UI as main urological complaint. Differences were found between women with UI and those without. Women with UI have a lower overall sexual function (P = 0.02), lower frequency of intercourse (P = 0.02), more problems with communication (P = 0.036), and more often show avoidable behavior with regard to sexual activity. (P = 0.002) Men with partners with UI showed a diminished overall sexual function (6.66 ± 1.53) compared with men with women without UI (5.95 ± 1.22, P = 0.001). Furthermore, comparisons of subscales also demonstrate a lower frequency of intercourse (5.62 ± 2.00, 6.49 ± 1.96), less satisfaction (8.08 ± 2.79, 9.69 ± 3.63), and more erectile problems (6.01 ± 2.28, 6.87 ± 3.23) in men with partners with UI. (P = 0.03, P = 0.001, P = 0.037)

Conclusions

This study shows that female urinary incontinence correlates with their partners’ overall sexual functioning and sexual satisfaction. In addition, significant differences were found with regard to the satisfaction with one’s sex life between a woman with UI and her partner.
Is One Question Enough to Detect Female Sexual Dysfunctions? A Diagnostic Accuracy Study in 6,194 Women
Authors: Kriston Levente , Günzler Cindy , Rohde Anke , Berner Michael M.
Published: March 2010

Introduction

Literature shows that recognition of sexual dysfunctions in women is insufficient and existing instruments to aid detection are mostly too extensive to be used in routine practice.

Aim

To develop a brief and accurate screening instrument to detect female sexual dysfunctions in routine care.

Methods

The initial item pool for the index test consisted of 15 items. In a 4-year period, a total of 12,957 persons filled out the test on a specifically designed web-site. Six thousand one hundred ninety-four complete data sets could be used for statistical analysis. The validated German version of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI-d) served as reference standard to estimate the accuracy of the screening test. In order to test several possible ways of combining items a multi-step procedure employing univariate analyses, multiple logistic regression, and classification and regression tree analysis was applied to a learning sample and cross-validated in a test sample.

Main Outcome Measures

Diagnostic performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, accuracy, diagnostic odds ratio as well as adjusted odds ratio) of the items and resulting models to discriminate women with sexual dysfunction from those without were calculated.

Results

One dichotomous question for overall satisfaction proved to show high accuracy as a stand-alone instrument and played also a central role in multivariate models. It may be recommended as a one-question screening test (76.4% sensitivity and 76.5% specificity in the test sample). A hierarchical two-question test yielded higher sensitivity (93.5%) and lower specificity (60.1%). A slightly more extensive version consists of five questions (83.1% sensitivity and 81.2% specificity).

Conclusions

Despite some methodological limitations of our study all developed tests showed acceptable to good diagnostic performance, all are very short and could therefore be easily implemented into routine care. Further tests of psychometric properties in other settings are needed.
INFLUENCE OF ACID ADAPTATION ON THE SURVIVAL OF SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS AND SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM IN SIMULATED GASTRIC FLUID AND IN RATTUS NORVEGICUS INTESTINE INFECTION
Authors: PEREZ KARLA JOSEANE , CECCON RAQUEL VALIM , DA SILVA MALHEIROS PATRÍCIA , JONG ERNA VOGT , CESAR TONDO EDUARDO
Published: March 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of acid adaptation in the survival of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE86) and Salmonella Typhimurium (ST99) during exposure to simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and in intestinal infection of Rattus norvegicus. Acid‐adapted and nonadapted Salmonella strains were exposed to SGF (pH 1.5) and were inoculated by gavage in adult rats. Results indicated that acid‐adapted SE86 survived significantly better (P < 0.05) than nonadapted SE86, nonadapted ST99 and acid‐adapted ST99 in SGF. Nonadapted microorganisms were observed in higher counts in feces than acid‐adapted strains, while acid‐adapted microorganisms demonstrated higher counts in intestine samples, suggesting intestinal invasion capacity. Acid‐adapted SE86 was recovered in higher counts from ileum‐cecum junction than the other microorganisms.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Salmonella Enteritidis has been identified as the most frequent serovar involved with the foodborne outbreaks in Brazil. In Southern Brazil, a specific strain of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE86) has been involved with more than 90% of the salmonellosis occurring in the last years, and the main food vehicle is home‐made mayonnaise frequently added with different quantities of vinegar, which can cause acid adaptation in Salmonella cells. The results of this work indicate that SE86 presented higher acid adaptation, which contributed to higher survival rates in simulated gastric fluid and better intestinal colonization. These results could be related to human virulence and the frequent involvement of this strain with foodborne outbreaks in southern Brazil.
HYGIENE PERCEPTION: CONDITION OF HOTEL KITCHEN STAFFS IN ANKARA, TURKEY
Authors: SANLIER NEVIN , CÖMERT MENEKSE , DURLU‐ÖZKAYA FUGEN
Published: March 2010

The study, which analyzed knowledge levels of the staff who work in food and beverage departments of hotels in Turkey about food safety, was carried out in December 2007–March 2008. Researchers applied face to face survey to 522 employees of seven hotels. The difference has been found meaningful statistically between kitchen and kitchenware hygiene, employee hygiene, food hygiene and general hygiene knowledge points and their education status and occupations in the result of the study (P < 0.05). On the other hand, a meaningful relationship has not been found statistically between food safety knowledge levels of the staff and their age ranges (P > 0.05). First, it is required to pay attention to the determining of the training needs of employees working for the enterprise, and to make a point of applying necessary training and seminars concerning the staff in each degree by making a training program. It has been determined that training, occupation and experience of the staff are so important in order to provide food safety in enterprises.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Each year, millions of people worldwide suffer from foodborne diseases and illnesses. Therefore, food‐related infection is an important health problem in many countries. This study analyzed the knowledge levels of employees who work in the food and beverage departments. It has been found that there is a need to develop a state policy regarding education to be given to consumers and employees about food safety knowledge and practices. Education should be repeated with specific intervals to ensure that learnt information is turned into attitudes and behaviors; and procedures and processes should be controlled regularly.
INFLUENCE OF INTESTINAL SURFACTANT LIKE PARTICLES ON DIFFERENTIAL ACTIVATION OF SECONDARY SIGNALING MOLECULES DURING SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM INFECTION
Authors: SOFI M. HANIEF , BHATNAGAR ARCHANA , SAPRA SAVEETA , MAHMOOD AKHTAR , MAJUMDAR SIDHARTHA
Published: March 2010

Interaction between the enteric pathogen Salmonella typhimurium and the luminal surface of the intestine provoke an acute inflammatory response mediated in part by various inflammatory molecules. Surfactant‐like particles (SLP) are known to cover the surface of the intestinal epithelium, act as lubricants and/or as a vehicle to deliver digestive enzymes to the luminal fluid. Recently we have shown that SLP plays an important protective role during microbial insult. The data suggested that SLP‐induced diet prevents the damage of intestinal villi caused by S. typhimurium infection. The present study was designed to assess the role of SLP on secondary signaling molecules during S. typhimurium infection. The Peyer's patch, intraepithelial and lamina propria mononuclear cells were analyzed under various conditions for secondary signaling molecules, including calcium, inositol triphosphate and protein kinase C. SLP‐induced diet along with infection showed significant variation in these secondary signaling molecules, particularly in Peyer's patches, as compared to infection group alone. In addition, the cells isolated from the infected group upon incubation in vitro with SLP also showed a considerable variation of these molecules. These results suggested an important influence of SLP on secondary signaling molecules and, in turn, could be important in overall immune modulation during infection.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Salmonella are known to cause disease in humans, animals and birds worldwide. Over 1.4 million cases of salmonellosis (gastroenteritis) per year occur in the U.S.A. and other industrialized countries. Countries with poor sanitation have a much higher incidence of salmonellosis. The disruption of epithelial barrier integrity by Salmonella has pathological consequences. Intestinal epithelium secretes surfactant‐like particles (SLP); these particles have the ability to cover the surface of the cell in the intestinal lumen. They are known to have ability in binding of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and in protecting the disruption of intestinal villi. The present study provides further evidence for its role in regulating secondary signaling molecules and overall immune response. SLP induced by dietary fat enhanced the resistance to intestinal infections, as it possibly decreases the colonization and translocation of S. typhimurium. The SLP and microbe interaction may thus represent a delicate balance between symbiosis and pathogenesis.