bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contraction of Plasma in a Linear Z-Pinch Tube
Authors: Ishii Keishi , Suemitsu Hidetoshi , Fukuda Kuniya
Published: November 2005

The contraction behaviors of Plasma in a linear z-pinch tube have been observed with a streak camera and a spectrograph for initial gas pressure ranging from 0.5 to 20 torr for He and from 0.1 to 20 Torr for Ar. Furthermore, the time of initial contraction has been determined by measuring discharge current and photoelectric signal of continuum emission from the contracted plasma. The relation between the contraction time τ and the initial gas pressure P
0 can be represented by τ∝P
0

n
with different n values in three pressure ranges. From the correspondence of the observed contraction behaviors and the contraction time in these three pressure ranges it is shown that the contraction mechanism can be described by Rosenbluth's snow plow model in the lowest pressure range and by Allen-Jukes' shock wave model in the intermediate pressure range.
Thermodynamical Consideration for the Preparation of GaAs-Ge Heterojunctions through Closed Tube Process
Authors: Arizumi Tetsuya , Nishinaga Tatau
Published: November 2005

The general transport equations derived in our previous paper are applied to the Ge-GaAs-I2 system. The main reactions in the system are as followed:
(a) In the growth of Ge on GaAs substrates, the reaction

GaI+GeI2\rightleftarrowsGe+GaI3

dominates when the iodine concentration is low, while the reaction

2GeI2\rightleftarrowsGe+GeI4

dominates at high iodine concentration.
(b) The deposition of GaAs on Ge substrates is mainly governed by the reaction,

3GaI+½As4\rightleftarrows2GaAs+GaI3

at low iodine concentration, while at high iodine concentration it is governed by

3GeI2+2GaI3+½As4\rightleftarrows2GaAs+3GeI4.

The transport rates of Ge and GaAs are calculated and compared with that in pure Ge-I2 and GaAs-I2 system. It is found the considerable amount of As will be incorporated into the Ge epitaxial layers grown on the GaAs substrates. These As will therefore convert the grown layer to heavily n-type to about 100 µ in the usual iodine concentration range.
Conductivity of a Gas with Suspension
Authors: Honma Takuya , Fushimi Kozo
Published: November 2005

The possibility is discussed to give a required conductivity to the working fluid of an MHD power generator using the thermionic emission from suspended powder. Particular attention is given to the examination of the electrical conductivity under the conditions of an optimum concentration of solid particles. The numerical conclusions do never destroy the feasibility of a gas with suspension as a working fluid in the MHD generator. Some phenomena, such as energy transfer, current behavior, and so on, apt to be of importance in the generator are also discussed.
Dislocations in Cultured Quartz
Authors: Joshi M. S. , Vagh A. S.
Published: November 2005

Applying optical techniques, a study is carried out of the etch patterns produced, at room temperature, by diluted hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide solution at 260°C, on partially cleaved rhombohedral cleavages of cultured quartz. Isolated and randomly distributed small pits are observed. The pits nucleated at the dislocations penetrated deeper in the body of the crystal on prolonged etching. Both the faces of cleaved thin flakes of the crystal have been etched in (1) alkali as well as (2) alkali and acid. One-to-one correspondence has been established in the number and positioning of the pits. Correspondence has also been established in the number and positioning of the isolated pits before and after polishing a cleavage. The curl bottomed nature of the pits has been attributed to the screw dislocations. The implications are discussed.
Leakage Current in Zinc-Diffused GaAs Diodes
Authors: Furukawa Yoshitaka , Aoki Tatsuo
Published: November 2005

The leakage current in the dark and the photocurrent in zinc diffused GaAs diodes have been measured at room temperature in air, and the results have been explained qualitatively in terms of the channel effect. The theory of channel leakage current developed previonsly for Ge diodes has been slightly modified to take account of the greater generation recombination current in GaAs diodes. One characteristic of photocurrent in GaAs diodes is that a long time, say one hour, is required to reach a new steady state of photocurrent when the bias voltage is changed. An analysis of the photocurrent flowing through the channel indicates that the life time of holes is of the order of 2×10-10sec.
Measurements of Internal Parameters of a Microplasma
Authors: Kimura Chikao , Nishizawa Jun-ichi
Published: November 2005

A Method of describing a microplasma by its equivalent internal parameters is reported. The switch-on voltage, switch-off voltage, plasma resistance r, parallel capacity C and internal series resistance R

s
are chosen as the basic parameters. These parameters are estimated from experimental results. The change of rising waveform of a microplasma pulse is explained by the parallel breakdown of more than two microplasmas.
Theory of Far Infrared Detection Using Nonlinear Optical Mixing
Authors: Takatsuji Masamoto
Published: November 2005

The possibility of far infrared detection using nonlinear optical mixing with lasers is discussed. For the detection of the mixed wave a visible spectrometer and a photo-multiplier whose response time is very short (<10-8 sec) should be used. The noise sources are entirely different from those of conventional far infrared detectors and the most serious one is laser background noise. The use of polarizers is proposed for the elimination of the noise of this type. A preliminary experiment using Glan-Thompson polarizers and a grating spectrometer showed that, when a ruby laser and a 0.5 cm thick crystal of CdS are used, the minimum detectable power of 10-5∼10-8 W can be expected, corresponding to far infrared wavelength of 1000∼100 µ. This value would be further improved by using better or more polarizers, a higher dispersion spectrometer or more efficient mixing materials. The production of far infrared by beating two lasers and detecting by the mixing with one of them in the same material is also considered. A detection free of serious noise is shown to be possible only for crystals having point symmetry of 32, 3 m and 6̄ m 2.
Copper Diffused Gallium Arsenide P-N Junctions
Authors: Furukawa Yoshitaka , Kajiyama Kenji , Aoki Tatsuo
Published: November 2005

P-n junctions have been made by diffusing zinc into n-type gallium arsenide single crystals containing copper. The current voltage characteristics, light emission and capacitance of the diodes have been measured at 300°K and 77°K. The generation recombination current J

g
r
and the integrated light intensity L measured by an S-I response photomultiplier depend on V

j
as exp
(q
V

j
/n
k
T) with n≥2 and exp
(q
V

j
/n
k
T) with n≥1 respectively, where V

j
is the applied voltage minus the voltage across the \varPi layer. The observed voltage dependence of J

g
r
and L can be explained by assuming that the junctions have the P\varPiN structure as a result of redistribution of copper during the zinc diffusion and that for the junctions with wide \varPi layer, electron concentration at the P\varPi boundary and hole concentration at the \varPiN boundary are kept at thermal equilibrium values even if the junctions are forward biased.
Electron Microscopic Observation of Crystal Lattices on the Level with Atomic Dimension
Authors: Komoda Tsutomu
Published: November 2005

Many electron micrographs showing various lattice images were obtained from single crystal gold films. Many of them showed more than two sets of lattice images side by side or/and crossing to each other, e.g. (200), (020) and (220) crossing to each other. To obtain such images the crystal must be oriented so that Bragg reflections are simultaneously excited for all the lattice planes to be imaged. A new tilted illumination method developed by the present author was used to minimize the chromatic aberration for each of the lattice images. The astigmatism and specimen drift were eliminated along any directions, although for images along only one direction those in the same direction may be allowed. Double films of gold-gold and gold-copper were also studied. They showed moiré fringes besides lattice images.
Gain, Frequency Shift, and Angular Distribution of Stimulated Raman Radiations under Multimode Excitation
Authors: Shimoda Koichi
Published: November 2005

A theoretical explanation of anomalous gain, large frequency shift, and variable angular distribution in the stimulated Raman radiation from liquids under multimode excitation is presented. The laser output under multimode oscillation is treated as a series of very sharp pulses which come out at the recurrence frequency of axial mode separation. The anomalous Stokes gain and its apparent independence of the mode structure are explained when the relaxation time of the molecule is between 10-9 and 10-8s. The intensity-dependent index of refraction of the medium produces phase shifts in the Raman radiation. This is shown to produce considerable frequency shifts and changes in the angular distribution of the Raman radiations which are emitted from a filamentary region under multimode excitation.
Electron Diffraction at Low Temperature II. Radial Distribution Analysis of Metastable Structure of Metal Films Prepa ed by Low Temperature Condensation
Authors: Fujime Satoru
Published: November 2005

Electron diffraction patterns of films of bismuth and gallium prepared at 4.2°K show diffuse halos characteristic of an amorphous state (Fujime, 1966). If the state of atomic aggregate of these films is amorphous, they will be examples of amorphous superconductors.
In order to decide whether the films of bismuth and gallium prepared by low temperature condensation are in an amorphous state or consist of very fine crystallites, the radial distribution analysis has been carried out for these films. The results of this analysis lead, after some consideration, to the conclusion that the state of atomic aggregate of these films is certainly amorphous.
Electron Diffraction at Low Temperature III. Radial Distribution Analysis of Metastable Structure of Metal Films Prepared by Low Temperature Condensation
Authors: Fujime Satoru
Published: November 2005

Electron diffraction patterns of films of Pb-12%Bi and beryllium prepared at 4.2°K show diffuse halos characteristic of amorphous state (Fujime, 1966). If the state of atomic aggregate of these films is amorphous, they will be examples of amorphous superconductors.
In order to decide whether the films of Pb-12%Bi and beryllium prepared by the low temperature condensation are in an amorphous state or consists of very fine crystallites, the radial distribution analysis has been carried out for these films. The results of analysis lead to the conclusion that the state of atomic aggregate of these films is certainly amorphous.
Measurement of Ground-State Population in Ruby under Optical Pumping
Authors: Nakaya Toshizo
Published: November 2005

Depopulation of ground-state Cr ions in ruby (DGS) under optical pumping with a Xe flash light has been measured as a function of time. Experiments have been made by means of measuring the decrease in absorbing power for a probe light (5790 Å or 5461 Å) from a Hg lamp. DGS reaches its maximum value after some delay from the peak of Xe light, and decreases after discontinuation of optical pumping with a time constant of 3.4 ms, which is the lifetime of metastable-state 2E. During laser oscillation mean value of DGS is forced to take a constant value, which varies with the condition of laser oscillation. So long as the input energy to the Xe lamp is not altered, the shorter the duration of Xe flash light is, the higher becomes the maximum value of DGS. On the basis of the rate equation, these experimental results have been explained.
Speckled Diffraction Pattern and Source Effect on Resolution Limit in Holography
Authors: Suzuki Takeomi , Hioki Ryuichi
Published: November 2005

The Speckled Pattern in the Fourier-transform hologram with diffused illumination is described. The distortion term in the reconstructed image is shown to be proportional to the convolution of the intensity distribution of the object against itself, and the point spread function in the image is shown to be proportional to the convolution of the intensity distributions of the sources of the reference and of the reconstruction. The anisotropy in resolution by the source effect is shown with an experimental illustration.
Lattice Thermal Conductivity of Disordered Alloys of Ternary Compound Semiconductors Cu2(Sn, Ge)(Se, S)3(Ag, Pb, Sb)Te2, and (Ag, Sn, Sb)Te2
Authors: Irie Taizo
Published: November 2005

Lattice thermal conductivities of Cu2SnSe3-Cu2SnS3, Cu2SnSe3-Cu2GeSe3, Cu2Sn0.8Ge0.2Se3-Cu2Sn0.8Ge0.2Se3and Cu2Sn0.6Ge0.4Se3-Cu2Sn0.6Ge0.4Se3alloy systems have been determined as functions of the alloy compositions. Experimental results are compared with the Klemens-Drabble theory. Agreement between the theory and the experiment is good for Cu2SnSe3-Cu2SnS3system, while the experimental values are appreciably below the theoretical curve for Cu2SnSe3-Cu2GeSe3system. The discrepancy may be due to a contribution of strain to phonon scattering. In the case that both anionic sublattice and catonic sublattice are disordered as in alloy systems of Cu2Sn0.8Ge0.2Se3-Cu2Sn0.8· Ge0.2S3or Cu2Sn0.6Ge0.4Se3-Cu2Sn0.6Ge0.4S3, it was found that the resultant scattering parameter is given by the sum of the individual effects. Lattice thermal conductivities of AgSbTe2-PbTe and -SnTe systems have been re-investigated and compared with the theory. Qualitative agreement between the experimental data and the theoretical curves is obtained except for the PbTe-rich alloys in AgSbTe2-PbTe system.
Application of Different Orthonormal Expansion Methods to Neutron Measurements. I. Analysis of Spectra
Authors: Ryufuku Hiroshi
Published: November 2005

This is the first of three papers. The following ones are entitled “II. Estimation of dose equivalent rates,” and “III. Actual measurements of spectra and dose equivalent rates,” respectively.
Approximate neutron spectra can be obtained from the counting rates of BF3 proportional counters. The BF3 counters are covered with paraffin of different thicknesses. In the present work, the use of the meaningful orthonormal expansion methods is possible even when sensitivities of only modearte precision are used. The orthonormal sets of functions are constructed from the expected spectra as well as from the sensitivities of the detectors. The calculations using a digital computer show that the method employing the expected spectra is useful particularly when the number of employed detectors is small.
Applications of the Maréchal Method of Aberration Balancing. II. Case of Single Thin Lenses
Authors: Asakura Toshimitsu , Nagai Shohei
Published: November 2005

The Maréchal method of aberration balancing was reviewed and applied in the spherical and parabolic reflectors in a previous paper I [Japan. J. appl. Phys. 5 (1966) 310]. The present paper extends the considerations developed in the first paper and shows how one can apply the formulation in various kinds of single thin lenses. A relationship for various types of single thin lenses is derived indicating maximum allowable focal length as a function of field angle for F-numbers and k (type of thin lenses) held fixed, and for various k-numbers and the F-number held fixed. The third- and fifth-order aberrations are taken into account in the method of aberration balancing.
Origin of the Periodic Component of Anisotropy Dispersion in Ni-Fe Thin Films
Authors: Fujii Toshitaka , Uchiyama Susumu , Yamada Eizō , Sakaki Yoneichiro
Published: November 2005

Angular dispersion of the uniaxial anisotropy in Ni-Fe films measured by the macroscopic methods was found to have two components, one of which makes the direction of the magnetization change periodically and the other non-periodically. The former is thought to come from the same origin as that of the magnetization ripple. The random local anisotropy energy, however, was estimated from Hoffmann's theory to be about 3∼15 times as large as the magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy. This result suggests that the periodic component mainly comes from the randomly oriented magneto-elastic energy of the crystallites corresponding to the stress of about 3×109 dyn/cm2.
An Electron Microscope and Electron Diffraction Study of Fine Smoke Particles Prepared by Evaporation in Argon Gas at Low Pressures (II)
Authors: Kimoto Kazuo , Nishida Isao
Published: November 2005

This paper forms a continuation of the previous paper of almost the same title (Kimoto et al., Japan. J. appl. Phys. 2 (1963) 702). The materials examined include all the metals studied in the previous paper, Mg, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ag, Cd, Sn, Au, Pb and Bi plus the five elements, Be, Ga, Se, In and Te which have been newly added. One of the advances in the present study is the improved purity of the argon used. Thus, beautiful crystal habits have been observed for many of the elements. A small amount of oxygen, for example 0.03 mm Hg of oxygen in 6 mm Hg of argon, caused remarkable deterioration in the crystal habit of the particles. New modifications of crystal structure were found among the particles of chromium aud manganese. A few of the previous results are corrected because they were found to be due to impurities in the argon.
Dispersion of the Refractive Indices of LiNbO3 Crystal between 20° and 900°C
Authors: Iwasaki Hiroshi , Toyoda Hiroo , Niizeki Nobukazu , Kubota Hideo
Published: November 2005

The refractive indices of lithium meta-niobate single crystal were measured with a prism up to 900°C over a wave length range from 420 to 670 mµ. The temperature dependence of the extraordinary refractive index n

e
is marked in contrasts with small change of the ordinary one n
0. At 670 mµ, they take values n

e
=2.191 and n
0=2.279 at room temperature and amount to 2.283 and 2.296 at 900°C, respectively. The results were discussed in connection with the effect of thermal expansion and the spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric LiNbO3.
Doppelsondenmethode mit einer stufenförmigen Hochfrequenzstoßspannung
Authors: Terao Kunio , Sato Yukihiro Nishida und Tadashi
Published: November 2005

In order to measure an unstable plasma, a double probe method with a high frequency multistep pulse voltage composed of square waves was developed and applied to measure detonation waves. Corresponding to the 6 probe potentials given by this composite pulse, the probe currents in detonation waves were measured in an oscillogram as 6 curves for a sufficiently slow sweeping time. From this oscillogram we could obtain a probe characteristic at an arbitrary time and then the electron temperature, ion density etc. continuously during the time that the detonation waves passed by the probe.
By this method one can measure an unstable plasma very rapidly, for example in 10-6 sec. for a plasma with 1012/cm3 electron density, and continuously for relatively long time from about 100 µs to 20 ms.
Mean Free Path of Fast Electrons for Plasmon Excitation in a Single Crystal
Authors: Tonomura Akira , Watanabe Hiroshi
Published: November 2005

The mean free path of 40–100 KeV electrons for plasmon excitation was measured by analysing energy spectra of bright field images of aluminum single crystal. Equal thickness fringes by (111) reflection were used to measure the specimen thickness. It was found that the mean free path slightly depends on the crystal orientation, and its voltage dependence at the exact Bragg condition agrees qualitatively well with Ferrell's theory (Phys. Rev. 101 (1956). 554).
Vapor Adsorption and Displacement on Porous Glass by Surface Conductivity
Authors: Kawasaki Koji , Hackerman Norman
Published: November 2005

There is a marked increase in surface conductivity on adsorption of water vapor on porous glass. The relationship between the amount of adsorbed water vapor, the characteristic adsorption states of water molecules, and the surface conductivity for high surface area samples were obtained for nonmethylated and methylated conditions.
Also the changes in conductivity with preadsorbed n-hexane on adsorption of water, methanol and acetone vapors were measured. Each of these replaces hexane as might be expected, but not all at equal rates. This effect is considered from the point of view of an interaction parameter for replacement.
Radiative Transition Probabilities in Tb3+ and Fluorescence Colors Producible by Tb3+-Activated Phosphors
Authors: Hoshina Teruhiko
Published: November 2005

For the purpose of evaluating the electric dipole and the magnetic dipole transition prababilities in Tb3+, the reduced matrix elements for 5
D
4→7
F

J
and 5
D
3→7
F

J
have been calculated. From the results, fluorescence colors producible by Tb3+-activated phosphors have been predicted: The best green colors with short persistence have the chromaticity coordinates around x=0.321, and y=0.651. For this purpose, Tb3+ ions should be embedded in lattice sites without inversion symmetry.
The nonradiative transition probabilities for 5
D
3→5
D
4 due to multipolar interactions have been evaluated. When the Tb concentration is higher than several per cent, the quadrupole-dipole interaction between the Tb3+ ions in the metastable state 5
D
3 and those in the ground state 7
F
6 is predominantly responsible for the nonradiative 5
D
3→5
D
4 relaxation.
Temperature Dependence of Recombination Lifetime in Gallium Arsenide Electroluminescent Diodes
Authors: Nakano Takao , Oku Taiji
Published: November 2005

The temperature dependence of the radiative recombination lifetime, current dependence of the externally radiated light output, and the photon energy of the radiated light in gallium arsenide electroluminescent diodes were investigated in the temperature range from 345°K to 77°K. The radiative recombination lifetime was derived by using the Shockley-Read statistics. Experimental results were analysed by this model and it was concluded that the radiative recombination in our samples was caused by the transition process of the free electron to shallow-acceptor.
This mechanism was confirmed from the current dependence of the externally radiated light output, as well as from the photon energy of the light output.
The shallow-acceptor level in the gallium arsenide diode was determined to be E

v
+0.053 eV, as measured by the temperature dependence of the radiative recombination lifetime, and also from the temperature dependence of the externally radiated light output. The photon energy measurements led to a value E

v
+0.056 eV.
Flux Jumping-Patterns of Superconducting Solenoids in a Closed System
Authors: Kuroda Kunishige , Kimura Hiroshi
Published: November 2005

By observing the flux jumping behavior of three kinds of closed-wound superconducting solenoids made of Nb–25% Zr alloy wire, it was elucidated that flux jumping-patterns varied remarkably with the size of a solenoid. The following three points were discussed: the size dependence, upper limit and degradation effect of induced super currents, and relation between the flux jumping in a closed system and quenching in an open system.
Phase Relation and Kinetics of the Transformations in Au-Cu-Zn Ternary Alloys
Authors: Murakami Yuichiro , Asano Hajime , Nakanishi Norihiko , Kachi Sukeji
Published: November 2005

The phase relation in the β phase Au
x
Cu55-x
Zn45 ternary alloys was studied. There appear two types of ordered phases, i.e., the Heusler-type and the CsCl-type superlattices, and a martensite structure at low temperatures. The critical temperature (T

c
) of CsCl-type superlattice becomes higher than that (455°C) of the Cu-Zn binary alloy with the increase in Au content. T

c
of the Heusler-type has a maximum (390°C) near the stoichiometric composition of AuCuZn2. The martensitic transformation temperature (T
0) increases up to a maximum (45°C) at the 26 at.% Au and then decreases with the further increase in Au content. The nature of the stability of the β phase was discussed from the view point of ionic radii of the constituent elements, electron atom ratio and quenched-in vacancies.
Tensile Deformation of Iron Single Crystals Having the [100] and [110] Axes between -70°C and 250°C
Authors: Takeuchi Tomoyuki , Honda Ryukichi , Iwayama Kenzo , Taoka Tadami
Published: November 2005

Sheet specimens of iron single crystals having the (001) plane in the sheet surface and having the [100] or [110] tensile axis were extended under two strain rates between -70°C and 250°C. The stress-strain curves of the crystals of both orientations showed rapid hardening in the initial stage, and showed slow and linear hardening in the later stage. The temperature dependence of the work hardening rate of the [100] crystals was stronger than those of the [110] crystals. In the deformation of the [100] crystals, slip took place in four equivalent directions in the initial stage and locally in single direction in the later stage. In the [110] crystals, slip took place in two equivalent directions. Temperature and strain rate dependences of the necking and fracture behavior were discussed in relation to the work hardening behavior.
Sensitized Luminescence in Mn-Activated Alkaline Earth Aluminate Phosphors
Authors: Sakamoto Hitoshi , Hitomi Teiichi
Published: November 2005

Sensitized luminescence of alkaline earth aluminate phosphors is investigated. Thallium and cerium are found to be effective sensitizers for manganese emissions in Ba-aluminate and Ca-aluminate, respectively. In the former, the effective sensitizing volume is calculated as 6.8×10-21 c.c., where 20 cation sites are involved. Dipole-quadrupole or exchange interaction may be a probable cause for the sensitization. In Ca-aluminate, Mn2+ green centers are increased with cerium concentration at the expense of Mn4+ red centers. This might be caused by some interactions between Mn4+ and Ce3+ reducing the valence of the former. The effective interacting volume is about 10-20 c.c. The emission intensities of Mn2+, Mn4+ and Ce3+ centers are examined on their dependencies on cerium concentration by means of a statistical method.
Resonance Reverberation Method for Ultrasonic Measurement of Liquids from 10 to 300 Kilocycles
Authors: Ohsawa Toshihiko , Wada Yasaku
Published: November 2005

An improved method for measuring sound absorption and velocity in liquids at frequencies 10 to 300 kc/s is presented. The method is distinguished from the conventional reverberation method in the following aspects. The decay rate of reverberation in a spherical, liquid-filled glass vessel is compared for sample and reference liquid at the same resonance mode. The reference liquid is chosen so as to have acoustic impedance similar to the sample and a known absorption. The difference in absorption coefficient is obtained from the decay rate difference and the ratio of sound velocity from the resonant frequency ratio.
Toluene exhibits a relaxation of single relaxation type around 100 kc/s. The relaxation strength increases with increasing temperature. The absorption of aqueous solutions of MgSO4 is proportional to salt concentration and the frequency dependence is fitted by a single relaxation curve around 150 kc/s.
Temperature and Optical Frequency Dependence of the D. C. Electro-Optic Constant r22
T of LiNbO3
Authors: Iwasaki Hiroshi , Toyoda Hiroo , Niizeki Nobukazu , Kubota Hideo
Published: November 2005

Electro-optic constant r
22

T
of lithium meta-niobate was measured up to 200°C over the wavelength range from 436 to 632.8 mµ with a conoscopic observation. At room temperature, r
22

T
was found to be -6.4×10-12 m/v at 632.8 mµ and to decrease with decreasing wavelength. It exhibited a clear decrease above 100°C and the temperature dependence was discussed in connection with ferroelectric polarization.
Production of the 3He++-Ion by an R. F. Ion Source
Authors: Orihara Hikonojyo , Hiratate Yukio , Morita Susumu
Published: November 2005

Production of the 3He++-ion by a R. F. ion source has been observed on a test-bench. After accelerating ions to about 20 KeV, the beam was analysed magnetically. The flow rate of the 3He-gas has been kept less than 1.0 cc/hr. The effects of magnetic field and location of the R. F. coupling electrodes on the beam intensity of 3He+- and 3He++-ions were measured. About 0.3 µA of 3He++-ions were obtained. The maximum value of 0.8% was obtained for the ratio of the current intensities of 3He++- and 3He+-ions and the operating condition for obtaining the maximum ratio was determined. Some discussions on the results obtained were made from the point of view of the plasma in magnetic field.
The Built-in Voltage and the Charge Distributions in the Oxide of MOS Structure
Authors: Tarui Yasuo , Komiya Yoshio , Teshima Hiroo
Published: November 2005

The built-in voltage which exists in an oxide layer of a MOS structure was determined by analyzing the time saturated N

F
B
value as a function of voltage of the B.T. treatment.
This voltage V

M
S
was assured by observing the transient ion current waveform through the MOS structure. The physically meaningful quantities of φ
M
-χ, the built-in voltage in the SiO2 and the fixed positive charge at the Si-SiO2 interface were derived for various samples. The potential, the field, and the charge distribution in the SiO2 were calculated by using solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation by which the fundamental characteristics of the bias voltage dependence of the saturated N

F
B
in the B.T. treatment was found to be well understood.
Structure des Oxides de Tantale
Authors: Terao Nobuzo
Published: November 2005

The structure change of tantalum on heating in air and oxygen was followed by X-ray diffraction. Numerous forms of Ta oxides have been identified. Ta-(O) (solid solution), TaO
y
, TaO
z
, δ-form and β-Ta2O5 are formed in air at either atmospheric or reduced pressure. The nitrogen in the air is important for high temperature oxidation of tantalum since nitrides such as Ta2N and δ-TaN were observed. Heating of Ta powder in oxygen causes violent ignition and the α-form which has hitherto been considered to be a high-temperature form of Ta2O5 is obtained. The transformation α→β occurs on heating in oxygen and the inverse transformation β→α occurs on heating in vacuum at a temperature higher than 1300°C. The helium method of density measurement showed that the α-form is an oxide lower than Ta2O5. In the products of thermite reactions of (Ta+CuO) system, the dioxide TaO2 and a new cubic form of Ta oxide were observed.
Theory of a Cone-Plate Viscometer for Non-Newtonian Liquids
Authors: Oka Syoten , Takami Akira
Published: November 2005

A general relationship between the torqueMand the angular velocity \varOmega of a plate is obtained for a time-independent non-Newtonian liquid specified by an arbitrary flow curve. It is assumed that the motion of the liquid is steady and that each liquid particle moves with a constant angular velocity on a circle on a horizontal plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The edge effects are neglected. It is shown how to determine the flow curve from the experimental relationship betweenMand \varOmega for some special cases. Following special cases are considered: i) non-Newtonian liquid obeying power law flow curve, ii) non-Newtonian liquid obeying flow curve expanded into power series, iii) Bingham body. It is shown that the relationship betweenMand \varOmega for a non-Newtonian liquid obeying power law flow curve is reduced to the well-known formula for a Newtonian liquid when the exponent tends to unity.
Mechanism of the Inception of Hydraulic Cavitation
Authors: Wakeshima Hiromu , Nishigaki Kazu
Published: November 2005

For the purpose of clarifying the physical nature of the inception of hydraulic cavitation, distilled water saturated with air at an atmospheric pressure was injected as a free jet through small glass nozzles into the same kind of liquid under various states of thermodynamic meta-stability. The condition of the critical states for the inception of cavitation was observed. The result of this experiment seems to show that, contrary to the generally accepted hypothesis of the existence of “nuclear bubbles”, some kind of direct coupling between the state of flow of the liquid and the inception of cavitation therein may be blamed for the phenomenon.
Defect-Clusters in Electron and in Neutron Irradiated Lithium Fluoride
Authors: Mannami Michi-hiko , Akisue Osamu , Tanaka Kenzo
Published: November 2005

The defect-clusters in LiF irradiated by thermal neutrons and by 100 KeV electrons have been studied by transmission electron microscopy.
The defect-clusters in the electron-irradiated crystals are formed after exposure to about 1014 electrons/cm2 and they are some 30 Å in diameter having no crystallographic orientation relationship to the matrix. They grow larger under subsequent electron irradiation and stop growing when they are about 500 Å in diameter.
The defect-clusters in the crystals exposed to 1013∼1018 nvt of neutrons are platelets parallel to one of the {100} planes. They are less than 200 Å in diameter and less than 50 Å in thickness. Their density, about 5×1015/cm3, is almost independent of exposure. It is probable that the defect-clusters in electron- and neutron-irradiated crystals are of same nature, since the defect-clusters in neutron irradiated crystals grow as a result of electron irradiation during observation in the electron microscope.
No inhomogeneous line defects have been observed.
Energy Distribution of Electrons Tunneling through a Metal-Insulator-Metal Sandwich Structure
Authors: Kumagai Yasuji , Kawarada Kuniyasu , Shibata Yukio
Published: November 2005

A study of the energy distribution of electron tunneling through a metal-insulator-metal diode for high voltage cases is presented. The ideal Mott barrier is assumed; the barrier forms including the multiple-image-force effect are calculated exactly as far as possible, and numerical results of the energy distribution are given on the basis of one dimensional and normal energy assumptions. The dependence of the energy distribution on temperature, film thickness, and applied voltage is investigated in detail.
Finally, the difference between the energy distributions given by the numerical results and the experimental results obtained with Al-Al2O3-Au thin film cathodes is discussed briefly.
Crystal Growth and Orientation of Vacuum Deposited Films of CdTe
Authors: Matsuno Jin-ichi , Inoue Morio
Published: November 2005

Thick films of CdTe were deposited on amorphous quartz plates at normal and oblique incidences in vacuum, and their oriented growth was studied by X-ray diffraction and by electronmicroscope observation. It was found that fibrous crystallites having the [111] growth axis inclined to the incident beam. Lamellae structure normal to the fiber axis was visualized on etching or cleaving. The crystallographic polarity along the [111] direction of thick CdTe films deposited on amorphous quartz as well as some other substances was determined from a measurement of the piezoelectric effect of the films; the substrate side of most films was the Cd(111) plane and the film surface side was the Te(111) plane. The photovoltaic effect of vacuum-deposited films was discussed in terms of the crystallographic characteristics such as the polarity and the cubic-hexagonal transition.
Experimental Study of Interference in Optical Fibers
Authors: Suzuki Takeomi
Published: November 2005

Feasibility of fiber optics for the measurement of the degree of coherence was confirmed experimentally. A diffraction pattern of the light from optical fibers was recorded on a photographic film and the pattern was analyzed in terms of spatial frequency by the diffraction method. The degree of coherence was evaluated from the diffraction powers associated with the interference between fibers. Despite the complex behavior of photographic emulsions, experimental results assure the feasibility of the method. The spatial and temporal coherence of a helium-neon laser are presented, which were obtained by this method.
Propagation Behaviour of Three-Wave-Mixing Light in an Isotropic Medium
Authors: Kubota Kanji
Published: November 2005

Some light-intensity-dependent effects on the propagation behaviour of a light wave which is generated through optical-mixing effect due to induced nonlinear polarization of third order in the electric-field strength is theoretically analyzed by the simple coupled-amplitude equations. In the region where the path-length z of the incident light beams in the medium is fairly long, the oscillating behaviour of the power density with z which is generated through the mixing process deviates from what is usually defined by the coherence-length l

c
. Under certain experimental conditions, correction of more than several percents in the coherence length is expected. In the case when the power of an incident wave is absorbed in the medium through single or double-photon-absorption process, this oscillating behaviour would be strongly damped.
Faraday Rotation of a Microwave through a Lossy Plasma
Authors: Takeda Susumu , Minami Kazuo , Matsuoka Ryosuke
Published: November 2005

The elliptically polarized Faraday effect appears, when microwaves are transmitted through lossy plasmas with magnetic fields. The detector signal of an electric field component of a wave through plasmas oscillates with the monotonous decrease of the plasma electron density, when the cyclotron frequency is higher than the applied frequency. The electron density and the collision frequency can be easily determined from the maxima and the minima of the detector signal. From the detected microwave signal through an afterglow plasma in a waveguide at pressures of 1.9 Torr and 5.0 Torr neon, the electron density which decays from 1012to 109cm-3with time are determined for various magnetic fields from 3400 to 6000 gauss. These decays show reasonable values of the recombination coefficient during the later period, where the electron energy relaxes to the thermal equilibrium with the gas temperature and the recombination loss predominates over the diffusion loss. The collision frequencies of electrons with ions and neutral atoms are determined and plotted against the electron density. These values are somewhat higher than the theoretical ones.
On Design of the Shape on the Low Field Side of the Magnet Pole for a Strong Focusing Synchrotron
Authors: Doke Tadayoshi , Kihara Motohiro , Tadeda Minoru
Published: November 2005

In order to obtain an economical design of the strong-focusing synchrotron magnet, the pole shape on the low field side is systematically investigated by the aid of a resistance network analogue. The results show that there exists an optimum condition of minimizing the low field side margin for a simple pole shape. The application of the condition to the practical cases is discussed.
The Steady Slow Motion of a Non-Newtonian Liquid through a Tapered Tube
Authors: Oka Syoten , Takami Akira
Published: November 2005

A theory of the steady slow motion of a time-independent non-Newtonian liquid through a tapered tube is presented. The coefficient of viscosity µ which appears in the relationship between the stress and the rate of strain of a Newtonian liquid is assumed to be a function of the velocity gradient. Thus µ is a function of the coordinates of the liquid particles. The equations of motion of a non-Newtonian liquid through a tapered tube have been obtained under the following assumptions: i) the liquid is incompressible; ii) the motion of the liquid is laminar; iii) the motion is steady; iv) no body-force acts on the liquid; v) the motion has an axial symmetry; vi) there is no slip at the wall; vii) the stream-lines are straight lines passing through the vertex of the cone; viii) the motion is so slow that the inertia term can be neglected. The differential equation for the velocity distribution of a non-Newtonian liquid obeying power law has been derived.
Effect of the Angular Velocity on the Sedimentation Constant of Rodlike Macromolecules, II.
Authors: Saitô Nobuhiko , Yunoki Yasuo
Published: November 2005

The sedimentation constant of rodlike macromolecules decreases with increasing angular velocity of the ultracentrifuge. In the previous paper (Japan. J. appl. Phys. 2 (1963) 1), this fact was explained as due to the orientation of macromolecules by assuming that the ultracentrifugal forces acting on the molecule are parallel. In this paper non-parallel nature of the ultracentrifugal forces is taken into account and the results of the previous paper are corrected.
Luminous Front in an Electric Shock Tube Having a Coaxial Gun
Authors: Matsuzaki Ri'ichi
Published: November 2005

Luminous front in an electric shock tube having a coaxial gun without “current crowbarring” was measured by using photo-transistors. The results show that the flow in the shock tube consists of a strongly luminous thin layer and a succeeding less luminous region. The position of the luminous front versus time and the velocity of the luminous front along the tube wall were measured. It is shown that the results are explained in terms of snow-plow model for sinusoidal discharge current.
Apparatus for Automatic Recording of Birefringence and Strain of Polymers
Authors: Shintani Ryuichi , Miki Masanobu , Soezima Yosio
Published: November 2005

An equipment is constructed by which photo-viscoelastic effect of polymers can be studied easily and rapidly. A birefringence is obtained by the method of the Sénarmont's compensator.
The light intensity is detected by a photomultiplier, RCA 931A, and the output is fed back to a servomotor with a tachogenerator.
An analyzer is rotated by the servomotor, until the light intensity through a test piece becomes equal to a monitory light intensity which is radiated from the same source. The rotation of analyzer is transferred to a potentiometer which rotates by twice as much as that of analyzer. The birefringence is obtained as the voltage variation of potentiometer and a strain is measured by a differential transformer. They are continuously and simultaneously recorded on a same recording paper. A time constant of the birefringence detection is about 1/15 sec., and the strain of the test piece is measured up to 20%. Using a heating device, the measurements of the birefringence are possible in the temperature range up to 120°C. Interference filters and a composite quarter-wave-plate are used in the study of spectral dispersion. This equipment operates effectively in the study of photo-viscoelastic effects of the mixed polyesters.
Electrical Conduction in Reduced Single Crystals of Barium Titanate
Authors: Ikushima Hiroshi , Hayakawa Shigeru
Published: November 2005

Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and Hall effect of the barium-titanate crystals reduced by hydrogen were studied at temperatures -195∼165°C. The hydrogen reduction was carried out at above 800°C. The optical absorption in the reduced crystals was observed. Electron spin resonance absorption due to oxygen vacancy with a captured electron was observed in the slightly reduced crystals. Thermal activation energies obtained from temperature dependence of electrical conductivity showed different values in each phase of BaTiO3 crystal. Carrier concentration calculated from Hall coefficient is 1017∼1019/cc and Hall mobility ranges from 10-2 to 1 cm2 v-1·s-1 at room temperature.
A hydrogen-atom-like model is proposed for the captured electron in oxygen vacancy in the reduced barium-titanate crystals. The electrical conduction seems to be reasonably explained by a band model theory.
Dielectric Relaxation in Strontium Titanate Solid Solutions Containing Lanthania
Authors: Tien T. Y. , Cross L. E.
Published: November 2005

The dielectric properties of solid solutions in the system SrTiO3-La2/3TiO3 were measured in a frequency range from 200 to 105 Hz and at temperatures from -190 to 400°C. The relative permittivity of the solid solutions is lower that of pure SrTiO3 and pronounced dielectric nonlinearity was not observed. Two separate groups of dielectric relaxation peaks were observed, a low temperature relaxation which occured in a temperature region below room temperature and a higher temperature process which occured at about 200°C.
The experimental results were analyzed in the light of current theories for relaxation in high permittivity materials. It is suggested that the higher temperature relaxation is associated with a Maxwell-Wagner phenomenon due to the different properties of grain and grain boundaries in the ceramic specimen. For the lower temperature process the evidence is compatible with an ionic model of the Debye type. It is suggested that the existence of the A site vacancy in the perovskite ABO3 lattice introduced by the lanthanum substitution distorts the oxygen octahedron, producing more than one possible “non central” sites for the Ti4+ ion. The relaxation arises from the thermal motion over potential barriers separating these alternative sites.
On the Threshold of Current Saturation in GaAs
Authors: Ikoma Hideaki
Published: November 2005

Current saturation inn-GaAs was investigated between 77°K and room temperature. Measurements were made of the dependences of the threshold electric field of saturation and the saturation drift velocity both on temperature and carrier concentration. It was shown that there are two types of current saturation, one of which occurs at low threshold electric fields (200∼500 v/cm) in a low temperature range while the other was observed at high threshold fields (1000∼3000 v/cm). The former is believed to be caused by an electron-phonon instability via piezoelectric coupling and the latter to be associated with a bulk negative differential conductivity due to electron transfer between two band minima with different effective masses. In the former, the saturation drift velocity exceeds the sound velocity. This was qualitatively explained by using the phonon-amplification theory by Hutson and Akhieser's theory of a linear loss of phonons. A simple calculation was made of the temperature dependence of the threshold electric field of the latter current saturation based on the Hilsum's model and the result was in a qualitative agreement with experiments.
Origin of the Periodic Component of Anisotropy Dispersion in Ni-Fe Films II
Authors: Uchiyama Susumu , Fujii Toshitaka , Masuda Morio , Sakaki Yoneichiro
Published: November 2005

The periodic component of the angular dispersion α90 was measured on Ni-Fe films of various compositions deposited onto glass substrates kept at different temperatures. When the substrate temperature t

s
is about 300°C, the films are almost free from the stress and thus the angular dispersion α90 comes mainly from the magneto-crystalline anisotropy K
1 of the crystallites. However, if t

s
is far below 300°C, then α90 comes not only from K
1 but also from the magneto-elastic anisotropy K
σ,

α90∝(K
1
2+K
σ
2)1/2/K

u
,

where K

u
is the uniaxial anisotropy constant of the film. The anisotropic part of the stress σ
a
estimated from α90 depends on the substrate temperature as

σ
a
∼(300-t

s
)×107(d
y
n/cm2).
Resonant Oscillation in a PIG Discharge
Authors: Tanaka Yuji , Yamamoto Kenzo
Published: November 2005

Several types of coherent oscillations at a low frequency between 10 and 100 kHz are observed in a PIG discharge under a restricted condition when the magnetron motion of electrons around the plasma column perturbes the plasma. This perturbation propagates in the plasma column as a wave. The wave is resonant with the bounded plasma column, and consequently the low frequency oscillation is observed in the discharge. Three different waves, i.e., the ion acoustic wave, the slow hydromagnetic compression wave and the hydromagnetic shear wave are identified.