bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NOTCH2 links protein kinase C delta to the expression of CD23 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells
Authors: Hubmann Rainer , Düchler Markus , Schnabl Susanne , Hilgarth Martin , Demirtas Dita , Mitteregger Dieter , Hölbl Andrea , Vanura Katrina , Le Trang , Look Thomas , Schwarzmeier Josef D. , Valent Peter , Jäger Ulrich , Shehata Medhat
Published: December 2009

One characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) lymphocytes is high expression of CD23, which has previously been identified as a downstream target for NOTCH2 signalling. The mechanisms regulating NOTCH2‐dependent CD23 expression, however, are largely unknown. This study showed that peripheral CLL cells overexpressed transcriptionally active NOTCH2 (N2IC), irrespective of their prognostic marker profile. When placed in culture, NOTCH2 activity was spontaneously decreased in 25 out of 31 CLL cases (81%) within 24 h. DNA‐bound N2IC complexes could be maintained by the protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) or by γ‐interferon (IFN‐γ), two CLL characteristic inducers of CD23 expression. Inhibition of PKC‐δ by RNA interference or by rottlerin antagonised PMA‐induced NOTCH2 activation and also suppressed NOTCH2 activity in CLL cases with constitutively activated NOTCH2 signalling. In 23 out of 29 CLL cases tested (79%), DNA‐bound N2IC complexes were found to be resistant to the γ‐secretase inhibitor (GSI) DAPT, suggesting that GSIs will be only effective in a subset of CLL cases. These data suggest that deregulation of NOTCH2 signalling is critically involved in maintaining the malignant phenotype of CLL lymphocytes and point to a link between PKC‐δ and NOTCH2 signalling in the leukemic cells.
Haemostatic effect and tissue reactions of methods and agents used for haemorrhage control in apical surgery
Authors: Jensen S. S. , Yazdi P. M. , Hjørting‐Hansen E. , Bosshardt D. D. , Von Arx T.
Published: December 2009

Aim  To compare the haemostatic effect and tissue reactions of different agents and methods used for haemorrhage control in apical surgery.

Methodology  Six standardized bone defects were prepared in the calvaria of six Burgundy rabbits. Five haemostatic modalities were tested for their haemostatic effect and tissue reactions, and were compared with untreated control defects: ExpasylTM + Stasis®, ExpasylTM + Stasis® + freshening of the bone defect with a bur, Spongostan®, Spongostan® + epinephrine, and electro cauterization. The haemostatic effect was analysed visually and compared using Wilcoxon’s signed rank test. Two groups of three animals were evaluated histologically for hard and soft tissue reactions related to the different haemostatic measures, after 3 and 12 weeks of healing respectively.

Results  ExpasylTM + Stasis® and electro cauterization proved most effective in reducing bleeding (P < 0.05), but were accompanied by unfavourable tissue reactions, as indicated by the presence of necrotic bone, inflammatory cells and the absence of bone repair. These adverse tissue reactions did not recover substantially over time. However, adverse reactions were not observed when the superficial layer of bone had been removed with a rotary instrument. In contrast, Spongostan® + epinephrine showed only a moderate haemostatic effect, but elicited also only mild adverse tissue reactions.

Conclusions  Haemostasis in experimental bone defects is most effectively accomplished by using ExpasylTM + Stasis® or electro cauterization. However, the bone defects should be freshened with a rotary instrument before suturing so as not to compromise healing.
The application of Simulation‐Assisted Learning Statistics (SALS) for correcting misconceptions and improving understanding of correlation
Authors: Liu T.‐C. , Lin Y.‐C. , Kinshuk
Published: December 2009

Simulation‐based computer assisted learning (CAL) is recommended to help students understand important statistical concepts, although the current systems are still far from ideal. Simulation‐Assisted Learning Statistics (SALS) is a simulation‐based CAL that is developed with a learning model that is based on cognitive conflict theory to correct misconceptions and enhance understanding of correlation. In this study, a mixed method (embedded experiment model) was utilized to examine the effects of SALS‐based learning compared with lecture‐based learning. The sample was composed of 72 grade‐12 students, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the comparison group. The findings reveal that the SALS‐based learning approach is significantly more effective than lecture‐based learning, in terms of correcting students' misconceptions and improving their understanding of correlation. The study also uses quantitative and qualitative data to examine how the learning model of the SALS‐based learning approach contributes to the enhanced learning outcomes. Finally, practical suggestions were made with regard to directions for future studies.
Comparing masticatory performance and mixing ability
Authors: Van Der BILT A. , MOJET J. , TEKAMP F. A. , ABBINK J. H.
Published: December 2009

Summary  Masticatory performance has often been measured by determining an individual’s capacity to comminute a test food. Another method to determine masticatory performance, which is now widely used, evaluates the ability to mix and knead a food bolus. Two‐coloured chewing gum and paraffin wax have been used as test foods for the quantification of the mixing ability. The aim of our study was to compare the results obtained with the comminution of an artificial test food and the results obtained from mixing of a two‐coloured chewing gum. The degree of mixing of the colours of the chewing gum was quantified with an optical method. Twenty young subjects with a natural dentition (average age 24 years) and twenty elderly subjects, mostly with complete dentures (average age 72 years), participated in the study. Significant differences in masticatory performance between the two groups were detected with both methods. However, the comminution test was better in discriminating the masticatory performance of the two groups. The mixing ability test with the two‐coloured chewing gum proofed to be a good method to determine masticatory function in subjects with a compromised masticatory performance (elderly subjects). However, the method appeared to be less suitable for subjects with a good masticatory performance (young subjects).
Loss of polyubiquitin gene Ubb leads to metabolic and sleep abnormalities in mice
Authors: Ryu K.‐Y. , Fujiki N. , Kazantzis M. , Garza J. C. , Bouley D. M. , Stahl A. , Lu X.‐Y. , Nishino S. , Kopito R. R.
Published: December 2009

K.‐Y. Ryu, N. Fujiki, M. Kazantzis, J. C. Garza, D. M. Bouley, A. Stahl, X.‐Y. Lu, S. Nishino and R. R. Kopito (2010) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology36, 285–299 Loss of polyubiquitin gene Ubb leads to metabolic and sleep abnormalities in mice

Aims: Ubiquitin performs essential roles in a myriad of signalling pathways required for cellular function and survival. Recently, we reported that disruption of the stress‐inducible ubiquitin‐encoding gene Ubb reduces ubiquitin content in the hypothalamus and leads to adult‐onset obesity coupled with a loss of arcuate nucleus neurones and disrupted energy homeostasis in mice. Neuropeptides expressed in the hypothalamus control both metabolic and sleep behaviours. In order to demonstrate that the loss of Ubb results in broad hypothalamic abnormalities, we attempted to determine whether metabolic and sleep behaviours were altered in Ubb knockout mice. Methods: Metabolic rate and energy expenditure were measured in a metabolic chamber, and sleep stage was monitored via electroencephalographic/electromyographic recording. The presence of neurodegeneration and increased reactive gliosis in the hypothalamus were also evaluated. Results: We found that Ubb disruption leads to early‐onset reduced activity and metabolic rate. Additionally, we have demonstrated that sleep behaviour is altered and sleep homeostasis is disrupted in Ubb knockout mice. These early metabolic and sleep abnormalities are accompanied by persistent reactive gliosis and the loss of arcuate nucleus neurones, but are independent of neurodegeneration in the lateral hypothalamus. Conclusions:Ubb knockout mice exhibit phenotypes consistent with hypothalamic dysfunction. Our data also indicate that Ubb is essential for the maintenance of the ubiquitin levels required for proper regulation of metabolic and sleep behaviours in mice.
A novel pair of universal primers for the detection of potyviruses
Authors: Zheng L. , Rodoni B. C. , Gibbs M. J. , Gibbs A. J.
Published: December 2009

A novel pair of universal primers was developed to detect potyvirus species after conserved sites were identified using all full‐length potyvirus sequences available by 2005. The breadth of specificity of the new primers, NIb2F and NIb3R, was investigated and compared with the specificity of two routinely used primer pairs in plant virus diagnostic laboratories. RNA from 40 potyvirus isolates representing 23 recognized and three possible new species was tested. Reactions with NIb2F and NIb3R produced amplicons of 350 bp from all 40 virus isolates tested. Reactions with the previously published WCIEN and Potyvirid primers amplified cDNA from 32 and 21 isolates, representing possibly 21 and 15 species, respectively. The identity of 12 unknown potyvirus isolates was confirmed by sequencing and three were found to be potentially distinct potyvirus species. Gel banding patterns from reactions with NIb2F and NIb3R were simpler to interpret than those from reactions with the other two primer sets; fewer products were visible and the cDNA fragments were less variable in size. RT‐PCR with the novel primers is predicted to be able to detect virus isolates from all major groups within the genus Potyvirus and its reliability makes it well suited for use as a routine diagnostic assay.
Effect of host factors on the susceptibility of Rhododendron to Phytophthora ramorum
Authors: De Dobbelaere I. , Vercauteren A. , Speybroeck N. , Berkvens D. , Van Bockstaele E. , Maes M. , Heungens K.
Published: December 2009

Phytophthora ramorum causes sudden oak death (SOD) in western coastal forests of the USA. In Europe, the pathogen is mainly present in the nursery industry, particularly on Rhododendron. Because of the primary role of Rhododendron as a host and potentially as a vector, the effect of Rhododendron host factors on P. ramorum susceptibility and sporulation was investigated. Inoculation methods using either wounded or non‐wounded detached leaves were applied to 59 Rhododendron cultivars and 22 botanical species, replicated in three separate years. All Rhododendron species and cultivars were susceptible when using wounded leaves, but not when using non‐wounded leaves, suggesting a resistance mechanism operating at the level of leaf penetration. Using a regression tree analysis, the cultivars and species were split into four susceptibility classes. Young leaves were more susceptible than mature leaves when wounded, but less susceptible when non‐wounded. This effect was not correlated with leaf hydrophobicity or the number of leaf hairs. The presence or the type of rootstock did not affect the cultivar susceptibility level. Sporangia and chlamydospore production in the leaf lesions varied widely among Rhododendron cultivars and was not correlated with the susceptibility level. The susceptibility to P. ramorum correlated well with the susceptibility to P. citricola and P. hedraiandra × cactorum, suggesting that the resistance mechanisms against these species are non‐specific. Susceptibility to P. kernoviae was low for most cultivars. These findings have implications for detection, spread and disease control, and are therefore important in pest risk assessment.
A new hypothesis for the functional role of diversity in mediating resource pools and weed–crop competition in agroecosystems
Authors: SMITH R G , MORTENSEN D A , RYAN M R
Published: December 2009

Smith RG, Mortensen DA & Ryan MR (2009). A new hypothesis for the functional role of diversity in mediating resource pools and weed–crop competition in agroecosystems. Weed Research.50, 37–48.

We develop a new conceptual model we call the Resource Pool Diversity Hypothesis (RPDH) aimed at explaining how soil resource pool diversity may mediate competition for soil resources between weeds and crops. The primary tenets of the RPDH are that (i) in plant communities, the intensity of inter‐specific competition can depend upon the degree to which niche differentiation and resource partitioning occur among species, (ii) agricultural systems are unique in that management practices, such as crop rotation, source of fertility and weed management, result in inputs to the soil and (iii) these inputs directly or indirectly become soil resource pools from which crops and weeds may partition resources. The RPDH leads to the novel prediction that along a gradient of increasing cropping system diversity, yield loss due to weed–crop competition (i.e. the impact on yield per unit weed density) for soil resources should decrease. Similarly, the degree to which crops and weeds overlap in soil resource niche breadth (which is determined by species‐specific functional traits for resource acquisition), will determine the extent to which weed–crop competition weakens as resource pool diversity increases. While there have been no direct tests of the RPDH, we highlight evidence from the agricultural literature that provides strong support for components of the hypothesis. Validation of the RPDH would have important implications across a broad range of cropping systems for the development of management strategies that aim to reduce yield loss impact per unit weed plant density and the fundamental principles of integrated weed management, such as the concepts of weed thresholds and critical periods.
Deep‐sea demersal fish species richness in the Porcupine Seabight, NE Atlantic Ocean: global and regional patterns
Authors: Priede Imants G. , Godbold Jasmin A. , King Nicola J. , Collins Martin A. , Bailey David M. , Gordon John D. M.
Published: December 2009

The ichthyofauna of ocean margin regions is characterised by a succession of different species occurring at different depths. This study was aimed at determining whether the resultant pattern of species richness with depth is a consequence of local factors in a given region or whether it simply reflects the global pattern of fish species distribution in the oceans. Along the ocean margin of the temperate NE Atlantic Ocean in the Porcupine Seabight and Abyssal Plain region, 48°–53°N, a total of 108 demersal fish species were identified from 187 trawls at depths from 240 to 4865 m. Fitting of species accumulation curves predicted an asymptote of 120, indicating that the fauna is 90% described. Baited cameras detected 22 scavenging species with a predicted asymptote of 24 species. Scavenging species represented a constant 22.7% (SD 3.5%) of the total species richness throughout the depth range studied. Species richness per trawl varied between a maximum of 16 at 1600 m and 4 on the abyssal plain > 4000 m with no significant influence of sea floor slope (a measure of topographic heterogeneity). Total species richness was 48 at 1600 m and 10 on the abyssal plain. There is a clear transition between slope species above 3000 m and abyssal species below. The depth at which peak species richness occurs (1100–2000 m) coincides with the depth of the permanent thermocline, presence of Mediterranean overflow water (MOW), seasonally strong currents, resuspension of particulate matter, high biomass of benthic filter feeders and pelagic biomass impinging on the slope. We suggest that these factors increase habitat and resource heterogeneity, thus supporting a wider range of fish species. The local pattern of species richness was compared with the global distribution of maximum depths of marine fish species from FishBase. Globally all three Classes of fishes, Agnatha, Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes, showed a logarithmic decrease in species with depth, with the deepest observed species in each class occurring at 3003 m, 4156 m and 8370 m, respectively. In contrast, the local distribution of species maximum depths is idiosyncratic with a mean of 16.6 species maxima per 500 m at 1000–3000 m depth followed by three species per 500 m at 3500–4000 m and 11 species per 500 m at 5000 m. It is concluded that global patterns of species richness, as a source of recruitment, exert a weak influence on local patterns of species richness. Rather, global species richness is the sum of numerous regional and local patterns, each determined by characteristic environmental conditions.
Long‐term treatment of localized gastric marginal zone B‐cell mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma including incidence of metachronous gastric cancer
Authors: Ono Shouko , Kato Mototsugu , Takagi Kikuko , Kodaira Junichi , Kubota Kanako , Matsuno Yoshihiro , Komatsu Yoshito , Asaka Masahiro
Published: December 2009

Background and Aim:  According to a few recent reports on the long‐term clinical outcome of gastric marginal zone B‐cell mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT lymphoma); localized gastric MALT lymphoma generally has a favorable prognosis. However, the risk of metachronous gastric cancer has not been evaluated. In this study, we analyzed long‐term outcomes of localized gastric MALT lymphoma including the incidence of metachronous gastric cancer.

Methods:  Between April 1996 and May 2008, 60 patients (31 men and 29 women; mean age 58.1 years) with localized gastric MALT lymphoma (stage I and II1 according to Lugano classification) were analyzed retrospectively.

Results:  Forty‐eight patients (82.6%) achieved complete remission by eradication therapy. Radiation therapy was conducted on eight patients as second‐line treatment, and all of them achieved remission. The median follow‐up period was 76 months (range, 12–157 months). One patient had local relapse after remission for 5 years and three patients developed early gastric cancer without recurrence of lymphoma (5%). All of the three gastric cancers appeared in the same areas where MALT lymphoma had been eradicated.

Conclusion:  Eradication therapy and radiation therapy for localized gastric MALT lymphoma have a favorable long‐term outcome, though regular follow‐up endoscopy should be performed for detecting metachronous early gastric cancer.
Efficacy and safety of infliximab as rescue therapy for ulcerative colitis refractory to tacrolimus
Authors: Yamamoto Shuji , Nakase Hiroshi , Matsuura Minoru , Honzawa Yusuke , Masuda Satohiro , Inui Ken‐ichi , Chiba Tsutomu
Published: December 2009

Background and Aim:  Little is known about the efficacy and safety of infliximab for ulcerative colitis refractory to tacrolimus. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of infliximab in the induction of remission in ulcerative colitis patients with persistent symptoms despite tacrolimus therapy.

Methods:  We report a retrospective, observational, single‐center case series of 12 consecutively enrolled patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to tacrolimus that received infliximab therapy for the induction of remission. Eight patients received a single infusion of infliximab, and four received two or more infusions. Median follow‐up duration was 16.0 months (range, 1.6–41.4 months). The clinical response was evaluated based on a modified Truelove‐Witts severity index.

Results:  Six patients (50.0%) achieved clinical remission within 30 days. Overall cumulative colectomy‐free survival was estimated to be 58.3% at 41.4 months. Adverse events included an elevation of liver enzymes (1/12; 8.3%) and a mild infusion reaction (1/12; 8.3%). No mortality occurred.

Conclusions:  Infliximab can induce remission in patients with ulcerative colitis who do not tolerate or respond to tacrolimus therapy.
Corynoplastis japonica gen. et sp. nov. and Dixoniellales ord. nov. (Rhodellophyceae, Rhodophyta) based on morphological and molecular evidence
Authors: Yokoyama Akiko , Scott Joseph L. , Zuccarello Giuseppe C. , Kajikawa Makiko , Hara Yoshiaki , West John A.
Published: December 2009

A new unicellular red alga, Corynoplastis japonica gen. et sp. nov., is described from Tobishima, Japan. Cells are spherical, 18–33 µm in diameter, pale purple to brownish red and surrounded by a mucilaginous sheath. A single chloroplast with many lobes extends from the cell periphery to the cell center. A peripheral thylakoid is present. A pyrenoid occurs at each innermost chloroplast lobe end and one or two thylakoids are present in the pyrenoid matrix. The nucleus is eccentric to peripheral and Golgi bodies are scattered throughout the cell and associated with endoplasmic reticulum. Cells have a slow random gliding motility. The low molecular weight carbohydrate mannitol is present in the cells. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that this alga is closely related to members of the genus Rhodella. A new order, Dixoniellales, is established for Dixoniella, Neorhodella and Glaucosphaera based on molecular and ultrastructural evidence (Golgi bodies associated only with the nucleus). The redefined order Rhodellales in which Rhodella and Corynoplastis are placed is characterized ultrastructurally by Golgi bodies scattered throughout the cytoplasm and associated with endoplasmic reticulum.
PROGRESSIVE CORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL CELL CHANGES IN ANTERIOR SEGMENT DISEASE
Authors: ANNE M. V. BROOKS md, fraco, fracs, fracp  , GLENYS GRANT aiap, mbpa  , IAN F. ROBERTSON fraco, fracs  , W. E. GlLLlES FRACO, FRACS, FRCS (Edin)
Published: December 2009

We have demonstrated marked changes in the corneal endothelium in some groups of patients with ocular anterior segment disease including chronic cyclitis, both heterochromic an! classical pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule, and anterior segment pigment dispersal syndrome.

The most striking changes occurred in heterchromic cyclitis with reduced endothelial cell counts (p>0.01) and altered cellular morphology. In almost all eyes with cyclitis endothellal belbs were seen. In eyes with unilateral pseudoexfoliation of the lens capsule there was a lower endothelial cell count with pleomorphisrn and polymegathism, the changes being somewhat more marked with raised introcular pressure (p>0.07). In anterior segment pigment dispersal syndrome there was an even smaller reduction in count (p>0.05)with mild changes in morphology.

Factors producing endothelial cell changes included hypoperfusion of the iris with microneovascularisation of the iris stroma, intercellular bleb formation with oedema of the corneal endothelium. and raised intraocular pressure.

A normal iris circulation is important to the integrity of the corneal endothelium.
Cleft closure for the treatment of pilonidal sinus disease
Authors: Senapati A. , Cripps N. P. J. , Flashman K. , Thompson M. R.
Published: December 2009

Aim  Treatments for pilonidal sinus disease are numerous and prone to failure. In complex disease, the morbidity is high. In contrast with complex operations, the cleft closure procedure can be done simply and successfully with better cosmetic results. We present the results of a single‐centre experience of this procedure.

Method  One hundred and fifty patients had the operation; most were treated as a day case and many were operated under local anaesthetic.

Results  Primary healing occurred in 83 (60%) of 139 patients. Recurrences requiring surgery have been seen in 5.3%. The long‐term cosmetic appearance has been noted to approach normality.

Conclusion  Cleft closure is a simple and highly effective operation to treat recurrent or extensive pilonidal sinus disease.
Imprinted numbers: newborn chicks’ sensitivity to number vs. continuous extent of objects they have been reared with
Authors: Rugani Rosa , Regolin Lucia , Vallortigara Giorgio
Published: December 2009

Newborn chicks were tested for their sensitivity to number vs. continuous physical extent of artificial objects they had been reared with soon after hatching. Because of the imprinting process, such objects were treated by chicks as social companions. We found that when the objects were similar, chicks faced with choices between 1 vs. 2 or 2 vs. 3 objects chose the set of objects of larger numerosity, irrespective of the number of objects they had been reared with. Moreover, when volume, surface or contour length were controlled for using sets of 1 vs. 4, 1 vs. 6 or 1 vs. 3 objects, chicks resorted to choosing the larger object, rather than the familiar numerosity. When, however, chicks were reared with objects differing in their aspect (colour, size, and shape) and then tested with completely novel objects (of different colour and shape but controlled for continuous extent), they chose to associate with the same number of objects they had been reared with. These results suggest that identification of objects as different and separate individuals is crucial for the computation of number rather than continuous extent in numerical representation of small numerosities and provide a striking parallel with results obtained in human infants. Early availability of small numerosity discrimination by chicks strongly suggests that these abilities are in place at birth.
A comparative study of the effects of using dynamic geometry software and physical manipulatives on the spatial visualisation skills of pre‐service mathematics teachers
Authors: Baki Adnan , Kosa Temel , Guven Bulent
Published: December 2009

The study compared the effects of dynamic geometry software and physical manipulatives on the spatial visualisation skills of first‐year pre‐service mathematics teachers. A pre‐ and post‐test quasi‐experimental design was used. The Purdue Spatial Visualisation Test (PSVT) was used for the pre‐ and post‐test. There were three treatment groups. The first group (n = 34) used Dynamic Geometry Software (DGS) Cabri 3D as a virtual manipulative and the second group (n = 32) used physical manipulatives. In the control group (n = 30), the students received traditional instruction. The results of the study showed that physical manipulatives and DGS‐based types of instruction are more effective in developing the students' spatial visualisation skills than traditional instruction. In addition, students in the DGS‐based group performed better than the physical manipulative‐based group in the views section of the PSVT.
In Search of Explanations for Early Pubertal Timing Effects on Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Ge Xiaojia , Natsuaki Misaki N.
Published: December 2009

Early pubertal maturation has been identified as a potential risk factor for internalizing and externalizing problems during adolescence. However, questions about the mechanisms that link early pubertal timing and psychopathology remain. In this article, we describe four hypotheses that explain the effects of early pubertal maturation. The hormonal influence hypothesis predicts that an increase in hormones at puberty leads to increased psychopathology. The maturation disparity hypothesis focuses on the gap between physical, social, and psychological maturation in early maturers that exacts the toll on individuals' adjustment. The contextual amplification hypothesis proposes that experiencing early pubertal transition in a disadvantaged context increases the risk for psychopathology. Finally, the accentuation hypothesis maintains that preadolescent vulnerabilities and challenges during early pubertal transition together increase problems. This article concludes with a consideration of how these hypotheses individually and collectively generate new lines of research linking early pubertal maturation and psychopathology.
Culture and the Brain
Authors: Ambady Nalini , Bharucha Jamshed
Published: December 2009

The goal of this article is to highlight recent work examining how culture affects neural activation. We suggest a framework for cultural neuroscience in which there are two objectives: culture mapping—or the mapping function from patterns characteristic of cultures to their neural processing—and source analysis—or the attempt to determine the sources of observed commonalities and differences. We review links between culture and the brain across fundamental domains of cognitive and social psychology.
Grief Therapy
Authors: Neimeyer Robert A. , Currier Joseph M.
Published: December 2009

The loss of a loved one carries serious consequences for the physical and emotional well-being of many of the bereaved. It is therefore not surprising that to mitigate the impact of loss and promote successful adaptation, various forms of grief therapy have been proposed. However, controversies about the effectiveness of bereavement interventions have arisen, in part because previous reviews have relied on small samples of studies, which makes drawing inferences about the evidence base for bereavement interventions precarious at best. Drawing on a recent comprehensive analysis of over 60 controlled studies, we attempt to offer a more definitive view, and we discuss moderators associated with more effective bereavement interventions. Finally, we conclude by considering several theoretically informed approaches that hold promise for the further refinement of evidence-based therapies for bereavement complications, and we suggest some future directions for grief research and intervention.
Non‐medically supervised treatment interruptions among participants in a universally accessible antiretroviral therapy programme
Authors: Moore DM , Zhang W , Yip B , Genebat M , Lima VD , Montaner JSG , Hogg RS
Published: December 2009

Background

We examined clinical outcomes, patient characteristics and trends over time of non‐medically supervised treatment interruptions (TIs) from a free‐of‐charge antiretroviral therapy (ART) programme in British Columbia (BC), Canada.

Methods

Data from ART‐naïve individuals ≥18 years old who initiated triple combination highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) between January 2000 and June 2006 were analysed. Participants having ≥3 month gap in HAART coverage were defined as having a TI. Cox proportional hazards modelling was used to examine factors associated with TIs and to examine factors associated with resumption of treatment.

Results

A total of 1707 participants were study eligible and 643 (37.7%) experienced TIs. TIs within 1 year of ART initiation decreased from 29% of individuals in 2000 to 19% in 2006 (P<0.001). TIs were independently associated with a history of injection drug use (IDU) (P=0.02), higher baseline CD4 cell counts (P<0.001), hepatitis C co‐infection (P<0.001) and the use of nelfinavir (NFV) (P=0.04) or zidovudine (ZDV)/lamivudine (3TC) (P=0.009) in the primary HAART regimen. Male gender (P<0.001), older age (P<0.001), AIDS at baseline (P=0.008) and having a physician who had prescribed HAART to fewer patients (P=0.03) were protective against TIs. Four hundred and eighty‐eight (71.9%) participants eventually restarted ART with male patients and those who developed an AIDS‐defining illness prior to their TI more likely to restart therapy. Higher CD4 cell counts at the time of TI and unknown hepatitis C status were associated with a reduced likelihood of restarting ART.

Conclusion

Treatment interruptions were associated with younger, less ill, female and IDU participants. Most participants with interruptions eventually restarted therapy. Interruptions occurred less frequently in recent years.
Anticipation of age at onset in familial multiple sclerosis
Authors: Romero‐Pinel L. , Martínez‐Yélamos S. , Gubieras L. , Matas E. , Bau L. , Kremenchutzky M. , Arbizu T.
Published: December 2009

Background and objective:  Anticipation of age at onset in the younger generations is a widely known characteristic of many diseases with genetic inheritance. This study was performed to assess whether there is anticipation of age at onset in younger generations of familial multiple sclerosis (MS) in a Spanish population and to compare clinical characteristics of familial and sporadic MS.

Methods:  We studied a cohort of 1110 patients diagnosed with MS and followed‐up in our MS Unit. Patients were considered as familial MS if they had in their family at least one relative of first or second degree diagnosed with MS. Otherwise, patients were considered to have sporadic MS. We compared the age at onset between relatives from different generations, and we also compared the age at onset of familial and sporadic MS.

Results:  A lower age at onset in the younger generations was found (median 22 years vs. 30 years, P < 0.001) and a significant lower age at onset of the disease in familial MS comparing to sporadic MS (median 25 years vs. 29 years, P = 0.042).

Conclusions:  There is an anticipation of the age at onset of MS in the younger generations of patients with familial MS. There is also a lower age at onset in familial versus sporadic MS.
Routine use of Xeomin® in patients previously treated with Botox®: long term results
Authors: Dressler D.
Published: December 2009

Background and purpose:  Based upon large and carefully performed studies Xeomin® was first registered in 2005. However, its real potential can only be assessed, when it is used outside of study design restrictions, in an independent setting, in off‐label indications and during continued use.

Methods and results:  Two hundred and sixty‐three patients (91 with dystonia, 84 with spasticity, 17 with hemifacial spasm and re‐innervation synkinesias, 64 with hyperhidrosis, 7 with hypersalivation), who were previously treated with Botox® for at least 1 year under stable conditions, were converted in a blinded fashion to Xeomin® using a 1:1 conversion ratio and identical treatment parameters. Therapeutic outcome and adverse effects were monitored by neurological examination and structuralised interviews. In 223 patients (all except those with axillary hyperhidrosis) Xeomin® was used continuously throughout a 3 year period. Altogether 1050 injection series were performed. Patients with dystonia received 261.5 ± 141.0 MU Botox®/Xeomin®, patients with spasticity 450.5 ± 177.1 MU, patients with hemifacial spasm and reinnervation synkinesias 44.7 ± 19.5 MU and patients with hyperhidrosis 286.9 ± 141.6 MU. The maximum botulinum toxin dose applied was 840 MU. There were no subjective or objective differences between Botox® and Xeomin® treatments with respect to onset latency, maximum and duration of their therapeutic effects and their adverse effect profiles. Long‐term use did not reveal additional safety relevant aspects. None of the patients lost therapeutic efficacy during the observation period.

Conclusions:  Xeomin® can be used safely in doses of up to 840 MU. Even when applied in high doses it did not produce secondary therapy failure. There were no diffusion differences between Botox® and Xeomin®. Using a conversion ratio of 1:1 Xeomin® and Botox® can easily be exchanged in a continued treatment.
Xeomin® in the treatment of cervical dystonia
Authors: Benecke R.
Published: December 2009

Background and purpose:  Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is a highly effective and well‐tolerated treatment for focal dystonias. The BoNT/A in Botox® and Dysport® is part of a high‐molecular‐weight complex that contains hemagglutinins and other non‐toxic proteins, whilst Xeomin® is a highly purified BoNT/A free of such complexing proteins. In the largest controlled study of BoNT/A published to date (Neurology 2005; 64: 1949), it was demonstrated that Xeomin® is non‐inferior to Botox® and has 1:1 efficacy in the treatment of cervical dystonia. A possible limitation of continued BoNT/A treatment is antibody development. Based on its physiochemical properties and toxicological evidence, Xeomin® is expected to have a reduced incidence of non‐responders after long‐term treatment compared with other marketed BoNT/A products.

Methods and results:  In our ongoing open‐label study, 100 patients suffering from cervical dystonia are continuously treated with Xeomin®; 50 patients were treated de novo, the remaining patients had been previously treated with Botox®, Dysport® or NeuroBloc®/Myobloc®. All patients showed negative results in antibody testing at the beginning of Xeomin® treatment. During continuous treatment with Xeomin® up to 2 years, patients continued to respond well to Xeomin® treatment.

Conclusion:  The treatment was well tolerated and no patient has developed neutralizing antibodies as measured using the sensitive mouse hemidiaphragma assay within these first 2 years.
Xeomin®: an innovative new botulinum toxin type A
Authors: Frevert J.
Published: December 2009

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is a well‐established treatment for conditions characterized by muscle and autonomic nerve terminal overactivity, such as cervical dystonia and blepharospasm, and hyperhidrosis, respectively. BoNT/A is not digested in the gastrointestinal tract as it forms a complex with several proteins that protect and stabilize the neurotoxin. However, the pure neurotoxin is solely responsible for the therapeutic effect, and the complexing proteins have been shown to exhibit immunostimulating activity. The complexing proteins are not required for the stabilization of the neurotoxin in a formulation; the complexing proteins immediately dissociate from the neurotoxin at a physiologic pH, so they do not influence the spread of the neurotoxin. Xeomin® is the only botulinum toxin that is free from complexing proteins and is stable at room temperature for a period of 4 years. When injected directly into muscles, Xeomin® inhibits local neuromuscular cholinergic transmission, causing focal weakness. It binds to motor nerve terminal pre‐synaptic receptors, is internalized via receptor‐mediated endocytosis and then selectively cleaves a protein called SNAP‐25. This is one of several so‐called ‘SNARE’ proteins involved in exocytosis. Cleavage of SNAP‐25 inhibits the secretion of acetylcholine causing the paralysis of the muscle. The clinical effects begin 24–72 h after injection, peak at approximately 4–6 weeks and are sustained for several months.
Injured Workers’ Underreporting in the Health Care Industry: An Analysis Using Quantitative, Qualitative, and Observational Data
Authors: GALIZZI MONICA , MIESMAA PETRA , PUNNETT LAURA , SLATIN CRAIG ,   THE PHASE IN HEALTHCARE RESEARCH TEAM
Published: December 2009

Underreporting of occupational injuries was examined in four health care facilities using quantitative, qualitative, and observational data. Occupational Safety and Health Administration logs accounted for only one‐third of the workers’ compensation records; 45 percent of injured workers followed by survey had workers’ compensation claims. Workers reported 63 percent of serious occupational injuries. Underreporting is explained by time pressure and workers’ doubts about eligibility, reputation, income loss, and career prospects. Though aware of underreporting, managers subtly believe in workers’ moral hazard behaviors.
Project Labor Agreements’ Effect on School Construction Costs in Massachusetts
Authors: BELMAN DALE , ORMISTON RUSSELL , KELSO RICHARD , SCHRIVER WILLIAM , FRANK KENNETH A.
Published: December 2009

This paper investigates the impact of Project Labor Agreements (PLAs) on school construction cost in Massachusetts. Although simple models exhibit a large positive effect of PLAs on construction costs, such effects are absent from more completely specified models. Further investigation finds sufficient dissimilarity in schools built with and without PLAs that it is difficult to distinguish the cost effects of PLAs from the cost effects of factors that underlie the use of PLAs.
Union Members’ Usage of IT
Authors: MASTERS MARICK F. , GIBNEY RAY , ZAGENCZYK THOMAS J. , SHEVCHUK IRYNA
Published: December 2009

An important issue in assessing the potential benefits of information technology (IT) as a tool for increasing labor’s effectiveness is union members’ use of IT. Using 2003 Current Population Survey data, we examine the union members’ IT and Internet usage at home and work. We find that union members are more intense users of IT at work than nonunionized employees and that high‐intensity IT users constitute about one‐third of the union sample.
Collective Bargaining, Macroeconomic Performance, and the Sectoral Composition of Trade Unions
Authors: TRAXLER FRANZ , BRANDL BERND
Published: December 2009

Strong exposed‐sector unions and weak public‐sector unions are seen as having beneficial effects on macroeconomic performance. Although these effects must work through the bargaining structure, the interaction with union composition is unclarified. This paper argues that the interaction effect qualitatively differs with the bargaining type. The findings show that the performance of pattern bargaining significantly increases with growing exposed‐sector union strength whereas uncoordinated bargaining and centrally coordinated bargaining do not interact with union composition.
Defending Illicit Livelihoods: Youth Resistance in Harare's Contested Spaces
Authors: KAMETE AMIN Y.
Published: December 2009

In response to incessant assaults by the Zimbabwean state's repressive apparatus, spearheaded by the urban planning system, youth in Harare have shifted their modes of resistance. The most successful forms of resistance appear to be those that are multifarious, non‐confrontational and less docile. Empirical material from Harare suggests that the situation is best understood in the framework of more sophisticated conceptualizations of human agency and resistance than those proposed by modernist perspectives. It is shown that the resistance of the youth is about localized struggles that disrupt institutions and normalization. Arguing that the youth's continued occupation of contested urban spaces is a result of abandoning full‐scale confrontation in favour of ‘resistance at the margins’, the article concludes that a postmodernist analysis best explains the youths' modes of resistance.

En réaction aux assauts continuels menés par l'appareil répressif étatique du Zimbabwe avec, en fer de lance, le système d'urbanisme, les jeunes de Harare ont changé de modes de résistance. Les formes les plus performantes semblent être celles qui sont plurielles, non conflictuelles et plus sages. Les données empiriques sur Harare suggèrent que la situation est mieux appréhendée dans le cadre de conceptualisations de l'agence humaine et de la résistance plus sophistiquées que celles que proposent les approches modernistes. Il est montré que la résistance des jeunes porte sur des luttes localisées qui perturbent institutions et normalisation. Le fait que les jeunes occupent en permanence les espaces urbains contestés reflète leur renonciation à une confrontation massive au profit d'une ‘résistance aux marges’. L'article conclut qu'une analyse postmoderniste explique plus clairement les modes de résistance de la jeunesse.
Ineffectiveness of sun awareness posters in dermatology clinics
Authors: Jung GW , Senthilselvan A , Salopek TG
Published: December 2009

Background  Although sun awareness posters have been used in doctors’ offices and clinics for decades to promote sun protective behaviour, there is no evidence of their usefulness.

Objectives  To investigate whether sun awareness posters lead to inquiry of skin cancer and sun protection measures.

Method  Patients considered at risk for skin cancer seen at a dermatology clinic were randomly asked to complete a questionnaire designed to assess the effectiveness of three different sun awareness posters placed in patient rooms. The posters were selected on the basis of their catchy slogan and eye‐appealing images, and included those featuring parental interest, sex appeal and informative advice.

Results  Only half of the patients noticed the posters (50.6%). The poster with sex appeal garnered the most attention (67.8%), followed by the informative poster (49.2%) and the parental interest poster (35.8%) (P < 0.001). Although patients who noticed the sun awareness poster inquired about cutaneous cancers and sun protection practices twice as often as those who did not notice the poster, only one‐tenth of such inquiries were attributed to the poster (∼5% of the target population). As reported in the questionnaire, the posters themselves were less effective than the advice of physicians in influencing patient attitudes towards sun protection measures.

Conclusion  Organizations that produce and disseminate posters should consider beyond focus groups when they design their posters and should consider field testing their products to ensure that they are reaching the targeted audience and are having the expected beneficial effect, otherwise their posters are simply decorative.
Microbiological analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor therapy‐associated paronychia
Authors: Eames T , Grabein B , Kroth J , Wollenberg A
Published: December 2009

Background  Paronychia is a well‐known, but difficult to treat cutaneous toxicity associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapy. Although bacterial and fungal infections as well as mechanical trauma may play a role as co‐pathogens, there is no good basis for an empirical antimicrobial chemotherapy in these patients.

Materials and methods  We retrospectively analysed the microbiological results and resistance analysis of 42 cases of EGFR inhibitor‐associated paronychia induced by cetuximab.

Results  We identified 20 different species, among these 72% Gram‐positive bacteria, 23% Gram‐negative bacteria and 5%Candida species. About half of the microbes identified may be considered as residential bacterial flora of the skin, but isolation of microbes from paronychia may indicate a pathogenic relevance for this type of reaction. Eight of our patients were treated with oral antibiotics, whereas two patients received oral antimycotic therapy. All other cases of paronychia were controlled using topical antiseptic, antibiotic and antimycotic agents.

Conclusion  Empirical oral antibiotic treatment may be performed with oral cephalosporines, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin or moxifloxacin, as these antimicrobials have high in vitro activity against the majority of the isolated microorganisms and reach high concentrations in the relevant tissue.
A comparison of the physicochemical, microbiological and aromatic composition of Traditional and Industrial Leben in Tunisia
Authors: SAMET‐BALI OLFA , BELLILA AMOR , AYADI MOHAMED‐ALI , MARZOUK BRAHIM , ATTIA HAMMADI
Published: December 2009

Traditional Tunisian Leben (TL) was produced according to the traditional method. Physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and major aromatic compounds were studied and compared to industrial Leben (IL) and experimental Leben (EL). The results show a decrease in lactose content and pH value and an increase in lactic acid during spontaneous fermentation. TL and EL were characterised by higher protein, lactose and ash contents but were less fatty and acidic than IL. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts present in TL were responsible for lactic acid fermentation and aroma development. The LAB and yeast counts in TL were higher than that in EL and IL. Dynamic headspace extraction procedure shows the existence of four major volatile compounds: acetaldehyde, ethanol, diacetyl and acetoin in TL, IL and EL. However, TL has the most important quantity of aroma.