bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charging and paying for information on open networks
Authors: Ghani Din
Published: February 2008

With the current commercialization of the Internet, rapid development of mechanisms and systems to support commercial transactions over open, public networks can be seen. This paper sets out to review the emerging technologies with a specific application scenario in mind: that of online access to commercially‐operated bibliographic information and full‐text document delivery services via the World‐Wide‐Web.
Legal structure of the Internet
Authors: Carolina Robert
Published: February 2008

Legally speaking, there is no such ‘thing’ as the Internet.
Internet payments — the issues
Authors: Willis Alan
Published: February 2008

I have been asked to talk about payments on the Internet but, as you will see, I plan to widen the scope. The subject is so big that there are entire days being devoted to it at conferences already. Indeed, it is only a matter of time before there is a whole conference…
An EEVL solution to engineering information on the Internet
Authors: Moffat Malcolm
Published: February 2008

The Edinburgh Engineering Virtual Library (EEVL) is a project, funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC), to develop a gateway to Internet resources in engineering as part of the Electronic Libraries Programme. This paper describes the background to the project and outlines the approach that has been taken to developing the service.
Adhesive journal binding — the Remploy trial at Leeds University Library
Authors: Green Paul Robert
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the development of adhesive journal binding in the UK and reports on an extensive trial of Remploy's adhesive binding in the Edward Boyle Library for Science and Engineering journals.
Enabling a global community of knowledge
Authors: Speh Marcus
Published: February 2008

A short personal view on the development of the Internet phenomenon is given. It is argued that the Internet is a powerful paradigm of change and community building. Changes which enable the learning organization are of particular interest. This is investigated in the context of corporate training using, or learning from, the Internet. Next, capabilities and rigidities of the net as a knowledge management tool rather than yet another way to distribute unwanted information, are listed. Finally, the important lessons learnt from the success of the Internet are linked to the future of marketing the Internet world wide.
A new system of Centralized Lubrication
Authors: HIGGENS CECIL C.
Published: February 2008

DURING a period when business comes easily, and at any price, the advantages to be derived from efficient lubrication may not always be properly appreciated, But we live in a changing world; the seller's market is passing as competition grows. If, as we are told, it is essential to retain our present share of the world's trade and, even to increase it, costs must be constantly scrutinised and all avoidable waste eliminated. Where plant of any type is concerned the adoption of improved methods of lubrication is an effective means for cutting production costs.
Water lubrication of phenolic bearings
Authors: VOGT FRANK
Published: February 2008

PHENOLIC bearings have frequently been used P for roll mills, thrust collars and rings, lifter bearings, side bearings on brass mills, plate mills and sheet mills, etc. They have sometimes replaced lignum vitae for marine propellor shaft bearings. Their lubrication can be effectively accomplished with water which, obviously, is the best coolant. It is important, however, to give special attention to bearing design and application of the water to ensure the best results.
Some NEW E.P. Lubricating Oil Additives … .
Authors: DAVEY W.
Published: February 2008

IT has been shown that compounds containing reactive chlorine atoms, and in particular those possessing a Cl3C‐ group, show marked E.P. activity when blended in mineral oil. Bromine compounds have been shown to be superior in E.P. activity to analogous chlorine compounds. Tribrom‐thioacetals, analogous to the trichlor‐compounds already described, have been prepared and found to possess good E.P. activity when blended in mineral oil. Such compounds show E.P. properties of a similar order to those shown by the trichlor‐compounds, but are more expensive to prepare and are less stable than their chlorine analogues, undergoing decomposition if impure or on keeping for long periods or on excessive heating.
Some factors governing the performance of CRANKCASE LUBRICATING OILS
Authors: TOWLE A.
Published: February 2008

This paper attempts to show that unsatisfactory engine life is not necessarily connected with the quality of the lubricating oil and that many of the faults often attributed to the lubricant are, in fact, controlled by incorrect engine design, excessive operating conditions or poor maintenance. Better results can be usually be obtained by the use of additive treated oils.
Delivery tests for the lubricant consumer
Authors: JONES E.S.
Published: February 2008

Many lubrication troubles can be avoided by keeping a control over the consistency of deliveries of oils and greases. A part from the fact that errors can occur and the wrong grade be ordered or sent, markings can sometimes become erased from barrels and lubricants can become contaminated, during storage. In this article the author attempts to assist the consumer to check deliveries so as to ensure the maintenance of consistent quality by means of visual and simple instrument tests that require no skill and the minimum of time.
Plant surveys and the lubrication engineer
Authors: REDGROVE E.R.
Published: February 2008

IT will be unfortunate if the two interesting letters on “Engineered Lubrication Surveys”, which appeared in recent issues of Scientific Lubrication fail to incite further comment from either consumers or suppliers. Certainly we have the pertinent remarks which appeared in the May editorial and it may be considered that further ventilation of the subject is not called for. That would be a pity because as the Editor points out, a consumer has much to gain from a Lubrication Survey, provided, of course, that the Survey has been made by a competent person.
Automatic lubrication of SLAT CONVEYOR CHAINS
Authors: WEATHERALL R.
Published: February 2008

A NOVEL and interesting method of lubrication has been developed by Menrow Pumps Limited of Essex Street, London, W.C.2.
Some uses for & properties of E.P. GREASES
Authors: WILLIAMS A.E.
Published: February 2008

IT is well known that many types of grease will function very efficiently when lubricated with an oil of suitable viscosity. In such cases, relative motion between engaging gear teeth is small and little heat is generated. When, however, considerable sliding action occurs, as between the teeth of hypoid gears, a straight oil is usually inadequate as a lubricant—particularly when the gears are new. Extreme pressure greases are sometimes employed for these purposes. These greases are specially compounded with a view to improving the film strength to such an extent that rupture does not occur at the highest working pressures encountered. Some valuable characteristics of extreme pressure greases are absence of channelling at low temperatures, no tendency to corrosion or abrasiveness, maintenance of homogeneity under all service conditions, ample capacity to carry the maximum loads and resistance to rupture under high pressures.
The lubrication laboratory of M.E.R.O.
Authors: BARWELL F.T.
Published: February 2008

WORK on lubrication and allied subjects had been proceeding at the National Physical Laboratory for a number of years and some idea of the contribution made there to the science of lubrication will be gathered when names of Stanton, Jakeman, Clayton and Fogg are mentioned.
CENTRIFUGING OF USED OILS
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

In marine service and in industry centrifuging is by far the most widely used method of removing water and sediment from large charges of lubricating oil.
The LITMUS PAPERS
Authors: WATSON ALAN S.
Published: February 2008

A freak television reception caused, it is thought, by an inexplicable variation of cosmic ray frequency in space‐time curvature vibration, makes it possible to present this astounding record of the life and work of an eminent scientist who has yet, unfortunately, to be born. A document without precedent or value, it is based upon a fragment of intelligence flashed back from the future. Those who stood spell‐bound, gazing upon a screen in an Upper Tooting flat, fingered for a few fleeting moments the fabric of eternity. But this glimpse through an unknown window of time was not granted without penalty. In addition to the author, none of those who saw it has ever been the same since.
CAN H.D. OILS BE FILTERED?
Authors: DRIVER A.V.
Published: February 2008

The judges concluded that the subject of Heavy Duty oils was one that caused some difference of opinion amongst commercial vehicle users and also amongst those users of stationary oil engines that are lubricated with detergent grades. Although the author can give no very definite ruling about all cases of filtration, his contribution does point out the difficulties and his remarks will be of value to very many of our readers.
More L·U·B·R·I·C·A·T·I·O·N PROBLEMS from overseas
Authors: TONG R.W.
Published: February 2008

DURING several years' work with engines in various parts of the world, it has been obvious to the writer that the causes of many troubles which come to the man in charge of the engine are so elementary that it is amazing that the makers ever produced such items. A few examples are given below, with suggested improvements, and while each of these may seem of small importance, together they can cause serious inconvenience and should not be treated lightly.
Animal and vegetable Oils … Fats & Waxes …
Authors: GRIFFITHS C.
Published: February 2008

The animal and vegetable oils, fats, and waxes provide vital raw materials for a large number of industries. Soap, paint, foodstuffs, textiles, leather, and linoleum are but a few of the diversity of products which employ one or more of this large class of natural bodies.
PRACTICAL Lubrication of Ammonia Compressors
Authors: TONG ROBERT W.
Published: February 2008

The article by Mr. Brian J. Vaughan in the January issue of Scientific Lubrication, dealing with the chemical and theoretical qualities necessary in refrigerator oils, was of great interest to users of refrigerating machines, and these notes are submitted as a practical supplement to Mr. Vaughan's paper.
Animal and vegetable Oils … Fats and Waxes
Authors: GRIFFITHS C.
Published: February 2008

Although this series was concluded in our August issue, by the following further contribution has been received from Mr. Griffiths. This article can be read independently from the previous four, but nevertheless, we think should be included in the series.
PRACTICAL
Authors: TONG ROBERT M.
Published: February 2008

Recent articles have dealt with centrifuging and other methods of cleaning oil from a rather theoretical point of view, and Mr. Tong supplements these with his notes, written entirely from the practical point of view and from the experience he has gained as an engineer in power houses for many years in overseas countries. This article deals with the filtration of oil engine lubricants in the smaller types of overseas power houses.
The PERSONAL TOUCH
Authors: WATSON ALAN S.
Published: February 2008

If there is one thing more than another which epitomises the spirit of goodwill and friendly co‐operation between those who produce and those who consume oil it is the friendly co‐operation and goodwill which exists between those who consume oil and those who produce it.
DILUTION …
Authors: HUNT KENNETH C.
Published: February 2008

OF recent weeks public attention has bean drawn to oil dilution as a means of improving aircraft engine starting at low temperatures, and the following notes on the early history of oil dilution, details of a typical system and the effect of dilution on engine operation may be of some interest. The writer would, however, emphasise that he has no first hand experience of the difficulties which recently faced B.O.A.C., and these notes must therefore not be regarded in any way as related to that particular Airline's experience.
EMULSIONS AND STRAIGHT CUTTING FLUIDS
Authors: LAWSON A.E. , ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH in general the use of an emulsion or a straight cutting oil will be conditioned by either the material to be machined, the particular tool, or the requirement of the operation itself, it would yet be correct to say that, broadly speaking, these two physically very different fluids will do the same work.
DEVELOPMENT OF SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS FOR AIRCRAFT GAS TURBINES
Authors: Bedell B.W.
Published: February 2008

The driving force behind the urge for ever‐increasing engine power is the desire for greatly increased speeds, particulary in military interceptor aircraft.
WIDENING OPPORTUNITIES FOR WELDING
Authors: BRETT C.W.
Published: February 2008

The recipe for dependable welding is experience, more experience and the selection of the best materials and equipment. Add to this a reputation to be preserved together with a guarantee of all repairs undertaken and the result is certain satisfaction.
A NEW Conveyor Chain Lubricator
Authors: Clarke
Published: February 2008

The lubrication of conveyor chains is always something of a problem, and yet it is most important to ensure that it is correctly done. Conveyor chains of large size are very costly items apart from the fact that a breakdown here will usually put the production line out of commission. A chain is only as strong as the weakest link, and when this link breaks, the plant comes to a standstill. The difficulty with chain lubrication is to ensure the lubricant reaching the bushes of the rollers, and the only successful way to provide for this is to fit each roller and bush with a grease nipple. The problem then resolves itself into a correct method of application, since the job is tedious to do manually, and in fact is often impossible or else can only be done at infrequent periods when the conveyor is not in use.
THE PRACTICAL APPROACH
Authors: LEONARD W.F.
Published: February 2008

LUBRICATION has been the subject of numerous articles in recent years. A search through the files of the two publications devoted exclusively to the subject, reveals that the scientific and technical aspects have received expert attention, while the more prosaic or practical application of the lubricants resulting from all of the research and laboratory development, have received very sparse treatment. Yet it has been the desire of those whose primary interest is in this field, to extend the sphere of that interest within industry. The owner or management of a small or large works is interested first in results, and the simplest method of achievement of the end result. After twelve years of experience in the general field of lubrication, I am under the impression that we have unwittingly surrounded the subject with an aura of scientific mystery that deflects sought for attention thus discouraging a great number of interested readers. There is a typical American expression that applies here, “let's keep it simple”. This article will not touch on the scientific side of lubrication but on the NEED FOR PLANNED LUBRICATION and how to go about filling that need. We are here directly concerned with the problems, both apparent and hidden, that exist whereever there is metal in motion.
RECLAMATION OF USED OILS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

ALTHOUGH the fluids used in the machining of metal are included generally under the heading of lubricants, it is well known that their main function is that of a coolant. However, the importance of these oils and solutions to the engineering industry, the very large amounts consumed and the fact that the efficiency of any machining operation depends greatly on their condition, all warrant their inclusion in any series of articles dealing with reclamation. These fluids belong to two main classes. The straight cutting oil (which in practice is more often than not a blend of mineral oil plus fatty oil, sulphur‐ or chlorine‐containing body), and the soluble oil which yields an aqueous emulsion, milky or clear, and of varying fineness of dispersion.
EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICATION
Authors: DAVEY W.
Published: February 2008

EXTREME PRESSURE OR EXTREME TEMPERATURE LUBRICANTS have been developed for two main fields—the lubrication of hypoid gears and as lubricants in metal working and it is of some interest to see how this development has occurred. Musgrave, in a most comprehensive paper on the Development and Lubrication of the Automotive Hypoid Gearf defined a hypoid as “a special form of spiral bevel gear in which the pinion axis is offset from the axis of the ring gear” and he pointed out that such gears had the advantages of quietness in operation, particularly at high speeds, greater tooth strength capacity, greater dependability and were more economic to produce as well as allowing lower body designs than spiral bevel or worm gears.
RECLAMATION OF USED OILS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

A REVIEW of the treatment of cutting oils and coolants could not be considered complete without mention being made of a comparatively new type of clarifier working on a principle which we have not yet described in this series. In this unit, the filtering medium is continually renewed from rolls of approximately 100 to 280 yards content and the material itself may be varied to suit the particular type of coolant, aqueous or straight oil, in use. The drawing (Fig. 1.) plainly illustrates the construction, the principle of operation being as follows :—
Centralised Lubrication on Overhead Cranes Pays Dividends
Authors: ERRINGTON N.
Published: February 2008

AS THE RESULT OF A CLOSE INVESTIGATION INTO MELTING SHOP MAINTENANCE COSTS, towards the end of 1949, it was found that since the Shop was working a continuous week, i.e. a 168 hour working week, it was practically impossible to ensure adequate crane lubrication service owing to unavailability of the cranes. It was therefore, decided to experiment with fully automatic lubrication equipment on one crane in order to determine what advantages, if any, would be gained.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL LUBRICANTS
Authors: JORDAN G.D.
Published: February 2008

Since the war there has been an increasing interest in the advantages of standardisation and simplification, both as safeguards for the consumer and as a means of raising productivity and reducing costs … Although standards are generally described as of two types, “functional” and “dimensional,” they are probably better grouped into four, according to whether the specification is by performance, chemical and physical properties, or dimensions, or is for purposes of “communication” and recognition.
Application of Industrial Lubricating Oils
Authors: CRAIG A.M.
Published: February 2008

METHODS of applying lubricating oils vary widely in type and purpose but can be classified into two main groups, viz. :
“miles per quart+”
Authors: NUTTALL J.M.
Published: February 2008

In this series of articles, the author reviews some of the problems involved in the lubrication of by modern automobiles and suggests how the use of additive treated oils can assist in their solution. Later parts will cover oil quality, specifications, transmission oils, upper cylinder lubricants, etc.
HOME REFINERIES
Authors: WATSON ALAN S.
Published: February 2008

The DO‐IT‐YOURSELF CULT IS STEADILY GAINING GROUND. The homeward trek in the evening is now enlivened by such sights as a man with a six foot by four foot sheet of plywood attempting to board a bus in a high wind, or a company executive sneaking out to his car with a long‐handled whitewash brush, four tins of paint and a roll of linoleum under his coat, hoping to conceal them from the eyes of his staff.
Some Experiments in the Lubrication of STAINLESS STEELS
Authors: JORDAN G.D.
Published: February 2008

The demand for stainless steels as journal materials coincides with the incorporation of these steels into designs where their inherent properties have been not only desirable but, in many cases, necessary for the purpose to which they are to be put.
LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

IT IS OF INTEREST TO RECALL THAT while B.S. 210, issued in 1924 was the first British Standard covering mineral lubricating oils, this was not the first time that the British Standards Institution had paid attention to the petroleum industry. Earlier, in 1921 and 1923 motor spirit and benzol had been covered by B.S.121 and B.S.135 respectively. Shortly after B.S.210, further attention was paid to this field in general by the issue, in 1927, of B.S.148 and in 1929 of B.S.188. B.148 dealing with insulating oils for electrical purposes, has subsequently been revised but in the main is little changed even today. B.S.188 deals with the determination of viscosity in absolute units, a matter closely related to lubricants and of obvious interest to those engaged in lubricant testing and manufacturing control. It is in the process of revision and enlargement and a draft has just been issued for comment.
some notes on the lubrication of AGRICULTURAL TRACTORS
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

Rear wheel bearings usually lie within the final drive housings and are splash‐lubricated by the oil charge for the final drive. If they lie outside the housings they are lubricated separately by arrangments similar to those for the front wheels. Both rear and front wheels usually have tapered roller bearings.
LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

In a certain laboratory in which we spent a short time as an assistant chemist, many years ago now, it was an inflexible rule that any sample sufficiently fluid to be contained in a bottle should be tested for :— density, colour, viscosity, flashpoint and cold test, quite irrespective of its nature. An approach rather similar to that which prevailed in the treatment of the sick or injured of the army of that day ; firstly a number nine pill for common cold or broken leg.
Some Lubrication Requirements of Automatic Transmissions for Passenger Cars
Authors: TRESIDDER C.G.
Published: February 2008

IT is not without interest in Britain to observe the trend to over 15 million passenger cars fitted with an automatic transmission in service in the United States of America. Without doubt, the rapid increase in numbers from around 2 millions in 1949 has been due to the growing demand from motorists for the easier and less tiring method of car driving. The conventional system of clutch and gearbox operation is fast dying out in American car production.
Oil Loss Past Pistons
Authors: de K. Dykes P.
Published: February 2008

The AUTHOR USED A LABORATORY TEST rig rather than an engine in order to eliminate unwanted variables and to bring the remaining ones under the eye of the operator. The test rig is illustrated diagrammatically in Fig. 1, and contains a piston which can be fitted with any desired combination of rings and is reciprocated in a vertical cylinder by an electric motor. The piston is rigidly fixed to a piston rod closely guided above and below the cylinder, but in some tests the upper guide was removed so that the piston then contacted the cylinder as in a normal engine. Cyclic pressure variations were avoided by mounting a reservoir above the cylinder giving a clearance volume of ten times the swept volume and keeping the cylinder pressure within 7 per cent of the mean pressure. Mean pressure could be maintained at any value from a vacuum to 150 lb/sq.in. Commercial nitrogen cylinders were used. The oil jets to the lower side of the piston could supply 1.0 pint/min. An SAE 30 oil was used. Speeds used varied from 750 to 3,000 r.p.m. Differential thermal expansion between piston and cylinder assembly was kept small by operating both cylinder‐jacket water and oil supply at 86°F. (30°C).
LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

LUBRICATING OILS HAVE SECONDARY functions ; they are coolants, for example, while in certain types of crankcase oils the composition is such that solid carbon particles are held in suspension and the lubricant is a “detergent”. In many delicate mechanisms the lubricant is expected to protect bright metal surfaces from atmospheric attack ; this is an important aspect of a lubricant's duties and serves to introduce a subject of wide interest. It is tacitly assumed that lubricating oils and greases—in their original, unchanged condition—provide a natural protection for the metal surfaces of the machines that they service and when usage conditions are such as to interfere with the protective action the lubricants are modified so as to restore it. The intrusion of water into steam turbine oils and the inhibitors added to these lubricants illustrate this typo of situation.
LUBRICANT SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

Part One covering an Introduction to this Series, Standardising Bodies, SAE Classifications, etc., appeared in our June issue. Part Two covering Gear Oils and Turbine Oils appeared in July; Part Three, covering the Specifications issued by British Railways, in August; Part Four, covering Crankcase Oils for Internal Combustion Engines, in September; Part Five, covering Grease, in October, and Part Six, covering Cutting Oils and Refrigerator Oils, in January. This is the concluding article in this series, the first half of which, also dealing with temporary protectives, appeared in our February issue.
Oil Cooling and Oil Coolers
Authors: Montgomerie G.A.
Published: February 2008

The thermostatic valve shown in Fig. 38 is constructed as shown in Fig. 39A.
Some Notes on Maintaining Air Compressors in South Africa
Authors: Tong R.W.
Published: February 2008

The following notes from Mr. Tong deal with points concerning the maintanance and lubrication of air compressors and are the result of many years practical experience in maintaining these units in South Africa, and frequently under conditions not conducive to economical running. His plea is for British machine and engine manufacturers to more readily appreciate the difficulties of running their plant in Africa and such countries where they are usually in the charge of an uneducated native. He believes that much could be done to avoid errors if our designers gave these points attention when supplying machines for use in these remote districts.
ENAMEL GLASSES AS LUBRICANTS FOR FORMING SHEET METAL
Authors: HEGARTY A.
Published: February 2008

The NEED OF THE AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY for structural alloys having high strength‐to‐weight ratios above 500°F. and the availability of new titanium alloys having these properties has presented some new and difficult manufacturing problems. Examination of representative titanium alloys over a wide temperature range shows that at room temperature the yield strength is high and that the difference between yield and ultimate strengths is quite small. This presents difficult conditions for sheet metal forming operations such as drawing, hammer forming, and drawbench forming. Since a high percentage of aircraft parts are formed from sheet metal, and since good formability is of great importance, consideration has been given to forming these parts at elevated temperatures where the properties affecting forming are more suitable. Above 800°F the yield strength of the alloy is much lower and the spread between yield and ultimate is greater. Exploratory work on the forming of titanium alloys at 800°F–1,400°F has shown formability to be satisfactory. However, serious galling of the titanium alloys occurred and hitherto conventional forming lubricants were proved quite unsatisfactory due to temperature. The severe galling was not only ruinous to the parts formed, but scored the dies badly and necessitated refinishing of the dies between operations. This galling occurs whenever titanium alloys rub against themselves or other metals.
The Organisation of Lubrication at a Large Factory
Authors: OSOLA V.J. , ANDERSON J.G.C.
Published: February 2008

The authors believe that an organised factory lubrication scheme is an essential part of a planned maintenance system. The paper reviews the factors that provide a justification for organised lubrication and notes some of the considerations which affect the type of lubrication system that may be appropriate in a given factory. The development of planned lubrication in a medium‐sized chemical process factory of the authors' company is then discussed in detail.
GREASE BLEEDING, ITS MECHANISMS & MEASUREMENT
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

METAL SOAPS are still the most widely used agents for the manufacture of lubricating grease and so it is the system soap/mineral oil/bonding agent which is usually considered in relation to the phenomenon of oil separation, or as it is commonly know in the U.S., grease bleeding.
Filtration of Engine Lubricating Oil
Authors: Beazley R.T.
Published: February 2008

The effectiveness of an oil filter and of the method in which it is employed is judged by the level of lubricating quality it maintains in the bearings and other sliding parts of the engine. The word “quality” here includes freedom from dirt (particularly from those dirt particles which, by their size and composition, are likely to cause abrasive wear) and the presence in sufficient quantity of those additives which the modern refiner incorporates in Heavy Duty oils to reduce oxidation, piston‐ring sticking and other ills.
DEPRESSION DEFEATED
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

ALBERT was by no means his cheery self, indeed Albert was a very worried young man and let this be the excuse—if indeed one is needed—for his presence, at an unusually early hour of the December evening, moodily supping a tankard of well brewed hops and malt in the saloon bar of the Tacklers Arms. Our hero brooded over his beer while all around early drinkers, websters and slubbers, weft scroddlers and tacket fitters held decorous wassail.
Lubrication of New Metals During Heat Treatment and Forming
Authors: GRINDROD J.
Published: February 2008

WITH many new alloys being developed from various metals for aeroplane construction, fresh and difficult problems are being encountered in the endeavour to acquire for these metals the sort of background that has been achieved for the aluminium alloys. One of the problems encountered has been the lubrication and protection of such metals during hot forming and heat treatment at very high temperatures and one lubricant that has been developed by Boeing Airplane Company, of Seattle, Wash., U.S.A. in this connection has been of the ceramic family.
The Lubrication of Mechanical Handling Equipment
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

Although increasingly used the power truck has never completely displaced the hand truck for even in fully mechanised establishments it can still justifiably find a place. The hand truck is a robust piece of equipment, made in various sizes and shapes. The simplest forms are the conventional two‐wheeled truck with either one or two handles, and the platform truck, which, with various arrangements of wheels and castors is used extensively for short hauls of light parts and cartons. Since the last war a large number of specially designed trucks have appeared for the carrying of particular materials or shapes of packages. Possibly the earliest member of the series was the barrel or cask truck but there are many others today, as, for example, those suitable for removing swarf.
THE LUBRICATION OF TURBINE GEARING
Authors: CLARK G.H.
Published: February 2008

THE SUBJECT OF GEAR LUBRICATION is extremely involved, with many variables to be taken into consideration and, as would be expected, there are wide differences of opinion concerning the most suitable design, materials, the degree of accuracy in gear cutting required, the highest tooth pressures which can safely be carried, the most suitable surface and core hardness and, last but not least, the most suitable lubricant.
OIL COOLING OF SLIDING‐VANE ROTARY COMPRESSORS
Authors: SMITH A.C.
Published: February 2008

THE OUTSTANDING DEVELOPMENT in the air‐compressor field in recent years, particularly from the point of view of lubrication, has been the introduction of the oil‐cooled rotary compressor.
Problems and Progress in Two‐stroke Engine Lubrication
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

A CHARACTERISTIC feature of the post‐war scene in this country and Western Europe generally is the enormous growth of the light passenger vehicle powered by small 2‐stroke petrol engines. This type of power unit has augmented the existing millions of 4‐stroke engines and, besides motor cycles, ‘mopeds’, scooters and ‘bubble cars’ is used for industrial and farm equipment such as concrete mixers, vibrators, power saws, cultivators, lawn mowers and almost exclusively for the outboard motors of small sea and river craft.
Cutting Fluid Selection and Special Cases
Authors: Taylor C.J. , Harris B.V.
Published: February 2008

NEW INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS, the demand for higher productivity and the requirements for ever smaller tolerances have resulted in great advances in machine tool design and in cutting tool materials. Cutting fluids have a significant part to play in this story but they can only play their full part if they are correctly chosen and if their proper functions are understood. Increased rates of metal removal can then be achieved and problems associated with difficult or hazardous machining operations reduced or even eliminated.
The Evolution of Soluble and Straight Cutting Oils
Authors: Hutton H.W.
Published: February 2008

IT WAS NOT UNTIL 1850 when the brilliant chemist, Young, from his earlier experiments in Derbyshire, turned his attention to the shale deposits in Midlothian, Scotland. Young successfully mined, fractionated, and by distillation, recovered about six gallons of shale oil per ton of raw material mined, and it was from these roots that the Petroleum Industry as we know it, was to grow and prosper.
The Reclamation of Cutting Oils
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

THE WORD “RECLAMATION” in the sense of recovery is scarcely applicable to the general treatment of soluble oils yet, as some proportion is actually regained where it would otherwise have been lost, it is difficult to select an alternative title. Cutting fluids are filtered, cleansed or otherwise processed while in use with the object of “keeping them in” rather than “bringing them into” the desired condition; the users have wholeheartedly adopted the principle that prevention is better than cure. For this reason the emphasis will be on the continuous treatment of oils and coolants in service but two other aspects cannot be neglected : recovery for either re‐use or ultimate disposal and the disposition and possible treatment of swarf.
Water‐base Cutting Fluids
Authors: Morton I.S.
Published: February 2008

CUTTING FLUIDS function by providing lubrication and cooling, and naturally where the latter is the predominant requirement cutting fluids based on water are used. Soluble oil emulsions are the most common type, but in recent years there has been a revival of interest in aqueous solutions as alternatives, and sufficient experience in their use has been accumulated to warrant a review of their present status.
Rapeseed Oil as a Component of Lubricating Grease
Authors: GRINDROD J.
Published: February 2008

FOLLOWING a method devised in collaboration with the Saskatchewan Research Council, the Western Oil Company Ltd., Moose Jaw, Sask., Canada, have used rapeseed oil successfully as a component of lubricating crease. The company has made 5,000 lb. of grease which is now being tested in bus fleets and in vehicles owned and operated by farmers, service station pro‐prietors and business men.
HYDRAULICS IN INDUSTRY
Authors: BRADBURY FAREL
Published: February 2008

HYDRAULIC POWER and control is being applied more and more widely in industry and is finding both general and specialised uses. Generally, hydraulics could be just another item in the designer's toolchest—another way of applying power and of exercising control. In the specialist fields hydraulics is being used as the force transmitting element in complex closed loop control systems and where the very nature of a fluid medium is to be used with advantage.
Modern Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids for Industrial Use
Authors: Snow H.A.
Published: February 2008

A NUMBER of major industrial fires which were fed in part by the petroleum oils used in the hydraulic systems have accelerated the trend towards the use of fire‐resistant fluids in systems located where a fire hazard exists and wherever heat or flame are in proximity to high pressure hydraulic equipment, a fractured pipe line or faulty fitting can result in the hydraulic oil being ejected considerable distances into open furnaces, melting pots, welding torches, etc. It is for all such cases where a true fire hazard exists that the fire‐resistant fluids are now in demand.
Testing Hydraulic Fluids
Authors: GALLOWAY K.A.
Published: February 2008

TESTS applied to hydraulic fluids may be conveniently considered in two groups—tests on fresh, unused fluids, and tests on samples taken from a hydraulic system after a period of service. New fluid is examined to ensure that its properties meet the requirements—whether these be laid down in a manufacturing specification, contract specification, or merely evolved as the result of service experience— and also to provide reference data for comparison with subsequent results on used fluid. Samples taken from service may be tested to assess the suitability of the fluid for further use, or to try to establish the cause of failure or unsatisfactory operation of the equipment.
The Application of Hydraulic Principles to Lubrication Systems
Authors: Morris N.R.
Published: February 2008

THE EARLIER APPLICATIONS of hydraulic power used only water as a medium (the word itself is derived from the Greek words hydros (water) and aulos (pipe)), but subsequent developments have resulted in the term hydraulics being applied to any system arrangement whereby a fluid or even a semi‐fluid is used as a means of transmitting power or movement.
The Filtration of Hydraulic Oils
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

RICHARDSON, writing in Scientific Lubrication recently, stressed the need for strict attention to the cleanliness of the fluids used in hydraulically operated automatic transmissions with special reference to storage conditions, cleaning materials and the care of filters. In the same number of the journal Chisholm briefly described methods of oil filtration in general when discussing the maintenance of industrial hydraulic systems. It will be found too that the majority of articles and booklets dealing with hydraulic fluids and systems—industrial, automotive and aeronautic—pay attention to the potential effect of impurities, their exclusion and removal, in greater or lesser detail. Similarly diagrams of typical hydraulic circuits will usually show permanent wire mesh screens or strainers in the oil reservoir on the suction side of the pump and sometimes below the filler plug while by‐pass filters are generally located at some point in the circuit after the pump. (By‐pass filters owe their popularity to the fact that should the element become completely clogged the flow of hydraulic oil is not thereby interrupted).
Modern Trends in Plug Valve Lubricants
Authors: WHITE A.A.
Published: February 2008

THE technology of lubricant development in this specialised sphere has advanced considerably within the last decade. This is due not only to the more extreme operating temperatures and diverse chemicals handled by this type of valve (necessitating a more critical approach to the formulation of the lubricants used) but also to the many synthetic materials now available which may be used in their compounding.
THE NEW U.S. GEAR LUBRICANTS
Authors: FARRANT V.M.
Published: February 2008

In submitting a short history of the origins of the new, tentative U.S. Military Specification, MIL‐L‐002105 A (ORD) for Multi‐purpose Gear Lubricant, and in recording that its reception cannot be registered as enthusiastic amongst U.S. Equipment manufacturers, the following factors should be borne in mind. Firstly, the MIL‐L‐002105 A lubricants were developed to meet a specific purpose, that of lubricating military vehicles. Other considerations were secondary. As a result, and secondly, MIL‐L‐002105 A lubricants today find a more limited use than the older 2105 lubricants.
Maintaining Oil Coolers in Remote Regions of Africa
Authors: TONG R.W.
Published: February 2008

This is a further contribution from our correspondent who is a maintenance engineer in South Africa and whose forthright opinions and practical experiences are always of interest to our readers.
RESEARCHES ON ZINC STEARATE
Authors: AREND A.G.
Published: February 2008

ZINC STEARATE has proved itself to be one of the most effective lubricants since metallic soaps of the calcium stearate order were first introduced. The latter showed the ability to convert fluid oils into semi‐solid grease which would remain in bearings for lenghty periods, and which has been further extended by substitution of the zinc salt. Although mixing of a solution of the zinc salt with one of a soluble soap, whereby the metallic soap curds‐out, would initially indicate a simple process, there is much more to it than this. Since most of the applications of zinc stearate depend more on physical than chemical properties, even minor modifications in the conditions of manufacture can exert differences in the product quite out of proportion to what might be expected.
Methods of Measuring the Bubble Content of Bubbly Oil
Authors: Hayward A.T.J.
Published: February 2008

Bubbly oil may be defined as oil in which discrete bubbles of air or gas are entrained, and are separated from each other by relatively thick films of oil.
LUBRICANT ADDITIVES TODAY
Authors: ELLIS E.G.
Published: February 2008

THE PRACTICE of adding small quantities of non‐ petroleum bodies to petroleum products—principally lubricating oils and greases—for the purpose of modifying or improving their natural properties has now beon established for at least eighty years. This technique may be legitimately compared with that of alloying iron, although the resulting modification in the properties of the basic raw material are on the whole less spectacular in the case of petroleum hydrocarbons than with the metal. The benefits conferred are also on a rather different level, with one possible exception : Midgley and Boyd's contribution of tetra‐ethyl lead. This additive has been of unquestionable value in the design of more efficient internal combustion engines and at the same time assisted the refiner in the production of high quality motor spirit. There must be very few motorists today who have not heard of TEL, who do not understand its function, and many have a rough idea of its composition.
The Properties and Applications of Externally‐Pressurised AIR BEARINGS
Authors: WUNSCH H.L.
Published: February 2008

Bearings of either the rolling or sliding type form an integral part of most moving machinery and their lubrication has been the subject of much research. Until quite recently, lubricants have generally taken the form of oil or grease and it is only in the last ten to fifteen years that the use of air in this field has really been considered. In many applications, in the nuclear power and missile field, for example, it has been found that conventional lubricants do not meet the demands of high temperature, radio‐active environments, etc., and this has stimulated research into the subject of air, or more generally, gas bearings.
A LUBRICATION RAILWAY
Authors: Robb C.J.
Published: February 2008

One of the most unique stories with a strong lubrication flavour is that of the Kingstown and Dalkey Railway which functioned with apparent success in 1844. This was really an atmospheric railway invented and then patented in 1840 by Samuel Clegg and Joseph Sands. The principle of this railway propulsion was simple. A fifteen inch tube was anchored firmly between the lines and there was a continuous running slot in the top of the tube covered with flats of well‐greased leather secured in position with iron clamping plates to the tube. Inside the tube there was a close fitting and well lubricated piston, and this was connected to the draught coach of the train, so that when the piston was propelled inside the tube the train moved with it. The greased and weighted leather flaps on the top of the slotted tube rendered it airtight from without.
BULK DELIVERY OF LUBRICATING GREASE
Authors: CHAPMAN J.T.
Published: February 2008

THE transportation of material in bulk containers over the past few years has increased until the variety of loads carried is infinite, indeed even the casual road user cannot have failed to notice the increasing numbers of tank carrying vehicles ; everything from concrete to flour is now accepted as normal. Labour is one of the heaviest charges in industry today and here perhaps is the main reason for the change ; handling any material by hand carries with it a premium in labour costs with loading and unloading and often double and treble handling. As is often the case when economic reasons cause readjustment of industrial methods other advantages also come to light, e.g. delivery of flour in bulk is cleaner and less wasteful than carrying in sacks. The same can be said for most other materials.
CENTRALISED LUBRICATION IN INDUSTRY
Authors: CLARK H.W. , CLEMENTS J.
Published: February 2008

WHILE we shall be dealing in the main with two principal types of centralised lubrication as it is known today, namely the Dualine Grease System and the Circulating Oil System, the Single Line Grease System will be described and dealt with by Mr. Pryce who is following us with his paper.
EFFECTS OF ADDITIVES UPON GREASES
Authors: FRED CALHOUN S. , MURPHY GEORGE P.
Published: February 2008

This paper is a summary of the work done at Rock Island Arsenal on additives for greases. It covers antioxidants, antiwear and extreme pressure agents and rust preventive additives. No attempt is made to list the results of all additives tested. Instead the additives are divided into groups of related compounds and the results of typical, ones given. A general evaluation of each group as a whole is given, Classes of compounds which proved good as antioxidants were metal dithiocarbamates, amino‐phenyl ethers, phenylene‐diamines, methane derivatives and certain hindered phenols and di‐substituted amines. The temperature barrier was the major obstacle for the anti‐oxidants and only 9 of the 100 or so which were effective at 21()°F, were equally effective at 250°F. Sulfur, chlorine, and lead‐containing additives were the best for extreme pressure improvement. Those containing only phosphorous were belter for antiwear. Improvements in both properties could be obtained by mixing the additives. Improvement in either property seemed to depend, more upon the type of compound than upon the responsible element. For example, all sulfur containing compounds were not equal in extreme pressure properties. Some of the antiwear and extreme pressure additives were tested for their ability to reduce fretting corrosion. Results indicate that sulfur containing compounds reduce fretting while, compounds containing only phosphorous increased it. Results are given which indicate that molybdenum disulfide added to greases is detrimental to wear at lower loadings. It does improve the extreme pressure abilities of the grease. Us presence in a grease increases the rusting tendencies of greases unless an antirust agent is also present.
GRAPHITE
Authors: Smith Edward A.
Published: February 2008

FOR something like a century graphite was considered in much the same way as other bulk minerals, and it is only within the last twenty or thirty years that it has received close scientific scrutiny. Its suitability as a moderator in nuclear fission processes has undoubtedly helped to focus scientific, as opposed to commercial, attention on this material which has enjoyed a somewhat surprising range of industrial uses.