bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Portfolios to Document Good Teaching: Premises, Purposes, Practices
Authors: Knapper Christopher , Wright W. Alan
Published: June 2004

Portfolios can serve both to stimulate reflection about good practice and to provide evidence for major career decisions.
Formative Evaluation and the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning
Authors: Smith Ronald A.
Published: June 2004

Formative evaluation is at the heart of any effort to improve teaching, scholarly teaching, and the scholarship of teaching and learning.
Teaching Evaluation and Accreditation
Authors: Beaty Liz
Published: June 2004

Recent developments in teacher accreditation in the United Kingdom have major implications for evaluating teaching and for the changing identity of academics.
Mentoring Undergraduates with Professional and Liberal Arts Goals: The Mass Communication Experience
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: June 2004

Working in journalism and mass communication is an act of civic participation. Students, therefore, must be mentored to see the relationship between the liberal arts and the communication professions. Mentors should engage students in careful reflection and assist in the process of self‐understanding.
Incivility in Dyadic Teaching and Learning
Authors: Tiberius Richard G. , Flak Edred
Published: June 2004

The normal conflicts that arise within teacher‐learner interaction rarely cause open incivility, but they can generate powerful emotional tensions that can destroy the relationship if they are not detected and remedied early.
Promoting Internal Civility: Understanding Our Beliefs About Teaching and Students
Authors: Kuhlenschmidt Sally L.
Published: June 2004

How do emotions develop? In this chapter models are presented that aid in explaining the ways our assumptions affect how we react emotionally and behaviorally.
Students Behaving Badly in Large Classes
Authors: Carbone Elisa
Published: June 2004

Experienced faculty have come up with excellent ideas for solving the discipline problems that plague large classes.
Strategies for Dealing with Difficult Behavior
Authors: Kuhlenschmidt Sally L. , Layne Lois E.
Published: June 2004

Teachers may use a variety of strategies for understanding and dealing with difficult behavior.
After the Eruption: Managing Conflict in the Classroom
Authors: Holton Susan A.
Published: June 2004

To manage conflict effectively, faculty need to be able to understand and analyze the problem and possible solutions. Conflict management involves problem identification, solution identification, and solution implementation.
The Motivational Benefits of Cooperative Learning
Authors: Panitz Theodore
Published: June 2004

Cooperative learning employs a variety of motivational techniques. This chapter outlines the many benefits of cooperative learning in terms of its motivational impact.
Faculty Motivation: The Role of a Supportive Teaching Culture
Authors: Feldman Kenneth A. , Paulsen Michael B.
Published: June 2004

A supportive teaching culture provides various forms of informative feedback about individual teaching effectiveness without threatening individual teachers. This supportive approach stimulates motivation to achieve excellence in teaching.
Motivation in Interdisciplinary Programs
Authors: Nuhfer Edward B.
Published: June 2004

Holistic motivation is required to sustain interdisciplinary learning communities. This chapter describes the stakeholders in such communities and offers methods of sustaining their motivation and participation.
Consultation Through Action Learning
Authors: Beaty Liz
Published: June 2004

Peer consultation through action learning is a potentially powerful approach to promote change and improvement in teaching.
Consultation Using Critical Friends
Authors: Handal Gunnar
Published: June 2004

Faculty should learn to use constructive criticism to improve teaching, as we do in the case of research.
Toward an Integrated Approach to Instructional Consultation
Authors: Weston Cynthia , McAlpine Lynn
Published: June 2004

A discipline‐based approach to instructional consultation has implications for faculty, teaching and learning centers, and the institution as a whole.
Promoting Understanding of Diversity Through Mentoring Undergraduate Students
Authors: Scisney‐Matlock Margaret , Matlock John
Published: June 2004

The effective mentoring of a diverse student population requires that faculty examine their own stereotypical thinking, know the social environment of their students, and strive to engage students of color as fully as possible in the educational process.
Group‐Based Learning
Authors: Garth Russell Y.
Published: June 2004

Issue 14, devoted to group learning, has become a classic. Despite the fact that some of the same concerns remain, the popularity of the method has expanded tremendously.
Teaching for Critical Thinking: Helping College Students Develop the Skills and Dispositions of a Critical Thinker
Authors: Halpern Diane F.
Published: June 2004

A perennial goal of college instruction is critical thinking, but until recently the actual research on these skills was limited. This chapter offers a discussion of where we have been and a four‐part model showing where we should be.
Teaching in the Information Age: A New Look
Authors: Albright Michael J.
Published: June 2004

Of all the areas on which New Directions for Teaching and Learning has focused, teaching with the support of technology has experienced the most dramatic changes.
Getting Started: Informal Small‐Group Strategies in Large Classes
Authors: Cooper James L. , Robinson Pamela
Published: June 2004

The authors describe a number of informal “turn‐to‐your‐neighbor” approaches that create an active‐learning environment in lecture settings.
Going Deeper: Formal Small‐Group Learning in Large Classes
Authors: Smith Karl A.
Published: June 2004

This chapter describes larger efforts to create formal, intensive small‐group activities in large classes as well as several initiatives to redesign courses around small‐group learning.
Restructuring Large Classes to Create Communities of Learners
Authors: MacGregor Jean
Published: June 2004

The author talks about a number of initiatives that live within or alongside large classes, intentionally creating community, active‐learning environments, and increased time on task.
Implementing Small‐Group Instruction: Insights from Successful Practitioners
Authors: Cooper James L. , MacGregor Jean , Smith Karl A. , Robinson Pamela
Published: June 2004

Common questions and concerns expressed by faculty members who adopt small‐group approaches, and the ways they respond to them, are presented here.
Meaning‐Making in the Learning and Teaching Process
Authors: Ignelzi Michael
Published: June 2004

This chapter describes Robert Kegan's theory of meaning‐making to explore how students' understanding of their experience, themselves, and their relationships with others mediates learning.
Learning to Make Reflective Judgments
Authors: King Patricia M.
Published: June 2004

Students' assumptions about knowledge and how it is gained are the foundation for their ability to make sound judgments. This chapter traces the evolution of these assumptions and examines how judgment can be enhanced through teaching.
Toward a More Connected Vision of Higher Education
Authors: Clinchy Blythe McVicker
Published: June 2004

This chapter emphasizes the value of both objectivity and connection in learning and explores the nature of attachment via studies of women's development. It explains how pedagogy can create contexts for students to learn to use both objectivity and connection.
Creating a Culturally Responsive Learning Environment for African American Students
Authors: Howard‐Hamilton Mary F.
Published: June 2004

This chapter explores the creation of a culturally responsive learning environment for students and faculty. How African American and white students as well as faculty develop a strong identity and healthy interpersonal relationships is translated into teaching practice.
Shortcomings of Research on Evaluating and Improving Teaching in Higher Education
Authors: Menges Robert
Published: June 2004

Why do faculty fail to use what research shows about teaching, and what can researchers do about this dilemma?
Toward a More Holistic Approach to Assessing Faculty as Teachers
Authors: Braskamp Lawrence A.
Published: June 2004

Attempting to isolate the individual into simplistic qualities in an effort to assess them does more harm than good.
Technology, Evaluation, and the Visibility of Teaching and Learning
Authors: Bass Randall J.
Published: June 2004

The use of technology in higher education has an impact not just on learning but on teaching and its evaluation.
An Examination of the Implementation of Peer Review of Teaching
Authors: Bernstein Daniel J. , Jonson Jessica , Smith Karen
Published: June 2004

This chapter describes the implementation of an experimental peer review process, its pros and cons, and suggestions to consider before implementing the method.
A Comprehensive Approach to the Evaluation of College Teaching
Authors: Johnson Trav D. , Ryan Katherine E.
Published: June 2004

This chapter summarizes what has gone before and offers a multifaceted approach to the evaluation of teaching.
A Theoretical Framework for the Online Classroom: A Defense and Delineation of a Student‐Centered Pedagogy
Authors: Knowlton Dave S.
Published: June 2004

For online learning to be effective, a student‐centered pedagogy, which requires a shift in the role of the professor, must be adapted. Professors are no longer umpires and judges; instead, they are coaches and counselors.
Epilogue: A Cautionary Note About Online Classrooms
Authors: Carstens R. W. , Worsfold Victor L.
Published: June 2004

Online courses may be radically redefining education at the expense of actual learning.
Making Decisions: The Use of Electronic Technology in Online Classrooms
Authors: Simonson Michael
Published: June 2004

Professors can consult guidelines to help them choose which electronic technologies to use to promote effective teaching in the online classroom.
Humanizing the Online Classroom
Authors: Weiss Renée E.
Published: June 2004

Professors can make the online course more personable and create a sense of community among students.
Evaluating Students' Written Performance in the Online Classroom
Authors: Bauer John F. , Anderson Rebecca S.
Published: June 2004

Professors can evaluate students' written performance in the online classroom by using rubrics to assess content, expression, and participation. The e‐folio provides professors with a summative assessment in the online course.
Crystal Structure of a New Triply‐Bridged Cobalt(III) Dimer with 2, 2′‐Dipyridylamine (dipyam), [Co2(μ‐OH)2(μ‐OAc)(OAc)2(dipyam)2]AcO·EtOH
Authors: Carballo Rosa , Covelo Berta , Vázquez‐López Ezequiel M. , García‐Martínez Emilia , Castiñeiras Alfonso
Published: June 2004

The structure of [Co2(μ‐OH)2(μ‐OAc)(OAc)2(dipyam)2]AcO · EtOH (1) has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The cationic complex may be described as a “di(μ‐hydroxo)(μ‐acetato)dicobalt(III)” core with chelating 2, 2′‐dipyridylamine and monodentate acetate ligands. The coordination polyhedron around each cobalt atom is a distorted octahedral. The dimers are linked in the crystal by N‐H···Oionic AcO and C‐H···Omonodentate AcO hydrogen bonds. Spectroscopic data are also presented.
Preparation, Properties, and Reactions of Metal‐Containing Heterocycles. CX [1] Crystal Structure of 1, 1'‐Bis{[4‐(1, 10‐phenanthroline‐3‐yl‐ethynyl)‐2, 5‐dipropoxy‐phenyl]ethynyl}ferrocene
Authors: Lindner Ekkehard , Zong Ruifa , Ströbele Markus , Eichele Klaus
Published: June 2004

The crystal structure of 1, 1'‐bis{[4‐(1, 10‐phenanthroline‐3‐yl‐ethynyl)‐2, 5‐dipropoxy‐phenyl]ethynyl}ferrocene (1) is reported. This compound crystallizes with two chloroform solvent molecules in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14), a = 15.4253(11), b = 23.2003(10), c = 17.2630(13) Å, β = 90.866(9)° and Z = 4. Both arms of the ferrocene moiety are parallel displaced with the four nitrogen atoms pointing to the same direction.
Synthese und Kristallstruktur des Kalium‐Iminophosphanids [K4(THF)3(Me3SiNPEt2)2(OSiMe2OSiMe2O)]2
Authors: Chitsaz Soheila , Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: June 2004

The potassium iminophosphanide complex [K4(thf)3(Me3SiNPEt2)2(OSiMe2OSiMe2O)]2 has been obtained by a melt reaction of Me3SiNPEt3 with potassium hydride at 140 °C in the presence of silicon grease (—OSiMe2—)n and subsequent crystallization from thf solution. The colourless moisture sensitive single crystals are characterized by X‐ray diffraction: Space group P1¯, Z = 1, lattice dimensions at —70 °C: a = 1135.9(3), b = 1250.0(3), c = 1866.1(4) pm, α = 92.65(1)°, β = 100.80(1)°, γ = 93.57(1)°, R1 = 0.0604. The centrosymmetric dimeric cluster aggregate is formed by two of the eight potassium ions which are connected with the central oxygen atom of both the (OSiMe2OSiMe2O)2— chains as well as with one of their terminal O atoms each. The remaining potassium ions are connected with the phosphorus atoms of the iminophosphanide groups (Me3SiNPEt2)— as well as with its nitrogen atoms. They are terminally solvated by thf molecules.
[Ph2P(O)CH2Im][F3B(μ‐OH)BF3]. Erste strukturanalytische Charakterisierung des Hexafluoro(μ‐hydroxo)diborat‐Ions [1]
Authors: Kuhn Norbert , Göhner Martin , Steimann Manfred
Published: June 2004

[Ph2P(O)CH2Im][F3B(μ‐OH)BF3]. First Structural Characterization of the Hexafluoro(μ‐hydroxo)diborate Ion [1]

The hexafluoro(μ‐hydroxo)diborate ion has been isolated as it's Ph2P(O)CH2Im salt [Im = 2‐(1, 3, 4, 5‐tetramethylimidazolio)] (2) through basic hydrolysis of [Ph2P(OBF3)CH2Im]BF4 (1). The crystal structure of 2 · CH2Cl2 reveals the presence of ion pairs linked by unsymmetrical O‐H‐O hydrogen bonds.
Na12Ge17: A Compound with the Zintl Anions [Ge4]4— and [Ge9]4— — Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Raman Spectrum
Authors: Carrillo‐Cabrera W. , Cardoso Gil R. , Somer M. , Persil Ö. , von Schnering H. G.
Published: June 2004

Na12Ge17 is prepared from the elements at 1025 K in sealed niobium ampoules. The crystal structure reinvestigation reveals a doubling of the unit cell (space group:P21/c; a = 22.117(3)Å, b = 12.803(3)Å, c = 41.557(6)Å, β = 91.31(2)°, Z = 16; Pearson code: mP464), furthermore, weak superstructure reflections indicate an even larger C‐centred monoclinic cell. The characteristic structural units are the isolated cluster anions [Ge9]4— and [Ge4]4— in ratio 1:2, respectively. The crystal structure represents a hierarchical cluster replacement structure of the hexagonal Laves phase MgZn2 in which the Mg and Zn atoms are replaced by the Ge9 and Ge4 units, respectively. The Raman spectrum of Na12Ge17 exhibits the characteristic breathing modes of the constituent cluster anions at ν = 274 cm—1 ([Ge9]4—) and ν = 222 cm—1 ([Ge4]4—) which may be used for identification of these clusters in solid phases and in solutions. Raman spectra further prove that Na12Ge17 is partial soluble both in ethylenediamine and liquid ammonia. The solution and the solid extract contain solely [Ge9]4—. The remaining insoluble residue is Na4Ge4. By heating the solvate Na4Ge9(NH3)n releases NH3 and decomposes irreversibly at 742 K, yielding Na12Ge17 and Ge.
Struktur und Eigenschaften des Hydridomethyltetrafluorphosphatanions, [CH3PF4H]—
Authors: Kornath Andreas , Neumann Frank , Ludwig Ralf
Published: June 2004

Methyltrifluorphosphoran reagiert mit starken Fluoriddonatoren wie CsF, (CH3)4NF und (CH3)4PF unter Bildung der entsprechenden Hydridomethyltetrafluorphosphate. Die Salze wurden durch NMR‐, IR‐ und Raman‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert. Die experimentellen Daten belegen das Vorliegen destrans‐Isomers. Für beide Isomere wurden theoretische Berechnungen (B3LYP/6‐31+G* und RHF/6‐31+G*) durchgeführt. Daraus ergibt sich für die beiden Isomere eine Differenz der freien Energien bei Raumtemperatur von 35.4 kJ/mol (B3LYP/6‐31+G*). Die RHF/6‐31+G*‐Rechnung ergibt für das nahezu oktaedrischetrans‐Isomer Bindungsabstände von r(PF) = 167 pm, r(PC) = 184.5 pm und r(PH) = 138.1 pm.
Struktur und Eigenschaften des Methylpentafluorphosphatanions, [CH3PF5]—
Authors: Kornath Andreas , Neumann Frank , Ludwig Ralf
Published: June 2004

Methyltetrafluorphosphoran reagiert mit den Fluoriden NaF, KF, CsF und (CH3)4NF unter Bildung der entsprechenden Methylpentafluorphosphate. Im Fall der K‐ und Cs‐Salze werden in Acetonitril als Lösungsmittel K[CH3PF5] · CH3CN bzw. Cs[CH3PF5] · CH3CN gebildet. Die Salze wurden durch NMR‐, IR‐ und Raman‐Spektroskopie charakterisiert und die Schwingungsfrequenzen mit ab initio berechneten Werten (RHF/6‐31+G*) verglichen. Die RHF/6‐31+G*‐Rechnung ergibt für das nahezu oktaedrische Anion Bindungslängen von d(PFäq) = 163.7 pm, d(PFax) = 162.0 pm und d(PC) = 184.8 pm.
The One‐dimensional Polyselenide Compound CsGaSe3
Authors: Do Junghwan , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: June 2004

A new one‐dimensional phase, CsGaSe3 has been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and single crystal UV/Vis spectroscopy. The structure contains infinite chain anions, [GaSe(Se2)]— separated by Cs cations. The Ga3+ cation is in a distorted tetrahedral environment coordinated by each two Se2— and Se22— ions. The red crystals of CsGaSe3 absorb visible light at energies above 2.25 eV. Differential thermal analysis revealed that the compound does not melt below 1000 °C. Crystal data: CsGaSe3, monoclinic, space group P21/c (No 14), a=7.727(1), b=13.014(3), c=6.705(1), β=106.39(3)°, Z=4, R1=0.0469.
Die Reaktionen von M[BF4] (M = Li, K) und (C2H5)2O·BF3 mit (CH3)3SiCN. Bildung von M[BFx>(CN)4—x] (M = Li, K; x = 1, 2) und (CH3)3SiNCBFx(CN)3—x, (x = 0, 1)
Authors: Bernhardt Eduard , Berkei Michael , Willner Helge , Schürmann Markus
Published: June 2004

Die Reaktion von M[BF4] (M = Li, K) mit (CH3)3SiCN führt je nach Reaktionsdauer und Temperatur selektiv zu den gemischten Cyanofluoroboraten M[BFx(CN)4—x] (x = 1, 2; M = Li, K). Unter Verwendung von (C2H5)2O·BF3 gelingt die Synthese von (CH3)3SiNCBFx(CN)3—x (x = 0, 1). Die Charakterisierung der beschriebenen Verbindungen erfolgt anhand von Schwingungs‐ und NMR‐Spektren sowie durch Röntgenstrahlbeugung an Einkristallen: Li[BF2(CN)2]·2Me3SiCN Cmc21, a = 24.0851(5), b = 12.8829(3), c = 18.9139(5) Å, V = 5868.7(2) Å3, Z = 12, R1 = 4, 7%; K[BF2(CN)2] P41212, a = 13.1596(3), c = 38.4183(8) Å, V = 6653.1(3) Å3, Z = 48, R1 = 2, 5%; K[BF(CN)3] P1, a = 6.519(1), b = 7.319(1), c = 7.633(2) Å, α = 68.02(3), β = 74.70(3), γ = 89.09(3)°, V = 324.3(1) Å3, Z = 2, R1 = 3.6%; Me3SiNCBF(CN)2 Pbca, a = 9.1838(6), b = 13.3094(8), c = 16.840(1)Å, V = 2058.4(2)Å3, Z = 8, R1 = 4, 4%
[Fe2(μsb‐CO)(CO)3(NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐Ph2PCH2PPh2)]: Synthese, Kristallstruktur und Koordinationsisomerie
Authors: Böttcher Hans‐Christian , Schmidt Harry , Tobisch Sven , Wagner Christoph
Published: June 2004

Na[Fe2(μ‐CO)(CO)6(μ‐PtBu2)] (1) reagiert mit [NO][BF4] bei —60 °C in THF zum Nitrosylkomplex [Fe2(CO)6(NO)(μ‐PtBu2)] (2). Die nachfolgende Umsetzung von 2 mit Phosphanen (L) ergibt unter milden Bedingungen in guten Ausbeuten die Komplexe [Fe2(CO)5(NO)L(μ‐PtBu2)], L = PPh3, (3a); η‐dppm (dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2), (3b). Durch die Kristallstrukturanalyse von 3a wurde bestätigt, dass dabei in 2 ein Carbonylligand am Eisentetracarbonylfragment durch das Phosphan substituiert wird. In Lösung spaltet 3b sehr leicht einen CO‐Liganden ab und dppm koordiniert schließlich als Brückenligand über der Fe‐Fe‐Bindung. Die so gebildete Verbindung [Fe2(CO)4(NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (4) liegt in verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln in einem großen Temperaturbereich stets als Mischung der Koordinationsisomere [Fe2(μsb‐CO)(CO)3(NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (4a) und [Fe2(CO)4(μ‐NO)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (4b) vor. 4a konnte eindeutig durch Röntgenkristallstrukturanalyse charakterisiert werden, während 4b durch NMR‐Untersuchungen in Lösung und in Kombination mit quantenchemischen DFT‐Berechnungen bestätigt wurde. Des weiteren liefert die spontane Reaktion von [Fe2(CO)4(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (5) mit NO bei —60 °C in Toluen ein komplexes Produktgemisch, das neben [Fe2(μ‐CO)(CO)4(μ‐H)(μ‐PtBu2)(μ‐dppm)] (6) als Hauptprodukt die Komplexe 4a und 4b nur in sehr geringer Ausbeute enthält.
Structure and Magnetic Property of a New 3D Nicotinic Acid Bridged Nickel Polymer
Authors: Wu Chuan‐De , Lu Can‐Zhong , Zhuang Hong‐Hui , Huang Jin‐Shun
Published: June 2004

A new three‐dimensional nicotinic acid bridged polymer [Ni2(nic)4(H2O)] (1) had been synthesized by hydrothermal synthesis and characterized by IR, Raman, elemental analysis, magnetic suszeptibility measurements, and single crystal structural analysis. The structure of 1 has a three‐dimensional stair‐shaped architecture, in which the building units are “mushroom‐shaped” channels. Magnetic measurements show a ferromagnetic interaction between the two nickel atoms in one dimer and an antiferromagnetic coupling between adjacent dimer units.
Molecular and Low‐dimensional Coordination Compounds of Copper(II) and 3, 5‐Dimethylpyrazole — Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties
Authors: Chen Xiao‐Yan , Shen Wei‐Zheng , Cheng Peng , Yan Shi‐Ping , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Jiang Zong‐Hui
Published: June 2004

Three 3, 5‐dimethylpyrazole (pz*) copper(II) complexes, [Cu(pz*)4(H2O)](ClO4)2 (1), [Cu(pz*)2(NCS)2]·H2O (2), and [Cu(pz*)2(OOCCH=CHCOO)(H2O)]·1.5H2O (3), have been synthesized and characterized with single crystal X‐ray structure analysis. 1 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group, 14/m, with a = 14.027 (3) Å, c = 16.301 (5) Å, and Z = 4. 2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group, P21/c, with a = 8.008 (3) Å, b = 27.139 (9) Å, c = 8.934 (3) Å, β = 106.345 (6)°, and Z = 4. 3 crystallizes in the triclinic space group, P1¯, with a = 7.291 (9) Å, b = 10.891 (13) Å, c = 11.822 (14) Å, α = 80.90 (2)°, β = 79.73(2)°, γ = 70.60(2)°, and Z = 2. In 1, one water molecule and four pz* ligands are coordinated to CuII. Two [Cu(pz*)4(H2O)]2+ units are connected to ClO4— via hydrogen bonds. One lattice water molecule is found in the unit cell of 2, which forms an one‐dimensional chain via intermolecular hydrogen bonds with the N‐H atom of pz*. In 3, the oxygen atom of the coordinated water molecule is connected with two C=O groups of two neighbouring maleic acid molecules to form a linear parallelogram structure. Another C=O group of maleic acid forms a hydrogen bond with the N‐H atom of pz* to create a two‐dimensional structure. The spectroscopic and bond properties are also discussed.
The Reaction of Selenium Trioxide with Dialkyl Ethers
Authors: Richtera L. , Taraba J. , Touzžín Jiří
Published: June 2004

The donor‐acceptor complexes Et2O·SeO3 and (Me2O)2·SeO3 can be obtained as primary products by the reactions of selenium trioxide with dimethyl ether (Me2O) and diethyl ether (Et2O). The crystal and molecular structure of both complexes, which are stable below their melting points only, was determined by X‐ray structure analysis. Pairs of molecules Et2O·SeO3 form dimers due to two weak intermolecular Se···O contacts. No intermolecular interactions were observed in (Me2O)2·SeO3. Trigonal bipyramidal coordination around SeVI atoms in the latter complex is almost undistorted. Conversion of the adducts to dialkylesters of diselenic and selenic acid in the liquid phase was monitored by Raman, 1H‐ and 77Se‐NMR spectroscopy.
An Ytterbium(II) Complex with Triethanolamine
Authors: Starynowicz Przemysław , Gatner Kazimierz
Published: June 2004

Bis(triethanolamine)ytterbium(II) diperchlorate was obtained by electrochemical reduction. The metal ion is surrounded by two triethanolamine molecules only, and its first sphere of coordination consists of six O and two N atoms. The compound shows weak luminescence at 77 K with a very broad emission band (488—667 nm). The complexation of triethanolamine shifts the Yb (III) reduction potential of 0.46 V towards more negative values.
Die Faktorstruktur der Skala dysfunktionaler Einstellungen (DAS) in einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe
Authors: Joormann Jutta
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung. Ziel der Untersuchung war eine Analyse der Faktorstruktur der Skala dysfunktionaler Einstellungen (DAS). Die DAS dient der Erfassung kognitiver Konstrukte, die im Beckschen Depressionsmodell als Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren depressiver Erkrankungen angesehen werden. Einer studentischen Stichprobe von 502 Probanden wurde die 40-Item Version der DAS vorgegeben. Eine Teilstichprobe bearbeitete zusätzlich Messverfahren zur Erfassung von Angst und Depression. Zwei Faktoren konnten identifiziert werden, die dem DAS-Gesamtscore zugrunde liegen: “Dysfunktionale Einstellungen bezüglich Leistungsbewertung“ und “Dysfunktionale Einstellungen bezüglich Anerkennung durch andere“. Die entsprechenden Subskalen zeigten gute interne Konsistenzwerte und Hinweise auf konvergente und diskriminante Korrelationen mit den Angst- und Depressionsskalen. Weiterhin konnte in einer unabhängigen Stichprobe depressiv-vulnerabler Probanden gezeigt werden, dass nur die Werte auf der Subskala “Anerkennung durch andere“ in dieser Gruppe erhöht waren. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund neuerer Formulierungen des Depressionsmodells von Beck, vor allem der Kongruenzhypothese, diskutiert.
Erkennen von Simulation und Dissimulation im Test d2
Authors: Schmidt-Atzert Lothar , Bühner Markus , Rischen Sabine , Warkentin Veronika
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung. Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit der Frage, ob und wie gut Simulation und Dissimulation bei der Bearbeitung des Tests d2 anhand bestimmter Kennwerte entdeckt werden können. Dazu bearbeiteten 94 Studierende den Test d2 unter drei Versuchsbedingungen. Sie sollten entweder durch Täuschen ein gutes oder ein schlechtes Ergebnis oder allein durch Anstrengung ohne Täuschen ein gutes Ergebnis erzielen. Nach einer kurzen Pause, in der sich die Probanden erneut eine effektive Strategie überlegen konnten, bearbeiteten sie den Test ein zweites Mal. Die Testergebnisse in der faking good Bedingung unterschieden sich selbst bei der zweiten Testdurchführung nicht signifikant von denen in der Kontrollbedingung. In der faking bad Bedingung lagen die Leistungen etwa 20 Standardwerte unter denen der Kontrollgruppe. Von den analysierten Fehlertypen erwies sich der “Buchstabenfehler“ (ein p statt ein d markiert) als der beste Indikator für Simulation. Damit konnten 63 (mindestens zwei Fehler) bzw. 47 Prozent (mindestens 10 Fehler) der Simulanten erkannt werden - ohne eine einzige Fehldiagnose bei den Nichtsimulanten. Die Spezifität dieses Kriteriums wurde an Tests kreuzvalidiert, die früher von 225 Studierenden sowie 153 hirngeschädigten Patienten bearbeitet worden waren. Der Anteil der falsch klassifizierten Personen lag für das niedrige Fehlerkriterium bei 3 bzw. 8 Prozent; 10 oder mehr dieser Fehler kamen dagegen nie vor. Somit steht sowohl ein relativ sensitives als auch ein etwas weniger sensitives, aber dafür hoch spezifisches Kriterium für die Entdeckung von Simulationsversuchen beim Test d2 zur Verfügung. Dass in der faking good Bedingung keine besseren Ergebnisse erzielt wurden als in der Kontrollbedingung, spricht dafür, dass der Test wenig anfällig ist für Dissimulation. Die Strategie des Überspringens von Zeichen, die in der Literatur diskutiert wurde, spielt offenbar in der praktischen Anwendung des Tests keine große Rolle.
Eine Validierungsstudie zum NEO-FFI in einer Stichprobe junger Erwachsener
Authors: Lüdtke Oliver , Trautwein Ulrich , Nagy Gabriel , Köller Olaf
Published: June 2004

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde das NEO-Fünf-Faktoren-Inventar in der deutschen Fassung von Borkenau und Ostendorf (1993) in einer großen Schulleistungsstudie (N = 4236 Schülerinnen und Schüler der 13. Jahrgangsstufe) eingesetzt. Entsprechend der Empfehlung von Rost, Carstensen und von Davier (1999) wurde ein vierstufiges Antwortformat verwendet. Befunde zu drei Fragestellungen werden dargestellt. Erstens resultierten zufriedenstellende Reliabilitäten (Cronbachs α zwischen .73 und .83) der Skalen. Zweitens ließ sich die angenommene Fünf-Faktoren-Struktur mit moderaten Skaleninterkorrelationen (r < |.37|) replizieren; die Faktorenstruktur erwies sich zudem in Subgruppenanalysen als invariant. Drittens wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen den fünf Faktoren und schulischen Leistungen (Abiturgesamtnote, Mathematik- und Englischleistungen) in Mehrebenenanalysen überprüft, wobei ein bedeutsamer Effekt der Gewissenhaftigkeit und der Offenheit für Erfahrung auf die Abiturgesamtnote sowie ein positiver Effekt der Offenheit für Erfahrung auf die Englischtestleistung festgestellt werden konnte.
Nitrogen isotope dynamics of the Cariaco Basin, Venezuela
Authors: Thunell Robert C. , Sigman Daniel M. , Muller‐Karger Frank , Astor Yrene , Varela Ramon
Published: June 2004

We report 15N/14N measurements of water column nitrate and ammonium, sinking particles, and sediments from the Cariaco Basin, an anoxic marine basin off the coast of Venezuela. Water column denitrification occurring in the basin has only a very small isotopic imprint on nitrate in the basin because nitrate consumption is nearly complete in the actively denitrifying water near the oxic/anoxic interface (∼275 m). Being free of a large denitrification signal, the δ15N of shallow thermocline nitrate is ∼3.5‰, significantly lower than the mean deep ocean nitrate δ15N of 5‰. This may be due to the nitrification of newly fixed N, whether it occurs within the basin or in open Atlantic waters that flow into the Cariaco over the sill. The 15N/14N of the sinking flux in the deepest trap (∼1250 m) is similar to that of thermocline nitrate, as expected given the complete consumption of nitrate in the surface layer. Moreover, the 15N/14N of the seafloor sediment is similar to that of the sinking flux, as is common in environments of high export production, low O2, and good organic matter preservation. Thus the modern Cariaco Basin records the 15N/14N of the thermocline nitrate, which, in turn, may record the input of newly fixed N to the upper ocean, be it local or more regional in origin.
Physical and biological mechanisms for planetary waves observed in satellite‐derived chlorophyll
Authors: Killworth Peter D. , Cipollini Paolo , Uz B. Mete , Blundell Jeffrey R.
Published: June 2004

We examine the evidence for global propagation of planetary wavelike features in sea‐surface chlorophyll. Over much of the midlatitude ocean, westward propagating signals are seen that travel at the same speed as that predicted for long planetary waves. We then test three mechanisms for production of this signal. These are: horizontal (passive) north‐south advection by the wave against a mean background gradient; vertical upwelling of nitrate, which is converted into chlorophyll; and vertical upwelling of chlorophyll itself. The tests involve comparisons of the amplitude and phase of the predicted signal with observations. The horizontal advective process predicts an amplitude for chlorophyll fluctuations that is in fair agreement with the data, though both overestimating and underestimating in places. The predictions for the phase difference between the chlorophyll and sea surface height signatures are in good agreement with the data. The upwelling biological mechanism could potentially give a large signal in the chlorophyll field, but the predicted amplitude patterns and the predicted phase difference (which is everywhere negative) are not in accord with the observations. Except in a few regions, the amplitude predicted by upwelling of chlorophyll is small compared with the horizontal advection mechanism. We conclude that over most of the ocean, the chlorophyll signal is well explained by horizontal advective processes, although we cannot rule out that there exist locations where additional biological mechanisms may be responsible for at least part of the signal.
On the East Australian Current: Variability, encroachment, and upwelling
Authors: Roughan Moninya , Middleton Jason H.
Published: June 2004

Observations from an intensive oceanographic field program which took place in 1998–1999 about the separation point of the East Australian Current (EAC) show significant spatial and temporal variability of the EAC. Upstream of the separation point, southward flowing currents are strong, with subinertial velocities of up to 130 cm s−1 in the near‐surface waters, whereas downstream currents are highly variable in both strength (1–70 cm s−1) and direction. Upwelling is observed to occur through both wind‐driven and current‐driven processes, with wind effects playing a lesser role. By contrast, the encroachment of the EAC upon the coast has a profound effect on the coastal waters, accelerating the southward (alongshore) currents and decreasing the temperature in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) by up to 5°C. As the axis of the jet moves onshore, negative vorticity increases in association with an increase in nonlinear acceleration. During this time, bottom friction is increased, the Burger number is reduced, and the BBL shut‐down time lengthens. The observed upwelling is attributed to enhanced onshore Ekman pumping through the BBL resulting from increased bottom stress as the southerly flow accelerates when the EAC encroaches across the continental shelf.
Tidally induced diapycnal mixing in the Kuril Straits and its role in water transformation and transport: A three‐dimensional nonhydrostatic model experiment
Authors: Nakamura Tomohiro , Awaji Toshiyuki
Published: June 2004

Baroclinic processes generated by the K1 tidal flow around the Kuril Straits and their role in the linkage between the Okhotsk Sea and the North Pacific are investigated using a three‐dimensional nonhydrostatic model. Large‐amplitude unsteady lee waves are generated around sill tops all along the Kuril Island Chain and induce significant density inversions from the sea surface down to the ∼27.6 σθ density layer. Along with this wave breaking, a large flow of energy takes place from the swift tidal flow regions to greater depths as a result of the clockwise propagation of both the topographically trapped waves around the islands and the remaining unsteady lee waves. Such wave generation and energy exchange eventually cause intense diapycnal mixing over the shallow topographic features and near the bottom, leading to a maximum diapycnal diffusivity of over 103 cm2 s−1. Even in the deep Bussol' Strait, which is thought to be the main exit of the Okhotsk Sea water, considerable mixing (corresponding to diapycnal diffusivity values of between 10 ∼ 50 cm2 s−1) occurs. Vigorous mixing in the shallow regions produces low potential vorticity (PV) water in the upper layer and high PV water below. Accordingly, PV fronts are formed along the island chain and sustain instabilities that in turn release baroclinic eddies with low core PV values. These features are indicated in recent satellite imagery and in situ observations, suggesting that the tide is the controlling factor in the formation of fronts observed in the Kuril Straits. Tidally induced mean transport across the straits is estimated to reach ∼26 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3 s−1), which is much larger than in the barotropic case. However, most of the exchanged water tends to circulate around the islands due to the effect of bottom topography, whereas eddies pinched off from the tidal fronts carry the exchanged water offshore. The amount of eddy‐driven offshore transport away from the islands reaches 14 Sv, with roughly half being directed to the North Pacific. This significant offshore transport spreads the effect of the diapycnal mixing taking place in the straits over wider areas of the North Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea. For example, the PV values generated in the eddies differ by 30–40% from the ambient water on average, whereas sea surface salinity within the eddies is 0.1 psu higher than the surroundings, corresponding to the density increase of 0.08 σθ. Thus the eddy transport provides significant PV and salinity fluxes to both the North Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea. Hence we infer that a combination of tidally driven processes taking place at the passages leads to the formation of eddies that play a central role in water transport and transformation and are an essential aspect of the physical interplay between the Okhotsk Sea and the North Pacific.
Burnt area detection at global scale using ATSR‐2: The GLOBSCAR products and their qualification
Authors: Simon M. , Plummer S. , Fierens F. , Hoelzemann J. J. , Arino O.
Published: June 2004

Quantifying the contribution of biomass burning to the global distribution of emissions of carbon into the atmosphere requires knowledge of the area burnt. The GLOBSCAR project was initiated in 2001 as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) Data User Programme, with the objective of producing global incremental monthly maps of burnt areas, using daytime data from year 2000 of the Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR‐2) instrument onboard the ESA ERS‐2 satellite. The processing system combines the use of two algorithms representing different approaches to burnt area detection. The K1 algorithm is a contextual algorithm based on the geometrical characteristics of the burnt pixels in the near‐infrared (NIR, 0.87 microns)/thermal infrared (TIR, 11 microns) space, while the E1 algorithm consists of a series of fixed threshold tests applied to the data using information from four different spectral channels. The GLOBSCAR products are available from the GeoSuccess Web site (http://www.geosuccess.net) in ASCII and vector format. The products were validated using a variety of qualitative and quantitative tests against other field and remote sensing data. The GLOBSCAR results are presented per region and are compared to available statistics and other remote sensing products such as the ATSR‐2 World Fire Atlas (WFA) and the Global Burnt Area product derived from SPOT/VEGETATION (GBA‐2000). The potential and limitations of the GLOBSCAR products are then discussed. It is concluded that while the GLOBSCAR products represent a definite progress toward a better quantification of the areas burnt annually at the larger scales, coordinated improvements in remote sensing products are needed in order to better address the requirements of the user community. Future activities include the consolidation of the results through further qualification and the development of a multiyear multisensor product building upon the experience gained from both GLOBSCAR and GBA‐2000 projects.
A case study of transpacific warm conveyor belt transport: Influence of merging airstreams on trace gas import to North America
Authors: Cooper O. R. , Forster C. , Parrish D. , Trainer M. , Dunlea E. , Ryerson T. , Hübler G. , Fehsenfeld F. , Nicks D. , Holloway J. , de Gouw J. , Warneke C. , Roberts J. M. , Flocke F. , Moody J.
Published: June 2004

The warm conveyor belt (WCB), the major cloud‐forming airstream of midlatitude cyclones, is the primary mechanism for rapidly transporting air pollution from one continent to another. However, relatively little has been written on WCB transport across the North Pacific Ocean. To address this important intercontinental transport route, this study describes the life cycle of a WCB associated with the export of a highly polluted air mass from Asia to North America. This event was sampled using in situ measurements from an aircraft platform flying above the North American West Coast during the 2002 Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation (ITCT 2K2) experiment on 5 May. Satellite imagery, trajectory ensembles, in situ measurements, and animations are used to illustrate the formation of the WCB near eastern Asia, its entrainment of polluted air masses, its transport path across the Pacific, and its decay above the eastern North Pacific Ocean and western North America. A major finding is that a WCB can entrain air from a variety of source regions and not just the atmospheric boundary layer. We estimate that 8% of the WCB's mass originated in the stratosphere and 44% passed through the lower troposphere, of which two thirds passed through the lower troposphere above the populated regions of eastern Asia. The remaining 48% traveled entirely within the middle and upper troposphere over the previous 5.5 days. Interestingly, an estimated 18% of the WCB's mass was entrained from an upwind and decaying WCB via a newly discovered but apparently common transport mechanism. Only 9% of the WCB's mass subsequently passed through the lower troposphere of the United States, with the remainder passing over North America in the middle and upper troposphere.
Long‐term and seasonal variations in the levels of hydrogen peroxide, methylhydroperoxide, and selected compounds over the Pacific Ocean
Authors: O'Sullivan D. W. , Heikes B. G. , Snow J. , Burrow P. , Avery M. , Blake D. R. , Sachse G. W. , Talbot R. W. , Thornton D. C. , Bandy A. R.
Published: June 2004

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Global Tropospheric Experiment program has conducted five sampling programs examining the Pacific troposphere from 1991 to 2001. Flights on two aircraft, a P3‐B and DC‐8, sampled the Pacific troposphere at altitudes from 0.5 km to 13 km and from 130°E to 115°W and from 65°N to 70°S. Long‐term trends in the observed species mixing ratios in different geographic regions are presented. Changes in species mixing ratios are discussed with respect to changes in source, transport, and photochemical production and loss processes over the decade study period. CH4 and CO2 exhibited average annual mixing ratio increases of 6.39 ppbv yr−1 and 1.92 ppmv yr−1, respectively. O3, CO, and NO all exhibit significantly higher mixing ratios in the north Pacific troposphere in the spring than in the fall. However, there is no clear annual trend for these species. H2O2 mixing ratios were 38 ± 16% higher (Δ(fall–spring) 258 ± 34 pptv), and CH3OOH was 61 ± 15% higher (Δ343 ± 76 pptv) throughout the Pacific troposphere in the fall than in the spring. During 2001, SO2 loading in the North Pacific is 2–3 times larger than during earlier years. Anthropogenic tracer gases, C2H6, C3H8, C2H2, and C2Cl4, do not exhibit comparable increases in their average mixing ratios during the decade study period. CH3I, a tracer for oceanic emission, also does not exhibit an increase in 2001. Sulfur loading characterized by SO2 also does not exhibit a clear annual trend. The enhanced sulfur loading during 2001 appears to have resulted in a suppression of H2O2 mixing ratios in the lower troposphere throughout the midlatitude North Pacific.
On the life cycle of a stratospheric intrusion and its dispersion into polluted warm conveyor belts
Authors: Cooper O. , Forster C. , Parrish D. , Dunlea E. , Hübler G. , Fehsenfeld F. , Holloway J. , Oltmans S. , Johnson B. , Wimmers A. , Horowitz L.
Published: June 2004

The aircraft‐based 2002 Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation experiment intercepted and chemically analyzed pollution plumes transported from Asia to the western United States. The research flight on 10–11 May 2002 detected mixing between polluted and stratospheric air at midtropospheric levels above the California coast. This study uses a Lagrangian domain‐filling trajectory technique to illustrate that this event was the result of mixing between two warm conveyor belts (WCB) containing Asian pollution and the remnants of a deep tropopause fold from a downstream midlatitude cyclone (referred to as the stratospheric component of a dry airstream or SCDA). Advection of the trajectory particles shows how the SCDA decayed over 7.5 days. One component dispersed into a downstream WCB, while another component descended into the lower troposphere and became entrained by an upwind WCB. After 7.5 days of transport 22% of the SCDA mass was transported into the troposphere. The portions of the SCDA that penetrated to the lowest altitudes had the greatest likelihood of being transported into the troposphere. For example, over 90% of the SCDA at altitudes below the 600 hPa level was transported to the troposphere, but none of the mass at the 200 hPa level was exchanged. More than half of the exchange occurred during the first 48 hours as the deepest portions of the tropopause fold decayed over the Pacific. The rest of the exchange occurred over the following 5.5 days as the remnants of the SCDA sheared apart along the edge of the stratospheric polar vortex and became entrained into subsequent tropopause folds and vortex breakaway features. Stratosphere to troposphere exchange resulted in the transport of 0.5 Tg of stratospheric ozone to the troposphere during the 7.5 day study period. Roughly half of the SCDA particles that entered the troposphere dispersed into the upwind and downwind WCBs.
High‐wind‐speed evaluation in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Yuan Xiaojun
Published: June 2004

Space‐based scatterometer instruments provide crucial surface wind measurements with high resolution over global oceans. Midlatitude regions in the Southern Ocean are unique places to evaluate scatterometer winds at high‐wind bands because these regions host the strongest wind fields at the ocean surface. The objective of this study is to evaluate high wind speeds observed by Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind measurements and produced by simulation models and compare them with weather station data in the Southern Ocean. The occurrence and intensity of high‐wind events in scatterometer measurements are compared with that of reanalysis winds, and the spatial and seasonal variability of high‐wind characteristics is examined. The results show that the speeds of scatterometer winds are similar to model simulations in the monthly mean field but consistently stronger than both European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research winds in high‐wind bands. When scatterometer winds are compared with the weather station observations at Macquarie Island, the present study finds no systematic bias at high‐wind bands across all months. However, both weather station and QuikSCAT winds are higher than the model simulations in high‐wind bands most of the time. This suggests that model simulations may underestimate surface wind strength in high‐wind bands. Such underestimation would lead to up to an 80% reduction in energy flux between the atmosphere and ocean. Even though high winds occur only sporadically and the reanalysis underestimation in high wind speed is not in itself of great magnitude, they have a significant impact on global climate.
Revisiting nutrient utilization in the glacial Antarctic: Evidence from a new method for diatom‐bound N isotopic analysis
Authors: Robinson Rebecca S. , Brunelle Brigitte G. , Sigman Daniel M.
Published: June 2004

Isotopic measurements of diatom‐bound nitrogen, using a wet chemical oxidation combined with the “denitrifier” method for nitrate analysis, show significant offsets from previously published combustion‐based measurements. This offset is attributed to a gaseous nitrogen blank associated with the diatom's opal frustule. Moreover, experimentation with multiple chemical cleaning protocols demonstrates that diatom microfossils from the clay‐rich sediments of the glacial Antarctic are more difficult to clean than Holocene materials. New downcore profiles from the Antarctic show no change in the diatom‐bound N 15N/14N between the last glacial and the Holocene in the Atlantic sector, and the elevation of glacial diatom‐bound 15N/14N relative to the Holocene in the Indian sector is smaller than in previous measurements. These data suggest no change in the degree of nitrate utilization in the Atlantic sector and at most a 20% increase (from ∼25 to 45%) in the Indian sector. The new measurements suggest that, during the last ice age in the Atlantic sector of the Antarctic, the atmospheric source of biologically available iron was not so great as to become significant relative to the iron supply from below. Given the apparent spatial variability in the degree of nitrate drawdown, more work is required to develop an adequate picture of the glacial Antarctic nutrient field.