bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Mussett Shannon M.
Published: May 2017

In January 1929, Simone de Beauvoir did her practice teaching in philosophy at the Lycée Janson de Sailly with Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Claude Lévi-Strauss. In Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter she writes of the latter that his “impassivity rather intimidated me, but he used to turn it to good advantage. I thought it very funny when, in his detached voice, and with a dead-pan face, he expounded to our audience the folly of the passions.”...
Introduction
Authors: Tidd Ursula
Published: May 2017

“Women and Creativity” is an important text in Simone de Beauvoir’s corpus of nonfictional writing. It develops her arguments on gender and creativity first expounded in the second volume of The Second Sex and offers an oblique reflection on her own experience and “situation” as France’s most well-known woman intellectual and writer in the mid-1960s. Beauvoir delivered her lecture on “Women and Creativity” on September 22, 1966, the second in a series of three lectures she gave during a visit to Japan with Jean-Paul Sartre....
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Lillian S. , Murphy Julien
Published: May 2017

It begins with “love” and ends with “AIDS,” but, in between, Simone de Beauvoir’s last piece of writing, her preface to Mihloud, is only a brief summary of the book. By agreeing to place her name on the cover of this memoir, whose author’s name is conspicuously absent, Beauvoir called attention to two related issues that were still considered virtually unmentionable in 1980s France: same-sex relations between men and the disease that was decimating the gay community. (For example, the cause of Michel Foucault’s death in 1984 was initially listed as septicemia and only later revealed as AIDS.) If Beauvoir did not interpret “Alan’s” text or even situate it in its history, she nonetheless helped make it available to a general audience....
Becoming Beautiful
Authors: Bosse Joanna
Published: May 2017

This book explores the transformations undergone by the residents of a Midwestern town when they step out on the dance floor for the very first time. The book uses sensitive fieldwork as well as the author's own immersion in ballroom culture to lead readers into a community that springs up around ballroom dance. It demonstrates how the contemporary performance of ballroom dance among amateurs generates feelings of positive personal transformation, of becoming beautiful. The book also discusses the dance hall as a social space where disparate groups come together to move in synchrony, along with the ways in which race, class, and gender converge in ballroom dancing. The result is a portrait of the real people who connect with others, change themselves, and join a world that foxtrots to its own rules, conventions, and rewards. The author's eye for revealing, humorous detail adds warmth and depth to discussions around critical perspectives on the experiences the dance hall provides, the nature of partnership and connection, and the notion of how dancing allows anyone to become beautiful. The book also considers the relationship between aesthetic values and becoming beautiful.
Rules of Engagement
Authors: Bosse Joanna
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the “rules for engagement” in ballroom dancing by following the trajectory of individuals as they enter the dance hall for the very first time and eventually become good ballroom dancers. It begins with a discussion of local practices at the Regent Ballroom and Banquet Center and how members of this particular local context connect with the more global aspects of ballroom performance. It then considers the importance of safety in the ballroom, first by explaining the obligation to “take care” of one's partner and fellow dancers, along with the convention of sobriety and limiting alcohol consumption during a dance. It also shows how a sense of safety functions not only to generate participation and maintain local communities, but also to provide the necessary components codified to ensure performance on an international scale. It argues that feeling safe to dance without risk of physical harm or social rejection is a first requirement in realizing ballroom's promise of becoming beautiful.
Interlude
Authors: Bosse Joanna
Published: May 2017

In this interlude, the author shares her dancing experience with two different partners and how she connects with them. The first is Dean, a single, white, thirty-something astrophysicist, whom she describes as a wonderful smooth dancer and having a good quickstep. Ballroom dance is Dean's way of making a connection, his way of experiencing joy. Her second partner is Sam, a former boyfriend and a tennis coach who taught her author how to play tennis while she taught him how to dance. The author also talks about Toby, the bartender for that night, who takes a break to watch the hustle dancers with her; David, also a bartender; and Genevieve, who manages the banquet aspect of the business at the Regent Ballroom and Banquet Center. Finally, she reflects on her Nightclub two-step with Dean, who dances her afterwards to the water fountain where they began.
Bringing Coherence to the Sensuous Life
Authors: Bosse Joanna
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores the nature of partnership and connection in ballroom dance as well as the convention of leading and following. In particular, it explains how ballroom dance provides an opportunity to bring coherence to the sensuous life, a coherence that is tested by the contradictory expectations placed upon Regent dancers as middle-class, heterosexual men and women in twenty-first-century America. The chapter first describes how men and women relate to one another on and off the dance floor before discussing the “princess factor” in ballroom dance. It also considers the rhetorical and performative strategies used by dancers to reconfigure ballroom's conventional role in constructing gender and heterosexual normativity in movement and sound. It shows that dancers actively engage problematic and antiquated aspects of beauty and resignify them with contemporary sensibilities about equity and connection. It argues that performance enables dancers to create a discrete and singular, if not coherent, experience through which they wrestle with the incoherent, inconsistent reality of gender.
Interlude
Authors: Bosse Joanna
Published: May 2017

In this interlude, the author talks about some of her fellow ballroom dancers at the Regent Ballroom and Banquet Center. She begins with Tony and Sarah, one of the many “empty-nester” couples who arrive at the Regent hoping to reconnect now that their children are grown and gone. When they are on the dance floor, you can see them exchanging gestures of affection and sweetness. Next is Doris, a divorced, independent, small-business owner who runs a seamstress shop from her home. The author then turns to Marty, a middle-aged dentist who says nothing before, during, or after his dance with the author; Don, a computer programmer who works for another ballroom dancer; and Laurie, a lawyer who also competes at the national level in amateur dance competitions with William as her partner. William, one of the most accomplished dancers at the Regent, invites her to dance the rumba.
History
Authors: Ehrlich Matthew C. , Saltzman Joe
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the image of journalism's past that is presented by popular culture. Some historians have argued that journalism history too often has served only to celebrate the press rather than providing critical insight into its problems. Pop culture regularly depicts journalism's history through simple, linear, dramatic tales that use the past to speak to the present and that adopt partisan viewpoints on historical issues. As such, it both mythologizes and demythologizes the press, at once celebrating and parodying well-known figures and happenings in journalism's past. Yet pop culture has also presented a less heroic picture at times by casting a skeptical and even mocking eye toward journalism history and by highlighting more sordid aspects that the conventional histories have sometimes downplayed or overlooked.
Imagining the Future
Authors: Ehrlich Matthew C. , Saltzman Joe
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter examines how popular culture has looked at the future of journalism, which itself has been debated by journalism scholars. Speculative fiction's tales about the press draw upon the same myths and conflicts that underlie other stories about journalism, and they present similar depictions of heroes and villains using and abusing the power of the press. To be sure, the protagonists of those stories do not always resemble old-fashioned reporters and editors. These protagonists include the “human journalist” who “makes his living from investigating and reporting the news”; the “nonhuman journalist—a robot, computer, or other device—that supplements, even replaces, the human journalist”; and “the consumer of news” who employs technology to become his or her “own journalist.” Nevertheless, traditional notions of what a journalist ought to be and do are still present, just as real-world journalists of today are increasingly incorporating automation and citizen participation into their work.
Introduction
Authors: Fones-Wolf Elizabeth , Fones-Wolf Ken
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the role of religion and faith in the life of working people. In many studies, religion served as an impediment to workers' understanding their class interests. Religion either divided workers of different faiths, served as a tool for the upwardly mobile, or provided a numbing fatalism that prevented working people from taking action against their exploiters. In other studies, the stimulus provided by Herbert Gutman weighed heavily. He was drawn to the examples he uncovered of a Christian spirit infusing the rhetoric and writings of labor activists and offering a postmillennial justification for working-class solidarity. Neither group of scholars tried to grapple systematically with the messiness of spiritual convictions and how those convictions interacted with lived experiences to shape the consciousness and actions of average working people.
Constructing a Region of Christian Free Enterprise
Authors: Fones-Wolf Elizabeth , Fones-Wolf Ken
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the emergence of a Christian free enterprise vision for the South at the end of the war. For evangelical businessmen, the region seemed a new promised land for growth and investment with a hard-working, low-wage labor force. Christian free-enterprise ideology meshed easily with the goals of corporate executives hoping to take advantage of the lower wages and conservative politics of the South. Moreover, The South was a bulwark against the further spread of liberal, New Deal politics. Meanwhile, for white Protestant evangelicals, Christian free enterprise could protect the region against the threats that modernism and state-centered bureaucracies posed to the southern way of life.
Sounds of the New Deal
Authors: Gough Peter
Published: May 2017

At its peak, the Federal Music Project (FMP) employed nearly 16,000 people who reached millions of Americans through performances, composing, teaching, and folksong collection and transcription. This book explores how the FMP's activities in the West shaped a new national appreciation for the diversity of American musical expression. From the onset, administrators and artists debated whether to represent highbrow, popular, or folk music in FMP activities. Though the administration privileged using “good” music to educate the public, in the West local preferences regularly trumped national priorities and allowed diverse vernacular musics to be heard. African American and Hispanic music found unprecedented popularity while the cultural mosaic illuminated by American folksong exemplified the spirit of the Popular Front movement. These new musical expressions combined the radical sensibilities of an invigorated Left with nationalistic impulses. At the same time, they blended traditional patriotic themes with an awareness of the country's varied ethnic musical heritage and vast—but endangered—store of grassroots music.
Introduction
Authors: Gough Peter , Seeger Peggy
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Federal Music Project (FMP). Initiated in 1935 as a part of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal plan for fiscal recovery, the FMP composed one of several cultural programs—designated Federal Project Number One, or Federal One—of the Works Progress Administration (WPA). California and dozens of other states reaped the benefits of New Deal music—including the employment of performance groups, music teachers, folksong collectors, and others—for nearly eight years. Indeed, federal funding continued well after the United States entered World War II, providing musical entertainment for the military troops through the summer of 1943. By January 1936, music programs were being presented in larger metropolitan areas; by September of the next year, the FMP was operating in forty-two of the forty-eight states.
Victims and Warriors
Authors: High Casey
Published: May 2017

In 1956, a group of Waorani men killed five North American missionaries in Ecuador. The event cemented the Waorani's reputation as “wild Amazonian Indians” in the eyes of the outside world. It also added to the myth of the violent Amazon created by colonial writers and still found in academia and the state development agendas across the region. This book examines contemporary violence in the context of political and economic processes that transcend local events. The book explores how popular imagery of Amazonian violence has become part of Waorani social memory in oral histories, folklore performances, and indigenous political activism. As Amazonian forms of social memory merge with constructions of masculinity and other intercultural processes, the Waorani absorb missionaries, oil development, and logging depredations into their legacy of revenge killings and narratives of victimhood. The book shows that these memories of past violence form sites of negotiation and cultural innovation, and thus violence comes to constitute a central part of Amazonian sociality, identity, and memory.
Shamans and Enemies
Authors: High Casey
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the themes of shamanism and witchcraft in the context of Waorani–Quichua relations in Toñampari. Even as a growing number of kowori have come to live in Waorani villages, Quichua people continue to have a prominent place in local discussions of enmity and violence. This sense of alterity can be seen in Waorani ideas about shamanism, a practice that is associated closely with Quichuas. This chapter describes indigenous understandings of shamanism and the historical role of shamans in mediating intercultural relations in Amazonia. It considers how Quichuas have become the primary source of both shamanic curing and witchcraft accusations, a seemingly paradoxical situation that reflects indigenous understandings of shamanism and Waorani efforts to “live well” in contemporary villages in the aftermath of violence. The chapter shows that Waorani in Toñampari object to shamanism not because of a lack of belief in its efficacy but because shamanic power presents a threat to the idealized conditions of living in what they call a comunidad (community).
Figure Skating in the Formative Years
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

Once a winter pastime for socializing and courtship, skating evolved into the wildly popular competitive sport of figure skating, one of the few athletic arenas where female athletes hold a public profile—and earning power—equal to that of men. This book chronicles figure skating's rise from its earliest days through its head-turning debut at the 1908 Olympics and its breakthrough as entertainment in the 1930s. The book credits figure skating's explosive expansion to an ever-increasing number of women who had become proficient skaters and wanted to compete, not just in singles but with partners as well. Matters reached a turning point when British skater Madge Syers entered the otherwise-male 1902 World Championship held in London and finished second. Called skating's first feminist, Syers led a wave of women who made significant contributions to figure skating and helped turn it into today's star-making showcase at every Olympic Winter Games.
Skating in the New World
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the development of skating in the New World. There is much evidence of skating activity throughout the Colonies in the years before the American Revolution. It was a recreational activity, with racing being especially popular, but as a discipline little is known about it. Bone skates as a practical solution for travel across frozen landscapes were discovered independently in various parts of the world. French trappers who worked in eastern North America learned from the Iroquois Indians the practice of tying bones to their feet to traverse frozen rivers. Thus, in North America as in Europe and Asia, skating on bones must have existed for thousands of years. Bladed skates, however, were probably unknown in the New World before the eighteenth century, perhaps introduced by British officers stationed in Nova Scotia following its seizure from the French in 1713. By the mid-eighteenth century, skating was practiced along the East Coast whenever ice was available. Philadelphia became skating's first important center and could boast of competent figure skaters.
Skating with a Partner
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the development of pair skating. Skating with a partner of the opposite sex in which there is physical contact had its real beginning in England, bastion of combined skating. However, it was in the 1890s that hand-in-hand skating became fashionable and moved from the static confines of basic figures to continuous movement around a rink. The rigid English style still ruled supreme, but in that same decade the introduction of the first true skating waltz, which capitalized on speed and flow across the ice with partners in a true dance position, not just holding hands, dealt a death knell to hand-in-hand skating. The direction of couple skating changed rapidly and permanently when in 1895 the three-step waltz ushered in the era of ice dancing. As a competitive discipline at the international level ice dancing was many years in the future, but dances and steps from them provided from the beginning basic material employed in competitive programs for singles and pair skating.
Recovery in Europe, Pair Skating, and Ice Dancing
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses figure skating in Europe after World War II. The war in Europe ended in May 1945, but not until atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August did Japan capitulate. Formal terms of surrender were signed a month later. The International Skating Union Council met in July 1946 and set dates for the resumption of competition. European Championships commenced at Davos on January 31, 1947, while the World Championships followed two weeks later at Stockholm. Participation at the championships demonstrated the sport's durability and stature. The ladies' and pairs' events boasted more entries than in 1939. Not surprisingly, men's events had fewer entries. Participation increased in the men's event in 1948 but not to the prewar level.
Skating Redirected: Lake Placid to Albertville
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses media coverage of figure skates. Media interest in figure skating has grown steadily since 1962, when ABC's Wide World of Sports began covering the World Championships. However, the Olympic Games have provided the most popular televised skating events. Increased visibility spurred unprecedented interest in figure skating. Television audiences wanted to see in person those competitors they had watched compete for World and Olympic medals. The result has been phenomenal. An ever-increasing number of ice shows and professional competitions have provided opportunities for former competitors to enjoy lucrative careers while continuing to excite audiences. Some have sustained unusual longevity. Two, Scott Hamilton and Kurt Browning, can be classified as matinee idols.
Albertville to Salt Lake City
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses the decade between the Albertville Games in 1992 and the Salt Lake City Games in 2002, which proved to be one of figure skating's most dynamic as the sport changed with vertiginous speed. The figure skating world endured the vicious attack on Nancy Kerrigan at the U.S. Championships in 1994 and suffered highly publicized judging controversies at the Olympic Games in 1998 and 2002. As a result of those events it enjoyed unprecedented popularity. Fueled by extensive media coverage and spurred by an ever-increasing number of popular and highly motivated skaters who sought the spotlight and its financial rewards, figure skating reached a much-expanded public that, for a short time, could not get enough of.
The World of Professional Skating
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the world of professional skating. The Ice Follies, Hollywood Ice Review, and Ice Capades were founded between 1936 and 1941, years immediately preceding U.S. entry into World War II. Holiday on Ice was founded during the war years. All survived the War and became increasingly spectacular as competition among them led to large casts, elaborate sets, and lavish costumes. These permanently established touring companies that operated with large budgets, professional production staffs, and many of the world's most decorated skaters challenged the role of the amateur club carnival, a tradition dating from the nineteenth century. Carnivals, which had reached their peak in the 1930s, continued well into the postwar era, but their ability to compete with professional shows gradually declined.
Play and the Human Condition
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: May 2017

This book brings together ways of considering play to probe its essential relationship to work, ritual, and communitas. The book examines the causes, consequences, and contexts of play. Focusing on five contexts for play—the psyche, the human body, the environment, society, and culture—the book identifies conditions that instigate play, and comments on its implications for those settings. The book explores how we learn about ourselves and the world, and about the intersection of these two realms, through acts of play. Offering a general theory of play as behavior promoting self-realization, it articulates a conception of self that includes individual and social identity, particular and transcendent connection, and multiple fields of involvement. It also evaluates play styles from history and contemporary life to analyze the relationship between play and human freedom. The book shows how play allows us to learn about our qualities and those of the world around us—and in so doing make sense of ourselves.
Play Compared to Other Behaviors
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: May 2017

This chapter compares play with other behaviors in order to develop a general understanding of play. Before proceeding with the discussion of play v. other behaviors, it considers the six perspectives about play: play as action, play as interaction, play as activity, play as disposition, play as experience, and play as context. It then examines play's defining qualities by contrasting it to three similar but rival patterns of willfully directed behavior: work, ritual, and the form of bonding and immersion called communitas. These behaviors together with play are said to be distinctive “pathways of experience” featuring different acts of meaning-construction and self-expression. Each pathway is presented as an ideal type—first play, and then the other forms in comparison to play. Differences between the four forms are summarized and displayed in a chart. The chapter concludes by explaining how real-life events usually feature combinations of these four forms, as well as alternations in which one pattern leads to another.
Buildings and Professors
Authors: Hicks Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the beginnings of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. It first considers the construction of the Salt Lake Tabernacle on April 6, 1852, before turning to the schoolhouse that Brigham Young built to provide vocal lessons for as many as 200 children at a time under the direction of David Calder, who championed a modified form of John Curwen's Tonic sol-fa method. Graduates of the Tonic sol-fa classes sang in concerts in the Salt Lake Theater, the dedication of which featured an anthem, “God Bless Brigham Young,” or “The Saints' National Anthem”; this suggested that the Mormons now saw their society as self-contained, a new “nation” outside the nation they had left. The music to this new anthem was composed by Charles John Thomas, the newly appointed director of the theater orchestra and, on Sundays, of the Tabernacle Choir. The chapter also considers the acoustics of the Salt Lake Tabernacle, the Tabernacle organ, and the appointment of Thomas Griggs as the new Choir conductor on August 19, 1880.
Soft Sell
Authors: Hicks Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the activities of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, first under Jay Welch and later Jerold Ottley. When Harold Lee ascended to the Mormon Presidency, he ramped up the musical forces of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He called dozens of new personnel, most of them academics, to a new Church Music Department that replaced the old Church Music Committee. Church President Spencer Kimball decided to replace Richard Condie with Welch, the conductor of the Mormon Youth Symphony and Chorus. Welch agreed to direct both the Tabernacle Choir and the Mormon Youth Symphony and Chorus, but he would soon be replaced by Ottley. This chapter first considers Welch's vision of Choir programming before discussing Ottley's initiatives as Choir conductor, along with the Choir's duties and achievements such as recordings, broadcasts, concerts, funerals, conferences, and international tours.
Introduction
Authors: Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann Anna D.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine the public role of the immigrant press through the example of Antoni A. Paryski, the “Polish Hearst,” a successful immigrant businessman and founder of a large publishing empire. It specifically explores his Polish-language newspaper Ameryka-Echo, a weekly with an international circulation that came out between 1889 and 1971. Paryski and his followers used Ameryka-Echo to spread among the immigrant masses the notion of self-education and improvement through reading and writing. The weekly featured several sections based on readers' correspondence. Among them, the most popular and long-lasting was the “Corner for Everybody,” which printed readers' letters with little editorial intervention. The “Corner”'s participants negotiated the boundaries of the section's ownership with the editors, and formed a close-knit community of readers-writers, fiercely loyal to their forum. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Oświata and Ameryka-Echo
Authors: Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann Anna D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the unique public role of Ameryka-Echo as an educational newspaper, whose mission became spreading of self-education and improvement. It traces the Positivist ideology of the “cult of knowledge,” which Paryski imported from Poland and advocated among the immigrants in America. Paryski's mission drew frequent criticism from the intellectual elites in Polonia, who accused him of manipulating the reading public for his own financial profit and providing the immigrants with low-brow literature. However, Ameryka-Echo's readers wholeheartedly embraced its educational mission. Time and again they referred to the newspaper as their school or university, praised it, and credited it with providing them with solid source for reading, information, and general knowledge.
Epilogue
Authors: Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann Anna D.
Published: May 2017

This epilogue comments on the changes within the Polish American community and the Polish-language press during the most recent decades, including the impact of the Internet and social media on the practice of letter-writing. It also poses questions about the legacy and memory of Paryski in Toledo, Ohio, and in Polonia scholarship. Paryski's life and career were based on his intelligence, determination, and energy. He believed that Poles in the United States, as in Poland, must benefit from education, and that education was not necessarily the same as formal schooling. Anybody could embark on the path to self-improvement if they read and wrote. Long before the Internet changed the way we communicate, Paryski and other ethnic editors effectively adopted and practiced the concept of debate within the public sphere in the media. Ameryka-Echo's “Corner for Everybody” was an embodiment of this concept and allowed all to express themselves in their own language and to write what was on their minds.
Turn Your Radio On
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the pioneers of sacred music radio broadcasting in Chicago. During the 1920s, several Chicago Pentecostal and Holiness church leaders discovered the potential of radio as a medium for transmitting their ministries to households throughout Chicago and beyond. It was through radio that Chicago's white community was introduced to the sounds of sanctified singing and preaching. As a cultural and economic phenomenon, black-oriented radio in Chicago traces its roots to 1929 and the entrepreneurial efforts of Jack L. Cooper, the first black disk jockey not only in Chicago but in all of the United States. In Bronzeville, Elder Lucy Smith's All Nations Pentecostal Church and Rev. Clarence H. Cobbs's First Church of Deliverance were early adopters of radio for transmitting church services. This chapter examines the radio broadcasts of the All Nations Pentecostal Church and the First Church of Deliverance that allowed gospel music to be heard throughout Chicago, the Midwest, and, ultimately, the nation.
“Someday, Somewhere”
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the roles played by Thomas A. Dorsey, Mahalia Jackson, Sallie Martin, Theodore R. Frye, and Magnolia Lewis Butts in the development of gospel music in Chicago. During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Dorsey, Jackson, Martin, Frye, and Butts formed an informal nexus that spread the new gospel songs and gospel music style throughout Chicago and, ultimately, across the country. Dorsey was a versatile pianist, composer, arranger, singer, and bandleader who helped incorporate jazz and blues styles into gospel. He met Jackson around 1928 and offered her to demonstrate his songs. Martin, another Dorsey acquaintance, helped the struggling songwriter reap the financial and adulatory benefits of gospel music. This chapter provides a background on Dorsey, Jackson, Martin, Frye, and Butts and how they got involved in gospel music in Chicago. It also discusses the 1930 National Baptist Convention, the tipping point for Dorsey's gospel songwriting career as well as the commencement of a gradual acceptance of gospel music by African American churches.
“If It’s in Music—We Have It”
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the roles played by Thomas A. Dorsey, Roberta Martin, Theodore R.Frye, Kenneth Morris, and Sallie Martin in transforming Bronzeville into the “fertile crescent” of gospel sheet music publishing, sales, and distribution for the entire nation during the period 1945–1960. As gospel music became more accepted in the church, the demand for new songs and arrangements increased. If the gospelization of spirituals and hymns represented the 1930s, the 1940s represented a renaissance of more sophisticated gospel songwriting. The new gospel songs were prayers and sermonettes set to music, with the vernacular lyrics speaking the language and articulating the worldview of disenfranchised African Americans throughout the nation. This chapter considers the gospel songwriting, publishing and composition, and performing of Dorsey et al. that led to the establishment of what historians call the Chicago School of Gospel. It also looks at the contributions of the Roberta Martin Studio of Music, Martin and Morris Music Studio, and Theodore R. Frye Publishers.
The Gospel Caravan
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the continued evolution of the Chicago gospel music in the mid-twentieth century, led by the Good Shepherd Singers, re-christened the Gospel Caravan or simply Caravans. By the 1950s, gospel music had become the predominant sound of the semi-demonstrative, as well as some deliberative, or sermon-centered, African American churches in the urban North. Recognizing the financial upside of gospel music, independent record company owners, religious disk jockeys, and promoters sought to commodify it for mass consumption. This chapter first discusses the performances and recordings of the Caravans, along with members who came and went, before turning to some of the other important figures on the gospel music circuit, including Alex Bradford and his Bradford Specials, the Maceo Woods Singers, the Staple Singers, artists under Vee Jay Records, the Duncanaires, the Little Lucy Smith Singers, Sammy Lewis, and Mahalia Jackson.
Introduction
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This book examines the development of gospel music in Chicago during its first five decades, from pioneers such as Thomas A. Dorsey and Sallie Martin to the start of the contemporary gospel era of the 1970s. It chronicles some of the historic tipping points that helped establish what is known today as gospel music, all of them occurring in Chicago, including Arizona Dranes's 1926 recording of “My Soul Is a Witness for My Lord”; the debut of the First Church of Deliverance radio broadcast in 1935; the founding of Martin and Morris Music Studio in 1939; and the 1947 release of Mahalia Jackson's best-selling record “Move on Up a Little Higher.” The book also shows how the gospel music industry grew out of the necessity for entrepreneurship among African American migrants. Finally, it considers how gospel music as developed in Chicago transcended denominational boundaries, along with the contributions of various church denominations to the development of gospel.
Conclusion
Authors: Ng Wing Chung
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter summarizes key themes and presents some final thoughts. This study constructed a three-part narrative to chronicle the rise of Cantonese opera. At the outset, much information on the latter half of the nineteenth century is provided, and the imperial period also is covered as additional background, but the principal time frame is the early part of the twentieth century. A key finding of this study is the resilience of the opera community and how it managed to find ways to tap into the underlying appeal of a plebeian theater and to make difficult adjustments in logistics and other long-held conventions in order to stay afloat and rebound. The changes made during the 1920s and early 1930s continued a larger process of ongoing evolution and showcased the remarkable adaptive capacity of Cantonese opera. They also underscore the tremendous resilience of the opera community band its art in facing the severe disruptions and dislocation caused by the Sino- Japanese War and even greater uncertainties in the ensuing postwar years.
Google, Information, and Power
Authors: Powers Shawn M. , Jablonski Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Google's aims to dominate the global market for information services and data. Drawing from the suggestion that “information is the new oil of the Internet and the currency of the digital world,” it explores how Google's various endeavors seek to control each facet of the data market: data production, data extraction, data refinement, data infrastructure and distribution, and demand. It shows that there is no equivalent company that has ever been capable of dominance in each facet of the oil economy to the extent that Google leads in the data economy. The chapter also discusses the commodification of information in the modern internet economy and argues that Google's interest in internet freedom and connectivity lies in the fact that its survival (in the political economy sense of the word) depends on getting more and more people online to use its complimentary services.
Internet Freedom in a Surveillance Society
Authors: Powers Shawn M. , Jablonski Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the significance of the United States' globally robust surveillance apparatus, led by the National Security Agency (NSA), with particular emphasis on the tension between the internet-freedom movement and cybersecurity policy. Central to this tension is the question of anonymity, or whether or not it is possible to connect behaviors or material online to a particular person. On the one hand, anonymity is central to freedom online, and for online speech in particular. On the other hand, anonymity enables criminal behavior online, ranging from intellectual property theft to whole-scale cyber warfare. The chapter links the specific vision of internet freedom proposed by State Secretary Hillary Clinton to the revelations of the NSA-led surveillance apparatus and suggests that the United States's proposal for a freedom to connect deviates from traditional protections for freedom of expression by not protecting anonymous speech. It also describes the practical consequences of a global communications infrastructure that lacks any guarantee of confidentiality of messages across borders.
Damn Yankees and Relocations 1964 and 1965
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the issue of franchise relocation. Legislators had two main concerns throughout the series of hearings: to procure teams for their constituents while avoiding losing teams via relocation. The legislators' concerns were imbued with an element of reality, at least. Cities with multiple Major League Baseball (MLB) teams usually had one team that was struggling, and legislators held a different attitude to such teams relocating than they would with regard to later relocations of prosperous teams. This chapter first considers three options for acquiring a big-league team: purchase an existing team, hope for an expansion team in an established league, or enter a team into a new league. It then discusses the economics of franchise relocations, along with the early histories of franchise turnovers in professional sports leagues, including the National Football League (NFL) and its predecessor, the American Professional Football Association. It also looks at Columbia Broadcasting System's (CBS) purchase of the New York Yankees during the 1964 season that sparked fears of an unfair alliance.
The NFL’s Big Television Score 1961
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the National Football League's (NFL) bid for an antitrust exemption regarding its national television contract. The National Basketball Association (NBA) and the American Football League (AFL) already had national television contracts in place before the NFL negotiated its contract with Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). However, the NFL was the only league called before a congressional subcommittee on antitrust to defend its national television contract. Although the Congressional hearings of 1961 pertaining to “Telecasting of Professional Sports Contests” occurred at the behest of the NFL, the bills, H.R. 8757 and S. 2427, covered the four major professional team sports. This chapter first considers NFL teams' television revenues prior to 1961 before discussing NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle's negotiations with CBS over a new television contract and the hearings on the issue of antitrust exemptions that led to the passage of H.R. 8757, signed by President John F. Kennedy on October 10, 1961.
The Future Arrives Via Cable Television 1989
Authors: Surdam David George
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Congressional hearings of 1989 that addressed the issue of cable television's sports telecasts. For many years, Congress aided and abetted over-the-air television's dominance via antisiphoning regulations that restricted cable and pay-television access to many sporting events that were being telecast over-the-air for free. The intent of the regulations was to prevent programs from switching from free over-the-air to pay-television delivery. Home Box Office (HBO) filed suit over the antisiphoning rules and eventually won in court, thereby ending the antisiphoning regulation. The courts found that there was no evidence to suggest that cable television companies were going to usurp free television. With these developments, cable television was ready to compete with the networks and independent television stations. This chapter examines the 1989 hearings that revolved primarily around the New York Yankees' deal with the Madison Square Garden Network to show all the team's games on the cable channel. It also discusses the legal and economic aspects of whether cable telecasts of sporting events violated antitrust law.
Horizons
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses Beyer's percussion ensemble compositions. Between 1933 and 1942, Beyer composed eight works for percussion ensemble—a total of nineteen movements and about seventy-five minutes' worth of music. She composed her first work for percussion ensemble—the three-movement, thirteen-minute-long Percussion Suite—in 1933. The Percussion Suite is scored for Chinese blocks, triangle, tambourine, cymbal, bass drum, xylophone, rattle, castanets, and tam-tam. The first movement is characterized by the austere, quiet plodding of the bass drum, which begins and ends the piece, and is constant throughout. The second movement of the suite features an oft-repeated solo xylophone melody, with ever expanding intervals and frequent rhythmic variation, as well as regular use of both slow and fast glissandi, revealing Beyer's growing interest in sliding tones. Beyer's next percussion ensemble piece was a five-movement, approximately twelve-minute nonet titled Percussion (1935).
Conclusion
Authors: Tapias Maria
Published: May 2017

This book has investigated how Bolivian market and working class women suffered from emotional distress wrought by the social and economic changes of the 1990s due to neoliberal reforms. Focusing on the stories of women in Punata, it has shown how neoliberalism and its moral dimensions transformed bodies into new sites of consumption, desire, and aspiration, which must contend with the social mores that piece together sociality. The findings of this book add to the scholarship on emotions, embodiment, and social suffering in the Andes by highlighting the ways in which intimate narratives of market and working-class women are intrinsically linked to broader national and transnational political economic relationships. This conclusion takes a look at multiple attitudes toward the government of Evo Morales, who promised to dismantle Bolivia's neoliberal agenda after winning the presidential election in December 2005. It also reflects on how emotions constitute a fruitful site from which to examine the effects of globalization and the role they play in reconfiguring social relations.
Acid Hype
Authors: Siff Stephen
Published: May 2017

Now synonymous with Sixties counterculture, LSD actually entered the American consciousness via the mainstream. Time and Life, messengers of American respectability, trumpeted its grand arrival in a postwar landscape scoured of alluring descriptions of drug use while lesser outlets piggybacked on their coverage with stories by turns sensationalized and glowing. This book offers the untold tale of LSD's wild journey from Brylcreem and Ivory soap to incense and peppermints. As the book shows, the early attention lavished on the drug by the news media glorified its use in treatments for mental illness but also its status as a mystical—yet legitimate—gateway to exploring the unconscious mind. The book's history takes readers to the center of how popular media hyped psychedelic drugs in a constantly shifting legal and social environment, producing an intricate relationship between drugs and media experience that came to define contemporary pop culture. It also traces how the breathless coverage of LSD gave way to a textbook moral panic, transforming yesterday's refined seeker of truths into an acid casualty splayed out beyond the fringe of polite society.
Creating a Psychedelic Past, 1954–1960
Authors: Siff Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes how the new salience of hallucinogenic drugs inspired a media interest in Indian drug rituals. Indian practices that were previously described as backward and superstitious were seemingly rehabilitated in 1950s news coverage to align with contemporary theories about the drugs. Of particular interest was the “discovery” of hallucinogenic mushrooms by an amateur scientist writing for Life magazine in 1957 and the frenzy that that discovery sparked in the media, in part due to the author's coordinated publicity campaign. Aside from creating a market for magic mushrooms, the coverage also disseminated a seemingly authentic backstory for contemporary psychedelic drug use.
Nursing Civil Rights
Authors: Threat Charissa J.
Published: May 2017

This book investigates the parallel battles against occupational segregation by African American women and white men in the U.S. Army, using the microcosm of military nursing. As the book reveals, both groups viewed their circumstances with the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) as a civil rights matter. Each conducted separate integration campaigns to end the discrimination they suffered. Yet their stories defy the narrative that civil rights struggles inevitably arced toward social justice. The book examines the battles over race and gender discrimination and social justice by linking the civil rights story of the ANC to critical events in the United States between World War II and the Vietnam War. It tells how progressive elements in the integration campaigns did indeed break down barriers in both military and civilian nursing. At the same time, it follows conservative threads to portray how some of the women who succeeded as agents of change became defenders of exclusionary practices when men sought military nursing careers. The ironic result was a struggle that simultaneously confronted and reaffirmed the social hierarchies that nurtured discrimination.
Nurse or Soldier?
Authors: Threat Charissa J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how World War II provided an opportunity for white male nurses to mount a campaign to integrate the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) as part of their larger strategy for equality within the nursing profession. More specifically, it considers how male nurses made claims for inclusion and recognition in the ANC based on their training. The chapter begins with a discussion of male nurses' push for broader acceptance and employment, and especially their campaign for inclusion in national nursing associations such as the American Nurses' Association and the ANC. It then considers questions about the responsibilities and obligations of male nurses in war mobilization, along with calls for legislation that would commission male nurses into the nurse corps and end the ANC's female-only directive. It suggests that the white male nurses' integration campaign during World War II is a reflection of how gender and biological sex could transcend race.