bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilot survey of oral mucosa in areca (betel) nut chewers on Hainan Island of the People's Republic of China
Authors: Pindborg Jens J. , Kui‐hua Zheng , Ching‐ren Kong , Fa‐xing Lin
Published: May 2006

Abstract 100 people on Hainan Island were studied for their smoking and chewing habits and the condition of their oral mucosa. Ninety‐five percent of the study population chewed areca (betel) nut. In men this habit was supplemented with either smoking cigarettes or water pipe. In two men a small commissural leukoplakia was found. In three women clinical and histologic changes pointed towards oral submucous fibrosis.
Role of recent stressful life events experience in the onset of TMJ dysfunction pain
Authors: Speculand Bernard , Hughes Anthony O. , Goss Alastair N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This study investigated the experience of recent stressful life events in 85 TMJ dysfunction patients and 85 control patients in the 6 months prior to onset by use of a semi‐structured interview. The effect of age was studied (under or over age 40 yr). TMJ patients experienced twice as many stressful life events in the 6 months before onset as did control patients. Events concerned problems of work, money, health, problems of loss and of interpersonal relationships. These had a greater negative impact on older patients who seemed less able to cope with them. Almost 50% of TMJ dysfunction onsets were attributable to life events which played a formative role in onset. This was calculated mathematically by use of “brought forward times”.
Characteristics of dentally successful and dentally unsuccessful adults
Authors: Nutall Nigel M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A method is described for identifying two groups of people from a dentate sample according to the prognosis for their retaining their dentition. Dentally successful people were expected to retain teeth into old age. Dentally unsuccessful people were expected to lose all their teeth prematurely. The method appeared valid, as more of the dentally unsuccessful had teeth extracted at the course of treatment immediately prior to a dental survey than dentally successful adults. Furthermore, this trend was also observed in the 3 yr after the survey. A restoratively orientated dental service was unable to satisfactorily meet the treatment and psychological needs of many of the dentally unsuccessful.
Caries inhibition of a dentifrice containing 0.78% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica base
Authors: Rule James T. , Smith Martyn R. , Truelove Rosalind B. , Macko Douglas J. , Castaldi Cosmo R.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this double blind clinical trial was to determine the anticaries activity of a dentifrice containing 0.78% sodium monofluorophosphate in a silica gel abrasive base compared with a placebo under conditions of supervised brushing. 1154 schoolchildren, ages 9–12, were recruited in a non‐fluoridated semi‐rural area of northeastern Connecticut. Subjects were stratified according to school, grade and sex, and then randomly divided into two groups. Each school day, children brushed their teeth for 1 min under supervision by project personnel. Weekend and vacation usage was ad libitum. Caries examinations and radiographic readings were performed by the same examiner (J.R.). After 12 months, the 996 subjects examined showed that the group using the test dentifrice had significantly (<0.05) lower DMFT (25.0%) and DMFS (19.1%) increments than the group using the placebo. After 24 months the 876 subjects examined showed that the test group continued to have significantly lower DMFT (24.5%) and DMFS (24.7%) increments than the placebo group. Surface protection after 24 months ranged from 22.1% for occlusal to 37.1% for interproximal surfaces.
Dental care expenditures in the Netherlands and the USA: a design for historical and international comparison
Authors: van Amerongen Barbara M. , Kalff Donald J. A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Policymakers face the problem that virtually no standards are available to judge whether the amount of dental care provided is satisfactory or to weigh the interests of dental care against other health and economic interests. It is suggested that international comparison of a number of standardized indicators and analyses of their development over time constitutes a practical approach to the partial solution of these problems. A specific set of basic data and seven indicators are suggested. Of the indicators, two serve as measures for the total volume of dental care available to the individual, two could help to assess the productivity of dental care workers, and three are intended to put the expenditures for dental care in the perspective of health care expenditures in general and the national economy at large. The practicality of the approach is subsequently demonstrated by the comparison of the basic data and the indicators for the Netherlands and the USA over the period 1972 through 1979.
Regularity of dental attendance in the Netherlands related to preference for preservation of teeth
Authors: Schuurs Albert H. B. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , van Velzen Sijo K. Thoden , Verhage Frans
Published: May 2006

Abstract In order to study the relationship between regularity of dental attendance and the value attached to the retaining of the teeth, a survey has been carried out among 25‐yr‐olds in Amsterdam. The value attached to retention was operationalized threefold and was analyzed with, among others, principal component analysis for discrete variables (HOMALS). It has been found that regular dental attenders, compared to irregulars, give a higher priority to retention of the teeth than to other items, are willing to spend a larger amount of money to prevent loss of the teeth, and have a greater aversion to full dentures at both the present age and when 50 yr old. These findings are discussed. Bused upon measures of association between the three operationalizations of the value attached to retention of the teeth, it is suggested dial these operationalizations deal with different aspects of the altitude towards full dentures.
Effect of cariogenic food exposure on prevalence of dental caries among fee and non‐fee paying Nigerian schoolchildren
Authors: Ojofeitimi E. O. , Hollist N. O. , Banjo T. , Adu T. A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Dental caries status, frequency of sweet consumption and method of toothcleaning of 180 Nigerian elementary schoolchildren aged 8–15 yr were investigated by clinical examination and questionnaire technique. The highest frequency of sweet consumption was recorded for the fee‐paying pupils, who also had statistically significantly higher caries prevalence than in non‐fee paying schools (P < 0.001). About 48% and 24% of the fee and non‐fee paying pupils respectively had dental caries. There was no significant difference in the sex distribution of I he disease (P < 0.05). However, there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between methods of cleaning the teeth in the two types of schools. The majority (95%) of the fee‐paying pupils used only a toothbrush while 51% of the non‐fee paying pupils used a chewing slick. Methods for restricting the use of sweet snacks in addition to oral hygiene instruction are discussed as important means to reduce the increasing caries prevalence in schoolchildren in developing countries.
Caries clinical trial of fluoride rinses in a Danish Public Child Dental Service
Authors: Poulsen S. , Kirkegaard E. , Bangsbo G. , Bro K.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 365 2nd through 4th graders completed a 3‐yr clinical trial on the caries‐preventive effect of rinsings every second week during the school year with 10 ml of an 0.2% neutral solution of sodium fluoride. All children received regular dental examinations and treatment in clinics established by the municipality in which the study took place. The trial was performed under double‐blind conditions. The caries increment on teeth erupted at baseline was 1.75 DMFS in the fluoride group and 1.83 DMFS in the placebo group (P > 0.05; 95% confidence limits for percentage caries reduction: ‐20.7% and 29.5%). The caries increment on teeth erupting during the trial was 0.73 DMFS in the fluoride group and 0.99 DMFS in the placebo group (P > 0.05; 95% confidence limits for percentage caries reduction: 1.0% and 51.6%).
Amine fluoride gel in a caries prophylaxis program for soldiers in Poland
Authors: Obersztyn Andrzej , Kolwinski Kazimierz
Published: May 2006

Abstract DMFS increments were determined in 1286 military cadets (19–20 yr old), at 6‐monthly intervals during an 18‐month clinical study. The cadets were randomly divided into two groups. The lest group (n= 787) brushed their teeth with an amine fluoride gel for 5 min once weekly in an unsupervised manner. The control group (n= 499) as well as the test group used a fluoride‐free dentifrice twice daily. In both groups, motivation in oral hygiene was given before commencing the study. The cadets in the test group had a 41% lower DMFS increment compared to the cadets in the control group.
Comparison of oral health status of young persons from Dunedin, New Zealand, and Heidelberg, Australia
Authors: Wright F. A. C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This study compared the oral health status of 600 6‐16‐yr‐old young persons: 297 from Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (an area of recent water fluoridation and a predominantly market‐place delivery system) and 303 from Dunedin, New Zealand (an area with established water fluoridation and a long‐standing school based public delivery system). A greater proportion of Heidelberg subjects, in each of three age groups, were caries free. Level of dental plaque varied both with study area and with age group. Dunedin subjects in the younger age groups had lower mean levels of plaque than their Heidelberg peers. The New Zealand dental service delivery system was consistently closer, in each age group, to meeting defined dental needs than the Australian system. The similarities and contrasts between this study and the WHO‐ICS illustrate the importance for planners to consider carefully differences in local conditions which may affect service and morbidity projections.
Caries experience of 8‐year‐old Nigerian schoolchildren
Authors: Adenubi Joseph Olufemi
Published: May 2006

Abstract An epidemiologic study was carried out between April 1981 and March 1982 to determine the total caries experience of 8‐yr‐old Nigerian children in both the private and the government schools in Lagos. A total of 860 children were examined for the study. 451 were from free, non‐fee paying government schools while 409 were from the fee‐paying private schools. 50.1% were boys and 49.9% were girls. The mean dmf score for private schoolchildren is 1.5 and that of the government schoolchildren is 1.1. This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean dmf score for the whole sample is 1.3. The mean DMF for the private schoolchildren is 0.55 while that of the government schoolchildren is 0.24. This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001). The mean DMF for all the children examined is 0.4. The mean dmf score for boys (1.3) is slightly higher than that the mean dmf score for girls (1.2), while the mean DMF score for girls (0.5) is higher than that for boys (0.4). These sex differences are though to be due to slight differences in the eruption times. There is no difference between the sexes in the proportion of children who are caries‐free (52.9% boys and 52% girls). Some 46% of the private schoolchildren were caries‐free compared with 58.3% of those in the government schools. This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.001). This difference is thought to be due to the greater consumption of refined carbohydrates by the private schoolchildren, who come from the higher socioeconomic strata of the community. The overall sample showed that 52.4% of all the 8‐yr‐old children examined were free of dental caries.
Cross validation of model predicting (ir) regularity of dental attendance
Authors: Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Schuurs Albert H. B. , van Velzen Sijo K. Thoden , Verhage Frans
Published: May 2006

Abstract A theoretical model developed for the prediction of (ir)regular dental attendance was evaluated with loglinear models (logit approach). The model found is identical to the model developed previously. The prediction of (ir)regularity, however, proved to be unsatisfactory. The disappointing result is attributed to the difficulty of measuring the predictors adequately, and to the possibility that additional variables might be needed.
Community dentistry in Nordic dental schools
Authors: Riordan Paul J. , Widström Eeva
Published: May 2006

Abstract Approximately a decade after the first plans for the teaching of community dentistry were made in the Nordic countries, a questionnaire survey of Nordic dental schools was conducted to find out to what extent community dentistry subjects had been introduced in undergraduate curricula. Replies were received from the 12 dental schools in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. These schools admitted 915 students in 1982–83. Seven had a department of community dentistry, and at least two others had plans to start one. About 100 h of teaching were given on community dentistry subjects during the 5‐yr course of study, mostly on the traditional subjects of epidemiology, statistics, law and ethics. In some schools health education and other behavioral sciences subjects received a large amount of curriculum time. Decision making theory and political science were not reported taught at any school. Three departments had attached clinics, with widely differing functions. The Nordic textbook in community dentistry was widely used, and separate examinations were held in community dentistry at most schools. Full‐time postgraduate courses were offered at three schools. Although schools in all four countries expected the number of dental students to decrease in coming years, several schools expected community dentistry to expand with regard to curriculum time and staff, in keeping with trends in other countries.
Orthodontic treatment‐service studied retrospectively in a group of Danish children aged 15‐16 years
Authors: Rölling Steen
Published: May 2006

Abstract In a group of adolescent children in 9th grade attending a municipal dental health service, a certain amount of orthodontic treatment has been performed. 27% of the children had completed, or were undergoing, orthodontic appliance therapy. 9% of the children had completed extraction therapy only. 4% were recorded as discontinued appliance treatments and 3% as discontinued after extraction of permanent teeth as the only treatment. 21% had no anomalies and no treatment and 36% had a malocclusion but no treatment carried out. The effect of the orthodontic service was studied on the group as a whole according to the frequency and pattern of change in four selected malocclusion symptoms and to the degree of personal satisfaction about dental appearance and any orthodontic appliances. The individuals most satisfied with the results from their orthodontic treatment were found in the three middle socioeconomic groups.
Multivariate, non linear analysis of the preference for preservation of the teeth
Authors: Schuurs Albert H. B. , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Coolen Henny C. C. H. , van Rijckevorsel Jan L. A.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Application of classical, linear approaches to analyze data of a categorical or discrete nature might bring about false results, because the data are forced to fit inappropriate models. The present paper describes a non linear, multivariate approach which might be considered a principal component analysis of data collected in a survey. The computer algorithm HOMALS is used to detect which dimensions are to be found in the data. Searched for are factors associated with the variable preference for preservation of the teeth. The analysis enabled the description of one subgroup: those who do not care about retaining their teeth are characterized, in a descending order of importance, by irregular dental attendance, a (self‐assessed) very poor oral health condition, being equally afraid of extraction and cavity preparation, dissatisfaction with dental treatment in the past, and lowest level of education. It appeared that the categories of the variables are not linear. It is concluded that the combination of characteristics, describing a subgroup in the sample, does not imply the description of another subgroup with opposite characteristics.
Risk factors of dental caries in 9‐10‐year‐old mentally retarded Finnish children
Authors: Palin‐Palokas Tuija , Hausen Hannu , Alvesalo Lassi , Heinonen Olli P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Mentally retarded children from one age cohort and their randomly selected controls in one Finnish county were examined for standard of oral hygiene, and their parents and nurses interviewed for information on dental health habits and for other relevant background information. The mentally retarded consumed sugar containing products less frequently than the mentally normal controls. Toothbrushing and fluoride supply was also less common in the retarded than in the healthy. Among the retarded, the dental health habits were most favorable in registered outpatients and least favorable in administratively unknown retarded not included in special welfare. Differences in dental health habits between these subgroups of the retarded were large. In contrast to the findings in the healthy children, frequency of toothbrushing was not associated with the observed standard of oral hygiene in the mentally retarded. The toothbrushing subgroup of the mentally retarded consumed sugar more frequently than the toothbrushing healthy children and commonly used drugs which reduced saliva flow or promoted gingival hyperplasia.
Sweet preference and dental caries among Bedouin youth in Israel
Authors: Steiner Jacob E. , Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. , Nahas Joseph
Published: May 2006

Abstract Sweet preference and caries prevalence were studied in Bedouin adolescents from two different communities. Twelve‐year‐old schoolchildren were surveyed in a rural village (30 examinees) and in a more urbanized settlement (30 examinees). Sweet preference was assessed using a free‐choice method, while caries was measured by the DMFT index. Results revealed that the “urbanized” examinees preferred higher sugar concentrations and demonstrated higher DMFT scores than their “rural” counterparts. These differences between the two populations were statistically significant. Data were analyzed for correlation between caries prevalence and sweet preference. When each community was analyzed separately, a statistically significant correlation coefficient (Kendall's tau) was found in “rural” but not in “urbanized” children. In pooled data from both communities the correlation was found to be significant, controlling (or the effect of the stratifying (community) variable.
Comparison of caries prevalence 7 years after discontinuation of school‐based fluoride rinsing or toothbrushing in Norway
Authors: Haugejorden O. , Lervik T. , Riordan P. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare caries prevalence in two groups of 21‐yr‐olds 6–7 yr after discontinuation of school‐based preventive programs consisting respectively of fortnightly rinsing or brushing 3–5 times per year with NaF solutions. Stratified random samples of 125 persons were drawn from appropriate population registers. Non‐response was 30%. Blind clinical and radiographic examinations were carried out and the subjects were interviewed concerning their dental health related behavior. The results revealed significantly lower mean DMFS score in the rinsing than in the brushing group (P<0.001). Comparisons with results of other studies suggest persistence of benefits of school‐based preventive programs after discontinuation.
Differentiating dental satisfaction in Finns by means of discriminant analyses
Authors: Murtomaa Heikki , Laine Pentti
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn March 1983 dental satisfaction was studied by interviews with a sample comprising 957 persons drawn to cover the total Finnish population aged 15 yr or over. 34% of the interviewees wore removable dentures of some kind. 78% of persons with only natural teeth and 56% of denture wearers were satisfied with their dentition (subjective estimation of dentition excellent or good). Among persons with only natural teeth the level of satisfaction differed significantly with respect to sex, age, toothbrushing frequency and the latest dental visit. Such a difference was not found among denture wearers. The time elapsed since the latest dental visit was the most important single variable in the discriminant analyses of the level of satisfaction both in the whole series and among persons with only natural teeth. Sex was the only variable in the discriminant analysis which related to satisfaction with dentition among denture wearers. The classification of disatisfied persons, with and without removable dentures, was far from adequate. It was rarely possible to predict satisfaction with removable dentures using discriminant analysis. The results depict the complexity of the problem. More understanding is needed of the contributions of psychologic factors to patient behavior.
Public dental programs for old‐age pensioners in Norway: sociopolitical opinion among recipients
Authors: Rise Jostein
Published: May 2006

Abstract In the adult Norwegian population there is substantial support for the expansion of public programs for old‐age pensioners. However, the perception of old‐age pensioners concerning dental services as social welfare institutions is practically unknown. The purpose of this study was to provide some tentative data on this sociopolitical issue. As part of a field experiment on delivery of dental services for old‐age pensioners in the county of Troms, the old‐age pensioners of one municipality (n= 572) were asked about which strategy public authorities should adhere to when allocating dental care resources to old‐age pensioners. About 40% favored equal opportunities for all, while about 50% preferred dental services based upon need. This indicates a pattern of polarization, but this was not confirmed in a multivariate analysis (R3= 0.01), which might be interpreted as indifference to the issue on the part of a majority of the pensioners. Only one subgroup deviated significantly from the aggregate distribution: of those who were negative to the pensioner role, 68% favored need‐based dental services.
Distributive effects of dental programs for old‐age pensioners in Norway
Authors: Rise Jostein
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present paper was to study the distributive effects of different delivery models of dental services to old‐age pensioners in the county of Troms in Northern Norway. The empirical basis was formed by a baseline survey at the start of a 50% demand subsidy in 1975/76, and from a delivery experiment along a “market‐need” dimension which was started in 1978 and lasted for 1 yr in three research areas (municipalities). In the control area there was no intervention beyond the 50% demand subsidy, while the two experimental areas differed with regard to improvements of the market mechanism in terms of increasing degree of collective decisions as to which treatment needs should come to treatment. The aggregate consumption of dental services was relatively unaffected by a reduction in the price of dental treatment. The improvements of the market contributed to a net gain in use rate from 16% to 23%, while moving towards the “need” end of the “market‐need” dimension. By minimizing the market mechanism, the use of dental services expanded and the cost of the programs increased, but whether the inequalities diminished could not be decided empirically.
Variation in radiographic interpretation and restorative treatment decisions on approximal caries among dentists in Norway
Authors: Espelid Ivar , Tveit Anne Björg , Haugejorden Ola , Riordan Paul J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Of a random sample of dentists in Norway (n= 741), 83% responded to a questionnaire about their use of radiographs in and their opinions and knowledge about the diagnosis of approximal caries. There was great disparity in criteria for initiation of restorative treatment of approximal caries based on radiographic appearance. Two thirds of the dentists would do restorative treatment of lesions confined to enamel, the others would wait until lesions had reached the dentin before treatment was commenced. The criteria for restoration based on radiographic appearance was best correlated with the dentists’opinions about cavity formation. About 20% of the variation in criteria among dentists was explained by the radio‐graphic appearance dentists associated with the presence of a cavity. The majority of the dentists believed that approximal caries progressed faster than is indicated by progression studies. The interval between recall examinations using radiographs was not consistently shorter for dentists who decided to carry out operative caries treatment at a relatively advanced stage.
DMFS(e) index for selection of clinical trial subjects
Authors: Mitropoulos Cynthia
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop an index for selection of those subjects able to increase the discriminatory ability of experimental clinical trials of caries prophylactic agents. The index, DMFS(e), excludes from the calculation of initial DMFS all occlusal surfaces of permanent first molars and any of those teeth extracted due to caries. Data from four clinical trials, three with placebo and one with an active control, were examined retrospectively. Subjects were initially aged 11–12 yr. The efficiency of the DMFS(e) index was compared to DMFS for selection of discriminating subgroups by the calculation of minimum sample sizes required to attain statistical significance (α= 0.05. β= 0.2). For each trial, the DMFS(e) index was more efficient. Specific criteria were established for those subjects who consistently failed to contribute to the study results. Following exclusion of those subjects, considerable saving in minimum sample size was achieved, the greatest reduction occurring in the active control trial.
Reproducibility of a clinical screening method for assessing gingival inflammation, pockets and plaque retentions
Authors: Markkanen Helena , Paunio Keijo , Paunio Ilkka , Rajala Matti
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of the Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS), when plaque retentions were examined separately. A sample of 8000 persons was drawn to represent the Finnish population aged 30 yr and over. The first clinical examination (total sample) was made by a specially trained expanded‐duty dental auxiliary (EDDA). During the second examination (2–6 months later), 20% of the total sample was reexamined by a dentist, and of those, every 6th patient was examined by the EDDA. Reproducibility of the PTNS was assessed as intra‐ and interexaminer agreement and was calculated using Cohen's kappa and weighted kappa. The intraexaminer weighted kappa values were 0.677±0.05 for the PTNS and 0.48±0.15 for plaque retentions. The interexaminer weighted kappa values between the PTNS registrations were 0.77±0.05 and 0.74±0.12 in plaque retentions when examinations were made within 1 day, and 0.53±0.05 and 0.37±0.07, respectively, when the interexaminer registrations were made with an interval of 2–6 months between them. The kappa values for intra‐ and interexaminer reliability reflect quite high reproducibility.
Dental caries and blood groups in South African Blacks
Authors: Walker A. R. P. , Dison E. , Walker B. F. , Hart S. , Jenkins T.
Published: May 2006

Abstract DMFT scores were determined in series of 1) urban Black adolescents (132 boys, 143 girls) aged 16–18 yr, and 2) rural Black mothers (480) aged 20–35 yr. Each series was divided into upper and lower thirds, with respect to DMFT. No relationship was apparent between segments with good versus inferior teeth, and blood groups.
Partial recording of gingivitis and dental plaque in children of different ages and in young adults
Authors: Goldberg Per , Matsson Lars , Anderson Harald
Published: May 2006

Abstract In epidemiologic studies, total recordings of the amount of dental plaque and the degree of gingival inflammation lend to be too time‐consuming. Various partial recording methods have accordingly been suggested. However, the validity of these methods when applied to different age groups has not been investigated sufficiently. The aim of the present study was to test whether different systems for partial recording of plaque and gingivitis can take the place of a full‐mouth recording in children of different ages and in young adults. Ninety children, divided into three age groups (4–6, 7–9, 14–16 yr), and 30 adults (20–22 yr) were examined. The degree of gingival inflammation was recorded using the Gingival Index and the amount of dental plaque using the Plaque Index. Two partial recording methods were tested. One of these covered the teeth suggested by Ramfjord, modified for children with a primary dentition, and the other the front segment of the maxilla. The results were compared with those from an examination of all tooth surfaces. In all age groups excellent agreement was found between the partial recording method suggested by Ramfjord and a full‐mouth recording of both the gingival state and the amount of dental plaque. Examination of the maxillary front segment was less accurate and resulted in a systematic underestimate.
Frequency and suppliers of removable dentures in Finland in 1983
Authors: Laine Pentti , Murtomaa Heikki
Published: May 2006

Abstract The frequency of removable dentures and their suppliers were surveyed in March 1983 by interviewing a sample comprising 957 persons drawn to cover the total Finnish population aged 15 yr and over. The interviews revealed that there were 328 denture wearers in this sample (34.3%). The age‐standardized rates were 39.7% for denture wearers and 20.4% for those wearing full dentures in both jaws. The rates for complete edentulousness, removable partial dentures of some kind and only partial denture wearing were 21.3%, 10.3% and 6.9%, respectively. Almost all of the removable denture wearers had a denture in the maxilla (97%); 62% had one in the mandible. Dental technicians with a special degree have the right to supply full dentures direct to clients in Finland. Dentists supplied 45% and dental technicians 53% of the full dentures surveyed. The study revealed a contradiction between the legal rights of dental technicians to supply dentures direct to clients and the current practice. The choice of the supplier of a removable denture showed no significant correlation with the education and income of denture wearers. The high frequency of dentures and the misconceptions regarding the supplying of them call for improvement in oral health education.
Use of gingival bleeding for reinforcement of oral home care behavior
Authors: Walsh Margaret M. , Heckman Barbara H. , Moreau‐Diettinger Rebecca
Published: May 2006

Abstract The present study examined the use of gingival bleeding as a reinforcement mechanism for inter proximal home care with the toothpick. After initial assessments of plaque and gingival bleeding, 36 subjects were given a professional tooth cleaning and instructed to maintain oral hygiene by tooth brushing alone for 3 months. After 3 months of brushing only, subjects were re‐examined and given another professional tooth cleaning. Having been matched for age and percentage of sites bleeding on probing, as determined at the initial examination, they were than randomly attached to one of three groups. One group, the control, continued to clean their teeth with only a toothbrush, while the other two groups used the toothbrush supplemented with the toothpick for inter proximal sub gingival cleaning. Both toothpick groups received identical instruction in toothpick technique, but one group was taught to use bleeding as an interpretive device for health. Three months later, clinical assessments indicated significantly less gingival bleeding for both toothpick groups as compared with the control (whose gingival health worsened). Although there was no significant difference between the final scores of the toothpick groups, only the group that used gingival bleeding as a sign of disease showed a significant improvement in gingival health (P<0.003), and also had a fivefold higher rate of return of self‐report compliance cards. These results suggest that the use of gingival bleeding as a reinforcement mechanism should be considered as a strategy in oral home care instruction to promote compliance with recommended behavior.
Self‐reported health behavior and dental knowledge of a migrant worker population
Authors: Woolfolk Marilyn P. , Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. , Bagramian Robert A. , Gunn Sondra M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract In conjunction with operation of a summer school‐based dental program in Michigan, 101 children from migrant families, primarily Mexican‐American, completed questionnaires relating demographic background, past dental experience, and knowledge of caries preventive methods. A smaller number of available mothers were asked these questions plus others relating to family dental problems, diet and knowledge of periodontal disease. Adults and children reported similar demographic backgrounds. Most children (68.7%) listed brushing as the best way to prevent cavities as did 60% of the mothers. Less than 2% of the children considered use of fluoride in any form as the best way to prevent cavities and only two of 20 mothers mentioned fluoride in this context. Members of this selected population were weak in their knowledge of the relation between a sweet diet and caries, the relation between oral hygiene and periodontal health, and the role of fluorides in caries prevention.
Effects of school‐based dental health education on knowledge, attitudes and behavior of adolescents in San Francisco
Authors: Walsh Margaret M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A field experiment was done to evaluate the short term effects of a series of classroom preventive dentistry presentations on dental health knowledge, attitudes and reported behavior of adolescents. Eight hundred fifty‐four boys and girls, 12–14‐yr‐old students enrolled in San Francisco middle schools, were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. A written lest composed of questions relating to factual dental health knowledge, home care practices, and attitudes to dental health was answered by the experimental group at the beginning and end of the educational intervention and at comparable time intervals by the controls. Results showed a significant increase in knowledge for the experimental group (P<0.001), as compared with the control group. Pre‐existing attitudes were generally positive for most subjects. Although the educational intervention resulted in no significant differences between the two groups with regard to attitude, there was a significant positive change in altitude within the experimental group (P<0.01) from pre‐ to posttest. In addition, there was a significant increase in the frequency with which the girls in the experimental group reportedly used the toothbrush (P≤ 0.01) and dental floss (P= 0.01).
Longitudinal study of prevalence of enamel lesions in a fluoridated and non‐fluoridated area
Authors: Groeneveld Arie
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine longitudinally the effect of water fluoridation on the prevalence of enamel lesions in children 7–18 yr of age. 93 children in Tiel (1 ppm F‐) and 103 children in Culemborg (0.1 ppm F‐) were examined every other year at 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 yr of age. A supplementary examination was carried out when these children reached the age of 18. Children in Tiel had access to water fluoridation from birth. The total number of lesions, including enamel lesions, on the buccal as well as on the occlusal surfaces was approximately the same in both areas in children 15 and 18 yr of age. Approximal lesions were scored on standardized bitewing radiographs. A large proportion of enamel lesions could not be detected on radiographs. In a fluoridated area a high percentage of all lesions remain in the stage of enamel caries lesions. On buccal surfaces 93% and on approximal surfaces 86% of all lesions had not progressed into the dentin. In Culemborg these percentages were 65 for approximal as well as for buccal surfaces. At the initiation of lesions, at younger ages, only a small retardation of the process was observed, but caries progression beyond the stage of enamel caries was markedly reduced in the fluoridated area. No pre‐eruptive effect could be observed if the total number of lesions, including enamel lesions, from Tiel and Culemborg were compared.
Caries and total extraction in a medium‐sized city in the Netherlands
Authors: Bouma Jelte , van de Poel Fons
Published: May 2006

Abstract In 1982 a combined sociodental research project was started in the city of Groningen in order to gain insight into the dental and social reasons for total extraction. 91% of the dentists in the city participated in this study by collecting the extracted teeth, filling out a questionnaire and asking their patients to fill out another questionnaire concerning the behavioral aspects of total tooth loss. 78% of the 134 patients returned the questionnaire. In this article the caries status in relation to the social background and dental attendance pattern has been described. The mean age at the lime of extraction was 44.2 yr. The patients were a good cross‐section of the Dutch population as regards education level, type of health insurance and sex. The average number of teeth was 14.2. The average DEMFT value was 22.8. Although regular attenders had less D‐teeth than irregular attenders they had an average of 3.5 teeth with active caries. Regular attenders had more F‐teeth but less sound teeth than irregular attenders. The contribution of the dental health care system to the dental health of the population is discussed.
Dental caries and dental treatment in the primary dentition in an industrialized South African community
Authors: Williams S. D. L. , Cleaton‐Jones P. E. , Richardson B. D. , Smith C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract This paper reports an examination of dental caries in the primary dentition of 2–5‐yr‐oId white children in an industrialized South African city, in 1981 and 1983. There was a decrease in dental caries prevalence over the 2‐yr period accompanied by an increase in dental treatment in 3–5‐yr‐olds. Treatment, however, remains low. Socioeconomic status had a varying effect on the trends, but in general there was a greater reduction in dental caries in the lower socioeconomic areas.
Periodontal conditions in mentally retarded children
Authors: Vigild Merete
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the standard of oral hygiene and periodontal health among institutionalized and non‐institutionalized mentally retarded children with and without Down's syndrome in relation to dental care and socioeconomic status. A total of 329 persons, 6–19 yr old, were examined. In general, oral hygiene and periodontal health were poor and most of the children had gingival bleeding. The best, as well as the poorest, oral hygiene and periodontal health was found among subjects living at home. Children with Down's syndrome had less plaque and calculus but, in spite of this, a tendency to more gingivitis than others. Individuals who had their teeth brushed every day under teacher supervision had better periodontal health than others. Furthermore this study indicates a relationship between socioeconomic status and periodontal conditions.
Infectious oral necrosis (cancrum oris) in Nigerian children: a review
Authors: Enwonwu Cyril O.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The devastating orofacial gangrenous disease known as cancrum oris (noma) is still commonly seen in underprivileged Nigerian children. These children are usually victims of such stressors as chronic malnutrition, numerous endemic communicable diseases and severe adverse physical conditions which may lead to depletion of their adaptive resources or produce physiological maladaptation to additional stressors. Measles is the most common infection preceding the development of noma in Nigerian children. Acquired immunodeficiency as well as the impaired endocrine balance of the chronically malnourished permits, for example, widespread infection with the measles virus. Anergy resulting from the combination of malnutrition and measles virus infection promotes selective overgrowth and invasion by an infective consortium consisting of anaerobic organisms and other species capable of elaborating necessary growth factors for the former. Because of the pre‐existing depletion of adaptive physiologic resources in the malnourished child, the infection is not readily contained locally as necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis but instead spreads rapidly to the next naturally occurring anatomical barriers. This is then followed by continuing necrosis and possible sequestration as exemplified by noma.
Commissural lip pits in Israeli Jews of different ethnic origin
Authors: Gorsky Meir , Buchner Amos , Cohen Carmela
Published: May 2006

Abstract The prevalence of Commissural lip pits in a group of 2462 Israeli Jews was determined, and a relation of Commissural lip pits to ethnic background was noted. Results showed the presence of commissural lip pits in 17.4% of the entire commissural lip pits; lip pits sample; 9.7% were unilateral and 7.7% were bilaterally located. The Ashkenazi group showed a significant higher prevalence of commissural lip pits (19.4%) when compared to the prevalence in the Sephardic group (14.1%) and the Eastern group(21.1%)
Increasing the sensitivity of caries clinical trials by applying logistic modelling to specific teeth
Authors: Huntington Eric
Published: May 2006

Abstract An alternative statistical approach is proposed for analysing data from longitudinal clinical trials. Caries increments on those teeth which are known to be particularly susceptibile to caries for the population under study are represented by a linear logistic probability model. Expression of the caries increments in the form of a probability model should lead to a better understanding of the relative importance of the various factors which contribute to the caries increment in the population under study. When this model was applied lo caries increments on the permanent second molars of children aged 11–13 yr at the baseline of two 3‐yr trials, the sensitivity of statistical analysis was up to five times greater than that obtained with traditional statistical methods
Score system for behaviour of radiologically diagnosed approximal carious lesions
Authors: Pitts Nigel Berry
Published: May 2006

The evolution of systems which monitor changes in the severity of approximal carious lesions diagnosed from serial bitewing radiographs is reviewed. These systems derive a ‘score’ for each individual lesion based upon the extent of its progression. A new lesion behaviour score system is described which, unlike its predecessors, allows both lesion regression and data from partially overlapped but readable surfaces to contribute to scores. It employs scoring codes from a previously proposed standardized grading system which is compatible with WHO recommendations for grading clinical caries. The score system is designed to be used as a computer program capable of running on a variety of readily available microcomputers; this allows the incorporation of a flexible range of additional options which use the standard data files to calculate scores according to differing conventions. These accommodate variations in: the threshold at which restorative intervention is practiced, the treatment of reversals of caries diagnosis, the threshold of caries diagnosis and the way in which partially overlapped surfaces are scored. These options allow the system to be configured to suit the local needs of different investigations and workers, and also permit the study of the effects of these various methodologies.
Diagnosis of mild enamel fluorosis in permanent maxillary incisors using two scoring systems
Authors: Granath Lars , Widenheinv Jan , Birkhed Dowen
Published: May 2006

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to compare the diagnosis of mild enamel fiuorosis as established by two scoring systems, that of Dean Based Primarily on quantitative aspects and that of Thylstrup & Fejerskov with a preferentially qualitative approach. A further aim was to study the prevalence of fiuorosis in permanent maxillary incisors after intake of fluoride tablets for a minimum of 5 yr between i and 6 yr of age in accordance with recommendations from the National Swedish Board of Health and Welfare. Maxillary incisors were examined in 118 13–yr–old children; 49 constituted a tablet group and the remaining 69 a control group who had never consumed tablets. Scored according to Dean, The difference in enamel fiuorosis between the two groups was statistically not significant at the 5% level, whereas the system of Thylstrup & Fejerskov did give a significant difference. The frequency of fluorosis was substantially lower than that resulting from consumption of drinking water in Uppsala, Sweden, containing 1–1.2 ppm F. A probable relationship was found between the scoring systems, particularly if the Dean Score 0.5 (“questionable”) was converted to score 1. To ensure correct diagnosis, the tooth surface should be exposed to prolonged drying and apply relevant criteria for the differential diagnosis of disturbances of other origin. The higher sensitivity of Thylstrup & Fejerskov's system relates to score I, narrow white lines located corresponding to perikymata. Here there seems to be a risk of over– or underdiag–nosing. Recommendations are given for epidemiologic surveys and for experimental trials of limited size.
Three‐year caries increments after fluoride rinses or topical applications with a fluoride varnish
Authors: Bruun Carsten , Bille Jette , Hansen Kirsten Tscherning , Kann Jörgen , Qvist Vibeke , Thylstrup Anders
Published: May 2006

Abstract 251 9–12‐yr‐old children completed a 3‐yr, double‐blind, clinical trial of two caries preventive fluoride programs. Caries increments and progression patterns were compared in two groups of children who rinsed every fortnight with a 0.2% NaF solution or received biannual topical applications with a fluoride varnish (Fluor‐Protector). Clinically recorded mean DPS increments were 3.3 ± 0.2 (SE) in the rinse group and 3.5 ± 0.2 in the varnish group. In both groups nearly half of these increments were recorded in the occlusal surfaces of second molars. The mean incremental DPS recorded radiographically on approximal surfaces of posterior teeth were 1.1 ± 0.2 and 1.5 ± 0.2 in the rinse and varnish group, respectively. None of the inter‐group differences were statistically significant (p>0.05). Detailed analyses of the radiographic scores revealed a similar and extremely slow caries progression in the two study groups and they strengthened the conclusion of equal clinical efficacy of the two treatments. None of the fluoride programs had been able to change pre‐established patterns of caries development among the children.