bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yolk–Shell, Hollow, and Single‐Crystalline ZnCo2O4 Powders: Preparation Using a Simple One‐Pot Process and Application in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Choi Seung Ho , Kang Yun Chan
Published: July 2013

The electrochemical properties of yolk–shell‐structured, multi‐component, transition‐metal oxides have not yet been properly compared to those of hollow‐structured or nanoscale powders. In this study, yolk–shell, hollow, and single‐crystalline ZnCo2O4 powders with uniform compositions are prepared by using simple gas‐phase reaction methods. Double‐shelled ZnCo2O4 yolk–shell powder is prepared directly from the spray solution by using spray pyrolysis. Single‐crystalline ZnCo2O4 nanopowder is prepared by means of flame spray pyrolysis. The yolk–shell ZnCo2O4 powder shows higher charge and discharge capacities than the hollow and single‐crystalline powders. The yolk–shell, hollow, and single‐crystalline ZnCo2O4 powders deliver discharge capacities of 753, 586, and 206 mAh g−1, respectively, after 200 cycles at a charge/discharge rate of 3 A g−1, and the corresponding capacity retentions measured after the first cycle are 99, 74, and 27 %, respectively. The yolk–shell ZnCo2O4 powders are structurally stable during cycling and have good electrochemical properties even at high current densities.
Functionalized Carbon Nanofibers as Solid‐Acid Catalysts for Transesterification
Authors: Stellwagen Daniel R. , van der Klis Frits , van Es Daan S. , de Jong Krijn P. , Bitter Johannes H.
Published: July 2013

Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) were functionalized with aryl sulfonic acid groups using in situ diazonium coupling. The use of diazonium coupling yielded an acidic carbon material, in which the introduced acidic groups are readily accessible to the triglyceride substrate. The material is an efficient catalyst for the transesterification of triolein and methanol, outperforming conventional sulfonated carbons in both stability and activity per acid site. Upon comparing CNFs with varying degrees of functionalization, a linear correlation between sulfonic acid sites and catalytic performance was found.
Homeodomain interacting protein kinase (HPK‐1) is required in the soma for robust germline proliferation in C. elegans
Authors: Berber Slavica , Llamosas Estelle , Thaivalappil Priya , Boag Peter R. , Crossley Merlin , Nicholas Hannah R.
Published: July 2013

Background: Tightly regulated pathways maintain the balance between proliferation and differentiation within stem cell populations. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the germline is the only tissue that is maintained by stem‐like cells into adulthood. In the current study, we investigated the role played by a member of the Homeodomain interacting protein kinase (HIPK) family of serine/threonine kinases, HPK‐1, in the development and maintenance of the C. elegans germline. Results: We report that HPK‐1 is required for promotion of germline proliferation during development and into adulthood. Additionally, we show that HPK‐1 is required in the soma for regulation of germline proliferation. We also show that HPK‐1 is a predominantly nuclear protein expressed in several somatic tissues including germline‐interacting somatic cells. Conclusions: Our observations are consistent with a conserved role for HIPKs in the control of cellular proliferation and identify a new context for such control in germ cell proliferation. Developmental Dynamics 242:1250–1261, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Host sex‐specific parasites in a functionally dioecious fig: a preference way of adaptation to their hosts
Authors: Wang Qi , Jiang Zi‐Feng , Wang Ning‐xin , Niu Li‐ming , Li Zi , Huang Da‐Wei
Published: July 2013

Host–parasites interaction is a common phenomenon in nature. Diffusive coevolution might maintain stable cooperation in a fig–fig wasps system, in which the exploiter might diversify their genotype, phenotype, or behavior as a result of competition with pollinator, whereas the figs change flower syconia, fruits thickness, and syconia structure. In functionally dioecious Ficus auriculata, male figs and female figs contain two types of florets on separate plant, and share high similarities in outside morphology. Apocryptophagus (Sycophaginae, Chalcidoidea, Hymenoptera) is one of few groups of nonpollinating fig wasps that can reproduce within both male and female figs. On the basis of the morphology and DNA barcoding, evidence from partial sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2, we found that there are two nonsibling Apocryptophagus species living on male and female F. auriculata figs, respectively. We estimated that these two species diverged about 19.2 million years ago. Our study suggests that the host shift from Ficus variegate or Ficus prostrata fig species to male figs is a preference way for Apocryptophagus wasps to adapt to the separation of sexual function in diecious figs. Furthermore, to escape the disadvantage or sanction impact of the host, the exploiter Apocryptophagus wasps can preferably adapt to exploiting each sex of the figs, by changing their oviposition, niche shift, and habitat.
Coevolutionary analyses of the relationships between piroplasmids and their hard tick hosts
Authors: Gou Huitian , Guan Guiquan , Liu Aihong , Ma Miling , Chen Ze , Liu Zhijie , Ren Qiaoyun , Li Youquan , Yang Jifei , Yin Hong , Luo Jianxun
Published: July 2013

Host–parasite coevolution is a key driver of biological diversity. To examine the evolutionary relationships between piroplasmids and their hard tick hosts, we calculated the molecular clock and conducted phylogenetic analyses of both groups. Based on our results, we conclude that the divergence time of piroplasmids (~56 Mya) is later than divergence time of their hard tick hosts (~86 Mya). From analyses of the evolution of both piroplasmid and vector lineages and their association, we know that hard ticks transmit piroplasmids with high genus specificity and low species specificity.
Autism Spectrum Disorders in Eating Disorder Populations: A Systematic Review
Authors: Huke Vanessa , Turk Jeremy , Saeidi Saeideh , Kent Andy , Morgan John. F.
Published: July 2013

Objective

Empirical research addressing cognitive processing deficits in eating disorders has noted an overlap with autism spectrum disorders. We conducted a systematic review investigating the prevalence of autism spectrum disorder in its entirety in eating disordered populations.

Methods

A comprehensive search for relevant studies was performed on five electronic databases. Studies were not included if solely focused on specific traits of autism spectrum disorders, for instance, theory of mind, set shifting or central coherence. Titles, abstracts and full texts were screened by two members of the research team independently. Quantitative studies published in English were included.

Results

A total of eight studies were found to fit the inclusion criteria. Results showed significantly raised prevalence rates of autism spectrum disorder in eating disorder populations compared with those in healthy control participants.

Discussion

This discovery has clinical implications and may assist in deciphering poor responses to conventional treatment, facilitating new psychological interventions for eating disorders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Prediction of mono-, bi-, and trivalent metal cation relative toxicity to the seaweed Gracilaria domingensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) in synthetic seawater
Authors: Mendes Luiz Fernando , Zambotti-Villela Leonardo , Yokoya Nair Sumie , Bastos Erick Leite , Stevani Cassius Vinicius , Colepicolo Pio
Published: July 2013

The present study reports a 48-h aquatic metal-toxicity assay based on daily growth rates of the red seaweed Gracilaria domingensis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta) in synthetic seawater. The median inhibitory concentration (IC50) for each metal cation was experimentally determined, and the ratios of free ions (aqueous complex) were calculated by software minimization of the total equilibrium activity (MINTEQA2) to determine the free median inhibitory concentration (IC50F). A model for predicting the toxicity of 14 metal cations was developed using the generic function approximation algorithm (GFA) with log IC50F values as the dependent variables and the following properties as independent variables: ionic radius (r), atomic number (AN), electronegativity (Xm), covalent index (Xm2r), first hydrolysis constant (|log KOH|), softness index (σp), ion charge (Z), ionization potential (ΔIP), electrochemical potential (ΔEo), atomic number divided by ionization potential (AN/ΔIP), and the cation polarizing power for Z2/r and Z/AR. The 3-term independent variables were predicted as the best-fit model (log IC50F: –23.64 + 5.59 Z/AR + 0.99 |log KOH| + 37.05 σp ; adjusted r2: 0.88; predicted r2: 0.68; Friedman lack-of-fit score: 1.6). This mathematical expression can be used to predict metal–biomolecule interactions, as well as the toxicity of mono-, bi-, and trivalent metal cations, which have not been experimentally tested in seaweed to date. Quantitative ion–character relationships allowed the authors to infer that the mechanism of toxicity might involve an interaction between metals and functional groups of biological species containing sulfur or oxygen. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2571–2575. © 2013 SETAC
Excitation of poloidal standing Alfvén waves through drift resonance wave‐particle interaction
Authors: Dai Lei , Takahashi Kazue , Wygant John R. , Chen Liu , Bonnell John , Cattell Cynthia A. , Thaller Scott , Kletzing Craig , Smith Charles W. , MacDowall Robert J. , Baker Daniel N. , Blake J. Bernard , Fennell Joseph , Claudepierre Seth , Funsten Herbert O. , Reeves Geoffrey D. , Spence Harlan E.
Published: July 2013

Drift‐resonance wave‐particle interaction is a fundamental collisionless plasma process studied extensively in theory. Using cross‐spectral analysis of electric field, magnetic field, and ion flux data from the Van Allen Probe (Radiation Belt Storm Probes) spacecraft, we present direct evidence identifying the generation of a fundamental mode standing poloidal wave through drift‐resonance interactions in the inner magnetosphere. Intense azimuthal electric field (Eφ) oscillations as large as 10mV/m are observed, associated with radial magnetic field (Br) oscillations in the dawn‐noon sector near but south of the magnetic equator at L∼5. The observed wave period, Eφ/Br ratio and the 90° phase lag between Br and Eφ are all consistent with fundamental mode standing Poloidal waves. Phase shifts between particle fluxes and wave electric fields clearly demonstrate a drift resonance with ∼90 keV ring current ions. The estimated earthward gradient of ion phase space density provides a free energy source for wave generation through the drift‐resonance instability. A similar drift‐resonance process should occur ubiquitously in collisionless plasma systems. One specific example is the “fishbone” instability in fusion plasma devices. In addition, our observations have important implications for the long‐standing mysterious origin of Giant Pulsations.
Inter‐individual differences in audio‐motor learning of piano melodies and white matter fiber tract architecture
Authors: Engel Annerose , Hijmans Brenda S. , Cerliani Leonardo , Bangert Marc , Nanetti Luca , Keller Peter E. , Keysers Christian
Published: July 2013

Humans vary substantially in their ability to learn new motor skills. Here, we examined inter‐individual differences in learning to play the piano, with the goal of identifying relations to structural properties of white matter fiber tracts relevant to audio‐motor learning. Non‐musicians (n = 18) learned to perform three short melodies on a piano keyboard in a pure audio‐motor training condition (vision of their own fingers was occluded). Initial learning times ranged from 17 to 120 min (mean ± SD: 62 ± 29 min). Diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to derive the fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of white matter microstructural arrangement. A correlation analysis revealed that higher FA values were associated with faster learning of piano melodies. These effects were observed in the bilateral corticospinal tracts, bundles of axons relevant for the execution of voluntary movements, and the right superior longitudinal fasciculus, a tract important for audio‐motor transformations. These results suggest that the speed with which novel complex audio‐motor skills can be acquired may be determined by variability in structural properties of white matter fiber tracts connecting brain areas functionally relevant for audio‐motor learning. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2483–2497, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exposure to Ionizing Radiation During Liver Transplantation Evaluation, Waitlist Time, and in the Postoperative Period: A Cause for Concern
Authors: Lee Ser Yee , Mooney Michael A. , Inra Matthew L. , Juluru Krishna , Fox Alyson N. , Olsen Sonja K. , Brown Robert S. , Emond Jean C. , Cherqui Daniel , Kluger Michael D.
Published: July 2013

Substantial evidence has linked ionizing radiation exposure (RE) to oncogenesis. Patients evaluated for transplantation undergo extensive diagnostic imaging and have increased baseline cancer risk factors. The objective was to examine exposure in a cohort of patients undergoing evaluation and liver transplantation. Radiation exposure from all diagnostic examinations and procedures were retrospectively recorded. Radiation exposure is reported in mSv, a standardized measure of the detrimental biologic effect of radiation which allows for population-level comparisons. Seventy-four patients (69% male, mean 57 years) were evaluated, of which 13 of 35 subsequently listed patients were transplanted; an additional 18 previously evaluated patients were also transplanted during 2010. The most common indications were hepatitis C (55%) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (30%). The median observation period was 14 months. In all, 1,826 imaging examinations were performed, of which 408 (22%) involved considerable ionizing radiation and were the focus of investigation. Median annualized effective RE was 51 mSv (interquartile range [IQR]: 19,126), with 10% exposed to almost twice the amount of radiation recommended for a 5-year period. Patients with HCC received significantly (

P

< 0.00001) higher median annualized effective RE than patients without HCC, 137 mSv (IQR: 87,259) versus 32 mSv (IQR: 13,57), respectively. Computed tomography (CT) abdomen (23%) and chest (16%) accounted for the most common exposures, with CT abdomen accounting for 46% of overall cohort RE.

Conclusion

: Patients undergoing evaluation and liver transplantation at our center are exposed to very high levels of ionizing radiation. Although long-term effects in these patients are yet to be defined, the theoretical increased risk of malignancy must be given its due consideration. Routine use of nonradiation imaging and reconsideration of indications may be preferred and justified in this population. (Hepatology 2014;59:496–504)
Human immunodeficiency virus and liver disease forum 2012
Authors: Sherman Kenneth E. , Thomas David , Chung Raymond T.
Published: July 2013

In the United States, more than 1.1 million individuals are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These patients exhibit a high frequency of coinfections with other hepatotropic viruses and ongoing fibrosis, leading to cirrhosis and liver-related mortality. Etiologies of liver disease include viral hepatitis coinfections, drug-related hepatotoxicity, fatty liver disease, and direct and indirect effects from HIV infection, including increased bacterial translocation, immune activation, and presence of soluble proteins, that modulate the hepatic cytokine environment. New treatments for hepatitis C virus (HCV) using direct-acting agents appear viable, though issues related to intrinsic toxicities and drug-drug interactions remain. Recent research suggests that acute HCV infection, unrecognized hepatitis D infection, and hepatitis E may all represent emergent areas of concern. Antiretroviral agents, including those used in recent years, may represent risk factors for hepatic injury and portal hypertension. Key issues in the future include systematic implementation of liver disease management and new treatment in HIV-infected populations with concomitant injection drug use, alcohol use, and low socioeconomic status.
Children's Understanding of Second‐Order False Belief: Comparisons of Content and Method of Assessment
Authors: Miller Scott A.
Published: July 2013

This research examined children's performance on second‐order false belief tasks as a function of the content area for the belief and the method of assessing understanding. A total of 70 kindergarten and first‐grade children responded to four second‐order stories. On two stories, the task was to judge a belief about a belief, and on two, the task was to judge a belief about an emotion. On one trial within each group, the task was to predict the target's belief, and on one trial, the task was to explain the belief. Older children outperformed younger children on the prediction measure. Differences as a function of content area and method of assessment were limited; when they did occur, performance was generally better with belief than with emotion as the target, and better with prediction than with explanation as the response criterion. Finally, there was no relation between number of siblings and performance.
The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone enhances morphine antinociception
Authors: Lilius T.O. , Jokinen V. , Neuvonen M.S. , Väänänen A.J. , Niemi M. , Rauhala P.V. , Kalso E.A.
Published: July 2013

Background

Spironolactone, a commonly used mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, has been reported to potentiate the effect of morphine in the rat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of spironolactone on morphine antinociception and tissue distribution.

Methods

The effects of spironolactone on acute morphine‐induced antinociception, induction of morphine tolerance and established morphine tolerance were studied with tail‐flick and hot plate tests in male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Serum, brain, and liver morphine and its metabolite concentrations were quantified using high‐pressure liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Spironolactone was also administered with the peripherally acting, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) substrate loperamide to test whether spironolactone allows loperamide to pass the blood–brain barrier.

Results

Spironolactone (50 mg/kg, i.p.) had no antinociceptive effects of its own, but it enhanced the antinociceptive effect of morphine in both thermal tests. Two doses of spironolactone enhanced the maximum possible effect (MPE) from 19.5% to 100% in the hot plate test 90 min after administration of 4 mg/kg morphine. Morphine concentrations in the brain were increased fourfold at 90 min by spironolactone. Spironolactone did not inhibit the formation of morphine‐3‐glucuronide. Acute spironolactone restored morphine antinociception in morphine‐tolerant rats but did not inhibit the development of tolerance. The peripherally restricted opioid, loperamide (10 mg/kg), had no antinociceptive effects when administered alone, but co‐administration with spironolactone produced a 40% MPE in the hot plate test.

Conclusions

Spironolactone has no antinociceptive effects in thermal models of pain, but it enhances the antinociceptive effects of morphine mainly by increasing morphine central nervous system concentrations, probably by inhibiting P‐gp.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Schneider Mary‐Jane
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

MEDICAL NEMESIS: THE EXPROPRIATION OF HEALTH by Ivan Mich.

THE END OF MEDICINE by Rick J. Carlson.
Out of the Woods
Authors: Trefil James S.
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Wood as an Energy Resource by David A. Tillman
Psycho‐Dabble
Authors: Kovel Joel
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Out in Inner Space: A Psychoanalyst Explores the New Therapies by Stephen A. Applebaum
Sleight of Hand
Authors: LEWONTIN RICHARD C.
Published: July 2013

GENES, MIND, AND CULTURE The Coevolutionary Process by Charles J. Lumsden and Edward O. Wilson
For the Love of Games
Authors: Golomb Solomon W.
Published: July 2013

WINNING WAYS by Elwyn R. Berlekamp, John H. Conway, and Richard K. Guy
WHICH APE IS MAN'S CLOSEST KIN?
Authors: Martin Lawrence
Published: July 2013

THE RED APE Orang‐utans and Human Origins by Jeffrey H. Schwartz
NEITHER SAINT NOR SAVAGE
Authors: Nucci Larry
Published: July 2013

THE EMERGENCE OF MORALITY IN YOUNG CHILDREN Edited by Jerome Kagan and Sharon Lamb

THE MORAL CHILD Nurturing Children's Natural Moral Growth by William Damon
PRIVATE UNIVERSES
Authors: Marschall Laurence A.
Published: July 2013

ORIGINS The Lives and Worlds of Modern Cosmologists by Alan Lightman and Roberta Brawer

LONELY HEARTS OF THE COSMOS The Scientific Quest for the Secret of the Universe by Dennis Overbye
POWER PLAY
Authors: Jerome Richard
Published: July 2013

SPORTS AND GAMES OF ANCIENT EGYPT by Wolfgang Decker translated by Allen Guttmann

THE MESOAMERICAN BALLGAME by Vernon L. Scarborough and David R. Wilcox

THE OLYMPICS A History of the Modern Games by Allen Guttmann
Struggle for the Soul of Science
Authors: RUSE MICHAEL
Published: July 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and its Quarrels with Science by Paul R. Gross and Norman Levitt

Articulate, Well‐placed Scholars argue that science is biased to its deepest roots. The hatred of science is real and deep.

Should Science‐and Scientists‐respond to the Attacks from the so‐called left? Unfortunately, yes; the situation is too dangerous to leave to chance.
Stealth Science
Authors: PERKOWITZ SIDNEY
Published: July 2013

Out of the Crystal Maze: ChaptersFROM THE HISTORY OF SOLID‐STATE PHYSICS Edited by Lillian Hoddeson, Ernest Braun, Jürgen Teichmann and Spencer Weart
Appraising Grace
Authors: DENNETT DANIEL C.
Published: July 2013

Creation of the Sacred: Tracks of Biology in Early Religions by Walter Burkert
Human acellular cartilage matrix powders as a biological scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering with synovium‐derived mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Chang Chih‐Hung , Chen Chia‐Chun , Liao Cheng‐Hao , Lin Feng‐Huei , Hsu Yuan‐Ming , Fang Hsu‐Wei
Published: July 2013

In our previous study, we found that cartilage fragments from osteoarthritic knee promoted chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, we further transformed the cartilage tissues into acellular cartilage matrix (ACM) and explored the feasibility of using ACM as a biological scaffold. Nonworn parts of cartilage tissues were obtained during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) surgery and were successfully fabricated into ACM powders. The ACM powders and human synovium‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) were mixed into collagen gel for in vitro culture. Histological results showed a synergistic effect of ACM powders and chondrogenic growth factors in the formation of engineered cartilage. The findings of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) suggested that ACM powders had the potential of promoting type II collagen gene expression in the growth factors‐absent environment. Moreover, with growth factors induction, the ACM powders could reduce the hypertrophy in chondrogenesis of SMSCs. In summary, ACM powders could serve as a functional scaffold that benefited the chondrogenesis of SMSCs for cartilage tissue engineering. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2248–2257, 2014.
Engineering multiple biological functional motifs into a blank collagen‐like protein template from Streptococcus pyogenes
Authors: Peng Yong Y. , Stoichevska Violet , Schacht Kristin , Werkmeister Jerome A. , Ramshaw John A. M.
Published: July 2013

Bacterially derived triple‐helical, collagen‐like proteins are attractive as potential biomedical materials. The collagen‐like domain of the Scl2 protein from S. pyogenes lacks any specific binding sites for mammalian cells yet possesses the inherent structural integrity of the collagen triple‐helix of animal collagens. It can, therefore, be considered as a structurally‐stable “blank slate” into which various defined, biological sequences, derived from animal collagens, can be added by substitutions or insertions, to enable production of novel designed materials to fit specific functional requirements. In the present study, we have used site directed mutagenesis to substitute two functional sequences, one for heparin binding and the other for integrin binding, into different locations in the triple‐helical structure. This provided three new constructs, two containing the single substitutions and one containing both substitutions. The stability of these constructs was marginally reduced when compared to the unmodified sequence. When compared to the unmodified bacterial collagen, both the modified collagens that contain the heparin binding site showed marked binding of fluorescently labeled heparin. Similarly, the modified collagens from both constructs containing the integrin binding site showed significant adhesion of L929 cells that are known to possess the appropriate integrin receptor. C2C12 cells that lack any appropriate integrins did not bind. These data show that bacterial collagen‐like sequences can be modified to act like natural extracellular matrix collagens by inserting one or more unique biological domains with defined function. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2189–2196, 2014.
Modeling the ionospheric E and F1 regions: Using SDO‐EVE observations as the solar irradiance driver
Authors: Sojka Jan J. , Jensen Joseph , David Michael , Schunk Robert W. , Woods Tom , Eparvier Frank
Published: July 2013

Over the altitude range of 90–150 km, in dayside nonauroral regions, ionization is controlled almost entirely by solar ultraviolet irradiance; the response time for ionization during solar exposure is almost instantaneous, and likewise, the time scale for recombination into neutral species is very fast when the photoionizing source is removed. Therefore, if high‐resolution solar spectral data are available, along with accurate ionization cross sections as a function of wavelength, it should be possible to model this ionospheric region with greater accuracy. The Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) instrument on the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) satellite, launched in February 2010, is intended to provide just such solar data, at high resolution in both wavelength and time cadence. We use the Utah State University time‐dependent ionospheric model to assess the sensitivity in modeling that this solar irradiance data provide, under quiet solar conditions as well as during X‐class flares. The sensitivity studies show that the E and F1 regions, as well as the valley region, are strongly dependent upon wavelength in both electron density and ion composition.
Raman comparison of skin dermis of different ages: focus on spectral markers of collagen hydration
Authors: Nguyen The Thuong , Happillon Teddy , Feru Jezabel , Brassart‐Passco Sylvie , Angiboust Jean‐François , Manfait Michel , Piot Olivier
Published: July 2013

Skin aging is the most visible sign of aging of the body. This complex process involves molecular and structural alterations of the main skin constituents. The major cutaneous constituent is type I collagen that gives strength and resilience to the skin. This macromolecule possesses a particular triple helix structure and is arranged in the form of a fibrous network. Water plays a crucial role for maintaining this molecular assembly which is altered during intrinsic chronological aging. To investigate some of these structural alterations, Raman microspectroscopy was employed since this biophotonic approach permits to probe the biomolecular composition of the skin in a non‐destructive manner. In addition, type I collagen gives specific Raman vibrations; some of which being sensitive to the molecule conformation and to the water environment. In this purpose, Raman spectra of four skin samples of different ages (two samples of 40 year old and two samples of 70 year old) were collected by varying the relative environmental humidity. Our experiments highlighted spectral differences between the four samples. The analysis of the Raman data permitted to suggest a model for the interactions between collagen and water molecules and a decrease in collagen fibers compactness with chronological aging. Our study demonstrates that Raman spectroscopy can be a useful tool to investigate skin aging, with innovative applications in dermatology as well as in cosmetics. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell‐repellant Dextran Coatings of Porous Titania Using Mussel Adhesion Chemistry
Authors: Park Jae Yoon , Yeom Jihyeon , Kim Jee Seon , Lee Mihyun , Lee Haeshin , Nam Yoon Sung
Published: July 2013

The resistance of bioceramics against non‐specific adsorption of serum proteins is critical for a wide range of biomedical applications. Some polysaccharides serve as natural protein‐resistant molecules in extracellular matrices; however, the stable adhesion of polysaccharides to ceramic biomaterials in an aqueous solution is very challenging because chemical linkages at organic/inorganic interfaces are susceptible to hydrolytic degradation. Here, a catechol‐grafted dextran, which strongly binds to titania (TiO2) in an aqueous milieu to effectively suppress cell adhesion through anti‐fouling activity against non‐specific protein adsorption, is introduced. Catechol is conjugated approximately to 6.7 mol% of glucose units of dextran via a carbamate ester linkage, corresponding to roughly three catechols per dextran chain having an average molecular weight of 6 kDa. Multivalent interactions of catechols with a titanium atom, enabled by the graft‐type structure, provide a very stable coating of dextran on this inorganic surface. The adhesion of HeLa cells on the dextran‐coated titania surface is reduced by 2.4‐fold compared to that on a pristine titania surface. These results suggest that the graft‐type incorporation of a small number of catechol moieties along a dextran backbone is an effective means of producing a stable anti‐fouling interface on inorganic biomaterials in an aqueous environment.
Curcumin protects neuronal‐like cells against acrolein by restoring Akt and redox signaling pathways
Authors: Doggui Sihem , Belkacemi Abdenour , Paka Ghislain Djiokeng , Perrotte Morgane , Pi Rongbiao , Ramassamy Charles
Published: July 2013

Scope

The aim of the present study was to examine the neuroprotective effect of curcumin against the toxicity induced by acrolein and to identify its cellular mechanisms and targets.

Methods and results

Human neuroblastoma cells SK‐N‐SH were treated with acrolein. Curcumin, from 5 μM, was able to protect SK‐N‐SH cells against acrolein toxicity. The addition of curcumin restored the expression of γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species levels but had no effect on the decrease of glutathione (GSH) and on the elevation of protein carbonyls. Acrolein induced the activity of Nrf2, NF‐κB, and Sirt1. These activations were prevented by the presence of curcumin. Acrolein also induced a decrease of the pAkt, which was counteracted by curcumin. To increase its solubility, we have encapsulated curcumin in a biodegradable poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) based nanoparticulate formulation (Nps‐Cur). Our results showed that 0.5 μM of Nps‐Cur can protect neuronal cells challenged with acrolein while free curcumin was not able to display neuroprotection.

Conclusion

Our results provided evidence that curcumin was able to protect SK‐N‐SH cells against acrolein toxicity. This protection is mediated through the antioxidant, the redox, and the survival regulated pathways by curcumin. Moreover, our results demonstrated that Nps‐Cur had higher capacity than curcumin to protect SK‐N‐SH cells against acrolein.
Normal personality versus pathological personality: dimensional and predictive study
Authors: Aluja Anton , Blanch Angel , Balada Ferran
Published: July 2013

The present study aimed to replicate the previous relationship between the Zuckerman personality model and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology‐Basic Questionnaire (DAPP‐BQ) and to evaluate the contribution of the facets and factors from Zuckerman's new instrument Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA‐PQ) versus the old Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire to the four clusters of the DAPP‐BQ. The sample consisted of 443 subjects from the general population of both sexes. The ZKA‐PQ dimensions predicted between 35 % and 61% of the DAPP‐BQ cluster variance and facets between 54% and 63%. Local regression graphical analysis (LOESS) showed that neuroticism and aggressiveness are the dimensions most related with emotional dysregulation. Sensation seeking and aggressiveness were associated with dissocial behaviour. Neuroticism and extraversion (negative) were associated with social avoidance and activity and sensation seeking (negative) with compulsiveness. The new ZKA‐PQ improves the psychometric properties of the old Zuckerman–Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire. Both dimensional personality measures can play a role in the prediction of the future DSM‐V personality disorder dimensional system. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ‘information spectrum’: a qualitative study of how breast cancer surgeons give information and of how their patients experience it
Authors: Mendick Nicola , Young Bridget , Holcombe Christopher , Salmon Peter
Published: July 2013

Objective

Cancer clinicians are routinely criticised for communicating information poorly to patients, but expert guidance is sometimes contradictory or impractical. We wanted to understand how, and how well, breast cancer surgeons in their normal practice balanced the competing tasks of informing patients while keeping them hopeful.

Method

In a post‐operative surgical outpatient clinic in a UK breast unit, we recruited 9 surgeons and 20 breast cancer patients with whom they consulted. We audio recorded and interviewed both patients and surgeons about their consultations, then analysed data qualitatively within and across cases taking a constant comparative approach.

Results

Every consultation contained biomedical factually explicit information, but the information that was most significant for patients was factually less explicit. Progressively less explicit forms, along a ‘spectrum’ of information, included: judgments about treatment implications; judgments about prognosis; evaluative comments; and clues about what information signified. Surgeons used the less explicit types of information to communicate hope. Where prognosis was poor, communication was confined to more explicit information. Surgeons' practice was closely aligned with what patients sought.

Conclusion

Common criticisms of cancer clinicians for giving ‘too little’ information belie the complexity of their task in simultaneously managing information needs and hope. The ‘information spectrum’ could help educators and clinicians to understand this task. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal Perturbation and Rainfall Runoff have Greater Impact on Seasonal Solute Loads than Physical Disturbance of the Active Layer
Authors: Lafrenière Melissa J. , Lamoureux Scott F.
Published: July 2013

Climate warming in the Arctic will alter hydrological processes and biogeochemical exports from the landscape. Studies have reported that thermokarst disturbances and active‐layer deepening increase solute concentrations in surface waters, but neither the spatial extent nor duration of the impacts of these changes is well understood. We measured total dissolved solute (TDS) concentrations and normalised seasonal TDS fluxes (kg mm‐1) in a series of small headwater catchments in the Canadian High Arctic over three consecutive summers (2007–09) to examine the impact of thermal perturbation (increased soil temperatures) and physical disturbance (active‐layer detachment slides) on solute dynamics in permafrost catchments. We find that usually high July soil temperatures (thermal perturbation) in 2007 resulted in a near‐doubling of solute fluxes during the two subsequent summers, including in a catchment where there was no physical disturbance despite significantly cooler conditions. Solute concentrations increased with the spatial extent of physical disturbances, especially towards the end of the melt season. However, total seasonal solute fluxes did not always increase with the spatial extent of physical disturbances. The results show that the impact of the disturbance area on seasonal solute flux is limited by discharge and hydrological connectivity of the disturbed areas, and that summer rainfall allows for enhanced export of solutes from catchments subject to physical disturbance. Hence, seasonal solute export in these permafrost catchments was more sensitive to thermal perturbations and rainfall runoff than to physical disturbance of the active layer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural insights into the recognition of β3 integrin cytoplasmic tail by the SH3 domain of Src kinase
Authors: Katyal Priya , Puthenveetil Robbins , Vinogradova Olga
Published: July 2013

Src kinase plays an important role in integrin signaling by regulating cytoskeletal organization and cell remodeling. Previous in vivo studies have revealed that the SH3 domain of c‐Src kinase directly associates with the C‐terminus of β3 integrin cytoplasmic tail. Here, we explore this binding interface with a combination of different spectroscopic and computational methods. Chemical shift mapping, PRE, transferred NOE and CD data were used to obtain a docked model of the complex. This model suggests a different binding mode from the one proposed through previous studies wherein, the C‐terminal end of β3 spans the region in between the RT and n‐Src loops of SH3 domain. Furthermore, we show that tyrosine phosphorylation of β3 prevents this interaction, supporting the notion of a constitutive interaction between β3 integrin and Src kinase.
Real‐time radar–rain‐gauge merging using spatio‐temporal co‐kriging with external drift in the alpine terrain of Switzerland
Authors: Sideris I. V. , Gabella M. , Erdin R. , Germann U.
Published: July 2013

The problem of the optimal combination of rain‐gauge measurements and radar precipitation estimates has been investigated. A method that attempts to generalize well‐established geostatistical techniques, such as kriging with external drift, is presented. The new method, besides allowing spatial information to be incorporated into the modelling and estimation process, also allows temporal information to be incorporated. This technique employs temporal data as secondary co‐kriged variables. The approach can be considered both straightforward and practical as far as design and programming aspects are concerned. Co‐kriging with external drift leads to significant improvements in the results compared with typical radar estimates. It also seems to be more advantageous than kriging with external drift in modelling stability terms. Evidence is provided showing the advantages of co‐kriging with external drift modelling over kriging with external drift. The difference becomes particularly pronounced for non‐robust input data. The theoretical background and mathematical structure of the method is demonstrated. The method has been applied to four events, three during summer and one during winter, that took place over the complex Swiss orography. It is shown that cross‐validation skill scores improve when the aggregation period of the input data increases from ten minutes to one hour. This improvement can be attributed to the increasing robustness of the input data with the period of aggregation. Moreover, a straightforward disaggregation scheme, which starts from hourly precipitation maps, produced by means of the aforementioned geostatistical technique and generating precipitation estimates at a temporal resolution of five minutes, is proposed.
Identification of imidacloprid metabolites in onion (Allium cepa L.) using high‐resolution mass spectrometry and accurate mass tools
Authors: Thurman E. Michael , Ferrer Imma , Zavitsanos Paul , Zweigenbaum Jerry A.
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

Imidacloprid is a potent and widely used insecticide on vegetable crops, such as onion (Allium cepa L.). Because of possible toxicity to beneficial insects, imidacloprid and several metabolites have raised safety concerns for pollenating insects, such as honey bees. Thus, imidacloprid metabolites continue to be an important subject for new methods that better understand its dissipation and fate in plants, such as onions.

METHODS

One month after a single addition of imidacloprid to soil containing onion plants, imidacloprid and its metabolites were extracted from pulverized onion with a methanol/water‐buffer mixture and analyzed by liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOF‐MS) using a labeled imidacloprid internal standard and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis.

RESULTS

Accurate mass tools were developed and applied to detect seven new metabolites of imidacloprid with the goal to better understand its fate in onion. The accurate mass tools include: database searching, diagnostic ions, chlorine mass filters, Mass Profiler software, and manual use of metabolic analogy. The new metabolites discovered included an amine reduction product (m/z 226.0854), and its methylated analogue (m/z 240.1010), and five other metabolites, all of unknown toxicity to insects.

CONCLUSIONS

The accurate mass tools were combined with LC/QTOF‐MS and were able to detect both known and new metabolites of imidacloprid using fragmentation studies of both parent and labeled standards. New metabolites and their structures were inferred from these MS/MS studies with accurate mass, which makes it possible to better understand imidacloprid metabolism in onion as well as new metabolite targets for toxicity studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural elucidation of palytoxin analogs produced by the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis ovata IK2 strain by complementary use of positive and negative ion liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Uchida Hideaki , Taira Yohsuke , Yasumoto Takeshi
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

The ovatoxins are palytoxin analogs of a dinoflagellate origin implicated in human intoxication. The structures of ovatoxin‐a, ovatoxin‐d, and ovatoxin‐e produced by the IK2 strain of Ostreopsis ovata collected in Japan were elucidated using liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/QTOFMS). The novel structures and a new insight into the spectral data are presented.

METHODS

The structural elucidations were carried out by complementary use of positive and negative ion LC/QTOFMS. Ostreocin‐D (C127H219N3O53), another palytoxin congener previously elucidated by negative fast‐atom bombardment collision‐induced tandem mass spectrometry (FAB CID MS/MS), was used as a reference.

RESULTS

Positive ion spectra allowed deduction of hydroxyl positions based on the conjugated polyene structures produced, while the negative ion spectra allowed assignments of cleavage sites of C–C bonds. The analysis could be performed using a small sample without extensive purification.

CONCLUSIONS

Ovatoxin‐a IK2 (C129H223N3O52), ovatoxin‐d IK2 (C129H223N3O53), and ovatoxin‐e IK2 (C129H223N3O53) were tentatively assigned to 42‐hydroxy‐17,44,70‐trideoxypalytoxin, 42‐hydroxy‐17,70‐dideoxypalytoxin and 42,82‐dihydroxy‐17,44,70‐trideoxypalytoxin, respectively. The wide applicability of the method was suggested. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of pentane in exhaled breath, a potential biomarker of bowel disease, using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry
Authors: Dryahina Kseniya , Španěl Patrik , Pospíšilová Veronika , Sovová Kristýna , Hrdlička Luděk , Machková Naděžda , Lukáš Milan , Smith David
Published: July 2013

RATIONALE

Inflammatory bowel disease has a relatively large incidence in modern populations and the current diagnostic methods are either invasive or have limited sensitivity or specificity. Thus, there is a need for new non‐invasive methods for its diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring, and breath analysis represents a promising direction in this area of research. Specifically, a method is needed for the absolute quantification of pentane in human breath.

METHODS

Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS) has been used to study the kinetics of the O2+ reaction with pentane. Product ions at m/z 42 and 72 were chosen as characteristic ions useful for the quantification of pentane and the reactivity of these ions with water vapour was characterized. A pilot study has been carried out of pentane in the exhaled breath of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and of healthy volunteers.

RESULTS

Accurate data on the kinetics of the gas phase reaction of the O2+• ions with pentane have been obtained: rate coefficient 8 × 10–10 cm3 s–1 (±5%) and branching ratios into the following product ions C5H12+• (m/z 72, 31%); C4H9+ (m/z 57, 8%); C3H7+ (m/z 43, 40%), C3H6+• (m/z 42, 21%). A method of calculation of absolute pentane concentration in exhaled breath was formulated using the count rates of the ions at m/z 32, 42, 55 and 72. Pentane was found to be significantly elevated in the breath of both the CD (mean 114 ppbv) and the UC patients (mean 84 ppbv) relative to the healthy controls (mean 40 ppbv).

CONCLUSIONS

SIFT‐MS can be used to quantify pentane in human breath in real time avoiding sample storage. This method of analysis can ultimately form the basis of non‐invasive screening of inflammatory processes, including inflammatory bowel disease. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Categorization Model of Requirements Based on Max‐Neef's Model of Human Needs
Authors: Salado Alejandro , Nilchiani Roshanak
Published: July 2013

Requirements categorization is an inherent part of the requirements engineering activity. Conventional approaches use a designer perspective (requirements organized according to design needs or attributes), a contractual perspective (requirements organized according to procurement or acquisition needs), or a combination of both. Such models present several inconveniences that result in limitation of system affordability: facilitate the generation of overlapping requirements, of design‐dependent requirements, and of a mix of requirements applicable to different levels of the architecture decomposition or to different products. The present research proposes a Need‐based Categorization (NbC) model that is system‐centric: Requirements are organized around the system. Inspired by Max‐Neef's model of human needs, the proposed model supports requirement elicitation by defining only what the system does, how well, where, and what it uses to accomplish it. The model facilitates the identification of constraints that limit the solution tradespace without supporting the satisfaction of new needs, of overlapping requirements, and of requirements that are not applicable to the system. Finally, the proposed model defines requirements in subsets that are associated with value to stakeholders, thus reflecting the actual dependency nature of requirements at a given level of an architecture decomposition, which promotes holistic decisions instead of local optimizations.