bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Revenue of Local Breed Chicken Traders at Traditional Markets in Ngabang District, Landak Regency, From The Perspective of Maqasid Syariah
Authors: Pamisa Nurul , Iqbal Ichsan , Nurjannah Syamratun
Published: February 2024

In the running of the lokal breed chicken business, there are other factors that have an impact on traders' The revenue. The Revenue earned by these traders is managed by the traders especially for their household needs. This is what makes traders need to pay more attention to the factors that impact on their Revenueso that the continuity of their business remains stable. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of capital, working hours and length of business on the Revenueof lokal breed chicken traders in the Traditional Market, Ngabang District, Landak Regency and Analysis of traders' Revenuelokal breed chicken at Traditional Market, Ngabang District, Landak  Regency according to Maqasid Syariah. The method used is a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The results of this study, 1) Capital has an impact on Revenueif the more chicken supplies sent by distributors, the greater the capital issued by traders. length of business makes traders understand consumer tastes and length of time selling has an impact on Revenue2) Based on the perspective of Maqasid Syariah, traders are able to fulfill their dharuriyat (basic) needs which include five things, namely a) Maintenance of Religion (Hifz Ad-Din); b) Self-preservation (Hifz An-Nafs); c) Mind Maintenance (Hifz Al-Aql); d) Maintenance of Offspring (Hifz An-Nasb); e) Property Maintenance (Hifdz Al-Maal).
PREDICTION OF HALAL LABEL READING BEHAVIOR AMONG STUDENTS IN BANGKALAN DISTRICT
Authors: Balqis Quraini Ayu , Maya Adiba Elfira
Published: February 2024

Indonesia is a potential market for producers because its population is predominantlyMuslim and has the largest Muslim population compared to other countries. Observingthe potential conditions of the halal industry at the global level and in Indonesia, itappears that there is a huge opportunity for the development of the halal industry,because all Muslims in the world certainly need halal products. This includes theconsumption of food, drinks and cosmetics, both imported and local productscirculating among the public, giving rise to controversy over halal and haram elements.There needs to be a role for the community to understand the importance of thehalalness of a product. This can simply be done by looking for information about theproduct before consuming it. This research aims to find out whether the variable halalknowledge, Islamic religiosity, and demographic factors can predicthalal label readingbehavior student students in Bangkalan district on purchasing halal products. The dataanalysis technique used is logistic regression using sampling techniquesnon probabilitysampling with approachpurposive sampling. The results of this study indicate that halalknowledge, Islamic religiosity, and demographic factors cannot predict the halal labelreading behavior of student students in Bangkalan district.Keywords : Halal Knowlegde, Islamic Religiosity, Demographic Factors, Perilaku, LabelHalal
The impact of a plastic ban implementation scenario on residents of Tiruchirappalli region
Authors: Siddeshwar Kavya , Devi M. Prashanthi
Published: February 2024

Plastic was created first for its durability, extended life, and capacity to be moulded into a broad range of items. There are three reasons why plastics are still used in the packaging sector, even though they are harmful to the environment. First, its low economic cost and widespread circulation. The second feature is their capacity to contain air and water while remaining watertight. The third characteristic is its relative inertness. Based on this, respondents were polled to assess their awareness of alternatives and to comprehend the pre- and post-ban situation for plastics. About 370 respondents from different age groups from different sectors from urban and rural dwellers of Trichy were asked about the prohibition of plastic carry bags, its acceptance, the alternatives available and the cost paid. Most respondents were unhappy about the removal of plastic bags and the high cost of cloth or other bags. Due to environmental concerns and their implications, it was revealed that the negative effects of plastics had not entered society sufficiently to allow the people to reject them. However, durability, lightness, flexibility, and low cost still predominate because the consumer requires plastic bags. Strict steps aiming at promoting public knowledge of the damaging consequences of plastics, their negative impact on the environment, and lowering the costs of alternatives should be explored as immediate remedies.
Monitoring temperature patterns at the selected world heritage sites in Egypt using high resolution WorldClim data
Authors: Dave Viranch N.
Published: February 2024

Long term temperature patterns helps in assessing changes in the climatic conditions of an area and climatic changes poses a major challenge to the world heritage sites whether it is natural or cultural. Therefore in this study using maximum and minimum temperature data for the period 1960-2021 downloaded from WorldClim 2.1 calculation of mean temperature is done in QGIS environment for the selected UNESCO world heritage sites of Arab Republic of Egypt. WorldClim 2.1 provides finer resolution gridded data downscaled from Climate Research Unit. Trend analysis using linear regression and Mann-Kendall method and Sen’s Slope estimate is used to understand the patterns of mean temperature at all the selected sites. The study reveals that mean temperature at all the selected sites is increasing but since 1990 the sites which are located geographically in lower Egypt are witnessing rapid increase in mean temperature compared to the sites located in upper Egypt which historically witnessed more temperature due to its geographical milieu. This study can help in stimulating the utility of geospatial data in understanding the changes in climatic parameters in relation to world heritage sites. Moreover it can serve as foundation upon which detailed longitudinal site specific investigation can be done.
RELACIONES INTERPERSONALES EN MEDIOS VIRTUALES, PERSONALIDAD Y ANSIEDAD ESTADO-RASGO EN ADOLESCENTES
Authors: Méndez-Sánchez María del Pilar , Peñaloza-Gómez Rafael , García-Méndez Mirna
Published: February 2024

El uso de la tecnología ha modificado la comunicación y relaciones interpersonales, creando nuevos procesos de interacción. Objetivo. Analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de relaciones interpersonales en medios virtuales, examinar la relación entre las relaciones interpersonales en medios virtuales con la ansiedad estado-rasgo y observar diferencias significativas entre diferentes tipos de personalidad. Método. Se seleccionaron dos muestras, una integrada por 603 y otra de 387 adolescentes de la Ciudad de México, se utilizó la escala relaciones interpersonales en medios virtuales, el Inventario de ansiedad rasgo-estado y la escala de personalidad de Eysenck. Resultados. Se obtuvo una escala válida y confiable. La ansiedad estado-rasgo se relacionó de manera positiva con distanciamiento social (r = .229, .265, p < .01), distracción (r = .172, 262; p < 01) y descontrol (r = .243, .244, p < .01), y de forma negativa con implicación negativa (r = -.145, p < .05); se reportaron diferencias significativas entre las relaciones interpersonales y la personalidad de melancólico, colérico, flemático y sanguíneo (p < .05). Conclusiones. La escala de relaciones interpersonales a través de medios virtuales es válida y confiable, además, se observó relación con ansiedad estado-rasgo y diferentes personalidades con las relaciones interpersonales.
FACTORES INCIDENTES EN EL CONSUMO DE DROGAS LEGALES EN ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS DE MÁLAGA (ESPAÑA): UN ESTUDIO DESCRIPTIVO CON ANÁLISIS INFERENCIALES
Authors: Sánchez-Rivas Enrique , Sánchez-Vega Elena , Colomo-Magañas Ernesto , Guillén-Gámez Francisco D.
Published: February 2024

Las drogas constituyen un problema de salud preocupante en la juventud. Su consumo temprano aumenta la probabilidad de que se mantenga y agudice durante la vida adulta. Objetivo. Constatar las posibles relaciones existentes entre consumo de drogas en alumnos de la Facultad de Educación de la Universidad de Málaga, y su relación con factores influyentes como el género, la religiosidad o la residencia fuera del domicilio paterno. Método. La muestra estuvo formada por 755 estudiantes. Se utilizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal usando como instrumento de recogida de datos un cuestionario. Se calcularon las prevalencias y se realizó un análisis bivariante. Resultados. La mayoría de los estudiantes no consume tabaco (85.5%), pero sí alcohol (84.9%). Menos mujeres consumen alcohol, estando equiparado en ambos sexos el consumo de tabaco. Conclusiones. Vivir fuera del domicilio paterno es un factor de riesgo para el consumo de drogas legales, no siendo significativo las creencias religiosas.
Selection of Corrosion Resistant Alloys for CCS and CCUS Injection Wells
Authors: Rowe A. C. , Craig B. D.
Published: February 2024

Currently there is little information or test data available for determining the most suitable corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) for downhole injection equipment in carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) and carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) wells. This paper provides a guideline for such selections based on the composition of the CO2 stream, including impurities, and the composition of the saline formation into which the CO2 will be injected.
Fit for Purpose Process Automation Drives Consistent Performance in an Operator's West Texas Drilling Program
Authors: Dunbar D. , Christopher C. , Groh A.
Published: February 2024

This study examines the automation of the traditionally manual slip-to-weight (S2W) and weight-to-slips (W2S) sequences in drilling. Historically, best practices for these sequences were individually maintained. In alignment with a major operator's protocol in the Midland Basin, our approach focuses on mitigating bit damage and standardizing connection methods. A pivotal feature of this automation was its adaptability to different sequences and parameters without altering the software. After comprehensive testing on a drilling simulator, a field trial was initiated in the Midland Basin. Following positive feedback on the system's consistency and reliability, its use was expanded to three more rigs. The results revealed enhanced operator and rig contractor performance, especially in uniform connection performance and improved S2W and W2S durations. A collaborative relationship between product teams, operations, and the operator was essential in maximizing these benefits. Crucially, the collaboration between the operator and rig contractor was key to developing a quickly adopted, value-driven product.
Decentralized Active Control of Distributed Damping Subs for Stick-Slip Reduction in Drilling
Authors: Nüsse P. M. , Ambrus A. , Aamo O. M.
Published: February 2024

Torsional stick-slip vibrations are a significant cause of drill string damage and failure. Using damping subs distributed along the drill string has been demonstrated in both simulations and laboratory experiments as a viable solution to reduce stick-slip in drilling. The effectiveness in mitigating stick-slip can be further improved through active control of the damping strength of one or several subs. This paper evaluates a control scheme, which relies only on local downhole measurements, for various operating conditions simulated with a drill string mechanics model. Damping subs with sleeves supported on bearings and incorporated eddy current brakes are installed along the drill string, adding viscous damping to the system to mitigate torsional vibrations. The damping amount is proportional to the relative rotational speed between the sleeve and the pipe, and therefore maximized when the sleeves are non-rotating. However, if the braking force surpasses the static friction holding the sleeve in place, the sleeve slips and reduces its braking abilities. To counteract this, an On-Off-based control scheme with proportional control (P-Off controller) is implemented at the level of each sub to manipulate the value of its damping coefficient. The Off condition is triggered when local measurements indicate slipping of the sleeve. Simulations of various drilling scenarios conducted with a coupled axial and torsional drill string model show that the P-Off controller can reduce stick-slip in the system in both off-bottom and on-bottom conditions. The results indicate that the average damping coefficient, and implicitly the torque added to the system, can be greatly reduced compared to a passive damping system, consisting of the same number and positioning of subs but with constant damping coefficients. Also, the settling time of the downhole rotational speed is significantly reduced compared to the passive system. The control scheme is decentralized as it relies only on local knowledge, such as pipe rotational speed inferred from an inertial measurement unit, to estimate the top drive revolutions per minute (RPM) setpoint. Therefore, communication with the surface or with neighboring subs is not a requirement for the control implementation. The controller also shows robustness against variations in the top drive RPM and noisy downhole measurements, which is important for a real-world application. The presented approach differs from existing downhole torsional vibration damping solutions, as it does not rely on a single tool placed inside or near the bottom-hole assembly, but on several subs distributed along the drill string, with their damping strength adjusted directly downhole in a decentralized manner.
Energy Storage System Enables Operations with Zero Generators Online
Authors: van Wissenkerke M. Snijder , Harrist J. , Poludasu S. , Lowery J.
Published: February 2024

Battery energy storage systems (ESS) have been proven to significantly reduce emissions and fuel consumption on drilling rigs since the industry's first system was deployed in 2018. These systems leverage their stored energy to reduce the number of generators online and operate the remaining generators at high load where they are most efficient. Control methodology has traditionally required at least one generator to be online to follow the grid formed by the generator(s) and bias the load higher or lower. However, during operations where power demand is lower than the capacity of a single generator, the battery becomes fully charged leaving the system with no mechanism to artificially increase generator load. This results in a single generator running at low load for extended periods of time.

A new automated energy-saving feature, characterized by the absence of ambient noise typically associated with generators, was developed to address this issue and create opportunities for additional fuel and emissions reductions. When the system determines that the operation will not require significant power consumption for an extended period, it will automatically initiate a shutdown of the last online generator and switch to the automated energy-saving mode, using only the batteries to form the electrical grid and supply power to all rig equipment. The rig will continue to operate in this mode until the battery state of charge drops to a certain threshold, at which point it will automatically launch a generator. When the additional generator comes online, it will run at a high load for a brief period to quickly recharge the battery. This accomplishes both goals of reducing generator runtime and increasing average generator load.

A calculated approach was necessary to maximize the time in the energy-saving mode while avoiding any impact to operations. Additionally, the control scheme was designed to minimize the number of generator starts while taking precautions to stay within the discharge limitations of the batteries. This feature was deployed to the fleet of ESS, resulting in additional fuel and emissions savings not possible with the traditional systems. Factors including ambient temperature and the operator-specific drilling program produced a wide range of efficiency improvement across the fleet.
Performance Drilling with Managed Pressure Drilling in the Permian Basin: A Case Study in the Wolfcamp Formation
Authors: Cody Shawn , Sadat Ali Yousefi , Gill Karnvir , Bowman Foster , Balderston Matt
Published: February 2024

The use of Managed Pressure Drilling has widespread applications in the Permian Basin. In this basin, typically MPD is used in a more traditional and somewhat limited fashion. However, using MPD as a performance drilling technique is a relatively unexplored application and early results have yielded significant rate of penetration (ROP) increases and days shaved off wells.

While MPD has been used in this area for more traditional methods such as Early Kick Loss Detection and controlling inflows of over-pressured disposal zones, using MPD for performance drilling is a novel application in the area. Performance drilling is the act of reducing the typical, conventional mud weights, and supplementing the decrease in hydrostatic pressure with applied surface back pressure. This reduction in mud weight allows for cost savings in multiple areas, increases in ROP and an overall reduction in well construction costs.

CrownQuest wanted to implement MPD, for performance drilling, on deeper basin Wolfcamp wells (Wolfcamp D), where higher mud weights (12.5-13 ppg) were commonly being run. The well was planned for a 2.5 pounds per gallon (ppg) reduction in mud weight, compared to conventional. These wells drilled with reduced mud weights were compared with previously drilled Wolfcamp D wells in the same area. The results showed a 23.8% increase in average ROP throughout the production hole section and an average of 5.85 days saved, with the implementation of MPD for performance drilling. Enabling a lighter mud system also seen a reduction in average lateral mud costs of 25% related to building and maintaining the mud, as seepage losses were reduced and fewer weighting and supplementary materials were required for maintaining the active system. Lower mud weights reduce the ECD at the bit and reduce solids in the mud, which allowed for further changes and improvements to the drilling program. After MPD was implemented, these changes enabled the operator to complete a pace-setter, one-run build and lateral section with a intermediate drill out time to rig release (RR) of 5.3 days. Using MPD for performance drilling can save days per well, reduce costs, and improve overall ESG and well economics.

Wolfcamp wells that require heavier mud weights, and are considered more difficult to drill, than upper Wolfcamp formations can become more economical by implementing these performance drilling methods. These techniques to drill deeper Wolfcamp targets more economically could prove invaluable as prime acreage and shallower Wolfcamp targets are drilled and depleted.
Improved Logging Techniques and Interpretation Experiences to Evaluate Perforate-Wash-Cement Intervals
Authors: Govil Amit , Obando Palacio Guillermo A. , Middleton Roy , Constable Kevin , Hovda Lars , Mueller Dan
Published: February 2024

At times during the lifetime of an oilfield well, there is a need to establish or rectify a barrier by using the perforation-wash-cement (P/W/C) remedial procedure. Evaluation of the P/W/C interval is carried out by sonic and ultrasonic logging tools. Depending on perforation hole size in the casing the bond log quality can be affected, rendering the logging results invalid or qualitative only. Knowledge gathered in the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) has allowed for improvement in techniques and data processing workflow for the P/W/C procedure.

The toolstring is reconfigured to acquire data at the highest resolution possible across an optimized logging interval. Originally, the procedure was standard cement evaluation, but through experience, the logging and data processing methodology has been improved to better accommodate the challenges posed by the P/W/C environment. Acoustic impedance images are processed with an advanced methodology widely used for open hole geological images. It applies linear feature reconstruction (inpainting) and a texture reconstruction algorithm in a multipoint statistical approach to predict data behavior in the perforation-affected interval. Different processing options are available, allowing comparison to select the most representative result.

Behind the casing, cleanup efficiency depends on many parameters, including perforation design. The log data quality is greatly influenced by the density of the perforation shots, the entrance hole size, and perforation pattern. To evaluate the cement, a centralized toolstring, speed-corrected depth, and high-resolution datasets contribute to obtaining a highly detailed cement map of the annular conditions across the P/W/C intervals. This allows the implementation of further processing to strengthen the possibility of accurately reconstructing the acoustic impedance maps to provide the operator with an informed evaluation of the cement status. In multiple cases, the bond quality of the annular contents prior to the P/W/C operation have been logged to establish a baseline and make a proper pre- and post-evaluation, and such logging is recommended. In addition, blank sections due to gun connections across the perforated intervals allow an additional check to the overall log quality.

Lessons learned from P/W/C logging were shared in the NCS across multiple operators and globally.
Dual-Use Fluid for Reservoir Drilling and Screen Running Significantly Simplifies Drilling Operations and Mud Logistics without any Negative Impact on Productivity of Horizontal Oil Producer on the Norwegian Continental Shelf
Authors: Czuprat O. , Meyer D.
Published: February 2024

Displacement to a dedicated screen running fluid (e.g. low-solids mud) is a common method to lower the solids loading of the fluid prior running the completion screens in order to minimize the risk of blockages. However, some advanced drill-in fluids exhibit excellent long-term stabilities under downhole conditions which allow for a dual use also as screen running fluid. A systematic selection of such a fluid for a horizontal well in an oilfield offshore Norway is presented.

Samples of different 1.2 SG oil-based drilling fluids and screen running fluid candidates were statically aged at 200 bar and 87 °C for 1 and 2 months. Complementarily characterization was performed by running viscometer sag shoe tests and laser particle size analysis of the samples. Actual core plugs of the reservoir section were selected for core flooding/formation damage tests covering different drill-in fluids and sequences including screen insertion with and without prior displacement to an actual screen running fluid. The return permeability and a detailed required draw-down analysis was performed.

Experiments have shown that the downhole stability is commonly underestimated when the surrounding pressure is lower than in the field like in a conventional aging cell. One of the drill-in fluids showed superior long-term stability with maintaining mobility even after 2 months of aging and no phase separation of significant settling. In contrast, the low-solids oil-based mud showed significant phase separation and some settling. Laboratory results were implemented to the flied by strict specification of the mud properties and verification by a comprehensive post-operational QA/QC of field samples in the laboratory.

The success was proven by no negative impact on productivity of the well compared to previously drilled and completed wells in the field. However, running the completion in DIF resulted in significant de-risking of drilling operations, cost savings and eliminated logistical challenges from previous wells.
Continued Advances in Performance in Geothermal Operations at FORGE Through Limiter-Redesign Drilling Practices
Authors: Dupriest Fred E. , Noynaert Samuel F.
Published: February 2024

The continued application of physics-based limiter redesign workflow in the hard geothermal granite at the Utah FORGE project resulted in additional advances in hard rock practices and performance. The physics-based approach provided an effective framework to mitigate and address drill bit, geologic, trajectory, and downhole tool challenges and limitations. The advances were possible because the operating team was trained to understand how bit dysfunction and other non-bit limiters physically work, and had the knowledge required to mitigate these limiters in real-time or redesign to extend them when possible. In the final runs of the most recent well in the field, the ROP when rotating bent motors ranged from 150 ft/hr. to more than 300 ft/hr. and overall cumulative on-bottom rotating hours were reduced despite a more challenging, high angle well path with steering constraints.

The paper covers the workflows and practices used to:

Extend the safe WOB and RPM limits of bits beyond the industry's common practices in granite (65-70K lbs. and 250 RPM on 9.5" bits) Continue to expand the industry's understanding of the application of clear water drilling fluids to mitigate low drill rates caused by dilatant strengthening (bottom hole balling) Drill with RSS in granite to achieve a smooth curve to 65° inclination. Demonstrate practices for drilling a high angle tangent with a bent motor to achieve higher drill rates while still delivering borehole quality equaling or exceeding that of an RSS. Evaluate practices to reduce the large decline in ROP observed in early footage with all bits in hard formations. This represents the largest opportunity for additional performance gains in geothermal drilling.

The paper incorporates both the specific practices implemented and the processes required to take a new operations team from initial project startup to record setting performance within the span of a single well (each FORGE well has been drilled by a different team). The authors’ intent in this and the previous paper, SPE 208798 (Dupriest and Noynaert, 2022), is to enable others to duplicate the gains at FORGE.
Deep Reinforcement Learning for Automatic Drilling Optimization Using an Integrated Reward Function
Authors: Huang Xu , Luu Trieu Phat , Furlong Ted , Bomidi John
Published: February 2024

Drilling optimization is a complicated multi-objective processing optimization problem. During drilling, drillers need to adjust WOB and RPM continuously in a timely manner, not only to maximize ROP, but also to prevent severe vibration and maintain downhole tool durability. In this study, a virtual drilling agent using a deep reinforcement learning (RL) model is developed and trained to automatically make drilling decisions and proven to effectively optimize drilling parameters.

A deep RL model using a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG) algorithm is developed to optimize drilling process. In RL model, the reward of drilling decisions at each drilling step is a function of drilling ROP, downhole vibration tendency, bit dull state, and risks of tool failure. Separate modules to evaluate the reward of each component are implemented and trained using field and laboratory data. Deep RL model is applied and tested comprehensively on different drilling environments including hard and abrasive rock, embedded rock, vibrational vs. stable drilling. The hyper-parameters of the actor-critic NN architecture in RL model are carefully selected to improve the model convergence.

Results show the deep RL model can effectively find the optimum drilling solutions in various drilling environments. In soft formation, RL model applies the upper limit of WOB and RPM throughout the drilling depth to maximum ROP and reduce drilling time. In hard and abrasive formation, RL model gradually changes RPM and WOB to prevent the pre-mature wear of PDC cutters. The change of the drilling parameters is optimized based on rock abrasivity and target drilling depth. In unstable drilling environment, while RL model limits the ratio of WOB and RPM to avoid stick-slip vibration, simultaneously, the WOB and RPM is controlled to maximum ROP to drill to TD. In embedded formation, RL model successfully found the optimum solution by adjusting WOB/RPM to avoid stick-slip and overloading of bit cutting structure. The learning process of RL model shows hyper-parameter selection plays a critical role in model convergence and accuracy. Improperly selected hyper-parameter in RL model can lead to the failure of solution searching or sub-optimum solution. Overall, the RL model is approved to effectively find optimum drilling solutions in the various drilling environments and can be applied for both pre-well drilling planning and real-time drilling optimization.

To the best of authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to develop deep RL model for drilling optimization by implementing a combination of ROP, vibration, bit dull, and durability in the reward function. The proposed RL model can be extended to include more reward factors in the drilling optimization such as whirl and high frequency torsional oscillation (HFTO), stuck pipe, tool temperature and so on. The RL model can be applied for both pre-well drilling planning and real-time drilling optimization.
Managed Temperature Drilling: An Automated Real-Time Controller for Downhole Temperature Control in Geothermal and HPHT Wells
Authors: Luu A. , Wang N. , Gu Q. , Khaled M. , Ashok P. , Chen D. , Van Oort E.
Published: February 2024

Drilling geothermal and HPHT wells is complicated by exposure of downhole tools to high temperatures. Pro-active downhole temperature management is therefore very important to prevent heat-related tool failure which can result in significant non-productive time and increased costs. Temperature management that relies heavily on surface cooling is currently mostly a manual process. This paper presents a control-oriented platform to achieve automated managed temperature drilling in real-time. For the controller, an improved reduced drift-flux model that considers temperature dynamics, interface mass transfer, and a new lumped pressure dynamics model is used. By considering these factors, the model is used to digitally twin the transient thermal behavior of geothermal wells. The improved temperature model is validated using experimental results from the Utah FORGE 16A(78)-32 dataset. To demonstrate the utility of the model, it is used in conjunction with a controller to simulate maintaining a sufficiently cool bottom-hole temperature for downhole tools in various drilling scenarios. These thermal control scenarios demonstrate that the model can be used for control design, which effectively controls the downhole temperatures during the well construction process. This paper presents the first control-oriented platform that automatically manages the downhole temperature in a geothermal or HPHT well. By using a model capable of real-time simulation, automatic and predictive control algorithms can be applied to reduce negative thermal effects during drilling, thereby significantly decreasing non-productive time events and the cost of constructing a geothermal well.
Application of Advanced Buckling Model Leads to Lighter Well Architecture for Deepwater Development, Saving Cost and CO2 Emissions
Authors: Farmer S. , Aichinger F. , Patel A.
Published: February 2024

The use of basic torque and drag modeling as well as the application of industry-standard buckling formulae can limit the options for well design. Advanced buckling modeling, and a fundamental understanding of the effects of buckling, can be used to generate lighter well architectures, resulting in significant savings in cost and CO2e emissions, without compromising well integrity and zonal isolation.

The fundamental load regime, and associated assumptions, were analyzed to define the worst-case axial load that could be applied to the surface casing of the proposed lighter well architecture. Two different configurations of the surface casing string were modeled in engineering software using a stiff-string model with unique post-buckling capabilities. The identified load cases were simulated, and different sensitivities were performed, to refine the configuration of the surface casing. The detailed results (including von Mises stress, casing deformation, and axial displacement) were interpreted and combined with operational constraints to produce a final surface casing configuration that met all requirements.

The final configuration of the surface casing for the lighter well architecture was estimated to save the operator 5.1 days of operational time per well, generating savings in the region of $4M USD and 1367klbm of CO2e per well. The operator decided to deploy the new architecture on six wells of their ongoing drilling campaign, two of which have already been successfully realized. With this success, the operator is looking to optimize the architecture further by refining some of the conservative load inputs, with measured data, to justify a reduction in the maximum expected load. The advanced buckling model revealed that the distance between centralizers and the radial clearance (created by the geometry of the centralizers) influences the bending stresses in the casing in a nonlinear way and that there is a sweet spot to be found, depending on the axial load. This discovery would have otherwise been missed if industry standard buckling equations were used. Understanding this allowed an informed decision to be made regarding the final configuration of the surface casing.

Understanding the limitations of industry-standard buckling formulae and their use with basic torque and drag modeling will make the practicing engineer aware of other methodologies and processes that can be applied to reimagine their well design.
Avoiding High Local Doglegs by Integrating the Drill Bit into the Rotary Steerable System
Authors: Hahn M. , Heinisch D. , Small C. G. , Cuadros I. , Duerholt R. , Bilen M.
Published: February 2024

Drilling operations in the US Permian Basin shale play with a new 4-¾" Rotary-Steerable Drilling System (RSS) revealed that with high Rates Of Penetration (ROP), high Weight On Bit (WOB) (and other drilling parameters) encountering stringers or interbedded formations can lead to unwanted effects. The Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) can be deflected before the steering unit with its steering pads can counteract the deflection. This can lead to deviations from the directional plan and High Local Doglegs (HLD) when drilling in the horizontal/lateral section, which can have a negative impact on the electronics within the steering unit.

As a countermeasure, a combination of a pin-down connection steering unit with a short box-up connection drill bit, or Integrated Bit (IB), was developed. This combination allows a much shorter bit to steering pad distance. Due to the shorter bit-to-pad-distance an improved steering response is expected resulting in fewer high local dogleg occurrences. The integrated box-up bit basically moves the drive-shaft pin-down connection into the drill bit. The remaining bit shank is very short requiring modifications to the make-up and break-out procedure.

Results from the data acquired in the Permian Basin shale play yielded promising results in terms of steering accuracy. When comparing bending cycle load vs. local Dogleg Severity (DLS), local DLS are typically lower and have less bending cycles drilling through these critical local DLS when IB were deployed. The overall average ROP of runs with IB is higher than the overall average ROP of runs with standard bits.

The amount of data collected for this study allows a good statistical approach for comparison of the performance of a standard drilling BHA and bit versus a BHA featuring an IB. It proves that by further reducing the distance between the first formation contact point at the drill bit to the second contact point at the steering unit there is an overall improvement in performance and wellbore placement. This provides opportunities for incremental future optimization of the drill bit and BHA system.
Advancement in Autonomous Directional Drilling for Curve and Tangent
Authors: Ba Samba , Roh Si Jine , Riyami Aktham Ali Al , Akkaoui Ziad , Galindo Diana
Published: February 2024

Being able to automate the Directional Drilling (DD) process has significant sustainability effects on the well construction through remote operations and also increased efficiency on the usage of drilling rigs.

In this paper, we will present our advancement on autonomous directional drilling highlighting recent achievements in delivering autonomous sections in numerous fields around the world.

Achieving this fully autonomous mode with rotary steerable system (RSS) applications is not a small feat. It requires state estimation algorithms that can fuse all available downhole measurements to precisely predict the location of the bit at all times. These outputs can further estimate the steering capacity while the bottomhole assembly (BHA) navigates through different formation layers to include a surface deviation controller, which will actively monitor any unexpected deviations and will take the appropriate course of actions to rectify the situation. The state estimation is then fed into a surface automation algorithm that will automatically perform the necessary downlinks and engage suitable downhole control modes inside the RSS tool.

Our autonomous directional drilling system is being utilized and field tested across numerous locations. The system derives the steering recommendations and automatically sends downlinks via the on-target well delivery solution system. This system provides the flexibility for our customers to better design their wellsite footprint accommodating traditional crew models or the ability to operate completely remote. It has been deployed in many countries and with different complexity of directional drilling BHAs. For RSS applications, the solution utilizes both surface and downhole technologies, that creates a symbiosis between the downhole close-loop control and the surface close-loop control for directional drilling.

A novel autonomous directional drilling solution is described here. This intelligent system can automatically derive and execute directional drilling decisions while augmenting the technical personnel’s insights into the drilling process whether they are still on the wellsite or in a remote operation center.
Drill String Failures: Inevitable or Not?
Authors: Plessis G. , Morgan D. , Meinders D. , Wade C.
Published: February 2024

The past few years have seen many experienced drilling operations personnel retire. Coincidently, the industry saw an increase in the number of drillstring failures, some of which could have potentially been avoided. These failures can result in non-productive time (NPT) like fishing trips, side tracking, or exorbitant repair bills, all of which can be costly. The consequence of these failures can be steep, and the objective of this paper is to assist with recognition and prevention of these failures. The number and type of field failures allow us to identify areas of neglect in which shared best practices may have been forgotten or not passed on. A renewed advocation of these essential drillstring running practices will help to mitigate issues before they cause operation disruption and budget overage.

In identifying issues, our intent is to recognize observed variances in running and handling practices that have potential to add complications to well construction, exacerbate budgets, and/or possibly create unsafe working environments. The solutions presented are based on actual field cases and have proven effective. More than ever, variances in best operational practices when running the string have immediate or long-term consequences. Whether the task is slips setting, connection makeup or breakout, elevator positioning, thread compound application, etc., all operations can be poorly executed when adequate information/education is not shared/passed on. As a result, over-torquing (uncontrolled down hole make-up) or, on the flipside, loosening of connections (reactive torque) is far too common and is intensified by the increase of laterals lengths.

One cannot ignore our industry's extreme drive on operation efficiency and cost reduction. Unfortunately, ignoring best practices or minimizing proven steps can be counterproductive, especially in today's more complex wellbore trajectories and demanding drilling programs. The expected outcome of this paper is to identify poor procedural conduct, explain consequences of the same, and inform drilling operations personnel with operational alternatives that will yield results. Explaining the importance and value of these best practices can renew an industry culture driven by safety and performance. Knowing and, more importantly, understanding why procedures require improvement will promote a virtuous behavior. This includes understanding the touch points and critical interfaces that the string has with the rig surface pipe handling equipment, in particular the iron roughneck and the top drive.
Enhancing Operational Efficiency in Directional Drilling Through Precise Hole Bottom Orientation
Authors: Sahli Hussein , Ba Samba , Omr Medhat , Olanubi Olakunle , Galindo Diana
Published: February 2024

This study presents a groundbreaking methodology aimed at achieving optimal precision in estimating the orientation of hole bottoms—a critical factor for the success of Directional Drilling (DD) operations. This process plays a pivotal role in enhancing operational efficiency and reducing costs by integrating measurements from the Measurement While Drilling (MWD) and Rotary Steerable System (RSS). By combining these multiple data sources, a comprehensive perspective of drill bit orientation is obtained, effectively addressing the inherent limitations of individual measurement methods.

The process involves assessing the current bit orientation in relation to the initial plan through RSS measurements and merging it with continuous MWD measurements, tendency estimation, and automated steering mode detection. By integrating these different elements, the process overcomes occasional low azimuth measurement precision associated with RSS due to magnetic interference.

The application of this methodology has yielded substantial improvements in accurately determining hole bottom orientation, achieving an impressive 80% reduction in RMSE compared to conventional measurements. These results establish the methodology as a robust tool in the field of DD. Its successful implementation in drilling operations across diverse geographical locations, including North and South America, the Middle East, East Asia, and Europe, serves as a testament to its potential for widespread adoption. Notably, this methodology has been deployed in 13 different countries.

From a business standpoint, this breakthrough carries significant implications, as it serves as a pivotal digital enabler for reducing personnel requirements in directional drilling and enabling fully remote operations. Consequently, it has the potential to revolutionize the sector.

Beyond enhancing drilling efficiency and reducing operational costs, the solution offered in this study contributes substantially to sustainable well construction. This is accomplished by minimizing resource utilization and energy consumption through precise hole bottom orientation, reducing carbon emissions through remote operations, and extending well lifespans through increased drilling accuracy. The anticipated integration of real-time gyro measurements holds promise for further enhancing operational precision, thereby minimizing waste, and reducing environmental impact.

In conclusion, this transformative approach to hole bottom orientation in drilling operations holds tremendous promise for the future of Autonomous Directional Drilling, with the potential to redefine operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability within the sector.
Drilling Advisory Automation with Digital Twin and AI Technologies
Authors: Cao Jie , Nabavi Josef , Oedegaard Sven Inge
Published: February 2024

This paper presents an autonomous drilling advisory system powered by digital twins and AI solutions. Such an advisory system aims to automate real-time monitoring and parameter optimization, reduce subject-matter experts, and meet the demands for safer and more efficient drilling toward autonomous operation.

The methodology proposed in this research involves the creation of a comprehensive Digital Twin model that accurately replicates the drilling process by integrating hydraulic, thermal dynamic, and mechanical models. To ensure high model accuracy, an auto-calibration approach is developed, driven by real-time data, to fine-tune the Digital Twin models. Additionally, AI-based model reasoning techniques are employed to detect potential hazards and risks ahead of the bit proactively. This is achieved by comparing the ideal behavior of the digital twin replica with the actual behavior observed from downhole and the rig. As a result, real-time diagnostics are generated to supervise ongoing operations, accompanied by suggestions to mitigate identified risks. Furthermore, the system leverages the capabilities of the Digital Twin and optimization methods to create multiple combinations of operational parameters. These parameters are optimized by ranking the predicted performance derived from the Digital Twin. The optimized operational parameters are automatically generated as forward advice to drillers, enabling them to make informed decisions and enhance drilling performance.

Testing results on multiple wells from different operators are presented, showcasing the system's capabilities in real-time monitoring and drilling parameter optimization. The system demonstrates its effectiveness in providing diagnostic messages with early anomaly detection during drilling and casing running. These diagnostic warnings include losses, leakage, poor hole cleaning, and stuck pipe, enabling proactive intervention to mitigate risks. Furthermore, the system optimizes operational parameters during drilling and tripping in real-time without requiring human intervention. This optimization covers parameters such as flow rate, rotary speed (RPM), and rate of penetration (ROP) during drilling, and tripping speed during tripping in and pulling out of the hole. The time savings achieved through the use of optimized parameters are quantified for both cases, demonstrating a substantial improvement in operational efficiency while maintaining safety margins. The scalability and adaptability of the system are also highlighted, emphasizing its ability to accommodate diverse drilling scenarios and integrate with existing solutions in various deployment conditions.

The proposed methodology demonstrates the development of a robust and efficient system that enhances decision-making and improves drilling performance. In addition, the results highlight the potential benefits of combining AI and Digital Twin technologies in the drilling industry, paving the way for future innovations and advancements in the field.