bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to Distinguish Aristotle's Virtues
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the distinctions Aristotle draws (1) between the intellectual virtue of phronêsis and the moral virtues and (2) among the moral virtues, in light of his commitment to the reciprocity of the virtues. I argue that Aristotle takes the intellectual virtues to be numerically distinct hexeis from the moral virtues. By contrast, I argue, he treats the moral virtues as numerically one hexis, although he allows that they are many hexeis 'in being'. The paper has three parts. In the first, I set out Aristotle's account of the structure of the faculties of the soul, and determine that desire is a distinct faculty. The rationality of a desire is not then a question of whether or not the faculty that produces that desire is rational, but rather a question of whether or not the object of the desire is good. In the second section I show that the reciprocity of phronêsis and the moral virtues requires this structure of the faculties. In the third section I show that the way in which Aristotle distinguishes the faculties requires that we individuate moral virtues according to the objects of the desires that enter into a given virtue, and with reference to the circumstances in which these desires are generated. I then explore what it might mean for the moral virtues to be different in being but not in number, given the way in which the moral virtues are individuated. I argue that Aristotle takes phronêsis and the political art to be a numerical unity in a particular way, and that he suggests that the moral virtues are, by analogy, the same kind of unity.
SEEING AND SINGING: VISIONS AND HYMNS IN THE BOOK OF AMOS
Authors: Paas Stefan
Published: July 2002

In the present composition of the Book of Amos, a striking relationship can be found between the hymns (Am. iv 13; v 8; ix 5-6) and three of the five vision-reports (vii 1-3, 4-6; ix 1-4). Thus, at least the second part of the Book is presented as a 'progress of doom', in which the prophet is more and more absorbed in the execution of YHWH's judgment, personally and qua communicative strategy. The second pair of vision-reports (vii 7-9; viii 1-3) serve in the current shape of the Book as a framework for the so-called biographical section Am. vii 10-17. This composition is aimed at a reading audience that is exhorted to learn from the bad example of Amaziah and to believe the divine origin of Amos' words.
A critique of the systematic position of the asp viper subspecies Vipera aspis aspis (Linnaeus, 1758), Vipera aspis atra Meisner, 1820, Vipera aspis francisciredi Laurenti, 1768, Vipera aspis hugyi Schinz, 1833 and Vipera aspis zinnikeri Kramer, 1958
Authors: Zuffi Marco
Published: July 2002

External and internal morphology of 415 specimens of the Palaearctic asp viper (Vipera aspis subspecies and populations), and outgroup taxa (V. ammodytes, V. berus), have been examined in order to find patterns of distribution and variation throughout the species range. Within the aspis group V.aspis aspis, V.aspis atra, V. aspis francisciredi, V. aspis hugyi and V. aspis zinnikeri were considered. Ventral scales and number of dorsal bars proved to be the most important external characters to separate populations. Hemipenes showed marked differences between subspecies, in particular in differentiating V. aspis atra, V. aspis hugyi and V. aspis zinnikeri from one another, and also in separating them from the V. aspis aspis — V. aspis francisciredi group. Discriminant Analysis on external features indicated the complete separation of V. aspis atra, V. aspis hugyi and V. aspis zinnikeri and the almost complete overlap of V. aspis aspis and V. aspis francisciredi. The strong morphological differences observed suggest that zinnikeri, atra and hugyi are distinct species, even if further molecular analyses are needed to clarify the whole problem, and neotypes should be designated in order to stabilize taxonomy.
Fourth Time a Charm?—How to Make the UN High-Level Meeting on Noncommunicable Diseases Effective
Authors: Alleyne George , Coll-Seck Awa Marie , Frieden Thomas R. , Tufton Chris
Published: February 2025

This Viewpoint summarizes the history of United Nations High-Level Meetings on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and calls for a meeting document that includes transparent, accurate accountability metrics and targets priority areas (eg, health taxes, hypertension control, cancer prevention and treatment, reducing air pollution, and improving nutrition) to address NCDs.
Researchers make case for cancer warnings on alcohol
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: February 2025

U.S. researchers and government officials appear to be on the same page regarding the evidence linking alcohol use and increased risk of several types of cancer, but this consensus is not reflected in labeling language on alcoholic beverage products. Seeing the U.S. now lagging behind some other countries in this respect, some members of the research community are arguing for an addition to warning label language that has gone unchanged for 35 years.
Fabrication of Thin‐Walled Metal Structures with Enhanced Energy Absorption Capabilities by Metal‐Fused Deposition Modeling without Using Debinding Chemical Reagents
Authors: Zhu Yanfei , Liu Fengchao , Wang Yandong , Zhang Hao , Xue Peng , Wu Lihui , Ni Dingrui , Xiao Bolv , Ma Zongyi
Published: February 2025

The emerging metal‐fused deposition modeling (FDM) technologies offer economical and safe options for manufacturing metal structures with a high degree of flexibility. Great challenges still exist in fabricating metal structures using metal FDM without complicated debinding processes. This study shows that thin‐walled metal structures are fabricated by the combination of metal FDM and thermal debinding. The wall thickness needs to be less than 0.45 mm to avoid cracks and bloating deformation during thermal debinding with a heating rate of 1 °C min−1 in either vacuum environment or Ar gas environment. The stainless steel fabricated by the metal FDM without using debinding chemical reagents exhibits a yield strength of 189 MPa and an ultimate tensile strength of 407 MPa, which is comparable to the stainless steel fabricated by the metal FDM methods using debinding chemical reagents. In addition, the thin‐walled metal structure fabricated by the metal FDM possesses higher energy absorption capabilities than the metal structure fabricated by the laser powder bed fusion. These results are valuable for the further exploration of thin‐walled metal structures fabricated by the metal FDM without using debinding chemical reagents.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells‐Derived Extracellular Vesicles Mimetics as Osteoinductive Mediators for Bone Healing
Authors: Karoichan Antoine , Li Ling , Agnes Celine J. , Willie Bettina M. , Tabrizian Maryam
Published: February 2025

Bone defects remain challenging to treat, with common therapies still relying on invasive approaches. Mesenchymal stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles (MSC‐EVs) offer a promising alternative due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory properties, but challenges in scalable EV production limit clinical translation. Nanoghosts (NGs) are an emerging class of EV‐mimetics synthesized through the physical distortion of ghost cells that offer innate bioactivity similar to EVs while having more scalable yields. In this study, the osteogenic potential of NGs made from MSC ghosts (MSC‐NGs) is explored for the first time and contrasted with conventional MSC‐EVs. MSC‐NGs are generated through sonication, yielding two‐fold more vesicles compared to MSC‐EVs from the same number of cells. Unlike MSC‐EVs, MSC‐NGs significantly enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and early mineralization. Proteomic analysis further revealed that MSC‐NGs are more enriched in osteogenesis‐related proteins than MSC‐EVs. In vivo, treatment of a 0.5 mm mouse femoral osteotomy with MSC‐NGs accelerated fracture healing, showing increased callus mineralization by day 14 and improved bone marrow reconstitution by day 21, along with reduced osteoclastic activity. These findings demonstrate MSC‐NGs as scalable and effective therapeutics for bone tissue engineering, offering advantages over MSC‐EVs in future bone healing strategies.
Convertible ROS Nanogenerator/Eliminator for Enhanced Tumor Photothermal Therapy with Reduced Inflammatory Response
Authors: Zhou Houren , Zhang Xinyu , Liu Hui , Gao Yuan , Mu Mengyao , Tang Yiyong , Jiang Tongxin , Zhang Zeran , Liu Shangui , Yip Li Xian , Sun Xiao , Liu Zhijun
Published: February 2025

Photothermal therapy (PTT), as an innovative optical tumor treatment strategy, is characterized by its minimal invasiveness, high selectivity, long‐lasting efficacy, and high safety, and has attracted widespread attention. However, in order to effectively kill cancer cells, a higher local temperature is very necessary, which inevitably results in severe stress responses and cell death, thereby triggering harmful inflammation. Additionally, achieving effective controlled release of drugs in the tumor microenvironment to reduce systemic side effects is still a major challenge. Herein, an intelligent nanoplatform is first reported, which featured sulfide iron (FeS) nanosheets as the core, loaded with perfluorohexane (PFH), and skillfully coated with polydopamine (PDA). It can serve as a generator of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the tumor microenvironment to induce tumor cell ferroptosis, further intensifying PTT, and as a ROS eliminator in normal tissue to effectively control the undesired inflammatory response during PTT, achieving a differential treatment strategy between tumor and surrounding normal tissue. Meanwhile, the combination of ultrasound‐targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technology significantly enhanced the local penetration and release of the drug. Overall, systemic delivery of FeS/PFH@PDA combined UTMD can achieve precise and efficient synergistic therapy for tumors and demonstrate outstanding ultrasound and MR dual‐mode imaging performance.
Ultrasmall Hydrophilic Gd‐Free Contrast Agents via Ligand Directed Hydrolysis for Efficient Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Ma Qian , Luo Yiting , Li Yuyan , Xu Suying , Wang Leyu
Published: February 2025

A Mn‐anchored ultrasmall hydrophilic TiO2 based contrast agent (TMn‐PMM) is prepared via ligand directed hydrolysis with high relaxivity (71.4 mM−1 s−1 under 0.5 T, which is 16.7 times higher than that of commercial Gd‐contrast agents). Results indicate that the presences of ligands (oleylamine/oleic acid) tend to obtain ultrasmall TiO2 with higher degree of crystallinity even after ligand removal by etching, which lead to less surface oxygen vacancy than that obtained with ethanol. The well‐dispersed Mn sites and rich hydroxyl groups (O─H) in TMn‐PMM significantly increase the effective active sites for interaction with surrounding water protons, in addition to extending rotational correlation time (τR), thus, affording TMn‐PMM with satisfied magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performance in vivo. Moreover, the ultrasmall size and zwitterionic polymer coating of TMn‐PMM ensure excellent biocompatibility with desirable body clearance.
Epitaxial Ferroelectric Hexagonal Boron Nitride Grown on Graphene
Authors: Wong Sheng‐Shong , Lin Zhen‐You , Ho Sheng‐Zhu , Hsu Chih‐En , Li Ping‐Hung , Chen Ching‐Yu , Huang Yen‐Fu , Chang Kuo‐En , Hsieh Yu‐Chiang , Chen Chia‐Hao , Lee Ming‐Hao , Chu Ming‐Wen , Lin Kuang‐I , Chen Tse‐Ming , Chen Yi‐Chun , Hsueh Hung‐Chung , Cheng Cheng‐Maw , Wu Chung‐Lin
Published: February 2025

Ferroelectricity realized in van der Waals (vdW) materials with non‐centrosymmetric stacking configurations holds promise for future 2D devices with nonvolatile and reconfigurable functionalities. However, the epitaxial growth of ferroelectric vdW materials often struggles to achieve an energetically unfavorable stacking configuration that enables electric polarization. This challenge is particularly evident when performing heteroepitaxy on another vdW substrate to create versatile and scalable ferroelectric building blocks designed for large‐area, atomic‐scale thicknesses. Here, epitaxial hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) multilayer films are successfully grew on single‐crystal graphene synthesized on a miscut SiC (0001) substrate. Theoretical calculations illustrate that the moiré‐patterned h‐BN/graphene hetero‐interface intrinsically exhibits polarization, leading to a polarized AB stacking in multilayer h‐BN films to minimize the total formation energy, which is validated experimentally by the layer‐dependent band dispersions. The as‐grown multilayer h‐BN layers demonstrated robust, homogeneous ferroelectricity with switchable out‐of‐plane polarization via interlayer sliding. This study establishes an effective route for stacking‐controlled heteroepitaxy, enabling the large‐scale integration of vdW materials with ferroelectricity and versatile functionalities, offering a promising platform for next‐generation 2D ferroelectric devices.
Engineered Living Memory Microspheroid‐Based Archival File System for Random Accessible In Vivo DNA Storage
Authors: Luo Hao , Huang Wen , He ZhongHui , Fang Yongcong , Tian Yueming , Xiong Zhuo
Published: February 2025

Given its exceptional durability and high information density, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has the potential to meet the escalating global demand for data storage if it can be stored efficiently and accessed randomly in exabyte‐to‐yottabyte‐scale databases. Here, this work introduces the Engineered Living Memory Microspheroid (ELMM) as a novel material for DNA data storage, retrieval, and management. This work engineers a plasmid library and devises a random access strategy pairing plasmid function with DNA data in a key‐value format. Each DNA segment is integrated with its corresponding plasmid, introduced into bacteria, and encapsulated within matrix material via droplet microfluidics within 5 min. ELMMs can be stored at room temperature following lyophilization and, upon rehydration, each type of ELMM exhibits specific functions expressed by the plasmids, allowing for physical differentiation based on these characteristics. This work demonstrates fluorescent expression as the plasmid function and employs fluorescence‐based sorting access image files in a prototype database. By utilizing N optical channels, to retrieve 2N file types, each with a minimum of 10 copies. ELMM offers a digital‐to‐biological information solution, ensuring the preservation, access, replication, and management of files within large‐scale DNA databases.
The Influence of Ionizing Radiation on Quantification for In Situ and Operando Liquid‐Phase Electron Microscopy
Authors: Fritsch Birk , Lee Serin , Körner Andreas , Schneider Nicholas M. , Ross Frances M. , Hutzler Andreas
Published: February 2025

The ionizing radiation harnessed in electron microscopes or synchrotrons enables unique insights into nanoscale dynamics. In liquid‐phase transmission electron microscopy (LP‐TEM), irradiating a liquid sample with electrons offers access to real space information at an unmatched combination of temporal and spatial resolution. However, employing ionizing radiation for imaging can alter the Gibbs free energy landscape during the experiment. This is mainly due to radiolysis and the corresponding shift in chemical potential; however, experiments can also be affected by irradiation‐induced charging and heating. In this review, the state of the art in describing beam effects is summarized, theoretical and experimental assessment guidelines are provided, and strategies to obtain quantitative information under such conditions are discussed. While this review showcases these effects on LP‐TEM, the concepts that are discussed here can also be applied to other types of ionizing radiation used to probe liquid samples, such as synchrotron X‐rays.
CuPt Alloy Enabling the Tandem Catalysis for Reduction of HCOOH and NO3− to Urea at High Current Density
Authors: Yu Yaodong , Han Jiani , Li Haoran , Diao Hongyue , Shi Yue , Jin Guangzhe , Li Hongdong , Bagliuk G. A. , Wang Lei , Lai Jianping
Published: February 2025

The formation of urea by electrocatalytic reduction of C1‐reactants and NO3− is an attractive way to store renewable electricity, close the carbon cycle, and eliminate nitrate contaminants from wastewater. Involving insufficient supply of C1 reactants and multiple electron transfers makes the reaction difficult to achieve high Faraday efficiency and high yield at high current density. Here, a urea synthesis approach is presented via electrocatalytic reductive coupling between liquid HCOOH and NO3− on copper foam (CF) loaded Cu4Pt catalyst with optimized ratios. A urea yield of 40.08 mg h−1 cm−2 is achieved with FE up to 58.1% at a current density of −502.3 mA cm−2, superior to the productivity of previously reported catalysts. No degradation is observed over 120‐h continuous operation at such a high yield rate. The highly efficient activity of Cu4Pt/CF can be attributed to the synergetic effect between Pt and Cu sites via tandem catalysis, in which the doped Pt sites enrich liquid HCOOH reactants, promote HCOOH intermolecular dehydration, and form and adsorb large amounts of *CO key intermediates. The Cu sites can generate large quantities of the key intermediate *NH2. The Cu4Pt/CF adsorbed intermediates *CO and *NH2 are the basis for subsequent thermodynamic spontaneous C─N coupling.
High‐Entropy 1T‐Phase Quantum Sheets of Transition‐Metal Disulfides
Authors: Wang Haiyang , Shi Yu , Li Ming , Ye Yuxuan , Zhang Yongzheng , Rong Tao , Wang Ziming , Zhang Jikai , Chen Hao , Tao Yi , Zhao Qi , Gu Jianan , Ye Fazhi , Mai Liqiang , Du Zhiguo , Yang Shubin
Published: February 2025

Quantum sheets of transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are promising nanomaterials owing to the combination of both 2D nanosheets and quantum dots with distinctive properties. However, the quantum sheets usually possess semiconducting behavior associated with 2H phase, it remains challenging to produce 1T‐phase quantum sheets due to the easy sliding of the basal plane susceptible to the small lateral sizes. Here, an efficient high‐entropy strategy is developed to produce 1T‐phase quantum sheets of transition‐metal disulfides based on controllable introduction of multiple metal atoms with large size differences to retard the sliding of basal plane. The key is the topological conversion of in‐plane ordered carbide laminates (i‐MAX) compatible with multiple atoms to high‐entropy transition‐metal disulfides with high strains and 1T phase, which facilely triggers the fracture into 1T‐phase quantum sheets with average size of 4.5 nm and thickness of 0.7 nm during the exfoliation process. Thus, the 1T‐phase disulfide quantum sheets show high electrocatalytic activities for lithium polysulfides, achieving a good rate performance of 744 mAh g−1 at 5 C and a long cycle stability in lithium‐sulfur batteries.
Ultrathin Gold for Robust Multi‐Element Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing
Authors: Kravets Vasyl G. , Strudwick Andrew , Grigorenko Alexander N.
Published: February 2025

Recently, great progress is achieved in fabricating ultrathin metals that complete 2D family of atomic materials. Here the first application of ultrathin gold in robust multi‐element surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensing is reported. Multi‐element SPR delivers several key advantages. It makes use of non‐noble metals that provide enhanced SPR sensitivity. Multi‐element architecture allows one to tune SPR to any desirable wavelength, while ultrathin covering layer gold (graphene) makes possible usage of different functionalization technique. However, multi‐element SPR chips based on 2D materials are not stable in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS) and survive bio‐functionalization only in small areas. To address this issue, in this work robust stable multi‐element, selective and ultrasensitive SPR chips based on ultrathin gold are fabricated. A usage of 2D materials combined with a biocompatible Ti layer guarantees long time stability of a plasmonic copper film in PBS improving amplitude and phase SPR sensitivity by an order of magnitude. Two types of multi‐element SPR chips are tested: Cu(25.5nm)/Ti(4nm)/Graphene and Cu(25nm)/Ti(3nm)/CuO(0.7nm)/Au(5nm). The stability and sensitivity of the SPR chips are demonstrated by detecting 4‐Carboxybenzenesulfonamide concentration in PBS at the level of 50 pM (10 mL⁻1) in a reversible bio‐reaction.
Fully‐Printed Ion Sensor Arrays for Measuring Agricultural Nitrogen and Potassium Concentrations Using Nernstian and AI Models
Authors: Goodrich Payton , Poongovan Nithila , Strand Elliot , Schwendeman Carolyn , Lahann Lucas , Koh Sophia , Cai Yuting , Baumbauer Carol , Toor Anju , Whiting Gregory , Arias Ana Claudia
Published: February 2025

The chemical composition of growing media is a key factor for plant growth, impacting agricultural yield and sustainability. However, there is a lack of affordable chemical sensors for ubiquitous nutrient ion monitoring in agricultural applications. This work investigates using fully printed ion‐sensor arrays to measure the concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, and potassium in mixed‐electrolyte media. Ion sensor arrays composed of nitrate, ammonium, and potassium ion‐selective electrodes and a printed silver‐silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference electrode are fabricated and characterized in aqueous solutions in a range of concentrations that encompass what is typical for agricultural growing media (0.01 mm –1 m). The sensors are also tested in mixed‐electrolyte solutions of NaNO3, NH4Cl, and KCl of varying concentrations, and the recorded potentials are input into Nernstian and artificial neural network models to compare the prediction accuracy of the models against ground truth. The artificial neural network models demonstrated higher accuracy over the Nernstian model, and the model using only ion‐sensor inputs is 7.5% more accurate than the Nernstian model under the same conditions. By enabling more precise and efficient fertilizer application, these sensor arrays coupled to computational models can help increase crop yields, optimize resource use, and reduce environmental impact.
Ohmic Response in BiFeO3 Domain Walls by Submicron‐Scale Four‐Point Probe Resistance Measurements
Authors: Rieck Jan L. , Kolster Marcel L. , Avila Romar A. , Li Mian , Rijnders Guus , Koster Gertjan , Palstra Thom , Huijink Roeland , Noheda Beatriz
Published: February 2025

Conducting domain walls (DWs) hold promise for novel electronic devices. However, the electrical characterization of DWs is challenging because of their nanoscale dimensions and the large driving fields that are typically required due to the high resistance of the hosting material. Until now, lateral transport measurements of DWs have mainly been realized using lateral nano‐gap electrode structures or conventional conducting atomic force microscopy (cAFM). Here, a non‐destructive and lithography‐free method is reported for lateral transport measurement of DWs, which is applied to BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films utilizing a submicron‐scale multi‐point probe (MPP). Using different sets of individually biased probe tips, two‐ and four‐point measurements can be conducted over various lateral distances with a minimum tip spacing of several hundreds of nanometers. These measurements reveal the ohmic behavior of ferroelastic/ferroelectric 71° DWs in BFO thin films and the first collinear four‐point resistivity value of a single DW (free of lead and contact resistances). These findings contribute to a better understanding of DW conduction, highlighting the capability of MPPs for lateral transport measurements of materials containing conducting or even memristive nanoscale networks.
Future Long Cycling Life Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries in Grid‐Scale Energy Storage
Authors: Gupta Divyani , Liu Sailin , Zhang Ruizhi , Guo Zaiping
Published: February 2025

Developing sustainable energy storage systems is crucial for integrating renewable energy sources into the power grid. Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) are becoming increasingly popular due to their safety, eco‐friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. However, challenges remain in achieving realistic storage time per charge, long cycling life, and high energy storage capacity in practical conditions. Despite advancements in cathode materials, issues such as dissolution and side reactions limit their performance. Optimizing cathode architecture and electrolyte composition is essential to address these challenges. Tailored electrolyte formulations can stabilize electrode‐electrolyte interface (EEI and enhance cycling stability. This perspective reviews cathodes from the past decades and compares their performance under different current densities. Emphasizing low current density performance and extended cycling stability is crucial for the widespread adoption of ZIBs in grid‐scale applications. By focusing on these aspects, this perspective aims to bridge the gap between research and practical applications, offering insights into optimizing material structure and selecting matching electrolytes for grid‐scale energy storage. This work guides future developments in ZIB technology, facilitating their transition from the lab to real‐world deployment.
Impact of substrate pH and micronutrient fertility rates on Cannabis sativa
Authors: Veazie Patrick , Cockson Paul , Smith J. Turner , Schulker Brian , Jackson Brian , Hicks Kristin , Whipker Brian
Published: February 2025

Micronutrient accumulation caused by low pH can lead to toxicity and have detrimental impacts on plant growth. In substrates with elevated pH, micronutrients become less available. In the first experiment, industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) growth was less at pH 3.0 and 4.0 than when pH was ≥5.0. Root growth was also observed to be inhibited at low pH levels. Leaf tissue micronutrient concentrations were higher at the lowest pH level, but no toxic accumulation occurred. In experiment 2, root growth had less mass at the lowest pH (3.1) and highest pH level (7.1). In experiment 3, substrates with three target pHs (3.8, 4.8, and 6.5) as well as three micronutrient concentrations (1X, 2X, and 4X) were examined to determine the impact of pH on micronutrient accumulation in two cultivars Cherry Wine (CW) and Sweetened (SW). Foliar micronutrient concentrations were the greatest in plants grown with pH 3.8, and the lowest concentrations occurred in plants grown at pH 6.5. Susceptibility to toxicity from micronutrient accumulation in plant tissue varied by cultivar. SW plants grown at pH 3.8 and 4X micronutrients resulted in lower leaf micronutrient toxicity symptoms, while CW plants grown under the same conditions did not. These studies suggest that C. sativa does not accumulate micronutrients to toxic levels at low pH when micros are applied within normal growing ranges, but that growth is inhibited at substrate pH < 5.0.
Achieving Multi‐Color Emissive Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes With Single‐Component Molecule Through Conformational Regulation
Authors: Long Xiang , Ma Zhiwei , Dai Hui , Wang Yuyuan , Xie Haozhi , Ge Xiangyu , Yang Zhan , Zhao Juan , Hong Wei , Chi Zhenguo
Published: February 2025

Purely organic single‐component luminescent materials enabling multi‐color photoluminescence are gaining significant interest, given their tunable optical properties, environmental friendliness, and cost‐effectiveness. However, realizing multi‐color electroluminescence from a single‐component emitter for application in organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) remains challenging, mainly due to the limitations in achieving distinct excited‐state conformations in amorphous or solid states. In this study, we report two novel emitters (Bppy‐PTZ and Bpph‐PTZ) by incorporating a benzophenone acceptor and phenothiazine donor with pyridyl and phenyl π‐bridging spacers. The introduction of a pyridine ring in Bppy‐PTZ establishes intramolecular hydrogen bonding, stabilizing the quasi‐axial (QA) conformation in the amorphous state, thereby facilitating multi‐color and white‐light emissions in thin‐film and OLED devices. Photophysical and theoretical analyses reveal distinct emission behaviors from QA and quasi‐equatorial conformations, with Bppy‐PTZ exhibiting enhanced dual‐emission and mechanochromic properties. Importantly, by adopting single‐component Bppy‐PTZ, the fabricated OLEDs realize color‐tunable emissions, including blue, yellow, and adjustable white lights, reaching maximum external quantum efficiencies of up to 15.5%. This work provides valuable insights for the development of efficient single‐component emitters affording multi‐color OLEDs with high performances.
Advancements in Polymeric Membranes: Fabrication Techniques and Innovative Solutions for Enhanced Performance in Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Abass Noreen , Khan Safyan Akram , Jillani Shehzada Muhammad Sajid , Ali Shahid , Mansha Muhammad
Published: February 2025

Reverse osmosis (RO) membrane processes are extensively used for water recovery, recycling, and production of high‐quality water for reuse, aiding industries in meeting regulatory standards and improving overall water efficiency. However, RO membranes encounter challenges such as chemical and biological fouling, which reduce performance, and damage from chemicals like active chlorine exposure, particularly to the polyamide layer. Thin film composite (TFC) membranes are designed for high water permeability, salt rejection, and resistance to temperature, pressure, and fouling. Sustainable developments show promising reductions in the environmental and economic costs of RO processes. Bio‐inspired membranes, such as those modeled after aquaporins, represent key advancements in selectivity and efficiency. This review highlights innovations in RO membranes, particularly polymeric materials, fabrication techniques, and strategies to address performance challenges, offering insights into the future of RO technology in meeting global water demands.
Dynamic Liquid Crystal Elastomers for Body Heat‐ and Sunlight‐Driven Self‐Sustaining Motion via Material‐Structure Synergy
Authors: Liu Qing , Jiang Zhi-Chao , Jiang Xue , Zhao Jing , Zhang Ying , Liu Yue , Hou Jun-Bo , Xiao Yao-Yu , Pu Wei , Zhao Yue
Published: February 2025

Self‐sustained actuators powered by natural, low‐energy sources based on liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are attractive as they offer high safety, abundant energy availability, and practicality in applications. However, achieving stable self‐sustaining motion with low‐energy sources requires high actuation strain rates within a narrow temperature range near ambient conditions—a great challenge as LCEs with low nematic‐to‐isotropic transition temperatures (Tni) generally exhibit reduced actuation strain and strain rates. To address this, we synthesized a carbon nanotube‐doped LCE with a low Tni and reversible Diels‐Alder crosslinks, termed DALCE, and readily (re)fabricated it into specific structures (e.g., twisted‐and‐coiled or bimorph shapes). By leveraging material‐structure synergy, we achieved both low Tni and high actuation strain rates, enabling self‐rolling, self‐breathing and autonomous twisting‐untwisting movements powered by ambient/body temperature or natural sunlight. This low‐energy, self‐sustained actuator design opens new possibilities for LCE‐based biomedical applications and naturally powered automatic devices.
Transition and Migration of Ziegler–Natta Catalyst System in Propylene Polymerization. I. Quantitative 1H NMR Analysis of the Extracts From Polypropylene Granules
Authors: Zhao Lining , Li Jie , Liu Qiang , Zhang Hongxing , Li Guoxin , Liu Zhiqin , Gao Yan , Wang Fushan , Liu Peng
Published: February 2025

Polypropylene (PP) membranes show promising applications in electric and biomedical fields. However, the residue of the Z–N catalyst system would decline their electrical properties, limiting their practical applications. To explore the transition and migration of the Z–N catalyst system in propylene polymerization, the as‐synthesized PP granules are extracted with polar solvent (ethanol) and nonpolar solvent (n‐hexane) respectively. The extracts are quantitatively analyzed with 1H NMR technique. The results demonstrate that the donors in the Z–N catalyst system and the low‐molecular‐weight oligomers of propylene could be removed with both solvents, while the metal‐containing species could only be extracted with ethanol after deactivation. A secondary extraction is proposed to open a new idea for the manufacturing of ultra‐clean PP for specific high‐technology applications.
Operation of Single‐Spin Qubits: Recent Advances and Prospects
Authors: Zhang Zhizhuo , Ran Jushang , Gao Fei , Jia Chuancheng , Guo Xuefeng
Published: February 2025

As a foundational technology in quantum information science (QIS), the manipulation and detection of quantum spins enable precise control, opening new avenues for significant advancements. Early research focused on macroscopic ensemble quantum systems, where electron spin resonance is used to coherently address electron spins within different ensembles. However, the low initialization efficiency and readout sensitivity of such systems hinder their further development. Unlocking the full potential of quantum technology, it is essential to achieve single‐spin precision. Various quantum systems, including color centers, quantum dots, atoms, and molecules, have been demonstrated the capability for single‐spin manipulation. The successful control of spin quantum states in these systems through diverse techniques has paved the way for new ideas and boundless possibilities in QIS. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent significant advances in the field and explores future development directions, aiming to shed light on the ongoing evolution of QIS.
A Pedigree With LHX4 and SOX3 Gene Variants Resulting in Gonadal Dysplasia
Authors: Ji Zhaoyang , Duan Wenyuan , Wu Jianbo , Dai Mengting , Chen Ping , Luo Jialu , Xu Mingzhi
Published: February 2025

Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome is a disease with multiple hormone deficiencies caused by pituitary stalk interruption. Identification of the pathogenic gene variant is helpful for early diagnosis. Early hormone replacement therapy is helpful to improve the prognosis and quality of life of patients. LHX4 (NM_033343.4):c.612G>C (p.Trp204Cys) variant may lead to PSIS.
New Cytotoxic Derivatives by the Phosphorylation and Phosphinoylation of Diethyl α‐Amino‐α‐Aryl‐methylphosphonates
Authors: Bircher Márton , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Czugler Mátyás , Takács Angéla , Kőhidai László , Drahos László , Keglevich György
Published: February 2025

In order to make available new derivatives, diethyl α‐amino‐α‐aryl‐methylphosphonates were subjected to phosphorylation, phosphinoylation and even thiophosphinoylation by reaction with phosphoryl chlorides, diphenylphosphinoyl chloride, and with the mixture of diphenylchlorophosphine and elemental sulfur, respectively. The X‐ray crystal structures of the diphenylphosphinoyl and the diphenylthiophosphinoyl derivatives revealed molecular and supramolecular similarities, as well as a few differences too. An essential conformation change, along with packing differences are attributable to a change of one heteroatom: an oxygen for a sulfur in one of the P=X function. The diethyl diethylphosphoryl‐aminobenzylphosphonates showed the highest antiproliferative effects on multiple myeloma cells, while the thiophosphinoylated diethyl aminobenzylphosphonate was the most effective on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells.
Single‐Phase Ground Fault Current Mitigation in Distribution Network Considering the Influence of Grounding Grid Resistance
Authors: Guo Moufa , Weng Ming , Zheng Zeyin , Lin Shuyue
Published: February 2025

Existing single‐phase ground fault mitigation device (SPGFMD) is usually equipped with a grounding terminal, but the resistance of the grounding grid may change during the long‐term operation of the power system. To analyze the influence of the grounding grid resistance on the effectiveness of ground fault current mitigation, the relationship between the grounding grid resistance and the residual ground fault current is derived. This article conducts simulation and experiment to investigate the impact of various grounding grid resistances on the suppression effect of ground fault current under different ground transition resistance circumstances. The critical grounding grid resistance that affects the single‐phase ground fault current mitigation effect has been identified, offering a theoretical foundation for the on‐site evaluation of the grounding grid status of SPGFMD. The influence mechanism of grounding grid resistance is verified by the simulation and experiment results. The results indicate that the SPGFMD with current‐based method can withstand a certain range of grounding grid resistance variation under the condition of a single‐phase ground fault in the distribution networks. However, the effectiveness of ground fault current mitigation deteriorates when the grounding grid resistance exceeds the critical threshold.
SHP2 inhibition and adjuvant therapy synergistically target KIT‐mutant GISTs via ERK1/2‐regulated GSK3β/cyclin D1 pathway
Authors: He Chunxiao , Yu Jiaying , Mao Shuang , Yang Shaohua , Jiang Xianming , Huang Lei , Li Mingzhe , He Yulong , Zhang Xinhua , Xiang Xi
Published: February 2025

Background

Most gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are driven by KIT proto‐oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT). Targeted treatment with imatinib has been successful in primary GIST patients. However, resistance and relapse gradually develop due to secondary KIT mutations. Identifying novel therapeutic targets for advanced GIST with KIT mutants is critical.

Methods

Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing, immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation and cell‐based assays were used to characterise the role of Src homology region 2 domain‐containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) in GIST. Immunoblotting, cell cycle analysis, transcriptome analysis and rescue experiments were performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying SHP2 inhibition. Synergistic effects of SHP2 inhibition with approved KIT tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) were demonstrated using cell proliferation assay, spheroid formation assay, cell cycle analysis and immunoblotting. The combination of SHP2 inhibition and imatinib was further evaluated in GIST mouse models.

Results

In KIT‐mutant GIST, SHP2 was hyperactive and coprecipitated with KIT. Activated SHP2 transduced signals from KIT to the downstream MAPK/ERK pathway. SHP2 inhibition significantly reduced cell viability and arrested cell at G0/G1 phase in GIST cells. Mechanistically, SHP2 regulated the MAPK/ERK, GSK3β/cyclin D1 and mTORC1 pathways in GIST. Specifically, SHP2 inhibition relieved GSK3β self‐inhibition, leading to a reduction in cyclin D1 via phosphorylation at Thr286 and subsequent G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Rescue experiments confirmed that cyclin D1 is functional and critical for cell proliferation. Additionally, SHP2 inhibition synergised with approved KIT TKIs in inhibiting GIST cells. In GIST mouse models, SHP2 inhibitor (SHP099) combined with imatinib significantly inhibited proliferation of imatinib‐sensitive and ‐insensitive GIST cells.

Conclusions

SHP2 functioned as a key signal transducer for the MAPK/ERK signalling pathway and regulated the cell cycle through GSK3β/cyclin D1/Rb pathway. SHP2 inhibition demonstrates significant efficacy towards GIST cells and synergises with approved TKIs. Therefore, SHP2 represents a promising therapeutic target for advanced GIST.

Key points

SHP2 plays a pivotal role as a signal transducer in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.

SHP2 controls the cell cycle via the GSK3β/cyclin D1/Rb pathway in oncogenic KIT‐driven GIST.

Inhibition of SHP2 synergizes with adjuvant therapy drugs in inhibiting KIT‐driven GIST with primary and secondary mutations both in vitro and in vivo.
Quantifying Nuclear Structures of Digital Pathology Images Across Cancers Using Transport‐Based Morphometry
Authors: Shifat‐E‐Rabbi Mohammad , Ironside Natasha , Pathan Naqib Sad , Ozolek John A. , Singh Rajendra , Pantanowitz Liron , Rohde Gustavo K.
Published: February 2025

Alterations in nuclear morphology are useful adjuncts and even diagnostic tools used by pathologists in the diagnosis and grading of many tumors, particularly malignant tumors. Large datasets such as TCGA and the Human Protein Atlas, in combination with emerging machine learning and statistical modeling methods, such as feature extraction and deep learning techniques, can be used to extract meaningful knowledge from images of nuclei, particularly from cancerous tumors. Here, we describe a new technique based on the mathematics of optimal transport for modeling the information content related to nuclear chromatin structure directly from imaging data. In contrast to other techniques, our method represents the entire information content of each nucleus relative to a template nucleus using a transport‐based morphometry (TBM) framework. We demonstrate that the model is robust to different staining patterns and imaging protocols, and can be used to discover meaningful and interpretable information within and across datasets and cancer types. In particular, we demonstrate morphological differences capable of distinguishing nuclear features along the spectrum from benign to malignant categories of tumors across different cancer tissue types, including tumors derived from liver parenchyma, thyroid gland, lung mesothelium, and skin epithelium. We believe these proof‐of‐concept calculations demonstrate that the TBM framework can provide the quantitative measurements necessary for performing meaningful comparisons across a wide range of datasets and cancer types that can potentially enable numerous cancer studies, technologies, and clinical applications and help elevate the role of nuclear morphometry into a more quantitative science.
Post‐metamorphic growth partially compensates for the effects of climate‐driven stressors on juvenile frog performance
Authors: Brannelly Laura A. , Ohmer Michel E. B. , Zimmerman Lydia , Wantman Trina M. , Reuben Phoebe L. , Zegar Jakub , Fontaine Samantha S. , Bletz Molly C. , LaBumbard Brandon C. , Venesky Matthew D. , Cramp Rebecca L. , Woodhams Douglas C. , Richards‐Zawacki Corinne L.
Published: February 2025

Human‐induced climate change, land use changes, and urbanization are predicted to dramatically impact landscape hydrology, which can have devastating impacts on aquatic organisms. For amphibians that rely on aquatic environments to breed and develop, it is essential to understand how the larval environment impacts development, condition, and performance later in life. Two important predicted impacts of climate change, urbanization, and land use changes are reduced hydroperiod and variable larval density. Here, we explored how larval density and hydroperiod affect development, morphology, physiology, and immune defenses at metamorphosis and 35 days post‐metamorphosis in the frog Rana pipiens. We found that high‐density larval conditions had a large negative impact on development and morphology, which resulted in longer larval periods, reduced likelihood of metamorphosis, smaller size at metamorphosis, shorter femur to body length ratio, and reduced microbiome species evenness compared with animals that developed in low‐density conditions. However, animals from the high‐density treatment experienced compensatory growth post‐metamorphosis, demonstrating accelerated growth in body size and relative femur length compared with animals from the low‐density treatments, despite not “catching‐up” in size. We also observed an increase in relative gut length and relative liver size in animals that had developed in the high‐density treatment than those in the low‐density treatment, as well as higher bacterial killing ability, and greater jump distances relative to their leg length across different temperatures. Finally, metabolic rate was higher overall but especially at higher test temperatures for animals that developed under high‐density conditions, indicating that these animals may expend more energy in response to acute temperature changes. While the effects of climate change have direct negative effects on larval development and metamorphosis, animals can increase growth rate post‐metamorphosis; however, that compensatory growth might come at a cost and reduce their ability to cope with further environmental change such as increased temperatures.
Analysis of Cost and Treatment Effects in the Care Given for Graves' Disease: A Swedish Cost–Utility Analysis
Authors: Lindholm Lars , Sjölin Gabriel , Jonsson Annika , Abraham‐Nordling Mirna , Wallin Göran ,   TT‐12 Study Group, Nyström Helena Filipsson
Published: February 2025

Background

Guidelines in healthcare should be evidence‐based, satisfy patient needs and improve patient outcome.

Methods

We performed a cost–utility analysis in Graves' disease (GD) and estimated incremental costs after the introduction of a national guideline adding the Graves' Recurrent Events After Therapy (GREAT) score with genetic determinants (GREAT+) to predict recurrence, a thyroid nurse, preoperative calcium/vitamin D treatment and thyroid‐stimulating immunoglobulins.

Findings

Antithyroid drugs (ATDs) were less costly, achieved 0.88 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) over 8 years and dominated over radioactive iodine (RAI) treatment. The relevant incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio was ATD versus thyroid surgery (Tx). Tx was more costly than ATD but was also more effective. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio was equal to 40,488 Euro per QALY gained. In recurrent GD, the QALY weight for surgery after ATD was 0.76 compared with 0.79 when surgery was the initial treatment. If individuals requiring surgery could be identified at start of first treatment, QALYs would be higher (6.32) and the cost lower (13,945 Euro). The net cost increase after the new guideline was 17.6%, which was partially an effect from more time being spent with the thyroid nurse. If the GREAT+ score was also applied, the total increased net cost was 14.8% if 24% of the tested patients changed treatment to Tx.

Interpretation

Tx was more cost‐effective than RAI when ablative treatment is advocated. Prediction score for recurrence directing patients to earlier Tx is cost‐effective and enables the introduction of a specialist thyroid nurse. Health economic evaluations should accompany future guidelines.
VEGF as a Relapse Marker and an Intensity of Disease Marker in Patients Affected by POEMS Syndrome Treated With Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Autore Francesco , Mannina Daniele , Lessi Federica , Galli Eugenio , Oliva Stefania , Derudas Daniele , Giannotta Claudia , Crippa Claudia , Mancuso Katia , Marcatti Magda , Innocenti Idanna , Mazza Rita , Bramanti Stefania , Laurenti Luca
Published: February 2025

Overproduction of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) seems to contribute to the pathogenesis, still unclear, of POEMS Syndrome. Our study retrospectively reviewed the clinical and VEGF data from a multicenter Italian cohort of patients affected by POEMS syndrome who underwent to autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (aPBSCT) in order to find an impact on clinical improvement or outcome. Patients with VEGF levels higher than 758 pg/mL were at higher risk of relapse, with sensible difference in PFS (p = 0.007). VEGF could be used as a marker of relapse and as a marker of disease intensity in patients with POEMS.