bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Liberal Studies in a Global World
Authors: Höffe Otfried
Published: July 2003

This article criticises the growing tendency to justify the humanities only in economic terms. It can be shown that liberal studies are indispensable to a global world. The argument is spelled out by reference to five different forms of knowledge that the humanities help to cultivate. They look for (1) a cultivation of perception and (2) a cultivation of memory. They care for (3) a cultivation of judgement that culminates in enlightenment, and (4) within the cultivation of memory they look for anamnestic justice. Finally, (5) they contribute to debates about orientation and meaning. These different, not only propositional forms of knowledge or epistemic abilities are illustrated by various examples of literature and philosophy.
Justice and Education
Authors: Brosnan Kevin
Published: July 2003

In asking whether a given view about education is justified, two distinct questions arise. The first asks whether a given educational program meets its intended end. The second asks whether a given end is an appropriate one for any such program to seek. Harry Brighouse has recently argued that children should be taught the skills and methods of rational inquiry. In this article, I argue that his instrumental justification is not compelling. Independently of this, the end that Brighouse charges schools with pursuing - providing children with equal opportunity to live well - is not, I argue, justified non-instrumentally. I argue that every non-instrumental justification must be given in terms of Rawlsian public reasons and that Brighouse's is not. After establishing this, I provide such a justification for my view, which is that schools should provide children with equal opportunities for developing an ability to revise rationally conceptions of the good, in part, by teaching the skills and methods of rational inquiry. In closing, I consider communitarian-based objections to both Brighouse's view and my own, concluding that none of them succeed.
Building Capacity for Success: The Tobacco Technical Assistance Consortium
Authors: Niemeyer Dearell R. , Miner Kathleen R. , Carlson Lisa M. , Hinman Johnanna M.
Published: July 2003

The Master Settlement Agreement with the tobacco industry has infused resources into tobacco control and prevention, which has helped fund tobacco control programs at the national, state, and local levels. Many tobacco control programs face challenges in areas such as strategic planning, fiscal operations, advocacy, and personnel management. To provide technical assistance to these programs, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the American Legacy Foundation, and the American Cancer Society combined resources to fund the Tobacco Technical Assistance Consortum (TTAC). TTAC, housed at the Rollins School of Public Health at Emory University, provides support for tobacco control programs and matches requests for technical assistance with consultants who have the appropriate expertise. TTAC is a valuable addition to tobacco control and prevention resources and is a viable component within a school of public health.
Information Therapy: Health Education One Person at a Time
Authors: Mettler Molly , Kemper Donald W.
Published: July 2003

Targeted and timely health information is a key part of helping patients achieve their behavior change and disease management goals. However, most health professionals rely on inefficient systems (office hours only) and outmoded technologies (mouth to ear) to transfer information to patients. Often, patients are left on their own to track down health information relevant to them. Information therapy, the prescription of specific evidence-based medical information to specific patients at just the right time to help them make specific health decisions or behavior changes, will ensure patients and providers overcome these obstacles. Embedding evidence-based information within the process of care further ensures patients and their families become more knowledgeable and involved in their care. This article outlines what constitutes prescription-strength information, three critical elements needed to deliver information prescriptions, opportunities for information prescriptions within the continuum of care, and the impact information therapy could have on the health education profession.
Joys and Tribulations of Faith-Based Youth Tobacco Use Prevention: A Case Study in Mississippi
Authors: Reinert Bonita , Campbell Catherine , Carver Vivien , Range Lillian M.
Published: July 2003

Faith-based health promotion initiatives are resurging in popularity among health promoters and providers, but few programs are systematic, large-scale, and funded at the state level. One exception is an initiative by the Partnership for a Healthy Mississippi (PHM), a nonprofit organization funded by tobacco settlement monies. PHM funded churches and other faith-based organizations to implement a grassroots youth tobacco use prevention program to coincide with other community- and school-based efforts. In the 2-year evolution of this faith-community health partnership, PHM experienced both successes and challenges. This article outlines the history of tobacco use prevention and control programs within Mississippi's faith community, provides a brief case study of two churches, and makes 10 recommendations based on lessons learned.
An Assessment of the Quality and Usability of Smoking Cessation Information on the Internet
Authors: Cheh Julie A. , Ribisl Kurt M. , Wildemuth Barbara M.
Published: July 2003

Little is known about the quality and usability of on-line health information. This analysis evaluated smoking cessation Web sites' content quality and usability. Thirty sites were analyzed to determine their adherence to established tobacco cessation guidelines and their accessibility, usability, credibility, and currency. Most explained addiction (86.7%) and mentioned nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) (93.3%) and social support (93.3%). However, few explained potential side effects of NRT (33.3%) or which smokers should avoid using NRT (30.0%). Two sites advocated substituting smokeless tobacco or herbal cigarettes when quitting, and 16 (53.3%) provided information written at greater than an eighth-grade level. Few sites provided a search mechanism (40.0%) or offered text-only versions (30.0%), and most (83.3%) failed to indicate when content pages were last updated. Most sites adhered to established cessation guidelines. A small subset offered erroneous and potentially harmful information. Applying fundamental design principles would improve accessibility, usability, credibility, and currency.
Health Education and Multimedia Learning: Educational Psychology and Health Behavior Theory (Part 1)
Authors: Mas Francisco G. Soto , Plass Jan , Kane William M. , Papenfuss Richard L.
Published: July 2003

When health education researchers began to investigate how individuals make decisions related to health and the factors that influence health behaviors, they referred to frameworks shared by educational and learning research. Health education adopted the basic principles of the cognitive revolution, which were instrumental in advancing the field. There is currently a new challenge to confront: the widespread use of new technologies for health education. To better overcome this challenge, educational psychology and instructional technology theory should be considered. Unfortunately, the passion to incorporate new technologies too often overshadows how people learn or, in particular, how people learn through computer technologies. This two-part article explains how educational theory contributed to the early development of health behavior theory, describes the most relevant multimedia learning theories and constructs, and provides recommendations for developing multimedia health education programs and connecting theory and practice.
The Health Educator's Role in Advocacy and Policy: Principles, Processes, Programs, and Partnerships
Authors: Caira Nancy Moore , Lachenmayr Sue , Sheinfeld Jenna , Goodhart Fern Walter , Cancialosi Laurie , Lewis Cathy
Published: July 2003

Advocacy skills are essential for the public health practitioner. Recognizing this need, two statewide public health organizations partnered for a series of advocacy trainings. Outcomes included an increased competence for such advocacy as providing expert testimony, writing position papers, forging stronger relationships with policy makers, and committing to ongoing advocacy. An increase in statewide initiatives also included a legislative scorecard, development of a model advocacy network by voting districts, advocacy policy for associations, fact sheets for legislators on pending public health issues, a new university advocacy course, and advocacy action by two associations' members to reach common goals. The trainings and subsequent initiatives provide a template for organizations and individuals to build advocacy skills and increase the role of public health professionals in setting state public health policy.
Developing Community Health Promotion Interventions: Selecting Partners and Fostering Collaboration
Authors: Levy Susan R. , Baldyga William , Jurkowski Janine M.
Published: July 2003

Although an often desired goal, true partnership between community members and university researchers can be difficult to achieve. Strategies implemented in a diabetes prevention and control program in a Latino community may be effective in overcoming hurdles to collaborative research. The development of selection criteria can be useful for objectively choosing a community organization as a partner agency. The implementation of formal partnership principles is proposed as a strategy for building a successful partnership. Partnership principles are a powerful mechanism to assure ethical relations between collaborators. As a strategy for process evaluation, they can help organize data on the extent to which intent has translated into action. They provide a structure for project stability that can outlast individual commitments and a mechanism to keep project commitment on course and maintain active engagement.
An Apparatus Used to Investigate Condensation for Fabrics, Laminates and Films
Authors: Xiaohong Zhou , Shanyuan Wang , Guanlu Yuan
Published: July 2003

A complete representation of the skin microclimate-fabric-environment includes the skin layer S, fabric F and outside environment E. Between the skin and fabric is the “clothing microclimate” M. Condensation occurring on the fabric's inner surface depends upon perspiration transfer from the human body through the clothing, which is determined by the properties of the fabrics. A new measuring apparatus, which conducted under computer control, described in this paper can be used to investigate whether condensation occurs on the fabrics. The measuring apparatus can be used to examine, record and display temperature and relative humidity simultaneously and permits rapid testing of small quantities of fabrics in a short amount of time. It is logical to use the apparatus described in this paper rather than the ASTM 96E-00 to investigate water vapor permeability of fabrics, especially condensation on the fabrics' inner surface.
Toward a Holistic Theory of Knowledge and Adult Learning
Authors: Yang Baiyin
Published: July 2003

This article proposes a holistic theory of knowledge and adult learning. The theory posits that knowledge consists of three indivisible facets—explicit, implicit, and emancipatory knowledge, and that each of the knowledge facets consists of three layers—foundation, manifestation, and orientation. The holistic theory calls for a dialectical perspective about the dynamic relationships among the three facets to better understand learning. Three contemporary paradigms of knowledge and learning are examined under the perspective of the holistic theory.
Classical Conditioning and Modification of the Rabbit's (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) Unconditioned Nictitating Membrane Response
Authors: Schreurs Bernard G.
Published: July 2003

A fundamental tenet of behavior is that a reflex is automatic, unconscious, involuntary, and relatively invariant. However, we have discovered that a reflex can change dramatically as a function of classical conditioning, and this change can be demonstrated independently of the conditioned stimulus. We have termed this phenomenon conditioning-specific reflex modification (CRM). Although the behavioral laws and neural substrates of nonassociative reflex changes have been identified, the behavioral laws and neural substrates of CRM are only now being revealed. For example, CRM is similar to classical conditioning in that (a) it is a function of both the strength of conditioning and (b) the strength of the unconditioned stimulus, (c) it can be extinguished, and (d) it can be generalized from one unconditioned stimulus to another. Preliminary analysis suggests that CRM may have some features in common with post-traumatic stress disorder and may provide insights into treatment of the disorder.
Social Cognition and the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Wood Jacqueline N.
Published: July 2003

Social cognitive neuroscience is a rapidly emerging field that utilizes cognitive neuroscientific techniques (e.g., lesion studies, neuroimaging) to address concepts traditionally in the social psychological realm (e.g., attitudes, stereotypes). The purpose of this article is to review published neuroscientific and neuropsychological research into social cognition. The author focuses on the role of the prefrontal cortex in social behavior and presents a framework that provides cohesion of this research. The article proposes that this framework will be useful in guiding future social cognitive neuroscientific research.
The Interface Between Emotion and Attention: A Review of Evidence from Psychology and Neuroscience
Authors: Compton Rebecca J.
Published: July 2003

This review addresses the interconnections between emotional and attentional processing, with an emphasis on both behavioral and neuroscientific findings. Are emotional stimuli encoded automatically, and what does that mean? How are emotional stimuli selected for enhanced processing within a limited capacity system? Evidence suggests a two-stage process: First, emotional significance is evaluated preattentively by a subcortical circuit involving the amygdala; and second, stimuli deemed emotionally significant are given priority in the competition for access to selective attention. This process involves bottom-up inputs from the amygdala as well as top-down influences from frontal lobe regions involved in goal setting and maintaining representations in working memory. The review highlights limitations in the current literature, directions for fruitful future research, and the need to move beyond simple dichotomies such as “cognition” versus “emotion.”
The Cognitive Effect Profiles of NMDA Receptor Modulating Drugs are Resolvable If Stimulus Complexity Is Varied in a Number Discernment Task
Authors: Willmore Catherine B.
Published: July 2003

Number discernment is at the heart of task accuracy for laboratory animals performing Fixed Consecutive Number (FCN) operant tasks. Narrow-limit FCN tasks, in particular, are useful for measuring working memory in rat subjects because performance efficacy, which is set up to concord with food delivery, depends on a fairly precise quantification of cues generated by the rat's ongoing behavior. Reported here is a behavioral pharmacology study that utilized a group of overtrained and FCN-schedule-compliant rats injected in a randomized series of testing sessions with different types of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor modulating drugs. Modifications made to the narrowlimit FCN schedule permitted a simultaneous measure of druginduced compromises in subjects' sensory integrative or motor coordinating capabilities. This highly sensitive model implicated the intrachannel and the glutamate recognition NMDA receptor binding sites as prime mediators of NMDA antagonist associated memory impairments because drugs acting at the mentioned sites lowered counting efficacy without altering sensorimotor function.
Stuck Behind a Wall of Fear
Authors: Karp Jennifer , Dugas Michel J.
Published: July 2003

Social phobia refers to an unreasonable fear of embarrassing oneself in social or performance situations. One treatment that has repeatedly been shown to be effective with social phobics is cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). This article illustrates the application of cognitive-behavior therapy using a case example of a woman suffering from social phobia. The course of treatment included psychoeducation on anxiety, problem-solving training and behavioral exercises, role-play, cognitive reevaluation, and fade-out and relapse prevention. Cognitive-behavior therapy was found to be very effective in treating the client's social phobia. Treatment implications of the case are discussed.
The Treatment of Separation Anxiety Disorder Employing Attachment Theory and Cognitive Behavior Therapy Techniques
Authors: Weems Carl F. , Carrion Victor G.
Published: July 2003

This study explored a potentially important intersection between behavior therapy and attachment theory in the treatment of separation anxiety disorder (SAD). Specifically, in this article, the authors describe an intervention that incorporated attachment theory in the framework of an exposure-based cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for severe separation anxiety experienced by a 9-year-old boy. Assessment measures indicated that treatment gains were evident at the end of 12 sessions and that the child showed continued improvement at a 6-month follow-up session. Overall, it seemed that an attachment perspective was helpful in framing an understanding of SAD for the parent and fostering compliance with the CBT regimen. Utilization of the theory also helped the parent and therapist in determining reinforcers for the child's behavior. More detailed and controlled investigations of the effect and relative effect of the attachment focus during CBT for SAD are warranted.
Measurements of Transcutaneous Oxygen Pressure and Changes in Blood Rheology as Markers of Prognosis of Critically Ischemic Limb in Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Khodabandehlou T. , Vimeux M. , Dévéhat C. Le
Published: July 2003

The aims of this study were to compare variations of the transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) and blood rheology in diabetic patients. Diabetic patients with critical limb ischemia were compared with those who were either asymptomatic or had mild peripheral vascular disease (PVD). The results showed a significant decrease in TcPO2 in patients with critical limb ischemia. Low shear rate blood viscosity, red blood cell (RBC) aggregation, plasma viscosity, and fibrinogen level were significantly higher in the group with critical severe limb ischemia. The group with critical limb ischemia was subdivided on the basis of clinical outcomes after 1 year and the prognostic values of these measurements examined. A TcPO2 value of 10 mm Hg was associated with a positive predictive value of 94%. RBC aggregation index and fibrinogen levels offered positive predictive values of 89% and 88%, respectively, when cut off values were derived from means + 1 SD of same parameters in patients with asymptomatic or mild PVD. TcPO2 is useful to follow the deterioration of diabetics with critical limb ischemia.
A Case-Control Study of the Risk Factors for Toe Amputation in a Diabetic Population
Authors: Carlson Tammy , Reed James F.
Published: July 2003

Toe amputations are becoming more prevalent in the diabetic population. To prevent toe amputations, those individuals with the highest risk must be identified prior to developing a precipitating event. There are obvious risk factors for toe amputations, such as digital deformity, diabetic neuropathy, and ischemia. Other, less obvious, systemic comorbidities may be linked to toe amputations. This study also shows that gender plays a significant role as a risk factor for toe amputation. A foot infection, foot abscess, osteomyelitis, diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic nephropathy were also significant risk factors for toe amputations. This suggests a significant relationship between these complications and comorbidities that put these individuals at a higher risk for toe amputations.
A Retrospective Study of Necrotising Fasciitis
Authors: Rekha Arcot , Ravi Annamalai
Published: July 2003

Necrotising fasciitis (NF) is an unusual though well-described soft tissue infection of the deeper tissues resulting in a progressive synergistic bacterial gangrene. In a small retrospective study in a single center, an association was observed between NF and diabetes, age, peripheral arterial disease, and high mortality.
Regino Pedroso and the Creation of a Triple Consciousness
Authors: Lee Debbie
Published: July 2003

This article delves into the complex subjectivity of the Cuban vanguard poet Regino Pedroso and how Pedroso confronted his subjectivity through poetry. The poems “Salutación fraterna al taller mecánico,” “Hermano negro,” and “Salutación a un camarada culí” all demonstrate to some degree the triple dimension of Pedroso's situation of being Black, Chinese, and a member of the oppressed working class.
“The ESL Kids are Over there”: Opportunities for Social Interactions between Immigrant Latino and White High School Students
Authors: Daoud Annette M.
Published: July 2003

This ethnographic study was conducted at a high school on California's central coast during the 2000 to 2001 school year. The study focused on the social interactions between immigrant Latinos and their White peers and identified factors contributing to boundaries that existed between the two groups. During interviews, students were given a map of the school and asked to identify the different student groups on campus. Findings indicate that immigrant Latino students were virtually invisible to the White students at the school.
Shaping Future Pedagogy: World Culture Awareness and Crossing Disciplines
Authors: Bollinger Lee , Crites Elsa
Published: July 2003

This article reports the results of a qualitative study in cross-discipline exercises supervised over the past 5 years. The research questions are presented and methodology explained, as well as drawbacks and recommendations for future projects. The overall objective of all the exercises described in this article is to educate students in the value of crossing cultural lines and inculcate within them a new world perspective about the Hispanic population.
Diffusing Research into Practice Using the Comprehensive Strategy for Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Howell James C.
Published: July 2003

This article reviews research on juvenile delinquency and effective programs and proposes a juvenile justice research agenda focused on diffusion of existing research into practice. The comprehensive strategy for serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offenders is a framework for organizing and transporting basic and program evaluation research to the juvenile justice and human service field. Thus, implementation of the comprehensive strategy involves diffusion of research and “best practices” into state and local prevention and intervention systems. Considerable progress has been made in organizing research within this framework. A research agenda is offered to further the diffusion enterprise.
Legal Changes in Juvenile Justice:
Authors: Moak Stacy C. , Wallace Lisa Hutchinson
Published: July 2003

The juvenile justice system began as an attempt by the child savers to reform unfortunate youth. As a result of this emphasis, the original goal of the system was to administer individual treatment to youth in a nonadversarial manner. Many changes have occurred to this process over the past 100 years, which have blurred the lines of juvenile and adult justice. It seems that the system no longer knows how to define a child, no longer has treatment as a goal, and often prefers transfer to adult court. This article identifies many changes that have occurred in juvenile justice as well as inconsistencies that exit in juvenile justice policy. The major areas addressed include changes in the court, changes in the schools, and changes in the community. The article concludes with suggestions for needed research in several critical areas.
The Praxis of Transformative Education
Authors: Brookfield Stephen
Published: July 2003

As an emerging discourse, transformative learning and education is racialized, to use Lucis T. Outlaw's (1996) phrase, in favor of Euro-Americans. Drawing largely on Eurocentric intellectual traditions such as critical theory, constructivism, and psychoanalysis, its public discourse risks being disproportionately shaped by White male authors and White male concerns. Yet the African American intellectual community has conducted a vigorous debate on the process of transformative education and the way factors of race, gender, and class need to be central to its praxis. This article explores the conceptualizations of transformative education articulated by two such African American women—bell hooks and Angela Davis—both of whom are strongly influenced by critical theory and use the language of transformative process in a deliberate and explicit manner to describe their own praxis of political and intellectual engagement.
Predicting the Heat Seal Performance of Ionomer Films
Authors: Morris Barry A.
Published: July 2003

The heat-seal performance of a flexible plastic package depends on the sealing bar temperature, packaging line speed, film thickness and properties of the sealant resin. For a given sealant, thinner films reach their maximum seal strength at lower bar temperatures and faster line speeds than thicker films. A model is developed that relates these factors to the amount of molecular penetration that develops at the heat-seal interface of ionomer films. A critical value of the penetration is found that corresponds to the ultimate heat-seal strength in laboratory heat-seal data. The results point to how laboratory data may be used to predict the sealing performance of ionomers on high-speed packaging lines.
Discoloration Resistant Polyolefin Films
Authors: King R. E.
Published: July 2003

The preservation of physical properties and aesthetics are two important aspects of the film industry. As such, forethought and care need to be taken in terms of the type of polymer and stabilization systems that are used to derive robust and attractive film products. For most applications, a combination of a phenolic antioxidant and a phosphite melt processing stabilizer can provide the base stabilization that is necessary to provide the retention of physical properties, good processability, long term thermal stability without compromising the overall aesthetic appearance of the film product. However, in selected end-use applications, it is very desirable to have film products that do not discolor during initial processing or while the product is kept in storage. Under a selected set of circumstances, certain types of phenolics have been shown to be susceptible to discoloration, either due to inadequate stabilizer concentrations, harsh processing conditions, ionizing radiation, prolonged storage of the films in an environment containing oxides of nitrogen (pollution), or a combination of these factors. Approaches to eliminate discoloration, by using “phenol” and “phenol-free” stabilization systems will be discussed. “Phenol-free” stabilization systems are recommended for color critical polyolefin film applications.
Targeting of incoming retroviral Gag to the centrosome involves a direct interaction with the dynein light chain 8
Authors: Petit Coralie , Giron Marie-Lou , Tobaly-Tapiero Joelle , Bittoun Patricia , Real Eléonore , Jacob Yves , Tordo Noël , de Thé Hugues , Saïb Ali
Published: July 2003

The role of cellular proteins in the replication of retroviruses,especially during virus assembly, has been partly unraveled by recent studies. Paradoxically, little is known about the route taken by retroviruses to reach the nucleus at the early stages of infection. To get insight into this stage of virus replication, we have studied the trafficking of foamy retroviruses and have previously shown that incoming viral proteins reach the microtubule organizing center (MTOC) prior to nuclear translocation of the viral genome. Here, we show that incoming viruses concentrate around the MTOC as free and structured capsids. Interestingly, the Gag protein, the scaffold component of viral capsids, targets the pericentrosomal region in transfected cells in the absence of any other viral components but in a microtubule- and dynein/dynactin-dependent manner. Trafficking of Gag towards the centrosome requires a minimal 30 amino acid coiled-coil motif in the N-terminus of the molecule. Finally, we describe a direct interaction between Gag and dynein light chain 8 that probably accounts for the specific routing of the incoming capsids to the centrosome prior to nuclear import of the viral genome.
Developmental expression of BMP4/ALK3/SMAD5 signaling pathway in the mouse testis: a potential role of BMP4 in spermatogonia differentiation
Authors: Pellegrini Manuela , Grimaldi Paola , Rossi Pellegrino , Geremia Raffaele , Dolci Susanna
Published: July 2003

It is well established that the c-kit gene plays an essential role in the proliferation of differentiating spermatogonia in prepuberal mice. However, the mechanisms that regulate the onset of spermatogenesis, i.e. differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells and c-kit expression,are poorly understood. Here we identify a novel signal transduction system in mouse prepuberal testis regulating this developmental event, involving bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and its transduction machinery. BMP4 is produced by Sertoli cells very early in the postnatal life and is successively down regulated in peri-puberal Sertoli cells. Its receptor Alk3 and the R-Smad Smad5 are specifically expressed both in proliferating primordial germ cells and in postnatal spermatogonia. BMP4 stimulation of cultured spermatogonia induces Smad4/5 nuclear translocation and the formation of a DNA-binding complex with the transcriptional coactivator p300/CBP. In vitro exposure of undifferentiated spermatogonia to BMP4 exerts both mitogenic and differentiative effects, inducing [3H]thymidine incorporation and Kit expression. As a result of the latter event, Kit-negative spermatogonia acquire sensitivity to Stem Cell Factor.
Functional cooperation and separation of translocators in protein import into mitochondria, the double-membrane bounded organelles
Authors: Endo Toshiya , Yamamoto Hayashi , Esaki Masatoshi
Published: July 2003

Nearly all mitochondrial proteins are synthesized in the cytosol and subsequently imported into mitochondria with the aid of translocators: the TOM complex in the outer membrane, and the TIM23 and TIM22 complexes in the inner membrane. The TOM complex and the TIM complexes cooperate to achieve efficient transport of proteins to the matrix or into the inner membrane and several components, including Tom22, Tim23, Tim50 and small Tim proteins, mediate functional coupling of the two translocator systems. The TOM complex can be disconnected from the TIM systems and their energy sources (ATP andΔΨ), however, using alternative mechanisms to achieve vectorial protein translocation across the outer membrane
An evaluation of value-transfer within a modular supply chain
Authors: Doran D , Roome R
Published: July 2003

The paper explores the impact that modularization is having on the structure of supply chains in general and on the role of first-tier suppliers in particular. Two concepts are presented to illustrate firstly the need to redefine the term ‘first-tier’ supplier and secondly to determine how and why value can be transferred within a modular supply chain. The first concept, the ‘continuum of first-tier suppliers’, contends that only certain ‘first-tier’ suppliers will be able to compete within a modular environment, whilst the second concept, ‘value-added second tier’ examines the role (in many cases, the enlarged role) that second-tier suppliers are likely to play within a modular landscape.
Comparison of the environmental damage caused by vehicles with different alternative fuels and drivetrains in a Brussels context
Authors: Van Mierlo J , Vereecken L , Maggetto G , Favrel V , Meyer S , Hecq W
Published: July 2003

A comprehensive methodology has been developed to compare the environmental damage caused by vehicles with different alternative fuels, such as CNG, LPG, etc., and drivetrains, such as electric and hybrid drives. This paper describes how the environmental effect of vehicles should be defined and includes parameters concerning vehicle emissions and their influence on human wellbeing and the environment. It then describes how the environmental effect of vehicles could be defined, taking into account the availability of accurate and reliable data. Rating systems are analysed as a means of comparing the environmental effect of vehicles, allowing decision-makers to dedicate their financial and non-financial policies and measures as a function of the ecological damage. Different types of pollution (acid rain, photochemical air pollution, noise pollution, etc.) and their effect on numerous receptors such as ecosystems, buildings and human beings (e.g. cancer, respiratory diseases, etc.) and global warming are considered.

The methodology described, known as Ecoscore, is based on a methodology similar to life cycle assessment (LCA) which considers the part played by emissions in certain types of damage (e.g. by using the exposure-response damage function). Total emissions involve oil extraction, transport and refinery, fuel distribution and electricity generation and distribution (well-to-wheel approach). Emissions due to the production, use and dismantling of the vehicle (cradle-to-grave approach) should also be considered. The different types of damage are normalized to make comparisons possible. Hence, a reference value (determined by a chosen reference vehicle) will be defined as a target value (the normalized value will thus measure a kind of distance to target). The contribution of the different normalized types of damage to a single value—Ecoscore—is based on a panel weighting method.

This new approach differs from other methodologies in that it has been especially developed for the assessment of the environmental effect of vehicle emissions in an urban context, such as the Brussels Capital Region. Additionally, this methodology not only considers conventional vehicles but can also evaluate all alternative fuels and drivetrains with new vehicle technologies. Some examples of Ecoscore calculation are illustrated.
An experimental study for drivability improvements in vehicle acceleration mode
Authors: Choi Y-C , Song H-B , Lee J-H , Cho H-S
Published: July 2003

Modern vehicles require a high degree of refinement, including good drivability. Vehicle drivability, which becomes a key decisive factor for marketability, is affected by many parameters such as engine control and the dynamic characteristics in the drivelines. Therefore, engine and drivetrain characteristics should be analysed to achieve a well-balanced vehicle response simultaneously. This paper describes experimental procedures that have been developed to measure engine torque and investigate shuffle characteristics. A simplified powertrain model is presented for vehicle dynamic response analysis. Submodels within the model are the engine and drivetrain. Using this model, the friction and inertial moment for each submodel were measured, and effects of parameters were analysed. To analyse vehicle dynamics behaviour, frictional torques and the rotational inertia moment of the engine and the drivetrain were measured. Shuffle characteristics at the tip-in condition were investigated in an experimental vehicle at the second and third gear stages. It was found that shuffle characteristics are caused by sudden changes in engine torque and have a different vibration frequency with gear stage variation. The rotational inertia moment of the engine, including flywheel rotation, is a key factor influencing the shuffle characteristics.
Misclassification in Logistic Regression with Discrete Covariates
Authors: Davidov Ori , Faraggi David , Reiser Benjamin
Published: July 2003

We study the effect of misclassification of a binary covariate on the parameters of a logistic regression model. In particular we consider 2 × 2 × 2 tables. We assume that a binary covariate is subject to misclassification that may depend on the observed outcome. This type of misclassification is known as (outcome dependent) differential misclassification. We examine the resulting asymptotic bias on the parameters of the model and derive formulas for the biases and their approximations as a function of the odds and misclassification probabilities. Conditions for unbiased estimation are also discussed. The implications are illustrated numerically using a case control study. For completeness we briefly examine the effect of covariate dependent misclassification of exposures and of outcomes.
Estimation of Sample Size for Reference Interval Studies
Authors: Troendle James F. , Yu Kai F.
Published: July 2003

The currently used criterion for sample size calculation in a reference interval study is not well stated and leads to imprecise control of the ratio in question. We propose a generalization of the criterion used to determine sufficient sample size in reference interval studies. The generalization allows better estimation of the required sample size when the reference interval estimation will be using a power transformation or is nonparametric. Bootstrap methods are presented to estimate sample sizes required by the generalized criterion. Simulation of several distributions both symmetric and positively skewed is presented to compare the sample size estimators. The new method is illustrated on a data set of plasma glucose values from a 50‐g oral glucose tolerance test. It is seen that the sample sizes calculated from the generalized criterion leads to more reliable control of the desired ratio.
Robust Linear Mixed Models with Normal/Independent Distributions and Bayesian MCMC Implementation
Authors: Rosa G.J.M. , Padovani C.R. , Gianola D.
Published: July 2003

Linear mixed effects models have been widely used in analysis of data where responses are clustered around some random effects, so it is not reasonable to assume independence between observations in the same cluster. In most biological applications, it is assumed that the distributions of the random effects and of the residuals are Gaussian. This makes inferences vulnerable to the presence of outliers. Here, linear mixed effects models with normal/independent residual distributions for robust inferences are described. Specific distributions examined include univariate and multivariate versions of the Student‐t, the slash and the contaminated normal. A Bayesian framework is adopted and Markov chain Monte Carlo is used to carry out the posterior analysis. The procedures are illustrated using birth weight data on rats in a toxicological experiment. Results from the Gaussian and robust models are contrasted, and it is shown how the implementation can be used for outlier detection. The thick‐tailed distributions provide an appealing robust alternative to the Gaussian process in linear mixed models, and they are easily implemented using data augmentation and MCMC techniques.
Mental health professionals' attitudes towards people who are deaf
Authors: Cooper Alexandra E. , Rose John , Mason Oliver
Published: July 2003

Mental health professionals' attitudes towards deaf people were examined in relation to their previous contact with deaf people and their knowledge of deafness. Data were gathered regarding different aspects of contact, including the number and type of relationships participants had had with deaf people. A cognitive‐processing theory of attitude change following contact (Rothbart & John, 1985) was explored. Knowledge of deafness did not correlate with attitudes towards deaf people but a relationship was found between the amount of contact that professionals had with deaf people of equal or higher status and more positive attitudes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘They were brilliant, I don't know what I would've done if they hadn't been here’: the group concept problem revisited
Authors: Finlay W. M. L. , Rutland A. , Shotton J.
Published: July 2003

This article concerns the group concept problem in people labelled as having learning disabilities, described in a series of papers by Gibbons and colleagues (Gibbons, 1981, 1985a, 1985b; Gibbons & Gibbons, 1980; Gibbons & Kassin, 1982). We argue that the interpretations of these studies are questionable, and alternative explanations for the patterns of results found are possible. Examples from a study in which people with the label talked about particular others who also have the label are presented. In these examples, the category was not represented as homogeneous, relationships with others were valued, and a desire for distance was only found when participants talked about people who behaved aggressively. The findings are discussed with reference to the social model of disability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personality, social support and burnout among human service professionals in India
Authors: Brown Nathan C. , Prashantham Baddam J. , Abbott Martin
Published: July 2003

Recent research has investigated the relationship between personality and social support in predicting various forms of adjustment. This study explores this relationship in a sample of 137 human service professionals engaged in post‐degree clinical skills training at the Christian Counselling Centre in Vellore, India. The impact of certain forms of social support on burnout was examined, after controlling for the effect of the personality trait of anxiety. As hypothesized, perceived social support was negatively associated with burnout, even after controlling for the effects of anxiety. This pattern was strongest for the males in this sample. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization were the components of burnout most strongly related to perceived support. The perception of support received from ‘work‐related’ and ‘other’ relationships made a stronger contribution than did ‘family’ or ‘social’ ties with respect to burnout. Implications for future cross‐cultural investigation of the relationships among personality, social support and adjustment are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CAMP: A community‐based approach to promoting safe sex behaviour in adolescence
Authors: Guzmán Bianca L. , Casad Bettina J. , Schlehofer‐Sutton Michèle M. , Villanueva Christina M. , Feria Aida
Published: July 2003

The primary goal of this study was to describe the development and assessment of the Community Awareness Motivation Partnership (CAMP) Teen Theatre intervention. Based on the behavioural ecological model, CAMP addressed the role of contraceptive use in safe sex behaviour through a brief informative, entertaining, and culturally responsive dramatization programme. Adolescents (N = 1613) between the ages of 11 and 18 (M = 13.31, SD = 0.76) received the intervention, and 961 participants completed both pre‐ and post‐tests. The majority of participants were Latino (78.5%, n =  1039), many of whom were first generation immigrants. Results indicated that the intervention increased participants' reported intentions to delay sex and use contraceptives. The intervention produced short‐term changes in safe‐sex behavioural intentions and knowledge. Suggestions for producing long‐term changes were discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reinvestigation of the Noncatalyzed Coupling of Aryllithium with Haloarene: A Novel Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution Pathway
Authors: Becht Jean‐Michel , Gissot Arnaud , Wagner Alain , Mioskowski Charles
Published: July 2003

Noncatalyzed coupling reactions of aryllithiums and haloarenes proceed not only through the well‐known aryne route but also, in some cases, through a novel addition–elimination pathway. Indeed, ortho‐chloro‐ and ortho‐bromomethoxyarenes lead selectively to the corresponding ortho‐biaryls through a chelation‐driven aromatic nucleophilic substitution pathway. Contrary to common belief, such noncatalyzed coupling reactions often proceed with high regioselectivity and high yield. These results underline the potency of such simple reactions and open up a straightforward access to a wide range of biaryl structures; this also appears particularly useful for large‐scale and biaryl building‐block syntheses, as only cheap and readily available substrates are involved.
Efficient Photoinduced Conversion of an Azo Dye on Hexachloroplatinate(IV)‐Modified TiO2 Surfaces under Visible Light Irradiation—A Photosensitization Pathway
Authors: Zhao Wei , Chen Chuncheng , Ma Wanhong , Zhao Jincai , Wang Dianxun , Hidaka Hisao , Serpone Nick
Published: July 2003

The titanium dioxide photocatalyst is employed to examine the influence of chemisorbed hexachloroplatinate(IV) anions (PtCl62−) on the surface of P‐25 TiO2 particles on the photoinduced conversion of the azo dye Ethyl Orange (EO) in visible light‐illuminated PtIV/TiO2 dispersions. Spin‐trap electron spin resonance (ESR) spectral results, measurement of quantities of organoperoxides formed, total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) assays, together with XPS evidence show that the self‐sensitized transformation dynamics of the EO dye mediated by PtIV/TiO2 are much faster than those occurring on naked TiO2 under otherwise identical conditions of visible light irradiation. X‐ray photoelectron spectral data also show that under the experimental conditions used, no Pt0 formed on the titania particles during visible light irradiation. We propose a reaction mechanism in which the more rapid conversion of EO in the presence of PtCl62− is caused principally by photoexcitation of the dye and not by localized excitation of the tetrachloroplatinate(IV)/TiO2 particles.
Synthesis and Structure of New Carborane‐Substituted Cyclotriphosphazenes
Authors: Abizanda Domingo , Crespo Olga , Gimeno M. Concepcion , Jiménez Josefina , Laguna Antonio
Published: July 2003

The reactions of [N3P3Cl6] with one, two, or three equivalents of the difunctional 1,2‐closo‐carborane C2B10H10{CH2OH}2 and K2CO3 in acetone have been investigated. These reactions led to the new spiro‐closo‐carboranylphosphazenes gem‐[N3P3Cl6−2n{(OCH2)2C2B10H10}n] (n=1 (1), 2 (2)) and the first fully carborane‐substituted phosphazene gem‐[N3P3{(OCH2)2C2B10H10}3] (3). A bridged product, non‐gem‐[N3P3Cl4{(OCH2)2C2B10H10}] (4), was also detected. The reaction of the well‐ known spiro derivatives [N3P3Cl2(O2C12H8)2] and [N3P3Cl4(O2C12H8)] with the same carborane‐diol and K2CO3 in acetone gave the new compounds gem‐[N3P3(O2C12H8)3−n{(OCH2)2C2B10H10}n] (n=1 (5) or 2 (6), respectively), without signs of intra‐ or intermolecularly bridged species. Upon treatment with NEt3 in acetone, compound 5 was converted into the corresponding nido‐carboranylphosphazene. However, the reaction of gem‐[N3P3(O2C12H8)2{(OCH2)2C2B10H10}] (5) with NEt3 in ethanol instead of acetone proceeded in a different manner to give the new compound (NHEt3)2[N3P3(O2C12H8)2(O){OCH2C2B9H10CH2OCH2CH3}] (7). For compounds with two 2,2′‐dioxybiphenyl units, gem‐[N3P3(O2C12H8)2{(OCH2)2C2B10H10}] (5), (NHEt3)[N3P3(O2C12H8)2{(OCH2)2C2B9H10}] (8), and (NHEt3)2[N3P3(O2C12H8)2(O){OCH2C2B9H10CH2OCH2CH3}] (7), a mixture of different stereoisomers may be expected. However, for 5 and 7 only the meso compounds seem to be formed, with the same (R,S)‐configuration as in the precursor [N3P3Cl2(O2C12H8)2]. The reaction of 5 to give 8 seems to proceed with a change of configuration at one phosphorus center, giving a racemic mixture. The crystal structures of the nido‐carboranylphosphazenes 7 and 8 have been confirmed by X‐ray diffraction methods.