bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible Lateralization of Peripheral Nerve Conduction Associated with Gender
Authors: Tan Meliha , Tan Üner
Published: August 2011

Lateralization of peripheral nerve conduction velocity was studied in right-handed men ( n = 40) and women ( n = 48). Sensory and motor velocities were measured in ulnar and median nerves of the right and left hands. In women, the mean sensory velocity was significantly faster in the left than the right hand. There were no significant right-left differences in men. The mean sensory velocity from the right hand was significantly slower in women than men, creating an asymmetric organization of sensory conduction in women. Estradiol in women and testosterone in men were suggested as playing a role in asymmetric and symmetric nerve conductions, respectively.
Relations between Attentional and Intentional Neural Systems
Authors: Basso Gianpaolo , Nichelli Paolo
Published: August 2011

This study explored whether preparing an arm movement influences detection of a visual stimulus We cued subjects to respond with either a rightward or a leftward movement to the appearance of a stimulus located either in the centre, in the left, or in the right visual field. Programming a movement toward a lateral direction enhanced visual attention at that side. Rightward movements were associated with an attentional cost only for responses to a central location, while leftward movements slowed response latencies to both central and right-sided stimuli. We hypothesized that programming a rightward movement depends on the activation of intentional centers in either cerebral hemisphere. On the contrary, leftward movements might be only driven by the contralateral hemisphere.
Watching Televised Sports and Personality
Authors: Lane Michael , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 91 high school students, watching sports on television was unrelated to personality as measured by scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory.
Transposition of Words as Indicators of Semantic State in Aphasia
Authors: Goldfarb Robert
Published: August 2011

Semantic judgment tasks, based on antecedent pronouns and on word order, were presented to 16 aphasic adult subjects. Responses on the elicited imitation task were better than on comprehension tasks, a finding which parallels the language-acquisition behavior of children. Addition of features to a basic judgment of animate vs inanimate did not affect subjects' performance.
In Defence of the Right Shift Theory
Authors: Annett Marian
Published: August 2011

The right shift (RS) theory of a gene for left-cerebral dominance which increases the probability of right-handedness is outlined, together with two proposed alternatives, the 1985a genetic theory of McManus and the 1993 developmental instability theory of Yeo and Gangestad. Similarities and differences among the three theories are reviewed. Both of the genetic theories can predict the distribution of handedness in families and in twins more efficiently than the developmental instability theory, and the RS theory better than the McManus theory.
Differences in Visuospatial Judgement in Reading-Disabled and Normal Children
Authors: Eden G. F. , Stein J. F. , Wood H. M. , Wood F. B.
Published: August 2011

Both visual and verbal impairments have been reported in two independent streams of research into the etiology of dyslexia or reading-disability. To address the question of the presence of either abnormality in reading-disabled children, visuospatial and phonological ability were assessed and contrasted in 39 Normal and 26 Reading-disabled children. To assess whether these deficits are unique to dyslexia, scores were also compared to those of a group of 12 Poor Readers (“garden-variety” backward readers with low IQs). The Benton Judgement of Line Orientation Test was used for its simplicity and clinical reliability: Reading-disabled subjects performed significantly worse than Normal readers (but similar to Poor Readers). Reading-disabled subjects performed worse for lines in the left-hemifield compared to Normal subjects and also had a greater tendency to scan the task in reverse order (left-to-right) from the usual right-to-left scanning pattern observed in the Normal group when performing this test. When both verbal and visuospatial variables were combined in a multiple regression analysis, 71% of reading variance could be accounted for. These results suggest that Reading-disabled children not only have poor phonological awareness, but they also show visuospatial deficits. However, poor performance on both these tasks was also observed in the group of Poor Readers, suggesting that these deficits are not unique to children with specific reading disability. The results lend further evidence to the hypothesis that reading disability cannot solely be attributed to left-hemisphere dysfunction resulting in phonological impairment. There are other behavioral deficits, possibly caused by a common mechanism, some of which, like visuospatial ability, can be measured by simple behavioral tests such as the Judgement of Line Orientation Test.
Comparison of Visual-Motor Performance and Nonverbal Reasoning among Child and Adolescent Patients in an Urban Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Frey Paul Douglass
Published: August 2011

Two groups of young psychiatric- inpatients were used to compare performance on the Test of Nonverbal Reasoning and the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration. The older group of 230 had a mean age of 15.7 yr. and produced a product-moment correlation of .64 for the two tests. The younger group of 81 had a mean age of 11.3 yr; scores correlated .53. On the TONI, the performance of the adolescent girls was superior to that of the boys. On the Test of Visual-motor Integration, the younger girls appeared to outscore the boys, but an analysis of variance of sex differences with age as covariate fell short of significance. Results were explained in terms of subjects' differing school experience in their development of vasomotor and visual-reasoning skills. Caution was advised in the application of age-based test norms to special populations.
College Students' Perceptions of the Purposes of Sports
Authors: Finkenberg Mel E. , Moode F. Michael
Published: August 2011

To examine perceptions of the desirable purpose of athletics by men and women 162 college men, 84 of whom participated in intercollegiate athletics, and 190 college women, 81 of whom participated in intercollegiate athletics, were administered the Purpose of Sport Questionnaire. Applying a two-way multivariate analysis of variance to their mean responses gender was significant. Post hoc analysis indicated that men believed enhanced competitiveness, social status, and high-status career opportunities to be more important purposes of sport participation than did women. Participants in intercollegiate athletics had significantly higher perceptions of enhanced competitiveness, social status, and high-status career opportunities as more important purposes of sport participation than nonparticipants. However, nonparticipants in intercollegiate athletics believed that acquisition of attributes that make one a good citizen and enhancement of self-esteem were more important purposes of sport participation.
Fluent Speech, Fast Articulatory Rate, and Delayed Auditory Feedback: Creating a Crisis for a Scientific Revolution?
Authors: Stuart Andrew , Kalinowski Joseph
Published: August 2011

In 1970 Kuhn argued that science does not progress through a process of accretion. It is typified, rather, by the successive emergence of different paradigms which during their reign dictate the direction of normal science's puzzle-solving activity. Normal science inevitably exposes an anomaly which violates expectations predicted by the reigning paradigm. The “crisis” evoking anomaly may induce a destructive/constructive paradigm change. Transformations from one paradigm to another constitute a scientific revolution and dictate the growth and maturation of a field. This paper suggests the recent finding, that stutterers experience enhancement of fluency while speaking under delayed auditory feedback at a fast articulatory rate, be viewed as an anomaly. By challenging the notion that a slowed speech rate is necessary for amelioration of stuttering, the anomalous finding may be perceived as a crisis in the study of stuttering.
Relationships of Personality Factors with Clinical Dimensions and School Achievement
Authors: Forns-Santacana Maria , Martorell-Balanzó Bernardí , Amador-Campos Juan Antonio , Abad-Gil Judit
Published: August 2011

This study analyzes the association of personality traits, psychopathological factors, and school achievement. High School Personality Questionnaire, Clinical Analysis Questionnaire, and academic marks of 224 high school students (90 boys and 134 girls) are used. It can be stated that the predictive ability of measures of personality traits and clinical dimensions is very weak for both boys and girls. The Clinical Analysis Questionnaire does not seem to be useful in the prediction of school achievement.
Weight Loss and Psychopathology: A Three-Cluster MMPI Typology
Authors: Valtolina Giovanni
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the effects of a treatment, including diet, exercise, and psychoeducational groups, on the severity of the psychopathology of obese subjects. The 120 subjects (60 male and 60 female), aged 20 to 50 years, were hospitalised for about two months. The mean Body Mass Index (BMI) at the start was 40.9 ( SD = 5.3) and at the end 34.3 ( SD = 5.5). The MMPI and clinical interview were administered to the subjects. The aims of the study were to see if there was change between the beginning and the end of treatment and to individuate groups of subjects homogeneous for the severity of the psychopathology at the start of treatment and to relate the severity to changes, whether worsening or improving, at the end of treatment. A multivariate analysis of variance showed significant change in scores on the psychological variables after treatment. Cluster analysis divided the patients into three groups with different severity of psychopathology. There were significant decreases on Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Social Introversion. Scores of the subjects with the most severe psychopathological traits changed most.
An Analysis of the Stability of Sport Team Identification
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Schrader Michael P.
Published: August 2011

Consistent with previous research, 110 spectators' rated team identification of a successful team was not different from the mean of 139 fans' rating in 1992 of an unsuccessful team.
Ability of Middle-School Soccer Players to Localize Overuse Leg Pain Correctly Using a Graphic Self-Report Form
Authors: Gomez Jorge E. , Neufeld Michael D. , Cosby B. Kaye
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to assess the probability of success with which middle-school-age soccer players could correctly localize lower leg pain to sites of common overuse injuries, using a graphic self-report instrument. Subjects included 98 middle-school soccer players, ages 12 to 15 years. Players' self-reports of leg pain were compared with the results of a blind physical examination. Players reporting pain of more than two weeks' duration successfully localized a statistically significant number of their sites of pain using the graphic form, providing evidence of concurrent validity. Further development is needed before the measure can be used in surveillance of overuse injuries in youth sports.
College Students' Perception of Men as Victims of Women's Assaultive Behavior
Authors: Fiebert Martin S.
Published: August 2011

Recent reviews have indicated that women assault male partners as frequently as men assault women. This study explored college students' awareness and acceptance of this finding 371 subjects responding to a survey (91 men, 280 women) indicated that, while 138 were aware of the finding, 242 regardless of gender accepted the finding that men are frequent victims of women's assaults in intimate relationships.
Visuomotor Performance in Children with Infantile Nephropathy Cystinosis
Authors: Scarvie Kathleen M. , Ballantyne Angela O. , Trauner Doris A.
Published: August 2011

Infantile nephropathy cystinosis is a genetic metabolic disorder in which the amino acid cystine accumulates in various organs, including the kidney, cornea, thyroid, and brain. Despite normal intellect, individuals with cystinosis may have specific impairments in the processing of visual information. To examine further the specific types of deficits in visual processing found in individuals with cystinosis, we administered the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration to 26 children with cystinosis (4 to 16 yr. old) and 26 matched controls. The cystinosis group achieved a significantly lower standard score, raw score, and mean ceiling than did the control group. Qualitative analyses showed that in the cystinosis group, size within errors and rotation errors were more prevalent than in the control group. Correlational analyses showed that with advancing age, the cystinosis subjects tended to fall further behind their chronological age. Our data, together with the findings of previous studies, suggest that the visuospatial difficulties in children with cystinosis may be due to inadequate perception or processing of visually presented information. Furthermore, the increasing discrepancy with age may reflect a progressive cognitive impairment, possibly as a result of cystine accumulation in the brain over time.
Discriminant Effectiveness of Psychological State Measures in Predicting Selection during Field Hockey Trials
Authors: Terry Peter C. , Youngs Emma L.
Published: August 2011

Field hockey players ( N=128) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and the Profile of Mood States about 45 min. before a British Universities trial. Single-factor multivariate analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between selected and nonselected players for any preperformance mood or anxiety measure. Discriminant function analysis showed that 74 participants (57.81%) could be correctly classified as selected or nonselected players on the basis of preperformance mood scores. This figure rose to 83 participants (64.84%) when scores on the anxiety subscales were also included in the discriminant function analysis. Anxiety scores alone discriminated 71 participants (55.47%). These results concur with earlier proposals of Terry that psychological state measures decline in predictive effectiveness in long duration, open skill team sports.
Inhibition of the Soleus H-Reflex during Dorsiflexion is Dependent on Individual Differences in Maximal Soleus H-Reflex as a Test Reflex
Authors: Funase K. , Imanaka K. , Nishihira Y.
Published: August 2011

The quantitative differences among individuals in the natural reciprocal inhibition of the soleus H-reflex during dorsiflexion were examined, in conjunction with the maximal H-reflex as the test reflex size in each individual. Maximal H-reflex was expressed relative to the maximal M-response (Hmax) when compared among individuals. Analysis showed that with increases in Hmax at rest in each individual, the inhibitory effect was first enhanced, then reached a peak, and was finally alleviated. This pattern was similar to the intraindividual pattern of the inhibitory effect induced by specific conditioning stimulus as a function of the test reflex size.
Behavior Modification with Brain-Injured Children: A Brief Note on Directions for Research
Authors: Horton Arthur MacNeill
Published: August 2011

Research on behavior modification needed with brain-injured children is briefly noted. Previous studies indicate that the procedures of behavior modification work well with selected brain-injured children. The designs of most studies, however, have used small Ns or a single subject to evaluate interventions with brain-injured children. Some suggestions for research needed with this population are provided.
Compliance with a School Zone Speed Limit: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

Observance of approximately 2100 vehicles passing a suburban elementary school showed that about 90% were exceeding the posted speed limit. This finding lends support to the conventional wisdom that motorists' compliance with traffic regulations is relatively low.
Association of Prelesion Sports Participation and Involvement in Wheelchair Sports following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Kirkby Robert J. , Cull Julia , Foreman Peter
Published: August 2011

116 individuals with spinal cord injury were surveyed to investigate the relationship between prelesion sports participation and involvement in wheelchair sports following injury. While 89 reported they had been involved in sport prior to their injury, only 38 (43%) of these were involved since injury. 27 respondents said that they had not participated in sport preinjury; however, 13 (48%) of these reported that they had become involved since injury. Analysis by χ2 showed that, for this sample at least, the tendency for an individual with spinal cord injury to be involved in wheelchair sports was not related to preinjury history of sports involvement.
Percept-Genetic Codings of Defense in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Rubino I. Alex , Verucci Monica , Savino Maria Luisa , Hadjichristos Aristotele , Saraceni Ferdinando , Hadjichristos Christos
Published: August 2011

Hitherto available studies on the percept-genetic defensive organization of Schizophrenia have not distinguished between acute and chronic stages of the disorder. The present research with the Defense Mechanism Test included 30 chronic inpatients with several years of hospitalization and with acceptable perceptual thresholds. Compared with 30 sex- and age-matched nonschizophrenic psychiatric control patients, schizophrenics resorted significantly more often to (a) regression, (b) disappearance of the peripheral figure, (c) introjection (wrong sex attribution to the hero), and (d) significantly less often to the most mature variants of repression. In a further comparison of a subgroup of 16 women schizophrenic patients and a matched group of melancholic inpatients, the findings on regression, introjection, and repression were replicated.
Effect of Carbohydrate Substrate Availability on Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Prolonged Exercise of Moderate Intensity
Authors: Kang Jie , Robertson Robert J. , Goss Fredric L. , DaSilva Sergio G. , Visich Paul , Suminski Richard R. , Utter Alan C. , Denys Bart G.
Published: August 2011

This investigation examined the effect of carbohydrate substrate availability on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during cycling at moderate intensity to exhaustion and the relation between submaximal endurance performance and RPE obtained following 2 hr. of cycling at moderate intensity. Seven male cyclists performed two exercise trials at power output corresponding to 70% of their peak oxygen uptake until exhaustion. Subjects ingested either a 6% glucose/sucrose solution at the rate of 0.6 g · kg−1 (Body Weight) · hr.−1 or an equal volume of artificially flavored placebo every 20 min. throughout the exercise trials. RPE for the legs, chest, and over-all body, and oxygen consumption, expired ventilation, carbohydrate oxidation rate, and blood concentrations of glucose, glycerol, and lactate were measured every 20 min. throughout exercise and at exercise termination. Statistical analysis of these dependent variables indicates that (1) an exercise-induced decrease in blood-borne carbohydrate substrate intensifies leg and over-all perceptions of exertion during the later stages of prolonged cycling at 70% VO2peak. (2) Factors other than availability of blood-borne carbohydrate substrate may influence perceptual intensity at exhaustion. (3) Ratings of perceived exertion for the legs and over-all body obtained after 2 hr. of cycling at moderate intensity may be useful in predicting submaximal endurance performance.
Augmented Feedback for Enhanced Skill Acquisition in Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Croce Ronald , Horvat Michael , Roswal Glenn
Published: August 2011

Coincident timing by individuals who exhibit traumatic brain injury was measured under conditions of no knowledge of results (no KR; n = 12), KR on every trial ( n = 14), summary KR ( n = 13), and average KR ( n = 12). Following acquisition trials, groups performed immediate and longer retention trials without KR. Absolute constant error and variable error, analyzed in separate repeated-measures analyses of variance, indicated that during acquisition trials subjects receiving KR on every trial were the most accurate and the most consistent in their responses; however, subjects in groups receiving summary and average KR were the most accurate during immediate retention, with the group receiving summary KR being the most accurate during longer retention.
Reactivity in Extroverts and Introverts
Authors: Hunt Anne E. , Catalano John F. , Lombardo John P.
Published: August 2011

The response times of 17 introverts and 24 extroverts to red and blue stimulus lights were compared. While no differences were found between the groups, introverts responded faster to the presentation of the red stimulus light than the blue one.
Effects of Bandwidth Feedback on Delayed Retention of a Movement Timing Task
Authors: Butler Michael S. , Fischman Mark G.
Published: August 2011

The effectiveness of broad and narrow bandwidth feedback for learning a 2-segment timing task was tested over short-term (10-min.) and longer-term (2-day) retention intervals. The main finding was that bandwidth feedback groups deteriorated in accuracy across the retention tests, raising questions about the effectiveness of bandwidth feedback for longer-term learning.
Sense of Humor and Creativity
Authors: Humke Christiane , Schaefer Charles E.
Published: August 2011

Scores on a multidimensional scale of humor and a nonverbal indicator of creative ability for 86 adults indicate a significant positive association of creativity and a sense of humor. Adults who were classified as low on creativity scored significantly lower on the humor scale than adults classified as high on creativity. This result is congruent with previous research indicating a relationship between the two constructs.
An Examination of Error Reductions in Consonant Recognition When Vision and Hearing are Combined
Authors: Berryman Lynn , Dancer Jess , Burl Nola
Published: August 2011

Errors in judging by 9 men and 9 women the three acoustic cues for consonant recognition, those of voice, place of articulation, and manner of articulation, were markedly reduced by 70% or more when vision was added to hearing in a word-in-noise discrimination task. The extent of error reduction is surprising especially for the least-visible voice cue.
Language Production in Younger and Older Adults
Authors: Drummond Sakina , Dancer Jess , Pierce Beth
Published: August 2011

Only six of 74 linguistic variables studied were affected by age when younger and older subjects were compared. Three of these variables related to pragmatics, two to semantics, and one to syntax. No differences were noted for the parameter of phonology.
Poisson Ensembles in Three Dimensions
Authors: O'Brien Frank , Hammel Sherry E. , Nguyen Chung T.
Published: August 2011

The authors recently derived a method for assessing stochastic randomness in three dimensional Euclidean space. The method was derived from a nearest neighbor spatial Poisson process. An alternative probability model based on a box-counting method derived from a partial sum of a Poisson series is presented in this paper. The performance of the method is evaluated through Monte Carlo simulations with synthetically constructed random distributions. A comparison between the new discrete distribution method and the initial distance method showed that a greater likelihood of detecting randomness existed among populations with the box-counting method.
A New Method for Examining the Judgment of Bigness
Authors: Shimizu Masuharu
Published: August 2011

80 children (40 three-yr.-olds, 23 boys and 17 girls, and 40 five-yr.-olds, 22 boys and 18 girls) were presented pairs of quadrangles (square vs rectangle) and triangles (two isosceles triangles) and asked to select the bigger one. The pairs were varied on the area ratio of paired stimuli and magnitude in differences between height and width. Although 3-yr.-olds tended to rely on area in making their judgments and also occasionally relied on height, almost all 5-yr.-olds relied on height. These results were discussed in relation to the tasks used in the previous studies, the basis in judgment of bigness, and the Japanese word for “big.”
On-Line Control of a Speeded Motor Response
Authors: McGarry Tim , Franks Ian M.
Published: August 2011

Evidence for a point of no return in a motor act has been reported to occur very late in its preparation and even to the point at which the response is executed. We report a qualitative example from electromyographic (EMG) data of an elbow-extension movement from 1 of 12 adults which suggests that the response can be stopped at any time up to its production, from which we conclude that the response is subject to on-line control at all times.
Children's Perceptions of Their Current and Ideal Body Sizes and Body Mass Index
Authors: Rolland Kim , Farnill Douglas , Griffiths Rosalyn A.
Published: August 2011

244 Australian schoolchildren aged between 8 and 12 years indicated their current and ideal body sizes by means of Collins' pictorial figures. Children's height and weight were also measured. Body-mass indices were calculated from these data, and percentile ranks estimated according to international reference data. Consistent with Collins' findings, 39% of girls and 26% of boys wanted to be thinner than they perceived themselves to be; however, this desire was strongly related to actual body size so the percentages were very different for weight categories established on the basis of Body Mass Index. In the overweight quartile, 76% of girls and 56% of boys wanted to be thinner, whereas in the underweight quartile only 10% of girls and no boys wanted to be thinner. The response of overweight children may be sensible, but the desire of some underweight girls to be even thinner is of concern. Some recent literature suggests that underweight individuals tend to overestimate their body sizes. About a half of our underweight children slightly overestimated their body sizes but only one child overestimated grossly.
Scores on Sensation Seeking as a Predictor of Sexual Activities among Homosexuals
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: August 2011

Sensation seeking scores were positively correlated with the variety of homosexual activities and the number of homosexual partners within a gay population of 100. However, sensation seeking scores were not correlated with risky sexual practices.
Symptom Reporting and Interoceptive Attention in Panic Patients
Authors: Kroeze Sabine , van den Hout Marcel , Haenen Marie-Anne , Schmidt Anton
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated whether bodily sensations reported by panic-disorder patients can be due to interoceptive attention. The attention of two groups, one of 16 panic patients and one of 17 normal control subjects was manipulated towards and away from bodily sensations. After each manipulation they had to report the sensations experienced. As expected, panic patients did report more sensations than controls in a baseline condition but against the hypothesis that a ceiling effect would occur in the panic group, both panic patients and controls reported more sensations after being instructed to attend to them. However, when their attention was diverted, panic patients showed a decrease in sensations greater than control subjects showed. The findings suggest that interoceptive attention may partly account for the sensations reported by panic patients.
Psychological Affect at Different Ratings of Perceived Exertion in High-and Low-Active Women: A Study Using a Production Protocol
Authors: Parfitt Gaynor , Eston Roger , Connolly Declan
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine psychological affect at different ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in 15 high- and 15 low-active women. Both groups performed three steady-state exercise bouts on a cycle ergometer at RPEs 9, 13, and 17 and reported their affect in the last 20 sec. of and 5 min. after each work rate. There were no differences between groups in percentage of maximal oxygen uptake (% VO2max) at each RPE. Low-active women reported feeling significantly more negative at RPE 17 than RPE 9 and less positive than the high-active women at RPEs 9, 13, and 17. In addition, all subjects reported more positive feelings 5 min. postexercise than in the last 20 sec. of exercising, especially at RPE 17. These results have implications for exercise prescription in groups differing in habitual activity levels.
Contribution of the Phonological Loop to Phonological Learning of New Vocabulary
Authors: Papagno Costanza
Published: August 2011

A specific component of human memory, the phonological short-term memory, plays a substantial role in the acquisition of new words. Both the short-term store and the rehearsal components of the system appear to be involved.
Pascual-Leone and Baddeley's Models of Information Processing as Predictors of Academic Performance
Authors: Vaquero José , de Astudillo Luisa Rojas , Niaz Mansoor
Published: August 2011

The main purpose was to compare whether Pascual-Leone and Baddeley's models of information processing can explain performance of 83 Venezuelan freshman students in subjects such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, and language (Spanish). All students were tested on (a) Working Memory Span based on an adaptation of the Daneman and Carpenter task by Baddeley and colleagues, (b) Structural Mental Capacity based on Pascual-Leone's Figural Intersection Test with no time limit, (c) Pascual-Leone's Functional mental capacity based on the Figural Intersection Test with a time limit, (d) Witkin's field dependence/independence based on the Group Embedded Figures Test, and (e) formal operational reasoning based on the Group Assessment of Logical Thinking. Multiple regression analyses showed that compared to scores on Working Memory Span, scores on both the Group Assessment of Logical Thinking and Structural Mental Capacity are better predictors of performance in science courses. Scores on Working Memory Span, however, are better predictors in the language course. Simultaneous processing of a large number of bits of information (Pascual-Leone's Structural Mental Capacity) may be a more important constraint on performance in science courses than a model that postulates the storage and processing of information at the same time (Baddeley's working memory).
Transfer to Changed Serial Position in a Task of Tracking a Sequence of Light Stimuli
Authors: Inui Nobuyuki
Published: August 2011

This study examined transfer when different serial positions are changed in a task of tracking a sequence of light stimuli. Thirty subjects were divided into three groups, and all tracked a serial pattern of six movements for 20 acquisition trials. Then, on 20 more transfer trials, the last two movements were reversed for Group I, the second two movements reversed for Group II, and the first two movements reversed for the Group III. Performance during the transfer trials improved over performance during the acquisition trials for Groups I and II but not Group III. Thus, there appeared to be positive transfer when the last and middle parts of the serial pattern were changed. However, there was no positive transfer when the first part of the serial pattern was changed. This indicated a contextual interference effect dependent upon serial position in the performance of a serial tracking task.
Effects of Semantic and Syntactic Congruity on Incidental Free Recall in Japanese Sentences
Authors: Toyota Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

Effects of the semantic and the syntactic congruity of sentence contexts on free recall were investigated in an incidental memory paradigm using an orienting task. All subjects were required to decide whether each target made sense in its sentence context on the orienting task. The subjects in a fast/quick group were presented each target for 2 sec. and given instructions which emphasized a quick decision. The subjects in the slow/accurate group were presented each target for 10 sec. and given instructions which emphasized the accuracy of the decision. Three types of sentence contexts were provided: semantically and syntactically congruous, semantically incongruous and syntactically congruous, and semantically and syntactically incongruous. For the fast/quick group only the semantic congruity effect was observed. Semantically and syntactically congruous sentence frames led to a better recall than semantically incongruous and syntactically congruous ones. For the slow/accurate group both the semantic congruity effects and the syntactic congruity effects were observed. Semantically incongluous and syntactically congruous sentences led to a better recall than semantically and syntactically incongruous ones. The difference between both types of congruity effects was discussed in terms of the encoding time of the semantic and the syntactic congruities.
The Differential Predictive Validity of Two Measurements of Cognitive Ability
Authors: Oosterveld Paul , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: August 2011

In this study was compared the relative predictive power of an achievement test and a self-report questionnaire for cognitive abilities in the context of prediction of educational achievement. With average grades, the multiple correlation of scores on both tests administered to a sample of 232 pupils in secondary education showed only marginal differences.
Reliability and Validity of the Facility Membership Questionnaire
Authors: Drummond Jan L. , Lenes Heather S.
Published: August 2011

To identify the reasons people join fitness facilities, a Facility Membership Questionnaire was developed and was administered to 26 subjects to assess internal consistency. Cronbach alpha was .94.
Sudden Onset of Subjective Dimensionality: A Case Study
Authors: Mikulas William L.
Published: August 2011

For 45 years, Bob had no subjective sense of depth; the world appeared two-dimensional to him. Then, when he was viewing mountain vistas while using marijuana, he suddenly was able to see three dimensions. This case, apparently unique in the literature, suggests that subjective dimensionality may be functionally separate from use of distance cues.
Left-Handedness Increases Injury Risk in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Wright Peter , Williams Joanne , Currie Candace , Beattie Tom
Published: August 2011

In a self-report survey of a representative national sample of 4081 Scottish schoolchildren, injuries requiring medical assistance were more common in left-handers; these were also more severe and likely to involve an overnight stay in hospital. Particularly at risk were adolescent girls with a 32% greater chance of being injured if they were left-handed compared with their right-handed peers. The corresponding relative risk for boys was not significant.
Optokinetic Rotation-Induced Taste Aversions Correlate with Over-All Symptoms of Motion Sickness in Humans
Authors: Hu Senqi , Willoughby Lisa M. , Lagomarsino John J. , Jaeger Holly A.
Published: August 2011

51 subjects were divided into Familiar- and Unfamiliar-drink groups based on whether they had tasted soybean milk before the experiment. Each subject then viewed an optokinetic rotating drum for 10 min. Subjective assessments of nausea and over-all symptoms of motion sickness were measured during the drum rotation. Two hours later subjects drank the soybean milk again. The consumed volume and rating of likeableness of the drink were subsequently measured. Analysis showed that the subjects in the Unfamiliar-drink group reported significantly higher taste aversion and consumed significantly less soybean milk after rotation than those in the Familiar-drink group. Correlation for the Unfamiliar-drink group indicated that the rated taste aversion was positively correlated with ratings of over-all symptoms of motion sickness and that the consumed volume of soybean milk was negatively correlated with ratings of over-all symptoms of motion sickness. We concluded that the magnitude of acquired conditioned taste aversion was dependent upon the severity of over-all symptoms of visually induced motion sickness when subjects were unfamiliar with the flavor of the target drink.
Comparison of the Cardioglide, Crosswalk, and Treadmill Walking in Development of Cardiovascular Endurance, Dynamic Strength, and Flexibility in Middle-Aged Men and Women
Authors: Taylor Julie , Tucker Larry A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to estimate association of exercise on the CardioGlide, CrossWalk, or treadmill with changes in cardiovascular endurance, dynamic strength, and flexibility and to ascertain if there was any advantage to training with one type of equipment compared to the others. 67 sedentary men and women participated. Fitness components were assessed at baseline and following the intervention. Subjects trained three days per week increasing exercise duration and intensity to 30 minutes at 80% of age-predicted maximum heart rate. Analysis showed that training was associated with significant improvements in all of the measured components of fitness; however, there was no advantage to using one exercise machine over the others.
Multiple Regression Analysis and Baseball Hall of Fame Membership: Part II. Focus on Pitchers
Authors: Kaufman Alan S. , Kaufman James C.
Published: August 2011

In a previous study, multiple regression analysis was used to predict membership in baseball's Hall of Fame for nonpitchers. For this study, similar procedures were used to predict Hall of Fame status for pitchers. The sample included 40 former baseball pitchers, 20 who were elected to the Hall of Fame and 20 good pitchers who were not elected. Using numerous predictors, it was possible to account for about 60 to 73% of the variance in the selection of pitchers to the Hall of Fame.
Allocation of Attention during Word Recognition by Good and Poor Readers
Authors: Gillund Brent , Ferraro F. Richard
Published: August 2011

The current study investigated differences in allocation of attention between good and poor readers, using dual-task methodology. For 54 undergraduates classified as Good Readers and 54 classified as Poor Readers, based on their Nelson-Denny reading comprehension scores, significant main effects and interactions were found for word frequency, lexicality, and stimulus onset asynchrony, but no significant group differences (either in the form of main effects or interaction effects) were found between Good and Poor Readers. Possible explanations include task demands in the conditions and speed-accuracy trade-offs made by some subjects.
Categorization Based on Attribute versus Relational Similarity in 4-To 10-Month-Old Infants
Authors: Greco-Vigorito Carolyn
Published: August 2011

4- to 10-month-old infants were tested in 2 experiments to determine whether they used a similar attribute or a similar relationship among attributes to make visual judgments of similarity and categorization. In Exp. 1 infants were familiarized with a single stimulus composed of several attributes and a prescribed relationship among the attributes, left wing smaller than right wing. When tested in a novelty-preference procedure with novel stimuli that either preserved a single attribute but violated the relationship (Attribute Test Stimulus) or preserved the relationship with a new set of attributes (Relational Test Stimulus), 4-mo.-olds treated the Attribute Test Stimulus as familiar, whereas 6-mo.-olds treated the Relational Test Stimulus as familiar. Neither 8- nor 10-mo.-olds showed a preference for either test stimulus. In Exp. 2 a category containing 3 exemplars was constructed. In each exemplar a single attribute, left wing, was held constant, and all 3 exemplars shared the same relational structure, left wing smaller than right wing, but the remaining attributes varied across exemplars. Four-, 6-, and 8-mo.-olds in Exp 2 reliably included the novel Attribute Test Stimulus in the category. These data suggest that, although infants under 8 months can recognize relational information, they may not always use that information when making categorization judgments, particularly if a single, well-defined attribute is available as the basis for categorization.
Measured Intelligence of Problematic Patients with Chronic Pain
Authors: Wagner Edwin E.
Published: August 2011

100 patients with chronic pain judged “problematic” by their referring physicians were administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test–Revised. 38 obtained IQs of 85 or less while only 11 earned IQs of 101 or higher. While a number of confounds may have influenced these results, low intelligence appears to be a marker for negative treatment prognosis, at least as perceived by physicians, and its influence would seem to merit further investigation and clarification.
Field Dependence-Independence and the Discrimination of Musical Parts
Authors: Ellis Mark C.
Published: August 2011

The association of the cognitive style known as field dependence–independence and 168 subjects' correct detection of the number of parts in 24 musical items was investigated. Each item was arranged in one of three textures. With the effects of general mental ability, experience in music, and gender held constant, scores on the Group Embedded Figures Test explained significant variance in discrimination (7.5%). Factorial analysis showed significant main effects for cognitive-style groups, number of parts, and texture. The interaction between the effects of part and texture was also significant. In some cases an individual's cognitive style may influence perception of “what's going on” in music.
A Method of Detecting the Muscle Pain Threshold Using an Objective Software-Mediated Technique
Authors: Edwards Thomas , Baker Stephen , Eston Roger
Published: August 2011

This paper describes the reliability of a new procedure of applying force to a muscle site using a computer-mediated myometric procedure to measure a discomfort-pain threshold. 24 female subjects were divided into four groups. Each group was tested on three occasions (trial) at four muscle sites (site) repeated daily over four days (day). Each group received one of four different rates of force application (ramp). Analysis of variance (ramp by day by site by trial) showed a significant main effect for trials and discomfort-pain threshold at different muscle sites, but no significant main effect for days or ramps. Intraclass correlations for each muscle site were in the range of R = 0.73 to 0.98. This procedure appears to be a valid, reliable and nonintrusive means of assessing the muscle discomfort-pain threshold.
Evidence of Nonverbal Learning Disability among Learning Disabled Boys with Sensory Integrative Dysfunction
Authors: Humphries Tom , Krekewich Karla , Snider Laurie
Published: August 2011

The presumed sensorimotor basis of the nonverbal learning disability syndrome was investigated among 90 learning disabled boys ( M age = 6 yr., 8 mo., SD = 12.2 mo.) with sensory integrative dysfunction. The majority of the boys were Caucasian, lower to middle socioeconomic status, and from urban, English-speaking families. 14% ( n = 13) of the boys satisfied core discrepancy criteria for nonverbal learning disability, including both a significantly higher Wechsler Verbal than Performance IQ and a higher standard score in Reading than Arithmetic on the Wide Range Achievement Test. Compared with a control group of 19 boys from the same sample who had no significant discrepancies, boys with nonverbal learning disability had significantly greater weaknesses in space visualization and visuomotor coordination. As predicted, rote verbal memory and syntactical strengths were also exhibited by boys with nonverbal learning disability, but the two groups did not differ significantly.
The Role of Prepriming in Recognition-Primed Decisionmaking
Authors: McLennan Jim , Omodei Mary M.
Published: August 2011

Klein's (1989a) Recognition-primed Decision model proposes that the experienced decisionmaker, on encountering an incident requiring complex time-pressured decisions, first categorizes the situation as a variant of a familiar type of problem and subsequently simulates mentally the likely consequences of acting on the basis of the categorization. Drawing on data obtained in two studies, the first with Australian Football League umpires and the second with experienced firefighters, this paper suggests that Klein's model be extended to take into account the active mental processing that occurs immediately prior to the incident. In both studies, participants reported engaging in active simulations, based on the limited information available prior to exposure to the actual decisional incident. This suggests that in many time-pressured naturalistic decision settings, the experienced decisionmaker enters the situation with a number of most-likely prototype situations already activated in memory (preprimed) and that situational assessments and possibilities for action are first made from among this reduced set of preprimed prototypes.
A New Visual Image Rating Scale for Females: Correlations with Measures of Relative Fatness, Weight Dissatisfaction, and Body-Esteem
Authors: Goldberg Jeanne P. , Lenart Elizabeth B. , Bailey Stephen M. , Koff Elissa
Published: August 2011

A new Visual Image Rating Scale for females was developed from a computer-reconstructed photograph to produce figures with realistic three-dimensional contour and different types of fat and muscle distribution. Correlations between choice of figures selected by a group of college women on two occasions two weeks apart gave significant test-retest stability. To estimate the construct validity of the scale in assessing body satisfaction, at the time the scale was first administered 77 undergraduate women were asked to select the figure closest to their current physique and to complete the Body-esteem Scale. Figure selection was highly correlated with relative fatness as measured by Body Mass Index and with scores on the Weight Concern subscale of the Body-esteem Scale. The utility of the scale for women of color or for women of a wider range of age and socioeconomic status remains to be evaluated.
Auditory and Visual Recall of Forward and Backward Digit Spans
Authors: Powell Douglas H. , Hiatt Mark D.
Published: August 2011

Increasingly, clinicians obtain data from tests across modalities. Little actual information, however, exists as to normal patterns. An example is auditory and visual recall of digit span. The effects of modality on recall of digit span, sequence, and order were examined with 80 subjects ( M age 24.3 yr.). Subjects were given the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, and a research version of MicroCog: Assessment of Cognitive Functioning. Both contain forward and backward digit spans. Recall for visual presentation was significantly stronger than for auditory presentation of backward digit span. Recall for visual backward digit span was also superior to auditory backward digit span when the sequence of presentation was controlled. The mean number of digits recalled was higher when visual digit span was preceded by auditory digit span.