bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Deportation State
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the legal and bureaucratic transformations that gave rise to the deportation power in its contemporary form, providing a better understanding of how it operates as a significant source of presidential power. The story begins in the late nineteenth century, when Congress effectively created the legal authority and bureaucratic capacity the Executive needed to conduct immigration enforcement within the nation’s interior. Contrary to conventional wisdom, the rise of federal immigration legislation during this period did not mark a sharp break with an earlier, mythical period when the United States welcomed all comers. But it was not until this time that Congress began building the regulatory machinery for selecting immigrants that would turn the federal government into a potent force for controlling immigration. For the first time since the infamous Alien and Sedition Acts, Congress enacted laws making resident noncitizens deportable. Just as important, Congress began constructing institutions that would enable the federal government to turn the growing law of deportation into a reality on the ground. Today, deportation occupies much of the field of federal law enforcement. Indeed, the government deports hundreds of thousands of immigrants every year—far more people than are incarcerated in the entire federal prison system. In this chapter, we explain how this reality came to be.
Controlling the Enforcement Bureaucracy
Authors: Cox Adam B. , Rodríguez Cristina M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter demonstrates how the President’s control over immigration policy depends intimately on the structure and culture of the enforcement bureaucracy. These features of the bureaucracy in turn shape presidential policymaking. In particular, low-level executive branch officials play a crucial role in effectuating the enforcement power, as they are the ones responsible for the daily exercise of discretion within the system. To see how these dynamics have played out within the Executive Branch, the chapter studies the Obama administration’s efforts to centralize enforcement discretion in order to control line-level agents and contrasts those efforts with the early decisions of the Trump administration. It focuses on the attempts by political officials to tame the discretion of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents. President Obama’s efforts to discipline the decision-making of these line officials culminated in his two signature initiatives designed to insulate upward of five million unauthorized immigrants from removal. The bureaucratic reality of presidential immigration law has been on display equally during President Trump’s administration, including through efforts to centralize control over discretion where doing so has proven necessary to advancing the President’s policy agenda.
More Than One Way to Be First
Authors: Benson Janel E. , Lee Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the reader to existing research on first-generation college students and argues that institutions need to learn more about the heterogeneity among first generation students to better serve this population. The authors describe their three broad questions: First, what are the different ways that first-generation students organize their social, extracurricular, and academic lives at selective and highly selective colleges? Second, how do first generation students sort themselves and get sorted into these different types of campus lives? Third, how do these different patterns of campus engagement prepare first-generation students for their post-college lives? The authors then provide an overview of their arguments and explain how their concept of campus geographies provides a new and useful lens. Finally, they describe their methods and provide an overview of the chapters in the book.
Crisis in Cairo: From Sultan to Sultan-Queen
Authors: Ruggles D. Fairchild
Published: September 2020

When Sultan Salih died while overseeing the battle against the Franks of the Seventh Crusade, Egypt suddenly became vulnerable to attack by the Franks and the Ayyubid princes ruling neighboring territories. Hence, his death became a secret guarded closely by his most trusted advisors and Shajar al-Durr until his sole surviving son could be brought to Cairo. When that heir proved a failure and was assassinated, Shajar al-Durr became sultan in a highly unusual move that surprised even the commenters of the period. She minted coins with her titles, and the weekly sermon in the mosques was recited in her name as Egypt’s sultan.
Prolonged Exposure to Political Violence and the Development of Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Palestinian Adolescents
Authors: Haj-Yahia Muhammad M. , Greenbaum Charles W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates the relationship between prolonged exposure to political violence (EPV) and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) among Palestinian adolescents. It also examines the moderating effect of participants’ age, gender, and parental socialization styles on the relationship between EPV and PTSS. A systematic cluster random sample of 2,934 Palestinian adolescents aged 14 to 19 years living in the West Bank and East Jerusalem responded to self-administered questionnaires. Multiple regression analysis showed a positive relationship between levels of EPV and of PTSS. Girls showed higher levels of PTSS than boys. Hostile and rejecting parenting styles, strict discipline, and negative evaluation from parents correlated positively with high PTSS, whereas intimate and loving parenting correlated with low levels of PTSS, supporting the hypotheses presented here. The chapter discusses the importance of intimate and loving parenting styles as a possible protective factor for mitigating the effects of political violence on children.
The Moral Pathways of War-Exposed Youths
Authors: Wainryb Cecilia
Published: September 2020

It is too often hard to reconcile what happens in war-torn environments with notions of benevolence and justice. Given that youths develop moral understandings and a sense of themselves and others as moral beings in the context of their everyday experiences, the harrowing backdrop of war is likely to have significant and perhaps long-standing effects on their moral development. In this chapter, contemporary scholarship on morality and on the development of moral agency is used to outline a conceptual framework for understanding the unique challenges faced by war-exposed youth when called to make sense of their own war-related experiences. The chapter includes narrative examples from research with Colombian war-displaced youths and Colombian child soldiers to illustrate distinct ways in which war constrains their attempts at moral meaning-making.
Promoting Resilience in Children Exposed to War and Political Violence by Strengthening Parenting
Authors: Gewirtz Abigail H. , Rahl-Brigman Hayley Anne , Senich Kate
Published: September 2020

A key factor associated with children’s resilience in the face of adversity is access to an effective parent or caregiver. Decades of research have shown that parenting practices are malleable and that improvements in parenting predict improvements in children’s development. However, the application of parenting interventions to the population of children and families affected by war and political violence is relatively new. This chapter briefly reviews the theoretical and conceptual rationale for parenting interventions in the context of political violence and war and provides data from passive and intervention studies to demonstrate the potential for parenting interventions to strengthen children’s resilience following political adversity. The chapter reviews observational parenting studies, parenting interventions for war and political violence that are based on the parenting interventions known as Generation PMTO (the Parent Management Training–Oregon model), as well as data from feasibility and randomized controlled trials.
Therapeutic Interventions with Israeli Children Exposed to Continuous Traumatic Stress of Political Violence
Authors: Lavi Tamar
Published: September 2020

This chapter reviews theoretical and clinical issues related to living under continuous traumatic stress (CTS) due to exposure to political violence. Through an analysis of CTS experienced by the residents of the southwestern area of Israel, the chapter presents an approach to therapeutic interventions for children and families that advocates the adaptation of extant therapies to the CTS situation. An illustrative case study is presented, and the effect of external threat on the therapeutic relationship between therapist and client is discussed. The chapter concludes with recommendations for therapy with children who are exposed to CTS and suggestions for future research for assessing interventions of the kind described in this chapter.
Justice for Children Affected by Political Violence
Authors: Atiba-Davies Gloria
Published: September 2020

This chapter catalogs the list of crimes against and affecting children during conflict and situations of war over which the International Criminal Court (ICC) has jurisdiction. It provides information on the mandate of the International Criminal Tribunals of Yugoslavia and Rwanda as well as the Special Court of Sierra Leone and how they addressed issues relating to crimes against children. The chapter describes the structure and functioning of the ICC. In addition, significant information is presented about the work of the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the ICC relating to investigations and cases including crimes against children. Lastly, it gives an overview of the Sexual and Gender-based Crimes Policy and the Policy on Children of the OTP, which were launched in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Both policies provide the framework within which the OTP will conduct the preliminary examinations, investigations, and prosecutions of those crimes.
Transitional Justice and Children
Authors: Aptel Cecile , Siegrist Saudamini , Affolter Friedrich W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the importance of transitional justice as a measure to provide remedy for children in cases of massive societal violence, such as armed conflicts, international crimes, or atrocities. It presents different transitional justice initiatives and how they have engaged children, briefly reviewing child-sensitive approaches to criminal accountability, truth-seeking initiatives, reparations programs, and institutional reforms. It recommends that children and young people be consulted and engaged when transitional justice mechanisms and processes are implemented, while protecting their best interests at all times. It highlights the importance of educational reform as a key institutional reform in furthering transitional justice. The chapter proposes that educational reform be positioned as a key instrument for transitional justice, as it plays an important role in children’s recovery, contributing to their cognitive and psychological development while concomitantly advancing social cohesion and long-term peacebuilding.
On the Mastery of Men, Animals, and Everything
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 17 presents a long list of the different creations and the archetypical “spiritual master” (rad) of each.
On the Nature of Sleep
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapters 19 and 19A contain a short description of the nature and function of sleep (xwāb). The chapters describe the creation of sleep and its appearance. They also proscribe the proper length of sleep as three or four recitations of one of the central Zoroastrian prayers.
On the Religious Year
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 25 addresses everyday timekeeping, including the calendar, the divisions of the year, the lengths of day and night, and the periods of the day. The chapter refers to three different calendars and two different divisions of the seasons. One divides the year in half between summer and winter, following the Avestan tradition, while the second divides the year into four seasons of three months each. Days, in turn, are divided into five ritual watches (gāh) in summer and four in winter, when days are shorter. Prayers were to be said five times a day, during each of the five watches. The chapter’s digression on the climatic conditions of India in summer and winter may be a late addition reflecting the Zoroastrian community’s resettlement in the subcontinent in the centuries following the Muslim conquest.
On Ahriman and the Demons’ Evil Deeds
Authors: Agostini Domenico , Thrope Samuel
Published: September 2020

The catalogue of demons in chapter 27 mirrors the structure of the list of deities elsewhere in the Bundahišn. The first part of the chapter is devoted to a description of the nature of Ahriman, followed by a list of the six archdemons, the major demons, and finally other minor fiends. The chapter’s concluding digression on Hell seems to be an interpolation.
No Bad Vibes
Authors: Jain Andrea R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter introduces the term neoliberal spirituality, which serves as a category to represent a crucial node in global neoliberal capitalism. Spiritual industries, corporations, entrepreneurs, and consumers relate spiritual practices to ethical values through marketing and consumer activities. The result, neoliberal spirituality, represents a neoliberal mode of governance. Gestural subversion, subverting dominant power structures through gestures, however, is a key area of their valuation. The subversive expressions appliqued across yogaware and the industry’s “do good” discourses, for example, signal to the consumer that the products are characterized by values antagonistic to or at least in tension with the forces and relations of capitalist production. They provide the language for spiritual consumers’ discontent.
Made in Bharat
Authors: Jain Andrea R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter evaluates neoliberal spirituality in India and its relationship to public space and dominant political values by evaluating prime minister of India Narendra Modi’s 2015 inauguration of the International Day of Yoga with a vast public ritual. Drawing on Steven Lukes’s suggestion that political rituals manipulate an agenda in order to make it appear that community power is at play when in fact they empower a select few, the author argues that Modi’s Yoga Day demonstration demarcated out-groups and empowered a heteropatriarchal Hindu elite. Yoga was an instrument of domination through which Modi mainstreamed Hindutva, the position that the strength and unity of India depend on its “Hindu-ness,” and that therefore unorthodox or foreign social practices and religions should be resisted.
Underlying Direction
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Our musical concerns first and foremost should drive the direction of our reed work.
Machines for Bassoonists on a Limited Reed-Making Budget
Authors: Arbiter Eric
Published: September 2020

Reed-making machines are useful but not necessary. A plan is presented examining which machines are most useful, taking into account the availability of excellent commercial cane.
Which Lives Matter?
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter puzzles out why the conviction that there are “higher” and “lower” kinds of beings is so stubbornly rooted in the human way of life. It traces the origins of such a way of thinking. The chapter reveals that racial supremacist beliefs are part of a much larger framework, within which the relationship between race and dehumanization becomes much clearer. Racial thinking and dehumanizing thinking both rely on psychological essentialism, but both also rely on hierarchical thinking. Racialized people are typically thought of as lesser human beings. Because they possess an inferior racial essence, they are thought to be by their very nature at a lower level within the rank of the human. But dehumanized people are thought of as possessing the essence of a subhuman animal. That is what makes them less than human rather than lesser humans.
The Act of Killing
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers how we manage violence. Like other social animals, humans inhibit severe forms of violence against members of their own community. These inhibitions are needed, because social life cannot possibly be sustained if the members of a group are at each other's throats. But for most animals these inhibitions against violence do not apply to strangers. Moreover, the human aversion to harming one another is in tension with a basic condition of animal life. Animals must kill, damage, or exploit other organisms in order to live. The act of killing is monumentally important to human lives. The question of what kinds of beings are killable, and under what circumstances they may be killed, is perhaps the most basic of all moral questions. Because killing is mandatory for human survival, it is tempting to fall into the trap of hierarchical thinking, and to rationalize this gut-level bias with fancy philosophical arguments or religious beliefs.
Dangerous Speech
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter is concerned with dangerous speech. Dangerous speech is any form of expression that is likely to cause others to commit or condone acts of violence against some group of people. Not all dangerous speech is dehumanizing speech, however. People often incite or justify violence against a group without encouraging an audience to think of their targets as nonhumans. But this chapter shows that dehumanizing speech is an especially dangerous kind of speech, because of its power to elicit extreme forms of violence. This form of speech dehumanizes indirectly, by causing others to adopt dehumanizing attitudes. The producer of the speech may or may not even share these attitudes.
Impurity
Authors: Smith David Livingstone
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that dehumanization is much more complex than merely thinking of other people as lower forms of life. When people dehumanize others, they think of them as both human and subhuman at the same time, and as violating the categorical distinctions that are supposed to underpin the natural order. Filth and disease are repulsive, so it is in the interest of dehumanizers to instill or reinforce the belief that members of the dehumanized group are a source of pollution. Dehumanized people are often seen as harbingers of disorder, pollution, and disease. And even though these people are almost always marginalized and vulnerable, they are depicted as and treated as though they are profoundly threatening—thus justifying the violence against them.
Peril Stories
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: September 2020

As young couples began their relationships, their intimacy from the start was a community project in which they were allowed extensive room to explore, in emotional as well as physical terms, relationships with potential life partners as long as they observed the conventions by which working communities defined what was licit. Their intimacy could be expansive as long as they conducted it in public spaces. The commitment to marry was soon followed by intercourse as part of the many steps into marriage rather than a “wedding day.” The promises to marry were accompanied by a shift to intimacy in personalized, interior spaces where women often described men’s use of violence as intrinsic to their first experience of intercourse. Community safeguarders sought to manage the risk of youthful intimacy by marking the boundaries, but courtship, even as it offered the potential opportunity of marriage, remained a perilous time for young women.
Holding Men Responsible
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: September 2020

Pregnancy, an inevitable hazard of the multi-step process into marriage that included intercourse before the wedding, was an important point of negotiation and often contention between couples and with community members. Women’s fertility sparked a series of discussions about the timing of the next step, but family and community could channel young couples toward marriage if they perceived matrimony was desirable but becoming unlikely - or prevent it. Through all of these negotiations and across generations and communities as well as between intimate partners, roiling emotions were integral to the transition into marriage or the decisions not to marry. A wide variety of community members acted as safeguarders who sought to ensure progression toward marriage before and after the birth of babies. Young women could go to court to make paternity claims against the alleged fathers, and courts, like communities, consistently expected young men to take responsibility.
Conclusion
Authors: Hardwick Julie
Published: September 2020

Although the later decades of the eighteenth century and the decade of the Revolution are often associated with important changes in marriage and family as well as other issues, the persistence of key patterns in young couples’ relationships is also striking. Courtship, heartbreak, untimely pregnancy, and out-of-wedlock births remained common in working communities. Pragmatic as well as emotional concerns underpinned marriage choices just as they had in the Old Regime. Women remained more vulnerable due to legal, cultural, and economic patterns that were very slow to change. The particularities of the Old Regime configurations of intimacy in working communities were only gradually adjusted after 1800.
Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Werner Annika
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy (EFDD) group which in 2014 contained two radical right populist parties, UKIP and the Sweden Democrats, alongside the populist (but not radical right) Italian Five-Star Movement. Like the previous chapter, it uses Chapel Hill data and interviews to explain the group’s formation. The chapter shows that the Sweden Democrats also conform to the “respectable radicals” model, seeing themselves on a journey from local pariah status to respectability via their European alliances. UKIP, however, was less concerned with these domestic respectability benefits. Its main aim, once satisfied that an alliance with a specific foreign party would not damage its reputation at home, was to construct what UKIP interviewees themselves called “a marriage of convenience” in order to secure parliamentary group spoils (financial and administrative resources, along with the visibility offered by extra parliamentary speaking time).
Europe of Nations and Freedom
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Werner Annika
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains the formation of the Europe of Nations and Freedom (ENF) group containing Front National, Northern League, Austrian Freedom party, Flemish Vlaams Belang and the Dutch Party for Freedom. Based on expert survey data and interviews, it shows how, while these parties have long held compatible positions on key issues, cooperation between them all has only become possible over the last decade, in part through the role of new party leaders such as Marine Le Pen. The chapter argues that the ENF’s creation reflects a shared desire to create a lasting European group composed of radical right populist parties unashamed of their commonalities. Finally, it discusses how the ENF parties have presented themselves not only as defenders of their own nations, but of a wider “European” people against the supposedly increasing threats posed by EU elites and dangerous “others” (in particular Muslims).
The Caliphate Rises
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 features Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s 1 July 2014 speech titled ‘A Message to the Mujahidin and the Muslim Ummah in the Month of Ramadan’ and his iconic speech delivered in Mosul’s al-Nuri Mosque on 4 July 2014. Days earlier, on 29 June 2014, Abu Muhammad al-Adnani, the group’s charismatic spokesman, had announced that ISIS was now to be known as the Islamic State and that the caliphate had been established with Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi as its caliph. This was a time of triumph after capturing Raqqa in Syria, Mosul in Iraq, and swathes of territory in between. From near total decimation in the aftermath of the Sahwa in Iraq and, only months earlier, the pincer movement of its rivals on either side of the Syria-Iraq border, the movement now reveled in its greatest feats achieved through a mix of shrewd strategizing, ruthless opportunism, and calculated patience.
Patience
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines a speech given by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, then-caliph of the Islamic State, in August 2018. After four years of intense, unrelenting pressure from the anti-Islamic State coalition and a variety of local actors across the Middle East and North Africa, by 2018, the movement was a hollowed-out shell of what it had been at the peak of its second resurgence. It now held only two per cent of the territory it controlled at its high point, and it was in this context that, after a year of silence, Baghdadi delivered this hour-long address. In it, Baghdadi seeks to persuade his movement to remain patient, committed, and unified during this time of ‘purification,’ pointing as he does to historical precedent and divine promise, assuring his listeners that only unwavering commitment to the movement’s manhaj (method) guarantees survival and, eventually, success.
The Guerrilla Caliph
Authors: Ingram Haroro , Whiteside Craig , Winter Charlie
Published: September 2020

Chapter 15 features Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi’s final speech which appeared in an Islamic State video titled ‘In the Hospitality of Amirul-Mu’minin’ on 29 April 2019. Three features are particularly noteworthy. First, Baghdadi uses the speech to demonstrate that he is closely monitoring not only global events and issues but the fortunes of the personnel within his organization. Second, his physical appearance in the video was markedly different to his last appearance in 2014. He was now the guerrilla caliph managing a global insurgency on the run. Third, Baghdadi was projecting his authority as not just Islamic State’s leader but ‘amirul-mu’minin’ (commander of the faithful). Less than six months later, Baghdadi would be killed in a special forces leadership decapitation raid on his hideout in northern Syria. Under his leadership, the Islamic State had become the flagship of the global jihad with provinces around the world.
South Africa, 1 January 1900
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter records the voices of a number of other players in the drama of the South African War, on the first day of the new century. They include interpreter Solomon Plaatje in the besieged town of Mafeking; war correspondent H. W. Nevinson besieged in Ladysmith; Lieutenant Colonel Kekewich in command of the besieged town of Kimberley. Also President Paul Kruger in Pretoria, Roger Casement, Mohandas Gandhi (later the Mahatma), novelist Olive Schreiner, and newspaper editor John Tengo Jabavu in the Eastern Cape. These people provide insights into the war from across the whole of South Africa; they include combatants, non-combatants, imperialists, anti-imperialists, Boers, British, and non-whites caught up in what was mistakenly called a ‘white man’s war’.
Voyaging Out
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter takes the reader through the months immediately preceding the departure to South Africa of the three protagonists of the book, Rudyard Kipling, Arthur Conan Doyle and Mary Kingsley, in, respectively, January, February and March 1900. We see Rudyard and Carrie Kipling enduring their first Christmas without their daughter Josephine, and Kipling’s belief in the necessity and the good of war in South Africa, despite the military reversals of its early months; we see Conan Doyle throwing himself into war preparations and being inoculated against typhoid during the voyage; we see Mary Kingsley giving her last lecture in London at the Imperial Institute, and, on board ship, writing a critique of Christianity and a plea in favor of African nationalism, stressing the link between African land ownership and freedom from Western interference.
Rudyard Kipling, Cape Town and Bloemfontein
Authors: LeFanu Sarah
Published: September 2020

This chapter follows Rudyard Kipling in his travels around South Africa: he visited those wounded at the Battle of Spion Kop, travelled on a hospital train to pick up the wounded from the Battle of Paardeberg, and then went to Bloemfontein in the Orange Free State, where for ten hectic days he worked as an editor on The Friend, came under fire for the first time at Karee Siding, and observed the early days of the typhoid epidemic. It looks at Kipling’s romanticization of the colonial troops, and his portrayal of them in poems and stories, his growing disgust at what he saw as the treachery of the Cape rebels, and his criticism of the rigidity and snobbery of the British officer class, and in particular their folly in relation to the outbreak of typhoid.
Ask the Experts
Authors: Uy Michael Sy
Published: September 2020

From the end of World War II through the U.S. Bicentennial, the National Endowment for the Arts, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Ford Foundation granted close to $300 million (approximately $2.3 billion in 2017 dollars) in the field of music alone. In deciding what to fund, these three grantmaking institutions decided to “ask the experts,” adopting seemingly objective, scientific models of peer review and specialist evaluation. They recruited music composers at elite institutions, professors from prestigious universities, and leaders of performing arts organizations. Among the most influential expert-consultants were Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, Lukas Foss, and Milton Babbitt. The significance was twofold: not only were male, Western art composers put in charge of directing large and unprecedented channels of public and private funds, but also, in doing so, they determined and defined what was meant by artistic excellence. They decided the fate of their peers and shaped the direction of music making in this country. By asking the experts, the grantmaking institutions produced a concentrated and interconnected field of artists and musicians. Officers and directors utilized ostensibly objective financial tools like matching grants and endowments in an attempt to diversify and stabilize applicants’ sources of funding, as well as the number of applicants they funded. Such economics-based strategies, however, relied more on personal connections among the wealthy and elite, rather than local community citizens. Ultimately, this history demonstrates how “expertise” served as an exclusionary form of cultural and social capital that prevented racial minorities and nondominant groups from fully participating.
Gatekeeping from Within
Authors: Uy Michael Sy
Published: September 2020

This chapter elucidates the previously opaque and little-understood roles of foundation and National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) staff and officers, or “philanthropoids” as famous American writer Dwight Macdonald referred to them in his famous New Yorker article. These officers included program directors Walter Anderson (NEA) and Norman Lloyd (Rockefeller); vice president W. McNeil Lowry (Ford); and chairmen Roger Stevens (NEA) and Nancy Hanks (NEA). Foundation and NEA officers, as well as board of trustee members, were “interactional experts”—experts knowledgeable about a field, even if not actively contributing to new knowledge or self-identifying as experts—with tremendous influence in the operation of the system. They decided the kinds of outside voices that were heard in the decision-making process. They were gatekeepers, interlocutors, and translators between the outside consultants they recruited and grant applicants. They wielded the almighty red and black pens and their Rolodexes were a who’s who of asked experts.
The National Endowment for the Arts, the U.S. Bicentennial, and the Expansion Arts and Jazz/Folk/Ethnic Programs
Authors: Uy Michael Sy
Published: September 2020

This chapter investigates the National Endowment for the Arts’s (NEA’s) jazz program, Expansion Arts division, Bicentennial fellowships for “jazz/folk/ethnic” artists, and Folk Arts division. While the NEA mirrored a policy of matching requirements in its Treasury grants—which supported predominantly symphony orchestras—it also provided several millions of dollars to otherwise underrepresented and undersupported artists and communities. Not only were the NEA’s officers keenly committed to helping jazz and folk music, but also they brought in experts from urban, suburban, and rural communities to work as program directors. Vantile Whitfield and A. B. Spellman—key figures in the black arts movement of the 1970s—became directors. These experts recruited panelists of a broader geographical, racial, and gender representation, and similarly funded more diverse musicians and artists. Compared to the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations, which rarely provided funding to jazz or the music of minority communities, the government agency was a lifeline to otherwise unseen and unheard cultural practices.
Introduction
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

The introduction outlines the question this work addresses. With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact between 1989-92, it was ubiquitously held in the western media, business, government and academe that history was ‘being driven in a coherent direction’ towards a secular, liberal democratic, secular and borderless end. A quarter of a century later this vision lay in tatters. How, we might ask, did the progressive commitment to universal ideals come, over time, to lose faith in the prospect of global meliorism leading to a liberal international order governed by abstract norms? And what were the consequences of this loss of faith?
All Roads Lead to China
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

The economic decline of the West weakened economically by the euro zone crisis and politically by Brexit, is unlikely to be arrested. Yet the redistribution of global wealth has not advanced social justice, a Rawlsian ‘law of peoples’ or global emancipation, as the progressive mind anticipated. History far from ended in 1989 and geopolitics reasserted itself with the rise of revisionist powers on the other side of the Eurasian world island. Whether it was the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, Russia’s growing assertiveness in Eastern Europe and Syria, the Shanghai Cooperation of authoritarian regimes, or the ASEAN-led but China-dominated, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, revisionist powers have taken new and illiberal global pathways. This chapter examines how, after joining the World Trade Organization in 2002, China emerged as the dominant, authoritarian, geopolitical presence, representing an unanticipated illiberal intervention into the borderless world. Whatever else the China model entails, it confutes liberal faith in the democratic end of ideology. Consequently, second order and weaker states are having to recognize diplomatic first principles, namely that a great power can only be balanced by a great power. The changing geopolitical and financial times requires, this chapter contends, prudent realism rather than abstract idealism.
Conclusion
Authors: Jones David Martin
Published: September 2020

If the politics of prudent diffidence and the restoration of political balance, civil association, and limited constitutional rule, proves incapable of recovering political conduct under contingent conditions, what alternative dispositions might mould the contours of our post historical future? This chapter concludes the book by examining how historically body politics have died from a variety of internal and external distempers and how this might be Europe’s fate. It further considers how a brave new artificially intelligent world might organize new liberal and illiberal progressive futures either through a digitally administered party state like China or Singapore or what Silicon Valley envisages as an algorithmically managed, digital oligarchy that renders individual autonomy and democracy redundant. Both envisage a technocratically managed future where AI caters to and defines the needs of a dependent citizen body eking out its days in either a distracted or opiated stupor. Both forms of technocratic rationalism represent the antithesis of the understanding of civil society as a local and contingent compact between the dead, the living, and the yet to be born.
Introduction
Authors: Haddad Fanar
Published: September 2020

The introduction sets out the problems currently inherent to the study of sectarian dynamics and makes the case for why a new approach is needed. Specifically, it proposes the abandonment of the term ‘sectarianism’ and a shift of analytic attention towards sectarian identity. It then argues that understanding sectarian identity requires a multidimentional framework – one that recognizes the multiple ways in which sectarian identities are imagined, experienced and utilized. The model proposed in this book frames sectarian identity as a multi-layered concept that operates on several dimensions: doctrinal, subnational, national and transnational. The introduction briefly outlines why such a framework is needed and what its benefits are to our understanding of sectarian dynamics. Rather than a sui generis category, sectarian identity is better understood through the prism of mass-group identity and inter-group relations. It is neither perpetually relevant nor is it impervious to inflammation; neither inherently divisive nor inherently uniting. Rather than zero-sum conceptions of conflict and coexistence sectarian relations are marked by fluidity and ambiguity between commonality and difference, between Islamic/national oneness and sect-specificity. Finally the introduction presents a chapter outline and ends with a brief description of what the book is and is not.
The Many Dimensions of Modern Sectarian Identity
Authors: Haddad Fanar
Published: September 2020

This and the next chapter outline the book’s theoretical model for the conceptualization of sectarian identity. It will be argued that sectarian identity simultaneously operates and is imagined on four interdependent, mutually informing and reinforcing dimensions: doctrinal, subnational, national and transnational. Rather than four separate phenomena, these dimensions are four sides of one thing: sectarian identity. This model sharpens our analysis by emphasizing the inherent multidimensionality of sectarian identity and by enabling us to identify which aspect of sectarian identity is relevant to a given situation. This allows us to better match the correct analytical tools and the appropriate bodies of literature to meet the needs of a given context. IR theory is useful for understanding sectarian dynamics at the transnational level but is useless at the doctrinal level; critical race theory is useful for the subnational level but not the national level etc. The model also highlights sectarian identity’s intersection with other variables such as class, tribe, patronage networks, economic distribution and the like. This chapter explains the model and examines three dimensions: doctrinal (sectarian identity as it relates to doctrine/religious truths); subnational (sectarian identity within a given national setting); transnational (sectarian identity in international relations and geostrategic competition).
The Covenant of Works and Predestination
Authors: Perkins Harrison
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines how Ussher connected the doctrine of predestination to the covenant of works, and looks at how he shaped his predestinarian rhetoric in accord with the changing political climate in England, with its shift toward opposition to predestinarian theology. The examination of Ussher’s rhetorical changes over time highlights the way that he was able to use his unique position in Ireland to navigate anti-predestinarian policies coming from the English establishment. Older literature on covenant theology argued that there were competing strands of the Reformed tradition that emphasized either human responsibility or predestination. The covenant of works, however, was developed to bring those competing traditions together. Ussher’s connection of predestinarian theology and the covenant of works in conjunction with his hypothetical universalism makes him an important example of the flexibility of early modern theological categories that defies older assessments.
The Covenant of Works and the Doctrines of Salvation
Authors: Perkins Harrison
Published: September 2020

This chapter ties together lingering threads of argument by showing how Ussher used the covenant of works to explain various aspects of salvation. He used this covenant as a premise for preaching, in that the law showed sinners their need for salvation before the gospel was presented. The covenant of works explains how Christ’s obedience needed to be and could be imputed to believers. This covenant also provided a framework to explain how the law relates to sanctification. These discussions are situated within the broader historical context of debates between puritans and Laudians and the English civil war.
Bill of Rights
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines Article II of the Oklahoma constitution. Compared with other states in existence when Oklahoma’s constitution was written, Oklahoma’s contained a moderate list of rights. With few exceptions, these rights are similar, if not identical, to those found in the U.S. Constitution. The first two sections are theoretical statements concerning the role of government. These express ideas similar to those found in the Declaration of Independence. Indeed, Sections 1 and 2 explicitly recognize that the government is founded on popular consent and may be changed when the people consent to such changes. Among the “rights” not in the U.S. Constitution are: prohibition of imprisonment for debt; indictment by information; procedures for punishing for contempt; and regulations concerning the availability of corporate records to public inspection.
Impeachment and Removal from Office
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses Article VIII of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns impeachment and removal from office. Section 1 states that “the Governor and other elective state officers, including the Justices of the Supreme Court, shall be liable and subject to impeachment for wilful neglect of duty, corruption in office, habitual drunkenness, incompetency, or any offense involving moral turpitude committed while in office.” Moreover, “all elected state officers, including Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the Court of Criminal Appeals, shall be automatically suspended from office upon their being declared guilty of a felony by a court of competent jurisdiction.” Two other methods for removing elected officials not mentioned in Section 1 are specified in state law pursuant to Section 2. The first provides for a grand jury to accuse an official and present its findings to a district judge. The second allows the governor to instruct the attorney general to investigate an official and, if official misconduct is found, to institute proceedings in court. Section 3 designates the chief justice of the Oklahoma Supreme Court as the presiding officer in an impeachment trial. Lastly, Section 4 requires senators to take an oath and specifies a two-thirds vote of those present in order to convict.
Oklahoma State System of Higher Education
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes Article XIII-A of the Oklahoma constitution, which concerns the Oklahoma State System of Higher Education. This article is probably one of the most important steps this state has taken to improve and better coordinate its public institutions of higher learning. Section 2 states that the Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma is responsible for governing the university. The university’s president has only the authority given to him by the Board of Regents and their acts are subject to review by the board. Section 3 allows the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education to move money between funds and accounts as it sees fit. Lastly, under Section 4, a private denominational institution awarding academic and professional degrees may be subject to reasonable state regulation without violating the First, Fifth, Ninth, or Fourteenth Amendments. Thus, the secular-type activities of a religious school are subject to nonarbitrary governmental regulation exercised under the policy powers of the state.
Manufacture and Commerce
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses Article XX of the Oklahoma constitution. This article concerns manufacture and commerce. Section 1 states that “nothing herein shall prevent the manufacture or sale of denaturized alcohol under such regulations as may be prescribed by law.” “Denaturized alcohol” is alcohol that has been made unfit for drinking without impairing its usefulness for other purposes. Section 2 provides that “until changed by the Legislature, the flash test provided for under the laws of Oklahoma Territory for all kerosene oil for illuminating purposes shall be 115 degrees Fahrenheit; and the specific gravity test for all such oil shall be 40 degrees Baume.”
Miscellaneous
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores Article XXIII of the Oklahoma constitution. Section 1 promotes industrial welfare of the people by fixing a high standard for employees on public work. It states that “eight hours shall constitute a day’s work in all cases of employment by and on behalf of the State or any county or municipality.” Section 1A reflects the state’s concerns that no person be forced to participate in, or pay for, a labor union and its activities. Section 2 prohibits the contracting of convict labor, while Section 3 prohibits “the employment of children, under the age of fifteen years, in any occupation, injurious to health or morals or especially hazardous to life or limb.” Section 5 deals with the health and safety of employees in factories, in mines, and on railroads. Section 10 focuses on the salary and emoluments of public officials.
Alcoholic Beverage Laws and Enforcement
Authors: Adkison Danny M. , Palmer Lisa McNair
Published: September 2020

This chapter looks at Article XXVIII-A of the Oklahoma constitution, which greatly loosens Oklahoma’s previously tight, conservative grip on the use and distribution of alcoholic beverages. Section 1 sets out the definition of alcohol in a self-explanatory way: “All beverages that contain alcohol, unless otherwise defined by law, shall be considered alcoholic beverages by this state and therefore governed by this Article and all other applicable laws.” Section 2 states that “the Legislature shall enact laws providing for the strict regulation, control, licensing and taxation of the manufacture, sale, distribution, possession, transportation and consumption of alcoholic beverages, consistent with the provisions of this Article.” Under the old law, Oklahoma citizens could not receive direct shipments of wine; this change in law allows the legislature to authorize direct shipments to consumers of wine. Additionally, grocery stores and other retail locations are allowed to sell wine and beer under this article, which previously was not the case. Section 3 directs the legislature to create licenses for the sale of alcoholic beverages to consumers for consumption off the premises. However, Section 5 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverage to a person under twenty-one years of age, and to insane, mentally deficient, or intoxicated persons. Section 7 deals with the taxation of alcoholic beverages