bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mindful Parenting and Parenting Practices in Chinese Families of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Ren Yaxuan , Hu Xiaoyi , Han Zhuo Rachel , Yang Xuan , Li Mingyao
Published: September 2019

Objectives

Parenting children with autism spectrum disorder may be different from parenting typically developing children. The current study systematically compared mindful parenting and parenting practices in families of children with autism spectrum disorder and in families of typically developing children in China.

Methods

167 biological parents (Mage = 37.87) of Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder and 167 biological parents (Mage = 38.04) of typical developing children completed questionnaires regarding mindful parenting and parenting practices. A multivariate analysis of variance was conducted to compare between the two types of families with parent/child gender effects on mindful parenting and parenting practices. Then a series of path analyses were also conducted to examine the associations between mindful parenting and parenting practices in the two types of families.

Results

Compared to parents of typically developing children, parents of children with autism spectrum disorder showed less listening with full attention, less proactive parenting, less supportiveness, more lax control, and more physical control to their children; in families of children with autism spectrum disorder (but not in families of typically developing children), fathers showed less proactive parenting and supportiveness to their children than mothers. We also found that parents’ listening with full attention and awareness of children’s emotions were significantly related to both positive and negative parenting practices in families of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Conclusions

Chinese parents of children with autism spectrum disorder and parents of typically developing children display different parenting behaviors. These findings can provide us more future directions in studying parenting behaviors in Chinese families of children with autism spectrum disorder.
The Stokes Complex for Virtual Elements with Application to Navier–Stokes Flows
Authors: Beirão da Veiga L. , Mora D. , Vacca G.
Published: September 2019

In the present paper, we investigate the underlying Stokes complex structure of the Virtual Element Method for Stokes and Navier–Stokes introduced in previous papers by the same authors, restricting our attention to the two dimensional case. We introduce a Virtual Element space $${\varPhi }_h \subset H^2({\varOmega })$$

Φ
h

⊂

H
2

(
Ω
)

and prove that the triad $$\{{\varPhi }_h, {\varvec{V}}_h, Q_h\}$$

{

Φ
h

,

V

h

,

Q
h

}

(with $${\varvec{V}}_h$$

V

h

and $$Q_h$$

Q
h

denoting the discrete velocity and pressure spaces) is an exact Stokes complex. Furthermore, we show the computability of the associated differential operators in terms of the adopted degrees of freedom and explore also a different discretization of the convective trilinear form. The theoretical findings are supported by numerical tests.
Peer Problems and Low Self-esteem Mediate the Suspicious and Non-suspicious Schizotypy–Reactive Aggression Relationship in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Wong Keri Ka-Yee , Raine Adrian
Published: September 2019

The relationship between schizophrenia and violence has been well-established. Yet very little prior research exists on the factors that might explain the nature of this relationship and even fewer studies seek to clarify the etiology of aggressive behavior in adolescents with specific features of schizotypal personality that might help improve the specificity of intervention. The current study tested whether one dimension of schizotypy alone (i.e., the ‘suspicious’ feature) or the other 8 dimensions (i.e., the ‘non-suspicious’ features) were particularly associated with aggressive behaviors (reactive and proactive aggression), and if peer problems and low self-esteem mediated these relationships. A serial multiple mediation model testing the hypothesized flow from suspicious and non-suspicious schizotypy to peer problems to low self-esteem and to increased aggression was tested in Hong Kong schoolchildren aged 8- to 14-years (N = 1412; Mage = 11.47, SD = 1.67 years, female = 47.6%). Increased suspicious and non-suspicious schizotypal features were found to be independently associated with increased reactive aggression, but not proactive aggression. Children with high levels of suspicious schizotypy and non-suspicious schizotypy were more likely to have poor peer problems and low self-esteem concurrently, which in turn was associated with reactive aggression only. This explanatory model suggests that future longitudinal intervention studies that enhance self-esteem in schizotypal adolescents may potentially reduce co-morbid reactive aggressive behaviors too.
Collective ignorance: an information theoretic account
Authors: Ranalli Christopher , van Woudenberg René
Published: September 2019

We are ignorant knowers. This paper proposes an information theoretic explanation of that fact. The explanation is a conjunction of three claims. First, that even in those dimensions where we are capable of picking up information, there is information that we don’t pick up. Second, that there can be dimensions of information for which we lack the capacity to pick up any information whatsoever. Third, that we don’t know whether the faculties and cognitive capacities we are endowed with process all the information that they pick up.
Ethoxylated Amine Friction Modifiers and ZDDP
Authors: Dawczyk Joanna , Russo Joe , Spikes Hugh
Published: September 2019

The influence of a series of Ethomeens (ethoxylated alkylamine organic friction modifiers) on the durability and friction of tribofilms formed by a commercial blend of primary and secondary ZDDP in sliding/rolling contact has been studied. When pre-formed ZDDP tribofilms are rubbed in Ethomeen solution, boundary friction is reduced and some of the ZDDP film is removed. Ethomeens having just two ethoxy groups give lower boundary friction on ZDDP than those with 15 ethoxy groups, but result in much greater removal of the tribofilm itself. Based on XANES analysis, the film removed by both types of Ethomeen consists primarily of nanocrystalline orthophosphate. The level of boundary friction and its dependence on sliding speed, coupled with the dimensions of the molecules, suggests that the Ethomeens with two ethoxy groups may form quite closely packed vertical monolayers on ZDDP tribofilm surfaces, but that those with fifteen ethoxy groups cannot be close packed; yet they still reduce boundary friction significantly. The study shows that selection of an appropriate aminic friction modifier for use with ZDDP is a balance between its ability to reduce friction and its potentially harmful effect on a ZDDP tribofilm.
Colorectal cancer screening and prevention—pros and cons
Authors: Niederreiter Markus , Niederreiter Lukas , Schmiderer Andreas , Tilg Herbert , Djanani Angela
Published: September 2019

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent cancer entities worldwide and a leading cause of death. The disease is known to develop from potentially curable, premalignant lesions over several years and therefore is suitable for screening procedures and preventive measures. Several trials have demonstrated reduced incidence and mortality in screening cohorts. A multitude of different screening strategies for CRC have been implemented in different parts of the world. While randomized controlled studies directly comparing screening procedures are still ongoing, colonoscopy remains the gold standard for screening and the only procedure that allows to effectively prevent CRC by treating premalignant lesions. However, population-wide participation rates vary greatly but often only reach approximately 25%. Noninvasive screening strategies are indispensable to increase acceptance rates and for resource-limited regions with limited capacity for colonoscopy. Importantly, while incidence of CRC increases with age, lately we have seen a raise in incidence for CRC in the population below 50 years of age, potentially requiring to include younger adults (e.g., 45 years of age) into established screening programs. It remains important to continue to gather data and evidence regarding effectiveness of various screening strategies, preferably in randomized controlled trials. This short review will outline currently established screening procedures and will discuss the pros and cons for each individual approach.
Biomass Ashes for Acid Mine Drainage Remediation
Authors: Bogush Anna A. , Dabu Cosmina , Tikhova Vera D. , Kim Jong Kyu , Campos Luiza C.
Published: September 2019

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is the largest environmental problem facing the world mining and processing industry because it has low pH and can contain high concentrations of potential pollutants. Biomass ash (BA) can be considered as a potential material for AMD treatment. The main goal of this work was to investigate potential use of Biomass ash of CPK-LA and PK-LA types for AMD remediation. Four UK BAs from different fuels (i.e. straw, meat and bone meal, poultry litter), synthetic AMD, and raw AMDs (Belovo and Ursk) were used for the AMD treatment experiments. Batch experiments showed that in 1 h the biomass ash from straw combustion can effectively neutralise the synthetic AMD and the Belovo AMD with removal of potential pollutants at the liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S) of 100–250 and 10–50, respectively. The biomass ashes from straw and poultry litter combustion can effectively remove pollutants from the Ursk AMD at L/S 100 and adjust pH. The metal concentrations of those treated AMDs met receiving water quality standards. Potential pollutants precipitated as carbonate/hydroxide/sulphate, co-precipitated with Fe oxyhydroxides and Ca phosphates, and appeared as new phases such as Ca, Cu, Zn phosphates and Ca, Fe phosphates. This investigation is essential for development of appropriate, environmentally friendly and economically rational waste management.

Graphic Abstract
Experimental study of the hydraulic jump on reverse bed with porous screens
Authors: Abbaspour A. , Taghavianpour T. , Arvanaghi H.
Published: September 2019

Nowadays, the porous screens have been used extensively in open channels to prevent erosion in ditches as the water in supercritical state flows past the screen which forces the formation of a hydraulic jump upstream of the screen and produces significant energy loss. In this investigation, the operation of screens has been studied for supercritical flow and the Froude number in the range of 4.5 to 10.6 on two reverse slopes experimentally. In this study, the parameters included arrangements of screens in both the single and double types, and the angle and distance of screens from the hydraulic jump toe. The screens were studied with a porosity of about 50% with square holes. The study results showed that using of screens on the reverse slope of − 0.025 dissipates more energy compared to reverse slope of − 0.015. The screens with double arrangement have better performance and dissipate more energy than the screens with single arrangement, while the distance of screens from the toe of the hydraulic jump does not have a significant effect on the energy dissipation.
The Cr impurity effect on the optical properties of the Ti2N graphene-like materials: a DFT study
Authors: Khodarahmi Mohammad Reza , Boochani Arash , Khosravi Heidar
Published: September 2019

The electronic and optical behaviors of the Ti2N graphene-like (GL) materials under the Cr impurity have been investigated based on DFT framework. The band structure and density of state (DOS) diagrams indicated that Ti2N:Cr GL has the magnetic metallic behavior about 3.2μB. The density levels around the Fermi level in the band structure and the continuous DOS of under-Fermi to upper refer to the metallic nature of this compound. Adding Cr impurity has increased the metallic behavior so that the real and imaginary parts of dielectric functions have the red shift and their static values shifted to an infinite amount. Also, other optical parameters such as refraction, extinction and Eloss have been studied from the dielectric functions.
A Remark on the Continuous Subsolution Problem for the Complex Monge-Ampère Equation
Authors: Kołodziej Sławomir , Nguyen Ngoc Cuong
Published: September 2019

We prove that if the modulus of continuity of a plurisubharmonic subsolution satisfies a Dini-type condition then the Dirichlet problem for the complex Monge-Ampère equation has the continuous solution. The modulus of continuity of the solution also given if the right hand side is locally dominated by capacity.
Advances in the Molecular and Cellular Biology of Strongyloides spp.
Authors: Jaleta Tegegn G. , Lok James B.
Published: September 2019

Purpose of Review

This paper constitutes an update of recent studies on the general biology, molecular genetics, and cellular biology ofStrongyloidesspp. and related parasitic nematodes.

Recent Findings

Increasingly, human strongyloidiasis is considered the most neglected of neglected tropical diseases. Despite this, the last 5 years has seen remarkable advances in the molecular biology ofStrongyloidesspp. Genome sequences forS. stercoralis,S. ratti,S. venezuelensis,S. papillosus, and the related parasiteParastrongyloides trichosuriwere created, annotated, and analyzed. These genomic resources, along with a practical transgenesis platform forStrongyloidesspp., aided a major achievement, the advent of targeted mutagenesis via CRISPR/Cas9 inS. stercoralisandS. ratti. The genome sequences have also enabled significant molecular epidemiologic and phylogenetic findings on human strongyloidiasis, including the first genetic evidence of zoonotic transmission ofS. stercoralisbetween dogs and humans. Studies of molecular signaling pathways identified the nuclear receptorSs-DAF-12 as one that can be manipulated in the parasite by exogenous application of its steroid ligands. The chemotherapeutic implications of this were unscored by a study in which aSs-DAF-12 ligand suppressed autoinfection byS. stercoralisin a new murine model of human strongyloidiasis.

Seminal advances in genomics ofStrongyloidesspp. have transformed research into strongyloidiasis, facilitating fundamental phylogenetic and epidemiologic studies and aiding the deployment of CRISPR/Cas9 gene disruption and editing as functional genomic tools inStrongyloidesspp. Studies ofSs-DAF-12 signaling inS. stercoralisdemonstrated the potential of this pathway as a novel chemotherapeutic target in parasitic nematodes.
Reconstruction of a homogeneous polynomial from its additive decompositions when identifiability fails
Authors: Ballico E.
Published: September 2019

Let X⊂ℙr be an integral and non-degenerate complex variety. For any q∈ℙr let rX(q) be its X-rank and S(X,q) the set of all finite subsets of X such that |S|=rX(q) and q   ∈  〈S〉, where 〈〉 denotes the linear span. We consider the case |S(X,q)|>1 (i.e. when q is not X -identifiable) and study the set W(X)q:=∩ S∈S(X,q)〈S〉, which we call the non-uniqueness set of q. We study the case dimX=1 and the case X a Veronese embedding of ℙn. We conclude the paper with a few remarks concerning this problem over the reals.
FREE FINITE GROUP ACTIONS ON RATIONAL HOMOLOGY 3-SPHERES
Authors: ADEM ALEJANDRO , HAMBLETON IAN
Published: September 2019

We use methods from the cohomology of groups to describe the finite groups which can act freely and homologically trivially on closed 3-manifolds which are rational homology spheres.
The courts’ development of the criminal law and the role of declarations
Authors: Horder Jeremy
Published: September 2019

I consider the ways in which the courts use a variety of existing powers to determine the scope of criminal offences, on a prospective basis, through declarations as to the limits or extent of the law. I argue that the courts should be emboldened to build on these powers through greater openness to the circumstances in which declarations may be issued. In particular, courts should be more open to actions for declarations as to the scope of criminal offences brought by a broader range of third parties, such as third sector organisations devoted to exposing wrongdoing.
Intra-cabinet politics and fiscal governance in times of austerity
Authors: Herzog Alexander , Jankin Mikhaylov Slava
Published: September 2019

In the context of recent economic and financial crisis in Europe, questions about the power of the core executive to control fiscal outcomes are more important than ever. Why are some governments more effective in controlling spending while others fall prey to excessive overspending by individual cabinet ministers? We approach this question by lifting the veil of collective cabinet responsibility and focusing on intra-cabinet decision-making around budgetary allocation. Using the contributions of individual cabinet members during budget debates in Ireland, we estimate their positions on a latent dimension that represents their relative levels of support or opposition to the cabinet leadership. We find some evidence that ministers who are close to the finance minister receive a larger budget share, but under worsening macro-economic conditions closeness to the prime minister is a better predictor for budget allocations. Our results highlight potential fragility of the fiscal authority delegation mechanism in adverse economic environment.
Larval spirurids in a supralittoral amphipod in the north-east of Russia and the identification of the intermediate host of Antechiniella septentrionalis (Spirurida: Acuariidae), parasitic in a tundra vole
Authors: Ivanova E.S. , Dokuchaev N.E. , Spiridonov S.E.
Published: September 2019

The supralittoral amphipod Traskorchestia ditmari (Derzhavin, 1923) was identified as the intermediate host for Antechiniella septentrionalis Ivanova, Dokuchaev & Spiridonov, 2019, a parasite of the tundra vole Microtus oeconomus and Skrjabinocerca sp. (both Spirurida: Acuariidae) in Magadan Oblast in north-eastern Russia. Joint infection by both larval spirurids was not observed. The infective stage of A. septentrionalis was the encysted larvae, while larvae of Skrjabinocerca sp. were free in the amphipod's coelom. The identity of A. septentrionalis was confirmed using cox1 mtDNA gene analysis, performed on adult stages from a tundra vole and on larvae from amphipods. Possible transmission routes of A. septentrionalis are discussed.
Rethinking Augustine's misunderstanding of the Stoic therapy of passions: a critical survey of metriopatheia and apatheia
Authors: Yuan Gao
Published: September 2019

Augustine's identification of the Stoic therapy of passions (apatheia) as moderation (metriopatheia) has long been a focus of controversy. This article examines the theoretical foundation for Augustine's comments on the relationship between apatheia and metriopatheia in the Stoic and the Peripatetic contexts, with particular focus on whether Augustine misrepresents his predecessors’ doctrines. Based upon a critical examination of recent research and a systematic analysis of Augustine's position in various phases of his writing, this article argues for a dynamic scheme of the psychotherapy of passions in Augustine's late thought, in which he deliberately deviates from philosophical traditions by adopting new criteria to re-evaluate the quality of emotions from the perspective of theological anthropology. This dynamic theological vantage point contributes to Augustine's insight into passions as well as his new use of the philosophical terms in refuting the Stoic pride.
ARACHNE'S WEB: WOMEN, WEAVING AND NETWORKS OF KNOWLEDGE IN THE BRONZE AGE SOUTHERN AEGEAN
Authors: Cutler †Joanne
Published: September 2019

The appearance of loom weights at a number of southern Aegean sites in the Middle and early Late Bronze Age is indicative of the adoption of a new weaving technology: the use of the warp-weighted loom. The specific type of loom weight (discoid) recovered is a Cretan form, and this evidence of Cretan influence is also seen in a wider range of material culture features at these settlements during this period. Weaving is a complex skill and learning requires contact between novice and expert practitioner over an extended period of time; the introduction of a new weaving technology therefore raises the question of how the necessary technical knowledge and know-how was transferred from one individual or community to another. The archaeological indicators of this new technological practice, the loom weights themselves, are objects that very rarely travel, except with their owners; the presence of loom weights manufactured from non-local ceramic fabrics at some of the southern Aegean sites can therefore provide a window into the patterns of mobility through which the new technology is likely to have spread. Both in the Bronze Age and subsequent Archaic and Classical periods, weaving was closely associated with women. Loom weights thus constitute archaeological markers for the craftswomen who used them. This paper explores the insight they can offer into female networks of teaching, learning and craft practice in the second millenniumbc.
Critical perspectives on environmental protection in non-international armed conflict: Developing the principles of distinction, proportionality and necessity
Authors: Smith Tara
Published: September 2019

This article presents a timely and relevant critical examination of the customary international law principles of distinction and proportionality, and the doctrine of military necessity and the extent to which they can be better interpreted to protect the environment during the conduct of hostilities in non-international armed conflict. In so doing, this article contributes new perspectives to the ongoing debate on how environmental protection ought to be enhanced during non-international armed conflict. The article also suggests ways in which the International Law Commission (ILC) might approach the development of draft principles based on these customary principles as part of their current programme of work.
Animating Antiquity in the Vision animée
Authors: Fuchs Sarah
Published: September 2019

In 1900, the soprano Jeanne Hatto recorded a scene from Gluck's 1779 opera Iphigénie en Tauride for the Phono-Cinéma-Théâtre, an exhibit at the Paris Exposition Universelle that screened silent films manually synchronised with cylinder recordings. Recently restored and digitised by the Cinémathèque Française and the Gaumont Pathé Archives, Hatto's film affords us a glimpse into the revitalising force ascribed to female performers around the turn of the century: the ability to bring ancient statues – and antiquity itself – to life through physical movement. Through their embodiment of ancient Greek figures on stage and in visions animées, prima donnas laid claim to a form of corporeal authority that had all but disappeared from the French stage over the preceding century.
The Triage of Older Adults with Physiologic Markers of Serious Injury Using a State-Wide Prehospital Plan
Authors: Meyers Matthew H. , Wei Trent L. , Cyr Julianne M. , Hunold Thomas M. , Shofer Frances S. , Cowden Christopher S. , Moss Chailee F. , Jensen Christopher E. , Platts-Mills Timothy F. , Brice Jane H.
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

In January of 2010, North Carolina (NC) USA implemented state-wide Trauma Triage Destination Plans (TTDPs) to provide standardized guidelines for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) decision making. No study exists to evaluate whether triage behavior has changed for geriatric trauma patients.

Hypothesis/Problem:

The impact of the NC TTDPs was investigated on EMS triage of geriatric trauma patients meeting physiologic criteria of serious injury, primarily based on whether these patients were transported to a trauma center.

Methods:

This is a retrospective cohort study of geriatric trauma patients transported by EMS from March 1, 2009 through September 30, 2009 (pre-TTDP) and March 1, 2010 through September 30, 2010 (post-TTDP) meeting the following inclusion criteria: (1) age 50 years or older; (2) transported to a hospital by NC EMS; (3) experienced an injury; and (4) meeting one or more of the NC TTDP’s physiologic criteria for trauma (n = 5,345). Data were obtained from the Prehospital Medical Information System (PreMIS). Data collected included proportions of patients transported to a trauma center categorized by specific physiologic criteria, age category, and distance from a trauma center.

Results:

The proportion of patients transported to a trauma center pre-TTDP (24.4% [95% CI 22.7%-26.1%]; n = 604) was similar to the proportion post-TTDP (24.4% [95% CI 22.9%-26.0%]; n = 700). For patients meeting specific physiologic triage criteria, the proportions of patients transported to a trauma center were also similar pre- and post-TTDP: systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg (22.5% versus 23.5%); respiratory rate <10 or >29 (23.2% versus 22.6%); and Glascow Coma Scale (GCS) score <13 (26.0% versus 26.4%). Patients aged 80 years or older were less likely to be transported to a trauma center than younger patients in both the pre- and post-TTDP periods.

Conclusions:

State-wide implementation of a TTDP had no discernible effect on the proportion of patients 50 years and older transported to a trauma center. Under-triage remained common and became increasingly prevalent among the oldest adults. Research to understand the uptake of guidelines and protocols into EMS practice is critical to improving care for older adults in the prehospital environment.
Word sense disambiguation using implicit information
Authors: Jain Goonjan , Lobiyal D.K.
Published: September 2019

Humans proficiently interpret the true sense of an ambiguous word by establishing association among words in a sentence. The complete sense of text is also based on implicit information, which is not explicitly mentioned. The absence of this implicit information is a significant problem for a computer program that attempts to determine the correct sense of ambiguous words. In this paper, we propose a novel method to uncover the implicit information that links the words of a sentence. We reveal this implicit information using a graph, which is then used to disambiguate the ambiguous word. The experiments show that the proposed algorithm interprets the correct sense for both homonyms and polysemous words. Our proposed algorithm has performed better than the approaches presented in the SemEval-2013 task for word sense disambiguation and has shown an accuracy of 79.6 percent, which is 2.5 percent better than the best unsupervised approach in SemEval-2007.
MACROECONOMIC STABILIZATION AND LONG-TERM GROWTH: THE ROLE OF POLICY DESIGN
Authors: Harting Philipp
Published: September 2019

Do fiscal stabilization policies affect the long-term growth of the economy? If so, are the long-term effects growth enhancing or growth reducing? When addressing these questions from a theoretical perspective, the literature has typically emphasized the importance of structural aspects such as the modeling approach of endogenous technological change while paying less attention to an elaborate design of the considered fiscal stabilization policies. This paper uses an agent-based macroeconomic model that generates endogenous business cycles to emphasize the role of the policy design for long-term growth effects of stabilization policies. By comparing a demand-oriented consumption policy and two different investment subsidizing policies, it can be shown that these policies are successful in smoothing the business cycle but differ in terms of their effects on economic long-term growth. This highlights the importance of policy design for the analysis of long-term effects of stabilization policies.
Dignity and the Foundation of Human Rights: Toward an Averroist Genealogy
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: September 2019

The aim of this article is to give a new reconstruction of the conception of human dignity as a pre-associative yet legal status. Such a legal conception of human dignity carries a universal legal obligation to respect the “innate” right to independence and enables us to move beyond the impasse between moral and political views of human rights. The argument has a normative and a genealogical component. The normative component shows why a legal conception of human rights is grounded on the Kantian idea of an innate legal right to independence, as well as showing that Kant adopted a legal status concept of human dignity. The genealogical component shows that the conception of human dignity as legal status undergoes a transvaluation from its ancient aristocratic to its modern democratic meaning in Dante's political thought, which is itself rooted in the western reception of Arabic philosophy, in particular political Averroism. By contrast to the Christian elaboration of dignity, the Averroist genealogy of dignity better describes the modern pursuit of an ideal of worldly happiness essentially linked with the collective attainment of public happiness through the unrestricted public use of reason facilitated by republican constitutions crowned by human rights.
Two Germanys? Investigating the Religious and Social Base of the 1930 Nazi Electorate
Authors: Frøland Hans Otto , Jakobsen Tor Georg , Osa Peder Berrefjord
Published: September 2019

By applying data from the 1930 Reichstag election we test whether the German National Socialist Worker’s Party (NSDAP) was a workers, bourgeois, or a catch-all party. We argue that the degree to which the different groups in society voted NSDAP is dependent on the proportion of Protestants and Catholics in their respective Kreis. We build on two important works on the Nazi electorate, Jürgen Falter’s Hitlers Wähler (1991) and King et al. (2008). We specifically make one important change to Falter and King et al.’s models whereby we include new social groups in our study of the interaction between religious affiliation and social groups as an explanation of the Nazi vote. Similar arguments have been made by other historians, yet this has not been tested on data for the whole of Germany until Falter’s work in 1991. We find significant explanatory power in the interaction between religion and social groups on the propensity to vote for the Nazi party.
Ocean Observations for Everyone
Authors: Cooley Sarah , Trice Amy
Published: September 2019

As the ocean observation community expands its research enterprise, it needs to better engage the end users of its data.
Spectral Analysis of Accelerated Electron Populations at Mars
Authors: Akbari Hassanali , Andersson Laila , Fowler Christopher , Mitchell David
Published: September 2019

Accelerated electron populations observed in the nightside ionosphere of Mars are investigated by utilizing measurements obtained by the Solar Wind Electron Analyzer aboard the MAVEN spacecraft. The measurements are of particular interest as they extend to altitudes as low as 130 km, allowing us to investigate the degree to which the accelerated populations precipitate into the Martian upper atmosphere and cause ionization. The spectral features of the accelerated electron populations suggest that a large fraction of these electron populations originate from a cold plasma with electron temperature as low as 1 eV. The peak energy of the accelerated electrons is generally found in the range of tens to hundreds of electron volts. Electrons in this energy range have been previously suggested as the cause of the discrete aurora emissions observed on Mars. Finally, we find that even though the detection rate of the accelerated electrons is small (<1%), they account for ∼10% of the total energy that is deposited into the nightside ionosphere by electron precipitation.
Light Is the Primary Driver of Early Season Phytoplankton Production Along the Western Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Joy‐Warren Hannah L. , van Dijken Gert L. , Alderkamp Anne‐Carlijn , Leventer Amy , Lewis Kate M. , Selz Virginia , Lowry Kate E. , van de Poll Willem , Arrigo Kevin R.
Published: September 2019

Light and dissolved iron (dFe) availability control net primary production (NPP) in much of the Southern Ocean, but the primary controller during spring in the western Antarctic Peninsula has never been assessed. Underwater light and dFe availability are sensitive to climate‐induced changes in upper ocean circulation, stratification, and sea ice cover, which can affect NPP and phytoplankton community composition, both of which can alter carbon drawdown and food web structure. We estimated in situ NPP, net community production, and heterotrophic respiration and contextualized our field measurements with satellite‐based historical NPP estimates. Average light exposure mainly controlled NPP, while low dFe was associated with greatest NPP, indicating that spring phytoplankton growth is light‐limited and not dFe‐limited. Using experiments that simulated varying mixed layer depths by exposing phytoplankton to a short period of in situ surface light (up to 150× the mean light in the mixed layer, comparable to the difference in light experienced by phytoplankton mixed from 50 m to the surface), we assessed the effect of phytoplankton photoacclimation on NPP and relative success of individual taxa. At moderate light exposure (<30×), phytoplankton experienced little photodamage or changes in NPP, and Phaeocystis antarctica grew more than diatoms. Conversely, phytoplankton exposed to high light (>60×) experienced significant photodamage, declines in NPP, and declines in P. antarctica, with no consistent changes in diatoms. These results support the idea that P. antarctica is better adapted to variable light than diatoms and suggest that deeper mixed layers with variable light will favor P. antarctica.
Hierarchical Bayesian Approach for Modeling Spatiotemporal Variability in Flood Damage Processes
Authors: Sairam Nivedita , Schröter Kai , Rözer Viktor , Merz Bruno , Kreibich Heidi
Published: September 2019

Flood damage processes are complex and vary between events and regions. State‐of‐the‐art flood loss models are often developed on the basis of empirical damage data from specific case studies and do not perform well when spatially and temporally transferred. This is due to the fact that such localized models often cover only a small set of possible damage processes from one event and a region. On the other hand, a single generalized model covering multiple events and different regions ignores the variability in damage processes across regions and events due to variables that are not explicitly accounted for individual households. We implement a hierarchical Bayesian approach to parameterize widely used depth‐damage functions resulting in a hierarchical (multilevel) Bayesian model (HBM) for flood loss estimation that accounts for spatiotemporal heterogeneity in damage processes. We test and prove the hypothesis that, in transfer scenarios, HBMs are superior compared to generalized and localized regression models. In order to improve loss predictions for regions and events for which no empirical damage data are available, we use variables pertaining to specific region‐ and event‐characteristics representing commonly available expert knowledge as group‐level predictors within the HBM.
Induced cardiac pacemaker cells survive metabolic stress owing to their low metabolic demand
Authors: Gu Jin-mo , Grijalva Sandra I. , Fernandez Natasha , Kim Elizabeth , Foster D. Brian , Cho Hee Cheol
Published: September 2019

Cardiac pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node initiate each and every heartbeat. Compared with our understanding of the constituents of their electrical excitation, little is known about the metabolic underpinnings that drive the automaticity of pacemaker myocytes. This lack is largely owing to the scarcity of native cardiac pacemaker myocytes. Here, we take advantage of induced pacemaker myocytes generated by TBX18-mediated reprogramming (TBX18-iPMs) to investigate comparative differences in the metabolic program between pacemaker myocytes and working cardiomyocytes. TBX18-iPMs were more resistant to metabolic stresses, exhibiting higher cell viability upon oxidative stress. TBX18-induced pacemaker myocytes (iPMs) expensed a lower degree of oxidative phosphorylation and displayed a smaller capacity for glycolysis compared with control ventricular myocytes. Furthermore, the mitochondria were smaller in TBX18-iPMs than in the control. We reasoned that a shift in the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission was responsible for the smaller mitochondria observed in TBX18-iPMs. We identified a mitochondrial inner membrane fusion protein, Opa1, as one of the key mediators of this process and demonstrated that the suppression of Opa1 expression increases the rate of synchronous automaticity in TBX18-iPMs. Taken together, our data demonstrate that TBX18-iPMs exhibit a low metabolic demand that matches their mitochondrial morphology and ability to withstand metabolic insult.
Vimentin filaments interact with the actin cortex in mitosis allowing normal cell division
Authors: Duarte Sofia , Viedma-Poyatos Álvaro , Navarro-Carrasco Elena , Martínez Alma E. , Pajares María A. , Pérez-Sala Dolores
Published: September 2019

The vimentin network displays remarkable plasticity to support basic cellular functions and reorganizes during cell division. Here, we show that in several cell types vimentin filaments redistribute to the cell cortex during mitosis, forming a robust framework interwoven with cortical actin and affecting its organization. Importantly, the intrinsically disordered tail domain of vimentin is essential for this redistribution, which allows normal mitotic progression. A tailless vimentin mutant forms curly bundles, which remain entangled with dividing chromosomes leading to mitotic catastrophes or asymmetric partitions. Serial deletions of vimentin tail domain gradually impair cortical association and mitosis progression. Disruption of f-actin, but not of microtubules, causes vimentin bundling near the chromosomes. Pathophysiological stimuli, including HIV-protease and lipoxidation, induce similar alterations. Interestingly, full filament formation is dispensable for cortical association, which also occurs in vimentin particles. These results unveil implications of vimentin dynamics in cell division through its interplay with the actin cortex.
BES1 is activated by EMS1-TPD1-SERK1/2-mediated signaling to control tapetum development in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chen Weiyue , Lv Minghui , Wang Yanze , Wang Ping-An , Cui Yanwei , Li Meizhen , Wang Ruoshi , Gou Xiaoping , Li Jia
Published: September 2019

BES1 and BZR1 were originally identified as two key transcription factors specifically regulating brassinosteroid (BR)-mediated gene expression. They belong to a family consisting of six members, BES1, BZR1, BEH1, BEH2, BEH3, and BEH4. bes1 and bzr1 single mutants do not exhibit any characteristic BR phenotypes, suggesting functional redundancy of these proteins. Here, by generating higher order mutants, we show that a quintuple mutant is male sterile due to defects in tapetum and microsporocyte development in anthers. Our genetic and biochemical analyses demonstrate that BES1 family members also act as downstream transcription factors in the EMS1-TPD1-SERK1/2 pathway. Ectopic expression of both TPD1 and EMS1 in bri1-116, a BR receptor null mutant, leads to the accumulation of non-phosphorylated, active BES1, similar to activation of BES1 by BRI1-BR-BAK1 signaling. These data suggest that two distinctive receptor-like kinase-mediated signaling pathways share BES1 family members as downstream transcription factors to regulate different aspects of plant development.
Distinct initiating events underpin the immune and metabolic heterogeneity of KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Best Sarah A. , Ding Sheryl , Kersbergen Ariena , Dong Xueyi , Song Ji-Ying , Xie Yi , Reljic Boris , Li Kaiming , Vince James E. , Rathi Vivek , Wright Gavin M. , Ritchie Matthew E. , Sutherland Kate D.
Published: September 2019

TheKRASoncoprotein, a critical driver in 33% of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), has remained an elusive clinical target due to its perceived undruggable nature. The identification of dependencies borne through common co-occurring mutations are sought to more effectively targetKRAS-mutant lung cancer. Approximately 20% ofKRAS-mutant LUAD carry loss-of-function mutations inKEAP1, a negative regulator of the antioxidant response transcription factor NFE2L2/NRF2. We demonstrate thatKeap1-deficientKrasG12Dlung tumors arise from a bronchiolar cell-of-origin, lacking pro-tumorigenic macrophages observed in tumors originating from alveolar cells.Keap1loss activates the pentose phosphate pathway, inhibition of which, using 6-AN, abrogated tumor growth. These studies highlight alternative therapeutic approaches to specifically target this unique subset ofKRAS-mutant LUAD cancers.
Thioketone-directed rhodium(I) catalyzed enantioselective C-H bond arylation of ferrocenes
Authors: Cai Zhong-Jian , Liu Chen-Xu , Wang Qiang , Gu Qing , You Shu-Li
Published: September 2019

Planar chiral ferrocenes have received great attention in both academia and industry. Although remarkable progresses have been made over the past decade, the development of efficient and straightforward methods for the synthesis of enantiopure  planar chiral  ferrocenes remains highly challenging. Herein, we report a rhodium(I)/phosphonite catalyzed thioketone-directed enantioselective C-H bond arylation of ferrocenes. Readily available aryl iodides are used as the coupling partners in this transformation, leading to a series of planar chiral ferrocenes in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 86% yield, 99%ee). Of particular note, heteroaryl coupled ferrocenes, which are difficult to access with previous approaches, can be obtained in satisfactory results.
HNRNPK maintains epidermal progenitor function through transcription of proliferation genes and degrading differentiation promoting mRNAs
Authors: Li Jingting , Chen Yifang , Xu Xiaojun , Jones Jackson , Tiwari Manisha , Ling Ji , Wang Ying , Harismendy Olivier , Sen George L.
Published: September 2019

Maintenance of high-turnover tissues such as the epidermis requires a balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation. The molecular mechanisms governing this process are an area of investigation. Here we show that HNRNPK, a multifunctional protein, is necessary to prevent premature differentiation and sustains the proliferative capacity of epidermal stem and progenitor cells. To prevent premature differentiation of progenitor cells, HNRNPK is necessary for DDX6 to bind a subset of mRNAs that code for transcription factors that promote differentiation. Upon binding, these mRNAs such as GRHL3, KLF4, and ZNF750 are degraded through the mRNA degradation pathway, which prevents premature differentiation. To sustain the proliferative capacity of the epidermis, HNRNPK is necessary for RNA Polymerase II binding to proliferation/self-renewal genes such as MYC, CYR61, FGFBP1, EGFR, and cyclins to promote their expression. Our study establishes a prominent role for HNRNPK in maintaining adult tissue self-renewal through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms.
Activated α2-Macroglobulin Regulates LRP1 Levels at the Plasma Membrane through the Activation of a Rab10-dependent Exocytic Pathway in Retinal Müller Glial Cells
Authors: Jaldín-Fincati Javier R. , Actis Dato Virginia , Díaz Nicolás M. , Sánchez María C. , Barcelona Pablo F. , Chiabrando Gustavo A.
Published: September 2019

Activated α2-macroglobulin (α2M*) and its receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), have been linked to proliferative retinal diseases. In Müller glial cells (MGCs), the α2M*/LRP1 interaction induces cell signaling, cell migration, and extracellular matrix remodeling, processes closely associated with proliferative disorders. However, the mechanism whereby α2M* and LRP1 participate in the aforementioned pathologies remains incompletely elucidated. Here, we investigate whether α2M* regulates both the intracellular distribution and sorting of LRP1 to the plasma membrane (PM) and how this regulation is involved in the cell migration of MGCs. Using a human Müller glial-derived cell line, MIO-M1, we demonstrate that the α2M*/LRP1 complex is internalized and rapidly reaches early endosomes. Afterward, α2M* is routed to degradative compartments, while LRP1 is accumulated at the PM through a Rab10-dependent exocytic pathway regulated by PI3K/Akt. Interestingly, Rab10 knockdown reduces both LRP1 accumulation at the PM and cell migration of MIO-M1 cells induced by α2M*. Given the importance of MGCs in the maintenance of retinal homeostasis, unravelling this molecular mechanism can potentially provide new therapeutic targets for the treatment of proliferative retinopathies.
Validation of the GRade, Age, Nodes and Tumor (GRANT) score within the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database: A new tool to predict survival in surgically treated renal cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Buti Sebastiano , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Bersanelli Melissa , Capitanio Umberto , Tian Zhe , Cortellini Alessio , Taguchi Satoru , Briganti Alberto , Montorsi Francesco , Leonardi Francesco , Bandini Marco
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the present study was to validate the new GRade, Age, Nodes and Tumor (GRANT) score for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) prognostication within a large population of patients. Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, we identified patients with either clear-cell or papillary RCC, who underwent nephrectomy between 2001 and 2015. Harrell’s C-Index, calibration plot and decision curve analysis were used to validate the GRANT model using a five-risk group stratification (0 vs. 1 vs. 2 vs. 3 vs. 4 risk factors). The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS) at 60 months. The analyses were repeated according to the histologic subgroup. The overall population included 73217 cases; 60900 with clear-cell RCC and 12317 with papillary histology, respectively. According to a five-risk group stratification, 23985 patients (32.8%) had no risk factor (0), 35019 (47.8%) had only one risk factor (1), 13275 (18.1%) had risk score 2, 854 (1.2%) had 3 risk factors and 84 (0.1%) of cases had a GRANT score of 4, respectively. At 60 months, OS rates as determined by the GRANT score were respectively 94% (score 0) vs. 86% (score 1) vs. 76% (score 2) vs. 46% (score 3) vs. 16% (score 4). In both histologic subtypes, the GRANT score yielded good calibration and high net benefit. OS C-Index values were 0.677 and 0.650 for clear-cell and papillary RCC at 60 months after surgery, respectively. In conclusion, the GRANT score was validated with a five-risk group stratification in a huge population from the SEER database, offering a further demonstration of its reliability for prognostication in RCC.
Magnetic Pendulum Arrays for Efficient ULF Transmission
Authors: M N Srinivas Prasad , Tok Rustu Umut , Fereidoony Foad , Wang Yuanxun Ethan , Zhu Rui , Propst Adam , Bland Scott
Published: September 2019

The frequencies lying between 300 Hz to 3 kHz have been designated as Ultra Low Frequency (ULF) with corresponding wavelengths from 1000 Km to 100 Km. Although ULF has very low bandwidth it is very reliable, penetrating and difficult to jam which makes it a great choice for communication in underwater and underground environments. Small and portable ULF antennas within a diameter of 1 meter would operate under an electrical length on the order of 10−4 to 10−6 wavelengths in free space, making them very inefficient because of fundamental limits on radiation from electrically small antennas. To overcome this problem, Mechanical Antennas or ‘Mechtennas’ for Ultra Low Frequency Communications have been proposed recently. For efficient generation of ULF radiation, we propose a portable electromechanical system called a Magnetic Pendulum Array (MPA). A proof of concept demonstration of the system at 1.03 kHz is presented. The theory and experimental results demonstrate that such a system can achieve a significantly higher quality factor than conventional coils and thus order of magnitude higher transmission efficiency. The concept can be easily scaled to the ULF range of frequencies.