bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innate Immunity Evasion by Enteroviruses: Insights into Virus-Host Interaction
Authors: Lei Xiaobo , Xiao Xia , Wang Jianwei
Published: January 2016

Enterovirus genus includes multiple important human pathogens, such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, enterovirus (EV) A71, EV-D68 and rhinovirus. Infection with EVs can cause numerous clinical conditions including poliomyelitis, meningitis and encephalitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, acute flaccid paralysis, diarrhea, myocarditis and respiratory illness. EVs, which are positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, trigger activation of the host antiviral innate immune responses through pathogen recognition receptors such as retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG-I)-likeand Toll-like receptors. In turn, EVs have developed sophisticated strategies to evade host antiviral responses. In this review, we discuss the interplay between the host innate immune responses and EV infection, with a primary focus on host immune detection and protection against EV infection and viral strategies to evade these antiviral immune responses.
A CN-Based Ensembled Hydrological Model for Enhanced Watershed Runoff Prediction
Authors: Ajmal Muhammad , Khan Taj , Kim Tae-Woong
Published: January 2016

A major structural inconsistency of the traditional curve number (CN) model is its dependence on an unstable fixed initial abstraction, which normally results in sudden jumps in runoff estimation. Likewise, the lack of pre-storm soil moisture accounting (PSMA) procedure is another inherent limitation of the model. To circumvent those problems, we used a variable initial abstraction after ensembling the traditional CN model and a French four-parameter (GR4J) model to better quantify direct runoff from ungauged watersheds. To mimic the natural rainfall-runoff transformation at the watershed scale, our new parameterization designates intrinsic parameters and uses a simple structure. It exhibited more accurate and consistent results than earlier methods in evaluating data from 39 forest-dominated watersheds, both for small and large watersheds. In addition, based on different performance evaluation indicators, the runoff reproduction results show that the proposed model produced more consistent results for dry, normal, and wet watershed conditions than the other models used in this study.
Una brocca di bronzo con dedica a Numisius Martius dalla necropoli delle Saliere a Capena
Authors: Ferrante Cristina
Published: January 2016

Dalla tomba a camera n. 180 della necropoli capenate delle Saliere, proviene una dedica a Numisius Martius, incisa sul labbro di una brocca di bronzo. L’iscrizione recita : Mar(aeus) Popi(dius) St(ati) f(ilius) N(umisio) Mart(io) d(onum) d(at) me(rito).

Mentre altri editori hanno proposto di sciogliere il prenome e il gentilizio del dedicante, rispettivamente, in Mar(cus) e Popi(us) o Popi(llius), in questa sede si sono preferite le forme Mar(aeus) e Popi(dius), che, insieme al patronimico Statius,

conferiscono una connotazione osca all’onomastica del personaggio. Il supporto su cui è inciso il testo rientra nella tipologia della brocca ovoide-carenata, già nota come Boesterd 273, il cui luogo d’origine va riconosciuto in Etruria. L’analisi del manufatto, combinata col dato epigrafico, consente di datare l’esemplare di Capena ai decenni finali del III sec. a. C. La formula di dedica rende plausibile l’ipotesi che in origine l’oggetto si trovasse in un santuario, probabilmente proprio il vicino Lucus Feroniae. Da qui, asportata forse in seguito al saccheggio annibalico del 211 a. C., la brocca potrebbe essere giunta nella tomba in un secondo momento.
Réhabiliter Tite-Live : la clause de majesté dans le traité de 189 entre Rome et les Étoliens
Authors: Giovannini Adalberto
Published: January 2016

It is generally admitted that the notion maiestas populi Romani is first attested in the treaty of 189 BC between Rome and the Aetolians, in which the Romans obliged the Aetolians to respect the sovereignty and the majesty of the Roman people, and that this notion originally expressed the supremacy of the Romans over other peoples. But we find in Livy two mentions of this notion that are older and occur in quite different contexts : one in the famous SC of 205 BC which sent an embassy in Asia Minor with the mission to obtain, with the aid of king Attalus II of Pergamon, the stone of Pessinus, and the other in an assertion of Flamininus a few days before the proclamation of the Isthmia of 196 BC, in which the Romans granted the freedom and the autonomy to the whole Greek world. In both cases, the maiestas p. R.

does not express an act of submission imposed by the Romans to a defeated enemy, but, on the contrary, a spontaneous sentiment of friendship and gratitude that the Romans hoped to obtain from sovereign States through an appropriate diplomacy. This study is an invitation to pay more attention to the SC and other documents quoted by Livy.
Entre épigraphie et archéologie : remarques sur certaines difficultés du dossier de la Valentia hispanique à l’époque républicaine
Authors: Cadiou François
Published: January 2016

The volume of evidence concerning the Valentia founded by the Romans on the eastern coast of the Iberian peninsula at the end of the 2nd century BC is among the most substantial and varied that we have at our disposition for Republican Spain. The results of the remarkable excavations carried out on the site since the mid-1980s have considerably enriched our knowledge, by adding to the literary tradition, epigraphy and numismatics. Nevertheless, when all of these elements are confronted with each other, this often leads to a number of unresolved difficulties ; to such a point, indeed, that the development of the foundation during the first century BC turns out to be, despite all appearances, particularly difficult to pin down. By drawing attention to the present-day limits of such a rich case as that of Valentia, often presented as one of the best-known examples of pre-caesarian colonies, this article tries, more generally, to highlight our lack of knowledge about such colonies.
Quadragesima litium. Caligula’s tax on lawsuits
Authors: Pölönen Janne
Published: January 2016

Caligula’s tax of 2,5 % on lawsuits raised everywhere, in Italy and the provinces, remains a fiscal and legal curiosity. Instead of the tax itself, historians have mostly debated its date of abolition. Not Nero or Galba, but Claudius canceled the tax (Dio 60, 4, 1). It seems to have been paid on the value of the case determined by the condemnation, while litigants who settled or dropped their lawsuits escaped the tax and faced a penalty. Apparently, it was a constant feature of the Roman landscape of litigation to settle and drop lawsuits during all stages of the process before the verdict. A Roman dispute pyramid modeled on contemporary societies suggests that few lawsuits may have reached trial, let alone verdict. The parties were bargaining in the shadow of law, and the evasion of lawsuits the tax caused shows that economic rationality was an important determinant also of Roman litigation. It is possible to estimate on basis of the modern litigation rates that the Empire’s population may have produced around 50,000-250,000 lawsuits a year. If the tax concerned only litigation in the Roman courts, it may have raised HS6,000,000-30,000,000. Inclusion of the local courts of Roman and foreign towns might have increased its fiscal importance to HS16,000,000-80,000,000.
Cadran solaire sur os à Amiens (Samarobriva)
Authors: Hoët-van Cauwenberghe Christine , Binet Eric
Published: January 2016

A cylindrical artefact - about two inches in height, made of bone and damaged - was discovered during the 2006 digging in the Islet of Butchers. This artefact, which looks like a pyxidium, is in fact a portable sundial. It includes a dial on which the lines for hours are indicated as well as the lines for months and the equinoctial and solstice lines - all in cursive script. Vitruvius points out there are documents on the procedures followed to make these dials, of which there are six categories. This one is in the third category, of which it is the second example. The first example was discovered near Este (Italy) and dates back to the Augustan age. The one we are studying is likely to have been made in the 3rd centuryAD or at the turn of the 4th century. These two artefacts are evidence that what we call «the sheperd’s sundial», or vertical sundial - a device that was still around in France less than fifty years ago –, was not invented in the Middle Ages but was already known and used in Antiquity. This portable sundial is an addition to the sundial known among the Ambians, an object made of bronze that was documented in 1985 and falls into the sixth category, that is to say it had a universal dial.
L’usage de la memoria des Sévères à Constantin : notes d’épigraphie et d’histoire
Authors: Benoist Stéphane
Published: January 2016

Une sélection de plusieurs sources de nature diverse, littéraire (Dion Cassius, Lactance), épigraphique (vingt-cinq bornes milliaires et quatre autels tauroboliques de Narbonnaise et Germanies), ou papyrologique (un feriale trouvé sur les bords de l’Euphrate), tirées d’une période s’étendant de la mort de Commode à celle de Crispus, permet d’explorer la variabilité des destins afin de définir un usage de la memoria à Rome et dans le monde romain qui témoigne d’une conception du temps et de la société que des recherches, portant notamment sur le martelage des inscriptions, aident à renouveler. Les figures de Germanicus, Domitien, Commode, Géta ouMaximien, sont appelées à comparaître pour enrichir notre approche du principat sur la longue durée au travers de quelques discours sur le pouvoir et ses représentations, élaborés depuis Auguste et approfondis au cours d’un IIIe siècle confronté à des mutations majeures.
La damnatio memoriae dans les oeuvres historiques de Suétone et de Tacite
Authors: Solmy Fauque de Jonquières Céline , Hollard Virginie
Published: January 2016

The damnatio memoriae practice is attested as far back as the republican period where, following a senatorial decision taken further to a trial, dignitaries’ memory is erased : their course in the city’s life is not retained. Tacitus and Suetonius’ historical works indicate that, regarding the damnatio memoriae, the innovation of Augustus and Tiberius founding reigns consists in the creation of a fixed procedure, by which the Senate is the only political instance capable of voting a damnatio memoriae decision, and in the fact that the materializations of such decision are henceforth applicable to the public life. This procedure, initially dedicated to bad emperors, finally also reach private persons. In addition to this official form of damnatio memoriae, more spontaneous forms are attested, that implicate the People to a greater extent. They take the form of outbursts of support or, on the contrary, of rejection of these sentences. Finally, the officialization and the multiplication of the damnatio memoriae causes the anticipation of such decisions or the rehabilitation of those having undergone it.
De Domitien à Trajan: arcs monumentaux et abolitio memoriae (Pouzzoles et Corinthe)
Authors: Blonce Caroline
Published: January 2016

L’application de la procédure de condamnation de la mémoire à la mort de l’empereur Domitien est amplement attestée par les sources, tant littéraires qu’archéologiques. Cependant, peu d’exemples sont connus concernant les arcs monumentaux. À partir du cas de Pouzzoles, nous proposons de reconnaître les traces de cette procédure dans l’arc monumental de Corinthe.
Des empereurs et des gouverneurs débordés. À propos des lettres d’Hadrien aux technites dionysiaques récemment publiées
Authors: Haensch Rudolf
Published: January 2016

L’article traite divers aspects des lettres d’Hadrien récemment publiées par G. Petzl et E. Schwertheim. En premier lieu sont recensés les rares documents connus ayant une structure similaire à la lettre centrale du corpus récemment publié. Sur cette base, l’auteur cherche à expliquer la structure additive et peu cohérente de cette lettre. Selon lui, la raison en est qu’au IIe siècle, les empereurs et les gouverneurs de l’empire étaient tellement débordés de travail qu’ils devaient recourir à des procédures sommaires pour expédier, dans une période relativement restreinte, nombre de problèmes d’une importance secondaire. Un autre moyen de se décharger d’une tâche si lourde était la délégation à des subordonnés travaillant de façon relativement indépendante. Ces faits sont démontrés par un certain nombre de sources directes et indirectes.
Un dieu romain et ses dévots au sanctuaire d’Antioche en Pisidie
Authors: Belayche Nicole
Published: January 2016

Taking as its background the juridical and social framework of the cult of Men Askaenos at Pisidian Antioch, the paper focuses on the chronology of a themis known as άγὼν Μαξιμιάνειος, i. e. municipal games of a Greek type which were organized by the priests, then high priests, of the god. Its starting-point is the theory of J. C. Anderson, which identified a badly damaged inscription as the "founding act” of the games and dated the agonistic inscriptions to the reign of Galerius (305-311). A reexamination of the documentary evidence in its entirety demonstrates that the surviving agonistic inscriptions extend from the reign of Commodus to that of Caracalla and attest to the presentation of Greek-style festivals in the public sanctuary of a colonia.
L’inscription en l’honneur de M. Vlpius Carminius Claudianus à Aphrodisias (CIG, 2782)
Authors: Pont Anne-Valérie
Published: January 2016

The inscription CIG, 2782 reveals the remarkable action of M. Vlpius Carminius Claudianus in Aphrodisias and his responsibilities in Asia. The rank of his in-laws - his wife’s brother was a Roman senator - is already well known. The study of the monuments he built, which were concentrated in the centre of Aphrodisias, and of the ambitious display of his euergetism through distributions and the way the honorific inscription is shown, reveals its outstanding position over its contemporaries in the free city. It leads to reassess the meaning of its function of curator in Cyzicus and "argyrotamias" of Asia. Through the comparison of this inscription with other epigraphical sources from Aphrodisias, Attouda (MAMA, VI, 74 and 75) as well as numismatic evidence from that city, we wish to propose a revised chronology of his life. The acme of his action in Aphrodisias, Attouda and the province spans from the 130s to the very beginning of the 160s.
L’onomastique dans les provinces orientales de l’empire à la lumière du dossier des mémoriaux de délégations de Claros
Authors: Ferrary Jean-Louis
Published: January 2016

Records of embassies listed the members of delegations officially sent by cities to consult the oracle of Claros or to perform in this sanctuary a hymn to Apollo. They had regularly been engraved during the 2nd century and the first half of the 3rd century A. D. and were found in great number during successive excavations, mainly under the direction of Louis Robert from 1950 to 1961. The whole corpus will soon be published by Jean-louis Ferrary, from copies, notebooks and squeezes belonging to the Fonds Robert, bequeathed by Jeanne Robert to the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres. It is a very rich dossier on nomenclature during this period, mainly in Asia Minor, with particularly important evidence for Chios, Phocaea, Laodicea ad Lycum, Heracleia Salbakes, Tabai and the Roman colony Iconium. This paper studies the evolution of Greek and Roman nomenclature during the Antonines and the Severan dynasty. It stresses the necessity of a careful distinction between nomencla- ture implying the ownership of Roman citizenship (gentilicium + cognomen or, much less frequently, praenomen + gentilicium) and nomenclature only revealing the use by Greeks, as proper names or patronymics or pet names, of Roman praenomina, cognomina and even gentilicia. People using a strictly Greek nomenclature (one proper name + a patronym) although the father’s name evidently proves that he was a Roman citizen are to be identified as children of a Roman father and a Greek mother whose marriage was not a iustum matrimonium in Roman civil law, and for that reason keeping the peregrine status of their mother.
La carriera di un cittadino di Hierapolis di Frigia : G. Memmios Eutychos
Authors: Ritti Tullia
Published: January 2016

Oggetto di questo studio è un’ iscrizione onoraria da Hierapolis di Frigia, databile al regno di Caracalla. Il documento permette di appurare la data della concessione di un tempio provinciale del culto imperiale a questa città e contiene inoltre la menzione di una lunga serie di funzioni pubbliche svolte dal personaggio onorato, G. Memmios Eutychos, una parte delle quali non era finora documentata a Hierapolis. Fra le parti più interessanti dell’iscrizione possiamo menzionare la carica di alitarca, che era qui collegata agli agoni pitici, e non, come di solito, alle feste olimpiche. Memmios Eutychos era stato presidente del Consiglio municipale e dell’associazione dei cittadini romani residenti nella città ; apprendiamo anche che egli aveva inviato a proprie spese un soldato all’imperatore e che più volte aveva svolto compiti relativi all’annona imperiale.
À propos de la Rhétorique d’Aristote (I, 1373b 1-1374b 23), analyse du processus judiciaire. IV. Épieikeia
Authors: Bertrand Jean-Marie
Published: January 2016

Quatrième et dernier article d’une série consacrée à l’explication d’un chapitre de la

Rhétorique d’Aristote, il traite de to épieikès, hè épieikeia, l’équitable, l’équité. Le texte est mis en parallèle avec divers passages de l’Éthique à Nicomaque (1137b 23-1138a 3 notamment) dont la difficulté a suscité des commentaires modernes divergents qui sont analysés. L’équité n’est pas la négation du droit car sa pratique s’y inscrit. L’équitable pour le plaideur est de ne pas pousser son avantage au delà du raisonnable, pour le juge de ne pas utiliser sa science juridique pour écraser le coupable au delà du nécessaire. La justice a pour fonction d’assurer la paix sociale et politique dans la cité de telle sorte que le jugement correct est celui qui se fonde fermement sur le droit tout en répondant aux besoins du moment. Les propositions d’Aristote semblent avoir inspiré la pratique des cités de l’époque hellénistique qui ont fait appel dans les moments de crise à des juges étrangers pour arbitrer les conflits entre leurs citoyens plutôt que pour y désigner par le prononcé de sentences les vainqueurs d’un affrontement procédural de telle sorte qu’ils rétablissaient l’harmonie dans le corps politique.
The Fondo Patturelli sanctuary at Capua : excavation and interpretation
Authors: Crawford Michael Hewson
Published: January 2016

L’article vise à présenter tous les comptes rendus contemporains et proches dans le temps de la fouille, au XIXe siècle, du sanctuaire du Fondo Patturelli, y compris une partie jusqu’ici inconnue du rapport de Carlo Patturelli. Sur la base de cette documentation, l’article offre une histoire de l’exploration du site, soutient qu’il n’existait aucun lien entre le sanctuaire et une quelconque nécropole de la même période que son floruit, et considère comme peu probable qu’il y ait eu un second sanctuaire dans le Fondo Tirone. Enfin, il retrace l’histoire du sanctuaire après la deuxième guerre punique.
L’âne et le lion sur une peinture murale de Pompéi (VII 6, 34-35). Le triomphe de la virilité asinienne
Authors: Vendries Christophe
Published: January 2016

A painting of Pompei discovered in front of a tavern shows a donkey, crowned by a victory, copulating with a lion. The signification of this scene in sexual context is disturbing because she is considered as an unicum : political sense as Minervini argued ? Picture of a lost fable ? Two aspects must be considered : a roman lamp shows the same picture and a pun in Martial’s writings use the word leo to describe woman sex. This picture does suggest that the sexual performance of the donkey is the only wellknown quality of this beast for ancient people.
La pratique de l’autobiographie politique aux IIe-IIIe siècles
Authors: Chausson François
Published: January 2016

La pratique de l’autobiographie politique, aux IIe-IIIe siècles, est ancrée dans une longue tradition. On distinguera les autobiographies à proprement parler (uita, bios) et les oeuvres appartenant à un autre genre et où apparaissent, en passant, des notations à caractère autobiographique (comme chez Suétone ou chez Dion Cassius, par exemple). Les quelques fragments d’autobiographie politique attestés pour la période renvoient presque tous à des figures princières. Si les commentarii de Trajan ou de Lucius Vérus ne sont connus qu’à travers une seule mention, les autobiographies d’Hadrien et de Septime Sévère se laissent mieux entrevoir, à travers le prisme d’une historiographie allant de l’époque sévérienne au début du Ve siècle. L’autobiographie d’Hadrien, rédigée sans doute après 130, peut-être même vers la fin du règne, devait comporter une part non négligeable d’apologie. Celle de Septime Sévère, écrite à l’issue des Guerres Civiles, vers 197-198, et sans doute inspirée par le modèle de celle d’Hadrien, justifiait l’action de Sévère lors des années 193-197 et plaçait sa prise de pouvoir sous le signe de la faveur des dieux et de la légitimité.
Les dernières années du règne de Gallien (267-268)
Authors: Christol Michel
Published: January 2016

La mise en place des grands événements conduisant à l’élimination de l’empereur Gallien (septembre 268) doit passer par l’examen de l’ensemble des années 267 et 268, lorsque s’entrecroisent le conflit avec l’Empire gaulois, l’invasion gothique dans les Balkans et dans la mer Égée, enfin la révolte d’Auréolus. Les données de la numismatique, relatives au fonctionnement de l’atelier monétaire de Milan ainsi qu’au choix des images dans des circonstances exceptionnelles, montrent que la révolte d’Auréolus est bien antérieure au 1er janvier 268, et que les références à Hercule se rapporteraient plutôt à la lutte de Gallien contre les Goths. Les enseignements que l’on peut retirer de l’inscription de Philippopolis-Plovdiv sur la carrière de Marcianus concourent, d’un autre côté, à mieux éclairer le contenu des textes littéraires, et donc à relier entre elles toutes les sources de documentation.
Le service militaire et son impact sur la société à la fin de l’époque républicaine : un état des recherches récentes
Authors: Cadiou François
Published: January 2016

Les conséquences du service militaire sur l’évolution de la société romaine à la fin de la République constituent une question qui, en raison de son importance, est débattue depuis longtemps. Le bilan historiographique proposé ici met en évidence le renouvellement que ce débat connaît depuis plusieurs années. En particulier, il montre que tend à s’imposer, à juste titre, une vision moins négative de l’impact de la militia

sur la société à partir du IIIe siècle av. J.-C. Toutefois, si un consensus émerge pour réfuter l’idée traditionnelle d’une diminution du nombre des adsidui au cours du

IIe siècle, d’autres aspects de la question demandent encore à être davantage reconsidérés, comme par exemple la conviction de l’impopularité croissante du service militaire aux IIe et Ier siècles.
Militaires romains en Gaule civile
Authors: Reddé Michel
Published: January 2016

Les traces des militaires romains dans la Gaule civile sont relativement rares. Au-delà des inscriptions peu nombreuses que l’on connaît depuis longtemps, et des quelques camps fouillés ces dernières années, on peut solliciter, avec beaucoup de prudence, le témoignage des militaria, un terme par lequel on désigne aujourd’hui l’équipement des soldats. On doit en outre considérer que leur action, au tout début de l’Empire, ne s’est pas limitée à des tâches de maintien de l’ordre intérieur. L’exemple de la ville nouvelle de Waldgirmes, en pleine Germanie libre, offre en effet un bon modèle de création urbaine par les soins de l’armée à l’époque augustéenne et permet d’envisager différents parallèles. L’article revient, pour finir, sur la question souvent débattue des tuiles militaires découvertes en contexte civil, à partir des fouilles récentes d’Oedenburg (Haut-Rhin).
Routes et armée dans l’épigraphie de l’Afrique romaine
Authors: Le Bohec Yann
Published: January 2016

Some twenty roads, in Africa and Numidia, received milestones from the Roman Army. The milestones are divided into two main groups. In the first category, we can read the name of the unit and of the governor of the province, proconsul or legatus Augusti. In the second category, the name of the unit is omitted ; we can just find the name of the officer who ordered to built the road. These milestones are distrib- uted across the whole region, from the Sahara to the sea, and from Tripolitania to theWestern part of Numidia.
« On a souvent besoin d’un plus petit que soi » : le rôle des alliés de moindre importance dans la construction de l’Empire romain au IIe siècle av. J.-C.
Authors: Sánchez Pierre
Published: January 2016

Alliance treaties passed by Rome with the small States of the Hellenistic World during the second century BC should not be seen as mere signs of goodwill toward faithful but insignificant allies. The Romans themselves were careful to observe the procedure when passing or revoking the treaties, and the military clauses were taken seriously by the contracting parties. During the 160’ s, the Romans made treaties with small communities in Thrace, in Caria-Lycia and with the Jews to check their rivals’ territorial ambitions (Pergamon, Rhodes and the Seleucid Kingdom).
Le traité d’Apamée chez Polybe : questions de forme
Authors: Stasse Baudouin
Published: January 2016

Les documents officiels de la République romaine soulèvent la question de leur originalité quand ils sont transmis par des sources littéraires. Le traité d’Apamée, conservé par Polybe, n’échappe pas à cette interrogation, même s’il est communément admis que l’historien a pu le consulter à Rome. La comparaison formelle du texte de l’historien avec les données du corpus épigraphique des documents officiels romains, et particulièrement des traités, confirme la méthode de l’historien, qui retient de l’information (puisée à bonne source) ce qu’elle a d’important. En l’occurrence, si les clauses constituant le fond de l’accord entre Rome et le roi Séleucide sont exactement conformes à l’original consulté à Rome, les parties formulaires et les dispositions pratiques ont été abrégées par l’historien.
Le traité d’alliance romano-cnidien de 45 av. J.-C.
Authors: Famerie Étienne
Published: January 2016

The recent and substantial increase of the epigraphical dossier concerning the treaties concluded between Rome and the Greek cities incites to re-examine the last edition of the treaty with Cnidus (I. Knidos, I, 33 ; 45 B. C.). The inspection of copies and squeezes gives a better text, with new readings and more secure restitutions. The study of the document, which remains fragmentary, leads to the conclusion that its length was about one hundred lines and confirms that it contained the so-called «maiestas

clause » . These facts show that this treaty was similar to the one concluded with the Lycian Confederation in 46 B. C. and the one renewed with Mytilene in 25 B. C.
Les réserves alimentaires des cités d’Italie, entre autosubsistance et ravitaillement de Rome, des débuts de la République à l’instauration du Principat
Authors: Bats Maria
Published: January 2016

Si la thématique de l’approvisionnement en blé de Rome est bien connue grâce aux travaux de C. Virlouvet, notre compréhension du ravitaillement des cités d’Italie est rendue difficile par des sources littéraires centrées sur Rome. La tradition historique présente l’image d’une Italie prospère, dont les cités peuvent aider Rome, ce qui laisse entrevoir le rôle des instances politiques locales ; mais à l’époque archaïque, elles traversent aussi des crises de subsistance dues aux aléas climatiques. Pendant les guerres de la conquête romaine, les cités italiennes sont autosuffisantes et, à partir de la coalition romano-italique de 225, elles contribuent largement au ravitaillement militaire de Rome qui est devenu un enjeu stratégique pendant la deuxième guerre punique. À la fin de la République, leurs productions agricoles représentent encore un enjeu militaire pendant les guerres civiles qui provoquent des crises alimentaires. L’implication des élites italiennes dans les approvisionnements est attestée à cette période par les sources littéraires.
La surveillance des poids et mesures par les autorités romaines : l’apport de la documentation épigraphique latine
Authors: Berrendonner Clara
Published: January 2016

La documentation épigraphique en langue latine montre que les pouvoirs publics romains et civiques faisaient fabriquer (facere) et contrôlaient (exigere, examinare, exaequare)

des poids et mesures-références. Du côté romain, les autorités impliquées dans ce type d’activité étaient l’empereur, les édiles, le préfet de la Ville, le préfet de l’annone, les gouverneurs de province, mais aussi des services administratifs désignés par les expressions ad Articuleianum, in Capitolio et ad Castoris. Dans le cadre des cités, on voit agir les curies et les magistrats, supérieurs comme inférieurs. Comme la carte de répartition des objets contrôlés par les responsables publics romains recoupe celle des poids et mesures visés par les autorités civiques, la question des compétences respectives des deux niveaux administratifs se pose. L’article examine les différentes hypothèses qui ont pu être avancées à ce sujet (validité à l’échelle de l’empire des instruments de mesure contrôlés à Rome et validité locale des objets visés par les autorités civiques ; intervention des autorités romaines afin de promouvoir l’unification administrative de l’empire, par l’octroi ponctuel de règlements municipaux ou par des réformes générales des systèmes de poids et mesures), puis tente de comprendre l’articulation des niveaux administratifs civiques et centraux en cernant le contexte d’utilisation des poids et mesures contrôlés. Il semble ainsi que l’on puisse distinguer deux catégories d’objets, ceux destinés à garantir l’exactitude des quantités vendues et donc l’équité des transactions commerciales sur les marchés (poids et mesures marqués par les autorités civiques ou les édiles romains), et ceux utilisés pour les besoins propres de l’administration impériale (poids inscrits exactum ad Castoris et tables de mesures visées par les gouverneurs de province).
Tumor-Suppressor Gene NBPF1 Inhibits Invasion and PI3K/mTOR Signaling in Cervical Cancer Cells
Authors: Qin Yun , Tang Xicai , Liu Mingxing
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of NBPF1 expression on cervical cancer cell invasion and apoptosis and to illustrate its potential mechanism. Human cervical cancer HeLa cells were transfected with the constructed siNBPF1 or pcDNA3.1-NBPF1 vectors. Effects of NBPF1
expression on cell invasion ability and cell apoptosis were analyzed using the Matrigel method and an Annexin V-FITC cell apoptosis kit, respectively. In addition, cell apoptosis-related proteins involved with the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway were analyzed using Western blot. Remediation experiments
were conducted to verify the effects of NBPF1 expression on cell invasion and apoptosis. Compared to the control, mRNA and protein expressions of NBPF1 were significantly decreased when cells were transfected with siNBPF1 (p < 0.05), which was contrary to the results
of cells transfected with pcDNA3.1-NBPF1. Overexpression of NBPF1 significantly suppressed HeLa cell invasion but promoted cell apoptosis (p < 0.05). Overexpression of NBPF1 performed a significant inhibitory role on PI3K/mTOR signal pathway expression, while NBPF1
was silenced, showing contrary results. Our data suggested that NBPF1 overexpression may be a suppressor for cervical cancer via affecting cell invasion and apoptosis through regulating PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. NBPF1 may be a potential therapeutic target for cervical cancer treatment.
Inhibition of NF-κB Activity Enhances Sensitivity to Anticancer Drugs in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Seubwai Wunchana , Vaeteewoottacharn Kulthida , Kraiklang Ratthaphol , Umezawa Kazuo , Okada Seiji , Wongkham Sopit
Published: January 2016

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a dismal cancer. At present, there is no effective chemotherapeutic regimen for CCA. This may be due to the marked resistance of CCA to chemotherapy drugs, for which a mechanism remains unknown. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is constitutively activated in a variety of cancer cells, including CCA. It has been shown to play roles in growth, metastasis, and chemoresistance of cancer. In the present study, we examined whether NF-κB is involved in the chemoresistance of CCA and whether dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), an effective NF-κB inhibitor, can overcome the drug resistance of CCA. Two CCA cell lines, KKU-M213 and KKU-M214, were treated with DHMEQ and/or chemotherapeutic drugs. Cell viability, apoptosis, and the expressions of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters were compared. The combination of chemotherapy drugs, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and doxorubicin, with DHMEQ significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of all chemotherapeutic drugs compared to DHMEQ or drug alone. Furthermore, the mRNA level of ABCB1, a multidrug-resistant protein, was significantly decreased in the 5-fluorouracil combined with DHMEQ-treated cells. These findings suggest that the inhibition of NF-κB by DHMEQ enhanced the chemoresponsiveness of CCA cells, possibly by reducing the expression of ABC transporter. Inhibition of NF-κB may be a potential chemodrug-sensitizing strategy for chemoresistant cancer such as CCA.
What Is the Optimal Dose and Schedule for Dasatinib in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Two Case Reports and Review of the Literature
Authors: Jamison Caroline , Nelson Debra , Eren Mete , Gauchan Dron , Ramaekers Ryan , Norvell Max , Copur Mehmet Sitki
Published: January 2016

Efficacy and safety of dasatinib in chronic phase (CP) chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients has been well established. Initially approved dose and schedule of 70 mg twice daily has been changed to 100 mg once daily after demonstration of the same efficacy with less toxicity.
Some patients require significant dose reductions to enable continued treatment with dasatinib. Even at a dose of 80 mg once daily, several patients may require further dose reductions due to substantial toxicity while maintaining good control of their disease. We report two CP-CML patients
achieving and maintaining major molecular responses while on very low doses of dasatinib, ultimately achieving undetectable levels of BCR-ABL fusion transcript in their peripheral blood. Observations of several CP-CML cases responding remarkably well to dasatinib despite very low dose and
frequent dose interruptions challenge our current understanding and the accuracy of the data regarding the optimum dose and schedule of this drug. In selected intolerant patients, low-dose dasatinib therapy may be a safe and effective alternative treatment option before a treatment discontinuation or change considered.
Curcumin Enhances the Effects of 5-Fluorouracil and Oxaliplatin in Inducing Gastric Cancer Cell Apoptosis Both In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Wang Weiming , Li Pihong , Zheng Zhiqiang , Tu Yangyang , Zhang Yi , You Tao
Published: January 2016

Despite the efficacy of fluoropyrimidines and oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for patients, this treatment leads to significant patient inconvenience, toxicity, and cost. This study aims to validate a nontoxic agent, curcumin, to the current chemotherapeutic regimen. In in vitro experiments,
curcumin induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cell line BGC-823. Synergistic antitumor effects of curcumin were observed in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin. These effects were accompanied by downregulation of the expression of Bcl-2 protein and mRNA and upregulation of
the expression of Bax and caspase 3, 8, and 9. In addition, the in vivo study showed that the combination of curcumin and 5-FU/oxaliplatin exhibited potent growth inhibition of BGC-823 xenograft tumors. Furthermore, compared with the control group, no significant difference was observed in
the body weight of curcumin-treated nude mice. In conclusion, curcumin may act synergistically with the chemotherapeutic regimen FOLFOX in gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo by inducing apoptosis via Bcl/Bax‐caspase 8,9‐caspase 3 pathway.
Inhibition of Lung Carcinoma A549 Cell Growth by Knockdown of Hexokinase 2 In Situ and In Vivo
Authors: Xi Feng , Ye Jianghao
Published: January 2016

Hexokinase 2 (HK2) has been identified as an oncogene in some malignant diseases such as breast cancer and ovarian cancer. However, the role of HK2 in lung cancer remains unclear. In this study, we explored the functional role of HK2 in lung cancer cell proliferation and tumorigenesis
and determine its expression profile in lung cancer. HK2 expression was increased in primary lung cancer tissues of patients. Knocking down HK2 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited cell proliferation in lung cancer cells and nude mice. Thus, HK2 is required for sustained proliferation
and survival of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, and its aberrant expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of lung cancer. Thus, our study provided evidence that HK2 functions as a novel oncogene in lung cancer and may be a potential therapeutic target for lung cancer.
Reduced PDCD4 Expression Promotes Cell Growth Through PI3K/Akt Signaling in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Zhen Yan , Li Dongming , Li Wen , Yao Weimin , Wu Aibing , Huang Jing , Gu Hongli , Huang Yujie , Wang Yajun , Wu Jun , Chen Min , Wu Dong , Lyu Quanchao , Fang Weiyi , Wu Bin
Published: January 2016

It is largely recognized that PDCD4 is frequently lost in tumors of various origins, including lung cancer, and its loss contributes to tumor progression. However, its role and molecular mechanism remain largely unexplored in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, downregulated
PDCD4 mRNA expression was found in NSCLC tissues compared to their corresponding paracarcinoma tissues and distal paracarcinoma tissues. Induced expression of PDCD4 inhibited cell growth and proliferation and cell cycle transition in vitro. Conversely, knocking down PDCD4 expression promoted
cell growth and proliferation. Mechanistically, PDCD4 inactivated PI3K/Akt signaling and its downstream cell cycle factors CCND1 and CDK4 to regulate cell growth in NSCLC. Additionally, PI3K-specific inhibitor Ly294002 suppressed the expression of pPI3K (Tyr458), pAkt (Ser473), CCND1, and
CDK4 in PC9-shPDCD4 and A549-shPDCD4 cells. Furthermore, Akt-specific inhibitor MK2206 inhibited the expression of pAkt (Ser473), CCND1, and CDK4 in PC9-shPDCD4 and A549-shPDCD4 cells. Taken together, our study provides evidence that PDCD4 inhibits cell growth through PI3K/Akt signaling in
NSCLC and may be a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
Knockdown of microRNA-29a Changes the Expression of Heat Shock Proteins in Breast Carcinoma MCF-7 Cells
Authors: Choghaei Encieh , Khamisipour Gholamreza , Falahati Mojtaba , Naeimi Behrooz , Mossahebi-Mohammadi Majid , Tahmasebi Rahim , Hasanpour Mojtaba , Shamsian Shakib , Hashemi Zahra Sadat
Published: January 2016

Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer among women. MicroRNAs as noncoding small RNA molecules play pivotal roles in cancer-related biological processes. Increased levels of microRNA-29a in the serum of breast cancer patients have been reported. Since heat shock proteins
(HSPs) play important roles in cell events, the quantitative fluctuations in their cellular levels could be deemed as key indicators of how the exerted treatment alters cell behavior. In this regard, using an antisense small RNA, we attempted to investigate the effects of miR-29a knockdown
on the expression of HSPs genes in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. MCF-7 cells were cultured in high-glucose Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium with 10% FBS. Studied cells were subdivided into five groups: treated with scramble, anti-miR-29a, anti-miR-29a + Taxol,
Taxol, and control. Taxol was added 24 h post-anti-miR transfection and RNA extraction, and cDNA synthesis was done 48 h later. The changes in expression of HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90 were evaluated by real-time PCR. Our results revealed that inhibitors of microRNA-29a promote apoptosis
through upregulation of HSP60 level and downregulation of HSP27, HSP40, HSP70, and HSP90 levels and could be contemplated as a compelling alternative for Taxol employment with similar effects and/or to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy with fewer side effects.
Apoptotic Melanoma B16-F1 Cells Induced by Lidamycin Could Initiate the Antitumor Immune Response in BABL/c Mice
Authors: Yang Jian-lin , Qin Ye , Li Liang , Cao Chu-yu , Wang Qing , Li Qian , Lv Ya-feng , Wang Yanlin
Published: January 2016

In the process of tumor cell apoptosis induced by specific regents, calreticulin (CRT) was transferred from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) onto the cell membrane. These tumor cells, when used as the cellular vaccine to immunize experimental animals, could initiate effective antitumor immunoresponse
against homologous tumor cells. This is referred to as immunogenic cell death. Lidamycin (LDM) is an enediyne antibiotic, which has extremely potent cytotoxicity to cancer cells. In this study, the mouse melanoma B16-F1 cancer cells were used to investigate the ability of LDM in promoting
immunogenic cell death. Our data showed that LDM could induce apoptosis of B16-F1 cancer cells, accompanied by CRT translocation onto the cell membrane. These LDM-treated B16-F1 cells could be recognized and phagocytosed more efficiently by macrophage and dendritic cells. When the LDM-treated
apoptotic B16-F1 cells were used as a whole-cell tumor vaccine to immune mice, the mice obtained resistance against rechallenged B16-F1 living cells. At the same time, the specific antitumor immune response was observed in these vaccinated mice. The splenocytes from the mice vaccinated with
LDM-treated B16-F1 cells showed significantly enhanced NK lymphocyte activities and also faster growth rate and increased secretion of IFN-γ when encountering the cellular antigens from B16-F1 cells. All these results suggested that LDM could promote immunogenic cell death in B16-F1
cells, and these LDM-treated B16-F1 cells could be used as a sort of cell vaccine to initiate effective antitumor immunoresponse in mice.
ERRATUM
Authors: Furutani Akinobu , Sowa Yoshihiro , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Otsuji Eigo , Sakai Toshiyuki
Published: January 2016

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been shown to enhance the effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) against various cancer cells; however, no report has shown that an HDAC inhibitor may enhance the effects of 5-FU with radiation. Therefore, we investigated whether the novel HDAC inhibitor
OBP-801/YM753 could enhance the effects of 5-FU with radiation on esophageal squamous carcinoma KYSE170 cells. The inhibition of the cell growth was significantly stronger with the combination of OBP-801/YM753 with 5-FU than with the 5-FU treatment only. Furthermore, inhibition of the colony
formation was the most effective with the combined treatment of OBP-801/YM753, 5-FU, and radiation. Western blot analysis showed that OBP-801/YM753 suppressed the expression of thymidylate synthase induced by 5-FU. Therefore, this three-combined therapy is promising for patients with esophageal
squamous carcinoma.
What can local and geographic population limits tell us about distributions?
Authors: Sexton Jason P. , Dickman Erin E.
Published: January 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Understanding the evolutionary and ecological factors that determine plant distributions is of primary importance in botanical research. These factors may vary in predictable ways across different spatial scales, and thus, we can leverage scale to reveal the underlying processes limiting plant distributions.

METHODS:

We review various research considerations across local and geographic scales, including the investigation of dispersal and habitat limitation, evolutionary factors, abiotic and biotic factors, and research logistics. We also present two case studies, slender monkeyflower (Mimulus leptaleus) and cut‐leaf monkeyflower (Mimulus laciniatus), in the California Sierra Nevada.

KEY RESULTS:

At a local spatial scale (within 50 m), no seeds were produced from plants sown at sites located just beyond known patches of M. leptaleus, but within the species' geographic range. At a much broader spatial scale (kilometers), at the highest and lowest elevations of the species' range, we found greatly reduced abundance and fecundity in plants sown outside of the geographic range limits of M. laciniatus.

CONCLUSIONS:

These cases illustrate two contrasting spatial scales, yet agree in their illustration of strong habitat limitation. We end by discussing future avenues of research and by suggesting ways botanical researchers can frame their studies to maximize information gained on species requirements, distribution limits, and conservation among varying spatial scales.
High Kellgren-Lawrence Grade and Bone Marrow Lesions Predict Worsening Rates of Radiographic Joint Space Narrowing; The SEKOIA Study
Authors: Edwards Mark H. , Parsons Camille , Bruyère Olivier , Petit Dop Forence , Chapurlat Roland , Roemer Frank W. , Guermazi Ali , Zaim Souhil , Genant Harry , Reginster Jean-Yves , Dennison Elaine M. , Cooper Cyrus ,   The SEKOIA Study Group
Published: January 2016

Objective.

Determinants of radiographic progression in osteoarthritis (OA) are poorly understood. We investigated which features on baseline magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acted as predictors of change in joint space width (JSW).

Methods.

A total of 559 men and women over the age of 50 years with clinical knee OA [Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade 2–3] were recruited to the placebo arm of the SEKOIA study (98 centers; 18 countries). Minimal tibiofemoral joint space and KL grade on plain radiograph of the knee were assessed at baseline and at yearly followup up to 3 years. In a subset, serial knee MRI examinations were performed. Individuals with a bone marrow lesion (BML) ≥ grade 2 at the tibiofemoral joint at baseline were classified as BML-positive. Relationships between change in JSW and risk factors were assessed using linear regression.

Results.

The mean age of study participants was 62.8 (SD 7.5) years and 73% were female; 38.6% had BML. Mean baseline JSW was 3.65 mm. This reduced by 0.18 (0.30) mm/year in men and 0.13 (0.23) mm/year in women. Those with BML had a significantly higher rate of annualized change in JSW; this relationship remained robust after adjustment for age, sex, and baseline KL grade [β = −0.10 (95% CI −0.18, −0.02) mm/yr]. Age, sex, baseline KL grade, and other MRI findings did not influence the rate of change in JSW.

Conclusion.

The rate of change in JSW was similar in men and women. BML on knee MRI predicted the rate of radiographic change in JSW. This relationship was independent of age, sex, and baseline KL grade.
Novel Composite Radiographic Score for Longitudinal Observational Studies of Psoriatic Arthritis: A Proof-of-concept Study
Authors: Tillett William , Shaddick Gavin , Jadon Deepak , Robinson Graham , Korendowych Eleanor , McHugh Neil
Published: January 2016

Objective.

To devise a feasible composite radiographic score for use in observational studies of psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods.

Radiographs from 50 patients with PsA were evaluated with the PsA-modified Sharp, Sharp/van der Heijde (SvdH), and Ratingen scores. Data reductions were made to devise a concise score.

Results.

The Reductive X-ray Score for Psoriatic Arthritis (ReXSPA) required the assessment of only 22 joints (234 points), including erosion, joint space narrowing, and osteoproliferation in the hands and feet. The ReXSPA accounted for 80% of change detected with the SvdH score.

Conclusion.

We report a proof-of-concept radiographic score for observational studies derived though data reduction.