bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observability of evaporating lava worlds
Authors: Zilinskas M. , van Buchem C. P. A. , Miguel Y. , Louca A. , Lupu R. , Zieba S. , van Westrenen W.
Published: March 2022

Lava worlds belong to a class of short orbital period planets reaching dayside temperatures high enough to melt their silicate crust. Theory predicts that the resulting lava oceans outgas their volatile components, attaining equilibrium with the overlying vapour. This creates a tenuous, silicate-rich atmosphere that may be confined to the permanent dayside of the planet. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will provide the much needed sensitivity and spectral coverage to characterise these worlds. In this paper, we assess the observability of characterisable spectral features by self-consistently modelling silicate atmospheres for all the currently confirmed targets having sufficient -stellar temperatures (>1500 K). To achieve this we used outgassed equilibrium chemistry and radiative transfer methods to compute temperature–pressure profiles, atmospheric chemical compositions, and emission spectra. We explore varying melt compositions, free of highly volatile elements, accounting for possible atmospheric evolution. Our models include a large number of neutral and ionic species, as well as all up-to-date opacities. The results indicate that SiO and SiO2 infrared features are the best unique identifiers of silicate atmospheres, which are detectable using the MIRI instrument of JWST. Detection of these two species in emission would allow for strong constraints on the atmospheric thermal structure and possibly the composition of the melt. We also propose that certain species, for example TiO, may be directly tied to different classes of melts, possibly revealing surface and interior dynamics. Currently, there are nearly a dozen confirmed lava planets ideal for characterisation of silicate atmospheres using JWST, with two of these already accepted for the initial General Observers programme.
Quantification of molecular aromaticity as a predictive factor of astrophysical significance
Authors: Alvarez-Thon Luis , Lee Timothy J. , Fortenberry Ryan C. , Inostroza-Pino Natalia
Published: March 2022

Context. This study reports the index of aromaticity calculated by numerical integration of the magnetically-induced current density for cyclic hydrocarbon molecules both known to exist in astrophysical media as well as those proposed to exist.

Aims. This study promotes the ring current strength (RCS) value for quantifying aromaticity as a means of predicting astrophysical detectability.

Methods. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level provide optimized structures and the wave-functions needed to provide the RCS values for the molecules analyzed.

Results. The known interstellar molecules examined c-C3H2, c-(O)C3H2, c-C3HC2H, o-benzyne, benzonitrile, 1-cyano and 2-cyanonaphthalene all have RCS values of 9.9 nA T−1 (nanoampere per Tesla) or above. The known antiaromatic species have RCS values of less than 0.0 nA T−1 as expected. Several proposed interstellar molecules likely will not persist if they form due to low RCS values including c-(C)C3H2. Other species such as p-benzyne and c-HCNN+ have high RCS values of 19.9 nAT−1 and 14.4nAT−1, respectively.

Conclusions. Cyclic hydrocarbons previously observed in astrophysical media have high RCS values. Those with low or negative RCS values have yet to be observed implying that such a metric can indicate astrophysical significance.
Impact of Blockchain technology in Healthcare
Authors: Sara Ait Bennacer , Khadija Sabiri , Abdessadek Aaroud , Khalid Akodadi , Bouchaib Cherradi
Published: March 2022

The current healthcare systems are facing many issues in terms of data management, data sharing, information security and patient privacy, data immutability, trust, and transparency. In addition, the multiple existing healthcare systems are centralized which complicates the healthcare professionals, patients in managing their data and causes several problems. Blockchain technology as a decentralized peer-to-peer network has the power to digitalize and transform the manner that the data are managed in the healthcare industry, in this regard, is one such domain that might benefit from Blockchain technology in different manners. This paper aims to improve a review of recent works on Blockchain-based healthcare applications.
Character Recognition Using Pre-Trained Models and Performance Variants Based on Datasets Size: A Survey
Authors: Benaissa Ali , Bahri Abdelkhalak , El Allaoui Ahmed , Bourass Youssef
Published: March 2022

The most efficient and beneficial mechanism to the feature of extracting data from an image, has been the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and it is used in many fields (Optical character recognition, image classification, object recognition and Facial recognition etc.). In this papier, we studied the character classification problems, using pre-trained models based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and how the performance can change the outcome of dataset that is given. For that, we have used five pre-trained models’ such as VGG16/19, ResNet, Xception et MobileNet. The experiment shows that Xception had the best performance rate compared to other models for all datasets, VGG16/19 performance rate are variants depend on dataset. However, Experiments shows that ResNet achieve the worst accuracy rate compared to other methods.
A Maturity Model for Assessing Industrial Performance Management. Case Study: a Painting Industry
Authors: Chahidi Abdelaziz Ouazzani , Abdelattif Loukili , Jimenez Jose-Fernando , Berrah Lamia
Published: March 2022

Nowadays, manufacturing industries are challenged by the mass customization needs, the increase of market competitiveness, the volatility of a globalized market and the high technological evolution. In front of these complex and multiple issues, industries must adapt to remain performant and to follow the digital transformation that the market is experiencing. This study deals with the wide topic of industrial performance management and its evolution regarding Industry 4.0 specifications. Indeed, many questions are asked in this context that concerns the “digital transformation” of the industrial system, highlighting the need of maturity models, i.e., models that could assess, as a preliminary step, the readiness of such systems to this transformation, believing that such an assessment will be the point of departure of all the potential evolution that could be allowed by Industry 4.0 tools and paradigms. The presented work will focus in particular on maturity assessment of the performance management of industrial systems. The suggested idea is to be inspired by a maturity model that is commonly used in software engineering, namely the "Capability Maturity Model Integration CMMI". In this sense, after a brief recall of the industrial performance management basis, the CMMI is introduced as well as its adaptation to the industrial performance management characteristics. A case study concerning a Moroccan SME paint company, whose submitted problem concerns the quality improvement of their product and the link between the control of the production lines and the achieved compliance rates, is then carried out. Some concluding remarks are finally proposed, regarding the relevance of the use of the CMMI, among other maturity models, and the actions to carry out for the performance management transformation.
Convergence analysis of a fully discrete finite element method for thermally coupled incompressible MHD problems with temperature-dependent coefficients
Authors: Ding Qianqian , Long Xiaonian , Mao Shipeng
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we study a fully discrete finite element scheme of thermally coupled incompressible magnetohydrodynamic with temperature-dependent coefficients in Lipschitz domain. The variable coefficients in the MHD system and possible nonconvex domain may cause nonsmooth solutions. We propose a fully discrete Euler semi-implicit scheme with the magnetic equation approximated by Nédélec edge elements to capture the physical solutions. The fully discrete scheme only needs to solve one linear system at each time step and is unconditionally stable. Utilizing the stability of the numerical scheme and the compactness method, the existence of weak solution to the thermally coupled MHD model in three dimensions is established. Furthermore, the uniqueness of weak solution and the convergence of the proposed numerical method are also rigorously derived. Under the hypothesis of a low regularity for the exact solution, we rigorously establish the error estimates for the velocity, temperature and magnetic induction unconditionally in the sense that the time step is independent of the spacial mesh size.
Investigation on rock mass stability monitoring system and activity characteristic in deep mining
Authors: Shi Feng , Zhang Da , Wang Ping , Cai Yongshun , Yuan Bensheng
Published: March 2022

The monitoring system of rock mass stability and activity characteristic was established using the microseismic monitoring technology in view of the problem that the dynamic disaster of ground pressure was easy to occur in the process of deep mining. The monitoring network was set up according to the actual characteristics of the mine and the wave velocity was corrected by the method of fixed-point blasting. A monitoring network with a positioning error of 10 m was established finally. The waveform of the monitoring data was picked up and the temporal-spatial evolution characteristics of microseismic events were analyzed, the microseismic events increased greatly and in a high level, the spatial distribution was concentrated highly, the potential dangerous areas were delineated. The research results can provide references for the investigation of rock mass stability monitoring in underground engineering.
Optimal timing of rectal diclofenac in preventing post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis
Authors: Sperna Weiland Christina J. , Smeets Xavier J.N.M. , Verdonk Robert C. , Poen Alexander C. , Bhalla Abha , Venneman Niels G. , Kievit Wietske , Timmerhuis Hester C. , Umans Devica S. , van Hooft Jeanin E. , Besselink Marc G. , van Santvoort Hjalmar C. , Fockens Paul , Bruno Marco J. , Drenth Joost P.H. , van Geenen Erwin J.M. ,   on behalf of the Dutch Pancreatitis Study Group
Published: March 2022

Background and study aims Rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) prophylaxis reduces incidence of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis. Direct comparisons to the optimal timing of administration, before or after ERCP, are lacking. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether timing of rectal NSAID prophylaxis affects the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Patients and methods We conducted an analysis of prospectively collected data from a randomized clinical trial. We included patients with a moderate to high risk of developing post-ERCP pancreatitis, all of whom received rectal diclofenac monotherapy 100-mg prophylaxis. Administration was within 30 minutes before or after the ERCP at the discretion of the endoscopist. The primary endpoint was post-ERCP pancreatitis. Secondary endpoints included severity of pancreatitis, length of hospitalization, and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admittance.

Results We included 346 patients who received the rectal NSAID before ERCP and 63 patients who received it after ERCP. No differences in baseline characteristics were observed. Post-ERCP pancreatitis incidence was lower in the group that received pre-procedure rectal NSAIDs (8 %), compared to post-procedure (18 %) (relative risk: 2.32; 95% confidence interval: 1.21 to 4.46, P = 0.02). Hospital stays were significantly longer with post-procedure prophylaxis (1 day; interquartile range [IQR] 1–2 days vs. 1 day; IQR 1–4 days; P = 0.02). Patients from the post-procedure group were more likely to be admitted to the ICU (1 patient [0.3 %] vs. 4 patients [6 %]; P = 0.002).

Conclusions Pre-procedure administration of rectal diclofenac is associated with a significant reduction in post-ERCP pancreatitis incidence compared to post-procedure use.
Diagnostische Performanz und Validität des deutschsprachigen BDI-II – Eine Sekundäranalyse mit Daten aus klinischen und nichtklinischen Stichproben
Authors: Kuehner Christine , Keller Ferdinand , Schricker Isabelle F. , Beddig Theresa , Huffziger Silke , Timm Christina , Rachota-Ubl Bettina , Hautzinger Martin , Diener Carsten
Published: March 2022

Ziel der Studie Untersuchung der diagnostischen Klassifikationsgüte und Validität des deutschsprachigen Beck-Depressions-Inventars (BDI-II) in einem kombinierten Datensatz aus Erwachsenenstichproben.

Methode Das BDI-II und das SKID-I als externes Kriterium wurden an 638 Personen erhoben (385 mit akuter oder remittierter Depression, 253 Kontrollen). Die Screeningperformanz des BDI-II wurde für die im Manual vorgeschlagenen Cut-offs und für optimale Cut-offs anhand von ROC-Analysen berechnet.

Ergebnisse Die interne Konsistenz des BDI-II war hoch (> 0,90) und es zeigten sich plausible Zusammenhänge mit konstruktnahen Skalen. Es resultierten optimale Cut-offs mit guter Sensitivität und Spezifität von 16+ für Depressive Episoden (Youden’s J = 0,838) und von 14+ für Depressive Störungen (J = 0,814).

Diskussion Das deutschsprachige BDI-II stellt ein reliables und valides Screeninginstrument für Depressive Episoden und Depressive Störungen in der Erwachsenenbevölkerung dar. Je nach Priorisierung können unterschiedliche Cut-offs herangezogen werden.
Poverty control policy may affect the transition of geological disaster risk in China
Authors: Lan Hengxing , Tian Naiman , Li Langping , Liu Hongjiang , Peng Jianbing , Cui Peng , Zhou Chenghu , Macciotta Renato , Clague John J.
Published: March 2022

The Chinese government has implemented measures to reduce poverty in the country. Specifically, the Targeted Poverty Alleviation (2013–2020) policy is a set of unique, large-scale and precise poverty control measures undertaken by China in an effort to eliminate absolute poverty. Deeply impoverished areas in the mountainous regions of Southwest China are also particularly prone to geological disasters. A poverty control policy might reduce risk from natural disasters in this region by changing human behaviour. However, it is unclear how the risk might change under the government’s poverty control measures. This paper uses power-law relations and negative binomial regression to analyse primary economic losses from geological disasters in Yunnan Province between 2009 and 2017. The results of the analysis show that the relation between the level of economic development and disaster losses in Yunnan Province changed from an inverted-U shape to a U shape in this period. While direct economic losses from geological disasters are falling, we find that losses in wealthy counties Yunnan Province have not decreased significantly and might even be increasing. In impoverished areas, poverty alleviation policies reduce the economic losses of geological disasters by reducing the vulnerability and exposure, and increasing the resilience. On the contrary, poverty reduction measures promote a concentration of population and wealth in non-poor areas, increasing the vulnerability and exposure, which in turn lead to an increase in direct economic losses from geological disasters. Therefore, in order to consolidate the achievements of poverty alleviation projects, the government needs to pay attention to the transfer of geological disaster risk caused by the policy-driven transformation of human social behaviour.
Neural network-based adaptive synchronization for second-order nonlinear multiagent systems with unknown disturbance
Authors: Tan Lihua , Li Chuandong , Wang Xin , Huang Tingwen
Published: March 2022

This paper handles the distributed adaptive synchronization problem for a class of unknown second-order nonlinear multiagent systems subject to external disturbance. It is supposed to be an unknown one for the underlying external disorder. First, the neural network-based disturbance observer is developed to deal with the impact induced by the strange disturbance. Then, a new distributed adaptive synchronization criterion is put forward based on the approximation capability of the neural networks. Next, we propose the necessary and sufficient condition on the directed graph to ensure the synchronization error of all followers can be reduced small enough. Then, the distributed adaptive synchronization criterion is further explored because it is difficult to obtain the relative velocity measurements of the agents. The distributed adaptive synchronization criterion without the velocity measurement feedback is also designed to fulfill the current investigation. Finally, the simulation example is performed to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.
The global solvability of the Cauchy problem for a multi-dimensional chemotaxis-Navier–Stokes system modeling coral fertilization
Authors: Xu Fuyi , Huang Ai , Fu Peng
Published: March 2022

This paper is dedicated to the analysis of the Cauchy problem for a chemotaxis-Navier–Stokes system modeling coral fertilization in spatial dimensions two and three. We first present the unique local solvability of a smooth solution to the system for large initial data and then establish some blow-up criteria of the solution. In the whole plane, the global existence of smooth solutions to the model for a large class of initial data is constructed. Finally, we also prove the global existence of smooth solutions under the some explicit smallness conditions of initial data. In particular, we present the time decay rates of the solution in L∞ by using the De Giorgi method.
3ω techniques for measurement of volumetric heat capacity and anisotropic thermal conductivity of a solution processable, hybrid organic/inorganic film, Te-PEDOT:PSS
Authors: Forsythe Carlos , Gordon Madeleine P. , Urban Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2022

Measuring the thermal properties of anisotropic films of hybrid materials poses a challenge to existing metrology techniques. We have developed a new approach for measuring the volumetric heat capacity and anisotropic thermal conductivity of these systems using the 3ω method. While there exist many avenues for measuring the thermal properties of thin films, most carry with them difficult requirements such as smooth surfaces or advanced lithography. Here, we present measurements of a film's in-plane and cross-plane conductance and its volumetric heat capacity using relatively simple sample configurations, each requiring a single heater. For the measurement of volumetric heat capacity, we present a new model fitting method, relying on a standard film-on-substrate configuration. For the measurement of in-plane thermal conductance by 3ω, we have developed the use of an embedded micro-wire heater in suspended drop cast films, allowing for a 12 μm wide heater without the need for advanced lithography. We also expose the surprisingly significant effect of thermal radiation in the suspended film measurement and its associated error. Our measurements reveal a large anisotropy in the thermal conductivity of our test material, Te-PEDOT:PSS, of kin-plane/kcross-plane = 19, consistent with the nanoscale morphology of the material.
Decoupled identification and compensation of nonlinear hysteresis cascading with linear dynamic in a moving magnet voice coil actuator
Authors: Huang Xiaolu , Zhang Chi , Li Rong , Chen Jinhua , Chen Si-lu , Yang Guilin
Published: March 2022

The moving magnet voice coil actuator (MMVCA) is a promising choice for the long stroke nanopositioning stage with the advantage of low moving mass. However, the hysteresis observed in MMVCA limits further improvement on tracking performance. The hysteresis is cascading with the linear dynamic of the positioning stage, which makes common hysteresis identification inapplicable. In this paper, the cause and influence of hysteresis in MMVCA are analyzed, which reveal that the magnetic hysteresis leads to a hysteresis of force and causes motion accuracy to degrade. A modified rate-dependent Prandtl–Ishlinskii (P–I) model is proposed to describe the hysteresis in MMVCA. The decoupled method is implemented to identify the parameters of the linear dynamic model and nonlinear hysteresis model. The experimental results validate the feasibility of the proposed P–I model. Based on the hysteresis compensation, the peak-to-peak tracking errors are reduced by 30% and the root-mean-square (rms) tracking errors are decreased by 41% on average for the trajectories with amplitudes from 1 to 3 mm and frequencies from 1 to 5 Hz.
Thin film lithium niobate electric field sensors
Authors: Toroghi Seyfollah , Rabiei Payam
Published: March 2022

We present our results for using thin film lithium niobate devices for electric field sensing applications. Micro-ring modulator and Mach–Zehnder modulator-based electric field sensors are demonstrated. Micro-ring resonator sensors can be used for low frequency (up to several GHz) electric field sensing applications and achieve a high sensitivity of 80 mV/(m Hz1/2) with a very compact size of 300 μm, as limited by the intensity and phase noise of the used distributed feedback laser. A measurement bandwidth of 2.5 GHz is measured for these sensors and is limited by the detector bandwidth. Alternatively, Mach–Zehnder modulators allow for perfect phase matching between the radio frequency signals and optical signals, and they can be used for electric field sensing up to several THz. A sensitivity of 2.2 V/(m Hz1/2) was obtained using our Mach–Zehnder electric field sensor with an interaction length of 600 μm. The Mach–Zehnder sensor can sense electric fields with frequencies reaching 0.6 THz based on the calculated results.
The transition from short- to long-timescale pre-pulses: Laser-pulse impact on tin microdroplets
Authors: Meijer Randy A. , Kurilovich Dmitry , Eikema Kjeld S. E. , Versolato Oscar O. , Witte Stefan
Published: March 2022

We experimentally study the interaction of intense laser pulses with metallic microdroplets and the resulting deformation. Two main droplet deformation regimes have previously been established: that of sheet-type expansion after impact of “long” (typically >10 ns) pulses governed by incompressible flow and that of spherical expansion by internal cavitation after impact of “short” (typically <100 ps) pulses governed by shock waves, i.e., strongly compressible flow. In this work, we study the transition between these regimes by scanning pulse durations from 0.5 to 7.5 ns, where the boundaries of this range correspond to the limiting cases for the employed droplet diameter of 45 μm. We qualitatively describe the observed deformation types and find scaling laws for the propulsion, expansion, and spall-debris velocities as a function of pulse duration and energy. We identify the ratio of the pulse duration to the acoustic timescale of the droplet as the critical parameter determining the type of deformation. Additionally, we study the influence of fast rise times by comparing square- and Gaussian-shaped laser pulses. These findings extend our understanding of laser–droplet interaction and enlarge the spectrum of controllable target shapes that can be made available for future tin-droplet-based extreme ultraviolet sources.
Why the Cox–Merz rule and Gleissle mirror relation work: A quantitative analysis using the Wagner integral framework with a fractional Maxwell kernel
Authors: Rathinaraj Joshua David John , Keshavarz Bavand , McKinley Gareth H.
Published: March 2022

In this work, we mathematically derive the conditions for which empirical rheometric relations such as the Cox–Merz rule and Gleissle mirror relationship are satisfied. We consider the Wagner integral constitutive framework, which is a special limiting case of the Kaye–Bernstein Kearsley Zapas (K-BKZ) constitutive equation to derive analytical expressions for the complex viscosity, the steady shear viscosity, and the transient stress coefficient in the start-up of steady shear. We use a fractional Maxwell liquid model as the linear relaxation modulus or memory kernel within a non-linear integral constitutive framework. This formulation is especially well-suited for describing complex fluids that exhibit a broad relaxation spectrum and can be readily reduced to the canonical Maxwell model for describing viscoelastic liquids that exhibit a single dominant relaxation time. To incorporate the nonlinearities that always become important in real complex fluids at large strain amplitudes, we consider both an exponential damping function as well as a more general damping function. By evaluating analytical expressions for small amplitude oscillatory shear, steady shear, and the start-up of steady shear using these different damping functions, we show that neither the Cox–Merz rule nor the Gleissle mirror relation can be satisfied for materials with a single relaxation mode or narrow relaxation spectrum. We then evaluate the same expressions using asymptotic analysis and direct numerical integration for more representative complex fluids having a wide range of relaxation times and nonlinear responses characterized by damping functions of exponential or Soskey–Winter form. We show that for materials with broad relaxation spectra and sufficiently strong strain-dependent damping the empirical Cox–Merz rule and the Gleissle mirror relations are satisfied either exactly, or to within a constant numerical factor of order unity. By contrast, these relationships are not satisfied in other classes of complex viscoelastic materials that exhibit only weak strain-dependent damping or strain softening.
Large-scale m-GeS2 grown on GaN for self-powered ultrafast UV photodetection
Authors: Chen Sheng , Cao Ben , Wang Wenliang , Tang Xin , Zheng Yulin , Chai Jixing , Kong Deqi , Chen Liang , Zhang Shuai , Li Guoqiang
Published: March 2022

Ultraviolet (UV) photodetection has been of great importance in the fields of aerospace, space communications, and remotely sensed images. However, conventional UV photodetectors (PDs) have been facing intrinsic drawbacks of complicate structural issues and interference from ambient visible light. Therefore, wide bandgap semiconductors have attracted significant attention. Herein, self-powered PDs based on the monolithic germanium disulfide (m-GeS2)/gallium nitride (GaN) pn heterojunction have been proposed with a large-size m-GeS2 over 2 cm2. The electronic and optical properties of the m-GeS2/GaN heterojunction are investigated via experiments and first-principles methods. The PDs reveal an impressive performance in self-powered response and high responsivity and detectivity of 16.8 mA W−1 and 1.03 × 1011 Jones, respectively. Further analyses determined that the PDs show an ultrafast photoresponse with a rise and fall time of < 0.30 and 1.10 ms at 365 nm. Consequently, this study provides a feasible method for the synthesis of large-sized m-GeS2 and demonstrates its enormous potential in high-performance, self-powered UV photodetection.
Symmetries of optimal system, various closed-form solutions, and propagation of different wave profiles for the Boussinesq–Burgers system in ocean waves
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Rani Setu
Published: March 2022

Water waves, a common natural phenomenon, have been influential in various fields, such as energy development, offshore engineering, mechanical engineering, and hydraulic engineering. To describe the shallow water waves near an ocean coast or in a lake, we use the (1 + 1)-dimensions Boussinesq–Burgers system. By means of Lie symmetry analysis, symmetry groups and infinitesimal generators are obtained for the (1 + 1)-dimension Boussinesq–Burgers system. For the sake of finding the invariant solutions of the Boussinesq–Burgers system, the optimal one-dimensional subalgebra system is computed. Furthermore, using similarity reduction and the generalized Kudryashov method, we attain the abundant wave solutions of the Boussinesq–Burgers system presented in this research paper. Additionally, the exact solutions, which illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, also reveal the physical interpretation of the nonlinear models. To demonstrate the significance of interaction phenomena, dynamical behaviors of some attained solutions are depicted geometrically and theoretically through suitable parameter values. Consequently, kink, singular, periodic, solitary wave solutions, and their elastic nature have been shown to validate these solutions with physical phenomena. With the aid of the obtained results, the researchers could gain an understanding of the different modes of shallow water waves nearby an ocean beach. The computational work ascertained that the imposed methods are sturdy, precise, modest, and widely applicable.
Highly flexible elastomer microfluidic chip for single cell manipulation
Authors: Sun Miao , Zhou Xi , Quan Yi , Zhang Lianbing , Xie Yanbo
Published: March 2022

New materials and fabrication technologies have significantly boosted the development of lab-on-a-chip technologies and functionalities. In this work, we developed a highly flexible elastomer microfluidic chip with a microchannel with a minimum width of ∼5 μm manufactured by imprinting onto an SU-8 template. We found that the deformation induced in the microstructures by manual stretching of the chip is higher than that for the chip itself, which we attribute to the stress concentration of microstructures. Here, we demonstrate that the elastomer enables the manipulation of single cells, such as dynamic trapping–releasing operations, by simply stretching and releasing the elastomer chip.
Social reactivation of fear engrams enhances memory recall
Authors: Finkelstein Abby Basya , Leblanc Héloïse , Cole Rebecca H. , Gallerani Troy , Vieira Anahita , Zaki Yosif , Ramirez Steve
Published: March 2022

Significance

Social interactions can bolster and protect memory performance. However, the relationship between social stimuli and individually learned memories remains enigmatic. Our work reveals that exposure to a stressed, naïve nonfamiliar conspecific or to the ambient olfactory–auditory cues of a recently stressed familiar conspecific induces reactivation of the cellular ensembles associated with a fear memory in the hippocampus. Artificially stimulating the hippocampal ensemble active during the social experience induces fearful behaviors in animals that have previously acquired a negative memory, revealing the interaction between individual history and social experience. The neural resurgence of fear-driving ensembles during social experiences leads to a context-specific enhancement of fear recall. Our findings provide evidence that unlike direct stressors, social stimuli reactivate and amplify an individual’s memories.
Genetics, leadership position, and well-being: An investigation with a large-scale GWAS
Authors: Song Zhaoli , Li Wen-Dong , Jin Xuye , Ying Junbiao , Zhang Xin , Song Ying , Li Hengtong , Fan Qiao
Published: March 2022

Significance

Our study presents the largest whole-genome investigation of leadership phenotypes to date. We identified genome-wide significant loci for leadership phenotypes, which are overlapped with top hits for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and intelligence. Our study demonstrated the polygenetic nature of leadership, the positive genetic correlations between leadership traits and a broad range of well-being indicators, and the unique association of leadership with well-being after accounting for genetic influences related to other socioeconomic status measures. Our findings offer insights into the biological underpinnings of leadership.
Differential effects of early or late exposure to prenatal maternal immune activation on mouse embryonic neurodevelopment
Authors: Guma Elisa , Bordeleau Maude , González Ibáñez Fernando , Picard Katherine , Snook Emily , Desrosiers-Grégoire Gabriel , Spring Shoshana , Lerch Jason P. , Nieman Brian J. , Devenyi Gabriel A. , Tremblay Marie-Eve , Chakravarty M. Mallar
Published: March 2022

Significance

Prenatal exposure to maternal infection increases the risk of developing mental health disorders, such as schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Exposure to maternal immune activation has been associated with a number of neuroanatomical deficits in adolescent and adult offspring, with differing effects based on the gestational timing of infection. However, little is known about how the embryo brain is affected. We show, using whole-brain MRI, that maternal immune activation significantly affects brain anatomy. When the exposure occurs early in pregnancy, volume reductions are mainly observed, while the opposite is true for exposure later in pregnancy. Furthermore, we identify alterations to the density of certain classes of neurons and glia, which have been associated with stress and inflammation in the brain.
Land management explains major trends in forest structure and composition over the last millennium in California’s Klamath Mountains
Authors: Knight Clarke A. , Anderson Lysanna , Bunting M. Jane , Champagne Marie , Clayburn Rosie M. , Crawford Jeffrey N. , Klimaszewski-Patterson Anna , Knapp Eric E. , Lake Frank K. , Mensing Scott A. , Wahl David , Wanket James , Watts-Tobin Alex , Potts Matthew D. , Battles John J.
Published: March 2022

Significance

We provide the first assessment of aboveground live tree biomass in a mixed conifer forest over the late Holocene. The biomass record, coupled with local Native oral history and fire scar records, shows that Native burning practices, along with a natural lightning-based fire regime, promoted long-term stability of the forest structure and composition for at least 1 millennium in a California forest. This record demonstrates that climate alone cannot account for observed forest conditions. Instead, forests were also shaped by a regime of frequent fire, including intentional ignitions by Native people. This work suggests a large-scale intervention could be required to achieve the historical conditions that supported forest resiliency and reflected Indigenous influence.
Genomic adaptations for arboreal locomotion in Asian flying treefrogs
Authors: Wu Wei , Gao Yue-Dong , Jiang De-Chun , Lei Juan , Ren Jin-Long , Liao Wen-Bo , Deng Cao , Wang Zeng , Hillis David M. , Zhang Ya-Ping , Li Jia-Tang
Published: March 2022

Significance

To adapt to arboreal lifestyles, treefrogs have evolved a suite of complex traits that support vertical movement and gliding, thus presenting a unique case for studying the genetic basis for traits causally linked to vertical niche expansion. Here, based on two de novo-assembled Asian treefrog genomes, we determined that genes involved in limb development and keratin cytoskeleton likely played a role in the evolution of their climbing systems. Behavioral and morphological evaluation and time-ordered gene coexpression network analysis revealed the developmental patterns and regulatory pathways of the webbed feet used for gliding in
Rhacophorus kio
.
Biodiversity impacts and conservation implications of urban land expansion projected to 2050
Authors: Simkin Rohan D. , Seto Karen C. , McDonald Robert I. , Jetz Walter
Published: March 2022

As the global urban population is poised to grow by 2.5 billion over the next 30 y, urban land conversions are expected to be an increasingly prominent driver of habitat and biodiversity loss. Mitigating these impacts urgently requires an improved understanding of where and how these biodiversity losses might occur. Here, we use a recently developed suite of land-use projections to provide an assessment of projected habitat that will be lost to urban land expansion for 30,393 species of terrestrial vertebrates from 2015 to 2050 across three shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP) scenarios. We find that urban land expansion is a contributing driver of habitat loss (≥5% of total loss) for around one-third (26 to 39%) of the species assessed. For up to 855 species (2 to 3% of those assessed), urban land is a direct driver of species imperilment, driving at least one-quarter of a net habitat loss of 10% or more. Urban clusters with the greatest threats to species due to projected expansion are predominantly located in the developing tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, South America, Mesoamerica, and Southeast Asia. Our results suggest that strategies for minimizing the impacts of urban land could strengthen global biodiversity protection agreements. Collaborative, global action that focuses on vulnerable species and regions may represent an efficient strategy for avoiding the impacts forecast by our analysis.
Extension of Kelvin’s equation to dipolar colloids
Authors: Joshi Kedar , Biswal Sibani Lisa
Published: March 2022

Significance

Suspensions of colloids driven out-of-equilibrium demonstrate interesting collective behavior, such as organized and directed clustering and swarming. These systems require continuous energy input, yet some of the dynamics of these driven systems resemble the equilibrium-phase behavior of molecular fluids, such as crystallization, condensation, and phase separation. Consequently, there has been significant interest in exploring the applicability of thermodynamic concepts, such as pressure and surface tension, to describe nonequilibrium phenomena. Here, we show how rotating magnetic fields can drive superparamagnetic particles to form steady-state vapor–liquid coexistence that can be analyzed with Kelvin’s equation to determine an “effective vapor pressure” for this active colloidal system. These results illustrate the convergence of statistical physics of simple liquids to nonequilibrium colloidal fluids.
Synergistic dual conversion reactions assisting Pb-S electrochemistry for energy storage
Authors: Xu Chiwei , Yang Zhengwei , Yan Huihui , Li Jing , Yu Haoxiang , Zhang Liyuan , Shu Jie
Published: March 2022

Significance

Based on the analysis of three thermodynamic parameters of various M-S systems (solubility of metal sulfides [M
x
S
y
] in aqueous solution, volume change of the metal-sulfur [M-S] battery system, and the potential of S/M
x
S
y
cathode redox couple), an aqueous Pb-S battery operated by synergistic dual conversion reactions (cathode: S⇄PbS, anode: Pb
2+
⇄PbO
2
) has been officially reported. Benefitting from the inherent insolubility of PbS and a conversion-type counter electrode, the aqueous Pb-S battery exhibited two advantages: it is shuttle effect free and has a dendrite-free nature. Moreover, the practical value of the Pb-S battery was further certified by the prototype S|Pb(NO
3
)
2
ǁZn(NO
3
)
2
|Zn hybrid cell, which afforded an energy density of 930.9 Wh kg
−1
sulfur
.
Geographical patterns of social cohesion drive disparities in early COVID infection hazard
Authors: Thomas Loring J. , Huang Peng , Yin Fan , Xu Junlan , Almquist Zack W. , Hipp John R. , Butts Carter T.
Published: March 2022

The uneven spread of COVID-19 has resulted in disparate experiences for marginalized populations in urban centers. Using computational models, we examine the effects of local cohesion on COVID-19 spread in social contact networks for the city of San Francisco, finding that more early COVID-19 infections occur in areas with strong local cohesion. This spatially correlated process tends to affect Black and Hispanic communities more than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Local social cohesion thus acts as a potential source of hidden risk for COVID-19 infection.
Neuronal mechanism of a BK channelopathy in absence epilepsy and dyskinesia
Authors: Dong Ping , Zhang Yang , Hunanyan Arsen S. , Mikati Mohamad A. , Cui Jianmin , Yang Huanghe
Published: March 2022

Significance

BK channelopathy has been increasingly implicated in diverse neurological disorders, including epilepsy and movement, cognitive, and neurodevelopmental disorders. However, precision medicine to treat BK channelopathy is lacking. We characterized a mouse model carrying a gain-of-function BK channelopathy D434G from a large family of patients with absence epilepsy and paroxysmal dyskinesia. The BK-D434G mice manifest the clinical features of absence seizures and exhibit severe locomotor defects including involuntary dyskinesia-like behavior. Pharmacological inhibition of BK channels suppresses neuronal hyperactivity and mitigates absence seizure and the locomotor defects. The BK-D434G mice thus serve as a model to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of absence epilepsy and dyskinesia. Our study also suggests that BK inhibition is a promising strategy for treating BK gain-of-function channelopathy.
Role of Nickel-141 in mitigating carbon migration and improving impact properties of thermally aged dissimilar welded joint repairs
Authors: Attalla Mohamed , Kandil Sherif , Gepreel Mohamed Abdel-Hady , Daha M. A.
Published: March 2022

Three A387 grade 11/AISI 304 dissimilar welded joint (DWJ) repairs were prepared by manual metal arc (MMA) welding with three different composition welding electrodes: Inconel 112, Inconel 182, and Nickel-141 as a buffer layer, followed by Inconel 182 for the first, second, and third repair joints (RJs), respectively. Selected specimens were thermally aged (TA) to induce carbon migration. The microstructure was studied. Line elemental analysis across the fusion line (FL) was carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM)/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Hardness and Charpy impact test (CIT) were performed. The impact specimens’ fractured surfaces were analysed using SEM/EDS. Results showed that Nickel-141 has a significant influence on impeding carbon migration. More importantly, a significant increase in the impact properties has been achieved. Depression in the impact results for the conventional procedures (Inconel 112 and Inconel 182) was found to be partially due to the formation of the carbon-enriched zone (CEZ).
Humanitarian Action in Academic Institutions: A Case Study in the Ethical Stewardship of Unidentified Forensic Cases
Authors: Goldstein Justin Z. , Moe Mariah E. , Wiedenmeyer Emilie L. , Banks Petra M. , Mavroudas Sophia R. , Hamilton Michelle D.
Published: March 2022

Forensic anthropologists are often responsible for the management of long-term unidentified individuals. Others have contextualised these decedents—many of whom likely belonged to socially, politically, and/or economically marginalised groups in life—as part of a larger identification crisis in the US. However, there has been little discussion surrounding how this humanitarian crisis has manifested in academic institutions, where anthropologists often provide medicolegal consultation and act as long-term stewards of the unidentified. The Identification & Repatriation Initiative was created at the Forensic Anthropology Centre at Texas State University (FACTS) to recognise and investigate unidentified human remains in long-term storage. Our paper outlines common challenges that were encountered during our initial reassessment of unidentified cases at FACTS, emphasising the detrimental impacts of inconsistent procedures, loss of context, and case fatigue. It is likely that other academic institutions face similar challenges, and by highlighting these issues we hope to help initiate a larger conversation concerning ethical stewardship of human remains in these settings. By incorporating humanitarian perspectives into forensic casework, anthropologists in academia can better advocate for the long-term unidentified. Key PointsForensic anthropologists at academic institutions are qualified to act as consultants on forensic casework when requested by jurisdictional authorities and are often responsible for the long-term management of unidentified human remains.The long-term unidentified represent a vulnerable population and academic institutions are not exempt from calls for humanitarian approaches to identification.The Identification and Repatriation Initiative was created at the Forensic Anthropology Centre at Texas State University to acknowledge and investigate unidentified human remains in long-term storage.This paper considers possible ways for humanitarian action to be incorporated into academic settings and suggests anthropologists can better advocate for the unidentified through procedural standardisation, institutional and interagency collaboration and ethical stewardship.
Modulation of tissue resident memory T cells by glucocorticoids after acute cellular rejection in lung transplantation
Authors: Snyder Mark E. , Moghbeli Kaveh , Bondonese Anna , Craig Andrew , Popescu Iulia , Fan Li , Tabib Tracy , Lafyatis Robert , Chen Kong , Trejo Bittar Humberto E. , Lendermon Elizabeth , Pilewski Joseph , Johnson Bruce , Kilaru Silpa , Zhang Yingze , Sanchez Pablo G. , Alder Jonathan K. , Sims Peter A. , McDyer John F.
Published: March 2022

Acute cellular rejection is common after lung transplantation and is associated with an increased risk of early chronic rejection. We present combined single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing on recipient-derived T cells obtained from the bronchoalveolar lavage of three lung transplant recipients with rejection and compare them with T cells obtained from the same patients after treatment of rejection with high-dose systemic glucocorticoids. At the time of rejection, we found an oligoclonal expansion of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells that all persisted as tissue resident memory T cells after successful treatment. Persisting CD8+ allograft-resident T cells have reduced gene expression for cytotoxic mediators after therapy with glucocorticoids but accumulate around airways. This clonal expansion is discordant with circulating T cell clonal expansion at the time of rejection, suggesting in situ expansion. We thus highlight the accumulation of cytotoxic, recipient-derived tissue resident memory T cells within the lung allograft that persist despite the administration of high-dose systemic glucocorticoids. The long-term clinical consequences of this persistence have yet to be characterized.
Structure and reactivity of model CeO2 surfaces
Authors: Grinter David C , Thornton Geoff
Published: March 2022

As a key component in many industrial heterogeneous catalysts, the surface structure and reactivity of ceria, CeO2, has attracted a lot of attention. In this topical review we discuss some of the approaches taken to form a deeper understanding of the surface physics and chemistry of this important and interesting material. In particular, we focus on the preparation of ultrathin ceria films, nanostructures and supported metal nanoparticles. Cutting-edge microscopic and spectroscopic experimental techniques are highlighted which can probe the behaviour of oxygen species and atomic defects on these model surfaces.
Interacting fermions in two dimension in simultaneous presence of disorder and magnetic field
Authors: Mandal Saptarshi , Gupta Sanjay
Published: March 2022

We study the revival of Hofstadter butterfly due to the competition between disorder and electronic interaction using mean field approximation of unrestricted Hartree Fock method at zero temperature for two dimensional square and honeycomb lattices. Interplay of disorder and electronic correlation to nullify each other is corroborated by the fact that honeycomb lattice needs more strength of electronic correlation owing to its less co-ordination number which enhances the effect of disorder. The extent of revival of the butterfly is better in square lattice than honeycomb lattice due to higher coordination number. The effect of disorder and interaction is also investigated to study entanglement entropy and entanglement spectrum. We find that for honeycomb lattice area law of entanglement entropy is obeyed in all cases but for square lattice there is some departure from area law for larger subsystems. The entanglement spectrum have the reflection symmetry of the original butterfly of the Hofstadter spectrum. The interaction induces a gap in the entanglement spectrum as well conforming the correspondence between physical spectrum and entanglement spectrum. The effect of disorder closes the interaction induced gap in the entanglement spectrum establishing the nullification of interaction due to disorder and vice versa.