bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptual Cues and Imagined Viewpoints Modulate Visual Search in Air Traffic Control Displays
Authors: Palmer Evan M. , Brown Christopher M. , Bates Carolina F. , Kellman Philip J. , Clausner Timothy C.
Published: January 2012

Planview air traffic displays depict latitude and longitude of aircraft graphically via display position but depict altitude alphanumerically via data tags. Operators must integrate both graphical and alphanumeric information to generate mental models of air traffic, perhaps limiting performance. Palmer, Clausner & Kellman (2008) showed that aircraft icons with altitude-correlated size and contrast improved detection of potential collisions. These cues may have been effective because they corresponded to the depth cues of relative size and aerial perspective, thus providing naturalistic visual metaphors for interpreting the displays. Here, we varied whether icons were correlated with depth or not and also whether observers assumed a from-above or from-below viewing perspective. In Experiment 1, the from-above perspective with depth-consistent icons yielded better performance than the from-below perspective with depth-inconsistent icons, despite these displays being physically identical. Experiment 2 replicated the finding and showed that contrast/grayscale variations evoke the perspective effect but color variations do not.
Evaluating Visual and Haptic Feedback on a Virtual Reality Simulator for Orthopedic Bone Pinning
Authors: Turner T. Robert , Scerbo Mark W. , Meglan Dwight , Waddington Robert
Published: January 2012

The Simulation-Based Open Surgery Training System (SOSTS) is a virtual reality simulator designed to provide training on a simulated orthopedic bone pinning procedure. The present version of SOSTS offers five distinct combinations of multi-sensory feedback during training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of visual and haptic feedback on participants' ability to place a pin through a fractured tibia on the simulator. Enhanced visual feedback resulted in a significant reduction of pin alignment error, although participants in these conditions took five times longer to achieve proficiency than those in the moderate visual feedback conditions. Any form of haptic feedback resulted in significantly greater pin placement error than no haptic feedback. The results provide partial support for the proximity compatibility principle for display design.
Investigating the Effects of Desktop Computer Simulation Training on Situation Awareness (SA) and Adaptive Decision-Making Skills
Authors: Johnson Vanessa , Pleban Robert J. , Tucker Jennifer S.
Published: January 2012

The present study investigated the effects of desktop computer simulation training, called Simulation Field Exercise (SimFX), on situation awareness (SA) and adaptive decision making of small unit leaders. The effectiveness of a training protocol consisting of advance organizers (information to familiarize individuals in the areas of SA and key leader processes to facilitate decision making) and process-oriented feedback was assessed. Thirty-five Infantry Soldiers conducted three simulated mission scenarios as dismounted Infantry Platoon Leaders. Adaptive decision making and SA were measured for each scenario. The experimental group obtained significantly higher adaptive decision-making scores than the control group. SA and adaptive decision-making scores were significantly correlated for Scenarios 1 and 2, such that more adaptive responding was associated with higher SA ratings. The experimental group used significantly more assets (a measure of SA) than did the control group. Strategies for enhancing training effectiveness of computer simulations such as SimFX are described, as are potential SimFX refinements.
Research Issues for Collaborative versus Individual Training in the X-ray Security Screening Task
Authors: Sellers Brittany , Fiore Stephen M. , Rivera Javier , Jentsch Florian
Published: January 2012

We discuss recent research in the X-ray security screening task and identify some of the learning and performance issues arising from this complex visual search process. We emphasize research exploring the effects of collaboration and focused search and discuss some of the issues that come out of this research. We examine the effects of collaboration and its interaction with the search process and, from this, provide a number of research questions to help the field better understand how to utilize individual and collaborative training as a means of improving target detection. Our goal is to provide training researchers with the information needed to compare and contrast these potentially beneficial training approaches for baggage screening.
The evaluation of virtual environment training for a building clearing task
Authors: Walker Alexander D. , Carpenter Thomas L. , Moss Jason D. , Switzer Fred S. , Hoover Adam W. , Muth Eric R.
Published: January 2012

This paper combines data from two experiments that evaluated the effectiveness of different virtual environments (VEs) for training the task of building clearing. 112 subjects were divided into 28 teams across two experiments. Each study consisted of 3 phases: lecture, team training, and testing in a real-world shoothouse. There were 6 training conditions: pc-based VE, helmet mounted display-based VE, real-world shoothouse, game console, single room real-world, and game console + single room real-world. The real-world shoothouse condition was the “gold-standard” against which test performances in other conditions were compared. An ANOVA was performed to compare test performance. There was a marginally significant main effect of performance across conditions, F(5, 22)=2.26, p<.07, ńp2=0.34. The game console/single room real-world condition performed similarly to the “gold standard” and better than the next highest performing condition. These data provide some evidence that VE training could be utilized to augment real-world training rather than supplant it.
Exploring potential gender differences when scanning maps and providing directions
Authors: Andre Jeffrey , Hicks Michael , Chevalier Caroline
Published: January 2012

It has been previously reported that males and females view/use maps in a similar manner, but differ on how they give directions: males tend to use cardinal directions (north, south, etc.), while women use left and right directional terms. Our experiment tested participants using both maps designed to emulate previous studies' stimuli along with maps downloaded from a map/direction website. Orientations of the downloaded map's road-grid and/or map compass were either north at top of screen (normal) or northeast at top of screen (orthogonal). Unlike previous research there were no gender differences in the use of cardinal or left-right directional terms. Longer compass fixation times were found with orthogonal compass maps, and males tended to view the distance markers for longer periods. Implications for map design and use are discussed.
Participatory ergonomics generates new product to assist rural workers in greenhouses
Authors: Miguez Symone A. , Vink Peter , Hallbeck M. Susan
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this paper is to show that the conjunction of participatory ergonomics and outside consulting can be the link among professionals from different areas. This association can result in improvements in the workplace as well as in the production process. Employing participatory ergonomics, an intervention described in the present study reduced the risk of musculoskeletal disorders and increased productivity while also allowing great rest time through the development and deployment of auxiliary devices and job redesign for the gathering of begonia seedlings.
Current Trends in Human Factors and Ergonomics Employment
Authors: Portnoy Felix , Madhavan Poornima
Published: January 2012

This study summarizes the results of a survey that was geared to assess the current factors that are associated with various careers paths in the field of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE). The study is also aimed to provide useful information to established HFE educators, practitioners and policy makers. To address these goals, an online survey was distributed among the major HFE online listservs in the world. Data from 357 participants, representing 19 countries, was used for the analysis. This report presents categorical information about the distribution of income, work domains, demographic and geographic factors, educational qualifications, work motivation, and benefits of participants involved with HFE related careers. In addition, this study examined the relationship between those factors in order to present an updated image of the professional HFE community.
Beyond the First User: Human Factors and Risk Communication for Reuse, Recycling, Disassembly, and Product End-of-Life
Authors: Smith Jeffrey J. , Grenchus Edward J.
Published: January 2012

Most human factors research associated with products is related to the relationship between the product and its first users. However, contemporary media focus on environmental-consciousness has revealed a new area for human factors expertise: reuse, recycling, disassembly, and product end-of-life. This case study presents an overview of typical end-of-life tasks related to harvesting components and commodities from system boards. Recommendations for adding consistency, saliency, and convention to battery design to simplify end-of-life processes are provided.
Embedded Collaboration Metrics in the MacroCog Synthetic Task Environment
Authors: Duran Jasmine L. , Goolsbee Zach , Cooke Nancy J. , Gorman Jamie C.
Published: January 2012

A synthetic task environment, MacroCog, was created to study cognitive and collaborative processes that take place during planning tasks. MacroCog was designed in a flexible way, allowing various types of teams and tasks to be observed. In addition, valuable metrics have been developed to study team member collaboration. The test-bed and the metrics created have the potential to capture aspects of team interactions in an unobtrusive and experimenter-friendly manner.
Conceptual Model of Human-Automation Interaction
Authors: Sanchez Julian
Published: January 2012

Why is it important to understand human behavior in automated environments? The performance of a human-automation system is a product of the quality of the support provided by the automation and the manner in which that support is used by the human. Therefore, the solution to reaching an optimal level of system performance does not lie exclusively within possible improvements to technological components, but also by understanding the interaction of humans with automated agents. A conceptual model of human-automation interaction is presented in this paper. The model includes most of the well-established variable relationships to date, as well as a brief description of the literature that supports each relationship.
Effect of Computer Monitor Distance on Visual Symptoms and Changes in Accommodation and Binocular Vision
Authors: Ko Peiyi , Li David , Hoenig Pia , Bailey Ian , Rempel David
Published: January 2012

Visual symptoms are the most common complaints associated with prolonged computer use. We investigated effects of accommodation and vergence demands specified by the computer monitor viewing distance on the development of visual symptoms and visual function changes. Ten 18–35 year-old subjects performed a two-hour, visually demanding, text-viewing task at three viewing distances over three days. The visual angle of the character size was held constant. We measured changes in several static and dynamic properties of accommodation and binocular vision before and for 90 minutes after the viewing task. The 100 cm viewing distance induced less lead effect for accommodation to a distant target and less lag retention for accommodation to a near target. On the other hand, the viewing distance of 33 cm introduced less eye irritation or tearing symptoms and a higher overall dynamic convergence response compared to longer viewing distances. There were weak associations between changes in binocular functions and visual symptoms. While the symptoms were influenced by the viewing distance, they cannot be fully explained by the changes in the visual functions measured here.
Gathering User Feedback from Internal Sources to Supplement Formal Usability Studies
Authors: Smith Jeffrey J. , Kelaher Daniel P. , Windell David T.
Published: January 2012

Formal usability testing is an established method for capturing critical information about how users interact with products. However, summative and aggregate user and client feedback can be gathered from other internal sources to supplement formal user observations. By acquiring perceptions from other teams within an organization, a human factors professional can not only economically capitalize on existing knowledge related to user and client pain points, but also create advocates for high-quality user experiences. Mutual benefits for interacting with various teams and methods for initiating usability-related dialogues are introduced.
Inclusive Indoor Play – Using Children's Drawings and Narratives to Gain an Understanding of Children's Indoor Play Preferences
Authors: Topping Marisa , Sung Wooyoung , Mullick Abir
Published: January 2012

This study intended to learn from children their preferences for indoor play activities. Children with and without disabilities drew pictures of play and verbally narrated them. Analysis revealed variations in play preferences by children with and without disabilities, male and female children, as well as younger (4–6 year old) and older (7–8 year old) children. These differences point to the play needs that must be met in an inclusive indoor play environment.
Inclusive Indoor Play: Play and Playthings
Authors: Mullick Abir , Grubbs R.L.
Published: January 2012

Unlike outdoor playgrounds, indoor play environments are made up of playthings that are larger than toys and smaller than playground equipment. These playthings, due to their focus on able-bodied children, are vastly underutilized as tools for social education. In the absence of inclusive playthings, children with disabilities are unable to fully participate in play which can lead to developmental delays. Known as Inclusive Indoor Play, the study intended to learn about the needs of indoor play for children with and without disabilities in order to design universal playthings that can benefit all children. This research study is divided into four different phases: Play typology; Focus group interviews; Children's drawings; and Play study. This paper summarizes the results from the focus groups interviews and offers information about play, indoor play, and inclusive indoor play and a comprehensive list of design criteria for inclusive playthings.
Panel: Human Factors in Weapons Safety
Authors: Rice Valerie , Headley Don
Published: January 2012

This panel will address the concept of Human Factors practice within the field of weapons safety and firearm use. Panelists will present some of their experiences in applying human factors information during expert witnessing, examining training, and discovering the facts during difficult cases. Panel members will discuss some of the problems, as well as solutions, for safe firearm use including training, labeling, weapon design, and storage from the prospective of the recreational shooter and the military. In addition, research data on weapon use and categorization of shootings will be presented and described.
How Much Can a Person Really Lift? Tailoring Lifting Guidelines for Specific Tasks
Authors: Rodriguez Michael A.
Published: January 2012

How much can a person lift? Human factors/ergonomics experts get this question all the time and we all know there is no easy answer. Unfortunately, many companies are forced to use an all-encompassing lifting limit that is safe for all people in all situations. Since a general lifting limit does not take into account any of the relative specific variables it will almost certainly be overly restrictive for any specific application. At InfoPrint the corporate lifting limits were unnecessarily restrictive for the specific task of lifting network printers which created inefficiencies in the development process. Therefore, a set of more specific corporate lifting guidelines for printers were developed for workgroup laser printers which streamlined the printer development and approval process.
Considering Trends among Industrial Accidents: A Preliminary Meta Analysis of HFACS Causal Factors across Industries
Authors: Berry Katherine A. , Stringfellow Paris F. , Shappell Scott A.
Published: January 2012

This study investigated human error across a variety of industry types utilizing the Human Factors Classification and Analysis System (HFACS). One of the goals of the present study was to determine any similarities or disparities across industry type in regards to HFACS causal categories. Seven data sources represented five different industry types were collected and analyzed for percentage of cases associated with a causal factor at each HFACS causal category. Skill-based errors were found to dominate the unsafe acts tier regardless of industry type. Different statistical methods for determining population differences yielded conflicting results. Significant differences were found among certain data source pairings when the traditional two-proportion z-test was applied; however, the differences were found to be non-significant when the false discovery rate method was applied.
Living HRA: Building New Communities of Practice for Proactive Safety Management
Authors: Hildebrandt Michael , Oxstrand Johanna , Boring Ronald L.
Published: January 2012

In order to improve human reliability assessment (HRA) methods, we need to understand the role of HRA in a safety assessment process as applied in the industry today. The traditional focus on HRA as provider of human error probability numbers for probabilistic risk assessment obscures the diversity of HRA users and uses that can be identified when HRA is analyzed in its organizational context. Once such an organizational perspective is adopted, opportunities for new communities of practice emerge, linking HRA with other human factors and safety-related activities (event review, training, design etc) into a continuous safety management / safety monitoring process. This paper presents results from an interview study at a nuclear power plant in Europe. It documents current practices, constraints and problems in the application of HRA. It also identifies opportunities for improved use of plant-specific operational information and makes suggestions on how other practitioners at the plant can capitalize on the results, knowledge and experience of HRA analysts. Implications for the development of second-generation HRA methods are discussed.
Borrowing Prescription Medication: Implications for Healthcare Warnings and Communications
Authors: Mayhorn Christopher B. , Goldsworthy Richard C.
Published: January 2012

Objective. To determine whether prescription medication sharing, a common healthcare consumer behavior, leads to adverse outcomes, including inappropriate usage, delayed care, suboptimal patient-provider relationships, and exposure to side effects. Methods. Prevalence of medication loaning and borrowing and associated behaviors and consequences were assessed through one-on-one public approach surveys among 2773 individuals. Results. Borrowers are frequently bypassing instructions and warnings, are avoiding or delaying seeking care from health professionals, are not communicating their borrowing to their healthcare provider, and are experiencing allergic reactions or side effects when they borrow prescription medications. Conclusion. These results represent the first extensive assessment of prevalence of risk and risky behaviors associated with prescription medication borrowing and demonstrate that such borrowing affects patients' health and their healthcare experience. Efforts to increase awareness and mitigate risk appear merited.
Perceptions of Stability upon Standing from Working Postures Used in the Construction Industry
Authors: DiDomenico Angela , McGorry Raymond W.
Published: January 2012

Falls on the same level or from heights are a significant cause of injuries and fatalities among the American workforce, particularly within the construction industry. Instability upon standing may be a contributing factor for many fall-related injuries and fatalities. This study explored self-reports of postural stability upon standing after maintaining static postures for varying durations. Thirty-three male participants completed three replications of the conditions created by four postures and three durations within posture for a total of 36 conditions. The results indicated that the working posture used to complete a task significantly affected postural stability upon standing (ANOVA, α=0.05), although individuals were not able to distinguish these changes. Postural stability ratings were affected more by the duration within posture (p=0.001). Small correlation values between the subjective ratings and the objective COP-based measures substantiated the finding that individuals were not sensitive to the changes in postural sway measures caused by the differing postures and may not be fully aware of the risk to balance encountered during transitions. Findings may lead to recommendations for redesign of tasks or tools to reduce the use of certain working postures (e.g. kneeling), particularly in high-risk environments such as construction.
AUDEO: Audification of Ultrasound for the Detection of Environmental Obstacles
Authors: Pinder Shane D. , Davies T. Claire
Published: January 2012

Individuals with functional blindness must often use assistive aids to enable effective locomotion. To date, such devices do not provide effective information about obstacles above waist height, or are too cumbersome to have gained widespread adoption. This paper presents the development of a device that provides a user with pronounced Doppler echoes obtained by direct down-conversion of ultrasound. This system provides acoustic flow that is evident upon initiation of travel and can be used to visualise the environment and detect environmental obstacles. The prototype version was human-tested for localisation, distance estimation, and aperture passage. From this initial study, a refined, compact system has been developed that is currently undergoing testing.
Prospective Memory in the Nursing Environment: Effects of Type of Prospective Task and Prospective Load
Authors: Fink Nicole , Pak Richard , Battisto Dina
Published: January 2012

A nurse's working environment may place high demands on both event-based and time-based prospective memory (PM), leading to forgetting. In the field of nursing, forgetting can have serious consequences and put a patient's life in danger. To better understand the role of prospective load (quantity of PM tasks in memory) in nursing, the current study will examine the effects of type of PM task being performed (event-based or time-based) and quantity of PM tasks (n = 1 or 4) on performance of an ongoing task and PM task(s). A novel paradigm will be used to capture naturalistic elements of the nursing environment. Forty registered nurses will complete a representative documentation task in a full-scale mock-up patient room, while also remembering to perform 1 or 4, event-based or time-based PM task(s). Results from this study can be used to further the literature on prospective load, explain possible causes of nursing error, and inform the design of memory technology aides.
Examining Non-Critical Health Information Seeking: A Needs Analysis for Personal Health Records
Authors: Price Margaux M. , Pak Richard , Müller Hendrik , Stronge Aideen , Breedlove Jesse
Published: January 2012

Keeping track of health information may be burdensome for older adults who may be more likely to have health concerns and questions than other age groups. The management of their health information may be aided by web-based health information management tools (e.g., personal health records). However, it is currently not known what kinds of health information potential users seek and need or want to manage. The current study examined the health information needs of both older and younger adults, to better understand how e-health technology can aid health information management. Seventeen younger and twenty-four older adults kept a health diary for a two-week period, making one entry for each health concern or question they had and how they solved it.
The Influence of Strong Recommendations, Good Incident Reports and a Monitoring System over an Incident Investigation System for Healthcare Facilities
Authors: Morita P. P. , Burns C. M. , Calil S. J.
Published: January 2012

Different industry sectors have developed numerous tools for risk management, from simple risk assessments to more complex tools like Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) and incident investigation methodologies. Although the healthcare sector deals with a highly risky environment, little has been done in the risk management area if compared to other Industries and service providers with the same level of inherent risk. To overcome these deficiencies, some methodologies have been created to fill the existing gaps in healthcare facilities. One of these tools is the incident investigation and as with any risk management tool, it is highly dependent on the way its results are communicated to the institution's administration and employees. Another shaping factor of the success of the recommendations from an incident investigation process is the follow-up applied after the recommendations are put in place. Even strong systems can fail by not giving appropriate attention for human factors on the design and implementation of recommendations, reports and follow-up procedures. This paper will discuss the importance of the development of strong recommendations after an incident investigation; a specifically designed incident investigation report, appropriate to the characteristics and mission of the institution; as well as the necessary follow-up system for the verification and control of the presented recommendations. Factors like the institution support, employee involvement, strong recommendations and adequate follow-up on the recommendations must be taken into consideration in order to obtain good safety results after an incident investigation.
Effects of Constant and Non-Constant Velocity Motion on Judgments of Collision-Avoidance Action Gap
Authors: Tharanathan Anand
Published: January 2012

Twenty-five percent of traffic accidents are rear-end collisions. An important factor that may contribute toward such collisions is the collision-avoidance action gap. Prior studies have failed to investigate the factors that affect judgments of collision-avoidance action gap. However, findings from prior research indicate that observers are typically poor in making time-to-contact judgments when a scene depicts non-constant velocity motion compared with constant velocity motion. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to investigate differences in judgments of collision-avoidance action gap during constant and non-constant velocity motion. In addition, the effects of starting headway, viewing condition and gap closure rate on such judgments were studied. Results indicated that judgments of collision-avoidance action gap were relatively poor during non-constant velocity motion compared with constant velocity motion. Also, the pattern of results for viewing condition and gap closure rate were consistent with prior studies on time-to-contact judgments. Implications of the findings for the design of intelligent collision-avoidance warning systems have been discussed.
The Effects of Heavy Drinking and Socio-Economic Status on Driving Behavior
Authors: Zhao Guozhen , Wu Changxu , Houston Rebecca J. , Creager Whitney
Published: January 2012

Drinking and driving is a primary cause of traffic fatalities and it has been suggested that heavy drinkers comprise a major portion of those drivers involved in drinking and driving accidents. Although several experimental studies have investigated the driving behavior of social drinkers or the general population under the influence of alcohol, few studies have focused on a comparison of driving behavior between heavy and social drinkers. In addition, these studies have not taken other potentially influential factors into account such as socio-economic status. To address this important question in research and practice, a driving simulator study was conducted with a 2×2 factorial design (heavy vs. social drinker; lower vs. higher income). Sixty-four participants were asked to operate a driving simulator following traffic rules. Analyses indicated that within the higher income group, heavy drinkers were likely to have more frequent speeding exceedances and speed for longer time periods than social drinkers. The implications of the current findings in transportation safety and drinking and driving prevention are also discussed.
A Speed Production Methodology for the Assessment of Perceived Egospeed
Authors: Rakauskas Michael E.
Published: January 2012

Speeding, which is related to both the probability and severity of crashes, often results from drivers underestimating their actual speed. One way to reduce crash risk is to increase the salience of edge rate cues, leading to more accurate perceptions of egospeed which typically result in reduced speeds. The objective of this study was to outline a methodology for assessing perceived egospeed using a speed production task in a driving simulator. Three environmental edge rate conditions were compared while having participants drive at a non-referenced speed, at half of that speed, and then at their original speed once more. The methodology was shown to be an effective way to elicit differences in perceived egospeed and resulting speed performance under different edge rate conditions. Results from this research are expected to assist drivers in making safe speed choices.
An Application of Signal Detection Theory for Understanding Driver Behavior at Highway-Rail Grade Crossings
Authors: Yeh Michelle , Multer Jordan , Raslear Thomas
Published: January 2012

We used signal detection theory to examine if grade crossing warning devices were effective because they increased drivers' sensitivity to a train's approach or because they encouraged drivers to stop. We estimated d' and β for eight warning devices using 2006 data from the Federal Railroad Administration's Highway-Rail Grade Crossing Accident/Incident database and Highway-Rail Crossing Inventory. We also calculated a measure of warning device effectiveness by comparing the maximum likelihood of an accident at a grade crossing with its observed probability. The 2006 results were compared to an earlier analysis of 1986 data. The collective findings indicate that grade crossing warning devices are effective because they encourage drivers to stop. Warning device effectiveness improved over the years, as drivers behaved more conservatively. Sensitivity also increased. The current model is descriptive, but it provides a framework for understanding driver decision-making at grade crossings and for examining the impact of proposed countermeasures.
The Distribution of Visibility Levels at Target Detection in a Modified Adrian/CIE Visibility Model
Authors: Ising Kurt W. , Green Marc
Published: January 2012

Adrian's Visibility Model is a useful tool for assessing the visibility of an object at night and has been accepted as the Small Target Visibility (STV) design criteria in the Illuminating Engineering Society's American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting. In this study, a modified model has been used which incorporates more recent findings involving glare sources. Previous work has shown that the average visibility level (VL) at target detection will vary depending upon the observer's age, headlight beam pattern, and target reflectivity. However, the population distribution of VL at detection was still uncertain making it difficult to assess confidence in detection calculations. This study has mined available data to determine the distribution of VLs at target detection for a driving subject group. A log-normal fit has been generated for alerted and unalerted subjects which demonstrates the wide range of values that must be considered for confidence in accident avoidance analyses.
Information for Helping Drivers Achieve Safe and Enjoyable Driving: An On-Road Observational Study
Authors: Kitajima Muneo , Akamatsu Motoyuki , Maruyama Yasunori , Kuroda Kouichi , Katou Kazuhito , Kitazaki Satoshi , Minowa Yosuke , Inagaki Kazuyoshi , Kajikawa Tadahiko
Published: January 2012

In this study, a series of on-road observations were conducted to derive information necessary for safe and enjoyable driving. Four pairs of participants were chosen from among those responding to a Web survey and attending a follow-up interview. Each pair was asked to drive six routes. Three of the routes were familiar to one of the pair and new to the other, with the former serving as navigator and the latter serving as driver. For the other three routes, the roles were reversed. Three interviews were conducted, one coming after two drives in which the pair played both roles, in order to derive information considered necessary for safe and enjoyable driving by the participants who served as driver on routes unknown to them. Three kinds of information for safe and enjoyable driving were identified: 1) guidance for routing, 2) support for safe driving, and 3) provision of miscellaneous information, such as information about daily topics of interest to the driver and information about interesting things to see along the route.
Drivers' Understanding of Adaptive Cruise Control Limitations
Authors: Dickie David Alexander , Boyle Linda Ng
Published: January 2012

Adaptive cruise control (ACC) is one system that is changing the driver-vehicle relationship. However, not all drivers are aware of the systems' capabilities or limitations. In this study, a cluster analysis was used to classify drivers based on how aware they were of the limitations associated with ACC. Three cluster groups emerged: those who are aware, unaware, and unsure of ACC limitations. Further examination revealed that drivers who were unaware or unsure exhibited potentially hazardous behavior when compared to the aware group. These two groups were more willing to use ACC when tired or on curvy roads. The unaware and unsure groups were also more likely to use conventional cruise control (CCC) in the absence of ACC. All three cluster groups reported high levels of trust in ACC. This may be problematic for the unaware and unsure groups since they may trust the system based on inappropriate expectations which can impact driver safety. Lower levels of awareness coupled with high levels of trust in ACC may correspond to potential misuse of the system. However, the findings suggest that this could be potentially mitigated through extended use of ACC.
Incorporating Social and Organisational Factors into Defence Human Factors Integration
Authors: Fletcher G. , Forrest E.
Published: January 2012

To support consideration of social and organisational issues within the UK defence acquisition Human Factors Integration (HFI) process, definitions and associated guidance have been created. The social and organisational domain in HFI is a relatively recent addition to the existing core domains of manpower, personnel, training, human factors engineering, health hazards and system safety. The methodology used to identify relevant factors included a scoping study, involving stakeholder consultations and a targeted literature review. The factors identified were formed into a framework comprising three high level sub-domains (Organisational Configuration, Social Environment and Ways of Working) and a suite of guidance materials appropriate for a range of stakeholders. Following identification of the factors and development of guidance a pilot workshop was conducted to assess the suitability of the information and the generic process within the acquisition process. The incorporation of social and organisational factors into the wider HFI process will ensure more effective and efficient equipment and service procurement by government acquisition organisations and more competitive equipment and services created by industry suppliers.
A Vision for Human Systems Integration in the U. S. Department of Homeland Security
Authors: Wilson Darren P. , Malone Thomas B. , Lockett-Reynolds Janae , Wilson Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2012

In the complex, technology-based, manpower-limited homeland security systems of the 21st century, a critical element of mission success is human performance, or the ability of the human operator, maintainer, manager, or public users to perform well under all operating conditions. The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was formed just more than five years ago. The Human Factors / Behavior Sciences Division (HFD) was created 2 years ago within the DHS Science and Technology (S&T) directorate. HFD has since established the Human Systems Research and Engineering (HSRE) program and has given that program the responsibility for developing an approach for incorporating Human Systems Integration (HSI) into DHS research, development, and acquisitions. The 22 organizations that make up DHS were joined together under a headquarters organization that is still working on the logistics of operating as a unified agency (General Accountability Office, 2007). The integration of the various research, development, systems engineering, and acquisition processes of those legacy component organizations is ongoing and provides an opportunity to lay a foundation for successful HSI. Fundamental to the system life cycle of a given DHS program is the incorporation of user requirements and public perception input (Department of Homeland Security, 2008).

Although similar to the Department of Defense (DoD) in the research and development of technology to enhance the safety and security of the nation (Department of Defense, 2008), the mission space of the DHS differs greatly in that the technologies developed and deployed by DHS are used within the United States and affect all citizens. The users of DHS technology represent a far more diverse population in terms of skills, anthropometry, age, training quantity and quality, intelligence, and readiness, than those in the military user community. Not only are the users and affected communities as diverse as the nation, but programs throughout the federal government have been phased out due to negative public outcry and media attention. Therefore, it is imperative for DHS to not only produce usable technologies, but also to comprehend the barriers and obstacles associated with technology acceptability, usability, supportability, reliability, affordability, safety, and survivability as these factors relate to the development of technology and systems. The HSRE program implements HSI in the DHS technology development process, and the integrated HSI analysis, design and test activities serve as the mechanism for addressing user requirements, and ensuring the design of the technology meets user needs. This paper describes a vision for the implementation of HSI in the Department of Homeland Security, focusing on both engineering and research efforts and strategies to accomplish goals in those areas.
Validity Evidence for a Model of Rifle Marksmanship Skill Performance Using Sensor-Based Measures
Authors: Nagashima Sam O. , Chung Gregory K. W. K. , Espinosa Paul D. , Berka Chris
Published: January 2012

This paper reports validity evidence for the use of sensor-based skill measures in evaluating performance differences in rifle marksmanship. Nagashima, Chung, Espinosa, Berka, and Baker (2009) describe four measures used to predict skill classification of expert and novice shooters for known distance rifle marksmanship, three related to breath control and one for trigger control. In this study, skill measures from seven experts and nine novices were collected and classifications were generated resulting in an overall percent correct of 75.6%, with a sensitivity of 54.3%, and 92.0% specificity.
Subjective Response Differences between Visual Analogue, Ordinal and Hybrid Response Scales
Authors: Cowley Jennifer A. , Youngblood Heather
Published: January 2012

The Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) discipline employs different subjective response scale formats to measure subjective phenomena (e.g., hazard perception). Per the psychometrics literature, different scale formats can yield different participant responses, which is a potential threat to validity in replication studies if response scales are not consistent across study iterations. If ordinal response scales (e.g., Likert scales) yield ordinal data and continuous response scales (e.g., Visual Analogue Scales) yield continuous data then it is inappropriate to substitute one response scale for the other if they potentially yield different responses for the same question. The current research compared mean participant ratings for the same question on VAS, Likert and Hybrid response scales and found that VAS scales had significantly lower mean ratings than Likert and Hybrid response scales. Two scale features, the number of anchors (5 or 9) and the scale length (10.0cm and 19.2cm), were varied and no significant main effects or interactions resulted. In conclusion, scale types, not scale features, produced significant mean participant rating differences. To support the validity of replication research, this paper also provided a response scale taxonomy based on the scale features studied herein, that can be used to classify and report different response scales. Implications for these results and future research directions are discussed.
Trust on the Battlefield
Authors: Self Nate
Published: January 2012

This presentation will be a discussion of trust from a “boots on the ground” point of view. Former combat soldiers, who are now conducting research on leadership and teams will discuss how trust and, possibly more importantly, lack of trust impact unit cohesion, capabilities, and ultimately performance. Furthermore, types of trust explored include trust in leadership, trust within a team, leader trust in team members, trust in equipment/technology, and trust in processes/system.
Trust as Defined by U.S. Army Soldiers
Authors: Ruark Gregory A. , Orvis Kara L , Horn Zachary , Langkamer Krista L.
Published: January 2012

U.S. Army teams operate under high stakes conditions where the potential for error and disaster is a possibility. For these teams, trust becomes an important factor in team processes. However, it is unknown whether current definitions of trust generalize to the U.S. Army. Therefore, the current research seeks to explore the dynamics of trust as defined by the U.S. Army. Sixty Soldiers from a Military Intelligence program across TRADOC installations rated various definitions of trust and ranked ordered three definitions. Results indicated that Soldiers reported integrity and dependability of another person as key requirements in a trusting relationship, and identified the expected cooperation of another person as the definition that least fit their own beliefs about trust. Integrity and dependability were most commonly ranked components of trust. Implications for trust development and training for the U.S. Army are explored.
Contrasting Cases: A Strategy for Advanced Learning Using Simulation-based Training
Authors: Fowlkes Jennifer , Norman Joseph W. , Schatz Sae , Stagl Kevin C.
Published: January 2012

Scenario-based training (SBT) as a medium for facilitating higher order or advanced learning has not been exploited fully. This paper argues for the use of contrasting cases to facilitate advanced learning within practice environments, where advanced learning is characterized by well differentiated and organized knowledge that can be generalized and abstracted. The rationale and guidance for incorporating contrasting cases into SBT is provided. A learning framework is leveraged to further describe how the method of contrasting cases can be adapted to address the challenges of learners at different stages of skill acquisition.
Developing Impact Assessment for Training Systems Research & Development: A Case Study of the Strategic Approach for the NEWIT System
Authors: Kotnour Tim , Stanney Kay , Landaeta Rafael , Milham Laura , Drexler Julie , Nicholson Denise
Published: January 2012

Impact assessment seeks to evaluate the effects of a new system realized on target beneficiaries and is an essential process via which to tangibly demonstrate the operational and economic benefits of a research and development (R&D) program. This paper contributes a framework –Program-management Understanding, Measurement, and Assessment (PUMA) - for developing an impact assessment approach for planning and evaluating R&D programs. The intent of the framework is to help an R&D organization provide traceability from the identification of program needs to selecting and conducting R&D to implementation to defining and measuring results. The framework is demonstrated using an Office of Naval Research project.
What can VR do for U? Virtual Reality for Training Uninhabited Aircraft Systems
Authors: Lackey Stephanie , Nicholson Denise , Becker William
Published: January 2012

The proliferation of Uninhabited Aircraft Systems (UAS) during forward deployed military operations presents compelling challenges to the training community. This presentation will examine how Virtual Reality (VR) technologies may be employed to instantiate novel training approaches targeted at UAS team coordination and tactics. The RQ-11 Raven-B, and its associated training issues will be used to illustrate challenges facing the U.S. Marine Corps. VR solutions currently applied to this domain and emerging research efforts will also be discussed.
Situation Awareness and Performance Feedback toward Enhancing Learning with Game Trainers: An Approach and Lessons Learned
Authors: Riley Jennifer M. , Scielzo Sandro , Hyatt John , Davis Fleet , Colombo Daniel
Published: January 2012

Virtual training and serious games represent a new paradigm in training for many domains by providing cost effective and motivating exercises that guide trainees to safely experience the consequences of their behaviors and decisions. While these technologies are commonly accepted, there are uncertainties regarding the degree to which they actually promote learning. Researchers have suggested that advanced training tools must do more than provide rich visual scenes that engage trainees, but should also include pedagogical elements related to domain knowledge and skills, and should provide for human performance assessments that offer insights into training effectiveness. More research is needed for establishing evidence of the utility of advanced computer-based training and toward the development of specific design recommendations for virtual and game training to ensure training benefit. The current research involves review of a game training exercise to capture lessons learned an assess potential for game-based learning.
Development and Evaluation of the Game-Based Performance Assessment Battery (GamePAB) and Game Experience Measure (GEM)
Authors: Taylor Grant , Singer Michael J. , Jerome Christian J.
Published: January 2012

The Army is increasingly using game-based simulations (GBS) for the training of Soldiers. The use of GBS addresses the need to quickly adapt training content and deliver relevant training to Soldiers. One major drawback to the use of any simulation is the need to insure the users have the minimal skills necessary to utilize the simulation to perform the training tasks. The best approach to insuring effective use of a GBS would be to employ a standardized measure of game skills. GamePAB was developed and is being evaluated for measuring video game skills and GEM was developed and is being evaluated for measuring prior gaming experience and knowledge. Data were collected from Soldiers during exercises in which a GBS was evaluated. Results suggest that the new metrics are reliable but not related. These results also suggest that there are continuing issues involved in using subjective measures of skill or objective measures of knowledge in predicting GBS performance.