bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arens regularity for totally ordered semigroups
Authors: Dales H. G. , Strauss D.
Published: July 2022

LetSbe a semigroup. We shall consider the centres of the semigroup$$(\beta \,S, \,\Box \,)$$(βS,□)and of the algebra$$(M(\beta \,S), \,\Box \,)$$(M(βS),□), where$$M(\beta \,S)$$M(βS)is the bidual of the semigroup algebra$$(\ell ^{\,1}(S),\,\star \,)$$(ℓ1(S),⋆), and whether the semigroup and the semigroup algebra are Arens regular, strongly Arens irregular, or neither. We shall also determine subsets of$$S^*$$S∗and of$$M(S^*)$$M(S∗)that are ‘determining for the left topological centre’ (DLTC sets) of$$\beta \,S$$βSand$$M(\beta \,S)$$M(βS). It is known that, when the semigroupSis cancellative,$$\ell ^{\,1}(S)$$ℓ1(S)is strongly Arens irregular and that there is a DLTC set consisting of two points of$$S^*$$S∗. In contrast, there is little that has been published about the Arens regularity of$$\ell ^{\,1}(S)$$ℓ1(S)whenSis not cancellative. Totally ordered, abelian semigroups, with the map$$(s,t)\rightarrow s \wedge t$$(s,t)→s∧tas the semigroup operation, provide examples which show that several possibilities can occur. We shall determine the centres of$$\beta \,S$$βSand of$$M(\beta \,S)$$M(βS)for all such semigroups, and give several examples, showing that the minimum cardinality of DTC sets may be arbitrarily large, and, in particular, we shall give an example of a countable, totally ordered, abelian semigroupSwith this operation for which there is no countable DTC set for$$\beta S$$βSor for$$M(\beta S)$$M(βS). There was no previously-known example of an abelian semigroupSfor which$$\beta \,S$$βSor$$M(\beta S)$$M(βS)did not have a finite DTC set.
Reactive astrogliosis is associated with higher cerebral glucose consumption in the early Alzheimer’s continuum
Authors: Salvadó Gemma , Milà-Alomà Marta , Shekari Mahnaz , Ashton Nicholas J. , Operto Grégory , Falcon Carles , Cacciaglia Raffaele , Minguillon Carolina , Fauria Karine , Niñerola-Baizán Aida , Perissinotti Andrés , Benedet Andréa L. , Kollmorgen Gwendlyn , Suridjan Ivonne , Wild Norbert , Molinuevo José Luis , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Suárez-Calvet Marc , Gispert Juan Domingo ,   on behalf of the ALFA Study
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Glial activation is one of the earliest mechanisms to be altered in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) relates to reactive astrogliosis and can be measured in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. Plasma GFAP has been suggested to become altered earlier in AD than its CSF counterpart. Although astrocytes consume approximately half of the glucose-derived energy in the brain, the relationship between reactive astrogliosis and cerebral glucose metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) uptake and reactive astrogliosis, by means of GFAP quantified in both plasma and CSF for the same participants.

Methods

We included 314 cognitively unimpaired participants from the ALFA + cohort, 112 of whom were amyloid-β (Aβ) positive. Associations between GFAP markers and [18F]FDG uptake were studied. We also investigated whether these associations were modified by Aβ and tau status (AT stages).

Results

Plasma GFAP was positively associated with glucose consumption in the whole brain, while CSF GFAP associations with [18F]FDG uptake were only observed in specific smaller areas like temporal pole and superior temporal lobe. These associations persisted when accounting for biomarkers of Aβ pathology but became negative in Aβ-positive and tau-positive participants (A + T +) in similar areas of AD-related hypometabolism.

Conclusions

Higher astrocytic reactivity, probably in response to early AD pathological changes, is related to higher glucose consumption. With the onset of tau pathology, the observed uncoupling between astrocytic biomarkers and glucose consumption might be indicative of a failure to sustain the higher energetic demands required by reactive astrocytes.
Severity of Illness Impacts Outcomes More than Admitting Service for Isolated Hip Fracture Patients
Authors: Bauman Zachary M. , Phillips Paige , Cantrell Emily , Raposo‐Hadley Ashley , Patel Megha , Evans Charity H. , Kamien Andrew
Published: July 2022

Introduction

Isolated hip fractures (IHF) are common injuries in the elderly. Controversy exists about which hospital service is best suited to manage these patients. We hypothesize that baseline patient severity of illness (SOI) score drives patient outcomes, not the hospital service managing these patients.

Methods

Retrospective review of all IHF patients from 2014 to 2018 at our Level 1 trauma center. Basic demographics were obtained. Patients were divided into service line they were admitted; surgical vs non‐surgical. Primary outcomes included hospital length of stay (HLOS), time to OR, time to VTE prophylaxis, complication rate (defined by the Trauma Quality Improvement Program), 30‐day mortality, and readmissions. SOI score (which is DRG‐based) was controlled to see if any differences in primary outcomes occurred between cohorts. Chi‐square was used for categorical variables and regression analysis for continuous variables. Significance was p < 0.05.

Results

A total of 366 total patients were analyzed with the same ISS. A total of 102 were admitted to a surgical service and 264 to a non‐surgical service. Average overall age was 80 year, 66.9% were female, and 86% were Caucasian. There was no statistical difference between outcomes when comparing admitting services. Controlling for SOI score, there was no difference between admitting service for outcomes as well. SOI score was a significant predictor for increased HLOS and complication occurrence (p < 0.001) via regression analysis, with a 6.06‐fold increase in complication rate from mild to moderate SOI score (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

There is no difference in outcomes based on admitting service and process measures. However, the SOI score is perhaps a better predictor of outcomes for isolated hip fracture patients.
Using wearables to promote physical activity in old age
Authors: Schmidt Laura I. , Jansen Carl-Philipp , Depenbusch Johanna , Gabrian Martina , Sieverding Monika , Wahl Hans-Werner
Published: July 2022

Background

Wearables provide new opportunities to promote physical activity also among older adults but data on effectiveness and user friendliness are rare.

Objective

The effects of a comprehensive self-regulative intervention on moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and number of steps were examined using commercially available activity trackers. Acceptance regarding the devices was analysed in various domains.

Methods

In this study 80 older adults (mean = 67.03 years, standard deviation = 3.97 years; 59% women) wore a Fitbit Charge HR for 21 days including a baseline, a postintervention and a follow-up week. The intervention comprised feedback, goal setting and planning and 50% of the participants were additionally randomized to a role model component. Social cognitive predictors based on the health action process approach (HAPA) and user experience were assessed via questionnaires.

Results

The MVPA increased by an average of 19 min per week and steps by 1317 per day. An additional benefit of the role model component could be observed for MVPA. In the follow-up, the intervention effect was still significant for the number of steps, while MVPA dropped back to baseline. Multilevel models including HAPA variables explained small but significant amounts of variance in MVPA (8% within-person, 26% between-person) and steps (11% within-person, 12% between-person). User experience was rated as very high.

Conclusion

Providing an intervention based on established behavior change techniques and self-monitoring via wearables seems to be effective for increasing physical activity among older adults. The HAPA variables seem to play a limited role to explain activity levels. Acceptance of wearables can be expected to be high.
Gunnera tinctoria invasions increase, not decrease, earthworm abundance and diversity
Authors: Mantoani Maurício Cruz , Alhakami Fawzah Talal , Fearon Hannah , Gioria Margherita , Schmidt Olaf , Osborne Bruce Arthur
Published: July 2022

Invasive plants often modify soil biotic communities through changes in soil physicochemical characteristics or the amount and/or quality of litter inputs. We assessed the impacts ofGunnera tinctoriainvasions on soil and the earthworm community, on Achill Island, Co. Mayo, Ireland. We compared replicated (n = 5) areas invaded byG. tinctoriawith uninvaded semi-natural grasslands, as well as with areas subjected to mechanical removal or herbicide treatment. Modifications in physiochemical properties included lower soil temperatures and higher soil pH during the summer in invaded areas, yet little effect on C and N stocks, or soil moisture. Marked differences in litter were observed, however, with invaded areas havingc.20-fold higher (above-ground) litter input than uninvaded ones, as well as lower C:N ratio (17 vs. 29). This was associated with a significantly higher overall abundance and biomass of earthworms in invaded plots (375 individuals m–2, 115 g biomass m–2), compared to the uninvaded control (130 individuals m–2, 45 g biomass m–2), with removal treatments having intermediate values. Earthworm communities comprised 10 species, typical for Irish grasslands, dominated by the common endogeic speciesAllolobophora chlorotica, Aporrectodea caliginosaandAporrectodea rosea. Both earthworm species richness and Shannon diversity were significantly higher in invaded areas, but only in spring samples. Based on this new information, plant invaders may increase the abundance and diversity of earthworms, mainly due to much larger litter inputs, increased soil pH and possibly lower soil temperatures in the summer.
Mutation testing in the wild: findings from GitHub
Authors: Sánchez Ana B. , Delgado-Pérez Pedro , Medina-Bulo Inmaculada , Segura Sergio
Published: July 2022

Mutation testing exploits artificial faults to measure the adequacy of test suites and guide their improvement. It has become an extremely popular testing technique as evidenced by the vast literature, numerous tools, and research events on the topic. Previous survey papers have successfully compiled the state of research, its evolution, problems, and challenges. However, the use of mutation testing in practice is still largely unexplored. In this paper, we report the results of a thorough study on the use of mutation testing in GitHub projects. Specifically, we first performed a search for mutation testing tools, 127 in total, and we automatically searched the GitHub repositories including evidence of their use. Then, we focused on the top ten most widely used tools, based on the previous results, and manually revised and classified over 3.5K GitHub active repositories importing them. Among other findings, we observed a recent upturn in interest and activity, with Infection (PHP), PIT (Java) and Humbug (PHP) being the most widely used mutation tools in recent years. The predominant use of mutation testing is development, followed by teaching and learning, and research projects, although with significant differences among mutation tools found in the literature—less adopted and largely used in teaching and research—and those found in GitHub only—more popular and more widely used in development. Our work provides a new and encouraging perspective on the state of practice of mutation testing.
A hybrid hydrogel encapsulating human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells enhances diabetic wound healing
Authors: Xu Hongjie , Wang Jingjing , Wu Di , Qin Dajiang
Published: July 2022

Background

Diabetic wound is a severe complication of diabetes. Stem cell is considered as a promising therapy for diabetic skin wounds. Hydrogel can supply niche for cells adhesion and survival to improve the efficacy of stem cell therapy, but the development of hydrogel with suitable properties remains a great challenge. Thus, our study was conducted to combine an optimized hydrogel with stem cell to improve complex diabetic wound treatment.

Methods

This study constructed a hydrogel with low toxicity and adjustable mechanical properties from gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and chitosan-catechol (Chi-C), and encapsulated human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (hUMSCs) to repair full-thickness diabetic wound.

Results

We explored the relationship between mechanical stiffness and cell proliferation and differentiation potency, and found 10% GelMA hydrogel with an optimal stiffness improved hUMSCs adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation potency maintenance in vitro. Assistant with optimized hydrogel encapsulating hUMSCs, diabetic wound healing process was greatly accelerated, including accelerated wound closure, inhibited secretion of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β, promoted vascular regeneration and collagen deposition after treatment of hUMSCs.

Conclusions

The optimized hydrogel encapsulating hUMSCs improved diabetic wound healing, and has a broad implication for the treatment of diabetic complication.
Post-seismic aggradation history of the West Coast, South Island, Aotearoa/New Zealand; dendrogeomorphological evidence and disaster recovery implications
Authors: Blagen J. R. , Davies T. R. H. , Wells A. , Norton D. A.
Published: July 2022

In the active tectonic setting of Aotearoa/New Zealand, large earthquakes are a relatively frequent occurrence and pose particular threats to infrastructure and society in Westland, on the west coast of South Island. In order to better define the medium- and long-term (annual to decadal) implications of these threats, existing dendrochronological data were supplemented by several hundred tree-ring analyses from 14 hitherto unstudied living tree stands in five catchments; these were combined to compile a regional picture of the location, extent, and timing of major prehistoric reforestation episodes on the floodplains of the area. These episodes correspond well with known dates of large earthquakes in the area (ca. 1400, ca. 1620, 1717 and 1826 AD), and their extents are thus interpreted to reflect the sediment deliveries resulting from coseismic landsliding into mountain valleys, and their reworking by rivers to generate widespread avulsion, aggradation, floodplain inundation and forest death. This regional aggradation picture can underpin anticipation of, and planning for, the medium- to long-term societal impacts of future major West Coast earthquakes. The source location of the next major earthquake in the region is unknown, so any of the Westland floodplains could be affected by extensive, up to metre-scale river aggradation, together with avulsion and flooding, in its aftermath, and these could continue for decades. Re-establishment and maintenance of a functioning economy under these conditions will be challenging because roads, settlements and agriculture are mostly located on the floodplains. The differences in floodplain vegetation between prehistoric and future episodes will affect the rapidity and distribution of aggradation; response and recovery planning will need to consider this, together with the impacts of climate changes on river flows.
A Systematic Review on Mediation Studies of Self-Compassion and Physical Health Outcomes in Non-Clinical Adult Populations
Authors: Cha Jane E. , Boggiss Anna L. , Serlachius Anna S. , Cavadino Alana , Kirby James N. , Consedine Nathan S.
Published: July 2022

Objectives

Growing research indicates that self-compassion is associated with key physical health outcomes in non-clinical adult populations. This systematic review was designed to characterize the mediators linking self-compassion to physical health outcomes, evaluate study quality and theoretical evidence, compare findings to the mental health literature, and provide directions for future research.

Methods

We searched Embase, Medline, APA PsycInfo, Scopus, AMED, and Web of Science for relevant articles (including the inclusion of formal statistical mediation tests) from 2003 to February 2022. Study quality was assessed with Downs and Black Checklist for Measuring Quality and Mediation Quality Checklist tools.

Results

We screened 6439 articles for title and abstracts, assessed 101 full texts for eligibility, and included 20 relevant articles. A range of mediators were categorized as testing psychological or behavioral factors. Perceived stress (n = 5), emotion regulation (n = 5), negative affect (n = 3), and coping strategies (n = 3) were the most frequently assessed mediators. In general, self-compassion had a significant indirect effect on physical health via negative affect and perceived stress (in the absence of overlapping affective mediators). Findings for emotion regulation and coping strategies were mixed.

Conclusions

The mediational evidence linking self-compassion to physical health via psychological and behavioral factors remains underdeveloped and focused on the measures of affect and emotion regulation. Future studies need to broaden the scope of mediators to include other self-regulatory factors indicated by theory (e.g., motivational and physiological indices) and implement designs other than cross-sectional/correlational.

Protocol Registration

PROSPERO CRD42021241915.
Development of Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Tools for Longitudinal Tracking of Carotid Atherosclerotic Disease Using Fast Imaging with Steady-State Precession
Authors: Park Sung-Jin , Chan Wan Ying , Ng Michael , Chung Yiu Cho , Chong Tze Tec , Bhakoo Kishore , Chan Joyce M. S.
Published: July 2022

Identification of patients with high-risk asymptomatic carotid plaques remains a challenging but essential step in stroke prevention. Current selection criteria for intervention in carotid disease are still determined by symptomatology and degree of luminal stenosis. This strategy has been less effective in identifying the high-risk asymptomatic individual patients. Inflammation is the key factor that drives plaque instability causing clinical sequelae. Currently, there is no imaging tool in routine clinical practice to assess the inflammatory status within atherosclerotic plaques. Herein we describe the development of a novel molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) strategy to interrogate plaque inflammation, and hence its vulnerability in vivo, using dual-targeted iron particle-based probes and fast imaging with steady-state precession (FISP) sequence, adding further prognostic information to luminal stenosis alone. A periarterial cuff was used to generate high-risk plaques at specific timepoints and location of the carotid artery in an apolipoprotein-E-deficient mouse model. Using this platform, we demonstrated that in vivo dual-targeted iron particles with enhanced FISP can (i) target and characterise high-risk vulnerable plaques and (ii) quantitatively report and track the inflammatory activity within carotid plaques longitudinally. This molecular imaging tool may permit (i) accurate monitoring of the risk of carotid plaques and (ii) timely identification of high-risk asymptomatic patients for prophylactic carotid intervention, achieving early stroke prevention.
Emergent Collaboration in Social Purpose Games
Authors: Gilles Robert P. , Mallozzi Lina , Messalli Roberta
Published: July 2022

We study a class of non-cooperative aggregative games—referred to as social purpose games—in which the payoffs depend separately on a player’s own strategy (individual benefits) and on a function of the strategy profile which is common to all players (social benefits) weighted by an individual benefit parameter. This structure allows for an asymmetric assessment of a common social benefit across players. We show that these games have a weighted potential, and we investigate its properties. We investigate the payoff structure and the uniqueness of Nash equilibria and social optima. Furthermore, following the literature on partial cooperation, we investigate the leadership of a single coalition of cooperators, while the rest of players act as non-cooperative followers. In particular, we show that social purpose games admit the emergence of a stable coalition of cooperators for the subclass of strict social purpose games. As a particular application, we study a standard formulation of the tragedy of the commons. We show that there emerges a single stable coalition of cooperators that curbs the over-exploitation of the common resource.
The impact of varying dextran oxidation levels on the inhibitory activity of a bacteriocin loaded injectable hydrogel
Authors: Flynn James , Culebras Mario , Collins Maurice N. , Hudson Sarah P.
Published: July 2022

In the design of injectable antimicrobial dextran-alginate hydrogels, the impact of dextran oxidation and its subsequent changes in molecular weight and the incorporation of glycol chitosan on (i) gel mechanical strength and (ii) the inhibitory profile of an encapsulated bacteriocin, nisin A, are explored. As the degree of oxidation increases, the weight average molecular mass of the dextran decreases, resulting in a reduction in elastic modulus of the gels made. Upon encapsulation of the bacteriocin nisin into the gels, varying the dextran mass/oxidation level allowed the antimicrobial activity against S. aureus to be controlled. Gels made with a higher molecular weight (less oxidised) dextran show a higher initial degree of inhibition while those made with a lower molecular weight (more oxidised) dextran exhibit a more sustained inhibition. Incorporating glycol chitosan into gels composed of dextran with higher masses significantly increased their storage modulus and the gels’ initial degree of inhibition.

Graphical abstract
Studying the Relation of the Residual Stresses in the Ballast Layer to the Elastic Wave Propagation
Authors: Sysyn Mykola , Gerber Ulf , Liu Jianxing , Fischer Szabolcs
Published: July 2022

During track construction or ballast bed maintenance, ballast layer compaction quality plays an essential role in the following track irregularity accumulation, its lifecycle, and maintenance costs. The ballast compaction process is characterized by its compaction and the accumulation of the stressed state. The elastic wave propagation methods are an effective way for the identification of the ballast bed compaction properties. The paper presents the theoretical and experimental studies of the ballast consolidation under the vibration loading of the sleeper. The practical laboratory study is given by the 1:2.5 scaled physical model of one sleeper and the corresponding ballast layer box. The measurements of ballast pressure and deformations under the vibration loading in the ballast layer and the photogrammetric recording of the ballast flow are carried out. The measurements demonstrate the accumulation of the residual stresses under the ballast layer. Furthermore, the measurements of elastic wave time of flight (ToF) using the shakers under the sleeper and acceleration sensors under the ballast show the substantial increase of the ToF velocities after the tamping process. Moreover, the distribution of the velocities along the sleeper is spatially inhomogeneous. The numeric simulation using the discrete element method (DEM) of the tamping and the testing processes proves the inhomogeneous wave propagation effect. The modeling shows that the main reason for the wave propagation inhomogeneity is the accumulated residual stress distribution and the minor one – the compaction density. Additionally, a method for identifying wave velocity spatial distribution is developed by wave tracing the inhomogeneous medium. The procedures allow ballast identification in the zones outside the shakers.
Inner Ideals of Real Simple Lie Algebras
Authors: Draper Cristina , Meulewaeter Jeroen
Published: July 2022

A classification up to automorphism of the inner ideals of the real finite-dimensional simple Lie algebras is given, jointly with precise descriptions in the case of the exceptional Lie algebras.
Measurement of heat flow through vacuum insulating glass part 2: measurement area separated from glass sheets with buffer plates
Authors: Kocer Cenk , Aronen Antti , Collins Richard , Asano Osamu , Ogiso Yumi
Published: July 2022

This is the second of two papers concerning errors in the measurement of the thermal insulating properties of Vacuum Insulating Glass (VIG) due to non-uniformities in the heat flow due to the support pillars. Part 1 deals with the situation where the measurement area is in direct thermal contact with the glass sheets. This paper discusses how the non-uniformities and associated measurement errors can be reduced using thermally insulating buffer plates on each side of the specimen. A single parameter is developed that characterises the maximum error for measurement areas of all sizes. Values of this parameter are given for all practically relevant designs of the VIG and properties of the buffer plates. Methods are developed for selecting measurement conditions that lead to acceptable tradeoffs between reducing the errors associated with non-uniformities in the heat flow and errors due to heat flow through the edges of the specimen.
Food environments and gut microbiome health: availability of healthy foods, alcohol, and tobacco in a rural Oklahoma tribal community
Authors: Jervis Lori L. , Bray Laura A. , Cox Derrell W. , TallBull Gloria , Lowery Bryce C. , Spicer Paul
Published: July 2022

Background

Prior research suggests that dysbiotic gut microbiomes may contribute to elevated health risks among American Indians. Diet plays a key role in maintaining a healthy gut microbiome, yet suboptimal food environments within American Indian communities make obtaining nutritious food difficult.

Objective

This project characterizes the retail food environment within a rural tribal community, focused on the availability of foods that enhance the health and diversity of the gut microbiome, as well as products that reduce microbiome health (alcohol and tobacco).

Design

Audits were conducted of all retail stores that sell food within nine communities within the Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribal Jurisdictional Area in western Oklahoma.

Main measures

Freedman Grocery Store Survey.

Key results

Alcohol and tobacco were generally far more available in stores than foods that support a healthy gut microbiome, including fruits, vegetables, lean meats, and whole grain bread. Out of the four store types identified in the study area, only supermarkets and small grocers offered a wide variety of healthy foods needed to support microbiota diversity. Supermarkets sold the greatest variety of healthy foods but could only be found in the larger communities. Convenience stores and dollar stores made up 75% of outlets in the study area and offered few options for maintaining microbiome health. Convenience stores provided the only food source in one-third of the communities. With the exception of small grocers, alcohol and tobacco products were widely stocked across all store types.

Conclusions

The retail food environment in the Cheyenne & Arapaho Tribal Jurisdictional Area offered limited opportunities for maintaining a healthy and diverse microbiome, particularly within smaller rural communities. Additional research is needed to explore the relationship between food environment, dietary intake, and microbiome composition. Interventions are called for to increase the availability of “microbe-friendly” foods (e.g., fresh produce, plant protein, fermented and high fiber foods) in stores.
Tungsten–humic substances complexation
Authors: Xu Zelin , Liu Xin , Peng Jincheng , Qu Chenchen , Chen Yifan , Zhang Ming , Liang Ding , Lei Ming , Tie Boqing , Du Huihui
Published: July 2022

Tungsten (W) is an emerging contaminant whose environmental behaviors remain rather sketchy, narrow, and fragmentary. The mobility and fate of W in the aquatic environments may be influenced by naturally dissolved organic matter (DOM), nevertheless, no studies have addressed how W is bound to DOM. In this study, complexation behaviors and mechanisms of W(VI) with representative DOM, humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA), were examined by batch adsorption, spectrometry, and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) under environmentally-relevant conditions. A higher W(VI) binding was observed at a lower pH. Compared to HA, FA showed a higher W(VI) complexing capability owing to the presence of more carboxylic groups. As shown in ITC, the carboxylic–W interaction was an endothermic process and driven by entropy, whereas the phenolic–W association was exothermic and driven by both entropy and enthalpy. The redox-active moieties within HA/FA molecules could reduce W(VI) to lower valence states species, predominantly W(V). The presence of Ca2+ not only promoted W–HA/FA complexation but also hindered W(VI) reduction. All in all, the role of dissolved organic matter in the complexation of W(VI) in the aquatic environments merits close attention.

Graphical Abstract
The Australian Management of Protected Underwater Cultural Heritage Artifacts in Public and Private Custody
Authors: Viduka Andrew , Luckman Grant
Published: July 2022

This article briefly outlines underwater cultural heritage artifact management in Australia from an unregulated collecting environment in the 1940s–1960s to the increasingly regulated environment of the present. In 1993, in conjunction with new legislation, an amnesty was declared in order to inventory artifacts collected from now-protected historic shipwrecks that were in private hands. The amnesty period concluded with approximately 20,000 artifacts notified at a time when information was being stored in a range of formats and to different standards. Today, the Australian Government manages the possession, custody, and control of approximately 500,000 underwater cultural heritage artifacts, most of which are in collecting institutions, with one-tenth in public custody. This article highlights the contemporary legislative, policy, and administrative framework for the management of underwater cultural heritage artifacts in Australia, particularly those that remain in the possession of private individuals and are subject to trade.
Reconciling the Climate/Industrial Interplay of CBAMs: What Role for the WTO?
Authors: Espa Ilaria
Published: July 2022

The European Union (EU) recently proposed the introduction of a carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) and suddenly transformed into reality an almost two decade-long debate over the hypothetical use of CBAMs as antidotes to uneven carbon prices. The European Commission presented the scheme as a climate measure aimed at reducing the risk of carbon leakage for energy intensive and trade-exposed industries facing the cost of increased climate ambition.1 At the same time, however, it listed the mechanism among the instruments that support a “competitive [green] transition” for EU businesses in the context of the new industrial strategy supporting the EU Green Deal.2 This ambiguity risks undermining the credibility of the scheme as a legitimate climate response unless it can be shown that the equalization of carbon costs (i.e., the fair competition/industrial component) is instrumental to achieving higher emission reduction levels than could have been achieved otherwise (i.e., the carbon leakage/climate component). While the exact balance between climate- and industrial-informed features is ultimately an issue of design, this essay argues that making the scheme (as) compatible (as possible) with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO) improves its environmental effectiveness and accordingly contributes to reconciling the CBAM with its stated climate purpose.
Effect of discontinuing ongoing education and postprescription feedback on antimicrobial prescriptions at discharge from the emergency department
Authors: Tagashira Yasuaki
Published: July 2022

Multifaceted intervention is preferrable as an ASP strategy in the emergency department (ED). I assessed the effect of discontinuing multifaceted intervention for antimicrobial prescriptions at discharge in the emergency department. The proportion of appropriate prescriptions decreased quickly after discontinuation. Continuous commitment to appropriate antimicrobial prescriptions is needed for effective antimicrobial stewardship.
Why Be a Subjectivist about Wellbeing?
Authors: Königs Peter
Published: July 2022

Subjectivism about wellbeing rests on the idea that what is good for a person must ‘fit’ her, ‘resonate’ with her, not be ‘alien’ to her, etc. This idea has been called the ‘beating heart’ of subjectivism. In this article, I present the No-Beating-Heart Challenge for subjectivism, which holds that there is no satisfactory statement of this idea. I proceed by first identifying three criteria that any statement of the idea must meet if it is to provide support for subjectivism: Distinctness, Exclusiveness, and Explicitness. I then argue that no statement of this idea meets these criteria.
Simulation of turbulent flow over roughness strips
Authors: Neuhauser Jonathan , Schäfer Kay , Gatti Davide , Frohnapfel Bettina
Published: July 2022

Heterogeneous roughness in the form of streamwise aligned strips is known to generate large scale secondary motions under turbulent flow conditions that can induce the intriguing feature of larger flow rates above rough than smooth surface parts. The hydrodynamical definition of a surface roughness includes a large scale separation between the roughness height and the boundary layer thickness which is directly related to the fact that the drag of a laminar flow is not altered by the presence of roughness. Existing simplified approaches for direct numerical simulation of roughness strips do not fulfil this requirement of an unmodified laminar base flow compared with a smooth wall reference. It is shown that disturbances induced in a modified laminar base flow can trigger large-scale motions with resemblance to turbulent secondary flow. We propose a simple roughness model that allows us to capture the particular features of turbulent secondary flow without impacting the laminar base flow. The roughness model is based on the prescription of a spanwise slip length, a quantity that can directly be translated into the Hama roughness function for a homogeneous rough surface. The heterogeneous application of the slip-length boundary condition results in very good agreement with existing experimental data in terms of the secondary flow topology. In addition, the proposed modelling approach allows us to quantitatively evaluate the drag increasing contribution of the secondary flow. Both the secondary flow itself and the related drag increase reveal a very small dependence on the gradient of the transition between rough and smooth surface parts only. Interestingly, the observed drag increase due to secondary flows above the modelled roughness is significantly smaller than the one previously reported for roughness resolving simulations. We hypothesise that this difference arises from the fact that roughness resolving simulations cannot truly fulfil the requirement of large scale separation.
Origins, Relevance and Prospects of Federalism and Decentralization in the Horn of Africa
Authors: Fessha Yonatan T. , Dessalegn Beza
Published: July 2022

The Horn of Africa is the most conflict-ridden region in the African continent. Both inter-and intra-state conflicts have dominated the region. In a bid to check intra-state conflicts and accommodate ethno-national and religious diversity, federal or federal like models of governance have been proposed, discussed, and, in some cases, adopted across the region. Focusing on Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan and South Sudan, this article discusses the origin, reasons, and prospects of the federal idea in the Horn. The article argues that the major rationale for the federal idea in the Horn is the containment of communal tensions. Yet, the track record of federalism in alleviating communal tensions has not been encouraging. This is partly related to design issues that have undermined the efforts to use federalism to address communal tensions. More importantly, however, the commitment to genuinely implement the federal idea has largely been absent.
Quantifying parent-of-origin variation in growth and reproductive traits of Kermani sheep
Authors: Mokhtari Morteza , Barazandeh Arsalan , Roudbari Zahra , Ghafouri-Kesbi Farhad , Roudbar Mahmoud Amiri
Published: July 2022

Records on growth and reproductive characteristics collected from 1993 to 2013 at the Breeding Station of Kermani sheep, south-east of Iran, were used for estimating genetic parameters related to parent-of-origin effects. The studied growth traits were birth weight (BWT), weaning weight (WWT), six-month weight (6MW), average daily gain from birth to weaning (ADG1), and average daily gain from weaning to six months of age (ADG2). The reproductive traits were litter size at birth per ewe lambing (LSB), litter size at weaning per ewe lambing (LSW), the sum of litter weight at birth per ewe lambing (LWB), and the sum of litter weight at weaning per ewe lambing (LWW). Models with and without imprinting (maternal and paternal) effects were compared by applying Akaike's information criterion (AIC). Maternal imprinting effects explained 14, 7, 24 and 5% of the phenotypic variances for BWT, WWT, 6MW and ADG1, respectively and their inclusion in the model decreased direct heritability estimates for BWT (from 0.07 to 0.05), WWT (from 0.29 to 0.23), 6MW (from 0.26 to 0.12) and ADG1 (from 0.20 to 0.17). Imprinting effects did not affect ADG2 and studied reproductive traits. The results indicated that a considerable proportion of the maternal imprinting effects overlap with direct additive genetic and maternal effects. Therefore, imprinting effects may be crucial for the genetic assessment of BWT, WWT, 6MW and ADG1 in Kermani sheep.
A GENERALISATION OF WITTEN’S CONJECTURE FOR THE PIXTON CLASS AND THE NONCOMMUTATIVE KDV HIERARCHY
Authors: Buryak Alexandr , Rossi Paolo
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we formulate and present ample evidence towards the conjecture that the partition function (i.e. the exponential of the generating series of intersection numbers with monomials in psi classes) of the Pixton class on the moduli space of stable curves is the topological tau function of the noncommutative Korteweg-de Vries hierarchy, which we introduced in a previous work. The specialisation of this conjecture to the top degree part of Pixton’s class states that the partition function of the double ramification cycle is the tau function of the dispersionless limit of this hierarchy. In fact, we prove that this conjecture follows from the double ramification/Dubrovin–Zhang equivalence conjecture. We also provide several independent computational checks in support of it.
“Heirs to What Had Been Accomplished”: D. N. Aidit, the PKI, and Maoism, 1950–1965
Authors: Lin Hongxuan , Galway Matthew
Published: July 2022

Why did the Communist Party of Indonesia (PKI) pursue a nonviolent, collaborative, and parliamentary path to power? How did it secure major electoral successes? The answers to both queries have much to do with the PKI's adaptation of Maoism. Although scholars recognize that Maoism was influential on PKI theory and praxis, they have hitherto underevaluated the extent to which PKI leaders, notably Dipa Nusantara Aidit and Muhammad Hatta Lukman, engaged with Mao's ideas and how such ideas informed policy. Through textual exegesis of PKI leaders’ writings and speeches, our article argues that the PKI's “Indonesianization” of Marxism–Leninism drew from several Maoist texts, but differed in its composition in a number of important ways. “Indonesianization” entailed cross-class alliances, the political agency of the peasantry, willingness to cooperate with parties across the political spectrum, and, most innovatively, a nonviolent agenda. The PKI also demonstrated an adaptive willingness to learn from all, while remaining beholden to none. Our goal is to show how PKI leaders spoke back in their dialectical engagement with Maoism, as Maoism, for them, did not constitute a static, orthodox, or monolithic “thing.” Instead, Maoism was for Aidit and Lukman an ideological system within which lay an ideological discourse, critical interpretive paradigm, historical revolutionary experience, military strategy, and blueprint to socialist development against which to juxtapose their ideas and grand visions.
Preconditions for pacted transitions from authoritarian rule
Authors: Iakovlev Gennadii
Published: July 2022

This paper investigates why some attempts at pacted transitions from non-democratic rule fail, while others succeed. It determines the composition of opposition organizations that enable pacting. The paper draws on a data set compiled by the author comparing forty-five attempts at negotiations. The qualitative comparative analysis shows that those negotiations that include the opposition with strong organizational capacity succeed and end up with democratization. This strong organizational power of the opposition can be drawn from trade unions or the Catholic Church participating in negotiations, even if the initial regime is personalistic.
Human Activity Changes During COVID‐19 Lockdown in China—A View From Nighttime Light
Authors: Wang Xuejun , Yan Guangjian , Mu Xihan , Xie Donghui , Xu Jiachen , Zhang Zhiyu , Zhang Dingdan
Published: July 2022

Strict lockdowns were implemented in China to fight Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19). We explored the nighttime light (NTL) of China's four cities in five stages of COVID‐19 including case free period, newly appeared period, rising period, outbreak period, and stationary period. Using six categories of points of interest data (“company,” “recreation,” “healthcare,” “residence,” “shopping,” and “traffic facility”) and random forest models, we found that dimming light of four cities is associated with the epidemic development and human activity changes. When confirmed cases appeared, healthcare associated NTL radiance increased rapidly in Wuhan and Guangzhou, but decreased in the fourth and fifth stages. Companies in all cities were resuscitated in the fifth stage, while companies in Guangzhou was resuscitated in the fourth stage. Shopping related NTL radiance in Wuhan increased quickly in the fifth stage which indicated some resuscitation. In addition, compared to gross domestic product, the trend in electric power consumption was consistent with the trend in NTL radiance. The above findings contribute to the making of control policies for COVID‐19 as well as other infectious diseases.
A New Brittle Rheology and Numerical Framework for Large‐Scale Sea‐Ice Models
Authors: Ólason Einar , Boutin Guillaume , Korosov Anton , Rampal Pierre , Williams Timothy , Kimmritz Madlen , Dansereau Véronique , Samaké Abdoulaye
Published: July 2022

We present a new brittle rheology and an accompanying numerical framework for large‐scale sea‐ice modeling. This rheology is based on a Bingham‐Maxwell constitutive model and the Maxwell‐Elasto‐Brittle (MEB) rheology, the latter of which has previously been used to model sea ice. The key strength of the MEB rheology is its ability to represent the scaling properties of simulated sea‐ice deformation in space and time. The new rheology we propose here, which we refer to as the brittle Bingham‐Maxwell rheology (BBM), represents a further evolution of the MEB rheology. It is developed to address two main shortcomings of the MEB rheology and numerical implementation we were unable to address previously: excessive thickening of the ice in model runs longer than about one winter and a relatively high computational cost. In the BBM rheology and numerical framework these shortcomings are addressed by demanding that the ice deforms under convergence in a purely elastic manner when internal stresses lie below a given compressive threshold. Numerical performance is improved by introducing an explicit scheme to solve the ice momentum equation. In this paper, we introduce the new rheology and numerical framework. Using an implementation of BBM in version two of the neXtSIM sea‐ice model (neXtSIMv2), we show that it gives reasonable long term evolution of the Arctic sea‐ice cover and very good deformation fields and statistics compared to satellite observations.
In Pursuit of Understanding, a Career in Marine Geology
Authors: Moore Theodore C.
Published: July 2022

My interest in the oceans first developed when I was a teenager, but I did not actually go to sea until I was in the U.S. Navy. With that experience, I developed a love of the oceans and an interest in oceanography. My graduate training was a time when oceanography and marine geology were blossoming with new ideas and new tools to explore the ocean world. The theory of plate tectonics was becoming widely accepted and scientific ocean drilling was just starting. My thesis study area was in the tropical Pacific. Soon after receiving my PhD, I sailed on Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 8, which drilled the first transect across the Pacific equator. The nature of the sediments there posed many scientific questions that continued to intrigue me. Some of these questions remained unanswered for a long time. Early in my career I was fortunate to work with a group of specialists from outside my field of expertise to study the global climate during the last glacial maximum (the CLIMAP Project). Subsequently, I spent 8 years working in the oil industry. This experience taught me the skills of interpreting seismic reflection records that help unravel the history of sediment deposition. When I returned to academia, these skills proved particularly useful in studies of large lakes. Late in my career, I returned to studies of the tropical Pacific, where new tools and techniques helped answer some of my unanswered questions.
Drift Phase Structure Implications for Radiation Belt Transport
Authors: O'Brien T. P. , Green J. C. , Halford A. J. , Kwan B. P. , Claudepierre S. G. , Ozeke Louis G.
Published: July 2022

We examine drift phase structure in the electron radiation belt observations to differentiate radial transport mechanisms. Impulsive electrostatic or electromagnetic fields can cause radial transport and produce drift echoes (periodic drift phase structures with energy‐dependent period). Narrow‐band standing electromagnetic wave fields can also cause radial transport, while producing energy‐independent periodic drift phase structures. Broad‐band, random‐phase electromagnetic wave fields can cause radial transport, but do not necessarily produce drift phase structure. We present results of three case studies showing little association between drift phase structure and approximately MeV electron flux enhancements in the outer belt. We estimate the amplitude of drift phase structures expected for impulsive or narrow‐band interactions to compete with broad‐band, random‐phase waves. We show that the observed drift phase structure is typically much smaller than would be present if either impulses or narrow‐band waves were the dominant cause of radial transport. We conclude that radial transport is primarily consistent with the broad‐band, random‐phase, small perturbations assumed in quasilinear diffusion theory, although we cannot rule out the unlikely possibility that radial transport plays little role in radiation belt dynamics.