bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural equation model of the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities along the Beijing-Hangzhou grand canal and its relationship with natural factors
Authors: Cheng Wang , Yiwen Zhang , Liang Li , Yihua Yan , Guanhua Wang , Xin Qiu , Yangqinxue Zeng
Published: November 2023

Water engineering facilities are a crucial component of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal during the Ming and Qing dynasties, and their distribution is closely related to the hydrological and topographical characteristics of the area. In this study, we reconstructed the canal network distribution map and water engineering facilities database of the Ming and Qing periods using ArcGIS (Geographical information systems software) 10.8 software. We employed Amos (Analyze of Moment Structures) 26.0 software to investigate the influence of various natural environmental factors on the selection of water engineering facility sites. The results revealed a significant correlation between the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities and the main channel slope and slope direction, which had a direct impact. The estimated coefficient for the main channel slope was -0.166, showing a negative correlation with the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities, while the estimated coefficient for the main channel slope direction was − 0.112, also indicating a negative correlation. Moreover, the estimated coefficient for the watershed area where water engineering facilities were located was -0.096, demonstrating a negative correlation. In contrast, the effects of tributary slope and slope direction on the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities were indirect, mediated by the watershed area where these facilities were situated. The effect size for tributary slope was -0.017, showing a negative correlation, while the effect size for tributary slope direction was 0.010, indicating a positive correlation with the spatial distribution of water engineering facilities.The study achieves the integration of the heritage of water engineering facilities along the canal from point to line, provides data support for the construction of the cultural heritage corridor of the canal, and facilitates the promotion of heritage protection and rational layout, which is of great significance to the understanding of the canal culture.
Effects of aligner activation and power arm length and material on canine displacement and periodontal ligament stress: a finite element analysis
Authors: Inan Aysegul , Gonca Merve
Published: November 2023

Background

This study aimed to assess the impact of aligner activation and power arm length and material on canine and aligner displacement, von Mises stress in the power arm, and principal stress in the periodontal ligament (PDL) during canine tooth distalization using finite element analysis (FEA). The effects of aligner activation and power arm length were primary outcomes, while the effect of the power arm material was a secondary outcome.

Methods

Aligner activation (0.1 mm or 0.2 mm) was applied without using a power arm in two models. The effects of aligner activation, power arm length (12, 13, or 14 mm) and power arm material (stainless steel [SS] or fiber-reinforced composite [FRC]) on canine distalization were investigated in 12 models by evaluating displacement and stress via ALTAIR OptiStruct analysis.

Results

Greater canine displacement was observed in all models with 0.2 mm than 0.1 mm of aligner activation. When models with the same aligner activation were compared, reduced mesiodistal tipping, increased palatal tipping, and increased extrusion of the canine cusp were observed with increasing power arm length. Moreover, the von Mises stress increased as the power arm length increased. Increasing the aligner activation and power arm length increased the maximum principal stress in the PDL. Power arms of the same length in both materials showed the same results in terms of canine displacement, clear aligner displacement, and maximum principal stress in the PDL. However, under conditions of equal length and aligner activation, the von Mises stress of the SS power arm was higher than that of the FRC power arm.

Conclusion

Using a power arm in canine distalization reduced mesiodistal tipping but increased palatal tipping and extrusion of the canine cusp. Aligner activation and additional force increased tooth movement and principal stress in the canine PDL. FRC power arms exhibited less von Mises stress than SS power arms.
Synthesis and evaluation of small molecule-based derivatives as inhibitors of polo-box domain of polo-like kinase-1
Authors: La Yeo Kyung , Gunasekaran Pethaiah , Yim Min Su , Lee Gong-Hyeon , Hwang Yeon Sil , Damodharan Kannan , Kim Mi-Hyun , Bang Jeong Kyu , Ryu Eun Kyoung
Published: November 2023

Objectives

Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is an important mitotic protein. In particular, this protein is highly overexpressed in many types of tumors and has been identified as a potential biomarker for the treatment and diagnosis of tumors. Plk1 is composed of two domains, an N-terminal kinase domain and a C-terminal polo-box domain (PBD). Presently, inhibitors with improved selectivity and specificity for Plk1 are unavailable. Therefore, we aimed to develop an inhibitor targeting the C-terminal PBD present only in Plk1.

Methods & results

In this study, three derivatives targeting PBD for Plk1 were designed by protein–protein interactions, which showed high levels of selectivity and specificity for Plk1 PBD, and were evaluated to inhibit tumor cell proliferation through an apoptotic process during tumor cell division. The investigation of the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of these inhibitors demonstrated that one of the new small molecules, 1, is a promising anticancer agent.

Conclusion

Our findings can provide new insights for the design of novel Plk1 peptide inhibitors in the future.
Prevalence of food insecurity and associated factors among households in Waliso town, Oromia, Ethiopia
Authors: Tulem Tariku Gurara , Hordofa Mulatu Ayana
Published: November 2023

Background

Food insecurity is the underlying cause of malnutrition. In addition, it is a condition where people lack consistent access to enough food for every person in a household to live an active and healthy life.

Recently, urban food insecurity has been on the top agenda in Ethiopia, as households prone to food insecurity are rising because of various factors. Hence, we aimed to assess the prevalence of food insecurity and associated factors among households in Waliso town, Oromia, Ethiopia.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study design was used from December 17, 2021, to January 16, 2022, among 397 randomly selected households in Waliso town. Study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data collection was performed using a structured questionnaire, and data were entered using Epi Info 7 and exported to SPSS version 20 software for analysis. To identify factors associated with household food insecurity, multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were done. An adjusted odds ratio along with a 95% confidence interval were estimated to measure the strength of the association. In this study, the level of statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05.

Results

The prevalence of household food insecurity was 63.4%, 95% CI (58.60%, 68.20%). Factors associated with household food insecurity were family sizes 6 + [AOR = 3.06, 95% CI: (1.35, 6.94)], dependents 1–2 [AOR = 2.62, 95% CI: (1.35, 5.10)], dependents 3 + [AOR = 3.07, 95% CI: (1.38, 7.40)], unemployed [AOR = 6.86, 95% CI: (2.76, 17.04)], self-employed [AOR = 3.27, 95% CI: (1.50, 7.14)], wage laborers [AOR = 13.01, 95% CI: (4.93, 34.38)], low wealth index [AOR = 4.08, 95% CI: (2.18, 7.64)], and a medium wealth index [AOR = 2.08, 95% CI: (1.18, 3.69)].

Conclusion

Nearly two in three households were food insecure in Waliso Town. Large family sizes, a high dependency ratio, unemployment, low wage employment, and a low wealth index were significantly associated with food insecurity. Hence, the implementation of actions to improve household income and livelihoods, minimize dependency rates, by strengthen the use of family planning and encourage urban agriculture is vital to alleviate household food insecurity problems in the town.
Study protocol: maintaining preventive care during public health emergencies through effective coordination
Authors: Hysong Sylvia J. , Giardina Traber Davis , Freytag Jennifer , SoRelle Richard , Murphy Daniel R. , Cully Jeffrey A. , Sada Yvonne H. , Amspoker Amber B.
Published: November 2023

Background

Screening lies at the heart of preventive care. However, COVID-19 dramatically disrupted routine screening efforts, resulting in excess mortality not directly attributable to COVID-19. Screening rates during COVID varied markedly by facility and clinical condition, suggesting susceptibilities in screening and referral process workflow. To better understand these susceptibilities and identify new practices to mitigate interrupted care, we propose a qualitative study comparing facilities that exhibited high, low, and highly variable performance (respectively) in screening rates before and during the pandemic. We will be guided by Weaver et al.’s multi-team systems (MTS) model of coordination, using cancer and mental health screening rates as exemplars.

Method

Qualitative analysis of interviews and focus groups with primary care personnel, leadership, and patients at 10 VA medical centers. We will select sites based on rurality, COVID-19 caseload at the beginning of the pandemic, and performance on five outpatient clinical performance indicators of cancer and mental health screening. Sites will be categorized into one of five screening performance groups: high performers, low performers, improvers, plummeters, and highly variable.

We will create process maps for each performance measure to create a workflow baseline and then interview primary care leadership to update the map at each site. We will clinician conduct focus groups to elicit themes regarding clinician coordination patterns (e.g., handoffs), strategies, and barriers/facilitators to screening during COVID. We will also conduct patient interviews to examine their screening experience during this period, for context. All interviews and focus groups will be audio-recorded, transcribed, and enhanced by field notes. We will analyze clinician transcripts and field notes using iterative, rapid analysis. Patient interviews will be analyzed using inductive/deductive content analysis.

Discussion

Our study represents a unique opportunity to inform the multi-team systems literature by identifying specific forms of information exchange, collective problem solving, and decision-making associated with higher and improved clinical performance. Specifically, our study aims to detect the specific points in the screening and referral process most susceptible to disruption and coordination processes that, if changed, will yield the highest value. Findings apply to future pandemics or any event with the potential to disrupt care.
Effects of cochlear implantation on auditory temporal processing in single-sided deafness: a report of two cases
Authors: Gumus Birgul , Incesulu Armagan , Kaya Ercan
Published: November 2023

Background

Individuals with single-sided deafness have difficulty understanding speech in noise and determining sound direction in their daily lives. Cochlear implantation, a globally accepted rehabilitation method, has recently become used in Turkey in patients with single-sided deafness. In this study, the effects of cochlear implants on auditory temporal processing skills, speech-in-noise perception performance, tinnitus, and subjective benefit were reported in two patients with single-sided deafness.

Case presentation

The cochlear implant was applied to two children with single-sided deafness with and without inner ear malformation. Speech in noise score, gaps in noise test, duration, and frequency pattern test were used. Also, cochlear implant benefits and the presence of tinnitus were questioned by questionnaires. Speech-in-noise perception performance and auditory temporal processing skills improved in the postoperative period compared to the preoperative period. It was also observed that although the cochlear implant improved the quality of life, motivation for device use decreased in the first 6 months of the postoperative period.

Conclusions

Cochlear implantation in individuals with single-sided deafness with and without inner ear malformation is useful in increasing auditory temporal processing skills and understanding speech in noise ability. In addition, cochlear implantation is a useful method to improve quality of life, especially regarding spatial perception, and it did not cause tinnitus in our patients. Selecting an implant model that enables data logging provides an advantage in determining the motivation to use the implants.
Anesthesiologists and Community Engagement: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Remmers Caroline A. , Conroy Meghan M. , Korom Bethany M. , Malloy Meghan E. , Sieracki Rita , Fairbanks Stacy L. , Nelson David A.
Published: November 2023

Millions of individuals require anesthesia services each year. Although anesthesia-associated mortality rates have declined, anesthetic-related morbidity remains high, particularly among vulnerable populations. Disparities in perioperative screening, optimization, surveillance, and follow-up contribute to worse outcomes in these populations. Community-engaged collaborations may be the essential ingredient needed for anesthesiologists to improve disparities in anesthetic outcomes and prioritize the needs of patients and communities. This scoping review seeks to examine the available literature on community engagement among anesthesiologists to identify gaps and seek opportunities for future work. This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). OVID MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched to identify sources that used or recognized community-engaged strategies and involved the work of anesthesiologists. Sources were selected based on inclusion criteria and consistent data were extracted from each paper for compilation in a data chart. The initial search generated 1230 articles of which 16 met criteria for inclusion in the review. An updated search of the literature and reference scan of included sources resulted in 7 additional articles being included. The sources were grouped according to overarching themes and methods used and ultimately categorized according to the spectrum of public participation developed by the International Association for Public Participation (IAP2). This spectrum includes 5 levels: inform, consult, involve, collaborate, and empower. This review identified 5 sources at the inform level, 8 studies in consult, 0 in involve, 7 in collaborate, and 3 in empower. Results indicate that most initiatives representing deeper levels of community engagement, at the collaborate or empower level, occur internationally. Efforts that occur in the United States tend to emphasize engagement of individual patients rather than communities. There is a need to pursue deeper, more meaningful community-engaged efforts within the field of anesthesiology at a local and national level.
Should Obesity Be an Exclusion Criterion for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Support? A Scoping Review
Authors: Ripoll Juan G. , Chang Marvin G. , Nabzdyk Christoph S. , Balakrishna Aditi , Ortoleva Jamel , Bittner Edward A.
Published: November 2023

Obesity is often considered a contraindication to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) candidacy due to technical challenges with vascular access, higher cardiac output requirements, and known associations between obesity and overall increased morbidity and mortality due to chronic health conditions. However, a growing body of literature suggests that ECMO may be as safe and efficacious in both obese and nonobese patients. This scoping review provides a synthesis of the available literature on the outcomes of obese patients supported with (1) venovenous (VV)-ECMO in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) not due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), (2) VV-ECMO in ARDS due to COVID-19, (3) venoarterial (VA)-ECMO for all indications, and (4) studies combining data of patients supported with VA- and VV-ECMO. A librarian-assisted search was performed using 4 primary electronic medical databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Excerpta Medica database [Embase], and Cochrane Library) from January 2003 to March 2023. Articles that reported outcomes of obese patients requiring ECMO support were included. Two reviewers independently screened titles, abstracts, and full text of articles to determine eligibility. Data extraction was performed using customized fields established a priori within a systematic review software system. A total of 354 publications were imported for screening on titles and abstracts, and 30 studies were selected for full-text review. A total of 26 publications met the inclusion criteria: 7 on VV-ECMO support in non–COVID-19 ARDS patients, 6 on ECMO in COVID-19 ARDS patients, 8 in patients supported with VA-ECMO, and 5 combining both VA- and VV-ECMO data. Although the included studies are limited to retrospective analyses and display a heterogeneity in definitions of obesity and comparison groups, the currently available literature suggests that outcomes and complications of ECMO therapy are equivalent in obese patients as compared to nonobese patients. Hence, obesity as measured by body mass index alone should not be considered an exclusion criterion in the decision to initiate ECMO.
Disconnected Clans in Fragmented Rangelands
Authors: Laltaika Elifuraha
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the fundamental neoliberal character of the East African Community (EAC) regional integration practice, which aims for the free movement of goods and services across state borders but neglects to facilitate transnational cultural fluidity. The chapter argues that the reason for the neglect is the EAC regional integration project's narrow focus on commoditization and marketization. Notably, it neglects the spiritual and cultural needs of transnational, nomadic Maasai Indigenous pastoralists whose communities remain fractured by colonial borders. As such, the continued enforcement of commercial practices prevents Indigenous communities from reconstructing holistic spiritual and cultural connections across state borders. This chapter contrasts the EAC regional integration project's marketing strategy of free cross-border flows and the free flows of goods and people as a mechanism to enhance collective well-being.
Caenorhabditis elegans germ granules are present in distinct configurations and assemble in a hierarchical manner
Authors: Uebel Celja J. , Rajeev Sanjana , Phillips Carolyn M.
Published: November 2023

RNA silencing pathways are complex, highly conserved, and perform crucial regulatory roles. In Caenorhabditis elegans germlines, RNA surveillance occurs through a series of perinuclear germ granule compartments – P granules, Z granules, SIMR foci, and Mutator foci – multiple of which form via phase separation. Although the functions of individual germ granule proteins have been extensively studied, the relationships between germ granule compartments (collectively, ‘nuage’) are less understood. We find that key germ granule proteins assemble into separate but adjacent condensates, and that boundaries between germ granule compartments re-establish after perturbation. We discover a toroidal P granule morphology, which encircles the other germ granule compartments in a consistent exterior-to-interior spatial organization, providing broad implications for the trajectory of an RNA as it exits the nucleus. Moreover, we quantify the stoichiometric relationships between germ granule compartments and RNA to reveal discrete populations of nuage that assemble in a hierarchical manner and differentially associate with RNAi-targeted transcripts, possibly suggesting functional differences between nuage configurations. Our work creates a more accurate model of C. elegans nuage and informs the conceptualization of RNA silencing through the germ granule compartments.
The reduction in arterial pH with increased temperature is not affected by hyperoxia in toads (Rhinella marina) and pythons (Python molurus)
Authors: Castro Samanta Aparecida , Leite Cléo Alcantara Costa , Wang Tobias
Published: November 2023

It is well established that arterial pH decreases with increased temperature in amphibians and reptiles through an elevation of arterial PCO2, but the underlying regulation remains controversial. The alphastat hypothesis ascribes the pH fall to a ventilatory regulation of protein ionisation, but the pH reduction with temperature is lower than predicted by the pKa change of the imidazole group on histidine. We hypothesised that arterial pH decreases at high, but not at low, temperatures when toads (Rhinella marina) and snakes (Python molurus) are exposed to hyperoxia. In toads, hyperoxia caused similar elevations of arterial PCO2 at 20 and 30°C, indicative of a temperature-independent oxygen-mediated drive to breathing, whereas PCO2 was unaffected by hyperoxia in snakes at 25 and 35°C. These findings do not support our hypothesis of an increased oxygen-mediated drive to breathing as body temperature increases.
Η τοπογραφία της Φωκίδας κατά την πρώιμη και μέση βυζαντινή περίοδο
Authors: Χετζογιαννάκη Νεκταρία
Published: November 2023

Στη διατριβή εξετάστηκε η τοπογραφία και η διάρθρωση του οικιστικού δικτύου της Φωκίδας, από τον 4ο έως τον 12ο αι. Τα αρχαιολογικά τεκμήρια συνδέθηκαν με τις γραπτές πηγές και την ιστορική μαρτυρία, ενώ παράλληλα εντάχθηκαν στο γεωγραφικό και περιβαλλοντικό τους πλαίσιο. Κύριο εργαλείο της διατριβής απετέλεσαν οι χωρικές αναλύσεις που εκτελέστηκαν μέσω των Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφοριών. Με το εργαλείο αυτό, τα αρχαιολογικά κατάλοιπα συνδέθηκαν με το φυσικό τους περιβάλλον, το γεωγραφικό ανάγλυφο και τη φυσική ή τεχνητή διαμόρφωση του εδάφους, με στόχο τη µοντελοποίηση των τρόπων κατοίκησης ανά ιστορική περίοδο, καθώς και τη µελέτη της επικοινωνίας και των ορίων επικράτειας των οικισµών, της εκμετάλλευση των φυσικών πόρων και της οπτικής επαφής μεταξύ τους. Η χαρτογράφηση των περιοχών μελέτης με τη δημιουργία πολυεπίπεδων χωρικών δεδομένων και κατάλληλων οπτικοποιήσεων κατέδειξε την πολυπλοκότητα της χωρικής πληροφορίας και οδήγησε σε νέες προσεγγίσεις με την παρουσίαση του γεωγραφικού χώρου, καθώς και των χρονικά μεταβαλλόμενων φαινομένων που λαμβάνουν χώρα σε αυτόν, προσφέροντας νέες προοπτικές στην παραδοσιακή έρευνα.
Związek Młodych Demokratów we Wrocławiu (1956–1957)
Authors: Waligóra Grzegorz
Published: November 2023

Związek Młodych Demokratów utworzony na fali październikowej odwilży w Polsce w 1956 r. pomimo swej krótkiej historii stanowił ważny epizod dziejów opozycji politycznej w PRL. Był próbą utworzenia jawnej niezależnej organizacji młodzieżowej przy wsparciu legalnie działającego satelickiego Stronnictwa Demokratycznego. Celem artykułu jest ukazanie przez pryzmat lokalny problemów, z jakimi borykali się członkowie ZMD, a także przedstawienie działalności Uniwersyteckiego Koła ZMD we Wrocławiu.
Internal Revision with Bleb Needling: An Effective, Safe Option for Failing Blebs
Authors: Singh Kirti , Sachdev Neha , Singh Arshi
Published: November 2023

Aim: To report the outcomes of internal revision with bleb needling in cases of failing blebs with the internal sclerostomy blocked by iris tissue.

Methods: Prospective study of 26 eyes of 26 patients with failing blebs where target IOP was not achieved with 2 anti-glaucoma drugs and sclerostomy was blocked by iris (confirmed on gonioscopy). Patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the time from the first surgery- early (<3 months), intermediate (4-12 months) and late (>1 year). Patients underwent internal revision with bleb needling with either 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) or Mitomycin C (MMC)

Results: 26 eyes of 26 patients were included in the study. Mean age was 51.35±14.5 years. Time from the filtration surgery was early in 3, intermediate in 5 and late in 18 eyes. Mean IOP reduction at 3 months was 32±18% with maximum reduction in early group (40%). Mean IOP decreased from 24.5±3.4 mmHg to 16.2±4.3 mmHg in 5-FU group (12 patients) and 27.4±9 mmHg to 18.2±6.6 mmHg in MMC group (14 patients). Self-limiting complications were hyphema in 2 patients and subconjunctival haemorrhage in 1 patient.

Conclusion: Internal revision with bleb needling is a safe and effective procedure for reviving failing blebs.
Perspectivas sobre cooperação e esperança no romance Welcome to Lagos, de Chibundu Onuzo
Authors: Barbosa de Jesus Santana Rafael
Published: November 2023

A presente resenha apresenta criticamente ao público lusófono o segundo romance da escritora nigeriana Chibundu Onuzo, Welcome to Lagos (2018), Bem-vindo a Lagos, em tradução livre. A fim de enriquecer a análise literária, foram escolhidas duas categorias que perpassam a escrita de Onuzo: cooperação e esperança. A utilização dos conceitos foram consubstanciados a partir das contribuições de Amorim et al. (2014) sobre o conceito de esperança, os quais se baseiam em Paulo Freire, assim como nas proposições de Palmieri & Branco (2004) sobre cooperação. Conclui-se que a sede nigeriana por um futuro melhor e autônomo promoveu a elaboração de escritas literárias que incentivam a concretização de ideais sobre uma comunidade cooperativa e esperançosa que constrói seu próprio caminho.
Pre- and Post-COVID-19 Outcomes for Israelis With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in the Community
Authors: Gur Ayelet , Soffer Michal , Blanck Peter D. , Quinn Gerard , Rimmerman Arie
Published: November 2023

This study is among the first pre–post examinations to explore differences in subjective well-being, adaptive and maladaptive behavior, close relationships, community integration, family members’ satisfaction with residential and community living settings, and family contact before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. Participants demonstrated better life satisfaction and adaptive behavior before COVID-19 than after COVID-19. Participants reported closer relationships with family members and peers before COVID-19 and closer relationships with staff members after COVID-19. The findings reveal mixed, although mostly negative, effects of the pandemic on people with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the community in Israel, in accord with extant comparative research.
Supporting Employment Consultants to Implement Supported and Customized Employment
Authors: Butterworth John , Migliore Alberto , Lyons Oliver , Mahoehney Danielle C. , Eastman Jill , Miles Britni , Foos Paul , Zalewska Agnieszka
Published: November 2023

Implementing supported and customized employment in all their components is essential for supporting job seekers with disabilities to achieve their career goals. We asked 42 employment consultants in nine employment programs to respond daily to three quick questions about their employment support activities, for 6 months. Through monthly coaching, we helped the managers of these organizations engage their teams of employment consultants to interpret the data, reflect, set goals, and take action for quality improvement. Based on the positive results of this pilot, we recommend that employment consultants be provided with data-enabled feedback that supports decision making and helps them fully implement supported and customized employment as a necessary step toward improving job seekers’ employment outcomes.
Direct Support Professionals and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Comparison of Vaccinated Early Adopters and In-Betweeners
Authors: Pettingell Sandra L. , Bershadsky Julie , Hewitt Amy , Anderson Lynda Lahti , Zhang Alicia
Published: November 2023

Direct support professionals (DSPs) are at increased risk of contracting COVID-19. A four-wave survey series was conducted, in part, to understand DSPs’ COVID-19 vaccination experiences. Fourth wave data were used to compare those vaccinated against COVID-19 when they became eligible (early adopters) and those waiting at least three months before vaccination (in-betweeners). Findings indicated that in-betweeners were more likely to be female, younger, and people of color with lower education levels and annual incomes, with employers requiring COVID-19 vaccination to remain employed. COVID-19 vaccination motivators included protection for self, family, or people supported; an employer who mandated COVID-19 vaccination; and having had COVID-19 or knowing someone who did.
Investigating the Impact of Layer Thickness on Light Propagation in Photonic Crystals
Authors: Chattopadhyay Manisha , Chakraborty Rajib , Kundu Tapanendu
Published: November 2023

Photonic crystals are a unique class of materials that have the ability to manipulate the flow of light through their periodic structures. In this study, we investigate the impact of layer thickness on light propagation in photonic crystals. We focus on six different material pairs: MgF2-TiO2, SiO2-TiO2, GeO2-TiO2, MgO-TiO2, Al2O3-TiO2, and ZnO-TiO2. The thickness of the layers was varied from 40 microns to 60 microns and from 55 microns to 100 microns. The results of the study show that as the thickness of the layers increases, the wavelength difference (bandgap) also increases. The greater the bandgap, the better the blocking performance. The best material for this variation was found to be MgF2-SiO2 with a thickness of around 60 nm and 105nm respectively. These findings provide important insights into the potential use of these materials in optical applications requiring wavelength filtering and blocking. The results of this study can be used to optimize the design of photonic crystals for specific optical applications, such as in telecommunications and sensing.
Biased placement of Mitochondria fission facilitates asymmetric inheritance of protein aggregates during yeast cell division
Authors: Sun Gordon , Hwang Christine , Jung Tony , Liu Jian , Li Rong
Published: November 2023

Mitochondria are essential and dynamic eukaryotic organelles that must be inherited during cell division. In yeast, mitochondria are inherited asymmetrically based on quality, which is thought to be vital for maintaining a rejuvenated cell population; however, the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial remodeling and segregation during this process are not understood. We used high spatiotemporal imaging to quantify the key aspects of mitochondrial dynamics, including motility, fission, and fusion characteristics, upon aggregation of misfolded proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. Using these measured parameters, we developed an agent-based stochastic model of dynamics of mitochondrial inheritance. Our model predicts that biased mitochondrial fission near the protein aggregates facilitates the clustering of protein aggregates in the mitochondrial matrix, and this process underlies asymmetric mitochondria inheritance. These predictions are supported by live-cell imaging experiments where mitochondrial fission was perturbed. Our findings therefore uncover an unexpected role of mitochondrial dynamics in asymmetric mitochondrial inheritance.
Central nervous system infection in a pediatric population in West Java
Authors: Alisjahbana Dewi H. , Nurmawati Syndi , Milanti Mia , Djauhari Hofiya , Ledermann Jeremy P. , Antonjaya Ungke , Dewi Yora Permata , Johar Edison , Wiyatno Ageng , Sriyani Ida Yus , Alisjahbana Bachti , Safari Dodi , Myint Khin Saw Aye , Powers Ann M. , Hakim Dzulfikar DL
Published: November 2023

Central nervous system (CNS) viral infections are critical causes of morbidity and mortality in children; however, comprehensive data on etiology is lacking in developing countries such as Indonesia. To study the etiology of CNS infections in a pediatric population, 50 children admitted to two hospitals in Bandung, West Java, during 2017–2018 were enrolled in a CNS infection study. Cerebrospinal fluid and serum specimens were tested using molecular, serological, and virus isolation platforms for a number of viral and bacteriological agents. Causal pathogens were identified in 10 out of 50 (20%) and included cytomegalovirus (n = 4), Streptococcus pneumoniae (n = 2), tuberculosis (n = 2), Salmonella serotype Typhi (n = 1) and dengue virus (n = 1). Our study highlights the importance of using a wide range of molecular and serological detection methods to identify CNS pathogens, as well as the challenges of establishing the etiology of CNS infections in pediatric populations of countries with limited laboratory capacity.
Evaluation of an infection control protocol to limit COVID-19 at residential summer camps in 2021
Authors: Weiss Tirzah , Reuter Tate , Dowell Evan , Singstock Mitchell , Smith Katherine , Schlaudecker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Aim

To assess the effectiveness of an infection control protocol developed to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 at two multi-week residential summer camps in 2021.

Subject and methods

Data were collected from 595 camp attendees and staff members at two wilderness camps in Northern Minnesota. Testing was undertaken in all unvaccinated campers before arrival at camp, on day 4 of camp, and in the event of respiratory symptoms. Campers were limited to cohorts during the first 4 days of camp and wore masks indoors. The number of positive COVID-19 cases measured the efficacy of the protocol.

Results

The testing and cohorting protocol successfully prevented the spread of COVID-19 among campers and staff. During the first summer session, there were zero positive cases of COVID-19 among 257 campers and 127 staff. During the second summer session, compliance with the protocol limited the spread of COVID-19 to just three individuals of 266 campers and 129 staff. Maintaining cohorts at arrival limited spread from a single positive case to only two tent companions.

Conclusion

The testing and cohorting protocol limited the spread of COVID-19 among residential summer wilderness campers and staff. Post-arrival testing ensured newly acquired virus was limited in spread before COVID-19 precautions were relaxed on camp day 5. A strict evidence-based cohorting protocol limited in-camp spread and allowed for a successful summer camp season. The usefulness of this protocol with an evolving pandemic, increasing vaccination rates, and virus variants could have implications for future practice.
Leishmanicidal and healing effects of 3β,6β,16β-trihydroxy lup-20 (29)-ene isolated from Combretum leprosum on Leishmania braziliensis infection in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Sombra Santos Aline , de Castro Rodrigues Naya Lúcia , Marciano Fonseca Francisco Rafael , Braga Fayão Oliveira Nathalia , Oliveira Loucard Bianca , Fernandes Heredia Fabíola , Albuquerque Gomes Nogueira Teresa Neuma , Monteiro Abreu Ticiana , Silva dos Santos Hélcio , Holanda Teixeira Edson , Almeida Moreira Leal Luzia Kalyne , Brandim Gomes Regis Bernardo , Romero Teixeira Clarissa , Teixeira Maria Jania
Published: November 2023

Treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis depends on drugs that potentially cause serious side effects and resistance. Thus, topical therapies are attractive alternatives to the drugs currently used. 3β, 6β, 16β-trihydroxylup-20 (29)-ene is a lupane triterpene isolated fromCombretum leprosumMart. leaves (CLF-1), with reports ofin vitroantileishmanial effect againstL.amazonensisand to promote lesion healing in animal model. Herein, we evaluated thein vitroandin vivoantileishmanial and healing effects of CLF-1 againstL.braziliensis. CLF-1 treatment showed low toxicity in macrophages and significantly reduced parasite loadin vitro. CLF-1 induced higher IL-12 and TNF-α production and more discrete IL-4 and IL-10 production. Forin vivoevaluation, a CLF-1 cream formulation was prepared to treat hamsters infected withL.braziliensis. CLF-1 treatment was able to reduce parasite load of the infected skin and lymph node more efficiently than the conventional treatment. Histopathological analysis indicated a strong inflammatory response accompanied by an important healing response. Data from this study indicate that topical CLF-1 treatment was effective and non-toxic inL.braziliensisinfected hamsters suggesting its potential for further development as a future therapeutic intervention.
Distribution and associations for antimicrobial resistance and antibiotic resistance genes of Escherichia coli from musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) in Sichuan, China
Authors: Liu Hang , Pan Shulei , Cheng Yuehong , Luo Lijun , Zhou Lei , Fan Siping , Wang Liqin , Jiang Shaoqi , Zhou Ziyao , Liu Haifeng , Zhang Shaqiu , Ren Zhihua , Ma Xiaoping , Cao Suizhong , Shen Liuhong , Wang Ya , Cai Dongjie , Gou Liping , Geng Yi , Peng Guangneng , Yan Qigui , Luo Yan , Zhong Zhijun
Published: November 2023

This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and integrons in 157 Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains isolated from feces of captive musk deer from 2 farms (Dujiang Yan and Barkam) in Sichuan province. Result showed that 91.72% (144/157) strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 24.20% (38/157) strains were multi-drug resistant (MDR). The antibiotics that most E. coli strains were resistant to was sulfamethoxazole (85.99%), followed by ampicillin (26.11%) and tetracycline (24.84%). We further detected 13 ARGs in the 157 E. coli strains, of which blaTEM had the highest occurrence (91.72%), followed by aac(3’)-Iid (60.51%) and blaCTX-M (16.56%). Doxycycline, chloramphenicol, and ceftriaxone resistance were strongly correlated with the presence of tetB, floR and blaCTX-M, respectively. The strongest positive association among AMR phenotypes was ampicillin/cefuroxime sodium (OR, 828.000). The strongest positive association among 16 pairs of ARGs was sul1/floR (OR, 21.667). Nine pairs positive associations were observed between AMR phenotypes and corresponding resistance genes and the strongest association was observed for CHL/floR (OR, 301.167). Investigation of integrons revealed intl1 and intl2 genes were detected in 10.19% (16/157) and 1.27% (2/157) E. coli strains, respectively. Only one type of gene cassettes (drA17-aadA5) was detected in class 1 integron positive strains. Our data implied musk deer is a reservoir of ARGs and positive associations were common observed among E. coli strains carrying AMRs and ARGs.
Effects of exchange vs. controlled diet on biochemical, body composition and functional parameters in elite female soccer players
Authors: San Atanasio Sandra Antón , Maroto-Izquierdo Sergio , Sedano Silvia
Published: November 2023

Due to the increasing level of professionalism, the high frequency of competitions, and the alarming injury rate observed in elite female soccer players, multidisciplinary strategies, including nutritional monitoring, need to be implemented. This study aimed to quantify energy, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes during the competitive period and to analyze the effects of two different nutritional interventions on nutritional knowledge, anthropometric data, biochemical values and physical performance. 19 elite female soccer players were randomly divided into two groups: the controlled-diet group (CG, n = 10), that followed a diet based on pre-established menus, and the exchange-diet group (EG, n = 9), that designed their own menus with an exchanged list. A cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the dietary intake, while an experimental randomized controlled trial was designed to compare the effects of both 12-week nutritional interventions. Total energy, CHO, PROT, fibre and micronutrients intakes were below the general recommendations for athletes while, total and saturated fat intakes were above these. Moreover, there were no differences in diet during weekdays, pre-competition and competition days. The study also revealed a low nutritional knowledge and exchanged diet has demonstrated to be a better strategy to improve this. Biochemical monitoring showed that participants presented decreased concentration of haemoglobin and controlled diet may lead to greater effects on haemoglobin concentration and in anemia prevention. Both EG and CG showed significant reduction on skinfolds sum after intervention, but no significant differences were observed in thigh and calf indices. However, no significant changes were observed in soccer-related skills for any group.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine HIV care and antiretroviral treatment outcomes in Kenya: A nationally representative analysis
Authors: Kimanga Davies O. , Makory Valeria N. B. , Hassan Amin S. , Ngari Faith , Ndisha Margaret M. , Muthoka Kennedy J. , Odero Lydia , Omoro Gonza O. , Aoko Appolonia , Ng’ang’a Lucy
Published: November 2023

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic adversely disrupted global health service delivery. We aimed to assess impact of the pandemic on same-day HIV diagnosis/ART initiation, six-months non-retention and initial virologic non-suppression (VnS) among individuals starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Kenya.

Methods

Individual-level longitudinal service delivery data were analysed. Random sampling of individuals aged >15 years starting ART between April 2018 –March 2021 was done. Date of ART initiation was stratified into pre-COVID-19 (April 2018 –March 2019 and April 2019 –March 2020) and COVID-19 (April 2020 –March 2021) periods. Mixed effects generalised linear, survival and logistic regression models were used to determine the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on same-day HIV diagnosis/ART initiation, six-months non-retention and VnS, respectively.

Results

Of 7,046 individuals sampled, 35.5%, 36.0% and 28.4% started ART during April 2018 –March 2019, April 2019 –March 2020 and April 2020 –March 2021, respectively. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, the COVID-19 period had higher same-day HIV diagnosis/ART initiation (adjusted risk ratio [95% CI]: 1.09 [1.04–1.13], p<0.001) and lower six-months non-retention (adjusted hazard ratio [95% CI]: 0.66 [0.58–0.74], p<0.001). Of those sampled, 3,296 (46.8%) had a viral load test done at a median 6.2 (IQR, 5.3–7.3) months after ART initiation. Compared to the pre-COVID-19 period, there was no significant difference in VnS during the COVID-19 period (adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 0.79 [95%% CI: 0.52–1.20], p = 0.264).

Conclusions

In the short term, the COVID-19 pandemic did not have an adverse impact on HIV care and treatment outcomes in Kenya. Timely, strategic and sustained COVID-19 response may have played a critical role in mitigating adverse effects of the pandemic and point towards maturity, versatility and resilience of the HIV program in Kenya. Continued monitoring to assess long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV care and treatment program in Kenya is warranted.
Understanding evidence and provision of services around social isolation and loneliness of military widow/ers: A scoping review
Authors: Johnson Amy , Moreland Mary , Kiernan Matthew D. , Collins Tracy , Wilson-Menzfeld Gemma
Published: November 2023

Background

Whilst the uniqueness of loneliness and social isolation is now recognised for members of the Armed Forces Community, there is currently a lack of evidence examining these experiences within the Military Widow/er population. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to search and synthesise the current evidence base exploring experiences of loneliness and social isolation in this community.

Method

Six databases were searched; ASSIA; CINAHL; ProQuest Dissertation & Theses Global; PsycArticles; Medline; Web of Science. Any article type was included if they focused on UK or international Military Widows and loneliness and social isolation. In the absence of loneliness and social isolation, related aspects were included, for example, social support.

Results

A thematic synthesis was completed on the nine eligible papers, where key findings were coded and generated into four themes; Experiences of Loneliness and Social Isolation, The Uniqueness of the Military, Access to Social Support, and The Importance of Peer Support.

Conclusions

Evidence supports the need for military-specific support services with peers who recognise the individuals’ unique experiences of loneliness and social isolation. None of the available evidence focused specifically on social isolation, however this was often prevalent in the results. All of the studies were carried out in the USA and Israel, with none including the views of widowers. Further evidence is required, particularly relating to a UK-context.
Prevalence and socio-behavioral determinants of early childhood caries in children 1–5- year- old in Iran
Authors: Javadzadeh Ehsan , Razeghi Samaneh , Shamshiri Ahmadreza , Miri Hamid Heidarian , Moghaddam Fatemeh , Schroth Robert J. , Mohebbi Simin Z.
Published: November 2023

Aim

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), early childhood caries (ECC) is still considered a major global health problem despite the general improvement in oral health practice. This study aimed to assess ECC’s prevalence, severity, and key social and behavioral determinants in Iranian children 1–5- years of age.

Method

This cross-sectional study recruited Iranian 1–5-year-olds with a three-stage stratified clustered sampling method. After providing consent, parents were interviewed using a validated questionnaire, including questions on child characteristics and behavioral factors. Each child underwent a dental examination by one of four trained and calibrated dentists. Associations between key covariates of interest and primary outcome measures were assessed by multivariable logistic regression modeling and multivariate generalized negative binomial regression modeling after weightings were applied. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS V25 and Stata V14.2 software packages. A p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

The mean age of 909 participants was 41.1±1.2 months, 48.6% were male, and 38.1% lived in rural areas. The overall prevalence of ECC was 53.2% and mean dmft score was 2.7± 0.3. Key determinants associated with ECC included living rurally (p = 0.009, OR = 2.13), consuming sweet drinks, sugary snacks, or both [p-value = 0.02 (OR = 2.53), and p-value<0.001 (OR = 4.96), respectively], and visible plaque (p<0.001, OR = 3.41). Covariates associated with dmft scores included residing in rural regions (p = 0.02, IRR = 1.31), having both sugary snacks and sweet drinks (p = 0.02, IRR = 1.85) compared to those had none, and visible dental plaque (p<0.001, IRR = 2.06).

Conclusions

The prevalence of dental caries in children is high in Iran. The increase of ECC prevalence and severity from toddlers to preschoolers emphasizes on the critical importance of early interventions in toddlers. Improving access to care for rural children is essential along with the need to change dietary and self-care behaviors through multilevel efforts.