bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diaphanous gene mutation affects spiral cleavage and chirality in snails
Authors: Kuroda Reiko , Fujikura Kohei , Abe Masanori , Hosoiri Yuji , Asakawa Shuichi , Shimizu Miho , Umeda Shin , Ichikawa Futaba , Takahashi Hiromi
Published: October 2016

L-R (left and right) symmetry breaking during embryogenesis and the establishment of asymmetric body plan are key issues in developmental biology, but the onset including the handedness-determining gene locus still remains unknown. Using pure dextral (DD) and sinistral (dd) strains of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis as well as its F2 through to F10 backcrossed lines, the single handedness-determining-gene locus was mapped by genetic linkage analysis, BAC cloning and chromosome walking. We have identified the actin-related diaphanous gene Lsdia1 as the strongest candidate. Although the cDNA and derived amino acid sequences of the tandemly duplicated Lsdia1 and Lsdia2 genes are very similar, we could discriminate the two genes/proteins in our molecular biology experiments. The Lsdia1 gene of the sinistral strain carries a frameshift mutation that abrogates full-length LsDia1 protein expression. In the dextral strain, it is already translated prior to oviposition. Expression of Lsdia1 (only in the dextral strain) and Lsdia2 (in both chirality) decreases after the 1-cell stage, with no asymmetric localization throughout. The evolutionary relationships among body handedness, SD/SI (spiral deformation/spindle inclination) at the third cleavage, and expression of diaphanous proteins are discussed in comparison with three other pond snails (L. peregra, Physa acuta and Indoplanorbis exustus).
Controllable growth of vertically aligned graphene on C-face SiC
Authors: Liu Yu , Chen Lianlian , Hilliard Donovan , Huang Qing-song , Liu Fang , Wang Mao , Böttger Roman , Hübner René , N’Diaye Alpha T. , Arenholz Elke , Heera Viton , Skorupa Wolfgang , Zhou Shengqiang
Published: October 2016

We investigated how to control the growth of vertically aligned graphene on C-face SiC by varying the processing conditions. It is found that, the growth rate scales with the annealing temperature and the graphene height is proportional to the annealing time. Temperature gradient and crystalline quality of the SiC substrates influence their vaporization. The partial vapor pressure is crucial as it can interfere with further vaporization. A growth mechanism is proposed in terms of physical vapor transport. The monolayer character of vertically aligned graphene is verified by Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. With the processed samples, d0 magnetism is realized and negative magnetoresistance is observed after Cu implantation. We also prove that multiple carriers exist in vertically aligned graphene.
Easy on-demand single-pass self-assembly and modification to fabricate gold@graphene-based anti-inflammatory nanoplatforms
Authors: Byeon Jeong Hoon , Park Jae Hong
Published: October 2016

Zwitterionic chitosan (ZC) was modified by fully (both for lateral dimension and thickness) nanodimensional gold-graphene oxide (Au@GO) flakes under visible light and the potential of the resulting materials as biomedical nanoplatforms was investigated. Fully nanodimensional GO flakes floating in nitrogen gas were incorporated with Au nanoparticles to form Au@GO nanoflakes, and the Au@GO was then incorporated with ZC droplets to form the Au@GO-ZC hybrid nanoparticles. The collected particles were exposed to visible light to induce the photocatalytic activity of the Au@GO nanoflakes towards the ZC derivatives. The visible-light-exposed particles show different chemical and surface properties from the unexposed particles, while there were no significant differences in cytotoxicity and macrophage inflammatory protein production. This work suggests that incorporating fully nanodimensional Au@GO flakes with ZC is a suitable technique for ambient photo-modification of the chitosans’ surface property without significant changes in size and shape and increases in cytotoxicity and inflammatory response.
Preliminary assessment of the potential for, and limitations to, terrestrial negative emission technologies in the UK
Authors: Smith Pete , Haszeldine R. Stuart , Smith Stephen M.
Published: October 2016

The aggregate technical potential for land-based negative emissions technologies (NETs) in the UK is estimated to be 12–49 Mt C eq. per year, representing around 8–32% of current emissions.
Highly stable water-soluble magnetic nanoparticles synthesized through combined co-precipitation, surface-modification, and decomposition of a hybrid hydrogel
Authors: Xiong Zhong , Li Shaohua , Xia Yanzhi
Published: October 2016

The synthesized magnetic nanoparticles were stable not only in aqueous media but also in mixtures of water and hydrophilic organic solvents.
Synthesis of ferrocene-based saccharides and their anti-migration and burning rate catalytic properties
Authors: Zain-ul-Abdin Zain-ul-Abdin , Wang Li , Yu Haojie , Saleem Muhammad , Abbasi Nasir M. , Khan Rizwan Ullah , Ullah Raja Summe , Haroon Muhammad
Published: October 2016

In the search for ferrocene-based burning rate catalysts (BRCs) with good burning rate catalytic properties and low migration, we synthesized four ferrocene-based saccharides (S-Fcs).
A super high performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on Co3S4/NiS nanoplates electrodes
Authors: Wang Xiuhua , Xia Houyong , Wang Xiuqin , Shi Bo , Fang Yao
Published: October 2016

In this paper, we successfully designed and synthesized Co3S4/NiS nanoplates by both ion-exchange action and Ostwald ripening reactions during the sulfurization process.
Co-evaporated SnS thin films for visible light photodetector applications
Authors: Reddy T. Srinivasa , Kumar M. C. Santhosh
Published: October 2016

SnS thin films with different thicknesses have been deposited on glass substrates at a substrate temperature of 300 °C.
Porous nitrogen-doped carbon tubes derived from reed catkins as a high-performance anode for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Yongzhi , Wang Yujue , Meng Yan , Tan Guangqun , Guo Yong , Xiao Dan
Published: October 2016

Porous nitrogen-doped carbon tubes, which are prepared by ZnCl2 activation of reed catkins, exhibit excellent lithium-storage performance, when evaluated as LIB anodes.
Biogenic and chemogenic synthesis of TiO2NPs via hydrothermal route and their antibacterial activities
Authors: Hunagund Shirajahammad M. , Desai Vani R. , Kadadevarmath Jagadish S. , Barretto Delicia A. , Vootla Shyamkumar , Sidarai Ashok H.
Published: October 2016

Novel biogenic and chemogenic sources were used for the synthesis of TiO2NPs with size of NPs for biogenic smaller than chemogenic. From Agar well diffusion method the biogenic synthesized TiO2NPs show more effective antibacterial activities.
High-throughput computational screening of 137953 metal–organic frameworks for membrane separation of a CO2/N2/CH4 mixture
Authors: Qiao Zhiwei , Peng Chunwang , Zhou Jian , Jiang Jianwen
Published: October 2016

A computational study is reported to high-throughput screen 137953 MOFs for a single-step membrane separation of a CO2/N2/CH4 mixture.
Ag quantum dots promoted Li4Ti5O12/TiO2 nanosheets with ultrahigh reversible capacity and super rate performance for power lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Ge Hao , Cui Luxia , Zhang Bing , Ma Tian-Yi , Song Xi-Ming
Published: October 2016

Rationally designed Ag quantum dot modified Li4Ti5O12/TiO2 nanosheets demonstrate ultrahigh reversible capability and super rate performance for lithium-ion batteries.
Proportion of composition in a composite does matter for advanced supercapacitor behavior
Authors: Sahoo Ramkrishna , Pal Anjali , Pal Tarasankar
Published: October 2016

An advanced aqueous asymmetric supercapacitor comprised of Ni3V2O8@MWCNT and β FeOOH@rGO as positive and negative electrodes, respectively, with a very high specific energy value.
Reduction of the singlet–triplet energy gap of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter by molecular interaction between the host and the emitter
Authors: Xie L. , Han G. , Chen Y. , Wang H. , Kong X. , Wei X. , Liu J. , Yi Y. , Chen B. , Wang P. , Wang Y.
Published: October 2016

The comparative effect of mCP and TPBI hosts on the photophysical characteristics of a TXO-PhCz-TADF emitter and its device performance was reported.
Highly efficient organic light emitting diodes based on a D–A–D type dibenzothiophene derivative exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence with small ΔEST
Authors: He Xin , Shan Tong , Tang Xiangyang , Gao Yu , Li Jinyu , Yang Bing , Lu Ping
Published: October 2016

DPAC–DBTDO possesses a very small ΔEST of 0.10 eV between S1 and T1. A high external quantum efficiency of 13.1% is achieved in multi-layered OLEDs.
From Volunteering to Academic Programming: A Case Example
Authors: Gill Cindy , Bharadwaj Sneha , Quick Nancy , Wainscott Sarah , Chance Paula
Published: October 2016

A speech-language pathology master's program that grew out of a partnership between the University of Zambia and a U.S.-based charitable organization, Connective Link Among Special needs Programs (CLASP) International, has just been completed in Zambia. The review of this program is outlined according to the suggested principles for community-based partnerships, a framework which may help evaluate cultural relevance and sustainability in long-term volunteer efforts (Israel, Schulz, Parker, & Becker, 1998).
Feedback delay reduction of Tomlinson–Harashima precoder in 14 nm CMOS via pipelined MAC units operated entirely with CSA arithmetic
Authors: Kossel M. , Brändli M. , Francese P. , Kull L. , Menolfi C. , Morf T. , Toifl T. , Cevrero A. , Luu D. , Özkaya I. , Yüksel H.
Published: October 2016

The data rate of a Tomlinson–Harashima (TH) precoder is limited by the delay in the feedback path of its infinite impulse response (IIR) filter that cancels the channel's post‐cursor intersymbol interference (ISI). One reason for long loop delays is the requirement to perform the ISI subtraction from the data signal in binary arithmetic in order to properly execute the modulo (MOD) operation, which stabilises the IIR filter and limits the transmitter amplitude. The restriction to binary arithmetic is unfortunate, because some filter subcomponents such as, e.g. adder trees are often implemented in a faster data format that has no slow carry propagation [e.g. the carry‐save adder (CSA) format]. This paper proposes a novel architecture for TH precoders in which the MOD operation is taken out of the loop, so that the remaining IIR filtering is performed entirely in CSA arithmetic to reduce the feedback delay as no conversion to binary format is required within the loop. With the pipelining technique applied, the filter's feedback delay reduces to the propagation delay of a multiply‐accumulate unit operated with CSA arithmetic. The proposed concept was verified in a 14 nm CMOS test chip with multi‐level signalling (NRZ, 4‐/8‐/16‐PAM).
Development of a power converter to improve CO tolerance in proton exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Palma Leonardo
Published: October 2016

Hydrogen for supplying fuel cells is oftentimes produced by reforming hydrocarbon fuels like natural gas. As a by‐product of this process, carbon monoxide (CO) is produced, whose concentration can be as high as 500ppm during start‐up. The presence of such a contaminant in the fuel flow of the fuel cell has serious side effects derived from the reduction of its active area due to poisoning; which translates in reduced output voltage and power. To cope with this problem, the development of a power converter and current modulation technique is presented in this study. It is shown that the use of the proposed converter allows increasing CO tolerance of the stack, thus allowing the system to continue operation while showing minimal degradation in output voltage and power.
Effect of an intermediate bcc phase on the evolution of superfluid inclusions in an hcp 3He–4He matrix
Authors: Birchenko A. P. , Mihin N. P. , Neoneta A. S. , Rudavskii E. Ya. , Fysun Ya. Yu.
Published: October 2016

Pulsed NMR is used to study the evolution of liquid inclusions formed in an hcp matrix during rapid cooling of a 3He-4He solution containing 1.05% 3He. The diffusion coefficient of 3He in the liquid inclusions as they evolve is measured by a spin echo technique with two probe pulses. The measurements were made at 1.67 K, which corresponds to the region of the bcc phase in the phase diagram, and at 1.38 K, where the bcc phase is absent. It is found that during the evolution in both cases, the liquid inclusions are smaller than the diffusion length and diffusion is restricted. The measured coefficient of restricted diffusion made it possible to determine the characteristic size of the inclusions. In the first case, during the evolution of the liquid inclusions an intermediate bcc phase in the form of dendrites develops and separates the liquid inclusions into a mass of fine droplets. Because of the rapid growth of the bcc phase, the size of the droplets decreases rapidly and the process ends with the disappearance of the bcc phase and the formation of an amorphous state. The results derived from the measured diffusion coefficient correlate with the behavior of the spin-lattice relaxation time in this kind of system. In the second case, at a lower temperature, the bcc phase does not develop and the evolution of the liquid inclusions is accompanied by a very slow reduction in their size until their complete solidification.
Effect of oxygen impurities on atmospheric-pressure surface streamer discharge in argon for large gap arc breakdown
Authors: Sharma Ashish , Levko Dmitry , Raja Laxminarayan L.
Published: October 2016

We report the results of a computational study that investigates the effect of impurities (molecular oxygen) on the development of argon surface streamers at atmospheric-pressure conditions. A continuous surface streamer has been proposed as a low-voltage mechanism to generate a conductive bridge for arc breakdown of a large interelectrode gap at high pressures. The streamer discharge model is based on the self-consistent, multispecies, continuum description of the plasma. Below a threshold voltage, no streamer discharge is observed and charge is localized only in the vicinity of the anode in the form of a localized corona. Above this voltage threshold in pure argon, a continuous conductive streamer successfully bridges the gap between two electrodes indicating high probability of transition to the arc. For small oxygen impurities (less than 5%), the threshold voltage is found to decrease by a few hundred volts compared to the threshold voltage in pure argon while the streamer induction time increases. No noticeable changes in the streamer conductivity is obtained for low impurities of oxygen in the above range. An increase of the oxygen density above the 5% impurity level causes a significant decrease in the continuous streamer conductivity and leads to a decrease in the probability of transition to arc.
Origin of the effective mobility in non-linear active micro-rheology
Authors: Santamaría-Holek I. , Pérez-Madrid A.
Published: October 2016

The distinction between the damping coefficient and the effective non-linear mobility of driven particles in active micro-rheology of supercooled liquids is explained in terms of individual and collective dynamics. The effective mobility arises as a collective effect which gives insight into the energy landscape of the system. On the other hand, the damping coefficient is a constant that modulates the effect of external forces over the thermal energy which particles have at their disposition to perform Brownian motion. For long times, these thermal fluctuations become characterized in terms of an effective temperature that is a consequence of the dynamic coupling between kinetic and configurational degrees of freedom induced by the presence of the strong external force. The interplay between collective mobility and effective temperature allows to formulate a generalized Stokes-Einstein relation that may be used to determine the collective diffusion coefficient. The explicit relations we deduce reproduce simulation data remarkably well.
A “double exponential” increase in conductivity due to explosive crystallization of the amorphous layer of ultra-thin quench-condensed gold film
Authors: Beliayev E. Yu.
Published: October 2016

A “double exponential” growth in conductivity, caused by explosive crystallization of the amorphous layer in growing ultra-thin quench-condensed gold film, is detected during in situ measurements of conductivity as a function of the nominal thickness of the condensate, in a narrow range of thicknesses of the metal precipitated onto a substrate. The subsequent behavior of the conductivity can be described by the Arrhenius law with the activation energy being equal to the Coulomb charging energy of growing metal crystallites, suggesting that their average diameter is correlated with the thickness of the precipitating metal film.
The ground state structure of a one-dimensional generalized Wigner crystal on a weakly disordered host-lattice
Authors: Slavin V. V. , Krivchikov A. A.
Published: October 2016

A study of the ground state of a one-dimensional electron system on a weakly disordered host-lattice (epitaxial substrate). It is shown that the long-range correlations in the electron system are destroyed at the position of the host-lattice sites in arbitrarily weak disorder. We have obtained an analytical dependence that links the value of the host-lattice disorder at which the destruction of long-range order occurs and the typical size of the electron system.
Investigation of switching region in superlattice phase change memories
Authors: Ohyanagi T. , Takaura N.
Published: October 2016

We investigated superlattice phase change memories (PCMs) to clarify which regions were responsible for switching. We observed atomic structures in a superlattice PCM film with a stack of GeTe / Sb2Te3 layers using atomically resolved EDX maps, and we found an intermixed region with three atom species of the Ge, Sb and Te around the top GeTe layer under the top electrode. We also found that a device with a GeTe layer on an Sb2Te3 layer without superlattice structure had the same switching characteristics as a device with a superlattice PCM, that had the same top GeTe layer. We developed and fabricated a modified superlattice PCM that attained ultra low Reset / Set currents under 60 μA.
Integration of nurse practitioners using a change management framework: the way forward
Authors: Lowe Grainne , Plummer Virginia , Boyd Leanne
Published: October 2016

Objective
The aim of the present study was to investigate and describe the application of a change management theoretical framework in relation to nurse practitioner (NP) role integration.

Methods
A survey formed Phase 1 of a broader mixed-methods study to explore perceptions of the change process involved with integrating NPs into Australian health care settings. The stakeholder participants were NPs, nurse managers and nurse policy advisers.

Results
Key themes were identified adding information about how NPs, nurse managers and nurse policy advisers perceive the integration of NPs into Australian healthcare. The themes correlate to the components of organisational change management necessary to embed NPs into the healthcare workforce.

Conclusions
Healthcare reform is a complex organisational change. Alignment of several key elements is required for the process to be successful. A change management proposal for reframing organisations provides an apt framework for use in the Australian context of reforming workforce to integrate NPs into healthcare teams. The theoretical framework proposes that multiple lenses be applied to change processes, to integrate NPs into the workforce and highlights the need for exceptional leadership throughout such endeavours.

What is known about the topic?
NPs provide safe and efficient care to patients, often in settings where access to health care is limited. NPs have been identified as a key strategic workforce reform initiative to address some of the known healthcare gaps.

What does this paper add?
This paper adds information about how NPs, nurse managers and nurse policy advisers perceive progress of the integration of NPs into healthcare settings. The findings are contextualised within an organisational change framework and highlight the complexity of healthcare reform.

What are the implications for practitioners?
The findings provide a novel approach for managing workforce reform and identify the components of change management necessary to embed NPs into the healthcare workforce.
Sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus among gay and bisexual men: a systematic review
Authors: Jin Fengyi , Matthews Gail V. , Grulich Andrew E.
Published: October 2016

A systematic review was performed on the evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in gay and bisexual men (GBM). Studies conducted in industrialised countries and published in English from 2000 to 2015 with data on HCV in GBM were included. Pooled estimates of prevalence and incidence of HCV infection were stratified by study settings and participants’ HIV status using random effect models. Case-series reports were summarised descriptively. Of the 38 cross-sectional studies, the pooled HCV prevalence was substantially higher in HIV-positive men (8.3%, 95% CI: 6.7–9.9) than in HIV-negative men (1.5%, 95% CI 0.8–2.1), and higher in those who reported injecting drug use (34.8%, 95% CI 26.9–42.7) than in those who did not (3.5%, 95% CI 2.4–4.5). Of the 16 longitudinal studies, the pooled HCV incidence was markedly higher in clinic-based (7.0 per 1000 person-years, 95% CI 4.6–9.5) than in community-based (1.4 per 1000 person-years, 95% CI 0.7–2.1) studies, and in HIV-positive men (6.4 per 1000 person-years, 95% CI 4.6–8.1) than in HIV-negative men (0.4 per 1000 person-years, 95% CI 0–0.9). Since the early 2000s, 15 case-series reports increasingly pointed to the importance of sexual transmission of HCV in mainly HIV-positive men. Injecting drug use remained the major transmission route of HCV in GBM. Receptive condomless intercourse and concurrent ulcerative sexually transmissible infections are likely drivers that facilitated HCV sexual transmission in HIV-positive men. HCV incidence remains very low in HIV-negative GBM.
Improvement of surface finish by ball burnishing: approach by fractal dimension
Authors: Bourebia M. , Laouar L. , Hamadache H. , Dominiak S.
Published: October 2016

The surface roughness significantly affects the quality of parts and their functional properties such as contact surface, as well as coating adhesion. The machined surface quality is evaluated by arithmetic deviation Ra which does not suffice to describe the surface irregularities. In order to apprehend these deficiencies a new technique based on fractal geometry was introduced. To apply this concept an experimental work was carried out to characterise surface quality by fractal dimension ‘ D’. The operations of burnishing ball were performed according to plans of experiments of ‘Box–Behnken’, an optimal regime was obtained and a mathematical model was cleared for predicting the fractal dimension ‘ D’ as a function of treatment regime parameters. Furthermore, the application of optimal regime under several passes ‘ i’ has enabled to examine the evolution of ‘ D’. The results confirm that fractal dimension ‘ D’ has impact on surface quality and tribological parameters.
Phase retrieval in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces
Authors: Cahill Jameson , Casazza Peter , Daubechies Ingrid
Published: October 2016

The main result of this paper states that phase retrieval in infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces is never uniformly stable, in sharp contrast to the finite-dimensional setting in which phase retrieval is always stable. This leads us to derive stability results for signals depending on how well they are approximated by finite expansions.
Glutathione depletion activates the yeast vacuolar transient receptor potential channel, Yvc1p, by reversible glutathionylation of specific cysteines
Authors: Chandel Avinash , Das Krishna K. , Bachhawat Anand K.
Published: October 2016

Glutathione depletion and calcium influx into the cytoplasm are two hallmarks of apoptosis. We have been investigating how glutathione depletion leads to apoptosis in yeast. We show here that glutathione depletion in yeast leads to the activation of two cytoplasmically inward-facing channels: the plasma membrane, Cch1p, and the vacuolar calcium channel, Yvc1p. Deletion of these channels partially rescues cells from glutathione depletion–induced cell death. Subsequent investigations on the Yvc1p channel, a homologue of the mammalian TRP channels, revealed that the channel is activated by glutathionylation. Yvc1p has nine cysteine residues, of which eight are located in the cytoplasmic regions and one on the transmembrane domain. We show that three of these cysteines, Cys-17, Cys-79, and Cys-191, are specifically glutathionylated. Mutation of these cysteines to alanine leads to a loss in glutathionylation and a concomitant loss in calcium channel activity. We further investigated the mechanism of glutathionylation and demonstrate a role for the yeast glutathione S-transferase Gtt1p in glutathionylation. Yvc1p is also deglutathionylated, and this was found to be mediated by the yeast thioredoxin, Trx2p. A model for redox activation and deactivation of the yeast Yvc1p channel is presented.
The cAMP pathway regulates mRNA decay through phosphorylation of the RNA-binding protein TIS11b/BRF1
Authors: Rataj Felicitas , Planel Séverine , Desroches-Castan Agnès , Le Douce Juliette , Lamribet Khadija , Denis Josiane , Feige Jean-Jacques , Cherradi Nadia
Published: October 2016

TPA-inducible sequence 11b/butyrate response factor 1 (TIS11b/BRF1) belongs to the tristetraprolin (TTP) family of zinc-finger proteins, which bind to mRNAs containing AU-rich elements in their 3′-untranslated region and target them for degradation. Regulation of TTP family function through phosphorylation by p38 MAP kinase and Akt/protein kinase B signaling pathways has been extensively studied. In contrast, the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in the control of TTP family activity in mRNA decay remains largely unknown. Here we show that PKA activation induces TIS11b gene expression and protein phosphorylation. Site-directed mutagenesis combined with kinase assays and specific phosphosite immunodetection identified Ser-54 (S54) and Ser-334 (S334) as PKA target amino acids in vitro and in vivo. Phosphomimetic mutation of the C-terminal S334 markedly increased TIS11b half-life and, unexpectedly, enhanced TIS11b activity on mRNA decay. Examination of protein–protein interactions between TIS11b and components of the mRNA decay machinery revealed that mimicking phosphorylation at S334 enhances TIS11b interaction with the decapping coactivator Dcp1a, while preventing phosphorylation at S334 potentiates its interaction with the Ccr4-Not deadenylase complex subunit Cnot1. Collectively our findings establish for the first time that cAMP-elicited phosphorylation of TIS11b plays a key regulatory role in its mRNA decay-promoting function.
Acculturation, Vitality, and Bilingual Healthcare
Authors: Bourhis Richard Y. , Montreuil Annie
Published: October 2016

This chapter provides a conceptual framework for examining the delivery of bilingual healthcare for linguistic minorities in Canada’s Bilingual Belt. First, the chapter provides an overview of the ethnolinguistic vitality framework accounting for the sociostructural factors affecting the strength of minority and majority language communities within multilingual countries. Second, the interactive acculturation model (IAM) helps account for relations between high- and low-vitality group speakers whose intercultural relations may be harmonious, problematic, or conflictual. Third, the chapter provides a case study of a pluralist setting that offers three distinct bilingual healthcare systems for French and English communities in Canada’s Bilingual Belt. While the delivery of bilingual healthcare is cost neutral relative to unilingual healthcare systems, at issue is whether minority language patients achieve better health outcomes when they are cared for in their own language than in the language of the dominant majority.
Gender and Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Allen Tammy D. , Jang Seulki "Rachel"
Published: October 2016

The current chapter reviews theory and findings with regard to relationships between gender and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Based on self-report OCB studies, female employees tend to report that they perform more communal OCB (e.g., altruism) than do male employees, whereas male employees tend to report that they perform more agentic OCB (e.g., sportsmanship) than do female employees. However, supervisors do not appear to rate male and female employees differently on OCB performance. Our review also suggests that even with the same amount of OCB performance, female employees tend to be disadvantaged with regard to career-related outcomes (e.g., promotion) relative to male employees. For future research, we encourage researchers to distinguish between actual and perceived OCB performance and examine associated gender differences. Measurement invariance of OCB across gender, different career success outcomes between males and females, and the effects of gender egalitarianism in cultures also need further investigation.
Citizenship Behavior and Objective Career Outcomes: A Review and Agenda for Future Work
Authors: Bergeron Diane M. , Esch Chantal van , Thompson Phillip S.
Published: October 2016

A small but growing body of research on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and objective career outcomes highlights the need for more consistency across studies. This chapter critically examines extant literature and highlights key issues in current research. More specifically, we identify three main issues in the current literature. First, many OCB studies do not include a corollary measure of task behavior. Second, there seems to be an assumption that performance evaluations are positively related to objective career outcomes. Third, it is important to acknowledge that studying reward recommendations is not the same as studying actual rewards. Following discussion of these three issues, we then review the studies on OCB and various objective career outcomes (i.e., productivity, salary and financial rewards, other rewards, promotion and career advancement); point out patterns and trends across the studies; and make recommendations for how the field can move forward in terms of future research directions.
Network Theory and Political Science
Authors: Patty John W. , Penn Elizabeth Maggie
Published: October 2016

This chapter considers the role of network theory in the study of political phenomena, the analytical theoretical basis of network analysis as applied in political science. Using the concepts of centrality, community, and connectivity, it discusses the relationship between the primitives of network theory and their relationship to empirical measurement of political networks. The chapter then discusses one of the most active areas of work on network theory in political science, models of network formation, and offers some concluding thoughts about future directions of network theory in political science. We argue that the deeper theorizing about political networks will complement and improve empirical scholarship on the role of networks in politics.
Theory Development by Induction
Authors: Locke Edwin A. , Latham Gary P.
Published: October 2016

This monograph summarizes goal-setting theory as originally developed in 1990; it then updates the theory based on research findings subsequent to that time period. These new findings include the economic value of goal setting, the use of stretch goals, new analyses of commitment, goal determinants, multiple goals, learning goals, long-term goal effects, and team goals. We also summarize studies involving the application of goal setting to field such as creativity, negotiation, sports, health, aging, entrepreneurship, psychotherapy, education, self-development, and subconscious motivation. We point out potential problems and pitfalls in the use of goal setting and how to avoid them.
Estimation of Discretionary Accruals and the Detection of Earnings Management
Authors: Zarowin Paul
Published: October 2016

This article reviews recent research on the estimation of discretionary accruals and the detection of earnings management. There has been an explosive growth in research on accrual earnings management over the past twenty years, and almost all has used the Jones (1991) model or one of its close derivatives. Nevertheless, a growing literature has addressed the model’s problems and attempted to improve its estimation of discretionary accruals. The model’s incomplete characterization of how nondiscretionary accruals are determined by the firm’s operations can cause either Type I or Type II errors. This article categorizes recent articles into four groups based on their focus and solution, and while there is no panacea for the problems and no consensus on a new model or method, research offers hope that accrual earnings management is more likely to be detected when it exists and is less likely to be erroneously detected when it is absent (i.e., lower Type II and Type I errors, respectively).
Management Control Systems and Creativity
Authors: Davila Antonio , Ditillo Angelo
Published: October 2016

This chapter argues that designing management control systems to enhance creativity requires a fundamental shift in how these systems are conceptualized, namely, as enablers of creativity. Concepts such as diagnostic and interactive, enabling and coercive, and inspirational and directional provide a head start in this respect. A new research agenda is proposed around three main lines: first, the exploration of traditional control concepts in an environment where intrinsic motivation dominates; second, the study of how management control systems are designed and used in settings where aesthetic creativity plays a central role; and, third, an investigation of the differences across management control systems as creativity, organizational design, and people’s characteristics vary. Research focused on the link between management control systems and intrinsic motivation, aesthetic creativity, and contextual variables will enhance our understanding of a topic that is central to innovation and increasingly important in establishing competitive advantage.
Morality
Authors: Janoff-Bulman Ronnie , Carnes Nate C.
Published: October 2016

In regulating people’s individual behavior in the interests of the group, morality permits group members to reap considerable benefits, but sometimes at the expense of nonmembers. Thus, morality involves an inherent tension between hypo-egoicism at the level of the individual and hyper-egoicism at the group level. This chapter describes and contrasts the hypo-egoic and hyper-egoic aspects of morality, their varied manifestations, and their development. The model of moral motives provides an expanded view of morality by describing the role of proscriptive and prescriptive morality in regulating self-interested behavior at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and group level. An examination of the hypo-egoic features of morality argues for a global morality that blurs distinctions between ingroup and outgroup, thereby promoting greater impartiality. Such a global morality requires people to forego their natural egoicism and intuitive moral judgments in favor of increased reliance on rational thought in making moral decisions about outgroup members.
Forgiveness and the Ego
Authors: Exline Julie J.
Published: October 2016

When people hurt or offend one another, they often face major challenges in deciding how to respond. Offended parties face decisions about whether to forgive those who have hurt them, or to seek revenge, or to continue to harbor grudges. Offenders must decide whether to accept responsibility for their misdeeds and, if so, whether to forgive themselves. They must also decide whether to apologize, make amends, and seek forgiveness from those they have offended. This chapter considers how hyper-egoic versus hypo-egoic states might affect forgiveness-related decisions by offenders and offended parties. The chapter suggests that hyper-egoic states are likely to work against prosocial and forgiveness-related responses to transgression, whereas hypo-egoic states should foster such responses. The chapter further discusses facets of hyper-egoic states that should make prosocial and forgiveness-related responses more difficult, and facets of hypo-egoic states that should make prosocial, forgiveness-related responses more likely.
Mysticism and Hypo-egoicism
Authors: Hood Ralph W.
Published: October 2016

The shift from negative evaluations of hypo-egoicism to more positive considerations is a shared interest of both the positive psychologist and the psychologist of religion. This chapter suggests that the possible positive benefits of hypo-egoicism associated with experiences of transcendence may be interpreted as vertical (more common in psychology of religion) or horizontal (more common in positive psychology). However, the empirical consequences may be similar. The measurement of hypo-egoicism associated with reported mystical experiences is well established and the correlates of such experience are seldom associated with psychopathology. Likewise, that mysticism can be facilitated by appropriate set and setting circumstances and associated triggers such as isolation and chemicals suggests that hypo-egoicism is a human ability that can be facilitated among those interested in its likely positive outcomes for lives framed in terms of religion, spirituality, or both.
What’s Positive About Self-Verification?
Authors: North Rebecca J. , Swann William B.
Published: October 2016

Self-verification theory assumes that people work to preserve their self-views by seeking to confirm them. Like other processes advocated by positive psychology, self-verification is a fundamentally adaptive process. Intrapsychically, self-verification strivings maintain psychological coherence, reduce anxiety, improve physical health, are associated with enhanced creativity, and may foster authenticity. Interpersonally, they encourage people to gravitate toward honest relationship partners, foster trust and intimacy in relationships, and ensure predictability in one’s behavior, which further promotes trust. Although self-verification is adaptive overall, it may lead to the perpetuation of negative self-views. Nevertheless, identifying the underlying processes in self-verification may lend insight into how to raise self-esteem. To raise the self-esteem of someone with a negative self-view, one should first provide the person with self-verification and subsequently provide positive feedback that challenges the negative self-views. Furthermore, , understanding the self-verification process more deeply may also shed light on how to define and build happiness.
The Implications of Morphology, Mechanics, and Microstructure of Teeth for Understanding Dietary Drivers in Human Evolution
Authors: Macho Gabriele A.
Published: October 2016

Hominins evolved in mosaic to open habitats that experienced seasonal and larger timescale fluctuations in resources. Yet they were able to thrive and to evolve large brains that require a constant supply of high-quality foods. Analyses of overall tooth morphology and enamel microstructure indicate that mid-Pliocene hominins broadened their dietary niches and incorporated increasing amounts of abrasive foods; they probably underwent a shift towards consumption of starch-rich foods, including underground storage organs (USOs). Starches are complex carbohydrates that can be converted into simple sugars, essential for brain development and maintenance. In unheated state, however, starches are abrasive and require lengthy chewing. This conceivably explains the evolution of hominins’ large, thick-enamelled and wear-resistant teeth, as well as their relatively robust cranial morphologies. Habitat differences and competitive exclusion probably account—in large part—for differences in dietary strategies among early hominins (e.g. East and South Africa) and, hence, cranio-dental morphologies.
Cultural Variations and Relevance to Etiology
Authors: Delva Jorge , Momper Sandra L. , Grinnel-Davis Claudette L. , Padilla Mark B.
Published: October 2016

This chapter begins with a description of the role of culture on the etiology of substance use, misuse, and disorders among youth in the United States. This is followed by a discussion of how present constructions of majority-minority groups oversimplify the tremendous diversity individuals experience and how they tend to negate individual agency and fail to critique the structural forces that impact individuals’ drug-using behaviors. The chapter concludes with the thesis that a critical intersectionality framework is necessary to understand how substance use disorders vary as a function of individuals’ multiple dimensions, including how these are manifested and impacted by societies’ social and structural forces.
A History of Mental Ability Tests and Theories
Authors: Wasserman John D. , Kaufman Alan S.
Published: October 2016

The concepts of measurement and theory have always been central to psychological science. This chapter reviews the history of applied mental tests and the ideas behind them, with a specific emphasis on individually administered intellectual measures in the era of scientific psychology (i.e., after Wundt). The chapter discusses theoretical underpinnings associated with mental tests and test/theory falsifications. Beginning with the contributions of Francis Galton and J. McKeen Cattell and continuing through the present, the topics discussed include anthropometric testing, Charles Spearman’s two-factor theory and general intelligence factor, Alfred Binet and David Wechsler’s pragmatic approaches, Raymond B. Cattell and John L. Horn’s fluid and crystallized intelligence, John B. Carroll’s three-stratum model of cognitive abilities, and Alexander R. Luria’s conceptualization of brain-based, cognitive processing. The chapter closes with a discussion about theory-building and falsification in mental testing and the importance of reconciling theory with clinical practice in psychological assessment.
Broca’s Aphasia and Grammatical Processing
Authors: Maher Lynn M.
Published: October 2016

Broca’s aphasia serves as a platform for discussions of the cognitive and neural mechanisms of sentence production and how those systems break down in individuals with damage in left inferior frontal regions beyond Broca’s area, suggesting a role for such regions in syntactic processing. Standardized and nonstandardized diagnostic tools facilitate assessment of comprehension and production of grammatical functions that can be impaired in Broca’s aphasia. Several treatment approaches address impairment in sentence production that emanates across various processes in sentence formulation. The nomenclature surrounding Broca’s aphasia provides a launching pad to guide analysis and intervention for the communication impairments experienced by these individuals.
Investment and Debt
Authors: Mosley Layna
Published: October 2016

Abstract: This article examines the political determinants and economic consequences of financial openness in low- and middle-income countries, with emphasis on government autonomy rather than on other important outcomes such as economic growth and development. After sketching trends in financial openness in developing countries, the article illustrates how the effects of financial integration are intertwined with the type of capital flow (e.g., short-term versus long-term investment) and with a nation’s domestic interests and institutions. It then considers the possibility that BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) will emerge as alternative financial leaders at a regional or global level. It also assesses the impact of capital flows on government-policy decisions and outcomes before reflecting on the politics of investment and debt.
The Role of the State in Harnessing Trade-and-Investment for Development Purposes
Authors: Moran Theodore H.
Published: October 2016

This article focuses on the role of the state in utilizing foreign direct investment (FDI) to achieve development. It begins by considering the benefits and dangers from trade-and-investment flows before turning to the long-standing debate about the merits of export-led growth vs. inward import substitution as a development strategy. It then examines whether the liberalization of trade-and-investment enhances economic growth, particularly in developing countries. The article also discusses “structural transformation” and its implications for labor-market policies; the importance of forced technology transfer in creating national champion firms; the role of an explicit industrial policy in today’s developmental state; and whether developing countries need more “policy space” for trade-and-investment policy than what they are entitled to under free trade agreements, bilateral investment treaties, and the World Trade Organization. Finally, it assesses the politics underlying the use of FDI to develop internationally competitive manufacturing industries in the host country.
Feminist Interpretation of the Prophets
Authors: Maier Christl M.
Published: October 2016

The chapter explores four issues pertinent to feminist interpretation of the prophets: the gender-biased focus on male prophets, the pornoprophetics debate, the female embodiment of the Divine in prophetic speech, and a re-evaluation of religious activities of women that were misnamed as sacred prostitution and family cult. In its assessment of the debate on the marriage metaphor in Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and Hosea, it argues for a double reading that carves out the metaphor’s original socio-historical context and its possibly detrimental impact on modern readers. The feminist interpretations presented are deconstructive with regard to gender hierarchy in the texts and their androcentric reading, as well as constructive with regard to female prophetic and cultic activity.
The Prophets and Homiletics
Authors: Tisdale Leonora Tubbs , Sharp Carolyn J.
Published: October 2016

This chapter encourages readers to embrace the task of “prophetic preaching”—defined both as preaching that challenges the status quo, and as proclamation that mediates for contemporary believers dimensions of truth-telling and identity formation performed by the prophetic books of the Hebrew Scriptures. The authors begin by debunking several myths related to prophetic preaching, positing that such preaching ultimately offers hope in the midst of a discordant and unjust world. They show how the very prophetic books that are too often avoided in the pulpit offer themes and perspectives that are essential for living as people of God today. Next they address challenges involved in trying to bridge ideational and ethical differences between the social values and theologies of ancient Israel and those of contemporary Christian congregations. Finally, they illustrate how the biblical prophetic literature may be helpful for advancing broader aims of Christian homiletics.
Futures in Prophetic Studies
Authors: Brueggemann Walter
Published: October 2016

This chapter, in a personal way, considers some methodological moves in this discipline beyond historical criticism, for example, post-critical reading, post-colonial interpretation, and reception history. The interest of the chapter, however, is the interpretive theological outcomes of such methods, and why the text continues to matter theologically in a culture of denial and despair. Clearly these newer methods allow for significant interpretive outcomes in a way that older historical critical practice could not. The author anticipates that in time to come, more courageous interpretation of prophetic texts will more readily make that move toward contemporaneity that the text seems always to anticipate.