bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Interleukins Genes Polymorphisms with Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis in Ukrainian Population
Authors: Butov Dmytro , Kuzhko Mykhaylo , Makeeva Natalia , Butova Tetyana , Stepanenko Hanna , Dudnyk Andrii
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) is a significant health problem in some parts of the world. Three major cytokines involved in TB immunopathogenesis include IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10. The susceptibility to MDR TB may be genetically determined. The aim of the study was to assess the association of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 gene polymorphisms with multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB) in Ukrainian population. Material and methods: We observed 140 patients suffering from infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis (PT) and 30 apparently healthy subjects. The patients were assigned to two groups whether they suffer or do not suffer from pulmonary MDR TB. Interleukin gene (IL) polymorphisms, particularly T330G polymorphism in the IL-2 gene, C589T polymorphism in the IL-4 gene and G1082A polymorphism in the IL-10 gene were studied through polymerase chain reaction. Circulating levels of IL-2, IL-4 and IL-10 in venous blood were estimated using ELISA. Results: Prior to treatment, patients with PT showed significant increase of IL-2 levels and decrease of IL-4 and IL-10 levels compared to apparently healthy subjects. Circulating IL-4 and IL-10 levels were significantly decreased whilst serum IL-2 level was significantly increased in patients with MDR TB compared to non-MDR TB. Low IL-4 and IL-10 secretion and considerable IL-2 alterations were shown to be significantly associated with mutations of homozygous and heterozygous genotypes affecting C589T polymorphism in the IL-4 gene, G1082A polymorphism in the IL-10 gene and T330G polymorphism in the IL-2 gene in patients with PT. Conclusions: Heterozygous genotype and mutations homozygous genotypes gene in polymorphisms determining specified cytokines’ production is a PT risk factor and may lead to disease progression into chronic phase. Heterozygous genotype of aforementioned cytokine genetic polymorphisms was significantly the most frequent in patients with MDR TB.
A Case of DIPNECH Presenting as Usual Interstitial Pneumonia
Authors: Chatterjee Kshitij , Kamimoto Jorge , Dunn Andrew , Mittadodla Penchala , Joshi Manish
Published: May 2016

Diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia (DIPNECH) is a rare disease that is classically described as presenting with cough, dyspnea, and wheezing in non-smoker middle aged females. Pulmonary function tests commonly demonstrate an obstructive pattern and CT of chest usually reveals diffuse air trapping with mosaic pattern. We present a case of patient with DIPNECH manifesting with restrictive pattern and as usual interstitial pneumonia on imaging.
Body composition assessment by bioelectrical impedance analysis and body mass index in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Azevedo ERFBM , Alonso KC , Cliquet A
Published: May 2016

Purpose: To assess body composition and obesity in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) who practice and do not practice physical activity using body mass index (BMI) and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Methods: 39 patients with SCI went through BIA evaluation and BMI was assessed. Patients were divided into four groups according to injury level (paraplegia or tetraplegia) and physical activity achievement (active or inactive). Results: 22 individuals with paraplegia (7 active and 15 inactive) and 17 with tetraplegia (5 active and 12 inactive) were evaluated. BMI, fat percentage, fat mass, lean tissue mass, total body water (TBW), and TBW percentage were assessed in groups. Tetraplegic inactive groups showed higher fat percentage featuring obesity. For paraplegic active group mean fat percentage was 19.61% (±9.27) and mean fat mass was 16.66 kg (±9.71) and for paraplegic inactive group fat percentage was 23.27% (±5.94) and fat mass 18.59 kg (±7.58). For tetraplegic groups in active group the fat percentage was 17.14% (±6.32) and fat mass was 11.22 kg (±5.16) and for inactive group mean fat percentage was 33.68% (±4.74) and fat mass was 25.59 kg (±2.91). When paraplegic and tetraplegic inactive groups were compared differences were observed in fat percentage (p = 0.0003) and fat mass (p = 0.0084). Also, when tetraplegic groups (activeXinactive) were compared differences in percentage (p = 0.0019) and fat mass (p = 0.034) were observed. Only for the paraplegic inactive group BMI result was higher than 25 kg/m2. Conclusion: BMI does not discriminate between obesity levels in individuals with SCI and physical activity can improve body composition and prevent obesity in SCI patients.
Electrical field landscape of two electroceuticals
Authors: Wahlsten O. , Skiba J. B. , Makin I. R. S. , Apell S. P.
Published: May 2016

In recent years several electrical wound management systems, so called electroceuticals, have been introduced claiming an induced electrical response in the wounded tissue. Some have external current and voltage sources while others have internal constructions aiming at creating necessary therapeutic currents. We investigate two representative electroceuticals by mapping out their electrical field landscapes using a previously developed skin model within a numerical simulation scheme. We find very strong fields from the electroceuticals of the order of 1 kV/m amenable for electrotaxic influence on pertinent cell types for wound healing. Current densities can locally be as high as 1 A/cm2.
Application of Taguchi Method in the Optimization of Swimming Capability for Robotic Fish
Authors: Li Liang , Lv Jiang , Chen Wang , Wang Wei , Zhang Xing , Xie Guangming
Published: May 2016

In this paper, we applied the Taguchi method to evaluate the maximum swimming speed of a robotic fish under the limitation of the output of the motor. Four factors were considered in the optimization: the caudal-fin aspect ratio, the caudal fin stiffness, the oscillating frequency and the stiffness of the spring that transmits forces from the actuators to the foil. Because of the power limitations, the parameter's space was irregular. Since the Taguchi method requires a regular parameter space, we divided the parameter space into a regular space and the remaining irregular spaces. Within only 25 trials, the frequency and the spring stiffness were determined as the main factors in the regular space by the orthogonal design. Six more trials were carried out in the remaining irregular space with a higher frequency and spring stiffness. The fastest swimming speed of 870 mm/s, approximately 2.6 BL ( Body Lengths)/ s, was acquired, when the frequency reached 12 Hz and with infinite spring stiffness. This method is efficient for exploring the maximum locomotor capabilities of robotic fish and may also be useful for other robots as no modelling is required.
Five dimensions of European identity: A contribution to the Italian adaptation and validation of the In-Group Identification Scale
Authors: La Barbera Francesco , Capone Vincenza
Published: May 2016

Recent approaches define collective identity as a multi-component construct. Nonetheless, there is a lack of research about the dimensionality of in-group identification in relation to European Identity. Leach and colleagues (2008) proposed a framework of in-group identification, in which they distinguish five main components integrated into two higher-order dimensions. In two studies we examined the validity of the Italian version of the In-Group Identification Scale by Leach et al., with a focus on European identity. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that the hierarchical model of in-group identification fitted the data well (Study 1); the measure was shown to have satisfactory convergent and divergent validity. In Study 2, the relations between European identification and several possible antecedents and outcomes were examined.
North/south differences among Italian emerging adults regarding criteria deemed important for adulthood and life satisfaction
Authors: Piumatti Giovanni , Garro Maria , Pipitone Laura , Di Vita Angela Maria , Rabaglietti Emanuela
Published: May 2016

The main goal of this study was to compare Northern and Southern Italian emerging adult university students, regarding the importance attributed to criteria for adulthood and the levels of life and education satisfaction. Self-report questionnaires were filled by 475 Northern and Southern Italian University students (Age M = 22.91, 76% females, n = 359). Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that Southern emerging adults were more likely to place importance on family capacities, norm compliance, interdependence and role transitions as criteria for achieving adulthood than Northern emerging adults. Regarding gender differences, females were more likely to believe in the importance of norm compliance than males, while males were more likely to espouse the importance of legal transitions. Finally, emerging adults from the North reported higher levels of life satisfaction than their Southern counterparts. We interpreted these findings in light of socio-economical and gender socialization differences among Northern and Southern Italian emerging adults.
How internal political efficacy translates political knowledge into political participation: Evidence from Germany
Authors: Reichert Frank
Published: May 2016

This study presents evidence for the mediation effect of political knowledge through political self-efficacy (i.e. internal political efficacy) in the prediction of political participation. It employs an action theoretic approach—by and large grounded on the Theory of Planned Behaviour—and uses data from the German Longitudinal Election Study to examine whether political knowledge has distinct direct effects on voting, conventional, and/or unconventional political participation. It argues that political knowledge raises internal political efficacy and thereby indirectly increases the chance that a citizen will participate in politics. The results of mediated multiple regression analyses yield evidence that political knowledge indeed translates into internal political efficacy, thus it affects political participation of various kinds indirectly. However, internal political efficacy and intentions to participate politically yield simultaneous direct effects only on conventional political participation. Sequentially mediated effects appear for voting and conventional political participation, with political knowledge being mediated by internal political efficacy and subsequently also by behavioural intentions. The mediation patterns for unconventional political participation are less clear though. The discussion accounts for restrictions of this study and points to questions for answer by future research.
Empathy, guilt proneness, and gender: Relative contributions to prosocial behaviour
Authors: Torstveit Linda , Sütterlin Stefan , Lugo Ricardo Gregorio
Published: May 2016

Guilt is a moral emotion that is often looked upon as a negative trait. However, studies show that some individuals are more predisposed to think, feel and act in a more ethical manner because of a lower threshold to experience guilt. Some theories of helping behaviour emphasize the evolutionary mechanisms, while other theories stress the importance of social variables. This study investigated whether guilt proneness as a dispositional trait can be associated with prosocial behaviour. Five hundred sixty-nine participants reported in an online survey their own levels of guilt proneness, frequency of prosocial behaviour, and related cognitions such as empathy. This study is among the first to demonstrate how guilt proneness combined with empathy can explain additional variance in prosocial behaviour. The findings also indicate gender differences in the precursors of prosocial behaviour, suggesting women are more influenced by the effects of guilt proneness on prosocial behaviour than men.
Agrarinio kraštovaizdžio sklypinės sąskaidos kaita 1995–2013 m. (Rokiškio rajono savivaldybės pavyzdžiu)
Authors: Orlonas Lukas , Veteikis Darijus
Published: May 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama agrarinio kraštovaizdžio sklypinė sąskaida 1995–2013  m. Rokiškio rajono savivaldybėje (1807 km2, 2,8  proc. šalies teritorijos, Šiaurės rytų Lietuva). Tyrimų medžiagą sudaro trijų skirtingų laikotarpių aerofotonuotraukos (1995–1999, 2005–2006 ir 2012–2013 m.). Analizei sukurta duomenų bazė, kurioje kiekvienas sklypas pažymėtas vizualiai nustatomu vidurio tašku. Tyrimo metu išsiaiškintos sklypų tankumo ypatybės, sklypų dydžio ir kiekio kaita skirtinguose kraštovaizdžio tipuose ir Rokiškio rajono seniūnijose. Paaiškėjo, kad sklypų tankumas didėja artėjant prie urbanizuotų teritorijų, o bėgant laikui paprastai mažėja. Tyrimų rezultatai atskleidė, kad 1995–2013  m. vidutinis sklypų dydis didėjo (vidutiniškai nuo 1,09 iki 2,47 ha), o sklypų skaičius mažėjo (nuo 40,25 iki 21,5  tūkst.). Tai rodo didėjančią agrarinio kraštovaizdžio homogenizaciją Šiaurės rytų Lietuvoje.
G. Agamben: ciudadanía y vida desnuda
Authors: Berisso Daniel Carlos
Published: May 2016

El presente texto bosqueja las principales direcciones del pensamiento político de G. Agamben, particularmente, relacionando el concepto de raíz benjaminiana “nuda vida” al concepto moderno de “ciudadanía”. El criterio de inclusión y, a la vez, sacrificio que comporta dicha interpretación es analizado a la luz tanto de su estructura interna como de su emergencia histórica y sus condiciones de recepción local. En función de esto último se ensayan una serie de valoraciones y también de observaciones críticas con respecto a lo que Agamben entiende por “nueva política”, y se cuestiona la abstracción del concepto de “biopolítica” disociado de una geopolítica del conocimiento.
La vida como narración (Aranguren y Ricoeur)
Authors: Gómez Sánchez Carlos
Published: May 2016

Tras la introducción (1), en la que se aborda el teatro como gran metáfora de la vida, se tratan, al hilo de recientes reflexiones de P. Ricoeur (2), las relaciones entre relato y vida, para plantearnos a continuación (3), de la mano de la categoría kierkegaardiana de “instante” retomada por J. L. Aranguren, su posible correspondencia con otros géneros literarios y fundamentalmente con la poesía. Finalizamos (4) con algunas propuestas antropológicas desde la perspectiva de la vida como texto y la comprensión de sí.
After the introduction (1), which deals with theater as  great metaphor for life, the relationship between story and life, following P. Ricoeur’s recent reflections, is discussed (2), considering its possible correspondence with other literary genres and, mainly, poetry, with the Kierkegaardian category of the “instant” as taken up by J. L. Aranguren (3). We shall finish (4) with some anthropological proposals from the perspective of life as a text and self-comprehension
1864. El asalto a la razón de Dostoievski.
Authors: Montero Bosch David
Published: May 2016

El presente artículo es un intento de situar en su contexto el pensamiento anti-nihilista de Dostoievski. Se centra en la reacción del autor ruso contra su contemporáneo Chernishevski, que tiene su punto de arranque en 1864. Las novelas de este periodo  son habitualmente consideradas el punto de inflexión hacia la madurez y focalizan su reflexión en temas filosóficos. Aquí se ha escogido especialmente el de la oposición de Dostoievski al positivismo de Chernishevski, que éste formulaba en términos utilitaristas o del egoísmo inteligente. Los autores contemporáneos que se han ocupado del tema, han evaluado los argumentos de Dostoievski desde  una clara simpatía con su oposición al radicalismo revolucionario o el positivismo. En esta línea se adopta habitualmente una separación entre los escritos teóricos y las novelas. Este trabajo, por el contrario, pretende presentar los argumentos los dos autores rusos desde una perspectiva más neutra.  Desde este punto de vista se ha tratado de buscar las conexiones del proyecto literario de Dostoievski con su pensamiento  político y religioso que desembocan en lo que se ha llamado aquí el “asalto a la razón”.
Deleuze y Derrida: diferencias divergentes
Authors: Abadi Diego
Published: May 2016

A causa de su pertenencia a una misma generación intelectual, y del interés compartido en ciertas problemáticas que dominaron el campo filosófico de su tiempo, las filosofías de Deleuze y Derrida se han podido considerar como cercanas o, cuanto menos, como afines. En el presente trabajo, sin embargo, nos proponemos negar esa semejanza, exhibiendo una serie de puntos a partir de los cuales ciertas divergencias radicales emergen. Para ello, desarrollaremos uno de los tópicos quizá paradigmáticos de ambas filosofías, a saber, el de la diferencia. Así, mostraremos cómo, a pesar de su aparente similitud, la différance derrideana y la diferent/ciación deleuziana son nociones que dan cuenta de una incompatibilidad filosófica profunda.
BIANCO, Giuseppe: Après Bergson. Portrait de groupe avec philosophe, Paris, Presses Universitaires de France, 2015.
Authors: Vázquez García Francisco
Published: May 2016

Reseña de Bianco, Guiseppe: Après Bergson. Portrait de groupe avec philosophe
CAYUELA SÁNCHEZ, Salvador: Por la grandeza de la patria. La biopolítica en la España de Franco, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2014.
Authors: Varela Manograsso Agustina Belén
Published: May 2016

Reseña de CAYUELA SÁNCHEZ, Salvador: Por la grandeza de la patria. La biopolítica en la España de Franco, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2014.
CASADO DA ROCHA, Antonio (ed.): Autonomía con otros. Ensayos sobre bioética, Madrid-México, D. F., Plaza y Valdés, 2014.
Authors: Seoane José Antonio
Published: May 2016

Reseña de Antonio Casado da Rocha (ed.), Autonomía con otros. Ensayos sobre bioética, Madrid-México, D. F., Plaza y Valdés, 2014 .
Prevalence of influenza vaccination among physicians and related enhancing and preventing factors in Italy
Authors: Mannocci Alice , Ursillo Paolo , Bontempi Claudio , Sferrazza Antonella , La Torre Giuseppe
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Several studies proved the convenience of vaccinating health care workers (HCWs), especially physicians, and vaccination is recommended by health authorities in many Countries. Nonetheless in Italy only a small part of HCWs get vaccinated. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review in order to estimate the pooled prevalence of influenza vaccinations among physicians in Italy and to investigate the enhancing/preventing factors associated with this kind of preventive tool.Methods: Relevant articles up to 1st May 2010 have been identified through Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar; data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers.The analysis was performed using StatsDirect 2.7.8.Results: Sixteen studies, performed between 1990 and 2008, reported vaccination rates with pooled prevalence among all HCWs. From nine of them data regarding physicians have been extracted and analysed, finding a pooled proportion of 23.18% (95% CI = 17.85-28.98%). One study allowed an analysis of the reasons encouraging and preventing influenza vaccination. The main ones are on one side self protection, and patients’ and family’s protection, and on the other side “not caring about influenza,” followed by “fear of adverse effects” and “belief that vaccine isn’t effective.”Discussion: Italy has a good overall influenza vaccination coverage, and national records are available for population aged over 65 years or with chronic illness. Unfortunately there isn’t any national record about HCWs or physicians vaccination, and from the data gathered from the studies examined in this analysis vaccination prevalence is low. The reasons brought from physicians are worrying because of their position in the society and in the health care system, in close contact with patients.This shows a great need for well-done information and educational campaigns stressing the importance of prevention.
How many authors are needed to write a review?
Authors: Maina Silvia , Di Napoli Mario
Published: May 2016

[The abstract of this article is not available. Here are the first sentences of the article. The full text is freely available upon registration]We received with pleasure the letter of Prof. Manfredi, published in the present Reviews in Health Care issue (see pages 137-140), that underlines the problem of the proliferation of authors in HIV-related articles.This is not a new topic. In the last 40 years there has been a dramatic increase, not only in the volume of publications but also in the number of authors per article. However, after all these years, the discussion about authorship is still relevant and ongoing in biomedical literature. A variety of authorship standards exist; nonetheless, adoption of these criteria has not been universal and misconduct cases related to irresponsible authorship are still quite common, including ghostwriting, gift or honorary authorship, duplicate and redundant publication and, in some cases, the authors’ refusal to accept responsibility for their articles despite their ready acceptance of credit. Publication in biomedical literature is important because it is the major pathway by which new concepts and discoveries are disseminated amongst scientists, but it is also the only way for a researcher to survive in a competitive world as the biomedical field. “Publish or perish!” is the actual common saying in the biomedical research field.
Sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer surgery
Authors: Taffurelli Mario
Published: May 2016

Axillary lymph node status is one of the most reliable prognostic factors of long-term survival in breast cancer surgery. Metastatic involvement of the axillary lymph nodes is also crucial in the decision making of potentially useful adjuvant treatment. Until the last decade, Axillary Lymph Nodes Dissection (ALND) was performed in order to obtain the regional lymphatic system staging. In case of non-metastatic spread, that kind of surgery was limited only to this purpose; no further oncological benefits were obtained and the patients were exposed to several comorbidities affecting this type of surgery. Complications after ALND are reported in 15-30% of cases. They are well known and range from early bleeding, infection, symptomatic nerve damage, and longstanding limb lymph-edema with an incredible impairment of the quality of life.The Sentinel Lymph Node (SLN) theory holds that the SLNs are the first nodes draining lymph from an anatomic region (i.e. the breast) where metastatic disease will most likely to be found. If that node is found to be cancer free, the entire lymphatic system is likely to be cancer free; if it is metastatic, there is an elevated chance of finding more metastatic nodes. Thanks to the application of this hypothesis, several patients over the last 10-15 years have avoided unnecessary major demolitive surgery. To obtain accurate evaluation of the SLN a multidisciplinary dedicated team is necessary. This procedure has been internationally validated and the false negative rate is nowadays less than 5% when performed by expert hands. Dedicated breast surgeons working in a high-volume centres are necessary to reach satisfactory confidence in performing this very specialised procedure in order to obtain an accurate staging. The number of women presenting to the breast oncology units is continuously increasing and the implementation of screening programs has been crucial in detecting numerous patients (more than 75%) with early disease and non-metastatic axillary lymph nodes. The practice of the SLN is clearly able to offer those patients an accurate staging with low comorbidities, preserving their quality of life.
La géographie du marché de l’art mondial en pleine évolution
Authors: Crane Diana
Published: May 2016

Le présent article examine la participation des artistes asiatiques au système d’art mondial que dominaient naguère les créateurs et les producteurs européens afin de déterminer si l’hégémonie occidentale est en déclin. Parmi les 500 artistes contemporains avec les montants de ventes aux enchères les plus élevés, 49 % étaient d’origine asiatique en 2011-2012, comparativement à 8 % en 2005. La nationalité des membres des comités de sélection des artistes influe énormément sur la sélection des artistes pour les biennales et les foires artistiques. La nationalité des artistes dont les oeuvres sont exposées dans les biennales et vendues aux enchères et dans les galeries dans le cadre de foires artistiques montre qu’il existe une forte « préférence nationale » pour les oeuvres produites au pays ou dans la région. Ainsi, le marché de l’art mondial est segmenté en différentes régions, entre l’Orient et l’Occident, chacune avec ses propres artistes et centres d’art d’importance.
Qui détient le pouvoir en art contemporain ?
Authors: Quemin Alain
Published: May 2016

En 2002 a été publié pour la première fois le « power 100 », classement annuel des personnalités du monde de l’art les plus puissantes. Réunissant quelques artistes mais aussi des galeristes, directeurs de maisons de ventes aux enchères, collectionneurs, directeurs et conservateurs de musée, commissaires et critiques, ce palmarès peut faire l’objet d’une analyse sociologique. Position ou fonction dans le monde de l’art, genre (homme ou femme) mais aussi pays d’appartenance constituent trois facteurs importants pour mieux comprendre comment le pouvoir s’organise dans le monde international de l’art contemporain. Par ailleurs, dans la mesure où ce palmarès censé révéler le pouvoir dans le monde de l’art — impliquant tout particulièrement celui de labelliser et consacrer les artistes — existe de façon concomitante aux classements d’artistes les plus reconnus, il devient possible de tester l’hypothèse d’homologie bourdieusienne entre caractéristiques de ceux qui construisent les réputations et ceux qui les obtiennent, les artistes.
Être « découvert » ou se faire « reconnaître » ?
Authors: Misdrahi Marian
Published: May 2016

L’obtention d’une bourse prestigieuse joue un rôle central dans l’émergence ou la consolidation de carrières artistiques, en offrant aux artistes lauréats d’une part les ressources matérielles pour créer et d’autre part la reconnaissance du milieu artistique. Notre texte porte sur le processus d’évaluation des demandes de bourses en arts visuels au Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec (CALQ) dans le cadre du programme de Recherche et création, et plus particulièrement sur le mode de classement des candidatures par les membres des jurys. Quels sont les profils artistiques des artistes distingués par les jurys ? La détermination de la valeur et de la qualité artistiques (sous-jacente à l’attribution des bourses et de la reconnaissance des pairs) est-elle le résultat de la découverte du talent intrinsèque de l’artiste, ou résulte-t-elle au contraire d’un processus de construction de la réputation de l’artiste ? Sur la base d’observations in situ de délibérations de jurys et d’entrevues avec les membres, les demandes de bourses des candidats ont été classées en six catégories ou profils de qualité en fonction des évaluations des jurys. Nos résultats montrent que divers critères artistiques sont privilégiés, à savoir la contemporanéité, l’originalité, la cohérence et l’authenticité. Associés à différents degrés au profil de qualité des postulants, ils s’appuient étroitement sur une évaluation tant rétrospective que prospective de la démarche artistique du candidat.
Les voies sociales de la consécration musicale
Authors: Pégourdie Adrien
Published: May 2016

Cet article analyse les déterminants sociaux de l’accès à la reconnaissance artistique en musique classique. Récusant les modèles théoriques naturalistes centrés sur le talent comme principe explicatif ultime de la réussite des carrières artistiques, il s’attache à mettre en évidence les conditions sociales de la consécration musicale. Ainsi, le processus de reconnaissance est étudié à travers les inégalités instrumentales qu’il suscite, lesquelles sont étroitement liées à des différenciations sociales. Après avoir mis au jour ces inégalités, qui tendent à consacrer prioritairement des interprètes d’instruments socialement sélectifs, on s’intéresse aux façons de surmonter l’absence de consécration pour des interprètes des instruments plus ouverts socialement qui sont, le plus souvent, poussés vers l’enseignement. L’étude des trajectoires de musiciens révèle ainsi les dynamiques sociales auxquelles elles sont soumises, de l’origine sociale dont dépend notamment la familiarisation précoce avec les principes du champ de la musique classique aux inégalités entre les sexes qui orientent les manières de « se faire à sa position ».
Articuler l’engagement politique et la reconnaissance artistique
Authors: Sonnette Marie
Published: May 2016

À travers la trajectoire sociale de quatre rappeurs contemporains, cet article cherche à éprouver les tensions qui existent entre les parcours de consécration et les parcours d’engagement politique dans les mondes professionnels de l’art. La documentation sociologique consacrée aux mobilisations d’artistes semble indiquer que les degrés et les modalités d’engagement sont façonnés en fonction de la place tenue par les artistes au sein de leur monde professionnel de l’art et notamment de leur niveau de reconnaissance. Pourtant, si nous observons que ces conflits entre l’engagement et la consécration structurent les trajectoires des artistes étudiés, c’est aussi du côté de la socialisation des artistes qu’il faut regarder. L’étude diachronique des constructions individuelles permet de comprendre que l’analyse de la socialisation politique des acteurs se révèle cruciale pour saisir les modes d’engagement. En outre, la spécificité du monde du rap et sa non-réductibilité au monde de la musique sont traitées afin de saisir les enjeux d’un monde de l’art en transformation et de ses effets sur les trajectoires professionnelles des artistes.
Les modes de reconnaissance des artistes de cirque à l’épreuve du temps : de l’état du champ aux trajectoires professionnelles
Authors: Salaméro Émilie
Published: May 2016

Depuis la fin des années 1970, l’intérêt de l’État français envers le cirque s’est renforcé, passant progressivement de la sauvegarde d’un patrimoine culturel au soutien des formes contemporaines. Celui-ci se poursuit via la création de l’École nationale supérieure des arts du cirque située à Châlons-en-Champagne, oeuvrant tant à la reconnaissance artistique du cirque qu’à sa professionnalisation. Depuis, les écoles professionnelles de cirque, notamment les plus prestigieuses, interviennent comme instance de consécration artistique des artistes. L’analyse de trois générations d’artistes installés en région Midi-Pyrénées témoigne de ce changement de paysage et permet de mettre en lumière la manière dont l’école professionnelle de cirque, au fur et à mesure de sa structuration, mobilise différents cercles de reconnaissance. Ces évolutions impliquent des rapports aux métiers et trajectoires professionnelles spécifiques, objectivables dans les modes de sortie ou d’évolution du métier d’artiste de cirque.
La transformation du phénomène de consécration artistique dans le champ théâtral français, 1950-1990
Authors: Glas Marjorie
Published: May 2016

L’objectif de cet article est de saisir, à traversl’analyse croisée des parcours des signataires de laDéclaration de Villeurbanne en 1968, l’évolutiondes modes de consécration des carrières des directeurs duthéâtre public en France entre 1950 et 1990. Devant lestransformations de l’univers théâtral et de sesmodes de hiérarchisation, certains directeursd’établissement ont été en mesure des’ajuster à cause du moment et de leur mode initiald’entrée dans l’espace théâtral, deleurs dispositions et de leurs ressources relationnelles, tandis qued’autres, pour des raisons symétriquement inverses,n’ont pas été en mesure de faire le travaild’adaptation et d’ajustement nécessaire pourconserver leur position dominante. Ainsi, la transformation des formesde socialisation, l’interdépendance croissante entremembres du champ théâtral, la transformation descritères de reconnaissance artistique et l’importancegrandissante du positionnement politique et institutionnel des agentscontribuent à disqualifier les carrières marquéespar le travail de troupe et l’action culturelle et à faireémerger à contrario deux figures incontournables du champthéâtral actuel : le metteur en scène et leprogrammateur.
Des sciences par et pour le gouvernement
Authors: Lamy Jérôme
Published: May 2016

Cet article programmatique propose une théorisation des rapports entre science et politique en spécifiant le concept de régime régulatoire. Certaines pratiques scientifiques sont, plus ou moins directement, associées aux modes de gouvernement ; il en résulte une régulation des pratiques scientifiques aux fins de l’orientation ou de l’exercice du pouvoir. Les différences nationales sont importantes et le poids des contingences locales reste déterminant. Appuyé sur le droit, notamment dans la mise en place des acteurs chargés de mener à bien les tâches assignées par le gouvernement ou dans le travail permanent de rectification jurisprudentielle, le régime régulatoire est aussi travaillé par une agonistique professionnelle dans laquelle les luttes pour légitiment traiter un problème sont fortes. Il prend la forme d’une bureaucratie capable de travailler les normes, de nourrir des débats ou de mobiliser des publics variés. Enfin, un réseau de valeurs (comme le risque, l’intérêt général, le principe de précaution) structure les pratiques régulatoires dans l’exercice de l’action publique.
Hyperosmotic stress memory in Arabidopsis is mediated by distinct epigenetically labile sites in the genome and is restricted in the male germline by DNA glycosylase activity
Authors: Wibowo Anjar , Becker Claude , Marconi Gianpiero , Durr Julius , Price Jonathan , Hagmann Jorg , Papareddy Ranjith , Putra Hadi , Kageyama Jorge , Becker Jorg , Weigel Detlef , Gutierrez-Marcos Jose
Published: May 2016

Inducible epigenetic changes in eukaryotes are believed to enable rapid adaptation to environmental fluctuations. We have found distinct regions of the Arabidopsis genome that are susceptible to DNA (de)methylation in response to hyperosmotic stress. The stress-induced epigenetic changes are associated with conditionally heritable adaptive phenotypic stress responses. However, these stress responses are primarily transmitted to the next generation through the female lineage due to widespread DNA glycosylase activity in the male germline, and extensively reset in the absence of stress. Using the CNI1/ATL31 locus as an example, we demonstrate that epigenetically targeted sequences function as distantly-acting control elements of antisense long non-coding RNAs, which in turn regulate targeted gene expression in response to stress. Collectively, our findings reveal that plants use a highly dynamic maternal ‘short-term stress memory’ with which to respond to adverse external conditions. This transient memory relies on the DNA methylation machinery and associated transcriptional changes to extend the phenotypic plasticity accessible to the immediate offspring.
Evolution-guided functional analyses reveal diverse antiviral specificities encoded by IFIT1 genes in mammals
Authors: Daugherty Matthew D , Schaller Aaron M , Geballe Adam P , Malik Harmit S
Published: May 2016

IFIT (interferon-induced with tetratricopeptide repeats) proteins are critical mediators of mammalian innate antiviral immunity. Mouse IFIT1 selectively inhibits viruses that lack 2'O-methylation of their mRNA 5' caps. Surprisingly, human IFIT1 does not share this antiviral specificity. Here, we resolve this discrepancy by demonstrating that human and mouse IFIT1 have evolved distinct functions using a combination of evolutionary, genetic and virological analyses. First, we show that human IFIT1 and mouse IFIT1 (renamed IFIT1B) are not orthologs, but are paralogs that diverged >100 mya. Second, using a yeast genetic assay, we show that IFIT1 and IFIT1B proteins differ in their ability to be suppressed by a cap 2'O-methyltransferase. Finally, we demonstrate that IFIT1 and IFIT1B have divergent antiviral specificities, including the discovery that only IFIT1 proteins inhibit a virus encoding a cap 2'O-methyltransferase. These functional data, combined with widespread turnover of mammalian IFIT genes, reveal dramatic species-specific differences in IFIT-mediated antiviral repertoires.
Report of the Workshop on Age Estimation in Monodontids
Authors: Hohn Aleta A , Lockyer Christina , Acquarone Mario
Published: May 2016

The workshop was a 2-day event organised immediately before the Society for Marine Mammalogy biennial conference in Tampa. NAMMCO funding enabled participation of 4 invited experts and also supported the organization and logistics associated with the workshop. The breadth and depth of the workshop presentations made it clear that most issues concerning monodontid age estimation are not unique. Many researchers investigating many taxa have considered a diversity of methods and tissues to reveal biological records of age. Aside from the biological materials, accuracy and precision of the counts or metric have been considered, as well as their interpretation.
Notes on rediscovery of mosses Anomodon perlingulatus (Anomodontaceae) and Curvicladium kurzii (Neckeraceae) in Yunnan, China
Authors: Ma Wen-Zhang , Shevock James R. , Enroth Johannes
Published: May 2016

Anomodon perlingulatus Broth. ex P.C. Wu & Y. Jia and Curvicladium kurzii (Kindberg) Enroth are reported as rheophytic mosses for the first time in China. They were so rarely collected that their habitat preferences remained unknown. The newly obtained specimens have expanded our understanding on their morphological variability and ecological preferences. After re-examining the type specimen held in H, the large size of median cells in A. perlingulatus is confirmed to be a measurement error made in the original description. An updated description is provided. Both A. perlingulatus and C. kurzii can be categorized as facultative rheophytes because of the limited number of specimens collected so far. We anticipate that with a better understanding of potential habitats of both species, that more occurrences in the neighboring provinces are likely to be discovered.
Six Cases of Simultaneous Reduced Port Laparoscopic Surgery for Synchronous Gastric and Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Yoshida Tadashi , Kawamura Hideki , Homma Shigenori , Shibasaki Susumu , Shimokuni Tatsushi , Sakihama Hideyasu , Takahashi Norihiko , Taketomi Akinobu
Published: May 2016

We report 6 cases of simultaneous resection of synchronous gastric and colorectal cancer using a multichannel port and an additional 5-mm port. This is the first report of simultaneous gastric and colorectal resection using a reduced port technique. A multichannel port was inserted into an umbilical incision, and another 5-mm port in the right flank region. We named this approach “dual port surgery.” This report includes a 76-year-old man who underwent total gastrectomy and left hemicolectomy, a 70-year-old woman who underwent distal gastrectomy and high anterior resection, a 75-year-old man who underwent distal gastrectomy and right hemicolectomy, a 72-year-old man who underwent total gastrectomy and sigmoidectomy, a 67-year-old man who underwent distal gastrectomy and high anterior resection, and a 57-year-old woman who underwent distal gastrectomy and right hemicolectomy. All operations were successful. All patients recovered quickly, and were discharged without any intra- or postoperative complications. On a median follow-up of 14.5 months, all patients remain well with no evidence of recurrent malignancy. This is the first report of simultaneous reduced port laparoscopic surgery for synchronous gastric and colorectal cancer. This procedure was performed safely and successfully.
Implementation of spaceborne lidar‐retrieved canopy height in the WRF model
Authors: Lee Junhong , Hong Jinkyu
Published: May 2016

Canopy height is closely related to biomass and aerodynamic properties, which regulate turbulent transfer of energy and mass at the soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere continuum. However, this key information has been prescribed as a constant value in a fixed plant functional type in atmospheric models. This paper is the first to report impacts of using realistic forest canopy height, retrieved from spaceborne lidar, on regional climate simulation by using the canopy height data in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model's land surface model. Numerical simulations were conducted over the Amazon Basin during summer season. Over this region, the lidar‐retrieved canopy heights were higher than the default values used in the WRF, which are dependent only on plant functional type. By modifying roughness length and zero‐plane displacement height, the change of canopy height resulted in changes in surface energy balance by regulating aerodynamic conductances and vertical temperature gradient, thus modifying the lifting condensation level and equivalent potential temperature in the atmospheric boundary layer. Our analysis also showed that the WRF model better reproduced the observed precipitation when lidar‐retrieved canopy height was used over the Amazon Basin.
An intensified hydrological cycle in the simulation of geoengineering by cirrus cloud thinning using ice crystal fall speed changes
Authors: Jackson L. S. , Crook J. A. , Forster P. M.
Published: May 2016

Proposals to geoengineer Earth's climate by cirrus cloud thinning (CCT) potentially offer advantages over solar radiation management schemes: amplified cooling of the Arctic and smaller perturbations to global mean precipitation in particular. Using an idealized climate model implementation of CCT in which ice particle fall speeds were increased 2×, 4×, and 8× we examine the relationships between effective radiative forcing (ERF) at the top of atmosphere, near‐surface temperature, and the response of the hydrological cycle. ERF was nonlinear with fall speed change and driven by the trade‐off between opposing positive shortwave and negative longwave radiative forcings. ERF was −2.0 Wm−2 for both 4× and 8× fall speeds. Global mean temperature decreased linearly with ERF, while Arctic temperature reductions were amplified compared with the global mean change. The change in global mean precipitation involved a rapid adjustment (~ 1%/Wm2), which was linear with the change in the net atmospheric energy balance, and a feedback response (~2%/°C). Global mean precipitation and evaporation increased strongly in the first year of CCT. Intensification of the hydrological cycle was promoted by intensification of the vertical overturning circulation of the atmosphere, changes in boundary layer climate favorable for evaporation, and increased energy available at the surface for evaporation (from increased net shortwave radiation and reduced subsurface storage of heat). Such intensification of the hydrological cycle is a significant side effect to the cooling of climate by CCT. Any accompanying negative cirrus cloud feedback response would implicitly increase the costs and complexity of CCT deployment.
Precipitation response of monsoon low‐pressure systems to an idealized uniform temperature increase
Authors: Sørland Silje Lund , Sorteberg Asgeir , Liu Changhai , Rasmussen Roy
Published: May 2016

The monsoon low‐pressure systems (LPSs) are one of the most rain‐bearing synoptic‐scale systems developing during the Indian monsoon. We have performed high‐resolution, convection‐permitting experiments of 10 LPS cases with the Weather Research and Forecasting regional model, to investigate the effect of an idealized uniform temperature increase on the LPS intensification and precipitation. Perturbed runs follow a surrogate climate change approach, in which a uniform temperature perturbation is specified, but the large‐scale flow and relative humidity are unchanged. The differences between control and perturbed simulations are therefore mainly due to the imposed warming and moisture changes and their feedbacks to the synoptic‐scale flow. Results show that the LPS precipitation increases by 13%/K, twice the imposed moisture increase, which is on the same order as the Clausius‐Clapeyron relation. This large precipitation increase is attributed to the feedbacks in vertical velocity and atmospheric stability, which together account for the high sensitivity. In the perturbed simulations the LPSs have higher propagation speeds and are more intense. The storms intensification to the uniform temperature perturbation can be interpreted in terms of the conditional instability of second kind mechanism where the condensational heating increases along with low‐level convergence and vertical velocity in response to temperature and moisture increases. As a result, the surface low deepens.
Ejecta thickness and structural rim uplift measurements of Martian impact craters: Implications for the rim formation of complex impact craters
Authors: Sturm Sebastian , Kenkmann Thomas , Hergarten Stefan
Published: May 2016

The elevated rim in simple craters results from the structural uplift of preimpact target rocks and the deposition of a coherent proximal ejecta blanket at the outer edge of the transient cavity. Given the considerable, widening of the transient cavity during crater modification and ejecta thickness distributions, the cause of elevated crater rims in complex craters is less obvious. The thick, proximal ejecta in complex impact craters is deposited well inside the final crater rim and target thickening should rapidly diminish with increasing distance from the transient cavity rim. Our study of 10 complex Martian impact craters ranging from 8.2 to 53.0 km in diameter demonstrates that the mean structural rim uplift at the final crater rim makes 81% of the total rim elevation, while the mean ejecta thickness contributes 19%. Thus, the structural rim uplift seems to be the dominant factor to build up the total amount of the raised crater rim of complex craters. To measure the widening of the transient cavity during modification and the distance between the rim of the final crater and that of the transient cavity, we constructed balanced cross section restorations to estimate the transient cavity of nine complex Martian impact craters. The final crater radii are ~1.38–1.87 times the transient cavity radii. We propose that target uplift at the position of the final crater rim was established during the excavation stage.