bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Western European and Anglo-American Party Systems
Authors: FLANIGAN WILLIAM H. , ZINGALE NANCY H.
Published: March 2007

This article first reviews the major directions which the spatial analysis of party systems has taken. An easily performed technique for dimensioning parties-in-the-electorate in a social space is then introduced and applied to fourteen Western European and Anglo-American party systems.
To “Educate their Volition to Dance in their Chains”
Authors: WELLHOFER E. SPENCER
Published: March 2007

The second half of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries in Western Europe mark a period of suffrage expansion, the development of mass party organization, and effective incorporation of the newly enfranchised citizenry into political life. The resulting realignments of the interwar period form a backdrop against which the current discussion of realignment takes place; yet this very discussion begs the question of stability as well as the dynamics of the preceding realignment. Path models of these processes in Britain between 1885 and 1950 show the fundamentals of realignment emerged in an earlier period, 1885-1910, crystallized in the 1918 election with suffrage expansion, and remained stable until 1945-1950, when the first signs of weakening appeared. Latent variable partial least squares (LVPLS) constructs dynamic path models of the mobilization, partisan realignment, and social bases of politics. The results are tested further with maximum likelihood (ML) methods.
Political Parties and Political Representation
Authors: DALTON RUSSELL J.
Published: March 2007

Political representation in most Western democracies occurs through and by political parties. Based on parallel surveys of voters and party elites in nine West European nations, this article examines how well parties perform their representation role. The opinions of voters and party elites are compared for 40 party dyads. In some cases there is close correspondence between these opinions (e.g., economic and security issues), but in other instances the evidence of voter-party agreement is substantially weaker (e.g., foreign policy). An examination of party characteristics and contextual factors suggests that the clarity of party positions, represented by a centralized party structure and noncentrist ideology, strongly influences the efficiency of the party linkage process.
Testing the Converse Partisanship Model with New Electorates
Authors: NIEMI RICHARD G. , POWELL G. BINGHAM , STANLEY HAROLD W. , EVANS C. LAWRENCE
Published: March 2007

Converse proposed a model drawing on an individual's experience with the vote and socialization by the father to explain the strength of political partisanship. This experience-based model, despite varied criticisms, has gained wide acceptance. By focusing on cases in which political experience and age are not collinear, this article finds that the Converse model fails to account for the strength of partisanship found among new electorates, thereby raising doubts about the model in general.
On the Issues Surrounding Economic Voting
Authors: HIBBING JOHN R.
Published: March 2007

This is an analysis of the effects of economic factors on voting behavior in the United Kingdom. Aggregate- and individual-level data are used. When the results are compared to findings generated by the United States case, some intriguing differences appear. To mention just two examples, unemployment and inflation seem to be much more important in the United Kingdom than in the United States, and changes in real per capita income are positively related to election results in the United States and negatively related in the United Kingdom. More generally, while the aggregate results are strong and the individual-level results weak in the United States, in the United Kingdom the situation is practically reversed.
Neighborhood Action as a Social Movement
Authors: FRANZ PETER , WARREN DONALD I.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the development of the “neighborhood movement” in the United States and the German Bürgerinitiativbewegung from the late 1960s to the present. The interconnections between neighborhood action and bureaucratic reaction are worked out on the background of some dimensions of the political context of both societies and analyzed for two phases. In addition to this, criteria of the social movement theory are applied to neighborhood action, and its potential for creating a social movement is discussed.
War, Revolution, and the Growth of the Coercive State
Authors: GURR TED ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Modern states are powerful, resilient institutions, the most durable of which have established and consolidated their rule through conquest, revolution, and war. Successful involvement in violent conflict leads to the development of militarized and police states and reinforces elite political cultures that favor the use of coercion in future disputes. If warfare has unfavorable outcomes, elites will prefer noncoercive strategies in the future. From these and other propositions are derived models of the processes by which garrison states emerge and persist in autocracies and democracies. States with high material capabilities are more likely to become garrison states than weaker states, which tend to avoid international conflict and to rely on accommodation in internal conflicts. States with low political capabilities are susceptible to revolutionary overthrow and the establishment of revolutionary garrison states. The role of diversion of domestic conflicts to the external environment also is considered. One general conclusion is that only homogeneous democracies with low power capabilities and limited alliance obligations are unlikely to develop the institutions and political culture of militarized and police states.
State Autonomy and the Crisis of Import Substitution
Authors: BARKEY HENRI J.
Published: March 2007

Import Substituting Industrialization (ISI) strategies that were instituted with great expectations in Latin America and elsewhere have not produced the desired results. Instead, ISI has been blamed for giving rise to inefficient economic structures and even for the emergence of Bureaucratic Authoritarian States. This article argues that the problems generally attributed to ISI are, in fact, due to a lack of state autonomy. What causes the loss of autonomy is the emergence of powerful and fiercely competing private sector interests intent on maximizing their share of “economic rents.” The resulting private sector-state dynamic hampers the formulation of long-term policies. The operation of this dynamic is demonstrated through a case study of Turkey in the 1970s, where the state, paralyzed by private sector competition, just witnessed the collapse of its political economy.
Environmental Belief Systems in Western Europe
Authors: ROHRSCHNEIDER ROBERT
Published: March 2007

For most parts of the 20th century, class and religious predispositions guided individuals' perceptions of the political space in Western Europe. Recently, however, analysts have noted the weakening of class and religious cleavages. Moreover, new social movements emerged in Western Europe, despite the inapplicability of traditional class and partisan cues to ecological issues. In light of the presumed lack of sophistication of mass publics, these developments raise the following question. What mental structures, if any, do individuals employ in evaluating competing Old and New Politics issues? In an attempt to answer the question, we analyze citizens' environmental belief systems in four West European countries. We find that environmental belief systems are substantially constrained by general political predispositions in Germany and the Netherlands. In contrast, environmental attitudes are significantly less constrained in France and Great Britain. These crossnational variations in belief systems constraint are attributed to varying activity levels of environmental elites. The implications of these findings for the sources of belief systems constraint and for the sophistication of mass beliefs are assessed.
Postauthoritarian Elections
Authors: TURNER ARTHUR W.
Published: March 2007

The past two decades have seen a resurgence of democracy in formerly autocratic countries. The behavior of the electorate in each first election following a period of authoritarian rule is closely watched for clues to the future success of democracy. Yet the scarcity of empirical studies of similar elections has left us with little more than commonsense expectations to guide our analysis. This article empirically tests several of these expectations, using data from earlier postauthoritarian parliamentary elections. Expectations of unusually high turnout could not be supported, but future levels of turnout are affected by the timing of subsequent elections. The large number of newly formed parties competing in a postauthoritarian election seldom persist, and prediscontinuity power relationships among surviving parties are generally preserved. Expectations that postauthoritarian elections are followed by a period of volatile electoral behavior could not be supported. Parties that finish first in postauthoritarian elections also finish first in the next election. The article concludes that these elections are not sufficiently different from other elections to warrant their exclusion from comparative research.
Expectations and Informal Rules in Coalition Formation
Authors: MERSHON CAROL A.
Published: March 2007

Why do informal rules emerge alongside—and at variance with—the formal constitutional constraints that shape bargaining over coalition governments? The presence of informal rules at odds with formal rules appears as an anomaly within both institution-free and institution-focused theories of coalitions. The author argues that politicians create informal rules in order to alter formal institutions that do not function to their benefit. The costs of a formal change in institutions offer incentives to politicians to invent informal rules as alternatives to such change, and repeated interactions teach politicians what to expect and then invent. The author's emphasis on the manipulability of rules echoes long-standing themes in the study and practice of politics.
Social Pacts and Inflation Control in New Democracies
Authors: BLAKE CHARLES H.
Published: March 2007

This article examines both the advocacy of social pacts in new democracies and the common assumption that labor presents the chief obstacle to social pacts. Game theory is used heuristically to demonstrate that in slack labor markets business will be more opposed to pacts than labor because individual workers will make more concessions at the plant level than labor confederation leaders will offer in peak-level negotiations. An examination of wage bargaining in the first 3 years of the new Argentine and Uruguayan democracies supports this hypothesis. The article closes with a reexamination of the wage-centered debate on inflation in contemporary new democracies.
The Punishment Trap
Authors: SCHNEIDER GERALD , WEITSMAN PATRICIA A.
Published: March 2007

It is widely believed that voters care little about foreign policy, transforming referendums on international agreements into tests of a government's popularity. The authors analyze this notion and present two-level games characterized by asymmetric information. The article demonstrates that the linking of domestic issues to an international treaty does not convert referendums into pure plebiscites. However, the two-level decision creates a severe dilemma for the electorate. Uncertainty regarding whether the possible utility of the treaty offsets the value of domestic policies influences the decisions of voters. The median voter risks punishing a popular government or failing to express discontent with an unpopular administration. Our games explore the conditions under which competing elites try to manipulate the uncertainty of constituents about the outcome of international negotiations. Empirical illustrations are presented in the form of case studies and survey analyses of the ballots in Denmark, France, Ireland, and Switzerland.
Party Identification, Retrospective Voting, and Moderating Elections in a Federal System
Authors: LOHMANN SUSANNE , BRADY DAVID W. , RIVERS DOUGLAS
Published: March 2007

The hypotheses of retrospective voting and moderating elections rationalize some empirical regularities in U.S. presidential and congressional elections that posed a challenge for the party identification hypothesis. Here, these hypotheses are applied to the German federal system that is characterized by staggered national and Land (provincial) elections. They are tested using data on real GNP growth at the national and Land levels, party vote shares in national and Land elections, party seat shares in national and Land parliaments, and the party composition of national and Land governments over the time period 1961-1989. Perhaps surprisingly, all three hypotheses—party identification, retrospective voting, and moderating elections—find empirical support when applied to the German federal system. Although these hypotheses were formulated with reference to U.S. political institutions, they travel well—bar some modifications that take into account special features of the German political system.
Tolerance, Transition, and Support for Civil Liberties in Russia
Authors: BAHRY DONNA , BOAZ CYNTHIA , GORDON STACY BURNETT
Published: March 2007

Research on the U.S.S.R. and its successor states since the late Gorbachev era has found substantial public support for the idea of free elections, multiple parties, and expanded civil rights. But it also points to a gap between support for democratic values in the abstract versus willingness to apply them in practice. People who profess democratic values ( demophiles) appear to be all too willing to deny rights to groups they dislike. Interpretations of this tolerance gap have focused on the confusion wrought by democratic transition, on the complexity of the idea of tolerance, and on the legacies of authoritarian culture. This article suggests instead that demophiles are responding rationally to the fragility of new democratic institutions. The tolerance gap is less the product of confusion or ingrained authoritarian culture than a logical response to political chaos.
Proportional Versus Majoritarian Ethnic Conflict Management in Democracies
Authors: COHEN FRANK S.
Published: March 2007

What kinds of democratic institutions manage ethnic strife most effectively? What environmental conditions increase the propensity for friction and, consequently, increase the conflict-management burden of political institutions? To answer these questions, a brief theoretical argument and some empirical tests of hypotheses derived from the theory will illustrate the superiority of proportional to majoritarian institutions of ethnic conflict management. These tests analyze various forms of ethnic conflict, over a 45-year period, among ethnic groups living under democratic rule. Ted Robert Gurr's minorities at risk, which consist of 233 ethnic groups in 100 countries, are the units of analysis.
Swallowing the Bitter Pill
Authors: WEYLAND KURT
Published: March 2007

What accounts for the surprisingly widespread popular approval that painful neoliberal reforms elicited in several Latin American countries? This article compares the explanatory power of two rival hypotheses, which draw on conventional rational choice and psychological decision theory. The compensation hypothesis claims that governments can engineer support for costly reforms by compensating the losers through targeted social benefits. The rescue hypothesis questions this claim and maintains that draconian adjustment only finds support if it promises to revert a deep crisis and avert further losses. Data from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela suggest that the rescue hypothesis accounts much better for the initial endorsement of neoliberal shock programs immediately after their enactment. When these shock programs bring about economic stabilization and recovery, targeted social benefits help consolidate support for neoliberalism, which a statistical analysis of the impact of social spending on voting in Argentina's and Peru's presidential elections of 1995 reveals.
Issues and Party Competition in the Netherlands
Authors: AARTS KEES , MACDONALD STUART ELAINE , RABINOWITZ GEORGE
Published: March 2007

The Netherlands represents the prototypic case of a consociational democracy; in addition, the Dutch system has an extremely low threshold for obtaining representation in the legislature, making it open to challengers of any political persuasion. This article has two explicit goals: to compare two models of issue-based party choice, the directional and proximity models; and to understand the changing nature of electoral competition in the Netherlands. The article's analytic focus is the elections of 1971, 1986, and 1994. These elections, the only ones for which appropriate data are available for testing the issue theories, represent important points in the historical sequence. Tests of the alternate issue voting models generally favor directional over proximity theory. The broader analysis suggests substantial change in Dutch politics, away from the tight structuring of subcultural allegiances to a more politically homogeneous culture in which party strength appears rather fluid.
Incentives to Cultivate a Party Vote in Candidate-centric Electoral Systems
Authors: SAMUELS DAVID J.
Published: March 2007

A prominent question in comparative electoral studies concerns the so-called personal vote. Typically, scholars approach this question at a cross-national as opposed to a cross-party level. In this article, in contrast, the author focuses on the characteristics of parties, as opposed to the characteristics of electoral systems, as determinants of candidates' personal vote seeking. The author argues that a candidate's adoption of an individualistic or collective strategy depends largely on centralized or decentralized nomination control in his party, his party's alliance options, and his access to and control over funding and patronage. The author explores the Brazilian case, testing his claims at the national and district level using multiple regression analysis. Furthermore, he explains how one party, the Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers' Party, PT), has overcome the incentives of the electoral system.
The US State in the New Global Context
Authors: OUGAARD MORTEN
Published: March 2007

The first part of the article considers some deep transformational trends marking the global social formation and discusses the questions they pose for the role of the nation-state. Focus is on economic internationalization, internationalization of civil society, and the evolution of the international political superstructure. One of the questions concerning the role of the state is whether and how it contributes to these processes. The second part examines the US state in this perspective in the selected areas of GATT and economic policy coordination. The main conclusion is that it promotes economic internationalization and the evolution of the international political superstructure, but does so in a selective manner, defending hard cores of national sovereignty.
Do Individual and Group Beliefs Matter?
Authors: VERBEEK BERTJAN
Published: March 2007

The adoption of cognitive variables at the individual and group level serves in accounting for British decision-making during the 1956 Suez crisis, thus contradicting explanations which are framed in terms of rational actor models. An analysis in terms of cognitive variables, however, requires the formulation of a relevant empirical puzzle which sets rational explanations against cognitive ones. It is shown how the so-called process tracing method, developed by Alexander George, proves useful in identifying the role of such variables. The Operational Code construct and Irving Janis's Groupthink thesis are employed to help our understanding of the British decision-making process and to solve the empirical puzzle of why British decision-makers decided to resort to force despite the unlikelihood that US support, deemed essential, would be forthcoming. Groupthink analysis, however, would benefit from an interest in explaining the outcome of decision-making rather than concentrating on a description of the process. Due regard to cognitive beliefs previously held by members of the small group may well explain the contents of prematurely reached consensus.
Adjustment Strategy of a Non-Member
Authors: BARTH EIDE ESPEN
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the position of Norway in Europe after once again rejecting membership in the European Union. With Swedish and Finnish membership, most of the Nordic countries are now members of the Union. The author portrays Norway's policy after the referendum as one of eager adaptation to the EU. Although membership was rejected by a majority in the referendum of 28 November 1994, there is today a broad political consensus supporting the policy of adaptation adopted by the Government, be it in matters relating to economic policy, security policy, or the justice/home affairs pillars of the Union. The ad hoc alliance built up to reject membership is now deeply split over the policies of Norway as a non-member, leaving the handling of Norway's European policies to the side that lost the referendum. Looking back on the Norwegian debate about Europe leading up to the referendum, some predictions are made about the way Norwegians will relate to the EU in the future. The debate leading to the referendum on EU membership can be seen as an illustration of a split between the approaches of the state and the Nation to the question of what Norway is and what its relationship to the external world should be. This division can again be activated, and the tensions between the two approaches will contribute to the construction of Norway's European policy also in the future.
Looking for Tips
Authors: May Joanne M.
Published: March 2007

An investigation of tipping behavior at a large midwestern restaurant reveals that such factors as group size, method of payment, and the attractiveness of the waitress have a greater influence on the amount of a tip than the quality of service does
Analyzing Food and Labor Costs
Authors: Ferguson Dennis H. , Selling Thomas I.
Published: March 2007

By applying principles of cost-variance analysis long employed by manufacturing firms, restaurateurs can get a more detailed picture of their exact cost-control problems
Lodging Operating Statistics
Authors: Rompf Paul D.
Published: March 2007

The U.S. lodging industry's segmentation strategy has resulted in a proliferation of "new" lodging products. Moreover, terms such as hotel and motel long ago ceased to convey meaningful information about facilities and levels of service for managers to compare lodging properties' operating statistics. Working with South Carolina's lodging industry, the author developed a new, multi-tier categorization scheme for lodging properties. The scheme takes into account the characteristics of different types of properties and combines those with existing location characteristics. In some cases the category labels are familiar, but their definitions have lacked industry consensus. Three primary bases for grouping are the dominant type of lodging unit, on-site food and beverage services, and meeting and banquet facilities.
Some Comments on “Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions in Counseling Psychology”
Authors: Garfield Sol L.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author offers his appraisal of the Principles of Empirically Supported Interventions as developed by a Special Task Group of the Division of Counseling Psychology and also of the three articles evaluating these principles with reference to family interventions, anger management, and career counseling. In general, the author responds quite favorably to the principles presented and to the critical appraisal of the guidelines published earlier by the Division of Clinical Psychology. The latter are tied to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnoses and are not sensitive to important client attributes such as ethnicity, motivation for treatment, education, and the like. The counseling psychology principles also emphasize a number of other important research considerations. The author also offers some specific comments for the three areas mentioned earlier with special reference to some unmet research needs.
Qualitative Research Methods
Authors: Ponterotto Joseph G.
Published: March 2007

This article extends the Pope-Davis et al. contribution by focusing on the emerging position of qualitative research methods in counseling psychology. Strengths of the Pope-Davis study are highlighted, and suggestions for research and training are presented.
Technologically Enriched and Boundaryless Lives
Authors: Gore Paul A. , Leuwerke Wade C. , Krumboltz John D.
Published: March 2007

Computers and other communication technologies have irrevocably changed the nature of work, the workforce, and interpersonal relationships. This article suggests that these changes have resulted in a blurring of the distinction between life roles and an increase in feelings of meaningless and isolation. The authors argue that the dissolution of boundaries between life roles and the emotional sequelae of the digitization of our culture support a paradigm that reintegrates counseling and vocational psychology. Future counseling psychologists will be better equipped to provide services to clients whose lives are enriched and complicated by technology only if counseling psychology educators are able to provide them with the knowledge and skills to do so.
Strategies for Training Adult Counselors
Authors: Waters Elinor , Fink Sylvia , Goodman Jane , Parker Gail
Published: March 2007

Adult counselors can benefit from applied skill training to increase their effectiveness as helpers. This article outlines the eclectic training model developed to train paraprofessional counselors at the Continuum Center for Adult Counseling and Leadership Training. It then describes three major training approaches in use today: Carkhuff's Systematic Human Relations Training, Ivey's Microcounseling, and Kagan's Interpersonal Process Recall; and makes some comparisons among the four training models. The authors conclude that training for adult counselors must be designed so that trainees can identify their own strengths and add new skills to their existing repertoire.
Adaptive Counseling and Therapy
Authors: Howard George S. , Nance Don W. , Myers Pennie
Published: March 2007

This article presents an integrative model for selecting a progression of therapist styles as clients move through developmental stages during the course of counseling and psychotherapy. The model, Adaptive Counseling and Therapy (ACT), suggests an eclectic approach to the utilization of techniques in therapy. The ACT approach is compared and contrasted with other integrative models that suggest an eclectic practice of therapy, with both similarities and divergent recommendations being noted. ACT is intended to be useful to practitioners in case conceptualization and in the application of effective treatment planning. The assessment instruments required to operationalize the central constructs of ACT theory are presented and described, and data on both the instruments' psychometric adequacy and the relationship of ACT constructs to therapy outcome are reviewed. Finally, the ways in which ACT can serve as a rich heuristic device for counseling practice, research, and supervision are delineated.
Counseling Psychology and the Zambian Fulbright Program
Authors: Hedlund Dalva E.
Published: March 2007

A one-year lecturing experience in Zambia is summarized. Recommendations for the preparation of professional psychologists for the developing world are outlined.
Training and Accreditation in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Meara Naomi M. , Schmidt Lyle D. , Carrington Christine H. , Davis Kathleen L. , Dixon David N. , Fretz Bruce R. , Myers Roger A. , Ridley Charles R. , Suinn Richard M.
Published: March 2007

The training and accreditation section of the Third National Conference for Counseling Psychology addressed the following issues: (a) models of training and curriculum, (b) context of training, (c) cultural diversity, (d) identity and accreditation, (e) practicum and internship, and (f) career development and employment. This report presents the major components of these discussions and summarizes the deliberations and recommendations of the participants. Many of the principles articulated at the Northwestern and Greyston conferences are reaffirmed. The role, criteria, and purposes of APA accreditation are endorsed. The division leadership is encouraged to promote counseling psychology and the career development of counseling psychologists.
Counseling International Students
Authors: Pedersen Paul B.
Published: March 2007

The tendency to either overemphasize or underemphasize differences when counseling international students is documented in research literature. However, there has been little systematic research and still fewer comprehensive theories about counseling international students. The numerous theories available tend to either emphasize the importance of changing the student or person in an adjustment mode, or changing the situation in a more behaviorist mode. Critical incidents collected while counseling international students at the University of Minnesota demonstrate the typical problems encountered and suggest approaches to manage those problems. The critical incidents and responses suggest that informal methods and informal counseling contexts become especially important in counseling international students. Other practical suggestions and tools are discussed to aid those who provide counseling to international students. A list of topics for future research is also presented.
Personal and Professional Issues for Counseling Center Psychologists
Authors: Parham William D.
Published: March 2007

Three key experiences that confront counseling center psychologists 7-10 years postdoctorate include burnout, feeling overwhelmed by commitments, and aging. These experiences prompt counseling center psychologists to reevaluate their career and life goals and to search for a satisfactory resolution to their existential concerns. Factors such as race, gender, and personality, as well as other life circumstances, influence the way in which the reevaluation and action tasks are approached.
Sources of Gain in Christian Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Johnson W. Brad , Ridley Charles R.
Published: March 2007

Four major assumptions about change undergird Christian counseling. Proponents of the Christian therapies-emphasize these assumptions in varying ways and to varying degrees. Many of these theorists also claim that their approaches are effective. Yet, their underlying assumptions have not been critically examined, and empirical support for these theories is conspicuously unavailable. This article examines each assumption and then discusses their applications for therapy and research. It is argued that the lack of careful assumptive reflection among theorists of Christian therapy leads to numerous pragmatic and scientific difficulties, including the current dearth of credible treatment investigations.
Cross-Cultural Training
Authors: LaFromboise Teresa D. , Foster Sandra L.
Published: March 2007

Despite the existence of Criteria 2 -cultural and individual differences -in the American Psychological Association (APA) accreditation of doctoral training in counseling psychology, few programs offer, much less require, course work on service delivery to or research with ethnic minorities. The goal of this article is to present a model for organizing and evaluating cross-cultural content throughout each phase of clinical and research training during doctoral study in scientist-practitioner programs. First described is an overview of the separate course, area of concentration, interdisciplinary, and integration models for the promotion of cultural understanding in psychology. Then a series of specific recommendations along the lines of the integration model are provided for the development of cross-cultural competence beginning with institutional modifications at the departmental level. Specific additions to research and clinical course work are suggested along with information on available resources for curricular reform in each area. Finally, an apprenticeship continuum from prepracticum to internship is presented as a guide for making more culturally relevant both research and clinical mentoring.
A Counseling Psychologist in Russia as a Fulbright Scholar
Authors: O'Neil James M.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes a counseling psychologist's experience with a Senior Fulbright Teaching Lectureship at Moscow State Pedagogical University in Moscow, Russia, from February 19 to April 24, 1992. The author describes his personal and professional experiences in Moscow 6 months after the failed 1991 coup d'état and the end of Soviet Communism. Professional perspectives on Russian psychology and impressions of the Russian people and culture are given, as well as how the author was changed by this cross-cultural experience. Encouragement is given to other psychologists and educators to apply for Fulbright awards in Russia and other countries to better internationalize counseling psychology.
Social-Cognitive Processes in Behavioral Health
Authors: Elliott Timothy R. , Marmarosh Cheri
Published: March 2007

Social cognitive variables are salient factors in the prevention, development, and maintenance of health-related problems. These variables are of particular interest to counseling psychologists, as they are amenable to a variety of psychological interventions. We review several social-cognitive processes that have been studied in relation to behavioral health and health-related problems. We then discuss implications for assessment and theory-based interventions.
Translating Social Psychology for the Scientist-Practitioner Counseling Psychologist
Authors: Stoltenberg Cal D. , McNeill Brian W. , Elliott Timothy R.
Published: March 2007

The articles included in this special issue have presented a balance of reviewing and synthesizing the literatures, translating what has been learned into guidance relevant to practice, and addressing future directions. This summary article briefly highlights some of the new contributions of the four topical articles and concludes that considerable work remains, particularly for counseling psychology, to continue to enhance the integration of these fields.
White Racial Identity Attitude Theories
Authors: Block Caryn J. , Carter Robert T.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the White racial consciousness model (Rowe, Bennettu & Atkinson, 1994)J which has been proposed as a superior conceptualization for understanding White racial attitudes than existing frameworks, specifically Helms's (1990) theory of White racial identity attitudes. Rowe et al. (1994) have argued for the superiority of the White racial consciousness model because it can "describe the phenomena more accurately, predict relationships better, and provide a more stable base for assessment" (p. 133) than Helms's White racial identity attitude theory. This article raises questions as to the validity of these claims. The White racial consciousness model is examined in terms of its similarities and differences to Helms's White racial identity attitude theory, focusing on the two theories in relation to their definition of core constructs, theoretical basis, and the existing empirical evidence.
Similarity and Difference in Multicultural Counseling:
Authors: Speight Suzette L. , Vera Elizabeth M.
Published: March 2007

Similarity and difference have been explored within the counseling psychology and the social psychology literature. The counseling psychology literature has studied the influence of similarity and difference on clients' preferences for counselors. The theory driven social psychology literature has investigated the influence of similarity and difference on subsequent relationship development. Whereas the counseling research has examined similarity and difference within the context of counseling, social psychology research has examined similarity and difference within the context of co-workers, roommates, and acquaintances. Unfortunately, there has been little dialogue between these 2 parallel areas of investigation. This manuscript is an attempt then to provide a bridge between the counseling and social psychological literature. It is hoped that this selected review will provide an integrated approach from which to examine future research questions related to the impact of similarity and difference on the counseling process.
Neuropsychological Training in APA-Accredited Counseling Psychology Programs
Authors: Ryan Joseph J. , Lopez Shane J. , Lichtenberg James W.
Published: March 2007

The availability of neuropsychological training in American Psychological Association-accredited counseling psychology programs was examined. A survey response rate of 53% (33/62) was obtained from program training directors. Only 42% (14/33) reported the availability of a neuropsychology course at their universities. Results indicated that counseling psychology students are interested in neuropsychological theory and assessment but may have difficulty finding training within their academic programs and institutions. Training directors reported that neuropsychology training is relevant to the work of counseling psychologists, but other responses suggested concern that the identity of counseling psychology is inconsistent with neuropsychology.
Returning Captives of the American War on Drugs: Issues of Community and Family Reentry
Authors: Hagan John , Coleman Juleigh Petty
Published: March 2007

The 20th century American war on drugs dramatically affected African American innercity neighborhoods and families, and many within these communities see more signs of vindictiveness than reconstruction in the aftermath of this conflict. This article considers the dilemma that the erosion of state capital and the formation of negative social capital poses for the return of incarcerated parents into these communities and families. It examines new federal family welfare legislation as indicative of state disinvestments in these families. The final part of the article suggests directions for research on the reentry of persons released from prison into these communities and families.
Ex-Offenders, Family Relations, and Economic Supports: The “Significant Women” Study of the TARP Project
Authors: Curtis Russell L. , Schulman Sam
Published: March 2007

This article offers additional information from the Transitional Aid Research Project. From interviews with 198 “significant women” of the male, ex-offender TARP participants, payments were found to be either unrelated or negatively associated with the financial contributions and employment of the men. Payments were also found to be negatively associated with the aspects of companionship and with home management activities. The reports did indicate, however, that payments may have made a successful impact on the husband ex-offenders who were returning to their wives. This was consistent from the reports of the wives. The article also bears on the recent exchange between Zeisel (1982) and Rossi et al. (1982) on the interpretations of the success of TARP financial payments.
Capital Punishment and Corrections: Is there an Impending Crisis?
Authors: Cheatwood Derral
Published: March 2007

As of March 1, 1985, there were 1479 persons on death row across the United States, and the best estimate is that we will continue to add another 150 to that number for the foreseeable future. We must now begin to face the question of whether we actually intend to execute that number of people. Avoiding the traditional philosophical arguments and debates over empirical data, we argue that there are three options that corrections must consider - execution, commutation and concentration, or commutation and dispersal through the inmate population - because it is unavoidable that one of the three will come into being in the near future. The potential systemic effects and external factors that would follow if we were to execute all of these persons, or if we were to reduce their sentences to avoid such a large number of executions, are considered. The conclusion is that one of the more probable scenarios is the enactment of life-without-release statutes in a number of states, and return of a proportion of the death row population to institutions under that provision. Finally, if this is to occur, the alternative models of concentration of this population in segregated facilities or their dispersal among the general inmate population are considered.
The Watershed of Juvenile Justice Reform
Authors: Krisberg Barry , Schwartz Ira M. , Litsky Paul , Austin James
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview of current policy debates surrounding reform in the juvenile justice system. New data on trends in juvenile crime and the justice system are also presented. These data reveal that while juvenile arrests have declined, the juvenile justice system has become more formal and restrictive and more oriented toward punishment. The authors also present their views of policy implications and potential remedies.
The Validity of Prison Classification: An Introduction to Practical Considerations and Research Issues
Authors: Kane Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

Many prison classification systems include risk assessment instruments designed to assign individuals to institutions varying in security features or to levels of supervision differing in staffing patterns and the extent of inmate privileges. Decision criteria that make up classification instruments are selected to measure inmate attributes as information that predicts the occurrence or rates of prison disciplinary problems. The present article is an introduction to research designs and methods for use in the validation of classification instruments. Hypothetical validity findings are presented to demonstrate their critical role in the development of a classification system. Finally, it is concluded that validation research, whether for management or scientific purposes, is optimally conducted in a program of research designed to evaluate the risk assessment instrument in the context of other components of the classification system and environmental variables that influence validity criterion behavior.
The Prison Adjustment of Juvenile Offenders
Authors: McShane Marilyn D. , Williams Frank P.
Published: March 2007

While young adult offenders have traditionally been characterized as making a poor adjustment to institutional life, the juvenile incarcerated in an adult facility represents a potentially greater problem. This study examined adjustment after separating the young violent offenders into two groups: those who committed their crimes prior to age 17 and those who committed crimes between 17 and 21. Juvenile inmates were almost twice as likely to be problem inmates, resulting in their not working or earning good-time credit. They were also three times more likely than their slightly older counterparts to be in the most restrictive custody grades. With current legislation enabling the continued incarceration of juveniles in adult facilities, administrators should adopt strategies to manage this special population more effectively.
How Plea Bargaining Shapes Intensive Probation Supervision Policy Goals
Authors: Thomson Douglas R.
Published: March 2007

The typical primary goal of recent intensive probation supervision (IPS) programs is to serve as an alternative to incarceration (ATI) in response to prison crowding. Yet the history of such alternative efforts reveals that they generally underachieve in terms of that goal. This study suggests that this finding applies to IPS initiatives as well. Drawing on focused interviews with court officials in Illinois, it offers an organizational explanation for the shortfall. ATI initiatives have not adequately attended to the decision-making dynamics and organizational contexts that produce criminal sentences. In particular, they have not taken account of either the resilience of courtroom work groups in resisting external influences on their choices or their resourcefulness in incorporating new sentencing options into the local culture of plea negotiation and sentencing.
Private and Public Juvenile Placements: Is there a Difference?
Authors: Shichor David , Bartollas Clemens
Published: March 2007

This study examines the patterns of public and private juvenile placements in one of the larger probation departments in Southern California. About two-thirds of the juveniles sent to institutional placements were placed in a private setting, and one-third were assigned to public institutions. This pattern was due to financial arrangements between the state and the county government. There were indications that more juveniles with the traditional “delinquent” background were placed in public institutions, while juveniles with individual problems were more likely to be sent to private placements. The policy implications of these patterns are analyzed in the article.
Differential Effects of Juvenile Justice Reform on Incarceration Rates of the States
Authors: McGarrell Edmund F.
Published: March 2007

Since the 1960s, juvenile justice systems in the United States have faced divergent calls for reform. Included have been demands to deinstitutionalize as well as demands to “get tough” on juvenile crime. This article examines the wide variation across the states in the use of incarceration in public facilities from the mid-1970s to 1987. The findings suggest that the level of change in juvenile incarceration rates is determined by a range of political, social structural, and bureaucratic factors. These factors appear to have led to varying political choices within the states, either supporting or disfavoring incarceration in public facilities.
The Effectiveness of Intervention: Recent Trends and Current Issues
Authors: Palmer Ted
Published: March 2007

From the 1960s to the early 1970s, there was a broad surge of confidence in intervention's ability to change and control offenders on both a short-and long-term basis. This high optimism was largely replaced by widespread pessimism during 1975-1981. Since the mid-1980s intervention regained considerable strength in terms of focus, direction, and “legitimacy.” This partly resulted from several major meta-analyses and literature reviews that showed its frequent effectiveness. Intervention's relegitimization is a major development in American corrections, one with sizable program and policy implications. As the 1990s begin, intervention has an increasingly recognized and accepted role, especially, but not only, with serious and multiple offenders.
Juvenile Justice Reform and the Difference it Makes: An Exploratory Study of the Impact of Policy Change on Detention Worker Attitudes
Authors: Bazemore Gordon , Dicker Todd J. , Nyhan Ron
Published: March 2007

Despite increasing interest in policy implementation and reform, few studies have examined the impact of criminal justice reforms on staff attitudes. This article compares several dimensions of staff attitudes in two similar juvenile detention facilities: one that has undergone significant reform in policy and practice governing staff/detainee interaction and one that has not. Based on survey data gathered from workers in both facilities in the fall of 1991 (N = 109), exploratory findings reveal significant differences between workers in the two facilities in punitive attitudes, but few differences in other attitudes. Implications for understanding both behavioral and cognitive impacts of reforms are discussed.