bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XTemp: Event-driven Testing and Monitoring of Business processes
Authors: Durand Jacques , Cho Hyunbo , Moberg Dale , Woo Jungyub
Published: October 2011

XML has proved to be a scalable archival format for messages of various kinds (e.g. email with MarkMail). It is also increasingly used as format of choice for several event models and taxonomies (XES, OASIS/SAF, CEE, XDAS) that need be both processable and human readable. As many eBusiness processes are also relying on XML for message content and/or protocol, there is a need to monitor and validate the messages and documents being exchanged as well as their sequences. XTemp is an XML vocabulary and execution language that is event-centric and intended for the analysis of sequence of events that represent traces of business processes. It is designed for both log analysis and real-time execution. It leverages XPath and XSLT.
JXON: an Architecture for Schema and Annotation Driven JSON/XML Bidirectional Transformations
Authors: Lee David A.
Published: October 2011

JSON and XML are seen by some as competing markup formats for content and data. JSON has become predominant in the mobile and browser domains while XML dominates the Server, Enterprise and Document domains. Where these domains meet and need to exchange information there is pressure for one domain to impose on the other their markup format. JXON is an architecture that addresses this problem by providing for high quality bidirectional transformations between XML and JSON. Previous approaches provide for only a single mapping intended to cover all cases, but generally cover few cases well. JXON uses Schema and annotations to allow highly customizable transformations that can be tuned for individual schemas, elements, attributes and types yet still be easily configured.
Carrot
Authors: Lenz Evan
Published: October 2011

On the surface, XQuery and XSLT are very different languages. Users tend to prefer one language or the other. XSLT users are loath to give up the power of template rules; on the other hand, users of XQuery prefer its concise, composable syntax and perhaps wouldn't dare writing code in XML. There are good historical reasons why they are not the same language. For one thing, XSLT came first, and XQuery was designed more with SQL users in mind. However, the two languages share the same data model and a large syntactic subset (XPath 2.0), which raises the question: Is there a way to yield the unique benefits of both languages without having to continually decide between the two? The answer is yes. Carrot, an appetizing hybrid of XQuery and XSLT, lets you have your cake and eat it too.
JATSPack and JATSPAN, a packaging format and infrastructure for the NLM/NISO Journal Archiving Tag Suite (JATS)
Authors: Maloney Chris
Published: October 2011

The NISO Journal Archiving Tag Suite (JATS, formerly known as ‘the NLM DTD’) is a common format used in publication of scientific literature. JATSPack, a proposal based on the new EXPath Packaging System, provides a way to package schema customizations and software libraries associated with any of the JATS schemas, thus making it easier for developers to distribute JATS-related resources and easier for users to acquire, install, and use them. JATSPAN (the JATSPack Archive Network) is a website allowing users to share and collaborate on JATSPacks. A client-side command line tool, jatspan, interacts with the site and eases the task of maintaining local repositories of JATSPacks.
Meditations on the logical form of a metadata record
Authors: Renear Allen H. , Urban Richard J. , Wickett Karen M.
Published: October 2011

What does markup mean? We may have some intuitive sense of the intent when markup uses terminology that looks familiar, but does it really say what we think it does? Looking at a specialized case, metadata, the authors examine the formal logical implications behind seemingly familiar metadata records.
XDML - an extensible markup language and processor for XDM
Authors: Rennau Hans-Jürgen , Lee David A.
Published: October 2011

XDML is a set of rules how XDM values can be built which are more useful entities as compared to ordinary XDM values. The key idea is to insert into the XDM values control information which guides the interpretation and processing of the data. In particular, it structures the XDM value into named parts and associates these parts with metadata. The control information is evaluated by an XDML processor, which reports and processes the data accordingly. The processing of a part is organized as the execution of operations which the control data bind to the part, but whose actual invocation depends on API calls of the XDML user. The bindings are represented by request messages which encode the actual input to operations selected from an extensible library of available "XDML operations". The operation bindings of a part can be regarded as a specific interface dynamically attached to the data of the part. The net result of this approach is to enable the creation of self-describing XDM values: they encode the way how they are presented to applications, as well as how they should or might be processed. This means that the XDM producer - e.g. XQuery programs - can emit "rich" data whose downstream processing is significantly simplified.
Determining the Impact of Eric Clapton on Music Using RDF Graphs
Authors: Reck Ronald P. , Sall Kenneth B. , Swanbeck Wendy A.
Published: October 2011

As music is a topic of interest to many, it is no surprise that developers have applied web and semantic technology to provide various RDF datasets for describing relationships among musical artists, albums, songs, genres, and more. As avid fans of blues and rock music, we wondered if we could construct SPARQL queries to examine properties and relationships between performers in order to answer global questions such as "Who has had the greatest impact on rock music?" Our primary focus was Eric Clapton, a musical artist with a decades-spanning career who has enjoyed both a very successful solo career as well as having performed in several world-renowned bands.

The application of semantic technology to a public dataset can provide useful insights into how similar approaches can be applied to realistic domain problems, such as finding relationships between persons of interest. Clearly understood semantics of available RDF properties in the dataset is of course crucial but is a substantial challenge especially when leveraging information from similar yet different data sources.

This paper explores the use of DBpedia and MusicBrainz data sources using OpenLink Virtuoso Universal Server with a Drupal frontend. Much attention is given to the challenges we encountered, especially with respect to relatively large datasets of community-entered open data sources of varying quality and the strategies we employed or recommend to overcome the challenges.
Supplemental materials to a journal article
Authors: Schwarzman Alexander B.
Published: October 2011

Tagging the primary body of a journal article can be challenging enough for authors: What then should they do with secondary and supplemental materials they wish to include with their articles? This presentation will provide an update on the latest progress from a NISO/NFAIS group to come up with Recommended Practices for curating supplemental materials. What kinds of supplemental materials can and should be marked up, what are the costs and benefits of such a markup, and what are the tagging challenges faced by authors?
An XML engine to model and query multimodal concurrent linguistic annotations
Authors: Seinturier Julien , Murisasco Elisabeth , Bruno Emmanuel
Published: October 2011

This paper presents an XML engine defined to model and query multimodal concurrent annotated data. This work stands in the context of the OTIM (Tools for Multimodal Annotation) project which aims at developing conventions and tools for multimodal annotation of a large conversational French speech corpus; it groups together Social Science and Computer Science researchers. Within OTIM, our objective is to provide linguists with a unique framework to encode and manipulate numerous linguistic domains: morpho-syntax, prosody, phonetics, disfluencies, discourse, gesture and posture. For that, it has to be possible to bring together and align all the different pieces of information (called annotations) associated to a corpus.

We propose a complete pipeline from the annotation step to the management of the data within an XML Information System. This pipeline first relies on the formalisation of the linguistic knowledge and data within a OTIM specific XML format. A Java framework is proposed for interfacing with both linguists specific annotation tools and XML Information System. Finally, the querying of multimodal annotations within the XML information system using XQuery is presented. As annotations are time aligned, an extension of XQuery to Allen temporal relations is proposed.

The paper conclude on a discussion about the interest of a pure XML approach for linguistic annotations information system and the question of the integration of the semantic within the pipeline.
The Model Editions Partnership, fifteen years on
Authors: Sperberg-McQueen C. M.
Published: October 2011

The loss of the server on which it had been hosted presented the Model Editions Partnership with the unplanned opportunity to test some of their fundamental assumptions, such as the use of SGML markup to insulate editions from software dependencies, to allow digital editions to survive the obsolescence of particular pieces of software, and move to new software with minimum fuss. The main focus of the talk will be an evaluation of the MEP adaptation of TEI markup from the point of view of data longevity. What parts of the original markup design still work in a new environment, and what parts turn out to have depended on the then-current environment in unhealthy and unhelpful ways? If we had it to do over again, what would we do differently?
What will it take to get (end user) XML editors that people will use?
Authors: Walsh Norman
Published: October 2011

Many of us in the markup community have given up on the dream of ubiquitous XML. We still think the world would be better off with more XML and less proprietary data, but we know it isn’t going to happen without a game-changing invention. The world as a whole is simply not going to embrace XML in the way we had hoped without a painless way to create XML documents. We need XML editors that can be learned easily, that create the XML that savvy (and not-so-savvy) users want, that people can afford, and that can tolerate being used very badly. So, what will it take to get XML editors that don’t suck?
County Government Reform in Urbanizing China
Authors: Tan Qingshan
Published: October 2011

Many rising issues, such as urbanization, migration, social equality, housing, provision of public goods and services, are presenting the greatest challenge to county governments. In order to effectively tackle those social issues, the central government has delegated greater power and responsibility to local governments, particularly county governments. This paper seeks to address the following question: Does empowering county government improve local governance in rapidly urbanizing China? By answering the question, this study evaluates the effects of decentralization of the central policy regarding urbanization and governance at the county level, and addresses the issue of how empowering county government could improve local governance in rapidly urbanizing China.

Keywords: • local politics • self-government • county reform • urbanization
The Rural Municipality as Developer - Entrepreneurial and Planning Modes in Community Development
Authors: Aarsaether Nils , Ringholm Toril
Published: October 2011

The planning orientation and the entrepreneurial orientation are traditionally portrayed as opposites in analyses of local development. Based on a survey of developmental activities in Norwegian municipalities, the authors argue that municipal leaders apply planning tools also when engaged in local development projects. The mechanisms at work when planning practices and entrepreneurial-type actions intersect are analysed by case studies. There is no uniformity in the ways municipalities handle the planning-entrepreneurialism nexus; only in one instance a classical “planning-first” case is found. A bottom-up approach, in which a multitude of initiatives elicits coordination by planning, seems to be a more apt description.

Keywords: • planning • entrepreneurialism • leadership • community development
Some Aspects of the Discrete Wavelet Analysis of Bivariate Spectra for Business Cycle Synchronisation
Authors: Bruzda Joanna
Published: October 2011

The paper considers some of the issues emerging from the discrete wavelet analysis of popular bivariate spectral quantities such as the coherence and phase spectra and the frequency-dependent time delay. The approach utilised here is based on the maximal overlap discrete Hilbert wavelet transform (MODHWT). Firstly, via a broad set of simulation experiments, we examine the small and large sample properties of two wavelet estimators of the scale-dependent time delay. The estimators are the wavelet cross-correlator and the wavelet phase angle-based estimator. Our results provide some practical guidelines for the empirical examination of short- and medium-term lead-lag relations for octave frequency bands. Further, we point out a deficiency in the implementation of the MODHWT and suggest using a modified implementation scheme, which was proposed earlier in the context of the dual-tree complex wavelet transform. In addition, we show how MODHWT-based wavelet quantities can serve to approximate the Fourier bivariate spectra and discuss issues connected with building confidence intervals for them. The discrete wavelet analysis of coherence and phase angle is illustrated with a scale-dependent examination of business cycle synchronisation between 11 euro zone countries. The study is supplemented by a wavelet analysis of the variance and covariance of the euro zone business cycles. The empirical examination underlines the good localisation properties and high computational efficiency of the wavelet transformations applied and provides new arguments in favour of the endogeneity hypothesis of the optimum currency area criteria as well as the wavelet evidence on dating the Great Moderation in the euro zone.
Modeling the ascent of sounding balloons: derivation of the vertical air motion
Authors: Gallice A. , Wienhold F. G. , Hoyle C. R. , Immler F. , Peter T.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. A new model to describe the ascent of sounding balloons in the troposphere and lower stratosphere (up to ∼30–35 km altitude) is presented. Contrary to previous models, detailed account is taken of both the variation of the drag coefficient with altitude and the heat imbalance between the balloon and the atmosphere. To compensate for the lack of data on the drag coefficient of sounding balloons, a reference curve for the relationship between drag coefficient and Reynolds number is derived from a dataset of flights launched during the Lindenberg Upper Air Methods Intercomparisons (LUAMI) campaign. The transfer of heat from the surrounding air into the balloon is accounted for by solving the radial heat diffusion equation inside the balloon. In its present state, the model does not account for solar radiation, i.e. it is only able to describe the ascent of balloons during the night. It could however be adapted to also represent daytime soundings, with solar radiation modeled as a diffusive process. The potential applications of the model include the forecast of the trajectory of sounding balloons, which can be used to increase the accuracy of the match technique, and the derivation of the air vertical velocity. The latter is obtained by subtracting the ascent rate of the balloon in still air calculated by the model from the actual ascent rate. This technique is shown to provide an approximation for the vertical air motion with an uncertainty error of 0.5 m s−1 in the troposphere and 0.2 m s−1 in the stratosphere. An example of extraction of the air vertical velocity is provided in this paper. We show that the air vertical velocities derived from the balloon soundings in this paper are in general agreement with small-scale atmospheric velocity fluctuations related to gravity waves, mechanical turbulence, or other small-scale air motions measured during the SUCCESS campaign (Subsonic Aircraft: Contrail and Cloud Effects Special Study) in the orographically unperturbed mid-latitude middle troposphere.
Effects of disregarding seasonality on the distribution of hydrological extremes
Authors: Allamano P. , Laio F. , Claps P.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. This paper deals with the seasonality of hydroclimatic extremes and with the problem of accounting for their non-homogeneous character in determining the design value. To this aim we devise a simple stochastic experiment in which extremes are produced by a non-homogeneous extreme value generation process. The design values are estimated in closed analytical form both in a peak over threshold framework and by using the standard annual maxima approach. In this completely controlled world of generated hydrological extremes, a statistical measure of the error associated to the adoption of a homogeneous model is introduced. The sensitivity of this measure, named return period ratio, to the typology and strength of seasonality is investigated. We find that neglecting seasonality induces a downward bias in design value estimators. The magnitude of the bias may be large when the peak over threshold approach is adopted, while the return period distortion is limited when the annual maxima are considered. An application to rainfall data from a 30 000 km2 region located in North-Western Italy is presented to better clarify the effects of disregarding seasonality in a real case.
The fate of lake ice in the North American Arctic
Authors: Brown L. C. , Duguay C. R.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Lakes comprise a large portion of the surface cover in northern North America, forming an important part of the cryosphere. The timing of lake ice phenological events (e.g. break-up/freeze-up) is a useful indicator of climate variability and change, which is of particular relevance in environmentally sensitive areas such as the North American Arctic. Further alterations to the present day ice regime could result in major ecosystem changes, such as species shifts and the disappearance of perennial ice cover. The Canadian Lake Ice Model (CLIMo) was used to simulate lake ice phenology across the North American Arctic from 1961–2100 using two climate scenarios produced by the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM). Results from the 1961–1990 time period were validated using 15 locations across the Canadian Arctic, with both in situ ice cover observations from the Canadian Ice Database as well as additional ice cover simulations using nearby weather station data. Projected changes to the ice cover using the 30-year mean data between 1961–1990 and 2041–2070 suggest a shift in break-up and freeze-up dates for most areas ranging from 10–25 days earlier (break-up) and 0–15 days later (freeze-up). The resulting ice cover durations show mainly a 10–25 day reduction for the shallower lakes (3 and 10 m) and 10–30 day reduction for the deeper lakes (30 m). More extreme reductions of up to 60 days (excluding the loss of perennial ice cover) were shown in the coastal regions compared to the interior continental areas. The mean maximum ice thickness was shown to decrease by 10–60 cm with no snow cover and 5–50 cm with snow cover on the ice. Snow ice was also shown to increase through most of the study area with the exception of the Alaskan coastal areas.
Vectorial Astigmatic Changes after Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Keratoconic Corneas Previously Treated with Intracorneal Ring Segments: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Piñero David P. , Alio Jorge L. , Klonowski Pawel , Toffaha Bader
Published: October 2011

Purpose

To analyze by means of a vectorial method the corneal astigmatic changes occurring after crosslinking (CXL) in keratoconic eyes and to determine the relationship between these changes and the final clinical outcome.

Methods

A total of 16 eyes of 12 patients with the diagnosis of mild to moderate keratoconus and that underwent CXL surgery were included. All surgeries were performed using the standard technique with epithelial debridement. Visual, refractive, keratometric, corneal aberrometric, and corneal biomechanical changes were evaluated during a 24-month follow-up. Additionally, corneal astigmatic changes were analyzed using the Alpins vectorial method: targeted induced astigmatism (TIA), surgically induced astigmatism (SIA), difference vector (DV), magnitude of error (ME), flattening effect (FE), and torque (TRQ).

Results

No significant changes in refraction, central keratometry, and corneal higher order aberrations were detected during the follow-up (p≥0.07). Corneal resistance factor increased at 6 months (p=0.05), but it decreased at 24 months (p=0.01). Postoperatively, the magnitude of SIA vector was significantly lower than the TIA (p≤0.04). Mean magnitude of DV was 3.33±2.53 D at 24 months postoperatively. Mean ME remained negative during the follow-up (p≥0.26). Mean magnitude of FE was also significantly lower than TIA at all postoperative visits (p≤0.02). Mean magnitude of TRQ vector was 1.31±1.41 D at 24 months. Significant negative correlations were found between corneal astigmatism preoperatively and postoperative ME and DV at all postoperative visits.

Conclusions

Crosslinking is able to induce a corneal astigmatic change, but it is variable, not predictable, and insufficient to provide an effective astigmatic correction.
Skewness and Kurtosis: Important Parameters in the Characterization of Dental Implant Surface Roughness—A Computer Simulation
Authors: Hansson Karl Niklas , Hansson Stig
Published: October 2011

The surface roughness affects the bone response to dental implants. A primary aim of the roughness is to increase the bone-implant interface shear strength. Surface roughness is generally characterized by means of surface roughness parameters. It was demonstrated that the normally used parameters cannot discriminate between surfaces expected to give a high interface shear strength from surfaces expected to give a low interface shear strength. It was further demonstrated that the skewness parameter can do this discrimination. A problem with this parameter is that it is sensitive to isolated peaks and valleys. Another roughness parameter which on theoretical grounds can be supposed to give valuable information on the quality of a rough surface is kurtosis. This parameter is also sensitive to isolated peaks and valleys. An implant surface was assumed to have a fairly well-defined and homogenous “semiperiodic” surface roughness upon which isolated peaks were superimposed. In a computerized simulation, it was demonstrated that by using small sampling lengths during measurement, it should be possible to get accurate values of the skewness and kurtosis parameters.
Shrinking Projection Method of Common Fixed Point Problems for Discrete Asymptotically Strictly Pseudocontractive Semigroups and Mixed Equilibrium Problems in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Tianchai Pattanapong
Published: October 2011

This paper is concerned with a common element of the set of common fixed point for a discrete asymptotically strictly pseudocontractive semigroup and the set of solutions of the mixed equilibrium problems in Hilbert spaces. The strong convergence theorem for the above two sets is obtained by a general iterative scheme based on the shrinking projection method which extends and improves the corresponding ones due to Kim [Proceedings of the Asian Conference on Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization (Matsue, Japan, 2008), 139–162].
Vessel Extraction of Conjunctival Images Using LBPs and ANFIS
Authors: Zabihi Seyed Mohsen , Pourreza Hamid Reza , Banaee Touka
Published: October 2011

The main goal of medical imaging applications is to diagnose some diseases, try to prevent the progression of them, and actually cure the patients. The number of people that suffer from diabetes is growing very fast these recent years in many countries and it is needed to diagnose this disease in the beginning to prevent the subsequent side effects like blindness and so on. One of the first ways to detect this disease is analysis of vessels in some parts of the eye such as retina and conjunctiva. Some studies have been done on effects of vessel changes of conjunctiva in diabetes diagnosis and it is proved that conjunctival vessel extraction and analysis is a good way for this purpose. In this paper, we proposed a method to detect and extract the vessels of conjunctiva automatically. It is the first stage of the process of diabetes diagnosis. We first extract some textural features from each pixel of the conjunctiva image using LBP and then classify each pixel to vessels or nonvessels according to the features vector based on a supervised classifier, ANFIS. We tested the proposed algorithm on 40 conjunctival images to show the performance and efficiency of our method.
An efficient one‐pot three‐component synthesis of tetrahydrofuro[3,4‐b]quinoline‐1,8(3H,4H)‐dione derivatives catalyzed by L‐proline
Authors: Shi Chun‐Ling , Chen Hui , Shi Daqing
Published: October 2011

L‐Proline is found to be an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of tetrahydrofuro[3,4‐b]quinoline‐1,8(3H,4H)‐dione derivatives. This protocol is novel and has the advantages of mild condition, high yield, and easy operation. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Synthesis and biological study of some new chalcones and oxopyrimidines containing imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine nucleus
Authors: Joshi M. J. , Vekariya P. B. , Dodiya B. L. , Ghetiya R. M. , Joshi H. S.
Published: October 2011

Heterosubstituted chalcones and oxopyrimidines were synthesized by the reaction of 2‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine‐3‐carbaldehyde 1 and different aryl acetophenone in the presence of catalytic amount of 40% alkali to give (2E)‐3‐(2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐yl)‐1‐arylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ones 2a–l. Compounds 2a–l on reaction with urea in the presence of basic catalyst such as KOH to give 6‐(2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐yl)‐4‐aryl pyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones 3a–l. Their IR, 1H‐NMR, MASS spectral data, and elemental analysis were in accord with assigned structure. All the newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Nurse Liaison: The Bridge Between the Perioperative Department and Patient Accompaniers
Authors: Lerman Yulia , Kara Itzik , Porat Nurit
Published: October 2011

The role of the perioperative nurse liaison at Hadassah‐Hebrew University Medical Center, Ein Kerem in Jerusalem, Israel, is to provide information and help patients' family members and others accompanying surgical patients cope with feelings of uncertainty, emotional stress, and fear. The nurse liaison is responsible for ongoing communication with patient accompaniers awaiting the conclusion of surgery and, in particular, for updating them on the surgery's progress. As part of a quality assurance project, the OR academic assistant, the OR nursing supervisor, and the coordinator of clinical quality and assurance in nursing conducted a quantitative descriptive survey to evaluate patient accompaniers' satisfaction with the updates provided by the nurse liaison throughout surgery and with the waiting room conditions. Results indicated that the nurse liaison makes a significant contribution to the welfare of patient accompaniers during surgery. In addition, results showed a need to improve the waiting room conditions to allow for more privacy.
Comparison of pulsed actinomycin D versus 5‐day methotrexate for the treatment of low‐risk gestational trophoblastic disease
Authors: Mousavi Azamsadat , Cheraghi Fatemeh , Yarandi Fariba , Gilani Mitra Modaress , Shojaei Hadi
Published: October 2011

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of 2 standard chemotherapy regimens for low‐risk gestational trophoblastic disease according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging system.

Methods

From 2008 until 2010, 75 women with low‐risk gestational trophoblastic disease received either pulsed actinomycin D (n = 50) or 5‐day methotrexate (n = 25). The primary remission rate, the duration of treatment, the number of treatment courses, and the adverse effects were compared.

Results

The complete remission rates were 90% for the actinomycin D group and 68% for the methotrexate group (P = 0.018). The mean number of chemotherapy courses administered to achieve complete remission (including courses of second‐line therapy) was 3.1 in the methotrexate group and 5.3 in the actinomycin D group (P = 0.01). No major adverse effects were experienced in either treatment group and there were no significant differences in terms of adverse effects. Second‐line chemotherapy was indicated for 11 patients.

Conclusion

Based on the present study, pulsed actinomycin D seems to be an appropriate first‐line treatment for patients with low‐risk gestational trophoblastic disease.
Large semigroups of cellular automata
Authors: HARTMAN YAIR
Published: October 2011

In this article, we consider semigroups of transformations of cellular automata which act on a fixed shift space. In particular, we are interested in two properties of these semigroups which relate to ‘largeness’: first, a semigroup has the ID (infinite is dense) property if the only infinite invariant closed set (with respect to the semigroup action) is the entire space; the second property is maximal commutativity (MC). We shall consider two examples of semigroups: one is spanned by cellular automata transformations that represent multiplications by integers on the one-dimensional torus, and the other one consists of all the cellular automata transformations which are linear (when the symbols set is the ring ℤ/sℤ). It will be shown that these two properties of these semigroups depend on the number of symbols s. The multiplication semigroup is ID and MC if and only if s is not a power of a prime. The linear semigroup over the mentioned ring is always MC but is ID if and only if s is prime. When the symbol set is endowed with a finite field structure (when possible), the linear semigroup is both ID and MC. In addition, we associate with each semigroup which acts on a one-sided shift space a semigroup acting on a two-sided shift space, and vice versa, in a way that preserves the ID and the MC properties.
COLOR CAPITAL, WHITE DEBT, AND THE PARADOX OF STRONG WHITE RACIAL IDENTITIES
Authors: Hughey Matthew W.
Published: October 2011

This article examines how meaning is made of White racial identity by comparing two White racial projects assumed antithetical—White nationalists and White antiracists. While clear differences abound, they make meaning of Whiteness and racial “others” in surprisingly similar ways. Racial identity formation is structured by understandings of Whiteness as dull, empty, lacking, and incomplete (“White debt”) coupled with a search to alleviate those feelings through the appropriation of objects, discourses, and people coded as non-White (“Color capital”). Drawing from in-depth semi-structured interviews, fourteen months of ethnographic observations, and content analysis, this article demonstrates how the prevailing meanings of Whiteness, not their antithetical political projects or material resources, enable racial identity management. By examining seemingly antithetical White formations, the article illuminates not only striking differences but how divergent White actors similarly negotiate the dominant expectations of Whiteness.
Standardized Ultrasound Hepatic/Renal Ratio and Hepatic Attenuation Rate to Quantify Liver Fat Content: An Improvement Method
Authors: Xia Ming‐Feng , Yan Hong‐Mei , He Wan‐Yuan , Li Xiao‐Ming , Li Chao‐Lun , Yao Xiu‐Zhong , Li Ruo‐Kun , Zeng Meng‐Su , Gao Xin
Published: October 2011

Accurate measures of liver fat content are essential for investigating the role of hepatic steatosis in the pathophysiology of multiple metabolic disorders. No traditional imaging methods can accurately quantify liver fat content. [1H]‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is restricted in large‐scale studies because of the practical and technological issues. Previous attempts on computer‐aided ultrasound quantification of liver fat content varied in method, and the ultrasound quantitative parameters measured from different ultrasound machines were hardly comparable. We aimed to establish and validate a simple and propagable method for quantitative assessment of liver fat content based on the combination of standardized ultrasound quantitative parameters, using [1H]‐MRS as gold standard. Totally 127 participants were examined with both ultrasonography (US) and [1H]‐MRS. Ultrasound hepatic/renal echo‐intensity ratio (H/R) and ultrasound hepatic echo‐intensity attenuation rate (HA) were obtained from ordinary ultrasound images using computer program. Both parameters were standardized using a tissue‐mimicking phantom before analysis. Standardized ultrasound H/R and HA were positively correlated with the liver fat content by [1H]‐MRS (r = 0.884, P < 0.001 and r = 0.711, P < 0.001, respectively). Linear regression analysis showed ultrasound H/R could modestly predict the amount of liver fat (adjusted explained variance 78.0%, P < 0.001). The addition of ultrasound HA slightly improved the adjusted explained variance to 79.8%. Difference of estimated liver fat contents between different ultrasound machines and operators was reasonably well. Thus, computer‐aided US is a valid method to estimate liver fat content and can be applied extensively after standardization of ultrasound quantitative parameters.
Evaluation of satellite-derived burned area products for the fynbos, a Mediterranean shrubland
Authors: de Klerk Helen M. , Wilson Adam M. , Steenkamp Karen
Published: October 2011

Fire is a critical ecological process in the fynbos of the south-western area of South Africa, as it is for all dwarf Mediterranean shrublands. We evaluated the potential of current publicly available MODIS burned area products to contribute to an accurate fire history of the fynbos. To this end, we compared the Meraka Institute’s MODIS burned area product, based on the Giglio algorithm (termed the ‘WAMIS’ product) as well as the standard MODIS MCD45A1 burned area product, based on the Roy algorithm, with comprehensive manager-mapped fire boundary data. We used standard inventory accuracy assessment (number and size of individual burn scars) and confusion matrix techniques. Results showed promise for both burned area products, depending on the intended use. The MCD45A1 had low errors of commission (8.1–19.1%) and high consumer’s accuracy (80.9–91.9%), but relatively common errors of omission, making it useful for studies that need to identify burned pixels with a high degree of certainty. However, the WAMIS product generally had low errors of omission (12.2–43.8%) and greater producer’s accuracy (56.2–87.6%), making it a useful tool for supplementing manager-mapped fire records, especially for fynbos remnants occurring outside protected areas.
Evaluation of a very simple model for predicting the moisture content of eucalypt litter
Authors: Sharples Jason J. , McRae Richard H. D.
Published: October 2011

Operational prediction of wildfire behaviour requires assessment of dead fuel moisture content to an acceptable degree of accuracy. Ideally, the methods of assessment should be simple enough to implement in most operational settings, including those where computational power is a constraining factor. In this short note, we describe a very simple model for estimating dead fine fuel moisture content and compare its predictions with several fuel moisture observations and the predictions of a complex process-based model and two of its simplifications. Remarkably, the very simple model is shown to fit the observational data just as well, if not slightly better, than the more sophisticated models. The result highlights the issues of engineering and parsimony of models for dead fuel moisture content. These issues are briefly discussed.
Northeast US precipitation variability and North American climate teleconnections interpreted from late Holocene varved sediments
Authors: Hubeny J. Bradford , King John W. , Reddin Mike
Published: October 2011

A more thorough understanding of regional to hemispheric hydroclimate variability and associated climate patterns is needed in order to validate climate models and project future conditions. In this study, two annually laminated (varved) sediment records spanning the last millennium were analyzed from Rhode Island and New York. Lamination thickness time series from the two locations are significantly correlated to hydroclimate indicators over the period of instrument overlap, demonstrating their usefulness in reconstructing past conditions. Both records are correlated to climate teleconnection indices, most strongly the Pacific/North American (PNA) pattern, suggesting regional to hemispheric influences on hydroclimate. Such a linkage is interpreted to be due to tropospheric circulation patterns in which positive PNA periods are associated with meridional circulation, leading to the dominance of southern moist air masses in the Northeast United States. Alternatively, the zonal flow over North America associated with negative PNA periods produces dominant dry continental air masses over the region. A composite record from the two locations reveals variability of hydroclimate and atmospheric circulation over the late Holocene and shows similarities to previously published reconstructions of the circumpolar vortex and of the Aleutian Low-pressure system, supporting the hypothesized PNA linkage. The record is correlated to continental-scale droughts, many of which have been reconstructed in the American Southwest. These results demonstrate the PNA’s influence on hydroclimate over North America, and suggest that this teleconnected pattern may have a significant role in continental drought dynamics.
The Substance Abuse Counseling Workforce: Education, Preparation, and Certification
Authors: Rieckmann Traci , Farentinos Christiane , Tillotson Carrie J. , Kocarnik Jonathan , McCarty Dennis
Published: October 2011

The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN) is an alliance of drug abuse treatment programs and research centers testing new interventions and implementation factors for treating alcohol and drug use disorders. A workforce survey distributed to those providing direct services in 295 treatment units in the CTN obtained responses from 1750 individuals with a job title of counselor ( n = 1395) or counselor supervisor ( n = 355). A secondary analysis compares and describes both groups. Supervisors were more likely to be licensed or certified. Master's degrees were more common among counselors in outpatient and methadone programs. Counselors in residential settings tended to be on the job fewer years. Finally, higher education was associated with greater familiarity with and acceptance of evidence-based practices.
Quantitative detection ofFusariumpathogens and their mycotoxins in South African maize
Authors: Boutigny A.‐L. , Beukes I. , Small I. , Zühlke S. , Spiteller M. , Van Rensburg B. J. , Flett B. , Viljoen A.
Published: October 2011

The distribution and co‐occurrence of fourFusariumspecies and their mycotoxins were investigated in maize samples from two susceptible cultivars collected at 14 localities in South Africa during 2008 and 2009. Real‐time PCR was used to quantify the respectiveFusariumspecies in maize grain, and mycotoxins were quantified by multi‐toxin analysis using HPLC‐MS. In 2008,F. graminearumwas the predominant species associated with maize ear rot in the eastern Free State, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu‐Natal provinces, whileF. verticillioideswas predominant in the Northwest, the western Free State and the Northern Cape provinces. In 2009, maize ear rot infection was higher andF. graminearumbecame the predominant species found in the Northwest province.Fusarium subglutinanswas associated with maize ear rot in both years at most of the localities, whileF. proliferatumwas not detected from any of the localities. Type B trichothecenes, especially deoxynivalenol, and zearalenone were well correlated with the amount ofF. graminearum, fumonisins withF. verticillioides, and moniliformin and beauvericin withF. subglutinans. This information is of great importance to aid understanding of the distribution and epidemiology ofFusariumspecies in South Africa, and for predicting mycotoxin contamination risks and implementing preventative disease management strategies.
The Teaching of Intonation in Modern Foreign Languages, with Special Reference to French
Authors: Roche Alphonse V.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Proper intonation is essential and deserves the teacher's careful attention. It can be taught successfully without interfering with the students' accomplishments in other phases of language study; on the contrary, it supplements them. A few practical suggestions are made in this article.
Social Values, the Social Studies, and the Foreign Languages
Authors: Warshaw J.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Two frank questions raised by a schoolman. Educational and practical reasons for the desire of foreign language teachers to have their subject recognized as a social study. An expression of doubt as to the application of rigid criteria in selecting the social studies. Foreign language as a “skill” and as a subject largely interested in social relationships. Striking testimony from a great newspaper.
A Practical Reading Method
Authors: Woodbridge Benjamin Mather
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Foreign languages are under fire. Let us convince our critics that they have “practical” service value for all. Concentrate on reading. Encourage independent work for undergraduates. Let students choose much of their own reading. Notes on the Reed College plan.
Mastering German Idioms
Authors: Cochran Emory E.
Published: October 2011

Idioms are learned only by frequent use in varied form. The student, therefore, should not be content with a single sentence. Verbal idioms involving prepositions should be used in various tenses and moods, and with nouns of different gender. The use of exercises, such as those given under A‐F, will vary in accordance with the needs of individual classes.)
Liaison and Linking
Authors: Fling Wentworth D.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Liaison is inadequately treated in most of our classes, largely because there are two sets of phenomena, one subject to grammatical law and the other to usage. This study tries to explain what distinguishes between the obligatory and the optional liaison, and indicates a method of teaching the student to direct himself amidst these irregularities.
That the Foreign Language Club May Survive
Authors: Dummer E. Heyse
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This paper (1) offers a solution to the problem of how to assure the continuation of the language club, especially at the smaller college, (2) states methods successfully employed by the author in language club work, and (3) offers some program suggestions.
The Vocabulary of Sports in French
Authors: Gibson Alexander D.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— As French dictionaries and textbooks pay but scant attention to the vocabulary of sports, the lists of sport terms given below are a modest attempt to make such material available to teachers and to sport‐loving students.
La Dernière Classe: A Suggested Plan for the Last French Class
Authors: Dowling Albert Warner
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— This article suggests a plan, with some notes in outline form, for the last French class in secondary school to serve as a final summing up of an understanding of French traits and temperament. For students who expect to continue their language study in college, it is meant to serve as a point of departure for further interest.
Intermediate Language Courses
Authors: Fitch Girdler B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— This is the third article in the series on language methods at Ohio State. Third‐ and fourth‐quarter courses still stress language as conveying ideas. Methods permit considerable simultaneous practice by all students. Material is more literary than in preceding courses; reading ability is highly developed in coördination with other language skills.
A Good‐Will Suggestion to Professors of English
Authors: Withers A. M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The future of effective, satisfying teaching of English is becoming more and more clouded by foreign language neglect. The professors of English do not appear vividly enough aware of this fact. They alone can and should bring unremitting pressure to bear in the proper quarters to avert the danger.
What Foreign Language Study Has Meant to Me
Authors: Linn Mary Jean
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A college senior shows how the modern languages integrate.
A College of Education Dean Looks at a Romance Language Program
Authors: Klein Dean Arthur J.
Published: October 2011

A critique of the teaching program outlined by members of the Department of Romance Languages of Ohio State University in these columns in the previous volume.)
General Language*
Authors: Lindquist Lilly
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— General Language deals with language in a broad sense and with English in particular. It is more than an exploratory course, with a definite surrender value, helping students to use language more effectively, to think and to express thought more clearly, and to read and interpret more accurately. It motivates and supplements foreign language study. It correlates with the social studies, music, art, and the sciences.
Oral Work as a Means to an End
Authors: Smith M. Margaret
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— In this day of international problems, the surest way to arouse and sustain a broadminded interest is to use the oral approach to teaching. Several methods are lightly touched upon.
Before the Arches Crumble
Authors: Altman Clara
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— With changing population, needs, and goals in education comes a demand that teachers study the contribution of their subjects in the light of a new situation. The teacher of Modern Language is aware of the criticism directed against these subjects. The help of those outside our own profession should be welcomed—even sought.
The Dilemma of the Young Instructor
Authors: Minault Sylvain S.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Does a four‐year college career prepare a language instructor to embark upon his profession fully equipped to handle the language and conduct his classes with skill and imagination? The author presents the young instructor's viewpoint and suggests a few workable remedies.
A New Approach to the Teaching of the Russian Language
Authors: Pargment Lila
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Russian is just as accessible to American students as any other foreign language. Like others, it has its difficulties and its redeeming features. Difficulties that can be avoided; how to attack those that must be faced.
France, Not French
Authors: Foster Dorothy V.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The oral approach is the only way to teach a language. We have limited time at our disposal, indifferent student material, poor preparation of teachers; yet we are accountable for the results. The four‐fold, integrated, oral system is the most successful.
A Survey of Modern Language Teaching in the High Schools of the United States in 1938
Authors: Gutowski Adriana C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— This survey shows what modern languages are being taught in the high schools of the different states. It includes the state eligibility requirements for modern language teachers, and gives the conditions governing the introduction of the study of a language into the curriculum.