bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the peridynamic formulation for an orthotropic Mindlin plate under bending
Authors: Yolum Ugur , Güler MA
Published: September 2019

Composite materials are becoming increasingly widespread across applications such as aerospace, automotive, wind and solar energy systems, on account of their superior specific strength and stiffness. There are still unresolved challenges in the structural analysis of composite materials in practical engineering applications, owing to their complex structures. Peridynamic theory is a robust technique for the analysis of composite structures; however, it is computationally costly. Structural idealizations are commonly applied in engineering applications to represent structures with a reasonable simplicity, thus reducing the computational cost. Idealization of a planar structure, such as a plate, reduces the number of peridynamic interactions to be solved. In this study, a peridynamic plate formulation of an orthotropic plate with transverse shear deformation is proposed. Peridynamic bond parameters are derived by localizing the peridynamic equations of motion and comparing them with equations of motion obtained using classical continuum mechanics. A failure theory is implemented in the formulation in order to perform crack propagation simulations. A MATLAB script is written using the proposed formulation for the solution of orthotropic plates under bending. The peridynamic solutions are obtained for both elastic deformations and failure prediction of pre-cracked plates, and are validated using finite-element analysis solutions.
Creating Spaces for Young People to Collaborate to Create Community Change: Ohio’s Youth-Led Initiative
Authors: Collura Jessica J. , Raffle Holly , Collins Aimee L. , Kennedy Haley
Published: September 2019

Scholars and researchers are increasingly calling attention to the need for community-based coalitions to become more inclusive of local residents and engage those most directly affected by the issues. One population, however, often remains the recipient of services as opposed to partners or leaders in community change initiatives: youth. Over the past several years in Ohio, adults convening and facilitating youth-led programs have been transforming their work by utilizing the Youth Empowerment Conceptual Framework and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s Strategic Prevention Framework to empower young people and ensure their equitable participation in community change efforts. This article provides an overview of Ohio’s statewide youth-led initiative, highlighting how adult allies engaged young people in a data-driven strategic planning process and intentionally selected and implemented strategies designed to affect the health of their local communities. This initiative provides key insights into the Collaborating for Equity and Justice Principles 4, 5, and 6.
Policemen on Leave Alone in Spain. A Rift in Hegemonic Masculinity?
Authors: Romero-Balsas Pedro , Meil Gerardo , Rogero-García Jesús
Published: September 2019

Caring fatherhood in very traditional and masculinized environments has been under-researched. This study analyzed the experience of Spanish policemen who used parental leave to care for their babies alone while their partners returned to paid work. The aim was to ascertain whether use of parental leaves under those circumstances favors the development of caring masculinity. The qualitative methodology deployed consisted in semi-structured interviews conducted in 2014 with a sample of 15 policemen who took parental leave alone for at least 4 weeks while their partners returned to paid work. More specifically, the analysis addressed the respondents’ discourse on the justification of their decision to engage in this type of childcare, the workplace reaction to the decision, and their experience when fathering alone. The findings suggest that, even though hegemonic masculinity persisted in part of these fathers’ discourse and experience, engagement in such innovative practice tended to narrow the divide between traditional and caring masculinity. The conclusion drawn is that encouraging fathers to take leave to care for their children alone is a useful tool for furthering caring masculinity in highly masculinized environments.
The incidence and risk of infusion phlebitis with peripheral intravenous catheters: A meta-analysis
Authors: Lv Luyu , Zhang Jiaqian
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

Phlebitis is a common complication associated with the use of peripheral intravenous catheters. The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of phlebitis with peripheral intravenous catheter use and to identify risk factors for phlebitis development.

Method:

Literature survey was conducted in electronic databases (CINAHL, Embase, Google Scholar, Ovid, and PubMed), and studies were included if they used peripheral intravenous catheter for therapeutic or volumetric infusion and reported phlebitis incidence rates. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to obtain overall and subgroup phlebitis incidence rates and odds ratio between males and females in phlebitis incidence.

Results:

Thirty-five studies were included (20,697 catheters used for 15,791 patients; age 57.1 years (95% confidence interval: 55.0, 59.2); 53.9% males (95% confidence interval: 42.3, 65.5)). Incidence of phlebitis was 30.7 per 100 catheters (95% confidence interval: 27.2, 34.2). Incidence of severe phlebitis was 3.6% (95% confidence interval: 2.7%, 4.6%). Incidence of phlebitis was higher in non-intervened (30% (95% confidence interval: 27%, 33%)) than in intervened (21% (95% confidence interval: 15%, 27%)) groups, and with Teflon (33% (95% confidence interval: 25%, 41%)) than Vialon (27% (95% confidence interval: 21%, 32%)) cannula use. Odds of developing phlebitis was significantly higher in females (odds ratio = 1.42 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.93); p = 0.02). Longer dwelling time, antibiotics infusion, female gender, forearm insertion, infectious disease, and Teflon catheter are important risk factors for phlebitis development identified by the included studies.

Conclusion:

Incidence of phlebitis with the use of peripheral intravenous catheters during infusion is 31%. Severe phlebitis develops in 4% of all patients. Risk of phlebitis development can be reduced by adapting appropriate interventions.
Who makes acquisitions? An empirical investigation of restaurant firms
Authors: Dogru Tarik , Ozdemir Ozgur , Kizildag Murat , Erdogan Aysa Ipek
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this study is to examine the financial and operational factors that explain acquisition decisions in restaurant firms. We analyze the effects of franchising, dividends, leverage, Tobin’s Q, total assets, sales growth, and cash flows on restaurant firms’ acquisition decisions. The findings show that firms with high growth prospects and excess cash flows (i.e. small firms and franchising restaurant firms) are more likely to make acquisitions than their counterparts. Furthermore, firms with higher dividend payouts are less likely to engage in acquisition deals due to lack of cash. Shareholders perceive acquisitions to be value-decreasing only if large restaurant firms (not necessarily franchising) make acquisitions, while shareholders perceive acquisitions to be value-increasing when franchising firms make acquisitions. The findings provide partial support for the postulations of overinvestment and underinvestment theories. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Who is the sexually progressive subject? Sexual, cultural and ethnic (un)belonging among younger Iranian-Dutch
Authors: Roodsaz Rahil
Published: September 2019

Over the past two decades, issues of sexuality and gender have increasingly become instrumentalized in us/them demarcations in public debates on the position of ethnic and religious minority groups living in Western countries. In these debates, a sexually progressive West is imagined as opposed to a sexually progressive Rest, policing exclusionary and inclusionary regimes of power. This article presents a diasporic account of sexual progressiveness, focusing on the narratives of younger Iranian-Dutch. I argue that, through an imaginative state of sexual, cultural and ethnic (un)belonging, these highly educated interlocutors trouble not only the implied whiteness and universality of the sexually progressive subject, but also heteropatriarchal underpinnings of dominant nationalist and diasporic understandings of culture, home and nation.
Analysis of stick-slip reduction for a new torsional vibration tool based on PID control
Authors: Tian Jialin , Zhou Yi , Yang Lin , Hu Shuhui
Published: September 2019

The phenomenon of stick-slip vibration is widespread in the exploration of deep and ultra-deep wells. It causes the reduction of the mechanical drilling rate and wastes the driving energy. Besides, it also accelerates the aging and failure of the drill strings and threatens the safety of drilling seriously. In order to effectively control the stick-slip vibration of the drill string, a new type of torsional vibration tool is proposed in this paper firstly. Then, the theoretical model of the drill string system based on the tool is established. And then, the viscosity reduction characteristics of the new torsional vibration tool are studied by the PID control method. Finally, field tests were carried out in comparison with simulation. The results show that the new torsional vibration tool can reduce the stick-slip vibration. And the two PID control equations can both control the drill bit speed in real time through changing the turntable speed. The results also have important reference significance for reducing and controlling the stick-slip vibration of the drill string and improving the rock-breaking efficiency.
Structure reactivity relationship in the accelerated formation of 2,3-diarylquinoxalines in the microdroplets of a nebuliser
Authors: Hayat Nadia , Fenwick Nathan W , Saidykhan Amie , Telford Richard , Martin William HC , Gallagher Richard T , Bowen Richard D
Published: September 2019

Competition experiments in which 1,2-phenylenediamine, C6H4(NH2)2, condenses with equimolar quantities of benzil, (C6H5CO)2, and a 3,3′- or 4,4′-disubstituted benzil (XC6H4CO)2 (X = F, Cl, Br, CH3 or CH3O) to form a mixture of 2,3-diphenylquinoxaline and the corresponding 2,3-diarylquinoxaline (Ar = XC6H4) in the microdroplets produced in a nebuliser allow a Hammett relationship with a ρ value of 1.85 to be developed for this accelerated condensation in the nebuliser. This structure reactivity relationship reveals that an appreciable amount of negative charge builds up on the carbon of the carbonyl group of the benzil during the rate-limiting step of the reaction, thus confirming that this process involves nucleophilic addition of the 1,2-phenylenediamine to the benzil. In general, the presence of an electron donating substituent, particularly in the 4 and 4′ positions, in the benzil retards the reaction, whereas an electron attracting substituent, especially in the 3 and 3′ position, accelerates it.
‘All the better to eat you with!’ The contribution of consumer culture to the rise of predatory capitalism
Authors: Kennedy Paul
Published: September 2019

Consumer culture has been inextricably bound up with two parallel transformations: the growing emphasis on self-actualization or individualization in late modernity and the rise of a particularly disengaged and predatory capitalism during the last 40 years. Wide academic and public understanding exists concerning the separate ways in which each of these forces have played out in societies, cultures and politics especially since the late 1970s. Arguably, though, there has been less attempt to plot the interconnections between them or to grasp the implications of these for a potentially radical critique of consumerism. This neglect is unsatisfactory and ignores the grounding of both consumer culture and the pursuit of self-actualization in the underlying and changing structures of the capitalist economy such that the seductiveness of both serves to either conceal, beautify or seemingly de-fang the wolf underneath. At the same time, the article explores some of the main ways in which these overwhelmingly prevalent preoccupations isolate and disempower consumers by, for example, encouraging personal debt and competitive consumption, fostering the belief that self-branding processes will liberate individuals from unsatisfactory lives or because of the social fragmentation and humiliation that result when citizens’ poverty excludes them from joining the dominant game. All this, in turn, leaves consumer-citizens socially and culturally ill-equipped to challenge the new capitalism through collective rather than purely individual action.
Development of autonomous target recognition and scanning technology for pulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imager
Authors: Ahmed Hasan , Lee Jung-Ryul
Published: September 2019

This article proposes a pulse-echo ultrasonic propagation imaging system that is capable of autonomous target recognition and scanning an area of a customizable shape for the non-destructive evaluation of structural defects. The proposed system employs through-the-thickness bulk waves for ultrasonic inspection, which is achieved by joining two laser beams: one each for the ultrasonic wave generation and sensing. Moreover, the system is capable of autonomously suggesting a suitable inspection area for a specimen placed in front of the scanning head. The scan area delimitation algorithm uses the specimen image and ascertains the specimen border by means of edge and contour detection operations, following which a scan area closely conforming to the specimen boundary is suggested. The system can scan an area of any arbitrary shape, thereby preventing any wasteful operations that may result from fixed shape (rectangular or square) scanning. A Q-switched laser is used for generating the aforementioned ultrasonic waves, while a laser Doppler vibrometer is used for sensing these signals. A dual-axis automated translation stage is applied for raster scanning of the specimen, and a data acquisition card is employed for taking measurements. A camera mounted on the scan head is used for imaging the specimen for the scan area detection. Graphical user interface software controls all the individual blocks of the system, while implementing the required image processing, scan area detection, signal acquisition, signal processing, and result display. The graphical user interface is created in C++ using the Qt framework. Moreover, Qt Widgets for Technical Applications is used for the result display, and the Open Source Computer Vision Library is employed for the implementation of basic image processing algorithms. Multi-threading is used for real-time updating of the scan results while the scanning is ongoing.
Liver retinol estimated by13C-retinol isotope dilution at 7 versus 14 days in Burkinabe schoolchildren
Authors: Bationo Jean F , Zeba Augustin N , Coulibaly Nadine D , Sheftel Jesse , Davis Christopher R , N Bassole Imael H , Barro Nicolas , Ouedraogo Jean B , Tanumihardjo Sherry A
Published: September 2019

Vitamin A status assessment is not straightforward. Retinol isotope dilution (RID) testing requires time for the tracer dose to mix with the total body stores of vitamin A (TBS). Researchers are interested in shortening the time interval between tracer administration and follow-up blood draws, and in re-examining current assumptions about liver mass for calculation of total liver vitamin A reserves (TLR, in µmol/g liver). Schoolchildren (aged 7–12 years; n = 72) were recruited from one school in Burkina Faso. After a baseline blood draw, 1.0 µmol [14,15]-13C2-retinyl acetate was administered to estimate TBS and TLR by retinol isotope dilution with follow-up blood samples at days 7 and 14. Correlations were determined to evaluate if sampling at day 7 could be used to predict TLR compared with day 14. Liver mass was estimated using body surface area and compared with the currently used assumption of liver weight equivalent to 3% of body weight. (This trial was registered at Pan African Clinical Trial Registry: PACTR201702001947398). Liver mass calculated using body surface area did not differ from the standard assumption of 3% of body weight and yielded similar TLR values. The children in this study had mean TLR (0.67 ± 0.35 µmol/g) in the adequate range, while serum retinol concentrations (0.92 ± 0.33 µmol/L) predicted 25% vitamin A deficiency. TLR values at seven days were highly correlated with, but significantly different from day 14 ( P <  0.0001, r =  0.85) and needed a correction factor added to the equation to yield equivalency. Blood drawing at day 7, using correction factors in the prediction equation and the current assumption of liver mass as 3% of body weight, can be used to estimate TLR in schoolchildren with adequate vitamin A status in13C2-RID applications, but further investigations are needed to verify the seven-day predictive equation.

Impact statement

Biomarkers of vitamin A status that reflect the gold standard, i.e. liver biopsy, are available but undergoing refinement to increase accessibility in community-based applications. Retinol isotope dilution testing is one such biomarker. Researchers are interested in decreasing the length of time between isotope administration and follow-up blood draws. This study compared a 7-day blood draw with a 14-day sample. With the simple addition of a correction factor to the prediction equation, the values for total body vitamin A stores were similar, but variation increased with increasing liver reserves. The assumption of 3% of body weight as liver weight in school-aged children was also investigated and confirmed as appropriate in the calculation for total liver vitamin A reserves. Simplifying isotope dilution for population evaluation and building capacity for mass spectrometry analyses are important areas of nutrition development to inform public health programs.
Different Effects of Melatonin on X-Rays-Irradiated Cancer Cells in a Dose-Dependent Manner
Authors: Zhu Hao , Chen Yong , Bai Liang-cai , Cao Xiang-rong , Xu Rui
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of melatonin on the radiosensitivity of HeLa cells. Concentration from 10 to 1000 µM of melatonin was used on HeLa cells before X-rays irradiation (IR). The cellular inactivation effect was analyzed by clonogenic assay, and cell growth was measured by MTT assay at various concentrations. Ten micrometer melatonin promoted the cell-killing effects of IR, while 1000-µM melatonin prevented IR-induced cellular inactivation. Further analysis revealed that 1000-µM melatonin protected the cells from IR-induced reactive oxygen species damage, as the oxidative stress measured by fluorescent microscopy and fluorescence-activated cell sorting using 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate staining. This is further confirmed by melatonin receptor agonist, which has no antioxidant capacity. A 10-µM melatonin, on the contrary, enhanced the cell-killing effects of IR by activating c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase signaling activation was indicated by Western blot of phosphorylated JNK. We used JNK inhibitor to further confirm the involvement of JNK signaling in the cell-killing enhancement of 10-µM melatonin administration. Our results suggest the importance of dose-dependent effects in melatonin application for radiotherapy.
Fatigue strength analysis of bogie frames under random loads
Authors: An Qi , Zhao Hua , Li Peihai , Fu Maohai
Published: September 2019

In this study, a method for analyzing the fatigue strength of a bogie frame under a random load was proposed. Based on the geometric features, a welded joint coordinate system was established to compute the stress components of each node in this coordinate system. With the influence of small amplitude cycles included, based on the corrected S–N curve and a method for calculating the equivalent constant amplitude stress, the node and comprehensive degree of utilization were calculated based on the anti-fatigue design grade of welded joints to evaluate the fatigue strength of a structure under a given lifespan. The FKM and International Institute of Welding methods were used to evaluate the fatigue strength of typical welded joints of a bogie frame. The characteristics of the node degree of utilization under different analytical methods were compared, and the results showed that when the time histories of the three stress components of the nodes had significant non-proportional features, the FKM method obtained conservative results. When the time histories of the three stress components of the nodes were synchronized, the criterion value specified by the International Institute of Welding method was the main factor affecting the distribution characteristics of the node degree of utilization. The analysis based on the International Institute of Welding method can effectively balance the lightweight design and reliability of the structure.
Venous leak and erectile dysfunction – an important differential
Authors: Kaba Rahim , Pearce Ian
Published: September 2019

Congenital venous leak or veno-occlusive dysfunction is an important cause of vasculogenic erectile dysfunction, posing a significant challenge to urologists. To date no medical therapy exists for the treatment of this condition, whilst surgical management options are based on resection or ligation of the offending venous drainage with a significant decline in efficacy with follow-up exceeding 12 months, perhaps as a consequence of collateral drainage.

This review article highlights the importance of veno-occlusive dysfunction. We discuss the pathophysiology, investigations and the required treatment.

Level of evidence: Not applicable for this multicentre audit.
Investigating the Relationship Between Financial Constraint and Growth of SMEs in South Eastern Europe
Authors: Nizaeva Mirgul , Coskun Ali
Published: September 2019

This study investigates the determinants of financial constraint and its impact on the growth of small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) in South Eastern Europe (SEE). In this study, enterprise data from the fifth round of the Business Environment and Enterprise Survey (BEEPS V) undertaken in 2012-2016 were used, and an empirical analysis including ordered probit, probit, and feasible generalized least squares (FGLS) specifications was conducted. The findings evidence that financial constraint is significantly detrimental to SME growth in the region. Moreover, SMEs operating in trade sector perceive access to finance comparatively less, whereas mature enterprises perceive it as more constraining. Among country-specific factors, high banking sector concentration adversely affects access to finance, whereas more domestic credit provided to private sector mitigates the financial constraint perception of SMEs.
Behind Closed Doors: The Role of Depressed Affect on Risky Choices Under Time Pressure
Authors: Byrne Kaileigh , Willis Hunter , Peters Caitlin , Kunkel Deborah , Tibbett Thomas
Published: September 2019

Previous research suggests that depressive symptoms are associated with altered sensitivity to reward and punishment in various decision-making contexts. Building on this work, this study investigated whether depressed-affect symptoms influenced risky decision making under time pressure. The effect of depressed affect on risky choice was assessed in a reward (Experiments 1A and 1B) and loss (Experiment 2) context under low- and high-pressure conditions. Decisions involved learning to choose between a “sure” option and a “risky” option with identical expected values. In Experiment 1A, depressed affect predicted increased risky decision making under time pressure but did not affect decision making under low pressure. Experiment 1B replicated this effect. In contrast, in Experiment 2, depressed affect led to reduced risk taking in low-pressure condition but did not affect decision making under high pressure. These results suggest that the pattern of risky decision making among those experiencing symptoms of depressed affect depends on performance pressure demands.
PHILOS plate versus nonoperative treatment in 2-, 3-, and 4-part proximal humeral fractures: Comparison with healthy control subjects
Authors: Çaliskan Emrah , Doğan Özgür
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

There is no consensus in the literature on nonoperative treatment of displaced and multipart fractures of proximal humerus as those are normally treated operatively. Our aim was to compare the functional results of nonoperative management and open reduction internal fixation with the proximal humerus internal locking system of 2-, 3-, and 4-part proximal humerus fractures, among themselves and with a healthy control group.

Methods:

Between 2014 and 2018, 92 proximal humerus fractures constituting a nonoperative group ( n = 47) and an operative group ( n = 45) together with healthy control subjects ( n = 45) were analyzed in a tertiary care referral center. The American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) shoulder score and visual analog scale (VAS) pain score were used for subjective functional analysis. Range of motion and muscle strength were analyzed objectively for all patients and healthy control subjects.

Results:

In 2-part fractures, VAS scores and hand grip strength were determined as lower in the nonoperative group ( p = 0.033 and p = 0.034, respectively). In 3- and 4-part fractures, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of ASES and VAS scores. Patients who underwent surgery had more muscle strength than those in the nonoperative group, but only arm extensor and forearm flexor muscle strengths were statistically significant for 3-part fractures. In cases of 4-part fractures, objective functional results were similar between the two groups.

Conclusions:

With insufficient functional results and high complication rates in surgery, nonoperative management is still the preferred choice for proximal humerus fractures, especially in case of multipart fractures.
Incomplete atypical femoral fractures after bisphosphonate use in postmenopausal women
Authors: Canbek Umut , Akgun Ulas , Soylemez Deniz , Canbek Tugba Dubektas , Aydogan Nevres Hurriyet
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of incomplete atypical femoral fractures (iAFFs) in postmenopausal women using bisphosphonates and to investigate the potential risk factors for the development of iAFF.

Methods:

The national health-care records system indicated that 2746 postmenopausal women in our region aged ≥50 years were taking bisphosphonates. Using an assumed iAFF prevalence of 10% and levels of 5% α significance and ±5% precision, we calculated that a sample size of 132 participants was needed for this study. The patients were randomly selected and invited to the hospital. Radiographs and bone scans were used to evaluate each patient for iAFF. Bone mineral density, 25-hydroxy vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase measurements were performed.

Results:

The mean age of the study population was 72.79 ± 7.35 years, and the mean duration of bisphosphonate use was 7.7 ± 3.4 years. We found iAFF in 14 (10.6%) patients, and 3 patients had bilateral involvement. Of the 17 femurs with iAFF, a proximal third location was seen in 2 patients (11.8%), a mid-third location in 14 (82.4%), and a distal third location in 1 (5.9%). The duration of bisphosphonate use was longer, and parathyroid hormone levels were higher in patients with iAFF compared to those without an incomplete fracture.

Conclusion:

We found a relatively higher prevalence of iAFF in postmenopausal women using bisphosphonate. Early identification and treatment of iAFF is crucial for reducing potential patient morbidity and hospital costs.
A Life to Remember: Yehuda Even Shmuel’s Memorialization of His Son, Shmuel Asher Kaufman and the Crisis of His Zionist Vision
Authors: Robinson Ira
Published: September 2019

Shmuel Asher Kaufman (1927–1947) died in a live ammunition training accident as a member of the Palmah in spring 1947. His father, Yehuda Kaufman Even-Shmuel (1886–1976), lovingly reconstructed his brief life and his story entered Israeli mythology, along with that of his fiancée Zohara Levyatov, as symbolic of the loss of the young Israeli men and women whose lives were lost in the struggle for Israel’s independence. This article examines the process by which Shmuel’s life was memorialized by his father in the decade after his death. It also begins to mine the wealth of documentation provided by this memorialization of Shmuel’s life in order to examine from a unique perspective the variety of social, religious, and educational choices available to members of the Yishuv’s elite during the Mandate period. In addition, it discusses the impact of Shmuel Kaufman’s tragic death on the crisis of Yehuda Even Shmuel’s Zionist vision, which led him to resign from the Mapai Party in 1947.
Dynamics of structural polysaccharides deposition on the plasma-membrane surface of plant protoplasts during cell wall regeneration
Authors: Tagawa Satomi , Yamagishi Yusuke , Watanabe Ugai , Funada Ryo , Kondo Tetsuo
Published: September 2019

In this study, dynamic changes in structural polysaccharide deposition on the plasma membrane and cortical microtubules (CMTs) behavior were monitored in protoplasts isolated from white birch callus using confocal laser scanning microscopy and atomic force microscopy. We focused on the influence of an environmental stimulus on cell wall regeneration in protoplasts by employing an acidic culture medium containing a high concentration of Ca2+(the stress condition). Under the non-stress condition, cellulose microfibrils and callose were initially synthesized, and thereafter deposited on the plasma membrane as “primary cell wall material”. Under the stress condition, callose micro-sized fibers were secreted without cell wall regeneration. Behavior of CMTs labeled with mammalian microtubule-associated protein 4 with green fluorescent protein in transgenic protoplasts was monitored by time-lapse video analysis. Under the non-stress condition, CMTs behavior showed a linear arrangement at a fixed position, whereas unfixed manner of CMTs behavior was observed under the stress condition. These findings indicate that excessive Ca2+affects cellulose synthesis and CMTs dynamics in plant protoplasts. Current study first demonstrated dynamics of cell wall regeneration and CMTs in woody protoplast, which provides novel insight to aid in understanding early stages of primary cell wall formation in plants.
Correction to: Assessment of intratumor immune-microenvironment in colorectal cancers with extranodal extension of nodal metastases
Authors: Fassan Matteo , Vianello Luca , Sacchi Diana , Fanelli Giuseppe N. , Munari Giada , Scarpa Marco , Cappellesso Rocco , Loupakis Fotios , Lanza Cristiano , Salmaso Roberta , Mescoli Claudia , Valeri Nicola , Agostini Marco , D’Angelo Edoardo , Lonardi Sara , Pucciarelli Salvatore , Veronese Nicola , Luchini Claudio , Rugge Massimo
Published: September 2019

Following publication of the original article [1], it has been brought to our attention that an incorrect Sequenom MassArray trace and an incorrect nomenclature were used to represent the PIK3CA p.E545A mutation in Fig. 2b. The correct Fig. 2b is shown in this erratum. The authors apologize for the confusion.
Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines gene polymorphisms and malaria in Mangaluru, India
Authors: Gai Prabhanjan P. , van Loon Welmoed , Siegert Konrad , Wedam Jakob , Kulkarni Suyamindra S. , Rasalkar Rashmi , Boloor Archith , Kumar Arun , Jain Animesh , Mahabala Chakrapani , Baliga Shantaram , Devi Rajeshwari , Shenoy Damodara , Gai Pramod , Mockenhaupt Frank P.
Published: September 2019

Background

Duffy blood group antigens serve as receptors for Plasmodium vivax invasion into erythrocytes, and they are determined by polymorphisms of the Duffy antigen receptor for chemokines (DARC), also known as Fy glycoprotein (FY). Duffy negativity, i.e., absence of the antigens, protects against P. vivax infection and is rare among non-African populations. However, data on DARC polymorphisms and their impact on Plasmodium infection in India are scarce.

Methods

In a case–control study among 909 malaria patients and 909 healthy community controls in Mangaluru, southwestern India, DARC polymorphisms T-33C (rs2814778), G125A (rs12075), C265T (rs34599082), and G298A (rs13962) were genotyped. Associations of the polymorphisms with the odds of malaria, parasite species and manifestation were assessed.

Results

Among patients, vivax malaria (70%) predominated over falciparum malaria (9%) and mixed species infections (21%). DARC T-33C was absent and C265T was rare (1%). FYB carriage (deduced from DARC G125A) was not associated with the risk of malaria per se but it protected against severe falciparum malaria (P = 0.03), and hospitalization (P = 0.006) due to falciparum malaria. Vice versa, carriage of DARC 298A was associated with increased odds of malaria (aOR, 1.46 (1.07–1.99), P = 0.015) and vivax malaria (aOR, 1.60 (1.14–2.22), P = 0.006) and with several reported symptoms and findings of the patients.

Conclusion

This report from southern India is the first to show an independent effect of the DARC 298A polymorphism on the risk of malaria. Functional studies are required to understand the underlying mechanism. Moreover, FYB carriage appears to protect against severe falciparum malaria in southern India.
Transcriptome analysis of Plasmodium berghei during exo-erythrocytic development
Authors: Caldelari Reto , Dogga Sunil , Schmid Marc W. , Franke-Fayard Blandine , Janse Chris J. , Soldati-Favre Dominique , Heussler Volker
Published: September 2019

Background

The complex life cycle of malaria parasites requires well-orchestrated stage specific gene expression. In the vertebrate host the parasites grow and multiply by schizogony in two different environments: within erythrocytes and within hepatocytes. Whereas erythrocytic parasites are well-studied in this respect, relatively little is known about the exo-erythrocytic stages.

Methods

In an attempt to fill this gap, genome wide RNA-seq analyses of various exo-erythrocytic stages ofPlasmodium bergheiincluding sporozoites, samples from a time-course of liver stage development and detached cells were performed. These latter contain infectious merozoites and represent the final step in exo-erythrocytic development.

Results

The analysis represents the complete transcriptome of the entire life cycle ofP. bergheiparasites with temporal detailed analysis of the liver stage allowing comparison of gene expression across the progression of the life cycle. These RNA-seq data from different developmental stages were used to cluster genes with similar expression profiles, in order to infer their functions. A comparison with published data from other parasite stages confirmed stage-specific gene expression and revealed numerous genes that are expressed differentially in blood and exo-erythrocytic stages. One of the most exo-erythrocytic stage-specific genes was PBANKA_1003900, which has previously been annotated as a “gametocyte specific protein”. The promoter of this gene drove high GFP expression in exo-erythrocytic stages, confirming its expression profile seen by RNA-seq.

Conclusions

The comparative analysis of the genome wide mRNA expression profiles of erythrocytic and different exo-erythrocytic stages could be used to improve the understanding of gene regulation inPlasmodiumparasites and can be used to model exo-erythrocytic stage metabolic networks toward the identification of differences in metabolic processes during schizogony in erythrocytes and hepatocytes.
Detection and molecular characterization of urinary tract HIV-1 populations
Authors: Mzingwane M. L. , Hunt G. , Lassauniere R. , Kalimashe M. , Bongwe A. , Ledwaba J. , Chaisson R. E. , Martinson N. , Richter K. , Bowyer S. M. , Tiemessen C. T.
Published: September 2019

Background

Identification of all possible HIV reservoirs is an important aspect in HIV eradication efforts. The urinary tract has however not been well studied as a potential HIV reservoir. In this pilot study we molecularly characterized HIV-1 viruses in urine and plasma samples to investigate HIV-1 replication, compartmentalization and persistence in the urinary tract.

Methods

Prospectively collected urine and blood samples collected over 12–36 months from 20 HIV-1 infected individuals were analysed including sampling points from prior to and after ART initiation. HIV-1 pol gene RNA and DNA from urine supernatant and urine pellets respectively were analysed and compared to plasma RNA viruses from the same individual.

Results

HIV-1 nucleic acid was detected in urine samples from at least one time point in 8/20 (40%) treatment-naïve subjects compared to 1/13 (7.7%) individuals on antiretroviral treatment (ART) during periods of plasma viral suppression and 1/7 (14.3%) individuals with virological failure. HIV-1 RNA was undetectable in urine samples after ART initiation but HIV-1 DNA was detectable in one patient more than 6 months after treatment initiation. There was co-clustering of urine-derived pol sequences but some urine-derived sequences were interspersed among the plasma-derived sequences.

Conclusions

Suppressive ART reduces HIV-1 replication in the urinary tract but HIV-1 DNA may persist in these cells despite treatment. A larger number of sequences would be required to confirm HIV compartmentalization in the urinary tract.
Identifying the active components of Baihe–Zhimu decoction that ameliorate depressive disease by an effective integrated strategy: a systemic pharmacokinetics study combined with classical depression model tests
Authors: Zhong Ming , Tian Xiaoting , Chen Shuoji , Chen Mingcang , Guo Ziqiong , Zhang Minna , Zheng Gongpu , Li Zhixiong , Shi Zhangpeng , Wang Guanghui , Gao Honggang , Liu Fang , Huang Chenggang
Published: September 2019

Background

Modern pharmacological studies have demonstrated that Baihe–Zhimu decoction (BZD) has antidepressant effects. However, the complex composition and lack of clear evaluation standards for BZD make it less likely to be understood and accepted than evidence-based active natural compounds.

Methods

In this study, an effective method for the identification of antidepressant components was demonstrated and applied to BZD. The first step was to evaluate the efficacy of BZD by the forced swimming test (FST) and the tail suspension test (TST), followed by successive quantitative analyses of the absorbed constituents at different stages, such as before hepatic disposition, liver distribution, after hepatic disposition and brain distribution after the oral administration of BZD. Finally, the compounds detected in the brain were confirmed by activity testing.

Results

Our investigation observed that timosaponin BII and timosaponin BIII were accurately determined in the brain after oral administration of BZD, and they were further confirmed to reduce the immobility time in the FST and TST. As described above, timosaponin BII and timosaponin BIII were used to scientifically and reasonably explain the effective chemical basis of the effect of BZD on depression.

Conclusions

This research affords an effective method to discover lead molecules for antidepressants from traditional Chinese medicine.
Design, efficient synthesis and molecular docking of some novel thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives as anticancer agents
Authors: Sayed Abdelwahed R. , Gomha Sobhi M. , Abdelrazek Fathy M. , Farghaly Mohamed S. , Hassan Shaimaa A. , Metz Peter
Published: September 2019

Pyrazoles, thiazoles and fused thiazoles have been reported to possess many biological activities. 3-Methyl-5-oxo-4-(2-arylhydrazono)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamides3a,b(obtained from the reaction of ethyl 3-oxo-2-(2-arylhydrazono)butanoates1a,bwith thiosemicarbazide) could be transformed into a variety of thiazolyl-pyrazole derivatives6a–h,10a–c,15a–c,17,19and21via their reaction with a diversity hydrazonoyl chlorides as well as bromoacetyl derivatives. Moreover, the computational studies were carried out for all new compounds. The results indicated that five compounds showed promising binding affinities(10a: − 3.4 kcal/mol,6d: − 3.0 kcal/mol,15a: − 2.2 kcal/mol,3a: − 1.6 kcal/mol, and21: − 1.3 kcal/mol) against the active site of the epidermal growth factor receptor kinase (EGFR). The cytotoxicity of the potent products3a,6d,10a,15a, and21was examined against human liver carcinoma cell line (HepG-2) and revealed activities close to Doxorubicin standard drug. There was an understanding between the benefits of restricting affinities and the data obtained from the practical anticancer screening of the tested compounds.
Low partner testing in high HIV prevalence setting in Freetown, Sierra Leone: a retrospective study
Authors: Lakoh Sulaiman , Firima Emmanuel , Jiba Darlinda F. , Sesay Momodu , Conteh Mariama Marco , Deen Gibrilla Fadlu
Published: September 2019

Objective

Despite a 1.5% National HIV prevalence, less than 40% of people living with HIV in Sierra Leone know their status. Limited activities on testing partners of HIV patients could be contributory to this substantial unawareness of HIV status. We carried out a retrospective study aimed at assessing partner testing and HIV prevalence among adults (≥ 15 years) tested using Determine™ and SD Bioline as recorded in the HIV testing registers from January to December 2017 at Connaught Hospital, an urban tertiary hospital in Sierra Leone.

Results

Of the 3808 clients tested for HIV, 2048 (53.8%) were females. The median age was 31 (IQR 24–42) years and 2104 (55.3%) were single. While 3014 (79.1%) had Provider-Initiated Testing and Counseling (PITC), 794 (20.9%) had Client-Initiated Testing and Counseling (CITC). HIV test was positive in 925 (24.3%) {CI 22.9–25.6, P < 0.001} clients. Of the 17 (0.4%) partners tested for HIV, 9 (52.9%) were positive. PITC yielded more HIV positive cases (760, 25.2%) than CITC (165, 20.8%). Partner testing (P = 0.007), female sex (P < 0.001) and PITC (P = 0.006) were associated with a positive HIV diagnosis. With high HIV prevalence and low partner testing, activities on partner testing are needed to improve the response to the epidemic.
In vivo passage of Salmonella Typhimurium results in minor mutations in the bacterial genome and increases in vitro invasiveness
Authors: McWhorter Andrea R. , Tearle Rick , Moyle Talia S. , Chousalkar Kapil K.
Published: September 2019

Eggs and raw or undercooked egg-containing food items are frequently identified as the bacterial source during epidemiolocal investigation ofSalmonellaoutbreaks. Multi-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis (MLVA) is a widely usedSalmonellatyping method enabling the study of diversity within populations of the same serotype. In vivo passage, however, has been linked with changes in MLVA type and more broadly theSalmonellagenome. We sought to investigate whether in vivo passage through layer hens had an effect on MLVA type as well as the bacterial genome and whether any mutations affected bacterial virulence. Layer hens were infected with eitherSalmonellaTyphimurium DT9 (03-24-11-11-523) as part of a single infection or were co-infected with an equal amount ofSalmonellaMbandaka.Salmonellashedding in both single and co-infected birds was variable over the course of the 16-week experiment.SalmonellaTyphimurium andSalmonellaMbandaka were identified in feces of co-infected birds.Salmonellacolonies isolated from fecal samples were subtyped using MLVA. A single change in SSTR-6 was observed inSalmonellaTyphimurium strains isolated from co-infected birds. Isolates ofSalmonellaTyphimurium of both the parent (03-24-11-11-523) and modified (03-24-12-11-523) MLVA type were sequenced and compared with the genome of the parent strain. Sequence analysis revealed that in vivo passaging resulted in minor mutation events. Passaged isolates exhibited significantly higher invasiveness in cultured human intestinal epithelial cells than the parent strain. The microevolution observed in this study suggests that changes in MLVA may arise more commonly and may have clinical significance.
Early Neospora caninum infection dynamics in cattle after inoculation at mid-gestation with high (Nc-Spain7)- or low (Nc-Spain1H)-virulence isolates
Authors: Jiménez-Pelayo Laura , García-Sánchez Marta , Vázquez Patricia , Regidor-Cerrillo Javier , Horcajo Pilar , Collantes-Fernández Esther , Blanco-Murcia Javier , Gutiérrez-Expósito Daniel , Román-Trufero Alicia , Osoro Koldo , Benavides Julio , Ortega-Mora Luis Miguel
Published: September 2019

EarlyNeospora caninuminfection dynamics were investigated in pregnant heifers intravenously inoculated with PBS (G-Control) or 107tachyzoites of high (G-NcSpain7)- or low (G-NcSpain1H)-virulence isolates at 110 days of gestation. Serial culling at 10 and 20 days post-infection (dpi) was performed. Fever was detected at 1 dpi in both infected groups (P < 0.0001), and a second peak was detected at 3 dpi only in G-NcSpain7 (P < 0.0001). At 10 dpi, Nc-Spain7 was detected in placental samples from one animal related to focal necrosis, and Nc-Spain7 transmission was observed, although no foetal lesions were associated with this finding. The presence of Nc-Spain1H in the placenta or foetuses, as well as lesions, were not detected at 10 dpi. At 20 dpi, G-NcSpain7 animals showed almost 100% positive placental tissues and severe focal necrosis as well as 100% transmission. Remarkably, foetal mortality was detected in two G-NcSpain7 heifers. Only one animal from G-NcSpain1H presented positive placental samples. No foetal mortality was detected, and lesions and parasite transmission to the foetus were not observed in this group. Finally, 100% of G-NcSpain7 heifers at 20 dpi presented specific antibodies, while only 60% of G-NcSpain1H animals presented specific antibodies at 20 dpi. In addition, earlier seroconversion in G-Nc-Spain7 was observed. In conclusion, tachyzoites from Nc-Spain7 reached the placenta earlier and multiplied, leading to lesion development, transmission to the foetus and foetal mortality, whereas Nc-Spain1H showed delayed infection of the placenta and no lesional development or transmission during early infection.
Correction to: Recruiting the microcirculation in septic shock
Authors: Legrand Matthieu , De Backer Daniel , Dépret François , Ait-Oufella Hafid
Published: September 2019

After publication of the original article [1], we were notified that an author’s name has been incorrectly spelled. Author’s first name is Hafid and the family name is Ait-Oufella (with a hyphen between Ait and Oufella). The original article has been corrected.
Circular RNA PVT1/miR-203/HOXD3 pathway promotes the progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Yiqing , Liu Yan , Xiao Bang , Cai Hui , Liu Meng , Ma Liye , Yin Huirong , Wang Fang
Published: September 2019

Accumulating evidence suggests that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in various physiological and pathological processes. In the present study, we explored the role of circRNA PVT1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to detect the relative expression of circPVT1 in HCC tissues and cell lines. The oncogenic roles of circPVT1 in HCC were evaluated by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Ethynyl deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation assays, transwell assays, flow cytometry and in vivo xenograft growth. Furthermore, bioinformatics, luciferase reporter assays and rescue experiments were conducted to determine the underlying mechanism of circPVT1 in HCC. Enhanced circPVT1 expression was detected in HCC tissues, which was closely associated with poor prognosis of patients with HCC. Knockdown of circPVT1 decreased the proliferation and migration ability of HCC cell lines in vitro. Conversely, upregulation of circPVT1 improved the growth and migration in HCC cells. Mechanistically, we found that circPVT1 could bind directly to miR-203 and contributed to the initiation and progression of HCC by regulating miR-203/homebox D3 (HOXD3) pathway. In conclusion, our study reveals that circPVT1 participates in the progression of HCC through the miR-203/ homeobox D3 (HOXD3) pathway and might represent a potential therapeutic target for HCC treatment.