bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical evidence for inclusion complexes of thiotriazinone with cyclodextrins
Authors: Arvinte Adina , Marangoci Narcisa , Nicolescu Alina , Pinteala Mariana
Published: August 2016

Electrochemical behavior changes due to the formation of inclusion complexes.
The evolution of hierarchical porosity in self-templated nitrogen-doped carbons and its effect on oxygen reduction electrocatalysis
Authors: Eisenberg David , Prinsen Pepijn , Geels Norbert J. , Stroek Wowa , Yan Ning , Hua Bin , Luo Jing-Li , Rothenberg Gadi
Published: August 2016

Pyrolitic self-templating synthesis is an effective method for creating hierarchically porous N-doped carbons.
Hydrothermal synthesis of blue-fluorescent monolayer BN and BCNO quantum dots for bio-imaging probes
Authors: Xue Qi , Zhang Huijie , Zhu Minshen , Wang Zifeng , Pei Zengxia , Huang Yang , Huang Yan , Song Xiufeng , Zeng Haibo , Zhi Chunyi
Published: August 2016

A hydrothermal method for preparation of monolayer BN and BCNO blue fluorescent quantum dots and their application as bio-imaging probes.
The interaction of NOTA as a bifunctional chelator with competitive alkali metal ions: a DFT study
Authors: Adeowo F. Y. , Honarparvar B. , Skelton A. A.
Published: August 2016

This work investigates NOTA–alkali metal (Li+, Na+and K+and Rb+) complexation using density functional theory.
In situ fabrication of (Sr,La)FeO4 with CoFe alloy nanoparticles as an independent catalyst layer for direct methane-based solid oxide fuel cells with a nickel cermet anode
Authors: Chang Hong , Chen Huili , Shao Zongping , Shi Jing , Bai Jianping , Li Si-Dian
Published: August 2016

An independent catalyst layer is used to improve the coking resistance of a Ni-based SOFC anode.
Ionic liquid-based electrolytes for “beyond lithium” battery technologies
Authors: Giffin Guinevere A.
Published: August 2016

One of the significant challenges common to “beyond lithium” battery technologies is the development of safe and reliable electrolytes. In this review an overview of the use of ionic liquids (IL) as electrolytes for sodium, magnesium, aluminum and zinc batteries is provided. The current state of IL-based electrolytes, along with the advantages of ILs and the challenges from the perspective of the electrolyte, is presented.
Mechanochromic luminogen with aggregation-induced emission: implications for ink-free rewritable paper with high fatigue resistance and low toxicity
Authors: Sun Jingyan , Han Jingqi , Liu Yang , Duan Yuai , Han Tianyu , Yuan Jing
Published: August 2016

Paper can be made rewritable using a new mechanochromic luminogen.
Probing the mechanisms underlying human diseases in making ribosomes
Authors: Farley Katherine I. , Baserga Susan J.
Published: August 2016

Ribosomes are essential, highly complex machines responsible for protein synthesis in all growing cells. Because of their importance, the process of building these machines is intricately regulated. Although the proteins involved in regulating ribosome biogenesis are just beginning to be understood, especially in human cells, the consequences for dysregulating this process have been even less studied. Such interruptions in ribosome synthesis result in a collection of human disorders known as ribosomopathies. Ribosomopathies, which occur due to mutations in proteins involved in the global process of ribosome biogenesis, result in tissue-specific defects. The questions posed by this dichotomy and the steps taken to address these questions are therefore the focus of this review: How can tissue-specific disorders result from alterations in global processes? Could ribosome specialization account for this difference?
Non-coding RNAs and disease: the classical ncRNAs make a comeback
Authors: de Almeida Rogerio Alves , Fraczek Marcin G. , Parker Steven , Delneri Daniela , O'Keefe Raymond T.
Published: August 2016

Many human diseases have been attributed to mutation in the protein coding regions of the human genome. The protein coding portion of the human genome, however, is very small compared with the non-coding portion of the genome. As such, there are a disproportionate number of diseases attributed to the coding compared with the non-coding portion of the genome. It is now clear that the non-coding portion of the genome produces many functional non-coding RNAs and these RNAs are slowly being linked to human diseases. Here we discuss examples where mutation in classical non-coding RNAs have been attributed to human disease and identify the future potential for the non-coding portion of the genome in disease biology.
Studying protein–protein interactions: progress, pitfalls and solutions
Authors: Hayes Sheri , Malacrida Beatrice , Kiely Maeve , Kiely Patrick A.
Published: August 2016

Signalling proteins are intrinsic to all biological processes and interact with each other in tightly regulated and orchestrated signalling complexes and pathways. Characterization of protein binding can help to elucidate protein function within signalling pathways. This information is vital for researchers to gain a more comprehensive knowledge of cellular networks which can then be used to develop new therapeutic strategies for disease. However, studying protein–protein interactions (PPIs) can be challenging as the interactions can be extremely transient downstream of specific environmental cues. There are many powerful techniques currently available to identify and confirm PPIs. Choosing the most appropriate range of techniques merits serious consideration. The aim of this review is to provide a starting point for researchers embarking on a PPI study. We provide an overview and point of reference for some of the many methods available to identify interactions from in silico analysis and large scale screening tools through to the methods used to validate potential PPIs. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method and we also provide a workflow chart to highlight the main experimental questions to consider when planning cell lysis to maximize experimental success.
Modulating mitochondrial quality in disease transmission: towards enabling mitochondrial DNA disease carriers to have healthy children
Authors: Diot Alan , Dombi Eszter , Lodge Tiffany , Liao Chunyan , Morten Karl , Carver Janet , Wells Dagan , Child Tim , Johnston Iain G. , Williams Suzannah , Poulton Joanna
Published: August 2016

One in 400 people has a maternally inherited mutation in mtDNA potentially causing incurable disease. In so-called heteroplasmic disease, mutant and normal mtDNA co-exist in the cells of carrier women. Disease severity depends on the proportion of inherited abnormal mtDNA molecules. Families who have had a child die of severe, maternally inherited mtDNA disease need reliable information on the risk of recurrence in future pregnancies. However, prenatal diagnosis and even estimates of risk are fraught with uncertainty because of the complex and stochastic dynamics of heteroplasmy. These complications include an mtDNA bottleneck, whereby hard-to-predict fluctuations in the proportions of mutant and normal mtDNA may arise between generations. In ‘mitochondrial replacement therapy’ (MRT), damaged mitochondria are replaced with healthy ones in early human development, using nuclear transfer. We are developing non-invasive alternatives, notably activating autophagy, a cellular quality control mechanism, in which damaged cellular components are engulfed by autophagosomes. This approach could be used in combination with MRT or with the regular management, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Mathematical theory, supported by recent experiments, suggests that this strategy may be fruitful in controlling heteroplasmy. Using mice that are transgenic for fluorescent LC3 (the hallmark of autophagy) we quantified autophagosomes in cleavage stage embryos. We confirmed that the autophagosome count peaks in four-cell embryos and this correlates with a drop in the mtDNA content of the whole embryo. This suggests removal by mitophagy (mitochondria-specific autophagy). We suggest that modulating heteroplasmy by activating mitophagy may be a useful complement to mitochondrial replacement therapy.
Functional impact of splice isoform diversity in individual cells
Authors: Yap Karen , Makeyev Eugene V.
Published: August 2016

Alternative pre-mRNA splicing provides an effective means for expanding coding capacity of eukaryotic genomes. Recent studies suggest that co-expression of different splice isoforms may increase diversity of RNAs and proteins at a single-cell level. A pertinent question in the field is whether such co-expression is biologically meaningful or, rather, represents insufficiently stringent splicing regulation. Here we argue that isoform co-expression may produce functional outcomes that are difficult and sometimes impossible to achieve using other regulation strategies. Far from being a ‘splicing noise’, co-expression is often established through co-ordinated activity of specific cis-elements and trans-acting factors. Further work in this area may uncover new biological functions of alternative splicing (AS) and generate important insights into mechanisms allowing different cell types to attain their unique molecular identities.
Observer‐based neural control for MIMO pure‐feedback non‐linear systems with input saturation and disturbances
Authors: Liu Wenhui , Lu Junwei , Zhang Zhengqiang , Xu Shengyuan
Published: August 2016

This study considers the adaptive neural backstepping control for multiple‐input and multiple‐output pure‐feedback systems subject to input saturation and disturbances. Neural networks are used to approximate the uncertain non‐linear functions without any prior limited conditions. A non‐linear disturbance observer and a state observer are constructed to design the output‐feedback neural controller. A new coordinate transform is defined to handle the pure‐feedback systems in the backstepping procedure. The proposed controller can make sure that all the state trajectories are ultimately bounded in the pure‐feedback non‐linear systems. An illustrative example is given to show the usefulness of the authors' designed new control method.
Sparse polynomial approximation of parametric elliptic PDEs.
Part II: lognormal coefficients
Authors: Bachmayr Markus , Cohen Albert , DeVore Ronald , Migliorati Giovanni
Published: August 2016

We consider the linear elliptic equation −
div(a∇u) = f on
some bounded domain D, where a has the form a = exp(b)
with b a
random function defined as b(y) = ∑ j ≥
1yjψj
where y =
(yj) ∈ ℝNare i.i.d. standard scalar Gaussian variables and
(ψj)j ≥
1 is a given sequence of functions in L∞(D). We study the
summability properties of Hermite-type expansions of the solution map
y → u(y) ∈ V := H01(D)

, that is, expansions of the form u(y) = ∑
ν ∈
ℱuνHν(y),
where
Hν(y) = ∏j≥1Hνj(yj)

are the tensorized Hermite polynomials indexed by the
set ℱ of finitely supported
sequences of nonnegative integers. Previous results [V.H. Hoang and C. Schwab,
M3AS 24 (2014) 797−826] have demonstrated that, for any
0
1/2

, which still represents an improvement over the
condition in [V.H. Hoang and C. Schwab, M3AS 24 (2014)
797−826]. We also explore
intermediate cases of functions with local yet overlapping supports, such as wavelet
bases. One interesting observation following from our analysis is that for certain
relevant examples, the use of the Karhunen−Loève basis for the representation of b might be suboptimal
compared to other representations, in terms of the resulting summability properties of
(∥uν∥V)ν ∈ ℱ.
While we focus on the diffusion equation, our analysis applies to other type of linear
PDEs with similar lognormal dependence in the coefficients.
Exact solution of CKP equation and formation and interaction of two solitons in pair-ion-electron plasma
Authors: Batool Nazia , Masood W. , Siddiq M. , Jahangir R.
Published: August 2016

In the present investigation, cylindrical Kadomstev-Petviashvili (CKP) equation is derived in pair-ion-electron plasmas to study the propagation and interaction of two solitons. Using a novel gauge transformation, two soliton solutions of CKP equation are found analytically by using Hirota's method and to the best of our knowledge have been used in plasma physics for the first time. Interestingly, it is observed that unlike the planar Kadomstev-Petviashvili (KP) equation, the CKP equation admits horseshoe-like solitary structures. Another non-trivial feature of CKP solitary solution is that the interaction parameter gets modified by the plasma parameters contrary to the one obtained for Korteweg–de Vries equation. The importance of the present investigation to understand the formation and interaction of solitons in laboratory produced pair plasmas is also highlighted.
Encaged molecules in external electric fields: A molecular “tug-of-war”
Authors: Gurav Nalini D. , Gejji Shridhar P. , Bartolotti Libero J. , Pathak Rajeev K.
Published: August 2016

Response of polar molecules CH3OH and H2O2 and a non-polar molecule, CO2, as “guests” encapsulated in the dodecahedral water cage (H2O)20 “host,” to an external, perturbative electric field is investigated theoretically. We employ the hybrid density-functionals M06-2X and ωB97X-D incorporating the effects of damped dispersion, in conjunction with the maug-cc-pVTZ basis set, amenable for a hydrogen bonding description. While the host cluster (cage) tends to confine the embedded guest molecule through cooperative hydrogen bonding, the applied electric field tends to rupture the cluster-composite by stretching it; these two competitive effects leading to a molecular “tug-of-war.” The composite remains stable up to a maximal sustainable threshold electric field, beyond which, concomitant with the vanishing of the HOMO-LUMO gap, the field wins over and the cluster breaks down. The electric-field effects are gauged in terms of the changes in the molecular geometry of the confined species, interaction energy, molecular electrostatic potential surfaces, and frequency shifts of characteristic normal vibrations in the IR regime. Interestingly, beyond the characteristic threshold electric field, the labile, distorted host cluster fragmentizes, and the guest molecule still tethered to a remnant fragment, an effect attributed to the underlying hydrogen-bonded networks.
On the maximum conversion efficiency into the 13.5-nm extreme ultraviolet emission under a steady-state laser ablation of tin microspheres
Authors: Basko M. M.
Published: August 2016

Theoretical investigation has been performed on the conversion efficiency (CE) into the 13.5-nm extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation in a scheme where spherical microspheres of tin (Sn) are simultaneously irradiated by two laser pulses with substantially different wavelengths. The low-intensity short-wavelength pulse is used to control the rate of mass ablation and the size of the EUV source, while the high-intensity long-wavelength pulse provides efficient generation of the EUV light at λ=13.5 nm. The problem of full optimization for maximizing the CE is formulated and solved numerically by performing two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamics simulations with the RALEF-2D code under the conditions of steady-state laser illumination. It is shown that, within the implemented theoretical model, steady-state CE values approaching 9% are feasible; in a transient peak, the maximum instantaneous CE of 11.5% was calculated for the optimized laser-target configuration. The physical factors, bringing down the fully optimized steady-state CE to about one half of the absolute theoretical maximum of CE≈20% for the uniform static Sn plasma, are analyzed in detail.
Physisorption mechanism in graphene/noble metal (111)/Ni(111) heterostructures: An ab-initio study
Authors: Moaddeli Mohammad , Salehi Hamdollah , Amiri Peiman
Published: August 2016

The 3D stacking of various 2D systems is an intelligent way of aiming to overcome the limitations usually faced by 2D systems. We study the adsorption of graphene on noble metal monolayers upon Ni (111) substrate, using density functional theory. The bonding mechanism at noble metal-graphene and noble metal-Ni interfaces is found to be physisorption and chemisorption, respectively. The bonding of graphene to Cu, Ag, and Au (111) monolayers is so weak that the conical shape of the Dirac point is preserved. The doping effects of a substrate lead to a small opening gap for gr/Cu/Ni and gr/Ag/Ni systems. These predictions are in agreement with experimental results. The intercalation of a noble metal monolayer between graphene and Ni (111) substrate changes the magnetic response from Ni surface and causes the formation of a ferrimagnetic system.
Ferromagnetic and multiferroic interfaces in granular perovskite composite xLa0.5Sr0.5CoO3-(1−x)BiFeO3
Authors: Lohr Javier H. , López Carlos A. , Saleta Martín E. , Sánchez Rodolfo D.
Published: August 2016

Nanopowder of ferromagnetic La0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (LSCO) and multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) were synthesized by spray pyrolysis method. Different compositions of multiferroic xLSCO-(1−x)BFO composites were synthesized at 800 °C for 2 h. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy elemental mapping were performed to study the morphology of composites. Ferri/ferromagnetic responses above TC (LSCO) are observed, which are associated with the interfaces LSCO/BFO. This interface presents a different behavior compared to the original perovskites, and the magnitude of the magnetization depends on x. Electrical DC conductivity as a function of temperature for LSCO nanopowder (x = 1) presents a different behavior than that reported in bulk material. For x = 1 and 0.9, the model by Glazman and Matveev [Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz. 94, 332 (1988)] is proposed to describe the electrical conductivity. On the other hand, x = 0, 0.1, and 0.5 present a variable range hopping behavior. Complex impedance spectroscopy as a function of frequency indicates a pure resistive behavior for x ≥ 0.5 compositions, while a complex resistive-capacitive behavior is observed for low x values (0, 0.1). In these samples, low values of magnetoelectric coupling were measured with an AC lock-in technique.
On global classical solutions of the three dimensional relativistic Vlasov-Darwin system
Authors: Li Xiuting , Zhang Xianwen
Published: August 2016

We study the Cauchy problem of the relativistic Vlasov-Darwin system with generalized variables proposed by Sospedra-Alfonso et al. [“Global classical solutions of the relativistic Vlasov-Darwin system with small Cauchy data: the generalized variables approach,” Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 205, 827-869 (2012)]. We prove global existence of a non-negative classical solution to the Cauchy problem in three space variables under small perturbation of the initial datum, and as a consequence, we obtain that nearly spherically symmetric solutions with required regularity exist globally in time.
Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performance of Ta3N5 microcolumn films fabricated using facile reactive sputtering
Authors: Lin Der-Hwa , Chang Kao-Shuo
Published: August 2016

This paper presents the photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties of Ta3N5 microcolumn films. The highlights include (1) overcoming the fundamental barrier of standard reactive sputtering for fabricating microcolumns; (2) preventing unnecessary complexity from complicating facile sputtering; (3) an alternative but effective approach for fabricating Ta3N5 without using caustic NH3 gases; (4) investigating morphology tuning for favorable photocatalysis and PEC reactions; and (5) elucidating the relationships of the structures, morphologies, and properties of Ta3N5 microcolumns. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selective-area electron diffraction verified the polycrystallinity of Ta3N5 microcolumns, of which the elemental compositions and stoichiometry were measured using electron-probe energy dispersive spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The corresponding band gap was determined to be approximately 2.1 eV. The sample exhibited a superior photodegradation capability; the photodegradation rate constant k was determined to be approximately 1.4 times higher than that of P25 under UV irradiation. A photocatalytic and PEC cycling test indicated the photodegradation reusability and photostability of the Ta3N5 microcolumns. The incident photon-to-current efficiency performance reached 6%, suggesting that these microcolumns hold potential for application in PEC devices.
Second order kinetic theory of parallel momentum transport in collisionless drift wave turbulence
Authors: Li Yang , Gao Zhe , Chen Jiale
Published: August 2016

A second order kinetic model for turbulent ion parallel momentum transport is presented. A new nonresonant second order parallel momentum flux term is calculated. The resonant component of the ion parallel electrostatic force is the momentum source, while the nonresonant component of the ion parallel electrostatic force compensates for that of the nonresonant second order parallel momentum flux. The resonant component of the kinetic momentum flux can be divided into three parts, including the pinch term, the diffusive term, and the residual stress. By reassembling the pinch term and the residual stress, the residual stress can be considered as a pinch term of parallel wave-particle resonant velocity, and, therefore, may be called as “resonant velocity pinch” term. Considering the resonant component of the ion parallel electrostatic force is the transfer rate between resonant ions and waves (or, equivalently, nonresonant ions), a conservation equation of the parallel momentum of resonant ions and waves is obtained.
Analysis of the fast electron scaling theory for the heating of a solid target
Authors: Garland R. J. , Borghesi M. , Robinson A. P. L.
Published: August 2016

Simple scaling laws for laser-generated fast electron heating of solids that employ a Spitzer-like resistivity are unlikely to be universally adequate as this model does not produce an adequate description of a material's behaviour at low temperatures. This is demonstrated in this paper by using both numerical simulations and by comparing existing analytical scaling laws for low temperature resistivity. Generally, we find that, in the low temperature regime, the scaling for the heating of the background material has a much stronger dependence on the key empirical parameters (laser intensity, pulse duration, etc.).
Identifying a descriptor for d-orbital delocalization in cathodes of Li batteries based on x-ray Compton scattering
Authors: Barbiellini B. , Suzuki K. , Orikasa Y. , Kaprzyk S. , Itou M. , Yamamoto K. , Wang Yung Jui , Hafiz H. , Yamada R. , Uchimoto Y. , Bansil A. , Sakurai Y. , Sakurai H.
Published: August 2016

We discuss how x-ray Compton scattering spectra can be used for investigating the evolution of electronic states in cathode materials of Li batteries under the lithiation/delithiation process. In particular, our analysis of the Compton spectra taken from polycrystalline LixCoO2 samples shows that the spectra are dominated by the contribution of the O-2p redox orbital. We identify a distinct signature of d-orbital delocalization, which is tied directly to the conductivity of the material, providing a descriptor based on Compton spectra for monitoring the lithiation range with improved conductivity and kinetics for electrochemical operation. Our study demonstrates that Compton scattering spectroscopy can provide a window for probing complex electronic mechanisms underlying the charging and discharging processes in Li-battery materials.
Porous photonic crystal external cavity laser biosensor
Authors: Huang Qinglan , Peh Jessie , Hergenrother Paul J. , Cunningham Brian T.
Published: August 2016

We report the design, fabrication, and testing of a photonic crystal (PC) biosensor structure that incorporates a porous high refractive index TiO2 dielectric film that enables immobilization of capture proteins within an enhanced surface-area volume that spatially overlaps with the regions of resonant electromagnetic fields where biomolecular binding can produce the greatest shifts in photonic crystal resonant wavelength. Despite the nanoscale porosity of the sensor structure, the PC slab exhibits narrowband and high efficiency resonant reflection, enabling the structure to serve as a wavelength-tunable element of an external cavity laser. In the context of sensing small molecule interactions with much larger immobilized proteins, we demonstrate that the porous structure provides 3.7× larger biosensor signals than an equivalent nonporous structure, while the external cavity laser (ECL) detection method provides capability for sensing picometer-scale shifts in the PC resonant wavelength caused by small molecule binding. The porous ECL achieves a record high figure of merit for label-free optical biosensors.
Exceptionally high magnetization of stoichiometric Y3Fe5O12 epitaxial films grown on Gd3Ga5O12
Authors: Gallagher James C. , Yang Angela S. , Brangham Jack T. , Esser Bryan D. , White Shane P. , Page Michael R. , Meng Keng-Yuan , Yu Sisheng , Adur Rohan , Ruane William , Dunsiger Sarah R. , McComb David W. , Yang Fengyuan , Hammel P. Chris
Published: August 2016

The saturation magnetization of Y3Fe5O12 (YIG) epitaxial films 4 to 250 nm in thickness has been determined by complementary measurements including the angular and frequency dependencies of the ferromagnetic resonance fields as well as magnetometry measurements. The YIG films exhibit state-of-the-art crystalline quality, proper stoichiometry, and pure Fe3+ valence state. The values of YIG magnetization obtained from all the techniques significantly exceed previously reported values for single crystal YIG and the theoretical maximum. This enhancement of magnetization, not attributable to off-stoichiometry or other defects in YIG, opens opportunities for tuning magnetic properties in epitaxial films of magnetic insulators.
Deposition of organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cell by using matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation
Authors: Yen Chih-Ping , Yu Pin-Feng , Wang Jyhpyng , Lin Jiunn-Yuan , Chen Yen-Mu , Chen Szu-yuan
Published: August 2016

The deposition of various distinct organic dyes, including ruthenium complex N3, melanin nanoparticle (MNP), and porphyrin-based donor-π-acceptor dye YD2-o-C8, by using matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) for application to dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is investigated systematically. It is found that the two covalently-bonded organic molecules, i.e., MNP and YD2-o-C8, can be transferred from the frozen target to the substrate with maintained molecular integrity. In contrast, N3 disintegrates in the process, presumably due to the lower bonding strength of metal complex compared to covalent bond. With the method, DSSC using YD2-o-C8 is fabricated, and an energy conversion efficiency of 1.47% is attained. The issue of the low penetration depth of dyes deposited by MAPLE and the possible resolution to it are studied. This work demonstrates that MAPLE could be an alternative way for deposition of organic dyes for DSSC.
Second person forms of address in New Mexican Spanish, 1687–1936
Authors: Sanz-Sánchez Israel
Published: August 2016

This study is a diachronic analysis of second person address systems in New Mexican Spanish. The data come from 325 private letters written between 1687 and 1936. The investigation identified several patterns of use involving mostly vuestra merced, vuestra señoría, usted and tú. It shows that usted and tú were already in full currency in the spoken colonial dialect. In addition, the distribution of forms in this corpus illustrates the connection between language use and social change, which becomes particularly evident starting in the early 19th century. These findings confirm that the local use of forms of address in different periods encoded varying degrees of power, solidarity and social distance, and was shaped by the immediate sociocultural environment of the speakers.
Universals and variation
Authors: Reuland Eric J.
Published: August 2016

This contribution starts with an overview of current issues in the theory of binding. It sketches a modular approach based on universal principles (entailing that reflexivity must be licensed), and that yet is able to account for the cross-linguistic variation observed. It subsequently addresses three issues as case studies: Non-local binding in Scandinavian and the role played by finiteness marking; followed by an analysis of apparently locally bound pronominals in Fijian; it concludes with a novel solution to a problem posed by the anaphoric system of Chamorro that was first described in Chung (1989).
Finiteness and response particles in West Flemish
Authors: Haegeman Liliane , Weir Andrew
Published: August 2016

The empirical focus of the chapter is the morphosyntax of the morphologically marked response particles ja and neen in the Lapscheure dialect of West Flemish. Building on Krifka (2013)’s analysis of the corresponding German response particles ja/nein as TP pro-forms, we analyze morphologically marked Flemish ja/neen as TP pro-forms. First we show that the morphological marking on these particles is sui generis: it does not correspond to the marking found on verbs nor does it correspond to a clitic form of the subject pronoun. We develop a cartographic analysis of the syntax of the morphologically marked response particles in the dialect, endorsing Rizzi and Shlonsky (2006, 2007)’s proposal that a finite TP is dominated by a specialized projection for the subject, SubjP, a criterial projection. The pronominal marking on ja/neen is an instantiation of finiteness. If all finite clauses have SubjP then the finite TP pro-form realized by morphologically marked ja/neen is also dominated by (the criterial) SubjP. In the absence of an overt subject, following Rizzi and Shlonsky (2006, 2007), we assume that the Subject Criterion is satisfied by nominal φ-features generated on Fin and that morphologically marked ja/neen moves to Fin in order to license these features. Our analysis predicts that West Flemish morphologically marked ja/neen are a root phenomenon. In addition to the variant with pronominal marking, there is also a bare variant of the ja/neen pro-forms. The presence and absence of the pronominal marking on ja/neen correlates fairly closely with the distribution of finite and non-finite clauses, and we correlate the presence vs. absence of pronominal marking with a finiteness opposition.
Word order and finiteness in acquisition
Authors: Westergaard Marit
Published: August 2016

Children acquiring languages such as English, German or Dutch typically go through a phase where they produce non-finite root clauses, often referred to as the Optional Infinitive (OI) stage. But there is a difference between English on the one hand and the other Germanic languages on the other with respect to the occurrence of non-finite wh-questions: while there is a high number of OIs in English in this context, non-finite wh-questions are virtually non-existent in child data of e.g. German or Swedish. This is often argued to be due to the early setting of the V2 parameter. Comparing Norwegian and English child data on wh-questions, this paper argues that there is no such parameter and that children instead are sensitive to fine syntactic distinctions in the input called micro-cues. On this view, both English and Norwegian have restricted V2 in wh-questions. The paper also shows that there is no causal correlation between finiteness morphology and word order in this context. Children’s non-finite root clauses are argued to generally be caused by a problem realizing auxiliaries, in both languages, and the difference between English and Norwegian is due to the type of verb required in wh-questions (auxiliaries vs. lexical verbs).
The history of the concept of lexicography
Authors: Considine John
Published: August 2016

A problem for historians of pre-modern lexicography is that “lexicography” and indeed “dictionary” were not clearly defined categories for pre-modern scholars. This paper discusses the dictionary-like texts of medieval Latin Christendom; examines the emergence of “dictionary” as an actor’s category in western Europe in the sixteenth century and the emergence of “lexicography” as an actor’s category in the eighteenth; and comments briefly on the applicability of these concepts to texts created in other scholarly traditions.
Degérando’s three prize essays and the shift in linguistic thought at the turn of the 19th century
Authors: Haßler Gerda
Published: August 2016

Degérando started out from the views of the French ideologists on the relationship of language and thought, but increasingly distanced himself from them. This is already evident based on the choice of reference authors and also on the increasing emphasis on empirical research. His prize essays reflect the fundamental changes in linguistic thought during the late 18th century. He was successful in the competition of the Institut National (1797/1799) and with another essay at the Berlin Academy (1802). His main argument against Condillac and the ideologists is that empirical knowledge does not depend on signs. Therefore, the development of better languages will not improve this kind of human knowledge.
Phonological development in Israeli Hebrew-learning infants and toddlers
Authors: Keren-Portnoy Tamar , Segal Osnat
Published: August 2016

The chapter provides an overview of early receptive and productive phonological development in Israeli Hebrew. We report on perception studies which show that Hebrew-learning infants are familiar with the rhythms and phonotactic structures of Hebrew, as demonstrated by their preference for iambic words and for frequent word pattern-structures (miškalim). We also describe the emergence of languagespecific phonetic categories, demonstrated by the different responses of Hebrew and Arabic-learning infants. We then summarize findings from prior research regarding the phonological characteristics of the early words produced by Hebrew-learning toddlers. Examination of onset-less word forms produced by a 2-year-old child reveals that onset omission is especially frequent in iambic target words with codas. We discuss these findings from the perspective of wholeword phonology.
Lexical development in Hebrew
Authors: Seroussi Batia
Published: August 2016

Lexical acquisition in Hebrew is governed by general developmental principles that are shared with other languages, such as an initial preference for (concrete) nouns followed by verbs and adjectives. The protracted nature of the process from early words to proficiency is also shared with other languages. On the other hand, typologically-driven sensitivity to the internal structure of words and the Semitic consonantal root combines with such general trends to yield an interesting U-shaped learning curve in terms of generality/specificity, as follows: An early general lexicon that does not differentiate between derived and nonderived words, followed by pronounced sensitivity to Hebrew wordformation typology from the later pre-school years (around age 4 to 5) and on through school age, leading up to a highly specialized literate lexicon that includes two major sub-lexicons, of non-derived and derived, typically Semitic words. The chapter delineates the path that Hebrew-speaking children and adolescents follow in acquiring a flexible and proficient lexicon made up of both types of (content) words.
The nature of CDS in Hebrew
Authors: Arnon Inbal
Published: August 2016

The chapter explores the distribution and content of frequent frames – recurring multiword sequences – appearing at the start of utterances in speech directed to young Hebrew-speaking children. Previous work has documented the existence and prevalence of such frames in several languages (English, German, and Russian). Here, analysis of a dense corpus of Hebrew child-directed speech was undertaken with two goals in mind. The first aims at examining the distribution of multiword elements in Hebrew child-directed speech, to ascertain whether frequent frames are found in a morphologically rich language like Hebrew and, if so, to see how pervasive they are compared to other languages, and how consistent across different caretakers. The second goal is to explore the content of frequent frames in Hebrew to address such questions as: Do they provide children with relevant morphological and syntactic information? Are they frequent enough to be employed in learning? Results show that frequent frames do occur in Hebrew, that they are relatively consistent across caretakers, and that they illustrate a range of grammatical relations. These findings expand our understanding of frequent frames in general, while also adding to the relatively sparse information on the nature of child-directed speech in Hebrew.
Development of intra- and inter-clausal dependency in Hebrew
Authors: Nir Bracha
Published: August 2016

The chapter relies on the notion of dependency marking as a framework for a reinterpretation of data on syntactic development in Hebrew from early childhood to adulthood. Following a short outline of how grammatical dependencies are realized in Hebrew, I explore the emergence of dependencies in both simple (single-clause) and complex (clause-combining) syntax. In each case, concern is with the transition from isolated, to non-dependent, to partially dependent, and eventually to fully dependent combinations as markers of functional dependency, in the sense of integration of how events are represented verbally both within and across clause boundaries.
Early development of written language in Hebrew
Authors: Tolchinsky Liliana , Sandbank Ana
Published: August 2016

Learning to read and write has a major impact on children’s linguistic and cognitive development. The present chapter traces Hebrew-speaking children’s first steps in gaining access to the special features of Hebrew orthography and then shows how they learn to make use of written language in different discourse genres. We identify several turning points in children’s learning to read and write isolated words and to produce written texts in Hebrew, taking into account linguistic and contextual factors that may play a role in individual differences in rate and level of children’s attainments in these domains. We suggest that children’s growing command of the notational and rhetorical characteristics of written language occur in parallel, as forerunners of the lengthy path that lies ahead of children before they master overall organization of texts.
Hari Shroff: Taking a closer look
Authors: Jordan Shawn
Published: August 2016

Shroff works on developing new super-resolution imaging tools and using them to study cell biology.
Carbonic anhydrase enzymes regulate mast cell–mediated inflammation
Authors: Henry Everett K. , Sy Chandler B. , Inclan-Rico Juan M. , Espinosa Vanessa , Ghanny Saleena S. , Dwyer Daniel F. , Soteropoulos Patricia , Rivera Amariliz , Siracusa Mark C.
Published: August 2016

Type 2 cytokine responses are necessary for the development of protective immunity to helminth parasites but also cause the inflammation associated with allergies and asthma. Recent studies have found that peripheral hematopoietic progenitor cells contribute to type 2 cytokine–mediated inflammation through their enhanced ability to develop into mast cells. In this study, we show that carbonic anhydrase (Car) enzymes are up-regulated in type 2–associated progenitor cells and demonstrate that Car enzyme inhibition is sufficient to prevent mouse mast cell responses and inflammation after Trichinella spiralis infection or the induction of food allergy–like disease. Further, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology and illustrate that genetically editing Car1 is sufficient to selectively reduce mast cell development. Finally, we demonstrate that Car enzymes can be targeted to prevent human mast cell development. Collectively, these experiments identify a previously unrecognized role for Car enzymes in regulating mast cell lineage commitment and suggest that Car enzyme inhibitors may possess therapeutic potential that can be used to treat mast cell–mediated inflammation.
Identification of key residues involved in Si transport by the aquaglyceroporins
Authors: Carpentier Gabriel A. , Garneau Alexandre P. , Marcoux Andrée-Anne , Noël Micheline , Frenette-Cotton Rachelle , Isenring Paul
Published: August 2016

We recently demonstrated that the aquaglyceroporins (AQGPs) could act as potent transporters for orthosilicic acid (H4SiO4). Although interesting, this finding raised the question of whether water and H4SiO4, the transportable form of Si, permeate AQGPs by interacting with the same region of the pore, especially in view of the difference in molecular radius between the two substrates. Here, our goal was to identify residues that endow the AQGPs with the ability to facilitate Si diffusion by examining the transport characteristics of mutants in which residues were interchanged between a water-permeable but Si-impermeable channel (aquaporin 1 [AQP1]) and a Si-permeable but water-impermeable channel (AQP10). Our results indicate that the composition of the arginine filter (XX/R), known to include three residues that play an important role in water transport, may also be involved in Si selectivity. Interchanging the identities of the nonarginine residues within this filter causes Si transport to increase by approximately sevenfold in AQP1 and to decrease by approximately threefold in AQP10, whereas water transport and channel expression remain unaffected. Our results further indicate that two additional residues in the AQP arginine filter may be involved in substrate selectivity: replacing one of the residues has a profound effect on water permeability, and replacing the other has a profound effect on Si permeability. This study has thus led to the identification of residues that could play a key role in Si transport by the AQGPs and shown that substrate selectivity is likely ensured by more than one checkpoint within or near the pore.
Structural basis of control of inward rectifier Kir2 channel gating by bulk anionic phospholipids
Authors: Lee Sun-Joo , Ren Feifei , Zangerl-Plessl Eva-Maria , Heyman Sarah , Stary-Weinzinger Anna , Yuan Peng , Nichols Colin G.
Published: August 2016

Inward rectifier potassium (Kir) channel activity is controlled by plasma membrane lipids. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) binding to a primary site is required for opening of classic inward rectifier Kir2.1 and Kir2.2 channels, but interaction of bulk anionic phospholipid (PL−) with a distinct second site is required for high PIP2 sensitivity. Here we show that introduction of a lipid-partitioning tryptophan at the second site (K62W) generates high PIP2 sensitivity, even in the absence of PL−. Furthermore, high-resolution x-ray crystal structures of Kir2.2[K62W], with or without added PIP2 (2.8- and 2.0-Å resolution, respectively), reveal tight tethering of the C-terminal domain (CTD) to the transmembrane domain (TMD) in each condition. Our results suggest a refined model for phospholipid gating in which PL− binding at the second site pulls the CTD toward the membrane, inducing the formation of the high-affinity primary PIP2 site and explaining the positive allostery between PL− binding and PIP2 sensitivity.
Plant Cysteine Oxidases are Dioxygenases that Directly Enable Arginyl Transferase-Catalyzed Arginylation of N-End Rule Targets
Authors: White Mark D. , Klecker Maria , Hopkinson Richard J. , Weits Daan , Mueller Carolin , Naumann Christin , O’Neill Rebecca , Wickens James , Yang Jiayu , Brooks-Bartlett Jonathan C. , Garman Elspeth F. , Grossman Tom N. , Dissmeyer Nico , Flashman Emily
Published: August 2016

Crop yield loss due to flooding is a threat to food security. Submergence-induced hypoxia in plants results in stabilisation of group VII ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTORS (ERF-VIIs), which aid survival under these adverse conditions. ERF-VII stability is controlled by the N-end rule pathway, which proposes that ERF-VII N-terminal cysteine oxidation in normoxia enables arginylation followed by proteasomal degradation. The PLANT CYSTEINE OXIDASEs (PCOs) have been identified as catalysts of this oxidation. ERF-VII stabilisation in hypoxia presumably arises from reduced PCO activity. We directly demonstrate that PCO dioxygenase activity produces Cys-sulfinic acid at the N-terminus of an ERF-VII peptide, which then undergoes efficient arginylation by an arginyl transferase (ATE1). This is the first molecular evidence showing N-terminal Cys-sulfinic acid formation and arginylation by N-end rule pathway components, and the first ATE1 substrate in plants. The PCOs and ATE1 may be viable intervention targets to stabilise N-end rule substrates, including ERF-VIIs to enhance submergence tolerance in agronomy.
Emergent rules for codon choice elucidated by editing rare arginine codons inEscherichia coli
Authors: Napolitano Michael G. , Landon Matthieu , Gregg Christopher J. , Lajoie Marc J. , Govindarajan Lakshmi N. , Mosberg Joshua A. , Kuznetsov Gleb , Goodman Daniel B. , Vargas-Rodriguez Oscar , Isaacs Farren J. , Söll Dieter , Church George M.
Published: August 2016

The degeneracy of the genetic code allows nucleic acids to encode amino acid identity as well as non-coding information for gene regulation and genome maintenance. The rare arginine codons AGA and AGG (AGR) present a case study in codon choice, with AGRs encoding important transcriptional and translational properties distinct from the other synonymous alternatives (CGN). We created a strain ofEscherichia coliwith all 123 instances of AGR codons removed from all essential genes. We readily replaced 110 AGR codons with the synonymous CGU, but the remaining thirteen “recalcitrant” AGRs required diversification to identify viable alternatives. Successful replacement codons tended to conserve local ribosomal binding site-like motifs and local mRNA secondary structure, sometimes at the expense of amino acid identity. Based on these observations, we empirically defined metrics for a multi-dimensional “safe replacement zone” (SRZ) within which alternative codons are more likely to be viable. To further evaluate synonymous and non-synonymous alternatives to essential AGRs, we implemented a CRISPR/Cas9-based method to deplete a diversified population of a wild type allele, allowing us to exhaustively evaluate the fitness impact of all 64 codon alternatives. Using this method, we confirmed relevance of the SRZ by tracking codon fitness over time in 14 different genes, finding that codons that fall outside the SRZ are rapidly depleted from a growing population. Our unbiased and systematic strategy for identifying unpredicted design flaws in synthetic genomes and for elucidating rules governing codon choice will be crucial for designing genomes exhibiting radically altered genetic codes.

Significance Statement

This work presents the genome-wide replacement of all rare AGR arginine codons in the essential genes ofEscherichia coliwith synonymous CGN alternatives. Synonymous codon substitutions can lethally impact non-coding function by disrupting mRNA secondary structure and ribosomal binding site-like motifs. Here we quantitatively define the range of tolerable deviation in these metrics and use this relationship to provide critical insight into codon choice in recoded genomes. This work demonstrates that genome-wide removal of AGR is likely to be possible, and provides a framework for designing genomes with radically altered genetic codes.