bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Clinical Change in Individual Career Counseling
Authors: Milot‐Lapointe Francis , Le Corff Yann , Savard Réginald
Published: December 2019

This study examined the clinical significance of career counseling effects. Participants were 111 university students (83% women) who participated in individual career counseling sessions at their university. All participants completed the French version of the Outcome Questionnaire–30.2 (OQ‐30.2; Lambert, Finch, Okiishi, & Burlingame, 2005) immediately before the 1st session (pretest) and at the beginning of the last session (posttest). The OQ‐30.2 assesses 3 client life domains: subjective discomfort, problems in interpersonal relationships, and problems in social role satisfaction. Using Jacobson and Truax’s (1991) statistical approach to assessing clinical change, the authors compared clients’ pretest OQ‐30.2 scores with their posttest scores. Among clients with a “dysfunctional” score (n = 59) at the study’s inception, 34% recovered and 14% improved, whereas 41% of clients with functional scores (n = 52) at the study’s inception improved. The results suggest that individual career counseling can make a difference in the lives of many clients; they also highlight the importance of further outcome research that accounts for possible variability in clients’ responses to career counseling.
Detection and characterization of the new synthetic cannabinoid APP‐BINACA in forensic casework
Authors: Krotulski Alex J. , Mohr Amanda L.A. , Diamond Francis X. , Logan Barry K.
Published: December 2019

New psychoactive substances (NPS) continue to emerge around the world. APP‐BINACA (or APP‐BUTINACA), a novel synthetic cannabinoid, was first reported in Europe in January 2019 and later in the United States in March 2019. APP‐BINACA was identified in the United States for the first time in blood sample extracts from forensic casework by liquid chromatography quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS). To date, APP‐BINACA has been identified in 11 forensic toxicology cases from five states and in both medicolegal death investigations and drug impaired driving investigations. APP‐BINACA was commonly found in combination with 4F‐MDMB‐BINACA. Subsequent to its discovery in biological samples, APP‐BINACA was detected and characterized in seized drug material by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS), LC‐QTOF‐MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Further analysis of biological specimens resulted in the identification of five metabolites, including 4‐HO‐APP‐BINACA and APP‐BINACA 3‐phenylpropanoic acid. The frequency of APP‐BINACA detection appears to be increasing and this new synthetic cannabinoid has been identified as a possible contributory factor in adverse events, including death. This is the first literature report regarding the characterization of the new synthetic cannabinoid APP‐BINACA in humans. Since it is not widely tested for, it is not yet known the extent to which APP‐BINACA is contributing to morbidity and mortality, but forensic scientists, public health officials, and others should be aware of its possible presence and impact. Laboratories should incorporate APP‐BINACA into testing workflows for detection and confirmation, where possible.
Long‐ term effects of water quality on the freshwater bivalve Diplodon chilensis (Unionida: Hyriidae) caged at different sites in a North Patagonian river (Argentina)
Authors: Yusseppone María S. , Bianchi Viginia A. , Castro Juan M. , Luquet Carlos M. , Sabatini Sebastián E. , Ríos de Molina María C. , Rocchetta Iara
Published: December 2019

Water quality was monitored along an Andean river of global importance using the freshwater bivalve Diplodon chilensis as sentinel species. Bivalves were placed in cages at three sites (S1–3) in the Chimehuin River in order to evaluate the long‐term effects of a trout hatchery (S2) and the open dump and sewage treatment plant of a nearby city (S3). Water samples and bivalves were collected at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, from S3, S2 and from a reference site upstream (S1), and physicochemical parameters and the biological response of the caged bivalves were studied. ROS production, antioxidant response, oxidative damage, energy status and morphometric ratios were included as response biomarkers. Most of biomarkers showed site and time dependence including bivalves transplanted at S1, revealing natural variability. Both anthropogenic perturbed sites (S2 and S3) showed differences in the exposed bivalves with respect to the reference site (S1) in their biomarker responses after 9 and 12 months of exposure (July and September, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed alterations in hemocytes (ROS, TOSC and NRRT50), in energy balance in digestive gland (energy and DGF) and in the detoxification response (GST) and GSH values in gill when bivalves were exposed to hatchery waste; whereas metal and bacterial pollution (S3 in July) caused GSH increase and a reduction of lysosomal damage in hemocytes. Results show that changes in the water quality of Chimehuin River due to the anthropogenic impact can be detected using the biomarkers analysed on D. chilensis, being a useful tool for studies of long‐term monitories.
Tandem Oxidative Radical Halogenated Addition of Alkynyl Imines: Regioselective Synthesis of 3‐Haloquinolines
Authors: Chen Dianpeng , Li Jianming , Cui Peiying , Shan Yingying , Zhao Yutong , Qiu Guanyinsheng
Published: December 2019

A tandem oxidative radical halogenated addition of alkynyl imines for regioselective synthesis of 3‐haloquinolines is described. Mechanism investigation suggests that the oxidation of halogen, 6‐endo‐trig cyclization and aromatization are involved in the process. Easily available starting materials, mild conditions, and a wide substrate scope make this approach potentially useful.
Accepting to Donate: NDI‐Based Small Molecule as a Donor for Bulk Heterojunction Binary Solar Cells
Authors: Mishra Ruchika , S Sujesh , V.S Archana , Kaushik Ayushi , Gupta Gaurav , Singhal Rahul , Sharma Ganesh D. , Sankar Jeyaraman
Published: December 2019

A small molecular D‐π‐A‐π‐D triad NDIP consisting of naphthalenediimide (NDI) as an acceptor and porphyrin as a donor was synthesized. NDIP exhibits an intense absorption from visible to NIR region (400 nm to 1000 nm) with high molecular extinction coefficient. Endowed with excellent absorption and good charge carrier mobility, the molecule was used as a donor, against the normal perception as an acceptor due to the electron‐deficient nature of NDI, in the binary bulk heterojunction solar cells with PCBM as an acceptor. The cell demonstrated remarkable power conversion efficiency of 8.45 % with extremely low Eloss of 0.40 eV, which is also the best recorded for NDI based small molecule organic solar cells.
Benign Arylations of Dimethyl Itaconate via Heck–Matsuda Reaction Utilizing in‐Situ Generated Palladium on Aluminum Oxide
Authors: Matelienė (née Dauksaîtė) Lauryna , Knaup Jan , von Horsten Frank , Gu Xiaoting , Brunner Heiko
Published: December 2019

In situ generated palladium on aluminum oxide provides an active and efficient catalytic system for the preparation of arylmethylidene succinates using the Heck–Matsuda reaction. Beside the monoarylation the first examples of the biarylation of these monomers will be described.
Efficiency of sustained burning of layered leaf fuels under external radiant heat flux
Authors: Wang Hai‐Hui , Yao Feng‐Qi , Tao Jun‐Jun , Zhu Feng
Published: December 2019

Efficiency of energy release by burning of layered leaf fuels under external radiant heat flux was studied using a cone calorimeter. By performing the ignition and sustained burning measurements with coniferous and broadleaf plants, a method was developed to determine the combustion efficiency during sustained burning χc. Experimental results showed that at the same radiant heat flux, an increase in the sample mass (density) leads to substantial decrease in χc followed by a level‐off, and the increase in leaf moisture content results in significant reduction of χc. Analysis indicated that χc is essentially independent to the sample mass when a sample is constituted by three layers. By defining a ratio of the amount of CO produced to that of O2 consumed during measurement ϕCO/O2, χc was found to be well correlated by ϕCO/O2 with the form χc = 0.2166ln[0.4655/(ϕCO/O2 − 0.03177)], thereby highlighting that energy release efficiency of a sample mainly relies on the extent of O2 consumed to convert into CO. The parameter χc acts as an indicator to reveal the combustion states of a fuel during testing, and the parameter ϕCO/O2 can be used as an index to evaluate the capacity of leaf fuels to emit toxic gases in specific fire scenarios.
Semmering‐Basistunnel – Eisfreihaltung von Schächten am Beispiel des Versorgungsschachts Fröschnitz 2
Authors: Bacher Michael , Nipitsch Gernot , Fruhwirt Daniel , Sturm Peter
Published: December 2019

The Fröschnitz 1 and Fröschnitz 2 supply shafts of the Semmering Base Tunnel are used for the ventilation of the tunnel drives, transport of personnel, materials and machinery and as escape and rescue routes. Until the final completion of the concrete inner lining in the shafts, water still emerges repeatedly at the surface at a few locations of the shotcrete support layer. This led above all for the Fröschnitz 2 shaft to ice formation during longer periods with outside air temperatures below the freezing point of water with simultaneous operation of the fresh air supply. The effectiveness of warm air supply was investigated with thermodynamic and aerodynamic investigations and then the cost‐effectiveness of two selected systems to provide warm air were considered. The aerodynamic simulations showed that in particular the entry angle of the warm fresh air flow is decisive for the magnitude of the warm air losses.
Baubegleitende geologische Untersuchungen
Authors: Pointner Peter , Höfer‐Öllinger Giorgio
Published: December 2019

In addition to laboratory analysis, tests can be carried out on site to support the geological underground documentation. They should cover the important parameters on the project and be easy and time‐saving to implement. This article describes a selection of methods and their suitability for use on construction sites. The tests comprise determination of water content, grain size distribution as well as the implementation of point load and Cerchar abrasiveness tests. For all these tests, the practical application on the site of the Koralm Tunnel contract KAT 3 and implementation details are explained. For all on‐site tests, it is recommended that the results gained should be compared with the experimental procedure and the results of laboratory analyses.
Herausforderung Instandhaltung Koralmtunnel im Spannungsfeld betrieblicher Verfügbarkeit und Anlagenmehrung
Authors: Diernhofer Florian , Schneider Klaus , Steiner Helmut
Published: December 2019

The Koralm Tunnel (length 33 km) crossing the eastern Alps is part of the Koralmbahn line and one of the longest rail tunnels in the world. The installation of railway equipment in the tunnel is due to start soon and it is particularly important to now make current decisions considerung future developments and demands. In particular the conflicting goals of the scheduling horizon of the construction permit process nearly 20 years ago, the 150‐year design horizon and the rapid development of electronics, data processing and telematics have to be considered. Experience of operation of long rail tunnels confirms that despite all logistical efforts, the maintenance of railway equipment leads to a great expense of time and finance and also to restrictions of the line availability for operations.
Gerichtete Vollbohrung am Baulos SBT3.1 – Herausforderung Bohrgeschwindigkeit und Richtungsgenauigkeit im Störzonenbereich
Authors: Pfeffer Robert , Rohm Paul , Oppitz David
Published: December 2019

The Semmering Base Tunnel is being built by Austrian Federal Railways as part of the upgrading of the southern railway line. On contract SBT3.1, Züblin Spezialtiefbau Ges.m.b.H. was employed to undertake slope stabilization, piles dia. 1,500 mm embedded into the rock, as well as vertical and horizontal boreholes in the fault zones of Semmering. Due to the high requirements on drilling speed and accuracy of the boreholes, they were drilled as directional drilling with a hydraulic down‐the‐hole hammer. The vertical holes were used to install sleeve pipes for grouting works for the shaft Sommerau 2. The horizontal holes, also planned for the inclusion of sleeve pipes for grouting works, were used after on‐site rescheduling during the project for exploration and drainage of the rock mass. The drilling and survey data were subject to continual and thorough review to increase the efficiency of each control operation.
AWAPer: An R package for area weighted catchment daily meteorological data anywhere within Australia
Authors: Peterson Tim J. , Wasko Conrad , Saft Margarita , Peel Murray C.
Published: December 2019

Meteorological time‐series data are a fundamental input to hydrological investigations. But sourcing data is often laborious and plagued with difficulties. In an effort to improve efficiency and rigor we present an R‐package, named AWAPer (https://github.com/peterson-tim-j/AWAPer), for the efficient estimation of daily area weighted catchment average and spatial variance of meteorological variables, including evapotranspiration. The package allows creation and updating of a data‐cube of gridded daily data from 1900 onwards. Once created, point and area weighted estimates can be extracted at user‐defined locations and time periods for anywhere within Australia. Examples of point and catchment average extraction are presented.
Managerial entrenchment, financial constraints, and investment choice in unlisted firms
Authors: Ranasinghe Dinithi
Published: December 2019

This paper examines how internally generated cash is allocated for investment in unlisted firms in the post‐global financial crisis period. We estimate models using a panel data set from unlisted firms in the United Kingdom from 2009 to 2014. With the use of a commercially available credit rating and a widely used index in the literature to proxy for external financial constraints, the paper concludes that less financially constrained firms display a higher investment‐cash flow sensitivity. This association has been consistent across the post‐global financial crisis period. We find some evidence to suggest that investment inefficiencies reduce investment‐cash flow sensitivity, and this is intensified in the presence of external financial constraints. We extend the investment choice literature in the presence of financial constraints using evidence from unlisted firms. We also enhance the investment choice literature by incorporating the managerial entrenchment effect along with financial constraints. Provision of financial support for private entities is a crucial policy focus for any government. We call for policymakers to enhance microfinancing options for unlisted firms to reduce the impact from external financial frictions.
The impact of intercellular communication for the generation of complex multicellular prevascularized tissue equivalents
Authors: Heller Martin , Bauer Heide‐Katharina , Schwab Roxana , Blatt Sebastian , Peters Katharina , Nezi‐Cahn Sandra , Unger Ronald E. , Hasenburg Annette , Brenner Walburgis
Published: December 2019

In reconstructive surgery the use of prevascularized soft tissue equivalents is a promising approach for wound coverage of defects after tumor resection or trauma. However, in previous studies to generate soft tissue equivalents on collagen membranes, microcapillaries were restricted to superficial areas. In this study, to understand which factors were involved in the formation of these microcapillaries, the levels of the angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in the supernatants of the tissue equivalents were examined at various time points and conditions. Additionally, the influence of these factors on viability, proliferation, migration, and tube formation in monocultures compared to cocultures of fibroblast and endothelial cells was examined. The results showed that VEGF production was decreased in cocultures compared to fibroblast monocultures and the lowest VEGF levels were observed in endothelial cell monocultures. Additionally, the highest levels of IL‐8 were observed in cocultures compared to monocultures. Similar results were observed for bFGF with lowest levels seen within the first 24 hr and highest levels in cocultures. VEGF and IL‐8 were shown to promote endothelial cell viability, proliferation and migration and angiogenic parameters such as tube density, total tube length, and number of tube branches. Addition of VEGF and IL‐8 to cocultures resulted in accelerated and denser formation of capillary‐like structures. The results indicate that VEGF, IL‐8, and bFGF strongly influence cellular behavior of endothelial cells and this information should be useful in promoting the formation of microcapillary‐like structures in complex tissue equivalents.
Research on the drag reduction mechanism of antlion (Myrmeleon sagax) larvae nonsmooth structural surface
Authors: Tong Jin , Wu Baoguang , Song Zelai , Gao Zibo , Sun Jiyu , Ma Yunhai , Zhuang Jian
Published: December 2019

Antlion (Myrmeleon sagax) larvae live in sandy soil and possess the ability to enter soil quickly. In this article, the hierarchical structure of the nonsmooth surface of antlion larvae was obtained using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Based on the results, a bionic nonsmooth structure model was established to investigate the friction and movement of soil particles above it. Then the relationship between drag reduction characteristics and the antlion larvae's nonsmooth structural surface was discussed, which would be helpful to design soil‐engaging components. When the height of each nonsmooth structure is proportional to the square of their interval distance, and is proportional to the velocity of movement, it is shown that a nonsmooth structural surface contributes to improving the bulk coefficient of granular materials, which leads to substantial drag reduction.
Ultrasound‐assisted synthesis of novel spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine] derivatives using Fe3O4@Propylsilane@Histidine[HSO4−] as an effective magnetic nanocatalyst
Authors: Mousavifar Seyyedeh Masoumeh , Kefayati Hassan , Shariati Shahab
Published: December 2019

A simple, economical, three‐component, and one‐pot synthesis of novels spiro[indoline‐3,5′‐pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidine] derivatives by condensation of dimethyl acetylene dicarboxylate, isatin derivatives, and 6‐amino‐1,3‐dimethyluracil in presence of Fe3O4@Propylsilane@Histidine[HSO4−] as an impressive catalyst via reflux and ultrasound procedure is described. The results show that ultrasound method has several advantages such as milder condition, shorter reaction time, and higher reaction yield.
Antibiotic envelope is associated with reduction in cardiac implantable electronic devices infections especially for high‐power device—Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pranata Raymond , Tondas Alexander Edo , Vania Rachel , Yuniadi Yoga
Published: December 2019

Background

Infections after cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) placement are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The incidence of CIED is increasing overtime despite the optimal use of antimicrobial agents. This systematic review and meta‐analysis will address the latest evidence on the use of AE to mitigate the risk of CIED infection, and which subset of patients will they benefit the most.

Methods

We performed a comprehensive search on topics that assesses antibiotic envelope and implantable cardiac electronic device up until August 2019.

Results

There were a total of 32,329 subjects from six studies. Antibiotic envelope was associated with a lower risk of major infection with OR 0.42 [0.19, 0.97], P = .04; I2: 58% and HR 0.52 [0.32, 0.85], P = .009; I2: 80%. Upon sensitivity analysis by removing a study, the OR became 0.40 [0.27, 0.59], P < .001; I2: 46%. Subgroup analysis for 12 months’ infection was OR 0.65 [0.43, 0.99], P = .04; I2: 49%. Meta‐analysis of propensity‐matched cohort showed a reduced risk of infection with AE (OR of 0.14 [0.05, 0.41], P < .001; I2:0%). Mortality was similar in both AE and control groups. Antibiotic envelope reduced the incidence of infection in patients receiving high‐power device (OR 0.44 [0.27, 0.73], P = .001; I2:0%) but not low‐power device.

Conclusion

Antibiotic envelope (TYRX) was found to be safe and effective in reducing the risk of major infections in high‐risk patients receiving CIED implantation, especially in those receiving high‐power CIED.
Employer Perceptions of Online Versus Face‐to‐Face Degree Programs
Authors: Roberto Katherine J. , Johnson Andrew F.
Published: December 2019

A perception of lesser value for online degrees may lead employers to discount educational background based upon delivery mode. This article examines employers’ perceptions of face‐to‐face versus online master of business administration degrees in new hire and promotion decisions. Using a qualitative design, the authors conducted a pilot and larger study. Results indicated that those making selection decisions view face‐to‐face degrees more positively than online degrees. This finding is considerably more pronounced for employers making new hire decisions than for those making promotion decisions. Specific results and implications are discussed.
Insight into molecular characteristics of a Chinese coal via separation, characterization, and data processing
Authors: Yu Guo , Fan Xing , Dong Xue‐Ming , Wang Rui‐Yu , Zhao Yun‐Peng , Bai Hong‐Cun , Zhao Tian‐Sheng , Guo Qing‐Jie , Wei Xian‐Yong
Published: December 2019

Dayan lignite was subjected to thermal dissolution sequentially with cyclohexane, acetone, and methanol. Each thermal dissolution extract was subjected to further separation/enrichment using column chromatography, which was sequentially eluted with petroleum ether, a mixture of ethyl acetate and petroleum ether (vol:vol = 1:1), and ethyl acetate. The three thermal dissolution extracts and nine enrichment subfractions were characterized by an Orbitrap mass spectrometry equipped with an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization ion source. The mass spectrometry data were also statistically analyzed by principal component analysis, which can reduce the dimensionality of data and classify multiple samples according to principal components. Identified compounds in the extracts and subfractions are classified into eight classes according to the heteroatom distribution. Hydrocarbon class is mainly presented in the petroleum ether fraction, and oxygen class, nitrogen class, and oxygen‐nitrogen class are distributed in both petroleum ether/ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate subfractions. The combination of different analytical methods enhances the understanding of coal at the molecular level and provides important data for downstream refining processes.
Effect of debittered fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum L.) flour addition on physical, nutritional, antioxidant, and sensory properties of wheat flour rusk
Authors: Dhull Sanju Bala , Punia Sneh , Sandhu Kawaljit Singh , Chawla Prince , Kaur Ramandeep , Singh Ajay
Published: December 2019

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum‐graecum) is a unique legume crop having many pharmacological properties and health benefits attributed to its high soluble dietary fiber and phytochemicals. The main objective of this study was to evaluate selected functional and physical (color and pasting) properties of debittered fenugreek flour (DFF) and its addition on the nutritional value and acceptance of wheat flour rusk, prepared with 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% DFF. The antioxidant potential and sensory attributes of DFF‐added rusks were also analyzed. The results revealed that with successive increase of DFF level, the nutritional, mineral, dietary fiber, and bioactive contents of the rusks were significantly (p ≤ .05) enhanced. The progressive replacement at 0% to 20% level significantly (p ≤ .05) improved the total phenolic content (157.5 to 455.8 mg GAE per 100 g), total flavonoid content (5.5 to 8.2 mg CE per 100 g), and antioxidant activity (20.4% to 45.5%). DFF incorporation significantly (p ≤ .05) increased the water and oil absorption capacity, whereas peak viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, setback viscosity, and peak temperature were decreased. The color of rusks became darker, the loaf weight and hardness increased, whereas loaf volume and specific loaf volume values were decreased with DFF addition. Sensory attributes of rusks were slightly affected with DFF incorporation, and rusks with 15% DFF were found most desirable with significantly (p ≤ .05) enhanced nutritional, antioxidant, and sensory characteristics. The results of the present study demonstrated that incorporation of DFF at acceptable level could be achieved successfully for preparation of bakery product with enhanced nutritional and sensory quality.
Separating caprine (Capra/Ovis) distal tibiae: A case study from the Polish Neolithic
Authors: Gron Kurt J. , Rowley‐Conwy Peter , Jensen Theis Zetner Trolle , Taurozzi Alberto J. , Marciniak Arkadiusz
Published: December 2019

Distinguishing the skeletal remains of sheep (Ovis aries) from goats (Capra hircus) is a fundamental and habitual problem in zooarchaeology. Such a distinction is desirable because the taxa can be raised to serve variable purposes, are behaviourally different and are biologically dissimilar; all factors influencing their role in past human economies. Although considerable effort has been spent exploring various methods for their distinction in the Near East, in the Mediterranean world, and in modern populations, the rarity of Neolithic caprines north of the Alps has meant that distinction has not been attempted on any systematic basis. In this study, we present the first attempt to do so, using one of the more problematic elements, the distal tibia, to investigate the caprine remains from Racot 18, Poland, a settlement of the Neolithic Late Lengyel culture. The assemblage is characterised by an unusual proportion of caprines, and ZooMS results indicate relative parity in numbers of sheep and goats. Standard and new biometrics and morphological identifications were also applied. Morphological identifications did not reliably distinguish the taxa. Nonetheless, both standard and new biometrics demonstrate significant size differences between the taxa in this assemblage. This study represents the first step required of establishing effective criteria for differentiation of caprines in Neolithic Poland and by extension other Neolithic contexts north of the Alps.
The zeaxanthin epoxidase is degraded along with the D1 protein during photoinhibition of photosystem II
Authors: Bethmann Stephanie , Melzer Michael , Schwarz Nadine , Jahns Peter
Published: December 2019

The xanthophyll zeaxanthin is synthesized in chloroplasts upon high light exposure of plants and serves central photoprotective functions. The reconversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin is catalyzed by the zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP). ZEP shows highest activity after short and moderate high light periods, but becomes gradually down‐regulated in response to increasing high light stress along with down‐regulation of photosystem II (PSII) activity. ZEP activity and ZEP protein levels were studied in response to high light stress in four plant species: Arabidopsis thaliana, Pisum sativum, Nicotiana benthamiana and Spinacia oleracea. In all species, ZEP protein was degraded during photoinhibition of PSII in parallel with the D1 protein of PSII. In the presence of streptomycin, an inhibitor of chloroplast protein synthesis, photoinhibition of PSII and ZEP activity as well as degradation of D1 and ZEP protein was strongly increased, indicating a close correlation of ZEP regulation with PSII photoinhibition and repair. The concomitant high light‐induced inactivation/degradation of ZEP and D1 prevents the reconversion of zeaxanthin during photoinhibition and repair of PSII. This regulation of ZEP activity supports a coordinated degradation of D1 and ZEP during photoinhibition/repair of PSII and an essential photoprotective function of zeaxanthin during the PSII repair cycle.
Induced expression of CYP51 associated with difenoconazole resistance in the pathogenic Alternaria sect. on potato in China
Authors: Zhang Yue , Zhou Qian , Tian Peiyu , Li Yuan , Duan Guohua , Li Dongliang , Zhan Jiasui , Chen Fengping
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

Early blight caused by Alternaria spp. is amongst the most important diseases in potato. Demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicides are widely used to control the disease but long‐term use may decrease its control efficacy due to fungicide resistance. This study investigated the occurrence of difenoconazole resistance in Alternaria spp. and molecular resistant mechanisms.

RESULTS

EC50 values of 160 isolates to difenoconazole ranged from 0.026 μg mL−1 to 15.506 μg mL−1 and the frequency of difenoconazole sensitivity formed a non‐normal distribution curve with a major and a minor peak. Isolates with EC50 values of 4.121 and 5.461 μg mL−1 were not controlled effectively at fungicide doses of 50 and 100 μg mL−1. Cross‐resistance was observed between DMI fungicides difenoconazole and propiconazole, but not between difenoconazole and other fungicide groups, including boscalid, iprodione, or carbendazim. The CYP51gene was 1673 bp encoding 525 amino acids in length and contained two introns. All sensitive and resistant isolates had the identical amino acid sequence of CYP51, with the exception of one resistant isolate carrying a mutation of R511W. A 6 bp insertion in the upstream region was observed in half of the resistant isolates. In the absence of propiconazole, the relative expression of CYP51 was not significantly different in sensitive and resistant isolates. In the presence of difenoconazole, expression of CYP51 gene was induced significantly in the DMI‐resistant isolates but not in the sensitive ones.

CONCLUSION

Induced expression of CYP51 in resistant isolates exposed to difenoconazole is an important determinant for DMI resistance in potato pathogens Alternaria sect. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A novel mutation A212T in chloroplast Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO1) confers resistance to PPO inhibitor Oxadiazon in Eleusine indica
Authors: Bi Bo , Wang Qiang , Coleman Jeffrey J , Porri Aimone , Peppers John M , Patel Jinesh D , Betz Michael , Lerchl Jens , McElroy J. Scott
Published: December 2019

BACKGROUND

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) with two isoforms, chloroplast‐targeted (PPO1) and mitochondrial‐targeted (PPO2), catalyzes a step in the biosynthesis of chlorophyll and heme. PPO1 and PPO2 are herbicide target sites of PPO‐inhibiting herbicides. Target‐site mutations conferring resistance to PPO inhibitors have all thus far been in PPO2. Oxadiazon is a unique PPO inhibitor utilized for preemergence Eleusine indica control. In this research, we evaluated the response of two previously confirmed oxadiazon‐resistant and susceptible E. indica biotypes to other PPO inhibitors and identified the resistance mechanism in two oxadiazon‐resistant E. indica biotypes.

RESULTS

Two E. indica biotypes were resistant to oxadiazon, but not to other structurally unrelated PPO inhibitors, such as lactofen, flumioxazin and sulfentrazone. A novel mutation A212T was identified in the chloroplast‐targeted PPO1, conferring resistance to oxadiazon in a heterologous expression system. Computational structural modeling provided a mechanistic explanation for reduced herbicide binding to the variant protein: the presence of a methyl group of threonine 212 changes the PPO1 active site and produces repulsive electrostatic interactions that repel oxadiazon from the binding pocket.

CONCLUSION

The novel A212T mutation in PPO1 conferring resistance specifically to PPO inhibitor oxadiazon was characterized. This is the first evidence of the direct role of PPO1 in the PPO mode of action, and the first evidence of evolved resistance in PPO1. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Towards a new model for green consumer behaviour: A self‐determination theory perspective
Authors: Gilal Faheem Gul , Chandani Kanwal , Gilal Rukhsana Gul , Gilal Naeem Gul , Gilal Waseem Gul , Channa Nisar Ahmed
Published: December 2019

Prior research has broadly captured consumers' green behaviour by linking it to either intrinsic or extrinsic motives. Nonetheless, the detailed effects of middle‐ground motives (i.e., external, introjected, and identified) on the formation of green consumer behaviour remain largely untapped in marketing literature. Using two theoretical lenses—organismic integration theory of self‐determination theory and gender schema theory—this study investigates the effects of motivational regulations on consumers' green behaviour using data from Pakistani millennial consumers. To this end, two separate but related studies were conducted. Study 1 involved participants (n = 208) from Sindh province, whereas Study 2 recruited subjects from three other provinces of Pakistan: Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan (n = 312). Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling, and multigroup modelling techniques were used as methods. Study 1 shows that when intrinsic motivation and three types of extrinsic motivations (i.e., external, introjected, and identified) were examined, identified motivation had the strongest effect on green consumer behaviour. The findings of Study 2 indicated that, compared with males, females responded much more strongly to motivation associated with intrinsic regulation. Likewise, male consumers tended to respond much more strongly to identified and external motivations with regard to their green behaviour. To conclude this study, the implications of these findings are discussed in great detail.
The Application of Carbon Nanotube/Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Yin Zefang , Cui Chaojie , Chen Hang , Duoni  , Yu Xiang , Qian Weizhong
Published: December 2019

The treatment of organic wastewater is of great significance. Carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene‐based nanomaterials have great potential as absorbent materials for organic wastewater treatment owing to their high specific surface area, mesoporous structure, tunable surface properties, and high chemical stability; these attributes allow them to endure harsh wastewater conditions, such as acidic, basic, and salty conditions at high concentrations or at high temperatures. Although a substantial amount of work has been reported on the performance of CNT/graphene‐based nanomaterials in organic wastewater systems, engineering challenges still exist for their practical application. Herein, the adsorption mechanism of CNT‐ and graphene‐based nanomaterials is summarized, including the adsorption mechanism of CNTs and graphene at the atomic and molecular levels, their hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface properties, and the structure–property relationship required for adsorption to occur. Second, the structural modification and recombination methods of CNT‐ and graphene‐based adsorbents for various organic wastewater systems are introduced. Third, the engineering challenges, including the molding of macroscopically stable adsorbents, adsorption isotherm models and adsorption kinetic behaviors, and reversible adsorption performance compared to that of activated carbon (AC) are discussed. Finally, cost issues are discussed in light of scalable and practical application of these materials.
Engineering the Structure of Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Microspheres by the Surface Effect of Inverse Opal Templates and Temperature
Authors: Ji Lijun , Gong Mindong , Xu Tong , Gu Jun , Jiang Xu , Liang Taotao , Chen Yu , Liu Qingren
Published: December 2019

The interactions of ions and molecules with material surface are highly dependent on the surface properties of the material. Therefore, the distribution of ions or molecules near the material surface may be affected by the surface properties. This phenomenon can be significant enough for controlling the structure of a material synthesized in the sub‐micrometer scale confinement space of a template. This work confirms that inverse opals are perfect templates for offering confinement space, while their different surface properties can strongly affect ion and block copolymer distribution in the confinement space. This surface effect principle can be used for the controlled synthesis of colloids with complex composition. As an example, four kinds of mesoporous magnetic bioactive glass colloids with ordered mesopores, core–shell structure, open surface pores, or disordered mesopores are prepared by using polystyrene and carbon inverse opal templates. This work reveals that inverse opal templates possess great advantage in controlled synthesizing colloidal structures due to their surface effect on ions and molecules and confinement space.
Additional Lithium Storage on Dynamic Electrode Surface by Charge Redistribution in Inactive Ru Metal
Authors: Kim Yunok , Um Ji Hyun , Lee Hyunjoon , Choi Woosung , Choi Woon Ih , Lee Hyo Sug , Kim Ok‐Hee , Kim Ji Man , Cho Yong‐Hun , Yoon Won‐Sub
Published: December 2019

Beyond a traditional view that metal nanoparticles formed upon electrochemical reaction are inactive against lithium, recently their electrochemical participations are manifested and elucidated as catalytic and interfacial effects. Here, ruthenium metal composed of ≈5 nm nanoparticles is prepared and the pure ruthenium as a lithium‐ion battery anode for complete understanding on anomalous lithium storage reaction mechanism is designed. In particular, the pure metal electrode is intended for eliminating the electrochemical reaction‐derived Li2O phase accompanied by catalytic Li2O decomposition and the interfacial lithium storage at Ru/Li2O phase boundary, and thereby focusing on the ruthenium itself in exploring its electrochemical reactivity. Intriguingly, unusual lithium storage not involving redox reactions with electron transfer but leading to lattice expansion is identified in the ruthenium electrode. Size‐dependent charge redistribution at surface enables additional lithium adsorption to occur on the inactive but more environmentally sensitive nanoparticles, providing innovative insight into dynamic electrode environments in rechargeable lithium chemistry.
Congruence from the operator’s point of view
Authors: Gazda Maciej , Fokkink Wan , Massaro Vittorio
Published: December 2019

A basic sanity property of a process semantics is that it constitutes a congruence with respect to standard process operators. This issue has been traditionally addressed by developing, for a specific process semantics, a syntactic format for operational semantics specifications. We suggest a novel, orthogonal approach, which focuses on a specific process operator and determines a class of congruence relations for this operator. To this end, we impose syntactic restrictions on Hennessy–Milner logic, so that a process semantics whose modal characterization satisfies those criteria is guaranteed to be a congruence with respect to the operator in question. We investigate alternative composition, action prefix, projection, encapsulation, renaming, and parallel composition with communication, in the context of both concrete and weak process semantics.
The phosphite oxidoreductase gene, ptxD as a bio-contained chloroplast marker and crop-protection tool for algal biotechnology using Chlamydomonas
Authors: Changko Saowalak , Rajakumar Priscilla D. , Young Rosanna E. B. , Purton Saul
Published: December 2019

Edible microalgae have potential as low-cost cell factories for the production and oral delivery of recombinant proteins such as vaccines, anti-bacterials and gut-active enzymes that are beneficial to farmed animals including livestock, poultry and fish. However, a major economic and technical problem associated with large-scale cultivation of microalgae, even in closed photobioreactors, is invasion by contaminating microorganisms. Avoiding this requires costly media sterilisation, aseptic techniques during set-up and implementation of ‘crop-protection’ strategies during cultivation. Here, we report a strain improvement approach in which the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is engineered to allow oxidation of phosphite to its bio-available form: phosphate. We have designed a synthetic version of the bacterial gene (ptxD)-encoding phosphite oxidoreductase such that it is highly expressed in the chloroplast but has a Trp→Opal codon reassignment for bio-containment of the transgene. Under mixotrophic conditions, the growth rate of the engineered alga is unaffected when phosphate is replaced with phosphite in the medium. Furthermore, under non-sterile conditions, growth of contaminating microorganisms is severely impeded in phosphite medium. This, therefore, offers the possibility of producing algal biomass under non-sterile conditions. The ptxD gene can also serve as a dominant marker for genetic engineering of any C. reinhardtii strain, thereby avoiding the use of antibiotic resistance genes as markers and allowing the ‘retro-fitting’ of existing engineered strains. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate the application of our ptxD technology to a strain expressing a subunit vaccine targeting a major viral pathogen of farmed fish.
Sparsity of solutions for variational inverse problems with finite-dimensional data
Authors: Bredies Kristian , Carioni Marcello
Published: December 2019

In this paper we characterize sparse solutions for variational problems of the form$$\min _{u\in X} \phi (u) + F(\mathcal {A}u)$$minu∈Xϕ(u)+F(Au), whereXis a locally convex space,$$\mathcal {A}$$Ais a linear continuous operator that maps into a finite dimensional Hilbert space and$$\phi $$ϕis a seminorm. More precisely, we prove that there exists a minimizer that is “sparse” in the sense that it is represented as a linear combination of the extremal points of the unit ball associated with the regularizer$$\phi $$ϕ(possibly translated by an element in the null space of$$\phi $$ϕ). We apply this result to relevant regularizers such as the total variation seminorm and the Radon norm of a scalar linear differential operator. In the first example, we provide a theoretical justification of the so-called staircase effect and in the second one, we recover the result in Unser et al. (SIAM Rev 59(4):769–793, 2017) under weaker hypotheses.
Specific domains of early parenting, their heritability and differential association with adolescent behavioural and emotional disorders and academic achievement
Authors: Culpin Iryna , Bornstein Marc H. , Putnick Diane L. , Sallis Hannah , Lee Ruby , Cordero Miguel , Rajyaguru Priya , Kordas Katarzyna , Cadman Tim , Pearson Rebecca M.
Published: December 2019

Variations in parenting across large populations have rarely been described. It also remains unclear which specific domains of parenting are important for which specific offspring developmental outcomes. This study describes different domains of early parenting behaviours and their genetic heritability, then determines the extent to which specific domains of parenting are associated with later offspring outcomes. Parenting behaviours (birth to 3 years) were extracted from self-reported questionnaires administered to 12,358 mothers from the UK-based birth cohort study, the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children and modelled as a latent factor using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Genetic heritability and correlations between parenting factors were estimated using genome-wide complex trait analysis. Three parenting factors were derived: parental enjoyment, conflictual relationships and stimulation; all showed low genetic heritability. There was no evidence of association between parental enjoyment and offspring behavioural disorders and depressed mood. Stimulation was associated with better English grades (standardisedβ = 0.195,p < 0.001) and enjoyment was negatively associated with English grades (β = − 0.244,p =  < 0.001). Conflictual relationships were associated with higher risk of offspring behavioural disorders (β = 0.228,p = 0.010) and depressed mood (β = 0.077,p = 0.005). Higher enjoyment reduced the association between conflict and behavioural problems (interaction termβ = 0.113,p < 0.001). We found evidence for predictive specificity of early parenting domains for offspring outcomes in adolescence. Early stimulation, unlike enjoyment, promoted later educational achievement. Conflictual relationships were associated with greater risk of behavioural problems, buffered by increased enjoyment. These findings hold implications for parenting interventions, guiding their focus according to the specificity of parenting domains and their long-term outcomes in children.
Temporal trends of 137Cs concentration in seawaters and bottom sediments in coastal waters around Japan: implications for the Kd concept in the dynamic marine environment
Authors: Kusakabe Masashi , Takata Hyoe
Published: December 2019

Radioactivity concentrations of 137Cs in seawaters and bottom sediments have been measured in the coastal waters off all nuclear power plant sites in Japan. Sediment distribution coefficient (Kd) values obtained before the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident were variable and related to the specific surface area of the bottom sediment. A mathematical model suggested that before the accident the Kd values were in the transient state approaching a dynamic equilibrium with a converged Kd value of 1000–1600. Based on a post-accident mathematical model, the apparent Kd reached the maximum of about 104 and then decreased until now, converging to 6 × 103 on average.
Magnesium biofortification of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) via agronomy and breeding as a potential way to reduce grass tetany in grazing ruminants
Authors: Kumssa Diriba B. , Lovatt J. Alan , Graham Neil S. , Palmer Sarah , Hayden Rory , Wilson Lolita , Young Scott D. , Lark R. Murray , Penrose Beth , Ander E. Louise , Thompson Russell , Jiang Lin-Xi , Broadley Martin R.
Published: December 2019

Aim

Magnesium (Mg) deficiency (known as grass tetany) is a serious metabolic disorder that affects grazing ruminants. We tested whether Mg-fertiliser can increase Mg concentration of Italian ryegrasses (Lolium multiflorum L.) including a cultivar (cv. Bb2067; ‘Magnet’), bred to accumulate larger concentrations of Mg.

Methods

Under controlled environment (CE) conditions, three cultivars (cv. Bb2067, cv. Bb2068, cv. RvP) were grown in low-nutrient compost at six fertiliser rates (0–1500 μM MgCl2.6H2O). Under field conditions, the three cultivars in the CE condition and cv. Alamo were grown at two sites, and four rates of MgSO4 fertiliser application rates (0–200 kg ha−1 MgO). Multiple grass cuts were taken over two-years.

Results

Grass Mg concentration increased with increasing Mg-fertiliser application rates in all cultivars and conditions. Under field conditions, cv. Bb2067 had 11–73% greater grass Mg concentration and smaller forage tetany index (FTI) than other cultivars across the Mg-fertiliser application rates, sites and cuts. Grass dry matter (DM) yield of cv. Bb2067 was significantly (p < 0.05) smaller than cv. Alamo. The effect of Mg-fertiliser rate on DM yield was not significant (p ≥ 0.05).

Conclusions

Biofortification of grass with Mg through breeding and agronomy can improve the forage Mg concentration for grazing ruminants, even in high-growth spring grass conditions when hypomagnesaemia is most prevalent. Response to agronomic biofortification varied with cultivar, Mg-fertiliser rate, site and weather. The cost:benefit of these approaches and farmer acceptability, and the impact on cattle and sheep grazing on grasses biofortified with Mg requires further investigation.