bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« La race n’existe pas, mais elle tue »
Authors: Chémery Valentin , Fouteau Carine , Jobard Fabien , Guillibert Paul , Henneton Thibault , Wahnich Sophie
Published: May 2015

Résumé Le chemin vers la non-racialisation passe peut-être par la race, mais il ne s’y arrête pas. Nous voudrions pouvoir résoudre la situation raciale à la manière du nœud gordien, car c’en est un. Le brutaliser. Sortir par le haut de l’histoire et des plis de son discours.
Revendiquer un monde décolonial
Authors: Izambert Caroline , Guillibert Paul , Wahnich Sophie
Published: May 2015

Résumé Entretien avec Houria Bouteldja
Mobile Service Capabilities
Authors: Budu Joseph , Boateng Richard
Published: May 2015

Although there is vast literature about the contemporary mobile services (m-services) phenomenon, there is a lack of focus on the strategic processes through which m-services are developed. The dynamic capability framework which lends itself as an appropriate theoretical means of exploring this research gap also lack empirical testing within the m-service research space. The purpose of this paper is to begin to address these gaps in the literature by drawing how a Ghanaian m-services developer develops capabilities to create m-services. This case study gathered qualitative data through key informant interviews, participant observation and a review of accessible company documents, and e-mail correspondence. Drawing on literature on dynamic capabilities, this study draws three conclusions. First, there are four types of m-service capabilities that can be developed i.e. informational, interactional, transactional, and transformational m-service capabilities. Further, the type of m-service capability determines the type of m-service that can be provided. Second, political change determines the type of m-service capability that an m-service provider develops. Third, the extent to which an m-service impacts on its intended market is dependent on the extent of market readiness for that particular m-service type. This study's contribution lies in the operationalisation of the dynamic capability framework in the m-service context. This paper is the first to adapt the dynamic capability framework within the m-service setting to unearth an understanding of how m-service providers create capabilities to develop m-services.
Infection with CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strain containing three EPIYA C phosphorylation sites is associated with more severe gastric lesions in experimentally infected Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)
Authors: Ferreira JÃºnior M. , Batista S.A. , Vidigal P.V.T. , Cordeiro A.A.C. , Oliveira F.M.S. , Prata L.O. , Diniz A.E.T. , Barral C.M. , Barbuto R.C. , Gomes A.D. , AraÃºjo I.D. , Queiroz D.M.M. , Caliari M.V.
Published: May 2015

Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains containing high number of EPIYA-C phosphorylation sites in the CagA is associated with significant gastritis and increased risk of developing pre-malignant gastric lesions and gastric carcinoma. However, these findings have not been reproduced in animal models yet. Therefore, we investigated the effect on the gastric mucosa of Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) infected with CagA-positive H. pylori strains exhibiting one or three EPIYA-C phosphorilation sites. Mongolian gerbils were inoculated with H. pylori clonal isolates containing one or three EPIYA-C phosphorylation sites. Control group was composed by uninfected animals challenged with Brucella broth alone. Gastric fragments were evaluated by the modified Sydney System and digital morphometry. Clonal relatedness between the isolates was considered by the identical RAPD-PCR profiles and sequencing of five housekeeping genes, vacA i/d region and of oipA. The other virulence markers were present in both isolates (vacA s1i1d1m1, iceA2, and intact dupA). CagA of both isolates was translocated and phosphorylated in AGS cells. After 45 days of infection, there was a significant increase in the number of inflammatory cells and in the area of the lamina propria in the infected animals, notably in those infected by the CagA-positive strain with three EPIYA-C phosphorylation sites. After six months of infection, a high number of EPIYA-C phosphorylation sites was associated with progressive increase in the intensity of gastritis and in the area of the lamina propria. Atrophy, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia were also observed more frequently in animals infected with the CagA-positive isolate with three EPIYA-C sites.Â  We conclude that infection with H. pylori strain carrying a high number of CagA EPIYA-C phosphorylation sites is associated with more severe gastric lesions in an animal model of H. pylori infection.
Designation differences and academic career progression
Authors: Callaghan Chris W.
Published: May 2015

Orientation: According to the human resources literature, academics may need to ‘balance’ certain issues in order to enable career progression.Research purpose: This research sought to test the theory that predicted differences between individuals by designation cohort membership (Mr/Ms, doctoral and professorial designation) in order to make recommendations for how academic staff could better facilitate their career development.Motivation for the study: This research attempted to identify certain ‘crisis milestones’ that reflect potential role conflicts that may constrain academic career progression.Research design, approach and method: Academic staff of a large South African university (with over 30 000 students) provided the sampling frame for an empirical study. Using logistic regression, three career markers that reflect different career cohorts – Mr/Ms designation, doctoral designation and professorial designation – were each regressed on a range of biographical and contextual factors derived from the literature and a comparative analysis was performed.Main findings: Findings suggest that these cohorts differ significantly according to: satisfaction with teaching; satisfaction with administration; research self-efficacy; and dependent children. ‘Crisis milestones’, potentially related to role conflicts, might need to be resolved before career progression to doctoral and professorial designations can occur.Practical/Managerial implications: Knowledge of these ‘crisis milestones’ can be used to help academics to manage role conflicts and issues. This might remove unnecessary constraints to academic career progression.Contribution/Value add: This study provides new insights into certain ‘crisis milestones’, or role conflicts or issues, that may need to be resolved or balanced before the career progression of academics can typically occur.
Utilisation of a community-based health facility in a low-income urban community in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Adebayo Ayodeji M. , Asuzu Michael C.
Published: May 2015

Background: Primary healthcare is established to ensure that people have access to health services through facilities located in their community. However, utilisation of health facilities in Nigeria remains low in many communities.Aim: To assess the utilisation of community-based health facility (CBHF) amongst adults in Ibadan, Nigeria.Settings: A low-income community in Ibadan North West Local Government Area of Oyo State.Methods:A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a simple random sampling technique to select one adult per household in all 586 houses in the community. A semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect information on respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge and utilisation of the CBHF. Data analysis included descriptive statistics and association testing using the Chi-square test at p = 0.05.Results: The mean age of the respondents was 46.5 ± 16.0 years; 46.0% were men and 81.0% married; 26% had no formal education and 38.0% had secondary-level education and above; traders constituted 52.0% of the sample; and 85.2% were of low socioeconomic standing; 90%had patronised the CBHF. The main reasons for non-utilisation were preference for general hospitals (13.8%) and self-medication (12.1%). Respondents who had secondary education and above, were in a higher socioeconomic class, who had good knowledge of the facility and were satisfied with care, utilised the CBHF three months significantly more than their counterparts prior to the study (p < 0.05). However, only satisfaction with care was found to be a significant predictor of utilisation of the CBHF.Conclusion: The utilisation of the CBHF amongst adults in the study setting is high, driven mostly by satisfaction with the care received previously. Self-medication, promoted by uncontrolled access to drugs through pharmacies and patent medicine stores, threatens this high utilisation.
High Seroprevalence of Chikungunya Virus Antibodies Among Pregnant Women Living in an Urban Area in Benin, West Africa
Authors: Bacci Anastasia , Marchi Serena , Fievet Nadine , Massougbodji Achille , Perrin Renè Xavier , Chippaux Jean-Philippe , Sambri Vittorio , Landini Maria Paola , Varani Stefania , Rossini Giada
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of antichikungunya virus (anti-CHIKV) antibodies in pregnant women living in an urban area of Benin (West Africa). Results were obtained by screening sera collected in 2006 and 2007 with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for anti-CHIKV immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM. Positive results were confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence test and microneutralization assay. We found that a large proportion (36.1%) of pregnant women living in Cotonou had specific IgG against CHIKV, indicating a high seroprevalence of the infection in urban southern Benin, whereas no active cases of CHIKV infection were detected.
Relevance of Undetectably Rare Resistant Malaria Parasites in Treatment Failure: Experimental Evidence from Plasmodium chabaudi
Authors: Huijben Silvie , Chan Brian H. K. , Read Andrew F.
Published: May 2015

Resistant malaria parasites are frequently found in mixed infections with drug-sensitive parasites. Particularly early in the evolutionary process, the frequency of these resistant mutants can be extremely low and below the level of molecular detection. We tested whether the rarity of resistance in infections impacted the health outcomes of treatment failure and the potential for onward transmission of resistance. Mixed infections of different ratios of resistant and susceptible Plasmodium chabaudi parasites were inoculated in laboratory mice and dynamics tracked during the course of infection using highly sensitive genotype-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Frequencies of resistant parasites ranged from 10% to 0.003% at the onset of treatment. We found that the rarer the resistant parasites were, the lower the likelihood of their onward transmission, but the worse the treatment failure was in terms of parasite numbers and disease severity. Strikingly, drug resistant parasites had the biggest impact on health outcomes when they were too rare to be detected by any molecular methods currently available for field samples. Indeed, in the field, these treatment failures would not even have been attributed to resistance.
O uso da Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica nas decisões sobre cultivares transgênicos no Brasil
Authors: Pizella Denise Gallo , De Souza Marcelo Pereira
Published: May 2015

A liberação ambiental de cultivares transgênicos é polêmica, devido às incertezas quanto aos potenciais impactos ambientais e socioeconômicos que pode suscitar. De modo a regular as deliberações sobre o uso de organismos geneticamente modificados (OGMs), mecanismos regulatórios que se propõem a prever tais impactos foram criados em diversas nações, sendo a análise de risco (AR) o instrumento de estudo ambiental normalmente empregado nos processos decisórios. No entanto, há contestações sobre seu uso como única ferramenta de análise ambiental destes OGMs, já que não possibilita a avaliação dos impactos cumulativos, indiretos, de longo prazo e dos interesses das nações delineados em suas políticas, planos e programas (PPPs). Um instrumento proposto por alguns autores passível de abarcar tais considerações é a Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica (AAE), que busca inserir a variável ambiental durante as fases de planejamento que resultam na elaboração de PPPs. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as contribuições da utilização da AAE para subsidiar os processos decisórios que envolvem a liberação ambiental de cultivares transgênicos no Brasil. Tendo em vista que esta atividade é estratégica para a agricultura brasileira, buscou-se analisá-la segundo os parâmetros que condicionam as boas práticas de AAE. Observou-se, deste modo, que a AAE poderá contribuir para a tomada de decisões no tocante à liberação comercial destas cultivares, em função de seus princípios de transparência, envolvimento social, planejamento ambiental, abrangência de amplos recortes territoriais, avaliação de impactos cumulativos e de longo prazo e monitoramento ambiental contínuo. Deste modo, recomendou-se a utilização da AAE no planejamento ambiental envolvendo liberações de cultivares transgênicos no Brasil.
População tradicional, Reservas Extrativistas e racionalidade estatal na Amazônia brasileira
Authors: Da Silva José Bittencourt , Simonian Ligia Terezinha Lopes
Published: May 2015

As populações tradicionais amazônicas – particularmente aquelas residentes em Reservas Extrativistas (RESEX) florestais – possuem ligação histórico-valorativa com o chamado sistema de aviamento. Essas populações enfrentam um dilema estrutural que precisa ser superado, qual seja: desvencilhar-se das amarras práticas e axiológicas herdadas da ambiência do barracão e aprender a complexa tarefa de movimentar-se dentro da arquitetura racional-legal do Estado brasileiro. Ao se pautar em processos legalmente estatuídos, essa realidade nova inflige aos agentes deste campo do conhecimento e capacidade argumentativa (fortalecimento) para a objetivação de demandas peculiares como, por exemplo, a segurança fundiária e a proteção dos ecossistemas naturais. Este artigo tem como objetivo principal revelar tal dilema das populações extrativistas moradoras de RESEX florestais na Amazônia, analisar suas nuances e lançar luzes para a superação dessa realidade. O trabalho pode ser caracterizado como uma crítica ao formalismo estatal, que tem servido à dominação de agentes públicos sobre unidades de conservação da natureza e das pessoas envolvidas nesses territórios. Para a consecução do objetivo traçado, buscou-se fundamentação teórica em bibliotecas virtual e física, assim como em acervo pessoal dos autores. O que segue são aprofundamentos acerca do objetivo levantado, a partir da literatura examinada.
O Programa Produtor de Água e Floresta de Rio Claro/RJ enquanto ferramenta de gestão ambiental: o perfil e a percepção ambiental dos produtores inscritos
Authors: Paiva Roberta Fernanda da Paz de Souza , Coelho Rafael Campos
Published: May 2015

O pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) é uma ferramenta que vem sendo adotada com vistas a estimular a adoção, por parte dos produtores rurais, de ações que possam contribuir para a recuperação e a preservação ambientais por meio da adesão voluntária em programas de conservação. Uma das experiências de PSA já implantadas no Brasil é o Programa Produtor de Água e Floresta (PAF) da cidade de Rio Claro/RJ, área estratégica para o fornecimento de água para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro e região metropolitana. Por meio do PAF, produtores rurais são remunerados financeiramente pela “oferta” de serviços ambientais. Sendo um programa de adesão voluntária, faz-se necessário o estudo de variáveis que possam contribuir para um maior número de adesões e a efetividade de seus resultados. Com vistas a contribuir para a avaliação e validação do mesmo, este estudo tem como objetivo discutir de que maneira o perfil socioeconômico, a percepção quanto à sustentabilidade ambiental e serviços ecossistêmicos e a consciência ambiental dos produtores que integram o PAF determinaram sua adesão. Pretende-se ainda avaliar, por meio da percepção dos mesmos, a implantação do programa e seus resultados. Para tanto, foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas a 29 dos 59 produtores integrantes. Os resultados indicam que a maioria dos produtores que aderiu ao projeto já adotava práticas de conservação e optou em participar pela consciência ambiental que já tinham. Isso mostra a necessidade de se estimular proprietários que ainda não sejam adeptos de tais práticas a integrar o projeto, elevando seu ganho marginal. Segundo os produtores, os valores pagos são baixos e acabam por não estimular a adesão de novos integrantes. Observa-se ainda que o grupo considerado percebe o meio ambiente como determinante para o seu bem-estar, de sua família e de outras espécies, dando importância, portanto, aos serviços ecossistêmicos que os afetam direta ou indiretamente.
Território e comunidades étnicas/locais: entre pressões de grandes empreendimentos e o acesso a políticas públicas
Authors: Andrade Maristela Oliveira de , Machado Adjane De Araújo , Costa Ivys Medeiros da , Espínola Rafaella Soares
Published: May 2015

Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão a partir de uma pesquisa sobre múltiplas experiências em territórios indígenas, quilombolas e de populações locais com fronteiras ou sobreposições com unidades de conservação na Paraíba, confrontados com grandes empreendimentos econômicos ou alvo de políticas públicas direcionadas a eles. Com base em uma análise comparativa dessas experiências foram identificados, de um lado, conflitos socioambientais por disputas territoriais diante da implantação de grandes empreendimentos capitalistas privados; e, por outro lado, uma aproximação entre os interesses em favor do desenvolvimento local sustentável e da conservação ambiental, através de políticas sociais e ambientais como fruto da mediação do Estado. Como resultado desta pesquisa, foram vislumbrados sinais, ainda que frágeis, da formação de um fórum comum em que pesquisadores das ciências humanas e naturais dialogam para construir uma relação mais simétrica entre sociedade e natureza.
Farmacopeia natural de comunidades rurais no estado do Piauí, Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Silva Maria Pessoa da , Barros Roseli Farias Melo de , Moita Neto José Machado
Published: May 2015

Objetivou-se conhecer as plantas medicinais, as formas de usos e indicações terapêuticas atribuídas pelas comunidades Pau-Arrastado, Salinas e Resolvido. Utilizaram-se entrevista semiestruturada e turnês guiadas e seguiu-se metodologia botânica usual. Amostraram-se 93 pessoas (51,9% do total). As espécies foram agrupadas em 18 categorias de doenças, de acordo com a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS). Calculou-se o Fator de Consenso dos Informantes (FCI) e a Importância Relativa (IR). Referiram-se 81 espécies, em 40 famílias botânicas e 69 gêneros, sendo 75,3% nativas. A família mais destacada foi Fabaceae (18,5%), as folhas foram as partes mais usadas (32%) e o preparo mais adotado foi a tintura (38,2%). Destacaram-se os sistemas corporais: agentes de infecções bacterianas e virais (27,2%), doenças do aparelho digestivo (22,4%) e genitourinário (19,5%). Croton campestris A. St. Hil. e Ximenia americana L. foram as espécies mais versáteis, com IR (2,00). Houve maior consenso para as plantas indicadas no tratamento de doenças do fígado.
L’agency de la route Yucumo-Rurrenabaque entre développement, conservation et autonomie indigène: une étude de cas dans l’Amazonie Bolivienne
Authors: Marquez José Francisco
Published: May 2015

A construção de estradas na Amazônia é frequentemente percebida como tendo impactos mecânicos e irreversíveis de colonização, deflorestação e de degradação ecológica e cultural. Este artigo apresenta um caso de estudo que questiona esta visão. Mostra que, no local do estudo-Pilón Lajas (Bolívia)-, a estrada unicamente adquire irreversilidade no âmbito da disputa entre quadros cognitivos e políticos ligados à ideia de sua construção e quadros opostos vinculados à ideia da conservação e da autonomia indígena que se apropriam dela a partir das interações que suscita entre estes atores, os quais utilizam tais programas para legitimar suas pretensões. O impacto das estradas (agency) apenas se dá em função das relações mútuas que os atores constróem para estabilizar seus usos. Os povos indígenas, divididos entre a diluição na interculturalidade e a submissão na conservação, estão tentando conciliar autonomia e desenvolvimento por entre as brechas dos dispositivos de gestão.
Meio ambiente e desenvolvimento: imperativos para a pesquisa e a formação? Reflexões em torno do doutorado da UFPR
Authors: Zanoni Magda , Raynaut Claude
Published: May 2015

Este texto foi originalmente publicado no Cadernos em Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente, volume 1 (1994). Os Cadernos foram criados pelas iniciativa de Magda Zanoni e Claude Raynaut para abrir um debate sobre os fundamentos epistemológicos e metododológicos da interdisciplinaridade no campo ambiental. Neste artigo, em particular, foram discutidos tais pressupostos no caso da fundação do Doutorado em Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento que recém havia iniciado sua primeira turma.
O turismo rural pedagógico focado na educação ambiental como ferramenta complementadora do ensino fundamental
Authors: Vianna Thaisa Emanuelli
Published: May 2015

Este trabalho tem como objetivo central analisar as questões referentes ao turismo rural pedagógico e como ele pode ser um mecanismo eficaz na complementação do ensino da educação ambiental, isto fazendo uma inter-relação entre a teoria vista em sala de aula com a prática vivenciada em um local. Para tanto a pesquisa efetuada foi referenciada com autores relacionados aos temas do turismo rural, turismo pedagógico e educação ambiental, realizando ainda um estudo de campo na Propriedade Agrícola Framora, localizada em Rio Azul (Paraná, Brasil) para verificar quais as possibilidades de trabalhar tal segmento do turismo e como correlacionar a saída a campo com a aula em sala, tornando eficaz e mais abrangente o conhecimento do aluno, permitindo assim que o mesmo reflita sobre dados da sociedade.
Turismo e Sociedade (Eletrônica). Curitiba, volume 7, número 4, outubro de 2014.
Authors: Bahl Miguel
Published: May 2015

Dados gerais (sítio e endereço eletrônico), Indexadores, Outras fontes, Expediente, Sumário. Opção para compor versão impressa.
Turismo e Sociedade (Eletrônica). Curitiba, volume 7, número 4, outubro de 2014.
Authors: Bahl Miguel
Published: May 2015

Dados gerais (sítio e endereço eletrônicos), Declaração de direito autoral, Política de privacidade, Revisores deste número, Diretrizes para autores, Exemplos para indicação de referências, Itens de verificação para submissão. Opção para compor versão impressa.
Índice da Revista Turismo e Sociedade (Eletrônica). Curitiba, volume 7, 2014.
Authors: Bahl Miguel
Published: May 2015

Índice para compor opção de versão impressa.
Algebraic Properties of the Category of Q-P Quantale Modules
Authors: Liang Shaohui
Published: May 2015

In this paper, the definition of a Q-P quantale module and some relative concepts were introduced. Based on which,some properties of the Q-P quantale module, and the structure of the free Q-P quantale modules generated by a setwere obtained. It was proved that the category of Q-P quantale modules is algebraic.
Response Surface Methodology Study on Magnetite Nanoparticle Formation under Hydrothermal Conditions
Authors: Mizutani Naoya , Iwasaki Tomohiro , Watano Satoru
Published: May 2015

In a hydrothermal preparation of crystalline magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles, the influence of the experimental parameters (initial molar ratio of ferrous/ferric ions, initial concentration of ferrous ions, and heating time), and their interactions, on the particle formation was studied using response surface methodology (RSM), based on a statistical design of experiments (DOE). As indices indicating particle formation and crystallization, the variation in the particle diameter and crystallite size with the synthesis conditions was examined. The crystallite size was greatly affected by both the initial ferrous/ferric ion molar ratio and the heating time, whereas the particle diameter strongly depended on the heating time, and on the interaction between the initial ferrous/ferric ion molar ratio and the initial concentration of ferrous ions. The results from a statistical analysis suggest that the polycrystalline Fe3O4 nanoparticles form via crystal growth and/or thermal aggregation, after nucleation during hydrothermal treatment.
Full‐Scale Ozone–Biofiltration: Seasonally Related Effects on NOM Removal
Authors: Pharand Lizanne , Van Dyke Michele I. , Anderson William B. , Yohannes Yonatan , Huck Peter M.
Published: May 2015

Performance of full‐scale ozone–biofiltration was investigated over 14 months to determine the potential effects of seasonally related changes in water temperature and quality on the removal of natural organic matter fractions. The biofilters removed on average 12% of dissolved organic carbon, 31% of biopolymers, 6% of humic substances, 10% of humic building blocks, 31% of low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) acids/LMW humics, 14% of LMW neutrals, and 52% of assimilable organic carbon. The biofilters exhibited an increase in removal of dissolved organic carbon, biopolymers, LMW acids/LMW humics, and assimilable organic carbon as temperature increased from 3 to 28°C, even though filter contact time was somewhat shorter at higher temperatures. Although phosphorus concentrations were reduced by coagulation pretreatment, the biofilters effectively removed the LMW compounds generated from ozonation. Filter biomass levels were not related to temperature, empty bed contact time, time during the filter cycle, or removal of natural organic matter.
Recurrent turnover of senescent cells during regeneration of a complex structure
Authors: Yun Maximina H , Davaapil Hongorzul , Brockes Jeremy P
Published: May 2015

Cellular senescence has been recently linked to the promotion of age-related pathologies, including a decline in regenerative capacity. While such capacity deteriorates with age in mammals, it remains intact in species such as salamanders, which have an extensive repertoire of regeneration and can undergo multiple episodes through their lifespan. Here we show that, surprisingly, there is a significant induction of cellular senescence during salamander limb regeneration, but that rapid and effective mechanisms of senescent cell clearance operate in normal and regenerating tissues. Furthermore, the number of senescent cells does not increase upon repetitive amputation or ageing, in contrast to mammals. Finally, we identify the macrophage as a critical player in this efficient senescent cell clearance mechanism. We propose that effective immunosurveillance of senescent cells in salamanders supports their ability to undergo regeneration throughout their lifespan.
Reverse-correlation analysis of navigation dynamics in Drosophila larva using optogenetics
Authors: Hernandez-Nunez Luis , Belina Jonas , Klein Mason , Si Guangwei , Claus Lindsey , Carlson John R , Samuel Aravinthan DT
Published: May 2015

Neural circuits for behavior transform sensory inputs into motor outputs in patterns with strategic value. Determining how neurons along a sensorimotor circuit contribute to this transformation is central to understanding behavior. To do this, a quantitative framework to describe behavioral dynamics is needed. In this study, we built a high-throughput optogenetic system for Drosophila larva to quantify the sensorimotor transformations underlying navigational behavior. We express CsChrimson, a red-shifted variant of channelrhodopsin, in specific chemosensory neurons and expose large numbers of freely moving animals to random optogenetic activation patterns. We quantify their behavioral responses and use reverse-correlation analysis to uncover the linear and static nonlinear components of navigation dynamics as functions of optogenetic activation patterns of specific sensory neurons. We find that linear–nonlinear models accurately predict navigational decision-making for different optogenetic activation waveforms. We use our method to establish the valence and dynamics of navigation driven by optogenetic activation of different combinations of bitter-sensing gustatory neurons. Our method captures the dynamics of optogenetically induced behavior in compact, quantitative transformations that can be used to characterize circuits for sensorimotor processing and their contribution to navigational decision making.
Rapid MeV electron precipitation as observed by SAMPEX/HILT during high‐speed stream‐driven storms
Authors: Blum Lauren , Li Xinlin , Denton Mick
Published: May 2015

A number of relativistic electron loss processes exist in the inner magnetosphere, and the extent to which MeV electron precipitation into Earth's atmosphere plays a role in radiation belt dynamics is a topic of much debate. In this work, we investigate the contribution of electron precipitation to radiation belt losses, looking at what times and locations precipitation is important. Through high‐cadence low‐altitude measurements from the Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) satellite, we examine the distributions of millisecond (microburst) as well as longer‐duration (band‐type) precipitation and the relative contributions of these two precipitation types to radiation belt dynamics during high‐speed stream (HSS)‐driven storms. Different local time and radial distributions between microbursts and precipitation bands suggest different scattering mechanisms as the causes of the two precipitation types. In a superposed epoch study of 42 HSS‐driven storms, enhanced main and recovery phase losses to the atmosphere are observed. Microburst occurrence rates peak in the recovery phase of the storms, while their magnitudes remain fairly constant over storm phase. Precipitation bands show an increase in both occurrence and magnitude at storm onset, particularly at the inner edge of the outer radiation belt. The observations, enabled by the high time resolution and large geometric factor and field of view of the SAMPEX/Heavy Ion Large Telescope (HILT) instrument, reveal when and where microburst and band‐type precipitation are contributing to radiation belt dynamics during HSS‐driven storms.
Integrated simulation of snow and glacier melt in water and energy balance‐based, distributed hydrological modeling framework at Hunza River Basin of Pakistan Karakoram region
Authors: Shrestha Maheswor , Koike Toshio , Hirabayashi Yukiko , Xue Yongkang , Wang Lei , Rasul Ghulam , Ahmad Bashir
Published: May 2015

Energy budget‐based distributed modeling of snow and glacier melt runoff is essential in a hydrologic model to accurately describe hydrologic processes in cold regions and high‐altitude catchments. We developed herein an integrated modeling system with an energy budget‐based multilayer scheme for clean glaciers, a single‐layer scheme for debris‐covered glaciers, and multilayer scheme for seasonal snow over glacier, soil, and forest within a distributed biosphere hydrological modeling framework. Model capability is demonstrated for Hunza River Basin (13,733 km2) in the Karakoram region of Pakistan on a 500 m grid for 3 hydrologic years (2002–2004). Discharge simulation results show good agreement with observations (Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency = 0.93). Flow composition analysis reveals that the runoff regime is strongly controlled by the snow and glacier melt runoff (50% snowmelt and 33% glacier melt). Pixel‐by‐pixel evaluation of the simulated spatial distribution of snow‐covered area against Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer‐derived 8 day maximum snow cover extent data indicates that the areal extent of snow cover is reproduced well, with average accuracy 84% and average absolute bias 7%. The 3 year mean value of net mass balance (NMB) was estimated at +0.04 myr−1. It is interesting that individual glaciers show similar characteristics of NMB over 3 years, suggesting that both topography and glacier hypsometry play key roles in glacier mass balance. This study provides a basis for potential application of such an integrated model to the entire Hindu‐Kush‐Karakoram‐Himalaya region toward simulating snow and glacier hydrologic processes within a water and energy balance‐based, distributed hydrological modeling framework.
Stormflow generation: A meta‐analysis of field evidence from small, forested catchments
Authors: Barthold Frauke K. , Woods Ross A.
Published: May 2015

Combinations of runoff characteristics are commonly used to represent distinct conceptual models of stormflow generation. In this study, three runoff characteristics: hydrograph response, time source of runoff water, and flow path are used to classify catchments. Published data from the scientific literature are used to provide evidence from small, forested catchments. Each catchment was assigned to one of the eight conceptual models, depending on the combination of quick/slow response, old/new water, and overland/subsurface flow. A standard procedure was developed to objectively diagnose the predominant conceptual model of stormflow generation for each catchment and assess its temporal and spatial support. The literature survey yielded 42 catchments, of which 30 catchments provide a complete set of qualitative runoff characteristics resulting in one of the eight conceptual models. The majority of these catchments classify as subsurface flow path dominated. No catchments were found for conceptual models representing combinations of quick response‐new water‐subsurface flow (SSF), slow‐new‐SSF, slow‐old‐overland flow (OF) nor new‐slow‐OF. Of the 30 qualitatively classified catchments, 24 provide a complete set of quantitative measures. In summary, the field support is strong for 19 subsurface‐dominated catchments and is weak for 5 surface flow path dominated catchments (six catchments had insufficient quantitative data). Two alternative explanations exist for the imbalance of field support between the two flow path classes: (1) the selection of research catchments in past field studies was mainly to explain quick hydrograph response in subsurface dominated catchments; (2) catchments with prevailing subsurface flow paths are more common in nature. We conclude that the selection of research catchments needs to cover a wider variety of environmental conditions which should lead to a broader, and more widely applicable, spectrum of resulting conceptual models and process mechanisms. This is a prerequisite in studies where catchment organization and similarity approaches are used to develop catchment classification systems in order to regionalize stormflow.
Digital catchment observatories: A platform for engagement and knowledge exchange between catchment scientists, policy makers, and local communities
Authors: Mackay E. B. , Wilkinson M. E. , Macleod C. J. A. , Beven K. , Percy B. J. , Macklin M. G. , Quinn P. F. , Stutter M. , Haygarth P. M.
Published: May 2015

Increasing pressures on the hydrological cycle from our changing planet have led to calls for a refocus of research in the sciences of hydrology and water resources. Opportunities for new and innovative research into these areas are being facilitated by advances in the use of cyberinfrastructure, such as the development of digital catchment observatories. This is enabling research into hydrological issues such as flooding to be approached differently. The ability to combine different sources of data, knowledge, and modeling capabilities from different groups such as scientists, policy makers, and the general public has the potential to provide novel insights into the way individual catchments respond at different temporal and spatial scales. While the potential benefits of the digital catchment observatory are large, this new way of carrying out research into hydrological sciences is likely to prove challenging on many levels. Along with the obvious technical and infrastructural challenges to this work, an important area for consideration is how to enable a digital observatory to work for a range of potential end‐users, paving the way for new areas of research through developing a platform effective for engagement and knowledge exchange. Using examples from the recent local‐scale hydrological exemplar in the Environmental Virtual Observatory pilot project (http://www.evo‐uk.org), this commentary considers a number of issues around the communication between and engagement of different users, the use of local knowledge and uncertainty with cloud‐based models, and the potential for decision support and directions for future research.
Future Petroleum Geopolitics: Consequences of Climate Policy and Unconventional Oil and Gas
Authors: Overland Indra
Published: May 2015

Advances in unconventional oil and gas production and the possible adoption of a more effective international climate policy may impact on supply–demand balances in the petroleum sector, causing shifts in financial flows and capital accumulation. Such changes may in turn lead to shifts in the power balance between oil and gas exporting and importing countries.

Because the relationship between exporting and importing countries in the petroleum sector is asymmetric, with a few exporting countries benefiting from the combined flows of revenue from many importing countries, exporting countries stand to lose more from a change in the status quo. The following interstate relationships may be particularly sensitive: the United States and the Gulf countries, Russia and theEUmember states. Unconventional oil and gas may also play a role in the emerging superpower competition between China and the United States.

The geopolitical changes one expects from unconventional oil and gas and climate policy depends on how one understands the current geopolitical situation in various parts of the world, and how strong the current geopolitical competition is seen to be.
Predictive navigation of unmanned surface vehicles in a dynamic maritime environment when using the fast marching method
Authors: Liu Yuanchang , Liu Wenwen , Song Rui , Bucknall Richard
Published: May 2015

Effective and intelligent path planning algorithms designed for operation in a dynamic marine environment are essential for the safe operation of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). Most of the current research deals with the ‘dynamic problem’ by basing solutions on the nonpractical assumption that each USV has a robust communication channel to obtain essential information such as position and velocity of marine vehicles. In this paper, a Kalman filter‐based predictive path planning algorithm is proposed. The algorithm has been designed to predict the trajectories of moving ships, and the USV's own position in real time and accordingly assesses collision risk. For path planning, a weighted fast marching square method is proposed and developed to search for the optimal path. The path can be optimised for mission requirements such as minimum distance to travel and the most safety path by adjusting weighting parameters. The proposed algorithm has been validated using a number of simulations that include practical environmental aspects. The results show that the algorithms can sufficiently deal with complex traffic environments and that the generated practical path is suited for both unmanned and manned vessels. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fault‐tolerant control of an air heating fan using set‐valued observers: An experimental evaluation
Authors: Rosa Paulo , Simão Tiago , Silvestre Carlos , Lemos João M.
Published: May 2015

This paper proposes a multiple‐model solution to the problem of controlling an air heating fan subject to faults. These faults are modeled by means of an abnormal unknown airflow input rate which the nominal controller is not designed for. Moreover, the average temperature of the air flowing through the system, which can be seen as an offset on the corresponding dynamics, is (slowly) time‐varying and highly dependent on the ambient temperature. The fault‐tolerant control (FTC) method adopted makes use of set‐valued observers (SVOs) to invalidate possible models of the system. Unlike classical fault detection, this approach does not rely on residuals to detect abnormal system operation. This fact allows to reduce the conservatism of the solution and enables a straightforward design from the faulty and nominal models of the plant. Moreover, the absolute distinguishability concept is used to derive input signals that bolster the detection of faults. Although SVOs require heavy real‐time calculations that hinder its implementability in systems with low computational power, it is shown that the architecture of the FTC strategy proposed is highly parallelizable and, thus, may take advantage of standard multi‐core processing units. Experimental results are presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Valence‐Optimized Vanadium Oxide Supercapacitor Electrodes Exhibit Ultrahigh Capacitance and Super‐Long Cyclic Durability of 100 000 Cycles
Authors: Yu Minghao , Zeng Yan , Han Yi , Cheng Xinyu , Zhao Wenxia , Liang Chaolun , Tong Yexiang , Tang Haolin , Lu Xihong
Published: May 2015

Vanadium oxides (VOx) have been intensely investigated as cathode materials for SCs due to the multiple stable oxidation states (III–V) of vanadium in its oxides and typical layered structure. Nevertheless, fast capacity fading is always observed for VOx upon cycling in aqueous electrolyte. Developing an efficient strategy to essentially promote the durability of VOx in mild aqueous electrolyte remains a crucial challenge. Here, an innovative and effective method is reported to significantly boost the durability and capacitance of VOx through tuning the valence state of vanadium. The valence state of vanadium is optimized through a very facile electrochemical oxidation method. A superior electrochemical performance and an ultralong cyclic stability of 100 000 cycles are obtained for these electrodes. An in‐depth study on the variation for the valence state of vanadium during the oxidation process and the cyclic stability test indicates that the long cyclic stability has an important relationship with the distribution of the valence state of vanadium.
Porphyrin‐Based Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics: The Rise of the Colors of Life
Authors: Kesters Jurgen , Verstappen Pieter , Kelchtermans Mathias , Lutsen Laurence , Vanderzande Dirk , Maes Wouter
Published: May 2015

Organic photovoltaics (OPV) represent a thin‐film PV technology that offers attractive prospects for low‐cost and aesthetically appealing (colored, flexible, uniform, semitransparent) solar cells that are printable on large surfaces. In bulk heterojunction (BHJ) OPV devices, organic electron donor and acceptor molecules are intimately mixed within the photoactive layer. Since 2005, the power conversion efficiency of said devices has increased substantially due to insights in the underlying physical processes, device optimization, and chemical engineering of a vast number of novel light‐harvesting organic materials, either small molecules or conjugated polymers. As Nature itself has developed porphyrin chromophores for solar light to energy conversion, it seems reasonable to pursue artificial systems based on the same types of molecules. Porphyrins and their analogues have already been successfully implemented in certain device types, notably in dye‐sensitized solar cells, but they have remained largely unexplored in BHJ organic solar cells. Very recent successes do show, however, the strong (latent) prospects of porphyrinoid semiconductors as light‐harvesting and charge transporting materials in such devices. Here, an overview on the state‐of‐the‐art of porphyrin‐based solution‐processed BHJ OPV is provided and insights are given into the pathways to follow and hurdles to overcome toward further improvements of porphyrinic materials and devices.
Determination of the trichloroethylene diffusion coefficient in water
Authors: Rossi Federico , Cucciniello Raffaele , Intiso Adriano , Proto Antonio , Motta Oriana , Marchettini Nadia
Published: May 2015

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a halogenated aliphatic organic compound frequently detected as pollutant in soils and ground water. To study the fate of TCE in water and to devise effective remediation strategies, a series of advection‐diffusion (dispersion) models, where the diffusion coefficient of TCE (DTCE) is an important parameter, have been developed. However, DTCE in water has never been experimentally determined and only theoretical values (
cm2 s−1 at 25°C) are present in the literature. A new method based on the Taylor dispersion technique, which allows to measure DTCE in a broad range of temperature and, in principle, in any solvent is presented. At 25°C DTCE = 
cm2 s−1 and the value increases almost linearly with the temperature, while, in the limit of the experimental error, is independent from [TCE] for dilute solutions. From the temperature dependence of DTCE, it was possible to calculate the specific TCE fitting constant in the well‐known Wilke and Chang theoretical relation and the activation energy of the diffusion process through the Arrhenius plot. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3511–3515, 2015
Clinical utility of a next generation sequencing panel assay for Marfan and Marfan‐like syndromes featuring aortopathy
Authors: Wooderchak‐Donahue Whitney , VanSant‐Webb Chad , Tvrdik Tatiana , Plant Parker , Lewis Tracey , Stocks Jennifer , Raney Joshua A. , Meyers Lindsay , Berg Alizabeth , Rope Alan F. , Yetman Anji T. , Bleyl Steven B. , Mesley Rebecca , Bull David A. , Collins R. Thomas , Ojeda Mayra Martinez , Roberts Amy , Lacro Ronald , Woerner Audrey , Stoler Joan , Bayrak‐Toydemir Pinar
Published: May 2015

Aortopathy can be defined as aortic dilation, aneurysm, dissection, and tortuosity. Familial aortopathy may occur secondary to fibrillin‐1 (FBN1) mutations in the setting of Marfan syndrome, or may occur as a result of other genetic defects with different, but occasionally overlapping, phenotypes. Because of the phenotypic overlap and genetic heterogeneity of disorders featuring aortopathy, we developed a next generation sequencing (NGS) assay and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) array to detect mutations in 10 genes that cause thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAAs). Here, we report on the clinical and molecular findings in 175 individuals submitted for aortopathy panel testing at ARUP laboratories. Ten genes associated with heritable aortopathies were targeted using hybridization capture prior to sequencing. NGS results were analyzed, and variants were confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Array CGH was used to detect copy‐number variation. Of 175 individuals, 18 had a pathogenic mutation and 32 had a variant of uncertain significance (VUS). Most pathogenic mutations (72%) were identified in FBN1. A novel large SMAD3 duplication and FBN1 deletion were identified. Over half who had TAAs or other aortic involvement tested negative for a mutation, suggesting that additional aortopathy genes exist. We anticipate that the clinical sensitivity of at least 10.3% will rise with VUS reclassification and as additional genes are identified and included in the panel. The aortopathy NGS panel aids in the timely molecular diagnosis of individuals with disorders featuring aortopathy and guides proper treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.