bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un dévot à l'écoute des prédicateurs : Africain Senault, apothicaire langrois
Authors: Viard Georges
Published: May 2009

A Devout Man's Reactions to Preachers' Speeches : The Example of Africain Senault, Apothecary in Langres

Does the religious behaviour of a devout man differ from that of ordinary believers at the dawn of the 17th century ? The unpublished "Journal" by the apothecary of Langres Africain Senault, who died in 1624, can help the researcher get an insight into the zeal with which a pious man who violently opposed Protestantism could respond to appeals by missionary clergymen. For Africain Senault, the best orator was the one who voiced his own convictions. These convictions were deeply rooted in the aftermath of the wars of religion, and were shared by a large part of the population - thus enabling the researcher to better understand the lack of support for any compromise policy.
Les fêtes luthériennes de la paix de Westphalie
Authors: Gantet Claire
Published: May 2009

Négligées par les historiens, les relations de la guerre, de la paix et du développement d'une forme de piété, premier jalon dans l'essor du piétisme, méritent une relecture. La guerre de Trente ans (1618-1648) fut une période d'intense circulation des écrits de Luther relatifs au problème de la guerre juste. La piété nouvelle, d'inspiration luthérienne mais d'expression aconfessionnelle, fut la source de l'épanouissement d'un irénisme politique et une origine de l'intense réception des traités de Westphalie. Les fêtes de la paix célébrées en 1648-1650 furent une manifestation confessionnelle destinée à encadrer la piété personnelle, déterminée par la redéfinition nécessaire du rôle politique du clergé dans la paix.
Paroles de pèlerins
Authors: Martin Philippe
Published: May 2009

Pilgrims' Words

The pilgrimage book can be considered as an intermediate genre since it is neither a piety treaty nor a plain worshipper's testimony. Authors present their own notion of ideal pious behaviour. These works are thus key documents when it comes to assessing the evolution of prayers as they were presented to the flock between the early 17th and late 18th century, during which period formulate prayers slowly became pre-eminent.
La dévotion au Sacré-Cœur
Authors: Froeschle-Chopard Marie-Hélène
Published: May 2009

On sait que la dévotion du Sacré-Cœur se développe de manière spectaculaire au cours du XVIIIe siècle, non seulement en France, mais dans toute la catholicité. L'étude de quelques livres de piété publiés en France donne une vision précise de cette dévotion. À partir d'exemples les deux angles d'approche choisis - l'étude de cas ou la source sérielle - convergent pour dresser un même constat : la difficulté de la « pure dévotion », prise entre « le culte de l'amour divin », « le plus pur amour de Jésus-Christ » et la multitude des pratiques qui n'évitent pas la recherche de protections.
Le fidèle en son « cabinet d'oraison » au début du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Choné Paulette
Published: May 2009

Le souci de fonder une nouvelle anthropologie chrétienne trouve une expression remarquable dans plusieurs ouvrages d'édification illustrés du début du XVIIe siècle, souvent inspirés par les jésuites, et dont les presses anversoises se font alors une spécialité. La figure du fidèle en oraison, si elle demeure en apparence conforme à des conventions iconographiques bien établies, s'ajuste en réalité à ce renouvellement psychologique et symbolique, soit en réactualisant des procédés tels que le « balisage » de l'image ( « didascalies » ), soit en recourant à d'adroites manipulations du lexique allégorique et emblématique. Le fidèle en prière et les peintures qui tapissent son « cabinet d'oraison » apparaissent ainsi comme des motifs essentiels dans cette stratégie.
De la prière interdite à la prière impossible
Authors: Châtellier Louis
Published: May 2009

From Forbidden Prayer to Impossible Prayer

The point has long been not so much to teach how to pray as to force Catholic people to pray according to the norm, using a small number of texts which could not be modified because of their sacred nature. Any modification was seen as a sacrilege. Some examples stress the large number of this kind of proceedings and their seeming intensification during the second half of the 17th century. In the following century, a large number of men and women, torn between the obligation to address God in a strictly codified language and the discovery by Newton that He was both almighty and terribly distant, must have wondered how useful prayers were. Leibnitz had already introduced this doubt and Rousseau turned it into rejection.
Guichard de Pontigny et Valdès à Lyon : la rencontre de deux idéaux réformateurs
Authors: Rubellin Michel
Published: May 2009

Guichard de Pontigny and Valdes in Lyons : When Two Reforming Ideals Meet

If we admit that specificities in the local context in Lyons may have allowed people to think that Valdes might play a part as an auxiliary of Guichard, Bishop of Lyons, as he worked to reform his church, it is not vain to take a closer interest in Valdes's career, first as abbot of Pontigny, then as bishop of Lyons. We can then disclose, more or less clearly, four points of possible convergence with Valdes's position : the will for reform, consideration for Church authority, poverty and preaching.
Crypto- et semi-vaudois dans la Bohême hussite
Authors: Šmahel František
Published: May 2009

La Bohême devint une terre promise pour les vaudois et les autres non-conformistes, persécutés dans plusieurs pays européens, bien avant le début de la révolution hussite. Elle offrit notamment un abri aux enseignants et aux étudiants de l'École dite « de Dresde ». De Bohême ils partirent comme missionnaires pour l'Allemagne et d'autres lieux, où leur destin s'acheva souvent dans les flammes. Les manifestations qualifiées de « vaudoises » en Bohême ne relevaient pas directement de cette communauté religieuse. Le terme de valdéisme était fréquemment évoqué lors des manifestations publiques, souvent avec des connotations négative. Après 1450, être taxé d'hérésie vaudoise résonnait dangereusement même en milieu hussite.
Des Pauvres de Lyon aux vaudois réformés
Authors: Audisio Gabriel
Published: May 2009

From the Poors of Lyons to the Protestant Waldensians

Two aspects would now appear certain. First, the difference of one generation between the Waldensians' decision to adopt the tenets of the Reformation, and the concrete application of this decision in the community. Second, their decision brought them to abandon the Poor of Lyons' medieval religious traditions. Studies published since 1988 have pointed particularly to the Waldensians in the Dauphiné and Fribourg (Switz). Two essential issues are still to be settled : why did the Waldensians embrace the Reformation ? What remained of their Waldensian religious past, once they had become Protestants ?
La Vierge dans l'atelier de Tuotilo.
Authors: Mariaux Pierre-Alain
Published: May 2009

Dans la chronique de l'abbaye de Saint-Gall qu'il écrit vers le milieu du XIe siècle, Ekkehart IV rapporte l'apparition de la Vierge dans l'atelier de Tuotilo, un artiste élégant dans la ciselure et la peinture. Marie ne se contente pas d'aider l'artiste dans sa tâche, précise le chroniqueur, elle lui enseigne également ce qu'il doit faire. C'est à analyser les implications de cette aide divine que sont consacrées les pages qui suivent. Une fois écarté le modèle apostolique donné par Luc, peu pertinent dans le contexte, je souhaite montrer que le travail artistique ne peut se concevoir au Moyen Âge sans l'aide d'une vertu divine, qui transforme l'artiste en « théodidacte ».
Les bibles en Catalogne à la fin du Moyen Âge ou l'occultation de la lettre sacrée
Authors: Courcelles Dominique De
Published: May 2009

L'histoire des bibles en Catalogne à la fin du Moyen Âge est celle d'une certaine occultation de la lettre sacrée par l'Église, soucieuse d'affirmer son pouvoir absolu sur la doctrine et le salut des fidèles, grands ou humbles. Les bibles éclatent, remodelées en psautiers et histoires de vies saintes et édifiantes, maniables dans le temps liturgique, peu chères, à la portée de tous.
Poésie orphique et rituel initiatique.
Authors: Riedweg Christoph
Published: May 2009

Orphic Poetry and Initiation Ritual. Elements of a « Sacred Discourse » ("Hieros Logos") in the Gold Leaves

Many of the fascinating little gold leaves which have come to light so far are characterized by a peculiar mixture of verse and rhythmical prose. The lines in rhythmical prose have a distinctly performative ring and may be divided into two groups : one serving as a kind of secret password and commemorating an initiation ritual ; the other issuing from an adaption of the poetical narration in order to be used as a libretto for a performance in the course of the initiation. In the second case, it seems justified to include them in an attempt at reconstructing not the words, to be sure, but at least the rough outline of the « story » which was narrated, in the original « Sacred discourse ».
Les deux mères de Dionysos, Perséphone et Sémélé, dans les Hymnes orphiques
Authors: Rudhardt Jean
Published: May 2009

The two mothers of Dionysos, Persephone and Semele, in the "Orphic Hymns"

The "Orphic Hymns" are not narrative, but through a skillful interplay of adjectives, participles and relative clauses they refer to numerous myths. The present study aims to isolate and understand these fleeting allusions, one example of which can illustrate quite how rich they prove to be. The prevailing, Hellenic tradition sees Dionysos as the son of Zeus and Semele, whereas the myths evoked in the Orphic fragments published by Otto Kern show him as the son of Zeus and Persephone. It will be seen that in the "Orphic Hymns" the two traditions are conjoined in strange and subtle ways.
« La maison de Satan ».
Authors: Benkheira Mohammed Hocine
Published: May 2009

« Satan's House » : The hammâm under debate in Medieval Islam

How should one account for the islamization of Roman baths from the seventh to eighth centuries onwards ? The most commonly accepted explanation maintains that the hammâm was adopted quickly and easily because of the major ritual function it fulfils. However, an analysis of the legal literature during the first centuries of the Hijra reeveals strenuous opposition to this adaptation, especially in certain religious circles, and that the requirement of physical purification played but a modest role. Like rabbinic Judaism, albeit with some reservations concerning sexual morals, Islam endorses the classical culture of bathing, propagating and promoting such practices in turn.
Le rite d'initiation tribale comme catégorie anthropologique (Van Gennep et Platon)
Authors: Calame Claude
Published: May 2009

On sait le rôle joué par les modèles et par les catégories qui les fondent dans une anthropologie culturelle et sociale qui trouve sa légitimité épistémologique en particulier dans la comparaison entre les cultures. Or les méthodes comparatives ont fait récemment l'objet de plusieurs interrogations. Dans cette perspective critique, une réflexion sur la nature à la fois semi-empirique et opératoire de notions que l'on a volontiers érigées en universaux reste indispensable. L'exemple d'une catégorie partagée entre le formel et le figuratif tel le rite de passage, et plus particulièrement le rite d'initiation tribale, est à cet égard significatif. Autant l'histoire de la formation du concept à partir de Van Gennep que la confrontation avec son équivalent indigène chez un philosophe de la culture comme Platon sont susceptibles de rendre compte de ses limites.
Les dieux du cycle de la régénération dans quelques figures celtiques
Authors: Zavaroni Adolfo
Published: May 2009

Gods of cyclical rebirth on some Celtic representations

The metamorphosis of the Welsh god Lleu Llawgyffes from the form of an eagle into a human shape, by virtue of the essential intervention of a sow, recalls certain scenes represented on several Celtic manufactured articles. A god we may assimilate to Lleu (notoriously the Gaulish Lugus) is represented in his anthropomorphic form (sometimes reduced to a face in a circle that could symbolize the cyclic rebirth of souls), in form of a bird of prey (generally an eagle) and in form of a pig or wild boar. For instance, analysis of the figures on the silver cup of Lyon, on the necklace of Chāo de Lamas and on other objects seem to confirm that Lugus-Mercury was supposed to undergo this cyclical regeneration. This induces to hypothesize that he was also the god involved with the redemption and rebirth of souls.
Préserver l'action au sein de la clôture : le compromis des Ursulines de Toulouse (1604-1616)
Authors: Lux-Sterritt Laurence
Published: May 2009

Preserving action within the cloister : The compromise of the Toulouse Ursulines, 1604-1616

In 1604, the Ursuline congregation of Toulouse refused the monastic model to focus upon the catechising of local girls. Yet, in 1609, the "congrégées" decided to become cloistered nuns. What led them to this seemingly paradoxical decision ? At a time when their female apostolic mission was a stake, the Ursulines embraced claustration as a means to preserve their vocation. By 1616, they obtained papal permission to open the convent doors and teach day classes to externs ; in this way, they allied their catechising vocation with monastic stability and became one of the most renowned religious congregations of "Ancien Régime" France.
De l'étal à l'église : l' "Union Professionnelle Catholique de la Boucherie" (1930-1980)"
Authors: Leteux Sylvain
Published: May 2009

From the stall to the church : The Butchers' Catholic Trade Union (1930-1980)

Born in Paris in 1930, in the wake of the Action populaire, the Butchers' Catholic Trade Union, despite its limited number of militants, develops a dynamic religious activity, not only in Paris but also in certain provincial towns with the strong support of butchery owners. The corporatist and conservative trends of Vichy meet with a great response among this movement aimed at what is still a craft industry. After 1945, this trade union fails to adapt to the evolution of the French society and to open to the Catholic spiritual renewal. Nothing can prevent the slow decline of this archaic movement after 1968.
Which Triad ? A Critique and Development of Dumézil's Tripartite Structure
Authors: Lyle Emily
Published: May 2009

Quelle triade ? Critique et développement de la structure tripartie de Dumézil.

L'auteur argumente qu'il existe deux triades distinctes dans l'idéologie indo-européenne. L'une est un ensemble simple composé de trois termes, tandis que l'autre est un ensemble complexe composé de trois relations différentes. Dumézil n'étant pas conscient de la deuxième triade, il a interprété toutes les triades significatives qu'il a trouvées comme appartenant à la série simple, et cela l'a mené à une identification erronée de la place des dieux dans la structure générale. Si la présente argumentation est acceptée, elle conduira à un renforcement de la prémisse fondamentale de Dumézil concernant l'existence d'une structure tripartie et son importance clé, tout en développant une nouvelle manière de percevoir les dieux dans le Panthéon.
Pourquoi le Horeb après le Sinaï ?
Authors: Koenig Jean
Published: May 2009

Why Horeb after Sinai ?

To explain the change of name from « Sinai » to « Horeb » one must begin by confirming that Sinai was indeed in the land of Madian, in the north-west of Arabia. A few attempts to contest this point have failed. Turning to Horeb, the failure to explain the term can be attributed above all to the lexical problem surrounding the word "hrb". The two distinct meanings that the root "hrb" can have (taking into account the specific nature of the Semitic phonemes in this root) can be explained not in terms of homonyms, which would amount to deduction, but by bringing to the fore specific philological and ethnographical conditions. The noun « Horeb » was borrowed from the Deuteronomist school after the construction of the temple of Sion in Jerusalem. Sinai thus became inappropriate : from then on it was known as Horeb.
Prediction of Countershock Success
Authors: Fischer G. , Neurauter A. , Wieser L. , Strohmenger H. U. , Nowak C. N.
Published: May 2009

Objectives: Spectral analysis of the ventricular fibrillation (VF) ECG has been used for predicting countershock success, where the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) is the standard spectral estimator. Autoregressive (AR) spectral estimation should compute the spectrum with less computation time. This study compares the predictive power and computational performance of features obtained by the FFT and AR methods.

Methods: In an animal model of VF cardiac arrest, 41 shocks were delivered in 25 swine. For feature parameter analysis, 2.5 s signal intervals directly before the shock and directly before the hands-off interval were used, respectively. Invasive recordings of the arterial pressure were used for assessing the outcome of each shock. For a proof of concept, a micro-controller program was implemented.

Results: Calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC), the results of the AR-based features called spectral pole power (SPP) and spectral pole power with dominant frequency (DF) weighing (SPPDF) yield better outcome prediction results (85 %; 89 %) than common parameters based on FFT calculation method (centroid frequency (CF), amplitude spectrum area (AMSA)) (72%; 78%) during hands-off interval. Moreover, the predictive power of the feature parameters during ongoing CPR was not invalidated by closed-chest compressions. The calculation time of the AR-based parameters was nearly 2.5 times faster than the FFT-based features.

Conclusion: Summing up, AR spectral estimators are an attractive option compared to FFT due to the reduced computational speed and the better outcome prediction. This might be of benefit when implementing AR prediction features on the microprocessor of a semi-automatic defibrillator.
Facile Fabrication and Superparamagnetism of Silica‐Shielded Magnetite Nanoparticles on Carbon Nitride Nanotubes
Authors: Lee Jung Woo , Viswan Ravindranath , Choi Yoon Jeong , Lee Yeob , Kim Se Yun , Cho Jaehun , Jo Younghun , Kang Jeung Ku
Published: May 2009

Using conventional methods to synthesize magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) with uniform size is a challenging task. Moreover, the degradation of magnetic NPs is an obstacle to practical applications. The fabrication of silica‐shielded magnetite NPs on carbon nitride nanotubes (CNNTs) provides a possible route to overcome these problems. While the nitrogen atoms of CNNTs provide selective nucleation sites for NPs of a particular size, the silica layer protects the NPs from oxidation. The morphology and crystal structure of NP–CNNT hybrid material is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the atomic nature of the N atoms in the NP–CNNT system is studied by near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (nitrogen K‐edge) and calculations of the partial density of states based on first principles. The structure of the silica‐shielded NP–CNNT system is analyzed by TEM and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy mapping, and their magnetism is measured by vibrating sample and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometers. The silica shielding helps maintain the superparamagnetism of the NPs; without the silica layer, the magnetic properties of NP–CNNT materials significantly degrade over time.
Layer‐by‐Layer Hydrogen‐Bonded Polymer Films: From Fundamentals to Applications
Authors: Kharlampieva Eugenia , Kozlovskaya Veronika , Sukhishvili Svetlana A.
Published: May 2009

Recent years have seen increasing interest in the construction of nanoscopically layered materials involving aqueous‐based sequential assembly of polymers on solid substrates. In the booming research area of layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly of oppositely charged polymers, self‐assembly driven by hydrogen bond formation emerges as a powerful technique. Hydrogen‐bonded (HB) LbL materials open new opportunities for LbL films, which are more difficult to produce than their electrostatically assembled counterparts. Specifically, the new properties associated with HB assembly include: 1) the ease of producing films responsive to environmental pH at mild pH values, 2) numerous possibilities for converting HB films into single‐ or two‐component ultrathin hydrogel materials, and 3) the inclusion of polymers with low glass transition temperatures (e.g., poly(ethylene oxide)) within ultrathin films. These properties can lead to new applications for HB LbL films, such as pH‐ and/or temperature‐responsive drug delivery systems, materials with tunable mechanical properties, release films dissolvable under physiological conditions, and proton‐exchange membranes for fuel cells. In this report, we discuss the recent developments in the synthesis of LbL materials based on HB assembly, the study of their structure–property relationships, and the prospective applications of HB LbL constructs in biotechnology and biomedicine.
New approximate formula for the generalized temperature integral
Authors: Chen Haixiang , Liu Naian
Published: May 2009

The generalized temperature integral
$ \int\nolimits_0^T {T^m \,\exp ( - E/RT)dT} $
frequently occurs in nonisothermal kinetic analysis. This article has proposed a new approximate formula for the generalized temperature integral, which is in the following form:

For commonly used values of m in kinetic analysis, the deviation of the new approximation from the numerical values of the integral is within 0.4%. More importantly, the new formula represents the exponential approximation, which is not found earlier, and it can result in a new and very accurate integral method in kinetic analysis. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
CFD modeling and validation of the turbulent fluidized bed of FCC particles
Authors: Gao Jinsen , Lan Xingying , Fan Yiping , Chang Jian , Wang Gang , Lu Chunxi , Xu Chunming
Published: May 2009

An experimental and computational study is presented on the hydrodynamic characteristics of FCC particles in a turbulent fluidized bed. Based on the Eulerian/Eulerian model, a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model incorporating a modified gas‐solid drag model has been presented, and the model parameters are examined by using a commercial CFD software package (FLUENT 6.2.16). Relative to other drag models, the modified one gives a reasonable hydrodynamic prediction in comparison with experimental data. The hydrodynamics show more sensitive to the coefficient of restitution than to the flow models and kinetics theories. Experimental and numerical results indicate that there exist two different coexisting regions in the turbulent fluidized bed: a bottom dense, bubbling region and a dilute, dispersed flow region. At low‐gas velocity, solid‐volume fractions show high near the wall region, and low in the center of the bed. Increasing gas velocity aggravates the turbulent disorder in the turbulent fluidized bed, resulting in an irregularity of the radial particle concentration profile. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Social stress, visceral obesity, and coronary artery atherosclerosis: product of a primate adaptation
Authors: Shively Carol A. , Register Thomas C. , Clarkson Thomas B.
Published: May 2009

Abdominal obesity is prevalent and often accompanied by an array of metabolic perturbations including elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance, a prothrombotic state, and a proinflammatory state, together referred to as the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome greatly increases coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Social stress also increases CHD although the mechanisms through which this occurs are not completely understood. Chronic stress may result in sustained glucocorticoid production, which is thought to promote visceral obesity. Thus, one hypothesis is that social stress may cause visceral fat deposition and the metabolic syndrome, which, in turn increases CHD. CHD is caused by coronary artery atherosclerosis (CAA) and its sequelae. Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are a well‐established models of CAA. Social subordination may be stressful to cynomolgus monkeys and result in hypercortisolemia and exacerbated CAA in females. Herein is reviewed a body of literature which suggests that social stress increases visceral fat deposition in cynomolgus monkeys, that subordinate females are more likely than dominants to have visceral obesity, that females with visceral obesity have behavioral and physiological characteristics consistent with a stressed state, and that females with high ratios of visceral to subcutaneous abdominal fat develop more CAA. While these relationships have been most extensively studied in cynomolgus macaques, obesity‐related metabolic disturbances are also observed in other primate species. Taken together, these observations support the view that the current obesity epidemic is the result of a primate adaptation involving the coevolution with encephalization of elaborate physiological systems to protect against starvation and defend stored body fat in order to feed a large and metabolically demanding brain. Social stress may be engaging these same physiological systems, increasing the visceral deposition of fat and its sequelae, which increase CHD risk. Am. J. Primatol. 71:742–751, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validation of salivary cortisol and testosterone assays in chimpanzees by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Kutsukake Nobuyuki , Ikeda Koki , Honma Seijiro , Teramoto Migaku , Mori Yusuke , Hayasaka Ikuo , Yamamoto Rain , Ishida Takafumi , Yoshikawa Yasuhiro , Hasegawa Toshikazu
Published: May 2009

Owing to its high temporal sensitivity, saliva has distinct advantages for measuring steroids, compared with other noninvasive samples such as urine and feces. Here, we report the validity of assaying salivary cortisol (C) and testosterone (T) using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) in captive male chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes. For both the C and T concentrations, we found positive relationships between saliva and plasma. The concentrations of C and T in saliva showed clear patterns of diurnal fluctuation, whereas those in urine and feces did not. These results suggest that the salivary steroid concentrations can be regarded as good indicators of circulating steroid levels. We also developed and validated an efficient method for collecting saliva samples from cotton rope. Although rope includes inherent steroid‐like compounds and may affect the accuracy of steroid measurements, our rope‐washing procedures effectively removed intrinsic steroidal materials. There was a significant association between the C and T concentrations measured from saliva collected from rope licked by the chimpanzees and those measured from saliva collected directly from the mouth. Salivary T values estimated by LC/MS‐MS were similar to those measured by radioimmunoassay. The results indicate the usefulness of saliva as a noninvasive steroid measure and that steroids in the saliva of chimpanzees can be accurately measured by LC‐MS/MS. Am. J. Primatol. 71:696–706, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploiting the 1,2,3‐Triazolium Motif in Anion‐Templated Formation of a Bromide‐Selective Rotaxane Host Assembly
Authors: Mullen Kathleen M. , Mercurio James , Serpell Christopher J. , Beer Paul D.
Published: May 2009

Bromid bevorzugt: Ein [2]Rotaxan mit einer Triazolium‐Einheit wurde mithilfe von Bromid als Templat aufgebaut. Erste Studien zur Anionenbindung zeigten eine ungewöhnliche Vorliebe des Rotaxans für Bromid‐ gegenüber Chloridionen.

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3D Airway Reconstruction Using Visible Human Data Set and Human Casts with Comparison to Morphometric Data
Authors: Robinson Risa J. , Russo Jackie , Doolittle Richard L.
Published: May 2009

Realistic airway geometry is required for accurate biomechanical modeling, particle deposition predictions and ultimately risk assessment and inhaled drug delivery protocols. Morphometric studies to date provide data for specific anatomical locations or for more generational average data for the entire lung. In an attempt to provide a realistic geometry representative of a typical human, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Visible Human (VH)® female data set was reconstructed and compared to available morphometric data from the literature. The reconstructed NIH VH female airway model extended from just distal to the larynx down through the fifth generation of bronchial passageways. Casting and scanning techniques were used to create the upper airway geometries so that the model could be used realistically for oral exposure. Each reconstruction stage was examined to show the loss of data during segmentation, decimation, and smoothing processes. The resulting dimensions of the complete female model were consistent with morphometric data from the literature, indicating that the model is a reasonable representation of an adult female that could be used for biomechanical modeling. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the morphological characteristics of spinal motoneurons
Authors: David Pamela , Subramaniam Krishnan
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND:

Clinical studies and research in animals have established that alcohol consumption during pregnancy produces irreversible developmental anomalies. Deficits in fine motor performance are often noted in infants diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. However, the effects of alcohol on the spinal motoneurons have not been examined. In this study, the morphometric alterations in spinal motoneurons were assessed as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure.

METHODS:

Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were administered with 1.0 ml of 20% ethyl alcohol per 100 gm body weight via intraperitoneal injections, and unexposed rats served as controls. Rats were perfused through the left cardiac ventricle and a complete laminectomy was performed. Spinal cord sections from the L4–5 segments were cut serially and stained for cresyl fast violet. Sections were also subjected to TUNEL assay for detection of apoptosis. Observations were made between 1 and 4 weeks after birth.

RESULTS:

Morphologic characteristics of motoneurons in the alcohol‐exposed group of rats were altered. Counts and measurements revealed significant reduction in number and size of alcohol‐exposed spinal motoneurons at all time points studied.

CONCLUSIONS:

Prenatal exposure to alcohol showed cytotoxic effects whereby it adversely affected both motoneuron growth and differentiation in utero. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Progress in kalata peptide production via plant cell bioprocessing
Authors: Dörnenburg Heike
Published: May 2009

Cyclotides are disulfide‐rich mini‐proteins with the unique structural features of a circular backbone and knotted arrangement of three conserved disulfide bonds. They typically comprise 28–37 amino acids and are produced from linear precursors, and translational modification via oxidative folding, proteolytic processing and N‐C cyclization. Because these plant‐derived peptides are resistant to degradation and do exhibit a diverse range of biological activities, they have become important agronomic and industrial objectives. Due to its tolerance to sequence variation, the cyclotide backbone is also potentially useful as a molecular scaffold for protein‐engineering applications. Several production options are available for bioactive plant metabolites including natural harvesting, total chemical synthesis, and expression of plant pathways in microbial systems. For the cyclotides with low yields in nature, chemical complexity and lack of knowledge of the complete biosynthetic pathway, however, many of these options are precluded. Plant cell‐culture technology shows promise towards the goal of producing therapeutically active cyclotides in quality and quantities required for drug development as they are amenable to process optimization, scale‐up, and metabolic engineering. It is conceivable that plant‐based production systems may ultimately prove to be the preferred route for the production of native or designed cyclotides, and will contribute towards the development of target‐specific drugs.
Clarified cashew apple juice as alternative raw material for biosurfactant production by Bacillus subtilis in a batch bioreactor
Authors: Giro Maria Estela Aparecida , Martins João Jeferson Lima , Rocha Maria Valderez Ponte , Melo Vânia Maria M. , Gonçalves Luciana Rocha Barros
Published: May 2009

Clarified cashew apple juice was evaluated as carbon source for surfactin production by Bacillus subtilis LAMI005 isolated from the tank of chlorination at the Wastewater Treatment Plant on Campus do Pici (WWTP‐PICI) in the Federal University of Ceará, Brazil. The highest surfactin concentration using clarified cashew apple juice (CCAJ) supplemented with mineral medium (MM‐CCAJ) was 123 mg/L, achieved after 48 h of fermentation. Almost 2‐fold less than the amount produced using mineral medium supplemented with 10 g/L of glucose and 8.7 g/L of fructose (MM‐GF). However, critical micelle concentration of the biosurfactants produced using MM‐CCAJ was 2.5‐fold lower than the one produced using MM‐GF, which indicates it is a more efficient biosurfactant. Surface tension decreased from 38.50 ± 0.0 to 29.00 ± 0.0 dyne/cm when B. subtilis was grown on MM‐CCAJ media (24.68% of reduction on surface tension) and remained constant up to 72 h. Emulsification index was 51.15 and 66.70% using soybean oil and kerosene, respectively. Surfactin produced in MM‐CCAJ showed an emulsifying activity of, respectively, 1.75 and 2.3 U when n‐hexadecane or soybean oil was tested. However, when mineral medium supplemented with 10 g/L of glucose (MM‐G) was used an emulsifying activity of 2.0 and 1.75 U, with n‐hexadecane and soybean oil, respectively, was obtained. These results indicate that it is feasible to produce surfactin from CCAJ, a renewable and low‐cost carbon source.
Scale‐up of controlled‐shear affinity filtration using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Francis Patrick , Haynes Charles A.
Published: May 2009

Controlled shear affinity filtration (CSAF) is an integrated bioprocess that positions a contoured rotor above a membrane affinity chromatography column to permit the capture and purification of a secreted protein product directly from cell culture. Here, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations previously used on a laboratory‐scale unit (Francis et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2005, 95, 1207–1217) are extended to study the fluid hydrodynamics and expected filter performance of the CSAF device for rotor sizes up to 140 cm in radius. We show that the fluid hydrodynamics within the rotor chamber of larger‐scale CSAF units are complex and include turbulent boundary layers; thus, CFD likely provides the only reliable route to CSAF scale‐up. We then model design improvements that will be required for CSAF scale‐up to permit processing of industrial feedstock. The result is the in silico design of a preparative CSAF device with an optimized rotor 140 cm in radius. The scaled up device has an effective filtration area of 5.93 m2, which should allow for complete processing in ca. 2 h of 1000 L of culture harvested from either a perfusion, fed‐batch or batch bioreactor. Finally, a novel method for the parallelization of CSAF units is presented for use in bioprocessing operations larger than 1000 L.
Robust control of the activated sludge process
Authors: David R. , Vande Wouwer A. , Vasel J.‐L. , Queinnec I.
Published: May 2009

In this work, a robust control strategy is proposed for maintaining the oxygen concentration in the aerobic tank and the pollutant, i.e., ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, concentrations at acceptable levels in the effluent water at the outlet of the activated sludge process. To this end, the Activated Sludge Model no. 1 (ASM1) is first reduced using biological arguments and a singular perturbation method, and a simplified model of the secondary settler is included. In contrast with previous studies that make use of piecewise linear models, an average operating point is evaluated using available data (here data from the COST Action 624) and the reduced‐order model is linearized around it using standard techniques. Finally, a H2 robust control strategy acting on the oxygen injection and the recirculated flow rate is designed and tested in simulation. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Continuous ‐ discrete interval observers for monitoring microalgae cultures
Authors: Goffaux G. , Vande Wouwer A. , Bernard O.
Published: May 2009

Algorithms estimating unmeasured component concentrations play a key role in bioprocess applications where only a few on‐line measurements are usually available. In this article, interval observers are designed to provide guaranteed intervals for the key components involved in cultures of microalgae. In contrast with most of the published studies focusing on continuous‐time measurements, this study considers discrete‐time measurements with possibly long and irregular sampling and defines predictors based on model equations and state transformations to ensure the enclosure of the state variables between two measurement times. The methods are validated with experimental data where the remaining inorganic nitrogen and the microalgal internal quota are estimated. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Teaching differential equations in different environments: A first approach
Authors: Carneiro Filipa , Leão Celina P. , Teixeira Senhorinha F. C. F.
Published: May 2009

The use of specific softwares was the basis for a new approach for teaching ordinary and partial differential equations, in the field of heat transfer and fluid mechanics. The main objective was to enhance learning effectiveness of Numerical Methods in the post‐graduate course of Polymers Engineering at the University of Minho. This degree takes place into two different environments: at the university campus and at the industrial field. Different commercial codes were used, namely EXCEL, MATLAB, and FLUENT, as well as two tools developed in house at University of Minho: CoNum and a graphics application PDE v.1. Lectures were based on videoconferencing and other web utilities. The teaching methodology presented and discussed in this article was well received and accepted by the post‐graduate students, motivating teachers to improve their teaching/learning strategies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 555–562, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com; DOI 10.1002/cae.20231
Simulation and Experimental Validation of Two‐Phase Flow in an Aerosol Counter‐Flow Reactor using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Iglauer S. , Warnecke H.‐J.
Published: May 2009

A simulation of the hydrodynamic behavior of an aerosol‐counter flow reactor was conducted using an Euler‐Lagrange method. The simulation results were then verified with experiments. The process simulated was a separation process required during the production of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester). In this process, the liquid ester/glycerol phases are continuously injected through a hollow cone nozzle with an overpressure of 106 Pa into the reactor, operated at 15000 Pa. The liquid is atomized because of the pressure drop and a liquid particle spray is generated with an inlet velocity of 44.72 m/s. Water vapor of temperature 333 K is injected tangentially through two side, gas inlets with an inlet velocity of 1.2 m/s. Excess methanol is subjected to a mass transfer from the liquid phase into the gas phase, which is withdrawn through the head of the reactor and condensed in an external condenser unit. The stripping of the methanol off the liquid leads to a sharp interface between the glycerol and the ester phase, which can then be easily separated by gravity or pumping. The gas velocity field, pressure field and the liquid particle trajectories were calculated successfully. Simulated dwell time distribution curves were derived and analyzed with the open‐open vessel dispersion model. Experimental dwell time distribution curves were measured, analyzed with the open‐open vessel dispersion model, and compared with the simulated curves. A good consistency between simulated and measured Bodenstein numbers was achieved, but 25 % of the simulated particles exited at the reactor's head, contrary to experimental observations. The difference between simulated and measured dwell times was within one order of magnitude.
Multi‐way analysis of flux distributions across multiple conditions
Authors: Verouden Maikel P. H. , Notebaart Richard A. , Westerhuis Johan A. , van der Werf Mariët J. , Teusink Bas , Smilde Age K.
Published: May 2009

With the availability of genome sequences of many organisms and information about gene‐protein‐reaction (GPR) associations with respect to these organisms genome‐scale metabolic networks can be reconstructed. In cellular systems biology these networks are used to model the behavior of metabolism in context of cell growth in terms of fluxes (reaction rates) through reactions in the network. Because the flux through each reaction can generally vary within a range, many flux distributions of the entire network are possible. However, since reactions are connected by common metabolites, reactions that are functionally coherent, are expected to highly correlate in terms of their flux value over different flux distributions.

In this paper the genome‐scale network of a lactic acid bacterium, named Lactococcus lactis MG1363, is used to generate flux distributions for multiple in silico environmental conditions, mimicking laboratory growth conditions. The flux distributions per condition are used to calculate a correlation matrix for each condition. Subsequently the correlations between the reactions are analyzed in a multivariate approach across the in silico environmental conditions in order to identify correlations that are invariant (i.e. independent of the environment) and correlations that are variant across conditions (i.e. dependent of the environment). The applied multivariate methods are Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The discussion of the results of both methods leads to the question whether latent variable models are suitable analyzing this type of data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sedimentationsuntersuchungen zum Trennverhalten von Faser‐Partikel‐Suspensionen
Authors: Feist M. , Nirschl H. , Hirsch G.
Published: May 2009

Die Notwendigkeit der genauen Untersuchung der Sedimentationsprozesse von Faser‐Partikel‐Suspensionen wird am Beispiel des Recycling‐Prozesses von Papier besonders deutlich. Bei diesem Prozess ist entscheidend, wie gut die Zellulosefasern von dem Füllstoff und anderen Partikeln abgetrennt werden können. Die im Folgenden präsentierten Experimente wurden mit zwei speziell produzierten Papieren, einem gestrichenen und einem ungestrichenen, sowie dessen einzelnen Bestandteilen durchgeführt. Nach Wiederauflösung des Papiers wurde die Suspension über einem 150‐μm‐Siebkorb gesiebt. Das daraus anfallende Filtrat bildete die Grundlage für die Experimente. Es wird gezeigt, dass das Sedimentationsverhalten der Suspensionen eine Abhängigkeit sowohl von der Feststoffkonzentration als auch von den physiko‐chemischen Wechselwirkungen erkennen lässt, die über eine Änderung des ζ‐Potenzials untersucht wurde. Signifikante Unterschiede sind ebenfalls bei anderen Faser‐Partikel‐Verhältnissen und differierenden Vorbehandlungen zu erkennen.
Herstellung von Hohlpartikeln durch Eintropfgranulation
Authors: Große Daldrup J.‐B. , Schaldach G. , Walzel P.
Published: May 2009

Hohlpartikel entstehen beispielsweise bei der Sprühtrockung besonders feinteiliger Suspensionen und sind häufig unerwünscht. Durch das Eintropfen einer Binderflüssigkeit in einen Tellergranulator lassen sich gezielt Hohlpartikel für besondere Anwendungen erstellen. In dieser Arbeit werden die Abhängigkeit der Partikeleigenschaften, wie Durchmesser und Schalendicke der Hohlkugeln, von der Viskosität der Binderflüssigkeit, der Bindertropfengröße und der Partikelgröße untersucht.
Location of Acute Myocardial Infarction and Associated Arrhythmias and Outcome
Authors: Hreybe Haitham , Saba Samir
Published: May 2009

Background

Cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities complicating acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have been associated with adverse prognosis in numerous reports. Small studies have frequently associated different arrhythmias with various distributions of myocardial infarctions. We analyzed a nationally representative hospital discharge database to evaluate the relationship between the location of AMI and the associated arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities and their impact on in‐hospital mortality.

Methods

We searched the National Hospital Discharge Survey database for patients with a diagnosis of AMI and collected data on the associated arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities. In‐hospital death was used as end point for analysis.

Results

A total of 21,807 patients, representing 2,632,217 hospital discharges in the United States, with a primary diagnosis of AMI from 1996 to 2003 were included in this analysis. Patients with inferior or posterior AMI were more likely to develop complete heart block compared to those with anterior or lateral AMI (3.7% vs 1.0%, hazard ratio [HR] = 3.9, p ≤ 0.001), but less likely to die prior to hospital discharge (7.7% vs 11.3%, HR = 0.65, p ≤ 0.001).

Conclusions

Patients with an inferior or posterior AMI are more likely to develop conduction system abnormalities when compared to patients with an anterior or lateral AMI. On the other hand, anterior or lateral MI is a significant predictor of in‐hospital death. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contemporary Analysis of Predictors and Etiology of Ventricular Fibrillation During Diagnostic Coronary Angiography
Authors: Chen Jun , Gao Li‐Jian , Chen Ji‐Lin , Song Hui‐Jun
Published: May 2009

Objectives

To assess the incidence, investigate the predictors and analyze the causes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) during coronary angiography (CA) on the condition of current techniques.

Methods

From April 2004 to January 2007, a total 22,254 patients (27,798 procedures) received CA procedures in our center; 27 patients developed VF during CA. This report was to retrospectively analyze the clinical basic characteristics, coronary angiographic characteristics and CA procedure records of these patients.

Results

The incidence of VF during CA was 0.097%. The incidence of VF in radial approaches and femoral approaches was 0.076% and 0.147% (p = 0.085). The VF patients had higher coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) rates (11.1% vs 2.3%, p = 0.024) and were more likely to have a three‐vessel disease (59.3% vs 31.2%, p = 0.002) and a total occlusion lesion (25.9% vs 11.1%, p = 0.014) than non‐VF patients. On logistic regression analysis, three‐vessel disease (OR: 2.582, 95% CI: 1.165‐5.720, p = 0.019) and the history of CABG (OR: 3.959, 95% CI: 1.160‐13.513, p = 0.028) were the two independent predictors of VF occurrences. Among 27 episodes of VF, 13 were ischemia‐related; 11 were manipulation‐related; two were contrast‐related; one was hypokalemia‐related; and the causes remain unclear in five episodes.

Conclusions

The incidence of VF during CA is low on the condition of current techniques. The severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) is an independent predictor of VF occurrence during CA. Acute ischemia and inappropriate manipulation may be the two main causes in VF development. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.