bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multifactor learning and forgetting models for productivity and performance analysis
Authors: Badiru Adedeji B.
Published: July 2007

This article presents an approach to modeling multifactor learning curve models for productivity and performance analysis in manufacturing. The models account for alternate periods of learning and forgetting and the resulting performance of an operator. Multi‐factor learning curves facilitate the inclusion of more than one important factor in performance and productivity analysis. The inclusion of a component that accounts for the rate of forgetting establishes a realistic representation of the effects of learning and forgetting on performance. Analyses based on the proposed approach can facilitate more reliable management decisions in productivity analysis. Two‐factor models are used to illustrate cases where forgetting occurs continuously or intermittently over a given time period.
Human resource issues affecting the survival of U.S. apparel manufacturing
Authors: Schroer Bernard J. , Ziemke M. Carl
Published: July 2007

Between 1988 and 1991, the market share of the U.S. apparel manufacturing industry became slightly more than 50% of retail sale costs. Previous to this period, domestic apparel manufacturers counted on increased automation to counteract decreasing market share. When this did not work, apparel manufacturers turned their attention to human resource issues as a means to improve worker retention, productivity, and product quality. Most of these management changes occurred during the past four years and are discussed in detail in this article.
Evaluation of alternative transition strategies for advanced technology systems
Authors: Luxhoj James T.
Published: July 2007

During the next 10 years the Federal Aviation Administration will be modernizing its Air Traffic Control Towers (ATCTs) with advanced technology navigation, communication, and radar systems. There are a number of design strategies for technology transition under consideration. In this article, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is used as a justification methodology to integrate and evaluate both quantitative and qualitative factors in this complex, multi‐attribute problem domain. Four alternative transition strategies are compared with respect to the criteria of cost, functionality during transition, difficulty of work during transition, efficiency of the final layout, and controller satisfaction in a hypothetical example.
Balancing technological, organizational, and human aspects in manufacturing development
Authors: Berger Anders
Published: July 2007

This article, which is based on three case studies, operationalizes and tests the widely quoted notion (and assumption) that balancing technological, organizational, and human aspects is important to the success of manufacturing development. As such, this article is also a test of a framework inspired by manufacturing strategy to opertionalize the intuitively sound concept of “balance” applied to manufacturing lead time reduction. The results in all three cases showed considerable improvements in reducing lead times but, as a consequence of the limited variation in success, few conclusions concerning the balance of aspects could be drawn. It is concluded that the analytical framework was useful with respect to describing and analyzing the balance between technological, organizational, and human aspects, in terms of an “amount” relationship. However, the data from the shop floor indicated that reaching a better understanding of the interdisciplinary features of the redesigns would require a more process‐oriented framework covering leading actors, participation, change organization, etc. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Repetitive and manual jobs—content and effects in terms of physical stress and work‐related musculoskeletal disorders
Authors: Christmansson Marita
Published: July 2007

Several studies have shown that there exists a relationship between work‐related musculoskeletal disorders and repetitive, manual jobs. However, this relationship has not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to discuss the relationship between repetitive, manual tasks and work‐related disorders in the neck and upper limbs. The study was carried out in a manufacturing company. Five assembly tasks were analyzed with respect to physical activities and stress caused by these activities. The tasks were analyzed by means of the Hand‐Arm‐Movement‐Analysis (HAMA) method. The results show that the tasks resulted in a constrained but varying use of the hands and arms. Four of the tasks resulted in a static working posture for the shoulders and neck. The disorders that the workers suffered from were mainly located in the shoulders and neck, giving support for the relationship between work‐related musculoskeletal disorders and repetitive, manual tasks. The HAMA method proved to be a useful method for task analysis, giving a detailed description and analysis of the use of the upper limbs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rapid prototyping—the Swedish industry experience
Authors: Trygg Lars
Published: July 2007

The growing emphasis on timeliness as a competitive weapon has forced companies around the world to search for time‐slacks and other possibilities to reduce lead times in the process of product refinement. In this respect, an especially interesting bottleneck is the development and manufacturing of prototypes. Traditional prototype methods, mostly performed by craftsmen, are known to be both costly and time‐consuming. However, the development within the IT area has lately made it possible to speed up and compress this particular process step. Depending on the purpose of the prototype, a new technology called Rapid Prototyping can be used in many situations, reducing lead times in the development of prototypes from weeks and months down to hours, hence affecting the overall lead time. However, adopting this new technology also means considerably new working requirements as well as new options for most actors involved in the product development process, including external participants. Especially cross‐functional and cross‐organizational collaboration is strongly promoted by this technology, improving working relationships. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effects on health of qualified computer work: Implications of the use of computer‐aided design systems
Authors: Hovmark Svante , Norell Margareta
Published: July 2007

People employed in the design section of three companies participated in a questionnaire and interview study to investigate the health effects of computer work. Of the members of the study group, 63% used Computer‐Aided Design (CAD) systems and the remaining 37% were non‐CAD users. Complaints of the hands/wrists, upper back, and skin were significantly greater among those who spent a relatively higher number of hours on CAD work. CAD users who had greater difficulties in handling their CAD system reported relatively more skin rashes and complaints of the elbows and upper back.
A fuzzy knowledge‐based system of learning by analogy for a process analysis task: The sewing industry
Authors: Tabe Tsutomu , Taguchi Yumiko , Maki Noriko , Asai Hiroyasu
Published: July 2007

This paper presents preliminary information concerning a methodology for applying Fuzzy Logic to a knowledge‐based system based on learning by analogy for a process analysis task in a sewing shop in the Japanese apparel industry. Many Japanese sewing shops respond to an order by implementing a lot production system on the assembly line. A foreman analyzes the manufacturing process in the preparation stage after deciding to accept an order and then carries out a line balancing task based on the result of the process analysis task. When he/she carries out this task, he/she analyzes the process for a newly released order by comparing with the manufacturing process for a product that has similar design features, and clarifies the necessary constituent operations and linkages. There are two types of design features: explicit (crisp) and ambiguous (fuzzy). In this research, to support such process analysis of manufacturing tasks, we clarify the framework of a fuzzy knowledge‐based system based on learning by analogy to generate a process analysis table for a newly ordered product semiautomatically. It is confirmed that the system can generate a real process analysis table by personal computer according to the result of experimentation with a prototype that we have constructed in this study.
Human interaction with computers and robots
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S.
Published: July 2007

The evolution of information technology has been characterized by three trends: increasing ethereality, increasing connectivity, and increasing versatility. As a consequence of these trends, the nature of many of the devices and systems with which people interact, in the workplace and elsewhere, has been changing rapidly and is likely to continue to do so in the future. In particular, devices are acquiring more and more cognitive‐type capabilities and are being used to perform an increasingly large fraction of the tasks once done by human beings. On the other hand, the increasing versatility of machines can expand greatly the universe of things that people can do with their help. Human factors researchers and engineers are concerned with the question of how to design tools, appliances, vehicles, communication devices and other artifacts so they are well matched to the capabilities and limitations of human beings and contribute positively to the safety, comfort, and productivity of their users. This concern will be at least as important in the future as it has been in the past, but the context in which it is exercised will be different in many respects. Reflection on how information technology may continue to evolve and be used raises many human factors issues and questions that need to be addressed. @ 1995 John WIley & Sons, Inc.
Teleoperators for advanced manufacturing: Applications and human factors challenges
Authors: Draper John V.
Published: July 2007

Advanced manufacturing systems integrate human workers with computers, automation, and robots. However, they do not often include a class of robotic device called a teleoperator. Teleoperators are human‐robot systems that combine powerful human perceptual and problem‐solving capabilities with the hardiness of machines. Therefore, they are more capable of interacting with dynamic environments than autonomous robots and yet insulate the human user from hazards in the work environment. The aims of this paper are to (1) introduce the reader to teleoperators and show how they might find a niche in advanced manufacturing systems and (2) discuss the human factors challenges presented by teleoperation. The paper concentrates on the existing state‐of‐the‐art, including examples of the capabilities of existing teleoperator technology and current challenges in teleoperator human‐machine interfaces. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New technology, automation, and work organization: Stress problems and improved technology implementation strategies
Authors: Smith Michael J. , Carayon Pascale
Published: July 2007

From the turn of the century to today there has been a revolution in the technology in use at the workplace. Coupled with this has been a major change in the way in which work is organized and managed. The integration of technology and how work is designed, organized, and managed have not always been smooth, as there has often been lags between the application of workplace automation and workplace design to accommodate the new technology and workforce needs. New theories of work organization and design to address automation and workforce issues have emphasized the need for more workforce involvement in the planning for automation and during the implementation of new technology, and for better workplace design to enhance human‐machine interfaces. Theories such as sociotechnical systems, macroergonomics, and high involvement management provide some insight into the problems of automation and solutions. The balance theory of Smith and Carayon‐Sainfort (1989) provides a framework for successful implementation of automation. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of self‐reported accidents attributed to advanced manufacturing systems
Authors: Järvinen Jari , Karwowski Waldemar
Published: July 2007

Reviewing past accidents is one way to identify hazards caused by advanced manufacturing systems and to manage accident prevention efforts. However, only a limited amount of data is currently available on industrial accidents due to advanced manufacturing environments, or these data cannot be easily distinguished from general industrial accident statistics. The main objective of this study was to examine the self‐reported accident data attributed to advanced manufacturing environments, based on the results of an anonymous questionnaire requesting information about one serious accident that occurred in the respondents' plant. The presented results are based on the analysis of 103 reported cases. A majority of the accidents occurred within the context of the stand‐alone automated equipment, followed by flexible manufacturing systems or cells. The injured personnel were operators of automated equipment (67%), followed by maintenance or repair personnel (20%). Typical activities performed at the time of the accident were related to production disturbances, such as clearing a blockage, fault finding or rectification, and adjustment of part or machine. In 55% of the analyzed accidents and 75% of the robot accidents, the manufacturing equipment was in the automatic operating mode. In 74% of the reported accidents, the safeguarding applied to the involved equipment was claimed to be inadequate. The above results suggest a need for the design of more effective safety systems that would not interfere with the human operator's work. The study results were also compared to results of previous studies of accidents in advanced manufacturing environments. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sensory integration in a neural network‐based robot safety system
Authors: Zurada Jozef , Graham James H.
Published: July 2007

This article presents an architecture for a real‐time robot safety system for advanced manufacturing environments. The system is based on neural network technology, and contains the neural network detection unit and the neural network decision unit implemented at the intermediate and high level of processing, respectively. A new, computationally efficient methodology for sensory fusion at the intermediate level in the dynamic robot cell environment is also proposed. In particular, the neural network detection unit is used to combine basic probability mass functions encoded in certainty grids (local maps) into one final map of the robot environment containing potential collision zones with the human operator. The map produced by the neural network detection unit along with other information will be utilized by the neural network decision unit to produce appropriate robot safety decisions. The results of initial computer simulation indicate that the proposed approach can be very useful for design of robot safety in advanced manufacturing environments. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A portrait of the relationship between mechanization and work in the U.S. economy
Authors: Adler Paul S. , Borys Bryan
Published: July 2007

Research on the effects of technological change on work has generated a wide and confusing array of findings. A key problem to date has been the lack of large‐scale studies of the relationship between mechanization and work characteristics. This study analyzes this relationship using data from the 1980 Census of Population. The results are mixed: work characteristics in more mechanized industries compared to less mechanized industries are higher in some dimensions and lower in others. A path model approach allows aggregation of these mixed results. Using wages as a yardstick, and controlling for other determinants of wages, we find that the work characteristics of more mechanized industries are upgraded in the aggregate, compared to those in less mechanized industries. @ 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Histological and histomorphometric investigations on bone integration of rapidly resorbable calcium phosphate ceramics
Authors: Bernstein Anke , Nöbel Doreen , Mayr Hermann O. , Berger Georg , Gildenhaar Renate , Brandt Jörg
Published: July 2007

Resorbable ceramics can promote the bony integration of implants. Their rate of degradation should ideally be synchronized with bone regeneration. We report here the results of a histological study of implants with two resorbable calcium phosphate ceramic coatings: Ca2KNa(PO4)2‐(GB14) and Ca10[K/Na](PO4)7‐(602020). The results attained with these ceramic‐coated implants show the benefits of these materials with regard to bioactive bone‐healing stimulation, compared with uncoated implants. The GB14 ceramic coating exhibited greater bone regeneration and differentiation on its surface than the conventional hydroxyapatite coating and helped bone tissue achieve more extensive contact free of connective tissue. Not until the coating disintegrated did the histological features of GB14‐ and 602020‐coated implants converge‐both implant types were integrated into bone. Rapid disintegration of the coating material, as with 602020, supports osteoblast proliferation but has negative effects on bone mineralization. Both resorbable ceramics tested, GB14 and 602020, demonstrated bioactivity; even metal surfaces coated with these materials were populated by mature bone tissue without connective tissue after disintegration of their ceramic coating. The less rapidly degrading material, GB14, achieved better results. Degradable calcium phosphate coatings have the potential to stimulate bone regeneration. From the histological viewpoint, the resorbable ceramics examined here can be recommended as coating materials for clinical use. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2008
Recent experiments on fumigation
Authors: Page A. B. P. , Lubatti O. F.
Published: July 2007

In a recent paper on “Recent Developments in Fumigation of Buildings, Stored Foods, and other Materials,”' published in “Chemistry and Industry” on November II, 1939. an attempt was made to cover a wide field. The present paper deals, in more detail, with certain experimental work, much of which has been carried out at the Biological Field Station of the Imperial College of Science and Technology.
The detection of small quantities of war gases (Dijkstra's method)
Authors: Hoogeveen A. P. J.
Published: July 2007

Translator's Note.‐The following paper was published as a report from the Chemical Laboratory of the Dutch Artillery School at Delft, where the practical details were elaborated. In a preface to the report the author expresses his indebtedness to Dr. D. W. Dijkstra, who suggested this method of air flow analysis (Chem. Weekblad 34, 351, 1937); to his collaborators, Dr. 6. Verkaaik and Dr. W. G. Perdok, and to the publication of Dr. A. Tasrnan (Chern. Weekblad.36, 534, 1939). I should also like to add my acknowledgments to Dr. Hoogeveen for his kind permission to publish the translation.
The arrangement and function of octopus arm musculature and connective tissue
Authors: Kier William M. , Stella Michael P.
Published: July 2007

The morphology of the musculature and connective tissues of the arms of Octopus bimaculoides was analyzed with light microscopy. We also studied O. briareus and O. digueti, which possess relatively more elongate and less elongate arms, respectively. The morphology of the arms was found to be remarkably uniform among species. The arms consist of a densely packed three‐dimensional arrangement of muscle fibers and connective tissue fibers surrounding a central axial nerve cord. Three primary muscle fiber orientations were observed: 1) transverse muscle fibers oriented in planes perpendicular to the long axis of the arm; 2) longitudinal muscle fibers oriented parallel to the long axis; and 3) oblique muscle fibers arranged in helixes around the arm. The proportion of the arm cross section occupied by each of these muscle fiber groups (relative to the total cross sectional area of the musculature) remains constant along the length of the arm, even though the arm tapers from base to tip. A thin circular muscle layer wraps the arm musculature on the aboral side only. Much of this musculature has its origin and insertion on several robust connective tissue sheets including a layer surrounding the axial nerve cord and crossed‐fiber connective tissue sheets located on the oral and the aboral sides of the arm. An additional thin layer of connective tissue wraps the arm musculature laterally and also serves as a site of origin and insertion of some of the muscle fibers. The fibers of the oral and aboral crossed‐fiber connective tissue sheets are arranged oblique to the long axis of the arm with the same fiber angle as the oblique muscle layers that originate and insert on the sheets. The oblique muscle layers and the crossed‐fiber connective tissue sheets thus form composite right‐ and left‐handed helical fiber arrays. Analysis of arm morphology from the standpoint of biomechanics suggests that the transverse musculature is responsible for elongation of the arms, the longitudinal musculature is responsible for shortening, and the oblique muscle layers and associated connective tissues create torsion. Arm bending may involve unilateral contraction of longitudinal muscle bundles in combination with resistance to arm diameter increase due to contraction of the transverse musculature or passive stiffness of the arm tissues. The arms may also be bent by a combination of decrease in diameter due to contraction of the transverse musculature and maintenance of constant length on one side of the arm by unilateral activity of longitudinal muscle bundles. An increase in flexural stiffness of the arm may be achieved by cocontraction of the transverse and longitudinal muscle. Torsional stiffness may be increased by simultaneous contraction of both the right‐ and left‐handed oblique muscle layers. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feeding, nutrient flow, and functional gut morphology in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus
Authors: Woodring Joseph , Lorenz Matthias W.
Published: July 2007

The flow of nutrients through the digestive tract of Gryllus bimaculatus is regulated by the proventriculus, which effectively triturates the partially digested food coming from the crop and shoves the mushy nutrient mass into the space between the paired caeca. The many folds at the base of the caeca form a sieve, and only fine food particles (4–10 μm) and fluids in the mush are filtered under pressure (produced by proventricular peristalsis) into the caeca. Combined with the release of enzymes in the caeca and the influx of water, the caeca are rapidly inflated on day 1 after the terminal molt. The remaining, mostly undigested food is shoved into a tube formed by the peritrophic membrane, which is first formed at the anterior end of the ventriculus. A mucous membrane (peritrophic gel) covers the caecal epithelium, and seems to merge with the true peritrophic membrane at the beginning of the ventriculus. The Type I peritrophic membrane is dragged posteriorly through the entire ventriculus and ileum by the posterior movement of the food bolus, which is shoved posteriorly at a rate of 6 mm/h by proventricular pressure. The growth rate of the peritrophic membrane is about 3 mm/h. Peristalsis does not occur in the midgut or ileum; the muscles in these regions function solely to counteract the internal pressure produced by the proventriculus. The exo‐ and endoperitrophic space in newly molted animals is open and fluids can flow in both directions. The endoperitrophic space becomes filled on day 1, and leads to a great reduction of the exoperitrophic space. In the ileal pouch (exoperitrophic space) the peritrophic membrane separates the mass of bacteria from the waste bolus within the endoperitrophic space. Feathery bristles arising from the cuticular covering of the finger‐like invaginations of the ileal wall hold most of the bacterial mass in place. The crop weight decreases from day 1 to day 3 as the weight of caeca, ventriculus, and ileum increases. After day 3, food uptake and the weight of the entire gut system decrease in female crickets, partly in response to space restrictions in the abdomen caused by rapid ovarial growth. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cranial endocasts from a growth series of Monodelphis domestica (Didelphidae, Marsupialia): A study of individual and ontogenetic variation
Authors: Macrini Thomas E. , Rowe Timothy , VandeBerg John L.
Published: July 2007

Intraspecific variation (e.g., ontogenetic, individual, sexual dimorphic) is rarely examined among cranial endocasts (infillings of the braincase cavity) because of the difficulty in obtaining multiple specimens of a species, particularly fossil taxa. We extracted digital cranial endocasts from CT scans of a growth series of skulls of Monodelphis domestica, the gray short‐tailed opossum, as a preliminary assessment of the amount of intraspecific variation in mammalian endocranial morphology. The goals of this study were 1) to provide an anatomical description to document developmental changes in endocranial morphology of M. domestica and 2) to examine ontogenetic and individual variation with respect to phylogenetic characters of endocranial cavities that are known to be variable between different mammalian taxa. In this study, “ontogenetic variation” refers to variation between specimens of different ages whereas “individual variation” (i.e., polymorphism) is restricted to variation between specimens of comparable age. Aside from size, changes in shape account for the greatest amount of morphological variation between the endocasts of different ages. Endocast length, width, and volume increase with age for the growth series. Relative olfactory bulb cast size increases with age in the growth series, but the relative size of the parafloccular casts shows a slight negative allometric trend through ontogeny. More than one‐third of the phylogenetic characters of the endocranial cavity we examined showed some sort of variation (ontogenetic, individual, or both). This suggests that although endocasts are potentially informative for systematics, both ontogenetic and individual variation affect how endocranial characters are scored for phylogenetic analysis. Further studies such as this are necessary to determine the taxonomic extent of significant intraspecific variation of these endocranial characters. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA tertiary structure and changes in DNA supercoiling upon interaction with ethidium bromide and gyrase monitored by UV resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Neugebauer U. , Schmid U. , Baumann K. , Simon H. , Schmitt M. , Popp J.
Published: July 2007

The tertiary structure of DNA is important for many of its biological functions. In this work supercoiled and relaxed forms of purified plasmid DNA pBR322 in dilute aqueous solutions are investigated by means of UVRR spectroscopy to assess changes in B‐DNA conformation. Spectral variation in the CO and exocyclic NH2 vibration above 1600 cm−1 indicate changes in hydrogen bonding. A minor shift of the CN stretching mode of adenosine and guanosine at 1487 cm−1 supports these findings. Changes in ribose conformation are visible in the spectral region 1320–1360 cm−1 by vibrational coupling of the ribose pucker to the vibrations of the purine and pyrimidine bases. The intercalating phenanthridinium drug ethidium bromide is known to reduce the negative supercoiling of DNA. This change in DNA topology is reflected in variations of the UVRR marker bands of DNA identified above. Principal component analysis helped to extract the features of interest from the complex spectra of the intercalation complex. Within the bacterial cells the change in DNA topology is achieved by the action of topoisomerases. In this work, the DNA‐binding subunit GyrA of the enzyme gyrase was extracted from E. coli and applied to relaxed and supercoiled pBR322. The observed changes in the vibrational signature of the relaxed DNA in the presence of GyrA indicate a change of topology towards the supercoiled form. With already supercoiled DNA no further change in DNA topology is observed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taste tests. Psychophysical issues in comparative test design
Authors: Buchanan Bruce S. , Morrison Donald G.
Published: July 2007

Discrimination and preference testing is performed extensively by food and beverage producers for managerial purposes and, more recently, for comparative advertising. In this paper, the authors examine several basic issues in the design of these tests. The concepts of discrimination, preference, and choice are defined and related to one another. Further, various psychophysical models of discrimination and preference are presented and compared. These psychophysical models are then related to specific product test designs. The purpose of this exercise is to provide the applied product researcher or manager with a coherent conceptual framework for designing comparative product tests.
A social cognition model of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction an experiment
Authors: Sirgy M. Joseph
Published: July 2007

A social‐cognition model of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction was tested in an experimental study. The model posits that satisfaction is a function of one or more congruities between perceptual and evoked referent states. Four congruity variables involving expected, ideal, deserved, new, and old product performance were selected to demonstrate congruity dynamics in consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction. The results were found to be supportive of the model, paving the way for more field testing.
The role of emotion in advertising
Authors: Holbrook Morris B. , O'Shaughnessy John
Published: July 2007

This paper addresses the reemergence of attention to the role of emotion in advertising. Conceptual clarity requires that emotions be distinguished from other motivational and affective constructs. Having thus narrowed our focus, we present a model of the emotional process and a typology of emotional content. We then address some related managerial issues in advertising strategy and methodological problems in measuring emotions. Finally, the preceding considerations suggest directions for future research on the role of emotion in advertising.
Information and sensory overload. Information and sensory overload in psychology and marketing
Authors: Malhotra Naresh K.
Published: July 2007

This paper presents an overview of the research in sensory and information overload in psychology and marketing. Several implications of this research for public policy, managerial decision making and for the behavior of consumers are discussed.
Analyzing consumer orientations toward beverages through means–end chain analysis
Authors: Gutman Jonathan
Published: July 2007

The choice of a brand, and most particularly a beverage type, depends on the consequences it produces for the beverage consumer. Means‐end chain theory provides an approach for linking product values. This article demonstrates a methodology for constructing hierarchical value structure maps for beverages in general and individually for several different types of beverages. The implications of this approach for creating advertising strategy are also demonstrated and discussed.
Assessing response quality. A self‐disclosure approach to assessing response quality in mall intercept and telephone interviews
Authors: Bush Alan J. , Parasuraman A.
Published: July 2007

There has been little, if any attempt to develop a standard operationalization of response quality in marketing research. Additionally, marketing studies using response quality have been almost exclusively mail surveys. This study employs a theoretical base from the Self‐Disclosure literature in operationalizing response quality in telephone and mall intercept interviews.
The effects of schematic memory on imaginal information processing: An empirical assessment
Authors: Smith Ruth Ann , Houston Michael J. , Childers Terry L.
Published: July 2007

The relationship between verbal and nonverbal modes of processing consumer information was examined in an investigation of schematic processing, a predominantly verbal mode, and visual imagery, a nonverbal method of information processing. It was found that individuals with a schema for a marketing event exhibited both a higher incidence and greater vividness of imagery during retrieval than did subjects without a schema. No differences were observed in either the frequency or clarity of images related to actions of varying degrees of abstraction in the event schema. These results indicate interdependence between schematic and imaginal processing consistent with the Cyclical Processing Model (Hampson and Morris 1979). A number of implications, both methodological and strategic, are developed from the observed relationship between imaginal and schematic information processing.
Frame Analysis
Authors: Yarnell Steven M.
Published: July 2007

The background, theory, and method of “frame analysis”—a two‐phase marketing research method for generating and analyzing qualitative data—is presented. Frames are abstractions or “higher order knowledge structures” and the objective of “frame analysis” is to identify the “frames” (or schemes or scripts) of consumers and then segment consumers by the extent to which they “share” a “frame”.
The relationship of sex‐role norms to household task allocation
Authors: Schaninger Charles M. , Buss W. Christian
Published: July 2007

Sex‐role norms were found to be significantly related to task allocation in families. Less wife responsibility for such traditional “wife” tasks as grocery shopping, laundry, housekeeping, and dishwashing were noted and this finding was strongest among couples in which both spouses held sex‐role modern norms. Wives' sex role norms tended to be more strongly related to family task allocation behavior than were husbands'.
The strategic dilemma of alternate structures in expectancy‐value attitude models
Authors: Stankey Michael J.
Published: July 2007

Decision‐makers face a dilemma when considering alternate forms of the general expectancy‐value attitude model. Given the same data set, four alternate structures of the expectancy‐value model are shown to produce four dramatically different scenarios both in terms of predictive ability and in terms of strategic direction. A hybrid approach to using the model is recommended as a means of resolving the dilemma.
Alternative measurement approaches to consumer values: The list of values and the rokeach value survey
Authors: Beatty Sharon E. , Kahle Lynn R. , Homer Pamela , Misra Shekhar
Published: July 2007

Two methods of measuring consumer values, the List of Values and the Rokeach Value Survey, are compared. Both involve some social desirability responding but both have convergent, discriminant, and empirical validity for consumer research. The List of Values may be preferable for some types of research because it detects more daily influence in people's lives and because it is simpler to administer.
Consumer similarity judgments: A test of the contrast model
Authors: Johnson Michael D.
Published: July 2007

A general model is described that views similarity judgment as a contrasting of product features. The relative influence of common and distinctive features on perceived similarity is considered a function of the context or task environment. A memory probe is used to measure the common and distinctive features consumers associate with various products. The feature measures are then used to estimate the model under three different task environments: similarity, dissimilarity, and subject/referent similarity. The results support the model and the effect of the task environment on judgments of interproduct similarity.
The influence of ‘low‐balling’ on buyers' compliance: Revisited
Authors: Motes William H. , Brown Reginald E. , Ezell Hazel F. , Hudson Gail I.
Published: July 2007

Central to the low‐ball strategy is the revocation and subsequent alteration of an integral part of an offer after a target subject accepts. Allegedly used to some extent in the automobile industry, it has drawn criticism as an unethical and characteristically deceptive practice. Yet, is such a strategy really effective in increasing customer compliance in real commercial settings? Using a sample of 160 subjects, the low‐ball procedure was again tested. Although effective, its predicted superiority over several competing strategies was unconfirmed.
Memory for the visual and verbal components of print advertisements
Authors: Childers Terry L.
Published: July 2007

A model is developed and proposed to describe the underlying processing of the visual and verbal components of print advertisements. Based upon past research, the processing of these two components of print advertisements is viewed as consisting of (1) different levels of processing, (2) elaborative encoding, and (3) encoding distinctiveness. An empirical test of the model indicates that the visual/pictorial component of the print ad is more elaboratively and more distinctively encoded than the verbal component. Results of the research are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding vivid versus salient effects of information presentation.
Perceived risk: The concept and its measurement
Authors: Dowling G. R.
Published: July 2007

The nature of perceived risk and its relationship to risk‐handling behavior are explored. To date, researchers have operationalized a variety of risk‐related constructs, and it is argued that these constructs can be usefully combined to form a unified theory of risk perception and handling.
Linguistic barriers to consumer information processing: Information overload in the hispanic population
Authors: Dolinsky Claudia , Feinberg Richard A.
Published: July 2007

The ability of individuals to assimilate and process consumer information appears to have finite limits. If consumers are given information which exceeds their processing capacity, information overload is said to exist and results in less effective decision making. The relationship between information overload and linguistic ability was investigated in this study. Americans and Hispanics were presented with varying amounts of consumer information in their native and non‐native language. As predicted, information can act as a stressor, affecting decision making in a non‐native language prior to affecting decision making in a dominant language. Information overload occurred sooner in Hispanics and Americans when consumer information was presented in their non‐dominant language.
An archaeological examination of ethnic differences in body care rituals
Authors: Wallendorf Melanie , Nelson Daniel
Published: July 2007

Body care rituals as expressions of cultural heritage passed intergenerationally through childhood socialization were expected to show variation across income matched groups from two ethnic origins (Anglos and Mexican‐Americans). The contents of 1595 collections of household refuse were coded to determine level of usage of products used in body care rituals by two income groups of Hispanics and two income‐matched groups of Anglos. Findings regarding group differences in patterns of usage of personal cleansers, household cleansers, oral hygiene products, odor fighters, hair care products, skin care products, cosmetics, feminine protection products, over‐the‐counter drugs, and aspirin are reported. These findings are interpreted using several alternative theoretical perspectives including body cathexis, status, and role theory, attempts to capture the ‘Good Life,’ pride in the body, and cultural heritage. Propositions for future research are suggested.
When consumers switch brands
Authors: Mazursky David , Labarbera Priscilla , Aiello Al
Published: July 2007

A proposed integrative approach measured consumer response to various incentives to switch brands. The response measure consisted of both actual behavior (i.e., switching behavior) and an evaluative measure, which underlies the behavior. Self‐perception theory was utilized to assess consumer switching behavior in response to intrinsic versus extrinsic motives. The integrative approach was tested in the context of a multistage longitudinal field study concerning five product classes. Findings show that there is a difference depending upon whether switching behavior was induced by extrinsic (e.g., price, coupon) or intrinsic (e.g., a desire to try a new brand) incentives. Unlike intrinsically induced switching, extrinsic incentives motivated consumers to switch despite a high level of satisfaction with the last purchased brand. However, this switching behavior resulted in weaker intentions to repurchase the new brand.
Attributional influences on consumers' desires to communicate about products
Authors: Curren Mary T. , Folkes Valerie S.
Published: July 2007

Three studies examined attributional antecedents of selected consumer communications about products. Study One used the critical incident technique to examine the types of attributions consumers make about product performance when they want to complain to or compliment a firm. Studies Two and Three systematically manipulated causal inferences to determine their effects on consumer desire to complain to a firm, compliment a firm, warn against, or recommend a product to other consumers. Results indicate that attributional locus (buyer‐related versus seller‐related), controllability (under volitional control versus uncontrolled), and stability (fluctuating versus stable) influence consumers' desires to communicate about products.
Decision‐making patterns among international vacationers: A cross‐cultural perspective
Authors: Moschis George P. , Bello Daniel C.
Published: July 2007

While there is a tendency to define world subcultures in terms of geographic or sociocultural criteria, the present research suggests that life styles may have become more homogeneous across geographic boundaries and could provide alternative ways of defining world subcultures. The study addresses the research question using international travel behavior. The results suggest that life style segmentation could be used to supplement geocultural criteria for defining world subcultures and formulating marketing strategy.
Inoculation theory and resistance to persuasion in marketing
Authors: Lessne Greg J. , Didow Nicholas M.
Published: July 2007

Marketing has benefitted tremendously by psychological theories of persuasion. Unfortunately marketers have not taken full advantage of the psychological perspectives upon instilling resistance to persuasion. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review and analysis of the extant research in psychology and marketing pertaining to resistance to persuasion. Directions for future research are also discussed.
Observation of a strategic household purchase decision
Authors: Grønhaug Kjell , Kleppe Ingeborg Astrid , Haukedal Willy
Published: July 2007

The present paper focuses on strategic household purchase decisions; i.e., major, complex buying decisions with long‐term bindings of economic resources. An in‐depth study of house buying in two‐career households demonstrated preferences (goals) to be ambiguous, and consequences to be modestly understood and partly uncovered after the purchase. Only a few alternatives were considered, and they were from different broad need‐satisfying categories such as purchase of apartment or house, or renting. No direct comparisons of alternatives were observed to take place. The purchase decisions were based on few, very crude decision criteria working as guidelines for judging whether or not the alternatives considered were acceptable, while the final choice seemingly was made according to an affect‐referral decision rule.
Personality profiles of marketing vs. r&d managers
Authors: Bush Alan J. , Lucas George H.
Published: July 2007

The critical importance of the marketing‐R&D interface in the new product development process is widely acknowledged in the marketing literature. Generally, problems in achieving a productive integration of the two departments has been blamed on differences in the orientations of the two areas. Previous studies have focused largely on organizational factors leading to a less than successful interaction. The present study, after considering the occupational choice literature, examines the overlooked dimension of personal differences as a key consideration in the interface. Using Cattell's 16 PF personality instrument, a study was conducted to compare and contrast the personalities of marketing and R&D managers in America's largest corporations. The results, consistent with studies of occupational choice, indicate that while there are some similarities between the two groups, several significant differences exist that can have strong implications for the ability of managers from the different areas to productively interface.
Consumer decision making across product categories: The influence of task environment
Authors: Hoyer Wayne D. , Cobb‐Walgren Cathy J.
Published: July 2007

This two‐part investigation examines consumer choice behavior across a total of nineteen different nondurable product categories. Study I utilized a mail questionnaire to measure decision heuristics. In Study II, shoppers were intercepted at the point of purchase. Results of both studies reveal considerable variation in choice rules within subjects and across decision contexts. An attempt is made to assess the importance of task environment variables, including extent of price variation, number of brands available, presence of shelf tags, amount of product class advertising, and amount of shelf space. The findings provide tentative support for the impact of contingent factors on the use of consumer choice tactics.
Sex‐role self‐concept measures and marketing: A research note
Authors: Stern Barbara B.
Published: July 2007

This paper reviews the sex‐role self‐concept measures developed before and after the 1970s used in marketing and consumer behavior research. The three most commonly used measures have been: CPI‐Fe in studies before 1971; PAQ between 1976–1978; BSRI from 1978‐present. Marketing studies have generally found that (1) biological sex is more influential than psychological sex traits, and (2) high masculinity is more influential than femininity traits. Socio‐economic changes during the 1970s, such as women's participation in the labor force and the shift from a manufacturing to a service economy, suggest future directions for gender research in the marketing areas of product, price, distribution, and promotion.
Computer interactive interviewing in survey research
Authors: Synodinos Nicolaos E. , Brennan Jerry M.
Published: July 2007

Software packages for microcomputer interactive questionnaires are becoming readily available to researchers in marketing, psychology, sociology, political science, etc. Preliminary findings suggest that the advantages of computerizing survey questionnaires generally outweigh the disadvantages. In addition, computer interactive questionnaires provide a practical means for conducting programmatic research, which includes the gamut from controls for order effects to investigations of basic psychological and social behaviors. Future studies should investigate in greater depth and with appropriate controls the strengths, limitations and comparability of the new approaches vis‐à‐vis traditional techniques. In these studies the contribution of various branches of psychology can be substantial.