bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Encapsulation of isoquinoline in a polymer nanocontainer based on the CU-2-4 sulfocationite
Authors:   Institute of Coal Chemistry and Material Science, Altshuler Heinrich N. , Shkurenko Galina Yu. ,   Institute of Coal Chemistry and Material Science, Lyrschikov Sergey Yu. ,   Institute of Coal Chemistry and Material Science
Published: February 2021

The possibility of the encapsulation of isoquinoline in the nanocontainer on the matrix of the sulfonated copolymer based on styrene and divinylbenzene (CU-2-4 sulfocationite) has been researched. The encapsulation of isoquinoline in the nanocontainer on polymer matrix was performed by ion-exchange sorption from aqueous solutions. CU-2-4 sulfocationite in hydrogen and isoquinoline forms was studied by NMR and Fourier IR spectroscopy. In the 13C NMR spectra of solid-state samples of the CU-2-4 cation exchanger in the isoquinoline form is observed additional resonance absorption band of 13C in the range of chemical shift 136 ppm, corresponding to the nodal carbon atom of the pyridine ring. The IR spectrum of the polymer containing the encapsulated isoquinoline be observed bands characteristic for skeletal vibrations in the area of isoquinoline fingerprints (1300-1600 cm-1) and the band of 938 cm-1 that corresponds to the deformation vibrations of the CH-group of pyridine ring, which is not in the spectrum of the H-form sulfocationite. The ion-exchange capacity of the nanocontainer based on СU-2-4 sulfocationite for isoquinoline was 5.5 meq/g. This corresponds to the content of ionogenic groups in the polymer. The dynamic ion-exchange capacity of sulfonated CU-2-4 cation exchanger during encapsulation of isoquinoline coincides with the ion-exchange capacity of sulfonated cation exchanger upon the release of isoquinoline from the polymer nanocontainer. The content of immobilized isoquinoline in the nanocontainer on the СU-2-4 matrix reaches 71 % by weight of the polymer. It is shown that isoquinoline is encapsulated and desorbed with the solution of hydrochloric acid at the same rate. Encapsulated isoquinoline is completely released from the polymer by desorption with the aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The half-life during sorption and desorption (release) of isoquinoline is approximately 400 seconds. It is shown that the encapsulated isoquinoline to be completely released from the polymer by desorption with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The kinetics of the encapsulation and release of isoquinoline from the nanocontainer based on CU-2-4 sulfocationite is determined by its diffusion in the polymer phase.
L’économie sociale et solidaire après la loi du 31 juillet 2014 : le « choc des cultures »
Authors: Bousquet Carole , Monties Vanessa , Richard Damien
Published: February 2021

La loi du 31 juillet 2014 sur l’économie sociale et solidaire élargit le périmètre du secteur. Outre les associations, coopératives, mutuelles et fondations qui en font partie du fait de leur statut, c’est dorénavant également le cas de certaines sociétés commerciales à condition qu’elles poursuivent un but social, qu’elles disposent d’une gouvernance participative et que leurs bénéfices soient majoritairement consacrés au maintien ou au développement de l’activité. Dans cet article, nous nous interrogeons sur les effets de cette loi – et de la reconnaissance de ce que l’on appelle « l’entrepreneuriat social » – au regard de trois enjeux essentiels : la place de l’entrepreneur, autrement dit la question du leadership ; le mode de gouvernance des organisations de l’ESS, la loi semblant accepter un glissement de sens d’une conception démocratique fidèle au principe « une personne = une voix » vers d’autres formes participatives n’impliquant pas que le pouvoir décisionnel des sociétés commerciales concernées soit dissocié de la propriété du capital ; la visée transformatrice et politique des organisations de l’ESS. Nos résultats suggèrent que même si le nombre de « sociétés commerciales de l’économie sociale et solidaire » reste à ce jour très limité, les changements sont profonds et inaugurent une nouvelle phase du développement de l’ESS.
FabLab : culture de l’apprentissage, compétences entrepreneuriales et employabilité
Authors: Dutot Vincent , Dominé Lucie , Van Horne Constance
Published: February 2021

Cette recherche exploratoire se positionne sous l’angle de la culture de communauté et d’apprentissage inhérente aux FabLabs, considérés ici comme des espaces de création. Dans cette perspective, l’employabilité est importante non seulement pour les individus qui souhaitent se lancer dans un voyage entrepreneurial, mais aussi pour les entreprises qui ont besoin de travailleurs qualifiés, en particulier dans l’industrie 4.0. Nos entretiens permettent de mieux caractériser une culture de l’apprentissage spécifique aux FabLabs – le «  Do it yourself  », le «  Do it with others  », l’apprentissage par erreur, le partage des connaissances au sein d’une même communauté de travail, etc. – qui sont aujourd’hui des qualités dont les entreprises et au-delà toutes les organisations ont besoin pour affronter un monde de plus en plus changeant et incertain.
The development of equating application for computer based in physics HOTS category
Authors: Supriyati Yetti , Iriyadi Deni , Falani Ilham
Published: February 2021

This study aims to develop a score equating application for computer-based school exams using parallel test kits that have 25% anchor items, the items are arranged according to the HOTS (High Order Thinking Skill) category and use a scientific approach according to the characteristics of physics lessons. So that the questions are made using stimulus, options, logical and systematic. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D), which begins with an analysis of the current needs of schools and takes advantage of technological developments so that it makes it easier for schools to organize, and then continued in the literature study to design a school exam model with its devices. Items as instruments for school exams were analyzed using the RASCH model. The principle of equating used in application development is the linear equating method.
Corporate Exercise and the Borders of Privilege: The Trades of Paris in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Marraud Mathieu
Published: February 2021

The efficacy of privilege under the Old Regime, especially as concerning the economy, is an oft-repeated postulate of historiography. The contexts in which it was used often came under the activities of the law or the police, and the privilege of guilds was far from being any exception. There were many struggles in activating these privileges, due to their near-permanent disputation, a disputation which constituted the very heart and the viability of corporatism. This is why we must investigate the application of these privileges. At the same time, without renouncing the idea their real efficacy, we must displace them to their own margins, their borders. At their outer limits, privileges stood in opposition to other trades, which were thus excluded from such and such a sector of sale or manufacture. This did not result in the application of norms and qualities to a finite set of merchandise and commercial positions. Rather, trade privileges were mainly aimed at precluding others from these same norms and qualities, the same merchandise and postures. Privilege also served to blur the indeterminate lines of demarcation concerning those same elements with regards to the holder of said privilege. Thus, we must look at this border as the site of a real social connection, where professional identities and individual careers were continually brought into play, and where, especially, the border between merchant/craftsman categories was constantly shifting.
What is the boundary between public and private? Some reflections, based on the royal domain
Authors: Cosandey Fanny
Published: February 2021

In a political society where service to the king and kingdom are passed down family lines – so, where public responsibilities are hereditary, where the monarch himself is simultaneously head of State and head of a lineage but sacrifices his inheritance to run the country – the boundary between public and private is problematic, to say the least. This article uses the royal domain to analyze how theorists of power under the Ancien Régime discussed the dividing line between the public and private spheres. The domain, the inheritance of the kings of France, was originally composed of possessions of the Capetian family but ownership gradually shifted to the crown, thus making them possessions of the State. Private rights then challenged collective interest in a history deeply shaken by the accession of Henri IV to the crown and the union of his holdings with the royal domain. The ensuing enquiry by legal advisors raised issues that are active to this day, ultimately shedding light on a central aspect of political construction both before and after the French Revolution. The connection between the dynastic nature of the monarchical regime and the assertion of sovereignty leads to a tension that opens the path of modernity, but without resolving one of the major contradictions of the system, in which the respect of personal or corporate acquisitions presupposed by privilege could upset an all-powerful dedicated to the benefit of all.
Beyond 2020: Moving Towards New Normal in Medical Education
Authors: Karunathilake I. M.
Published: February 2021

No abstract available
Assessment of Dental Undergraduate Students’ Skills in Local Anesthesia Administration: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Siddiqi K. M. , Qazi H. S. , Ali K. , Glanville R.
Published: February 2021

Objectives: To investigate the quantitative impact of experience on competence in local anesthetic administration amongst final-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) students. Methods: A Longitudinal cohort study design was employed. Purposive sampling was used to enrol final year BDS students and assess their competence longitudinally over a full academic year. The assessment criteria and scoring structure were reviewed during inspection of the institution by the regulator and the external examiner. Participants were assessed on four occasions, namely, after they had gained experience in performing 15, 40, 70 and 100 patient encounters involving local anesthetic administration. Results: A total of 177 participants who were assessed including 31 males (18%) and 146 females (82%). Assessment of the participants on four occasions provided a total of 885 data points. A chi-square test was carried out to test the hypothesis. Students in Group 4 with over 100 patient encounters were most likely to pass assessment, while students in 1 with 15 patient encounters were most likely to fail. There was a statistically significant variation in the proportion of ‘Below Standard’, ‘Meets Standard’ and ‘Exceeds Standard’ judgements awarded to students with differing levels of prior experience (p <0.001), confirming the research hypothesis. Data on differential performance of students by gender did not show significant differences. Conclusions: The results of this study show a linear relationship between the number of patient encounters involving administration of local anesthesia and demonstration of competency amongst final year dental students. Over 90% students achieved competence after performing 100 patient encounters.
Fulfillment of the Expected Roles of a Medical Teacher: Role of the Medical Education Department
Authors: Shrivastava S. R. , Shrivastava P. S.
Published: February 2021

The effective delivery of medical education to the aspiring students is a tough ask and it extends way beyond the delivery of knowledge. This is primarily because of the expectations of the community in terms of accountability, advances in the field of medicine, and the wide range of challenges which a student has to go through in the training period or the system has to face in terms of training number of students with the existing resources. In order to respond to these challenges, it is a must that the teachers keep improving their skills in all the roles expected of them and there arises the need to have a dedicated Medical Education Department (MED) within the institute. In conclusion, the constitution of a medical education department is a must in each and every medical institution. The department can play an important role in strengthening the teaching-learning, research activities, and improving the services profile of all the departments.
The Butyrate-Producing Bacterium Clostridium butyricum Suppresses Clostridioides difficile Infection via Neutrophil- and Antimicrobial Cytokine–Dependent but GPR43/109a-Independent Mechanisms
Authors: Hayashi Atsushi , Nagao-Kitamoto Hiroko , Kitamoto Sho , Kim Chang H. , Kamada Nobuhiko
Published: February 2021

Short-chain fatty acids, such as butyrate, are major gut microbial metabolites that are beneficial for gastrointestinal health. Clostridium butyricum MIYAIRI588 (CBM588) is a bacterium that produces a robust amount of butyrate and therefore has been used as a live biotherapeutic probiotic in clinical settings. Clostridioides difficile causes life-threatening diarrhea and colitis. The gut resident microbiota plays a critical role in the prevention of C. difficile infection (CDI), as the disruption of the healthy microbiota by antibiotics greatly increases the risk for CDI. We report that CBM588 treatment in mice significantly improved clinical symptoms associated with CDI and increased the number of neutrophils and Th1 and Th17 cells in the colonic lamina propria in the early phase of CDI. The protective effect of CBM588 was abolished when neutrophils, IFN-γ, or IL-17A were depleted, suggesting that induction of the immune reactants is required to elicit the protective effect of the probiotic. The administration of tributyrin, which elevates the concentration of butyrate in the colon, also increased the number of neutrophils in the colonic lamina propria, indicating that butyrate is a potent booster of neutrophil activity during infection. However, GPR43 and GPR109a, two G protein–coupled receptors activated by butyrate, were dispensable for the protective effect of CBM588. These results indicate that CBM588 and butyrate suppress CDI, in part by boosting antimicrobial innate and cytokine-mediated immunity.
User feedback on usefulness and accessibility features of mobile applications by people with visual impairment
Authors: Christy Beula , Pillai Aishwarya
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

This study aimed at compiling a catalog of mobile applications with accessibility features. The results are expected to provide useful insight into its usage in daily life.

Methods:

This study was conducted at the Institute for Vision Rehabilitation, Hyderabad in two steps. In step one 57 potentials mobile applications that were useful for persons with visual impairment were identified. In step two, these were explored by 15 participants and their feedback was analyzed through SPSS statistical package.

Results:

Fifteen mobile users who are visually impaired took part in the study whose mean age was 22 years. A total of 57 mobile applications were explored and rated as per the user's feedback on its usage and accessibility features. Overall rating of general applications ranged from 2.3 to 4.55 and the rating of exclusive applications designed for visually impaired ranged from 2.8 to 4.8. Compilation of catalog of mobile assistive software and its usage through the data generated from this study provides important information to the early mobile users with visual impairment. The built-in accessibility features of the apps that were originally developed for the general population is the constructive move by the app developers towards inclusion. The same should be reinforced that henceforth all-new applications to be accessible for people with disabilities to the standard prescribed by the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines.

Conclusion:

Mobile technology is a real boon to persons with visual impairment in enhancing their independence. The catalog on accessible mobile applications developed through this study is a valuable tool in providing information on a wider collection of apps to new mobile users.
Study 3
Authors: Pujari Amar , Sharma Namrata , Bafna Rahul K , Agarwal Divya
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

To describe the changes along nucleo-epinuclear and the opacity-capsular junction during hydrodelineation and the entire period of phacoemulsification using intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT).

Methods:

A total of 12 eyes of 12 patients with clinically confirmed posterior polar cataract, who underwent cataract surgery by a single surgeon under the direct guidance of iOCT. The changes along nucleo-epinuclear junction and opacity-capsular junction during/following hydrodelineation and the changes along the opacity-capsular junction following nucleus removal, capsular changes before the opacity removal, and its dynamic changes throughout the surgical procedure were studied.

Results:

The mean age of patients was 48.25 ± 7.89 years. Eight of them were males and the right eye was operated in seven patients. With regular hydrodelineation, optimal separation of the nucleus-epinuclear layer was evident in 11 patients. Once a golden ring is achieved through the hydro procedure, then repeated attempts can be performed within it to decrease the chances of capsular damage. Fracture of the posterior opacity with tension over the underlying capsule (n = 1), inadvertent hydro dissection while performing hydrodelineation (n = 1), continuous posterior capsular billowing (n = 2), and posterior capsular ruptures (n = 2) were encountered in this observation with even well-judged surgical maneuvering.

Conclusion:

iOCT provides a better understanding of real-time changes along different layers of the human lens during posterior polar cataract surgery. The observations obtained here are likely to help in minimizing inadvertent complications in the future.
Comparison of spectral domain optical coherence tomography parameters between disc suspects and “pre-perimetric” glaucomatous discs classified on disc photos
Authors: Shah Shruti Nitin , David Rathini Lilian , Parivadhini Annadurai , Lingam Vijaya , Balekudaru Shantha , George Ronnie Jacob
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to compare SD-OCT parameters between disc suspects and “pre-perimetric” glaucomatous discs classified on disc photos.

Methods:

Disc photos of suspicious discs with normal Humphrey visual fields (HVF) were graded as normal or pre-perimetric glaucomatous based on the consensus of three masked glaucoma specialists. RNFL and GCL-IPL maps of SD-OCT (Cirrus OCT) of these eyes were studied. Quantitative RNFL parameters were compared. Both groups were also compared with respect to parameters being classified as abnormal (at the 1% level), and the pattern of GCL-IPL and NFL maps were assessed qualitatively and classified as normal or pre-perimetric glaucomatous by a masked glaucoma specialist.

Results:

The average and inferior RNFL thicknesses were decreased in pre-perimetric glaucomatous eyes compared to normal eyes (p 0.01) The average, minimal, inferotemporal and inferior sector GCL-IPL thicknesses were decreased in pre-perimetric glaucomatous eyes (all P < 0.002) The highest AUC was for the inferior RNFL thickness (0.771) followed by average RNFL thickness (0.757) The sensitivity and specificity for any one abnormal RNFL parameter was 71.9% and 59.7%, for GCL-IPL parameters was 70% and 69.1% The positive (PLR) and negative likelihood ratios (NLR) were 1.78 and 0.47 for RNFL and 2.26 and 0.43 for GCL-IPL parameters. For the qualitative assessment of RNFL and GCL-IPL maps, the sensitivity, specificity, PLR and NLR were 75%, 77.2%, 3.29, and 0.32, respectively.

Conclusion:

Pre-perimetric disc suspects had greater OCT changes compared to normal disc suspects. Qualitative assessment of RNFL and GCL-IPL maps had the highest discriminatory ability.
Status of eye health among tribal school children in South India
Authors: Narayanan Anuradha , Krishnamurthy Sruthi Sree , Pandurangan Karthika , Ramakrishnan Bhavatharini , Ramajayam Hemamalini , Kumar R Krishna
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

Global trends show a high prevalence of refractive errors among children. The prevalence of vision impairment due to uncorrected refractive errors among school children is increasing and the need for management of other ocular conditions is also reported. This study presents the status of eye health and pattern of daily activities among the school children of a tribal location in Tamil Nadu, South India.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 13 schools of Karumandurai cluster, Salem district in Tamil Nadu, India. A three-phased comprehensive school screening protocol was conducted to understand the prevalence of vision impairment, refractive error, and other ocular conditions along with a survey about the daily activities of the children at school and home.

Results:

Among the 3655 children screened, the prevalence of vision impairment was found to be 0.62% (n = 23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42–0.94) and prevalence of refractive error was 0.30% (n = 11, 95%CI 0.17–0.54), among which 0.11% (n = 4) were already wearing spectacles. A total of 44 children (1.20%; 95%CI 0.90–1.61) were found to have other ocular problems and among them, 14 (0.38%) had visual acuity less than 20/30 (6/9). Almost 84% of children required surgical or specialty eye care services. Vision impairment was more in children with other ocular conditions compared to refractive errors (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The prevalence of vision impairment and refractive errors in this tribal area was less. Ocular conditions were more prevalent than refractive errors in this tribal region with the majority of children needing specialty or surgical eye care services. This implies the need for access to secondary or tertiary eye care centers.
Outcomes of 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy with encircling scleral band for acute retinal necrosis-related rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Authors: Moharana Bruttendu , Dogra Mohit , Singh Simar Rajan , Ravikumar Bhukya , Tigari Basavaraj , Katoch Deeksha , Singh Ankur , Singh Ramandeep
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anatomic and functional outcomes of 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy (25G PPV) with encircling scleral band (ESB) in patients with acute retinal necrosis (ARN)-related rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Methods:

Single-center retrospective interventional case series of patients who underwent 25G PPV with ESB for ARN-related RRD. Complete anatomic success was defined as the complete attachment of retina after primary PPV. Functional success was measured by the final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥20/400. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were also noted.

Results:

14 eyes of 13 patients were included in the study. Six patients (46.1%) were immunocompromised. The mean follow-up was 23.64 ± 9.95 (range 6-42) months. Silicone oil was used as tamponade in 13 eyes and C3F8 gas in one eye. After the primary PPV, complete anatomical success was seen in all eyes (100%), however, one eye developed phthisis bulbi after silicone oil removal (SOR). Statistically significant improvement of BCVA was seen, from LogMAR 2.03 ± 0.29 preoperatively to LogMAR 1.57 ± 0.63 postoperatively (p-value 0.014). Six eyes (42.9%) had functional success. Nine eyes (64.3%) had improvement in vision while 4 eyes (28.6%) maintained preoperative vision. 10 eyes (71.4%) underwent cataract surgery, nine eyes (64.3%) underwent SOR while 2 eyes (14.3%) had epiretinal membrane (ERM) under oil during follow-up.

Conclusion:

25G PPV combines the advantages of minimally invasive vitrectomy surgery while offering improved anatomic outcomes in patients with ARN-related RRD. The functional outcome varies depending on the status of the optic disc and macula.
Six years after manual small incision cataract surgery—Perspective from a secondary level eye hospital in Rural India
Authors: Sen Alo
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

We assessed the long-term impact of manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) in rural Central India using patient reported outcomes (PRO).

Methods:

841 patients undergoing MSICS by a single surgeon from January 2012 to July 2013 were included. The same patients were contacted telephonically in November 2019 and were asked to report their perceived outcome of the cataract surgery. Data on the fellow eye status were also collected. These data were compared with objective data recorded at the time of surgery.

Results:

The mean age was 61.53 ± 10.9 with 59% women. 96% had presenting visual acuity (VA) ≤5/60. 86% had visually significant cataract in the fellow eye; 2.5% were cataract blind. 85% had unaided VA ≥ 6/18 at 6 weeks. 223 patients were contactable by telephone after 6 years. 55 had expired and their relatives gave the information. Of these, 90% reported “good” outcome. PRO at 6 years and unaided VA at 6 weeks after surgery correlated significantly (P = 0.05). 40% had undergone cataract surgery of the fellow eye in the interim. Of those who reported “not good” outcome, 70% had undergone fellow eye surgery, compared with 38% in those who reported “good” outcome (P = 0.005).

Conclusion:

Telephonic PRO correlates with unaided VA 6 years after cataract surgery and could replace a follow-up visit. A PRO of poor vision in the already operated eye was the only factor correlating with fellow eye surgery.
Smartphone applications in ophthalmology
Authors: Aruljyothi Lokeshwari , Janakiraman Anuja , Malligarjun B , Babu Balasundaram Manohar
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

There is limited information in literature about the scope and usability of Smartphone Applications (Apps) in ophthalmology. Eye care professionals are therefore skeptical about the benefits of smartphone Apps and are reluctant to adopt it in their day to day practice. The purpose of this study was to provide an updated overview of all Apps exclusive to ophthalmology.

Methods:

This study was a quantitative analysis of Smartphone Apps exclusively designed for ophthalmic care. The Apple iPhone and Google play store were searched for eye care themed Apps. Any App related to eye treatment and management such as visual acuity screening, eye education, calculators, eBooks, Low Vision Aids were included in the study. Data on the purpose of the Apps, target end-users, validation, App usage, user ratings, and App developer qualifications were documented.

Results:

As of March 2020, a total of 131 Apps exclusively dedicated for eye care were identified. 53% (69/131) were available in iPhones, 44% (58/131) in Android smartphones, and 3% in both. 32% (41/131) Apps were designed for visual acuity (VA) screening, 13% (17/131) for eye relaxation exercises, 12% (15/131) for professional education, and the remaining for Apps detecting color blindness, low vision aids, and assistance and patient education. Among the 131 Apps, 6 (4.5%) Apps are claimed by the developers as validated.

Conclusion:

This study unveils a wide range of smartphone Apps exclusive to ophthalmology and suggests guidelines to choose an appropriate App. The study also highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in the design, development, and validation of such Apps.
Chemical disinfectants in ophthalmic practice
Authors: Parikh Shefali R , Parikh Rajul S
Published: February 2021

The instrumentation used in ophthalmic clinics can be a source of epidemics in health care set up. Contact tonometry with Schiotz or Applanation tonometer is associated with nosocomial epidemic keratoconjunctivitis outbreaks. Recently identified SARS-CoV-2 (COVID -19) spreads mainly via the respiratory route and fomites and can transmit through other body fluids, including tear film. Various ophthalmic instruments can become a common source of spreading cross infections. Chemical disinfection is one of the most common methods employed to decontaminate instruments and environmental surfaces and prevent transmission of infectious pathogens to patients through medical and surgical instruments. Various chemical disinfectants are available with a varied spectrum to work on a different group of organisms. In this article, we briefly cover commonly used chemical disinfectants in ophthalmic practice like Alcohol (Ethyl Alcohol, Isopropyl Alcohol), Chlorine-based solution (mainly Sodium Hypochlorite), Glutaraldehyde, Hydrogen Peroxide, Formaldehyde, Iodophors, and Quaternary Ammonium Compounds
Primary treatment of ocular surface squamous neoplasia with topical interferon alpha-2b
Authors: Shields Carol L , Constantinescu Alexandru B , Paulose Sefy A , Yaghy Antonio , Dalvin Lauren A , Shields Jerry A , Lally Sara E
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to evaluate tumor control of OSSN with topical IFNα2b alone based on tumor configuration (flat versus (vs.) dome-shaped).

Methods:

Retrospective, nonrandomized, interventional cohort study on 64 consecutive tumors in 63 patients with OSSN treated with topical IFNα2b. Topical IFNα2b (1 million international units/cc) was compounded and provided by the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital Pharmacy to be refrigerated and applied 4 times daily until biomicroscopic evidence of tumor resolution was observed.

Results:

The tumor configuration was flat (n = 15, 23%) or dome-shaped (n = 49, 77%). A comparison (flat vs. dome-shaped) revealed dome-shaped with older mean patient age at presentation (62 vs. 70 years, P = 0.04), greater patient history of smoking (13% vs. 42%, P = 0.04), greater corneal involvement (7% vs. 82%, P < 0.001), larger mean basal diameter (5.5 vs. 12.4 mm, P = 0.001) and mean thickness (1.9 vs. 4.3, P = 0.002), and longer mean duration IFNα2b therapy (3.7 vs. 6.3 months, P = 0.002). There was no difference in mean follow-up time (22.2 vs 23.1 months) or time to complete response (5.0 vs. 6.1 months). There was no difference in achievement of complete tumor control with IFNα2b alone (93% vs. 96%). There were no cases with metastasis or death.

Conclusion:

Topical IFNα2b alone shows excellent overall tumor control of 95% with no difference in efficacy based on tumor configuration.
Capacity building for diabetic retinopathy screening by optometrists in India
Authors: Rani Padmaja Kumari , Peguda Hari Kumar , Chandrashekher M , Swarna Sheeba , Jonnadula Ganesh Babu , James Jissa , Shinde Lakshmi , Bharadwaj Shrikant R
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

The present study's objectives are 1) to describe a novel model of Diabetic Retinopathy Capacity Building (DRCB) for optometrists in the detection of diabetes-related retinal pathology in India and 2) to assess the outcomes of this model by comparing the ability of optometrists to detect these diseases using retinal photographs, vis-à-vis, a specialist ophthalmologist.

Methods:

The DRCB model for optometrists conducted between August 2016 and August 2018 included training, certification in the screening, and referral guidelines for Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) and hospital-and community-based service delivery. Training included a 7-month long fellowship in DR and mentored participation as cofacilitators in 1-day orientation workshops on DR screening guidelines across India. The sensitivity and specificity of study optometrists in screening for DR by fundus photography were compared to a retina specialist before certification.

Results:

A total of eight optometrists successfully completed their DR fellowship in the project duration of 24 months. The sensitivity and specificity of detection of any DR were 95 and 79%, any Diabetic macular edema (DME) was 80 and 86%. The sensitivity and specificity of detection of sight threatening DR were 88 and 90% and DME was 72% and 92% respectively. Seven workshops were cofacilitated by study optometrists training 870 optometrists in DR screening guidelines across India.

Conclusion:

The present DRCB model results advocate for an optometry coordinated DR screening in India. Lessons learnt from this model can be useful in designing community-based task sharing initiatives for optometrists in DR screening.
Intraocular lens scaffold pupilloplasty
Authors: Sachdev Mahipal S , Narula Ritesh , Sudhamala Nirmala , Sachdev Gitansha S
Published: February 2021

Numerous techniques of pupilloplasty have been described to restore iris anatomy. However limitations arise in phakic eyes due to the propensity for crystalline lens damage. We describe a novel technique for pupilloplasty in phakic eyes, wherein a plate haptic intraocular lens or phakic intraocular lens provides a scaffold and protects the anterior crystalline lens from subsequent surgical manoeuvres. The technique is demonstrated in a 24-year-old male who presented four months following blunt trauma to his left eye, with complaints of glare and difficulty in near activities secondary to traumatic mydriasis. The use of an intraocular lens scaffold allowed successful pupilloplasty without iatrogenic tissue trauma or subsequent crystalline lens opacification up to one-year follow-up. Our technique affords a safe pupillary repair without damage to the clear crystalline lens or the need for a concomitant lens extraction.
COVID-19-associated papilledema secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis in a young patient
Authors: Ramesh Shruthy V , Ramesh Prasanna V , Ramesh Meena K , Padmanabhan Veenashankari , Rajasekaran Ramesh
Published: February 2021

The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been frequently associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this case report, an atypical presentation of COVID-19 in young with a thromboembolic event is reported. The patient initially presented with fever of unknown origin not responding to therapy. On examination, visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes with bilateral disc oedema and disc haemorrhage in the right eye. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein and D-Dimer were elevated. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) revealed features suggestive of cerebral venous thrombosis. Timely diagnosis and intervention have prevented a fatal outcome.
Profile of patients receiving intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections during COVID-19-related lockdown
Authors: Sindal Manavi D , Chhabra Kanika , Khanna Vaibhav
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to analyze the impact on vision due to delay in presentation of patients requiring intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injections, consequent to COVID-19-related travel restrictions.

Methods:

Data were collected retrospectively of patients who received anti-VEGF injections during four months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Visual acuities, indication for treatment were noted along with basic demographic characteristics.

Results:

Data were analyzed for 303 eyes of 263 patients. The indication for treatment was age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in 60 eyes (19.8%), while 162 eyes (53.5%) had Diabetic Macular Edema, 71 eyes (23.4%) had Retinal Vein Occlusion and 10 eyes (3.3%) had other diagnosis. The visual acuity in the treatment naïve eyes (Group A, n = 168) was significantly worse (P < 0.001) than those who presented for retreatment (Group B, n = 135). In Group B, there was a significant decline in vision for the entire cohort (P = 0.009) and those with AMD (P = 0.036). Those in Group B presented at a mean interval of 19.1 ± 10.6 (range, 4–64) weeks for retreatment.

Conclusion:

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a delay in patients receiving anti-VEGF injections. The visual acuity is worse in both treatment naïve as well as those requiring retreatment. This could have long-term impact on vision of patients requiring this vision preserving treatment.
Optometric education in the post-COVID-19 era
Authors: Ramani Krishna Kumar , Hussaindeen Jameel Rizwana
Published: February 2021

There is a massive disruption of the global economy and education due to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This has posed significant challenges and threats to the academic community, especially in health care where the learning and assessment are patient centered. Though blended learning had its emphasis in the pre-COVID-19 era, innovations are required to meet up to the increased demands on learning and assessment. This article uses an inductive approach and outlines the existing challenges, impact of COVID-19 era, the need for a mindset reframe, and the potential opportunities for innovations that underlie during these challenging times.
Propensity of aerosol and droplet creation during oculoplastic procedures
Authors: Gupta Roshmi , Pandey Khushboo , Thomas Rwituja , Basu Saptarshi , Shetty Bhujang , Shetty Rohit , Roy Abhijit Sinha
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

The study uses principles of liquid and gas mechanics to verify and quantify the generation of aerosols in oculoplastic procedures, namely surgery using a scalpel, electrosurgical device, and a mechanized drill.

Methods:

Surgical techniques were performed ex vivo using the electrosurgical device, scalpel, and mechanized drill on the muscle and bone of commercially available chicken. The liquid and gas dynamics were observed using a high-speed high-resolution Photron SA5 camera (0.125 to 8 ms temporal resolution, 0.016 to 0.054 mm/pixel spatial resolution) and stroboscopic lighting (Veritas 120 E LED Constellation). The analysis was performed using in-house algorithms and ImageJ software.

Results:

The use of a mechanized drill at 35000 rpm and a 3 mm fluted burr generated aerosol with particle size 50 to 550 microns with a spread of 1.8 m radius. Surgical smoke was generated by an electrosurgical device in both cutting and coagulation modes. Dispersion of the smoke could be controlled significantly by the use of suction, mean smoke spread ratio being 0.065 without suction and 0.002 with use of suction within 2 cm.

Conclusion:

The quantification of the aerosol generation will help surgeons take practical decisions in their surgical techniques in the pandemic era.
COVID-19 and Eye
Authors: Sen Mrittika , Honavar Santosh G , Sharma Namrata , Sachdev Mahipal S
Published: February 2021

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has had health implications of unprecedented magnitude. The infection can range from asymptomatic, mild to life threatening respiratory distress. It can affect almost every organ of the body. Ophthalmologists world over are reporting various manifestations of the infection in the eye. This review was undertaken to help ophthalmologists recognize the possible manifestations and the stage of the viral disease when they commonly appear. Literature search was performed for the publications on ophthalmic manifestations of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) between January 1, 2020 and January 31, 2021. 46 case reports, 8 case series, 11 cross sectional/cohort observational studies, 5 prospective interventional studies, 3 animal models/autopsy studies and 6 reviews/meta-analysis were included. Conjunctivitis is the most common manifestation and can develop at any stage of the disease. Direct effect due to virus, immune mediated tissue damage, activation of the coagulation cascade and prothrombotic state induced by the viral infection, the associated comorbidities and drugs used in the management are responsible for the findings in the eye. The viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been isolated from ocular tissues but the role of eye as a route for infection is yet to be substantiated. Ophthalmic manifestations may be the presenting feature of COVID-19 infection or they may develop several weeks after recovery. Ophthalmologists should be aware of the possible associations of ocular diseases with SARS-CoV-2 in order to ask relevant history, look for specific signs, advise appropriate tests and thereby mitigate the spread of infection as well as diagnose and initiate early treatment for life and vision threatening complications.
Ophthalmic manifestations in the COVID-19 clinical spectrum
Authors: Kumar K Kiran , Sampritha UC , Prakash Akshata A , Adappa Karishma , Chandraprabha S , Neeraja TG , Guru Prasad N S , Basumatary Jessica , Gangasagara Suresh Babu , Sujatha Rathod B L , Jayanthi Chakravarthy Raghunathan
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and various types of ophthalmic manifestation of patients with COVID-19.

Methods:

This is a prospective observational study conducted on patients with SARS-Co-V-2 infection, at a dedicated tertiary COVID-19 hospital in South India from April 1 to July 31, 2020. At the time of their admission to the COVID hospital, demographic data such as name, age, sex was recorded. A thorough history regarding the onset, duration, progression, nature of symptoms and its associated factors, medication history, treatment history were elicited and documented. Ocular examination was performed under torchlight by an ophthalmologist posted for COVID duty. Further investigations including imaging were sought for, depending on clinical indications. Serial follow-up examinations of all patients were carried out every 72 hours or when patients complained of any ocular symptoms whichever earlier, until discharge. All relevant data were compiled and statistically analyzed.

Results:

A total of 2742 patients were examined. Of them, 1461 (53.28%) were males and 1281 (46.72%) were females. The mean age (±SD) was 39.46 ± 17.63 years. None of the patients in our study had any ocular symptoms or signs as the presenting complaint at the time of their admission. On subsequent follow-up, only 20 (0.72%) developed ocular manifestations, of which 19 (95%) had features suggestive of Bilateral viral conjunctivitis. However, 1 (5%) patient had orbital cellulitis secondary to pansinusitis.

Conclusion:

Ophthalmic manifestations in the clinical spectrum of COVID-19 infection are uncommon and unlikely to be the presenting clinical impression. However, it has broadened our view to a wider spectrum of COVID-19 presentations enhancing our clinical acumen for staunch detection of COVID-19 suspects in our daily practice, augmenting early diagnosis and management and also break the chain of transmission for the greater good of humanity.
Proteomics-based approach for differentiation of age-related macular degeneration sub-types
Authors: Sivagurunathan Sivapriya , Selvan Lakshmi Dhevi N , Khan Aafaque Ahmad , Parameswaran Sowmya , Bhattacharjee Harsha , Gogoi Krishna , Gowda Harsha , Keshava Prasad T. S. , Pandey Akhilesh , Kumar S Ashok , Rishi Pukhraj , Rishi Ekta , Ratra Dhanashree , Bhende Muna , Janakiraman Narayanan , Biswas Jyotirmay , Krishnakumar Subramanian
Published: February 2021

Purpose:

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the leading causes of irreversible central vision loss in the elderly population. The current study aims to find non-invasive prognostic biomarkers in the urine specimens of the AMD patients.

Methods:

Peripheral blood and urine samples were collected from 23 controls and 61 AMD patients. Genomic DNA was extracted from the buffy coat of peripheral blood. Allele specific PCR was used to assay SNPs in complement factor H (CFH), complement component 3 (C3). Comparative proteomic analysis of urine samples from early AMD, choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM), geographic atrophy (GA), and healthy controls was performed using isobaric labelling followed by mass spectrometry. Validation was performed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results:

Comparative proteomic analysis of urine samples identified 751 proteins, of which 383 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in various groups of AMD patients. Gene ontology classification of differentially expressed proteins revealed the majority of them were involved in catalytic functions and binding activities. Pathway analysis showed cell adhesion molecule pathways (CAMs), Complement and coagulation cascades, to be significantly deregulated in AMD. Upon validation by ELISA, SERPINA-1 (Alpha1 antitrypsin), TIMP-1 (Tissue inhibitor of matrix metaloprotease-1), APOA-1 (Apolipoprotein A-1) were significantly over-expressed in AMD (n = 61) patients compared to controls (n = 23). A logistic model of APOA-1 in combination with CFH and C3 polymorphisms predicted the risk of developing AMD with 82% accuracy.

Conclusion:

This study gives us a preliminary data on non-invasive predictive biomarkers for AMD, which can be further validated in a large cohort and translated for diagnostic use.
Foreste e servizi ecosistemici culturali: mappatura su larga scala utilizzando un approccio partecipativo
Authors: Prete Carmelina , Cozzi Mario , Viccaro Mauro , Sijtsma Frans
Published: February 2021

The valorisation of Cultural Ecosystem Services (CESs) of forests is closely linked to the society involvement with regard to the role of recreational, spiritual and symbolic services of forest resources. In this direction, the aim of the study was to increase the knowledge of forest CESs, analysing the people’s preferences on natural areas by a web-based participatory GIS. The analysis shown the possibility to explicit not only the recreational component, but also the other components of CESs. Therefore, the mapping of CES on a large scale could be used for planning and management activities with an increase in awareness of local communities with respect to the natural resources present in the territory.
Pastoral challenges experienced by the Biblical character Job and a brief ‘Theology of Suffering’
Authors: Jibiliza Xolisa
Published: February 2021

In this paper the researcher investigates the pastoral challenges experienced by the biblical character named Job. The main message of the book of Job is the theme of theodicy or why do bad things happen to good people. The central inquiry of theodicy is to clarify how an omnipotent, omnipresent and omniscient God allows bad things to transpire in the world and this applies equally to those in anguish or to those observing suffering. In times of suffering, Jews and Christians alike may turn to the Book of Job where God permits Satan to test Job. Satan submits that Job would not adore God if God did not defend him. This research paper also sought to sight challenges encountered by Job with their description and analysis in the light of Job’s faith in God. The research critiques the various pastoral care interventions offered to Job by different characters in this book of Job. Finally the researcher develops a theology of suffering and he focuses on this in the conclusion.
Human Rights and Eastern Orthodox Understanding and Teachings for a Troubled World
Authors: Onumah Joseph Mensah , Nicolaides Angelo
Published: February 2021

A discourse of human rights applies to the relations between individuals and relations between them and the state. However, from an Eastern Orthodox perspective, Biblical law diverges, and applies to even the responsibilities of entities towards themselves and their responsibilities towards God the Creator. There is a seemingly increasing declaration that human rights standards are being kept, but it is also apparent that the issue has been wavering globally for numerous years. It is clear that the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the destruction of the democratic fabric of the social order on which the defence of human rights is finally contingent. The question this article seeks to answer is what is the understanding of the Eastern Orthodox faith when it comes to human rights issues and what is the Church in general doing to assist in mitigating these? What is the relationship between Orthodoxy and human rights and what part does it play in the advancement of human rights? How can Orthodox teachings contribute to the protection of the dignity of the individual? The concept of ethics and human rights are positive formulations, the two seen as quality features of the Universal Creator, with ethics being the relevant catalyst to human rights and relations. Human rights are therefore expected to shape the living of man as ethics motivates human performance.