bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salivary simulation with ascorbic acid enhances sonographic diagnosis of obstructive sialadenitis
Authors: Bozzato Alessandro , Hertel Victoria , Bumm Klaus , Iro Heinrich , Zenk Johannes
Published: May 2009

Purpose.

High‐frequency ultrasound (US) is routinely used to evaluate various diseases of the salivary glands. Normally, the duct network of the submandibular and parotid glands is not visible during US assessment. In obstructive sialadenitis of the parotid and submandibular glands, localization of the obstacle is often difficult.

Methods.

In a case‐control study, the sonographic visibility of the duct before and after stimulation with oral ascorbic acid (vitamin C) was compared with sialendoscopy as the gold standard. Twenty male and 23 female patients suffering from salivary gland diseases were included in this study and compared with 25 healthy volunteers. US examination of the parotid and submandibular glands was performed before and after oral ascorbic acid stimulation. Changes in visibility of the main excretory duct were recorded and US diagnoses were compared with results of sialendoscopy.

Results.

In 7 of 25 controls, the main duct became partially visible after stimulation. In the group of 43 patients, the main duct was depicted before stimulation in 27 patients (63%). After ascorbic acid stimulation, the main duct became visible in 41 patients (95%). Grading the stimulated duct dilation by measuring diameters at different points revealed no correlation with the underlying type of pathology.

Conclusions.

Application of ascorbic acid prior to diagnostic US examination facilitates the sonographic evaluation of obstructive salivary gland diseases. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
Is thermal oxidation at different temperatures suitable to isolate soil organic carbon fractions with different turnover?
Authors: Helfrich Mirjam , Flessa Heiner , Dreves Alexander , Ludwig Bernard
Published: May 2009

Findings of previous studies suggest that there are relations between thermal stability of soil organic matter (SOM), organo‐mineral associations, and stability of SOM against microbial decay. We aimed to test whether thermal oxidation at various temperatures (200°C, 225°C, 275°C, 300°C, 400°C, or 500°C) is capable of isolating SOM fractions with increasing stability against microbial degradation. The investigation was carried out on soils (Phaeozem and Luvisol) under different land‐use regimes (field, grassland, forest). The stability of the obtained soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions was determined using the natural‐13C approach for continuously maize‐cropped soils and radiocarbon dating. In the Luvisol, thermal oxidation with increasing temperatures did not yield residual SOC fractions of increasing microbial stability. Even the SOC fraction resistant to thermal oxidation at 300°C contained considerable amounts of young, maize‐derived C. In the Phaeozem, the mean 14C age increased considerably (from 3473 y BP in the mineral‐associated SOC fraction to 9116 y BP in the residual SOC fraction after thermal oxidation at 300°C). An increasing proportion of fossil C (calculated based on 14C data) in residual SOC fractions after thermal oxidation with increasing temperatures indicated that this was mainly due to the relative accumulation of thermally stable fossil C. We conclude that thermal oxidation with increasing temperature was not generally suitable to isolate mineral‐associated SOC fractions of increasing microbial stability.
Sulfur in soils
Authors: Wilhelm Scherer Heinrich
Published: May 2009

Sulfur (S) deficiency of crops, which has been reported with increasing frequency over the past two decades on a worldwide scale, is a factor that reduces yield and affects the quality of harvested products. Especially in Western European countries, incidence of S deficiency has increasingly been reported in Brassicaceae. For this reason, more attention should be paid to the optimization of S‐fertilizer application, in order to cover plant S requirements whilst minimizing environmental impacts. In soils, S exists in inorganic and organic forms. While sulfate (SO$ _4^{2-} $), which is a direct S source for plants, contributes up to 5% of total soil S, generally more than 95% of soil S are organically bound. Organic S is divided into sulfate ester and carbon‐bonded S. Although not directly plant‐available, organically bound S may potentially contribute to the S supply of plants, especially in deficiency situations. Sulfur turnover involves both biochemical and biological mineralization. Biochemical mineralization, which is the release of SO$ _4^{2-} $ from the ester sulfate pool through enzymatic hydrolysis, is controlled by S supply, while the biological mineralization is driven by the microbial need for organic C to provide energy.
A comparison of PTSD symptom patterns in three types of civilian trauma
Authors: Kelley Lance P. , Weathers Frank W. , McDevitt‐Murphy Meghan E. , Eakin David E. , Flood Amanda M.
Published: May 2009

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is assumed to be an equivalent syndrome regardless of the type of traumatic event that precipitated it. However, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and previous research suggest that the clinical presentation of PTSD varies by trauma type. This study compared PTSD symptom profiles in three types of civilian trauma: sexual assault (n = 86), motor vehicle accident (n = 162), and sudden loss of a loved one (n = 185). Groups differed in overall PTSD severity and displayed distinct PTSD symptom patterns. Results suggest that different trauma types lead to unique variants of the PTSD syndrome, which may result from different etiological factors and may require different treatment approaches.
Imagery rehearsal therapy for posttraumatic nightmares in U.S. veterans
Authors: Lu Mary , Wagner Amy , Van Male Lynn , Whitehead Ashlee , Boehnlein James
Published: May 2009

Imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) may help reduce residual nightmares and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in veterans after trauma‐focused PTSD treatment. Fifteen male U.S. veterans with PTSD and trauma‐related nightmares, who had not previously completed trauma‐focused PTSD treatment, attended 6 IRT group sessions. No benefits were observed immediately posttreatment. At 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up, however, trauma‐related nightmare frequency (nights/week) decreased (p < .01). The number of trauma‐related nightmares/week (p < .01), number of total nightmares/week (p < .05), and PTSD symptoms (p < .05) also decreased at 3 months. The overall F test for time was significant (p < .05) for nightmare severity and fear of sleep. No effects were found on measures of the impact of nightmares, sleep quality, or depression. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Parasympathetic reactivity to recalled traumatic and pleasant events in trauma‐exposed individuals
Authors: Arditi‐Babchuk Hadar , Feldman Ruth , Gilboa‐Schechtman Eva
Published: May 2009

Parasympathetic and heart rate (HR) reactivity to memories of traumatic and pleasant events were investigated in trauma‐exposed individuals (n = 40). Vagal tone and HR were recorded before, during, and following recall of traumatic and pleasant events. Posttraumatic stress (PTS) was related to blunted parasympathetic reactivity among trauma‐exposed individuals. Specifically, PTS severity was related to lower parasympathetic activation and lower recovery following trauma recall, and to lower parasympathetic activation (but not recovery) in response to a pleasant event recall. No association was observed between PTS severity and initial parasympathetic tone. However, PTS severity was associated with initial HR. Assessment of parasympathetic reactivity may enhance our understanding of the normative and pathological reactions to trauma and stress.
National laryngopharyngectomy and reconstructive surgery survey
Authors: Richmon Jeremy D. , Samji Hussein A. , Deschler Daniel G.
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To understand the various methods available to reconstruct total laryngopharyngectomy defects and to understand which, and to what degree, various factors influence the surgeon in choosing a particular reconstructive method.

Methods:

Otolaryngologists and plastic surgeons who perform head and neck reconstruction were surveyed regarding preference of laryngopharyngectomy reconstruction. Numerical and rank‐order data was analyzed using T statistics and Fisher exact test.

Results:

Two hundred surveys were mailed and 72 physicians (36% response rate) provided data, with otolaryngologists comprising 54% of the respondents. Otolaryngologists were more likely to consider voice (P = .003) and swallowing (P = .02) outcomes compared to plastic surgeons. In contrast, plastic surgeons more often included cosmesis (P = .05) among those factors influencing their reconstructive choice. However, rank‐order analysis demonstrated no statistical difference between plastic surgeons and otolaryngologists with respect to each factor.

Conclusions:

Our study sought to examine what motivates surgeons from several specialties to choose one reconstructive method over another for laryngopharyngeal defects. Otolaryngologists were more likely to consider voice and swallowing function in contrast to plastic surgeons, who more frequently included cosmesis as a factor. However, when physicians were asked to rank the importance of each of the eight factors from most to least important in influencing their reconstructive option, there was no statistical difference between plastic surgeons and otolaryngologists with respect to each factor. Further research is necessary to provide an evidence base for which reconstructive method offers the optimal functional restoration. Laryngoscope, 2009
Proteomic identification of serum biomarkers for head and neck cancer surveillance
Authors: Gourin Christine G. , Zhi Wenbo , Adam Bao‐Ling
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Serum protein profiling by SELDI‐TOF‐MS distinguishes pretreatment and post‐treatment samples from patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) by disease status (disease‐free or recurrence) with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. We sought to identify biomarkers for recurrence with potential utility for surveillance and incorporated 2‐D DIGE and MALDI‐TOF‐MS techniques to overcome the limitations of SELDI‐TOF‐MS in determining biomarker identity.

Methods:

Serum samples were collected prospectively from 143 HNSCC patients and analyzed based on disease status following treatment.

Results:

Recurrent HNSCC occurred in 46 patients. MALDI‐TOF‐MS following immunodepletion of major plasma proteins followed by 2‐D DIGE identified 181 proteins with differential expression between pretreatment and post‐treatment samples collected 6 months or more following treatment. Classification by disease status revealed significant differential expression of 16 proteins, with recurrent HNSCC associated with underexpression of kininogen and serine protease inhibitors C‐1 inhibitor, kininogen, angiotensinogen, serine/cysteine proteinase inhibitor clade G member 1, and overexpression of thiol‐specific antioxidant proteins (TSA), apolipoprotein A1 and proapolipoprotein, and epidermal cytokeratin 2.

Conclusions:

Serum protein profiling using 2D DIGE/MALDI‐TOF‐MS identifies proteins with significant differential expression in HNSCC based on disease status. Recurrent HNSCC was associated with underexpression of several protease inhibitors and kininogen, which has antiangiogenic properties, and overexpression of TSA, which is a free radical scavenger, as well as several forms of apolipoprotein A1 that may serve as a carrier molecule but may also indirectly promote tumor survival through kinase activation. This profile is consistent with a more aggressive disease variant and warrants further investigation. Laryngoscope, 2009
Morphometric bronchoscopy in adults with central airway obstruction: Case illustrations and review of the literature
Authors: Murgu Septimiu , Colt Henri G.
Published: May 2009

The severity of airway narrowing impacts ventilatory function, quality of life, and choice of therapy for patients with central airway obstruction. The quantification of airway caliber remains a subjective estimate that depends on patient positioning, technique, and operator experience. In this article, we describe how morphometric bronchoscopy, a software processing method whereby bronchoscopic digital images are analyzed in order to measure airway lumen diameter, can be used to objectively quantify the degree of airway narrowing in adult patients with central airway obstruction. Laryngoscope, 2009
Middle turbinate hinge flap for frontal recess obliteration following prior cranialization
Authors: Soler Zachary M. , Khalid Ayesha N. , Smith Timothy L.
Published: May 2009

Frontal sinus cranialization is an established procedure utilized in instances wherein the posterior table has been irreversibly compromised. A known complication of this procedure is pneumocephalus, which may develop if the frontal recess has not been fully separated from the cranialized sinus. We report 3 cases wherein massive pneumocephalus developed after cranialization of the frontal sinus. In each case, a novel endoscopic repair was undertaken utilizing a middle turbinate hinge flap to obliterate the frontal recess. In each instance, obliteration of the frontal recess resulted in durable resolution of pneumocephalus. Laryngoscope, 2009
Prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor‐C expression and lymphatic vessel density in supraglottic squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Baek Seung‐Kuk , Jung Kwang‐Yoon , Lee Sang‐Hag , Woo Jeong‐Soo , Kwon Soon‐Young , Chung Eun‐Jae , Kim Tae‐Hoon , Chae Yang‐Seok
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Regional lymph node metastases are very common findings of supraglottic cancer. The mechanism of lymphatic metastasis is as yet unknown because there have been no specific markers that could definitely distinguish lymphatic vessels from blood vessels. The aim of this study is to identify the prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor‐C (VEGF‐C) expression and lymphatic vessel density (LVD) in supraglottic cancer.

Study Design:

The prognostic value of the VEGF‐C and LVD was retrospectively evaluated in an unselected series of patients treated with curative intent for supraglottic cancer.

Methods:

We investigated lymphatic vessels in 43 subjects who had previously been diagnosed with supraglottic cancer. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with VEGF‐C, D2‐40, and CD31 monoclonal antibodies on the paraffin‐embedded tissues obtained from these patients. The association among the semiquantitative score of VEGF‐C stained cancer cells, the density of immunohistochemically stained microvessels, and the prognostic factors of supraglottic cancers were investigated to evaluate the prognostic significance.

Results:

VEGF‐C and LVD showed a statistically significant difference according to the presence of lymph node metastasis and regional recurrence (P < .05). VEGF‐C was only associated with disease‐free survival and regional recurrence in multivariate analysis (P < .05).

Conclusions:

VEGF‐C and LVD might be useful as predictors of the risk of lymph node metastasis and regional recurrence. Laryngoscope, 2009
Cartilage grafts in dorsal nasal augmentation of traumatic saddle nose deformity: A long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Mao Johnny , Carron Michael , Tomovic Senja , Narasimhan Kailash , Allen Shannon , Mathog Robert H.
Published: May 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To document the long‐term advantages and disadvantages of cartilage grafts used to correct traumatic saddle nose deformity. Additionally, to demonstrate functional improvement and cosmetic satisfaction with the use of this graft.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review and prospective follow‐up telephone survey of 20 patients after dorsal augmentation of saddle nose deformity secondary to trauma.

Methods:

This is a single‐surgeon, single‐institution investigation within an academic tertiary care medical center. All patients presented for correction of saddle nose deformity after trauma, and cartilage grafts were used for augmentation of the dorsum. Minimum postoperative follow‐up period of 1 year was required. A modified and expanded Nasal Obstructive Symptoms Evaluation survey, which included questions pertaining to the appearance of their nose, was used to assess both functional and cosmetic changes after surgery.

Results:

Only 1 of the 20 patients was dissatisfied with the overall outcome. Three (15%) were extremely satisfied, 12 (60%) were very satisfied, three (15%) were somewhat satisfied, and one (5%) was indifferent. In terms of function, four (20%) experienced excellent relief in nasal obstruction, five (25%) moderate relief, four (20%) mild relief, and seven (35%) noted no difference. Regarding cosmesis, two (10%) noted excellent improvement, three (15%) moderate improvement, nine (45%) mild improvement, and five (25%) noted no significant change. One (5%) patient reported worsening due to tip edema. Mean follow‐up time was 6.8 years.

Conclusions:

Autogenous cartilage grafts are useful in the correction of mild to moderate traumatic saddle nose deformity. The graft is readily available, preserves long‐term structural stability, and achieves functional and cosmetic satisfaction in most patients. Laryngoscope, 2009
Solid‐state NMR spectroscopic studies on the interaction of sorbic acid with phospholipid membranes at different pH levels
Authors: Chu Shidong , Hawes John W. , Lorigan Gary A.
Published: May 2009

2H,31P, and1H‐magic‐angle‐spinning (MAS) solid‐state NMR spectroscopic methods were used to elucidate the interaction between sorbic acid, a widely used weak acid food preservative, and 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine (DMPC) bilayers under both acidic and neutral pH conditions. The linewidth broadening observed in the31P NMR powder pattern spectra and the changes in the31P longitudinal relaxation time (T1) indicate interaction with the phospholipid headgroup upon titration of sorbic acid or decanoic acid into DMPC bilayers over the pH range from 3.0 to 7.4. The peak intensities of sorbic acid decrease upon addition of paramagnetic Mn2+ions in DMPC bilayers as recorded in the1H MAS NMR spectra, suggesting that sorbic acid molecules are in close proximity with the membrane/aqueous surface. No significant2H quadrupolar splitting (ΔνQ) changes are observed in the2H NMR spectra of DMPC‐d54upon titration of sorbic acid, and the change of pH has a slight effect on ΔνQ, indicating that sorbic acid has weak influence on the orientation order of the DMPC acyl chains in the fluid phase over the pH range from 3.0 to 7.4. This finding is in contrast to the results of the decanoic acid/DMPC‐d54systems, where ΔνQincreases as the concentration of decanoic acid increases. Thus, in the membrane association process, sorbic acids are most likely interacting with the headgroups and shallowly embedded near the top of the phospholipid headgroups, rather than inserting deep into the acyl chains. Thus, antimicrobial mode of action for sorbic acid may be different from that of long‐chain fatty acids. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed finite element methods for incompressible flow: Stationary Stokes equations
Authors: Cai Zhiqiang , Tong Charles , Vassilevski Panayot S. , Wang Chunbo
Published: May 2009

In this article, we develop and analyze a mixed finite element method for the Stokes equations. Our mixed method is based on the pseudostress‐velocity formulation. The pseudostress is approximated by the Raviart‐Thomas (RT) element of index k ≥ 0 and the velocity by piecewise discontinuous polynomials of degree k. It is shown that this pair of finite elements is stable and yields quasi‐optimal accuracy. The indefinite system of linear equations resulting from the discretization is decoupled by the penalty method. The penalized pseudostress system is solved by the H(div) type of multigrid method and the velocity is then calculated explicitly. Alternative preconditioning approaches that do not involve penalizing the system are also discussed. Finally, numerical experiments are presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
Estimates of te and in prices from direct mining of known ores
Authors: Green Martin A.
Published: May 2009

Previous estimates of Te and In availability for large scale use in photovoltaics have been based on considerations such as present refining capacities or on reserves calculated from the concentration of these metals in their respective Cu and Zn primary ores. The present work considers the pricing required to support direct mining of these scarce metals from ores of presently known quality. By deriving a general relationship between the market price of metals and the quality of ores from which they are mined, estimates of the market price of Te and In if mined from available ores are obtained. This allows specification of ore grades required for economic photovoltaic exploitation. Known ore deposits meeting requirements are also surveyed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A proteomic approach identifies early pregnancy biomarkers for preeclampsia: Novel linkages between a predisposition to preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Blumenstein Marion , McMaster Michael T. , Black Michael A. , Wu Steven , Prakash Roneel , Cooney Janine , McCowan Lesley M. E. , Cooper Garth J. S. , North Robyn A.
Published: May 2009

Preeclampsia (PE) is a common, potentially life‐threatening pregnancy syndrome triggered by placental factors released into the maternal circulation, resulting in maternal vascular dysfunction along with activated inflammation and coagulation. Currently there is no screening test for PE. We sought to identify differentially expressed plasma proteins in women who subsequently develop PE that may perform as predictive biomarkers. In seven DIGE experiments, we compared the plasma proteome at 20 wk gestation in women who later developed PE with an appropriate birth weight for gestational age baby (n=27) or a small for gestational age baby (n=12) to healthy controls with uncomplicated pregnancies (n=57). Of the 49 differentially expressed spots associated with PE‐appropriate for gestational age, PE‐small for gestational age or both (p<0.05, false discovery rate corrected), 39 were identified by LC‐MS/MS. Two protein clusters that accurately (>90%) classified women at risk of developing PE were identified. Immunoblots confirmed the overexpression of fibrinogen γ chain and α‐1‐antichymotrypsin in plasma prior to PE. The proteins identified are involved in lipid metabolism, coagulation, complement regulation, extracellular matrix remodeling, protease inhibitor activity and acute‐phase responses, indicating novel synergism between pathways involved in the pathogenesis of PE. Our findings are remarkably similar to recently identified proteins complexed to high‐density lipoprotein and linked to cardiovascular disease.
Versatile ω‐end group functionalization of RAFT polymers using functional methane thiosulfonates
Authors: Roth Peter J. , Kessler Daniel , Zentel Rudolf , Theato Patrick
Published: May 2009

Five different polymers, poly[methyl methacrylate] (PMMA), poly[lauryl methacrylate] (PLMA), poly[diethylene glycol methacrylate] (PDEGMA), poly[N‐isopropylacrylamide] (PNIPA), and poly[styrene] (PS) prepared by the RAFT process and thus terminated with dithioesters were aminolyzed in the presence of S‐3‐butynyl methane thiosulfonate (MTS), which was synthesized in two steps. Analysis of the polymers by 2D NMR, UV–vis absorbance, and gel permeation chromatography revealed them to quantitatively carry acetylene end groups connected with disulfide bridges, indicating that functional MTS reagents can be employed for end group functionalization of RAFT polymers. This versatile method is of advantage compared with conjugations with functional maleimides, where isolation of terminal thiols is often required but inexpedient for poly[(meth)acrylates] because their terminal thiols may undergo backbiting and thus avoid conjugation. The acetylene‐terminated polymers were bound to an azide functionalized glass surface in a Cu(I) catalyzed cycloaddition. The modified surfaces exhibited water contact angles corresponding to the polarity of the attached polymers. In the case of the stimulus responsive polymers PNIPA and PDEGMA, the surfaces showed temperature‐dependent contact angles. The disulfide bond connecting the polymers to the surface could be selectively cleaved and resulted in all surfaces having the same contact angle, independent of the nature of the polymer prior attached to the surface. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 3118–3130, 2009
Near‐surface ground‐ice distribution, Kendall Island Bird Sanctuary, western Arctic coast, Canada
Authors: Morse P. D. , Burn C. R. , Kokelj S. V.
Published: May 2009

The variation in near‐surface ground‐ice content of the uppermost 1 m of permafrost was examined by drilling at 71 sites within the Kendall Island Bird Sanctuary of the outer Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories. Permafrost has aggraded in coastal low‐lying alluvial wetlands during the last 1500 to 500 years, and high near‐surface ground‐ice contents have developed in this saturated environment. In contrast, the ground ice in upland terrain has accumulated since the early Holocene. Permafrost in these uplands has a mean excess‐ice content of 24%, lower than in the alluvial wetlands (34%), and ground‐ice distribution is inherently more variable in upland terrain than in lowlands. Gravimetric moisture content is statistically related to soil organic‐matter content, but the organic‐matter content confounds the relation between gravimetric moisture and excess‐ice content due to its low bulk density. Topographically controlled moisture availability and soil organic‐matter content are important to ground‐ice distribution in uplands, given the order of magnitude increase in gravimetric moisture contents downslope, and the occurrence of massive ice lenses over 50 cm thick at the base of slopes. The potential mean subsidence of alluvial wetlands due to thawing of the uppermost 1 m of permafrost is 34 cm. Such subsidence would substantially increase the frequency of flooding for portions of this area. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and Her Majesty the Queen in right of Canada.
Characterisation of QoI‐resistant field isolates of Botrytis cinerea from citrus and strawberry
Authors: Ishii Hideo , Fountaine James , Chung Wen‐Hsin , Kansako Masanori , Nishimura Kumiko , Takahashi Kazuhito , Oshima Michiyo
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: In 2004, field isolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., resistant to strobilurin fungicides (QoIs), were first found in commercial citrus orchards in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Subsequently, QoI‐resistant isolates of this fungus were also detected in plastic strawberry greenhouses in Saga, Ibaraki and Chiba prefectures, Japan. Biological and molecular characterisation of resistant isolates was conducted in this study.

RESULTS: QoI‐resistant isolates of B. cinerea grew well on PDA plates containing kresoxim‐methyl or azoxystrobin at 1 mg L−1, supplemented with 1 mM of n‐propyl gallate, an inhibitor of alternative oxidase, whereas the growth of sensitive isolates was strongly suppressed. Results from this in vitro test were in good agreement with those of fungus inoculation tests in vivo. In resistant isolates, the mutation at amino acid position 143 of the cytochrome b gene, known to be the cause of high QoI resistance in various fungal pathogens, was found, but only occasionally. The heteroplasmy of cytochrome b gene was confirmed, and the wild‐type sequence often present in the majority of resistant isolates, indicating that the proportion of mutated cytochrome b gene was very low.

CONCLUSION: The conventional RFLP and sequence analyses of PCR‐amplified cytochrome b gene are insufficient for molecular identification of QoI resistance in B. cinerea. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of metsulfuron‐methyl residues in wheat field soil: a comparison of HPLC and bioassay techniques
Authors: Paul Rupak , Sharma Rajvir , Kulshrestha Gita , Singh Shashi Bala
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: Metsulfuron‐methyl is a low‐application‐rate sulfonylurea herbicide that is widely used to control broad‐leaved weeds in wheat. Owing to its persistent nature, its residues may be present at phytotoxic levels for the next crop in rotation. Therefore, a comparative evaluation of HPLC and bioassay techniques was made for the analysis of this herbicide in wheat field soil.

RESULTS: Metsulfuron‐methyl was applied to wheat crop at different rates (4, 8 and 12 AI ha−1) at 28 days after sowing as a post‐emergence application, and the soil was analysed for metsulfuron‐methyl residues by HPLC and lentil seed bioassay techniques. The bioassay was found to be the more sensitive technique. At the recommended rate of application, 4 g AI ha−1, the bioassay technique could detect the residue up to 30 days in surface soil, while, with HPLC, residues were not detectable on the 15th day. The half‐lives of metsulfuron‐methyl by HPLC and bioassay were calculated as 6.3–7.8 and 17.5 days respectively. Under field conditions, residues of metsulfuron‐methyl were also detected in subsurface soil by the bioassay technique at trace levels, but were not detected by the solvent extraction/HPLC method.

CONCLUSION: Lentil seed bioassay is a more sensitive technique than HPLC. Traces of residues detected in subsurface soil indicated the mobility of metsulfuron‐methyl into lower layers. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Inhibitory effects on bacterial growth and b‐ketoacyl‐ACP reductase by different species of maple leaf extracts and tannic acid
Authors: Wu Dan , Wu Xiao‐Dong , You Xue‐Fu , Ma Xiao‐Feng , Tian Wei‐Xi
Published: May 2009

It is important to develop new antibiotics aimed at novel targets. The investigation found that the leaf extracts from five maples (Acer platanoides, Acer campestre, Acer rubrum, Acer saccharum and Acer truncatum Bunge collected in Denmark, Canada and China) and their component tannic acid displayed antibacterial ability against 24 standard bacteria strains with the minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.3–8.0 mg/mL. Unlike the standard antibiotic levofloxacin (LFX), these samples inhibited Gram‐positive bacteria more effectively than they inhibited Gram‐negative bacteria. These samples effectively inhibited two antidrug bacterial strains. The results show that these samples inhibit bacteria by a different mechanism from LFX. These samples potently inhibited b‐ketoacyl‐ACP reductase (FabG), which is an important enzyme in bacterial fatty acid synthesis. Tannic acid showed the strongest inhibition on FabG with a half inhibition concentration of 0.78 mm (0.81 mg/mL). Furthermore, tannic acid and two maple leaf extracts showed time‐dependent irreversible inhibition of FabG. These three samples also exhibited better inhibition on bacteria. It is suggested that FabG is the antibacteria target of maple leaf extracts and tannic acid, and both reversible and irreversible inhibitions of FabG are important for the antibacterial effect. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Auraptene from Ferula szowitsiana protects human peripheral lymphocytes against oxidative stress
Authors: Soltani Fatemeh , Mosaffa Fatemeh , Iranshahi Mehrdad , Karimi Gholamreza , Malekaneh Mohammad , Haghighi Fatemeh , Behravan Javad
Published: May 2009

The antigenotoxicity effects of auraptene on DNA damage in human peripheral lymphocytes were studied using alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis. Auraptene at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µM was tested under simultaneous treatment with 25 µM H2O2. The data are expressed as % tail DNA and compared with ascorbic acid at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 µM. Auraptene significantly reduced the genotoxicity of H2O2 at concentrations higher than 25 µM (p < 0.001). Interestingly, the antigenotoxicity activity of auraptene was higher than ascorbic acid (p < 0.01), however, at some concentrations (25, 50 and 200 µM) there was no significant difference between auraptene and ascorbic acid (p > 0.05). It seems that the significant antigenotoxicity effects of auraptene may be due to the prenyl moiety and also the suppression of superoxide anion (O2−) generation. This study suggests that the antigenotoxic property of auraptene is of great pharmacological importance and might be beneficial for cancer prevention. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of CYSTUS052® and green tea on subjective symptoms in patients with infection of the upper respiratory tract
Authors: Kalus Ulrich , Kiesewetter Holger , Radtke Hartmut
Published: May 2009

Examples of medicinal herbs that have been perpetuated along several generations based simply on a folk tradition are Cistus and green tea. The principal active constituents of the genus Cistus and green tea are polyphenolic compounds. Polyphenols exhibit a wide range of antibacterial, antifungal and antiinflammatory effects.

The present work aimed to investigate the clinical effect of a Cistus extract (CYSTUS052®) in comparison with green tea on 300 patients with infections of the upper respiratory tract. Due to the lack of clinical study data on their efficacy in patients, this is a report of the findings of our study on the clinical efficacy of CYSTUS052® in patients with the upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs). This study observed a total of 300 patients (277 completers) treated with CYSTUS052® given in lozenges compared with treatment with an extract of green tea. The patients scored the subjective severity of target symptoms using a predefined scale.

The score of subjective symptoms decreased over the course of treatment with CYSTUS052®, whereas treatment with green tea resulted in a less significant decrease of symptoms. CYSTUS052® therefore proved to be an effective adjuvant for the treatment of respiratory infections. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation energies of the intermetallic compounds at the ground and thermally excited states determined by the ab initio energetic calculation and calorimetric measurement
Authors: Morishita M. , Yamamoto H. , Shikada S. , Kusumoto M. , Matsumoto Y. , Onoue A. , Nishimura N. , Ohtani H.
Published: May 2009

To provide for the future progression of the theoretical calculations beyond the adiabatic approximation by taking account of not only the electronic wave functions but also the nuclear wave functions, the formation energy, ΔfEtotal, determined experimentally from the ground state to the thermally excited state is inevitably necessary. In the present study, for each intermetallic compounds of the Mg‐Zn and Mg‐La binary systems, the standard enthalpy of formation, ΔfH, which is defined as the sum of ΔfEtotal and the volume work, pΔfV, was determined from 2 K to high temperature by combining solution calorimetry with heat capacity measurement. Because the pΔfV term for solids is negligibly small, the ΔfEtotal values at T are approximately equal to the measured ΔfH values. Thus the ΔfEtotal values obtained extrapolated to 0 K from the data measured near 2 K were consistent with ones obtained by the ab initio FLAPW energetic calculation. Temperature dependences of the ΔfEtotal values were small below 20 K. However, the ΔfEtotal values over 20 K decreased linearly as a function of temperature due to the enhanced lattice vibration. In the near future, the ΔfEtotal values obtained in the present study will be used for constructing the nuclear wave functions in solids. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Zero‐phonon line profiles in Markovian and non‐Markovian schemes in high‐temperature systems: Applications to glassy water and ethanol
Authors: Toutounji Mohamad M.
Published: May 2009

This article mainly presents applications of previously derived formulas by the author to experimental systems whereby the Markovian and non‐Markovian multimode Brownian oscillator (MBO) model and their consequent dynamics are explored. These applications include computing the zero‐phonon line (ZPL) widths of aluminum phthalocyanine tetrasulphonate (APT) in glassy films of water and ethanol, which are compared to those of the Ohmic MBO model‐calculated ZPL widths at different temperatures. The analytical forms of the ZPL width and Franck–Condon factors (FCF) derived from the high‐temperature limit underdamped MBO model absorption line shape (Toutounji, Chem Phys, 2003, 293, 311) are recovered from the finite‐temperature MBO model, which includes Matsubara terms (Toutounji and Small, J Chem Phys, 2002, 117, 3848). As the applicability of the Ohmic MBO model at low temperatures is questionable, the corresponding low‐temperature (T) Markovian dynamics is discussed. A formula for the Ohmic MBO model ZPL FCF at T = 0 is presented. It is established that this formula reduces to e−S, S is Huang–Rhys factor, at T = 0, which further ratifies our previous conclusion (Toutounji and Small, J Chem Phys, 2002, 117, 3848) that the bath modes are completely thwarted from contributing to the ZPL profile at this T. Hayes–Small theory of linear absorption and hole‐burning line shapes is discussed and compared to that of the MBO model and other line shapes. Overdamped Ohmic MBO model is briefly discussed. Illustrative calculations are presented. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Laser control of photodissociation process in diatomic molecule
Authors: Tawada A. , Sugimori K. , Sano M. , Taniguchi S. , Nagao H. , Nishikawa K.
Published: May 2009

In this work, we first aim to realize the complete laser‐induced photodissociation of the OH molecule, and then intend to control the wavepacket generated on the continuum state, i.e., to achieve the laser control of the above‐threshold dissociation (ATD) spectrum. To numerically solve the Schrödinger equation, we adopt the split operator method (SOM), which conserves the norm of the state vector, and can treat both discrete and continuum states simultaneously and correctly. This photodissociation process induced by the multiphoton absorption involves the ATD spectrum due to the continuum‐continuum transition by the intense electric field. First, we investigate the detailed mechanism of the complete photodissociation with the one‐color laser pulse by changing the laser parameters. Then, we investigate the control of the ATD spectrum by using the two‐color laser field, where we focus on the role of the relative phase and position of two laser pulses. To analyze the population of both discrete and continuum states involved in the resultant wavepacket, we show the effective method by means of the quasicontinuum state on the Morse potential obtained by numerically diagonalizing the Fourier grid Hamiltonian (FGH). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Matrix‐less laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry of polyphenols in red wine
Authors: Spáčil Zdeněk , Shariatgorji Mohammadreza , Amini Nahid , Solich Petr , Ilag Leopold L.
Published: May 2009

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) of small molecules is challenging and in most cases impossible due to interferences from matrix ions precluding analysis of molecules <300–500 Da. A common matrix such as ferulic acid belongs to an important class of compounds associated with antioxidant activity. If the shared phenolic structure is related to the propensity as an active MALDI matrix then it follows that direct laser desorption/ionisation should be possible for polyphenols. Indeed matrix‐less laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry is achieved whereby the analyte functions as a matrix and was used to monitor low molecular weight compounds in wine samples. Sensitivity ranging from 0.12–87 pmol/spot was achieved for eight phenolic acids (4‐coumaric, 4‐hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, ferulic, gallic, protocatechuic, syringic, vanillic) and 0.02 pmol/spot fortrans‐resveratrol. Additionally, 4‐coumaric, 4‐hydroxybenzoic, caffeic, ferulic, gallic, syringic, vanillic acids andtrans‐resveratrol were identified in wine samples using accurate mass measurements consistent with reported profiles based on liquid chromatography (LC)/MS. Minimal sample pre‐treatment make the technique potentially appropriate for fingerprinting, screening and quality control of wine samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative study of matrices for their use in the rapid screening of anabolic steroids by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Galesio M. , Rial‐Otero R. , Capelo‐Martínez J.‐L.
Published: May 2009

New data on sample preparation and matrix selection for the fast screening of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) is presented. The rapid screening of 15 steroids included in the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) prohibited list using MALDI was evaluated. Nine organic and two inorganic matrices were assessed in order to determine the best matrix for steroid identification in terms of ionisation yield and interference by characteristic matrix ions. The best results were achieved for the organic matrices 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) and trans‐3‐indoleacrylic acid (IAA). Good signals for all the steroids studied were obtained for concentrations as low as 0.010 and 0.050 µg/mL on the MALDI sample plate for the HABA and IAA matrices, respectively. For these two matrices, the sensitivity achieved by MALDI is comparable with the sensitivity achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), which is the conventional technique used for AAS detection. Furthermore, the accuracy and precision obtained with MALDI are very good, since an internal mass calibration is performed with the matrix ions. For the inorganic matrices, laser fluences higher than those used with organic matrices are required to obtain good MALDI signals. When inorganic matrices were used in combination with glycerol as a dispersing agent, an important reduction of the background noise was observed. Urine samples spiked with the study compounds were processed by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and the screening was consistently positive. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
K08: a generalized BB84/B92 protocol in quantum cryptography
Authors: Kartalopoulos Stamatios V.
Published: May 2009

Modern optical networks transport aggregate traffic that exceeds 1 Tbps per single fiber. Thus, the next generation backbone and access optical network will be able to transport to/from residential and enterprise customers multi‐protocol diverse payloads, such as voice, video, music, text, interactive games, surveillance, business transactions, and more at broadband rates (several Mbps) thus solving the first/last mile. Because of the diverse payload to the enterprise and to the residential customers, an opportunity is presented for malicious attacks to the network in order to copy, destroy or alter data, mimic a source, and in general to engage in unauthorized activities that jeopardize the optical communications security at the information, the node, and the physical layer. To combat this, strong cipher methods and advanced key distribution methods have been developed, in addition to intruder detection and localization, source authentication, channel signature identification, and also countermeasure strategies. Because some cryptographic methods have been found to have vulnerabilities, new methods based on quantum mechanical principles have been deployed promising the [holy grail] of cryptography and of network security. The first protocol in quantum cryptography was the BB84, which however did not take advantage of the full potential of multiple superposition states. In this paper, we review quantum cryptography, we review the BB84 protocol, and we present an m‐ary generalized protocol, the K08, which is based on multiple random polarization states. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social networks in software process improvement
Authors: Nielsen Peter Axel , Tjørnehøj Gitte
Published: May 2009

Software process improvement in small organisation is often problematic and communication and knowledge sharing is more informal. To improve software processes we need to understand how they communicate and share knowledge. In this article have studied the company SmallSoft through action research. In the action research we have applied the framework of social network analysis and we show this can be used to understand the underlying structures of communication and knowledge sharing between software developers and managers. We show in detail how the analysis can be done and how the management can utilise the findings. From this we conclude that social network analysis was a useful framework together with accompanying tools and techniques. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can prenatal ultrasound detect the effects of in‐utero alcohol exposure? A pilot study
Authors: Kfir M. , Yevtushok L. , Onishchenko S. , Wertelecki W. , Bakhireva L. , Chambers C. D. , Jones K. L. , Hull A. D.
Published: May 2009

Objectives

The aim of this pilot study was to explore possible ultrasound parameters for the early detection of alcohol‐mediated fetal somatic and central nervous system (CNS) maldevelopment. Maternal alcohol ingestion during pregnancy may lead to fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), which encompass a broad range of structural abnormalities including growth impairment, specific craniofacial features and CNS abnormalities. Early detection of fetuses at risk of FASD would support earlier interventions.

Methods

We performed a longitudinal prospective pilot study from 2004 to 2006 at two sites in Ukraine. A sample of pregnant women who reported consuming moderate‐to‐heavy amounts of alcohol participated in a comprehensive maternal interview, and received ultrasound evaluation of fetal growth and specific fetal brain measurements during the second and third trimesters. These measurements were compared with those collected from a group of pregnant women who consumed little‐to‐no alcohol during pregnancy, and who were recruited and followed in the same manner.

Results

From 6745 screened women, 84 moderate‐to‐heavy alcohol users and 82 comparison women were identified and ultrasound examinations performed. After controlling for maternal smoking, alcohol‐exposed fetuses had shorter mean femur length, caval–calvarial distance and frontothalamic measurements in the second trimester (P < 0.05), and alcohol‐exposed fetuses also had shorter frontothalamic distance measurements in the third trimester relative to comparison fetuses (P < 0.05). In addition, after controlling for maternal smoking, both mean orbital diameter and biparietal diameter measurements were significantly smaller on average in the alcohol‐exposed group in the third trimester relative to comparison fetuses (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Significant differences in selected somatic and brain measurements were noted between alcohol‐exposed and comparison fetuses, suggesting these markers may be further explored for clinical utility in prenatal identification of affected children. Further study correlating these findings with alcohol‐related physical features of the newborn and subsequent comparisons of neuro‐developmental outcomes will help define potential uses of prenatal ultrasound for intervention and prevention of FASD. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Severe Metallosis after Total Elbow Arthroplasty—A Case Report
Authors: Sayed-Noor Arkan S. , Sjödén Göran O.
Published: May 2009

We present a case of severe metallosis after total elbow arthroplasty in a female patient presenting with manifestations resembling a septic loosening. We discuss the clinical and the operative findings as well as the outcome of this uncommon complication. A review of the literature regarding the pathogenesis, radiographic appearance, and management of metallosis in prosthetic joints is presented.