bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High resolution species distribution and abundance models cannot predict separate shrub datasets in adjacent Arctic fjords
Authors: Chardon Nathalie Isabelle , Nabe‐Nielsen Jacob , Assmann Jakob Johan , Dyrholm Jacobsen Ida Bomholt , Guéguen Maya , Normand Signe , Wipf Sonja
Published: March 2022

Aim

Improving species distribution models (SDMs) and species abundance models (SAMs) of woody shrubs is critical for predicting biodiversity changes in the Arctic, which is experiencing especially high warming rates. Yet, it remains relatively unexplored if SDMs and SAMs can explain local scale patterns. We aim to identify predictor differences for the distribution versus abundance of two widespread Arctic shrub species with high resolution models and to compare validation approaches to assess the models’ predictive abilities.

Location

Nuup Kangerlua (NK) and Kangerluarsunnguaq (K), two adjacent fjords in Southwest Greenland.

Methods

We conducted two separate field surveys in either fjord to construct high resolution (~90 m) SDMs and SAMs forBetula nanaandSalix glauca, analysing the predictive influences of local scale climate, topography and soil moisture indicators. We then alternatively trained and validated models in either NK or K fjord and compared these results with the common split‐sample validation approach. Finally, we assessed if including local scale biotic predictors improves SAM performance.

Results

Temperature extremes and precipitation best predicted the distributions of both species, whereas insolation and soil moisture indicators best predicted abundances. Compared to split‐sample validation, both SDM and SAM performance was substantially reduced with separate survey validation. Regardless of validation approach, models performed poor to moderately well, and including local scale biotic parameters improved SAM performance.

Main conclusions

Substantial differences in model performance between validation approaches highlight the usefulness of using a separate survey for validating model predictive performance. We discuss various factors that might have caused poor model performance, such as not capturing all relevant predictors or enough local scale heterogeneity in predictor or response variables. We emphasise the need to include predictors relevant at the spatial scale of study, such as local scale biotic interactions, for improved predictions at high spatial resolution.
Cathepsin D as biomarker in cerebrospinal fluid of nusinersen‐treated patients with spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Schorling David C. , Kölbel Heike , Hentschel Andreas , Pechmann Astrid , Meyer Nancy , Wirth Brunhilde , Rombo Roman ,   the SMArtCARE consortium, Sickmann Albert , Kirschner Janbernd , Schara‐Schmidt Ulrike , Lochmüller Hanns , Roos Andreas
Published: March 2022

Background and purpose

The therapeutic landscape of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) has changed dramatically during the past 4 years, but treatment responses differ remarkably between individuals, and therapeutic decision‐making remains challenging, underlining the persistent need for validated biomarkers.

Methods

We applied untargeted proteomic analyses to determine biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of SMA patients under treatment with nusinersen. Identified candidate proteins were validated in CSF samples of SMA patients by Western blot and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, levels of peripheral neurofilament heavy and light chain were determined.

Results

Untargeted proteomic analysis of CSF samples of three SMA type 1 patients revealed the lysosomal protease cathepsin D as a candidate biomarker. Subsequent validation analysis in a larger cohort of 31 pediatric SMA patients (type 1, n = 12; type 2, n = 9; type 3, n = 6; presymptomatically treated, n = 4; age = 0–16 years) revealed a significant decline of cathepsin D levels in SMA patients aged ≥2 months at the start of treatment. Although evident in all older age categories, this decline was only significant in the group of patients who showed a positive motor response. Moreover, downregulation of cathepsin D was evident in muscle biopsies of SMA patients.

Conclusions

We identified a decline of cathepsin D levels in CSF samples of SMA patients under nusinersen treatment that was more pronounced in the group of "treatment responders" than in "nonresponders." We believe that our results indicate a suitability of cathepsin D levels as a possible biomarker in SMA also in older patients, in combination with analysis of peripheral neurofilament light chain in adolescents or alone in adult patients.
The atypical sphingosine 1‐phosphate variant, d16:1 S1P, mediates CTGF induction via S1P2 activation in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Glueck Melanie , Koch Alexander , Brunkhorst Robert , Ferreiros Bouzas Nerea , Trautmann Sandra , Schaefer Liliana , Pfeilschifter Waltraud , Pfeilschifter Josef , Vutukuri Rajkumar
Published: March 2022

Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) is a lipid mediator with numerous biological functions. The term ‘S1P’ mainly refers to the sphingolipid molecule with a long‐chain sphingoid base of 18 carbon atoms, d18:1 S1P. The enzyme serine palmitoyltransferase catalyses the first step of the sphingolipid de novo synthesis using palmitoyl‐CoA as the main substrate. After further reaction steps, d18:1 S1P is generated. However, also stearyl‐CoA or myristoyl‐CoA can be utilised by the serine palmitoyltransferase, which at the end of the S1P synthesis pathway, results in the production of d20:1 S1P and d16:1 S1P respectively. We measured these S1P homologues in mice and renal tissue of patients suffering from renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Our experiments highlight the relevance of d16:1 S1P for the induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in the human renal clear cell carcinoma cell line A498 and human RCC tissue. We show that d16:1 S1P versus d18:1 and d20:1 S1P leads to the highest CTGF induction in A498 cells via S1P2 signalling and that both d16:1 S1P and CTGF levels are elevated in RCC compared to adjacent healthy tissue. Our data indicate that d16:1 S1P modulates conventional S1P signalling by acting as a more potent agonist at the S1P2 receptor than d18:1 S1P. We suggest that elevated plasma levels of d16:1 S1P might play a pro‐carcinogenic role in the development of RCC via CTGF induction.
Long‐term manipulation of mean climatic conditions alters drought effects on C‐ and N‐cycling in an arable soil
Authors: Leyrer Vinzent , Patulla Marina , Hartung Jens , Marhan Sven , Poll Christian
Published: March 2022

Climate is changing and predicted future scenarios include both changes in long‐term mean climatic conditions and intensification of extreme events such as drought. Drought can have a major impact on soil functional processes; soil microorganisms, key to these processes, depend on water and temperature dynamics. Consequently, feedback mechanisms regarding microbially mediated carbon and nitrogen cycling in soils may be affected. There are indications that microbial exposure to increasingly unfavorable environmental conditions influences their stress responses. Here, the long‐term field experiment Hohenheim Climate Change (HoCC) provided a research platform to explore how microbial exposure to long‐term reduced water availability and soil warming modifies microbially driven soil processes, especially gas fluxes from soil, both during drought and after rewetting. The HoCC experiment is an agroecosystem in which the soil microbiome has been exposed to reduced annual mean precipitation and elevated temperature since 2008. Treatment levels were chosen based on a realistic future climate scenario. In June 2019, we exposed this system to a drought period of four weeks. We found that even after 11 years, warming remained a driver of CO2 and N2O fluxes across the different soil moisture conditions in our drought experiment. Importantly, however, microbial exposure to long‐term reduced water availability limited the stimulatory effect of warming on gas fluxes during drought and after rewetting. Our results were neither related to a legacy effect within overall microbial biomass carbon levels nor a shift towards enhanced fungal abundance. We found no indications that extracellular enzyme activities or microbial substrate availability explained the gas flux dynamics observed in our drought experiment. Our study indicates that soil warming promotes gaseous C and N loss even under extreme drought conditions. We suspect, however, that a shift in microbial function following long‐term water limitation can hamper the enhancing effect of warming on soil gas fluxes.
Mobility at the margins: The facilitating and risk‐reducing role of clustered migration in migration for begging between Romania and Norway
Authors: Tyldum Guri , Friberg Jon Horgen
Published: March 2022

This article describes the social and economic organization of migration for begging from Romania to Norway. Drawing on a survey among homeless Romanians in Oslo and qualitative interviews conducted in Norway and migrant‐sending communities in Romania, we describe how migrants gain access to resources such as information, transport, places to beg and places to sleep, as well as social and emotional support when abroad. We argue that the particular, clustered structure of these migration flows makes migration available to persons who otherwise would not have opportunities to migrate, eases their adaptation in cities of destination and serves to protect the migrants from exploitation and abuse from external actors. This migration structure does, however, reflect a strong dependence on kinship networks, which may create vulnerabilities in itself.
Telemedicine to Timor‐Leste: implementing an international cardiac telehealth service during population dislocation, floods and COVID‐19
Authors: Paratz Elizabeth D. , Mock Nicki , Marques Diana , Wilson Will , Kushwaha Virag , Eggleton Simon , Harries Jess , da Silva Sergio , dos Santos da Silva Anary , Saramento Juliana , de Sousa Maurays Joaquina , Flavio Ricardo , Horton Ari , Gutman Sarah , Creati Louise , Barlis Peter , Appelbe Alan , Bayley Noel
Published: March 2022

Background

The East Timor Hearts Fund has provided cardiac services in Timor‐Leste since 2010, conducting three clinics yearly.

Aim

To develop collaborative telehealth services between Australia and Timor‐Leste in the context of international border closures due to the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Methods

Scoping discussions identified major challenges (structural, patient related and medical system related). At two pilot clinics, patient history, investigation and management were collated. Clinic metrics were compared with an index face‐to‐face clinic in February 2019. Post‐clinic discussions identified areas of success and shortfall in the conduct of the telehealth clinics.

Results

Twenty‐three patients were reviewed at the online telehealth clinics held onsite at Timorese medical facilities. Compared with an index 2019 clinic, there were markedly lower numbers of new referrals (2 vs 190 patients; 8.7% vs 59.4%). Patients seen at the online clinic were predominantly female (17/23; 73.9%) and Dili based (18/23; 78.3%), with a mean age of 25.9 ± 7.2 years. The majority (12/23; 52.2%) had isolated rheumatic mitral valve disease. Investigations including electrocardiography, pathology, echocardiography and 6‐min walk tests were conducted in select patients. Medication advice was provided for 10 (43.5%) patients. Eleven (47.8%) patients were deemed to require urgent intervention. Post‐clinic discussions indicated general satisfaction with telehealth clinics, although frustration at the current inability to provide interventional services was highlighted.

Conclusion

Our pilot telehealth clinics indicate that capacity‐building telemedicine can be rapidly implemented in an emergency setting internationally. Clinic design benefits from careful identification and resolution of challenges to optimise flow. Cardiac patients in Timor‐Leste have a significant burden of disease amenable to intervention.
Bioactive compounds extraction from different lemongrass species: Strategies and deep eutectic solvents evaluation
Authors: Toazza Carlos E. B. , Leal Fernando C. , Marques Caroline , Oliveira Grazielle , Farias Fabiane O. , Belan André L. D. , Leite Natalicio F. , Mafra Marcos R. , Igarashi‐Mafra Luciana , Masson Maria Lucia
Published: March 2022

Lemongrasses are known and used worldwide due to several benefits conferred to them regarding the high content of essential oils and other phenolic compounds, which are essential and nonessential compounds that occur in nature, are part of the food chain and present several benefits on human health. The obtaining of phenolic compounds from natural matrices requires the development of effective processes with minor impacts on the environment and target compounds. In this work, green solvents entitled deep eutectic solvents (DES) were evaluated against conventional solvents, as acetone, ethanol, and methanol, to obtain phenolic compounds from three different species of lemongrasses (Cymbopogon flexuosus, Cymbopogon citratus, and Elyonurus muticus). The best extraction conditions were determined into three completely random designs (CRD). The first CRD aimed at solvent selection, for this the extraction conditions were fixed in 45°C/2 hr. The second CRD was to determine the optimum process temperature. And finally, the last CRD compared different methods of extraction: magnetic stirring, Ultra‐Turrax, and ultrasound assisted extraction. The extraction kinetics were also obtained. The experimental results indicated that the extract from lemongrass C. citratus presented higher content of phenolic compounds using the DES composed of cholinium chloride and acetic acid as solvent, employing magnetic stirring at 60°C by 180 min. Moreover, all the DES‐based extracts presented higher antioxidant, iron chelating, and antimicrobial capacities than the traditional solvents. Therefore, the DES showed suitable capacity for extraction, and maintenance of phenolic compounds from lemongrasses, superior to those traditional solvents, being a promising alternative for use in medical, pharmaceutical, and food industries.

Practical Applications

The research uses different solvents and mechanisms to extract biocompounds, as essential oils and phenolic compounds from lemongrass species. The higher extraction conditions, in terms of solvent, time and extraction method, showed higher antioxidant activity, antimicrobial potential, and iron chelating capacity, which in interest to enrich food, improve cosmetics, clean waste water and residues. Also, there were identified several bioactive compounds from lemongrass, as citral. DES employment is an innovative extraction solvent, and can present low cost and nontoxic approach enhancing extraction efficiency of bioactive compounds.
Prevalence and factors associated with urinary incontinence in female crossfitters: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: de Souza Pereira Elizabete , de Lima Ferreira Ana Paula , de Oliveira Almeida Milene , Barbosa Cinthia Silva , de Melo Falcão Monteiro Gleyce , Barbosa Leila , Lemos Andrea
Published: March 2022

Objective

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with urinary incontinence (UI) in female crossfitters.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study. Data were collected using assessment forms: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice survey for young female athletes; Incontinence Severity Index; and International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire for UI. Descriptive analysis was conducted to obtain absolute and relative frequencies, means and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Multivariate analysis was carried out to determine the association between UI and sociodemographic, gynecological‐obstetric, and anthropometric variables, associated morbidities, previous history and physical activity.

Results

Prevalence of UI, in the 189 included volunteers, was 38.6% and the most frequent type was stress UI (69.9%). A total of 72.6% of incontinent women reported urine loss during CrossFit training. Knowledge (53.4%) and attitude (86.2%) regarding UI were generally adequate, while prevention, management and treatment were inadequate (96.3%). The predominant characteristics of UI were frequency of once a week or less (74.0%), in small amounts (86.3%), mild intensity (57.5%) and slight impact on quality of life (64.3%). In multivariate analysis, no variable was significantly associated with UI.

Conclusions

The prevalence of UI in female crossfitters was 38.6%. The factors investigated did not contribute to the development of UI.
Brettanomyces bruxellensis: Overview of the genetic and phenotypic diversity of an anthropized yeast
Authors: Harrouard Jules , Eberlein Chris , Ballestra Patricia , Dols‐Lafargue Marguerite , Masneuf‐Pomarede Isabelle , Miot‐Sertier Cécile , Schacherer Joseph , Albertin Warren
Published: March 2022

Human‐associated microorganisms are ideal models to study the impact of environmental changes on species evolution and adaptation because of their small genome, short generation time, and their colonization of contrasting and ever‐changing ecological niches. The yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis is a good example of organism facing anthropogenic‐driven selective pressures. It is associated with fermentation processes in which it can be considered either as a spoiler (e.g., winemaking, bioethanol production) or as a beneficial microorganism (e.g., production of specific beers, kombucha). In addition to its industrial interests, noteworthy parallels and dichotomies with Saccharomyces cerevisiae propelled B. bruxellensis as a valuable complementary yeast model. In this review, we emphasize that the broad genetic and phenotypic diversity of this species is only beginning to be uncovered. Population genomic studies have revealed the coexistence of auto‐ and allotriploidization events with different evolutionary outcomes. The different diploid, autotriploid and allotriploid subpopulations are associated with specific fermented processes, suggesting independent adaptation events to anthropized environments. Phenotypically, B. bruxellensis is renowned for its ability to metabolize a wide variety of carbon and nitrogen sources, which may explain its ability to colonize already fermented environments showing low‐nutrient contents. Several traits of interest could be related to adaptation to human activities (e.g., nitrate metabolization in bioethanol production, resistance to sulphite treatments in winemaking). However, phenotypic traits are insufficiently studied in view of the great genomic diversity of the species. Future work will have to take into account strains of varied substrates, geographical origins as well as displaying different ploidy levels to improve our understanding of an anthropized yeast’s phenotypic landscape.
Where environmental microbiome meets its host: Subway and passenger microbiome relationships
Authors: Peimbert Mariana , Alcaraz Luis D.
Published: March 2022

Subways are urban transport systems with high capacity. Every day around the world, there are more than 150 million subway passengers. Since 2013, thousands of microbiome samples from various subways worldwide have been sequenced. Skin bacteria and environmental organisms dominate the subway microbiomes. The literature has revealed common bacterial groups in subway systems; even so, it is possible to identify cities by their microbiome. Low frequency bacteria are responsible for specific bacterial fingerprints of each subway system. Furthermore, daily subway commuters leave their microbial clouds and interact with other passengers. Microbial exchange is quite fast; the hand microbiome changes within minutes, and after cleaning the handrails, the bacteria are re‐established within minutes. To investigate new taxa and metabolic pathways of subway microbial communities, several high‐quality metagenomic‐assembled genomes (MAG) have been described. Subways are harsh environments unfavorable for microorganism growth. However, recent studies have observed a wide diversity of viable and metabolically active bacteria. Understanding which bacteria are living, dormant, or dead allows us to propose realistic ecological interactions. Questions regarding the relationship between humans and the subway microbiome, particularly the microbiome effects on personal and public health, remain unanswered. This review summarizes our knowledge of subway microbiomes and their relationship with passenger microbiomes.
Impossible worlds and the safety of philosophical beliefs
Authors: Garrett Zack , Wrublewski Zachariah
Published: March 2022

Epistemological accounts that make use of a safety condition on knowledge, historically, face serious problems regarding beliefs that are necessarily true. This is because necessary truths are true in all possible worlds, and so such beliefs can be safe even when the bases for the beliefs are epistemically problematic. The existence of such problematically safe beliefs would undermine a major motivation for the condition itself: the ability to evaluate how well a belief tracks the truth. This paper argues that incorporating impossible worlds into the evaluation of beliefs solves this problem, but only if the relevant account of impossible worlds entails that many impossible worlds are incredibly similar to the actual world. Further, the paper argues that, as a result of including impossible worlds, some philosophical beliefs are unsafe, and many more are potentially unsafe. But, it argues, even if this is the case, we can still make philosophical progress.
Noun‐Phrase Complexity Measures in Chinese and Their Relationship to L2 Chinese Writing Quality: A Comparison with Topic–Comment‐Unit‐Based Measures
Authors: LU XIAOFEI , WU JIFENG
Published: March 2022

This study proposed a set of measures for assessing noun phrase (NP) complexity in second language (L2) Chinese writing and compared the predictive power of these measures for L2 Chinese writing quality to that of a set of syntactic complexity measures based on the topic–comment unit (TC‐unit). Our data consisted of 101 narratives written by beginning–intermediate, intermediate–advanced, and advanced Korean Chinese‐as‐a‐second‐language (CSL) learners and rated by 2 trained CSL teachers. Results showed that the NP complexity measures explained a substantially larger proportion of variance in holistic writing scores than the TC‐unit‐based measures. Our findings confirmed the validity of the NP complexity measures we proposed and the need to attend to phrasal complexity in assessing L2 Chinese writing quality.
Effect of colonic distension on small bowel motility measured by jejunal high‐resolution manometry
Authors: Alcalá‐Gonzalez Luis G. , Malagelada Carolina , Livovsky Dan M. , Azpiroz Fernando
Published: March 2022

Background

Abnormal motility patterns in the jejunum can be detected in patients with prominent colonic content, and these abnormalities may be due to either a primary jejunal dysfunction or a reflex distortion. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of colonic distension on small bowel postprandial motility using high‐resolution manometry.

Methods

Single center, controlled, parallel, randomized, single blind study in healthy subjects testing the effect of colonic filling vs sham infusion on the responses to a meal in 16 healthy subjects. Nutrients were continuously infused in the proximal jejunum (2 Kcal/min) during the 2‐h study period to induce a steady‐state postprandial motor pattern. Jejunal motility was measured by water‐perfused, high‐resolution manometry. After 1 h postprandial recording (basal period), gas was infused during 7.5 min via a rectal tube (720 mL or sham infusion), and jejunal motility was recorded for another hour.

Key Results

Jejunal postprandial motility during the basal period was characterized by two overlapping components: a) continuous segmental activity (non‐propagated or shortly propagated) and b) intercurrent propagated fronts (3.8 ± 1.1 fronts of 2‐5 clustered contractions/h >10 cm propagation). As compared to sham infusion, colonic gas filling: a) inhibited continuous segmental contractile activity (by 17 ± 4%; p = 0.044 vs control group) and b) stimulated intermittent propagated fronts (up to 9.0 ± 2.2 fronts/h; p = 0.017 vs control group).

Conclusions and Inferences

Long retrograde reflexes induced by colonic distension distort the balance between segmental and propagated activity, and may affect the normal response of the jejunum to food ingestion. Jejunal manometry in patients may be artifacted by colonic overload.
A CCaMK/Cyclops response element in the promoter of Lotus japonicus calcium‐binding protein 1 (CBP1) mediates transcriptional activation in root symbioses
Authors: Gong Xiaoyun , Jensen Elaine , Bucerius Simone , Parniske Martin
Published: March 2022

Early gene expression in arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and the nitrogen‐fixing root nodule symbiosis (RNS) is governed by a shared regulatory complex. Yet many symbiosis‐induced genes are specifically activated in only one of the two symbioses.

The Lotus japonicus T‐DNA insertion line T90, carrying a promoterless uidA (GUS) gene in the promoter of Calcium Binding Protein 1 (CBP1) is exceptional as it exhibits GUS activity in both root endosymbioses. To identify the responsible cis‐ and trans‐acting factors, we subjected deletion/modification series of CBP1 promoter : reporter fusions to transactivation and spatio‐temporal expression analysis and screened ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS)‐mutagenized T90 populations for aberrant GUS expression.

We identified one cis‐regulatory element required for GUS expression in the epidermis and a second element, necessary and sufficient for transactivation by the calcium and calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase (CCaMK) in combination with the transcription factor Cyclops and conferring gene expression during both AM and RNS. Lack of GUS expression in T90 white mutants could be traced to DNA hypermethylation detected in and around this element.

We concluded that the CCaMK/Cyclops complex can contribute to at least three distinct gene expression patterns on its direct target promoters NIN (RNS), RAM1 (AM), and CBP1 (AM and RNS), calling for yet‐to‐be identified specificity‐conferring factors.
The staging of William III's politics of peace with the Turks andThe Alcoran of Mahometin Nicholas Rowe'sTamerlane
Authors: Alhawamdeh Hussein A.
Published: March 2022

Nicholas Rowe'sTamerlane(1701) dramatizes the nuanced and complex relations of England during the Glorious Revolution with the Turkish Empire, recalling William III's efforts in mediating the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699 as a permanent peace between the Turks and the Holy League in order to end Louis XIV's imperial gains from the Turkish wars. Axalla's incarnation of the English ambassador, Lord Paget (1637–1713), indicates Rowe's play as a celebration of English diplomacy with the Porte. Notwithstanding modern scholars interpreting the character of Bajazet as a historical parallel with Louis XIV, it is worth noting that he also connotes Sultan Mustapha II (1664–1703), who endeavored to restore ancient Turkish conquests by fighting in the wars in person. The circulation of the trope of “the most Christian Turk” during the Glorious Revolution as a designation of Louis XIV reflects the Turkish–French military alliance against which Rowe's play stands out. Moreover, Tamerlane keeps shifting the parallel between, on the one hand, William III, as noted by Rowe, and, on the other, as a revisionist, peaceful Muslim. Tamerlane appropriates several verses that call for peace from the Qur'an, which was translated by Alexander Ross asThe Alcoran of Mahometin 1649.
Climate, competition, and the rise of mosasauroid ecomorphological disparity
Authors: Cross Samuel R. R. , Moon Benjamin C. , Stubbs Thomas L. , Rayfield Emily J. , Benton Michael J.
Published: March 2022

Mosasauroidea, prominent marine lizards (Squamata, Toxicofera) of the final 30 million years of the Cretaceous, have been extensively studied for their morphology, ecology and systematics in the past two centuries. However, the relative roles of biological and physical processes as drivers of their morphological diversification remain uncertain. Here we investigate the macroevolution of mosasauroid feeding and locomotory disparity using continuous characters measured from the mandible and forelimb as proxies. Patterns of morphospace occupation demonstrate important roles for innovation and niche partitioning in driving morphological disparity. The early evolution of Mosasauroidea is characterized by large shifts in morphology, especially elongation of the mandibular biting area and hydropedality. The later diversification of derived Mosasaurinae and Plioplatecarpinae is associated with a great expansion of morphospace, attributed to the acquisition of novel feeding and locomotory strategies. Temporally, disparity follows a top‐heavy profile, possibly reflecting opportunism in the wake of the Cenomanian–Turonian anoxic event. The highest levels of disparity are found in the latest Cretaceous, associated with the radiation of derived mosasaurids alongside the persistence of more basal forms. Major morphological innovations are not associated with evolutionary rate shifts, which differentiates them from earlier marine reptiles, and may reflect constant and greater niche occupation in Late Cretaceous oceans. Linear modelling of potential physical drivers indicates a minor role for these processes, suggesting that biological drivers were the primary sculptors of mosasauroid morphological disparity.
Gender in Necropolitics: Race, sexuality, and gendered death
Authors: Islekel Ege Selin
Published: March 2022

This article focuses on gender in the theoretical framework of necropolitics. To this end, I first articulate the role of gender in Mbembe's own account, and then explicate necropolitics as a conceptual tool that accounts for the overwhelming presence of death in contemporary politics. Gender is an undertheorized element of Mbembe's account of necropolitics; as it takes a secondary role while accounting for racial and (post)colonial violence. Nevertheless, necropolitics provides a helpful tool of analysis for gendered violence, and specifically gendered death. Through situating gendered death within the framework of necropolitics, we can move from power to resistance with respect to the contemporary politics of death, and articulate how other politics of death are formulated in transnational feminist, queer, and trans movements. Thus, necropolitics as a conceptual tool is helpful in understanding how contemporary colonial gender system works through not only an articulation, but optimization, of death.
Identifying effective tree planting schemes to restore forest carbon and biodiversity in Shiretoko National Park, Japan
Authors: Kobayashi Yuta , Seidl Rupert , Rammer Werner , Suzuki Kureha F. , Mori Akira S.
Published: March 2022

Growing interest in ecosystem restoration has recently turned the focus on tree planting, one of the most widely used restoration tools globally. Here, we study the restoration potential of tree planting in a cool‐temperate forest in Shiretoko National Park, northern Japan. We used simulation modeling to investigate the long‐term success of tree planting in restoring biodiversity and the climate change mitigation function relative to intact natural forests. Specifically, we investigated 31 different restoration scenarios, consisting of five planting densities (1,000–10,000 trees/ha) × six levels of planted tree species richness (one to six species) + one no‐planting scenario. We examined these scenarios at different distances from natural forests serving as a seed source (0–300 m) to quantify the potential for natural regeneration. In restoration areas in close proximity to a natural forest, species‐rich high‐density planting scenario performed best, reaching >50% of the reference values from intact natural forests within 33 years for both restoration goals. However, variation in restoration outcomes was small when >2,500 trees/ha of more than four species were planted, regardless of distance to seed source. In contrast, biodiversity restoration was considerably delayed in scenarios where planted species richness was low as well as in restoration areas that were far from a seed source yet relied solely on natural regeneration. We here demonstrate how forest landscape simulation can be used to identify viable restoration options for managers across multiple restoration goals as an important step to bridge the research–implementation gap in forest restoration.
Cross‐Regional production chains, competitive regionalism, and the deepening of regulatory fault lines in Euro‐Asia
Authors: Balmaceda Margarita , Westphal Kirsten
Published: March 2022

This article analyzes energy relations in the area encompassed by Russia, the EU, and their “common neighborhood” composed of Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova through the lens of the interaction and tension between regionalism and regionalization. It investigates how the interaction between these two processes is reflected on the ground, and how the friction between institutionalized, from‐above integration (“regionalism”) may clash with the more bottom‐up process involving the “making” of regions through day‐to‐day infrastructural and production‐chain links (“regionalization”). Based on an analysis of trans‐regional production chains in the oil, natural gas, and electricity sectors, it hypothesizes that the competitive energy regionalisms we are observing in the EU‐Russia neighborhood (exemplified by the EU‐led European Energy Community and the Russia‐led Eurasian Economic Union mismatch with the underlying flows and production chains, with important economic and political implications.
Traveling waves and transverse instability for the fractional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili equation
Authors: Borluk Handan , Bruell Gabriele , Nilsson Dag
Published: March 2022

Of concern are traveling wave solutions for the fractional Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (fKP) equation. The existence of periodically modulated solitary wave solutions is proved by dimension‐breaking bifurcation. Moreover, the line solitary wave solutions and their transverse (in)stability are discussed. Analogous to the classical Kadmomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation, the fKP equation comes in two versions: fKP‐I and fKP‐II. We show that the line solitary waves of fKP‐I equation are transversely linearly instable. We also perform numerical experiments to observe the (in)stability dynamics of line solitary waves for both fKP‐I and fKP‐II equations.
Retrospective evaluation of cardiopulmonary arrest and resuscitation in hospitalized birds: 41 cases (2006–2019)
Authors: Crawford Amanda , Abelson Amanda , Gladden Jay , Rozanski Elizabeth
Published: March 2022

Objective

To describe circumstances and outcomes following cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) in hospitalized birds.

Design

Retrospective case study.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Methods

The hospital medical records system was searched for avian cases that underwent CPR. Medical records were reviewed; data retrieved included association of CPA with anesthesia or handling, use of external compressions and intubation, drug administration, rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and outcome. Cases with incomplete medical records were excluded.

Results

Forty‐one cases of avian CPR were identified. Anesthesia‐related arrest was reported in 26 of 41 cases. The remainder of CPA events occurred during an examination (6/41) or were observed during hospitalization for treatment of disease or injury (11/41). Compressions were performed in 14 birds and manual ventilation performed in 21 of 41 cases via intubation (19/21), tight‐fitting face mask (1/21), or air sac cannulation (1/21). Vascular access was achieved in 24 of 41 cases. Emergency drug administration was documented in 22 of 41 cases and included epinephrine (20/22), atropine (19/22), glycopyrrolate (3/22), doxapram (2/22), dextrose (3/22), mannitol (1/22), and furosemide (1/22). Fluid therapy was administered in 24 of 41 cases. There were 3 documented cases of ROSC (7%), all in patients under general anesthesia, and 1 (2%) CPA survivor.

Conclusions

There was no standardized approach to avian CPR in this study, and ROSC was rare. When ROSC was achieved, birds were under general anesthesia with direct monitoring by a clinician, were ventilated, and were administered anesthetic reversals and anticholinergic or catecholamine emergency medications. These poor outcomes suggest that further research and an updated standardized approach to avian CPR, with special consideration of the physiological differences from mammals, are needed.
Development of a cell‐free strategy to recover aged skeletal muscle after disuse
Authors: Wu Yu‐Fu , De La Toba Eduardo A. , Dvoretskiy Svyatoslav , Jung Rebecca , Kim Noah , Daniels Laureen , Romanova Elena V. , Drnevich Jenny , Sweedler Jonathan V. , Boppart Marni D.
Published: March 2022

Extended periods of bed rest and limb immobilization are required for healing post‐injury or disease, yet disuse can result in significant muscle atrophy and decreased quality of life in older adults. Physical rehabilitation is commonly prescribed to recover these deficits, yet accumulation of reactive oxygen species and sustained rates of protein degradation persist during the rehabilitation period that can significantly delay or prevent recovery. Pericytes, considered the primary mesenchymal and vascular stromal cell in skeletal muscle, secrete beneficial factors that maintain baseline muscle mass, yet minimal information exists regarding the pericyte response to disuse and recovery. In the current study, single‐cell RNA sequencing and functional assays were performed to demonstrate that pericytes in mouse skeletal muscle lose the capacity to synthesize antioxidants during disuse and recovery. This information was used to guide the design of a strategy in which healthy donor pericytes were stimulated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) that effectively restored myofibre size in adult and aged muscle after disuse. Proteomic assessment detected 11 differentially regulated proteins in primed sEVs that may account for recovery of muscle, including proteins associated with extracellular matrix composition and anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant processes. This study demonstrates that healthy H2O2‐primed pericyte‐derived sEVs effectively improve skeletal muscle recovery after immobilization, presenting a novel acellular approach to rebuild muscle mass in older adults after a period of disuse.

Key points

Previous studies suggest that prolonged oxidative stress is a barrier to skeletal muscle recovery after a period of immobilization.

In this study we demonstrate that muscle‐resident perivascular stromal cells (pericytes) become dysfunctional and lack the capacity to mount an antioxidant defence after disuse in mice.

Hydrogen peroxide treatment of healthy pericytes in vitro simulates the release of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) that effectively recover skeletal muscle fibre size and extracellular matrix remodelling in young adult and aged mice after disuse.

Pericyte‐derived sEVs present a novel acellular strategy to recover skeletal muscle after disuse.
Calculating Parametric Oscillation of Third-Order Nonlinear System With Dynamic Friction and Fractional Damping
Authors: Van Khang Nguyen , Thuy Bui Thi , Chung Phạm Thanh
Published: March 2022

In this paper, the parametric resonance of third-order parametric nonlinear system with dynamic friction and fractional damping is investigated using the asymptotic method. The approximately analytical solution for the system is first determined, and the amplitude–frequency equation of the oscillator is established. The stability condition of the resonance solution is then obtained by means of Lyapunov theory. Additionally, the effect of the fractional derivative on the system dynamics is analyzed. The effects of the two parameters of the fractional-order derivative, i.e., the fractional coefficient and the fractional order, on the amplitude–frequency curves are investigated.
From Eikonal to Antieikonal Approximations: Competition of Scales in the Framework of Schrödinger and Classical Wave Equation
Authors: Vázquez Luis , Velasco M. Pilar , Baleanu Dumitru , Vázquez-Poletti J. Luis , Jiménez Salvador
Published: March 2022

We present a description of certain limits associated with the Schrödinger equation, the classical wave equation, and Maxwell equations. Such limits are mainly characterized by the competition of two fundamental scales. More precisely: (1) The competition of an exploratory wavelength and the scale of fluctuations is associated with the media where the propagation takes place. From that, the universal behaviors arise eikonal and anti-eikonal. (2) In the context above, it is specially relevant and promising the study of propagation of electromagnetic waves in a media with a self-similar structure, like a fractal one. These systems offer the suggestive scenario where the eikonal and anti-eikonal behaviors are simultaneous. This kind of study requires large and massive computations that are mainly possible in the framework of the cloud computing. Recently, we started to carry out this task. (3) Finally and as a collateral aspect, we analyze the Planck constant in the interval 0≤h≤∞.
Phase plot of a gravity pendulum acquired via the MEMS gyroscope and magnetic field sensors of a smartphone
Authors: Splith T. , Kaps A. , Stallmach F.
Published: March 2022

A gravity pendulum experiment in which a smartphone serves as pendulum bob and as measurement device is described. As the pendulum oscillates, the smartphone gyroscope and magnetometer sensors are used to simultaneously record the bob's angular velocity and angular displacement. While the angular velocity is measured directly via the gyroscope sensor, the angular displacement is deduced from the change of the magnetometer reading while the smartphone oscillates in the constant magnetic field of the Earth. These two independent measurements enable us to derive the phase space representation of the pendulum motion directly from experimental data. Further data analysis yields energy plots, including the periodic change between the pendulum's kinetic and potential energy and the energy dissipation due to friction. Detailed instructions on how to adopt the experiment, which is both suitable as a lecture demonstration as well as an instructional laboratory experiment, are provided in the supplementary material.
Near-field acoustical holography and acoustic power analysis of a simulated, highly heated supersonic jet
Authors: Leete Kevin M. , Gee Kent L. , Liu Junhui , Wall Alan T.
Published: March 2022

Although near-field acoustical holography (NAH) and acoustic intensity analysis have previously been used to investigate the apparent jet noise sources produced by military aircraft, explicit connections to supersonic jet characteristics cannot be made due to a lack of information about the exhaust plume. To begin to bridge this gap and better understand the source information yielded by NAH, the current study instead applies NAH to a virtual measurement of the near-field pressures of a highly heated laboratory-scale supersonic jet generated by large-eddy simulation (LES). The holographic reconstructions of the pressure, particle velocity, and acoustic intensity are found to match the LES-generated acoustic field well and are used to calculate the acoustic power of the jet. The jet's calculated overall acoustic power is compared to the free-stream mechanical power, resulting in an acoustic efficiency of 1.5%. Ray-tracing of the acoustic intensity to the jet centerline generates an axial distribution of the acoustic power origin, showing that almost all the power originates from the supersonic portion of the flow and with the distribution peak upstream of the potential core tip. Holographic reconstruction of the pressures along the nozzle lipline captures the general spectral shape of the LES-generated pressures, though it underestimates the amplitude.
Athlete Burnout Symptoms Are Increasing: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Average Levels From 1997 to 2019
Authors: Madigan Daniel J. , Olsson Luke F. , Hill Andrew P. , Curran Thomas
Published: March 2022

With the increasing prevalence of mental health difficulties in sport, athletes may be at greater risk of burnout than ever before. In the present study, we tested this possibility by examining whether average athlete burnout levels have changed over the past 2 decades, from 1997 to 2019. A literature search returned 91 studies (N = 21,012) and 396 effect sizes. Findings from cross-temporal meta-analysis suggested that burnout symptoms have increased over the past 2 decades. Specifically, we found that athletes’ mean levels of reduced sense of athletic accomplishment and sport devaluation have increased. As burnout symptoms are now typically higher among athletes than in the past, we can expect more athletes to be prone to the negative effects of burnout. Sport is therefore in urgent need of prevention and intervention strategies to stop and reverse this trend.
Fish crimes in the global oceans
Authors: Belhabib Dyhia , Le Billon Philippe
Published: March 2022

This study provides a global assessment of the linkages between observed fisheries-related offenses across the world’s oceans between 2000 and 2020. We analyze data from the largest existing repository with 6853 events reporting offenses across 18 fishing-related categories, including illegal fishing, human rights abuses, and smuggling. We find that at least 33% of all recorded offenses are associated with 450 industrial vessels and 20 companies originating from China, the EU, and tax haven jurisdictions. We observe links between various types of offenses for 779 vessels, with such “transversal criminality” involving 2000 offenses and crimes globally. This study demonstrates the ability to identify offenders and patterns of behaviors threatening fisheries sustainability at a global level and countries most vulnerable to transversal criminality. In light of concerns for widespread underreporting and impunity, we call for greater information sharing, interagency cooperation, and stringent enforcement to bring to account major offenders.
Opposite effects of stress on effortful motivation in high and low anxiety are mediated by CRHR1 in the VTA
Authors: Zalachoras Ioannis , Astori Simone , Meijer Mandy , Grosse Jocelyn , Zanoletti Olivia , de Suduiraut Isabelle Guillot , Deussing Jan M. , Sandi Carmen
Published: March 2022

Individuals frequently differ in their behavioral and cognitive responses to stress. However, whether motivation is differently affected by acute stress in different individuals remains to be established. By exploiting natural variation in trait anxiety in outbred Wistar rats, we show that acute stress facilitates effort-related motivation in low anxious animals, while dampening effort in high anxious ones. This model allowed us to address the mechanisms underlying acute stress–induced differences in motivated behavior. We show that CRHR1 expression levels in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)—a neuronal type implicated in the regulation of motivation—depend on animals’ anxiety, and these differences in CRHR1 expression levels explain the divergent effects of stress on both effortful behavior and the functioning of mesolimbic DA neurons. These findings highlight CRHR1 in VTA DA neurons—whose levels vary with individuals’ anxiety—as a switching mechanism determining whether acute stress facilitates or dampens motivation.