bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Message, method and messenger – a literature survey and typology for planning strategic advocacy
Authors: Nagpal Tanvi , Rose Rachel
Published: February 2017

This review of the literature on the evolution of strategic communications in international development provides a framework for assessing advocacy strategies and tools and reviews the current challenges to influencing local sanitation budgets and expenditures through the use of such tools. Effective advocacy is often necessary to achieving changes in budgetary allocations, and shaping how programs or policies are implemented. However, nongovernmental and community-based organizations rarely tailor their communication to overcome specific implementation barriers, or rigorously evaluate the effectiveness of their messages and strategies. This review first provides a brief overview of how communication goals and methods have evolved and been utilized to change local policymaking, programming and budgetary allocations in developing countries, focusing on water, sanitation, and hygiene. Based on this review, it provides an effective and useful typology of advocacy based on the barriers to policy change. The typology may be used to diagnose the need for and potential of an advocacy and communications strategy. Finally, the review summarizes the current literature on public input into and review of the budgetary process in, the literature on influencing revenue generation, and the opportunities for advocacy and lobbying in both respects in selected sub-Saharan African countries.
Outreach work as an innovative method of social work in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Aytbaeva Perizat Murzakmatovna
Published: February 2017

The article shows the relevance of outreach work development in Kyrgyzstan and its preventive value. Outreach work is considered by the author as a method of social work, aimed at establishing contacts and delivering information, consultation and prevention tools to closed social groups. The author points out the efficiency, working principles and specifics of implementation of this work not only with IDUs but also with street children.
Problems of adaptation of young people in the labour market
Authors: Ilyuhin Aleksey Aleksandrovich , Ilyuhina Svetlana Viktorovna , Solovev Ivan Vladimirovich
Published: February 2017

This article explores the laws determinating the youth segment at the labor market development mechanism, the correlation of successful youth employment and professional orientation. The ways of young people adaptation to the labour market current trends are identified.
Inter-functional influence of culture and language during the process of foreign language teaching of teenagers
Authors: Ergeshali kyzy Aychurok , Ergeshali kyzy Aktilek
Published: February 2017

This article describes some theoretical tasks of multicultural education of teenagers in foreign language teaching. The work also has analyzed inter-functional influence of the language and culture in the process of foreign language teaching.
Mammals of “Sarkent” State Natural Park, problems of their protection
Authors: Samatova Abiba Abdilamitovna
Published: February 2017

In recent years, the anthropogenic impact started to have more negative impact on the environment, living organisms of the globe and the wildlife of “Sarkent” Natural Park as well. Since 2009, there have been conducted a scientific and industrial expedition with scientists from the Department of Biology, Batken State University. As a result of these researches it was found out that 38 species of mammals live in the park. In this regard, the essential tasks of “Sarkent” Natural Park were defined as solving the problem of mammal protection.
Morbidity and disability of 15–17-year-old adolescents in Russia
Authors: Boyko Yuriy Pavlovich , Lavrova Julietta Ivanovna
Published: February 2017

The article describes an analysis of adolescent primary morbidity during 2005–2014, which shows an increase in morbidity rates in almost each disease entity and the dynamic of primary decreasing adolescent disability during 2014–2015.
Combined diabetic foot infections treatment, complicated by foot phlegmon
Authors: Yavruyan Ovanes Asvaturovich , Fedunenko Vitaliy Grigorievich
Published: February 2017

The article shows the analysis of treatment results of 163 patients with diabetic foot infections, complicated by foot phlegmon. Patients were divided into 2 groups. The control group received traditional treatment and had an autopsy deep plantar space done and then, during the second phase, cytokine-rich autoplatelet concentrate had been applied. The research results confirmed a significant decrease in the duration of treatment and hospitalization of patients in the hospital.
Study of the daily subsistence allowance operational characteristics of low metal solar distillation device
Authors: Ismanzhanov Anvar Ismanzhanovich , Ermekova Zulayka Karybekovna
Published: February 2017

The article presents the results of researches of subsistence allowance operational characteristics developed by low metal solar distillation device with a new type of transparent coating. It was found out that the density of integral solar radiation and specific heat materials of the desalination plant affected the character of the daily subsistence allowance productivity. During the summer months, the maximum time of a desalinate productivity shifted to afternoons.
Legal forms of the commercial organizations
Authors: Sedov Ivan Aleksandrovich
Published: February 2017

This article discusses the various forms of commercial companies. The paper focuses on the process of incorporation of the limited liability company. The author describes contradictions of the new companies incorporation process at the present stage of market relations development in Russia.
Modern problems of land management of reindeer pastures
Authors: Romanenko Tatiana Mikhailovna , Vylko Yuriy Petrovich , Filippova Anastasia Borisovna
Published: February 2017

The article presents research-based materials, indicating the current problems of land of reindeer pastures in the Nenets Autonomous District, which are expressed by a lack of large- and medium-scale geobotanical maps that capture the state of the vegetation cover under the influence of agro-climatic and anthropogenic impacts and regional norms of feeding the reindeer for solutions on the rational use of pastures.
The activities of the League of Arab States in the field of youth policy
Authors: Zykov Mikhail Anatolievich
Published: February 2017

The authors reviewed the activity of the League of Arab States in the field of youth policy. The article discusses the problem of regional youth policy development and stresses the importance of the activities of the League in the field of social and political youth mobilization.
The possibilities of cloud storage for business and education. Contemporary aspect
Authors: Kovalyk Vladislav Vladimirovich , Fomicheva Tatiana Leonidovna
Published: February 2017

The article describes the possibilities of cloud computing application to make business and educational process more effective. Cloud computing gives an opportunity to optimize the activity, to increase the effectiveness of work in almost every aspect of livelihood, right up to solving the personal tasks of an ordinary user.
The phenomenon of multicultural socialization of the individual
Authors: Zhdanova Svetlana Nikolaevna
Published: February 2017

The work gives definition to multicultural socialization of the individual by means of poly-art figurative art technologies. The author shows the importance of art technologies (figurative), poly-art, psychological and pedagogical technologies of support and assistance during student’s poly-art socialization, which are expressed in the ability of fast and affective action in multinational and polycultural environment.
Relationship among specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen, leaf phosphorus and photosynthetic rate in herbaceous species of tropical dry deciduous in Vindhyan highlands
Authors: Dubey Prajjwal , S. Raghubanshi A. , Dwivedi* Anil K.
Published: February 2017

A range of leaf attributes was measured for 17 herbaceous species in four contrasting habitats fortnightly from July to September during 2996-2007. All herbaceous vegetation in 5 randomly located plots within each of four sites were clipped at ground level and analyzed fortnightly. Leaf area was recorded by the leaf area meter (Systronics; Leaf area meter- 211). Fresh leaves were dried at 80o C for 48 hr to estimate their dry weight. Specific Leaf Area (SLA) was determined as ratio of leaf area to leaf dry weight. Leaf nitrogen was measured by Kjeldahl method and phosphorus by phosphomolybdic blue colorimetric method. The obtained values were subjected to Two- tailed Pearson correlation coefficients using SPSS (2004 ver. 13) package. SLA, leaf nitrogen, leaf phosphorus and photosynthetic rate show positive relationship with each other.
Ethnomedicinal plants of Kawal wildlife sanctuary, Telangana, India.
Authors: Adepu Chandra Mohan , Suthari* Sateesh , Ragan Ajmeera
Published: February 2017

The ethnomedicinal plants used by the ethnic tribes living in and around the Kawal wildlife sanctuary are documented based on interviewing 128 key informants from 43 villages. The study identified 198 medicinal plant taxa representing 165 genera of 72 families. Fabaceae are the predominant family with 33 species followed by Apocynaceae (11 spp.), Convolvulaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae and Rubiaceae (7 spp. each), Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae and Verbenaceae (6 spp. each) and Rutaceae (5 spp.). Majority of these species are indigenous (83.33%). The indigenous people largely use trees (81; 40.91%) and herbs (48; 24.24%) which are wild and abundant followed by climbers (40; 20.21%) and shrubs (29; 14.64%).
O MANDADO DE INJUNÇÃO NA ASSEMBLEIA NACIONAL CONSTITUINTE DE 1987-1988
Authors: Fulgêncio Henrique Augusto Figueiredo , Costa Alexandre Araújo
Published: February 2017

O presente artigo descreve a introdução do mandado de injunção no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio da análise dos discursos parlamentares ocorridos durante a Assembleia Nacional Constituinte de 1987-1988 e do processamento das propostas que introduziram este instrumento na Constituição em vigor. A partir do levantamento de dados primários constantes das bases de dados da Assembleia Nacional Constituinte, o trabalho apresenta mapeamento do trajeto percorrido pelas propostas que originaram os dispositivos constitucionais relacionados ao mandado de injunção, dentre os quais se destaca o artigo 5º, inciso LXXI, da Constituição da República. Por fim, alguns dos aspectos reputados como mais relevantes do processo de criação do instituto em exame são destacados com amparo em fontes secundárias, em que se incluem obras de juristas que participaram, na condição de membro ou assessor, da Assembleia Constituinte. Nessa última etapa, busca-se explicitar dados ou indícios que possam contribuir para a compreensão a respeito da conformação que os constituintes pretenderam conferir ao mandado de injunção.
A ASPIRAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE PATENTES E O CASO DOS PRODUTOS TERAPÊUTICOS PARA DOENÇAS NEGLIGENCIADAS
Authors: Feres Marcos Vinício Chein , Silva Alan Rossi
Published: February 2017

A presente pesquisa se propõe a investigar se o cumprimento dos deveres impostos pelo sistema jurídico de patentes está em consonância com sua aspiração de incentivar a inovação no que concerne à pesquisa e ao desenvolvimento (P&D) de produtos destinados ao combate das doenças negligenciadas. Essa investigação configura-se como um diagnóstico empírico preliminar sustentado por inferências descritivas, formuladas a partir da coleta indireta de dados e guiadas pelas regras de inferência de Epstein e King. O substrato teórico utilizado é composto pela interação entre a moralidade da aspiração e a moralidade do dever, de acordo com a perspectiva teórica de Bankowski. Desse modo, em primeiro lugar, é possível inferir que o cumprimento dos deveres impostos pelo atual modelo de exclusividade tem se mostrado insuficiente para incentivar a inovação no caso específico das doenças negligenciadas. Em segundo lugar, verifica-se que, mesmo dentro do grupo dessas enfermidades, algumas delas podem ser consideradas mais negligenciadas do que outras, podendo demandar tratamentos diferenciados, no que diz respeito à operacionalização do sistema jurídico de patentes e à elaboração de políticas públicas. Finalmente, constata-se que a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de produtos destinados ao combate das doenças em geral são motivados por interesses diversos das demandas da saúde pública.
EXPLICANDO O DISSENSO: UMA ANÁLISE EMPÍRICA DO COMPORTAMENTO JUDICIAL DO SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL E DA SUPREMA CORTE DOS ESTADOS UNIDOS
Authors: Almeida Guilherme da Franca Couto Fernandes de , Nunes José Luiz , Chaves Filho Luciano de Oliveira
Published: February 2017

EXTRAÇÃOProf. Dr. Carlos Bolonha, Editor-Chefe  A equipe editorial da revista comunica a extração do artigo:ALMEIDA, G. F. C. F.; NUNES, J. L.; FILHO, L. O. C. Explicando o dissensso: uma análise empírica do comportamento judicial do Supremo Tribunal Federal e da Suprema Corte dos Estados Unidos. REI-REVISTA ESTUDOS INSTITUCIONAIS, v. 2, n. 2, p. 899-931, 2016.O artigo foi extraído a pedido dos autores devido a um erro material com relação aos dados. As análises veiculadas dependiam de uma pressuposição falsa a respeito da amostra e, portanto, não refletiam de maneira precisa a realidade. Muito embora a correção do erro tenha confirmado as conclusões do artigo, os números mudaram, de forma que as informações publicadas estavam erradas.Para mais informações acesse o endereço 
PENGEMBANGAN SSP FISIKA BERBASIS PENDEKATAN CTL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN PROSES SAINS DAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR
Authors: Noor Faiq Makhdum , Wilujeng Insih
Published: February 2017

This research aims to develop a learning device as Subject-Specific Pedagogy (SSP) of physics, and to improve science process skills and learning motivation of the students. This research used the 4D model. The subjects of this research were the XI grade students of Muhammadiyah High School 2 Yogyakarta. The data collecting instruments were expert validation sheets, science process skill observation sheets, questionnaire of students’ response to the student books and worksheets, question-naire of students’ response to teaching process, students’ motivation learning sheets, and science process skill paper test. The research data were collected through observation, questionnaire, and paper test, and analyzed quantitatively. The results show as follows. (1) The development of physics SSP is carried out in accordance with the procedures of 4D model product development. (2) The results of expert’s validation show the physics SSP is in the very good criteria. (3) The readability of the student books and worksheets is in the good criteria. (4) The increasing of the score of science process skills and students’ learning motivation in the experimental class is higher than that in the control class. This shows that the physics SSP is fit for use in physics teaching.
Keterlaksanaan penilaian autentik mata pelajaran fisika SMA negeri
Authors: Rukmana Tutut , Mundilarto Mundilarto
Published: February 2017

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mendeskripsikan keterlaksanaan penilaian autentik pada mata pelajaran fisika SMA Negeri di Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), (2) meng-identifikasi kendala keterlaksanaan penilaian autentik pada mata pelajaran fisika SMA Negeri di Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, dan (3) mendeskripsikan hubungan kebijakan kepala sekolah dan pelatihan yang telah diterima pendidik terhadap keterlaksanaan penilaian autentik. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini terdiri atas: angket, observasi, dan wawancara terhadap kepala sekolah, pendidik, dan peserta didik. Validitas instrumen penelitian diperoleh melalui expert judgments oleh dosen ahli. Hasil penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut. (1) Keterlaksanaan penilaian autentik mata pelajaran SMA Negeri di Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta kategori baik. (2) Kendala keterlaksanaan penilaian autentik mata pelajaran fisika SMA Negeri di Kabupaten Sleman Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta meliputi jenis materi, waktu, kondisi sekolah, dan kemampuan pendidik yang dipengaruhi oleh beban kerja pendidik. (3) Hubungan kebijakan kepala sekolah terhadap keterlaksanaan penilaian autentik kategori kuat, dan tidak terdapat hubungan antara pelatihan yang telah diterima pendidik dan keterlaksanaan penilaian autentik.Kata Kunci: keterlaksanaan, mata pelajaran fisika, penilaian autentik The Feasibility of Authentic Assessment on Physics Subject at State Senior High Schools  AbstractThis research aims to: (1) describe the feasibility of authentic assessment on physics subject at state senior high schools in Sleman regency Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY), (2) identify the obstacles of the feasibility of authentic assessment on physics subject at state senior high schools in Sleman regency Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, and (3) describe the correlation between the headmaster’s policy and teacher training to feasibility of authentic assessment. The data were collected through: questionnaire, observation, and interview with headmasters, teachers, and students. The validity of research instrument was measured by expert judgements. The results of this study are as follow. (1) The feasibility of authentic assessment on physics subject at state senior high schools in Sleman regency Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta is in good category. (2) The obstacles of the feasibility of authentic assessment on physics subject at state senior high schools in Sleman regency Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta include materials, time, school condition, and teacher’s ability which is affected by workload. (3) The correlation between headmaster’s policy and feasibility authentic assessment is in strong category, and there is no relationship between teacher training and authentic assessment implementation.Keywords: authentic assessment, feasibility, physics subject
Del lenguaje universal a una epistemología musical pluriversal
Authors: Shifres Favio Demian
Published: February 2017

Se presenta un panorama a los artículos publicados en el Volumen 4 Nº 1 de Epistemus a partir de la reflexión sobre algunos de los problemas epistemológicos que la revista propone para el debate. En particular se aborda el reemplazo de una perspectiva universalista del conocimiento musical por una pluriversalista que reconozca la diversidad sin pretender ocultar las asimetrías de poder con que a menudo tal diversidad es considerada desde los centros hegemónicos de producción de conocimiento. Otras cuestiones tales como la vinculación entre las modalidades del pensamiento y el conocimiento musical y su vinculación con la lengua en las que se las enuncia, y el concepto de avance del conocimiento como emergente de la perspectiva epistemológica hegemónica son también propuestos.
El valor comunicacional de las articulaciones vocales expresivas en contextos de práctica musical compartida
Authors: Valles Mónica
Published: February 2017

En los contextos de práctica musical, especialmente en situaciones de interacción es frecuente el uso de articulaciones vocales para hacer referencia a pasajes específicos de una obra musical. Éstas parecerían funcionar como una herramienta comunicacional para transmitir aspectos de la música que completarían la información contenida en la partitura. A partir de estas consideraciones, se plantea el análisis del rol que jugarían dichas articulaciones en la práctica musical. Este artículo presenta un trabajo exploratorio tendiente a indagar sobre las articulaciones vocales en un caso de estudio, para reflexionar sobre su implicancia en contextos de interacción. Se las caracteriza como articulaciones vocales expresivas que forman parte del proceso comunicacional multimodal e intersubjetivo que tiene lugar en la práctica musical compartida. La hipótesis que guio el trabajo considera que en determinados momentos de la práctica musical, la voz humana cumple un rol fundamental para comunicar aspectos vinculados a la intención expresiva del músico.
Las relaciones de la música con la cosmología
Authors: Albano de Lima Sonia Regina
Published: February 2017

La música desde la Antigüedad Griega ha estado estrechamente conectada con diversas áreas de conocimiento. El presente estudio relata algunas de esas relaciones que, de cierto modo, han delineado la estética musical, su función en la sociedad, en la cultura de los pueblos y en la educación. La estrecha relación de la música con la cosmología ha pautado el presente relato, desde el pitagorismo hasta el proyecto iluminista que promocionó la cisión que se estableció entre la música bajo una perspectiva racional y la tradición cosmogónica, hecho que en una visión gnóstica ha sido una de las especies de semanticidad presente en el discurso musical, por lo tanto, sujeta a los ciclos históricos, socio-culturales y a los condicionamientos epistemológicos. La discusión teórica se ha pautado más intensamente en los escritos de E. Furbini, L Rowell, U. Eco e Mário Ferreira dos Santos, entre otros.
Взаємозв’язок між гіпотиреозом та ожирінням
Authors: Yuzvenko Т.Y.
Published: February 2017

У зв’язку зі значною поширеністю як ожиріння, так і гіпотиреозу лікарям слід бути особливо уважними до можливої дисфункції щитоподібної залози (ЩЗ) у пацієнтів з ожирінням. Існує двобічний зв’язок між гормонами ЩЗ і ожирінням: як гіпотиреоз може впливати на масу тіла, так і жирова тканина мoже змінювати рівень гормонів ЩЗ. Рівні тиреотропного гормона і вільного трийодтироніну при ожирінні часто підвищені, що опосередкується впливом лептину. При лікуванні гіпотиреозу препаратами левотироксину незначне зниження маси тіла зумовлюється втратою води, а не жиру. Селективні аналоги тиреоїдних гормонів, можливо, зможуть стати засобом для зниження маси тіла шляхом збільшення витрати енергії у пацієнтів з ожирінням при дотриманні гіпокалорійного харчування.
Використання Гуарему в клінічній практиці
Authors: Vlasenkо, М.V. , Kryvoviaz Y.O.
Published: February 2017

Наведено результати застосування препарату Гуарем у 35 хворих з ожирінням і порушенням вуглеводного обміну. Встановлено, що Гуарем має достатній цукрознижуючий ефект і ліпідознижуючі властивості. Головною перевагою цього препарату є вірогідне зниження ваги та індексу маси тіла при відсутності відчуття голоду. Із 35 пацієнтів 33 особи відзначали відсутність підвищеного апетиту, досягнення відчуття ситості й легкість у виконанні правил харчування. Гуарем є препаратом вибору в лікуванні хворих на цукровий діабет 2-го типу в тих випадках, коли дієтотерапія, фізичні навантаження і прийом бігуанідів стають неефективними або погано переносяться.
Наднирникові гіперандрогенії: мультидисциплінарний підхід до вирішення проблеми
Authors: Lutsenko L.A.
Published: February 2017

Поширеність та можливі наслідки гіперандрогенних станів у жінок репродуктивного віку обумовлюють важливість своєчасної диференційної діагностики гіпер­андрогеній. З урахуванням рівня розвитку радіологічних та лабораторних методів досліджень можлива постановка точного діагнозу, особливо при діагностиці гіперандрогеній наднирникового генезу, які часто перебігають без яскравої клінічної симптоматики, але супроводжуються порушеннями менструального циклу, безпліддям, невиношуванням вагітності.
Стан мінеральної щільності кісток у постменопаузальних жінок різного віку, хворих на цукровий діабет 2-го типу
Authors: Kyryliuk M.L. , Atanova Ya.O. , Dohotar V.B.
Published: February 2017

Актуальність. Актуальні сть порушення мінеральної щільності кісткової тканини (МЩКТ) у пост­менопаузальних жінок обумовлена високим ризиком виникнення остеопоротичних переломів, особливо на тлі коморбідної патології. Мета дослідження: оцінка впливу цукрового діабету (ЦД) 2-го типу на стан мінеральної щільності кісток у жінок різного віку в постменопаузальному періоді залежно від тривалості ЦД та виду цукрознижувальної терапії. Матеріали і методи. Мінеральну щільність кісток було досліджено у 38 постменопаузальних пацієнток із ЦД 2-го типу (середній вік — 64,36 ± 1,95 року, середня тривалість ЦД — 10,68 ± 1,88 року, середній рівень глікованого гемоглобіну — 9,02 ± 0,29 %). Для оцінки стану МЩКТ використовували двохенергетичну рентгенівську абсорбціометрію (Dual-energy X-ray Absorbtiometry — DXA). Мінеральну щільність кісток оцінювали за допомогою Т-критерію. Результати. Показано, що з віком у постменопаузальних жінок без діабету МЩКТ, що оцінюється за Т-критерієм, закономірно зменшується в усіх зонах дослідження. Так, Т-критерій на рівні поперекового відділу хребта (L1–L4) у жінок 50–59 років становив –0,24 ± –0,02, що відповідає остеопенії. У жінок 60–69 років Т-критерій — –2,20 ± –0,22, що відповідає остеопорозу. Виявлено, що вікові зміни середніх значень Т-критерію за ЦД 2-го типу менш негативні, ніж у групі контролю, проте порівняно з контролем гірші показники денситометричної щільності кісток лише на рівні L1–L4 у віці ≤ 60 років — –0,71 ± –0,09 vs –0,24 ± –0,02 (P < 0,001). Висновки. З віком у постменопаузальних жінок із ЦД 2-го типу та без діабету МЩКТ, що оцінюється за Т-критерієм, зменшується в усіх зонах дослідження. Виявлено, що у постменопаузальних жінок, хворих на ЦД 2-го типу, гірші показники денситометричної щільності кісток (за Т-критерієм) на рівні L1–L4 у віці ≤ 60 років. При збільшенні тривалості ЦД 2-го типу понад 10 років зменшується денситометрична щільність шийки стегнової кістки, а в поперековому відділі хребта зміни МЩКТ за Т-критерієм мають протилежний характер. Інсулінотерапія не призводить до поліпшення МЩКТ стегнових кісткок за Т-критерієм, але позитивний ефект інсулінотерапії на МЩКТ поширюється на поперековий відділ хребта.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF MONOLITHIC OSMOTIC TABLET OF KETOPROFEN: USING SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Kaushik S. , Pathak Kamla
Published: February 2017

Objective: The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate the monolithic osmotic tablet (MOT) composed of the solid dispersion of ketoprofen (KETO), a poorly water-soluble drug. Solid dispersion technique is generally used for immediate release, as this maximizes the amount of drug absorbed. Sustained release may be obtained by combining solid dispersion technique with MOT so as to increase the therapy efficacy and patient compliance.

Methods: Solid dispersion of KETO was prepared by using solvent melt method with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000, a hydrophilic carrier. The ratio of KETO to PEG 6000 were 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5 (%w/w). These solid dispersions were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) to ascertain whether there were any physicochemical interactions between drug and carrier.

The tablet core was prepared by using Polyox N80 (a suspending agent), sodium chloride (an osmotic agent), a solid dispersion consisting of PEG 6000 and KETO followed by a coating of cellulose acetate to make the monolithic osmotic tablet.

Results: The results of DSC and PXRD indicated that the drug was in the amorphous state in solid dispersion when PEG 6000 was used as a carrier. The dissolution rate of the solid dispersion was much faster than those for the corresponding physical mixture and pure drug. The optimized MOT formulations were able to deliver KETO at the constant zero order release, above 95% in vitro, independent to environmental media and stirring rate. The release rate of KETO in the MOT is controlled by osmotic pressure, suspending agent and drug solubility in solid dispersion.

Conclusion: The monolithic osmotic tablet containing solid dispersion has great potential in the controlled delivery of ketoprofen, a water-insoluble drug.

Keywords: Ketoprofen, Monolithic osmotic tablet, Solid dispersion, Water insoluble
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF STEM BARK ESSENTIAL OIL CONSTITUENTS OF LITSEA GLUTINOSA C. B. ROB.
Authors: S. Arunodaya H. , V. Krishna , R. Shashikumar , K. Girish Kumar
Published: February 2017

Objective: To evaluate the chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant properties of stem bark essential oil of Litsea glutinosa C. B. Rob.

Methods: The essential oil isolated from stem bark of L. glutinosa and their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detector. The in vitro antibacterial activity of the stem bark essential oil was investigated against eight human pathogenic bacterial clinical isolates using agar disc diffusion method and MIC value was determined by modified resazurin microtitre-plate assay. The antioxidant activity of essential oil was measured by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2, 2-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate radical cation (ABTS) and β-carotene bleaching assay.

Results: GC-MS analysis of stem bark essential oil resulted in the identification of 37 compounds, off which 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (62.57%), hexadecanoic acid (12.68%), stigmast-5-en-3-ol (6.87%) and vitamin E (2.51%) were the main constituents representing 84.63% of the oil. The determination of in vitro antibacterial activity of stem bark essential oil resulted in significant inhibition zone (15.00±0.57 mm) and MIC value (0.15±0.15×10-2 mg/ml) against the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio cholera followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. The results of DPPH radical scavenging (IC50:4.540±0.06 µg/ml), ABTS (IC50:256.02±0.06 µg/ml) and β-carotene bleaching assay (%I: 78.51±0.42 %) showed significant in vitro antioxidant property.

Conclusion: L. glutinosa stem bark essential oil showed potential antibacterial activity against the Vibrio cholera. The results of this investigation supported the ethnomedical claim of essential oil as a demulcent, antidiarrheal and antioxidant drug.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF PACING (COSTUS SPECIOSUS) IN MALE MICE
Authors: Sari Ika Puspita , Nurrochmad Arief
Published: February 2017

Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the safety of Costus speciosus extract (CSE) after a 90-day administration in male mice.

Methods: Sub-acute toxicity test was performed using the OECD 408 method. CSE at 275-1100 mg/kg/day was administered to male mice for 90 d. The appearance of toxic symptoms was observed every day, followed by measurement of food and drink intakes. Change in body weight, the result of a routine blood check and blood biochemistry were observed and statistical analysis was performed on them. Test animals were killed at the end of the study and the weights of vital organs were examined before organ histology was examined.

Results: The research result showed that the administration of CSE at 275-1100 mg/kg/day for 90 d did not show any significant disturbance in all parameters, except for reductions of cholesterol and blood glucose levels of test animals (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The results obtained in this research indicated the safety of CSE as a candidate of standardized herbal medicine for male contraception.
PRODUCTION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FIBRINOLYTIC ENZYME FROM A SOIL ISOLATE ASPERGILLUS CARBONARIUS S-CSR-0007
Authors: M. Afini A.v. , Nath Sooraj S. , V. Smitha K. , M. Kunhi A.a.
Published: February 2017

Objective: This work was undertaken with the aim of isolating and screening fungal soil isolates with fibrinolytic activity.

Methods: Soil sample near slaughter house was collected and screened for fibrinolytic activity by using fibrin-agar. Enzyme production was optimized under various parameters like pH, temperature, substrate concentration and purified partially by ammonium sulphate precipitation. The stability of the partially purified enzyme was analyzed under the influence of a wide range of pH, temperature, and substrate concentrations.

Results: Among the seven isolates screened, Aspergillus carbonarius S-CSR-0007 exhibited largest clear zone and was selected for further studies. Among the various substrates tested casein was found to support the highest caseinolytic activity of 816 U/ml and fibrinolytic activity of 510 U/ml. The culture supernatant of A. carbonarius S-CSR-0007 was fractionated by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by dialysis, and maximum activity was obtained in the fraction with 80% ammonium sulfate, with an enzyme activity of 1200 U/ml using tyrosine as standard. The partially purified fibrinolytic enzyme showed optimal activity at 45 °C and pH 7.0. The enzyme was stable up to a temperature of 50 °C and pH 8.0, and the optimum substrate concentration was 4%.

Conclusion: The crude enzyme showed high blood clot lysis activity, which may be a good candidate in the pharmaceutical industry. However, more studies need to be carried out to establish its clinical use.
BIOTINYLATED AND CHELATED POLY-L-LYSINE AS EFFECTOR FOR PRETARGETING IN CANCER THERAPY AND IMAGING
Authors: Lutz Anna Gustafsson , BÄck Tom , Aneheim Emma , Palm Stig , Morgenstern Alfred , Bruchertseifer Frank , Albertsson Per , Lindegren Sture
Published: February 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to synthesise and evaluate polylysine-based effectors for pretargeted radioimmunotherapy and imaging. These molecules can readily be size-modified and charge-modified to decrease the renal uptake of radioactivity, which is often a major problem for small radiolabeled molecules. Several chelators and biotin molecules (for antibody-streptavidin-binding in vivo) are also easily incorporated into one structure because of the polylysine.

Methods: The effectors were synthesised using poly-L-lysine, NHS-LC-biotin, CHX-A’’-DTPA or p-SCN-Bn-DOTA and succinic anhydride. They were characterised, labelled with 213Bi for targeted α therapy, 68Ga for PET and 111In for SPECT, and evaluated in vitro. A kidney uptake study was performed as well with two different-sized 213Bi-labeled effectors, to evaluate how the difference in size affects the renal filtration.

Results: Radiochemical purities between 97.4±0.6 % and 99.6±0.1 % and decay-corrected yields of 80.2±2.4 % after purification were achieved with the radiolabeled molecules, as well as a specific activity of 7.6 × 103GBq/µmol. The avidin binding capacity was 94.4±1.9%. The kidney uptake study demonstrated a reduction of renal absorbed dose by 80% when modifying the molecular size and charge.

Conclusion: The synthesised polylysine-based effectors show potential for further in vivo evaluation in pretargeted radioimmunotherapy and imaging.
PHARMACOKINETICS AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF ORTHOSIPHON STAMINEUS ETHANOLIC EXTRACT AND ITS-NANO LIPOSOMES IN SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS
Authors: Shafaei Armaghan , Saeed Mohammed Ali Ahmed , Aisha Abdalrahim F. A. , Ismail Zhari
Published: February 2017

Objective: This study aimed to perform pharmacokinetic profile of rosmarinic acid (RA), sinensitin (SIN), eupatorin (EUP) and 3΄-hydroxy-5,6,7,4΄-tetramethoxyflavone (TMF) in Orthosiphon stamineus ethanolic extract (OS-E) and its nanoliposomes (OS-EL) after oral and intravenous administration in Sprague-Dawley rat’s plasma by developing and validating a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with ultraviolet (UV) detection.

Methods: An isocratic elution program consisting of methanol: tetrahydrofuran: water (0.1% H3PO4) mixture in the volume ratio 55: 5: 40 on Nucleosil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm internal diameter × 5 µm particles size) was applied. The current study followed a two-ways crossover study design. OS-E and OS-EL were administered orally at 1000 and 500 mg/kg, respectively. They were also administered intravenously at 250 mg/kg via the tail vein.

Results: The HPLC-UV method was successfully developed and validated for simultaneous determination of major chemical constituent from OS-E and OS-EL in rat’s plasma. The method recorded the mean recoveries from extraction were between 91.39 and 100.32%. With regards to the intravenous administration of OS-EL, all four marker compounds appeared to be poorly distributed and cleared slowly from the body compared to OS-E. Whilst in oral administration of OS-EL, the bioavailability of all marker compounds were higher than OS-E due to higher solubility of encapsulation in phospholipids.

Conclusion: The higher solubility and bioavailability of OS-EL may contribute to encapsulation in phospholipids.
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF ENDANGERED MEDICINAL PLANT SPECIES HEDYCHIUM CORONARIUM FROM EASTERN INDIA
Authors: Parida Reena , Mohanty Sujata , Nayak Sanghamitra
Published: February 2017

Objective: Molecular characterization of Hedychium coronarium from 4 different populations of Odisha using 9 inter simple sequence repeats and 15 random amplified polymorphic DNA markers to indicate the closeness of species and hybrids quickly and efficiently.

Methods: A dendrogram was constructed through sequential agglomerative hierarchial and nested (SAHN) clustering and un-weighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis using Jaccard’s similarity coefficient of combined markers using this particular species.

Results: Two major clusters were found, i.e., cluster-I (Malkangiri-1, Phulabani-1, Phulabani-3, Malkangiri-2, Khurda-1, Khurda-2, Khurda-3, Angul-3, Angul-1, Angul-2 and Phulabani-2) and cluster-II (Malkangiri-3). The clustering pattern also revealed moreover the extent of genetic similarity between germplasms collected from four different regions population.

Conclusion: The potential of this technique would be further realised to the fullest extent for the identification and tagging of the important novel gene in different taxa, unexplored yet, thus facilitating the improvement of desired taxa of Zingiberaceae. The findings would be of immense enough significance for complementing the strategies of conservation and characterization of these important taxa of Zingiberaceae following modern biotechnological approach.
IN VIVO STUDY OF PROMISING FORMULATED OCULAR BIO-ADHESIVE INSERTS OF CIPROFLOXACIN HYDROCHLORIDE COMBINATION WITH XANTHAN GUM AND CARBOPOL
Authors: Alshawwa Samar Zuhair , Obaidat Aiman , Sallam Alsayed , Salem Mutaz Sheikh
Published: February 2017

Objective: To study the in vivo behaviour and irritant properties of different ocular bio-adhesive inserts of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CFX-HCl) prepared using a spray dried (SD2) matrix system consisting of xanthan gum, carbopol, and propylene glycol.

Methods: CFX-HCl in aqueous humor samples was analysed using HPLC method. Applying a mobile phase of 0.01M sodium acetate: methanol (70:30 v/v) with pH around 3.00, and using Purosphere star 100RP-18 column (125 mm × 4.6 mm × 5 µm). The in vivo behaviour and irritant properties of ocular inserts was studied on rabbits. Twelve rabbits were used for the study and were divided into four groups. After placing the insert in the eye 100 µl of the aqueous humor was withdrawn at different time intervals in order to measure the concentration profile of CFX-HCl. The tested formulae R, F1, F2, and F3 were all containing 6.25 mg of CFX-HCl.

Results: The method was well validated according to linearity, recovery, and precision. Where the calibration curve was linear over a concentration range of (2.500–7.826) µg/ml, with an average recovery of 99.76%. The presence of the matrix system enhances the absorption of CFX-HCl and sustains its release up to four days leading to increasing its bioavailability. Also, the ocular inserts of F2 and F3 have better biocompatibility compared with R and F1.
Conclusion: The analysis method was found sensitive, accurate and precise and could be used to assess the in vivobehaviour of CFX-HCl. The ratio of the free drug to the matrix system controlled the rate of drug release.
 

 
EVALUATION OF DEPEGMENTING AND ANTIERYTHEMIC EFFECTS OF COSMETIC EMULGELS CONTAINING RASPBERRY FRUIT EXTRACT ON HUMAN CHEEK SKIN
Authors: Kausar Rizwana , Akhtar Naveed
Published: February 2017

Objective: This research work was performed to discover the efficacy of newly formulated topical formulation (o/w) emulgel of Raspberry fruit extract against its base taken as a control on skin erythema and skin melanin.

Methods: Concentrated Raspberry fruit extract was prepared by macerating fresh fruit in aqueous methanol under room temperature. This extract was then entrapped in the inner oily phase of o/w emulgel. Newly formulated, formerly evaluated base (without extract) and a formulation containing 4% concentrated extract of Raspberry were applied to cheeks of 13 healthy female human volunteers for a period of 12 w. Skin erythma and melanin were measured after every two weeks to evaluate any effect produced by this topical formulation.

Results: Base showed insignificant (p≥0.05) while formulation showed a significant decrease in skin erythma. Skin melanin content was insignificantly decreased by base but significantly decreased by the formulation. The newly developed cosmetic emulgel of Raspberry fruit extract showed its effects without causing any irritation and was found to be suitable and safe dermatological formulation.

Conclusion: Formulation was successfully evaluated for its dermatological effects. It was found to be a useful, harmless and cost effective skin whitening treatment derived from natural sources.
DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND IN VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF SELF NANO EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF OLMESARTAN MEDOXOMIL
Authors: Sisinthy Sreenivas Patro , Rao Nalamolu Koteswara , Sarah Chin Yi Lynn
Published: February 2017

Objective: The objective of the present study was to design, optimise and characterise self nano emulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for a poorly water soluble drug, olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) by Formulation by Design (FbD) approach with an aim to improve its solubility and dissolution.

Methods: The SNEDDS were systematically optimised using three factor Box-Behnken design. Concentration of formulation variables, namely, the oil phaseX1 (Capryol 90), the surfactant X2 (Cremophor EL), and the co-surfactant X3 (Transcutol P), was optimized for its impact on mean globule size (Y1), percentage drug release in 20 min (Y2) and turbidity (Y3) of the formulation. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to select the areas of nanoemulsion and the amounts of oil, surfactant and cosurfactants as critical formulation variables. The prepared SNEDDS were characterised for globule size, dissolution studies, turbidity, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results: Following optimisation, the values of formulation variables were found to be 142.276 mg (Capryol P), 399.999 mg (Cremophor EL) and 598.871 mg (Transcutol P) which produced a globule size of 12.64 nm, percentage drug release of 93.34% and a turbidity of 0.02 FNU. TEM studies demonstrated spherical droplet morphology.

Conclusion: Thus, the present studies reveal that the SNEDDS is a promising drug delivery system approach for the enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of OLM.
SUSTAINED RELEASE MUCOADHESIVE MICROCAPSULES OF RAMIPRIL BY IONIC GELATION TECHNIQUE: FORMULATION DESIGN, OPTIMIZATION AND CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Rao Korlapati Venkateswara , Venkatchalam V. V.
Published: February 2017

Objective: The major objective of the research work was to design, optimise and characterise sodium alginate based sustained release mucoadhesive microcapsules of ramipril by ionic gelation method.

Methods: An experimental set-up was designed to investigate the optimal combination of mucoadhesive polymers such as carbopol 974P, HPMC (K4M and K100M), Na CMC and chitosan and their drug compatibility with respect to reliabilities. Preliminary screening of the formulation variables was accomplished by Taguchi design followed by Box-Behnken design for systematic optimisation. The suitable mathematical model was selected, response surface analysis was performed and optimised formulation was chosen by numerical optimization and desirability function method. Characterization of the prepared microcapsules for several inherent properties like particle size, drug content, sphericity, entrapment efficiency, loose surface crystal study, swelling index, micromeritic properties, moisture content, in vitro drug release, mucoadhesive strength and in vivo antihypertensive activity was performed.

Results: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) thermograms and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) spectral studies revealed no incompatibility between the pure drug and selected polymers. The spherical nature of the prepared microcapsules was established by surface morphology studies.

Conclusion: The resultant sustained release mucoadhesive microcapsules of ramipril remained stable when subjected to stress conditions unveiling it as a better alternative delivery system with superior therapeutic efficacy.
SYNTHESIS AND EVALUATION OF SOME BENZOTHIAZOLE DERIVATIVES AS ANTIDIABETIC AGENTS
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Rathore D. S. , Garg Gopal , Khatri Kapil , Saxena Rahul , Sahu Sanjeev K.
Published: February 2017

Objective: The objective of the present research investigation involves synthesis and biological evaluation of antidiabetic activity of benzothiazole derivatives.

Methods: A novel series of benzothiazole derivatives 7(a-l) were synthesised and synthesised compounds were characterised for different physical and chemical properties like molecular formula, molecular weight, melting point, percentage yield, Rf value, IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and mass spectroscopy. The newly synthesised benzothiazole derivatives were subsequently assayed in vivo to investigate their hypoglycemic activity by the alloxan-induced diabetic model in rats.

Results: All the synthesised derivatives showed significant biological efficacy. The compound 7d at 350 mg/kg exerted maximum glucose lowering effects whereas 7c showed minimum glucose lowering effects. All the compounds were effective, and experimental results were statistically significant at p<0.01 and p<0.05 level.

Conclusion: From the results, it is clear that compound 7d demonstrated potent anti-diabetic activity and would be of better use in drug development to combat the metabolic disorder in future.
SURVIVAL TIME AND HISTOLOGICAL OUTCOME OF MAJOR ORGANS FOLLOWING HONEY ADMINISTRATION TO ACUTE PARAQUAT-INTOXICATED RATS: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Authors: Tang Suk Peng , Jaafar Hasnan , Gan Siew Hua , Sirajudeen Kuttulebbai N.s. , Sulaiman Siti Amrah
Published: February 2017

Objective: The objective of this research was to investigate the possible protective effect of Tualang honey (TH) in acute paraquat (PQ) toxicity in rats.

Methods: A total of 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats aged eight weeks old were used. Oral PQ and TH were administered at 225 mg/kg and 0.2 g/kg, respectively. The effects of single and multiple TH treatmentson PQ-intoxicated rats were then investigated. Single TH treatment groups received TH at 0.5 (PQ+TH0.5h), 2 (PQ+TH2h) or 6 (PQ+TH6h) hours following PQ administration. Multiple TH treatment groups received TH at 0.5, 2 and 6 h (PQ+THtrp) or further daily treatment for the following six days (PQ+TH7d) after PQ administration (n=6 per group). The survival time of the rat was recorded until day 28 before sacrifice, which was followed by a histological examination.

Results: Treatment with TH did not improve the survival rate of PQ-intoxicated rats. However, the median survival time of rats that received multiple TH treatments was significantly longer compared to that of the PQ+TH6h group. TH treatment was found to improve the histological outcomes of PQ-intoxicated rats, particularly in the lungs.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest the potential role of honey in delaying the toxic effects of PQ.