bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogeny of the species of Ciconia (Aves, Ciconiidae) based on cranial osteological characteristics
Authors: Santos Suely Silva , Nobushige Stella Yasmin Lima , Ribeiro Arthur Serejo Neves , Santos Francisco Das Chagas Vieira , Donatelli Reginaldo José , Ferreira Guilherme José Bolzani de Campos , Guzzi Anderson
Published: May 2019

The Family Ciconiidae currently comprises 19 species distributed primarily in the tropical and sub-tropical regions around the world. Recent studies on phylogeny within the genus and families of birds provided a new opportunity for the analysis of the cranial structure in a phylogenetical context. Consequently, the aim was to describe in detail the cranial osteology of the representative species of Ciconia (C. abdimii, C. ciconia, C. episcopus, C. maguari and C. nigra), aiming to compare the characters found amongst the species that form this genus and these with the one from other members of the Family Ciconiidae and determine the family relationships amongst the species, using the methodology of phylogenetic systematic. Cranial osteology has proven to be a good tool for the cladistic analysis of the genus Ciconia, providing osteologic characters that proves the monophyly of the group. The topology of the tree obtained in the present study has revealed itself as well resolved, presenting positive perspectives to the morphologic studies of the genus. The cladogram presented corroborates the hypothesis of the monophyletic characteristic of the Ciconia, the C. ciconia being the most basal of the genus. The topology of the cladogram is: (C. ciconia ((C. nigra (C. abdimii C. episcopus)) C. maguari)). In general, Ciconia presents a specialized skull, with peculiar characteristics and different from what is observed in other groups of birds.
KAJIAN KESIAPAN UMKM BATIK SURAKARTA TERHADAP DIMENSI EKONOMI CERDAS SEBAGAI BAGIAN DARI PENERAPAN KONSEP SMART CITY
Authors: Sitorus Godlive Handel Immanuel , Tyas Wido Prananing
Published: May 2019

The city of Surakarta (Solo) is currently in the process stage to realize the concept of Solo Smart City. SMEs Surakarta Batik sector became one of the focus of government to be encouraged to be able to apply the principles of smart economy in its activities. This study aims to see how the level of readiness of SMEs Surakarta Batik in order to see how strong the role of SMEs Surakarta Batik in encouraging the implementation of smart economic dimensions. Assessment of readiness is done by analyzing the condition of five smart economic indicators, namely: innovative spirit, collaboration and participation, entrepreneurship, productivity, and competitiveness. The readiness levels designed in this study are divided into three categories: ready, ready on condition, and not yet ready. The research method used in this research is a quantitative method with the use of mixed qualitative and quantitative data. The analytical technique used is scoring. The result of this research concludes that the level of readiness of SMEs Surakarta Batik is at the level of ready on condition, meaning that SMEs Surakarta Batik basically can be said ready to realize the smart economic dimension, but there are some aspects that need attention to be developed in order to really pushing the realization (1) aspects of decision making on innovative spirit indicators, (2) aspects of collaboration on innovative spirit indicators, and (3) business administration management systems on productivity indicators.
ASPEK-ASPEK PEMBENTUK KUALITAS TEMPAT BERDASARKAN SURVEI KAPABILITAS: DETERMINAN BAGI KEBAHAGIAAN MASYARAKAT
Authors: Pramono RWD , Nurfajrina Ismah Aditia , Nariswari Nastity
Published: May 2019

Kebahagiaan dapat menjadi indikator penghubung pembangunan berkelanjutan dengan orientasi peningkatan kualitas hidup masyarakat. Salah satu penentu kebahagiaan adalah kualitas tempat. Dalam penelitian ini, kualitas tempat didefiniskan berdasarkan analisis terhadap rekaman persepsi dan pengalaman hidup masyarakat. Penelitian dilakukan berdasar pendekatan kapabilitas (PK) yang dijabarkan menjadi kerangka survei berupa kuisioner, beberapa pertanyan tambahan terkait dengan evaluasi diri terhadap tingkat kebahagiaan, serta pertanyaan yang menuntun responden untuk mengobservasi lingkungan tempat tinggal atau kotanya. Data persepsi responden dianalisis korelasinya yang dilanjutkan dengan analisis faktor untuk mengidentifikasi aspek-aspek pembentuk kualitas tempat. Pembahasan terhadap hasil temuan menjelaskan bagaimana suatu tempat dapat berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan kebahagiaan serta apa saja elemen fisik yang paling menentukan.
PERILAKU PERJALANAN PENGGUNA SEPEDA MOTOR UNTUK TUJUAN BEKERJA DI PUSAT KOTA SEMARANG (STUDI KASUS: KORIDOR SEGITIGA EMAS)
Authors: Suek Jonathan , Manullang Okto Risdianto
Published: May 2019

Working activity is one of the subsistence activities with the highest motivation level to travel. In Semarang City, the workplace is still dominant (75.04%) located in the city center, so the city center has a great attraction. It makes the provision of public transportation, such as Trans Semarang has a high service area in the city center. Currently, the Segitiga Emas Corridor has been serviced by 5 bus lines, but workers are still using motorcycles. In city scale, the dependency of motorcycle use reached 79.58% in Semarang City. On the other hand, the value of Trans Semarang loading factor is only 54%. This phenomenon is suspected to occur because of public transport services that have not been in accordance with the user’s travel behavior. Travel behavior can be measured through travel patterns that are formed by scheduling daily activities. Decisions in determining travel patterns are inseparable from the socio-demographic, economic and residential aspects. This study aims to understand the relationship between the travel patterns of workers with these aspects, as well as analyzing predictor variables on understanding the provision of urban mass transportation. The research method used is quantitative approach by using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis through structural equation model (SEM). The results showed that unmarried workers and workers who do not have children or already do not have children at school age are potential workers who can switch modes to Trans Semarang (49,5%). Therefore, married workers with dual-earners in households, have 1-2 school-age children and small households tend to travel complex and difficult to facilitate by Trans Semarang service. Thus, transport services should be tailored to the characteristics and needs of workers, at least for potential demand to attract new users
On the weakly degenerate Allen-Cahn equation
Authors: Sônego Maicon
Published: May 2019

In this paper we consider a one-dimensional Allen-Cahn equation with degeneracy in the interior of the domain and Neumann boundary conditions. We allow the diffusivity coefficient vanish at some point of the space domain and we are addressed on the existence of stable non-constant solution.
Extra-analytical sources of uncertainty: which ones really matter?
Authors: Padoan Andrea , Sciacovelli Laura , Zhou Rui , Plebani Mario
Published: May 2019

Since the endorsement by ISO15189:2012 of measurement uncertainty (MU) for the estimation of error in measurement procedures, the debate has been ongoing with questions concerning which method should be used for estimating MU and the benefits of using MU over other error methods. However, only limited attention has been given to extra-analytical sources of uncertainty and, currently, a clear standpoint is still missing. This opinion paper aims to evaluate whether extra-analytical variables could be included in MU. Considering coagulation tests as an example, the possible sources of preanalytical variations are evaluated by using a fishbone diagram. After excluding preanalytical errors, additional sources of uncertainty are divided into amenable to standardization/harmonization and/or possible random sources, which are not standardizable nor harmonizable. Finally, sources of uncertainty are evaluated for a possible inclusion into MU. In addition, postanalytical uncertainty is discussed, particularly considering the laboratory results calculated through a mathematical equation, derived from one or more quantities affected by their specific uncertainty.
The Black Mediterranean: Liminality and the Reconfiguration of Afroeuropeanness
Authors: Grimaldi Giuseppe
Published: May 2019

This article focuses on emerging forms of ethnic identification among Italians of Ethiopian and Eritrean origins. In 2013, in parallel with the so-called refugees’ crisis in Europe, children of immigrants engaged in the Milanese management of forced migrations in the diasporic neighbourhood of Milano Porta Venezia. They legitimated their actions by emphasising a shared Habesha ancestral ethnicity with the asylum seekers from the Horn of Africa. The article considers their ethnic identification in relation to the changes in the public discourse on the Mediterranean route. These ethnic identifications and mobilisations are interpreted as claims for social recognition as Italians rather than a form of the revivification of their ancestral ethnicity in the analysis. The Black Mediterranean represent a privileged analytical and physical space to work on the resignification of Afro-European subjectivities in contemporary Europe.
Correlation between intakes of carbohydrates, protein, and fat with random blood sugar levels in menopausal women
Authors: Suniyadewi Ni Wayan , Pinatih G.N Indraguna
Published: May 2019

Objective

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are energy sources needed by the body for performing daily activities and generating primary energy substances. In women who have undergone menopause, the function of thyroid hormone in their body begins to decline and thus affects the ability of the body to produce energy. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the intakes of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and random blood sugar levels in menopausal women.

Methods

This study was a correlational analytical research with a cross-sectional design, which was conducted in 72 menopausal women recruited by the purposive sampling technique. In this study, a 24-hour food recall form was used, and randomized blood sugar levels were measured using a glucometer. The analysis of the data was performed using a Pearson product moment and multiple linear regression.

Results

Carbohydrates and fats together affected random blood sugar levels with anF-value of 25.810 and ap-value of 0.000. Meanwhile, adjustedR2 showed the value of 0.411, indicating that the difference in the intake of carbohydrates and fats together affected random blood sugar levels by 41.1%.

Conclusions

Intake of carbohydrates and fats affected random blood sugar levels, whereas the rest were influenced by other factors, and protein intake was unrelated to random blood sugar levels in menopausal women.
Numerical Simulation of Flow Characteristics in an Inclining Rotating Kiln with Continuous Feeding
Authors: Zheng Xin , Jin Baosheng , Zhang Yong , Zhang Youwei , Zhou Chunlei
Published: May 2019

The granular behaviors in rotating kilns have been investigated using a three-dimensional CFD model based on Euler-Euler multiphase model and the kinetic theory of granular flow. The model is validated by comparing with published experiment data and existing theory. The continuous feeding progress and inclination angles are both taken into account in this work for thorough discussion. Typical regimes of solid motions and velocity distributions are shown in the simulation results. The results show that the impact caused by feeding process has an obvious influence on the velocity distribution of z axis, especially at the charging end of the kiln. A small inclination angle has a slight influence on the velocity distribution of z axis, and causes the thickness of the active region increasing with the increasing of axil distance. The rotating speed is the biggest influencing factor for the velocity distribution in the transverse plane. The result can help the development of three-dimensional models for rotary kilns and the improvement of kiln design and performance.
How to Determine whether Evolution Debunks Moral Realism
Authors: Pölzler Thomas
Published: May 2019

Anti-realistischen evolutionären Entlarvungsargumenten zufolge unterminieren evolutionstheoretische Erwägungen die Rechtfertigung unserer moralischen Urteile, sofern man die Existenz objektiver moralischer Wahrheiten annimmt (was die Existenz dieser Wahrheiten ausschließt oder unwahrscheinlich macht). Kontroversen um diese Argumente gründen oft in Missverständnissen darüber, wie deren Prämissen gestützt oder geschwächt werden können. Das Ziel dieses Beitrags ist deshalb eine Klärung evolutionärer Entlarvungsargumente. Ich werde jene Arten von philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Belegen identifizieren, die erbracht werden müssten, damit diese Argumente angemessen bewertet werden können. Dabei wird sich herausstellen, dass philosophische Untersuchungen einen größeren Beitrag leisten können als gemeinhin angenommen. Die Bewertung von evolutionären Entlarvungsargumenten ist so schwierig, weil ihre philosophischen und wissenschaftlichen Aspekte eng miteinander verwoben sind.
Organallokation bei der Leber
Authors: Dannecker Gerhard
Published: May 2019

In Deutschland verlangt das Transplantationsgesetz die Zuteilung von postmortal gespendeten Organen nach den Kriterien der Dringlichkeit und der Erfolgsaussicht. Der herrschenden Auffassung zufolge darf die Erfolgsaussicht hierbei jedoch lediglich den Charakter einer Minimalnutzenschwelle annehmen. Eine darüber hinausgehende Gewichtung von Erfolgsaussichten soll zudem nicht mit der Lebenswertindifferenzkonzeption des Bundesverfassungsgerichts zu vereinbaren sein, die aus dem Gleichheitsgrundsatz sowie aus der Menschenwürde abgeleitet wird. Gerhard Dannecker argumentiert, diese im juristischen Schrifttum überwiegend vertretene Auffassung sei weniger zwingend, als es auf den ersten Blick scheinen mag. Seiner Auffassung zufolge lässt sich aus der Lebensschutzgarantie in Artikel 2 der Verfassung eine Pflicht ableiten, die vorhandenen Ressourcen möglichst effektiv einzusetzen. Zwar dürfe Effizienz hier tatsächlich nicht bedeuten, dass die Funktionsdauer der vorhandenen Organe über das Gesamtkollektiv aller Patienten hinweg utilitaristisch zu maximieren sei - eine Pflicht zur Rettung einer möglichst großen Anzahl an Menschen lässt sich ihres Erachtens jedoch durchaus rechtfertigen.
Femtomolar detection of nucleic acid based on functionalized gold nanoparticles
Authors: Huang Jiaoqi , Zhang Yang , Lin Zhongquan , Liu Wei , Chen Xueping , Liu Yu , Tian Huiyan , Liu Qiqian , Gillibert Raymond , Spadavecchia Jolanda , Djaker Nadia , de la Chapelle Marc Lamy , Xiang Yang , Fu Weiling
Published: May 2019

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) detection is essential for the accurate and early diagnosis of a disease. In this study, a femtomolar DNA detection method based on the exploitation of the localized surface plasmon (LSP) resonance of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed. We prepared Poly Ethylen Glycol (PEG) functionalized AuNPs with a specific DNA capture probe (CP) directly modified on the gold surface. Two strategies are proposed using different kinds of CP to detect the target DNA (tDNA). In the first strategy, CP is the complementary of the complete sequence of the DNA (CCP method). For the second strategy, we used two CPs, which were half complementary to tDNA, and these were hybridized with tDNA to form sandwich structures (MIX method). The results showed that our detection methods are highly sensitive and that the limits of detection of 124 am and 2.54 fm tDNA can be reached when using the CCP and MIX methods, respectively. In addition, the specificity of our two strategies is also demonstrated with mismatched DNAs. The proposed method provides a simple, fast, sensitive and specific DNA biosensor, which has the potential to be used for point-of-care tests (POCT).
Object-Oriented Baudrillard? Withdrawal and Symbolic Exchange
Authors: King Matthew James
Published: May 2019

By comparing Object-Oriented Ontology (OOO) and Baudrillard through the lens of a study of the notion of withdrawal in Heidegger’s tool analysis and “The Question Concerning Technology”, this article explores the extent to which an Object-Oriented Baudrillard is possible, or even necessary. Considering an OOO understanding of Mauss’s gift-exchange, a possible critique of duomining in Baudrillard and a revision of Baudrillard’s understanding of art, the prospects of a new reading of Baudrillard and interpretation of OOO’s genealogy are established. These lines of comparison qualify the role of withdrawal in Baudrillard and symbolic exchange for OOO, and lead towards the conclusion that an Object-Oriented Baudrillard is possible, but may not, conversely, be considered necessary.
CSCCa and NSCA Joint Consensus Guidelines for Transition Periods: Safe Return to Training Following Inactivity
Authors: Caterisano Anthony , Decker Donald , Snyder Ben , Feigenbaum Matt , Glass Rob , House Paul , Sharp Carwyn , Waller Michael , Witherspoon Zach
Published: May 2019

THE INCIDENCE OF INJURIES AND DEATHS RELATED TO EXERTIONAL HEAT ILLNESS (EHI), EXERTIONAL RHABDOMYOLYSIS (ER), AND CARDIORESPIRATORY FAILURE HAS INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN COLLEGE ATHLETES IN RECENT YEARS. DATA INDICATE THAT THESE INJURIES AND DEATHS ARE MORE LIKELY TO OCCUR DURING PERIODS WHEN ATHLETES ARE TRANSITIONING FROM RELATIVE INACTIVITY TO REGULAR TRAINING. TO ADDRESS THIS PROBLEM, THE CSCCA AND NSCA HAVE CREATED CONSENSUS GUIDELINES WHICH RECOMMEND UPPER LIMITS ON THE VOLUME, INTENSITY, AND WORK:REST RATIO DURING TRANSITION PERIODS WHERE ATHLETES ARE MOST VULNERABLE. THE CONSENSUS GUIDELINES PROVIDE STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING COACHES WITH A CLEAR FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE AND EFFECTIVE PROGRAM DESIGN IN THE FIRST 2–4 WEEKS FOLLOWING PERIODS OF INACTIVITY OR RETURN FROM EHI OR ER. ADHERING TO THE CONSENSUS GUIDELINES, CONDUCTING PREPARTICIPATION MEDICAL EVALUATIONS, AND ESTABLISHING EMERGENCY ACTION PLANS WILL REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF INJURIES AND DEATHS IN COLLEGE ATHLETES.
Controllable Superhydrophobic Stainless Steel Surfaces Fabrication by Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Srin K. S. , Padmanabham G. , Bathe Ravi
Published: May 2019

Ultrafast laser processing has emerged as important tool for micro- and nanoscale fabrications. It is also used to create self-organized microstructures with nanoscale features on surfaces. Fabrications of superhydrophobic surfaces induced by femtosecond laser have many applications that include anticorrosion, self-cleaning, and drag reduction. We created hydrophobic surfaces on stainless steel surfaces by producing a hierarchical nano–microstructure with ultrafast laser ablation. Periodic nano–microstructures with different topographies were fabricated on stainless steel AISI 304 surface using a femtosecond laser with a pulse duration of 100 fs and a wavelength of 800 nm. Ablation was performed in the open air with no subsequent treatment. In this study, a three-level Box–Behnken design of response surface method was used to investigate and optimize the process parameters for hydrophobic surfaces. The laser-machined hierarchical nano–microstructures were examined using a scanning electron microscope and an opto-digital 3D microscope. The wetting of surfaces was measured in terms of the contact angle of a water droplet using a digitized goniometer. The contact angle of laser-modified surfaces was changed from a hydrophilic behavior to a hydrophobic one without any surface coatings. The effect of pulse energy was found to be significant on the output characterization. The results revealed that the average pulse energy range of 0.035–0.05 mJ at 10,000 Hz with a scanning speed of 10–100 mm/s and line separation of 10–30 μm produced hydrophobic surfaces with the apparent contact angle of 110–135°. We demonstrated a simple way to tune hydrophobicity using femtosecond laser surface modification in a single step with no subsequent post treatment.
The Altamont Line and the Planning Dilemma
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on Altamont Pass, home of one of the largest wind farms in the world. The Altamont is also a gateway between the valley and the Bay Area, a 741-foot-high pass through the grassy hills that separates two regions and unifies a megaregion simultaneously. The Altamont Pass is not just a line between the traditional, formal Bay Area and the Central Valley, but a key marker of a more troubling frontier—the line between Democrat and Republican, between red and blue. Party affiliation predicts little in terms of whether your city embraced exclusion or unhealthy growth. But the stark political divide between the two sides of the pass is just another barrier working against a more equal fusion of two proud regions. There is also little to report in terms of concerted efforts at making the megaregion work politically or infrastructurally.
King and the Other America
Authors: Laurent Sylvie , Wilson William Julius
Published: May 2019

Did the Civil rights movement of the Fifties and Sixties fail to address economic issues and to grasp that class, beyond just race, was the main cleavage and the greater hindrance in American Society? Many historians and social scientists contend that the movement too narrowly circumscribed its mission, deceptively assuming that specific race-based demands were the only way to achieve social equality and racial fairness. This book argues that, despite an inability to hamper a growing class divide, significant members of the Black Liberation movement actually intertwined civil rights to economic issues, some of them defending that class was trumping race when it comes to racial equality. Time has come, they argued, to build an interracial coalition which would bring substantive freedom to the lesser-off of America, Blacks being at rock bottom. This book will demonstrate that Martin Luther King Jr. was profoundly shaped by their conviction that racial equality was embedded in the broader class struggle, as illustrated by the forgotten Poor People’s Campaign of 1968. Although carried out postumously, the Poor People’s campaign, presented as much an interracial mass mobilization demanding redistribution as the culmination of King’s comprehension of the entanglement of class and race. It also dovetailed with compelling academic works which, either preceding or following the campaign, have vindicated its framework.
An “American Commune”
Authors: Laurent Sylvie
Published: May 2019

This chapter specifically scrutinizes the underpinnings of the campaign’s public policies proposals. Other initiatives, notably Randolph’s “Freedom Budget” or National Urban League’s “Marshall Plan for the Negro” will contrast King’s thoughts on economic justice. It also reflects on the legacy of Roosevelt’s call for an “Economic Bill of Rights” that envisioned constitutional rights to economic security. Beyond Roosevelt, King was echoing major social scientists of his time and proved influenced by their work. This chapter will notably look at the works of socialist and Christian activist Michael Harrington, of prominent economist John Kenneth Galbraith.
The Modern Foundations of Brazilian Cinema
Authors: Conde Maite
Published: May 2019

The introductory chapter outlines a theory of early cinema in Brazil and its relationship to the country’s invention of modernity. Theories and examinations of early film’s relationship to modernity have by and large focused on the medium’s links to changes and transformations wrought by the advent of industrialization. Noting that such transformations were not present in Brazil, the introduction outlines how early film in Brazil—that is, its arrival and dissemination—were linked instead to a political project impelled by the first Republican regime, one that sought to transform the country into modern nation-state of order and progress. The chapter maps ways in which this imbrication between film and this project laid the foundations for the birth Brazilian cinema and modernity in Brazil. In doing so, it provides an alternative modernity of early cinema.
Xenophon, Socratic Mockery, and Socratic Irony
Authors: Lombardini John
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the irony of Xenophon’s Socrates and argues that it is a more direct form of mockery than that found in Plato and that it is one that fits with Xenophon’s overall portrait of Socrates as more willing to engage in mockery and abusive forms of humor than his Platonic counterpart. It argues that this distinctive type of irony is connected with the crucial role that enkrateia (mastery of oneself) plays in the pedagogical approach deployed by Xenophon’s Socrates. It also tracks the different kinds of Socratic conversations emphasized respectively by Plato and Xenophon; while the irony of the Platonic Socrates is linked to his practice of the elenchus, that of the Xenophontic Socrates is connected with those conversations in which Socrates attempts to lead his interlocutors toward virtue. Thus, while the Platonic Socrates deploys irony specifically to draw his interlocutors into conversation, Xenophon’s Socrates does so in order to reveal the gap between the noble goals for which his interlocutors aspire and their abilities to achieve those goals. This interpretation is developed through close attention to Socrates’s conversations with his fellow citizens at Memorabilia 3.1–7.
Aristotle, Eutrapelia , and Socratic Eirōneia
Authors: Lombardini John
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers a reading of Aristotle’s conception of eutrapelia (the virtue pertaining to laughing and joking well) as an alternative to Socratic eirōneia. It argues that what unites the portraits of Socratic humor we find in Aristophanes, Plato, and Xenophon is a concern about the potentially hierarchical relationship between Socrates, as superior, and the inferior interlocutors that he might appear to mock. This unequal relationship also marks Aristotle’s account of eirōneia, which, though it is classified as a vice, is connected with the virtue of magnanimity (and through that connection, with Socrates). Thus, while Aristotle appears to make a place for eirōneia in his account of ethical virtue, that place is limited to interactions characterized by the unequal status of the participants; in contrast, eutrapelia is associated with the more egalitarian and reciprocal relationships between friends and fellow citizens in their everyday interactions with each other.
Monday Night Football, Brian’s Song, and the Roots of the Prime-Time TV Event
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2019

Emboldened by the success its 1968 Olympics coverage enjoyed in prime time, ABC teamed with the National Football League to launch Monday Night Football in 1970. Monday Night Football extended Arledge’s lavish aesthetic to fashion a spectacle that would attract a broader audience than typical weekend telecasts. It particularly set its sights on women—a necessary audience for any successful prime-time show. While Monday Night Football grew out of ABC’s Mexico City broadcasts, it avoided discussing racial tensions that might splinter the consistent prime-time viewership it sought. ABC used Monday Night Football’s popularity to create successful television events that utilized the programing flows it forged and reproduced its pasteurized racial politics, such as the 1971 made-for-television movie Brian’s Song, and, more significantly, the 1977 miniseries Roots. Chapter 4 contextualizes Monday Night Football’s development and explains how it informed the depiction of race on network television events beyond sports broadcasts.
“What in the Wide, Wide World of Sports is Going on Here?”
Authors: Vogan Travis
Published: May 2019

ABC Sports capitalized on the notoriety it achieved during the 1970s by licensing an eclectic collection of items and producing non-sports programming. Along these lines, the subsidiary demonstrated that it did not need preexisting events to create popular sports television. It developed made-for-television specials, including Billie Jean King and Bobby Riggs’s Battle of the Sexes, Evel Knievel’s bone-shattering stunts, and The Superstars, which featured athletes competing in sports outside their areas of expertise. Though commercially successful, these programs were widely belittled as “TrashSports” that degraded the respectability ABC Sports had steadily built. Amid ABC Sports’ investment in TrashSports, the division became embroiled in a scandal surrounding the 1977 United States Boxing Championships, in which elements of the competition were fabricated to ensure its value as a television spectacle. Chapter 6 examines how ABC’s brand extensions and involvement in TrashSports took its sports programming to lengths that no longer necessitated preexisting events, and it uses the controversial boxing championships to investigate the limits to which ABC could manufacture engaging sporting content.
California, Coincidence, and Empire
Authors: West Elliott
Published: May 2019

The first modern gold rush began when gold was discovered in Northern California simultaneous with the United States acquiring California in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. In the long run, this remarkable coincidence helped send the nation on its trajectory toward global power. In the short run, three traits of this rush—its wealth, its boom of population and demand, and its isolation—created a dynamic in California that caused consequences that would be shared by other rushes across the world: catastrophic effects on the indigenous population, a telescoped development into a modern economy, and expanding connections to a wider world. That third effect was fed by another coincidence. The gold strike of 1848 came just as American and European interests in the Pacific world were maturing. The near-instant expansion of national influence—in this case, toward Asia—suggests another possible pattern of gold-rush imperialism.
Finding Love
Authors: Essig Laurie
Published: May 2019

Finding our one true love is harder than ever in an age of dating apps like Tinder and Grindr, rejecting people with a left swipe on their photo or ghosting former lovers is easier than ever. Through an examination of how these dating apps work and interviews with people who use them, this chapter shows how we may want to find our true love, but finding him or her is trickier than ever.
Entrance
Authors: Warnes Andrew
Published: May 2019

The introduction argues that reports of the death of the shopping cart have been exaggerated. Online versions of the contraption have not supplanted the physical originals but exist alongside them. The cart’s essential function of offering an empty mobile space for individual shoppers to fill remains central to shopping in all its forms.
The Late Cart
Authors: Warnes Andrew
Published: May 2019

The chapter discusses the work of three inventors, Sylvan Goldman, Fred Young, and Orla E. Watson, showing how their distinctive contributions together helped ensure that supermarkets of today all offer their customers stacks of mobile, uniform carts.
Horses and Corpses
Authors: Fischel Joseph J.
Published: May 2019

In the state of Washington, in the early 2000s, several men regularly convened together to be penetrated by horses. Around the same time, three men in Michigan tried to exhume a woman’s corpse so one of the men could penetrate it. I consider these strange scenarios to puncture the good liberal’s posture. The good liberal defaults to consent: sex with horses must be wrong because horses cannot consent and sex with human corpses must be wrong because corpses cannot consent. But consent is startlingly inapposite. Horses and corpses are not the kinds of things to which a consent inquiry reasonably applies because consent is a human construct for governing human relations. These meditations lead to unsettling conclusions about child sexual abuse. The modern notion of the “child” presupposes adult superintendence because children are creatures incapable of consent. But then why should it matter that children cannot consent to sex? Sex between adults and young children is wrong, but not primarily because of the lack of consent. The final point of the chapter is about men. I surmise that what these men sought in sex was not gendered dominance but a break from the strictures of gendered dominance.
Contentious Concession
Authors: Meiton Fredrik
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 connects global trends in non-Western development with Pinhas Rutenberg’s exclusive electrification concession in Palestine. The British government in Palestine hailed Rutenberg as a dispassionate man of science and business. In reality, his most significant assets flowed from a set of ideological commitments. So committed were the British to Rutenberg’s plan that when there was a mismatch between the plan and the needs of the country, it was the needs that were deemed the problem, not the plan. The power system was instrumental in defining Palestine’s borders and shaping the entity that was created.
The Politics of Thin Circuitries
Authors: Meiton Fredrik
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 focuses on the electrification of Jaffa, the first practical step in Rutenberg’s countrywide electrification scheme. For the Palestinians, electrification helped constitute Palestine, conceptually and materially, as an object of national politics. The tactics that the nationalist movement adopted began from a technological fact, namely the young electric grid’s vulnerability to sabotage, which the Palestinians used to gain purchase for their political demands. Rutenberg countered with boundary work. He denied the political quality of his work, endeavored to align his project with a free-market rationale, and emphasized the technological exigency that supposedly governed the grid’s development. In so doing, he managed to characterize Palestinian opposition as politically motivated, in contrast to his own scientific posture.
Industrialization and Revolt
Authors: Meiton Fredrik
Published: May 2019

Chapter 5 charts the effects of these developments as the power system, upon completion in 1932, gained technological momentum, cementing the worldview and power relations it had participated in producing. The 1930s saw rapid industrial growth in the Jewish community and simultaneous economic decline and political realignment in the Palestinian Arab community, especially during the years of the Great Arab Revolt, 1936–1939.
Electrical Jerusalem
Authors: Meiton Fredrik
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 is devoted to the domestication of electricity in the 1940s and the emergence of new sociopolitical friction points. With the economic upturn of the war years, electricity entered people’s homes, and the appliances it powered became essential to daily life. It created new categories of crime, such as electricity theft, and new public and domestic hazards, such as electrocution. Electricity flowed through some communities, uniting them, and between others, marking their separation. Most notably, the rolling blackouts in effect during World War II became a flashpoint of social, political, and economic conflict, as inhabitants throughout the country had come to rely on electricity for such public goods as policing, medical treatment, religious practice, and commerce.
Lost Childhoods
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2019

Lost Childhoods focuses on the life-course histories of thirty young men serving time in the adult prison system in Pennsylvania for crimes they committed when they were minors. The narratives of these young men, their friends, and relatives reveal the invisible yet deep-seated connection between the childhood traumas they suffered and the violent criminal behavior they committed during adolescence. By living through domestic violence, poverty, the crack epidemic, and other circumstances, these men were forced to grow up fast, while familial ties that should have sustained them were broken at each turn. The book connects large-scale social policy decisions and their effect on family dynamics, and it demonstrates the limits of punitive justice.
Portrait of a “Real” Marero
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

Through the life history of a young man named Andy—a gang member who became a protected witness in the prosecution of a spectacular quadruple murder—chapter 2 explores the confused entanglements between memory, material violence, and mara myths in stories of gang violence. In this account of Andy’s life and death, the complex play between truth and rumor—the facts of the matter and the inventions of the imagination—illuminate the possibilities and pitfalls of the search for order in the midst of chaos. This chapter serves as an entrance into how the “all-pervading unpredictability” of violence shapes individual life histories, as well as the manner in which such histories can be told.
Porous Prisons
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

This chapter expands out from the maras to map the symbiotic relationships between prisoners, the state, and the free in order to show how deeply the world and the underworld upon which it rests interpenetrate and produce one another. These relationships and this exchange undermine the ideals of isolation and certainty the prison is meant to provide, and they reveal how struggles for control over prison life feed into the making of meaning and power far beyond prison walls. The chapter moves in three parts. “Flow” illustrates the crucial role played by female prison visitors in caring for male prisoners and how they entwine licit and illicit economic activities without which the prison system could not survive. “Friction” maps the state official–prisoner networks that control and profit from illicit businesses within and across prison walls. Finally, “Fire” explores spectacular mara-led riots against incarcerated military men who dominate prison life, and shows how these riots have reworked and exposed the state-criminal networks that shape life in prison and beyond.
Made-for-Media Murder
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

Today in Guatemala, terror is often spoken through corpses chopped up and left in garbage bags in the street, female bodies raped and tortured and quartered, and charred gangster corpses placed in certain police-designated locations signaling no need for an official investigation. In the midst of skyrocketing homicide rates, such strategically brutal demonstrations—circulated in the media, infiltrating everyday conversation—take on starring roles in the bloody drama of Guatemala’s postwar order. Jumping off from the quadruple decapitation detailed in chapter 9, this chapter interrogates the ethical scripts, symbolic gestures, and political dialects at play in the production and consumption of spectacular acts of violence. It links such violence to the symbolic power of the marero in the public imagination, traces the postwar “making invisible” of poor youths’ murders, and discusses how myriad actors—from human rights activists to gangs to international terrorist organizations—leverage the power of innocent suffering and selective mourning to gain traction in the public sphere. Ultimately, this chapter argues that in the contemporary world, spectacular violence can make accomplices of “innocent” bystanders and witnesses both distant and near.
Epilogue
Authors: Fontes Anthony W.
Published: May 2019

The final chapter traces the fates of several main characters in prison and on the street through the chaos of Guatemalan politics in recent years. It splices these narratives into a discussion of how reactionary political movements in the United States are drawing on the image of the Central American gang member (among a list of evil, barbarous “others”) to push anti-immigrant agendas in a moment of profound global uncertainty and unrest.
Introduction
Authors: Suárez-Orozco Marcelo M.
Published: May 2019

War and terror, demographic imbalances, unchecked climate change, and rampant criminality are the drivers of catastrophic migrations. In the first quarter of the twenty-first century, we witnessed the largest number of forcefully displaced human beings in record. Concurrently the world is now facing the largest “crisis of confinement” in history, leaving millions of human beings in search of shelter far away from the high and middle-income countries, lingering in interminable limbo.
In the aftermath of World War II, Europe, the United States, and their allies developed policies for forcefully displaced refugees based on the assumption that whatever caused them to flee their homes would be resolved and refugees would return home. These architectures, we argue, are misaligned with the new conditions. Devastated environments in states with weak institutional capacities hold little promise for safe return. A new twenty-first-century cartography of mass migration suggests forms of migration that do not fit existing policy frameworks. First, most forcefully displaced migrants today stay as internally displaced either in their own countries or in camps in neighboring states often in subhuman conditions with few protections. Second, protracted conflicts are sending millions fleeing with no expectation of returning. Third the architectures in place are generally blind to the developmental needs of children.
Crying children are the face of the catastrophic migrations of the twenty-first century. Worldwide, one in every two hundred children is a refugee, almost twice the number of a decade ago. In 2017, there were over twenty-eight million children forcefully displaced. For the first time in history, over half of all refugees under the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees mandate are minors. Even when temporary protection is possible or desirable, children in flight need more than a safe haven. They need a place to grow up. They need the safety of home. In this Introduction we review the best evidence and current thinking on physical health, mental health, and trauma; legal protections; and education for forcefully displaced children and youth.
Empowering Global Citizens for a Just and Peaceful World
Authors: Bokova Irina
Published: May 2019

In the face of the worst refugee crisis since World War II, deepening inequalities and the rise of violent extremism, new forms of global solidarity are required to nurture respect for all and to promote the values of inclusion, dialogue and mutual understanding. This goal stands at the heart of all UNESCO’ work to empower every woman and man with the skills and competences to strengthen a culture of peace. The challenge is twofold: to ensure universal access to learning, especially in conflict-affected countries; and to transform education systems by fostering skills for responsible global citizenship – in short for living together in trust.
From the Crisis of Connection to the Pursuit of our Common Humanity
Authors: Noguera Pedro A.
Published: May 2019

This paper explores the “crisis of connection” and the way in which the “empathy gap” has become manifest in the treatment of refugee children in schools, and in modern society generally.  Despite the fact that schools in the US have historically played a central role in integrating new immigrants into American society, they are increasingly ill equipped and unprepared to respond adequately to the needs of the new wave of refugees and unaccompanied minors. Moreover, with growing hostility toward immigrants expressed by politicians, civic groups and the media, public willingness to assist schools in serving the newly arrived has eroded. This paper examines the role of schools in overcoming the crisis of connection by drawing attention to schools and districts that have responded with compassion, empathy and a willingness to develop creative solutions to address the critical needs of immigrant and refugee children.  Drawing on research carried out at several such schools and through the analysis of several case studies, the paper shows how education can overcome xenophobia and hostility in schools by promoting trust, belonging, student voice, and building on recognition of "common interests" that transcend differences based on nationality and legal status.
Conclusion
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: May 2019

There is a moment in Clint Eastwood’s American Sniper (2014) in which Bradley Cooper, as historical figure Chris Kyle, interacts with a number of physically wounded Iraq War veterans—many of them played by actual veterans whose combat-altered bodies, displayed for the camera in blunt tableaux of suffering and recovery, externalize the traumas that appear to haunt Cooper’s Kyle....
Body and Desire
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

Although the reception of the Eastern father Gregory of Nyssa has varied over the centuries, the past few decades have witnessed a profound awakening of interest in his thought, particularly in relation to the contentious issues of gender, sex, and sexuality. The Body and Desire sets out to retrieve the full range of Gregory’s thinking on the challenges of the ascetic life through a diachronic analysis of his oeuvre. Exploring his understanding of the importance of bodily and spiritual maturation in the practices of contemplation and virtue, Raphael Cadenhead recovers the vital relevance of this vision of transformation for contemporary ethical discourse.
Prelude
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

In order to counter some of the anachronisms in recent scholarship on Gregory (as outlined in the introduction), the prelude attends to Gregory’s historical context by situating his thinking within the late antique milieu. It begins with an overview of the ecclesio-political context in the aftermath of Constantine’s conversion and considers how the incorporation of the church into imperial life may have inflected Gregory’s ascetic theory. The prelude also explores the burgeoning monastic movement in the late fourth century as well as the ascetical prestige of Gregory’s family.
A Worldly Life of Desire
Authors: Cadenhead Raphael A.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 is the first chapter in part B of the book, “The Ascetical and Eschatological Mixture of Male and Female,” which considers the significance of two major life-events—the death of two of his siblings, first Basil and then Macrina—on Gregory’s theological and philosophical reflections. Part B also highlights the doctrinal controversies with which Gregory contended as Bishop of Nyssa. Chapter 4 examines Gregory’s ascetical theology during the middle period of his literary career. It begins with a recapitulation of the nexus of associations that arose out of the early phase to chart their train of development in the middle period. Particular focus is given to Gregory’s application (and adaptation) of Plato’s account of “mixed pleasures,” which he uses to characterize human life after the fall. This leads to an analysis of the sufferings of the ascetic life that Gregory portrays as a necessary counterweight to the pursuit of worldly pleasure. Whereas the De virginitate presents the life of virginity as an ascetic release from the worldly burdens associated with the conjugal life, Gregory in the middle period highlights the sufferings inherent in lifelong celibacy (such as loneliness). What then follows is a discussion of the male/female hierarchy in marriage, which Gregory appears to support on the basis of biblical authority and his contempt for worldly manifestations of “womanish” vice.
Crossovers and Conversions
Authors: Heo Angie
Published: May 2019

“Crossovers and Conversions” directs attention from collective apparitions to a collection of individual encounters with otherworldly presences, such as saints, angels, demons, and jinn, as well as with the figures who mediate them, such as exorcists, magicians, and holy men. It makes the case that there is enough overlap between Christian and Islamic practices of dreaming and prophecy to yield ambiguities and transgressions. The chapter foregrounds heterodox forms of holy intercession that take place outside of churches and mosques—in shops, homes, villages, and marketplaces that escape the purview of state-sanctioned religious authorities. This chapter also includes a narrative of conversion from Sufism to Christianity that suggests the degree to which Christian and Islamic worlds of messengership, visionary experience, and folk healing can intermingle, crossing over and folding into one another.