bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacto de la Certificación de Comercio Justo en las exportaciones del Cacao de la Región San Martín a Países Bajos durante el 2009 al 2018
Authors:   ,   Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Montes Mejía Daniela Jimena , Moreno Romero Sofía Janisse
Published: December 2020

La presente investigación se orienta en conocer el impacto del comercio justo tomando en cuenta tres principios de la certificación: precio justo, respeto al medio ambiente y creación de oportunidades en las exportaciones de cacao de la Región San Martín a Países Bajos entre el 2009 y 2018. La necesidad de los pequeños productores por diferenciarse y aumentar valor a su producto despierta el interés por optar la certificación de comercio justo, que fomenta el desarrollo social, económico, ambiental y permite destacar la calidad del cacao peruano demandado por países europeos. Este estudio, analiza si la certificación incrementó las exportaciones que, gracias a ello, es posible invertir en empresas, cooperativas y productores conformados por familias de la Región San Martín. Así mismo, esta investigación sirve de referencia para revelar una propuesta sostenible en el tiempo. En el primer capítulo destaca las teorías de integración económica, redes de colaboración solidaria y otras relacionadas al objetivo. En el segundo capítulo se plantea la problemática, hipótesis y objetivos en torno al impacto de la certificación en las exportaciones de cacao. La metodología de la investigación es descriptiva no experimental transversal con un enfoque mixto. En el capítulo cuatro, la información cualitativa se analiza con Atlas.ti con un método deductivo y frecuencial de palabras, mientras, la información cuantitativa (datos macro y encuestas) usa el SPSS con análisis de regresión, factorial y discriminante. En el quinto capítulo, se valida las hipótesis después de relacionar cada resultado y, por último, se presenta las conclusiones y recomendaciones.
Efecto positivo del Comercio Justo en la comunidad puneña con respecto a las exportaciones de quinua hacia Francia, dentro del marco de vigencia del Acuerdo Comercial entre Perú y la Unión Europea, durante los años 2008 – 2018
Authors:   ,   Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Gutiérrez Ríos Víctor Augusto Martín , Surco Ocas Andrea Betsabe
Published: December 2020

La presente investigación busca conocer los efectos de las políticas de comercio justo en los productores que exportan quinua perlada hacia Francia, dentro del marco del Acuerdo Comercial entre Perú y la Unión Europea. Es importante resaltar que, desde su creación en 1959 en Holanda, las políticas de comercio justo han traído a los productores beneficios tales como un precio justo por sus productos, inclusive por encima del mercado, el desarrollo en conjunto de la población, un trato equitativo entre hombres y mujeres, el respecto a la niñez, entre otros. En ese sentido, se considera necesario analizar los efectos directos en cuanto a calidad de vida se refiere, tomando en cuenta variables como acceso a la salud y educación, además de la inversión en infraestructura de la vivienda, lo que permitirá validar dichas mejoras. Otro aspecto importante para comprobar y que tiene injerencia directa con la variable anterior es el nivel de ingresos de los productores y su evolución en la línea de tiempo tomada como muestra, ya que un aumento en las ganancias obtenidas conlleva a una relación directa en el aumento de la capacidad de gasto. Asimismo, como última variable, es pertinente analizar el fenómeno del comercio justo y su efecto en las empresas productoras, conociendo el por qué muchas de ellas desean participar en comercio justo y cuáles no, de manera de conocer las implicancias que tiene el acceso a la certificación en comparación con los beneficios que trae el acceso a la misma.
Elementos de la oferta exportable que influyeron en el incremento de la internacionalización de las empresas exportadoras de palta Hass hacia China durante los años 2014 al 2018
Authors:   ,   Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Aguirre Gonzales Lyz Geraldyne , Olivares Zárate Thais Sheila
Published: December 2020

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como propósito determinar cómo los elementos de la oferta exportable influyeron en el incremento de la internacionalización de las empresas exportadoras de palta Hass hacia China durante los años 2014 al 2018. La palta Hass ha tenido un crecimiento de las exportaciones de US$800 millones en el 2018 (Chávez, 2019). Es preciso señalar, el Perú tiene los mercados de destino de palta Hass a Holanda, Estados Unidos, España, Chile y China. No obstante, se elige China por tener un crecimiento en exportaciones durante el periodo de estudio (SUNAT, 2019). Para el análisis y desarrollo de la investigación, se presentan cinco capítulos: marco teórico, plan de investigación, metodología de trabajo, desarrollo – aplicación y análisis de los resultados. La investigación es cuantitativa, en donde se utiliza un cuestionario como instrumento, dirigido a profesionales relacionados al tema. Es preciso señalar, las empresas que fueron seleccionadas para la investigación son aquellas que representan al 80% de las exportaciones de palta Hass hacia China durante el periodo 2014 al 2018 (SUNAT, 2019). De este modo, se identifica que los elementos de la oferta exportable: disponibilidad de producto, capacidad económica – financiera y capacidad de gestión han influido en el incremento de la intercionalización de las empresas exportadoras de palta Hass hacia China durante el periodo 2014 a 2018. No obstante, se debe continuar con la misma gestión, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de gestionar las certificaciones y requisitos necesarios.
Efectos de la firma del Acuerdo Comercial entre el Perú y la Unión Europea en las exportaciones de café de la provincia de La Convención - Cusco a Bélgica, en el marco del Comercio Justo, en el periodo 2012-2018
Authors:   ,   Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Cochachin Ramírez Jenny Marleni , Fuentes Rivera Jimenez Stephanie
Published: December 2020

La presente investigación hace un análisis de las exportaciones de granos de café a Bélgica y los efectos de la firma del Acuerdo Comercial entre el Perú y la Unión Europea en el marco del Comercio Justo en el periodo 2012-2018. Diversas cooperativas del Cusco han venido exportando café con la certificación FLO; estas exportaciones se han dado incluso antes de la firma del tratado en referencia. Es así como, este estudio hace, por un lado, un análisis cualitativo a través de entrevistas a profundidad a actores y expertos de la industria cafetera para localizar motivos y percepciones en cuanto a datos relevantes de la industria. Este está seguido de un análisis cuantitativo con datos tomados del Ministerio del Ambiente, Ministerio de Agricultura y Riego y ENAHO, los cuales proporcionan al presente estudio de datos empíricos que presentan diversas perspectivas de como se ha dado el efecto en de la firma. Es así como, basándose en la combinación de estas dos técnicas, esta investigación sugiere dar un enfoque unificado que parta del Gobierno Central, a través de instituciones económicas inclusivas que refuercen la industria cafetera, alineada con el Capítulo IX del acuerdo en referencia, el cual está enfocado en el crecimiento sostenible; así como la implementación de gestión tecnológica y mejoras en gestión comercial dentro de las cooperativas. En ese contexto, el Estado peruano, junto con los empresarios deben aunar una dirección única que conduzca a alcanzar un desarrollo sostenido.
Parçacık Sürü Optimizasyonu Algoritması ile Elde Edilen Portföylerin AP Yöntemi ile Etkinliklerinin Ölçülmesi
Authors: Çelenli Başaran Azize Zehra , Öner Burçin
Published: December 2020

Ülke planında bir bütünleşme için çok yönlü yapılanma tedbirleri ve bu tedbirlerin verimlilik-etkinlik üzerindeki etkilerini ölçmek için de çok yönlü ölçüm tekniklerinin kullanımı gerekmektedir. Bu etkinlik ölçüm tekniklerinden biri de Veri Zarflama Analizidir. Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA), girdiyi çıktıya dönüştüren karar verme birimlerinin etkinliğini ölçmek için planlanmış bir doğrusal programlama tekniğidir. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle yapay zeka yöntemlerinden biri olan Parçacık Sürü Optimizasyonu (PSO) algoritması ile farklı portföy çeşitleri elde edilmiştir. Optimum portföye ulaşmak için literatürde en çok tercih edilen parametre değerleri kullanılarak, portföy çeşitliliği oluşturulmuştur ve amaç fonksiyonu olarak portföy performansı ölçüsü olan Sharpe performans oranı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada BIST-30 endeksine ait hisse senetlerinin 02/01/2017-31/12/2017 tarihleri arasında günlük getiri oranlarından oluşan veri seti PSO algoritması ile portföy optimizasyonu için çözümlenmiştir. Çözümleme sonucu farklı getiri ve risk oranlarına sahip portföylerin etkinliklerini ölçmek amacıyla da Veri Zarflama Analizi kullanılmış ve en az risk ile en çok getiriye sahip portföy, etkin portföy olarak tanımlanmıştır. Kullanılan VZA modeli, girdi yönelimli CCR modelidir. Böylece, hangi portföylerin etkin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Daha sonra AP yaklaşımı ile KVB’lerin süper etkinlikleri incelenip etkin portföyler için de sıralama elde edilmiş ve etkin olmayan portföylerin nasıl etkin hâle getirileceği konusunda öneriler verilmiştir.
Determination of Hydrogen Peroxide Content and Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Seeds After Accelerated Aging Test
Authors: Önder Sercan , Güvercin Damla , Tonguç Muhammet
Published: December 2020

Safflower is an important oleiferous crop species in the world. Aging tests are used to simulate cell damage occurring during the long term storage of seeds. In the present study, accelerated aging (AA) test was employed to investigate response of antioxidant enzymes in safflower. Four genotypes of safflower, previously classified as aging resistant (Bayer-6 and Bayer-12) and sensitive (Olas and Linas) based on AA test, were used as seed materials and AA treatments at 43 °C consisted of 5 different times (0, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h). Variance analysis were used and means were separated according to significance levels, and correlations were calculated between hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities. The H2O2 content, CAT, SOD and peroxidase (POD) activities were measured in control and AA treated seeds. Genotype, time and genotype x time interactions were all significant. While H2O2 content and SOD activity increased with AA time, CAT activity decreased in all genotypes throughout the experiment. POD did not show regular increase or decrease, its activity was specific to genotypes and time. Correlations between CAT activity and H2O2 content were significant negative for all genotypes, but between SOD activity and H2O2 content was positively correlated in AA treated seeds.
Evaluasi dan Penilaian Indeks Kondisi Aset Bangunan Gedung Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Jember
Authors: Hidayat Mudzakir Wahyu , Koesoemawati Dewi Junita , Trisiana Anita
Published: December 2020

Umur bangunan semakin hari semakin tambah tua, tetapi daya tarik secara visual bangunan tidak akan berkurang. Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan Universitas Jember, mempunyai 3 kampus meliputi kampus 1, kampus 2 dan kampus 3. Umumnya kampus tersebut sudah berumur lebih dari 15 tahun dan sudah terlalu banyak mengalami kerusakan dari beberapa komponen. F aktor kerusakan gedung salah satunya dapat disebabkan karena kurangnya pemeliharaan dan perawatan bangunan gedung. Pihak Universitas Jember sendiri sudah me laksanakan perawatan dan pemeliharaan supayabangunandapatber fungsi dengan baik, tetapi masih dijumpai beberapa bangunan yang memerlukan perbaikan. Karena banyaknya asset bangunan yang dimiliki, m aka perlu dilakukan evaluasi kondisi terhadap komponen yang ada pada bangunan gedung FKIP dan menentukan prioritas perbaikan dan pemeliharaan berdasarkan kondisi bangunan. Dengan adanya evaluasi ini dapat dijadikan referensi terkait dengan pemeliharaan komponen dan elemen bangunan gedung di FKIP. Pada peneltian ini menggunakan data sekunder dan data primer, data primer menggunakan dua variabel yaitu variabel bebas dan variabel terikat. Variabel terikat yaitu mengidentifikasi kerusakan komponen. Variabel bebas yaitu melakukan penyebaran kusioner terhadap beberapa responden mengenai kondisi komponen bangunan. Setelah itu data yang kita dapatkan di olah menggunakan metode Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) dengan bantuan aplikasi expert choice Versi 11 untuk menghasilkan bobot komponen dan kita kolaborasikan dengan hasil volume kerusakan untuk mendapatkan nilai indeks kondisi. Indeks kondisi ini menjadi acuan kita untuk menentukan tingkat kerusakan komponen dan prioritas penanganan komponen. Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi didapatkan beberapa komponen bangunan gedung yang mengalami kerusakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan komponen bangunan gedung masuk pada kerusakan zona indek 1 antara 85% - 100% baik sekali, dengan indeks kondisi paling kecil terdapat pada gedung kampus 1 sebesar 92,567 % dan indeks kondisi paling besar pada gedung c kampus 3 sebesar 98,896 %. Dan prioritas tertinggi pada komponen keramik bobot nilai 0.143 dan terendah komponen penggantung plafond bobot nilai 0.024. Serta total biaya yang diperlukan untuk perawatan dan pemeliharaan bangunan gedung senilai Rp.177,088,848.
ANALISIS MINAT BELAJAR SISWA MENGGUNAKAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING DENGAN PENDEKATAN STEM PADA MATERI VEKTOR DI KELAS X MIPA 3 SMAN 2 JEMBER
Authors: Septiani Irma , Lesmono Albertus Djoko , Harimukti Arif
Published: December 2020

This research to describe the learning interests of students of class X MIPA 3 of SMAN 2 Jember on vector material using the Problem Based Learning model with STEM approach. The method used in this study is a survey using a questionnaire. Indicators of learning interest questionnaire include feelings of pleasure, attention, interest, and student participation. The questionnaire has 20 statements that represent indicators of student interest in learning. The questionnaire was distributed to students of SMAN 2 Jember in MIPA 3 class X, with a total of 36 students. The average percentage results obtained for each indicator are feeling happy 72.3% in the "medium" category, 77.5% in the "high" category, 75.2% interest in the "medium" category, and 53.1% student participation in the "low" category. These results indicate that the attention gets the highest percentage while the lowest participation.
Bilateral Gini Index
Authors: Rodríguez Esparza Luz Judith , Ortiz Lazcano Dolly  Anabel , Macías Ponce Julio César , Maza Díaz Cortés Octavio Martín
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we have considered a new contextualization of the Gini index, giving a particular interpretation of inequality. The Gini index is the most widely used measure of inequality in the world, however, this index does not meet some desirable properties of an inequality indicator, even so, as it is a measure adopted by most countries through the years, makes it a valuable statistical input; which requires adjustments that provide information, making the study of inequality more robust by adding different indicators that can account for their economic, political, and social environment.
This article provides a variation of the Gini index with the purpose of compare and classify different territories (the States of Mexico, as well as some countries) with similar Gini index. The classification is carried out into groups (called turbines) with either positive equality, negative equality, positive inequality or negative inequality. The main contribution of this paper lies on distinguish territories with similar Gini index but different in how privileges and facilities are distributed into them.
Apoio Matricial e Produção de Autonomia no Trabalho em Saúde
Authors: Rigotti Daniel Goulart , Sacardo Daniele Pompei
Published: December 2020

Como diretriz do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), o Apoio Matricial busca ampliar a capacidade analítica dos trabalhadores de saúde e sua corresponsabilização nas ações desenvolvidas nos serviços. Objetivou-se compreender sua influência para a autonomia dos apoiadores no trabalho em saúde, por suas percepções. Analisaram-se narrativas elaboradas a partir de grupos focais e os resultados mostraram o processo de trabalho dos apoiadores matriciais sustentado em três eixos: autonomia, fragmentação do trabalho/cuidado e processos de gestão, associados à proposta do SUS de produzir trabalhadores criativos e capazes de analisar seu contexto. Revelaram-se a ampliação de autonomia para desenvolver o trabalho cotidiano; o reconhecimento da contradição entre a integralidade e a fragmentação do trabalho e do cuidado; e o impacto das formas de gestão na produção desses sujeitos. Finalmente, apontamos para a necessidade de maiores investimentos institucionais no Apoio Matricial como política efetiva de ampliação de compromisso e autonomia dos trabalhadores e de processos de cogestão.
The 2020 war in Nagorno-Karabakh: the regional dimension
Authors: Avetikyan G.
Published: December 2020

The war in Nagorno-Karabakh that erupted in the autumn of 2020 is significantly different from the first Karabakh war of the early 1990s. First, this time the war ended in the Armenian defeat. Second, the role of Turkey has been significantly increased. Third, a Russian peacekeeping contingent has appeared in the disputed territory between Azerbaijan and Armenia for the first time. Russia's role in the conflict settlement has reached a fundamentally new level, while the roles of the USA, France and other European countries, and of the OSCE Minsk Group have diminished essentially. The article discusses the regional dimension of the new war and defines the main principles underlying the approaches to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict of those states that directly border Armenia and Azerbaijan.
The spread of epidemics, pandemics, and mass diseases as a contemporary global challenge
Authors: Kholikov I.
Published: December 2020

The article focuses on the spread of mass diseases as one of the critical modern global challenges. It analyzes the negative consequences of this phenomenon, including medical, economic, social, political, and legal consequences. The author provides a brief overview of major epidemics that occurred in the recent history, assesses economic damage inflicted by them and identifies spheres of human activity most vulnerable to pandemics. The article also raises the issue of legal responsibility of states and international organizations for actions (or inaction) that contribute to the spread of mass diseases. Recommended strategies to increase the level of global epidemiological security include the need to both strengthen national health systems and ensure international exchange of knowledge, technologies and materials, including viruses and laboratory samples, and to develop and expand overall international cooperation in this field. The author argues that the World Health Organization should continue to play the key role in this process on the basis of its systems of epidemiological surveillance, global warning and response, its long and solid experience as a global leader in public health and its partnerships with governments, UN system organizations, civil society, academia, private sector and media.
COVID-19 pandemic and long-term development trajectories of East Asian and Western economic models
Authors: Popov V.
Published: December 2020

The article examines the reasons for the superior performance of East Asia in containing the human and economic costs of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The East Asian model is based on solidarity and priority of collective interests over individual interests, whereas the Western model emphasizes competition and guarantees of individual rights. The quantifiable characteristics that allow to draw a distinction between the two models are income and wealth inequalities, property and control over corporations, institutional capacity of the state (measured as homicide rate and the size of shadow economy), and trust in the government. Because of the East Asian model’s superiority in these respects, both the number of infections and the mortality rates from COVID-19 in China and other East Asian countries were lower than in Western countries by two orders of magnitude. Besides, the 2020 economic crisis associated with the pandemic was much deeper in the West than in East Asia. These developments give new arguments in support of the views that East Asian economic and social model is more viable than the Western model. Continued rise of East Asia and proliferation of East Asian model in the developing world will lead to profound changes in the world economic order.
A momentum-balance theory for the updraft structure in density currents analogous to squall lines
Authors:   Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico., Alfaro Diego A. , Lezana Fernando ,   Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
Published: December 2020

A momentum-balance theory for the orientation of updrafts in density currents is developed for understanding squall-line–shear interactions. The motivation arises from studies showing the diagnostic limitations of the vorticity-balance theory by Rotunno et al. (1988) (RKW theory) under varying shear profiles, together with the flow-force balance constraint (FFB) which determines the shear-layer depth in optimal density currents. Considering that the FFB is derived from the horizontal momentum equation, momentum-balance concepts are explored as an alternative to RKW theory, by assuming that the updraft’s slope is determined by the balance between advective tendencies of inflowing air and the work done by pressure perturbations within the denser fluid. Density currents were simulated under diverse shear and buoyancy profiles. Results show that momentum-balance effectively diagnoses the updraft’s slope at low and mid-levels in experiments contemplating both “classic” c-ΔU variations, as well as changes to the shear and buoyancy vertical profiles. It is also found that cases with stronger system-relative inflow tend to produce deeper lifting of near-surface environmental air, notwithstanding the updraft’s slope. RKW theory’s quantitative criterion (c/ΔU) is not as effective at diagnosing the updraft’s slope nor the depth reached by near-surface parcels, although c/ΔU provides guidance for the updraft’s slope at upper levels. This result justifies a reinterpretation of c/ΔU as a measure of the impacts of wind velocities aloft on the updraft
Statistical analysis of the relationship between Quasi-Biennial Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode
Authors:   Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Vasconcellos Fernanda Cerqueira , Mattos-Gava Maria Lívia Lins ,   National Institute for Space Research, Sansigolo Clovis Angeli ,   National Institute for Space Research
Published: December 2020

The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is an extratropical pattern that influences the climate of all Southern Hemisphere. However, the variability of this mode is an active area of research. The influence of lower frequency modes on SAM is a path to better knowledge about this pattern. The relationship between Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and SAM’s counterpart in the Northern Hemisphere (Northern Annular Mode) has been addressed by previous work. Still, few studies focus on the association between QBO and SAM. The goal of this work was to evaluate the possible QBO-SAM relationship through statistical analyses. This association was investigated by comparing QBO and SAM indices, the latter on different levels of the troposphere and stratosphere, for the 1981-2010 period. The wavelet analysis showed that the SAM indices for troposphere and stratosphere presented variability in many scales, including a two-year band. Cross-wavelets techniques between QBO and SAM ratified that this relation has a complex interaction. There was a significant common high power around the two-year band, with lags varying over the analyzed period, including no lag. Further analysis without lag confirmed previous studies, indicating that the negative (positive) SAM phase is more frequent for easterly (westerly) QBO. However, this was not valid for all months. Some additional analysis suggested that the upward wave propagation to the stratosphere for each QBO phase changes the stratospheric jet and, consequently, the SAM phase.
Tissue-Engineered Anterior Segment Eye Cultures Maintain Intraocular Pressure within a Normal Range
Authors: Waxman Susannah , Strzalkowska Alicja , Wang Chao , Loewen Ralitsa , Dang Yalong , Loewen Nils A.
Published: December 2020

Glaucoma is a blinding disease largely caused by increased resistance to drainage of fluid from the eye’s anterior chamber, resulting in elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). A major site of fluid outflow regulation and pathology is the trabecular meshwork (TM) at the entrance of the eye’s drainage system. We aimed to characterize the structural and functional properties of a newly developed tissue-engineered anterior segment eye culture model. We hypothesized that repopulation of a decellularized TM with non-native TM cells could restore aspects of normal TM. The decellularization protocol removed all cells and debris while preserving the ECM. Seeded cells localized to the TM region and progressively infiltrated the meshwork ECM. Cells reached a distribution comparable to control TM after four days of perfusion culture. After a perfusion rate increase challenge, tissue-engineered cultures reestablished normal IOPs (reseeded = 13.7±0.4 mmHg, decellularized = 35.2±2.2 mmHg, p < 0.0001). eGFP expressing CrFK control cells caused a high and unstable IOP (27.0±6.2 mmHg). In conclusion, we describe a readily available, storable, and biocompatible scaffold for anterior segment perfusion culture of non-native cells. Tissue-engineered organs demonstrated similarities to native tissues and may reduce the need for scarce donor globes in outflow research.
Unwrapping Ethics: Framing Effects Within the Construction of Team Ethics in Online Discourse at the Workplace
Authors: Gatti Maria Cristina
Published: December 2020

The present paper brings to the fore issues relating to the meaning and construction of ethics in online team communication by exploring the discursive strategies that contribute to the construction of a team’s sense of duty and individual virtuousness. The study relies on a complex toolkit which includes ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse and conversation analysis. Data consist in a one-day interaction unit as part of a larger set of real communication exchanges (ca. 34,000) over a time period of six months, observation notes, as well as unstructured interviews. Our empirical analysis has revealed that individual virtuousness and sense of duty are actually interrelated. A virtuous team climate leads team members to share positive perceptions about the team, which in turn increases team commitment. Furthermore, we argue that the blurring of private and professional life not only allows for the enactment of ethic-driven discourse strategies that result in enhanced cooperation and improved team performance but also for high levels of interconnectivity and improved social interaction. The results of the analysis supplement organisational literature based on ethics-centred observations on the effectiveness of virtual work, and show how a discourse-driven approach can provide tools for further theorisations about the practices and the ecology of digital communication.
Biodiesel Dry Purification Using Unconventional Bioadsorbents
Authors: Arenas Emilio , Villafan Stephanie Michelle , Rodríguez Mejía Yetzin , García Loyola Jonathan Alejandro , Masera Omar , Sandoval Georgina
Published: December 2020

The dry washing method is an alternative to replace water washing, thereby reducing the negative impacts of contamination. However, commercial adsorbents come from industrial processes that, due to their composition, may not be such a sustainable resource in the global biodiesel production process. In this study, the use of organic residues, such as sawdust, coconut fiber, nutshell, rice husk and water hyacinth fiber, were proposed as bioadsorbents for the purification of biodiesel from waste cooking oil (WCO). Quality parameters such as the acid value, water content, and free and total glycerin content were evaluated and compared with those of commercial resins such as Magnesol® and Amberlite™. Promising results were obtained using sawdust during the purification process, achieving a 31.6% reduction in the acid value compared to that of unpurified biodiesel, the reduction was 31.3% more efficient than Amberlite™. Sawdust adsorbed free glycerin at 55.8%, being more efficient than Amberlite™. The total glycerin values were similar between commercial resins and sawdust. A water content values were similar than Amberlite™ and better than that with Magnesol®, at 4.3% and 39.81%, respectively. These results show that sawdust can be used as an alternative bioadsorbent in a dry purification method for biodiesel being a residue with less environmental impact.
Arable Podzols are A Substantial Carbon Sink under Current and Future Climate: Evidence From a Long-Term Experiment in Vladimir Region, Russia
Authors: Ilichev Igor , Romanenkov Vladimir , Lukin Sergei , Pavlova Vera , Siptits Stanislav , Krasilnikov Pavel
Published: December 2020

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an essential condition for soil health and a potential sink for greenhouse gases. SOC dynamics in a long-term field experiment with mineral and organic fertilization on loamy sand Podzol in Vladimir Region, Russia, was traced with the dynamic carbon model RothC since 1968 until the present time. During this period, C stock increased 21% compared with the initial level in the treatment with the application of manure in an average annual rate of 10 t·ha-1. The model was also used to forecast SOC changes until 2090 for two contrasting RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climatic scenarios. Until 2090, the steady growth of SOC stocks is expected in all compared treatments for both climate scenarios. This rate of growth was the highest until 2040, decreased in 2040-2070 and increased again in 2070-2090 for RCP4.5. The highest annual gain was within 21-27‰ under RCP4.5 and 16-21‰ in 2020-2040 in 0-20 cm soil layer. The expected accumulation of C allows increasing current C stock 1.6-1.7 times for RCP4.5 and 2.0-2.2 times for RCP8.5 scenario. Modelling demonstrated potentially more favourable conditions for SOC stability in arable Podzols than in Retisols in Central Russia in the 21st century.
UAS-Derived Surficial Deformation around the Epicenter of the 2016 Mw 5.8 Pawnee, Oklahoma, USA, Earthquake
Authors: Ilesanmi Olufeyisayo , Liang Xue , Oboh-Ikuenobe Francisca E. , Rogers J. David , Abdelsalam Mohamed , Feight Jordan , Witt Emitt C.
Published: December 2020

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) provide a framework for recording perishable surficial data or information. Open fractures exhibiting regular en-echelon patterns were captured by a 12-megapixel, FL-9 mm camera attached to a Phantom IV UAS over the epicenter of the magnitude (Mw) 5.8 earthquake of September 3, 2016, 15 months later. The Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and orthoimagery offered a spatial resolution (∼1 cm) sufficient to identify small-scale plastic deformations that appear to be controlled by en-echelon joint sets developed in the underlying formation. The fissure boundaries and intersections are remarkably linear and sharp. They appeared to have been recently formed, presumably by seismic swarms believed to have been associated with wastewater injection. The DSMs revealed a series of conjugate patterns suggestive of regional systematic joints with apparent subsidence of infilling up to 50 cm. The earthquakes emanated from the Precambrian metamorphic basement, with epicentral clusters at ∼5- and 8-km depths. Low energy release from depths >1.5 km appears to be locally attenuated by an unconsolidated “soil cap,” which likely formed an impedance contrast. The maximum deformation direction from the cumulative energy of earthquakes correlates with a wrench fault tectonics model that could conceivably produce the observed en-echelon joint sets observed in the orthoimagery and DSMs. These features were observed within 275 m of the reported Mw 5.8 epicenter. The remarkably linear repeating pattern of deformation appears to express fissures that preserve the wrench fault fractures generated by the Mw 5.8 earthquake emanating from discontinuity suites within marine sandstone, shale, and limestone of Pennsylvanian to Permian age.
Comparison of capillary and venous blood for malaria detection using two PCR based assays in febrile patients in Sierra Leone.
Authors: Leski Tomasz , Taitt Chris Rowe , Bangura Umaru , Lahai Joseph , Lamin Joseph M. , Baio Victoria , Koroma Mohamed S , Swaray Abdulai G. , Jacobsen Kathryn H. , Jackson Olivia , Jones Brian W , Phillips Cynthia L. , Ansumana Rashid , Stenger David A.
Published: December 2020

Background. Malaria parasites infect over 200 million people and cause more than 400,000 deaths each year. Rapid and sensitive diagnostics are critical tools for clinical case management and public health control efforts. Both capillary and venous blood are currently used for malaria detection and while diagnostic technologies may not be equally sensitive with both materials, the published data on this subject are scarce and not conclusive.Methods. Paired clinical samples of venous and capillary blood from 141 febrile individuals in Bo, Sierra Leone, were obtained between January and May 2019 and tested for the presence of Plasmodium parasites using two multiplexed PCR assays: the FilmArray-based Global Fever Panel (GFP) and the TaqMan-based Malaria Multiplex Sample Ready (MMSR) assay.Results. We observed no significant differences in Plasmodium parasite detection between capillary and venous blood for both assays. The GFP assay was more sensitive than MMSR for all markers that could be compared (Plasmodium spp. and P. falciparum) in both venous and capillary blood.Conclusions. No difference was found in malaria detection between venous and capillary blood using two different PCR-based detection assays. This data gives support for use of capillary blood, a material which can be obtained easier by less invasive methods, for PCR-based malaria diagnostics, independent of the platform.
Click-ExM enables expansion microscopy for all biomolecules
Authors: Sun De-en , Fan Xinqi , Shi Yujie , Zhang Hao , Huang Zhimin , Cheng Bo , Tang Qi , Li Wei , Zhu Yuntao , Bai Jinyi , Liu Wei , Li Yuan , Wang Xiaoting , Lei Xiaoguang , Chen Xing
Published: December 2020

We describe the development of click-expansion microscopy (Click-ExM), which integrates click-labeling into ExM to enable a“one-stop-shop” method for nanoscale imaging of various types of biomolecules. Using 18 clickable labels for click-ExM imaging of DNA, RNA, proteins, lipids, glycans and small molecules, we demonstrate its universality, compatibility with signal-amplification techniques, and broad applications in cellular and tissue imaging. The click-labeling and ExM steps could be finished within two days. This step-by-step protocol is related to the publication “Click-ExM enables expansion microscopy for all biomolecules” in Nature Methods.
The Risk of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene on Diarrhea-Related Infant Mortality in Eastern Ethiopia: A Population-based Nested Case-Control
Authors: Mebrahtom Samuel , Worku Alemayehu , Gage Daniel
Published: December 2020

Background: Diarrhea is still appeared to be as one of the leading global killers and disability-adjusted life-years lost, particularly in the infant and children. As per WHO, about 88% of diarrhea-related deaths are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and insufficient hygiene, mainly in developing world. Thus, the main objective of this study was to find out the risk of such factors that contribute for diarrhea-related infant mortality in Eastern Ethiopia. Methods: This study employed community based unmatched nested case-control study design in Eastern Ethiopia. The cases were infants who died from diarrheal disease while controls were those who survived their first year of life from September, 2016 to August, 2018. A total of 305 study subjects (61 cases and 244 controls) were included in the study. Infants dying from diarrhea were compared to four neighborhood controls in terms of several risk components of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. Data were collected from mothers/care takers of infants using pre-tested structured questionnaires, and entered onto CSpro version 5.1 and transform to SPSS version 23 to analyzed potential risk factors. Findings: Finding of this study revealed that the risk factors such as age of mother with <20 years old, unsafe drinking water storage, infants in households without point-of-use water treatment practices, households with unimproved sanitation status, unsafe disposing of child faeces and improper management of solid waste found to be significantly less likely to contribute infants dying from diarrhea than those with their reference group. Infants in households with improper management of liquid waste management strongly association which had three times more likely to occur diarrhea-related infant death (AOR: 3.43, 95% CI: 1.34, 8.76). Infants whose mother/caretaker practiced hand washing with less critical time (one-two occasions) had three times greater risk to infant death from diarrhoea than those who had practice more than three critical times of hand washing (AOR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.13, 8.17). Conclusion: This study suggests that infants in households with improper management of liquid waste and hand washing practices with fewer occasions (one-two critical time) are a greater risk of getting a diarrhea-related infant death. Therefore, efforts should be made to ensure intervention taking such risk factors into consideration, typically in the infantile period. Key words: Diarrhea-related Infant Mortality, Risk factors, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
Cyanobiont-bearing Dinoflagellate Ornithocercus in Temperate Coastal Waters: Cyanobiont Genetic Diversity and Host Specificity
Authors: Kim Miran , Choi Dong , Park Myung
Published: December 2020

Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous in marine environments and play an important role as primary producers. Some cyanobacteria, the so called cyanobionts (cyanobacterial symbionts), have a symbiotic relationship with unicellular organisms. Among these relationships, in particular, the nature (e.g., genetic diversity, host or cyanobiont specificity, and cyanobionts seasonality) of the cyanobionts-dinoflagellate host consortia remain poorly understood. In this study, 16S rDNA of cyanobionts in a total of 138 single host cells isolated over four seasons in temperate waters were sequenced using the MiSeq platform. Genetic analysis of cyanobionts from the dinoflagellate host Ornithocercus revealed that three genetic types of Synechococcales cyanobionts occurred at a wide range of water temperatures (11–24°C) and their distribution seems to be closely associated with the variation in salinity. Furthermore, this study showed the presence of some degree of host (or cyanobiont) specificity in cyanobionts (or host) among Ornithocercus species as well as among other dinophysoid species (i.e. Amphisolenia, Citharistes, and Histioneis). In addition to Synechococcales cyanobionts, this study identified some OTU sequences affiliated with the Vampirovibrionales and Chroococcidiopsidales in some Ornithocercus cells, suggesting that Ornithocercus species seem to be an additional new habitat for those bacterial groups.
Predicting Short Stay Total Hip Arthroplasty by use the Timed Up and Go-test
Authors: Oosting Ellen , Kapitein Paul , Vries Suzan , Breedveld Ellen
Published: December 2020

BackgroundEstablishing patient criteria is one of the most important steps before implementing short stay total hip arthroplasty (THA). Most existing risk models are mainly based on medical condition, but as physical functioning is associated with outcome after THA, we assume a measure of physical functioning might be of added value to predict short-stay THA.MethodsWe used retrospective data of 1559 patients who had anterior THA. Logistic regression analyses were done to study the predictive value of preoperative physical functioning by use of the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), in a basic model with age, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA)-score for short stay THA (<36 hours). The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was use to define a cut off point for TUG associated with LOS.Results TUG was significantly associated with LOS (OR 0.84, 95%CI 0.82-0.87) in univariate regression analysis. In multivariate regression, a model with the TUG had a better performance with an AUC of 0.77 (95%CI 0.74-0.79) and R2 of 0.27 then the basic model (AUC 0.75, 95% CI 0.73-0.77, R2 0.24). Patients with a preoperative TUG less than 10 seconds had an OR of 3.64 (95%CI 2.86-4.62) of being discharged within 36 hours.ConclusionsPerformance based physical functioning, measured by the TUG, is associated with short stay THA. This knowledge will help in the decision-making process for the planning, expectations and needs in outpatient THA protocols with the advantage that the TUG is a simple and fast instrument to be carried out.
The Effects of Asthma on the Stress Oxidative, Inflammation, and Endothelial Dysfunction Characteristics in Children with Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Shabestari Ali Arjmand , Mohaghegh Pegah , Kiyanrad Habibeh , Imanparast Fatemeh
Published: December 2020

Background: Pulmonary vascular endothelial activation, inflammation, and stress oxidative have been implicated in adverse clinical outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Although chronic lung problems such as asthma may affect the consequences of pneumonia, the exact mechanism of this effect remains unclear. The present study aimed to assess the effects of asthma on the oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction biomarkers in children pneumonia.Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at Amir Kabir Hospital affiliated to Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. Participants were 25 children with severe CAP and asthma (group I), 25 children with severe CAP (group II), and 25 healthy children (group III) with 2 to 6 years of age. Fasting blood samples were taken to the assay of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1), and Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1).Results: We observed a significant reduction in TAC in groups I and II (0.997±0.22 and 1.23±0.21 mmol/l, respectively) compared with group III (1.46±0.19 mmol/l). This reduction was significantly higher in group I than in group II. Also, we observed a significant increase in MDA and TNF-α in groups I (2.57±0.40 µmol/l, 6.94±1.61 pg/ml, respectively) and II (6.94±1.61µmol/l, 5.54±1.84 pg/ml, respectively) compared with group III (1.89 ±0.27µmol/l, 3.42±1.32 pg/ml, respectively). The increase in MDA was significantly higher in group I than in group II. VCAM-1 and PAI-1 as endothelial dysfunction biomarkers increased significantly in group I (1.5 ±0.62 mmol/l and 10.52±3.2 AU/ml, respectively) compared with groups II (1.06±0.53 mmol/l and 8.23±3.4 AU/ml, respectively) and III (0.6± 0.35 mmol/l and 2.39 ± 0.83 AU/ml, respectively). Also, VCAM-1 and PAI-1 increased significantly in group II compared with groups III.Conclusions: Asthma can exacerbate the consequences of pneumonia in children by increasing oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction.
Adults and Children Blatantly Dehumanize Outgroups
Authors: Zhou Wen , Hare Brian
Published: December 2020

Dehumanization is observed in adults across cultures and is thought to motivate the worst forms of human violence. The age of first expression and the degree of socialization required to foster dehumanization remains largely untested. This research demonstrates that several different representations of humanness, including a novel one, readily elicit blatant dehumanization in adults (N = 482) and children (5-12 years of age; N = 150). We also find that dehumanizing responses in both age groups are associated with stronger perception of outgroup inferiority and a willingness to punish outgroup transgressions. These findings rule out the need for exposure to cultural norms throughout adolescents and adulthood before observing significant outgroup dehumanization.
Modelling a Multiplex Brain Network by Local Transfer Entropy
Authors: Parente Fabrizio , Alfredo Colosimo
Published: December 2020

In this work we report on a systematic study of the causal relations in information transfer mechanisms between brain regions under resting condition. The 1000 Functional Connectomes Beijing Zang dataset was used, which includes brain functional images of 180 healthy individuals. We first characterize the information transfer mechanisms by means of Transfer Entropy concepts and, on this basis, propose a set of indexes concerning the whole functional brain network in the frame of a multilayer description. By exploring the influence of a set of states in two given regions at time t (At; Bt.) over the state of one of them at a following time step (Bt+1), a series of time-dependent events can be observed pointing to four kinds of significant interactions, namely:- (de)activation in the same state (ActS); - (de)activation in the oppostive state (ActO);- turn off in the same state (TfS); - turn off in the opposite state (TfO).This leads to four specific rules and to a directional multilayer network based upon four interaction matrices, one for each rule. By hierarchical clustering methods the four rules can be reduced to two sharing some similarities with positive and negative functional connectivity. The global architecture of the four interactions and the features of single nodes were initially explored under stationary conditions. The information transfer mechanisms on the ensuing functional network were studied by specific indexes describing in a multilayer frame the effects of the network structure in several dynamical processes. The healthy subjects database was used to carefully calibrate and validate the proposed approach, whose final aim remains the detection of clinical differences among individuals, as well as among different cognitive states.
Contaminant Emissions As Indicators of Chemical Elements in The Snow Along a Latitudinal Gradient in Southern Andes
Authors: Pizarro Jaime , Vergara Pablo , Cerda Sergio , Cordero Raul , Castillo Ximena , Rowe Penny , Casassa Gino , Carrasco Jorge , Damiani Alessandro , Llanillo Pedro , Lambert Fabrice , Rondanelli Roberto , Huneeus Nicolas , Fernandoy Francisco , Alfonso Juan , Neshyba Steven
Published: December 2020

The chemical composition of snow provides insights on atmospheric transport of anthropogenic contaminants at different spatial scales. In this study, we assess how human activities influence the concentration of elements in the Andean mountain snow along a latitudinal transect throughout Chile. The concentration of seven elements (Al, Cu, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn and Zn) was associated to gaseous and particulate contaminants emitted at different spatial scales. Our results indicate carbon monoxide (CO) averaged at 20 km and nitrogen oxide (NOx) at 40 km as the main indicators of the chemical elements analyzed. CO was found to be a significant predictor of most element concentrations while concentrations of Cu, Mn, Mg and Zn were positively associated to emissions of NOx. Emission of 2.5 mm and 10 mm particulate matter averaged at different spatial scales was positively associated to concentration of Li. Finally, the concentration of Zn was positively associated to volatile organic compounds (VOC) averaged at 40 km around sampling sites. The association between air contaminants and chemical composition of snow suggests that regions with intensive anthropogenic pollution face reduced quality of freshwater originated from glacier and snow melting.