bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Artificial Neural Networks in Soil Science Research
Authors: N Elakiya, , Keerthana G.
Published: April 2024

Artificial Neural Networks utilize high-performance computation and large data technology, allowing research to generate new prospects in agriculture. ANN is currently a preferred technique for crop yield prediction, forecasting, and classification in biological science domains. Among different agriculture fields, soil science research plays a vital role in understanding and managing the complex processes occurring within the soil environment as oil is a complex system with dynamic surface layers that differ from the other parts of the matrix. Due to the increasing accessibility of innovative computing techniques, Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have developed into useful tools for modeling and forecasting soil-related activities. The numerous applications of ANNs in soil science research, with a focus on how well they can classify soils, assess soil fertility, forecast soil erosion, and estimate soil moisture. They are vital tools for identifying soil types, evaluating fertility levels, predicting erosion, and soil moisture estimation. ANN models were effective at predicting soil characteristics like pH, organic carbon concentration, and clay content. By training on vast datasets that contain the chemical, biological, and physical properties of soil, ANNs are able to accurately predict different soil types and enable land-use planning, precision farming, and environmental management. This mini-review focuses on ANN approaches that possess the potential to increase our understanding of soil science and encourage informed decisions for soil management and conservation.
The Role of Organic Farming in Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Raj Janak , Jat Sarita , Kumar Manish , Reema . , Yadav Anuradha
Published: April 2024

Organic farming, as a sustainable alternative to conventional high-input practices reliant on synthetic fertilizers, fungicides, and pesticides, prioritizes the vitality of soil as a living ecosystem. Embracing practices such as crop rotation, animal manures, crop residues, green manures, and biological pest and disease control, organic agriculture aims to uphold soil health and productivity. By meeting present food demands in an environmentally conscientious manner, organic farming also safeguards the needs of future generations, thereby preserving and nurturing our ecosystem. Modern agriculture has detrimentally impacted the environment, leading to issues such as decreased soil fertility, elevated water hardness, insect resistance development, reduced genetic diversity in plants, heightened levels of toxic residues in the food chain and animal feed, contributing to health problems and environmental degradation. In contrast, organic farming nurtures plants with essential macronutrients and micronutrients while simultaneously enhancing soil physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Guided by the ethos of sustainability, organic farming prioritizes mitigating health risks linked to synthetic inputs and cultivating a healthier ecosystem. The minimal environmental footprint of organic farming positions it as a practical solution for tackling urgent concerns like soil degradation, water pollution, and global ecological well-being. Essentially, organic farming stands out as a beacon of sustainable agriculture, paving the way to reconcile food production with environmental conservation. Moreover, organic farming's low environmental impact presents an opportunity to rehabilitate and enhance degraded agricultural lands.
Risks in AGRIGULF's Agricultural Export Settlement Business and Its Management
Authors: Jun Wang
Published: April 2024

This paper is primarily a case-based study. It takes Gulf Modern Agriculture Development Co., Ltd (hereinafter referred to as AGRIGULF) as the object of research, and adopts the case study method and field interview method to sort out the company's agricultural products export business and common settlement methods and so on. Through field visits and investigation, data collection, and collation, identify and analyze the risks of the company's agricultural export settlement business. Finally, corresponding risk management suggestions are put forward at four levels, namely, country risk, foreign exchange risk, product quality change risk, and credit risk, which are expected to provide certain references for the sustainable development of China's agricultural export enterprises
Examining the Influence of Risk Management Committee Dynamics on Financial Performance: A Case Study of Listed Insurance Companies in Nigeria
Authors: Agbaje A.R. Ayeni , Adebayo I. A. , Adeboboye Roseline Osatohanmwen.
Published: April 2024

The Nigerian insurance industry has experienced substantial growth due to factors like increased awareness, regulatory reforms, and technological advancements. This research aimed to explore how the composition, structure, and activities of risk management committees influence key financial performance metrics, focusing on return on assets (ROA). Data from annual reports and audited financial statements of selected insurance companies listed on the Nigerian Exchange Group from 2013 to 2022 were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that risk management committee size and meeting frequency positively impact financial performance, suggesting that larger committees and more frequent meetings correlate with better financial outcomes. However, factors like committee independence and gender diversity had insignificant effects on financial performance. In conclusion, the presence and effectiveness of risk management committees significantly affect the financial performance of listed insurance companies in Nigeria. The study recommends that insurance companies prioritize diverse committee compositions to benefit from a wider range of expertise and perspectives.
Assessment of Reclaimed Mined Area of Sahastradhara, Dehradun by Soil and Vegetation Analysis
Authors: Kotiyal Parul Bhatt , Sharma Shivam Kumar , Sharma Deeksha , Gupta Ritika
Published: April 2024

This study investigates the impact of forest area mining on reclaimed limestone mined areas in Sahastradhara, Uttarakhand, India. Initiated in 1989-90, eco-restoration efforts aimed at rehabilitating the mined areas resulted in restoration ages of 25, 24, and 23 years across different sites. The study comprehensively examined vegetation and soil physicochemical properties at various depths, revealing the dominance of species like Murrayakoenigii, Acacia catechu, Vitex negundo, Eupatorium adenophorum, Grevillea robusta, and Lantana camara. Soil analyses unveiled variations in moisture content, bulk density, and coarse fragment percentage across the sites, a rise in organic carbon, phosphorous, and nitrogen levels, showcasing soil improvement post-restoration. Correlation analyses unveiled interrelationships between soil properties, emphasizing the importance of organic matter in influencing soil acidity. Vegetation analyses at different sites revealed evolving plant communities, with prominent species contributing to the ecological richness. The Importance Value Index (IVI) and Shannon Weiner Index (H') provided insights into species dominance and biodiversity. The results showed that the soil pH was slightly basic, and the available phosphorus and nitrogen levels were within the optimal range for plant growth. However, the bulk density and electrical conductivity values were higher than the recommended range. This study contributes valuable insights into the intricate interplay between mining activities, vegetation dynamics, and soil health, guiding future ecological restoration endeavors in similar contexts. The study concluded that the eco-restoration work carried out in the area has been successful in restoring the vegetation, but further assessment is required to ensure the long-term success of the restoration efforts.
Unveiling the Confidence: Exploring Research Self-efficacy among Ph.D. Scholars
Authors: Mondal Nilay , Rahaman Sk Mujibur , Chattopadhyay K. N.
Published: April 2024

The present investigation aimed at measuring the research self-efficacy of Ph.D. research scholars. The term research self-efficacy means a person’s belief that they can perform the research activity with some proficiency. The present study consists of ninety-two participants from different universities and research institutes in West Bengal. The researchers employed a cross-sectional survey method for the present study. A self-constructed, close-ended questionnaire was constructed and administered to collect the data. During data analysis, the researchers utilised t-test, ANOVA, mean, S.D., correlation, skewness, and kurtosis with the help of SPSS-22 software. The findings of the investigation are that the research scholars have a high level of research self-efficacy. Male participants obtain slightly higher research efficacy than female scholars. Also, research scholars from science backgrounds have better research self-efficacy than those from the arts, commerce, etc. Further, the results show no significant distinction in research self-efficacy concerning their gender, faculty, type of researcher, and years of research involvement.
An Assessment of the Nutritional Status and Eating Habits of in-School Adolescents in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria
Authors: Jiya Fatima Bello , Mohammad Ango Umar , Sidi Shu’aibu Jafar , Aminu Muhammad , Abdulbasit Abdullahi , Almustapha Hassan
Published: April 2024

Background: Adolescence is a vulnerable stage of life within which there is rapid growth and development and increased nutrients requirement. However, the period of adolescence has been characterized by poor dietary practices that may lead to health problems such as under nutrition and obesity.

Objectives: To assess the nutritional status and eating habits of in-school adolescents within Sokoto metropolis.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey of adolescents selected through multistage random sampling. Data was obtained using pre-tested semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Subjects’ body mass index (BMI) was determined using Centre for Disease Control BMI percentiles. Data was analyzed using IBM® SPSS version 25.

Results: A total of 389 subjects were recruited with a mean age of 15.46 ± 1.67 SD and more than half of them 231(59.4%) were females. The BMI was normal among 276(71.0%) of the respondents, 93(23.9%) were underweight, while 4(1.0%) were obese. Most of the respondents 318(81.7%) reported taking at least 3 meals per day, 257(66.0%) reported breakfast as their heaviest meal. The frequency of skipping meals was 300(77.1%). The main reason for meal skipping was non-availability of food as at meal time by 99(33.0%) of them. Frequent snacking occurred amongst 330(84.8%) subjects. The independent predictors of BMI were age category (p=0.015), gender (p=0.012), tribe (p=0.031), father’s education status (p=0.002), mother’s education status (p=0.003), number of people in the household (p=0.004), social class (p<0.001), and frequent snacking (p=0.034)

Conclusion: Two-third of the respondents had normal BMI for age while about a quarter of them were underweight. A high proportion of them engaged in meal skipping and snacking. The BMI was associated with socio-demographics and frequent snacking.
Improving of Amaranth (Amaranthus Spp.) and Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) by Genetic Resources
Authors: Rehman Inam Ur , Ayesha Narmeen , Anam Khadija , Khalid Ayesha , Ali Laraib , Nazir Hina , Burhan Zabeehullah , Sadique Usama
Published: April 2024

The modern human population is more mindful of their diet and choose foods carefully in order to maintain a healthy lifestyle and prevent illness. Thus, instead of sticking to their long-standing diets of ordinary cereals and basic foods, individuals are starting to choose more intelligent and nutrient-dense dietary choices. Because they are gluten-free, have no added sugar, and are somewhat higher in nutrients than typical cereals, pseudocereals—particularly quinoa and amaranth—are significant substitutes. Both Amaranthaceae crops are hardy, low-input plants that can withstand salt, stress, and drought. Therefore, these crops might be advantageous to emerging nations with limited agricultural resources and subsistence agriculture. But these are neglected orphan crops, and for a very long time, there has been no attempt to enhance them by lowering their saponin content. These crops also have a great degree of variety, but their genetic development towards high-yielding genotypes is sluggish. This is because traditional cereals are facing problems, and crop diversification is the preferred solution to address climate change. The most recent technological advancements that can speed up breeding to increase agricultural output and quality are far behind and move more slowly than the world's primary crops that are already well-established.
Enhancing Sesame Yield in Arid Conditions through NPK Fertilizer Optimization
Authors: Hanif Saqib , Sial Talha Nasir , Hayat Muhammad Khizar , Tariq Mubashir , Mehwish Saba , Usman Muhammad , Shabbir Muhammad Ali , Benish Syeda Hira , Bilal Muhammad , Abdullah Muhammad Haseeb , Alam Sheharyar
Published: April 2024

Sesame, an important oilseed crop and valuable source of protein, plays a central role in global agriculture. This study, conducted during the 2021-2022 Kharif season at Karor Adaptive Research Farm (ARF), Layyah, Pakistan, aimed to optimize the use of NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) fertilizers to increase sesame yield under dry conditions. Our research aimed to determine the most effective application rates of NPK fertilizer (34:24:12) kg/acre for sesame variety TH-6 in the region, consistent with the objectives of maximizing sesame yield and biomass accumulation. The experimental design RCBD included multiple treatments, with meticulous attention to plot sizes, replicates, and robust data collection and analysis methods. These measures ensure the reliability of our results and their potential applicability to similar agroclimatic conditions. The use of NPK fertilizer at the rate of (113:113:60) kg ha-1 in ARF gave promising results. A maximum grain yield of 765.3 kg ha-1 was observed in 2021, exceeding the yield of 738.6 kg ha-1 in 2022. Similarly, the use of NPK (113:113:60) kg ha-1 in a farmer's field resulted in a maximum grain yield of 828.6 kg ha-1 in 2021, as opposed to 702.6 kg ha-1 in 2022. These results highlight the potential of NPK fertilizer application combined with optimal field practices to increase sesame yield and its components under the challenging agro-climatic conditions of Karor, Layyah. The discussion interprets the results and emphasizes the importance of NPK fertilizers for sesame cultivation. Although our primary focus is not on climate discussions, the consistent methodology in both years, from sowing to harvesting, revealed significant differences in yield and growth parameters, leading to climate change being considered as a potential contributing factor. This study shows that the application of NPK fertilizer at the rate of (113:113:60) kg ha-1 can significantly increase sesame yield under adverse conditions.
Effects of Rainfall Variability on Maize Production in Eswatini
Authors: Mkhwanazi Mcebisi M. , Ndzinisa Lindokuhle H. , Sacolo Sanele J.
Published: April 2024

Crop production is increasingly under threat as rainfall becomes more erratic and unreliable due to climate change. The rainy season in Eswatini is mainly between October and March, but a variation in the amount of rainfall, onset and cessation of rainfall season, and dry spells has been lately threatening rain-fed maize production. This study was meant to assess the degree of rainfall variability and its impacts on rain-fed maize production in Eswatini. Rainfall data for the years 1991-2021 from six weather stations representing the various agro-ecological zones in Eswatini was obtained from the Department of Meteorological Services. The degree of rainfall variability was then determined using the coefficient of variability (CV). Also determined was the relationship between rainfall and the maize production. This was done to determine how maize production responds to rainfall variability.  Maize production data was obtained from the FAO online platform, FAOSTAT. Results from the study indicated that in Eswatini there is moderate to high rainfall variability. The Middleveld and Highveld had a year-to-year variability of 25% and 23%, respectively which is classified as moderate while the Lowveld had high variability of 34%. The seasonal rainfall was found to have a statistically significant relationship with nationwide maize production (in metric tonnes). The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) between seasonal rainfall and yield was found to be 0.68, which was tested and found to be significant (P<.05), indicating a significant positive correlation.
Assessment of Eco-Environmental Vulnerability Using Remote Sensing and GIS Tools in Maharashtra Region, India
Authors: Singh Vikash , Nema Anupam Kumar , Chouksey Arpit , Suryawanshi Ashwini
Published: April 2024

Maharashtra region is prone to various disasters such as drought, floods, cyclones and earthquake and has been exposed to extreme weather events like dry spells. Communities within these dry lands are poor and face extreme conditions of water stress. This study has been carried out to analyze and quantify climatic and anthropogenic effect on eco-environmental vulnerability dynamic change. To achieve that a numerical model is set up, consisting of eight factors that are elevation, land use, drought, slope, NDVI, soil-type, soil erosion (water), and population density index & has been evaluated using the method of spatial principle component analysis (SPCA) on Remote Sensing and GIS platform. The integrated eco-environmental vulnerability index (EVI) of study area is estimated to analyse spatial-temporal dynamic vulnerability changes in the 11 years gap from 2000 and 2011. The results show that the study area has become eco-environmental vulnerable slightly (about 80% of the region) with an increased eco-environmental vulnerability integrated index (EVSI) value by more than 50% (i.e., about 74%) and the driving force of dynamic change is mainly caused by socio-economic activities.
In addition the estimation has been regionalized into thirty-four districts to serve as a base for decision-making for eco-environmental recovering and rebuilding. It is found that the most vulnerable district in 2011 is Ratnagiri and the least one is Sangli. There are nine districts which shows more than 100% increase in EVSI value, with the highest increase in Hingoli(100.65%), indicating that the districts have become most environmental vulnerable in the study-period. The research concludes that the method, supported by G.I.S using SPCA can’t only represent distinctly the input spatial distribution of plain-mountain-belt feature, but also respect the whole river-valley as a single unit.
Effect of NPK Fertilizers, Farmyard Manure (FYM) and Bio-fertilizers on Quality Parameters of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Grown in Jaipur, Rajasthan
Authors: Kumar Ajad , Singh Hoshiyar , Kumar Anil
Published: April 2024

The current experiment was conducted in loamy sand soils of the Horticulture farm, Vivekanand Global University Jaipur, during Rabi season of 2020-21 and 2021-22. The experiment comprised of 32 treatment combinations replicated three times, was laid out in split-plot design (SPD) with four fertility levels of NPK (0, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended dose of NPK) and two levels of FYM (without FYM and with FYM @ 25 t ha-1 were added in main plots. Four bio-fertilizer levels (No inculcation N2 fixer Azotobacter, PSB inculcation and N2 fixer Azotobacter + PSB inoculation) were added in sub plots. The results of the study have clearly shown that application of chemical fertilizer up to 100% RDF increased all the quality attributes (pungency, chlorophyll content and TSS), NPK and S content and uptake and availability of N, P and K in soil after harvest the crop. With application of FYM @ 25 t ha-1 significantly improved all quality attributes (Allyl propyl disulphide, chlorophyll and TSS), N, P, K and S content and uptake and availability of N, P and S in soil after harvest the crops. Use of biofertilizers (N2 fixers and PSB) alone or in combination increased all the quality attributes (Allyl propyl disulphide, chlorophyll and TSS content), NPK and S content and uptake and availability of N, P and K in soil after harvest the crop.
Productivity and Economic Feasibility of Pigeonpea Base Companion Cropping under Additive Series Planting System
Authors: Singh Shailendra Pratap , Maurya C. L. , Khan Naushad , Singh Bal Veer , Kumar Sarvesh , Kumar Kaushal
Published: April 2024

Over two consecutive Kharif seasons in 2016-2017 and 2017-18, a study was conducted at the Soil Conservation and Water Management Farm of C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology in Kanpur. The study aimed to determine the yields and economic benefits (in terms of net profit) of the primary crops: pigeonpea, black gram, and sesame. The experimental field's soil was classified as sandy loam with a pH of 7.8, containing 0.32% organic carbon, 17.3 kg/ha of available P2O5, and 181.2 kg/ha of available K2O, indicating a medium fertility level. The experiment included five different cropping treatments: sole pigeonpea, sole black gram, sole sesame, a combination of pigeonpea and black gram (1+1) in an additive series, and a combination of pigeonpea and sesame (1+1) in an additive series. The combined cultivation of pigeon pea and black gram yielded the highest productivity at 23.53 quintals per hectare (q/ha), outperforming the pigeonpea and sesame combination at 20.30 q/ha and sole pigeonpea at 17.34 q/ha. The analysis of aggregated data revealed that the highest cultivation cost was Rs. 57,876.00 per hectare for pigeonpea and black gram, followed by pigeonpea and sesame at Rs. 56,191 per hectare. The greatest gross returns were observed with the pigeonpea and black gram combination at Rs. 134,024 per hectare, with a net return of Rs. 76,148 and a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 1:2.32. This was followed by the pigeonpea and sesame combination, whereas sole pigeonpea cultivation resulted in a net return of Rs. 50,387 and a BCR of 1:2.01.
Efficacy of Diamide Insecticides Delivered through Different Methods against Shoot and Fruit Borer L. orbonalis.
Authors: Prashanth G. , N D Sunitha , S S Chavan , V Shiva Kumar
Published: April 2024

Many vegetables insect pests are managed by using conventional insecticides. Unfortunately, these insecticides are harmful to natural enemies, bees, predators, parasitoids and no longer have some of the insect pests have developed resistance to these insecticides. Diamides insecticides are the new generation insecticides that provide systemic way controlling many arthropod pest, but exhibit low toxicity to beneficial insects some other arthropod pests and may be promising alternative to other conventional insecticides. Field experiment was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of diamides delivered through different during Kharif, 2021-22 with 14 treatments and 2 replications.    Diamides may be delivered to brinjal crop via seedling dipping, soil drenching and foliar spraying therefore it is important to determine the most effective pest control strategy while using the least amount of active ingredients. In a case study, chlorantraniliprole flubendiamide and cyantraniliprole were used to control brinjal shoot and fruit borer, Leucinodes orbonalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyraustidae) in brinjal. These insecticides administered as foliar spray, soil drenching and seedling dipping were compared, the treatment with foliar application of diamides gave good results as compared to soil drenching and seedling dipping. The results indicated that, diamides were superior to other insecticides used in the present investigation but they failed to give good control when applied through seedling dipping method. Highest C:B ratio (1: 6.07) and yield (47.80t/ha) was recorded in foliar spray of chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC treated plot.
PI3K/AKT/mTOR Inhibitor Drug Candidates for the Treatment of Hormone Resistant Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Oliveira Lucas Bernardim de , Chao Bárbara Mendes Paz , Bini Ana Carolina Dorigoni , Cordeiro Maria Elvira Ribeiro , Carraro Emerson
Published: April 2024

Breast cancer is the second most diagnosed type of cancer in women, with approximately 2.3 million cases reported in 2020. According to estimates by Brazil's National Cancer Institute, there will be approximately 74,000 new cases in the three-year period 2023-2025. It is divided into 4 molecular subtypes, Luminal A, Luminal B (hormone-positive), HER-2 and triple-negative. Regarding treatment, particularly for the luminal subtypes, hormone therapy is fundamental, since they grow from estrogen stimulation. However, processes can occur that lead to therapeutic resistance, such as mutations in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, which acts in the regulation of various cellular functions. The search for drugs that inhibit this pathway as an alternative treatment may play a key role in overcoming this resistance. This systematic review aimed to study new candidate drugs for inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway as an alternative treatment in cases of resistance to hormone therapy. The study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, using the PubMed database with the following terms: "breast cancer", "PI3K/AKT/mTOR", "immunotherapy" without restriction of year and language. A total of 36 articles were found and 3 were included in this review. The drug candidates presented promising results in terms of inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, as well as some advantages such as a reduction in adverse effects, an increase in the average density of cytotoxic T cells and greater expression of interferon signaling genes, which through their immunoregulatory function lead to an increase in the body's ability to react to tumor cells. Despite this, there is still a need for more studies on the subject, especially in vivo studies that can assess the biosafety and efficacy profile, with the aim of compiling sufficient data to make the introduction of these new drugs in breast cancer therapy a reality.
The Impact of China’s Belt and Road Initiative on Farmer’s Income: Evidence from Sverdlovsk Region
Authors: Klevakina Daria
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study is to Economic impact of the Belt and Road initiative on agricultural business and the role of the Russian government, in the case of the Sverdlovsk region, Russia. This study is based on quantitative research methods where primary data was collected through questionnaires while secondary data was obtained through verified data from a related project. The study was conducted for 6 months in the Sverdlovsk region, Russia, and included 120 participants. The researcher had previously compiled and considered 60 key questions in Russian in Sverdlovsk region. Demographic analysis of agro-entrepreneurs in the Sverdlovsk region shows that the majority are experienced people, mainly women and married, which indicates a family-oriented approach to agriculture. The outcomes also showed the region's attraction to foreign investors which shows Chinese investments in various economic sectors of the Sverdlovsk region, particularly in the machinery and equipment sector, which may have further boosted agricultural growth. BRI has played a crucial role in boosting the agricultural economy in the Sverdlovsk region and Russia as a whole by facilitating productivity, market access, and technological advancement, thereby driving the sector's growth and competitiveness.
Innovative Acceleration Methods to Numerically Optimize the Values of Integrals with Simpson Rule 3/8
Authors: Khudhair Zainab A.
Published: April 2024

The main goal of this research is to present innovative acceleration methods that are very useful in improving the numerical results of definite integrals of continuous integrals, in which the main error is of the fourth order - in terms of accuracy, the number of subintervals used, and the speed of obtaining results, specifically to accelerate the results obtained by the Simpson 3/8 method.
Occult Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Diagnostic and Clinical Implications in the Era of Routine Ultrasonography
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Fukushima Mitsuhiro , Inoue Hiroyuki , Yabuta Tomonori , Uruno Takashi , Kihara Minoru , Higashiyama Takuya , Takamura Yuuki , Miya Akihiro , Kobayashi Kaoru , Matsuzuka Fumio , Miyauchi Akira
Published: July 2008

Background

Papillary carcinoma with clinically apparent node metastasis but lacking a primary carcinoma lesion in the thyroid is designated as occult papillary carcinoma. In the era of routine ultrasonographic examination, occult papillary carcinoma is defined as papillary carcinoma with clinically apparent node metastasis but showing a primary lesion that is microscopic or overlooked by ultrasonography. In this study we investigated the prevalence and clinicopathologic features, including prognosis, of occult papillary carcinoma.

Methods

This is a retrospective series study of all patients with occult papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent initial surgery at a single institution over 14 years.

Results

Between 1990 and 2004, 5400 patients underwent surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma at Kuma Hospital, Japan. Seventeen (0.3%) were regarded as having occult papillary carcinoma and were enrolled in the study. Clinically apparent node metastasis was detected in the lateral compartment in 16 patients and in the mediastinal compartment in 1 patient. Multiple metastatic nodes were detected in 5 patients (29%). Primary lesions of papillary carcinoma were intraoperatively detected in 3 of 14 patients (21%) who underwent thyroidectomy, but there were no apparent carcinoma lesions in the thyroid in 5 patients (36%), even on pathologic examination. Six patients (35%) showed extranodal tumor extension to adjacent organs and two of these patients showed recurrence. None of the patients showed distant metastasis or died of carcinoma over the study period.

Conclusions

Patients with occult papillary thyroid carcinoma were found to have a favorable overall prognosis. However, occult papillary carcinoma is automatically classified as N1b in the UICC classification, and in our series it is also likely to show other aggressive clinicopathologic features. In particular, extranodal tumor extension portends a worse prognosis for patients with occult papillary carcinoma. Therefore, careful total thyroidectomy with lymph node dissection is recommended except for elderly or high‐risk patients.
Evidence‐Based Choice of Esophageal Stent for the Palliative Management of Malignant Dysphagia
Authors: Yakoub Danny , Fahmy Ramy , Athanasiou Thanos , Alijani Afshin , Rao Christopher , Darzi Ara , Hanna George B.
Published: July 2008

Background

The type of stent used for the management of patients with malignant dysphagia is chosen according to subjective physician’s preference. There is no recent study available to provide updated evidence on early outcomes related to the use of different types of stents.

Methods

A literature search was performed using Embase, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases for comparative studies assessing different types of stents. The primary end point was stent‐related mortality; secondary end points included: stent‐related morbidity, successful palliation of dysphagia, and 30‐day mortality. A random‐effects model was used and heterogeneity was assessed.

Results

Twelve studies that included 911 patients compared metallic (46.54%) and plastic stents (53.45%), and eight studies that included 564 patients compared covered (43.26%) and uncovered metal stents (56.73%). Meta‐analysis of randomized, controlled trials showed that metallic stents were associated with significantly reduced stent‐related mortality (1.7% vs. 11.1% for the plastic group, odds ratio (OR), 0.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.06–0.74; P = 0.02), morbidity in the form of reduced esophageal perforation (1.4% vs. 9.4% for plastic stent, OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08–0.89; P = 0.03), and stent migration, yet increased rate of tumor in‐growth (13% vs. 1.6% for plastic stents, OR, 4.84; 95% CI, 0.99–23.76; P = 0.05). Covered metallic stents had significantly less tumor in‐growth than the uncovered and an increased migration rate. There was no significant difference between metallic and plastic stents in terms of any other stent‐related morbidity and 30‐day mortality.

Conclusion

Self‐expanding metallic stents are superior to plastic stents in terms of stent insertion‐related mortality, morbidity, and quality of palliation. The uncovered variety is disadvantaged by high rate of tumor in‐growth; adequately designed randomized, controlled trials need to examine outcomes and cost‐effectiveness of covered versus uncovered metallic stents.
Sentinel Node Detection in Patients with Thyroid Carcinoma: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Raijmakers P. G. H. M. , Paul M. A. , Lips P.
Published: July 2008

Objective

This study was designed to review the diagnostic performance of sentinel node (SN) detection for assessment of the nodal status in thyroid carcinoma patients and to determine the technique (using blue dye or Technetium‐99m colloid (99mTc)) that demonstrated the highest success rate with regard to the detection rate and sensitivity.

Methods

A comprehensive computer literature search of studies published in English language through December 2007 and regarding SN procedures in patients with thyroid disorders was performed in MEDLINE. Pooled values regarding the SN detection rate and the pooled sensitivity values of the SN procedure were presented with a 95% confidence interval (CI) for the different SN detection techniques.

Results

Ultimately, we identified 14 studies comprising a total of 457 patients. Of these, ten studies (n = 329 patients) used the blue dye technique with a pooled SN detection of 83% (95% CI, 79–87%). The remaining four studies (n = 128) used 99mTc‐colloid with a pooled SN detection of 96% (95% CI, 91–99%; p < 0.05 vs. blue dye technique).

Conclusion

In patients with suspected thyroid carcinoma, SN biopsy demonstrated a higher SN detection rate when 99mTc was used (96%) instead of the blue dye technique (83%).
Complement and the atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in children
Authors: Loirat Chantal , Noris Marina , Fremeaux-Bacchi Véronique
Published: July 2008

Over the past decade, atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) has been demonstrated to be a disorder of the regulation of the complement alternative pathway. Among approximately 200 children with the disease, reported in the literature, 50% had mutations of the complement regulatory proteins factor H, membrane cofactor protein (MCP) or factor I. Mutations in factor B and C3 have also been reported recently. In addition, 10% of children have factor H dysfunction due to anti-factor H antibodies. Early age at onset appears as characteristic of factor H and factor I mutated patients, while MCP-associated HUS is not observed before age 1 year. Low C3 level may occur in patients with factor H and factor I mutation, while C3 level is generally normal in MCP-mutated patients. Normal plasma factor H and factor I levels do not preclude the presence of a mutation in these genes. The worst prognosis is for factor H-mutated patients, as 60% die or reach end-stage renal disease (ESRD) within the first year after onset of the disease. Patients with mutations in MCP have a relapsing course, but no patient has ever reached ESRD in the first year of the disease. Half of the patients with factor I mutations have a rapid evolution to ESRD, but half recover. Early intensive plasmatherapy appears to have a beneficial effect, except in MCP-mutated patients. There is a high risk of graft loss for HUS recurrence or thrombosis in all groups except the MCP-mutated group. Recent success of liver–kidney transplantation combined with plasmatherapy opens this option for patients with mutations of factors synthesized in the liver. New therapies such as factor H concentrate or complement inhibitors offer hope for the future.
What Motivates People to Participate More in Community‐based Coalitions?
Authors: Wells Rebecca , Ward Ann J. , Feinberg Mark , Alexander Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify potential opportunities for improving member participation in community‐based coalitions. We hypothesized that opportunities for influence and process competence would each foster higher levels of individual member participation. We tested these hypotheses in a sample of 818 members within 79 youth‐oriented coalitions. Opportunities for influence were measured as members' perceptions of an inclusive board leadership style and members' reported committee roles. Coalition process competence was measured through member perceptions of strategic board directedness and meeting effectiveness. Members reported three types of participation within meetings as well as how much time they devoted to coalition business beyond meetings. Generalized linear models accommodated clustering of individuals within coalitions. Opportunities for influence were associated with individuals' participation both within and beyond meetings. Coalition process competence was not associated with participation. These results suggest that leadership inclusivity rather than process competence may best facilitate member participation.
Putting Values into Practice: Public Policy and the Future of Mental Health Consumer‐run Organizations
Authors: Nelson Geoffrey , Janzen Rich , Trainor John , Ochocka Joanna
Published: July 2008

The purpose of the paper is to reflect on value dilemmas in mental health consumer‐run organizations and to discuss implications for research, policy, and practice. We review the roots of consumer‐run organizations in the self‐help movement and the psychiatric survivor liberation movement, focusing on the distinctive values espoused by consumer‐run organizations. We also discuss evidence‐based and value‐based approaches to mental health policy formulation and mental health reform, noting the particular importance of value‐based approaches and the role that consumer‐run organizations can play in mental health reform. Based on our experiences conducting a participatory action research study of four mental health consumer‐run organizations, we identify and examine several value dilemmas, discuss the lessons that we learned about these value dilemmas, and note their implications for future directions in research, policy, and practice
Confucian ethics and emotions
Authors: Yunping WANG
Published: July 2008

The Confucian understanding of emotions and their ethical importance confirms and exemplifies the contemporary Western renewed understanding of the nature of emotions. By virtue of a systematic conceptual analysis of Confucian ethics, one can see that, according to Confucians, the ethical significance of emotions, lies in that an ethical life is also emotional and virtues are inclinational. And a further exploration shows that the reason for the ethical significance is both that emotions are heavenly-endowed and that there exists a union of emotions and reason in Confucian ethics. This will constitute a challenge to the so-called mainstream ethical theories which have been popularly engaged in seeking justifications for abstract moral rules.
Interpretation of Hengxian
Authors: Jing CHEN
Published: July 2008

Hengxian, one of the bamboo books of the Chu State during the Warring States Period that is kept in the Shanghai Museum, was collected by the museum in 1994, and is an important piece of literature that discusses cosmic issues prior to Huainanzi. Based on Li Ling’s work on the text, as well as hermeneutic work by some other scholars, this essay represents another attempt to determine the words and meanings of the Hengxian, with a focus on its cosmological commentary.
What kind of knowledge is necessary for the interpretation of language?
Authors: Jing WANG , Zhilin ZHANG
Published: July 2008

An investigation into what kind of knowledge is necessary for interpretation is an important research project for the two fields of the theory of meaning and epistemology, through which they are combined. By examining the two basic requirements for a theory on the interpretation of language drafted by Donald Davidson, this paper analyzes several kinds of knowledge which are necessary for interpretation. The goal is to explore the knowledge of radical interpretation and the distinctions and connections between this knowledge and radical translation and Convention-T, thus revealing its characteristics and possibility to interpretation.
Levinas faces Kant, Hegel and Heidegger: Debates of contemporary philosophy on ontology
Authors: Xiushan YE
Published: July 2008

Levinas subverts the traditional “ontology-epistemology,” and creates a “realm of difference,” the realm of “value,” “ethic,” and “religion,” maintaining that ethics is real metaphysics. According to him, it is not that “being” contains the “other” but the other way round. In this way, the issues of ethics are promoted greatly in the realm of philosophy. Nonetheless, he does not intend to deny “ontology” completely, but reversed the relationship between “ontology (theory of truth)” and “ethics (axiology),” placing the former under the “constraint” of the latter. Different from general empirical science, philosophy focuses more on issues irrelevant to ordinary empirical objects; it does have “objects,” though. More often than not, the issues of philosophy cannot be conceptualized into “propositions”; nevertheless, it absolutely has its “theme.” As a discipline, philosophy continuously takes “being” as its “theme” and “object” of thinking. The point is that this “being” should not be understood as an “object” completely. Rather, it is still a “theme-subject.” In addition to an “object,” “being” also manifests itself in an “attribute” and a kind of “meaning” as well. In a word, it is the temporal, historical, and free “being” rather than “various beings” that is the “theme-subject” of philosophy.
Postmodernist liberalism: A critique of Richard Rorty’s political philosophy
Authors: Dazhi YAO
Published: July 2008

Richard Rorty’s philosophy has two basic commitments: one to postmodernism and the other to liberalism. However, these commitments generate tension. As a postmodernist, he sharply criticizes the Enlightenment; as a liberal, he forcefully defends it. His postmodernist liberalism actually explains liberalism using irrationalism.
Anti‐Tumor Effect of Orally Administered Spinach Glycolipid Fraction on Implanted Cancer Cells, Colon‐26, in Mice
Authors: Maeda Naoki , Kokai Yasuo , Ohtani Seiji , Sahara Hiroeki , Kumamoto‐Yonezawa Yuko , Kuriyama Isoko , Hada Takahiko , Sato Noriyuki , Yoshida Hiromi , Mizushina Yoshiyuki
Published: July 2008

We succeeded in purifying a major glycolipid fraction from a green vegetable, spinach. This fraction consists mainly of three glycolipids: monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG), digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG), and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG). In a previous study, we found that the glycolipid fraction inhibited DNA polymerase activity, cancer cell growth and tumor growth with subcutaneous injection. We aimed to clarify oral administration of the glycolipid fraction, suppressing colon adenocarcinoma (colon‐26) tumor growth in mice. A tumor graft study showed that oral administration of 20 mg/kg glycolipid fraction for 2 weeks induced a 56.1% decrease in the solid tumor volume (P < 0.05) without any side‐effects, such as loss of body weight or major organ failure, in mice. The glycolipid fraction induced the suppression of colon‐26 tumor growth with inhibition of angiogenesis and the expression of cell proliferation marker proteins such as Ki‐67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Cyclin E in the tumor tissue. These results suggest that the orally administered glycolipid fraction from spinach could suppress colon tumor growth in mice by inhibiting the activities of neovascularization and cancer cellular proliferation in tumor tissue.
Analysis of calcaneonavicular coalitions using multi-planar three-dimensional computed tomography
Authors: Upasani Vidyadhar V. , Chambers Reid C. , Mubarak Scott J.
Published: July 2008

Purpose

Computed tomography (CT) is the current imaging standard for confirming the diagnosis of a calcaneonavicular coalition. The purpose of this study was to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) multi-planar CT images of calcaneonavicular coalitions and adjacent tarsal relationships, compared to controls, in order to obtain an understanding of the 3D anatomy for classification and as an aid to surgical resection.

Methods

All patients who underwent CT of bilateral feet at our institution to evaluate a suspected calcaneonavicular coalition between 9/2005 and 3/2008 were retrospectively reviewed. Seventy-four feet (37 patients) were included in this analysis. In addition, 12 patients with a presumed normal calcaneonavicular relationship, who underwent CT of bilateral feet for various other diagnoses, were included as a control cohort. Seven measurements were performed on the 3D reconstructions to quantify the shape of the coalition (dorsal and plantar widths of the calcaneal and navicular contributions, coalition depth of the calcaneal and navicular contributions, and coalition length). The coalitions were classified into four types based on their appearance and their relationship to adjacent tarsal bones.

Results

32/37 patients (86%) were noted to have bilateral involvement (69 coalitions). Coalitions were categorized into four types: Type I (forme fruste)—28%, Type II (fibrous)—23%, Type III (cartilaginous)—45% and Type IV (osseous)—4%. The average shape of the coalition was found to be a curved wedge, which was on average 16 mm wide dorsally, 7 mm wide on the plantar surface, 10 mm in length, and 25 mm in depth.

Conclusions

3D CT reconstructions enabled the classification of the spectrum of calcaneonavicular coalitions. The shape of the cuboid was found to correlate with the extent of ossification. In Type I or II coalitions, the cuboid extended medially plantar to the fibrous connection. In more complete Type III or IV coalitions, the cuboid was “squared off” and remained lateral to the osseous bridge. An understanding of the 3D anatomy is important when diagnosing milder forms of coalitions, and during resection in order to avoid iatrogenic injury to the calcaneus, head of the talus, or cuboid.
Role of TAp73α in induction of apoptosis by transforming growth factor‐β in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Yamamura Yasuko , Lee Wei Lin , Goh Mei Xian , Ito Yoshiaki
Published: July 2008

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is implicated as a tumor suppressor because it eliminates cancer cells from normal tissues by inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis. Although p53 tumor suppressor is required for TGF‐β‐induced p21WAF1 expression and cell growth inhibition, its role in TGF‐β‐induced apoptosis remains unclear. Here, we report that TAp73α, which is a member of the p53 family, binds to p53‐binding sites in the promoters of proapoptotic Bax and Puma to activate their transcription, and mediates TGF‐β‐induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. Our findings reveal a novel role of TAp73α in the induction of apoptosis by TGF‐β in cancer cells.
Circular dichroism study on the early folding events of β‐lactoglobulin entrapped in wet silica gels
Authors: Shibayama Naoya
Published: July 2008

β‐Lactoglobulin is a predominantly β‐sheet protein that folds by forming excess α‐helices within milliseconds. In this study, the refolding of β‐lactoglobulin was dramatically decelerated by entrapping in wet nanoporous silica gel matrices, and monitored on a time scale of minutes or hours by far‐UV circular dichroism spectroscopy. Analysis of kinetics and transient spectra allowed to define the sequence of folding events that consist of α‐helical formation, β‐sheet core formation, and α‐to‐β transition. The results suggest that the initially formed α‐helices, presumably including the native α‐helix, help to guide the formation of the adjacent β‐sheet core.