bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First Scientific Evidence about the Estimation of the Odds Ratio in Vaccinated Individuals and Determination of Vaccine Efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Angola—Part I
Authors: de Lemos Santland Sebastião Alberto , da Silva Belchior , de Sousa Carlos Alberto Pinto
Published: October 2022

Introduction: Studies conducted in real-life scenarios on vaccine protection against COVID-19 constitute an important global priority, but one that is currently mostly neglected in low- and middle-income countries such as Angola. Here, we analyze for the first-time vaccine protection against COVID-19 in a real-life scenario after 6 months of implementing a multi-vaccination plan in Angola. Methods: 4232 vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals with the result of a rapid antigen diagnostic test against SARS-CoV-2 performed from 27 to 28 December 2021 were included in the study. The general and sex-adjusted and age-adjusted odds ratios were evaluated by comparing the chances of vaccination between cases and controls, and their associated 95% CI, which were calculated using the Mantel–Haenszel stratification method. Vaccine efficacy was calculated using the odds ratio applying the accepted statistical vaccine efficacy formula: (1 − odds ratio) × 100. For all estimates, a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The odds of SARS-CoV-2 infection were 0.85 (95% CI 0.70–1.03)-times lower in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals, with p = 0.09. The overall vaccine efficacy (VE) was 15% (95% CI −3–30). Conclusion: There was no statistically significant decrease in the chances of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated versus unvaccinated individuals.
ICRP: Internet-Friendly Cryptographic Relay-Detection Protocol
Authors: Arfaoui Ghada , Avoine Gildas , Gimenez Olivier , Traoré Jacques
Published: October 2022

Traffic hijacking over the Internet has become a frequent incident over the last two decades. From minor inconveniences for casual users to massive leaks of governmental data, these events cover an unprecedently large spectrum. Many hijackings are presumed to be caused by unfortunate routing mistakes, but a well-organized attacker could set up a long-term stealthy relay, accessing critical traffic metadata, despite suitable encryption schemes. While many studies focus on the mitigation of known attacks, we choose to design a complete detection method regardless of the attacker’s strategy. We propose a two-party cryptographic protocol for detecting traffic hijacking over the Internet. Our proposal relies on a distance-bounding mechanism that performs interactive authentication with a “Challenge–Response” exchange, and measures the round-trip time of packets to decide whether an attack is ongoing. Our construction is supported by worldwide experiments on communication time between multiple nodes, allowing us to both demonstrate its applicability and evaluate its performance. Over the course of this paper, we demonstrate our protocol to be efficient—itrequires only two cryptographic operations per execution inducing negligible workload for users and very few loss of throughput, scalable—no software updates are required for intermediate network nodes, routing protocol independent—this means that any future update of the route selection process will not induce changes on our scheme, and network friendly—the added volume of transiting data is only about 1.5%.
Electroextraction of Ytterbium on the Liquid Lead Cathode in LiCl-KCl Eutectic
Authors: Li Zhuyao , Zhu Liandi , Tang Dandan , Dai Ying , He Feiqiang , Gao Zhi , Liu Cheng , Liu Hui , Zhou Limin , Liu Zhirong , Ouyang Jinbo
Published: October 2022

The reduction mechanisms of Yb(III) on W electrodes in molten LiCl-KCl-YbCl3 were explored at 773 K, and the diffusion coefficient of Yb(III) was determined. Then, various electrochemical techniques were employed to investigate the electroreduction of Yb(III) in molten LiCl-KCl on a liquid Pb film and Pb electrode. Electrochemical signals were associated with forming Pb3Yb, PbYb, Pb3Yb5, and PbYb2. The deposition potentials and equilibrium potentials of four Pb-Yb intermetallics were obtained through open-circuit chronopotentiometry. Metallic Yb was extracted by potentiostatic electrolysis (PE) on a liquid Pb electrode, and XRD analyzed the Pb-Yb alloy obtained at different extraction times. The recovered Yb was found in the form of Pb3Yb and PbYb intermetallics. The extraction efficiency of Yb was calculated according to ICP analysis results, and extraction effectivity could attain 94.5% via PE at −1.86 V for 14 h.
Development of 3D-Printed Orthopedic Insoles for Patients with Diabetes and Evaluation with Electronic Pressure Sensors
Authors: Zuñiga Juan , Moscoso Miguel , Padilla-Huamantinco Pierre G. , Lazo-Porras Maria , Tenorio-Mucha Janeth , Padilla-Huamantinco Wendy , Tincopa Jean Pierre
Published: October 2022

The correct distribution of loads on foot, known as plantar pressures, is a relevant parameter for evaluating the evolution of some diseases. Anomalies can lead to pain and discomfort in other body parts. Diabetes changes foot tissues and compromises biomechanics, resulting in ulcers and, eventually, amputation. Customized insoles allow the redistribution of plantar pressures and are a complementary strategy to diabetes management. Nowadays, scanning and 3D printing technology can generate faster and more accurate customized insoles opening new opportunities for local medical device development. This study reports the development of 3D-printed insoles using two polymers, thermoplastic polyether-polyurethane and thermoplastic polyurethane polyester-based polymer, and the evaluation of plantar pressure distribution in walk trials using a clinical protocol and low-cost electronic system. The two 3D-printed insoles performed as well as a standard insole. No significant difference was found in average peak pressure distribution. The digital manufacturing workflow of customized insoles can be implemented in middle-income countries. Three-dimensionally printed insoles have the potential for diabetes management, and further material evaluations are needed before using them in health facilities.
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Based on Disease Form and Associated Comorbidities
Authors: Cioboata Ramona , Nicolosu Dragos , Streba Costin Teodor , Vasile Corina Maria , Olteanu Madalina , Nemes Alexandra , Gheorghe Andreea , Calarasu Cristina , Turcu Adina Andreea
Published: October 2022

(1) Background: SARS-CoV-2 has infected more than 97 million people worldwide and caused the death of more than 6 million. (2) Methods: Between 1 October and 31 December 2020, 764 patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection were selected based on RT-PCR test results. The following parameters were noted: age, gender, origin, days of hospitalization, COVID-19 experienced form, radiographic imaging features, associated comorbidities, and recommended treatment at discharge. (3) Results: The mean age at the time of COVID-19 infection was 55.2 years for men and 55.3 years for women. There was a similar age distribution among patients, regardless of gender. There was a substantial difference between the average lengths of hospitalization and those with residual symptoms—most patients who reported symptoms after discharge had been admitted with moderately severe forms of illness. Fatigue was the main remaining symptom (36%). (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, to clarify the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on patients in the long term, further studies are needed to investigate the elements assessed. Well-designed recovery programs will be needed to effectively manage these patients, with multidisciplinary collaboration and a team of professionals involved in all aspects of post-COVID patient health.
MAGEA11 as a STAD Prognostic Biomarker Associated with Immune Infiltration
Authors: Xiao Chen , Yang Linhui , Jin Liangzi , Zhang Faqin , Liu Jingbo , Yu Chunyu , Tao Lei , Li Changfu
Published: October 2022

Expression of MAGE family member A11 (MAGEA11) is upregulated in different tumors. However, in gastric cancer, the prognostic significance of MAGEA11 and its relationship with immune infiltration remain largely unknown. The expression of MAGEA11 in pan-cancer and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and survival impact of gastric cancer were evaluated by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Whether MAGEA11 was an independent risk factor was assessed by Cox analysis. Nomograms were constructed from MAGEA11 and clinical variables. Gene functional pathway enrichment was obtained based on MAGEA11 differential analysis. The relationship between MAGEA11 and immune infiltration was determined by the Tumor Immunity Estimation Resource (TIMER) and the Tumor Immune System Interaction Database (TISIDB). Finally, MAGEA11-sensitive drugs were predicted based on the CellMiner database. The results showed that the expression of MAGEA11 mRNA in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues. The ROC curve indicated an AUC value of 0.667. Survival analysis showed that patients with high MAGEA11 had poor prognosis (HR = 1.43, p = 0.034). In correlation analysis, MAGEA11 mRNA expression was found to be associated with tumor purity and immune invasion. Finally, drug sensitivity analysis found that the expression of MAGEA11 was correlated with seven drugs. Our study found that upregulated MAGEA11 in gastric cancer was significantly associated with lower survival and invasion by immune infiltration. It is suggested that MAGEA11 may be a potential biomarker and immunotherapy target for gastric cancer.
Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Cardiothoracic Imaging: A Scoping Review
Authors: Khosravi Bardia , Rouzrokh Pouria , Faghani Shahriar , Moassefi Mana , Vahdati Sanaz , Mahmoudi Elham , Chalian Hamid , Erickson Bradley J.
Published: October 2022

Machine-learning (ML) and deep-learning (DL) algorithms are part of a group of modeling algorithms that grasp the hidden patterns in data based on a training process, enabling them to extract complex information from the input data. In the past decade, these algorithms have been increasingly used for image processing, specifically in the medical domain. Cardiothoracic imaging is one of the early adopters of ML/DL research, and the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in more research focus on the feasibility and applications of ML/DL in cardiothoracic imaging. In this scoping review, we systematically searched available peer-reviewed medical literature on cardiothoracic imaging and quantitatively extracted key data elements in order to get a big picture of how ML/DL have been used in the rapidly evolving cardiothoracic imaging field. During this report, we provide insights on different applications of ML/DL and some nuances pertaining to this specific field of research. Finally, we provide general suggestions on how researchers can make their research more than just a proof-of-concept and move toward clinical adoption.
Psychopathology among Emerging Adults with Learning Disabilities in Canada
Authors: Chown Samantha L. , Browne Dillon T. , Leatherdale Scott T. , Ferro Mark A.
Published: October 2022

Individuals with learning disabilities (LDs) are more likely to have a mental illness, yet few studies explore this association in emerging adulthood, a developmental period with an increased risk for mental illness. The purpose of the current study was to investigate psychological distress in emerging adults (15–29 years) with and without LDs. The 2012 Canadian Community Health Survey—Mental Health was used (n = 5630), and multiple and logistic regression models with survey weights were computed. Adjusting for demographic, psychosocial, and health covariates, there was no evidence for significant differences in psychological distress among emerging adults with vs. without LDs. However, age and sex were significant effect modifiers. Among emerging adults with LDs, both males (OR = 2.39 [1.01, 5.67]) and those aged 25–29 years (OR = 3.87 [1.05, 14.30]) had an increased odds of clinically relevant psychological distress in comparison to those without LDs. These findings suggest a need for improved awareness and support for prevention of psychological distress among emerging adults with LDs, especially for males and those in later emerging adulthood.
The Challenge of Emotions—An Experimental Approach to Assess the Emotional Competence of People with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Hammann Torsten , Schwartze Manuel M. , Zentel Peter , Schlomann Anna , Even Christiane , Wahl Hans-Werner , Rietz Christian
Published: October 2022

Emotions influence processes of learning and thinking in all people. However, there is a lack of studies in the field of emotion research including people with intellectual disabilities (ID) addressing the existing diversity. The present study investigates the emotional competence of people with ID (N = 32). The first aim was to assess the emotional development using the Scale of Emotional Development (SEED). Based on these insights, the second objective was to replicate existing findings, validating the emotional reaction of people with ID to pictures of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) based on self-reports. In an additional pilot-like analysis, the third aim was to investigate if these self-reported emotional reactions match the emotions expressed in their faces using the automated and video-based facial expression analysis software ‘Affectiva (Affdex SDK)’. In the present study, the self-reported emotional reactions of participants with ID were in line with previous research. In addition, the present study shows the general potential of this innovative approach of using and applying commercially available automated emotion recognition software for the field of special needs and social science.
Test of Ecogeographical Rules on Sparrows (Passer spp.) along the Elevation Gradient of the Himalaya in Central Nepal
Authors: Dangol Deepa , Khanal Laxman , Pandey Naresh , Ghimire Anuj , Kyes Randall C.
Published: October 2022

Animals inhabiting colder climates have a larger body size (Bergmann’s rule) and smaller body extremities (Allen’s rule), which help homeothermic animals to retain heat. Such ecogeographical phenomena have frequently been observed in animals along the latitudinal gradient and have occasionally been tested along the elevational gradient. This study tested whether these ecogeographic rules hold true for the morphology of sparrows (Passer spp.) along the elevational gradient offered by the Himalaya in central Nepal. Seventy house sparrows and twenty-eight tree sparrows were captured from 22 different localities of central Nepal between 100 and 3400 m asl, and morphological traits such as body size (body mass, tarsus length, wing length and tail length) and body extremities (bill length and bill width) were measured. Linear regression analysis was used to test the association of morphological measurements with elevation and climatic variables. House sparrows (Passer domesticus) had a wider elevational distribution range and exhibited significantly larger body sizes than the Eurasian tree sparrows (P. montanus). House sparrows had larger body sizes and smaller bills at higher elevations in adherence to Bergmann’s rule and Allen’s rule. Bill length in house sparrows showed a positive association with the temperature following the proposition of Allen’s rule. However, the morphological measurements in Eurasian tree sparrows did not show a distinct pattern with elevation and climatic variables. Therefore, this study concludes that ecogeographical phenomena such as Bergmann’s rule and Allen’s rule could be species-specific based on their biological and ecological characteristics.
Performance Analysis of Raspberry Pi 3 IP PBX Based on Asterisk
Authors: Khan Bilal Muhammad , Fahad Muhammad , Bilal Rabia , Khan Ali Hanzala
Published: October 2022

IP-PBX have grown considerably in the telecoms and IT industries in recent times due to their low cost, high customizability, open source and hardware-independent nature. Unlike traditional PBX systems that are TDM-based and require a separate wired infrastructure to operate, an IP PBX can be attached to the local LAN and uses SIP with RTP over Internet Protocol (IP) for signaling and data transport, respectively. Asterisk-based IP PBX has become a de facto standard for open-source low-to-medium calling capacity requirements. Single Board Computers (SBCs) are attracting considerable attention from academics, hobbyists and the industry, due to their compact size, low cost, low power, portability and fair processing ability. Raspberry Pi series SBCs are the pioneer in the field, having Pi, Pi2, Pi3 and Pi Zero in production, supporting different processing and storage capabilities. An IP PBX embedded on the raspberry Pi SBC can serve an adequate number of users and provide a tiny platform that can fit in a pocket and be transported anywhere while preserving the functionality of a complete IP PBX. Such systems can be phenomenally successful in situations where large infrastructures cannot be taken, for instance, in warzones or disaster-affected areas where communication networks are damaged, necessitating an immediate requirement for an ad hoc-based communication system. In this paper, we aim to explore the performance of an Asterisk®-based IP PBX installed on a Raspberry Pi 3 (model B) platform in terms of concurrent call handling using different codecs.
Management Accounting System in the Management of an Intelligent Energy Sector Enterprise
Authors: Posadzińska Iwona , Grzeszczak Małgorzata
Published: October 2022

The aim of the article was to assess the implementation of the management accounting tools in managing an intelligent energy sector enterprise. The energy industry, characterized by high price fluctuation, rising costs, and the development of modern technologies, will in the future look for diversified sources of income and changes in business models. Energy entities will move towards intelligent management using management accounting tools, providing access to complete and up-to-date information from internal and external sources and extended management capabilities. In order to obtain answers to the questions, we conducted standardized interviews and an in-depth interview (IDI—individual in-depth interview) with large enterprises, with particular emphasis on the case of Hager Polo Ltd.
Dispersal Patterns of One-Seed Juniper Seeds Contained in Mammal Scats and Bird Pellets
Authors: Stricklan Dave , Cibils Andrés F. , Saud Pradip , Steiner Robert L. , McIntosh Matthew M. , Ganguli Amy C. , Cram Douglas S. , Faist Akasha M.
Published: October 2022

We conducted a two-year study in New Mexico, USA, to determine the role of birds, lagomorphs, mesocarnivores, and porcupines in one-seed juniper (J. monosperma (Englem.) Sarg.) seed dispersal. We established random plots: (1) around cone-bearing juniper trees in the woodland; (2) around non-cone-bearing juniper trees in the woodland; (3) in woodland/grassland transition zones; and in (4) grassland habitats near juniper woodlands. We estimated seed density and tallied the number of plots with seeds deposited by each disperser group. Birds deposited the highest number of seeds/ha under the canopy of cone-bearing trees. Mesocarnivores were responsible for the highest average seed deposition in all other habitats. In juniper cone-bearing tree habitats, birds deposited seeds in 100% of plots under-canopy and 93% of plots outside-canopy. Seeds deposited by lagomorphs were observed in plots across all sampled habitats. Overall, seed deposition was greatest around cone-bearing juniper trees, followed by non-cone-bearing juniper trees, woodland-grassland transition zones, and grassland habitats. Birds deposited seeds primarily under cone-bearing tree perch sites. Lagomorphs deposited seeds widely in relatively high numbers across all habitats and are likely responsible for the greatest number of one-seed juniper seeds deposited on the soil surface at our research site.
Patterns in Foliar Isotopic Nitrogen, Percent Nitrogen, and Site Index for Managed Forest Systems in the United States
Authors: Buntrock Laura , Thomas Valerie A. , Strahm Brian D. , Fox Tom , Harrison Robert , Himes Austin , Littke Kim
Published: October 2022

Patterns in foliar nitrogen (N) stable isotope ratios (δ15N) have been shown to reveal trends in terrestrial N cycles, including the identification of ecosystems where N deficiencies limit forest ecosystem productivity. However, there is a gap in our understanding of within-species variation and species-level response to environmental gradients or forest management. Our objective is to examine the relationship between site index, foliar %N, foliar δ15N and spectral reflectance for managed Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations across their geographic ranges in the Pacific Northwest and the southeastern United States, respectively. Foliage was measured at 28 sites for reflectance using a handheld spectroradiometer, and further analyzed for δ15N and N concentration. Unlike the prior work for grasslands and shrubland species, our results show that foliar δ15N and foliar %N are not well correlated for these tree species. However, multiple linear regression models suggest a strong predictive ability of spectroscopy data to quantify foliar δ15N, with some models explaining more than 65% of the variance in the δ15N. Additionally, moderate to strong explanations of variance were found between site index and foliar δ15N (R2 = 0.49) and reflectance and site index (R2 = 0.84) in the Douglas-fir data set. The development of relationships between foliar spectral reflectance, δ15N and measures of site productivity provides the first step toward mapping canopy δ15N for these managed forests with remote sensing.
Improvement of Rooting Performance in Stem Cuttings of Savin Juniper (Juniperus sabina L.) as a Function of IBA Pretreatment, Substrate, and Season
Authors: Abshahi Maliheh , García-Morote Francisco Antonio , Zarei Hossein , Zahedi Bahman , Nejad Abdolhossein Rezaei
Published: October 2022

Juniperus sabina is an interesting species for forest restoration and ornamental purposes. The seeds of this plant have several types of dormancies; therefore, seed propagation is difficult and time consuming. The production of cuttings can be an alternative way to produce plants more quickly. The main objective of this experiment was to determine the best propagation conditions (indole butyric acid dose, substrate, and season) for this species using stem cuttings. Rooting performance of the cuttings was evaluated based on the rooting percentage (%), root biomass, and specific root length (SRL). In addition, we examined the internal composition (auxin and peroxidase content) in treated stem cuttings. Cuttings were pretreated with five doses of indole butyric acid (IBA; 0 (control), 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 ppm) and were rooted in four substrates (perlite, perlite-cocopeat, pumice, and mixed substrate) during the four seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn). The best treatments, with more than 60% rooting, were applied in spring, and IBA at 1000 ppm in perlite–cocopeat substrate obtained 62% rooting. The highest rooting percentage correlated with the highest root biomass production and the lowest SRL. IBA pretreatment decreased the concentration of peroxidase in spring (coinciding with maximum rooting), representing an indicator of rooting performance. Based on these results, we recommend a new protocol for Juniperus sabina production: (i) prepare cuttings in spring, (ii) treat cutting bases with 1000 ppm IBA, and (iii) plant cuttings in a substrate of perlite–cocopeat (1:1).
Effect of Unsaturated Fatty Acid Ratio In Vitro on Rumen Fermentation, Methane Concentration, and Microbial Profile
Authors: Yang Zhantao , Liu Siyuan , Xie Tian , Wang Qianqian , Wang Zhonghan , Yang Hongjian , Li Shengli , Wang Wei
Published: October 2022

It is well known that dairy cows are fed diets with high fat content, which can adversely affect rumen fermentation. However, whether the effects of high fat content on rumen fermentation are related to the composition of fatty acids (FA) is for further study. We explored the effects of unsaturated fatty acid (UFA) ratios in vitro on rumen, methane concentration and microbial composition under the same fat levels. The experiment included a low-unsaturated group (LU, UFA proportion: 42.8%), a medium-unsaturated group (MU, UFA proportion: 56.9%), and a high-unsaturated group (HU, UFA proportion: 70.9%). The incubation fluid pH and NH3-N levels were not significantly different in the three groups. Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA), acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate in the MU group had a decreased trend compared to the LU group (0.05 < p < 0.1), and no difference was found in other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) among the three groups. Furthermore, gas production kinetic parameters among the three groups did not differ significantly. The LU group’s CH4 concentration was significantly higher than the HU group (p < 0.05). The CO2 concentration in the LU group was also significantly higher than the MU and LU groups (p < 0.05). Additionally, 16S rRNA microbial sequencing results showed that the Shannon diversity value significantly increased in the MU group (p < 0.05) compared to the LU group. Other alpha diversity indices (Chao 1, observed species, and ACE) did not differ among the three groups. The increased proportion of UFA significantly decreased the relative abundance of Succinivibrionaceae_UCG_001 and Fibrobacter (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the multiple Lachnospiraceae bacteria significantly increased in the MU group (p < 0.05). Overall, our findings indicated that the microbial community in the incubation system could be affected by elevating proportions of UFA, affecting the yield of VFA, whereas the CH4 concentration was reduced.
An Approach for Incorporating Glycerol as a Co-Substrate into Unconcentrated Sugarcane Bagasse Hydrolysate for Improved Lipid Production in Rhodotorula glutinis
Authors: Ngamsirisomsakul Marika , Kongkeitkajorn Mallika Boonmee , Amnuaypanich Sittipong , Reungsang Alissara
Published: October 2022

Sugarcane bagasse is a potential raw material for microbial lipid production by oleaginous yeasts. Due to the limited sugar concentrations in bagasse hydrolysate, increasing carbon the concentration is necessary in order to improve lipid production. We aimed to increase carbon concentration by incorporating glycerol as a co-substrate into unconcentrated bagasse hydrolysate in the cultivation of Rhodotorula glutinis TISTR 5159. Cultivation in hydrolysate without nitrogen supplementation (C/N = 42) resulted in 60.31% lipid accumulation with 11.45 ± 0.75 g/L biomass. Nitrogen source supplementation increased biomass to 26.29 ± 2.05 g/L without losing lipid accumulation at a C/N of 25. Yeast extract improved lipid production in the hydrolysate due to high growth without altering the lipid content of the cells. Mixing glycerol up to 10% v/v into the unconcentrated hydrolysate improved biomass and lipid production. A further increase in glycerol concentrations drastically decreased growth and lipid accumulation by the yeast. By maintaining C/N at 27 using yeast extract as the sole nitrogen source, hydrolysate mixed with 10% v/v glycerol resulted in the highest lipid yield, at 19.57 ± 0.53 g/L with 50.55% lipid content, which was a 2.8-fold increase compared to using the hydrolysate alone. In addition, yeast extracts were superior for promoting growth and lipid production compared to inorganic nitrogen sources.
Multi-Omics-Based Functional Characterization of Hybrid Fermented Broussonetia papyrifera: A Preliminary Study on Gut Health of Laying Hens
Authors: Niu Kaimin , Khosravic Sanaz , Wang Yongfeng , Zhai Zhenya , Wang Ruxia , Liu Jianping , Cai Lichuang , Li Jianxi , Deng Liping , Wu Xin
Published: October 2022

More attention has been paid in recent times to the application of Broussonetia papyrifera (BP) silage in ruminants, owing to its nutritional value. This study aimed to characterize the functionality of fermented BP and preliminarily explore its dietary effects on the gut health of laying hens. In this study, we characterized the antioxidant and antibacterial activities, bioactive compound profile, and bacterial community in Lactobacillus plantarum-fermented BP (FBP), as well as its dietary effects on intestinal morphology, microbiota and gene expression of laying hens. Improved contents of protein, total polyphenol and flavonoids as well as antioxidant and antibacterial activities were found after fermentation of BP. Untargeted metabolomics displayed more abundant apigenin, luteolin, diosmetin, and quercetin within the FBP, which may contribute to its functionality. Microbiome demonstrated increased abundance of Firmicutes at the expense of Cyanobacteria phylum, accompanied with raised levels of Lactobacillus genus. The results of a feeding trial showed dietary FBP supplementation increased the serum superoxide dismutase, but down-regulated gene expression of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), mucin2, and ZO-2, without obviously affecting the intestinal morphology and colonic microbiota. These findings suggest that FBP warrants further investigation as it may serve as a functional dietary supplement in laying hen feed.
Improved Dragonfly Optimization Algorithm for Detecting IoT Outlier Sensors
Authors: Meqdad Maytham N. , Kadry Seifedine , Rauf Hafiz Tayyab
Published: October 2022

Things receive digital intelligence by being connected to the Internet and by adding sensors. With the use of real-time data and this intelligence, things may communicate with one another autonomously. The environment surrounding us will become more intelligent and reactive, merging the digital and physical worlds thanks to the Internet of things (IoT). In this paper, an optimal methodology has been proposed for distinguishing outlier sensors of the Internet of things based on a developed design of a dragonfly optimization technique. Here, a modified structure of the dragonfly optimization algorithm is utilized for optimal area coverage and energy consumption reduction. This paper uses four parameters to evaluate its efficiency: the minimum number of nodes in the coverage area, the lifetime of the network, including the time interval from the start of the first node to the shutdown time of the first node, and the network power. The results of the suggested method are compared with those of some other published methods. The results show that by increasing the number of steps, the energy of the live nodes will eventually run out and turn off. In the LEACH method, after 350 steps, the RED-LEACH method, after 750 steps, and the GSA-based method, after 915 steps, the nodes start shutting down, which occurs after 1227 steps for the proposed method. This means that the nodes are turned off later. Simulations indicate that the suggested method achieves better results than the other examined techniques according to the provided performance parameters.
Analysis of the Passive Stabilization Methods of Optical Frequency Comb in Ultrashort-Pulse Erbium-Doped Fiber Lasers
Authors: Sazonkin Stanislav G. , Orekhov Ilya O. , Dvoretskiy Dmitriy A. , Lazdovskaia Uliana S. , Ismaeel Almikdad , Denisov Lev K. , Karasik Valeriy E.
Published: October 2022

In this review paper, we describe the current state of the art to stabilize the output radiation of ultrashort-pulse (USP) fiber lasers and analyze passive methods to reduce the magnitude of fluctuations in the amplitude–frequency noise of output radiation. Regarding main noise characterization in mode-locked fiber lasers, we further consider the influence on laser operation of primary generation regimes starting up in cavities, such as solitons, stretched pulses, similaritons, and dissipative solitons. Then, we proceed to analyze the external and internal factors that affect the stability of the output radiation characteristics depending on the mode-locking mechanism and the resonator scheme.
Insights on Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (IUU) Fishing Activities by Egyptian Vessels in Neighbouring Countries
Authors: Samy-Kamal Mohamed
Published: October 2022

Illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is recognised as one of the largest threats to the sustainability of the world’s fisheries. The fight against IUU fishing activities has recently become a high priority in the international fisheries management agenda. While a number of academic contributions have sought to improve the understanding of the problem, data are still limited, especially in developing countries. In the absence of any information in this regard in Egypt, this contribution is the first attempt to report the available information about cases of Egyptian fishing vessels detained for fishing illegally in neighbouring countries, including the Mediterranean and Red Seas. The highest number of cases was observed in 2015 (7 cases) followed by 2010, 2013, 2016 and 2020 (each with 5 cases). The highest number of detained vessels by far was observed in 2020 (44 vessels) followed by 2015 (19 vessels). Tunisia was the country with the highest number of cases (17 cases) followed by Libya (10 cases), while Somalia detained the highest number of vessels (42 vessels) followed by Libya (22 vessels). The results shed light on the problems that led to this situation, starting with depleted fisheries, a poor monitoring system and a difficult economic situation in the fishing sector.
Scale-Free Fractal Interpolation
Authors: Navascués María A. , Pacurar Cristina , Drakopoulos Vasileios
Published: October 2022

An iterated function system that defines a fractal interpolation function, where ordinate scaling is replaced by a nonlinear contraction, is investigated here. In such a manner, fractal interpolation functions associated with Matkowski contractions for finite as well as infinite (countable) sets of data are obtained. Furthermore, we construct an extension of the concept of α-fractal interpolation functions, herein called R-fractal interpolation functions, related to a finite as well as to a countable iterated function system and provide approximation properties of the R-fractal functions. Moreover, we obtain smooth R-fractal interpolation functions and provide results that ensure the existence of differentiable R-fractal interpolation functions both for the finite and the infinite (countable) cases.
Model-Free Fractional-Order Sliding Mode Control of Electric Drive System Based on Nonlinear Disturbance Observer
Authors: Yu Yingxin , Liu Xudong
Published: October 2022

A model-free fractional-order sliding mode control (MFFOSMC) method based on a non-linear disturbance observer is proposed for the electric drive system in this paper. Firstly, the ultra-local model is established by using the mathematical model of electric drive system under parameter perturbation. Then, aiming at reducing the chattering of the sliding mode controller and improving the transient response, a model-free fractional-order sliding mode controller is designed based on fractional-order theory. Next, considering that the traditional sliding mode control can only suppress matched disturbance and that it is sensitive to mismatched disturbance, a non-linear disturbance observer is used to estimate disturbance, and the estimated variables are used in the design of a sliding mode surface to improve the tracking accuracy of the system. Finally, the experiment is completed on an asynchronous motor drive platform. Compared with the model-free integer-order sliding mode control (MFIOSMC), the results show that the proposed method has good dynamic response and strong robustness. Meanwhile, the proposed method reduces the dependence on mathematical models.
A Stochastic Bayesian Neural Network for the Mosquito Dispersal Mathematical System
Authors: Suantai Suthep , Sabir Zulqurnain , Raja Muhammad Asif Zahoor , Cholamjiak Watcharaporn
Published: October 2022

The objective of this study is to examine numerical evaluations of the mosquito dispersal mathematical system (MDMS) in a heterogeneous atmosphere through artificial intelligence (AI) techniques via Bayesian regularization neural networks (BSR-NNs). The MDMS is constructed with six classes, i.e., eggs, larvae, pupae, host, resting mosquito, and ovipositional site densities-based ODEs system. The computing BSR-NNs scheme is applied for three different performances using the data of training, testing and verification, which is divided as 75%, 15%, 10% with twelve hidden neurons. The result comparisons are provided to check the authenticity of the designed AI method portrayed by the BSR-NNs. The AI based BSR-NNs procedure is executed to reduce the mean square error (MSE) for the MDMS. The achieved performances are also presented to validate the efficiency of BSR-NNs scheme using the process of MSE, correlation, error histograms and regression.
Transcriptome Response of Differentiating Muscle Satellite Cells to Thermal Challenge in Commercial Turkey
Authors: Reed Kent M. , Mendoza Kristelle M. , Xu Jiahui , Strasburg Gale M. , Velleman Sandra G.
Published: October 2022

Early muscle development involves the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells (satellite cells, SCs) in the mesoderm to form multinucleated myotubes that mature into muscle fibers and fiber bundles. Proliferation of SCs increases the number of cells available for muscle formation while simultaneously maintaining a population of cells for future response. Differentiation dramatically changes properties of the SCs and environmental stressors can have long lasting effects on muscle growth and physiology. This study was designed to characterize transcriptional changes induced in turkey SCs undergoing differentiation under thermal challenge. Satellite cells from the pectoralis major (p. major) muscle of 1-wk old commercial fast-growing birds (Nicholas turkey, NCT) and from a slower-growing research line (Randombred Control Line 2, RBC2) were proliferated for 72 h at 38 °C and then differentiated for 48 h at 33 °C (cold), 43 °C (hot) or 38 °C (control). Gene expression among thermal treatments and between turkey lines was examined by RNAseq to detect significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Cold treatment resulted in significant gene expression changes in the SCs from both turkey lines, with the primary effect being down regulation of the DEGs with overrepresentation of genes involved in regulation of skeletal muscle tissue regeneration and sarcomere organization. Heat stress increased expression of genes reported to regulate myoblast differentiation and survival and to promote cell adhesion particularly in the NCT line. Results suggest that growth selection in turkeys has altered the developmental potential of SCs in commercial birds to increase hypertrophic potential of the p. major muscle and sarcomere assembly. The biology of SCs may account for the distinctly different outcomes in response to thermal challenge on breast muscle growth, development, and structure of the turkey.
How Our Microbiome Influences the Pathogenesis of Alopecia Areata
Authors: Sánchez-Pellicer Pedro , Navarro-Moratalla Laura , Núñez-Delegido Eva , Agüera-Santos Juan , Navarro-López Vicente
Published: October 2022

Alopecia areata is a multifactorial autoimmune-based disease with a complex pathogenesis. As in all autoimmune diseases, genetic predisposition is key. The collapse of the immune privilege of the hair follicle leading to scalp loss is a major pathogenic event in alopecia areata. The microbiota considered a bacterial ecosystem located in a specific area of the human body could somehow influence the pathogenesis of alopecia areata, as it occurs in other autoimmune diseases. Moreover, the Next Generation Sequencing of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene and the metagenomic methodology have provided an excellent characterization of the microbiota. The aim of this narrative review is to examine the published literature on the cutaneous and intestinal microbiota in alopecia areata to be able to establish a pathogenic link. In this review, we summarize the influence of the microbiota on the development of alopecia areata. We first introduce the general pathogenic mechanisms that cause alopecia areata to understand the influence that the microbiota may exert and then we summarize the studies that have been carried out on what type of gut and skin microbiota is found in patients with this disease.
A Tremendous Reorganization Journey for the 3D Chromatin Structure from Gametes to Embryos
Authors: Chen Zhenping , Chen Xuepeng
Published: October 2022

The 3D chromatin structure within the nucleus is important for gene expression regulation and correct developmental programs. Recently, the rapid development of low-input chromatin conformation capture technologies has made it possible to study 3D chromatin structures in gametes, zygotes and early embryos in a variety of species, including flies, vertebrates and mammals. There are distinct 3D chromatin structures within the male and female gametes. Following the fertilization of male and female gametes, fertilized eggs undergo drastic epigenetic reprogramming at multi levels, including the 3D chromatin structure, to convert the terminally differentiated gamete state into the totipotent state, which can give rise to an individual. However, to what extent the 3D chromatin structure reorganization is evolutionarily conserved and what the underlying mechanisms are for the tremendous reorganization in early embryos remain elusive. Here, we review the latest findings on the 3D chromatin structure reorganization during embryogenesis, and discuss the convergent and divergent reprogramming patterns and key molecular mechanisms for the 3D chromatin structure reorganization from gametes to embryos in different species. These findings shed light on how the 3D chromatin structure reorganization contribute to embryo development in different species. The findings also indicate the role of the 3D chromatin structure on the acquisition of totipotent developmental potential.
Influence of Chinese Herbal Formula on Bone Characteristics of Cobb Broiler Chickens
Authors: Liu Yong , Liang Shuangmin , Zi Xiannian , Yan Shixiong , Liu Mengqian , Li Mengyuan , Zhao Yanhao , Dou Tengfei , Ge Changrong , Wang Kun , Jia Junjing
Published: October 2022

To evaluate the prevention and treatment effect of a Chinese herbal formula (CHF) on the bone disease of Cobb broiler chickens, compare its efficacy with Bisphosphonates (BPs), and provide a theoretical basis for studying the nutritional regulation technology of CHF to improve the bone characteristics of broiler chickens. In this study, 560 one-day-old Cobb broiler chickens were examined for the influence of Chinese herbal formula (CHF) and Bisphosphonates (BPs). Different doses of CHF and BPs were added to the diet, and the 30- and 60-day-old live weight, tibial bone strength, the microstructure of the distal femur cancellous bone, blood biochemical indexes related to bone metabolism, and genes related to bone metabolism were determined and analyzed. The results showed that the live weight of Cobb broilers fed with CHF and BPs in the diet was as follows: The live weight of the CHF group was higher than that of the normal control (NC) group, while the live weight of the BPs group was lower than that of the NC group; the CHF and BPs improved the bone strength of Cobb broilers and increased the elastic modulus, yield strength, and maximum stress of the tibia. CHF and BPs increased the cancellous bone mineral density (BMD), bone tissue ratio (BV/TV), bone surface area tissue volume ratio (BS/TV), bone trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), and bone trabecular number (Tb.N) in the distal femur, and decreased the bone surface area bone volume ratio (BS/BV) and bone trabecular separation (Tb.Sp). Thus, the microstructure of the bone tissue of the distal femur was improved to a certain extent. Both the CHF and the BPs also increased the serum levels of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and decreased the content of osteocalcin (OT). Meanwhile, CHF and BPs upregulated the expression of osteogenic genes (BMP-2, OPG, Runx-2) to promote bone formation and downregulated the expression of osteoclastic genes (RANK, RANKL, TNF-α) to inhibit bone resorption, thus affecting bone metabolism. Conclusion: The CHF could improve the skeletal characteristics of Cobb broilers by upregulating the expression of bone-forming-related genes and downregulating the expression of bone-breaking-related genes, thus preventing and controlling skeletal diseases in Cobb broilers. Its effect was comparable to that of BPs. Meanwhile, the CHF-H group achieved the best results in promoting the growth and improvement of the skeletal characteristics of Cobb broilers based on the live weight and skeletal-characteristics-related indexes.
Wild Vicia Species Possess a Drought Tolerance System for Faba Bean Improvement
Authors: Haq Irfanul , Binjawhar Dalal Nasser , Ullah Zahid , Ali Ahmad , Sher Hassan , Ali Iftikhar
Published: October 2022

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), a drought-sensitive crop, is drastically affected by drought stresses compromising its growth and yield. However, wild relatives of faba bean are considered a reservoir of potential genetic resources for tolerance against abiotic stresses. This study was conducted to characterize wild relatives of faba bean for identification of a specific tolerance system required for its improvement against drought stress. The study focused on physiological, biochemical, and anatomical responses of wild Vicia species under drought stress conditions. The experiment was carried out under various levels of drought stress imposed through different field capacities (FC) which included 80% FC ie (well-watered condition), 55% FC (moderate stress), and 30% FC (severe stress). When compared to plants grown in a control environment, drought stress significantly reduced the studied physiological attributes including soluble sugars (21.3% and 15.8%), protein contents (14.7 and 14.6%), and chlorophyll (8.4 and 28.6%) under moderate (55% FC) and severe drought stress (30% FC), respectively. However, proline content increased by 20.5% and 27.6%, peroxidase activity by 48.5% and 57.1%, and superoxide dismutase activity by 72.6% and 64.8% under moderate and severe stress, respectively. The studied anatomical attributes were also affected under drought stress treatments, including diameter of stem xylem vessels (9.1% and 13.7%), leaf lower epidermal thickness (8.05% and 13.34%), and leaf phloem width (5.3% and 10.1%) under moderate and severe stress, respectively. Wild Vicia spp. showed better tolerance to water-deficit conditions as compared to cultivated Vicia L. The observed potential diversity for drought tolerance in wild Vicia spp. may assist in improvement of faba bean and may also help in understanding the mechanisms of adaptations in drought-prone environments.