bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution
Authors: Todd Jewel Nicole Anna , Carreón-Anguiano Karla Gisel , Islas-Flores Ignacio , Canto-Canché Blondy
Published: November 2022

Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
Synergistic Function between Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes towards Fire Safe Polystyrene Composites with Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Huang Ruizhe , Gao Caiqin , Shi Yongqian , Fu Libi , Feng Yuezhan , Shui Wei
Published: November 2022

As a universal polymer material, polystyrene (PS) is widely applied in electrical devices and construction. Thus, it is necessary to improve the flame retardancy and electromagnetic shielding properties of PS material. In this work, PS/silicon-wrapped ammonium polyphosphate/Inorganic acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes composites (PS/SiAPP/aMWCNT, abbreviated as PAC) were prepared via methods of filtration-induced assembly and hot-pressing. Morphology and structure characterization demonstrated that SiAPP and aMWCNT had good dispersion in PS and excellent compatibility with the PS matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the addition of aMWCNT to PS improved its thermal stability and carbon-forming characteristics. The peak heat release rate, the peak carbon monoxide production rate, and the peak smoke production rate of the PAC10 composite decreased by 53.7%, 41.9%, and 45.5%, respectively, while its electromagnetic shielding effectiveness reached 12 dB. These enhancements were attributed to the reason that SiAPP and aMWCNT synergistically catalyzed the char generation and SiAPP produced free radical scavengers and numbers of incombustible gases, which could decrease the oxygen concentration and retard the combustion reaction. Therefore, the assembled PS/SiAPP/aMWCNT system provides a new pathway to improve the flame retardant and electromagnetic shielding properties of PS.
The New Markers of Early Obesity-Related Organ and Metabolic Abnormalities
Authors: Ziomber-Lisiak Agata , Piana Kaja , Ostachowicz Beata , Wróbel Paweł , Kasprzyk Paula , Kaszuba-Zwoińska Jolanta , Baranowska-Chowaniec Agnieszka , Juszczak Kajetan , Szczerbowska-Boruchowska Magdalena
Published: November 2022

The objective of our study was to identify new markers related to excessive body adiposity and its early consequences. For this purpose we determined serum FGF-19 and FGF-21 concentrations in obese rats, whose role in the pathogenesis of obesity is not yet established. In addition, a total reflection X-ray fluorescence technique was applied to determine the elemental chemistry of certain tissues affected by obesity. Next, the new biochemical and molecular parameters were correlated with well-known obesity-related markers of metabolic abnormalities. Our obese rats were characterized by increased calorie consumption and body adiposity, hypercholesterolemia, elevated levels of liver enzymes and FGF-21, while the level of FGF-19 was reduced. Strong relationships between new hormones and established metabolic parameters were observed. Furthermore, we demonstrated that obesity had the greatest effect on elemental composition in the adipose tissue and liver and that rubidium (Rb) had the highest importance in distinguishing the studied groups of animals. Tissue Rb strongly correlated with both well-known and new markers of obesity. In conclusion, we confirmed serum FGF-19 and FGF-21 as useful new markers of obesity-related metabolic alternations and we robustly propose Rb as a novel indicator of excessive body adiposity and its early consequences. However, further investigations are encouraged to address this clinical issue.
Cybersecurity Comparison of Brain-Based Automotive Electrical and Electronic Architectures
Authors: Tany Nadera Sultana , Suresh Sunish , Sinha Durgesh Nandan , Shinde Chinmay , Stolojescu-Crisan Cristina , Khondoker Rahamatullah
Published: November 2022

Modern autonomous vehicles with an electric/electronic (E/E) architecture represent the next big step in the automation and evolution of smart and self-driving vehicles. This technology is of significant interest nowadays and humans are currently witnessing the development of the different levels of automation for their vehicles. According to recent demand, the components of smart vehicles are centrally or zonally connected, as well as connected to clouds to ensure the seamless automation of driving functions. This necessity has a downside, as it makes the system vulnerable to malicious attacks from hackers with unethical motives. To ensure the control, safety, and security of smart vehicles, attaining and upholding automotive cybersecurity standards is inevitable. The ISO/SAE 21434 Road vehicle—Cybersecurity engineering standard document was published in 2021 and can be considered the Bible of automotive cybersecurity. In this paper, a comparison between four different E/E architectures was made based on the aforementioned standard. One of them is the traditional distributed architecture with many electronic control units (ECUs). The other three architectures consist of centralized or zonally distributed high-performance computers (HPCs). As the complexity of autonomous E/E systems are on the rise, the traditional distributive method is compared against the HPC (brain)-based architectures to visualize a comparative scenario between the architectures. The authors of this paper analyzed the threats and damage scenarios of the architectures using the ISO/SAE 21434 standard, “Microsoft Threat Analysis Tool - STRIDE”, TARA, and “Ansys Medini Analyze”. Security controls are recommended to mitigate the threats and risks in all of these studied architectures. This work attempted to mitigate the gap in the scholarly literature by creating a comparative image of the E/E architectures on a generalized level. The exploratory method of this research provides the reader with knowledge on four different architecture types, their fundamental properties, advantages, and disadvantages along with a general overview of the threats and vulnerabilities associated with each in light of the ISO/SAE 21434 standard. The improvement possibilities of the studied architectures are provided and their advantages and disadvantages are highlighted herein.
Highly Porous Cyanometallic Spin-Crossover Frameworks Employing Pyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazine Bridge
Authors: Hiiuk Volodymyr M. , Shova Sergiu , Domasevitch Kostiantyn V. , Gural’skiy Il’ya A.
Published: November 2022

Single crystals of two spin-crossover (SCO) cyanometallic coordination polymers based on the pyridazino[4,5-d]pyridazine ligand (pp) of the composition [Fe(pp)M(CN)4]∙G (where M = Pd, Pt; G = guest molecules) were obtained by a slow diffusion technique. A single-crystal X-ray analysis showed that both compounds adopted the structure of porous 3D frameworks, consisting of heterometallic cyano-bridged layers and interlayer pillar pp ligands, with a total solvent accessible volume of ca. 160 Å3 per iron(II) ion (about 37% of the unit cell volume). These frameworks displayed hysteretic SCO behaviour with T1/2 of 150/190 K (heating/cooling) for Pd complex and 135/170 K (heating/cooling) for Pt complex, which was confirmed by variable-temperature SCXRD experiments. This research shows the perspective of using pp ligand for building porous MOFs with spin transitions.
Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Field Resistance to Spirodiclofen in Panonychus citri (McGregor)
Authors: Cheng Lu-Yan , Hou Dong-Yuan , Sun Qin-Zhe , Yu Shi-Jiang , Li Si-Chen , Liu Hao-Qiang , Cong Lin , Ran Chun
Published: November 2022

Spirodiclofen is one of the most widely used acaricides in China. The citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is one of the most destructive citrus pests worldwide and has developed a high resistance to spirodiclofen. However, the molecular mechanism of spirodiclofen resistance in P. citri is still unknown. In this study, we identified a field spirodiclofen-resistant strain (DL-SC) that showed 712-fold resistance to spirodiclofen by egg bioassay compared to the susceptible strain. Target-site resistance was not detected as non-synonymous mutations were not found by amplification and sequencing of the ACCase gene of resistant and susceptible strains; in addition, the mRNA expression levels of ACCase were similar in both resistant and susceptible strains. The activity of detoxifying enzymes P450s and CCEs in the resistant strain was significantly higher than in the susceptible strain. The transcriptome expression data showed 19 xenobiotic metabolisms genes that were upregulated. Stage-specific expression profiling revealed that the most prominent upregulated gene, CYP385C10, in transcriptome data was significantly higher in resistant strains in all stages. Furthermore, functional analysis by RNAi indicated that the mortality caused by spirodiclofen was significantly increased by silencing the P450 gene CYP385C10. The current results suggest that overexpression of the P450 gene, CYP385C10, may be involved in spirodiclofen resistance in P. citri.
Forest Landscape Effects on Dispersal of Spruce Budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens, 1865) (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) and Forest Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma disstria Hübner, 1820 (Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae) Female Moths in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Cooke Barry J.
Published: November 2022

Leaf-rollers and tent caterpillars, the families Torticidae and Lasiocampidae, represent a significant component of the Lepidoptera, and are well-represented in the forest insect pest literature of North America. Two species in particular—spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) and forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstria Hbn.)—are the most significant pests of the Pinaceae and Salicacae, respectively, in the boreal forest of Canada, each exhibiting periodic outbreaks of tremendous extent. Dispersal is thought to play a critical role in the triggering of population eruptions and in the synchronization of outbreak cycling, but formal studies of dispersal, in particular studies of long-range dispersal by egg-bearing adult females, are rare. Here, it is shown in two independent studies that adult females of both species tend to disperse away from sparse or defoliated forest, and toward intact or undefoliated forest, suggesting that long-range dispersal during an outbreak peak is adaptive to the species and an important factor in their population dynamics, and hence their evolutionary biology.
Phylogenetic Analyses Support the Monophyly of the Genus Lispe Latreille (Diptera: Muscidae) with Insights into Intrageneric Relationships
Authors: Gao Yunyun , Ge Yingqiang , Yan Liping , Vikhrev Nikita E. , Wang Qike , Butterworth Nathan J. , Zhang Dong
Published: November 2022

Lispe Latreille (Diptera: Muscidae) are a widespread group of predatory flies that inhabit semi-aquatic environments. Previous studies on this genus have mainly focused on morphological classification, so molecular data are entirely lacking, and there has been no attempt at a phylogenetic placement of the genus or the resolution of intragenic relationships. To address the phylogenetic placement of Lispe and to fill its gap in the Tree of Life Web Project, 58 Lispe spp. (covering 11 out of 13 acknowledged Lispe species groups) were selected to reconstruct a phylogeny using Maximum likelihood (ML) estimates, Maximum Parsimony (MP) analyses, and Bayesian inference (BI) based on two mitochondrial protein-coding genes (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COXI) and cytochrome b gene (CYTB)) and one nuclear gene (a fragment of the carbamoyl phosphate synthetase region of the CAD gene). The phylogenetic analyses indicated that the monophyletic Lispe is the sister group of the monophyletic Limnophora, together forming the tribe Limnophorini under the subfamily Coenosiinae. Three generic categories are proven obsolete: Chaetolispa Malloch, Lispacoenosia Snyder, and Xenolispa Malloch. Within the genus, the validity of 11 species groups is clarified by both molecular and morphological data. This study provides a sound basis for continuing intergeneric and intrageneric research into this fascinating and widespread genus.
Sox9 Expression in the Second Heart Field; A Morphological Assessment of the Importance to Cardiac Development with Emphasis on Atrioventricular Septation
Authors: Deepe Raymond N. , Drummond Jenna R. , Wolters Renélyn A. , Fitzgerald Emily A. , Tarolli Hannah G. , Harvey Andrew B. , Wessels Andy
Published: November 2022

Failure to form the septal structures that separate the left and right cardiac chambers results in defects that allow shunting of blood from one side of the heart to the other, leading to the mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood. The atrioventricular (AV) mesenchymal complex, consisting of the AV cushions, the Dorsal Mesenchymal Protrusion (DMP), and the mesenchymal cap, plays a crucial role in AV septation. Cells found in these structures derive from different cell lineages. In this study we have investigated the role of the transcription factor Sox9 in the Second Heart Field (SHF) with the emphasis on the formation of the atrioventricular septal complex. Using a mouse model in which Sox9 is conditionally deleted from the SHF we demonstrate that in this model virtually all mouse embryos develop septal abnormalities, including complete atrioventricular septal defects (cAVSDs) and isolated ventricular septal defects. Our morphological analyses indicate that perturbation of the development of the mesenchymal cap appears to play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the atrial septal defects observed in the AVSDs and suggests that this component of the AV mesenchymal complex might play a more important role in AV septation than previously appreciated.
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Related to Cardiotoxicity
Authors: Chen Ru , Zhou Min , Zhu Feng
Published: November 2022

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have now emerged as a mainstay of treatment for various cancers. Along with development of ICIs, immune-related adverse effects (irAEs) have aroused wide attention. The cardiac irAE, one of the rare but potentially fatal effects, have been reported recently. However, the clinical comprehension of cardiac irAEs remains limited and guidelines are inadequate for cardio-oncologists to tackle the problem. In this review, we have summarized current classifications of, manifestations of, potential mechanisms of, and treatment for ICI-related myocardial injury in order to provide some clues for the understanding of cardiac irAEs in clinical work.
Unconscious Conflict Adaptation of Heroin Abstainers
Authors: Li Ling , Yan Changhu , Cao Hua , Yang Ling , Luo Yuchen , Zhao Yu , Lu Xiao
Published: November 2022

Conflict adaptation is representative of the dynamic cognitive control process, which reflects the adaptability and flexibility of personal cognitive processing. Cognitive control plays an important role in drug use and relapse in addicts. Previous studies have identified conscious conflict adaptation in drug addicts. The present study examined unconscious conflict adaptation in persons with heroin use disorder using an arrow version meta-contrast masking task. The results found that persons with heroin use disorder had smaller unconscious conflict adaptation compared to the healthy control group. This may be a result of functional brain damage caused by long-term drug use.
Markers of Aggressiveness in Pituitary Tumors: Update and Perspectives
Authors: Bioletto Fabio , Berton Alessandro Maria , Prencipe Nunzia , Varaldo Emanuele , Bona Chiara , Grottoli Silvia
Published: November 2022

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are relatively common intracranial neoplasms, potentially originating from various pituitary cell types [...]
Outcomes of Directional Branches of the T-Branch Off-the-Shelf Multi-Branched Stent-Graft
Authors: Spanos Konstantinos , Jakimowicz Tomasz , Nana Petroula , Behrendt Christian-Alexander , Panuccio Giuseppe , Kouvelos George , Jama Katarzyna , Eleshra Ahmed , Rohlffs Fiona , Kölbel Tilo
Published: November 2022

Background: A controversy on bridging covered stent (BCS) choice, between self-expanding (SECS) and balloon-expandable (BECS) stents, still exists in branched endovascular repair. This study aimed to determine the primary target vessel (TV) patency in patients treated with the t-Branch device and identify factors impairing the outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken, including patients treated with the t-Branch (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN, USA) between 2014 and 2019 (early 2014–2016; late 2017–2019). The endpoint was the primary patency (CT: celiac trunk, SMA, superior mesenteric artery, RRA: right renal artery, LRA: left renal artery) during the follow-up. Any branch instability event was assessed. The factors affecting the patency were determined using multivariable regression models and Kaplan–Meier analyses. Results: In total, 2018 TVs were analyzed; 1542 SECSs and 476 BECSs. The CT patency was 99.8% (SE 0.2%) at the 1st month, with no other event. The SMA patency was 97.8% (SE 1) at the 12th month. The RRA patency was 96.7% (SE 2) at the 24th month. The LRA patency was 99% (SE 0.4) at the 6th month. Relining was the only factor independently associated with the SMA patency (OR 8.27; 95% CI 1.4–4.9; p = 0.02). The freedom from instability was 62% (SE 4.3%) and 45% (SE 5.4%) at the 24th month and 36th month. No significant difference was identified between the BECSs and SECSs in the early or late experience. Conclusion: BCS for the t-Branch branches performed with a good primary patency during the short-term follow-up. The type of BCS did not influence the patency. Relining might be protective for SMA patency.
Serum Levels of α-Klotho, Inflammation-Related Cytokines, and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Lisowska Katarzyna Aleksandra , Storoniak Hanna , Soroczyńska-Cybula Monika , Maziewski Mateusz , Dębska-Ślizień Alicja
Published: November 2022

It has been hypothesized that α-Klotho deficiency might contribute to chronic inflammation in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), especially those on hemodialysis (HD). Serum Klotho levels by some authors are considered a potential predictor of cerebrovascular events. Therefore, we analyzed serum levels of α-Klotho with ELISA and inflammation-related cytokines in HD patients. Sixty-seven HD patients and 19 healthy people were recruited between November 2017 and June 2021. A Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) was used to determine the level of different cytokines: IL-12p70, TNF, IL-10, IL-6, IL-1β, and IL-8. A human Klotho ELISA kit was used to determine the level of α-Klotho in the plasma samples of HD patients. There was no difference in serum levels of α-Klotho between HD patients and healthy people. Patients had increased serum IL-6 and IL-8. Significant positive correlations existed between the concentration of α-Klotho and the serum concentrations of IL-12p70, IL-10, and IL-1β. However, in a multivariable linear regression analysis, only patients’ age was associated independently with α-Klotho level. Serum α-Klotho was not associated with higher mortality risk in HD patients. While these results draw attention to potential relationships between α-Klotho proteins and inflammatory markers in HD patients, our cross-sectional study could not confirm the pathogenic link between α-Klotho, inflammation, and cardiovascular mortality.
Association of Body Mass Index with Long-Term All-Cause Mortality in Patients Who Had Undergone a Vertebroplasty for a Vertebral Compression Fracture
Authors: Wang Wen-Chien , Wu Yun-Che , Lin Yu-Hsien , Lin Yu-Tsung , Chen Kun-Hui , Pan Chien-Chou , Wang Jun-Sing , Lee Cheng-Hung
Published: November 2022

We aimed to investigate the association between preoperative body mass index (BMI) and postoperative long-term mortality in patients who underwent a vertebroplasty. We retrospectively enrolled patients with a vertebral compression fracture who underwent a vertebroplasty between May 2013 and June 2020 in a medical center in Taiwan. The survival status of the study sample was confirmed by the end of March 2021. Cox-proportional hazard models were conducted to examine the effects of being overweight/obese (≥25 kg/m2 vs. <25 kg/m2) and BMI (as a continuous variable) on all-cause mortality after adjusting for age, sex, history of smoking, diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and osteoporosis. A total of 164 patients were analyzed (mean age 75.8 ± 9.3 years, male 25.6%, mean BMI 24.0 ± 4.1 kg/m2) after a median follow-up of 785 days. Compared with a BMI < 25 kg/m2, a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 was associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR 0.297, 95% CI 0.101 to 0.878, p = 0.028). These findings were consistent when BMI was examined as a continuous variable (HR 0.874, 95% CI 0.773 to 0.988, p = 0.031). A low BMI (<22 kg/m2) should be considered as a risk factor for postoperative long-term mortality in this ageing population.
Accelerating Predictions of Morphological Bed Evolution by Combining Numerical Modelling and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Papadimitriou Andreas , Chondros Michalis , Metallinos Anastasios , Tsoukala Vasiliki
Published: November 2022

Process-based models have been employed extensively in the last decades for the prediction of coastal bed evolution in the medium term (1–5 years), under the combined action of waves and currents, due to their ability to resolve the dominant coastal processes. Despite their widespread application, they are associated with high demand for computational resources, rendering the annual prediction of the coastal bed evolution a tedious task. To combat this, wave input reduction methods are generally employed to reduce the sheer amount of sea-states to be simulated to assess the bed level changes. The purpose of this research is to further expand on the concept of input reduction methods by presenting a methodology combining numerical modelling and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The trained ANN is tasked with eliminating wave records unable to initiate sediment motion and hence further reduce the required computational times. The methodology was implemented in both an idealized and a real-field case study to examine the sensitivity, and produced very satisfactory predictions of the rates of bed level change, with respect to a benchmark simulation containing a very detailed wave climate. The obtained results have strong implications for further accelerating the demanding morphological simulations while enhancing the reliability and accuracy of model predictions.
Morphological Analysis of a Nearshore Nourishment along the Atlantic Coast of New Jersey, USA
Authors: McGill Sean P. , Harris Brian D. , McFall Brian C. , Krafft Douglas R. , Bain Rachel L. , Olsen Nicholas R. , Conery Ian W. , Chasten Monica A.
Published: November 2022

Nearshore nourishment is a common coastal flood risk management technique that can be constructed beneficially by using dredged sediment from navigation channels. A nearshore nourishment project was completed during the summer of 2021 in Harvey Cedars, NJ, USA, with 67,500 m3 of dredged sediment from Barnegat Inlet placed along approximately 450 m of beach in a depth of 3–4 m. In situ instruments were installed to monitor hydrodynamic conditions before and after dredged material placement, and nine topographic and bathymetric surveys were conducted to monitor nearshore morphological response to the nourishment. Shoreline location was extracted from satellite imagery using CoastSat software to compare historical trends to the shoreline response after construction. Seven months after construction, 40% of the nearshore nourishment was transported from the initial footprint and the centroid of the nourishment migrated towards shore and alongshore (north). The sheltering capacity of the nearshore berm appears to have captured an additional 58% of the placed volume from the longshore transport system and the beach width onshore of the placement increased by 10.9 m. Measured data, satellite imagery analysis, and rapid predictions all indicate that the nearshore nourishment at Harvey Cedars had a positive impact on the adjacent beach.
Finite-Time Extended State Observe Based Fault Tolerant Control for Autonomous Underwater Vehicle with Unknown Thruster Fault
Authors: Liu Xiaofeng , Zhang Mingjun , Liu Xing , Zhao Wende
Published: November 2022

This paper investigates the problem of fault tolerant control (FTC) for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with multiple thrusters in the presence of current disturbances, thruster faults, and modelling uncertainty. This paper focuses on the problems of reducing the energy consumption caused by the chattering of control signals and improving the tracking accuracy of an AUV operating in deep-sea environments. In view of the problem of large energy consumption in some other methods, a fault tolerant control method for multiple-thruster AUVs based on a finite-time extended state observer (FTESO) is proposed. More specifically, a FTESO based on an integral sliding mode surface is designed to estimate the generalized uncertainty compounded using current disturbances, thruster faults, and modelling uncertainty. The fast finite-time uniformly ultimately bounded stability of the proposed FTESO is analyzed. Then, based on the estimated value of FTESO, an FTC method based on non-singular fast terminal sliding mode surfaces is developed for AUVs. The finite-time convergence of the closed-loop control system is proved theoretically. In this design, two different sliding mode surfaces are used to design FTESO and FTC, in order to avoid the appearance of singularities. Moreover, a parameter adjustment method is designed to improve tracking accuracy. Finally, comparative numerical simulations show that the proposed control scheme is effective at reducing energy consumption and improving tracking accuracy.
Quantifying Efforts to Mitigate Interference between an Unmanned Surface Vessel and Starfish 990F for the Identification of Underwater Features in the Littoral Zone
Authors: Santos Kainani , Trimble A Zachary
Published: November 2022

Effective testing of new sensing technologies requires realistic yet deterministic test ranges. The advancements in customizable, adaptive unmanned surface vessels (USV) have contributed to the increasing presence of USVs completing maritime site characterizations of test ranges using commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) sensors such as the Tritech Starfish 990F side-scan sonar. This paper aims to present recommendations for the electromechanical integration of a COTS sonar system onto a capable USV through passive techniques such that underwater objects within the littoral zone of Sand Island, Hawaii, are characterized. Results demonstrated a 49% improvement in the sonar images. Therefore, designers are recommended to fully isolate the sensing system from the USV, physically separate the sonar and USV components, and to establish a baseline performance for the system prior to operation.
Normalized Radar Scattering Section Simulation and Numerical Calculation of Freak Wave
Authors: Wu Gengkun , Liu Bin , Han Lichen
Published: November 2022

The improved phase modulation method is used to numerically simulate a two-dimensional freak wave. While generating freak waves at specific positions, the spectral structure of the target spectrum can also be maintained, and the statistical characteristics of wave sequences can be satisfied. The numerical simulation process is discussed in detail from the perspective of different wave spectra and other parameters, the priority applicability of the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSAWP) spectrum is determined, and the accuracy of the numerical simulation is significantly improved. At the same time, the electromagnetic scattering characteristics of freak waves are studied based on the two-scale method (TSM). The calculation results of normalized radar cross section (NRCS) under different wave spectra and different polarization modes are compared, and the effects of wind speed, incident frequency, and incident angle on the calculation results are discussed. Experiments show that the NRCS of the freak wave is obviously lower than the background wave, and the calculation of the NRCS is relatively simple. This provides an effective reference for radar detection of freak waves in offshore engineering.
A Simplified Calculation Method for Cyclic Response of Laterally Loaded Piles Based on Strain Wedge Model in Soft Clay
Authors: Liu Xin , Yao Zhongyuan , Zhu Wenbo , Zhang Yu , Yan Shu , Guo Xiaojiang , Dai Guoliang
Published: November 2022

This paper proposed a simplified calculation method to analyze the cyclic response of large-diameter single piles based on the modified strain wedge model. Firstly, the pile–soft clay interaction above the pile-rotating point is represented by a p–y curve, and the pile–soft clay interaction below the rotating point is represented by an equivalent rotation spring. At the same time, a stiffness attenuation model is proposed to describe the cyclic p–y curve for analyzing the cyclic bearing characteristics of soft clay. Finally, the simplified calculation method is verified by two case studies. The results from the proposed method agree reasonably well with the measured results. This can provide a new method for analyzing the horizontal cyclic bearing characteristics of piles.
Dynamic Motions of Piled Floating Pontoons Due to Boat Wake and Their Impact on Postural Stability and Safety
Authors: Freeman Elizabeth L. , Splinter Kristen D. , Cox Ron J. , Flocard Francois
Published: November 2022

Piled floating pontoons are public access structures that provide a link between land and sea. Despite floating pontoons being frequented by the public, there is limited data available to coastal or maritime engineers detailing the dynamic motions (acceleration and rotation) of these structures under wave action and the impact of these motions on public comfort and safety to inform their design. This contribution summarises results from a set of laboratory-scale physical model experiments of two varying beam width piled floating pontoons subjected to boat wake conditions. Observed accelerations and roll angles were dependent on beam-to-wavelength ratio (B/L), with the most adverse motion response observed for B/L ~0.5. Internal mass of the pontoon played a secondary role, with larger mass structures experiencing lower accelerations for similar B/L ratios. Importantly, these new experimental results reveal the complex interaction between the piles and pontoon that result in peak accelerations more than six times the nominated operational safe motion limit of 0.1g. Root mean square (RMS) accelerations were more than three times the nominated comfort limit (0.02g) and angles of rotation more than double what would be perceived as safe (6 degrees) for the boat wake conditions tested. The frequency of acceleration also suggests patrons standing on these platforms are likely to experience discomfort and instability. Laboratory results are compared against a series of field-scale experiments of pontoon motion response and patron feedback. The dynamic motion response of pontoons tested in both field-scale and laboratory experiments compared well.
One-Dimensional Solar Energy Thermal Consolidation Model Testing and Analytical Calculation for Marine Soft Clays
Authors: Xia Changqing , Deng Yuebao , Zhu Min , Niu Jiajun , Zheng Liangke , Chen Xiangsheng
Published: November 2022

There are significant energy and financial expenditures associated with the current thermal drainage consolidation approach used to treat the marine soft clay foundation. Especially for some reclaimed lands in remote areas where a large amount of stable electricity is not readily available. In view of the problem, this paper aims to investigate a novel treatment method by using solar energy thermal consolidation. The model testing was conducted to assess the treatment effect of the foundation. Results from two groups of one-dimensional surcharge preloading consolidation model experiments, conducted under conditions of both solar heating and ambient temperature, were presented. The advantage of the solar heating approach was demonstrated by a comparison of the two tests. An analytical calculation method was proposed for predicting the consolidation behavior on the basis of the temperature variation caused by solar energy in the marine soft clays, and good agreement was observed. The outcomes reveal that solar heating can improve the consolidation effect of soil deep in the foundation. The foundation temperature can be raised by 15 °C in winter, and the variation range can exceed 10 °C. The settlement increases by 16% compared with the ambient temperature group.
Algorithm of Ship–Bridge Collision Risk Considering Ship’s Dimension
Authors: Liu Yihua , Zhang Jingyan , Tu Bo
Published: November 2022

The active early warning system of ship–bridge collision avoidance is a hot topic in academic research; however, in practical applications, false alarms and missing alarms often occur. To deal with this problem, we propose an algorithm on ship–bridge collision risk that considers the ship’s dimension. First, we establish a cartesian coordinate system, and then we propose an algorithm on the ship–bridge collision risk that considers the ship’s dimensions and the relationship between the geometric position of the ship, pier, and channel. The algorithm comprehensively considers the pier layout, navigation span, channel, and bridge in the bridge area. Secondly, according to the algorithm, we propose an active warning strategy to warn facilities about the risk of a collision between a ship and bridge. Finally, taking the Shanghai–Nantong Yangtze River Bridge as an example, we applied the algorithm to the active early warning system of a ship–bridge collision risk. The results showed that the calculation results of this algorithm were basically consistent with the actual ship collision risk; thus, the algorithm can accurately predict the ship collision risk. The algorithm can considerably increase the ship–bridge collision risk prediction accuracy, and it is conducive to the warning system application.
A Hierarchical Approach to Intelligent Mission Planning for Heterogeneous Fleets of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Authors: Kenzin Maksim , Bychkov Igor , Maksimkin Nikolai
Published: November 2022

The rapid development of marine robotic technology in recent decades has resulted in significant improvements in the self-sufficiency of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). However, simple scenario-based approaches are no longer sufficient when it comes to ensuring the efficient interaction of multiple autonomous vehicles in complex dynamic missions. The necessity to respond cooperatively to constant changes under severe operating constraints, such as energy or communication limitations, results in the challenge of developing intelligent adaptive approaches for planning and organizing group activities. The current study presents a novel hierarchical approach to the group control system designed for large heterogeneous fleets of AUVs. The high-level core of the approach is rendezvous-based mission planning and is aimed to effectively decompose the mission, ensure regular communication, and schedule AUVs recharging activities. The high-level planning problem is formulated as an original acyclic variation of the inverse shift scheduling problem, which is NP-hard. Since regular schedule adjustments are supposed to be made by the robots themselves right in the course of the mission, a meta-heuristic hybrid evolutionary algorithm is developed to construct feasible sub-optimal solutions in a short time. The high efficiency of the proposed approach is shown through a series of computational experiments.
NTRK Gene Fusions in Solid Tumors and TRK Inhibitors: A Systematic Review of Case Reports and Case Series
Authors: Iannantuono Giovanni Maria , Riondino Silvia , Sganga Stefano , Rosenfeld Roberto , Guerriero Simona , Carlucci Manuela , Capotondi Barbara , Torino Francesco , Roselli Mario
Published: November 2022

The approval of larotrectinib and entrectinib for cancer patients harboring an NTRK gene fusion has represented a milestone in the era of “histology-agnostic” drugs. Among the clinical trials that led to the approval of these two drugs, most of the enrolled patients were affected by soft tissue sarcomas, lung, and salivary gland cancer. However, as next-generation sequencing assays are increasingly available in the clinical setting, health care professionals may be able to detect NTRK gene fusions in patients affected by tumor types under or not represented in the clinical trials. To this aim, we systematically reviewed MEDLINE from its inception to 31 August 2022 for case reports and case series on patients with NTRK gene fusion-positive tumors treated with TRK inhibitors. A virtual cohort of 43 patients was created, excluding those enrolled in the above-mentioned clinical trials. Although our results align with those existing in the literature, various cases of central nervous system tumors were registered in our cohort, confirming the benefit of these agents in this subgroup of patients. Large, multi-institutional registries are needed to provide more information about the efficacy of TRK inhibitors in cancer patients affected by tumor types under or not represented in the clinical trials.
Personalized Medicine in Otolaryngology: Special Topic Otology
Authors: Sprinzl Georg Mathias , Magele Astrid
Published: November 2022

Globally, more than 1.5 billion people experience some degree of hearing loss [...]
The Outcomes of COVID-19 Patients with Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Comorbidity and the Efficacy of Enoxaparin in Decreasing the Mortality Rate in Them: Single Egyptian Center Report
Authors: Shaban Mohamed , Elgendy Marwa O. , Fahmy Alzhraa M. , Khalil Doaa Mahmoud , El-Gendy Ahmed O. , Mahmoud Tamer M. , Abdelrahim Mohamed E. A.
Published: November 2022

Patients with neurological comorbidities are more likely to develop severe COVID-19. We aimed to detect the outcomes of COVID-19 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage comorbidity and the role of enoxaparin in decreasing the mortality rate in these cases, even though enoxaparin is a potential cause of intracerebral hemorrhage. The patients were checked on to detect surveillance outcomes, the relationship between mortality and patient characteristics, and the relationship between enoxaparin and study outcomes. Chest condition and GCS improved in 67.9% of participants. Hematoma course increased in 49.1%. Midline-shift, brain-edema, and COVID symptoms improved in 67.9%. There was a non-significant difference in mortality regarding age and gender. There was a significant difference in mortality regarding treatment with enoxaparin; 75% of the patients who did not receive enoxaparin died. 92.6% of the patients who showed decreases in hematoma course were administered enoxaparin. 76.9% of the patients who showed increases in hematoma-course were administered enoxaparin. Most of the patients who were admitted to the neurosurgical unit with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage acquired the COVID-19 infection. Most of the cases included in this study did not progress to severe cases. The dying patients showed deterioration in both neurological and COVID-19 symptoms. The anticoagulant properties of enoxaparin given earlier before and throughout the infection can considerably reduce mortality in COVID-19 individuals with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. It is recommended to use enoxaparin for cases with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and COVID-19 regardless of hematoma size because the rate of improvement was greater than the mortality rate after using enoxaparin in this study.
Adipokines, Metabolic Hormones and Their Associations with Abdominal Obesity against a Background of Hyper-LDL-C in Young People
Authors: Ragino Yuliya , Polonskaya Yana , Spiridonov Alexander , Striukova Evgeniia , Shcherbakova Liliya , Khudiakova Alena , Shramko Viktoriya , Stakhneva Ekaterina , Kashtanova Elena
Published: November 2022

Background: The present study was devoted to the search for possible associations between various adipokines/cytokines associated with the secretory activity of visceral adipocytes, elevated blood levels of LDL-C and abdominal obesity in people under 45 years. Methods: A population sample of Novosibirsk residents (n = 1415) was divided into deciles based on the levels of LDL-C. The study included 158 people, 87 men and 71 women, who had serum LDL-C levels of ≥4.2 mmol/L. Abdominal obesity was found in 50% of people (54% men, 45% women). By multiplex analysis using the human metabolic hormone V3 panel and the human adipokine magnetic bead panel, levels of adipokines and inflammatory markers were determined on a Luminex MAGPIX flow fluorimeter. Results: According to multivariate regression analysis (binary logistic regression), the most significant biomolecules, regardless of other factors, associated with the presence of AO against the background of hyper-LDL-C in young people were leptin (direct association) and lipocalin-2 (reverse association), leptin in young men (direct association), and leptin and TNF-alpha in women (direct association). Conclusions: Thus, in young people under 45 years with the presence of two important, potentially atherogenic risk factors—hyper-LDL-C and abdominal obesity—a complex of adipokines and metabolic hormones were associated with the presence of these diseases.
The Effect of Reduced Oxygen Saturation on Retinal Microvascularization in COVID-19 Patients with Bilateral Pneumonia Based on Optical Coherence Tomography Study
Authors: Kal Magdalena , Winiarczyk Mateusz , Mackiewicz Jerzy , Odrobina Dominik , Cieśla Elżbieta , Płatkowska-Adamska Bernadetta , Biskup Michał , Pabjan Paweł , Zarębska-Michaluk Dorota
Published: November 2022

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the retinal thickness and microvasculature based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) depending on baseline oxygen saturation (SpO2) in patients hospitalized due to COVID-19 bilateral pneumonia. The prospective study was carried out among 62 patients with COVID-19 pneumonia who underwent ophthalmic examination after hospital discharge. They were divided into three groups depending on the oxygen saturation (SpO2) on admission: ≤90% (group 1), >90% and ≤95% (group 2), and >95% (group 3). The following parameters were assessed in the ophthalmological examination and correlated with the baseline SpO2: ganglion cell layer (GCL), the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in the macular area, RNFL in the peripapillary area, the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), vessel density (VD) in SCP, in DCP, and in the choriocapillaris plexus (CC). Baseline saturation ≤90% in COVID-19 patients caused a decrease of VD in some areas of SCP and DCP and an increase in FAZ area in SCP and DCP. In the group of patients with SpO2 ≤ 90% statistically significant thinning of the retina in the inner superior ring (ISR) (p = 0.029), the inner temporal ring (ITR) (p = 0.34), the outer superior ring (OSR) (p = 0.012), and the outer temporal ring (OTR) (p= 0.004)] was observed. The statistically significant thickening of RNFL optic disc and thinning of RNFL retina in some macular areas in patients with SpO2 ≤ 90% were reported. The size of FAZ area in SCP and vessel density were significantly greater in some areas of SCP, DCP, and CC in patients with SpO2 ≤ 90% (p = 0.025). Baseline oxygen saturation ≤90% has been found to influence the ocular parameters of OCT in COVID-19 patients. We noticed a widened FAZ zone in SCP and increased VD in some regions of the retina and choroid as a response to systemic hypoxia.
Impact of Glucocorticoids on Cardiovascular System—The Yin Yang Effect
Authors: Kelley Chase , Vander Molen Jonathan , Choi Jennifer , Bhai Sahar , Martin Katelyn , Cochran Cole , Puthanveetil Prasanth
Published: November 2022

Glucocorticoids are not only endogenous hormones but are also administered exogenously as an anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant for their long-term beneficial and lifesaving effects. Because of their potent anti-inflammatory property and ability to curb the cytokines, they are administered as lifesaving steroids. This property is not only made use of in the cardiovascular system but also in other major organ systems and networks. There is a fine line between their use as a protective anti-inflammatory and a steroid that could cause overuse-induced complications in major organ systems including the cardiovascular system. Studies conducted in the cardiovascular system demonstrate that glucocorticoids are required for growth and development and also for offering protection against inflammatory signals. Excess or long-term glucocorticoid administration could alter cardiac metabolism and health. The endogenous dysregulated state due to excess endogenous glucocorticoid release from the adrenals as seen with Cushing’s syndrome or excess exogenous glucocorticoid administration leading to Cushing’s-like condition show a similar impact on the cardiovascular system. This review highlights the importance of maintaining a glucocorticoid balance whether it is endogenous and exogenous in regulating cardiovascular health.