bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forced And Early Marriages: Moral Failures Vs Religious Nuances
Authors: Itebiye Bernard O.
Published: July 2016

The rights of the child all over the world are considered to be very important. But forces and early marriages have become some of the ways the rights of children are being abused. This paper aimed at shedding more light on why children are victims of forced and early marriages and the effects and consequences of such marriages on the child and the society. The analyses employed Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) framework. Data gathered both from the primary and secondary sources were analyzed through the hermeneutical, descriptive and analytical methods. The findings of this paper are that early and forced marriages have harmful developmental, psychological and physical consequences on the child; have negative effects on the society and the Nation at large; that scriptural assertions, in defense, are mere manipulative ideas to cover up moral failures; and that whatever reason is given for child marriage, the disastrous effects on the victims outweigh them and undoubtedly make child marriage a social evil. The paper concludes that early and forced marriages do exist in Nigeria and needs to be curbed and thereafter suggests strategies that will make for a better implementation of such laws to effectively curb forced and early marriages in Nigeria.
Crise Ivoirienne Et Mutations Dans La Gestion Des Ressources Humaines De La Sucrerie Africaine De Cote d’Ivoire (SUCAF-CI)
Authors: Annick Silué Iguélédjôh
Published: July 2016

This article describes how the 2002 military and political crisis in Côte d’Ivoire has led the path to a new negotiation process of improving the working relationships between staff members of SUCAF-CI (African Sugar Company in Côte d’Ivoire). Along with that crisis some problems arose and made the company senior staff to think of ways of solving them and also of taking control of the working environment. In so doing they resorted to new rules in Human Resources Management policy. Definitely, this study describes how significant the conflicts induced by the organizational change have been for all the company workers. It resulted in bringing the employees to adopt a new working habit in order to resist and keep up with that change. Essentially, negotiation will be the key word to resolve conflicts within SUCAF-CI and namely to bring all the workers around the table to draft a new social pact as part of a consensual HRM policy.
Les Déterminants Des Conflits De Compétences Dans Le Processus De Décentralisation En Cote d’Ivoire
Authors: Jean-Arsene Guiriobe Paumahoulou
Published: July 2016

This study identifies and analyses the factors that determine jurisdictional conflicts prevailing in the decentralization process in Côte d’Ivoire. To achieve these objectives, we interviewed, using semi-structured interviews, resource persons in the departments of Alépé, Grand-Bassam, Guiglo and the District of Abidjan. From these interviews, it appears that conflicts of jurisdiction are classified into two categories: vertical conflicts and horizontal conflicts. The vertical conflicts arise between central structures of Government and local authorities. Horizontal conflicts occur between local authorities. Usually caused by structural realities, these conflicts are fueled and poisoned by economic and especially political factors.
Te Acercamos El Mundo Por Que Tus Sueños Viajan Con Nosotros. Estudio De Caso: Implementación De Una Agencia De Viajes Y Operadora De Turismo En La Ciudad De Riobamba Provincia De Chimborazo
Authors: Vásconez Rita Sulema Lara , Quinchuela Flor , Romero Jenry Ernesto López
Published: July 2016

The study of the facility permitted to determine that the implementation of the travel agency and the operator of tourism Sumak TourismRio in the city of Riobamba, in Chimborazo Province is possible or viable. Techiques of documentary and local investigations were used. In order to accomplish this investigation, a fundamental point of reference, the commercial viability of the project, was taken, which is based on the study of the market. This study was done considering the analysis of the demand. For this an instrument of investigation that in this case was the inquest guide was applied, which permitted the direct collection of information. On the other hand an analysis of the competition considering the local investigation was made considering the tourism organizations (travel agencies and operators of tourism) of the city of Riobamba which offer tourist products of similar characters. Furthermore the projection of the future demand and future competition, using the method of combined increment whose mathematatic method is: Cn=Co(1+i) . Also the unsatisfacatory existence, that is the confrontation of these factors considering un a difference. It is valid review the importance of the analysis of the demand, since it contributes to the definition of the description of the tourist. Considering all the information collected, the following was defined: the universe of the study shows different requirements in reference to tourist packets that the company offers, which permits economic benefits and by this means activate the economy of the city. Finally, it was shown that the sale of tourist packets Will permit the capitalization of the organization, producing a positive financial profit, since the investment produced will be recuperated in the first year of operation, producing an internal profit of 1,493%, an actual net amount of $2,625610.27(dollars) and a cost benefit of $104.19.
Acculturation of Knowledge through Sustainable Language Engineering for National Development: The Case of Igbo
Authors: Obianika Chinwe E. , Onu Mercy Agha
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study is to find out the possible ways of domesticating knowledge gained through western education by the Igbo through sustainable language development. It also aims to make the knowledge accessible in the Igbo language for empowerment at the grassroots and ultimately for societal and national development. The need for this work is born out of the observation that the Igbo, as well as other tribes in Nigeria are rich with internationally acclaimed learned personalities. These personalities have distinguished themselves in various fields of human endeavor. Also, these achievements are made in foreign languages. Subsequently, these achievements have led to an increase in the relevance of such languages to the relegation of the scholars’ own mother tongues and invariably their own people. By using the descriptive and inferential methods, the paper presents some neologism processes which non linguists can apply in their various academic fields. Also, they can come up with terminologies in the Igbo language for presenting relevant academic materials for use in teaching and learning the Igbo language. The use of these terminologies could be formal or informal as the need arises. Thus, these processes include extra-language borrowing, loan translations, intra-language borrowing, and specialization of dialectal phonological variants. Previously, metalanguage development efforts by governments had bypassed these professionals. Also, they have focused on developing the terminologies through linguists and selected professionals alone. This has resulted to the terminologies not being accessible to the intended end users. Among other things, this paper suggests that the call for the acculturation of knowledge and the processes of embarking on it should be made public in all institutions of higher education. This is carried out in the Igbo culture area and later extended to the Igbo in diaspora. However, the co-ordination of the process of the formalization of the terminologies should be left in the hands of the Igbo Studies Association (ISA). This official regulating body ensures the maintenance of professional standards and uniformity of usage.
Innovations Techniques Caféicoles Au Burundi : Étude Des Contraintes Socio-Économiques Et Des Conditions D’adoption Et De Diffusion Des Innovations Techniques Dans La Province Kayanza
Authors: Alexis Ndabarushimana , Alain Toh , Augustin Kouadio Amani
Published: July 2016

This contribution highlights the socio-economic constraints to the adoption and diffusion of technological innovations in coffee farms in Burundi. These constraints are basically related to the sociological environment that structure behaviors of Burundian coffee growers in the process of economic production. In view these sociological contradictions, initiating a typically socio- anthropological approach, this article highlights a set of policy conditions to stimulate the adoption and diffusion of innovations in Kayanza province of Burundi.
Contribution Des Activites Artisanales Et Industrielles A La Degradation De L’environnement Urbain De Daloa
Authors: Zakilizou Frederika Akissi N
Published: July 2016

The Emergence of crafts, sector of informal activities in Côte d'Ivoire and especially in Daloa is the result of the inability of industrial units to revive the urban economy alone and absorb a large and cheap workforce. Crafts, composed of various activities, plays the role industry could not play. Therefore, these two important sectors for the urban economy of Daloa are complementary. However, their practice created inconvenience and have a negative effect on the city. These activities cause significant waste more or less toxic creating pollution problems and exposing actors to various risks. This study aims to show crafts and industry as sources of urban environment degradation spotlighting the products used in the operation of these activities as well as the inconvenience caused by employees.
Academic Motivation Levels Of The Students Of The Sports Sciences Faculty
Authors: Baydar Hacer Ozge , Isik Serife
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study is examining the Academic Motivation Levels of the sports sciences faculty students in terms of some variables. The Study Group consists of 150 students; 74 male and 76 female students whose ages vary from 18 to 25. Academic Motivation Levels of the students were measured with “Academic Motivation Scale”, and the demographic information of the students was obtained with “Personal Information Form”. In the data analysis, the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) and t tests were used for independent groups. At the end of the study, it was determined that the Academic Motivation Levels of the male students were higher than those of the female students; the Academic Motivation Levels of the students at 4th Grade were higher than those of the 2nd Graders; the Academic Motivation Levels of the students with honor degrees were higher than those of the students who did not have honor degrees. On the other hand, it is observed that the education level of the students’ parents and the place where they live have no significant impact on Academic Motivation Levels of the students.
On The WH Question Particle [Wo] In Yorùbá̀
Authors: Akanbi Timothy Adeyemi
Published: July 2016

Every language has markers which are used in order to turn a positive sentence to an interrogative one; and native speakers of such language know the appropriate marker to use in any particular structure in order to ask questions or elicit information. Many of the WH question markers in Yorùbá are composed of one word. However, the question particle …wo ‘when/which36’ which is the focus of this paper, appears to be different in that it is composed of more than one word in its occurrence before it can function as a WH question marker. The focus of this paper is on this particular WH question particle (…wo) in Yorùbá. I argue that this particle is composed of more than one word before it can function as a question marker and turn a positive sentence to an interrogative one. In other words it must combine with either a prepositional phrase (PP) or a noun phrase (NP) and thereafter move to Spec-CP through movement rule of internal merge to check its WH interrogative feature for proper convergence at Spell-Out.
Impact Des Feuilletons Turcs Sur Le Telespectateur Arabe : Cas De Maroc Et Yemen
Authors: Basheer Zendal , Abdelkader Gonegai
Published: July 2016

This work aims to find out the impact of Turkish soap operas on Arab viewer in two different populations in the political and economic situation such as Morocco and Yemen, a survey is conducted on two universities: the University Hassan II in Morocco with about 151 students (48.40%) and the University of Sanaa in Yemen with 161 students (51.60%). The results of the survey showed that participants spend hours watching TV (over 3 hours) to 4.5% (depending on circumstances) to 57.1%. The lack of good Arabic drama is the main reason to watch Turkish soap operas for more than (79%) following the presentation of interesting and attractive subjects as for more than (79%), romantic themes, the performance of Turkish actors , the sets were remarkably beautiful (80%), physical beauty of the actors (70%), the attractiveness of the filming locations (88.14%) and dubbing in Arabic especially in Syrian dialect (57%). The study concluded the impact of Turkish soap operas on the Arab viewer by Turkish fashion (almost 60%) following by the beautiful nature of Turkey (more than 78%), put the ringtone of a Turkish song (45%). Most of the sample who thought of the acquisition of weapons as in the Turkish soap operas are from Yemen (80% Yemeni and 20% Moroccan) and dream to travel to Turkey is hoping to (more than 94%).
The Influence Of Perceived Occupational Stress On The Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Of Bankers In Ikeja, Lagos State
Authors: Odunayo. T Arogundade , Oladipupo. Lawal
Published: July 2016

This study explored the influence of perceived occupational stress on organizational citizenship behaviour among bankers. A simple random sampling technique was used to select three hundred (300) participants (M=135; F=165) from twelve (12) banks in Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria. Data for the study were collected using Job Stress Scale (JSS) and Organizational Citizenship behaviour Checklist (OCBC). The data was analysed using Pearson correlation, and t-test. The results revealed that there is no significant difference between the organizational citizenship behaviour of bankers with higher stress levels and that of bankers with lower stress levels. This implies that bankers’ reactions to Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) are not a function of stress levels. The study however confirms an inverse relationship between stress and Organizational citizenship Behaviour. The findings of the study reveal that there is no significant difference between the Organizational Citizenship Behaviour (OCB) of male and female bankers. Finally, the findings reveal that older bankers between age 41 and 50 years expressed higher levels of organizational citizenship behaviour than younger bankers between 31 and 40 years. The implications of these findings substantiate the importance of having organizational psychologists in banks to assess and enhance variables that can promote helping behaviours which is the key to better work outcomes and accomplishment of organizational objectives.
The Moderating Effects Of E-Government On The Relationship Between Administrative Decentralization And Service Delivery In County Governments In Kenya
Authors: Wagana Duncan M. , Iravo Mike A. , Nzulwa Joyce D. , Kihoro John M.
Published: July 2016

This study sought to explore the relationship between the devolved governance aspect of administrative decentralization and service delivery in county governments in Kenya. The study also tested the moderating role of e-government on the relationship between administrative decentralization and service delivery in county governments in Kenya. The study used a sample size of 275 respondents, who are government officials drawn from 8 county governments in Kenya. The study used bivariate regression analysis and moderated multiple regression (MMR) to analyze the association between administrative decentralization, e-government, and service delivery variables. Based on the findings, a significant positive relationship between administrative decentralization and service delivery was established. However, the study found the moderating effect of e-government on the relationship between administrative decentralization and service delivery in county governments in Kenya to be insignificant. Finally, the study drew its conclusion and provided recommendations for future researchers.
International EIA Guidelines and the Nile Basin Countries EIA Experience
Authors: El Gohary Rasha
Published: July 2016

The environmental impact assessment (EIA) was first required by the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act, which require environmental impact assessment of all major development projects to determine their potential for adverse effects on the environment. The environmental outlook for the Nile basin remains quite hazy. In the future there will be new environmental challenge stemming from population growth, increasing demands on agriculture, and climate change. This will put a huge burden on the environment. This research initiated to compare the international EIA guidelines in order to enhance the Nile Basin Countries experience to improve its practice in managing the environmental resources. This is due to the fact that Nile Basin Countries experiences face many challenges such as lack of capacity, data, proper guidelines, enforcement, and most importantly awareness of the environment protection sector or its effectiveness. Moreover; it requires reviewing and tools improvements to produce effective environmental management of development and engineering projects. Therefore, provision of detailed guidelines for EIA can help to improve the practice in the management of environmental resources. This paper reviews the EIA legislation in the Nile Basin Countries in comparison with international legislation and guidelines with emphasis on the EIA practice. The paper also intends to present selected international EIA guidelines in a comparative form and this is expected to raise awareness, professional experience of EIA issues, enhance EIA carrying capacity, and lead, ultimately, to improvements in available EIA legislations and guidelines and increase compatibility among them.
Functionality of Service-oriented Institutions Vis-à-vis Rural Development Situation in Eastern Samar, Philippines
Authors: Odivilas Hilarion A.
Published: July 2016

This study ascertained the functionality of service-oriented institutions in relation to rural development situation in Eastern Samar. It aimed to: (a) determine the perceptions of the rural poor on the functionality of identified institutions in terms of their assistance extended and the type of benefits derived, (b) analyze the development situation of the municipalities of Eastern Samar in terms of socio-economic status, health conditions, education and training and peace situation, and (c) evaluate the relationship between the perceived functionality of the institutions and the development situation of Eastern Samar. The study utilized the descriptive-correlational design, with the use of an interview guide, in order to determine the functionality of the identified institutions and the development situation of the different municipalities of the province using Mean and Pearson Productmoment Coefficient Correlation. Government organizations, nongovernment organizations, community organizations and local government units had functional performance in development projects. However, the assistance extended by different agencies perceived to be highest did not consistently provide the highest benefits. These brought about by the organizations’ resource capabilities, extent of implementation and the choice of the beneficiaries. The similarity of community needs and resources and the scope of the organizations’ objectives influenced the similarity of activities in the barangays. Other NGOs, community organizations and local government units performed similarly in all barangays. Majority of the respondents had low income and lived in wooden type of houses, had fair health conditions, finished elementary education enough to have the ability to read and write. A greater majority of the respondents’ children of school age were in school. With peaceful communities in Eastern Samar, low criminality rate and low presence of communist-oriented elements contributed to the development assistance extended by the LGUs in terms of education and livelihood projects.
Comparative Research on the Zahir and Batin Thought
Authors: Mahmoud Mahgoub El-Tigani
Published: July 2016

This research paper makes an attempt to expound the Muslim concepts of al-zahir [the evident] and the al-batin [the intrinsic] which touch deeply upon both spiritual and secular practices to ascertain possible similarities and differences between the Muslim and the non-Muslim realms. Despite centuries of economic and cultural relationships, recent times have been loaded with political and media stereotyping of Islam as a “warring” religion whose militants “threaten” the regional peace and international order. Almost nothing is mentioned about the “intrinsic” motives that underlie “evident” dictions of all parties of the conflict. To establish corrective understanding between the Muslims and the non-Muslims as a unified human family, comparative research is critically needed to educate and to disseminate the facts about Islam and the Muslim heritage to expand the peaceful co-existence and the full enjoyment of freedoms and human rights to all humans. In this context, the paper analyzes key concepts of the al-zahir and al-batin to appreciate the meanings of the Muslim Truth and the Hikmat al-Ta’aruf teachings, in comparison with non-Muslim beliefs and secular thought. To conclude, systematic research is crucial to help reconcile the parties by the establishment of comparable ontologies for the Muslim and non-Muslim thought.
Nagel's Criticism Of Physicalism
Authors: Smythe Thomas W. , Evans Thomas
Published: July 2016

The philosopher Thomas Nagel is well known for being skeptical of the claim that psychological states are purely physical. When physical science gives us a complete description of the world, it leaves out the point of view from which each of us is aware of their perspective on the world. This paper is a critical treatment of Nagel's problem with physicalism. We ignore the vast literature on the self.
The Realist and Liberal Positions on the Role of International Organizations in Maintaining World Order
Authors: Ozkan Ersan , Cetin Hakan Cem
Published: July 2016

In the international relations (IR)’ theoretical and empirical studies, international regime studies emerged as a reaction to inadequacies of the concepts of authority, international order and organization. Over more than half a century, realism has been skeptical of international law. In both classical and neorealist approaches, states are depicted as seeking to maximize power and producing a balance of power. This study examines two paradigms, realism and liberalism, in an attempt to take a closer look at what each of these schools has to offer to the international relations. To be able to carry out such an evaluation each of these paradigms will be analyzed with respect to their positions on the following principles: unit of analysis, key concepts, behavioral dynamics, interstate system, peace and war, and last but not least explanatory power. Discussing the strengths and weaknesses of each of these paradigms will help in determining which of these approaches is the most persuasive.
Analysis of Variables for the Suitable Growth of a Latin American City in a Contemporary Context
Authors: Barrera Oscar Saul Hernandez , Arango Oscar Montano , Armenta Jose Ramon Corona , Gomez Humberto Ivan Navarro , Quiroz Israel Aaron Palma , Marin Joselito Medina
Published: July 2016

Occupation in a city involves the process of continuous expansion. The fitness of a territory can be measured as a result of its physical, socioeconomic, and cultural variables. Hence, this is what lays the foundations for a comprehensive growth of human settlements. Also, it provides a setting that allows the social reproduction of its inhabitants beyond their basic needs. The way to predict its expression in the territory results to elements conceived through planning. This planning is conditional on the existing legal framework, and it is expressed during zoning which is exceeded in many cases. This research analyses the characteristics and practices of the planning process which is derived from various considerations in the international arena. It was conducted from a prospective approach to manage the territory with the aim of identifying variables that allows one to understand the dynamics of the physical expansion and growth of the cities. Also, it also opines success stories in order to define the basic components which are articulated in a harmonious and sustainable way.
Implementation Of Intervention Program For Controlling Glucose Level Among ICU Patients
Authors: Al-Haqeesh Hiyam , Alhuneity Shereen Ziad , Obeidat Laith A , Al Rashaydah Ali Sayel , Albedoor Jebril Ahmed , Abeeleh Jaafar Abu , AlKhatib Ahed J , Alhawari Husam , Abu Abeeleh Mahmoud A
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are common in critically ill patients, even if they have not previously had diabetes, and the risk of mortality or significant morbidity is high among those who are treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) for more than 5 days. Study objectives: To assess the effect of glucose management protocol on mortality and morbidity in a heterogeneous population of critically ill adult patients. Methods and materials: Study design: A randomized controlled trial. Study setting: Intensive care unit (ICU) for adult patients at King Hussein Medical Center, the Royal Medical Services. Study sample: A total of 50 patients were included in this study and assigned randomly into two groups, control group (N=25), and intervention group (N=25). Study protocol: The intervention group subjects were to undergo a glucose control protocol with insulin infusion titrated to maintain blood glucose level in a target range of 120-160 mg/dL; except septic patients, in whom the target was higher, 160- 180 mg/dL. Patients in the second group (control group) were treated by a conventional approach with reduction of blood glucose level only if the level was markedly elevated (>200 mg/dL) to maintain blood glucose level in a target range of 180-200 mg/dL Study findings: Although the difference in mortality between the two treatment groups was not significant at 28 days (p=0.370) and at 60 days (p=0.555), but it was to be considered for further improvements. No significant increase in hypoglycemia episodes was reported in our blood glucose level target. There was no significant difference in the development of new organ failure, new renal insufficiency, number of patients undergoing transfusion of packed red blood cells, use of antibiotics for more than 10 days, length of stay in the ICU and length of stay in the hospital. It was noticed that the rates of positive blood cultures were lower in the interventional group (8%) than in the control group (32), (p=0.068). Conclusion: The glucose management protocol resulted in significantly improved glycemic control and was not associated with increased rate of death or hypoglycemia.
Exploring Quantitative and Qualitative Methodologies: A Guide to Novice Nursing Researchers
Authors: Salvador Jordan Tovera
Published: July 2016

This paper reviews three research articles concerning the methodologies of quantitative and qualitative research. The body of knowledge can be used as a guide for novice researchers who wanted to have in-depth understanding about the nature and underpinnings of each research design. The first article written by Beverly Hancock, ‘Trent for Research and Development in Primary Care: An Introduction to Qualitative Research (2002)’, emphases on the foundations of qualitative research in application to primary health care setting; the second article authored by Gary Rolfe, ‘Validity, Trustworthiness, and Rigor: Quality and the Idea of Qualitative Research’ (2006), accentuates the methodological `issues in nursing research; and the last article written by Looi Theam Choy, ‘The Strengths and Weaknesses of Research Methodology: Comparison and Complimentary between Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches’ (2014), spotlights the similarities and differences of both research methodologies in the field of social sciences. Fundamentally, it would specify a necessary knowledge, adequate information, and appropriateness in the applicability of the research design. Likewise, it would stipulate a realization for the readers about the coexistence of both research approaches in any field of investigation.
Biometrical Study Of Brine Shrimp (Artemia franciscana) With Special Emphasis On Hatching Efficiency And Hatching Percentage In Tropical Condition At Bangladesh
Authors: Nipa Sharmin Akter , Hasan Rajib , Naser M Niamul , Rashid Harun Or
Published: July 2016

The present study was carried out to investigate the hatching efficiency and hatching percentage of untreated and decapsulated cysts of Artemia franciscana at three salinities; 30 ppt, 35 ppt and 40 ppt. This study revealed that the hatching efficiency and hatching percentage were higher in case of decapsulated cysts. First hatching of nauplius from cysts were observed after 14 hours and 13 hours of incubation for untreated and decapsulated cysts, respectively. The values of hatching efficiency and hatching percentage were also higher at 35 ppt in untreated and decapsulated cysts. At 35 ppt, the hatching efficiency after 48 hours of incubation was 1.42× 105 for decapsulated cysts and the value for untreated cysts was 8.96× 104 nauplii per gram cysts. After 96 hours of incubation, the hatching percentage for decapsulated cysts were 75%, 89% and 90% at 30 ppt, 35 ppt and 40 ppt, respectively; and the values were 55%, 62.5% and 60% for untreated cysts at respected salinities, 30 ppt, 35 ppt and 40 ppt. The mean diameter for untreated and chorionic cysts were 242.2±1.90 µm and 213.5±3.167 µm respectively, with a chorionic thickness of 14.35 µm. This study would help the hatchery managers to understand the efficiency of larval live feed, since adequate data are lacking on the hatching performances of Artemia cysts in Bangladesh.
Mobilite Du Plomb Et Du Zinc Issus De Retombees Atmospheriques Dans Le Sol : Cas De La Zone Industrielle De Tiaret, Algerie
Authors: Mohamed Benahmed , Abdelkader Dellal , Benchaben Hellal
Published: July 2016

Study of heavy metals mobility in soil is a necessary step for making an accurate appraisal and quantitative evaluation of the extent of contamination, indeed, wet and dry atmospheric deposits, plays an important role in the cycle of semi-volatile contaminants (Vinogradova, 2000). Metallurgical industries release heavy metals into the atmosphere, these last, clump together to form fines particles suspended in the air, these metals can be transported by wind via aerosol or aqueous pathway and deposited in the soil. The main aim of this work was to study the mobility and fate of lead and zinc from atmospheric deposits in a contaminated soil from the foundry (ALFET) in the industrial zone of Tiaret (Western Algeria) and to determine the effect of physicochemical parameters of the soil on their mobility in the topsoil. The physicochemical analysis of soil samples have shown that zinc and lead levels contents in the surface layer soil (0-30cm) vary depending on the pH, total limestone (CaCO3). The obtained results clearly show the major effect of soil texture, the fine fraction (clay and sand).
Sport Supplementation: Review Of Performance Enchasing Dietary Supplements Used In Sport
Authors: Peteva Gergina , Ivanov Valentin
Published: July 2016

Performance enchasing substances have been used since ancient times in different sport disciplines and in all level of competition. Performance enchasing substances could be illicit drugs, prescription medicines (like Anabolic steroids) or dietary supplements as amino acids and vitamins. In this review we have summarised the benefits and the risks of supplementation in sport with different categories food additives. We have divided these products in following categories: food additives containing amino acids, food additives containing Tribulus Terrestris extract, containing Yohimbine, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), Vitamin E and Creatine.
The Quality and Acceptability of ‘Bakasi’ (Anguilla japonica) Cookies
Authors: Giango Wilma C.
Published: July 2016

The study determined the quality and acceptability of ‘Bakasi’ (Anguilla japonica) Cookies. This sought to answer these objectives: find out bakasi powder formulation to enhance cookies and analyze the acceptability of bakasi cookies in terms of color, aroma, taste and texture. The study used the experimental research design in order to determine which of the three treatments representing different concentration levels of bakasi powder (120 grams, 90 grams, and 60 grams) produced better quality cookies. Sensory evaluation using 9 point Hedonic Rating Scale assessed the sensory qualities of the powder under study. Several trials were conducted using three treatments replicated thrice. The results of the study showed that the treatment 2 (Treatment 2) having a concentration mixture of 90 grams bakasi powder was considered to be the most acceptable compared with other treatments. The Quality and Acceptability of ‘Bakasi’ (Anguilla japonica) ingredients contributed to the cookie production business. Processing Bakasi cookies added to the realization of the new thrust in the country’s educational system to help the people in enhancing their knowledge and skills in the effective use of bakasi as one of the local raw materials and other resources in the community.
Analyse Genotypique De La Contribution De La Matiere Assimilée Du Pedoncule Dans Le Remplissage Du Grain Chez Le Ble Dur (Triticum Durum D.E.S.F.)
Authors: Kahali Linda , Djekoun Abdelhamid
Published: July 2016

In a part of study on morpho-physiological characterization in durum wheat; we were interested in quantifying the stem dry matter produced after anthesis and its contribution in the grain filling. When the climatic conditions are unfavorable ; the photosynthetic activity of the post-anthesis is reduced. The plant then uses the assimilates stored in the stem to increase its filling rate of grain. Thus, the behavior of four varieties of durum wheat is analyzed in the field using different parameters: (i) relative water content (RWC) of the flag leaf (ii) dry weight development of the grains (iii) peduncle assimilated dry matter contribution in the grain filling. The leaf water status, appreciated by measuring the RWC, is an indicator of the photosynthetic apparatus functioning. The measured values showed a significant difference between two agricultural companions. The results also showed a genotypic difference in the dry matter accumulation in the grains, mainly related to its filling speed. The accumulation of assimilates in the peduncle during the days following flowering, constitutes an advantage of reserves in dry matter before installation of water deficit. Indeed, it affects production by decreasing the photosynthetic activity. In conclusion, this experiment has highlighted two types of grain yield elaboration of cultivated wheat in the post-anthesis water deficit conditions.
Improvement Of Block Product Turbo Coding By Using A New Concept Of Soft Hamming Decoder
Authors: Ghaith Alaa
Published: July 2016

The block product turbo code (BPTC) is classified as one of block turbo code concatenation forms. The Hamming code can detect two-bit error and correct one-bit error. The BPTC uses two Hamming codes for "column" coding and "row" coding, it has improved the Hamming code correcting only one error. In addition, the BPTC carries out block interleaving coding for disorganizing the transmission sequence before transmission, so as to avoid burst errors when the signal meets multi-path channel in the channel. This paper will discuss the decoding mechanism of the BPTC and analyze the efficiency of using a soft decoding algorithm in the decoding process. The soft Hamming Decoder is based on error patterns which belong to the same syndrome. It is shown that it is sufficient to investigate error patterns with one and two errors to gain up to 1.2 dB compared to hard decision decoding. Here, we will consider also the error patterns with three errors which belong to the determined syndrome, which increases the gain and improves the quality of the soft-output due to the increased number of comparisons with valid code words, in despite that, it will increase the complexity of the decoding process. The system is based on two Hamming block channel code combinations, which can be similar or different, a block interleaving to construct a BPSK modulation and BPTC coding system in the concept of feedback encoding in turbo code over an AWGN channel. To observe its coding improvement, we present the simulation results for the soft decoding of the BPTC codes of a code word length from 49 bits (using two (7,4) codes) up to 1440 bits (using two (127,120) codes).
The Effect Of Controlling Hyperglycemia On The Morbidity And Mortality Of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Patients
Authors: Al-Haqeesh Hiyam , Al-Bsoul Abla , Shalan Hussein , Al-khalaylah Aysha Abedalhameed , Hakouz Nares Musa Ahmad , Abeeleh Jaafar Abu , Alkhatib Ahed J , Abeeleh Mahmoud A Abu
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are common in critically ill patients, even if they have not previously had diabetes, and the risk of mortality or significant morbidity is high among those who are treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) for more than 5 days. Objective: To assess the effect of glucose management protocol on mortality and morbidity in a heterogeneous population of critically ill adult patients. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Setting: A 24-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) for adult patients at King Hussein Medical Center, the Royal Medical Services. Methods: A total of 50 patients who were considered to need intensive care for at least three days, were randomly assigned into two groups. The intervention group subjects were to undergo a glucose control protocol with insulin infusion titrated to maintain blood glucose level in a target range of 120-160 mg/dL; except septic patients, in whom the target was higher, 160- 180 mg/dL. Patients in the second group (control group) were treated by a conventional approach with reduction of blood glucose level only if the level was markedly elevated (>200 mg/dL) to maintain blood glucose level in a target range of 180-200 mg/dL. Results: After adjustment for baseline characteristics the 2 groups of patients were well matched, for age, sex, prevalence of diabetes mellitus, HbA1c value and distribution of diagnoses; the only significant difference was in the percentage of cardiovascular dysfunction, which was higher in the intervention group (p=0.047). After institution of the protocol, the mean blood glucose levels differed significantly between the two treatment groups during the study period (143.70±12.78 mg/dL in the intervention group versus 175.56±14.07 mg/dL in the control group (p<0.001). And patients in the intervention group received a larger mean insulin dose 28.32 ±16.38 units per day, vs. 14.60±12.26 in the control group (p=0.001). The difference in mortality between the two treatment groups was not significant at 28 days (p=0.370) and at 60 days (p=0.555). No significant increase in hypoglycemia episodes was reported in our blood glucose level target. Conclusion: The glucose management protocol resulted in significantly improved glycemic control and was not associated with increased rate of death or hypoglycemia.
Diversité Variétale, Qualité Et Utilisation Du Maïs (Zea Mays) En Afrique De l’Ouest : Revue Critique
Authors: Semassa A. J. , Padonou S.W. , Anihouvi V.B. , Akissoé N.H. , Adjanohoun A. , Baba-Moussa L.
Published: July 2016

Maize (Zea mays) is a cereal cultivated through all the region of the world. Its constitutes one of the cereals the most used for human consumption. The current review focused on the diversity, the nutritional quality and the forms of use of maize in West Africa region. The review allowed to notice that more than twenty varieties of maize were cultivated in Bénin and in the sub-region. With regard to nutritional aspect, those different varieties of maize contained variable amounts of starch (64-78%), fat (4- 6%), protein (7-12%), crude fibers (2-2.5%), ash (1-1.5%) and sugar (1-3%). Potassium (324.8-344 mg /100g), magnesium (107.9-115 mg/100g) and phosphorus (99,6-276 mg/100g) were the main mineral in maize. Likewise, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophane and valine all contained in the germ were the main amino acids in maize. These chemical components can be alone or in a possible synergy of action responsible for numerous technological advantages of maize. Through its chemical and technological characteristics the maize constitutes an important raw material for many culinary recipes in West Africa region. So it is important to make the inventory of the main varieties cultivated in the sub-region, to compare them at both nutritional and technological aspects for prospective actions to undertake in order to improve the yield of these varieties and to guarantee food security for the populations.
Approche Ethno-Vétérinaire Des Plantes Médicinales Utilisées Dans La Région De Sidi Bel Abbes- Algérie
Authors: Yahya Merazi , Kheira Hammadi , Faiza Fedoul Firdaous
Published: July 2016

The control of the health risk affecting human health and animal remains a major problem in Algeria and in the world. The high use of antibiotics led to the antibiotic resistance, which is observed in farmed animals since these last decades. In this work is an approach to the traditional remedies in poultry farming in veterinary medicine. A survey was conducted with 60 farmers in the region of Sidi Bel Abbes of the West- Algeria. This study was designed to understand the way to treat diseases and the traditional knowledge of breeders on the plants, which are derived from the tradition of treating farm animals in Algeria. No work has been done before at this region for this reason, we have therefore preferred a survey for this study. A questionnaire has been developed specifically to this effect focused on: Profile of the respondents, characteristics of the medicinal plants, traditional treatments. Our results have revealed that 85% of women have a know quite important treating plants, 75% respondents aged over 60 years and 55% of illiterate practice use the medicinal plants to treat their animals. The most used plants are Thymus capitatus 20% followed by thymus vulgaris 15%, their use is dominated by decoction 31.67%; the sheets are more used part of the plants 26.67% the forest 30%because of the forest source at this region study, 91.67% of spontaneous plants are harvested, the mode of Oral admission uses are respectively 70%, 53.33%. 25% in a sheeps and 20% in chickens where they undergo a basic treatment of medicinal plants.
Hongos Fitopatógenos Asociados Al Tomate (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) En La Zona Árida Del Noroeste De México: La Importancia De Su Diagnóstico
Authors: Martínez-Ruiz Francisco Eleazar , Cervantes-Díaz Lourdes , Aíl-Catzím Carlos Enrique , Hernández-Montiel Luis Guillermo , Sánchez Carmen Lizette Del Toro , Rueda-Puente Edgar Omar
Published: July 2016

Tomato crops are among the most important vegetables cultivated worldwide, Mexico being one of the major producing countries. Large quantity of this crop is found in states belonging to the arid northwest of the country; the adaptation of these regions to vegetable production has been significant with the support of agricultural technology due to the use of protective structures for plants, such as greenhouses and shaded mesh. However, pests and diseases are a major biotic factor that significantly reduces production. There are more than 200 diseases associated with the nightshade of various etiologies. The process of identifying the cause of a disease in plants is called diagnosis. The diagnosis of plant diseases has been described as an art and a science; it requires scientific knowledge of plant pathology and related disciplines. Effective disease control requires making the best possible decisions to reduce the risk of serious production losses. Control strategies based on prevention of disease and methods that slow the spread of such diseases. Therefore, proper management of diseases affecting the tomato crop, knowledge and understanding of the diagnosis and its infectious cycle is vital and to establish effective control measures.
Organic Fertilizers Vis-à-vis Growth Performance of Euphorbia fulgens
Authors: Odivilas Florita O.
Published: July 2016

This study was conducted to find out the effect of fertilizers on the performance of two hybrids of Euphorbia as indicated by growth and flowering performance. The experimental design with controlled variables was used in the study. The use of organic fertilizers like the use of animal dungs or wastes was proven effective based on the different trials made. In terms of the effect of the fertilizers in the growth performance, there were significant differences on plant height, stem girth, number of leaves, and number of shoots during the 20th, 50th and 80th days of observations. The number of flowers was found to have significant differences in all stages. When measured during the 80th day of observation, significant differences were shown in the size of flowers. However, insignificant difference was shown in the diameter of flower bracts. As to the growth parameters, carabao manure yielded more leaves, and shoots and taller Euphorbia Orchid. It also produced bigger stem girths, wider and longer leaf sizes of Siam Ruby hybrid. As to flowering parameters, carabao manure influenced the growth of more number of flower clusters and bigger sizes of flowers of Euphorbia Orchid. On the other hand, chicken manure also influenced the growth of more number of flowers per cluster of Siam Ruby during the 50th day observation and carabao manure during the 20th day observation.
Arma-Arch Modeling Of The Returns Of First Bank Of Nigeria
Authors: Akpan Emmanuel Alphonsus , Moffat Imoh Udo , Ekpo Ntiedo Bassey
Published: July 2016

This study looks at a possible combination of both the ARMA and ARCH-types models to form a single model such as ARMA-ARCH that will completely model the linear and non-linear features of financial data. The data used for this study are daily closing share prices of First Bank of Nigeria plc from January 4, 2000 to December 31, 2013 and were obtained from the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The share price series was found to be nonstationary while the returns series which is the first difference of log of the share price series was found to be stationary. This study provides evidence to show that ARMA(2,2) model is found to be adequate in the modeling the linear dependence in the returns of First Bank of Nigeria while the ARCH(1) model is adequate in modeling the changing conditional variance in the returns of First Bank of Nigeria. Therefore, combining the two models results in a single ARMA(2,2)-ARCH(1) model that completely models the returns series of First Bank of Nigeria.
Contribution À Une Étude Floristique De « Aguelmouss–Moulay Bouaazza –Tiddass » (Plateau Central, Maroc)
Authors: Hachi Mustapha , Rahou Abdellah , Lamfadal Kamal
Published: July 2016

The study of wealth and floristic diversity, conducted during March, April, May and June 2015 in the region (Aguelmous - Moulay Bouazza - Oulmès- Tiddas- Maaziz) belonging to the central plateau, revealed the existence of 360 plant species; 46 species of Fabaceae, 44 Asteraceae, 32 and 19 respectively from Caryophyllaceae and Lamiaceae. These families comprise 43.9% of the entire flora of the study area, the rest of the species belong to 48 families with 56.10%. A significant number of endemic has been inventoried: 43 of Morocco, one of Morocco and the Iberian Peninsula 6 of Morocco and Algeria, 4 of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Moreover, three rare and endangered species have been recorded. Also, ecological analysis based on floristic surveys between 230 m and 1630 m shows that the altitude is a discriminating factor in the distribution of vegetation.