bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Localization of fibroblast growth factor 23 protein in the rat hypothalamus
Authors: Ursem Stan R. , Diepenbroek Charlene , Bacic Vesna , Unmehopa Unga A. , Eggels Leslie , Maya‐Monteiro Clarissa M. , Heijboer Annemieke C. , la Fleur Susanne E.
Published: June 2021

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is an endocrine growth factor and known to play a pivotal role in phosphate homeostasis. Interestingly, several studies point towards a function of FGF23 in the hypothalamus. FGF23 classically activates the FGF receptor 1 in the presence of the co‐receptor αKlotho, of both gene expression in the brain was previously established. However, studies on gene and protein expression of FGF23 in the brain are scarce and have been inconsistent. Therefore, our aim was to localise FGF23 gene and protein expression in the rat brain with focus on the hypothalamus. Also, we investigated the protein expression of αKlotho. Adult rat brains were used to localise and visualise FGF23 and αKlotho protein in the hypothalamus by immunofluorescence labelling. Furthermore, western blots were used for assessing hypothalamic FGF23 protein expression. FGF23 gene expression was investigated by qPCR in punches of the arcuate nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, paraventricular nucleus, choroid plexus, ventrolateral thalamic nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamus. Immunoreactivity for FGF23 and αKlotho protein was found in the hypothalamus, third ventricle lining and the choroid plexus. Western blot analysis of the hypothalamus confirmed the presence of FGF23. Gene expression of FGF23 was not detected, suggesting that the observed FGF23 protein is not brain‐derived. Several FGF receptors are known to be present in the brain. Therefore, we conclude that the machinery for FGF23 signal transduction is present in several brain areas, indeed suggesting a role for FGF23 in the brain.
The risk of worsening of myasthenia by cardiovascular medication as reflected by reporting frequency
Authors: Trillenberg Peter , Katalinic Alexander , Thern Julia , Graf Tobias
Published: June 2021

Background and purpose

Some groups of cardiovascular drugs (beta‐blocking drugs, Ca antagonists, antiarrhythmics) are listed as potentially worsening myasthenia. An empirical basis for alternative recommendations for antihypertensive and antiarrhythmic therapy in myasthenia patients has not yet been provided.

Methods

From the World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database, we retrieved total and myasthenia‐related counts of adverse drug reactions for various groups of drugs used in cardiovascular disease and drugs with related mechanism of action used in other indications. We calculated the reporting odds ratio as a measure of a disproportional fraction of myasthenia‐related events among all events. A 95% confidence interval of reporting odds ratio (ROR) >1 was taken as an indication for a higher risk. Because our approach involves a considerable number of tests, this situation is referred to as a signal that requires additional confirmation.

Results

A signal for an increased risk was noted for tizanidine, for alpha‐blocking drugs, for beta‐blocking drugs, and for Ca antagonists. ROR indicated a lower‐than‐average risk for salbutamol, angiotensin receptor antagonists, oral anticoagulants, thrombocytic function inhibitors, and heparins.

Conclusions

Angiotensin receptor antagonists, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors, and diuretics seem to be safe in antihypertensive therapy. Surprisingly, and yet requiring confirmation by case reports, alpha receptor–blocking drugs seem to carry a risk of myasthenia worsening. Amiodarone seems to be a safe alternative in antiarrhythmic therapy in patients with myasthenia.
SNP analyses and acoustic tagging reveal multiple origins and widespread dispersal of invasive brown trout in the Falkland Islands
Authors: Minett Jessica F. , Garcia de Leaniz Carlos , Sobolewska Halina , Brickle Paul , Crossin Glenn T. , Consuegra Sofia
Published: June 2021

Biological invasions are important causes of biodiversity loss, particularly in remote islands. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) have been widely introduced throughout the Southern Hemisphere, impacting endangered native fauna, particularly galaxiid fishes, through predation and competition. However, due to their importance for sport fishing and aquaculture farming, attempts to curtail the impacts of invasive salmonids have generally been met with limited support and the best prospects for protecting native galaxiids is to predict where and how salmonids might disperse. We analysed 266 invasive brown trout from 14 rivers and ponds across the Falkland Islands as well as 32 trout from three potential source populations, using a panel of 592 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and acoustic tagging, to ascertain their origins and current patterns of dispersal. We identified four genetically distinct clusters with high levels of genetic diversity and low admixture, likely reflecting the different origins of the invasive brown trout populations. Our analysis suggests that many trout populations in the Falklands may have originated from one of the donor populations analysed (River Wey). The highest genetic diversity was observed in the rivers with the greatest number of introductions and diverse origins, while the lowest diversity corresponded to a location without documented introductions, likely colonized by natural dispersal. High levels of gene flow indicated widespread migration of brown trout across the Falkland Islands, likely aided by anadromous dispersal. This is supported by data from acoustically tagged fish, three of which were detected frequently moving between two rivers ~26 km apart. Our results suggest that, without containment measures, brown trout may invade the last remaining refuges for the native endangered Aplochiton spp. We provide new insights into the origin and dispersal of invasive brown trout in the Falkland Islands that can pave the way for a targeted approach to limit their impact on native fish fauna.
Synergistic effects of insect herbivory and changing climate on plant volatile emissions in the subarctic tundra
Authors: Rieksta Jolanta , Li Tao , Michelsen Anders , Rinnan Riikka
Published: June 2021

Climate change increases the insect abundance, especially in Arctic ecosystems. Insect herbivory also significantly increases plant emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are highly reactive in the atmosphere and play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry and physics. However, it is unclear how the effects of insect herbivory on VOC emissions interact with climatic changes, such as warming and increased cloudiness. We assessed how experimental manipulations of temperature and light availability in subarctic tundra, that had been maintained for 30 years at the time of the measurements, affect the VOC emissions from a widespread dwarf birch (Betula nana) when subjected to herbivory by local geometrid moth larvae, the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) and the winter moth (Operophtera brumata). Warming and insect herbivory on B. nana stimulated VOC emission rates and altered the VOC blend. The herbivory‐induced increase in sesquiterpene and homoterpene emissions were climate‐treatment‐dependent. Many herbivory‐associated VOCs were more strongly induced in the shading treatment than in other treatments. We showed generally enhanced tundra VOC emissions upon insect herbivory and synergistic effects on the emissions of some VOC groups in a changing climate, which can have positive feedbacks on cloud formation. Furthermore, the acclimation of plants to long‐term climate treatments affects VOC emissions and strongly interacts with plant responses to herbivory. Such acclimation complicates predictions of how climate change, together with interacting biotic stresses, affects VOC emissions in the high latitudes.
Thrombin generation abnormalities in commonly encountered platelet function disorders
Authors: Sharma Tanmya , Brunet Justin G. , Tasneem Subia , Smith Stephanie A. , Morrissey James H. , Hayward Catherine P.M.
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Studies of thrombin generation (TG) with platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) and platelet‐poor plasma (PPP) have provided insights on bleeding disorders. We studied TG for a cohort with commonly encountered platelet function disorders (PFD).

Methods

Participants included 40 controls and 31 with PFD due to: nonsyndromic dense granule (DG) deficiency (PFD‐DGD, n = 9), RUNX1 haploinsufficiency (n = 6) and aggregation defects from other, uncharacterized causes (n = 16). TG was tested with PRP and PPP samples. As DG store ADP and polyphosphate that enhance platelet‐dependent TG, PFD‐DGD PRP TG was tested for correction with ADP, polyphosphate and combined additives. Tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), platelet factor V (FV), and platelet TFPI and ANO6 transcript levels were also evaluated. Findings were tested for associations with TG endpoints and bleeding.

Results

PFD samples had impaired PRP TG, but also impaired PPP TG, with strong associations between their PRP and PPP TG endpoints (P ≤ .005). PFD‐DGD PRP TG endpoints showed associations to PPP TG endpoints but not to DG counts, and were improved, but not fully corrected, by adding polyphosphate and agonists. PFD participants had increased plasma TFPI and reduced platelet TFPI (P ≤ .02) but normal levels of platelet FV, and platelet TFPI and ANO6 transcripts levels. PFD plasma TFPI levels showed significant association to several PPP TG endpoints (P ≤ .04). Several PFD PRP TG endpoints showed significant associations to bleeding symptoms, including wound healing problems and prolonged bleeding from minor cuts (P ≤ .04).

Conclusion

TG is impaired in commonly encountered PFD, with their PRP TG findings showing interesting associations to symptoms.
Understanding the factors that affect retention within the mental health nursing workforce: a systematic review and thematic synthesis
Authors: Adams Rosie , Ryan Tony , Wood Emily
Published: June 2021

There are over 41 000 vacant nursing posts across the United Kingdom’s National Health Service (NHS), with more people leaving the profession that joining it. Despite mental health being acknowledged as a priority area, some of the most significant staff shortages are occurring within mental health services. Urgent action is needed to retain the mental health nurses (MHNs) currently in post to ensure the profession is fit for purpose and aid future recruitment efforts. This review set out to identify the individual factors that affect the retention of MHNs. A systematic search of six databases was conducted (CINAHL, PsychINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science (Core collection), EMBASE and the British Nursing Index). Studies were systematically screened for inclusion based on predetermined eligibility criteria. The studies were quality assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). Findings were synthesized using Thematic Synthesis. A total of 23 studies consisting of a range of study designs were included in the review. Four key themes emerged from the synthesis: Individual characteristics, Working within mental health services, Training and skills and Work environment. The findings from this review suggest that MHNs encounter some factors unique to working in mental health services, which suggests that retention strategies should be specific to each nursing speciality. Beyond nursing speciality, the factors identified vary between clinical settings in mental health due to the differences in work environments and services they provide. Future studies should now set out to explore what factors exist in which clinical settings to inform better tailored retention strategies to generate better outcomes.
Leaf transcriptome analysis of Lancaster versus other heterotic groups’ maize inbred lines revealed different regulation of cold‐responsive genes
Authors: Banović Đeri Bojana , Božić Manja , Dudić Dragana , Vićić Ivan , Milivojević Marija , Ignjatović‐Micić Dragana , Samardžić Jelena , Vančetović Jelena , Delić Nenad , Nikolić Ana
Published: June 2021

One of the strategies for overcoming global climate change threatening to decrease maize yield is early sowing. To contribute to the development of cold‐tolerant hybrids this research focused on the genetic background's comparative analysis in maize inbreds with good combining ability. Leaf whole‐transcriptome sequencing of 46 maize genotypes revealed 77 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between Lancaster and other heterotic groups (i.e. BSSS, Iowa dent, Ohio), referred to as non‐Lancaster group, under optimal growing conditions. Cold test of the subset of four Lancaster and four non‐Lancaster lines showed that the former were cold sensitive and the latter cold tolerant. Cold‐induced expression analysis of seven DEGs in eight lines revealed different expression regulation dependent on the duration of cold exposure and genetic background for six out of seven analysed genes—chloroplast ATP‐sulphurylase, photosystem II cytochrome b559 alpha subunit, CIPK serine‐threonine protein kinase 15, glutamyl‐tRNA reductase, photosystem II reaction centre protein I and Calvin cycle CP12‐chloroplastic‐like encoding genes. The results imply that differently regulated basic processes between Lancaster and non‐Lancaster maize group involve, at least, photosynthesis and sulphate assimilation, contributing to their different cold response and different adaptation to low temperatures.
Language and innovation
Authors: Kong Dongmin , Wang Jialong , Wang Yanan , Zhang Jian
Published: June 2021

Strong‐future‐time reference (FTR) languages require speakers to grammatically mark future events, while weak‐FTR languages do not. Using data from 34 countries, we find that firms in countries where strong‐FTR languages are spoken have fewer patent counts and citations than those in countries where weak‐FTR languages are spoken. Further evidence shows that strong‐FTR languages affect inventors’ perceptions and beliefs about future rewards from innovation. Moreover, due to interactions between people speaking different languages, globalization attenuates the negative impact of language FTR on innovation. To further support these findings, we provide evidence from a single country with a multilingual environment to control for omitted country‐level characteristics. Our study emphasizes the impact of language on corporate innovation and sheds light on the importance of informal institutions in economic outcomes.
The optimal ablation setting for a local impedance guided catheter in an in vitro experimental model
Authors: Kawano Daisuke , Mori Hitoshi , Kato Ritsushi , Tsutsui Kenta , Ikeda Yoshifumi , Sumitomo Naokata , Fukaya Hidehira , Iwagana Shiro , Nakano Shintaro , Muramatsu Toshihiro , Matsumoto Kazuo
Published: June 2021

Background

The local impedance (LI) reflects the electrical catheter‐tissue coupling and correlates with the local tissue temperature. However, there have been few clinical studies showing the recommended method for LI monitoring catheters. This study aimed to investigate the optimal ablation setting for this catheter in an in vitro experimental model.

Methods

LI monitoring catheters were used in an excised swine heart experimental model. The tissue contact force (CF) was directly monitored from an external weight scale. Radiofrequency ablation was performed with a combination of various energy power settings (30, 40, and 50 W), and various CFs (10, 30, and 50 g) for 60 s. The correlation between the LI‐related indexes, power, and CF with the lesion formation was statistically analyzed.

Results

A positive correlation between the LI or lesion formation and CF was observed under all powers. Although the LI drop always correlated with the maximum lesion depth, lesion diameter, and lesion volume, the coefficient of the correlation value was lower under a high CF (lesion depth, diameter, and volume; 10 g, r = 0.8064, r = 0.8389, r = 0.8477; 30 g, r = 0.7590, r = 0.8063, r = 0.8060; 50 g r = 0.5555, r = 0.5701, and r = 0.5678, respectively). Steam pops occurred only under a 50 W ablation and the LI drop cutoff value for steam pops was 46 Ω.

Conclusion

The same LI drop did not always lead to the same lesion size when the CF differed. Monitoring the LI and not exceeding 46 Ω would be useful for a safe ablation.
Ring finger protein 19A is overexpressed in non‐small cell lung cancer and mediates p53 ubiquitin‐degradation to promote cancer growth
Authors: Cheng Yu , Hu Yujiao , Wang Huanxi , Zhao Zhi , Jiang Xizi , Zhang Yao , Zhang Jiameng , Tong Yue , Qiu Xueshan
Published: June 2021

The expression pattern, biological functions and the related mechanisms of the ring finger protein 19A (RNF19A) in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain poorly understood. This study aimed to explore the role of RNF19A, as well as the underlying potential mechanism, in the development of NSCLC. Here, we found that RNF19A was overexpressed in NSCLC tissues, and RNF19A expression in NSCLC tissue samples was associated with NSCLC carcinogenesis and poor outcome. RNF19A promoted the proliferation of NSCLC cells and inhibited apoptosis. RNF19A reduced p53, p21 and BAX expression and induced Cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6 and BCL2 expression. The inhibitory effect of RNF19A knockdown on proliferation was partially rescued by p53 silencing. RNF19A interacted with p53, shortened p53 half‐life and mediated p53 ubiquitin‐degradation. Collectively, we suggest that RNF19A plays a critical oncogenic role in lung carcinogenesis by disrupting the function of p53. RNF19A may serve as a new biomarker and/or target for NSCLC management.
Sea trout Salmo trutta in the subarctic: home‐bound but large variation in migratory behaviour between and within populations
Authors: Strøm John Fredrik , Jensen Jenny L. A. , Nikolopoulos Anna , Nordli Eivind , Bjørn Pål Arne , Bøhn Thomas
Published: June 2021

Anadromous brown trout (sea trout), Salmo trutta, is currently in decline throughout its range, largely due to anthropogenic stressors in freshwater and marine habitats. Acoustic telmetry was utilized to study the marine migration of sea trout post‐smolts from three populations in a relatively pristine subarctic fjord system. While at sea, the sea trout spent a substantial part of their time close to their natal river, preferred near shore over pelagic habitats and were strongly surface oriented. Despite a fidelity towards local areas, the sea trout utilized various parts of the fjord system, with maximum dispersion >30 km and total migration distance >300 km. Almost half of the sea trout (44%) migrated between river outlets, indicating that a metapopulation approach may be appropriate when managing neighbouring sea trout populations at high latitudes. Furthermore, the different populations displayed different migratory behaviours in terms of distance migrated, dispersion from origin and the likelihood of leaving their home area. This variation in migratory behaviour is likely influenced by spatiotemporal differences in habitat quality between sites, indicating that local habitat variations may promote population‐specific behavioural responses even in relatively confined fjord systems.
Does the common topknotZeugopterus punctatus(Teleosteii:Pleuronectiformes:Scophthalmidae) use a novelVenturi‐effect attachment mechanism? A testable hypothesis
Authors: Davenport John , Maran Vincent , Chanet Bruno
Published: June 2021

Common topknots (Zeugopterus punctatus) attach to vertical rock surfaces and overhangs. It has been speculated that attachment is by a suction cup, with the median (anal, dorsal) fins providing a peripheral seal. Here the authors propose that the attachment is actually based on a Venturi effect. The rear portions of the median fins continually move in a fan‐like fashion (atc. 4 cycles per second). This movement produces a tailward fluid flow that ventilates the shallow underbody space between the fish and its rocky substratum. The anterior portions of the median fins seal the space laterally, but the space is open anterior (beneath the raised head) and posterior to the sea. The mid‐underbody space likely has a lower cross‐sectional area than does the front intake or rear exit, so flow should be faster (and pressure lower) within it than outside, thus providing pressure gradient suction. Topknots attach to rough and heavily biofouled surfaces, presumably because the high numbers of fin rays and their associated membranes plus fine muscle control allow effective sealing. The attachment ability is shared by all members of the flatfish tribe Phrynorhombini; it can be related to anatomical peculiarities and constitutes a probable synapomorphy for this clade.
Use of encapsulated Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis through extrusion or emulsification for the production of probiotic yogurt
Authors: Frakolaki Georgia , Kekes Tryfon , Lympaki Foteini , Giannou Virginia , Tzia Constantina
Published: June 2021

In this study, the methods of extrusion and emulsification were applied for the encapsulation of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. Lactis before its incorporation into yogurt products, aiming to increase its viability during storage. Alginate based encapsulating blends containing 2% w/v sodium alginate and 11% v/v glycerol (AG) or 1% carrageenan (AC), and/or 2% w/v inulin, were applied for the encapsulation of probiotic bacteria. The produced beads were examined in order to determine the encapsulation yield and were also tested on milk fermentation along with conventional starter culture for yogurt production. The evolution of the fermentation was recorded through pH monitoring and the final products were evaluated regarding their rheological and texture characteristics, as well as their probiotic bacterial load during storage. It was concluded that the emulsification method led to higher encapsulation yield (95.4–97.6%) compared to the extrusion method (76.6–85.8%). The probiotic culture contributed to milk fermentation into yogurt, as it required less time to complete fermentation compared to samples containing only conventional culture. The encapsulation of probiotic bacteria was proved efficient in protecting their viability even after 30 days of storage (up to 6.9 log cfu/g). Thus, the incorporation of encapsulated probiotic bacteria improved in total the yogurt products and ensured the viability of probiotic bacteria till the end of storage.

Practical Applications

The encapsulation of probiotic bacteria is an innovative approach for their protection and the ensuring of their viability during food processing and storage, as well as during consumption. The methods of extrusion and emulsification are feasible and affordable in industrial scale. The current study provides an integrated approach of their application in yogurt production, without restricting the utilization of the produced encapsulated bacteria for the development of other probiotic products. The incorporation of encapsulated probiotic bacteria along with the conventional culture led to shorter fermentation times, and superior final products in comparison to conventional yogurt products. The final products had improved rheological and texture characteristics, whereas the viability of the probiotic bacteria remained at satisfactory levels till the end of storage.
Histopathology of the temporomandibular joint disc: Findings in 30 samples from joints with degenerative disease
Authors: Guarda Nardini Luca , Meneghini Maddalena , Guido Maria , Baciorri Francesca , Manfredini Daniele
Published: June 2021

Aim

The aim of this study is to show the anatomical and histological features of the displaced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc in joints with degenerative disease.

Methods

This study was performed on a total of 30 TMJ discs extracted from 22 patients, who underwent surgical discectomy after failure of conservative non‐surgical treatment regimens to control pain and/or limited range of motion. All joints had imaging signs of an anteriorized disc position and degenerative joint disease. Samples of the extracted discs were stored in formalin, cut into 3 micron‐thick sections imbedded in paraffin and processed with hematoxylin‐eosin.

Result

All the samples present irreversible morphologic and histological alterations. The macroscopical evaluation showed that 14 discs were worn and fragmented in several parts, and one disc was perforated. Morphological alterations with deformation and degenerative signs were shown in all discs, which were all severely worn and compromised. Histologically, various alterations were found, such as pre‐fibrous sclerosis with myxoid degeneration and collagen deposits (N = 25), an increase in fibro‐hyaline and fibrous tissues, with loss of elasticity (N = 25), scattered calcifications (N = 15), and synovial inflammation with microvascular proliferation and increased cellularity, presence of lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasma cells (N = 18). After the intervention, all patients reported decreased pain levels and showed improved function at 6 months.

Conclusion

These observations suggest that degenerative joint disease is accompanied by a anteriorized discs featuring abnormal macroscopical and histological changes. From a clinical viewpoint, this may suggest that, when treatment escalation leads to consider TMJ surgery, total discectomy is the most reasonable approach.
Bony labyrinths of the blackfish (Delphinidae: Globicephalinae)
Authors: Racicot Rachel A. , Preucil V. Eve
Published: June 2021

Bony labyrinth morphology varies across marine mammals and contains key information regarding hearing sensitivity and ecology. The hearing ranges of globicephaline (Delphinidae: Globicephalinae) or melon‐headed dolphins, known as “Blackfish,” have been extensively studied using acoustic technologies, but clade‐wide morphological analysis of the bony labyrinth is lacking. In this study, we investigate the variation in hearing‐relevant bony labyrinth morphology within globicephalines using μCT scans of isolated petrosals and digitally isolating the bony labyrinth of all species. Principal components analysis (PCA) of nine hearing‐relevant measurements of the cochlea alongside a broader sampling of terrestrial and aquatic artiodactyls shows Orcaella brevirostris and other globicephalines with higher levels of facial asymmetry and potentially more specialized echolocation abilities plotting near Monodon monoceros, Delphinapterus leucas, and Orcinus orca. The remaining globicephalines, which have more symmetrical skulls and other unique and acoustically relevant attributes, plotted towards the middle of the echolocating odontocete portion of the PCA. Our analysis thus reveals that inner ear morphology may correlate with both facial skull morphology and echolocation specializations, as these are intertwined. Furthermore, this study illustrates how morphological analyses, especially those centered on hearing, may provide critical conservation‐relevant information as direct access to audiograms becomes less tenable.
Different pollination approaches to compare the seed set of diploid and tetraploid red clover Trifolium pratense L.
Authors: Jing Shuxuan , Kryger Per , Boelt Birte
Published: June 2021

In red clover seed production, low seed yield is limiting the commercial exploitation of tetraploid red clover. To explore if pollination is the limiting factor for the seed yield in tetraploid red clover, we investigated pollinator behaviour and plant reproductive success in diploid (2x) cultivar ‘Rajah' and tetraploid (4x) cultivar ‘Amos' using honey bee and hand pollination approaches. We measured the seed set at the flower head level with the increasing visitation rate of honey bees (one bee, two bees and open pollination) and pollen diversity (one and two pollen donors) of hand pollination. We found no difference in honey bee pollination behaviour (visitation rate) between the diploid and tetraploid red clover. Surprisingly, the seed set in two bees was significantly lower than that of one bee in ‘Rajah'. We suggest that honey bees prefer to visit already tripped florets or to visit fewer florets due to scent marks left by the previous honey bees. In open pollination, seed number per flower head in ‘Amos' (on average 11) was half of ‘Rajah' (on average 20). Seed set in ‘Amos' was lower than 50% of ‘Rajah' in honey bee (one bee treatment) and hand pollination (one and two pollen donors treatments). There were no differences in stigma receptivity whereas pollen viability in ‘Amos' was lower than ‘Rajah' after the peak pollen viability was reached (six days after the onset of flowering). We suggest that the fertility problems such as low pollen viability may be the reason for the low seed set in tetraploid red clover. This conclusion should be verified by investigating other fertility traits during the ovary, embryo and seed development with a broader range of diploid and tetraploid cultivars.
Reproductive allocation in plants: a reappraisal of the currency issue
Authors: Pérez‐Martínez Enrique , Méndez Marcos
Published: June 2021

Reproductive allocation (RA), the proportion of total resources that are invested in reproductive structures, is a key component of plant life histories. A major methodological issue is to identify the allocation currency that better estimates RA: biomass, energy or some mineral nutrient. Despite considerable effort to ascertain whether biomass could serve as an integrated estimate of the allocation of other resources, no clear guideline has emerged from the currency issue. Here, we reappraised this problem at an interspecific scale. We compiled a data base of 38 studies that estimated RA in terms of two or more different resources for 82 plant species. We tested the equivalence of allocation currencies by means of both bi‐ and multivariate correlations among currencies. We also tested for differences in allocation patterns between growth forms. RA was estimated in 18 different currencies, including biomass, energy and 16 mineral nutrients. Nitrogen, P, K, Mg and Ca were the main nutrients used as allocation currency. Growth form accounted for 20–30% of differences in the resource allocation of multiple resources. The six resources most frequently used as estimates RA were roughly equivalent at an interspecific scale. Nevertheless, covariation patterns among currencies suggested that RA in plants should be better considered as a multivariate trait and not estimated using a single currency. In particular, multivariate estimates of RA can contribute to the ongoing comparative studies of life histories and functional traits, and can shed light on resource allocation within flowers.
Lateral window technique: A focus review
Authors: Correia Francisco , Gouveia Sónia , Pozza Daniel H. , Campos Felino António , Faria‐Almeida Ricardo
Published: June 2021

The posterior alveolar bone region of the maxilla has, in more than 40% of the cases, a height inferior to 4 mm, thus making rehabilitation with implants a clinical challenge. This focus literature review was carried out through an exhaustive literature search in PubMed, ScienceDirect, LILACS, Web of Science, Scielo and Cochrane Library. The aim was to illustrate and analyse various factors that should be accounted for while applying the maxillary sinus elevation technique. The lateral osteotomy technique is carefully described including its indications, complications, contraindications, as well as, different factors to take into account, such as the use of electric piezo, graft materials, membranes and the expected success rates.
Quality improvement project to improve vaccinations in the pediatric liver transplant population
Authors: Gumm Alexis J. , Lerret Stacee , Zeman Matthew , Rueter Janelle , Huppler Anna R. , Khan Zahida , Telega Grzegorz , Vitola Bernadette
Published: June 2021

Objectives

A quality improvement approach was used to increase pediatric liver transplant recipient live and inactive vaccination rates by assessing titers and recommending vaccinations.

Methods

A new screening and immunization process for both live and inactive vaccines was discussed with families at their annual visit. Antibody titers for varicella, measles, mumps, rubella, Haemophilus influenzae type B, hepatitis A, and hepatitis B were obtained. Specific criteria were developed for live virus vaccination candidacy. Vaccines were recommended based on patient titers and vaccination candidacy criteria. Surveillance for adverse effects to live vaccines was performed. Repeat titers were obtained approximately 1‐month post‐vaccine administration.

Results

After PDSA cycle 1, 99% (71/72) of pediatric liver transplant patients had titers obtained. Live vaccines were recommended for 32 patients and 16 (50%) were vaccinated. Inactive vaccines were recommended to 64 patients, and 31 (48%) were vaccinated. Eight of 13 (62%) patients with follow‐up titers achieved immunity for inactive vaccines. Zero patients had an adverse reaction to any live vaccine. Ten of 12 (83%) patients with follow‐up titers achieved immunity from live vaccines. The most common barriers to receive live vaccines included not scheduling appointment with primary care provider (n = 3) and “non‐vaccinators” (n = 3).

Conclusions

Administering live and inactive vaccines to select pediatric liver transplant patients appears to be safe and effective in our studied population. For PDSA cycle 2, we will continue our current practice and consider offering vaccines in transplant clinic, since this was a barrier to vaccination identified during PDSA cycle 1.
Scepticism About Other Minds: Propositional and Objectual
Authors: Bahlul Raja
Published: June 2021

In this paper, I distinguish between two kinds of knowledge of other minds: apropositionalkind, whereby one may say, for example, that “We can seethat he is in pain,” and anobjectual(object‐related) kind which seems to be presupposed by knowledge claims about, for example,his present feeling of pain. I will suggest that two sceptical problems arise in connection with these two kinds of knowledge, respectively. The burden of my argument will be to show that while scepticism about propositional knowledge may be amenable to a satisfactory solution, the only route to take with scepticism about objectual knowledge is dissolution.
Customer Acquisition and Retention: A Fluid Approach for Staffing
Authors: Furman Eugene , Diamant Adam , Kristal Murat
Published: June 2021

We investigate the trade‐off between acquisition and retention efforts when customers are sensitive to the quality of service they receive, that is, whether they get timely access to a company's resources when requested. We model the problem as a multi‐class queueing network with new and returning customers, time‐dependent arrivals, and abandonment. We derive its fluid approximation; a system of ordinary linear differential equations with continuous, piecewise smooth, right‐hand sides. Based on the fluid model, we propose a novel approach to determine optimal stationary staffing levels for new and returning customer queues in anticipation of future time‐varying dynamics. Using system accessibility as a proxy for service quality and staffing levels as a proxy for investment, we demonstrate how to apply our approach to two families of time‐varying arrival functions motivated by real‐world applications: an advertising campaign and a clinical setting. In a numerical study, we demonstrate that our approach creates staffing policies that maximize throughput while balancing acquisition and retention efforts more effectively (i.e., equitable abandonment from each customer class) than commonly used near‐stationary methods such as variants of square‐root staffing policies. Our model confirms that acquisition and retention efforts are intimately linked; this has been found in empirical studies but not captured in the operations literature. We suggest that in time‐varying environments, focusing on either alone is not sufficient to maintain high levels of throughput and service quality.
Observations on “Risk Transmission Across Supply Chains”
Authors: Bunn Derek W.
Published: June 2021

This is an invited commentary on “Risk Transmission Across Supply Chains” by Sheridan Titman.
The effect of hospital phototherapy on early breastmilk feeding
Authors: Digitale Jean C. , Chang Pearl W. , Li Sherian X. , Kuzniewicz Michael W. , Newman Thomas B.
Published: June 2021

Background

The effect of phototherapy on breastmilk feeding is unclear.

Objective

To estimate the effect of inpatient phototherapy on breastmilk feeding at 2‐month well‐child visits.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data. From births at 16 Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals (2013–2017), we identified a cohort of infants ≥ 35 weeks’ gestation with total serum bilirubin levels close to the American Academy of Pediatrics 2004 phototherapy threshold during their birth hospitalisation. We compared self‐reported breastmilk feeding at 2‐month well‐child visits among those who had and had not received birth hospitalisation phototherapy, adjusting for bilirubin levels and other confounding variables. We used multiple imputation (K = 200) to address missing data.

Results

Approximately a quarter of infants in the cohort (24.5%) received phototherapy during their birth hospitalisation. At the 2‐month visit, exclusive breastmilk feeding was less common (RR 0.91, 95% interval [CI] 0.88, 0.95) among those who received phototherapy (41.3%) than those who did not (45.2%). However, no association remained after adjusting for potential confounders (RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.95, 1.04; average treatment effect on the treated [ATET] −0.2%, 95% CI −2.0%, 1.5%). In contrast, any breastmilk feeding was similar between infants who did (76.8%) and did not get phototherapy (77.9%). After adjusting for confounders, phototherapy had a slightly positive association with any breastmilk feeding at 2 months (RR 1.02, 95% CI 1.00, 1.04). Among infants who received phototherapy, the proportion being fed any breastmilk at the 2‐month visit was an estimated 1.6 percentage points higher than it would have been if they had not received phototherapy (ATET 1.6%, 95% CI 0.1%, 3.1%). Multiple imputation results were similar.

Conclusions

Birth hospitalisation phototherapy can be delivered in a way that does not adversely affect breastmilk feeding at 2 months.
Exercise tolerance in mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Finding the missing link is what provides clinical value in pulmonary function tests
Authors: Thompson Bruce R.
Published: June 2021

See related article
Wynkyn de Worde, Stephen Hawes, and the improvisation of genre in early sixteenth‐century English poetry
Authors: Atkinson Laurie
Published: June 2021

The printing of the poems of the early Tudor poet Stephen Hawes (c.1474–before 1529) by the London printer Wynkyn de Worde (d. 1534/5) is the earliest example of the sustained publication of a contemporary English poet by a single printer. This article considers de Worde’s printing of Hawes, in a flurry around 1509 and then at intervals of more or less ten years until 1530, as part of a larger effort to establish a noncourt audience for contemporary English poetry with nevertheless courtly credentials. The paratexts with which de Worde frames Hawes’s verse – from woodcut illustrations, to the printing of the author’s name, to the citation of Hawes by other writers associated with de Worde – are examined as evidence for a growing tendency amongst London printers to provide opportunities for their readers to make imaginative crossreference between their varied literary output. They represent an alternative to the marketing of English literary texts primarily on the basis of authorship – what I describe as an ‘improvisation of literary genre’ by early Tudor England’s poets, printers, and readers.
N. T. Wright: Interpreting the InterpreterCollected Essays of N. T. Wright. Zondervan Academic and SPCK, 2020:Interpreting Scripture: Essays on the Bible and Hermeneutics (ISBN 978‐0‐310‐09836‐2), xii + 387 pp., hb £50Interpreting Jesus: Essays on the Gospels (ISBN 978‐0‐310‐09864‐5), xii + 345 pp., hb £50Interpreting Paul: Essays on the Apostle and His Letters (ISBN 978‐0‐310‐09868‐3), xi + 207 pp., hb £50
Authors: O'Leary Joseph S.
Published: June 2021

These thoroughly engaged and engaging essays invite reflection on Bishop Wright's practice and principles as an interpreter of Scripture and of the Christian faith in today's context. Wright wants to reground theology in a biblical narrative and considers that systematic theology has been impoverished by forgetfulness of its roots in the story of God's Covenant with humanity. This story contains in concrete form all the truths that later theology painfully spelled out in categories that were not always appropriate. Systematic theologians might reply that doctrine, whether of the Fathers or of the Reformers, has allowed a penetrating interpretation of Scripture, which otherwise could lack its full existential and spiritual impact. Wright's over‐arching biblical story tends to become drab and to generate biblicism rather than a repristinated biblical theology. His recommendation that we solve problems of modern life by recalling our roots in the biblical story may be a simplistic nostrum. Wright's theology is thoroughly incarnational. Salvation is the emergence of God's Kingdom on this earth. He claims to be a creational monotheist, not a Platonic dualist. He stresses the collective dimensions of salvation, sometimes sounding like a liberation theologian. While his sense for sacred times and sacred places is an incarnational emphasis, his focus on the sacral theme of the Temple in John and throughout the New Testament might be an idealizing construction that takes away from his effort to understand Jesus in his historical world. His hermeneutics could be more flexible and effective if he opened up more to the pluralistic open‐endedness of the biblical texts (not just the eschatological openness at the end of the story), or if he were more ready to delight in the literary qualities of Scripture for their own sake. While he skillfully skewers some trendy movements in Jesus research and Pauline studies, his skepticism about Q and ascription of the hymns in Philippians, Colossians, and Ephesians to the pen of the Apostle exemplify a literary conservatism that may generate a monochrome reading. In Christology, his repeated declaration that Jesus ‘embodied Israel's God’ hovers between a ‘high’ and a ‘low’ interpretation, indicating that his ‘early High Christology’ is not a stable and monolithic formation. Wright, an outstanding pastor and apologist, finally may lay claim to the watchword of ‘missional hermeneutics’ such as Paul practiced.
Trade and credit reallocation: How banks help shape comparative advantage
Authors: Keuschnigg Christian , Kogler Michael
Published: June 2021

Innovative production is driven by creative destruction. High turnover requires frequent reallocation of capital. Banks play a major role in capital reallocation by withdrawing funds from nonviable firms and redirecting credit to scale up the most productive firms. Structural parameters of the banking system thus affect a country’s comparative advantage in innovative sectors. Using a Heckscher–Ohlin model with banks, this paper shows how insolvency laws, investor protection, and bank capital regulation shape reallocation, specialization, and trade patterns.
Experiential avoidance in non‐suicidal self‐injury and suicide experiences: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Angelakis Ioannis , Gooding Patricia
Published: June 2021

Introduction

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to (i) examine the associations between experiential avoidance (EA), non‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI), and suicide experiences, and (ii) identify sample‐ and methodological‐related variables affecting the strength of these associations.

Method

Medline, Embase, PsychINFO, Web of Science, and CINAHL were searched until April 2020. Random‐effect meta‐analyses were applied. The I2 statistic and the Egger's test assessed heterogeneity and publication bias. Meta‐regression analyses were used to evaluate the impact of moderator variables on the strength of these associations.

Results

Data from 19 independent studies based on n = 9900 participants were pooled. The analyses demonstrated a weak but significant association between EA and NSSI. None of the examined moderator variables influenced the strength of this relationship. There was an indication of publication bias, suggesting that this association may have been inflated. The associations between EA, and suicide ideation and behaviors were moderate to strong.

Discussion

The current study concluded that (i) the EA model for NSSI should be revised by incorporating new evidence implicating feelings of relief in NSSI, and (ii) future studies should examine interactive factors between EA and key psychological components in the pathways to suicide experiences because these findings have direct clinical implications.
Evidence cornered: Preoperative intravenous iron to treat anaemia before major abdominal surgery (PREVENTT trial)
Authors: Aaron Louise , Day James , Shah Akshay
Published: June 2021

Clinical question

Does intravenous iron given to anaemic patients (haemoglobin [Hb] <130 g/L for men and 120 g/L for women) before major elective open abdominal surgery reduce the need for blood transfusions or death within 30 days of surgery?

Evidence from trial

There were no significant differences in the rates of blood transfusion or death at 30 days after the index operation between anaemic patients who received intravenous iron preoperatively and those who did not.
Antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial isolates from febrile children under 5 years of age in Nanoro, Burkina Faso
Authors: Bonko Massa dit Achille , Tahita Marc Christian , Kiemde Francois , Lompo Palpouguini , Yougbaré Sibidou , Some Athanase M. , Tinto Halidou , Mens Petra F. , Menting Sandra , Schallig Henk D. F. H.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Antibiotics efficacy is severely threatened due to emerging resistance worldwide, but there is a paucity of antibiotics efficacy data for the West African region in general. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial isolated from febrile children under 5 years of age in Nanoro (Burkina Faso).

Methods

Blood, stool and urine samples were collected from 1099 febrile children attending peripheral health facilities and the referral hospital in Nanoro Health district. Bacterial isolates from these samples were assessed for their susceptibility against commonly used antibiotics by Kirby–Bauer method.

Results

In total, 141 bacterial isolates were recovered from 127 febrile children of which 65 from blood, 65 from stool and 11 from urine. Salmonella isolates were most frequently isolated and found to be highly resistant to ampicillin (70%; 56/80) and trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole (65%; 52/80). Escherichia coli isolates showed a high resistance rate to trimethoprim–sulphamethoxazole (100%), ampicillin (100%), ciprofloxacin (71.4%; 10/14), amoxicillin–clavulanate (64.3%; 9/14), ceftriaxone (64.3%; 9/14) and gentamycin (50%; 7/14). Moreover, half of the E. coli isolates produced ß‐lactamase suggesting multi‐drug resistance against β‐lactam as well as non‐β‐lactam antibiotics. Multi‐drug resistance was observed in 54.6% (59/108) of the isolates, mainly Gram‐negative bacteria.

Conclusions

This study showed high resistance rates to common antibiotics used to treat bacterial infections in Nanoro. The work prompts the need to expand antibiotic resistance surveillance studies in Burkina Faso.