bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional and Technical Evaluation of the Skier by a Specific Ergometer
Authors: Grappa E , Bonvecchio A , Zucco P
Published: March 2009

Alpine skiing can be considered as a skilled sport with mixed (aerobic/anaerobic) characteristics, that requires a high muscular effort. Environmental and technical difficulties often make “field” tests difficult. Therefore, we used a skiing simulator (named Ski Master) to carry out tests capable of giving exact evaluations of the cardiometabolic and neuromuscular tasks that skiing requires.

Seven athletes were tested. They were connected to a CO2-O2 analyzer through a facial mask in order to record respiratory and metabolic parameters (ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), CO2, production (VCO2), respiratory quotient (R), METS) every 30 s; they were also subjected to continuous electrocardiographic (ECG) monitoring using telemetry.

In a second series of tests, we used a two channel portable electromyographic (EMG) analyzer to make electromyographic recordings of the skiers during skiing practice. The schedule consisted of an exercise lasting 30 and 60 s, reproducing a fast parallel skiing descent involving continuous turns.

The results obtained from the first series of tests showed a high cardiovascular effort. Further confirmation came from a specific ventilation (Ve/VO2) ratio amounting to 34 ± 1.5 L × L O2-1 with an R that was always greater than one. Furthermore, they showed that lactate metabolism takes an active part in the effort. The tests performed during EMG monitoring highlighted certain differences between skiing on snow and exercising on the ergometer. We noticed that the activation of back muscles always preceded the activation of thigh ones. Also the activation amplitude of back muscles decreased as technical skiing ability improved, which showed a higher ratio in comparison to vastus lateralis.
The Custom and Practice for Identification and Mitigation of Common Hazards at U.S. Ski Areas—An Opportunity for Standards
Authors: Penniman D
Published: March 2009

Improving the safety of the sport of skiing through standards has long been the goal of numerous organizations within and associated with the United States ski industry. Organizations such as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), the National Ski Areas Association (NSAA), the Professional Ski Instructors of America (PSIA), and the National Ski Patrol System (NSPS) have all established extensive safety standards for ski equipment, ski lifts, skier education, and/or emergency response. Many of these standards have been codified into state and municipal laws.

In addition to these areas of concern for safety has been the use of marking and signing by U.S. ski areas to warn skiers of hazardous conditions on the ski slopes. For various reasons, however, few standards have been formally adopted on the principles and methods for identifying and/or mitigating common hazards often encountered by recreational skiers. Despite this lack of written guidelines for the U.S. ski industry, a common custom and practice for identifying and mitigating many of the hazards found on ski slopes has evolved.

Most common hazards at ski areas are not unique and can be identified according to several basic principles. In this paper, principles for identifying common hazards at ski areas will be presented, and the most common methods for mitigating those hazards as observed by the author will be discussed.
How to Organize a National Ski Safety Council and How This Could Contribute to Increased Skiing Safety
Authors: Eriksson E
Published: March 2009

Many skiing nations could improve their skiing safety if they managed to organize a government supported Ski Safety Council. In Sweden, we have the longest experience in the world of how to arrange and run such a ski safety council. We first formed a “Ski Safety Interest Group.” After six years' work we contacted the Swedish government's sports minister and explained in detail what advantages a government supported Ski Safety Council could have for our country. We stressed the amount of voluntary work we had performed almost without any economic support and the reduction in the rate of ski injuries that we could document as the result of this work. We also pointed out what advantages it would have for us to be a government supported council (besides the economic ones). Especially in countries with government controlled TV networks (like the Scandinavian countries), it is of paramount importance to be a government supported organization, because one is then able to use the TV-network for free commercials about ski safety. One can also receive government support for various campaigns for increasing ski safety. It is likewise easier to interest the press in your campaigns if you contact them as an official organization supported by the government.

The Ski Safety Council should preferably have representatives from different government organizations engaged in skiing and ski equipment, such as the board for consumer affairs. It should also consist of members of the ski doctor organization, ski instructor organization as well as representatives for those insurance companies that insure skiers. We have also elected to have representatives for the importers of ski equipment like the sports article seller organizations.

We have localized our Council in the Swedish Association for Outdoor Life and we share a secretary with this organization. Such a ski safety council should arrange regular ski safety seminars on a national level, it should collaborate with other similar organizations. Norway has built up a ski safety council based on the Swedish model and we have had a very fruitful collaboration with them. The Danes are trying to create a similar council. The formation of a National Ski Safety Council can definitely help to increase ski safety on a national scale.
Fretting and Contact Fatigue Studied with the Aid of Fretting Maps
Authors: Vingsbo OB
Published: March 2009

Fretting fatigue refers to fatigue life shortening in bulk testing, induced by the simultaneous application of surface fretting, that provokes nucleation and growth of surface fatigue cracks. This paper suggests controlling fretting fatigue by controlling the conditions of the fretting contact.

Fretting is known for its complexity of parameters and variables. The present work has focused on a systematic representation of the surface effects of fretting, called fretting maps. By dynamic recording of tangential force and displacement for convex circular contact between metallic specimens, different fretting regimes are distinguished. The corresponding modes of surface damage are identified by metallographic studies of the fretting scars. For increasing displacement amplitude, three regimes can be identified. 1. The stick regime is characterized by very limited interfacial slide and surface damage. A tangential force (FT) versus displacement (δ) plot for a complete load cycle is a straight line, indicating predominantly elastic deformation and no sliding losses. 2. The mixed stick-slip regime contact surface is subdivided into a central stick area, surrounded by an annular yield and slip area. For soft materials contact fatigue cracks are observed around the stick-slip boundary. The FT(δ) curve displays a narrow hysteresis loop, indicating some plastic deformation and relaxation by sliding. 3. The gross slip regime (transition) is recognized by a sudden drop in the recorded FT(δ) curve, corresponding to a transition from static to kinetic friction (the “point of incipient gross slip”). All adhesive asperity contact bridges are broken during every half-cycle and plastic deformation takes place in the bulk of the contact zone. The scars are characterized by sliding wear grooves in the fretting direction. The FT(δ) hysteresis loop is deformed by the incipient gross slip drop in FT.

Fretting test series were performed at varying test parameters, and fretting maps were constructed by pairwise combinations of the recorded critical parameter values for transition from one regime to another. Generally, there is a gradual transition from the stick regime to the mixed regime, whereas, the mixed-to-gross-slip transition is sharp.

The mixed stick-slip regime is characterized by high cyclic surface stresses at the boundary between the stick zone and the slip annulus, promoting contact fatigue. Thus, conditions of mixed stick-slip will aggravate bulk fretting fatigue. Similarly, the sliding conditions of the gross slip regime are characteristic of fretting wear, during which surface fatigue cracks will be successively worn away and prevented from contributing to fretting fatigue. Once the relevant fretting maps for a given tribosystem are established, it is, in principle, possible to control the fretting process by choosing the active parameters so as to promote or suppress a certain type of fretting damage.
Fretting Fatigue of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Jacobs O , Schulte K , Friedrich K
Published: March 2009

Continuous carbon fiber reinforced epoxy resin laminates were exposed to a tension-tension fatigue loading (R-ratio R = 0.1). Simultaneously, cylindrical metallic pins with flat, polished front surfaces were pressed with an apparent contact pressure between 10 and 23 MPa onto two opposite sides of the specimen. This paper studies the mechanisms of damage development of carbon fiber reinforced laminates under such a fretting fatigue situation and proposes a quantitative measure for the degree of fretting damage. Fatigue life of the composite could drastically be reduced by an additional fretting component, if load bearing 0° layers were damaged by fretting. Fretting fatigue damage was found to penetrate proportionally with time into the bulk material; any action of notch effects was not found. However, cracking and delamination of fiber layers pre-damaged by fretting can cause synergistic interaction between fretting and fatigue loading. The influence of the loading conditions is investigated.
The Biological Production Facility—Design for Protection of the Worker and the Community
Authors: Damm PG
Published: March 2009

Facilities for the manufacture of biologicals require careful assessment of the building construction and location, the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning, the movement of personnel and materials, personnel vaccination, security, major equipment selection and validation, protective equipment, decontamination procedures, environmental monitoring and control, and overall process validation.

This paper expands on these major design considerations and discusses the safety organization necessary to ensure the safety of the biological worker and those in the surrounding neighborhood, as well as the safety of the product being manufactured.
Minimal Guidelines for Biotechnology Safety—Activities of the United Nations Specialized Agencies
Authors: Oviatt VR
Published: March 2009

The specialized agencies of the United Nations with responsibilities for public health, environmental protection, workers' health, industrial development, and the production of food, biologicals, and vaccines are currently developing “UN” minimal guidelines for biotechnology safety. The work is being conducted by the informal UNIDO/WHO/UNEP Working Group on Biotechnology Safety. Representatives of the United Nations (UN) Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the UN Environment Program (UNEP) are full members of the working group. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Labor Organization (ILO), and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) participate as observers.

The reasons for undertaking development of these guidelines include (1) requirements of individual programs, (2) the need for an international norm, and (3) use by developing and other countries where such guidelines do not exist. Several studies were undertaken prior to work on the guidelines. These included a review of (1) current views of the risks associated with laboratory research, large-scale operations, and environmental application; (2) existing national legislation; (3) awareness of biosafety in the developing countries; and (4) various approaches to biotechnology safety application.

The guidelines are in three parts: (1) safety guidelines for laboratory safety practice, including biological containment; (2) safety guidelines for large-scale (scaleup) practice; and (3) safety and risk assessment guidelines for release of genetically engineered organisms to the environment. After completion, the draft guidelines are scheduled to be “tested” in several interested developing countries. Following the testing procedure, the guidelines will be redrafted as necessary and then reviewed by a panel of experts.
Biotechnology Facility Approval at the Local Level: The Cambridge, Massachusetts, Experience
Authors: Chalfen MH
Published: March 2009

In 1976 the citizens of Cambridge, Massachusetts, were concerned that the construction and operation of a laboratory intended for research with recombinant DNA (rDNA) material would pose a threat to public health and safety. The mayor of Cambridge initiated public hearings on the issue, which led to the formation of a Cambridge Experimentation Review Board, made up primarily of lay citizens. After lengthy hearings the group recommended a city ordinance that made the National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidelines on recombinant DNA technology the law in Cambridge. A Cambridge Biohazards Committee (CBC) was created to monitor compliance by the universities with the NIH guidelines. Later a permit structure was introduced. Companies requesting permits follow an application process which includes presentations to the CBC, site visits of the laboratories by the CBC, and periodic reinspection. Siting in the city is in accordance with zoning regulations for light industry. Cooperation has been good. Twenty-four permits have now been issued for research and pilot facilities. There are no rDNA manufacturing facilities in the city of Cambridge because of its population density and the expense of land and buildings.
The Role of Liquid-Applied Waterproofing Specialty Subcontractors in the Construction of Plaza Deck Systems
Authors: Thorpe LC
Published: March 2009

The chosen role in the construction process of a waterproofing specialty subcontractor requires the knowledge, understanding, and cooperation of the entire construction team for the successful installation of a deck system.

The waterproofing subcontractor must utilize unskilled or undereducated personnel who, with an intense individualized training program, can become expert journeyman highly skilled in one small segment of the construction process.

His people must interface with the tradesmen of other specialty subcontractors: cement finishers, plumbers, electricians, laborers, brickmasons, iron workers, etc., with the desired goal of a successful plaza deck.

He must function under the constraints of innumerable local, state, and federal governmental regulations: OSHA, EEO, FTC, NLRB, ad infinitum.

In the face of these terms and conditions he still must be the low bidder! He must use his acquired expertise to operate successfully, pay his people, pay his suppliers, pay his taxes, and pay himself by having a profit-making organization.

It is the intent of this paper to show how a specialty subcontractor operates in the intense, highly competitive world of contract construction by selecting a very narrow band of the construction profession.
Waterproofing—Problems in Terminology
Authors: Pratt CO
Published: March 2009

The word “waterproofing” means different things to different people. The existing definitions for the word are reviewed, and more specifically worded definitions are proposed. The use of the generic term “protective system” is suggested. Descriptions of the various degrees of protection against water and contaminate attack afforded for concrete and masonry structures by various generically defined systems are presented along with why the differences between such systems are important.
Long-Term Weathering of Organic and Inorganic Coatings on Steel and on Aluminum
Authors: Lundberg CV
Published: March 2009

This study reports on the protection offered to steel and aluminum by selected formulations of fluidized-bed-applied vinyl, epoxy, polyester, ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer, and nylon powder coatings; solvent-borne vinyl, epoxy and chlorinated rubber coatings; ceramic coatings; hot-dipped and flame-sprayed zinc and aluminum coatings; and flame-sprayed 67-33 zinc-aluminum coatings. Most of the coatings fully protected the metals when exposed for ten years to a polluting industrial atmosphere. Some of the solvent-borne organic and flame-sprayed metallic coatings protected the metals during eleven years on a North Carolina ocean beach. Some of the flame-sprayed metallic coatings protected the metals during twelve years of Florida saltwater and mud exposure. The aluminum substrate panels retained their structural integrity whether exposed with or without coatings.
Automated Damage Testing Facility for Excimer Laser Optics
Authors: Mann K , Gerhardt H
Published: March 2009

A set-up for automated measurement of damage thresholds on UV optical components is presented, being part of the EUREKA program “High Power Excimer Lasers”. It includes on-line monitoring of probe beam parameters as well as sample condition, using digital image processing techniques for both laser beam profiling and high sensitivity damage detection. The latter is performed with a video microscopy system by pixel-to-pixel comparison of the video frames taken before and after the test laser pulse.

Along with a description of the experimental details for routine automated data acquisition, results of damage threshold measurements on bare UV substrates at 248 nm are presented, showing a clear correlation with the amount of absorbed radiation at this wavelength. On dielectric coatings strong evidence for impurity dominated defect generation is found.
Ultra-Precision Grinding of LHG-8 Laser Glass and Laser Damage Thresholds
Authors: Namba Y , Yoshida K , Yoshida H , Nakai S
Published: March 2009

It has been very important to reduce the machining cost of optical materials in the laser fusion program. LHG-8 laser glass was ground with the ultra-precision surface grinder having a glass-ceramic spindle of zero-thermal expansion in order to remove or shorten the optical polishing process in manufacturing high power laser optics. The laser damage thresholds were measured at 1 ns and 30 ns in pulse width and 1.053 μm in wavelength on ground surfaces as well as optically-polished surfaces. 0.5 nm rms in surface roughness was measured on the ground surface with WYKO's TOPO-3D. The laser damage thresholds on the ground surface were very similar to that on the optically-polished one.
Surface Analytical Methods for the Assessment of Damage in Optical Thin Films
Authors: Hoenigman JR
Published: March 2009

With the recent advances in surface analytical instrumentation, a methodology now exists which enables optical thin films to be studied in considerable detail. Scanning Auger spectroscopy with argon ion etching capabilities in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy, backscatter electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and light element energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy have been successfully used at the University of Dayton to study coating defects and radiation induced damage in a variety of specimens. A brief description of the capabilities and limitations of some of these techniques will be given. Ball cratering, a relatively obscure technique by which underlying layers in an optical stack can be exposed, has proven to be a powerful tool which has extended the range of the above mentioned analytical techniques. Some examples of adhesion failures, crack phenomena, substrate and film failures, and Auger depth profiling will be presented.
Population Distribution of Conditioned Damage Thresholds on AR Coated BK-7 Glass with Varying Laser Spot Size
Authors: Mordaunt DW , Arenberg JW
Published: March 2009

In this paper we report on an empirical study of the population distributions of conditioned laser damage thresholds on antireflection (AR) coated BK-7 glass while varying the laser spot size. Two different 1.06 μm AR coating designs were tested. All damage tests were conducted at the design wavelength of 1.06 μm. To obtain the population distribution, 20 determinations of the conditioned damage threshold were performed. This procedure was repeated for each spot size on each of the samples. For control purposes, the unconditioned damage threshold was also measured for each spot size and coating design. The data was analyzed statistically by describing the population distribution and testing for differences as a function of spot size and coating design.
Photoconductivity of ZnS and ZnSe
Authors: Mason BE , Marrs CD
Published: March 2009

ZnS and ZnSe are important materials for laser windows and optical thinfilm coatings. Understanding the laser-induced damage mechanism in optical materials provides the ability to make improved damage-resistant materials. Photoconductivity (PC) techniques have demonstrated the capability to provide information on carrier production that can lead to electron avalanche by single or multiple photon absorption processes produced by a high-intensity laser beam. A study of the linear PC using a monochromated Xe lamp and the nonlinear PC using various lasers as excitation sources will be presented for chemically vapor-deposited ZnS and ZnSe.
Application of Ultrasonic Capillary Effect in Elements of Power Optics Cooled by Means of a Heat Pipe
Authors: Apollonov VV , Chetkin SA , Kharchenko VN , Motorin VN , Prokhorov AM
Published: March 2009

Development and creation of powerful technological lasers requires complex solution of problems of optics, quantum electronics and thermal physics. The achieving of stable in time energetic parameters of technological lasers with cooled elements of power (EPO) and adaptive (EAO) optics can be achieved only by a correct choice of their cooling modes, eliminating or compensating negative effects of heating EPO by laser radiation because of principal difference of reflectance of the mirror surface from I. The convective regime of EPO or EAO cooling is mainly used in laser technique and carried out by pumping the coolant through a penetrable disperse compact heat exchanger, on the work surface of which a thermally thin layer, separating radiation and the coolant liquid in heat changer, is made /1,2/. The intensity of heat transter and therefore, the degree of thermostatting of the reflecting surface of EPO are determined by a large number of design and technological factors not always reproducible in the EPO manufacturing. Nevertheless, for EPO, made on the basis of powder porous structures, the level of removing heat fluxes reach 2 . 103 wt/cm2 under the thermal deformation of the mirror surface less than 1 μm, the effective heat transfer factor for a heating mirror surface equal to ̃ 105 wt/m2 . °C in this case /2/.
The Application of Thermal Analysis Techniques to the Characterization of EPDM Roofing Membrane Materials
Authors: Gaddy GD , Rossiter WJ , Eby RK
Published: March 2009

This study was conducted to provide data on the feasibility of using thermal analysis (TA) methods for the characterization of roofing membrane materials. TA methods have not been widely applied to such materials. The methods used were thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Three black (carbon black filled), two white (titanium dioxide pigmented), and one white on black laminate ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) membrane materials were analyzed before and after exposure to the heat, ozone and UV conditions given in ASTM D 4637, as well as to outdoor exposure. Load-elongation tests were conducted to compare the results with those of the TA methods. The results indicated that: (1) TA techniques can be used to characterize EPDM membrane materials; (2) both the black and white membrane materials showed only slight property changes under exposure, as determined using the TA methods; and (3) in contrast to the TA results, the load-elongation values displayed relatively large changes. The TA tests determined bulk properties of the rubber sheets, whereas the elongation measurements were, to a great extent, influenced by surface characteristics. Based on the study results, it is recommended that work continue to provide additional data necessary for use of TA methods in standards.
Strain Energy and Elongation Behavior of Field Samples Taken from Polyester Reinforced Built-Up Roofs
Authors: Dupuis RM
Published: March 2009

A laboratory study was undertaken to determine the load-strain properties and watertight/strain levels of aged polyester reinforced built-up roof membranes. Tests were run at 0°F on field samples of roof membranes ranging in age from three to five years. One sample of a glass and polyester reinforced membrane was also evaluated. Strain energy values were determined for all specimens tested. A three point watertight integrity test was devised, using a prestressing level of first yield, average ultimate strain, and end point strain.
Changes in Seal Shapes of Structurally Glazed Insulating Glass Units
Authors: Bailey JR , Minor JE , Tock RW
Published: March 2009

A structural glazing system bonds glass, stone, or other materials to the structural frame of a building using structural silicones. The most complex structural glazing system uses insulating glass (IG) units with a structural silicone holding all four sides of an IG Unit to a building frame. This complex structural glazing system is known as a four-sided structurally glazed IG unit. Researchers at Texas Tech University conducted tests on samples representing four-sided structurally glazed IG units. Each sample underwent applied simulated wind pressures while instruments measured changes in structural seal and IG seal shapes. This paper describes changes in the shapes of the structural seals and the IG seals of these test samples.
Architectural Design Challenges for Sealant Technology and Design Standards
Authors: Yanoviak AC
Published: March 2009

A historical overview with specific examples of challenges presented by architects and architectural designers for building owners, contractors, suppliers, manufacturers, and formulators of design standards for seals and sealants and glazing systems. A historical trace of technological responses and product solutions to field challenges and problems. Specific examples of developments in applications technology as it relates to various materials used to seal the building exterior. Reflective hindsights, insights, and foresights on the needs for quality performance and design standards in the construction industry. Brief references to the applicable building codes and standards and their development in the area of building seals and sealants.

An illustrated slide lecture presentation of completed successful works of architecture, and product useage misapplication problems. Creative and innovative design challenges presented by architects making an “expressive statement”. Inventive technological responses to these challenges by manufacturers of seals and building sealants and glazing systems. Examples of innovative products produced by research and design teams within industry which have advanced architectural design technology. Certain examples of water leakage problems on highrise construction in Hawaii regarding glazing systems for window walls and curtain walls.
Corrosion Evaluation Information Dissemination Via Computers
Authors: Sturrock CP , Anderson DB , Krisher AS , Lee TS
Published: March 2009

Recent advances in information processing technology have made it possible to evaluate and counter corrosion problems using computer programs as sources of reference or advisory information. Since 1982 the Corrosion Data Program of the National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have produced jointly a number of corrosion databases containing useful reference information. More recently, initiatives undertaken by the Materials Technology Institute of the Chemical Process Industries, Inc. (MTI), in conjunction with the NACE-NIST Corrosion Data Program, have yielded a diverse set of materials advisory programs. The first of a series of modules providing advice on materials selection for handling hazardous chemicals has been in use by the MTI representative companies since May 1989. Distributed by NACE as CHEM∙COR 1, this program suggests materials for equipment in concentrated sulfuric acid environments. A separate project involving MTI-NACE-NIST is underway to deliver an advisory program developed by corrosion experts that assesses the likely corrosion behavior of stainless alloys in a wide range of aqueous environments. Finally, MTI and NACE-NIST are separately involved in developing a number of other computer programs that disseminate corrosion information. All of these programs are discussed herein, with particular emphasis on CHEM∙COR 1.
Corrosion Testing of Metals Under Natural Atmospheric Conditions
Authors: Dean SW
Published: March 2009

Atmospheric corrosion has been a significant cause of metal degradation ever since metals have been used. The testing of metals for their performance in the atmosphere has been carried out for about 80 years. The early tests focused on the performance of materials in various atmospheric conditions so that accurate estimates of useful lives could be obtained. This work showed that sulfur dioxide from fuel combustion and chlorides from marine sources were the main accelerants of atmospheric corrosion. More recently, the focus of testing has changed to determine how variations in atmospheric constituents affect corrosion of metals. Standardization has become more important in carrying out tests and evaluation of results as well as evaluating the corrosivity of the atmosphere. The concept of standard classification of the atmospheres is discussed along with some outstanding issues in atmospheric corrosion testing.
Evaluation of an Atmospheric Damage Function for Galvanized Steel
Authors: Haynie FH , Spence JW , Lipfert FW , Cramer SD , McDonald LG
Published: March 2009

A model for corrosion of zinc based on competing mechanisms of the formation and dissolution of a protective film of basic zinc carbonate was evaluated. The model consists of a diffusivity term (ions through the film) which controls the buildup of a protective film and a solubilization term which controls the rate of dissolution of the film. The model was evaluated by using comprehensive data collected from field experiments designed to separate the effects of wet and dry acid deposition from normal weathering effects such as clean rain, temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. These data were used primarily to evaluate the theoretically calculated components of the dissolution rate term because after about three years it becomes the rate upon which long-term corrosion behavior may be predicted. The model was also evaluated with respect to historical long-term data for different shapes and sizes of galvanized products.

The field data used in this evaluation were found to be consistent with values predicted by the model. Thus, the model can be used with reasonable confidence to predict long-term corrosion behavior of different structures in real environments if those environments are properly described.
Review of Laboratory Corrosion Tests and Standards
Authors: Haynes G
Published: March 2009

ASTM Subcommittee G01.05 on Laboratory Corrosion Tests currently has nine task groups working on the development of new standards and revisions of its existing 13 standards. Revisions to existing test methods and practices often have been overlooked, resulting in confusion regarding compliance with the standards. This paper highlights the changes that have been made in existing standards over the last ten years. Problems and misconceptions associated with existing standards such as the salt spray test are discussed.

Particular attention is paid to corrosion testing of electronic materials and modified salt spray testing. The former is the topic of a draft proposal in ISO, while standardization of the latter has been fragmented. The need for a coherent approach to standardization of salt spray tests is discussed. Round-robin data showing the interlaboratory reproducibility of the salt spray test are presented.
Practice for Conducting Corrosion Coupon Tests on Zirconium and Its Alloys
Authors: Yau T-L , Andrews JA , Henson HR , Holmes DR
Published: March 2009

Zirconium and its alloys resist attack by most strong acids and alkalies. These alloys are often considered for highly corrosive applications. Conducting corrosion coupon tests for candidate materials under simulated or actual service conditions is popular in the process of materials selection. However, certain procedures in existing ASTM and NACE standards, i.e., ASTM Standards G 4 and ASTM G 31 and NACE Standard TM-01-69, are not applicable to zirconium and its alloys. A tailored practice for conducting corrosion coupon tests on zirconium and its alloys in chemical environments has been prepared. Emphasis is placed on coupon quality and preparation, galvanic corrosion, test duration, contamination resulting from the corrosion of other metals, and handling of corroded coupons. This practice should be used with applicable ASTM and NACE standards.
Electrochemical Methods for Laboratory Corrosion Testing
Authors: Scully JR
Published: March 2009

Electrochemical methods are extremely useful for the study of aqueous corrosion phenomena, particularly when utilized in conjunction with other techniques. Basic electrochemical principles are reviewed and examples given of application of a variety of electrochemical techniques to corrosion. Standards of ASTM Subcommittee Gl.ll on Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing describe some useful experimental guidelines for the application of many of the techniques discussed.
Complementation and Epistasis in Viral Coinfection Dynamics
Authors: Gao Hong , Feldman Marcus W
Published: March 2009

Coinfection in RNA virus populations results in two important phenomena, complementation and recombination. Of the two, complementation has a strong effect on selection against deleterious mutations, as has been confirmed in earlier studies. As complementation delays the purging of less-fit mutations, coinfection may be detrimental to the evolution of a virus population. Here we employ both deterministic modeling and stochastic simulation to explore the mechanisms underlying the interactions between complementation and other evolutionary factors, namely, mutation, selection, and epistasis. We find that strong complementation reduces slightly the overall fitness of a virus population but substantially enhances its diversity and robustness, especially when interacting with selection and epistasis.
Genetic Identification of Factors That Modulate Ribosomal DNA Transcription in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Hontz Robert D , Niederer Rachel O , Johnson Joseph M , Smith Jeffrey S
Published: March 2009

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed from the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes by RNA polymerase I (Pol I). Despite being responsible for the majority of transcription in growing cells, Pol I regulation is poorly understood compared to Pol II. To gain new insights into rDNA transcriptional regulation, we developed a genetic assay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that detects alterations in transcription from the centromere-proximal rDNA gene of the tandem array. Changes in Pol I transcription at this gene alter the expression of an adjacent, modified URA3 reporter cassette (mURA3) such that reductions in Pol I transcription induce growth on synthetic media lacking uracil. Increases in Pol I transcription induce growth on media containing 5-FOA. A transposon mutagenesis screen was performed with the reporter strain to identify genes that play a role in modulating rDNA transcription. Mutations in 68 different genes were identified, several of which were already known to function in chromatin modification and the regulation of Pol II transcription. Among the other classes of genes were those encoding proteasome subunits and multiple kinases and phosphatases that function in nutrient and stress signaling pathways. Fourteen genes were previously uncharacterized and have been named as regulators of rDNA transcription (RRT).
Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping With Multivariate Sparse Partial Least Squares Regression
Authors: Chun Hyonho , Keleş Sündüz
Published: March 2009

Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) mapping concerns finding genomic variation to elucidate variation of expression traits. This problem poses significant challenges due to high dimensionality of both the gene expression and the genomic marker data. We propose a multivariate response regression approach with simultaneous variable selection and dimension reduction for the eQTL mapping problem. Transcripts with similar expression are clustered into groups, and their expression profiles are viewed as a multivariate response. Then, we employ our recently developed sparse partial least-squares regression methodology to select markers associated with each cluster of genes. We demonstrate with extensive simulations that our eQTL mapping with multivariate response sparse partial least-squares regression (M-SPLS eQTL) method overcomes the issue of multiple transcript- or marker-specific analyses, thereby avoiding potential elevation of type I error. Additionally, joint analysis of multiple transcripts by multivariate response regression increases power for detecting weak linkages. We illustrate that M-SPLS eQTL compares competitively with other approaches and has a number of significant advantages, including the ability to handle highly correlated genotype data and computational efficiency. We provide an application of this methodology to a mouse data set concerning obesity and diabetes.
DinB Upregulation Is the Sole Role of the SOS Response in Stress-Induced Mutagenesis inEscherichia coli
Authors: Galhardo Rodrigo S , Do Robert , Yamada Masami , Friedberg Errol C , Hastings P J , Nohmi Takehiko , Rosenberg Susan M
Published: March 2009

Stress-induced mutagenesis is a collection of mechanisms observed in bacterial, yeast, and human cells in which adverse conditions provoke mutagenesis, often under the control of stress responses. Control of mutagenesis by stress responses may accelerate evolution specifically when cells are maladapted to their environments, i.e., are stressed. It is therefore important to understand how stress responses increase mutagenesis. In the Escherichia coli Lac assay, stress-induced point mutagenesis requires induction of at least two stress responses: the RpoS-controlled general/starvation stress response and the SOS DNA-damage response, both of which upregulate DinB error-prone DNA polymerase, among other genes required for Lac mutagenesis. We show that upregulation of DinB is the only aspect of the SOS response needed for stress-induced mutagenesis. We constructed two dinB(oc) (operator-constitutive) mutants. Both produce SOS-induced levels of DinB constitutively. We find that both dinB(oc) alleles fully suppress the phenotype of constitutively SOS-“off” lexA(Ind−) mutant cells, restoring normal levels of stress-induced mutagenesis. Thus, dinB is the only SOS gene required at induced levels for stress-induced point mutagenesis. Furthermore, although spontaneous SOS induction has been observed to occur in only a small fraction of cells, upregulation of dinB by the dinB(oc) alleles in all cells does not promote a further increase in mutagenesis, implying that SOS induction of DinB, although necessary, is insufficient to differentiate cells into a hypermutable condition.
Understanding the Relationship Between Age and Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Haymart Megan R.
Published: March 2009

Learning Objectives

Evaluate age as a unique prognostic indicator for well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Explain the relationship between advanced age and poor prognosis. Tailor treatment based on patient age and other risk factors.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Role of Forward Model in Surface-Wave Studies to Delineate a Buried High-Velocity Layer
Authors: Jin Xiaohui , Luke Barbara , Calderón-Macéas Carlos
Published: March 2009

Procedures are tested and compared for processing Rayleigh surface wave data to obtain one-dimensional shear wave velocity profiles for a hypothetical site that contains a buried high-velocity layer (HVL). The main purpose of such an investigation would be to discriminate and characterize the HVL. When target dispersion curves are derived from synthetic time histories, for the most part, the HVL is better identified when profiles are inverted using only the fundamental mode of Rayleigh wave propagation, rather than a more compatible but more complex forward model. The outcomes imply that in practice, a simple forward model might be more successful in recovering a complex profile than a more sophisticated model because for the latter, adequate interpretation of the field data requires more accuracy than might be achievable with conventional approaches.
The Mariemont Earthwork: A Fort Ancient Serpentine Hydraulic Structure
Authors: Tankersley Kenneth B.
Published: March 2009

Mariemont is a hilltop Fort Ancient serpentine-shaped earthwork located in Hamilton County, Ohio. High-resolution magnetic susceptibility analysis, ground-truthed with radiocarbon dating, demonstrates that it was built during the Little Ice Age, a cold and dry climatic downturn. Detailed geological and geographic analyses show that the earthwork was a gravity-fed hydraulic structure, which channeled precipitation and surface runoff to the protohistoric Madisonville site where cultigens were grown in a highly fertile, but drought prone loess soil. The serpentine shape of the earthwork may also be related to water symbolism found in the creation stories of Algonquian and Iroquoian speaking peoples.
The Little River Sites, Poinsett and Mississippi Counties, Arkansas
Authors: Childs H. Terry , McNutt Charles H.
Published: March 2009

Late prehistoric and early protohistoric Mississippian components have long been recognized along the Left-hand Chute of Little River, in northeastern Arkansas. They have a distinctive ceramic complex, but it has never been described in the professional literature. In this article a summary of current knowledge is provided.
Reconsidering Culture-Historic Taxa in the Late Archaic
Authors: Miroff Laurie E. , Wilson Jeremy J. , Versaggi Nina M.
Published: March 2009

Rigid adherence to culture histories has masked important regional variability and limited questions regarding cultural diversity and social dynamics during the Late Archaic in the Northeast. Considering multiple regional and subregional histories allows for innovative interpretations of hunter-gatherers. Analysis of variability at the Castle Gardens site serves as one case study challenging the traditional culture-historic framework that describes the relationship between the Vestal and Lamoka phases in the Allegheny Plateau region of the Northern Appalachians. The presence of contemporaneous Vestal and Lamoka points suggests the possibility of stylistic differences related to function, intra- and inter-group identity formation, interaction, representation, and reproduction.
Comment on John Quigley: Wrong Incentives in the Mortgage Industry and a Solution
Authors: Montalvo José G
Published: March 2009

José Montalvo of Universitat Pompeu Fabra argues that investors, not issuers, should pay for ratings.
Comment on Robert Barro: The Little Learned of Multipliers from 1943-44
Authors: Maisel Sherman J
Published: March 2009

The multiplier in 1943-44 may have been low by design, according to Sherman Maisel, Professor Emeritus at UC Berkeley and former Member of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve.
Possibility of saliva use in detecting anti herpes simplex virus IgM antibodies
Authors: Pavlica Dusan
Published: March 2009

In this study we investigated the possibility of saliva use instead of sera for detecting anti HSV IgM antibodies. Three groups of patients were included in this study. The first two consisted of immunocompetent persons with clinically and virologicaly approved primary and reccurent herpetic infection. The third group was comprised of AIDS patients with recurrent infection. Anti HSV-1 IgM antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence assay. In saliva and sera samples obtained from persons with primary and recurrent HSV infection, findings of specific IgM antibodies correlated with the dynamic of their synthesis in infection generally. But in the third group, which consisted of AIDS patients, in a few cases there were positive anti HSV IgM concentration, both in sera and saliva samples.
Protective effect of L-carnitine against cisplatin-induced liver and kidney oxidant injury in rats
Authors: Cayir Kerim , Karadeniz Ali , Yildirim Abdulkadir , Kalkan Yildiray , Karakoc Akar , Keles Mustafa , Tekin Salim
Published: March 2009

The present study was designed to investigate the protective effects of L-carnitine (LC) on changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation and endogenous antioxidants induced by cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II, CDDP) in the liver and kidney tissues of rats. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into four groups of six rats each: control, cisplatin, L-carnitine, and L-carnitine plus cisplatin. The degree of protection produced by L-carnitine was evaluated by determining the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). The activity of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated from liver and kidney homogenates, and the liver and kidney were histologically examined as well. L-carnitine elicited significant liver and kidney protective activity by decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA) and elevating the activity of GSH, GSHPx, GST, and SOD. Furthermore, these biochemical observations were supported by histological findings. In conclusion, the present study indicates a significant role for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their relation to liver and kidney dysfunction, and points to the therapeutic potential of LC in CDDP-induced liver and kidney toxicity.
A case of Nicolau syndrome treated with hyperbaric oxygen
Authors: Yildiz Cemil , Özkan Hüseyin , Ay Hakan , Yurttaş Yuksel , Bilgic Sekan , Şimşek Kemal , Başbozkurt Mustafa
Published: March 2009

A 3-year-old boy with a Nicolau Syndrome (NS) on the left side of the body and the limbs after benzathine penicilline injection is reported. To the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first report of hyperbaric oxygen used in the late treatment of NS preventing the progress of the necrosis and therefore limiting the amputation level.