bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processing and mechanical properties of novel Al-W composites with ordered mesostructure
Authors: Chiu Po-Hsun , Nesterenko Vitali F
Published: February 2016

Novel high-density aluminum (Al)-tungsten (W) fiber composites in the tubular shape with highly ordered tungsten fibers in axial and hoop directions were processed in the solid state using the combination of cold isostatic pressing and hot isostatic pressing. Half of the specimens were additionally heat treated after hot isostatic pressing to regain the properties of aluminum 6061-T6. The strength of both types of samples was investigated under quasistatic compression. Samples after additional heat treatment had the higher microhardness of matrix and compressive strength. No significant reaction between tungsten fibers and aluminum matrix was detected. The micromechanism of samples failure under compression was revealed by removing the aluminum matrix after tests with acid-etching demonstrating that tungsten fibers oriented in the axial direction were deformed by microbuckling and kinking. The sample bulging due to plastic flow of aluminum matrix resulted in the cooperative fracture of tungsten fibers in the hoop direction.
Assessing Vocational Rehabilitation Engagement of People With Disabilities
Authors: Dutta Alo , Chan Fong , Kundu Madan M. , Kaya Cahit , Brooks Jessica , Sánchez Jennifer , Tansey Timothy N.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study was to validate the Vocational Rehabilitation Engagement Scale (VRES) in a sample of state vocational rehabilitation (VR) service consumers. A total of 277 individuals with disabilities were recruited from Alaska, Kentucky, Florida, Michigan, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and Wisconsin. The measurement structure of the VRES was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Exploratory factor analysis results support a one-factor measurement structure of the VRES. Confirmatory factor analysis results also indicated a good model fit for the one-factor measurement model. Internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s α) for the scores on the VRES was computed to be .94. VR engagement was found to be associated with working alliance, vocational self-efficacy, internal motivation, and VR outcome expectancy in the expected direction. The VRES is a brief, reliable, and valid instrument for assessing VR engagement and contributes to the use of self-determination as a paradigm for improving motivation and engagement of people with disabilities receiving services from state VR agencies.
Emerging Critical Meta-Awareness Among Black and Latina/o Youth During Corrective Feedback Practices in Urban English Language Arts Classrooms
Authors: Martinez Danny C.
Published: February 2016

This article addresses teachers’ uptake of Black and Latina/o youth linguistic repertoires within the official space of an English Language Arts (ELA) classroom and how youth respond to corrective feedback that is focused on the form of their messages, rather than their function. Corrective feedback offered by one Latina teacher indexed larger standard language ideologies that circulate within urban Black and Latina/o schools. I argue that youth’s responses to corrective feedback point to their emerging critical meta-awareness, given their alignment against narrow conceptions of what counts as language for schooling and learning.
Urbanisation, natural amenities and subjective well-being: Evidence from US counties
Authors: Winters John V , Li Yu
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the relationships between county-level urbanisation, natural amenities and subjective well-being (SWB) in the US. SWB is measured using individual-level data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) which asks respondents to rate their overall life satisfaction. Using individual-level SWB data allows us to control for several important individual characteristics. The results suggest that urbanisation lowers SWB, with relatively large negative coefficients for residents in dense counties and large metropolitan areas. Natural amenities also affect SWB, with warmer winters having a significant positive relationship with self-reported life-satisfaction. Implications for researchers and policymakers are discussed.
Bonding With the Nuclear Industry
Authors: Hirst Russel
Published: February 2016

This article describes how a special kind of academe–industry collaboration—based on a joint appointment agreement between a university and an industry site—was set up, promoted, and experienced by a professor of technical communication and his student interns. To illustrate the nature and value of this kind of collaboration, the article discusses several of the professor’s research projects, and the teaching scenario connected with this collaboration, as well as the experience of the student interns. The keys to success for such an exchange are to (a) create a clearly structured agreement that is easy for both parties to implement within their respective institutions, (b) promote the agreement to administrators and employees at both institutions, and (c) launch into the exchange with enthusiasm for learning, networking, and finding research projects.
Selecting Cases for Intensive Analysis
Authors: Gerring John , Cojocaru Lee
Published: February 2016

This study revisits the task of case selection in case study research, proposing a new typology of strategies that is explicit, disaggregated, and relatively comprehensive. A secondary goal is to explore the prospects for case selection by algorithm, aka ex ante, automatic, quantitative, systematic, or model-based case selection. We lay out a suggested protocol and then discuss its viability. Our conclusion is that it is a valuable tool in certain circumstances, but should probably not determine the final choice of cases unless the chosen sample is medium-sized. Our third goal is to discuss the viability of medium-n samples for case study research, an approach closely linked to algorithmic case selection and occasionally practiced by case study researchers. We argue that medium- n samples occupy an unstable methodological position, lacking the advantages of efficiency promised by traditional, small- n case studies but also lacking the advantages of representativeness promised by large- n samples.
Non-linear optimal fuzzy control synthesis for robust output tracking of uncertain micro-electro-mechanical systems
Authors: Modirrousta Alireza , Shokrian Zeini Mostafa , Binazadeh Tahereh
Published: February 2016

This paper considers the output tracking problem for micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) under uncertainties and external disturbances. The robust non-linear controllers are designed by two methods. The first method consists of a backstepping strategy combined with a first-order sliding mode controller. Also, in order to reduce the chattering effect and to improve the robustness of the proposed scheme, a new variable universe fuzzy control action with an adaptive coefficient is used instead of the signum function in the switching control law. In the proposed fuzzy scheme, the centres of the output membership functions are optimized via three heuristic optimization algorithms including the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm, ant colony optimization (ACO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). In the second method, a class of second-order sliding mode controller is combined with the backstepping strategy. The second controller includes the proposed optimal fuzzy controllers of the first method. The stability of the closed-loop systems in both approaches are proved via the Lyapunov stability criterion and the conditions of stabilization are provided by linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Numerical simulations are carried out to verify the theoretical results and to demonstrate the robust performance of the proposed controller in output tracking of the time-varying reference signal.
A conceptual framework for the oil market dynamics: A systems approach
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Hossein , Shakouri G Hamed , Peighami Adel
Published: February 2016

The recent decade witnessed both steep ascending and descending trends in global oil prices. As a main energy resource, oil has been playing a substantial role in contemporary world’s economics. Hence, analyzing and understanding short- to long-term dynamics of oil prices is still one of challenging issues in the global economic- and energy-related debate topics. Although the literature is full of significant analytical studies that focus on particular issues related to the real oil prices, less can be found that integrates various factors affecting its dynamics. An integrated model, in which focal variables are included in main building blocks are illustrated with their interrelationships, helps policy makers to better understand the system. In this article, using a systems approach, a conceptual framework is developed to demonstrate various (economic and financial, technological, political, demographic, and industrial) factors that impact on the dynamics of the futures and spot prices with their interrelations. It is shown that unilateral (and univariate) analyzes is not sufficient in oil market dynamics analysis and systems approach should be applied. To do so, a subsystems diagram is developed based on literature review and analysis of oil market statistics. To validate the framework, windowed correlation analysis, Granger causality test, and regression analysis are utilized. Accordingly, a causal loop diagram is developed to describe interrelationships between main variables making the dynamics of oil prices. The framework provides practitioners with a foundation to conduct different related analyses. A quantified system dynamics model can be built based on this framework to simulate the market behavior and predict probable future trends and fluctuations.
Mechanisms of accumulation and coexistence of coal and oil shale in typical basins
Authors: Li Zengxue , Li Xiaojing , Li Ying , Yu Jifeng , Wang Dongdong , Lv Dawei , Wang Pingli , Liu Ying , Liu Haiyan , Wu Xiaoyan
Published: February 2016

The accumulation of coal and the formation of oil shale occur in basin conditions that are unique for each of these energy resources. In particularly special conditions, they can coexist in the same basin. Many studies have been carried out on theories and models explaining coal accumulation, as well as on the metallogenic model of oil shale. This paper attempts to address the key theoretical issue of the coexistence of coal and oil shale. We study different types of basins in order to investigate the geotectonic basis of such coexistence. We conclude that the basins’ tectonic activity controls the overall characteristics of basin filling, and thus represents the external conditions for the coexistence of coal and oil shale. Episodic tectonic activity and the tectonic evolution of the basins leads to changes of the water system and material supply, resulting in various cyclic patterns of coal and oil shale formations. Past climatic conditions determine whether there were suitable materials to form coal and oil shale. We identified six main types of coexisting coal and oil shale. Our research shows that all six types can occur in the system tract of water expansion. Periodic lake flooding is conducive for the development of coal and oil shale in multiple thin layers. This paper demonstrates that there are some similarities and differences between the conditions suitable for the formation of coal and oil shale. We establish a model for the coexistence of coal and oil shale through a comprehensive analysis of basin background, basin spatial framework, stratigraphic framework, dynamic field of deposition and its evolution in the coexisting space, and the controlling mechanism of the formation, together with the coexistence process, distribution and occurrence.
Decentralising energy governance? Wales, devolution and the politics of energy infrastructure decision-making
Authors: Cowell Richard
Published: February 2016

Much can be learned about the scope for changing the trajectory of energy system development by examining the effects of governance re-scaling, and how this is negotiated by prevailing regimes of energy provision. To advance this proposition, this article uses Barry's concept of ‘technological zones’ to analyse how devolution within the British state, to Wales, has affected the politicisation and organisation of electricity infrastructure decisions. The evidence presented centres on arguments about energy governance and devolution in two government inquiries. While logics of democratic accountability to Wales were asserted, along with arguments for more territorially integrated approaches to energy infrastructure decisions, the more dominant discourse emphasised swift and stable procedures to facilitate major investment and infrastructure delivery. The research shows that while intensifying place-based conflicts and pressures for governance re-scaling potentially disrupt the reproduction of infrastructural systems they do not automatically do so, which should direct our attention to the conditions which shape their politicisation.
The effects of attachment style and security priming on the perception of others’ pain
Authors: Pan Yangu , Zhang Dajun , Liu Yanling , Ran Guangming , Teng Zhaojun
Published: February 2016

Abundant evidence has demonstrated a relationship between adult attachment and the experience of one’s own pain. However, few studies have investigated the associations between adult attachment and perception of others’ pain. The current studies examined the effects of attachment style and security priming on the perception of others’ pain. In Study 1, we explored the influence of avoidant and anxious attachment styles on the perception of pain in pictures representing pain or no pain. The results indicated that individuals high on anxiety and low on avoidance (i.e., preoccupied attachment style) reported more pain intensity and unpleasantness for painful pictures; individuals high on both anxiety and avoidance (i.e., fearful attachment style) reported less pain intensity for painful pictures. In Study 2, we examined the effects of security priming and attachment style on the perception of pain in pictures representing pain or no pain by adopting a security priming paradigm. The results suggested that security priming attenuated perceived pain intensity for painful pictures for individuals with high attachment anxiety. In Study 3, we used another well-validated security priming paradigm; results indicated that security priming reduced perceived pain intensity for pain pictures among individuals high on anxiety and low on avoidance (i.e., preoccupied attachment style) but increased perceived pain intensity for painful pictures among individuals high on both anxiety and avoidance (i.e., fearful attachment style). Directions for future research, clinical implications, and limitations of the present studies are discussed.
Passion, connection, and destiny
Authors: Vannier Sarah A. , O’Sullivan Lucia F.
Published: February 2016

Romantic beliefs (e.g., love at first sight and soul mates) are common among young people, however, these beliefs are thought to create unrealistic expectations for romantic relationships. The current study assessed the romantic beliefs, romantic expectations, and relationship outcomes (satisfaction and commitment) of 270 young adults (aged 18–28 years) who were involved in dating relationships. Romantic beliefs were associated with greater satisfaction and commitment, whereas unmet romantic expectations were associated with lower satisfaction and commitment. Of note, the endorsement of romantic beliefs was not linked to unmet expectations. Thus, romantic beliefs do not appear to foster false or unobtainable expectations for romantic relationships, and the concerns regarding the endorsement of these beliefs may be misplaced. Individual differences (age, gender, and relationship experience) did not predict romantic beliefs or expectations. The results are discussed with regard to implications for promoting relationship commitment and satisfaction.
Fully actuated model-based control with six-degree-of-freedom coupled dynamical plant models for underwater vehicles: Theory and experimental evaluation
Authors: Martin Stephen C , Whitcomb Louis L
Published: February 2016

This paper reports a comparative experimental evaluation of one non-model-based proportional derivative (PD) six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) controller and two model-based 6-DOF controllers designed to enable low-speed, neutrally buoyant, and fully actuated underwater vehicles to perform 6-DOF set-point regulation and trajectory tracking. We show analytically that the non-model-based PD controller provides locally asymptotically stable set-point regulation, and we show analytically that the model-based controllers provide locally asymptotically stable 6-DOF trajectory tracking. Numerical simulation studies are reported that corroborate the analytical stability results. We report the first comparative experimental evaluation of three different control algorithms for dynamic 6-DOF trajectory tracking of fully actuated underwater vehicles. Experimental results with the Johns Hopkins University remotely operated vehicle (JHU ROV) show that the model-based controllers’ mean absolute position and velocity tracking error is significantly smaller than the non-model-based PD controller for coupled maneuvers. The model-based controllers are shown to outperform the non-model-based controllers over a wide range of variations in the magnitude of derivative feedback gain. The velocity tracking error of the model-based controllers is shown to be on the same order of magnitude as the measurement error of the velocity sensing instrumentation.
New end markets, supermarket expansion and shifting social standards
Authors: Pickles John , Barrientos Stephanie , Knorringa Peter
Published: February 2016

In recent years, Northern supermarket chains have internationalized rapidly and Southern supermarket chains have expanded their footprint in emerging markets. As they have done so, questions have arisen about the impact of such supermarkets and the extent of consumer demand for social standards (labour standards and fair trade). While standards have been more (or less) codified in their Northern counterparts over recent decades, it remains an empirical question whether – and if so how – they will take hold in the rapidly expanding markets of the global South. The paper analyses the extent to which social standards are applied by Northern lead firms as well as regional supermarkets operating in the global South. It questions the view that Southern consumers and civil society actors are uninterested in social standards and suggests a more differentiated and complex process driving their selective application in the global South. Value chain concepts of governance help analyse how lead firms are shifting from regimes of control and coordination towards practices of normalization and convergence. We draw on the notion of multi-polar governance to explore emerging pressures for social standards extended to Southern consumer markets and differential channels for convergence emerging across the global North and South. Three case studies highlight diverse channels of convergence on social standards: (i) led by transnational retailers, (ii) led by standards initiatives and (iii) linking private with public governance. These illustrate that socially responsible consumption is only one element in more complex multi-polar governance processes that reveal trends towards both divergence and convergence in the drivers of social standards within emerging economies.
Open access and the Caribbean academic
Authors: Iton Ingrid , Iton Ardon
Published: February 2016

The potential which open access offers to Caribbean scholarly communication in general, and science and technology specifically, is an opportunity to shift the focus from one which has been publisher driven to one which is research driven. However, for this to become a reality, both the university and faculty will need to break free of the practices surrounding traditional publishing, tenure and promotion. In an attempt to assess readiness among science faculty at The University of the West Indies to make this transition, this exploratory study analyses their perceptions, knowledge and use of open access. The results revealed significant gaps in knowledge about, and minimal engagement with open access as a publication modality among this cohort.
Faculty members’ perceptions and use of open access journals
Authors: Shuva Nafiz Zaman , Taisir Radia
Published: February 2016

Open access is a humanitarian movement to ensure equal access to knowledge for each and every member of our society. It aims to reduce the access and knowledge divide and allow researchers from around the world to contribute to enriching human knowledge. Using online surveys, this study attempts to understand Bangladeshi faculty members’ awareness, perceptions, and use of open access journals. It also explores the motivational factors that influence the faculty members to choose open access journals for publication. The study briefly discusses some issues of predatory open access journals in the context of the open access movement. Finally, the paper suggests that libraries work as centres for open access publications and help faculty members and researchers choose the right journals for their research.
Participation in Pre–High School Football and Neurological, Neuroradiological, and Neuropsychological Findings in Later Life
Authors: Solomon Gary S. , Kuhn Andrew W. , Zuckerman Scott L. , Casson Ira R. , Viano David C. , Lovell Mark R. , Sills Allen K.
Published: February 2016

Background:

A recent study found that an earlier age of first exposure (AFE) to tackle football was associated with long-term neurocognitive impairment in retired National Football League (NFL) players.

Purpose:

To assess the association between years of exposure to pre–high school football (PreYOE) and neuroradiological, neurological, and neuropsychological outcome measures in a different sample of retired NFL players.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Forty-five former NFL players were included in this study. All participants prospectively completed extensive history taking, a neurological examination, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests. To measure the associations between PreYOE and these outcome measures, multiple regression models were utilized while controlling for several covariates.

Results:

After applying a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons, none of the neurological, neuroradiological, or neuropsychological outcome measures yielded a significant relationship with PreYOE. A second Bonferroni-corrected analysis of a subset of these athletes with self-reported learning disability yielded no significant relationships on paper-and-pencil neurocognitive tests but did result in a significant association between learning disability and computerized indices of visual motor speed and reaction time.

Conclusion:

The current study failed to replicate the results of a prior study, which concluded that an earlier AFE to tackle football might result in long-term neurocognitive deficits. In 45 retired NFL athletes, there were no associations between PreYOE and neuroradiological, neurological, and neuropsychological outcome measures.
Outcomes of the Remplissage Procedure and Its Effects on Return to Sports
Authors: Garcia Grant H. , Wu Hao-Hua , Liu Joseph N. , Huffman G. Russell , Kelly John D.
Published: February 2016

Background:

Short-term outcomes for patients with large, engaging Hill-Sachs lesions who underwent remplissage have demonstrated good results. However, limited data are available for longer term outcomes.

Purpose:

To evaluate the long-term outcomes of remplissage and determine the long-term rate of return to specific sports postoperatively.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

This was a retrospective review of patients treated with the remplissage procedure from 2007 to 2013. All underwent preoperative magnetic resonance imaging demonstrating large Hill-Sachs lesions by the Rowe criteria and glenoid bone loss <20%. All Hill-Sachs lesions were “off track” by an arthroscopic examination and preoperative imaging. At final follow-up, patients underwent a range of motion evaluation and were administered a detailed outcome survey, which included Western Ontario Shoulder Instability Index (WOSI) and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores as well as questions regarding sports, employment, physical activities, and dislocation events.

Results:

A total of 50 patients (51 shoulders) were included in the study. The average patient age at surgery was 29.8 years (range, 15.0-72.4 years), and the average follow-up time was 60.7 months (range, 25.5-97.6 months); 20.0% of patients underwent previous surgery on their shoulder. The average postoperative WOSI score was 79.5%, and the average ASES score was 89.3. Six shoulders had dislocation events (11.8%) postoperatively: 3 were traumatic, and 3 were atraumatic. Increased preoperative dislocations led to a greater risk of a postoperative dislocation ( P < .001). There was also a trend toward higher postoperative dislocation rates in patients who underwent revision ( P = .062). The average loss of external rotation was 5.26° ( P = .13). The rate of return to ≥1 sports was 95.5% of patients at an average of 7.0 months postoperatively; 81.0% returned to their previous intensity and level of sport. Of patients who played a throwing sport, 65.5% (n = 19) stated that they had problems throwing, and 58.6% (n = 17) felt that they could not normally wind up throwing a ball. Direct rates of return to overhead sports were volleyball, 100%; basketball, 69%; baseball, 50%; and football, 50%.

Conclusion:

The redislocation rate after remplissage was 11.8% at an average of 5 years, with 95.5% of patients returning to full sports at an average of 7 months. For throwing sports, 65.5% of patients complained of decreased range of motion during throwing. The results should be considered preoperatively in candidates for remplissage who are engaged in throwing sports.
Prophylactic Knee Bracing
Authors: Garrick James G. , Requa Ralph K.
Published: February 2016

Six studies to determine the effectiveness of prophylactic knee braces in preventing medial collateral ligament (MCL) injury in football are compared. Criteria useful in evaluating studies are discussed, such as the probability of confounding factors, bias in selecting cases and controls, and variations in defining injury and exposure. Cost, as well as some ethical issues associated with mandated use are discussed. While four of these studies found a reduction in MCL injuries associated with using a brace, two of them reported increases. No consensus arises from these studies, conflicting results as well as methodological problems in some make it impossible to state with assurance the role of prophylactic knee bracing in football at this time.
Microstructure features and the prediction of longitudinal elastic modulus of small-diameter-original Bamboo (Phyllostachys glauca McClure)
Authors: Jiang Jun
Published: February 2016

Based on the anatomical and chemical properties, a representative volume unit was studied to predict the longitudinal elastic modulus of bamboo (Phyllostachys glauca McClure). Microstructure features and chemical characterization of bamboo were obtained. Elastic constant of cell wall in length was derived by the application of rule of mixture. Taking advantage of the representative volume unit model, the longitudinal elastic modulus prediction formula of bamboo was established, and the theoretical and experimental value were calculated. The results showed that modified formula was acceptable to predict the longitudinal elastic modulus value with the error rate between predicted and experimental values below 25%. It is feasible to simplify the microstructure to calculate the longitudinal elastic modulus by model.
Is Celiac Disease an Etiological Factor in Children With Migraine?
Authors: Balcı Oya , Yılmaz Deniz , Sezer Taner , Hızlı Şamil
Published: February 2016

To determine the prevalence of celiac disease in children and adolescents with migraine, the authors investigated serum levels of tissue transglutaminase antibody immunoglobulin A and total immunoglobulin A from 81 children with migraine and in a healthy control group of 176 children. Study participants who were positive for tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A antibodies underwent a duodenal biopsy. Two patients in the migraine group (2.5%) and 1 in the control group (0.57%) tested positive for serum tissue transglutaminase immunoglobulin A antibodies ( P > .05). Duodenal biopsy did not confirm celiac disease in both groups, and these patients were considered “potential celiac” cases. In the present study, children with migraine did not exhibit a higher prevalence rate of celiac disease compared with healthy controls. Therefore, the screening test for celiac disease is not a necessary part of the management of migraine in children.
Sustainable machining approach for CAD/CAM/CNC systems based on a dynamic environmental assessment
Authors: Andriankaja Hery , Le Duigou Julien , Danjou Christophe , Eynard Benoît
Published: February 2016

Sustainability assessment is becoming an unquestionable issue for manufacturing companies that are urged by governments and customers to provide environment-friendly products. Machining, as one of the major manufacturing operations, has high potential factors regarding the environmental impacts of production system. Nevertheless, environmental assessments are mainly done post-product design and post-machining processes design. Integrating environmental assessment in the machining processes design could lead to significant improvements in sustainable manufacturing field. Major difficulties to perform such an assessment are the availability of the machining data and the lack of calculation rules to express them in terms of environmental impacts. This article presents a new approach based on the STandard for the Exchange of Product model data—compliant Numerical Control to integrate the machining environmental assessment in the earlier design phases. It proposes to establish cognitive links between the machining data included in STandard for the Exchange of Product model data—compliant Numerical Control and environmental indicators. The approach is implemented on a demonstrator and validated by a use case.
Research on the performance of electro-hydraulic proportional flow valve controlled by active pilot pump
Authors: Hao Yunxiao , Quan Long , Huang Jiahai
Published: February 2016

The cartridge flow valves, used in heavy machine and equipment, have the advantages of low leakage, large flow capacity, simple structure, and ease of modulation. However, in order to reduce the influence of load variety on the flow through valve, a pressure differential compensator or a cartridge type flow sensor should be added to the proportional throttle valve. These methods have disadvantages of reducing the flow capacity of valve and increasing the throttling loss. To overcome these disadvantages, a low energy consumption, high controllable electro-hydraulic proportional flow valve which consists of a hydraulic transistor (Valvistor) and a small displacement hydraulic pump driven by a servo motor is proposed firstly in the world. As the pump flow is basically proportional to the pump speed and little influenced by load variety, the flow through main valve is proportional to pilot pump speed. In the research, it’s known that feedback throttle slot pre-opening will cause the decrease of the main valve flow as pressure drop increases. So, small orifices are used instead of the pre-opening of feedback throttle slot to reduce the influence of load variety on the flow through valve. Furthermore, a method of pressure differential changing with pilot pump rotational speed calibration is introduced to further mitigate the influence of pressure difference. In this paper, the mathematical dynamic model of the valve is also established and the stability criterion of valve is derived. The influence of valve parameters and the flow pulsation of pilot pump on valve flow performance is analyzed and simulated. In view of the pilot pump flow pulsation frequency being much higher than the valve natural frequency, the research shows that the influence of flow pulsation of pilot pump on valve flow performance is very little. The research work provides a new method for the large flow electro-hydraulic proportional control system.
Socio-environmental entrepreneurship and the provision of critical services in informal settlements
Authors: Gutberlet Jutta , Kain Jaan-Henrik , Nyakinya Belinda , Ochieng Dickens H , Odhiambo Nicholas , Oloko Michael , Omolo John , Omondi Elvis , Otieno Silas , Zapata Patrik , Zapata Campos María José
Published: February 2016

This paper contributes to the understanding of processes by which small-scale entrepreneurs who provide household waste collection in informal settlements succeed in formalized co-production of such services. The paper draws on the social and solidarity economy and social and environmental entrepreneurship theoretical frameworks, which offer complementary understandings of diverse strategies to tackle everyday challenges. Two questions are addressed: How do informal waste collection initiatives get established, succeed and grow? What are the implications of this transition for the entrepreneurs themselves, the communities, the environmental governance system and the scholarship? A case study is presented, based on three waste picker entrepreneurs in Kisumu, Kenya, who have consolidated and expanded their operations in informal settlements but also extended social and environmental activities into formal settlements. The paper demonstrates how initiatives, born as community-based organizations, become successful social micro-enterprises, driven by a desire to address socio-environmental challenges in their neighbourhoods.
Policy Change and Its Effect on Australian Community-based Natural Resource Management Practices
Authors: Cooke Penelope R. , Hemmings Brian C.
Published: February 2016

The authors of this article report on a qualitative study of Australian community-based natural resource management groups known as Landcare groups. They discuss how four Landcare groups contributed to sustainability practices and how a policy change implemented in 2003 influenced the efforts of the groups to remain active in their activities. Using case-study methodology and drawing on Habermasian theory to support their work, the authors show that changing administrative structures created a tighter connection among government policies, projects and landholders carrying out natural resource management projects. The tighter connections provide more efficient processes to deliver officially valued outcomes as they are mediated by the catchment management authorities, but that efficiency is achieved at a cost because each landholder is now in competition with other landholders in the catchment to improve his/her own properties. Now the landholders are clients of the system, as private consumers rather than as a local community.
Integrating Sustainable Development in Higher Education through Experience-based Learning: Insights from Experts in Team (EiT) for Developing a Combined Theoretical Framework
Authors: Otte Pia Piroschka
Published: February 2016

Universities are understood to play an essential role in the promotion of sustainable development. However, the recognition of sustainable development in higher education poses multiple challenges to the traditional higher education system. This article introduces a course concept called ‘Experts in Teams’ (EiT) as a new platform of learning which makes use of experience-based learning to address sustainable development in an academic context. The article investigates the ways in which these new forms of learning lead to sustainable lifestyle behavioural changes among participants. Based on the results from the case study, the article presents a combined framework for implementing sustainable development as part of a curriculum that not only provides theoretical education about the topic but also furthers a behavioural change among its participants towards more pro-environmental actions.
Book Review: Nina Hachigian (Ed.), Debating China: The U.S.–China Relationship in Ten Conversations
Authors: Singh Gunjan
Published: February 2016

Nina Hachigian (Ed.), Debating China: The U.S.–China Relationship in Ten Conversations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, pp. 272, ₹ 1230.
Participatory Local Governance in Asian Cities
Authors: Patel Sejal , Sliuzas Richard , Georgiadou Yola
Published: February 2016

In the past two decades, many Asian countries including India have mandated participatory local governance through national statutes. Emerging research on Asian cities shows that despite strong national mandates, the practice of participatory governance at local levels remains largely ineffective. Our research in Ahmedabad, India, shows that while the state government’s policy mandate for invited spaces for participation in local governance is weak compared with the national government’s policy mandate, the practice of participatory governance by the local government is even weaker, leading to ineffective or closed participatory spaces. In the absence of invited spaces, the middle class successfully uses the executive wing at the ward and zonal levels and e-governance and m-governance platforms to negotiate their needs, whereas the poor rely on the elected representatives, but with limited success, resonating the experience of many cities in Asia. While in other cities of India, the poor have successfully engaged with elected representatives through clientelism to negotiate their needs, in Ahmedabad, this platform is captured also by the elite middle class and offers little opportunity to the poor. In response to the denial of all invited spaces of engagement and the consequent implications on their lives, the poor mobilize to claim spaces for engagement with the state through judicial recourse. Although successful, claimed spaces of the poor are one-off mechanisms that close upon the end of the judicial process rather than culminate into permanent invited spaces for participation.
The Impact of Detention on the Health of Asylum Seekers
Authors: Filges Trine , Montgomery Edith , Kastrup Marianne
Published: February 2016

Objectives:

This review assesses the evidence about the effects of detention on the mental and physical health and social functioning of asylum seekers.

Method and Analysis:

We followed Campbell Collaboration guidelines to conduct a systematic review. Meta-analytic methods were used to quantitatively synthesize the study results.

Results:

Primary study effect sizes for post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety, while the asylum seekers were still detained lies in the range 0.35–0.99, all favoring the nondetained asylum group.

Author’s Conclusions:

There is some evidence to suggest an independent adverse effect of detention on the mental health of asylum seekers. The conclusions should however be interpreted with caution as they are based on few studies. More research is needed in order to fully investigate the effect of detention on mental health.
Unmet Needs of African Americans and Whites at the Time of Palliative Care Consultation
Authors: Kamal Arif H. , Bull Janet , Wolf Steven P. , Portman Diane , Strand Jacob , Johnson Kimberly S.
Published: February 2016

Context:

Differences among patient populations that present to consultative palliative care are not known. Such an appreciation would inform health-care delivery tailored to unique populations.

Objectives:

We aimed to compare characteristics and palliative care needs of African Americans (AAs) and whites during initial palliative care consultation.

Methods:

We analyzed patient-reported, clinician-entered clinical encounter data from a large, multisite community-based, nonhospice palliative care collaborative. We included first specialty palliative care consultations from January 1, 2014, to July 2, 2015, across 15 sites within the Global Palliative Care Quality Alliance registry. Demographics, disease, performance status, advance care planning, and symptom prevalence/severity were compared.

Results:

Of 775 patients, 12.9% (N = 100) were AA. African Americans were younger (63 vs 75.4 years, P < .0001). A larger proportion of AAs had a diagnosis of cancer (45.0% vs 36.3%, P = .09) and in the hospital (71% vs 61.8%, P = .07). African Americans were more likely to have a Palliative Performance Score of 0 to 30 (35.6% vs 23.7%, P = .049). Around 50% in both racial groups were full code; slightly more than 40% had an advance directive. Nearly two-thirds in both racial groups reported 3 or more symptoms of any severity; one-third reported 3 or more moderate or severe symptoms. A larger proportion of Africans than whites reported pain of any severity (66.0% vs 56.1%, P = .06).

Conclusion:

All patients present to palliative care consultations with significant symptom and advance care planning needs. Further research is needed to identify how to deliver palliative care: earlier, in noncancer conditions, and improve pain management in AA populations.
Applied Examples of Screening Students At Risk of Emotional and Behavioral Disabilities
Authors: Pierce Corey D. , Nordness Philip D. , Epstein Michael H. , Cullinan Douglas
Published: February 2016

Early identification of student behavioral needs allows educators the opportunity to apply appropriate interventions before negative behaviors become more intensive and persistent. A variety of screening tools are available to identify which students are at risk for persistent behavior problems in school. This article provides two examples in which the Emotional and Behavioral Screener (EBS) was used to identify students at risk of emotional or behavioral problems. Example 1 demonstrates how the EBS can be used within a schoolwide positive behavioral interventions and supports framework to inform decision making. Example 2 demonstrates how the EBS can be used to inform behavioral intervention decisions in an individual teacher’s classroom. Finally, suggestions for using the EBS across various school formats are provided.
Experiential Learning for Teacher Professional Development at Historic Sites
Authors: Blair Denice J.
Published: February 2016

Historic sites provide a variety of professional development (PD) programs for classroom teachers. Little is known, however, about the pedagogical approaches used by historic site professionals in educating their teacher audiences. Using data from PD websites and questionnaires completed by historic site professionals, two studies examine the types of pedagogical approaches institutions state they use for teacher PD, the alignment of historic site PD with characteristics of experiential learning, and issues relevant to researching experiential learning approaches used in these programs. Results indicate that institutions’ pedagogical approaches for PD programs largely align with experiential learning characteristics but that research is needed to determine the pedagogical benefits of experiential learning for historic site PD and related learner outcomes.
Classical Hodgkin Lymphoma Arising Adjacent to a Breast Implant
Authors: Ryan Ciara , Ged Yasser , Quinn Fiona , Walker Jan , Kennedy John , Gillham Charles , Pittaluga Stefania , McDermott Ronan , Vandenberghe Elisabeth , Grant Cliona , Flavin Richard
Published: February 2016

Breast implant–associated lymphoma has recently gained wide recognition. Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is the most frequently diagnosed subtype in this setting but the spectrum is broadening. A 66-year-old woman developed swelling and itch around her saline implant 6 years after its insertion. Imaging revealed a fluid collection surrounding the implant with an adjacent mass. Microscopy showed sclerotic tissue punctuated by discrete cellular nodules comprising small lymphocytes, eosinophils and interspersed large atypical Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg (HRS)-like cells. The HRS-like cells stained positively for CD30 and CD15 by immunohistochemistry. Small T-lymphocytes formed rosettes around HRS-like cells. Appearances were consistent with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Multiplex polymerase chain reaction demonstrated no clonal rearrangements of immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor genes, however, a t(14;18)(q32;q21)BCL2-JH translocation involving the major breakpoint region of the bcl2 gene was present. Staging positron emission tomography–computed tomography scan revealed FDG-avid masses in the right axilla and pelvis. Subsequent pathological examination identified low-grade follicular lymphoma (FL) with a t(14;18) translocation at these sites. To our knowledge, this is the first case of HL arising adjacent to a breast implant. An awareness of this diagnosis is important as classical HL, with its prominent mixed inflammatory background, may be overlooked as a reactive process when histologically assessing capsulectomy specimens. It is also important in the differential diagnosis for implant-associated ALCL as both contain large atypical CD30-positive cells highlighting the need for full immunohistochemical and molecular workup in such cases. This case also adds to the large body of literature regarding the association between HL and FL.
Assessment of CD-105 as an Angiogenic Modulator in Odontogenic Myxomas and Dental Follicles
Authors: del Carmen González-Galván María , Aguirre-Urizar José Manuel , Bologna-Molina Ronell , Farfán-Morales J. Eduardo , Gainza-Cirauqui Maria Luisa , Marichalar-Mendia Xabier , Mosqueda-Taylor Adalberto
Published: February 2016

Aim. Odontogenic myxoma is a benign intraosseous neoplasm of the jaws, with a locally aggressive behavior and a high recurrence rate. CD-105 is a homodimeric cell membrane glycoprotein and is a component of the TGF-β1 growth factor receptor complex that modulates angiogenesis by regulating the proliferation, differentiation and cellular migration. The aim of this study is to quantify the microvascular density of the odontogenic myxoma based on the expression of CD-105. Materials and Methods. The analysis included 18 odontogenic myxoma and 18 dental follicles as controls. A standard immunohistochemical procedure was performed with the CD-105 antibody. Five representative fields (40×) of the odontogenic myxoma and the dental follicles were selected to determine the microvascular density, which was then followed by a descriptive and comparative statistical analysis. Results. Dental follicles presented a significantly higher microvascular density compared with odontogenic myxoma ( P = .001). The odontogenic myxoma smaller than 3 cm showed a greater microvascular density than those larger than 3 cm in size ( P > .05), and the microvascular density was lower in large odontogenic myxomas as compared with the dental follicles ( P = .003). Conclusion. A weaker expression of CD-105 in odontogenic myxoma might indicate a lower angiogenic activity, suggesting that vascular proliferation has a limited role in the growth mechanisms and in the aggressive behavior of this neoplasm.