bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the placement of the Baltic amber harvestman Gonyleptes nemastomoides Koch & Berendt, 1854, with notes on the phylogeny of Cladonychiidae (Opiliones, Laniatores, Travunioidea)
Authors: Ubick D. , Dunlop J. A.
Published: June 2014

The Baltic amber (Palaeogene: Eocene) harvestman Gonyleptes nemastomoides Koch & Berendt, 1854 (Arachnida: Opiliones), currently misplaced at both the genus and family level, is transferred to the extant family Cladonychiidae and assigned to a new genus, Proholoscotolemon n. gen. The families Gonyleptidae and Phalangodidae are hereby removed from the known harvestman fossil record. Although the type specimen of G. nemastomoides is poorly preserved, the form of the diagnostic hind tarsal claw is clearly visible and indicates that the genus is distinct from, and relatively basal to, the only extant European cladonychiid genus, Holoscotolemon Roewer, 1915. Analysis of the claw morphology of extant cladonychiids, using evidence from ontogeny and outgroup comparison, suggests a transformation series in which the plesiomorphic condition (present in the eastern Nearctic genera Erebomaster Cope, 1872 and Theromaster Briggs, 1969) is a multi-pronged, narrowly forked claw with a long base, while the apomorphic condition (found in Holoscotolemon) is a bipronged, widely forked claw with a short base.

 Der Weberknecht Gonyleptes nemastomoides Koch & Berendt, 1854 (Arachnida: Opiliones) aus dem Baltischen Bernstein (Paläogen: Eozän) wird derzeit weder auf Gattungs- noch auf Familien-Ebene richtig zugeordnet. Er wird hiermit in die auch heute noch verbreitete Familie Cladonychiidae und die neue Gattung, Proholoscotolemon n. gen. versetzt. Für die Weberknecht-Familien Gonyleptidae und Phalangodidae gibt es somit keine fossilen Belege mehr. Obwohl das Typusexemplar von G. nemastomoides schlecht erhalten ist, ist die Form der diagnostisch wichtigen 4. Tarsalkrallen klar erkennbar. Sie zeigt an, dass die neue Gattung deutlich von der einzigen rezenten europäischen Cladonychiidae-Gattung Holoscotolemon Roewer, 1915 abweicht und im Verhältnis hierzu ursprünglicher ist. Die Analyse der Krallen-Morphologie von lebenden Cladonychiidae, bei Berücksichtigung der Ontogenie und Vergleich mit Außengruppen, deutet auf eine Entwicklungs-Reihe hin, in welcher der plesiomorphe Zustand (vorhanden in den ost-nearktischen Gattungen Erebomaster Cope, 1872 und Theromaster Briggs, 1969) durch eine schmale, mehrfach gezackte und eng gegabelte Kralle mit einer langen Basis gekennzeichnet ist. Der apomorphe Zustand (vorhanden in Holoscotolemon) ist demgegenüber eine zweizackige, breit gegabelte Kralle mit einer kurzen Basis.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.200410005
Revision of annulated orthoceridan cephalopods of the Baltoscandic Ordovician
Authors: Kröger B. , Isakar M.
Published: June 2014

The annulated orthoceridans of the Middle and Late Ordovician of Baltoscandia are described and their systematic frame is revised. The revision of these nautiloids, which are part of the Orthocerida and Pseudorthocerida, is based on the investigation of characters of the septal neck, the siphuncular tube, and the apex. An unequivocal terminology of these characters is suggested and applied. The shape of the septal neck and the siphuncular tube are described for the first time in Palaeodawsonoceras n. gen., Striatocycloceras n. gen., Dawsonoceras fenestratum Eichwald, 1860, and Gorbyoceras textumaraneum (Roemer, 1861). Ctenoceras sweeti n. sp. is erected. The apex of Dawsonoceras barrandei Horný, 1956 is figured and described for the first time. The distribution of the character states of the apex and the septal neck support the emendation of the families Orthoceratidae, Dawsonoceratidae, and Proteoceratidae. The analysis shows also that the families Kionoceratidae, and Leuroceratidae must be refused because they represent not natural groups. However, it is also shown that the present knowledge is not sufficient to establish an unequivocal classification of the Middle, and Late Ordovician annulate cephalopods.

 Die orthoceriden Cephalopoden des Mittleren bis Späten Ordoviziums im Baltoskandium werden beschrieben und revidiert. Die Revision dieser Cephalopoden, welche zu den Orthocerida und Pseudorthocerida gehören, stützt sich auf die Untersuchung der Apikalenden, der Septalduten und der Form der Siphonalröhre. Eine eindeutige Terminologie für diese Merkmale wird vorgeschlagen und angewandt. Die Form der Septalduten und der Siphonalröhre von Palaeodawsonoceras n. gen., Striatocycloceras n. gen., Dawsonoceras fenestratum, Eichwald, 1860 und Gorbyoceras textumaraneum (Roemer, 1861) wird erstmals beschrieben. Die Art Ctenoceras sweeti n. sp. wird aufgestellt. Der Apex von Dawsonoceras barrandei Horný, 1956 wird erstmals beschrieben und dargestellt. Die neu gefundenen Merkmale stützen eine Emendation der Familien Orthoceratidae, Dawsonoceratidae und Proteoceratidae. Es wird daher dafür plädiert, die Familien Kionoceratidae (Hyatt, 1900) und Leuroceratidae (Sweet, 1964) nicht mehr zu verwenden, da diese keine natürlichen Gruppen repräsentieren. Die Untersuchung zeigt aber auch, dass es derzeit noch nicht möglich ist die annulaten Cephalopoden des Mittleren und Oberen Ordoviziums zweifelsfrei zu klassifizieren.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.200600005
The ammonoids from the Three Forks Shale (Late Devonian) of Montana
Authors: Korn D. , Titus A.
Published: June 2014

The ammonoid fauna from the Late Devonian Three Forks Shale of Montana is revised. Six taxa were recognised, which belong to the genera Tornoceras, Pernoceras, Raymondiceras, Platyclymenia, Pleuroclymenia, and Carinoclymenia. The ammonoid assemblage suggests a stratigraphic position within the middle Famennian, most probably the Platyclymenia annulata Zone. The ammonoids display extreme septal crowding in intermediate as well as adult growth stages, which can be regarded as evidence for instable palaeoecological conditions during lifetime of the animals.

 Die Ammonoideenfauna aus dem oberdevonischen Three Forks Shale von Montana wird revidiert. Sechs Taxa werden unterschieden; sie gehören zu den Gattungen Tornoceras, Pernoceras, Raymondiceras, Platyclymenia, Pleuroclymenia und Carinoclymenia. Die Ammonoideen-Vergesellschaftung spricht für eine stratigraphische Position im mittleren Famennium, wahrscheinlich in der Platyclymenia annulata Zone. Die Ammonoideen zeigen auffällige Drängung der Septen in intermediären und adulten Wachstumsstadien, die als Hinweis auf instabile Lebensbedingungen für die Tiere gewertet werden kann.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.200600008
The generic name Mediocris (Cetacea: Delphinoidea: Kentriodontidae), belongs to a foraminiferan
Authors: Uhen M. D.
Published: June 2014

No abstract available for this article.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.200600012
Sophianaecetus, a replacement name for Mediocris (Cetacea: Delphinoidea: Kentriodontidae)
Authors: Kazár E.
Published: June 2014

No abstract available for this article.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.200600013
A novel integrated method to describe dust and fine supraglacial debris and their effects on ice albedo: the case study of Forni Glacier, Italian Alps
Authors: Azzoni R. S. , Senese A. , Zerboni A. , Maugeri M. , Smiraglia C. , Diolaiuti G. A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. We investigated the characteristics of sparse and fine debris coverage at the glacier melting surface and its relation to ice albedo. In spite of the abundant literature dealing with dust and black carbon deposition on glacier accumulation areas (i.e.: on snow and firn), few studies that describe the distribution and properties of fine and discontinuous debris and black carbon at the melting surface of glaciers are available. Furthermore, guidelines are needed to standardize field samplings and lab analyses thus permitting comparisons among different glaciers. We developed a protocol to (i) sample fine and sparse supraglacial debris and dust, (ii) quantify their surface coverage and the covering rate, (iii) describe composition and sedimentological properties, (iv) measure ice albedo and (v) identify the relationship between ice albedo and fine debris coverage. The procedure was tested on the Forni Glacier surface (northern Italy), in summer 2011, 2012 and 2013, when the fine debris and dust presence had marked variability in space and time (along the glacier tongue and from the beginning to the end of summer) thus influencing ice albedo: in particular the natural logarithm of albedo was found to depend on the percentage of glacier surface covered by debris. Debris and dust analyses indicate generally a local origin (from nesting rockwalls) and the organic content was locally high. Nevertheless the finding of some cenospheres suggests an anthropic contribution to the superficial dust as well. Moreover, the effect of liquid precipitation on ice albedo was not negligible, but short lasting (from 1 to 4 day long), thus indicating that also other processes affect ice albedo and ice melt rates and then some attention has to be spent analysing frequency and duration of summer rainfalls for better describing albedo and melt variability.
E-learning in Saudi Arabia: Past, present and future
Authors: Al-Asmari Ali Mohammad , Rabb Khan M Shamsur
Published: June 2014

The emergence of information and instructional technologies and their influence on teaching and learning has brought about significant changes in academic environment in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The new learning trend has made it mandatory to equip teachers in educational institutions with the necessary skills to cope with the new challenges. The urgent need for e-learning in KSA has resulted from the massive population growth vis-à-vis the scarcity of teachers in both quantity and quality, including the need to reduce financial burden.

Since 2002, when e-learning started in KSA, it has gained recognition and interest among academic institutions, academics and students, though with a relatively slow pace. This paper takes into account the growth of e-learning in KSA. It analyzes the potential need and the overall impacts of e-learning on various stakeholders. The paper also discusses the current e-learning developments as well as future prospect.
Creativity, the Muse of Innovation
Authors: Levick-Parkin Melanie
Published: June 2014

This paper discusses how art and design pedagogy can further entrepreneurship in societal, economic and educational contexts, so that students may thrive in a world full of complexity and flux, empowered to create sustainable futures of their own making for themselves and their communities. The author touches on some of the methodologies inherent in art and design pedagogy for teaching creativity and innovation and provides a broader overview of how the values and attitudes inherent in this pedagogy can further the current concepts of innovation and entrepreneurship and their societal and economic contexts. The paper highlights how the values, attributes and attitudes associated with art and design pedagogy translate into the economic focus of most current entrepreneurship thinking.
Gestalt Practice and Arts-Based Training for Leadership, Innovation and Change Management Skills
Authors: Liotas Naoum
Published: June 2014

Gestalt practice and arts-based training has been examined and evaluated using evidence from the literature and personal experience. Gestalt practice allows the training and learning process to take into account the intrapersonal as well as the interpersonal aspects of the group and the individuals involved: the resulting knowledge and understanding can be used to the benefit of learners. Gestalt practice is in essence a highly experiential approach and, as such, provides space for active experimentation in a training or coaching session. By combining Gestalt concepts with experimentation from the arts, a significant methodology for teaching soft skills and helping learners to acquire leadership, innovation and change management skills can be developed. Insights are provided into how a combination of Gestalt practice and arts-based training can benefit organizations and individuals. Arts-based training is evaluated by using Kirkpatrick's four levels of rigour framework (reaction, learning, behaviour and results). It was observed that a paradigm shift in training and education is in progress, from what has been referred to in the literature as the ‘logico-rational Anglo-Saxon’ model to a more flexible and holistic model that encompasses emotions, feelings and the human body.
CPG-based Locomotion Controller Design for a Boxfish-like Robot
Authors: Wang Wei , Xie Guangming
Published: June 2014

This paper focuses on a Central Pattern Generator (CPG)-based locomotion controller design for a boxfish-like robot. The bio-inspired controller is aimed at flexible switching in multiple 3D swimming patterns and exact attitude control of yaw and roll such that the robot will swim more like a real boxfish. The CPG network comprises two layers, the lower layer is the network of coupled linear oscillators and the upper is the transition layer where the lower-dimensional locomotion stimuli are transformed into the higher-dimensional control parameters serving for all the oscillators. Based on such a two-layer framework, flexible switching between multiple three-dimensional swimming patterns, such as swimming forwards/backwards, turning left/right, swimming upwards/downwards and rolling clockwise/counter-clockwise, can be simply realized by inputting different stimuli. Moreover, the stability of the CPG network is strictly proved to guarantee the intrinsic stability of the swimming patterns. As to exact attitude control, based on this open-loop CPG network and the sensory feedback from the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), a closed-loop CPG controller is advanced for yaw and roll control of the robotic fish for the first time. This CPG-based online attitude control for a robotic fish will greatly facilitate high-level practical underwater applications. A series of relevant experiments with the robotic fish are conducted systematically to validate the effectiveness and stability of the open-loop and closed-loop CPG controllers.
Distributed Fault Detection and Isolation for Flocking in a Multi-robot System with Imperfect Communication
Authors: Shiliang Shao , Ting Wang , Chen Yao , Xiaofan Li , Hai Zhao
Published: June 2014

In this paper, we focus on distributed fault detection and isolation (FDI) for a multi-robot system where multiple robots execute a flocking task. Firstly, we propose a fault detection method based on the local-information-exchange and sensor-measurement technologies to cover cases of both perfect communication and imperfect communication. The two detection technologies can be adaptively selected according to the packet loss rate (PLR). Secondly, we design a fault isolation method, considering a situation in which faulty robots still influence the behaviours of other robots. Finally, a complete FDI scheme, based on the proposed detection and isolation methods, is simulated in various scenarios. The results demonstrate that our FDI scheme is effective.
Isotropic Optical Mouse Placement for Mobile Robot Velocity Estimation
Authors: Kim Sungbok
Published: June 2014

This paper presents the isotropic placement of multiple optical mice for the velocity estimation of a mobile robot. It is assumed that there can be positional restriction on the installation of optical mice at the bottom of a mobile robot. First, the velocity kinematics of a mobile robot with an array of optical mice is obtained and the resulting Jacobian matrix is analysed symbolically. Second, the isotropic, anisotropic and singular optical mouse placements are identified, along with the corresponding characteristic lengths. Third, the least squares mobile robot velocity estimation from the noisy optical mouse velocity measurements is discussed. Finally, simulation results for several different placements of three optical mice are given.
Cognitive Complexity of Mathematics Instructional Tasks in a Taiwanese Classroom: An Examination of Task Sources
Authors: Hsu Hui-Yu , Silver Edward A.
Published: June 2014

We examined geometric calculation with number tasks used within a unit of geometry instruction in a Taiwanese classroom, identifying the source of each task used in classroom instruction and analyzing the cognitive complexity of each task with respect to 2 distinct features: diagram complexity and problem-solving complexity. We found that instructional tasks were drawn from multiple sources, including textbooks, tests, supplemental materials, and the teacher. Our analysis of cognitive complexity indicated that the instructional tasks frequently involved both diagram complexity and problem-solving complexity. Moreover, the geometric calculation with number tasks from nontextbook sources tended to be more cognitively demanding than those found in the textbooks. Implications of task analysis on geometry domain and textbook analysis studies are discussed.
Do Multiple Solutions Matter? Prompting Multiple Solutions, Interest, Competence, and Autonomy
Authors: Schukajlow Stanislaw , Krug André
Published: June 2014

Encouraging students to develop multiple solutions for given problems is an important way to improve mathematical knowledge. However, the influence of this teaching element on students' interest-related motivational orientations is an open question. In this article, we report the results of an experimental study (N = 145) that was carried out to investigate the influence of prompting students to construct multiple solutions for real-world problems with vague conditions on students' interest in mathematics as well as on their experiences of competence and autonomy and the number of solutions developed. A positive effect of the intervention on students' interest was found using inferential and path analyses. The number of solutions developed by students and their experiences of competence and autonomy mediated the effects of prompting multiple solutions on interest. Implications for teaching practices and future research are discussed.
Land Cover Dynamics in Beni Chougrane Mountains, North West of Algeria, Using Remote Sensing
Authors: Tayeb Si Tayeb  , Benabdeli Kheloufi
Published: June 2014

Land cover change is the result of complex interactions between social and environmental systems, systems that evolve over time. While climate and biophysical phenomena have long been the main drivers of changes in land surfaces, the human is now behind most of the changes affecting terrestrial ecosystems. The main objective of this work is to show the characterization and monitoring of land cover change in semi-arid Mediterranean area. The changes in agro-forest area which is a land use mode in the mountains of Beni-Chougrane at local scale.We used Support Vector Machines method for classification of Landsat TM image, and change detection technique to analyze change of land cover types by comparing the satellite observations of Landsat TM from 1984 to 2009.Our analysis showed that proportion of forest cover decreased from 41% in 1984 to 14% in 2009 that from approximately 190 hectares/year and agriculture land from 18 % to 1.5 %. The results showed that all land cover and lad use area have experienced structural changes in it's globally, Intensive regression of woody natural vegetation imposed by fires and unsustainable use of resources, a remarkable decline in land occupied by agriculture. Suggesting an immediate response to a policy based on priorities for the preservation, protection, development and rational use of land areas.
Money In Modern Macro Models: A Review of the Arguments
Authors: Seitz Franz , Schmidt Markus A.
Published: June 2014

This paper provides an overview of the role of money in modern macro models. In particular, we are focussing on New Keynesian and New Monetarist models to investigate their main findings and most significant shortcomings in considering money properly. As a further step, we ask about the role of financial intermediaries in this respect. In dealing with these issues, we distinguish between narrow and broad monetary aggregates. We conclude that for theoretical as well as practical reasons a periodic review of the definition of monetary aggregates is advisable. Despite the criticism brought forward by the recent New Keynesian literature, we argue that keeping an eye on money is important to monetary policy decision-makers in order to safeguard price stability as well as, as a side-benefit, ensure financial market stability. In a nutshell: money still matters.
Demographic adversities and Indigenous resilience in Western Alaska
Authors: Pratt Kenneth L. , Stevenson Joan C. , Everson Phillip M.
Published: June 2014

Indigenous peoples in the Arctic have historically experienced a broad range of demographic and ecological adversities, the impacts of which sometimes included high mortalities and population dislocations. The anthropological literature has tended to emphasise the dramatic, negative impacts of such events on human groups—to an extent that implies the fabric of social life was typically devastated. This study takes a markedly different perspective by instead describing the resilience of Indigenous populations in the face of culturally traumatic events; in this case, a series of epidemic diseases and major declines in a very critical subsistence resource. Drawing on a rich collection of data documenting Indigenous land use and settlement patterns, the authors explore local responses to significant demographic adversities that befell the people of western Alaska in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
Sediment supply and channel morphology in mountain river systems: 2. Single thread to braided transitions
Authors: Mueller Erich R. , Pitlick John
Published: June 2014

Differences in sediment supply between single‐thread and braided channel types provide a long‐recognized, though difficult to quantify, pattern discrimination. Building on the results from our preceding paper, we present a multiscale assessment of the sediment supply, geomorphology, and sediment transport characteristics of braided, gravel‐bedded reaches in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA. First, we present a quantitative, theoretically based discriminant function that stratifies single‐thread and braided reaches on the basis of variations in bankfull sediment concentration and dimensionless discharge following the work of Millar (2005) and Eaton et al. (2010). This function correctly classifies 50 of the 53 channel types where bed load concentrations are known. Second, while channel pattern transitions are often linked to changes in slope, field studies along Sunlight Creek, Wyoming, show that downstream transitions between single‐thread and braided reaches are instead caused by valley constrictions and changes in the grain size of sediment from tributaries. Finally, we demonstrate that the two‐dimensional variability in flow properties in braided reaches produces locally high values of shear stress and bed load transport. Yet bed load measurements and sediment transport calculations also show that sediment transport rates between adjoining braided and single‐thread reaches may be approximately equal where channels are near the pattern threshold and downstream variations in bank fortitude and channel constriction force pattern transitions. Taken together, these results indicate that high bed load concentrations are fundamental to the braided channel planform and that braided channels likely reflect a quasi‐equilibrium state within watersheds with persistent high sediment supply.
Vegetation, land surface brightness, and temperature dynamics after aspen forest die‐off
Authors: Huang Cho‐ying , Anderegg William R. L.
Published: June 2014

Forest dynamics following drought‐induced tree mortality can affect regional climate through biophysical surface properties. These dynamics have not been well quantified, particularly at the regional scale, and are a large uncertainty in ecosystem‐climate feedback. We investigated regional biophysical characteristics through time (1995–2011) in drought‐impacted (2001–2003), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) forests by utilizing Landsat time series green and brown vegetation cover, surface brightness (total shortwave albedo), and daytime land surface temperature. We quantified the temporal dynamics and postdrought recovery of these characteristics for aspen forests experiencing severe drought‐induced mortality in the San Juan National Forest in southwestern Colorado, USA. We partitioned forests into three categories from healthy to severe mortality (Healthy, Intermediate, and Die‐off) by referring to field observations of aspen canopy mortality and live aboveground biomass losses. The vegetation cover of die‐off areas in 2011 (26.9% of the aspen forest) was significantly different compared to predrought conditions (decrease of 7.4% of the green vegetation cover and increase of 12.1% of the brown vegetation cover compared to 1999). The surface brightness of the study region 9 years after drought however was comparable to predrought estimates (12.7–13.7%). Postdrought brightness was potentially influenced by understory shrubs, since they became the top layer green canopies in disturbed sites from a satellite's point of view. Satellite evidence also showed that the differences of land surface temperature among the three groups increased substantially (≥45%) after drought, possibly due to the reduction of plant evapotranspiration in the Intermediate and Die‐off sites. Our results suggest that the mortality‐affected systems have not recovered in terms of the surface biophysical properties. We also find that the temporal dynamics of vegetation cover holds great potential for assessing propensity of subsequent mortality during drought itself, which could provide effective monitoring and potentially a much needed “early warning” of drought‐induced tree mortality.
Nitrogen retention and transport differ by hillslope aspect at the rain‐snow transition of the Colorado Front Range
Authors: Hinckley Eve‐Lyn S. , Barnes Rebecca T. , Anderson Suzanne P. , Williams Mark W. , Bernasconi Stefano M.
Published: June 2014

Over a decade of research in the alpine zone of the Colorado Front Range has shown that atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition originating from source areas in low elevation, developed areas, has changed ecosystem stoichiometry, nutrient transformations, and aquatic community structure. Less research has occurred in the montane zone, which sits at the current rain‐snow transition and is vulnerable to climate change, land cover disturbances, and increased N loading. We conducted lithium bromide and 15N‐nitrate (15NO3−) tracer studies during spring snowmelt to determine the immediate fate of N in a forested catchment. Measurements of N species and applied tracers in ecosystem pools and soil solution on north and south facing slopes provided a means of determining export pathways and uptake of deposited N. Our results indicate that NO3− residence time is longer within north than south facing slope soils, due to longer contact with the soil matrix, greater microbial biomass N, and a larger soil organic matter pool. On the north facing slope, >50% of the 1 kg ha−1 of 15NO3− applied was retained in soil and vegetation pools. On the south facing slope, rapid transport during sporadic snowmelt events reduced total recovery of the 15N label in ecosystem pools to 16–34%. Our results suggest that snowmelt events quickly transport N through south facing slope soils, potentially contributing more N to aquatic systems than north facing slopes. Thus, it is important to consider how the fate of N differs by hillslope aspect when predicting catchment‐scale N export and determining ecosystem N status across the Colorado Front Range.
Probabilistic 21st and 22nd century sea‐level projections at a global network of tide‐gauge sites
Authors: Kopp Robert E. , Horton Radley M. , Little Christopher M. , Mitrovica Jerry X. , Oppenheimer Michael , Rasmussen D. J. , Strauss Benjamin H. , Tebaldi Claudia
Published: June 2014

Sea‐level rise due to both climate change and non‐climatic factors threatens coastal settlements, infrastructure, and ecosystems. Projections of mean global sea‐level (GSL) rise provide insufficient information to plan adaptive responses; local decisions require local projections that accommodate different risk tolerances and time frames and that can be linked to storm surge projections. Here we present a global set of local sea‐level (LSL) projections to inform decisions on timescales ranging from the coming decades through the 22nd century. We provide complete probability distributions, informed by a combination of expert community assessment, expert elicitation, and process modeling. Between the years 2000 and 2100, we project a very likely (90% probability) GSL rise of 0.5–1.2 m under representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5, 0.4–0.9 m under RCP 4.5, and 0.3–0.8 m under RCP 2.6. Site‐to‐site differences in LSL projections are due to varying non‐climatic background uplift or subsidence, oceanographic effects, and spatially variable responses of the geoid and the lithosphere to shrinking land ice. The Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) constitutes a growing share of variance in GSL and LSL projections. In the global average and at many locations, it is the dominant source of variance in late 21st century projections, though at some sites oceanographic processes contribute the largest share throughout the century. LSL rise dramatically reshapes flood risk, greatly increasing the expected number of “1‐in‐10” and “1‐in‐100” year events.
Evolution of nightside subauroral proton aurora caused by transient plasma sheet flows
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Bortnik J. , Li W. , Lyons L. R. , Donovan E. F. , Angelopoulos V. , Mende S. B.
Published: June 2014

While nightside subauroral proton aurora shows rapid temporal variations, the cause of this variability has rarely been investigated. Using well‐coordinated observations by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imagers, THEMIS satellites in the equatorial magnetosphere, and the low‐altitude NOAA 17 satellite, we examined the rapid temporal evolution of subauroral proton aurora in the premidnight sector. An isolated proton aurora occurred soon after an auroral poleward boundary intensification that was followed by an auroral streamer reaching the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval. Three THEMIS satellites in the magnetotail detected flow bursts and one of the THEMIS satellites in the outer plasmasphere observed a ring current injection together with electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave intensifications. Proton auroral brightenings occurred multiple times throughout the storm main phase and a majority of those were correlated with auroral streamers reaching the auroral equatorward boundary. This sequence highlights the important role of transient flow bursts and particle injections for plasma transport into the inner magnetosphere and thus reflects a tail‐inner magnetospheric interaction process in which transient flow bursts play an important role in injecting ring current ions into the plasmasphere, causing rapid modulation of precipitation and the resultant subauroral proton aurora.
Statistical analysis of VLF radio emissions triggered by power line harmonic radiation and observed by the low‐altitude satellite DEMETER
Authors: Parrot Michel , Nĕmec František , Santolík Ondřej
Published: June 2014

DEMETER was a low‐altitude satellite in operation between 2004 and 2010 in a circular polar orbit. One of its main scientific objectives was to study ionospheric perturbations related to man‐made activity. This paper investigates electromagnetic emissions triggered by Power Line Harmonic Radiation (PLHR), the man‐made waves emitted at harmonics of 50 or 60 Hz. They look like rising tones or hooks with a starting frequency associated to a parent line with the frequency equal to a multiple of 50 or 60 Hz. They occur preferentially during daytime in a frequency band between 1 and 4 kHz. It is shown that these emissions are rather frequent at high latitudes (3 < L <6) above industrialized areas during periods of moderate magnetic activity. Their average intensity is of the order of 10 μV2 m−2 Hz−1. PLHR propagates in the magnetosphere and triggers emissions due to wave‐particle interactions in the equatorial region.
The Positive Influence of Creating a Holistic Facial Composite on Video Line‐up Identification
Authors: Davis Josh P. , Gibson Stuart , Solomon Chris
Published: June 2014

Witnesses to a crime may be asked to create a facial composite of the offender from memory. They may then view a suspect in a police line‐up. Previous research on this topic has found both recognition impairment and enhancement following composite construction. In Experiment 1, creator‐participants employed the holistic facial composite system system EFIT‐V or the feature‐based E‐FIT system to create a single composite, and in Experiment 2, creators constructed up to three EFIT‐Vs. In both experiments, facial composite creators were one‐and‐a‐half times more likely than non‐composite creating controls to make correct target identifications from a video line‐up. No between condition effects were found in target‐absent trials in Experiment 1. The development of holistic facial composite systems has enhanced suspect identification rates in police investigations, and these results suggest that the use of such a system can also have a positive influence on a composite‐creating witness' later recognition of the suspect. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titrating T‐Cell Epitopes within Self‐Assembled Vaccines Optimizes CD4+ Helper T Cell and Antibody Outputs
Authors: Pompano Rebecca R. , Chen Jianjun , Verbus Emily A. , Han Huifang , Fridman Arthur , McNeely Tessie , Collier Joel H. , Chong Anita S.
Published: June 2014

Epitope content plays a critical role in determining T‐cell and antibody responses to vaccines, biomaterials, and protein therapeutics, but its effects are nonlinear and difficult to isolate. Here, molecular self‐assembly is used to build a vaccine with precise control over epitope content, in order to finely tune the magnitude and phenotype of T helper and antibody responses. Self‐adjuvanting peptide nanofibers are formed by co‐assembling a high‐affinity universal CD4+ T‐cell epitope (PADRE) and a B‐cell epitope from Staphylococcus aureus at specifiable concentrations. Increasing the PADRE concentration from micromolar to millimolar elicited bell‐shaped dose‐responses that are unique to different T‐cell populations. Notably, the epitope ratios that maximize T follicular helper and antibody responses differed by an order of magnitude from those that maximized Th1 or Th2 responses. Thus, modular materials assembly provides a means of controlling epitope content and efficiently skewing the adaptive immune response in the absence of exogenous adjuvant; this approach may contribute to the development of improved vaccines and immunotherapies.
Ultralong Homogeneously Alloyed CdSexS1‐x Nanowires with Highly Polarized and Color‐Tunable Emissions
Authors: Yang Gaoling , Zhong Haizheng , Bai Zelong , Liu Ruibin , Zou Bingsuo
Published: June 2014

Colloidal semiconductor nanowires are attractive materials with polarized light absorption and emissions. Solution synthesis of ultralong (several tens of micro­meters) colloidal CdSexS1‐x nanowires with homogeneously alloyed composition through a solution–liquid–solid (SLS) method are reported. By varying the ratio of Se/S, the optical band and their corresponding photoluminescence spectra of the CdSexS1‐x nanowires can be finely tuned from 508 nm (ca. 2.45 eV) to 628 nm (ca. 2.0 eV). In comparison with the low quantum yields of pure CdS and CdSe nanowires (less than 0.1%), alloyed CdSexS1‐x nanowires exhibit enhanced bright photoluminescence emission with a narrow spectral width of 25–31 nm and moderate quantum yields up to ca. 8.8%. Moreover, the randomly oriented ensembles on glass wafers show strong polarized emission with polarization values of ca. 0.6 due to the inherent larger aspect ratio. The combination of these characteristics in alloyed nanowires sets the basis for the spectroscopic study of 1D excitons, as well as the fabrication of nanowire‐based polarized photonic and optoelectronic devices.
Microencapsulation of triglycidyl isocyanurate by solvent evaporation method for UV and thermal dual‐cured coatings
Authors: Zhao Zhen , Zhou Xueqin , Tian Qixiang , Wang Xiaoqing , Li Wei , Liu Dongzhi
Published: June 2014

Triglycidyl isocyanurate (TGIC), a thermal curing agent, was encapsulated with poly(methyl methacrylate) with small particle size and narrow distribution for the application in acrylic resins to prepare one‐package UV and thermal dual‐cured coatings. Investigation of the wettability and thermal properties suggests that the microcapsules have better compatibility with acrylic resins and thermal stability as compared to pure TGIC. Results of the release performance experiments indicate good storage stability at 25°C and a quick release of vast TGIC at 120°C for the microcapsules. The UV‐thermal dual‐cured coatings prepared with the microcapsules exhibit a fast, even and complete hardening at 130°C together with an excellent adhesion to the mild steel panels. The results presented here show an application potential of the microcapsules in UV and thermal dual‐cured paints. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41008.
Construction of porous coating layer and electrochemical performances of the corresponding modified polyethylene separators for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Fang Li‐Feng , Shi Jun‐Li , Li Hao , Zhu Bao‐Ku , Zhu Li‐Ping
Published: June 2014

To effectively improve the affinity of polyethylene (PE) separators with liquid electrolyte without causing a serious pore blockage and to develop a more suitable technology for the industrial production process, porous polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) layer‐coated PE separators are prepared by the dip‐coating method followed by a dry‐cast process. Different from previous investigations, a less volatile solvent and a relatively volatile nonsolvent are used to yield a preferable pore structure. A brief introduction on the pore formation mechanism during the dry‐cast process is provided. The pore structure of coating layer is found to be successfully controlled by changing evaporation temperature, nonsolvent content, and PVDF concentration. The porous PVDF coating layer‐modified separators show better affinity with liquid electrolyte and thermal stability. Especially, the ionic conductivity of the modified separator/liquid electrolyte system with a suitable porous coating layer on the separator could reach two times as that of PE separator/liquid electrolyte system, and the cell assembled with modified PE separator shows better cycle performances. This modification process is proved to be a facile, controllable, and effective method for PE separator modification. Meanwhile, this work could provide some theoretical and technical guidance for the production process. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41036.
Steady‐state bounds for multi‐state systems' reliability via modular decompositions
Authors: Ohi Fumio
Published: June 2014

A concept of modular decomposition plays a crucial role for theoretical and practical evaluation of reliability performances of systems, because real systems are usually composed of modules, and the components of the systems are arranged to form these modules. In this paper, we give stochastic bounds for multi‐state coherent systems by utilizing modular decompositions where the state spaces are assumed to be totally ordered sets. The presented bounds are shown to be better than those derived directly from the total systems and are extensions of the well‐known bounds for binary state systems to multi‐state cases. The results of this paper allows systems engineers or designers to have better stochastic approximations for the performance of a system by simply stacking stochastic bounds along with the hierarchy formed by the modules of the system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite cryogels for lysozyme purification
Authors: Baydemir Gözde , Türkoğlu Emir Alper , Andaç Müge , Perçin Işık , Denizli Adil
Published: June 2014

Beads‐embedded novel composite cryogel was synthesized to purify lysozyme (Lyz) from chicken egg white. The poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐N‐methacryloyl‐L‐phenylalanine) (PHEMAPA) beads of smaller than 5 µm size were synthesized by suspension polymerization and then embedded into a poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA)‐based cryogel column. The PHEMAPA bead‐embedded cryogel (BEC) column was characterized by swelling tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), surface area measurements by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, elemental analysis, and flow dynamics. The specific surface area of the PHEMAPA BEC was found as 41.2 m2/g using BET measurements. Lyz‐binding experiments were performed using aqueous solutions in different conditions such as initial Lyz concentration, pH, flow rate, temperature, and NaCl concentration of an aqueous medium. The PHEMAPA BEC column could be used after 10 adsorption–desorption studies without any significant loss in adsorption capacity of Lyz. The PHEMAPA BEC column was used to purify Lyz from chicken egg white, and gel electrophoresis was used to estimate the purity of Lyz. The chromatographic application of the PHEMAPA BEC column was also performed using fast protein liquid chromatography.
Midline craniofacial malformations with a lipomatous cephalocele are associated with insufficient closure of the neural tube in the tuft mouse
Authors: Fong Keith S.K. , Adachi Dana A.T. , Chang Shaun B. , Lozanoff Scott
Published: June 2014

Background: Genetic variations affecting neural tube closure along the head result in malformations to the face and brain, posing a significant impact on health care costs and the quality of life. Methods: We have established a mouse line from a mutation that arose spontaneously in our wild‐type colony that we called tuft. Tuft mice have heritable midline craniofacial defects featuring an anterior lipomatous cephalocele. Results: Whole‐mount skeletal stains indicated that affected newborns had a broader interfrontal suture where the cephalocele emerged between the frontal bones. Mice with a cephalocele positioned near the rostrum also presented craniofacial malformations such as ocular hypertelorism and midfacial cleft of the nose. Gross and histological examination revealed that the lipomatous cephalocele originated as a fluid filled cyst no earlier than E14.5 while embryos with a midfacial cleft was evident during craniofacial development at E11.5. Histological sections of embryos with a midfacial cleft revealed the cephalic neuroectoderm remained proximal or fused to the frontonasal ectoderm about the closure site of the anterior neuropore, indicating a defect to neural tube closure. We found the neural folds along the rostrum of E9 to E10.5 embryos curled inward and failed to close as well as embryos with exencephaly and anencephaly at later stages. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization of anterior markers Fgf8 and Sonic hedgehog indicated closure of the rostral site was compromised in severe cases. Conclusion: We present a model demonstrating how anterior cranial cephaloceles are generated following a defect to neural tube closure and relevance to subsequent craniofacial morphogenesis in the tuft mouse. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:598–607, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
UV fluorescence of tryptophan residues effectively measures protein binding to nucleic acid fragments immobilized in gel elements of microarrays
Authors: Zasedateleva Olga A. , Vasiliskov Vadim A. , Surzhikov Sergey A. , Sazykin Alexey Y. , Putlyaeva Lidiya V. , Schwarz Anton M. , Kuprash Dmitry V. , Rubina Alla Y. , Barsky Victor E. , Zasedatelev Alexander S.
Published: June 2014

Microarrays allow for the simultaneous monitoring of protein interactions with different nucleic acid (NA) sequences immobilized in microarray elements. Either fluorescently labeled proteins or specific fluorescently labeled antibodies are used to study protein–NA complexes. We suggest that protein–NA interactions on microarrays can be analyzed by ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence of tryptophan residues in the studied proteins, and this approach may eliminate the protein‐labeling step. A specialized UV microscope was developed to obtain fluorescent images of microarrays in the UV wavelengths and to measure the fluorescence intensity of individual microarray elements. UV fluorescence intensity of BSA immobilized in microarray gel elements increased linearly with increased BSA amount with sensitivity of 0.6 ng. Real‐time interaction curves between the DNA‐binding domain of the NFATc1 transcription factor (NFATc1‐DBD) and synthetic hairpin‐forming oligodeoxyribonucleotides immobilized within 0.2 nL microarray gel elements at a concentration 5 × 10–5 M and higher were obtained. The UV fluorescence intensities of microarray gel elements containing NFATc1‐DBD–DNA complexes at equilibrium allowed the estimation of the equilibrium binding constant for complex formation. The developed method allows the protein–NA binding to be monitored in real time and can be applied to assess the sequence‐specific affinity of NA‐binding proteins in parallel studies involving many NA sequences.
Oxidative refolding of rPA in l‐ArgHCl and in ionic liquids: A correlation between hydrophobicity, salt effects, and refolding yield
Authors: Tischer Alexander , Lilie Hauke , Auton Matthew , Lange Christian
Published: June 2014

The ionic liquid 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride (EMIM Cl) and the amino acid l‐arginine hydrochloride (l‐ArgHCl) have been successfully used to improve the yield of oxidative refolding for various proteins. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the actions of such solvent additives—especially of ionic liquids—are still not well understood. To analyze these mechanisms, we have determined the transfer free energies from water into ionic liquid solutions of proteinogenic amino acids and of diketopiperazine as peptide bond analogue. For EMIM Cl and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium diethyl phosphate, which had a suppressive effect on protein refolding, as well as for l‐ArgHCl favorable interactions with amino acid side chains, but no favorable interactions with the peptide backbone could be observed. A quantitative analysis of other ionic liquids together with their already published effects on protein refolding showed that only solvent additives within a certain range of hydrophobicity, chaotropicity and kosmotropicity were effective for the refolding of recombinant plasminogen activator. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 101: 1129–1140, 2014.
Development and validation of an LC‐MS/MS method for the determination of mesalazine in beagle dog plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Qin Juan , Di Xin , Wang Xin , Liu Youping
Published: June 2014

A simple, specific and sensitive LC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of mesalazine in beagle dog plasma. The plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation, then the separation of the analyte was achieved on a Waters Spherisorb C6 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of 0.2% formic acid in water–methanol (20:80, v/v). The flow rate was set at 1.0 mL/min with a split ratio of 3:2. Mass spectrometric detection was achieved by a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray source interface in positive ionization mode. Quantitation was performed using selected reaction monitoring of precursor–product ion transitions at m/z 154 → m/z 108 for mesalazine and m/z 285 → m/z 193 for diazepam (internal standard). The linear calibration curve of mesalazine was obtained over the concentration range 50–30,000 ng/mL. The matrix effect of mesalazine was within ±9.8%. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were <7.9% and the accuracy (relative error) was within ±3.5%. The validated method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetics of mesalazine in healthy beagle dogs after rectal administration of mesalazine suppository. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.