bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bulk store as an effort to reduce marine debris in Bajo Pulau
Authors: Haerulloh Aziz Ali , Hiwari Hazman
Published: January 2021

Damage to coastal ecosystems and shallow waters of the Bajo Pulau Village, Sape Sub-district, Bima District, West Nusa Tenggara Province is caused by the accumulation of household waste that is not managed by the community from year to year. It resulted in a reduction in the quality of seawater. This study examines the various factors behind it and synthesizes the solution to the problem by proposing a bulk store. The research method used is descriptive-analytic with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out by observation, field studies, literature studies, and interviews. The results showed that Indonesia (as the largest archipelagic country) has a low interconnectivity level. It causes small islands to be vulnerable to environmental degradation. This vulnerability is also caused by the lack of a business system that considers sustainable environmental capabilities. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the amount of household waste scattered on land and in the sea that threatens the surrounding ecosystem with the concept of a minimal garbage collection facility based on a cooperative system.
Jambi City community transportation modes and influencing factors
Authors: Junaidi Junaidi , Yulmardi Yulmardi , Hardiani Hardiani
Published: January 2021

This study aims to analyze the Jambi City community transportation modes' needs and diversity and influencing factors. This study uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data comes from a sample of households in Jambi City. Meanwhile, secondary data comes from related agencies or institutions at the National, Provincial, and City of Jambi levels related to transportation macro conditions. This study uses descriptive statistical analysis to analyze the diversity of transportation modes used in Jambi City. Meanwhile, to analyze the factors that influence transportation mode choice, it is estimated using logit ordinal regression models. The analysis results found that the primary mode of transportation used by the Jambi City community was personal motorbikes. Public transportation is the second choice, and the use of private cars is the third option. The choice of transportation mode is influenced by gender, main activity, car ownership, motorcycle ownership, and household income.
HISTÓRIAS EM QUADRINHOS COMO RECURSO METODOLÓGICO: UMA POSSIBILIDADE NAS AULAS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA
Authors: Trevisan Kamila Isabel , González Fernando Jaime , Borges Robson Machado
Published: January 2021

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever as consequências da implementação de três unidades de ensino utilizando histórias em quadrinhos como recurso metodológico nas aulas de Educação Física Escolar. É uma pesquisa descritiva, pautada em uma abordagem qualitativa, na qual unidades didáticas sobre lutas, ultimate frisbee e práticas corporais e saúde foram desenvolvidas em três turmas nos anos finais do ensino fundamental. Os resultados indicam que a estratégia de utilizar histórias em quadrinhos como recurso metodológico foi extremamente produtiva. Pontualmente, os alunos aprenderam sobre os temas estudados em comparação ao que sabiam anteriormente ao desenvolvimento das unidades didáticas. Especialmente os momentos de debates após a leitura das histórias em quadrinhos foram fundamentais na constituição dos conhecimentos conceituais. Na percepção dos alunos, é um recurso interessante e estimulante para estudar.
REVIEWING THE RESULT OF MACHINE TRANSLATION: A CASE FOR INDONESIAN TRANSLATION VERSION BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE AND IMTRANSLATOR
Authors: Baihaqi Akhmad , Mulyana Away
Published: January 2021

This research is intended to describe the translation version of a literary story that produced by the machine translation. This study used qualitative research. The research was conducted from a literary story of the storybook of Robin Hood: Level 2, retold by Liz Austin. The book was published by Pearson Education Limited in 2000 (the first edition). Research data and analysis were taken from the documentation of the translation results of different machine translation, that is Google Translate and IMTranslator. The result proves that both Google Translate and IMTranslator can help translators to do their works quickly. There are also some weaknesses from those MT as follows: (1) some versions are inaccurate and inappropriate according to the grammatical rules; (2) those MT can only translate on words for word and literal level, so the versions are looked inaccurate and inappropriate for some contexts; (3) those MT also cannot distinguish connotative or associative meanings; and (4) the results of MT serve only as pre-translation, therefore, they still need further discussion and adjustment by the human translators to achieve more acceptable, readable, and understandable results.
MORAL VALUE AND CHARACTER BUILDING EDUCATION IN FOLKLORE: LUBUK EMAS
Authors: Sipahutar Silvania Sefaca , Narhan Raees , Paramita Ratna , Sembiring Yenita Br
Published: January 2021

The folklore entitled Lubuk Emas is one of the stories that come from North Sumatra, Indone-sia. The aim of this study is the researcher wants to show the importance of moral value and character-building education through the Lubuk Emas folklore. This research used the library research method, where the researcher will gathering information about the moral value and character-building education through Lubuk Emas folklore.  The results of this study are to show that the character has a different characterization and also give the reader a different mo-rality include individual morality and social morality. Which later can be applied in everyday life through studying the characters so that the children will grow with a commendable person-ality and character. Keywords:  Character Building, Education, Folklore, Lubuk Emas, Moral Value
MULHER NEGRA NA LITERATURA: A PALAVRA COMO INSTRUMENTO DE LUTA E RESISTÊNCIA
Authors: Soares Cecília Moreira , Lorena da Silva Jorge Grácia
Published: January 2021

O presente artigo pretende discutir como a literatura tem sido utilizada enquanto mecanismo de luta e resistência por mulheres negras, de modo a evidenciar diferentes caminhos e temáticas que permeiam tal utilização. Nesse âmbito, propomos uma reflexão sobre as vozes que se fazem presentes na escrita literária a partir do lugar de fala das escritoras, de suas experiências individuais e coletivas. Em seguida, realizamos uma análise de como as autoras, em suas produções, abordam questões relacionadas às identidades, ao empoderamento, às lutas e resistências da mulher negra. Historicamente, a mulher negra foi colocada à margem das ordens estabelecidas pelo sistema patriarcal, desse modo, o movimento para dar visibilidade a textos literários de mulheres negras é fundamental para desconstruir o discurso dominante e para o reconhecimento das potencialidades femininas negras. Assim, o crescimento de autorias femininas negras contemporâneas na esfera literária evidencia a busca pela “descolonização” da literatura, utilizando-a como meio de existência identitária e de busca pela igualdade de direitos. Como metodologia para a escrita, realizamos pesquisa bibliográfica, a partir de diferentes autores como: Chimamanda Adichie (2009); Evaristo (2014); Davis (2016); Soares (2006) Osana Zolin (2009); Candido (2002); Facina (2004); Cercas (2020); Ribeiro(2017); Zolin (2009); Guimarães(1998); Jesus( 2000); Rufino( 1988) e Santana(2015).
YEARNING TO CONNECT A Short Introduction to Music Curatorship
Authors: Heloisa Amaral
Published: January 2021

A presentation of the master elective With and Beyond Music combined with a description of own curatorial projects and the disclosure of findings of the research project Curatorship and Social Engagement, led by the lectorate Music, Education & Society.
Elastolisis de la dermis media: reporte de un caso
Authors: E Bruno Gil , M E González , G Vidal , A Guidi , J M Verduzco
Published: January 2021

La elastolisis de la dermis media (EDM) es una afección rara y adquirida del tejido elástico, caracterizada histológicamente por la disminución o ausencia de fibras elásticas en la porción media de la dermis. Afecta con mayor frecuencia a mujeres jóvenes, es asintomática y no se acompaña de compromiso extra cutáneo. Se presenta el caso de una paciente con finas arrugas en piel de ambas axilas y región lumbar.
Concomitant accumulations of ions, osmoprotectants and antioxidant system-related substances provide salt tolerance capability to succulent extreme-halophyte Scorzonera hieraciifolia
Authors: ALTUNTAŞ Cansu , TERZİ Rabiye
Published: January 2021

Halophytes adapting to live in salinized areas can activate some
tolerance mechanism through signal compounds to cope with salinity.
However, the role of co-activity of signal compounds in salt tolerance
of halophytes is not yet fully understood. We have firstly detected that
Scorzonera hieraciifolia with fleshy shoots is a succulent
extreme-halophyte and researched the changes in signal compounds
involved in the salt tolerance mechanism, including inorganic ions,
osmoprotectants and substances related to antioxidant system. The levels
of signal compounds such as calcium, magnesium, proline, soluble sugar,
hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, ascorbate and glutathione concomitantly
increased when thickness of shoot tissues enhanced under excess
salinity. There were 3.3-fold, 5-fold, 8-fold and 10-fold enhancements
in the levels of inorganic ions (Ca and
Mg), hydrogen peroxide, ascorbate and glutathione in
the shoots treated with excess salinity, respectively. Contents of
sodium, potassium and chlorine, and antioxidant enzyme activities,
superoxide dismutase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase,
catalase and glutathione reductase, also increased in the salinized
shoots. Western blot analysis showed that the increases in antioxidant
enzyme activities were consistent with increases in their protein
contents.

The results suggest that extraordinary salt tolerance capacity in
Scorzonera hieraciifolia, a succulent extreme-halophyte can be
improved by modulated accumulations of signal compounds, especially
calcium, magnesium, osmoprotectants, reactive oxygen species and
antioxidant substances. Moreover, massive induction of antioxidant
enzymes can make strong contributions to salt stress tolerance of
S. hieraciifolia.
Genetic differentiation can be predicted from observational data for reproductive but not vegetative traits in a widespread short-lived plant
Authors: Villellas Jesus , Ehrlén Johan , Crone Elizabeth , Csergő Anna , Garcia Maria , Laine Anna-Liisa , Roach Deborah , Salguero-Gomez Roberto , Wardle Glenda , Childs Dylan , Elderd Bret , Finn Alain , Munne-Bosch Sergi , Bachelot Benedicte , Bódis Judit , Bucharova Anna , Caruso Christina , Catford Jane , Coghill Matthew , Compagnoni Aldo , Duncan Richard , Dwyer John , Ferguson Aryana , Fraser Lauchlan , Griffoul Emily , Groenteman Ronny , Hamre Liv Norunn , Helm Aveliina , Kelly Ruth , Laanisto Lauri , Lonati Michele , Munzbergova Zuzana , Nuche Paloma , Olsen Siri , Oprea Adrian , Partel Meelis , Petry William , Ramula Satu , Rasmussen Pil , Enri Simone , Roeder Anna , Roscher Christiane , Schultz Cheryl , Skarpaas Olav , Smith Annabel , Tack Ayco , Töpper Joachim , Vesk Peter , Vose Gregory , Wandrag Elizabeth , Wingler Astrid , Buckley Yvonne
Published: January 2021

Phenotypic plasticity can mask population genetic differentiation,
reducing the predictability of trait-environment relationships. In
short-lived plants, reproductive traits may be more genetically
determined due to their direct impact on fitness, whereas vegetative
traits may show higher plasticity to buffer short-term perturbations.
Combining a multi-treatment greenhouse experiment with global field
observations for the short-lived Plantago lanceolata, we 1) disentangled
the genetic and plastic responses of functional traits to a set of
environmental drivers and 2) assessed the utility of trait-environment
relationshisps inferred from observational data for predicting genetic
differentiation. Reproductive traits showed distinct genetic
differentiation that was highly predictable from observational data, but
only when correcting traits for differences in their (labile) biomass
component. Vegetative traits showed higher plasticity and contrasting
genetic and plastic responses, leading to unpredictable trait patterns.
Our study suggests that genetic differentiation may be inferred from
observational data only for the traits most closely related with
fitness.
Effect of early-life antibiotic exposure and IL-13 polymorphism on atopic dermatitis phenotype
Authors: Park Min Jee , Lee So-Yeon , Lee Si Hyeon , Kang Mi-Jin , Song Kun Baek , Jung Sungsu , Yoon Ji-Sun , Suh Dong In , Shin Youn Ho , Kim Kyung Won , Ahn Kangmo , Hong Soo-Jong
Published: January 2021

Background: Although atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with certain
gene variants, the rapidly increasing incidence of AD suggests that
environmental factors contribute to disease development. In this study,
we investigated the association of AD incidence and phenotype with
antibiotic exposure within 6 months of age, considering the dose
administered and genetic risk. Methods: This study included 1,637
children from the COCOA birth cohort. Pediatric allergists assessed the
presence of AD at each visit and obtained information about antibiotic
exposure for more than 3 days. IL-13 (rs20541) polymorphism was
genotyped by the TaqMan method. We stratified the AD phenotypes into 4
groups and used multinomial logistic regression models for analysis.
Results: Antibiotic exposure within 6 months of age was found to
increase the risk of AD within 3 years of life (aOR=1.40, 95%, CI
1.09–1.81) in dose-dependent manner. Antibiotic exposure more than
twice increased the risk of the early-persistent AD phenotype (aOR=2.50,
95% CI 1.35–4.63). There was a weak interaction between genetic
polymorphisms and environmental factors on the development of AD (p for
interaction=0.06). Children with the IL-13 (rs20541) GA+ AA genotype
have a higher risk of the early-persistent AD phenotype when exposed to
antibiotics more than twice than those with the IL-13 (rs20541) GG
genotype and without exposure to antibiotics (aOR=4.73, 2.01–11.14).
Conclusion: Antibiotic exposure within 6 months was related to the
incidence of early-persistent AD and a dose-dependent increase in the
incidence of AD in childhood, whose effect was modified by the IL-13
(rs20541) genotype.
The COVID-19 pandemic: A Comprehensive Review of the Genomic variations, Epidemiological features, Diagnosis, Treatment and Intervention schemes in South Asia
Authors: Noman Abdullah Al , Ekra Jannatul Efte , Meem Rima Islam , Islam Md. Sujan , Sharzana Fariha , Islam Md. Shofiqul , Sana Samiron , Mahmud Niaz , Kabir Md. Masnoon , Mahedi Abdullah Al , Joarder Taufique
Published: January 2021

The ongoing respiratory disease pandemic COVID-19 caused by a newly
emerging highly infectious virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is aggravating the world’s health, economy
and regular life. This unprecedented respiratory outbreak has already
infected more than 43 million individuals and taken more than 1.1
million lives. The habitation of over 21% of the world’s population-
the SAARC region is also susceptible to COVID-19 and comprises of more
than 20% of the total infected cases. Demographic analysis showed that
males and younger populations are mostly infected in South Asian
countries. Similar genomic variations were observed in the countries
such as variations in the ORF1ab, ORF1a, ORF3a and S genes were largely
seen. As no effective treatment strategy hasn’t developed yet, only
timely testing and tracing can mitigate the loss from the disease which
led the way to the development of alternate screening methods with
higher efficiency and timely results. Since no unanimously recognized
treatment option is available, existing medicines and treatments are
being utilized to treat the patients. Currently, a vaccine can be the
ideal solution for this rapidly evolving disease and hence two South
Asian country- Bangladesh and India has joined the race of vaccine
development and one of them succeeded the phase II clinical trial. As
the ‘Second Wave of COVID-19’ is approaching, it has become a matter of
urgency to appraise the existing policies and strategies in order to
ascertain and implement effective schemes that can mitigate the
ramifications of the disease.
Hospital hyperglycemia: Status Investigation and Effect of a Real-time Glycemic Alert System
Authors: Cao Chenxiang , Bernet Victor , Liu Zhaoxiang , Li Caihong , Bi Chongyang , Sang Zhenhua , Xiao Jianzhong
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND Hospital hyperglycemia is common and associated with
potential adverse outcomes. A Hospital-wide Mobile Phone Alert (HMA)
system was built to achieve real time glucose monitoring with warnings
for glucose excursions. This study investigated the status of glucose
control and evaluated the impact of HMA system on inpatient glycemia
management. METHODS Inpatients with hyperglycemia hospitalized between 1
January, 2017 and 31 December, 2018 were identified excluding those
< 18 years of age. The HMA system was activated on 1 October,
2017. It sent real time cellphone warning messages to the patient’s
designated team physician whenever glucose levels > 10
mmol/L or < 3 mmol/L were detected. A serum glucose
> 7.8 mmol/L was defined as hospital hyperglycemia (HH),
and > 10 mmol/L was defined as significant HH (SHH).
Glucose excursions before and after the HMA system was instituted were
compared. RESULTS The incidence of HH, SHH and hypoglycemia was 26.1%,
12.8% and 2.5%, respectively. With the HMA system, the monthly glucose
related consultation rate for all inpatients increased 65.9%. The rate
of HH glucose amount/ total glucose amount improved with the HMA system,
being lower than pre HMA system activation for the surgical wards (15.8
± 4.7% vs 21.1 ± 6.1%，p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study,
one third of inpatients were noted to experience hyperglycemia. Real
time cellphone warning messages to the patient’s designated team
physician can improve consultation utilization for blood glucose
excursions. The alert system was found to reduce the incidence of
hyperglycemia on surgical wards.
Working Capital Management Strategy and Selected Measures of Financial Security for Dairy Cooperatives in Poland
Authors: Ganc Marzena
Published: January 2021

The article evaluates select financial security indicators from groups of dairy cooperatives, and examines the relationship between the net working capital ratio and these indicators, in order to illustrate the strength of the relationship between pursued strategies and financial security. Most of the surveyed entities pursued a conservative strategy in the area of working capital management. The greatest relation between the share of net working capital in current assets and financial security ratios was found in the case of financial liquidity (according to the literature and the author's expectations), where this relation was close to unity. A negative strength in the relationship was noted between the ratio of working capital share in current assets and trading in inventories in days in all groups of cooperatives, regardless of the working capital strategy applied. (original abstract)
Impact of tax Instruments on the Organic Food Market in Poland
Authors: Jarczok-Guzy Magdalena
Published: January 2021

This article is an analysis and assessment of the impact of tax instruments on the organic food market in Poland. The assessment was made on the basis of primary data obtained by the author as part of a survey conducted on the inhabitants of the Silesian Voivodeship. In Poland, the VAT rates on food vary, depending on the product classification code. They can be 23%, 8% or 5%. Organic food has not been treated exceptionally, while changes introduced in the tax rates in July 2020 for specific foods are quite significant. The impact of these changes on organic food purchases has been determined in the results of the survey. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to assess the impact of the VAT rate on the organic food market in Poland. (original abstract)
Impact of Coronavirus Covid-19 on the Food System
Authors: Skawińska Eulalia , Zalewski Romuald
Published: January 2021

The article contributes to the theory of sustainability. It aims to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on global food security and its role in changing food supply chains, with a particular focus on international chains. The research is presented in several sections. The analytical portion discusses the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemiological crisis on the global food market. The state of food safety is then presented, taking into account the quantitative and qualitative aspects. Next, the aspect of the economic availability of food is examined, as well as the important role that international food chains play in shaping food safety. All sections include the results of an analysis of international secondary data on food security under the influence of an ongoing pandemic. The stated objective of the work was achieved and the questions that formulate the research problem were answered. Finally, the need for further normative studies was identified. (original abstract)
Infections Following Transplantation
Authors: Issa Nicholas C , Stempel Jessica M. , Koo Sophia
Published: January 2021

Infections following kidney transplantation are an important cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the entire posttransplantation period. Patients become more susceptible to an assortment of diverse infections following transplantation due to ongoing immunosuppression and may present with atypical clinical manifestations. An expeditious microbiologic workup and appropriate management are essential to ensure timely diagnosis and prompt initiation of specific therapy.
Oral Cavity Lesions
Authors: Kuten-Shorrer Michal , Bruch Jean M , Treister Nathaniel S
Published: January 2021

This chapter presents a systematic approach to the diagnosis and management of the most common oral cavity lesions. Oral cavity lesions are broadly categorized based on etiology and are further characterized according to clinical features such as location, shape, size, associated symptoms, and duration. Some of these conditions present with pathognomonic signs and symptoms, whereas others may present nonspecific features, making clinical diagnosis challenging. Formulating a differential diagnosis requires taking a thorough history and performing a detailed physical examination, often along with investigative studies and tests. Management protocols differ according to the specific condition, ranging from observation alone to medication-based and/or surgical therapy.
This review 32 figures, 6 tables, and 53 references.
Key Words: hematologic malignancy, immune-mediated disease, mucosal melanoma, oral anatomy, oral cancer, oral examination, oral infections, oral manifestations, oral mucosal disease, oral precancerous lesions, salivary gland disease
Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery
Authors: Swanson Scott J. , White Abby
Published: January 2021

Since the early 1990s, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has revolutionized surgical care. The era of VATS is sufficiently mature that enough data have accrued to compare the efficacy of VATS with that of open procedures. In this regard, anatomic pulmonary resection by VATS has led to significant reductions in morbidity, mortality, and hospital length of stay, allowing patients a more expeditious return to regular activities. VATS has been used in the treatment of both benign and malignant diseases of the chest. Furthermore, VATS may be used in selected patients with early-stage lung cancer without breaching oncologic surgical principles. This review covers the case for VATS technology; operative planning; basic thoracoscopy operative technique; VATS procedures for pleural disease, pulmonary wedge resection, spontaneous pneumothorax and bullous disease, lung volume reduction surgery, lobectomy, mediastinal lymph node dissection, pericardial window, mediastinal masses, management of thoracic trauma, sympathectomy and splanchnicectomy; and cost considerations. Figures show preoperative evaluation; proper patient position in the operating room, with the patient propped on pontoons; triangulation technique for port placement in relation to intrathoracic structures and targets; thoracoscope and trocar placement; video and monitors; wedge resection with lung compression clamp; tissue-reinforced stapler  inserted into the chest; endoleader looped around the superior pulmonary vein; endoleader looped around the truncus anterior and its branch; and division of the upper lobe bronchus. Tables list indications and relative contraindications for VATS procedures, basic instruments and equipment used for VATS procedures, and operative steps for VATS lobectomy.
 
This review contains 10 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 35 references
Key words: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; VATS; Minimally invasive thoracic surgery; Thoracoscopy; Rigid thoracoscope; Flexible thoracoscope; Thoracoport
Chest Wall Mass
Authors: Sylvin Erik A. , Kucharczuk John C.
Published: January 2021

Chest wall masses are relatively uncommon in clinical practice. The chest wall contains a number of distinct tissues, including skin, fat, muscle, bone, cartilage, lymphatics, blood vessels, and fascia. Each of these component tissues has the capability of producing either a benign or a malignant primary chest wall mass. Initial clinical evaluation includes careful history-taking; CT scans; MRI; and fine-needle aspiration as the former cannot always distinguish between malignant and benign masses. The benign primary masses of the chest wall are described and include infectious masses such as sternal infections; sternoclavicular joint infections; and osteomyelitis of the rib. Benign neoplasms of the chest wall are listed and include bone and cartilage neoplasms such as osteochondromas and chondromas. Malignant primary masses of the chest wall are listed and include soft tissue sarcomas; plasmacytoma; chondrosarcoma; and synovial sarcomas. Secondary chest wall masses are also defined as direct extensions of a malignancy from a contiguous organ. Breast and lung cancer are the most common. The initial evaluation centers on staging the underlying disease. Figures show a sternoclavicular joint infection; a CT scan showing sternoclavicular joint infection; and a chest wall sarcoma. Tables describe the classification of primary and secondary chest wall masses; benign neoplasm of the chest wall by site of origin; and primary malignant chest wall masses according to tissue of origin. This chapter contains 11 figures, 3 tables, 57 references, 5 Board-styled MCQs, and 1 Teaching Slide Set.
Hereditary Colorectal Cancer and Polyposis Syndromes
Authors: Guillem Jose G. , Ammori John B
Published: January 2021

The majority of cases of inherited colorectal cancer (CRC) are accounted for by two syndromes: Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). In the management of FAP, the role of prophylactic surgery is clearly defined, although the optimal procedure for an individual patient depends on a number of factors. In the management of Lynch syndrome, the indications for prophylactic procedures are emerging. The authors address the clinical evaluation, investigation findings, medical and surgical therapy, and extracolonic diseases of FAP, attenuated form of FAP (AFAP), MYH-associated polyposis, Lynch syndrome, familial colorectal cancer type X (FCCTX), hyperplastic polyposis syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, and juvenile polyposis syndrome. AFAP has been described that is associated with fewer adenomas and later development of CRC compared with classic FAP. The AFAP phenotype occurs in less than 10% of FAP patients. The clinical criteria for AFAP are no family members with more than 100 adenomas before the age of 30 years and (1) at least two patients with 10 to 99 adenomas at age over 30 years or (2) one patient with 10 to 99 adenomas at age over 30 years and a first-degree relative with CRC with few adenomas. Given that polyposis has a later onset and the risk of CRC is less well established in AFAP, some authors question whether prophylactic colectomy is necessary in all AFAP patients.

This review contains 26 tables and 173 references
Keywords: Colorectal cancer, Lynch syndrome, hyperplastic polyp, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, juvenile polyposis syndrome, familial adenomatous polyposis
Operations for Colon Cancer
Authors: Kazanjian Kevork , Etzioni David A
Published: January 2021

Colon cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States. Partial colectomy is beneficial for the majority of these patients; more than 250,000 of these procedures are performed in the United States annually, with colon cancer being the most common indication. Although these procedures are commonly performed, there is considerable associated morbidity and mortality. This review details the indications for surgery, the preoperative planning, and technical considerations for colon cancer surgeries. Figures show the vascular anatomy of the colon, oncologic resections of carcinomas in different locations of the colon, anatomic relations between the colon and the retroperitoneal organs, port positioning for laparoscopic colectomy, right colon mobilization and mesenteric dissection in laparoscopic right hemicolectomy, configuration of an end-to-end stapled colorectal anastomosis, laparoscopic left hemicolectomy and sigmoid resection, and approaches to dissection of the splenic flexure. A video shows a laparoscopic right colectomy, and potential complications of colectomy are listed in a table.
This review contains 9 figures, 1 video, 2 tables, and 70 references.
Keywords: Colon, Anastomosis, Colectomy, Cancer, Flexure, Tumor, Sigmoid, Mesentry
Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis: Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Ziegler Kenneth R. , Naslund Thomas C.
Published: January 2021

Nearly 800,000 strokes are reported in the United States annually, with an economic impact upward of $33 billion. Carotid artery disease, familiar to all vascular surgeons, accounts for just over one fifth of these strokes. However, these cases reflect an opportunity for the surgeon to intervene and mitigate the substantial burden of stroke. This review includes the epidemiology of stroke in the United States and the carotid artery and noncarotid etiologies of stroke, including atherosclerotic disease, fibromuscular dysplasia, carotid artery dissection, and cardioembolism. The clinical presentations of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke and transient ischemia attacks are examined, as are the major findings expected in the patient history and physical examination. Strategies for further evaluation of the patient are discussed, including the use of sonographic imaging of the carotid artery and the relative advantages and disadvantages among the dominant modes of brain imaging. New updates to the review include interventional approaches toward the treatment of acute ischemic stroke, as well as the latest strategies regarding the timing of carotid endarterectomy after stroke and the utility of carotid artery stenting in these patients, with active areas of current research highlighted. Figures show a computed tomographic (CT) angiogram of fibromuscular dysplasia of an internal carotid artery, a CT angiogram of an internal carotid artery dissection showing a defect in the dissection, a CT scan demonstrating hemorrhagic conversion of cardioembolic stroke, a CT scan of acute thalamic hemorrhage, a CT scan of evolving ischemic stroke, a T2-weighted image demonstrating acute left frontal stroke and remote right frontal stroke, T1- and T2-weighted images of right parietal ischemic stroke, and M1 occlusion of a middle cerebral artery treated successfully with transcatheter thrombectomy. Tables list Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound and University of Washington criteria for duplex ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis.
 
This review contains 8 figures, 8 tables, and 68 references.
Keywords: Carotid stenosis, ischemic stroke, transient ischemic attack, endovascular therapy, thrombolysis, infarct, hemorrhagic stroke, atherosclerosis, embolism
Strategies of Hemodialysis Access
Authors: Macsata Robyn A. , Sidawy Anton N.
Published: January 2021

Chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have become common diagnoses in the United States; in response, several clinical practice guidelines for the surgical placement and maintenance of arteriovenous (AV) hemodialysis access have been published. This review examines temporary hemodialysis access, permanent hemodialysis accesses, and the Hemodialysis Reliable Outflow (HeRO) graft. Figures show trends in the number of incident cases of ESRD, in thousands, by modality, in the US population, 1980 to 2012, Medicare ESRD expenditures, algorithm for access location selection, autogenous posterior radial branch-cephalic wrist direct access (snuff-box fistula),  autogenous radial-cephalic wrist direct access (Brescia-Cimino-Appel fistula), autogenous radial-basilic forearm transposition, prosthetic radial-antecubital forearm straight access, prosthetic brachial (or proximal radial) antecubital forearm looped access, autogenous brachial (or proximal radial) cephalic upper arm direct access,  autogenous brachial (or proximal radial) basilic upper arm transposition, prosthetic brachial (or proximal radial) axillary (or brachial) upper arm straight access, prosthetic superficial femoral-femoral (vein) lower extremity straight access and looped access, prosthetic axillary-axillary (vein) chest looped access,  straight access, and body wall straight access,  HeRO graft, banding of the outflow access tract, distal revascularization with interval ligation, upper extremity edema and varicosities associated with venous hypertension, internal jugular to subclavian venous bypass, and puncture-site pseudoaneurysms of an AV access. Tables list AV access configuration, autogenous AV access patency rates, and prosthetic AV access patency rates.
 This review contains 20 figures, 3 tables, and 76 references.
Keywords: Chronic Kidney Disease, End-stage renal disease, Short- and Long-term dialysis catheters, Autogenous AV access, Prosthetic AV access, HeRO graft, Arterial Steal, Venous hypertension, Pseudoaneurysm, Megafistula
Rehabilitation of the Burn Patient
Authors: Stewart Barclay T , Mandell Samuel P , Gibran Nicole
Published: January 2021

Burn rehabilitation begins the moment the patient contacts the healthcare system and, for many patients, it never truly ends. Returning severely burned patients to their pre-injury level of function has become more challenging, as more severely burned patients survive their injury. The need for rehabilitation does not simply correspond with burn depth, total body surface area involved, or injury severity. Other factors also impact need for rehabilitation, such as anatomic location of injury (eg, across finger joints, face), additional psychosocial strain from a house fire or having an injured loved one, or body image concerns related to visible scarring. To meet these and other challenges posed by burn injuries, rehabilitation requires a multidisciplinary team including, but not limited to, nursing, surgery, burn therapy, rehabilitation medicine, vocational counseling, rehabilitation psychology, psychiatry, and nutrition. Accord­ingly, verification as a burn center by the American Burn Association requires a goal-oriented, multidisciplinary rehabilitation program. This chapter broadly discusses the spectrum and integral components of burn rehabilitation.
This review contains 13 figures, 8 tables, and 71 references. 
Key Words: burn, community integration, function, mental health, multidisciplinary, outcome, pain, quality of life, reconstruction, rehabilitation, therapy.
Surgical Considerations in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Pham Thomas A. , Melcher Marc L.
Published: January 2021

Advances in the management and the surgical techniques of solid-organ transplantation have led to a growing number of patients living longer with transplanted organs. Surgical intervention in these patients ideally should be carried out by the original transplant team; however, the goal of this review is to provide information for practicing surgeons who are not at a transplant center so that they may recognize transplant-related problems, to help decide when to perform an intervention or operation and when to consider transfer to a transplant center. With careful attention to medications and symptoms, general surgery principles will hold true with transplant patients. Minor procedures can usually be conducted without much modification, and major procedures may require some adjustment of the medication regimen. This review covers preoperative considerations, diagnostic and radiologic considerations, intraoperative considerations, management of perioperative infection, management of perioperative immunosuppression, postoperative management, when to consider transfer to a transplant center, special considerations, and annotated key references. Tables list anatomic and diagnostic details of abdominal organ transplants, and considerations for common immunosuppressive agents.
This review contains 2 tables and 44 references
Infection Control in Surgical Practice
Authors: Reinke Caroline E. , Kelz Rachel R. , Bailey Elizabeth A
Published: January 2021

Health care–associated infections (HAIs) are those that are acquired while patients are being treated for another condition in the health care setting. HAIs are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality, with 75,000 deaths attributable to HAIs each year. This review outlines the evolution of HAI as a quality metric and introduces key governmental and professional organization stakeholders. The role of the local infection control program is also discussed. Using the example of surgical site infection, we detail the multitude of factors that contribute to the occurrence of an HAI, evidence-based preventive strategies, and systems-based programs to reduce preventable infections. Specific diagnostic criteria and preventive strategies are also introduced for catheter-associated urinary tract infection, central line–associated bloodstream infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia, Clostridium difficile infection, and various multidrug-resistant organisms.
This review contains 3 figures, 9 tables, and 74 references.
Key words: catheter-associated urinary tract infection, central line–associated bloodstream infection, Clostridium difficile, hospital-acquired infection, infection, quality, surgical site infection, ventilator-associated pneumonia
Anatomy, Physiology, and Measurement of Physiologic Function for Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Lamb M. Nicole , Kaiser Andreas M
Published: January 2021

Solid surgical decision making and operative planning are the cornerstones of excellence in outcomes and performance. Beyond the knowledge of the pathologic process, they require an in-depth understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the area impacted by disease or dysfunction. The embryology and anatomy, as well as the physiology of the appendix, colon, rectum, and anus, are reviewed here, with a particular focus on their impact on surgical evaluation and decision making. Tables outline artery-dependent embryologic development of the gastrointestinal system, embryologic development and related malformations, principles and critical structures during colorectal mobilization/resection, clinical impact of anatomic differences between colon and rectum, mediators and drugs affecting colonic motility, pelvic floor muscles, and anophysiology testing. Figures depict malrotation, colon walls, computed tomographic colonography, coronal and lateral views of the rectum, rectal cancer, vascular anatomy, colonic wall innervation, diurnal variation of colonic motility, assessment of colonic transit by means of a Sitzmark study, pelvic organ prolapse, and electrolyte transport mechanisms within the colonocyte.
This review contains 12 figures, 7 tables, and 97 references.
Constipation: Diagnosis and Investigation
Authors: Knowles Charles H
Published: January 2021

Although constipation is no longer treated primarily with surgery, surgeons continue to regularly see patients with constipation in ward and ambulatory settings. It is therefore critical that surgeons have a practical approach to the patient with constipation in respect of diagnosis, investigation, and management. This review covers background knowledge in terms of the definition, classification, epidemiology, and etiology of constipation. It then addresses the clinical evaluation and investigation of the patient with chronic constipation. A subsequent review follows on to cover medical and surgical management.
 
This review contains 6 figures, 8 tables and 59 references
Key Words: chronic constipation, constipation, defecation disorder, defecography, dyssynergia, intussusception, manometry, proctography, rectocele, slow-transit
Enteral Stenting: An Overview of Gastrointestinal Luminal Endoprostheses
Authors: Patel Vaishali , Willingham Field
Published: January 2021

Enteral stents are tubular devices that can reestablish the patency of the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen in the setting of high-grade obstruction. Although they have been more commonly used in the palliation of malignant obstruction, they now have expanding roles for benign luminal strictures and stenoses. Familiarity with the indications and contraindications for enteral stent placement can enable consideration of a less invasive and morbid therapeutic option for many patients with symptomatic obstructions. The development of self-expandable metal stents and the subsequent emergence of lumen-apposing coaxial metal stents have expanded the role of enteral stents in the management of various GI disorders.
This review contains 49 references, 5 figures, and 5 tables.
Key Words:coaxial, enteral, gastrointestinal malignancy, lumen-apposing, obstruction, palliation, stent
Endoscopic Therapy for Dysplastic Barrett Esophagus and Intramucosal Cancer
Authors: Becq Aymeric , Berzin Tyler M
Published: January 2021

Barrett esophagus (BE) is a common premalignant condition that may evolve from nondysplastic intestinal metaplasia to low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and ultimately to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). This review addresses the range of endoscopic approaches for treating dysplastic BE and early EAC. Endoscopic treatment is favored for most patients with LGD, although endoscopic surveillance continues to be an alternative. Endoscopic eradication is definitively recommended for patients with HGD. Radiofrequency ablation is the preferred technique for ablation of dysplastic BE, although there is also strong support for endoscopic mucosal resection as a first-line therapy. Cryotherapy is emerging as a valid alternative ablative approach. Endoscopic resection by endoscopic mucosal resection or endoscopic submucosal dissection is recommended as the first-line therapy for nodular BE and T1a EAC. Post-eradication endoscopic surveillance is indicated at intervals that depend on the category of pretreatment dysplasia. Because of advances in endoscopic therapy, surgery is now indicated only when endoscopic ablation or resection has failed or in the setting of more advanced EAC.
This review contains 8 figures, 2 tables, and 55 references.
Key Words: cryotherapy, endoscopic mucosal resection, esophageal adenocarcinoma, esophagectomy, high-grade dysplasia, low-grade dysplasia, nodular Barrett esophagus, radiofrequency ablation
Pulmonary Aspiration During Induction of General Anesthesia
Authors: Hayashi Reina , Maeda Shigeru , Hideki Taninishi , Higuchi Hitoshi , Miyawaki Takuya
Published: January 2021

Perioperative pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents can induce complications of varying severity, including aspiration pneumonitis or pneumonia, which may be lethal. A 34-year-old man with no significant medical history presented to Okayama University Hospital for extraction of the third molars and incisive canal cystectomy under general anesthesia. He experienced pulmonary aspiration of clear stomach fluid during mask ventilation after induction. After aspiration occurred, the patient was immediately intubated, and suctioning was performed through the endotracheal tube (ETT). An anteroposterior (AP) chest radiograph was obtained that demonstrated atelectasis in the left lower lobe, in addition to increased peak airway pressures being noted, although SpO2 remained at 96% to 99% at an FiO2 of 1.0. The decision was made to proceed, and the scheduled procedures were completed in approximately 2 hours. A repeat AP chest radiograph obtained at the end of the operation revealed improvement of the atelectasis, and no residual atelectasis was observed on the next day. Although the patient reported following standard preoperative fasting instructions (no fluids for 2 hours preoperatively), more than 50 mL of clear fluid remained in his stomach. Because vomiting can occur despite following NPO guidelines, the need for continued vigilance by anesthesia providers and proper timely management is reinforced.
Cyber-physical approach toward semiautonomous postprocessing of additive manufactured parts and components
Authors: Seidel A. , Gollee C. , Schnellhardt T. , Hammer M. , Dassing J. , Vogt R. , Wiese T. , Teicher U. , Hellmich A. , Ihlenfeldt S. , Drossel W.-G.
Published: January 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM), often referred to as 3D printing, is a generic term describing the layered build-up of material in near net shape frequently attributed with a freedom of design that cannot be achieved otherwise. AM focuses basically on the fabrication of parts for different fields in complex high-tech applications. Examples include components for jet engines, turbines blades, and implants in the medical sector. This is often justified with tool cost savings, shorter lead-time, and overcoming the “design for manufacture” paradigm. On the other hand, a machining allowance is frequently required to counteract the inherent surface roughness and the widespread challenge of part distortion due to residual stresses. At this point, geometrical complexity and small batch sizes transform into strong cost drivers compared to conventional subtractive processing. In fact, these parts are simply hard-to-clamp and hard-to-probe. Moreover, iterative processing is frequently required due to remaining residual stresses in order to reach the target geometry; even the part envelope changes unintentionally. The current paper explores the novel approach of semiautonomous postprocessing of AM parts and components based on flexible clamping, geometry acquisition in the as-clamped position using cooperating laser profile sensors, and an adaptive milling path planning strategy to counteract unforeseen change of the part envelope.