bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research: Overview
Authors: Green Denise M. , Ellis Samantha M.
Published: October 2014

Macro social work research may be defined as an in-depth, systematic investigation into a subject pertaining to macro systems that requires gathering data, information, and facts to advance knowledge within communities, organizations, social networks, policy, social structures, and the determination of the efficacy of macro practice interventions. Macro social work research is unique because it provides an exceptional opportunity to pursue a particular interest in a specific area of study. While the process of research is seated in a long history of propriety, modern macro research is seen as the quintessential essence of engaged learning that can be theory-driven or atheoretical while maintaining rigor. Additionally, macro research increases innovation, organization, communication, critical thinking, time and project management, and problem-solving skills. Finally, macro research can often lead to determinations as to the merit and worth of the researched entity. With the intent to progress knowledge that is consistent with scientific inquiry, the types of research and their application to macro social work research are outlined: (a) descriptive research, (b) exploratory research, (c) explanatory (cause and effect) research, and (d) evaluative (program evaluation) research. Particular emphasis will be placed on evaluative (program evaluation) research due to its extensive use in macro social work.
Research: History of Research
Authors: Zlotnik Joan Levy
Published: October 2014

An important attribute of a profession is the systematic study of its practices, to continually advance its service modalities. Throughout its history the social work profession has engaged in research and sought to strengthen connections between research and practice. National social work organizations and federal agencies, especially the National Institute of Mental Health, have all played key roles in stimulating and assessing the research enterprise. International and interdisciplinary research, advanced research methods and research/practitioner/community partnerships provide perspective for future efforts.
Social Welfare Policy: Overview
Authors: DiNitto Diana M. , Johnson David H.
Published: October 2014

Social welfare policy may be defined as government’s response to human needs such as food, housing, healthcare, employment, and other necessities. Many contemporary U.S. social welfare policies have roots in the New Deal programs of the 1930s, which were responses to the Great Depression. The civil unrest of the 1960s, the “Great Recession” of 2008, and the COVID-19 pandemic also brought about major policy responses. There are basic philosophical differences in approaches that Americans believe the United States should take to meeting human needs, often described in liberal and conservative perspectives. Social insurance and public assistance programs are major responses to poverty and other needs. Disparities based on race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, and other factors may also be addressed through social welfare policies, sometimes in the form of civil rights legislation. Racism and other forms of systemic discrimination, however, continue to prevent many Americans from reaping the benefits that others enjoy. The National Association of Social Workers’ code of ethics calls for social workers’ political involvement. Social workers participate in all aspects of policy processes to improve the biopsychosocial well-being of Americans and people across the globe.
Social Policy: History (1900–1950)
Authors: Carlton-LaNey Iris
Published: October 2014

This entry traces American social welfare development from the 1890s to 1950. It also includes social work's participation and response to need during two critical times in American history: the Progressive Era and the New Deal. Social reformers were instrumental in the development of social legislation, including the establishment of the Children's Bureau as well as the development of a public welfare system at the state level. America's response to human suffering left many groups, such American Indians, African Americans, and Asians, marginalized. In response, African Americans established a parallel system of private relief through organizations such as the National Urban League, unlike the other racial groups.
Social Policy: History (1950–1980)
Authors: Stern Mark J.
Published: October 2014

Between 1950 and 1980, the United States developed a welfare state that in many ways was comparable to those of other advanced industrial nations. Building on its New Deal roots, the Social Security system came to provide a “social wage” to older Americans, people with disability, and the dependents of deceased workers. It created a health-care insurance system for the elderly, the disabled, and the poor. Using the tax system in innovative ways, the government encouraged the expansion of pension and health-care protection for a majority of workers and their families. By 1980, some Americans could argue that their identification as a “laggard” in the field of social provision was no longer justified.
Social Policy: History (1980 to Present)
Authors: Reid P. Nelson
Published: October 2014

With the election of President Ronald Reagan in 1980 the United States entered an era of social policy development shaped in large measure by themes associated with political conservatism: privatization, federalism, work-linked benefits, personal responsibility, and “family values.” These themes have resulted in changes to the basic structure of American social welfare that will persist into the 21st century.
Social Work Education: Doctoral
Authors: Lubben James E.
Published: October 2014

Social work doctoral education in the U.S. commenced almost 100 years ago. Although initial growth was slow, the number of universities offering doctoral degrees in social work has rapidly grown over the last 25 years. During this time, the Group to Advance Doctoral Education (GADE) in social work has fostered excellence. There is considerable variation in program emphasis. Financial support for doctoral education in social work appears to be growing along with employment opportunities for graduates. Emerging trends and issues will pose major challenges for doctoral education in social work.
Social Work Education: Multiculturalism
Authors: Alvarez Ann Rosegrant
Published: October 2014

Despite many debates about the meaning and implications of multiculturalism, it remains an important concept within social work and other professional and academic disciplines. The basic idea of multiculturalism in social work education is that social work students need to learn to work effectively with people from many different cultures, and that this will have a positive impact on their social work practice and on outcomes for those with whom they work. It has been linked to issues of power, oppression, and social change. Future directions include focus on intersectionality and continued development of the implementation and implications of multiculturalism within social work education.
Social Work Practice: History and Evolution
Authors: McNutt John G.
Published: October 2014

Social work is a profession that began its life as a call to help the poor, the destitute, and the disenfranchised of a rapidly changing social order. It continues today still pursuing that quest, perhaps with some occasional deviations of direction from the original spirit.

Social work practice is the primary means of achieving the profession’s ends. It is impossible to overstate the centrality or the importance of social work practice to the profession of social work. Much of what is important about the history of the profession is the history of social work practice.

The profession must consider both social work practice per se (the knowledge base, practice theories, and techniques) and the context for social work practice. The context of practice includes the agency setting, the policy framework, and the large social system in which practice takes place.

Social work practice is created within a political, social, cultural, and economic matrix that shapes the assumptions of practice, the problems that practice must deal with, and the preferred outcomes of practice. Over time, the base forces that create practice and create the context for practice, change. Since the social order changes over time, practice created at one point in time may no longer be appropriate in the future. It is also true that social work, and social work practice, can differ from society to society.
Social Work Profession: History
Authors: Stuart Paul H.
Published: October 2014

The social work profession originated in volunteer efforts to address the social question, the paradox of increasing poverty in an increasingly productive and prosperous economy, in Europe and North America during the late 19th century. By 1900, working for social betterment had become an occupation, and social work achieved professional status by 1930. By 1920, social workers could be found in hospitals and public schools, as well as in child welfare agencies, family agencies, and settlement hoses. During the next decade, social workers focused on the problems of children and families. As a result of efforts to conceptualize social work method, expand social work education programs, and develop a stable funding base for voluntary social service programs, social work achieved professional status by the 1930s. The Great Depression and World War II refocused professional concerns, as the crises of depression and war demanded the attention of social workers. After the war, mental health concerns became important as programs for veterans and the general public emphasized the provision of inpatient and outpatient mental health services. In the 1960s, social workers again confronted the problem of poverty. Since then, the number of social workers has grown even as the profession's influence on social welfare policy has waned.
Technology: Tools and Applications of Technology
Authors: Patterson David A.
Published: October 2014

Social workers across fields of practice now have a wide array of technology tools and applications for the conduct and augmentation of practice tasks. This entry is intended as a primer on information and communication technology computer hardware tools and software programs. It describes the essential features and practice utility of an array of information and communication technology hardware, including desktop and laptop computers, tablet computers, and smartphones. Software applications are described with a focus on their social work practice functionality in the capture or retrieval, analysis or synthesis, and presentation or dissemination of information. Described are many emerging Web-based applications with noteworthy practice significance.
Clinical Social Work
Authors: Grant Darlene
Published: October 2014

The soldiers from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, as well as large numbers of nonwounded soldiers, experience post-traumatic stress disorder. Further, the families, groups, and communities from which all U.S. service men and women come, during and after these and other wars, have experienced their own war-related trauma. Stories on the nightly news reveal soldier reaction to combat stress, including intrusive memories, racing thoughts, nightmares, troubled sleep, irritability, anxiety, fear, isolation, depression anger, poor concentration, hyper- or hypovigilance, exaggerated responses, and increased alcohol and other drug abuse. The stories of family, friends, and community are filled with war stress symptoms of their own. Charged with keeping their families together, bills paid, jobs afloat, children safe and growing, families may experience a drop in income, loneliness and isolation, long deployments, multiple last minute combat redeployment and duty extensions, anger, frustration, depression, increased alcohol and other drug abuse, loss of trust, fear, increase in domestic violence, and school disruption. Not all of the change for family is negative as some spouses and children who are left behind find they have new skills and new independence with which to negotiate their world. The returning soldier's response to this newfound independence and skill may require the services of the clinical social worker.
Women: Health Care
Authors: Aguilar Marian A.
Published: October 2014

This entry provides an abbreviated version of the status of women's health in the United States, highlighting health care utilization, health care expenditures, policy issues, barriers to health care, and the impact on populations at risk. The findings accentuate the importance of moving the women's health care agenda forward because of the persistence of health disparities not just among women of color but among women with disabilities, adolescents, women in violent relationships, women with AIDS, women who are incarcerated, women who are homeless, older low-income women, women on welfare, and lesbian women.
Abbott, Edith
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Edith Abbott (1876–1957) was a social worker and educator. She was Dean of the School of Social Service Administration at the University of Chicago from 1924 to 1942 and she helped in drafting the Social Security Act of 1935.
Abernathy, Ralph David
Authors: Beasley Lou M.
Published: October 2014

Ralph David Abernathy (1926–1990) was a pastor who became president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference after the assassination of Martin Luther King. He was director of personnel, dean of men, and professor of social studies at Alabama State University.
Adams, Frankie Victoria
Authors: Beasley Lou M.
Published: October 2014

Frankie Victoria Adams (1902–1979) was a social worker who influenced the development of social work education and of professional social work in the American South. She developed the Group Work and Community Organization concentrations at Atlanta University.
Addams, Jane
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Jane Addams (1860–1935) was a settlement house leader and peace activist. She was the founder of Hull-House and became president of the National Conference of Charities and Correction. She won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931.
Alexander, Chauncey A.
Authors: Abels Paul A.
Published: October 2014

Chauncey A. Alexander (1916–2005) was Executive Director of the National Association of Social Workers from 1967 to 1982 and founder and president of the First Amendment Foundation. He was instrumental in developing an International Code of Ethics for social workers.
Codes of Ethics
Authors: Congress Elaine
Published: October 2014

Social work values and ethics provide the foundation for social work practice around the world. Almost all countries where social work is a recognized profession have a Code of Ethics. Although there are many similarities among Codes of Ethics in different countries, cultural and societal differences have influenced their content and focus. The extent to which Codes of Ethics have a direct effect on social work practice has been debated. While Codes of Ethics reflect societal and national differences, what is universal and fundamental to social work practice from a human rights perspective should prevail.
Bechill, William D.
Authors: Ephross Paul H.
Published: October 2014

William D. Bechill (1928–2007) was a social worker who raised public and governmental consciousness about the needs of older Americans. He was responsible for the original design of the Medi–Cal legislation in California, which anticipated much of the Federal Medicare.
Beck, Bertram
Authors: Carpenter Kenneth S.
Published: October 2014

Bertram Beck (1918–2000) was a social worker who contributed to juvenile delinquency prevention and held many leadership positions in social work organizations. At Fordham University he was instrumental in creating the managed care institute and the religion and poverty institute.
Berry, Margaret
Authors: Carpenter Kenneth S.
Published: October 2014

Margaret Berry (1915–2002) was Executive Director of the National Conference on Social Welfare from 1972 to 1979. She was actively involved in developing group work activities on an international basis.
Bethune, Mary McLeod
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Mary McLeod Bethune (1875–1955) was a teacher committed to the education and development of Black women. Her role as president of the National Association of Colored Women led to the founding of the National Council of Negro Women in 1935.
Blackey, Eileen
Authors: Daniel Margaret
Published: October 2014

Eileen Blackey (1902–1979) was a social worker and consultant who helped establish schools of social work in Hawaii and at Hebrew University in Israel. She was Dean of the School of Social Work at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Brace, Charles Loring
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Charles Loring Brace (1826–1890) was a writer, minister, and social reformer. He worked with homeless children, initiating child welfare services, and was the founder and executive director of the Children's Aid Society of New York City.
Breckinridge, Sophonisba Preston
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge (1866–1948) was an educator and social activist, based in Chicago. She taught the first course in public welfare administration and developed a postgraduate curriculum in social work, introducing the case method as the mode of instruction.
Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Walsh Joseph
Published: October 2014

Cognitive therapy is a perspective on social work intervention with individuals, families, and groups that focuses on conscious thought processes as the primary determinants of most emotions and behaviors. It has great appeal to social work practitioners because of its utility in working with many types of clients and problem situations, and its evidence-based support in the literature. Cognitive therapies include sets of strategies focused on education, a restructuring of thought processes, improved coping skills, and increased problem-solving skills for clients.
Burns, Eveline Mabel
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Eveline Mabel Burns (1900–1985) was a social economist and educator at Columbia University. She helped formulate the original Social Security Act and directed research that shaped public assistance and work programs through the 1940s.
Cabot, Richard Clarke
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Richard Clarke Cabot (1865–1939) was a physician and educator from Massachusetts, who initiated the first social work department at a US medical school. He instituted home visits to gain information about patients and make medicine more efficient through social work.
Cannon, Ida Maud
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Ida Maud Cannon (1877–1960) was director of the Social Service Department at Massachusetts General Hospital, where she defined and developed medical social work. She moved medical social work into the community and provided social workers with specialized medical knowledge.
Cloward, Richard
Authors: Gitterman Alex
Published: October 2014

Richard Cloward (1926–2005) was an internationally renowned scholar, social activist, and educator at Columbia University. His scholarship on contemporary issues in the US was informed by his social activism on the frontlines, organizing for welfare rights and voter registration.
Cohen, Wilbur
Authors: Guyotte Roland L.
Published: October 2014

Wilbur Cohen (1913–1987) was secretary of the US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and chief architect of Medicare and Medicaid. He drafted the Social Security Act and, from the 1930s to the 1980s, developed its scope and defended it from cutbacks.
Dix, Dorothea Lynde
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802–1887) was a writer and pioneer in the mental health movement. She lobbied national and internationally on behalf of the deaf and insane and was responsible for the establishment of 32 public and private mental health institutions.
Dybwad, Rosemary Ferguson
Authors: Williams Constance W.
Published: October 2014

Rosemary Ferguson Dybwad (1910–1992) was writer and social work activist. She brought together nationally organized groups of parents of children with intellectual limitations. She was responsible for the International League of Societies for Persons with Mental Handicap and the International Directory of Mental Retardation Resources.
Epstein, Abraham
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Abraham Epstein (1892–1942) was an economist, educator, and writer. He was a leader in the post-World War I movement for passage of social security legislation. In 1927 he founded the American Association for Old Age Security (later the American Association for Social Security).
Fernandis, Sarah A. Collins
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Sarah Fernandis (1863–1951) was a civic leader and organizer of public health activities in Black communities. She founded the first black social settlement in the United States. In 1920, she became the first Black social worker employed in the City Venereal Disease Clinic of the Baltimore Health Department.
Fizdale, Ruth
Authors: Beebe Linda
Published: October 2014

Ruth Fizdale (1908–1994) was a caseworker and administrator in health care. She was a pioneer in professionalizing social work working with many organizations such as NASW. For 19 years, she was executive director of the Arthur Lehman Counseling Service (ALCS).
Folks, Homer
Authors: Harmon Sara
Published: October 2014

Homer Folks (1867–1967) was a social work pioneer, recognizing illness as a major cause of poverty. His public service activities included the care of dependent children, mental hygiene, tuberculosis control, public assistance programs, social research, and corrections and parole.
Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Ouanesisouk Trinidad Alma M.
Published: October 2014

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) embraces a collaborative partnership approach to research that equitably involves community members, organizational representatives, social workers, other practitioners, and researchers in the research process. CBPR begins with a research topic of importance to the community and has the aim of combining knowledge with action and achieving social change. It is community based in the sense that community members become part of the research team and researchers become engaged in the activities of the community. Community–researcher partnerships allow for a blending and aligning of values and expertise, promoting co-learning and capacity-building among all partners, and integrating and achieving a balance between research and action for the mutual benefit of all partners. Various terms have been used to describe this research, including participatory action research, action research, community-based research, collaborative action research, anti-oppressive research, and feminist research.
Frankel, Lee Kaufer
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Lee Kaufer Frankel (1867–1931) was a chemist and developer of family casework practice. He is known for his contributions to health insurance, family services, and Jewish welfare. He was an instructor at the New York School of Philanthropy and was instrumental in establishing the Training School for Jewish Social Work.
Frazier, Edward Franklin
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Edward Franklin Frazier (1894–1962) was a research sociologist and educator. Noted for his work on the Black family and the Black middle class, he was head of the Department of Sociology at Howard University for 24 years.
Galarza, Ernesto
Authors: Ramos Juan
Published: October 2014

Ernesto Galarza (1905–1984) was a social work scholar at San Jose State University and an advocate of social justice. He was credited with ending the Bracero program and contributed to policy changes in the health and safety of farm workers.
Gallaudet, Thomas
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Thomas Gallaudet (1822–1902) devoted his life to ministering to deaf people. He was ordained a priest in 1851 and in 1852 he established St. Ann's Church for Deaf Mutes, conducting regular services in sign language.
Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (1787–1851) and his two sons, Thomas and Edward Miner, are renowned for their commitment to the education of deaf people. In 1817 he established the first free American school for the deaf in Hartford, Connecticut.
Garrett, Annette Marie
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

Annette Marie Garrett (1898–1957) was a social worker and social work educator who contributed to the development of casework practice, especially in the field of industrial counseling. From 1935, she taught at Smith College School for Social Work.
Community Building
Authors: Franklin Umeka E’Lan
Published: October 2014

The history, theory, and empirical and practical knowledge of community building social networks and social ties contribute to informal social control, while neighborhood behavior is key to the development and maintenance of social cohesion. Diversity, equity, and inclusion is considered when examining the relationships among the elements of community resources, civic engagement, and civic participation. Empirical work provides evidence of effective ways to produce and promote community building in poor neighborhoods, as well as the practical knowledge that suggests its importance for the role of social work.
Gurteen, Stephen Humphreys
Authors: Stuart Paul H.
Published: October 2014

Stephen Humphreys Gurteen (1836–1898) founded the first Charity Organization Society in the United States. In 1875 he was ordained an Episcopal priest and appointed assistant minister of St. Paul's Church, Buffalo, New York. The Buffalo COS launched in December 1877.
Community Development
Authors: Butterfield Alice K. Johnson , Chisanga Benson
Published: October 2014

Community development is a planned approach to improving the standard of living and well-being of disadvantaged populations in the United States and internationally. An overview of community development is provided. The objectives of community development include economic development and community empowerment, based on principles of community participation, self-help, integration, community organizing, and capacity building. Community building and asset-based approaches are recent trends and innovations. Community development is interdisciplinary, with models and methods derived from disciplines such as social work and urban planning. The entry examines linkages between community development and macro practice, including an increase in employment opportunities for social workers.
Hopkins, Harry Lloyd
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Harry Lloyd Hopkins (1890–1946) was administrator of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration—the country's first federal relief program—as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidential administration. In 1936 he published Spending to Save: The Complete Story of Relief.
Howard, Oliver Otis
Authors: Colby Ira C.
Published: October 2014

Oliver Otis Howard (1830–1904) served as the first commissioner for the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands. He founded Howard University, was President Ulysses S. Grant's “Peace Commissioner” with Native Americans, and superintendent of West Point Military Academy.
Hudson, Walter W.
Authors: Nurius Paula S.
Published: October 2014

Walter W. Hudson (1934–1999) was a leader in measurement theory, development and testing of assessment and outcome evaluation tools, applied statistics, evidence-based practice methodology, and computer applications for human services practice.
Jarrett, Mary Cromwell
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Mary Cromwell Jarrett (1876–1961) delineated the specialty of psychiatric social work in mental hospitals and worked to alleviate problems associated with chronic illness while at the Welfare Council of New York City. She also founded the Psychiatric Social Workers' Club.
Jones, Mary Harris “Mother”
Authors: Delaplaine Joanne "Rocky"
Published: October 2014

Mary Harris “Mother” Jones (1830–1930) was a union organizer for the United Mine Workers of America and was known for her tireless efforts to improve the lives of working people and raising public awareness of the issues of child labor.
Kellogg, Paul Underwood
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Paul Underwood Kellog (1879–1958) was a journalist who actively supported social welfare projects. He was editor of Charities and Survey and The Pittsburgh Survey (1901) was the first social survey of labor conditions in the steel industry.
King, Martin Luther, Jr.
Authors: Carlton-LaNey Iris
Published: October 2014

Martin Luther King, Jr. (1929–1968) was a civil rights leader, a minister, and an orator. In 1963, he gave his “I Have a Dream” speech and received the Nobel Peace Prize. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1968.
Kingsbury, Susan Myra
Authors: Marchione Mollie T.
Published: October 2014

Susan Myra Kingsbury (1870–1949), a pioneer in the field of social research, dedicated her career to the improvement of social and working conditions for women. She taught at Bryn Mawr College and was instrumental in the professionalization of social work.
Lee, Porter Raymond
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Porter Raymond Lee (1879–1939), social work education pioneer, helped to formulate a generic social casework theory. He was general secretary of the Philadelphia Society for Organizing Charity and was instrumental in organizing the American Association of Schools of Social Work.
Levy, Charles Samuel
Authors: Gelman Sheldon R.
Published: October 2014

Charles Samuel Levy (1919–2006), professor, ethicist, Jewish communal professional, worked at the Wurzweiler School of Social Work, Yeshiva University in New York, from 1956 to his retirement in 1982. His numerous publications have influenced today's leading social work ethicists.
Lindeman, Eduard Christian
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Eduard Christian Lindeman (1885–1953), a scholar of social philosophy and group methods, was on the faculty of the New York School of Social Work until retirement in 1950. He was president of the National Conference of Social Work in 1952.
Lowy, Louis
Authors: Bloksberg Leonard
Published: October 2014

Louis Lowy (1920–1991) was a leader in gerontology and social work education and a pioneer in advancing international social work education. Lowy emigrated from Germany to Boston in 1946 and co-founded the Boston University Gerontology Center in 1974.
Lurie, Harry Lawrence
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Harry Lawrence Lurie (1892–1973) was a leader in the establishment and proliferation of Jewish charitable organizations, including the Council of Jewish Federations and Welfare Funds. He was also the first editor of the Encyclopedia of Social Work.
Marshall, Thurgood
Authors: Stout Karen D.
Published: October 2014

Thurgood Marshall (1908–1993), the first African American U.S. Supreme Court Justice, is credited with ending American apartheid. He fought for the civil and equal rights for ethnic minorities, women's rights, prisoners' rights, and was opposed to the death penalty.
Matthews, Victoria Earle
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Victoria Earle Matthews (1861–1907), civic leader and activist in the Black women's club movement, became the first president of the Woman's Loyal Union of New York and Brooklyn. In 1897, she also organized the White Rose Industrial Association.
Mayo, Leonard Withington
Authors: Schorr Alvin L.
Published: October 2014

Leonard Withington Mayo (1899–1993) was concerned with child welfare, mental retardation, and public health. He was dean and vice president at Western Reserve University, professor at Colby College, and served on four White House Conferences on Children and Youth.
Meyer, Carol H.
Authors: Hartman Ann
Published: October 2014

Carol H. Meyer (1924–1996) was a social work educator involved in the development and adaptation of social work practice. She was on Columbia University's School of Social Work faculty for 34 years and was editor of Affilia and Social Work.
Minahan, Anne
Authors: Morgenbesser Mel
Published: October 2014

Anne Minahan (1925–2005), was a professor at the School of Social Work, University of Wisconsin-Madison (1967–1985). In 1973, with Allen Pincus, Minahan wrote Social Work Practice, Model and Method, the standard social work practice text in schools of social work.
Naparstek, Arthur J.
Authors: Bailey Darlyne
Published: October 2014

Arthur J. Naparstek (1939–2004), community planning expert, worked in neighborhood revitalization and created the federal Hope VI program that changed U.S. public housing. He was dean and professor at Case Western Reserve University's Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences (1983–2004).
Pray, Kenneth
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Kenneth Pray (1882–1948), a leader in social work education, worked for the Public Charities Association and was interested in prison reform. He also served as director of social planning and administration at the University of Pennsylvania's School of Social Work.
Reichert, Kurt
Authors: Carpenter Kenneth S.
Published: October 2014

Kurt Reichert (1916–2006) and Betty Reichert (1916–2004) contributed to the health field as program and community planners, administrators, teachers, and writers. Kurt was active in the civil rights movement and Betty was an early pioneer in family life education.
Riis, Jacob August
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Jacob August Riis (1848–1914) came to America in 1870 from Denmark and worked as a police reporter in New York City for 22 years. In addition to his realistic descriptions of slum conditions, Riis recommended health, educational, and environmental reform.
Rivera de Alvarado, Carmen
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Carmen Rivera de Alvarado (1910–1973) was a pioneer in social work practice and education. In 1935 she founded the first professional association of Puerto Rican social workers. She was a professor at the Universities of Puerto Rico and Pennsylvania.
Roosevelt, Eleanor
Authors: Newdom Fred
Published: October 2014

Eleanor Roosevelt (1884–1962), wife of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, pursued her own work investigating social conditions and the programs designed to address them. She served as the U.S. representative to the General Assembly of the newly formed United Nations.
Rothenberg, Elaine Zipes
Authors: Segal Florence Z.
Published: October 2014

Elaine Zipes Rothenberg (1921–1994) was appointed dean of the School of Social Work at Virginia Commonwealth University in 1972. Her work in the accreditation process of schools of social work resulted in increasing professionalization and accountability in social work education.
Rush, Benjamin
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Benjamin Rush (1746–1813) was a political activist and advocate for free education, prison reform, and the abolition of slavery. He was a teaching physician at the University of Pennsylvania and worked to improve the treatment of mentally ill people.
Samora, Julian
Authors: Silva Juliette
Published: October 2014

Julian Samora (1920–1996) was a researcher and scholar in sociology and Mexican American studies and the first Mexican American in the fields of sociology and anthropology. He was professor of sociology at the University of Notre Dame.
Satir, Virginia
Authors: Baldwin Michele , Walsh Froma
Published: October 2014

Virginia Satir (1916–1988) helped develop the basic principles of human interaction and communication that guide the practice of family therapy. She was a leading force in the human growth potential movement and director of training at the Esalen Institute.
Schwartz, William
Authors: Syers Maryann
Published: October 2014

William Schwartz (1916–1982) was a social work educator who contributed to the theory and practice of group work as a developmental and rehabilitative force for mutual aid. He was a visiting professor at Fordham University from 1977 to 1982.
Scott, Carl A.
Authors: Pearson Dorothy M.
Published: October 2014

Carl A. Scott (1928–1986) was assistant professor at the New York University School of Social Work. As a senior consultant on minority groups at the Council on Social Work Education he developed programs directed toward enhancing minority presence in curricula.
Shyne, Ann Wentworth
Authors: Sherman Edmund , Reid William J.
Published: October 2014

Ann Wentworth Shyne (1914–1995) was a founding member of the influential Social Work Research Group, which promoted research on social work practice. Her work had a considerable impact on family and child welfare services and on social work research.
Smith, Zilpha Drew
Authors: Edwards Larraine M.
Published: October 2014

Zilpha Drew Smith (1852–1926) was a social worker who devised a systematic approach to screening and investigating relief applications by using friendly visitors. In 1904 became associate director of the Boston School of Social Work.
Adult Protective Services
Authors: Brownell Patricia , Otto Joanne Marlatt
Published: October 2014

Adult Protective Services (APS) are empowered by states and local communities to respond to reports and cases of vulnerable adult abuse, neglect, and self-neglect. While incorporating legal, medical, and mental health services, APS programs are part of the social services delivery system and incorporate principles and practices of the social work profession.
Conflict Resolution and Conflict Mediation
Authors: Coles D. Crystal , Sawyer Jason
Published: October 2014

Conflict fundamentally impacts human interaction and social organization, and thus persists as a primary emphasis within macro social work practice. Traditionally, conflict resolution and conflict mediation have been provided through aspects of prevention, restoration, procedural, or decision-making services. This entry expands definition, discussion, and application of conflict resolution and conflict mediation in policy, organizational, and community practice settings. Authors use a critical lens and create new approaches in the application of conflict as a both a tool and guide for transformative macro practice across social work macro practice contexts.
Truth, Sojourner
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Sojourner Truth (1797–1883) was a reformer and evangelist who was active in the abolitionist movement. In 1843 she began speaking tours to advocate for the abolition of slavery and for women's suffrage.
Van Kleeck, Mary Ann
Authors: Healy Lynne M.
Published: October 2014

Mary Ann van Kleeck (1883–1972) was director of the Department of Industrial Studies at the Russell Sage Foundation. She studied the effect of technology on employment and her labor research led to legislation protecting women workers.
Vasey, Wayne
Authors: Geismar Ludwig L.
Published: October 2014

Wayne Vasey (1910–1992) was a social work educator who contributed to the fields of social policy, social welfare, and gerontology. He was founding executive of the social work schools at the University of Iowa and Rutgers University.
Vigilante, Joseph
Authors: Reisch Michael
Published: October 2014

Joseph Vigilante (1925–2005) made contributions to the fields of international social work and neighborhood-based social services and promoted the rights of people with developmental and learning disabilities. He became Dean of Adelphi's School of Social Work in 1962.
Vinter, Robert
Authors: Carpenter Kenneth S.
Published: October 2014

Robert Vinter (1921–2006) was an educator and consultant and worked at the University of Michigan School of Social Work for 31 years. He was well known for this work in the fields of juvenile delinquency and group work. He was a founding member of the National Association of Social Workers
Weiner, Hyman J.
Authors: Gitterman Alex
Published: October 2014

Hyman J. Weiner (1926–1980) was a program innovator, administrator, and educator. He was a pioneer in the conceptualization and implementation of group services in the health field. He also pioneered an Industrial Social Welfare Center and contributed to the building of industrial welfare curricula throughout the United States.
Wiley, George
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

George Wiley (1931–1973) was a reformer, organizer, and social activist. He is credited with organizing poor people into a significant political force in the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He founded the Poverty/Rights Action Center in Washington, DC.
Witte, Ernest Frederic
Authors: Longres John F.
Published: October 2014

Ernest Frederic Witte (1904–1986) was an educator and administrator. His work in the social welfare field, particularly during World War II, was influential both in the United States and internationally. He was among the first to deal with survivors of the Nazi death camps.
Wittman, Milton
Authors: Knee Ruth Irelan
Published: October 2014

Milton Wittman (1915–1994) was a social worker, writer, and leader in social work, public health, and mental health. He played a key role in the expansion of opportunities for social work education and for the involvement of social workers in the provision of mental health services.
Young, Whitney Moore, Jr.
Authors: Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: October 2014

Whitney Moore Young, Jr., (1921–1971) was a social work educator, civil rights leader, and statesman. He worked to eradicate discrimination against Blacks and poor people. From 1961 until his death he was executive director of the National Urban League.
Younghusband, Dame Eileen
Authors: Quam Jean K.
Published: October 2014

Dame Eileen Younghusband (1902–1981) was an international educator and scholar who influenced the development of social work around the world. She helped transform the International Association of Schools of Social Work from a predominantly Western organization into a worldwide, United Nations-linked body to establish schools of social work in developing countries.
The NASW Code of Ethics
Authors: Reamer Frederic G.
Published: October 2014

Ethical standards in social work have matured significantly since the profession’s formal inauguration in the late 19th century. As in most professions, social work’s principal code of ethics has evolved from a brief, broadly worded document to a detailed, comprehensive guide to ethical practice. This article summarizes the diverse purposes and functions of professional codes of ethics and the historical trends and changes in social work’s codes of ethics. The key components of the NASW Code of Ethics—the code’s preamble, broad ethical principles, and more specific ethical standards—are described.
Advanced Statistical Analysis
Authors: Guo Shenyang
Published: October 2014

Definitions of what constitutes advanced statistical analysis often differ among social-work researchers and across disciplines. In this article, the term advanced statistical analysis refers to advanced models increasingly applied to social-work research that help address important research questions. Because contemporary statistical models fully rely on the maximum likelihood (ML) estimator, this article begins with an overview of ML that serves as a foundation for understanding advanced statistical analysis. Following the overview, the article describes six categories of analytic methods that are important in confronting a broad range of issues in social-work research (that is, hierarchical linear modeling, survival analysis, structural equation modeling, propensity score analysis, missing data imputation, and other corrective methods for causal inference such as instrumental variable approach and regression discontinuity designs). These analytic methods are used to address research issues such as generating knowledge for evidence-based practices; evaluating intervention effectiveness in studies that use an experimental or quasi-experimental design; assessing clients’ problems, well-being, and outcome changes over time; and discerning the effects of policies.
Child Labor
Authors: Nayar Usha , Nayar Priya , Mishra Nidhi
Published: October 2014

The paper presents a global scenario of child labor by placing the issue in a historical context as well as comparing current work in the field. It specifically explains the psychosocial, political, and economic determinants of child labor and the prevalence of different forms as well as its magnitude in the different regions of the world. It features innovative programs and actions taken against child labor by local governments, civil societies, and United Nations bodies—mainly the International Labor Organization and the United Nations Children’s Fund. The paper also highlights multilateral collaborations among the UN and other international agencies that stand against child labor in general and the employment of children in hazardous conditions. It illustrates the cooperation among local governments, civic organizations, and child-rights movements that have brought gradual changes over the decades toward ending child labor. Further, it suggests that social work, relevant professional schools, and associations working in various disciplines should be engaged in research-based advocacy and find innovative solutions to control child labor.
Queer Communities (Competency and Positionality)
Authors: Dentato Michael P.
Published: October 2014

There is a critical and ongoing need for the expansion of competency among social workers related to understanding queer identities and issues related to positionality within queer communities. It is also important to continually examine the evolving terminology and context through which the term queer has been defined over the years and relevant challenges with connectedness to the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) community. Age cohort associations and the role of intersectionality also have relevance and underscore the multidimensional discourse necessary to develop effective competency, and engage in affirming practice with queer communities. Social worker practitioners must understand the implications for best practices associated with establishing and maintaining an affirming therapeutic alliance with queer clients, as well as the continued need for research related to understanding the unique needs of queer identities and the queer community at-large.
Congregational Social Work
Authors: Yancey Gaynor , Garland Diana R.
Published: October 2014

The social work profession has deep roots in religious practices and organizations. Congregations have served as viable contexts for social work practice from the very beginnings of the profession. In this entry, we examine congregational social work as a field of practice through discussion of definitions, historical development, characteristics of congregations, academic preparation of social workers for this field of practice, review of the literature and research, and ways of strengthening the future of social work in this field of practice.
Council on Social Work Education
Authors: Watkins Julia M. , Holmes Jessica
Published: October 2014

The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) provides leadership in social work education through faculty development, research, and accreditation of baccalaureate and master's social work programs. As of February 2012, 689 social work programs were accredited by CSWE. These programs represent an estimated 7,500 faculty members and 82,000 students at the baccalaureate and master's levels. CSWE promotes continued educational innovation and relevancy through setting accreditation standards, which are regularly revised by volunteer representatives from the social work education and practice community and approved by the CSWE Board of Directors.