bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SECONDARY EXTERNAL NARES OF THE GANNET
Authors: MACDONALD J. D.
Published: August 2010

The gannet has well‐developed secondary external nares to compensate for the primary ones which are occluded. It is questionable if this occlusion is a direct consequence of the habit of high diving. Occlusion of the external nares apparently limits the function of the nasal glands as salt excreting organs.
NOTES ON THE HABITS OF THE TASMANIAN DORMOUSE PHALANGERS CERCAERTUS NANUS (DESMAREST) AND EUDROMICIA LEPIDA (THOMAS)
Authors: HICKMAN V. V. , HICKMAN J. L.
Published: August 2010

The conditions under which specimens of the Tasmanian dormouse phalangers, Cercaertus nanus and Eudromicia lepida, were found in the field are described. Brief descriptions and measurements of the animals are given.

The activity and dormancy of the two species kept in captivity were investigated daily over a twelve month period. There was no prolonged hibernation. Activity and dormancy alternated throughout the year, the longest period of dormancy in the case of C. nanus being twelve days and in the case of E. lepida six days.

The body temperature of each species during dormancy was about equal to the air temperature. A dormant specimen of C. nanus having a body temperature of 12.5°C. took three hours to become fully active, when roused from dormancy. During this period the body temperature rose to 31°C. In the same way a dormant specimen of E. lepida having a body temperature of 17°C. required three hours and forty minutes to become fully active, its body temperature rising to 32°C.

The food and feeding habits of both species were studied, and found to be much the same. Insects were preferred but spiders, dead scorpions and even lizards were readily accepted. The flowers of Eucalyptus and Banksia were pulled to pieces but not eaten.

During periods of activity the daily food consumption amounted to about seven per cent of the body‐weight of the animal in each case.

The composition of an artificial food on which the animals thrived is given.
A STUDY OF THE COAT OF THE MOUFLON OVIS MUSIMON WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SEASONAL CHANGE
Authors: RYDER M. L.
Published: August 2010

Changes in the coat and skin of a mouflon sheep were followed from the age of three months to the age of twenty‐one months. The birth coat was shed between four and six months of age and there was a marked moult the following spring. During both these moults the coat was lost as a single mat. The wool of the under‐coat was shed only once during the spring moult, whereas the hairs of the outer coat were shed a second time in summer, but this was less obvious than the spring moult.

Details of the histology of the skin and of fibre shedding are given in addition to incidental observations on growth and the horns.
THE SYSTEMATICS, LIFE HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE BANK‐VOLE CLETHRIONOMYS TILESIUS IN NORTH‐WEST SCOTLAND
Authors: DELANY M. J. , BISHOP I. R.
Published: August 2010

Collections of Clethrionomys glareolus Schreb. have been made from the mainland of north‐west Scotland and the Islands of Mull and Raasay. The skull of the Raasay vole is larger than that of the other two sub‐species although the proportions of all three are similar. The number of re‐entrants on the inner margin of the third upper molar declines as the tooth wears. On the islands, a higher proportion of newly erupted teeth have three re‐entrants.

The three collections differ little in coat colour.

Life expectancy is higher and breeding less intense in north‐west Scotland than further south. Comparatively little reproduction is performed by Scottish animals in their first year.

There appears little basis for separating the Mull and mainland subspecies of Clethrionomys.
NEW GREGARINES PARASITIC IN LEPISMATIDS FROM CEYLON
Authors: CRUSZ HILARY
Published: August 2010

Three new species of cephaline gregarine from lepismatid insects of Ceylon are described in this paper. The relationship of these new species to other species belonging to the same genera is discussed. A list is given of the gregarine species so far recorded from Apterygota throughout the world.
SOME CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF SPECIATION OF AFRICAN CICHLID FISHES
Authors: FRYER GEOFFREY
Published: August 2010

A clear distinction must be made between the intralacustrine speciation shown by some groups of African cichlid fishes and the simple specific proliferation shown by others. The former phenomenon is exhibited by several genera but hardly at all by the genus Tilapia.

Inshore dwelling habits and an algal diet have not had restrictive effects on speciation. In fact it is among inshore species that speciation has been most active.

While, partially by exploiting their small size, genera which have given rise to the endemic species flocks of the great lakes have become highly specialized for the exploitation of specific niches, the species of Tilapia have usually remained large and unspecialized and therefore capable of existing in a variety of environments.

Further consideration of the effects of predation supports the idea that it has accelerated rather than retarded the process of speciation.

If certain conditions are fulfilled, closely related species can co‐exist throughout life in one habitat, eat the same kind of food and breed in close proximity to each other.
DENTITION OF THE RIBBON SEAL
Authors: SCHEFFER VICTOR B.
Published: August 2010

The dental formula of Histriophoca fasciata is: I 3/2, C 1/1, PC 5 (rarely 6) = 34 to 36. The teeth are rather weak, smooth and distantly spaced. The lower incisors are only half the size of the upper ones and are frequently lost. The lower canines point outward at an angle of 45° from the horizontal. In each half of the jaw, upper and lower No. 1 is the smallest of the postcanine series; Nos. 3 and 4 are the largest; Nos. 2 and 5 are nearly equal. On some skulls the gap between upper postcanines Nos. 4 and 5 is distinctly the widest. The upper postcanines may have a small posterior cusp; the lower ones frequently have both anterior and posterior cusps. In each half of the jaw, upper and lower postcanine No. 1 is single rooted; No. 5 is double rooted; Nos. 2, 3 and 4 are transitional.

On one specimen, the third pair of upper postcanines is missing and all of the teeth are unusually small. This skull may be pathological or it may be evidence of the variation to be expected in a declining evolutionary form.

Male and female are similar in body size and may reach a length of at least 170 cm. and a weight of at least 95 kg. Cranial measurements of five adult males, one adult female and one adult sex‐unknown are given.
ZOOPLANKTON OF THE RIVER SOKOTO THE FRESHWATER MEDUSA LIMNOCNIDA
Authors: GREEN J.
Published: August 2010

The freshwater medusa Limnocnida victoriae was found from December 1956 to April 1957 in a pool which becomes separated from the main channel of the River Sokoto during the dry season. The medusae are described and the importance of the number and size of statocysts as a systematic character within the genus is discussed. A map showing the distribution of Limnocnida in Africa is given.
A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF LEECH PARASITIC ON THE FISH COTTUS BUBALIS
Authors: SILVA P. H. D. H. DE , BURDON‐JONES C.
Published: August 2010

Five specimens of a new leech were found attached to fin‐rays of the dorsal and caudal fins of Cottus bubalis. The posterior sucker is folded laterally so that it can partially enclose a fin‐ray. These small, smooth‐skinned leeches resemble Platybdella in some respects, Abranchus in others. The coelomic system consists only of dorsal and ventral lacunae, the posterior crop caeca are separate and the dermis is narrow. There are only eighteen separate ganglia between the anterior and posterior ganglionic masses.
THE ANATOMY OF THE ANOMODONT DAPTOCEPHALUS LEONICEPS (OWEN)
Authors: EWER R. F.
Published: August 2010

A general description of the skull of a particularly well‐preserved specimen of Daptocephalus leoniceps (Owen) is given and the surface features of the septomaxilla described; it is suggested that this bone may have supported a nostril‐closing valve and that D. leoniceps may have been slightly amphibious. The conformation of the bones in the pterygoid region is described and attention is drawn to an arrangement which may prove to be a useful systematic character. A description of the masticatory apparatus is given and its mode of action is discussed, as are the homologies and significance of the labial fossa. The auditory region is described. A description of a small bone, interpreted as an ossified extra‐stapes, is given and the position of the tympanum is discussed. The proatlas, atlas and axis are described and a restoration of the neck muscles is made. Some of the bones of the manus are described and the functional significance of a number of the characteristics of the genus Daptocephalus is briefly outlined.
SEASONAL CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TESTIS LIPIDS OF THE CASPIAN TERRAPIN CLEMMYS CASPICA
Authors: LOFTS B. , BOSWELL C.
Published: August 2010

The testis of Clemmys caspica undergoes a sequence of well defined cyclical events. These include a seasonal enlargement of the Sertoli cells and the genesis of large quantities of lipoidal material in their cytoplasm. Intra‐tubular lipids disappear at the onset of the following spermatogenetic rhythm. This seasonal accumulation of dense sudanophil material within the seminiferous tubules and its disappearance prior to spermatogenesis is comparable with the events which occur in seasonal birds and other sub‐mammalian vertebrates. A lipid cycle occurs also in the interstitial Leydig cells which become denuded of their lipid contents at a time when spermatozoa are being discharged from the epididymal canals. This is the time of maximum sexual activity.

By September the seminiferous tubules have reached a peak of spermatogenesis and contain bunched spermatozoa. This is then followed by the transference of spermatozoa from the tubule lumena into the epididymal canals where they are stored for several months until the following breeding season. Meantime the ‘spent’ tubules become collapsed and enter a period of sexual negativity. In this, the terrapin differs from the viper (vipera berus) where the next spermatogenetic rhythm begins almost, immediately after the spring shedding of spermatozoa and becomes well‐established whilst the tubules are still clotted with large quantities of post‐nuptial lipids.

The spermatogenetic cycle closely parallels the environmental temperature cycle. It commences in April when environmental temperatures are rising rapidly and does not start to decline until October, by which time the daily temperature is beginning to drop. This cycle commences whilst day‐lengths are increasing, but declining day‐lengths after the summer solstice (21st June) appears to have no effect on spermatogenesis which continues unabated until late September.
A NEW SPECIES OF SABELLACHERES (CRUSTACEA: COPEPODA) PARASITIC ON THE FAN WORM EUDISTYLIA POLYMORPHA (JOHNSON)
Authors: GREEN J.
Published: August 2010

The female and nauplius of Sabellacheres dalesi sp. n. are described and figured. A key to the genera and species of the Gastrodelphyidae is given.
FRUIT‐BATS FROM THE FEDERATION OF MALAYA
Authors: HILL J. E.
Published: August 2010

An account is gíven of hitherto poorly known Malayan Megachiroptera recently received at the British Museum (Natural History) from the Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur. Variation in Cynopterus brachyotis from the south‐east Asian mainland is studied and a hitherto unknown Malayan race described; two genera, Dyacopterus and Aethalops, are recorded for the first time from the Asiatic mainland and the taxonomy of a number of species of Malaysian Megachiroptera discussed.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND ECOLOGY OF THE LITTORAL CENTIPEDE STRIGAMIA (=SCOLIOPLANES) MARITIMA (LEACH)*
Authors: LEWIS J. G. E.
Published: August 2010

The work here reported is of an investigation into the ecology and life history of a shore dwelling geophilomorph centipede Strigamia maritima (Leach). A method of determining the age of individuals and hence the life history, is described. By analysis of monthly samples it is shown that for the purposes of insemination, egg laying and moulting, individuals migrate from their feeding grounds, which are frequently covered by the tide, to a shingle bank where more terrestrial conditions prevail. The egg‐laying period is more restricted than in terrestrial species and takes place in May and June when spring tides are at their smallest amplitude and there is consequently least danger of the eggs being immersed. When animals in the feeding zone are covered by the tide they migrate out of this zone up into the shingle bank. It is concluded that the species is able to maintain itself in the intertidal zone only by virtue of the fact that non‐saline conditions prevail at the top of the beach for much of the year. Information on the prey, predators and parasites of S. maritima is given.
THE EVOLUTION OF THE MAMMALIAN FEMUR
Authors: PARRINGTON F. R.
Published: August 2010

Comparison of the femora of advanced cynodonts, tritylodonts and monotremes shows that the antero‐ventral trochanter of the cynodonts is the mammalian trochanter minor and not the reptilian trochanter internus as has been held. Consideration of the form of the pelvis supports this conclusion.

The femora and pelves of anomodonts indicate that an essentially mammalian musculature was developed and that, though no trochanter minor is known in the group, an iliacus muscle must be presumed to have been developed.

Among Theriodontia, the gorgonopsids are considered to have retained a largely reptilian thigh musculature, but the therocephalia and scaloposaurid bauriamorphs appear to have achieved a condition intermediate between those of reptiles and mammals.

It is claimed that the femora of primitive Theria are very similar to those of advanced cynodonts and could have been derived directly from one of this type. The femora of tritylodonts and monotremes, and two of the three supposed mammalian femora from the Jurassic, are considered to be specialized.
GROWTH OF THE POSTLARVAL SHELL INLINGULA UNGUIS(L.) (BRACHIOPODA)
Authors: CHUANG S. H.
Published: August 2010

The growth of the postlarval shell ofLingula unguison the north and east coasts of Singapore Island was studied. The youngest and the oldest postlarvae, observed over a period varying from one month to five years, grew in length and width all the year round. Length and width increments are inversely proportional to initial lengths and widths respectively, the linear negative correlation between increment and initial dimension being significant and high Growth is more rapid on the north than the east coast. Postlarvae transplanted to the north coast made greater increments than those left behind to grow in their original burrows on the east coast. Possible factors responsible for this difference in the rate of growth between the two localities are suggested. The regression of width increment on initial width nearly parallels that of length increment on initial length after one as well as after three years' growth, indicating a similar rate of decrease of increment with increasing initial width or length. The transformation of the shape of the shell is reflected in the changing width/length ratio. The change in width/length ratio during the postembryonic development of the shell is a continuous process. This ratio drops from a range of 1.5‐2.0 to around 0.8 during the larval stage and to around 0.4‐0.5 by the time the postlarval shell length reaches 4 mm. During the rest of the postlarval life the ratio varies sufficiently to make this an unreliable specific character forLingula unguis.The region of maximum width of the two shell valves in the same individual coincides but its relative position changes during the long postlarval stage. The shell length of the female at maturity, the maximum shell length in a sample and the longevity ofLingula unguis, are discussed.
THE LARVAL STAGES OF ACASTA SPONGITES AND PYRGOMA ANGLICUM (CIRRIPEDIA)
Authors: MOYSE JOHN
Published: August 2010

Descriptions based on reared larvae are given of the six naupliar and one cyprid stage of Acasta spongites Darwin and Pyrgoma anglicum Leach. In plankton from British coastal waters, confusion is most likely to occur between these nauplii and those of Balanus perforatus but they can be distinguished at all stages by the body proportions. The nauplii of Acasta are more slender and those of Pyrgoma more rounded than those of B. perforatus. Those of Acasta are also distinguished by having marginal spines. Other features are distinctive at certain stages. The seasons of occurrence in the plankton of other Balanidae from British waters are briefly reviewed.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE MEDIAL LOBULES OF THE EARS OF THE LONG‐EARED BAT PLECOTUS AURITUS (LINNAEUS)
Authors: HAYWARD A. F. , TEAGLE W. G.
Published: August 2010

Observations have been made on the changes occurring in the medial lobules of the ears of a Long‐eared bat (Plecotus auritus) during the winter. These lobules became swollen and damp when the animal was torpid and shrivelled and a reddish colour when it awoke. The histological appearance of the lobule in its summer state is briefly described.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE MILK OF THE AFRICAN BLACK RHINOCEROS (DICEROS BICORNIS; LINN.)
Authors: ASCHAFFENBURG R. , GREGORY MARGARET E. , ROWLAND S. J. , THOMPSON S. Y. , KON VANDA M.
Published: August 2010

Little is known of the composition of the milk of the rhinoceros, partly because only so few have bred in captivity. We report here the chemical composition and vitamin content of a sample of milk of the African black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) taken during the nineteenth month of lactation.
REPORT ON SOME MYSIDACEA FROM THE DEEPER WATERS OF THE ROSS SEA
Authors: TATTERSALL OLIVE S.
Published: August 2010

A list of species in the collection is given. Six of these are already known from the Antarctic. One species, Hansenomysis antarctica Holt and Tattersall, 1906, previously known only from two types and two other isolated specimens, all of which lacked the posterior region of the telson, is represented by a complete specimen and the tail‐fan is fully figured and described. A species of the same genus, new to science, is described and figured; the genus is reviewed, the homology of certain organs discussed and a key for the identification of its known species given.
VARIABILITY IN THE BEHAVIOUR OF WILD HOUSE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS L.) TOWARDS LIVE TRAPS
Authors: CROWCROFT PETER , JEFFERS JOHN N. R.
Published: August 2010

Groups of marked wild house mice confined in pens were subjected to repeated live‐trapping, to investigate suspected differences in reaction to traps. More males tended to enter traps than females, but the difference between the sexes was not consistently statistically significant. Within each sex, however, some individuals were significantly trap‐prone, and some trap‐shy. This heterogeneity in response was more pronounced among the females, and there was evidence that it was due to social factors involving the presence of mates. The trap‐response of descendants of trap‐prone and trap‐shy mice suggested that inherent differences might also be involved.
THE OCCURRENCE OF CURVED AND UNGULATE FORMS OF THE MUSSEL MYTILUS EDULIS L. IN THE BRITISH ISLES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO M. GALLOPROVINCIALIS LAMARCK
Authors: LEWIS J. R. , POWELL H. T.
Published: August 2010

The discovery that mussels showing some features used to identify M. galloprovincialis Lmk. (the so‐called “Mediterranean Mussel”) are more widespread in Britain than had previously been supposed, led to a re‐appraisal of the distinction between this entity and M. edulis L. It is concluded that shell characters are too variable to afford a distinction between these two mussels: the most reliable separating character appears to be the very dark colour of the mantle edge in mussels from the Mediterranean.

Curved and ungulate forms of British mussels are described and it is concluded that these are merely a form of M. edulis—probably the outcome of old age or slow growth. These ungulate mussels share similar shell characteristics with some populations of M. galloprovincialis; also a very dark mantle edge may occur to some extent in populations of otherwise normal M. edulis. This intermingling of characters lends support to the taxonomic conclusion that M. galloprovincialis Lmk. cannot be regarded (on present evidence) as more than a race or subspecies of M. edulis L. In certain circumstances it appears to be impossible to distinguish between the two entities.
THE PARASITIC COPEPODA AND BRANCHIURA OF THE FISHES OF LAKE VICTORIA AND THE VICTORIA NILE
Authors: FRYER GEOFFREY
Published: August 2010

An account is given of the parasitic Crustacea of the fishes of Lake Victoria and the Victoria Nile. Seven species of Copepoda, of which three are new, and three species of Branchiura, of which one is new, are described. Biological data are given and the fauna is discussed from a zoogeographical standpoint.
TESTIS FOLLICLE NUMBER AND THE HIGHER SYSTEMATICS OF MIRIDAE (HEMIPTERA‐HETEROPTERA)
Authors: LESTON DENNIS
Published: August 2010

Testis follicles of ninety‐four mirid species are listed: subfamilies Phylinae, Dicyphinae, Orthotylinae and Mirinae have modalities of 3, 1, 2 and 7 respectively. Other features—pronotal collar, pretarsus, venation, genitalia, eggs and diploid numbers—are reviewed in the light of new information and a fresh grouping of subfamilies is suggested: Isometopinae; Bryocorinae; Mirinae + Deraeocorinae +?Cylapinae; Dicyphinae + Orthotylinae + Phylinae. The current tribal divisions in Orthotylinae are untenable and the distinction of this group from Phylinae is blurred. Membranous arolia have arisen twice in Miridae, the family originating from a nabid‐like predatory ancestor. The two‐celled membrane is more primitive than the one‐celled, but retention of ocelli by Isometopinae is also a primitive feature. Species aberrent in follicle number include Alloeotomus gothicus and Oncotylus viridiflavus (indefinite follicle number); Stenotus binotatus and Leptopterna spp (additional follicles); Notostira elongata, Orthocephalus coriaceus and Cyrtorhinus caricis (departure from subfamily norm): Deraeocoris is polyphyletic. Analysis of feeding habits has disclosed marked intersubfamilial differences.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DIGESTIVE ENZYMES AND CELLULOLYTIC BACTERIA OF THE GIANT LAND SNAIL ACHATINA FULICA AND THEIR OCCURRENCE IN THE GASTROPODA
Authors: GHOSE KRISHNA CHANDRA
Published: August 2010

The digestive enzymes and the cellulolytic bacteria in the gut of Achatina fulica have been investigated. Amylase is present in saliva, gastric juice, intestine, digestive gland and in small amounts in the stomach and rectum. Protease is present in gastric juice, stomach, intestine and digestive gland. Saliva and rectum contain traces of protease. Lipase is present in gastric juice, stomach, intestine, rectum and digestive gland but not in saliva. Cellulase is slightly present in digestive gland alone. Cellulolytic bacteria are present in intestine.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CLUTCH SIZE OF THE KITTIWAKE
Authors: COULSON J. C. , WHITE E.
Published: August 2010

Clutch size of the kittiwake is influenced by the previous breeding experience of the female and also by the time of laying. Both of these factors play a part in determining the clutch size and the correlation between breeding experience and clutch size is not solely the result of older birds breeding earlier. The clutches laid by females breeding for the first time are, on average, smaller than those laid at the same time by more experienced breeders and are less influenced by the time of breeding. No female breeding for the first time has been found to lay three eggs. There is a correlation between the time of the onset of breeding in kittiwake colonies and the average clutch size. It is suggested that a progressive decrease in the clutch size as the breeding season progresses may be widespread in both passerines and non‐passerines and probably occurs only in species which do not normally have two broods in a single breeding season.
A NOTE ON THE GROWTH STAGES AND STRUCTURE OF THE ADULT LOPHOPHORE OF THE BRACHIOPOD TEREBRATELLA (WALTONIA) INCONSPICUA (G. B. SOWERBY)
Authors: ATKINS D.
Published: August 2010

Certain of the growth stages of the lophophore of Terebratella (Waltonia) inconspicua (Sowerby), from a shell length of 0.55 mm., are described and figured, so as to elucidate the position of the mouth and the mode of development of the lip of the food groove. The mouth is a small aperture in front of the bases of the first formed pair of filaments. The lip of the food groove is formed by lateral growth from a small preoral lobe. The early lophophore (trocholophous and early schizolophous) is of the broad‐based terebratellacean type set low on the dorsal mantle, and the filaments when extended in feeding are directed anteriorly and ventrally. The structure of the adult lophophore is described. The ciliary feeding mechanism is essentially similar to that described by the author in Macandrevia cranium (Müller) and other brachiopods with plectolophous lophophores.
THE RELATION BETWEEN HUNGER, ACTIVITY AND WORKER FUNCTION IN AN ANT COLONY*
Authors: Wallis D. I.
Published: August 2010

Effect of hunger und subsequent feeding on the activity of both the individual ant and the colony has been investigated. Variations in activity are associated with different roles in the colony. The activity of the individual can be influenced by hunger, season und the response of other ants. Individual activity fluctuates with time and activity peaks are associated with particular responses. In a colony, hunger increases the number of ants moving and most responses are seen more frequently. The effect of the forager returning is to boost activity in the colony and there is a steep increase in those responses directly connected with food‐sharing, while other responses probably increase as a secondary effect via the excitation of food‐sharing responses.

Hunger plus food arriving via the forager in some way summate as excitatory stimuli.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE GREEN ACOUCHI (MYOPROCTAPRATTI) WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SCATTER HOARDING
Authors: MORRIS DESMOND
Published: August 2010

The acouchi is ideal for laboratory behaviour studies, but has not been previously investigated. It is active, diurnal and has a wide behaviour repertoire with complex agonistic and sexual patterns. In particular, its method of hoarding food, by burying it in scattered positions, is analysed and contrasted with the more familiar “larder‐hoarding” of other species.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE SUBDERMAL GLANDS OF HIPPOPOTAMUS AMPHIBIUS
Authors: ALLBROOK DAVID
Published: August 2010

The subdermal glands of Hippopotamus amphibius are scattered over almost the entire skin surface, but are most frequent over the dorsal and flank skin. They are situated in the plane between the dermis and the subcutaneous tissue. They are from 2–5 cm. to 0–5 cm. in diameter, lenticular in form, and usually possess two secretory ducts.

Histologically, they are compound tubulo‐acinar glands. The acini are composed of varying proportions of mucous cells and granular serous cells. The tubular system of secretory cells opens into a collecting system of larger ducts, which in turn open into the main secretory duct, which spirals through the thick collagenous dermis to end at a punctum on the epidermal surface.

The communications of Tomes (1850) and Crisp (1867) to the Society are quoted, and the relationship between the observable phases of secretion and the various types of secretory cell is described.

The subdermal glands of Hippopotamus amphibius are numerous, lenticular, discrete organs. Microscopic examination shows them to be compound tubulo‐acinar glands, the secretory cells of which are of three different types, cuboidal eccrine, serous granular and mucous gland cells. The cytological characteristics of these cells suggest that they are related to the three phases of active secretion from the subdermal glands.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ISOPODSASELLUS AQUATICUS(L.) ANDA. MERIDIANUSRAC.
Authors: WILLIAMS W. D.
Published: August 2010

Whilst bothAsellus aquaticusandA. meridianusmay be present in freshwater localities in western Europe, similar localities in the same region may contain only one, or other, or neither of these species. Hitherto no complete explanation of this pattern of local distribution has been presented, although several suggestions have been advanced. In this paper the geographical distribution of the two species is discussed, and an explanation of the local distribution put forward. It is suggested thatA. meridianusis the older of the two species in western Europe, and thatA. aquaticusis a post‐glacial immigrant which is still spreading and replacingA. meridianus.
A DESCRIPTION OF THE “SCALED” SQUID LEPIDOTEUTHIS GRIMALDI JOUBIN 1895
Authors: CLARKE MALCOLM R. , MAUL G. E.
Published: August 2010

Lepidoteuthis grimaldi Joubin 1895 is described. Details of the head which has not been described previously and further details of the mantle's internal structure are given. The species is shown to be closely allied to Grimalditeuthis bonplandi (Vérany 1837) and it is indicated that both species should be included in the family Chiroteuthidae.
REPORT ON A COLLECTION OF MYSIDACEA FROM SOUTH AFRICAN OFF‐SHORE AND COASTAL WATERS (1957–59) AND FROM ZANZIBAR (1961)
Authors: TATTERSALL OLIVE S.
Published: August 2010

A list of species in the collection is given. Four of these are already known from S. African coasts; two, Anchialina typica (Kröyer) and Euchaetomera typica G. O. Sars, are new records for the region; two others, Siriella pondoensis and Mysidopsis eremita are new to science and are fully described and figured. Three rare species of Heteromysis—H. harpax (Hilgendorf), commensal with species of hermit crabs, H. gymnura W. M. Tattersall, captured in association with an ophiuroid and H. zeylanica found within the central cavity of a sponge are recorded from Zanzibar, the first record of the two latter from African waters. Additional notes, with figures, are given of their morphology and ecology, the distribution of the genus discussed and a key for the identification of its species given.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE MILK OF THE GIRAFFE (GIRAFFA CAMELOPARDALIS RETICULATA)
Authors: ASCHAFFENBURG R. , GREGORY MARGARET E. , ROWLAND S. J. , THOMPSON S. Y. , KON VANDA M.
Published: August 2010

A sample of milk was obtained from a giraffe while under anaesthesia for a minor operation. Since we have been unable to find any previous reports on the composition of giraffe's milk, we present here our findings for the chemical composition and vitamin content of this one sample taken during the fifth month of lactation.

1. A sample of milk was obtained from a giraffe on the 150th day of lactation. The milk was analysed for fat, lactose, protein, casein, soluble proteins, nonprotein nitrogen, ash, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium and iron. The main characteristic of the milk was its high fat content, 12.5 per cent.

2. The soluble‐protein fraction was examined by paper electrophoresis and found to be of a complex nature with both globulins and albumins present.

3. The contents of Ca pantothenate, riboflavin, thiamine and vitamin B6 (pyridoxal) were similar to those in good quality cow's milk. The contents of biotin and α‐tocopherol were lower and those of nicotinic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin A higher than in cow's milk. No carotenoids were present.
FAT DISTRIBUTION IN THE KIDNEY TUBULES OF THE FELIDAE
Authors: Stranack Fay
Published: August 2010

The kidneys of eight species of the Felidae, including Panthera pardus (leopard), P. leo (lion), P. tigris (tiger), P. onca (jaguar), Felis catus (domestic cat), F. viverrina (fishing cat), F. serval (serval) and Acinonyx jubatus (cheetah), were examined by microdissection and the nephrons were stained for fat with Nile blue. The distribution of fat in the nephrons is described and measurements of the proximal convoluted tubules are given. The significance of the presence of fat in the nephrons is discussed.
MYCOSIS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT IN PENGUINS
Authors: Appleby E. C.
Published: August 2010

An analysis of the causes of death among penguins in the collection of the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland at Edinburgh over a forty year period shows respiratory mycosis to be the most important cause of death.

The disease is common in newly arrived birds and is usually well‐established before symptoms are detectable. The causal organism is almost always Aspergillus fumigalus but there is reason to believe that loss of condition is an important precursor to infection.

The pathology of the disease in the penguin is similar to that described in other birds and the various forms of treatment tried have so far proved ineffective.

An account of respiratory mycosis in the penguin is given based on mortality records and post‐mortem studies carried out at Edinburgh. The disease is by far the largest single cause of death among these birds and reference is made to some less important causes. The organism responsible for the lesions is almost always Aspergillus fumigatus. In disoussing the incidence and pathogenesis of the disease it appears that other factors than the presence of the organism, notably loss of bodily condition due to transport or the strain of chick rearing, are necessary before the condition can become apparent.

Diagnosis at an early stage is diffioult as symptoms are not shown until lesions are well established. One attempt to use an extract of the fungus given intradermally as a diagnostic agent proved unsuccessful. Various forms of treatment are described including the use of aerosol sprays, all of which have so far proved ineffective.
THE TESTIS OF GORILLA GORILLA BERINGEI
Authors: Hall‐Craggs E. C. B.
Published: August 2010

A study was made of the gross anatomy and histological appearances of the testes in a free adult and adolescent Qorilla gorilla beringei. Macroscopically the testes were found to resemble the human testis. Microscopy revealed the presence of a large proportion of interstitial cells of Leydig in both adult and adolescent testes. In both testes spermatogenesis was active. The weight of the testes relative to the total body weight is found to be smaller than in other anthropoids. The histology is compared with that of captive animals. Spermatogenesis in the wild gorilla is compared with the so‐called sexual immaturity of captive gorillas, and to the age of dental and skeletal maturation.

A macroscopic and microscopic description of the testes of free adult and adolescent specimens of Gorilla gorilla beringei is presented.

The size of the testes in relation to the total body weight is the smallest among the anthropoid apes.

The large proportion of testicular interstitial tissue found in captive animals is present in the two free gorillas, and is therefore a normal finding.

The onset of spermatogenesis precedes dental and skeletal maturation in the free Gorilla gorilla beringei.
COMMUNICATION BY POSTURES AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS IN THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: HINDE R. A. , ROWELL T. E.
Published: August 2010

The principal postures and facial expressions used by the rhesus monkey in social communication are described.
THE BIOLOGY OF CRYPTOLESTES TURCICUS (GROUVELLE) (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE), A PEST OF STORED AND PROCESSED CEREALS
Authors: LEFKOVITCH L. P.
Published: August 2010

The pre‐adult developmental periods of both sexes and oviposition rate of females of Cryptolestes turcicus (Grouvelle) have been studied at different constant temperatures and relative humidities upon wheatfeed. It is concluded that populations can maintain themselves only within the temperature range 17°C–37°C. and at relative humidities well above 40 per cent. The most rapid rate of increase is probably achieved near 28°C. 90 per cent R.H. Differences in biology between C. turcicus, C. ferrugineus and C. capensis are discussed in relation to their natural occurrence.
BEHAVIOURAL ASPECTS OF THE ECOLOGY OF PERINGIA (=HYDROBIA) ULVAE (PENNANT) (GASTEROPODA, PROSOBRANCHIA)
Authors: NEWELL RICHARD
Published: August 2010

Many workers have reported that the adult population of the small prosobranch Peringia (=Hydrobia) ulvae reaches its maximum density on muddy‐sandy shores in a broad belt at approximately mid‐tide level. Yet it has also been reported that some float for at least part of the tidal cycle and at low tide burrow in the sand.

Experiments in the laboratory and observations on the shore suggest that under natural conditions the animals float on the surface film of the water by means of a mucoua raft, which also acts as a food net. After a time, which is geared to the tidal oscillation, they submerge at mid‐tide level. When the tide has receded, the animals crawl about on the surface of the mud then burrow in the sand for several hours, resurface, and launch themselves on the surface film of the water between the ripple marks. By this time the tide is approaching mid‐tide level again and the cycle of behaviour is completed.

Thus these animals, formerly regarded as mainly benthonic, spend part of their time as pelagic plankton feeders.
THE CHILOPOD GENUS NESOPOROGASTER VERHOEFF
Authors: EASON E. H.
Published: August 2010

A new British subspecies of Nesoporogaster souletina (Brölemann), a species hitherto known only from the Pyrenees, is described. It differs from the typical form of the species in being shorter with fewer pediferous segments and no ventral pores on the second sternite. Diagnoses of the typical form of the species and the other two species of the genus Neaoporogaater, also known only from S.W. Europe, are given for purposes of comparison, ad the genus is redefined. The new subspecies may possibly have bean introduced from the Continent.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF CAPTIVE BRITISH SHREWS AND THE MOLE
Authors: HAWKINS A. E. , JEWELL P. A.
Published: August 2010

The food consumption of individuals of all four species of British shrews has been measured using captive animals and relying on readily‐purchased invertebrate foods. Particular interest attaches to the investigation because shrews have been held to have a higher metabolic rate than other small mammals, and should in that case have 8 relatively higher calorie intake. The shrews did show a high total wet food intake, but this was correlated with the high water content and consequent low calorific value of their food. The intake of calories per gram body weight for water shrew, common shrew and Scilly shrew only slightly exceeded that of mice of comparable size: this function was considerably more for the pygmy shrew, and considerably lese for the mole, as would be expected from consideration of their respective sizes. The results accord with the view that the energy requirement of small insectivores does not differ in any fundamental way from that of small rodents.
ON THE MOVEMENTS OF THE BROWN TROUT OF LLYN TEGID
Authors: BALL J. N. , JONES J. W.
Published: August 2010

Mass‐movements of the trout of Llyn Tegid have been inferred from scale structure and catch records for the lake and tributary streams. About 60 per cent of the trout enter the lake from tributary (nursery) streams when two‐years‐old, 20 per cent when one‐year‐old and 20 per cent when three‐years‐old. Within an age group, the performance of this lakeward migration appears to be related in some way to the attainment of a certain size. In the lake from age I to age IV trout have a survival rate of 29 per cent per annum. A summer movement from the lake shallows to deeper waters has been detected, most fish leaving the littoral in April‐June and returning during the winter from September onwards. Sexually maturing fish leave the lake to spawn in the tributary stream during October and November.
THE BREEDING COLONY OF GREY SEALS ON NORTH RONA, 1959
Authors: BOYD J. MORTON , LOCKIE J. D. , HEWER H. R.
Published: August 2010

An account of the breeding colony of grey seals on North Rona, between 3rd and 25th October, 1959, is given. Six censuses of the pups and moulters were made between those dates and more detailed censuses of one part of the colony (Fianuis Central) are recorded. The breeding season extends at least from the beginning of September until mid‐November and the total number of pups born exceeds 2,300. Mortality on land up to 16th October averages 17 per cent. In addition, those born on the rock “foreshore” are almost all certainly lost. A description of the behaviour of the cows, bulls and moulters is given. The ratio of bulls to cows is estimated to lie between 1: 10 and 1: 13.
THE WARM‐WATER LUGWORMS OF THE WORLD (ARENICOLIDAE, POLYCHAETA)
Authors: WELLS G. P.
Published: August 2010

It was recently shown, by observations made in the Woods Hole region, that the currently accepted definition of Arenicola cristata embraces in fact two species, A. cristata Stimpson and A. caroledna Wells. The distribution of these forms has now been studied.

A. cristata is the dominant warm‐water lugworm on the shores of North America, extending northwards to Woods Hole, Massachusetts, and Humboldt Bay, California. A. caroledna dominates in China and Japan. But both species are very widely distributed round the world, and both show a tendency to differentiate into local varieties.

Arenicola glasselli Berkeley and A. bombayensis Kewalramani et al. are intimately related to caroledm, but should be maintained, for the present at least, as separate species. The four species cristata, caroledna, glasselli and bombayensis form a compact, closelyrelated quartet, which monopolises the lugworm beaches of tropical and subtropical shores.

In Bermuda, A. cristata was collected from purely calcareous “sand”, though elsewhere it occurs in more usual littoral sediments.

Arenicola loveni Kinberg is a warm‐temperate form, not very closely related to the four named above, and found to the south of the zone which they occupy. The Australian specimens constitute a seperate subspecies from the African ones, even though the “septal gonad” on which the distinction was origmally based by Stach is probably a temporary local accumulation of germ cells associated with the act of spawning.

During the work, two remarkable anomalous worms were noticed: a Neapolitan A. cristuta from which either the 5th or the 6th setiger seems to have disappeared without trace, and an A. bombayenais with two pairs of hearts.
A TUMOUR TISSUE ANALOGUE OF THE IMPLANTING MOUSE EMBRYO*
Authors: WILSON IAN B.
Published: August 2010

Transplants of the Harding‐Passey melanoma will implant in the mouse uterus only if transferred on days 3–6 of normal pregnancy or pseudopregnancy. Should pregnancy or pseudopregnancy be accompanied by lactation, implantation of melanoma transplants is not delayed (though blastocyst implantation is delayed for about four days) but the period during which the transplants may implant is extended to at least day 8. Autografts of body‐wall muscle tissue will implant in the uterus within the same period as will melanoma transplants.

Tumour cells injected in suspensions through the cervix tended to segregate into clumps more or less spaced out and implanted along the uterus. When the transplanted tissues or cell suspensions implanted, they did so invariably in the antimesometrial mucosa, at the site of normal blastocyst implantation.

A decidual reaction was elicited only when the transplanted tissues remained free, or relatively so, in the uterine lumen (between days 3–6). If extensive invasion of the uterine mucosa occurred then there was no decidual reaction even though there was a strong inflammatory reaction to invasion.

Decidual tissue “en bloc” is resistant to invasion by melanoma cells. Concurrently with melanoma invasion, pigment granules, from melanoma cell debris, were ingested by epithelial cells immediately adjacent to the invasion sites.
A NEW SPECIES OF HAEMATOMYZUS PIAGET (PHTHIRAPTERA, INSECTA)
Authors: CLAY THERESA
Published: August 2010

The population of Haematomyzus parasitic on the wart‐hog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) is distinct from H. elephantis from the elephants and is described as a new species. A lectotype of Haematomyzus elephantis Piaget is designated. Possible explanations of the distribution of H. elephantis on the asiatic elephant (Elephas maximum) and the African elephant (Loxodonta africana) are given and the question whether Haematomyzus is likely to be a primary or secondary parasite of elephants is discussed. Four hypotheses are put forward as possible explanations of the present distribution of Haematomyzus on elephants and wart‐hogs.
MUCUS SECRETION WITHIN THE SPINES OF OPHIUROID ECHINODERMS
Authors: BUCHANAN JOHN B.
Published: August 2010

A histological examination has been carried out of the spines of ten species of ophiuroids. Eight species proved to have mucous glands in the spines. The glands were of two types (1) multicellular aggregations of pyriform cells with elongate necks (Amphiura filiformis, A. chiajei, Acrocnida brachiata), (2) glands of varying shape but with distinctly fibrillar contents (Amphipholis, Ophiactis, Ophiopholis, Ophiothrix). All of the glands exhibited the staining reactions of an acid mucopolysaccharide with the exception of the fibrillar glands in Ophiopholis which were strongly PAS positive but negative for acid mucopolysaccharide. Ophiopholis was unique in possessing scattered single pyriform acid mucopolysaccharide secreting cells in addition to the PAS positive fibrillar glands.

The two species of Ophiura which were examined did not have glands in the spines. Possible functions of the gland secretions are discussed.
A CRITICAL RE‐EXAMINATION OF FOOD “WASHING” BEHAVIOUR IN THE RACCOON (PROCYON LOTOR LINN.)
Authors: LYALL‐WATSON MALCOLM
Published: August 2010

An objective study of the so‐called “washing” behaviour of the raccoon is carried out on ten captive animals in order to determine the true causal nature of the response. The activity is described in detail and an analysis of the food objects which most readily release the response is made. Those factors of the water site which influence the frequency of the response are also examined in detail. The importance of the response as a functional cleansing or moistening action is discussed and it is suggested that, in order to avoid confusion, the behaviour should be described as “dousing”. The ontogeny of the response is studied in five young raccoons and a possible explanation for the behaviour is put forward.
VICISSITUDES OF THE AFRICAN BIOMES IN THE LATE PLEISTOCENE
Authors: MOREAU R. E.
Published: August 2010

During the last glaciation, for at least 50,000 years prior to 18,000 years ago, the temperature of Africa must have been lower than the present, probably by some 5° C at the glacial maxima. The corresponding reduction in evaporation would have increased the effectiveness of the rainfall.

Owing to the surface relief of the continent the reduction in temperature would have enormously extended the area of the montane biomes of tropical Africa at the expense of the lowland, except west of the Cameroons. Continuous communication for montane species, which are at present reduced to isolated and small areas, would have been open from the Cameroon highlands to Abyssinia and South Africa.

Changes of similar magnitude would be expected with each glaciation.

Apart from these general effects there is geological evidence for sub‐regional fluctuations on a large scale; the dating and the relationship of some of them to the glacial variations remain to be established. The most important are the southward movement of Palaearctic communities at least 400 miles into the Sahara, the northward movements of the Sudanese climatic belts, bringing the Sahelian biome at least 300 miles north, on the last occasion around only 7,000 years ago, the extension of Lake Chad to about four times the size of Lake Victoria, which implies a northward movement of the equatorial rain‐belt over the southern edge of its basin, the southward movement of the Sudanese climatic belts, with fragmentation of the Upper Guinea forests, the fragmentation of the main Congo (Lower Guinea) forest prior to about 60,000 years ago and the desiccation of an area covering eastern Angola, the middle Zambesi and probably the south of the Congo basin as recently as 12,000 years ago.