bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution extension of Adelpha melona pseudarete Fruhstorfer, 1915 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) with the first records for south Brazil
Authors: Leviski Gabriela Lourenço , Queiroz-Santos Luziany , Siewert Ricardo Russo , Salik Lucy Mila Garcia , Casagrande Mirna Martins , Mielke Olaf Hermann Hendrik
Published: July 2015

Adelpha melona pseudarete is reported from 11 new records for south Brazil, which increases its distribution by about 900 km south from São Paulo. These new records are the most southern for this species.
Human health risk assessment of airborne metals to a potentially exposed community: a screening exercise
Authors: Oosthuizen MA , Wright CY , Matooane M , Phala N
Published: July 2015

Exposure to high concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM) is a known human health risk, depending on the chemical composition of the PM inhaled. Mogale City (Gauteng) is known for having several sources of airborne PM, however, less is known about the metals in the airborne PM. The aim of this study was to determine the metals in measured PM at Kagiso, Mogale City. An independent PM10 monitor was installed at the municipality’s existing monitoring site. This monitor continuously monitored PM10 between 23 August and 9 October 2013 and simultaneously sampled particles below 20 μm in diameter onto a glass fibre filter. This filter was replaced once towards the middle of the monitoring period. These two filters were chemically analysed to determine their metal content (30 metals) by the South African Bureau of Standards accredited laboratory at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research by means of Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectroscopy (ICPS) based on the US EPA Method IO-3.1. To provide an estimate of possible health risk, the metal concentrations were used in a screening US-EPA human health risk assessment (HHRA). Since the analysed metals were reportedly below the detection limit, three hypothetical exposure scenarios (S) based on US-EPA recommendations were created for the HHRA. In S1, concentrations were considered to be the same as the detection limit for each metal; S2 assumed concentrations to be 50% of the detection limit; and S3 put concentrations at 10% of the detection limit. Potential risks (should pollution worsen) of developing respiratory and neurological effects were identified depending on the hypothetical scenarios. Continuous long-term monitoring and chemical characterisation are necessary to confirm these preliminary findings.
Rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated in stationary spa treatment
Authors: Jaganjac Amila , Katana Bakir , Bojicic Samir , Macak Hadziomerovic Amra , Avdic Dijana , Svraka Emira , Majstorović Merima
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Rheumatic diseases are nonsurgical diseases of the locomotor system and connective tissue. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease of connective tissue of unknown cause, with progressive chronic or subacute course. The aim of the research is to determine whether stationary spa treatment leads to improvement of the functional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Methods: We included 35 patients with diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, referred for treatment at the spa " Ilidža " Gradačac from February to April 2014. Patients not adhering to treatment protocols were excluded. We used Visual analogue pain scale (VAS), HAQ questionnaire and assessment of the clinical condition before and after the treatment based on the scores 1-5.Results: There were 32 female and 3 male patients. The average age was 62.28±8.31 years. Based on the HAQ, 12 patients had no difficulties, 9 of them perform activities with little difficulties, 10 with many difficulties, and 4 patients cannot perform certain activities. Before treatment VAS was 6.63±2.36, and after treatment the 2.51±2.27. Ratings of clinical condition before treatment was 2.38±0.74, and after the treatment 3.64±0.98. The most frequently used therapies were kinesitherapy, magnetotherapy and interferential electricity. Conclusions: Stationary treatment at the spa „Ilidža“ Gradačac leads to an improvement of the functional status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Saúde pública global e o novo Regulamento Sanitário Internacional
Authors: Castro Larissa de Paula Gonzaga e
Published: July 2015

O estudo destina-se a discutir o novo Regulamento Sanitário Internacional. Destaca as novidades trazidas por essa nova normativa da saúde global como também faz uma retrospectiva sanitária e normativa e a implementação do RSI no Brasil com a aplicação do método do algoritmo. O artigo conclui que a segurança sanitária internacional requer, à par da avançada regulamentação internacional sobre o controle de enfermidades e riscos à saúde, a dilatação da cooperação e interação entre países e instituições, assim como a estruturação de uma governança global em saúde justa e comprometida primordialmente com o bem estar das pessoas.
Principales líneas jurisprudenciales en materia de derecho a la salud en Costa Rica
Authors: López Karen Vargas
Published: July 2015

Se presentan los resultados de investigación de tipo exploratoria y descriptiva de resoluciones de la Sala Constitucional en materia de salud, a fin de determinar los criterios que dicho tribunal utiliza al resolver amparos sobre este tema y ayudar a comprender algunos aspectos relacionados con la jurisprudencia constitucional. Fueron analizadas 582 sentencias emitidas por la Sala Constitucional entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2009, para establecer las bases de una discusión mayor que sobre el tema debe efectuarse a nivel nacional, dado que resoluciones de tal naturaleza inciden de forma directa sobre el sistema público de salud. A su vez los resultados obtenidos pueden contribuir para la toma de decisiones por parte de las autoridades competentes.
O direito à morte digna no contexto do Direito Sanitário
Authors: Forest Rosane , Vial Sandra Regina Martini
Published: July 2015

Os avanços tecnológicos inseridos na mais variada gama de rotinas (saúde, comunicação, esportes, educação) são evidências de uma era que requer uma nova postura construída sobre sólidos alicerces morais e éticos. O presente artigo propõe uma reflexão transdisciplinar sobre o direito à morte digna no contexto da atual sociedade tecnocientífica. A abordagem parte da concepção de vida e dignidade, perpassa pelo direito à saúde e pelo princípio da autonomia, culminando no tema aqui sugerido – o direito à morte digna. O estudo não aborda de maneira direta as questões sobre a possibilidade de prolongamento da vida, os avanços no campo da medicina, tampouco os limites e efeitos da biotecnologia, porque a intensão, aqui, é refletir como o sistema jurídico está inserido nesse novo contexto – e se está. Nessa ordem, vale trazer a Teoria do Direito Vivo de Eugen Ehrlich, com a releitura de Eligio Resta – Direito Vivente – como tese de amparo à ineficiência das respostas sugeridas pelo Direito às inúmeras questões demandadas pela atual sociedade.
Prueba del ADN y derecho a la intimidad: algunos conflictos concretos
Authors: González Daniel Pérez
Published: July 2015

La prueba del ADN constituye una importante herramienta en campos muy diversos, como el de la investigación criminal o la prueba de paternidad, debido a que permite la identificación de los individuos a través de sus respectivos perfiles de ADN. Sin embargo, la aplicación de las técnicas de la prueba del ADN afecta a los derechos fundamentales. El almacenamiento y uso de la información recopilada en las bases de datos de ADN o las intervenciones corporales pueden constituir, bajo determinadas circunstancias, una violación o limitación de los derechos fundamentales. Este artículo pretende estudiar determinados conflictos relativos a la prueba del ADN y el derecho a la intimidad.
Análise das Características e dos Preceitos Normativos da Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras
Authors: Sousa Adriana Modesto , Monsores de Sá Natan
Published: July 2015

Este artigo aborda a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras. Objetivou-se analisar as características e preceitos normativos da referida Política a partir dos elementos percebidos como essenciais na construção e dinâmica de gestão de uma política de saúde. Para subsidiar as análises foram recrutados ainda a Portaria nº 981, textos normativos de Políticas Concorrentes e arcabouços teóricos pertinentes às Doenças Raras, Políticas Públicas e Advocacia em Saúde, sendo estes três eixos o Marco Conceitual deste estudo. Utilizou-se como metodologia a análise documental e o levantamento da literatura pertinente aos eixos elencados. Conclui-se que embora a Política Nacional de Atenção Integral às Pessoas com Doenças Raras contemple em suas diretrizes ações com vias a corrigir as lacunas dos serviços de saúde especializados por meio de incentivos e adequações profissionais, tanto o diagnóstico como a terapêutica requerem a efetivação das diretrizes que já orientam o Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS: universalidade, integralidade, equidade e descentralização. Destaca-se ainda que embora tenham sido observados os elementos objetivos e subjetivos essenciais na construção de uma política de saúde, é de fundamental importância que haja o espírito colaborativo de outras instâncias da gestão pública, assim como dos profissionais de saúde.
Estudo das Ações Diretas de Inconstitucionalidade do Programa Mais Médicos
Authors: Silva Sindy Maciel , Pacheco Santos Leonor Maria
Published: July 2015

O Programa Mais Médicos foi implantado sob a perspectiva de garantir a efetividade jurídica e social do direito à saúde. Ele integra um conjunto estratégico de ações para melhoria do atendimento aos usuários do SUS através de investimentos em infra-estrutura de unidades de saúde e da inserção de profissionais médicos nas regiões de grande vulnerabilidade social e sanitária. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar as duas Ações Diretas de Inconstitucionalidade proposta junto ao STF, seu conteúdo e posições jurídico-doutrinárias dos atores envolvidos. O método utilizado foi de revisão bibliográfica de literatura acadêmico-científica, de documentos públicos e da legislação brasileira específica. Os resultados mostram que a política pública obedece aos preceitos constitucionais e apresenta-se como instrumento indispensável de eficácia social ao direito à saúde para as regiões prioritárias atendidas. Apontam também a necessidade de garantir uma maior integralidade na assistência e para isso sugere a implantação de um plano de carreira e salário para os médicos e todos trabalhadores do SUS, a realização de reformas no ensino médico e a realização de discussões não unicamente sobre mais médicos e sim a respeito de mais saúde para todos.
El Sistema de Protección de la Salud de la Argentina Perspectivas y Desafíos
Authors: Carignani Agustín , Robledo Federico
Published: July 2015

En el presente trabajo procuramos describir de manera simplificada el Sistema de Protección de la Salud en Argentina, y reconociendo al Estado como máximo garante del complejo sistema de salud, quien interviene o responde ante las demandas de los ciudadanos al momento de exigir cobertura en salud. Nos proponemos describir en este trabajo, de manera simplificada, la interacción e importancia entre los distintos subsistemas de salud y cuál es el rol de cada uno de ellos,  ubicando al sistema público en la cabeza de todo el sistema de salud y el resto de los sistemas o subsistemas como los brazos de éste.Finalmente, expondremos el alcance del derecho a la salud como objetivo de ultima ratio de este sistema prestacional y su relación con la sociedad donde el mismo se inserta y ejerce.
SMAF: A Soil Health Assessment Tool
Authors: KARLEN D. L. , NANCE C. D. , DINNES D. L. , MEEK D. W.
Published: July 2015

The Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF) was developed to help quantify soil quality/health effects of tillage, crop rotation, and other soil management practices. Our objective was to determine if the SMAF could detect soil health differences after growing a single winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) crop. Soil samples were collected from 0 to 7.5- and 7.5 to 15-cm depth increments during the 2003 – 2004 and 2004 – 2005 growing seasons near Ames and Lewis, IA, and analyzed for several potential soil quality indicators. The SMAF analysis showed higher soil quality ratings for surface than subsurface samples. It also showed that a single winter grain crop can significantly improve soil quality after either corn (Zea mays L.) or soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Finally, in response to increasing interest in soil health assessments, a detailed appendix is attached to provide guidance for future soil health assessments.
Економічна сутність та призначення ресурсів банку
Authors: Kovalenko M. O.
Published: July 2015

В статті проведене ґрунтове дослідження наукових поглядів поняття «банківські ресурси». Вивчено існуючі підходи та визначення щодо розкриття цього поняття. На основі певних переваг та недоліків у кожному із варіантів визначень автором представлено власний підхід до визначення сутності та ролі банківських ресурсів як в межах окремого банку так і загалом для банківської системи.
DEFINITION OF STRATEGICAL COMPETITIVENESS OF THE BANKS IN ODESSA REGION IN TERMS OF REGIONAL DISPROPORTION
Authors: Zavadska D. V. , Pelivan D. A.
Published: July 2015

In the article the methodological approach of using the analytic coefficient method or evaluation of the competitive environment in the regional banking market is proved. The basic stages of the analysis in accordance to this method`s algorithm are disclosed. The results of numerical calculation procedure of the evaluation of loan and deposit imbalance in term ofOdessaregion are presented. Comparing methods are confirmed the possibility of its using under the rating score of competitiveness of banks inOdessaregion. In the article method advantages are also market out, the usage algorithm on the matrix of the competitive position of the banking institution among the sectors of the banking market inOdessaregion is represented.
THE CURRENT SITUATION ON THE MORTGAGE AND HOUSING MARKETS ON THE POLISH EXAMPLE
Authors: Stasiak-Betlejewska Renata
Published: July 2015

The mortgage and housing markets inEuropeplay a crucial role in the wider economy and in determining people’s welfare and quality of life since the housing markets are affected by financial abilities of consumers and banking system products. The mortgage and housing markets both should constitute an efficient system that lead to improving the social living conditions and the household standards quality level. It is reached owing to banking system policy within responsible mortgage offer that allows its consumers for affordable access to home ownership. Activities within the mortgage and housing market support investments creating process in the construction industry and play a key role in the financial European sector, what can be determined as one of the main drivers of the European economy. Recent fluctuations in the currencies ratings caused a sharp debate about mortgages and housing markets. The paper refers the current situation on the mortgage and housing markets in Europe based particularly on the characteristics of the situation inPolandand the banking system reaction.
ДОКУМЕНТУВАННЯ ОПЕРАЦІЙ З ВЛАСНИМ КАПІТАЛОМ ТА ЗОБОВ’ЯЗАННЯМИ НА СТАДІЯХ ЖИТТЄВОГО ЦИКЛУ ПІДПРИЄМСТВА
Authors: Petrenko N. I. , Stolyarenko O. M.
Published: July 2015

У статті визначено необхідність зберігання засновницьких документів про внесене майно та зміни в його оцінці в розрізі засновників для забезпечення спадщини; щорічно видавати засновникам спеціальні документи із зазначенням наявного на кінець року майна, належну та виплачену частку прибутку та інші соціальні виплати за колективним договором. Визначено особливості документування операцій з руху пасивів на всіх стадіях життєвого циклу підприємства, що сприятиме забезпеченню зацікавлених користувачів достовірною та необхідною інформацією щодо змін у власному капіталі та зобов’язаннях підприємства.
ПРОБЛЕМИ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ ЦИФРОВИХ БАНКІВСЬКИХ ТЕХНОЛОГІЙ
Authors: Shevchuk T. V.
Published: July 2015

В статті проаналізовано рівень розвитку цифрових технологій у різних сферах економіки України та країн світу, їх ролі в підвищенні ефективності здійснення безготівкових платіжних розрахунків. Розглянуто окремі фактори, які гальмують розвиток цифрових технологій в Україні, зокрема в банках. Визначено, що основним таким фактором є недостатня ступінь розвитку телекомунікаційної інфраструктури. Досліджено стан, умови та причини неефективного надання електронних банківських послуг. Наведено основні чинники подальшого розвитку інтернет-банкінгу в Україні, які дозволять залучити значно більше клієнтів; підвищити швидкість та якість обслуговування клієнтських безготівкових платежів; розвинути сервіси та послуги, зручні і доступні для споживачів; підвищити безпеку банківської діяльності загалом.
НАУКОВО-МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ ВИЗНАЧЕННЯ АКТИВНОСТІ ПРОФЕСІЙНИХ УЧАСНИКІВ ФІНАНСОВОГО РИНКУ
Authors: Rekunenko І. І. , Pshyk B. І.
Published: July 2015

Роглянуто сутність поняття «індикатор» та «індекс», охарактеризовано підходи до їх формування та названі критерії яким вони повинні відповідати. Запропоновано індекс активності професійних учасників фінансового ринку. Охарактеризовано його сутність та надано методологію його розрахунку.
ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА СФЕРУ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ: ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ ОБЩЕСТВА
Authors: Sokolova S. N.
Published: July 2015

В статье рассматривается основные тенденции государственного воздействия, регулирования сферы безопасности. Особый акцент в представленной статье сделан автором на экономической интеграции общества, что связано с происходящими трансформационными финансово-экономическими, социально-политическими процессами в глобализирующемся социуме.
Serpentine ecosystem responses to varying water availability and prescribed fire in the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic region
Authors: Schedlbauer Jessica L.
Published: July 2015

Grasslands growing atop serpentine bedrock are subject to edaphic stresses and, as a result, are low productivity ecosystems. Nutrient limitations are so severe in some serpentine grasslands that plant growth is unaffected by increased water availability. However, little is known of how serpentine grasslands in eastern North America function and respond to environmental changes, including variation in water availability. Serpentine barrens of the U.S. Mid‐Atlantic region are globally rare ecosystems currently threatened by forest encroachment. Prescribed fire has been applied to maintain these ecosystems, although ecosystem responses to prescribed fire remain unquantified. Monthly measurements of CO2 exchange and leaf area index (LAI) were made at managed and unmanaged sites over two years. Environmental factors influencing CO2 exchange rates were monitored, and soil composition was also assessed. Unusually dry conditions in 2012 led to suppressed CO2 exchange rates and LAI across sites, while wet conditions in 2013 resulted in higher CO2 exchange rates and LAI. Seasonal maxima for net ecosystem production (NEP), ecosystem respiration (ER), and gross ecosystem production occurred in the late summer in 2012 and mid‐summer in 2013. Over the study period, maximum NEP and ER were 13.68 and −9.40 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1, respectively, while LAI reached 2.18 m2 m−2. Across sites, carbon storage in the top 10 cm of soil was 33.1–41.3 Mg C ha−1. Prescribed fire did not affect CO2 exchange, LAI, or soil carbon storage in the four to six years following a fire. In contrast to prior studies, Mid‐Atlantic serpentine barrens responded positively to increased soil water availability and were more productive than expected. These ecosystems were functionally similar to tallgrass prairie, suggesting that fire management practices from prairies may be applicable in Mid‐Atlantic serpentine barrens. Increased frequency of prescribed fire would likely reduce litter inputs to the soil and maintain the ecosystem's natural edaphic stessors, thereby combating forest encroachment.
The Future of the Caspian Sea Level
Authors: Verlaan Paul , Bellamy Ben , Abuova Ainur
Published: July 2015

The Caspian Sea Level (CSL) shows major fluctuations on different time scales ranging from days to decades. In particular the long-term variation has been the subject of many studies and debates. It is controlled by a delicate balance of water inflow from rivers (mainly the River Volga) and direct precipitation onto the Caspian versus evaporation of water from the sea surface. Human water extraction from the drainage basin and the outflow of water to the Kara-Bogaz-Gol (KBG) are of minor influence but cannot be ignored. This paper gives a prediction of the future CSL for the period 2010-2050. As a first step a rainfall-runoff model is set up, which expresses the river outflow as a linear function of the precipitation, vapor pressure deficit and human water extraction in the drainage basin. Another function is set up to express the outflow to the KBG as a function of the CSL. The future CSL is computed using output data from 18 different Global Climate Model (GCM) runs of the CMIP3 generation and by considering a distribution of possible scenarios for the future human water extraction from the drainage basin. A Monte Carlo approach is adopted that considers both long-term uncertainties associated with 18 GCM runs and 3 future water extraction scenarios, as well as short-term variability associated with weather uncertainty and year-to-year fluctuations in human water extractions. It is found that the 50% (median) CSL prediction shows a gradual drop from 0.75 m CD in 2009 (=0.75 m above Caspian Datum) to -0.34 m CD in 2050.
Cation Drilling Mud for Longhole Drilling
Authors: Magomed-Rasulovich Gaidarov Mitalim , Atlassovich Khubbatov Andrey , Mitalimovich Gaidarov Azamat , Korkitovich Baizakov Marat
Published: July 2015

Increase of geological prospecting works and target well depth requires improvement of drilling technology as well as scientific and technical level for well construction upgrading. One of the significant trends in longhole construction upgrading is application of effective drilling mid and makeup technology allowing to prevent operating problems and drilling costs minimization.

The following main problems with any of the operating fluid are expected in course of longhole construction:

– poor condition of clay argillaceous rock. In spite of that considerable advances have been made, problem of the rock poor condition still exists and subject to be solved. – low thermal stability of drilling mud. Depending on geotechnical conditions low thermal stability of drilling mud may result in major complications up to well abandonment. Thermostable water base mud rated for 160 °C and above and up to 130-140 °C in aggressive salt scenario is practically non-existent. – problems with scaling and development of abnormally pressured zones.
Selection of the Effective Enhanced Oil Recovery Method for Highly Viscous Oil Fields on the Basis of Filtration Experiments (on the Example of One Kazakhstani Field)
Authors: Mankhanova A. E. , Ogay Y. K. , Zolotukhin A. B. , Zhapbasbayev U. K.
Published: July 2015

One of the strategic objectives of the modern oil industry is the efficient development of highly viscous oil reserves, which are characterized by low mobility leading to a sharp decline in the oil recovery factor (ORF). The article is devoted to the assessment of the development status of highly viscous oil fields and selection of the most efficient method of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) on the example of one field of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Huge amount of the global oil deposits belongs to deposits with highly viscous scavenger oil with viscosity above 30 mPa*sec. According to international experience most EOR methods applied on highly viscous oil fields the aim to reduce the reservoir fluid viscosity. Another approach based on the use of drainage systems, that provides increase of surface efficiency, is related to improved oil recovery methods. Combination of these two approaches provides a good cumulative effect.

This paper presents the results of laboratory filtration experiments on the of highly viscous oil displacement. On fields with scavenger oil recovery factor does not exceed 0.30. The aim of the research was to determine the most effective enhanced oil recovery method in terms of displacement efficiency.

Following reservoir stimulation scenarios were considered during the laboratory experiment: the base case (water injection); thermal treatment by hot water injection; polymer flooding; polymer flooding at an elevated temperature. Experiments show that conventional water flooding gives the lowest displacement ratio. According to the research results the maximum displacement ratio is achieved during hot water injection without the use of a polymer. Displacement ratio increased from 12.9% to 30.3%. In the course of special studies displacement efficiency function concerning temperature was obtained. The research results are discussed in detail.
Innovative and Cost Effective Fresh Water Drilling Fluid Formulation Suitable for 390°F with 87.5 pcf weight and its Field Application
Authors: Wang Zhifa , Jiang Guancheng , Lin Yongxue
Published: July 2015

When the bottom hole temperature (BHT) is over 356°F, polymers and sulfonated agents of fresh water based drilling fluid generally degrade or loss effect quickly. To address this problem, we developed a low cost formulation including extra high temperature (430°F) polymers with sulfonated agents for BHT under 390°F with 87.5 pcf mud weight. This drilling fluid formulation was lab tested to have the mud properties of PV 40 mPa.s, YP 12 Pa, HTHP (390°Fand 500psi) FL 12ml and lubricant factor 0.05. The mud formulation was field tested from 14,890 to 20,036 ft of SINOPEC XW-3 Well in Guangdong, China. The measured maximum static BHT was 410°Fwith actual minimum 69pcf mud weight used. The drilling operation was successfully conducted without a major problem in this well with this new designed drilling fluid even though loss was encountered in this section of well that forced the lowering of mud weight to 69 pcf. At the same time, we believe the formulation can be used similar condition when the BHT is between 356°Fand 390°Fwithin desired mud weight of 87.5pcf. The formula also can adjust and use high salinity ultra-deep HTHP well.
Increasing Matrix Stimulation Effectiveness in the Caspian Using Real-Time Downhole Measurements
Authors: Aglyamov Mansur , Agrynov Daniyar , Savin Artemy , Kulinich Nikolay , Burov Anton , Burdin Konstantin
Published: July 2015

Carbonate acidizing is one of the main techniques for improving the production and injectivity in oil and gas fields. Various studies and field stimulation results were analyzed to develop a fit-for-purpose acid stimulation treatment design placed with coiled tubing in which diversion is achieved by using in-situ gelation, emulsified diverting acid, degradable fibers, or combinations of these methods.

The lack of downhole fluid placement control during the pumping of stimulation treatments may cause these jobs to not achieve the maximum stimulation effect or even fail, which may eventually call for more costly solutions.

An innovative stimulation approach was applied on a sour gas injector well in a carbonate oil field in the Caspian region. The field is characterized as a naturally fractured, thick, and prolific carbonate formation with high H2S content. To dispose of H2S and improve oil recovery, the produced sour gas is injected back into the reservoir through injector wells. An innovative method using fiber optic technology for acquiring distributed temperature survey (DTS) measurements and a real-time downhole sensor tool providing pressure and temperature measurements and casing collar location were used in this well to improve its injection potential.

DTS technology was utilized to better understand the movement of stimulation fluids into the reservoir through real-time monitoring, thus providing the capability to optimize the acid injection along the target zone. The DTS analysis during the post-acid injection stage identified crossflow and provided good correlation between acid reaction with carbonates and proportional warm-back trends along the formation.

The adoption of the technique enabled increased overall confidence in decision making during treatment execution, which allowed an improved placement strategy, resulting in increased stimulation effectiveness. This technology has the potential to become the next important step in the evolution of acid stimulation strategies in the Caspian region.
Aqueous-Based Surface Modifying Agent for Mitigation of Fines Migration
Authors: Songire Sumit , Uppuluri Ramesh , Rama Mallikarjuna Shroff
Published: July 2015

The phenomenon of fines migrating through porous and permeable paths is well-known, as are the issues related to fines migration. During the life of a producing well, fines can migrate and reduce formation permeability by clogging pore throats of the mineral grains and reduce conductivity of proppant packs placed by hydraulic fracturing treatments, Frac Packs, or by gravel pack operations. Such fines migration can eventually lead to reductions in well production. The primary contributing factors that release fines are high fluid velocity, changes in salinity, wettability, pH, and rock failure. Use of a surface modifying agent (SMA), which can immobilize fines in place, helps minimize or mitigate fines migration. However, solvent-based SMAs are difficult to apply as a remedial treatment, and this limits their applicability.

This paper discusses the use of an aqueous-based surface modifying agent (ASMA) that can be used to help mitigate fines migration. The ASMA is a conductivity enhancer that immobilizes fines by locking them in place as a result of its tacky surface. Because it is hydrophobic in nature, it resists water flow without hampering hydrocarbon flow.

The ASMA can be pumped into formations having permeabilities greater than 100 md as a remedial treatment. It also can be coated onto proppants immediately before pumping them downhole.

To demonstrate the efficiency of the ASMA, a number of laboratory experiments were conducted on sand packs consisting of a sand-fines mixture and proppant, which closely simulated actual downhole conditions. Control tests (without the ASMA treatment), pre-coating of proppant pack tests, and remedial treatment tests were performed at different flow rates to study the effect of fines migration along with the efficiency of the ASMA as a technique to mitigate the issue.
Fluid Hammer Tool Aided 1 ¾-in Coiled Tubing Reach Total Depth in 6-in Openhole Horizontal Well
Authors: Parra D. , Saada T. , Adeleke J. , Pitoni E. , Vegliante E. , Craig S. , Livescu S.
Published: July 2015

Karachaganak Petroleum Operating b.v. (KPO), the operator of the giant Karachaganak gas-condensate field in Kazakhstan, drills long horizontal wells and then stimulates them with acid. A variety of acid stimulation techniques have been used, progressing from simple acid washes to high-rate matrix acid treatments and hydraulic fracturing with gelled acid. KPO performed a sidetrack workover operation on a vertical well JH16D due to low productivity. The vertical wellbore was abandoned, side-tracked and completed with 4 ½-in liner and 1186 m of 6-in openhole (OH) horizontal length. To run the completion safely, one composite bridge plug (CBP) was set in the vertical section at 4850 m. To put the well back on production with a rigless operation, a coiled tubing (CT) job was planned to perform CBP milling, oil-based mud (OBM) removal, solvent soak and acid treatment along the entire OH section

In this paper, the predicted challenges during pre-job modelling for reaching total depth (TD) of 6492 m are summarized. Based on the current CT equipment and string available in the country, the only solution to reach TD and effectively enhance fluid placement along OH was accomplished by adding a fluid hammer tool (FHT) as part of the CT bottomhole assembly (BHA). FHTs are used in CT jobs for extended-reach applications by generating a temporary tensile load and lowering of the coefficient of friction (CoF) between the CT and the well.

After completing CBP milling in the vertical section without using the FHT, two runs were performed with this technology. The first run was a milling run to push the remaining CBP debris to the end of the OH section. During this trip 6382 m was reached; 148 m more compared with the previous run without using the FHT. The next run was performed with the conventional jetting BHA and TD was reached five times during the OBM removal, solvent soak and acid treatment operation. After being inside the well for 110 hours and several fluids such as slick brine, mud softner, solvent, and 15% hydrochloric acid (HCl) were pumped, the FHT proved to be reliable in extending reach to TD in the 6-in OH horizontal section, even under aggressive downhole conditions.

Additional post-job analysis of test runs comparing surface weights with the FHT operating and switched off illustrated that predicted to actual weight changes were accurate.

This successful job opens a new window of applications, in this operating area, such as FHT and downhole motors to mill balls and baffle seats in horizontal completions at deeper target depths than previously achieved. Pre-job predicted and post-job actual tensile forces matched well. This combined BHA gives more weight on bit (WOB) while milling that reduces milling time and also improves maximum reachable depth while milling. In addition, because of the FHT tensile benefit, longer balls and seat baffles completions can be placed in future wells, increasing their production.
Study and Applications on Integrated Drilling Engineering Software for Drilling Engineering Design and Real-time Optimization
Authors: Song Peng , Shi Lin , Zhou Yingcao , Zhao Qing , Jiang Hongwei , Cui Peng
Published: July 2015

With oil exploration and development to deep complex formation and deep water, drilling engineering design and construction become more and more sophisticated and the drilling engineering projects more and more depend on the drilling engineering software from design, real-time construction monitoring and optimization to experience review. The integrated drilling engineering software for drilling planning and real-time optimization has been developed in order to accomplish the needs of drilling design, analysis, construction optimization and solve the problem that different drilling software for different domain is isolated in development and applications. This article described the system design, key technologies, main features and applications on the integrated drilling engineering software. Details of the integrated drilling engineering software are elaborated on the subsytems of formation pressure analysis and prediction, rock mechanics analysis, wellbore trajectory design, drilling fluid design and analysis, drill string mechanics analysis, cementing engineering design and analysis, underbalanced drilling design and analysis, real-time drilling data management, real-time drilling monitoring and optimization. The integrated drilling engineering software developed the unified database for both drilling design and real-time construction and unified drilling engineering software integration platform with module dynamically loading technology based on abundant shared two-dimensional, three-dimensional visualization modules. Every drilling software subsystems on the integration platform can share data with each other and the drilling design can be compared with the construction data for analysis and optimization, so the entire drilling engineering workflow can be accomplished in this integrated drilling engineering software without inputting data repeatedly. Hundreds of drilling design and construction optimization applications on the integrated drilling engineering software in some typical oilfields of China demonstrate that it has rich functionalities, precise analysis and effective optimization, and can reduce the downhole complex and enhance the safety of drilling engineering.
Case Study of Air Injection IOR Process for a Low Permeability Light Oil Reservoir in Eastern China
Authors: Ezekiel Justin , Wang Yuting , Liu Yanmin , Zhang Liang , Deng Junyu , Ren Shaoran
Published: July 2015

Air Injection into oil reservoirs specially offers unique technical and economic opportunities for secondary and/or tertiary oil recovery in light oil reservoirs with low permeability, in which conventional water injection techniques have been unsuccessful and/or uneconomical. This paper provides a comprehensive overview on the oxidation reactions and improved oil recovery (IOR) processes of air injection into low permeability light oil reservoir based on detailed analysis of some field projects and reservoir simulation case study carried out on a largely dipping, low permeability light oil reservoir, the Q131 oil block located in Eastern China to analyze the characteristics and processes of air injection.

Kinetic models of low temperature oxidation (LTO) reactions were designed and used in the reservoir simulation study to predict oxygen consumption in the reservoir, examine the reaction schemes, IOR mechanisms, and the thermal effect of oxidation reactions occurring during the air injection process. The results of the study including temperature effects, oxygen concentration, oil saturation, gas breakthrough, GOR, and cumulative oil produced were outlined and discussed in details. An average of increased oil recovery factor of more than 45% OOIP was achieved when using a maximum of 60000m3/day air injection rate and no oxygen breakthrough was observed at the production wells.
Tengiz Sour Gas Injection Modeling: A Geo-mechanics Approach to Understand Gas Breakthrough
Authors: Wu Ruiting , Rijken Margaretha C. , Macary Sameh , Shinikulova Merey , Amangaliev Bolat , Ayazov Zhalgasbek
Published: July 2015

Tengizchevroil (TCO) uses sour gas injection technology in a limited area of the Tengiz field in Kazakhstan (giant carbonate sour oil field) for pressure management and sour gas re-injection. Several sour gas injectors have been drilled and operated since 2007. A recent operational question is whether gas breakthrough is caused by fracturing induced by cold gas injection. Additionally, there is an interest in knowing the injection limits that do not result in induced fracturing.

In this paper, numerical modeling of sour gas injection using a geomechanics simulator is employed for the simulation of the Tengiz field sour gas injection. The aims are to investigate the potential of gas breakthrough and especially the effects from fracturing induced by cold sour gas injection. Historical injection rate and pressure data are used to calibrate the numerical model. Given the complexity of the field geological features, a sensitivity study is performed for future forecast. Critical parameters investigated include injection rate, injection temperature, stress, permeability, etc. The study considers a wide variability of the input values to fully evaluate the effect of gas injection.

The results of this study provide valuable guidance for TCO's sour gas injection strategy design which may impact future expansion of gas injection in addition to better performance towards operational excellence of the injection/production plan.
New Way of Method to Deal with ESP Problem
Authors: Agus Yulianto , Pramudita Natasya
Published: July 2015

When running, ESP faces much imperfect condition that finally causes ESP failure. Sand, scale, low PI, low pressure, and gas are the major disturber preventing ESP from running smooth then led to short running life.

Conventional method to handle those problems has been created like sand screen for the preventing sand problem causing pump stuck, gas separator and gas handler to prevent gas lock causing degrading pump head, VSD to adjust rate to prevent pump off for wells that has low PI or low pressure issues.

For note, those kinds of equipment is designed to "PREVENT" the cause of the problem occurred. For instance, sand screen is to prevent sand entered the pump, gas separator prevent gas entering pump, gas handler will handle gas before causing problem to the pump, and also VSD, its function is to prevent pump off by adjusting rate.

This paper will explain about other way to handle problems related with loss flow by using the term of "CURE" rather than "PREVENT". Its mean, lets the problem occurring during ESP running but stop the further effect before causing ESP fail.
A Real-Time Warning System for Identifying Drilling Accidents
Authors: Peng Qi , Fan Honghai , Xu Shuguo , Zhou Haobo , Lai Minbin , Ma Guangxi , Fu Suiyi
Published: July 2015

A warning system for drilling engineering has been developed to implement of real-time detection of work status and give early warnings about potential drilling accidents during well construction process. With the help of comprehensive logging instrument, this warning system can gather drilling engineering parameters (bit weight, torque, hook load el at). In this system those parameters can display on computer screen, which is convenient for engineers to observe parameters variation tendency. Mathematical statistics methods (average time, variance, amplitude, etc.) are taken into account to explain the reason of changing parameters curves. The most important principle of this warning system is to establish the relationship between drilling accidents and engineering parameters. The process of selecting abnormal drilling parameters is based on Grey Correlation Theory, which is an effective way to figure out some crucial abnormal parameters that cause a certain drilling accident. The application of this warning system in Shengli Oilfield of China shows that this system can exactly monitor abnormal drilling parameters and run smoothly with convenient operation. In addition, this system gives accurately early warning information of common drilling accidents (kick, well leakage, H2S abnormal, drilling tool failure etc.) either in oil field or in remote monitor center, and the warning accuracy is above eighty percent. Drilling accidents and complicated downhole conditions are always big threats during the well construction process. Failure to monitor abnormal drilling engineering parameters and failure to take effective measures to warning symptoms may have a significant impact on well economic benefit due to long non-productive time and high cost of accident treatment. Therefore it is much useful for this system to provide warning information of changing downhole conditions before an eventual incident occur, which helps decision makers to analyze downhole situation in advance and take actions immediately according to warnings.
Usage of Oil Based Carbonate Mud Drilling Cuttings Post Thermo-treatment as Secondary Raw Mineral Materials
Authors: Gogan Raymond , Mendalieva D. K. , Kunasheva Z. Kh. , Kuzmina R. I.
Published: July 2015

One of the most urgent problems' facing the oil and gas industry is the treatment and utilization of drilling cuttings.

This work presents the results of our study of the physicochemical properties of carbonate oil based mud cuttings (COBMC) after thermal treatment at 340°C. The work also demonstrates the technology utilized and the potential for further usage of the cuttings.

Firstly the composition of COBMC was analyzed. The contents were identified as water, chemical impurities, hydrocarbons, sulphur, surfactants, ash. The physical properties, pH, density, flash point and chemical oxygen demand of the slurry were determined. The slurry was identified as having three phases (solids, oil and water) which require the use of chemical reagents and surfactants for separation. The elementary composition of the solid residue was identified as, calcium, barium, silicon, iron, sulphur, potassium, calcite, halite, barite, dolomite, anhydrite and quartz.

The composition and properties of the COBMC allows us to assume the material could be suitable for use as road construction material.

A mineral bitumen composition was designed, and its optimal composition was determined. Frost resistance and water absorption parameters were evaluated. The material which contained 7 % wt. of the COBMC mineral residue (post thermal treatment) was identified as being optimal for use.

As a result of our research, a technology of thermal treatment of COBMC at temperatures of circa 340°C has been identified, and the resulted solid residue containing COBMC was activated with a mineral powder and used to surface an access road to Dostyk village (Furmanovo) on a Uralsk – Teploe motor road in West Kazakhstan Oblast.
Building a Culture of Effective Process Safety Management
Authors: Hamilton W Ian , Turner Claire
Published: July 2015

It is well understood that weaknesses in process safety management can lead to major accidents with the potential for catastrophic consequences. These weaknesses typically develop overtime due to the cumulative effect of changes in the integrity of equipment and the quality of operating practice. Such changes often go unchallenged and uncorrected as a result of complacency and what has been referred to as the normalization of deviation. Combating the slow decline and drift into failure requires the establishment of a more effective culture of process safety management. The crucial element of this culture is the identification of safety critical tasks that are essential to the maintenance and assurance of technical safety barriers.

In all hazardous systems, people are responsible for the maintenance, calibration and testing of process safety control or barrier measures. Comprehensively identifying these safety critical tasks and defining the organizational management processes that are necessary to assure their successful completion, lays the foundation for a culture of effective process safety management. It also creates the opportunity to establish leading indications of process safety and avoid relying on lagging indications which only signal the failure to control risk.

This paper presents examples of how human and organizational failures can contribute to a gradual drift into failure resulting in major accident events. It then shows how the human role in maintaining and assuring the reliability of built-in safety measures can be assessed and verified for both new assets and mature operations. The methodology demonstrated is an integrated approach to process safety and human factors and shows how the approach can be applied to create leading indications of effective process safety management that delivers both technical safety and an improved safety culture.