bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overlooked branch turnover creates a widespread bias in forest carbon accounting
Authors: Lim Hyungwoo , Medvigy David , Mäkelä Annikki , Kim Dohyoung , Albaugh Timothy J. , Knier Aubrey , Blaško Róbert , C. Campoe Otávio , Deshar Rashila , Franklin Oskar , Henriksson Nils , Littke Kim , Lutter Reimo , Maier Christopher A. , Palmroth Sari , Rosenvald Katrin , Slesak Robert A. , Tullus Arvo , Oren Ram
Published: October 2024

Most measurements and models of forest carbon cycling neglect the carbon flux associated with the turnover of branch biomass, a physiological process quantified for other organs (fine roots, leaves, and stems). Synthesizing data from boreal, temperate, and tropical forests (184,815 trees), we found that including branch turnover increased empirical estimates of aboveground wood production by 16% (equivalent to 1.9 Pg Cy
−1
globally), of similar magnitude to the observed global forest carbon sinks. In addition, reallocating carbon to branch turnover in model simulations reduced stem wood biomass, a long-lasting carbon storage, by 7 to 17%. This prevailing neglect of branch turnover suggests widespread biases in carbon flux estimates across global datasets and model simulations. Branch litterfall, sometimes used as a proxy for branch turnover, ignores carbon lost from attached dead branches, underestimating branch C turnover by 38% in a pine forest. Modifications to field measurement protocols and existing models are needed to allow a more realistic partitioning of wood production and forest carbon storage.
O-GlcNAcylation of ATP-citrate lyase couples glucose supply to lipogenesis for rapid tumor cell proliferation
Authors: Liu Jia , Wang Yang , Tian Miaomiao , Xia Mingjie , Zheng Yi , Hao Miao , Qian Yuqiang , Shu Hengyao , Zhang Wenxia , Peng Pinghui , Zhao Zhexuan , Dong Kejian , Peng Wanting , Gao Tian , Li Zhanjun , Jin Xin , Wei Min , Feng Yunpeng
Published: October 2024

Elevated lipid synthesis is one of the best-characterized metabolic alterations in cancer and crucial for membrane expansion. As a key rate-limiting enzyme in de novo fatty acid synthesis, ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) is frequently up-regulated in tumors and regulated by posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Despite emerging evidence showingO-GlcNAcylation on ACLY, its biological function still remains unknown. Here, we observed a significant upregulation of ACLYO-GlcNAcylation in various types of human tumor cells and tissues and identified S979 as a majorO-GlcNAcylation site. Importantly, S979O-GlcNAcylation is required for substrate CoA binding and crucial for ACLY enzymatic activity. Moreover, it is sensitive to glucose fluctuation and decisive for fatty acid synthesis as well as tumor cell proliferation. In response to EGF stimulation, both S979O-GlcNAcylation and previously characterized S455 phosphorylation played indispensable role in the regulation of ACLY activity and cell proliferation; however, they functioned independently from each other. In vivo, streptozocin treatment- and EGFR overexpression-induced growth of xenograft tumors was mitigated once S979 was mutated. Collectively, this work helps comprehend how cells interrogate the nutrient enrichment for proliferation and suggests that although mammalian cell proliferation is controlled by mitogen signaling, the ancient nutrition-sensing mechanism is conserved and still efficacious in the cells of multicellular organisms.
Biochemical and structural insights into a 5’ to 3’ RNA ligase reveal a potential role in tRNA ligation
Authors: Hu Yingjie , Lopez Victor A. , Xu Hengyi , Pfister James P. , Song Bing , Servage Kelly A. , Sakurai Masahiro , Jones Benjamin T. , Mendell Joshua T. , Wang Tao , Wu Jun , Lambowitz Alan M. , Tomchick Diana R. , Pawłowski Krzysztof , Tagliabracci Vincent S.
Published: October 2024

ATP-grasp superfamily enzymes contain a hand-like ATP-binding fold and catalyze a variety of reactions using a similar catalytic mechanism. More than 30 protein families are categorized in this superfamily, and they are involved in a plethora of cellular processes and human diseases. Here, we identify C12orf29 (RLIG1) as an atypical ATP-grasp enzyme that ligates RNA. Human RLIG1 and its homologs autoadenylate on an active site Lys residue as part of a reaction intermediate that specifically ligates RNA halves containing a 5’-phosphate and a 3’-hydroxyl. RLIG1 binds tRNA in cells and can ligate tRNA within the anticodon loop in vitro. Transcriptomic analyses of
Rlig1
knockout mice revealed significant alterations in global tRNA levels in the brains of female mice, but not in those of male mice. Furthermore, crystal structures of a RLIG1 homolog from
Yasminevirus
bound to nucleotides revealed a minimal and atypical RNA ligase fold with a conserved active site architecture that participates in catalysis. Collectively, our results identify RLIG1 as an RNA ligase and suggest its involvement in tRNA biology.
Deep silicification–assisted long-term preservation of structural and genomic information across biospecies: From micro to macro
Authors: Liang Ke , Zhou Liang , Lei Qi , Ruan Ting , Zhang Minmin , Guo Jimin , Brinker C. Jeffrey , Zhu Wei
Published: October 2024

The concurrent preservation of morphological, structural, and genomic attributes within biological samples is paramount for comprehensive insights into biological phenomena and disease mechanisms. However, current preservation methodologies (e.g., cryopreservation, chemical reagent fixation, and bioplasticization) exhibit limitations in simultaneously achieving these critical combined goals. To address this gap, inspired by natural fossilization, here we propose “deep silicification,” a room temperature technology that eliminates fixation requirements and overcomes the cold chain problem. By harnessing the synergy between ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide, deep silicification significantly enhances silica penetration and accumulation within bioorganisms, thereby reinforcing structural integrity. This versatile and cost-effective approach demonstrates remarkable efficacy in preserving organismal morphology across various scales. Accelerated aging experiments underscore a 4,723-fold enhancement in genomic information storage over millennia, with whole-genome sequencing confirming nearly 100% fidelity. With its simplicity and reliability, “deep silicification” represents a paradigm shift in biological sample storage.
Identification of a cell-active chikungunya virus nsP2 protease inhibitor using a covalent fragment-based screening approach
Authors: Merten Eric M. , Sears John D. , Leisner Tina M. , Hardy P. Brian , Ghoshal Anirban , Hossain Mohammad Anwar , Asressu Kesatebrhan Haile , Brown Peter J. , Tse Edwin G. , Stashko Michael A. , Li Kelin , Norris-Drouin Jacqueline L. , Herring Laura E. , Mordant Angie L. , Webb Thomas S. , Mills Christine A. , Barker Natalie K. , Streblow Zachary J. , Perveen Sumera , Arrowsmith Cheryl H. , Couñago Rafael Miguez , Arnold Jamie J. , Cameron Craig E. , Streblow Daniel N. , Moorman Nathaniel J. , Heise Mark T. , Willson Timothy M. , Popov Konstantin I. , Pearce Kenneth H.
Published: October 2024

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that has been responsible for numerous large-scale outbreaks in the last twenty years. Currently, there are no FDA-approved therapeutics for any alphavirus infection. CHIKV nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2), which contains a cysteine protease domain, is essential for viral replication, making it an attractive target for a drug discovery campaign. Here, we optimized a CHIKV nsP2 protease (nsP2pro) biochemical assay for the screening of a 6,120-compound cysteine-directed covalent fragment library. Using a 50% inhibition threshold, we identified 153 hits (2.5% hit rate). In dose–response follow-up, RA-0002034, a covalent fragment that contains a vinyl sulfone warhead, inhibited CHIKV nsP2pro with an IC
50
of 58 ± 17 nM, and further analysis with time-dependent inhibition studies yielded a k
inact
 /K
I
of 6.4 × 10
3
M
−1
s
−1
. LC-MS/MS analysis determined that RA-0002034 covalently modified the catalytic cysteine in a site-specific manner. Additionally, RA-0002034 showed no significant off-target reactivity in proteomic experiments or against a panel of cysteine proteases. In addition to the potent biochemical inhibition of CHIKV nsP2pro activity and exceptional selectivity, RA-0002034 was tested in cellular models of alphavirus infection and effectively inhibited viral replication of both CHIKV and related alphaviruses. This study highlights the identification and characterization of the chemical probe RA-0002034 as a promising hit compound from covalent fragment-based screening for development toward a CHIKV or pan-alphavirus therapeutic.
The brain–eye connection: More than just action potentials
Authors: Walsh James
Published: October 2024

In this issue of the Journal of Experimental Medicine, Cao et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20240386) demonstrate that the connection between the eye and the brain goes beyond the impulses carried by the optic nerve and that in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the influx of toxic Aβ from the brain to the retina underlies AD-induced retinal degeneration.
Coherent to semi-coherent transition of precipitates in Van der Merwe epitaxial films
Authors: Raghavendra R M , Subramaniam Anandh , Iyer Ganesh
Published: October 2024

The interplay of stresses of two coherent systems, specifically a coherent precipitate within an epitaxial film (in Van der Merve growth mode), gives rise to an interesting scenario; wherein the configurational effects and the strain energy landscape are enriched. This leads to an interdependent evolutionary pathway for the coherent to semi-coherent transition. The transition of the film-substrate interface to the semi-coherent state occurs beyond a critical thickness (

t
c

) which arises from energy minimization. Using the model example of the precipitation of NbH0.5 precipitate in a Nb/Sapphire epitaxial system, the critical radii (

r

film

∗

) for model geometries have been computed. 3D finite element models have been used to compute the stress state and energetics of precipitates growing in an epitaxial film. The following important observations can be made based on the simulations. (1) The epitaxial stresses can lead to the stabilization of the coherent precipitate. (2) The transition to a semi-coherent film interface, characterized by an array of interfacial misfit dislocations, can energetically favor the semi-coherent state of the precipitate over the coherent state. The magnitude of

r

film

∗

depends on the spatial coordinates within the film. (3) The presence of Nb–H coherent precipitates can stabilize the coherent state of the film interface.
Tailoring efficient manganese bromide-based scintillator films with ethyl acetate assistance
Authors: Zhou Kun , Bilal Muhammad , Xia Kaiyu , Xie Yuting , Chen Ting , Hu Xiaofeng , Chen Xiuyuan , Yang Chenchen , Pan Shicheng , Xu Gang , Miao Xinxin , He Qingquan , He Tengyue , Mohammed Omar F , Pan Jun
Published: October 2024

Metal halide (MH) scintillators serve as a compelling substitute for traditional scintillators in x-ray detection and imaging due to their low-temperature fabrication process, high light yield and mechanical flexibility. Nevertheless, the spatial resolution and photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of these films are hindered by the agglomeration and uneven distribution of MHs crystal particles during the fabrication process. We introduce a modified fabrication approach for MH scintillator films involving an additional step of ethyl acetate (EA) treatment, resulting in the preparation of a smooth EA-treated (Ph4P)2MnBr4/Polydimethylsiloxane film (Ph4P = Tetraphenylphosphonium). The carbonyl groups within EA interact with elements of the (Ph4P)2MnBr4 microcrystals powder, ensuring uniform dispersion and preventing agglomeration. The EA-treated composite film demonstrates a remarkable PLQY of approximately 95.8% and an impressive spatial resolution of 14 lp mm−1, with enhanced stability under harsh environments. These characteristics ensure its suitability as a high-performance x-ray imaging scintillator.
Nonlinear ion acoustic waves in multicomponent plasmas with nonthermal electrons–positron and bipolar ions
Authors: Lin 林 Mai-Mai 麦麦 , Song 宋 Chen-Guang 晨光 , Chen 陈 Fu-Yan 富艳 , Wang 王 Ming-Yue 明月
Published: October 2024

This paper studied the propagating characteristics of (2+1)-dimensional nonlinear ion acoustic waves in a multicomponent plasma with nonthermal electrons, positrons, and bipolar ions. The dispersion relations are initially explored by using the small amplitude wave’s dispersion relation. Then, the Sagdeev potential method is employed to study large amplitude ion acoustic waves. The analysis involves examining the system’s phase diagram, Sagdeev potential function, and solitary wave solutions through numerical solution of an analytical process in order to investigate the propagation properties of nonlinear ion acoustic waves under various parameters. It is found that the propagation of nonlinear ion acoustic waves is subject to the influence of various physical parameters, including the ratio of number densities between the unperturbed positrons, electrons to positive ions, nonthermal parameters, the mass ratio of positive ions to negative ions, and the charge number ratio of negative ions to positive ions, the ratio of the electrons’ temperature to positrons’ temperature. In addition, the multicomponent plasma system has a compressive solitary waves with amplitude greater than zero or a rarefactive solitary waves with amplitude less than zero, in the meantime, compressive and rarefactive ion acoustic wave characteristics depend on the charge number ratio of negative ions to positive ions.
Shear rheology of confined double rings of dust particles in a dusty plasma
Authors: Tian 田 Miao 淼 , Li 李 Jiaqi 佳琪 , Yu 于 Xuebo 雪波 , Liu 刘 Xue 雪 , Li 李 Shaopeng 绍鹏 , Li 李 Qing 庆 , Liu 刘 Fucheng 富成 , He 贺 Yafeng 亚峰
Published: October 2024

Shear rheology is a fundamental property of soft matter, which can be deformed. Although the shear rheology of fluids has been well studied at the macroscopic scale, understanding the microscopic processes of rheology at the single-particle level remains a challenging issue. Dusty plasma serves as an ideal platform for exploring microscopic dynamics of system at the individual particle level. Here, we study the shear rheology of confined double rings of strongly coupled dust particles in a dusty plasma. The outer ring is actively driven to rotate using laser illumination. Depending on the particle number, the inner ring may passively rotate following the outer ring at different angular speeds, resulting in shear rheology. The number of dust particles influences particle arrangement, which is characterized by the pair correlation function, bond-orientational order parameter, and triangle skewness. That further alters structural stability, significantly affecting the shear rheology.
Influence of unstable working conditions on friction torque of angular contact ball bearings
Authors: Zhang Ruoyu , Yu Yongjian , Li Jishun , Xue Yujun
Published: October 2024

The influence of rolling element material on friction torque of angular contact ball bearing under variable speed, variable load, and variable load conditions are studied. Based on the unstable working conditions of variable speed and load, the dynamic model of bearing is established by using CMD language in the ADAMS system, and the simulation analysis is carried out. The results show that under variable speed conditions, the shorter the acceleration time is, the greater the radial and axial loads are, and the greater the friction torque of the bearing is; Under variable load conditions, the friction torque of the bearing increases with the increase of load change frequency, and the friction torque of the hybrid ceramic ball bearing is smaller than that of the GCr15 rolling element bearing. The research results provide a reference for reducing the friction heat generation of bearings and improving the operation reliability of bearings under unstable working conditions.
Construction of a numerical model for cigarette smoking and combustion and simulation of combustion cone shape
Authors: Zhu Huaiyuan , Wu Changjian , Qin Yanhua , Rui Jinsheng , Wu Penglin , Chen Xin , Yang Chengcheng , Cao Yi , Zhou Jiancheng
Published: October 2024

Understanding the thermal conditions inside a burning cigarette is a top priority for controlling chemical emissions and cigarette design. Since experimental methods are difficult to observe in depth, this paper starts from the perspective of numerical simulation and models the structure of the tobacco distribution of the cigarette, integrating the end surface ignition model, puffing model, chemical reaction model, heat and mass transfer and diffusion model have established a three-dimensional comprehensive model that can represent the changes in combustion cone morphology during cigarette combustion. The model covers chemical reaction and mass transfer as well as generation, flow and reaction mechanism. The simulation results show that the model can better predict the temperature distribution, component distribution and combustion cone morphology changes during cigarette smoking and combustion. It provides an effective means for in-depth research on cigarette combustion.
Evaluation of automatic tube current modulation in a CT scanner using a customised homogeneous phantom
Authors: Hishaam Urshella , Jeyasugiththan Jeyasingam , Viswakula Sameera , Satharasinghe D M , Amalaraj T , Costa M , Kumarihami A M C , Pallewatte Aruna , Peterson Steve
Published: October 2024

Objective. The introduction of automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) has resulted in complex relationships between scanner parameters, patient body habitus, radiation dose, and image quality. ATCM adjusts tube current based on x-ray attenuation variations in the scan region, and overall patient dose depends on a combination of factors. This work aims to develop mathematical models that predict CT radiation dose and image noise in terms of attenuating diameter and all relevant scanner parameters. Approach. A homogenous phantom, equipped with the features to conduct discrete and continuous adaption tests, was developed to model ATCM in a Philips CT scanner. Scanner parameters were varied based on theoretical dose relationships, and a MATLAB script was developed to extract data from DICOM images. R statistical software was employed for data analysis, plotting, and regression modelling. Main Results. Phantom data provided the following insights: Median tube current decreased by 81% as tube potential varied from 80 kVp to 140 kVp. Doubling the DoseRight Index (DRI) from 12 to 24, at 24 cm diameter, produced a 294% increase in mA and a 46% decrease in noise. Mean mA increased by 53% whilst mean noise increased by 5.7% as helical pitch increased from 0.6 to 0.925. Changing rotation time from 0.33s to 0.75s gave a 56% reduction in mean mA and no change in image noise. Increasing detector collimation (n × T) resulted in higher tube currents and lower output image noise values, as n and T were varied independently. Interpreting these results to apply transformations relevant to each independent variable produced models for tube current and noise with adjusted R-squared values of 0.965 and 0.912, respectively. Significance. The models developed more accurately predict radiation dose and image quality for specific patients and scanner settings. They provide imaging professionals with a practical tool to optimize scan protocols according to patient diameters and clinical objectives.
Conclusion
Authors: Macpherson Ben
Published: October 2024

With its complexities, paradoxes, contradictions, and potential, the utopian vocality of musical theatre is both rich and provocative. The concluding chapter draws together key themes from the book as a whole and, in doing so, it codifies primary concepts and new terminology developed throughout. ‘Decadent appropriation’, ‘macro-’ and ‘micro-voiceworlds’, three different ‘choralities’ and ‘simuloquism’ are brought together in a final discussion which reflects on further potential for listening to voice in musical theatre. The chapter concludes by suggesting other contexts in which these new concepts and terms might be applied and identifies several potential areas for future work.
Competing Tonics
Authors: Hedges Brown Julie
Published: October 2024

Chapter 2 explores chamber works that play with competing tonics on either an inter-movement level (the first of the Op. 41 quartets) or on an intra-movement level (the finale of the Op. 44 piano quintet), and in ways that reimagine older models like sonata form, rondo form, and fugal procedure. The chapter explores the roots of competing tonics within Schumann’s earlier output while also showing how these chamber works conjure larger meanings. The string quartet, for instance, generates its tonal dichotomy by taking a cue from a Beethovenian precedent; the manner through which resolution finally occurs, however, throws into relief Schumann’s own unique response. The finales of the string quartet and piano quintet also incorporate widespread references to the verbunkos idiom (also called the style hongrois), ones aligned with striking experimentation that resonates with cultural stereotypes of the Roma common in Schumann’s day. The chapter argues that such multivalent use of the verbunkos idiom was likely inspired by Schubert.
Nested Forms
Authors: Hedges Brown Julie
Published: October 2024

Chapter 3 considers how Schumann sought to renew the expressive power of inner-movement forms, using as examples the scherzo-trio drawn from the A-minor string quartet, and the variation-based slow movement from the F-major string quartet. These two forms are the most predictable of classical models, involving exact or varied levels of repetition. Schumann, however, reimagines the repetition concept and in ways that yield unusual nested forms. In the scherzo movement, such a form arises through an unusual interplay between fantastic and sacred associations. The chapter investigates various sources that may have inspired this interplay, from the writings of Goethe, to works by Felix Mendelssohn, to medieval legends and figures whose reputations yet resonated in Schumann’s day. In the slow movement, Schumann uses the analogous movement of Beethoven’s Op. 127 quartet as a point of departure for a new design, one that nests two sets of theme-and-variations within a larger movement, with resulting confusion between principal and secondary materials. The chapter also explores the influence of Schumann’s earlier output, including literary associations with Jean Paul, whose novels provide models not only for nested structures, but also for uncovering poetic links between them.
Listening in London
Authors: Hedges Brown Julie
Published: October 2024

Chapter 5 explores the reception of the Leipzig chamber works within nineteenth-century London. Questions about whether the music was more conservative or progressive centered less on the repertory’s relationship to Schumann’s earlier works and more on its comparison with the output of Felix Mendelssohn. For conservative English critics, Schumann was Mendelssohn’s opposite, the dubious modernist to Mendelssohn the classicist, with Schumann eventually linked with “Brother Wagner” and the “dangerous music of the future.” Exploring this reception illuminates striking differences between mid-century English and Continental views of Schumann-the-figure, between conservative and progressive voices in London (including those of critics, directors, and performers), and between social classes, especially as the chamber works moved from rarefied environments into more affordable concert venues. Clara Schumann also figures prominently in this chapter, for as a widow she spent more time concertizing in London than in any other European capital, visiting nineteen times during 1856–1888. Her efforts to promote Robert’s music—a focus of her widowhood and one facilitated in part by her performance of the Op. 47 piano quartet and Op. 44 piano quintet—played a substantial role in changing the English debate about the merits of her husband’s music.
Deflationism about Practical Knowledge
Authors: Jagannathan Dhananjay
Published: October 2024

This chapter shows how, in the Nicomachean Ethics (NE), Aristotle situates his practical epistemology, especially his view of ordinary or ground-level ethical knowledge, against a deflationist view that can be found in the work of the rhetorician Isocrates, whose views Aristotle alludes to in the opening methodological discussion of the NE. This view takes practical knowledge to amount to a capacity for skilfull guesswork. The chapter considers how such a view is developed in Isocrates’ writings and notes that this view may be motivated, in part, by the sophist Protagoras’ claim that things are good and bad just in case they are conventionally thought to be so. It then turns to Aristotle’s own view of possibility—and the shape—of ethical knowledge in the first book of the NE.
Invoking ethnic identity in the service of right-wing rhetoric: an analysis of 2022 Latina republican candidates in South Texas
Authors: Moreira Raquel , Soto-Vásquez Arthur D
Published: October 2024

Growing identification by U.S. Latines with the Republican Party has been of interest since the 2020 presidential election, especially in South Texas. This article presents a rhetorical criticism of three Republican Latina candidates for Congress in the 2022 midterms. Utilizing Latine rhetorical criticism of their campaign ads, we identify the strategic deployment of conservative ethnic identity that disavows racialized identity through anti-immigrant rhetoric. Instead of moderating anti-immigration discourse, as has been suggested by observers on how to attract Latine voters, these candidates instead redirect the immigrant threat narrative towards other subgroups of Latines. Also key in the deployment of ethnic identity for right-wing appeals is the construction of a political persona that emphasizes traditional Latine gender roles in the service of political activism. Finally, there is a mystification of the underlying reasons for economic precarity that is nevertheless based on local histories of exploitation in South Texas.
Is it time for international consensus clinical guideline development for digital papillary adenocarcinoma?
Authors: Tso Simon , Andrew Kashini , Craig Paul , Gee Bruce , Unter Simon , Venables Zoe , Rajan Neil
Published: October 2024

Response to Joshi and Kimyai-Asadi, ‘Epidemiology, survival, and risk of subsequent primary malignancies in patients with digital papillary adenocarcinoma: a retrospective study of 213 patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program’.
Correlates and Brain Substrates of Happiness in Community-Dwelling Older Adults in India
Authors: Cotton Kelly , Blumen Helena M , Ayers Emmeline , Adhikari Dristi , Sigamani Alben , Pradeep Kumar Vayyattu G , Verghese Joe
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Happiness has been shown to influence many health-related outcomes in older adults. Identifying correlates and brain substrates of happiness across countries and cultures is an important goal, as the global older adult population continues to increase.

Methods

We used univariate and multiple regression to examine associations between happiness and several demographic, health, and lifestyle variables in 665 older adults (39% female) from Kerala, India. We also used Bayesian regression to examine associations between cortical thickness and happiness in a subsample of 188 participants that completed MRI scanning.

Results

Happiness was significantly associated with several variables. In our multiple regression model, which included all significant univariate predictors, self-rated health, depression, anxiety, apathy, social network size, social network diversity, and social support significantly predicted happiness. Demographic indicators (age, sex, education, marital status, residence, and employment status/type), cognitive impairment, comorbidities, and leisure activities were not significantly associated with happiness in the multiple regression model. Cortical thickness in several brain regions was positively associated with happiness scores, including frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and cingulate regions.

Discussion

Understanding the key correlates is critical for identifying both modifiable factors that can be targeted in well-being interventions and fixed characteristics that identify those at-risk for reduced happiness. The widespread pattern of brain regions associated with happiness is consistent with the multifactorial nature of happiness and, given that the regions identified do not overlap with those vulnerable to cortical thinning, can help explain why subjective well-being, unlike other cognitive functions, is largely resistant to age-related decline.
Optimizing landscape-scale coastal monitoring and reporting through predicted versus observed animal abundance models
Authors: Gilby Ben L , Goodridge Gaines Lucy A , Henderson Christopher J , Borland Hayden P , Coates-Marnane Jack , Connolly Rod M , Maxwell Paul S , Mosman Jesse D , Olds Andrew D , Perry Hannah J , Saeck Emily , Tsoi Wing Ying
Published: October 2024

Effective environmental management hinges on monitoring drivers of change and effectively communicating results to stakeholders. While animals are valuable for engagement, few monitoring programs successfully integrate metrics quantifying their assemblages. We studied fish responses to environmental factors (including landscape context and water quality) in a 3-year survey across six ecosystems and 13 estuaries in eastern Australia (for >1800 fish surveys), and developed a novel predicted versus observed approach to monitoring, grading, and reporting on animal populations. Fish species richness and the abundance of five indicator species were explained significantly by at least one spatial attribute of sites (e.g. connectivity with mangroves and the ocean), and at least one water quality metric reflecting annual median water conditions (especially turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration). For our grading approaches, predicted values were calculated for each replicate using best-fit models for each indicator, thereby accounting for natural spatiotemporal variation and standardizing site-to-site comparisons. Evaluating six methods for translating values into graded scores for each estuary, we recommend a simple metric: the percentage of sites with observed values above predictions. We discuss this approach as useful and complementary to programs with predominantly physical parameter monitoring, and discuss challenges in establishing ongoing protocols.
Strategic coupling beyond borders: Germany’s extraterritorial agency in Namibia’s green hydrogen industry
Authors: Kalvelage Linus , Walker Benedikt
Published: October 2024

Amidst increasing geopolitical threats, geo-economic competition, and climate change concerns, this article reflects on why and how states alter strategic coupling processes abroad. Scrutinizing Germany’s involvement in Namibia’s green hydrogen industry, we conceptualize the decarbonization rationale as a state project that drives extraterritorial agency. Extraterritorial institutions accompany private enterprises with public institutional support, thus leading to three mechanisms through which extraterritorial agency shapes strategic coupling dynamics abroad: extraterritorial de-risking, extraterritorial asset creation, and market creation. We show that, even in liberal and coordinated market economies, states develop extraterritorial strategies to align global production networks with their strategic goals.
(Conceptual) explanations in logic
Authors: Poggiolesi Francesca
Published: October 2024

To explain phenomena in the world is a central human activity and one of the main goals of rational inquiry. There are several types of explanation: one can explain by drawing an analogy, as one can explain by dwelling on the causes (see e.g. see [Woodward (2004, Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. Oxford University Press, Oxford)]. Amongst these different kinds of explanation, in the last decade, philosophers have become receptive to those explanations that explain by providing the reasons (or the grounds) why a statement is true; these explanations are often called conceptual explanations (e.g. see [Betti (2010, Explanation in metaphysics and Bolzano's theory of ground and consequence. Logique et analyse, 211:281316)]). The main aim of the paper is to propose a logical account of conceptual explanations. We will do so by using the resources of proof theory, in particular sequent rules analogous to deep inferences ([e.g. see Brunnler (2004, Deep Inference and Symmetry in Classical Proofs. Logoc Verlag)]). The results we provide not only shed light on conceptual explanations themselves, but also on the role that logic and logical tools might play in the burgeoning field of inquiry concerning explanations. Indeed, we conclude the paper by underlining interesting links between the present research and some other existing works on explanations and logic that have arise in recent years, e.g. see [Arieli et al. (2022, Explainable logic-based argumentation. Computational Models of Argument, 353:3243); Darwiche and Hirth (2023, On the (complete) reasons behind decisions. Journal of Logic Language and Information, 32:6388); Piazza, Pulcini, and Sabatini (2023, Abduction as deductive saturation: a proof-theoretic inquiry. Journal of Philosophical Logic, 52:15751602)].

For here it is for the empirical scientist to

know the fact and for the mathematical to

know the reason why (our emphasis)

[Aristotle (1993, Posterior Analytics.

Oxford University Press, Oxford)].
Substance Use and Adverse Mental Health Disparities Between Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Service Members in the U.S. Military
Authors: Kaplansky Gabrielle F , Allman Matthew W , Beymer Matthew R , Dean Frances M , Anderson Goodell Erin M , Schaughency Katherine C L
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Nationally representative studies have shown that lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults have higher levels of substance use than heterosexual adults. In the military, substance use is often associated with adverse mental health outcomes and is often comorbid with other mental health conditions and adverse or harmful behaviors. Few military studies to date have comprehensively examined the relationship between sexual orientation, mental health, and substance use.

Materials and Methods

Data from the 2018 Health-Related Behaviors Survey (n = 17,166) were used. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between sexual orientation and substance use. Regression models were also used to examine whether measures of mental health moderate the relationship between sexual orientation and substance use.

Results

Compared to heterosexual individuals, lesbian and gay individuals were more likely to engage in illicit drug use (adjusted odds ratio = 3.27; 95% CI, 1.45 to 7.36). Bisexual individuals were more likely to binge drink (adjusted odds ratio = 1.37; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.74). Individuals with moderate or serious psychological distress were more likely to report binge drinking or smoking tobacco. Individuals with serious psychological distress were more likely to use illicit drugs. None of the interactions tested in this study were statistically significant.

Conclusions

Substance use in the military was more likely among sexual minority individuals compared to heterosexual individuals. These findings reflect the patterns of substance use seen in the general population. Increased levels of psychological distress were associated with both the lesbian, gay, and bisexual population in this study and self-reported substance use behaviors. Further investigation of health disparities by sexual orientation may inform more efficacious treatment and prevention programs.
Cosmological constraints from the full-shape galaxy power spectrum in SDSS-III BOSS using the BACCO hybrid Lagrangian bias emulator
Authors: Pellejero Ibáñez Marcos , Angulo Raul E , Peacock John A
Published: October 2024

We present a novel analysis of the redshift-space power spectrum of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey III (SDSS-III) Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS). Our methodology improves upon previous analyses by using a theoretical model based on cosmological simulations coupled with a perturbative description of the galaxy–matter connection and a phenomenological prescription of fingers of God. This enables a very robust analysis down to mildly non-linear scales, $k\simeq 0.4 \, h\, {\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. We carried out a number of tests on mock data, different subsets of BOSS, and using model variations, all of which support the robustness of our analysis. Our results provide constraints on $\sigma _8$, $\Omega _m$, h, and $S_8 \equiv \sigma _8 \sqrt{ \Omega _{\rm m} /0.3}$. Specifically, we measure $\Omega _m=0.301\pm 0.011$, $\sigma _8=0.745^{+0.028}_{-0.035}$, $h=0.705\pm 0.015$, and $S_8 = 0.747^{+0.032}_{-0.039}$ when all the nuisance parameters of our model are left free. By adopting relationships among bias parameters measured in galaxy formation simulations, the value of $S_8$ remains consistent whereas uncertainties are reduced by $\sim 20~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. Our cosmological constraints are some of the strongest obtained with the BOSS power spectrum alone: they exhibit a $2.5{\!-\!}3.5\sigma$ tension with the results of the Planck satellite, agreeing with the lower values of $S_8$ derived from gravitational lensing. However, the cosmological model preferred by Planck is still a good fit to the BOSS data, assuming small departures from physical bias priors and, therefore, cannot be excluded at high significance. We conclude that, at the present, the BOSS data alone does not show strong evidence for a tension between the predictions of Lambda cold dark matter ($\Lambda$CDM) for the high- and low-redshift Universe.
Formation of a magnetized hybrid star with a purely toroidal field from phase-transition-induced collapse
Authors: Yip Anson Ka Long , Cheong Patrick Chi-Kit , Li Tjonnie Guang Feng
Published: October 2024

Strongly magnetized neutron stars are popular candidates for producing detectable electromagnetic and gravitational-wave signals. Gravitational collapses of neutron stars triggered by a phase transition from hadrons to deconfined quarks in the cores could also release a considerable amount of energy in the form of gravitational waves and neutrinos. Hence, the formation of a magnetized hybrid star from such a phase-transition-induced collapse is an interesting scenario for detecting all these signals. These detections may provide essential probes for the magnetic field and composition of such stars. Thus far, a dynamical study of the formation of a magnetized hybrid star from a phase-transition-induced collapse has yet to be realized. Here, we investigate the formation of a magnetized hybrid star with a purely toroidal field and its properties through dynamical simulations. We find that the maximum values of rest-mass density and magnetic field strength increase slightly and these two quantities are coupled in phase during the formation. We then demonstrate that all microscopic and macroscopic quantities of the resulting hybrid star vary drastically when the maximum magnetic field strength goes beyond a threshold of $\sim 5 \times 10^{17}$ G, but they are insensitive to the magnetic field below this threshold. Specifically, the magnetic deformation makes the rest-mass density drop significantly, suppressing the matter fraction in the mixed phase. These behaviours agree with those in the equilibrium models of previous studies. Therefore, this work provides a solid support for the magnetic effects on a hybrid star.
Collisional and radiative data for tellurium ions in kilonovae modelling and laboratory benchmarks
Authors: Mulholland L P , McNeill F , Sim S A , Ballance C P , Ramsbottom C A
Published: October 2024

Tellurium is a primary candidate for the identification of the 2.1 $\, \mu$m emission line in kilonovae (KNe) spectra AT2017gfo and GRB230307A. Despite this, there is currently an insufficient amount of atomic data available for this species. We calculate the required atomic structure and collisional data, particularly the data required for accurate non-local-thermodynamic-equilibrium (NLTE) modelling of the low temperatures and densities in KNe. We use a multiconfigurational Dirac–Hartree–Fock method to produce optimized one-electron orbitals for Te i-iii. As a result energy levels and Einstein A-coefficients for Te i-iii have been calculated. These orbitals are then employed within Dirac R-matrix collision calculations to provide electron-impact-excitation collision strengths that were subsequently averaged according to a thermal Maxwellian distribution. Subsequent tardis simulations using this new atomic data reveal no significant changes to the synthetic spectra due to the very minor contribution of Te at early epochs. NLTE simulations with the colradpy package reveal optically thin spectra consistent with the increasing prominence of the Te iii 2.1 $\, \mu$m line as the KNe ejecta cools. This is reinforced by the estimation of luminosities at nebular KNe conditions. New line ratios for both observation and laboratory benchmarks of the atomic data are proposed.
Emergence of Daptomycin Nonsusceptibility and Treatment Failure in Patients With Corynebacterium striatum Bacteremia
Authors: Ikegaki Shunkichi , Ohji Goh , Ebisawa Kei Furui , Tsujimura Mitsutaka , Ohnuma Kenichiro , Iwata Kentaro
Published: October 2024

We retrospectively reviewed patients with Corynebacterium striatum bacteremia treated with daptomycin. All 11 isolates were initially susceptible to daptomycin, but the emergence of daptomycin nonsusceptibility during treatment and clinical failure occurred in 36% and 45% of patients, respectively.
Management of People Who Inject Drugs With Serious Injection-Related Infections in an Outpatient Setting: A Scoping Review
Authors: Dalai Arunima Soma , Leung Wayne , Johnson Heather , Bai Anthony D
Published: October 2024

Background

People who inject drugs (PWID) are at risk of severe injection-related infection (SIRI), which is challenging to manage. We conducted a scoping review to map the existing evidence on management of PWID with SIRI in an outpatient setting.

Methods

We conducted a literature search in MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central, and CINAHL from their inception until 6 December 2023. Studies were included if they focused on PWID with SIRI requiring ≥2 weeks of antibiotic therapy, with a proportion of management occurring outside hospitals. Studies were categorized inductively and described.

Results

The review included 68 articles with the following themes. PWID generally prefer outpatient management if deemed safe and effective. Most studies support outpatient management, finding it to be as effective and safe as inpatient care, as well as less costly. Successful transition to outpatient management requires multidisciplinary discharge planning with careful consideration of patient-specific factors. Emerging evidence supports the effectiveness and safety of outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy, long-acting lipoglycopeptides, and oral antibiotic therapy, each having unique advantages and disadvantages. Various specialized outpatient settings, such as skilled nursing facilities and residential treatment centers, are available for management of these infections. Finally, all patients are likely to benefit from adjunctive addiction care.

Conclusions

Emerging evidence indicates that outpatient management is effective and safe for SIRI, which is preferred by most PWID. Key components of outpatient management include multidisciplinary discharge planning, appropriate antibiotic modality, suitable care settings, and adjunctive addiction care. These elements should be carefully tailored to patient needs and circumstances.
Central Skull Base Osteomyelitis in Queensland, Australia, 2010–2020
Authors: Eustace Matthew B , Braddick Maxwell , Alcorn Kylie , Choong Keat , Satyaputra Ferris , Siebert David , Smith Simon , Sommerville Ryan , McCarthy Kate
Published: October 2024

Background

Central skull base osteomyelitis (CSBO) is an incompletely defined, life-threatening infection of the bones of the cranial vault. We describe the clinical features and outcomes of CSBO in Queensland, Australia, over an 11-year period.

Methods

Medical record coding enquiries identified cases of CSBO across 6 tertiary hospitals in Queensland, Australia, from January 2010 to December 2020. Epidemiological, demographic, diagnostic, management, and outcome data were collected from each identified case.

Results

Twenty-two cases of CSBO were identified within the study period; the median age was 73 years with a male predominance (73%). High rates of comorbid disease were detected, with a median Charlson Comorbidity Index score of 5. Diabetes mellitus was the most frequently observed condition. Six cases had bone sampling for microbiological diagnosis while the remainder had superficial sampling of contiguous structures. The most common pathogen isolated was Pseudomonas aeruginosa followed by Staphylococcus aureus, with only 1 case of fungal infection. This series demonstrated a mortality rate of 31.8%, with 45.5% of cases left with long-term sequelae including persistent pain and cranial nerve deficits.

Conclusions

Four key observations emerged in this series: (1) advanced age and diabetes mellitus are common risk factors for CSBO, (2) limited surgical intervention occurred, (3) microbiological diagnoses relied primarily on superficial sampling, and (4) significant mortality and morbidity was observed. Prospective studies are needed to better understand the optimal approach to the diagnosis and management of CSBO and to improve clinical outcomes.
Association between public health measures and the public’s well-being during the pandemic: a nationwide Japanese study
Authors: Miwa Toshiki , Honda Hitoshi , Takamatsu Akane , Tabuchi Takahiro , Taniguchi Kiyosu , Shibuya Kenji , Tokuda Yasuharu
Published: October 2024

Background

The present study aimed to investigate the association between the duration of anti-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) public health measures and the quality of life (QOL) and mental health of the Japanese public.

Methods

The present, nationwide, questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2021. The cumulative duration in days of anti-COVID-19 public health measures was calculated for each prefecture in the year prior to the survey, and multilevel linear regression analysis was used to determine the association between the duration of these measures and any impairment of QOL or mental health as assessed by the EuroQol 5-dimensions 5-levels (EQ-5D-5L) and the Kessler scale (K6).

Results

The study included 28 118 participants from all 47 prefectures. The median duration of public health measures of all prefectures was 179 days. Long-term duration of the measures (181–365 days) was not independently associated with low EQ-5D-5L (P = 0.128) or high K6 (P = 0.179) scores after adjusting for potential confounders (Graphical Abstract).

Conclusions

Prolongation of the measures may not be associated with a deterioration in the QOL or mental health of the Japanese public. Nevertheless, it may be necessary to reconsider long-term public health measures given the potential they may have to cause collateral damage, such as socioeconomic one.
Does Stakeholder Outrage Determine Executive Pay?
Authors: Balogh Attila , Wright Danika , Zein Jason
Published: October 2024

An unprecedented number of firms announced CEO salary reductions at the onset of the coronavirus pandemic. We document that the total compensation for these CEOs did not actually decrease but was instead restructured, leading to a marked increase in opaque components of compensation. These adjustments align with the managerial power view of executive pay setting, whereby heightened stakeholder outrage prompts greater camouflaging of compensation to avoid scrutiny. We further show that this pattern of compensation adjustments predominantly occurred in firms with powerful CEOs, weak institutional investor monitoring, and poorer governance quality.