bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards intelligent CFRP composite machining: Surface analysis methods and statistical data analysis of machined fibre laminate surfaces
Authors: Duboust Nicolas , Watson Michael , Marshall Matt , O’Donnel Garret E , Kerrigan Kevin
Published: October 2020

Many carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite parts need to be edged trimmed before use to ensure both geometry and mechanical performance of the part edge matches the design intent. Measurement and control of machining induced surface damage of composite material is key to ensuring the part retains its strength and fatigue properties. Typically, the overall surface roughness of the machined face is taken to be an indicator of the amount of damage to the surface, and it is important that the measurement and prediction of surface roughness is completed reliably. It is known that the surface damage is heavily dependent on the fibre orientation of the composite and cutting tool edge condition. This research has developed a new ply-by-ply surface roughness measurement methods using optical focus variation surface analysis and image segmentation for calculating areal surface roughness parameters of a machined carbon fibre composite laminate. Machining experiments have been completed using a polycrystalline diamond edge trimming tool at increasing levels of cutting edge radius. Optical surface measurement and µ-CT scanning have been used to assess machining induced surface and sub-surface defects on individual fibre orientations. Statistical analysis has been used to assess the significance of machining parameters on Sa (arithmetic mean height of area) and Sv (areal magnitude of maximum valley depth) areal roughness parameters, on both overall roughness and ply-by-ply fibre orientations. Empirical models have been developed to predict surface roughness parameters using statistical methods. It has been shown that cutting edge degradation, fibre orientation and feed rate will significantly affect the cutting mechanism, machining induced surface defects and surface roughness parameters.
A laser scanner based approach for identifying rail surface squat defects
Authors: De Becker D , Dobrzanski J , Justham L , Goh YM
Published: October 2020

The defect identification process within the UK rail industry has seen significant improvements over the past decade with the introduction of new measurement systems and defect detection systems. Although significant work has been on the defect identification little work has been done on the process after the defect has been detected. This repair process is still extremely manual. Due to the current process being manual the repair operation has very little traceability and transparency. This paper has therefore presented the need for not only a defect detection system but a defect repair system for the UK railway industry. Further to this, this paper has acknowledged that the rise of defects occurring on the UK railway lines requires a solution that can fully repair a defect with little to no user intervention in a timely manner. To address this, this paper has taken the extremely manual process of rail repair and has laid out the possibilities to automate this process. By doing this a work flow diagram has been generated to show how the system could be used to repair surface defects with a specific focus being made on squat defects. To achieve this a defect detection and measurement system has been explored, as this will make up the first stage of the automated repair system. The literature on various defect detection algorithms was reviewed and two variations of existing defect detection algorithms were created, i.e. the Covariance method and the Normal Intersection method. These algorithms have been tested against 100 simulated squat defects and have been verified using 4 experimentally generated defects. Both algorithms have been proven to not only identify the approximate size of the defect but also its location. This successful defect identification will be integrated into an automated rail repair system.
Children’s Cognitive Reflection Predicts Conceptual Understanding in Science and Mathematics
Authors: Young Andrew G. , Shtulman Andrew
Published: October 2020

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is a widely used measure of adults’ propensity to engage in reflective analytic thought. The CRT is strongly predictive of many diverse psychological factors but unsuitable for use with developmental samples. Here, we examined a children’s CRT, the CRT–Developmental (CRT–D), and investigated its predictive utility in the domains of science and mathematics. School-age children ( N = 152) completed the CRT–D, measures of executive functioning, measures of rational thinking, and measures of vitalist-biology and mathematical-equivalence concepts. CRT–D performance predicted conceptual understanding in both domains after we adjusted for children’s age, executive functioning, and rational thinking. These findings suggest that cognitive reflection supports conceptual knowledge in early science and mathematics and, moreover, demonstrate the theoretical and practical importance of children’s cognitive reflection. The CRT–D will allow researchers to investigate the development, malleability, and consequences of children’s cognitive reflection.
Foraminiferal paleodiversity and paleoenvironments at the NE coastal plain of Buenos Aires province (Argentina) during the Mid-Holocene sea level highstand
Authors: Ballesteros-Prada Angelica , Luengo Mariel , Vilanova Isabel , Fucks Enrique , Bernasconi Emiliana
Published: October 2020

In this investigation, we carried out a Mid-Holocene paleoenvironmental reconstruction based on fossilized benthic foraminifera, retrieved from sedimentary deposits located in Bahía Samborombón coastal plain. A total of 38 species, grouped into 19 genera, were identified. The assemblage, constituted mainly by Buccella peruviana (d’Orbigny), Cribroelphidium poeyanum (d’Orbigny), Ammonia parkinsoniana (d’Orbigny) and Ammonia tepida (Cushman), indicate predominantly abnormal marine conditions, characterized by low oxygen levels between ca. 6880–6640 and 5600–5430 yrs cal. BP. During this interval, a quantitative analysis carried out on the assemblages as well as indexes suggest found three different paleoenvironments. The first one, occurring ca. 6880–6640 yrs cal. BP, was a brackish environment with low oxygenation levels and low bottom energy. Then, ca. 6500–6250 yrs cal. BP, an environment with more marine influence, increased oxygen levels and higher energy prevailed. This higher oxygenation could be related to the flow of seawater into the area during the Mid-Holocene sea-level highstand. The third paleoenvironment developed ca. 5590–5430 yrs cal. BP, was under a gradual transition back to a brackish environment with low oxygen levels as well as low energy.
Probabilistic Biases Meet the Bayesian Brain
Authors: Chater Nick , Zhu Jian-Qiao , Spicer Jake , Sundh Joakim , León-Villagrá Pablo , Sanborn Adam
Published: October 2020

In Bayesian cognitive science, the mind is seen as a spectacular probabilistic-inference machine. But judgment and decision-making (JDM) researchers have spent half a century uncovering how dramatically and systematically people depart from rational norms. In this article, we outline recent research that opens up the possibility of an unexpected reconciliation. The key hypothesis is that the brain neither represents nor calculates with probabilities but approximates probabilistic calculations by drawing samples from memory or mental simulation. Sampling models diverge from perfect probabilistic calculations in ways that capture many classic JDM findings, which offers the hope of an integrated explanation of classic heuristics and biases, including availability, representativeness, and anchoring and adjustment.
The right to erasure: Comparative perspectives on an emerging privacy right
Authors: Connolly Joanna
Published: October 2020

This article examines the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission’s proposal that privacy laws be amended to provide individuals with a right of ‘erasure’ (Digital Platforms Inquiry, rec 16(d)). Examining the recent and rapid expansion of the right to erasure by courts in Europe, it demonstrates the deleterious impact the right may have on Australia’s online media archive and posits that more careful reform is required to protect public access to information.
Adaptation and Piloting for Hospice Social Workers of Aliviado Dementia Care, a Dementia Symptom Management Program
Authors: Jones Tessa M. , Brody Abraham A.
Published: October 2020

Background:

Forty-five percent of hospice patients currently have a primary or secondary diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease or related disorders. However, few programs have focused specifically on assisting hospices in providing evidence-based symptom management to persons living with dementia (PLWD).

Objective:

To adapt and pilot the training component of Aliviado Dementia Care, a dementia symptom management quality improvement program originally developed for home healthcare, for use by social workers as part of the hospice interdisciplinary team.

Design:

A prospective pre-post design was utilized, measuring knowledge, confidence, and attitudes at baseline, and immediately and 1-month post-training. Analysis was performed using paired t-tests and repeated measures ANOVA.

Subjects:

Hospice social workers currently practicing in the United States with at least 1 year of experience.

Measurements:

The Dementia Symptom Knowledge Assessment and a post-training continuing education evaluation form.

Results:

Forty-six subjects were enrolled, of whom 26 completed the first post-test and 23 both post-tests. There was a poor baseline level of knowledge and confidence in caring for PLWD. Significant improvements occurred following training, particularly in implementing non-pharmacologic interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) (16.64% increase, p < .0001) and confidence in managing behavioral symptoms (16.86%, p = .01) and depression (25.18%, p < .0001). Changes were maintained over time. All respondents were either very satisfied or satisfied with the quality and content of the program.

Conclusions:

The training modules of Aliviado Dementia Care were successfully tailored for use by hospice social workers, showing significant improvement in knowledge and confidence in caring for behavioral symptoms in PLWD. Future work will examine whether the larger program, including this training, can subsequently improve patient outcomes in hospice.
Numerical model on predicting hydraulic fracture propagation in low-permeability sandstone
Authors: Shi Ji , Zhang Jianhua , Zhang Chunyang , Jiang Tingting , Huang Gang
Published: October 2020

Hydraulic fracture propagation is hard to predict due to natural joints and crustal stress. This process may lead to uncontrollable changes in hydrogeological conditions. Therefore, prediction and control of fracture propagation are paramount to permeability increase in ore-bearing reservoir. The coupled fluid-solid model was utilized to predict the hydraulic fracture propagation in low-permeability sandstone of a uranium mine. For this study, the model was modified to allow fractures to propagate randomly by using the cohesive zone method. The simulation was developed on a three-step process. First, geological data required to run the model, including crustal stress, strength and permeability, were assembled. Next, fracture propagation under different conditions of stress and injection volume were simulated. In the final step, experimental data required to validate the model were obtained. The simulation results indicate that the principal stress, distribution and orientation of natural fracture have vital influence on fracture propagation and induced complex fracture network. This work provides a theoretical basis for the application of hydraulic fracture in low-permeability sandstone reservoir and ensures the possibility to predict the generation of complex fracture network.
Using Case Studies to Develop Equity-Driven Professional Learning for Gifted Educators
Authors: Lewis Katie D. , Novak Angela , Weber Christine L.
Published: October 2020

Carefully crafted professional learning has the potential to positively impact teacher perceptions of culturally diverse gifted learners. Case studies provide an opportunity to objectively examine scenarios that teachers of gifted students may encounter in the classroom. Embedding the seven guiding principles of equity-driven professional learning in the discussion of a case study fosters change in teacher perceptions and beliefs. This article presents the benefits of using case studies in multicultural professional learning for gifted teachers overlaid with the seven principles of equity-driven professional learning; offers an example of a case study, a boy named Raul; and shares two examples of the case study in practice.
Understanding Antibiotic Residues and Pathogens Flow in Wastewater from Smallholder Pig Farms to Agriculture Field in Ha Nam Province, Vietnam
Authors: Pham-Duc Phuc , Nguyen-Viet Hung , Luu-Quoc Toan , Cook Meghan A , Trinh-Thi-Minh Phuong , Payne Dave , Dao-Thu Trang , Grace Delia , Dang-Xuan Sinh
Published: October 2020

Background:

Contact with livestock wastewater on farms and in communities can pose a risk to human and animal health.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted in 180 households and 24 pig farms (96 wastewater samples) to explore information about pig production, livestock waste management, antibiotic use, and to analyze antibiotic residues and microbial contamination, respectively.

Results:

Of the 120 households raising pigs, biogas systems were the most commonly used to treat animal waste (70%), followed by compositing (19%), and the remaining respondents discharged waste directly into drains or ponds (11%). The majority of respondents (78%) used antibiotics to treat and prevent disease in pigs, but 32% of them did not know of any disadvantages of antibiotic abuse. ELISA assays were performed on half of the wastewater samples (n = 48), demonstrating that residues of flouroquinolones and sulfonamides were present in 6.3% (3/48) and 22.9% (11/48) of tested samples, respectively. The average residual level of sulfamethazine was 27.8 ug/l. Further, E. coli concentrations exceeding regulatory levels in Vietnam were found in nearly all samples. Salmonella spp. was also found in 57.3% of samples, though prevalence rates varied across the different sites. Finally, G. lamblia was found in 8.4% of samples, and C. parvum was found in 5.2% of samples.

Conclusions:

This study suggests that livestock wastewater carried potential harmful pathogens and antibiotic residues that could come into contact with humans in the community. Thus, appropriate operation and application of livestock wastewater treatment (such as biogas or composting) and management should be a continued focused.
Engaging Citizens Via Journey Maps to Address Urban Health Issues
Authors: Pomeroy-Stevens Amanda , Afdhal Muh , Mishra Neeraj , Farnham Egan Kim , Christianson Karin , Bachani Damodar
Published: October 2020

Effectively addressing urban health challenges requires engagement of citizens. However, citizens often face barriers providing feedback, and city officials likewise face difficulties incorporating feedback in a meaningful and systematic way. This paper shares one innovative approach to capturing citizens’ stories about urban health concerns, developed by the Building Healthy Cities (BHC) project in 2 Asian cities (Indore, India, and Makassar, Indonesia).

Using ethnographic methods, BHC developed “journey maps” as a monitoring tool to follow key service issues over time. Several urban health-related issues were identified in each city. For this paper, we focus on wastewater management, which was a serious health issue in both cities. Qualitative data were collected from citizens in one neighborhood and city officials quarterly starting in early 2018; these data were supplemented by city spending data, usage statistics, photos and news articles. In both cities, the journey maps captured notable changes during the first 2 years of the project. At the start of the journeys (2018), informal settlement citizens in Indore reported poor drainage which was compounded by trash, narrow roads blocking vehicular removal of waste, and unsafe infrastructure leading to waterborne diseases and injuries (including several child deaths). Likewise in Makassar, dirty water overflowed from open drains due to frequent flooding and garbage. Citizens reported exposure to diarrhea, dengue and skin symptoms due to the drains, which was confirmed by the local health post. By the end of Year 2 (2019), these journeys captured increasing dialogue between citizens and the city, which resulted in several improvements. In Indore, changes included garbage vans built for narrow streets and construction of a safer bridge. In Makassar, while they still suffer from seasonal flooding, the city has increased garbage pickup, included drainage activities in the village-level budgeting process, and a slum improvement project has pledged funding to improve drainage and street issues in 41 neighborhoods. Journey maps work on the premise that capturing a community’s experience and relaying it to government officials can bring about positive change. They also provide crucial grassroots level evidence to support more traditional research findings, which can lead to effective urban health solutions. As this work continues, BHC is training citizens to collect and share their own journeys.
Choice of methods can determine which behavioral determinates are identified for targeting in future behavior change interventions: Increasing antibiotic adherence in Pakistan
Authors: Taj Umar , Schmidtke Kelly Ann , Vlaev Ivo , Read Daniel
Published: October 2020

When developing a behavioral intervention, formative research should be conducted to determine which behavioral barriers and facilitators to target. This is often done using qualitative interviews, but quantitative surveys may also be used. The current study examines the consequences of applying descriptive (rank order and t-tests) versus predictive (regression) quantitative analyses on intervention development, specifically for increasing antibiotic course completion. For demonstrative purposes, 1892 adults in Pakistan completed a cross-sectional survey that measures a comprehensive set of barriers/facilitators to their course completion. The descriptive and predictive analyses disagreed regarding which barriers/facilitators to prioritize. Reasons to prefer predictive analyses are discussed.
You ask and do not receive, because you ask wrongly
Authors: Kelly Christopher E , Valencia Esteban J
Published: October 2020

Investigative interviewing can be thought of as the interaction between two clusters of factors: questions and techniques. Analyses of question types and interview techniques are often treated discretely, where one is the focal point at the expense of the other, or they are conceptually indistinguishable. To explore these relationships further, the current study examined a sample of interviews using the Griffiths Question Map and a taxonomy of interview methods. In addition to presenting maps as example interviews, the article explores the associations between interview clusters and suspect cooperation. Results indicate that greater use of appropriate questions was associated with greater use of rapport-building techniques and greater suspect cooperation, and a reduction in the use of accusatorial interrogation tactics, which themselves were associated with suspect resistance. Implications for research and practice include understanding the interaction between these—and potentially other—clusters.
Creating space for interactive dialogue during preschool circle time using play-based pedagogies and dramatic inquiry
Authors: Deeg Megan T , Farrand Kathleen M , Oakes Wendy Peia
Published: October 2020

In this study, we examined how preschool students with language delays engaged in interactive dialogue during regular circle time and dramatic inquiry activities. Using frequency recording of three preschool students’ linguistic engagement and multimodal analysis of classroom video data, this article explores how these students produced social, instructional, and academic language as well as multimodal actions to engage in interactive dialogue with their teachers and peers. Overall, students exhibited higher levels of linguistic engagement during traditional instruction; however, multimodal analysis revealed the ways students engaged in interactive dialogue during dramatic inquiry was far more complex. We conclude that dramatic inquiry created opportunities for students to learn and produce academic language and corresponding multimodal actions while regular instruction provided students opportunities to practice social and instructional language. Our analysis demonstrates the complexities of how preschoolers with language delays use different forms of verbal and non-verbal language to share their personal experiences and content knowledge with others. In all, this study emphasizes the importance of considering both quantitative and qualitative data when trying to understand how preschoolers engage in interactive dialogue in the classroom.
Estimating Net Coverage of Segments in ABS Frames
Authors: Harter Rachel , Morton Katherine B. , Amaya Ashley , Brown Derick
Published: October 2020

The literature has no standard method for estimating the coverage of area probability segments in address-based frames. Versatility is desirable for different study needs, but standardization improves comparability. Many segment estimates are simple ratios of counts of frame addresses to control totals, or net coverage ratios. Challenges to segment ratios include geocoding error, outdated control totals, errors in the address frame, and systematic exclusion of types of addresses. We tested various net coverage ratios on segments selected for the 2015 Residential Energy Consumption Survey, and we share our results and recommendations for using net coverage ratios for estimating coverage for segments.
Childhood experiences pursue adulthood for better and worse: a qualitative study of adults' experiences after growing up with a severely mentally ill parent in a small-scale society
Authors: Dam Kristianna , Hall Elisabeth OC
Published: October 2020

Background

Growing up with a severely mentally ill parent can impact on subsequent adult life, and it can be extra challenging in a society with a small population, known as a small-scale society. Life in a small-scale society is characterised by multiple close relationships, lack of anonymity and a conservative attitude towards normal behaviour.

Aims

To look at the impact of growing up with a mentally ill parent on adult life in a small-scale society.

Methods

Data from semistructured interviews with 11 adult children of severely mentally ill parents were reanalysed and subjected to secondary analysis.

Results

The additional analysis resulted in four central themes: ‘becoming open and courageous’, ‘seeking and giving help’, ‘feeling uncertain and different’ and ‘being resilient and sensitive’. These were conflated into an overarching theme: ‘childhood experiences track into adulthood for better and worse’. The themes elucidate a diverse big picture and encompass positive and challenging features of adult life in a small-scale society.

Conclusions

The study ends with recommendations for the early establishment of collaboration and family-focused interventions with mentally ill parents and their children.
Fingers hold spatial information that toes do not
Authors: Manser-Smith Kelda , Romano Daniele , Tamè Luigi , Longo Matthew R.
Published: October 2020

Fingers have preferential associations with relative spatial locations. Tactile localisation is faster when the fingers are in these locations, such as when the index finger is in a relatively higher spatial position, and the thumb in a relatively lower position. However, it is unclear whether these associations are related to hands specifically, or are a more general characteristic of limbs. The present study therefore investigated whether toes have similar spatial associations. If these associations reflect the statistics of natural limb usage, very different patterns of association would be expected for the fingers and toes, given their different functional roles in daily behaviour. We measured reaction time (RT) and error rates of responses to tactile stimuli applied to the middle finger/toe or thumb/big toe, when they were positioned in a relative upper or lower location. We replicated the finding that fingers have preferential associations that facilitates localisation—RT and error rate were lower when the index finger was in the top position, and the thumb in the bottom position. We found that toes do not hold the same spatial information, though it remains unclear whether toes hold different spatial information or none at all. These results demonstrate spatial information held by the fingers is stronger and more reliable than for the toes, so is not a general characteristic of limbs, but possibly related to hand use.
An overview of antibody–drug conjugates in oncological practice
Authors: Theocharopoulos Charalampos , Lialios Panagiotis-Petros , Gogas Helen , Ziogas Dimitrios C.
Published: October 2020

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are designed to manipulate the toxic efficacy of specific chemotherapeutic compounds, employing the high affinity of antibody-mediated delivery so as to drive them selectively to target cancer cells. These immunoconjugates encompass the general tendency towards precision medicine and avert the systemic toxicities of conventional chemotherapy, accomplishing an improved therapeutic index. Cumulative experience acquired from first-generation ADCs offers new perspectives to these promising therapeutic modalities for various hematological and solid cancers and propels their clinical development in a faster-than-ever pace, as indicated by the approval of four novel ADCs during the last year. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the eight ADCs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and their current indications in oncological practice. Starting from their bio-pharmaceutical background, we track their clinical evolution, with an emphasis on the pivotal trials that led to their commercial release. Late-stage studies examining these eight ADCs in other-than-approved settings as well as the investigation of potential new candidates are also reviewed. In the close future, more data are expected to expand ADCs’ oncological utility and to further reshape their role in cancer therapeutics.
Capitalist agriculture and the creation of the circular migrant: Understanding COVID-19’s impact on internal migrants in India
Authors: Kandikuppa Sandeep , Gupta Pallavi
Published: October 2020

COVID-19 has affected the internal migrants in India badly. When the government announced a lockdown with a 4-hour notice, millions of these migrants, who were a part of the vast unorganized labor force to be found in urban areas, were left stranded. In our article, we analyze the structural factors that underpin this crisis. We argue that the migrant crisis that unfolded in the urban areas has its roots in India’s embrace of globalization, the rise of capitalistic agriculture, and the increasing casualization of labor work in the urban labor markets.
Quantification of Aerosol Particle Concentrations During Endoscopic Sinonasal Surgery in the Operating Room
Authors: Murr Alex , Lenze Nicholas R. , Brown William Colby , Gelpi Mark W. , Ebert Charles S. , Senior Brent A. , Thorp Brian D. , Zanation Adam M. , Kimple Adam J.
Published: October 2020

Background

Recent indirect evidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission during endoscopic endonasal procedures has highlighted the dearth of knowledge surrounding aerosol generation with these procedures. As we adapt to function in the era of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a better understanding of how surgical techniques generate potentially infectious aerosolized particles will enhance the safety of operating room (OR) staff and learners.

Objective

To provide greater understanding of possible SARS-CoV-2 exposure risk during endonasal surgeries by quantifying increases in airborne particle concentrations during endoscopic sinonasal surgery.

Methods

Aerosol concentrations were measured during live-patient endoscopic endonasal surgeries in ORs with an optical particle sizer. Measurements were taken throughout the procedure at six time points: 1) before patient entered the OR, 2) before pre-incision timeout during OR setup, 3) during cold instrumentation with suction, 4) during microdebrider use, 5) during drill use and, 6) at the end of the case prior to extubation. Measurements were taken at three different OR position: surgeon, circulating nurse, and anesthesia provider.

Results

Significant increases in airborne particle concentration were measured at the surgeon position with both the microdebrider (p = 0.001) and drill (p = 0.001), but not for cold instrumentation with suction (p = 0.340). Particle concentration did not significantly increase at the anesthesia position or the circulator position with any form of instrumentation. Overall, the surgeon position had a mean increase in particle concentration of 2445 particles/ft3 (95% CI 881 to 3955; p = 0.001) during drill use and 1825 particles/ft3 (95% CI 641 to 3009; p = 0.001) during microdebrider use.

Conclusion

Drilling and microdebrider use during endonasal surgery in a standard operating room is associated with a significant increase in airborne particle concentrations. Fortunately, this increase in aerosol concentration is localized to the area of the operating surgeon, with no detectable increase in aerosol particles at other OR positions.
Proximity in marketing: An integrating theoretical framework and research agenda
Authors: Lenglet François , Mencarelli Rémi
Published: October 2020

Academics and practitioners increasingly focus on the concept of proximity, but the growing literature features a confusing diversity of approaches. This article offers a macro-analytical and conceptually unified vision of proximity. Based on an in-depth analysis of literature, this integrative synthesis offers a fourfold contribution: characterize and classify approaches to proximity, understand the place occupied by proximity in theoretical models in marketing, consider the managerial interest of proximity, and develop propositions for continued research into proximity topics.
Stepping back to move forward: Centering capital in discussions of technology and the future of work
Authors: Shestakofsky Benjamin
Published: October 2020

Some researchers have warned that advances in artificial intelligence will increasingly allow employers to substitute human workers with software and robotic systems, heralding an impending wave of technological unemployment. By attending to the particular contexts in which new technologies are developed and implemented, others have revealed that there is nothing inevitable about the future of work, and that there is instead the potential for a diversity of models for organizing the relationship between work and artificial intelligence. Although these social constructivist approaches allow researchers to identify sources of contingency in technological outcomes, they are less useful in explaining how aims and outcomes can converge across diverse settings. In this essay, I make the case that researchers of work and technology should endeavor to link the outcomes of artificial intelligence systems not only to their immediate environments but also to less visible—but nevertheless deeply influential—structural features of societies. I demonstrate the utility of this approach by elaborating on how finance capital structures technology choices in the workplace. I argue that investigating how the structure of ownership influences a firm’s technology choices can open our eyes to alternative models and politics of technological development, improving our understanding of how to make innovation work for everyone instead of allowing the benefits generated by technological change to be hoarded by a select few.
Risk factors of necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates with sepsis: A retrospective case-control study
Authors: Wang Zheng-Li , An Yao , He Yu , Hu Xiao-Yu , Guo Lu , Li Qiu-Yu , Liu Li , Li Lu-Quan
Published: October 2020

Sepsis, a severe infectious disease in the neonatal period, is considered a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). To investigate the specific risk factors for NEC in septic infants, septic infants admitted to our center from January 2010 to April 2018 were included. Septic neonates with proven NEC (Bell’s stage ⩾II) were enrolled in the NEC group, and those without NEC were enrolled in the control group. Demographics, clinical characteristics, and risk factors were compared between the two groups. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the potential risk factors for NEC. A total of 610 septic neonates were included, of whom 78 (12.8%) had complicated NEC. The univariate analysis indicated that infants with NEC had a lower birth weight, a lower gestational age, and older age on admission than those without NEC ( P < 0.05). Higher rates of anemia, prolonged rupture of membranes (PROM) (⩾18 h), pregnancy-induced hypertension, late-onset sepsis (LOS), red blood cell transfusion and hypoalbuminemia were observed in the NEC group than in the non-NEC group (P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed LOS ( P = 0.000), red blood cell transfusion ( P = 0.001) and hypoalbuminemia ( P = 0.001) were associated with the development of NEC. Among NEC infants, those who needed red blood cell transfusion had a longer hospitalization duration than those who did not need transfusion ( P < 0.05). LOS, red blood cell transfusion and hypoalbuminemia were independent risk factors for the development of NEC in infants with sepsis. Taking measures to reduce the occurrence of hypoproteinemia and severe anemia may help to reduce the occurrence of NEC in septic neonates.
Peripheral Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Survival Analysis of an Ecuadorian Population in Primary Care
Authors: Barrera-Guarderas Francisco , Carrasco-Tenezaca Felipe , De la Torre-Cisneros Katherine
Published: October 2020

Background

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is used for diagnosis of PAD.

Objectives

Establish the prevalence and incidence rate for PAD and determine the associated factors and survival time for the development of PAD.

Methods

Retrospective cross-sectional cohort study (follow up: 10 years) in 578 DM patients with at least 1 ABI measurement in a primary level of care diabetes clinic. Data was collected from clinical records. Sociodemographic and laboratory variables were analyzed determining its association (mean difference and bivariate logistic regression). Survival was calculated through life tables and Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results

The prevalence of PAD was 13.98%. The incidence rate through the time of follow up was 23.38 per 1000 person-year (95% CI: 19.91-27.26). The group that developed PAD showed higher glycated hemoglobin levels ( P = .025), more years of DM ( P < .001) and lower glomerular filtration rate (GFR, P = .003). The median time for developing PAD was 26.97 years (95% CI: 26.89-27.05). The risk for PAD was higher in females (95% CI: 1.51-4.38), GFR <60 mL/min/m2 (95% CI: 1.05-2.22) and use of metformin plus insulin (95% CI: 1.10-2.35).

Conclusion

Half of a DM patient’s population in primary level of care will develop PAD in the third decade of disease. There are identifiable risk factors for PAD development in DM in the primary level of care such as low GFR, female sex, and use of metformin plus insulin.
Obstruction of the Nasal Airway in NOE Fractures
Authors: Dubois Leander , Dalmeijer Sebastiaan W. R. , Steenen Serge A. , Gooris Peter J.
Published: October 2020

In naso-orbito-ethmoid (NOE) fractures, a highly complex and delicate region is involved. Commonly, the focus of most clinicians goes to the esthetical disfigurations, such as the loss of nasal projection, position of the medial canthal tendon or enophthalmos/hypoglobus, or the functional problems such as diplopia. Nasal investigation is mandatory in these fractures, but the focus is on nasal septum in the concommitent nasal fractures. In minimally displaced NOE fractures, these clinical problems are not always present to justify surgical treatment. In this article, we present a series of 5 patients with minimally displaced (unilateral) NOE fractures with a nasal obstruction as a solitary and persistent symptom of a NOE fracture.
Evolving Concepts in Post-PCI Antiplatelets Therapy
Authors: Jadhav Kartik Pandurang , Jariwala Pankaj V.
Published: October 2020

The standard duration dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is considered as gold standard for post percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) medical therapy, as mentioned in American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association 2016 and European Society of Cardiology 2017 guidelines. Recently it has been challenged, in terms of duration and composition of this therapy. Many newer regimens and therapeutic drugs are being tried in large randomized clinical trial studies and found to be as effective as DAPT if not superior. There is general trend to introduce better antiplatelets like P2Y12 inhibitor (prasugrel and ticagrelor) as monotherapy for longer duration and restricting use of aspirin beyond 3 months. This review article helps us in understanding the evolution of DAPT therapy, formation of guidelines, and what are the new and evolving concepts in post-PCI medical therapy.
Distance Education Support for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Complex Needs During COVID-19 and School Closures
Authors: Stenhoff Donald M. , Pennington Robert C. , Tapp Melissa C.
Published: October 2020

Schools serve an essential function for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and complex needs. However, school-based instruction may be interrupted due to pandemics, natural disasters, and school shootings, and as a result, schools are forced to stop traditional services and begin teaching students in their homes. Fortunately, distance education strategies are available to mitigate brick and mortar interruptions. When rural schools close, they face unique challenges, such as proximity to students, and technology limitations. In this article, we describe strategies for teachers to develop instructional materials, communication supports, and behavioral supports. We also describe how caregivers might provide support, and how to teach caregivers the skills necessary for effective support implementation.
ERS International Congress, Madrid, 2019: highlights from the Interstitial Lung Diseases Assembly
Authors: Dupin Clairelyne , Fernandes Vânia , Hernandez-Gonzalez Fernanda , Torrisi Sebastiano Emanuele , Alfaro Tiago M. , Kreuter Michael , Wijsenbeek Marlies S. , Renzoni Elisabetta A. , Bargagli Elena , Nunes Hilario , Spagnolo Paolo , Bonella Francesco , Molina-Molina Maria , Antoniou Katerina , Poletti Venerino
Published: October 2020

This article discusses a selection of the scientific presentations in the field of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) that took place at the 2019 European Respiratory Society International Congress in Madrid, Spain. There were sessions from all four groups within Assembly 12: group 12.01 “Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias”, group 12.02 “ILDs/diffuse parenchymal lung diseases (DPLDs) of known origin”, group 12.03 “Sarcoidosis and other granulomatous ILDs/DPLDs” and group 12.04 “Rare ILDs/DPLDs”. The presented studies brought cutting-edge developments on several aspects of these conditions, including pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment. As many of the ILDs are individually rare, the sharing of experiences and new data that occur during the Congress are very important for physicians interested in ILDs and ILD patients alike.
Bioethics and the use of social media for medical crowdfunding
Authors: Kubheka Brenda Zanele
Published: October 2020

Background

Social media has globalised compassion enabling requests for donations to spread beyond geographical boundaries. The use of social media for medical crowdfunding links people with unmet healthcare needs to charitable donors. There is no doubt that fundraising campaigns using such platforms facilitates access to financial resources to the benefit of patients and their caregivers.

Main text

This paper reports on a critical review of the published literature and information from other online resources discussing medical crowdfunding and the related ethical questions. The review highlighted the benefits of crowdfunding as well as the under-exploration of the risk of having patients’ desires and human rights undermined during online fundraising campaigns. Majority of these campaigns get initiated on behalf of the patients, especially the very sick and dependant. The ethical questions raised relate to the voluntariness of informed consent and the possibility of patients being used as a means to an end. Vulnerability of patients may expose them to coercion, undue influence, manipulation, and violation of their human rights. The success of these campaigns is influenced by the digital skills, pre-existing social networks and, the emotional potency. Healthcare is a public good, and online market forces should not determine access to essential health services. The benefits of crowdfunding cannot be subverted, but it can perpetuate unintended injustices, especially those arising from socio-economic factors.

Conclusions

Policymakers ought to monitor the utilisation of crowdfunding sites to identify policy failures and unmet essential health care needs responsible for driving individuals to use these platforms. The upholding of human rights and the fundamental respect of the individual’s wishes is a moral imperative. The need for an ethics framework to guide different stakeholders during medical crowdfunding needs further examination.
Tumors associated with radiotherapy: a case series
Authors: Garcia Mauricio , Hernandez Dary L. , Mendoza Sara , Buelvas Nelson , Alvarez Angelina , Esguerra Jose , Díaz Sandra
Published: October 2020

Background

Breast cancer is the cancer with the highest incidence and mortality worldwide. Its treatment is multidisciplinary with surgery, systemic therapy, and radiotherapy. In Colombia, according to Globocan 2018, there is an age-standardized incidence rate of 44 per 100,000 women. Radiotherapy improves local and regional control in patients with breast cancer, and it could even improve relapse-free survival and overall survival in patients with nodal disease. The toxicity of this treatment in most cases is mild and transient, but in a low percentage of patients, radiotherapy-induced tumors may develop.

Case presentation

Seven Colombian patients treated for breast cancer at our institution developed radiotherapy-induced tumors between 2008 and 2018. The median age was 54.4 (range 35–72) years. Six patients had locally advanced tumors at the time breast cancer was diagnosed, and all of them received neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The radiotherapy-induced tumors were five sarcomas, one of which was a well-differentiated angiosarcomatous vascular lesion with negative c-Myc (benign lesion), and the remaining patient had basal cell carcinoma associated with radiotherapy.

Conclusions

Sarcomas are the most common radiotherapy-induced tumors after breast cancer treatment. These are rare, aggressive tumors and represent between 0.5% and 5.5% of all sarcomas. Basal cell carcinoma has also been associated with breast cancer treatment. The management is individualized and multimodal, including surgical resection and chemotherapy. Different studies have shown that radiation therapy is a risk factor for the development of soft tissue tumors.
Use of Higher-Harmonic and Intermodulation Generation of Ultrasonic Waves to Detecting Cracks due to Steel Corrosion in Reinforced Cement Mortar
Authors: Climent-Llorca Miguel Ángel , Miró-Oca Marina , Poveda-Martínez Pedro , Ramis-Soriano Jaime
Published: October 2020

The aim of this work was to provide further confirmation of the possible use of non-linear ultrasonic techniques for detecting the cracking due to corrosion of steel reinforcements in concrete. To this end accelerated steel corrosion tests have been conducted on model reinforced cement mortar specimens, while monitoring the appearance and width evolution of visible surface cracks, and performing non-linear ultrasonic measurements based on the phenomena of harmonic distortion and intermodulation. A new parameter, based on the difference between the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and the sum of the amplitudes of all the first-order and second-order intermodulation products, has been proposed in this work. The results confirm that the appearance of visible surface micro-cracks are preceded and accompanied by the observation of strong non-linear features in the received signal. Furthermore, the new parameter proposed in this work is as efficient as the relative non-linearity parameters, classically used in harmonic distortion non-linear ultrasonic studies, for detecting the non-linear features associated with the critical events of the cracking of cement mortar due to embedded steel corrosion. A hypothesis has been developed considering the possible effect of the filling of the void space by liquid containing rust products after the formation of new cracks or the enlargement of its width. This filling process, which might be particularly enhanced by net convective transport of liquid, would explain the evolution of the values of all the parameters used for putting in evidence the non-linear elastic features after the critical events of the cracking process.
Unifying yet dividing: voices of pussyhat maker–wearers who participated in the 2017 Women’s Marches
Authors: Malcom Nancy L. , Martindale Addie K. , Paulins V. Ann , Hillery Julie L. , Howell Alexandra
Published: October 2020

On January 21, 2017, several million protesters took part in the “Women’s March on Washington” and its more than 400 sister Marches held in cities throughout the U.S. and across the globe. One enduring image of these Marches was the (often pink) pussyhat. In this qualitative study we examine broader issues of inclusion and exclusion within craftivism and take a closer look at the way craftivism supported, and potentially detracted from, its intended purpose as a unifying symbol of the Marches. From a dataset of 511 surveys distributed and collected online, 71 “maker–wearers” were identified and investigated for this study. While our overarching question focused on the role of craftivism related to the inaugural March and the pussyhat, we seek to understand not only the voices of craftivists, but also the voices of marchers who reported negative and/or controversial associations with the pussyhat. Building on previous findings that the majority of marchers we surveyed perceive the pussyhat as an anti-Trump symbol that represented women’s power, strength, and solidarity, a small number of our respondents and emergent voices in mainstream media have indicated concerns about potential racism and trans person exclusion represented by the pussyhat. We conclude that even as the pussyhat is recognized as a unifying symbol, it is simultaneously representative of exclusionary, potentially divisive practices within both craftivism and feminism. As awareness of the pussyhat’s problematic symbolism is spreading, new conversations have spawned about intersectionality and the implementation of more inclusive practices.