bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El regreso de la Educación Religiosa a las escuelas públicas: una discusión entre liberales secularizadores y un obispo romanizado 1883-1892
Authors: Sandí Morales José Aurelio , Trejos Salazar Jeimy
Published: April 2020

El presente artículo pretende explicar el proceso de reincorporación de la Educación Religiosa a la malla curricular de las escuelas públicas en Costa Rica luego de las leyes emitidas entre los años 1884-1886, cuando fue excluida. Antes de esto, se presentará una breve historia de la educación en Costa Rica desde la colonia hasta 1884, para entender el papel jugado por el catolicismo en dicha actividad y uno de los “porqués” del reclamo episcopal por la exclusión en 1884. El intento por reincorporar la educación religiosa fue encabezado por Mons. Thiel, segundo Obispo de la Diócesis de Costa Rica, quien teniendo claro la premisa de evitar la secularización de la sociedad costarricense, luchó para conseguir que la Educación Religiosa volviera a las escuelas estatales.

Palabras clave: religión, educación, Iglesia, Estado, romanización
Hacia una educación religiosa en clave intercultural: recuperando la memoria
Authors: Montoya Hernández María Auxiliadora
Published: April 2020

El abordaje de la educación religiosa teniendo como eje la interculturalidad es una urgencia para una sociedad costarricense que se ha demarcado como nación multiétnica y pluricultural. La convergencia de la diversidad étnica, cultural y religiosa en la esfera educativa es una realidad que debe ser atendida de forma inaplazable. Recuperar la memoria histórica de la educación religiosa en Costa Rica se hace imperativo para comprender los rumbos por los cuales se ha encaminado y posicionado dicha educación, así como las luchas que se han sostenido en el tiempo, esto permitirá transitar hacia nuevos rumbos en los que la interculturalidad se proponga como un eje que favorezca el respeto a la diversidad y la convivencia en las aulas. Educar con un enfoque intercultural supone orientar a las personas para vivir en una sociedad donde la diversidad cultural, étnica y religiosa no solo es legítima y amparada por la normativa constitucional costarricense, sino que es apreciada como un valor y como una riqueza. La educación religiosa orientada en esta línea potenciará la interacción de las personas estudiantes, el reconocimiento mutuo, los derechos humanos de quienes participan en el espacio educativo, así como la solidaridad y el respeto por todas las personas. De igual manera será capaz de valorar las diferencias, el aporte de otras culturas, expresiones religiosas y saberes espirituales, con miras a la construcción de sociedades más equitativas y justas. Será una educación, que, desde su área de conocimiento, permita hacer de la interculturalidad una dimensión ineludible para el mutuo crecimiento y la humanización. Palabras clave: Interculturalidad, educación religiosa, diversidad, identidad nacional, igualdad
Negative δ13C Excursions in Foraminiferal Records: The Holocene History of Methane Events in the Central Sea of Okhotsk
Authors: Pletnev S.P. , Wu Yonghua , Romanova A.V. , Annin V.K. , Utkin I.V. , Vereshchagina O.F.
Published: April 2020

—Several negative δ13C excursions in benthic foraminifera from gas-bearing core LV50-05 sampled offshore on the eastern slope of Sakhalin Island, Sea of Okhotsk, in an area of active methane seepage record the local history of methane events (ME). The core chronostratigraphy has been contrained from AMS 14C ages and biostratigraphic data. Benthic foraminifera (Nonionellina labradorica and Uvigerina parvocostata) from some core intervals show normal marine δ13C values about –1‰ but some intervals are marked by extremely depleted compositions as low as –34.5‰ δ13C (relative to VPDB). The negative δ13C excursions are interpreted as a record of seabed methane emanation during primary and secondary biomineralization of carbonate foraminifera. The results reveal four Holocene methane events (ME) in the area: two brief (ME-1 at 700–900 yr BP and ME-2 at 1200–1400 yr BP) and two long (ME-3 at 2500–4700 yr BP and ME-4 at 7400–10000 yr BP) events.
PENGARUH POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) TERHADAP KADAR KUERSETIN KULTUR KALUS Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat PADA KONDISI PENCAHAYAAN BERBEDA
Authors: Setiawati Tia , Zazuli Syifa Fauzia , Annisa Annisa , Nurzaman Mohamad , Irawan Budi
Published: April 2020

AbstrakKrisan (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) mengandung senyawa kuersetin dengan efek farmakologi yang sangat luas. Penambahan polyethilene glycol (PEG) dapat dimanfaatkan untuk meningkatkan produksi metabolit sekunder secara in vitro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh PEG terhadap pertumbuhan kalus krisan dan kadar kuersetin 3-O-rhamnosida pada pencahayaan yang berbeda. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Eksplan kalus berumur 45 hari setelah tanam (HST) disubkultur pada media MS + 4 ppm 2,4-D dengan penambahan PEG dalam lima taraf konsentrasi yaitu 0, 10, 20, 30, dan 40 ppm. Kultur diinkubasi pada kondisi gelap dan terang. Parameter yang diamati adalah warna, tekstur, ukuran, berat basah, dan berat kering kalus serta kadar kuersetin 3-O-rhamnosida. Data kuantitatif dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Varians dan Uji Jarak Berganda Duncan (α 5%), sedangkan data kualitatif dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kalus pada kondisi terang berwarna cokelat dan cokelat kehijauan, sedangkan pada kondisi gelap berwarna putih kecokelatan. Perlakuan 10 ppm PEG menghasilkan berat basah dan berat kering kalus tertinggi baik pada kondisi terang maupun gelap berturut-turut 1,97 g dan 2,92 g; 0,94 g dan 1,09 g. Kadar kuersetin 3-O-rhamnosida tertinggi pada kondisi gelap dan terang terdapat pada perlakuan 10 ppm PEG berturut-turut  1,72 µg/g berat kering (BK) dan 2,59 µg/g BK.Abstract Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. contains quercetin with very broad pharmacological effects. The addition of PEG can be used to increase the production of secondary metabolites using in vitro method. This study aimed to determine the effect of PEG on the growth of Chrysanthemum callus and quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside content in different lighting conditions. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design. After 45 days, callus were subcultured on MS medium + 4 ppm 2,4-D which PEG was added in five concentration levels (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 ppm). Culture was incubated in dark and light conditions. Parameters observed were color, texture, size, wet weight and dry weight of callus, also quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside levels. Quantitative data was analyzed using Analysis of Variance and Duncan's Multiple Distance (α 5%). Qualitative data was analyzed descriptively. The results showed that in light condition, the callus has brown and greenish brown color, whereas in dark, it has brownish white color. The 10 ppm PEG treatment produced the highest fresh weight and dry weight in both light and dark conditions of 1.97 g and 2.92 g, 0.94 g and 1.09 g, respectively.The highest quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside content  in dark and light conditions were founded in 10 ppm PEG treatment of 1.72 µg/g dry weight (DW) and 2.59 µg/g DW.
Method for in vitro production of cartilage microtissues from scaffold-free spheroids composed of human adipose-derived stem cells
Authors: Tu Vy Thi-Kieu , Le Ha Thi-Ngan , To Xuan Hoang-Viet , Nguyen Phuc Dang-Ngoc , Huynh Phat Duc , Le Thuan Minh , Vu Ngoc Bich
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Cartilage damage is one of the injuries that is difficult for the human body to self-repair due to the avascular and completely mature tissue with only few stem or progenitor cells present. Recently, some studies showed that engineered cartilage tissues could be used to treat or improve this injury. This study aimed to produce the cartilage microtissues from the differentiation of scaffold-free spheroids composed of human adipose-derived stem cells.

Methods: Human adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and expanded following the previously published study. They were then cultured in the non-adherent condition to produce spheroids. The spheroids of the ADSCs were collected and induced into cartilage microtissues in the inducible medium for 21 days. The cartilage microtissue was characterized by some cartilage phenotype markers, including the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins (aggrecan, glycosaminoglycan, and type II collagen), and the expression of certain genes specific to chondrocytes (Sox9, Col2, Col1, and Acan).

Results: The results showed that the expression of chondrocyte-specific genes gradually increased during the 21 days of culture for differentiation. On day 21, the microtissues expressed aggrecan, glycosaminoglycan, and type II collagen proteins.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that cartilage microtissues could easily be produced from scaffold-free spheroids from ADSCs. Thus, cartilage microtissues can be produced in this manner for in vivo transplantation to promote cartilage regeneration, or to produce cartilage tissues for in vitro studies.
Penerapan Psikologi Islam dalam Praktek Profesi Psikolog Muslim
Authors: Hairina Yulia , Mubarak Mubarak
Published: April 2020

This research aims to describe the application of Islamic Psychology in the practice of Muslim psychologists and the obstacles in its application. This study uses a qualitative approach for taking respondents using purposive sampling techniques. There are twenty respondents in this study. The method used in collecting data from this study is the interview and Focus Discussion Group. This study found that the understanding of Islamic Psychology was quite diverse, but in essence, an approach that used the Qur'an and Hadist was the primary reference source. Its application, including the psychological services, and the process of counseling and therapy were carried out by integrating psychology and Islam. The cases also handled varied, not limited to severe or mild cases. The challenges were related to the ability of the psychologists and the acceptance of the clients.
Skrelin Method for Constructing Formants for Studying Phonetic Characteristics of Vowels
Authors: Evdokimova Vera , Kocharov Daniil , Skrelin Pavel
Published: April 2020

This article presents the results of applying method for obtaining formant components of vowel phonemes for the corpus of professional reading in Russian. In this paper, a review of existing areas of development of methods for obtaining formant characteristics of vowels for different languages was made. A review was also made of the extent to which formant picture patterns are used in speech technologies and natural language processing. On the corpus of professional reading CORPRES, data was obtained on formant components for 351929 realizations of vowel phonemes on the material of 8 speakers. The data obtained are grouped in accordance with the symbols in the real transcription, which was performed by phoneticians within the framework of segmenting the corpus. The formant planes represent the distribution of allophones of vowels for all speakers according to the two first formants. The variability of formant characteristics in the corpus for pre-tonic and post-tonic allophones are presented for one male speaker. The article also presents the results testifying the difference between the rounded unstressed /i/ and /a/, which are perceived by both naive speakers and expert phoneticians as /u/. As an experimental material, the recordings of reading by one male announcer of specially selected sentences, which took into account various linguistic factors, were used. Analysis of the data of the formant components of these vowels showed that the values of the first formant of these vowels are close to the values of the stressed vowel /u/ for this speaker. The closure of these vowels corresponds to the closure of /u/. The second formant values in the vowels [u], which were to be realized as [i] and [a] are different. They are more advanced in comparison with /u/.
Method for Evaluating Security of Cloud IT-Components based on Estandards Criteria
Authors: Livshitz Ilya
Published: April 2020

The analysis of well-known methods for ensuring IT-security is presented, methods for evaluating security of IT-components and Cloud services in general are considered.

An attempt to analyze cloud services not from a commercial position of a popular marketing product, but from a position of system analysis is made. The previously introduced procedure for IT-components evaluation is not stable, since the end user has not a 100% guarantee of access to all IT-components, and even more so to the remote and uncontrolled Cloud service. A number of reviews point at increased efforts to create a secure network architecture and ability to continuously monitor deviations from established business goals. In contrast to the Zero Trust and Zero Trust eXtended models, according to which additional security functions are superimposed on existing IT-components, it is proposed to consider the set of IT-components as a new entity – an Information Processing System. This will allow to move to formal processes for assessing the degree of compliance with the criteria of standards for both existing and prospective IT-components while ensuring security of Cloud services.

A new method for evaluation which is based on the previously developed hybrid methodology using formal procedures based on two systems of criteria - assessment of the degree of compliance of Management systems (based on ISO/IEC 27001 series) and assessment of functional safety requirements (based on IEC 61508 series and ISO/IEC 15408 series) is proposed. This method provides reproducible and objective assessments of security risks of Cloud-based IT‑components that can be presented to an independent group of evaluators for verification. The results obtained can be applied in the independent assessment, including critical information infrastructure objects.
Orszak wdzięcznych marionetek, czyli maszyna jako urzekający potwór
Authors: Wieczorek Krzysztof
Published: April 2020

Autor artykułu stawia pytania o granice relacji człowiek – maszyna. Zwraca uwagę na to, że o ile w czasach dominacji idei mechanicyzmu panowało przekonanie o istnieniu ostrej, nienaruszalnej granicy między mechanizmem (do której to kategorii zaliczano również organizmy biologiczne, włącznie z ludzkim ciałem) a umysłem, będącym atrybutem istot obdarzonych duszą, o tyle współcześnie ta granica ulega zatarciu. Obserwujemy z jednej strony proces „umaszynowienia człowieka”, związany z rozmaitymi praktykami tworzącymi nurt transhumanizmu, a z drugiej strony – symetryczny (choć nie do końca) proces „ucieleśnienia umysłu”, który można też obrazowo określić jako „uczłowieczenie maszyny”. Intensywnie się rozwijający nurt badań i eksperymentów zmierzający do powstawania coraz doskonalszych form sztucznej inteligencji musi prędzej czy później natrafić na kolejną granicę: autonomii i podmiotowości obiektów wyposażonych w inteligencję. Nie pytając o techniczną stronę owego procesu, autor zastanawia się nad jego odzwierciedleniem i reperkusjami w filozofii, a także w świadomości społecznej. Podejmuje refleksję nad kryteriami, które pozwolą dostrzec, kiedy ten moment nastąpi, oraz nad przyszłością stosunków między człowiekiem a światem maszyn w sytuacji, gdy maszyna stanie się równorzędnym partnerem człowieka w ­życiu intelektualnym.
Les Mairuuwas - Masters of Water
Authors: Waage Trond
Published: April 2020

‘LES MAIRUUWAS’ (The Masters of Water) is an ethnographic film about young male migrants and their dreams of succeeding in the city.

The filmmaker has followed a milieu of water transporters in urban Cameroon over many years. The four men portrayed, are among the thousands uneducated poor, that annually migrates from the Central African Republic to Cameroon searching a better life. The film describes their daily struggles to make a living and create meaning in harsh and highly vibrant urban surroundings.

We meet Coco the youngest of them, as he prepares to get his own room after years on the street. We follow Uncle as he strives to earn enough money to take care of his son. Abel expresses the felt stigma and his deeply desired wish for another way of life, after more than 15 years as a water transporter. Their belonging as a group and their possibilities to get work in the neighborhood is dramatically challenged when Bachirou is arrested.
Otto Hintze's response to the crisis of historicism
Authors: Rodrigues da Cunha Marcelo Durão
Published: April 2020

This article aims to shed light on the theoretical contributions of the historian Otto Hintze to the intellectual context experienced by German historical science in the late nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century. To do so, I proceed from the assumption that Hintze’s positions were constituted as an attempt to answer the crisis of historicism: namely, the collapse of trust in the Western-centered concept of history in modern times. From that previous definition, I argue that his individual ethics derived from what I describe as his two main theoretical contributions, developed to overcome such a crisis: the desacralization of modern state politics and his scientific reconceptualization of historicism. Finally, I claim that both the crisis of historicism itself and the responses offered by Hintze to overcome it remain largely present to reflect on some of the challenges professional historiography still faces in the twenty-first century.
Análise Espacial dos Casos de COVID-19 e leitos de terapia intensiva no estado do Ceará, Brasil
Authors: Pedrosa Nathália , Albuquerque Nila
Published: April 2020

A distribuição geográfica da COVID-19 por meio de recursos de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica é pouco explorada. O objetivo foi analisar a distribuição de casos da COVID-19 e de leitos de terapia intensiva exclusivos para a doença no estado do Ceará, Brasil. Estudo ecológico, com distribuição geográfica do coeficiente de detecção de casos da doença em 184 municípios. Construíram-se mapas dos valores brutos e estimados (método bayesiano global e local), com cálculo do índice de Moran e utilização do BoxMap e MoranMap. Os leitos foram distribuídos por meio de pontos geolocalizados. Estudaram-se 3.000 casos e 459 leitos. As maiores taxas encontram-se na capital Fortaleza, região metropolitana (RM) e ao sul dessa região. Há autocorrelação espacial positiva na taxa bayesiana local (I=0,66). A distribuição dos leitos de terapia intensiva sobreposta ao BoxMap evidenciou aglomerados com padrão Alto-Alto apresentando número de leitos (capital, RM, porção noroeste); porém, há o mesmo padrão (extremo leste) e em áreas de transição com insuficiência de leito. O MoranMap evidenciou clusters estatisticamente significativos no estado. A interiorização da COVID-19 no Ceará demanda medidas de contingência voltadas à distribuição dos leitos de terapia intensiva específicos para casos de COVID19 para atender à demanda.
Ações federais para apoio e fortalecimento local no combate ao COVID-19: a atenção primária à saúde (APS) no assento do condutor
Authors: Harzheim Erno , Martins Caroline , Wollmann Lucas , Pedebos Lucas Alexandre , De Almeida Faller Lívia , Das Chagas Marques Maximiliano , Minei Tales Shinji Sawakuchi , Cunha Carlo Roberto Hackmann da , Telles Luiz Felipe , Moura Luana  Jonata Nunes de , Leal Márcia Helena , Rodrigues Atila Szczecinski , Rech Milena Rodrigues Agostinho , Avila Otávio Pereira
Published: April 2020

O Ministério da Saúde, por intermédio da Secretaria de Atenção Primária à Saúde e em parceria com a Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde construiu e implementou estratégias da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) no âmbito do apoio aos gestores locais e em articulação com o Conselho Nacional de Secretários Estaduais (CONASS) e Municipais de Saúde (CONASEMS) para o combate ao COVID-19. Essas ações têm a APS como a grande responsável por diversas áreas e recursos físicos, humanos e financeiros, assim como permite impulsionar o avanço nacional para o uso de tecnologias de informação e comunicação e novas parcerias para realização de pesquisas.
İNFERTİL HASTALARDA DEMOGRAFİK VE LABORATUVAR PROFİLİN OOSİT PARAMETRELERİ VE İN VİTRO FERTİLİZASYON BAŞARISI ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
Authors: GÜZEL TANOĞLU Esra , İREZ Tülay
Published: April 2020

Amaç:
İn vitro fertilizasyon (IVF) tedavisi, günümüzde infertilite tedavisinde en
fazla kullanılan yardımcı üreme tekniklerindendir. Yardımcı üreme teknikleri
ile yapılan her embriyo transferi için canlı doğum oranındaki başarının
yaklaşık %30 olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu çalışmada IVF tedavisi alan çiftlerin laboratuvar
parametreleri ve demografik özelliklerinin infertilite
tedavisi sonrası elde edilen oosit kalitesi, embriyo kalitesi ve gebelik oranları
üzerinde etkilerini araştırmayı amaçladık. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya infertilite tanısı konan
455 çift dahil edildi. Yapılan çalışmada %20 oranında gebelik varlığı görülen
grup ile %63,7 oranında gebelik görülmeyen grup, in vitro fertilizasyon
parametreleri olan hormonal değerler, oosit sayısı, döllenmiş oosit sayısı ve
embriyo kalitesi, fertilizasyon oranları açısından incelendi ve elde edilen
bulgular arasındaki ilişki istatistiksel olarak analiz edildi. Sonuçlarımız, gebelikte
ilişkilendirilen hormon değerlerinin gebe kalan kadınlarla gebelik oluşmayan
kadınlar arasında istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi. Veriler; sayı, yüzde,
ortalama ve t-testi, ki-kare testi ile analiz edildi.

Bulgular:
Çalışmaya dahil edilen ve infertilite tanısı konan 455 çiftin endikasyonlarının
sıklık dereceleri sırasıyla incelendiğinde; erkek faktörü açıklanamayan
infertilite ve kadın faktörlerinin neden olduğu tespit edildi. Embriyo kalitesi
değerlendirilirken blastomerler eşit büyüklükte, yuvarlak ve şeffaf
sitoplazma içerenler ve fragmantasyon içermeyen embriyolar olmak üzere
derecelendirme sistemine göre sınıflandırıldı. Fragmantasyon oranı %20 olan
embriyolar grade I, blastomer farklılıkları artan ve fragmantasyon %20 den
büyük ve %50 aralığında olan embriyolar grade II, blastomer sayı, şekil ve
büyüklükleri birbirinden farklı olanlar grade III, fragmantasyon oranı
%50’den fazla ve blastomer sitoplazmaları koyu, heterojen görünümlü embriyolar
ise grade IV olarak seçildi. İn vitro fertilizasyon hastalarından kontrollü
ovaryan hiperstimulasyon sonucu elde edilen foliküller oosit pick up işlemi
ile toplanarak oositin etrafındaki granuloza hücreleri ayrıldı. Verilen ilaç
protokolu ile fertilizasyon arasında analizler sonrası oosit kalitesi
iyileştikçe fertilizasyon oranında artma izlendi. Sonuç: Yapılan retrospektif çalışmanın ilaç
protokollerinin uygulamaları ve in vitro fertilizasyon parametreleri açısından
incelenerek, IVF uygulamalarında yol gösterici etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gebelikte Uterin Anomaliye Yaklaşım: Olgu Sunumu ve Derleme
Authors: TEKİN Mustafa , UZUN Navdar Doğuş
Published: April 2020

Fallop tüpleri, uterus, serviks ve vajinanın 2/3 proksimal kısmı Müllerian kanal yapılarından orjin almaktadır. Embriyogenezis sırasında, Müllerian kanal gelişimindeki herhangi bir oluşacak duraklama yada bozukluk, “ Müllerian Kanal Anomalileri” diye isimlendirilen uterovajinal yapısal bozukluklara neden olur. Tam olarak uterin anomalilerin popülasyon sıklığı net olarak bilinmemektedir. Overler, primitif yolk sak’tan ve üst vajina parçası, ürogenital sinüsten köken aldığı için Müllerian Kanal Anomalileri’de dış genitallerin ve overlerin gelişim bozukluklarına rastlanmaz. Bundan dolayıdır ki dış genitalyası normal ve düzenli menstirüel siklusa sahip olan kadınlarda da uterin bozukluklar görülebilmektedir. Uterin anomaliye sahip popülasyonun gebelik gibi zor bir süreçte takip ve doğum planlanmasında zorluklar görülmektedir.
Estimating evapotranspiration in a semi-arid catchment: A comparison of hydrological modelling and remote-sensing approaches
Authors: Richard Bugan  , César Luis García  , Nebo Jovanovic  , Ingrid Teich  , Manfred Fink  , Sebinasi Dzikiti
Published: April 2020

Reliable spatial data of evapotranspiration (ET) in support of water resources management are limited. ET is a major component of the water balance, in many regions, and therefore it is critical that it be accurately quantified. To identify a product that accurately estimates spatially distributed ET for application in data-scarce regions, an inter-model comparison was conducted between the MOD16 ET dataset and the ET calculated with the calibrated and validated JAMS/J2000 hydrological model in the Sandspruit catchment (South Africa). Annual JAMS-ET and MOD16-ET data were generally consistent. Monthly JAMS-ET and MOD16-ET dynamics are influenced by the response of vegetation to precipitation as well as the atmospheric evaporative demand. The maximum correlation coefficient between JAMS-ET and MOD16-ET was 0.82 and it was evident at Lag 0, showing that both ET estimates are in phase when evaluated at the basin scale. The maximum correlation coefficients between the ET estimators and precipitation were 0.67 and 0.70 for JAMS-ET and MOD16-ET, respectively, and this was evident at Lag 2 (1 lag is 1 month) for both methods. This suggests that there is a 2-month delay in the maximum response of ET to precipitation. The models did not exhibit significant dependence on the seasonal distribution of precipitation. The complementary use of hydrological modelling and satellite-derived data may be greatly advantageous to water resources management, e.g., water allocation studies, ecological reserve determinations and vegetation water use studies. The results of the inter-model comparison also provide motivation for the use of the MOD16 ET dataset to estimate ET in data-scarce regions. Additionally, this study provides evidence for the potential use of validated satellite-based ET data as inputs in hydrological models. This may facilitate a more realistic representation of the catchment hydrological processes.
Using sap flow data to assess variations in water use and water status of apple orchards of varying age groups in the Western Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: NT Mobe  , S Dzikiti  , T Volschenk  , SF Zirebwa  , Z Ntshidi  , SJE Midgley  , WJ Steyn  , E Lötze  , S Mpandeli  , D Mazvimavi
Published: April 2020

No accurate quantitative information currently exists on how water use of apple (Malus domestica) orchards varies from planting to full-bearing age, leading to poor irrigation and water allocation decision making. This study sought to address this knowledge gap by investigating how the water use and tree water status vary with canopy cover, cultivar, and climatic conditions in 12 orchards growing in prime apple-producing regions in South Africa. The orchards were planted to the Golden Delicious/Golden Delicious Reinders cultivars which are widely planted in South Africa and the Cripps’ Pink/Cripps’ Red/Rosy Glow which are high-value late-season cultivars. The performance of two transpiration reduction coefficients, one based on sap flow (Ksf) and the other based on soil water depletion (Ks) (FAO approach) were evaluated against the midday stem water potential (MSWP) in all the orchards. While canopy cover had a clear effect on the whole-tree sap flow rates, there were no significant differences in the transpiration per unit leaf area among the cultivars. The daily average sap flux density under unstressed conditions was highest (~284 cm3∙cm-2) in the medium canopy cover orchards (30–44% fractional cover), followed by the mature orchards (~226 cm3∙cm-2), and was lowest in the young orchards (~137 cm3∙cm-2). Canopy cover rather than growing season length had a greater effect on seasonal total water use. Peak daily orchard transpiration ranged from 1.7 mm for young Golden Delicious Reinders trees to 5.0 mm in mature Golden Delicious trees that were maintained with large canopies to reduce sunburn damage to the fruit. For the red cultivars, the peak daily transpiration ranged from 2.0 to 3.9 mm, and the mature trees were maintained with less dense canopies to facilitate the development of the red fruit colour. The less dense canopies on the red cultivars had water-saving benefits since the seasonal total transpiration was lower relative to the Golden Delicious cultivar. The sap flow derived stress coefficient was strongly correlated to the MSWP (R2 ~ 0.60–0.97) in all the orchards while Ks was not able to detect plant stress due to over-irrigation.
Ensuring access to water for food production by emerging farmers in South Africa: What are the missing ingredients?
Authors: C Chikozho  , R Managa  , T Dabata
Published: April 2020

One of the key components essential to the productivity of small-scale farmers who secured farms through the land redistribution programme in South Africa is access to reliable sources of water for irrigation. In this study, we deployed a stakeholder-oriented qualitative research methodology to understand the extent to which land reform farming schemes in Bela-Bela and Greater Sekhukhune have been able to access water and use it to enhance their agricultural production. We were keen to identify and articulate the water-related challenges and missing ingredients for successful agricultural production on the new farming schemes. The study found that access to water for irrigated agriculture is not guaranteed for most of the emerging farmers and they do not have the finance needed to invest in sustainable water supply systems for irrigation. As a result, the majority of the farmers in our study sample have not been able to realize any meaningful agricultural production, with their farming schemes being either underutilized or not functioning at all. Other key challenges include lack of finance, high costs of electricity, and lack of farming knowledge among the emerging farmers. The paper concludes that there is need for key actors in the development sector to provide more substantive post–land transfer support and ensure better access to water for the emerging farmers. This will enhance the farmers’ chances of realizing more meaningful agricultural production while improving their livelihoods.
Determination of Cd, Mn and Ni accumulated in fruits, vegetables and soil in the Thohoyandou town area, South Africa
Authors: Babra Moyo  , Vhahangwele Matodzi  , Malebogo A Legodi  , Vusumzi E Pakade  , Nikita T Tavengwa
Published: April 2020

The accumulation of heavy metals such as Cd, Mn and Ni was investigated in seven different vegetables, fruits and soil samples from Thohoyandou, Limpopo Province, South Africa. Heavy metals were quantified using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Concentrations of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables were in the range of 0.23–2.94 mg∙kg-1 for Cd, 11.72–50.16 mg∙kg-1 for Mn and 5.73 – 44.11 mg∙kg-1 for Ni on a dry weight basis. Analysis of soils from where fruits and vegetables were sampled showed that Cd in the soil was in the range of 0.08–1.07 mg∙kg-1, Mn levels were 204.99–249.13 mg∙kg-1 and Ni levels were 48.47–88.23 mg∙kg-1. Cd was below the instrument detection limit for soils on which onions and bananas were grown. Vegetables showed different accumulation abilities, with leafy vegetables being the highest accumulators of heavy metals. The obtained results showed that concentrations of Cd in fruits, vegetables and soils exceeded the recommended maximum acceptable levels proposed by FAO/WHO and, hence, may pose a health risk to consumers. Ni concentrations in bananas, onion, beetroot, spinach and Chinese cabbage exceeded recommended standards by FAO/WHO.
Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 19: optimization, comparison between processes and identification of intermediate products
Authors: Miljana D Radović Vučić  , Jelena Z Mitrović  , Miloš M Kostić  , Nena D Velinov  , Slobodan M Najdanović  , Danijela V Bojić  , Aleksandar Lj. Bojić
Published: April 2020

Treatment of textile wastewater using heterogeneous photocatalysis began in the the last decade and attracted the attention of researchers due to its versatile application. The variety of applications of TiO2 as a photocatalyst was due toits numerous positive properties, such as low operating temperature, biologically inert nature, low energy consumption, water insolubility, availability and photoactivity, low toxicity, high chemical stability, suitable flat band potential, narrow bandgap and the fact that it is environmentally benign. Heterogeneous UV-TiO2 photocatalysis is capable of removing organic pollutants from textile wastewater; this has been widely studied, with the technology also having been commercialized in many developing countries. Decolorization of anthraquinone dye Reactive Blue 19 (RB 19) by heterogeneous advanced oxidation processes TiO2/UV/H2O2, TiO2/UV/KBrO3 and TiO2/UV/(NH4)2S2O8 was studied under different conditions and in the presence of electron acceptors such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), potassium bromate (KBrO3) and ammonium persulphate ((NH4)2S2O8). Decolorization was very fast for all three processes, and complete dye decolorization was achieved in 10 min. The effect of various ions (Cl–, SO42– and HCO3–) on RB 19 decolorization was also studied. The optimal condition for the decolorization of the dye were determined to be: TiO2 concentration 1 g∙dm–3, electron acceptor concentration 30.0 mmol∙dm–3, dye concentration 50.0 mg∙dm–3, UV intensity 1 950 μW∙cm–2, at temperature 25 ± 0.5°C. In addition, experiments were performed and compared in three different matrices. In the surface water and dyebath effluent water, the removal efficiency for RB 19 was lower than that achieved in the deionized water because of the interference of complex constituents in the surface water and effluent. LC-MS analysis was carried out and the detected intermediates were compared with the previously published data for anthraquinone dyes.
Internações e mortalidade por diabetes mellitus na Bahia no período de 2012 a 2018
Authors: Da Matta Coelho Falcão Rayanne Rodrigues , Da Silva Santos Nathalia Garcia , Palmeira Catia Suely
Published: April 2020

OBJETIVO: descrever o perfil das internações e da mortalidade por diabetes mellitus na Bahia entre os anos 2012 a 2018. MÉTODO: estudo transversal descritivo realizado com dados secundários oriundos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do SUS - SIH/SUS e Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde (SIM/MS). Elegeram-se as variáveis: ano de ocorrência, sexo, faixa etária e caráter de internação. RESULTADOS: No período analisado foram registradas 90510 internações por diabetes mellitus, representando uma taxa de internação de 9,8/10.000 habitantes, 5549 óbitos com taxa de mortalidade de 6,0%. Observou-se crescimento das internações até o ano de 2015 e após este período uma redução. A ocorrência de internações foi maior na faixa etária de 60 a 69 anos (23,7%), entre as mulheres (56,2%), por caráter de urgência (62,8%) e na macrorregião Leste (20,8 %). Quanto à taxa de mortalidade mais elevada foi na macrorregião Leste (7,3%), de caráter de urgência (6,1%), em pessoas com 80 anos ou mais (11,9%) e no sexo masculino (6,2%). CONCLUSÃO: O diabetes mellitus configurou-se como importante causa de internação e taxa de mortalidade hospitalar pelos seus números expressivos, principalmente entre os idosos, na macrorregião Leste e que se internam pelo caráter de urgência.
Sakallı kızılağaç (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata) meşceresinin doğal yolla gençleştirilmesi (Harşit Orman İşletme Şefliği örneği)
Authors: YILDIRIM Nihan , TURNA İbrahim , YILDIRIM Nebahat
Published: April 2020

Doğada her canlının olduğu gibi ormanların da sürekli var olması, yaşlanan ya da değişik nedenlerle zarar görüp ölen bireylerin yerini yeni genç bireylerin almasıyla mümkün olacaktır. Bu nedenle ormanlarımızda uygulanan gençleştirme çalışmaları ve bu çalışmaların başarısı büyük önem taşımaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında, Harşit Orman İşletme Şefliğine ait Sakallı kızılağaç (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata) meşceresinin doğal gençleştirme yöntemlerinden biri olan büyük alan siper vaziyeti ile gençleştirilmesi ve gençlik bakımlarından diri örtü temizliğinin gençliğin gelişimi üzerine etkisinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Gençleştirme çalışmasına 2012 yılında arazi hazırlığı ile başlanılmış ve 2016 Kasım-Aralık ayında ise boşaltma kesimi ile sahadan çıkılmıştır. İlk çimlenmeler 2013 yılı Nisan ayında gözlemlenmiştir. Gençleştirme alanında üç farklı şiddette diri örtü temizliği yapılmış ve uygulanan diri örtü temizlik derecelerinin gençlik sayısı ve boy gelişimi açısından etkileri belirlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda; 2013-2015 yılları arasında yapılan ölçüm ve sayımlarla gençlik boyları ve sayıları ortaya konulmuştur. Bir yaşındaki gençliklerin boylarında yapılan ölçümlerde tüm işlemlere ait ortalama boy 5.92 cm, iki yaşında 39.23 cm ve üç yaşında ise 65.46 cm’dir. Diri örtü temizliği işlemleri bakımından bir yaşındaki ve üç yaşındaki gençlik boyları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (P˂0.05) farklılıklar olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Subcellular localisation of newly synthesized viral RNA in coronavirus infection by EM autoradiography v1
Authors: W.A.L. Limpens Ronald , J. Snijder Eric , J. Koster Abraham , Bárcena Montserrat
Published: April 2020

This protocol allowed the subcellular localisation of viral RNA synthesis in coronavirus-infected cells by EM autoradiography, though it is largely applicable to other types of EM autoradiography samples. Newly synthesized viral RNA is metabolically labelled by providing the infected cells with tritiated uridine while arresting cellular transcription. Subsequently, the samples are processed for EM, sectioned and incubated with a photographic emulsion. Radioactive disintegrations from the labelled viral RNA generate signal around the radioactive source that, after development, becomes apparent as electron-dense grains that can be detected by transmission electron microscopy. The advantages of this approach are its high sensitivity and its compatibility with high-contrast EM sample preparation protocols. The protocol presented here is an adaptation of different methods and tips to EM autoradiography discussed in detail by Williams, in Glauert, 1977, Practical Methods in Electron Microscopy, Volume 6, Chapter 4.
Ub-1 Optical Clearing of the Murine Liver v1
Authors: For Review Anonymous
Published: April 2020

We report a urea-amino sugar clearing reagent for the murine liver that rapidly renders the tissue clear with preservation of native architecture, fluorescent proteins and lipophilic dyes. Optical clearing protocols for three-dimensional (3D) imaging, such as confocal or light sheet microscopy, can consist of several steps and solutions, complex apparatuses, or days to weeks for whole-organ clearing. Established protocols that demonstrate efficient clearing can unfortunately quench endogenous proteins, whereas some methods formulated to preserve protein fluorophores can be underwhelming in clearing capability. Many clearing methods have been optimized for neural tissue, with little described for the liver. Our method, a single step modified protocol of the UbasM protocol created by Chen et al., uses Ub-1 to clear the murine liver with only 24 hours incubation and one simple solution. We additionally describe a technique for labeling the murine intrahepatic biliary tree and vasculature. Our methods can benefit investigations of tissue composition and structural relationships in 3D perspectives.
Growing overnight bacterial culture in 96WP v1
Authors: Islam Priota
Published: April 2020

Luria broth (LB) is a nutrient-rich media commonly used to culture bacteria in the lab. LB agar plates are frequently used to isolate individual (clonal) colonies of bacteria carrying a specific plasmid. However, a liquid culture is capable of supporting a higher density of bacteria and is used to grow up sufficient numbers of bacteria necessary to isolate enough plasmid DNA for experimental use. The following protocol is for inoculating an overnight culture of liquid LB with bacteria. This is a general protocol for making a liquid bacterial culture in 96-well plate format from frozen stock plates. The following parameters need to be mentioned for the specific type of bacterial strains inoculated: Parameters Example 1. Name/s of the bacterial strain OP50 2. Growth temperature 37C 3. Incubation time 16-18hrs 4. Antibiotic resistance (if any) None 5. Rpm of the shaking incubator (if needed) 200-220 rpm if required
LC-MS/MS Label-Free Proteomic Data Acquisition v3
Authors: Gutierrez Danielle , Allen Jamie , Jenkins Zach , Spraggins Jeff
Published: April 2020

Description of settings used to acquire LC-MS/MS data from label-free proteomic samples.
Purification of RNA from a DNA/RNA Extract v2
Authors: Angel Roey , Petrova Eva
Published: April 2020

The following protocol is intended as a downstream application for our Total Nucleic Acids Extraction from Soil protocol. This protocol describes how to purify RNA from a DNA and RNA extract using TURBO™ DNase and GeneJET RNA Cleanup and Concentration Micro Kit. This protocol is a simplified and condensed version of the full protocols provided by the manufacturers.
Qant-iT™ PicoGreen® dsDNA Quantification v2
Authors: Angel Roey , Petrova Eva
Published: April 2020

The following protocol is intended for the quantification of double-stranded DNA using Quant-iT™PicoGreen® dsDNA Assay Kit (ThermoFisher). This protocol is a simplified and condensed version of the full protocol from the manufacturer. The procedure described here is for 96 reactions. If samples are run in duplicates, then this should allow quantifying 40 samples.
Bulk RNA - Protocol for use with NEBNext Poly(A) mRNA Magnetic Isolation Module (NEB #E7490) and NEBNext Ultra II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (E7760, E7765) v1
Authors: Horning Aaron , England Biolabs New
Published: April 2020

The NEBNext Ultra II Directional RNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina contains the enzymes and buffers required to convert a broad range of input amounts of RNA into high quality directional (strand-specific) libraries for next-generation sequencing on the Illumina platform. The fast, user-friendly workflow has minimal hands-on time and is compatible with poly(A) mRNA enrichment and rRNA depletion methods.
Purification of RNA from a DNA/RNA Extract v1
Authors: Angel Roey , Petrova Eva , Lara-Rodriguez Ana
Published: April 2020

The following protocol is intended as a downstream application for our Total Nucleic Acids Extraction from Soil protocol. This protocol describes how to purify RNA from a DNA and RNA extract using TURBO™ DNase and GeneJET RNA Cleanup and Concentration Micro Kit. This protocol is a simplified and condensed version of the full protocols provided by the manufacturers.
PROBLEMATIKA SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB SERTA UPAYA DALAM MENANGGULANGINYA
Authors: Nurtresnaningsih Ineu
Published: April 2020

The background of this research problem, among others, clearly visible differences in the ability of learning Arabic in the same class even though the material provided in accordance with the student's academic level. This study used a qualitative approach that seeks to describe actual realities on the ground. Data collection methods used include, library research, observation, interviews, and documentation. Field was discovered that 1) there are things that Affect several differences in ability levels of students in learning Arabic in the same class, 2) some of the solutions that can be used to overcome reviews these problems. The conclusion that each individual is different in some respects, particularly in learning Arabic and learning methods by teachers varied greatly affect in tackling these problems. Individual differences among students who appeared in learning Arabic as a second language are: age, sex, closeness between the first language learners and the Arabic language, mastery of the first language learners, Personal factors, the tendency of language, attitude towards Arabic and culture, motivation to learn Arabic, learning styles and so forth.
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL WISATA EDUKASI DI MUSEUM PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL
Authors: Juwita Tita , Novianti Evi , Tahir Rusdin , Nugraha Awaludin
Published: April 2020

ABSTRAKMuseum Pendidikan Nasional merupakan museum yang mempunyai konsep modern dan kini telah banyak di kenal oleh para pengunjung khususnya di kalangan mahawasiswa dan peserta didik karena dari jumlah kunjungan yang datang mengunjungi Museum Pendidikan Nasional merupakan Mahasiswa dan Peserta Didik yang merupakan salah satu tuntutan dalam kurikulum. Dalam upaya pengembangan wisata edukasi di Museum Pendidikan Nasional masih terdapat beberapa kendala yaitu prosedur alur kepemanduan yang belum efektif karena sistem kepemanduan yang kurang sesuai dengan kebijakan pendidikan di museum, maka perlu adanya kebijakan-kebijakan pendidikan dan menerapkan sistem wisata edukasi dengan baik agar pelaksanaan program wisata edukasi di Museum Pendidikan Nasional berjalan dengan efektif agar dapat meningkatkan jumlah kunjungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengembangan wisata edukasi di Museum Pendidikan Nasional. Penelitian ini di lakukan untuk memberikan edukasi pada wisatawan khususnya pengunjung museum agar mengetahui seberapa besar penting nya wisata edukasi di Museum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif. Data yang diambil adalah data primer dan data skunder, dimana data primer diperoleh dari kuesioner dan wawancara kepada narasumber yang telah ditentukan yaitu wawancara dengan staf Museum Pendidikan Nasional mengenai prosedur wisata edukasi yang di terapkan oleh museum dan data skunder yang di peroleh dari Museum Pendidikan Nasional yaitu berupa jumlah kunjungan, sejarah museum, struktur organisasi dan visi-misi museum. Kata Kunci: Museum Pendidikan, Pengembangan, Wisata Edukasi EDUCATION TOURISM DEVELOPMENT MODELS IN THE NATIONAL EDUCATION MUSEUM ABSTRACTThe National Education Museum is a museum that has a modern concept and is now widely known by visitors, especially in students and students because of the number of visits that come. the implementation system is not in accordance with the educational policies in the museum, it is necessary to have educational policies and tourism education system needs to be done well in order to run an educational tourism program in the National Education Museum running effectively in order to increase the number of visits. This research aims to study the development of tourism education in the National Education Museum. This research was conducted to provide education to special tourists who visit museums to be able to know the importance of tourism education in the Museum. The research method used is a qualitative method. The data taken are primary data and secondary data, while primary data obtained from questionnaires and interviews with predetermined sources, namely interviews with staff of the National Education Museum regarding tourist education procedures applied by the museum and secondary data obtained from the National Education Museum consists of number of visits, museum history, organizational structure and vision and mission of the museum. Keywords: Development, Educational Museum, Educational Tourism