bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of 5α‐cholesta‐7,24‐dien‐3β‐ol and 23‐dehydrolophenol in the bean lipids of Vanilla madagascariensis
Authors: Ramaroson‐Raonizafinimanana Béatrice , Gaydou Emile M. , Bombarda Isabelle
Published: May 2007

Eleven 4‐desmethylsterols, four 4,4‐dimethylsterols, and twelve 4‐methylsterols were identified in Vanilla madagascariensis beans. The 4‐desmethylsterol fraction was characterized by a high level of 5α‐cholesta‐7,24(25)‐dien‐3β‐ol (35.3%). The 4‐methylsterol fraction was characterized by a high level of 31‐norcycloartenol (57.5%) and the presence of 23‐dehydrolophenol (9.4%). Cycloartenol (72.9%), cyclosadol (12.7%), parkeol (9.7%), and 24‐dehydrotirucallol (4.7%) were identified in the 4,4‐dimethylsterol fraction.
Liver lipids and fatty acids of the sting ray Dasyatis bleekeri (Blyth)
Authors: Pal Debasish , Banerjee Dipankar , Patra Tarun K. , Patra Amarendra , Ghosh Amitabha
Published: May 2007

The sting ray, Dasyatis bleekeri (Blyth), has been studied for lipids and fatty acids of its liver. The neutral lipids identified were hydrocarbons, wax esters, steryl esters, 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3‐diacylglycerols, triacylglycerols, and sterols. Neutral lipids were predominant (91.8%), major components being triacylglycerols (92.7%). Polyenoic fatty acids of n‐3 series, viz. eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were high in the phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions. Cholesterol was the major component (67.9%) in the steryl ester fraction. Glyceryl ethers, with chainlengths up to 30 carbons, were recorded with unsaturated, anteiso, iso, and normal chains. In wax ester alcohols, up to 32‐carbon chains were recorded. Hydrocarbons were up to 36‐carbon chains with anteiso, iso, and normal chains. Among branched chain hydrocarbons, pristane was the major component (6.7%) and squalene was present at the level of 3.5%. Chimyl and batyl alcohol backbones were the major components found in 1‐O‐alkyl‐diacylglycerols.
Factors affecting the electrical resistivity of soybean oil
Authors: Tekin Aziz , Hammond Earl G.
Published: May 2007

The electrical resistivity of soybean oil that had been purified to remove polar constituents was determined, and the effect of measuring conditions and the addition of polar constituents (free fatty acids, phospholipids, monoglyceride, α‐to‐copherol, β‐sitosterol, β‐carotene, peroxides, and water) on resistivity was investigated. For reproducible resistivity measurements, voltages in excess of 50 volts and charging times greater than 120 s were necessary. As temperature was increased linearly, the resistivity of the oil decreased logarithmically. For making comparisons, a temperature of 24°C, a potential of 50 volts, and 120 s charging times were chosen. All polar constituents decreased the resistivity of the purified soybean oil, but water, phospholipids, and monoglycerides had the greatest effects. Water increased the resistivity‐lowering effects of all other constituents except for free fatty acids, which were affected by water only slightly. The synergistic effect of water was much greater for phospholipids and monoglyceride than for other constituents.
Transmission electron microscopy of milkfat globules in the low‐density lipid fraction of swiss cheese whey
Authors: Kamath Savita R. , Morr Charles V.
Published: May 2007

A low‐density lipid fraction (LDLF) was recovered from Swiss cheese whey (SCW) residual lipids by high‐speed centrifugation. The present study was conducted to determine the microstructural properties of the extremely small‐sized milkfat globules (MFG) in LDLF by: (i) freeze‐fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF‐TEM) and (ii) thin‐section TEM (TS‐TEM). FF‐TEM results revealed that MFG in LDLF were ≤1 µm in size and were embedded in what appeared to be a smooth, protein‐like matrix. The MFG in FF‐TEM specimens exhibited either planarly cleaved fractions with smooth cores or peripherally cleaved fractions with surface laminations. TS‐TEM results revealed that the MFG in LDLF were dispersed in an aggregated nonlipid matrix.
Ethanolic extraction of sunflower oil in a pulsing extractor
Authors: Sineiro J. , Domínguez H. , Núñez M. J. , Lema J. M.
Published: May 2007

Oil extraction by ethanol from partially defatted prepressed sunflower seeds in pulsed and nonpulsed extractors was compared. The oil yield was increased by 8.7% after short extraction periods (up to 6.06 residence times) with a pulsing flow, which was probably due to reduction in the axial dispersion that induces a greater concentration gradient between the miscella surrounding the solid and the bulk miscella.
Antioxidant activities of six natural phenolics against lipid oxidation induced by Fe2+ or ultraviolet light
Authors: Chen Xiaoying , Ahn Dong U.
Published: May 2007

The mechanisms and antioxidant activities of six natural phenolics against lipid oxidation induced by ultraviolet (UV) radiation or Fe2+ were studied. An oil emulsion was prepared with flax oil and the thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) method was used to determine lipid oxidation. The antioxidant activities of the six phenolics against UV‐induced lipid oxidation were as follows: quercetin > rutin = caffeic acid = ferulic acid = sesamol > catechin. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) showed that the effectiveness of these antioxidants against Fe2+‐induced lipid oxidation was in the order quercetin (1.7 µM) > rutin (10.3 µM) > catechin (14.9 µM) > sesamol (18.5 µM) > caffeic acid (19 µM) > ferulic acid (>250 µM), and quercetin was more efficient than butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (2.9 µM). Quercetin and rutin had absorption maxima at the UV‐A (320–380 nm) region, while the other phenolics tested had absorption maxima near (catechin, 278 nm) or at the UV‐B (280–320 nm) region. The stoichiometric ratios of quercetin, rutin, catechin, and caffeic acid to Fe2+ were 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, and 1:1, respectively. Although free‐radical scavenging capability of antioxidants was the most critical, UV absorption and/or Fe2+‐chelation properties of natural phenolics also contributed significantly to the control of lipid oxidation induced by UV or Fe2+ in oil systems.
Cyclopropenoic fatty acids in gymnosperms: The seed oil of Welwitschia
Authors: Aitzetmüller K. , Vosmann K.
Published: May 2007

The seed oil of the gymnosperm Welwitschia mirabilis was found to contain malvalic acid, a cyclopropenoic fatty acid. This is in sharp contrast to most other gymnosperms, which contain Δ5cis‐fatty acids as well as the normal set of fatty acids. The importance of this finding in relation to questions of the evolution of the Gymnospermae and Angiospermae, the two main branches of higher plants, is briefly discussed.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lipids from Pythium irregulare
Authors: Walker Terry H. , Cochran Hank D. , Hulbert Greg J.
Published: May 2007

Lipids that contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have therapeutic value. PUFA, however, degrade in high‐temperature, oxygen‐rich conditions typical of conventional hot solvent‐extraction and distillation methods. Supercritical CO2 extraction was chosen as an alternative method to recover these valuable compounds from the lower fungus, Pythium irregulare. Freeze‐dried biomass was subjected to an aqueous phase and placed into a flow‐through extraction apparatus. Extraction of oil from this biomass showed some success for moisture contents as high as 30% (wet basis). The addition of a novel CO2‐philic surfactant to the wet biomass with moisture contents as high as 95% (wet basis) increased the extraction rate of fungal oil by more than an order of magnitude. For tests with extraction times of 5 to 6 h, data for the diffusion‐controlled region were modeled with an analytical solution to Fick's second law. Equilibrium data were also obtained for the fungal oil at two isotherms (40 and 60°C) over a pressure range of 13.7 to 27.5 MPa.
Characterization of forced oxidation of sardine oil: Physicochemical data and mathematical modeling
Authors: Dahl Stefan , Malcata F. Xavier
Published: May 2007

It is of major interest to the food industry to understand the mechanisms and kinetics underlying spontaneous oxidation of marine oils because these polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)‐rich oils, the object of several health claims, have been repeatedly recommended for dietary intake. The present study attempts to characterize forced oxidation and hydrolytic breakdown of glycerides and fatty acids in sardine oil. A simple, first‐order mathematical model was postulated and successfully fitted to the experimental data. This model confirmed that the rate of decrease in concentration of intact fatty acid moieties is almost directly proportional to the number of double bonds present. Therefore, as expected, the rate of oxidative decay was virtually independent of chain length, with an overall activation energy of ca. 22 kJ mol−1. Additionally, the rate of hydrolysis was correlated with the rate of oxidative decay. With the exception of fatty acids possessing more than four double bonds, PUFA proved to be relatively stable to oxidation for up to 10 h at 50–70°C, and the qualitatively richest pattern of volatiles was obtained when the reaction was performed at the highest temperature (80°C).
Rubber‐toughening epoxy thermosets with epoxidized crambe oil
Authors: Raghavachar R. , Letasi R. J. , Kola P. V. , Chen Z. , Massingill J. L.
Published: May 2007

Epoxidized crambe oil and rapeseed oil were synthesized by reaction of the oils with m‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid. Formulating the neat epoxidized oils with epoxy‐amine systems gave two‐phase thermosets with epoxidized crambe oil, but not with epoxidized rapeseed oil. Glass transition temperature, mechanical properties, and fracture toughness of the epoxidized crambe oil thermoset specimen were measured. Fracture toughness values of the epoxy thermosets were increased approximately 100% by both 5 and 10% epoxidized crambe oil. Glass transition temperature and mechanical properties were affected only modestly.
Hydrolysis of palm oil catalyzed by macroporous cation‐exchanged resin
Authors: Yow C. J. , Liew K. Y.
Published: May 2007

Hydrolysis of palm oil was studied using four types of commercial H+‐exchanged resin with acidity in the region of 5×10−3 eq g−1 but with different pore volumes, specific surface areas, and pore diameters. The reaction was carried out in a stirred batch reactor in the liquid phase with continuous steam injection for up to 14 h. The rate of hydrolysis did not depend on total pore volume and specific surface area but did depend on pore diameter. On exchanging H+ with La3+, Co2+, and Na+, the rate of reaction decreased markedly and was dependent on the degree of exchange, demonstrating that hydrolysis was catalyzed by H+ sites. The activation energy for the hydrolysis of the triglycerides was estimated to be 240 kJ mol−1. A procedure to estimate the rates of the different stages of hydrolysis and hence the individual rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions is described. The procedure yielded reasonable parameters for the reaction at 155°C up to 6 h of reaction time, when about 75 mol% of triglycerides was hydrolyzed.
Monitoring of lipase‐catalyzed transesterification between eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester and tricaprylin by silver ion high‐performance liquid chromatography and high‐temperature gas chromatography
Authors: Han Jeong Jun , Iwasaki Yugo , Yamane Tsuneo
Published: May 2007

A high‐resolution method based on silver ion high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and high‐temperature gas chromatography (HTGC) with on‐column injection was established for the separation of triacylglycerols (TAG) which contained eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). A solvent system based on n‐hexane, 2‐propanol, and acetonitrile in HPLC for the separation of EPA‐containing TAG was developed. It was dependent upon the number of EPA molecules and their isomeric distribution on the glycerol backbone. This technique was used to monitor the incorporation of EPA onto specific positions on the glycerol backbone. For quantitative monitoring of the synthesis reaction of the TAG containing EPA, an HTGC analysis was developed. For monitoring of the synthesis of structured TAG containing EPA, transesterification of tricaprylin with EPA ethyl ester in a solvent‐free system was performed. The transesterification reaction using various lipases was studied at a different molar ratios of substrates, several initial water activities (aw), and various reaction temperatures.
Soy lecithin phospholipid determination by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the acid digest/arseno‐molybdate method: A comparative study
Authors: Nzai J. M. , Proctor A.
Published: May 2007

A study was conducted to determine the accuracy and precision of phospholipid analysis by a simple Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) method relative to the conventional phospholipid phosphorus analysis by the acid digest/arseno‐molybdate method by Bartlett. Commercial soy lecithins of known concentrations of phospholipid were prepared and the phospholipid content measured by the FTIR and Bartlett methods. The coefficients of determination and of variances using the two methods were determined. The coefficient of determination for the FTIR method was >0.976 while that for the Bartlett method was ∼0.821. The coefficients of variances (CV) for 1–20% phospholipid concentration range using 10 replicate samples were found to lie between 3.59 and 9.45% for the FTIR method, while the Bartlett method had much higher CV for the same range and replicates (8.95 to 48.73%), signifying the higher accuracy and precision of the FTIR compared to the Bartlett method in the determination of the actual percentage of phospholipid. The Bartlett method gave no significant difference in the phospholipid levels at smaller concentrations, indicating its limitation in accurately determining percentage phospholipid of samples at low concentrations. The one‐way analysis of variance at the 1–20% phospholipid concentration range showed that there were significant differences in the mean percentage phospholipid levels for the FTIR data, which was therefore able to distinguish samples with small differences in phospholipid levels. The FTIR method gave consistently reliable results within the range chosen (1–20% phospholipid content). FTIR is a fast, simple, and reliable analytical tool for quantitative phospholipid analysis.
Effect of nitrogen sources on γ‐linolenic acid accumulation in Spirulina platensis
Authors: De B. K. , Chaudhury S. , Bhattacharyya D. K.
Published: May 2007

The effect of ammonium phosphate on the growth, lipid content, and γ‐linolenic acid accumulation was determined in the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. After 14 d on media containing 0.041 g N/L, γ‐linolenic acid concentration of cultured cells increased up to 35.3±0.13%, w/w. In treatments containing NaNO3, NH4NO3, and NH4Cl, γ‐linolenic acid concentration increased up to 31.2±0.23%, w/w. After the same period, lipid content in the dry biomass was 12.2±0.03%, w/w, with (NH4)2HPO4 compared to about 14.1±0.12%, w/w, in treatments with NaNO3. When (NH4)2HPO4 concentration in the medium was increased to 0.082 g N/L, 30.8±0.28%, w/w, γ‐linolenic acid had formed after 10 d and the lipid percentage in the dry cell mass was 16.7±0.16%, w/w. However, in treatments with NaNO3, NH4NO3, or NH4Cl, γ‐linolenic acid concentration increased up to 30.6±0.23%, w/w, and the lipid content was found to be 18.0±0.17 to 18.9±0.03%, w/w. These data showed that (NH4)2HPO4 is a suitable source of nitrogen for growth of S. platensis, with increased accumulation of γ‐linolenic acid at lower N concentration.
Processing of crambe for oil and isolation of erucic acid
Authors: Vargas‐Lopez J. M. , Wiesenborn D. , Tostenson K. , Cihacek L.
Published: May 2007

Crambe seed (Crambe abyssinica) is an excellent, recently established source of high‐erucic acid oil. Erucic acid has a number of important and potential applications. To develop this potential, a rapid bench‐scale method was desired whereby purified erucic acid in up to several 100‐g quantities could be produced from crambe seed. Using the method developed, oil was expressed from dried, intact seed; clarified, degummed, and bleached; and saponified and acidified to obtain the free fatty acids. Analysis by inductively coupled plasma of the free fatty acids showed negligible levels of phosphorus and most minerals. Erucic acid was twice crystallized from 95% ethanol at −14°C, resulting in a purity of 87.1%. This process yielded 365 g erucic acid crystals per kg bleached oil. Nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that the prepared erucic acid had an excellent pattern of correlation with a commercial standard. The time needed to convert 1 kg of crambe seed to erucic acid is about 48 h. Crystal filtration and drying stages under the current process conditions require 30% of the overall time. The method is suitable for producing adequate quantities of erucic acid for use in studies of its bench‐scale conversion. There is obviously, still, a fruitful field of work to be explored in the formalization of refining procedures for crambe oil. It seems that crambe is destined to continue expansion into the high‐erucic acid oil markets.
Oxidative stability of natural and randomized high‐palmitic‐and high‐stearic‐acid oils from genetically modified soybean varieties
Authors: Neff William E. , List Gary R.
Published: May 2007

The oxidative stability of soybean oil triacylglycerols (TAG) obtained from genetically modified soybeans was determined before and after chemical randomization. Soybean oil oxidative studies were carried out under static oxygen headspace at 60°C in the dark and oxidative deterioration was monitored by peroxide value, monometric and oligomeric oxidation products, and volatile compounds. Randomization of the soybean oil TAG improved the oxidative stability compared to the natural soybean oil TAG. Oxidative stability was improved by three factors. Factor one was the genetic modification of the fatty acid composition in which polyunsaturated acids (such as linolenic and linoleic acids) were decreased and in which monounsaturated fatty acids (such as oleic) and saturated acids (palmitic and stearic) were increased. Factor two was the TAG compositional modification with a decrease in linolenic and linoleic‐containing TAG and an increase in TAG with stearic and palmitic acids in combination with oleic acid. Factor three was the TAG structure modification accomplished by an increase in saturated fatty acids and a decrease in linoleic and linolenic acids at the glycerol moiety carbon 2.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of structured low‐calorie triacylglycerols
Authors: Mangos T. J. , Jones K. C. , Foglia T. A.
Published: May 2007

Because of their unique fatty acid specificities and regioselectivities, lipases have been found to be effective catalysts for the synthesis of structured lipids that have a predetermined composition and distribution of fatty acyl groups on the glycerol backbone. The prospective plant‐derived lipase found in the exudate of Carica papaya is known for its shortchain acyl group specificity, 1,3‐glycerol regioselectivity, and sn‐3 stereoselectivity. Carica papaya latex (CPL) was therefore examined for its potential ability to synthesize structured lowcalorie short‐ and long‐chain triacylglycerols (SLCT). In this paper, we describe the utility of CPL in the lipase‐catalyzed interesterification reaction of triacetin and hydrogenated soybean oil. Normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, combined with mass spectrometry, was used to distinguish the structured SLCT synthesized using the lipase from the corresponding SLCT produced by chemical synthesis.
A recommended esterification method for gas chromatographic measurement of conjugated linoleic acid
Authors: Yamasaki Masao , Kishihara Koji , Ikeda Ikuo , Sugano Michihiro , Yamada Koji
Published: May 2007

The effect of the methylation method on isomerization of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in gas chromatographic analysis was studied. Among methylation methods examined, the magnitude of isomerization of CLA was greatest with BF3 catalyst, followed by HCI and H2SO4 catalyst. Short‐time methylation did not extensively change the CLA composition in all methods, and c,t and t,c isomers were essentially maintained, while the appearance of t,t isomers and unknown peaks was practically restricted. After 120 min of methylation, there was essentially no conversion in the H2SO4 method, in contrast to a marked change in the BF3 method. The antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene, ascorbic acid, β‐carotene, and α‐tocopherol did not suppress conversion, while dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylformamide (DMF) attenuated the changes in CLA composition. Suppression was more effective in the H2SO4 method than in the BF3 method. Thus, methylation with H2SO4 in the presence of a proper amount of DMSO or DMF is recommended for esterification of CLA.
Shear strength and water resistance of modified soy protein adhesives
Authors: Sun Xiuzhi , Bian Ke
Published: May 2007

Soy protein polymers recently have been considered as alternatives to petroleum polymers to ease environmental pollution. The use of soy proteins as adhesives for plywood has been limited because of their low water resistance. The objective of this research was to test the water resistance of adhesives containing modified soy proteins in walnut, maple, poplar, and pine plywood applications. Gluing strength and water resistance of wood were tested by using two ASTM standard methods. Glues with modified soy proteins had stronger bond strength than those containing unmodified soy proteins. Plywood made with glue containing urea‐modified proteins had higher water resistance than those bonded with glues containing alkali‐modified and heat‐treated proteins. After three 48‐h cycles of water‐soaking, followed by 48 h of air‐drying, no delamination was observed for either walnut or pine specimens glued with the urea‐modified soy protein adhesives. Gluing strength for wood species with smooth and oriented surface structure was lower than for those with rough, randomly oriented, surface structures. Wood species with greater expansion of dimensions during water‐soaking had a higher delamination rate than those showing less expansion.
A chemometric study of genotypic variation in triacylglycerol composition among selected almond cultivars
Authors: Prats‐Moya M. S. , Grané‐Teruel N. , Berenguer‐Navarro V. , Martín‐Carratalá M. L.
Published: May 2007

Triacylglycerol composition of 10 almond cultivars grown in seven different environments was determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography, and multivariate statistical techniques (principal component and cluster analysis) were used to detect and establish associations among almond cultivars. In particular, linear discriminant analysis showed that cultivars Desmayo Largueta, Masbovera, Texas, Non Pareil, Tuono, and Guara are different from each other and can be classified in different groups. This statistical approach also predicted the origin of eight hybrids produced from these cultivars. As a result, it is concluded that triacylglycerol composition in almonds can distinguish genetic from environmental effects on almond triacylglycerol composition.
The effect of dissolved transition metal complexes on the rate of yellowing of linseed oil
Authors: Chen Zhong , Hoggard Patrick E.
Published: May 2007

A number of metal complexes were examined as potential antiyellowing additives for linseed oil‐based coatings. Yellowing was measured as the rate of increase of the absorbance at 400 nm of solutions of 20% linseed oil in toluene. Most metal complexes increased the yellowing rate, but 1,1‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene retarded the rate by 50% over a wide concentration range, and some complexes caused nonlinear changes that might make them useful as additives.
Dynamics of Nursing
Authors: Owen Charlotte H.
Published: May 2007

Lillian DeYoung, Dynamics of Nursing, 5th ed., 1985, C V Mosby Co, 11830 Westline Industrial Dr, St Louis, MO 63146, 273, $19.95 paperback.
Evaluation in Nursing: Principles and Practice
Authors: Alverson Elise
Published: May 2007

Lawrence Litwack, Linda Linc, Dolores Bower, Evaluation in Nursing: Principles and Practice, 1985, National League for Nursing, 10 Columbus Circle, New York, NY 10019, 270, $18.95 paperback.
Transfusion Therapy: Principles and Procedures
Authors: Latz Paula Anne
Published: May 2007

Roanne C Rutman, William V Miller, Transfusion Therapy: Principles and Procedures, 2nd ed., 1985, Aspen Systems Corp, 1600 Research Blvd, Rockville, MD 20850, 417, $45.50 clothbound.
Perioperative Laser Nursing
Authors: Koch Fran
Published: May 2007

Carolyn J Mackety, Perioperative Laser Nursing, 1984, Slack, Inc, 6900 Grove Rd, Thorofare, NJ 08086, 104, $19.50 paperback.
Surgical Techniques Illustrated: A Comparative Atlas
Authors: Wells Maryann Papanier
Published: May 2007

Ronald A Malt, Surgical Techniques Illustrated: A Comparative Atlas, 1985, W B Saunders Co, W Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19105, 962, $95 clothbound.
Budgeting Concepts for Nurse Managers
Authors: Kincaid Sherry
Published: May 2007

Steven A Finkler, Budgeting Concepts for Nurse Managers, 1984, Grune & Stratton, Inc, 111 5th Ave, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10003, 189, $19.50 paperback.
How to Read an ECG
Authors: Owen Charlotte H.
Published: May 2007

Margaret G Blowers, Roberta Smith Sims, How to Read an ECG, 3rd ed., 1984, Medical Economics Books, Box 554, Oradell, NJ 07649, 58, $11.95 paperback.
Textbook of Medical‐Surgical Nursing
Authors: Scott Edna W.
Published: May 2007

Lillian S Brunner, Doris S Suddath, Textbook of Medical‐Surgical Nursing, 5th ed., 1984, J B Lippincott Co, E Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19105, 1,638, $43.95 clothbound.
Study Guide to Brunner/Suddarth's Textbook of Medical‐Surgical Nursing
Authors: Scott Edna W.
Published: May 2007

Mary Jo Boyer, Study Guide to Brunner/Suddarth's Textbook of Medical‐Surgical Nursing, 5th ed., 1984, J B Lippincott Co, E Washington Square, Philadelphia, PA 19105, 346, $9.50 paperback.
Addiction in the Nursing Profession
Authors: Garrett Caroline K.
Published: May 2007

Addiction in the Nursing Profession By Mary R. Haack, Tonda L. Hughes, 1989, 270 pp $26.95 clothbound
Johnson's Guide for Witnesses: How to Prepare for a Deposition
Authors: Edwards Mary Jane C.
Published: May 2007

Johnson's Guide for Witnesses: How to Prepare for a Deposition By Larry G. Johnson, 1987, 49 pp $7.95 paperback
Successful Management of Ambulatory Surgery Programs
Authors: KNAPPER PAMELA J.
Published: May 2007

Successful Management of Ambulatory Surgery Programs, second ed. Byron Breedlove, ed. American Health Consultants Books, 67 Peachtree Dr, NE, Atlanta, GA 30309, 1985, 469 pp, $127 clothbound.
Identifying correlates of suicide attempts in suicidal ideators: a population-based study
Authors: BREZO JELENA , PARIS JOEL , TREMBLAY RICHARD , VITARO FRANK , HÉBERT MARTINE , TURECKI GUSTAVO
Published: May 2007

Background

Identification of factors that distinguish between ideators who act on their suicidal thoughts from those who do not is an important clinical and research objective.

Method

We examined correlates of suicide attempts in suicidal ideators, members of a French-Canadian, school-based cohort. Suicidal thoughts were evaluated in adolescence and early adulthood in the total sample of suicidal ideators, who were then stratified into subgroups consisting of persistent ideators, male ideators and female ideators.

Results

In addition to persistent suicidal ideas [odds ratios (ORs) 2·1–2·8], Axis I psychopathology, female gender and childhood sexual abuse (CSA) were the most consistent correlates of suicide attempts. Externalizing disorders were significant contributors in persistent ideators [drug misuse: OR 2·8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·1–6·9] and in male ideators in particular (disruptive disorders: OR 5·9, 95% CI 2·2–16·0). In women, psychiatric co-morbidity also had a significant effect (OR 1·6, 95% CI 1·1–2·1). CSA was of relevance in both women (OR 1·2, 95% CI 1·1–1·4) and persistent ideators (OR 1·3, 95% CI 1·1–1·5). Personality traits showed gender-specific contribution with affective instability (OR 1·1, 95% CI 1·01–1·1) and anxiousness (OR 1·3, 95% CI 1·1–1·7) contributing in men and disruptive aggression (OR 1·1, 95% CI 1·03–1·3) in women.

Conclusions

Correlates of suicide attempts in suicidal ideators vary as a function of the persistence of suicidal ideas and gender. This heterogeneity across subgroups of suicidal ideators may be attributed, at least in part, to differences between the sexes, early environmental adversity, maladaptive personality, and psychiatric symptoms. Further exploration and continued prospective follow-up is necessary to examine these possibilities.
Modelling the control strategies against dengue in Singapore
Authors: BURATTINI M. N. , CHEN M. , CHOW A. , COUTINHO F. A. B. , GOH K. T. , LOPEZ L. F. , MA S. , MASSAD E.
Published: May 2007

Notified cases of dengue infections in Singapore reached historical highs in 2004 (9459 cases) and 2005 (13 817 cases) and the reason for such an increase is still to be established. We apply a mathematical model for dengue infection that takes into account the seasonal variation in incidence, characteristic of dengue fever, and which mimics the 2004–2005 epidemics in Singapore. We simulated a set of possible control strategies and confirmed the intuitive belief that killing adult mosquitoes is the most effective strategy to control an ongoing epidemic. On the other hand, the control of immature forms was very efficient in preventing the resurgence of dengue epidemics. Since the control of immature forms allows the reduction of adulticide, it seems that the best strategy is to combine both adulticide and larvicide control measures during an outbreak, followed by the maintenance of larvicide methods after the epidemic has subsided. In addition, the model showed that the mixed strategy of adulticide and larvicide methods introduced by the government seems to be very effective in reducing the number of cases in the first weeks after the start of control.
Anxiety and Interpretation of Ambiguous Events in the Postnatal Period: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Challacombe Fiona , Feldmann Pia , Lehtonen Annukka , Craske Michelle G. , Stein Alan
Published: May 2007

There is now considerable evidence that anxiety disorders aggregate in families. Whilst genetic heritability plays a part, environmental factors are another factor explaining this aggregation. However, little is known about the cognitive mechanisms involved. This study examined maternal attentional focus as a possible mechanism in a community sample of mothers of young infants, using an ambiguous scenarios paradigm. In particular, we examined whether more anxious mothers were more likely to interpret everyday scenarios concerning their young children as more threatening and whether this affected their predictions of their own reactions to the situations. Anxiety scores were associated with a greater likelihood of anxious interpretation in first-time mothers but not in the whole sample. Mothers who scored higher on state and trait anxiety were found to perceive ambiguous scenarios involving infants as more threatening than mothers scoring lower on anxiety and were more likely to indicate that they would seek external reassurance. These relationships were stronger when data were only analysed for the sub-group of first-time mothers. This suggests that anxious interpretations by the mother may ultimately influence the child's assessment of and response to threat. However, direct observational research is needed to examine this issue.
Groundwater head responses due to random stream stage fluctuations using basis splines
Authors: Knight J. H. , Rassam D. W.
Published: May 2007

Stream‐aquifer interactions are becoming increasingly important processes in water resources and riparian management. The linearized Boussinesq equation describes the transient movement of a groundwater free surface in unconfined flow. Some standard solutions are those corresponding to an input, which is a delta function impulse, or to its integral, a unit step function in the time domain. For more complicated inputs, the response can be expressed as a convolution integral, which must be evaluated numerically. When the input is a time series of measured data, a spline function or piecewise polynomial can easily be fitted to the data. Any such spline function can be expressed in terms of a finite series of basis splines with numerical coefficients. The analytical groundwater response functions corresponding to these basis splines are presented, thus giving a direct and accurate way to calculate the groundwater response for a random time series input representing the stream stage. We use the technique to estimate responses due to a random stream stage time series and show that the predicted heads compare favorably to those obtained from numerical simulations using the Modular Three‐Dimensional Finite‐Difference Ground‐Water Flow Model (MODFLOW) simulations; we then demonstrate how to calculate residence times used for estimating riparian denitrification during bank storage.
High efficiency phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes using carbazole-type triplet exciton blocking layer
Authors: Kim Sung Hyun , Jang Jyongsik , Lee Jun Yeob
Published: May 2007

Device performances of green phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes using (4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole)biphenyl (CBP) and N,N′-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP) as an exciton blocking layer were investigated. CBP and mCP were introduced between hole transport layer and emitting layer to block triplet exciton quenching and efficient hole transport to emitting layer. The efficiency of green devices could be improved by more than three times by using mCP exciton blocking layer.
Giant optical gyrotropy due to electromagnetic coupling
Authors: Plum E. , Fedotov V. A. , Schwanecke A. S. , Zheludev N. I. , Chen Y.
Published: May 2007

The authors demonstrate a chiral photonic metamaterial with chirality provided by electromagnetic coupling between mutually twisted unconnected layers. In the visible and near-IR spectral ranges, the material exhibits polarization rotatory power of up to 2500°∕mm and shows relatively low losses and negligible circular dichroism, making it a promising candidate for the development of chiral negative index media.
Signatures of enhanced ordering temperatures in digital superlattices of (LaMnO3)m∕(SrMnO3)2m
Authors: Bhattacharya A. , Zhai X. , Warusawithana M. , Eckstein J. N. , Bader S. D.
Published: May 2007

Digital superlattices of (LaMnO3)m∕(SrMnO3)2m (m⩽3) having the same nominal composition as La1∕3Sr2∕3MnO3, an antiferromagnetic insulator, have been synthesized by means of molecular beam epitaxy. All superlattices show a sharp resistive maximum at temperatures near to or higher than the Néel temperature of bulk La1∕3Sr2∕3MnO3. No discernible signatures of magnetic ordering are observed near the resistivity peak for m⩽2, but m=3 has a susceptibility peak consistent with antiferromagnet ordering, which is canted when cooled in a small magnetic field. Analogies are drawn to dx2−y2 orbitally ordered, layered antiferromagnetic manganites to explain the observations.
Room-temperature ferromagnetic and ferroelectric behavior in polycrystalline ZnO-based thin films
Authors: Lin Yuan-Hua , Ying Minghao , Li Ming , Wang Xiaohui , Nan Ce-Wen
Published: May 2007

Polycrystalline ZnO-based thin films with Li and/or Co doping have been prepared by a sol-gel spin-coating method on silicon substrates. Magnetization measurements reveal that Li-doped ZnO film shows paramagnetic behavior. However, the Co-doped ZnO thin films show obvious room-temperature ferromagnetic properties, and ferromagnetic properties can be enhanced by the Li codoping, which may be ascribed to indirect exchange via Li-related defects. All ZnO-based films exhibit ferroelectric behavior, and ferroelectric properties can be tuned by the dopants.
Partial-mediated slips in nanocrystalline Ni at high strain rate
Authors: Wu X. L. , Qi Y. , Zhu Y. T.
Published: May 2007

Previous experiments on nanocrystalline Ni were conducted under quasistatic strain rates (∼3×10−3∕s), which are much lower than that used in typical molecular dynamics simulations (>3×107∕s), thus making direct comparison of modeling and experiments very difficult. In this study, the split Hopkinson bar tests revealed that nanocrystalline Ni prefers twinning to extended partials, especially under higher strain rates (103∕s). These observations contradict some reported molecular dynamics simulation results, where only extended partials, but no twins, were observed. The accuracy of the generalized planar fault energies is only partially responsible, but cannot fully account for such a difference.
Sticky superhydrophobic surface
Authors: Guo Zhi-Guang , Liu Wei-Min
Published: May 2007

The authors present a simple and inexpensive method for fabricating a stable superhydrophobic engineering material surface using aluminum alloy and a suitable aqueous solution and time to control the surface roughness, which has a large water contact angle (>150°) and a large water sliding angle (>90°). The as-prepared surface can be large-scale produced and used in industry quickly, such as a barrier material, self-cleaning material, and lubricating material. This finding will enhance further understanding of the wettability of solid surfaces with special surface morphologies.
Large Catalogue Query Performance in Relational Databases
Authors: Power Robert A.
Published: May 2007

The performance of the mysql and oracle database systems have been compared for a selection of astronomy queries using large catalogues of up to a billion objects. The queries tested are those expected from the astronomy community: general database queries, cone searches, neighbour finding and cross matching. The catalogue preparation, sql query formulation and database performance is presented. Most of the general queries perform adequately when appropriate indexes are present in the database. Each system performs well for cone search queries when the Hierarchical Triangular Mesh spatial index is used. Neighbour finding and cross matching are not well supported in a database environment when compared to software specifically developed to solve these problems.
Protein Linear Molecular Motor-Powered Nanodevices
Authors: Bakewell David J. G. , Nicolau Dan V.
Published: May 2007

Myosin–actin and kinesin–microtubule linear protein motor systems and their application in hybrid nanodevices are reviewed. Research during the past several decades has provided a wealth of understanding about the fundamentals of protein motors that continues to be pursued. It has also laid the foundations for a new branch of investigation that considers the application of these motors as key functional elements in laboratory-on-a-chip and other micro/nanodevices. Current models of myosin and kinesin motors are introduced and the effects of motility assay parameters, including temperature, toxicity, and in particular, surface effects on motor protein operation, are discussed. These parameters set the boundaries for gliding and bead motility assays. The review describes recent developments in assay motility confinement and unidirectional control, using micro- and nano-fabricated structures, surface patterning, microfluidic flow, electromagnetic fields, and self-assembled actin filament/microtubule tracks. Current protein motor assays are primitive devices, and the developments in governing control can lead to promising applications such as sensing, nano-mechanical drivers, and biocomputation.
Amyloid Fibrils: From Disease to Design. New Biomaterial Applications for Self-Assembling Cross-β Fibrils
Authors: Gras Sally L.
Published: May 2007

Amyloid fibrils are self-assembling protein aggregates. They are essentially insoluble and resilient nanofibres that offer great potential as materials for nanotechnology and bionanotechnology. Fibrils are associated with several debilitating diseases, for example Alzheimer’s disease, but recent advances suggest they also have positive functions in nature and can be formed in vitro from generic proteins. This article explores how the unique nanotopography and advantageous properties of fibrils may be used to develop tools for probing cell behaviour, protein-based biomimetic materials for supporting cells, or platforms for biosensors and enzyme immobilization.
The relationship between environmental conditions and activity of the giant barred frog (Mixophyes iteratus) on the Coomera River, south-east Queensland
Authors: Koch Amelia J. , Hero Jean-Marc
Published: May 2007

Determining the population density of ectotherms is often confounded by individual activity levels, which are highly dependent on ambient climatic conditions. In this study we used radio-telemetry and streamside surveys to examine the influence of local climatic conditions on individual activity levels (detectability) and streamside density of a population of endangered giant barred frog (Mixophyes iteratus) along the Coomera river in south-east Queensland. Temperature was the most important climatic variable influencing the behaviour and hence detectability of M. iteratus. The results indicated that males bury under the leaf litter during cold conditions (<18°C) so fewer were detected during surveys. Although females were also found to bury under the leaf litter in cold weather, no significant relationship between exposure and streamside density was detected. This is likely to be due to the lower number of females detected during surveys. The streamside density of juveniles was significantly related to temperature and rainfall, but little of the variance in the data was explained by climatic conditions, despite greater numbers of juveniles being found than adults. These results indicate that, for increased efficiency, surveys of Mixophyes iteratus should be undertaken when temperatures exceed 18°C.
Effects of sand erosion and current harvest practices on incubation of the flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus)
Authors: Koch Andrea U. , Guinea Michael L. , Whiting Scott D.
Published: May 2007

A suitable gaseous, hydrous and thermal nest environment is essential for the development of sea turtle embryos. The harvest of partial clutches by indigenous people and changes in nest depth from wind erosion or predation have prompted questions about the impact of clutch size and nest depth on nest success and hatchling output. We investigated the impact of reduced clutch sizes and nest depths on flatback sea turtle (Natator depressus) eggs, using a hatchery on a natural beach and clutch sizes of 10, 30 and 50 eggs, deposited at depths of 25, 35 and 50 cm. Hatchlings were collected on emergence and their size, mass, scalation and locomotor performance were measured. Neither clutch size nor nest depth had a significant effect on hatching success, emergence success or escape success in this study. Smaller clutches had longer incubation durations due to the lower temperatures within the nest, presumably from the lower metabolic heat produced. Hatchlings from deeper nests emerged later in the night than did those from shallower nests. Within the context of this study, changes to clutch size and nest depth appear to have no detrimental effect on the fate of the remaining eggs and the condition and performance of hatchlings.
The extraordinary mating system of Zeus bugs (Heteroptera:Veliidae:Phoreticovelia sp.)
Authors: Arnqvist Göran , Jones Therésa M. , Elgar Mark A.
Published: May 2007

Wingless female Zeus bugs (genus: Phoreticovelia) produce a secretion from dorsal glands that males feed upon when riding on females. This unique form of sex-role-reversed nuptial feeding may have set the stage for an unusual mating system. Here, we provide natural history details of the mating behaviour for two Zeus bug species. While these species have many mating behaviours in common, the wing morphs within species exhibit entirely different mating strategies. Adult wingless females are ridden permanently by adult wingless males. In the wild, adult sex-ratios among the wingless morph are male-biased; few unmounted adult females exist and many males instead ride immature females who also produce glandular secretions. In contrast, sex-ratios among the winged morph is not male-biased, sexual size dimorphism is less pronounced, females have no dorsal glands and are, consequently, not ridden by males. Field and laboratory observations show that mating is strongly assortative by wing morph. This assortment may allow evolutionary divergence between the two morphs. We discuss the implications of this mating system and suggest that it adds to those studies showing that sexually antagonistic coevolution can be a driver of mating system evolution.
Life history of an endangered amphibian challenges the declining species paradigm
Authors: Hamer Andrew J. , Mahony Michael J.
Published: May 2007

Declining species of vertebrates, including amphibians, have a life history that is characterised by low fecundity, long time to maturity, limited capacity to disperse and habitat specialisation. However, by studying aspects of the life history of an endangered amphibian in south-eastern Australia we show that a paradox may exist for some declining amphibians. We used standard mark–recapture methods over two breeding seasons (2000–01) to study a population of the green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea) on Kooragang Island, New South Wales, with the aim of determining its age structure, and the growth and survival rates of individuals. Two age classes for males and three for females were derived using von Bertalanffy growth models. Around a quarter of the male and female marked population was a first-year cohort. The male and female age structures appeared to be stable over the two breeding seasons. However, there were fewer female L. aurea in the <12-month age class and more in the >24-month age class in 2001, which may indicate that recruitment declined in the study area. A short time to maturity (~3 months) was recorded for males. The maximum-likelihood estimate of survival for males in the 2000 breeding season was relatively high (0.76), although the capture probability was low (0.19). The biology of L. aurea conforms to an ‘r’-strategist, which is characteristic of a colonising or ‘weed-like’ species and not of one that has become extinct over much of its former range.
Diet of the tiger quoll (Dasyurus maculatus) in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Belcher C. A. , Nelson J. L. , Darrant J. P.
Published: May 2007

Analysis of 338 tiger quoll scats from tableland moist forest in south-eastern New South Wales found that the greater glider was the major prey species occurring in 54.1% of scats and contributing an estimated 51.01% of the biomass consumed by tiger quolls. Medium-sized (0.5–5 kg) mammals were the most important prey group by occurrence (53.9%), frequency (66.0%) and estimated biomass contribution to diet (62.93%). Other medium-sized prey taken by tiger quolls included: long-nosed bandicoot, rabbit, brushtail possum and ringtail possum. Macropods and wombats were also present in the scats and had been presumably taken as carrion. There was no significant difference in the diets of male and female tiger quolls. Tiger quolls were recorded hunting greater gliders in their tree hollows during the day, hunting rabbits in their burrows both during the day and at night and were observed eating road-killed macropods and wombats around dawn and dusk.