bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ÁREAS PRIORITÁRIAS AO RESTABELECIMENTO DA CONECTIVIDADE ESTRUTURAL ENTRE FRAGMENTOS FLORESTAIS DA ZONA DE AMORTECIMENTO DA ESTAÇÃO ECOLÓGICA DE RIBEIRÃO PRETO
Authors: Varanda Elenice Mouro , Lapenta Marina Janzantti , Gimenez Valéria Maria Melleiro , Vasters Marcela Pereira , Santos Hertz Figueiredo dos , Barosela José Ricardo , Donadio Nicole Maria Marson , Rafael Luciana de Fátima Gaioso , Oliveira Cleide de
Published: August 2015

A Estação Ecológica de Ribeirão Preto – EERP é uma Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral localizada no interior do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A Zona de Amortecimento – ZA da EERP, com 70% de sua área em zona urbana ou de expansão urbana, possui apenas 17% de cobertura vegetal distribuída em 129 manchas. A fim de subsidiar as ações de restauração florestal, foi gerado um mapa de áreas prioritárias para o restabelecimento da conectividade entre os fragmentos da ZA. Para tanto, foram considerados: a estrutura e a configuração da paisagem, a legislação ambiental e o estado de conservação das áreas remanescentes. Os resultados evidenciam a urgência de ações concretas para o restabelecimento da conectividade desta ZA pelo alto grau de fragmentação e degradação desta área. A metodologia utilizada para determinar as áreas prioritárias para conectividade foi abrangente e resultou num mapa confiável e realista, e indica que as ações de restauração florestal na ZA da EERP devem ser voltadas para duas estratégias: corredores florestais e enriquecimento de área dos fragmentos, priorizando a recuperação das matas ciliares. Esses procedimentos atuariam como facilitadores para a conectividade estrutural entre as áreas verdes próximas aos córregos e a minimização do impacto dos efeitos de borda. O resultado gerado tem a aprovação de todos os envolvidos direta ou indiretamente com a gestão da unidade de conservação e sua ZA, sendo uma excelente ferramenta auxiliar de gerenciamento e deve ser utilizado em futuros projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas em parceria com os proprietários rurais.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO QUÍMICA, FÍSICA E MECÂNICA DE BRIQUETES DE DUAS VARIEDADES DE BAMBU
Authors: Amaral Paula Martucheli , Yamaji Fábio Minoru , Oliveira Pamela Beatriz Moreira de , Silva Diego Aleixo da , Silva José Mauro Santana da , Guerra Saulo Philipe Sebastião
Published: August 2015

A demanda por energia de fontes renováveis vêm aumentando a cada dia, propiciando o uso de biomassa para que esta possa vir a ser uma alternativa viável como combustível sólido, sendo esta limpa e potencialmente expressiva em termos econômicos. Investigações sobre briquetes para uso doméstico também têm aumentado, pois este material compacto é de fácil transporte e apresenta elevado poder energético, além de contribuir para a preservação ambiental ao substituir matérias-primas não renováveis. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi caracterizar física, mecânica e quimicamente os briquetes de resíduos oriundos de Bambusa vulgaris var. vitatta e Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris, analisando o seu potencial para a produção de combustível sólido. Os teores de cinzas e voláteis reportados para a variedade vitatta foram de 7,19 e 75,54% na devida ordem, e para a variedade vulgaris, de 7,09 e 73,95%, respectivamente. O produto final de cada material compactado teve expansão longitudinal considerada normal, sendo estas de 7,3% para vitatta e 7,5% para vulgaris e apresentaram boa resistência à compressão suportando forças de 510,44 e 499,80 N, respectivamente, para variedade vitatta e vulgaris. Portanto, os briquetes produzidos usando-se resíduos das duas espécies estudadas neste trabalho, Bambusa vulgaris var. vitatta e Bambusa vulgaris var. vulgaris, apresentaram propriedades químicas, físicas e mecânicas satisfatórias para seu uso final como combustível sólido.
Prognostic precipitation with three liquid water classes in the ECHAM5–HAM GCM
Authors: Sant V. , Posselt R. , Lohmann U.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. A new parameterization with three prognostic liquid water classes was implemented into the general circulation model (GCM) ECHAM5 with the aerosol module HAM in order to improve the global representation of rain formation in marine stratiform clouds. The additionally introduced drizzle class improves the physical representation of the droplet spectrum and, more importantly, improves the microphysical processes relevant for precipitation formation compared to the standard parameterization. In order to avoid a mismatch of the liquid and ice phase, a prognostic treatment of snow has been introduced too. This has a significant effect on the amount and altitude of ice clouds, which in turn affects not only the in- and outgoing radiation but also the parameterized collection rates. With the introduction of a prognostic precipitation scheme, a more realistic representation of both liquid and ice phase large-scale precipitation is achieved compared to a diagnostic treatment. An encouraging finding is that with the prognostic treatment the increase of the liquid water path in response to anthropogenic aerosols is reduced by about 25 %. Although the total net radiative forcing is decreased from −1.3±0.3 to −1.6±0.3 W m−2 from the control to the prognostic model version, the difference is within the interannual variability. Altogether the results suggest that the treatment of precipitation in global circulation models has not only a significant influence on the phase of clouds and their conversion rates, but also hints towards uncertainties related to a prognostic precipitation scheme.
Global and regional emissions estimates of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2) from in situ and air archive observations
Authors: Simmonds P. G. , Rigby M. , Manning A. J. , Lunt M. F. , O'Doherty S. , Young D. , McCulloch A. , Fraser P. J. , Henne S. , Vollmer M. K. , Reimann S. , Wenger A. , Mühle J. , Harth C. M. , Salameh P. K. , Arnold T. , Weiss R. F. , Krummel P. B. , Steele L. P. , Dunse B. L. , Miller B. R. , Lunder C. R. , Hermansen O. , Schmidbauer N. , Saito T. , Yokouchi Y. , Park S. , Li S. , Yao B. , Zhou L. X. , Arduini J. , Maione M. , Wang R. H. J. , Prinn R. G.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. High frequency, ground-based, in situ measurements from eleven globally-distributed sites covering 1994–2014, combined with measurements of archived air samples dating from 1978 onward and atmospheric transport models, have been used to estimate the growth of 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a, CH3CHF2) mole fractions in the atmosphere and the global emissions required to derive the observed growth. HFC-152a is a significant greenhouse gas but since it does not contain chlorine or bromine, HFC-152a makes no direct contribution to the destruction of stratospheric ozone and is therefore used as a substitute for the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). HFC-152a has exhibited substantial atmospheric growth since the first measurements reaching a maximum annualised global growth rate of 0.81 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1 in 2006, implying a substantial increase in emissions up to 2006. However, since 2007, the annualised rate of growth has slowed to 0.38 ± 0.04 ppt yr−1 in 2010 with a further decline to an average rate of change in 2013–2014 of −0.06 ± 0.05 ppt yr−1. The average Northern Hemisphere (NH) mixing ratio in 1994 was 1.2 ppt rising to a mixing ratio of 10.2 ppt in December 2014. Average annual mixing ratios in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) in 1994 and 2014 were 0.34 and 4.4 ppt, respectively. We estimate global emissions of HFC-152a have risen from 7.3 ± 5.6 Gg yr−1 in 1994 to a maximum of 54.4 ± 17.1 Gg yr−1 in 2011, declining to 52.5 ± 20.1 Gg yr−1 in 2014 or 7.2 ± 2.8 Tg-CO2 eq yr−1. Analysis of mixing ratio enhancements above regional background atmospheric levels suggests substantial emissions from North America, Asia and Europe. Global HFC emissions (so called "bottom up" emissions) reported by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are based on cumulative national emission data reported to the UNFCCC, which in turn are based on national consumption data. There appears to be a significant underestimate of "bottom-up" global emissions of HFC-152a, possibly arising from largely underestimated USA emissions and undeclared Asian emissions.
Reactive nitrogen partitioning and its relationship to winter ozone events in Utah
Authors: Wild R. J. , Edwards P. M. , Bates T. S. , Cohen R. C. , de Gouw J. A. , Dubé W. P. , Gilman J. B. , Holloway J. , Kercher J. , Koss A. , Lee L. , Lerner B. , McLaren R. , Quinn P. K. , Roberts J. M. , Stutz J. , Thornton J. A. , Veres P. R. , Warneke C. , Williams E. , Young C. J. , Yuan B. , Brown S. S.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. High wintertime ozone levels have been observed in the Uintah Basin, Utah, a sparsely populated rural region with intensive oil and gas operations. The reactive nitrogen budget plays an important role in tropospheric ozone formation. Measurements were taken during three field campaigns in the winters of 2012, 2013, and 2014, which experienced varying climatic conditions. Average concentrations of ozone and total reactive nitrogen were observed to be 2.5 times higher in 2013 than 2012, with 2014 an intermediate year in most respects. However, photochemically active NOx(NO+NO2), remained remarkably similar all three years. Roughly half of the more oxidized forms of nitrogen were composed of nitric acid in 2013, with nighttime nitric acid formation through heterogeneous uptake of N2O5 contributing approximately 6 times more than daytime formation. The nighttime N2O5 lifetime between the high-ozone year 2013 and the low-ozone year 2012 is lower by a factor 2.6, and much of this is due to higher aerosol surface area in the high ozone year of 2013. A box-model simulation supports the importance of nighttime chemistry on the reactive nitrogen budget, showing a large sensitivity of NOx and ozone concentrations to nighttime processes.
Contribution of Marine Group II Euryarchaeota to cyclopentyl tetraethers in the Pearl River estuary and coastal South China Sea: impact on the TEX86 paleothermometer
Authors: Wang J. X. , Zhang C. L. , Xie W. , Zhang Y. G. , Wang P.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. TEX86 (TetraEther indeX of glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) with 86 carbon atoms) has been widely applied to reconstruct (paleo-) sea surface temperature (SST). While Marine Group I (MG I) Thaumarchaeota have been commonly believed to be the source for GDGTs, Marine Group II (MG II Euryarchaeota) have recently been suggested to contribute significantly to the GDGT pool in the ocean. However, little is known how the MG II Euryarchaeota-derived GDGTs may influence TEX86 in marine sediment record. In this study, we characterize MG II Euryarchaeota-produced GDGTs and assess the likely effect of these tetraether lipids on TEX86. Analyses of core lipid (CL-) and intact polar lipid (IPL-) based GDGTs, 454 sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) targeting MG II Euryarchaeota were performed on suspended particulate matter (SPM) and surface sediments collected along a salinity gradient from the lower Pearl River (river water) and its estuary (mixing water) to the coastal South China Sea (seawater). The results showed that the community composition varied along the salinity gradient with MG II Euryarchaeota as the second dominant group in the mixing water and seawater. qPCR data indicated that the abundance of MG II Euryarchaeota in the mixing water was three to four orders of magnitude higher than the river water and seawater. Significant linear correlations were observed between the gene abundance ratio of MG II Euryarchaeota vs. total archaea and the relative abundance of GDGTs-1, -2, -3, or -4 as well as the ring index based on these compounds, which collectively suggest that MG II Euryarchaeota may actively produce GDGTs in the water column. These results also show strong evidence that MG II Euryarchaeota synthesizing GDGTs with 1–4 cyclopentane moieties may bias TEX86 in the water column and sediments. This study highlights that valid interpretation of TEX86 in sediment record, particularly in coastal oceans, needs to consider the contribution from MG II Euryarchaeota.
Gender and climate change in the Indian Himalayas: global threats, local vulnerabilities, and livelihood diversification at the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
Authors: Ogra M. V. , Badola R.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Global climate change has numerous implications for members of mountain communities who feel the impacts in both physical and social dimensions. In the western Himalayas of India, a majority of residents maintain a livelihood strategy that includes a combination of subsistence or small-scale agriculture, livestock rearing, seasonal or long-term migration, and localized natural resource extraction. While warming temperatures, irregular patterns of precipitation and snowmelt, and changing biological systems present challenges to the viability of these traditional livelihood portfolios in general, we find that climate change is also undermining local communities' livelihood assets in gender-specific ways. In this paper, we present a case study from the Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve (Uttarakhand, India) that both outlines the implications of climate change for women farmers in the area and highlights the potential for ecotourism (as a form of livelihood diversification) to strengthen both key livelihood assets of women and local communities' adaptive capacity more broadly. The paper intentionally employs a categorical focus on women but also addresses issues of inter-group and gender diversity. With this special issue in mind, suggestions for related research are proposed for consideration by climate scientists and social systems and/or policy modelers seeking to support gender justice through socially transformative perspectives and frameworks.
Long-term monitoring of nitrate transport to drainage from three agricultural clayey till fields
Authors: Ernstsen V. , Olsen P. , Rosenbom A. E.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. The application of nitrogen (N) fertilisers to crops grown on tile-drained fields is required to sustain most modern crop production, but it poses a risk to the aquatic environment since tile drains facilitate rapid transport pathways with no significant reduction in nitrate. To maintain the water quality of the aquatic environment and the provision of food from highly efficient agriculture in line with the EU's Water Framework Directive and Nitrates Directive, field-scale knowledge is essential for introducing water management actions on-field or off-field and producing an optimal differentiated N-regulation in future. This study strives to provide such knowledge by evaluating on 11 years of nitrate-N concentration measurements in drainage from three subsurface-drained clayey till fields (1.3–2.3 ha) representing approximately 71 % of the surface sediments in Denmark dominated by clay. The fields differ in their inherent hydrogeological field settings (e.g. soil-type, geology, climate, drainage and groundwater table) and the agricultural management of the fields (e.g. crop type, type of N fertilisers and agricultural practices). The evaluation revealed three types of clayey till fields characterised by: (i) low net precipitation, high concentration of nitrate-N, and short-term low intensity drainage at air temperatures often below 5 °C; (ii) medium net precipitation, medium concentration of nitrate-N, and short-term medium-intensity drainage at air temperatures often above 5 °C; and (iii) high net precipitation, low concentration of nitrate-N and long-term high intensity drainage at air temperatures above 5 °C. For each type, on-field water management actions, such as the selection of crop types and introduction of catch crops, appeared relevant, whereas off-field actions only seemed relevant for the latter two field types given the temperature-dependent reduction potential of nitrate off-field. This initial well-documented field-scale knowledge from fields that are representative of large areas in Denmark is a first step towards establishing a differentiated N-regulation for clayey till areas. Additionally, it provides a unique starting point by identifying important parameters for future mapping of catchment-scale variations in nitrate concentrations and fluxes.
Numerical simulations of the Cordilleran ice sheet through the last glacial cycle
Authors: Seguinot J. , Rogozhina I. , Stroeven A. P. , Margold M. , Kleman J.
Published: August 2015

Abstract. Despite more than a century of geological observations, the Cordilleran ice sheet of North America remains poorly understood in terms of its former extent, volume and dynamics. Although geomorphological evidence is abundant, its complexity is such that whole ice-sheet reconstructions of advance and retreat patterns are lacking. Here we use a numerical ice sheet model calibrated against field-based evidence to attempt a quantitative reconstruction of the Cordilleran ice sheet history through the last glacial cycle. A series of simulations is driven by time-dependent temperature offsets from six proxy records located around the globe. Although this approach reveals large variations in model response to evolving climate forcing, all simulations produce two major glaciations during marine oxygen isotope stages 4 (61.9–56.5 ka) and 2 (23.2–16.8 ka). The timing of glaciation is better reproduced using temperature reconstructions from Greenland and Antarctic ice cores than from regional oceanic sediment cores. During most of the last glacial cycle, the modelled ice cover is discontinuous and restricted to high mountain areas. However, widespread precipitation over the Skeena Mountains favours the persistence of a central ice dome throughout the glacial cycle. It acts as a nucleation centre before the Last Glacial Maximum and hosts the last remains of Cordilleran ice until the middle Holocene (6.6–6.2 ka).
Body weight, BMI, and stature have a protective effect on bone mineral density in women with postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis, whereas greater age at menarche and years after menopause have a negative effect
Authors: Török-Oance Rodica , Bala’ Melania
Published: August 2015

Background

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease with a risk factor of being female, particularly after the onset of menopause.

Objectives

To evaluate the influence of age, anthropometric, and reproductive variables on spinal bone mineral density (BMD) in women with postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis.

Methods

The study was retrospective and included data from 171 patients with postmenopausal vertebral osteoporosis. We performed both simple and multiple regressions considering BMD in spine as the dependent variable. Coefficients of correlation (r), coefficients of determination (r
2), and their level of significance were calculated.

Results

The associations between spinal BMD and each of the following variables were extremely significant: age at menarche (P = 0.0003), weight (P < 0.0001), stature (P = 0.0004), and BMI (P < 0.0001). The associations between spinal BMD and age (P = 0.004), and between spinal BMD and number of years after menopause were very significant (P = 0.0093). BMD was not associated with age at menopause or number of reproductive years. For multiple regressions there was an increasing trend of r
2 with increasing number of independent variables included in the analysis: r
2 = 21.84% (2 variables), r
2 = 24.93% (3 variables), 26.45% (4 variables), and r
2 = 27% (5 variables).

Conclusion

BMD is positively associated with weight, BMI, and stature, and is negatively associated with age, time of menarche, and years after menopause. BMD is not associated with age at menopause and reproductive period.
Risk factors for osteoporosis and the relationship between osteoporosis and hemoglobin level in adult patients with thalassemia in Rajavithi hospital
Authors: Nakhakes Chajchawan , Jaruluxananan Somluk , Saengsuda Yuthana , Saengsuda Sureerat
Published: August 2015

Background

Bone complications are common in patients with thalassemia.

Objectives

To assess risk factors for osteoporosis in patients with nonmajor thalassemia and its prevalence in randomly selected adult patients in Thailand.

Patients and methods

We included 190 adult patients (58 men and 132 women) with thalassemia intermedia or minor in this cross-sectional study. Patients with untreated hypogonadism, untreated hypothyroidism, menopause, and with a history of treatment with medications that have effects on skeletal or bone metabolism were excluded. Bone mass density (BMD) of the femoral neck was measured by calibrated dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Independent factors likely to be associated with osteoporosis were determined and included in the analysis to ascertain possible associations.

Results

Mean age was 35.48 ± 14.11 years (range 18–87 years). The mean Z score of femoral neck was − 0.86 ± 1.14 (range −3.7–2.40). Prevalence of osteoporosis was 22/190 (11.6%). Correlation between the pretransfusion hemoglobin level and BMD score was r = 0.192, P = 0.008. Univariate analysis found low BMI was a risk factor for osteoporosis (OR = 3.09, 95% CI 1.09–8.76, P = 0.039) and iron chelation therapy was a protective factor (OR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.09–0.69, P = 0.005). Multivariate analysis did not find these factors to be significant.

Conclusions

All patients with thalassemia at risk of osteoporosis should be screened periodically for bone disease. The uncertainty and disagreements as to the potential role of different factors indicate the necessity for further studies to recognize the pathophysiological basis of this serious complication of thalassemia.
Incremental Inverse Kinematics of Wire-Suspended Parallel Mechanical System Taking into Account Many-Worlds Situation
Authors: Hanahara Kazuyuki
Published: August 2015

Wire-suspended platform is a parallel mechanical system consisting of a rigid platform and a number of length-adjustable wires. In order to deal with the kinematics of this type of mechanical system, we have to take into account the conspicuous characteristic of a wire that it can take only a tensile force. It has been demonstrated in the previous studies that this leads to plural possible kinematic states corresponding to a given set of wire lengths. In this study, we formulate an inverse kinematics problem in an incremental form based on the linearization of the kinematic relation of the system. Displacement of the mass center position of the platform is also taken into account for the articulation variables, in addition to the wire member lengths. A solution procedure that deals with the many-worlds situation is developed under the assumption of some adequate sensing devices. Numerical experiments based on computer simulation are carried out and the feasibility of the proposed approach is demonstrated with the attained kinematic motions of the simulated platform system.
Genetics of Epilepsy in Clinical Practice
Authors: Berkovic Samuel F.
Published: August 2015

Genetics should now be part of everyday clinical epilepsy practice. Good data exist to provide empiric risks based on epilepsy syndrome diagnosis. Investigation of the molecular basis of some epilepsies is now a practical clinical task and is of clear value to the patient and family. In some cases, specific therapeutic decisions can now be made based on genetic findings, and this scenario of precision therapy is likely to increase in the coming years.
Autism and Cognition within Epilepsy: Social Matters
Authors: Tuchman Roberto
Published: August 2015

The association of epilepsy, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and intellectual disability (ID) is well recognized. There is a wide range of social-cognitive deficits that can be identified in epilepsy over the life-span, from ASD in infants with an epileptic encephalopathy, to social-cognitive impairments affecting social interaction and comprehension in those with normal nonsocial cognitive function. Identifying ASD and social-cognitive deficits is an important aspect of comprehensive epilepsy care. There are behavioral and educational interventions that exist to treat ASD and social-cognitive deficits. These behavioral, communication, and educational interventions, in conjunction with medications to treat the seizures, should be considered an integral part of the comprehensive management of epilepsy throughout the life-span. The following are the key points of this review: Autism spectrum disorders and social-cognitive deficits are associated with epilepsy throughout the life-span, and identification of these deficits is an important part of epilepsy care. Children with an epileptic encephalopathy such as infantile spasms are at high risk for developing ASD, and the social-cognitive deficits that precede ASD may be recognized in the first year of life. In epilepsy, the likelihood of developing autism spectrum disorders is highest in those with ID, but there is a wide spectrum of manifestations, from ASD in children with epilepsy and ID, to social-cognitive impairments affecting social interaction and comprehension in those with normal nonsocial cognitive function. Implementation of behavioral, communication, and educational interventions that exist to treat ASD and social-cognitive deficits, along with medications to treat the seizures, should be considered an important part of the comprehensive management of epilepsy throughout the life-span.
The preservation of total organic carbon of the Silurian Pridoli strata in the Milaičiai-103 well core of Western Lithuania
Authors: Gelūnaitė Augustė , Spiridonov Andrej
Published: August 2015

The Pridoli series is one of the thickest and most complete stratigraphic intervals of the Silurian as well as other systems of the Lithuanian part of the Baltic sedimentary basin. In this study we present a sequence stratigraphic model of the sedimentary succession in the Milaičiai-103 core section. High resolution trend of concentrations of total organic carbon is presented in the developed stratigraphic context. The variability in the total organic matter amount in different sequence stratigraphic system tracts was statistically evaluated using the generalized linear mixed-effect modeling approach. The statistical analysis revealed that the highest concentrations of total organic carbon in the studied section are expected in a highstand and transgressive system tracts and significantly lower concentrations are expected in a lowstand and falling stage system tracts.
Particle trajectories on hillslopes: Implications for particle age and 10Be structure
Authors: Anderson Robert S.
Published: August 2015

Many geomorphic systems act as conveyor belts onto which material is loaded at a particular rate and is transported in one direction toward another system that serves as a sink. As the material travels, it ages, it changes in grain size, it accumulates cosmogenic radionuclides, it adsorbs or releases nutrients, and it weathers. Here I address the hillslope conveyor. As many geochemical processes are depth‐dependent, the depth history of a particle becomes important to know. I calculate soil particle trajectories in the horizontal‐depth plane and address three cases, one in which horizontal speeds decline exponentially with depth, a second in which they are uniform with depth, and a third in which horizontal speeds are also uniform but all profile values are vertically well‐mixed. Vertical speeds are governed by continuity in an incompressible medium and by the boundary condition of zero vertical particle speed at the soil surface. Particle trajectories must therefore become surface parallel at the surface. Knowledge of soil particle trajectories allows calculation of residence times and concentration profiles of 10Be in the soil. The results inform strategies for interpretation of nuclide concentrations in soils and stream sediments and for inference of transport rate profiles. In all steady cases, the particle age and 10Be structure are uniform with distance from the divide. When significant vertical gradients in horizontal speed occur, the patterns of particle age and of 10Be concentration are dominated by the depth scale of the transport process. In unmixed cases, the particle age and 10Be concentration in near‐surface samples can greatly exceed the vertically averaged values, reflecting the fact that the vertical speeds of particles slow dramatically as they near the surface. In cases in which horizontal speed varies significantly with depth, the vertically averaged concentration of 10Be within the soil can significantly underpredict the mean 10Be concentration of sediment delivered to the channel. Proper averaging requires weighting by particle speed. These results provide the backdrop for addressing chemical evolution of soil on a hillslope.
Acacia Senegal–Inspired Bifunctional Binder for Longevity of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Gaoran , Ling Min , Ye Yifan , Li Zhoupeng , Guo Jinghua , Yao Yingfang , Zhu Junfa , Lin Zhan , Zhang Shanqing
Published: August 2015

The sulfur cathode in traditional lithium–sulfur batteries suffers from poor cyclability due to polysulfide shuttling effect as well as large volume change during charge/discharge processes. Gum arabic (GA), a low cost, nontoxic, and sustainable natural polymer from Acacia senegal, is adopted as a binder for the sulfur cathode to address these issues. The excellent mechanical properties of GA endow the cathode with high binding strength and suitable ductility to buffer volume change, while the functional groups chemically and physically confine sulfur species within the cathode to inhibit the shuttling effect of polysulfides. Additionally, GA shifts the electrode fabrication process from the organic solvent process to an aqueous process, eliminates the use of toxic organic solvents, and achieves uniformly distributed electrode with lower impedance. A remarkable cycling performance, i.e., 841 mAh g−1 at low current rate of C/5, is achieved throughout 500 cycles due to the bifunctions of the GA binder.
Environmental aspects of metals removal from waters and gold recovery
Authors: Salminen Justin , Blomberg Peter , Mäkinen Jarno , Räsänen Lea
Published: August 2015

Mining and metals processing are not invisible activities and are heavy industries, which require energy, water, chemicals, and land area. Recently more emphasis is given to environmental and societal aspects in mining and processing. Development of good practices with improved resource efficiency, new recovery methods and sustainability thinking are increasingly required. This work shows pH titration method for acid mine drainage (AMD) water incorporated with aqueous thermodynamic model for selective metals precipitation from complex solution. Also two examples on gold recovery methods from aqueous streams are shown: biosorption using fungal matter and solvent extraction using a task‐specific ionic liquid. By understanding chemical thermodynamics and natural phenomena, there is a better chance of developing solutions for environmental problems and new industrial processes. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2739–2748, 2015
Das Methylsulfonyloxyl‐Radikal, CH3SO3
Authors: Zhu Bifeng , Zeng Xiaoqing , Beckers Helmut , Francisco Joseph S. , Willner Helge
Published: August 2015

Das Methylsulfonyloxyl‐Radikal, CH3SO3, ein Schlüsselintermediat der atmosphärischen Oxidation von Dimethylsulfid (DMS), wurde durch Blitzpyrolyse von CH3SO2OOSO2CH3 erzeugt und nachfolgend in festen Edelgas‐Matrizen isoliert. Das Radikal wurde charakterisiert über seine UV/Vis‐ und IR‐Spektren, sowie seine Tautomerisierung zum CH2SO3H unter Bestrahlung mit Licht von λ≥360 nm.
Alzheimer's in 3D culture: Challenges and perspectives
Authors: D'Avanzo Carla , Aronson Jenna , Kim Young Hye , Choi Se Hoon , Tanzi Rudolph E. , Kim Doo Yeon
Published: August 2015

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and there is currently no cure. The “β‐amyloid cascade hypothesis” of AD is the basis of current understanding of AD pathogenesis and drug discovery. However, no AD models have fully validated this hypothesis. We recently developed a human stem cell culture model of AD by cultivating genetically modified human neural stem cells in a three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture system. These cells were able to recapitulate key events of AD pathology including β‐amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. In this review, we will discuss the progress and current limitations of AD mouse models and human stem cell models as well as explore the breakthroughs of 3D cell culture systems. We will also share our perspective on the potential of dish models of neurodegenerative diseases for studying pathogenic cascades and therapeutic drug discovery.
Investigations on the effects of Cu2+ on the structure and function of human serum albumin
Authors: Jing Mingyang , Liu Rutao , Yan Wenbao , Tan Xuejie , Chen Yadong
Published: August 2015

Human serum albumin (HSA) is the most prominent protein in blood plasma with important physiological functions. Although copper is an essential metal for all organisms, the massive utilization of copper has led to concerns regarding its potential health impact. To better understand the potential toxicity and toxic mechanisms of Cu2+, it is of vital importance to characterize the interaction of Cu2+ with HSA. The effect of Cu2+ on the structure and function of HSA in vitro were investigated by biophysical methods including fluorescence techniques, circular dichroism (CD), time‐resolved measurements, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), molecular simulations and esterase activity assay. Multi‐spectroscopic measurements proved that Cu2+ quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA in a dynamic process accompanied by the formation of complex and alteration of secondary structure. But the Cu2+ had minimal effect on the backbone and secondary structure of HSA at relatively low concentrations. The ITC results indicated Cu2+ interacted with HSA spontaneously through hydrophobic forces with approximately 1 thermodynamic identical binding sites at 298 K. The esterase activity of HSA was inhibited obviously at the concentration of 8 × 10‐5 M. However, molecular simulation showed that Cu2+ mainly interacted with the amino acid residues Asp (451) by the electrostatic force. Thus, we speculated the interaction between Cu2+ and HSA might induce microenvironment of the active site (Arg 410). This study has provided a novel idea to explore the biological toxicity of Cu2+ at the molecular level. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell extraction combined with off‐line HPLC for screening active compounds from Coptis chinensis
Authors: Tang Cheng , Wu Xiao‐Dan , Yu Ya‐Ming , Duan Hongquan , Zhou Jing , Xu Liang
Published: August 2015

Cell membrane chromatography is a useful tool for screening active compounds from natural products. As the reason of separation mechanism, traditional cell membrane chromatography could not be used for screening the active compounds absorbed through the cell membrane and influencing the cell signal transduction pathway. In this work, we establish a new method named cell extraction combined with off‐line HPLC for screening the compounds penetrating the cell membrane. This is the first time 3 T3‐L1 adipocyte culture has been combined with HPLC technology. Compared with other cell membrane chromatography methods, there is good resolution and no further analysis by other chromatographic steps is required. On co‐incubating crude extracts of Coptis chinensis with cells and analyzing the compounds extracted by the cells, active compounds such as berberine were detected. Glucose consumption tests showed that berberine could increase glucose consumption by insulin‐resistant 3 T3‐L1 adipocytes. The levels of intracellular berberine correlated with its activity. The results indicate that the developed method could be an alternative method for screening active compounds from natural products. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A [2+2+2]‐Cyclotrimerization Approach to Selectively Substituted Fluorenes and Fluorenols, and Their Conversion to 9,9′‐Spirobifluorenes
Authors: Kaiser Reinhard P. , Hessler Filip , Mosinger Jiří , Císařová Ivana , Kotora Martin
Published: August 2015

Synthesis of selectively substituted fluorenes and fluorenols was achieved by using catalytic [2+2+2]cyclotrimerization. Various starting diynes were reacted with different alkynes in the presence of a catalytic amount of Wilkinson’s catalyst (RhCl(PPh3)3) providing the compounds possessing the fluorene scaffold in good isolated yields. A set of four regioselectively substituted fluorenols was converted to the corresponding 9,9′‐spirobifluorenes and their spectral characteristics were measured.
Perspektiven der Säure‐Base‐Methode zur Untersuchung der Oberflächeneigenschaften von Polymeren
Authors: Kraus Eduard , Baudrit Benjamin , Heidemeyer Peter , Bastian Martin , Nguen Duk Ahn , Starostina Irina , Stoyanov Oleg
Published: August 2015

Moderne Verfahren zur Bestimmung der freien Oberflächenenergie sowie deren Parameter wurden an diversen Kunststoffen sowie Klebstoffen analysiert. Dabei wurden für feste Polymeroberflächen als am besten geeigneten Methoden zur Bestimmung der Benetzung die Verfahren von Berger sowie van Oss‐Chaudhury‐Good ermittelt. Bewertet und modifiziert wurden außerdem Methoden der nichtlinearen Systeme von Della Volpe und Siboni. Durch eine Anwendung von räumlichen Gleichungslösungen wurden diverse Daten zur freien Oberflächenenergie sowie ihrer Komponenten für eine Reihe von Polymeroberflächen bestimmt.
Morphology Tailoring of Pt Nanocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction: The Paradigm of Pt13
Authors: Zhang Wei , Sumer Aslihan , Jellinek Julius , Cheng Daojian
Published: August 2015

Understanding the relationship between the morphology of Pt nanocatalysts and their catalytic performance towards the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important for their applications as electrocatalysts. In this work, using density functional theory calculations, we investigate structural properties, ORR activity, and CO tolerance of five morphological forms of the Pt13 cluster. Four of these are low‐energy, lower symmetry conformations (Pt13−1 and Pt13−4 have CS symmetry, Pt13−2 and Pt13−3 are of C2v symmetry) and the fifth (Pt13−5) is a higher energy, icosahedral structure. Our results indicate that of the five considered, Pt13−1 and Pt13−2 possesses the best, overall comparable, combination of catalytic characteristics—activity and CO tolerance—relevant to the ORR. Computational characterization of morphology‐dependent catalytic properties of sub‐nano and nanosized particles herein can inform the design and synthesis of nanocatalysts with superior targeted functionalities.
Developmental reversals in recognition memory in children and adults
Authors: Gross Julien , Gardiner Beatrix , Hayne Harlene
Published: August 2015

Older members of a given species typically exhibit superior learning and memory abilities relative to younger members, however, the developmental difference does not always occur in this younger‐to‐older direction. Developmental reversals are thought to reflect adaptive responses to the unique challenges imposed by the infant's niche. In humans, identification of developmental reversals has largely been precluded because infants, children, and adults are rarely tested using the same experimental procedures. Here, we adapted the visual recognition memory task and tested 3‐year‐olds and adults using one set of child‐oriented stimuli and one set of adult‐orientated stimuli. When tested immediately, children and adults exhibited recognition memory for both stimuli. When tested after a 1‐week delay, children exhibited recognition memory for the child‐oriented stimuli, but not for the adult‐oriented stimuli and adults exhibited recognition memory for the adult‐oriented stimuli, but not for the child‐oriented stimuli. These data have important implications for current theories of memory development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:52–59, 2016.
Quantification of correlational selection on thermal physiology, thermoregulatory behavior, and energy metabolism in lizards
Authors: Artacho Paulina , Saravia Julia , Ferrandière Beatriz Decencière , Perret Samuel , Le Galliard Jean‐François
Published: August 2015

Phenotypic selection is widely accepted as the primary cause of adaptive evolution in natural populations, but selection on complex functional properties linking physiology, behavior, and morphology has been rarely quantified. In ectotherms, correlational selection on thermal physiology, thermoregulatory behavior, and energy metabolism is of special interest because of their potential coadaptation. We quantified phenotypic selection on thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance (sprint speed), thermal preferences, and resting metabolic rate in captive populations of an ectothermic vertebrate, the common lizard, Zootoca vivipara. No correlational selection between thermal sensitivity of performance, thermoregulatory behavior, and energy metabolism was found. A combination of high body mass and resting metabolic rate was positively correlated with survival and negatively correlated with fecundity. Thus, different mechanisms underlie selection on metabolism in lizards with small body mass than in lizards with high body mass. In addition, lizards that selected the near average preferred body temperature grew faster that their congeners. This is one of the few studies that quantifies significant correlational selection on a proxy of energy expenditure and stabilizing selection on thermoregulatory behavior.
1,4‐Addition of TMSCCl3 to (E)‐Fumaric Esters and Thermal Rearrangement of the Adducts to 3,4‐Dichloropent‐2‐enedioates
Authors: Wahl Benoit , Lee Darren S. , Woodward Simon
Published: August 2015

The diesters (E)‐RO2CCH=CHCO2R [R = Et, CH2Ph, iPr, iBu, tBu, 2‐ethylhexyl, (–)‐menthyl, (–)‐bornyl] undergo 1,4‐trichloromethylation with Me3SiCCl3 in 84–95 % yield with Bu4NX (X = OAc, Cl, F; 0.5–10 mol‐%) as an initiator. Optimal catalysis is attained with X = OAc and F; chloride is less effective, bromide is inadequate. Poor regioselectivity but high yields are demonstrated by mixed diesters (2 examples, both > 80 %). Heating of the trichloromethyl adducts, in the presence of Bu4N(OAc), leads to equilibrating, approximately equimolar, mixtures of RO2CC(=CCl2)CHCO2R and RO2CCH=CClCHClCO2R above 100 °C (7 examples). The latter component is produced under thermodynamic control, which can be isolated pure in some cases. The former is the kinetic product of E2 elimination.
Electroanalysis of Natural Compounds as Copper Chelating Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
Authors: Hung Vinci Wing Sze , Bressan Lucas Paines , Seo Kanghoon , Kerman Kagan
Published: August 2015

The development of therapeutic compounds that can attenuate the toxicity exerted by the accumulation of metal ions has been an area of intensive research in neurodegenerative diseases. In this report, an electrochemical method was developed to determine the Cu(II)‐chelating ability of polyphenols that were implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The results suggested the strength of flavonoids to chelate Cu(II) as epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG)>resveratrol>clioquinol>baicalein∼scyllo‐inositol. Furthermore, the number of hydroxyl groups was found to play a role to lower Cu(II) oxidation signal using differential pulse voltammetry.
An analytical model of a deformable cantilever structure rocking on a rigid surface: experimental validation
Authors: Truniger Rico , Vassiliou Michalis F. , Stojadinović Božidar
Published: August 2015

This paper describes an experimental program to examine the dynamic response of deformable cantilevers rocking on a rigid surface. The primary goal of the tests is to verify and validate a dynamic rocking model that describes the behavior of these structures. The benchmark response data was obtained from shaking‐table tests on deformable rocking specimens with different natural vibration frequencies and different aspect ratios excited by analytical pulses and recorded ground motions. The responses computed using the model are found to be in good agreement with the benchmark test results. Widely used impact, restitution and damping assumptions are revisited based on the experiment results and the analytical model findings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain signatures of perceiving a smile: Time course and source localization
Authors: Beltrán David , Calvo Manuel G.
Published: August 2015

Facial happiness is consistently recognized faster than other expressions of emotion. In this study, to determine when and where in the brain such a recognition advantage develops, EEG activity during an expression categorization task was subjected to temporospatial PCA analysis and LAURA source localizations. Happy, angry, and neutral faces were presented either in whole or bottom‐half format (with the mouth region visible). The comparison of part‐ versus whole‐face conditions served to examine the role of the smile. Two neural signatures underlying the happy face advantage emerged. One peaked around 140 ms (left N140) and was source‐located at the left IT cortex (MTG), with greater activity for happy versus non‐happy faces in both whole and bottom‐half face format. This suggests an enhanced perceptual encoding mechanism for salient smiles. The other peaked around 370 ms (P3b and N3) and was located at the right IT (FG) and dorsal cingulate (CC) cortices, with greater activity specifically for bottom‐half happy versus non‐happy faces. This suggests an enhanced recruitment of face‐specific information to categorize (or reconstruct) facial happiness from diagnostic smiling mouths. Additional differential brain responses revealed a specific “anger effect,” with greater activity for angry versus non‐angry expressions (right N170 and P230; right pSTS and IPL); and a coarse “emotion effect,” with greater activity for happy and angry versus neutral expressions (anterior P2 and posterior N170; vmPFC and right IFG). Hum Brain Mapp 36:4287–4303, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hepatic stellate cells relay inflammation signaling from sinusoids to parenchyma in mouse models of immune‐mediated hepatitis
Authors: Fujita Tomoko , Soontrapa Kitipong , Ito Yoshiya , Iwaisako Keiko , Moniaga Catharina Sagita , Asagiri Masataka , Majima Masataka , Narumiya Shuh
Published: August 2015

Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) constitute the liver sinusoid with Kupffer cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. While the sinusoid functions as the gateway to liver inflammation, whether HSCs contribute to liver inflammation and, if so, how they exert such functions remain elusive. Here, we found that mouse as well as human HSCs expressed DP1 receptor for prostaglandin D2 selectively in the liver. Pharmacological stimulation of DP1 by BW245C, a DP1‐selective agonist, suppressed the activation of cultured HSCs by tumor necrosis factor‐α at least in part through down‐regulation of nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells signaling and inhibition of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase phosphorylation. DP1 deficiency or BW245C administration in mice significantly enhanced or suppressed concanavalin A (ConA)–induced hepatitis, respectively. ConA injection induced tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ expression in the sinusoid, which was suppressed by administration of BW245C. Coculture of spleen cells and liver nonparenchymal cells showed that ConA first activated spleen cells and that this activation led to activation of nonparenchymal cells to secondarily produce tumor necrosis factor‐α and interferon‐γ. Microarray analysis revealed ConA‐induced expression of endothelin‐1, tissue factor, and chemokines in the liver and inducible nitric oxide synthase in hepatocytes, resulting in flow stagnation, leukocyte adherence and migration to the parenchyma, and hepatocyte death. DP1 stimulation inhibits all these events in the liver. Therefore, HSCs mediate amplification of ConA‐induced liver inflammation in the sinusoid, causing direct and indirect hepatocyte injury, and DP1 stimulation inhibits this HSC activation. Conclusions: HSCs integrate cytokine‐mediated inflammatory responses in the sinusoids and relay them to the liver parenchyma, and these HSC actions are inhibited by DP1 stimulation. (Hepatology 2016;63:1325–1339)