bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Constraint Solving System and Approach Based on Graph Theory and Floating DOF
Authors: Jiang Li , Xie Bu Ying , Hu Kai
Published: October 2013

Parametric design is a kind of concept to build and analyze models by using parameters or variables rather than digits. Models with different specifications can be achieved by changing the parameter values which are associated with the establishment by labeling the size and adding a variety of constraints. To represent the solving system of plane geometry constraints, the concept of floating DOF is applied based on graph theory to represent the state of the constraints system. And through the establishment of the variable passing rules, changes of the parameters can be shown as rational flow effects in graphs so that the system can give a clearly expression and achieve the fast driven effect of the graphics system changes.
Establishment and Validation of a 1-D Numerical Model of Unsteady Flow and Sediment Transport in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR)
Authors: Huang Ren Yong , Zhang Jie
Published: October 2013

A numerical model for simulating unsteady flow and sediment transport in the mainstream and its tributaries at the TGR was presented in this paper, and a three-gradation method was applied to solve the flow governing equation. A experience formula was gave for the calculation of the size of groups of different coefficient of saturation recovery based on the analysis, so the traditional calculation method was improved in this paper. The validity of the model was checked with the observed data of the TGR from 2003 to 2011. Good agreement between the calculation and observed data was obtained. The simulation results show that this model could be used to simulate the flow and sediment transport at the TGR.
Simulation of Power Plant Subsynchronous Resonance Possibility Based on ADPSS
Authors: Li Xiao Meng , Wang Hua , Zhang Zhen An , Liu Min , Xu De Chao
Published: October 2013

The rotor shaft of a steam turbine generator consists of several masses, such as rotors of turbine sections, generator section and exciter section. When the generator is perturbed, it will cause torsional oscillation between different sections. In long-distance high-capacity transmission lines, series compensation with capacitors can enhance power transfer capability of power system, however it may cause subsynchronous resonance (SSR) between the turbine shaft and serial compensation., which produce large shaft torques can result in a reduction in the shaft fatigue life and possibly shaft failure, threatening the security of generator unit and stability of power system. In China the 1000kV HVAC transmission line with series compensation has been put in operation since 2009. Near the Nanyang substation, there has a power plant in Henan power grid. So it is necessary to model the power plant and HVAC transmission line to simulate the possibility of SSR problem. Based on the power system simulation software ADPSS developed by China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI), this paper built up the simulation model using the electromechanical-electromagnetic transient hybrid method, and simulated the SSR possibility between the power plant and HVAC transmission line series compensation. The simulation results showed that with the generator parameters given, there has no risk of SSR between them. This paper also gives an evaluation principle of generator SSR risk when connected into a power grid.
Research of Lower Bound Method for Wedge Slope Subjected to Pore Water Pressure and Earthquake Force
Authors: Li Ze , Liang Zhi Lin
Published: October 2013

Based on the lower bound theory for the plastic limit analysis, rock slope is divided into rigid block and structural surface. And the mathematical programming model which takes the safety factor as the objective function is established for the calculation of slope stability. This model has to meet the balance equations of the blocks, the Mohr-Coulomb yield conditions and the boundary conditions of slope. In the end, a classic model of rock slope on consideration of the pore water pressure and earthquake force is analyzed, and its lower bound solution is worked out. This result is compared to the result worked out by limiting equilibrium to test the validity and correctness of the method and procedure used in this paper.
Spectral discrimination by Synanthedon myopaeformis (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) when orienting to traps baited with sex pheromone or feeding attractants
Authors: Judd Gary J.R. , Eby Chelsea
Published: October 2013

Apple clearwing moth, Synanthedon myopaeformis (Borkhausen) (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), is an invasive species in Canada and a destructive pest of commercial apple trees in British Columbia. Adult mass trapping is being developed to help organic apple producers manage this pest. We manipulated and measured spectral reflectance from delta traps, unitraps, and bottle traps used to deploy sex pheromone, phenylacetaldehyde, and grape juice mass-trapping baits and compared catches in baited traps having different reflectance properties. Synanthedon myopaeformis did not discriminate among pheromone-baited delta traps painted yellow, green, or white, from those left clear (group 1), nor among those painted purple, blue, red, or black (group 2). Catches by all treatments in group 1 were significantly greater than all in group 2. Catches in pheromone-baited delta traps were positively correlated with their intensity of green wavelength reflectance (500–550 nm). Fluorescent yellow delta traps reflected more green and ultraviolet (300–400 nm) light than standard yellow or green traps but caught significantly fewer moths when baited with pheromone, implying an antagonistic interaction of green versus ultraviolet-sensitive behaviours. Pheromone-baited all-yellow unitraps caught significantly more moths than equivalent all-green, all-white, or all-red unitraps. Catches in pheromone-baited all-yellow unitraps decreased when any component (lid, funnel, or bucket) was replaced with a green one. Changing the intensity or quality of reflectance from funnels had the greatest impact on unitrap catches (82% reduction). Spectral preferences were modulated by odours eliciting different behaviours (mating versus feeding). When baited with the floral feeding odour phenylacetaldehyde, yellow and green delta traps were among the least attractive, whereas black and blue traps were among the most attractive. When baited with grape juice food baits, black bottle traps caught significantly more moths than any other colour except white, and the former are recommended for maximising mass trapping of females while minimising nontarget impacts of juice baits.
Significant factors for enabling knowledge sharing between government agencies within South Africa
Authors: Mannie Avain , Van Niekerk Herman J. , Adendorff Chris M.
Published: October 2013

Background: Globally, organisations have recognised the strategic importance of knowledge management (KM) and are increasingly focusing efforts on practices to foster the creation, sharing and integration of knowledge.Objectives: This study aimed to validate the significant factors that influence the effectiveness of KM between government agencies in South Africa. The commonly identified pillars of KM in the extant literature served as a primary framework in establishing these factors.Method: Data were gathered using an electronic survey made available to different national government agencies within the security cluster. Responses were analysed using structural equation modelling.Main findings: Existing literature highlighted organisational culture, learning organisation, collaboration, subject matter experts and trust as being determinants for knowledge management. The first two were identified as the most significant factors for knowledge sharing to succeed.Conclusion: Whilst there is universal consent as to the strategic importance of KM, actionable implementation of knowledge sharing initiatives appears to be lacking. This study emphasised the fact that leaders must instil a knowledge sharing culture either through employee performance contracts or methods such as the balanced score card. The study also showed that it is imperative for leaders to acknowledge that KM is a multi-faceted discipline that offers strategic advantages. Leaders of developing countries should note that they are on a developmental journey. This requires their organisations to be learning organisations, which necessitates a change in the organisational culture and knowledge interventions through their academies of learning.
The psychology of poverty
Authors: Janse van Rensburg Johan
Published: October 2013

This article investigates the psychological experience of poor people and the pastoral responsibility to guide them towards poverty transition. A qualitative analysis of the narratives of three participants is compared to the enthralling history of Florcy Mabuza who in her book, Poverty mentality: The root of poverty, explains the dangers of a spiritual and emotional mindset that precipitates and feeds the plight of poverty. Using a literature study to interpret the narratives as well as a method of encoding, basic mindsets of poverty and factors that influence this mindset are identified. The study culminates in conclusions to encourage further research and pastoral involvement.
Retrieval of aerosol parameters from the oxygen A band in the presence of chlorophyll fluorescence
Authors: Sanders A. F. J. , de Haan J. F.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. We have investigated the precision of retrieved aerosol parameters for a generic aerosol retrieval algorithm over vegetated land using the O2 A band. Chlorophyll fluorescence is taken into account in the forward model. Fluorescence emissions are modeled as isotropic contributions to the upwelling radiance field at the surface and they are retrieved along with aerosol parameters. Precision is calculated by propagating measurement errors and a priori errors, including model parameter errors, using the forward model's derivatives. Measurement errors consist of noise and calibration errors. The model parameter errors considered are related to the single scattering albedo, surface pressure and temperature profile. We assume that measurement noise is dominated by shot noise; thus, results apply to grating spectrometers in particular. We describe precision for various atmospheric states, observation geometries and spectral resolutions of the instrument in a number of retrieval simulations. These precision levels can be compared with user requirements. A comparison of precision estimates with the literature and an analysis of the dependence on the a priori error in the fluorescence emission indicate that aerosol parameters can be retrieved in the presence of chlorophyll fluorescence: if fluorescence is present, fluorescence emissions should be included in the state vector to avoid biases in retrieved aerosol parameters.
Variability of the transport of anthropogenic CO2 at the Greenland–Portugal OVIDE section: controlling mechanisms
Authors: Zunino P. , Garcia-Ibañez M. I. , Lherminier P. , Mercier H. , Rios A. F. , Pérez F. F.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The interannual to decadal variability of the transport of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (Cant) across the Subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) is investigated, using data of the OVIDE high resolution transoceanic section, from Greenland to Portugal, occupied six times from 1997 to 2010. The transport of Cant across this section, TCant hereafter, is northward, with a mean value of 254 ± 29 kmol s–1 over the 1997–2010 period. The TCant presents a high interannual variability, masking any trend different from 0 for this period. In order to understand the mechanisms controlling the variability of the TCant across the SPNA, we propose a new method that quantifies the transport of Cant caused by the diapycnal and isopycnal circulation. The diapycnal component yields a large northward transport of Cant (400 ± 29 kmol s–1) which is partially compensated by a southward transport of Cant caused by the isopycnal component (–171 ± 11 kmol s–1), mainly localized in the Irminger Sea. Most importantly, the diapycnal component is found to be the main driver of the variability of the TCant across the SPNA. Both the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) and the Cant increase in the water column have an important effect on the variability of the diapycnal component and of the TCant itself. Based on this analysis, we propose a simplified estimator for the variability of the TCant based on the intensity of the MOC and on the difference of Cant between the upper and lower limb of the MOC (ΔCant). This estimator shows a good consistency with the diapycnal component of the TCant, and help to disentangle the effect of the variability of both the circulation and the Cant increase on the TCant variability. We find that ΔCant keeps increasing over the past decade, and it is very likely that the continuous Cant increase in the water masses will cause an increase in the TCant across the SPNA at long time scale. Nevertheless, at the time scale analyzed here (1997–2010), the MOC is controlling the TCant variability, blurring the expected TCant increase. Extrapolating the observed ΔCant increase rate and considering the predicted slow-down of 25% of the MOC, the TCant across the SPNA is expected to increase by 430 kmol s–1 during the 21st century. Consequently, an increase in the storage rate of Cant in the SPNA could be envisaged.
Sequential and joint hydrogeophysical inversion using a field-scale groundwater model with ERT and TDEM data
Authors: Herckenrath D. , Fiandaca G. , Auken E. , Bauer-Gottwein P.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Increasingly, ground-based and airborne geophysical data sets are used to inform groundwater models. Recent research focuses on establishing coupling relationships between geophysical and groundwater parameters. To fully exploit such information, this paper presents and compares different hydrogeophysical inversion approaches to inform a field-scale groundwater model with time domain electromagnetic (TDEM) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data. In a sequential hydrogeophysical inversion (SHI) a groundwater model is calibrated with geophysical data by coupling groundwater model parameters with the inverted geophysical models. We subsequently compare the SHI with a joint hydrogeophysical inversion (JHI). In the JHI, a geophysical model is simultaneously inverted with a groundwater model by coupling the groundwater and geophysical parameters to explicitly account for an established petrophysical relationship and its accuracy. Simulations for a synthetic groundwater model and TDEM data showed improved estimates for groundwater model parameters that were coupled to relatively well-resolved geophysical parameters when employing a high-quality petrophysical relationship. Compared to a SHI these improvements were insignificant and geophysical parameter estimates became slightly worse. When employing a low-quality petrophysical relationship, groundwater model parameters improved less for both the SHI and JHI, where the SHI performed relatively better. When comparing a SHI and JHI for a real-world groundwater model and ERT data, differences in parameter estimates were small. For both cases investigated in this paper, the SHI seems favorable, taking into account parameter error, data fit and the complexity of implementing a JHI in combination with its larger computational burden.
American Telemedicine Association: Federal Telemedicine Policy Summit
Authors: Forstag Benjamin
Published: October 2013

ATA Federal Telemedicine Policy Summit, Washington DC - Hyatt Regency on Capitol Hill June 27, 2013 at 1:00 pm and June 28, 2013 at 12:00 pm The ATA Federal Telemedicine Policy Summit is an opportunity to hear and interact with leaders from Congress, key federal agencies and influential policy thinkers about the latest developments affecting telemedicine. The Summit will include participation of key stakeholders including healthcare providers, business interests, medical societies, consumer groups and more. Join the conversation and hear the latest, inside information about the swift changes underway in healthcare delivery, public policy and the opportunities these provide for those involved in telemedicine. The Summit has an exciting line-up of speakers, representing the nation’s top policy leaders in healthcare. For information: http://www.americantelemed.org/ata-federal-telemedicine-policy-summit/summit-overview
Teaching Self-Management Skills in Persons with Chronic Lower Limb Swelling and Limited Mobility: Evidence for Usability of Telerehabilitation
Authors: Faett Becky L. , Brienza David M. , Geyer Mary Jo , Hoffman Leslie A
Published: October 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usability of telerehabilitation as a method of teaching self-management for chronic swelling of the lower limbs in persons with limited mobility. An in-home telerehabilitation self-management education protocol for chronic swelling of the lower limbs, termed Telerehabilitation to Empower You to Manage and Prevent Swelling (TR-PUMPS), was implemented using the Versatile and Integrated System for Telerehabilitation (VISYTER) software platform. Participants (n=11) were 36-79 years old, predominately female (72.7%) and diagnosed with a variety of health conditions. Participants’ perceived usability scores of the remote delivery of TR-PUMPS was high with a median score of 6.67 (range 4.90 - 7.00) on a Likert scale: 1= disagree to 7= agree. There was no correlation between participants’ familiarity with information technology and their perception of telerehabilitation usability. These results support telerehabilitation as a viable method for teaching a home-based, self-management
Telepractice in the Assessment and Treatment of Individuals with Aphasia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hall Nerissa , Boisvert Michelle , Steele Richard
Published: October 2013

Telepractice involves the application of technology to deliver services over a geographical distance. Studies in which telepractice procedures were used in the assessment or treatment of individuals with aphasia were reviewed. Systematic searches identified 10 studies meeting inclusion criteria. These studies were evaluated in terms of the: (a) characteristics of the participants, (b) technology utilized (c), services delivered via telepractice (d), research methodology, and (e) results and conclusions of the study. Telepractice was used by speech-language pathologists and the allied health professionals to assist with the delivery of services to participants with aphasia by their caretakers or clinicians. The services delivered included appraisal, diagnostic assessments, interventions, and consultation. This review suggests that telepractice is a viable method of service delivery for individuals with aphasia and warrants additional research. Guidelines for practitioners and potential directions for future research are discussed.
A Portfolio Approach to Allocating Airline Seats
Authors: Leon Steve M. , Szmerekovsky Joseph G. , Tolliver Denver D.
Published: October 2013

What else can airline managers do to reduce the likelihood of financial losses? The US global airline industry is characterized by highly cyclical and inconsistent operating profits, razor-thin profit margins, and unimpressive passenger yields. The objective of this research is to explore a new approach to airline seat allocation in global markets by employing a risk mitigation model, using portfolio theory to diversity an airline's route network. A portfolio of available seat miles distributed to global regions is determined using the Mean-Variance approach, followed by a second portfolio approach, the Mean-Value-at-Risk (VaR) approach. Last, a comparison is made between the two approaches in terms of actual airline operating profits. Given the financial improvements shown by the employed techniques, there is promise in pursing these methods for airline seat allocation.
Exponentially Stretching Sheet in a Powell–Eyring Fluid: Numerical and Series Solutions
Authors: Mushtaq Ammar , Mustafa Meraj , Hayat Tasawar , Rahi Mahmood , Alsaedi Ahmed
Published: October 2013

This work theoretically examines the flow and heat transfer characteristics due to an exponentially stretching sheet in a Powell-Eyring fluid. Governing partial differential equations are nondimensionalized and transformed into non-similar forms. Explicit analytic expressions of velocity and temperature functions are developed by homotopy analysis method (HAM). The Numerical solutions are obtained by using shooting method with fourth-order Runge-Kutta integration technique. The fields are influence appreciably with the variation of embedding parameters. We noticed that the velocity ratio has a dual behaviour on the momentum boundary layer. On the other hand the thermal boundary layer thins when the velocity ratio is increased. The results indicate a significant increase in the velocity and a decrease in thermal boundary layer thickness with an intensification in the viscoelastic effects.
Why is There Still Doubt to Cut it Out?
Authors: Engel J
Published: October 2013

Surgical treatment for epilepsy has made tremendous strides in the past few decades as a result of advances in neurodiagnostics—particularly structural and functional neuroimaging—and improved surgical techniques. This has not only resulted in better outcomes with respect to epileptic seizures and quality of life, and reduced surgical morbidity and mortality, but it has also increased the population of patients now considered as surgical candidates, particularly in the pediatric age range, and enhanced cost-effectiveness sufficient to make surgical treatment available to countries with limited resources. Yet surgical treatment for epilepsy remains arguably the most underutilized of all accepted medical interventions. In the United States, less than 1% of patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy are referred to epilepsy centers.

Although the number of epilepsy surgery centers has increased appreciably over the past two decades, the number of therapeutic surgical procedures performed for epilepsy has not increased at all. For patients who are referred, the average delay from onset of epilepsy to surgery is more than 20 years—too late for many to avoid a lifetime of disability or premature death. Not only has there been no consistent message to convince neurologists and primary care physicians to refer patients for surgery, but the increase in epilepsy surgery centers in the United States has appeared to result in a divergence of approaches to surgical treatment. Efforts are still needed to further improve the safety and efficacy of surgical treatment, including the identification of biomarkers that can reliably determine the extent of the epileptogenic region; however, the greatest benefits would derive from increasing access for potential surgical candidates to epilepsy surgery facilities. Information is needed to determine why appropriate surgical referrals are not being made. Consensus conferences are necessary to resolve controversies that still exist regarding presurgical evaluation and surgical approaches. Standards should be established for certifying epilepsy centers as recommended by the Institute of Medicine's report on epilepsy. Finally, the epilepsy community should not be promoting epilepsy surgery per se but instead emphasize that epilepsy centers do more than epilepsy surgery, promoting the message: All patients with disabling pharmacoresistant seizures deserve evaluation by specialists at epilepsy centers who can provide a variety of advanced diagnostic and therapeutic services.
Ideology as Rationalization and as Self-Righteousness: Psychology and Law as Paths to Critical Business Ethics
Authors: Eastman Wayne
Published: October 2013

Research on political ideology in law and psychology can be fruitfully applied to the question of whether business ethics is ideological, and, if so, what response is warranted. I suggest that legal and psychological research streams can be drawn upon to create a new genre of critical business ethics that differs from normative and empirical business ethics. In psychology, Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) suggests how the mainstream ideology within an academic field can be criticized as a reflection of a self-righteous, us-them mind-set. In law, Critical Legal Studies (CLS) suggests how a field’s mainstream ideology can be criticized as a rationalization of the status quo. I suggest that the MFT and CLS criticisms of ideology can be joined to develop a critical approach to business ethics that seriously examines science on normatively charged topics, such as liberal-conservative differences and implicit attitudes, and that frames it in terms of alternative narratives.
The Ethical Crisis in Microfinance: Issues, Findings, and Implications
Authors: Hudon Marek , Sandberg Joakim
Published: October 2013

Microfinance is often assumed to be an ethically progressive industry, but in recent years it has been the target of much ethical criticism. Microfinance institutions have been accused of using exploitative lending techniques and charging usurious interest rates; and critics even question the ability of microfinance to alleviate poverty. This article reviews recent research on the microfinance sector that addresses these ethical issues. We show how this research is relevant to a number of theoretical issues, such as how to define poverty, how to understand exploitation, and how to balance financial and social goals in commercial organizations. We conclude by identifying a critical agenda for future research.
Public education policies: equity and educational success
Authors: Lemos Valter
Published: October 2013

The article analyzes the evolution of the concept of equity and its implications onthe education public policies agenda. It analyzes also the relationship of equity ineducation with school results namely two indicators of school access and achievement.In this context we study the evolution of those in the Portuguese schoolsystem, over the past 50 years, and concluded by the progression of equity conditions,expressed in the continued improvement of the two indicators, albeit moreconsistent in school access than in school achievement.
Pseudo 3‐D P wave refraction seismic monitoring of permafrost in steep unstable bedrock
Authors: Krautblatter Michael , Draebing Daniel
Published: October 2013

Degrading permafrost in steep rock walls can cause hazardous rock creep and rock slope failure. Spatial and temporal patterns of permafrost degradation that operate at the scale of instability are complex and poorly understood. For the first time, we used P wave seismic refraction tomography (SRT) to monitor the degradation of permafrost in steep rock walls. A 2.5‐D survey with five 80 m long parallel transects was installed across an unstable steep NE‐SW facing crestline in the Matter Valley, Switzerland. P wave velocity was calibrated in the laboratory for water‐saturated low‐porosity paragneiss samples between 20°C and −5°C and increases significantly along and perpendicular to the cleavage by 0.55–0.66 km/s (10–13%) and 2.4–2.7 km/s (>100%), respectively, when freezing. Seismic refraction is, thus, technically feasible to detect permafrost in low‐porosity rocks that constitute steep rock walls. Ray densities up to 100 and more delimit the boundary between unfrozen and frozen bedrock and facilitate accurate active layer positioning. SRT shows monthly (August and September 2006) and annual active layer dynamics (August 2006 and 2007) and reveals a contiguous permafrost body below the NE face with annual changes of active layer depth from 2 to 10 m. Large ice‐filled fractures, lateral onfreezing of glacierets, and a persistent snow cornice cause previously unreported permafrost patterns close to the surface and along the crestline which correspond to active seasonal rock displacements up to several mm/a. SRT provides a geometrically highly resolved subsurface monitoring of active layer dynamics in steep permafrost rocks at the scale of instability.
Models for electrostatic drift waves with density variations along magnetic field lines
Authors: Garcia O. E. , Pécseli H. L.
Published: October 2013

Drift waves with vertical magnetic fields in gravitational ionospheres are considered where the unperturbed plasma density is enhanced in a magnetic flux tube. The gravitational field gives rise to an overall decrease of plasma density for increasing altitude. Simple models predict that drift waves with finite vertical wave vector components can increase in amplitude merely due to a conservation of energy density flux of the waves. Field‐aligned currents are some of the mechanisms that can give rise to fluctuations that are truly unstable. We suggest a self‐consistent generator or “battery” mechanism that in the polar ionospheres can give rise to magnetic field‐aligned currents even in the absence of electron precipitation. The free energy here is supplied by steady state electric fields imposed in the direction perpendicular to the magnetic field in the collisional lower parts of the ionosphere or by neutral winds that have similar effects.
Electrification of saltating particles in wind‐blown sand: Experiment and theory
Authors: Zhang Huan , Zheng Xiao‐Jing , Bo Tianli
Published: October 2013

The electrification of sand particles is a common phenomenon in wind‐blown sand movement. The charge‐to‐mass ratio of particles is an important parameter to characterize the property of charged particles. However, understanding of the charge‐to‐mass ratio remains open, and significant discrepancies exist between previous contact electrification models and measurements. This work focuses on the charge‐to‐mass ratio of saltating particles in wind‐blown sand. Experiments were carried out in a wind tunnel using sand particles with the mean diameter . The motions of the saltating particles in the air flow were analyzed by particle image velocimetry, and the charge‐to‐mass ratios were determined by measuring both the charge and mass of saltating sand particles collected in a Faraday cup. The measured results show that the charge‐to‐mass ratio increases exponentially with the height above the surface and the vertical profiles of the charge‐to‐mass ratios can be reproduced well by considering the multiple collisions process between saltating particles and sand bed. In addition, the results suggest that the charge‐to‐mass ratio is determined by the number of collisions, impacting velocity, and sand grain diameter combined.
Abnormality/Psychopathology
Authors: Tan Josephine C. H.
Published: October 2013

The concept of psychopathology varies across cultures. The prevailing perspective in the Western world involves deviations, alterations, or abnormalities in the cognitive, behavioral, and affective domains that are often accompanied by distress or functional impairment. However, behaviors that are considered pathological in one culture might be deemed acceptable in another culture. For instance, in Southeast Asia, some Hindus participate in the religious festival of Thaipusam, during which they fall into a trance and tolerate multiple bodily piercings. And within some North American Aboriginal societies, what is considered deviant behavior in a mainstream Western mindset might be interpreted as a special gift.
Acting White Accusation
Authors: Neal‐Barnett Angela , Chong Alexandra , Murray Marsheena S.
Published: October 2013

Acting white is one of the most controversial issues in African American adolescence research. A phenomenon embedded in the racial/ethnic identity literature, acting white has nothing to do with wanting to be white and everything to do with what it means to be black. The accusation of acting white arises when one adolescent's racial identity is perceived as being not “black” enough by another adolescent.
Actor‐Observer Bias
Authors: Koenig Anne M.
Published: October 2013

The actor‐observer bias occurs when people make different attributions, or causal conclusions, about the same behavior when it is done by oneself versus another person.
Adamopoulos, John
Authors: Lonner Walter J.
Published: October 2013

John Adamopoulos is professor of psychology at Grand Valley State University in Allendale, Michigan (United States). He has also taught at the University of Illinois and Indiana University at South Bend. He was born and grew up in Thessaloniki, Greece, a city that has been at the crossroads of many cultures and civilizations in its long history. He finished his high school education in the United States and received his undergraduate degree in psychology from Yale University, where he worked as an assistant to Leonard Doob, an early contributor to cross‐cultural psychology. Adamopoulos received his Ph.D. in social psychology from the University of Illinois, where he studied with Harry C. Triandis, his dissertation advisor.
Aging
Authors: Trisko Jenna , Kagan Colleen , Ferraro F. Richard
Published: October 2013

Aging is a universal process, in that all human beings age; however, the definition of aging is not universal. Views of the aging process vary across geographic space and cultural traditions. Differences between Western and Eastern cultural practices are some of the most well documented views of aging. Less obvious are the differences in social status and how wise aged populations are considered in various cultures.
Allocentrism
Authors: Caldwell‐Harris Catherine L.
Published: October 2013

Allocentrism refers to a set of personality traits that indicate a collectivist orientation. Allocentrics define themselves as interdependent with others. In social relations, they stay close to members of their ingroup, are sensitive to social norms, and may choose to subordinate their own personal goals to those of their family or ingroup. They tend to share resources with others, often with the explicit expectation of receiving reciprocity or assistance in the future. Allocentrics frequently feel honored or shamed when other ingroup members are honored or shamed.
Alloparental Care
Authors: Brown Jill R. , de Guzman Maria Rosario T. , Rubango Kani
Published: October 2013

Much of modern thinking about child development has been heavily influenced by John Bowlby, who was the mind behind current attachment theory. Studying children and nonhuman primates such as gorillas and rhesus monkeys (which happen to be cared for almost exclusively by their mothers) he concluded that from an evolutionary perspective, the mother–child dyad was probably the “safest” place for the infant within the family of mother, father, and baby. Much of the cross‐cultural support for this idea, later conceptualized into the Continuous Contact and Care (CCC) Model, came from, who studied the !Kung and observed that among these hunters and gatherers infants were in constant contact with their mothers 70–80% of the time and nursed four or five times per hour for short periods of time. This model flourished in large part because of the belief that this form of caretaking evolved when our ancestors were hunters and gatherers. The CCC is also known as the bonding model and has influenced the field of pediatrics and developmental psychology, positing that in the immediate post‐partum period a critical period exists during which physical contact between the mother and the child is crucial for optimal development.
Amae
Authors: Pena‐Shaff Judith B.
Published: October 2013

The Japanese term
amae
is the noun form that derives from the verb
amaeru
, which means “to depend and presume upon another's benevolence”. This noun also shares the same root with the adjective
amai
, which means sweet or sugary but it also means “not strict or generous”. This indigenous Japanese term has attracted the interest of psychologists because it appears to relate closely to a particular type of bond between child and caregiver as described by attachment theory and also because this concept is thought to play a key role in understanding Japanese psyche and personality.
Analytic Cognition
Authors: Fitz Nicholas , Giordano James
Published: October 2013

As first defined in the early nineteenth century by Georg Hegel in theScience of Logic, “analytic cognition” was a phenomenological construct of German idealist philosophy. Hegel claimed that cognition “always proceeds from the known to the unknown”, and asserted that the fragmented, atomistic nature of analytic cognition does not involve holistic heteronomic (non‐autonomous) interconnections between terms and concepts. In this way, Hegel stated that analytic cognition “starts from a presupposed, and therefore individual, concrete subject matter; this may be an object already complete in itself for ordinary thought, or it may be a problem … analytic cognition, the transformation of the given material into logical determinations, has shown itself to be two things in one: a positing that no less immediately determines itself as a presupposing. But the two moments are not to be separated”.
Anger
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji
Published: October 2013

Anger is a complex emotion that is easily misunderstood and often confused with other emotions or responses. Anger is a strong feeling of annoyance or fury caused by a real or perceived grievance. It can be suddenly aroused (temper outburst) or gradually built up (progressive aggression). Anger has many facets and could be described as a phenomenon rather than one isolated feeling. It can also be perceived as an attitude, a habit, a state of mind, a multi‐layer dynamic, or a wave of psychosocial reactions. There are some aspects of anger that are common and universal in nature, across time and place. Other aspects are particular to a setting or specific to a culture. Anger can be conceptualized on a spectrum of intensity, ranging from mild to severe. Thus, anger can be simple irritation, frustration, or resentment; antagonism, hate, or low‐level aggression; or hostility, rage, wrath, high‐level aggression, or destructive violence.
Anti‐Fat Attitudes
Authors: Miller Richard L. , Sepers Charles E.
Published: October 2013

Human beings are among the fattest of all mammals and unlike other mammals that primarily use fat as insulation, humans tend to use fat as an energy reserve. Unfortunately, in today's rapidly modernizing world, neither use of fat has the survival value that it once had. In understanding anti‐fat attitudes, it is worth noting three social epidemiological facts about obesity. First, females are more at risk of becoming obese and therefore more likely to be the target of anti‐fat attitudes. Second, obesity is rare in primitive populations but increases rapidly with modernization and as a result anti‐fat attitudes are more likely in industrialized societies. Finally, obesity is related to social class – in some cultures the relationship is positive but in affluent societies, the relationship is negative. Thus, anti‐fat attitudes are related to the value a culture places on body weight.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Fisher Paige H. , Nolan Susan A.
Published: October 2013

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), anxiety disorders are the most common mental health problem worldwide, with global lifetime prevalence rates of approximately 16%. However, of locations included in the WHO survey, rates ranged from approximately 2% (Shanghai, China) to 18% (United States). In addition to the considerable heterogeneity of prevalence, numerous studies have examined cultural variation in anxiety symptomatology. These studies typically compare outcomes between countries or between different ethnic groups within one country, such as the United States.
Arab Americans
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji
Published: October 2013

The termArab Americansrefers to people from Arabic speaking countries, immigrants from the Middle East, or those of Arabic descent who are born and raised in North America. Historically, an Arab is a member of a Semitic group inhabiting Arabia, whose formal language and religious culture spread out to the Middle East, North Africa, and Spain in the seventh and eighth centuriesad. Thus, the termArabianmostly refers to the people of the Gulf Peninsula. Presently, the term Arab American is prevalent in the literature, but some authors prefer the use of a broader term or phrase to describe this sociocultural and geographical association (“people with an Arabic Middle Eastern background”). Nevertheless, an Arab American is a person related or tied to the Arabic language and culture in one way or another. This connection can be as close as that of a fresh and newly arrived immigrant or as distant as a third generation American‐born child in a multicultural family.
Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Zabrucky Karen M. , Bays Rebecca B.
Published: October 2013

Autobiographical memory is memory for experiences and events relevant to oneself. Of all the cognitive processes studied by psychologists, those that have garnered the most attention in the laboratory as well as the real world are the processes that allow us to store, encode, and retrieve information we are exposed to in our environment. Psychologists have proposed several models of memory in the last several decades to help us gain a better understanding of the cognitive processes that lead to eventual memory representations. Atkinson and Shiffrin developed one of the more influential models in 1968.
Basic Color Terms
Authors: Lillo Julio A. , Moreira Humberto
Published: October 2013

A basic color term (BCT) is a word consistently used by common speakers of a language for naming colors. Such a word identifies a chromatic category (
Color Categorization
in this
Encyclopedia
). For example, the word “yellow” identifies one of the 11 English BCTs because it allows the consistent naming of some colors. Such consistency must appear between observers (different people use the same word for naming the same stimuli) and for each observer (the same person uses the same word for naming the same stimuli at different times).
Belief Perseverance Effect
Authors: Beins Bernard C.
Published: October 2013

The belief perseverance effect refers to the tendency to retain a belief in the face of evidence that is inconsistent with or contradictory to that belief. The phenomenon is relevant to diverse areas of psychology, including social psychology and cognitive psychology.
Benedict, Ruth
Authors: Rutherford Alexandra
Published: October 2013

Ruth Benedict was a pioneer of cultural anthropology and one of the most prominent members of the Culture and Personality school that operated in anthropology during the first half of the twentieth century. In her classic work
Patterns of Culture
, she articulated the connection between anthropology and psychology by promoting the idea that culture could be thought of as a set of personality traits “writ large”: “A culture, like an individual, is a more or less consistent pattern of thought and action”. She stressed the mutual reinforcement of individuals and their cultures. Furthermore, she was a strong proponent of cultural relativism, the idea that each culture should be understood on its own terms and should not be judged on the basis of norms developed in other cultures. In
Patterns of Culture
, she demonstrated her approach by constructing case studies of three different tribes – the Zuñi of New Mexico, the Dobu of New Guinea, and the Kwakiutl of Vancouver Island – proposing that each was characterized by a particular “personality” or cultural pattern. Further, she argued that these patterns were environmentally, not biologically transmitted.
Best, Deborah L
Authors: Abi‐Hashem Naji , D'Angelo Kimberly J.
Published: October 2013

Recognized internationally for her work in gender stereotyping and the effects of cultural and contextual variants on gender development, Deborah Best received the B.A. in psychology (1970) and a master's degree in experimental psychology (1972), both from Wake Forest University, and the Ph.D. in developmental psychology from the University of North Carolina.
Biculturalism
Authors: Nguyen Angela‐Minh TuD.
Published: October 2013

Biculturalism is the internalization of two cultures, and according to the dynamic constructivist approach, these cultures are a loose network of two cultural meaning systems. Within the framework of acculturation (i.e., process of cultural change and adaptation), biculturalism is an orientation to both the dominant and non‐dominant cultures (i.e., integration strategy). Biculturalism can be used to refer to individuals who learned one culture first and then another (e.g., immigrants, international students) or to those who learned two cultures at the same time (biculturation; e.g., ethnic minorities, biracial individuals). Moreover, biculturalism need not apply only to non‐dominant group members; dominant group members with prolonged exposure to another culture (e.g., via a significant other) may internalize that second culture and become bicultural.
Boesch, Ernest Eduard
Authors: Lonner Walter J.
Published: October 2013

Ernst (Ernest) E. Boesch, an early and authoritative figure in cultural psychology, was born on December 26, 1916 in St. Gallen, Switzerland. As a young boy, he was raised primarily by his father when the Swiss economy presented many challenges for a self‐employed embroidery designer. The economic collapse of St. Gallen during Boesch's childhood strongly influenced the formation of his worldview, as did the divorce of his parents. He studied English, French, and Spanish in gymnasium. He was a voracious and inquisitive reader and talented musician.
Bronfenbrenner, Urie
Authors: Chao Ruth Chu‐Lien , Manita Jessica , Northart Dayna
Published: October 2013

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917–2005) was the developer of ecological systems theory. He is regarded as one of the key students of the relation between research and policy on child development. He was co‐founder of the Head Start Program, a nationwide American program that promotes school readiness for economically disadvantaged pre‐school‐aged children. The mission of the program is to enhance children's social and cognitive development through provision of services related to education, health, nutrition, and social welfare. Born in Moscow, Russia, and moving with his family to the United States at the age of six, Bronfenbrenner earned his doctorate at the University of Michigan in 1942. He worked in the Veterans' Administration following World War II, and then began teaching at the University of Michigan. In 1948, he accepted a professorship at Cornell University, his own undergraduate school, where he remained for the duration of his teaching career. In recognition of his extraordinary contributions to the field of developmental psychology and the Head Start program, Bronfenbrenner was named the Jacob Gould Schurman Professor of Human Development and Psychology.
Bruner, Jerome S
Authors: Rich Grant J.
Published: October 2013

Jerome Bruner was born October 1, 1915 in New York City into a nominally Jewish family and his parents hailed from Poland. After his businessman father died when Jerome was 12, he moved each year with his mother and siblings, sisters Min and Alice, and half‐brother Adolf. He received his B.A. from Duke University in 1937 and his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1941, where his professors included Gordon Allport, Edwin Boring, Henry Murray, and Smitty Stevens. He served in the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps from 1941 to 1944, during which time he was involved with the wartime propaganda effort. His activities during the war included work in the United States on public opinion and work in France on “cultural relations” including psychological warfare and political intelligence. In France, the 26‐year‐old's duties included meetings with such literati as Paul Eluard, André Malraux, Jean‐Paul Sartre, and Gertrude Stein. In the United States, he became a close friend of Robert Oppenheimer, who some years later invited Bruner to spend a sabbatical at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton.