bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attachment styles, earlier interpersonal relationships and schizotypy in a non‐clinical sample
Authors: Berry Katherine , Band Rebecca , Corcoran Rhiannon , Barrowclough Christine , Wearden Alison
Published: April 2007

Objectives. This paper investigates associations between adult attachment style, relationships with significant others during childhood, traumatic life‐events and schizotypy.

Design. Relationships between attachment and hypothesized correlates were investigated in a cross‐sectional design using an analogue sample. The reliability of the attachment and trauma measures was investigated using a test‐retest design.

Methods. Three hundred and four students completed the self‐report version of the Psychosis Attachment Measure (PAM), maternal and paternal versions of the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Attachment History Questionnaire, a measure of trauma and the Oxford‐Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences scale through an internet website.

Results. As predicted, there were statistically significant associations between insecure attachment in adult relationships and experiences of negative interpersonal events. Both earlier interpersonal experiences and adult attachment style predicted schizotypy, and adult attachment style emerged as an independent predictor of positive schizotypal characteristics.

Conclusions. The findings support associations between adult attachment style and previous interpersonal experiences and between adult attachment and schizotypy. The PAM is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used to explore attachment styles in analogue samples and associations between attachment styles and psychotic symptoms in clinical samples.
Racial Interstitiality and the Anxieties of the "Partly Colored": Representations of Asians under Jim Crow
Authors: Bow Leslie
Published: April 2007

This article analyzes the implications of the James Loewen's thesis that Chinese Americans in Mississippi elevated their caste status under Jim Crow from "colored" to "near white." Analyzing academic, popular cultural, and visual depictions of the Chinese and other Asian Americans in the segregated South, the article uncovers the jarring moments that attend the claim of status rise—here, of Asian "near-whiteness." More specifically, it argues that there is always an excess to the Asian community's "successful" disassociation from African Americans and its own "partly colored" past. The work develops a concept of racial interstitiality as a model for comparative Ethnic Studies and for reconsidering the black-white binary that frames American race relations.
Socio-spatial Segregation in Metropolitan Lima, Peru
Authors: Peters Paul A , Skop Emily H
Published: April 2007

The development of Latin American cities is characterized by formal and informal urban development patterns, weak land-use planning, inequitable economic opportunities, and unequal social divisions. These and other factors have created divergent, and highly fragmented patterns of spatial segregation at all geographic levels. However, little empirical evidence has captured the extent and magnitude of spatial segregation of the poor within specific mega-cities. The combination of advanced spatial segregation indicators with statistical measures allows for the detection and measurement of segregation between multiple groups at multiple scales across the urban region. The paper explores the extent of spatial segregation of different socio-economic groups in Lima, Peru, using 1993 census and more recently released data, presenting a methodology for integrating older and newer data sources. The results indicate that segregation across the Metropolitan Region is localized, with "pockets" of difference across otherwise seemingly homogeneous areas.   El desarrollo de las ciudades latinoamericanas es caracterizado por patrones de desarrollo urbano formales e informales, planificación débil de uso del suelo, oportunidades económicas injustas y divisiones sociales desiguales. Estos y otros factores, han creado patrones de segregación espacial divergentes y muy fragmentados a todos niveles geográficos. Sin embargo, poca evidencia empírica ha captado el grado y magnitud de la segregación espacial de los pobres dentro de mega-ciudades específicas. La combinación de indicadores avanzados de segregación espacial con medidas estadísticas, permite la detección y medición de la segregación entre múltiples grupos y escalas dentro de la región urbana. Este estudio explora el grado de segregación espacial de distintos grupos socioeconómicos en Lima, Perú, utilizando datos del censo de 1993 y otros datos recientes, presentando una metodología que integra fuentes de datos nuevos y viejos. Los resultados indican que la segregación en la región metropolitana está localizada en "bolsillos" de diferencias a lo largo y ancho de áreas aparentemente homogéneas.
Intellectual Relations between Historical Geography and Latin Americanist Geography
Authors: Sluyter Andrew , Mathewson Kent
Published: April 2007

Content analysis of Geography in America (Gaile and Willmott 2003), which collects forty-seven chapters written by representatives of each of the specialty groups of the Association of American Geographers (AAG), reveals much about the recent intellectual structure of the discipline (Sluyter et al. 2006). One striking feature of that structure is the lack of intellectual connectivity, measured in practitioners named and publications cited, between the chapters of the Latin Americanist Specialty Group (LASG) and the Historical Geography Specialty Group (HGSG). Detailed comparison of the HGSG chapter and the Historical and Cultural Perspectives section of the LASG chapter addresses the character of that lack of connectivity, its causes, and some possibilities for its improvement.  El análisis del contenido de la Geografía en América (Gaile y Willmott 2003), que recoge cuarenta y siete capítulos escritos por los representantes de cada uno de los grupos de la especialidad de la Asociación de Geografos Americanos (AAG), revela mucho sobre la estructura intelectual reciente de la disciplina (Sluyter et el al. 2006). Una característica llamativa de esa estructura es la carencia de la conectividad intelectual, mediada por los profesionales nombrados y las publicaciones citadas, entre los capítulos del grupo de la especialidad latinoamericanista (LASG) y del grupo de la especialidad de la geografía histórica (HGSG). La comparación detallada del capítulo de HGSG y de la sección histórica y cultural de las perspectivas del capítulo de LASG trata el carácter de esa carencia de la conectividad, de sus causas, y de algunas posibilidades de su mejora.
"Stuff Happens": A Brief Overview of the 2003 Destruction of Iraqi Manuscript Collections, Archives, and Libraries
Authors: Al-Tikriti Nabil
Published: April 2007

On March 20, 2003, military forces of the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia invaded Iraq. In the course of this invasion and subsequent occupation, Iraq's cultural infrastructure suffered a great deal of destruction. While international attention has focused primarily on the immense destruction done to the country's pre-Islamic archaeological assets, domestic Iraqi attention has focused equally on the losses suffered by the country's manuscript collections, archives, and document collections. This article provides a general overview of the latter category, including a brief discussion of the events involved, damages sustained, and current status of the collections in question. While in certain key cases the damage sustained by collections was not as severe as initially reported, there were significant losses and a great deal of work lies ahead to reconstitute the facilities involved.
"Arsenals of scientific and technical information": Public Technical Libraries in Britain during and Immediately after World War I
Authors: Black Alistair
Published: April 2007

Although from its inception in 1850 the public library in Britain displayed an economic dimension, attempting to respond in relatively general ways to technical, scientific, industrial, and commercial needs, it was not until the First World War that the institution's "materialist" role achieved anything like the standing of its traditional sociocultural function. The war generated a series of economic, social, political, and technological problems and proposed solutions. There was considerable anxiety concerning the anticipated escalation in postwar international competition arising from the loss of foreign markets. The war brought into sharp relief Britain's relatively poor scientific and technological infrastructure. Total conflict engendered extensive social and political disaffection and an accompanying fear of impending radical change. In addressing these problems and tensions, the government initiated a policy of reconstruction in the second half of the war. One element of this policy was a planned extension of public library services, including an upgrading of technical and commercial information provision through the establishment of new "dedicated" departments. In the closing years of the war and in its immediate aftermath, public technical and commercial libraries (generically termed "technical libraries" in this article) emerged in some of Britain's large cities. An analysis of plans and statements from librarians, the business world, and political elites in support of these new "workshop" libraries throws light on contemporary discourses concerning the future of the economy and sociopolitical ideas. However, outside the grand issues of economic policy and social and political stability, discussion surrounding the intended purpose and practices of technical and commercial libraries reflected debates and tensions in the library and information world concerning the nature, status, and identity of librarianship, its relevance to information work and documentation, and the future of the public library in the postwar world.
Loss of a Recorded Heritage: Destruction of Chinese Books in the Peking Siege of 1900
Authors: Cheng Huanwen , Davis Donald G
Published: April 2007

Late-nineteenth-century China suffered from a weak and declining central government, the incursions of Western interests, and a necessity to grapple with the demands of a modern national state. For sixty days in the summer of 1900 the legation quarters of Western governments in Peking came under siege by the Qing government and Boxer forces until finally relieved by an international military expedition. During the siege, the Hanlin Academy, a repository of Chinese bibliographical treasures representing centuries of cultural accumulation, suffered destruction through fire and pillage. From the immediate aftermath of the siege and throughout the century following, questions have been raised as to what actually happened and who was to blame for the atrocity. The observations of the British and other Western government officials differed from those of the Chinese participants. A variety of sources, some recently rediscovered, make fresh conclusions possible.
The Moral Imperative to Preserve
Authors: Cloonan Michèle Valerie
Published: April 2007

This article introduces the concept of monumental preservation, which the author defines as the preservation of all cultural phenomena, because from the smallest item to the greatest monument all things emanate from and reflect culture. The imperative to preserve monuments is the imperative to preserve our cultural heritage. Whether there is a moral responsibility to preserve cultural heritage may be considered from philosophical, political, and legal perspectives.
From Reading Guidance to Thought Control: Wartime Japanese Libraries
Authors: Domier Sharon
Published: April 2007

Japanese public libraries failed to make a significant impact with either the state or the people for close to a half century after their introduction in the 1860s. The state was under too much pressure to modernize and militarize to see any value in funding a recreational facility that served personal needs, and librarians did little to market themselves to the people to increase their support base. It was not until the state began to see a role for librarians to provide ideological thought guidance through reading material that libraries began to receive more attention and support. But the library community was hesitant to abandon traditional library services (based on free reading by individuals) in favor of social education (guided reading of mandatory texts), and as a result libraries were not effective vehicles in the state's moral suasion campaigns to ensure that all citizens were fully committed to the war effort.
New Realities: Libraries in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Knutson Ellen
Published: April 2007

The transition away from communism toward a more democratic society and the move to a market economy had profound effects on Russian libraries. Using the main public library in Bryansk, the Bryansk Region Scientific Library, as a case study, this article examines the changes in library service, including information access and the opening of previously closed collections, funding issues, the library's relationship with the government, changes in the professional mindset of librarians, and the information needs of library users in this period of transition.
"I Cannot Get Along without the Books I Find Here": The American Library in Paris during the War, Occupation, and Liberation, 1939-1945
Authors: Maack Mary Niles
Published: April 2007

The American Library in Paris remained open to readers throughout World War II, and its history during the darkest period of the occupation is a tribute to the leadership and courage of an American-born countess, Clara Longworth de Chambrun, and her small but dedicated staff. This article presents the drama as it unfolded—-through the phony war, the fall of Paris, and the bleak years following the American declaration of war on Germany. The concluding section offers a brief analysis of the American Library's unlikely survival and explores its complicated wartime history by using concepts borrowed from institutional sociology.
Libraries and Reading in Finnish Military Hospitals during the Second World War
Authors: Mäkinen Ilkka
Published: April 2007

The ground for library work in Finnish military hospitals during World War II was prepared before the war by three different traditions of library activity. First, professional librarians and state library authorities tried to initiate hospital library work in Finnish hospitals as an extension of municipal library services. Impulses from abroad, mainly from Great Britain through the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA), were important in this initiative. Second, nurses, especially in the Red Cross Hospital in Helsinki, started to give library services as a voluntary operation in late 1930s. The first full-time hospital librarian, a volunteer, was originally a nurse. Third, the Soldiers' Homes Associations run by women volunteers organized libraries for conscript soldiers during peace time. This article describes how these traditions worked together during the Second World War. Professional librarians' attitudes toward voluntary library work in military hospitals and the interaction between librarians and patients as readers are described. Library work in civilian hospitals grew out of wartime activities.
Publishing in Wartime: The Modern Library Series during the Second World War
Authors: Neavill Gordon Barrick
Published: April 2007

American book publishing during the Second World War had to cope with a huge increase in demand for books coupled with scarcity of resources, especially paper rationing imposed by the War Production Board. Based on research in the Random House archives and focusing on the Modern Library series, this article examines how publishers coped with wartime challenges and opportunities. Random House grew rapidly during the war. Sales reached the million dollar mark in 1941 and exceeded three million dollars by 1946. Many new titles were published in smaller printings than demand would have justified and were out of stock for extended periods before they could be reprinted. The psychological uncertainties and dislocations of wartime affected the kinds of books that were in demand. Sales of philosophy and poetry increased at a disproportionate rate. The Oracles of Nostradamus, published two months after Pearl Harbor, became one of the Modern Library's best-selling titles. Shortly after the war ended the Modern Library became embroiled in a censorship controversy involving the removal of poems by Ezra Pound from a Modern Library poetry anthology. The end of the war was accompanied by rapid inflation in all areas of the economy, and paper remained in short supply despite the end of rationing. It was not until September 1948 that all Modern Library titles were back in stock for the first time since the war.
Man's Right to Knowledge: Libraries and Columbia University's 1954 Cold War Bicentennial
Authors: Preer Jean L
Published: April 2007

Celebrating its 200th anniversary in 1954, Columbia University organized bicentennial symposia, publications, and ritual observances around the theme "Man's Right to Knowledge and the Free Use Thereof." While not part of the original bicentennial plan, libraries became emblematic of its message. As librarians strengthened their commitment to intellectual freedom, libraries throughout the United States and abroad hosted the Bicentennial Panel Exhibit documenting with quotations and illustrations the worldwide quest for knowledge. Using books, film, recordings, and discussion groups on the bicentennial theme, libraries at the height of the Cold War demonstrated their role in providing free access to information.
The Tianyige Library: A Symbol of the Continuity of Chinese Culture
Authors: Situ Ping
Published: April 2007

The Tianyige (TYG) Library is the most ancient private library still in existence in China. It is also the oldest private library in Asia and one of the three earliest private libraries in the world. It was built between 1561 and 1566 by the Defense Minister Fan Qin during the Ming Dynasty. TYG witnessed the glories and the turmoil of the Ming and Qing dynasties, war, revolution, and numerous social changes and its own triumphs and downfalls. After 400 years of preservation and management by thirteen generations of the Fan family, in 1949 it was donated to the government at the time of the establishment of the People's Republic of China. The collection is strongest in local histories and imperial examination records during the Ming period. It is a remarkable representation of the Chinese private book-collecting tradition as well as a symbol of the continuity of Chinese culture and civilization.
The Music Collection of the Former Prussian State Library at the Jagiellonian Library in Kraków, Poland: Past, Present, and Future Developments
Authors: Sroka Marek
Published: April 2007

Before World War II the Prussian State Library, with its three million volumes, was one of the most important German libraries. It was operational until mid-1943, but the ever-increasing number of air raids over Berlin led to a large-scale evacuation of its collections to the east in late 1943 and early 1944. Among the most prized collections removed for safekeeping were hundreds of autograph scores and music manuscripts by Mozart, Beethoven, and Bach. As the result of postwar border changes some of these collections ended up in the Jagiellonian University Library in Kraków, where they remain. Since the unification of Germany consecutive German governments have been trying to negotiate the return of the Prussian music collection from Kraków to Berlin. However, negotiations have been extremely difficult as the broader question of German compensations for losses inflicted on Polish libraries by the Nazis is being raised. This article discusses the Prussian music collection in the context of cultural heritage and war reparations.
Books Cannot Be Killed by Fire: The German Freedom Library and the American Library of Nazi-Banned Books as Agents of Cultural Memory
Authors: Merveldt Nikola von
Published: April 2007

This article looks at two libraries founded in 1934 as counter-symbols to the Nazi book burning: the German Freedom Library in Paris and the American Library of Nazi-Banned Books at the Brooklyn Jewish Center in New York. It describes these two libraries as agents of cultural memory, as privileged sites for redefining German, German-Jewish, and Jewish-American cultural identity in times of radical change. Created on different continents and in different social, cultural, and political contexts, they reflect the dynamics of cultural memory from 1933 through World War II and the Cold War era to the present day.
Il libro della Scrittura, il libro della Natura, il libro della Memoria: l'esegesi dantesca di C.S. Singleton fra tradizione giudaico-cristiana e trascendentalismo emersoniano
Authors: Candido Igor
Published: April 2007

This article analyzes the key function and meaning of Dante's imitation of God's creation through three Books of revelation (Scripture, Nature, History-Memory), as elaborated in Singleton's major critical works on Dante written between 1949 and 1958 (An Essay on the "Vita Nuova;" Dante Studies 1. "Commedia:" Elements of Structure; Dante Studies 2. Journey to Beatrice). It also aims to connect Singleton's investigation of Dante's use of allegory and symbolism to the Judaio-Christian tradition as primary source as well as to the American philosophical tradition from Ralph Waldo Emerson's transcendentalism to George Santayana's thought which served as a foundation for the American Dante Scholar.
Tasso's Petrarch: The Lyric Means to Epic Ends
Authors: Ramachandran Ayesha
Published: April 2007

This paper argues that Petrarchan lyric poetics were instrumental for Tasso's development of a successful vernacular epic. Following discussions of epic and lyric in his prose, I trace the relationship between Tasso's poetic theory and practice by examining Petrarchan allusions in the Gerusalemme liberata. I show how the Rime sparse becomes instrumental for Tasso's successful integration of romance variety and meraviglia into the cinquecento epic. More important, by programmatically associating the romance wandering (errare) of the Liberata with the lyric giovenile errore of the Rime sparse, Tasso uses this lyric frame to reconcile the seemingly antithetical impulses of romance wandering and epic teleology.
"Partire da sé e non farsi trovare." Il porto di Toledo: Storia di un'autobiografia fantastica.
Authors: Reed Cosetta Seno
Published: April 2007

In light of contemporary literary criticism autobiography seems to be an almost impossible exercise. If it is impossible to recount one's story as it has been lived since truth and authenticity must be partially abandoned to take into account the "fictional" elements of one's life, what sense is there in writing autobiography? Is it possible then to write a fictional autobiography that is also true to one's life experience? In this article, I explore Ortese's most complex literary endeavour: the creation of a "fantastic" autobiography: Il Porto di Toledo (1975) where the facts of her life are openly transformed into fiction in the attempt to represent a constantly evolving "utopian" female identity that is determined to escape a predetermined status of social inequality.
Double Authorship: Prophetic and Poetic Inspiration in Dante's Paradise
Authors: Regn Gerhard
Published: April 2007

As a completion of salvation history, Dante's Commedia conceives its author as a prophetic writer, who strives to communicate his divinely inspired vision of the afterworld and his knowledge of the last and ultimate things by performing an anti-Thomist revaluation of poesia. This strategy however does not lead to an absorption of the secular poetic mode by prophetically inspired speech. On the contrary, it cannot but create heavy tensions between the two poles, resulting unexpectedly in a promotion of poesia as a testimony of secular authorial exceptionality and worldly fame. This becomes especially obvious in the Paradiso, which constitutes the focus of the textual analysis of this article.
"Painting of a sorrow": Visual Culture and the Performance of Stasis in David Garrick's Hamlet
Authors: Borlik Todd Andrew
Published: April 2007

This article spotlights the acclaimed Shakespearean actor David Garrick's notorious habit of striking dramatic "attitudes" or sustained poses on stage. While some critics derided them as unnatural caesuras in Shakespeare's verse, these moments of silent stasis generated thunderous applause from audiences as well as numerous tributes from artists, who found these frozen moments an ideal subject for their brush. This essay reads Garrick's fondness for tableaux-vivants as a response to the explosion of visual culture in eighteenth-century England. Garrick developed this style at a time when Shakespearean-themed paintings came into vogue and prints of actors, including Garrick himself, had become popular collectibles. The article then explores the surprising parallels between Garrick's acting and Japanese Kabuki, in which performers also adopt dramatic postures (mie) at moments of tension or revelation. Visual artists in Japan, like their English counterparts, sought to capture these extravagant attitudes, and woodblock prints of actors (known as yakusha-e) were extremely popular. Insofar as these frozen moments and prints externalize the actor's or character's psyche as spectacle, images of Garrick's Hamlet clash with the notion of an interior realm beyond representation-a within that passeth show. Ironically, however, the performance of stasis in Garrick's Hamlet and the ubiquity of prints may have underwritten nineteenth-century theories of the Prince's "paralysis" and Romantic conceptions of subjectivity in which the inside overwhelms or arrests the outside.
"Lose the name of action": Stillness in Post-1989 Romanian Hamlets
Authors: Cinpoeş Nicoleta
Published: April 2007

This article examines how the first two Romanian productions of Hamlet after the 1989 revolution negotiated their relations with history - the play's seventeenth-century heritage, four centuries of international reception of Hamlet since, and the relatively recent Romanian past which had turned Hamlet into a Romanian-history play - through a particular focus on the productions' treatment of stillness and interruption. Through an exploration of how Gabor Tompa's 1997 production and Ion Sapdaru's staging in 1998 engaged explicitly with Hamlet's local history as a direct response to the play's absence from post-1989 Romanian theatres, the study seeks to demonstrate how each production took advantage of the interruptions readily available in Shakespeare's playtext, using them as a theatrical strategy to expose history as an accumulation of individual stories, showing theatre as remembering the past. The essay is also concerned with how, unlike productions which preceded 1989, Tompa's and Sapdaru's Hamlets used such interruptions and acts of remembrance both to mark their disengagement from Hamlet's history of dissent in Romania during communism and to (re)engage with Shakespeare's play, interrupting or activating the "stillness" of the text through performance. Prompted by the explicit "tokens" post-1989 Romanian Hamlets offered, the article also argues that through the use of stillness, these productions uncovered and recovered a history which had been forcefully rewritten, invoking history in order to observe and question it, before negotiating it and ultimately leaving it behind in order to tell their individual stories.
Maclise and Macready: Collaborating Illustrators of Hamlet
Authors: Clary Frank Nicholas
Published: April 2007

This essay focuses on the relationship between theatrical performance and the visual arts through a specific exploration of the relationship between the nineteenth-century actor William Charles Macready and the painter Daniel Maclise. The study's exploration of the association between Macready and Maclise, largely from the perspective of Maclise's 1842 painting The Play Scene in "Hamlet ", in addition to its exploration of the history of artistic representation of The Mousetrap, serves to illustrate tension between animation and repose that arises from the comparison of the scene in performance to the scene on canvas, as well as within each. Through a detailed analysis of the multitudinous visual signs and emblems of Maclise's painting and an engagement with the literature surrounding Macready's performance as Hamlet, the article addresses both the similarities and disparities between performance and painting, placing emphasis on the theatrical qualities of Maclise's artwork, and the 'painterly' qualities of Macready's work in the theatre. In doing so, it finds in the relationship between the two artists, as well as their work's co-dependency, the energy lent to performance by the confines of a painterly mode, highlighting how both Maclise and Macready transformed Shakespeare's words on the page into speaking pictures on their respective stages.
Evaluation of a 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Enzyme Immunoassay
Authors: Seiden-Long Isolde , Vieth Reinhold
Published: April 2007

Background: Radioactive reagents are used in most assays for measurement of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. We evaluated a 1,25(OH)2D enzyme immunoassay (EIA) from IDS Ltd. that uses solid-phase immunoextraction and colorimetric detection and compared results to those of the thymus radioreceptor assay (RRA) for 1,25(OH)2D.

Methods: We collected serum samples (n = 145) representing an even distribution (0–200 pmol/L) of 1,25(OH)2D concentrations and Vitamin D External Quality Assessment Scheme (DEQAS) proficiency survey samples from 2004 surveys (n = 15) and stored them at −20 °C. We analyzed all samples with both EIA and RRA methods. We calculated imprecision using 5 QC samples in quadruplicate in each run (n = 6), including both pooled patient material used for QC with the RRA and QC material included in the EIA reagent set. We evaluated calibration stability by analyzing calibrators from different lots on the same plate and determining if calculated sample values drifted significantly.

Results: Deming linear regression between IDS EIA and RRA methods yielded slope 1.25 (95% CI 1.13–1.37), y-intercept −3 (95% CI −18 to 12), R2 = 0.74. DEQAS proficiency survey samples for 2004 were all within 30% of the all-methods-trimmed mean. Imprecision CVs were 12%–16% within-run and 15%–20% between-run.

Conclusions: We find no evidence of inferiority to the classic calf-thymus receptor assay for 1,25(OH)2D and no disadvantage in the results generated by the IDS EIA using samples from the major proficiency survey for 1,25(OH)2D. According to the product insert, however, the IDS EIA underestimates 1,25(OH)2D2 compared with the D3 form.
Cover Picture: Self‐Assembled Metal Oxide Bilayer Films with “Single‐Crystalline” Overlayer Mesopore Structure (Adv. Mater. 8/2007)
Authors: Brezesinski T. , Antonietti M. , Smarsly B. M.
Published: April 2007

Mesoporous films with biaxial, “single‐crystalline” arrangements of spherical pores are obtained by “evaporation‐induced self‐assembly” (EISA) in work reported by Torsten Brezesinski, Markus Antonietti, and Bernd Smarsly on p. 1074. The films are dip‐coated onto a sublayer with sufficiently different surface tension and a specific nanoscale periodicity. Low adhesion to the sublayer surface results in a relatively small number of nucleation sites and a uniform orientation of the evolving mesostructure in the toplayer.
A farm‐to‐fork stochastic simulation model of pork‐borne salmonellosis in humans: Lessons for risk ranking
Authors: McNamara Paul E. , Miller Gay Y. , Liu Xuanli , Barber David A.
Published: April 2007

A food systems perspective offers many appealing analytic features to food safety researchers with an interest in the design and targeting of effective and efficient policy responses to the risks posed by foodborne pathogens. These features include the ability to examine comparative questions such as whether it is more efficient to target food safety interventions on‐farm or in the food processing plant. Using the example of a farm‐to‐fork stochastic simulation model ofSalmonellain the pork production and consumption system, the authors argue the feasibility of such a food systems approach for food‐safety risk assessment and policy analysis. They present an overview of the farm‐to‐fork model and highlight key assumptions and methods employed. Lessons from their experience in constructing a farm‐to‐fork stochastic simulation model are derived for consideration in other food safety risk assessment efforts and for researchers interested in developing “best practice” benchmarks in the area of food safety risk assessments. [EconLit Citations: Q18, I18, I12]. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Agribusiness 23: 157–172, 2007.
A brief report of gram‐negative bacterial endotoxin levels in airborne and settled dusts in animal confinement buildings
Authors: Thedell Terry D. , Mull Judith C. , Olenchock Stephen A.
Published: April 2007

Gram‐negative bacterial endotoxins, implicated in adverse worker health responses, were found in settled and airborne dust samples obtained from poultry and swine confinement units. Results of the Limulus amebocyte lysate gel test found endotoxin levels in dust samples ranged from 4.5 to 47.7 μg of FDA Klebsiella endotoxin equivalents/gm. Differences in endotoxin levels between dust samples may have been due to variables in time, geographic locations, confined animals, confinement buildings and equipment, and methods of sample collection. Animal confinement workers are potentially exposed to large amounts of gram‐negative bacterial endotoxins; however, the respiratory health effects of such exposures to animal confinement workers have yet to be determined.
Radiological evidence of asbestos disease among ship repair workers
Authors: Selikoff Irving J. , Nicholson William J. , Lilis Ruth
Published: April 2007

Asbestos materials are now infrequently used in new ship construction. However, significant amounts were used in vessels constructed before 1975. As a consequence, for the next 30 or more years, the potential for asbestos exposure in the repair of such vessels will remain.

We studied 286 workers who were 20 or more years from onset of employment in ship repair work. Eighty‐six percent had radiological evidence of asbestosis, and five instances of previously undiagnosed lung cancer were found. This suggests that unless industrial hygiene precautions are taken in the future repair of vessels that have been built with asbestos, we will add additional decades to the legacy we already face as the result of uncontrolled shipyard exposures of the past.
Psychiatric ratings in occupational health research: A study of mental symptoms in lacquerers
Authors: Struwe Göran , Mindus Per , Jönsson Bengt
Published: April 2007

Most previous occupational health studies have employed various questionnaires for the quantitative assessment of mental symptoms. However, reporters' errors may reduce the value of the information so obtained. Semistructured psychiatric interviews and rating scales offer another method to collect data on the prevalence of mental symptoms. This paper describes the application of rating techniques in an epidemiological study of the effect on the nervous system of occupational exposure to organic solvents. The results suggest that ratings by trained interviewers are as useful as many neurophysiological and psychometrical methods to detect early neurotoxicity. The contention agrees with a general opinion that slight changes in mental comfort and personality often are the first signs of progressive brain damage.
Neurophysiological and psychological picture of solvent poisoning
Authors: Seppäläinen Anna Maria , Lindström Kari , Martelin Tuija
Published: April 2007

Neurophysiological and psychological tests were administered to 107 patients ‐ 48 men and 59 women ‐ with a diagnosis of solvent poisoning after longstanding (mean 9.6 years for males and mean 7.6 years for females) occupational exposure. Electroencephalography (EEG) and a wide psychological test battery were applied in all cases, and electroneurographic measurements were performed in 77 subjects. Sixty‐five percent of the patients showed an abnormal EEG, and excessive beta activity, not induced by drugs, was found in 54% of patients. At least one abnormally slow nerve conduction velocity (CV) was found in 48 out of 77 patients. The scores of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) subtests Digit Span (DSp) and Digit Symbol (DSy) among the men and scores of Similarities (Sim), Digit Symbol (DSy), Picture Completion (PC), and Block Design (BD) among the women were statistically significantly lower than in the Finnish standardization sample. Long duration of exposure was related to poor performance in the Santa Ana Dexterity test in both sexes, to poor visual memory among the men and to poor visuoconstructive intellectual tasks among the women. The background frequency in the EEG showed a correlation to the DSp test of WAIS and some relationship emerged also between the former and the BD, the Symmetry Drawing test, the Santa Ana Dexterity test, and the Mira test. Focal slow wave abnormalities were related to inaccurate hand movements in the psychomotor Mira test. Neurophysiological and psychological tests seem to reflect partly different aspects of neurologic effects and their combined use helps in the evaluation of hazards of solvent exposure.
Changes in psychological performances of solvent‐poisoned and solvent‐exposed workers
Authors: Lindström Kari
Published: April 2007

The changes in psychological performances associated with long‐term exposure to organic solvents and solvent mixtures were studied in a group of 56 male workers diagnosed as having an occupational disease caused by solvents. Their mean duration of exposure was 9.1 ± SD 8.3 years, and they were exposed mainly to halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons and to mixtures of paint solvents. The psychological performances of these solvent‐exposed patients were compared with those of 98 styrene‐exposed workers and a nonexposed group of 43 construction workers. The applied psychological test variables were factor analyzed, before other statistical analysis, in order to clarify what they measured in the present study. The solvent‐exposed group was characterized by a decline in visuomotor performance and decreased freedom from distractibility. The poor visuomotor performances were also related to the long duration of solvent exposure in this group of patients. The index applied for the exposure level revealed no significant relationships to psychological performances among the solvent‐exposed patients. The psychological performances of the styrene‐exposed group differed only very slightly from those of the non‐exposed workers.
A mortality study of newspaper printing workers
Authors: Bertazzi Pier Alberto , Zocchetti Carlo
Published: April 2007

Following an inquiry from the workers of a large newspaper plant in Milan, Italy, a mortality study was undertaken to investigate the reportedly high occurrence of cancer. The study covered the period from 1956 to 1975. Among the 700 workers participating, for a total of 12,198 person‐years, 199 deaths had occurred. Overall mortality was not lower than expected and a significant excess was found among the workers aged 25‐54 years. Cancer mortality was higher than expected; the only significant excess, however, was found among packers and forwarders who had a greater incidence of all neoplasms, all respiratory cancers, and lung cancer. Some possible explanations concerning personal life‐style and occupational exposure previously not considered are proposed. Mortality from circulatory diseases and ischemic heart disease was significantly in excess among the workers aged 25‐54 years and was associated with length of employment, age at the time of hiring, and duration of follow‐up; analysis by job category revealed a significant mortality excess from these causes among packers and forwarders. It is suggested that the mortality pattern observed for cardiovascular disease, as well as for all causes, could be interpreted in the light of the peculiar characteristics of newspaper production. The initial complaint, instigating the study, arose from the packers and forwarders department.
Quantitative eye tracking tests in lead workers
Authors: Baloh Robert W. , Langhofer Laurn , Brown C. Perry , Spivey Gary H.
Published: April 2007

A microcomputer system for on‐line analysis of saccadic and smooth‐pursuit tracking eye movements is described. Results from a longitudinal study of lead workers and matched controls reveal a consistent decrease in saccade accuracy in the lead workers compared to the controls. Saccade peak velocity and latency and smooth pursuit were not significantly different in the two groups. The abnormal saccade accuracy measurements may indicate a sub‐clinical effect of increased lead absorption, but because of the large scatter in normal values, saccade accuracy measurements are not a reliable indicator of early lead toxicity in a single lead worker.
Congenital defects of the central nervous system and occupational factors during pregnancy. A case‐referent study
Authors: Holmberg Peter C. , Nurminen Markku
Published: April 2007

The possible impact of occupational factors on the furtherance of congenital defects has been under study at our department for the past four years, and it has assumed a special interest because of the importance to understand the etiology of these disorders and a good possibility for prevention by elimination of the causative factor from the work environment. In connection with a register based case‐referent study utilizing supplementary information, acquired by a single interviewer, we analyzed various occupational factors related to pregnancy. We found that organic solvent exposure and exposure to various dusts during the pregnant period were more common among the case mothers than among their matched referents. These findings may offer further rough guidance in the quest for the identification of possibly embryotoxic agents that may occur in occupational life.
Mortality studies of smelter workers
Authors: Enterline Philip E. , Marsh Gary M.
Published: April 2007

In view of the historic importance of smelter workers in the field of occupational medicine, it is surprising that until very recently little data was available on the mortality experience of these workers. The problem in most studies lies in identifying the smelter workers, because smelting, strictly speaking, refers to the melting of ores for the purposes of recovering metals, whereas smelters sometimes perform the operations of roasting, calcining, sintering, converting, and refining. These distinctions are not made in most mortality studies. Most mortality studies of smelter workers conducted to date have shown some excess in lung cancer. For lead, copper, cadmium, and nickel smelters a different etiologic agent has been proposed for each. These different explanations arise partly from different initial perspectives in conducting the studies.

In this paper, data are presented on a current historical‐prospective study of males who worked a year or more during the period January 1, 1940 to December 31, 1964 at a copper smelter in Tacoma, Washington. This smelter (and refinery) handled a copper ore with a relatively high arsenic content and produced arsenic trioxide as a by‐product. Overall 97.2% of the original study population was traced through 1976. Of the 1,061 who were found to have died, death certificates were obtained for 1,018, or 96%. For all causes of death, the mortality rates in this cohort, expressed as a Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR), were 3.5% higher than that expected based on the United States white male mortality experience. A total of 104 respiratory system cancers were observed compared to 54.6 expected (SMR = 190.5, p <.05). Respiratory cancer rates were found to be elevated in both smokers and nonsmokers. Overall, a gradual rise in SMR's for respiratory cancer was observed with increasing duration of exposure but not with an increasing interval from onset of exposure. This observation is consistent with the notion that the effects of arsenic on cancer incidence disappear with time. This phenomenon has also been observed for cigarette smokers and chromate workers. Additional analyses are planned for the Tacoma cohort, which will examine mortality according to process as well as by exposure to arsenic and other contaminants.

The importance of studies of workers at other kinds of smelters and refineries is stressed.
Occupational health and safety in the smelting and foundry industries in Mexico
Authors: Cuellar Alfredo
Published: April 2007

This paper reviews the epidemiological features of the accidents and illnesses in smelters and foundries affiliated with Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social for the year 1977. The accident rate per 100 workers was 26, which was second to mining among all industries listed; this rate is almost double that for all factories as a whole, and the accidents tended to be more severe. In contrast, there was little reporting of occupational illnesses in smelters and foundries. There were only 29 illnesses with 20 resulting in permanent disability and one in death. The most common occupational illnesses were: acoustic trauma (50%), industrial bronchitis (20%), siderosis (10%), chemical and physical conjunctivitis (5%), and miscellaneous including poisonings (15%).
A review of the health effects of cadmium
Authors: Lee Jeffrey S. , White Kenneth L.
Published: April 2007

A review of the health effects of cadmium is presented. Overexposure to cadmium produces numerous acute and chronic effects. Cases of acute poisoning resemble metalfume poisoning. The first and most distinctive indication of chronic effects is renal tubular dysfunction characterized by proteinuria. Other chronic effects include liver damage, emphysema, osteomalacia, neurological impairment, testicular, pancreatic, and adrenal damage, and anemia. Tumorigenic effects have been observed in animals, and excessive prostatic and lung cancer has been observed in worker studies. In vitro and in vivo mutagenic effects have been noted. Cadmium has been shown to cause hypertension in animals; however, it is unclear whether it is capable of causing similar effects in exposed human populations. Normal urinary excretion is less than 2 μg/day and correlates with exposure. Normal blood concentration is below 10 ng/gm of whole blood, and although levels are elevated in exposed groups, there is no apparent direct correlation. Hair values correlate well with exposure. Occupational and environmental standards are discussed.
In vivo measurement of critical level of kidney cadmium: Dose effect studies in cadmium smelter workers
Authors: Ellis Kenneth J. , Morgan Wynford D. , Zanzi Italo , Yasumura Seiichi , Vartsky David , Cohn Stanton H.
Published: April 2007

In vivo measurements of kidney and liver cadmium burdens were obtained in 82 industrially exposed workers and ten control subjects. Kidney cadmium levels ranged from 0.9 mg to 57 mg, and liver concentrations ranged from 0.8 ppm to 120 ppm for the industrial group. Comparison values for the control group were 0.4 mg to 11.8 mg for the kidney and 0.6 ppm to 7.9 ppm for the liver. A biphasic relationship between kidney Cd levels and liver Cd levels was observed. The kidney and liver Cd levels showed an increase until approximately a 40 ppm concentration was reached in the liver. Thereafter, the kidney levels decreased as the liver concentration continued to increase. The kidney cadmium level at which this change occurred was approximately 31 mg for the total kidney. Further estimates of the critical level, based on years of exposure and renal dysfunction (β2‐microglobulin, proteinuria), yielded estimates of 31 mg to 42 mg cadmium (300–400 μg/gm for the renal cortex).