bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participation of the Defender in the Pre-Trial form of Appeal
Authors: Rudakova S. V.
Published: May 2023

Relevance. Appeal in criminal proceedings is extended to all stages and proceedings. The right to appeal has been elevated to the rank of a criminal procedural principle and is included in the procedural status of almost every participant. The scale of the implementation of the right to appeal, the lack of uniform practice and its proper provision determine the relevance of research in this area. A special place in the system of ensuring the right to appeal is occupied by the defender, who does not always have both sufficient powers and means of their implementation.

The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal legislative regulation of the procedural status of a defender in a pre-trial criminal procedural appeal.

Objectives: study of theoretical developments and provisions of criminal procedure legislation in terms of regulating the procedural status of the defender in the field of appeal; development of the author's position on the proper and possible procedural position of the defender in this area.

Methodology. Traditional general scientific, private scientific and special methods were used.

Results. A set of new knowledge about the procedural potential of a defense lawyer in criminal procedural appeal at the pre-trial stages of criminal proceedings.

Conclusions. To optimize the procedural regulation of the defender's status and to ensure proper assistance to the principal in the implementation of appeal actions. It is offered: supplement Part 5 of Article 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure with the powers of the court to decide on the return of the complaint for its resubmission; determine the specific grounds for leaving the complaint without consideration (adding Article 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation with a new part 5.1); supplement the content of Article 123 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation with a new part 1.1 – requirements for drawing up a complaint.

In the field of appeal, it is necessary to actively introduce digital resources. To do this, it is necessary to establish additional requirements for the design and content of an electronic complaint, to ensure the preservation of attorney-client confidentiality when forwarding, storing an electronic document, archiving it, etc.
Procedural Significance of Explanations of Judges and Clarifications of Jurors in Criminal Proceedings
Authors: Konin V. V. , Sidorenko E. V. , Sukhankina L. I.
Published: May 2023

The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the explanation, as a source of information for making a decision on a particular issue arising in criminal proceedings, still has not been fully studied legal nature, which causes quite controversial issues in legal science and practice. But, in addition to the explanation, an explanation that has recently appeared in Russian criminal proceedings has a similar legal nature to it. In accordance with the legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, the court of appeal may hear explanations from persons who performed the duties of jurors on a number of issues that accompanied the verdict. At the same time, it is the right of a juror to give explanations to the court. At the same time, the judge to whom the challenge has been filed also has the right to give an explanation about the claimed challenge. The legislator has not resolved the question of what is the legal nature of the explanations and explanations in criminal proceedings given by the judge and the juror, and whether these sources of information are evidence.

The purpose of the article is to try to uncover the issues of using explanations and explanations of judges and jurors in modern criminal proceedings in order to identify problematic issues and offer them for discussion to the scientific community and practitioners.

Objectives: to study the evolution of the use of the theory of explanations and explanations of judges and jurors in criminal proceedings, the "catechon", its analysis and understanding in practice.

Methodology. The basis of this research is a combination of the universal dialectical method of scientific cognition, general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and private scientific methods of cognition, such as: formal-logical, formal-legal. The authors also used methods of studying social phenomena in their concrete manifestation in specific conditions of place and time: the study of documents, observation, comparison.

The results of the study are distinguished by an applied nature with elements of scientific novelty. The authors considered the emerging difficulties associated with the practical implementation of the provisions of the use of explanations and explanations of judges and jurors.

Conclusions. The discussion of the identified problems will draw the attention of the legislator and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to the development of solutions to eliminate the identified gaps in the criminal procedure legislation. _____________________
Combat Equipment of the Russian Infantryman: from Chain Mail to the "Warrior"
Authors: Abramov A. P.
Published: May 2023

Relevance. The study of military affairs and combat equipment can be considered in direct dependence on the state and development of the social, political, economic and technological spheres of life of Russian society in a particular historical period of time. The combat equipment of an individual warrior makes it possible to judge the capabilities of industry and various crafts, the peculiarities of its manufacture, the development of trade relations, and the susceptibility to technological innovations, both their own and others'. The combat use of equipment during direct clashes exacerbates the competitive struggle of the warring parties and opens up new opportunities for its improvement. Therefore, the appeal to the historical experience of the evolution of the combat equipment of the Russian infantryman seems very fruitful, since the researcher is presented with exciting illustrations of battlefields, heroism and exploits of specific people, our victories and failures, the competitive struggle of technologies.

The purpose – o conduct an excursion into the history of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry and outline ways to improve it in the future.

Objectives: to reveal the historical evolution, logic and patterns of improving the combat equipment of the Russian infantry; to present modern developments of the combat equipment of the Russian army, defining its prospects.

Methodology. The general scientific methodology using the method of periodization, systematic and retrospective methods allowed us to recreate from the standpoint of modern knowledge the evolution of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry in the unity of historical events and phenomena of the past.

Results. The historiography of the combat equipment of the Russian infantry confirms the validity of the arguments of the scientific community that it is based on age-old traditions and the cultural matrix of the people, permeating all spheres of activity of the military organization of society. The main characteristics of the modern warrior's combat equipment are: reliability, functionality, versatility, lightness and low cost.

Conclusions. The combat equipment of the Russian infantryman has passed a complex evolutionary path and acts as part of the material culture, which has its own national features.
An Overview of Adaptive Designs and Some of Their Challenges, Benefits, and Innovative Applications
Authors: Zhu Hongjian , Wong Weng Kee
Published: May 2023

Adaptive designs are increasingly developed and used to improve all phases of clinical trials and in biomedical studies in various ways to address different statistical issues. We first present an overview of adaptive designs and note their numerous advantages over traditional clinical trials. In particular, we provide a concrete demonstration that shows how recent adaptive design strategies can further improve an adaptive trial implemented 13 years ago. Despite their usefulness, adaptive designs are still not widely implemented in clinical trials. We offer a few possible reasons and propose some ways to use them more broadly in practice, which include greater availability of software tools and interactive websites to generate optimal adaptive trials freely and effectively, including the use of metaheuristics to facilitate the search for an efficient trial design. To this end, we present several web-based tools for finding various adaptive and nonadaptive optimal designs and discuss nature-inspired metaheuristics. Metaheuristics are assumptions-free general purpose optimization algorithms widely used in computer science and engineering to tackle all kinds of challenging optimization problems, and their use in designing clinical trials is just emerging. We describe a few recent such applications and some of their capabilities for designing various complex trials. Particle swarm optimization is an exemplary nature-inspired algorithm, and similar to others, it has a simple definition but many moving parts, making it hard to study its properties analytically. We investigated one of its hitherto unstudied issues on how to bring back out-of-range candidates during the search for the optimum of the search domain and show that different strategies can impact the success and time of the search. We conclude with a few caveats on the use of metaheuristics for a successful search.
The Use of Social Media by Clinical Nurse Specialists at a Tertiary Hospital: Mixed Methods Study
Authors: AL-Rumhi Alya , AL-Rasbi Samira , Momani Aaliyah M
Published: May 2023

Background

Recently, many health care professionals, who use social media to communicate with patients and colleagues, share information about medical research and promote public health campaigns.

Objective

This study aimed to examine the motives, barriers, and implementation of social media use among clinical nurse specialists in Oman.

Methods

A mixed methods study was conducted among 47 clinical nurse specialists at Sultan Qaboos University Hospital between November and December 2020. Qualitative data were collected using an open-ended questionnaire and analyzed using thematic analysis, and quantitative data were collected with a questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS (version 21.0; IBM Corp).

Results

Of the 47 clinical nurse specialists surveyed, 43 (91.5%) responded. All respondents reported using social media applications, with WhatsApp being the most commonly used platform. Most respondents (n=18, 41.9%) spent 1-2 hours per day on social media. The main motives for using social media were increasing knowledge, communication, reaching patients easily, and reducing the number of hospital visits. The main barriers to social media use were privacy concerns, time constraints, and a lack of awareness of legal guidelines for social media use in the workplace. All participants requested clear rules and regulations regarding the use of social media among health care providers in the future.

Conclusions

Social media has the option to be a powerful institutional communication and health education tool for clinical nurse specialists in Oman. However, several obstacles must be addressed, including privacy concerns and the need for clear guidelines on social media use in the workplace. Our findings suggest that health care institutions and clinical nurse specialists must work together to overcome these impediments and leverage the benefits of social media for health care.Bottom of Form
KEPEMIMPINAN KLINIS DOKTER UMUM DI RUMAH SAKIT KANKER DHARMAIS
Authors: Ratna Budi Setiani  , Andreasta Meliala  , Rina Kusumaratna
Published: May 2023

Background: Dharmais Cancer Hospital is a special class A cancer hospital which is a reference for the National Cancer Center with multidisciplinary health workers. With the specialist role of the Dharmais Cancer Hospital, general practitioners are also involved in improving the quality of patient care. To encourage this, the clinical

leadership skills of a general practitioner are also urgently needed.

Objective: Assess the level of clinical leadership and explore individual and service factors that play a role in clinical leadership in General Practitioners at Dharmais Cancer Hospital.

Methods: Case study research using quantitative and qualitative data approaches to all general practitioners who serve as doctors on duty at the Dharmais Cancer Hospital. Collecting data using a questionnaire

using modified instruments from the Clinical Leadership Competency Framework-self-assessment tool, document review, interviews and observations. Quantitative data analysis with frequency distribution

and qualitative data analysis with thematic analysis.

Results: Quantitative data shows that the dimensions of service improvement are included in the standard category. Qualitative data shows aspects of clinical leadership that need to be improved,

including 2 aspects on the dimension of showing self-quality, namely self-management and acting with integrity, 2 aspects on the dimension of working with others, namely encouraging contribution and working

in teams, 1 aspect on the dimension of managing services, namely managing resources, and 2 aspects on the dimensions of improving services, namely encouraging improvement and innovation and

facilitating change. The individual factors considered to play a role were the majority at a younger age, the majority of years of service were new, the employment status of the majority were non-PNS not

permanent, no work experience, no managerial experience, lack of managerial training, and lack of leadership training. Service factors considered to play a role include poor service communication, work

situations with high workloads, and unclear roles at work.

Conclusion: General practitioners at the Dharmais Cancer Hospital do not yet have optimal clinical leadership, so management support is needed to improve the clinical leadership of general practitioners.
Exploration of the Factors Influence Bancassurance as a Successful Corporate Synergy in Pakistan
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Nawaz
Published: May 2023

Existing theories on life insurance sector rarely focusing the factors behind Bancassurance as a successful corporate synergy. Bancassurance plays a vital role in development of life insurance sector of Pakistan. The rationale of this study is to identify the factors influencing Bancassurance as a successful corporate synergy. This research will further drive implications and develop new dimensions in corporate sector through Bancassurance as a successful business intermediary. For this research, qualitative methodology has been adopted. Thematic and framework analysis has been used as a tool for this research after interview transcription. The result obtained through thematic analysis is the customers are given a personalized insurance solution by Bancassurance, Bancassurance develops an institutional advantage for insurers and banks, Alignment of business culture, priorities, and vision is typically obvious in Bancassurance corporate practices, Non-financial benefits are expanded to include recognition as the primary motivator for corporate synergy. In many corporate organizations especially banks, Bancassurance has developed into a crucial component. Therefore, to expand the Bancassurance channel and establish themselves as a leader, banks and insurance firms require sustainable corporate plans. Most mass-market consumers seeking affordable, straightforward goods from a reputable provider now turn to insurance offers supplied through banks.
Research on the Integration and Development Path of College Students’ Labor Education and College Student Associations
Authors: Zheng LI , Hongtao DENG , Jiayi ZHANG
Published: May 2023

Student organizations in colleges and universities are important carriers for implementing the fundamental task of cultivating morality and cultivating people and promoting quality education, and college and university organizations have a good foundation for the masses of students and play an important role in educating people in ideological and political education. Therefore, it is necessary to combine the educational platform of college student clubs to explore and analyze the reality of labor education integrated into college associations, clarify the community groups in college clubs that can effectively integrate labor education, and drive the implementation of labor education for college students from multiple perspectives.
HIGH-RESOLUTION MASS SPECTROSCOPY (HRMS)-A REVIEW
Authors: BHAVYASRI K. , SAILEELA S. , SUMAKANTH MOGILI
Published: May 2023

High-resolution mass spectroscopy (HRMS) is a valuable method for evaluating complex and time-consuming matrices, such as human breath, and it's employed to determine the structure's precise mass and chemical structure and elemental composition and identify unknowns and a powerful analytical separation technique. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) detects sample matrix to within 0.001 unit of atomic mass. HRMS instrumentation's enhanced resolution allows it to produce fragmentation patterns, which enhances the precision of chemical formula prediction and database comparison for allows for the detection. TOF, Orbitrap, and FT-ICR mass detectors all seem to have a great mass high resolution which may be utilised to achieve maximum data. High-resolution mass spectrometry employs devices able to accurately detecting the density of substances towards the third or fourth significant digit. The Benefit of HR-MS the effectiveness of the approach in the evaluation of complicated mixtures to offer the high peak load required to deliver the accurate molecular weight of the subcomponents. The highest resolution is typically seen in FTICR mass spectrometers. HRMS has transformed how we approach the issue of identifying and monitoring pharmaceutical residues in sophisticated biological materials.
TYPES AND APPLICATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY: A REVIEW
Authors: SARVAN  , VASHISTH HEMANT
Published: May 2023

The already enormous health industry will continue to expand as baby boomers begin to enter retirement. Pharmaceutical companies will create new technologies in response to patient expectations, given the size of the customer base and the increasing demand. As pharmaceuticals get more complex and hazardous, new distribution strategies are needed to get them to the correct areas of the body. As a result, well-known pharmaceutical companies are utilising cutting-edge methodologies and technology. One of the most comprehensive technologies is pharmaceutical nanotechnology. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology offers new opportunities, tools, and breadth that are expected to have a big influence on a lot of areas of illness diagnosis and treatment. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology has opportunities to improve materials and medical technology as well as to contribute to the advancement of technology in fields where more seasoned and conventional technologies may be nearing their limits. In conclusion, recent developments, the commercialization of several pharmaceutical nano-tools, and the rising interest of academics, governments, and corporations ensure that nano-based drug delivery systems in the near future have immense potential and range.
Infraestrutura e priorização do nível de criticidade das escolas de tempo integral de um Estado Brasileiro
Authors: Rodrigo do Nascimento Valdecy , Ricardo do Nascimento Sérgio
Published: May 2023

As escolas de tempo integral (ETI) são políticas públicas centradas no projeto de vida dos estudantes. A infraestrutura escolar é um fator determinante para garantia da sua boa execução, assegurando a oferta de educação de qualidade, além de interferir diretamente em parâmetros como evasão escolar; por isso, um bom direcionamento de recursos destinados à realização de intervenções nas dependências físicas escolares se mostra um fator fundamental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar critérios para priorização na intervenção na infraestrutura das ETI, a partir do seu nível de criticidade, e estimar os custos. A metodologia aplicada teve base na utilização da abordagem “design thinking” para análise das variáveis que seriam utilizadas em toda a análise e criação de pesos para priorização. Após esse passo, foi utilizada uma abordagem preditiva, usando as etapas descritas no Guia PMBOK, com o gerenciamento do escopo, do cronograma e dos “stakeholders”. Para a visualização e apresentação dos resultados, além dos instrumentos comuns de apresentação e de planilha, foi utilizado o “software Power BI”, visando fornecer uma solução dinâmica e com usabilidade. Pode-se concluir que a análise possibilitou a criação de ferramentas capazes de auxiliar e tornar claro o processo de priorização das escolas que receberão intervenções, embasadas em dados qualitativos e quantitativos do nível de criticidade de cada um dos ambientes e em critérios estabelecidos a partir da opinião de diversos atores, bem como de fornecer uma estimativa de custos dessas intervenções, garantindo um direcionamento de recursos eficiente.
Las teorías de la excesiva onerosidad de la prestación y del riesgo, y su aplicación en los contratos de transporte marítimo internacional de mercancías: estado de la cuestión en el Perú
Authors: Pejovés Macedo José Antonio
Published: May 2023

La pandemia por COVID-19 que se expandió globalmente desde comienzos de 2020, ha tenido profundas repercusiones en la humanidad, en la economía global y en las relaciones jurídicas. Estos impactos han generado que los contratantes invoquen las teorías de la excesiva onerosidad de la prestación y del riesgo, para equilibrar sus obligaciones o para poner fin a los contratos.Este artículo se centra en constatar la aplicación de las citadas teorías del derecho civil, en los contratos de transporte marítimo de mercancías, como parte de la relación jurídica del derecho marítimo.Como se sabe, aproximadamente 80% del comercio internacional se traslada por medio de buques, de allí la importancia de analizar qué impacto puede haber tenido la pandemia global a través de los mecanismos legales que pueden utilizar las partes que intervienen en un contrato de transporte marítimo de mercancías para renegociar o rescindir el contrato.
Nuevos desarrollos sobre corrupción como violación de Derechos Humanos. El Informe “Derechos Humanos y Corrupción” de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos
Authors: Nash Rojas Claudio
Published: May 2023

El fenómeno de la corrupción y sus vínculos con los derechos humanos es un tema que ha ido adquiriendo una gran relevancia para los organismos de protección de derechos humanos en el sistema interamericano. En este estudio se analiza el Informe temático de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre la materia y se evalúa el impacto que este instrumento puede tener para resolver los principales elementos de la responsabilidad internacional por violaciones de derechos humanos y se dan algunos ejemplos de la forma en que dicho informe puede impactar, desde una perspectiva de derechos humanos, en la resolución de situaciones de corrupción de frecuente ocurrencia en los países de la región.
El derecho al libre desarrollo de la personalidad en la doctrina jurisprudencial de la Corte Mexicana
Authors: Collí Ek Víctor Manuel , Pérez Inclán Freddy Martín
Published: May 2023

El presente estudio analiza la doctrina jurisprudencial de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación mexicana en relación con la justiciabilidad del derecho al libre desarrollo de la personalidad. Para ello expone en términos evolutivos como se ha ido gestando su defensa, usando como fenómeno de estudio los casos que han creado jurisprudencia. Como se observará, es un derecho novedoso en la doctrina jurisprudencial mexicana, ya que solo un caso precede a la importante reforma constitucional de derechos humanos de 2011, la que ha influido en su consolidación en cuatro rubros: Identidad sexual y de género. Estado Civil. Actividades lúdicas. Apariencia externa.
¿Redimensionamiento de la libertad de pensamiento o nuevos (neuro)derechos humanos? Desafíos y perspectivas desde la neurotecnología
Authors: León Vásquez Jorge L.
Published: May 2023

Los acelerados avances de la neurotecnología vienen ayudando en el tratamiento de ciertas enfermedades, pero al mismo tiempo implican riesgos para el ser humano. Con la finalidad de ofrecer una protección adecuada ante estos peligros, en la presente investigación se exploran dos alternativas: el redimensionamiento del clásico derecho a la libertad de pensamiento y la creación de nuevos y específicos derechos humanos.
El rango constitucional de los neuroderechos como una exigencia de justicia
Authors: Mascitti Matías
Published: May 2023

Aquí intentamos demostrar cómo los neuroderechos, en su calidad de derechos humanos, constituyen un imperativo de justicia, cuyo principio supremo (PSJ) es la base de la construcción del derecho del Estado constitucional (DEC). Pensamos que los neuroderechos derivan del juego de los valores que constituyen los elementos del PSJ. Ellos requieren de un reconocimiento constitucional con alcance general y de una sistematización adecuada. Describimos los elementos del PSJ que surgen de la caracterización de cada neuroderecho. Usamos categorías aportadas por la estrategia jurídica para analizar a los neuroderechos en el DEC. Ofrecemos hipótesis del uso de tecnología neurológica, donde compiten los elementos del PSJ representados por el neuroderecho ejercido y por las restantes partes del PSJ, procurando una solución coherente.
El derecho a la información en la jurisprudencia de la Suprema Corte de Justicia mexicana
Authors: Gómez Marinero Carlos Martín
Published: May 2023

El derecho a la información ha tenido un crecimiento exponencial en el mundo desde la última década del siglo XX. En México, en el transcurso de los últimos años, se han advertido importantes definiciones en cuanto al contenido y alcance de ese derecho, principalmente, a partir de los precedentes emitidos por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación. Por ello, en el presente trabajo se plantea examinar el derecho a la información en la jurisprudencia de dicha Corte a partir de tres etapas definitorias: 1) un periodo prelegislativo, de 1977 a 2001; 2) una etapa legislativa y de desarrollo de las primeras bases constitucionales, de 2002 a 2013, y 3) un periodo de definición constitucional y homogenización legislativa, a partir de 2014.
¿El recurso de protección chileno como oportunidad para la movilización legal? Más allá de las cortes (y sus sentencias)
Authors: Lovera Parmo Domingo , Perricone Anita
Published: May 2023

Existe relativo acuerdo en la dogmática constitucional chilena en torno a que la acción de protección se ha transformado en una acción cautelar. Este trabajo intenta colocar a la acción de protección en perspectiva, preguntando cuáles son las variables que han contribuido, pese a su aludida naturaleza cautelar, a dotar a la acción de protección de un poder señalizador efectivo. Para ello, se echa mano de la teoría de la movilización legal con el objetivo de mostrar que los bajos costos de activación que ofrece la acción de protección la transforman en una importante fuente de oportunidades legales. Su efecto señalizador, sin embargo, depende de otras condiciones: este trabajo se centra en una de ellas, el tipo de actor que la utiliza. Este factor, que suele ser dejado de lado en los análisis doctrina-rios del derecho, complementa la comprensión de la acción de protección, en tanto repertorio de movilización legal.
La Constitución de la cuarta transformación
Authors: Elizondo Mayer-Sierra Carlos
Published: May 2023

Este artículo pretende ofrecer una respuesta a la siguiente pregunta: ¿por qué, a pesar de todo su poder político, Andrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) no llevó a cabo en los primeros dos años y medio de su gobierno reformas constitucionales que impactaran significativamente la naturaleza del régimen político? ¿Qué reformas sí hizo y por qué? Se intentará ofrecer una respuesta a partir de dar cuenta de las reformas constitucionales aprobadas por el gobierno de la autodenominada “cuarta transformación” en sus primeros dos años y medio de gobierno.
Retos de la justicia constitucional en México
Authors: Rabell García Enrique
Published: May 2023

El nuevo sexenio en México ha puesto a prueba el equilibrio de poderes. La justicia constitucional ha cobrado relevancia frente al dominio de un nuevo gobierno hegemónico. Desde la perspectiva del constitucionalismo débil, se plantea si el Poder Judicial y, en particular, la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación, cuenta con las instituciones adecuadas para cumplir con una justicia constitucional genuina. La hipótesis señala que, aunque existen instituciones de importancia, hay limitaciones relevantes que impiden una justicia plena. El método sigue la clasificación de funciones adjetiva y sustantiva, analizando los alcances de los diversos fallos judiciales. Se demuestran las limitaciones que existen y se proponen las vías para ampliar la justicia constitucional.
A Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e o caso Herzog vs. Brasil
Authors: Mamoru Nishiyama Adolfo , Lazari Rafael de
Published: May 2023

Em quinze de março de 2018, um triste pedaço do passado brasileiro foi passado a limpo. O Brasil foi, enfim, condenado pela omissão na apuração da detenção arbitrária, tortura e morte do jornalista Vladimir Herzog nos porões do regime ditatorial (fato ocorrido em 1975). O trabalho que segue busca pinçar dados pontuais da sentença prolatada pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos contextualizando-a a fatos históricos concomitantes, para, ao fim, trazer algumas conclusões particulares favoráveis aos direitos à memória e à verdade. Serão vistos aspectos técnicos (majoritariamente) e sociais (minoritariamente), através dos métodos histórico e descritivo. Como material de pesquisa utilizou-se da doutrina e da jurisprudência.
Amnistías y derecho internacional. El conflicto de Camboya y la búsqueda de la reconciliación
Authors: Ramírez García de León Xavier J.
Published: May 2023

Las consecuencias propias de la concesión de amnistías colocan a éstas en el centro del aparente debate entre paz y justicia que se da en cualquier esfuerzo por poner fin a un conflicto, utilizando medios distintos a la victoria absoluta, elusiva en sí misma. Esto por el supuesto abandono en que caen las víctimas de violaciones graves de derechos humanos cuando se decide no actuar en contra de los responsables. El presente trabajo abona en el argumento de que en diversas situaciones las amnistías son herramientas marcadamente útiles para lograr la resolución de conflictos que, por su duración o gravedad, impliquen violaciones graves a derechos humanos. Esto considerando la situación vivida en México desde hace más de diez años y las propuestas surgidas desde la política sobre la concesión de una amnistía. Así, utilizando como vehículo el análisis de la situación vivida en Camboya desde 1970 y de las herramientas utilizadas en la década de los noventa en un intento por poner fin a la misma, el artículo ilustra cuáles son los límites y las consideraciones mínimas que una amnistía debe guardar respecto del derecho internacional para poder ser considerada como una herramienta lícita y válida en el campo de la justicia transicional. Palabras clave: amnistías, resolución de conflictos, justicia transicional, conflicto en Camboya
Control Optimization of Readiness Mode of Antiaircraft Fire Weapons in Antiaircraft Fire Covering System of Surface Ships Formation in Case of Attack Threat of Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles
Authors: Galiy V.A. , Ivanischev S.N. , Bukriy V.N.
Published: May 2023

Currently, the decisive factor in the development of the theory of military art in the sea is the fact of transition to the creation and use of precision-guided long-range munition by an enemy - anti-ship cruise missiles (ASCM), so that to destroy ships from remote lines without entering the zone of the fighter aircraft action and reach of the antiaircraft missile system. A promising direction in the organization of the building and effective combat use of such complex systems as the anti-aircraft defense contour of a single surface ship, and the anti-aircraft defense system of a group of surface ships in the threat of attack and repelling attacks of anti-ship cruise missiles, is the improvement of the algorithms for information processing and control of weapons systems in combination with their automation. Modern information technologies based on the use of computer technology and mathematical modeling allow improving the decision-making process in the tasks of building complex systems, processes of planning and organizing their activities. The methods of “artificial intelligence”, automation of the process of forces and means control in combat significantly increase the efficiency of decision-making. The fleeting nature and rapid change of the situation in anti-aircraft combat require solving the problem of repelling attacks by anti-ship cruise missiles in real time, that is impossible without full automation of the process of controlling the forces and means of anti-aircraft defense, in case of that human participation in anti-aircraft combat should be minimized, and completely excluded if possible. One of the complex systems that require full automation and real-time operation is the anti-aircraft fire covering system for surface ships formation. Determination of the optimal (expedient) combat readiness mode of the anti-aircraft fire weapons included in its composition is a prerequisite for the effective functioning of the anti-aircraft fire covering system in anti-aircraft combat. The article proposes a problem solution of the control optimization of the combat readiness mode of the anti-aircraft fire weapons in the anti-aircraft fire covering system of the surface ships formation in the case of the attacking threat of the anti-ship cruise missiles. The obtained results will substantiation of an optimal (expedient) mode of combat readiness and also creation of recommendations for setting the duty schedule of the anti-aircraft fire weapons in the interests of anti-aircraft defense. The presented mathematical model and the developed on its basis algorithm and program can be recommended for inclusion in both automated combat control systems and respectively combat information and control systems of connections of surface ships and single ships.
Experience of Using the Program “Universal Mechanism” for Calculating the Automation of Small Arms and Assessing the Prospects for Its Use
Authors: Chirkov D.V. , Sementsov M.A. , Pryakhin A.B.
Published: May 2023

An important step of designing automatic and semi-automatic small arms is to carry out estimated calculations of the operating ability of automation, implying determining the velocity of the bolt or the bolt carrier in the automatic work cycle. Classical methods for calculating the weapon automation are based on reduction mechanisms to some equivalent mechanism with one moving link and a reduced resistance force acting on it. This method is universal, but labor-consuming and difficult to formalize, which is associated with a wide variety of structural design of mechanisms. In addition, the assumptions used when reducing real mechanisms to equivalent ones, decrease the accuracy of calculations. Taking into account the fact that in modern conditions the stage of technical project ends with the creation of an electronic three-dimensional model of the product, it becomes possible to carry out kinematic and dynamic analysis of weapon automation using modern software systems. This should make it possible to decrease the complexity of calculations significantly while increasing their accuracy. This article describes the experience of using the program of kinematic and dynamic analysis “Universal Mechanism” for calculation of a semi-automatic traumatic pistol automation. A comparison of the results of calculating automation, performed on the basis of classical methods and by the program “Universal Mechanism”, is presented; the difference in the results in key points less than 5 %. As a result of the work carried out, the main advantages of the “Universal Mechanism” software package were revealed: the ability to calculate complex spatial interactions that were not previously taken into account by classical methods (feeding, reflection of the sleeve), the visibility of the process (the presence of animation) and the ability to create program modules independently. The main disadvantages include the laboriousness of introducing contact interactions (and impacts) and assigning the parameters of these interactions. As a result of the work carried out, it is concluded that the “Universal Mechanism” software complex is suitable for carrying out a kinematic and dynamic analysis of small arms automation mechanisms and there is a possibility of creating on its basis a modern computational and design complex adapted for the development of small arms.
Improving the Design of the Gas-Mechanical Wave Generator Distributor
Authors: Karakulov M.N. , Starshev D.V. , Korobeynikova E.S.
Published: May 2023

In modern industry, the issue of improving the reliability of a particular mechanism is relevant, especially when the work takes place in an aggressive environment. Oil and gas companies are interested than anyone else in solving these problems. This article will give an example of solving one of the problems of modern industry, this is the improvement of the design of the distributor of the gas mechanical waveguide. Such devices are used to generate a deformation wave of flexible elements of gas-hydraulic engines and control the operation of these devices. The use of gas-hydraulic engines with gas-mechanical wave generators is due to their ability to work using the potential energy of the substance transported through the gas pipeline, which allows them to be used in remote regions with a low level of infrastructure development, for example, in the Far North. A little-studied issue is the determination of the moment of distribution mechanism straining and simplification of its design. Variants of the design of the distributor of the gas-mechanical wave generator of the prototype plunger gas-hydraulic engine are considered. The positive and negative aspects of using additional reversing mechanisms in the distributor drive are given. A considered improvements of distributor spool geometry modification are realized by addition of grooves, so that the device is triggered using the pressure of the transported medium. The calculations showed the ways of grooves positioning and determination of their angle displacement to ensure operation. A relation has been obtained that makes it possible to determine the magnitude of the torque that occurs on the shaft of the distributor spool. It has been established that the displacement angle of the spool slots has a significant effect on the magnitude of the torque.
Mathematical Model for Solving Problem of Target Allocation of Antiaircraft Fire Weapons in AD Contour of Surface Ship (in AD System of Group of Ships) in Case of Attack Threat and Repelling Attacks of Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles
Authors: Galiy V.A. , Ivanischev S.N. , Bukriy V.N.
Published: May 2023

The improvement of the algorithms of processing information and controlling of weapons systems in combination with their automation, which can significantly reduce time from the moment of detection of air targets to their destruction, is a promising direction in organizing of building and effective combat use of such complex systems as the contour of antiaircraft defense (AD) of a single surface ship and the AD system of a group of the surface ships. The transition to the creation and use of the precision-guided long-range munition, e.g. anti-ship missiles (AShM), allows to destroy ships from remote lines without entering the zone of the fighter aircraft action and reach of the antiaircraft missile system. When repelling attacks of anti-ship cruise missiles, a poor-quality solution of the problem of the target allocation of the antiaircraft fire weapons of a ship (group of ships) does not allow to realize the combat capabilities of the AD contour (system) as a whole, which leads to a loss of combat capability of the ship (ships). The main difference between the proposed mathematical model for solving the target allocation problem and those implemented in the combat information and controlling systems of the surface ships is the fact that it provides the possibility of evaluating own antiaircraft fire weapons and enemy’s AShM when developing an optimal target allocation plan based on a detailed account of the AShM detection range, coordination of the destruction zones, sectors of fire, lines of the implementation of the AShM tasks, mutual security measures, electromagnetic compatibility of the electronic means, i.e. taking into account the existing zones of the destruction of the antiaircraft fire weapons, as well as solving the problem of the target allocation in time. The solution of the task is carried out both directly during the antiaircraft combat, and in the case of the attack threat of the AShM. In its turn, the last one makes it possible to optimize building of the antiaircraft fire covering system and the AD system of both a single surface ship and the group of the surface ships as a whole, and to optimize the solution of the target allocation problem, in particular. The presented mathematical model and the algorithm and program developed on its basis can be recommended after appropriate modification for inclusion in both automated combat control systems and respectively combat information and control systems of connections of surface ships and single ships, that allows to solve the problem of the target allocation on a time scale close to real.
Mathematical Model of Spatial Motion of the Controlled Parachute-Tether System of the Wind Kite Type
Authors: Churkin V.M. , Churkina T.Y. , Girin A.M.
Published: May 2023

Mathematical modeling is created for the mathematical task of spatial motion of the controlled parachute-tether system of the “wind kite” type. The mathematical model parachute-tether system consists of a model of the main para-chute and a model of the braking parachute. The parachutes are connected by the tether. The model of the main para-chute is supposed to be the solid body. This solid body has two planes of symmetry. The braking parachute is the solid body with axial symmetry. The tether model is an absolutely flexible elastic thread. The tether is connected by ideal hinges with the main parachute and braking parachute. The control of the main parachute is carried out by changing the length of the control slings. Changing the length causes deformation of the dome. This is the reason for the change in its aerodynamics. Maneuvering of the main para-chute occurs in the vertical plane, when the length of the control slings changes simultaneously. Maneuvering of the main parachute in space is carried out when the length of the control slings changes, when the slings are given a travel difference. The system of dynamic and kinematic equations is designed for calculating the controlled spatial movement of the main parachute, braking parachute and tether. The option exists when the mass of the tether and the forces applied to the tether cannot be neglected. The motion of the tether is represented by the equations of motion of an absolutely flexible elastic thread in projections on the axis of a natural trihedron. The mathematical model is represented by a system of ordinary differential equations and par-tial differential equations. The problem is solved using various numerical methods. The solution is possible with the help of an integrated numerical and analytical approach as well.
Modeling of Thermal Processes in a Technological System during Electromechanical Processing
Authors: Edigarov V.R. , Alimbaeva B.Sh.
Published: May 2023

The article presents mathematical models of thermal processes of combined methods of electromechanical processing, which are based on the heat conduction equations, which take into account thermophysical properties (thermal diffusivity, heat capacity, thermal conductivity and heat transfer), initial and boundary conditions, technological and other features of the studied processing methods. In view of the fact that electromechanical processing (EMT) is characterized by a process with a volumetric heat release zone, with sufficiently small dimensions and high intensity, it is assumed that the determination of temperature fields can be carried out using the superposition principle. In this case, the main factors affecting the amount of heat propagating into the contacting bodies are the intensity of heat removal, the thermophysical properties of the contacting bodies, and the speed of their relative movement. Dependences are proposed that allow one to describe the temperature fields in the volumes of parts subjected to thermal deformation during electromechanical processing, which have significant geometric parameters that ensure sufficient heat removal from the treated surfaces into the part. It has been established that in the case of processing parts of small dimensions, with insignificant heat removal, it becomes necessary to take into account the accumulation of heat, which will lead to a general increase in temperature in the technological system during processing, and a decrease in the efficiency of the hardening process. The derived mathematical dependencies in the form of heat conduction equations with the established restrictions make it possible to determine the parameters of thermal fields during electromechanical processing in the system “working tool” - “local microvolume of the surface layer”, while these presented mathematical relationships are presented in a linear formulation with thermophysical coefficients. It has been theoretically established and experimentally confirmed that in the process of processing the main factors affecting the amount of heat propagating into the contacting bodies are the intensity of heat removal, the thermophysical properties of the contacting bodies, and the speed of their relative movement. The performed experimental studies have confirmed the adequacy of the mathematical dependencies used to calculate the temperatures in the local microvolumes of the treated surface layer.