bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: Seroprevalence and risk factors in Western Oromia, Ethiopia
Authors: Daniel Garuma , Abdurahaman Mukarim , Tuli Getachew , Deresa Benti
Published: May 2016

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is one of the most important threats to cattle health and production in Ethiopia. At the livestock farm of the Bako Agricultural Research Center, an outbreak of respiratory disease of cattle occurred in May 2011, and many animals were affected and died before the disease was diagnosed. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the seroprevalence of CBPP antibodies in selected districts of Western Oromia Region and to assess the potential risk factors for the occurrence of the disease. A crosssectional study was conducted from November 2013 to March 2014 in three selected districts of Western Oromia Region. A total of 386 sera were examined for the presence of specific antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoidesmycoides small colony (MmmSC), using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The risk factors that were evaluated in this study were geographical location, age, sex, breed and body condition. The overall seroprevalence in this study was 28.5%. The seroprevalence of Mycoplasma mycoidesmycoides small colony antibodies at the district level was 40.3%, 19.0% and 5.7% in Gobbu Sayyo, BakoTibbe and Horro districts, respectively. There was a statistically significant variation ( p < 0.05) in the prevalence of antibodies amongst the districts. However, animal-related risk factors, such as age, sex, breed and body condition, were not significantly associated ( p > 0.05) with the serological status of the animal. This study showed that the overall prevalence of CBPP in Western Oromia Zones was high. This warrants the implementation of appropriate preventive and control measures to minimise the economic losses associated with the disease.Keywords: Seroprevalence, CBPP, risk factors, c-ELISA, Western Oromia Zones, Ethiopia
Transcranial Doppler-guided cerebral blood flow augmentation resulting in near complete resolution of cerebral infarct: A case report of intractable intracranial hypertension
Authors: Rao Shashi , Badyal Binesh , Sandhu Kavita , Walia Bipin
Published: May 2016

Intractable intracranial hypertension is a nerve wrecking clinical challenge which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Barbiturate coma therapy (BCT) is one of the recommended options for such a challenge but is associated with its own set of complications. Multimodality monitoring is a new advent in neurocritical care and provides a new vision to judiciously cater to such challenges. We hereby report a case of successfully treating intractable intracranial hypertension after maximal possible surgical decompression and evidence of well-formed cerebral ischaemic zones with intracranial multimodality monitoring guided BCT. The positive outcome was to the extent of almost complete reversal of cerebral ischaemic zones and return to normal life schedule.
Trimodal electroencephalogram during isoflurane anaesthesia
Authors: Dimpel Lorenzo
Published: May 2016

The effects of common anaesthetic agents, such as isoflurane or propofol, on the electroencephalogram are well-known. The most characteristic feature is the marked increase in delta power and alpha power resulting in a bimodal power spectrum from light to moderately deep anaesthesia. Here, a case is presented where the power spectrum became trimodal when anaesthesia was lightened towards wake up. The implications of a third mode for depth-of-anaesthesia monitoring are discussed. Its neuro-physiology is unknown, as it has never been reported before.
Cell-free extracellular enzymatic activity is linked to seasonal temperature changes: a case study in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Baltar Federico , Legrand Catherine , Pinhassi Jarone
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Extracellular enzymatic activities (EEAs) are a crucial step in the degradation of organic matter. Dissolved (cell-free) extracellular enzymes in seawater can make up a significant contribution of the bulk EEA. However, the factors controlling the proportion of dissolved EEA in the marine environment remain unknown. Here we studied the seasonal changes in the proportion of dissolved relative to total EEA (of alkaline phosphatase (APase), β-glucosidase (BGase), and leucine aminopeptidase (LAPase)), in the Baltic Sea for 18 months. The proportion of dissolved EEA ranged between 37 and 100, 0 and 100, and 34 and 100 % for APase, BGase, and LAPase, respectively. A consistent seasonal pattern in the proportion of dissolved EEA was found among all the studied enzymes, with values up to 100 % during winter and  <  40 % during summer. A significant negative relation was found between the proportion of dissolved EEA and temperature, indicating that temperature might be a critical factor controlling the proportion of dissolved relative to total EEA in marine environments. Our results suggest a strong decoupling of hydrolysis rates from microbial dynamics in cold waters. This implies that under cold conditions, cell-free enzymes can contribute to substrate availability at large distances from the producing cell, increasing the dissociation between the hydrolysis of organic compounds and the actual microbes producing the enzymes. This might also suggest a potential effect of global warming on the hydrolysis of organic matter via a reduction of the contribution of cell-free enzymes to the bulk hydrolytic activity.
A probabilistic assessment of calcium carbonate export and dissolution in the modern ocean
Authors: Battaglia Gianna , Steinacher Marco , Joos Fortunat
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The marine cycle of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an important element of the carbon cycle and co-governs the distribution of carbon and alkalinity within the ocean. However, CaCO3 export fluxes and mechanisms governing CaCO3 dissolution are highly uncertain. We present an observationally constrained, probabilistic assessment of the global and regional CaCO3 budgets. Parameters governing pelagic CaCO3 export fluxes and dissolution rates are sampled using a Monte Carlo scheme to construct a 1000-member ensemble with the Bern3D ocean model. Ensemble results are constrained by comparing simulated and observation-based fields of excess dissolved calcium carbonate (TA*). The minerals calcite and aragonite are modelled explicitly and ocean–sediment fluxes are considered. For local dissolution rates, either a strong or a weak dependency on CaCO3 saturation is assumed. In addition, there is the option to have saturation-independent dissolution above the saturation horizon. The median (and 68 % confidence interval) of the constrained model ensemble for global biogenic CaCO3 export is 0.90 (0.72–1.05) Gt C yr−1, that is within the lower half of previously published estimates (0.4–1.8 Gt C yr−1). The spatial pattern of CaCO3 export is broadly consistent with earlier assessments. Export is large in the Southern Ocean, the tropical Indo–Pacific, the northern Pacific and relatively small in the Atlantic. The constrained results are robust across a range of diapycnal mixing coefficients and, thus, ocean circulation strengths. Modelled ocean circulation and transport timescales for the different set-ups were further evaluated with CFC11 and radiocarbon observations. Parameters and mechanisms governing dissolution are hardly constrained by either the TA* data or the current compilation of CaCO3 flux measurements such that model realisations with and without saturation-dependent dissolution achieve skill. We suggest applying saturation-independent dissolution rates in Earth system models to minimise computational costs.
Terrestrial Ecosystem Process Model Biome-BGCMuSo: Summary of improvements and new modeling possibilities
Authors: Hidy Dóra , Barcza Zoltán , Marjanović Hrvoje , Ostrogović Sever Maša Zorana , Dobor Laura , Gelybó Györgyi , Fodor Nándor , Pintér Krisztina , Churkina Galina , Running Steven , Thornton Peter , Bellocchi Gianni , Haszpra László , Horváth Ferenc , Suyker Andrew , Nagy Zoltán
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The process-based biogeochemical model Biome-BGC was enhanced to improve its ability to simulate carbon, nitrogen and water cycles of various terrestrial ecosystems under contrasting management activities. Biome-BGC version 4.1.1 was used as base model. Improvements included addition of new modules such as the multilayer soil module, implementation of processes related to soil moisture and nitrogen balance, soil moisture related plant senescence, and phenological development. Vegetation management modules with annually varying options were also implemented to simulate management practices of grasslands (mowing, grazing), croplands (ploughing, fertilizer application, planting, harvesting), and forests (thinning). New carbon and nitrogen pools have been defined to simulate yield and soft stem development of herbaceous ecosystems. The model version containing all developments is referred to as Biome-BGCMuSo (Biome-BGC with multi-layer soil module). Case studies on a managed forest, cropland and grassland are presented to demonstrate the effect of model developments on the simulation of plant growth as well as on carbon and water balance.
Trends in projections of standardized precipitation indices in a future climate in Poland
Authors: Osuch Marzena , Romanowicz Renata J. , Lawrence Deborah , Wong Wai K.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Possible future climate change effects on dryness conditions in Poland are estimated for six climate projections using the standardized precipitation index (SPI). The time series of precipitation represent six different climate model runs under the selected emission scenario for the period 1971–2099. Monthly precipitation values were used to estimate the SPI for multiple timescales (1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months) for a spatial resolution of 25 km for the whole country. Trends in the SPI were analysed using the Mann–Kendall test with Sen's slope estimator for each grid cell for each climate model projection and aggregation scale, and results obtained for uncorrected precipitation and bias corrected precipitation were compared. Bias correction was achieved using a distribution-based quantile mapping (QM) method in which the climate model precipitation series were adjusted relative to gridded precipitation data for Poland. The results show that the spatial pattern of the trend depends on the climate model, the timescale considered and on the bias correction. The effect of change on the projected trend due to bias correction is small compared to the variability among climate models. We also summarize the mechanisms underlying the influence of bias correction on trends in precipitation and the SPI using a simple example of a linear bias correction procedure. In both cases, the bias correction by QM does not change the direction of changes but can change the slope of trend, and the influence of bias correction on SPI is much reduced. We also have noticed that the results for the same global climate model, driving different regional climate model, are characterized by a similar pattern of changes, although this behaviour is not seen at all timescales and seasons.
Social vulnerability of rural households to flood hazards in western mountainous regions of Henan province, China
Authors: Liu Delin , Li Yue
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Evaluating social vulnerability is a crucial issue in risk and disaster management. In this study, a household social vulnerability index (HSVI) to flood hazards was developed and used to assess the social vulnerability of rural households in western mountainous regions of Henan province, China. Eight key indicators were identified using existing literature and discussions with experts from multiple disciplines and local farmers, and their weights were determined using principle component analysis (PCA) and an expert scoring method. The results showed that (1) the ratio of perennial work in other places, hazard-related training and illiteracy ratio (15+) were the most dominant factors of social vulnerability. (2) The numbers of high, moderate and low vulnerability households were 14, 64 and 16, respectively, which accounted for 14.9, 68.1 and 17.0 % of the total interviewed rural households, respectively. (3) The correlation coefficient between household social vulnerability scores and casualties in a storm flood in July 2010 was significant at 0.05 significance level (r  =  0.748), which indicated that the selected indicators and their weights were valid. (4) Some mitigation strategies to reduce household social vulnerability to flood hazards were proposed, which included (1) improving the local residents' income and their disaster-related knowledge and evacuation skills, (2) developing emergency plans and carrying out emergency drills and training, (3) enhancing the accuracy of disaster monitoring and warning systems and (4) establishing a specific emergency management department and comprehensive rescue systems. These results can provide useful information for rural households and local governments to prepare, mitigate and respond to flood hazards, and the corresponding strategies can help local households to reduce their social vulnerability and improve their ability to resist flood hazard.
On the assimilation of optical reflectances and snow depth observations into a detailed snowpack model
Authors: Charrois Luc , Cosme Emmanuel , Dumont Marie , Lafaysse Matthieu , Morin Samuel , Libois Quentin , Picard Ghislain
Published: May 2016

Abstract. This paper examines the ability of optical reflectance data assimilation to improve snow depth and snow water equivalent simulations from a chain of models with the SAFRAN meteorological model driving the detailed multilayer snowpack model Crocus now including a two-stream radiative transfer model for snow, TARTES. The direct use of reflectance data, allowed by TARTES, instead of higher level snow products, mitigates uncertainties due to commonly used retrieval algorithms.Data assimilation is performed with an ensemble-based method, the Sequential Importance Resampling Particle filter, to represent simulation uncertainties. In snowpack modeling, uncertainties of simulations are primarily assigned to meteorological forcings. Here, a method of stochastic perturbation based on an autoregressive model is implemented to explicitly simulate the consequences of these uncertainties on the snowpack estimates.Through twin experiments, the assimilation of synthetic spectral reflectances matching the MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) spectral bands is examined over five seasons at the Col du Lautaret, located in the French Alps. Overall, the assimilation of MODIS-like data reduces by 45 % the root mean square errors (RMSE) on snow depth and snow water equivalent. At this study site, the lack of MODIS data on cloudy days does not affect the assimilation performance significantly. The combined assimilation of MODIS-like reflectances and a few snow depth measurements throughout the 2010/2011 season further reduces RMSEs by roughly 70 %. This work suggests that the assimilation of optical reflectances has the potential to become an essential component of spatialized snowpack simulation and forecast systems. The assimilation of real MODIS data will be investigated in future works.
Seasonal evolution of the effective thermal conductivity of the snow and the soil in high Arctic herb tundra at Bylot Island, Canada
Authors: Domine Florent , Barrere Mathieu , Sarrazin Denis
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The values of the snow and soil thermal conductivity, ksnow and ksoil, strongly impact the thermal regime of the ground in the Arctic, but very few data are available to test model predictions for these variables. We have monitored ksnow and ksoil using heated needle probes at Bylot Island in the Canadian High Arctic (73° N, 80° W) between July 2013 and July 2015. Few ksnow data were obtained during the 2013–2014 winter, because little snow was present. During the 2014–2015 winter ksnow monitoring at 2, 12 and 22 cm heights and field observations show that a depth hoar layer with ksnow around 0.02 W m−1 K−1 rapidly formed. At 12 and 22 cm, wind slabs with ksnow around 0.2 to 0.3 W m−1 K−1 formed. The monitoring of ksoil at 10 cm depth shows that in thawed soil, ksoil was around 0.7 W m−1 K−1 while in frozen soil it was around 1.9 W m−1 K−1. The transition between both values took place within a few days, so that the use of a bimodal distribution of ksoil for modelling appears adequate, in contrast to conclusions from previous studies. This may be explained by different soil properties or by artefacts caused by using high heating powers for thermal measurements in previous works. Simulations of ksnow using the snow physics model Crocus were performed. Contrary to observations, Crocus predicts high ksnow values at the base of the snowpack (0.12 to 0.27 W m−1 K−1) and low ones in its upper parts (0.02 to 0.12 W m−1 K−1). We diagnose that this is because Crocus does not describe the large upward water vapor fluxes caused by the temperature gradient in the snow and soil. These fluxes produce mass transfer between the soil and lower snow layers to the upper snow layers and the atmosphere. Finally, we discuss the importance of the structure and properties of the Arctic snowpack on subnivean life, as species such as lemmings live under the snow most of the year and must travel in the lower snow layer in search of food.
A vida após o acidente vascular cerebral na perspectiva dos sobreviventes
Authors: Silva Jaine Kareny da , Vila Vanessa da Silva Carvalho , Ribeiro Maysa Ferreira Martins , Vandenberghe Luc
Published: May 2016

Estudo de caso interpretativo desenvolvido com objetivo de compreender os significados da experiência da enfermidade na perspectiva de oito sobreviventes ao Acidente Vascular Cerebral. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, seguida de análise temática qualitativa. A experiência da enfermidade gerou sensações negativas como medo da morte, invalidez, perda de autonomia e incapacidade para o trabalho. O apoio social da família e da religião foi essencial para lidar com as mudanças na vida cotidiana na ineficiência das redes de atenção à saúde. Foi identificada a ausência de orientação, sobretudo pelos enfermeiros, para o cuidado do paciente no domicílio. Os resultados sugerem a necessidade de reforçar a educação em saúde para a valorização da sintomatologia preditora ao acidente vascular cerebral, a sensibilização do impacto que essa enfermidade representa na vida dos sobreviventes e a necessidade da equipe multiprofissional investir na proatividade dos familiares.
Complicações locais no cateterismo venoso periférico em neonatos: coorte prospectiva
Authors: Danski Mitzy Tannia Reichembach , Lind Jolline , Mingorance Priscila , Johann Derdried Athanasio , Schwanke Alessandra Amaral
Published: May 2016

Objetivou-se avaliar incidência de complicações relacionadas ao uso do primeiro CIP em neonatos e identificar fatores de risco associados. Trata-se de coorte observacional prospectiva, com abordagem quantitativa; desenvolveu-se em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de hospital de ensino de uma capital do Sul do Brasil; e coleta de dados ocorreu de fevereiro a junho de 2013. Totalizou-se 134 CIP. A incidência de complicações foi de 41,01%. O sexo feminino (p=0,0152) apresentou menor risco de desenvolver complicação e nas primeiras 48 horas após punção ocorre maior risco de desenvolver complicação (p=0,0296). As evidências resultantes desta pesquisa embasam um cuidado de qualidade, beneficiando a população em estudo.
Adherence to a treatment of cranial deformities with a sensorised brace device
Authors: Oller Arcas Toni , Lopez Rubio Juan , Alcober Segura Jesus , Tarín Guillem , Rosas Lucero , Garcia Julio
Published: May 2016

A disease that affects newborn children causes cranial deformities and the (surgical) treatment possibilities are limited until the children are old enough to not put their life in risk. This work describes an experience based on biomedical and telematics engineering discipline combination, which allows defining a treatment procedure for children between 4 and 18 months old to the diagnosis, helmet design, manufacturing and tracking in a way of registering the adherence during the whole treatment.
Recent Advances on Telematics Engineering
Authors: Agüero Calvo Ramón , Payeras Capellà María Magdalena , Femenias Nadal Guillem , Lloret Jaime
Published: May 2016

This Special Issue includes extended versions of selected papers from the XII Jornadas de Ingeniería Telemática (JITEL 2015), that took place in Palma, Spain, from October 14th to 16th, 2015. These papers underwent a rigorous review process, ensuring that they present enough new material so as to be considered original contributions while avoiding self-plagiarism.
Between 250 years of free information and 20 years of EU and Internet
Authors: Österdahl Inger
Published: May 2016

The right of access to documents is constitutionally based in Sweden and has a long history. The right of access is considered crucial to Swedish democracy.  On entering the EU in 1995, Sweden declared that public access to official records forms part of Sweden’s constitutional, political and cultural heritage.  The members of the EU for their part declared that they took it for granted that Sweden would fully comply with Community, now Union, law with respect to openness and transparency. Sweden continues to push for transparency when EU legislation potentially containing secrecy clauses is negotiated in the EU.  It turns out, however, that the EU membership does pose challenges to the strong Swedish right of access to documents. The protection of personal data is controversial in Sweden to the extent that the stricter EU legislation clashes with the traditionally weak protection of privacy in Swedish law; the right of access to information has largely overridden the right to privacy. Large amounts of publicly available personal data, amassed in data bases by private actors, for commercial reasons but under the protection of the Swedish constitution, is causing problems especially since the Swedish constitutional law is considered, by Sweden, to precede EU legislation in the field. Sweden will somehow have to solve the dilemmas caused by the differing traditions of transparency between itself and other members of the EU and of other international organizations. Many answers – perhaps converging - will be provided in 2016 by Swedish official inquiries and the EU Regulation.Article first published online: 22 MARCH 2016
Defining the public domain in economic terms: Approaches and consequences for policy
Authors: Erickson Kristofer
Published: May 2016

Stimulating innovation and growth in the so-called ‘creative economy’ is a current policy objective for national regulators. One policy lever traditionally applied to the creative sector is intellectual property, in particular the scope and term of protection offered by copyright. Opposition to expansion and further enclosure of the copyright public domain was previously articulated in terms of access to a commons of information. Since the Hargreaves Review of Intellectual Property in 2011, copyright reform in the UK context is increasingly framed in the language of economics.   This paper reviews two prevailing economic theories shaping how policy makers discuss the public domain in debates about IP reform: a welfare economics approach which weighs increases in producer and consumer surplus under different policy configurations and an economics of innovation approach which considers the value of the public domain as a reservoir of ideas for individuals and firms.  I argue that economic definitions should be augmented by a consideration of the democratic requirement of access to information. The consequences of this re-figuration of the public domain for the public interest and access to information are discussed.
Nos falta educación
Authors: Martínez Reyes Nelson Rubén
Published: May 2016

Diá-logos 16, 3-8.
Deserción universitaria, una mirada desde la experiencia del Departamento de Atención Psicopedagógica
Authors: Pérez Rodríguez Carmen Leticia
Published: May 2016

En el presente artículo, la autora aborda el fenómeno de la deserción de estudiantes de la Universidad Don Bosco a través de las experiencias de los alumnos que buscan asistencia en el Departamento de Atención Psicopedagógica. El estudio se construye con la información recogida en las sesiones de los alumnos que han acudido a dicho departamento buscando algún tipo de ayuda durante 2014. Estos datos han servido más específicamente para dilucidar las causas de deserción y para diseñar un perfil emergente del estudiante desertor para dicha universidad.Diá-logos 16, 39-47.
La Pedagogía de la Ternura -Una lucha por la dignidad y la vida desde la acción educativa
Authors: Cussiánavich Villarán Alejandro , Schmalenbach Christine
Published: May 2016

La Pedagogía de la Ternura surgió en un contexto de guerra interna en Perú. Un grupo de maestros buscaba respuesta a la violencia e indiferencia que afectaban sus vidas y la de sus estudiantes. Es un enfoque con una vista respetuosa e integral de la infancia, tomando en cuenta no solo la cognición de los estudiantes sino también sus experiencias diarias, sus emociones y relaciones interpersonales. La idea fue y es desarrollada por colaboradores del Manthoc e IFEJANT, dos organizaciones que apoyan a niños trabajadores en la defensa de sus derechos. Tiene antecedentes y movimientos hermanos en otros países con experiencias semejantes.Diá-logos 16, 63-76.
Salvage radiation therapy 11 years after a radical prostatectomy
Authors: Hogues Valérie , Lambert Carole , McCormack Michael
Published: May 2016

We present a patient with a high prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value, who was successfully treated with salvage radiation therapy (RT) 11 years after a radical prostatectomy (RP).
The use of intra-detrusor onabotulinumtoxinA in patients with myasthenia gravis
Authors: Wright Ian , Civitarese Andrea , Baverstock Richard
Published: May 2016

The use of intra-detrusor onabotulinumtoxinA (Botox®) in patients with myasthenia gravis has not been reported, and little evidence exists to substantiate a complete contraindication of Botox use in this population. Here, we present two cases of comorbid overactive bladder (OAB) and myasthenia gravis successfully treated with intra-detrusor Botox.
Maculergithus, a new subgenus in Gergithus Schumacher, 1915 with two new species from northern Vietnam (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Issidae)
Authors: Constant Jérôme , Pham Hong-Thai
Published: May 2016

The new subgenus Maculergithus subgen. nov. is established to accommodate two new species of the genus Gergithus Stål, 1870 (Issinae, Hemisphaeriini): G. (Maculergithus) tamdao subgen. et sp. nov. and G. (Maculergithus) luteomaculatus subgen. et sp. nov. from Tam Dao National Park in North Vietnam. Two more species from Hainan, China, G. multipunctatus Che, Zhang & Wang, 2007 and G. nonomaculatus Meng & Wang, 2012 are also placed in Maculergithus subgen. nov. A fifth species from Hainan, yet undescribed and erroneously identified as G. multipunctatus in recent papers also belongs to this new subgenus. Illustrations of habitus, morphological details and male genitalia together with a distribution map and an identification key to the species of Maculergithus subgen. nov. are provided. Four species of the genus Gergithus are now recorded in Vietnam. A rectificative note on the misinterpretation of G. multipunctatus in recent publications on Issidae is also provided.
Sustaining the future of HIV counselling to reach 90‐90‐90: a regional country analysis
Authors: Bemelmans Marielle , Baert Saar , Negussie Eyerusalem , Bygrave Helen , Biot Marc , Jamet Christine , Ellman Tom , Banda Amanda , van den Akker Thomas , Ford Nathan
Published: May 2016

Introduction

Counselling services are recommended by the World Health Organization and have been partially adopted by national HIV guidelines. In settings with a high HIV burden, patient education and counselling is often performed by lay workers, mainly supported with international funding. There are few examples where ministries of health have been able to absorb lay counsellors into their health systems or otherwise sustain their work. We document the role of lay cadres involved in HIV testing and counselling and adherence support and discuss approaches to sustainability.

Methods

We focused on a purposive sample of eight sub‐Saharan African countries where Médecins Sans Frontières supports HIV programmes: Guinea, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. We reviewed both published and grey literature, including national policies and donor proposals, and interviewed key informants, including relevant government staff, donors and non‐governmental organizations.

Results and discussion

Lay counsellors play a critical role in scaling up HIV services and addressing gaps in the HIV testing and treatment cascade by providing HIV testing and counselling and adherence support at both the facility and community levels. Countries have taken various steps in recognizing lay counsellors, including harmonizing training, job descriptions and support structures. However, formal integration of this cadre into national health systems is limited, as lay counsellors are usually not included in national strategies or budgeting.

Conclusions

The current trend of reduced donor support for lay counsellors, combined with lack of national prioritization, threatens the sustainability of this cadre and thereby quality HIV service delivery.
Spin injection into multilayer graphene from highly spin-polarized Co2FeSi Heusler alloy
Authors: Yamaguchi Takehiro , Moriya Rai , Oki Soichiro , Yamada Shinya , Masubuchi Satoru , Hamaya Kohei , Machida Tomoki
Published: May 2016

We demonstrate electrical spin injection into multilayer graphene (MLG) in a lateral spin valve device from a highly spin-polarized Co2FeSi (CFS) Huesler electrode. Exfoliated MLG was transferred onto prepatterned epitaxial CFS wires grown on an Si(111) substrate by a polymer-based transfer method. This method enabled us to fabricate multiple single-crystal CFS electrodes in contact with MLG. Electrical spin injection from CFS to MLG was detected through nonlocal magnetoresistance (MR) measurement. A nonlocal spin signal of 430 Ω was observed; this is the largest value among all reported nonlocal MR values in graphene-based devices.
Determination of particle size distribution and elastic properties of silica microcapsules by ultrasound spectroscopy
Authors: Tran Thao Nguyen , Shibata Daisuke , Norisuye Tomohisa , Nakanishi Hideyuki , Tran-Cong-Miyata Qui
Published: May 2016

The acoustical properties of silica microcapsules synthesized by the interfacial polymerization of sodium silicate were studied by ultrasound spectroscopy. The experimental data were reproduced by the Waterman–Truell dispersion relation with the scattering function theory proposed by Goodman and Stern for hollow particles in liquid. The particle size distributions were successfully evaluated by the analysis and were found to be in good agreement with those obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The formation of such silicate microcapsules synthesized through water/oil/water emulsion as a template was also monitored.
Multiplex transmission system for gate drive signals of inverter circuit using surface acoustic wave filters
Authors: Suzuki Akifumi , Ueda Kensuke , Goka Shigeyoshi , Wada Keiji , Kakio Shoji
Published: May 2016

We propose and fabricate a multiplexed transmission system based on frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) with surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters. SAW filters are suitable for use in wide-gap switching devices and multilevel inverters because of their capability to operate at high temperatures, good electrical isolation, low cost, and high reliability. Our proposed system reduces the number of electrical signal wires needed to control each switching device and eliminates the need for isolation circuits, simplifying the transmission system and gate drive circuits. We successfully controlled two switching devices with a single coaxial line and confirmed the operation of a single-phase half-bridge inverter at a supply voltage of 100 V, and the total delay time to control the switching devices was less than 2.5 µs. Our experimental results validated our proposed system.
High resolution wavenumber analysis for investigation of arterial pulse wave propagation
Authors: Hasegawa Hideyuki , Sato Masakazu , Irie Takasuke
Published: May 2016

The propagation of the pulse wave along the artery is relatively fast (several m/s), and a high-temporal resolution is required to measure pulse wave velocity (PWV) in a regional segment of the artery. High-frame-rate ultrasound enables the measurement of the regional PWV. In analyses of wave propagation phenomena, the direction and propagation speed are generally identified in the frequency-wavenumber space using the two-dimensional Fourier transform. However, the wavelength of the pulse wave is very long (1 m at a propagation velocity of 10 m/s and a temporal frequency of 10 Hz) compared with a typical lateral field of view of 40 mm in ultrasound imaging. Therefore, PWV cannot be identified in the frequency-wavenumber space owing to the low resolution of the two-dimensional Fourier transform. In the present study, PWV was visualized in the wavenumber domain using phases of arterial wall acceleration waveforms measured by high-frame-rate ultrasound.
Small cargoes pass through synthetically glued Golgi stacks
Authors: Dancourt Julia , Zheng Hong , Bottanelli Francesca , Allgeyer Edward S. , Bewersdorf Joerg , Graham Morven , Liu Xinran , Rothman James E. , Lavieu Grégory
Published: May 2016

How are proteins transported across the stacked cisternae of the Golgi apparatus? Do they stay within the cisterna while the latter matures and progresses in an anterograde manner, or do they navigate between the cisternae via vesicles? Using synthetic biology, we engineered new tools designed to stabilize intercisternal adhesion such that Golgi cisternae are literally glued together, thus preventing any possible cisternal progression. Using bulk secretory assays and single‐cell live imaging, we observed that small cargoes (but not large aggregated cargoes including collagen) still transited through glued Golgi, although the rate of transport was moderately reduced. ARF1, whose membrane recruitment is required for budding COPI vesicles, continues to cycle on and off glued Golgi. Numerous COPI‐size vesicles were intercalated among the glued Golgi cisternae. These results suggest that cisternal progression is not required for anterograde transport, but do not address the possibility of cisternal maturation in situ.
The transcriptional activator GaaR of Aspergillus niger is required for release and utilization of d‐galacturonic acid from pectin
Authors: Alazi Ebru , Niu Jing , Kowalczyk Joanna E. , Peng Mao , Aguilar Pontes Maria Victoria , van Kan Jan A. L. , Visser Jaap , de Vries Ronald P. , Ram Arthur F. J.
Published: May 2016

We identified the d‐galacturonic acid (GA)‐responsive transcriptional activator GaaR of the saprotrophic fungus, Aspergillus niger, which was found to be essential for growth on GA and polygalacturonic acid (PGA). Growth of the ΔgaaR strain was reduced on complex pectins. Genome‐wide expression analysis showed that GaaR is required for the expression of genes necessary to release GA from PGA and more complex pectins, to transport GA into the cell, and to induce the GA catabolic pathway. Residual growth of ΔgaaR on complex pectins is likely due to the expression of pectinases acting on rhamnogalacturonan and subsequent metabolism of the monosaccharides other than GA.
First principles model of carbonate compaction creep
Authors: Keszthelyi Daniel , Dysthe Dag Kristian , Jamtveit Bjørn
Published: May 2016

Rocks under compressional stress conditions are subject to long‐term creep deformation. From first principles we develop a simple micromechanical model of creep in rocks under compressional stress that combines microscopic fracturing and pressure solution. This model was then upscaled by a statistical mechanical approach to predict strain rate at core and reservoir scale. The model uses no fitting parameter and has few input parameters: effective stress, temperature, water saturation porosity, and material parameters. Material parameters are porosity, pore size distribution, Young's modulus, interfacial energy of wet calcite, the dissolution, and precipitation rates of calcite, and the diffusion rate of calcium carbonate, all of which are independently measurable without performing any type of deformation or creep test. Existing long‐term creep experiments were used to test the model which successfully predicts the magnitude of the resulting strain rate under very different effective stress, temperature, and water saturation conditions. The model was used to predict the observed compaction of a producing chalk reservoir.
Constraints on the heterogeneity spectrum of Earth's upper mantle
Authors: Mancinelli Nicholas , Shearer Peter , Liu Qinya
Published: May 2016

We constrain the heterogeneity spectrum of Earth's upper mantle at scales from a few kilometers to tens of thousands of kilometers using observations from high‐frequency scattering, long‐period scattering, and tomography. Tomography and high‐frequency scattering constraints are drawn from previous studies, but constraints on mantle heterogeneity at intermediate scales (5–500 km) are lacking. To address this, we stack ∼15,000 long‐period P coda envelopes to characterize the globally averaged scattered wavefield at periods from 5 to 60 s and at ranges from 50 to 98°. To fit these observations, we consider models of random mantle heterogeneity and compute the corresponding global wavefield using both a ray theoretical “seismic particle” approach and full spectral element simulations. Von Kármán random media distributed throughout the uppermost 600 km of the mantle with a = 2000 km, ε = 10%, and κ = 0.05 provide a good fit to the time, range, and frequency dependence of the stacks, although there is a trade‐off between ε and the thickness of the assumed scattering layer. This random media model also fits previously published 1 Hz stacks of P coda and agrees with constraints on long‐wavelength structure from tomography. Finally, we explore geodynamically plausible scenarios that might be responsible for the RMS and falloff rate of the proposed spectrum, including a self‐similar mixture of basalt and harzburgite.
The impact of different aperture distribution models and critical stress criteria on equivalent permeability in fractured rocks
Authors: Bisdom Kevin , Bertotti Giovanni , Nick Hamidreza M.
Published: May 2016

Predicting equivalent permeability in fractured reservoirs requires an understanding of the fracture network geometry and apertures. There are different methods for defining aperture, based on outcrop observations (power law scaling), fundamental mechanics (sublinear length‐aperture scaling), and experiments (Barton‐Bandis conductive shearing). Each method predicts heterogeneous apertures, even along single fractures (i.e., intrafracture variations), but most fractured reservoir models imply constant apertures for single fractures. We compare the relative differences in aperture and permeability predicted by three aperture methods, where permeability is modeled in explicit fracture networks with coupled fracture‐matrix flow. Aperture varies along single fractures, and geomechanical relations are used to identify which fractures are critically stressed. The aperture models are applied to real‐world large‐scale fracture networks. (Sub)linear length scaling predicts the largest average aperture and equivalent permeability. Barton‐Bandis aperture is smaller, predicting on average a sixfold increase compared to matrix permeability. Application of critical stress criteria results in a decrease in the fraction of open fractures. For the applied stress conditions, Coulomb predicts that 50% of the network is critically stressed, compared to 80% for Barton‐Bandis peak shear. The impact of the fracture network on equivalent permeability depends on the matrix hydraulic properties, as in a low‐permeable matrix, intrafracture connectivity, i.e., the opening along a single fracture, controls equivalent permeability, whereas for a more permeable matrix, absolute apertures have a larger impact. Quantification of fracture flow regimes using only the ratio of fracture versus matrix permeability is insufficient, as these regimes also depend on aperture variations within fractures.
Multisegment rupture in the 11 July 1889 Chilik earthquake (Mw 8.0–8.3), Kazakh Tien Shan, interpreted from remote sensing, field survey, and paleoseismic trenching
Authors: Abdrakhmatov K. E. , Walker R. T. , Campbell G. E. , Carr A. S. , Elliott A. , Hillemann C. , Hollingsworth J. , Landgraf A. , Mackenzie D. , Mukambayev A. , Rizza M. , Sloan R. A.
Published: May 2016

The 11 July 1889 Chilik earthquake (Mw 8.0–8.3) forms part of a remarkable sequence of large earthquakes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in the northern Tien Shan. Despite its importance, the source of the 1889 earthquake remains unknown, though the macroseismic epicenter is sited in the Chilik valley, ~100 km southeast of Almaty, Kazakhstan (~2 million population). Several short fault segments that have been inferred to have ruptured in 1889 are too short on their own to account for the estimated magnitude. In this paper we perform detailed surveying and trenching of the ~30 km long Saty fault, one of the previously inferred sources, and find that it was formed in a single earthquake within the last 700 years, involving surface slip of up to 10 m. The scarp‐forming event, likely to be the 1889 earthquake, was the only surface‐rupturing event for at least 5000 years and potentially for much longer. From satellite imagery we extend the mapped length of fresh scarps within the 1889 epicentral zone to a total of ~175 km, which we also suggest as candidate ruptures from the 1889 earthquake. The 175 km of rupture involves conjugate oblique left‐lateral and right‐lateral slip on three separate faults, with step overs of several kilometers between them. All three faults were essentially invisible in the Holocene geomorphology prior to the last slip. The recurrence interval between large earthquakes on any of these faults, and presumably on other faults of the Tien Shan, may be longer than the timescale over which the landscape is reset, providing a challenge for delineating sources of future hazard.
A 530 year long record of the Indian Summer Monsoon from carbonate varves in Maar Lake Twintaung, Myanmar
Authors: Sun Qing , Shan Yabing , Sein Kyaing , Su Youliang , Zhu Qingzen , Wang Luo , Sun Jiming , Gu Zhaoyan , Chu Guoqiang
Published: May 2016

We report an annually laminated sequence spanning the past 530 years from Maar Lake Twintaung, Myanmar. Calcareous varves appear as rhythmic units of light‐colored carbonate and dark‐colored biogenic‐clastic lamina in the sediment. The light‐colored carbonate layers are formed in the dry season due to strong evaporation and Spirulina blooms. The varved sequence provides a high‐resolution geochemical archive of paleoclimatic variability in this tropical, data sparse area. A synchrotron radiation X‐ray fluorescence method was used to analyze elemental data at seasonal to annual time scales. In this arid region, elemental Ca and Sr are mainly regulated by the balance of evaporation and precipitation in this closed lake basin. The elemental variations show distinct interannual and decadal variabilities. On interannual time scales, spectral analysis of the Ca and Sr time series indicates stronger El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐like (Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)‐like) variability at periods of 2–7 years. It may suggest that ENSO and/or IOD are two dominant modes of regional rainfall variability on interannual time scales over the past 530 years. The quasiperiodicities of approximately 10 years suggest that solar activity may be a critical driving force of monsoonal rainfall in the region. A notable feature is that decreasing monsoonal rainfall since A.D. 1840 is coupled with tropical sea surface temperature variation. Considering that the monsoonal rainfall is coupled with several atmospheric processes evolving at different spatial and temporal scales, more high‐resolution data are required to evaluate and verify the regional rainfall variability and its dynamic links.
Sediment transport through self‐adjusting, bedrock‐walled waterfall plunge pools
Authors: Scheingross Joel S. , Lamb Michael P.
Published: May 2016

Many waterfalls have deep plunge pools that are often partially or fully filled with sediment. Sediment fill may control plunge‐pool bedrock erosion rates, partially determine habitat availability for aquatic organisms, and affect sediment routing and debris flow initiation. Currently, there exists no mechanistic model to describe sediment transport through waterfall plunge pools. Here we develop an analytical model to predict steady‐state plunge‐pool depth and sediment‐transport capacity by combining existing jet theory with sediment transport mechanics. Our model predicts plunge‐pool sediment‐transport capacity increases with increasing river discharge, flow velocity, and waterfall drop height and decreases with increasing plunge‐pool depth, radius, and grain size. We tested the model using flume experiments under varying waterfall and plunge‐pool geometries, flow hydraulics, and sediment size. The model and experiments show that through morphodynamic feedbacks, plunge pools aggrade to reach shallower equilibrium pool depths in response to increases in imposed sediment supply. Our theory for steady‐state pool depth matches the experiments with an R2 value of 0.8, with discrepancies likely due to model simplifications of the hydraulics and sediment transport. Analysis of 75 waterfalls suggests that the water depths in natural plunge pools are strongly influenced by upstream sediment supply, and our model provides a mass‐conserving framework to predict sediment and water storage in waterfall plunge pools for sediment routing, habitat assessment, and bedrock erosion modeling.
Active calibration target for bistatic radar cross‐section measurements
Authors: Pienaar M. , Odendaal J. W. , Joubert J. , Cilliers J. E. , Smit J. C.
Published: May 2016

Either passive calibration targets are expensive and complex to manufacture or their bistatic radar cross section (RCS) levels are significantly lower than the monostatic RCS levels of targets such as spheres, dihedral, and trihedral corner reflectors. In this paper the performance of an active calibration target with relative high bistatic RCS values is illustrated as a reference target for bistatic RCS measurements. The reference target is simple to manufacture, operates over a wide frequency range, and can be configured to calibrate all four polarizations (VV, HH, HV, and VH). Bistatic RCS measurements of canonical targets, performed in a controlled environment, are calibrated with the reference target and the results are compared to simulated results using FEKO.