bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Also d'Susi wär e ganz e liebi Frau für de Markus! Zur Verdoppelung des indefiniten Artikels in der adverbiell erweiterten Nominalphrase im Schweizerdeutschen
Authors: Steiner Janine
Published: August 2021

Three possible constructions of adverbially complemented noun phrases are attested in Swiss German. In (1), the indefinite article is doubled, whereas in (2) and (3) the article appears only once; it precedes or follows the adverb, respectively:
(1) Also d' Susi wär e ganz e liebi Frau für de Markus!
So the Susi would_be Art really Art lovely wife for the Markus!
'Susi would be a really lovely wife for Markus!'
(2) Also d' Susi wär ganz e liebi Frau für de Markus!
So the Susi would_be really Art lovely wife for the Markus!
'Susi would be a really lovely wife for Markus!'
(3) Also d' Susi wär e ganz liebi Frau für de Markus!
So the Susi would_be Art really lovely wife for the Markus!
'Susi would be a really lovely wife for Markus!'
Doubling of the indefinite article is quite often mentioned in dialectological literature. Unfortunately there is nothing to be found about regional differences, frequency or possible contexts for a doubling in most standard works of Swiss German dialectology. The present paper now fills in some of these gaps in research on the adverbially complemented noun phrase in Swiss German:
In a quantitative analysis will be shown that the construction with the article between adverb and adjective (2) is the one given the highest acceptance and preference rates by the informants. Furthermore the paper also shows that the doubling-construction (1) is more prominent in some Swiss German speaking-areas than in others. An apparent time analysis reveals ongoing language change and, last but not least, it shows that sociolinguistic parameters have an impact on the adverbially complemented noun phrase as well.
Ausspracheabweichungen im Hochdeutsch thailändischer Immigrantinnen in der Deutschschweiz
Authors: Attaviriyanupap Korakoch
Published: August 2021

The situations of Thais not being understood by German native speakers even though they use correct words have always been experienced. However, the pronunciation difficulties of Thai native speakers are mostly just taken for granted as typical errors, but not systematically listed and discussed. As found out in the corpus consisting of utterances in Standard German of 16 female immigrants living in German-speaking Switzerland, their pronunciation variations which differ from the norm of the target language are very systematic and predictable because they are based on Thai sound patterns. This article aims to present a contrastive analysis of German and Thai in terms of segmental elements and syllable structure and to give an overview of systematic nontarget-like pronuncation of German second language learners who are native speakers of Thai. The findings should be made useful in teaching German as second language to this group of learners.
Digitale Textdatenbanken im Vergleich
Authors: Näf Anton , Duffner Rolf
Published: August 2021

The present paper offers a comparative presentation of the possibilities and limits of five of the most important large digital corpora on present day German which are currently publicly available (Leipzig, DWDS, COSMAS, COSMAS tagged and TIGER). The aim of this article is to put at the researcher's disposal a comprehensive survey of the possibilities for using automatic search devices in the fields of lexicology, morphology, word formation and syntax. Special attention is given to the comparison of the performance and user friendliness of the proposed search options and analysis tools (lemmatisation, cooccurrence analysis, etc.). The information given in this paper is condensed in several comparative synopses which are individually understandable to a reader who does not want to have recourse to the full text.
Korpuslinguistik, Hermeneutik und die soziale Konstruktion der Wirklichkeit
Authors: Teubert Wolfgang
Published: August 2021

In this article, I attempt to embed corpus linguistics in a framework of social constructionism and hermeneutics. Corpus linguistics, as I see it, has a unique approach to meaning. It aims to describe the meaning of a unit under consideration exclusively through usage and paraphrase. These units can be seen as objects of the discourse, and their meaning is what has been said about them within the discourse. While over the last forty years corpora were mainly used to find out what is common to different occurrences of such units, for instance a lexical item such as friendly fire, we should now turn our attention also to what make each occurrence a singular event, somehow building on paraphrases before the event and the traces this particular event leaves in subsequent texts. I am not interested in what is going on in the minds of speakers and hearers, and I am not interested in how what is said may refer to reality. Meaning as seen here is only found within the discourse, negotiated in a never-ending flow of contributions to the discourse, in which what has been said so far is continuously rearranged in and permuted in new contributions to the discourse. The discourse is therefore autopoietic and self-referential.
Funktionsverbgefüge - empirisch (am Beispiel von kommen)
Authors: Kamber Alain
Published: August 2021

In grammars and textbooks used to teach German as a foreign language, the chapters devoted to the "Funktionsverbgefüge" (light verb constructions) are based on data that are mainly obtained by introspection. German dictionaries also often seem not to be based on empirical data. Through the example of kommen (to come), the present paper aims at showing a few new and decisive elements that empirical, strictly corpus-driven research, by means of the new digital corpora, makes it possible to highlight. The purpose is to achieve a description that is more precise and more faithful to the target language in foreign languages teaching.
Keywords: Light verb construction - light verb - corpus linguistics - empirical research - digital corpora - COSMAS II - prototype semantics - syntax - valence - complementation - lexicology - grammar
Suän, Zetti, Wüer - Namen im Umkreis der Oberwalliser Flurbewässerung
Authors: Bellwald Werner , Würth Stefan
Published: August 2021

An archaic dialect, ancient wooden houses, the special rye bread or the artificial irrigation channels (suones) - they all belong to the typical "sights" of the Valais that are widely known but little investigated. In our paper we record the names of waterways in the German-speaking Valais, above all we derive proper names and appellatives etymologically and look into their geografic and diachronic distribution from first documentary evidence back in the 13th century up to present-day oral recordings, from the language boundary near Siders to the Rhone glacier.
Not claiming completeness and not wanting to collect all suones an onomastic explanatio of the most important names and appellatives is given which denote artificial waterways. Tools and work processes are listed and a typology and morphology of the names of the waterways is set up.
Europäische Union und sprachliche Bildung: Auf der Suche nach einem europäischen Kommunikationsraum
Authors: Jostes Brigitte
Published: August 2021

Orders and communiqués by the executive body of the European Union consistently treat the generation of "european spaces and areas": the "European economic area" is followed by the "European space for higher education", the "education area", the "European area of lifelong learning", the "research area" and the "European information space". Although all of these spaces are not conceivable without linguistic communication, no one is ever explicitly talking about a "European communication space" - in Europe language issues are a hot potato. Implicitly though, it is of course a matter of a "European communication space", and that to a great extent in European politics of linguistic education.
The article documents the history of this EU policy from its beginnings to the new "framework strategy for multilingualism", and contrasts this policy with disillusioning results from research into the actual European multilingualism. Following the attempt to reconstruct the implicit model of a European communication space based on approaches of linguistic varieties it is proposed that the negative results of a multilingualism politicy are directly linked to the non-feasibility of this implicit model.
What Constitutes a Unit of Analysis in Language?
Authors: Danielsson Pernilla
Published: August 2021

Over the last decade, the study of multi-word units has become increasingly popular and now these units seem to have reached a status where they cannot be ignored. This paper should be seen as a recapituation of the discussion around multi-word units, especially focusing on corpus evidence of such units and what is perceived to be relevant findings. An unsupervised method for extracting multi-word units from corpora is presented and the findings examined. However, rather than evaluating the results, this article will raise the question of what constitutes a 'good' multi-word unit? The article does not claim to give any conclusive answers but perhaps instead posing a few relevant questions.
Bilingual Lexicography: Some Issues with Modern English Urdu Lexicography – a User's Perspective
Authors: Saleem Muhammad Ilyas
Published: August 2021

The tradition of bilingual lexicography in the Indian subcontinent is more than two centuries old and goes back to as far as 1772 (Hadley). This article examines the development of bilingual lexicography in the Indian subcontinent with special reference to English-Hindustani or -Urdu dictionary development. It further explores some issues specific to this field and tries to suggest some solutions. First of all it describes the historical perspective of linguistic work in the subcontinent and then discusses issues relating to English-Urdu bilingual lexicography in particular.
Korpuslinguistische Fallstudien zum Südtiroler Standardschriftdeutsch – das Projekt "Korpus Südtirol"
Authors: Anstein Stefanie
Published: August 2021

In this paper the linguistically annotated "Korpus Südtirol" is presented, which can be used as a basis for systematic comparative studies of language varieties. Corpus linguistic methods and results as well as insights concerning the semi-automatic collection of special properties of the South Tyrolean German language – both on the lexical and on the phrasal level – are described. In these studies, automatically produced lists of objective differences provide a basis for further manual investigation and classification.
Modeling solar eclipse shadow bands using wave optics simulation through distributed turbulence
Authors: Zhan Hanyu , Voelz David G.
Published: August 2021

Thin, wavy ribbons of light known as “shadow bands” can be seen moving and
undulating on the ground just preceding and following the occurrence
of a total solar eclipse. Using the scattering scintillation theory,
Codona [Astron.
Astrophys. 164, 415
(1986)AAEJAF0004-6361] presented
theoretical investigations that explain recorded features of shadow
bands and suggest the turbulence mainly responsible for the bands is
within the bottom 2–3 km of the atmosphere. This paper proposes an
approach to model the shadow band phenomena using a numerical wave
optics simulation. The simulation approach employs numerical wave
optics techniques to model a crescent-shape source, propagation of
component plane waves through turbulence phase screens, and
observation of the light at the ground. The simulation produces
intensity patterns with structures and evolution that are consistent
with actual shadow band observations and Codona’s theory. The
contribution of the turbulence phase screens as a function of height
to the shadow band intensity scintillation index is simulated and
excellent correspondence is found with the theory. Finally, the
practical utility of the simulation is illustrated by creating
intensity frames that show the temporal evolution of the patterns due
to wind. The simulation approach is adaptable and can be applied to
scintillation and imaging problems involving other incoherent objects
or sources that subtend relatively large angles and are observed
through atmospheric turbulence.
ADMM approach for efficient iterative tomographic deconvolution reconstruction of 3D quantitative phase images
Authors: Long Joshua M. , Chun Ji Ye , Gaylord Thomas K.
Published: August 2021

Tomographic deconvolution phase microscopy (TDPM) is a promising
approach for 3D quantitative imaging of phase objects such as
biological cells and optical fibers. In the present work, the
alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is applied to TDPM
to shorten its image acquisition and processing times while
simultaneously improving its accuracy. ADMM-TDPM is used to optimize
the image fidelity by minimizing Gaussian noise and by using total
variation regularization with the constraints of nonnegativity and
known zeros. ADMM-TDPM can reconstruct phase objects that are shift
variant in three spatial dimensions. ADMM-TDPM achieves speedups of 5x
in image acquisition time and greater than 10x in image processing
time with accompanying higher accuracy compared to TDPM.
Efficient method for the calculation of the optical force of multiple nanoparticles based on the coupling theory of quasinormal modes
Authors: Qi Zhe , Zhong Ying , Liu Haitao
Published: August 2021

An efficient method is proposed for the calculation of the optical force of multiple nanoparticles. In this method, the optical force is calculated by integrating the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) over a closed surface encompassing the nanoparticle. The electromagnetic (EM) field required for evaluating the MST is computed with the coupling theory of quasinormal modes (QNMs), in which the EM field is expanded onto a small set of QNMs of each nanoparticle. Once these dominant modes, which are eigensolutions of source-free Maxwell equations with complex eigenfrequencies, are known, any variation of the interparticle distance, illumination polarization, or wavelength can be treated analytically. Comparisons with the full-wave numerical method demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the formalism. With the formalism, force maps are calculated at remarkable computation speed, providing a promising simulation tool for applications such as plasmon tweezer and photoinduced force microscopy.
Delay-and-sum-to-delay-standard-deviation factor: a promising adaptive beamformer
Authors: Paul Souradip , Thomas Anjali , Singh Mayanglambam Suheshkumar
Published: August 2021

A new adaptive weighting method [delay-and-sum-to-delay-standard-deviation factor (DASDSF)] combined with minimum variance (MV) beamforming is introduced in photoacoustic imaging (PAI). Existing MV-based beamformers improve photoacoustic image quality in terms of achieving narrow main lobes and, thus, improving spatial resolution. But, the beamformers give a strong side-lobe signal strength that greatly degrades the reconstructed image contrast. As a feedback weighting factor, DASDSF addresses the persisting side-lobe issue present in MV-beamformed images, i.e., our proposed method is robust against reduction in noises as well as side lobes, and it outperforms MV and MV combined with coherence factor beamformers. Validation studies—being carried out both in numerical simulation and experiments employing a low-cost (16 elements) linear transducer array in a home-built PAI system—demonstrate an excellent performance of the proposed weighting approach in improving SNR, while reducing main-lobe width (i.e., FWHM) and side-lobe signal strength. The study demonstrates that the proposed algorithm holds promise for development of a cost-effective PAI system using a low-cost linear transducer (

∼

16

elements against

∼

128

generally used).
Terahertz transmissive half-wave metasurface with enhanced bandwidth: publisher’s note
Authors: You Xiaolong , Ako Rajour T. , Lee Wendy S. L. , Bhaskaran Madhu , Sriram Sharath , Fumeaux Christophe , Withayachumnankul Withawat
Published: August 2021

This publisher’s note contains corrections to Opt. Lett. 46, 4164 (2021)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.431285.
The endogenous mex-3 3´UTR is required for germline repression and contributes to optimal fecundity in C. elegans
Authors: Albarqi Mennatallah M. Y. , Ryder Sean P.
Published: August 2021

RNA regulation is essential to successful reproduction. Messenger RNAs delivered from parent to progeny govern early embryonic development. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are the key effectors of this process, regulating the translation and stability of parental transcripts to control cell fate specification events prior to zygotic gene activation. The KH-domain RBP MEX-3 is conserved from nematode to human. It was first discovered inCaenorhabditis elegans, where it is essential for anterior cell fate and embryo viability. Here, we show that loss of the endogenousmex-33´UTR disrupts its germline expression pattern. An allelic series of 3´UTR deletion variants identify repressing regions of the UTR and demonstrate that repression is not precisely coupled to reproductive success. We also show that several RBPs regulatemex-3mRNA through its 3´UTR to define its unique germline spatiotemporal expression pattern. Additionally, we find that both poly(A) tail length control and the translation initiation factor IFE-3 contribute to its expression pattern. Together, our results establish the importance of themex-33´UTR to reproductive health and its expression in the germline. Our results suggest that additional mechanisms control MEX-3 function when 3´UTR regulation is compromised.
The prevalence of mental disorders among homeless people in high-income countries: An updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis
Authors: Gutwinski Stefan , Schreiter Stefanie , Deutscher Karl , Fazel Seena
Published: August 2021

Background

Homelessness continues to be a pressing public health concern in many countries, and mental disorders in homeless persons contribute to their high rates of morbidity and mortality. Many primary studies have estimated prevalence rates for mental disorders in homeless individuals. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies on the prevalence of any mental disorder and major psychiatric diagnoses in clearly defined homeless populations in any high-income country.

Methods and findings

We systematically searched for observational studies that estimated prevalence rates of mental disorders in samples of homeless individuals, using Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar. We updated a previous systematic review and meta-analysis conducted in 2007, and searched until 1 April 2021. Studies were included if they sampled exclusively homeless persons, diagnosed mental disorders by standardized criteria using validated methods, provided point or up to 12-month prevalence rates, and were conducted in high-income countries. We identified 39 publications with a total of 8,049 participants. Study quality was assessed using the JBI critical appraisal tool for prevalence studies and a risk of bias tool. Random effects meta-analyses of prevalence rates were conducted, and heterogeneity was assessed by meta-regression analyses. The mean prevalence of any current mental disorder was estimated at 76.2% (95% CI 64.0% to 86.6%). The most common diagnostic categories were alcohol use disorders, at 36.7% (95% CI 27.7% to 46.2%), and drug use disorders, at 21.7% (95% CI 13.1% to 31.7%), followed by schizophrenia spectrum disorders (12.4% [95% CI 9.5% to 15.7%]) and major depression (12.6% [95% CI 8.0% to 18.2%]). We found substantial heterogeneity in prevalence rates between studies, which was partially explained by sampling method, study location, and the sex distribution of participants. Limitations included lack of information on certain subpopulations (e.g., women and immigrants) and unmet healthcare needs.

Conclusions

Public health and policy interventions to improve the health of homeless persons should consider the pattern and extent of psychiatric morbidity. Our findings suggest that the burden of psychiatric morbidity in homeless persons is substantial, and should lead to regular reviews of how healthcare services assess, treat, and follow up homeless people. The high burden of substance use disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders need particular attention in service development. This systematic review and meta-analysis has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42018085216).

Trial registration

PROSPERO CRD42018085216.
Comparative Y-chromosome analysis among Cypriots in the context of historical events and migrations
Authors: Moutsouri Irene , Keravnou Anna , Manoli Panayiotis , Bertoncini Stefania , Michailidou Kyriaki , Christofi Vasilis , Xenophontos Stavroulla , Cariolou Marios A. , Bashiardes Evy
Published: August 2021

Y-chromosome analysis provides valuable information regarding the migration patterns of male ancestors, ranging from the Paleolithic age to the modern humans. STR and SNP genotyping analysis provides data regarding the genetic and geographical ancestry of the populations studied. This study focused on the analysis of the Y-chromosome in Maronite Cypriots and Armenian Cypriots, who came to the island as a result of different historical events. The aim was to provide information on the paternal genetic ancestry of Maronites and Armenians of Cyprus and investigate any affinity with the Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots of the island. Since there is limited information in the current literature, we proceeded and used 23 Y-chromosome STRs and 28 Y-chromosome SNPs to genotype 57 Maronite Cypriots and 56 Armenian Cypriots, which were then compared to data from 344 Greek Cypriots and 380 Turkish Cypriots. All samples were assigned to eight major Y-haplogroups but the most frequent haplogroup among all Cypriots is haplogroup J in the major subclade J2a-L559. The calculated pairwise genetic distances between the populations show that Armenian Cypriots are genetically closer to Greek and Turkish Cypriots compared to Maronite Cypriots. Median Joining Network analysis in 17 Y-STR haplotypes of all Cypriots assigned to J2a-L559, revealed that Cypriots share a common paternal ancestor, prior to the migration of the Armenians and Maronites to Cyprus, estimated in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age.
TCF21 regulates miR-10a-5p/LIN28B signaling to block the proliferation and invasion of melanoma cells
Authors: Zhu Haijun , Kang Mengshi , Bai Xinping
Published: August 2021

Background and aim

Some research has suggested that miRNA-10a (miR-10a-5p) had an inhibitory function in proliferation and invasion of cancers. Whereas the role of miR-10a-5p in melanoma has not been fully explored. This study aims to confirm LIN28B as the targeted gene of miR-10a-5p which was explored in melanoma cells. In addition, upstream regulatory molecule of miR-10a-5p was also investigated in melanoma cells.

Methods

Real-time Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was adopted to analyze miR-10a-5p expression level in melanoma and the normal human epidermal melanocyte cells. Several biological assays were performed to evaluate miR-10a-5p influences on cell proliferation, migration and invasion ability in A375 and B16-F10 cells. Gene prediction of miRNA targeting and a dual luciferase assay were applied to assess miR-10a-5p-targeted LIN28B. Western blot assessed the impacts of miR-10a-5p on the protein expression of LIN28B. Western blot analyzed the TCF21 effects on the expression of LIN28B and RT-qPCR assessed the influence of TCF21 on the expression level of miRNA-10a. In addition, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Assay and JASPAR databases were employed to explore the regulatory relationship between TCF21 and miR-10a-5p.

Results

We discovered that miR-10a-5p expression was lower in melanoma cells and high expression of miR-10a-5p suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of melanoma cells. We also discovered that miR-10a-5p targeted the LIN28B mRNA 3′UTR area and diminished LIN28B protein expression. We found that LIN28B expression was strongly decreased by TCF21 upregulation in the two melanoma cells. The qRT-PCR assay showed that miR-10a-5p expression level was obviously boosted by increased TCF21 expression. The results also demonstrated that TCF21 directly regulated miR-10a-5p at transcript levels.

Conclusion

TCF21 induced miRNA-10a targeting LIN28B could affect the progression and growth of melanoma.
Intravesical CD74 and CXCR4, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) receptors, mediate bladder pain
Authors: Ye Shaojing , Ma Fei , Mahmood Dlovan F. D. , Meyer-Siegler Katherine L. , Menard Raymond E. , Hunt David E. , Leng Lin , Bucala Richard , Vera Pedro L.
Published: August 2021

Background

Activation of intravesical protease activated receptor 4 (PAR4) leads to release of urothelial macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MIF then binds to urothelial MIF receptors to release urothelial high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) and elicit bladder hyperalgesia. Since MIF binds to multiple receptors, we investigated the contribution of individual urothelial MIF receptors to PAR4-induced HMGB1 release in vivo and in vitro and bladder pain in vivo.

Methodology/Principal findings

We tested the effect of intravesical pre-treatment with individual MIF or MIF receptor (CD74, CXCR4, CXCR2) antagonists on PAR4-induced HMGB1 release in vivo (female C57/BL6 mice) and in vitro (primary human urothelial cells) and on PAR4-induced bladder hyperalgesia in vivo (mice). In mice, PAR4 induced HMGB1 release and bladder hyperalgesia through activation of intravesical MIF receptors, CD74 and CXCR4. CXCR2 was not involved in these effects. In primary urothelial cells, PAR4-induced HMGB1 release through activation of CD74 receptors. Micturition parameters in mice were not changed by any of the treatments.

Conclusions/Significance

Urothelial MIF receptors CD74 and CXCR4 mediate bladder pain through release of urothelial HMGB1. This mechanism may set up persistent pain loops in the bladder and warrants further investigation. Urothelial CD74 and CXCR4 may provide novel targets for interrupting bladder pain.
Intestinal organoid-based 2D monolayers mimic physiological and pathophysiological properties of the pig intestine
Authors: Hoffmann Pascal , Schnepel Nadine , Langeheine Marion , Künnemann Katrin , Grassl Guntram A. , Brehm Ralph , Seeger Bettina , Mazzuoli-Weber Gemma , Breves Gerhard
Published: August 2021

Gastrointestinal infectious diseases remain an important issue for human and animal health. Investigations on gastrointestinal infectious diseases are classically performed in laboratory animals leading to the problem that species-specific models are scarcely available, especially when it comes to farm animals. The 3R principles of Russel and Burch were achieved using intestinal organoids of porcine jejunum. These organoids seem to be a promising tool to generate species-specificin vitromodels of intestinal epithelium. 3D Organoids were grown in an extracellular matrix and characterized by qPCR. Organoids were also seeded on permeable filter supports in order to generate 2D epithelial monolayers. The organoid-based 2D monolayers were characterized morphologically and were investigated regarding their potential to study physiological transport properties and pathophysiological processes. They showed a monolayer structure containing different cell types. Moreover, their functional activity was demonstrated by their increasing transepithelial electrical resistance over 18 days and by an active glucose transport and chloride secretion. Furthermore, the organoid-based 2D monolayers were also confronted with cholera toxin derived fromVibrio choleraeas a proof of concept. Incubation with cholera toxin led to an increase of short-circuit current indicating an enhanced epithelial chloride secretion, which is a typical characteristic of cholera infections. Taken this together, our model allows the investigation of physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms focusing on the small intestine of pigs. This is in line with the 3R principle and allows the reduction of classical animal experiments.
Comparing growth velocity of HIV exposed and non-exposed infants: An observational study of infants enrolled in a randomized control trial in Zambia
Authors: Chilyabanyama Obvious Nchimunya , Chilengi Roma , Laban Natasha Makabilo , Chirwa Masuzyo , Simunyandi Michelo , Hatyoka Luiza Miyanda , Ngaruye Innocent , Iqbal Najeeha Talat , Bosomprah Samuel
Published: August 2021

Background

Impaired growth among infants remains one of the leading nutrition problems globally. In this study, we aimed to compare the growth trajectory rate and evaluate growth trajectory characteristics among children, who are HIV exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV unexposed uninfected (HUU), under two years in Zambia.

Method

Our study used data from the ROVAS II study (PACTR201804003096919), an open-label randomized control trial of two verses three doses of live, attenuated, oral RotarixTM administered 6 &10 weeks or at 6 &10 weeks plus an additional dose at 9 months of age, conducted at George clinic in Lusaka, Zambia. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) were collected on all scheduled and unscheduled visits. We defined linear growth velocity as the rate of change in height and estimated linear growth velocity as the first derivative of the mixed effect model with fractional polynomial transformations and, thereafter, used the second derivative test to determine the peak height and age at peak heigh.

Results

We included 212 infants in this study with median age 6 (IQR: 6–6) weeks of age. Of these 97 (45.3%) were female, 35 (16.4%) were stunted, and 59 (27.6%) were exposed to HIV at baseline. Growth velocity was consistently below the 3rd percentile of the WHO linear growth standard for HEU and HUU children. The peak height and age at peak height among HEU children were 74.7 cm (95% CI = 73.9–75.5) and 15.5 months (95% CI = 14.7–16.3) respectively and those for HUU were 73 cm (95% CI = 72.1–74.0) and 15.6 months (95% CI = 14.5–16.6) respectively.

Conclusion

We found no difference in growth trajectories between infants who are HEU and HUU. However, the data suggests that poor linear growth is universal and profound in this cohort and may have already occurred in utero.
Temporal and regional trends of antibiotic use in long-term aged care facilities across 39 countries, 1985-2019: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Raban Magdalena Z. , Gates Peter J. , Gasparini Claudia , Westbrook Johanna I.
Published: August 2021

Background

Antibiotic misuse is a key contributor to antimicrobial resistance and a concern in long-term aged care facilities (LTCFs). Our objectives were to: i) summarise key indicators of systemic antibiotic use and appropriateness of use, and ii) examine temporal and regional variations in antibiotic use, in LTCFs (PROSPERO registration CRD42018107125).

Methods & findings

Medline and EMBASE were searched for studies published between 1990–2021 reporting antibiotic use rates in LTCFs. Random effects meta-analysis provided pooled estimates of antibiotic use rates (percentage of residents on an antibiotic on a single day [point prevalence] and over 12 months [period prevalence]; percentage of appropriate prescriptions). Meta-regression examined associations between antibiotic use, year of measurement and region. A total of 90 articles representing 78 studies from 39 countries with data between 1985–2019 were included. Pooled estimates of point prevalence and 12-month period prevalence were 5.2% (95% CI: 3.3–7.9; n = 523,171) and 62.0% (95% CI: 54.0–69.3; n = 946,127), respectively. Point prevalence varied significantly between regions (Q = 224.1, df = 7, p<0.001), and ranged from 2.4% (95% CI: 1.9–2.7) in Eastern Europe to 9.0% in the British Isles (95% CI: 7.6–10.5) and Northern Europe (95% CI: 7.7–10.5). Twelve-month period prevalence varied significantly between regions (Q = 15.1, df = 3, p = 0.002) and ranged from 53.9% (95% CI: 48.3–59.4) in the British Isles to 68.3% (95% CI: 63.6–72.7) in Australia. Meta-regression found no association between year of measurement and antibiotic use prevalence. The pooled estimate of the percentage of appropriate antibiotic prescriptions was 28.5% (95% CI: 10.3–58.0; n = 17,245) as assessed by the McGeer criteria. Year of measurement was associated with decreasing appropriateness of antibiotic use over time (OR:0.78, 95% CI: 0.67–0.91). The most frequently used antibiotic classes were penicillins (n = 44 studies), cephalosporins (n = 36), sulphonamides/trimethoprim (n = 31), and quinolones (n = 28).

Conclusions

Coordinated efforts focusing on LTCFs are required to address antibiotic misuse in LTCFs. Our analysis provides overall baseline and regional estimates for future monitoring of antibiotic use in LTCFs.
Pain relief associated with decreased oxyhemoglobin level in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Authors: Miyashiro Shun , Yamada Yurika , Nagaoka Masaru , Shima Rei , Muta Toshizumi , Ishikawa Haruyuki , Abe Tetsuri , Hori Masashi , Oka Kotaro , Koshikawa Fusako , Ito Etsuro
Published: August 2021

Pain in the elbow, shoulder, knee, lower back, and various other joints is relieved by adhesion of pyramidal thorn patches. To elucidate the pain relief mechanism induced by the patches, we established a quantitative method for estimating the pain reduction and investigated the brain regions that change in association with pain relief. We first attempted to quantify the pain relief using transcutaneous electric stimulation (TCES) and a visual analog scale (VAS), and then applied near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to the prefrontal cortex, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). We also examined the salivary oxytocin levels, which are thought to reflect oxytocin secretion levels from the posterior pituitary in the brain. Application of pyramidal thorn patches to pain regions decreased the pain degree estimated using TCES and VAS. Oxyhemoglobin levels were likely to be decreased in the left DLPFC on the basis of NIRS measurements during patch treatment, suggesting that the left DLPFC is involved in pain relief. On the other hand, the salivary oxytocin levels varied widely. A potential reason for the varying salivary oxytocin levels is its utilization in the pain region as an analgesic agent. Our results suggest that the left DLPFC will become a target brain region for pain therapy.
Seroconversion and fever are dose-dependent in a nonhuman primate model of inhalational COVID-19
Authors: Dabisch Paul A. , Biryukov Jennifer , Beck Katie , Boydston Jeremy A. , Sanjak Jaleal S. , Herzog Artemas , Green Brian , Williams Gregory , Yeager John , Bohannon Jordan K. , Holland Brian , Miller David , Reese Amy L. , Freeburger Denise , Miller Susan , Jenkins Tammy , Rippeon Sherry , Miller James , Clarke David , Manan Emmanuel , Patty Ashley , Rhodes Kim , Sweeney Tina , Winpigler Michael , Price Owen , Rodriguez Jason , Altamura Louis A. , Zimmerman Heather , Hail Alec S. , Wahl Victoria , Hevey Michael
Published: August 2021

While evidence exists supporting the potential for aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the infectious dose by inhalation remains unknown. In the present study, the probability of infection following inhalation of SARS-CoV-2 was dose-dependent in a nonhuman primate model of inhalational COVID-19. The median infectious dose, assessed by seroconversion, was 52 TCID50(95% CI: 23–363 TCID50), and was significantly lower than the median dose for fever (256 TCID50, 95% CI: 102–603 TCID50), resulting in a group of animals that developed an immune response post-exposure but did not develop fever or other clinical signs of infection. In a subset of these animals, virus was detected in nasopharyngeal and/or oropharyngeal swabs, suggesting that infected animals without signs of disease are able to shed virus and may be infectious, which is consistent with reports of asymptomatic spread in human cases of COVID-19. These results suggest that differences in exposure dose may be a factor influencing disease presentation in humans, and reinforce the importance of public health measures that limit exposure dose, such as social distancing, masking, and increased ventilation. The dose-response data provided by this study are important to inform disease transmission and hazard modeling, and, ultimately, mitigation strategies. Additionally, these data will be useful to inform dose selection in future studies examining the efficacy of therapeutics and vaccines against inhalational COVID-19, and as a baseline in healthy, young adult animals for assessment of the importance of other factors, such as age, comorbidities, and viral variant, on the infectious dose and disease presentation.
An untold truth about pregnancy and motherhood: A self-analysis through photography
Authors: Greenboim-Zimchoni Adi
Published: August 2021

The author recounts that giving birth to her first child was a life-changing experience that she commemorated through photography. The author’s art process involves analysing her own experiences and therefore she also approached her pregnancy through an artistic lens. In this article, the author describes the art-based process used to increase self-knowledge and self-exploration of the changes occurring in life during and after pregnancy. This self-analysis contributed to the development and collection of ideas that formed the author’s identity as a new mother. Motherhood incorporates both joyous and difficult experiences, and photography allowed the author to place those experiences side by side, integrating them into a coherent story. The project can potentially benefit other new mothers experiencing the transition into motherhood – a transition often shrouded in mystery and unhelpfully laden with unrealistic expectations, as the author discovered and is demonstrated in photographs.
Comparative study of the therapeutic efficacy of autologous platelet-rich plasma and honey in healing skin wounds in sheep
Authors: Badis Daikh , Ouafa Deffa
Published: August 2021

Background and Aim: This investigation is the continuation of a published preliminary study examining the therapeutic efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) as a topical treatment for skin wounds in sheep. The study aimed to compare the healing effects of autologous PRP with that of natural honey.

Materials and Methods: This study involved nine clinically healthy male sheep. After sterile skin preparation, full-thickness longitudinal incision wounds were created on the backs of each animal. The animals were randomly divided into three groups of three sheep each. In Group I, the wounds were treated with PRP; in Group II, the wounds were treated with honey; and in Group III, the wounds were treated with saline solution. The different treatments were administered topically every 3 days. Healing was assessed by a semi-quantitative histopathological study from biopsies taken on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days of healing. The data obtained were compared using the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U-test, and p<0.05 and 0.01 were used to determine the level of significance of the recorded differences.

Results: Semi-quantitative histopathological evaluation showed significant differences in the progression of wound healing between the three study groups. Recorded data showed that PRP may reduce inflammation during the first 3 days after the incision. Moreover, the synthesis and organization of collagen fibers were significantly improved in the group treated with PRP compared with those in the group treated with honey.

Conclusion: PRP offers a promising therapeutic option for healing skin wounds in sheep compared with honey.
Társadalmi és üzleti célok és tevékenységek kombinálása magyarországi társadalmi vállalkozásoknál – Fókuszban a romákat, a nőket és a fogyatékossággal élő embereket támogató szervezetek
Authors: Primecz Henriett , Kiss Julianna , Toarniczky Andrea
Published: August 2021

A társadalmi vállalkozások társadalmi és üzleti célokkal és tevékenységekkel együttesen rendelkező kezdeményezések. A társadalmi és üzleti stratégiai irányok hibrid szervezetekben valósulnak meg, ennek potenciális hátrányaival (az üzleti cél kompromittálhatja a társadalmi eredményességet, és a társadalmi cél csökkentheti az üzleti hatékonyságot) és előnyeivel (forrásokat hozhatnak társadalmilag fontos, korábban forráshiányos területekre, és innovatív megoldásokat teremthetnek). Ez a hibriditás a magyarországi társadalmi vállalkozásokban is megjelenik. Cikkünkben bemutatjuk, hogy tizenöt hazai társadalmi vállalkozás milyen lehetőségekkel és nehézségekkel szembesül. A vizsgált vállalkozások három eltérő társadalmi csoportot céloznak meg: nőket, fogyatékossággal élő embereket, és romákat. A legfontosabb tanulság, hogy a társadalmi vállalkozók leginkább a pénzügyi fenntarthatósággal küzdenek, amelynek egyrészt az alapvető forráshiány az oka, másrészt a vállalkozói ismeretek hiányosságai okoznak nehézségeket. Szintén akadály az előítéletekkel szembeni küzdelem, különösen a romák és fogyatékossággal élő személyek esetében. Végül, a társadalmi vállalkozás koncepciójának elfogadottságán és elismertségén is lehetne javítani, ami szintén hozzájárulna a szervezetek fenntarthatóbb működéséhez.
BRAHMAGUPTA AND THE CONCEPT OF ZERO
Authors: Feliksiak Monica
Published: August 2021

This paper attempts to reconstruct the possible reasoning process that led the Indian mathematician Brahmagupta in 628 A.D. to the formulation of two controversial rules for arithmetic involving the number zero; rules which, contradict the modern arithmetic. This paper outlines a possible explanation of the issue based on similar reasoning.
KAMPUNG RAMAH ANAH GENDENG SEBAGAI ALTERNATIF PEMENUHAN HAK BERKEMBANG PADA ANAK USIA DINI
Authors: Jazariyah Jazariyah
Published: August 2021

This article is intented to uncover the importance of environmental explroration for children. One example is child-friendly environment which is also a special effort from government. They set out in minister of women’s empowerment Republic of Indonesia with PP No 2 Tahun 2009 about child-friendly city (CFC). The result shows that Kampung Ramah Anak Gendeng is one of community efforts to fulfill the right of grow and develop on early childhood. Many programs that held on Kampung Ramah Anak Gendeng, such as children community, bimbingan belajar and TPA (Taman Pendidikan AL Qur’an). Factors that support child-friendly environment on Gendeng are Public awareness about the importance of early childhood development and continuity on socializing the importance of early childhood development. Barrier Factors on implementasion of child-friendly environment on Gendeng are lack of fund to held the program of Kampung Ramah Anak on Gendeng and lack of monev (monitoring and evaluation) from government.
Tahap Dan Perkembangan Kreativitas Anak
Authors: Hafizallah Yandi -
Published: August 2021

Abstrak

            Peran kreativitas semakin sentral dikarenakan semakin berkembangnya ilmu pengetahuan, manuisa dituntut untuk menciptakan atau menghasilkan sebuah karya baru atau pemikiran baru yang berguna untuk sebuah peradaban, dan salah satu cara yang paling efektif untuk mengembangkan peradaban adalah dengan kreativitas. Kreativitas dalam artian luas merupakan suatu produk baru yang belum pernah diraba,atau dilihat sebelumnya. Metode pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah pendekatan psikologi, yang menggunakan teori perkembangan Jean Piaget sebagai acuan dasar perkembangan kreativitas. Hasil dari makalah ini adalah untuk menemukan cara bagaimana mengembangkan kreativitas dengan efekti, berdasarkan pemikiran yang sintesis, analitis, praktis, tanpa menyisihkan pengaruh-pengaruh lain seperti, tahap-tahap kreativitas, faktor yang mempengaruhi kretivitas yang didalamnya dibahas salah satunya adalah faktor orangtua, kreativitas sebagai pembelajaran, dan pada akhirnya bisa menyimpulkan bagaimana cara secara sistematis untuk mengembangkan kreativitas sehingga diharapkan mampu menjadi manusia kreatif yang berguna bagi diri sendiri maupun bagi peradaban.

Keywords: Kreativitas, Psikologi, Sintesis, Analitis, Praktis
Pengembangan Kreativitas Melalui Eksplorasi
Authors: Heldanita Heldanita
Published: August 2021

Sejatinya setiap orang mempunyai kreativitas yang berbeda-beda, baik anak-anak maupun orang dewasa. Hampir semua pekerjaan menuntut kreativitas, terutama menjadi seorang guru, karena semakin kreatif seorang guru, maka semakin menyenangkan juga pembelajaran yang berlangsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana perkembangan kreativitas melalui eksplorasi, terfokus pada kreativitas anak usia dini. Penelitian ini merupakan kajian literatur dengan mengkaji beberapa literatur yang berkaitan dengan kreativitas dalam eksplorasi dengan metode dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : 1) Lingkungan  keluarga, orangtua, lingkungan dan guru menjadi salah satu faktor penting dalam mengembangkan kreativitas anak, 2) perkembangan kreativitas anak juga dapat dikembangan dengan memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar sebagai tempat tinggal anak dan kegiatan-kegiatan yang memanfaatkan lingkungan sekitar sebagai medianya misalnya, belajar pada alam dan outbond learning, 3) perkembangan kreativitas anak sejatinya tumbuh sejak anak berada pada masa bayi, sehingga sedini mungkin anak perlu diberikan stimulus agar orangtua dapat memahami kecakapan, kecerdasan dan kebutuhan anak, agar anak dapat berkembang dengan baik, 4) perkembangan kreativitas anak berbeda-beda dari setiap tahap perkembangan anak dan juga berbeda-beda cara menstimulasinya.
What Did We Do to Our Mountain? African Eco-Feminist and Indigenous Responses to Cyclone Idai in Chimanimani and Chipinge Districts, Zimbabwe
Authors: Chirongoma Sophia , Chitando Ezra
Published: August 2021

Cyclone Idai caused untold devastation in Chimanimani and Chipinge districts, Zimbabwe. In scenes reminiscent of the biblical deluge, in some places entire settlements were eradicated from the face of the earth. Houses were swept away, bodies were submerged and water, typically understood as the source of life, became the source of death. Individuals, families, communities and nations were left traumatized, and the search for meaning continues. Inevitably, religion featured prominently in explanations of this tragedy. This article is a preliminary review of the explanations of Cyclone Idai in Chimanimani and Chipinge districts, Zimbabwe, within the frame of African Traditional Religion/s (ATR/s) and Christianity. The article delves into questions at the interface of climate change and religion, such as: how do survivors of the cyclone explain its occurrence? What do we learn about the interface between religion and climate change in Africa from the responses to Cyclone Idai in Chimanimani and Chipinge districts? The article adopts the African ecofeminist perspective. This is informed by the fact that women and girls comprise the bulk of the population heavily impacted by Cyclone Idai in Chimanimani and Chipinge as well as the fact that they are the ones who were in the forefront of mitigating the impact of devastation caused by this ecological catastrophe. Our article seeks to contribute to the ongoing scholarly discussions on the nexus between religion, gender and climate change by foregrounding the experiences of women and girls affected by Cyclone Idai. The first part of the article describes the devastation caused by Cyclone Idai. The second part outlines the Christian and indigenous interpretations of the cyclone. The third part of the article teases out the indigenous interpretations of unpredictable weather patterns.
Comunicación menor como forma de resistencia
Authors: Sánchez Velandia Elena
Published: August 2021

En este artículo construyo el concepto de “comunicación menor”, confrontando el pensamiento de Gilles Deleuze (sobre todo en relación a la comunicación y a lo minoritario) con el arte conceptualista latinoamericano, apoyándome principalmente en el trabajo del artista y teórico Luis Camnitzer, que muestra, en particular, la relación entre el conceptualismo latinoamericano y la pedagogía de Paulo Freire. Observo entonces cómo opera dicha comunicación menor en tres propuestas artísticas, lo que me permite identificar tres estrategias posibles, para construir finalmente algunas reflexiones que desarrollan una comunicación menor hoy.