bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reading the Bible in the 21st century: Some hermeneutical principles: Part 1
Authors: Van der Merwe Dirk
Published: June 2015

Many books and articles have been published over several decades on �biblical hermeneutics� to capture the epistemology of biblical hermeneutics and the phenomenology of interpretation, communication and language in order to direct the Bible reader how to read the ancient texts, assembled in the Bible, sensibly. The first part of this essay looks briefly into the history of biblical hermeneutics of the past century in order to generate an orientation of how �biblical hermeneutics� was regarded and applied as well as to constitute an environment for the investigation to follow in the rest of this essay and in a succeeding essay. In the second part of this essay, a few hermeneutical approaches are analysed in order to recommend a way forward for the dynamic analysis and interpretation (ἑρμηνεία) of biblical texts. This prepares the stage for the recommendation of two extra textures or aspects to be incorporated in the hermeneutical process, to be investigated in a succeeding essay.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: This article briefly orientates the reader about the paradigm shifts concerning biblical hermeneutics over the previous half century. It challenges the holistic approach to incorporate spirituality and the embodiment of biblical texts in the hermeneutical process. Disciplines involved are hermeneutics and methodology, theology and spirituality.
Tradición y evolución moderna. Tres arquitecturas-patio de Francisco Asís Cabrero
Authors: Coca Leicher José De
Published: June 2015

A partir del estudio de tres ejemplos seleccionados: El "zoco" expositivo de la primera Feria Nacional del Campo (1950), la Escuela Nacional de Hostelería y el pabellón de la Obra Sindical del Hogar (1956) describimos los mecanismos proyectuales utilizados por Francisco de Asís Cabrero en sus arquitecturas-patio. La investigación parte de las referencias basadas en los invariantes de la tradición hispanomusulmana descritos por Fernando Chueca, que se transforman y adaptan al incorporar las referencias modernas: el racionalismo italiano, las casas patio de Mies o las construcciones ligeras de Charles y Ray Eames. Concluiremos que los sistemas o tapices de muros paralelos y organizaciones en "U" son una referencia poco conocida a los sistemas clásicos empleados por Cabrero, y que subyace en su obra radicalmente moderna. La investigación surge de la documentación original recopilada durante la realización de la tesis doctoral y se ilustra con dibujos del autor.
Los poliedros como forma de conocimiento geométrico: el Jamnitzer español o el cuarto libro de Artes Exçelençias dela Perspectiba
Authors: Gentil Baldrich Jose Maria , Martín-Pastor Andrés
Published: June 2015

El presente artículo estudia la relación existente entre la obra del orfebre Wentzel Jamnitzer (1508-1585), Perspectiva corporium regularium, 1568, y el cuarto libro de un manuscrito español de finales del siglo XVII, titulado Artes Excelençias dela perspectiva a maestro P. Gómez de Alcuña. 1688, texto anónimo de perspectiva, poco conocido aún en el panorama español e internacional. Posee la singularidad de ser el único tratado que estudia, desde un punto de vista gráfico, analítico y constructivo, la representación de los poliedros que vemos en la obra del orfebre vienés. Incidiremos aquí sobre aquellos aspectos fundamentales necesarios para entender la singular aportación del autor español, que nos muestran diferentes formas de entender la representación perspectiva, directamente relacionada con el uso de mecanismos gráficos e instrumentos mecánicos.

 
Faros italianos entre geometría y simbolismo
Authors: Bartolomei Cristiana , Ippolito Alfonso
Published: June 2015

Los faros costeros italianos encarnan perfectamente el formalismo matemático. La matemática moderna, sobre todo aplicada a la geometría, es formal y aspira al significado concreto de las entidades: formas y superficies geométricas de cualquier especie.

Los faros integran los aspectos funcionales de la navegación, orientación y seguridad, y al mismo tiempo  evocan conceptos geométricos y simbólicos. Cada faro, por sus proporciones y detalles, constituye una ecuación geométrica elaborada. El artículo trata de la organización tipológica y formal de la arquitectura de los faros: las escaleras helicoidales, como geometría y símbolo. Se trata el tema de la forma del faro, sólido elemental de la geometría euclidiana, para afirmar cómo la arquitectura y la matemática son sistemas impregnados de símbolos abstractos que, si relacionados, adquieren significados específicos. Este estudio sobre las relaciones entre geometría y simbolismo nos lleva a tener que manejar objetos, los faros, y conceptos con la comprensión de que existe una total sinergia entre las partes.
Arquitectura pixelada
Authors: Escoda Pastor Carmen
Published: June 2015

Las actuales experiencias de la arquitectura con la envolvente del edificio aportan a la ciudad unos nuevos sistemas y espacios dinámicos, generadores de energía y potenciadores de la interacción con las personas. La luz artificial, los materiales “inteligentes” y su aplicación en las superficies, dan lugar a una nueva tectónica y a la aparición de fachadas interactivas y versátiles, como “piel viva”. Además, esta transformación también se da a nivel representacional, lo que conlleva una profunda reestructuración en el proceso gráfico del proyecto, en el que se enfatiza un factor esencial, el contexto, sea urbano, cultural, o social. Una de las estrategias formales en las que se basan para intensificar esa interfaz, es la perforación de la superficie en numerosos agujeros, inspirada en la manipulación de la imagen digital píxelada, creando un nuevo lenguaje de luz, textura y color que les permite experimentar con la expresividad de la envolvente.
Conversando con... Frank D.K. Ching
Authors: Barros Costa Hugo , Hidalgo Delagado Francisco
Published: June 2015

Frank (Francis D. K.) Ching es un reconocido autor de más de una docena de libros relativos a la enseñanza de la arquitectura y su análisis a través del dibujo. Fue docente en diversas Universidades en Estados Unidos desde 1972, así como en Japón (1990) y Hong Kong (1993). Actualmente posee el título de Profesor Emérito en la Universidad de Washington.
Fue galardonado con premios de prestigiosas entidades como el American Institute of Architects o los Cooper-Hewitt National Design Awards. Más recientemente, en el 2013, recibió la medalla de oro del UID, en Matera, donde tuvimos el placer de conocerlo personalmente e invitarlo a esta entrevista ahora publicada.
En Matera, rodeado de sus estudiantes, el Profesor, dibujaba los sassi, concretando delante de nuestros ojos, lo que desde décadas lleva haciendo: la divulgación del dibujo como herramienta cognitiva y creativa. Sus conceptos para abordar el dibujo arquitectónico, han sido una referencia para distintas generaciones de docentes del dibujo de arquitectura y actualmente sigue compartiendo regularmente en su página web personal, nuevos dibujos que nosotros continuamos asimilando y disfrutando.
Los planos del concurso para la ciudad de vacaciones Playa de San Juan en 1933
Authors: Martínez-Medina Andrés , Parra Martínez José
Published: June 2015

En 1933 se celebra el concurso de anteproyectos para la primera ciudad turística de España. Las bases de la convocatoria exigían una extensa documentación: planes, planos y perspectivas. El análisis de la propuesta vencedora —muy sensible a las preexistencias— pone de relieve la secuencia que liga la geografía con la ordenación urbana gracias al pensamiento y a las herramientas gráficas. Primero, se dibuja el territorio levantando acta del mismo recurriendo a los diagramas. Segundo, los datos y las vocaciones del suelo se transforman en una trama urbana zonificada en el espacio y programada en el tiempo. Y tercero, la fotografía del paisaje sugiere los enclaves panorámicos y algunas de las arquitecturas clave. En este hito de la planificación se dan cita las modernas técnicas gráficas y fotográficas que interactúan con el urbanismo moderno del zoning.
Editorial
Authors: García Codoñer Ángela
Published: June 2015

En el año 1993 ve la luz el primer número de EGA.
Las raíces de la Carta de Venecia
Authors: Pane Andrea
Published: June 2015

El texto ahonda en el contexto de posguerra italiano que generó la redacción de la Carta de Venecia, investigando en la discusión que surgió en torno a los centros históricos italianos, muchos de ellos bombardeados gravemente durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, cuyo futuro se debatía en aquel entonces entre la protección y la apertura al planeamiento urbano. El artículo revisa el rol desempeñado por los principales promotores de esta carta internacional de protección de monumentos, Piero Gazzola y Roberto Pane, junto con otros protagonistas de la escena italiana e internacional como Raymond Lemaire, en una lucha prolongada por el reconocimiento de los conjuntos urbanos o rurales anónimos como monumentos en sí mismos, uno de los mayores logros de la Carta de Venecia, y por ende, por su tutela y salvaguarda frente a los fenómenos de especulación urbana.
La Carta de Venecia: cincuenta años después
Authors: Di Biase Carolina
Published: June 2015

Este artículo realiza un análisis de la evolución del concepto de patrimonio cultural en los últimos años e indaga en la eventual bondad o necesidad de revisar el articulado de la Carta de Venecia de 1964, a raíz de los cambios experimentados en la disciplina. Asimismo, repasa las críticas al mismo concepto y utilidad de estas cartas y las propuestas surgidas en los años pasados de revisión del documento internacional, sobre todo, al hilo de los sucesivos aniversarios y de varios encuentros internacionales. Por último, reivindica el rol desempeñado por un grupo de profesores del Politécnico de Milán en una alternativa al concepto clásico de restauración basada en el constante cuidado y mantenimiento de los edificios y de su entorno que bebe de la tradición de autores como Ruskin, Morris, Riegl o Dvorak, así como del concepto de cultura material de autores como Marc Bloch y Lucien Febvre.
Accesibilidad de los yacimientos arqueológicos. El caso de Pompeya
Authors: Picone Renata
Published: June 2015

Este estudio experimental es fruto de un proyecto de investigación desarrollado desde la Universidad de Nápoles Federico II por una plataforma de profesores y especialistas dirigidos por la autora. El extenso yacimiento arqueológico de Pompeya, uno de los más visitados del mundo, ha servido como proyecto piloto para examinar el estado de la cuestión sobre la accesibilidad a estos lugares para personas con discapacidad física y/o perceptiva y diseñar soluciones específicas que permitan una así denominada accesibilidad ampliada al monumento, que no renuncie sin embargo a las instancias de la conservación del mismo. Este estudio piloto adquiere una especial relevancia por la reflexión realizada, los criterios adoptados, el carácter sensato y razonable de sus propuestas y la posibilidad real de la aplicación de una metodología similar a otros yacimientos arqueológicos del resto del mundo que presentan problemas similares.
La restauración del Palacio Grimani de Santa María Formosa en Venecia
Authors: Menichelli Claudio
Published: June 2015

El artículo describe el largo proceso de restauración de un palacio significativo de la ciudad de Venecia que se encontraba en lamentable estado de abandono, que no solo ha sido capaz de recuperar delicadamente toda su materialidad y decoración interior y defenderla principalmente frente a la humedad del agua alta veneciana, sino también ha podido absorber un complejo programa de musealización. El compromiso conseguido entre conservación material y actualización a estándares contemporáneos de accesibilidad y musealización constituye un ejemplo paradigmático para la adopción de unos criterios claros para la restauración atenta de edificios monumentales, incluso en casos de gran dificultad técnica y estado de deterioro avanzado. El proceso de restauración permite ahondar en el conocimiento de las técnicas constructivas tradicionales de Venecia y en las soluciones habituales para afrontar sus patologías.
Pointing errors in solar absorption spectrometry – correction scheme and its validation
Authors: Reichert A. , Hausmann P. , Sussmann R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A method for quantification of sun-pointing inaccuracies in solar absorption spectrometry is presented along with a correction scheme for the resulting errors in trace gas vertical column or profile retrievals. A posteriori correction of pointing errors requires knowledge of both coordinates of the mispointing vector on the solar disk. In principle, quantitative information on the mispointing can be retrieved from Doppler shifts of solar lines derived from measured spectra. However, this yields only one component of the mispointing vector, namely the one which is perpendicular to the solar rotation axis. Missing information on the second vector component has hindered a posteriori correction of mispointing errors so far. Our idea to overcome this problem is to obtain estimates of both coordinates of the mispointing by combining subsequent measurements with differing orientations of the solar rotation axis relative to the zenith direction. An implementation of this original concept is demonstrated using measurements from the solar absorption Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer at the Zugspitze (47.42° N, 10.98° E, 2964 m a.s.l.). Soundings in the September 2012 to September 2014 time interval were impacted by mispointing problems due to a non-optimum solar tracking optics configuration. They show a mean mispointing in zenith direction of −0.063°. This causes biases in vertical soundings of trace gases, e.g. −2.82 ppb in monthly means of dry-air column-averaged mole fractions of methane (XCH4). Measurements made with the more stable pre-September 2012 and post-September 2014 optics configurations show considerably smaller mispointing effects. Applying the mispointing correction, the April 2006–March 2014 XCH4 trend determined from Zugspitze measurements is reduced from 6.45 [5.84, 7.04] to 6.07 [5.55, 6.59] ppb yr−1. The correction thereby restores consistency with results from the nearby Garmisch FTIR site (47.48° N, 11.06° E, 743 m a.s.l.). The mispointing correction is applicable to solar absorption measurements in the mid infrared and near infrared. It will be of particular benefit for refining existing records of high-accuracy-and-precision greenhouse gas soundings for the purpose of improved trend analysis or source-sink inversions.
Real-time remote detection and measurement for airborne imaging spectroscopy: a case study with methane
Authors: Thompson D. R. , Leifer I. , Bovensmann H. , Eastwood M. , Fladeland M. , Frankenberg C. , Gerilowski K. , Green R. O. , Kratwurst S. , Krings T. , Luna B. , Thorpe A. K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Localized anthropogenic sources of atmospheric CH4 are highly uncertain and temporally variable. Airborne remote measurement is an effective method to detect and quantify these emissions. In a campaign context, the science yield can be dramatically increased by real-time retrievals that allow operators to coordinate multiple measurements of the most active areas. This can improve science outcomes for both single- and multiple-platform missions. We describe a case study of the NASA/ESA CO2 and Methane Experiment (COMEX) campaign in California during June and August/September 2014. COMEX was a multi-platform campaign to measure CH4 plumes released from anthropogenic sources including oil and gas infrastructure. We discuss principles for real-time spectral signature detection and measurement, and report performance on the NASA Next Generation Airborne Visible Infrared Spectrometer (AVIRIS-NG). AVIRIS-NG successfully detected CH4 plumes in real-time at Gb s−1 data rates, characterizing fugitive releases in concert with other in situ and remote instruments. The teams used these real-time CH4 detections to coordinate measurements across multiple platforms, including airborne in situ, airborne non-imaging remote sensing, and ground-based in situ instruments. To our knowledge this is the first reported use of real-time trace gas signature detection in an airborne science campaign, and presages many future applications.
The contribution of tephra constituents during biogenic silica determination: implications for soil and palaeoecological studies
Authors: Clymans W. , Barão L. , Van der Putten N. , Wastegård S. , Gísladóttir G. , Björck S. , Moine B. , Struyf E. , Conley D. J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Biogenic silica (BSi) is used as a proxy by soil scientists to identify biological effects on the Si cycle and by palaeoecologists to study environmental changes. Alkaline extractions are typically used to measure BSi in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. The dissolution properties of volcanic glass in tephra deposits and their nanocrystalline weathering products are hypothesized to overlap those of BSi; however, data to support this behaviour are lacking. The potential that Si-bearing fractions dissolve in alkaline media (SiAlk) that do not necessarily correspond to BSi brings the applicability of BSi as a proxy into question. Here, analysis of 15 samples reported as tephra-containing allows us to reject the hypothesis that tephra constituents produce an identical dissolution signal to that of BSi during alkaline extraction. We found that dissolution of volcanic glass shards is incomplete during alkaline dissolution. Simultaneous measurement of Al and Si used here during alkaline dissolution provides an important parameter to enable us to separate glass shard dissolution from dissolution of BSi and other Si-bearing fractions. The contribution from volcanic glass shards (between 0.2 and 4 wt % SiO2), the main constituent of distal tephra, during alkaline dissolution can be substantial depending on the total SiAlk. Hence, soils and lake sediments with low BSi concentrations are highly sensitive to the additional dissolution from tephra constituents and its weathering products. We advise evaluation of the potential for volcanic or other non-biogenic contributions for all types of studies using BSi as an environmental proxy.
Thermal evolution of the western South Atlantic and the adjacent continent during Termination 1
Authors: Chiessi C. M. , Mulitza S. , Mollenhauer G. , Silva J. B. , Groeneveld J. , Prange M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. During Termination 1, millennial-scale weakening events of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) supposedly produced major changes in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) of the western South Atlantic, and in mean air temperatures (MATs) over southeastern South America. It has been suggested, for instance, that the Brazil Current (BC) would strengthen (weaken) and the North Brazil Current (NBC) would weaken (strengthen) during slowdown (speed-up) events of the AMOC. This anti-phase pattern was claimed to be a necessary response to the decreased North Atlantic heat piracy during periods of weak AMOC. However, the thermal evolution of the western South Atlantic and the adjacent continent is so far largely unknown. Here we address this issue, presenting high-temporal-resolution SST and MAT records from the BC and southeastern South America, respectively. We identify a warming in the western South Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), which is followed first by a drop and then by increasing temperatures during the Bølling–Allerød, in phase with an existing SST record from the NBC. Additionally, a similar SST evolution is shown by a southernmost eastern South Atlantic record, suggesting a South Atlantic-wide pattern in SST evolution during most of Termination 1. Over southeastern South America, our MAT record shows a two-step increase during Termination 1, synchronous with atmospheric CO2 rise (i.e., during the second half of HS1 and during the Younger Dryas), and lagging abrupt SST changes by several thousand years. This delay corroborates the notion that the long duration of HS1 was fundamental in driving the Earth out of the last glacial.
Establishment and maintenance of regulating ecosystem services in a dryland area of central Asia, illustrated using the Kökyar Protection Forest, Aksu, NW China, as an example
Authors: Missall S. , Welp M. , Thevs N. , Abliz A. , Halik Ü.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The city of Aksu, situated at the northern fringe of the Taklimakan Desert in northwest China, is exposed to severe periodic dust and sand storms. In 1986, local authorities decided to establish a peri-urban shelterbelt plantation, the so-called Kökyar Protection Forest, with the aim of reducing dust and sand storm impacts on Aksu City by the regulating ecosystem services provided by the plantation. It was realised as a patchwork of poplar shelterbelts and orchards. The total area of the plantation reached 3800 ha in 2005. The Kökyar Protection Forest is used as a case study to answer the following question: under which institutional frameworks and to which financial conditions can peri-urban shelterbelts be established and maintained? The endeavour of planting the shelterbelt was made possible by the annual mass mobilisation of Aksu citizens, based on the Chinese regulation of the "National Compulsory Afforestation Campaigns". Establishment costs amounted to ca. CNY 60 000 ha−1 (ca. USD 10 000 ha−1). Permanent maintenance of the plantation is facilitated by leasing orchard plots to private fruit farmers. From the perspective of the local economy, annual farming net benefits generated by Kökyar fruit farmers more than compensate for annual government grants for maintenance, resulting in an average overall monetary net benefit of at least CNY 10 500 ha−1 (ca. USD 1600 ha−1) in the long term. For a more complete understanding of Kökyar Protection Forest, future research should be directed towards quantifying the effect of its regulating ecosystem services and on investigating the negative downstream consequences of its water consumption.
Migration and global environmental change: methodological lessons from mountain areas of the global South
Authors: Milan A. , Gioli G. , Afifi T.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The relationship between migration and environmental and climatic changes is a crucial yet understudied factor influencing mountain livelihoods in the global South. These livelihoods are often characterized by high prevalence of family farming, widespread dependence on natural resources, and high sensitivity to climatic changes. Except for a limited number of empirical case studies, the literature on migration and global environmental change has not yet moved beyond case study results to address and explain global patterns and specificities of migration in mountain areas of the global South. After an introduction to the topic, the authors present a new synthesis of three field studies combining household surveys, participatory research approach (PRA) tools and key informant interviews in Pakistan, Peru, and Tanzania. This article suggests that the systematic use of transdisciplinary approaches, with a combination of quantitative and qualitative empirical methods, is the key to understanding global migration patterns in rural mountain areas of the global South. The results of our synthesis suggests that survey data should be triangulated with PRA results as well as secondary data in order to build household profiles connecting vulnerability (measured through a multidimensional index) with human mobility patterns. Such profiles can be conducive to better understand the feedback processes between livelihoods and mobility patterns both within each case study and across case studies, helping researchers to draw general lessons.
Implications of land use change in tropical Northern Africa under global warming
Authors: Brücher T. , Claussen M. , Raddatz T.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A major link between climate and humans in Northern Africa, and the Sahel in particular, is land use and associated land cover change, mainly where subsistence farming prevails. Here we assess possible feedbacks between the type of land use and harvest intensity and climate by analyzing a series of idealized GCM experiments using the MPI-ESM. The base line for these experiments is a simulation forced by the RCP8.5 scenario which includes strong greenhouse gas emissions and anthropogenic land cover changes. The anthropogenic land cover changes in the RCP8.5 scenario include a mixture of pasture and agriculture. In subsequent simulations, we replace the entire area affected by anthropogenic land cover change in the region between the Sahara in the North and the Guinean Coast in the South (4 to 20° N) by either pasture or agriculture, respectively. In a second setup we vary the amount of harvest in case of agriculture. The RCP8.5 base line simulation reveals strong changes in mean agriculture and monsoon rainfall. In comparison with these changes, any variation of the type of land use in the study area leads to very small, mostly insignificantly small, additional differences in mean temperature and annual precipitation change in this region. Within the uncertainty of the representation of land use in current ESMs, our study suggests marginal feedback between land use changes and climate changes triggered by strong greenhouse gas emissions. Hence as a good approximation, climate change can be considered as external driver in models of land-use – conflict dynamics when seasonal or mean values are used as external driver.
IPY 2007–2008 data legacy – a long story cut short
Authors: Driemel A. , Grobe H. , Diepenbroek M. , Grüttemeier H. , Schumacher S. , Sieger R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The International Polar Year 2007–2008 was a synchronized effort to simultaneously collect data from polar regions. Being the fourth in a row of IPYs, the demand for interdisciplinarity and new data products was high. However, despite of all the research done on land, people, ocean, ice and atmosphere and the large amount of data collected, no central archive or portal was created for IPY data. In order to address these issues, a concerted effort between PANGAEA – Data Publisher for Earth and Environmental Science, the ICSU World Data System (WDS), and the International Council for Scientific and Technical Information (ICSTI) was undertaken to extract data resulting from IPY publications for long-term preservation. 1380 IPY-related references were collected. Out of these, only 450 contained accessible data. All data was extracted, quality checked, annotated with metadata and uploaded to PANGAEA. The 450 articles dealt with a multitude of IPY topics – plankton biomass, water chemistry, ice thickness, whale sightings, Inuit health, alien species introductions by travelers or tundra biomass change – to mention just a few. Both, the Arctic and the Antarctic were investigated in the articles, and all realms (land, people, ocean, ice and atmosphere) and a wide range of countries were covered. The data compilation can now be found with the identifier doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.150150 and individually searched for using the PANGAEA search engine (www.pangaea.de) and adding "+project:ipy". With this effort, we hope to improve the visibility, accessibility and long-term storage of IPY data for future research and new data products.
Verifications of the high-resolution numerical model and polarization relations of atmospheric acoustic-gravity waves
Authors: Gavrilov N. M. , Kshevetskii S. P. , Koval A. V.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Comparisons of amplitudes of wave variations of atmospheric characteristics obtained using direct numerical simulation models with polarization relations given by conventional theories of linear acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) could be helpful for testing these numerical models. In this study, we performed high-resolution numerical simulations of nonlinear AGW propagation at altitudes 0–500 km from a plane wave forcing at the Earth's surface and compared them with analytical polarization relations of linear AGW theory. After some transition time te (increasing with altitude) subsequent to triggering the wave source, the initial wave pulse disappears and the main spectral components of the wave source dominate. The numbers of numerically simulated and analytical pairs of AGW parameters, which are equal with confidence of 95 %, are largest at altitudes 30–60 km at t > te. At low and high altitudes and at t < te, numbers of equal pairs are smaller, because of the influence of the lower boundary conditions, strong dissipation and AGW transience making substantial inclinations from conditions, assumed in conventional theories of linear nondissipative stationary AGWs in the free atmosphere. Reasonable agreements between simulated and analytical wave parameters satisfying the scope of the limitations of the AGW theory prove the adequacy of the used wave numerical model. Significant differences between numerical and analytical AGW parameters reveal circumstances when analytical theories give substantial errors and numerical simulations of wave fields are required. In addition, direct numerical AGW simulations may be useful tools for testing simplified parameterizations of wave effects in the atmosphere.
NCAR global model topography generation software for unstructured grids
Authors: Lauritzen P. H. , Bacmeister J. T. , Callaghan P. F. , Taylor M. A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. It is the purpose of this paper to document the NCAR global model topography generation software for unstructured grids. Given a model grid, the software computes the fraction of the grid box covered by land, the gridbox mean elevation, and associated sub-grid scale variances commonly used for gravity wave and turbulent mountain stress parameterizations. The software supports regular latitude-longitude grids as well as unstructured grids; e.g. icosahedral, Voronoi, cubed-sphere and variable resolution grids. As an example application and in the spirit of documenting model development, exploratory simulations illustrating the impacts of topographic smoothing with the NCAR-DOE CESM (Community Earth System Model) CAM5.2-SE (Community Atmosphere Model version 5.2 – Spectral Elements dynamical core) are shown.
The Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (GeoMIP6): simulation design and preliminary results
Authors: Kravitz B. , Robock A. , Tilmes S. , Boucher O. , English J. M. , Irvine P. J. , Jones A. , Lawrence M. G. , MacCracken M. , Muri H. , Moore J. C. , Niemeier U. , Phipps S. J. , Sillmann J. , Storelvmo T. , Wang H. , Watanabe S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We present a suite of new climate model experiment designs for the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP). This set of experiments, named GeoMIP6 (to be consistent with the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6), builds on the previous GeoMIP simulations, and has been expanded to address several further important topics, including key uncertainties in extreme events, the use of geoengineering as part of a portfolio of responses to climate change, and the relatively new idea of cirrus cloud thinning to allow more longwave radiation to escape to space. We discuss experiment designs, as well as the rationale for those designs, showing preliminary results from individual models when available. We also introduce a new feature, called the GeoMIP Testbed, which provides a platform for simulations that will be performed with a few models and subsequently assessed to determine whether the proposed experiment designs will be adopted as core (Tier 1) GeoMIP experiments. This is meant to encourage various stakeholders to propose new targeted experiments that address their key open science questions, with the goal of making GeoMIP more relevant to a broader set of communities.
Accounting for anthropic energy flux of traffic in winter urban road surface temperature simulations with TEB model
Authors: Khalifa A. , Marchetti M. , Bouilloud L. , Martin E. , Bues M. , Chancibaut K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A forecast of the snowfall helps winter coordination operating services, reducing the cost of the maintenance actions, and the environmental impacts caused by an inappropriate use of de-icing. In order to determine the possible accumulation of snow on pavement, the forecast of the road surface temperature (RST) is mandatory. Physical numerical models provide such forecast, and do need an accurate description of the infrastructure along with meteorological parameters. The objective of this study was to build a reliable urban RST forecast with a detailed integration of traffic in the Town Energy Balance (TEB) numerical model for winter maintenance. The study first consisted in generating a physical and consistent description of traffic in the model with all the energy interactions, with two approaches to evaluate the traffic incidence on RST. Experiments were then conducted to measure the traffic effect on RST increase with respect to non circulated areas. These field data were then used for comparison with forecast provided by this traffic-implemented TEB version.
Modelling spatial and temporal vegetation variability with the Climate Constrained Vegetation Index: evidence of CO2 fertilisation and of water stress in continental interiors
Authors: Los S. O.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A model was developed to simulate spatial, seasonal and interannual variations in vegetation in response to temperature, precipitation and atmospheric CO2 concentrations; the model addresses shortcomings in current implementations. The model uses the minimum of 12 temperature and precipitation constraint functions to simulate NDVI. Functions vary based on the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification to take adaptations of vegetation to climate into account. The simulated NDVI, referred to as the climate constrained vegetation index (CCVI), captured the spatial variability (0.82 < r <0.87), seasonal variability (median r = 0.83) and interannual variability (median global r = 0.24) in NDVI. The CCVI simulated the effects of adverse climate on vegetation during the 1984 drought in the Sahel and during dust bowls of the 1930s and 1950s in the Great Plains in North America. A global CO2 fertilisation effect was found in NDVI data, similar in magnitude to that of earlier estimates (8 % for the 20th century). This effect increased linearly with simple ratio, a transformation of the NDVI. Three CCVI scenarios, based on climate simulations using the representative concentration pathway RCP4.5, showed a greater sensitivity of vegetation towards precipitation in Northern Hemisphere mid latitudes than is currently implemented in climate models. This higher sensitivity is of importance to assess the impact of climate variability on vegetation, in particular on agricultural productivity.
Evaluating the utility of satellite soil moisture retrievals over irrigated areas and the ability of land data assimilation methods to correct for unmodeled processes
Authors: Kumar S. V. , Peters-Lidard C. D. , Santanello J. A. , Reichle R. H. , Draper C. S. , Koster R. D. , Nearing G. , Jasinski M. F.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The Earth's land surface is characterized by tremendous natural heterogeneity and human engineered modifications, both of which are challenging to represent in land surface models. Satellite remote sensing is often the most practical and effective method to observe the land surface over large geographical areas. Agricultural irrigation is an important human induced modifications to natural land surface processes, as it is pervasive across the world and because of its significant influence on the regional and global water budgets. In this article, irrigation is used as an example of a human engineered, unmodeled land surface process, and the utility of satellite soil moisture retrievals over irrigated areas in the continental US is examined. Such retrievals are based on passive or active microwave observations from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer 2 (AMSR2), the Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission, WindSat and the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT). The analysis suggests that the skill of these retrievals for representing irrigation artifacts is mixed, with ASCAT based products somewhat more skillful than SMOS and AMSR2 products. The article then examines the suitability of typical bias correction strategies in current land data assimilation systems when unmodeled processes dominate the bias between the model and the observations. Using a suite of synthetic experiments that includes bias correction strategies such as quantile mapping and trained forward modeling, it is demonstrated that the bias correction practices lead to the exclusion of the signals from unmodeled processes, if these processes are the major source of the biases. It is further shown that new methods are needed to preserve the observational information about unmodeled processes during data assimilation.
Forest harvesting is associated with increased landslide activity during an extreme rainstorm on Vancouver Island, Canada
Authors: Goetz J. N. , Guthrie R. H. , Brenning A.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Safe operations of forest practices in mountainous regions require effective development planning to mitigate hazards posed by landslides. British Columbia, Canada, has for the past 2 decades implemented landslide risk management policies aimed at reducing the impacts of the forestry industry on landslides. Consequently, it is required that timber harvesting sites be evaluated for their potential or existing impacts on terrain stability. Statistical landslide susceptibility modelling can enhance this evaluation by geographically highlighting potential hazardous areas. In addition, these statistical models can also improve our understanding of regional landslide controlling factors. The purpose of this research was to explore the regional effects of forest harvesting activities, topography, precipitation and geology on landslides initiated during an extreme rainfall event in November 2006 on Vancouver Island, British Columbia. These effects were analyzed with a nonparametric statistical method, the generalized additive model (GAM). Although topography was the strongest predictor of landslide initiation, low density forest interpreted as regrowth areas and proximity to forest service roads were jointly associated with a 6- to 9-fold increase in the odds of landslide initiation, while accounting for other environmental confounders. This result highlights the importance of continuing proper landslide risk management to control the effects of forest practices on landslide initiation.
Climate change adaptation frameworks: an evaluation of plans for coastal, Suffolk, UK
Authors: Armstrong J. , Wilby R. , Nicholls R. J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. This paper asserts that three principal frameworks for climate change adaptation can be recognised in the literature: Scenario-Led (SL), Vulnerability-Led (VL) and Decision–Centric (DC) frameworks. A criterion is developed to differentiate these frameworks in recent adaptation projects. The criterion features six key hallmarks as follows: (1) use of climate model information; (2) analysis metrics/units; (3) socio-economic knowledge; (4) stakeholder engagement; (5) adaptation implementation mechanisms; (6) tier of adaptation implementation. The paper then tests the validity of this approach using adaptation projects on the Suffolk coast, UK. Fourteen adaptation plans were identified in an online survey. They were analysed in relation to the hallmarks outlined above and assigned to an adaptation framework. The results show that while some adaptation plans are primarily SL, VL or DC, the majority are hybrid showing a mixture of DC/VL and DC/SL characteristics. Interestingly, the SL/VL combination is not observed, perhaps because the DC framework is intermediate and attempts to overcome weaknesses of both SL and VL approaches. The majority (57 %) of adaptation projects generated a risk assessment or advice notes. Further development of this type of framework analysis would allow better guidance on approaches for organisations when implementing climate change adaptation initiatives, and other similar proactive long-term planning.
Behavior analysis by model slope experiment of artificial rainfall
Authors: Park M. C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In this study, we performed a model slope experiment with rainfall seepage, and the results were compared and verified with the unsaturated slope stability analysis method. In the model slope experiment, we measured the changes in water content and matric suction due to rainfall seepage, and determined the time at which the slope failure occurred and the shape of the failure. In addition, we compared and verified the changes in the factor of safety and the shape of the failure surface, which was calculated from the unsaturated slope stability analysis with the model experiment. From the results of experiment and analysis, it is concluded that the unsaturated slope stability analysis can be used to accurately analyze and predict rainfall-induced slope failure. It is also concluded that in seepage analysis, setting the initial conditions and boundary conditions is very important. If engineers will use the measured pore water pressure or matric suction, the accuracy of analysis can be enhanced. The real-time monitoring system of pore water pressure or matric suction can be used as a warning of rainfall-induced slope failure.
Linking soil erosion to on-site financial cost: lessons from watersheds in the Blue Nile basin
Authors: Erkossa T. , Wudneh A. , Desalegn B. , Taye G.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The study was conducted in three watersheds (Dapo, Meja and Mizewa) in the Ethiopian part of the Blue Nile Basin to estimate the on-site cost of soil erosion using the productivity change approach, in which crop yield reduction due to plant nutrients lost with the sediment and runoff has been analysed. For this purpose, runoff measurement and sampling was conducted during the main rainy season of 2011 at the outlet of two to three sub-watersheds in each watershed. The sediment concentration of the runoff, and N and P contents in runoff and sediment were determined. Crop response functions were developed for the two plant nutrients based on data obtained from the nearest Agricultural Research Centres. The response functions were used to estimate crop yield reduction as a result of the lost N and P assuming there is no compensation through fertilization. The results show a significant yield reduction and resultant financial loss to the farmers. Considering only grain yield of maize (Zea mays), farmers at Dapo annually lose about USD 220 ha−1 and 150 ha−1 due to the loss of N and P, respectively. In view of the importance of the crop residues, including as feed, the loss can be even greater. The study demonstrated that in addition to the long-term deterioration of land quality, the annual financial loss suffered by farmers is substantial. Therefore, on farm soil and water conservation measures that are suitable in biophysical and socio-economic terms in the landscapes and beyond need to be encouraged.
Integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: unravelling local adaptation
Authors: Vanlauwe B. , Descheemaeker K. , Giller K. E. , Huising J. , Merckx R. , Nziguheba G. , Wendt J. , Zingore S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Intensification of smallholder agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa is necessary to address rural poverty and natural resource degradation. Integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) is a means to enhance crop productivity while maximizing the agronomic efficiency (AE) of applied inputs, and can thus contribute to sustainable intensification. ISFM consists of a set of best practices, preferably used in combination, including the use of appropriate germplasm, the appropriate use of fertilizer and of organic resources, and good agronomic practices. The large variability in soil fertility conditions within smallholder farms is also recognized within ISFM, including soils with constraints beyond those addressed by fertilizer and organic inputs. The variable biophysical environments that characterize smallholder farming systems have profound effects on crop productivity and AE, and targeted application of agro-inputs and management practices is necessary to enhance AE. Further, management decisions depend on the farmer's resource endowments and production objectives. In this paper we discuss the "local adaptation" component of ISFM and how this can be conceptualized within an ISFM framework, backstopped by analysis of AE at plot and farm level. At plot level, a set of four constraints to maximum AE is discussed in relation to "local adaptation": soil acidity, secondary nutrient and micronutrient (SMN) deficiencies, physical constraints, and drought stress. In each of these cases, examples are presented whereby amendments and/or practices addressing these have a significantly positive impact on fertilizer AE, including mechanistic principles underlying these effects. While the impact of such amendments and/or practices is easily understood for some practices (e.g. the application of SMNs where these are limiting), for others, more complex processes influence AE (e.g. water harvesting under varying rainfall conditions). At farm scale, adjusting fertilizer applications to within-farm soil fertility gradients has the potential to increase AE compared with blanket recommendations, in particular where fertility gradients are strong. In the final section, "local adaption" is discussed in relation to scale issues and decision support tools are evaluated as a means to create a better understanding of complexity at farm level and to communicate appropriate scenarios for allocating agro-inputs and management practices within heterogeneous farming environments.
Estimating supraglacial lake depth in western Greenland using Landsat 8 and comparison with other multispectral methods
Authors: Pope A. , Scambos T. A. , Moussavi M. , Tedesco M. , Willis M. , Shean D. , Grigsby S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Liquid water stored on the surface of ice sheets and glaciers impacts surface mass balance, ice dynamics, and heat transport. Supraglacial lakes, therefore, play a significant role in ice sheet behavior as a surface expression of the glacial hydrological system. Multispectral remote sensing can be used to detect supraglacial lakes and estimate their depth and area. In this study, we use in situ spectral and bathymetric data to assess lake depth retrieval using the recently launched Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI). We also extend our analysis to other multispectral sensors to evaluate their performance with similar methods. Digital elevation models derived from WorldView stereo imagery (pre-lake filling and post-drainage) are used to validate spectrally derived depths, combined with a lake edge determination from imagery. The optimal supraglacial lake depth retrieval is a physically based single-band model applied to two OLI bands independently (red and panchromatic) that are then averaged together. When OLI- and WorldView-derived depths are differenced, they yield a mean and standard deviation of 0.0 ± 1.6 m. This method is then applied to OLI data for the Sermeq Kujalleq (Jakobshavn Isbrae) region of Greenland to study the spatial and intra-seasonal variability of supraglacial lakes during summer 2014. We also give coefficients for estimating supraglacial lake depth using a similar method as OLI with other multispectral sensors.