bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Viennese Families
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

In the book’s first chapter major events in Berg’s early life (1885–1911) in Vienna are traced: his family, his artistic impulses and influences, his self-instruction in music and art, his schooling, and his early professional aspirations. Berg’s lifelong struggle with poor health is assessed. The Nahowski family, Berg’s future in-laws, is studied, including Anna Nahowski’s affair with Emperor Franz Joseph and the possibility that Helene Berg was the Emperor’s natural daughter. The love triangle of Berg, Helene, and Paul Kammerer (a brilliant Viennese scientist and musician) is explored, and the chapter ends with Berg’s marriage to Helene in 1911.
Wozzeck
Authors: Bryan Simms
Published: March 2021

Chapter 5 offers a broad historical background for and analysis of the opera Wozzeck. Berg’s interest in adapting Georg Büchner’s play Wozzeck as an operatic text began in 1914 after seeing the work staged. Büchner’s life and works are surveyed. Berg used a version of the play reconstructed by Karl Emil Franzos, who freely added his own texts to his sources to provide the work with dramatic continuity and to heighten its pathos. Berg composed Wozzeck over a period of eight years, during which his attention was interrupted by his military service. The opera itself is examined, showing the main musical themes that connect the drama to the music. The composer’s decision to mix atonal harmony with traditional harmony and melody helped to project the contrasts in the dramatic action. Berg also composed a concert suite from the opera, the Wozzeck Fragments, whose three movements focus on music for the character Marie. Berg’s very specific ideas for staging Wozzeck are outlined.
An Institutional Perspective on Public Services
Authors: Loon Nina Van , Vandenabeele Wouter
Published: March 2021

It is easy to think of public service organizations in generic terms. However, on the basis of a multidimensional institutional perspective of publicness, which includes authority, funding, and values, one can quickly understand that the publicness of organizations comes in various guises. This institutional perspective not only explains the behavior of these various public service organizations themselves but also the behavior of individuals operating within these institutional boundaries. Key to explaining individual institutional behavior is the concept of identities. Depending on the extent of their internalization, identities influence individual behavior more or less strongly. An important level at which these insights can be harnessed to the benefit of the organization is at the level of management, which is the link between the individual and the organization. The mechanisms of management influence are illustrated by analyzing four different organizational systems (work design, reward, human resources flow, and employee participation) to manage human assets in public service organizations.
Public Sector Employee Well-Being
Authors: Steijn Bram , Giauque David
Published: March 2021

This chapter deals with an important issue in every public organization: employees’ well-being, which the academic literature consistently relates to organizational performance. After addressing the definition of well-being, the chapter presents the two main theoretical lenses through which well-being is considered: the job demands–resources (JD–R) and the person–environment (P–E) fit models. With respect to these two theoretical models, the main empirical findings, specifically for public organizations, are described and discussed. Thus, variables are identified that can be considered as levers for or obstacles to well-being in public organizations. This permits an “institutional” reading of the antecedents of well-being, highlighting, among other characteristics, environmental, organizational, and task characteristics that are particularly important to consider when studying public organizations. Finally, the chapter also points out some gaps in the current literature and proposes new avenues of research for the study of well-being in public organizations.
Managing Employees’ Employability
Authors: Harten Jasmijn Van , Vermeeren Brenda
Published: March 2021

This chapter uses research findings and examples from practice to provide a state-of-the-art overview of public sector workers’ employability and its determinants and outcomes. Employability is attracting growing attention from both public and private sector organizations. However, scarce research attention has been paid to the importance and features of the employability of employees in public organizations. Scholars regard and study employability mostly as an issue for business organizations. This chapter demonstrates, among other things, that both in research and in practice, employability is predominantly treated in a generic, non-sector-specific way. This leads to a call for public sector-specific studies and comparative research across countries and sectors. The chapter ends with proposals for future research and policy agendas.
Quakers, Christ, and the Enlightenment
Authors: Pennington Madeleine
Published: March 2021

The Quakers were by far the most successful of the radical religious groups to emerge from the turbulence of the mid-seventeenth century—and their survival into the present day was largely facilitated by the transformation of the movement during its first fifty years. What began as a loose network of charismatic travelling preachers was, by the start of the eighteenth century, a well-organized and international religious machine. This shift is usually explained in terms of a desire to avoid persecution, but Quakers, Christ and the Enlightenment argues instead for the importance of theological factors as the major impetus for change. In the first sustained account of the theological motivations guiding the development of seventeenth-century Quakerism, the volume explores the Quakers’ positive intellectual engagement with those outside the movement to offer a significant reassessment of the causal factors determining the development of early Quakerism. Tracing the Quakers’ engagement with such luminaries as Baruch Spinoza, Henry More, John Locke, and John Norris, the volume unveils the Quakers’ concerted attempts to bolster their theological reputation through the refinement of their central belief in the ‘inward Christ’, or ‘the Light within’. In doing so, the study challenges persistent stereotypes of early modern radicalism as anti-intellectual and ill-educated—and indeed, as defined either by ‘rationalist’ or ‘spiritualist’ excess. Rather, the theological concerns of the Quakers and their interlocutors point to a crisis of Christology weaving through the intellectual milieu of the seventeenth century, which has long been underestimated as significant fuel for the emerging Enlightenment
Explaining Continuity and Change
Authors: Pennington Madeleine
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 establishes the limitations of a purely socio-political account of the changes explored in Chapter 1. The Quakers were not altogether removed from social and political motivations. However, as this chapter systematically demonstrates, the notion that they were merely seeking political ‘respectability’ fails to explain the pace and scope of the changes affecting the Quaker movement during this period. Rather, the Quakers were seeking to bolster their ‘theological reputation’, through a concerted refinement of their theology as a means of strengthening their ecclesial claim to ‘true Christianity’. Unlike respectability narratives, the quest for theological reputation was not subordinated to the concerns of their opponents, but involved appeals both to Christian doctrine and the proactive assertion of Quaker values, as well as the interplay between the two. At the heart of this process was a concern to make sense of the Quakers’ experience of Christ within and amongst them
The Christian Quaker
Authors: Pennington Madeleine
Published: March 2021

As Quakerism entered its third decade, the 1672 Declaration of Indulgence created new space for theological dispute. This chapter considers a series of early 1670s pamphlet disputations involving William Penn—first with Thomas Hicks and then with John Faldo—which demonstrate the challenges facing any intellectual outworking of the Quakers’ belief in the immanent Christ. Quaker apologists accepted openly that the Light within was derivative of ‘Christ’ in himself, and at least some engaged directly with the metaphysical issues at stake. This shows the greater willingness of later Quakers to compromise to confirm their reputation as true Christians—and while there was still a lack of real theological innovation, support from the philosopher Henry More indicates a subtle shift in Quaker metaphysics emerging in the mid-1670s. This shift gathered pace after this point, as is elucidated more fully in Chapter 6
Energy in Thermal Physics
Authors: Schroeder Daniel V.
Published: March 2021

The behavior of energy in bulk-matter systems is subtle. We observe that energy flows spontaneously from high to low temperature; we refer to this flowing energy as heat; and we distinguish heat from work, the transfer of energy through mechanical or other means unrelated to temperature. On the other hand, simple models of gases and solids strongly suggest that at the molecular level all energy is purely mechanical. This introductory chapter surveys these basic concepts of thermal physics, illustrates them with a wide variety of familiar examples, and sets the stage for developing a deeper understanding.
Review and Document the Process
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T.
Published: March 2021

After reviewing and documenting the process, this chapter argues that it is unethical to stop the ethical decision-making process with implementation. The chapter recommends monitoring and evaluating the consequences of the ethical decision by engaging in post-decision activities. It uses two case studies where well-meaning mental health professionals inadvertently created iatrogenic effects for their clients. It details what went wrong in each case and how outcomes might have been improved. In these situations, mental health professionals are strongly encouraged to re-engage the ethical decision-making process on behalf of their clients, including apologizing for missteps previously made.
Cross-National Trends in Refugee Status
Authors: Abdelaaty Lamis Elmy
Published: March 2021

In chapter 3, a global dataset is used to answer two questions relating to refugee status determination. First, when are countries likely to delegate decision-making on asylum applications to the UN Refugee Agency? And second, when they retain these decision-making functions themselves, why do countries accept or reject asylum applications? Using a “double-hurdle model,” the first step estimates delegation and the second estimates acceptance rates given no delegation. Among the factors included in the model, in addition to foreign policy and ethnic politics, are the distance between the two countries, economic factors in each country, and whether the sending country is experiencing domestic violence. This chapter indicates that the theory may apply broadly across countries and over time, setting the stage for subsequent chapters to add detailed evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the topic of investigation by explaining the research problem and the state of the art. It shows how some modern scholars believe that classical Muslim sources include scarce information on conversion and consider them the wrong sources for studying the phenomenon. Drawing straightforward links between historiographical reports and events which may have happened centuries earlier is problematic, especially in the absence of actual documentation. However, it is important to study conversion depictions in early Islamic historiographical accounts. Through analyzing a vast number of Arabic Muslim historical accounts, historiography reveals a great deal about conversion. The chapter explains the theoretical basis of the investigation and the methodology of marrying history and historiography by tracing the interplay between historical phenomena and historiographical depictions; external evidence is investigated, then internal criticism is applied. The chapter lists the conversion themes detected, lays out the major arguments of the investigation, and explains the research plan and the outline of the book.
Rethinking Ocean Protection
Authors: Alger Justin
Published: March 2021

This chapter traces the initial emergence and spread of the norm of large marine protected areas (MPAs). It explains why the conditions were present for the emergence of large MPAs as the solution of choice for activists and governments looking to ramp up marine conservation efforts. Through the advocacy efforts of a few individuals and organizations, the large MPA norm began to take hold, one jurisdiction at a time, beginning with high-profile campaigns in Kiribati and the US. This chapter documents those initial successes, explaining how they created the conditions for the broader, global uptake of the large MPA norm.
A Dive Tourism Haven in Palau
Authors: Alger Justin
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the Palauan government’s creation of the 500,000 km2 Palau National Marine Sanctuary. Palau’s critical dependence on its ecotourism sector—54% of GDP in 2015—meant that business interests and conservation objectives were largely aligned in Palau. At the same time, profits from commercial fishing in Palau’s waters went primarily to foreign-based fleets. The legislation for the sanctuary not only protected biodiversity, but was an effort to restructure the country’s commercial fishing industry to better benefit Palauans. Whereas most prior large marine protected area campaigns had been initiated by environmental groups, this one was initiated by Palauan President Tommy Remengesau Jr. This chapter demonstrates that, given a favorable political economy, business influence can sometimes lead to better protections.
Introduction
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter introduces the book’s overarching questions: How do journalists conceptualize their audiences? Who gets included in these conceptualizations, and who is left out? Perhaps most important, how aligned are journalism’s “imagined” audiences with the real ones? It also introduces the book’s ethnographic data, collected from three news organizations: the Chicago Tribune, City Bureau, and Hearken. Both the Tribune and City Bureau publish news, while Hearken offers tools and services to newsrooms interested in improving their relationship with their audiences. Each has its own distinct take on what people expect from news, which leads all three to chart remarkably different paths in their shared quest to make high-quality, valuable, and publicly appreciated journalism. Taken together, these data reveal how journalists’ assumptions about their audiences shape their approaches to their audiences.
The Journalist–Audience Relationship
Authors: Nelson Jacob L.
Published: March 2021

This chapter reflects on one of the most important—yet least studied—aspects of journalism: the connection between how journalists perceive and pursue their audiences. Journalists, like all media producers, can never possibly know precisely who sees what they publish. Instead, they create what communication scholar Eden Litt calls an imagined audience that includes the people with whom they believe they are communicating. Once journalists imagine their audiences, their goals become not just producing the news, but producing news in such a way that it will resonate with those they hope to reach. This chapter explores how journalists have traditionally imagined and pursued their audiences, and how both of those things are beginning to change.
Living Standards in Southern Europe over the Long Run
Authors: Matsaganis Manos
Published: March 2021

This chapter reviews how material conditions improved in Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece over many decades from the postwar period to the onset of the Eurozone crisis and the Great Recession; how Southern Europe lost ground in the 2010s; and how changes in living standards affected different population groups. The chapter unfolds in 15 short sections. Section 4.1 sets the scene by briefly discussing similarities and differences between the four countries. Section 4.2 recounts how life in Southern Europe was transformed since the mid-20th century in terms of material well-being. Sections 4.3–4.14 look at changes in gross domestic product, consumption, investment, labour productivity, employment, education attainment, population health, social spending, income inequality, poverty and social exclusion, the distribution of wealth, and life satisfaction. Section 4.15 concludes.
Economic Growth, Income Distribution, and Social Exclusion in Turkey
Authors: Duman Anıl , Duman Alper
Published: March 2021

This chapter examines the degree of income and institutional convergence between Turkey and European Union (EU) as well as trends in inequality and poverty by taking a long-term perspective as changes in polices an institutions impact on economic and social outcomes, often with considerable lags. The authors’ findings reveal that Turkey has successfully transformed its inward-looking and largely agricultural economy in the past 35 years into an export-oriented and urban-based economy. The transformation has been achieved mostly in periods of dramatic reform embedded in business and political cycles. Nevertheless, in the most recent era, there have been significant setbacks for certain groups in terms of regulatory environment, equality of opportunity, and access to markets and resources. Although there has been progress in the overall distribution of income and other aspects of social inclusion, convergence to EU standards is not easy to observe in these indicators.
Industrial Relations and Inequality in the EU
Authors: Bosch Gerhard
Published: March 2021

This chapter begins with a summary, based on a number of key indicators, of the evolution of industrial relations in Europe. The fundamental importance for the primary distribution of income of minimum wages and collective agreements is explained. The example of the interactions between minimum and collectively agreed wages is used to develop a typology of the various wage-setting ‘architectures’ in the EU. In a monetary union the debate on the appropriate wage policy cannot be conducted on a country by country basis. Wage moderation or expansive wage increases can have both positive and negative effects on other countries. Finally, the interventions by nation states and the Troika in collective bargaining systems will be investigated.
Towards ‘Rediscovery’
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: March 2021

Throughout the period c1830-c1870, there were plans of various sorts to bring Gluck back into the theatre but none were successful. Gluck’s compositions for the stage found their way back to the theatre in different ways, ranging from short coherent sequences of numbers to complete acts in concerts to occasional semi-staged performances given by the pupils of the Paris Conservatoire.
Conclusion
Authors: Everist Mark
Published: March 2021

Genealogies of Music and Memory began with two questions: how was Gluck’s music remembered during the nineteenth century, and did it really collapse in ruins during the 1820s with just one lonely archaeologist, Hector Berlioz, to inspect the fragments and lovingly cherish them for posterity? The answer to the second question—a clear and emphatic negative—is merely a subset of the first, which is the question that the book was designed to answer. The text has sought to examine a broad range of ways in which Gluck was imagined while his works were absent from the Parisian stage, and then to trace the networks, actors, and agents identified there into the various types of more complete—and in some cases staged—productions of the composer’s works from the 1830s to the 1860s. Musical and cultural practices identified in the forty years before the 1859 ...
Introduction
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

Tsunamis affect people—that is why researchers study them and why the media tracks their paths of destruction. A devastating tsunami is usually an event that is so far beyond people’s life experiences that they often struggle to rationalize what they saw. The destruction that has been wrought on human communities over the millennia is reflected in stories passed down either through word of mouth or in the writings of experts and non-experts alike. With an unprecedented wealth of previously unpublished tsunami survivor stories, the Introduction outlines the human side of these catastrophic events and what they mean to people. The basics of the tsunami warning system are introduced, as are some of the cases discussed in the book.
The Case of the Disappearing Lighthouse
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

This chapter follows the course of the waves caused by the 1946 Aleutian earthquake, which ultimately resulted in the creation of the first official tsunami warning system, from their source in Alaska as they demolished a Coast Guard lighthouse, caused massive destruction and loss of life in Hawaii, and ultimately reached the shores of Antarctica. The chapter presents observations by mariners at sea off Alaska, Navy pilots flying over Hawaii, and a marine geologist in the Hawaiian Islands for the Bikini atomic bomb tests and firsthand accounts of amazing survival and tragic loss in Hawaii. In addition to the devastating tsunami, 1946 marked the year when scientists in Japan and the English-speaking world finally adopted the name “tsunami” for these events.
The Perils of Freshwater Tsunamis
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

Most people think that tsunamis happen in the sea, but huge events generated by landslides into lakes, rivers, and dams indicate otherwise. For example, during the 563 event in Lake Geneva, a massive fort and numerous towns and villages along its shores were destroyed. There were earlier tsunamis and there will doubtless be more in the future. Indeed, man-made lakes—reservoirs—also represent spectacular dam-building failures. The Vajont Dam in Italy is a story of human folly, a disregard for Nature’s warnings that led to the death of thousands of people downstream. Landslides fall into rivers and can also produce massive waves. New Zealand’s largest historical tsunami was caused by just such a scenario, and although no people died, it offers an ominous sign of what can happen around any water body, fresh or otherwise, in the world.
Storegga
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

Northwest Europe is not immune to tsunamis. More than 8,000 years ago, Mesolithic people had found a good life following the retreating glaciers and settling the new land rich in flora and fauna. Britain was joined to mainland Europe, and people lived in an area of flat land called Doggerland. And then two things happened: The sea level began to rise rapidly—far more rapid than today—and the Storegga submarine landslide off the coast of Norway produced a region-wide tsunami that can be traced as far as Greenland, western Ireland, and southern England. This was the beginning of the end for Doggerland. In 1701, an English professor interpreted Plato’s Atlantis as being Doggerland, not some mythical Mediterranean paradise destroyed by Santorini’s eruption. However, like so many academic ponderings, it was buried deep in obscurity. This chapter brings this story back to life.
1960 Chile
Authors: Goff James , Dudley Walter
Published: March 2021

The 1960 Chilean earthquake, the largest earthquake in recorded history, ruptured nearly 620 miles of seafloor, generated a tsunami well over 50 ft (15 m) high in Chile, and moved the entire country to the west in a matter of minutes as the ground shook. The tsunami following the earthquake caused Pacific-wide destruction. This chapter charts the progress of the tsunami across the Pacific Ocean, beginning with tsunami survivor stories from Chile and then moving to the Moai of Easter Island, bad decisions in Hawaii, and the unwelcome surprise of this distantly generated event for Japan. This was an ocean-wide disaster that provides important lessons regarding what happened in the past and what will happen in the future.
Seeking Deeper Explanations
Authors: Willison Charley E.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 3 describes the rationale for conducting a mixed methods, explanatory sequential design, or the use of quantitative data, to first explore trends in an understudied subject, followed by in-depth qualitative analyses to explain the mechanisms behind the broader trends. Chapter 3 outlines the quantitative data, sample selection, and methodological approaches. A novel national data set was built to identify political characteristics associated with the presence of a municipal-level supportive housing policy. The sample includes municipalities receiving federal funding to address homelessness. This chapter subsequently discusses the case selection strategy stemming from the results from the national analysis and the qualitative methods and data. Three municipal cases were selected from the national data set to provide in-depth explanations of the mechanisms behind local choices to adopt supportive housing policy or not. The three cases are San Francisco, CA; Atlanta, GA; and Shreveport, LA.
Measuring Municipal Participation in Homeless Governance
Authors: Willison Charley E.
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 examines national variation in municipal responses to chronic homelessness, identifying the prevalence of municipal-level supportive housing policies among municipalities affected by homelessness in the United States and identifying and examining factors associated with the presence of a municipal-level supportive housing policy. The presence of municipal-level supportive housing policies is an indication of evidence-based policy adoption to address chronic homelessness effectively in urban areas. To date, there has been almost no research on the political predictors of the adoption of these evidence-based policies. Results demonstrate that most municipalities facing homelessness challenges do not have supportive housing policies. Of the municipalities in the data set, only 40% had a municipal-level supportive housing policy. These municipalities tend to be: more liberal; sanctuary cities; have fewer but better funded nonprofit health organizations; lower rates of municipal governmental fragmentation; and located in states without Medicaid expansion.
Wrote a Song for Everyone
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

Led by John Fogerty, Creedence Clearwater Revival had a breakthrough when they recast rock music as an unpretentious voice of ordinary people, at a time when many acts were preaching psychedelic revolution: not everyone who enjoyed rock ‘n’ roll was necessarily an enemy of the Establishment. Through songs such as “Fortunate Son” and “Proud Mary,” the music’s vocabulary could now include stoicism, integrity, and class consciousness, along with rebellion, indulgence, and radicalism. The appearance of Creedence Clearwater Revival, Steppenwolf, and others during the time that President Richard Nixon was invoking the American “silent majority” signified a looming schism within the rock audience
Swamp Music
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

Southern rockers such as the Allman Brothers, Black Oak Arkansas, ZZ Top, and the doomed Lynyrd Skynyrd transformed the popular image and reputation of their home territories and their musical genre. As country music had moved a little to the left, some brands of rock moved a little to the right. Lynyrd Skynyrd’s lead singer, Ronnie Van Zant, in particular became a symbol of a just slightly more enlightened Dixie generation: with southern rock, a region long thought of as a backwater with a dark history was reinvented, and a strain of rural, good-ol’-boy white populism became forever tied to the music.
Youngstown
Authors: Case George
Published: March 2021

Over a long career, New Jersey’s Bruce Springsteen became the poet of the working poor, just as Indiana’s John Mellencamp became the voice of embattled farm families and Bob Seger the rock ‘n’ roll bard of the Midwest. Springsteen’s stature became such that, against his own intentions, his appeal was invoked by Republican conservatives during the transformative Reagan era. The success of these artists, singing about the hopes and fears of ordinary citizens whose communities and livelihoods were besieged by globalization, was directly tied to the sweeping shifts of labor and governance that affected the industrialized world in the 1980s.
Lecture I
Authors: Ripstein Arthur
Published: March 2021

Lecture I explores cases in which moral and legal rules governing an activity apply even to those who are not permitted to engage in it, focusing on the striking case of the rules governing the conduct of war, which apply even to an aggressor’s combatants, who should not be fighting at all. This structure is morally intelligible once the rules are understood to introduce novel prohibitions rather than new permissions. This issue is examined through what was traditionally the most significant restriction on the conduct of war, the prohibition of perfidy, that is, false negotiation or surrender. Perfidy has received relatively little recent attention, but it is systematically important because of its moral structure: it appropriates the possibility of peace as a weapon of war. As such, it leaves no way out of war. This distinctive wartime wrong is the same whether committed by an aggressor or a defender.
The Problem of Perfidy and the Failure of Forms
Authors: Kutz Christopher
Published: March 2021

This commentary on Arthur Ripstein’s Tanner Lectures takes up several principal concerns with Ripstein’s powerful argument. First, the author suggests that Ripstein understates the tension, verging on contradiction, of the ius ad bellum and the ius in bello, where the former (in modern thought) treats wars as a great evil to be avoided at nearly all costs, while the second treats war as a legitimate form of interpersonal conflict. Second, the author queries whether Ripstein’s focus in Lecture I on the wrong of perfidy causes him to place too much emphasis on the specific value of a negotiated peace, as opposed to further, intrinsic concerns with the breach of trust and lack of honor. And third, the author questions whether formal features of an aggressor’s intention can make any difference to the (im)permissibility of killing civilians. Last, the author strongly endorses Ripstein’s conception of the ethics of war as grounded in politics, not individual, interpersonal morality.
The Battle of the Lexicons
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: March 2021

This commentary on Arthur Ripstein’s Tanner Lectures raises doubts about his main claims about ius ad bellum and ius in bello. It argues, among other things, that his views about “settlement by force” entail pacifism, that the moral justification for defensive war applies equally to a limited range of wars of aggression, that some wars of humanitarian intervention are morally justified even if they constitute aggression, and that Ripstein’s reasons for claiming that aggression is always morally wrong do not support a legal prohibition of aggression but instead presuppose such a prohibition. In opposition to Ripstein’s views about ius in bello, the author argues that it is mistaken to suppose that being “part of the war” is the criterion for determining who may be attacked, that the relevant distinction is not between combatants and civilians but between those who are morally liable to attack (which can include some civilians) and those who are not, and that the rules of ius in bello are not prohibitions that can be obeyed equally by both just and unjust combatants.
Doubts about Razi
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: March 2021

This introduction to the book offers a survey of what is known about Razi’s life and works, drawing especially on medieval biographical reports about him and medieval book lists, with crucial sources including Ibn al-Nadim, Ibn Abi Usaybia, and al-Biruni. The main areas of Razi’s thought are sketched out on the basis of these lists. The chapter also offers a critical overview of the sources that report on his thought, emphasizing the difficulty of reconstructing the ideas of a philosopher who is known largely through the testimony of his enemies. Finally the chapter discusses Razi’s style of writing, and traces his authorial persona to the example set by Galen.
Ethics
Authors: Adamson Peter
Published: March 2021

The final chapter of the book investigates Razi’s two surviving works on ethics, The Philosophical Way of Life and The Spiritual Medicine. It is shown, against readings of him as a hedonist, that he actually rejects pleasure as a central value of life and encourages readers to turn away from the concerns of the body. Indeed he is so far from being a hedonist that he upholds the Platonist account of pleasure as a mere return to a neutral state. In the end he defends a life of moderation, rejecting both asceticism and hedonism, but even this is only to pave the way for what really matters: philosophical understanding and liberation from the body.
The Ethics of Architecture
Authors: Kingwell Mark
Published: March 2021

The Ethics of Architecture offers a short and approachable scholarly introduction to a timely question: In a world of increasing population density, how does one construct habitable spaces that promote social goals like health, happiness, environmental friendliness, and justice? What are the special ethical obligations assumed by architects? Because their work creates the basic material conditions that make all other human activity possible, architects and their associates in building enjoy vast influence on how we all live, work, play, worship, and think. With this influence comes tremendous, and not always examined, responsibility. This book addresses the range of ethical issues that architects face, with a broad understanding of ethics. Beyond strictly professional duties—transparency, technical competence, fair trading—lie more profound issues that move into aesthetic, political, and existential realms. Does an architect have a duty to create art, if not always beautiful art? Should an architect feel obliged to serve a community and not simply the client? Is social justice a possible orientation for architectural practice? Is there such a thing as feeling compelled to “shelter being” in architectural work? By taking these usually abstract questions into the region of physical creation, the book attempts a concrete reformulation of “architectural ethics” as a matter of deep reflection on the architect’s role as both citizen and caretaker. Thinkers and makers discussed include Le Corbusier, Martin Heidegger, Lewis Mumford, Rem Koolhaas, Jane Jacobs, Arthur Danto, and John Rawls. An added preface addresses architectural issues arising during and after the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.
Built Forms and Ethics: The General Issues
Authors: Kingwell Mark
Published: March 2021

How do we begin to think about architecture in ethical terms? This first chapter sets out the terms of reference for this volume’s approach to that question. The view is intended to be expansive, with ethics understood in a broad sense to include various kinds of professional and social obligations.
Creating Justice
Authors: Kingwell Mark
Published: March 2021

Beyond community and aesthetics lie deeper, and sometimes murkier, responsibilities. Can the built environment facilitate or even create more just conditions? Can it, by the same token, create injustice, whether wittingly or otherwise? This chapter addresses those questions using traditional notions of social justice theory and of public goods. Elements of risk distribution likewise are addressed, with respect to the uneven spread of both happiness and suffering enabled by buildings and urban planning.
Creating Being
Authors: Kingwell Mark
Published: March 2021

Heidegger is well known for his arguments that architecture “shelters being,” and allows us to “dwell” in order that we may “think” in his special ontological sense of the term. This chapter takes serious these reflections on the relationship between the built environment and the question of the meaning of Being. Without endorsing such views wholesale, the argument is that there is indeed an existential dimension to buildings—how could there not be?—and therefore that architects have a special responsibility to consider this issue of Being in their work.
The Rise of the Fed State
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , King Desmond
Published: March 2021

Chapter 2 analyzes the growth of America’s central bank from humble beginnings into the institutional behemoth it is now—what we call the Fed State. Two elements shaped the Bank’s developments since its establishment in 1913. First, the confluence of financial crises and the Fed’s self-interested maneuvering propelled it from a limited and marginalized body to a large and national institution with administrative capacity and independence that is unparalleled on the domestic front. Second, the Fed’s structures embody a “mobilization of bias” toward the organized, well-connected financial interests and corporations at the expense of disorganized, poorly resourced, and diffuse individuals and businesses.
The Fed’s Legitimacy Problem
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. , King Desmond
Published: March 2021

Chapter 4 explains how the Fed’s inventions in 2008–2009 and 2020 strained the Federal Reserve’s legitimacy as an apolitical central bank serving the public good. The Fed’s actions punctured its preferred reputation for technocratic expertise. Instead, the Fed’s failure to adequately regulate banks prior to 2008 and its lopsided assistance to Wall Street and big business while neglecting families and Main Street America revealed a damaging pattern of mistakes and favoritism. The general public’s confidence and approval of the Fed’s performance declined, a populist backlash formed, and lawmakers started to take aim at the Bank’s prerogatives and widening scope of responsibilities. The Fed’s activism starting in 2020 appears to be inching it closer to being perceived as a partisan tool. The cumulative threat to the Fed is enormous: its ability to respond as a trusted last resort in the face of economic and financial crisis is eroding and may become a drag on its ability to act.
The history of the regulation and exploitation of women’s speech and writing in Japan
Authors: Nakamura Momoko
Published: March 2021

This chapter describes how women’s relationship to Japanese language has been defined, assessed, and exploited within the field of Japanese linguistics. After a brief history of language studies in Japan in the Introduction, the second section analyses the norms for women’s speech in conduct books (etiquette manuals) since the thirteenth century. The third section summarizes the arguments concerning women’s contribution to the development of kana script in the Heian period (794–1185). The fourth section examines the changing values assigned to two speech styles linguists have prominently attributed to women: jogakusei kotoba (‘schoolgirl speech’) of the late nineteenth century and nyōbō kotoba (‘court-women speech’) since the fourteenth century. The last section considers the shifting evaluations assigned to the works by two individual women, the Japanese translation of Little Lord Fauntleroy (1886) by Wakamatsu Shizuko and the codification of Ainu oral narrative by Chiri Yukie. Conclusions outline three major findings of the chapter.
Data collection methods and statistical analyses
Authors: Thrush Simon F. , Hewitt Judi E. , Pilditch Conrad A. , Norkko Alf
Published: March 2021

This chapter highlights the questions to ask of data collection methods and statistical analyses before you plunge into their use. It discusses data collection methods within the context of study design, focussing on the resolution and size (in area or time) that methods collect over. The methods covered are those that help explain patterns and processes produced by plants and animals interacting with the sediment and the water column. Similarly, statistical analyses that increase the interpretation of data and allow understanding of interacting processes are highlighted. The need to balance information, replication and costs associated with statistical power is also discussed. As this chapter provides a brief overview only on subjects that have been the subjects of entire books, it also contains references to more extensive coverage.
Temporal variations in benthic assemblages and processes
Authors: Thrush Simon F. , Hewitt Judi E. , Pilditch Conrad A. , Norkko Alf
Published: March 2021

Demonstrating changes over time in soft-sediment ecosystems is critical to understanding ecosystem dynamics and predicting how they may change. Monitoring is thus an essential process providing insight into how complex ecological systems change and has important implications in adaptive management, impact assessment and stewardship. The chapter describes how both slow and fast processes operate in soft sediments and drive changes across multiple time scales. The role of time series data in helping to understand detailed short-term studies is discussed. The interactions between space and time have important implications in study design, interpretation and accounting for inconsistency in results. The chapter finishes by discussing two types of temporal change of significant concern these days due to their implications for resilience and ecosystem dynamics: tipping points and hysteresis.
Biodiversity–ecosystem function
Authors: Thrush Simon F. , Hewitt Judi E. , Pilditch Conrad A. , Norkko Alf
Published: March 2021

This chapter looks at the links between biodiversity and ecosystem function in soft sediments to help understand the implications of biodiversity loss on ecosystem services. The chapter contains a focus on the challenges in developing real-world tests of biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) relationships. The various forms of BEF relationships, their implications and the different elements of biodiversity that link to function are described. Given the multiple functions that occur in soft-sediment ecosystems, this has important implications for the assessment and implications of BEF relationships and functional performance in the up-scaling of BEF relationships. The role of BEF in underpinning many ecosystem services and the interconnections in biodiversity and ecosystem service relationships close out the chapter.
Climate change and seafloor ecology
Authors: Thrush Simon F. , Hewitt Judi E. , Pilditch Conrad A. , Norkko Alf
Published: March 2021

Squeezed between the land and the sea, coastal ecosystems are at the forefront of climate change. This chapter identifies climate change as a multiple stressor and cumulative effects problem associated with elevated temperature, increased frequency of extreme events, increased storms, ocean acidification and sea level rise, considering how these are likely to interact to affect ecosystem structure and functions and can be an important driver of tipping points. Mitigation measures for some of the effects in coastal ecosystems are discussed to help identify the importance of working with both stressors and ecosystem response to find solutions to climate impacts.
The Consequences of Technopopulism
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Accetti Carlo Invernizzi
Published: March 2021

This chapter discusses the consequences of technopopulism. It distinguishes between internal and external consequences. Internal consequences concern the domain of electoral party politics itself. External consequences refer to the broader effects of technopopulism on other domains of contemporary politics and society. Internally, technopopulism has resulted in a form of politics that is both increasingly conflictual and highly desubstantialized. The external consequences of technopopulism are both an increasing degree of citizen dissatisfaction with democracy and a new authoritarianism with our societies, manifested in increasing rates of incarceration, police activity, and generalized surveillance. A final external consequence of technopopulism is the closure of the revolutionary horizon and the rise of identity politics as a new dominant mode of political expression. This derives from the fact that technopopulist politics are characterized by both a virulent anti-establishmentarianism and a very moderate wish to fulfil the basic promises of the existing political order in a more effective way. The pursuit of identity politics fulfils this simultaneous desire for radicalism and stasis embedded within the technopopulist political field.
Roots and Branches
Authors: Orend Brian
Published: March 2021

Jus post bellum is commonly considered a new and novel concept. But it does have a deeper historical pedigree; and this past is of relevance for its future, both as concept and as practice. This chapter argues that the most plausible contender for ‘inventor of jus post bellum’ in its unique, substantive, recognizable, and forward-looking form, is the German philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724–1804). The main aim of this chapter is not to defend such a purely historical claim. It is, rather, to show in detail all that Kant had to offer regarding the jus post bellum: how he develops it in both a short-term (procedural) sense and a long-term (substantive) sense, ranging from immediate ceasefires and public peace treaties all the way to the worldwide spread of a cosmopolitan federation devoted to peace and the realization of everyone’s human rights.
Basic Commands in R
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A.
Published: March 2021

This chapter is an introduction to the basics of object-oriented programming in R. It covers how to create and view objects in R, as well as how to perform basic calculations, manipulate objects, and identify the “class” of different objects. Finally, it addresses how to create and subset data frames, change row and column names, and cover matrix multiplication.
Realistic Masks in the Real World
Authors: Sanders Jet G. , Jenkins Rob
Published: March 2021

Security and crime prevention often rely on facial appearance to connect individuals to behaviours. Hyper-realistic face masks can potentially frustrate this connection by allowing the wearer to look like someone else. In this chapter, we review the evidence that hyper-realistic masks are truly realistic, in the sense that they are accepted as real faces. We begin by outlining relevant experimental studies of face identification and disguise. We then tabulate all criminal cases known to involve hyper-realistic face masks (41 cases between 2009 and 2019). Experimental tests suggest that failures to detect such masks can be attributed to the realism of the masks, without invoking inattention or incompetence on the part of observers. We end with eight proposals for improving mask detection, encompassing training, personnel selection, and machine vision. If the misuse of hyper-realistic masks becomes widespread, our inability to detect them will compromise face recognition infrastructure.
Possession and Title: Three Views
Authors: Rostill Luke
Published: March 2021

This chapter introduces the enquiry into the nature of the title acquired through possession. It analyses and contrasts three views of the nature of the possessor’s title and, in so doing, brings to light two important distinctions. First, there is a distinction between accounts of the law that maintain that the law actually confers on a possessor an interest of some kind in the chattel or the land, and accounts that assert that the possessor is to be presumed to have a certain interest. Secondly, there is a distinction between accounts that claim that the possessor acquires a mere right of possession in respect of the land or chattel, and accounts that assert that the possessor acquires an alienable proprietary interest. The chapter argues that, while some commentators have regarded these distinctions as muddled or illusory, they are, in fact, real and important.