bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Civic Communication in Britain
Authors: Griffiths John R.
Published: April 2008

This article examines a journal initially known as London and subsequently the Municipal Journal which was first published in the 1890s. It is argued that this publication deserves closer scrutiny by historians interested in urban progressivism over the approximate period 1890-1910. As the foremost journal for diffusing ideas about the management of cities in this era it offers important insights regarding the successes and failures of the Progressive project in both the British capital and the provincial centers. It is argued that the journal played two important roles in this period. The first was to defend the Progressive agenda from Conservative (Moderate) attack, and the second was to play the role as the "Hansard of local government." The impression left to the historian is that Progressivism as a movement contained internal contradictions which contributed to its demise by 1914.
Reinventing Memories
Authors: Ganau Joan
Published: April 2008

The heritage and the historical centers of many towns are increasingly presented, and sometimes massively consumed, as theme parks with a historical content. This paper analyzes the long term process involved in the creation of Barcelona's Gothic quarter ( Barri Gòtic). This quarter came into being due to the combination of two parallel processes: the conclusion of the cathedral and the redevelopment of the city center. The Barri Gòtic was a conscious creation that was meant to provide the cathedral with a gothic environment and was created by gathering together fragments left over following the demolition of the historic city. It was conceived as a type of avant la lettre historic theme park and was essentially a creation of the mid-twentieth century.
Interparental Hostility and Early Adolescent Problem Behavior
Authors: Benson Mark J. , Buehler Cheryl , Gerard Jean M.
Published: April 2008

To explore the link between interparental hostility and adolescent problem behaviors, the current study examines four important maternal parenting dimensions as potential mediators: acceptance, harshness, inconsistency, and psychological intrusiveness. With a primary sample of 1,893 sixth-grade students, the measures included adolescent and teacher reports. Structural equation modeling revealed that each parenting construct partially mediated both internalizing and externalizing adolescent problems. Harshness was the strongest mediator for adolescent externalizing. Psychological intrusiveness and low maternal acceptance were the strongest mediators for adolescent internalizing. Inconsistency linked similarly to both internalizing and externalizing. Stronger linkages were found in families with married parents compared to those with divorced parents, but overall the patterns were similar. Youth gender and ethnic differences in the spillover processes were minimal. The findings provide a process model for understanding interparental conflict and adolescent problems.
Physical and Property Victimization Behind Bars
Authors: Lahm Karen F.
Published: April 2008

The majority of the extant literature on inmate victimization considers only one level of analysis, thus ignoring the interaction effects between inmate- and prison-level variables. To extend this literature, multilevel modeling techniques were used to analyze self-report data from more than 1,000 inmates and 30 prisons in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio. Results revealed that demographic variables were strong predictors of physical victimization (i.e., race and assaultive behavior). Also, security level had a contextual direct effect on physical victimization. Property victimization was best explained with an integrated model including inmate (i.e., race, assaultive behavior, prior education, prior employment, and time served), contextual (i.e., security level and proportion non-White), and micro—macro interaction variables (i.e., Race × Security Level). Policy implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Rape Myth Acceptance in Men Who Completed the Prostitution Offender Program of British Columbia
Authors: Klein Carolin , Kennedy M. Alexis , Gorzalka Boris B.
Published: April 2008

In an effort to characterize the attitudes and characteristics of men who solicit sex, this study investigated rape myth acceptance as assessed by a modification of Burt's Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. The participants were all men who took part in the Prostitution Offender Program of British Columbia after being arrested for attempting to solicit sex from an undercover police officer. Relationships between endorsement of rape myths, other attitudes, sexual behavior, and demographic variables were examined. Results reveal that age, education, use of pornography, ideal frequency of intercourse, and believing that purchasing sex is a problem are all negatively correlated with rape myth acceptance. Positive correlations were found between rape myth acceptance and sexual conservatism, sexual violence/coercion, and social desirability. Results are discussed in terms of the association between rape myth acceptance and the violence frequently perpetrated against those working in the sex trade.
Factors influencing households' participation in recycling
Authors: Vicente Paula , Reis Elizabeth
Published: April 2008

The success of a recycling programme depends on the active and sustained participation of citizens in the correct separation and collection of recyclable waste. An effective study of strategies aimed at augmenting people's involvement in recycling involves understanding which factors influence the decision to co-operate with a recycling programme. This research investigates the influence of attitudes, incentives, presence of children in household and information through direct media, on households' participation in recycling. The results suggest that positive attitudes toward recycling and information are important factors in explaining recycling participation. Some guidelines that may be considered in future communication and intervention strategies designed to promote recycling participation are discussed.
Evaluation of human urine as a source of nutrients for selected vegetables and maize under tunnel house conditions in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Mnkeni Pearson N. S. , Kutu Funso R. , Muchaonyerwa Pardon , Austin Lorimer M.
Published: April 2008

The introduction of ecological sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in South Africa has created opportunities for safer sanitation and recycling of human excreta, as fertilizers, in rural and peri-urban areas. A study was carried out to evaluate the fertilizer value of human urine (0 to 400 kg N ha—1) for maize and tomato, compared to urea, in a tunnel house. Dry matter yield of both maize and tomato, harvested at 9 and 10 weeks after planting, respectively, increased with increasing N rate (both as urine or urea) up to 200 kg N ha —1. Urea reduced soil electrical conductivity (EC) whereas urine increased it. Leaf tissue Na, in both crops, also increased with urine application. A follow-up study was carried out with two crops with contrasting sensitivity to salinity and using a wider range of N application (0 to 800 kg N ha—1). The results indicated increased root and leaf dry-matter yield of beetroot (tolerant to salinity) with increased urine rates up to the highest rate of 800 kg N ha—1 , whereas the leaf and root dry-matter yield of carrot, which is sensitive to salinity, peaked at the low urine application rate of 50 kg N ha— 1. Soil EC increased with urine application up to 4.64 and 13.35 mS cm—1, under beetroot and carrot, respectively. Generally the results showed that human urine compared well with urea as a source of N for crops but optimum rates depend on the sensitivity of the crops to soil salinity, which should be monitored where human urine is regularly used for fertilizing crops.
Synergism effects of phenol-degrading yeast and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria for nitrification in coke wastewater of Esfahan Steel Company
Authors: Ghanavati Hossein , Emtiazi Giti , Hassanshahian Mehdi
Published: April 2008

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and phenol-degrading yeast were isolated in order to study the synergism effects of phenol-degrading yeast and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria for enhancing the nitrification in coke wastewater from the Isfahan Steel Company. The influent and effluent samples with ∼ 600—1200 mg L— 1 ammonium and 550—2350 mg L—1 phenol were collected aseptically in sterile flasks. The biodegradation of phenol and nitrification were studied with different treatments. The results showed that addition of Na2CO3 and autotrophic bacteria to wastewater increased the ammonium removal by 100%. Furthermore, the synergism effects of phenol-degrader yeast and autotrophic bacteria reduced the time for ammonium removal.
Use of glazed ceramic waste as additive in mortar and the mathematical modelling of its strength
Authors: Altin Zehra Gulten , Erturan Seyfettin , Tepecik Abdulkadir
Published: April 2008

This study investigated the reusability of waste material from the tile manufacturing industry as an alternative material to natural pozzolan trass. Yield strength values of mortar made from Portland cement (CEM I 42.5), were measured by adding glazed ceramic waste and trass at various weight ratios (5 to 40%). The test results proved that the strength values at 2, 7, and 28 days gave good results for concentrations of waste materials less than 5—10% in the cement. A decrease in strength was observed at higher concentrations. Mathematical modelling results showed a logarithmic correlation between the mortar strength and weight fraction of cement.
Release of nitrogen and trace metal species from field stacked biosolids
Authors: Peckenham John M. , Nadeau James A. , Amirbahman Aria , Behr Richard S.
Published: April 2008

Concerns over elevated nitrate (NO3—) levels found in groundwater near former biosolid stockpiling locations resulted in the Maine Department of Environmental Protection (MDEP) imposing stricter regulations governing the stockpiling of biosolids in October 2002. The goals of this study were to measure the amount and speciation of nitrogen (N) and trace metals leaving stockpiled biosolids and travelling through the soil column. The biosolids were placed on plastic-lined cells to collect all leachate. Ammonium (NH 4+), ranging from 2000 to 4900 mg L— 1, was the dominant N species (90% of total N) in the leachate from the Class B lime-stabilized biosolids in the lined cell experiment. Nitrate (NO3—) and nitrite (NO2— ) concentrations were negligible, remaining below 0.25 and 0.1 mg L —1, respectively. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations as high as 8900 mg L—1 and chemical oxygen demand (COD) as high as 37 000 mg L—1 were measured in the leachate leaving the lined cell. Fifteen zero-tension pan lysimeters (ZTP-lysimeter) were installed in a 90 m2 plot at depth intervals of 30, 60, and 100 cm. Leachate passing through the soil column underlying the biosolids stockpile was collected in the ZTP-lysimeters. The average ZTP-lysimeter NH4+ concentrations ranged from 1400 mg L— 1 at 60 cm depth to 145 mg L—1 at 90 cm depth. The average ZTP-lysimeter DOC concentrations ranged from 2000 mg L—1 at 60 cm to 525 mg L— 1 at 90 cm. Trace metal determinations of the leachate collected from the lined cell and ZTP-lysimeters showed arsenic loading rates exceeded the state limits of 0.5 kg ha—1 year— 1 by an order of magnitude. Arsenic concentrations were in excess of several thousand milligrams per litre in the lined-cell leachate and several hundred milligrams per litre in the ZTP-lysimeters as deep as 90 cm under the biosolid stockpile. Phosphorus, iron and manganese in excess of several thousand milligrams per litre were observed in both the lined-cell leachate and ZTP-lysimeters. Significant concentrations of other trace metals were found at depth in the zero-tension ZTP-lysimeter plot. Trace metals were largely mobilized by the DOC from the biosolids and due to the presence of anaerobic environment, especially in the underlying soil.
Bacterial community patterns and thermal analyses of composts of various origins
Authors: Klammer Susanne , Knapp Brigitte , Insam Heribert , Dell'Abate Maria Teresa , Ros Margarita
Published: April 2008

During composting, the degradation of organic waste is accompanied and driven by a succession of microbial populations exhibiting a broad range of functional capabilities. Detailed inventories of the microbial communities in mature compost, however, are not available. Mature composts, originating from biowaste as well as sewage sludge and anaerobic sludge, were studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis-fingerprints after polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S rRNA genes using three different universal primer pairs, as well as by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. The composts of different origin had different bacterial communities. The influence of different 16S rDNA primer sets on the same batches of compost DNA was evaluated. The clearest separation of different compost types was obtained by using the PCR primer pair 338f + 518r which is suggested for future applications. Communities from the different biowaste compost samples clustered together and could be separated from sewage sludge communities indicating the establishment of different microbial consortia. A similar differentiation of composts was found with the thermogavimetric analyses. It may thus be concluded that the resulting humus quality is closely linked to the microbial communities involved.
Assessment of microbiological and parasitological quality of composted wastes: health implications and hygienic measures
Authors: Briancesco Rossella , Coccia Anna Maria , Chiaretti Gianluca , Della Libera Simonetta , Semproni Maurizio , Bonadonna Lucia
Published: April 2008

Feedstock and compost samples were collected from twenty composting plants and analysed from the microbiological point of view. Faecal indicator organisms were determined in order to evaluate the efficacy of processes for the removal of pathogenic micro-organisms with similar survival characteristics and to verify their suitability as appropriate markers of microbial quality of composted products. In addition to the classical bacterial indicators, selected organisms, such as Salmonella, Giardia , Cryptosporidium, Clostridium spores and helminth ova, were investigated. Statistically significant differences in the removal of the different micro-organisms were observed with regard to both the different composting plants ( P < 0.05) and feedstock composition ( P < 0.05). In fact, compost obtained by feedstock containing sewage sludge was shown to have a better hygienic quality in comparison with compost containing green discards and municipal solid waste as raw matter. Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth ova were not effective indicators of hygienic quality of compost, whereas Clostridium perfringens spores, because of their high resistance to treatments, could be considered as an additional model for assessing the composting process, especially with regard to more resistant pathogen reduction.
Lateral migration and offsite surface emission of landfill gas at City of Montreal landfill site
Authors: Franzidis Jean-Pierre , Héroux Martin , Nastev Miroslav , Guy Christophe
Published: April 2008

An evaluation of lateral landfill gas migration was carried out at the Saint-Michel Environmental Complex in Montreal, City of Montreal Landfill Site, Canada, between 2003 and 2005. Biogas concentration measurements and gas-pumping tests were conducted in multilevel wells installed in the backfilled overburden beside the landfill site. A migration event recorded in autumn 2004 during the maintenance shutdown of the extraction system was simulated using TOUGH-LGM software. Eleven high-density instantaneous surface monitoring (ISM) surveys of methane were conducted on the test site. Gas fluxes were calculated by geostatistical analyses of ISM data correlated to dynamic flux chamber measurements. Variograms using normal transformed data showed good structure, and kriged estimates were much better than inverse distance weighting, due to highly skewed data. Measurement-based estimates of yearly off-site surface emissions were two orders of magnitude higher than modelled advective lateral methane flux. Nucleodensimeter measurements of the porosity were abnormally high, indicating that the backfill was poorly compacted. Kriged porosity maps correlated well with emission maps and areas with vegetation damage. Pumping tests analysis revealed that vertical permeability was higher than radial permeability. All results suggest that most of the lateral migration and consequent emissions to the atmosphere were due to the existence of preferential flow paths through macropores. In December 2006, two passively vented trenches were constructed on the test site. They were successful in countering lateral migration.
Sources and factors controlling the disposal of biodegradable municipal solid waste in urban and rural areas of Cyprus
Authors: Skourides Iakovos , Smith Stephen R. , Loizides Michael
Published: April 2008

An inventory of sources of biodegradable municipal soil waste (BMSW) was constructed for urban and rural areas in the EU accession region of Cyprus. Composition analysis was performed on source-separated BMSW collected from households in the rural Ergates Community and an urban area within the Agglanjia Municipality. The data were statistically scrutinized to identify the main factors influencing the quantities of BMSW disposed by urban and rural communities in Cyprus. The results were extrapolated to predict the quantities and types of BMSW disposed by the entire communities. Significantly more BMSW was disposed in the urban area compared to the rural community due to lower diversion rates for green waste and the disposal of food waste from commercial sources. The quantity of food waste collected from households was influenced by socio-economic (household size, income, percentage of children) and behavioural (feeding of food waste to domestic animals, consuming processed `ready' food) factors, whereas garden size, the type of vegetation, the reuse of trimmings and home composting were the main factors controlling the disposal of green waste.
A Developmental Intervention Science (DIS) Outreach Research Approach to Promoting Youth Development
Authors: Montgomery Marilyn J. , Kurtines William M. , Ferrer-Wreder Laura , Berman Steven L. , Lorente Carolyn Cass , Briones Ervin , Silverman Wendy , Ritchie Rachel , Eichas Kyle
Published: April 2008

This paper describes work directed toward creating community-supported positive youth development interventions that draw on a developmental intervention science outreach research approach. With respect to developmental interventions, this approach focuses on creating evidence-based longitudinal change intervention strategies for promoting long-term developmental change. The paper describes three broad challenges (theoretical, methodological, and meta-theoretical) that the authors faced in their efforts to develop and implement community-supported intervention programs built on this approach. The authors describe first the theoretical challenges they addressed in developing the conceptual framework for their community-supported intervention; second, the challenge of developing and refining a methodological framework for evaluating positive youth development interventions in “real-world” settings; and third, the meta-theoretical challenges that arose in the context of implementing community-supported positive development programs.
Promoting Positive Youth Development
Authors: Kurtines William M. , Montgomery Marilyn J. , Arango Lisa Lewis , Kortsch Gabrielle , Albrecht Richard , Garcia Arlene , Ritchie Rachel , Eichas Kyle
Published: April 2008

This article provides an overview of the origins and use of relational data analysis (RDA). RDA is a multidimensional, multiphasic framework for unifying data analytic strategies across dimensions (quantitative/qualitative, causal/structural, observation/interpretation, etc.) and phases of analyses (conceptual, theoretical, and research analyses). RDA was developed within a relational metatheoretical methodological framework for overcoming the splits that have historically characterized methodological metatheory. The aim was to formulate a practical, ready-at-hand framework that the developmental scientist could use to unify the analysis of developmental change in real life “applied” settings as well as clinic and laboratory settings.
Promoting Positive Youth Development
Authors: Kurtines William M. , Montgomery Marilyn J. , Ferrer-Wreder Laura , Berman Steven L. , Lorente Carolyn Cass , Silverman Wendy K.
Published: April 2008

The efforts of the Miami Youth Development Project reported in this special issue illustrate how Developmental Intervention Science (DIS; a fusion of the developmental and intervention science) extended to include outreach research contributes to the development of community-supported positive youth development programs. In the process, the articles further illustrate the general utility of Developmental Intervention Science outreach research in facilitating the use of descriptive and explanatory knowledge about changes within human systems that occur across the lifespan in the development of evidence-based individual and institutional change intervention strategies for promoting long-term developmental change. Additionally, the articles illustrate the considerable implications that the application of DIS outreach research has for future directions in knowledge of human development at all levels (practical as well as methodological, theoretical, and metatheoretical).
The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents, Psychological Symptoms, and Clinical Status in Adolescents
Authors: Prince-Embury Sandra
Published: April 2008

The Resiliency Scales for Children and Adolescents (RSCA) are three scales for assessing the relative strength of three aspects of personal resiliency as a profile in children and adolescents. This article presents preliminary evidence to support the use of the RSCA in preventive screening. First, this article examines associations between the RSCA Global scale and index scores and psychological symptoms as assessed by the Beck Youth Inventory—II in a normative sample of adolescents. A normative sample was chosen as screening would presumably occur in a nonclinical setting. Findings suggest associations between psychological symptoms and the RSCA scale and index scores. Specifically, positive associations were found between psychological symptoms and the RSCA Vulnerability Index and the Emotional Reactivity scale score. Negative associations were found between psychological symptoms and the RSCA Resource Index, Sense of Mastery, and Sense of Relatedness scale scores. Second, the RSCA is examined as a potential predictor of clinical status differentiating the normative sample from a clinical sample. Results support the use of the RSCA in screening protocols for the identification of vulnerability that does not rely on the presence of an identified disorder or clearly defined psychological symptoms.
Psychosis With Frontal Lobe Epilepsy Responds to Carbamazepine
Authors: Sinclair D. Barry , Snyder T.
Published: April 2008

Frontal lobe epilepsy is an unusual form of complex partial seizures associated with behavioral changes including fear, agitation, kicking, and screaming. The seizures are often missed or mistaken for psychiatric problems or sleep disorders. We report 2 unusual patients presenting with psychosis who were found to have frequent frontal lobe seizures. Treatment of the seizures with carbamazepine resulted in complete resolution of their psychiatric symptoms. The relationship between frontal lobe seizures and psychosis is explored.
Behavioral Disorders in Children With Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Parness-Yossifon Reut , Margalit Dov , Pollack Ayala , Leiba Hana
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the association between idiopathic intracranial hypertension and behavior, attention, and learning abilities in children. Parents of school-age children with idiopathic intracranial hypertension were asked to fill out a questionnaire and to rank the child's behavioral patterns before and after the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. The questionnaire was based on Conners' test. Ten children were included in the study. Mean age at diagnosis was 11.5 years. Mean follow-up time was 25 months. Six patients (60%) met the definition of attention- and concentration-deficit disorders before diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension; 1 patient was treated with methylphenidate (Ritalin) before referral to eye examination. After the diagnosis was made and treatment was established, 5 patients (83%) reported an improvement in their attention and behavior. Of these 6 patients, 2 (33%) reported marked improvement. We conclude that attention- and concentration-deficit disorder might be an early sign for pediatric idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension in these children may improve the child's behavior, attention, and achievements in school, without the need to resort to other modes of therapy.
Pediatric Tanycytic Ependymoma of the Cauda Equina: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mohindra Sandeep , Bal Amanjit , Singla Navneet
Published: April 2008

Tanycytic tumors of the cauda equina region are being increasingly reported. Such tumors can occur among pediatric patients and adults. An unusual case of tanycytic ependymoma located at the region of the cauda equina is reported in a girl. The clinical presentation, radiological features, intraoperative findings, and histopathologic features are described. The prognostic significance of differentiating such a neoplasm from other intramedullary tumors is noted. A heightened awareness of this pathologic entity among neurosurgeons and pathologists will help in diagnosing this neoplasm and in enabling better patient management.
Chemotherapy for Early-Stage Breast Cancer: A Paradigm in Flux
Authors: Tran Lan-Phuong P. , Grabinski Jodi L.
Published: April 2008

Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women in the United States. A reduction in breast cancer mortality has been observed over recent years and is in part attributable to general use of adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab. Besides the addition of specific therapeutic agents, the therapy of early-stage breast cancer has benefited from dose-dense approaches, identification of molecular markers, and translational research innovations such as prognostic gene expression assays. Treatment recommendations for adjuvant breast cancer chemotherapy are traditionally guided by results from clinical studies reflecting a general population; however, molecular and genomic information can potentially enable clinicians to formulate more refined therapeutic decisions. These advances also generate further questions regarding situations where application of therapy is necessary to optimize efficacy and circumstances where sparing therapy is appropriate. Taken together, the advances made through early-stage breast cancer chemotherapy positions us closer to fulfilling the promise of personalized medicine. This article reviews the recent progress of adjuvant chemotherapy and trastuzumab in breast cancer.
Small Molecules: Big Changes in the Cancer Treatment Paradigm
Authors: Garcia Anita A.
Published: April 2008

Small molecules, a growing class of targeted therapies, have flourished over the last decade. With increased knowledge on molecular cell signaling, targeted therapy has been refined to targeting molecular targets upstream from the nucleus that are key players in the communication system that regulates cancer cell growth. This article reviews the mechanisms of small molecules with a particular emphasis on tyrosine kinase inhibitors, as well as the literature that supports the current clinical use in the treatment of a variety of solid and hematological malignancies.
Voices of Mexican American Caregivers for Family Members With Cancer
Authors: Wells Jo Nell , Cagle Carolyn Spence , Bradley Patricia , Barnes Donelle M.
Published: April 2008

This grounded theory study report describes the experience of 34 Mexican American (MA) female caregivers who provided care to a family member with cancer. Caregivers identified a process of “Becoming Stronger” as a result of their caregiver role. The emerging theoretical model of female MA cancer caregiving offers evidence to change current cancer care approaches from patient-focused to family-focused care for this ethnic group. Findings suggest that changes most responsive to cultural values and likely to provide accessible and quality cancer care for MA families are those that involve active partnering with MA caregivers to prioritize the patient's cancer care.
Lessons of the Street Code
Authors: Stewart Eric A. , Schreck Christopher J. , Brunson Rod K.
Published: April 2008

Elijah Anderson argued that adoption of the street code should reduce victimization risk for individuals who have to navigate disadvantaged, high-crime neighborhoods. In a recent article, Stewart, Schreck, and Simons (2006) examined whether adopting the street code decreased violent victimization, as Anderson suggested. Stewart et al. found no support for the idea that adopting the street code reduces victimization. Instead, they found that individuals who adopt the street code have higher levels of victimization. In addition, the results highlighted that the street code is related to both violent offending and violent victimization. In this article, the authors focus on the policy implications of Anderson's “code of the street” thesis, violent victimization, and offending. They argue that improving police—citizen interactions may be a starting point for restoring legitimacy in the police and criminal justice system, which may in turn reduce violence in street code—dominated areas.
The Boulevard Ain't Safe for Your Kids . . .1
Authors: Taylor Terrance J.
Published: April 2008

Youth gang membership has been linked to a variety of social ailments: delinquency, stigma, and, more recently, violent victimization. This essay examines the research on youth gang membership and violent victimization. Three main questions are examined: (a) What is known about the linkages between gang membership and violent victimization? (b) What use does this knowledge provide for prevention and intervention efforts? (c) Where do we go from here? In other words, what do we not know about the gang membership—violent victimization link?
Advancing the Usefulness of Research for Victims of Crime
Authors: Lauritsen Janet L. , Archakova Ekaterina
Published: April 2008

Most researchers who study victimization are interested in finding ways to make their work more useful. The articles in this issue discuss how the practice of research can be better linked to policy making, how hard-to-reach victims might be better served, how risk is correlated across various domains and tied to broader structural conditions, and how legal remedies might better serve victims of crime. In this article, the authors examine some of the practical matters that have made it difficult to build a solid empirical foundation on which to base effective policies. These practical challenges include the very large and diverse literatures and disciplinary perspectives and the unique set of methodological difficulties associated with research on victims of crime. Several ways in which these challenges might be overcome are discussed, including multidisciplinary literature reviews, coordinated assessments of methodological approaches and findings, and greater dialogue among those with specialized understandings of different forms of victimization.
Review Article: Cytokines and Cancer Anorexia Cachexia Syndrome
Authors: Bennani-Baiti Nabila , Davis Mellar P.
Published: April 2008

Cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome is frequent yet still a not well understood cancer-related problem. The pathophysiology of cancer cachexia is multifactorial. It is suggested to be the result of tumor—host interactions and studies of the disturbances seen during cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome, such as anorexia, hyper-metabolism, tissue wasting, metabolic abnormalities, and hormonal changes, all point to the involvement in one way or another of one key factor: cytokines. The purpose of this review is to summarize the latest developments in the field of cytokines and their role in cancer anorexia cachexia syndrome. The emphasis is on the role of cytokines in anorexia and tissue wasting.
Free Advertising
Authors: Ridout Travis N. , Smith Glen R.
Published: April 2008

The impact of political ads paid for by candidates is amplified because of the free media coverage they receive. Yet how frequently does that occur? And are certain types of ads more likely to be covered? To answer these questions, we performed a content analysis of news coverage in ten U.S. Senate campaigns in 2004. We find that ad amplification is quite common and that negative and comparative ads are much more likely to receive media attention than positive ads. This has implications for how scholars measure ad exposure and for understanding why Americans dislike negative advertising.
Political Mistrust Among African Americans and Support for the Political System
Authors: Avery James M.
Published: April 2008

Recent research argues that political mistrust among African Americans represents unhappiness with the political system. To date, however, no study has directly examined the influence of black mistrust on support for the system. In this study I show that greater mistrust among blacks leads to greater support for change in the party and electoral systems. I also find evidence of inter-racial differences in the influence of mistrust on support for the political system. These findings have implications for our understanding of the nature of political trust and add to a growing literature demonstrating the political consequences of mistrust in government.
Immunoprofile of Kuttner Tumor (Chronic Sclerosing Sialadenitis)
Authors: Machado de Sousa Suzana Orsini , Linhares Ferrazzo Kivia , Mota Loyola Adriano , dos Santos Jean Nunes , de Araújo Vera Cavalcanti
Published: April 2008

In the present study, the immunoprofile of chronic sclerosing sialadenitis, also known as Kuttner tumor, was analyzed. Two cases that occurred in the submandibular gland of male patients were submitted to immunohistochemical reactions to different antibodies. Histological examinations showed a submandibular gland exhibiting various degrees of atrophy with destruction of acini, infiltration by inflammatory cells, and periductal fibrosis. Reactions to cytokeratins (CKs) showed acini and duct remnants positive to CKs 7, 8, 19, and 13. CK14 stained myoepithelial cells around preserved acini and intercalated duct, and also basal cell of excretory ducts, but was negative in proliferating and branching ducts. Smooth muscle actin (SMA) was expressed by myofibroblasts in periductal fibrosis, and an intense expression of extracellular components was also seen. Lymphocyte markers showed, besides mature follicles, a higher presence of CD45RO positive cells. Thus, the immunoprofile of Kuttner is much more in keeping with an inflammatory-induced degenerative disease than with a preneoplastic lesion.
Pigmented Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Lisboa Castro Jurema , Cazal Claudia , Gomes Henriques Águida Cristina , Carneiro Leão Jair , de Vasconcelos Carvalho Marianne , de Carvalho Dourado Hilda Texeira , Carvalho Alessandra A. Tavares
Published: April 2008

Melanin impregnation in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an uncommon histological finding. Rare nonmelanocytic entities were previously described as having melanocyte colonization. A 57-year-old Brazilian woman was referred with a pigmented lesion in the lower lip and alveolar ridge with a prior clinical diagnosis of melanoma. The incisional biopsy of the tumor revealed an SCC with strong colonization of melanocytes in the stroma. The authors report a case of an unusual SCC variant and a brief review of the literature.
Double Synchronous Pulmonary Lymphatic-Related Lesions
Authors: Rossi Giulio , Cadioli Annamaria , Casali Christian
Published: April 2008

A wide range of pathologies may primarily affect the lymphatic vessels in the lungs. In this article, a unique case of pulmonary silicosis associated with a subtle lymphangitic carcinomatosis from an unknown prostate cancer is reported and discussed.
Cystic Struma Ovarii (With Macrocystic Change)
Authors: Piragua Sandra C. , Otis Christopher N. , Prefontaine Michel , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: April 2008

In this article, a case of cystic struma ovarii with macrocystic change is presented. Cysts derived from struma ovarii may mimic a mucinous or serous cystadenoma. A careful examination for any thyroid microfollicles within fibrous septa or areas of solid stroma is key. In problematic cases, immunohistochemical staining with thyroglobulin and thyroid transcription factor-1 may be required to establish the diagnosis.
Ovarian Adenomyoma Mimicking an Ovarian Malignancy: A Case Report With Literature Review
Authors: Mandal Shramana , Mahajan Dipti , Khurana Nita
Published: April 2008

Smooth muscle tumors of the ovary are rare, and ovarian adenomyoma are even rarer. It is a well-circumscribed biphasic tumor composed of benign glands and smooth muscle cells, as well as a variety of pseudoneoplastic glandular lesion. After extensive literature search, the case presented in this article appears to be the third case of an ovarian adenomyoma and the first case in a postmenopausal woman.
Recent Advances in Application of Cerebral Oximetry in Adult Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Fischer Gregory W.
Published: April 2008

Cerebral oximetry is a noninvasive technology that continuously monitors cerebral tissue oxygen saturation, which is a sensitive index of global cerebral hypoperfusion. On the basis of near-infrared spectroscopy technology, information is provided on the availability of oxygen in brain tissue at risk during numerous pathological conditions. Complementary to the arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry, cerebral tissue oxygen saturation reflects regional cerebral metabolism and the balance of local cerebral oxygen supply/demand. Recently, patient management with the guidance of cerebral oximetry has resulted in improved patient outcomes. This review will briefly describe the physics behind cerebral oximetry and will provide an overview of the literature focusing primarily on articles published within the past 5 years.
Development and Implementation of a Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia/Intensive Care Database
Authors: Mittnacht Alexander JC. , Wax David B. , Srivastava Shubikha , Nguyen Khanh , Joashi Umesh
Published: April 2008

Systematic collection and electronic storage of data can assist in improving quality and efficiency of patient care and can provide a data set to interrogate for subsequent performance improvement and clinical research purposes. In this article, an electronic perioperative pediatric cardiac surgery database to be used by a multidisciplinary care team was designed, developed, and implemented. Technical goals for the design included low cost, rapid development and implementation, adequate security, and potential for internal and external distribution. Implementation of the described database has proved to be invaluable for quality assurance and statistical analysis of data relevant to patient care. From the overall positive experience, it was concluded that the electronic data management does not always need major cost investment.
Cardiac Anesthesia and Surgery in Geriatric Patients
Authors: Silvay George , Castillo Javier G. , Chikwe Joanna , Flynn Brigid , Filsoufi Farzan
Published: April 2008

The average age of US population is steadily increasing, with more than 15 million people aged 80 and older. Coronary artery disease and degenerative cardiovascular diseases are particularly prevalent in this population. Consequently, an increasing number of elderly patients are referred for surgical intervention. Advanced age is associated with decreased physiologic reserve and significant comorbidity. Thorough preoperative assessment, identification of the risk factors for perioperative morbidity and mortality, and optimal preparation are critical in these patients. Age-related changes in comorbidities and altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics impacts anesthetic management, perioperative monitoring, postoperative care, and outcome. This article updates the age-related changes in organ subsystems relevant to cardiac anesthesia, perioperative issues, and intraoperative management. Early and late operative outcome in octogenarians undergoing cardiac surgery are reviewed. The data clearly indicate that no patient group is “too old” for cardiac surgery and that excellent outcomes can be achieved in selected group of elderly patients.
Methotrexate-Induced Alterations in Beta-Oxidation Correlate With Cognitive Abilities in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Moore Ida M. (Ki) , Miketova Petra , Hockenberry Marilyn , Krull Kevin , Pasvogel Alice , Carey Marissa , Kaemingk Kris
Published: April 2008

Treatment advances, including central nervous system (CNS) treatment with methotrexate, have led to significant gains in disease-free survival from childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, methotrexate has been associated with neurological problems such as declines in cognitive and academic abilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate methotrexate-induced changes in beta-oxidation in children with ALL receiving methotrexate for CNS treatment. Specific aims were to investigate effects of methotrexate on beta-oxidation of the two most prevalent fatty acids (palmitic acid and stearic acid) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and correlate the ratio of monounsaturation to saturation of these fatty acids with cognitive and academic abilities. The sample included 12 females and 14 males with low-risk ( n = 7), standard-risk ( n = 13), or high-risk ( n = 6) ALL. Mean age at diagnosis was 94.1 months ( SD = 34.4). CSF samples were obtained in conjunction with diagnostic lumbar punctures; subsequent samples were obtained prior to intrathecal methotrexate administration during the induction, consolidation, and continuation phases of treatment. Fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed a significant increase in the ratio of monounsaturation to saturation of both fatty acids, which was greatest during the most intensive phase of treatment. Ratios of monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids were negatively correlated with full-scale IQ, verbal IQ, and math calculations. Findings suggest that methotrexate alters beta-oxidation and that the resulting increase in fatty acid monounsaturation is related to declines in some domains of cognitive ability.
Candidate Genes of the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway in Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wung Shu-Fen , Aouizerat Bradley E.
Published: April 2008

Purpose. The purpose of this pilot study was to examine arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) and ALOX5-activating protein (ALOX5AP) gene variations in patients with and without acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methodology. Four and six single nucleotide polymorphisms spanning the ALOX5 and ALOX5AP genes, respectively, were genotyped in 19 non-Hispanic Caucasian patients with ACS and 27 controls. Results. Presence of the common allele of rs9508835 (ALOX5AP) and the minor allele of rs2029253 (ALOX5) were associated with ACS. After adjustment for age, being a carrier of the rs9508835 common allele was associated with an increased risk of ACS (odds ratio = 2.86). Relevance for nursing practice. Through the inhibition of the ALOX5AP gene by downregulation of the leukotriene pathway, the risk of ACS may be decreased in individuals that carry susceptibility allele(s). Knowledge of the genetic basis of treatments that downregulate the leukotriene pathway may prove essential to the care of individuals with ACS.
Apoptotic-Related Protein Expression in the Diaphragm and the Effect of Dopamine During Inspiratory Resistance Loading
Authors: Goodyear-Bruch Caryl A. , Jegathesan Jay , Clancy Richard L. , Pierce Janet D.
Published: April 2008

Dopamine (DA) is a free radical scavenger that attenuates apoptosis. We studied the effects of normal saline (NS) and DA on diaphragm apoptotic protein expression following 60 min of inspiratory resistance loading in rats. We tested for 27 apoptotic-related proteins and found 12 in the diaphragm. Of the 12 proteins, superoxide dismutase copper zinc (SOD [CuZn]) and proprioceptive event related potential (PERP) were significantly higher in the DA group than in the NS and sham groups ( p = .002, p = .007). DA group diaphragms had significantly greater expression of SOD (CuZn) than the NS ( p = .005) and sham group diaphragms ( p = .003). Likewise, the DA group had significantly greater expression of PERP than the NS group ( p = .008). These results suggest that DA decreases diaphragm apoptosis through elevated expression of SOD (CuZn). The identification of 12 apoptotic-related proteins will assist investigators as they study diaphragm apoptosis.
Autonomic Tone in Medical Intensive Care Patients Receiving Mechanical Ventilation and During a CPAP Weaning Trial
Authors: Frazier Susan K. , Moser Debra K. , Schlanger Rebecca , Widener Jeanne , Pender Lauren , Stone Kathleen S.
Published: April 2008

Mechanical ventilator support and the resumption of spontaneous ventilation or weaning create significant alterations in alveolar and intrathoracic pressure that influence thoracic blood volume and flow. Compensatory autonomic tone alterations occur to ensure adequate tissue oxygen delivery, but autonomic responses may produce cardiovascular dysfunction with subsequent weaning failure. The authors describe autonomic responses of critically ill patients ( n = 43) during a 24-hr period of mechanical ventilatory support and during the 24 hr that included their initial spontaneous breathing trial using continuous positive airway pressure. Nearly two thirds of these patients demonstrated abnormal autonomic function and this dysfunction was more severe in those patients who were unable to sustain spontaneous ventilation ( n = 15). With further systematic study, autonomic responses may be useful in the identification of patients who are likely to develop cardiac dysfunction with the resumption of spontaneous breathing.
The role of the Internet in cancer patients' engagement with complementary and alternative treatments
Authors: Broom Alex , Tovey Philip
Published: April 2008

This article draws on a study of 80 National Health Service cancer patients and their experiences of using the Internet within disease and treatment processes. It focuses on the role the Internet plays in the context of potential or actual engagement with complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). The results depart from previous conceptualizations of the Internet as a major source of CAM knowledge, and second, as a major pathway to patient CAM usage. Moreover, the results highlight significant anxiety as patients attempt to process vast amounts of complex biomedical diagnostic and prognostic information online. For patients attempting to embrace alternative therapeutic models of cancer care, exposure to prognostic data may pose considerable risks to individual well-being and engagement with healing practices. On the basis of these results we problematize social theorizations of the Internet as contributing to such things as: the democratization of knowledge; the deprofessionalization of medicine; and patient empowerment. We emphasize, instead, the potential role of the Internet in reinforcing biomedicine's paradigmatic dominance in cancer care.