bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Anatomical Study of the Dorsal and Ventral Nasal Conchal Bullae in Normal Horses: Gross Morphology and Histological Features
Authors: Froydenlund T.J. , Dixon P.M. , Smith S.H. , Reardon R.J.M.
Published: September 2015

Reasons for performing study

The morphology of the dorsal (DCB) and ventral (VCB) nasal conchal bullae, including their cellulae, drainage and histology, are poorly described. The recent recognition that these bullae can become infected, causing chronic unilateral nasal discharge has stimulated interest in these structures. A more complete understanding of their anatomy would be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of their disorders.

Objectives

To document the structure, drainage and histology of the equine DCB and VCB.

Study design

Descriptive.

Methods

Fourteen fresh cadaveric horse heads, were transected sagittally midline and dissected to expose the nasal conchal bullae. The dimensions of each bulla, the number of drainage apertures, the number of cellulae and orientation of the septae were recorded. Representative samples were collected for histopathology.

Results

The mean lengths of the DCB and VCB were 77.7 mm (range 48–105 mm) and 57.1 mm (range 34–86 mm) respectively; equivalent to 13.8% and 10.2% of skull length, respectively. The mean widths of the DCB and VCB were 28.5 mm (range 21–35 mm) and 28.2 mm (range 13–41 mm) respectively; equivalent to 5.1% and 5% of skull length respectively. The median number of drainage apertures from the DCB and VCB were 2 and 1 respectively. The median number of cellulae within the DCB and VCB were 3 and 2, respectively. No communications were identified between the DCB and VCB and the adjacent paranasal sinuses. Histology revealed that the bullae consisted of ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar epithelium supported by a glandular submucosa often overlying turbinate bone and, variably, hyaline cartilage.

Conclusions

The morphology of the equine nasal conchal bullae is quite variable. The DCB is generally a more complex structure than the VCB, containing more septae, cellulae and drainage apertures. This more detailed description of DCB and VCB anatomy will hopefully facilitate successful treatment of their disorders.

Ethical animal research: Research ethics committee oversight not currently required by this conference: the study was performed on material obtained from an abattoir. Source of funding: None. Competing interests: None declared.
Causes of Pleural Effusion in Horses in the UK
Authors: Johns I. , McParland T. , Mair T.
Published: September 2015

Reasons for performing study

Pleural effusion (PE) is reported to occur most commonly secondary to bacterial pneumonia or lung abscesses, with neoplastic effusions contributing the minority of cases. The majority of these reports originate from America and Australia, where long distance transport of horses, a recognised risk factor, appears to occur more frequently. Anecdotally, neoplastic PE is more commonly diagnosed in the UK.

Objectives

To describe the causes of PE in horses resident in the UK, and to identify potential markers that can help differentiate between infectious and neoplastic causes of PE.

Study design

Retrospective clinical study.

Methods

Medical records from 4 referral hospitals in southern England were searched for horses diagnosed with PE. Information gathered from medical records included signalment, diagnosis (infectious vs. neoplastic), admission physical examination and biochemical findings, and characteristics of the effusion (volume, cell count, total protein [TP] concentration). Statistical comparisons were made between the neoplastic and infectious group using appropriate testing.

Results

Seventy horses were identified, of which 28 (40%) were neoplastic and 42 were infectious. Horses with infectious effusions were significantly younger (median 7 vs. 13 years; P = 0.002) and had significantly smaller volumes of pleural fluid drained at admission (9.8 vs. 32.3 l; P<0.001). Horses with infectious PE had a significantly higher rectal temperature (38.6 vs. 38.2°C; P = 0.03), fibrinogen concentration (7.8 vs. 5.7 g/l; P = 0.02) and serum amyloid A concentration (223 vs. 104 mg/l; P = 0.02). Pleural fluid characteristics identified a significantly greater cell count and TP concentration in horses with infectious PE (47 x 109/l vs. 3.4 x 109/l; P<0.001; 54 vs. 31 g/l; P = 0.001).

Conclusions

These results suggest that in the UK neoplastic effusions account for a greater proportion of PE than previously reported. A large volume of PE in an older horse with a low cell count and TP concentration should increase the index of suspicion of neoplasia.

Ethical animal research: This was a retrospective study of clinical cases. Explicit owner informed consent for inclusion of animals in this study was not stated. Source of funding: None. Competing interests: None declared.
The Effect of CEO Option Compensation on the Capital Structure: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Tosun Onur Kemal
Published: September 2015

Firms simultaneously choose both their capital and their executive compensation structure. Using the Internal Revenue Code 162(m) tax law as an exogenous shock to compensation structure in a natural experiment setting, I identify firm leverage changes as a result of chief executive officer (CEO) option compensation changes. The evidence provides strong support for debt agency theory. Firms appear to decrease leverage when CEOs are paid with more options and when CEO options become a higher percentage of future cash flows. The findings are robust to controlling for corporate governance and convertible debt.
Modeled transport of winter flounder larvae spawned in coastal waters of the Gulf of Maine
Authors: DeCelles Gregory , Cowles Geoffrey , Liu Chang , Cadrin Steven
Published: September 2015

Winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, from southern New England and the Gulf of Maine were historically considered to be obligate estuarine spawners. However, recent experiments and observations document that winter flounder in the Gulf of Maine also utilize coastal waters for spawning. An individual‐based modeling approach was used to investigate the transport of winter flounder larvae from three hypothesized coastal spawning grounds in the Gulf of Maine. Transport success rates were greatest for larvae released from Ipswich Bay, intermediate for Stellwagen Bank and least successful for those released from Jeffreys Ledge. There was substantial interannual variability in larval transport and geographic patterns of potential connectivity. Furthermore, the date of spawning had an important influence on transport success. Model results suggest that certain coastal spawning grounds used by winter flounder may serve as an important source of larvae to estuaries and nearshore nursery areas. The potential influx of coastal spawned larvae could have implications for the resilience, productivity and gene flow in local populations. Model results provide further support for the conclusion that winter flounder in the Gulf of Maine may not be solely dependent upon estuaries for spawning. Results also suggest that coastal spawning groups should be considered explicitly in the management of winter flounder, and protected under Essential Fish Habitat regulations.
An integrated assessment of the potential of agricultural and forestry residues for energy production in China
Authors: Gao Ji , Zhang Aiping , Lam Shu Kee , Zhang Xuesong , Thomson Allison M. , Lin Erda , Jiang Kejun , Clarke Leon E. , Edmonds James A. , Kyle Page G. , Yu Sha , Zhou Yuyu , Zhou Sheng
Published: September 2015

Biomass has been widely recognized as an important energy source with high potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions while minimizing environmental pollution. In this study, we employ the Global Change Assessment Model to estimate the potential of agricultural and forestry residue biomass for energy production in China. Potential availability of residue biomass as an energy source was analyzed for the 21st century under different climate policy scenarios. Currently, the amount of total annual residue biomass, averaged over 2003–2007, is around 15 519 PJ in China, consisting of 10 818 PJ from agriculture residues (70%) and 4701 PJ forestry residues (30%). We estimate that 12 693 PJ of the total biomass is available for energy production, with 66% derived from agricultural residue and 34% from forestry residue. Most of the available residue is from south central China (3347 PJ), east China (2862 PJ) and south‐west China (2229 PJ), which combined exceeds 66% of the total national biomass. Under the reference scenario without carbon tax, the potential availability of residue biomass for energy production is projected to be 3380 PJ by 2050 and 4108 PJ by 2095, respectively. When carbon tax is imposed, biomass availability increases substantially. For the CCS 450 ppm scenario, availability of biomass increases to 9002 PJ (2050) and 11 524 PJ (2095), respectively. For the 450 ppm scenario without CCS, 9183 (2050) and 11 150 PJ (2095) residue biomass, respectively, is projected to be available. Moreover, the implementation of CCS will have a little impact on the supply of residue biomass after 2035. Our results suggest that residue biomass has the potential to be an important component in China's sustainable energy production portfolio. As a low carbon emission energy source, climate change policies that involve carbon tariff and CCS technology promote the use of residue biomass for energy production in a low carbon‐constrained world.
The Multiple Testing Issue in Geographically Weighted Regression
Authors: da Silva Alan Ricardo , Fotheringham A. Stewart
Published: September 2015

This article describes the problem of multiple testing within a Geographically Weighted Regression framework and presents a possible solution to the problem which is based on a family‐wise error rate for dependent processes. We compare the solution presented here to other solutions such as the Bonferroni correction and the Byrne, Charlton, and Fotheringham proposal which is based on the Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate. We conclude that our proposed correction is superior to others and that generally some correction in the conventional t‐test is necessary to avoid false positives in GWR.
The influence of climate on avian nest construction across large geographical gradients
Authors: Heenan C. B. , Goodman B. A. , White C. R.
Published: September 2015

Aim

Nest microclimate is a critical determinant of the survival and development of embryonic and juvenile birds. While abiotic variables such as temperature, precipitation and elevation will influence the conditions experienced by offspring within the nest, parent birds may also exercise some control through nest design and the selection of construction material. The aim of this study is to determine whether avian nest construction and the composition of nest construction material is influenced by geographical variation in climate. In addition, this study aims to address whether the correlation between nest construction and elevation highlighted by other studies is independent of the association between elevation and climate, or if other unmeasured variables are at play.

Location

Australia

Methods

We measured the structural and thermal properties of 201 cup‐shaped nests, from 36 Australian passerine species, and related these to temperature, precipitation and elevation.

Results

The rate of heat loss from avian nests is correlated with temperature, precipitation and elevation. Birds that construct nests in cool climates use well‐insulating materials irrespective of precipitation, while birds in warm climates use poorly insulating materials when exposed to high rainfall but not when exposed to low rainfall.

Main conclusions

Local climate influences the construction of nests, through modification of the materials used, and therefore the rate of heat loss from the nest as a whole. In many climates, birds use well‐insulating materials; however, birds breeding in warm and wet climates construct their nests with materials that have a higher thermal conductivity. Such nests are possibly less absorptive and able to dry out faster following a rain event, to restore the insulating function of the nest. These findings highlight the importance of studies over large geographical scales for understanding nest construction by birds.
Brecht's Guter Mensch in Sichuan: Recontextualizing China
Authors: Tsui Chiann Karen
Published: September 2015

In this article, I examine how the seemingly Chinese aspects of Brecht's play from 1940, Der gute Mensch von Sezuan, intersect with Brecht's modernist aesthetic and theory of epic theatre. Additionally, I consider Chinese and Western elements of the text as interpreted in the Chinese opera adaptation of Der gute Mensch, entitled Sichuan Haoren (1987). Studying specific examples of “China” and Chinese culture in Der gute Mensch demonstrates how Brecht's engagement with China is often dialectical, corresponding to both his personal beliefs and professional output. Analyzing the post‐Mao Chinese adaptation of the play enables us to recognize parallels in both works regarding theater reform, social reform, and politics, while also shedding light on the relationship of China with the West after the establishment of the Dengist regime. Both the original drama and its adaptation highlight the importance of foreign influences to the development and formation of Chinese national identity and new cultural, political, and historical perspectives.
Hospitalisation rates and associated factors in community‐based cohorts of HIV‐infected and ‐uninfected gay and bisexual men
Authors: Moore CL , Grulich AE , Prestage G , Gidding HF , Jin F , Mao L , Petoumenos K , Zablotska IB , Poynten IM , Law MG , Amin J
Published: September 2015

Objectives

There is evidence that HIV‐positive patients are suffering from a greater burden of morbidity as they age due to nonAIDS‐related complications. To date it has been difficult to determine what part of this excess risk is due to the health effects of HIV, its treatment or to lifestyle factors common to gay and bisexual men (GBM). We calculated overall and cause‐specific hospitalisation rates and risk factors for hospitalisations in HIV‐negative and HIV‐positive cohorts of GBM and compare these with rates in the general male population.

Methods

We conducted a record linkage study, linking two cohorts of HIV‐negative (n = 1325) and HIV‐positive (n = 557) GBM recruited in Sydney, New South Wales (NSW), Australia with the NSW hospital discharge data register. We compared rates of hospitalisation in the two cohorts and risk factors for hospitalisation using random‐effects Poisson regression methods. Hospitalisation rates for each cohort were further compared with those in the general male population using indirect standardisation.

Results

We observed 2032 hospitalisations in the HIV‐negative cohort during 13 016 person‐years (PYs) [crude rate: 15.6/100PYs (95% CI: 14.9–16.3)] and 2130 hospitalisations in the HIV‐positive cohort during 5571 PYs [crude rate: 38.2/100PYs (95% CI: 36.6–39.9)]. HIV‐positive individuals had an increased risk of hospitalisation compared with the HIV‐negative individuals [adjusted‐IRR: 2.34 (95% CI: 1.91–2.86)] and the general population [SHR: 1.45 (95% CI: 1.33–1.59)]. Hospitalisation rates were lower in the HIV‐negative cohort compared with the general population [SHR: 0.72 (95% CI: 0.67–0.78)]. The primary causes of hospitalisation differed between groups.

Conclusions

HIV‐positive GBM continue to experience excess morbidity compared with HIV‐negative GBM men and the general population. HIV‐negative GBM had lower morbidity compared with the general male population suggesting that GBM identity does not confer excess risk.
Study and Optimization of the Drying Process of a Ceramic Abrasive Composite
Authors: Capela Paulina , Faria Luís , Junior Correia , Carvalho Luís , Guedes Aníbal , Pereira Mário , Soares Delfim
Published: September 2015

This study presents a methodology to evaluate the drying mechanism of grinding wheels production, along the depth of a specimen, during the drying thermal cycle. The thermal and moisture gradients along the specimens were determined. The adopted experimental methodology allows obtaining precise moisture contents along the cross section of a component. Results showed that two steps of drying are present and that the drying kinetics is affected by the compaction pressure, which in turn alters the open porosity level. A critical compression pressure (17–23 MPa) was determined for the change on the drying characteristics, for the tested material.
Glass‐Ceramics and Solid‐State Lighting
Authors: Fujita Shunsuke , Tanabe Setsuhisa
Published: September 2015

Yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) doped with Ce3+ ion is known as an excellent phosphor for light‐emitting diode (LED), usually used as a powder form dispersed in organic resins. We have developed translucent glass‐ceramics (GC) of YAG: Ce3+ microcrystals in 2004. The GC sheet with half millimeter thick can work efficiently to make identical emission spectra with conventional white LED when combined with a blue LED. This report reviews the development history of the GC materials and impact for all inorganic solution for solid‐state lighting.
Simultaneous scheduling of football games and referees using Turkish league data
Authors: Atan Tankut , Hüseyinoǧlu Olgu Pelin
Published: September 2015

Assignment decisions of referees to football (soccer) games are highly debated in sports media. Referee assignments are typically done on a weekly basis as the league progresses. However, this practice ignores important workload constraints on referees. Moreover, referees' skill levels should also be considered in determining their assignments. In this article, we first give a mixed integer linear program formulation for the problem of simultaneously generating a game schedule and assigning main referees to games by incorporating specific rules in the Turkish league. We also approach this problem using a genetic algorithm (GA) because of the computational difficulties in solving the problem. In the GA solution pool, we suggest using templates for referee assignments that follow several referee‐related workload constraints. We explain how these templates can be obtained by solving a mixed integer linear model prior to running the GA. The usage of these templates for referee assignments is conceptually similar to using a basic match schedule for game scheduling such as the one used in the Turkish Football League. We use the Turkish Football League fixtures for 2010–2013 as a case study. Experiments with the GA using real‐world data show a rather modest performance in terms of computation time and objective function value. Our numerical results indicate that the problem is extremely hard to solve.
FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY
Authors: LAMBIE D. G. , STANAWAY L. , JOHNSON R. H.
Published: September 2015

Despite recent advances in the management of epilepsy, some patients continue to have seizures which defy therapeutic intervention. To examine factors which may influence the successful application of therapy a survey was carried out of 103 patients, with a previous diagnosis of epilepsy, who had a seizure for which an ambulance was called. It was evident that anticonvulsants are not always used to their maximum potential or under optimal conditions. Problems which were identified in treatment included the widespread use of polypharmacy. Patients contributed to failure of seizure control by lack of compliance with therapy (29 patients) and by excessive alcohol consumption (19 patients).
ACUTE ENCEPHALOPATHY AND DEATH DUE TO PETROL SNIFFING: NEUROPATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS
Authors: KAELAN C. , HARPER C. , VIEIRA B. I.
Published: September 2015

A 25 year old man with a five year history of petrol sniffing developed an acute encephalopathy with abnormal body movements and died of aspiration pneumonia. Neuropathological findings included chromatolysis of neurons in the reticular formation and cerebral cortex and loss of neurons in the h3‐5 sector of Ammon's horn and the cerebellum. Toxicological studies suggest that the encephalopathy is caused by the tetraethyl‐lead additive in the petrol. These data support previous human and experimental studies.
MEDIASTINAL CARCINOID TUMOUR: PRE‐OPERATIVE ARTERIAL EMBOLISATION
Authors: HUGHES C. F.
Published: September 2015

Carcinoid tumours of the mediastinum are very rare. They are frequently malignant and run a quite different course from that of the more benign thymomas.

We report a 70 year old man with an anterior mediastinal tumour which was initially diagnosed as a thymoma but which was subsequently shown to be a carcinoid tumour. Surgical extirpation was greatly enhanced by pre‐operative angiography and arterial embolisation of the tumour. Early and aggressive diagnostic attempts, pre‐operative angiography, with or without arterial embolisation, and complete surgical excision offer the best hope of a cure for these malignant tumours.
Enhanced Piezoelectric Properties and Thermal Stability in the (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3:ZnO Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Composites
Authors: Pan Zhao , Chen Jun , Fan Longlong , Zhang Ji , Zhang Shantao , Huang Yu , Liu Laijun , Fang Liang , Xing Xianran
Published: September 2015

The piezoelectric properties of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 (KNN) are normally enhanced by chemical substitutions or doping to form solid solutions. In this study, we report that the piezoelectric properties of KNN and thermal stability of piezoelectric coefficient d33 can be both enhanced by forming the composite of KNN:ZnO. The d33 of KNN:0.2ZnO can be improved to 110 pC/N by introducing the ZnO nanoparticles, which is better than the pure KNN (d33 = 85 pC/N). The Curie temperature (TC = 407°C) remains well comparable to the pure KNN (TC = 408°C). Furthermore, the thermal stability of both remanent polarization (Pr) and piezoelectric parameter (d33) is improved. The enhanced thermal stability could be related to the induced built‐in electric field or the enhanced sinterability by the addition of ZnO. The present results may help to optimize the piezoelectric properties of lead‐free materials by forming composite.
Structural and Crystal Chemical Investigation of Intermediate Phases in the System Ca2SiO4–Ca3(PO4)2–CaNaPO4
Authors: Widmer Remo , Gfeller Frank , Armbruster Thomas
Published: September 2015

Two intermediate compounds of the system Ca2SiO4–Ca3(PO4)2–CaNaPO4 were synthesized by reaction sintering at 1600°C and analyzed structurally, chemically, and optically. The structure of Ca7(PO4)2(SiO4)2 nagelschmidtite (space group P61, a = 10.7754(1) Å, c = 21.4166(3) Å) was determined by single crystal X‐ray analysis. Its unit cell can be interpreted as a supercell (≈ 2 × a, 3 × c) of the high‐temperature polymorph α‐Ca2SiO4. Evidence for pseudo‐hexagonal symmetry is shown. Using electron microprobe, the solid solution Ca7−xNax(PO4)2+x(SiO4)2−x, (x ≤ 2), of nagelschmidtite was confirmed. Volume thermal expansion coefficients of Ca6.8Na0.2(PO4)2.2(SiO4)1.8 and Ca5.4Na1.5(PO4)3.7(SiO4)0.3 were determined using high‐temperature X‐ray powder diffraction, yielding mean αV = 3.95 and 5.21 [×10−5/°C], respectively. Ca15(PO4)2(SiO4)6 is a distinct phase in the binary section Ca2SiO4–Ca3(PO4)2 and was found to extend into the ternary space according to Ca15−xNax(PO4)2+x(SiO4)6−x, (x ≤ 0.1). Quenching experiments of the latter allowed for structural analysis of a strongly disordered, defective high‐temperature polymorph of the α‐Ca2SiO4–α‐Ca3(PO4)2 solid solution. Structural relations between nagelschmidtite, Ca15(PO4)2(SiO4)6 and the end‐member compounds of the system are discussed.
Caring for Adults with Intellectual Disability: The Perspectives of Family Carers in South Africa
Authors: McKenzie Judith , McConkey Roy
Published: September 2015

Background

Internationally adults with intellectual disability are largely cared for by their families, especially in low‐ to middle‐income countries (LAMIC). Compared to high‐income countries, little is known about their experiences in LAMIC such as South Africa.

Methods

Focus group discussions were carried out with 37 family caregivers (FCGs) in the Cape Town metropole. These were transcribed and analysed thematically. Core categories were identified and validated through member checking.

Results

Family caregivers showed strong commitment to care despite the heavy responsibility and burden of care that women especially experience. They recognize the limited personal growth opportunities for people with intellectual disability that increases the caregiving burden. FCGs identify supports and resources in the community that assist them with their care responsibilities but often feel let down by services.

Conclusions

Improved family supports appropriate to the resources in LAMIC are needed especially when existing carers are no longer able to provide care.
High‐density linkage maps fail to detect any genetic component to sex determination in a Rana temporaria family
Authors: Brelsford A. , Rodrigues N. , Perrin N.
Published: September 2015

Sex chromosome differentiation in Rana temporaria varies strikingly among populations or families: whereas some males display well‐differentiated Y haplotypes at microsatellite markers on linkage group 2 (LG2), others are genetically undistinguishable from females. We analysed with RADseq markers one family from a Swiss lowland population with no differentiated sex chromosomes, and where sibship analyses had failed to detect any association between the phenotypic sex of progeny and parental haplotypes. Offspring were reared in a common tank in outdoor conditions and sexed at the froglet stage. We could map a total of 2177 SNPs (1123 in the mother, 1054 in the father), recovering in both adults 13 linkage groups (= chromosome pairs) that were strongly syntenic to Xenopus tropicalis despite > 200 My divergence. Sexes differed strikingly in the localization of crossovers, which were uniformly distributed in the female but limited to chromosome ends in the male. None of the 2177 markers showed significant association with offspring sex. Considering the very high power of our analysis, we conclude that sex determination was not genetic in this family; which factors determined sex remain to be investigated.
Reproducibility of Buccal Gingival Profile Using a Custom Pick‐Up Impression Technique: A 2‐Year Prospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Lops Diego , Bressan Eriberto , Cea Nicolò , Sbricoli Luca , Guazzo Riccardo , Scanferla Massimo , Romeo Eugenio
Published: September 2015

Purpose

The aim of this study was to transfer the provisional restoration emergence profile to the final implant‐supported restoration and to buccal gingival margin (BGM) stability after 2 years of function.

Materials and Methods

A total of 33 patients were recruited for treatment of single gaps by means of 33 implant‐supported restorations. Fixed provisional crowns were screwed to the fixture and adjusted until the complete peri‐implant soft tissue maturation was achieved. After 12 weeks, a second fixture impression was taken by means of a pick‐up customization technique in order to transfer the clinical aspect of the peri‐implant soft tissues to the master cast. A definitive restoration was delivered. A standardized method from digital photographs was used to assess the gingival margin modification (BGM) from the provisional (P) to the definitive prosthesis installation at baseline (D0), and after 1 (D1) and 2 years (D2) of function. Also, marginal bone loss (MBL) was calculated after 1 (D1) and 2 years (D2) of definitive restoration function.

Results

The BGM index at the time of the final restoration installation (D0) was 0.12 ± 0.33 mm if compared with the BGM position of the provisional restoration (P); it was of 0.12 ± 0.46 mm after 1‐year of follow‐up (D1) and of 0.31 ± 0.21 after 2 years of function (D2). No significant difference was calculated between measurements in different follow‐up visits (p > 0.05). No significant MBL was measured between the baseline (D0) and the 1‐year follow‐up (p = 0.816) with a mean MBL value of 0.2 ± 0.1 mm. Similar result was calculated after 2 years (p = 0.684) with a mean MBL value of 0.3 ± 0.2.

Conclusion

A modified impression pick‐up may be helpful to reproduce the gingival margin position from the provisional to the definitive restoration. Moreover, the gingival zenith position during the follow‐up period seemed to be stable.

Clinical Significance

The modification of the standard impression pick‐up technique may contribute to reproducing a natural emergence profile of esthetic implant prosthetic restorations (from the provisional to the definitive restoration.) With this technique, implant soft tissues stability around CAD‐CAM (computer aided design – computer aided manufacturing) abutments can be easily obtained, and the customized abutment shape may better support the scalloped peri‐implant soft tissues architecture, especially in anterior areas.
Measuring oxygen uptake in fishes with bimodal respiration
Authors: Lefevre S. , Bayley M. , McKenzie D. J.
Published: September 2015

Respirometry is a robust method for measurement of oxygen uptake as a proxy for metabolic rate in fishes, and how species with bimodal respiration might meet their demands from water v. air has interested researchers for over a century. The challenges of measuring oxygen uptake from both water and air, preferably simultaneously, have been addressed in a variety of ways, which are briefly reviewed. These methods are not well‐suited for the long‐term measurements necessary to be certain of obtaining undisturbed patterns of respiratory partitioning, for example, to estimate traits such as standard metabolic rate. Such measurements require automated intermittent‐closed respirometry that, for bimodal fishes, has only recently been developed. This paper describes two approaches in enough detail to be replicated by the interested researcher. These methods are for static respirometry. Measuring oxygen uptake by bimodal fishes during exercise poses specific challenges, which are described to aid the reader in designing experiments. The respiratory physiology and behaviour of air‐breathing fishes is very complex and can easily be influenced by experimental conditions, and some general considerations are listed to facilitate the design of experiments. Air breathing is believed to have evolved in response to aquatic hypoxia and, probably, associated hypercapnia. The review ends by considering what realistic hypercapnia is, how hypercapnic tropical waters can become and how this might influence bimodal animals' gas exchange.
Microwave‐Assisted Foam Mat Drying of Guava Pulp: Drying Kinetics and Effect on Quality Attributes
Authors: Qadri Ovais S. , Srivastava Abhaya K.
Published: September 2015

The present study investigated the drying kinetics and quality of microwave foam mat‐dried guava powder using 8% egg albumin as the foaming agent. The foamed guava pulp was dried at microwave power of 480, 560, 640, 720 and 800W; foam thickness of 3, 5 and 7 mm; and inlet air temperature of 40 and 50C. Weight loss was used to estimate change in drying rate with respect to time. Reduction in drying time was observed with increase in microwave power and decrease in foam thickness. Powdered samples were analyzed for various physicochemical quality parameters viz. acidity, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), color change and ascorbic acid content. Statistical analysis using three‐way analysis of variance revealed that sample of 5 mm foam thickness dried at 800W and 50C was the best with 0.3584% total acid, 3.98 pH, 14 min drying time, 8°Brix TSS, 3.263 color change and 154.762 mg/100 g ascorbic acid content.

Practical Applications

These experiments show that the efficiency of foam mat drying, which has been shown to produce food powders with better results in terms of drying time and quality attributes, can be further improved tremendously if microwave power is used for heat generation. The microwave‐assisted foam mat‐dried guava powder was produced in extremely less time resulting in better quality of the final product. This work is the first attempt to exploit this technology for drying of guava pulp and further research needs to be carried out so that this technology of drying is exploited at industrial level.
Effect of scaling and root planing with and without adjunctive use of an essential‐oil‐based oral rinse in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in type‐2 diabetic patients
Authors: Alshehri Mohammed , Alshail Faisal , Alshehri Fahad Ali
Published: September 2015

Aim

The aim was to assess the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without adjunctive use of an essential‐oil (EO)‐based oral rinse in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in type‐2 diabetic (T2D) patients.

Methods

Sixty T2D patients were included. In Group 1 (n = 30), SRP was performed and patients were instructed to rinse twice daily with EO‐based oral rinse for 30 days. In Group 2 (n = 30), SRP was performed and participants were instructed to rinse twice daily with water for 30 days. Periodontal parameters (plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥ 4 mm) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels were assessed at baseline and after 90 days.

Results

In both groups, periodontal parameters were similar at baseline. After 90 days of follow‐up, there was a significant reduction in the severity of periodontal parameters in patients in Group 1 compared with Group 2. After 90 days of follow‐up, there was also a significant reduction in HbA1c among patients in Group 1 compared with Group 2.

Conclusions

Scaling and root planing with adjunct use of an EO‐based oral rinse is more effective in the treatment of periodontal inflammation in T2D patients than SRP alone. This approach also helps reduce hyperglycemia in T2D patients as compared with when SRP is performed alone.
A Metabolic Profile of Peru: An Application of Multi‐Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism (MuSIASEM) to the Mining Sector's Exosomatic Energy Flows
Authors: Silva‐Macher Jose Carlos
Published: September 2015

The present Peru's metabolic profile study poses the specific question, What are the long‐term national energy system implications of the recent government‐supported growth of the mining sector? The question is addressed by analyzing interactions between human economic activity (in hours) and electricity input flows (in joules) in the mining sector of the Peruvian economy in 2000 and 2010, with a projection for 2020. The methodology is based on the multi‐scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism (MuSIASEM), which is an application of Georgescu‐Roegen's bioeconomics approach. Empirical results found for the national economy show: (1) the massive increase in size of the energy system, which is explained by exploitation of the Camisea natural gas (NG) reserves, and (2) the potential for establishing a carbon lock‐in in the electricity sector, owing to increasing construction of electricity plants based on NG as their primary energy source. Empirical results specific to the mining sector indicate: (1) the extremely high electricity metabolic rate of the mining sector (61.6 megajoules per hour in 2010), which was found to be 11 times the rate of electricity used per hour of human activity in the building and manufacturing sector in Peru, and (b) the potential increases in the proportion of electricity used in the mining sector (flow share), which could jeopardize the availability of high‐quality primary energy supplies for the rest of society. In light of these implications, it is argued that the Peruvian government's strong support for growth of the mining sector may have to be reconsidered.
Removing noises caused by motion artefacts in microcirculation maps of human skin in vivo
Authors: CHEN C. , SHI W. , GAO W.
Published: September 2015

This paper presents a zero‐padding and cross‐correlation technique‐based correlation mapping optical coherence tomography (ZPCC‐cmOCT) to reconstruct microcirculation maps of human skin in vivo, which can remove the background decorrelation noise caused by motion artefacts. In conventional correlation mapping optical coherence tomography method, the correlation degree of static tissue may be lowered by the motion artefacts due to cardiac and respiratory motion, resulting in background decorrelation noise in microcirculation maps. In zero‐padding and cross‐correlation technique‐based correlation mapping optical coherence tomography method, structural images are first obtained by performing Fourier transform on zero‐padded interference fringes, and then cross‐correlation‐based image registration is utilized to align local areas in two adjacent structural images. Finally, correlation mapping optical coherence tomography method is performed to generate microcirculation maps. Both phantom experiments and in vivo experiments were implemented and the results demonstrate that the proposed method is capable of providing microcirculation maps with the background decorrelation noise removed.
Social Networks for Innovation and New Product Development
Authors: Leenders Roger T. A. J. , Dolfsma Wilfred A.
Published: September 2015

In this article we first provide a brief introduction into social network analysis, focusing on the measures and approaches that are used in the empirical contributions in this special issue. Second, we discuss the role of social networks in new product development. Social networks are inherently multilevel; we consider four “levels”: networks inside a firm, networks that cross firm boundaries, networks between firms, and networks that reside outside of the firm. Third, we discuss these four levels and highlight some of the extant research. We summarize and position the eight papers in this special issue along these four levels. Together, we argue, these papers provide an interesting coverage of this burgeoning field.
Using heart rate to predict energy expenditure in large domestic dogs
Authors: Gerth N. , Ruoß C. , Dobenecker B. , Reese S. , Starck J. M.
Published: September 2015

The aim of this study was to establish heart rate as a measure of energy expenditure in large active kennel dogs (28 ± 3 kg bw). Therefore, the heart rate (HR)–oxygen consumption () relationship was analysed in Foxhound‐Boxer‐Ingelheim‐Labrador cross‐breds (FBI dogs) at rest and graded levels of exercise on a treadmill up to 60–65% of maximal aerobic capacity. To test for effects of training, HR and were measured in female dogs, before and after a training period, and after an adjacent training pause to test for reversibility of potential effects. Least squares regression was applied to describe the relationship between HR and . The applied training had no statistically significant effect on the HR– regression. A general regression line from all data collected was prepared to establish a general predictive equation for energy expenditure from HR in FBI dogs. The regression equation established in this study enables fast estimation of energy requirement for running activity. The equation is valid for large dogs weighing around 30 kg that run at ground level up to 15 km/h with a heart rate maximum of 190 bpm irrespective of the training level.
Examining Rural/Urban Differences in Prescription Opioid Misuse Among US Adolescents
Authors: Monnat Shannon M. , Rigg Khary K.
Published: September 2015

Purpose

This study examines differences in prescription opioid misuse (POM) among adolescents in rural, small urban, and large urban areas of the United States and identifies several individual, social, and community risk factors contributing to those differences.

Methods

We used nationally representative data from the 2011 and 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and estimated binary logistic regression and formal mediation models to assess past‐year POM among 32,036 adolescents aged 12‐17.

Results

Among adolescents, 6.8% of rural, 6.0% of small urban, and 5.3% of large urban engaged in past‐year POM. Net of multiple risk and protective factors, rural adolescents have 35% greater odds and small urban adolescents have 21% greater odds of past‐year POM compared to large urban adolescents. The difference between rural and small urban adolescents was not significant. Criminal activity, lower perceived substance use risk, and greater use of emergency medical treatment partially contribute to higher odds among rural adolescents, but they are also partially buffered by less peer substance use, less illicit drug access, and stronger religious beliefs.

Conclusions

Researchers, policy makers, and treatment providers must consider the complex array of individual, social, and community risk and protective factors to understand rural/urban differences in adolescent POM. Potential points of intervention to prevent POM in general and reduce rural disparities include early education about addiction risks, use of family drug courts to link criminal offenders to treatment, and access to nonemergency medical services to reduce rural residents’ reliance on emergency departments where opioid prescribing is more likely.
Sleep and the generalization of fear learning
Authors: Davidson Per , Carlsson Ingegerd , Jönsson Peter , Johansson Mikael
Published: September 2015

Fear conditioning is an important survival mechanism, as is the ability to generalize learned fear responses to stimuli that are similar to the original conditioned stimulus. Overgeneralization of fear learning, prominent in many anxiety disorders, is however highly maladaptive. Because sleep is involved in the consolidation of fear learning, and in active processing of information, the present study explored the effect of sleep on generalization of fear learning. Participants watched a random sequence of pictures of a small and a big circle, one of them coupled with an aversive sound. Then, after a delay period containing either a nap or wake, generalization was examined as participants watched the two circles again, together with eight novel circles that gradually varied in size between the former two. Results showed that the fear response increased as a function of similarity to the conditioned response. However, there was no difference in the degree of generalization between the sleep and the wake group.
Hepatitis E: an emerging global disease – from discovery towards control and cure
Authors: Khuroo Mehnaaz S. , Khuroo Mohammad S.
Published: September 2015

Hepatitis E is a systemic disease affecting the liver predominantly and caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV). HEV has marked genetic heterogeneity and is known to infect several animal species including pigs, boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit, camel, chicken, rats, ferret, bats and cutthroat trout. HEV is the sole member of the family Hepeviridae and has been divided into 2 genera: Orthohepevirus (mammalian and avian HEV) and Piscihepevirus (trout HEV). Human HEVs included within the genus Orthohepevirus are designated Orthohepevirus A (isolates from human, pig, wild boar, deer, mongoose, rabbit and camel). Hepatitis E is an important public health concern, and an estimated one‐third of the world population has been infected with HEV. In recent years, autochthonous hepatitis E is recognized as a clinical problem in industrialized countries. Several animal species especially domestic swine, wild boar and wild deer are reservoirs of genotype HEV‐3 and HEV‐4 in these countries. Human infections occur through intake of uncooked or undercooked meat of the infected animals and pig livers or sausages made from these livers and sold in supermarkets. HEV can be transmitted through blood and blood component transfusions, and donor screening for HEV is under serious consideration. Chronic hepatitis E resulting in rapidly progressive liver cirrhosis and end‐stage liver disease has been described in organ transplant patients. Ribavirin monotherapy attains sustained virological response in most patients. HEV 239 vaccine has been marketed in China and its long‐term efficacy over four and a half years reported.
Complex genome evolution in Anopheles coluzzii associated with increased insecticide usage in Mali
Authors: Main Bradley J. , Lee Yoosook , Collier Travis C. , Norris Laura C. , Brisco Katherine , Fofana Abdrahamane , Cornel Anthony J. , Lanzaro Gregory C.
Published: September 2015

In certain cases, a species may have access to important genetic variation present in a related species via adaptive introgression. These novel alleles may interact with their new genetic background, resulting in unexpected phenotypes. In this study, we describe a selective sweep on standing variation on the X chromosome in the mosquito Anopheles coluzzii, a principal malaria vector in West Africa. This event may have been influenced by the recent adaptive introgression of the insecticide resistance gene known as kdr from the sister species Anopheles gambiae. Individuals carrying both kdr and a nearly fixed X‐linked haplotype, encompassing at least four genes including the P450 gene CYP9K1 and the cuticular protein CPR125, have rapidly increased in relative frequency. In parallel, a reproductively isolated insecticide‐susceptible A. gambiae population (Bamako form) has been driven to local extinction, likely due to strong selection from increased insecticide‐treated bed net usage.
A DNA‐binding protein defines the precise region of chromosome capture during Bacillus sporulation
Authors: Miller Allyssa K. , Brown Emily E. , Mercado Benjamin T. , Herman Jennifer K.
Published: September 2015

During sporulation, Bacillus subtilis divides around the nucleoid near one cell pole, initially capturing approximately one quarter of one chromosome in the newly formed forespore compartment. While it is known that a specific region of the nucleoid is reproducibly captured in the forespore, the mechanism underlying the precision of capture is unknown. Here we describe a role for RefZ, a DNA‐binding protein that regulates FtsZ, and its cognate binding motifs (RBMs) in defining the specific region of chromosome initially captured in the forespore. RefZ is conserved across the Bacillus genus and remains functional as an inhibitor of cell division in a species‐swapping experiment. The RBMs are also conserved in their positioning relative to oriC across Bacillus, suggesting that the function of the RBMs is both important and position‐dependent in the genus. In B. subtilis, the RBMs flank the region of the chromosome captured at the time of cell division, and we find that RefZ binds the five oriC‐proximal RBMs with similar apparent affinity in units of two and four. refZ and RBM mutants capture chromosomal regions normally excluded from the forespore, suggesting that RefZ‐RBM complexes play a role in regulating the position of cell division relative to the chromosome during sporulation.