bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of D‐ and L‐lactate and Osmotic Diuretics on Uric Acid Clearance in the Rabbit
Authors: Möller Jesper V.
Published: December 2008

It has repeatedly been found that ingestion of lactate diminishes the renal excretion of urate in man. The effect of intravenous injection of D‐ and L‐lactate on urate excretion in the rabbit was investigated, standard clearance technique being employed. At excretory rates of 0.1–0.4 mg/min of lactate no change in urate excretion could be detected. A reduction in urate clearance was observed when the mean urinary excretion of D‐ or L‐lactate was 1.1–3.1 mg/min, and this is attributed to inhibition of tubular secretion of urate. In two instances, marked uricosuria occurred when the rate of lactate excretion was raised to 7.9 and 10.0 mg/min. This may be attributed to the osmotic effect of lactate, since osmotic diuresis induced by mannitol and sulfate infusion were similarly accompanied by so great an increase in the urate excretion that the urate clearance exceeded the creatinine clearance. The results suggest that both active reabsorption and secretion of urate are operating in the rabbit.
Comparison of Ascending Spinal Tracts Activated by Group I Muscle Afferents in the Phalanger, Rabbit, and Gat
Authors: Magni Franco , Oscarsson Olov
Published: December 2008

The discharges evoked in ipsilateral and contralateral spinal tracts by a volley in group I muscle afferents in the phalanger and rabbit are similar to the previously investigated, corresponding discharges in the cat. In all three species, the responsible ipsilateral and contralateral tracts are influenced from group II and III muscle afferents and cutaneous afferents according to similar patterns. It is concluded that these tracts represent subdivisions of the dorsal and ventral spino‐cere‐bellar tracts respectively.
Principal Organization of Coarse‐Fibred Ascending Spinal Tracts in Phalanger, Rabbit, and Gat
Authors: Magni Franco , Oscarsson Olov
Published: December 2008

Tracts ascending in the dorsolateral funiculus have a different organization from tracts ascending in the ventral quadrant of the cord as disclosed by experiments in phalanger and rabbit and by previous observations in cat. Tracts in the dorsolateral funiculus are mono‐ and polysynaptically activated only from ipsilateral nerves. Tracts in the ventral quadrant are monosynaptically activated only from contralateral nerves and polysynaptically activated both from ipsilateral and contralateral nerves. The difference in organization of the two groups of ascending tracts is considered to represent a principal pattern of organization in the mammalian cord and a theory is given to account for it.
Effects of Posture on Alveolar‐Arterial CO2 and O2 Differences and on Alveolar Dead Space in Man
Authors: Bjurstedt H. , Hesser C. M. , Liljestrand G. , Matell G.
Published: December 2008

The increase in ventilation and lowering of the end‐tidal Pco2 after changing from the supine to the standing position were observed to be associated with a significant rise in the arterial to end‐tidal CO2 tension difference (average +2.1 mm Hg) in addition to an increased effective alveolar to arterial O2 tension difference (+ 4.8 mm Hg). All dead spaces increased, the alveolar dead space (= the physiological minus the anatomical dead space) on an average by 28 ml. Assuming an unchanged distribution of ventilation this can be expressed as corresponding to 6 per cent of the alveoli being unperfused. A lowering of the alveolar Pco2 during standing is thus in part due to an increased arterial to end‐tidal COa tension difference. The end result is also influenced by a certain metabolic acidosis (average decrease in BHCO3st = 0.6 mM/1), in addition to peripheral retention of CO2. The Eff. VA/VE ratio decreased in all subjects, indicating a decline in the respiratory gas exchange efficiency by an average of 6 per cent. The changes observed may be explained as a consequence of the influence of gravity on the blood flow and its distribution not only in the systemic but also in the pulmonary circulation.
A Method for the Determination of Normetanephrine in Brain
Authors: Carlsson Arvid , Lindqvist Margit
Published: December 2008

Brain tissue is extracted with perchloric acid. The extract is neutralized and passed through a Dowex 50 column. Elution is performed by means of a carbonate‐bicarbonate buffer, pH 10. Utilizing the principles of the trihydroxyindole method the normetanephrine of the eluate is converted into a strongly fluorescent compound. Fluorescence is measured in a spectrophotofluorometer. Results are satisfactory with respect to reproducibility, recovery, and specificity.
The Effect of Lowering the Pulse Pressure in the Carotid Arteries on the Cardiac Output in the Cat
Authors: Groom A. C. , Löfving B. M. A. , Rowlands S. , Thomas H. W.
Published: December 2008

Groom, A. C, B. M. A. Lofving, S. Rowlands and H. W. Thomas. The effect of lowering the pulse pressure in the carotid arteries on the cardiac output in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1962. 54. 116–127. Cardiac output was measured by a radioactive indicator dilution method at normal and reduced carotid pressure in anaesthetized, spontaneously breathing cats. The carotid baroreceptor activity was decreased by partial occlusion of a special screw‐clamp, mounted around the innominate artery, so as to reduce mainly the pulse pressure, while mean carotid blood pressure fell only 10–20 mm Hg. These changes produced a reflex rise in mean systemic pressure of 50–80 mm Hg. – Ten pairs of observations were made in each often animals. In no case did cardiac output increase; it remained essentially unchanged in five of the animals and in the others it fell, while at the same time a reflex bradycardia was seen. Evidence is presented that this fall in cardiac output was brought about by a vagal inhibition of the heart rate, presumably induced by cardiac receptors. After vagotomy or atropine administration this latter group of animals showed no change in cardiac output on reducing the carotid sinus pulse pressure. It is concluded that, under the present experimental conditions, the reflex adjustments elicited by moderate shifts in the baroreceptor influence on the bulbar cardiovascular centres are so balanced as to keep cardiac output essentially unchanged despite changes in the peripheral resistance.
Hypoxemia in Man Induced by Prolonged Acceleration
Authors: Barr P.‐O.
Published: December 2008

Barr, P.‐O. Hypoxemia in man induced by prolonged acceleration. Acta physiol. scand. 1962. 54. 128–137. – Changes in the arterial oxygen saturation were recorded in healthy subjects on the human centrifuge by continuous cuvette oximetry before, during and after prolonged exposures to positive acceleration. With the subjects breathing air and wearing an automatically inflated anti‐g suit, an immediate fall in the arterial O, saturation was observed upon exposure to 4.5–5.0 g. After one minute of the first exposure the O2 saturation ranged between 95 and 81 per cent, the arterial pH remaining essentially unchanged. At the same time the respiratory minute volume had increased, indicating gross deterioration in the efficiency of pulmonary function. Repeated exposures caused the arterial O2 saturation to fall at a faster rate and to a lower level with each consecutive run. The rate of resaturation on returning to normal gravity was usually slow, and markedly so after several exposures. The arterial hypoxemia is interpreted as being mainly a shunt effect caused by congestion with collapse of alveoli (“atelectasis”) in dependent regions of the lungs. The potential dangers of acceleration‐induced hypoxemia in high performance flight missions are discussed.
The Influence of Sympathetic Adrenergic Vasoconstrictor Nerves on Transport of Diffusible Solutes from Blood to Tissues in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Renkin Eugene M. , ROSELL SUNE
Published: December 2008

Arteriovenous (A‐V) extraction of rubidium ‐86 was continuously recorded in isolated skeletal muscles of dogs and cats perfused with blood at constant flow. In a few experiments, A‐V extraction of oxygen was measured also. The sympathetic trunk, still connected to the muscle, was stimulated electrically under various conditions. Excitation of sympathetic adrenergic vasoconstrictor nerves produced an increase in vascular resistance and a decrease in Rb86 and O2 transport. These effects were graded in relation to stimulus frequency, persistent throughout continued stimulation and large enough to be of importance at low, physiological frequencies. The changes in vascular resistance and blood‐tissue transport are mechanically independent. Both are mediated by preganglionic fibers of similar properties, but it is not possible to tell if the same or different fibers are involved. The reduction in transport is considered to result mainly from restriction of the number of open capillaries, due to closure of precapillary sphincters, with some contribution from a decrease in the uniformity of circulation through those parts of the capillary network remaining open
Functional Organization of the Ventral Spino‐Cerebellar Tract in the Cat. IV. Identification of Units by Antidromic Activation from the Cerebellar Cortex
Authors: Lundberg A. , Oscarsson O.
Published: December 2008

Fibres of the ventral spino‐cerebellar tract have been identified by antidromic activation from the anterior cerebellar lobe cortex. These neurones received polysynaptic excitation and inhibition from flexor reflex afferents in both contralateral and ipsilateral nerves and some were, in addition, monosynaptically activated from contralateral group I muscle afferents. The conduction velocities of the fibres ranged from 70 to 120 m/sec. Most fibres terminated contralaterally in a longitudinal zone consisting of a medial strip of the intermediate cortex and a lateral strip of the vermal cortex.
Two Ascending Spinal Pathways in the Ventral Part of the Cord
Authors: Lundberg A. , Oscarsson O.
Published: December 2008

Two pathways with axons ascending in the ventral part of the cord have been identified as not belonging to the ventral spinocerebellar tract because the axons could not be antidromically activated from the cerebellar cortex. One pathway ascends to the lower brain stem, is polysynaptically activated from the flexor reflex afferents of a bilateral receptive field, and receives strong excitatory and inhibitory actions from the anterior cerebellar lobe. The other pathway, with unknown Termination, is polysynaptically activated from the flexor reflex afferents of a contralateral receptive field, and is not influenced from the anterior cerebellar lobe.
The Metabolism of 1‐C14‐Palmitic Acid in Rats with Ethionine‐Induced Fatty Livers
Authors: Olivecrona Thomas
Published: December 2008

C14‐palmitic acid bound to albumin was injected into normal and ethionine‐treated fasted female rats. Plasma, liver and carcass lipids were isolated and their specific activities determined. The initial halflives of the injected label were 0.61 and 0.92 minutes, the concentrations of plasma FFA 1.0 ± 0.3 and 1.6 ±; 0.4 μeq/ml, and the fluxes of plasma FFA calculated from this data, 9.0 and 9.3 μeq/min in the normal and ethionine‐treated rats respectively. The fraction of the plasma FFA flux taken up by the liver was about the same in the two groups, namely about 30 %. The initial incorporation of label into the liver NFFA was similar. The further metabolism of liver NFFA was slower in the ethionine‐treated group. Differences in liver PLFA metabolism were slight. In the normal rats a flux of approximately 10 % of the injected label through the plasma TGFA pool took place from 10–40 minutes after the injection. In the ethionine‐treated rats this flux was less than 1 %. The concentrations of plasma TGFA and PLFA were also lowered in the ethionine‐treated rats. The oxidation of the injected label was slower in the ethionine‐treated rats than in the normal ones. The accumulation of NFFA in the livers of the ethionine‐treated rats appears at least in part to be due to decreased transport of fatty acids from the liver in the form of plasma TGFA. Other factors may be depressed oxidation of fatty acids in the liver and/or increased liver uptake of fatty acids
The Behaviour of the Cerebral Circulation during Muscular Exercise
Authors: Hedlund Sven , Nylin Gustav , Regnström Olof
Published: December 2008

The behaviour of the cerebral circulation during muscular exercise has been studied in 4 healthy males by injecting labelled erythrocytes into the internal carotid arteries and sampling from the internal jugular bulbs. There seems to be little if any increase in the cerebral blood flow and the circulation time through the brain, even though there was a considerable rise in the cardiac output and the arterial blood pressure. The cerebral blood volume was apparently constant
Abnormal Blood‐brain Passage of a Quaternary Phenothiazine Derivative (S35‐labelled Aprobit®) Induced by Chemical Agents
Authors: Hansson Eskil , Steinwall Oskar
Published: December 2008

In a short series of experiments on rabbits abnormal blood‐brain passage of S35‐labelled Aprobita quaternary phenothiazine derivative) was induced by regional shortlasting perfusion of Hg2+, cyanine dye 863 or unlabelled Aprobit through cerebral vessels. Cerebral uptake of S35‐Aprobit was recorded by means of autoradiography and radioassay. In two control experiments with intact brains practically no radioactivity was found in the brain. The results are discussed with reference to the hypothesis that brain‐blood directed transport mechanisms are involved in blood‐brain barring of certain groups of organic ions.
Storage of Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: VERDIER CARL‐HENRIC DE , KILLandER JOHAN
Published: December 2008

Human red blood cells stored in acid citrate‐dextrose (ACD2) solution and washed with buffered saline have been investigated by incubation with uniformly labelled 14C‐glucose. The main metabolites have been separated on a Dowex 1 column by stepwise elution with different concentrations of hydrochloric acid and ammonium chloride. The concentration and the radioactivity of these metabolites have been determined. The most pronounced and rapid changes occurring after storage were a decrease in 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate concentration and a decrease in the labelling of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate from the 14C‐glucose.
Urinary Excretion of Catecholamines in Endotoxin‐induced Fever in Rabbits
Authors: Serafimov N.
Published: December 2008

The urinary excretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline has been measured in rabbits after induction of fever with Salmonella Aequi endotoxin (Pyrexal). This treatment greatly increased the adrenaline excretion as compared with the control period. Noradrenaline excretion was only slightly increased. Splanchnectomy prevented the catecholamine release, but not the temperature increase following administration of endotoxin. The increase of catecholamine excretion was considered as a concomitant adreno‐medullar response phenomenon to endotoxin, not indispensable for the increase of body temperature
Independent Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor Innervation of Arterioles and Precapillary Sphincters
Authors: Renkin Eugene M. , Rosell Sune
Published: December 2008

Arteriovenous extraction of rubidium‐86 was continuously recorded in isolated dog's gracilis muscle or cat's gastrocnemius‐plantaris muscles perfused with blood at constant flow. Perfusion pressure was also recorded. Two experiments are described which support the hypothesis of Bücherl and Schwab (1952) that from the central nervous system there is a separate nervous control of arteriolar and precapillary smooth muscles.
On the Reversible Extraction of Bromsulfalein (BSP) in the Liver
Authors: Norberg Bo , Senning ÅKe , William‐Olsson Göran
Published: December 2008

— Through a charging of the liver of dogs with radioactive bromsulfalein and subsequent challenge experiments with single doses of inactive bromsulfalein it is shown that the absorption of bromsulfalein from the blood is an apparently reversible process. The amount of bromsulfalein given off by the liver to the blood constitutes a considerable fraction of absorbed and transmitted BSP. This is calculated with different methods from the analytical values for blood samples from the portal vein and the isolated branches of the hepatic veins.
Tenseness Variations in the Cat Kidney in Situ
Authors: ÅStröm A. , Samelius U.
Published: December 2008

— A previously described tonometer for continuous recording of kidney tenseness has been used to study intrarenal pressure changes under various experimental conditions. The results have shown that tenseness (intrarenal pressure) is determined by the renal arterial and venous pressures, the vascular tone and the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood. Since intrarenal pressure increases with renal arterial pressure it is concluded that intrarenal pressure may tend to counteract the increase in blood flow which in other vascular beds is produced by a rise in arterial pressure. However, the question whether the intrarenal pressure plays a major role in the mechanism of true autoregulation of kidney blood flow seems to require further studies.
Studies on the Effects of Drugs upon the Lactic Acid Metabolism and Contraction of Vascular Smooth Muscle
Authors: Lundholm Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella
Published: December 2008

— The effects of contracting drugs — adrenaline, noradrenaline, histamine, Ba++‐ions — and electrical stimulation upon lactic acid production and muscle contraction were investigated under anaerobic conditions in experiments on bovine mesenteric arteries. When the muscle contracted, the lactic acid production was stimulated and the increase in production showed both a quantitative and a temporal correlation to the contraction. After cessation of contraction the lactic acid production remained the same at different tone levels. Substrate depletion attenuated and glucose augmented the contracting and lactic acid‐stimulating effects of drugs. Glycolysis‐inhibiting substances and other metabolic inhibitors blocked the contractility under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Calculation of the energy metabolism associated with contraction of mesenteric arteries indicated that the muscle's preformed high‐energy phosphate compounds sufficed only for a fraction of a total contraction. This behavior probably accounts for the apparently far greater dependence of vascular than of striated muscle upon a continuous energy production for the contractile processes. The cause of the greater energy requirements for contraction of smooth than for contraction of striated muscle is discussed. — Adrenaline stimulated glycolysis in vascular muscle even under aerobic conditions and in the presence of glucose. Thus oxygen consumption alone cannot serve as a reliable indicator of the energy metabolism of smooth muscle.
The Loss of Added Lysine During the Baking of a Soft Bread with an Exceptionally High Content of Reducing Sugar
Authors: Ericson L.‐E. , Larsson S.
Published: December 2008

— An estimation was made of the loss of supplementary L‐lysine HCl that occurs during the baking of a soft bread containing a very high content of syrup. Rats and bacteria served as test systems. The nitrogen efficiency ratios of young albino rats given bread diets to which L‐lysine HCl was added before or after baking indicated that approximately 30 % of the L‐lysine HCl added before baking was inactivated or destroyed. Extraction of the supplementary L‐lysine HCl with cold dilute acid or alkali followed by microbiological determination of the lysine gave values of the order of 25 % for the loss of lysine during baking.

It was found that the protein value of the type of bread studied was in itself poor, probably due to inactivation of the protein‐bound lysine caused by reactions with the reducing sugar.

Liver fat content and three different liver transaminase activities were also measured. No pathological changes were indicated.
Tissue pO2 and pCO2 of the Cerebral Cortex, Related to Blood Gas Tensions
Authors: Gleichmann U. , Ingvar D. H. , Lübbers D. W. , Siesjö B. K. , Thews G.
Published: December 2008

Quantitative measurements of the pO2 and the pCO2 on the intact surface of the cerebral cortex were made in anesthetized dogs. Simultaneous measurements of the cortical metabolic rate of oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as of the arterial and cortical venous pO2 and pCO2 (Gleichmann et al. 1962), allowed calculation of the average tissue pO2 and pCO2 according to Thews (1960 a and b). The results indicate that the pO2 and the pCO2 electrodes measure tensions which are close to the calculated average tissue pO2 and pCO2 respectively.
The Effect of Electrical Stimulation of Nucleus Ruber on the Gamma Motor System
Authors: Appelberg Bo
Published: December 2008

In cats anesthetized with Nembutal electrical stimulation in the red nucleus caused inhibition of muscle spindle discharge in the contralateral gastrocnemius and semitendinosus muscles. With the aid of a sensitive myograph the inhibitory effect was shown not to depend upon variations in muscle tension. Recording from ventral root fibres revealed an inhibitory effect on gamma efferents. Effective stimulating points were histologically localized to the red nucleus. It is concluded that electrical stimulation of the red nucleus has an inhibitory effect upon the gamma motor system. The function of the red nucleus as a link in a gamma controlling system including the precentral cortex, the globus pallidus and the red nucleus is discussed.
Studies on the Effect of a Nitrate Compound on Arterial Hemodynamics in Human Beings
Authors: Porjé I. G. , Rudewald B.
Published: December 2008

The effect of 1 hydroxy‐2,2 bis (hydroxy‐methyl) butantrinitrate (Etrynit, Bofors), on arterial blood pressure, aortic blood flow and left ventricular external work (power) in human beings has been studied with a pressure gradient method. An unsteady state is induced with rapid changes, which cannot be studied with methods based on observations of mean flow over an appreciable time. A transient increase of cardiac output and left ventricular work may be observed during the first 3—4 min and then fluctuating decrease of these modalities may follow. The effect of the drug on blood acceleration and arterial blood pressure is discussed.
Blood Sugar and Alcohol Intoxication in the Rat
Authors: Sammalisto Lasse
Published: December 2008

The effect of insulin and glucose on pharmacological ethanol intoxication was studied in rats by means of a tilting‐plane technique. It was found that raised blood sugar tempered intoxication, whilst lowered blood sugar enhanced it. Thus, blood sugar is a factor affecting alcohol intoxication. In addition, insulin seems to have a specific (enhancing) effect on alcohol intoxication, not related to its effect on blood sugar.
Tubular Excretion of Serotonin (5‐Hydroxytryptamine) in the Chicken
Authors: Sanner Erland , Wortman Bernard
Published: December 2008

Serotonin at a dose of 200 μg given to normal chickens by unilateral leg vein infusion showed an ipsilateral excess of excretion. The excess excretion was below 10 per cent of the dose however. Birds pretreated with a mono amine oxidase inhibitor showed an ipsilateral excess of such a magnitude (26 per cent of the injected dose) that it proves a tubular excretion of serotonin. Reserpine failed to block this process, but a small blocking effect of reserpine cannot be excluded. Urine flow was not significantly altered by the dose of serotonin used in this study.
Distribution, of Red Cells and Plasma in Rabbit and Gat Kidneys
Authors: Ulfendahl Hans R.
Published: December 2008

The distribution of red cells and plasma in rabbit and cat kidneys were studied with regard to the cell separation theory—postulated by Pappenheimer and Kinter. Methods for measuring volumes of red cells and plasma in organs or parts of organs have been critically examined. The use of Cr51 red cells and I131‐albumin were found to be useful in measuring red cell and plasma volumes in sections of frozen kidneys. The red cell volume in cat kidneys was found to be 0.034 ml and the plasma volume 0.129 ml per g kidney. The ratio between the intrarenal and the systemic arterial hematocrits was 0.64 for the cat and 0.73 for the rabbit. The outer part of the cortex had a higher red cell concentration than the central part, and the medulla displayed a hematocrit gradient with the highest value at the border to the cortex and the lowest value at the tip of the papilla. The results seem to be in accordance with the cell separation theory, but it cannot be stated whether the separation is of such a magnitude, as to be of importance as a regulatory mechanism of renal function. During water diuresis a considerable increase in the red cell and plasma volumes occurred in the papilla.
Continuous Recording of Arteriovenous Differences in Concentration of Radioactively Labelled Substances
Authors: Berlin Maths
Published: December 2008

A unit has been designed for continuous measurement of differences in concentration of radioactively labelled substances between two fluid systems. A transistorized difference ratemeter was used. Tests and calculations were performed in order to obtain an impression of the measuring characteristics of the apparatus. The unit appears to be suitable for continuous measurement of arteriovenous concentration differences in biologic tracer experiments.
Protective Effect of Bretylium on Noradrenaline Stores in Organs
Authors: Ryd Gunhild
Published: December 2008

The noradrenaline content of the liver, heart and kidney of the guinea‐pig was increased after an intraperitoneal dose of 50 mg bretylium, given 1/2 to 4 hours previously. No increase was found in the brain. In liver, spleen and heart the depleting action of reserpine on noradrenaline was partially prevented by bretylium, but no effect was noted in the kidney and brain. In organs analyzed 24 hours after injection of bretylium the amounts of catecholamines did not differ from the controls.
A Method for Study of the Interrelation Between EEG and Blood‐Brain Barrier phenomena
Authors: Flodmark S. , Steinwall O.
Published: December 2008

An experimental procedure has been elaborated to facilitate selective effects exerted by agents applied within the cerebral vessels on EEG and blood‐brain barrier phenomena. In rabbits short‐term (less than 1 minute) perfusion of one hemisphere is performed via the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with a pressure adjusted so as to obtain displacement of the blood. This displacement is controlled by inspection of the pial vessels through a trephine opening. The technique implies control of the active concentration in loco of the applied agents and of the application time, hence graded influences near the threshold levels can be obtained.

Structural and metabolic considerations make it conceivable that low grade damage of the blood‐brain barrier may be produced with no significant effect on the neuronal activity as reflected in EEG (except for the brief influence from the blood deprivation). After such damage intravenous administration of suitable substances, unable to pass the intact barrier, may give rise to unilateral EEG changes and thus reveal the defective barrier function. Two model experiments are reported. The first one shows that unilateral blood deprivation per se (for about 2 min) exerts a marked but reversible effect on the EEG without damage to the blood‐brain barrier as tested by intravenously injected trypan blue. The second experiment illustrates an attempt to induce barrier damage without significant changes in the EEG.
Body Temperature During Work at Different Environmental Temperatures
Authors: Nielsen Bodil , Nielsen Marius
Published: December 2008

In human subjects it was found that during muscular work only small and unsystematic differences existed between temperatures measured at different depths in the rectum, whereas a steep temperature gradient was found along the upper oesophagus.—The oesophageal temperature measured just above the diaphragm (i. e. close to aorta and left heart) reached during exercise the work level much faster, and, also in the recovery period returned to the resting level much more rapidly than did the rectal temperature. During leg‐work the level reached by the oesophageal temperature was considerably lower than that reached by the rectal temperature while during arm‐work they were of about the same height. Breathing of air saturated with water vapor at body temperature did not influence the temperature in the lower oesophagus but eliminated the steep temperature gradient in upper oesophagus. Under these conditions the sublingual temperature was equal to the temperature in lower oesophagus. The experiments suggest that the oesophageal temperature measured just above the diaphragm is a good index of the temperature of a large part of the core of the body.—During work both rectal and oesophageal temperatures were practically independent of environmental temperatures between 5 and 30°C.
The Effects of Adrenaline and Glucose on the Content of High‐Energy Phosphate Esters in Substrate‐Depleted Vascular Smooth Muscle
Authors: Lundholm Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of high‐energy phosphate compounds was studied in substrate‐depleted bovine mesenteric arteries after addition of glucose alone and adrenaline plus glucose under anaerobic conditions. Also determined was the lactic acid production in the suspension solution. Glucose raised the content of ATP, ADP and CrP as well as the lactic acid production. From the lactic acid production estimated coincident increase in the synthesis of high‐energy phosphate compounds, approximately onet‐hird was demonstrable in the muscle. Adrenaline stimulated the lactic acid production further, simultaneously with contraction of the muscle.

Only a minor proportion (18 per cent) of the calculated amount of high‐energy phosphate compounds produced could be recovered, however, in the muscle; the remainder was thought to have been consumed for the muscle contraction. The creatine phosphate content of the muscle did not rise after addition of adrenaline. On the other hand the ATP elevation tended to be greater, and the ADP content lower, than in the experiments with glucose alone. The results are considered in relation to those of previous experiments which indicate that tone‐promoting drugs are capable of stimulating the contraction process and the carbohydrate metabolism via separate mechanisms.
Distribution of Intravenously given Cholesterol‐4‐C14 between Rat Serum Lipoprotein‐Fractions
Authors: Karvinen Esko , Miettinen Matti
Published: December 2008

Distribution of cholesterol‐4‐C14 in alpha1, alpha, and beta lipoprotein fractions separated by paper electrophoresis was studied from 2 minutes to 56 hours after intravenous administration of cholesterol‐4‐C14 in Tween 20 saline emulsion. The percentage of cholesterol‐4‐C14 in the lipoprotein fractions was about the same as the percentage of chemically determined cholesterol in these fractions. The distribution was not changed with time. During the first half hour after the injection of cholesterol‐4‐C14 the activity in all fractions decreased rapidly, but after the initial decline the apparent turnover time of cholesterol‐4‐C14 in the different lipoproteins was about 52 hours. These findings support the view that the cholesterol‐4‐C14 containing compounds formed were true lipoproteins.
Effect of Ethionine on the Transport of Cholesterol‐4‐C14 in Rat Lipoproteins
Authors: Karvinen Esko , Miettinen Matti
Published: December 2008

Ethionine administration to female rats resulted in a significant increase in the radioactivity of the chylomicron fraction after ingestion of cholesterol‐4‐C14. On the other hand, ethionine administration resulted in a marked decrease in the incorporation of radioactivity into the α1, lipoprotein fraction after ingestion of cholesterol‐4‐C14. In the normal rat 70 % of the radioactivity contained in the serum was found in the lipid of α1, lipoprotein whereas in the ethionine rats a trace of radioactivity only was found in the α2, fraction. There were no significant differences in the activities of the α2 and β lipoprotein fractions between the ethionine and control rats. It is concluded that liver damage by ethionine resulted in a specific inhibition of the formation of α1 lipoprotein.
Acetate Metabolism in Isolated Epididymal Adipose Tissue from Obese‐Hyperglycemic Mice of Different Ages
Authors: Hellman Bo , Larsson Stig , Westman Sighild
Published: December 2008

The utilization of 14C‐1‐acetate was studied in isolated epididymal adipose tissue of adult mice with the American variety of the obese‐hyperglycemic syndrome. A lower lipogenesis from acetate was found in these animals compared with their lean littermates. In both types of mice there was a tendency for decreased acetate conversion with increasing age. The considerable higher number of fat cells per unit wet weight in the lean littermates was not accompanied by any increase of the tissue nitrogen. The results obtained emphasize the value of also relating biochemical data to the number of fat cells in a given amount of tissue.
Estrogenic Activity of Some Isoflavone Derivatives
Authors: Nilsson Anna
Published: December 2008

Five isoflavones, biochanin A, genistein, formononetin, daidzein and 5–7‐dihydroxyisoflavone have been synthesized. Their estrogenic activity was assayed by the mouse uterine weight method under different administration routes. Daidzein, in contrast to the four other isoflavones, was not absorbed, when injected subcutaneously and its estrogenic activity was in consequence of this negligible by subcutaneous injection. By oral or intraperitoneal administration the estrogenic activity of daidzein and genistein was approximately 10‐5 times that of diethylstilbestrol. Biochanin A and 5–7‐dihydroxy isoflavone were about half as active estrogens as daidzein and genistein. Formononetin was inactive. A free para‐hydroxy group in the phenylnucleus of the molecule is present in daidzein and genistein but is lacking in biochanin A, formononetin and 5–7‐di‐hydroxy isoflavone. The presence of a free para‐hydroxy groups therefore seems to be of importance for the estrogenic activity.
The Accumulation and Metabolism of C14‐labelled Nicotine in the Brain of Mice and Gats
Authors: Appelgren L.‐E. , Hansson E. , Schmiterlöw G. G.
Published: December 2008

Whole body autoradio‐grams of mice injected intravenously with (‐)‐nicotine‐methyl‐C14 show an initial accumulation of radioactivity in the CNS. This high concentration of nicotine and/or its metabolites in the brain disappears within 30 min to 1 hour. Autoradio‐grams of cat brain show a similar accumulation of radioactivity following i. v. injection of C14‐nicotine. The distribution picture changes with time after injection. Only one metabolite, viz. cotinine, has been found to occur in the brains of mice and cats. The possible existence of nicotine receptors in the brain is discussed.
Lactate and Pyruvate Formation and Oxygen Utilization in the Human Forearm Muscles During Work of High Intensity and Varying Duration
Authors: Pernow Bengt , Wahren John
Published: December 2008

The work was performed with a hand ergometer, the intensity of work being varied with respect to frequency and load. Blood samples were obtained through catheters inserted in the brachial artery and in deep and superficial forearm veins. The deep veins of the forearm contain fairly pure muscular blood during and immediately after work, whereas at rest there is an admixture of blood from the hand. At rest, a significant difference was present between the arterial and deep venous blood with respect to oxygen saturation, lactate and pyruvate concentration and pH. During work of about 4 min duration, a significant rise occurred in both arterial and venous lactate and pyruvate. The highest venous lactate concentration was usually noted at the end of work, while pyruvate did not reach its maximum until 5 min after work. The resting levels were regained about 45 min later. The oxygen saturation of the venous blood fell from a mean 56.6 to 23.9 per cent. In connection with work of high intensity but very short duration (5–30 sec) a marked increase was observed in venous lactate and pyruvate, while very small changes were seen in arterial blood.
Observations on Pigeons with Prethalamic Radiolesions in the Nervous Pathways from the Telencephalon
Authors: ÅKerman Bengt , Fabrigius Eric , Larsson Börje , Steen Lennart
Published: December 2008

By local irradiation of the pigeon's brain with high energy protons, lesions were produced in the cerebral peduncles and the septal region at a level in front of the anterior commissure, without apparent damage to diencephalic structures. The behaviour of the animals following the procedure was observed. Spontaneous eating, drinking and flying, escape responses and all social behaviour disappeared during the first four days after irradiation, with a dose of 30 krad, in a group of pigeons in which all connections from the cerebral hemispheres were destroyed. On the contrary, swallowing, blinking and pupillary reflexes as well as the muscular and visual control of standing, walking and flying remained. In another group of pigeons with small, caudal parts of the peduncles intact, similar behaviour changes were observed, but no pattern of behaviour disappeared until after five days or more. In a third group of pigeons in which only more anterior parts of the peduncles were transsected no behavioural changes were observed. The experiments demonstrate that delayed, circumscribed destruction of cerebral structures by means of ionizing radiation may be used to particular advantage in the study of the anatomical foundation of animal behavior.
Breath‐by‐Breath Sampling of Alveolar (End‐Tidal) Gas
Authors: Brismar J. , Hesser C. M. , Matell G.
Published: December 2008

For studies of the rate of change of alveolar gas composition in transitional states, a breath‐by‐breath end‐tidal gas sampler is proposed which combines great simplicity in design with a much reduced mixing of successive samples. The validity of the method is discussed and illustrated by breath‐by‐breath comparisons of end‐tidal and arterial Pco2, the latter being followed by continuous recording of the arterial pH. It is shown that, in or near the resting conditions, the two parameters closely follow each other, even when exhibiting rapid and great fluctuations, and that the Pco2 of the samples approximates the functional mean alveolar Pco2.
The Rate of Disappearance of Vasoconstrictor Responses to Sympathetic Chain Stimulation after Reserpine Treatment
Authors: Rosell Sune , Sedvall Göran
Published: December 2008

Vasoconstrictor responses in the vascular bed of skeletal muscles of cats were studied after administration of reserpine (5 mg/kg b. w. i. v.). The vasoconstrictor responses were produced by electrical stimulation of the sympathetic chain. Sympathetic decentralization largely precluded the disappearance of the responses after reserpine treatment. With increasing total number of stimuli applied to the vasoconstrictor nerves, the magnitude of the vasoconstrictor responses gradually decreased. After delivery of about 10,000 stimuli the vasoconstrictor responses had almost completely disappeared. It is suggested that the normal impulse discharge is an important factor in transmitter substance depletion at the nerve endings following reserpinization. The depletion does not seem to be followed by repletion.
Effect of Reserpine and Hypogastric Denervation on the Noradrenaline Content of the Vas Deferens and the Seminal Vesicle of the Guinea‐Pig
Authors: Sjöstrand Nils O.
Published: December 2008

The vas deferens and the seminal vesicle of the guinea‐pig contained the high noradrenaline concentrations of 10 ± 0.56 and 4.3 ± 0.26 μg/g tissue respectively but negligible amounts of adrenaline. After reserpinization no measurable amounts of noradrenaline remained in the organs. Following partial removal of the hypogastric nerve the noradrenaline content of the organs was only slightly reduced, to 8 ± 0.76 and 4.2 ± 0.56 μg/g tissue respectively. The probable existence of a peripheral synaptic mechanism in the sympathetic innervation of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicle is discussed.
The Effect of Cardioacceleration by Methylscopolamine Nitrate on the Circulation at Rest and During Exercise in Supine Position, with Special Reference to the Stroke Volume1
Authors: Bevegård By Sture
Published: December 2008

In 9 healthy, adult males the work intensity at pulse rate 170 (PWC170) was determined before and after i. m. injection of 0.75 mg methylscopolaminenitrate (MSN). The PWC170 decreased 14 % after MSN. In 15 patients with normal circulation the effect of MSN was studied with heart catheterization at rest and during work at two progressive loads in the supine position. At rest the heart rate increased 66 %, the stroke volume decreased 34 %, and the cardiac output was unchanged. The ventricular filling pressures decreased. During work, performed after MSN, ventricular filling pressures and stroke volume increased progressively. At the highest work load the stroke volume was only 12 % lower than before MSN. Oxygen uptake, cardiac output, central blood volume and vascular resistances in the systemic and pulmonary circulations were unchanged after MSN, both at rest and during work. After MSN the heart volume, determined in the prone position, tended to decrease. The duration of the mechanical diastole, as measured from the phonocardiogram, was significantly shorter after MSN both at rest and during exercise. The investigation elucidates the relationship between the size of the stroke volume and the capacity for work at a given pulse rate and also between the size of the stroke volume and ventricular filling pressure.
Conditioned Avoidance Behavior of Cats with Lesions in Globus Pallidus
Authors: Laursen By Arne Mosfeldt
Published: December 2008

After both unilateral and bilateral lesions in globus pallidus conditioned avoidance responses were extinguished more rapidly than in normal and control operated cats. This was observed at a time when retention had returned to normal. Animals with bilateral lesions in globus pallidus tested 30 days after the operation learned the avoidance response slower than normal and control operated cats. Retention tested 30 days after bilateral lesions in globus pallidus was impaired as compared with normal and control operated cats. Sixty days postoperatively retention was normal. Therefore a memory defect cannot account for the rapid extinction observed more than 60 days postoperatively; it may be explained by diminished fear.
ÜUber den initialen Anstieg der O2‐Kapazität des Blutes der Ratte bei Hypoxie
Authors: Tribukait Bernhard
Published: December 2008

Rats were submitted to hypoxia corresponding to 6,000 m altitude. The effect on hemoglobin concentration, hematocrite, plasma protein concentration, total hemoglobin and the specific activity of the erythrocytes, tagged in vivo with Ci14‐2‐glycine has been studied during the first two days. The hemoglobin and plasma protein concentrations increased significantly. They were significantly correlated to each other. There is no indication that the spleen should act as a blood reservoir during these circumstances. The specific activity of hemin was unchanged, which indicates that no essential hemolysis or increase of the circulating hemoglobin occurred. However, the total hemoglobin increased significantly. Thus the amount of hemoglobin in the erythropoietically active tissues must have increased.
Cardiovascular Responses in “Diving” and During Brain Stimulation in Ducks
Authors: Feigl By Eric , Folkow Björn
Published: December 2008

The circulatory response in the “diving reflex” as indicated by changes in heart rate of unanesthetized ducks was found to depend on more than the asphyxia of submersion. “Diving” bradycardia was found to result from at least three factors; these were:

I. A specific nervous reflex, resulting from submersion of the head. This first factor is the permissive and necessary factor for establishing the “diving reflex”, but it is strongly reinforced by at least two other mechanisms.

II. The progressive hypercapnia during the asphyxia.

III. The increasing anoxia during the asphyxia.

The interrelationships of these three factors are briefly discussed. Stimulation of an area in the mesencephalon in many respects closely resembles the specific, central permissive factor needed for the “diving reflex”.

A second area, in the diencephalon, was found from which cholinergic vasodilator fibers to the muscle vascular bed could be activated.
Dissociation of Contraction and Stimulation of Lactic Acid Production in Experiments on Smooth Muscle under Anaerobic Conditions
Authors: Lundholm Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella
Published: December 2008

In experiments on bovine mesenteric arteries under anaerobic conditions tone‐promoting drugs gave rise to contraction and to augmentation of the lactic acid production. Under certain experimental conditions it was possible to dissociate these effects. In the presence of glucose, dihydroergotamine selectively inhibited the contractile effect of adrenaline without influencing its stimulatory effect on lactic acid production. Replacement of the Tyrode solution with 6 per cent dextran solution resulted in selective inhibition of the contractile effects of adrenaline and histamine but did not interfere with the stimulation of the lactic acid production. Potassium ions selectively stimulated the contractile process, while the lactic acid production diminished during the contraction phase per se. On substrate‐depleted arterial muscle, potassium ions had a more pronounced stimulatory effect than did adrenaline, histamine or barium ions. It is assumed that, despite the correlation of the contractile effects of tone‐promoting drugs to the stimulation of lactic acid production, these two factors are activated by separate mechanisms.
Contraction and Glycogenolysis of Smooth Muscle
Authors: Lundholm By Lennart , Mohme‐Lundholm Ella
Published: December 2008

The question as to whether smooth muscle contraction is accompanied by intensified glycogenolysis was studied in experiments on rabbit gut, on bovine tracheal muscle, and on mesenteric artery. Under aerobic conditions electrical stimulation augmented the glycogenolysis in these types of smooth muscle. Of tonus‐increasing drugs, only carbacholine enhanced glycogen breakdown in tracheal muscle. Under anaerobic conditions contraction of smooth muscle was not accompanied by glycogenolysis, despite the fact that lactic acid production was increased. Smooth muscle contraction, therefore, was not consistently associated with increased glycogen breakdown. In this respect there seems to be a difference between smooth muscle and striated muscle.
Effect of Salt on Sugar Response
Authors: Funakoshi By M. , Zotterman Y.
Published: December 2008

Funakoshi M. and Y. Zotterman. Effect of salt on sugar response. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 57. 193—200. The integrated responses to 0.5 M sucrose, 0.5 M sodium chloride and a mixed solution containing 0.5 M sucrose and 0.5 M sodium chloride were recorded from the whole chorda tympani of the dog. The mixed solution was applied on the dog's tongue after application of sucrose or sodium chloride with‐out water rinsing between them. Thus it was found that 0.5 M sodium chloride depressed the response to the mixture applied after the salt solution, while the response to mixture was never depressed by previous 0.5 M sucrose. Single fibre analysis showed that the response to 0.5 M sucrose of single “sugar” fibres was depressed entirely by previous 0.5 M sodium chloride while the response to 0.5 M sodium chloride of single “salt” fibres was never affected by a previous application of 0.5 M sucrose and that the response of single “sugar‐salt” fibres to the mixture was depressed partially by sodium chloride but not by sucrose.