bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VARIATIONS IN THE PAIN REACTIONS OF HOSPITAL PATIENTS
Authors: Gannon William J.
Published: May 2006

The tenability of an exclusively “medical model” explanation of pain is called into question. The pain experience is a “mediated” one; the brain regulates the pain experience through its electrochemical activities and attentiveness to pain stimuli. The latter is largely the result of conditioning processes, many of which are related to ethno-cultural attitudes. Zborowski found differential pain responses among American patients of Yankee, Italian and Jewish ancestry. Sternbach and Tursky discovered differing reactions to electric shock among American housewives of Yankee, Irish, Italian and Jewish ancestry. Chapman and Jones studied the pain responses of American negroes, and Caucasian Americans of Northern European, Italian, and Russian Jewish ancestry and concluded that differences in pain sensitivity and reaction exist which are related to ethno-cultural origins. These ethno-cultural differences are discussed and some speculative explanations are offered. The implications of these observations for hospital staff, particularly nurses, are examined and some specific remedies for related problems are presented.
REACTIONS TO POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE FEEDBACK: ENHANCEMENT AND CONSISTENCY EFFECTS
Authors: Stake Jayne E.
Published: May 2006

Reactions of low, medium, and high self-esteem subjects to positive and negative feedback were explored in two studies of college undergraduates. Results indicated that feedback variables may be categorized along a continuum that includes affectively and cognitively mediated variables.
Mood and satisfaction ratings were related to feedback and not to self-esteem level; attribution following failure feedback, source accuracy ratings, and performance improvement were related in some respects to both feedback and self-esteem level. Also, task importance ratings related to feedback
and not to self-esteem, and changes in self-evaluations were unrelated to feedback or self-esteem.
THE EFFECTS OF SEX-TYPED TRAIT DESCRIPTIONS ON JUDGMENTS OF LIKEABLENESS
Authors: Korabik Karen
Published: May 2006

The present study attempted to specify some of the conditions in which the use of sex-typed trait description would influence ratings of likeableness. Ninety male and 90 female subjects evaluated descriptions of stimulus persons varying in gender and sex role orientation. Female subjects
rated masculine role descriptions less favorably than feminine or androgynous descriptions regardless of the gender ascribed to the stimulus person. Male subjects' judgments were influenced by the appropriateness of the gender of the stimulus person to the sex role of the description.
Researchers should be aware that trait descriptions may have subtle sex role connotations which will influence subjects' judgments.
COMPARATIVE FACTOR ANALYSES OF THE PERSONAL ATTRIBUTES QUESTIONNAIRE AND THE BEM SEX-ROLE INVENTORY
Authors: Antill John K. , Cunningham John D.
Published: May 2006

Interest in the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) of Spence et al. (1975) as a measure of androgyny suggests the need to discover whether it exhibits the same factor structure as other androgyny measures, e.g., the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI; Bem, 1974). Responses from 104 male and 133 female university students were analyzed by the principal components method separately for (1) PAQ items only and for (2) PAQ and BSRI items together. Both analyses yielded independent femininity (Concern for Others) and masculinity (Dominance) factors accounting for the greatest proportion of variance. However, particularly for the PAQ, certain clusters of male-valued and of female-valued items formed subsidiary factors (e.g., Extraversion, Insecurity, Unemotionality, and Independence), raising questions as to the theoretically unitary nature of femininity. That is, masculinity and femininity might each be regarded more profitably as composed of several components.
PERSONALITY TRAITS OF BLACK BELT KARATE INSTRUCTORS
Authors: Kodman Frank
Published: May 2006

Forty-five male, advanced black belt karate instructors were administered the CPI and their responses compared with high achieving and low achieving college students. The responses of the three groups were subjected to a univariate analysis of variance in which the 18 subscales of the
CPI served as dependent variables. Matching was on age, sex and educational level. Karate instructors were more alike than different from college students. No unusual or bizarre features were noted in any of the three group profiles studied.
DIFFERENTIAL ASPECTS OF LOCUS OF CONTROL AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS DEATH
Authors: Hyams Nancy Barbara , Domino George , Spencer Robert
Published: May 2006

The relationship between locus of control and death anxiety was investigated in a sample of 99 college students. The results indicate a significant relationship between an external locus of control and concern about death. In addition, there is a specific differential patterning between
various dimensions of locus of control and death anxiety items. No sex differences were found for death anxiety, but significant sex differences were found on four of the seven locus of control dimensions.
CONCEPTUAL COMPLEXITY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
Authors: Harris Roma M. , Highlen Pamela S.
Published: May 2006

Groups of conceptually complex and simple female subjects were exposed to escapable or inescapable noise, or no noise pre-treatments within an instrumental-cognitive learned helplessness paradigm. Subsequently, subjects completed anagram tasks, and their performance was evaluated in
terms of complexity level and helplessness effects. Consistent with predictions, conceptually complex subjects performed better than the conceptually simple subjects after exposure to the inescapable noise condition which was designed to induce learned helplessness. As expected, these complexity
differences in anagram performance were not observed in the escapable noise condition. In an interesting, but unexpected, finding the conceptually simple subjects showed greater performance decrements relative to complex subjects in the no noise condition on two of the dependent measures.
Overall, the data suggest that conceptual complexity level does mediate the experience of learned helplessness. Specifically, it appeared that the conceptually complex subjects were less negatively affected than simple subjects as a result of exposure to an uncontrollable, aversive situation.
MANAGERS' PERSONALITIES AND THEIR LEADERSHIP PERCEPTIONS
Authors: Nystrom Paul C.
Published: May 2006

This study investigated relationships between managers' personalities and their leadership perceptions. Data describe 94 managers in one company and another 61 managers working in diverse organizations. Personality variables measure rigidity, intolerance of ambiguity, and locus
of control. Leadership variables measure initiating structure, consideration, and least preferred co-worker. Only two of the twenty-four differences between means exhibited statistical significance, which provides very little support for the hypothesis that managers' personalities are
significantly related with their leadership perceptions.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF MACHIAVELLIANISM: III. A SIMULATION PROCEDURE FOR IDENTIFYING HIGH MACHS
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: May 2006

The study demonstrated that the non-Machiavellian layman, given a detailed description of the high Mach, can consistently produce a valid representation of highly manipulative interpersonal behavior under instructions to respond to the Mach V “as a Machiavellian would”.
Simulation is thus shown to be a viable alternative to the median-split and extensive-testing methods for obtaining subjects for investigations of Machiavellianism, for reasons of veridicality and economy, respectively.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF MACHIAVELLIANISM: IV. MACHIAVELLIANISM AND PSYCHOPATHOLOGY
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: May 2006

The few studies which have tested Christie's (1970) contention that “there should be little or no relationship between Machiavellian orientations and measures of psychopathology” (p.42) have been characterized by contradictory findings and procedural flaws. In the present
investigation, High Machs and Non-Machs (as determined by the Mach V) did not differ significantly in their scores on Neuroticism and Psychoticism (Eysenck Personality Inventory), Depression (IPAT Depression Scale) Occupational, Health, Home, Social and Emotional Adjustment (Bell Adjustment
Inventory), or any of the substantive scales of the MMPI, thereby providing support for the hypothesis that the Machiavellian is a psychologically stable individual.
GROUP COHESIVENESS: A DYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Tziner Aharon
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the present article is to promote a tentative theoretical model that may account for the transformation of socioemotional group cohesiveness into instrumental group cohesiveness and vice versa, as a result of external or internal stimuli operating on the group. This model further suggests that the well-established typology of group cohesiveness types into instrumental versus socioemotional is in essence a result of the static non-longitudinal approach to group processes research. On the contrary, a dynamic perspective to group cohesiveness types as proposed by the model in this article may be more fruitful and appropriate to research of group cohesiveness.
THE EFFECTS OF FALSE PHYSIOLOGICAL FEEDBACK AND SUBJECT RELEVANCE UPON BELIEF ACCEPTANCE
Authors: Beck Kenneth H. , Davis Clive M.
Published: May 2006

A conceptual replication and extension of Giesen and Hendrick's (1974) false physiological feedback experiment was performed. Bogus heart rate of different intensities as well as meter feedback indicative of affective types of arousal was presented to smokers and nonsmokers as
they viewed an anti-smoking communication. Consistent with Giesen and Hendrick's intensity hypothesis, intensity feedback facilitated message acceptance while the type of feedback had no effect, but for nonsmokers only. This suggests that false feedback facilitates persuasion only for
topics which subjects do not find directly relevant or of personal concern. For smokers, the false feedback appeared to inhibit persuasion, suggesting a resistance effect. The attributional significance of false physiological feedback is discussed.
US AND THEM: BELIEFS ABOUT HUMAN NATURE HELD BY YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C.
Published: May 2006

Beliefs in overall trustworthiness, strength of will and complexity of others were investigated in: (a) 72 secondary students (mean age 17 years) from King George VI School in Solomon Islands, and (b) 120 students (Fijians, Indo-Fijians and other Pacific Islanders) at the University
of the South Pacific in Suva, Fiji (mean age 23 years 5 months). The 36-item Wrightsman's Children's Philosophies of Human Nature Scale was used. Solomon Island subjects completed the inventory twice (to compare their attitudes to people inside and outside the wantok (pidgin term
for immediate village, or group of people perceived as close.) it was shown that people outside the wantok are perceived as less to be trusted (p<0.01), and more complex (pK0.05). In a sex comparison it was shown that males were more likely than females to trust people outside the wantok
and found them less complex (p<0.05. In analysis of the results from the University student sample, males were shown (pK0.01) to see people in general as having more strength of will and rationality than females. In an ethnic comparison it was shown (p<0.05) that Indo-Fijians had a higher
belief in the trustworthiness of people than Fijians. This confirms previous research. The University students took the inventory under standard conditions. It is suggested that future research would find it fruitful to continue to explore the differences in attitudes, in this part of the
world, toward people perceived as either “close” or “distant”.
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF GROUP COHESIVENESS TYPES: A CLARIFYING OVERVIEW
Authors: Tziner Aharon
Published: May 2006

Group cohesiveness is one of the processes focused upon by the extensive research in the investigation of characteristics of the small group. However, the research literature generally deals with socio-emotional cohesiveness, namely, that based on personal attraction between the individuals.
Nevertheless, there are also studies which question this single-structure (one structural) type approach to cohesiveness.The present article presents a differentiation between two types of cohesiveness according to the factors of its formation and preservation - cohesiveness on a socio-emotional
basis and cohesiveness on an instrumental basis.In addition, a further contribution has been made in this regard through discussion of possible distinct implications associated with each type of cohesiveness in three major areas of small group research: (1) Interpersonal communication;
(2) processes of social influence; (3) group performance.
THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF BEM AND ALLEN'S MEASURE OF CROSS-SITUATIONAL CONSISTENCY
Authors: Greaner Jackie L. , Penner Louis A.
Published: May 2006

The reliability and validity of Bem and Allen's technique of measuring cross-situational consistency was investigated. Subjects answered questions concerning consistency in academic behavior and general consistency and filled out Snyder's Self-monitoring Scale twice. Whereas
the test-retest reliability of the Bem and Allen type questions was quite low, the reliability of the Self-monitoring Scale was relatively high. The correlation between self-reports of variability in academic behaviour and actual variability in grades was significant, while the correlation
between self-reports of general consistency and sell-monitoring scores was not. The problem of using a single-item technique to measure consistency was discussed.
A NOTE ON VOICE AND RACIAL CATEGORIZATION IN BRITAIN
Authors: Ball Peter
Published: May 2006

The only published studies of voice and racial categorization in Britain have been interpreted as indicating that, within a generation of settlement, West Indians converge on local British accent norms enough to become, to all intents and purposes, linguistically indistinguishable from
native White speakers. However, reanalysis of the available data shows that, as far as sample sizes permit conclusions at all, the Black speakers are recognized as Black significantly more than White speakers are falsely categorized as Black, so that claims of complete linguistic assimilation
are not supported. Furthermore, the design of the experiments concerned makes it likely that listeners' expectations regarding the proportions of West Indians among the sets of speakers to be heard caused the detectability of Black speakers to be underestimated.
A REPLY TO A NOTE ON VOICE AND RACIAL CATEGORIZATION IN BRITAIN
Authors: Giles Howard , Bourhis Richard Y.
Published: May 2006

Although we are delighted that U.K. data we reported in sociolinguistic/communication contexts are being resurrected for critical consideration in a current social psychological domain, and by a reputable scholar who is emerging justifiably as a significant entity in language studies,
we cannot but he extremely disappointed at the end-product. First, Ball's reanalysis, and his interpretation of it, are to say the least highly dubious. Given that about 20% of our Black samples were, as we have always claimed, correctly identified ethnically and that very few
Caucasians were not heard as White, it is hardly surprising, if at all important, to learn now that “Black speakers are recognized as Black significantly more than White speakers are falsely categorized as Black” (our italics). Indeed, this in no way alters the overall picture
that 80% of Blacks were mis-attributed as White. Moreover, when examining this statistical “significance”, we find that no significant differences in actuality emerged from two of Ball's analyses anyway. Even then, when he resorts to estimating marc data for further
analyses, still the older group does not reach the conventional significance level.
A FURTHER COMMENT ON VOICE AND RACE IN CARDIFF
Authors: Ball Peter
Published: May 2006

I see the main point of Giles and Bourhis' papers on voice and racial categorization as reporting evidence for linguistic assimilation to local U.K. White patterns far beyond what American studies indicate. We cannot strictly compare the U.S.A. results with theirs because of racial
set in the American studies, so how those would have turned out, with ethnic categorization embedded among other judgments is unknown. I do not agree with Giles and Bourhis (1982), though, that their task was particularly complex, or that anyway that would make it immune to the suggested bias,
which I view not as the sole determinant of subjects' decisions but as plausible, and enough to explain the extensive miscategorization of Black speakers. The intrusion of precisely such “simple” processes into social judgment helps make it “complex”.
MEASUREMENT OF ROLE STRESS: DIMENSIONALITY OF SCALE ITEMS
Authors: Tracy Lane , Johnson Thomas W.
Published: May 2006

In the short scales developed by Rizzo et al. (1970) role conflict and role ambiguity are confounded with negative and positive item wording. In an attempt to unconfound the scales, responses from 220 subjects were obtained to the original set of 30 items. Sets of positive- and negative-worded
items were factored separately. It was found that subjects responded somewhat to the conflict and ambiguity dimensions, but also to subscales within each dimension, to the attribution of the source of stress, and to key words in the items.
CHOICE AND COMMITMENT TO A MILITARY CAREER
Authors: Tziner Aharon
Published: May 2006

This article first considers a theoretical framework for understanding the individual's motivations governing attachment to an organization, and pursuing organizational careers for a prolonged period of time. This theoretical model is then applied in an analysis of the military
as an occupational and organizational framework, in an attempt to identify the characteristic features and motivations of those who are likely to select a military career.Outlining the possible patterns of motives of those having a greater propensity for remaining permanently in the military
may assist the army in early identification and intensive development of personnel predicted to develop commitment to the military, and consequently select it as a long-term occupational career. This human potential may serve as an excellent nucleus around which the entire military could develop
over continued and preset periods of time. It also has to be stressed that the subject is deliberately treated here in general terms, and may be influenced by the Israeli military model.
THE EMPLOYABILITY OF PSYCHOLOGISTS IN ACADEMIC SETTINGS: A CROSS-VALIDATION
Authors: Quereshi M. Y.
Published: May 2006

The curriculum vitae (CV) of 117 applicants for the position of assistant professor of psychology were analyzed to yield four cross-validated factors which were used as predictors in six stepwise multiple regression analyses, as well as in a canonical analysis, with ratings of 117 CVs
by five members of a search committee being the criteria. Comparisons of the results of the present study with those of the previous one for which the data were collected four years ago indicated considerable correspondence in regard to (a) the stability of the factors and of their relative
contributions to the multiple Rs and (b) the similarities and differences among the judges with respect to their cognitive complexity and selectivity.
CHANGING PATTERNS IN THE RESPONSE TO HUMOROUS SEXUAL STIMULI: SEX ROLES AND EXPRESSION OF SEXUALITY
Authors: Prerost Frank J.
Published: May 2006

Considering the relaxation of sex role restraints and the convergence of male/female reactions to erotica, this study examined the impact of humorous sexual stimuli on adult males and females. Results showed the importance of personal sexual experience and enjoyment with sexual
expression on the reactions to sexual humor. Sexist ideas within sexual humor was a significant factor in influencing female appreciation of sexual jokes. Yet some females, depending on life experiences, evidenced cross-sex attitudes in humor preferences.
PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF MACHIAVELLIANISM: V. MACHIAVELLIANISM, EXTRAVERSION AND TOUGHMINDEDNESS IN BUSINESS
Authors: Skinner Nicholas F.
Published: May 2006

Previous research has demonstrated a relationship between Machiavellianism and a preference for business occupations. The present study tested the hypothesis that this Machiavellian-business connection is mediated by other personality characteristics. Support was obtained for predictions
that, compared to Non-Business High Machs, Business High Machs would (i) differ little on Neuroticism (low) or Psychoticism (high), but (ii) score significantly higher on Extraversion, as measured by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. The links between sociability (Extraversion), toughmindedness
(Psychoticism) and skills in interpersonal manipulation (Machiavellianism) are discussed in terms of their complementary implications for effective business behavior.
CROSS-CULTURAL VALIDATION OF THE MICHILL ADJECTIVE RATING SCALE (MARS)
Authors: Quereshi M. Y.
Published: May 2006

Data on the Michill Adjective Rating Scale (MARS) were collected from 413 persons in the United States and 353 persons in Pakistan. The Americans were given the English version and the Pakistanis, the Urdu version of the MARS on which each person rated self and several significant others.
The Pearson rs among the 48 MARS items were computed separately for the ratings of self, father, mother, worst teacher, and Mao Tsetung for subjects classified into 10 groups on the basis of their culture, sex, and educational level. The r matrices were analyzed to extract four factors for
each of the 10 groups and for each of the five types of ratings by means of the principal axis method. Tucker's coefficients of congruence were computed for each of the 10 groups and for each of the five ratings. Comparison of the coefficients of congruence for the various pairings indicated
a reasonable degree of generality in most cases.
GIVING BIRTH TO CHILD OR IDEA: THE FEMININE DILEMMA
Authors: Phillips Patricia , Rozendal Fred
Published: May 2006

Women today face a dilemma in creativity. Historically, women have been forced to create vicariously by supporting another person who creates (e.g., a child). More direct creativity, of music, painting, or ideas, has been reserved for men. In vicarious creativity, the woman fulfills
her biological role of producing offspring. She gives birth to a child instead of an idea and projects her unfulfilled need to create directly to the child, who then has the task of creating. Direct creativity was repressed in women for centuries because of a belief that women were inferior.
This concept evolved into the idea that if they were creative, then they must have qualities or abilities that only men possess. Previous research using the Mf scale of the MMPI suggests that creative individuals of either sex exhibit some cross-sex identification and implies that androgeny
may be a useful component of creativity. Creativity has also been seen as a sign of psychopathology. Some (e.g., Bergler) believe creativity comes about to solve inner conflicts, while others (e.g., Rollo May) consider that creativity is a sign of courage. Women traditionally have not had
direct creativity as an option in resolving personal conflict. Instead, they have been limited to vicarious creativity, while feeling resentment or fear that they do not live up to their role. The dilemma facing contemporary women is that by choosing one form of creativity (family or direct
production), the need to do the other will be left unsatisfied. Should I have chosen a career? Should I have had children? If she chooses both, she feels guilt at doing an inadequate job with either form of creativity. Thus, with the advent of more options, women have discovered
a new dilemma.
UNBIASING THE BRAIN: THE EFFECTS OF MEDITATION UPON THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES
Authors: Meissner John , Pirot Michael
Published: May 2006

Twenty males with a strong right hand preference underwent 120 simple reaction time trials to a 500 hz auditory stimulus presented to right, left and both ears. Ten Transcendental Meditators served as their own controls in twenty minute meditation and relaxation conditions and were
also compared to a ten Non-Meditator control group who relaxed only in two 20-minute conditions. The reaction time trials were administered after the conditions. When the ears were compared to each other a significant right-ear (left hemisphere) advantage (REA) occurred in all relaxation conditions
of the Meditator and Non-Meditator control groups. However, no REA emerged after meditation conditions of the Meditator group. The Meditator group after meditation compared to their own baseline relaxation condition showed a significant suppression of reaction time latencies to stimulation
delivered to the left hemisphere and a significant facilitation to stimulation delivered to the right hemisphere. The meaning of these findings suggest Transcendental Meditation is an attentional strategy that disrupts the usual biases of the brain which also has implications as a clinical
method. A neuropsychological explanation of the results suggest a comprehensive theory of Transcendental Meditation.
FREQUENCY OF SOCIAL EVALUATION IN SELF-OBSERVED DAILY INTERACTIONS
Authors: Schoeneman Thomas J.
Published: May 2006

This study evaluated the widely-held assumption that social evaluations (and especially negative feedback) are infrequent in daily interactions. Whereas previous investigations have asked about evaluative interactions using a one-sitting questionnaire format, this research requested
undergraduates to self-observe, in a structured way, five different hours of social interaction and to report on sources and content of social feedback. Instances of evaluation were counted and judged as being positive or negative feedback. Participants reported an average of 2.6 evaluations
per rated hour of interaction. Of the reports that were clearly classifiable as positive or negative feedback, an average of 61.4% were rated as positive. Students living at home with family members reported fewer instances of positive feedback (51.3%) than those living away
from home (70.1%), and family members gave positive evaluations more infrequently (39.1%) than did friends (64.6%) and all other evaluators (66.2%). Limitations and implications of these findings are discussed briefly.
RAPPROCHEMENT OF ROTTER'S SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY WITH SELF-ESTEEM CONSTRUCTS
Authors: Burke Joy Patricia
Published: May 2006

To rectify confusion and vagueness concerning the definitional usage of self-esteem, rapprochement of Rotter's (1954) social learning theory with self-esteem and related constructs is offered. These “self” constructs (namely, self-esteem, self-worth, self-confidence,
self-satisfaction, and self-evaluation) are defined and combined into a conceptual framework indicating the impact of their interrelations within a self-esteem system. Incorporation of selected constructs from the social learning approach (i.e., expectancy, goal reinforcement value, minimal
goal value) affords specification of the change process within the system. An attribution model is utilized to clarify the impact of causal internalization on self-esteem and related constructs. Applications of the present system are provided with recommendations for empirical evaluation.
CROWD SIZE AND DENSITY IN RELATION TO ATHLETIC AGGRESSION AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Russell Gordon W.
Published: May 2006

The records of 426 games played in the twelve team Western Hockey League provided the data for an investigation of the relationships between crowd size and density, and both player aggression (aggressive penalties) and performance (goals). Crowd size was negatively related to the aggression
and performance of visiting teams while crowd density was negatively related to the overall performance of both teams. The present and earlier studies suggest an inverted-U function best describes the relationship between the full range of crowd size and player aggression. The importance of
a game was negatively related to home team performance and positively related to that of the visitors. Player aggression increased with the number of times any two teams had previously met during the season while intradivisional rivalries were associated with more aggression than interdivisional
games.
THE EFFECTS OF SEX AND MACHIAVELLIANISM ON SELF-DISCLOSURE PATTERNS
Authors: Brown Eva C. , Guy Rebecca F.
Published: May 2006

This study was aimed at replicating the findings of an earlier study examining the effects of sex and machiavellianism on self-disclosure patterns. Of particular interest was the question of whether or not a significant sex-machiavellian interaction would reoccur. A sample of 166 males
and females recruited from the introductory course in sociology were asked to complete a questionnaire assessing several dimensions of friendship relations. Measures of self-disclosure and machiavellianism were included in the questionnaire. As hypothesized, a significant sex-machiavellian
interaction was observed. This significant interaction was interpreted to suggest that self-disclosure may be a manipulation strategy for females. If this is the case, current measures of machiavellianism are intensitive to the range of manipulative techniques used by females.
BEHAVIORAL PREDICTIONS BASED ON PERCEPTIONS OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION
Authors: Matsumoto David
Published: May 2006

Current theory and research on the emotions have tended to overlook the importance and possible role of perception on the activation of or change in the feeling states of the individual. Consequently the interaction of the perceptual subsystem with the individual in a predictive or
behavioral way has likewise been largely ignored by emotion researchers. Ironically other fields of research give us some insight into the perceptual and affective processes. In this study subjects were presented with thirty different photographs of people posing in several different emotions.
In addition to asking some “traditional” questions as identifying the emotion expressed or rating how strongly or well the emotions were communicated, subjects were also asked to make predictions as to how often they would either see or perform each expression. The pattern of results
obtained was generally consistent with what was expected, and were important in at least two ways: (1) Neutral expressions were found to vary in similar ways with other affective expressions, implying that what we have been considering as neutral may in actuality be a lower-level interaction
of affects, rather than a state of non-affect; (2) these results open the way for studies involving the process of perception, and provide a framework from which we can describe the role of the perceptual subsystem within the affect system.
THEORETICALLY GUIDED EVALUATION
Authors: Feinberg Richard A. , Rowld Kathleen
Published: May 2006

Evaluation research is relatively and unfortunately a theoretical in approach. The incorporation of empiricism is a philosophical and methodological strategy for evaluation research, has aided in profitable assessment and development of social policy, and has led the development of
methodological and statistical innovation in social science. The full power of evaluation research will only be realized when evaluative research embraces the other component of science - theory. It is argued that as the functions of theory have defined the growth and utility of science it
will characterize the growth and usefulness of evaluation research. Theoretical guided evaluation will make an already applying science an applied one.
IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT AND AXIOLOGICAL MATURITY
Authors: Simmons Dale D.
Published: May 2006

Three aspects of valuing (competence, value system content, fulfillment) are identified and a concept, axiological maturity, is proposed linking these three aspects. The further proposal that such axiological maturity would be reflected in identity status lead to specific predictions
that scores on the Identity Achievement Status Scale would be significantly related to a measure of valuing competence (The Defining Issues Test, designed to assess principled moral judgment), to a measure of valuing fulfillment (The Purpose-in-Life Test), and to the conjoint valuing of Freedom
and Equality (as assessed by the content-oriented Rokeach Value Survey). These predictions were confirmed and the implications of such confirmations are discussed.
VISUAL ATTENTION AS A FUNCTION OF SEX AND APPAREL OF STIMULUS OBJECT: WHO LOOKS AT WHOM?
Authors: Rosenwasser Shirley Miller , Adams Vikki , Tansil Kathy
Published: May 2006

Fifty-one college students individually completed the Bern Sex Role Inventory and then viewed 22 slides. Unknown to the subjects the slide projector was connected to a computer which automatically recorded the amount of time the subject viewed each slide. The first and last slides were
fillers. The remaining 20 slides were equally distributed among these categories: women clothed, women in bathing suits, men clothed and men in bathing suits. Men looked longer at both slide categories of women than the slides of men. Women, though, looked longest at slides of clothed women.
The sex role categorizations were not significantly related to viewing times for either sex. The data are interpreted in terms of intrasex competitiveness and intersex attraction.
THE EFFECTS OF SIMILARITY AND ACTUAL LEVELS OF SELF-DISCLOSURE AND SELF-DISCLOSURE FLEXIBIITY ON PERCEPTIONS OF INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION AND ADJUSTMENT
Authors: Winum Paul C. , Banikiotes Paul G.
Published: May 2006

Fifty-two subjects, high or low in levels of self-disclosure and disclosure flexibility, were selected (from a larger sample of 139) to test the effects of similarity and actual levels of disclosure and disclosure flexibility on perceptions of interpersonal attraction and social adjustment.
Subjects rated protocols contrived to be similar! dissimilar in disclosure and in disclosure flexibility levels to that of the subject. Results generally confirmed the hypotheses and found: 1) a similarity effect for disclosure flexibility. 2) highest adjustment ratings for medium-high
disclosure and high disclosure flexibility protocols; 3) actual disclosure level as a more potent determinant of perceived adjustment and attraction than was similarity in disclosure level; and 4) no discrimination of judgments by individuals low in disclosure flexibility.
CIRCUMSPECTION, PREEMPTION AND PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS
Authors: Chambers William
Published: May 2006

According to personal construct theory the personality is shaped by the constructs the person uses in anticipating events. In this study grid measures of logically inconsistent construction and preemptive or reductionistic construction are compared with scores from the 16 P.F. Questionnaire.
Logical inconsistency was correlated with several traits suggesting neuroticism. Preemption was correlated with several traits suggesting an incredulous approach to life. These results are in agreement with the theoretical assertions of personal construct psychology.
LUNAR INFLUENCES ON HUMAN AGGRESSION
Authors: Russell Gordon W. , Dua Manjula
Published: May 2006

League records of all hockey games (N=426) played during a season provided data for tests of a lunar-aggression hypothesis. Despite the use of multiple measures of lunar phase and interpersonal aggression, support for lunar influence was not forthcoming. Inasmuch as the results were
generally consistent with previous investigations, discussion centered on a rationale for the few “positive” findings that have occasionally occurred. Supplemental data revealed that beliefs in lunar influence are fairly common - 45% among a university population - and are
more prevalent among older women.
FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR THE RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE BELIEF IN HUMAN BENEVOLENCE SCALE
Authors: Leak Gary K. , Hyde Robyn
Published: May 2006

This study reports the first extensive reliability and validity assessment of the Belief in Human Benevolence scale. The scale possesses satisfactory levels of reliability and impressive convergent validity with numerous criteria. Multi-variate analysis techniques reinforce this conclusion.
Unfortunately, the scale is subject to unwanted contamination from social desirability response style variance. Further, the total scale can be improved by the revision or elimination of several unreliable and/or invalid items.
FIELD DEPENDENCE AND PERSONALITY: A RE-EXAMINATION
Authors: McKenna Frank P.
Published: May 2006

The relationship between measures of field dependence and measures of personality is examined, it is found that while these correlations tend to be low and inconsistent the correlations between measures of field dependence and standard measures of ability are substantial and consistent.
It is more appropriate, therefore, to consider measures of field dependence as ability measures.
DOMINANCE-SUBMISSIVENESS AS AN EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO SITUATIONS AND AS A PREDICTOR OF APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
Authors: Biggers Thompson , Rankis Olaf E.
Published: May 2006

The main and interactive effects of dominance on approach-avoidance behavior were investigated. Two levels each of pleasure, arousal, and dominance were combined in a fully factorial design. The results suggested that dominance may be more important when predicting approach-avoidance
than previously believed. Earlier research, suggesting that individuals prefer submissiveness eliciting situations, is questioned.
SELECTIVE RECALL OF SELF-DESCRIPTIVE TRAITS BY SOCIALLY ANXIOUS AND NONANXIOUS FEMALES
Authors: Breck Barbara E. , Smith Stephanie H.
Published: May 2006

Self-schemas of 36 socially anxious and 38 nonanxious females were assessed. According to the schema-activation hypothesis, anxious subjects were predicted to recall more negative self-descriptive traits than would nonanxious subjects only when anticipating social interaction. Both
socially anxious and nonanxious subjects rated more positive than negative traits as self-descriptive. Nonanxious subjects recalled more positive traits than did anxious subjects, and anxious subjects recalled more negative traits than did nonanxious subjects. The activation hypothesis received
support in that socially anxious subjects recalled more negative traits than did nonanxious subjects when anticipating interaction but not when interaction was not anticipated. The effects of anticipating interaction and evaluation were discussed.
THE DYNAMICS OF JURY DECISION-MAKING: A CASE STUDY
Authors: Howard W. Gary , Redfering David
Published: May 2006

The legal profession is replete with assertions about the relationships of social, economic, and psychological characteristics to jury verdicts. The purpose of this research was to identify and test some of these concepts. A survey of jurors serving on criminal cases was conducted which
incorporated pertinent socio-economic, demographic, psychological and experiential factors. An intercorrelation matrix and a linear step-wise regression model were employed to identify those variables which showed a statistically significant relationship to a trial vote of guilty. None of
the notions of attorneys regarding socio-economic characteristics had a significant relationship to jury verdicts; however, items concerning authoritarianism, religious ideology, and prior experience with courts did correlate with jury behavior.
GUIDELINES FOR NONETHNOCENTRIC USE OF LANGUAGE: A FAIRY TALE AND A PLEA
Authors: Smith Robert J.
Published: May 2006

The present article takes the widely publicized Guidelines for Nonsexist Use of Language, and, staying scrupulously (or even unscrupulously) close to the wording of the original, indicates its relevance for the pervasive but largely unmentioned cultural bias in American psychology.
Basically, the only changes required to the original text were the words “ethnic/cultural” in place of “sex”, and the omission of a couple of “untranslatable” examples of sex bias. The purpose of this “fairy tale” is to raise the consciousness
- primarily of American psychologists - regarding the constricted nature of their enterprise for a science of humankind.
REACTIONS TO EYE CONTACT INITIATED BY PHYSICALLY ATTRACTIVE AND UNATTRACTIVE MEN AND WOMEN
Authors: Rall Marilyn , Greenspan Abbie , Neidich Ellen
Published: May 2006

The effects of the attractiveness and the sex of an initiator of eye contact were studied by presenting 93 subjects with same-sex pairs of relatively attractive and relatively unattractive confederates. During a three-minute period one of the confederates gazed continuously at the subject while the other looked away. Five 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA's were computed for the number of reciprocated eye gazes and subjects' written ratings of the confederates. Contrary to previous research, results indicated that the unattractive person became more liked when not gazing. It was also found that the only situation in which gazing increased liking was when an attractive male confederate gazed at a female subject. The findings are discussed in terms of traditional sex-role norms.
A RECONCILIATION OF THE FREUDIAN AND HUMANISTIC/TRANSPERSONAL VIEWS OF HUMAN NATURE
Authors: Pearl Joseph H.
Published: May 2006

This paper describes a model of human development which both allows for a resolution to the apparent conflict between the Freudian and humanistic! transpersonal views of human nature and suggests a way of fulfilling Freud's expressed desire to account for the sexual instinct
in the same way that he accounts for the death instinct — as an expression of a tendency to restore an earlier state of things. It first describes the apparent conflict between the Freudian and humanistic! transpersonal views, centering around the issue of whether human life involves
a goal which goes beyond the satisfaction of basic biological needs. It next presents a model of human development derived from Hindu religious philosophy, the essential characteristics of which are that people have both a psychological and a spiritual aspect and that all life grew out of
an initial unity. Finally, it shows how this model can be used to accomplish the aforementioned aims.
THE PERMEABILITY OF TERRITORIAL SPACE: SOME EVIDENCE FROM MILITARY WARFARE
Authors: Khoury Robert M.
Published: May 2006

The presence of discomfort arising from territorial intrusion has been widely established, although the precise shape and strength of the intrusion-discomfort relation is unspecified Investigating 58 military invasions of the territorial boundaries of nation-states, the present study
attempted to document empirically the territorial space permeability function. The function relating intrusion to discomfort was found to be linear inform and medium in strength, conspicuously similar to the personal space permeability function described by Hayduk (1981).
INFERRED ADULT PERSONALITY AS A FUNCTION OF SEX AND SEX-ROLE BEHAVIOR IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Gilbert Steven J. , Stephan Lin
Published: May 2006

In two studies subjects read descriptions of stereotypic masculine or feminine behavior displayed by a 7 year old boy or girl, and then predicted personality attributes likely to be evident 15 years later. Derogation of the masculine female and the feminine male was expected, but not
found. Results showed, instead, that irrespective of sex, the feminine (vs. masculine) child was judged to be happier, more mature, and less self-centered, as well as more expressively and less instrumentally oriented as an adult. Results are discussed in terms of methodology and socio-cultural
factors.
COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC SUCCESS AND ALUMNI GENEROSITY: DISPELLING THE MYTH
Authors: Gaski John F. , Etzel Michael J.
Published: May 2006

To examine the widely-accepted proposition that a university's successful athletic performance can evoke greater generosity on the part of its benefactors, analysis was conducted to measure the strength of the relationship between football or basketball success and several measures
of monetary contributions for a number of major schools. The relative absence of significant results indicates that athletic performance and monetary donations are not closely related.
THE APPLICABILITY OF THE EMPATHIC SET EFFECT TO MODIFY PERCEPTIONS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
Authors: Skiffington Stephen T. , Parker James B. , Richardson Deborah , Calhoun James F.
Published: May 2006

Various studies have suggested that the incidence of marital violence is moderate to high and that such violence often results from spouses making erroneous attributions regarding the behavior of their mates. It has also been found that the type of attributions observers typically make
can be modified by directing observers to be more empathic and to attempt to see events from the actor's perspective. In other words, observers can be induced to make attributions about another's behavior that consider environmental factors as contributory to behavior and not attribute
such behavior solely to internal or dispositional characteristics of the actor. In the present study, the influence of the induction of this emphatic set effect on the perception of a violent domestic situation was evaluated. As hypothesized, those instructed to empathize with the victim tended
to attribute the victim's behavior to situational factors; likewise, those instructed to empathize with the aggressor tended to attribute the aggressor's actions to environmental factors rather than to dispositional qualities.
CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON OF PERSONALITY: GREEK CHILDREN AND ENGLISH CHILDREN
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , Dimitriou E.C.
Published: May 2006

The Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was completed by 1117 boys and 1199 girls in Greece. Factor comparisons indicated that the dimensions of Psychoticism, Extraversion, Neuroticism and Social Desirability were identical in Greece and in England. Some item changes were required
for the scoring key but reliabilities of all factors were satisfactory except Psychoticism which was somewhat weak. Greek norms indicated that boys scored higher than girls on Psychoticism and Extraversion but lower on Neuroticism. Direct cross-cultural comparisons revealed that Greek children
scored lower on Psychoticism and Neuroticism than English children, but considerably higher on Social Desirability.
AN ATTEMPT TO IDENTIFY THE PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS OF THE VIOLENT OFFENDER
Authors: Romney D.M. , Syverson K.L.
Published: May 2006

Thirty violent and thirty nonviolent youthful offenders were administered the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. A factor analysis of this battery produced two orthogonal factors accounting
for three-quarters of the total variance. Factor I was a unipolar Hostility/Neuroticism factor and Factor II was a bipolar Psychoticism vs Extraversion factor. The two groups did not differ significantly from each other on either factor or on an optimal combination of both. Implications
for future research are drawn.