bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does the cradle of power exist? Sequence analysis of top bureaucrats' career trajectories
Authors: Trangbæk Amalie
Published: April 2022

Top bureaucrats are the nexus between politics and administration. Besides being the chief operating officer of the ministry, they are technical experts and political advisors to the minister. This makes them central actors in bureaucratic studies. Despite their powerful position, few have studied their path to power. Utilizing sequence analysis, I analyze the career trajectories of permanent secretaries, providing a rich measure of career paths. Denmark is used as a case of a European parliamentary system, and a novel dataset has been collected containing career information on permanent secretaries from 1925 to 2020. The analysis reveals five ideal‐typical career paths and illustrates how career trajectories have become more diverse over time. Fewer top bureaucrats are rising through the ranks within a single ministry; instead, there has been an increase in inter‐ministerial shifts and in experience providing political craft. Finally, the position is becoming a steppingstone rather than the final position.
Current practice for primary headache disorders and perspectives on peripheral nerve blocks among emergency physicians in Canada: A national survey
Authors: Patel Dilan , Taljaard Monica , Yadav Krishan , James Daniel , Perry Jeffrey J.
Published: April 2022

Objective

This national postal survey aimed to examine Canadian emergency physicians’ practice patterns with respect to drug treatment and perspectives on peripheral nerve blocks.

Background

The treatment of primary headache disorders in the emergency department is variable.

Methods

We surveyed 500 emergency physicians listed in the Canadian Medical Directory according to a modified Dillman’s method: an initial invitation was followed by up to four reminders to nonresponders. Physicians were asked questions regarding their frequency of medication administration and perspectives toward peripheral nerve blocks.

Results

Of 500 mailed surveys, 468 were delivered and 179 physicians responded (response rate = 38.2%). The majority of physicians were men (92/144, 63.9%); 80.6% (116/144) had been in practice for greater than or equal to 10 years with 50.7% (75/148) in a community or district general teaching hospital. Commonly used pharmacotherapies for primary headaches were intravenous dopamine receptor antagonists (69%), co‐administration of ketorolac and a dopamine receptor antagonist (54.2%), intravenous fluid boluses (54%), nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) alone (53.5%), and acetaminophen (51.4%). Only 80 of 144 physicians (55.6%) reported previous experience with peripheral nerve blocks (95% confidence interval [CI] = 48%–65%). The majority (68/80, 85.0%) agreed peripheral nerve blocks are safe and 55.1% (43/78) agreed they are effective. The vast majority (118/140, 84.3%) would consider peripheral nerve blocks as a first‐line treatment option given sufficient evidence from a future trial (95% CI = 78%–90%).

Conclusion

NSAIDs alone, as well as dopamine receptor antagonists with or without ketorolac are commonly used for primary headache in Canadian emergency departments. A large proportion of physicians have never used a peripheral nerve block in their practice; among those who have experience with peripheral nerve blocks, the majority find them safe and effective. The majority of respondents would consider peripheral nerve blocks as a first‐line treatment option given sufficient evidence from a future trial.
Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma and renal cell carcinomas with TFEB alterations: a comparative study
Authors: Lobo João , Rechsteiner Markus , Helmchen Birgit M , Rupp Niels J , Weber Achim , Moch Holger
Published: April 2022

Aims

Eosinophilic solid and cystic renal cell carcinoma (ESC RCC) is a recently described renal tumour entity with frequent cytokeratin (CK)20 positivity, commonly harbouring TSC mutations. In contrast, frequency of CK20 expression and presence of TSC mutations are unclear in TFEB‐amplified RCC and TFEB‐translocated RCC, which frequently express Melan A. Herein, we provide a comparative analysis of six ESC RCC with four TFEB‐amplified/translocated RCC.

Methods and results

We assessed the frequency of CK20 and Melan A expression by immunohistochemistry and of TSC mutations by next‐generation sequencing. TFEB alterations were confirmed by fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation (FISH). All tumours showed voluminous eosinophilic cells with granular cytoplasm, prominent nucleoli, and most showed admixture of solid and cystic areas. CK20 expression was found in all six ESC RCC and in all RCCs with TFEB alterations. Melan A positivity was identified in five of six ESC RCC and four of four RCC with TFEB alterations. We found TSC mutations in two ESC RCCs, including in one case also harbouring a CIC fusion, and identified a TSC mutation in one TFEB‐amplified RCC.

Conclusions

ESC RCC represents an emerging renal tumour entity with some histological, immunohistochemical and molecular overlap to TFEB‐amplified/translocated RCC. FISH for TFEB aids in this differential diagnosis in challenging cases.
The role of the courts in protecting children's rights in the context of police questioning in Ireland and New Zealand
Authors: Forde Louise
Published: April 2022

Ensuring safeguards are in place from the earliest stages of criminal investigation is essential to ensure that children's rights in the youth justice system are adequately protected. The rights of children in conflict with the law are protected under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), and in situations where these rights are breached, children must have access to an effective remedy. National courts have a role to play in ensuring that children's rights are protected and in providing necessary remedies. This article explores the role the courts have played in upholding children's rights in the police questioning process in Ireland and in New Zealand.
Periapical and endodontic status of patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Age‐ and sex‐matched case–control study
Authors: Segura‐Sampedro Juan J. , Jiménez‐Giménez Carla , Jane‐Salas Enric , Cabanillas‐Balsera Daniel , Martín‐González Jenifer , Segura‐Egea Juan J. , López‐López José
Published: April 2022

Aim

Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are two chronic recurrent inflammatory processes of the gastrointestinal tract, grouped under the name inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), causing clinical episodes of intestinal inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between IBD and the prevalence of apical periodontitis (AP) and root canal treatment.

Methodology

A case–control study design matched to age and sex was used. The study group (SG) included 28 patients with IBD (13 with CD, 15 with UC). Another 28 healthy subjects, without IBD and age‐ and sex‐matched, were included in the control group (CG). Radiographic records were analysed and AP was diagnosed as radiolucent periapical lesions (RPLs), using the periapical index score. Student's t‐test, χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression were used in the statistical analysis.

Results

In the CG, only 17 subjects (61%) had at least one tooth with AP, whilst in the SG group they were 23 patients (82%; OR = 2.98; 95% CI = 0.87–10.87; p = .08). The number of subjects with one or more root filled teeth (RFT) in the CG was 14 (50%), whilst in the SG they were 22 (79%; OR = 3.67; 95% CI = 1.14–11.79; p = .026). At least one RFT with AP was evident in three subjects (10.7%) in the CG, whilst in the SG 15 patients (53.6%) showed RFT with AP (OR = 9.60; 95% CI = 2.35–39.35; p = .001). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, only endodontic status was found to be associated with IBD (OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 1.24–2.80; p = .003).

Conclusion

IBD, UC and Crohn’s disease are associated with higher prevalence of RFT and higher percentage of RFT with periapical lesions. Dentists should consider these findings when caring for IBD patients by monitoring the evolution of periapical lesions of endodontically treated teeth.
Controlling Voice and Loyalty: The Regulation of Exit in Latin America
Authors: Larratt‐Smith Charles , Leon Daniel S.
Published: April 2022

From the colonial period until the present, exit has been a central feature of Latin American political life. This article analyses the history of emigration regimes in Latin America and finds that variables such as regime type, immigration drivers and the profile of those trying to exit are key to understanding how this practice is regulated throughout the region. We find that in Latin America, the decision to restrict, permit or even encourage exit has long been influenced by the need to maximize loyalty to incumbent rule while minimizing domestic dissent and potential hostility from foreign exile diasporas. Authoritarian regimes have historically fostered politically motived exit, yet demonstrate a reluctance to permit any unsanctioned elite emigration in order to prevent political rivals from generating hostility abroad. By contrast, democratic regimes seldom cause politically motivated exit in the same manner, yet have proven uninterested in addressing economically motivated exit because this serves to both relieve domestic pressures while stimulating the foreign remittance economy.
Retinal microglia: Functions and diseases
Authors: Fan Wei , Huang Weidi , Chen Jiayi , Li Na , Mao Liming , Hou Shengping
Published: April 2022

Microglia, the resident immune cells in the retina and nervous system, make irreplaceable contributions to the maintenance of normal homeostasis and immune surveillance of these systems. Recently, great progress has been made in determining the origin, distribution, features and functions of retinal microglia and in identifying their roles in retinal diseases. In the retinal microenvironment, microglia constantly monitor changes in their surroundings and maintain balanced functions by communicating with other retinal cells. When disturbed, activated microglia may kill degenerated neurons and photoreceptors through phagocytosis and exacerbate retinal injury by producing multiple proinflammatory mediators. Numerous animal studies and in situ analyses of human tissue have shown that retinal microglia are involved in multiple retinal diseases. The functions and mechanisms of activated microglia in retinal disorders are gradually being elucidated. Increasing evidence points towards the dual roles of microglia in the retina and they are regulated by many factors. How to inhibit the detrimental effects of microglia and promote beneficial effects are worth studying. This review focuses primarily on the features and functions of microglia and how they participate in retinal diseases based on existing research findings. We also discuss current opinions about microglial transdifferentiation.
Some Solutions Inspired by Survey Sampling Theory to Build Effective Clinical Trials
Authors: Tillé Yves
Published: April 2022

The organisation of a design of experiments, for example, for the realisation of a clinical trial, is crucial. It is often desirable to balance designs so that the means of the covariates are approximately the same in the test and control groups. In survey sampling theory, balanced sampling and calibration are two techniques that improve the precision of estimates. In this paper, we show the links between the two areas. We begin by assessing the gain in precision between a balanced design and a simple random sampling for the least squares estimators and the estimator by differences. We compare rerandomisation techniques and the cube method in order to balance the design. We propose a new method, particularly efficient, which combines the cube method with multivariate matching. A set of simulations is carried out in order to evaluate the different methods. The interest of the calibration is shown even if the design is almost balanced. It is thus shown that tools used by survey statisticians can be useful for experimental designs and clinical trials.
Stackelberg equilibrium strategies and coordination of a low‐carbon supply chain with a risk‐averse retailer
Authors: Yuan Xiaoyong , Bi Gongbing , Li Hongping , Zhang Baofeng
Published: April 2022

This paper examines the impact of retailer's risk aversion on the equilibrium strategies and channel coordination in the presence of consumers’ low‐carbon preference. The stochastic market demand is dependent on the carbon reduction level, advertisement for low‐carbon products and their interplay. The mean‐CVaR criterion is adopted to measure the risk‐averse retailer's objective. The Stackelberg equilibrium carbon reduction level, order quantity and advertising level are derived. We find that the manufacturer's investment in carbon reduction can encourage the retailer to put more effort into advertising and increase the order quantity. All of the carbon reduction levels, advertising levels, and order quantity decrease when the retailer becomes conservative. An option and cost‐sharing combined contract is proposed to coordinate the supply chain. We prove that if the trade‐off coefficient (the weight that the retailer puts on expected profit) is higher than a threshold, the supply chain can achieve coordination even though the retailer's degree of risk aversion is extremely high. If the trade‐off coefficient is below the threshold, the supply chain can be coordinated only if the retailer's degree of risk aversion is not very high. The retailer's risk attitude and option price play significant roles in the profit allocation of the supply chain under coordination. Our numerical examples show that the retailer benefits from a higher degree of risk aversion or a higher option price under coordination.
Structural changes on the surfaces of borosilicate glasses induced by gamma‐ray irradiation
Authors: Mao Jiangjiang , Yang Kunjie , Chen Xu , Zhu Shikun , Zhang Guoqiang , Yang Fan , Zhang Xiaoyang , Qin Kemian , Wang Tieshan , Peng Haibo
Published: April 2022

Vitrification is a kind of glass that can solidify high‐level radioactive waste (HLW). As the basic material of vitrification, borosilicate glass was studied extensively. To keep HLW away from the biosphere, the tolerance of borosilicate glass to irradiation is important. In this work, various samples of borosilicate glass with different compositions were irradiated with gamma rays at ambient temperature to study their stability. The hardness, moduli, and microscopic changes on surfaces of the borosilicate glasses were measured at specific absorbed doses. Upon the gamma irradiation, the structural changes on surfaces of borosilicate glasses were identified, which were strongly influenced by the composition of borosilicate glasses. The results demonstrate that gamma irradiation, as well as beta irradiation, might strongly influence the properties of vitrification. The irradiation effects on vitrification induced by gamma irradiation should be paid more attention to than before.
First‐principles insights on anion redox activity in NaxFe1/8Ni1/8Mn3/4O2: Toward efficient high‐energy cathodes for Na‐ion batteries
Authors: Massaro Arianna , Langella Aniello , Muñoz‐García Ana B. , Pavone Michele
Published: April 2022

In the search for high‐energy cathode materials for Na‐ion batteries (NIBs), Fe‐doped layered transition metal oxides have been recently proposed as promising systems that can ensure improved reversible capacity at high working voltage. Exploiting the anionic redox chemistry in this class of materials represents a great advance for the energy storage community, but uncontrolled oxidation process can lead to the formation of unbound molecular oxygen, with detrimental effects on overall capacity and stability upon cycling. The higher TM–O covalency provided by Fe doping seems to prevent oxygen loss and ensure full capacity recovery. Understanding anionic processes and the underlying mechanism with atomistic details can reinforce the experimental efforts and help to outline rational design strategies for novel high‐performing NIB cathodes. To this end, we present a state‐of‐the‐art first‐principles study on the P2‐type NaxTMO2 (TM = Fe, Ni, and Mn—NFNMO) oxide. We compare structural and electronic features of stoichiometric (NaxFe0.125Ni0.125Mn0.75O2) and Mn‐deficient (NaxFe0.125Ni0.125Mn0.68O2) NFNMO to identify and discuss the contribution of each element sublattice on charge compensation processes. Although Mn deficiency is predicted to increase the cathode working voltage, we find the charge compensation being mostly exerted by the Ni and Fe sublattices. Oxygen redox is unfold via the formation of superoxide species at low Na loads with a preferential breaking of more labile Ni–O bonds and binding to Fe atoms. Our calculations predict no release of molecular O2 upon desodiation, thus highlighting the key role of Fe dopant that provides a good TM–O bond strength, preventing oxygen loss while still enabling anionic redox reactions at high voltages with extra reversible capacity.
Integrative literature review of evidence‐based guidelines on antiretroviral therapy adherence among adult persons living with HIV
Authors: Agyeman‐Yeboah Joana , Ricks Esmeralda Jennifer , Williams Margaret , Jordan Portia Janine , Ten Ham‐Baloyi Wilma
Published: April 2022

Aim

To summarize recommendations from available evidence‐based guidelines that enhance, address or guide antiretroviral therapy adherence among adult persons living with human immunodeficiency virus.

Design

An integrative literature review approach.

Data source

Guidelines were accessed through Google from the databases of the Canadian Medical Association InfoBase clinical practice database, National Guidelines Clearinghouse, Writer's Guidelines database, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, UNICEF and WHO. Databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCOhost (CINAHL, ERIC, Academic search complete, E‐journals, Psych Info and MEDLINE), EMERALD INSIGHT, JSTOR, SCIENCE DIRECT and FINDPLUS were also searched, followed by a citation search. Data sources were searched between 1996 and January 2022.

Review Methods

The five steps of the integrative literature review process, as described by Whittemore and Knafl, were used. These steps are as follows: step one; problem identification, step two; literature search, step three; data evaluation; step four: data analysis and the final step was data presentation.

Results

Sixteen guidelines related to antiretroviral therapy adherence were included for data extraction and synthesis. The findings revealed two themes as follows: theme 1: monitoring antiretroviral therapy adherence and theme 2: interventions to promote antiretroviral therapy adherence related to education and counselling, adherence tools, health service delivery and antiretroviral strategies.

Conclusion

Antiretroviral therapy adherence in adult persons requires both interventions as well as monitoring. The various contributing factors relating to antiretroviral therapy adherence should be further explored.

Impact

Evidence from the included guidelines can assist nurses in promoting a person's adherence to antiretroviral treatment, which could improve their health and well‐being.
Coordinated chemical and microstructural analyses of presolar silicate grains from AGB/RGB stars and supernovae in the CO3.0 chondrite Dominion Range 08006
Authors: Seifert Laura B. , Haenecour Pierre , Zega Thomas J.
Published: April 2022

We report the structural and chemical analyses of six presolar silicate grains identified in situ in the CO3.0 carbonaceous chondrite Dominion Range (DOM) 08006. Two of the grains have O‐isotopic compositions consistent with origins in the circumstellar envelopes of low‐mass (<2M☉) asymptotic giant branch (AGB)/red giant branch (RGB) stars, although without Mg‐isotopic data, origins in supernovae (SNe) cannot be ruled out. The other four grains have O‐isotopic compositions consistent with origins in the ejecta of type‐II SNe. Transmission electron microscopy analyses reveal that all grains are crystalline (single crystal or polycrystalline) and have varied compositions. The analyzed AGB/RGB grains include an Fe‐rich crystalline olivine with an Fe‐sulfide inclusion and a chemically zoned olivine grain that also contains an Fe‐oxide rim. The grains derived from SNe include two polycrystalline assemblages with structures that overlap with both olivine and pyroxene, an assemblage composed of both a single crystal of forsterite and polycrystalline forsterite, and an orthopyroxene grain with an embedded Fe‐sulfide crystal. The thermodynamic origins of both AGB/RGB and SN grains are also diverse. The structure and compositions of two grains are consistent with equilibrium thermodynamic predictions of condensation, whereas four are not, suggesting formation through nonequilibrium or multistep processes. Our observations of presolar silicate grains suggest that the circumstellar envelopes of AGB/RGB stars and the ejecta of SNe can produce grains with comparable structures and compositions.
Molecular parallelism in the evolution of a master sex‐determining role for the anti‐Mullerian hormone receptor 2 gene (amhr2) in Midas cichlids
Authors: Nacif Camila L. , Kratochwil Claudius F. , Kautt Andreas F. , Nater Alexander , Machado‐Schiaffino Gonzalo , Meyer Axel , Henning Frederico
Published: April 2022

The evolution of sex chromosomes and their differentiation from autosomes is a major event during genome evolution that happened many times in several lineages. The repeated evolution and lability of sex‐determination mechanisms in fishes makes this a well‐suited system to test for general patterns in evolution. According to current theory, differentiation is triggered by the suppression of recombination following the evolution of a new master sex‐determining gene. However, the molecular mechanisms that establish recombination suppression are known from few examples, owing to the intrinsic difficulties of assembling sex‐determining regions (SDRs). The development of forward‐genetics and long‐read sequencing have generated a wealth of data questioning central aspects of the current theory. Here, we demonstrate that sex in Midas cichlids is determined by an XY system, and identify and assemble the SDR by combining forward‐genetics, long‐read sequencing and optical mapping. We show how long‐reads aid in the detection of artefacts in genotype–phenotype mapping that arise from incomplete genome assemblies. The male‐specific region is restricted to a 100‐kb segment on chromosome 4 that harbours transposable elements and a Y‐specific duplicate of the anti‐Mullerian receptor 2 gene, which has evolved master sex‐determining functions repeatedly. Our data suggest that amhr2Y originated by an interchromosomal translocation from chromosome 20 to 4 pre‐dating the split of Midas and Flier cichlids. In the latter, it is pseudogenized and translocated to another chromosome. Duplication of anti‐Mullerian genes is a common route to establishing new sex determiners, highlighting the role of molecular parallelism in the evolution of sex determination.
Comparative linkage mapping uncovers recombination suppression across massive chromosomal inversions associated with local adaptation in Atlantic silversides
Authors: Akopyan Maria , Tigano Anna , Jacobs Arne , Wilder Aryn P. , Baumann Hannes , Therkildsen Nina O.
Published: April 2022

The role of recombination in genome evolution has long been studied in theory, but until recently empirical investigations had been limited to a small number of model species. Here, we compare the recombination landscape and genome collinearity between two populations of the Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), a small fish distributed across the steep latitudinal climate gradient of the North American Atlantic coast. We constructed separate linkage maps for locally adapted populations from New York and Georgia and their interpopulation laboratory cross. First, we used one of the linkage maps to improve the current silverside genome assembly by anchoring three large unplaced scaffolds to two chromosomes. Second, we estimated sex‐specific recombination rates, finding 2.3‐fold higher recombination rates in females than males—one of the most extreme examples of heterochiasmy in a fish. While recombination occurs relatively evenly across female chromosomes, it is restricted to only the terminal ends of male chromosomes. Furthermore, comparisons of female linkage maps revealed suppressed recombination along several massive chromosomal inversions spanning nearly 16% of the genome. These inversions segregate between locally adapted populations and coincide near perfectly with blocks of highly elevated genomic differentiation between wild populations. Finally, we discerned significantly higher recombination rates across chromosomes in the northern population compared to the southern. In addition to providing valuable resources for ongoing evolutionary and comparative genomic studies, our findings represent a striking example of structural variation that impacts recombination between adaptively divergent populations, providing empirical support for theorized genomic mechanisms facilitating adaptation despite gene flow.
General equilibrium and the neo‐Ricardian critique: On Bloise and Reichlin
Authors: Petri Fabio
Published: April 2022

The 2009 article by Professors Bloise and Reichlin offers the opportunity to clarify the ‘neo‐Ricardian’ critique, which is not fully grasped by the two authors. Bloise and Reichlin identify long‐period analysis with steady states, which obscures the relevance of the supply‐side problems of the conception of capital as a single factor. Also, they seem not to grasp how indefensible intertemporal general equilibrium theory is, because of the impermanence problem and of the absurdity of perfect foresight of novelties. But in fact the acceptance of neoclassical theory rests, not on general equilibrium theory, but on faith in the traditional marginalist adjustments based on capital conceived as a single factor—a conception destroyed by the neo‐Ricardian critique, which therefore destroys the entire neoclassical approach. This critique points to problems which are logically prior to the instability issues to which Bloise and Reichlin reduce the critique; stability can be discussed only under ‘even‐conceding’ assumptions (illustrative examples are Marshall, and Fratini).
Rock mass fracture maps prediction based on spatiotemporal image sequence modeling
Authors: Xue Yadong , Cao Yupeng , Zhou Mingliang , Zhang Feng , Shen Kai , Jia Fei
Published: April 2022

Discontinuities in rock mass are the characteristic challenge of rock tunnel engineering projects, which have a vital impact on rock mass exposures' mechanical and hydrological characteristics. There is a growing demand for predicting the fracture maps during tunnel excavation to ensure a smooth tunnel excavation process. The computer vision measurement of fractures in the tunnel surface is a current hot spot, but the traditional statistical analysis methods for fractures are still mainstream. This paper uses a novel perspective of the time‐space sequence to explain the continuously exposed rock mass during tunneling. A spatial‐aware recurrent neural network is proposed, which takes the historical fracture maps as the input to predict the unexcavated part. The experimental results suggest that the proposed model produces reliable performance and is superior to the other two state‐of‐the‐art deep learning models. Moreover, the test on the site rock tunnel data suggested promising results for fracture map predictions.
The Plasmodium falciparum parasitophorous vacuole protein P113 interacts with the parasite protein export machinery and maintains normal vacuole architecture
Authors: Bullen Hayley E. , Sanders Paul R. , Dans Madeline G. , Jonsdottir Thorey K. , Riglar David T. , Looker Oliver , Palmer Catherine S. , Kouskousis Betty , Charnaud Sarah C. , Triglia Tony , Gabriela Mikha , Parkyn Schneider Molly , Chan Jo‐Anne , de Koning‐Ward Tania F. , Baum Jake , Kazura James W. , Beeson James G. , Cowman Alan F. , Gilson Paul R. , Crabb Brendan S.
Published: April 2022

Infection with Plasmodium falciparum parasites results in approximately 627,000 deaths from malaria annually. Key to the parasite’s success is their ability to invade and subsequently grow within human erythrocytes. Parasite proteins involved in parasite invasion and proliferation are therefore intrinsically of great interest, as targeting these proteins could provide novel means of therapeutic intervention. One such protein is P113 which has been reported to be both an invasion protein and an intracellular protein located within the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). The PV is delimited by a membrane (PVM) across which a plethora of parasite‐specific proteins are exported via the Plasmodium Translocon of Exported proteins (PTEX) into the erythrocyte to enact various immune evasion functions. To better understand the role of P113 we isolated its binding partners from in vitro cultures of P. falciparum. We detected interactions with the protein export machinery (PTEX and exported protein‐interacting complex) and a variety of proteins that either transit through the PV or reside on the parasite plasma membrane. Genetic knockdown or partial deletion of P113 did not significantly reduce parasite growth or protein export but did disrupt the morphology of the PVM, suggesting that P113 may play a role in maintaining normal PVM architecture.
Carbon allocation to root exudates is maintained in mature temperate tree species under drought
Authors: Brunn Melanie , Hafner Benjamin D. , Zwetsloot Marie J. , Weikl Fabian , Pritsch Karin , Hikino Kyohsuke , Ruehr Nadine K. , Sayer Emma J. , Bauerle Taryn L.
Published: April 2022

Carbon (C) exuded via roots is proposed to increase under drought and facilitate important ecosystem functions. However, it is unknown how exudate quantities relate to the total C budget of a drought‐stressed tree, that is, how much of net‐C assimilation is allocated to exudation at the tree level.

We calculated the proportion of daily C assimilation allocated to root exudation during early summer by collecting root exudates from mature Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies exposed to experimental drought, and combining above‐ and belowground C fluxes with leaf, stem and fine‐root surface area.

Exudation from individual roots increased exponentially with decreasing soil moisture, with the highest increase at the wilting point. Despite c. 50% reduced C assimilation under drought, exudation from fine‐root systems was maintained and trees exuded 1.0% (F. sylvatica) to 2.5% (P. abies) of net C into the rhizosphere, increasing the proportion of C allocation to exudates two‐ to three‐fold. Water‐limited P. abies released two‐thirds of its exudate C into the surface soil, whereas in droughted F. sylvatica it was only one‐third.

Across the entire root system, droughted trees maintained exudation similar to controls, suggesting drought‐imposed belowground C investment, which could be beneficial for ecosystem resilience.
High‐grade myelodysplastic syndrome in a pediatric multi‐organ transplant recipient: A case report and literature review
Authors: Owens Trudie J. , Patel Sachit A. , Greiner Timothy C. , Cannatella Jeffrey J. , Grant Wendy J. , Langnas Alan N. , Vo Hanh D.
Published: April 2022

Background

Pediatric myelodysplastic syndrome is a rare but life‐threatening condition requiring prompt recognition and management.

Methods

We herein present the only reported case of a pediatric multi‐organ transplant recipient developing myelodysplastic syndrome.

Results

The patient was a 14‐year‐old girl on chronic calcineurin inhibitor therapy who presented with peri‐rectal pain approximately 13 years after liver, small bowel, and pancreas transplant. The initial workup revealed pancytopenia and parvovirus B19 viremia. Her definitive diagnosis was complicated by a lack of adequate bone marrow biopsy specimens and expert consultation that resulted in treatment for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. She was later diagnosed with high‐grade myelodysplastic syndrome. Although curative treatment with chemotherapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was strongly considered, it was not performed due to the child's rapid clinical progression, ventilator status, and active infections. The patient died approximately 6 months following symptom onset.

Conclusions

This case emphasizes the importance of early recognition of myelodysplastic syndrome in multi‐organ transplant recipients on chronic immunosuppression. Pancytopenia is a common presentation in the post‐transplant period that requires thorough investigation. Multiple confounding considerations such as infection, immunosuppression, and systemic inflammation can delay the diagnosis of underlying hematological malignancies. Transplant care providers should be aware of myelodysplastic syndrome and advocate for a comprehensive evaluation, given early recognition and intervention can significantly improve outcomes.
Toward a sociology of family movements: Lessons from the Global South
Authors: Zarrugh Amina
Published: April 2022

Research on forced disappearances, which refer to state‐orchestrated abductions and disappearances of men and women, has long emphasized the roles of families, specifically mothers, in contesting state violence. However, the family as the locus of social movements resisting inequality and state‐related violence remains underexamined in the broader field of social movement study. In this article, I provide an overview of research in areas of the Global South, specifically Latin America and the Middle East, related to family‐based activism around disappearance to highlight how turning our analytical lens towards the family enriches our understandings of gender, power, and resistance to systemic inequality. In the discussion, I outline a burgeoning literature around other forms of state violence, such as incarceration and immigrant deportation, that centers the family as a site to critique structural inequality. I conclude by identifying future directions for sociological inquiry into family‐based movements that can enrich our understandings of social movements.
Who benefits from tuberculosis outpatient services in Enugu state, Nigeria? A benefit incidence analysis
Authors: Ezenwaka Uchenna , Mao Wenhui , Obikeze Eric , Dixit Siddharth , Arize Ifeyinwa , Ogbuoji Osondu , Onwujekwe Obinna
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Nigeria is one of the 30 high‐burden countries for TB and currently, recurrent costs of TB treatment services are largely dependent on donor‐funding, with government providing the health facilities. This study aims to assess the benefit incidence of TB treatment services so as to determine if the poor and rural dwellers preferentially benefit from such services that were subsidized by government and donors.

Methods

A survey of patients (n = 202) accessing TB treatment services was conducted between 2019 and 2020 in five purposively selected rural and urban health facilities in Enugu state. Socio‐economic status (SES) was estimated using household assets ownership. Benefits of TB services were measured by multiplying the unit cost of utilization of different services while the net benefit was calculated by subtracting out‐of‐pocket (OOP) payments incurred from the benefits. We estimated the benefit for 1 month and the benefit for the whole TB treatment course (6 months). Concentration index was used to determine the level of equity in spending across the socio‐economic quintiles.

Results

56.4% of the respondents were from urban facilities. 100% had used TB drugs in the past months, 73% had undergone a Gene‐Xpert test, and 67% had had a consultation. All patients received TB drugs without OOP payment, but 90% paid for X‐ray. Urban respondents captured a disproportionally higher share of benefit from TB services. The concentration index was −0.025 for net benefit from TB services across different quintiles, indicating the pro‐poor distribution of TB services in Nigeria.

Conclusions

The benefit from TB services had a pro‐poor distribution, but urban respondents obtained a disproportionally higher share of gross and net benefit from TB services. Funding for TB services needs to be secured to promote the equitable access to TB services.
Shedding light on silica biomineralization by comparative analysis of the silica‐associated proteomes from three diatom species
Authors: Skeffington Alastair W. , Gentzel Marc , Ohara Andre , Milentyev Alexander , Heintze Christoph , Böttcher Lorenz , Görlich Stefan , Shevchenko Andrej , Poulsen Nicole , Kröger Nils
Published: April 2022

Morphogenesis of the intricate patterns of diatom silica cell walls is a protein‐guided process, yet to date only very few such silica biomineralization proteins have been identified. Therefore, it is currently unknown whether all diatoms share conserved proteins of a basal silica forming machinery, and whether unique proteins are responsible for the morphogenesis of species‐specific silica patterns. To answer these questions, we extracted proteins from the silica of three diatom species (Thalassiosira pseudonana, Thalassiosira oceanica, and Cyclotella cryptica) by complete demineralization of the cell walls. Liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) analysis of the extracts identified 92 proteins that we name ‘soluble silicome proteins’ (SSPs). Surprisingly, no SSPs are common to all three species, and most SSPs showed very low similarity to one another in sequence alignments. In‐depth bioinformatics analyses revealed that SSPs could be grouped into distinct classes based on short unconventional sequence motifs whose functions are yet unknown. The results from the in vivo localization of selected SSPs indicates that proteins, which lack sequence homology but share unconventional sequence motifs may exert similar functions in the morphogenesis of the diatom silica cell wall.
Control of OsARF3a by OsKANADI1 contributes to lemma development in rice
Authors: Si Fuyan , Yang Chao , Yan Bin , Yan Wei , Tang Shanjie , Yan Yan , Cao Xiaofeng , Song Xianwei
Published: April 2022

In rice (Oryza sativa), the lemma and palea protect the internal organs of the floret，provide nutrients for seed development, and determine grain size. We previously revealed that a trans‐acting small interfering RNA targeting AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (tasiR‐ARF) regulates lemma polarity establishment via post‐transcriptional repression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs) in rice. TasiR‐ARF formation requires RNA‐DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE 6 (RDR6). However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the tasiR‐ARF–ARF regulon in lemma development remains unclear. Here, by genetic screening for suppressors of the thermosensitive mutant osrdr6‐1, we identified three suppressors, huifu 1 (hf1), hf9, and hf17. Mapping‐by‐sequencing revealed that HF1 encodes a MYB transcription factor belonging to the KANADI1 family. The hf1 mutation partially rescued the osrdr6‐1 lemma defect but not the defect in tasiR‐ARF levels. DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis identified 17 725 OsKANADI1‐associated sites, most of which contain the SPBP‐box binding motif (RGAATAWW) and are located in the promoter, protein‐coding, intron, and intergenic regions. Moreover, we found that OsKANADI1 could directly bind to the intron of OsARF3a in vitro and in vivo and promote OsARF3a expression at the transcriptional level. In addition, hf9 and hf17 are intragenic suppressors containing mutations in OsRDR6 that partially rescue tasiR‐ARF levels by restoring OsRDR6 protein levels. Collectively, our results demonstrate that OsKANADI1 and tasiR‐ARFs synergistically maintain the proper expression of OsARF3a and thus contribute to rice lemma development.
Bilateral thoracic radiographs increase lesion detection in horses with pneumonia or pulmonary neoplasia but do not bring any additional benefit for inflammatory or diffuse pulmonary disease
Authors: Malek Gwladys , Leclere Mathilde , Masseau Isabelle , zur Linden Alex , Beauchamp Guy , Finck Cyrielle
Published: April 2022

Published studies describing the effects of bilateral radiographic projections on the detection of equine pulmonary lesions are currently lacking. The objectives of this retrospective, single center, observational study were to compare unilateral and bilateral thoracic radiographic projections for the detection of pulmonary lesions in a group of horses. Based on their clinical diagnosis, 167 adults and foals with bilateral thoracic radiographs were classified as having pneumonia (n = 88), inflammatory or diffuse pulmonary disease (n = 72), and pulmonary masses (n = 7). After an initial interrater repeatability test, right‐to‐left and left‐to‐right projections were anonymized and independently interpreted by a radiologist blinded to the clinical diagnosis. Scores were attributed for each pattern/lesion (alveolar, interstitial, bronchial, nodules/masses, cavitary lesions) and each quadrant. Agreement between scores from each projection was evaluated with Bland–Altman plots. Lesions identified on one side but not on the contralateral projection were considered discordant. There was no preferential lateralization of pulmonary lesions. The prevalence of discordance was 14.4%, 9.0%, and 4.2% for alveolar pattern, nodules/masses, and cavitary lesions, respectively. Up to nine horses (10.2%) with pneumonia could have been misdiagnosed. A pulmonary mass would have been missed in one case. For inflammatory or diffuse disease, discordance was slight, and the addition of contralateral projections had no impact on radiographic interpretation. In conclusion, in horses with pneumonia or neoplasia, bilateral projections, or adding at least one contralateral caudoventral view, increased the probability of identifying pulmonary lesions. In horses with inflammatory or diffuse disease, bilateral thoracic radiography provided no additional benefit.
Classification of 3-Degree-of-Freedom 3-UPU Translational Parallel Mechanisms Based on Constraint Singularity Loci Using Gröbner Cover
Authors: Kong Xianwen
Published: April 2022

A 3-degree-of-freedom (DOF) 3-UPU translational parallel mechanism (TPM) is one of the typical TPMs. Despite comprehensive studies on 3-UPU TPMs in which the joint axes on the base and the moving platform are coplanar, only a few 3-UPU TPMs with skewed base and moving platform have been proposed, and the impact of link parameters on constraint singularity loci of such TPMs has not been systematically investigated. The advances in computing comprehensive Gröbner system (CGS) or Gröbner cover of parametric polynomial systems provide an efficient tool for solving this problem. This paper presents a systematic classification of 3-UPU TPMs with skewed base and moving platform based on constraint singularity loci. First, the constraint singularity equation of a 3-UPU TPM is derived. Using Gröbner cover, the 3-UPU TPMs are classified into 12 types. Finally, a novel 3-UPU TPM is proposed. Reconfiguration analysis shows that unlike most existing 3-UPU TPMs which can transit from a 3-DOF translational mode to two or more 3-DOF operation modes, the proposed 3-UPU TPM can only transit from a 3-DOF translational mode to one general 3-DOF operation mode. The singularity locus divides the workspace of this 3-UPU TPM into two constraint singularity-free regions. As a by-product, a 3-UPU parallel mechanism that the moving platform can undergo 3-DOF translation and 1-DOF infinitesimal rotation is revealed. This work provides a solid foundation for the design of 3-UPU TPMs and a starting point for the classification of 3-UPU parallel mechanisms.
A Modular Open-Source Continuum Manipulator for Underwater Remotely Operated Vehicles
Authors: Sitler Justin L. , Wang Long
Published: April 2022

Continuum manipulators are a class of robots with many degrees-of-freedom, leading to highly flexible motion with inherent compliance. These attributes make them well suited for manipulation tasks and physical interaction with the environment. A high impact yet challenging field for exploring continuum robot designs is free-floating underwater manipulation with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV). In this article, we propose a modular, reconfigurable, cable-driven continuum arm for free-floating underwater manipulation and present a corresponding kinematics, control, and computation framework. The mechanical design consists of a continuum arm, an actuation unit, and a waterproof enclosure. The kinematics model is introduced as two mappings between three spaces: the joint space, the configuration space, and the task space. The differential kinematics for each mapping is also derived. An electronics system design is proposed for underwater applications, including the communication framework between the topside computer (above surface), on-board computer, and manipulator mechatronics. Experimental validation is presented to demonstrate the robot’s underwater functionality, test the limits of its articulation, and evaluate the arm’s stiffness. Future work includes field testing with an ROV platform and development of advanced controls and planning for manipulation tasks.
Curvature without metric: the Penrose construction for half-flat pp-waves
Authors: Aichelburg Peter Christian , Balasin Herbert
Published: April 2022

We derive the Penrose data for half-flat pp-waves and extend his original construction for the Weyl spinor of plane waves in terms of these data.
Blow-Up Fracture With Concussion in a Division I Collegiate Female Soccer Player
Authors: Seevers Kelly M. , Stephenson Hannah G. , Rosen Adam B.
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this case report is to present the case of a Division I collegiate female soccer player diagnosed with a blow-up fracture and a concussion. This athlete suffered from a blow-up fracture, a fracture of the superior orbital rim, which is less common than the inferior, blowout fracture. The uniqueness comes from a common mechanism, player-to-player contact, causing an uncommon fracture pattern and the athlete’s full, unrestricted, return to sport. Severity of these injuries can vary from very mild to very severe, and the treatment options are variable depending on the severity.
Performance Characteristics of TOP5 Versus NOT-TOP5 Races in Female Professional Cycling
Authors: van Erp Teun , Lamberts Robert P.
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Maximal mean power output (MMP) is commonly used to describe the demands and performances of races in professional male cycling. In the female professional cyclist domain, however, there is limited knowledge regarding MMPs in races. Therefore, this study aimed to describe MMPs in female professional cycling races while investigating differences between TOP5 and NOT-TOP5 races. Methods: Race data (N = 1324) were collected from 14 professional female cyclists between 2013 and 2019. Races were categorized as TOP5 or NOT-TOP5. The MMPs were consequently determined over a range of different time frames (5 s to 60 min). To provide these MMPs with additional context, 2 factors were determined: when these MMPs were attained in a race (based on duration and kilojoules spent [kJspent·kg−1]) and these MMPs relative to the cyclist’s season’s best MMP (MMP%best). Results: Short-duration power outputs (≤1 min) were higher in TOP5 races compared with NOT-TOP5 races. In addition, the timing (both duration and kJspent·kg−1) of all MMPs was later and after more workload in the race in TOP5 compared with NOT-TOP5 races. In contrast, no difference in MMP%best was noted between TOP5 and NOT-TOP5 races. Conclusions: TOP5 races in female cycling are presented with higher short-duration MMPs (≤1 min) when compared with NOT-TOP5 races, and cyclists were able to reach a higher percentage of their seasonal best MMP when they were able to finish TOP5. In addition, these MMPs are performed later and after more kJspent·kg−1 in TOP5 versus NOT-TOP5 races, which confirms the importance of “fatigue resistance” in professional (female) cycling.