bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REVERSIBLE ADSORPTION OF AQUEOUS DIVALENT COPPER ION BY ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS1
Authors: Teggins John E. , Slinn D. J.
Published: June 2007

Sediments were equilibrated with solutions containing divalent copper ion. A colorimetric method using the triethylenete‐tramine complex of the metal ion was employed to measure changes in uptake of copper by the sediments. Studies were made with sediments from rivers in the British Isles which were in the proximity of areas which had been mined for metals for several hundred years. For comparison, similar studies were performed with a sample of sand and a soil with a high organic content. It was possible to follow the uptake of copper ion by the materials and estimate their abilities to adsorb copper ion. In particular, a strong correlation was observed between the organic content of the sediment and the total amount of copper adsorbed by the sample. Under the employed circumstances it was possible to demonstrate that the adsorption of the metal ion was reversible.
BAYESIAN MODELS OF FORECASTED TIME SERIES1
Authors: Krzysztofowicz Roman
Published: June 2007

Bayesian Processor of Forecasts (BPF) combines a prior distribution, which describes the natural uncertainty about the realization of a hydrologic process, with a likelihood function, which describes the uncertainty in categorical forecasts of that process, and outputs a posterior distribution of the process, conditional upon the forecasts. The posterior distribution provides a means of incorporating uncertain forecasts into optimal decision models. We present fundamentals of building BPF for time series. They include a general formulation, stochastic independence assumptions and their interpretation, computationally tractable models for forecasts of an independent process and a first‐order Markov process, and parametric representations for normal‐linear processes. An example is shown of an application to the annual time series of seasonal snowmelt runoff volume forecasts.
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY IN CIUDAD JUAREZ, MEXICO1
Authors: Lloyd William J. , Marston Richard A.
Published: June 2007

Rapid industrialization and population growth in the north Mexican desert city of Ciudad Juarez are placing a serious strain on the city's municipal water resources. Water deliveries and service area have more than doubled over the past decade, and plans for additional expansion are presently being implemented. This expansion is already contributing to water table declines and salinity increases in the Mexican portion of the Heuco Bolson, the sole source of water for the city. Continued mining of the limited fresh water reserves should produce serious water supply problems in the near future. New estimates of future water consumption incorporated into a digital aquifer simulation model indicate that these problems may show up much sooner than was anticipated in previous investigations. The results of this study point to the need to accelerate the gathering of basic data on alternative water resources. The problems faced by Cd. Juarez are illustrative of the kinds of difficulties likely to confront other rapidly developing cities of the arid zone.
RIVER RECREATION EXPERIENCE OPPORTUNITIES IN TWO RECREATION OPPORTUNITY SPECTRUM (ROS) CLASSES1
Authors: Wollmuth Duane C. , Schomaker John H. , Merriam Lawrence C.
Published: June 2007

The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) system is used by the USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management for inventorying, classifying, and managing wildlands for recreation. Different ROS classes from the Colorado and Arkansas Rivers in Colorado were compared, using visitor survey data collected in 1979 and 1981, to see if the different classes offered different recreational experience opportunities. No difference between classes was found. Six possible reasons for not finding a difference are discussed. The usefulness of ROS at the broader levels of planning and the needs at more detailed levels of planning are noted.
CHANNEL FORM AND STREAM ECOSYSTEM MODELS1
Authors: Brussock Peter P. , Brown Arthur V. , Dixon John C.
Published: June 2007

A system is proposed to classify running water habitats based on their channel form which can be considered in three different sedimentological settings: a cobble and boulder bed channel, a gravel bed channel, or a sand bed channel. Three physical factors (relief, lithology, and runoff) are selected as state factors that control all other interacting parameters associated with channel form. When these factors are integrated across the conterminous United States, seven distinct stream regions are evident, each representing a most probable succession of channel forms downstream from the headwaters to the mouth. Coupling these different channel profiles with typical biotic community structures usually associated with each of the channel types should result in considerable refinement of the applicability of the River Continuum Concept and other holistic ecosystem models by realizing the nonrandomness of the effects of geo‐morphology on stream ecosystems. Thus, this regional perspective of streams should serve to make persons concerned with water resources more aware of the geographical considerations that affect their study areas.
GEOLOGIC INFERENCE FROM “FLOW NET” TRANSMISSIVITY DETERMINATION: THREE CASE STUDIES1
Authors: Rice Wendy A. , Gorelick Steven M.
Published: June 2007

A graphical inverse method for determining the regional transmissivity distribution was applied to three field problems. The study areas were the Hanford Site, Washington; the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado; and the Nevada Test Site, Nevada. This method can aid in flow system conceptualization by revealing the location of bedrock controls for groundwater flow. It is a valuable tool for aiding the hydrogeologist in asking questions about the nature of trends in the pattern of transmissivity values. Quantitative estimates of regional transmissivities can be used as starting points for further parameter refinement. Sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation shows that quantitative estimates of transmissivity can be obtained when measurement error in the hydraulic head does not cause a large error in the hydraulic gradient.
JUSTIFICATION FOR A REDUCTION IN THE CREST‐STAGE GAGE PROGRAM IN LOUISIANA1
Authors: Herbert Richard A. , Carlson Darrell D. , Wiche Gregg J.
Published: June 2007

The crest‐stage gage program in Louisiana was evaluated to determine if the data were adequate for use in developing regional flood‐frequency equations and to determine if any crest‐stage gage stations could be discontinued. An abundance of data at many crest‐stage gage stations and a lack of data for urban areas and flat‐slope areas indicated a need for a shift in the number, type, and locations of gages. Correlations and comparisons of annual peak discharges and watershed characteristics of 96 existing stations resulted in the elimination of 72 stations and the addition of one new station, reducing the total network to 25 stations that could be used for future flood‐frequency analyses.

The adequacy of the reduced network for development and verification of regional flood‐frequency equations was tested by comparing a set of regional flood‐frequency equations developed using data from the full network with a set developed using data from the reduced network. The results indicate that the crest‐stage gage network can be reduced to 25 stations and still provide adequate information for future flood‐frequency analyses.
LAKE EVAPORATION STUDIES USING SATELLITE THERMAL INFRARED DATA1
Authors: Miller Woodruff , Rango AIbert
Published: June 2007

Thermal infrared radiation data were acquired by the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite over the surface area (385 km2) of Utah Lake during periodic overpasses in 1978 and 1979. The thermal infrared data were converted to lake surface temperatures which were subsequently used in correlations with lake evaporation. Correlations between HCMM surface temperature and pan‐derived evaporation exceeded r = 0.90 when HCMM night and day/night average temperatures and two‐day average evaporation values were tested. Similar regression studies were done using monthly data from a conceptual evaporation model and the evaporation pan versus monthly HCMM temperature data. In this test both the HCMM day and night monthly temperature versus the monthly model or pan evaporation had correlations exceeding r = 0.95. Empirical estimates of both short and long term lake evaporation using satellite thermal infrared data seem feasible. Attempts to use the HCMM thermal information as direct input to a theoretical approach to calculating evaporation were inconclusive; however, a definite potential seems to exist.
EVALUATING THE OPTIONS FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Cairns John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The agricultural revolution occurred because the un‐managed environment was not providing food in either the quantity or quality that society desired. The “environmental revolution” is developing because the unmanaged environment is clearly not capable of assimilating societal wastes without being seriously degraded. Effective environmental management will require regional and site‐specific modification of general principles and practices that can be used at a national or international level. An environmental management system can be operated in the same manner as any industrial quality control system with three basic components: (a) sensors at appropriate locations, (b) rapid generation and feedback of information, and (c) a quality control group capable of taking immediate effective action when system performance is outside predetermined boundary conditions. This discussion focuses primarily on three areas: (a) management options available to regulate intrusion of societal wastes into natural systems, (b) types of methods available for predicting and validating effects on natural systems, and (c) modifications of present legislation that would permit the most flexibility in selecting from the various management options. Also considered are multispecies toxicity tests using species with cosmopolitan distribution in test systems with a high degree of environmental realism. Among the many values of such tests is the ability to exchange information from all parts of the world effectively because the test organisms are not restricted to a particular geographic region.
VARIABILITY IN MEASURED BEDLO AD‐TRANSPORT RATES1
Authors: Carey William P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Variability in bedload‐transport rates during constant water discharge is an inherent part of the bedload‐transport process. Although this variability has been measured extensively in the laboratory, similar information generally is not available from field measurements. During a four‐day period of nearly constant water discharge, four sets of consecutively collected bedload samples, ranging from 43 to 120 samples, were obtained at the same cross channel location using a standard 65‐pound Helley‐Smith bedload sampler. When the measured transport rates are converted to dimensionless rates and plotted as cumulative frequency distributions, they show good agreement with a theoretical probability distribution function of rates derived for the case of ripples on dunes. The distributions show that during constant water discharge individual measured rates at a fixed point vary from near zero to four times the mean rate, and 60 percent of the sampled rates will be less than the mean. Because of the large variation in transport rates that occurs at every location in the cross section, many observations are required to establish an accurate estimate of the mean rate at any given location.
TOXIC EFFECTS OF PETROLEUM AND SHALE JP‐4 AND JP‐8 AVIATION FUELS ON FATHEAD MINNOWS1
Authors: Fisher J. W. , Hunt T. P. , Putnam M. E. , Livingston M. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Static 96‐hour median lethal concentrations were determined for the water‐soluble fraction (WSF) of both petroleum‐derived and shale‐derived avaiation fuels (JP‐4 and JP‐8) using fathead minnows. JP‐8 was more toxic than JP‐4 except for one shale JP‐4 sample that was as toxic as the JP‐8. Petroleum and shale JP‐8 were similar in toxicity. The toxicity of shale JP‐4 was less clear. Shale JP‐4 from three vendor sources revealed differing toxicity values. One shale JP‐4 sample was more toxic and one less toxic than its petroleum analogue, with the third being equally toxic. Toxicity of the fuels may be enhanced by compounds in the WSF that correspond to chemicals containing 10 or more carbon atoms.
COST EFFECTIVE OPERATION OF URBAN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM USING DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING1
Authors: Sabet Mohammed Hossein , Helweg Otto J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Efficient operation of a city water supply system is an important goal of all municipalities. Efficient operation should result in minimum operation cost through reduction in total energy use and/ or reduction in on‐peak energy consumption. An optimization model was designed for operating the water supply systems of cities using groundwater. The Newton‐Raphson pipe network was used for network analysis and a dynamic programming optimization algorithm was used for determining a schedule for pump operation in the pipe network system. The model is most suitable for use in small cities with up to 45,000 in population, but with large‐scale disintegration techniques may also be used for larger cities. The savings in operation costs are a function of energy cost and energy use pattern and water use pattern in the area.
HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING CENTER PLANNING MODELS1
Authors: Ford David T. , Davis Darryl W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has broad, nationwide water resources planning and management responsibilities. In response to the needs of Corps professionals, the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) has developed and supports a family of computer programs designed to aid them in their work. These programs include catchment, channel, alluvial, and statistical process models, system operation models, plan evaluation models, and data management programs. These models individually and collectively have been used throughout the Corps in a wide range of water resources planning studies.
DINOSAUR NATIONAL MONUMENT: THE EVOLUTION OF A FEDERAL RESERVED WATER RIGHT1
Authors: Bassin N. Jay
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Dinosaur National Monument, in northwestern Colorado, has become a test case in the establishment of a federal reserved water right to instream flows. For the first time, the Interior Department was forced to rigorously defend its claims in a watershed where the federal government did not control the upstream reaches. Inadequate quantification of minimum flow requirements, court orders, and an apparent Congressional ban on the spending of Water Resources Program funds by the Park Service to quantify its water rights have already placed the Service in a difficult position to protect instream flows for maintaining the ecological integrity of the Monument. As late as 1983, administrators of the Park Service were divided over their legal strategy, many wanting to pursue a policy of claiming “natural, historic” flows rather than “minimum” flows. The conditional right to instream flows panted to the Park Service in 1978 was subject to quantification within five years. That deadline has been extended, but it is not likely that the case will reach final settlement this decade. Until the design and conduct of federal water rights quantifications better integrate public policy and law with science, the principle lesson from Dinosaur may have to be repeated.
NEBRASKA'S SANDHILLS LAKES: A HYDROGEOLOGIC OVERVIEW1
Authors: Ginsberg Marilyn
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Lakes, marshes and wet meadows occur in the broad, flat, interdune valleys of the Nebraska Sandhills, a vegetation‐stabilized dune field underlain by sediments containing an enormous supply of groundwater. Hydrologic, geologic and possibly climatologic factors influence the chemical quality of lake water. Central and eastern lakes generally are in connection with the groundwater reservoir. The hydrologic nature of western lakes and the cause of their high alkalinity is not fully understood. Lakes in close proximity may vary in both their chemical characteristics and in the degree to which they change in size and depth over time. Climatic, hydrogeologic and natural lake‐aging processes of accumulation of organics appear to be primarily responsible for lake‐size variations.
STATISTICAL IDENTIFICATION OF STORAGE MODELS WITH APPLICATION TO STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Ozaki Tohru
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a method for the statistical identification of storage models for daily riverflow time series, together with numerical results. The first step in the identification process is to obtain a discrete time version of a storage model using a local linearization approach. It is shown that the discrete time version thus obtained may be utilized in the identification of the original storage model. A statistical method for the identification of daily rainfall time series models used in simulation is also presented. This identification procedure employs the maximum likelihood method for point process data analysis and is illustrated by means of numerical examples.
AN EMPIRICAL RELATION BETWEEN VOLUME AND PEAK OF DIRECT RUNOFF1
Authors: Singh Vijay P. , Aminian Hossein
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A linear two‐parameter relation in log space between volume and peak of direct runoff was established and verified on 134 basins in the United States, Australia, Greece and Italy. The intercept of this log relation was found to be strongly correlated with such basic characteristics as drainage area, channel slope and channel length; more than 86 percent of variance was explained. The log volume‐log peak relation can be used to explain linearity or nonlinearity of drainage basins, estimate peak discharge from data‐scarce basins, identify hydrologically similar or dissimilar basins, estimate sediment yield from upland areas, and construct unit hydrographs and unit sediment graphs for ungaged basins.
ESTABLISHING STATISTICAL DESIGN CRITERIA FOR WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEMS: REVIEW AND SYNTHESIS1
Authors: Ward Robert C. , Loftis Jim C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Regulatory water quality management has placed fairly extensive information expectations on routine, fixed‐station monitoring without a corresponding emphasis being placed on the need to design monitoring systems to meet these expectations. To correct the situation there is increasing interest in developing more quantitative monitoring system design procedures which incorporate the statistical nature of sampling. In examining the development of such quantitative criteria, this paper describes the roles of statistics in a systematic approach to monitoring ‐ initial design and routine reporting of results ‐ and reviews the use of statistics in each. The paper emphasizes the need to tie the two together, via statistical design criteria, in order for the identified information expectations to be met in a statistically sound manner. However, the use of statistics in water quality monitoring is noted as currently being as much an art as it is a science.
DIGITIZATION OF ARC‐SHAPED TIME‐LINE EVENT RECORDING CHART: A COMPUTER ALGORITHM1
Authors: Liu C. J. , Albright R. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A mechanical drum‐type data logger registers data on a recording chart in graphic form. Subsequent computer analysis requires that the data be transformed into digital form. Besides the traditional manual chart‐interpretation techniques, electronic digitization can be used for data transformation. Our paper reports an algorithm for rectilinear digitization of event‐recording charts whose time lines are inherently arc shaped. Using this algorithm, we obtained accurate data transformations from repeated tests of digitizing hydrographic charts at the Watershed Laboratory, Department of Forestry, University of Kentucky. Our experience has shown that ‐ in terms of speed and accuracy ‐ this computer‐based procedure is superior to available alternative procedures.
MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF POLICY‐RELEVANT SCIENCE: LESSONS FROM A WATER RESOURCE PROJECT1
Authors: Lamb Berton L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water resource scientists face complex tasks in evaluating aspects of water projects, but relatively few assessment procedures have been applied and accepted as standard applications. Decision‐makers often rely on environmental assessments to evaluate the value and operation of projects. There is often confusion about scientists' role in policy decisions. The scientist can affect policy‐making as an expert withess, an advocate or a surrogate. By understanding the policy process, scientists can make their work more “policy relevant.” Using the Terror Lake hydro project in Alaska as a guide, three lessons are discussed: (1) not all problems are able to be solved with technology; (2) policy‐relevant technology is rarely imposed on a problem; and (3) the scientist need not just react to the policy process, but can have an impact on how that process unfolds.
THE CASE FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE TO HAZARDOUS MATERIALS1
Authors: Cairns John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Direct measurement of response thresholds of complex biological systems to toxic chemicals is now possible using microcosms and other simulation techniques. Extrapolation to no‐observable response using application factors and data from single species toxicity tests is less precise than direct measurements.
NUTRIENT LOADS TO WISCONSIN LAKES: PART II. RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF NUTRIENT SOURCES1
Authors: Clesceri Nicholas L. , Curran Sidney J. , Sedlak Richard I.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A comparison of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and nonpoint source nutrient loads to Wisconsin's 14,927 inland lakes was performed. Only 65 of the 2,925 Wisconsin lakes having surface areas of at least eight ha and a maximum depth of at least 2.4 m had one or more WWTP's located within 40 km upstream; 99 of Wisconsin's 477 WWTP's were identified to be upstream of these 65 lakes. WWTP total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads to these 65 lakes were estimated using per capita influent loads and removal efficiencies based on wastewater treatment types. Nonpoint source nutrient loads were calculated utilizing nutrient export coefficients derived specifically for Wisconsin. Total nitrogen inputs to the lakes were dominated by nonpoint sources. The effectiveness of various phosphorus control programs to produce water quality improvements visible to the public was estimated to be as follows (going from most to least effective): municipal phosphorus removal and agricultural reductions, municipal phosphorus removal alone, agricultural reduction plus phosphate detergent ban, agricultural reductions alone, and phosphate detergent ban alone. The last option would not be expected to produce water quality improvement visible to the public in any Wisconsin lakes. The differences between the distributions in Wisconsin of population and inland lakes highlights the need to consider regional characteristics in any statewide water quality management plan.
FOREST HARVESTING AND WATER: THE LAKE STATES EXPERIENCE1
Authors: Veny Elon S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:The impact of forests on water has‐been a subject of argument for more than a century. It still is; and many studies conform that there is no single right answer in the debate. In the Lake States, clearcutting natural peatlands will not change annual stream‐flow nor will it seriously impact water quality if logging is done on frozen soils. However, clearcutting will cause water tables to fluctuate more, ranging from 9 cm higher to 19 cm lower than in peatlands with mature forests. Clearcutting upland hardwoods or conifers will increase annual strearnflow by 9to20 cm (a 30‐to80‐percent increase). Streamfiow returns to preharvest levels in 12 to 15 years. Annual peak flows are at least doubled and snowmelt flood‐peak increases may persist for 15 years. Water quality is not widely impacted, but operating logging equipment in stream channels will cause channel clogging by filamentous algae and loss of fish habitat. Permanent changes from forest to agricultural and urban land use on two‐thirds or more of a watershed will significantly increase the size of flood peaks in the 2‐ to 30‐year return interval storm or snowmelt.
AN ASSESSMENT OF USES MADE OF A MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIR'
Authors: Napier Ted L. , Camboni Silvana M. , Goe W. Richard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Data were collected from residents of a rural community at two time periods to assess attitudes toward uses made of a reservoir which had been recently constructed in the area. The findings revealed that attitudes became significantly more favorable for flood control, water supply, and recreation uses of the reservoir. Attitudes toward fish and wildlife conservation use were not significantly different over time but these uses were perceived positively at both time periods. The data were also analyzed in the context of a vested interest perspective using cross‐sectional design. The findings demonstrated that the theoretical model used to guide the investigation was quite useful in predicting attitudes toward the four uses examined.
THE EFFECTS OF DEICING SALTS ON WATER CHEMISTRY IN PINHOOK BOG, INDIANA1
Authors: Wilcox Douglas A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A five‐year study was conducted to identify the effects of road salt intrusion on the water chemistry of Pinhook Bog following operation of an uncovered salt storage pile adjacent to the bog for ten years. A distinct pattern of elevated salt concentrations was observed in the interstitial waters of the surface peat that corresponded to observed alterations in the bog vegetation. Yearly mean salt concentrations as high as 468 mg/l sodium and 1215 mg/l chloride were recorded in the plant root zone of the peat mat. The salt concentrations decreased significantly each year from 1979 to 1981 throughout the impacted area. Some increases of a lesser magnitude occurred in 1982 and 1983. Analysis of salt movements suggested that vertical transport by water movement was responsible for concentration changes. The major declines in salt levels occurred in the spring following snowmelt and heavy precipitation events. Evapotranspiration during periods of drought resulted in the gradual increases in surface peat salt concentrations. Diverted highway runoff was shown to be the major continuing source of sodium chloride contamination and was the likely source of the elevated calcium, magnesium, potassium, bicarbonate, and pH levels also observed in the impacted area.
APPLICATION OF A LOW‐FLOW ASSESSMENT MODEL FOR THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Rhue Leila G. , Small Mitchell J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The application of a low‐flow assessment model is illustrated for the Monogahela River Basin. The model simulates the impact of reservoir operating rules and consumptive use limitation policies on low‐flow frequency at downstream locations in the basin. Policies are evaluated using an observed flow sequence and synthetic flow inputs. The paper reviews the historical development of flow management on the Monogahela to provide background for the current study.
ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF ON‐FARM WATER MANAGEMENT PROJECTS1
Authors: Sampath Rajan K. , Sparling Edward W. , Young Robert A. , Nobe Kenneth C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the last three decades, developing countries have invested enormous amounts of resources (running into billions of dollars) in the development of large surface irrigation systems. Investment funds were largely spent on the development of the main systems such as dams, canals and distributaries. Very little attention and resources have been spent on the development of below‐the‐outlet subsystems, in spite of very low levels of water use efficiency due to lack of proper land leveling, high water losses in field channels, and skewed distribution of available water among farmers served by individual water courses. This state of affairs has resulted in a lack of confidence on the part of most farmers in the reliability of surface irrigation systems to deliver water on time and in adequate quantities which, in turn, has resulted in farmers using below optimum levels of all other complementary inputs except labor. Realizing the importance of improving water use efficiency, both the domestic governments and donor agencies are increasingly paying serious attention to these problems. On‐Farm Water Management (OFWM) as a strategy to improve water use efficiency and consequently agricultural production in many developing countries has been currently receiving very wide and vigorous consideration among economists, water management experts, policymakers, and donor agencies. A judicious use of the newly allocated funds of OFWM projects obviously needs proper evaluation procedures so that money could be allocated for the most deserving purposes and projects. In particular, recently, private profitability calculations due to public investments in OFWM activities have received attention from economists and decision makers in developing countries’governments and in donor agencies are very much interested in knowing the impacts of their investments in OFWM activities on farmers’income and welfare. However, the evaluation procedures commonly used in empirical studies, using a production function approach, seem to be at variance and sometimes inconsistent with proper comparative‐static procedures. Thus, the primary objective of this paper is to develop consistent procedures for evaluating the impacts created by OFWM investments on farmers’income and resource use. In this context, the paper examines the critical relationship between the market price of the agricultural output and production function parameters which are affected by the OFWM investments.
TWO‐DIMENSIONAL DAM‐BREAK FLOOD‐FLOW ANALYSIS FOR ORANGE COUNTY RESERVOIR1
Authors: Hromadka Ted V. , Durbin Timothy J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A two‐dimensional dam‐break model was used to predict the inundated area on an alluvial fan downslope from the Orange County Reservoir. The model is based upon a diffusion form of the continuity and momentum equations for long waves in shallow water, and the governing equation is solved by an explicit numerical scheme. In a comparison with a one‐dimensional model, the two‐dimensional model predicts a wider inundated area.
FLUVIAL PROCESSES AND MORPHOLOGICAL THRESHOLDS IN INCISED CHANNEL RESTORATION1
Authors: Harvey Michael D. , Watson Chester C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Incised channels are those in which an imbalance between sediment transport capacity and sediment supply has led to degradation of their beds. This is a frequent response to stream channelization, changes in land use, or lowering of base level. If the degradation causes a critical bank‐height threshold to be exceeded, which is dependent on the geotechnical properties of the bank materials, then bank failure and channel widening follow. Interdependent adjustments of channel slope and cross‐sectional area occur until a new state of dynamic equilibrium with the imposed discharge and sediment load is attained. These geomorphic adjustments can be described and quantified by using location‐for‐time substitution and a model of channel evolution can be formulated. Three approaches to rehabilitation of the degraded channels are possible; geomorphic, engineering and rational. The rational approach, which integrates elements of both the engineering and geomorphic approaches, is based on the channel evolution model, and it generally involves control of grade, control of discharge, or a combination of both.
TRICKLE IRRIGATION OF WHEAT APPLYING RENOVATED WASTEWATER1
Authors: Oron Gideon , DeMalach Joel , Bearman Jacob E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A preliminary field experiment was conducted for trickle irrigation of winter wheat raised for grain production under arid conditions. Treated waste water was applied for trickle irrigation via a trickle system. Mean total amount of effluent applied was about 5700 m3/ha. In one of the experimental treatments, which was irrigated once a week, a grain yield of over 10,000 kg/ha was obtained, whereas in the other treatments the yields were about 8,500 kg/ha, which are above the mean yield obtained under sprinkler irrigation.
BASIN WATER MONITORING: HYDROLOGIC IMPACT OR LEGAL COMPLIANCE1
Authors: Duckson Don W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (PL 95–87) requires data collection prior to mining which will allow a determination to be made of the probable hydrologic consequences. Modeling strategies exist which allow for such determination, but selection of a specific model form will dictate the length of data record needed. The absence of a sound management strategy by the regulatory authority in‘Maryland does not result in valid data collection and suggests that the agency is concerned more with legal compliance than with integrated resource management.
EFFECT OF CATCHMENT SIZE ON PHOSPHORUS EXPORT1
Authors: T.‐Prairie Yves , Kalff Jacob
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: We tested the common assumption, made when expressing phosphorus export on an areal basis, that this export is a linear function of catchment area and found it wanting. The data show that in agricultural catchments, TP (total phosphorus) export varies as the 0.77 power of drainage basin area, resulting in a reduction in phosphorus delivery per unit area with increasing catchment size. Following further division of catchments according to agricultural practice, we found that this spatial scale effect is restricted to row crops and pastures. We present simple statistical models to allow a comparison of TP export from catchments of different size. Such models are not needed for nonrow crops, mixed agricultural and forested catchments, where TP export is a linear function of catchment size.
POLLUTANTS ASSOCIATED WITH SAND AND SALT APPLIED TO ROADS IN MINNESOTA1
Authors: Oberts Gary L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The component of snowmelt pollutant washoff due to sand and salt application to roadways in Minnesota is simulated. Laboratory methods are used to extract various pollutants from sand‐salt mixtures commonly used in the Minneapolis‐St. Paul Metropolitan Area of Minnesota for keeping winter road conditions safe. Values derived in the laboratory are compared with actual snowmelt runoff values to estimate the contribution of materials application. High concentrations of solids, phosphorus, lead and zinc in snowmelt from road surfaces axe due in part to sand and salt spread to improve winter driving conditions. The source of the sand and salt appears to be influential in determining the pollutant levels. Judicious use and careful application of materials can reduce the increment of pollution due to anti‐skid sand and salt applied to road surfaces.
IMPACTS OF WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT ON SITE VISITATION: A PROBABILISTIC MODELING APPROACH1
Authors: Ribaudo Marc O. , Young C. Edwin , Shortle James S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The influence of perceptions of water quality on the likelihood of recreating at a particular recreation site is investigated using a logit model. The model is estimated for St. Albans Bay, Vermont. A hypothetical improvement in water quality was shown to greatly increase the probability of at least one visit to the bay during a season. This implies that many recreationists who do not use the bay at present will do so if water quality improves. A demand model for predicting site visitation must, therefore, include current nonusers in the sample. Failure to do so would result in misleading predictions about future demand for the bay.
RED ALDER LEAF LITTER AND STREAMWATER QUALITY IN WESTERN OREGON1
Authors: Taylor R. Lynn , Adams Paul W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Streamside red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) stands are common in western Oregon, and they have been suspected of causing water quality problems in domestic supplies during autumn leaf fall. Studies in the Seaside municipal watershed showed potential water quality effects (particularly increased color) from alder leaves, but stream sampling during 1981–82 revealed no chronic problems. The few observed short‐term increases in water color occurred near the onset of storm flows, which suggested a flushing of organic matter storage sites. An extended period of unusually low flows and high leaf fall are probably necessary to produce significant water quality problems in this stream system. Laboratory leaching of alder leaves in filtered stream water indicated a fairly constant release of colored organic matter over time, and running water leached this matter more efficiently than still water. Water color increased linearly with increasing leaf mass added to still water, and for a given leaf mass there appeared to be a limit to the amount of colored matter that could be removed in the first 48 hours of leaching. Other laboratory tests showed that ultraviolet absorbance (254 mm) may provide a reasonable estimate of dissolved organic carbon concentrations in systems dominated by alder leaf inputs.
A COMPUTERIZED DATA BASE FOR FLOOD PREDICTION MODELING1
Authors: Hill J. M. , Singh V. P. , Aminian H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A computerized geographic information system (GIS) was created in support of data requirements by a hydrologic model designed to predict the runoff hydrograph from ungaged basins. Some geomorphologic characteristics (i.e., channel lengths) were manually measured from topographic maps, while other parameters such as drainage area and number of channels of a specified order, land use, and soil type were digitized and manipulated through use of the GIS. The model required the generation of an integrated Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number for the entire basin. To this end, soil associations and land use (generated from analysis of Landsat satellite data) were merged in the GIS to acquire a map representing SCS runoff curve numbers. The volume of runoff obtained from the Watershed Hydrology Simulation (WAHS) Model using this map was compared to the volume computed by hydrograph separation and found to be accurate within 19 percent error. To quantify the effect of changing land use on basin hydrology, the GIS was used to vary percentages from the drainage area from forest to bare soil. By changing the basin runoff curve numbers, significant changes in peak discharge were noted; however, the time to peak discharge remained essentially independent of change in area of land use. The GIS capability eliminated many of the more traditional manual phases of data input arid manipulation, thereby allowing researchers to concentrate on the development and calibration of the model and the interpretation of presumably more accurate results.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF WATER QUALITY AND FISH OCCURRENCE TO SOILS AND GEOLOGY IN AN AREA OF HIGH HYDROGEN AND SULFATE ION DEPOSITION1
Authors: Sharpe William E. , Leibfried Victoria G. , Kimmel William G. , DeWalle David R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A survey of 61 headwater streams and their watersheds on Pennsylvania's Laurel Hill, an area of high hydrogen ion and sulfate deposition, was conducted in May and June 1983. Trout were absent from 12 or 20 percent of the streams. No fish were present in 10 streams. Thirty‐three streams appeared to contain viable trout populations, 10 streams had other interferring cultural impacts and 6 streams had nonviable trout populations. Significant differences in water quality were noted among streams with and without fish. The streams having no fish as a group had significantly lower pH and alkalinity and higher dissolved aluminum than those with fish. Attempts were made to correlate soil type and geology with the presence or absence of trout. Watersheds with a major percentage of very stony land soil classifications always contained no trout or were culturally impacted. On the other hand, watersheds with a major percentage of Upshur (limestone derived) soils always supported trout. Watersheds with more than 30 percent Pocono Group bedrock supported trout in every case but two, while in every case but one, watersheds with more than 30 percent Pottsville Group bedrock did not support trout. Acid runoff episode data indicate severe transient acidification attributable to atmospheric deposition. It appears that a combination of very stony land, 30 percent Pottsville Group bedrock and high deposition of hydrogen ions and sulfate may result in transient acidification and absence of fish populations from headwater streams on Pennsylvania's Laurel Hill.
TRANSPORT OF ROAD‐SURFACE SEDIMENT THROUGH EPHEMERAL STREAM CHANNELS1
Authors: Duncan S. H. , Bilby R. E. , Ward J. W. , Heffner J. T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Since the majority of road drainage points in western Washington and Oregon enter small, often ephemeral streams rather than large, fish‐bearing waters, impact of road‐surface sediment on biota in permanent streams depends, to a large extent, on transport through these small watercourses. A series of experimental additions of road‐surface sediment was made to two ephemeral streams to examine the downstream transport of this material as a function of discharge and channel characteristics. These small streams were found to store large amounts of sediment washed from road surface. In no instance did either stream transport more than 45 percent of the added material to their mouths, distances of 95 and 125 m. Larger‐sized sediment particles were delivered at a lower rate than finer material. Added sediment <0.063 mm in size was transported efficiently through the systems at all but the lowest flows tested. Material between 0.5 and 0.063 mm and from 2.0 to 0.5 mm in size were retained at progressively higher rates, with sediment in the coarser size category never exceeding a delivery of 10 percent of the added material. There were significant differences in the transport of sediment in the two larger size categories between the two streams. These differences were due to a much greater amount of woody debris in the stream with the lower delivery rates, which acted to trap and hold sediment, as well as a slightly longer and less steep channel.
OPTIMAL WATER ALLOCATION IN THE LAKES BASIN OF NICARAGUA1
Authors: Huete Claudia Gutiērrez
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The water resources of Nicaragua are largely undeveloped and distributed unequally throughout the nation. In addition, there is a significant geographical imbalance between the abundant water supply in the Atlantic Basin and the less abundant supply in the Pacific Basin which accounts for most of the water demand. The Lakes Basin, comprising Lakes Managua and Nicaragua, could be manipulated to solve the imbalance. Specifically, this paper presents a scheme to transfer water from Lake Nicaragua to Lake Managua and, subsequently, direct water from each lake for irrigation and hydroelectric generation. The scheme has been designed to maximize economic benefits and requires environmental impact analysis.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES FOR AGRICULTURAL AND SILVICULTURAL NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL IN CALIFORNIA AND WISCONSIN1
Authors: Spangenberg N. Earl
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In the absence of detailed outlines such as those characteristic of the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System permit program, Nonpoint source pollution control is being initiated in a variety of ways in different states. In California, Regional Water Quality Control Boards play a strong enforcement role in point source control, but agricultural Nonpoint source needs are still being evaluated. Tentative approval of State Board of Forestry Forest Practice Rules by the State Water Resources Control Board has the potential of bringing Nonpoint control to all State and private forestry operations in the state. Wisconsin had developed an agricultural Nonpoint control program which emphasizes a state‐wide policy of selecting priority watersheds under the administration of the state Department of Natural Resources, and developing implementation programs under the guidance of local county Land Conservation Committees. The Priority Watershed program institutes BMP's with cost‐share funds authorized by the legislature. Wisconsin had not seen a problem in silvicultural activities, and has developed no statewide control program in that area. Common to effective land use control in both states is a state‐level policy implemented by agencies within the state. This pattern may be the model for successful programs as development of areawide management strategies continue.
A FLOOD DAMAGE MODEL FOR FLOOD PLAIN STUDIES1
Authors: El‐Jabi Nassir , Rousselle Jean
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Hydrologic and economic information must be integrated in flood plain management. This study describes an integrated approach which includes consideration of the hydrologic, hydrodynamic, physical, and economic components of the total system. On the basis of these components, a theoretical model is proposed which provides a rational procedure for estimating flood damages from projections of economic development within an area. The utility of the model is demonstrated by applying it to a flood‐prone region in Southern Quebec, Canada.
WATER QUALITY BENEATH URBAN RUNOFF WATER MANAGEMENT BASINS1
Authors: Nightingale Harry I.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The chemical impact of urban runoff water on water quality beneath five retention/recharge basins was investigated as part of the US EPA's Nationwide Urban Runoff Program in Fresno, California. Soil water percolating through alluvium soils and the ground water at the top of the water table were sampled with ceramic/Teflon vacuum water extractors at depths up to 26 m during the two‐year investigation.

Inorganic and organic pollutants are present in the runoff water delivered to the basins. No significant contamination of percolating soil water or ground water underlying any of the five retention/recharge basins has occurred for constituents monitored in the study. The oldest basins was constructed in 1962. The concentration of selected trace elements in the ground water samples was similar to the levels reported in the regional ground water. None of the pesticides or other organic priority pollutants, for which water samples were analyzed, was s̊ detected except diazinon which was found in trace amounts (0.3 μg/L or less) in only three soil water samples. These results are important to the continued conservation of storm water and the development of a best management practice for storm‐water management using retention/recharge basins in a semi‐arid climate.
ALLOCATION MODEL FOR IRRIGATION WATER COST: CASE STUDY OF THE NILE VALLEY IN EGYPT1
Authors: Allam Mohamed Nasr
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An allocation model for irrigation water cost, based on the Use of Facilities method, is presented. The model is developed for large‐scale irrigation systems which may include multipurpose reservoirs, irrigation control works, pump stations and irrigation canals of various orders. The model accounts for the water conveyance losses as well as the water gains in the irrigation canals, and their effects on irrigation cost. It is applied to the irrigation distribution system of the Nile Valley in Egypt, which contains the High Aswan Dam, 16 irrigation structures, 12 pump stations, and numerous irrigation canals. The irrigation water cost at 29 areas representing the Nile Valley is determined.
LAKE LOADING RATIOS (N:P) AND LACUSTRINE NITROGEN FiXATION?
Authors: Toetz Dale , McFarland Mel
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Data from seven diverse lakes with reasonably complete nutrient budgets and estimates of annual areal nitrogen fixation (AANF) were used to evaluate the proposition that nitrogen fixation (NF) declines as the ratio TN:TP in lake loadings increases. The results do not support the conclusion that the rate of AANF in lakes is related to the N:P ratio in externally generated influents, although low N:P nutrient loading ratios often favor blue‐green algae capable of NF.