bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmentally Stable Polymer Gels with Super Deformability and High Recoverability Enhanced by Sub‐5 nm Particles in the Nonvolatile Solvent
Authors: Wang Qiao , Li Lefan , Li Zongjin , Guo Siyao , Sun Guoxing
Published: April 2019

It remains challenging to satisfy the combined performances for hydrogels with excellent mechanical behavior, high deformability, and super recoverability under harsh environmental conditions. In this study, we first established a strong polymer network via the crosslinking of polymer chains on the surfaces of sub‐5‐nm calcium hydroxide nanospherulites in ethylene glycol solvent. The organic gel expressed excellent mechanical properties such as a recoverable compressive engineering stress of 249 MPa and an elongation stress of 402 KPa, which was attributed to the uniform nanosized crosslinking structure as characterized by SEM. Moreover, the nonvolatile solvent remained in the gel, meaning that the sample can resist a wide temperature range of −56 to 100 °C without losing the elastic properties. This novel organic gel could provide promising routes to develop the ideal elastic carriers for wearable devices, smart skin sensors, and damping materials. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2019, 57, 713–721
Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of (E)‐Methyl 2‐(2‐((1‐cyano‐2‐hydrocarbylidenehydrazinyl)methyl)phenyl)‐2‐(methoxyimino)acetates
Authors: Jia Changqing , Yuan Xiaoyong , Liu Xuelian , Zhang Li , Xiao Yumei , Fu Bin , Li Jia‐Qi , Qin Zhaohai
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Strobilurin fungicides are some of the most potent and successful agrochemicals. However, continued use of traditional strobilurins has led to the emergence of fungicide‐resistant biotypes. Thus, a supply of new strobilurin fungicides is highly valuable. In this study, a series of novel methoxyacrylate analogs containing a cyano‐substituted hydrazine moiety as the side chain was synthesized and evaluated for their anti‐plant pathogenic activities.

RESULTS

Compounds 2‐04, 2‐05, 2‐07 and 2‐14 exhibited a relatively broad range of fungicidal activity. Compounds 2‐04, 2‐13 and 2‐14 exhibited good fungicidal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum with median effective concentrations (EC50) of 3.84, 3.50 and 3.80 μg mL−1, respectively. Most of these compounds showed excellent inhibition of spore germination in Magnaporthe grisea at 25 μg mL−1. Moreover, in an in vivo test, compounds 2‐02, 2‐04, 2‐07 and 2‐13 exhibited potent fungicidal activities against the tested plant diseases at 400 μg mL−1. Notably, compound 2‐07 showed comparable or better activity than the commercially positive controls, azoxystrobin and procloraz, against powdery mildew of cucumber and rice blast fungus in the field trails at the same application dosages.

CONCLUSON

This study indicated that methoxyacrylate analogs containing a cyano‐substituted hydrazone side chain can serve as potential fungicidal candidates for crop protection. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Laboratory and field evaluation of the aphidicidal activity of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) leaf extract and identification of the active components
Authors: Gao Quan , Shi Yanhong , Liao Min , Xiao Jinjing , Li Xiuxia , Zhou Lijun , Liu Chengwu , Liu Peng , Cao Haiqun
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Botanical pesticides increasingly play important roles in the control of agricultural pests. In this study, the aphidicidal effect of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) extract against mustard aphid was confirmed, the main active compounds identified, and aphidicidal mechanism of the most active compound established.

RESULTS

When the treatment concentration was 10.0 g L−1, the corrected mortality of bamboo leaf extract (BE) was 53.22 ± 5.20% and the petroleum ether component of bamboo leaf extract (PE) reached 82.76 ± 4.50%, which also showed a synergistic effect with imidacloprid. Four flavonoids were identified as the main active components in the BE via activity tracking and phytochemical method. Isoorientin had an LC50of 313.22 mg L−1, and affected the activities of acetylcholinesterase and peroxidase significantly, revealing the possible aphidicidal mechanism. When the treatment of 11.1% PE·imidacloprid was 200 mL, the control effect was 99.07%, which was better than that observed with 10% of imidacloprid or 0.5% of matrine.

CONCLUSIONS

These data provide a better understanding of the aphidicidal activity and aphidicidal mechanism of moso bamboo leaf extract and the most active compound, isoorientin. This will help in developing a more effective botanical aphicide. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Metabolic benefits of curcumin supplementation in patients with metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Azhdari Maryam , Karandish Majid , Mansoori Anahita
Published: April 2019

The finding of studies on the effect of curcumin extract on metabolic factor in patients with metabolic syndrome has had arguable results. This systematic review with meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCT) aimed to analyze the effect of curcumin/turmeric on metabolic factors in patients with metabolic syndrome. The PICO strategy was used to establish the guiding question of this review. Several databases for RCT were searched until September 2018. Of the 144 articles initially identified, seven trials met the eligibility criteria. A random‐effects model with a mean weight difference (WMD) and a 95% confidence interval was performed for quantitative data synthesis. Pooled estimates of WMD were calculated between intervention and control groups using random‐effects model in the presence of high level of heterogeneity between the studies. The results showed significant improvement of fasting blood glucose (p = 0.01), triglycerides (p < 0.001), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.003), and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.007) levels. Curcumin was not associated with a significant change in waist circumference measurement (p = 0.6) and systolic blood pressure level (p = 0.269). Curcumin supplementation improves some components of metabolic syndrome.
Understanding the vertical structure of potential vorticity in tropical depressions
Authors: Murthy Varun S. , Boos William R.
Published: April 2019

Potential vorticity (PV) has been used to understand the intensification and motion of a variety of tropical vortices. Here, atmospheric reanalyses and idealized models are used to understand how the vertical structures of moist convective heating and adiabatic advection jointly shape the vertical structures of PV in tropical depressions. Observationally based estimates reveal a top‐heavy PV structure in tropical depressions, contrasting with bottom‐heavy structures of absolute vorticity and diabatic PV generation. These distinct vertical structures are reproduced in an axisymmetric model which employs the weak temperature gradient approximation for conceptual simplicity and is forced by stratiform and deep convective heating. When applied in isolation, the stratiform and deep convective heatings produce PV maxima at 500 hPa and near the surface, respectively. When these two heatings are applied simultaneously, interactions between the stratiform and deep convective modes enhance the adiabatic advective tendencies produced by the transverse circulation, making the PV distribution more top‐heavy. In the lower and middle troposphere, radial advection also greatly reduces the radius of the PV structure relative to that of the imposed heating, consistent with structures in observed tropical depressions; the implications of these differences in radial structures for using the flux form of the relevant conservation equations (e.g. for PV substance or absolute vorticity) are discussed.
Estimation of average treatment effects among multiple treatment groups by using an ensemble approach
Authors: Yan Xiaofang , Abdia Younathan , Datta Somnath , Kulasekera K. B. , Ugiliweneza Beatrice , Boakye Maxwell , Kong Maiying
Published: April 2019

In observational studies, generalized propensity score (GPS)–based statistical methods, such as inverse probability weighting (IPW) and doubly robust (DR) method, have been proposed to estimate the average treatment effect (ATE) among multiple treatment groups. In this article, we investigate the GPS‐based statistical methods to estimate treatment effects from two aspects. The first aspect of our investigation is to obtain an optimal GPS estimation method among four competing GPS estimation methods by using a rank aggregation approach. We further examine whether the optimal GPS‐based IPW and DR methods would improve the performance for estimating ATE. It is well known that the DR method is consistent if either the GPS or the outcome models are correctly specified. The second aspect of our investigation is to examine whether the DR method could be improved if we ensemble outcome models. To that end, bootstrap method and rank aggregation method are used to obtain the ensemble optimal outcome model from several competing outcome models, and the resulting outcome model is incorporated into the DR method, resulting in an ensemble DR (enDR) method. Extensive simulation results indicate that the enDR method provides the best performance in estimating the ATE regardless of the method used for estimating GPS. We illustrate our methods using the MarketScan healthcare insurance claims database to examine the treatment effects among three different bones and substitutes used for spinal fusion surgeries. We draw conclusions based on the estimates from the enDR method coupled with the optimal GPS estimation method.
Laser‐Ignited Relay‐Domino‐Like Reactions in Graphene Oxide/CL‐20 Films for High‐Temperature Pulse Preparation of Bi‐Layered Photothermal Membranes
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Huang Bing , Li Rui , Zhang Hong‐ping , Qin Wenzhi , Qiao Zhiqiang , Liu Yousong , Yang Guangcheng
Published: April 2019

Light‐ignited combustions have been proposed for a variety of industrial and scientific applications. They suffer, however, from ultrahigh light ignition thresholds and poor self‐propagating combustion of typical high‐energy density materials, e.g., 2,4,6,8,10,12‐(hexanitrohexaaza)cyclododecane (CL‐20). Here, reported is that both light ignition and combustion performance of CL‐20 are greatly enhanced by embedding ε‐CL‐20 particles in a graphene oxide (GO) matrix. The GO matrix yields a drastic temperature rise that is sufficient to trigger the combustion of GO/CL‐20 under low laser irradiation (35.6 mJ) with only 6 wt% of GO. The domino‐like reduction‐combustion of the GO matrix can serve as a relay and deliver the decomposition‐combustion of CL‐20 to its neighbor sites, forming a relay‐domino‐like reaction. In particular, a synergistic reaction between GO and CL‐20 occurrs, facilitating more energy release of the GO/CL‐20 composite. The novel relay‐domino‐like reaction coupled with the synergistic reaction of CL‐20 and GO results in a deflagration of the material, which generates a high‐temperature pulse (HTP) that can be guided to produce advanced functional materials. As a proof of concept, a bi‐layered photothermal membrane is prepared by HTP treatment in an extremely simple and fast way, which can serve as a model architecture for efficient interfacial water evaporation.
Ultrathin, Core–Shell Structured SiO2 Coated Mn2+‐Doped Perovskite Quantum Dots for Bright White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Tang Xiaosheng , Chen Weiwei , Liu Zhengzheng , Du Juan , Yao Zhiqiang , Huang Yi , Chen Cheng , Yang Zhaoqi , Shi Tongchao , Hu Wei , Zang Zhigang , Chen Yu , Leng Yuxin
Published: April 2019

All‐inorganic semiconductor perovskite quantum dots (QDs) with outstanding optoelectronic properties have already been extensively investigated and implemented in various applications. However, great challenges exist for the fabrication of nanodevices including toxicity, fast anion‐exchange reactions, and unsatisfactory stability. Here, the ultrathin, core–shell structured SiO2 coated Mn2+ doped CsPbX3 (X = Br, Cl) QDs are prepared via one facile reverse microemulsion method at room temperature. By incorporation of a multibranched capping ligand of trioctylphosphine oxide, it is found that the breakage of the CsPbMnX3 core QDs contributed from the hydrolysis of silane could be effectively blocked. The thickness of silica shell can be well‐controlled within 2 nm, which gives the CsPbMnX3@SiO2 QDs a high quantum yield of 50.5% and improves thermostability and water resistance. Moreover, the mixture of CsPbBr3 QDs with green emission and CsPbMnX3@SiO2 QDs with yellow emission presents no ion exchange effect and provides white light emission. As a result, a white light‐emitting diode (LED) is successfully prepared by the combination of a blue on‐chip LED device and the above perovskite mixture. The as‐prepared white LED displays a high luminous efficiency of 68.4 lm W−1 and a high color‐rendering index of Ra = 91, demonstrating their broad future applications in solid‐state lighting fields.
Effect of Solution Treatment on the Microstructure and Performance of S31254 Super Austenitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Cui Yishi , Qurashi Muhammad Saqlain , Wang Jian , Chen Tingting , Bai Jingang , Dong Nan , Zhang Caili , Han Peide
Published: April 2019

The second phases in the S31254 super austenitic stainless steel is easily precipitated, and the solution treatment plays an important role on the microstructure and performance. In this work, the solution treatment is performed on S31254 steel at 1180, 1200, and 1220 °C for 1, 2, and 4 h, respectively. Given the grain size and precipitation of second phase, the 1200 °C for 4 h or 1220 °C for 2 h may be suitable as the solid‐solution parameters. The corrosion resistance and impact toughness of the steel after solution treatment at 1200 °C are further investigated by means of microstructural analysis and electrochemical experiments. The sample after solution treatment for 4 h, where no second phase can be observed, exhibits a lower corrosion rate and a better mechanical properties, compared to that after annealed for 1 or 2 h. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Mott–Schottky, and XPS results indicate that the passive films of the samples, with a significantly decreased donor and acceptor densities and increased Cr2O3 and Mo‐riched oxides, may be responsible for the improvement of corrosion resistance. The impact toughness results show that the samples after solution treatment for 4 h has the highest impact energy among the studied samples.
From therapy to therapeutic: the continuum of trauma-informed care
Authors: O’Hara Claudia A.
Published: April 2019

On 1st July 2015, Out of Home Care (OOHC) services in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) joined together to form the ACT Together consortium and aimed to improve outcomes for children and young people who are unable to live with their birth families. Within the consortium, the Therapeutic Services Team (TST) steers the evolution of trauma-informed therapeutic practice, a key focus of which is the establishment of therapeutic care. Current research indicates that a holistic therapeutic approach has the greatest impact in supporting a young person to overcome adverse childhood experiences. This leads to the necessity of a therapeutic care system providing input across the whole domain of OOHC, including trauma-informed therapeutic carers. A common issue met by the TST is the lack of clarity regarding the difference between therapeutic intervention and therapy. This paper defines the concepts of therapy and therapeutic care, discusses how this forms a continuum which flows throughout the whole OOHC system and reflects on what support carers require to make the shift to becoming therapeutic carers, including outlining their role in underpinning better outcomes for the children and young people who pass through their doors.
Strength-based parenting and adolescents’ psychological outcomes: The role of mental toughness
Authors: Sağkal Ali Serdar , Özdemir Yalçın
Published: April 2019

The aim of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects (via mental toughness) of strength-based parenting on adolescents’ psychological distress and subjective happiness. Participants included 370 adolescents ( M = 15.86 years, SD = 0.50, range = 14–18 years, 51.6% girls) attending public high schools in Turkey. Participants completed a battery of questionnaires that included measures of strength-based parenting, mental toughness, psychological distress, and subjective happiness. Findings provided evidence of both direct as well as indirect effects (via mental toughness) of strength-based parenting on adolescents’ psychological outcomes. Specifically, results showed that strength-based parenting was negatively and directly related to psychological distress, and positively and directly related to subjective happiness. In addition, strength-based parenting was indirectly related to psychological distress and subjective happiness through mental toughness. The findings highlight the importance of strength-based parenting and mental toughness on psychological outcomes in adolescents.
Tectonic and climatic controls on Quaternary fluvial processes and river terrace formation in a Mediterranean setting, the Göksu River, southern Turkey
Authors: Avşin Nurcan , Vandenberghe Jef , van Balen Ronald , Kıyak Nafiye Güneç , Öztürk Tuğba
Published: April 2019

Climate and tectonics effect the fluvial evolution of the Mediterranean Mut basin. The basin contains a river terrace staircase of 16 levels (T16–T1) ranging from 365 to 10 m above the current Göksu River in its middle and lower sections. These river terraces records tectonic uplift in the Mut basin. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of the fluvial sediments of the youngest terrace (T16) provides a chronology for the assessment of the important impacts of climatic changes. The ages from the youngest river terrace deposits in T16 may be subdivided into two intervals: (1) 239–194.7 ka during the later part of Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 7, implying that the aggradation of T16 started in (the final phase of) this warm period; and (2) 187.9–171 ka during much of MIS 6. Thus, it appears that the Göksu River continued depositing sediment from an interglacial into a glacial time. The differences in climate-driven fluvial evolution between this Mediterranean fluvial system and the classical, well-studied temperate–periglacial river systems in Europe may be the result of different vegetation cover and greater thaw of more intense snowfalls.
Development of two-phase transfer zones during multiphase rifting and their influence on sedimentation in the Baxian Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, northern China
Authors: Ma Bingshan , Qi Jiafu , Ge Jiawang
Published: April 2019

We investigate the formation and deformation of transfer zones and their impact on sedimentation during multiphase rifting using a three-dimensional seismic dataset in the Baxian Sag, the onshore part of the Bohai Bay Basin, northern China. The fault system in the study area is dominated by two arcuate, opposing boundary faults, that is, the Niudong and Maxi faults, which form an S-type fault system which does not link together. The fault system and structural-stratigraphic features between the Eocene and Oligocene syn-rift sequences were distinctly different during the Palaeogene rifting. These differences allow us to identify the two-phase transfer zones: (1) a NW–SE-trending Eocene transfer zone linking the NW-tilted Baxian Block and the SE-tilted Raoyang Block , and (2) the N–S-trending Oligocene transfer zone forming along the central part of the S-type fault system between the two inward kinks, and linking S-tilted and N-tilted fault blocks. The two-phase transfer zones comprise transverse boundary fault segments and fault styles which are related to strike-slip motion. The strike-slip faults occurred in the sequence where the transfer zone formed. The transfer zones significantly influenced the syn-rift sediments, drainage catchments and reservoir properties during the periods when they formed, and the two-phase transfer zones represent favourable positions for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Eocene and Oligocene sequences, respectively.
The influence of dietary fatty acids on liver fat content and metabolism
Authors: Hodson Leanne , Rosqvist Fredrik , Parry Siôn A
Published: April 2019

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease encompasses a spectrum of conditions from hepatic steatosis through to cirrhosis; obesity is a known risk factor. The liver plays a major role in regulating fatty acid metabolism and perturbations in intrahepatic processes have potential to impact on metabolic health. It remains unclear why intra-hepatocellular fat starts to accumulate, but it likely involves an imbalance between fatty acid delivery to the liver, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation within the liver and TAG export from the liver. As man spends the majority of the day in a postprandial rather than postabsorptive state, dietary fatty acid intake should be taken into consideration when investigating why intra-hepatic fat starts to accumulate. This review will discuss the impact of the quantity and quality of dietary fatty acids on liver fat accumulation and metabolism, along with some of the potential mechanisms involved. Studies investigating the role of dietary fat in liver fat accumulation, although surprisingly limited, have clearly demonstrated that it is total energy intake, rather than fat intakeper se, that is a key mediator of liver fat content; hyperenergetic diets increase liver fat whilst hypoenergetic diets decrease liver fat content irrespective of total fat content. Moreover, there is now, albeit limited evidence emerging to suggest the composition of dietary fat may also play a role in liver fat accumulation, with diets enriched in saturated fat appearing to increase liver fat content to a greater extent when compared with diets enriched in unsaturated fats.
More than Mothers: Juries of Matrons and Pleas of the Belly in Medieval England
Authors: Butler Sara M.
Published: April 2019

Common law was an all-male system, with one glaring exception: juries of matrons. If a convicted felon requested a reprieve from execution on the grounds of pregnancy, it was the responsibility of a group of twelve matrons to perform an inspection in order to determine if she was in fact pregnant. Matrons were in a position of great authority. Their verdicts were definitive: if they decided a woman was pregnant, then she was sent back to prison. Despite the significance of their role, little is known about medieval matrons and what qualified them to sit on a jury. Were they mothers? Honorable wives? Midwives? The goal of this paper is to argue that matrons had training in obstetrics. This was particularly important for medieval matrons because the quickening (that is ensoulment, signaled by the first fetal movements) did not become the focal point of the matrons' assessment until at least 1348. Before this, the diagnosis was much more medically challenging as matrons had to determine whether a felon had conceived. Overall, the medieval records demonstrate great confidence in medieval matrons and their obstetrical expertise.
Contegra versus pulmonary homograft for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in newborns
Authors: Falchetti Alessandro , Demanet Hélène , Dessy Hugues , Melot Christian , Pierrakos Charalampos , Wauthy Pierre
Published: April 2019

Objectives:

Pulmonary homografts are standard alternatives to right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in congenital heart surgery. Unfortunately, shortage and conduit failure by early calcifications and shrinking are observed for small-sized homografts in younger patients. In neonates, Contegra® 12 mm (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America) could be a valuable alternative, but conflicting evidence exists. There is no published study considering only newborns with heterogeneous pathologies. We retrospectively compared the outcomes of these two conduits in this challenging population.

Methods:

Patients who underwent a right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction between January 1992 and December 2014 at the Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola were included. We retrospectively collected and analysed demographic, echocardiographic, surgical, and follow-up data.

Results:

Of the 53 newborns who benefited from a right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction during the considered period, 30 received a Contegra 12 mm (mean age 15 ± 8 days), and 23 a small (9–14 mm) pulmonary homograft (mean age 10 ± 7 days). Overall mortality was 16.6% with Contegra versus 17.4% in the pulmonary homograft group (p = 0.98 log-rank). Operative morbidity and early re-operation for conduit failure were not significantly different between the two groups. Mean follow-up in this study is 121 ± 74 months. Survival free from re-operation was not different between the two groups (p = 0.15). Multivariable analysis showed that weight and significant early gradient were factors associated with anticipated conduit failure.

Conclusions:

Contegra 12 mm is a valid alternative to small pulmonary homografts in a newborn patient population. Trial registration: NCT03348397.
Getting Your Ducks in a Row: The Case for More Inclusive Renegotiations inEU–Poultry Meat (China)
Authors: DEREMER DAVID R. , ORTINO FEDERICO
Published: April 2019

This paper critiques a Panel ruling that was permissive in allowing the EU to exclude China from the renegotiations of several tariff lines of poultry meat and the related allocation of new tariff-rate quotas (TRQs). The EU's basis for exclusion was that China lacked a principal or substantial supplying interest in the modified tariff lines. The Panel's ruling supported China for only two tariff lines in which China eventually served 50% of the EU market after certain SPS measures expired, on the narrow basis that this import increase should have been considered a special factor in the TRQ allocation. The paper argues that the Panel ruled too narrowly by disregarding China's broader claims for a principal or substantial supplying interest. An interpretation consistent with the object and purpose of the GATT supports utilizing a broader set of evidence in China's claim as a principal or substantial supplier for renegotiations of tariff schedules. Allowing nations to use TRQs to prevent emerging markets from achieving a substantial supplying interest is a significant obstacle to the WTO's purpose. The Panel's ruling will be important for future TRQ renegotiations, such as those that would be necessary under Brexit.
Wie reagiert das Gesundheitswesen auf gewichtige Anhaltspunkte für eine Kindeswohlgefährdung?
Authors: Berthold Oliver
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Aus der Dunkelfeldforschung wissen wir, wie häufig Kinder und Jugendliche von körperlicher und emotionaler Misshandlung und Vernachlässigung sowie von sexuellem Missbrauch betroffen sind. Fast alle diese Kinder werden mehr oder weniger regelmäßig von Fachkräften aus dem Gesundheitswesen gesehen – in Arztpraxen, Krankenhäusern, bei Physio- oder Ergotherapeuten, von Hebammen. Tragisch verlaufene Kinderschutzfälle zeigen in der Retrospektive auf, wie häufig entweder misshandlungsverdächtige Befunde nicht wahrgenommen wurden, nicht zu wirksamen Interventionen geführt haben oder die Kommunikation mehrerer Institutionen gefährliche Lücken offenbart hat. Dabei bestehen zahlreiche Angebote und Netzwerke, die es der Medizin ermöglichen, Verdachtsmomenten strukturiert zu begegnen um letztlich wirksame Interventionen anzustoßen. Anhand eines exemplarischen Falles wird gezeigt, wie erst die gute Zusammenarbeit zwischen Medizin und Jugendhilfe für betroffene Kinder einen sicheren Rahmen schaffen kann, um das hohe Wiederholungsrisiko von Kindeswohlgefährdungen zu reduzieren.
Kinderschutz aus der Perspektive des öffentlichen Jugendhilfeträgers am Beispiel des Jugendamtes Stuttgart
Authors: Heynen Susanne , Kiefl Barbara , Neudörfer Nadine , Reich Wulfhild
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Kinderschutz bleibt auch nach Jahren des Engagements gegen Kindesmisshandlung, Vernachlässigung, sexualisierte und häusliche Gewalt eine zentrale Aufgabe der Jugendhilfe. Wichtigen Aufgaben der Information, Beratung, Unterstützung von Familien, der Vermittlung von Hilfen zur Erziehung sowie des Kinderschutzes kommen den Jugendämtern in der Rolle des Allgemeinen Sozialen Dienstes zu. Damit diese ihre Aufgaben gut bewältigen können, sind sie auf eine gute Kooperation mit den Erziehungsberechtigten und anderen Institutionen der Jugendhilfe, dem Bildungs- und Gesundheitssystem, der Polizei und Gerichte angewiesen. In dem Beitrag wird ausgehend von der rechtlichen Entwicklung seit der Einführung des Sozialgesetzbuches Achtes Buch (SGB VIII, Kinder- und Jugendhilfegesetz) die Verbesserung des Kinderschutzes dargestellt. Am Beispiel des Jugendamtes der Landeshauptstadt Stuttgart wird die konkrete Praxis der Jugendhilfe in diesem Feld dargestellt. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf den Möglichkeiten der Schulen, Kinder, Jugendliche und ihre Familien im Alltag zu begleiten, den Kontakt zum Jugendamt herzustellen und im Falle einer Kindeswohlgefährdung zu kooperieren. Wichtige Voraussetzungen sind institutionenübergreifende Netzwerke, um vertrauensvoll, auch unabhängig vom Einzelfall, im Sinne betroffener Mädchen und Jungen zusammen zu wirken, sowie eine differenzierte Qualifikation im Kinderschutz.
Global Travel Time Data Set From Adaptive Empirical Wavelet Construction
Authors: Lai Hongyu , Garnero Edward J. , Grand Stephen P. , Porritt Robert W. , Becker Thorsten W.
Published: April 2019

We present a method for constructing the average waveform shape (hereafter called “empirical wavelet”) of seismic shear waves on an event‐by‐event basis for the purpose of constructing a high‐quality travel time data set with information about waveform quality and shape. A global data set was assembled from 360 earthquakes between 1994 and 2017. The empirical wavelet approach permits documentation of the degree of similarity of every observed wave with the empirical wavelet. We adapt the empirical wavelet to all pulse widths, thus identifying broadened (e.g., attenuated) pulses. Several measures of goodness of fit of the empirical wavelet to each record are documented, as well as signal‐to‐noise ratios, permitting users of the data set to employ flexible weighting schemes. We demonstrate the approach on transversely polarized SH waves and build a global travel time data set for the waves S, SS, SSS, Sdiff, ScS, and ScSScS. Onset arrival times of the waves were determined through a correlation scheme with best‐fitting empirical wavelets. Over 250,000 travel times were picked, from over 1.4 million records, all of which were human‐checked for accuracy via a Portable Document Format (PDF) catalog file making system. Many events were specifically selected to bolster southern hemisphere coverage. Coverage maps show that, while the northern hemisphere is more densely sampled, the southern hemisphere coverage is robust. The travel time data set, empirical wavelets, and all measurement metrics are publicly available and well suited for global tomography, as well as forward modeling experiments.
Decadal Variations in the Winter Beaufort High and the Stratospheric Polar Vortex
Authors: Zhang Minghong , Perrie Will , Long Zhenxia
Published: April 2019

We show that a weakened Beaufort High in late winter is becoming more common since the late 1980s, and this weakening is related to decadal changes in Northern Hemisphere ozone depletion. During this time, the stratospheric polar vortex has experienced a decadal northeastward displacement. Such displacement is associated with the variability of the East Asia‐eastern North America dipole. A positive Asia‐eastern North America dipole leads to zonal asymmetry in the ozone depletion with maximum loss over eastern Eurasia. Positive feedback with the zonally asymmetric ozone loss contributes to increased occurrence of the northeastward displacement of the stratospheric polar vortex. The northeastward displaced polar vortex enhances baroclinicity over the Eurasian Arctic and causes an increase in the frequency and intensity of cyclones and a decrease in anticyclones over the Eurasian Arctic. Concomitantly, the Beaufort High tends to have weakened.
Parametric and Structural Sensitivities of Turbine‐Height Wind Speeds in the Boundary Layer Parameterizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model
Authors: Yang Ben , Berg Larry K. , Qian Yun , Wang Chen , Hou Zhangshuan , Liu Ying , Shin Hyeyum Hailey , Hong Songyou , Pekour Mikhail
Published: April 2019

Structural and parametric problems associated with physical parameterizations are often tied together in weather and climate models. This study examines the sensitivities of turbine‐height wind speeds to structural and parametric uncertainties associated with the planetary boundary layer (PBL) parameterizations in the Weather Research and Forecasting model over an area of complex terrain. The sensitivity analysis is based on experiments from two perturbed parameter ensembles using the Mellor‐Yamada‐Nakanishi‐Niino (MYNN) and Yonsei University (YSU) PBL schemes, respectively. In each scheme, most of the intermember variances can be explained by a few parameters. Compared to the YSU parameters, the MYNN parameters induce relatively weaker (stronger) impacts on wind speeds during daytime (nighttime). The two schemes can overall reproduce the observed diurnal features of turbine‐height wind speeds. Differences in the daytime wind speeds are evident between the two ensembles. The daytime biases exist even with well‐tuned parameter values in MYNN, indicating the structural error. The YSU scheme better matches monthly mean daytime observations, partly due to the compensation among the biases in different wind strengths. Compared to YSU, MYNN generally better agrees with observations in both weak and strong wind conditions. However, the improvements accomplished for one condition by parameter tuning may degrade model performances for others, suggesting the relationships that link different conditions are not accurately represented in the parameterizations. Simulated biases due to structural errors are further identified by evaluating them for different time of day and locations. Ultimately, this study improves understanding of structural limitations in the PBL schemes and provides insights on further parameterization development.
Optical Properties and Radiative Forcing of Aged BC due to Hygroscopic Growth: Effects of the Aggregate Structure
Authors: Zeng Chen , Liu Chao , Li Jiangnan , Zhu Bin , Yin Yan , Wang Yuan
Published: April 2019

Black carbon (BC) particles become hydrophilic after mixing with soluble matter in the atmosphere, and their optical and radiative properties can be significantly modified accordingly. This study investigates the impact of aggregate structure on optical and radiative properties of aged BC, that is, BC coated by sulfate or organic aerosols, especially during hygroscopic growth. A more realistic BC morphology based on fractal aggregates is considered, and inhomogeneous mixtures of BC aggregates are treated more realistically (with respect to particle geometries) in the multiple sphere T‐matrix method for optical property simulations. As relative humidity increases, BC extinction is significantly enhanced due to an increase in scattering, and the enhancement depends on the amount and hydrophilicity of the coating. The absorption exhibits less variation during hygroscopic growth because the coating of aerosols already leads to BC absorption close to the maximum. Furthermore, hygroscopic growth not only results in negative radiative forcing (RF) at the top of the atmosphere but also slightly weakens the absorption in the atmosphere (inducing a negative RF in the atmosphere). Compared to the more realistic model with BC as aggregates, the currently popular core‐shell model reasonably approximates the top of the atmosphere RF but underestimates the atmospheric RF due to hygroscopic growth by up to 40%. Furthermore, for the RF caused by internal mixing, the core‐shell model overestimates the RFs at the surface and in the atmosphere by ~10%.
A Physical Model for the Uprooting of Flexible Vegetation on River Bars
Authors: Calvani G. , Francalanci S. , Solari L.
Published: April 2019

Sediment deposition and bank accretion are promoted by the establishment and growth of pioneer plant species, a direct consequence of plant survival during flood events. Similarly, the uprooting of riparian vegetation on river bars during floods can subsequently alter hydraulics, sediment dynamics, and bar evolution. In this work, we focus on the removal of flexible seedlings due to both hydraulic forces and bed erosion, specifically examining failure mechanisms associated with root pull‐out. We provide a conceptual model and a new physical equation for predicting the flow and bed erosion conditions that promote the uprooting of plants. The model was validated by means of flume experiments employing two species of vegetation (i.e., common oats and a willow native to Europe). Furthermore, the Ombrone Pistoiese River (Tuscany, IT) was used as a case study to validate the physical model with respect to observed vegetation removal during a flood event. The results illustrate the capability of our model to predict conditions for vegetation removal and suggest that sediment transport is a necessary ingredient even for very young seedlings.
Quantifying Uncertainties of Ground‐Level Ozone Within WRF‐Chem Simulations in the Mid‐Atlantic Region of the United States as a Response to Variability
Authors: Thomas Andrew , Huff Amy K. , Hu Xiao‐Ming , Zhang Fuqing
Published: April 2019

Understanding forecast uncertainties and error growth dynamics is a prerequisite for improving dynamical prediction of meteorology and air quality. While predictability of meteorology has been investigated over the past few decades, the uncertainties in air quality simulations are less well known. This study explores the uncertainties in predicting ground‐level ozone (O3) in the Mid‐Atlantic region of the United States during June 2016 through a series of simulations using WRF‐Chem, focusing on the sensitivity to the meteorological initial and boundary conditions (IC/BCs), emissions inventory (EI), and planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme. The average uncertainty of ground‐level maximum 8‐hr average O3 mixing ratio (MD8‐O3) was most sensitive to uncertainties in the IC/BCs, while uncertainty in the EI was of secondary importance, and was least sensitive was to the use of different PBL schemes. Updating the NO emissions in the EI had the greatest influence on the accuracy, with an estimated decrease of 0.59 ppbv/year in the root‐mean‐square error and an average decrease of 0.63 ppbv/year in the values of modeled MD8‐O3. Our study suggests using perturbations in IC/BCs may lead to a more dispersive ensemble of O3 prediction than using different PBL schemes and/or different EI. However, considering the combined uncertainties from all three sources examined are still smaller than the averaged root‐mean‐square errors of predicted O3 against observations, there are apparent other sources of uncertainties not studied that need to be considered in future ensemble predictions of O3.
High‐Frequency Wave Generation in Magnetotail Reconnection: Linear Dispersion Analysis
Authors: Burch J.L. , Dokgo K. , Hwang K.J. , Torbert R.B. , Graham D.B. , Webster J.M. , Ergun R.E. , Giles B.L. , Allen R.C. , Chen L.‐J. , Wang S. , Genestreti K.J. , Russell C.T. , Strangeway R.J. , Le Contel O.
Published: April 2019

Plasma and wave measurements from the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale mission are presented for magnetotail reconnection events on 3 July and 11 July 2017. Linear dispersion analyses were performed using distribution functions comprising up to six drifting bi‐Maxwellian distributions. In both events electron crescent‐shaped distributions are shown to be responsible for upper hybrid waves near the X‐line. In an adjacent location within the 3 July event a monodirectional field‐aligned electron beam drove parallel‐propagating beam‐mode waves. In the 11 July event an electron distribution consisting of a drifting core and two crescents was shown to generate upper‐hybrid and beam‐mode waves at three different frequencies, explaining the observed broadband waves. Multiple harmonics of the upper hybrid waves were observed but cannot be explained by the linear dispersion analysis since they result from nonlinear beam interactions.
Dysregulation of kynurenine metabolism is related to proinflammatory cytokines, attention, and prefrontal cortex volume in schizophrenia
Authors: Kindler Jochen , Lim Chai K. , Weickert Cynthia Shannon , Boerrigter Danny , Galletly Cherrie , Liu Dennis , Jacobs Kelly R. , Balzan Ryan , Bruggemann Jason , O’Donnell Maryanne , Lenroot Rhoshel , Guillemin Gilles J. , Weickert Thomas W.
Published: April 2019

The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) catabolism links immune system activation with neurotransmitter signaling. The KP metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) is increased in the brains of people with schizophrenia. We tested the extent to which: (1) brain KP enzyme mRNAs, (2) brain KP metabolites, and (3) plasma KP metabolites differed on the basis of elevated cytokines in schizophrenia vs. control groups and the extent to which plasma KP metabolites were associated with cognition and brain volume in patients displaying elevated peripheral cytokines. KP enzyme mRNAs and metabolites were assayed in two independent postmortem brain samples from a total of 71 patients with schizophrenia and 72 controls. Plasma KP metabolites, cognition, and brain volumes were measured in an independent cohort of 96 patients with schizophrenia and 81 healthy controls. Groups were stratified based on elevated vs. normal proinflammatory cytokine mRNA levels. In the prefrontal cortex (PFC), kynurenine (KYN)/TRP ratio, KYNA levels, and mRNA for enzymes, tryptophan dioxygenase (TDO) and kynurenine aminotransferases (KATI/II), were significantly increased in the high cytokine schizophrenia subgroup. KAT mRNAs significantly correlated with mRNA for glial fibrillary acidic protein in patients. In plasma, the high cytokine schizophrenia subgroup displayed an elevated KYN/TRP ratio, which correlated inversely with attention and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) volume. This study provides further evidence for the role of inflammation in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia and suggests a molecular mechanism through which inflammation could lead to schizophrenia. Proinflammatory cytokines may elicit conversion of TRP to KYN in the periphery and increase the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist KYNA via increased KAT mRNA and possibly more enzyme synthesis activity in brain astrocytes,  leading to DLPFC volume loss, and attention impairment in schizophrenia.
VPS33B interacts with NESG1 to modulate EGFR/PI3K/AKT/c-Myc/P53/miR-133a-3p signaling and induce 5-fluorouracil sensitivity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Liang Zixi , Liu Zhen , Cheng Chao , Wang Hao , Deng Xiaojie , Liu Jiahao , Liu Chen , Li Yonghao , Fang Weiyi
Published: April 2019

The vacuolar protein sorting 33B (VPS33B) was rarely reported in malignant tumors. In this research, we demonstrated that overexpression of VPS33B inhibited proliferation and chemoresistance to fluorouracil (5-FU) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistic analysis confirmed that overexpression of VPS33B modulated EGFR/PI3K/AKT/c-Myc/P53 signaling to arrest the cell cycle at G1/S phase. In addition, miR-133a-3p, a tumor-suppressive miRNA, was induced by P53 and directly targeted the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/c-Myc/P53 signaling and thus formed a negative feedback loop. Furthermore, another tumor suppressor, NESG1, interacted with VPS33B by colocalizing in the cytoplasm. The knockdown of NESG1 reversed the inhibitory effects of the overexpression of VPS33B in NPC cells by downregulating the PI3K/AKT/c-Jun-mediated transcription repression. Surprisingly, VPS33B was downregulated in the nicotine-treated and LMP-1-overexpressing NPC cells by targeting PI3K/AKT/c-Jun-mediated signaling. In addition, patients with higher VPS33B expression had a longer overall survival. Our study is the first to demonstrate that VPS33B is negatively regulated by LMP-1 and nicotine and thus suppresses the proliferation of NPC cells by interacting with NESG1 to regulate EGFR/PI3K/AKT/c-Myc/P53/miR-133a-3p signaling in NPC cells.
NKG2A is a NK cell exhaustion checkpoint for HCV persistence
Authors: Zhang Chao , Wang Xiao-mei , Li Shu-ran , Twelkmeyer Trix , Wang Wei-hong , Zhang Sheng-yuan , Wang Shu-feng , Chen Ji-zheng , Jin Xia , Wu Yu-zhang , Chen Xin-wen , Wang Sheng-dian , Niu Jun-qi , Chen Hai-rong , Tang Hong
Published: April 2019

Exhaustion of cytotoxic effector natural killer (NK) and CD8+ T cells have important functions in the establishment of persistent viral infections, but how exhaustion is induced during chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains poorly defined. Here we show, using the humanized C/OTg mice permissive for persistent HCV infection, that NK and CD8+ T cells become sequentially exhausted shortly after their transient hepatic infiltration and activation in acute HCV infection. HCV infection upregulates Qa-1 expression in hepatocytes, which ligates NKG2A to induce NK cell exhaustion. Antibodies targeting NKG2A or Qa-1 prevents NK exhaustion and promotes NK-dependent HCV clearance. Moreover, reactivated NK cells provide sufficient IFN-γ that helps rejuvenate polyclonal HCV CD8+ T cell response and clearance of HCV. Our data thus show that NKG2A serves as a critical checkpoint for HCV-induced NK exhaustion, and that NKG2A blockade sequentially boosts interdependent NK and CD8+ T cell functions to prevent persistent HCV infection.
Gas phase synthesis of [4]-helicene
Authors: Zhao Long , Kaiser Ralf I. , Xu Bo , Ablikim Utuq , Lu Wenchao , Ahmed Musahid , Evseev Mikhail M. , Bashkirov Eugene K. , Azyazov Valeriy N. , Zagidullin Marsel V. , Morozov Alexander N. , Howlader A. Hasan , Wnuk Stanislaw F. , Mebel Alexander M. , Joshi Dharati , Veber Gregory , Fischer Felix R.
Published: April 2019

A synthetic route to racemic helicenes via a vinylacetylene mediated gas phase chemistry involving elementary reactions with aryl radicals is presented. In contrast to traditional synthetic routes involving solution chemistry and ionic reaction intermediates, the gas phase synthesis involves a targeted ring annulation involving free radical intermediates. Exploiting the simplest helicene as a benchmark, we show that the gas phase reaction of the 4-phenanthrenyl radical ([C14H9]•) with vinylacetylene (C4H4) yields [4]-helicene (C18H12) along with atomic hydrogen via a low-barrier mechanism through a resonance-stabilized free radical intermediate (C18H13). This pathway may represent a versatile mechanism to build up even more complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as [5]- and [6]-helicene via stepwise ring annulation through bimolecular gas phase reactions in circumstellar envelopes of carbon-rich stars, whereas secondary reactions involving hydrogen atom assisted isomerization of thermodynamically less stable isomers of [4]-helicene might be important in combustion flames as well.