bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation and impact of graph theory algorithm in Z-source breaker for the protection of DC microgrid
Authors: Faazila Fathima S , Premalatha L
Published: December 2023

Integrating renewable energy resources is the solution for the power demand crisis in the power energy market, reducing carbon emissions and energy loss. Autonomous acting grids, like DC microgrids, can provide power to rural areas, which neglects grid congestion. However, a proper protection scheme still needs to be determined, as the bidirectional power flow in microgrids exists. Initially, the status of the buses in the network needs to be monitored and addressed continuously so inactive buses are identified and faulted lines are noted easily. Also, the occurrence of a fault may provide a great cause to the nearest renewable generation. So, the distance from a faulted point to the closest operating source are determined to avoid protection blinding. In this study, the active buses are identified using the Kruskal algorithm, the shortest distance from a faulted point to the nearest renewable generation for fault detection is demonstrated, and the run time is compared using Bellman Ford and Dijkstra’s algorithm. The traditional protection scheme can only do fixed relay settings, but the adaptive network works on different relay settings. The proposed system detects the fault and works based on voltage and current data at line ends. Also, the adaptive algorithm is analyzed using a bidirectional Z source breaker when implemented in nine bus DC microgrid system. Result analysis is carried out in MATLAB Simulink interfaced Python scripts for various faults, and the results prove the system’s efficiency, adaptability, and robustness.
A method to map the levelised cost of hydrogen from offshore wind farms coupled to onshore electrolysers via HVDC
Authors: Dinh Quang Vu , Dinh Van Nguyen , Leahy Paul
Published: December 2023

Green hydrogen generated by electrolysis from offshore wind energy can contribute to energy security and decarbonisation by substituting fossil natural gas. The levelised cost of hydrogen (LCOH) is a commonly used metric to evaluate a project’s economic potential. In the near term, one of the potential configurations to produce hydrogen is an offshore wind farm connected to a dedicated onshore electrolyser by a high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. This study integrates a detailed, location-specific cost model with geospatial tools to create a map of LCOH generated from such plants. A case study that uses the model to map LCOH based on a 540 MW offshore wind farm in Irish waters coupled with onshore electrolysers is also presented. The transmission expenditure ranges from €500 to €800 million, depending on the offshore wind farm location. The obtained LCOH map shows that LCOH values based on wind energy from the offshore area of Ireland are mainly in the range of 5–6 €/kg. Although the locations with the lowest project capital expenditure are near the coasts, some areas with the lowest LCOH are further offshore and in deeper waters due to the superior wind resources in these areas.
Incorporation of Bi sintering aid to TiO2 photoanode for low temperature dye sensitized solar cell
Authors: Khir H , Pandey A K , Saidur R , Ahmad M S
Published: December 2023

The low conversion efficiency for low temperature dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) due to poor interparticle contact and charge transfer of TiO2 photoanode has been an issue for the solar cell. Therefore, the research aims to combat the issue with the implementation of bismuth (Bi) nanoparticles as sintering aid to the TiO2 photoanode. The addition of Bi sintering aid was found to form necks at the TiO2-Bi matrix seen in the morphological studies, despite the low sintering temperature of 200°C, due to the low melting point of Bi (271.4°C). The formation of these necks improved the interparticle contact and charge transfer of the photoanode that was observed in the electron transfer studies. Photoanodes with Bi sintering aid yielded lower charge transfer resistance (RCT) and series resistance (RS) than bare TiO2 photoanode by 15%-31%. The RCT and RS of TiO2-4%Bi photoanode (RCT=7.244 kΩ/cm2, RS=14.64 kΩ/cm2) was even almost comparable to the commercially prepared TiO2 photoanode at high temperature of 450°C (RCT=5.125 kΩ/cm2, RS=10.34 kΩ/cm2). Thus, indicating the potential for this approach in enhancing the overall performance of flexible low temperature DSSC in the future.
Anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and impact of incorporation with palm oil fuel ash (POFA)
Authors: Soo P L , Wong L P , Bashir M J K
Published: December 2023

Anaerobic digestion is a favourable technology for the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and production of biogas. Biological treatment using an anaerobic batch reactor (ABR) augmented with palm oil fuel ash (POFA) was implemented to investigate the impact of POFA on their performances. Two ABRs are fabricated in this study: Control and POFA ABRs, where POFA ABR was operated at 2g/L of pre-treated POFA with potassium hydroxide (KOH) to increase its porosity. Both reactors are kept at room temperature and a daily feed with neutralized raw POME. Treated samples were collected daily to test for chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH, whereas weekly tests for mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS). Results showed that the control ABR is able to reduce up to 94.4% of COD as compared to the POFA added ABR with only 63.3% in 50 days. The addition of POFA into the anaerobic digestion resulted in lower performance in terms of COD removal efficiency by 20.5%. Economic analysis evidenced that with 85,500 m3 of POME, up to 863 tons of biomethane can be produced, showing a large amount of energy can be utilized from the anaerobic digestion of POME as an alternative energy source.
Exploring the effects of silver nanoparticle addition on the properties of paraffin wax phase change material
Authors: Islam A. , Pandey A.K , Saidur R. , Buddhi D. , Tyagi V.V.
Published: December 2023

Ability of phase change materials (PCMs) to store and release significant amount of energy during phase transition has attracted a lot of attention in recent years. However, low thermal characteristics of pure PCMs has been a major limitation in their application for thermal energy storage (TES) systems. In this study, thermal properties of paraffin wax A46 (PW-A46) based composites with the addition of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been investigated. PW-A46 was chosen as the PCM due to its high latent heat of fusion and low cost, while Ag NPs are known for their high thermal conductivity and have been utilized in various composites to improve thermal properties. Ag NPs were added to the paraffin wax at three different weight percentages of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 weight percent (wt.%), and composites were prepared using an ultrasonic probe sonicator. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been done to study chemical bonding and interactions between paraffin and Ag NPs. No new peaks were observed in the FTIR spectra, indicating that addition of Ag NPs did not cause any significant changes in chemical structure of PW-A46. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed that composites were stable up to 230°C, indicating their potential for high-temperature thermal energy storage (TES) applications. UV-Vis results demonstrated a 77% increase in the absorbance of the 0.7 wt.% of AgNPs with A46-PW (PW/0.7Ag) composite. Overall, the results suggested that addition of Ag NPs to paraffin wax can improve the optical and thermal characteristics of pure PCM for potential applications.
Prospects of green adsorbent produced from avocado seed via hydrothermal carbonization for treatment of dye wastewater
Authors: Solih Fathimath Afrah , Abdul Raman Abdul Aziz , Buthiyappan Archina
Published: December 2023

The adsorption process is a highly effective operational technique for dye removal from industrial wastewater. At present, the commercial adsorbents employed for removing dyes are manufactured via a slow pyrolysis process, which is time-consuming and requires more energy. Hydrothermal carbonization, on the other hand, is a highly efficient alternative method of synthesizing adsorbents that consumes less time and energy while producing effective adsorbents. This study synthesized adsorbents from avocado seeds via hydrothermal carbonization, followed by chemical activation. The adsorption study revealed that the avocado seed adsorbent has the highest color removal of 80 % using 3.5 g/L of adsorbent at acidic pH under optimized conditions. In conclusion, hydrochar from the avocado seed is a potential green adsorbent for the treatment of dye wastewater.
Effect of conductive particles embedded phase change material on the productivity of a solar still in a controlled environment
Authors: Tan Jia Hui , Bahar Rubina , Jun Hieng Kiat , Low Jaslyn
Published: December 2023

A solar still’s performance using 3 different conductive particles embedded in the phase change material (PCM) has been studied. The conductive particles involved are aluminium scrap (Al), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nano powder and copper (Cu) nano powder, whereas the PCM is paraffin wax. Four similar solar still models were built with different PCMs, differentiated as Model A, B, C, and D, filled with Al scrap-PCM, Al2O3 nano-PCM, Cu nano-PCM, and Al2O3 + Cu-nano PCM combinations, respectively. The productivity of the solar stills for Models A, B, C, and D are 1.93, 2.15, 1.93, and 2.20 kg/kJ.m2 respectively. It was concluded that Al2O3 + Cu-nano PCM is the most efficient PCM-conductive particle combination and Cu nano powder can be replaced by aluminium scrap as an economical alternative.
Optimizing hydrogen gas concentration using response surface methodology (RSM) with design expert 6.0.9 application
Authors: Zainul Rahadian , Rahmad Efran Ustia , Ramadhani Rida Oppi , Ahmad Muhammad Shakeel , Yohandri  , Lubis Amalia Putri , Ganefri
Published: December 2023

The MQ-8 sensor will be used in this investigation to estimate the maximum hydrogen gas concentration generated during the dry cell generators’ electrolysis procedure. The process of water electrolysis involves breaking down the water molecule H2O using direct electric current, into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. Utilizing DC generators with 4/4 plate electodes (Cu/Al) as the cathodes and NaNO3 solutions as the electrolytes, hydrogen gas production by electrolysis is achieved. 0.6 amps and 2 volts are employed in this electrolysis procedure for a duration of 1 hour. The ideal conditions for hydrogen gas concentration are NaNO3 1 M concentration and 60 minutes with a maximum hydrogen concentration of 143.393 ppm generated. The hydrogen gas concentration verification result value is 144 ppm.
Hole transport layers performance analysis of lead-free perovskite solar cell using scaps-1D
Authors: Shehu Y , Samsuri S A M , Ahmed N M
Published: December 2023

Lead-free (Pb-free) perovskite solar cell (PVSC) was studied using solar cell capacitor simulator (Scaps-1D). We utilized spiro-OMeTaD-HTL and NiO-HTL to compare between the performance of the devices. The device architecture, FTO/TiO2/Cs2TiI6/Spiro-OMeTaD/Au attained high Performance parameters of Voc as 0.95V, Jsc as 16.58mA/cm2, F.F as 78.51%, and PCE as 12.36%, at the optimum absorber layer of 0.7μm, compared to NiO-HTL of Voc as 1.52V, Jsc as 13.02mA/cm2, F.F as 91.42% and PCE as 17.48% at the optimum absorber layer of 0.4μm. The thicknesses have been varied from 0.1μm to 1.0μm. Moreover, when the thicknesses increase from minimum to maximum, a good number of electron-hole pair is generated in the processes. Thus, a highest quantum efficiency, Q.E of about 92% and 82% for spiro-OMeTaD-HTL and NiO-HTL devices are visible in the wavelength ranges of 320nm – 370nm, and 340nm – 380nm, also at the photon energy ranges of 3.5eV – 3.8eV, and 3.4eV – 3.8eV respectively. Besides, NiO is highly recommended as the HTL material layer is this study, due to its excellent performance compared to spiro-OMeTaD HTL layer. This study minimized the problem of stability and toxicity issues of using lead (Pb) in PVSC as it’s very toxic to the surrounding environment.
Techno-economic assessment of solar photovoltaic (PV) waste management in Bangladesh
Authors: Miah M A R , Islam M S , Ahmed M F , Rokon S , Rahman S R
Published: December 2023

The global deployment of solar power has accelerated, particularly in Bangladesh, due to the energy crisis, escalating vitality requests and commitments related to climate change. The nation’s capacity for on-grid and off-grid solar energy has more than quadrupled in just five years, rising from 300 MWP in 2000-2017 to 730 MWP in 2018-2022. This caused the production of 14 TWh of electricity which results 7 million tonnes CO2 emission reduction over time. However, this growth has certainly also resulted in the production of significant amounts of solar photovoltaic (PV) waste which is increasing over the coming years, becoming an enormous threat to waste management system. Human and ecological risks allied with this instinctive depositing of PV waste, urging the need to design a successful plan to manage this new stream of waste. In order to comprehend the situation on the ground and identify difficulties and constraints that prevent the adoption of a regularized policy for its management, this study reviews the literature on Bangladesh’s PV waste management sector. The country is technically capable of PV waste recycling which returns economic worth of USD 65.8 million and CO2 emission reduction 63 million tonnes. Finally, to assess the framework’s functionality, a SWOT analysis has performed.
The revolution of matrix converter: moving towards decarbonization technology
Authors: Baharom Rahimi
Published: December 2023

The matrix converter is a power electronic device that can be used to control the flow of electricity in various industrial and commercial applications. In recent years, the matrix converter has become increasingly popular as a means of decarbonizing energy production. One of the primary benefits of the matrix converter is its ability to efficiently convert AC power to DC power, and vice versa. This is critical in renewable energy systems that rely on DC power, such as solar panels and wind turbines. Therefore, this paper presents the revolution of the matrix converter, which focuses on the single-phase topology, and its applications, especially for renewable energy and battery storage. The operations of a matrix converter to convert DC power from solar panels and wind turbine sources to AC power suitable for use on the power grid are presented as well as the appropriate switching algorithms. To achieve this, the SPMC can be designed to handle multiple input voltages and frequencies and to generate multiple output voltages and frequencies. This can be done by using a combination of modulation techniques, such as carrier based PWM, along with appropriate switching patterns. Therefore, a multi-input multi-output converter (MIMO) using matrix converter is a power electronics converter that can handle multiple inputs and multiple outputs voltages and frequencies using only one circuit topology. Thus, the topology can offer several advantages over traditional power converters such as reduced size and cost, high efficiency, improved power quality and flexibility. This is crucial for a decarbonized energy system because it makes renewable energy sources more effective. Its ability to efficiently convert power, regulate power flows, and operate reliably makes it an important tool in the transition to a decarbonized energy system.
Investigative study of cost-effective ZrO2 nanoparticles/acrylic based diaphragm for alkaline electrolyzers
Authors: Zainul Rahadian , Qayoom Abdul , Ahmad Muhammad Shakeel , Selvaraj Jeyraj , Rahim Nasrudin Abd
Published: December 2023

Energy is crucial to the cycle of existence in the universe and plays an important role in achieving sustainable growth. Considering the traits of the conventional approach and challenges dealing with conventional energy technologies, water electrolysis is reflected to be simple, sustainable, and green energy tool. Alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) process is mature technology of the last century for industrial hydrogen production. AWE uses asbestos as the separator medium. However, asbestos allows crossover of the produced gases therefore, low purity gas is obtained, and with limited stability. In the present study, a novel composite diaphragm separator has been synthesized using Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) with aqueous acrylic solution in different compositions and optimized for enhanced performance. The prepared composite is initially stabilized through sonication and applied on the medium with a uniform thickness using a doctor blade film applicator. The study aims to optimize the composite diaphragm to withstand the severe chemical and thermal conditions of the electrolyzer. Zirconium oxide-based diaphragms offer several advantages over other types of diaphragms, including excellent corrosion resistance, high chemical and thermal stability, and long service life. These coated separator diaphragms showed good electrolysis performance and stability in an alkaline medium.
Microalgae cultivation: from CO2 fixation to single-cell protein production
Authors: Ibrahim Mze S A , Azmi A S , Mohd Puad N I , Ahmad F , Wahab F Abd , Rahman S N F S A
Published: December 2023

Bio-sequestration of CO2 using microalgae to recycle CO2 into valuable products such as single-cell proteins (SCP) is one of the most promising fields nowadays. Microalgae are able to use CO2 as their carbon source and subsequently build carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Nevertheless, all microalgae strains do not have the same CO2 tolerance and culture conditions. Moreover, pure CO2 is less soluble in water, which leads to a low carbon capture and fixation rate. Thus, to optimise SCP production in relation to CO2 mitigation, studies of the enhancement of solubilization of CO2 in water as well as the determination of the optimum process parameter for CO2 fixation and SCP production need to be done. Consequently, this study aims to review the cultivation conditions for single-cell protein production.
A review: partial discharge in medium voltage cross-linked polyethylene XLPE cable
Authors: Abdul Bahari Nur Syazwani Binti , Mei Kuan Tze , Mohd Ariffin Azrul Bin
Published: December 2023

Power cables are one of the equipment that plays a vital role in the power system network, either in High Voltage (HV) or Medium Voltage (MV) network. To ensure a reliable power supply and distribution, the integrity and the condition of the cable system must be ensured. Partial Discharge (PD) diagnosis is a valuable tool to analyse and evaluate the condition of the insulation. The purpose of this paper is to review how PD activity is being utilized to assess the condition of the XLPE (cross-linked polyethylene) cables specifically in MV level where a review of existing PD test methodology that are used by researchers and engineers to diagnose the insulation condition of the cable will be presented.
Slot-pole structure investigation for radial flux permanent magnet generator
Authors: Mostaman Nur Afiqah , Sulaiman Erwan , Jenal Mahyuzie , Soomro Irfan Ali
Published: December 2023

Recently, Radial Flux Permanent Magnet Generator (RF-PMG) has been applied in various applications of generator. The configuration of the radial flux permanent magnet is the magnetic rotor arranged in a circle rotation while the inner core attached to the rotor’s center. However, various sizes and structure of RF-PMG can produce different output power levels, cogging torque and generator’s flux regulation capability. By investigating the output voltage and cogging torque value, this paper showed the suitable slot-pole combinations that can influence the output performance of the generator by using 2D-Finite Element Analysis. This investigation shows the comparison of the slot-pole that resulting the least cogging torque value and high output voltage, 0.1739Nm and 180.81V respectively. Hence, 36slots-30poles indicates as the best slot-pole combinations.
Effect of fin spacing on the vibration-assisted thermal performance of heat sink
Authors: Rasangika A H D K , Nasif M S , Pao W , Al-Waked R
Published: December 2023

Applying vibrations on heat sinks can induce recirculation zones in the flow field, disrupting the developed thermal boundary layer. This paper demonstrates the fin spacing effect on the vibration-assisted heat transfer of the heat sink. Thermal performance is investigated over a range of 0 -12 Hz vibrational frequencies and fin spacing of 0.008 – 0.014 m. The enhancement of the Nusselt number is insignificant up to the threshold frequency (6 Hz). This threshold frequency is found to be independent of fin spacing. Further increase in vibration frequency leads to higher enhancement in Nusselt value at every fin spacing. However, the vibration effect on the Nusselt number became more prominent at lower fin spacing. In this study, the enhancement of the Nusselt value is up to 8 % at a fin spacing of 0.008 m and a vibrational frequency of 12 Hz.
Quantification of cogeneration vulnerability towards the climate change: framework development
Authors: Fedotova E , Krasheninnikov S
Published: December 2023

Cogeneration is a vigorous measure to both decrease greenhouse gases emissions and improve an overall efficiency of the primary energy use. The climate change poses serious risks on operation of combined heat and power (CHP) plants due to the shifts in heating load patterns. This work investigates linking of the heating demand to the climate conditions and introduces a framework which can be used to develop an adaptation strategy for district heating systems. We demonstrate viability of the proposed approach by a case study assessing sensitivity of the CHP efficiency to the climate warming across China considering a modern combined-cycle gas-fired power plant with steam extraction. Outputs of the case study have demonstrated that CHP plants are generally more vulnerable towards the climate change in world regions with harsher climate conditions. An effective measure to increase resilience of the cogeneration sector is to account for anticipated climate change effects by applying adjustments to the reference climate inputs used when designing CHP plants.
Process optimization of integrated hydrogen production process with local resources
Authors: Eh C L M , Tiong A N T , Kansedo J , Ng W P Q , Lim C H , How B S
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to develop a superstructure to determine the hydrogen pathway based on optimum economic and environmental performances. Some potential biomass waste for hydrogen synthesis were considered. Two case studies were conceptualized to evaluate the mathematical model. Case 1 considered the economic performance of the model with the objective function of minimizing total cost. Case 2 was a multi-objective scenario which examined both the economic and environmental performances of the model. For case 1, steam gasification of palm kernel shell was chosen as the optimal hydrogen synthesis pathway with the total cost targeted as $ 0.64 million per year. For case 2, an annual total cost of $ 0.68 million was recorded. Besides, 4438572.96 kg CO2-eq was released per kg of H2 produced.
A simulation-based investigation into the charging performance of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries in electric vehicles
Authors: Noor Zelan M A , Hidayat Nabil M , Nasir Nurfarizza Surhada M , Nik Ali N H , Abdullah Ezmin , Umair Muhammad , Zulkifly Mohamad Zaid
Published: December 2023

The transportation sector constitutes a major source of global greenhouse gas emissions, and the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) can help mitigate this issue. This paper presents a simulation study examining the performance of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries for EVs when charged using direct current (DC) chargers. A simulation model is employed to observe the charging behavior of these batteries and analyze the effects of various DC chargers. Factors such as the state of charge (SOC) and charging rate influence the charging behavior of batteries in EVs. The simulation results are compared and analyzed to ascertain the optimal charging strategy and infrastructure for EVs. The performance of different EVs is evaluated in terms of charging time, energy efficiency, and SOC. According to the findings, implementing the appropriate charging strategy and infrastructure for lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries in EVs can significantly enhance performance and encourage the widespread adoption of EVs.
How the presence of public charging infrastructure can impact the adoption rate of electric vehicles in the UK
Authors: Hafezi Sahba Ghiasi , Morimoto Risa
Published: December 2023

In the current work, the presence of public charging facilities and their impact on the adoption rate of Electric Vehicle (EV) are studied across 363 Local Authorities (LA) districts in the UK. This analysis is conducted utilizing the data from the UK government on the location of public electric vehicle chargepoints in various LAs as well as the EV ownership rate between years 2011 and 2021. Various rural, urban and extra urban (e.g. London) regions are analyzed to assess whether EV ownership has been impacted as the charging infrastructure is rolled out in these regions. The quarterly data on the number of licensed Ultra Low Emission Vehicles (ULEV) in each UK local authority is used to track EV ownership levels. The results indicate that the publicly available charging points stimulate the diffusion of EV adoption; however, this varies by region and saturation. The reverse effect of EV ownership on charging infrastructure rollout by Local Authorities cannot be entirely rejected; however, the positive stimulus of public infrastructure on adoption of EV is established. The findings can provide the UK policy makers with insight into the public charging infrastructure requirements and benefits in short to medium term to meet the committed emission reduction targets by 2035 and 2050.
Design and development of latex cup collector robot
Authors: Khor Pey Wen , Ooi Jia Jing , Lim Chong Hooi , Tan Yee Chyan
Published: December 2023

Global rubber production has declined over the past few years as a result of a number of variables, including both environmental and human factors. In this paper, an automated robot prototype that collects latex cups was developed to improve global rubber production by assisting workers in rubber plantations. The robot was built on a mobile platform with a motorized Five Degrees of Freedom (DoF) robotic arm, Ackermann steering, double wishbone suspension, rear-wheel drive and a latex storage tank to store the latex collected from the trees. The robot was equipped with ultrasonic sensors and a camera module to locate latex cups and rubber trees so that it could move and perform tasks accurately. In addition, encoder sensor modules were used to improve the accuracy of the movements by measuring the rotational speed of the motors. The yield strength of the PLA plastic material used in developing the latex cup collector robot is 7.00 x 107N/m2 and the maximum stress of the critical parts should not exceed the maximum yield strength of the PLA plastic. In mobility test, the robot is able to travel through obstacles of 10mm and 15mm height. The topple angle of the robot in the balancing test is greater than 37°, ensuring the stability of the robot.
Optimising Empowerment of Fostered Villages for Increased Income of Tambak Farmers in Bulu Cindea Village
Authors: Rahmi R , Syarif A , Ibrahim J , Yani F Indah , Chadijah A , Nanda A R , Syamsuri A S , Fitriyani F , Syamsia S
Published: December 2023

The increase in salt imports by the Indonesian government should prompt coastal communities endowed with extensive marine resources to improve their salt production, subsequently catering to the demands of the industrial sector. The primary objective of the target village empowerment program is to assess the impact of implementing geomembrane technology on the augmentation of revenue among salt producers residing in Bulu Cindea Village, located in the Pangkep Regency. The present study employed descriptive analysis and income analysis methodologies. Descriptive analysis offers a more accurate depiction of the indigenous knowledge and practices used by salt pond producers. The examination of income assesses the earnings of salt pond farmers about implementing the PDB program. The present study examined the potential enhancement of pond farmers’ income through implementing the PDB program. This was accomplished by analyzing variance, followed by a t-test, to assess the impact of salt farmers’ income on adopting geomembrane technology. The results revealed a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) between salt farmers’ income before and after the utilization of geomembrane technology, indicating a positive effect on their overall income. The findings suggest that implementing the PDB program, specifically through geomembrane technology, can enhance the socioeconomic conditions of salt producers residing in Bulu Cindea Village.
Echinoderm diversity in the soft bottom of Wulan Estuary, Demak, Indonesia
Authors: Hartati Retno , Widianingsih Widianingsih , Zainuri Muhammad , Supriyo Edy
Published: December 2023

The majority of research on echinoderms in the tropics has involved coral reefs. There are relatively few studies on echinoderms connected to soft bottoms and estuaries. This work describes echinoderm species found in the soft-bottom sediments of the Wulan estuary in Demak, Indonesia, are described. Twelve species from Holothuroidea, Ophiuroidea, Asteroidea, and Echinoidea were identified. The three most prevalent species identified wereAstropectensp.,P. chilensis, andParacaudinasp. The species found differ depending on the sampling sites. Still, this knowledge expands our understanding of the richness of soft-bottom megabenthic fauna, especially the echinoderm. It could be used as a baseline to track the consequences of potential changes on this heavily sedimented river.
Tropical cyclone Saudel impact on ocean dynamic over the South China Sea
Authors: Arum S R , Wicaksono A , Siswanto A D
Published: December 2023

Tropical cyclones (TC) are atmospheric phenomena categorized as extreme weather that is perilous and destructive. The parameters used include sea surface temperature (SST), wind speed (WS), and air pressure (AP), which are factors in the formation of TC. The emergence of TC occurred in October 2020, when it grew in Philippine waters and died out in Vietnamese waters. The characteristics of the waters of the South China Sea (SCS) in particular and the Pacific Ocean in general make them one of the waters with the highest storm potential in the world; therefore, this research was conducted. The purpose of this research is to understand the characteristics of Saudel Cyclone (SC) based on the parameters SST, WS, and AP, which are obtained from the ECMWF website, to be able to describe the process of growth until the extinction of SC. Data from the ECMWF website has limitations because it is model data (re-analysis). The results of this study can determine the process of starting the extinction of SC as well as the characteristics of SST, AP, and WS in the conditions of starting SC, during the peak of SC, and starting the extinction of SC.
A new distributional record of spanner barbs, Striuntius lateristriga (Valenciennes, 1842) (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae) in Belitung Island, Indonesia
Authors: Syarif AF , Hafidz AM , Valen FS , Herjayanto M , Robin R
Published: December 2023

The Spanner Barb Striuntius lateristriga is a freshwater species from the Cyprinidae family that spread in Southern Thailand; the Malay Peninsula, Singapore and Indonesia. The previous presence of the Spanner barb in Indonesia was recorded in West Kalimantan and Bangka Island. This study was carried out to record for the first time the presence of S. lateristriga on Belitung Island, Indonesia. The presence of S. lateristriga in the Belitung archipelago adds knowledge about the new distribution and biogeography of freshwater species. Moreover, information on this species’ new distribution is critical for supporting suitable conservation policies and measures. The twenty S. lateristriga specimens were collected on January 20, 2023 utilizing a fish trap at the Gurok Beraye waterfall, Gunung Tajam, Belitung Island, Indonesia. This specimen was identified based on specific literature. The new record of S. lateristriga provided here is the southernmost record for this species, expanding its geographic distributing. In addition, the new record site is 250 km southeast of the nearest locality in Bangka Island, and about 500 km south-west from the nearest locality in Borneo. Futrhermore, understanding biodiversity, range extension, and biogeography of the species in Sundaland will enrich knowledge in science.
COVID-19 pandemic and the momentum of seaweed industry development in Indonesia towards sustainable food system: An overview
Authors: Wardono B , Prabakusuma A S , Zulham A , Yusuf R , Luhur E S , Muliawan I , Deswati R , Arthatiani F Y
Published: December 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the seaweed industry due to changes in supply and demand, cost increases, market volatility, and the implementation of lockdown measures. This study aimed to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the seaweed industry to support a sustainable food system. This study used both primary data from the seaweed industry, especially the upstream sector, and secondary data to determine the progress of the national and international seaweed industries. The data was analyzed descriptively to obtain information regarding the role of the seaweed industry in accelerating post-pandemic coastal economic recovery. The results indicated that seaweed cultivation can support coastal economic recovery in the post-COVID-19 pandemic. After demand recovers, production can be enlarged in a short time without excessive investment and has the potential to generate income within 30–45 days. It was found that total seaweed exports have dropped by 30.54% and 19.90% by volume and value, respectively, in only the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak. However, the effect of the pandemic has encouraged accelerative industrialization by increasing the capacity of domestic seaweed factories from 50% to 72%. The pandemic has also triggered the domestic industry to produce seaweed derivative products independently, such as carrageenan, alginate, and agar, to reduce dependence on imports. It is imperative to recommend to the Indonesian government that the export tariff on dried seaweed be increased to boost the competitiveness of the domestic seaweed processing industry and invest in the diversification of processed seaweed derivative products.
Prelimenary Study Technology Readiness Level and Techno-economic Analysis of Seaweed-Based Soft Capsule Prototypes
Authors: Hidayat T. , Syamsu K. , Sunarti T.C. , Nurilmala M. , Manalu L.P.
Published: December 2023

Product downstream to be marketable can be seen from the technological and techno-economic readiness level. This research aims to determine the level of technological and techno-economic readiness of the seaweed soft capsule prototype. The method used is to determine TRL (Technology Readiness Level) based on technometers and techno economics by looking at the sensitivity and feasibility of the business. The results show that the readiness level of the seaweed soft capsule prototype technology is at level 7, meaning that it has been scaled up but several parameters in industrial scale scale-up must be improved. For the feasibility techno-economic analysis of the seaweed soft capsule prototype, the Net B/C result was obtained with a value of 1.64. The NPV results obtained were 4,621,393,281, with an IRR of 33%. The payback period is estimated to be 3.01 years. The level of technological readiness and feasibility results show that the development of soft capsule prototypes for downstream commercialization has good prospects, as long as the availability of raw materials is guaranteed.
The resilience of fishery production supply chain in West Java Province, Indonesia
Authors: Nurhayati A. , Handaka A.A. , Herawati T. , Yustiati A. , Iskandar
Published: December 2023

Industrialization of fishery production in Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in its infancy, post-covid-19, and human activities are the causes of climate change. This research aims to analyze the resilience of fisheries production in West Java Province, Indonesia. The method used descriptive quantitative, using primary and secondary data. This research was conducted from November 2022 - March 2023 and used a purposive sampling technique of 46 respondents. The SWOT analysis tool is used for supply chain innovation development strategies and measures fisheries’ supply chain innovation using risk consequence analysis. Based on the results of the supply chain innovation development strategy research from the aspect of strength is to create a transformation of the potential of fishery resources towards the utilization of fishery resources based on bio-ecoregion. Opportunities faced by management transformation with open market access and high competitiveness in fishery products. The challenges faced must be able to create a digital marketing-based fishing industry system. Threats faced by the transformation of the workforce towards digitalization. Based on the SWOT analysis, being in quadrant 2 means a diversification strategy. Types of supply chain risk for fishery products that cannot be replaced, namely micro, small, and medium fishery product businesses, and product handling when transporting fishery products from distributors. Supply chain innovation in the digital marketing era must be able to convince consumers of the products they buy.
Molecular analysis of the blood cockle, Tegillarca granosa (Linnaeus 1758) from Indonesia
Authors: Castaneda J I , Hardianto E , Setyobudi E , Islam MD R
Published: December 2023

The blood cockle,Tegillarca granosa, is one of the key member of shellfish communities that are ecologically and economically important specially in Indonesia. We collected samples from four sites in Indonesia: Banyuwangi, Bali Island, Maros and Buru Island. Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed on PCR-amplified mitochondrial DNA COI gene. In total, 556-558 base pair nucleotide sequences were obtained from 12 individuals. Molecular analyses revealed samples belonging to theT. granosaspecies. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out by comparing the gene sequences ofT. granosahaplotypes in Indonesia with gene sequences of the same base pair length and with the ofAnadara tuberculosawhich was used as an outgroup. The phylogenetic trees were consistent and indicated in the two sub-clades. The presence ofT. granosaand the phylogenetic status of theT. granosaIndonesian haplotype were reported. Clarifying the phylogenetic status of ecologically important species provides basic information studies for possible future conservation and control programs.
Gelling characteristics of fish surimi gel added with calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp)
Authors: Hasan M R , Abdullah C A C , Mustapha N A , Ghazali M S M , Noranizan M
Published: December 2023

Surimi is widely used as the main ingredient for various innovative seafood products (ISP), e.g., imitation crab meat, fish balls, fish sausage, kamaboko, fish sticks, and paupiette. Sodium chloride (NaCl), a primary ingredient of surimi, plays an important role in gelling and flavor. A reduced-NaCl product is preferred by consumers due to health-related reasons. This study focuses on evaluating the gelling characteristics of fish surimi gel formulated with different levels (0.5, 1, and 1.5%) of calcium hydroxyapatite (HAp). Surimi gel added with HAp showed a good gel-forming ability (p<0.05). The texture profile analysis indicated an acceptable value. As for the water-holding capacity (76.88%), the highest value (p<0.05) was recorded for 1% of HAp addition. On the contrary, the cooking loss (21.09%), expressible moisture content (23.48%), and whiteness index (70.20) for samples with 1% HAp were the lowest compared to other samples. This preliminary finding suggests that the addition of calcium HAp at 0.5 to 1% could be an alternative ingredient to NaCl for maintaining gelling characteristics of surimi. It also adds nutritional value to the product. This finding could be a reference to the industry in improving the processing of surimi-based products.
Ultraviolet irradiation effect on characteristics of protease enzyme from African catfish (Clarias sp.) intestines
Authors: Tamaya A , Suwanto A , Hernawan  , Anwar M , Poeloengasih C D , Juligani B , Apriyana W , Fauzi A , Yuliyanto P , Suryani R , Khasanah Y , Syarifah S M , Prasetyo D J
Published: December 2023

The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of UV-C irradiation on the activity of crude enzymes derived from African Catfish intestines as well the optimum conditions for subsequent autolysis processes. Three key variables were assessed: UV-C exposure time, pH and temperature. The experiments involved the homogenization of intestines in cold distilled water followed by subjecting the mixture into UV-C treatment for exposure times of 0, 10, 20 and 30 minutes. After centrifugation process, the collected supernatant was utilized as the crude enzyme. At various level of temperature (40, 50, 60°C) and pH (6, 7, 8) the activity of crude enzyme was assayed with casein as substrate. The findings revealed the increasing of EA as the UV-C exposure time decreased and pH increased, while the highest EA value was observed at temperature of 50°C. Consequently, the optimal conditions were identified as follows: 0 minutes of UV-C exposure time, pH of 8, and temperature of 50°C. Furthermore, UV-Vis absorption, FTIR, and fluorescence spectroscopy of the crude enzyme after UV-C irradiation induction was studied to investigate the its conformational changes. These additional analyses provided valuable insights into the structural alterations of the crude enzyme caused by the UV-C treatment.
Effect of Adding Egg White Powder on Surimi Quality Based on Pangasius and Catfish Flesh
Authors: Rahma A N F , Ustadi
Published: December 2023

The variety of raw materials from demersal fish in small quantities has resulted in the development of freshwater fish-based surimi processing technology. This study aims to determine the best concentration of egg white powder based on pangasius and catfish on the quality of surimi by physically, chemically, and sensory. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with the addition of egg white powder at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. The surimi quality characteristics tested in this study included texture profile, degree of whiteness, pH, moisture, ash, protein, fat, water holding capacity, sensory and folding tests. The results showed a significant effect (P < 0.05) on whiteness, fat, water holding capacity, texture profile, folding and sensory tests. However, it did not affect (P > 0.05) on ash, protein, and pH. The results showed that the concentration of 1% egg white powder was able to improve surimi gel based on quality.
Cinnamon and amylum mucilage alter the physicochemical, sensory, and antioxidant activity of Arthrospira platensis granules
Authors: Elmaghriba A W , Candraningsih M D , Ekantari N
Published: December 2023

This study was done to find out how creating Arthrospira platensis granules using the wet granulation method and a blend of cinnamon powder and amylum mucilage affected their physical, physicochemical, and antioxidant properties. Arthrospira platensis is granulated by the wet granulation method using cinnamon, amylum mucilage, and stevia sugar as sweeteners. The 3×3 factorial design was used, with factors for amylum mucilage of 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5% w/w and cinnamon powder of 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% w/w. Granules were tested for their physical characteristics (moisture content and pH), physicochemical characteristics (water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, solubility, foam ability, emulsion activity, and stability), and antioxidant activity using the DPPH-RSA and FRAP procedures. The results demonstrated that all granules had moisture contents that met the required standard of less than 7%. Arthrospira platensis dry biomass can be processed into granules, which can raise the OHC but reduce the WHC, solubility, foam ability, emulsion activity, emulsion stability, and antioxidant ability. Amylum mucilage affected the solubility of Arthrospira platensis granules, while cinnamon powder had an impact on the pH level, solubility, and activity of the emulsion. Consumer preferences and buying intention of granules are higher than dry biomass Arthrospira platensis. The combination of 1.5% cinnamon powder and 5% amylum mucilage is the optimal treatment based on pH, solubility, and emulsion activity, making it appropriate for fortified in food product.
Review on shear thickening fluid and its applications in vibration reduction
Authors: Yan Yangyi , Wei Minghai , Huang Zhiping
Published: December 2023

Shear thickening fluid (STF) is a nano-smart material that exhibits an instantaneous increase in viscosity when subjected to specific external loads. Notably, its viscosity response does not necessitate external energy input, making it widely applicable in vibration control, energy absorption, and vibration reduction. This paper first presents an introduction and analogy to the evolution of the thickening mechanism of STF. It then discusses factors that influence the rheological properties of STF, including the dispersed phase, dispersion medium, additives, and external environment. Furthermore, it explores various calculation models of STF in engineering applications, considering their advantages, disadvantages, and applicability. The paper later reviews the progress of STF utilization in vibration reduction and energy consumption, specifically focusing on improving mechanical properties in STF sandwich panels. Finally, it delves into the feasibility of STF application in vibration control by detailing the dynamic mechanical properties and applicability of vibration reduction equipment and calculation models based on STF.
Delicate control of graphite flakes alignment in the copper matrices via powder selections and filling processes
Authors: Zheng Dong , Huang Zhonghua , Shen Zhengyan , Wu Renjun , Khanlari Khashayar , Ji Gang , Silvain Jean-François
Published: December 2023

Due to the anisotropy properties of graphite flakes (Gf), the control of their orientation inside copper (Cu) matrice is strictly correlated with the final properties of such metal matrix composite (MMC). In this study, MMCs are fabricated by powder metallurgy process using three types of Cu powder particles (flake, dendritic, and spherical) as well as different powder filling methods. By using Cu flake powder with a relatively lower apparent density as compared to the two other Cu powder types (dendritic and spherical), high aligned Gf could be easily obtained, after uniaxial hot pressing, in a one-step powder filling approach. For the other two types of powders, a comparable orientation degree of Gf could be achieved only via several steps of delicate powder pressing. In-plane thermal conductivities of Cu/Gf composites were enhanced by improving the orientation degree of Gf, agreeing with effective medium approximation predictions (Maximum TC up to 540 W mK−1). A modeling, based on the apparent density of Cu powders, was discussed to show the effect of the alignment process on the final thermal property of such MMCs. This model supplies a basic guideline to obtain highly orientated Gf.