bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uncovering predictability in the evolution of the WTI oil futures curve
Authors: Kearney Fearghal , Shang Han Lin
Published: January 2019

Accurately forecasting the price of oil, the world's most actively traded commodity, is of great importance to both academics and practitioners. We contribute by proposing a functional time series based method to model and forecast oil futures. Our approach boasts a number of theoretical and practical advantages, including effectively exploiting underlying process dynamics missed by classical discrete approaches. We evaluate the finite‐sample performance against established benchmarks using a model confidence set test. A realistic out‐of‐sample exercise provides strong support for the adoption of our approach, which resides in the superior set of models in all considered instances.
Does Work–Family Conflict Vary According to Community Resources?
Authors: Young Marisa
Published: January 2019

Objective

To examine the gendered impact of community on work–family conflict (WFC) and whether respondents with young children benefit more from community resources compared with other residents.

Background

Studies suggest that the gender gap in WFC is decreasing. Most attribute this trend to individual‐level antecedents of work and family. However, these explanations do not take into account important community‐level components—specifically, men's and women's differential access to and use of community resources.

Method

Individual‐level data from 1,702 Canadians matched to census‐level data from the Canadian census were used, and hierarchical linear modeling techniques were employed.

Results

Key findings were that women and parents with young children experience more conflict in less resourced communities, and collective efficacy affected men's and women's reports of WFC, but in opposite, nonlinear ways: At higher levels of collective efficacy, women reported heightened conflict. For men, this pressure was only felt when efficacy levels were high.

Conclusion

There are important gender distinctions in reported WFC depending on one's community resources. In some circumstances, these resources are more beneficial for women than men and matter differently for parents with young children compared with those without young children.

Implications

These findings help inform community and policy‐based initiatives aimed at reducing residents' experiences of WFC, underscoring the utility of promoting efficacious communities.
The dual role of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin‐6‐sulfate in the development, progression and metastasis of cancer
Authors: Pudełko Adam , Wisowski Grzegorz , Olczyk Krystyna , Koźma Ewa Maria
Published: January 2019

The remarkable structural heterogeneity of chondroitin sulfate (CS) and dermatan sulfate (DS) generates biological information that can be unique to each of these glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and changes in their composition are translated into alterations in the binding profiles of these molecules.CS/DScan bind to various cytokines and growth factors, cell surface receptors, adhesion molecules, enzymes and fibrillar glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix, thereby influencing both cell behavior and the biomechanical and biochemical properties of the matrix. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerningCS/DSmetabolism in the human cancer stroma. The remodeling of theGAGprofile in the tumor niche is manifested as a substantial increase in theCScontent and a gradual decrease in the proportion betweenDSandCS. Furthermore, the composition ofCSandDSis also affected, which results in a substantial increase in the 6‐O‐sulfated and/or unsulfated disaccharide content, which is concomitant with a decrease in the 4‐O‐sulfation level. Here, we discuss the possible impact of alterations in theCS/DSsulfation pattern on the binding capacity and specificity of theseGAGs. Moreover, we propose potential consequences of the stromal accumulation of chondroitin‐6‐sulfate for the progression and metastasis of cancer.
Flexural fatigue damage analyses of recycled rubber‐modified epoxy‐based composites reinforced with alumina fibres
Authors: Irez Alaeddin Burak , Bayraktar Emin , Miskioglu Ibrahim
Published: January 2019

Manufacturers have been working towards finding clean and cost‐efficient solutions by utilizing recycled materials to produce new components. Recycled rubber is one such material widely used in aeronautic and automotive industries. In this study, fresh scrap ethylene‐propylene‐diene‐monomer (EPDM) rubber is mixed with epoxy to manufacture novel composites with the addition of alumina (Al2O3) fibres. These composites can potentially be used to manufacture components subjected to cyclic loading, and to ensure reliability of such components, fatigue behaviour of these composites should be evaluated. This article describes the manufacturing of recycled rubber‐modified epoxy‐based ternary composites and their fatigue behaviour as well as toughening mechanisms. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed to determine thermomechanical properties. Three‐point bending and flexural fatigue tests and Shore D hardness measurements were carried out to determine mechanical properties. After static/fatigue fracture, fracture surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) to determine toughening mechanisms in these composites.
The Laurentian Great Lakes: A case study in ecological disturbance and climate change
Authors: McKenna James E.
Published: January 2019

Climate change effects are already significant, but can also magnify other ecological problems. This can be clearly seen in the Laurentian Great Lakes, which have suffered habitat degradation, fishery overharvest and dramatic alterations by invasive species. Thermal changes are expected to cause extensive loss of suitable fish habitat, and changing precipitation patterns will aggravate the problems with our highly modified lotic and lentic systems. A brief summary of the historic ecological context provided by the Great Lakes case is presented, followed by the descriptions of selected tools that help to understand and evaluate both ecological and climate change problems. Species distribution models and habitat classification combined with climate change predictions can identify the distribution and extent of optimal habitats, and identify which are most vulnerable to climate change. Ecological flow modelling can help to identify when critical flow changes are likely. Mechanistic simulation modelling specifies understanding of how aquatic systems function and can reveal cause and effect relationships. These tools can be used to help managers to protect optimal habitat, resist climate change effects to other habitats and adapt cultural systems to climate‐altered aquatic systems.
Stoichiometry of regenerated nutrients differs between native and invasive freshwater mussels with implications for algal growth
Authors: Benelli Sara , Bartoli Marco , Zilius Mindaugas , Vybernaite‐Lubiene Irma , Ruginis Tomas , Vaiciute Diana , Petkuviene Jolita , Fano Elisa A.
Published: January 2019

Filter‐feeding mussels couple benthic and pelagic environments and create biogeochemical hot spots. Mussels may exert either top‐down control (via filtration) or bottom‐up stimulation (via biodeposition and excretion) of primary producers. Mussel metabolism may be species‐specific and the disappearance of native species or their replacement by invasive species may affect ecosystem functioning, notably gas exchange, nutrient fluxes, and stoichiometry at the sediment–water interface.

In this study, we tested experimentally how native (unionids) and invasive (dreissenids) mussels, singly and in association, affect benthic fluxes of dissolved gas and nutrients in the light and in the dark, and indirectly phytoplankton growth from a freshwater estuary, the Curonian Lagoon, where the two species of mussel coexist.

We show that native and invasive mussels stimulated O2 consumption and the production of total dissolved inorganic carbon and N2 increasing sediment heterotrophy and nutrient regeneration, with species‐specific effects on nutrient stoichiometry and algal growth. Ammonium and SiO2 exchanges were similar for both species, while soluble reactive phosphorus fluxes and excretion rates were significantly higher in sediments with dreissenids. Phytoplankton growth was also significantly higher in the presence of dreissenids as compared to unionids. Dreissenid mussels decreased the dissolved inorganic N to P ratio of regenerated nutrients and may favour the growth of cyanobacteria.

Hence, the replacement of native with invasive mussels may produce large changes in benthic nutrient cycling and in phytoplankton growth and community composition.
Environmental controls on benthic food web functions and carbon resource use in subarctic lakes
Authors: Kivilä E. Henriikka , Luoto Tomi P. , Rantala Marttiina V. , Kiljunen Mikko , Rautio Milla , Nevalainen Liisa
Published: January 2019

Climate warming and consequent greening of subarctic landscapes increase the availability of organic carbon to the detrital food webs in aquatic ecosystems. This may cause important shifts in ecosystem functioning through the functional feeding patterns of benthic organisms that rely differently on climatically altered carbon resources.

Twenty‐five subarctic lakes in Finnish Lapland across a tree line ecotone were analysed for limnological and optical variables, carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope (SI) composition of surface sediment organic matter (OM) and fossil Chironomidae (Diptera) remains to examine environmental controls behind chironomid functional feeding group (FFG) structure and their isotopic associations for assessing ecosystem functioning and carbon utilisation. We hypothesise that the chironomid SI signatures reflect increased allochthony with increasing allochthonous input, but the resource use may be altered by the functional characteristics of the assemblage.

Multivariate analyses indicated that carbon geochemistry in the sediments (δ13C, δ15N, C/N), nutrients, indices of productivity (chlorophyll‐a) and lake water optical properties, related to increasing presence of OM, played a key role in defining the chironomid FFG composition and isotopic signatures.

Response modelling was used to examine how individual FFGs respond to environmental gradients. They showed divergent responses for OM quantity, dissolved organic carbon and nutrients between feeding strategies, suggesting that detritivores and filter feeders prefer contrasting carbon and nutrient conditions, and may thus hold paleoecological indicator potential to identify changes between different carbon fluxes.

Benthic production was the primary carbon source for the chironomid assemblages according to a three‐source SI mixing model, whereas pelagic and terrestrial components contributed less. Between‐lake variability in source utilisation was high and controlled primarily by allochthonous OM inputs.

Combination of biogeochemical modelling and functional classification is useful to widen our understanding of subarctic lake ecosystem functions and responses to climate‐driven changes in limnology and catchment characteristics for long‐term environmental change assessments and functional paleoecology.
Muscle wasting and branched‐chain amino acid, alpha‐ketoglutarate, and ATP depletion in a rat model of liver cirrhosis
Authors: Holeček Milan , Vodeničarovová Melita
Published: January 2019

The aim of the study was to examine whether a rat model of liver cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a suitable model of muscle wasting and alterations in amino acid metabolism in cirrhotic humans. Rats were treated by intragastric gavage of CCl4 or vehicle for 45 days. Blood plasma and different muscle types—tibialis anterior (mostly white fibres), soleus (red muscle) and extensor digitorum longus (white muscle) ‐ were analysed at the end of the study. Characteristic biomarkers of impaired hepatic function were found in the plasma of cirrhotic animals. The weights and protein contents of all muscles of CCl4‐treated animals were lower when compared with controls. Increased concentrations of glutamine (GLN) and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine and tyrosine) and decreased concentrations of branched‐chain amino acids (BCAA), glutamate (GLU), alanine and aspartate were found in plasma and muscles. In the soleus muscle, GLN increased more and GLU and BCAA decreased less than in the extensor digitorum and tibialis muscles. Increased chymotrypsin‐like activity (indicating enhanced proteolysis) and decreased α‐ketoglutarate and ATP levels were found in muscles of cirrhotic animals. ATP concentration also decreased in blood plasma. It is concluded that a rat model of CCl4‐induced cirrhosis is a valid model for the investigation of hepatic cachexia that exhibits alterations in line with a theory of role of ammonia in pathogenesis of BCAA depletion, citric cycle and mitochondria dysfunction, and muscle wasting in cirrhotic subjects. The findings indicate more effective ammonia detoxification to GLN in red than in white muscles.
Highly transparent, UV‐B protective Al–Zn–O films with potential application in greenhouse screen systems
Authors: Kosari Mehr Abbas , Hantehzadeh Mohammad Reza , Darabi Elham
Published: January 2019

Extremely thin, Al–Zn–O composite films (21 ± 6 nm) are deposited on fused silica substrates under various percentages of oxygen in the oxygen/argon gas mixture (3%, 4.5%, 6%, and 7.5%). The films are prepared by a cylindrical DC magnetron sputtering system, utilizing a single compound target. The effects of the oxygen percentage on the compositional, morphological, and optical properties of the films are investigated by energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, UV‐visible spectrophotometry, and atomic force microscopy. The chemical composition of the films is Al1 Zn1+X O with 0.2 < X < 1. The average visible transmittance of 93.6% with a high level of uniformity is obtained when the sputtering deposition performs under the oxygen percentage of 6%. It is found that the optical band gap of the films can be tailored toward higher energy by increasing oxygen percentage; however, the adjustable range is not so significant. The results offer cost‐efficient films with high, uniform transmittance in the visible region and with an ability to attenuate more than 10% of incident UV‐B radiation (280‐315 nm). This type of films can potentially be included in greenhouse screen systems to effectively protect the plants from the elevated UV‐B radiation without altering natural conditions.
Aesthetic perception, acceptability and satisfaction in the treatment of caries lesions with silver diamine fluoride: A scoping review
Authors: Magno Marcela Baraúna , Silva Luciana Pereira da , Ferreira Daniele Masterson , Barja‐Fidalgo Fernanda , Fonseca‐Gonçalves Andréa
Published: January 2019

Background

Silver diamine fluoride (SDF) causes dental black staining after its application.

Aim

Evaluate the aesthetic perception, acceptability, and/or satisfaction of patients, parents, and professionals to the treatment of caries lesions with SDF through a scoping review.

Design

A search was performed in seven databases and two key journals with no language or date restrictions. Studies that evaluated the aesthetic perception, satisfaction, and/or acceptability of patients, parents, and professionals to the treatment of carious lesions with SDF were considered eligible.

Results

From a total of 1177 articles, 10 studies were full text assessed for eligibility, with nine included in this scoping review. In general, the studies varied by population, study design, and methodologic evaluation. The type of tooth (anterior or posterior), family income, parental schooling, ethnicity, and need for advanced behaviour control methods were factors that influenced the results. The acceptability level increased as the child required more advanced methods of behaviour guidance. In general, the pigmentation caused by SDF did not interfere with the parents’ acceptability of the treatment; however, professionals believe that this could have influence. Regarding satisfaction, pigmentation did not influence parental satisfaction.

Conclusion

Parents were satisfied with and found SDF acceptable, whereas professionals did not.
Effect of high‐pressure vapor pretreatment on the microstructure evolution and tensile strength of zirconia fibers
Authors: Wang Lin , Liu Benxue , Xie Yongshuai , Ma Dehua , Zhu Luyi , Wang Xinqiang
Published: January 2019

High‐strength zirconia (ZrO2) continuous fibers, which are potential candidates as ultra‐high temperature thermal insulators and reinforced materials, are typically fabricated by dry spinning an organozirconium precursor. However, the uncontrolled decomposition of organozirconium precursor usually occurs upon heat treatment that breaks the continuous fibers into pieces, resulting in the loss of tensile strength. Herein, in this contribution, we aimed to maintain the integrity of ZrO2 precursor fibers during heat treatment. For this purpose, novel high‐pressure vapor (HPV) pretreatment of ZrO2 precursor fiber was introduced. The HPV pretreatment is considered to be efficient for the removal of the organics in precursor, promoting the formation of amorphous structures of Zr(OH)4 and Zr(OH)3HCO3. Combining the studies of microstructures and tensile strengths, it was found that the amorphous structures played roles of cross‐linking points, keeping the fibers integrity during the followed heat treatment. After HPV pretreatment, the high‐strength ZrO2 continuous fibers would be obtained by direct sintering in air without any atmosphere which substantially lowered the cost. The tensile strengths of sintered ZrO2 continuous fibers pretreated by an optimized HPV procedure could reach up to as high as 1.299 GPa. The HPV pretreatment method provides a high‐efficiency, low‐cost technique for preparing high‐quality ceramic fibers.
Magnetic stimulation of carotid sinus as a treatment for hypertension
Authors: Li Rongrong , Dai Zhengze , Ye Ruidong , Liu Xinfeng , Xia Zhengkun , Xu Gelin
Published: January 2019

Previously, we reported that magnetic stimulation of carotid sinus (MSCS) could lower arterial pressure in rabbits. In this randomized, sham‐controlled pilot study, we evaluated the effects of MSCS on blood pressure in pre‐hypertensive and hypertensive subjects. A total of 15 subjects with blood pressure higher than 130/80 mm Hg were randomized to receive sham or 1Hz MSCS. The changes of systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean blood pressure (MAP) during treatment were compared between groups. The heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) before, during, and after treatments were analyzed. Reduction of SBP was significantly greater in subjects with MSCS than those with sham stimulation (6.6 ± 0.4 vs −2.5 ± 0.4 mm Hg, P < 0.001). Reduction of DBP was significantly greater in subjects with MSCS than those with sham stimulation (1.2 ± 0.2 vs −2.8 ± 0.2 mm Hg, P < 0.001). Reduction of MAP was significantly greater in subjects with MSCS than those with sham stimulation (1.4 ± 0.3 mm Hg vs −4.0 ± 0.3 mm Hg, P < 0.001). Reduction of HR was significantly greater in subjects with MSCS than those with sham stimulation (0.5 ± 0.5 vs −1.9 ± 0.3 beats/min, P = 0.002). BRS increased from 6.85 ± 0.77 to 8.79 ± 0.95 ms/mm Hg after MSCS compared with that at baseline (P = 0.027). Thus, MSCS can lower blood pressure and heart rate in pre‐hypertensive and hypertensive subject, warranting further study for establishing MSCS as a treatment for hypertension.
Tn antigen promotes human colorectal cancer metastasis via H‐Ras mediated epithelial‐mesenchymal transition activation
Authors: Liu Zhe , Liu Jian , Dong Xichen , Hu Xin , Jiang Yuliang , Li Lina , Du Tan , Yang Lei , Wen Tao , An Guangyu , Feng Guosheng
Published: January 2019

Tn antigen is a truncated O‐glycan, frequently detected in colorectal cancer (CRC), but its precise role in CRC metastasis is not well addressed. Here we investigated the effects of Core 1 β3Gal‐T specific molecular chaperone (Cosmc) deletion‐mediated Tn antigen exposure on CRC metastasis and its underlying mechanism. We first used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to knockout Cosmc, which is required for normal O‐glycosylation, and thereby obtained Tn‐positive CRC cells. We then investigated the biological consequences of Tn antigen expression in CRC. The results showed that Tn‐positive cells exhibited an enhanced metastatic capability both in vitro and in vivo. A further analysis indicated that Tn antigen expression induced typical activation of epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistically, we found that H‐Ras, which is known to drive EMT, was markedly up‐regulated in Tn‐positive cells, whereas knockdown of H‐Ras suppressed Tn antigen induced activation of EMT. Furthermore, we confirmed that LS174T cells (Tn‐positive) transfected with wild‐type Cosmc, thus expressing no Tn antigen, had down‐regulation of H‐Ras expression and subsequent inhibition of EMT process. In addition, analysis of 438 samples in TCGA cohort demonstrated that Cosmc expression was reversely correlated with H‐Ras, underscoring the significance of Tn antigen‐H‐Ras signalling in CRC patients. These data demonstrated that Cosmc deletion‐mediated Tn antigen exposure promotes CRC metastasis, which is possibly mediated by H‐Ras‐induced EMT activation.
Phenotypic differences and similarities of monozygotic twins with maturity‐onset diabetes of the young type 5
Authors: Ohara Yasuko , Okada Yuko , Yamada Tomoko , Sugawara Kenji , Kanatani Masayuki , Fukuoka Hidenori , Hirota Yushi , Maeda Takaki , Morisada Naoya , Iijima Kazumoto , Ogawa Wataru
Published: January 2019

Here, we report phenotypic differences and similarities of monozygotic twins with maturity‐onset diabetes of the young type 5 harboring a partial deletion of chromosome 17q12. The proband and her twin sister manifested complete aplasia and marked hypoplasia, respectively, of the body and tail of the pancreas. Whereas both twins showed marked hypoplasia of the right kidney and multiple cysts in both kidneys, only the proband's sister showed hydronephrosis in the left kidney. The proband had profound defects in insulin and glucagon secretion, as well as mild renal dysfunction, whereas her sister had pronounced renal dysfunction accompanied by mild defects in insulin and glucagon secretion. Both twins manifested hypomagnesemia and hyperuricemia, but no apparent liver dysfunction or intellectual disability. The severity of renal and pancreatic defects differed between monozygotic twins with maturity‐onset diabetes of the young type 5, suggesting that the phenotypes of this condition are determined not solely by genetic factors.
DIVERGENCE OF OPINION AND LONG‐RUN PERFORMANCE OF PRIVATE PLACEMENTS: EVIDENCE FROM THE AUCTION MARKET
Authors: Han Jianlei , Pan Zheyao , Zhang Guangli
Published: January 2019

In this article, we propose and construct a direct measure of investors’ divergence of opinion based on auction bids data from private placements in China. We find that firms with higher bids dispersion generate lower long‐run stock returns after the issuance of private placements. This effect is economically significant and robust when controlling for market discount, earnings management, alternative dispersion measures, and self‐selection bias. Moreover, this negative relation is stronger for stocks with more stringent short‐sale constraints. Our findings therefore provide strong evidence for the overvaluation hypothesis.
Effects of different blowing agents on physical properties of extruded puffed snacks made from yellow pea and red lentil flours
Authors: Chan Elyssa , Masatcioglu Tugrul M. , Koksel Filiz
Published: January 2019

Pulse flours are nutritionally dense ingredients that can increase protein and fiber contents of extruded foods to create healthier snacks. However, extruding with such ingredients can deteriorate desirable physical properties such as expansion. The use of physical blowing agents (e.g., gases) can counter this. In this study, N2 and CO2 gases were used to investigate the impact of blowing agents on physical properties of red lentil and yellow pea extrudates. Microscopy imaging of extrudate cross‐sections showed increased number of cells brought about by gas injection. Some textural parameters, such as crunchiness, were positively affected by gas use regardless of pulse type, whereas others, such as bowl life, were a function of both pulse and gas type. The greatest changes in overall extrudate color and lightness were observed for red lentil with N2 gas injection. The use of physical blowing agents during food extrusion presents great potential in manipulating extrudate expansion, microstructure, texture, and color, with N2 gas well suited for red lentil extrudates in dry form and CO2 gas well suited for yellow pea extrudates in wet form.

Practical applications

Physical blowing agent‐assisted extrusion is a novel technology for the food industry's ability to control aerated food structure and texture. As such, the concentration and solubility of blowing agents may be manipulated to enhance the physical properties of high protein‐ and high fiber‐aerated foods, including ready‐to‐eat snacks, breakfast cereals, and gluten‐free products. The use of physical blowing agent‐assisted extrusion has tremendous potential for the development of nutritionally dense, plant‐based aerated foods with consumer appeal. The results obtained are useful for the food industry because incorporation of such food products into our daily diets, through processing them using innovative technologies, not only adds value to plants (e.g., pulses and cereals) but also has potential health, economic, and ecological benefits for the society.
Effects of autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum strains on Listeria monocytogenes in sucuk during ripening
Authors: Kamiloğlu Aybike , Kaban Güzin , Kaya Mükerrem
Published: January 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum strains (S50, S51, S72, S74, and S85) as starter cultures on growth of Listeria monocytogenes in sucuk (Turkish dry fermented sausage) production. The counts of L. monocytogenes, lactic acid bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae as well as pH value and moisture content were determined in sucuk during ripening period. L. monocytogenes, lactic acid bacteria, and pH value were significantly affected (p < 0.01) by both starter culture and ripening period. A slight increase in L. monocytogenes count was observed in the control group whereas a reduction was observed in samples produced with L. plantarum strains at the first day of fermentation. Although L. monocytogenes reduction in control group with spontaneous microbiota was 0.54 log cfu/g after 11 days of ripening, reductions of as high as 2.74 log cfu/g was observed in the presence of L. plantarum S50.

Practical applications

In the current study, five different autochthonous Lactobacillus plantarum isolates were identified, the effects of these strains on the behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in Turkish fermented sausage (sucuk) were determined. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report investigating the effects of autochthonous lactic acid bacteria strains on behavior of L. monocytogenes in sucuk fermentation. As starter culture autochthonous lactic acid bacteria can be more competitive than commercial types. Our findings reveal the importance of the use of these autochthonous L. plantarum strains causes rapid pH drop to inhibit L. monocytogenes growth during sucuk fermentation. And also L. plantarum S50 strain may be more suitable for use as bioprotective culture or starter culture compared to other strains.
Effect of Thermal Cycling on Flexural Properties of Microcrystalline Cellulose‐Reinforced Denture Base Acrylic Resins
Authors: Rahaman Ali Amira Ali Abdel , John Jacob , Mani Shani Ann , El‐Seedi Hesham R.
Published: January 2019

Purpose

To assess the impact of thermal cycling on flexural properties of denture base acrylic resin reinforced with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB).

Materials and Methods

The flexural strength and flexural modulus, following thermal cycling (5000 cycles of 5‐55°C) of 3 MCC‐reinforced poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) specimens were compared with the conventional and commercially available high‐impact PMMA. The 3 test groups were represented by addition of various weight combinations of MCC and acrylic powders.

Results

All 3 test groups with the addition of MCC demonstrated improved flexural strength and flexural modulus compared to the conventional resin, without and after thermal cycling. The highest mean flexural strength corresponded to the specimens reinforced with 5% MCC followed by 2% MCC.

Conclusion

Addition of MCC derived from OPEFB to PMMA may be a viable alternative to the existing, commercially available synthetic reinforced PMMA resins. The potential application of natural fillers in the fabrication of a reinforced denture base resin needs further study.
Redemption in a single low point story longitudinally predicts well‐being: The incremental validity of life story elements
Authors: Cox Keith S. , Hanek Kathrin J. , Cassario Abigail L.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Extending research on the incremental validity of life story variables and the importance of particular kinds of story contexts, this paper tested the hypothesis that a single theme (narrative redemption) in a specific life story episode (the low point—or an episode that challenges the self) can predict well‐being, above and beyond covariates.

Method

Two samples, an emerging adult (N = 144) and a late midlife sample (N = 158), provided life story episodes with different life story collection methods (written and interview) and completed self‐report measures concurrently and longitudinally.

Results

The findings indicated that low point redemption was associated concurrently and longitudinally with well‐being when controlling for the Big Five factors of Extraversion and Neuroticism and narrative word count. These associations held for three months among emerging adults and four years among late midlife adults. Aggregating redemption in high and low points did not improve the concurrent or longitudinal association between redemption and well‐being.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate the capacity of elements in a single challenging episode of the life story to predict well‐being.
Ecological Factors Affecting Obesity Among Middle School Students in South Korea
Authors: Kim Suhee , Kim Gwang Suk
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Despite the environment being recognized as playing an important role in health, little is known about the influence of school and community factors on student health. This study aimed to identify the ecological factors influencing obesity among middle school students, including intrapersonal, interpersonal, school, and community factors.

METHODS

The study sample consisted of 2069 students from 50 middle schools, with individual‐level data. School and community‐level data were collected using a school nurse survey and official materials from the National and Civic Statistics. These data were merged and used for a series of multilevel logistic regression analyses.

RESULTS

There were significant variations in the students' overweight/obesity status, by ecological factors. Individual dietary habits, peer social support for physical activity, health education in the regular curriculum, the number of personal computer rooms per 100,000 individuals, and the area of public sports facilities per 100,000 individuals were significantly associated with student obesity.

CONCLUSIONS

To be more effective, overweight/obesity prevention efforts for middle school students should focus not only on individual factors, but also on school and community factors.
School Food Environment, Food Consumption, and Indicators of Adiposity Among Students 7‐14 Years in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Martinez‐Ospina Andrea , Sudfeld Christopher R. , González Silvia A. , Sarmiento Olga L.
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

In Colombia, the prevalence of overweight/obesity in children has increased by 26% in the past 5 years. School food environment may be an important contributor and offers opportunities for effective intervention.

METHODS

We conducted a cross‐sectional study among 7‐ to 14‐year‐old schoolchildren from 10 schools in Bogotá, Colombia. We examined the school food environment and the relationship of individual‐level consumption, and physical activity with overweight/obesity, measured by body mass index and percentage body fat.

RESULTS

Schools with a restaurant/store were characterized as having excessive unhealthy foods. In the sample of 714 schoolchildren, 17.5% were overweight and 10.5% were obese. In multivariate models, boys had significantly increased odds of being overweight/obese (odds ratio [OR]: 1.53; p = .01) as compared to girls. Schoolchildren who consumed a greater number of energy drinks (OR = 1.82; p = .04), and those who spent more than 3 hours per schoolday watching TV (OR = 1.53; p < .01) had increased odds of being overweight/obese.

CONCLUSIONS

Approximately 1 in 4 schoolchildren were overweight/obese, with boys, energy drink consumers, and those with low physical activity having increased risk. School‐based interventions focused on improving food options and providing health behavior education may be effective to reduce overweight among children in Bogotá and similar settings.
Integration of Onsite Long‐Acting Reversible Contraception Services Into School‐Based Health Centers
Authors: Summit Aleza K. , Friedman Emmeline , Stein Tara B. , Gold Marji
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

With recent recommendations from professional organizations, long‐acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods are considered appropriate first‐line contraception for adolescents. Many school‐based health centers (SBHCs) in New York City (NYC) have recently added onsite LARC insertion and management to their contraceptive options. We aimed to explore key elements needed to implement LARC training and services into the SBHC setting and to identify successful factors for program implementation.

METHODS

Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted with 19 providers and staff at 7 SBHCs in high schools in the Bronx and analyzed using Dedoose.

RESULTS

Support and leadership from administration; comprehensive onsite training of providers and staff; developing an effective staffing model for procedure sessions; and patient‐centered contraceptive counseling were 4 key themes named by respondents as crucial to the program implementation process.

CONCLUSIONS

Integrating LARC services onsite at SBHCs is feasible and positively received by providers and staff. With good leadership, staffing, training, and appropriate contraceptive counseling, both SBHCs and other primary clinics that serve adolescents can integrate LARC insertion, removal, and management into routine contraceptive care. This in turn can increase youth access to these methods.
Pan‐cancer genomic analyses reveal prognostic and immunogenic features of the tumor melatonergic microenvironment across 14 solid cancer types
Authors: Lv Jia‐Wei , Zheng Zi‐Qi , Wang Zi‐Xian , Zhou Guan‐Qun , Chen Lei , Mao Yan‐Ping , Lin Ai‐Hua , Reiter Russel J. , Ma Jun , Chen Yu‐Pei , Sun Ying
Published: January 2019

We performed comprehensive genomic analyses of the melatonergic system within the tumor microenvironment and their clinical relevance across a broad spectrum of solid tumors. RNA‐seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) of 14 solid tumors representing 6658 human samples were analyzed. The tumor melatonergic system was characterized by the rates of melatonin synthesis and metabolism using a two‐gene expression model (melatonin synthesis/metabolism Index). We calculated three indexes according to different melatonin metabolism isoenzymes (Index‐I [ASMT:CYP1A1], Index‐II [ASMT:CYP1A2], and Index‐III [ASMT:CYP1B1]). Samples of each cancer type were classified into two subgroups (high vs low) based on median values. Clinical outcomes, mutational burden, and neoepitope abundance were analyzed and compared. We found that the ability of the tumor microenvironment to synthesize and accumulate melatonin varied across cancer types and negatively correlated with tumor burden. Kaplan‐Meier survival analyses and multivariable modeling showed that the three indexes played different roles across different cancers and harbored prognostic values in breast cancer (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR]Index‐II = 0.65 [0.44‐0.97]; P = 0.03), cervical cancer (AHRIndex‐I = 0.62 [0.39‐0.98]; P = 0.04), lung squamous cell carcinoma (AHRIndex‐III = 0.75 [0.56‐0.99]; P = 0.04), melanoma (AHRIndex‐I = 0.74 [0.55‐0.98]; P = 0.04), and stomach adenocarcinoma (AHRIndex‐III = 0.68 [0.41‐0.94]; P = 0.02). We further investigated its clinical relevance with tumor immunogenic features (mutational burden and neoantigen abundance), which may predict immunotherapy benefits. We observed significant negative correlations with mutational burden in the majority of tumors (P < 0.05), except cervical cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and thyroid carcinoma. Our study provides a systematic overview of the oncostatic values of the melatonergic system and highlights the utilization of this simple and promising gene signature as a prognosticator and potential predictor of response to immunotherapy.
Parthenogenesis is rare in the reproduction of a sexual field population of the isogamous brown alga Scytosiphon (Scytosiphonaceae, Ectocarpales)
Authors: Hoshino Masakazu , Kogame Kazuhiro
Published: January 2019

Parthenogenetic development of unfused gametes is commonly observed in laboratory cultures among various brown algal taxa. There is, however, little information on the contribution of parthenogenesis to the reproduction of field populations. In this study, we investigated whether parthenogenesis is present in a sexual population of the isogamous brown alga Scytosiphon with a 1:1 sex ratio. In culture, both female and male gametes showed higher mortality and slower development compared to zygotes. More than 90% of surviving partheno‐germlings formed parthenosporophytes irrespective of the culture conditions tested. Therefore, if parthenogenesis occurs in the field, most unfused gametes are expected to form parthenosporophytes. Contrary to this expectation, parthenosporophytes were rare in the field population. We collected 126 sporophytic thalli and isolated and cultured a unilocular sporangium from each of them. We confirmed that cultures of 120 unilocular sporangia produced both female and male gametophytes by the observation of zygotes or amplification of PCR‐based sex markers indicating that these sporangia originated from zygotic sporophytes. Only females were detected in cultures from two sporangia and only males from four sporangia suggesting that these sporangia originated from parthenosporophytes. In the Scytosiphon population, although parthenogenesis is observable in culture, our results demonstrate that the contribution of parthenogenesis to reproduction is small (≤4.8%) compared to sexual reproduction. Unfused gametes may not survive to form mature parthenosporophytes in significant numbers in the field partly due to their higher mortality and slower development compared from zygotes.
Metabolomics discloses potential biomarkers to predict the acute HVPG response to propranolol in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Reverter Enric , Lozano Juan J. , Alonso Cristina , Berzigotti Annalisa , Seijo Susana , Turon Fanny , Baiges Anna , Martínez‐Chantar Mari L. , Mato José M. , Martínez‐Arranz Ibon , La Mura Vincenzo , Hernández‐Gea Virginia , Bosch Jaume , García‐Pagán Juan C.
Published: January 2019

Background

In cirrhosis, a decrease in hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) > 10% after acute iv propranolol (HVPG response) is associated with a lower risk of decompensation and death. Only a part of patients are HVPG responders and there are no accurate non‐invasive markers to identify them. We aimed at discovering metabolomic biomarkers of HVPG responders to propranolol.

Methods

Sixty‐six patients with cirrhosis and HVPG ≥ 10 mm Hg in whom the acute HVPG response to propranolol was assessed, were prospectively included. A targeted metabolomic serum analysis using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was performed. Different combinations of 2‐3 metabolites identifying HVPG responders (HVPG reduction > 10%) were obtained by stepwise logistic regression. The best of these model (AUROC, Akaike criterion) underwent internal cross‐validation and cut‐offs to classify responders/non‐responders was proposed.

Results

A total of 41/66 (62%) patients were HVPG responders. Three hundred and eighty‐nine metabolites were detected and 177 were finally eligible. Eighteen metabolites were associated to the HVPG response at univariate analysis; at multivariable analysis, a model including a phosphatidylcholine (PC(P‐16:0/22:6)) and a free fatty acid (20:2(n‐6), eicosadienoic acid) performed well for HVPG response, with an AUROC of 0.801 (0.761 at internal validation). The cut‐off 0.629 was the most efficient for overall classification (49/66 patients correctly classified). Two cut‐off values allowed identifying responders (0.688, PPV 84%) and non‐responders (0.384, NPV 82%) with undetermined values for 17/66 patients. Clinical variables did not add to the model.

Conclusions

The combination of two metabolites helps at identifying HVPG responders to acute propranolol. It could be a useful non‐invasive test to classify the HVPG response to propranolol.
Shocked quartz in polymict impact breccia from the Upper Cretaceous Yallalie impact structure in Western Australia
Authors: Cox Morgan A. , Cavosie Aaron J. , Ferrière Ludovic , Timms Nicholas E. , Bland Phil A. , Miljković Katarina , Erickson Timmons M. , Hess Brian
Published: January 2019

Yallalie is a ~12 km diameter circular structure located ~200 km north of Perth, Australia. Previous studies have proposed that the buried structure is a complex impact crater based on geophysical data. Allochthonous breccia exposed near the structure has previously been interpreted as proximal impact ejecta; however, no diagnostic indicators of shock metamorphism have been found. Here we report multiple (27) shocked quartz grains containing planar fractures (PFs) and planar deformation features (PDFs) in the breccia. The PFs occur in up to five sets per grain, while the PDFs occur in up to four sets per grain. Universal stage measurements of all 27 shocked quartz grains confirms that the planar microstructures occur in known crystallographic orientations in quartz corresponding to shock compression from 5 to 20 GPa. Proximity to the buried structure (~4 km) and occurrence of shocked quartz indicates that the breccia represents either primary or reworked ejecta. Ejecta distribution simulated using iSALE hydrocode predicts the same distribution of shock levels at the site as those found in the breccia, which supports a primary ejecta interpretation, although local reworking cannot be excluded. The Yallalie impact event is stratigraphically constrained to have occurred in the interval from 89.8 to 83.6 Ma based on the occurrence of Coniacian clasts in the breccia and undisturbed overlying Santonian to Campanian sedimentary rocks. Yallalie is thus the first confirmed Upper Cretaceous impact structure in Australia.
Exploring the variability of argon loss in Apollo 17 impact melt rock 77135 using high‐spatial resolution40Ar/39Ar geochronology
Authors: Mercer Cameron M. , Hodges Kip V. , Jolliff Bradley L. , Van Soest Matthijs C. , Wartho Jo‐Anne , Weirich John R.
Published: January 2019

40Ar/39Ar incremental heating experiments on whole‐rock lunar samples commonly provide evidence of varying degrees of radiogenic40Ar (40Ar*) loss. However, these experiments provide limited information about whether or not40Ar* is preferentially lost from specific glasses, minerals, or polyphase domains. Ultraviolet laser ablation microprobe (UVLAMP)40Ar/39Ar dating and electron probe microanalysis of mineral clasts and polyphase melt assemblages in Apollo 17 poikilitic impact melt rock 77135 show evidence of geochemical controls on40Ar/39Ar dates. Potassium‐rich glass and K‐feldspar in the mesostasis are the dominant sources for Ar released during low‐temperature steps of published40Ar/39Ar release spectra for this rock, while pyroxene oikocrysts with enclosed plagioclase chadacrysts contribute Ar predominantly to intermediate‐ to high‐temperature steps. Additionally,UVLAMPanalysis of a mm‐scale plagioclase clast demonstrates the potential to use stranded40Ar* diffusive loss profiles to constrain the thermal evolution of lunar impact melt deposits and indicates that the melt component of 77135 cooled quickly. While some submillimeter clasts of plagioclase are distinctly older than the melt, other small clasts yield dates younger than the oldest melt components in 77135, plausibly due to subgrain fast diffusion pathways and/or40Ar* loss during brief episodes of reheating at high temperatures. Our data suggest that integrated petrologic and microanalytical geochronologic studies are necessary complements to bulk sample geochronologic studies in order to fully evaluate competing models for the impactor flux during the first billion years of the Moon's evolution.
Whence the Sovereignty?
Authors: Kemp Matthew
Published: January 2019

This essay challenges an approach to political theology, exemplified by Clayton Crockett, that insists that divine sovereignty must be rejected to avoid the conception of political sovereignty developed by Carl Schmitt. Crockett conflates different understandings of God and God’s power, particularly ignoring the rise of nominalism and its influence over modern political theory. By attending to this history, we see that Crockett is incorrect to reject all classical onto‐theological or monotheistic definitions of God as the basis for sovereignty. The final section explores other theological options (Oliver O’Donovan, John Milbank, Jürgen Moltmann) that also challenge modern political sovereignty from within the classical Christian tradition.
Water as a resource, stress and disturbance shaping tundra vegetation
Authors: Kemppinen Julia , Niittynen Pekka , Aalto Juha , le Roux Peter C. , Luoto Miska
Published: January 2019

Water is crucial for plant productivity and survival as a fundamental resource, but water conditions can also cause physiological stress and mechanical disturbance to vegetation. However, these different influences of water on vegetation patterns have not been evaluated simultaneously. Here, we demonstrate the importance of three water aspects (spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture and fluvial disturbance) for three ecologically and evolutionary distinct taxonomical groups (vascular plants, mosses and lichens) in Fennoscandian mountain tundra. Fine‐scale plant occurrence data for 271 species were collected from 378 × 1 m2 plots sampled over broad environmental gradients (water, temperature, radiation, soil pH, cryogenic processes and the dominant allelopathic plant species). While controlling all other key environmental variables, water in its different aspects proved to be a crucial environmental driver, acting on individual species and on community characteristics. The inclusion of the water variables significantly improved our models. In this high‐latitude system, the importance of spatial variability of water exceeds the importance of temperature for the fine‐scale distribution of species from the three taxonomical groups. We found differing responses to the three water variables between and within the taxonomical groups. Water as a resource was the most important water‐related variable in species distribution models across all taxonomical groups. Both water resource and disturbance were strongly related to vascular plant species richness, whereas for moss species richness, water resources had the highest influence. For lichen species richness, water disturbance was the most influential water‐related variable. These findings demonstrate that water variables are not only independent properties of tundra hydrology, but also that water is truly a multifaceted driver of vegetation patterns at high‐latitudes.