bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serologic Characteristics of Glucokinases from Entamoeba histolytica and Related Species1
Authors: CHAROENLARP PRICHA , WARREN LIONEL G. , REEVES RICHARD E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An enzyme inhibition technic was employed for quantitative comparison of the serologic properties of glucokinases from 4 groups of amebas which are structurally indistinguishable species: Entamoeba histolytica, E. moshkovskii, E. invadens and E. terrapinae. Antiglucokinase was prepared by immunizing rabbits with crude extracts of DKB and Laredo strains of E. histolytica. The combination of amebal glucokinase and homologous antibody was a pseudoirreversible reaction. The inhibition was proportional to the amount of antibody until at least 60% of the enzyme was inhibited, and the inhibition was 96–92% in the region of antibody excess. The nature of the inhibition was uncompetitive with respect to substrate. The presence of substrate had no effect upon the inhibition. Anti‐DKB glucokinase inhibited equally glucokinases from DKB, JH, K9, 200, NRS, BH, JI, F22, and N strains. Anti‐Laredo glucokinase equally inhibited glucokinases from Laredo, Huff, JA, AG, and 403 strains; 2.5–2.9 times as much antiserum was required to produce the same degree of inhibition between antisera and strains of heterologous group as with homologous antigen. Anti‐DKB and anti‐Laredo glucokinases cross‐reacted with the enzyme from E. moshkovskii, but not with enzymes from reptilian amebas. A new glucokinase‐anti‐glucokinase dissociation test was developed which provides a method for qualitative differentiation of antiglucokinase against DKB strain from anti‐glucokinase against Laredo strain.
Ultrastructure of an Unusual Erythrocytic Form of Plasmodium berghei*
Authors: KILLBY VIRGINIA A. A. , SILVERMAN PAUL H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Unusual dense forms were discovered in ultrathin sections of Plasmodium berghei‐infected rat erythrocytes. These parasites frequently occurred with one or more typical trophozoites in a single blood cell. They appeared darker than both the neighboring trophozoites and the host erythrocyte. Ribosomes were visible in clusters in their compact cytoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum, when present, had dilated cisternae often containing a material of low density. Large food vacuoles werecommonly seen along with the small vesicles harboring pigment granules. The single large nucleus had dense nucleoplasm. Multilaminated membraned bodies and sausage‐shaped vacuoles were, seen in some of the parasites.

The exact identity of this form of P. berghei is not known. Its possible significance is discussed with particular reference to the differentiation of gametocytes.
Transformation of the Plasmodium cynomolgi Oocyst1
Authors: TERZAKIS JOHN A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The transformation of the P. cynomolgi oocyst into definitive sporozoite forms occurs 8–10 days after an infective blood meal by Anopheles, stephensi mosquitoes. Vacuolization divides the oocyst cytoplasm into sporoblast sub‐units from which sporozoites bud. The role of sporoblast nuclear and cytoplasmic components in the complex differentiative process is discussed.
Preliminary Studies on the Use of Ferritin‐Conjugated Antibodies to Plasmodium berghei*
Authors: KILLBY VIRGINIA A. A. , SILVERMAN PAUL H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The feasibility of applying immunoferritin technics in malarial antibody studies was explored using the asexual erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei. Anti‐P. berghei antibodies were induced in rats by repeated infection and in rabbits by immunization with French press‐ or saponin‐prepared antigens. Ferritin tagging was observed in thin sections of some freed and intracellular P. berghei parasites after exposure to ferritin‐labeled antibodies.

A more extensive localization of ferritin was observed in cells subjected to the indirect versus the direct method of incubation. With formalin as a prefixative as opposed to glutaraldehyde, an increased ferritin tagging and the distribution of ferritin at intracellular sites was evident. These observations are discussed in terms of the damage and associated increase in permeability which often appeared in our formalin‐fixed tissue.

Controls with normal serum or normal uninfected erythrocytes differed in ferritin localization from their corresponding test materials in only a few trials. The need for antibody preparations as free as possible from reactivity to host components became obvious. The positive results obtained when ferritin alone (especially TC‐modified ferritin) was applied in excess indicated a nonspecific binding and the necessity of purifying the conjugates of unbound ferritin was stressed.

Native ferritin was found in the large double membranebound host inclusions, small vesicles and residual body of P. berghei.
Some Factors Governing Feeding Behavior of Homalozoon vermiculare (Ciliophora, Holotricha)
Authors: SESHACHAR B. R. , SAXENA K. N. , GIRGLA HARVINDER
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Feeding activity of Homalozoon vermiculare on Paramecium and Blepharisma and on a number of non‐living materials was compared in order to understand its feeding behavior and some of the factors governing it. During a given period it involves a series of feeding responses, each response being completed in 5 stages: (i) contact of prey or non‐living particles with the oral rim of Homalozoon, (ii) ejection of toxin by Homalozoon, if the food is a living organism, (iii) paralysis of the prey, (iv) grasping, and (v) swallowing.

The feeding activity of Homalozoon differs from one food to another and also on any one food at different times. These differences are governed by (i) the physiologic condition of Homalozoon and (ii) certain food characteristics. Its starvation, but not its developmental stage, markedly influences its feeding activity on any food. The food characteristics most important for feeding by Homalozoon are: (i) concentration of prey or non‐living particles in the medium, insuring their adequate contact with the organism's mouth, (b) susceptibility of living organisms to paralysis by the toxin, (c) suitability of particle size for accommodation in the organism's mouth, and (d) suitability of the food material to stimulate the grasping and swallowing responses. Homalozoon much prefers Paramecium to Blepharisma on account of (i) a greater susceptibility of Paramecium to paralysis by the toxin, and (ii) certain differences in the chemical characteristics of the certain proteins, particularly albumins, hemoglobin, etc., of the 2 organisms.
Biosynthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides in Ochromonas malhamensis
Authors: BRADBEER CLIVE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Uniformly 14C‐labeled pyrimidine ribonucleosides and orotic‐6‐14C acid were fed to growing cultures of Ochromonas malhamensis and the radioactivity appearing in RNA and DNA was determined. The carbon skeletons of uridine and cytidine were incorporated intact into all of the pyrimidine nucleotides from RNA and DNA. Incorporation of radioactivity into the purine nucleotides was negligible. The evidence supports the conclusion that deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis in this organism proceeds via a pathway involving the direct reduction of the corresponding ribonucleosides or ribonucleotides. An important role for a trans‐N‐deoxyribosylase in deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis here appears to be ruled out.
Development of Eimeria alabamensis from Cattle in Mammalian Cell Cultures*
Authors: SAMPSON J. ROBERT , HAMMOND DATUS M. , ERNST JOHN V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Monolayer primary cultures of cells from bovine embryonic intestine (BEInt), kidney (BEK), spleen (BES), and thyroid (BETy) and cell line cultures of embryonic bovine trachea (EBTr) and synovium (BESy) as well as established cell line cultures of bovine kidney (Madin‐Darby, MDBK), human intestine (Int 407) and Syrian hamster kidney (BHK) were inoculated with freshly excysted sporozoites of Eimeria alabamensis and observed for 4–5 days. Sporozoites penetrated all cell types; during the 1st 24 hr, intracellular sporozoites, trophozoites and binucleate schizonts were seen in all cell cultures. Mature schizonts were more numerous in BES and MDBK cells than in the others. Large schizonts, 14.2 (11–18.5) by 10.2 μ (8.5–11), with 6–14 short, stubby merozoites (each with 2 refractile bodies) occurred at 2 and 3 days in all cells except BESy, Int 407, and BHK. Small schizonts, 9.7 (5.5–13) by 6 μ (5–8.5), with 6–10 long, slender merozoites (each with 2 refractile bodies) were found 3 days after inoculation in all cell types. At 4 days, some intracytoplasmic merozoites and a few intranuclear 2nd generation trophozoites were found. After 4 days post‐inoculation, intracellular parasites were rarely seen and these were apparently degenerate. Development within the host cell nucleus, the normal site of development in the host animal, was observed infrequently in cell cultures. Intranuclear sporozoites, found no earlier than 2 days after inoculation, developed similarly to those in the cytoplasm, and small intranuclear schizonts with 6–10 merozoites (each with 2 refractile bodies) occurred after 3 days in culture.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Base Composition of Stentor coeruleus*
Authors: MANDEL MANLEY , MUZYKA MADELINE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The deoxyribonucleic acid of Stentor coeruleus has of 33 moles percent guanine plus cytosine. a buoyant density in CsCl of 1.692 gcm−3 and a base composition of 33 moles percent guanine plus cytosine.
The Biology of Gregarina fernandoi n. sp. in the Cockroach Pysnoscelus surinamensis with Observations on its Development and Cytochemical Nature
Authors: SABARATN AM MANO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Gregarina fernandoi n. sp. is a eugregarine. Its structure, development and life history in the gut of the cockroach Pycnoscelus surinamensis are described. It is named as a new species on the basis of its size, nuclear structure, structure and form of the gametocyst and oocyst.

Observations were made on the different stages of the parasite and related to the pH of the gut. In the ceca, pH 4.5–5, the parasite was in its early stages of development, in the midgut, pH 6.5–7, it was in syzygy and in the rectum, pH 7.5–8, gametocysts were found.
Eimeria macusaniensis n. sp. (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) of the Alpaca Lama pacos
Authors: GUERRERO CARLOS A. , HERNANDEZ JOSE , BAZALAR HERNANDO , ALVA JOSE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new species of coccidium, Eimeria macusaniensis n. sp., is described from the alpaca Lama pacos in Macusani, Peru. The oocysts are ovoid to piriform, 81–107 by 61–80 μ (mean 93.6 by 67.4 μ) with a micropylar cap and elongate ovoid sporocysts 33–40 by 16–20 μ (mean 36.3 by 18.3 μ).
Isolation, Structure and Composition of Cyst Wall of Schizopyrenus russelli*
Authors: RASTOGI A. K. , SHIPSTONE A. C. , AGARWALA S. C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A procedure is described for the isolation of cyst wall of Schizopyrenus russelli free of cytoplasmic material. It has 27.3% protein, 37.5% carbohydrate (of which 13.1% is cellulose), and 15.1% lipids. Sialic acid is absent. It has a relatively electrondense inner thick layer and a less electron‐dense outer thin layer. The space between the 2 layers is 25 nm in younger cysts and 2.5 μ in fully mature cysts. This space is filled with a fibrillar spongy material likely to be cellulose.
Eimeria bateri Bhatia, Pandey and Pande, 1965 from the Hungarian Quail Coturnix c. coturnix in the United States and Its Attempted Transmission to the Chicken**
Authors: SHAH HARISH L. , JOHNSON CORNELL A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Eimeria bateri Bhatia, Pandey, Pande, 1965 is described from the Hungarian quail Coturnix c. coturnix for the first time in the U.S. Its oocysts are either ellipsoidal or ovoid, 14–28 by 12–19 μ with a mean of 20.5 by 15.3 μ. Its sporocysts are elongate ovoid, with a Stieda body, 8–12 by 6–9 μ with a mean of 10.3 by 7.5 μ.

Two coccidia‐free chicks 8 days old were inoculated with 50,000 oocysts each of E. bateri, but patent infections did not occur. This coccidium is therefore presumably host‐specific.
Sub‐Pellicular Microtubules in Crithidia fasciculata
Authors: MESSIER PAUL‐EMIL
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Crithidia fasciculata sectioned transversally and studied with the electron microscope had gaps among an otherwise uniform row of sub‐pellicular microtubules. Cultures were submitted to various treatments known to affect the structure of microtubules in other cell types. Only those very drastic treatments that killed the cells affected the sub‐pellicular microtubules. Others, altho affecting the structure of the cell, left the sub‐pellicular gaps and microtubules unchanged.
Cryptosporidium wrairi sp. n. from the Guinea Pig Cavia porcellus, with an Emendation of the Genus
Authors: VETTERLING JOHN M. , JERVIS HELEN R. , MERRILL THOMAS G. , SPRINZ HELMUTH
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Cryptosporidium wrairi sp. n. is described from the laboratory guinea pig Cavia porcellus. The life cycle is given insofar as it is known. Two schizogonous generations are described; the 1st with 8 merozoites, the 2nd with 4 merozoites. The latter generation was previously referred to as the sporulated oocyst, but evidence is presented to show that it is a schizont. Micro‐ and macrogametogony are also described. No oocysts were found. Cross‐transmission to mice, chickens, turkeys and rabbits was unsuccessful. The generic character of oocysts with 4 naked sporozoites is discarded and the presence of endogenous stages in the striated border of epithelial cells is used as the emended generic character. A listing of valid and non‐valid species is given.
Asexual and Sexual Stages of a Malaria Parasite in the Thrombocytes of Tropidurus torquatus (Iguanidae) Infected with Plasmodium tropiduri*
Authors: SCORZA J. V.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sexual and asexual stages of a parasite found in the thrombocyte‐like cells of some Tropidurus torquatus infected with Plasmodium tropiduri are described. The strong ultrastructural similarities between the gametocytes of this parasite and the gametocytes of P. tropiduri, and the finding of this parasite in lizards inoculated with P. tropiduri suggest that this malaria parasite can develop both in erythrocytes and thrombocytes. Evidence in favor of this hypothesis is discussed.
Urceolaria viridis n. sp., a Ciliate (Peritrichida, Mobilina) with Elongate Symbiotic Green Algae
Authors: RICHARDS CHARLES S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A new peritrichous ciliate containing elongate symbiotic green algae is described from the marine limpet Acmaea digitalis Eschscholtz (1833). Urceolaria viridis n. sp. is characterized as follows: turban‐shaped; diam. 40 μ; diam. striated band 30 μ; diam. corona 23 μ; width of corona 2μ; 16–22 denticles; peristome slightly more than one turn; circlet of delicate cirri adoral to ciliary girdle; macronucleus H‐shaped with both ends of side pieces widely separated; diam. micronucleus 4.5 μ, endosome 2.5 μ; cytoplasm containing elongate green algae measuring 2–4 by 8–16 μ.
Trypanosomes in Wild California Sandflies, and Extrinsic Stages of Trypanosoma bufophlebotomi
Authors: AYALA STEPHEN C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Trypanosomes were found in 94 of over 1,600 wild Lutzomyia vexatrix occidentis, a common phlebotomine sandfly in central California; 25% of the infected sandflies harbored T. bufophlebotomi, identifiable by its peculiar kinetoplast and body structure. The toad trypanosome was cultured from insect isolates and freeze‐preserved. Growth in culture occurred at 23 C, but not at 15 C or 30 C. The other 75% of trypanosomes from wild sandflies remain unidentified, altho some were probably T. scelopori or T. gerrhonoti of lizards.
Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase in Leishmania tarentolae1
Authors: FAIR DARYL S. , KRASSNER STUART M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Culture stages (promastigotes) of Leishmania tarentolae were tested for alanine aminotransferase (E.C.2.6.1.2) and aspartate aminotransferase (E.C.2.6.1.1.). Neither enzyme was detected in crude cell extracts. After starch block electrophoresis, however, both transaminase activities were found in proteins migrating toward the anode. Only one species of each enzyme was found. Using coupled enzyme assay systems, the following physical and kinetic properties were seen: 1) aspartate aminotransferase was inhibited by α‐ketoglutarate concentrations above 1.68 × 10−2 M and alanine aminotransferase was inhibited by concentrations higher than 1.34 × 10−2 M; 2) the Michaelis constant (Km[α‐ketoglutarate]) was 5.4 × 10−4 M for aspartate aminotransferase and 3.0 × 10−4 M for alanine aminotransferase; 3) maximum activity was found at ˜pH 8.5 (broad range between pH 7.75–9.0) for aspartate aminotransferase whereas maximum activity for alanine aminotransferase was ˜pH 7.2 (range between pH 7.0–7.5); 4) both enzymes lost half of their activity after 4 days at 8 C; 5) aspartate aminotransferase was most active at 35 C and completely inactivated at 59.5 C, alanine aminotransferase exhibited maximum activity at 29.5 C and was completely inactivated at 61 C; and 6) neither enzyme showed enhanced activity with added pyridoxal phosphate.
BOOK REVIEW…
Authors: Levine Norman D.
Published: May 2007

Poindexter, J. S. 1971. Microbiology. An introduction to protists. Macmillan, New York. viii + 582 pp. $10.95.
Eimeria lipuraandE. landersin. spp. (Protozoa, Eimeriidae) from the Long‐tailed PorcupineTrichys lipuraGünther, 1876 in Malaysia1
Authors: COLLEY FREDRICK C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS.Oocysts of 2 new species ofEimeriaare described from the long‐tailed porcupineTrichys lipura.The ovoid, 2‐layered oocysts ofE. lipuraaverage 33.1 by 24.4 μ. A micropyle and polar granules are present; an oocyst residuum is absent. Ovoid sporocysts average 10.9 by 9.3 μ. A sporcyst residuum is present; Stieda body is absent. The subspherical, 3‐layered oocyst ofE. landersiaverages 25.2 by 24.2 μ. An oocyst residuum is absent; a polar granule is present. Ovoid sporocysts average 11.7 by 7.9 μ. A sporcysts residuum is present; a Stieda body is absent.
A Check‐List of the Species of the Genus Haemoproteus (Apicomplexa, Plasmodiidae)*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , CAMPBELL G. ROBERT
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. A list of the presumably valid named species of the genus Haemoproteus Kruse, 1890 (Apicomplexa, Plasmodiidae) is given. It includes 133 species, 5 varieties and 1 subspecies. One new species is named: H. serini n. sp. for the form in the canary Serinus canarius called H. zuenyoni by Sergent & Sergent (90). The following emendations are made: H. aegyptius for H. cellii var. aegyptius Mohammed, 1958; H. cellii for H. noctuae var. cellii Coatney & Roudabush, 1937; H. hirundinis for H. danilewskii var. hirundinis Sergent & Sergent, 1905; H. tinnunculus for H. danilewskyi var. tinnunculus Wasielewski & Wiilker, 1918; H. crumenius for H. crumenium (Hirst, 1905) Coatney, 1936; H. mathislegeri for H. herodiadis var. mathislegeri Mohammed, 1958; H. nebraskensis for H. noctuae var. nebraskensis Coatney & Roudabush, 1937; H. rileyi for Hoemoproteus rileyi Malkani, 1936; H. sauianae for H. sd‐vianae Tendeiro, 1947; H. asturisdussumieri for H. asturis‐dussumieri de Mello, 1935 emend. de Mello, 1937; H. xantholemae for H. xantholaemi Zargar, 1945. Of the 133 named species, 114 occur in birds, 16 in reptiles and 3 in amphibia; 14 orders and 47 families of birds are represented. The generic names Halteridium LabbC, 1894, Haemocystidium Castellani & Willey, 1904 and Simondia Garnham, 1966 are considered synonyms of Haemoproteus.
Blastocrithidia triatomae n. sp. Found in Triatoma infestans from Argentina
Authors: CERISOLA JOSE A. , DEL PRADO CARLOS E. , ROHWEDDER ROLF , BOZZINI JUAN P.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Blastocrithidia triatomae n. sp. found in the digestive tract of T. infestans in Argentina is described. Cysts attached to the flagellum, a conspicuous characteristic of the new species, are described and shown in photomicrographs. Since T. infestans may harbor both T. cruzi and B. triatomae, or either one independently, it is essential that they be distinguished in xenodiagnosis.
Changes in the Levels of Some Macromolecules and Certain Enzyme Activities in Excysting Schizopyrenus russelli
Authors: RASTOGI A. K. , SAGAR P. , AGARWALA S. C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Changes in macromolecular content and certain enzyme levels have been studied during excystment of Schizopyrenus russelli. Protein, RNA and DNA increase with the onset of excystment, the increase being more marked in the first 2 hr than later. Cellulose content is considerably decreased as the trophozoites start emerging from the cysts. There is no significant change in glycogen content. Enzyme activities of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and ribonuclease increase while those of aldolase and isocitric dehydrogenase decrease as excystment proceeds.
The Fine Structure of the Cyst Wall of the Ciliated Protozoon Didinium nasutum1
Authors: HOLT PORTIA A. , CHAPMAN GEORGE B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Electron microscope observations of the complex cyst wall of Didinium nasutum are reported. The cyst wall is composed of 3 major coats. The outermost coat, the ectocyst, consists of short strands of filamentous material which forms a diffuse, amorphous layer approximately 8–9 μ thick. Culture debris, bacteria and unidentified inclusions have been observed adhering to the outer coat. The mesocyst, approximately 2.5 μ thick, has 2 distinct regions. The outer region is differentiated into several slightly thicker layers which in face view have a honeycomb appearance. The deeper region of the mesocyst consists of compact lamellae lacking the obvious honeycomb appearance of the layers of the outer region. Finally, the endocyst (0.3 μ thick), which arises in the mature cyst in the space that develops between the pellicle and the mesocyst, consists of delicate fibrils in a compact matrix. Both mesocyst and endocyst may be undulant and folded. The structure, origin and possible relationships of the various coats composing the cyst wall are discussed. The present study also contributes information on the role and fate of mucocysts and other cytoplasmic structures during the formation of the cyst wall.
A Microsporidan Hyperparasite of Strigeoid Trematodes, Nosema strigeoideae sp. n.
Authors: HUSSEY KATHLEEN L.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Nosema sp. Cort, Hussey & Ameel, 1960, previously reported as a hyperparasite of strigeoid trematode larvae and apparently specific for strigeoids, is described as a new species, N. strigeoideae, with fresh spores averaging 4.7 by 3.1 μ. Primary infection appears to be in the wall of the trematode sporocyst, spreading from there to the developing embryos.
Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction by the Hemoflagellate Leishmania tarentolae1
Authors: DA CRUZ FERNANDO STEELE , KRASSNER STUART M.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Continuous growth of one cell line (UCI variant) of Leishmania tarentolae was achieved in the absence of organic sulfur. These cells were able to use sodium sulfate, and, to a limited extent, sodium sulfite as their sole sulfur source and could utilize methionine sulfoxide in place of L‐methionine. A related cell line (RU variant) was unable to grow in organic sulfate‐free media nor could these cells utilize methionine sulfoxide. UCI promastigotes incorporated significant amounts of 35S sodium sulfate; killed cells did not take up the label. 35S incorporation was inhibited by sodium molybdate (5 × 10−4 M), sodium arsenite (5 × 10−4 M), 2,4‐dinitrophenol (1 × 10−4 M), or KCN (5 × 10−4 M). RU promastigotes did not incorporate significant amounts of 35S sodium sulfate. Thin layer chromatographs of protein hydrolysates from UCI cells incubated in 35S sodium sulfate revealed several radio opaque spots, one of which had chromatographic properties of cystine. UCI variants of L. tarentolae were therefore capable of assimilatory sulfate reduction whereas RU cells lacked this ability.
Ultrastructure of the “Cyst‐like Bodies” of Trypanosoma conorhini*
Authors: DEANE MARIA P. , MILDER REGINA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. An electron microscope study was made of the “cyst‐like bodies” (CLBs) previously described in cultures of Trypanosoma conorhini. It is again suggested that CLBs are a process of reproduction which involves fusion of epimastigotes, repeated divisions of DNA‐containing organelles and organization of daughter epimastigotes that, after being completely formed, may be found free within the large central “vacuole” of the CLB. This “vacuole,” it is now evident, results from the fused and muchdilated flagellar reservoirs of parent epimastigotes. Our interpretation of the CLBs and their possible genetic significance are discussed.
Electron Microscopy of the Nuclear Events During Binary Fission in Paramecium multimicronucleatum
Authors: INABA FUMIE , KUDO NOBUKO
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. From the interphase to the early stage of binary fission in Paramecium multimicronucleatum, when the micro‐nuclei are situated close to the macronucleus, the microtubules in the cytoplasm seem to connect the nuclear pores of macro‐ and micronuclei. During the 1st half of macronuclear division, the microtubules are formed outside the macronucleus, while during the latter half of division, numerous microtubules appear inside it. Chromatin bodies and nucleoli remain unchanged during macro‐nuclear division, but the latter show temporory irregularity in shape. In late prophase of micronuclear division, spindle micro‐tubules are formed, and a polar structure, composed of randomly dispersed twisting filaments, is formed at each pole of the micro‐nucleus at anaphase. Spindle microtubules terminate on the surface of this structure. The nuclear envolope of the macro‐and micronuclei remains intact thruout division. The envelope of the daughter micronuclei is derived from the pre‐existing one.
Extra‐Intestinal Stages of Isospora felis and I. rivolta (Protozoa: Eimeriidae) in Cats*
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , FRENKEL J. K.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Evidence is presented that Isospora felis and I. rivolta invade the extra‐intestinal tissues of cats. Kittens were fed sporocysts of I. felis and I. rivolta. At specific intervals the kittens were killed and suspensions of extra‐intestinal tissues were fed to indicator kittens less than a day old. Oocyst production by the indicator kittens within the regular prepatent period was taken as evidence that coccidian stages were present in the inoculum consisting of extra‐intestinal tissues of cats.

Tissues of kittens infected with I. felis for 5–104 days were infectious to newborn kittens as follows: liver and spleen mixture 3 out of 5 times, mesenteric lymph nodes 4 out of 4 times, brain and muscle mixture 1 out of 5 times, lungs 1 out of 5 times. The prepatent period in kittens consuming oocysts of I. felis was 7‐11 days; after consuming extra‐intestinal tissues of kittens it was 4–8 days. Distinct coccidian stages unlike those present in the gut were found singly and in groups of 2–15 in lymphoreticular cells of mesenteric lymph nodes of 2 kittens infected for 2–4 days.

Tissues of kittens infected with I. rivolta for 5–21 days were infectious to newborn kittens as follows: liver and spleen mixture 3 out of 5 times, mesenteric lymph nodes 1 out of 5 times, brain, muscle and lung mixture none of 5 times. The prepatent period in kittens consuming oocysts of I. rivolta or extra‐intestinal tissues of cats was 5–7 days. Coccidian stages occurred singly or in pairs, intracellularly or free in the mesenteric lymph nodes of 3 out of 10 kittens infected for 1–8 days.
Eimeria lancasterensis Joseph, 1969 and E. confusa Joseph, 1969 from the Grey Squirrel Sciurus carolinensis*
Authors: JOSEPH THOMAS
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Forty grey squirrels Sciurus carolinensis were examined for coccidia during a 2‐year period. Eimeria lancasterensis was found in all of them. The ellipsoidal oocysts of this species averaged 24.6 by 14.6 μ. They had no micropyle or oocyst residuum. A polar body was present. The sporocysts averaged 14.1 by 8.4 μ. The endogenous phases of the parasite were found in the epithelial cells of the villi thru the entire length of the small intestine. E. confusa was found in one of 40 squirrels. The oocysts of this species were subspherical, occasionally ellipsoidal or rarely spherical; they averaged 33.2 by 26.7 μ. Oocyst residuum and micropyle were absent. Polar granules ranged in number from 0–5. The sporocysts averaged 19.6 by 12.1 μ. The prepatent period for this species was 7–8 days and the patent period 6–13 days. E. ontarioensis was found in 3 of the 40 squirrels.
Membrane Activity in Freshwater Amebae*§
Authors: CHAPMAN‐ANDRESEN CICILY
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The constantly changing shape and surface area/volume ratio of Chaos and Amoeba provide sufficient evidence for continuous membrane activity during locomotion, endocytosis, and cell division. Factors influencing membrane intake and renewal are discussed on the basis of data from tracer experiments and from studies on fine structure. The concept of permanent pinocytosis as an essential part of locomotion is discussed, together with the differences between induced and permanent pinocytosis and the factors which might be responsible for the “induction” of permanent pinocytosis. The large saprobiotic ameba, Pelomyxa palustris differs from Chaos and Amoeba in membrane distribution. P. palustris is generally monopseudopodial, and changes in its shape are more limited. The mucous coat, less pronounced in this species, is most prominent at the very active uroid, the site of endocytosis. The membrane renewal cycle in Pelomyxa has not been studied to date.
Tetrahymena pyriformis as a Model System for Membrane Studies*†
Authors: THOMPSON GUY A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Tetrahymena pyriformis is an exceptionally useful subject for studying metabolic interrelationships among intracellular membranes. Its advantages include the striking differences in lipid composition among the cell's various functionally distinct membrane systems, indicating a pronounced lipid specificity at the membrane sites. The magnitude of these differences permits analysis of the mechanisms underlying the specificity. Even more valuable is the unique physical isolation of ciliate surface membranes from the cytoplasm of the cell. In contrast to the almost immediate equilibration of newly made lipids with preexisting lipids found in most cells, Tetrahymena surface membranes have a lipid turnover slow enough to be conveniently analyzed. Finally, the well‐studied responses of Tetrahymena to such physiological stresses as heat and starvation may be used to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on membrane formation.
The Fine Structure of Haemoproteus columbae Sporozoites*
Authors: KLEI THOMAS R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The fine structure of Haemoproteus columbae sporozoites has been studied and compared to sporozoite structure as revealed by the light microscope. The sporozoites are ultrastructurally similar to those of other Haemosporidia in that they possess a 3‐layered pellicle, subpellicular microtubules, polar ring, micropore, free ribosome‐like particles, micronemes, a structure resembling a Golgi complex, an irregular mitochondrion, and a large nucleus. In the anterior region of the sporozoite there are 21–22 regularly arranged longitudinal subpellicular microtubules located peripherally around the cell. In the apical region the microtubules appear thickened on 1 side. The sporozoite of H. columbae has a microneme system in which 1–3 micronemes are associated with the outer pellicular membrane at the anterior end. Micronemes are found throughout the cytoplasm, but occur in greater concentration in the anterior region of the sporozoite. A clear pellicular cavity, located between the polar ring and the termination of the inner pellicular layer, is present at the anterior end of the sporozoite. Vesicular invaginations of the inner pellicular layer have been observed in the anterior region; their function is unknown. Spherical osmophilic bodies are found throughout the cytoplasm.
Development of the Polar Filament‐Polaroplast Complex in a Microsporidian Parasite*
Authors: JENSEN HANNE M. , WELLINGS SEFTON R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The development of the polar filament in a microsporidian parasite was studied in the electron microscope. The polar filament is a peculiar and complex organelle with intricate anatomical relationships to other structures in the mature spore. The characteristic ultrastructure of the formative and mature stages of the polar filament made it possible to trace its development and study the interactions among various organelles during its formation. In sporoblasts the polar filament develops sequentially from 3 different regions. The base of the filament appears first and is derived from a dense body. The anterior part of the filament is formed from electron dense material located in the perinuclear cisterna and in agranular endoplasmic reticulum. The base and the anterior part of the filament move toward each other and fuse. Subsequently, the posterior part of the filament develops from the posterior part of the Golgi complex. The polar sac and the polaroplast surrounding the anterior segment of the filament are formed from the anterior region of the Golgi complex.
Circadian Rhythm Changes in Autotrophic Euglena Induced by Organic Carbon Sources*
Authors: FELDMAN JERRY F. , BRUCE VICTOR G.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Acetate added to autotrophic Euglena cultures changed the period length of the circadian rhythm of phototaxis. Phase shifts were induced by acetate pulses. Since transition from one metabolic state to another (autotrophic/mixotrophic) caused a phase shift or a period change, such effects possibly result from switching metabolic pathways. As suggested (Brinkmann, K., 1966. Planta70, 344–89), differences in the temperature responses of the rhythm in mixotrophic and autotrophic cells might also be caused by participation of different metabolic pathways with different Q10 values, e.g. dark reactions vs photochemical reactions. However the Q10 of a given dark reaction, e.g. protein synthesis, can differ in the 2 states. Therefore temperature experiments alone do not suffice for deciding whether the pathways include photochemical reactions, dark reactions, or both.
A Redescription of Climacostomum virens (Ehrenberg) Stein and Proposal of a New Heterotrich Ciliate Family, Climacostomidae fam. n.
Authors: REPAK ARTHUR J.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Structure of the vegetative and asexually dividing forms of the large ciliate Climacostomum virens is redescribed with emphasis on stomatogenesis. These findings are discussed in relation to the taxonomic and possible evolutionary position of Climacostomum among heterotrichous ciliates. Comparative considerations of the buccal and somatic structures as well as of the stomatogenic patterns in this and other closely related ciliate genera indicate the need for placing Climacostomum and Fabrea in a new family, CLIMACOSTOMIDAE. The morphologic evidence suggests that Climacostomum may represent a line linking Fabrea and Stentor.
Excystation and Development in Cell Culture of Irradiated Oocysts of Eimeria tenella*
Authors: KLIMES B. , TANIELIAN ZABEL , ALI NAZIK ABU
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Irradiation of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella with 7,000; 13,000–14,000; or 20,000–21,000 rads does not kill the sporozoites or diminish their ability to penetrate cells in chicken kidney cell culture. Schizogony is the developmental stage most influenced by irradiation of oocysts. Effects on division and formation of merozoites correspond to irradiation levels.
Plasmodium berghei NK65 in the Inbred A/J Mouse: Immunity in the A/J Mouse Naturally Recovered from NK65C and Challenged with NK65E*
Authors: ALGER NELDA E. , BRANTON MARILYN , SILVERMAN PAUL H.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Female retired breeder A/J mice were infected with Plasmodium berghei NK65C deme. Those animals which recovered were allowed to recrudesce and were inoculated again with NK65C. Twenty‐one weeks after the original challenge, the mice were divided into 2 equal groups. One group was challenged with NK65C and the other with NK65E. Both demes of P. berghei were mosquito derived from NK65. NK65C appeared to give less protection to mice challenged with NK65E deme than to those challenged with the homologous NK65C deme. One mouse which had recovered from infection with NK65C deme died from the NK65E challenge. No definitive conclusions could be drawn regarding antigenic variation and virulence between demes E and C.
Purine Uptake and Utilization by the Avian Malaria Parasite Plasmodium lophurae*
Authors: TRACY SUSAN M. , SHERMAN IRWIN W.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Plasmodium lophurae cannot carry out extensive de novo purine biosynthesis, and depends upon the host erythrocyte for a supply of preformed purines. Exogenous purines taken up by the parasitized erythrocyte may constitute a major source of preformed purines for parasite nucleotide biosynthesis. The uptake of exogenous radioactive purine compounds and their incorporation into nucleic acids by duck erythrocytes parasitized with P. lophurae, uninfected erythrocytes, and erythrocyte‐free parasites were studied. P. lophurae was found to have a remarkable ability, both intracellularly and extracellularly, to take up and utilize certain exogenous purines such as adenosine, inosine, and hypoxanthine. Incorporation studies indicated that this species has a functional purine salvage pathway by which inosine, hypoxanthine, and adenosine can be converted to both adenine and guanine nucleotides.
Trypanosoma pacifica sp. n. from the English Sole Parophrys vetulus Girard from Oregon*
Authors: BURRESON EUGENE M. , PRATT IVAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Trypanosoma pacifica sp. n. is described from the blood of the English sole, Parophrys vetulus Girard, from Oregon. The total length averages 35.9 μm of which 15.4 μm is free flagellum. Comparisons are made with other trypanosomes reported from related species of fishes and with those reported from marine fishes adjacent to North America.
Coccidia of the Leporidae*
Authors: LEVINE NORMAN D. , IVENS VIRGINIA
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Thirty‐six species of coccidia, all members of the genusEimeria, have been described from 3 of the 9 genera and 11 of the more than 48 species in the lagomorph family Leporidae. All these are described briefly in the present paper and their synonymies are given. Coccidia have been described from the single species ofOryctolagus, from 4 of the 13 species ofSylvilagusand from 6 of the 26 species ofLepus. These genera have 12, 12, and 14 known species ofEimeria, of which only 2 are shared byOryctolagusandSylvilagus.Lepushas none of the coccidia of these genera. One species is known to occur in the bile ducts of the liver, 13 in the intestine, and the location of 22 is unknown. Life cycles have been determined for 9 of the species, of which 8 have been worked out in the domestic rabbitOryctolagusand 1 in the cottontailSylvilagus.
Infectivity and Recovery of Tetrahymena pyriformis Strain S from Adult Female Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana)*
Authors: SEAMAN GERALD R. , TOSNEY T. , BERGLUND RICHARD , GOLDBERG GEORGE
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Hemocoelomic injection of 5,800–8,000 cells of Tetrahymena pyriformis strain S per female cockroach resulted in lethargy of the insects within 24 hr and death within 72 hr. Ciliates could be recovered 24–48 hr after injection of these amounts of ciliates. Inoculation of smaller numbers of cells resulted in no apparent ill effects to the insects and ciliates could not be recovered.

After recovery from cockroaches and reestablishment in axenic culture, the ciliates were rounded and contained large numbers of lipid droplets which decreased on continued cultivation. The ciliates underwent a sequence of morphologic alterations involving a decrease in length and width to form ovoid cells, an approach to the pyriform shapes (but smaller than normal size), an elongation to an abnormal length/width ratio, and then, after 6 days in culture, a return to the normal shape with usual dimensions.
Effects of Ethidium Bromide and Several Acridine Dyes on the Kinetoplast DNA of Leishmania tropica*†
Authors: MORALES NYDIA M. , SCHAEFER FRANK W. , KELLER STEPHEN J. , MEYER RALPH R.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Whole cell DNA from Leishmania tropica has 2 peaks when banded by CsCl equilibrium density centrifugation. The main band has a buoyant density of 1.721 and the satellite band a buoyant density of 1.705, with Clostridium perfringens DNA (ρ= 1.6915) used as a reference. The satellite band has been identified as the kinetoplast DNA by purifying DNA from isolated kinetoplasts. L. tropica has the highest G + C content of both nuclear and kinetoplastic DNA thus far reported for trypanosomatids. The effects of ethidium bromide, acriflavin, proflavin, and 5‐aminoacridine on the kinetoplast of L. tropica have been compared. Ethidium bromide and acriflavin, but not proflavin or 5‐aminoacridine, induce dyskinetoplasty. L. tropica is one of the most sensitive trypanosomatids to ethidium bromide and acriflavin. Examination of the DNA from drug‐treated cells in CsCl gradients revealed a loss of the satellite band after ethidium bromide or acriflavin treatment, but not after proflavin or 5‐aminoacridine treatment. Cell division was required to produce these effects on the kinetoplast.
The Kinetic Complexity of Paramecium Macronuclear Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: SOLDO A. T. , GODOY G. A.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

DNA extracted from macronuclei of axenically cultured Paramecium aurelia has been characterized with regard to its kinetic complexity. Renaturation of macronuclear DNA from this protozoon appeared to follow 2nd order kinetics and revealed the presence of 2 components: a main component comprising ∼96% of the genome which renatured slowly and a minor component comprising ∼4% of the genome which renatured at a rate ∼3000 faster than the main component. The value of the kinetic complexity of the main component has been estimated at 3.8 × 1010 daltons and that of the minor component at 1.45 × 107 daltons. It is suggested that the macronucleus contains ∼840 diploid copies of the slowly renaturing component; for each copy of the latter there are ∼100 copies of the fast renaturing component.
The Utilization of Glucose and Proline by Culture Forms of Trypanosoma brucei*
Authors: EVANS D. A. , BROWN R. C.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS

Exponentially dividing culture forms of Trypanosoma brucei did not utilize glucose provided in the culture medium. The inclusion of 2‐deoxyglucose in the medium had no effect on the growth of the trypanosomes. Glucose could be replaced by proline in the liquid phase of biphasic medium without affecting the doubling time of the organisms. Proline added to the culture medium in this way disappeared during the log phase of growth. Glucose in the culture medium was used by the trypanosomes only when the stationary growth phase had been reached. Lipid accumulated in stationary phase trypanosomes grown in glucose‐containing medium, but there was no lipid accumulation in log phase organisms or in those which had been grown in proline‐containing medium. Bloodstream trypanosomes transferred to liquid medium rapidly utilized glucose over the first 12 hr of culture, and this was accompanied by an accumulation of free pyruvate in the medium. The rate of glucose utilization fell off over the next 36 hr; this was accompanied by a lowering of free pyruvate in the medium and a rise in the proline oxidase activity of the trypanosomes. The possible biologic significance of proline to trypanosomes developing in the midgut of the tsetse vector is discussed.
Why Kinetoplasts?*
Authors: COSGROVE WILLIAM B.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The history and present status of our knowledge of trypanosomated kinetoplasts are reviewed and the practical and general theoretical benefits which can result from the continued study and improved understanding of these unique organelles are discussed.
Eine Neubeschreibung von Ctedoctema acanthocrypta Stokes, 1884 (Ciliata, Scuticociliatida)*
Authors: WILBERT NORBERT , BUITKAMP ULRICH
Published: May 2007

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG. In einem eutrophen Gewässer wurden ökologische Untersuchungen der frei im Aufwuchs lebenden Ciliaten angestellt. Hierbei wurde Ctedoctema acanthocrypta Stokes, 1884 als ein typischer Vertreter dieser Ciliatengesellschaft gefunden. C. acanthocrypta ist ein hymenostomes Ciliat der Ordnung Scuticociliatida. Die Art ernährt sich von Bakterien und hat Massenentfaltungen im Frühjahr und Herbst. Ihre Artdiagnose basierte bisher nur auf Lebendbeobachtungen. Durch die Darstellung der Infraciliatur und Angaben zur Autökologie kann diese nun vervollständigt werden.

SYNOPSIS. Ecologic studies were made of ciliates living free in the periphyton of an eutrophic pond. In the course of these studies, Ctedoctema acanthocrypta Stokes, 1884 was found to be a typical representative of this ciliate community. This species feeds on bacteria and reaches population peaks in the Spring and Fall. The diagnosis of C. acanthocrypta was based hitherto on observations of living material. In the present report the diagnosis is rendered more complete by a description of the infra‐ciliature and consideration of ecologic data.
Sphaeromyxa maiyai sp. n. (Protozoa: Myxosporidea), Coelozoic Parasite of the Pacific Tomcod, Microgadus proxiimus*
Authors: MORRISON N. DONALD , PRATT IVAN
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. Sphaeromyxa maiyai sp. n. (Myxosporidea: Myxiidae) is described from the gall bladder of the Pacific tomcod Microgadus proximus Girard, from Newport, Oregon. The plasmodial stage is discoid averaging between 1 and 2 cm. The spore averages 27.6 × 5.6 μm in breadth, with pyriform polar capsules measuring 9.3 × 3.7 μm. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the presence of numerous longitudinal striations.
Varying Kinetoplast Ultrastructure in Two Subspecies of Herpetomonas muscarum (Leidy)*
Authors: WALLACE FRANKLIN G. , WAGNER MARION , ROGERS WILLIAM E.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The kinetoplast nucleoid of Herpetomonas muscarum muscarum is a disk‐shaped mass of filaments with sharply delimited anterior and posterior margins. The kinetoplast nucleoid of Herpetomonas muscarum ingenoplastis is elongate, tapered, and made up of long, helically arranged filaments. Possible explanations of these structures on the basis of work by others on isolated kinetoplast DNA are given. The double flagellum of Herpetomonas is seen by electron microscope to be two complete flagella in close contact but with no visible connection to each other.
Ultrastructure of the Ameboid Cells of Protostelium zonatum (Mycetozoa)*
Authors: HUNG CHING‐YUAN , OLIVE LINDSAY S.
Published: May 2007

SYNOPSIS. The ameboid cells of Protostelium zonatum typically have filose pseudopodia that contain almost exclusively microfibers. Microfibers, scattered or arranged parallel in bundles, are observed in great abundance and often closely associated or directly connected with other organelles in the cytoplasm. Mitochondria typically have an expanded, undulate outer membrane and vesicular cristae containing electron‐dense material which may appear denser than the mitochondrial matrix in the same section. The nucleus, as in other protostelids, contains only one centrally located nucleolus. Other organelles are essentially similar in ultrastructure to those of another nonflagellate protostelid, Protosteliopsis fimicola. Protostelium zonatum differs, however, in lacking a distinct anterior zone of hyaloplasm during migration of the ameboid cells.