bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Intraoperative Gamma Probe and Parathyroid Hormone Measurement in the Localization of Intrathyroidal Parathyroid Adenoma
Authors: Soydal Cigdem , Genc Volkan , Araz Mine , Akyol Cihangir , Kucuk Ozlem N
Published: August 2012

In this case, we would like to introduce a case with intrathyroidal parathyroid adenoma in which planar Tc-99m scintigraphy and intraoperative gamma probe were insufficient but single photon emission computed tomography imaging and intraoperative parathyroid hormone measurement were helpful in localizing the adenoma.

How to cite this article

Soydal C, Genc V, Araz M, Akyol C, Kucuk ON. The Role of Intraoperative Gamma Probe and Parathyroid Hormone Measurement in the Localization of Intrathyroidal Parathyroid Adenoma. World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(2):77-78.
Quadruple Metachronous Malignancy in a Single Patient with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ito Yasuhiro , Buta Marko , Radisavljevic Ziv , Milovanovic Zorka , Lavrnic Dragana , Djurisic Igor , Oruci Merima , Pupic Gordana , Dzodic Radan
Published: August 2012

Quadruple primary malignancies occur with an incidence of less than 0.1%. Only less than hundred cases have been published until today. The number of multiple malignancies reported is gradually increasing. Here, we present a female patient with a multiple sclerosis and quadruple cancers from different embryological origin. The patient had medullary thyroid carcinoma (stage III-T3, N1a, M0) and multicentric micropapillary carcinomas, two melanomatous lesions, 1.24 and 0.85 mm thick (Clark II, Breslow II) and breast cancer (T1a, N0, M0). There were no signs of disease recurrence during the 5 years including the exam performed last month. Further genomic studies and closer clinical attention are needed to clarify the relation between secondary malignancies, applied treatments and endogenous and exogenous carcinogens in the process of carcinogenesis in quadruple malignancies.

How to cite this article

Buta M, Ito Y, Radisavljevic Z, Milovanovic Z, Lavrnic D, Djurisic I, Oruci M, Pupic G, Dzodic R. Quadruple Metachronous Malignancy in a Single Patient with Multiple Sclerosis. World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(2):79-82.
A Novel Approach of Videothoracoscopic Surgery for Posterior Mediastinal Goiter
Authors: PRK Bhargav , Amar V , Uday SK
Published: August 2012

Intrathoracic extension of large goiters occasionally requires thoracic approaches, such as sternotomy, anterior or posterolateral thoracotomy. Videothoracoscopic technique is a minimally invasive approach, but usually done under single lung ventilation with double lumen endotracheal tube anesthesia. But, this newer technique of thoracoscopic dissection and delivery of posterior mediastinal goiter with partial lung collapse minimizes the postoperative morbidity and pulmonary complications.

How to cite this article

Bhargav PRK, Uday SK, Amar V. A Novel Approach of Videothoracoscopic Surgery for Posterior Mediastinal Goiter. World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(2):83-84.
An Incidental Finding of a High Vascularized Retroperitoneal Mass in a Young Woman
Authors: Toscano Marta Jimenez , Cerdá Federico Ochando , Fernandez Luis De Benito , Malagaray Enrique Puras , Lopez Laura Vega , Martin Santiago Linacero , Dhimes Patricia , Cebrian Jose Maria Fernandez , Rodriguez Antonio Quintans
Published: August 2012

How to cite this article

Toscano MJ, Cerdá FO, De Benito Fernandez L, Malagaray EP, Lopez LV, Martin SL, Dhimes P Cebrian JMF, Rodriguez AQ. An Incidental Finding of a High Vascularized Retroperitoneal Mass in a Young Woman. World J Endoc Surg 2012;4(2):85-86.
Single particle characterization of black carbon aerosol in the Northeast Tibetan Plateau, China
Authors: Wang Q. Y. , Schwarz J. P. , Cao J. J. , Gao R. S. , Fahey D. W. , Hu T. F.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Refractory black carbon (rBC) mass, size distribution, and mixing state were measured with a ground-based Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) at Qinghai Lake (QHL), a rural area in the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau of China, during October 2011. The average measured rBC mass concentration of 0.36 μg STP-m−3 is significantly higher than the concentrations measured in background and remote regions around the globe. The diurnal variation of rBC concentration showed nocturnal peak and afternoon low concentrations and showed a loose anticorrelation to the variation of mixed layer depths, indicating nighttime trapping of emissions and daytime ventilation. The high rBC values and their diurnal behavior strongly suggest that the QHL area was heavily influenced by local rBC sources. The mass size distribution of rBC showed a primary mode peak at 175-nm diameter and a small secondary mode peak at 495 nm volume-equivalent diameter assuming 2 g cm−3 void free density. About 40% of the observed rBC particles within the detectable size range were mixed with large amounts of non-refractory materials present as a thick coating. A comparison of the Aethalometer and SP2 measurements suggests that there are non-BC species strongly affecting the Aethalometer measurement and, therefore, the Aethalometer measurements are not reliable for rBC determinations in the Tibetan Plateau region without artifact corrections. The apparent black-carbon specific, mass-absorption cross section derived from the Aethalometer and SP2 data was 37.5 m2 g−1 at a wavelength of 880 nm. A strong correlation was found between rBC and CO with a slope of 1.5 ± 0.1 ng STP-m−3 ppbv−1, similar to values of mixed rural emissions.
Composite study of aerosol export events from East Asia and North America
Authors: Luan Y. , Jaeglé L.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We use satellite observations of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) together with the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to contrast export of aerosols from East Asia and North America during 2004–2010. The GEOS-Chem model reproduces the spatial distribution and temporal variations of Asian aerosol outflow generally well, although a low bias (−30%) is found in the model fine mode AOD. We use the model to identify 244 aerosol pollution export events from E. Asia and 251 export events from N. America over our 7-yr study period. When these events are composited by season, we find that the AOD in the outflow is enhanced by 50–100% relative to seasonal mean values. The composite Asian plume splits into one branch going poleward towards the Arctic, with the other crossing the Pacific in 6–8 days. A fraction of the aerosols is trapped in the subtropical Pacific High. The N. American plume travels to the northeast Atlantic, reaching Europe after 4–5 days. Part of the composite plume turns anticyclonically in the Azores High, where it slowly decays. Both the Asian and N. American export events are favored by a dipole structure in sea-level pressure anomalies, associated with mid-latitude cyclone activity over the respective source regions. The observed AOD in the E. Asian outflow exhibits stronger seasonality, with a spring maximum, than the N. American outflow, with a weak summer maximum. The large spring AOD in the Asian outflow is the result of enhanced sulfate and dust aerosol concentrations, but is also due to a larger export efficiency of sulfate and SO2 from the Asian boundary layer relative to the N. American boundary layer. While the N. American sulfate outflow is mostly found in the lower troposphere (1–3 km altitude), the Asian sulfate outflow occurs at higher altitudes (2–6 km). In the Asian outflow 42–59% of the sulfate column is present above 2 km altitude, with only 24–35% in the N. American outflow. We link this to the factor of 2–5 lower precipitation in the warm conveyor belts (WCB) of midlatitude cyclones over E. Asia compared to N. America. This relative lack of precipitation makes Asian WCB very efficient for injecting aerosols in the middle troposphere.
Diagnosing the transition layer in the extra-tropical lowermost stratosphere using MLS O3 and MOPITT CO analyses
Authors: Barré J. , El Amraoui L. , Ricaud P. , Attié J.-L. , Lahoz W. A. , Peuch V.-H. , Josse B. , Marécal V.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The behavior of the Extra-tropical Transition Layer (ExTL) in the lowermost stratosphere is investigated using a Chemistry Transport Model (CTM) and analyses derived from assimilation of MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) O3 and MOPITT (Measurements Of Pollution In The Troposphere) CO data. We use O3-CO correlations to quantify the effect of the assimilation on the height and depth of the ExTL. We firstly focus on a Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange (STE) case study which occurred on 15 August 2007 over the British Isles (50° N, 10° W). We also extend the study at the global scale for the month of August 2007. For the STE case study, MOPITT CO analyses have the capability to sharpen the ExTL distribution whereas MLS O3 analyses provide a tropospheric expansion of the ExTL distribution with its maximum close to the thermal tropopause. When MLS O3 and MOPITT CO analyses are used together, the ExTL shows more realistic results and matches the thermal tropopause. At global scale, MOPITT CO analyses still show a sharper chemical transition between stratosphere and troposphere than the free model run. MLS O3 analyses move the ExTL toward the troposphere and broaden it. When MLS O3 analyses and MOPITT CO analyses are used together the ExTL matches the thermal tropopause poleward of 50°. This study shows that data assimilation can help overcome the shortcomings associated with a relatively coarse model resolution. The ExTL spread is larger in the Northern Hemisphere than the Southern Hemisphere suggesting that mixing processes are more active in the UTLS in the Northern Hemisphere than in the Southern Hemisphere. This work opens perspectives for studying the seasonal variations of the ExTL at extra-tropical latitudes.
A numerical study of aerosol influence on mixed-phase stratiform clouds through modulation of the liquid phase
Authors: de Boer G. , Hashino T. , Tripoli G. J. , Eloranta E. W.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Numerical simulations were carried out in a high-resolution two dimensional framework to increase our understanding of aerosol indirect effects in mixed-phase stratiform clouds. Aerosol characteristics explored include insoluble particle type, soluble mass fraction, the influence of aerosol-induced freezing point depression and the influence of aerosol number concentration. These experiments were completed with an emphasis on the liquid phase, with droplet freezing the mechanism for ice production. Of the aerosol properties investigated, aerosol insoluble mass type and its associated freezing efficiency was found to be most relevant to cloud lifetime. Secondary effects from aerosol soluble mass fraction and number concentration also alter cloud characteristics and lifetime. These alterations occur via various mechanisms, including changes to the amount of nucleated ice, influence on liquid phase precipitation and ice riming rates, and changes to liquid droplet growth rates. Simulation of the same environment leads to large variability of cloud thickness and lifetime, ranging from rapid and complete glaciation of the cloud to the production of a long-lived, thick stratiform mixed-phase cloud. In the end, these processes are summarized into a diagram that includes internal feedback loops that act within the cloud system.
The Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP): overview and description of models, simulations and climate diagnostics
Authors: Lamarque J.-F. , Shindell D. T. , Josse B. , Young P. J. , Cionni I. , Eyring V. , Bergmann D. , Cameron-Smith P. , Collins W. J. , Doherty R. , Dalsoren S. , Faluvegi G. , Folberth G. , Ghan S. J. , Horowitz L. W. , Lee Y. H. , MacKenzie I. A. , Nagashima T. , Naik V. , Plummer D. , Righi M. , Rumbold S. , Schulz M. , Skeie R. B. , Stevenson D. S. , Strode S. , Sudo K. , Szopa S. , Voulgarakis A. , Zeng G.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) consists of a series of timeslice experiments targeting the long-term changes in atmospheric composition between 1850 and 2100, with the goal of documenting radiative forcing and the associated composition changes. Here we introduce the various simulations performed under ACCMIP and the associated model output. The ACCMIP models have a wide range of horizontal and vertical resolutions, vertical extent, chemistry schemes and interaction with radiation and clouds. While anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions were specified for all time slices in the ACCMIP protocol, it is found that the natural emissions lead to a significant range in emissions, mostly for ozone precursors. The analysis of selected present-day climate diagnostics (precipitation, temperature, specific humidity and zonal wind) reveals biases consistent with state-of-the-art climate models. The model-to-model comparison of changes in temperature, specific humidity and zonal wind between 1850 and 2000 and between 2000 and 2100 indicates mostly consistent results, but with outliers different enough to possibly affect their representation of climate impact on chemistry.
Alien Tort Claims and the Status of Customary International Law
Authors: Vázquez Carlos M.
Published: August 2012

Much of the recent debate about the status of customary international law in the U.S. legal system has revolved around the alien tort provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789, currently section 1350 of Title 28. In Filártiga v. Peña-Irala, the decision that launched modern human rights litigation in the United States, the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit relied on the view that customary international law has the status of federal common law in upholding section 1350’s grant of federal jurisdiction over a suit between aliens. The court’s position that customary international law was federal law was the prevailing view at the time—a view that has subsequently been dubbed the “modern position.” It was the view set forth in the black letter of the Restatement (Third) of Foreign Relations Law. Filártiga triggered a revisionist challenge to the modern position, with revisionists arguing that customary international law has the status of federal law only if given that status through statute or treaty, or perhaps through sole executive action; in the absence of such incorporation, customary international law has, at best, the status of State law in our legal system.
The Use of Vattel in the American Law of Nations
Authors: Richardson Brian
Published: August 2012

Although careful scholarly treatment of the history of international law is now thriving, within U.S. courts that history now begins with one eighteenth-century treatise published in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, in 1758 and published in translation for modern readers under the aegis of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace in 1916. This treatise is Emer de Vattel’s Droit des gens ou principes de la loi naturelle, appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des nations et des souverains. My aim in this article is to appraise the elevation of Vattel to vaunted originalist heights in U.S. law. The claim that Vattel’s theory of the law of nations completely represents how the Founding Fathers (Founders) understood the law of nations should be rejected as a matter of history.
Core Conversations with Educative Dragging
Authors: Wanko Jeffrey J. , Edwards Michael Todd , Phelps Steve
Published: August 2012

The Measure-Trace-Algebratize (MTA) approach allows students to uncover algebraic relationships within familiar geometric objects.
A Surprisingly Radical Problem
Authors: Ledford Sarah D. , Garner Mary L. , Teachey Angela L.
Published: August 2012

Interesting solutions and ideas emerge when preservice and in-service teachers are asked a traditional algebra question in new ways.
Investigating the Law of Large Numbers with Visual Basic
Authors: Juersivich Nicole R.
Published: August 2012

By using technology, students can conduct an experiment that quickly simulates a large number of random events. Much research has been done on students' conceptions and reasoning about probability (Jones et al. 2007). Recommendations for teaching probability have included just such use of concrete and digital manipulatives to simulate events as well as students' reflection on their initial predictions and analysis of their experiments and their results (NCTM 2000; Van de Walle et al. 2010). In fact, by using Excel® and Visual Basic to simulate coin flipping, students have been able to capitalize on these technological benefits to investigate, conceptualize, and refine their understanding of the law of large numbers.
A Graphic Organizer for Polynomial Functions
Authors: Young Donna M.
Published: August 2012

Students often view questions about polynomials—finding the zeros of a polynomial function, solving a polynomial equation, factoring a polynomial, or writing a polynomial function given certain properties—as discrete, unconnected processes. To address students' confusion about the many directions given for working with polynomial functions and to enable them to gain a true, conceptual understanding of polynomial functions, I created a graphic organizer (see fig. 1).
Structure–Property Relations in All‐Organic Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Jiao Yang , Zhang Fan , Grätzel Michael , Meng Sheng
Published: August 2012

A structure–property relationship in all‐organic dye solar cells is revealed by first‐principles molecular dynamics and real‐time time‐dependent density functional theory simulations, accompanied with experimental confirmation. An important structural feature at the interface, Ti–N anchoring, for a broad group of all‐organic dyes on TiO2 is inferred from energetics, vibrational recognition, and electronic data. This fact is contrary to the usual assumption; however, it optimizes electronic level alignment and photoelectron injection dynamics, greatly contributing to the observed efficiency improvement in all‐organic cyanoacrylate dye sensitized solar cells.
Hedonic Analysis of Price Expectations of Goat Producers in Afghanistan: Implications for Production and Marketing Decisions
Authors: Srinivas Tavva , Aw‐Hassan Aden , Rischkowsky Barbara , Tibbo Markos , Rizvi Javed , Naseri Abdul Halim
Published: August 2012

The authors describe the goat markets in Afghanistan by analyzing goat producers’ price expectations and by identifying the factors that determine these price expectations. Data on expected prices for goats transacted were collected from 280 goat producers from Baghlan and Nangarhar provinces, along with information on factors anticipated to influence the price expectation from May 2008 to April 2009. A price expectation model was built and analyzed using a general linear model.

Results indicated that goat producers adjusted expected prices for marketing day (Saturday and Thursday), location of sales (district and provincial markets), live weight, and goat producers’ market network. However, goat producers did not expect a premium for goat attributes like breed and age. The implications of the study are that goat producers can expect more when they plan their goat sales based on live weight, market day, marketing place and sex of goat. [Econlit Citations: Q130; Q120, C100].
Advanced imaging to extend the therapeutic time window of acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Fisher Marc , Albers Gregory W.
Published: August 2012

Reperfusion therapy for acute stroke has evolved from the initial use of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) within 3 hours of symptom onset to more recent guideline‐recommended use up to 4.5 hours. In addition, endovascular therapy is increasingly utilized for stroke treatment and is typically initiated up to 8 hours after onset. Recent studies demonstrate that imaging of the ischemic penumbra with diffusion/perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can identify subgroups of patients who are likely to improve following successful reperfusion (Target Mismatch profile) and others who are at increased risk for hemorrhage and poor clinical outcomes (Malignant profile). New data indicate that stent retriever devices provide better recanalization efficacy and clinical outcomes than the previously available mechanical thrombectomy devices. Going forward, we believe that the use of penumbral imaging with validated MRI techniques, as well as the currently less well‐validated computed tomography (CT) perfusion approach, will maximize benefit and reduce the risk of adverse events and poor outcomes when used both early after stroke onset and at later time points. New trials that feature diffusion/perfusion MRI or CT perfusion‐based patient selection for treatment with intravenous tPA and or endovascular therapies versus nonreperfused control groups are planned or in progress. We predict that these trials will confirm the hypothesis that penumbral imaging can enhance patient selection and extend the therapeutic time window for acute ischemic stroke. ANN NEUROL 2013.
N,N‐Dimethylformamid: ein vielseitiger Baustein für die Synthese
Authors: Ding Shengtao , Jiao Ning
Published: August 2012

Die organische Synthese profitiert seit langem von N,N‐Dimethylformamid (DMF), das als Lösungsmittel für chemische Reaktionen und industriell auch als Reagens breit eingesetzt wird. Zu diesen Anwendungen sind bereits zahlreiche hilfreiche Artikel und Übersichten erschienen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz fasst die Verwendung von DMF als Allzweckvorstufe zusammen und stellt die neuen Entwicklungen bei Formylierungen, Aminocarbonylierungen, Aminierungen, Amidierungen, Cyanierungen und in der Reaktion mit Arinen vor.
N,N‐Dimethylformamide: A Multipurpose Building Block
Authors: Ding Shengtao , Jiao Ning
Published: August 2012

Often used as a common solvent for chemical reations and utilized widely in industry as a reagent, N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) has played an important role in organic synthesis for a long time. Numerous highly useful articles and reviews discussing its utilizations have been published. With a focus on the performance of DMF as a multipurpose precursor for various units in numerous reactions, this Minireview summarizes recent developments in the employment of DMF in the fields of formylation, aminocarbonylation, amination, amidation, and cyanation, as well as its reaction with arynes.
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/quaternized lignin composite absorbent: Synthesis, characterization and application for nitrate adsorption
Authors: Li Ying , Lin Xiaoyan , Zhuo Xiurong , Luo Xuegang
Published: August 2012

A new poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/quaternized lignin composite absorbent (PVA/QL) was synthesized from modified lignin and PVA, crosslinked by glutaraldehyde. As‐prepared absorbent was characterized by IR, DSC, SEM BET, and DMA. Effects of shaking time, absorbent dose, initial pH, and temperature on NO3− removal from aqueous solution by the absorbent were comprehensively investigated. The results show that the PVA/QL absorbent comprises quaternary ammonium groups in the form of ether bond. The composite absorbent exhibits remarkable network structure with large numbers of connected holes. The mechanical strength of the absorbent is enhanced by combining of PVA with modified lignin and crosslinkage of glutaraldehyde. The effect of pH on adsorption of NO3− is apparent and appropriate pH is 2.0. The adsorption process is endothermic, and determined to be consistent with the Langmuir isotherm. Furthermore, it is found that the quaternary ammonium structure and network structure in the surface of PVA/QL are the key factors to remove nitrate. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis and properties of a novel phosphorous‐containing flame‐retardant hardener for epoxy resin
Authors: Liang Bing , Cao Jun , Hong XiaoDong , Wang ChangSong
Published: August 2012

An aryl phosphinate dianhydride 1,4‐bis(phthalic anhydride‐4‐carbonyl)‐2‐(6‐oxido‐6H‐dibenz[c,e][1,2]‐oxaphosphorin‐6‐yl)‐phenylene ester (BPAODOPE) was synthesized and its structure was identified by FTIR and 1H‐NMR. BPAODOPE was used as hardener and flame retardant for preparing halogen‐free flame‐retarded epoxy resins when coupled with another curing agent. Thermal stability, morphologies of char layer, flame resistance and mechanical properties of flame‐retarded epoxy resins were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, SEM, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, tensile, and charpy impact test. The results showed that the novel BPAODOPE had a better flame resistance, the flame resistance and char yield of flame‐retarded epoxy resins increased with an increase of phosphorus content, tensile strength and impact strength of samples gradually decreased with the addition of BPAODOPE. The flame‐retarded sample with phosphorus contents of 1.75% showed best combination properties, LOI value was 29.3, and the vertical burning test reached UL‐94 V‐0 level, tensile strength and impact strength were 30.78 MPa and 3.53 kJ/m2, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Utilization of cellulosic wastes in textile and garment industries. I. Synthesis and grafting characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose from knitted rag
Authors: Fakrul Alam A. B. M. , Mondal Md. Ibrahim H.
Published: August 2012

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was synthesized from knitted rags, a cellulosic wastes of textile and garment industries, in aqueous ethanolic sodium hydroxide and subsequently mono‐chloroacetic acid reaction medium. A low substituted to high substituted products was obtained from single step up to seven steps carboxymethylation of cellulose. In this way, it was possible to produce low cost and different grades or substituted carboxymethylation derivatives of cellulose. Solubility, degree of substitution (DS), CMC content, and molecular weight of CMC were increased gradually with the increase of the number of reaction steps, although fourth step attained optimal. The DS of CMC from one to seven reaction steps was 0.91–2.84, respectively. Similarly, CMC content and molecular weight of CMC were 72.60%–85.00% and 153,886–252,231, respectively. Grafting of CMC film with methyl methacrylate (MMA) improved strength properties, but it decreased moisture content due to the incorporation of hydrophobic MMA monomer. The prepared CMC, when applied as sizing agent to cotton fabric, was deposited on the fabric surface through bond formation making it smooth without any crack or rupture. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation, characterization and the effect of carboxymethylated chitosan–cellulose derivatives hydrogels on wound healing
Authors: Fan Lihong , Tan Chang , Wang Libo , Pan Xiaoran , Cao Mi , Wen Feng , Xie Weiguo , Nie Min
Published: August 2012

Oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose (OCMC) was prepared by an oxidation reaction of carboxymethyl cellulose in the presence of sodium periodate. In situ crosslinked hydrogels were obtained through the crosslinking reaction between the active aldehyde of OCMC and the amino groups of the carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). The structure of the hydrogels was characterized by FTIR and scanning electron microscopy. Gelation time test showed that the hydrogel had the shortest gelation time of 24 s. The equilibrium fluid content, which represented the swelling degree, was evaluated and we found that the pH increased from 3.0 to 9.0, the equilibrium fluid content increased, and the highest equilibrium fluid content reached 312.83% as pH = 9.0. The wound healing efficacy of the hydrogel was evaluated in experimental deep second degree burns using a rat model. Results indicated that the wound covered with hydrogel was completely filled with new epithelium within 2 weeks, without any significant adverse reactions. The in situ crosslinked hydrogel fulfilled many critical elements in a wound dressing material. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
EVOLUTIONAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF A SERINE PROTEASE IN Spodoptera litura
Authors: Yang Li , Tang Zhuo , Liu Wanfei , Xiao Jingfa , Hu Songnian , Yang Li , Liu Wanfei , Deng Huimin , Feng Qili
Published: August 2012

Spodoptera litura is a threatening agricultural insect in tropical and subtropical areas and accounts for tremendous annual crop losses. As seen in virtually all insect species, serine proteases (SPs) are crucial to S. litura. The expression pattern of SPs from the midgut of S. litura was studied through expressed sequence tags (ESTs) analysis. One of SP (SlSP1) was chosen for detailed study, because the expression of the gene was midgut and larvae specific. SlSP1 was conducted as a model of its evolution, structure, and potential binding activity with corresponding substrates. SlSP1 is composed of 255 amino acids including a signal peptide at N‐terminal followed by a putative activation peptide and the mature protein along with five putative phosphorylation sites, three disulphide bridges, and two N‐glycosylation positions. At least nine conserved motifs were obtained in multiple sequence alignments. Some conserved residues, such as the catalytic triad His84, Asp127, and Ser229 as well as six cysteines at position 66, 82, 194, 211, 223, and 247, were examined. After homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulation, the resultant three‐dimensional (3D) structure of SlSP1 was docked with the substrates 2PTC‐Arg and 2PTC‐Lys, respectively. Molecular Mechanic/Poisson–Boltzmann surface area analysis was applied to anticipate optimal binding mode and crucial active sites of this enzyme. The residues Trp28, Gly187, Aso188, Arg249, Ile250, Lys246, and Lys278 are crucial for the substrate binding and molecule process. This information can be used in logical design of SPs inhibitors. New inhibitors may be a basis for development of a new pest control technology.
More technology, better learning resources, better learning? Lessons from adopting virtual microscopy in undergraduate medical education
Authors: Helle Laura , Nivala Markus , Kronqvist Pauliina
Published: August 2012

The adoption of virtual microscopy at the University of Turku, Finland, created a unique real‐world laboratory for exploring ways of reforming the learning environment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the students' reactions and the impact of a set of measures designed to boost an experimental group's understanding of abnormal histology through an emphasis on knowledge of normal cells and tissues. The set of measures included (1) digital resources to review normal structures and an entrance examination for enforcement, (2) digital course slides highlighting normal and abnormal tissues, and (3) self‐diagnostic quizzes. The performance of historical controls was used as a baseline, as previous students had never been exposed to the above‐mentioned measures. The students' understanding of normal histology was assessed in the beginning of the module to determine the impact of the first set of measures, whereas that of abnormal histology was assessed at the end of the module to determine the impact of the whole set of measures. The students' reactions to the instructional measures were assessed by course evaluation data. Additionally, four students were interviewed. Results confirmed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the historical controls in understanding normal histology. The students held favorable opinions on the idea of emphasizing normal structures. However, with regards to abnormal histology, the historical controls outperformed the experimental group. In conclusion, allowing students access to high‐quality digitized materials and boosting prerequisite skills are clearly not sufficient to boost final competence. Instead, the solution may lie in making students externally accountable for their learning throughout their training. Anat Sci Educ 6: 73–80. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Repeated dosing of piperine induced gene expression of P‐glycoprotein via stimulated pregnane‐X‐receptor activity and altered pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in rats
Authors: Qiang Fu , Kang Keon‐Wook , Han Hyo‐Kyung
Published: August 2012

This study investigated the effect of piperine on the gene expression of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) as well as pregnane‐X‐receptor (PXR) activity and also its implication on the bioavailability of diltiazem, a P‐gp substrate. The effect of piperine on the systemic exposure of diltiazem was examined in rats after the intravenous and oral administration of diltiazem with/without 2 week pretreatment with piperine. Compared with the control group given diltiazem (20 mg/kg) alone, the pretreatment with piperine (10 or 20 mg/kg, once daily for 2 weeks) decreased the oral exposure of diltiazem by 36–48% in rats. Consequently, the bioavailability of oral diltiazem was significantly lower (p < 0.05) after the 2 week pretreatment with piperine. The pretreatment with piperine for 2 weeks also reduced the systemic exposure of desacetyldiltiazem, a major active metabolite of diltiazem by approximately 73%, accompanied by a significant decrease in the metabolite–parent ratio. In contrast to the oral pharmacokinetics, piperine did not affect the intravenous pharmacokinetics of diltiazem in rats. Immunoblot analysis indicated that the protein expression level of intestinal P‐gp was significantly enhanced after the 2 week pretreatment with piperine in rats. In addition, piperine increased the PXR reporter activity in human hepatoma cells. Taken together, the 2 week pretreatment with piperine significantly induced intestinal P‐gp expression in conjunction with stimulated PXR activity and decreased the oral exposure of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem in rats. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive Performance and Early Postnatal Development in Interleukin (IL)‐13‐Deficient Mice
Authors: Wright David J. , Adkins Karissa K. , Minck Daniel R. , Bailey Steven , Warner Garvin , Leach Michael W.
Published: August 2012

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of interleukin (IL)‐13 deficiency on fertility and reproductive performance of adult mice and on morphological and behavioral development of the offspring.

METHODS

Wild‐type and homozygous IL‐13‐deficient (KO) mice were grouped by genotype, and male and female mice were mated within each group. Adult (F0) mice were evaluated for reproductive performance, and development was assessed in F1 fetuses on gestation day 18, and in F1 pups to postnatal day 35.

RESULTS

In F0 males, there were no differences in the number of males that mated or impregnated females, or in total sperm count or sperm motility, between the wild‐type and KO groups. In F0 females, there were no observed genotype‐related differences in fertility, length of gestation, number of viable fetuses per litter, or viability of offspring. There were no differences in embryo‐fetal development (external/palate, skeletal, visceral) of the F1 fetuses between genotypes. Similarly, IL‐13 deficiency had no impact on any postnatal parameters assessed including reflex, sexual maturation, learning, and memory.

CONCLUSIONS

IL‐13 deficiency had no observed effect on reproductive performance or morphological and behavioral development in mice.
Production of human cytochrome P450 2D6 drug metabolites with recombinant microbes – a comparative study
Authors: Geier Martina , Braun Andreas , Emmerstorfer Anita , Pichler Harald , Glieder Anton
Published: August 2012

The processes of drug development require efficient strategies to produce the respective drug metabolites, which are often difficult to obtain. Biotransformations employing recombinant microorganisms as whole‐cell biocatalysts have become an attractive alternative to the chemical syntheses of such metabolites. For the first time, the potential of four different microbial systems expressing the human cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6), which is one of the most important drug‐metabolizing enzymes, were compared and evaluated for such applications. The microbial host Pichia pastoris was the most efficient at expressing CYP2D6. Without additional over‐expression of chaperons, the achieved yield of CYP2D6 was the highest of microbial hosts reported so far. Therefore, the system described in this study outperformed the previously reported expression of the N‐terminally modified enzyme. It was also shown that the activities of the whole‐cell conversions of bufuralol in recombinant P. pastoris were significantly higher than the Escherichia coli catalyst, which expressed the same unmodified gene.
Gene network analysis leads to functional validation of pathways linked to cancer cell growth and survival
Authors: Berger Emmanuelle , Vega Nathalie , Vidal Hubert , Geloën Alain
Published: August 2012

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most frequently diagnosed human cancers; however, there are currently few treatment alternatives to surgical resection. In this study we performed bioinformatic analysis of previously published transcriptomic data in order to characterize liver specific networks, including biological functions, signaling pathways and transcription factors, potentially dysregulated in HCC. By incorporating specific signaling inhibitors into real‐time proliferation assays using HepG2 cells, we then validated these in silico results. We found that G protein subunits Gi/G0, protein kinase C, Mek1/2, and Erk1/2 (P42/44), JAK1, PPARA and NFκB p65 subunit were the major signaling molecules required for survival and proliferation of human HCC cell lines. We also found that these pathways regulate the expression of key hepatic transcription factors involved in cell differentiation, such as CEBPA, EGR1, FOXM1 and PPARs. By combining bioinformatic and functional analyses, major signaling pathways related to tumorigenicity in HCC are revealed, thereby elucidating potential targets for drug therapies.
Id1 and Id3 expression is associated with increasing grade of prostate cancer: Id3 preferentially regulates CDKN1B
Authors: Sharma Pankaj , Patel Divya , Chaudhary Jaideep
Published: August 2012

As transcriptional regulators of basic helix–oop–helix (bHLH) transcription and non‐bHLH factors, the inhibitor of differentiation (Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) proteins play a critical role in coordinated regulation of cell growth, differentiation, tumorigenesis, and angiogenesis. Id1 regulates prostate cancer (PCa) cell proliferation, apoptosis, and androgen independence, but its clinical significance in PCa remains controversial. Moreover, there is lack of evidence on the expression of Id2 and Id3 in PCa progression. In this study we investigated the expression of Id2 and Id3 and reevaluated the expression of Id1 in PCa. We show that increased Id1 and Id3 protein expression is strongly associated with increasing grade of PCa. At the molecular level, we report that silencing either Id1 or Id3 attenuates cell cycle. Although structurally and mechanistically similar, our results show that both these proteins are noncompensatory at least in PCa progression. Moreover, through gene silencing approaches we show that Id1 and Id3 primarily attenuates CDKN1A (p21) and CDKN1B (p27), respectively. We also demonstrate that silencing Id3 alone significantly attenuates proliferation of PCa cells as compared with Id1. We propose that increased Id1 and Id3 expression attenuates all three cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKN2B, ‐1A, and ‐1B) resulting in a more aggressive PCa phenotype.
Iptycene‐Based Fluorescent Sensors for Nitroaromatics and TNT
Authors: Anzenbacher Pavel , Mosca Lorenzo , Palacios Manuel A. , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Koutnik Petr
Published: August 2012

Small‐molecule fluorescent sensors (1–5) for the recognition of nitroaromatic compounds, such as 2,4‐dinitrotoluene and the explosive TNT, were obtained by using a three‐step dehydrohalogenation cycloaddition protocol. The interaction of the receptors and nitroaromatics was studied both in solution and in the solid state by using fluorescence spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography, respectively. It is shown that the iptycene receptors 1–5 provide a cavity suitable for binding nitroaromatic compounds in an edge‐to‐face mode, rather than simple ring‐stacking interactions. The results obtained inspired us to develop an inexpensive, reliable and robust sensor for vapour detection of explosives. Polymer nanofibres are particularly suitable for the production of such TNT sensors as they accelerate the mass exchange between the polymer and the vapours of TNT. Quenching of the sensors took place within 1 min compared to 10 min for a glass‐slide assay. Hence, the sensor performance can be improved by optimising the matrix material and morphology without resynthesising the sensor moieties.
Exceptional Crystallization Diversity and Solid‐State Conversions of CdII Coordination Frameworks with 5‐Bromonicotinate Directed by Solvent Media
Authors: Li Cheng‐Peng , Wu Jing‐Min , Du Miao
Published: August 2012

A series of nine coordination polymers {[Cd(L)2(solvent)x](solvent)y}n have been prepared from Cd(NO3)2 and 5‐bromonicotinic acid (HL) in different solvents through a layered diffusion method. By using CH3OH/H2O at different volume ratios of 1:1 and 1:3, a one‐dimensional (1D) coordination species (1 a) and a three‐dimensional (3D) (3,6)‐connected framework (2 a⋅g1) can be obtained. A similar self‐assembly process in C2H5OH/H2O or H2O/1,4‐dioxane gives 2 a⋅g2 or 2 a⋅g3, which are isomorphic to 2 a⋅g1 but with different lattice solvents. Replacement of the mixed solvents with DMF/H2O (v/v 1:1 or 1:3) also gives a 1D chain complex (1 b) or a 3D microporous framework (2 b⋅g1). Similarly, MOF 2 b⋅g2 can be assembled from CH3CN/H2O as an isomorphic solvate of 2 b⋅g1. Significantly, the 3D MOF families of 2 a⋅gn and 2 b⋅gn are supramolecular isomers even though they are topologically equivalent. Also, if a mixture of CH3OH/CH2Cl2 (v/v 1:1 or 3:1) is used, a pair of distinct MOFs (3 a⋅g) and (3 b) are generated as pseudo‐polymorphs that show a two‐dimensional (2D) sheet and a 3D coordination framework, respectively. Furthermore, mutual solvent‐induced conversions were realized between 1 a and 1 b and between 2 a⋅g1, 2 a⋅g2, and 2 a⋅g3 following the size‐dependent rule of the solvent. These results are of great significance in recognizing the solvent effect upon coordination assemblies and their crystal transformations.
Synthesis of a Library of Fluorescent 2‐Aryl‐3‐trifluoromethylnaphthofurans from Naphthols by Using a Sequential Pummerer‐Annulation/Cross‐Coupling Strategy and their Photophysical Properties
Authors: Ookubo Yuuya , Wakamiya Atsushi , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: August 2012

A library of 2‐aryl‐3‐trifluoromethylnaphthofurans was synthesized with high efficiency from simple naphthols. In this synthesis, the Pummerer‐type annulation of naphthols with 3‐(2,2,2‐trifluoroethylidene)‐2,4‐dithiapentane 2‐oxide was followed by a cross‐coupling of the resulting 2‐methylthio‐3‐trifluoromethylnaphthofurans with a variety of arylzinc reagents. A palladium complex, Pd‐PEPPSI‐IPr, was the most efficient catalyst for the arylation step, which represents the first cross‐coupling of aryl sulfides by using an N‐heterocyclic‐carbene‐ligated palladium complex. This library consists of new π‐expanded molecules, all of which are fluorescent in the solid state as well as in solution. Their photophysical properties, such as absorption and emission, fluorescence quantum yields, and fluorescence lifetimes, were thoroughly investigated. This library was also useful to identify acidochromic molecules.
Influence of Sequential Modifications and Carbohydrate Variations in Synthetic AFGP Analogues on Conformation and Antifreeze Activity
Authors: Nagel Lilly , Budke Carsten , Erdmann Roman S. , Dreyer Axel , Wennemers Helma , Koop Thomas , Sewald Norbert
Published: August 2012

Certain Arctic and Antarctic ectotherm species have developed strategies for survival under low temperature conditions that, among others, consist of antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGP). AFGP form a class of biological antifreeze agents that exhibit the ability to inhibit ice growth in vitro and in vivo and, hence, enable life at temperatures below the freezing point. AFGP usually consist of a varying number of (Ala‐Ala‐Thr)n units (n=4–55) with the disaccharide β‐D‐galactosyl‐(1→3)‐α‐N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine glycosidically attached to every threonine side chain hydroxyl group. AFGP have been shown to adopt polyproline II helical conformation. Although this pattern is highly conserved among different species, microheterogeneity concerning the amino acid composition usually occurs; for example, alanine is occasionally replaced by proline in smaller AFGP. The influence of minor and major sequence mutations on conformation and antifreeze activity of AFGP analogues was investigated by replacement of alanine by proline and glycosylated threonine by glycosylated hydroxyproline. The target compounds were prepared by using microwave‐enhanced solid phase peptide synthesis. Furthermore, artificial analogues were obtained by copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC): propargyl glycosides were treated with polyproline helix II‐forming peptides comprising (Pro‐Azp‐Pro)n units (n=2–4) that contained 4‐azidoproline (Azp). The conformations of all analogues were examined by circular dichroism (CD). In addition, microphysical analysis was performed to provide information on their inhibitory effect on ice recrystallization.
Inhibition of Bacterial Dihydrofolate Reductase by 6‐Alkyl‐2,4‐diaminopyrimidines
Authors: Nammalwar Baskar , Bourne Christina R. , Bunce Richard A. , Wakeham Nancy , Bourne Philip C. , Ramnarayan Kal , Mylvaganam Shankari , Berlin K. Darrell , Barrow Esther W. , Barrow William W.
Published: August 2012

(±)‐6‐Alkyl‐2,4‐diaminopyrimidine‐based inhibitors of bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) have been prepared and evaluated for biological potency against Bacillus anthracis and Staphylococcus aureus. Biological studies revealed attenuated activity relative to earlier structures lacking substitution at C6 of the diaminopyrimidine moiety, though minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values are in the 0.125–8 μg mL−1 range for both organisms. This effect was rationalized from three‐ dimensional X‐ray structure studies that indicate the presence of a side pocket containing two water molecules adjacent to the main binding pocket. Because of the hydrophobic nature of the substitutions at C6, the main interactions are with protein residues Leu 20 and Leu 28. These interactions lead to a minor conformational change in the protein, which opens the pocket containing these water molecules such that it becomes continuous with the main binding pocket. These water molecules are reported to play a critical role in the catalytic reaction, highlighting a new area for inhibitor expansion within the limited architectural variation at the catalytic site of bacterial DHFR.
Utilization of NMR spectroscopy to study biological fluids and metabolic processes: Two introductory activities
Authors: Abriata Luciano A.
Published: August 2012

This work describes two activities designed to introduce students into the use of NMR spectroscopy for the analysis of biological fluids. In the first activity, 1H spectra of common beverages are acquired and analyzed to identify their most abundant constituents based on computer‐aided comparison against known spectra of metabolites. In the second activity, the utilization of glucose by yeast is followed by collecting 1H spectra over time, and the evolution of substrates and products is analyzed. The possibility of tailoring these activities to different levels and course scopes is discussed, together with potential alternative experiments and analyses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 40A: 171–178, 2012.