bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What You Can—and Can’t—Do With Three-Wave Panel Data
Authors: Vaisey Stephen , Miles Andrew
Published: September 2014

The recent change in the general social survey (GSS) to a rotating panel design is a landmark development for social scientists. Sociological methodologists have argued that fixed-effects (FE) models are generally the best starting point for analyzing panel data because they allow analysts to control for unobserved time-constant heterogeneity. We review these treatments and demonstrate the advantages of FE models in the context of the GSS. We also show, however, that FE models have two rarely tested assumptions that can seriously bias parameter estimates when violated. We provide simple tests for these assumptions. We further demonstrate that FE models are extremely sensitive to the correct specification of temporal lags. We provide a simulation and a proof to show that the use of incorrect lags in FE models can lead to coefficients that are the opposite sign of the true parameter values.
The Strategic Significance of Ethical Imperatives
Authors: Kucera Tomas
Published: September 2014

The theoretical discourse in civil–military relations tends to perpetuate the notion that efficiency of military organizations is often negatively affected by the influence of domestic ideological factors. Societal norms are frequently portrayed as antithetical to the functional imperatives of the military. This article questions this notion and argues that an effective form of military organization can be produced by incorporating ethical norms of domestic society into its defense organization. To understand the role of societal ethical imperatives in defense policy, the Kantian model of societal–military relations is introduced here. This model emphasizes the normative character of military missions and suggests that its effective fulfillment requires an institutional culture consistent with such a mission. This is demonstrated in the case studies of West German rearmament and the post–Cold War transformation of the Bundeswehr. These empirical cases demonstrate that the societal ethical norms should be considered integral to military functional requirements.
The Multicultural Jigsaw Puzzle
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel , Martinovic Borja , Smeekes Anouk
Published: September 2014

This research introduces and examines the relatively novel concept of category indispensability. It is examined whether the perception of subgroup indispensability for the identity of a superordinate category is associated with majority members’ acceptance of minority rights. We investigated the role of perceived national category indispensability of immigrants for native’s acceptances of immigrants’ expressive cultural rights. The general hypothesis tested is that higher perceived category indispensability of immigrant groups is associated with higher acceptance. Results from four studies provide support for this hypothesis among native Dutch participants living in the Netherlands. Furthermore, the relationship was found to be mediated by a sense of common dual belonging and by deprovincialization beliefs.
Randomized Controlled Withdrawal Study of Upper Airway Stimulation on OSA: Short‐ and Long‐term Effect
Authors: Woodson B. Tucker , Gillespie M. Boyd , Soose Ryan J. , Maurer Joachim T. , de Vries Nico , Steward David L. , Baskin Jonathan Z. , Padhya Tapan A. , Lin Ho‐sheng , Mickelson Sam , Badr Safwan M. , Strohl Kingman P. , Strollo Patrick J. ,   STAR Trial Investigators
Published: September 2014

Objective

To assess the efficacy and durability of upper airway stimulation via the hypoglossal nerve on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity including objective and subjective clinical outcome measures.

Study Design

A randomized controlled therapy withdrawal study.

Setting

Industry‐supported multicenter academic and clinical setting.

Subjects

A consecutive cohort of 46 responders at 12 months from a prospective phase III trial of 126 implanted participants.

Methods

Participants were randomized to either therapy maintenance (“ON”) group or therapy withdrawal (“OFF”) group for a minimum of 1 week. Short‐term withdrawal effect as well as durability at 18 months of primary (apnea hypopnea index and oxygen desaturation index) and secondary outcomes (arousal index, oxygen desaturation metrics, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire, snoring, and blood pressure) were assessed.

Results

Both therapy withdrawal group and maintenance group demonstrated significant improvements in outcomes at 12 months compared to study baseline. In the randomized assessment, therapy withdrawal group returned to baseline, and therapy maintenance group demonstrated no change. At 18 months with therapy on in both groups, all objective respiratory and subjective outcome measures showed sustained improvement similar to those observed at 12 months.

Conclusion

Withdrawal of therapeutic upper airway stimulation results in worsening of both objective and subjective measures of sleep and breathing, which when resumed results in sustained effect at 18 months. Reduction of obstructive sleep apnea severity and improvement of quality of life were attributed directly to the effects of the electrical stimulation of the hypoglossal nerve.
Invalid Ballots and the “Crisis of Representative Democracy”1
Authors: Obradović-Wochnik Jelena , Wochnik Alexander
Published: September 2014

This article examines the ways in which invalidated electoral ballots may be articulated as acts of protest. We argue that some instances of ballot invalidation can be understood as protest and as a reaction to the broader “crises of democracy” which have also spurred on movements such as Occupy. We focus on Serbia’s 2012 elections as a case study, given the high increases in invalid ballots and calls for collective action calling for ballot invalidation. We discuss protest movements which coalesced around this election, calling for electoral ballot invalidation and using social media to frame this activity as protest. Through our case study, we explore the ways in which the ballot can become a tool of contention, and how protest can be expressed through an engagement with extant structures and institutions.
Pious and Critical
Authors: Rinaldo Rachel
Published: September 2014

Recent turmoil in the Middle East and North Africa has prompted renewed concerns about women’s rights in Muslim societies. It has also raised questions about women’s agency and activism in religious contexts. This article draws on ethnographic research with women activists in Indonesia, the country with the world’s largest Muslim population, to address such concerns. My fieldwork shows that some Muslim women activists in democratizing Indonesia manifest pious critical agency. Pious critical agency is the capacity to engage critically and publicly with religious texts. While some scholars have argued that pious and feminist subjectivity are inherently at odds, the emergence of pious critical agency in Indonesia demonstrates that piety and feminism can intersect in surprising and unexpected ways. Moreover, it shows that women’s agency can draw on both secular and religious resources and that religion can be used to promote critical discourses on gender.
Politics of Devoted Resistance
Authors: Zion-Waldoks Tanya
Published: September 2014

This study explores how religious women become legitimate actors in the public sphere and analyzes their agency—its meanings, capacities, and transformative aims. It presents a novel case study of Israeli Modern-Orthodox Agunah activists who engage in highly politicized collective feminist resistance as religious actors working for religious ends. Embedded in and activated by Orthodoxy, they advocate women’s rights to divorce, voicing a moral critique of tradition and its agents precisely because they are devoutly devoted to them. Such political agency is innovatively conceptualized as “devoted resistance”: critique within relationship, enabled by cultural schema, and comprising both interpretive skills and “relational-autonomy” capacities. This study contends that understanding agency within religious grammars reveals its underlying logics, highlighting how structures shape the meanings and realization of women’s varied “agentive capacities.” It challenges current dichotomies like feminism/religion, resistance/submission, and autonomy/dependence. Overall, the author argues for a nuanced, culturally specific, capacity-based, relational approach to analyzing religious women’s agency.
Model-based control of a diesel engine variable geometry turbine and exhaust gas recirculation system using a linear parameter varying methodology
Authors: Lee Minkwang , Sunwoo Myoungho
Published: September 2014

Diesel engines are widely used for passenger cars these days because of their high fuel efficiency. Although diesel engines have emission problems (oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter) originated from the compression ignition combustion characteristics, both of these types of emissions have been reduced by after-treatment systems such as selective catalytic reduction, diesel particulate filter and so on. In addition, due to the stringent carbon dioxide regulations, the fuel-efficient diesel engine as a powerplant for passenger cars occupies a major position in the passenger car market in Asia and Europe. In order to make diesel engines clean and efficient, appropriate control systems for air-path, combustion, and after-treatment are required. Particularly, an air-path control system is the most important part of the control system of diesel engines because the air-path system determines the dynamic behaviour of the engines. Control strategies for combustion and after-treatment systems are generated based on the air-path behaviour.

In this paper, modelling and control of an air-path system for a turbocharged common-rail direct injection diesel engine are proposed. A linear parameter varying methodology is adopted for deriving an air-path system model. The linear parameter varying technique has the advantage of converting a complex nonlinear system in modelling into a simplified linear system. The air-path system model is derived with a linear three-state model, and the model accuracy is verified by driving cycle tests. The framework of a robust H∞ controller design is applied to the simplified linear parameter varying air-path model, and this synthesized H∞ controller is validated with engine experiments. The experimental results show that linear parameter varying model-based diesel engine air-path control allows better performance than a production engine management system, which requires massive calibration work.
Analysis and empirical modelling to assess and predict the impact of catalyst light-off strategies on the exhaust gas temperatures of spark ignition engines
Authors: Bannister Christopher D , Taylor James
Published: September 2014

In order to conform to stringent emissions legislation, three-way catalysts have been routinely fitted to gasoline-powered vehicles in order to reduce the emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. In Europe the majority of all personal car journeys are less than 4 km in length, with the emissions produced in the first kilometre accounting for 80% of the total emissions produced in that journey. This is due to the time taken for the catalyst to attain ‘light-off’ signified by the point at which a catalyst reaches a sufficiently high temperature to allow chemical reactions to occur. There are a number of methods used to reduce the light-off time such as retarded spark timing, higher idle speeds, artificial loading of the engine, secondary air injection and λ control. While numerous studies have investigated light-off strategies in isolation, or in limited combinations, this study is the first in the open literature to examine all the above factors simultaneously and to assess how their impacts on the exhaust gas temperatures varies with the distance away from the exhaust ports. Experimental work was undertaken in order to generate empirical models to predict the effects of the catalyst heating strategies of gasoline engines on the light-off times of the production three-way catalyst and the exhaust gas temperatures at various distances along the exhaust system up to, and including, the inlet to the catalyst. The empirical model demonstrated good accuracy with errors in the temperature predictions, when compared with experimental data, found to be, on average, less than −0.6% at the pre-catalyst location.
Analysis of the temperature of the rail/wheel contact surface using a half-space model and a moving heat source
Authors: Kolonits Ferenc
Published: September 2014

The model can be used to analyse the thermal processes due to a frictional block or disc braking or to analyse the temperature conditions close to the ril/wheel contact patch, when macroscopic sliding occurs. It is especially useful in the evaluation of rail chill, head check and other contact tribology-based local heat and stress effects. The contact seizure theory of gear drives developed by Blok is based on a simplified approach to the determination of the temperature due a moving heat source generated by sliding friction. In a simplifying step, the heat flux parallel to the surface of the contacting bodies is disregarded. One-dimensional temperature patterns that vary with time are arranged along the line of motion, based on the displacement of the source. This one-dimensional model is applicable if the velocity (i.e. Péclet number) is ‘high enough’. The influence of the width of the source has not been examined. The literature contains analytical results for various heat flux models, and one can make use of them to overcome the restrictions inherent in the one-dimensional theory. However, their rather complex structure makes them unsuited for further analysis, and only the numerical analysis method appears to be fruitful. One approach is to describe the temperature conditions created in a plate, which extends on a half-plane, by heating a part of its edge. The obtained time-dependent temperature results can be arranged into a sequence in a similar manner as in the approach of Blok. This shows the spatial temperature distribution that can be obtained by enhancing the results obtained using the one-dimensional theory by considering the effect of the crosswise dispersed heat. For heat sources of limited width, the cross-corrected approach better fits the reference values given by a full three-dimensional model. In railway traction, the analysis can be most directly applied to gear drives with a localized load pattern.
Radar track segmentation with cubic splines for collision risk models in high density terminal areas
Authors: Cózar JA , Sáez FJ , Ricaud E
Published: September 2014

This paper presents a method to segment airplane radar tracks in high density terminal areas where the air traffic follows trajectories with several changes in heading, speed and altitude. The radar tracks are modelled with different types of segments, straight lines, cubic spline function and shape preserving cubic function. The longitudinal, lateral and vertical deviations are calculated for terminal manoeuvring area scenarios. The most promising model of the radar tracks resulted from a mixed interpolation using straight lines for linear segments and spline cubic functions for curved segments. A sensitivity analysis is used to optimise the size of the window for the segmentation process.
Declines in Trust in Others and Confidence in Institutions Among American Adults and Late Adolescents, 1972–2012
Authors: Twenge Jean M. , Campbell W. Keith , Carter Nathan T.
Published: September 2014

Between 1972 and 2012, Americans became significantly less trusting of each other and less confident in large institutions, such as the news media, business, religious organizations, the medical establishment, Congress, and the presidency. Levels of trust and confidence, key indicators of social capital, reached all-time or near-all-time lows in 2012 in the nationally representative General Social Survey of adults (1972–2012; N = 37,493) and the nationally representative Monitoring the Future survey of 12th graders (1976–2012; N = 101,633). Hierarchical modeling analyses separating the effects of time period, generation, and age show that this decline in social capital is primarily a time-period effect. Confidence in institutions is also influenced by generation, with Baby Boomers lowest. Trust was lowest when income inequality was high, and confidence in institutions was lowest when poverty rates were high. The prediction of a sustained revival in social capital after 2001 seems to have been premature.
Evaluation of genotoxic potential of commonly used organophosphate pesticides in peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats
Authors: Ojha A , Gupta YK
Published: September 2014

Chlorpyrifos (CPF), methyl parathion (MPT), and malathion (MLT) are among the most extensively used organophosphate (OP) pesticides in India. DNA protein cross-links (DPC) and DNA strand breaks are toxic lesions associated with the mechanism(s) of toxicity of carcinogenic compounds. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that individual and interactive genotoxic effects of CPF, MPT, and MLT are involved in the formation of DPC and DNA strand break. The DNA strand break was measured by comet assay and expressed as DNA damage index, while DPC estimation was carried out by fluorescence emission assay. The results showed that exposure of rat lymphocytes with CPF, MPT, and MLT caused significantly marked increase in DNA damage and DPC formation in time-dependent manner. MPT caused the highest damage, and these pesticides do not potentiate the toxicity of each other.
Factors Associated With Caregiver Burden Among Caregivers of Children With Cerebral Palsy in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijesinghe Champa J. , Cunningham Natasha , Fonseka Pushpa , Hewage Chandanie G. , Østbye Truls
Published: September 2014

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 375 caregivers of children with cerebral palsy attending a tertiary care setting in Sri Lanka, to identify factors associated with caregiver burden. Caregiver burden was defined as “caregiver’s response to various stressors associated with caregiving” and was measured using Caregiver Difficulties Scale (CDS), developed specifically for this purpose. Multivariate linear regression was used to assess associations between sociodemographic, stressor, and coping factors and caregiver burden; and to examine whether coping reduces the effect of stressors on burden. Low income, rural residence, male sex, and number of functional deficits of the disabled child correlated significantly with higher caregiver burden, while spousal support correlated with lower burden. Seeking social support reduced the increased burden associated with greater functional impairments. Psychosocial interventions focused on evaluating and improving social support for caregivers may help families at high risk for caregiver distress, to minimize negative outcomes.
Roller derby uniforms: The pleasures and dilemmas of sexualized attire
Authors: Beaver Travis D
Published: September 2014

Previous research on gender and sports has focused on the ways women athletes emphasize their femininity to counter critics who conflate female athleticism with mannishness and lesbianism. My findings from an ethnographic study of three roller derby leagues suggest that many “rollergirls” view their hyper-feminine, sexualized uniforms as a playful and pleasurable expression of their sexual agency, not as a means to prove their femininity or heterosexuality. By combining these uniforms with a full-contact sport, rollergirls attempt to “undo gender” by actively resisting the gender binary that equates athleticism and toughness with masculinity. Yet my findings also illustrate the importance of considering the social context in which these performances take place. While rollergirls assert that wearing sexualized, feminine uniforms is a “choice,” others feel pressured to dress “sexy” in order to attract fans. In addition, their uniforms sometimes lead to unwanted attention from some men in the crowd who misinterpret the intended meanings of their self-presentation. This research emphasizes the importance of understanding women’s individual feelings of agency in the context of social inequality.
When They Call, Will They Come? A Contextually Responsive Approach for Engaging Multistressed Families in an Urban Child Mental Health Center
Authors: Stern Susan B. , Walsh Margaret , Mercado Micaela , Levene Kathryn , Pepler Debra J. , Carr Ashley , Heppell Allison , Lowe Erin
Published: September 2014

Objective:

This study examines the effect of an ecological and contextually responsive approach, during initial intake call, on engagement for multistressed families seeking child mental health services in an urban setting.

Methods:

Using a randomized design, parents were allocated to phone Intake As Usual (IAU) or Enhanced Engagement Phone Intake (EEPI). IAU consisted of a lengthy mandated standardized phone intake interview. EEPI, wrapped around the standard intake, was a flexible approach, attuning to the parent’s concerns, help-seeking experience, and stressors and incorporating problem-solving and motivational interviewing.

Results:

Controlling for child gender, child age, income, and marital status, parents in the EEPI condition were 3 times more likely to attend their initial face-to-face agency appointment and subsequent treatment services.

Conclusions:

This study contributes to building the evidence base for early engagement approaches responsive to families’ broader ecological context to ensure that vulnerable children and families access and receive benefits of treatment.
Quality of Life Among Adults With Epidermolysis Bullosa Living With a Gastrostomy Tube Since Childhood
Authors: Hubbard Lynne D. , Mayre-Chilton Kattya
Published: September 2014

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a rare genetic condition characterized by blistering to the skin and internal mucous membranes arising from mild mechanical trauma. The impact on those affected can be significant. They might have increased nutritional requirements because of blistering, chronic wounds, infection, and loss of exudates, and nutritional intake might be compromised because of oropharyngeal blistering and strictures, resulting in malnutrition in many patients. Placement of gastrostomy tubes can help some patients meet nutritional requirements. We report a recent study on how EB patients and their families approached the issue of whether to have a gastrostomy tube placed and how such tubes affect quality of life. Our findings include important insights for clinicians and families about how patients experience life with a gastrostomy. We show how the process of consent can be improved and how patients with a gastrostomy tube can feel more in control of their lives.
Risk of QT/QTc Prolongation Among Newer Non-SSRI Antidepressants
Authors: Jasiak Natalia M. , Bostwick Jolene R.
Published: September 2014

Objective: To review QT prolongation potential with newer nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (non-SSRI) antidepressants. Data Sources: A PubMed literature search was performed from 1982 through June 16, 2014. Search terms included bupropion, desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, mirtazapine, venlafaxine, and vilazodone in combination with each of the following terms: cardiac toxicity, QTc prolongation, QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, and TdP. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English-language human studies, case reports, package inserts, manufacturer electronic communications, and ArizonaCert database were utilized. Data Synthesis: Rare QT prolongation has been reported with venlafaxine at therapeutic doses and in overdose. Bupropion has also been linked to QT prolongation in overdose situations. In elderly patients with a variety of high-risk comorbidities, mirtazapine did demonstrate higher odds of sudden cardiac death and ventricular arrhythmias when compared with paroxetine. Largely because of a lack of available data, existing studies fail to demonstrate QT prolongation with desvenlafaxine, duloxetine, levomilnacipran, and vilazodone. Conclusion: Based on the current literature, risk of QT/QTc prolongation with the majority of newer non-SSRI antidepressants at therapeutic doses is low. The highest risk for QT prolongation appears to exist in overdose situations with venlafaxine and bupropion. Given the few to nonexistent controlled studies and confounding variables present in case reports, it is difficult to draw conclusions on QT prolongation risk with many of the newer non-SSRI antidepressants.
What Corporations Say Matters More than What They Say They Do? A Test of a Truth Claim and Transparency in Press Releases on Corporate Websites and Facebook Pages
Authors: Kim Bokyung , Hong Seoyeon , Cameron Glen T.
Published: September 2014

This study explicates two strategic ways to enhance organizational transparency in the eyes of its public during a crisis. By using 2 (a corporate website vs. a corporate Facebook) × 2 (presence vs. absence of statement asserting factuality of an official statement) × 2 (presence vs. absence of sentences disclosing more detailed information) mixed-subjects experiment ( N = 133), this study showed that a statement by a corporation claiming the official announcement as true affects public assessment of organizational transparency and reputation, and that participants’ favorable reputation perceptions prompted by the truth claim were not determined by different online media.
Motivational Consumption Model
Authors: Lee Angela M. , Chyi Hsiang Iris
Published: September 2014

An informed citizenry is important to the functioning of democratic political systems. Despite the proliferation of news outlets over the past decade, news consumption among the general American public remains shallow, and an empirical understanding of why people consume news remains limited. Integrating existing theories, this study proposes the Motivational Consumption Model, which explains why age and education predict news consumption through three psychological mediators: news beliefs, news motivations, and news attitudes. Using a national survey ( N = 1,143) and structural equation modeling, this study reveals the psycho-behavioral workings of news consumption.
Exploring “the World Outside and the Pictures in Our Heads”
Authors: Vu Hong Tien , Guo Lei , McCombs Maxwell E.
Published: September 2014

This study examines the Network Agenda Setting Model, the third level of agenda-setting theory. It seeks to expand the model’s scope by testing five years (2007-2011) of aggregated data from national news media and polls. The study finds evidence that the news media bundled issue objects and made them salient in the public’s mind. Findings of the study also demonstrate strong network correlations of issue salience among different types of news media.
Utility of the Personality Assessment Inventory for Detecting Malingered ADHD in College Students
Authors: Musso Mandi W. , Hill Benjamin D. , Barker Alyse A. , Pella Russell D. , Gouvier Wm. Drew
Published: September 2014

Objective: The purpose of the current study is to examine the utility of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) for detecting feigned ADHD in college students. Method: A sample of 238 undergraduate students was recruited and asked to simulate ADHD (ADHD simulators) or respond honestly (controls) on the PAI. Archival data ( n = 541) from individuals diagnosed with clinical ADHD, no diagnosis, learning disorder, mood/anxiety, comorbid ADHD-mood/anxiety, or suspect effort were used. Results: Few individuals scored above the cutoffs on PAI validity scales. When alternative cutoff scores were examined, cutoffs of ≥77 on the Negative Impression Management (NIM) scale, ≥3 on the Malingering Index (MAL), and ≥1 on the Rogers Discriminant Function (RDF) yielded excellent specificity in all groups and sensitivities of .33, .30, and .20, respectively. Conclusion: Individuals who were asked to simulate ADHD easily manipulate the PAI; however, alternative cutoff scores proposed for PAI validity indices may improve the detection of feigned ADHD symptoms.
Partial carpal arthrodesis using a medially applied mini-plate in three cats with carpometacarpal hyperextension injury
Authors: Mathis Karl R , Voss Katja
Published: September 2014

Hyperextension injury to the feline carpus usually results in disruption of the palmar ligament support at the level of the carpometacarpal joint. Treatment options include pancarpal or partial carpal arthrodesis. Partial carpal arthrodesis preserves range of motion of the antebrachiocarpal joint, and pronation and supination of the forearm. The surgical technique and three cases of partial carpal arthrodesis using medially applied mini-plates are described. Partial carpal arthrodesis of the feline carpus using medially applied mini-plates may be a safe and effective treatment for hyperextension injury to the carpometacarpal joints.
Changing definitions of euphoria in multiple sclerosis: A short report
Authors: Duncan Amy , Malcolm-Smith Susan , Ameen Ozayr , Solms Mark
Published: September 2014

A recent interest in euphoria in multiple sclerosis (MS) has resulted in a wealth of literature on this topic. However, a marked change in the definition of this symptom appears to have taken place since its first descriptions in the mid-19th century. This short report will demonstrate that the ‘euphoria’ being studied today may not be the same state as that originally observed and described in MS patients and some implications of this possibility are discussed.
The effective marketing of small-scale tourism enterprises through national stuctures: Lessons from a two-way comparative study of farm tourist accommodation in the United Kingdom and New Zealand
Authors: Clarke Jackie
Published: September 2014

The paper stems from PlID research conducted at the School of Hotel and Catering Marlagelltellt, Oxford Brookes University.

Small-scale tourism enterprises are subject to marketing problems caused by their relative isolation. National structures, the progressive development of successive levels into all integrated national structure, facilitate the effective marketing ofsutch small-scale enterprises, enabling more efficient use of limited marketing resources, linkage into the glohal tourism system, and absorption of tourist members. This paper aims to demonstrate tlhe ability of national strutctures to solve problems, and to present the strengths alld weaknesses of two differerlt national structures, so that other small-scale enterprises might benefit. Farm tourist accommodation is a prime example of small-scale tourism enterprises. The paper focuses on a two-way comparative study of the national structures established for the marketing of farm tourist accommodation in the United Kingdom and New Zealand.
Marketing cultural tourism in Europe
Authors: Richards Greg , Bonink Carolina
Published: September 2014

Cultural tourism has been identified as a major growth area in European tourism. Culture is increasingly being used as a promotional tool because cultural tourism is identified as a growing area of upmarket consumption, which can support economic as well as cultural regeneration, and aid wider tourism policy goals, such as spatial diffusion of tourism. Recent research on cultural tourism in Europe underlines the diverse nature of cultural resources used for tourism, contrasting with the narrow social profile of cultural tourism participants. There are now signs of a growing mismatch between supply and demand, as the growth in cultural tourism provision begins to outstrip the growth in demand.
Short- and long-term business development for travel agents
Authors: Higgs Geoffrey
Published: September 2014

This paper describes a creative, organic approach to business development using a range of techniques to intensify and speed up the idea generation and screening process. It views business development as a cyclical activity which coincides with the annual budget round.

All travel agencies are concerned with three business development aims - client retention, persuading clients to buy more at each transaction and to buy more frequently, and to attract new clients. There is no shortage of ideas in the travel trade on how these aims might be met. The large numbers of ideas puts a premium on how to make choices. The paper suggests ways of generating and quickly processing a large number of ideas and roughly matching these to a firm's requirements.
From Canberra to Oriana: A £200 million investment in the identification and management of brand values
Authors: Dingle David , Harding Graham
Published: September 2014

A research programme was initiated to identify the values and attributes of the highly popular cruise ship 'Canberra' in the context of the total market. The primary objective of this study- specified by P&O and implemented by their marketing agency, The Value Engineers - was to 'discover quantitatively from past cruisers (both P&O and competitors) what makes Canberra uniquely successful in the current cruising market'. This led to the planning and building of the new cruise ship 'Oriana' due to enter service in April 1995. The identification of brand values and attribute sets was a key element in developing a successful strategy for the new liner.
The frequent flyer mess — a comparison of programmes in the USA and Europe
Authors: Gilbert D.C. , Karabeyekian V.
Published: September 2014

The paper examines frequent flyer campaigns from a historical perspective showing how they are now losing their usefulness as a promotional tool.
The UK ski holiday market
Authors: Richards Greg , Friend Keith
Published: September 2014

With the tourism market climbing gradually out of recession, one might expect the ski operators to be looking forward to their first good winter in years. The signs are, however, that there will be little to celebrate this season. Although the winter holiday market grew by about 5 per cent in 1994, the ski holiday market shows little sign of a major recovery. In this paper the structure of the UK ski holiday market and the problems faced by operators in their marketing effort are analysed.
Japanese tourism: how a knowledge of Japanese buyer behaviour and culture can be of assistance to British hoteliers in seeking to develop this valuable market
Authors: Dace Roger
Published: September 2014

The Japanese outward bound tourist market is expanding. Among the favoured destinations are Europe and Britain. However, if this market is to be developed beyond its initial stage, British hoteliers and the travel trade need to develop a better understanding of the Japanese tourist. This paper seeks to explain aspects of Japanese culture and buyer behaviour that are relevant to those involved in this market. In addition, since the nature of Japanese society is changing, it is becoming necessary to offer newer forms of vacation for younger segments while seeking to improve the length of vacation for older tourist segments.
National Tourist Offices: service quality expectations and performance
Authors: Braunlich Carl G. , Morrison Alastair M. , Feng Feng
Published: September 2014

This study investigated customer expectations and service delivery systems to meet those expectations of National Tourist Offices (NTOs) operating in the USA. Focus groups of NTO customers were used to identify service quality expectations of NTOs. Service expectations were found to be accessibility, courtesy and competence, response time for requests, personalisation of responses, quality and quantity of materials and quality of information. NTOs were contacted and requests for tourist information were placed. NTO service delivery was evaluated in terms of the service expectations identified in the focus groups. The findings indicated a wide range of service quality performance by NTOs compared to that expected by NTO customers.
A case study in policy success: the development of the Irish tourism industry since 1985
Authors: Nevin Michael
Published: September 2014

The tourism industry in Ireland since 1985 has been remarkably succesful. Reasons for this success include a coherent tourism policy, increased Government investment in the industry, and, most importantly, a halving of VAT on tourism. The writer suggests that the UK could learn from the Irish experience.
Public sector funding for theme and amusement parks through bond financing in Arizona: a case study
Authors: Trowbridge Emery H.
Published: September 2014

This study involves the results and implications of recent Arizona legislation that authorises communities to issue revenue bonds to fund theme and amusement parks. Through mostly qualitative data, it explores the motives, development procedures, park concept, economic feasibility and restrictions imposed by this legislation. Among other conclusions, it questions the long-term relevancy of this type of public funding for private groups and predicts consequences of other 'economic relief and stimulus packages for short-term gain. A concise review of House Bill 2374 is included. It explores the completed and anticipated development process.
Time-series analysis of German outbound travel patterns
Authors: Oppermann Martin , Chon Kaye S.
Published: September 2014

This paper discusses trends in German outbound tourism over 20 years from 1970 to 1992. It reveals changing trends with regard to destination choice and transportation mode used by German tourists. Further, the paper discloses that Germans are becoming more familiar with destinations not only in Europe but also in many other countries and regions of the world. It is argued that while the increasing destination familiarity by Germans could increase the potential of more effective use of word-of-mouth communication channels, it may also reduce the amount of repeat business owing to a desire to see other, new places. Longitudinal research on individuals' travel careers is required to identify segments based on their travel experience and travel destination choice patterns such as to facilitate more cost-effective marketing efforts.
Restructuring a tourist industry to attract the British visitor: An examination of tourism marketing pressures in the Cherbourg peninsula
Authors: McClellan Tim
Published: September 2014

With an increasing number of Britons crossing the Channel, French ferry ports are looking at ways of attracting and retaining tourists in their own right. This paper examines the case of one of the rapidly expanding ports — Cherbourg. The paper considers the need for a change in visitors' perceptions to encourage travellers to spend' more time in the area. Methods to obtain that shift are explored and cover the initial research exercise coupled with marketing communications policy as a second stage. The study concludes there is a need for a formal public and private sector body to debate, develop, implement and monitor a common tourism policy.
Understanding vacation destination choice through travel motivation and activities
Authors: Moscardo Gianna , Morrison Alastair M. , Pearce Philip L. , Lang Cheng-Te , O'Leary Joseph T.
Published: September 2014

In describing research into tourists' motivations Krippendorf suggested that many of the quoted motives are nothing but empty boxes, which every individual may fill with quite different contents'.1 The central proposal of the present paper is that activities are important items in these motive boxes. The authors argue that activities are the critical link between tourist motivation and destination choice and develop a model in which travel motivations are related through activity preferences to vacation destination choice. These proposed relationships were tested through a secondary analysis of survey data collected from 1,503 Australian outbound travellers. These analyses did reveal consistent relationships between travel motivation and activities and between activities and features of preferred destinations.
Tourism development in China: its nature, the changing market and business opportunities
Authors: Tisdell Clem
Published: September 2014

Rapid growth has occurred in tourism in China since 1978. Although 1989 resulted in a large reduction in the number of external visitors to China, resumed growth since then has established new records for levels of tourism. In addition, a new attitude to the development of domestic tourism emerged in 1992. China has decided to increase the relative size of its tertiary sector by the year 2000 and is to encourage the development of domestic tourism. Tourism is now being treated as a leading industry and particular care will be needed to avoid economic mistakes. On the whole, the development of tourism has not counteracted uneven regional development in China but has reinforced it. A study of tourism development in Xishuangbanna Prefecture suggests that even at this local level, tourism development tends to be relatively centralised. China's changing tourism industry is providing new market opportunities for foreign firms.
Holiday Inns Worldwide launch down under: an Australian preliminary case study
Authors: Sogar D. Horace , Oostdyck Willem , Cogar Scott D.
Published: September 2014

Holiday Inns Worldwide has recently acquired the management contract for Australia's largest and most diverse resort. Hamilton Island Resort is situated in the Whitsunday Islands off the Queenslaud coast. Though well positioned as a global hotel operator, Holiday Inns lacks awareness in Australia. This paper addresses the following key issues:

— Holiday Inns' regional ambitions;

— why Holiday Inns needed Hamilton Island;

— how the resort's new branding ( positioning) was determined;

— how the product was modified to satisfy the branding;

—how it is communicating its marketing strategy; and

— the level of success of branding ( positioning).

The fate of the newest and biggest Crowine Plaza Resort may well determine the immediate success of the Holiday Inns chain in this country. The future marketing direction of the operators will impact on the perception within the market. Follow-up papers and comparative analysis will detail the ongoing marketing efforts and their performance in this new market for Holiday Inns.
Health spa travel markets: Mexican long-haul pleasure travellers
Authors: Williams Peter W. , Andestad Gail , Pollock Anna , Dossa Karim B.
Published: September 2014

This research provides insights into the nature of the Mexican health spa tourism market. The overriding research hypothesis is that a comparatively strong long-haul pleasure market for health spa-related tourism exists in Mexico, and that this market can be differentiated from other more generic Mexican long-haul travel groups. Using information derived from the Tourism Canada-United States Travel and Tourism Administration (USTTA) long-haul market data sets, the paper begins by outlining the health spa affinity of travellers from several European, Asian and Latin American countries on their long-haul pleasure travel vacations. The research then describes the characteristics of Mexican health spa travellers. Using a long-haul market segmentation framework developed by Tourism Canada and the USTTA, it identifies how Mexican long-haul health spa visitors differ from other travellers to that destination in terms of their socio-demographic, attitudinal and behavioural traits. The paper then describes tivo distinct groups of Mexican health spa users that offer a particular opportunity for tourism businesses interested in attracting Mexican long-haul pleasure travellers. In the process of describing these Mexican health spa travellers, the paper also suggests an effective step-wise method for identifying high potential long-haul niche travel markets.
An examination of the factors that signal hotel image to travellers
Authors: LeBlanc Gaston , Nguyen Nha
Published: September 2014

This paper presents the results of an exploratory study on how travellers form impressions of the image projected by a prestigious hotel, with data collected from 409 respondents. The main purpose of the study is to gain more insight into the cues used by travellers evaluating corporate image in the context of an intangible service offering, and to determine the importance of these cues in customers' overall assessment of image. The study identifies a set of five factors that explain corporate image. In order of importance, these factors are physical environment, corporate identity, service personnel, quality of services and accessibility. Implications for tracking and building corporate image are given:
Ecotourism: A study of purchase proclivity
Authors: Litvin Stephen W.
Published: September 2014

The ecotourism segment of the tourism industry is moving from a niche segment to the mainstream. Though significant debate continues re the definition and boundaries of ecotourism, investors, promoters and NTOs are investing heavily in products they consider green'. But is the market ready for the surge in supply? This paper looks at the Singaporean market's purchase proclivity, and finds that though most travellers consider themselves to be environmentally aware, given a choice between a green or mainstream product few would select an eco-travel vacation.
A structural equation model: The relationship between travel motivation and information sources in the senior travel market
Authors: Kim Youngtae , Weaver Pamela , McCleary Ken
Published: September 2014

A few studies in the travel research literature indicate a relationship between travel motivation and the use of information sources for travel decisions. This study will propose and test a causal model specifying these relationships using structural equation modelling. When specific client groups are matched with their preferred information sources, marketers can easily access the target group. The application of LISREL will also be discussed.
Sex still sells to Generation X: Promotional practice and the youth package holiday market
Authors: Pritchard Annette , Morgan Nigel J.
Published: September 2014

The paper discusses the curent tourism promotional activities targeting the youth package market. It argues that marketing messages which use sexual imagery are an example of the successful targeting of Generation X. The marketing strategies of the UK youth tourism operator Club 18-30 form the case study although the discussion is relevant for all tourism marketers interested in appealing to the youth market segment.

The paper briefly discusses market segmentation and then reviews some of the recent literature which highlights the lifestyle characteristics of today's young consumers. Its main focus, however, is to highlight the role of sexual imagery in tourism marketing and to assess the success of a particular campaign which clearly uses sex to sell torrrism products. It concludes that this is an effective campaign aimed at younger consumers, especially in view of recent arguments that many market-
North American visitor trends to the UK — Is it time for a review of the product?
Authors: Gibson Bob
Published: September 2014

Tourists from the USA have been an important feature of the UK tourism business for many years. However, the number for 1994 are less than that of a decade earlier, with a peak figure, prior to 1995, occurring back in 1985. Certain special factors affecting US tourism to the UK are well known, such as the Libyan crisis or the Gulf War, but the trend over the last decade is very flat especially when viewed in relation to other generating countries.

After an overview of the development of US tourism to the UK the paper argues that this trend may be a combination of features. Demographic trends ill the USA and newer competing destinations mean that the UK and even Europe is no longer an automatic prime choice for the US tourist. Furthermore the lack of innovation by the UK tourist industry may be compounding the problem. Many US visitors perceive the UK as a historic and heritage destination — traditionally a strength of the UK product. However, even here it is possible the UK is not making the best of its assets and tailoring the product to the growing demands of the repeat visitor market. Examples of destinations largely ignored by the mainstream market are highlighted following research into the historical roots of one of the original 13 states of the USA.