bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the micro–nano surface topography of titanium alloy on the biological responses of osteoblast
Authors: Yin Chengcheng , Zhang Yanjing , Cai Qing , Li Baosheng , Yang Hua , Wang Heling , Qi Hua , Zhou Yanmin , Meng Weiyan
Published: October 2016

In clinical applications, osseointegration is essential for the long‐term stability of dental implants. Inspired by the hierarchical structure of natural bone, we applied the electrochemical etching (EC) technique to form a micro–nano structure on a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V) substrate, called EC surface. Sand blasting and acid etching (SLA) and machined (M) methods were employed to generate micro and smooth textures, respectively, as the control groups. The surface topographies of the three substrates were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Then, human osteoblast‐like cells (MG63) were cultured on substrates, and adhesion, proliferation, morphology, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), and gene expression levels of Runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin (OPN), and type I collagen (COLIA 1) were analyzed. MG63 cells cultured on the EC Ti alloy substrates displayed better cell adhesion, significant proliferation, and a higher production level of ALP, gene expressions of RUNX2, OCN, OPN and COLIA 1 (p <0.01 orp <0.05) compared with those of SLA and M substrates. These results indicate that the micro–nano structure fabricated by electrochemical etching method is beneficial for the biological functions of MG63 cells and may be a promising candidate in dental implants. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 757–769, 2017.
New equation for calculating total interaction energy in one noncyclic ABC triad and new insights into cooperativity of noncovalent bonds
Authors: Salehzadeh Sadegh , Maleki Farahnaz
Published: October 2016

In this work, a new equation consist of A⋅⋅⋅B, B⋅⋅⋅C, A⋅⋅⋅BC, and AB⋅⋅⋅C interactions is proposed for calculating the total interaction energy of noncyclic ABC triads. New equations are also proposed for calculating the changes in values of A⋅⋅⋅B and B⋅⋅⋅C interactions on the formation of triad from the corresponding dyads. The advantages of equations proposed here in comparison with many‐body interaction energy approach are discussed. All proposed equations were tested in F3MLi⋅⋅⋅NCH⋅⋅⋅HLH and F3MLi⋅⋅⋅HLH⋅⋅⋅HCN (M = C, Si; L = Be, Mg) as well as H3N⋅⋅⋅XY⋅⋅⋅HF (X, Y = F, Cl, Br) noncyclic A⋅⋅⋅B⋅⋅⋅C triads. The data show that the total cooperativity of triad correlates well with the sum of the changes in values of A⋅⋅⋅B and B⋅⋅⋅C interactions calculated through new equations proposed here. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mediators of Outcome in Complicated Grief Treatment
Authors: Glickman Kim , Shear M. Katherine , Wall Melanie M.
Published: October 2016

Objective

In this study, we examined the mechanisms of action of complicated grief treatment (CGT), an efficacious psychotherapy for complicated grief.

Method

We explored 3 putative mediators (guilt/self‐blame related to the deceased, negative thoughts about the future, and avoidance) among treatment completers assigned to either CGT (n = 35) or interpersonal psychotherapy (n = 34) in a previously reported randomized controlled trial. Antidepressant use was examined as a moderator of mediation effects.

Results

A reduction in guilt/self‐blame, negative thoughts about the future, and avoidance behavior each mediated the relationship between treatment group and complicated grief outcomes. Reduction in avoidance emerged as an independent mediator after controlling for all mediators.

Conclusion

Reducing avoidance of situations and emotions connected to the loss seems to be a key mechanism of change in CGT. Revising counterfactual thinking around troubling aspects of the death may also play a role in facilitating effective adaptation to loss.
ADP‐Induced Ca2+ Signaling and Proliferation of Rat Ventricular Myofibroblasts Depend on Phospholipase C‐Linked TRP Channels Activation Within Lipid Rafts
Authors: Certal Mariana , Vinhas Adriana , Barros‐Barbosa Aurora , Ferreirinha Fátima , Costa Maria Adelina , Correia‐de‐Sá Paulo
Published: October 2016

Nucleotides released during heart injury affect myocardium electrophysiology and remodeling through P2 purinoceptors activation in cardiac myofibroblasts. ATP and UTP endorse [Ca2+]i accumulation and growth of DDR‐2/α‐SMA‐expressing myofibroblasts from adult rat ventricles via P2Y4 and P2Y2 receptors activation, respectively. Ventricular myofibroblasts also express ADP‐sensitive P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2Y13 receptors as demonstrated by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and western blot analysis, but little information exists on ADP effects in these cells. ADP (0.003–3 mM) and its stable analogue, ADPßS (100 μM), caused fast [Ca2+]i transients originated from thapsigargin‐sensitive internal stores, which partially declined to a plateau sustained by capacitative Ca2+ entry through transient receptor potential (TRP) channels inhibited by 2‐APB (50 μM) and flufenamic acid (100 μM). Hydrophobic interactions between Gq/11‐coupled P2Y purinoceptors and TRP channels were suggested by prevention of the ADP‐induced [Ca2+]i plateau following PIP2 depletion with LiCl (10 mM) and cholesterol removal from lipid rafts with methyl‐ß‐cyclodextrin (2 mM). ADP [Ca2+]i transients were insensitive to P2Y1, P2Y12, and P2Y13 receptor antagonists, MRS2179 (10μM), AR‐C66096 (0.1 μM), and MRS2211 (10μM), respectively, but were attenuated by suramin and reactive blue‐2 (100 μM) which also blocked P2Y4 receptors activation by UTP. Cardiac myofibroblasts growth and type I collagen production were favored upon activation of MRS2179‐sensitive P2Y1 receptors with ADP or ADPßS (30 μM). In conclusion, ADP exerts a dual role on ventricular myofibroblasts: [Ca2+]i transients are mediated by fast‐desensitizing P2Y4 receptors, whereas the pro‐fibrotic effect of ADP involves the P2Y1 receptor activation. Data also show that ADP‐induced capacitative Ca2+ influx depends on phospholipase C‐linked TRP channels opening in lipid raft microdomains. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1511–1526, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Welcome to the ICD‐10 code for sarcopenia
Authors: Anker Stefan D. , Morley John E. , von Haehling Stephan
Published: October 2016

The new ICD‐10‐CM (M62.84) code for sarcopenia represents a major step forward in recognizing sarcopenia as a disease. This should lead to an increase in availability of diagnostic tools and the enthusiasm for pharmacological companies to develop drugs for sarcopenia.
Solitary fibrous tumor of the breast: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tsai Shu‐Ya , Hsu Chih‐Yi , Chou Yi‐Hong , Lai Yi‐Chen , Lin Yung‐Hui , Wang Hsin‐Kai , Chiou Hong‐Jen , Wang Jane , Tiu Chui‐Mei
Published: October 2016

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an uncommon neoplasm of mesenchymal origin, which can be benign or malignant. Most SFTs develop from the pleura, but they can also be found in other sites. There are only few reports of SFT occurring in the breast. We herein report such a rare case. Sonography demonstrated an ovoid lesion mimicking a fibroadenoma, whereas color Doppler imaging showed marked internal vascularity. A brief literature review on imaging features of SFTs is added. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:350–354, 2017;
Rape investigation and attrition in acquaintance, domestic violence and historical rape cases
Authors: Hester Marianne , Lilley Sarah‐Jane
Published: October 2016

This paper looks at the progression of rape cases through the criminal justice system, from report to court, exploring the different attrition trajectories for cases that can be characterized as involving acquaintance, intimate domestic violence, and historical child sexual abuse contexts. Using police data from three police forces in England covering 87 cases, interviews relating to 15 victim/survivors and interviews with criminal justice professional, the paper explores investigative processes and victim engagement across rape cases and their different trajectories through the criminal justice system. The legal and extra‐legal factors that have been identified in the previous literature as increasing attrition, such as relationship between victim and offender, vulnerability of victim, and evidential issues, were all seen to play some part in the attrition and trajectories of the cases discussed here, but were relevant to different degrees depending on whether the cases involved acquaintance, intimate domestic violence, or historical child sexual abuse. If we are to more effectively deal with the “justice gap” that exists in rape cases, an important aspect is to understand the differences between these groups of cases and the particular circumstance and needs of the victims in these different contexts.
Effects of four short‐chain fatty acids or salts on the dynamics of nitrogen transformations and intrinsic protease activity of alfalfa silage
Authors: Yuan XianJun , Wen AiYou , Desta Seare T , Dong ZhiHao , Shao Tao
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Short‐chain fatty salts have been widely used as food and forage preservatives because of their antimicrobial properties. This study evaluated the effects of four chemical compounds with antimicrobial properties on nitrogen transformations and intrinsic protease activity of alfalfa silage.

RESULTS

Potassium diformate (PD) and formic acid (FA) rapidly reduced silage pH. Silages treated with sodium diacetate (SD) and calcium propionate (CAP) had higher final peptide N concentrations than other silage. The free amino acid N contents in PD and FA treated silages were lower than other silages at all intervals of ensilage. The ammonia N concentrations in FA and PD silages were the lowest, followed by SD and CAP silages. As ensiling progressed, the aminopeptidase activity was completely lost by day 5 for FA and PD silages and inactive by day 7 for SD silage, while it remained active after day 7 for control and CAP silage. The carboxypeptidase activities in FA and PD silages were already reduced below 50% by day 1 of ensiling.

CONCLUSION

Potassium diformate was as effective as formic acid in depressing the proteolysis, while sodium diacetate and calcium propionate were inferior to formic acid in protecting alfalfa proteins from being hydrolysed. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of postharvest methyl jasmonate treatment on fatty acid composition and phenolic acid content in olive fruits during storage
Authors: Flores Gema , Blanch Gracia Patricia , del Castillo María Luisa Ruiz
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

The nutritional effects of both table olives and olive oil are attributed not only to their fatty acids but also to antioxidant phenolics such as phenolic acids. Delays in oil processing usually result in undesirable oxidation and hydrolysis processes leading to formation of free fatty acids. These alterations create the need to process oil immediately after olive harvest. However, phenolic content decreases drastically during olive storage resulting in lower quality oil. In the present study we propose postharvest methyl jasmonate treatment as a mean to avoid changes in fatty acid composition and losses of phenolic acids during olive storage.

RESULTS

Contents of fatty acids and phenolic acids were estimated in methyl jasmonate treated olives throughout 30‐day storage, as compared with those of untreated olives. Significant decreases of saturated fatty acids were observed in treated samples whereas increases of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were respectively measured (i.e. from 50.8% to 64.5%, from 7.2% to 9.1% and from 1.5% to 9.3%). Also, phenolic acid contents increased significantly in treated olives. Particularly, increases of gallic acid from 1.35 to 6.29 mg kg−1, chlorogenic acid from 9.18 to 16.21 mg kg−1, vanillic acid from 9.61 to 16.99 mg kg−1, caffeic acid from 5.12 to 12.55 mg kg−1, p‐coumaric acid from 0.96 to 5.31 mg kg−1 and ferulic acid from 4.05 to 10.43 mg kg−1 were obtained.

CONCLUSION

Methyl jasmonate treatment is proposed as an alternative postharvest technique to traditional methods to guarantee olive oil quality when oil processing is delayed and olive fruits have to necessarily to be stored. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Timing for a sustainable fertilisation of Glycine max by using HBED/Fe3+ and EDDHA/Fe3+ chelates
Authors: Martín‐Fernández Clara , López‐Rayo Sandra , Hernández‐Apaolaza Lourdes , Lucena Juan J
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Efficient use of Fe chelates is crucial to avoid environmental risks and reduce economic losses. HBED/Fe3+ has been recently approved by the European Union for soil fertilisation, but studies delving into the best timing for its application are necessary. In this work, a batch incubation experiment and two biological experiments were developed to determine the optimal physiological stage for a sustainable application of HBED/Fe3+ in soil fertilisation compared with EDDHA/Fe3+ fertilisers using 57Fe.

RESULTS

HBED/Fe3+ demonstrated a high durability in soils and soil materials, maintaining more than 80% of Fe chelated after 70 days, and its application at an early physiological stage resulted in a high Fe accumulation in soybean and soil after 36 days. In contrast, the stability of EDDHA/Fe3+ decreased because of the retention of its lowest stable isomers. The best timing for chelates application was confirmed in a 52 day experiment. The application of HBED/Fe3+ at the early stage increased the Fe translocation to fruits; while o,o‐EDDHA/Fe3+ accumulated more Fe in fruits when added at the fructification stage.

CONCLUSION

The high HBED/Fe3+ stability in calcareous soil requires a differentiate application timing, and its addition at early physiological stages leads into the most efficient fertilisation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Investigating impacts of oil and gas development on greater sage‐grouse
Authors: Green Adam W. , Aldridge Cameron L. , O'donnell Michael S.
Published: October 2016

The sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystem is one of the largest ecosystems in western North America providing habitat for species found nowhere else. Sagebrush habitats have experienced dramatic declines since the 1950s, mostly due to anthropogenic disturbances. The greater sage‐grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) is a sagebrush‐obligate species that has experienced population declines over the last several decades, which are attributed to a variety of disturbances including the more recent threat of oil and gas development. We developed a hierarchical, Bayesian state‐space model to investigate the impacts of 2 measures of oil and gas development, and environmental and habitat conditions, on sage‐grouse populations in Wyoming, USA using male lek counts from 1984 to 2008. Lek attendance of male sage‐grouse declined by approximately 2.5%/year and was negatively related to oil and gas well density. We found little support for the influence of sagebrush cover and precipitation on changes in lek counts. Our results support those of other studies reporting negative impacts of oil and gas development on sage‐grouse populations and our modeling approach allowed us to make inference to a longer time scale and larger spatial extent than in previous studies. In addition to sage‐grouse, development may also negatively affect other sagebrush‐obligate species, and active management of sagebrush habitats may be necessary to maintain some species. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Polypeptide‐Based Conjugates as Therapeutics: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Zagorodko Oleksandr , Arroyo‐Crespo Juan José , Nebot Vicent J. , Vicent María J.
Published: October 2016

Synthetic polypeptides or polyamino acids have become a useful and multifunctional platform in advanced drug delivery studies. Nonetheless, the full potential of these systems has yet to be achieved. The final structure of polypeptide conjugates and their in vivo behavior are dependent on an extraordinarily complex pattern of interconnected physico‐chemical and structural parameters, making sophisticated directional design of such systems difficult and often unachievable. In this review, the authors aim to discuss the role of these parameters in the successful design of different drug delivery architectures and to delineate some basic correlations between structure, properties, and the biological behavior of polypeptide‐based conjugates.

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Peptide Modified Electrospun Glycopolymer Fibers
Authors: Fiorani Andrea , Totsingan Filbert , Pollicino Antonio , Peng Yifeng , Focarete Maria Letizia , Gross Richard A. , Scandola Mariastella
Published: October 2016

Oligo(Glu70‐co‐Leu30), a peptide synthesized by protease catalysis, is functionalized at the N‐terminus with a 4‐pentenoyl unit and grafted to polyLSL[6′Ac,6″Ac], a glycopolymer prepared by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of lactonic sophorolipid diacetate. First, polyLSL[6'Ac,6”Ac] fiber mats are fabricated by electrospinning. Oxidation of the fiber mats and subsequent reaction with cysteamine lead to thiol‐functionalized fiber mats with no significant morphology changes. Grafting of the alkene‐modified oligopeptide to thiol‐functionalized polyLSL[6′Ac,6″Ac] fiber mats is achieved via “thiol‐ene” click reaction. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis to characterize peptide grafting reveals that about 50 mol% of polyLSL[6′Ac,6′′Ac] repeat units at fiber surfaces are decorated with a peptide moiety, out of which about 1/3 of the oligo(Glu70‐co‐Leu30) units are physically adsorbed to polyLSL[6′Ac,6′′Ac]. The results of this work pave the way to precise engineering of polyLSL fiber mats that can be decorated with a potentially wide range of molecules that tailor surface chemistry and biological properties.

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The effect of environmental factors on long‐term atmospheric corrosion behavior of commercially pure aluminum AA1035
Authors: Sun S. Q. , Li C. L. , Zheng Q. F. , Wang X. M. , Hu S. Q.
Published: October 2016

Atmospheric corrosion behavior of a commercially pure aluminum AA1035 in rural environment with high Cl− deposition, urban, coastal, and industrial environments was investigated by over 20‐year field test in China. AA1035 showed an accelerated corrosion rate in urban environment, a decelerated corrosion rate in industrial environment, and a constant corrosion rate in rural and coastal environment. The corrosion rate of AA1035 in industrial environment was approximately 1.5, 5.0, and 10.0 times as fast as that in coastal, rural, and urban environments, respectively. Moreover, AA1035 in coastal environment (Cl− deposition rate = 45.54 mg · m−2 · d−1) and rural environment (Cl− deposition rate = 25.62 mg · m−2 · d−1) suffered intergranular corrosion, and the maximum depth was about 250 and 50 µm after 20‐year exposure, respectively. The higher the deposition rate of Cl− was, the more serious intergranular corrosion AA1035 suffered. In addition, in industrial and urban environments, AA1035 mainly suffered pitting corrosion, and the maximum pit depth was approximately 250 and 10 µm after 20‐year exposure, respectively.
Effects of lanthanum on the microstructure, electrochemical behavior, and anti‐corrosion properties of zinc–copper–titanium alloy in 3% sodium chloride solution
Authors: Ji S. Y. , Liang S. H. , Song K. X. , Li H. X. , Li Z.
Published: October 2016

SEM analysis shows that trace amounts of La in Zn–Cu–Ti alloy can eliminate dendritic segregation and produce uniform organization. Analyses of Tafel polarization curves and EIS show that La can obviously improve the corrosion resistance of Zn–Cu–Ti alloy by two features: (i) La oxide film has strong barrier properties; (ii) with an increase in La content, the thick skeletal dendrite ϵprimary crystal phase disappears and the more refined and dispersed ϵII phase is generated, leading to a decrease in the active cathode area. Zn–Cu–Ti–0.5La alloy has the best corrosion resistance. The corrosion of the investigated alloys is mainly selective.
Stimuli‐Sensitive Injectable Hydrogels Based on Polysaccharides and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Thambi Thavasyappan , Phan V. H. Giang , Lee Doo Sung
Published: October 2016

Stimuli‐sensitive injectable polymeric hydrogels are one of the promising delivery vehicles for the controlled release of bioactive agents. In aqueous solutions, these polymers are able to switch sol‐to‐gel transitions in response to various stimuli including pH, temperature, light, enzyme and magnetic field. Therapeutic agents, including chemotherapeutic agents, protein drugs or cells, are easily mixed with the low‐viscous polymer solution at room temperature. Therapeutic‐agents‐containing solutions are readily injected into target sites through syringe or catheter, which could form hydrogel depot and serve as bioactive molecules release carriers. In particular, they are convenient for in vivo injection in a minimally invasive manner. Owing to their ease of handling, hydrogel scaffolds encapsulated with a wide array of therapeutic agents including growth factors, cells or fillers have been used in regeneration or filling of the defect area. Therefore, injectable hydrogels found a variety of biomedical applications, such as drug delivery and tissue engineering. Here, we summarize the chemical designs and recent developments of polysaccharide‐based injectable hydrogels, giving a special attention to hydrogels prepared using amphiphilic polysaccharides for biomedical applications. Advantages and future perspectives of polysaccharide‐based injectable hydrogels are highlighted.

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Neurological Nuance: Hodgkin lymphoma presenting with Guillain–BarrÉ syndrome
Authors: Anderson Dustin , Beecher Grayson , Steve Trevor A. , Jen Ho , Camicioli Richard , Zochodne Douglas W.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a common lymphoid malignancy rarely associated with Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS). In most cases, GBS does not precede HL.

Methods

We describe a patient with acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy who fulfilled criteria for GBS that heralded undiagnosed HL.

Results

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) studies revealed albuminocytologic dissociation with significant protein elevation (250 mg/dl). The patient worsened during intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy. Constitutional symptoms with elevated inflammatory markers prompted further investigation, and imaging revealed an anterior mediastinal mass confirmed on biopsy to be HL. Chemotherapy yielded early clinical improvement.

Conclusions

GBS preceding HL is rare, and this case highlights the importance of considering HL in the setting of GBS. Marked elevations in CSF protein, ongoing deterioration despite administration of IVIg, and constitutional symptoms with elevated inflammatory markers may be clues to possible HL‐induced GBS. Muscle Nerve 55: 601–604, 2017
Three dimensional elasto‐plastic interface for embedded beam elements with interaction surface for the analysis of lateral loading of piles
Authors: Turello Diego F. , Pinto Federico , Sánchez Pablo J.
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a numerical formulation for a three dimensional elasto‐plastic interface, which can be coupled with an embedded beam element in order to model its non‐linear interaction with the surrounding solid medium. The formulation is herein implemented for lateral loading of piles but is able to represent soil‐pile interaction phenomena in a general manner for different types of loading conditions or ground movements. The interface is formulated in order to capture localized material plasticity in the soil surrounding the pile within the range of small to moderate lateral displacements. The interface is formulated following two different approaches: (i) in terms of beam degrees of freedoms; and (ii) considering the displacement field of the solid domain. Each of these alternatives has its own advantages and shortcomings, which are discussed in this paper. The paper presents a comparison of the results obtained by means of the present formulation and by other well‐established analysis methods and test results published in the literature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthetic quantitative MRI through relaxometry modelling
Authors: Callaghan Martina F. , Mohammadi Siawoosh , Weiskopf Nikolaus
Published: October 2016

Quantitative MRI (qMRI) provides standardized measures of specific physical parameters that are sensitive to the underlying tissue microstructure and are a first step towards achieving maps of biologically relevant metrics through in vivo histology using MRI. Recently proposed models have described the interdependence of qMRI parameters. Combining such models with the concept of image synthesis points towards a novel approach to synthetic qMRI, in which maps of fundamentally different physical properties are constructed through the use of biophysical models. In this study, the utility of synthetic qMRI is investigated within the context of a recently proposed linear relaxometry model. Two neuroimaging applications are considered. In the first, artefact‐free quantitative maps are synthesized from motion‐corrupted data by exploiting the over‐determined nature of the relaxometry model and the fact that the artefact is inconsistent across the data. In the second application, a map of magnetization transfer (MT) saturation is synthesized without the need to acquire an MT‐weighted volume, which directly leads to a reduction in the specific absorption rate of the acquisition. This feature would be particularly important for ultra‐high field applications. The synthetic MT map is shown to provide improved segmentation of deep grey matter structures, relative to segmentation using T1‐weighted images or R1 maps. The proposed approach of synthetic qMRI shows promise for maximizing the extraction of high quality information related to tissue microstructure from qMRI protocols and furthering our understanding of the interrelation of these qMRI parameters.
Analysis of compaction and life‐time prediction of porous polymer membranes: influence of morphology, diffusion and creep behaviour
Authors: Handge Ulrich A
Published: October 2016

In membrane applications, large values of permeability and selectivity are generally desired during the whole period of application. The permeability of porous polymer membranes often is reduced by the effect of compaction. Compaction of polymer membranes is a time‐dependent process which is strongly determined by the viscoelastic properties of the polymer and its plasticisation caused by the feed medium (e.g. a liquid medium or a process gas in the case of porous support structures). In this study, the time‐dependent compaction of porous polymer membranes under pressure is modelled. The influence of viscoelastic and diffusion properties of the polymer material on the permeability of the membrane is analysed for different types of membrane morphologies. The life‐time of a porous polymer membrane is associated with the time at which the glass transition is achieved in a creep experiment. Equations are derived in order to estimate the maximum life‐time of polymer membranes based on compaction. The analysis reveals that the diffusion coefficient, the average retardation time in creep, the magnitude of creep compliance and the time–temperature–pressure shift factor strongly influence compaction of microporous membranes. Generally, a larger tortuosity at constant porosity yields a lower life‐time of the membrane. Buckling of cell struts is the dominant failure mechanism in porous membranes with a very high porosity and allows an estimation of life‐time. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The New Prostate Cancer Grading System Does Not Improve Prediction of Clinical Recurrence After Radical Prostatectomy: Results of a Large, Two‐Center Validation Study
Authors: Dell'Oglio Paolo , Karnes Robert Jeffrey , Gandaglia Giorgio , Fossati Nicola , Stabile Armando , Moschini Marco , Cucchiara Vito , Zaffuto Emanuele , Karakiewicz Pierre I. , Suardi Nazareno , Montorsi Francesco , Briganti Alberto
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

A new prostate cancer (PCa) grading system (namely, Gleason score‐GS‐ ≤6 vs. 3 + 4 vs. 4 + 3 vs. 8 vs. ≥9) was recently proposed and assessed on biochemical recurrence (BCR) showing improved predictive abilities compared to the commonly used three‐tier system (GS ≤6 vs. 7 vs. ≥8). We assessed the predictive ability of the five‐tier grade group (GG) system on harder clinical endpoint, namely clinical recurrence (CR).

METHODS

Between 2005 and 2014, 9,728 clinically localized PCa patients were treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) at two tertiary referral centers. Kaplan–Meier curves, multivariable Cox regression analyses, and concordance index (C‐index) were used to assess CR after treatment according to four Gleason grade classifications at biopsy and RP: Group 1: ≤6 versus 7 versus ≥8; Group 2: ≤6 versus 3 + 4 vs. 4 + 3 versus ≥8; Group 3: ≤6 versus 7 versus 8 versus ≥9; Group 4: ≤6 versus 3 + 4 versus 4 + 3 versus 8 versus ≥9. Same analyses were repeated in patients who had BCR (n = 1,624). Decision curve analyses were performed to evaluate and compare the net benefit associated with the use of the four Gleason grade classifications.

RESULTS

Overall, 443 (4.6%) patients had CR. The hazard ratio of the GS 3 + 4, 4 + 3, 8, and ≥9 relative to GS ≤6 were 3.63, 5.93, 11.44, 18.08 and 4.93, 9.99, 15.31 and 25.12 in the pre‐ and post‐treatment models, respectively. The C‐index of the five‐tier GG system was slightly higher relative to the other 3 Gleason grade classifications both in the pre‐ (range: 0.001–0.006) and post‐treatment models (range: 0–0.008). Similar findings were observed when we focused our analyses in patients with BCR after RP. The use of the five‐tier GG system did not result into higher net‐benefit relative to the other three Gleason grade classifications.

CONCLUSIONS

The difference in accuracy between the five‐tier GG system and the other Gleason grade classifications, using CR as an endpoint, is clinically negligible. Current evidence suggests that the five‐tier GG system represents a simplified user‐friendly scheme available for patient counseling rather than a new histopathological diagnostic system that improves the prediction of CR. Prostate 77:263–273, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A perspective on management of Helicoverpa armigera: transgenic Bt cotton, IPM, and landscapes
Authors: Downes Sharon , Kriticos Darren , Parry Hazel , Paull Cate , Schellhorn Nancy , Zalucki Myron P
Published: October 2016

Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest of agriculture, horticulture and floriculture throughout the Old World and recently invaded parts of the New World. We overview of the evolution in thinking about the application of area‐wide approaches to assist with its control by the Australian Cotton Industry to highlight important lessons and future challenges to achieving the same in the New World. An over‐reliance of broad‐spectrum insecticides led to Helicoverpa spp. in Australian cotton rapidly became resistant to DDT, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and endosulfan. Voluntary strategies were developed to slow the development of insecticide resistance, which included rotating chemistries and basing spray decisions on thresholds. Despite adoption of these practices, insecticide resistance continued to develop until the introduction of genetically modified cotton provided a platform for augmenting Integrated Pest Management in the Australian cotton industry. Compliance with mandatory resistance management plans for Bt cotton necessitated a shift from pest control at the level of individual fields or farms towards a coordinated area‐wide landscape approach. Our take‐home message for control of H. armigera is that resistance management is essential in genetically modified crops and must be season long and area‐wide to be effective. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Cover Picture: Increased open‐circuit voltage of ZnO nanowire/PbS quantum dot bulk heterojunction solar cells with solution‐deposited Mg(OH)2 interlayer (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 10/2016)
Authors: Zang Shuaipu , Wang Yinglin , Su Wei , Zhu Hancheng , Li Gang , Zhang Xintong , Liu Yichun
Published: October 2016

No abstract is available for this article.
Spatial variability in winter NAO–wind speed relationships in western Europe linked to concomitant states of the East Atlantic and Scandinavian patterns
Authors: Zubiate Laura , McDermott Frank , Sweeney Conor , O'Malley Mark
Published: October 2016

The 3‐hourly gridded ECMWF ERA‐Interim climate reanalysis dataset, spanning 1979–2013, was used to investigate the spatial stationarity of the previously documented relationships between wind speeds and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) state in Europe. Over much of western Europe, wind speeds were found to be affected strongly by the concomitant states of the secondary and tertiary atmospheric teleconnections, namely the East Atlantic (EA) and the Scandinavian (SCA) patterns. These modify the geographic positions of the NAO dipole and modulate the influence of the NAO on wind statistics on regional scales, producing non‐stationarities in the NAO–wind speed relationships. The interactions of these teleconnections play an important role in modifying wind speeds within Europe. Finally, systematic north–south changes in the Weibull distribution scale and shape parameters are documented along the western margin of Europe, as a function of different states of the NAO, the EA and the SCA. These effects influence both monthly averaged wind speeds and the statistical distributions of 3‐hourly wind data, implying strong impacts on wind energy resources and expected wind power production. The results have implications for regional to continent‐scale long‐term planning of wind‐farm siting to minimise the impact of resource intermittency.
HADM: detection of HTTP GET flooding attacks by using Analytical hierarchical process and Dempster–Shafer theory with MapReduce
Authors: Sree Thankaraja Raja , Bhanu Somasundaram Mary Saira
Published: October 2016

The exponential growth in Internet usage causes cyber attack incidents. Among the various kinds of attacks, HTTP GET flooding attack is one of the major threats to the Internet services, as it depletes the resources and services in the application layer. It is difficult to distinguish between the legitimate traffic and malicious traffic from log file traces because the request patterns of attacks are similar to legitimate clients. The various techniques used for the detection of HTTP GET flooding attack are pattern analysis, entropy method, network‐based access control mechanism, etc. These techniques use the predefined rules obtained from the traffic patterns to detect the attack and may result in false positives. Hence, to overcome this drawback, the rules are needed to be updated for new traffic patterns caused by the attacks that may lead to more processing time. In order to mitigate this issue, the proposed method uses web server logs instead of traffic patterns. The proposed method reads the web server logs, extracts the relevant features and uses analytical hierarchical process to predict whether the attack has occurred or not and detects the suspicious sources by using Dempster–Shafer theory of evidence. The experimental results are compared with existing approaches such as Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS), page access behaviour, entropy method and auto‐regressive model. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method (HADM) achieves a high detection rate, reduces false alarms and takes less processing time by using MapReduce. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive analysis of the authentication methods in wireless body area networks
Authors: Masdari Mohammad , Ahmadzadeh Safiyeh
Published: October 2016

WBANs are of the promising technologies, applied in the e‐healthcare systems, for extracting and transferring critical medical data from patient body. In WBANs, the privacy and integrity of the patient's private medical data are very important, as a result, the WBANs communications and even communication with other E‐Healthcare components should be authenticated and secured. This paper provides a complete survey and analysis of the various authentication schemes proposed in the literature to improve the WBANs security. Besides, it classifies the proposed authentication schemes based on the applied techniques for authentication and illustrates each scheme in detail. Furthermore, it highlights the advantages and limitations of the authentication schemes and presents a comprehensive comparison of their capabilities and features. Finally, the paper concludes with open issues and future research directions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of sinkhole node detection mechanism for hierarchical wireless sensor networks
Authors: Wazid Mohammad , Das Ashok Kumar , Kumari Saru , Khan Muhammad Khurram
Published: October 2016

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have several applications ranging from the civilian to military applications. WSNs are prone to various hole attacks, such as sinkhole, wormhole, blackhole, and greyhole. Among these hole attacks, the sinkhole attack is the malignant one. A sinkhole attack allows a malicious node, called the sinkhole node, advertises a best possible path to the base station (BS). This misguides its neighbors to utilize that path more frequently. The sinkhole node has the opportunity to tamper with the data, and it also performs the modifications in messages or it drops messages or it produces unnecessary delay before forwarding them to the BS. On the basis of these malicious acts that are performed by a sinkhole attacker node, we consider three types of malicious nodes in a WSN: sinkhole message modification node (SMD), sinkhole message dropping node (SDP), and sinkhole message delay node (SDL). None of the existing techniques in the literature is capable to handle all three types of nodes at a time. This paper presents a new detection scheme for the detection of different types of sinkhole nodes for a hierarchical wireless sensor network (HWSN). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to design such a detection scheme in HWSNs which can detect SMD, SDP, and SDL nodes. In our approach, the entire HWSN is divided into several disjoint clusters, and each cluster has a powerful high‐end sensor node (called a cluster head), which is responsible for the detection of different sinkhole attacker nodes if present in that cluster. We simulate our scheme using the widely‐accepted NS2 simulator for measurement of various network parameters. The proposed scheme achieves around 95% detection rate and 1.25% false positive rate. These factors are significantly better than the previous related schemes. Furthermore, the computation and communication efficiency is achieved in our scheme. As a result, our scheme seems suitable for the sensitive critical applications, such as military applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caught in the crossfire: Dimensions of vulnerability and foreign multinationals' exit from war‐afflicted countries
Authors: Dai Li , Eden Lorraine , Beamish Paul W.
Published: October 2016

Research summary: When war occurs in a country, some foreign multinational enterprises (MNEs) stay on, while others flee. We argue thatMNEresponses to external threats depend on the firm's vulnerability, which we decompose into exposure (proximity to threat), at‐risk resources (potential for loss), and resilience (capacity for coping). We test the independent and interactive effects of these dimensions using a geo‐referenced sample of 1,162MNEsubsidiaries in 20 war‐afflicted countries between 1987 and 2006. We find that highly valuable resources can become liabilities when exposed to harm, and the best way to cope with external threats may be to exit. Our findings extend the resource‐based view and real options theory by demonstrating the bounded value of resources and options in the face of environmental contingencies.

Managerial summary: A recent survey of multinational enterprise (MNE)executives revealed that 30 percent of the respondents believed that their firms were exposed to collateral damage from war, with more than 90 percent expecting risks to rise. Yet, 25 percent of the executives indicated that their firms had no continuity plan. Our study ofMNEs in war‐afflicted countries highlights the costs of not having a response strategy in place. We find that, in war zones, otherwise highly valuable locations and resources can become sources of vulnerability that prompt early withdrawal from a host country. Our work further highlights the value of real options thinking—where structural solutions such as building redundancy into a portfolio of options may exist in advance of problems—for navigating hostile environments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Superaerophobic RuO2‐Based Nanostructured Electrode for High‐Performance Chlorine Evolution Reaction
Authors: Jiang Ming , Wang Hao , Li Yingjie , Zhang Haichuan , Zhang Guoxin , Lu Zhiyi , Sun Xiaoming , Jiang Lei
Published: October 2016

Constructing a nanostructured electrode with superaerophobic surface property (i.e., superlow adhesion to gas bubbles) has been strikingly highlighted as an advanced technology to minimize the energy loss during various electrochemical gas evolution reactions. Herein, aiming at enhancing the performance of chlorine evolution reaction (ClER), which holds the key for chlor‐alkali industry as well as water treatment, a nanostructured RuO2@TiO2 electrode is demonstrated to overcome the bubble shielding effect, thereby maximizing the working area and offering a robust working condition. Benefitting from the direct growing architecture and the superaerophobic surface property, this nanostructured RuO2@TiO2 electrode exhibits an excellent ClER performance, reaching 50 mA cm−2 at a low potential of 1.10 V (vs SCE) with a Faradaic efficiency over ≈90%. Moreover, a prominent stability (250 mA cm−2 for 10 h) is observed for this nanostructured electrode, probably due to the small vibrations and scratching forces from gas product.
Co‐N‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon Hollow Spheres as Highly Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Hu Feng , Yang Hongchao , Wang Changhong , Zhang Yejun , Lu Huan , Wang Qiangbin
Published: October 2016

Rational design of cost‐effective, nonprecious metal‐based catalysts with desirable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance is extremely important for future fuel cell commercialization, etc. Herein, a new type of ORR catalyst of Co‐N‐doped mesoporous carbon hollow sphere (Co‐N‐mC) was developed by pyrolysis from elaborately fabricated polystyrene@polydopamine‐Co precursors. The obtained catalysts with active Co sites distributed in highly graphitized mesoporous N‐doped carbon hollow spheres exhibited outstanding ORR activity with an onset potential of 0.940 V, a half‐wave potential of 0.851 V, and a small Tafel slope of 45 mV decade−1 in 0.1 m KOH solution, which was comparable to that of the Pt/C catalyst (20%, Alfa). More importantly, they showed superior durability with little current decline (less than 4%) in the chronoamperometric evaluation over 60 000 s. These features make the Co‐N‐mC one of the best nonprecious‐metal catalysts to date for ORR in alkaline condition.
Adjusting for seasonal harvest bias in the lactation index for white‐tailed deer management
Authors: Campbell Kamen L. , Strickland Bronson K. , Demarais Stephen , Jones Phillip D. , Wang Guiming , Dacus Chad M. , Cook Christopher , Knox W. Matt
Published: October 2016

Recruitment estimates are critical for making wildlife harvest decisions. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) lactation rates are often used to estimate fawn recruitment. Relatively long hunting seasons in the southern United States commonly include the period when females cease lactating, with concomitant reduction in the detection of lactation by hunters. We used 1,587 site‐ and year‐specific lactation rates from 383 deer populations in Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia, USA, to model the rate of decline in lactation detection across the hunting season. For each population, we calculated distance of mean female harvest date from median parturition date, and included linear, quadratic, and cubic functions of mean harvest day as potential explanatory variables. We grouped populations into 18 regions based on median conception date and tested 12 models using year and region as possible random effects. Mean female harvest occurred 92.5–210.7 days past median parturition date ( = 148.4 days, SE = 0.5). Seasonal decline in lactation detection followed a linear trend with a daily decline of 0.25%. Given that our data contained properties where mean female harvest date varied by up to 81 days across years, this equates to a potential change in lactation index of 20% attributable only to differential detection. Adjusting hunter‐estimated lactation indices should dampen variability of annual lactation indices simply associated with harvest date of females and clarify spatial and temporal trends in recruitment needed to advise wildlife managers. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Political Communication in the (Iconic) Trump Epoch
Authors: Maddalena Giovanni
Published: October 2016

Whatever the result of the 2016 US presidential election, it will signal a new era of political communication. Candidate Donald Trump defeated 16 contenders in the Republican primaries, most of them Republican Party insiders. There are several reasons for this unexpected turn of events. One of them is the different kind of communication that Trump employs. Trump's communication method, like that of the Five Star Movement (Movimento 5 Stelle) in Italy, uses a high number of icons (signs that represent objects by their similarity, such as images) instead of the indexes (signs that indicate their object by contiguity, such as tags, labels and proper names) that have characterised the last 20 years of political communication. This change encourages politicians to focus on communication as a ‘complete gesture’, and as a meaningful action that creates an ambience rather than stressing the role of the leader. This paper deals with the semiotic characteristics of this new kind of communication and explains the consequent key features of successful political communication in the coming years.
Gentrifizierungsprozesse im Frankfurter Ostend. Stadtpolitische Aufwertungsstrategien und Zuzug der Europäischen Zentralbank
Authors: Mösgen Andrea , Schipper Sebastian
Published: October 2016

The centrally located Ostend district in Frankfurt am Main had provided space for the lower-rent housing segment in particular since the 1950s and was therefore characterised by below-average rent price and real-estate value trends. Because these trends have reversed starting in the mid-2000s, this paper analyses at first the extent to which the Ostend district is impacted by gentrification. Secondary statistical sources show an exclusionary process of displacement in this former working class neighbourhood, which had led, during the last fifteen years, to a slow but clearly distinguishable change in the social structure favouring higher income groups. In a second step we analyse how the City of Frankfurt was able to upgrade the Ostend district – something that many had considered impossible. Through an analysis of municipal documents and publications we argue that municipal decision makers have used various tools for enabling and supporting the gentrification of this district since the 1980s. The subsequent displacement processes were accelerated by the 2002 decision to relocate the headquarters of the European Central Bank (ECB) to the Ostend district. Using discourse analysis we show that the relocation decision has led to a distinctive symbolic valorization of the district.