bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining and measuring the effort needed for inpatient medicine work
Authors: Lamba Reema , Schapira Marilyn M. , Singh Siddhartha , Fletcher Kathlyn E.
Published: February 2012

BACKGROUND:

Current metrics for assessing physician workload are inadequate. Understanding the effort associated with work tasks could make workload assessments more robust.

OBJECTIVE:

To assess the physical, mental, and psychological effort needed for the tasks performed by internal medicine doctors while admitting a patient to the hospital.

DESIGN:

Cross‐sectional survey.

SETTING:

A single Midwest academic institution.

SUBJECTS:

Internal medicine housestaff, hospitalists, and nonhospitalist internal medicine faculty.

MEASUREMENTS:

Subjects rated 99 tasks across 3 domains: physical, mental, and psychological effort using a scale of 1–7 (1 = least effort, 7 = most effort). A composite effort score was calculated for each task and for each of 6 task categories: direct patient care, indirect patient care, searching for/finding things, educational/academic activities, personal/downtime activities, and other.

RESULTS:

Overall, the most difficult task was going to codes, which was also the most difficult psychological task. The most difficult physical task was placing a central line, and the most difficult mental task was transferring an unstable patient to the intensive care unit. The easiest task was using the Internet. That was also the easiest physical, mental, and psychological task. Direct patient care was more difficult than indirect patient care overall (3.58 vs 3.21; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION:

We began the process of describing the workload of inpatient doctors by measuring the difficulty of the tasks they perform while admitting patients. To assess the relationship between workload and other outcomes (such as physician burnout and patient safety), it is essential that we be able to accurately measure workload. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012. © 2012 Society of Hospital Medicine
Magnetic resonance elastography as a method to estimate myocardial contractility
Authors: Kolipaka Arunark , Aggarwal Shivani R. , McGee Kiaran P. , Anavekar Nandan , Manduca Armando , Ehman Richard L. , Araoz Philip A.
Published: February 2012

Purpose:

To determine whether increasing epinephrine infusion in an in vivo pig model is associated with an increase in end‐systolic magnetic resonance elastography (MRE)‐derived effective stiffness.

Materials and Methods:

Finite element modeling (FEM) was performed to determine the range of myocardial wall thicknesses that could be used for analysis. Then MRE was performed on five pigs to measure the end‐systolic effective stiffness with epinephrine infusion. Epinephrine was continuously infused intravenously in each pig to increase the heart rate in increments of 20%. For each such increase end‐systolic effective stiffness was measured using MRE. In each pig, Student's t‐test was used to compare effective end‐systolic stiffness at baseline and at initial infusion of epinephrine. Least‐square linear regression was performed to determine the correlation between normalized end‐systolic effective stiffness and increase in heart rate with epinephrine infusion.

Results:

FEM showed that phase gradient inversion could be performed on wall thickness ≈≥1.5 cm. In pigs, effective end‐systolic stiffness significantly increased from baseline to the first infusion in all pigs (P = 0.047). A linear correlation was found between normalized effective end‐systolic stiffness and percent increase in heart rate by epinephrine infusion with R2 ranging from 0.86–0.99 in four pigs. In one of the pigs the R2 value was 0.1. A linear correlation with R2 = 0.58 was found between normalized effective end‐systolic stiffness and percent increase in heart rate when pooling data points from all pigs.

Conclusion:

Noninvasive MRE‐derived end‐systolic effective myocardial stiffness may be a surrogate for myocardial contractility. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:120–127. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic enantioseparation of amino compounds on newly developed cyclofructan‐based chiral stationary phases
Authors: Aranyi Anita , Bagi Ágnes , Ilisz István , Pataj Zoltán , Fülöp Ferenc , Armstrong Daniel W. , Péter Antal
Published: February 2012

Direct separation of the enantiomers of amino acid amines, amino alcohols, and diamines was performed on recently developed chiral stationary phases containing isopropyl carbamate‐cyclofructan 6 (IP‐CF6), (R)‐naphthylethylcarbamate cyclofructan 6 (RN‐CF6), or dimethylphenylcarbamate cyclofructan 7 (DMP‐CF7) as chiral selectors, using n‐hexane/alcohol/TFA as mobile phase. The effects of the mobile phase composition, the nature and concentrations of the alcoholic and acidic modifiers, and the structures of the analytes on the retention and resolution were investigated. In some cases, separations were carried out at constant mobile phase composition in the temperature range 5–40°C. Thermodynamic parameters and Tiso values were calculated from plots of lnk versus 1/T. It was found that the enantioseparations were enthalpy driven. The sequences of elution of the stereoisomers were determined but no general rule could be established.
Discounting in International Markets and the Face Value Effect: A Double‐ Edged Sword?
Authors: Lowe Ben , Barnes Bradley R. , Rugimbana Robert
Published: February 2012

Consumer response to price is often subjective and prone to systematic perceptual biases, such as the “face value” effect, whereby consumer perceptions of willingness to pay are systematically biased by the nominal value of a new currency. That is, prices presented in higher denomination currencies are perceived to be more expensive and prices presented in lower denomination currencies are perceived to be less expensive. The results from two separate experiments suggest that for high‐price products, when a substantial enough discount is invoked, the face value effect can reverse and becomes a double‐edged sword. While existing research implies that the face value effect becomes stronger for high‐price products, the findings from this research suggest this is the case only when the product is not being promoted. The findings also reveal that the face value effect is robust for low‐price products, even when there is a discount, providing further evidence of the effect in new contexts. Consistent with earlier research, this is because in real terms the discount for a low‐price product is not perceived as substantial enough. The experiments also suggest that for high‐price products, discounts framed as absolute amounts in higher denomination currencies are perceived to be more substantial than discounts framed as percentage amounts. These findings extend existing theory on the face value effect and have several important managerial implications for pricing management in international markets.
In Search of the “Meta‐Maven”: An Examination of Market Maven Behavior across Real‐Life, Web, and Virtual World Marketing Channels
Authors: Barnes Stuart J. , Pressey Andrew D.
Published: February 2012

Recently, a new set of channels for consumer and business interaction have emerged—three‐ dimensional “virtual” worlds. This study attempts to better understand the nature of market maven behavior (diffusers of general marketplace and shopping information) across three different channels—virtual worlds, the Web, and real‐life—and to examine the extent to which market maven behavior is transferable across channel context (i.e., “fluid”) or channel dependent. Using data from two surveys (one in the virtual world “Second Life” and a follow‐up Web survey for the same respondents), this paper explores differences and determinants of maven behavior. Employing partial least squares analysis, the findings indicate that market maven propensity is transferable across channels (i.e., high‐scoring market mavens retain this across channel). However, while there may be the transferability of market maven behavior across channels, the findings demonstrate that maven propensity is influenced by the channel context. Consequently, individuals with high maven propensity tend to exhibit channels in which this behavior is more prominent. Therefore, market maven behavior might not only span general product categories, but also the channel itself (i.e., maven behavior remains fairly constant—or fluid—across channel). The findings also point to possible characteristics that may be used in the identification of market mavens: market mavens typically have greater cognizance of other mavens, are technology‐savvy and individualistic, are of either gender and tend to be older and more intensive and experienced users of Web platforms and also intensive users of virtual worlds than those with low maven propensity. The findings of the study contribute to understanding market maven behavior, and provide an insight into the practices of mavens in a multichannel context, particularly in the case of the emerging channels that are virtual worlds.
The effects of intramolecular and intermolecular coordination on 31P nuclear shielding: phosphorylated azoles
Authors: Chernyshev Kirill A. , Larina Ludmila I. , Chirkina Elena A. , Krivdin Leonid B.
Published: February 2012

The effects of intramolecular and intermolecular coordination on 31P nuclear shielding have been investigated in the series of tetracoordinated, pentacoordinated and hexacoordinated N‐vinylpyrazoles and intermolecular complexes of N‐vinylimidazole and 1‐allyl‐3,5‐dimethylpyrazole with phosphorous pentachloride both experimentally and theoretically. It was shown that either intramolecular or intermolecular coordination involving phosphorous results in a dramatic 31P nuclear shielding amounting to approximately 150 ppm on changing the phosphorous coordination number by one. A major importance of solvent effects on 31P nuclear shielding of intramolecular and intermolecular complexes involving N → P coordination bond has been demonstrated. It was found that the zeroth‐order regular approximation–gauge‐including atomic orbital–B1PW91/DZP method was sufficiently accurate for the calculation of 31P NMR chemical shifts, provided relativistic corrections are taken into account, the latter being of crucial importance in the description of 31P nuclear shielding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing localized and nonlocalized dynamic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in exercising muscle at 7T
Authors: Meyerspeer Martin , Robinson Simon , Nabuurs Christine I. , Scheenen Tom , Schoisengeier Adrian , Unger Ewald , Kemp Graham J. , Moser Ewald
Published: February 2012

By improving spatial and anatomical specificity, localized spectroscopy can enhance the power and accuracy of the quantitative analysis of cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. Localized and nonlocalized dynamic 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy using a surface coil was compared during aerobic exercise and recovery of human calf muscle. For localization, a short echo time single‐voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy sequence with adiabatic refocusing (semi‐LASER) was applied, enabling the quantification of phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, and pH value in a single muscle (medial gastrocnemius) in single shots (TR = 6 s). All measurements were performed in a 7 T whole body scanner with a nonmagnetic ergometer. From a series of equal exercise bouts we conclude that: (a) with localization, measured phosphocreatine declines in exercise to a lower value (79 ± 7% cf. 53 ± 10%, P = 0.002), (b) phosphocreatine recovery shows shorter half time (t1/2 = 34 ± 7 s cf. t1/2 = 42 ± 7 s, nonsignificant) and initial postexercise phosphocreatine resynthesis rate is significantly higher (32 ± 5 mM/min cf. 17 ± 4 mM/min, P = 0.001) and (c) in contrast to nonlocalized 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, no splitting of the inorganic phosphate peak is observed during exercise or recovery, just an increase in line width during exercise. This confirms the absence of contaminating signals originating from weaker‐exercising muscle, while an observed inorganic phosphate line broadening most probably reflects variations across fibers in a single muscle. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Two‐grid methods for time‐harmonic Maxwell equations
Authors: Zhong Liuqiang , Shu Shi , Wang Junxian , Xu J.
Published: February 2012

In this paper, we develop several two‐grid methods for the Nédélec edge finite element approximation of the time‐harmonic Maxwell equations. We first present a two‐grid method that uses a coarse space to solve the original problem and then use a fine space to solve a corresponding symmetric positive definite problem. Then, we present two types of iterative two‐grid methods, one is to add the kernel of the curl‐operator in the fine space to a coarse mesh space to solve the original problem and the other is to use an inner iterative method for dealing with the kernel of the curl‐operator in the fine space and the coarse space, separately. We provide the error estimates for the first two methods and present numerical experiments to show the efficiency of our methods.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A risk to himself: Attitudes toward psychiatric patients and choice of psychosocial strategies among nurses in medical–surgical units
Authors: MacNeela Pádraig , Scott P. Anne , Treacy Margaret , Hyde Abbey , O'Mahony Rebecca
Published: February 2012

Psychiatric patients are liable to stereotyping by healthcare providers. We explored attitudes toward caring for psychiatric patients among 13 nurses working in general hospitals in Ireland. Participants thought aloud in response to a simulated patient case and described a critical incident of a patient for whom they had cared. Two attitudinal orientations were identified that correspond to stereotypical depictions of risk and vulnerability. The nurses described psychosocial care strategies that were pragmatic rather than authentically person‐centered, with particular associations between risk‐oriented attitudes and directive nursing care. Nurses had expectations likely to impede relationship building and collaborative care. Implications arising include the need for improved knowledge about psychiatric conditions and for access to professional development in targeted therapeutic communication skills. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:200–213, 2012
Excellent boron emitter passivation for high‐efficiency Si wafer solar cells using AlOx/SiNx dielectric stacks deposited in an industrial inline plasma reactor
Authors: Duttagupta Shubham , Lin Fen , Shetty Kishan Devappa , Aberle Armin G. , Hoex Bram
Published: February 2012

Excellent passivation of boron emitters is realised using AlOx/SiNx dielectric stacks deposited in an industrial inline plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition reactor. Very low emitter saturation current density (J0e) values of 10 and 45 fA/cm2 are obtained for 180 and 30 Ω/sq planar p+ emitters, respectively. For textured p+ emitters, the J0e was found to be 1.5–2 times higher compared with planar emitters. The required thermal activation of the AlOx films is performed in a standard industrial fast‐firing furnace, making the developed passivation stack industrially viable. We also show that an AlOx thickness of 5 nm in the AlOx/SiNx stack is sufficient for obtaining a J0e of 18 fA/cm2 for planar 80 Ω/sq p+ emitters, which corresponds to a 1‐sun open‐circuit voltage limit of the solar cell of 736 mV at 25 °C. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the hydrogen bonding on the basicity of selected macrocyclic amines
Authors: Nasiri Mohammadreza , Shakourian‐Fard Mehdi , Fattahi Alireza
Published: February 2012

The optimized minimum‐energy geometries of different macrocyclic amines and their protonated structures were determined by using ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. All the gas phase optimizations and energy calculations were performed at the DFT/B3LYP/6‐311++G(d,p) level of theory. The HF/6‐31 + G(d,p) level was used for all single point calculations in the solution phase. Geometry optimizations indicate that the most stable structures are stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The proton affinity (PA) of macrocyclic amines is controlled by the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bonds of macrocyclic amines. These hydrogen bonds strongly influence the basicity of heteroatoms in macrocycles. The highest PA value among the studied macrocyclic amines was found to be 264.9 kcal mol−1 for structure 7. This is comparable with PA of proton sponges such as 1,8‐bis(dimethylamino)naphthalene. The solution phase calculations were carried out in the dimethyl sulfoxide solution as a commonly used solvent in organic reactions. Natural bond orbital analysis was performed to calculate the charge transfers and the second‐order interaction energies (E(2)) between the donor and acceptor. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) was also applied to determine the nature of hydrogen bonds. QTAIM studies showed that the intramolecular hydrogen bonds in these structures are electrostatic (closed‐shell) interactions as well as partially covalent and partially electrostatic in nature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationships among knowledge, self‐efficacy, preparedness, decisional conflict, and decisions to participate in a cancer clinical trial
Authors: Miller S. M. , Hudson S. V. , Egleston B. L. , Manne S. , Buzaglo J. S. , Devarajan K. , Fleisher L. , Millard J. , Solarino N. , Trinastic J. , Meropol N. J.
Published: February 2012

Background

Cancer clinical trials (CCTs) are important tools in the development of improved cancer therapies; yet, participation is low. Key psychosocial barriers exist that appear to impact a patient's decision to participate. Little is known about the relationship among knowledge, self‐efficacy, preparation, decisional conflict, and patient decisions to take part in CCTs.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine if preparation for consideration of a CCT as a treatment option mediates the relationship between knowledge, self‐efficacy, and decisional conflict. We also explored whether lower levels of decisional conflict are associated with greater likelihood of CCT enrollment.

Method

In a pre–post test intervention study, cancer patients (N = 105) were recruited before their initial consultation with a medical oncologist. A brief educational intervention was provided for all patients. Patient self‐report survey responses assessed knowledge, self‐efficacy, preparation for clinical trial participation, decisional conflict, and clinical trial participation.

Results

Preparation was found to mediate the relationship between self‐efficacy and decisional conflict (p = 0.003 for a test of the indirect mediational pathway for the decisional conflict total score). Preparation had a more limited role in mediating the effect of knowledge on decisional conflict. Further, preliminary evidence indicated that reduced decisional conflict was associated with increased clinical trial enrollment (p = 0.049).

Conclusions

When patients feel greater CCT self‐efficacy and have more knowledge, they feel more prepared to make a CCT decision. Reduced decisional conflict, in turn, is associated with the decision to enroll in a clinical trial. Our results suggest that preparation for decision‐making should be a target of future interventions to improve participation in CCTs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydroxyl Radical Etching Improves Adhesion of Plasma‐Deposited a‐SiOxCyHz Films on Poly(Methylmethacrylate)
Authors: Hall Colin J. , Murphy Peter J. , Griesser Hans J.
Published: February 2012

Plasma‐deposited thin films comprising a‐SiOxCyHz with some organic content are of considerable interest as protective coatings. Their application has, however, been hampered by marginal adhesion and durability on some substrates. This study found that optimal adhesion was achieved with plasma pre‐treatments utilising vapours from the alcohol family. Our data show that rapid initial etching of the substrate occurs, probably by action of hydroxyl radicals, followed by deposition of a layer some 10 nm thick which appears to provide a surface capable of strong interfacial bonding with a subsequently deposited a‐SiOxCyHz layer. Compared with non‐depositing plasma pre‐treatments, such dual action provides stronger adhesion on PMMA. This opens up new possibilities for applying protective hard coatings on PMMA.

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Substrate recognition mechanism of a glycosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase from Sulfolobus solfataricus KM1
Authors: Okazaki Nobuo , Tamada Taro , Feese Michael D. , Kato Masaru , Miura Yutaka , Komeda Toshihiro , Kobayashi Kazuo , Kondo Keiji , Blaber Michael , Kuroki Ryota
Published: February 2012

Glycosyltrehalose trehalohydrolase (GTHase) is an α‐amylase that cleaves the α‐1,4 bond adjacent to the α‐1,1 bond of maltooligosyltrehalose to release trehalose. To investigate the catalytic and substrate recognition mechanisms of GTHase, two residues, Asp252 (nucleophile) and Glu283 (general acid/base), located at the catalytic site of GTHase were mutated (Asp252→Ser (D252S), Glu (D252E) and Glu283→Gln (E283Q)), and the activity and structure of the enzyme were investigated. The E283Q, D252E, and D252S mutants showed only 0.04, 0.03, and 0.6% of enzymatic activity against the wild‐type, respectively. The crystal structure of the E283Q mutant GTHase in complex with the substrate, maltotriosyltrehalose (G3‐Tre), was determined to 2.6‐Å resolution. The structure with G3‐Tre indicated that GTHase has at least five substrate binding subsites and that Glu283 is the catalytic acid, and Asp252 is the nucleophile that attacks the C1 carbon in the glycosidic linkage of G3‐Tre. The complex structure also revealed a scheme for substrate recognition by GTHase. Substrate recognition involves two unique interactions: stacking of Tyr325 with the terminal glucose ring of the trehalose moiety and perpendicularly placement of Trp215 to the pyranose rings at the subsites −1 and +1 glucose.
In situ19F NMR studies of an E. coli membrane protein
Authors: Shi Pan , Li Dong , Chen Hongwei , Xiong Ying , Wang Yusong , Tian Changlin
Published: February 2012

In this report, 19F spin incorporation in a specific site of a specific membrane protein in E. coli was accomplished via trifluoromethyl‐phenylalanine (19F‐tfmF). Site‐specific 19F chemical shifts and longitudinal relaxation times of diacylglycerol kinase (DAGK), an E. coli membrane protein, were measured in its native membrane using in situ magic angle spinning (MAS) solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Comparing with solution NMR data of the purified DAGK in detergent micelles, the in situ MAS‐NMR data illustrated that 19F chemical shift values of residues at different membrane protein locations were influenced by interactions between membrane proteins and their surrounding lipid or lipid mimic environments, while 19F side chain longitudinal relaxation values were probably affected by different interactions of DAGK with planar lipid bilayer versus globular detergent micelles.
Influence of process conditions on chemical composition and electronic properties of AlN thin films prepared by ArF reactive pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Cappelli E. , Trucchi D. M. , Orlando S. , Bellucci A. , Mezzi A. , Kaciulis S.
Published: February 2012

Aluminium nitride (AlN) thin films were deposited using a reactive ArF excimer pulsed laser ablation (PLD) of a pure Al target in a N2 plasma atmosphere, generated by a RF source, onto p‐Si <100> substrates, at increasing substrate temperatures. A radio‐frequency (13.56 MHz RF) apparatus was introduced with the specific aim of increasing the fraction of excited and/or ionized nitrogen species and, ultimately, to increase its reactivity toward the aluminum atoms, expanding in the plume, and the formation of AlN. We studied the dependence and correlation of structural, compositional and electric properties with the specific experimental conditions. The chemical composition of films, determined by XPS spectroscopy, revealed a trend of increased N2 reactivity, uptake and nitride formation, with deposition temperature. Electrical resistivity, measured by the four‐point‐probe method, has been found to be also strongly dependent on the substrate temperature and nitrogen incorporation. A possible explanation of the correlation of surface conductivity with chemical composition is suggested and discussed. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Measurement of the Al content in AlGaN epitaxial layers by combined energy‐dispersive X‐ray and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope
Authors: Amari Houari , Kappers Menno J. , Humphreys Colin J. , Chèze Caroline , Walther Thomas
Published: February 2012

The purpose of this study is to use the two main techniques in analytical transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS) and energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS), to investigate the elemental distribution in different aluminium gallium nitride epitaxial layers grown by different methods. It is shown that an accurate EDX quantification is obtained when beam broadening and fluorescence of stray X‐rays by the corundum substrate, Ga contamination due to focused ion beam (FIB) sample preparation and thickness‐dependent k ‐factors are taken into account (T. Walther, Proc. EMAG 2009, Sheffield, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 241, 012016 (2010) [1]). The EDXS quantification results are then compared to EELS quantification results. Both, analysis of Al and Ga K‐lines by EDXS and analysis of Al K‐line and Ga L‐line in EELS can yield the Al content with a standard error of Δx ≈ 0.01–0.02 (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ion implantation of Cd and Ag into AlN and GaN
Authors: Miranda S. M. C. , Kessler P. , Correia J. G. , Vianden R. , Johnston K. , Alves E. , Lorenz K.
Published: February 2012

GaN and AlN thin films were implanted with cadmium (Cd) or silver (Ag), to fluences ranging from 1×1013 to 1.7 × 1015 at/cm2. The implanted samples were annealed at 950 °C under flowing nitrogen. While implantation damage could be fully removed for the lowest fluences, for higher fluences the crystal quality was only partially recovered. For the high fluence samples the lattice site location of the ions was studied by Rutherford Backscattering/channelling (RBS/C). Cd ions are found to be incorporated in substitutional cation sites (Al or Ga) while Ag is slightly displaced from this position. To further investigate the incorporation sites, Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) measurements were performed and the electric field gradients at the site of the probe nuclei were determined (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Initial experiments in the migration enhanced afterglow growth of gallium and indium nitride
Authors: Butcher Kenneth Scott A. , Alexandrov Dimiter , Terziyska Penka , Georgiev Vasil , Georgieva Dimka
Published: February 2012

Some initial results are presented for gallium nitride and indium nitride thin films grown on c‐plane sapphire using a prototype migration enhanced afterglow (MEAglow) system. Smooth surfaces of less than 1 nm root mean square surface roughness have been achieved for both InN and GaN films at growth temperatures of 450‐560 °C and 665 °C respectively. This result is attributed to the increased adatom diffusion length allowed for the metal species during the growth process. Thicker GaN layers can now be grown than those previously reported. For InN, an impressive full width half maximum value of 290 arcsec has been achieved for the (0002) reflection using ω−2θ X‐ray diffraction scans. Greater progress has so far been achieved for the growth of InN films because of the relative ease with which thick layers of indium metal can be nitrided to form a good quality layer. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of single semiconductor nanowires by synchrotron radiation nanoprobe
Authors: Segura‐Ruiz J. , Martinez‐Criado G. , Chu M. H. , Tucoulou R. , Gomez‐Gomez M. , Garro N.
Published: February 2012

In this work, we report on the results of the characterization of single semiconductor nanowires by x‐ray fluorescence nanoprobe. Wurtzite InGaN and Co‐implanted ZnO single nanowires were studied. Ternary semiconductor nanowires show an axial inhomogeneous elemental distribution, with Ga accumulating at the bottom and In at the top of the wires. The ZnO NWs, on the other hand, show a homogeneous distribution of the Co implanted along the nanowires, without signatures of clustering or segregation effects induced by the implantation. No signatures of unintentional doping are observed neither in the InGaN nor the ZnO NWs. These overall results demonstrate the suitability of X‐ray fluorescence nanoprobe for the characterization of different semiconductor NWs. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microwave Absorption Enhancement of Multifunctional Composite Microspheres with Spinel Fe3O4 Cores and Anatase TiO2 Shells
Authors: Liu Jiwei , Che Renchao , Chen Huajun , Zhang Fan , Xia Feng , Wu Qingsong , Wang Min
Published: February 2012

Multifunctional composite microspheres with spinel Fe3O4 cores and anatase TiO2 shells (Fe3O4@TiO2) are synthesized by combining a solvothermal reaction and calcination process. The size, morphology, microstructure, phase purity, and magnetic properties are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution TEM, selected‐area electron diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, powder X‐ray diffraction, and superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. The results show that the as‐synthesized microspheres have a unique morphology, uniform size, good crystallinity, favorable superparamagnetism, and high magnetization. By varying the experimental conditions such as Fe3O4 size and concentration, microspheres with different core sizes and shell thickneses can be readily synthesized. Furthermore, the microwave absorption properties of these microspheres are investigated in terms of complex permittivity and permeability. By integration of the chemical composition and unique structure, the Fe3O4@TiO2 microspheres possess lower reflection loss and a wider absorption frequency range than pure Fe3O4. Moreover, the electromagnetic data demonstrate that Fe3O4@TiO2 microspheres with thicker TiO2 shells exhibit significantly enhanced microwave absorption properties compared to those with thinner TiO2 shells, which may result from effective complementarities between dielectric loss and magnetic loss. All the results indicate that these Fe3O4@TiO2 microspheres may be attractive candidate materials for microwave absorption applications.
The Grit that Makes the Pearl: Collaborative Problem Solving in the Midst of National Crisis
Authors: Minto‐Coy Indianna D.
Published: February 2012

Barbados, at the start of the 1990s, was a society in conflict and crisis. It was to witness its largest ever demonstrations, rising fiscal deficits, increased foreign borrowing and general disenchantment with the government andInternational Monetary Fund‐supported austerity measures. The Barbados that emerged from this crisis has moved past its Caribbean neighbours, becoming the most developed country in the region and placing highly among international development indicators. What marked this nation apart from others in the region has been its specific form of governance and approach to addressing the crisis. This paper investigates this form of governance and its place in helping the country to overcome the turbulence of the early 1990s. It demonstrates the role of collaborative governance as a tool for conflict management and consensus building in times of crisis. It also shows how and under what conditions, groups can collaborate to elevate national interests above the sectional. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced stress design of plates under biaxial compression
Authors: Braun Benjamin , Kuhlmann Ulrike
Published: February 2012

European standard EN 1993‐1‐5 provides the effective width method and the reduced stress method as calculation methods for plate buckling assessment. This article focuses on the reduced stress method, for which the global slenderness concept was introduced into EN 1993‐1‐5. The concept offers advantages associated with today’s numerical procedures which allow the elastic critical load factor of the full stress field to be determined in a single step, thus taking interaction into account in a very elaborate way. However, this article shows that the interaction verification in its pure format based on the von Mises yield criterion is not able to represent the actual mechanical behaviour of biaxially compressed plates. A simple modification is proposed which leads to appropriate and plausible results.
Managing interdisciplinary applied research on sustainability in construction with the help of an innovation broker
Authors: Nuesse Gregor , Limbachiya Mukesh , Ellis Alan
Published: February 2012

The article reports on how the steel industry in Germany, as a key supplier of materials and innovations to the construction sector, is carrying out a comprehensive optimization of the management of pre‐competitive cooperative research (CR) on steel applications in the construction industry. A significant aspect of this is the central use of an innovation broker (IB) role throughout the innovation process. The varying project expectations of science and industry and the related IB tasks are identified as part of an interdisciplinary research cluster on the sustainability of steel in the construction industry. A task profile is drawn up for the IB in cooperative research on the basis of various key person concepts from industrial innovation research. It is expected that the consistent implementation of this profile will increase the innovation successes from CR between the steel industry and the construction sector.
Awaiting the 2012 European Football Championship: some features of the reconstruction of the stadium of the “Olympic” National Sports Centre in Kiev
Authors: Shimanovsky Aleksandr V.
Published: February 2012

The article presents results of reconstruction and new construction works at the National Sports Center ”Olympic“ stadium in the city of Kyiv, which are being performed in Ukraine as preparations for the final tournament of the UEFA European Football Championship 2012. It describes conceptual designs and layouts involved. Totaling data are presented concerning the number of spectators, the built‐up areas, the infrastructure. Structural designs of steel and ferroconcrete constructions are described, results of their computational analysis are included The article also presents data regarding the manufacturing and erection of structures.
J. Heyrovský, Japan, and Organic Polarography
Authors: Zuman Petr
Published: February 2012

Polarography is an electroanalytical technique based on recording current‐voltage curves using a dropping mercury as the working electrode. It can be used for investigations of both reductions and oxidations of inorganic and organic species. Before WWII the developments of this technique linked Prague (in the then Czechoslovakia)
with Kyoto (in Japan, where reductions of organic compounds were first observed). After WWII wide use of this technique has developed, so that in the 1950s and 1960 it became the fifth most frequently used analytical technique. More recently the analytical applications were limited to those of heterogeneous solutions and analyses of some drugs. Its applications in physical organic chemistry involve studies of structure‐reactivity relationships and applications to investigations of equilibria and kinetics of rapidly or slowly established processes. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100042
Succinic acid fermentation in a stationary-basket bioreactor with a packed bed of immobilized Actinobacillus succinogenes: 1. Influence of internal diffusion on substrate mass transfer and consumption rate
Authors: Galaction Anca-Irina , Kloetzer Lenuta , Turnea Marius , Webb Colin , Vlysidis Anestis , Caşcaval Dan
Published: February 2012

This paper is dedicated to the study on external and internal mass transfers of glucose for succinic fermentation under substrate and product inhibitions using a bioreactor with a stationary basket bed of immobilized Actinobacillus succinogenes cells. By means of the substrate mass balance for a single particle of biocatalysts, considering the Jerusalimsky kinetic model including both inhibitory effects, specific mathematical expressions have been developed for describing the profiles of the substrate concentrations and mass flows in the outer and inner regions of biocatalyst particles, as well as for estimating the influence of internal diffusion on glucose consumption rate. The results indicated that very low values of internal mass flow could be reached in the particles center. The corresponding region was considered biologically inactive, with its extent varying from 0.24% to 44% from the overall volume of each biocatalyst. By immobilization of bacterial cells and use of a basket bed, the rate of glucose consumption is reduced up to 200 times compared with the succinic fermentation system containing free cells.
Are internal manufacturing and external supply chain flexibilities complementary capabilities?
Authors: Malhotra Manoj K. , Mackelprang Alan W.
Published: February 2012

Manufacturing flexibility is often viewed as a strategic capability that enables firms to more effectively meet heterogeneous market demands arising, in part, from increased product proliferation. However, recent studies suggest that the operational challenges associated with meeting this objective may be heavily dependent not only upon a firm's internal modification, mix, and new product flexibilities, but also upon the flexibility of its inbound and outbound supply chain partners. Drawing upon the theory of Complementarity, we examine if simultaneous utilization of both internal and external flexibilities does in fact create synergies that can improve a firm's delivery performance. Based on a sample of 158 U.S. manufacturing plants, we find that the extent to which performance enhancing synergies are generated is primarily dependent upon the type of internal flexibility that is paired with supply chain flexibilities. Additionally, we find that when synergies do exist, external supplier and logistics flexibilities generally tend to enhance the scope of flexible response, while internal flexibilities generally tend to enhance the achievability of a flexible response. Taken together, our findings suggest that the ability of firms to actually reap the synergistic benefits of an integrated system of supply chain flexibility is much more complex and nuanced than previously believed or expected.
ON GROUPS WITH A FINITE NUMBER OF NORMALISERS
Authors: ZARRIN MOHAMMAD
Published: February 2012

Groups having exactly one normaliser are well known. They are the Dedekind groups. All finite groups having exactly two normalisers were classified by Pérez-Ramos [‘Groups with two normalizers’, Arch. Math.50 (1988), 199–203], and Camp-Mora [‘Locally finite groups with two normalizers’, Comm. Algebra28 (2000), 5475–5480] generalised that result to locally finite groups. Then Tota [‘Groups with a finite number of normalizer subgroups’, Comm. Algebra32 (2004), 4667–4674] investigated properties (such as solubility) of arbitrary groups with two, three and four normalisers. In this paper we prove that every finite group with at most 20 normalisers is soluble. Also we characterise all nonabelian simple (not necessarily finite) groups with at most 57 normalisers.
The Grenville–Sveconorwegian orogen in the high Arctic
Authors: LORENZ HENNING , GEE DAVID G. , LARIONOV ALEXANDER N. , MAJKA JAROSLAW
Published: February 2012

Throughout the high Arctic, from northern Canada (Pearya) to eastern Greenland, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, Taimyr and Severnaya Zemlya and, at lower Arctic latitudes, in the Urals and the Scandinavian Caledonides, there is evidence of the Grenville–Sveconorwegian Orogen. The latest orogenic phase (c. 950 Ma) is well exposed in the Arctic, but only minor Mesoproterozoic fragments of this orogen occur on land. However, detrital zircons in Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic successions provide unambiguous Mesoproterozoic to earliest Neoproterozoic (c. 950 Ma) signatures. This evidence strongly suggests that the Grenville–Sveconorwegian Orogen continues northwards from type areas in southeastern Canada and southwestern Scandinavia, via the North Atlantic margins to the high Arctic continental shelves. The widespread distribution of late Mesoproterozoic detrital zircons far to the north of the Grenville–Sveconorwegian type areas is usually explained in terms of long-distance transport (thousands of kilometres) of either sediments by river systems from source to sink, or of slices of lithosphere (terranes) moved on major transcurrent faults. Both of these interpretations involve much greater complexity than the hypothesis favoured here, the former involving recycling of the zircons from the strata of initial deposition into those of their final residence and the latter requiring a diversity of microcontinents. Neither explains either the fragmentary evidence for the presence of Grenville–Sveconorwegian terranes in the high Arctic, or the composition of the basement of the continental shelves. The presence of the Grenville–Sveconorwegian Orogen in the Arctic, mainly within the hinterland and margins of the Caledonides and Timanides, has profound implications not only for the reconstructions of the Rodinia supercontinent in early Neoproterozoic time, but also the origin of these Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic mountain belts.
“INALIENABLE” ARCHIVES: KOREAN ROYAL ARCHIVES AS FRENCH PROPERTY UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW
Authors: Cox Douglas
Published: February 2012

In June 2011, France returned to South Korea nearly 300 volumes of Korean royal archives from the Joseon Dynasty. French forces had seized them in an 1866 military campaign, and the volumes had resided in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) ever since. The return is not a legally permanent restitution, but rather a five-year renewable loan. The compromise followed years of unsuccessful negotiations and a noteworthy decision of a French administrative tribunal that found that the seized Korean archives constituted inalienable French property. The legal debate over the Korean manuscripts illustrates the unique complexities of treating archives as a form of cultural property in armed conflict. In the end, the imperfect compromise satisfies neither side: The BnF is deprived of custody of items that have formed part of its collections for more than 140 years while technically, and perhaps uselessly, retaining formal legal title; South Korea, meanwhile, has physical custody of the archives while suffering the indignity of being denied ownership over its own national heritage.
Bibliography of Books Published in 2010 and of Some Books Published Earlier
Authors: Siehr Kurt
Published: February 2012

Advisory Committee on the Assessment of Restitution Applications for Items of Cultural Value and the Second World War (ed.). Report 2009. The Hague: 2010. 88 pp. No ISBN or ISSN. No price. This is the last annual report of the Dutch Advisory Committee on Restitution. The report informs the public of 16 applications in which the return of art objects have been demanded in 2009. In about 50% of cases, the objects were returned. The applications of the other 50% were rejected.
The Fight Against the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property: The 1970 Convention: Past and Future, 15–16 March 2011
Authors: Prott Lyndel
Published: February 2012

On 15 and 16 March 2011 UNESCO held a meeting on The Fight Against the Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Objects: The 1970 Convention: Past and Future at its Paris headquarters. The meeting served two purposes: an evaluation of the 1970 Convention, 40 years after its adoption, and a meeting of delegations to UNESCO who wanted to express their views on the problem of illicit traffic and how UNESCO should proceed to improve the present situation.
Internet2 and Global Electroacoustic Music: Navigating a decision space of production, relationships and languages
Authors: Whalley Ian
Published: February 2012

Using Internet2 for audio performance, supported by digital video communication between players, provides the opportunity for networked electroacoustic music practitioners to connect with, bridge, amalgamate and lead diverse sound-based music traditions. In combination with intelligent/multi-agent software, this facilitates new hybrid sonic art forms. Extending prior work by the author,Mittsu no Yugo(Whalley 2010a) recently explored this direction. While Internet2 expands production/aesthetic possibilities, accommodating established aesthetics in tandem requires careful consideration. Beginning from a prior model of a decision space (Whalley 2009), the paper discusses the extended decision terrain and choices that Internet2 brings, and some of the compromises that need to be made to realise the proposition. The paper is then part conceptual map, and part artistic perspective.
Fully Automated Measurement of the Modulation Transfer Function of Charge-Coupled Devices above the Nyquist Frequency
Authors: Van den Broek Wouter , Van Aert Sandra , Van Dyck Dirk
Published: February 2012

The charge-coupled devices used in electron microscopy are coated with a scintillating crystal that gives rise to a severe modulation transfer function (MTF). Exact knowledge of the MTF is imperative for a good correspondence between image simulation and experiment. We present a practical method to measure the MTF above the Nyquist frequency from the beam blocker's shadow image. The image processing has been fully automated and the program is made public. The method is successfully tested on three cameras with various beam blocker shapes.
Recent subsidence of the Venice Lagoon from continuous GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar
Authors: Bock Y. , Wdowinski S. , Ferretti A. , Novali F. , Fumagalli A.
Published: February 2012

Coastal regions are increasingly affected by larger storms and rising sea level predicted by global warming models, aggravating the situation in the city of Venice where tidal‐induced seasonal flooding coupled with natural and anthropogenic subsidence have been perennial problems. In light of accelerated efforts to protect Venice from the rise in sea level we assess land subsidence in the Venice Lagoon over the last decade. Through a combined analysis of GPS position time series from 2001.55 to 2011.00 for four stations installed by the Magistrato alle Acque di Venezia and thousands of observations of InSAR permanent scatterers using RADARSAT‐1 images from 2003.3 to 2007.85, we determine that the northern lagoon subsides at a rate of 2–3 mm/yr, whereas the southern lagoon subsides at 3–4 mm/yr. The city of Venice continues to subside, at a rate of 1–2 mm/yr, in contrast to geodetic studies in the last decade of the 20th Century suggesting that subsidence has been stabilized. The GPS results indicate a general eastward tilt in subsidence and that the natural subsidence rate related to the retreat of the Adriatic plate subducting beneath the Apennines is at least 0.4–0.6 mm/yr. Our combined GPS and InSAR analysis demonstrates high spatial resolution in the vertical direction with a precision of 0.1–0.2 mm/yr with respect to a global reference frame. Continued efforts to secure the city of Venice from flooding must also take into account the significant local and regional subsidence rates as well as the expected rise in sea level.