bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen Borrowing: towards Aliphatic Tertiary Amines from Lignin Model Compounds Using a Supported Copper Catalyst
Authors: Ruijten Dieter , Narmon Thomas , De Weer Hanne , van der Zweep Robbe , Poleunis Claude , Debecker Damien P. , Maes Bert U. W. , Sels Bert F.
Published: July 2022

Upcoming biorefineries, such as lignin‐first provide renewable aromatics containing unique aliphatic alcohols. In this context, a Cu‐ZrO2 catalyzed hydrogen borrowing approach was established to yield tertiary amine from the lignin model monomer 3‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1‐propanol and the actual lignin‐derived monomers, (3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐propanol and dihydroconiferyl alcohol), with dimethylamine. Various industrial metal catalysts were evaluated, resulting in nearly quantitative mass balances for most catalysts. Identified intermediates, side and reaction products were placed into a corresponding reaction network, supported by kinetic evolution experiments. Cu‐ZrO2 was selected as most suitable catalyst combining high alcohol conversion with respectable aliphatic tertiary amine selectivity. Low pressure H2 was key for high catalyst activity and tertiary amine selectivity, mainly by hindering undesired reactant dimethylamine disproportionation and alcohol amidation. Besides dimethylamine model, diverse secondary amine reactants were tested with moderate to high tertiary amine yields. As most active catalytic site, highly dispersed Cu species in strong contact with ZrO2 is suggested. ToF‐SIMS, N2O chemisorption, TGA and XPS of spent Cu‐ZrO2 revealed that imperfect amine product desorption and declining surface Cu lowered the catalytic activity upon catalyst reuse, while thermal reduction readily restored the initial activity and selectivity demonstrating catalyst reuse.
Overview and update on molecular testing in non‐small cell lung carcinoma utilizing endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) samples
Authors: Fernández Aceñero María Jesús , Díaz del Arco Cristina , Dinarés Carme , Labiano Tania , Tejerina Eva , Bernabé Mª José , Forcen Elena , Saiz‐Pardo Melchor , Pérez Pablo , Lozano Maria D.
Published: July 2022

Lung carcinoma remains one of the most frequent and aggressive human neoplasms. Fortunately, in the last decades, the increasing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms leading to cancer development has allowed the use of targeted therapies with improvement of prognosis in many patients. Clinical management has also changed after the introduction of endobronchialultrasonographic bronchoscopy that allows a conservative staging of lung tumors, avoiding the need of mediastinoscopy for lymph node staging. Lung pathologists and cytopathologists are facing the challenge of giving the more comprehensive prognostic and predictive information with ever smaller tissue or cytological samples. The aim of this review is to summarize the molecular testing for non‐small cell lung carcinoma and how pathologists can contribute to the patient's outcome with a conscious management of biological samples.
Cannabigerol (CBG) attenuates mechanical hypersensitivity elicited by chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Sepulveda Diana E. , Morris Daniel P. , Raup‐Konsavage Wesley M. , Sun Dongxiao , Vrana Kent E. , Graziane Nicholas M.
Published: July 2022

Background

Cannabigerol (CBG) is a non‐psychoactive phytocannabinoid produced by the plant Cannabis sativa with affinity to various receptors involved in nociception. As a result, CBG is marketed as an over‐the‐counter treatment for many forms of pain. However, there is very little research‐based evidence for the efficacy of CBG as an anti‐nociceptive agent.

Methods

To begin to fill this knowledge gap, we assessed the anti‐nociceptive effects of CBG in C57BL/6 mice using three different models of pain; cisplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy, the formalin test, and the tail‐flick assay.

Results

Using the von Frey test, we found that CBG‐attenuated mechanical hypersensitivity evoked by cisplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy in both male and female mice. Additionally, we observed that this CBG‐induced reduction in mechanical hypersensitivity was attenuated by the α2‐adrenergic receptor antagonist atipamezole (3 mg/kg, i.p.) and the CB1R antagonist, AM4113 (3 mg/kg, i.p.), and blocked by the CB2R antagonist/inverse agonist, SR144528 (10 mg/kg, i.p.). We found that the TRPV1 antagonist, SB705498 (20 mg/kg, i.p.) was unable to prevent CBG actions. Furthermore, we show that CBG:CBD oil (10 mg/kg, i.p.) was more effective than pure CBG (10 mg/kg) at reducing mechanical hypersensitivity in neuropathic mice. Lastly, we show that pure CBG and CBG:CBD oil were ineffective at reducing nociception in other models of pain, including the formalin and tail flick assays.

Conclusions

Our findings support the role of CBG in alleviating mechanical hypersensitivity evoked by cisplatin‐induced peripheral neuropathy, but highlight that these effects may be limited to specific types of pain.

Significance

There are few effective treatments for neuropathic pain and neuropathic pain is projected to increase with the aging population. We demonstrate that CBG (cannabigerol) and CBG:CBD oil attenuate neuropathy‐induced mechanical hypersensitivity mice. Second, we identify receptor targets that mediate CBG‐induced reduction in mechanical hypersensitivity in neuropathic mice. Third, we demonstrate that an acute injection of CBG is anti‐nociceptive specifically for neuropathic pain rather than other forms of pain, including persistent pain and thermal pain.
Nonparametric estimation of variable productivity Hawkes processes
Authors: Paik Schoenberg Frederic
Published: July 2022

Hawkes models are frequently used to describe point processes that are clustered spatial‐temporally, and have been used in numerous applications including the study of earthquakes, invasive species, and contagious diseases. An extension of the Hawkes model is considered where the productivity is variable. In particular, the case is explored where each point may have its own productivity and a simple analytic formula is derived for the maximum likelihood estimators of these productivities. This estimator is compared with an empirical estimator and ways are explored of stabilizing both estimators by lower truncating, smoothing, and rescaling the estimates. Properties of the estimators are explored in simulations, and the methods are applied to seismological and epidemic datasets to show and quantify substantial variation in productivity.
A new double Z‐scheme TiO2/ZnO‐g‐C3N4 nanocomposite with enhanced photodegradation efficiency for Rhodamine B under sunlight
Authors: Hongxia Jing , Yanlin Gao , Longxiang Li , Xu Wang , Wangjun Pei
Published: July 2022

The double Z‐scheme TiO2/ZnO‐g‐C3N4 nanophotocatalyst was prepared by sol–gel method and solvothermal method. X‐ray diffractometer, FT‐IR, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectrum, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis), PL, EIS, and so on were used to characterize the structure, morphology, chemical composition, and optical properties of the prepared photocatalyst. And Rhodamine B (RhB) was used as a simulated organic pollutant to study the photocatalytic performance of the photocatalyst. The experimental results show that the double Z‐scheme TiO2/ZnO‐g‐C3N4 nanophotocatalyst exhibits high photocatalytic performance under both ultraviolet light and sunlight, and the RhB in the solution can be completely removed in 120 min. This article also proposes a possible Z‐scheme photocatalytic mechanism to explain the increased photocatalytic activity.
Magnetic urchin‐like NiCo2O4 material derived from wastes as a peroxymonosulfate activator for the degradation of bisphenol A
Authors: Wang Xiaowei , Wu Fengmin , Cai Junqing , Luo Jie , Zhang Junkai , Niu Yongping
Published: July 2022

In this study, the magnetic urchin‐like NiCo2O4 materials (NiCo2O4‐w) were successfully prepared from the waste during the preparation of NiCo2O4/carbon cloth composite, and further evaluated as a peroxymonosulfate activator for removing bisphenol A (BPA). The effect of various factors such as initial solution pH, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) concentration, catalyst concentration, and coexisting ions on the BPA removal were evaluated. The optimal factors were 0.20 g L−1 catalyst, 0.10 g L−1 PMS, 7.14 pH (unadjusted). Moreover, the NiCo2O4‐w exhibited good catalytic effects over wide ranges of pH (3.73 to 12). SO42− and H2PO4− remarkably inhibited the BPA removal, NO3− obviously inhibited the BPA removal, while Cl− and HCO3− had a little effect on the BPA removal. Singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radical (O2•−), hydroxyl radical (•OH) and sulfate radical (SO4•−) participated in the BPA degradation, of which O2•− and 1O2 played the leading role, especially O2•−. Oxygen vacancies, redox cycling pairs of Co(III)/Co(II) and Ni(III)/Ni(II) were responsible for PMS activation. Moreover, the degradation routes of BPA were rationally put forward. This present work not only presents that NiCo2O4‐w has a low‐cost, magnetically recoverable catalyst for high efficient degradation of wastewater containing BPA, but also opens up a new avenues to reduce environmental problems associated with waste treatment during the preparation of heterogeneous catalyst.
Effect of port water injection on suppressing knock in gasoline direct injection engines
Authors: Dai Xuejiao , Zheng Zhaolei , Song Yukun
Published: July 2022

The effect of different port water injection (PWI) ratios on the knock in gasoline direct injection engines is explored. First, a simulation study is carried out under knock conditions to explore the time and location of the knock and the chemical mechanism that causes it. Second, water injection amount to 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% are set to explore the effects of different water injection ratios on knocking. The influence of the different water injection ratios on the chemical mechanism of knocking is evaluated and that of the chemical mechanism on the in‐cylinder temperature and the impact of heat release rate (HRR) is explored. The results show that PWI can effectively reduce the occurrence of spontaneous combustion in the cylinder by reducing the flame propagation speed. On one hand, the changes in the low‐temperature reaction substances CH2O and HRR tend to be consistent and the peaks of CH2O and HRR move back with the increase in water injection. So, different ratios of PWI can affect the flame propagation speed by affecting the generation and consumption of CH2O, OH radicals, and HCO radicals. Also, PWI can significantly reduce the generation of in‐cylinder OH radicals, ultimately suppressing the generation of the high‐temperature stage. In addition, PWI can effectively reduce the mean temperature and mean pressure. Compared to other water injection ratios, a 30% water injection ratio is the most effective at inhibiting knocking. At this time, the knocking intensity is the lowest, and the cycle power reaches its maximum of 1120 J.
Pilot Study of Pollution Characteristics and Ecological Risk of Disinfection Byproducts in Natural Waters in Hong Kong
Authors: Liu Jing , Hu Li-Xin , Deng Wen-Jing , Ying Guang-Guo , Hong Huachang , Tsang Eric P. K. , Barceló Damià
Published: July 2022

Increased disinfection efforts in various parts of China, including Hong Kong, to prevent the spread of the novel coronavirus may lead to elevated concentrations of disinfectants in domestic sewage and surface runoff in Hong Kong, generating large quantities of toxic disinfection byproducts. Our study investigated the presence and distribution of four trihalomethanes (THMs), six haloacetic acids (HAAs), and eight nitrosamines (NAMs) in rivers and seawater in Hong Kong. The concentrations of THMs (mean concentration: 1.6 µg/L [seawater], 3.0 µg/L [river water]), HAAs (mean concentration: 1.4 µg/L [seawater], 1.9 µg/L [river water]), and NAMs (mean concentration: 4.4 ng/L [seawater], 5.6 ng/L [river water]) did not significantly differ between river water and seawater. The total disinfection byproduct content in river water in Hong Kong was similar to that in Wuhan and Beijing (People's Republic of China), and the total THM concentration in seawater was significantly higher than that before the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the regulated disinfection byproducts, none of the surface water samples exceeded the maximum index values for THM4 (80 μg/L), HAA5 (60 μg/L), and nitrosodimethylamine (100 ng/L) in drinking water. Among the disinfection byproducts detected, bromoform in rivers and seawater poses the highest risk to aquatic organisms, which warrants attention and mitigation efforts. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:2613–2621. © 2022 SETAC
A hybrid immersed‐boundary/body‐fitted‐grid method and its application to simulating heart valve flows
Authors: Wang Jingyang , Zhou Chunhua , Ai Junqiang
Published: July 2022

In this article, a hybrid immersed‐boundary (IB)/body‐fitted‐grid (BFG) method is presented for simulating flows with immersed moving boundaries. In this method, the stationary solid boundaries are treated by the BFG method while the moving boundaries are treated by an immersed boundary method named the local domain‐free discretization method. The hybrid IB/BFG method has both the advantage of an IB method in handling the moving boundaries and that of a BFG method in handling the stationary boundaries and the boundary layers over them. The present method is beneficial to heart valve flows where the leaflets are implanted in a blood vessel. For the simulation of pulsatile heart valve flows, a technique of driving force is proposed to maintain the conservation of the mass flux and improve the convergence of the pseudo‐time iteration in dual‐time‐stepping. The wall‐modeled large eddy simulation is employed for simulating turbulence. Numerical experiment is first performed for the pulsatile flow through a curved, pipe bend. To demonstrate the ability of the proposed method to simulate flows with complex, immersed boundaries, pulsatile physiological flows through a bileaflet mechanical heart valve mounted in a model straight aorta are calculated. The predicted results show good agreements with the published experimental data and numerical results.
Petrochemical evaluation of gahnite from volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits in Betul belt, Central India: Insight from petrography and in‐situ trace element geochemistry
Authors: Baswani Srinivasa Rao , Mishra Bishnu Prasad , Mahapatro Satya Narayana , Meshram Tushar , Pati Pitambar , Shareef Mohamed , Korakoppa Mahesh , Mishra Monika , Raza Mohammad Atif , Roy Sandip , Randive Kirti , Malviya Vivek P. , Dora Muduru Lachhana
Published: July 2022

Gahnite occurs in diverse rock types and metamorphosed mineral deposits. The gahnite geochemistry is being used as an exploration tool for zinc sulfide deposits. In the present study, the geochemistry of gahnite and associated minerals viz. sphalerite, garnet, sillimanite, staurolite, anthophyllite, biotite, ilmenite, and chlorite, and their petrography have been used in studying the genesis, metamorphic evolution, deposit characterization, and exploration significance of seven Palaeoproterozoic volcanogenic massive sulfides (VMS) deposits in the Betul belt in the Central Indian Tectonic Zone, India. Different textural types of gahnites are recognized in the Betul belt. Field investigations of textural and geochemical characteristics suggest that the gahnites were formed by multiple geological processes: desulfidation of sphalerite, breakdown of almandine garnet, and zincian staurolite, and chloritization of zincian biotite corresponding with regional metamorphism. The temperature conditions of gahnite formation are estimated to be ~600–650°C using empirical Ti in biotite thermometry. The elemental concentrations in gahnites vary from Zn/Fe ratio 2–4; Co 1–30 ppm; Ga 14–573 ppm and Mn 126–3422 ppm, indicating that bimodal volcanics and volcano‐sedimentary rocks as protolith. High Mn content in gahnite suggests an influx of magmatic‐hydrothermal fluid in the protolith. Variations of trace elements (Mg vs. Al/V, Ti vs. Co/Mn, Co vs. V/Ga, Mn vs. Zn/Fe) and high‐temperature of gahnite formation attest to sensu stricto VMS type mineralization in Betul belt, which is entirely different from SEDEX, Broken Hill‐type, and non‐sulfide deposits. Principal component analysis of trace elements shows the geochemical variations at a few deposits and reveals that gahnites were formed as a result of the competing effect of fS2‐fO2 and governed by bulk rock composition.
Determining the heat of desorption for cassava products based on data measured by an automated gravimetric moisture sorption system
Authors: Sarnavi Hamed J , Precoppe Marcelo , García‐Triñanes Pablo , Chapuis Arnaud , Tran Thierry , Bradley Michael SA , Müller Joachim
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND

The isosteric heat of desorption is vital in evaluating the energy performance of food dryers. The isosteric heat of desorption was investigated for different cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) products prepared as flour or starch, with and without fermentation. An automated moisture sorption gravimetric analyser was used to measure the desorption isotherms over 10–90% relative humidity of the drying air at temperatures ranging from 25 to 65 °C.

RESULTS

Analysis of variance showed an imperceptible contribution of the preparation method in the measured desorption data. This finding also agreed with microscopical images, which revealed the lack of compelling structural differences among different products. A set of empirical sorption equations suggested by the ASAE standard was examined over the measured desorption isotherms. The standard error of estimation was found to be in the acceptable range of 2.36–3.71%. Furthermore, the fulfilment of the enthalpy‐entropy compensation theory was considered as an additional criterion in the thermodynamic results of different sorption equations, besides their fitting adequacy. The modified Chung–Pfost equation has proved to be the most suitable equation for cassava products, as it is capable of reflecting the temperature dependency of the isosteric heat of desorption. The net isosteric heat of desorption obtained was in the range of 540–1110 kJ kg−1 for 0.10 kg kg−1 dry‐basis moisture content and 52–108 kJ kg−1 for 0.25 kg kg−1 dry‐basis moisture content.

CONCLUSION

These findings are technologically relevant for optimising common drying technologies such as flash and flatbed dryers. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Stiffness of Muscles and Tendons of the Lower Limb of Professional and Semiprofessional Athletes Using Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Romer Claudia , Czupajllo Julia , Zessin Enrico , Fischer Thomas , Wolfarth Bernd , Lerchbaumer Markus H.
Published: July 2022

Objective

Shear wave elastography (SWE) allows assessment of muscle and tendon stiffness and can be used to diagnose soft tissue pathologies such as tendinopathies. In sports medicine, SWE may have the potential to uncover structural changes early on before they lead to functional impairment. To systematically analyze possible differences in tendon and muscle stiffness of the lower limb between professional (PG) and semiprofessional female athletes (SG) using SWE and to compile reference values for developing preventive medicine approaches for professional athletes.

Methods

Standardized SWE of both lower limb tendons and muscles (Achilles tendon [AT], soleus muscle insertion [SM], patellar tendon [PT], quadriceps tendon [QT], vastus medialis muscle [VM]) in the longitudinal plane was performed with the tendons in relaxed position in 24 healthy professional female athletes (PG) in comparison with 24 healthy semiprofessional female athletes (SG).

Results

Median tendon and muscle stiffness was significantly higher in professional athletes (AT:PG, 11.12 m/s vs SG, 7.33 m/s, P < .001; SM: 1.77 m/s vs 1.14 m/s, P < .001; VM: 1.63 m/s vs 0.87 m/s, P < .001; QT: 3.31 m/s vs 2.61 m/s, P < .05). There was no significant difference in patellar tendon stiffness between PG and SG (PT: 2.57 m/s vs 3.21, P = .25).

Conclusion

Professional female athletes have higher stiffness values than semiprofessional female athletes in lower limb muscles and tendons, except for the patellar tendon. Knowledge of such differences is necessary for diagnosing tendinopathy and injuries. Musculoskeletal SWE could offer great benefits in sports medicine as well as in rehabilitation and preventive medicine.
Approach for defective floating pile embedded in layered saturated soils and application in pile integrity test
Authors: Meng Kun , Cui Chunyi , Xu Chenshun , Wang Benlong , Xin Yu , Liang Zhimeng
Published: July 2022

In this study, a novel analytical method combining a 3D continuum model, Biot propagation theory, a fictitious saturated soil pile (FSSP) model, and a heterogeneous pile model is proposed to analyze the dynamic response of a defective floating pile embedded in saturated soils. The vertical velocity of the defective pile in the frequency domain is obtained by introducing the complete coupling conditions of the pile and soil. With the most widely used half‐sine pulse as the excitation force in the low‐strain integrity testing of the pile, the solution is extended to the time domain using the inverse Fourier transform (IFT). The rationality and accuracy of the proposed approach are verified via comparison with previous methods and measured data from an engineering example. Parametric analyses are also conducted to investigate the quantitative relationship between the pile defect parameters and the dynamic response characteristics of a defective pile. It is indicated that the depth and length of a pile defect can be roughly evaluated using the proposed methodology when clear signals are reflected from pile defect interfaces in practical engineering.
Mapping of magnetic resonance imaging’s transverse relaxation time at low signal‐to‐noise ratio using Bloch simulations and principal component analysis image denoising
Authors: Stern Neta , Radunsky Dvir , Blumenfeld‐Katzir Tamar , Chechik Yigal , Solomon Chen , Ben‐Eliezer Noam
Published: July 2022

High‐resolution mapping of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)’s transverse relaxation time (T2) can benefit many clinical applications by offering improved anatomic details, enhancing the ability to probe tissues’ microarchitecture, and facilitating the identification of early pathology. Increasing spatial resolutions, however, decreases data's signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), particularly at clinical scan times. This impairs imaging quality, and the accuracy of subsequent radiological interpretation. Recently, principal component analysis (PCA) was employed for denoising diffusion‐weighted MR images and was shown to be effective for improving parameter estimation in multiexponential relaxometry. This study combines the Marchenko–Pastur PCA (MP‐PCA) signal model with the echo modulation curve (EMC) algorithm for denoising multiecho spin‐echo (MESE) MRI data and improving the precision of EMC‐generated single T2 relaxation maps. The denoising technique was validated on simulations, phantom scans, and in vivo brain and knee data. MESE scans were performed on a 3‐T Siemens scanner. The acquired images were denoised using the MP‐PCA algorithm and were then provided as input for the EMC T2‐fitting algorithm. Quantitative analysis of the denoising quality included comparing the standard deviation and coefficient of variation of T2 values, along with gold standard SNR estimation of the phantom scans. The presented denoising technique shows an increase in T2 maps' precision and SNR, while successfully preserving the morphological features of the tissue. Employing MP‐PCA denoising as a preprocessing step decreases the noise‐related variability of T2 maps produced by the EMC algorithm and thus increases their precision. The proposed method can be useful for a wide range of clinical applications by facilitating earlier detection of pathologies and improving the accuracy of patients' follow‐up.
Recent Progress in Visualization and Analysis of Fingerprint Level 3 Features
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Ma Rongliang , Zhang Meiqin
Published: July 2022

Fingerprints provide sufficient and reliable discriminative characteristics which have been considered one of the most robust evidence for individualization. The limitation of current minutiae‐based fingerprint technology seems to be solved with the development of level 3 features since they can offer additional information for problematic fingerprint recognition and even donor profiling. So far, tremendous efforts have been devoted to detecting and analysing the third‐level details. This review summarizes the advances in level 3 details with an emphasis on their reliability assessment, visualization methods based on physical interaction, residue‐response, mass spectrometry and electrochemical techniques, as well as the potentiality for individualization, donor profiling and even other application scenarios. In the end, we also give a personal perspective on the future direction and the remaining challenges in the third‐level‐detail‐related field. We believe that the new exciting progress is expected in the development of level 3 detail detection and analysis with continued interest and attention to this field.
Risk factors of dermatitis during radiation for vulvar carcinoma
Authors: Teng Xue , Zhang Xian , Zhi Xiaoxu , Chen Yan , Xu Dejing , Meng Aifeng , Zhu Ying
Published: July 2022

Radiodermatitis, inflammatory lesions of skin and mucosa caused by radiation, is a common adverse effect during the radiation therapy of vulvar carcinoma. The incidence of radiodermatitis is affected by various factors, and the purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of radiodermatitis in patients with vulvar carcinoma. Patients with vulvar tumors who received radiotherapy from January 2015 to December 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Radiodermatitis was graded according to the grading criteria of the American Center for Radiological Oncology, and then univariate analysis and logistic multivariate regression analysis were used to determine the risk factors of radiodermatitis. A total of 60 eligible patients were enrolled, including 3 (5%), 25 (41.7%), 28 (46.7%), and 4 (6.6%) patients with grade 0, 1, 2, and 3 radiodermatitis, respectively. Univariate analysis showed that the incidence of radiodermatitis was significantly correlated with age, therapeutic strategy, pathological stage and radiotherapy dose (p < .05). Multivariate regression analysis indicated that age, therapeutic strategy and radiotherapy dose were independent risk factors for radiodermatitis (p < .05). In the current study, we identified the independent risk factors for radiodermatitis in patients with vulvar carcinoma were age, therapeutic strategy and radiotherapy dose, which might be conducive to identify high‐risk patients, so as to adjust their treatment plan in time and reduce the risk of radiation‐induced skin toxicity.
Resistance of True Citrus species to Diaphorina citri
Authors: Eduardo Wellington Ivo , Miranda Marcelo Pedreira , Volpe Haroldo Xavier Linhares , Garcia Rafael Brandão , Girardi Eduardo Augusto , Alquezar Berta , Ruiz Ana Espinosa , Peña Leandro
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND

Host genetic resistance is a promising strategy for the management of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), and consequently Huanglongbing (HLB). To date, no study has investigated the resistance to D. citri in the clonal and vegetatively propagated plants of the Microcitrus, Eremocitrus, and Atalantia genera. This study assesses Near and True Citrus genotype antixenosis and antibiosis against D. citri, with trichome density and volatile emission as possible mechanisms of resistance.

RESULTS

All genotypes were oviposited by D. citri, however, 8 of 14 genotypes were less oviposited than Citrus × sinensis ‘Valencia’ (susceptible control). Diaphorina citri nymphs had lower nymphal viability in E. glauca (31%) and M. warburgiana (58%) than that in Citrus × sinensis (77%). The behavioral assay showed that 30% of D. citri nymphs in the last instars evaded E. glauca shoots, whereas no nymphs evaded Citrus × sinensis shoots. A higher trichome density was observed in E. glauca shoots compared to the other genotypes. Chemical analysis revealed differences in the volatile profiles of E. glauca and Citrus × sinensis.

CONCLUSION

Eremocitrus glauca and M. warburgiana genotypes were more resistant to D. citri than Citrus × sinensis. Higher trichome density in the shoots may negatively influence the development of D. citri nymphs. Eremocitrus glauca volatiles may also be involved in their resistance to D. citri. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Optimization of trial duration to predict long‐term HbA1c change with therapy: A pharmacometrics simulation‐based evaluation
Authors: Kunina Hanna , Al‐Mashat Alex , Chien Jenny Y. , Garhyan Parag , Kjellsson Maria C.
Published: July 2022

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the main biomarker of diabetes drug development. However, because of its delayed turnover, trial duration is rarely shorter than 12 weeks, and being able to predict long‐term HbA1c with precision using data from shorter studies would be beneficial. The feasibility of reducing study duration was therefore investigated in this study, assuming a model‐based analysis. The aim was to investigate the predictive performance of 24‐ and 52‐week extrapolations using data from up to 4, 6, 8 or 12 weeks, with six previously published pharmacometric models of HbA1c. Predictive performance was assessed through simulation‐based dose–response predictions and model averaging (MA) with two hypothetical drugs. Results were consistent across the methods of assessment, with MA supporting the results derived from the model‐based framework. The models using mean plasma glucose (MPG) or nonlinear fasting plasma glucose (FPG) effect, driving the HbA1c formation, showed good predictive performance despite a reduced study duration. The models, using the linear effect of FPG to drive the HbA1c formation, were sensitive to the limited amount of data in the shorter studies. The MA with bootstrap demonstrated strongly that a 4‐week study duration is insufficient for precise predictions of all models. Our findings suggest that if data are analyzed with a pharmacometric model with MPG or FPG with a nonlinear effect to drive HbA1c formation, a study duration of 8 weeks is sufficient with maintained accuracy and precision of dose–response predictions.
Distinguishing Zinc from Zinc Using Model Samples from 64Zn‐Depleted Zinc Oxide: Proof of Concept
Authors: Hassel Achim Walter , Hafner Martina
Published: July 2022

As a proof of concept, distinction of different zinc layers on top of each other is presented here. It can be used for studying chemical reactions or corrosion processes. The use of the nonradioactive and relatively cheap 64Zn‐depleted zinc oxide (DZO) is suggested, which yields a distinctly different isotope pattern with factor 72‐reduced 64Zn content. From electrochemical depth profiling and a detection by mass spectrometry, that is, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, thickness information can be derived. The reasonable price allows preparations on the lab scale and provides an elegant experimental approach for mechanistic studies. DZO is used as a source to deposit zinc films from alkaline or acidic solutions onto pure Fe or pure Zn. A flow‐type scanning droplet cell microscope is used for electrochemical depths profiling. It can be demonstrated that depth profiling is possible not only for dissimilar element combinations such as Zn on Fe but also Zn on Zn when detection of the deviating isotopic pattern is used tracing the rising 64Zn signal. This method can also be used to prepare zinc films which are hardly radioactivated by neutrons. Further applications are in the determination of reaction mechanisms involving Zn or in the determination of Zn exchange current densities in electrochemistry.
Managing ecosystem emergence and evolution: Strategies for ecosystem architects
Authors: Daymond Jarryd , Knight Eric , Rumyantseva Maria , Maguire Steven
Published: July 2022

Research Summary

While the notion of ecosystems has become prominent in scholarly and practitioner strategy literature in recent years, more can be done to bridge these two communities. In this introduction to the SMS Collection, we interrogate strategy scholarship from the perspective of “ecosystem architects,” who are private or public sector actors interested in nurturing and developing a given ecosystem as a whole. In doing so, we collate and discuss key articles published in the journals of the Strategic Management Society which, considered together, shed new light on processes of ecosystem emergence and evolution. We distill a range of insights for ecosystem architect practitioners and outline four strategies for them to create conditions appropriate to their ecosystem and its stage of development.

Managerial Summary

What insights does strategy research offer to practitioners interested in nurturing the creation and ongoing development of a range of different types of ecosystems? In this introduction to the SMS Collection, we distill relevant findings and outline four strategies for public and private ecosystem architects to create conditions appropriate to their ecosystem and its stage of development. Specifically, we outline approaches to create conditions for coalescence, coopetition, cooperation, and contained contestation within emerging and evolving ecosystems.
Monolithically Programmed Stretchable Conductor by Laser‐Induced Entanglement of Liquid Metal and Metallic Nanowire Backbone
Authors: Cho Chulmin , Shin Wooseop , Kim Minwoo , Bang Junhyuk , Won Phillip , Hong Sukjoon , Ko Seung Hwan
Published: July 2022

Owing to its low mechanical compliance, liquid metal is intrinsically suitable for stretchable electronics and future wearable devices. However, its invariable strain‐resistance behavior according to the strain‐induced geometrical deformation and the difficulty of circuit patterning limit the extensive use of liquid metal, especially for strain‐insensitive wiring purposes. To overcome these limitations, herein, novel liquid‐metal‐based electrodes of fragmented eutectic gallium‐indium alloy (EGaIn) and Ag nanowire (NW) backbone of which their entanglement is controlled by the laser‐induced photothermal reaction to enable immediate and direct patterning of the stretchable electrode with spatially programmed strain‐resistance characteristics are developed. The coexistence of fragmented EGaIn and AgNW backbone, that is, a biphasic metallic composite (BMC), primarily supports the uniform and durable formation of target layers on stretchable substrates. The laser‐induced photothermal reaction not only promotes the adhesion between the BMC layer and substrates but also alters the structure of laser‐irradiated BMC. By controlling the degree of entanglement between fragmented EGaIn and AgNW, the initial conductivity and local gauge factor are regulated and the electrode becomes effectively insensitive to applied strain. As the configuration developed in this study is compatible with both regimes of electrodes, it can open new routes for the rapid creation of complex stretchable circuitry through a single process.
Theoretical Understanding of Polar Topological Phase Transitions in Functional Oxide Heterostructures: A Review
Authors: Guo Xiangwei , Zhou Linming , Roul Basanta , Wu Yongjun , Huang Yuhui , Das Sujit , Hong Zijian
Published: July 2022

The exotic topological phase is attracting considerable attention in condensed matter physics and materials science over the past few decades due to intriguing physical insights. As a combination of “topology” and “ferroelectricity,” the ferroelectric (polar) topological structures are a fertile playground for emergent phenomena and functionalities with various potential applications. Herein, the review starts with the universal concept of the polar topological phase and goes on to briefly discuss the important role of computational tools such as phase‐field simulations in designing polar topological phases in oxide heterostructures. In particular, the history of the development of phase‐field simulations for ferroelectric oxide heterostructures is highlighted. Then, the current research progress of polar topological phases and their emergent phenomena in ferroelectric functional oxide heterostructures is reviewed from a theoretical perspective, including the topological polar structures, the establishment of phase diagrams, their switching kinetics and interconnections, phonon dynamics, and various macroscopic properties. Finally, this review offers a perspective on the future directions for the discovery of novel topological phases in other ferroelectric systems and device design for next‐generation electronic device applications.
Enantiomeric separation of chiral amines in biological samples by liquid chromatography with chiral fluorous derivatization
Authors: Sakaguchi Yohei , Yamada Hajime , Ishibashi Yukiko , Nakatake Itsuki , Kawasue Shimba , Koga Reiko , Yoshida Hideyuki , Nohta Hitoshi
Published: July 2022

A novel chiral derivatization liquid chromatography method, combined with fluorous separation technology, was developed in this study. N‐(Perfluoroalkylcarbonyl)‐l‐proline succinimidyl ester, synthesized from perfluoroalkylcarboxylic acids (C5F11COOH, C7F15COOH, or C9F19COOH), L‐proline, and N‐hydroxysuccinimide, was used as the chiral derivatization reagent. In this study, chiral compounds containing perfluoroalkyl groups were reacted with enantiomeric amino analytes to form diastereomeric derivatives, which can be chirally separated on a conventional liquid chromatography column. Furthermore, by using a fluorous‐phase liquid chromatography column, the derivatives were strongly retained owing to the fluorous affinity and could be separated from the contaminating components in the matrix. In this study, amino groups were selected as derivatization targets, and (R,S)‐1‐phenylethylamine was used as the model compound. The effect of the perfluoroalkyl chain length of the chiral reagent on enantiomeric separation was investigated using fluorous‐phase and reversed‐phase liquid chromatography columns and the optimal perfluoroalkyl chain length was determined. (R,S)‐1‐Phenylethylamine was added to human serum and urine samples to confirm separation from the contaminants. Consequently, chiral separation was achieved without contaminant detection.
Bringing the margin to the focus: 10 challenges for riparian vegetation science and management
Authors: Rodríguez‐González Patricia M. , Abraham Eleni , Aguiar Francisca , Andreoli Andrea , Baležentienė Ligita , Berisha Naim , Bernez Ivan , Bruen Michael , Bruno Daniel , Camporeale Carlo , Čarni Andraž , Chilikova‐Lubomirova Mila , Corenblit Dov , Ćušterevska Renata , Doody Tanya , England Judy , Evette André , Francis Robert , Garófano‐Gómez Virginia , González del Tánago Marta , Gultekin Yasar Selman , Guyard Florian , Hellsten Seppo , Hinkov Georgi , Jakubínský Jiří , Janssen Philippe , Jansson Roland , Kail Jochem , Keles Emine , Kelly‐Quinn Mary , Kidová Anna , Kiss Tímea , Kulvik Mart , La Porta Nicola , Laslier Marianne , Latella Melissa , Lorenz Stefan , Mandžukovski Dejan , Manolaki Paraskevi , Martinez‐Fernández Vanesa , Merritt David , Michez Adrien , Milovanović Jelena , Okruszko Tomasz , Papastergiadou Eva , Penning Ellis , Pielech Remigiusz , Politti Emilio , Portela Ana , Riis Tenna , Škvorc Željko , Slezák Michal , Stammel Barbara , Stella John , Stesevic Danijela , Stupar Vladimir , Tammeorg Olga , Tammeorg Priit , Fosholt Therese Moe , Urbanič Gorazd , Villar Marc , Vogiatzakis Ioannis , Vrchovsky Paul , Yousefpour Rasoul , Zinke Peggy , Zlatanov Tzvetan , Dufour Simon
Published: July 2022

Riparian zones are the paragon of transitional ecosystems, providing critical habitat and ecosystem services that are especially threatened by global change. Following consultation with experts, 10 key challenges were identified to be addressed for riparian vegetation science and management improvement: (1) Create a distinct scientific community by establishing stronger bridges between disciplines; (2) Make riparian vegetation more visible and appreciated in society and policies; (3) Improve knowledge regarding biodiversity—ecosystem functioning links; (4) Manage spatial scale and context‐based issues; (5) Improve knowledge on social dimensions of riparian vegetation; (6) Anticipate responses to emergent issues and future trajectories; (7) Enhance tools to quantify and prioritize ecosystem services; (8) Improve numerical modeling and simulation tools; (9) Calibrate methods and increase data availability for better indicators and monitoring practices and transferability; and (10) Undertake scientific validation of best management practices. These challenges are discussed and critiqued here, to guide future research into riparian vegetation.

This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems

Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
No ensemble averaging below the black hole threshold
Authors: Schlenker Jean-Marc , Witten Edward
Published: July 2022

Abstract

In the AdS/CFT correspondence, amplitudes associated to connected bulk manifolds with disconnected boundaries have presented a longstanding mystery. A possible interpretation is that they reflect the effects of averaging over an ensemble of boundary theories. But in examples in dimension D ≥ 3, an appropriate ensemble of boundary theories does not exist. Here we sharpen the puzzle by identifying a class of “fixed energy” or “sub-threshold” observables that we claim do not show effects of ensemble averaging. These are amplitudes that involve states that are above the ground state by only a fixed amount in the large N limit, and in particular are far from being black hole states. To support our claim, we explore the example of D = 3, and show that connected solutions of Einstein’s equations with disconnected boundary never contribute to these observables. To demonstrate this requires some novel results about the renormalized volume of a hyperbolic three-manifold, which we prove using modern methods in hyperbolic geometry. Why then do any observables show apparent ensemble averaging? We propose that this reflects the chaotic nature of black hole physics and the fact that the Hilbert space describing a black hole does not have a large N limit.
Factorization and Sudakov resummation in leptonic radiative B decay — a reappraisal
Authors: Galda Anne Mareike , Neubert Matthias , Wang Xing
Published: July 2022

Abstract

The B-meson light-cone distribution amplitude is an important non- perturbative quantity arising in the factorization of the amplitudes for many exclusive decays of B mesons, such as B− → γℓ−$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

. We reconsider the renormalization-group (RG) equation satisfied by this function and present its solution at next-to-leading order (NLO) in RG-improved perturbation theory in Laplace space and, for the first time, in momentum space and the so-called diagonal (or dual) space. Since the information needed to describe the B decay processes at leading order in ΛQCD/mb is most directly contained in the distribution amplitude in Laplace space evaluated near the origin, we propose a convenient parameterization of this object in terms of a small set of uncorrelated hadronic parameters. Using recent results on the three-loop anomalous dimension for heavy-light current operators, we derive an expression for the convolution integral appearing in the B− → γℓ−$$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

factorization formula that is explicitly scale independent, and we evaluate this formula at (approximate) NNLO.
Resuscitation with whole blood or blood components improves survival and lessens the pathophysiological burden of trauma and haemorrhagic shock in a pre-clinical porcine model
Authors: Watts Sarah Ann , Smith Jason Edward , Woolley Thomas , Rickard Rory Frederick , Gwyther Robert , Kirkman Emrys
Published: July 2022

Purpose

In military trauma, disaster medicine, and casualties injured in remote locations, times to advanced medical and surgical treatment are often prolonged, potentially reducing survival and increasing morbidity. Since resuscitation with blood/blood components improves survival over short pre-surgical times, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of resuscitation afforded by blood/blood products or crystalloid resuscitation over extended ‘pre-hospital’ timelines in a porcine model of militarily relevant traumatic haemorrhagic shock.

Methods

This study underwent local ethical review and was done under the authority of Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. Forty-five terminally anaesthetised pigs received a soft tissue injury to the right thigh, haemorrhage (30% blood volume and a Grade IV liver injury) and fluid resuscitation initiated 30 min later [Group 1 (no fluid); 2 (0.9% saline); 3 (1:1 packed red blood cells:plasma); 4 (fresh whole blood); or 5 (plasma)]. Fluid (3 ml/kg bolus) was administered during the resuscitation period (maximum duration 450 min) when the systolic blood pressure fell below 80 mmHg. Surviving animals were culled with an overdose of anaesthetic.

Results

Survival time was significantly shorter for Group 1 compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Despite the same triggers for resuscitation when compared to blood/blood components, saline was associated with a shorter survival time (P = 0.145), greater pathophysiological burden and significantly greater resuscitation fluid volume (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

When times to advanced medical care are prolonged, resuscitation with blood/blood components is recommended over saline due to the superior quality and stability of resuscitation achieved, which are likely to lead to improved patient outcomes.
Analyticity of Gaussian Free Field Percolation Observables
Authors: Panagiotis Christoforos , Severo Franco
Published: July 2022

We prove that cluster observables of level-sets of the Gaussian free field on the hypercubic lattice $${{\mathbb {Z}}}^d$$

Z

d

, $$d\ge 3$$

d
≥
3

, are analytic on the whole off-critical regime $${{\mathbb {R}}}\setminus \{h_*\}$$

R
\
{

h

∗

}

. This result concerns in particular the percolation density function $$\theta (h)$$

θ
(
h
)

and the (truncated) susceptibility $$\chi (h)$$

χ
(
h
)

. As an important step towards the proof, we show the exponential decay in probability for the capacity of a finite cluster for all $$h\ne h_*$$

h
≠

h

∗

, which we believe to be a result of independent interest. We also discuss the case of general transient graphs.
Pushdown automata and constant height: decidability and bounds
Authors: Pighizzini Giovanni , Prigioniero Luca
Published: July 2022

It cannot be decided whether a pushdown automaton accepts using a pushdown height, which does not depend on the input length, i.e., when it accepts using constant height. Furthermore, when a pushdown automaton accepts in constant height, the height can be arbitrarily large with respect to the size of the description of the machine, namely it does not exist any recursive function in the size of the description of the machine bounding the height of the pushdown. In contrast, in the restricted case of pushdown automata over a one-letter input alphabet, i.e., unary pushdown automata, the situation is different. First, acceptance in constant height is decidable. Moreover, in the case of acceptance in constant height, the height is at most exponential with respect to the size of the description of the pushdown automaton. We also prove a matching lower bound. Finally, if a unary pushdown automaton uses nonconstant height to accept, then the height should grow at least as the logarithm of the input length. This bound is optimal.