bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RATIONAL DESIGNING OF SUSTAINED RELEASE MATRIX FORMULATION OF ETODOLAC EMPLOYING HYPROMELLOSE, CARBOMER, EUDRAGIT AND POVIDONE
Authors: Mahajan Nilesh N. , Wadhavane Pooja , Mahapatra Debarshi Kar
Published: December 2017

Objective: The existing investigation represents a challenge in formulating etodolac oral controlled release tablets employing five most prominent hydrophilic release rate retardant polymers like HPMC K100M, HPMC K4M, Carbopol 934P, Eudragit RS100, and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone K90 which are USFDA approved non-toxic substances, cost-effective, and easily available.Methods: The tablets were manufactured by wet granulation method along with talc, anhydrous lactose, and magnesium stearate. The pre-compression attributes of the produced granules and the post-compression characteristics were assessed according to the specified protocols. The formulations were accessed for their ability to release the drug in the simulated gastric media and the obtained results were fitted into various kinetic models to determine the probable drug release mechanism(s). A short-term stability study (for 90 days duration) was also performed.Results: The prepared granules demonstrated superior flow properties and packing ability, whereas the fabricated sustained release matrix batches showed excellent mechanical characteristics. The in vitro drug release profile of the hypromellose, carbomer, eudragit and povidone based sustained release matrix tablet formulations expressed drug release for the period of 12 hr following the diffusion cum erosion mechanism(s) (termed as anomalous diffusion) and illustrated comparable drug release with that of marketed formulation (Etogesic®-ER 600 mg). The produced formulations revealed splendid reproducibility and stability under accelerated conditions.Conclusion: The judiciously planned fabrication of the matrix formulations possess the ability to decrease the frequency of drug administration to twice-daily along with minimizing the blood level fluctuations, which ultimately leads to enhanced patient compliance and better therapeutic regimens.
HESPERIDIN HYDROGEL FORMULATION USING PECTIN-CHITOSAN POLYMER COMBINATION
Authors: Fahrurroji Andhi , Thendriani Dea , Riza Hafrizal
Published: December 2017

Objective: Hesperidin is flavonoid glycosides that proven to have therapeutic activity to any desease, one of them is colon disease; but, its low solubility (< 100 mg/L) makes small absosption inside the body so it needs delivery system that could deliver hesperidin to the therapy target. The objective of this research is to get optimum formula from hydrogel with polimer pectin-chitosan combination that can control in vitro hesperidin release.Method: Optimum hydrogel formula determination using Design Expert 7.0.0 with factorial method design, resulted in formula plans with pectin-chitosan consentration comparison of (P3% : C1%), (P3% : C2%), (P5% : C1%), (P5% : C2%) respectively.Result: Optimum formula with pectin : chitosan concentration comparison (5% : 1%) has entrapment efficiency about 96.658%; k(/hour) swelling index at pH 5.0, 6.8, and 7.4, about 34.917, 15.766, and 8.146 respectively; drug release at pH 5.0, 6.8, and a medium contained 2% mouse’s caecum  about 0.461, 20.116, and 52.955% respectively; and the mucoadhesive strength about 0.184 N/cm2.Conclusion: The combination of pectin-chitosan polymer in hydrogel muchoadhesive matrix can control hesperidin in vitro release with the drug release value at the highest concentration of pectin in medium contained 2% mouse’s saecum that could release drug about 56%. Hesperidin hydrogel release mechanism follows Higuchi kinetic.
ANTI-TUBERCULAR ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT AND COUMPOUNDS OF NONI (MORINDA CITRIFOLIA LINN)
Authors: Mauliku Novie E. , W. Hendro , Saputro Suharyo Hadi , Kristina Tri N.
Published: December 2017

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antitubercular activity of extracts and compounds isolated of Morinda citrofolia Linn (noni) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains (H37Rv) with a dose of 10 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml and 40 mg/ml. Methods: The noni fruits was extracted using 96% ethanol. A crude ethanol extract of noni tested by phytochemical fractionation to obtain flavonoids, alkaloids, scopoletin, and anthraquinone. Extract and active compounds of noni testing antibacterial activity against tuberculosis (H37RV) bacterial with a dose of 10 mg / ml, 20 mg / ml, 30 mg / ml and 40 mg / ml. This study was performed in vitro with laboratory-based experimental study. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance.Results: Compounds of noni shown to have antitubercular activity in inhibiting the growth of MDR TB bacteria at various doses compared to controls (p = 0.00). The mean number of bacterial colonies on the MDR TB crude ethanol extract (59.0± 60.51), alkaloids (64.8 ± 49.36), anthraquinone (69.5 ± 50.40), flavonoids (72.9 ± 58.7), scopoletin (95.9 ± 33.3) and negative controls (189.3 ± 35.19). Crude extract, alkaloids, anthraquinones, and flavonoid have highly bactericidal inhibition than scopoletin and negative control. The exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against M. Tuberculosis on the compound of the noni fruit is at a dose of 40 mg / ml Conclusion: All compounds and extract of noni fruits represents a potent active anti-TB against M. tuberculosis strains. An crude extract of  noni was the most active compound against M. tuberculosis strains (H37RV).
METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF NORETHINDRONE ACE-TATE ASSAY AND ITS RELATED IMPURITIES IN API AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION WITH ORTOGONAL DETECTOR TECHNQUES
Authors: Satish J. , Radhakrishnanand P. , Babu K. Surendra
Published: December 2017

Objective: To develop and validate a sensitive and stability indicating gradient reverse phase ultra-high performance(UHPLC-PDA) liquid chromatography with photodiode array(PDA) and mass spectroscopy (MS) of Norethindrone Acetate (NA) assay and organic impurities (OI) in active pharmaceutical Ingredient(API) and Pharmaceutical Formulation (PF).Methods: The chromatographic conditions were optimized using Zorbax SB-C18 analytical UHPLC column with the dimensions (100 x 2.1) mm and 1.8 μm particle sizes. The mobile phase consisted of water (solution A) and acetonitrile (solution B) with gradient elution as mentioned time (min)/% Solution B: Initial/40,0.2/40, 9.2/55,12.0/55,12.2/90,15.5/90, 15.8/40 and 18.0/40. The flow rate was at the rate of 0.4 ml/min and the detection wavelengths were 254 nm and 210 nm. The column was kept at 40 °C and the injection volume was 5 μL. Stability of NA sample in different conditions was investigated by exposing the drug to stress study utilizing acid, base, oxidation, thermal, Humidity and photolytic.Results: There was no interference from excipients, impurities or degradation products at the retention time of NA about 9.1 min indicating the specificity of the method.The drug showed good stability under oxidation, thermal, humidity and photolytic conditions, but significant degradation was observed under acid and base conditions. The procedure was validated for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision and robustness. The degradation products were well resolved from NA and its impurities. The obtained LOD (Limit of detection) values are 0.001% to 0.015% and LOQ (Limit of quantification) values are 0.003% to 0.05% of impurities.Conclusion: A sensitive, rapid, specific and stability indicating gradient Reverse Phase UHPLC-PDA-PDA with MS (Orthogonal detectors) method for the determination of NA for the assay and organic impurities was successfully developed. The developed method was validated to be specific, linear, accurate, precise and robust. The peak purity and LC-MS test results confirmed that the NA peak was homogenous in all stress samples and the mass balance was found to be more than 99%, thus proving the stability indicating power of the method
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF BRAZILEIN ISOLATED FROM SECANG (CAESALPINIA SAPPAN L.) AGAINST MCF7/DOX CELLS BY INHIBITION OF P-GLYCOPROTEIN
Authors: Laksmiani N. P. Linda , Meiyanto E. D. Y. , Susidarti R. Asmah
Published: December 2017

Objective: This study was focused on isolation of brazilein from the dried heartwood of Secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) followed by its characterization using Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI), proton (1H), carbon-13 (13C) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and two dimensional (2D)-NMR, evaluation the cytotoxic activity of brazilein in MCF-7 resistant doxorubicin (MCF-7/DOX) cells and evaluate the interaction between brazilein and ATP with P-glycoprotein (Pgp) in silico using molecular docking.Methods: Brazilein was isolated and purified from ethyl acetate fraction by flash silica gel column chromatography, eluting with chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol in gradient concentration. In the cytotoxicity assay, MCF-7/DOX cells were cultured in the presence of brazilein for 24 hour (h) and cell viability was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Interactions between brazilein and the target proteins were evaluated and calculated in silico by molecular docking using PLANTS.Results: The infrared, mass spectra with a molecular weight of 284 and NMR signal confirmed that was brazilein. MTT assay showed a dose-dependent inhibition of MCF-7/DOX cell proliferation with brazilein IC50 value of 43 µM. The docking score of brazilein was-71,45 kcal/mol and ATP value-96,23 kcal/mol.Conclusion: Brazilein has a potent cytotoxic value on MCF-7/DOX and high affinity in Pgp protein target. Brazilein can be developed as anticancer especially in cancer resistance incidence. Further study must be established to evaluate the molecular mechanism of brazilein inhibit MCF-7/DOX cell proliferation in vitro.
VALIDATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FOLK LORE KNOWLEDGE OF PURIFIED ANTHOCYANIN FROM CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE OF CLERODENDRON INFORTUNATUM L.: A SEARCH
Authors: Murukan Greeshma , Sumayya S. S. , Aswathy J. M. , Lawarence Bosco , Murugan K.
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT  Objective: To validate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of purified anthocyanin extracted from the cell suspension culture of Clerodendron infortunatum Linn. Methods: A protocol has been developed for the induction of callus proliferation from leaf and nodal explants of C. infortunatum. The explants were inoculated on MS medium supplemented with diverse combinations of 2,4-D and BAP for triggering callus formation. Subsequently, the green compact callus has been sub-cultured in the medium fortified with 2,4-D and Kinetin for anthocyanin synthesis. Cell suspension culture was also established and the elicitor, salicylic acid was used for triggering anthocyanin synthesis. Three different chromatographic columns (solid phase extraction by Sepharose C18 column, Oasis-MCX and Amberlite XAD 7 + Sephadex LH 120 sorbents) were employed to purify the in vitro synthesized anthocyanin from cell suspension cultures. For purity evaluation HPLC and molar absorptivity assay were used. Further, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity was evaluated comparing with silymarine, as standard in rats. In vitro antioxidant scavenging activity was analysed by DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assay.Results: After 1 month, the leaf explants yielded remarkable green compact callus on MS medium containing 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D. Salicylic acid enhanced anthocyanin synthesis. The mean purity values obtained by HPLC were 90.9% ± 1.9 and 80.60% ±2.3 for Oasis MCX, Amberlite XAD-7 + Sephadex LH-20 column respectively. However, the purity calculated by molar absorptivity was found to be less. The highest purity achieved using molar absorptivity analysis was with MCX cartidges i.e., 85.9 ± 3.8%. HPLC yielded 12 anthocyanin fractions. Remarkable antioxidant scavenging activity was noticed as revealed by DPPH, FRAP and ORAC assay. The hepatoprotection activity (25, 50, 100 mg/100g b.w) was compared with silymarine (25 mg/kg b.w) against CCl4 induced toxicity.  Anthocyanin extract improved the AST, ALT and recovered the activity of kidney function by decreasing the urea and creatinine content. In addition, the administration of anthocyanin significantly inhibited the oxidative stress via its scavenging of the reactive oxygen species formed by CCl4 stress. Further, a decrease in the MDA, H2O2, NO accumulation and increase of GSH content were noticed. Similarly,  improved lipid profiles, LDL and HDL levels were also observed suggesting that anthocyanin significantly suppress the toxicity via its activation of antioxidant enzymes (GST, CAT and SOD).Conclusion: The overall results showed that the purified anthocyanin of C. infortunatum function as an antioxidant and  there by hepatoprotective protection against CCl4 inducedtoxicity in animal models.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF SERIAL EXTRACTS FROM LEAVES AND FRUIT OF AEGLE MARMELOS AND CARICA PAPAYA
Authors: Sharma Jaishree , Kumar Padma
Published: December 2017

Objective: The present study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of water, methanolic and pet ether extracts from leaves and fruit of A. marmelos and C. papaya. Methods: Crude extract of leaves and fruit of Aegle marmelos and Carica papaya were prepared for series of polar solvents by hot extraction method in soxhlet then the extracts were first screened for its antimicrobial activity by “Disc Diffusion Assay” against medically important bacteria, plant pathogen and fungi. Fractions showing activities were then used to determine MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC/MFC (minimum bactericidal and fungicidal concentration) by broth dilution and total activity were also calculated.Result: Aegle marmelos shows comparatively significant antimicrobial activity than Carica papaya. However antimicrobial activity was found both solvent and organism dependent. Almost all the extracts of Aegle marmelos show an inhibitory effect against most of the test organism whereas the test extracts Carica papaya show an inhibitory effect against the very few test organisms. Lowest MIC values 0.0195 mg/ml were recorded against Roultella planticola and Klebsiella pneumonae indicate the significant antimicrobial potential of the test extracts. The high value of TA was recorded against Roultella planticola in both the plants. Data were analyzed by one way ANNOVA and values were considered significant at P<0.05Conclusion: The MIC and MBC/MFC values of Aegle marmelos showed its broad antimicrobial potential and is promising in the development of phytomedicine for antimicrobial properties then Carica papaya.
INVESTIGATION OF EFFECT OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS ON PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PACLITAXEL LIPOSOMES
Authors: Tatode Amol A. , Patil Arun T. , Umekar Milind J. , Telange Darshan R.
Published: December 2017

Objective: Aim of the present investigation was to determine the effect of various synthetic grades of phospholipids on paclitaxel liposomes (PTL).Methods: The PTL formulations using various grades of phospholipids were prepared by film hydration method. The prepared PTL formulations were physicochemically characterized by entrapment efficiency (EE, %w/w), vesicular size and particle size distribution. These formulations were also characterized for function parameters such as in vitro release and hemolytic toxicity assay.Results: The synthetic grades of phospholipids significantly influenced PTL formulations. The stoichiometric ratio (1:1) between CH and various synthetic phospholipids was found to be optimized one, from rest of the ratios. The characterization confirmed the formation of PTL. The EE was observed to be high (86.67%) as increasing the ratios between CH and phospholipids but then declined suddenly as further increasing the ratio. The best liposomal formulations showed that the spherical shape was found to be within size ranging from<10 µm, with a higher rate and extent of the release, ~86.22% of paclitaxel from PTL formulation. The results of the hemolytic toxicity study demonstrated that PTL formulations with a ratio (1:1) exhibited a significantly lower hemolytic toxicity (2.70%), compared to all formulations.Conclusion: The result revealed the excellent effect of phospholipids on paclitaxel liposomes. The paclitaxel liposomes prepared with CH: PL90G ratio (1:1) was found to be optimized one. The entrapment efficiency, particle size distribution, in vitro release and hemolytic activity with this ratio shown to be excellent as compared to other ratios.
TUALANG HONEY ATTENUATES KAINIC ACID-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN RAT CEREBELLUM AND BRAINSTEM
Authors: Sairazi Nur Shafika Mohd , Sirajudeen K. N. S. , Muzaimi Mustapha , Swamy Mummedy , Asari Mohd Asnizam , Sulaiman Siti Amrah
Published: December 2017

Objective: The present study examined the protective effect of tualang honey (TH) against kainic acid (KA)-induced oxidative stress in the cerebellum and brainstem of rats.Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control, KA-treated, TH+KA-treated, and topiramate (TPM, an antiepileptic agent)+KA-treated groups. Rats were pretreated orally with drinking water, TH (1.0 g/kg body weight), or TPM (40 mg/kg body weight), respectively, five times at 12 h intervals. Saline or KA (15 mg/kg body weight) were injected subcutaneously 30 min after last oral treatment. Rats were sacrificed at 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after KA administration. Oxidative stress markers were analyzed in different brain regions (cerebellum and brainstem) 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h after KA administration.Results: KA caused significant (p<0.05) elevation in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level, protein carbonyl contents, and nitric oxide production, impairment of glutathione system, and a significant reduction in the total antioxidant status in the rat cerebellum and brainstem at multiple time-points, as compared to control groups. Pretreatment with TH significantly (p<0.05) reduced the elevation in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level, protein carbonyl contents, and nitric oxide production and increasing a reduction in the total antioxidant status in the rat cerebellum and brainstem induced by KA at multiple time-points, as compared to KA only-treated group.Conclusion: Taken together, this study suggests that TH has therapeutic potential in reducing oxidative stress in the cerebellum and brainstem of KA-induced rats via its antioxidant property.
A NOVEL STABILITY-INDICATING REVERSE PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF METFORMIN AND TENELIGLIPTIN IN PURE AND PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS
Authors: Swetha A. , Kuber B. Ramya
Published: December 2017

Objective: The present method was proposed to develop a simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate and stability-indicating reverse phase liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and teneligliptin in pure and pharmaceutical formulations. Methods: The chromatographic separation was done on Discovery [250 mm X 4.6 mm: 5 μm is particle size] using a mobile phase composed of 0.1% orthophosphoric acid buffer: acetonitrile [65:35, v/v], the flow rate is 1 ml/min and the detection was carried out at 260 nm.Results: The retention time of metformin and teneligliptin were found to be 2.517 min and 3.687 min, respectively. Stability indicating studies were conducting under the guidelines of an international conference on harmonization [ICH] Q1A R2 and the developed method was validated as per guidelines of ICH Q2 RI. The linearity was found in the range of concentration of 125-750 μg/ml and 5-30 μg/ml for metformin and teneligliptin. The detection of limit and quantification of limit was found to be 0.02 μg/ml and 0.07 μg/ml for metformin and 0.19 μg/ml and 0.56 μg/ml for teneligliptin, respectively.Conclusion: A novel stability-indicating reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method for the simultaneous estimation of metformin and teneligliptin. The proposed method was adopted for the routine estimation of metformin and teneligliptin in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
NEPHRO-PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ISOLATED METHANOL FRACTIONS PHYTO-COMPOUND FROM BARK OF TERMINALIA ARJUNA
Authors: Mandal Shreya , Patra Arpita , Pradhan Shrabani , Roy Suchismita , Samanta Animesh , Das Koushik , Chattopadhyay Atiskumar , Nandi Dilip Kumar
Published: December 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant property of the isolated phytocompounds from TA (Terminalia arjuna) bark and in vivo study for nephro-protective and oxidative stress reducing activity in experimentally induced albino male rats.Methods: Fractions from methanol crude TA extract were collected by column chromatography and F27, F28, F29 fractions were selected on the basis of antioxidant property by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The in vivo study performed by 30 albino male rats which were randomly divided into five groups: Group I (control)were taken normal food and water, Groups II (uremic) were injected acetaminophen intraperitoneally at the dose of 500 mg/kg/d for 10 d, Group III, IV and V(extract treatment) acetaminophen intraperitoneally at the dose of 500 mg/kg/d for 10 d with co-administered orally of methanol fraction F27, F28, F29 at the dose of 100 mg/kg/d for 15 d respectively.Results: After scarification of rats, the uremic marker plasma urea (80%), creatinine (85%) were elevated and antioxidant enzyme marker such as plasma SOD and catalase level were significantly increased (p<0.05)in Group IV compared to Group II. The total phenolic content of the F28 methanolic fraction was (815.48±8.11) mg gallic acid equivalent/g of extract. For isolation of available compound by 1H NMR study in F28 methanol fraction of TA bark was arjunoside IV which contained olefinic proton (a pair of carbon atom linked with double bond).Conclusion: Among the three methanolic fraction of TA bark, F28 was shown best antioxidative, nephron-protective and oxidative stress reducing property.
DEVELOPMENT STATUS IN THE MEADOW OF NANOSTRUCTURE MAGNETIC DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM AND ITS PROMISING APPLICATIONS
Authors: Powar Priyatama V.
Published: December 2017

This article discusses about magnetic nanoparticles, their physico-chemical properties various applications in medicinal sectors and technology advancements. Superparamagnetic, high magnetic susceptibility, non-toxicity, biocompatibility and less Curie temperature are critical characteristics of magnetic nanoparticles which make them suitable for assorted medical applications. Now a day’s magnetic particles play significant role in diverse technological areas with potential applications in fields such as electronics, energy biomedicine and diagnosis. Magnetic nanoparticles have been a vivacious topic of extreme research for the last fifty years due to its top-down approaches. The prospective of magnetic nanoparticles stems from the fundamental characteristics of their magnetic cores collective with their drug loading capability, biochemical properties. This article review the modern advancement of magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery, focusing chiefly on the impending applications like targeted drug delivery, bioseparation, ,magnetic resonance and cancer diagnosis, induction of hyperthermia, induction of hyperthermia, nanorobotic agents ,tissue engineering ,artificial muscle  ,magnetically activated polymers, controlled tissue assembly, control cell function, bone regeneration scaffold ,destruction of blood clots ,labeling stem cells with magnetic nanoparticles, implant-assisted intrathecal magnetic drug targeting, biodegradable magnetic nanocomposite stent, local drug delivery etc.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF ALPINIA CALCARATA AND ALPINIA GALANGA
Authors: Melanathuru Vijayalakshmi , Rengarajan Sumathy , Thangavel Nithyanandan
Published: December 2017

Objective: The present study was to determine in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activity of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga.Methods: The phytochemical screening of rhizome of aqueous extract of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga was performed using standard procedures. The total phenolic and flavanoid content were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminium chloride reagents.  The various antioxidant assays and cytotoxic assays (MTT) for Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga was performed using standard methods (DPPH radical scavenging assay, Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, Reducing power assay, Phosphomolybdenum reduction assay) Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga showed the presence of flavanoids, phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates and proteins. The phenolic content of aqueous extracts of rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata was 454.05 μg/mg and Alpinia galanga was 480.13 μg/mg and were expressed as gallic acid equivalent. The flavanoid content of aqueous extracts of rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata was 36.34 μg/mg and Alpinia galanga was 67.68 μg/mg and were expressed as quercetin equivalent. In DPPH assay, Alpinia galanga showed 95.36% where as Alpinia calcarata showed 54.54% at 120 μg/ml. The maximum NO• radical scavenging activity was 59.44% for Alpinia calcarata and was 73.10% for Alpinia galanga at 120 µg/ml concentration. The maximum reducing property was found at the 120 μg/ml of aqueous extract of rhizomes of Alpinia galanga which was higher than the Alpinia calcarata. In Phosphomolybdenum assay, the aqueous extracts of rhizomes of Alpinia calcarata and Alpinia galanga were 55.47% and 78.38% respectively. The results of present investigation indicated that rhizome of aqueous extract of Alpinia galanga showed the highest antioxidant activity in all the assays than Alpinia galanga. The cytotoxicity assay results indicated that rhizome of aqueous extract of Alpinia galanga showed 88.36% cell viability whereas Alpinia calcarata showed 73.59% cell viability.Conclusion: The results obtained in the present study indicate that rhizome of Alpinia galanga are abundant in phenols and flavanoids which may be useful for the development of anticancer drug.
PROTECTIVE APTITUDE OF BORASSUS FLABELLIFER ROOT EXTRACTS AGAINST PARACETAMOL-INDUCED LIVER TOXICITY AND MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS (H37 RV)
Authors: Gummadi Veda Priya , Talluri Mallikarjuna Rao , Diyya Keerthana , Battu Ganga Rao
Published: December 2017

Objective: Borassus flabellifer is an doub palm tree, different parts of it have been using as food and in traditional medicine. The root parts (rhizomes) are used for phytochemical analysis and evaluation of hepatoprotective and anti-tuberculosis activities.Materials: Hepatoprotective activity of Borassus flabellifer root extracts were studied on paracetamol-induced liver toxicity in rats and anti-tuberculosis activity on Mycobacterium tuberculosis [H37 Rv strain] quantitative determination using Microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA) method.Results: The phytochemical analysis of different extracts B. flabellifer roots showed the presence of sterols, terpenoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, proteins, flavanoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, saponins and oils. The methanolic extract showed more phenolic and alkaloid contents on their quantification. Ethyl Acetate, Chloroform and Methanol extracts of B. flabellifer showed the dose dependent percentage protection of on paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. The methanol extract showed more activity and is comparable with standard drug Liv 52 on altered liver biomarker enzymes AST (SGOT), ALT (SGPT), ALP, total bilirubin and total protein levels with percentage protection 70.58%, 68.91%, 69.30% 71.18% and 70.73%. The ethyl acetate extract showed more anti-tuberculosis activity than methanol extract with MIC 6.25μg/mL but the extracts showed lower activity compared to standard drugs ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin and pyrazinamide of the MIC values are 6.25, 3.125, 3.125 μg/mL.Conclusion: B. flabellifer roots posses different phytochemical constituents and those extracts posses hepatoprotective and anti-tuberculosis activities
COMMUNITY PHARMACISTS’ ATTITUDES TOWARD COLLABORATION WITH PHYSICIANS
Authors: Tabeshpour Jamshid , Zirak Mohammad Reza , Mirakhorli Houshang , Bazzaz Bibi Sedigheh Fazly , Afzalaghaee Monavar , Kerachian Mohammad Amin , Eslami Saeid , Taherzadeh Zhila
Published: December 2017

Objective: Healthcare providers play a key role in reducing medication errors and improving patient care, especially for those who suffer with chronic diseases. This study aims to assess pharmacist attitudes toward collaborative practice in northeastern Iran.Methods: A face-to-face survey was offered to a sample of 124 pharmacists in Mashhad, Iran, and some other cities of the Razavi Khorasan province. This survey assessed the following elements of community pharmacists’ collaborative behavior: “interactional determinants,” “environmental determinants,” and “pharmacist determinants.” Results were analyzed to determine how pharmacists’ attitudes and other variables would influence their collaborative behavior.Results: The survey response rate was 100%. Principal component analysis revealed that the attitudes towards collaboration instrument for pharmacists (ATCI-P) in our sample consisted of two factors: interactional determinants and pharmacist determinants, both with high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.83). The lowest and the highest scores in the interactional determinants domain were 19 and 35, respectively. The higher attitudes toward collaboration were obtained in the capital city, Mashhad, rather than in towns (P-value = 0.006). Multiple linear regression analysis of the complete model was significant (R = 0.36, P-value = 0.005). The age and city/community size were also found to be significant predictors of collaboration behavior (B = 0.300, p = 0.002 and B = 0.259, p = 0.004, respectively).Conclusion: The community pharmacists in Razavi Khorasan, Iran, have a profound attitude toward collaboration with physicians, and their collaborative behavior is influenced by the age and community size.
EFFECT OF EURYCOMA LONGIFOLIA ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOR IN SEXUALLY DYSFUNCTIONAL MALE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Jayusman Putri Ayu , Mohamed Isa Naina , Thu Hnin Ei , Shuid Ahmad Nazrun
Published: December 2017

Objective: This systematic review was conducted to summarize and evaluate the effect of Eurycoma longifolia (EL) on sexual behavior in the sexually dysfunctional male.Methods: Ovid Medline, Wiley Online Library, Scopus, BioMed Central, Hindawi and Google Scholar databases were searched for relevant studies published from 1995 to 2016 and search was limited to relevant studies published in English. Studies assessing aphrodisiac properties of EL on male sexual behavior in sexually dysfunctional animal models or human were included.Results: Among the 155 studies identified in the literature search, a total of 6 eligible articles (5 animal studies and one human study) were selected and reviewed. All studies reported positive aphrodisiac activities and supported the use of the plant as an aphrodisiac.Conclusion: This systematic review highlighted the effect of EL extract as an aphrodisiac agent to improve sexual behavior in the sexually dysfunctional male. Further studies are required to determine the specific mechanisms of action and identification of the bioactive components of EL responsible for its potential efficacy.
STRUCTURE BASED DRUG DESIGNING, SCORING, AND SYNTHESIS OF SOME SUBSTITUTED SULPHONYLUREAS/GUANIDINE -BASED DERIVATIVES AS HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS
Authors: Panchal Ishan , Sen Dhrubo Jyoti , Navle Archana , Shah Umang
Published: December 2017

Objective: The present work deals with the designing, scoring, synthesis and, characterization of 1-(4-(2-(4-Substitutedphenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-3-(4-substitutedbenzoyl)urea (5A-5B),1-(4-(2-(4-substitutedphenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-3-(4-substituted-benzoyl)guanidine(5C-5E) and, 1-(4-Substitutedbenzoyl)-3-(4-(2-oxo-2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfonyl)urea (5F-5H) based derivatives as hypoglycemic agents.Methods: Docking calculations were performed to predict the binding affinity between the AKR1C1 complexes and sulphonylureas compounds using the Glide docking program. Docking studies on LigPrep treated ligands were carried out to predict the binding pocket of protein 4YVP using the docking program. The QikProp program was used to predict the ADME/T properties of the analogues. All these newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vivo hypoglycemic activity by most relevant animal models like alloxan-induced diabetic rats by measuring blood plasma concentration compared with reference drug glibenclamide.Results: Novel compounds 1-(4-(2-(4-Substitutedphenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-3-(4-substitutedbenzoyl)urea (5A-5B), 1-(4-(2-(4-substitutedphenylamino)-2-oxoethyl)phenylsulfonyl)-3-(4-substitutedbenzoyl) guanidine (5C-5E), and 1-(4-Substitutedbenzoyl)-3-(4-(2-oxo-2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethyl)phenylsulfonyl)urea (5F-5H) were synthesised and characterized using spectral and analytical data. The results of molecular docking and in vivo hypoglycemic activity, all compounds have shown considerable activity with respect to glibenclimide, but compounds 5D (52.49±7.73) and 5E(48.18±4.22)are equipotent with respect to activity as compared to standard glibenclamide(55.97±3.19).Conclusion: Compounds 5D and 5E have exhibited good hypoglycemic activity,hence both the derivatives will consider as a lead molecule and further some modification in their structures to get a more potent anti-diabetic agent.
SYNTHESIS OF INDOLE, COUMARINYL AND PYRIDINYL DERIVATIVES OF ISONIAZID AS POTENT ANTITUBERCULAR AND ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND THEIR MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES
Authors: Rathod Anil S. , Godipurge Shivakumar S. , Biradar Jaiprakash S.
Published: December 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to the synthesis of indole, coumarinyl and pyridinyl derivatives of isoniazid as potent anti-TB and antimicrobial agents and their molecular docking studies.Methods: The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by FT-IR, 1HNMR, and Mass spectroscopic methods and to evaluate the biological studies like anti-TB, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The mode of action of these active compounds was carried out by molecular docking studies.Results: Among all the synthesized compounds tested 5d was found to be the most active with M. tuberculosis H37Rv strain at 12.5µg/ml, 5b at 25µg/ml, 4d was found to be the most active with S. typhi, S. aureus and A. Nizer, 5a with A. Oryzae, 5c with A. terrous and A. Flavous and 5d with Shegella at 100µg/ml and some of the compounds like 4d, 5a, 5b and 5d have shown promising antioxidant properties.Conclusion: All the synthesized compounds have exhibited promising anti-TB, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
IN VIVO ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF LIMNOPHILA HETEROPHYLLA AND MICHELIA CHAMPACA
Authors: S, Raja , K. Ravindranadh
Published: December 2017

Objective: The present study was aimed at investigating the in-vivo antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts of Limnophila heterophylla and Michelia champaca leaves.Methods: Methanol extract of both plants were administered to rats separately at three different doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg for 21 d to evaluate oxidative stress parameters such as ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and to evaluate antioxidant enzyme levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD).Results: The methanol extracts of both the plants significantly (p<0.05) elevated the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) on days 7, 14 and 21 of treatment. Significant (p<0.05) decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels along with an increase in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme level in the liver and kidney at three different doses both the plants was observed. Treatment at a dose of 500 mg/kg b. w of both plants caused a significant increase only in the level of CAT in the liver and kidney. However, there was no significant effect of a thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in the heart and reduced glutathione (GSH) level in liver, heart and kidney at three different doses both the plants.Conclusion: These outcomes recommend that the leaves of Limnophila heterophylla and Michelia champaca have a potent antioxidant activity which may be responsible for some of its reported pharmacological actions.
ANTIHYPERGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF PHENYL AND ORTHO-HYDROXY PHENYL LINKED IMIDAZOLYL TRIAZOLO HYDROXAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES
Authors: Pal Dilipkumar , Kumar Sushil , Saha Supriyo
Published: December 2017

Objective: The paradigm was to establish phenyl and ortho-hydroxy phenyl linked imidazolyl triazolo hydroxamic acid derivatives as an antihyperglycemic agent.Methods: 100 mg/Kg body weight dose of phenyl and ortho-hydroxy Phenyl linked Imidazolyl triazolo Hydroxamic Acid derivatives (FP1-FP12) and standard glibenclamide were administered per os (p.o.) in the streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemic rats by glucose oxidase-peroxidase method and statistically evaluated by one way analysis of variance.Results: FP3 was potent as compare to standard glibenclamide (P < 0.05-0.001) and FP6, FP9, and FP4 were also effective as an antihyperglycemic agent. The activity profile of the molecule was as follows FP9< FP10< FP4< FP6<FP12< FP3. This study reflects that presence of para methoxy phenyl group linked with phenyl group in surface recognition portion and imidazolyl triazole group in linker portion associated with a sulfamethyl hydroxamic acid group in metal identifying the part in case of FP3 was resemble for antihyperglycemic activity.Conclusion: It was concluded that compounds possessing electron releasing groups on the aromatic rings in the surface recognition part considerably enhanced the antihyperglycemic activity.
TO ASSESS THE DRUG UTILIZATION PATTERN AND TO ANALYZE PHARMACOECONOMICS FOR GERIATRICS IN-PATIENT IN MEDICINE DEPARTMENT OF TERTIARY CARE TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Singh Gurudeo N.
Published: December 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to generate the data on drug utilization pattern among geriatric inpatients in general medicine department.Methods: The patient’s prescriptions and medical record files were randomly selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria at medicine department of Shri Mahant Indiresh Hospital, Dehradun and the required data for the study were collected in well-designed data collection form and evaluated after the period of 3 months.Results: Among 175 patients, males were predominant and 31.42% patients were in age group of 71-75 years. Cardiovascular diseases (28%) were most common cause of hospitalization followed by, respiratory disorders (20.57%). Hypertension (25.72%) was most commonly diagnosed disease followed by, diabetes mellitus (22.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (14.28%).  The most common co-morbidity was hypertension & diabetes mellitus. More than 3 co-morbidities were found in 79 patients. Cardiovascular drugs (22.17%) was most frequently prescribed drug followed by, gastrointestinal drugs (15.30%). Among individual drugs pantoprazole (A02BC02) was most commonly prescribed drugs.  Total of 1581 drugs were prescribed with an average of 9.03 drugs per prescription. Only 9.63% drugs were prescribed by generic name. Antimicrobials were prescribed in 146 prescriptions, among them ceftriaxone (J01DD04) was frequently prescribed.Conclusion: Most of the drugs were utilized by male patients and the rate of polypharmacy was high.
ETHNOMEDICINAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF GENUS ACANTHUS
Authors: Bora Rekha , Adhikari Partha Pradip , Das Ajit Kumar , Raaman Nanjian , Sharma Gauri Dutt
Published: December 2017

Acanthus (family Acanthaceae) is a genus of the major group angiosperms (flowering plants) comprising more than 29 species widely distributed in the tropical and subtropical region. The aim of this review is to offer thorough scientific information on ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemical, and pharmacological activities of the plant species belonging to the genus Acanthus. Numerous traditional uses of the genus have been supported in this article from the results, and executed by the extracts and/or pure compounds obtained from pharmacological studies will provide a single platform to help future researches on the genus Acanthus. Furthermore, ethnomedicinal evaluation using fractions or isolation of medicinal principles was extensively explored by databases like Google, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect at the same time.
HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA IN END STAGE RENAL DISEASE: PREVALENCE AND PATIENTS CHARACTERISTICS OF MULTIETHNIC POPULATION OF UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
Authors: Rabbani Syed Arman , S. Sathvik B. , Rao Padma Gm , Kurian Martin Thomas , Essawy Basset El
Published: December 2017

Objective: Hyperphosphatemia is significantly associated with increased mortality among end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on hemodialysis. There is paucity of data on hyperphosphatemia in ESRD patients of the multiethnic population of United Arab Emirates (UAE). The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of hyperphosphatemia in ESRD patients of the multiethnic population of UAE undergoing maintenance hemodialysis.Methods: Adults ESRD patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis for more than six months at the study site were included. Demographic, clinical and biological data of the patients were collected. Patient characteristics were compared as per the serum phosphate level, between patients with or without hyperphosphatemia. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify the predictors of hyperphosphatemia.Results: Hyperphosphatemia was present in 73.8% of the study population, while 31.3% presented with high calcium-phosphate product. Univariate logistic analysis revealed that hyperphosphatemia was inversely correlated with age, hemoglobin, serum calcium, and hypertensive nephropathy as cause of renal disease, and positively correlated with female gender, expatriate status, body mass index (BMI), higher number of comorbidities, calcium-phosphate product and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Multivariate logistic regression model revealed that only age, BMI, hemoglobin and PTH independently correlated with hyperphosphatemia.Conclusion: We report a high prevalence of hyperphosphatemia in multiethnic study population undergoing maintenance hemodialysis at a secondary care hospital in UAE. In this study population, only age, BMI, hemoglobin and PTH were identified as independent predictors of hyperphosphatemia.
RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF HYPOTHETICAL SCENARIOS FOR ESTIMATING WILLINGNESS TO PAY (WTP) PER QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR (QALY) IN INDONESIA SETTING
Authors: Kristina Susi Ari , Endarti Dwi , Andayani Tri Murti , Rokhman M. Rifqi
Published: December 2017

Objective: To estimate validity and reliability of WTP questionnaire which WTP value can be taken as an indication of the monetary value of health gains, which may carry information regarding the appropriate height of the cost-effectiveness threshold.Methods: Three hundred respondents, in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia, were interviewed during June 2017. We examine a value of WTP associated with the following scenarios: 1) improving moderate condition; 2) extending life during terminal illness, and 3) lifesaving. The interview ascertained maximum hypothetical WTP for one QALY using a dichotomous bidding format with an open-ended final question, along with questions about the socio-economic factors. Concerning validity, the WTP of the 3 versions of hypothetical scenarios were compared as known-group validity and analysis of the sensitivity and specificity was performed. Test-retest reliability and alpha Cronbach were employed to measure internal consistency.Results: Analysis generally confirmed the validity and reliability of the WTP hypothetical scenarios. In terms of known group validity, there was significant difference across two scenarios (treatment v. s lifesaving), but no significant difference between mean WTP for treatment and terminal illness was found. Mean WTP for terminal illness (38 Million IDR) and lifesaving scenario (16 Million IDR) was significantly higher than that of treatment scenario (14 Million IDR). The WTP instrument showed good convergent validity (r=0.784), when comparing correlation between WTP value and utility score. Estimation of scenario’s sensitivity and specificity in deriving expected WTP were 70.33 % and 38.98 %, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 64 % and 46 %. The test-retest reliability of WTP values indices excellent stability and reliability of the instrument with Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient of 0.816 (p<0.001)Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the WTP instrument is feasible and relatively reliable for measuring the WTP values in Indonesia. For wider application of the instrument, its validity should be investigated further. Meanwhile, adoption of WTP as an empirical evidence of societal values is encouraged.
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF OCIMUM GRATISSIMUM L.
Authors: Pandey Sandeep
Published: December 2017

The development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms is a global challenge for the clinicians, pharmacist and research scientists leading to development of new medicinal formulations that are effective and easily consumable. The plant yielding essential oil with chief constituent as eugenol has been identified as an important compound with strong inhibition of bacteria, and storage fungi. Ocimum gratissimum is an aromatic shrub occurring in warm tropical regions has been used in traditional medicine in India to cure various ailments in general and as an antimicrobial agent in particular. The literature surveyed reveals that the plant oil exhibit strong potentiality against gram negative and gram positive bacteria along with diverse human and plant fungi. As a natural product the plant oil is safer as food preservatives and stored grain protectant and has wide application in cosmetics and perfumery industries. This comprehensive review is attempted to provide the valuable information on antimicrobial activities of the plant essential oil that will be used to explore and develop a standard therapeutics system for the management of clinical and multiple drug resistant microorganisms.
PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIOXIDANT CHARACTERIZATION OF THINNED IMMATURE CITRUS UNSHIU FRUITS
Authors: Kim Ji Hye , Kim Min Young
Published: December 2017

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the characterization of thinned immature Citrus unshiu fruits with regard to their phytochemical profile and antioxidant capacity.Methods: Determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid and ascorbic acid contents was done by UV-Visible spectrophotometry, whereas UPLC-mass detection was used for the analysis of individual flavanone (naringin, hesperidin, hesperetin, neohesperedine and narirutin) and flavonol (rutin). In addition, free radicals (DPPH, O2-, H2O2 and NO) scavenging assays were used to determine the antioxidant capacity.Results: Naringin, hesperidine, neohesperedine and narirutin were the main flavanones in all thinned immature Citrus unshiu fruits. The contents of total phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid were more prevalent in immature fruits than the level found in mature fruits. All thinned immature Citrus unshiu fruits possess an evident antioxidant capacity. The immature Citrus extract concentrations providing 50% inhibition (IC50) for free radicals; 1.2-1.49 mg/ml for DPPH, 1.03-1.46 mg/ml for superoxide, 1.95-3.43 mg/ml for hydrogen peroxide and 1.64-3.45 mg/ml for nitric oxide was lower than those of mature Citrus extracts.Conclusion: Thinned immature Citrus unshiu fruits could be an economic and readily accessible source of natural antioxidants and as a possible food and pharmaceutical supplement.