bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expanded Clinical Phenotype and the Role of Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis in Confirming the Diagnosis of Sodium‐Dependent Multivitamin Transporter Deficiency
Authors: Walimbe Ameya S. , Waskow Emily , Mackay Laura , Miller Marcus , Gijavanekar Charul , Difalco Charles R. , Elsea Sarah H. , Scaglia Fernando
Published: February 2025

The sodium‐dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT) is a ubiquitously expressed sodium‐solute symporter that transports pantothenic acid, biotin, and α‐lipoic acid across the intestinal epithelia and blood–brain barrier. Severe biallelic loss‐of‐function variants in SLC5A6 (MIM #604024) lead to SMVT deficiency (SMVTD, MIM #618973), which classically presents with developmental delay, brain atrophy, epilepsy, sensorineural hearing loss, peripheral neuropathy, and gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and immunologic abnormalities. We describe a 25‐year‐old female with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), intellectual disability, agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC), and epilepsy who presented at 15 years of age with a severe metabolic crisis characterized by hyperammonemia, lactic acidosis, and rhabdomyolysis. Trio exome sequencing (ES) identified compound heterozygous variants in SLC5A6. Plasma untargeted metabolomics analysis demonstrated reduced pantothenate and coenzyme A with elevated long‐chain fatty acids, indicating impaired fatty acid oxidation, functionally validating ES results, and confirming a diagnosis of SMVTD. Targeted replacement with biotin, lipoic acid, and pantothenic acid improved her neurocognitive function and metabolic control. Our patient, the oldest reported at diagnosis, expands the phenotype of SMVTD to include rhabdomyolysis, ACC, and ASD. Our study suggests that integrating ES and untargeted metabolomics in undiagnosed patients with suspected inborn errors of metabolism may help identify this ultra‐rare disorder.
Soluble Aβ pathology predicts neurodegeneration and cognitive decline independently on p‐tau in the earliest Alzheimer's continuum: Evidence across two independent cohorts
Authors: Cacciaglia Raffaele , Falcón Carles , Benavides Gonzalo Sánchez , Brugulat‐Serrat Anna , Alomà Marta Milà , Calvet Marc Suárez , Molinuevo José Luis , Fauria Karine , Minguillón Carolina , Kollmorgen Gwendlyn , Quijano‐Rubio Clara , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Lorenzini Luigi , Wink Alle Meije , Ingala Silvia , Barkhof Frederik , Ritchie Craig W. , Gispert Juan Domingo ,   for the ALFA study
Published: February 2025

INTRODUCTION

Identifying the link between early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathological changes and neurodegeneration in asymptomatic individuals may lead to the discovery of preventive strategies. We assessed longitudinal brain atrophy and cognitive decline as a function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) AD biomarkers in two independent cohorts of cognitively unimpaired (CU) individuals.

METHODS

We used longitudinal voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) in combination with hippocampal subfield segmentation. Changes in neuroimaging and cognitive variables were inspected using general linear models (GLMs) adjusting by age, sex, apolipoprotein E (APOE) status, follow‐up time, and years of education.

RESULTS

In both cohorts, baseline CSF amyloid beta (Aβ) biomarkers significantly predicted medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy rates and episodic memory (EM) decline independently of CSF phosphorylated tau (p‐tau).

DISCUSSION

Our data suggest that soluble Aβ dyshomeostasis triggers MTL longitudinal atrophy and EM decline independently of CSF p‐tau. Our data underscore the need for secondary preventive strategies at the earliest stages of the AD pathological cascade.

Highlights

We assessed brain atrophy and cognitive decline in asymptomatic individuals.

Aβ biomarkers predicted MTL atrophy independently of p‐tau.

Our results underscore the importance of undertaking Alzheimer's preclinical trials.
Validation and Mechanistic Studies of the Headspace Effect in MOF Synthesis
Authors: Donovan Julia C. , Wright Keenan R. , Matzger Adam J.
Published: February 2025

The influence of headspace volume and composition on metal–organic framework (MOF) synthesis has been largely overlooked with no mechanisms currently invoking these factors. Herein, we reveal that an increased volume of oxygen in the headspace during the synthesis of zinc carboxylate‐based MOFs (MOF‐5, MOF‐177, and IRMOF‐8) as well as UiO‐66 and ZJU‐28 accelerates crystal formation. Investigation into the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon elucidates the critical roles played by all reagents, and some of their byproducts, in MOF synthesis. These insights are the key to developing more efficient and sustainable synthetic strategies for MOF production.
Forensic‐Based and Environmentally Responsible Protocol to Manage Shark Fatal Bites on Humans Can Better Contribute to Conservation Needs
Authors: Clua Eric E. G. , Baksay Sandra , Bidenbach Hadrien , Bartoli Blaise , Lacroix Bertrand , Vely Michel , Freeman Mark
Published: February 2025

Although sharks are important for marine ecosystems, they still suffer culling campaigns after human fatalities. A case study from the Caribbean shows how the rapid use of several complementary and reproducible forensic techniques not only allowed the confirmation of the species implicated in the bite but also the accurate assessment of the size of the animal. Six non‐lethal fishing sessions led to the capture of several shark individuals that were released after either being eliminated due to their unsuitable size or the absence of human remains in their stomach. Such an ecologically responsible risk management can contribute to shark conservation.
Advancing Management of the Main Predatory Sharks Along the Argentine Coast: Leveraging Habitat Use Knowledge and Historical Catch Data
Authors: De Wysiecki Agustín M. , Sánchez‐Carnero Noela , Milessi Andrés C. , Jaureguizar Andrés J.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the spatial overlap in habitat use among four key predatory species—school shark (Galeorhinus galeus), broadnose sevengill shark (Notorynchus cepedianus), copper shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus) and sand tiger shark (Carcharias taurus)—along the Argentine coast to identify important areas for joint management. Leveraging habitat suitability predictions for these predators, we generated annual and seasonal maps to identify significant regions of habitat overlap. Notably, the coastal zone between the Uruguayan and northern Argentine coasts emerged as crucial for developing fishery management and conservation strategies for these four species. Historical catch data also identified important zones for recreational fishing and potential nursery sites, stressing the need for targeted management of the coastal area between Punta Rasa and Mar del Plata (36.3°–38° S). This highlights the necessity of comprehensive fishing regulations with stronger enforcement in the unregulated provincial waters of Chubut and Santa Cruz, as well as the Uruguayan coast. Our findings underscore the importance of integrating species‐specific ecological data in designing marine protected areas and conservation strategies tailored to the unique life history and movement patterns of these sharks. Additionally, the study emphasizes the need for adaptive, multijurisdictional management strategies to accommodate the migratory nature of these species across provincial and national waters. The implications of these findings are discussed within the context of current chondrichthyan policy in Argentina, presenting a foundational basis for informing future management strategies aimed at sustaining shark populations in the Southwest Atlantic.
Proteome‐Wide Profiling of Olaparib Interactors Using a Biotinylated Photoaffinity Probe
Authors: van der Heijden Femke L. A. M. , Weijers Suzanne A. , Bleijerveld Onno , Kliza Katarzyna W. , Vermeulen Michiel , Filippov Dmitri V.
Published: February 2025

Olaparib is a widely used PARP inhibitor for the treatment of BRCA‐mutated cancers. To comprehensively understand the drug‘s clinical impact, measuring its interactions with intended on‐ and off‐targets is crucial. In this study, olaparib‘s on‐ and off‐targets were profiled using photoaffinity labeling, a powerful, proteome‐wide method for studying the direct interactions between a drug and its protein targets. A novel photoaffinity probe was designed and used in a proteomic screening to discover novel targets of olaparib in the human proteome. The probe, incorporating a pre‐installed biotin group, bypasses the limitations of using a copper(I)‐catalyzed click reaction in cell lysates for reporter group conjugation and revealed a broad range of olaparib interactors, including previously unreported proteins, in a quantitative mass spectrometry‐based proteomic screening using HeLa whole cell lysate. This study contributes to our current understanding of the pharmacology of olaparib and provides a valuable tool for elucidating drug interactors within cell lysates, potentially guiding the development of more targeted therapeutics with fewer off‐targets.
Unveiling the Role of Rhenium Precursors in Supercritical CO₂ Hydrogenation: A Comparative Study of ReOx/TiO₂ Catalysts
Authors: Machado Felipe , Gothe Maite Lippel , Borges Laís Reis , Portes Marcelo Cecconi , Rodrigues Orlando , Ando Romulo Augusto , Rossi Liane Marcia , Vidinha Pedro
Published: February 2025

Heterogeneous rhenium catalysts supported on various oxides, particularly TiO2, have demonstrated effectiveness in converting carbon dioxide (CO2) to methanol via hydrogenation, showing high selectivity under diverse reaction conditions. However, the impact of different rhenium precursors on the catalytic performance and physicochemical properties of ReOx/TiO2 has not yet been elucidated. Herein, we compared catalysts prepared from NH4ReO4 and Re2O7 precursors with varying rhenium content (4 to 14 wt% Re) synthesized using a wet impregnation approach. These catalysts were evaluated under different reaction temperatures (200‐250 ºC), pressures (100‐200 bar), and H2/CO2 ratios (1‐4). This study revealed that both catalytic performance and physicochemical properties varied not only with the type of precursor but also with the rhenium content. Variation in reduction temperature, particle size, oxidation states of Re and surface Re=O terminals were observed. In batch system, catalysts derived from NH4ReO4 demonstrated a higher selectivity for methanol production under high pressure and stoichiometric conditions, regardless of temperature. In contrast, Re2O7‐based catalysts demonstrated higher methanol selectivity at 200°C, with H2/CO2 ratios between 1 and 3, regardless of the total pressure. These findings provide a deeper and valuable insight on the choice of precursors for the preparation of ReOx/TiO2 catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation.
Determination of the Lyapunov Exponent of Chemical Reactors From One Measurement Series
Authors: Berezowski Marek
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a method for determining the Lyapunov exponent without knowing the mathematical model of the object being studied and based on a single measurement series. This method allows for effective analysis of dynamic systems with a high degree of complexity. The studies were carried out on a model of coupled tubular chemical reactors described by four partial differential equations.
Effect of Halogen Substitution on the Regioselective Deiodination of Thyroid Hormone Analogues by Deiodinase Mimics
Authors: Giri Debasish , Mugesh Govindasamy
Published: February 2025

The deiodination of L‐thyroxine (T4) by the three isoforms of selenium‐containing iodothyronine deiodinases (DIOs) is an important process in the human body for the maintenance of the thyroid hormone homeostasis. The 5′‐deiodination of T4 by DIO1 or DIO2 produces the biologically active hormone 3,5,3′‐triiodo thyronine (T3) and 5‐deiodination by DIO1 or DIO3 generates 3,3′,5′‐triiodo thyronine (rT3), which is considered to be biologically inactive. Selenium compounds are known to mimic the function of DIO3 by catalyzing the 5‐deiodination of T4 and a co‐operative halogen and chalcogen bonding is responsible for their activity. The substitution of 4′‐OH group of T4 by an electron withdrawing group not only alters the reactivity but also changes the regioselectivity of deiodination. However, the effect of other halogen atoms (F, Cl or Br) in place of iodine in T4 on the regioselectivity has not been explored. In this paper, we describe simple synthetic methodologies toward various halogen analogues of T4. We also show that 2D NMR spectroscopy can be used as a powerful tool to identify the location of various halogen substitutions on the phenolic or tyrosyl rings. The deiodination experiments with peri‐substituted naphthalene diselenol reveal that the regioselectivity or specificity towards iodine atom is not altered upon introduction of more electronegative halogen atoms (F, Cl and Br), reinforcing the concept of halogen bonding in the deiodination reactions.
Valence Electron Count‐Based Density Functional Theory to Investigate Structural Stability, Optoelectronic and Thermoelectric Properties of New p‐Type Half‐Heusler Zryau (Y=B, Al) Alloys
Authors: El Imene Bennoui Radja Nour , Adli Walid , Al‐Douri Y. , Belkharroubi Fadila , Sidjilani Fatima , Bentayeb Abdelkader , Khelfaoui Friha , Belmiloud Nawal , Bendella Sid Ahmed , Alagui Lakhdar , Dib Anis Samy Amine , Belkaid Mohammed Noureddine
Published: February 2025

The full‐potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP‐LAPW) method within the framework of density functional theory (DFT) and semi‐classical Boltzmann transport theory under the constant relaxation time approximation has been employed to investigate the structural, mechanical, optoelectronic and thermoelectric properties of novel half‐Heusler (HH) ZrYAu alloys (where Y=B or Al) with a valence electron count (VEC) of 8. Our results indicate that both compounds are mechanically stable in structure Type 1 and possess negative formation energies. Additionally, ZrBAu and ZrAlAu display semiconducting behavior, with ZrBAu showing a direct band gap, 0.753 eV (0.774 eV) at point Γ→X and ZrAlAu exhibiting an indirect band gap, 0.431 eV (0.482 eV) at point Γ→Γ, using the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and Modified Becke and Johnson‐generalized gradient approximation (mBJ‐GGA), respectively. Based on optical properties, both ZrBAu and ZrAlAu exhibit high optical conductivity within the visible spectrum. In terms of visible light absorption, ZrBAu primarily absorbs blue light, while ZrAlAu absorbs yellow, blue‐green and violet light. However, both compounds are effective absorbers of UV light. Regarding thermoelectric performance, the thermoelectric parameters reveal that ZrBAu and ZrAlAu demonstrate significant p‐type thermoelectric power. These half‐Heusler alloys have a high‐power factor, making them promising candidates for thermoelectric applications.
Effect of Electrical Heat Carrier Temperature on Bacterial Leakage of Endodontically Treated Teeth Using a Bioceramic Sealer
Authors: Nabavi Mir Ahmad , Kalantar Motamedi Mahmood Reza , Fattahi Pedram , Khazaei Saber
Published: February 2025

Objectives

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of electrical heat carrier temperature on bacterial leakage of root canals obturated with the continuous wave of condensation (CWC) technique and a bioceramic sealer.

Methods

This ex vivo experimental study was conducted on 92 extracted single‐rooted teeth. The teeth were subjected to endodontic treatment and obturated with the Endoseal MTA bioceramic sealer by the CWC technique using two different temperature settings of the electrical heat carrier: 120°C (group G120, n = 41) and 200°C (group G200, n = 41). A positive and a negative control group were also considered (n = 5 each). Bacterial leakage was assessed over a 40‐day period using a bacterial leakage model. The incidence of bacterial leakage was compared between the experimental groups using the log‐rank test. The significance level was set at 0.05.

Results

The median survival rate was 39.0 (25.0) days in the G120 group and 34.0 (25.0) days in the G200 group. Despite a slightly higher survival rate in the G120 group, the difference between the two experimental groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.612).

Conclusion

The tested temperatures of the electrical heat carrier (120°C and 200°C) did not have a significant effect on bacterial leakage of root canals obturated by the CWC technique and the Endoseal MTA bioceramic sealer.
Detecting evolutionary stages of karst depressions in Central Brazil with deep learning and Planet NICFI time series
Authors: de Carvalho Osmar Luiz Ferreira , de Carvalho Júnior Osmar Abílio , de Albuquerque Anesmar Olino , Mota Maria Clara Correia Nogueira , de Souza Martins Éder , Guerreiro e Silva Daniel
Published: February 2025

Karst depressions represent significant geomorphological features crucial in environmental monitoring and conservation. This research aims to detect and classify karst depressions according to their evolutionary stages in the Bambuí Group, located between the Cerrado and Caatinga biomes in Central Brazil, using Planet time series provided by Norway's International Climate and Forest Initiative (NICFI) Satellite Data Program and deep learning‐based semantic segmentation models. A new deep learning training dataset was developed containing manually labelled reference data and a time series of monthly images from Planet NICFI data over a year. The research classified three evolutionary stages of karst depressions: (1) temporary lakes, (2) depressions with concentric halos and subsidence and (3) vegetated depressions. These stages represent distinct geomorphological processes, from initial water accumulation to more advanced stages involving subsidence and vegetation development in the depression areas. The study compared six state‐of‐the‐art semantic segmentation architectures (U‐Net, U‐Net++, DeepLabV3+, LinkNet, FPN and PSPNet), each combined with three backbones (EfficientNet‐B7, ResNet‐101 and ResNeXt‐101), resulting in 18 model configurations. The best performing model (U‐Net with EfficientNet‐B7) achieved a mean Intersection over Union (mIoU) of 80 and IoU scores of 97.9 for the background, 80.93 for first stage, 79.89 for second stage and 63.35 for third stage, highlighting the challenges of detecting more advanced stages due to increasing vegetation cover and geomorphological complexity. The sliding window approach was employed to classify the entire image mosaic, testing various stride values (8, 16, 32, 64, 128 and 256), with smaller strides improving segmentation accuracy at the cost of higher computational demands. The results demonstrate the importance of integrating spectro‐spatio‐temporal data to detect multiple evolutionary stages and improve the robustness of semantic segmentation. This research provides a comprehensive dataset and benchmark for future studies on karst depressions, contributing to understanding geomorphological evolution and conservation planning in Central Brazil.
Saikosaponin b1 Attenuates Liver Fibrosis by Blocking STAT3/Gli1 Interaction and Inducing Gli1 Degradation
Authors: Shao Meiyu , Zhang Xiaoqing , Sun Jiamei , Dong Hongyan , Han Xin , Yang Qiao , Chen Roufen , Shen Liteng , Xu Lei , Wang Lu , Zhu Bo , Tang Dongxin , Zhang Shuosheng , Lu Keda , Peng Mengyun , Cao Gang
Published: February 2025

Saikosaponin b1 (Ssb1), a natural oleanane‐type triterpenoid saponin, exhibits antifibrosis activity by inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), but the specific underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, it is found that Ssb1 could directly bind with the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and effectively inhibit the activation of HSCs. Proteomic techniques and molecular simulation revealed that Ssb1 is mainly bound to the S319 residues of STAT3 in the coiled‐coil domain. Further studies indicated that Ssb1 binding with STAT3 inhibited its transcriptional activity, and regulated glioma‐associated oncogene‐1 (Gli1) expression in the Hedgehog signaling pathway. Besides, Ssb1 binding blocked interaction between STAT3 and Gli1, which promoted degradation of Gli1 protein by suppressor of fused homolog (SUFU) and the ubiquitin‐proteasome system. The loss function of Gli1 led to decreased expression of Bcl2 and promoted the apoptosis of activated HSCs. Moreover, STAT3 ablation abolished the Ssb1‐mediated antifibrotic effects. These findings show that STAT3 plays a vital role in Ssb1 treatment of liver fibrosis, and Ssb1 as a STAT3 inhibitor might be a promising therapeutic candidate for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
Moderate‐To‐Severe Bone Marrow Fibrosis Is an Independent Risk Factor For Myelodysplastic Neoplasms Patients With Increased Blasts
Authors: Xu Gaixiang , Ye Xingnong , Zhang Yudi , Wang Wei , Zhu Shuanghong , Li Kongfei , Zhou Xinping , Ma Liya , Ye Li , Mei Chen , Wang Lu , Ren Yanling , Jiang Lingxu , Huang Jian , Meng Haitao , Mai Wenyuan , Yu Wenjuan , Jin Jie , Tong Hongyan
Published: February 2025

This study, including 412 patients newly diagnosed with myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS), investigated the clinical, molecular, and prognostic features of MDS with moderate‐to‐severe bone marrow fibrosis (MF). Among the patients with MDS, 347 (84%) had MF grade 0–1 (MF0–1), and 65 (16%) had MF grade 2–3 (MF2–3). Patients with MDS with MF2–3 showed similar overall survival (OS) (16.6 vs. 21.3 months; p = 0.34) but demonstrated inferior progression‐free survival (PFS) (6.6 vs. 15.2 months; p = 0.02) and a higher risk of leukemia transformation (35.4 vs. 16.4%; p < 0.001) compared to those with MF0–1. In the MDS with excess blast (MDS‐EB) subtypes, individuals with MF2‐3 exhibited shorter OS (4.8 vs. 11.7 months; p = 0.01) and PFS (3.1 vs. 7.9 months; p = 0.006) than those in patients with MF0‐1. However, individuals with MF0‐1 and MF2‐3 showed similar OS and PFS rates among the patients with the MDS non‐excess blast (MDS‐nonEB) subtypes. Additionally, we reclassified the patients with MDS according to the 2022 World Health Organization (WHO) classification. Patients with MDS with fibrosis (MDS‐f) had a shorter OS (5.6 vs. 13.8 months; p = 0.01) and PFS (3.1 vs. 7.9 months; p = 0.006) than MDS with increased blasts (MDS‐IB) subtypes. Our study reveals the unique features of patients with MDS‐MF2‐3 and validates the refinements made in the 5th edition of the WHO proposal.
The Importance of a Glacier Complex for Downstream Runoff in the Semiarid Chilean Andes During Dry Years
Authors: Yáñez San Francisco Eduardo , MacDonell Shelley , Casassa Gino
Published: February 2025

High mountain catchment systems are inherently complex and include multiple processes that influence runoff generation, making it challenging to assess their current state and project their future solely based on observed data. However, combining observations with hydrological models that can simulate glacio‐hydrological processes robustly offers a solution to this issue. This study focused on analysing and characterising the snow, glacier and runoff processes of the Tapado Glacier sub‐catchment, an upstream source of the La Laguna reservoir in the semiarid Chilean Andes (30° S) for 2019–2021. For this purpose, a semi‐distributed physical model (Cold Regions Hydrological Model [CRHM]) was used to simulate glacio‐hydrological processes. The results indicate that sublimation accounted for 66%–89% of snow ablation, limiting the amount of snow available for melting in summer, and making melt from Tapado Glacier the primary component of mid‐summer (January) discharge (28%–55%). This was reflected in significant mass loss from the Tapado Glacier ablation zone (−0.5 to −2.1 m w.e.). Sensitivity analyses indicated that precipitation and snow roughness generated the greatest variability in simulations related to snow mass balance process. Uncertainty due to errors in precipitation measurement and extrapolation is inherent in hydrological modelling in most mountain settings, whilst the uncertainty related to snow roughness (evaluated range: 0.0001–0.1 m) is largely due to its direct influence on snow sublimation rates and the challenges associated with measuring this variable. For the glaciated areas, results were sensitive to the selection of ice albedo. Whilst the Tapado sub‐catchment includes only 1% of the catchment feeding the La Laguna reservoir (c.a. 27 km downstream), it equates to 6%–26% of monthly inflow into the reservoir over the study period. This indicates the importance of glaciated regions for supporting baseflow during relatively dry periods.
Effect of Earth‐Air Movement on Water Transport in the Rock Surrounding Cave B113 in the Mogao Grottoes
Authors: Wang Shunren , Li Hongshou , Li Fei , Gong Yipu , Wang Xiaowei
Published: February 2025

The degradation of wall paintings in the Mogao Grottoes, China, is primarily caused by the migration of water and salt in the surrounding rock (SR), with water being the key influencing factor. However, it remains unclear whether the movement of earth‐air, driven by the air pressure difference (APD) between the air inside the SR and the external atmospheric pressure (AP), affects water transport in the rock. This study focuses on Cave B113 to investigate the effect of earth‐air movement on water transport in the cave's SR. Under closed conditions, the APD was monitored at depths of 10, 20, and 30 cm within the SR. The results indicate that when the AP changes, the APD fluctuates in the opposite direction and increases with depth in the SR. The Pearson correlation coefficients between the AP and APD at depths of 20 and 30 cm are −0.31 and −0.32, respectively. The APD reflects the influence of AP on the SR and serves as a driving force that directly governs the movement of earth‐air. The concentration of the water vapour in the SR layers is affected by temperature, while the relative and absolute humidities of these layers are influenced by the ascending and descending movement of earth‐air. The magnitude of the AP fluctuation determines the volume of water that migrates inside the SR. Collectively, these factors determine the amount of evaporation that occurs and the characteristics of the moisture present in the rock surrounding the cave. This study elucidates the pivotal factors contributing to the deterioration of the wall paintings in the cave, providing a scientific basis for developing new ways of protecting these wall paintings. It has extensive reference value for water transport and evaporation in the vadose zone.
The Immunomodulatory Role of Estrogen in Malaria: A Review of Sex Differences and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Wu Ye , Chen Ying‐Chun , Liu Fang‐Fang , Li Ke
Published: February 2025

Background

Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, with substantial mortality rates, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. A notable sexual dimorphism exists in malaria, with males often experiencing higher infection and mortality rates compared to females.

Objective

This review explores the role of estrogen in modulating immune responses to malaria, potentially explaining the observed sex differences. Estrogen, through its receptors, influences immune cell activation and cytokine production, which are critical in the immune response to malaria.

Results

Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, we analyzed sex differences in malaria burden in Central Sub‐Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2021, revealing a significantly lower mortality burden for females compared to males. Epidemiological data and animal model results support the notion that estrogen plays a significant role in modulating immune responses to malaria. Estrogen receptors are widely expressed in immune cells, and estrogen can influence the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of these cells, thereby affecting cytokine production and immune response type. Additionally, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) show potential as therapeutic agents, with some studies demonstrating their efficacy in reducing parasitemia and improving malaria outcomes.

Conclusion

Understanding the sex differences in the pathogenesis of malaria is crucial for its prevention, treatment, and vaccine development. Estrogen's role in immune regulation highlights the need for sex‐specific approaches in disease management.
Enhanced Fluorescence Imaging of Implants Based on Polyester Copolymers in Combination With MRI
Authors: Zherdeva Victoria V. , Likhov Astemir R. , Saidvaliev Ulugbek A. , Fixler Dror , Demin Dmitry , Volodina Veronika N. , Apukhtina Uliana A. , Pawar Shweta , Atuar Bar , Tuchin Valery V.
Published: February 2025

Nowadays, many biodegradable materials are offered for biomedical applications, but there are only a few in vivo methods for their detection and monitoring. In this work, implants based on biodegradable polyester copolymers were labeled with indocyanine green (ICG) for fluorescence imaging in combination with tissue optical clearing (TOC) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The results include in vitro degradation modeling followed by in vivo imaging of copolymer samples that were subcutaneously implanted in BALB/c mice. TOC with 70% glycerol has been demonstrated to significantly improve sample visualization. The TOC efficiency parameter Q demonstrated the variability of effects correlating with the timing of follow‐up in the postimplantation period. It has been shown that nonhealing wounds, peri‐implantation inflammation, or fibrosis, confirmed by MRI, affect the effectiveness of TOC in the range from Q = −30% to 70%.
Large‐Scale FMO‐MP2 Calculations of the Spike Protein Droplet Model
Authors: Doi Hideo , Nakano Tatsuya , Sakakura Kota , Akisawa Kazuki , Okuwaki Koji , Hirano Yoshinori , Yamamoto Eiji , Yasuoka Kenji , Ohshima Satoshi , Katagiri Takahiro , Mochizuki Yuji
Published: February 2025

The spike protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 is a challenging target for theoretical approaches. Here we report a benchmark calculation of the spike protein droplet model by the fragment molecular orbital (FMO) at the second‐order Møller‐Plesset perturbation (MP2) level on the supercomputer Fugaku. One hundred structure samples from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used for both the closed and open forms of this protein (PDB IDs 6XLU and 6XM0 respectively). The number of total fragments is about 20,000, and the job time per structure was about 2 h on 8 racks of Fugaku.
Can Measurements of Whole Wall and Intima‐Media Thickness of Lower Extremity Veins Really Be Used to Diagnose Behcet's Disease?
Authors: Kahveci Abdulvahap , Cevval Zeycan Kübra
Published: February 2025

Objectives

This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic performance of measuring intima‐media thickness (IMT) and whole wall thickness (WWT) of deep and superficial veins in the lower extremity of Behcet's disease (BD).

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 67 Behcet patients and 64 healthy control subjects. IMT and WWT of the common femoral (CFV) and great saphenous veins (GSV) were measured by a blinded radiologist using ultrasound. Behcet patients were classified into two groups, namely the vascular and non‐vascular groups. The diagnostic performance of the measurements of vein wall thickness in BD was assessed using receiver operating analysis.

Results

Bilateral IMT and WWT of the CFV and GSV were significantly higher in BD than in controls (p < 0.01). In the vascular Behcet group, all measurements were also significantly increased compared with the non‐vascular Behcet patients (p < 0.01). The area under the curve for all measurements was satisfactory, while CFV WWT indicated the best diagnostic performance [0.82 (0.74–0.89; 95% CI: p < 0.001) for right; 0.81 (0.74–0.88; 95% CI: p < 0.001) for left] for optimal cut‐off value (0.595–0.585 mm; sensitivity = 77.3%–77.6%, specificity = 76.2%–76.6% for right and left, respectively). In the regression analysis, older age, vascular presentation, presence of uveitis, and glucocorticoid use were significantly related to vein wall thickness in BD (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The results of this study provide compelling evidence supporting the use of vein wall thickness (primarily in CFV WWT) as a diagnostic method in BD. Furthermore, the study indicates that the optimal cut‐off value of vein wall thickness may vary depending on the characteristics of Behcet cohort.
Biosilica 3D Micromorphology of Geodiidae Sponge Spicules Is Patterned by F‐Actin
Authors: Voronkina Alona , Cárdenas Paco , Adam Jörg , Meissner Heike , Nowacki Krzysztof , Joseph Yvonne , Tabachnick Konstantin R. , Ehrlich Hermann
Published: February 2025

Demosponges (phylum Porifera) are among the first multicellular organisms on the planet and represent a unique archive of biosilica‐based skeletal structures with species‐specific microstructures called spicules. With more than 80 morphotypes, this class of sponges is recognized as a unique source of amorphous silica with superficial ornamentation patterned by organic phases. In this study, we investigated spicules of selected representatives of the family Geodiidae (order Tetractinellida), to identify F‐actin‐containing axial filaments within these 3D skeletal microconstructs defined as oxyspherasters and sterrasters. Their desilicification using 10% HF leads to isolation of multifilamentous, radially oriented organic matrices, which resemble the shape and size of the original spicules. Our data show that highly specific indicators of F‐actin such as iFluorTM 594‐Phalloidin, iFluorTM 488‐Phalloidin, as well as iFluorTM 350‐Phalloidin unambiguously confirm its localization within demineralized oxyspherasters and sterrasters of 11 diverse demosponges species belonging to the subfamily Geodiinae (genera Geodia, Rhabdastrella) and the subfamily Erylinae (genera Caminella, Caminus, Erylus, Pachymatisma). Well‐defined periodicity in Geodia cydonium sterrasters actin filaments has been observed using atomic force microscopy (AFM) for the first time. The findings of F‐actin as a possible pattern driver in spicules of geodiids brings additional light to our knowledge of spiculogenesis in this group. However, no specific actin structures were found between the geodiid subfamilies or genera thereby suggesting a common actin process, present already at the emergence of the family (~170 million years ago).
Effect of A1 protein‐free formula versus conventional formula on acute respiratory infections and diarrhea in toddlers: An RCT
Authors: Yu Wen , Wang Weijie , Sheng Xiaoyang
Published: February 2025

Objectives

Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) and diarrhea are common in toddlers. Milk free of A1 β‐casein (A1PF milk) may support the immune system, but few studies have investigated A1PF milk in toddler formula and any potential effects on ARI/diarrhea. This study's objective was to investigate the incidence of ARI and diarrhea with two toddler formulas, A1PF formula (A1PF) or conventional formula (CON), which differed in milk base and nutrient composition.

Methods

This randomized, open‐label, multicenter study (19 December 2022 to 17 May 2023) evaluated the occurrence of ARI and/or diarrhea in toddlers (aged 2–3 years) who consumed A1PF or CON over 90 days.

Results

A total of 200 toddlers were enrolled, and 180 completed the study. The relative risk of ARI or diarrhea in the A1PF group versus the CON group did not differ significantly, but the median (interquartile range) ARI duration was significantly shorter in the A1PF group (3 [2–4] days vs. 5 [3–6] days, p = 0.012). At Day 90, toddlers consuming A1PF had significantly less severe bloating, gassiness, and fewer regurgitation events (all p < 0.05). Both formulas were well tolerated, and no serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusion

Toddlers who consumed A1PF had a reduced duration of ARI and improved diarrhea outcomes, reducing the burden on their families compared with toddlers who consumed CON. Although this is consistent with other studies, further research is required to determine whether these effects are solely attributable to the A1PF milk base or other differences between the formulas.
Integrated characterization of Greek fennel genotypes through morpho‐agronomical characteristics, yield components and phytochemical compounds
Authors: Kadoglidou Kalliopi I. , Maliachovas Christos , Ralli Parthenopi , Irakli Maria , Tsivelika Nektaria , Mavromatis Athanasios G. , Chatzopoulou Paschalina
Published: February 2025

Background

Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) is a widely cultivated vegetable and aromatic‐medicinal plant. In this research, field studies assessed 12 fennel genotypes of diverse origin, comprising 10 Greek accessions and two European commercial varieties, focusing on their morpho‐agronomical traits, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in the aboveground biomass. Emphasis gave on the post‐harvest determination of seed yield and essential oil's (EO's) profile for each genotype.

Results

Multivariate data analysis on both morpho‐agronomical descriptors and EO's components demonstrated clear distinction of Greek fennel accessions (groups I and III) from commercial varieties (group II). Accessions of groups I and III were ranked with intermediate values of height, foliage density, leaf length, green color intensity and primary canopy diameter. In addition, fennel accessions differentiated in their EO's yield (ranged from 2.2% to 7.8%), although they exhibited similar qualitative profile. The main EO's compound of group I was trans‐anethole, estragole and fenchone for group III, while commercial varieties characterized by high concentration in trans‐anethole and fenchone. Variations among genotypes were also demonstrated in the content of total phenolics (7.0–11.6 mg g−1 on dry weight basis, dw) and flavonoids (5.9–12.4 mg g−1 dw), while the antioxidant activity determined by ABTS test, varied from 9.0 to 16.2 mg Trolox equivalents g−1 dw.

Conclusion

The observed variability in morpho‐agronomical descriptors and phytochemical profile among fennel genotypes recorded for the first time the potential of Greek native genetic material. The data of this research provides useful information for direct future uses in pharmaceutical industry and for applications in plant breeding programs, aiming to produce new type of fennel varieties.
What Is the Impact of Digital Tools on Hospitality Business Performance? The Case of SME Accommodation Sector in Portugal
Authors: Lopes João M. , Gomes Sofia , Ferreira João J. , Ferreira Luís
Published: February 2025

Despite numerous studies on digital tools in tourism and hospitality, few quantitative investigations use an integrated set of these tools to enhance business success. This study examines the impact of digital tools on hospitality business performance, using data from 234 SMEs in Portugal's accommodation sector. Findings show that integrating tourist accommodation into business groups positively influences digital tool adoption. Higher investment in business digitalisation also positively affects tool adoption and overall performance. The most valued digital tools by Portuguese SMEs include updated websites, social networks, online store/reservation systems, and digital marketing. This study provides valuable insights for tourism marketers and business managers to enhance SMEs' competitiveness in the hospitality sector.
Aspirin and NSAIDs are Associated With Reduced Cancer and Mortality Risk in Patients With Chronic Liver Diseases—A Swedish Cohort Study
Authors: Stokkeland Knut , Söderberg‐Löfdal Karin , Villner Pär , Franck Johan
Published: February 2025

Aspirin and NSAIDs may be beneficial in chronic liver diseases. We explored the effect of exposure to anti‐inflammatory drugs in patients with chronic liver disease with regard to adverse liver events, cancers and mortality. A cohort of patients with chronic liver disease 2005–2020 (n = 21 439) was studied. All patients were hospitalised in Region Stockholm. Data from the Patient Register, Prescribed Drug Register, Death Certificate Register, Cancer Register, two laboratories and Stockholm Center for Health Data were combined. We analysed death, adverse liver events, liver cancers and all cancers in relation to drug exposure. During follow‐up 10 279 patients (47.9%) died. There was a reduced risk for all cancers combined when patients were exposed to aspirin (aHR 0.68; 95% CI 0.63–0.73) and NSAIDs (aHR 0.80; 95% CI 0.75–0.86) and a reduced risk of liver cancer in patients exposed to aspirin (aHR 0.48; 95% CI 0.41–0.57) and to NSAIDs (aHR 0.71; 95% CI 0.62–0.82). There was a reduced overall mortality risk for patients exposed to NSAIDs (aHR 0.68; 95% CI 0.64–0.72) and a reduced mortality risk for patients exposed to aspirin (aHR 0.86; 95% CI 0.82–0.91) after adjusting for comorbidities and severity of the liver disease. Patients with alcohol‐associated liver disease exposed to aspirin had reduced mortality risk (aHR 0.82; 95% CI 0.76–0.89) and exposure to NSAIDs also reduced the mortality risk (aHR 0.74; 95% CI 0.69–080). Exposure to aspirin or NSAIDs in patients with chronic liver diseases was associated with reduced cancer risks including risk for liver cancer and decreased overall mortality risk.
Effect of Sulfate‐Based Stabilizers on the Rust Layer Formation and Corrosion Resistance of Q420qNH Weathering Steel
Authors: Fan Ming , Zhao Kang‐wei , Ke Jia‐rong , Yang Jian‐jun , Liu Xi‐mao , Luo Deng , Fan Cai‐he , Xiong Xiang‐jiang , Chen Qian , Li Fang‐fang , Zhang Wei , Ghali Edward , Guo Hong‐yan
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the use of sulfate‐based stabilizers to stabilize the surface of Q420qNH weathering steel (WS) and their effect on rust layer formation and corrosion resistance. Dry/wet cyclic corrosion tests (CCT) were used to examine the effects of the various treatment regimens. The results demonstrated that sulfate‐based stabilizers accelerated the formation of α‐FeOOH, thereby enhancing the corrosion resistance of WS in simulated marine atmospheres. Particularly, the A1 stabilizer consisting of the CuSO4, FeSO4, NaHSO3, and Cr2(SO4)3 solution system shows better applicability under the simulated marine atmosphere. Specifically, after 8+64CCTs, the corrosion rate of sample A1 decreased by 54%, while the proportion of α‐FeOOH, the α/γ* value, and the self‐corrosion potential (Ecorr) increased by 15%, 0.55, and 0.29 V, respectively. The rust layer of Q420qNH WS primarily consists of γ‐FeOOH, α‐FeOOH, Fe3O4, and γ‐Fe2O3. Surface stabilization treatment with sulfate‐based stabilizers promoted the enrichment of Cu and Cr in the cracks, facilitating the filling of these defects and enhancing the stability and corrosion potential of the rust layer.
Harnessing Crystallization‐Driven Self‐Assembly (CDSA) of Semicrystalline Block Copolymers for Functional 2D Architectures and Their Applications
Authors: Sahu Ankita , Mahapatra Sipradip , Dey Pradip , Ghosh Goutam
Published: February 2025

2D micelles have attracted considerable attention in materials science due to their high surface area, tunable surface properties, and diverse potential applications. Although various methods are well‐established for synthesizing 2D inorganic materials, the development of 2D organic materials remains less advanced due to challenges in achieving controlled synthesis. Crystallization‐driven self‐assembly (CDSA) has emerged as a powerful and adaptable approach for constructing 2D micellar structures with precise control over dimensions, morphology, and corona chemistry. This technique is particularly significant for creating functional 2D architectures with applications across tissue engineering, nanomedicine, and sensing. Recent advances in CDSA of block copolymers have enabled enhanced structural precision and reproducibility, making it a valuable tool for designing next‐generation 2D materials. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current principles, properties, and application potential of 2D micelles with crystalline cores formed through CDSA, highlighting the transformative impact of this approach in the field of soft matter and nanotechnology.
Balancing the Mechanical Toughness and Electrical Insulation of Polypropylene by Blending and Grafting Modifications
Authors: Niu Shengkun , Zhang Tiandong , Zhang Huiyang , Zhang Changhai , Zhang Yue , Yin Chao , Zhang Yongquan , Wu Guanglei , Chi Qingguo
Published: February 2025

Balancing the mechanical toughness and electrical insulation of polypropylene (PP) for recyclable cable insulation application has attracted increasing attention. Due to the different molecular conformation, isotactic polypropylene (IPP) always delivers excellent electrical insulation but poor mechanical toughness, while block polypropylene (BPP) has been dramatically opposed properties. Blending IPP with BPP at an appropriate content may be beneficial to reconcile the toughness and insulation. In this study, the blending ratio of IPP and BPP is first investigated, and it is found that 60: 40 wt.% is the optimized ratio for achieving outstanding overall performance. Furthermore, polyolefin elastomer (POE) and styrene‐grafted POE (POE‐g‐St) are incorporated into IPP/BPP blends respectively to intensify the toughness as well as the insulation property. The microstructure, electrical properties, mechanical properties, and thermal properties of the composites are systematically analyzed and discussed. The results demonstrate that the composite with a grafting ratio of 1.21 wt.% styrene exhibits superior overall performances, the enhanced breakdown field strength of 314.02 kV mm−1, and reduced elastic modulus of 352.54 MPa are achieved. Additionally, the modified composites also possess a high melting temperature, high volume resistivity, and excellent space charge suppression capability, achieving the synergistic improvements of the electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties.
Electrospinning Using AC Electric Fields
Authors: Stanishevsky Andrei
Published: February 2025

Electrospinning is increasingly used as a staple technology for the fabrication of nano‐ and micro‐fibers of different materials. Most processes utilize direct current (DC) electrospinning, and a multitude of DC‐electrospinning tools ranging from research to commercial production systems is currently available. Yet, there are numerous studies performed on electrospinning techniques utilizing non‐DC, periodic electric fields, or alternating current (AC) electrospinning. Those studies demonstrate the strong potential of AC‐electrospinning for the sustainable production of various nanofibrous materials and structures. Although tremendous progress is achieved in the development of AC‐electrospinning over the last 10 years, this technique remains uncommon. This paper reviews the AC‐electrospinning concepts, instrumentation, and technology. The main focus of this review is the most studied, “electric wind” driven AC‐electrospinning technique tentatively named alternating field electrospinning (AFES). The latter term emphasizes the role of the AC electric field's confinement to the fiber‐generating electrode and the absence of a counter electrode in such an electrospinning system. The synopses of AFES process parameters, fiber‐generating spinneret designs, benefits and obstacles, advancements in AC electrospun nano/micro‐fibrous materials/structures and their applications are given, and future directions are discussed.
Predicting Power Density for Mm‐Wave Handset Antennas Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Li Hui , Qu Chang , Zhang Jiapeng , Feng Tian‐Xi
Published: February 2025

Simulating the peak spatial‐average incident power density (PD) for 5G millimeter‐wave (mm‐wave) handset antenna arrays is important but time‐consuming, as the entire handset needs to be taken into account. In this letter, a time‐efficient method based on machine learning (ML) is proposed to predict the maximum PD of mm‐wave antennas in real handsets. By training various typical antenna arrays, a mapping relationship is established between the near‐field distributions of the antenna array in real handsets and those of the stand‐alone array. With this mapping, the maximum PD of any mm‐wave array in a real handset can be quickly predicted by simulating the PD of the corresponding stand‐alone array. The method has been verified on several 4 × 1 arrays commonly used in 5G mobile handsets, showing accurate prediction of the maximum PD. The proposed method can be applied to mm‐wave arrays of any type and significantly reduces the evaluation time.