bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term, high‐spatial resolution carbon balance monitoring of the Amazonian frontier: Predisturbance and postdisturbance carbon emissions and uptake
Authors: Toomey Michael , Roberts Dar A. , Caviglia‐Harris Jill , Cochrane Mark A. , Dewes Candida F. , Harris Daniel , Numata Izaya , Sales Marcio H. , Sills Erin , Souza Carlos M.
Published: February 2013

We performed high‐spatial and high‐temporal resolution modeling of carbon stocks and fluxes in the state of Rondônia, Brazil for the period 1985–2009, using annual Landsat‐derived land cover classifications and a modified bookkeeping modeling approach. According to these results, Rondônia contributed 3.5–4% of pantropical humid forest deforestation emissions over this period. Similar to well‐known figures reported by the Brazilian Space Agency, we found a decline in deforestation rates since 2006. However, we estimate a lesser decrease, with deforestation rates continuing at levels similar to the early 2000s. Forest carbon stocks declined at an annual rate of 1.51%; emissions from postdisturbance land use nearly equaled those of the initial deforestation events. Carbon uptake by secondary forest was negligible due to limited spatial extent and high turnover rates. Net carbon emissions represented 93% of initial forest carbon stocks, due in part to repeated slash and pasture burnings and secondary forest clearing. We analyzed potential error incurred when spatially aggregating land cover by comparing results based on coarser‐resolution (250 m) and full‐resolution land cover products. At the coarser resolution, more than 90% of deforestation and secondary forest would be unresolvable, assuming that a 50% change threshold is necessary for detection. Therefore, we strongly suggest the use of Landsat‐scale (~30m) resolution carbon monitoring in tropical regions dominated by nonmechanized, smallholder land use change.
Intrahost genetic variability of human herpes virus‐8
Authors: Leao Jair Carneiro , de Faria Andreza Barkokebas Santos , Fonseca Déborah Daniela Diniz , Gueiros Luiz Alcino Monteiro , Silva Igor Henrique Morais , Porter Stephen R.
Published: February 2013

Studies were conducted to determine whether HHV‐8 hyperactivity could be the consequence of the propensity of the host to multiple HHV‐8 infection. The aim of the present work was to investigate HHV‐8 intrahost genetic variability. HHV‐8 subgenomic DNA was amplified by PCR from patients infected with HIV, health care workers (HCW) and bone marrow transplant recipients (BMT), and from oral lesional tissues of AIDS‐Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) patients. As controls, blood from HIV‐negative health care workers, and the cell lines BC‐1, BC‐2, and BCP‐1 were used. Clones derived from amplicons originating from DNA fragments in open reading frame (ORF) 26 and ORF K1 were isolated. For each ORF, intra‐specimen nucleotide sequence differences were determined. The extent of HHV‐8 variation in clones derived from blood of patients infected with HIV was significantly higher than in blood from health care workers or post‐bone marrow transplantation patients or in AIDS‐KS tissue. Among the clones derived from the latter three categories of specimens, sequence variations were not significant. It is concluded that HIV‐infected individuals can have multiple of HHV‐8, but AIDS‐KS lesions are associated with infection by a single HHV‐8 variant or a small group of related variants. J. Med. Virol. 85:636–645, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global existence and large time behavior of solutions for the bipolar quantum hydrodynamic models in the quarter plane
Authors: Li Yeping
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we discuss a bipolar transient quantum hydrodynamic model for charge density, current density, and electric field in the quarter plane. This model takes the form of a classical Euler–Poisson system with the additional dispersion terms caused by the quantum (Bohn) potential. We show global existence of smooth solutions for the initial boundary value problem when the initial data are near the nonlinear diffusive waves, which are different from the steady state. We also show the asymptotical behavior of the global smooth solution towards the nonlinear diffusive waves and obtain the algebraic decay rates. These results are proved by elaborate energy methods. Finally, using the Fourier analysis, we obtain the optimal convergence rates of the solutions towards the nonlinear diffusion waves. As far as we known, this is the first result about the initial boundary value problem of the one‐dimensional bipolar quantum hydrodynamic model in the quarter plane. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pullback attractors for nonautonomous 2D Bénard problem in some unbounded domains
Authors: Anh Cung The , Son Dang Thanh
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we study the 2D Bénard problem, a system with the Navier–Stokes equations for the velocity field coupled with a convection–diffusion equation for the temperature, in an arbitrary domain (bounded or unbounded) satisfying the Poincaré inequality with nonhomogeneous boundary conditions and nonautonomous external force and heat source. The existence of a weak solution to the problem is proved by using the Galerkin method. We then show the existence of a unique minimal finite‐dimensional pullback Dσ‐attractor for the process associated to the problem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipidomics in nutrition and food research
Authors: Hyötyläinen Tuulia , Bondia‐Pons Isabel , Orešič Matej
Published: February 2013

Lipids are a diverse class of metabolites that play several key roles in the maintenance of human health. Lipidomics, which focuses on the global study of molecular lipids in cells, tissues, and biofluids, has been advancing rapidly over the past decade. Recent developments in MS and computational methods enable the lipid analysis with high throughput, resolution, sensitivity, and ability for structural identification of several hundreds of lipids. In nutrition research, lipidomics can be effectively used to elucidate the interactions between diet, nutrients, and human metabolism. Lipidomics can also be applied to optimize the effects of food processing on the dietary value, and in the evaluation of food‐related health effects.
Assessment of PDA shunt and systemic blood flow in newborns using cardiac MRI
Authors: Broadhouse Kathryn M. , Price Anthony N. , Durighel Giuliana , Cox David J. , Finnemore Anna E. , Edwards A. David , Hajnal Joseph V. , Groves Alan M.
Published: February 2013

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) remains common in preterm newborns, but uncertainty over optimal management is perpetuated by clinicians' inability to quantify its true haemodynamic impact. Our aim was to develop a technique to quantify ductal shunt volume and the effect of PDA on systemic blood flow volume in neonates.

Phase contrast MRI sequences were optimized to quantify left ventricular output (LVO) and blood flow in the distal superior vena cava (SVC) (below the azygos vein insertion), descending aorta (DAo) and azygos vein. Total systemic flow was measured as SVC + DAo − azygos flow. Echo measures were included and correlated to shunt volumes.

75 infants with median (range) corrected gestation 33+6 (26+4–38+6) weeks were assessed. PDA was present in 15. In 60 infants without PDA, LVO matched total systemic flow (mean difference 2.06 ml/kg/min, repeatability index 13.2%). In PDA infants, ductal shunt volume was 7.9–74.2% of LVO. Multiple linear regression analysis correcting for gestational age showed that there was a significant association between ductal shunt volume and decreased upper and lower body flow (p = 0.01 and p < 0.001). However, upper body blood flow volumes were within the control group 95% confidence limits in all 15 infants with PDA, and lower body flow volumes within the control group limits in 12 infants with PDA. Echocardiographic assessment of reversed diastolic flow in the descending aorta had the strongest correlation with ductal shunt volume.

We have demonstrated that quantification of shunt volume is feasible in neonates. In the presence of high volume ductal shunting the upper and lower body flow volume are somewhat reduced, but levels remain within or close to the normal range for preterm infants. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of networked polymers by crosslinking reactions of polybenzoxazine bearing allyl group in the side chain
Authors: Oie Hiroaki , Sudo Atsushi , Endo Takeshi
Published: February 2013

A polybenzoxazine bearing allyl group in the side chain was synthesized by the ring‐opening polymerization of N‐allyl‐benzoxazine and was crosslinked by the two different processes, (1) thermally induced oligomerization of the allyl side chains and (2) radical addition of dithiol (thiol‐ene reaction) to the allyl side chains. The former process was promoted by adding 2,5‐dimethyl‐2,5‐di(tert‐butylperoxy)hexane as a radical source, leading to the improved yield of the networked polymer isolated as acetone‐insoluble fraction. The thiol‐ene reaction with using 1,6‐hexanedithiol was also an efficient method for crosslinking the polybenzoxazine. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Precision synthesis of acrylate multiblock copolymers from consecutive microreactor RAFT polymerizations
Authors: Vandenbergh Joke , de Moraes Ogawa Thales , Junkers Tanja
Published: February 2013

Well‐defined acrylate RAFT polymers and multiblock‐copolymers have been synthesized via the use of a continuous‐flow microreactor, in which polymerizations could be executed in 5−20 min reaction time. First, Poly(n‐butyl acrylate) (PnBuA) was synthesized in the micro‐flowreactor by using two different trithiocarbonate RAFT agents. Reaction time and reaction temperature were optimized and collected samples were directly studied with NMR, SEC and ESI‐MS to determine conversion, molar mass and end group fidelity. Using the continuous flow technique, highly reproducible and fast polymerizations yielded quantitatively functionalized PnBuA in a very facile and efficient manner. One batch of RAFT acrylate polymer with a molar mass of 1100 g mol−1 and excellent end group fidelity was employed as a macro‐RAFT agent for the subsequent copolymerization with different acrylate monomers (2‐ethylhexyl acrylate, t‐butyl acrylate, n‐butyl acrylate). Using this procedure, a sequential multiblock‐copolymer (Mn = 31,200 g mol−1, PDI = 1.46) consisting of five consecutive acrylate blocks was synthesized. This study clearly demonstrates the potential of using a continuous‐flow microreactor for subsequent RAFT polymerizations towards well‐defined multiblock‐copolymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013, 51, 2366–2374
Aqueous RAFT polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide‐mediated with hydrophilic macro‐RAFT agent: Homogeneous or heterogeneous polymerization?
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Li Shentong , Su Yang , Huo Fei , Zhang Wangqing
Published: February 2013

Aqueous RAFT polymerization of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) mediated with hydrophilic macro‐RAFT agent is generally used to prepare poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)‐based block copolymer. Because of the phase transition temperature of the block copolymer in water being dependent on the chain length of the PNIPAM block, the aqueous RAFT polymerization is much more complex than expected. Herein, the aqueous RAFT polymerization of NIPAM in the presence of the hydrophilic macro‐RAFT agent of poly(dimethylacrylamide) trithiocarbonate is studied and compared with the homogeneous solution RAFT polymerization. This aqueous RAFT polymerization leads to the well‐defined poly(dimethylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐b‐poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMA‐b‐PNIPAM‐b‐PDMA) triblock copolymer. It is found, when the triblock copolymer contains a short PNIPAM block, the aqueous RAFT polymerization undergoes just like the homogeneous one; whereas when the triblock copolymer contains a long PNIPAM block, both the initial homogeneous polymerization and the subsequent dispersion polymerization are involved and the two‐stage ln([M]o/[M])‐time plots are indicated. The reason that the PNIPAM chain length greatly affects the aqueous RAFT polymerization is discussed. The present study is anticipated to be helpful to understand the chain extension of thermoresponsive block copolymer during aqueous RAFT polymerization. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Facile synthesis for well‐defined A2B miktoarm star copolymer of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) by the combination of anionic polymerization and click reaction
Authors: Park Jicheol , Moon Hong Chul , Kim Jin Kon
Published: February 2013

We have introduced a facile synthetic route for well‐defined A2B miktoarm star copolymer composed of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) ((P3HT)2PMMA) by the combination of anionic polymerization and click reaction. First, we synthesized PMMA terminated with 1,3,5‐tris(bromomethyl)benzene (PMMA‐(Br)2) by anionic polymerization, and two bromines attached to the end of the PMMA chains were replaced by azides (PMMA‐(N3)2). Also, monoethynyl‐capped P3HT was synthesized by Grignard metathesis polymerization and post‐end functionalization. Then, copper(I)‐catalyzed Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition click reaction between monoethynyl‐capped P3HT and PMMA‐(N3)2 was performed to synthesize (P3HT)2PMMA. We used a slightly excess amount of monoethynyl‐capped P3HT so that all of the azide groups at the end of the PMMA chains completely reacted with monoethynyl‐capped P3HT. After complete removal of unreacted monoethynyl‐capped P3HT by column chromatography, pure (P3HT)2PMMA with narrow molecular weight distribution (the polydispersity of 1.18) was obtained. The weight fraction of P3HT and the total molecular weight of (P3HT)2PMMA are 0.48 and 16,000, respectively. To investigate the effect of the chain architecture on optical property and thin‐film morphology, we synthesized two linear P3HT‐b‐PMMAs (P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐L and P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H) with similar weight fraction of P3HT block (0.48 for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐L and 0.45 for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H) but two different total molecular weights (7900 for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐L and 15,300 for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H). UV–visible (UV–vis) absorption spectrum and the fibril width of (P3HT)2PMMA thin film were similar to those of P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐L thin film. However, UV–vis spectrum for P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H thin film was red‐shifted and the fibril width of P3HT‐b‐PMMA‐H was much larger than that of (P3HT)2PMMA. This indicates that the π–π interaction between P3HT arms in (P3HT)2PMMA is strong enough to arrange two P3HT backbone chains in (P3HT)2PMMA to stack one by one along the nanofibril axis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Ice‐ and Soil‐Wedge Dynamics in the Kapp Linné Area, Svalbard, Investigated by Two‐ and Three‐Dimensional GPR and Ground Thermal and Acceleration Regimes
Authors: Watanabe Tatsuya , Matsuoka Norikazu , Christiansen Hanne H.
Published: February 2013

GPR is applied to image subsurface structures below non‐sorted polygons in Kapp Linné, Svalbard, where ice and active‐layer soil wedges co‐exist within a small area. Two‐dimensional GPR images ice wedges as hyperbolic reflections extending down from the frost table. However, some ice‐wedge signals are obscured or masked by similar hyperbolic reflections produced by stones or active‐layer soil wedges. Three‐dimensional GPR images ice wedges as linear amplitude anomalies, which excludes the possibility of misinterpretation and offers more reliable results. GPR investigations show that ice wedges are distributed sporadically in lower (younger) beach ridges, but not in higher (older) ones.

Inter‐site monitoring of ground temperature, soil moisture, slow ground deformation and cracking during 2004–09 and the determination of near‐surface soil texture and stratigraphy suggest that snow cover and soil thermal properties determine the distribution of ice wedges. Most ice wedges are considered to be inactive due to relatively high permafrost temperatures. Shock loggers and extensometers detected shallow (soil wedge) cracking in sandy sediments, when the ground surface temperature dropped to −12°C and the thermal gradient in the upper 20 cm of ground reached −10°C m−1. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Orogenic plateau growth: Expansion of the Turkish‐Iranian Plateau across the Zagros fold‐and‐thrust belt
Authors: Allen M. B. , Saville C. , Blanc E. J‐P. , Talebian M. , Nissen E.
Published: February 2013

This paper shows how the Turkish‐Iranian Plateau grows laterally by incrementally incorporating adjacent parts of the Zagros fold‐and‐thrust belt. The limit of significant, seismogenic, thrusting in the Zagros (Mw > 5) occurs close to the regional 1250 m elevation contour. The seismicity cutoff is not a significant bedrock geology boundary. Elevations increase northward, toward regional plateau elevations of ~2 km, implying that another process produced the extra elevation. Between the seismogenic limit of thrusting and the suture, this process is a plausibly ductile thickening of the basement, suggesting depth‐dependent strain during compression. Similar depth‐dependant crustal strain may explain why the Tibetan plateau has regional elevations ~1500 m greater than the elevation limit of seismogenic thrusting at its margins. We estimate ~68 km shortening across the Zagros Simply Folded Belt in the Fars region, and ~120 km total shortening of the Arabian plate. The Dezful Embayment is a low strain zone in the western Zagros. Deformation is more intense to its northeast, in the Bakhtyari Culmination. The orogenic taper (across strike topographic gradient) across the Dezful Embayment is 0.0004, and across the Bakhtyari Culmination, 0.022. Lateral plateau growth is more pronounced farther east (Fars), where a more uniform structure has a taper of ~0.010 up to elevations of ~1750 m. A >100 km wide region of the Zagros further northeast has a taper of 0.002 and is effectively part of the Turkish‐Iranian Plateau. Internal drainage enhances plateau development but is not a pre‐requisite. Aspects of the seismicity, structure, and geomorphology of the Zagros do not support critical taper models for fold‐and‐thrust belts.
The Internationalization of Service Firms in China: A Comparative Analysis with Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Xue Qiuzhi , Zheng Qinqin , Lund Daniel W.
Published: February 2013

In this article, we expand upon the springboard perspective of emerging markets in the service sector. We investigate the phenomenon of service firm internationalization in China and the distinct differences between service and manufacturing firms during international expansion. Using dynamic analysis of historical data for 363 service firms and 569 manufacturing firms from 2001 to 2007, we find that the internationalization of service firms in China is different from that of manufacturing firms in terms of resource requirement and experience exploitation. The internationalization of service firms relies more on international experience than corporate resources. Furthermore, we also identify the structural differences between hard and soft service industries. In China, identifiable intangible assets are found to be more important for the international expansion of hard service firms than they are for soft service firms. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thoughts on Business Leadership in Emerging Markets: A Side Effect of Economic Colonialism or Simply Poor Management?
Authors: Behrens Alfredo
Published: February 2013

The strategic function of a top business leader, with its vision‐forming, persuading, and control abilities, spans much of what has been traditionally viewed as the field of leadership research. While some leaders speak or write about leadership without having led many businesses, others who have led lack the capacity for reflection which is necessary to explain what it is that they do. Yet, most leaders seem to have something to say, and they find eager listeners. Are MBA candidates being misled by the business press and thus are unable to tell a real leader from a fraud? Or is it that those we call business leaders today are only figureheads propelled by those toiling beneath them? This commentary focuses on thoughts centered on the rim of contention: business leadership in Brazil. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Do Surgeons Experience and Cope with the Death and Dying of Their Patients? A Qualitative Study in the Context of Life‐limiting Illnesses
Authors: Zambrano Sofia C. , Chur‐Hansen Anna , Crawford Gregory B.
Published: February 2013

Background

The present qualitative study explores surgeons’ experiences and coping mechanisms with the death of their patients in the context of life‐limiting illnesses.

Methods

Nine Australian surgeons participated in in‐depth interviews. Thematic analysis of the interview transcriptions allowed for identification of themes and subthemes. Methodological trustworthiness and rigor were preserved at all stages of the research process.

Results

The essence of surgical practice, comprising participants’ descriptions of their identity as surgeons, influenced their experiences and coping mechanisms when dealing with death and dying. The following subthemes were identified: distancing from patients, wanting to fix problems, doing in terms of operating on a patient, prominence of the surgeon’s personal ability, and high personal responsibility for patient outcomes. Giving hope and having a mixed surgical practice were some of the coping mechanisms described by participants.

Discussion

Death and dying are a part of surgical practice, and surgeons face challenges as they care for dying patients. Although participants stated that they felt less affected by dealing with patients dying of life‐limiting illnesses than by unexpected deaths, their descriptions of their encounters, reactions, and behaviors, as well as their use of language, suggest that these deaths have a lasting impact. Potential areas for improvement of surgical practice and approaches to teaching about death and dying in surgery are addressed. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest the need to expand research in this area.
Naked Truths: Bodies, Knowledge, and the Erotics of Colonial Power
Authors: Levine Philippa
Published: February 2013

If clothing can be said to have political and cultural meaning, then the same must surely be true of its absence. In the British Empire, where the calibration of difference was paramount, nakedness acquired hierarchical significance. The sensibilities of the Victorians clashed with those of their colonial subjects on this topic over and over again, and nakedness came to define savagery and subjecthood. Through the optics of scientific literature, popular photography, and art, this essay examines the colonial politics of nakedness, its gendered dynamics, and the tensions between the erotic and the scientific.
The Trinitarian Crisis in Church and State: Religious Controversy and the Making of the Postrevolutionary Church of England, 1687–1702
Authors: Sirota Brent S.
Published: February 2013

This article sets the wide-ranging controversy over the doctrine of the Trinity that erupted in late seventeenth-century England firmly within the political context of the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689. Against a voluminous historiography that confines the trinitarian controversy within the apolitical narrative of an incipient English enlightenment, this article considers the controversy as part of the broader political crisis that befell church and state in the final years of the century. The trinitarian controversy must be understood not simply as a doctrinal dispute but as a disciplinary crisis: a far-reaching debate over not only the content of orthodoxy but also the constitutional apportionment of responsibilities for its enforcement. As such, the controversy featured interventions from an unprecedented array of public authorities—Crown, Parliament, university, episcopate, and convocation—all claiming the preeminent custody of orthodoxy in an institutional landscape profoundly unsettled by revolutionary upheaval. This institutional dimension, long ignored by historians and theologians, placed the trinitarian controversy at the heart of civil and ecclesiastical politics during the reign of William and Mary. Indeed, the trinitarian controversy may be considered the defining event in church politics in the postrevolutionary era, exercising a prevailing influence on the content of Anglican ecclesiastical partisanship for much of the early eighteenth century. While recognizing the importance of these disputes to the emergence of an English enlightenment, this article insists that the trinitarian controversy is equally indispensable for understanding the rage of political parties in postrevolutionary England.
Online peer support for mental health problems in the United States: 2004–2010
Authors: DeAndrea D. C. , Anthony J. C.
Published: February 2013

Background

Help seeking for online peer and other social support in response to depression and other mental health problems offers an electronic technology alternative to traditional mental health care. Here, with nationally representative samples of adult community residents in the USA, we study online peer support help seeking, estimate its occurrence, and investigate depression and other suspected predictors and correlates, some of which might prove to be causal influences.

Method

The data are from nationally representative probability sample surveys of the non-institutionalized US adult population, with a new independent sample assessed via confidential computerized self-assessment modules each year from 2004 to 2010, yielding estimates about online peer support. A total of 264 431 adults participated in these years.

Results

An estimated three per 1000 adults (0.3%) seek online peer support for mental health problems each year (95% confidence interval 0.0022–0.0036). Individuals with depression and/or serious psychological distress are strongly over-represented among these adult online peer support help seekers (odds ratio >7,p < 0.001). Associations with college education, being non-Hispanic white, being female, and age are also noteworthy (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Online help seeking for mental health social support is becoming frequent enough for study in large sample national surveys, and might well be fostered by active neuropsychiatric ailments such as depression or other serious psychological distress. Open questions remain about whether the result is beneficial, or conditions required for efficacious online peer support, as might be disclosed in definitive evidence from randomized controlled trials.
The nation in the city: ceremonial (re)burials and patriotic mythmaking in turn-of-the-century Budapest
Authors: VARI ALEXANDER
Published: February 2013

The funerals and reburials of prominent Hungarian leaders (Count Lajos Batthyány, Ferenc Deák, Lajos Kossuth and Prince Ferenc Rákóczi II) over the course of the Dualist decades (1867–1918) – a time period when Hungary was integrated into a federal structure with Austria – were important moments in the imagining of Hungarian national identity. The article argues that turn-of-the-century Budapest served not just as stage for patriotic mythmaking on the occasion of these funeral ceremonies but was both affected by and shaped the former's content and significance.
THE LATE-VICTORIAN HISTORIES OF INDIAN ART OBJECTS: POLITICS AND AESTHETICS IN JAIPUR'S ALBERT HALL MUSEUM
Authors: Choi Tina Young
Published: February 2013

Recent guidebooks for the Westernertraveling to Northern India generally refer the prospective visitor to a common range of cities around Delhi – Agra, Jaipur, and Udaipur; within these, the Taj Mahal, Jaipur's Pink City and nearby Amber Fort, and Udaipur's glamorous lake palaces usually merit must-see status. Until its refurbishment a few years ago, the Albert Hall Museum, an elaborate structure with old-fashioned interiors and a location a kilometer south of Jaipur's city center, ranked as a second- or even third-tier tourist attraction; travel guides from recent years mention it with indifference, describing its collections as “dusty” and “fine, if carelessly exhibited” (Bindloss and Singh 170), or even suggesting that “a slow circular turn around the building in a car will suffice” (Frommers520). Yet a century ago the Museum proudly occupied a primary place in British travel guides to India. It opened with ceremony and fanfare in 1887, and by 1898 almost three million Indian and over ten thousand European visitors had passed through its doors (Hendley,Report9). A striking example of colonial architecture, constructed of white stone with numerous courtyards, covered walkways, and ornamented domes (Figure 1), it was regarded as perhaps the most noteworthy edifice within a noteworthy Indian city. Thomas Holbein Hendley, resident Surgeon-Major in Jaipur, chief curator for the 1883 Jaipur Exhibition, and the Albert Hall Museum's Secretary and tireless champion, recommended that travelers in Jaipur for a single day make two visits, both morning and evening, to the site, and that those with an additional day to spend in the city schedule a third visit. Murray'sHandbook for Travellers in India, Burma and Ceylonconcurred, describing it as “a beautiful museum – an Oriental South Kensington, suitably housed” (174), and just after the turn of the century, English journalist Sidney Low recalled that it was “the best museum, with one exception, in all India, a museum which, in the careful selection and the judicious arrangement of its contents, is a model of what such an institution ought to be” (114).
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LITTLE POETS’ CORNER BETWEEN CULTURAL MEMORY AND GEOPOLITICS
Authors: Ascari Maurizio
Published: February 2013

As Jan Assmann writes, the conceptof “cultural memory” both “draws our attention to the role of the past in constituting our world” and also investigates “the motives that prompt our recourse to it” (ix). Cultural memory is transmitted through a variety of mediators ranging from texts and images to commemorative sites, whose complex aesthetic and ideological configurations – whether associated with trauma or glory – are a source of great interest. In hisNew Science(1725–44), Giambattista Vico claimed that “humanitasin Latin comes first and properly fromhumando” (8), highlighting the importance burial rituals had in the creation of civilised society. The commemoration of the dead is indeed at the core of cultural memory as the foundation on which the social compact between the living and the dead rests.
Late-L2 increased reliance on L1 neurocognitive substrates: A comment on Babcock, Stowe, Maloof, Brovetto & Ullman (2012)
Authors: PARADIS MICHEL
Published: February 2013

Babcok et al. (2012) claim that Paradis (1994, 2004, 2009) argues that the reliance of late L2 learners on L1 neurocognitive mechanisms increases over time across both lexical and grammatical functions, namely for lexical items as well as rule-governed grammatical procedures, when in fact one can find repeated statements to the contrary in the very publications cited by the authors. Actually, Paradis’ main contention over the past 20 years has been that, contrary to grammatical functions, lexical items (as meaning–form relationships) are always of the same nature in L1 and L2 (hence stored declaratively). Thus in L2, only the neurocognitive mechanisms on which aspects of the grammar depend change over time. Consequently, the finding that length of residence (like age of arrival) influences the mechanisms underlying regular (composed), but not irregular (stored) verb forms, is compatible with Paradis’ views, in contradiction to what Babcock et al. are also suggesting.
Response Inhibition Modulates Response Conflict in Task Switching
Authors: Grzyb Kai Robin , Hübner Ronald
Published: February 2013

Although response repetition (RR) effects vary considerably between conditions and studies, little is known about the causes. Recently, RR costs on task-switch trials have been found to be larger for incongruent stimuli that activate both alternative responses than for neutral ones. Here, we investigated if this modulation can be explained by an amplification of response conflict account (ARC). It assumes that a response-shift bias that is responsible for the basic RR costs amplifies the response conflict induced by incongruent stimuli specifically on trials where the response repeats. Consequently, RR costs are increased for incongruent stimuli. Because supporting evidence for this account was restricted to task-shift trials, we tested if the ARC account holds also more generally, that is, on task-repetition trials. To this end, we applied a rather common alternating-runs paradigm and presented neutral and incongruent stimuli. Results show that the congruency effect was larger on RR trials than on RS trials. Because this relation was independent of task transition, it is consistent with the idea that, in order to promote behavioral flexibility in task-switching contexts, a general response-shift bias is induced by inhibiting the previous response.
Multidimensional Yamada-Watanabe theorem and its applications to particle systems
Authors: Graczyk Piotr , Małecki Jacek
Published: February 2013

We prove a multidimensional version of the Yamada-Watanabe theorem, i.e., a theorem giving conditions on coefficients of a stochastic differential equation for existence and pathwise uniqueness of strong solutions. It implies an existence and uniqueness theorem for the eigenvalue and eigenvector processes of matrix-valued stochastic processes, called a “spectral” matrix Yamada-Watanabe theorem. The multidimensional Yamada-Watanabe theorem is also applied to particle systems of squared Bessel processes, corresponding to matrix analogues of squared Bessel processes, Wishart and Jacobi matrix processes. The β-versions of these particle systems are also considered.
Scale-and shape-dependent transport property of nanoporous materials
Authors: Hyun Sangil , Koo Eunhae
Published: February 2013

A cellular material was proposed as an ideal candidate for multifunctional material achieving various optimal properties in many length scales. The superior performances on mechanical, thermal, electrical, and fluidic properties have been explored in analytic, numerical, and experimental studies. Since the cellular materials have wide range of potential applications in microscopic devices, characterization in small length scale gains more attentions recently. For this assessment, the atomistic approach as well as continuum approach becomes crucial to characterize its performance in multiscales. One of the key multifunctional features of the nanoporous microstructures would be high fluidic performance. Some studies investigated macroscopic transport properties, but less has been done to address the scale- and shape-dependent transport properties for their microscopic fluidics applications. In this study, we investigated complex flow patterns and transport properties of porous structures in microscopic scales. To address the geometry-dependent transport properties, a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics was employed in the atomistic scale. Various flow channels in the porous materials were introduced to address the size and shape effect of the flow patterns in small length scales.
Symmetry effects in electrostatic interactions between two arbitrarily charged spherical shells in the Debye-Hückel approximation
Authors: Lošdorfer Božič Anže , Podgornik Rudolf
Published: February 2013

Inhomogeneous charge distributions have important repercussions on electrostatic interactions in systems of charged particles but are often difficult to examine theoretically. We investigate how electrostatic interactions are influenced by patchy charge distributions exhibiting certain point group symmetries. We derive a general form of the electrostatic interaction energy of two permeable, arbitrarily charged spherical shells in the Debye-Hückel approximation and apply it to the case of particles with icosahedral, octahedral, and tetrahedral inhomogeneous charge distributions. We analyze in detail how charge distribution symmetry modifies the interaction energy and find that local charge inhomogeneities reduce the repulsion of two overall equally charged particles, while sufficient orientational variation in the charge distribution can turn the minimum interaction energy into an attraction. Additionally, we show that larger patches and thus lower symmetries and wave numbers result in bigger attraction given the same variation.
Characteristic oxygen K-edge circular dichroism spectra of amino acid films by improved measurement technique
Authors: Izumi Yudai , Tanabe Maiko , Imazu Akiko , Mimoto Aki , Tanaka Masahito , Agui Akane , Muro Takayuki , Nakagawa Kazumichi
Published: February 2013

Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in the soft x-ray energy region is a new tool to study the local structure of chiral materials. In this paper, we introduce a method to measure high-quality CD spectra in the oxygen K-edge energy region. Characteristic CD spectra of thin films of the amino acids L-tyrosine and L-aspartic acid are reported and compared with those of films of L-alanine and L-serine. The signals from the oxygen 1s → π* transitions of COO−, which is a common moiety in these amino acids, reflect the local geometry of each amino acid.
Imaging single electron spin in a molecule trapped within a nanocavity of tunable dimension
Authors: Ham Ungdon , Ho W.
Published: February 2013

Control of magnetism at the nanoscale is shown by a reversible transfer of an electron to and from a single molecule within the tunable gap of a scanning tunneling microscope. The addition of an electron to magnesium porphine changes the molecule from the diamagnetic state to the paramagnetic state. The existence of the single unpaired electron in the molecule is confirmed by spectroscopy and spatial imaging of the many body Kondo state and inelastic spin excitation between the Zeeman levels at 600 mK and up to 9 Tesla magnetic field. Here, we show that the spin is delocalized in an extended molecular orbital, in contrast to the spatially confined d and f states in atoms and magnetic centers in molecules. Furthermore, by tuning the dimension of the tunneling gap and visualizing the spectroscopic images, the inelastic spin-flip scatterings are shown to underlie the formation of the Kondo state.
Tracking geomagnetic fluctuations to picotesla accuracy using two superconducting quantum interference device vector magnetometers
Authors: Henry S. , Pozzo di Borgo E. , Cavaillou A.
Published: February 2013

SQUIDs can be used to monitor the three vector components of the geomagnetic field to a high precision at very low frequencies, yet as they are susceptible to external interference, the accuracy to which they can track changes in the dc field over long periods has been unclear. We have carried out simultaneous measurements of the geomagnetic field recorded using two independent 3-axis SQUID magnetometers at the Laboratoire Souterrain à Bas Bruit (LSBB). We demonstrate a technique to take the difference between a linear transform of the three signals from one magnetometer, and a reference signal from the other, in order to account for any difference in alignment and calibration, and track local signals at a sub-nT level. We confirmed that both systems tracked the same signal with an RMS difference as low as 56pT over a period of 72 h. To our knowledge this is the first such demonstration of the long term accuracy of SQUID magnetometers for monitoring geomagnetic fields.
Many-body effects for critical Casimir forces
Authors: Mattos T. G. , Harnau L. , Dietrich S.
Published: February 2013

Within mean-field theory we calculate the scaling functions associated with critical Casimir forces for a system consisting of two spherical colloids immersed in a binary liquid mixture near its consolute point and facing a planar, homogeneous substrate. For several geometrical arrangements and boundary conditions we analyze the normal and the lateral critical Casimir forces acting on one of the two colloids. We find interesting features such as a change of sign of these forces upon varying either the position of one of the colloids or the temperature. By subtracting the pairwise forces from the total force we are able to determine the many-body forces acting on one of the colloids. We have found that the many-body contribution to the total critical Casimir force is more pronounced for small colloid-colloid and colloid-substrate distances, as well as for temperatures close to criticality, where the many-body contribution to the total force can reach up to 25%.
Time-lag properties of corona streamer discharges between impulse sphere and dc needle electrodes under atmospheric air conditions
Authors: Okano Daisuke
Published: February 2013

In this study of corona streamer discharges from an impulse generator using a dc power supply, the relationship of the discharge time-lag with the dc bias voltage between the sphere-to-needle electrodes under atmospheric conditions is investigated. Devices utilizing corona discharges have been used to purify air or water, destroy bacteria, and to remove undesirable substances, and in order to achieve fast response times and high power efficiencies in such devices, it is important to minimize the time-lag of the corona discharge. Our experimental results show that (a) the discharge path of a negatively biased needle electrode will be straighter than that of a positively biased needle and (b) the discharge threshold voltage in both the positive and the negative needle electrodes is nearly equal to 33 kV. By expressing the discharge voltage as a power function of time-lag, the extent of corona generation can be quantitatively specified using the exponent of this power function. The observed behavior of a corona streamer discharge between the negative spherical and the positive needle electrodes indicates that the largest power exponent is associated with the shortest time-lag, owing to the reduction in the statistical time-lag in the absence of a formative time-lag.
On the geometric formulation of Hamiltonian dynamics
Authors: Calderon Eran , Horwitz Lawrence , Kupferman Raz , Shnider Steven
Published: February 2013

Under a proper assignment of a metric and a connection, the (classical) dynamical trajectories can be identified as geodesics of the underlying manifold. We show how these geometric structures can be derived; specifically, we construct them explicitly for configuration and phase spaces of Hamiltonian systems. We demonstrate how the correspondence between geometry and dynamics can be applied to study the conserved quantities of a dynamical system. Lastly, we demonstrate how the mean-curvature of the energy level-sets in phase-space might be correlated with strongly chaotic behavior.
Benchmark problems for mixtures of rarefied gases. I. Couette flow
Authors: Sharipov Felix , Strapasson José L.
Published: February 2013

The planar Couette flow for gaseous mixture He–Ar is calculated by the direct simulation Monte Carlo method based on ab initio potential over the whole range of the gas rarefaction for several values of the mole fraction and for two values of the wall speed. The smaller value of the speed corresponds to the limit when the nonlinear terms are negligible, while the larger value describes a nonlinear flow. The shear stress, velocity gradient, temperature, and mole fraction profiles are presented. The reported results can be used as benchmark data to test model kinetic equations for gaseous mixtures. To study the influence of the intermolecular potential, the same simulations are carried out for the hard sphere molecular model. A relative deviation of the results based on this model from those based on the ab initio potential are analyzed. It is pointed out that the difference between the shear stresses of the two potentials for the linearized solution is within 1%, while it reaches 6% for the nonlinear cases.
Thermal properties, magneto- and baro-caloric effects in La0.7Pb0.3MnO3 single crystal
Authors: Kartashev A. V. , Mikhaleva E. A. , Gorev M. V. , Bogdanov E. V. , Cherepakhin A. V. , Sablina K. A. , Mikhashonok N. V. , Flerov I. N. , Volkov N. V.
Published: February 2013

The results of heat capacity, thermal dilatation and T-p phase diagram studies on the La0.7Pb0.3MnO3 single crystal are reported. Direct measurements of intensive magnetocaloric effect are performed by means of adiabatic calorimeter. Barocaloric effect is determined using data of heat capacity and susceptibility to hydrostatic pressure. Caloric efficiency of manganite in the vicinity of ferromagnetic phase transition is discussed and compared with that of other magnetic materials.
Comparison between hybrid and fully kinetic models of asymmetric magnetic reconnection: Coplanar and guide field configurations
Authors: Aunai Nicolas , Hesse Michael , Zenitani Seiji , Kuznetsova Maria , Black Carrie , Evans Rebekah , Smets Roch
Published: February 2013

Magnetic reconnection occurring in collisionless environments is a multi-scale process involving both ion and electron kinetic processes. Because of their small mass, the electron scales are difficult to resolve in numerical and satellite data, it is therefore critical to know whether the overall evolution of the reconnection process is influenced by the kinetic nature of the electrons, or is unchanged when assuming a simpler, fluid, electron model. This paper investigates this issue in the general context of an asymmetric current sheet, where both the magnetic field amplitude and the density vary through the discontinuity. A comparison is made between fully kinetic and hybrid kinetic simulations of magnetic reconnection in coplanar and guide field systems. The models share the initial condition but differ in their electron modeling. It is found that the overall evolution of the system, including the reconnection rate, is very similar between both models. The best agreement is found in the guide field system, which confines particle better than the coplanar one, where the locality of the moments is violated by the electron bounce motion. It is also shown that, contrary to the common understanding, reconnection is much faster in the guide field system than in the coplanar one. Both models show this tendency, indicating that the phenomenon is driven by ion kinetic effects and not electron ones.
Toward surface plasmon polariton quantum-state tomography
Authors: Dominguez D. , Regan C. J. , Bernussi A. A. , Grave de Peralta L.
Published: February 2013

We report the direct excitation and detection of single-photon surface plasmon polariton (SPP) using a SPP tomography arrangement. Temporally spaced photons produced by spontaneous parametric downconversion were used to excite single-photon SPPs. The quantum statistics of the leakage radiation was studied using a Hanbury-Brown & Twiss correlator arrangement. We observed a violation of the second order coherence test indicating leakage of temporally spaced photons. This demonstrates that leakage radiation associated with SPPs excited by single photons is composed of temporally spaced photons. Reaching the quantum regime of SPP tomography opens the door for further advances in SPP quantum state determination using SPP tomography.
Enhancement of resonant and non-resonant magnetoelectric coupling in multiferroic laminates with anisotropic piezoelectric properties
Authors: Rajaram Patil Deepak , Chai Yisheng , Kambale Rahul C. , Jeon Byung-Gu , Yoo Kyongjun , Ryu Jungho , Yoon Woon-Ha , Park Dong-Soo , Jeong Dae-Yong , Lee Sang-Goo , Lee Jeongho , Nam Joong-Hee , Cho Jeong-Ho , Kim Byung-Ik , Hoon Kim Kee
Published: February 2013

Giant transverse magnetoelectric voltage coefficients |α̃E| = 751 and 305 V/cmOe at two electromechanical antiresonance frequencies are found in the symmetric metglas/[011]-oriented 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.3PbTiO3 crystal/metglas laminate. Unique torsional and diagonal vibration modes are identified to be responsible for those giant |α̃E| values. Moreover, α̃E is found to be anisotropic depending on the in-plane magnetic field directions, making the piezoelectrics with anisotropic planar piezoelectricity potentially useful base materials for multi-frequency, phase-sensitive magnetoelectric devices.