bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Tissue Factor–Factor VIIa Signaling by Lipid Rafts and Caveolae
Authors: Awasthi Vineet , Mandal Samir K. , Papanna Veena , Rao L. Vijaya Mohan , Pendurthi Usha R.
Published: April 2007

Objective—

Coagulation factor VIIa (VIIa) binding to its cellular receptor, tissue factor (TF), not only initiates the coagulation cascade but also induces cell signaling by activating G-protein coupled protease-activated receptors. The objective of the present study is to investigate the role of lipid rafts and caveolae in modulating TF-VIIa signaling and coagulant functions.

Methods and Results—

TF-VIIa coagulant function was measured in factor X activation assay and the signaling function was evaluated in phosphoinositide hydrolysis and IL-8 gene induction. Buoyant density gradient centrifugation and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy were used to determine cellular localization of TF and protease-activated receptor 2. The data show that a substantial fraction of TF and protease-activated receptor 2 resides in lipid rafts/caveolae, and disruption of lipid rafts by cholesterol depletion or modification reduced TF-VIIa–induced cell signaling. Disruption of caveolae with caveolin-1 silencing had no effect on the TF-VIIa coagulant activity but inhibited the TF-VIIa-induced cell signaling.

Conclusion—

Overall our data show that lipid raft/caveolae play a selective role in modulating the TF-VIIa signaling function without affecting the TF-VIIa coagulant activity.
Asymmetric Dynamic Cerebral Autoregulatory Response to Cyclic Stimuli
Authors: Aaslid Rune , Blaha Martin , Sviri Gill , Douville Colleen M. , Newell David W.
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose—

Dynamic cerebral autoregulation has been shown to be fast and effective, but it is not well known if the mechanism is symmetric, that is to say, it acts with equal compensatory action to upward as compared with downward abrupt changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP).

Methods—

Fourteen patients with head injuries and 10 normal subjects had bilateral transcranial Doppler and continuous ABP recording. Cyclic ABP stimuli were generated by large thigh cuffs, which were rapidly inflated above systolic pressure for 15 seconds alternating with 15 seconds of deflation. At least 8 such cycles were ensemble-averaged and the dynamic autoregulatory gain (AG
up
and AG
dn
) was estimated separately for upward and downward changes in ABP. The results were compared with the autoregulation index using conventional leg cuff releases.

Results—

In normal subjects, AG
dn
was 0.74±0.18 and AG
up
was 0.77±0.17 (mean±SD); the difference was insignificant. The correlation between AG
dn
and AG
up
, however, was weak (
r
=0.24). In the patients with head injury, AG
dn
was 0.30±0.21 and AG
up
was 1.27±0.76, the difference being highly significant (
P
<0.001). There was a negative relationship between AG
dn
and AG
up
(
r
=−0.33). Autoregulation index correlated well with AG
dn
(
r
=0.79) and weakly negatively with AG
up
(
r
=−0.47).

Conclusions—

A strongly asymmetric dynamic response of the cerebral autoregulation was seen the majority of patients with head injury. It might also have been present, albeit to a lesser degree, in the normal subjects. The findings suggest that nonlinear effects may be present in the operation of the cerebral autoregulation mechanism.
Hyperoxic Reperfusion After Global Ischemia Decreases Hippocampal Energy Metabolism
Authors: Richards Erica M. , Fiskum Gary , Rosenthal Robert E. , Hopkins Irene , McKenna Mary C.
Published: April 2007

Background and Purpose—

Previous reports indicate that compared with normoxia, 100% ventilatory O
2
during early reperfusion after global cerebral ischemia decreases hippocampal pyruvate dehydrogenase activity and increases neuronal death. However, current standards of care after cardiac arrest encourage the use of 100% O
2
during resuscitation and for an undefined period thereafter. Using a clinically relevant canine cardiac arrest model, in this study we tested the hypothesis that hyperoxic reperfusion decreases hippocampal glucose metabolism and glutamate synthesis.

Methods—

After 10 minutes of cardiac arrest, animals were resuscitated and ventilated for 1 hour with 100% O
2
(hyperoxic) or 21% to 30% O
2
(normoxic). At 30 minutes reperfusion, [1-
13
C]glucose was infused, and at 2 hours, brains were rapidly removed and frozen. Extracted metabolites were analyzed by
13
C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results—

Compared with nonischemic controls, the hippocampi from hyperoxic animals had elevated levels of unmetabolized
13
C-glucose and decreased incorporation of
13
C into all isotope isomers of glutamate. These findings indicate impaired neuronal metabolism via the pyruvate dehydrogenase pathway for carbon entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle and impaired glucose metabolism via the astrocytic pyruvate carboxylase pathway. No differences were observed in the cortex, indicating that the hippocampus is more vulnerable to metabolic changes induced by hyperoxic reperfusion.

Conclusions—

These results represent the first direct evidence that hyperoxia after cardiac arrest impairs hippocampal oxidative energy metabolism in the brain and challenge the rationale for using excessively high resuscitative ventilatory O
2
.
Significant Inversions and Rapid In Situ Cooling at a Well-Sited Oklahoma Mesonet Station
Authors: Hunt Eric D. , Basara Jeffrey B. , Morgan Cynthia R.
Published: April 2007

The El Reno Oklahoma Mesonet (ELRE) site is one of a few Oklahoma Mesonet sites that has measured inversions of 10°C or greater between 1.5 and 9 m. Historical analyses revealed that strong inversions at ELRE have occurred because of rapid cooling near the surface shortly after sunset when conditions are calm, clear, and dry. In addition, ELRE is a very well sited station and is located on very slightly sloped terrain with no obstructions nearby. Four Portable Automated Research Micrometeorological Stations (PARMS) were deployed along a transect orthogonal to ELRE for 3 months in the spring of 2005 to quantify the micrometeorological processes that caused rapid cooling and subsequent strong inversions to form. One-minute data collected from the PARMS and ELRE during the study verified the variability and duration of strong inversion events. Analyses from the field study also revealed that significant horizontal and vertical differences in air temperature and wind speed existed during periods of differential wind speeds between the PARMS and ELRE.
Comparison of Efficient Explicit Schemes for Shallow-Water Equations—Characteristics-Based Fractional-Step Method and Multimoment Eulerian Scheme
Authors: Imai Yohsuke , Aoki Takayuki , Shoucri Magdi
Published: April 2007

Two explicit schemes for the numerical solution of the shallow-water equations are examined. The directional-splitting fractional-step method permits relatively large time steps without an iterative process by using a treatment based on the characteristics of the governing equations. The interpolated differential operator (IDO) scheme has fourth-order accuracy in time and space by using a Hermite interpolation function covering local domains, and accurate results are obtained with coarse meshes. It is shown that the two schemes are very efficient for hydrostatic meteorological models from the viewpoints of numerical accuracy and central processing unit time, and the fact that they are explicit makes them suitable for computers with parallel architecture.
Exploring the Faculty Pipeline in Educational Administration: Evidence from the Survey of Earned Doctorates, 1999 to 2000
Authors: Baker Bruce D. , Wolf-Wendel Lisa , Twombly Susan
Published: April 2007

Purpose : This study examines the factors that predict who among those receiving educational administration doctorates is most likely to become a faculty member. Research Design : The study uses 10 years of data on all doctoral recipients from programs in educational administration gathered from the Survey of Earned Doctorates (1990 to 2000). Statistical models, using logistic regression, determined which variables (preparation, experience, and personal) best predicted whether graduates pursued postsecondary academic careers. A separate model determined which variables predicted the likelihood of holding a graduate assistantship (the best predictor of a faculty career). A third model determined the variables that best predicted the selectivity of an individual's undergraduate institution. Findings : The study found that 19% of doctoral recipients in educational administration pursue faculty careers. The best predictors of becoming a faculty member were attending a research university full time, holding an assistantship, being single, having no children, and being younger than age 30. A second track to the professoriat is also evident. Many who pursue faculty careers are older, worked full time in graduate school, and held faculty positions before they graduated. Conclusions : More research is needed about the second track to the educational professoriat. From a policy perspective, questions remain about the characteristics most desired for those training future school administrators as well as future educational administration faculty.
Social Justice Educational Leaders and Resistance: Toward a Theory of Social Justice Leadership
Authors: Theoharis George
Published: April 2007

Purpose : A subgroup of principals—leaders for social justice—guide their schools to transform the culture, curriculum, pedagogical practices, atmosphere, and schoolwide priorities to benefit marginalized students. The purpose of the article is to develop a theory of this social justice educational leadership. Research Design : This empirical study examined the following questions: (a) In what ways are principals enacting social justice in public schools? (b) What resistance do social justice—driven principals face in their justice work? (c) What strategies do principals develop to sustain their ability to enact social justice in light of the resistance they face in public schools? Data Collection and Analysis : A critical, qualitative, positioned-subject approach combined with principles of autoethnography guided the research methods. Seven public school leaders who came to the principalship with a social justice orientation, who make issues of race, class, gender, disability, sexual orientation, and other historically marginalizing factors central to their advocacy, leadership practice, and vision, and who have demonstrated success in making their schools more just, were studied through interviews. Findings: A description of (a) how the principals enacted social justice, (b) the resistance they faced as well as the toll the resistance had on them, and (c) the strategies they developed to sustain their social justice work is provided in detail. Implications for administrator preparation are made at the close of this article.
The Hidden Dimensions: Profound Sorrow and Buried Potential in Violent Youth
Authors: Crenshaw David A. , Garbarino James
Published: April 2007

Some enraged kids in clinical settings are youth who have been simply and narrowly judged as “bad kids” by many of the adults in their lives. But most of these youngsters have suffered major and repeated losses, and in some cases traumatic losses. These losses were not recognized by others or grieved by the children, nor did the children receive support from the adults in their lives. This deep reservoir of unrequited sorrow is the smoldering emotional underbelly to their violence. Also in this deeper place in which the true essence of the child lives are their untapped human potential and redeeming qualities. The metaphor of “fawns in gorilla suits” was introduced in previous writing to highlight the features of these foster care kids who have suffered severe losses and for whom modifications in the empirically supported treatment protocols are needed to adequately and safely undertake therapeutic exploration of their traumatic grief.
Two Concepts of Liberal Pluralism
Authors: Crowder George
Published: April 2007

Is the liberal state entitled to intervene in the internal affairs of its nonliberal minorities to promote individual autonomy as a public ideal, or should it tolerate the nonliberal practices of such groups in the name of legitimate diversity? This problem can be fruitfully approached from the perspective of Isaiah Berlin's notion of “value pluralism.” According to William Galston, value pluralism privileges a form of liberalism that is maximally accommodating of nonliberal groups and their practices. I agree that pluralism fits best with a liberal political framework, but I depart from Galston's interpretation of what liberal pluralism involves. Taking value pluralism seriously, I argue, implies a form of liberalism in which personal autonomy is a central public ideal.
Forecasting Regional Labor Market Developments under Spatial Autocorrelation
Authors: Longhi Simonetta , Nijkamp Peter
Published: April 2007

Because of heterogeneity across regions, economic policy measures are increasingly targeted at the regional level and, therefore, require regional forecasts. The data available to compute regional forecasts are usually a pseudo panel of a limited number of observations over time and a large number of regions strongly interacting with each other. Traditional time-series techniques applied to distinct time series of regional data are probably a suboptimal forecasting strategy. Although both linear and nonlinear models have been applied and evaluated to forecast socioeconomic variables, spatial interactions among regions are often ignored. This article evaluates the ability of spatial error and spatial lag models to correct for misspecifications due to neglected spatial autocorrelation in the data. The empirical application on short-term forecasts of employment in 326 West German regions shows that the superimposed spatial structure that is required for the estimation of spatial models improves the forecasting performance of nonspatial models.
Wage Inequality, Reservation Wages and Labor Market Participation
Authors: Möller Joachim , Aldashev Alisher
Published: April 2007

This article presents an analysis of the variation of gender-specific labor-market participation rates across regions. A search-theoretical model with intertemporal optimization behavior of agents suggests that a higher regional wage level fosters participation, whereas higher unemployment discourages workers. The authors extend the standard model by introducing two measures of dispersion, one for the spread below and one for the spread above the median. It is shown that wage dispersion in the lower tail of the distribution decreases the value of search and leads to lower participation rates, although the reverse is true for wage dispersion in the upper tail. These implications of the model are tested using spatial econometrics.
Merging the Purchasing Power Parity and the Phillips Curve Literatures
Authors: Vaona Andrea
Published: April 2007

The main purpose of this article is to merge together two strands of the literature regarding, either directly or indirectly, inflation—specifically, the purchasing power parity and the Phillips curve ones. To accomplish this task, this contribution applies the tools of Dynamic Panel Data estimation on a sample of eighty one Italian provinces from the year 1986 to the year 1998, exploiting cross-sectional variation to avoid using instruments not directly connected with the inflation-generating process. This research strategy allows us to conclude that inflation is characterized by a low degree of persistence and by conditional β-convergence across provinces. Its most suitable driving variable is the unemployment rate, and there are long-term nonneutralities at the regional level.
Knowledge Consolidation Analysis
Authors: Dyehouse Jeremiah
Published: April 2007

Researchers studying technology development often examine how rhetorical activity contributes to technologies' design, implementation, and stabilization. This article offers a possible methodology for studying one role of rhetorical activity in technology development: knowledge consolidation analysis. Applying this method to an exemplar case, the author describes how explanations of Project Essay Grade (PEG), the first initiative to computerize student essay assessment, made knowledge available about this technology project. More specifically, technologist Ellis Page and his coauthors reworked a key explanatory argument, a justification of PEG's functioning, during the course of several decades, refining and clarifying its key contrasts and strengthening its presentation for generalist educators in particular. Analysis suggests that late presentations of the argument reveal that knowledge was successfully consolidated about a technical procedure Page and his coauthors called “rating simulation.” The conclusion discusses the key advantages and limitations of the method.
Aristotelian Causal Analysis and Creativity in Copywriting
Authors: Marsh Charles
Published: April 2007

Advertising may be the most pervasive form of modern rhetoric, yet the discipline is virtually absent in rhetorical studies. This article advocates a mutually beneficial rapprochement between the disciplines—both in academe and the workplace. Rhetoric, for example, could help address an enduring lacuna in advertising theory. Persuasive communicators since Aristotle have maintained that rhetoric begins with invention, the generation of compelling ideas. Studies of advertising creativity hold that invention begins with the gathering of facts to fuel an association of disparate ideas at the heart of creativity. However, studies of the fact-gathering heuristic in advertising fail to identify a systematic approach for product analysis. In hopes of advancing a rapprochement between rhetoric and advertising, this article demonstrates that Aristotelian causal analysis, long associated with rhetorical invention, can provide a systematic heuristic for product analysis. Rhetoricians can help advertisers strengthen a crucial element—the invention phase—of advertising copywriting.
The Concepts of Health and Preventive Health Practices of Chinese Australian Women in Relation to Cancer Screening
Authors: Kwok Cannas , Sullivan Gerard
Published: April 2007

Despite an emphasis on mammographic screening in Australia, Chinese Australian women have low participation rates. This qualitative study investigated how concepts of health and health promotion influence Chinese Australian women's decisions to participate in cancer screening, which is an important issue for nurses who work with multicultural populations. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 Chinese Australian women. Using thematic data analysis, the findings showed that health and illness are taken-for-granted experiences of everyday life. When they were asymptomatic, most informants saw no reason to suspect that they may have diseases. Consistent with these health beliefs, the women focused on preserving and promoting health and overall well-being in everyday life rather than attempting to detect hidden disease by screening. These ideas and practices influenced behavior in relation to cancer diagnosis and in particular toward mammography.
From Their Own Voices
Authors: Wilson Deborah W.
Published: April 2007

This phenomenological study described the lived experience of African American registered nurses providing nursing care to individuals, families, and communities in southeast Louisiana. Data were collected from 13 African American registered nurses using semistructured interviews and a focus group. Analysis of the phenomenological data revealed two essential themes, (a) connecting with the patient and (b) proving yourself; and four incidental themes, (a) a fulfilling dream, (b) being invisible and voiceless, (c) surviving and persevering, and (d) mentoring and role modeling. The findings revealed that the general perception among participants was that they were not fully accepted as equal professionals by their Caucasian nurse colleagues, other health care providers, and sometimes patients. The findings of the study indicate the immediate need to address and resolve the issues of diversity within the nursing profession. Nursing will also have to reform its system and practices to embrace and support diversity.
Culturally Congruent Care
Authors: Schim Stephanie M. , Doorenbos Ardith , Benkert Ramona , Miller June
Published: April 2007

This article presents the 3-D puzzle model of culturally congruent care, defines the levels and constructs employed by this model, presents some assumptions, and lays out some basic propositions as a foundation for further work. There are many extant frameworks and theories of culture and cultural competence in nursing and health care; the model presented here draws heavily from prior work and is an attempt to present a synthesis of concepts and processes in a new way. The ideas presented here build particularly on pioneering work in transcultural nursing by Leininger. Leininger's work specifically focuses on the use of qualitative methods to understand the ways in which culture influences nursing care from an emic, or insider, perspective. The 3-D puzzle model extends Leininger's work to include concrete articulations of constructs relevant to design and implementation of intervention strategies for teaching and measuring competency among nurses and other providers.
Being in Another World
Authors: Hunt Roberta J. , Swiggum Paula
Published: April 2007

Developing skills in cultural competence is a recognized theoretical strategy in schools of nursing. Nursing faculty know that students need to be sensitized to the concept of diversity; however, many are struggling with the best way to teach cultural competence. This article describes transcultural experiences from service learning clinical rotations at a family homeless shelter, described by students as being in another world. Student narratives provide valuable information about structuring clinical learning activities to promote understanding of cultural differences and similarities. Clinical experiences using a traditional model versus those using service learning, the role of reflection, and teaching strategies promoting transcultural learning through service learning are explored.
Culturally Competent Interventions for Hispanic Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Whittemore Robin
Published: April 2007

Culturally competent interventions have been developed to improve outcomes for Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this systematic review is to synthesize the research on culturally competent interventions for this vulnerable population. A systematic approach was used to locate empirical reports (n = 11). Interventions were multifaceted with the majority demonstrating significant improvements in clinical outcomes, behavioral outcomes, and diabetes-related knowledge. Culturally competent interventions have the potential to improve outcomes in Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes. However, improvements were modest and attrition was moderate to high in many studies. Addressing linguistic and cultural barriers to care are important beginnings to improving health outcomes for Hispanic adults with type 2 diabetes.
Breaching the Wall
Authors: Birks Melanie J. , Chapman Ysanne , Francis Karen
Published: April 2007

The interview as a data collection tool is an essential component of qualitative research. Many nurses are familiar with the process of interviewing through its use in the practice environment; however, in-depth interviewing for the purpose of research is a unique process. The ability to conduct an effective in-depth interview requires skill in the use of specific techniques, in particular when interviewing people from other cultures. A number of factors specific to the researcher, the participant, and the research context can affect the interview procedure. As global margins diminish, nurse researchers will increasingly find themselves working with people from ethnic groups that are different from the dominant culture. This article discusses strategies to improve the interview process in such circumstances. Techniques to enhance the process, along with avoidable potential pitfalls, will be illustrated using an example of conducting research with participants from the culturally diverse environment of Malaysian Borneo.
American Academy of Nursing Expert Panel Report
Authors: Giger Joyce , Davidhizar Ruth E. , Purnell Larry , Harden J. Taylor , Phillips Janice , Strickland Ora
Published: April 2007

The members of the Expert Panel on Cultural Competence of the American Academy of Nursing (AAN) envisioned this article to serve as a catalyst to action by the Academy to take the lead in ensuring that measurable outcomes be achieved that reduce or eliminate health disparities commonly found among racial, ethnic, uninsured, underserved, and underrepresented populations residing throughout the United States. The purposes of this article are to (a) assess current issues related to closing the gap in health disparities and achieving cultural competence, (b) discuss a beginning plan of action from the Expert Panel on Cultural Competence for future endeavors and continued work in these areas beyond the 2002 annual conference on Closing the Gap in Health Disparities, and (c) provide clearly delineated recommendations to assist the Academy to plan strategies and to step forward in taking the lead in reshaping health care policies to eliminate health care and health disparities.
Narrative Accounts of Hereditary Risk
Authors: Sanders Tom , Campbell Rona , Donovan Jenny , Sharp Debbie
Published: April 2007

In this study, the authors sought to examine how risk information is articulated in relation to health problems that people identify as personally important and relevant. The respondents were receptive to health education messages, using different types of information in relation to its personal relevance and as a resource for managing and exercising control over perceived risk. People were not fatalistic about disease risk, as reported in previous research. Instead, they were responsive to complex public health messages and actively engaged in rationalizing their health risks, although this did not necessarily result in behavioral change. Consequently, a theoretical distinction exists between taking responsibility for evaluating complex public health messages and taking responsibility for behavioral change. The authors conclude that people's rationalizations about health risks often mirror the medical model of disease, suggesting that they are responsive to, and not fatalistic toward, such public health information.
Stepping Across the Line
Authors: Tuckett Anthony G.
Published: April 2007

The author draws on an Australian study using multiple qualitative methods to investigate truth telling in aged care. Thematic analysis of data from five nursing homes involving 23 personal care assistants revealed participants' role understanding as influencing their perceptions about truth telling in practice. Five themes emerged: role as the happy comfort carer, division of labor, division of disclosure, role tension and frustration, and managing the division of disclosure. Role emphasis on comfort and happiness and a dominant perception that telling the truth can cause harm mean that disclosure will be withheld, edited, or partial. Participants'role understanding divides labor and disclosure responsibility between the personal carer and registered nurse. Personal carers' strategies for managing the division of disclosure include game playing, obfuscation, lying (denial), and the use of nonverbals. These perceptions about personal carer role, information sharing, and truth telling are paramount for understanding and improving nursing home eldercare.
Double Vision Uncertainty
Authors: Shklarov Svetlana
Published: April 2007

Translation is a significant factor in cross-language research and can make an overarching impact on research outcomes and ethical adequacy. In this article, the author examines ethical considerations of language translation and interpretation in human science research. The focus is narrowed to ethical aspects of research design in which a bilingual researcher assumes a double role, as an interpreter and translator in his or her inquiry with monolingual, non—Englishspeaking research participants. The bilingual researcher has a great advantage of expertise and clear vision in the cross-cultural ethical environment. However, such clarity of the ethical vision can cause many reasonable doubts, because it might not fully fit into the framework of standardized, rational ethics. The author shows that the dualism of the bilingual researcher's position can either induce caution or carry solutions, but both aspects of this role contribute to its essential significance for good cross-cultural knowledge exchange.
Gender and the Gynecological Examination
Authors: Galasiński Dariusz , Ziółkowska Justyna
Published: April 2007

The authors explore the constructions of gender in male doctors' narratives of gynecological examinations. Focusing on the ways in which gender identities are constructed in the stories of the medical encounter, they argue, first, that gender is more flexible during the visit with a gynecologist than has been suggested. Gendered identities are assumed and put aside as the interaction progresses, with its final stage—the pelvic examination—being constructed with gender removed. Second, they argue that undressing is invested with a special status during the examination. It is a gendered rite of passage between the two different ungendered subject positions of the doctor and the patient. They conclude that contrary to the assumptions in the literature on gynecological interactions, it is the genderization of undressing that is most conducive to securing the least face-threatening gynecological examination for the woman.
Doing Synchronous Online Focus Groups With Young People
Authors: Fox Fiona E. , Morris Marianne , Rumsey Nichola
Published: April 2007

Although online focus groups are emerging as a worthwhile methodological approach for qualitative researchers, reporting has been constrained in several ways. The majority of studies report asynchronous groups, whereas others employ synchronous exchanges, the efficacy of which with young people has seldom been explored. Considering the popularity of the Internet as a communication tool for young people, this missed opportunity is surprising. Based on a series of synchronous online focus groups with young people, the authors explore why this approach might be an effective way of engaging young people with appearance-related concerns in research. In this article, they discuss the process of hosting and moderating synchronous online focus groups, highlighting some of the ethical, pragmatic, and personal challenges that might face researchers using this method. Through a reflexive approach, they intend to inform and encourage qualitative researchers to consider alternative ways of engaging young people in research.
Applications of Performance Ethnography in Nursing
Authors: Smith Carrol A. M. , Gallo Agatha M.
Published: April 2007

In this article, the authors explore the origins of and theory behind performance ethnography and demonstrate how it can be used effectively in nursing research, education, and practice. They have included a performance text created by one of the authors based on semistructured, qualitative interviews with parents of children with genetic conditions. The text highlights the lived experiences of the parents, allowing the “audience” to appreciate more fully the complexities of parenting children with genetic conditions. The authors also discuss specific ways in which nurses can use performance ethnography in their professional practice, including several examples. Performance ethnography can be a creative method for nurses to communicate with patients and families, research audiences, colleagues, and students. Clinicians, researchers, educators, and students can learn to use performance ethnography to achieve the goal of a clear understanding of human needs and conditions for improved quality of care.
Telling Their Stories, Telling Our Stories
Authors: Madjar Irena , Kacen Lea , Ariad Samuel , Denham Jim
Published: April 2007

There is currently very little research on how physicians respond to patients with cancer who decide to forgo or stop medically recommended “curative” therapy. The purpose of this article is to report on a qualitative study with 12 oncology specialists in Israel and Australia that addresses this question. The findings indicate that physicians tend to construct patients and their decisions in terms of mutually exclusive categories that focus on curability of the disease, rationality of the patient's decision, and patients' personal attributes. Physicians' constructions of their experience focus on uncertainty and concern. Although contextual factors play a role in how physicians act in this situation, Israeli and Australian oncologists are remarkably similar in how they describe their own and their patients' experiences.
The Inevitable Pull of the River's Current
Authors: Slaughter Susan , Dean Yasmin , Knight Holly , Krieg Brigette , Mor Pnina , Nour Violet , Polegato Ellen , Seneviratne Cydnee , Shenfield Darcy G. , Sherwood Elena
Published: April 2007

The purpose of this article is to make visible the multiple ways in which doctoral students from various qualitative research traditions learned to think, read, and write interpretively as they completed an assignment requiring the interpretive analysis of a common interview transcript. Students were asked to offer a convincing account of the text and to demonstrate an understanding of what it means to interpret within their selected research tradition. Shared and disputed meanings arising from the interpretive process are presented and discussed. This description of their collective experience might be useful to novice researchers and their mentors.
Lost in Translation, or the True Text
Authors: Neela Pádraig Mac , Scott P. Anne , Treacy M. Pearl , Hyde Abbey
Published: April 2007

One theme of academic discourse and research in mental health nursing is the exploration and application of psychosocial models of nursing practice. Despite this, the influence of disciplinary psychological knowledge on practitioners' talk about nursing practice has not been extensively researched. To address this gap, the authors analyzed talk about psychological work using transcripts of 10 focus groups involving 59 mental health nurses. Nurses identified a psychological domain of practice as central to their work. Given the amount of time spent with clients, nurses are the prime resource for psychological work. Psychological talk was organized into three categories related to the nursing process and organizational context and analyzed through empowerment and critical perspectives on power. Although technical (“formal”) and everyday (“informal”) discourses were generally well integrated, the authors question the oral basis to this body of knowledge in terms of accountability to service users and as a marker of disempowerment.
Multilingual Translation Issues in Qualitative Research
Authors: Larkin Philip J. , Dierckx de Casterlé Bernadette , Schotsmans Paul
Published: April 2007

Focus on the translation and validation of measurement instruments has left a gap in the discussion on how to construct multilingual qualitative tools, such as interviews. Traditional methods of forward and backward translation have been criticized for weak conceptual equivalence, a crucial issue when multiple language interview methods are used.Through a creative arts metaphor of weaving, the authors describe an alternative process of multicentric translation used in the development of an interview guide designed to explore the impact of transition on palliative care patients in six European countries. Four identified core constructs illuminate this multicentric process: Cohesion, Congruence, Clarity, and Courtesy. Mutual reciprocity between researcher and translator offers greater possibility for construction of nuance and meaning, particularly where cultural parameters influence the collection and meaning of sensitive data from vulnerable populations. The translator therefore becomes a collaborator in the research process, which strengthens the rigor of language-based inquiry.
An Investigation of Traditionality as a Moderator of Reward Allocation
Authors: Pillutla Madan M. , Farh Jiing-Lih , Lee Cynthia , Lin Zhiang
Published: April 2007

The authors hypothesized that group members' perceptions of group cohesion would affect their tendency to allocate equally to other members in their group and to make egocentric self-allocations. They also posited that individuals' adherence to Chinese traditional values (or traditionality) would moderate these relationships. Two hundred sixty Hong Kong undergraduate students were assigned to groups of five to eight members to complete two in-class projects. The students evaluated peer contributions to the projects and allocated contribution points to themselves and other members in the group. The contribution points formed part of the final grade assigned to the students. The authors found that traditionality moderates the relationship between perceptions of cohesion and deviations from equality when making allocations to their peers. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for the study of reward allocations in groups and for the concept of traditionality in Chinese contexts.
Play in Couples Counseling
Authors: Casado-Kehoe Montserrat , Vanderbleek Linda , Thanasiu Page
Published: April 2007

Recent couple counseling research has identified the common factors in long-term relationships. With this increased understanding of common factors, couple counselors can focus on interventions that affect common factors to improve couple relationships. Researchers have found the focus on improving common factors in couple relationships is effective in improving couple stability and satisfaction. Although researchers have not considered couple play as an intervention to affect common factors, couples counselors and theorists have proposed a strong relationship between play and successful, long-term couple relationships. The research on adult play and humor also support the possibility for couple play as an intervention in couples counseling. The possible positive effects of couple play on common factors and implications for interventions are discussed.
The Cultural Relationship Interview Matrix: Four Activities for Couples
Authors: Li Chi-Sing , Lin Yu-Fen , Eckstein Daniel
Published: April 2007

An understanding of one's own and his or her partner's cultural heritage is an essential aspect to enhancing the relationship. In this article, the authors introduced the Cultural Relationship Interview Matrix. It is a form for couples to complete individually and then to interview each other. The purpose is for bringing awareness to their respective cultural heritage and for enhancing their communication. Four activities and seven tables are included in the suggested exercises.
Breaking the Pattern of Interruption in Family Therapy
Authors: Dattilio Frank M.
Published: April 2007

Family therapists almost invariably will encounter family members who aggressively interrupt other members in an attempt to communicate their version of a particular story or express their emotions. This article presents a technique that I have found effective for helping couples and family members contain their impulsive urge to interrupt other members' self-expressions.
Helping a Japanese Immigrant Family Cope With Acculturation Issues: A Case Study
Authors: Seto Atsuko , Woodford Mark S.
Published: April 2007

A growing population of Asian immigrants to the United States amplifies the need for helping professionals to gain knowledge regarding the adjustment processes among these groups. Unless counselors who are trained in Western systems models are able to modify their approaches to work with non-Western families, the therapy process may not be enlightening to these families. One Asian ethnic group, the Japanese, has a long history of immigration and a strong multigenerational presence in the United States. To contribute to the literature addressing clinical work with a specific Asian immigrant group, a case study is presented as an example of how culturally sensitive assessment and treatment can be provided to a Japanese immigrant family.
Family of Origin and Career Counseling
Authors: Lara Tracy
Published: April 2007

Robert Chope is a professor of counseling at San Francisco State University, where he coordinates the Career Counseling Program. He is also the founder of the Career and Personal Development Institute in San Francisco, a practice that he has had for more than 25 years. Dr. Chope received his PhD from the University of Minnesota, Department of Psychology, where his dissertation advisor was David P. Campbell of the Strong-Campbell and Campbell Interest and Skills Inventory fame. His undergraduate work was at Harvard University, where he was heavily influenced and mentored by B. F. Skinner.

Dr. Chope is a licensed psychologist and a licensed marriage and family therapist. He is the author of Dancing Naked: Breaking Through the Emotional Limits That Keep You From the Job You Want and Shared Confinement: Healing Options for You and the Agoraphobic in Your Life, both published by New Harbinger Publications, and Family Matters: The Influence of the Family in Career Decision Making by Pro-Ed. He has been heard on more than 100 radio and television shows around the country and is regularly featured in newspapers and online journals. Recently, he was the subject of interviews on eWeek, the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, and Cosmopolitan Magazine . In the San Francisco Bay Area, he has been on NPR, KQED Forum, KUSF Forum, and KCBS Sunday Morning radio stations and KPIX, KRON, KTVU, and UPN 44 television stations. He is a fellow of the National Career Development Association (NCDA), a winner of the Robert Swan Lifetime Achievement in Career Counseling Award, and a winner of the 2004 NCDA outstanding career practitioner of the year award.

An interview with Robert Chope, PhD, concerning his contributions in career counseling revealed many opportunities to integrate career and family counseling. The interview explored the evolution of career counseling and the inclusion of family systems perspectives. Case examples were provided.
Counseling the “Imperial” Client: Translating Robert Kegan
Authors: Eriksen Karen
Published: April 2007

Counselors pride themselves on their developmental focus; however, they have generally only applied phasic theories to counseling practice and have not incorporated constructive “stage” theories into clinical work. This article begins to rectify that lack by explicating the relevance of Kegan's subject-object theory for counseling practice, by reviewing Kegan's “imperial” stage, and by applying the theory to cases in which at least one of the clients operates primarily out of the imperial stage, cases that include families and/or couples in some way. This is the third in a series of articles on Kegan's theory, begun in The Family Journal in July 2006 with an interview of Kegan and an overview of his theory.
Is It All in a Word? The Effect of Issue Framing on Public Support for U.S. Spending on HIV/AIDS in Developing Countries
Authors: Bleich Sara
Published: April 2007

The frequency of government foreign aid decisions influenced by pubic opinion has risen dramatically in the past few years.This study looks at the effect of issue framing on support for U.S. spending on HIV/AIDS in developing countries—specifically, at how support changes when the phrase foreign aid is included or omitted from a survey question. Analyses reveal a significant effect of issue framing for women and Democrats. Omitting the phrase foreign aid is associated with increased support for U.S. spending among Democrats and decreased support among women. Regardless of issue framing, blacks, Hispanics, and more educated individuals support U.S. spending on HIV/AIDS in developing countries. However, when forced to decide between funds' going overseas for HIV/AIDS in developing countries or remaining in the United States, all respondents overwhelmingly support monies' being used in the United States.
Reciprocal Effects: Toward a Theory of Mass Media Effects on Decision Makers
Authors: Mathias Kepplinger Hans
Published: April 2007

The article presents a framework for the analysis of reciprocal effects of mass media—in this case, their impact on subjects of media reports, especially on decision makers in areas of politics and business. It outlines a feedback model with three sets of variables referring to (1) media coverage and media as institutions, (2) awareness and processing of information, and (3) observable effects on subjects and others.The article presents several theories that explain effects on decision makers and illustrate the relevance of this approach with empirical data from a broad range of quantitative studies. In the final section, theoretical and methodological problems of such an approach are discussed.
Does the Media Agenda Reflect the Candidates'Agenda?
Authors: Ridout Travis N. , Mellen Rob
Published: April 2007

This article examines whether the issue agendas of political candidates are reflected in the coverage of the news media. In their coverage of political issues during a campaign, do the media follow the lead of the candidates, or do they chart their own course? The context for our investigation is five U.S. Senate races in 2002. Using television advertising to track the candidate agenda and using content analyses of both local newspapers and local television news broadcasts, we find that the degree of candidate-media issue convergence varies depending on both the state and the medium examined (television or newspapers).
Views of Negativity in U.S. Newspaper Coverage of the Canadian Health System: How Health Policy Experts on Opposite Sides of the 49th Parallel See It
Authors: Rosenau Pauline Vaillancourt , Linder Stephen H.
Published: April 2007

To assess newspaper coverage of the Canadian health system, thirty-four U.S. and Canadian health policy experts rated the neutrality of the headlines drawn from all major news stories in The New York Times ( NYT) and The Wall Street Journal ( WSJ) during a five-year period, excluding opinion pieces and editorials. Coverage of the Canadian health system by the WSJ and NYT was judged as overwhelmingly negative by our sample of policy experts. But the judgments of some of them differed depending on whether they were Canadian or American. Canadian experts were more likely than those from the United States to assess coverage as negative, especially for NYT articles. Conversely, U.S. policy experts more frequently judged NYT headlines as favorable, relative to their Canadian counterparts. Experts' reactions to newspaper coverage of the Canadian health system appear to depend on national identity to some extent. Possible explanations for press negativity are examined.
Making Sense of Corporate Environmentalism
Authors: Pulver Simone
Published: April 2007

The threat of climate change has elicited divergent climate policy responses from the world's major oil multinationals, splitting the oil industry into two factions. This article analyzes the causes and consequences of this split in the oil industry. First, it demonstrates that oil companies made divergent assessments of the market risks and opportunities related to climate change based on the scientific networks and policy fields in which they were embedded rather than on rational economic criteria. Second, it documents that although the climate policy split in the oil industry has had few effects on oil company operations, it changes the terms of debate over profitable corporate action on climate change, with significant material consequences for climate regulation and patterns of energy production. This analysis contributes to the debate between treadmill of production and ecological modernization theorists by highlighting the midrange processes of contestation shaping the long-term environmental trajectory of capitalism.