bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Holocene rockfalls in the southern Negev Desert, Israel and their relation to Dead Sea fault earthquakes
Authors: Rinat Yair , Matmon Ari , Arnold Maurice , Aumaître Georges , Bourlès Didier , Keddadouche Karim , Porat Naomi , Morin Efrat , Finkel Robert C.
Published: February 2014

Rockfall ages in tectonically active regions provide information regarding frequency and magnitude of earthquakes. In the hyper-arid environment of the Dead Sea fault (DSF), southern Israel, rockfalls are most probably triggered by earthquakes. We dated rockfalls along the western margin of the DSF using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides (TCN). At each rockfall site, samples were collected from simultaneously exposed conjugate boulders and cliff surfaces. Such conjugate samples initially had identical pre-fall (“inherited”) TCN concentrations. After boulder detachment, these surfaces were dosed by different production rates due to differences in post-fall shielding and geometry. However, in our study area, pre-rockfall inheritance and post-rockfall production rates of TCN cannot be evaluated. Therefore, we developed a numerical approach and demonstrated a way to overcome the above-mentioned problems. This approach can be applied in other settings where rockfalls cannot be dated by simple exposure dating. Results suggest rockfall ages between 3.6 ± 0.8 and 4.7 ± 0.7 ka. OSL ages of sediment accumulated behind the boulders range between 0.6 ± 0.1 and 3.4 ± 1.4 ka and support the TCN results. Our ages agree with dated earthquakes determined in paleoseismic studies along the entire length of the DSF and support the observation of intensive earthquake activity around 4–5 ka.
Financial Calculus
Authors: Baxter Martin , Rennie Andrew
Published: February 2014

The rewards and dangers of speculating in the modern financial markets have come to the fore in recent times with the collapse of banks and bankruptcies of public corporations as a direct result of ill-judged investment. At the same time, individuals are paid huge sums to use their mathematical skills to make well-judged investment decisions. Here now is the first rigorous and accessible account of the mathematics behind the pricing, construction and hedging of derivative securities. Key concepts such as martingales, change of measure, and the Heath-Jarrow-Morton model are described with mathematical precision in a style tailored for market practitioners. Starting from discrete-time hedging on binary trees, continuous-time stock models (including Black-Scholes) are developed. Practicalities are stressed, including examples from stock, currency and interest rate markets, all accompanied by graphical illustrations with realistic data. A full glossary of probabilistic and financial terms is provided. This unique, modern and up-to-date book will be an essential purchase for market practitioners, quantitative analysts, and derivatives traders, whether existing or trainees, in investment banks in the major financial centres throughout the world.
Calendrical Calculations
Authors: Dershowitz Nachum , Reingold Edward M.
Published: February 2014

A valuable resource for working programmers, as well as a fount of useful algorithmic tools for computer scientists, this new edition of the popular calendars book expands the treatment of the previous edition to new calendar variants: generic cyclical calendars and astronomical lunar calendars as well as the Korean, Vietnamese, Aztec, and Tibetan calendars. The authors frame the calendars of the world in a completely algorithmic form, allowing easy conversion among these calendars and the determination of secular and religious holidays. LISP code for all the algorithms are available on the Web.
The Illustrated Shakespeare, 1709–1875
Authors: Sillars Stuart
Published: February 2014

Illustrations have been an important element of many of the most extensively read editions of Shakespeare's plays, from the frontispieces to Nicholas Rowe's 1709 edition to the multiple images placed within the text of Victorian editions. Through symbols the illustrations have explored language and character; by allusion to earlier paintings they have offered critical readings; and by gesture, setting and costume they have redesigned the plays within the visual vocabulary of their own times. In all these ways they offer important exchanges with contemporary social, aesthetic and critical concerns, and, despite being largely ignored by scholars, are central to the plays' reception. Highly illustrated, including many images not previously reproduced, the book allows the reader to share the experience of early readers of the plays. Building on the author's earlier work in Painting Shakespeare it offers a fresh address to the tradition of visual criticism and assimilation of Shakespeare's plays.
Sciences of Modernism
Authors: Peppis Paul
Published: February 2014

Sciences of Modernism examines key points of contact between British literature and the human sciences of ethnography, sexology and psychology at the dawn of the twentieth century. The book is divided into sections that pair exemplary scientific texts from the period with literary ones, charting numerous collaborations and competitions occurring between science and early modernist literature. Paul Peppis investigates this exchange through close readings of literary works by Claude McKay, E. M. Forster, Mina Loy, Rebecca West and Wilfred Owen, alongside science books by Alfred Haddon, Havelock Ellis, Marie Stopes, Bernard Hart and William Brown. In so doing, Peppis shows how these competing disciplines participated in the formation and consolidation of modernism as a broad cultural movement across a range of critical discourses. His study will interest students and scholars of the history of science, literary modernism, and English literature more broadly.
Quaternary Sea-Level Changes
Authors: Murray-Wallace Colin V. , Woodroffe Colin D.
Published: February 2014

There have been significant changes in sea level over the past two million years, and a complete understanding of natural cycles of change as well as anthropogenic effects is imperative for future global development. This book reviews the history of research into these sea-level changes and summarises the methods and analytical approaches used to interpret evidence for sea-level changes. It provides an overview of changing climates during the Quaternary, examines processes responsible for global variability of sea-level records, and presents detailed reviews of sea-level changes for the Pleistocene and Holocene. The book concludes by discussing current trends in sea levels and likely future sea-level changes. This is an important and authoritative resource for academic researchers and graduate and advanced undergraduate students working in tectonics, stratigraphy, geomorphology, physical geography, environmental science and other aspects of Quaternary studies.
Picturing Reform in Victorian Britain
Authors: Carlisle Janice
Published: February 2014

How did Victorians, as creators and viewers of images, visualize the politics of franchise reform? This study of Victorian art and parliamentary politics, specifically in the 1840s and 1860s, answers that question by viewing the First and Second Reform Acts from the perspectives offered by Ruskin's political theories of art and Bagehot's visual theory of politics. Combining subjects and approaches characteristic of art history, political history, literary criticism and cultural critique, Picturing Reform in Victorian Britain treats both paintings and wood engravings, particularly those published in Punch and the Illustrated London News. Carlisle analyzes unlikely pairings - a novel by Trollope and a painting by Hayter, an engraving after Leech and a high-society portrait by Landseer - to argue that such conjunctions marked both everyday life in Victorian Britain and the nature of its visual politics as it was manifested in the myriad heterogeneous and often incongruous images of illustrated journalism.
Warlords, Strongman Governors, and the State in Afghanistan
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Dipali
Published: February 2014

Warlords have come to represent enemies of peace, security, and 'good governance' in the collective intellectual imagination. This book asserts that not all warlords are created equal. Under certain conditions, some become effective governors on behalf of the state. This provocative argument is based on extensive fieldwork in Afghanistan, where Mukhopadhyay examined warlord-governors who have served as valuable exponents of the Karzai regime in its struggle to assert control over key segments of the countryside. She explores the complex ecosystems that came to constitute provincial political life after 2001 and exposes the rise of 'strongman' governance in two provinces. While this brand of governance falls far short of international expectations, its emergence reflects the reassertion of the Afghan state in material and symbolic terms that deserve our attention. This book pushes past canonical views of warlordism and state building to consider the logic of the weak state as it has arisen in challenging, conflict-ridden societies like Afghanistan.
Introduction to Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
Authors: Foa Torres Luis E. F. , Roche Stephan , Charlier Jean-Christophe
Published: February 2014

Beginning with an introduction to carbon-based nanomaterials, their electronic properties, and general concepts in quantum transport, this detailed primer describes the most effective theoretical and computational methods and tools for simulating the electronic structure and transport properties of graphene-based systems. Transport concepts are clearly presented through simple models, enabling comparison with analytical treatments, and multiscale quantum transport methodologies are introduced and developed in a straightforward way, demonstrating a range of methods for tackling the modelling of defects and impurities in more complex graphene-based materials. The authors also discuss the practical applications of this revolutionary nanomaterial, contemporary challenges in theory and simulation, and long-term perspectives. Containing numerous problems for solution, real-life examples of current research, and accompanied online by further exercises, solutions and computational codes, this is the perfect introductory resource for graduate students and researchers in nanoscience and nanotechnology, condensed matter physics, materials science and nanoelectronics.
Christianity Contrasted with Hindu Philosophy
Authors: Ballantyne James R.
Published: February 2014

While living in India for sixteen years, James Robert Ballantyne (1813–64) taught oriental languages to Indian pupils and became fascinated by Hindu philosophy, seeking to harmonise it with the Western tradition. He produced grammars of Hindi, Sanskrit and Persian, translations of Indian linguistics, and a science primer in English and Sanskrit (also reissued in the Cambridge Library Collection). Intended for the Tyro missionary and published in 1859, this work offers a summary of Hinduism (covering the Nyaya, Sankhya and Vedanta schools) and argues for the truth of Christianity, while acknowledging certain shared ideas. It contains a facing Sanskrit translation (with redactions of parts considered to be of no importance to 'those whom the missionary has to teach'). A valuable primary source for scholars of orientalism, this work helps to illuminate the religious dimensions of British imperialism.
An Introduction to the Engineering of Fast Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Judd Anthony M.
Published: February 2014

An invaluable resource for both graduate-level engineering students and practising nuclear engineers who want to expand their knowledge of fast nuclear reactors, the reactors of the future! This book is a concise yet comprehensive introduction to all aspects of fast reactor engineering. It covers topics including neutron physics; neutron flux spectra; flux distribution; Doppler and coolant temperature coefficients; the performance of ceramic and metal fuels under irradiation, structural changes, and fission-product migration; the effects of irradiation and corrosion on structural materials, irradiation swelling; heat transfer in the reactor core and its effect on core design; coolants including sodium and lead-bismuth alloy; coolant circuits; pumps; heat exchangers and steam generators; and plant control. The book includes new discussions on lead-alloy and gas coolants, metal fuel, the use of reactors to consume radioactive waste, and accelerator-driven subcritical systems.
A Christmas Carol
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: February 2014

Charles Dickens (1812–70) was an established novelist when he decided to produce a Christmas story, which was written in only six weeks and published at the end of 1843. The book was an immediate bestseller, and had it not been for the very high production costs of the specially commissioned illustrations and the decorative binding, it would have been a great commercial success. This strategic error meant that Dickens did not make the profits he expected, which contributed to his falling out with the publishers, Chapman and Hall. The story, however, has endured to this day as a classic and remains Dickens' best-known and most adapted work. This reissue of the first edition, with its famous illustrations by Punch caricaturist John Leech (1817–64), is printed in black and white, but the four colour illustrations found in the original can be viewed at http://www.cambridge.org/9781108060400.
A Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece
Authors: Dodwell Edward
Published: February 2014

The archaeologist Edward Dodwell (c.1776–1832) published this two-volume work in 1819. Elected an honorary member of Berlin's Royal Academy in 1816, Dodwell had been educated at Cambridge, toured France and Germany, and lived in Rome and Naples. Writing extensively on Greek antiquity, he made three tours of Greece, where he produced hundreds of drawings, recording in particular the Athenian Acropolis and the city walls of Argos. He also collected coins and discovered or acquired many valuable artefacts, notably bronzes and vases. Including reproductions of his accomplished illustrations, Volume 1 covers his tours of 1801 and 1805, during which he visited Corfu, Mount Parnassus, Thebes and Attica, spending considerable time in Athens. His detailed account, mixing travelogue with serious scholarship, remains of interest and relevance to classical archaeologists.
The History of Global Climate Governance
Authors: Gupta Joyeeta
Published: February 2014

What has happened globally on the climate change issue? How have countries' positions differed over time, and why? How are problems and politics developing on an increasingly globalised planet, and can we find a solution? This book explores these questions and more, explaining the key underlying issues of the conflicts between international blocs. The negotiation history is systematically presented in five phases, demonstrating the evolution of decision-making. The book discusses the coalitions, actors and potential role of the judiciary, as well as human rights issues in addressing the climate change problem. It argues for a methodical solution through global law and constitutionalism, which could provide the quantum jump needed in addressing the problem of climate governance. This fascinating and accessible account will be a key resource for policymakers and NGOs, and also for researchers and graduate students in climate policy, geopolitics, climate change, environmental policy and law, and international relations.
Lagrangian cascade in three-dimensional homogeneous and isotropic turbulence
Authors: Huang Yongxiang , Schmitt François G.
Published: February 2014

In this work, the scaling statistics of the dissipation along Lagrangian trajectories are investigated by using fluid tracer particles obtained from a high-resolution direct numerical simulation with $\mathit{Re}_{\lambda }=400$. Both the energy dissipation rate $\epsilon $ and the local time-averaged $\epsilon _{\tau }$ agree rather well with the lognormal distribution hypothesis. Several statistics are then examined. It is found that the autocorrelation function $\rho (\tau )$ of $\ln (\epsilon (t))$ and variance $\sigma ^2(\tau )$ of $\ln (\epsilon _{\tau }(t))$ obey a log-law with scaling exponent $\beta '=\beta =0.30$ compatible with the intermittency parameter $\mu =0.30$. The $q{\rm th}$-order moment of $\epsilon _{\tau }$ has a clear power law on the inertial range $10<\tau /\tau _{\eta }<100$. The measured scaling exponent $K_L(q)$ agrees remarkably with $q-\zeta _L(2q)$ where $\zeta _L(2q)$ is the scaling exponent estimated using the Hilbert methodology. All of these results suggest that the dissipation along Lagrangian trajectories could be modelled by a multiplicative cascade.
BEING MORAL AND HANDLING THE TRUTH
Authors: Thomas Laurence
Published: February 2014

It is generally agreed that Kant went too far in his claim that it is wrong to lie even if doing so will save an individual's life. The question remains whether it is morally permissible to tell a lie even if this does not involve saving the life of another individual. In this essay, I seek to answer this question affirmatively while at the same time setting strong constraints for when a lie (not involving saving a life) is morally permissible. I argue that lying is morally permissible in the face of what I call an egregious morally infelicitous question. Further, in some cases, lying is not only morally permissible but even reflects an unmistakable instance of considerable self-sacrifice. Needless to say, lies that constitute an instance of self-sacrifice are extremely rare. However, this possibility brings into sharp relief the truth that a lie need not stem from unsavory moral motives; it is upon this truth that the argument that it is morally permissible to lie in the face of an egregious morally infelicitous question relies. This essay ends with the quite poignant observation that there is nothing stable about out a society in which, owing to an unfailing duty to tell the truth, a person can obtain the truth merely by asking an egregious morally infelicitous question.
THE STORY OF A LIFE
Authors: Rosati Connie S.
Published: February 2014

This essay explores the nature of narrative representations of individual lives and the connection between these narratives and personal good. It poses the challenge of determining how thinking of our lives in story form contributes distinctively to our good in a way not reducible to other value-conferring features of our lives. Because we can meaningfully talk about our lives going well for us at particular moments even if they fail to go well overall or over time, the essay maintains that our good must consist in something more than an accumulation of good discrete moments. Since persons have the capacities to reason, remember, and imagine, our good depends on a larger view of our lives that integrates its particular moments in a narrative. That narrative provides shape and texture to our lives. Storytelling serves to connect the events of our lives to each other, and to explain why the meaning and value of past events or features of our lives can shift as the life, and hence the story of the life, continues to unfold. The essay concludes that narrative enables us to see our lives in ways that support, encourage, or promote our self-concept and self-worth as agents who have controlling authority over our own lives.
THE PERFECTIONIST TURN
Authors: Den Uyl Douglas J. , Rasmussen Douglas B.
Published: February 2014

This essay asks whether what is good for someone is distinct from her self-perfection, and whether it makes sense to understand either her good or her self-perfection in terms of the other. The essay adopts a traditional naturalistic understanding of perfection. It argues, however, that the conception of human nature that underlies the perfectionist view must be more individualistic than it is often taken to be. It goes on to distinguish individuative from generic features of human nature; because the account includes both types of characteristics, the concluding vision of human nature, and hence human perfection, is deeply individualized. What is good for an individual is linked to the exercise of her nature rather than to desires individuals simply happen to have.
QUALITIES OF WILL
Authors: Shoemaker David
Published: February 2014

One of P. F. Strawson's suggestions in “Freedom and Resentment” was that there might be an elegant theory of moral responsibility that accounted for all of our responsibility responses (our “reactive attitudes,” in his words) in a way that also explained why we get off the hook from those responses. Such a theory would appeal exclusively toquality of will: when we react with any of a variety of responsibility responses to someone, we are responding to the quality of her will with respect to us, and when we let her off the hook (either for her action or with respect to her qua agent), we are doing so in virtue of her lacking the capacity for the relevant quality of will. Strawson's own attempt to put forward such a view fails, for reasons Gary Watson has given, but several other theorists have advanced their own, more developed,Pure Quality of Willtheories in recent years (including Scanlon, Arpaly, and McKenna). Specifically, there have been three distinct interpretations of “will” defended in the literature, yielding three different possible targets of our responsibility responses: quality ofcharacter, quality ofjudgment, or quality ofregard.

My first task in this essay will be to show that none of these theories individually can captureallof our responsibility responses, given our deeply ambivalent responses to several marginal cases (e.g., psychopathy, clinical depression, Alzheimer's dementia). One reaction to this fact might be to abandon the quality of will approach altogether. Another, more plausible, reaction is to develop a pluralistic account of responsibility, one that admits three noncompeting conceptions of responsibility, each of which emphasizes one of the three different qualities of will as the target of a distinct subset of our responsibility responses. On this pluralistic approach, marginal agents might be responsible on some conceptions, but not responsible on others. In the bulk of the paper, I discuss each of the relevant subsets of responsibility responses, the different qualities of will they target, what the capacities for the three qualities of will are, and how the pluralistic qualities of will approach could account for our ambivalence in the marginal cases.
SITUATIONISM, RESPONSIBILITY, AND FAIR OPPORTUNITY
Authors: Brink David O.
Published: February 2014

The situationist literature in psychology claims that conduct is not determined by character and reflects the operation of the agent's situation or environment. For instance, due to situational factors, compassionate behavior is much less common than we might have expected from people we believe to be compassionate. This article focuses on whether situationism should revise our beliefs about moral responsibility. It assesses the implications of situationism against the backdrop of a conception of responsibility that is grounded in norms about the fair opportunity to avoid wrongdoing that require that agents to be normatively competent and possess situational control. Despite the low incidence of compassionate behavior revealed in situationist studies, situationism threatens neither situational control nor normative competence. Nonetheless situationism may force revision of our views about responsibility in particular contexts, such as wartime wrongdoing. Whereas a good case can be made that the heat of battle can create situational pressures that significantly impair normative competence and thus sometimes provide a full or partial excuse, there is reason to be skeptical of attempts to generalize this excuse to other contexts of wartime wrongdoing. If so, moral responsibility can take situationism on board without capsizing the boat.
ON EATING ANIMALS
Authors: Gill Michael B.
Published: February 2014

This essay is a critical response to Loren Lomasky's essay in this volume: “Is It Wrong to Eat Animals?” The essay argues that Lomasky both overestimates the value of eating meat and underestimates the harms to animals of practices surrounding meat eating. While Lomasky takes the fact that an animal would not have lived at all if it were not being raised for food to constitute a benefit for animals being so raised, this essay argues that it would be better for animals raised on factory farms to have never been born. It also contends that Lomasky overstates his case regarding the benefits of meat eating for human well-being. While gastronomic experiences can enrich our lives, it would be a mistake to think that meat eating is indispensable to the enrichment of our lives; one can
experience the flourishing of eating well without eating animals.
HUME AND SMITH ON SYMPATHY, APPROBATION, AND MORAL JUDGMENT
Authors: Sayre-McCord Geoffrey
Published: February 2014

David Hume and Adam Smith are usually, and understandably, seen as developing very similar sentimentalist accounts of moral thought and practice. As similar as Hume's and Smith's accounts of moral thought are, they differ in telling ways. This essay is an attempt primarily to get clear on the important differences. They are worth identifying and exploring, in part, because of the great extent to which Hume and Smith share not just an overall approach to moral theory but also a conception of what the key components of an adequate account of moral thought will be. In the process, I hope to bring out the extent to which they both worked to make sense of the fact that we do not merely have affective reactions but also, importantly, make moral judgments.
MORAL EXPERTISE: JUDGMENT, PRACTICE, AND ANALYSIS
Authors: Driver Julia
Published: February 2014

This essay defends moral expertise against the skeptical considerations raised by Gilbert Ryle and others. The core of the essay articulates an account of moral expertise that draws on work on expertise in empirical moral psychology, and develops an analogy between moral expertise and linguistic expertise. The account holds that expertise is contrastive, so that a person is an expert relative to a particular contrast. Further, expertise is domain specific and characterized by “automatic” behavior and judgment. Some disagreements in the literature regarding moral expertise are diagnosed as being due to failures to adequately distinguish different ways in which someone can be a moral expert. For example, expertise in action does not imply expertise in judgment or analysis.
VIRTUE ETHICS AND PRACTICAL GUIDANCE
Authors: Baker Jennifer
Published: February 2014

In this essay I argue that contemporary accounts of virtue ought to incorporate methods ancient virtue ethicists used in addressing an audience whose members were interested in improving their behavior. Ancient examples of these methods, I argue, model how to represent practical rationality in ethical arguments. They show us that when we argue for virtue we ought to address common claims, refer to moral reasoning as a stepwise process, and focus on norms when making recommendations. Our own ethical arguments will be improved if we do these things. To the extent that these methods are incorporated into our contemporary accounts of virtue, we will make important points of contact with the account of practical rationality that forms the very basis of the view.
THE PRACTICALITY OF POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Weinberg Justin
Published: February 2014

Must principles of justice be practical? Some political philosophers, the “implementers,” say yes. Others, the “idealists,” say no. Despite this disagreement, the implementers and idealists agree on what “practical” means, subscribing to the “implementation-prediction” (IP) conception of practicality. They also seem to agree that principles of so-called “ideal theory” need not be (and often are not) IP-practical. The implementers take this as a reason to reject ideal theory as an approach to principles of justice, while the idealists do not. In this paper, I argue that we should reject the IP conception of practicality. The implementers make a mistake, then, by requiring principles of justice to be IP-practical. But the idealists make a mistake, too, by rejecting in general the requirement that principles of justice be practical. For there is a plausible alternative conception of practicality that political philosophers should accept: the “experimentation-learning” (EL) conception. EL-practicality makes for a more realistic and epistemically accessible standard of practicality, and thus should be welcomed by the realistically-inclined implementers. It also preserves a crucial role for ideal theory, so should be welcomed by the idealists, too.
OWNING LAND VERSUS GOVERNING A LAND: PROPERTY, SOVEREIGNTY, AND NATIONALISM
Authors: Fleischacker Sam
Published: February 2014

This essay attempts to clarify the distinction between property and sovereignty, and to bring out the importance of that distinction to a liberal nationalism. Beginning with common intuitions about what distinguishes our rights to our possessions from the state's rightful governance over us, it proceeds to explore some historical sources of these intuitions, and the importance of a sharp distinction between ownership and governance to the rise of liberalism. From here, the essay moves into an exploration of group ownership, and the ways in which group ownership can in practice turn into an illiberal kind of sovereignty The point is to shed new light on problems that nationalist states — states purporting to represent or foster a particular group identity — characteristically face. Examples of these problems, from the Israel/Palestine conflict, are put forth in the conclusion.
LIBERAL ASSOCIATIONISM AND THE RIGHTS OF STATES
Authors: Estlund David
Published: February 2014

It is often argued that if one holds a liberal political philosophy about individual rights against the state and the community, then one cannot consistently say that a state that violates those principles is owed the right of noninterference. How could the rights of the collective trump the rights of individuals in a liberal view? I believe that this debate calls for more reflection, on the relation between liberalism and individualism. I will sketch a conception of liberalism (“liberal associationism”) in which there is nothing awkward about saying that associations, as such, have some moral (not just, say, legal) rights to noninterference. If liberal associationism is compelling in general terms then, if states (or some of them) can be shown to be associations in the relevant respects, then liberalism itself will supply the moral basis for a right of that kind, held by a state or people as such, to nonintervention.
EMPIRICAL ETHICS AND THE DUTY TO EXTEND THE “BIOLOGICAL WARRANTY PERIOD”
Authors: Farrelly Colin
Published: February 2014

The world's aging populations face novel health challenges never experienced before in human history. The moral landscape thus needs to adapt to reflect this novel empirical reality. In this paper I take for granted one basic moral principle advanced by Peter Singer — a principle of preventing bad occurrences — and explore the implications that empirical considerations from demography, evolutionary biology, and biogerontology have for the way we conceive of fulfilling this principle at the operational level. After bringing to the fore a number of considerations that Singer ignores, such as the probability that nonintervention will result in harm and the likelihood that different kinds of extrinsic and intrinsic harms can be prevented, I argue that the aspiration to extend the human biological warranty period (by retarding the rate of aging) is a pressing moral imperative for the twenty-first century. In the final sections I briefly address some standard objections raised against life extension and conclude that, while there may be some legitimate concerns worth addressing, they are not compelling enough to provide a rational basis for forfeiting the potential health and economic benefits that could be realized by extending the biological warranty period.
The international congress as scientific and diplomatic technology: global intellectual exchange in the International Prison Congress, 1860–90
Authors: Shafir Nir
Published: February 2014

In the 1870s, the American prison reformer E. C. Wines attempted to bring together representatives from every country and colony in the world to discuss the administration and reform of the prison, under the auspices of the International Prison Congress. This article tackles the challenge by exploring how the international congress operated as both a social scientific technology and a diplomatic forum that emerged from this short-lived world of amateur social science and diplomacy. It argues that the exigencies of the international congress as a social scientific space forced it to take on diplomatic and political functions that both imprinted a logic of comparability onto the burgeoning international diplomatic system and also caused the eventual exclusion of non-European polities from the congresses. It engages with recent scholarship in history of science specifically to understand the international congress as a technology that mediated intellectual exchange and scientific communication. By examining the challenges posed by the inclusion of non-Western polities in such communication, it attempts to reveal the multiple global histories of the social sciences in the late nineteenth century.
Fluktuierende Kopfschmerzen und Wesensveränderung bei einem 63-jährigen Patienten
Authors: Müller Beatrice , Mordasini Pasquale , Bassetti Stefano , Frigerio Susanna
Published: February 2014

Wir präsentieren einen 63-jährigen Patienten mit neu manifesten fluktuierenden Kopfschmerzen sowie Wesensveränderung bei sonst unauffälligem somatischem Befund. Nach nicht-invasiver und invasiver Diagnostik fand sich ursächlich eine isoliert zerebrale Vaskulitis. Wegweisend war nach breiter differenzialdiagnostischer Abklärung die MR-Angiographie und die digitale zerebrale Subtraktionsangiographie mit Nachweis von Kaliberschwankungen der intrazerebralen Gefässe. Unter hochdosierter Kortikosteroidtherapie sowie Cyclophosphamid-Pulstherapie kam es zur raschen Regredienz der qualitativen Bewusstseinsstörungen und Kopfschmerzen. Wir diskutieren Differenzialdiagnosen sekundärer Kopfschmerzen, Ätiologien zerebraler Vaskulitiden und die diagnostische Herausforderung sowie Therapie einer isolierten zerebralen Vaskulitis.
Impact of Drug Size on Brain Tumor and Brain Parenchyma Delivery after a Blood–Brain Barrier Disruption
Authors: Blanchette Marie , Tremblay Luc , Lepage Martin , Fortin David
Published: February 2014

Drug delivery to the brain is influenced by the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–tumor barrier (BTB) to an extent that is still debated in neuro-oncology. In this paper, we studied the delivery across the BTB and the BBB of compounds with different molecular sizes in normal and glioma-bearing rats. Studies were performed at baseline as well as after an osmotic BBB disruption (BBBD) using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and two T1, contrast agents (CAs), Magnevist (743 Da) and Gadomer (17,000 Da). More specifically, we determined the time window for the BBB permeability, the distribution and we calculated the brain exposure to the CAs. A different pattern of accumulation and distribution at baseline as well as after a BBBD procedure was observed for both agents, which is consistent with their different molecular size and weight. Baseline tumor exposure was threefold higher for Magnevist compared with Gadomer, whereas postBBBD tumor exposure was twofold higher for Magnevist. Our study clearly showed that the time window and the extent of delivery across the intact, as well as permeabilized BTB and BBB are influenced by drug size.
The Efficiency of Glutamate Uptake Differs between Neonatal and Adult Cortical Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Lecointre Maryline , Hauchecorne Michelle , Chaussivert Armelle , Marret Stéphane , Leroux Philippe , Jegou Sylvie , Leroux-Nicollet Isabelle , Gonzalez Bruno J , Henry Vincent J
Published: February 2014

Glutamate transporters (excitatory amino-acid transporters (EAATs)) are essential for brain homeostasis. While previous studies indicate that the vascular endothelium contributes to glutamate efflux in the adult brain, little information is available regarding glutamate uptake in the immature brain. The present study shows a differential expression pattern of EAATs between cortical microvessels in adults and newborns. In addition, adult cortical endothelial cells take up glutamate more efficiently than neonatal cells. Our findings indicate age-specific changes in extracellular glutamate regulation by brain endothelial cells, suggesting differences in the efficiency of glutamate efflux during an excitotoxic process that, in turn, may contribute to age-specific brain vulnerability.
Kinetic Modeling of the Monoamine Oxidase B Radioligand [11C]SL25.1188 in Human Brain with High-Resolution Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Rusjan Pablo M , Wilson Alan A , Miler Laura , Fan Ian , Mizrahi Romina , Houle Sylvain , Vasdev Neil , Meyer Jeffrey H
Published: February 2014

This article describes the kinetic modeling of [11C]SL25.1188 ([(S)-5-methoxymethyl-3-[6-(4,4,4-trifluorobutoxy)-benzo[ d]isoxazol-3-yl]-oxazolidin-2-[11C]one]) binding to monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) in the human brain using high-resolution positron emission tomography (PET). Seven healthy subjects underwent two separate 90-minute PET scans after an intravenous injection of [11C]SL25.1188. Complementary arterial blood sampling was acquired. Radioactivity was quickly eliminated from plasma with 80% of parent compound remaining at 90 minutes. Metabolites were more polar than the parent compound. Time-activity curves showed high brain uptake, early peak and washout rate consistent with known regional MAO-B concentration. A two-tissue compartment model (2-TCM) provided better fits to the data than a 1-TCM. Measurement of total distribution volume ( VT) showed very good identifiability (based on coefficient of variation (COV)) for all regions of interest (ROIs) (COV( VT)<8%), low between-subject variability (˜20%), and quick temporal convergence (within 5% of final value at 45 minutes). Logan graphical method produces very good estimation of VT. Regional VT highly correlated with previous postmortem report of MAO-B level ( r2 = ≤0.9). Specific binding would account from 70% to 90% of VT. Hence, VT measurement of [11C]SL25.1 188 PET is an excellent estimation of MAO-B concentration.
Effect of CYP3A4*22, CYP3A5*3, and CYP3A Combined Genotypes on Cyclosporine, Everolimus, and Tacrolimus Pharmacokinetics in Renal Transplantation
Authors: Moes DJAR , Swen JJ , den Hartigh J , van der Straaten T , van der Heide JJ Homan , Sanders JS , Bemelman FJ , de Fijter JW , Guchelaar HJ
Published: February 2014

Cyclosporine, everolimus, and tacrolimus are the cornerstone of immunosuppressive therapy in renal transplantation. These drugs are characterized by narrow therapeutic windows, highly variable pharmacokinetics (PK), and metabolism by CYP3A enzymes. Recently, the decreased activity allele, CYP3A4*22, was described as a potential predictive marker for CYP3A4 activity. This study investigated the effect of CYP3A4*22, CYP3A5*3, and CYP3A combined genotypes on cyclosporine, everolimus, and tacrolimus PK in renal transplant patients. CYP3A4*22 carriers showed a significant lower clearance for cyclosporine (−15%), and a trend was observed for everolimus (−7%) and tacrolimus (−16%). Patients carrying at least one CYP3A5*1 allele had 1.5‐fold higher tacrolimus clearance compared with noncarriers; however, CYP3A5*3 appeared to be nonpredictive for everolimus and cyclosporine. CYP3A combined genotype did not significantly improve prediction of clearance compared with CYP3A5*3 or CYP3A4*22 alone. These data suggest that dose individualization of cyclosporine, everolimus, or tacrolimus therapy based on CYP3A4*22 is not indicated.

CPT: Pharmacometrics Systems Pharmacology (2014); 3, e100; doi:10.1038/psp.2013.78; published online 12 February 2014
Molecular inversion probe-based SPR biosensing for specific, label-free and real-time detection of regional DNA methylation
Authors: Carrascosa Laura G. , Sina Abu Ali Ibn , Palanisamy Ramkumar , Sepulveda Borja , Otte Marinus A. , Rauf Sakandar , Shiddiky Muhamad J. A. , Trau Matt
Published: February 2014

DNA regional methylation can be detected in real-time and label-free using surface plasmon resonance biosensing coupled to molecular inversion probe based amplification.
The analysis of solution self-assembled polymeric nanomaterials
Authors: Patterson Joseph P. , Robin Mathew P. , Chassenieux Christophe , Colombani Olivier , O'Reilly Rachel K.
Published: February 2014

This tutorial review provides a guide for the characterisation and analysis of soft nanomaterials based on polymeric self-assemblies using scattering and microscopic techniques.
Uniform iron oxide hollow spheres for high-performance delivery of insoluble anticancer drugs
Authors: Zhu Yichen , Lei Jie , Tian Ye
Published: February 2014

Novel magnetic hollow spheres based on iron oxide have been designed and synthesized via a facile and cost-effective one-pot solvothermal route, and have successfully acted as nanocarriers for the high-performance delivery of insoluble anticancer drugs in vitro.
Biogenic synthesis of palladium nanoparticles using Pulicaria glutinosa extract and their catalytic activity towards the Suzuki coupling reaction
Authors: Khan Mujeeb , Khan Merajuddin , Kuniyil Mufsir , Adil Syed Farooq , Al-Warthan Abdulrahman , Alkhathlan Hamad Z. , Tremel Wolfgang , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Siddiqui Mohammed Rafiq H.
Published: February 2014

Biosynthesized Pd NPs: wonderful catalyst towards the Suzuki coupling reaction under aerobic conditions.
Transforming an oxygen-tolerant [NiFe] uptake hydrogenase into a proficient, reversible hydrogen producer
Authors: Murphy Bonnie J. , Sargent Frank , Armstrong Fraser A.
Published: February 2014

Special ‘O2-tolerant’ [NiFe]-hydrogenases that appear only to catalyse H2oxidation are transformed into efficient bidirectional H2producers by adjusting the potential differential within the enzyme.
Uptake of self-secreted flavins as bound cofactors for extracellular electron transfer in Geobacter species
Authors: Okamoto Akihiro , Saito Koichiro , Inoue Kengo , Nealson Kenneth H. , Hashimoto Kazuhito , Nakamura Ryuhei
Published: February 2014

Geobacter cells utilize self-secreted riboflavin as a bound-cofactor in outer-membrane c-type cytochromes to enhance the rate of bacterial electron transport.
Efficient and simple reactive milling preparation of photocatalytically active porous ZnO nanostructures using biomass derived polysaccharides
Authors: Francavilla Matteo , Pineda Antonio , Romero Antonio A. , Colmenares Juan Carlos , Vargas Carolina , Monteleone Massimo , Luque Rafael
Published: February 2014

ZnO nanocrystals of different shapes and sizes have been synthesized using an innovative methodology and various polysaccharides as sacrificial templates.
A functional microengineered model of the human splenon-on-a-chip
Authors: Rigat-Brugarolas L. G. , Elizalde-Torrent A. , Bernabeu M. , De Niz M. , Martin-Jaular L. , Fernandez-Becerra C. , Homs-Corbera A. , Samitier J. , del Portillo H. A.
Published: February 2014

The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ specialized in the filtration of senescent, damaged, or infected red blood cells.
Preparation conditions of NiS active material in high-boiling solvents for all-solid-state lithium secondary batteries
Authors: Aso Keigo , Hayashi Akitoshi , Tatsumisago Masahiro
Published: February 2014

The formation mechanism of nickel sulfide was investigated by changing reaction conditions, examining intermediates, and verifying the effects of capping ability of a coordinating solvent on crystal phases of nickel sulfide.
Synthesis of a carborane-containing cholesterol derivative and evaluation as a potential dual agent for MRI/BNCT applications
Authors: Alberti Diego , Toppino Antonio , Geninatti Crich Simonetta , Meraldi Chiara , Prandi Cristina , Protti Nicoletta , Bortolussi Silva , Altieri Saverio , Aime Silvio , Deagostino Annamaria
Published: February 2014

A new dual imaging and therapeutic agent is proposed to improve the efficacy of boron neutron capture therapy in cancer treatment.
Synthesis of functionalized 2-vinyl-2,3-dihydropyrroles and 3-methylene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridines by palladium-catalyzed cyclization of β-enaminocarbonyl compounds with allylic bisacetates
Authors: Yoshida Masahiro , Kinoshita Kouki , Namba Kosuke
Published: February 2014

Palladium-catalyzed reactions of β-enaminocarbonyl compounds with 1,4-diacetoxybut-2-ene and 2-methylene-1,3-propanediol diacetate are described.
Influence of a resorcin[4]arene core structure on the spatial directionality of multi-arm poly(ε-caprolactone)s
Authors: Wu Ruizhi , Al-Azemi Talal F. , Bisht Kirpal S.
Published: February 2014

The spatial directionality of polymer chains in multi-arm polymers can be used to manipulate their thermal and physical properties. Synthesis of directional poly(ε-caprolactone), based on a rigid and flexible resorcin[4]arene initiator core, was accomplished via ring-opening polymerization catalyzed by Sn(Oct)2 in bulk at 120 °C.
Si nanocorals/PbS quantum dots composited high efficiency c-Si solar cell
Authors: Feng Wuliang , Liu Jie , Li Yusheng , Liang Jie , Yu Xibin
Published: February 2014

A composited Si nanocorals/PbS quantum dots p–n active layer (with a pyramid textured surface) achieved a 30% increase in power conversion efficiency.
Syntheses of cross-linked polymeric superparamagnetic beads with tunable properties
Authors: Maurizi Lionel , Sakulkhu Usawadee , Crowe Lindsey A. , Dao Vanessa Mai , Leclaire Nicolas , Vallée Jean-Paul , Hofmann Heinrich
Published: February 2014

Novel, fast and reproducible way to obtain magnetic silica beads by PVA, silica and iron oxide nanoparticles cross-linking process.
Solid-state gas sensors for high temperature applications – a review
Authors: Liu Yixin , Parisi Joseph , Sun Xiangcheng , Lei Yu
Published: February 2014

High temperature gas sensors for combustion processes are essential to improve energy efficiency and reduce toxic emissions.
Ni–Co sulfide nanowires on nickel foam with ultrahigh capacitance for asymmetric supercapacitors
Authors: Li Yanhong , Cao Liujun , Qiao Lei , Zhou Ming , Yang Yang , Xiao Peng , Zhang Yunhuai
Published: February 2014

Ni–Co sulfide nanowires synthesized by a two-step hydrothermal method show good performance when used as the positive electrode for asymmetric supercapacitors.
Synthesis of benzo-γ-sultams via the Rh-catalyzed aromatic C–H functionalization of diazosulfonamides
Authors: Yang Zhanhui , Xu Jiaxi
Published: February 2014

Diazosulfonamides are first introduced and employed to synthesize 1-aryl-benzo-γ-sultams via Rh-catalyzed intramolecular aromatic C–H functionalization.
Spectroscopic characterization of C7H3+ and C7H3˙: electronic absorption and fluorescence in 6 K neon matrices
Authors: Chakraborty Arghya , Fulara Jan , Dietsche Rainer , Maier John P.
Published: February 2014

Electronic absorption spectra of mass-selected C7H3+ and C7H3˙ isomers in a neon matrix have been identified for the first time.
Energetics and efficiency analysis of a cobaloxime-modified semiconductor under simulated air mass 1.5 illumination
Authors: Krawicz Alexandra , Cedeno Diana , Moore Gary F.
Published: February 2014

An energetics and efficiency analysis of a gallium phosphide semiconductor functionalized with molecular hydrogen production catalysts yields insights into the design of improved photocathodes.
Surface modification of ionic liquid-spun chitin fibers for the extraction of uranium from seawater: seeking the strength of chitin and the chemical functionality of chitosan
Authors: Barber Patrick S. , Kelley Steven P. , Griggs Chris S. , Wallace Sergei , Rogers Robin D.
Published: February 2014

A platform was developed for the surface modification of ionic liquid-spun chitin fibers, that provides the physical properties of chitin with chitosan's functional properties on the surface.