bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Trihydrazine‐Bridged Cobalt(II) Chain Compounds Exhibiting Antiferromagnetic Ordering and Single‐Chain Magnetic Behavior
Authors: Jia Li‐Hui , Wang Yan‐Jun , Gao Chen , Ding Mei , Jia Jun‐Hua , Wang Bing‐Wu , Gao Song
Published: July 2014

Two new trihydrazine bridged CoII chain compounds have been synthesized and magnetically characterized. The two compounds are both composed of [Co(N2H4)3]2+ chains. One exhibits antiferromagnetic ordering behavior while the other behaves as a single‐chain magnet (SCM) at low temperature.
Effects of 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field on in vitro establishment, multiplication, and acclimatization phases of Coffea arabica seedlings
Authors: Isaac Alemán Elizabeth , Oliveira Moreira Rafael , Almeida Lima Andre , Chaves Silva Samuel , González‐Olmedo Justo Lorenzo , Chalfun‐Junior Antonio
Published: July 2014

The influence of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on net photosynthesis, transpiration, photosynthetic pigment concentration, and gene expression of ribulose 1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit (RBCS1), during in vitro establishment, in vitro multiplication and acclimatization phases of coffee seedlings were investigated. Untreated coffee plants were considered as control, whereas treated plants were exposed to a 60 Hz sinusoidal magnetic field of 2 mT of magnetic induction during 3 min. This magnetic field was generated by an electromagnet, connected to a wave generator. The results revealed that magnetically treated plants showed a significant increase in net photosynthesis (85.4% and 117.9%, in multiplication and acclimatization phases, respectively), and in photosynthetic pigment concentration (66.6% for establishment phase, 79.9% for multiplication phase, and 43.8% for acclimatization phase). They also showed a differential RBCS1 gene expression (approximately twofold) and a decrease of transpiration rates in regard to their control plants. In conclusion, the findings suggest that the application of 60 Hz magnetic field to in vitro coffee plants may improve the seedlings quality by modifying some photosynthetic physiological and molecular processes, increasing their vigor, and ensuring better plant development in later stages. Bioelectromagnetics. 35:414–425, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beneficial effects of environmental enrichment and food entrainment in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Skillings Elizabeth A. , Wood Nigel I. , Morton A. Jennifer
Published: July 2014

Background

In addition to their cognitive and motor deficits, R6/2 mice show a progressive disintegration in circadian rhythms that mirrors the problems associated with sleep‐wake disturbances experienced by patients with Huntington's disease (HD). It has been shown previously that motor and cognitive performance, as well as survival, can be improved in transgenic mouse models of HD through the provision of environmental enrichment.

Methods

We compared the effect of two different overnight entrainment paradigms presented either separately or in combination. The first was environmental enrichment, the second was temporal food‐entrainment. Environmental enrichment was provided in the dark period (the natural active period for mice) in the form of access to a Perspex playground containing running wheels, tunnels, climbing frame, ropes and chew blocks. Food entrainment was imposed by allowing access to food only during the dark period. We assessed a number of different aspects of function in the mice, measuring general health (by SHIRPA testing, body temperature and body weight measurements), cognitive performance in the touchscreen and locomotor behavior in the open field.

Results

There were no significant differences in cognitive performance between groups on different schedules. Environmental enrichment delayed the onset of general health deterioration, while food entrainment slowed the loss of body weight, aided the maintenance of body temperature and improved locomotor behavior. Effects were limited however, and in combination had deleterious effects on survival.

Conclusions

Our results support previous studies showing that environmental enrichment can be beneficial and might be used to enhance the quality of life of HD patients. However, improvements are selective and ‘enrichment’ per se is likely to only be useful as an adjunct to a more direct therapy.
Synthesis and Biochemical Characterization of Tricyclothymidine Triphosphate (tc‐TTP)
Authors: Hollenstein Marcel , Leumann Christian J.
Published: July 2014

Tricyclo‐DNA (tc‐DNA) is a conformationally restricted oligonucleotide analogue that exhibits promising properties as a robust antisense agent. Here we report on the synthesis and biochemical characterization of tc‐TTP, the triphosphate of a tc‐DNA nucleoside containing the base thymine. Tc‐TTP turned out to be a substrate for the Vent (exo−) DNA polymerase, a polymerase that allows for multiple incorporations of tc‐T nucleotides under primer extension reaction conditions. However, the substrate acceptance is rather low, as also observed for other sugar‐modified analogues. Tc‐TTP and tc‐nucleotide‐containing templates do not sustain enzymatic polymerization under physiological conditions; this indicates that tc‐DNA‐based antisense agents will not enter natural metabolic pathways that lead to long‐term toxicity.
Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate suppresses the lipid deposition through the apoptosis during differentiation in bovine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Jeong Jin Young , Suresh Sekar , Jang Mi , Park Mi Na , Gobianand Kuppannan , You Seungkwon , Yeon Sung‐Heom , Lee Hyun‐Jeong
Published: July 2014

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a major component of tea, has known effects on obesity, fatty liver, and obesity‐related cancer. We explored the effects of EGCG on the differentiation of bovine mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs, which are multipotent) in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. Differentiating BMSCs were exposed to various concentrations of EGCG (0, 10, 50, 100, and 200 µM) for 2, 4, and 6 days. BMSCs were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)/high‐glucose medium with adipogenic inducers for 6 days, and the expression levels of various genes involved in adipogenesis were measured using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blotting. We assessed apoptosis by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) staining of control and EGCG‐exposed cells. We found that EGCG significantly suppressed fat deposition and cell viability (P < 0.05). The mRNA and protein levels of various adipogenic factors were measured. Expression of the genes encoding peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARG), CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein alpha (CEBPA), fatty acid‐binding protein 4 (FABP4), and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase (SCD) were diminished by EGCG during adipogenic differentiation (P < 0.05). We also found that EGCG lowered the expression levels of the adipogenic proteins encoded by these genes (P < 0.05). EGCG induced apoptosis during adipogenic differentiation (P < 0.05). Thus, exposure to EGCG potentially inhibits adipogenesis by triggering apoptosis; the data suggest that EGCG inhibits adipogenic differentiation in BMSCs.
Bioabsorbable polymer‐coated sirolimus‐eluting stent implantation preserves coronary vasomotion: A DESSOLVE II trial sub‐study
Authors: Rusinaru Dan , Vrolix Mathias , Verheye Stefan , Chowdhary Saqib , Schoors Danny , Di Mario Carlo , Desmet Walter , Donohoe Dennis J. , Ormiston John A. , Knape Charlene , Bezerra Hiram , Lansky Alexandra , Wijns William ,   on behalf of the DESSOLVE II Investigators
Published: July 2014

Objectives

We studied coronary vasomotion in patients treated with the Mistent® absorbable polymer sirolimus‐eluting stent (APSES) and in patients implanted with the Endeavor® zotarolimus‐eluting stent (ZES).

Background

First generation (1st‐gen) drug‐eluting stents (DES) induce persistent vasomotor dysfunction in the treated coronary artery. It is unknown whether and to what extent the implantation of an absorbable polymer DES impairs coronary vasomotion.

Methods

This sub‐study of the DESSOLVE II trial included 19 APSES Mistent® and 10 ZES Endeavor® patients. Incremental atrial pacing and quantitative coronary angiography were used to assess vasomotion proximal and distal to the stent and in a reference segment at 9 months after implantation. Percent changes in vessel diameter with pacing versus baseline were calculated and compared. Vasomotor response of the APSES group was also compared with changes observed in a historical group of 17 patients implanted with a 1st‐gen sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES).

Results

Normal vasomotion (vasodilatation) was preserved and of comparable magnitude in the APSES and in the ZES group both proximally (P = 0.34) and distally (P = 0.38) to the stent. This finding was not observed in the 1st‐gen SES group showing marked pacing‐induced vasoconstriction at both stent edges (P < 0.05 vs. APSES). The results were practically unchanged after excluding patients with absolute changes in vessel diameter <3% between baseline and maximal pacing.

Conclusions

The implantation of an absorbable polymer sirolimus‐eluting stent is associated with preserved coronary vasomotion, comparable to that observed after implantation of the Endeavor® ZES, and distinct from 1st‐gen SES which induce coronary vasomotor dysfunction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic total occlusion percutaneous coronary intervention case selection and techniques for the antegrade‐only operator
Authors: Rinfret Stéphane , Joyal Dominique , Spratt James C. , Buller Christopher E.
Published: July 2014

Coronary chronic total occlusions (CTO) remain a difficult lesion subset to treat. Although CTOs are present at coronary angiography in 15–20% of patients, only a small fraction of eligible patients will be offered percutaneous treatment. Recent publications from centers with dedicated CTO programs using the full range of antegrade and retrograde techniques suggest success rates in the range of 90% even when little anatomic exclusion are used. However, many patients with clinically appropriate CTO targets have simpler anatomy that can predictably be managed without the selected skills and equipment. The purpose of this review is to provide skilled percutaneous coronary intervention operators who have not specialized in complex retrograde CTO techniques, an algorithm for the selection and antegrade management of appropriate CTO cases. Core equipment and techniques are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Midgut volvulus presenting with acute chylous peritonitis
Authors: Pai Ajit , Park John J. , Marecik Slawomir J. , Prasad Leela M.
Published: July 2014

Key Clinical message

Midgut volvulus can rarely present with acute chylous peritonitis. Common etiologies for chylous ascites need to be excluded before this diagnosis is made. Correction of the volvulus and peritoneal lavage suffice as treatment.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) mistaken for pancreatic pseudocyst – case report and literature review
Authors: de Assis Pereira Hansen Cristiano , José Fábio Freire , Caluz Naiara Pedrassi Engracia Garcia
Published: July 2014

Key Clinical Message

A 74‐year‐old female patient underwent a Roux‐en‐Y cystjejunostomy for pancreatic pseudocyst developed several melena episodes and she was surgically reappraised. The main diagnostic concern was a pancreatic cystic neoplasm. A 12 × 8.0 × 5.0 cm retro‐gastric lesion was resected and pathology report indicated an unsuspected gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The report aimed to describe an atypical presentation of GIST.
A Highly Efficient Sunlight Driven ZnO Nanosheet Photocatalyst: Synergetic Effect of P‐Doping and MoS2 Atomic Layer Loading
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Xie Shufan , Li Hui , Wang Xianying
Published: July 2014

A novel kind of highly efficient photocatalyst composed of ultrathin P‐doped ZnO nanosheets decorated with atomic MoS2 layers is reported. Under natural sunlight, 95 % of the organic dyes can be degraded within six minutes. The photodegradation rate constant reaches up to 1.413 min−1, which is 3.4 times larger than that of commercial P25 under the same reaction conditions. The superior photocatalytic activity of the hybrid photocatalyst can be attributed to the synergetic effects of many advantages, including enhanced light adsorption efficiency, suppression of charge recombination, improvement of interfacial charge transfer, and an increase in the number of reaction sites.
Electrochemical Activation of Carbon–Halogen Bonds: Electrocatalysis at Palladium–Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Durante Christian , Perazzolo Valentina , Isse Abdirisak Ahmed , Favaro Marco , Granozzi Gaetano , Gennaro Armando
Published: July 2014

Palladised Cu nanoparticles (Pd–Cu NPs) supported on glassy carbon are synthesised through electrolytic deposition of Cu followed by galvanic displacement of Cu with Pd. The electrodes are characterised by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, which show that although the composition of the NPs depends on the deposition time of Pd, Cu is always the main component, whereas Pd is preferentially limited to the uppermost layer of the nanoparticle surface. The reductive cleavage of a series of organic chlorides is investigated at Cu, Pd, Cu NPs and Pd–Cu NPs both in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) and DMF/H2O (3:1 v/v). A strong dependence of the electrocatalytic properties of the electrodes on the mechanism of dissociative electron transfer (DET) is observed in pure DMF; moderate electrocatalysis is found for the reduction of all alkyl halides undergoing concerted DET, whereas no appreciable catalysis is observed for the reduction of aromatic chlorides, which undergo stepwise DET. However, addition of H2O remarkably enhances the catalytic activity of the metals. In DMF/H2O, all investigated compounds are catalytically reduced at Cu, Cu NPs and Pd–Cu NPs with good‐to‐excellent catalytic activities.
Localized Crystallization of Enantiomeric Organic Compounds on Chiral Micro‐patterns from Various Organic Solutions
Authors: Lingenfelder Magalí , Bejarano‐Villafuerte Ángela , van der Meijden Maarten W. , Kellogg Richard M. , Amabilino David B.
Published: July 2014

The controlled crystallization of enantiomers of an organic compound (a cyclic phosphoric acid derivative) on templated micro‐patterned functionalised surfaces is demonstrated. Areas where a complementary chiral thiol has been located were effective heterogeneous nucleation centres when a solution of the compound is evaporated slowly. Various organic solvents were employed, which present a challenge with respect to other examples when water is used. The solvent and the crystallization method have an important influence on the crystal growth of these compounds. When chloroform was employed, well‐defined crystals grow away from the surface, whereas crystals grow in the plane from solutions in isopropanol. In both cases, nucleation is confined to the polar patterned regions of the surface, and for isopropanol growth is largely limited within the pattern, which shows the importance of surface chemistry for nucleation and growth. The apparent dependence on the enantiomer used in the latter case could imply stereo‐differentiation as a result of short‐range interactions (the templating monolayer is disordered, even at the nanometre scale). The size of the pattern of chiral monolayer also determines the outcome of the crystallization; 5 μm dots are most effective. Despite the low surface tension of the samples (relative to the high surface tension of water), differential solvation of the polar and hydrophobic layers of the solvents allows crystallization in the polar regions of the monolayer, therefore the polarity of the regions in which heterogeneous nucleation takes place is indeed very important. Despite the complex nature of the crystallization process, these results are an important step towards to the use of patterned surfaces for heterogeneous selective nucleation of enantiomers.
Multistep π Dimerization of Tetrakis(n‐decyl)heptathienoacene Radical Cations: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Ferrón Cristina Capel , Capdevila‐Cortada Marçal , Balster Russell , Hartl František , Niu Weijun , He Mingqian , Novoa Juan J. , López Navarrete Juan T. , Hernández Víctor , Ruiz Delgado M. Carmen
Published: July 2014

Radical cations of a heptathienoacene α,β‐substituted with four n‐decyl side groups (D4T7.+) form exceptionally stable π‐dimer dications already at ambient temperature (Chem. Comm. 2011, 47, 12622). This extraordinary π‐dimerization process is investigated here with a focus on the ultimate [D4T7.+]2 π‐dimer dication and yet‐unreported transitory species formed during and after the oxidation. To this end, we use a joint experimental and theoretical approach that combines cyclic voltammetry, in situ spectrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry, EPR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. The impact of temperature, thienoacene concentration, and the nature and concentration of counteranions on the π‐dimerization process is also investigated in detail. Two different transitory species were detected in the course of the one‐electron oxidation: 1) a different transient conformation of the ultimate [D4T7.+]2 π‐dimer dications, the stability of which is strongly affected by the applied experimental conditions, and 2) intermediate [D4T7]2.+ π‐dimer radical cations formed prior to the fully oxidized [D4T7]2.+ π‐dimer dications. Thus, this comprehensive work demonstrates the formation of peculiar supramolecular species of heptathienoacene radical cations, the stability, nature, and structure of which have been successfully analyzed. We therefore believe that this study leads to a deeper fundamental understanding of the mechanism of dimer formation between conjugated aromatic systems.
Metal Nanoparticles and Supramolecular Macrocycles: A Tale of Synergy
Authors: Montes‐García Verónica , Pérez‐Juste Jorge , Pastoriza‐Santos Isabel , Liz‐Marzán Luis M.
Published: July 2014

In this minireview, we summarize current research dealing with the combination of noble‐metal nanoparticles and different families of supramolecular macrocycles (cyclodextrins, cucurbit[n]urils, calixarenes, and pillar[n]arenes). We intended to select relevant publications on the synthesis of noble‐metal nanoparticles with macrocycles acting as capping agents or/and reducing agents, as well as on the post‐synthetic metal‐nanoparticle modification with macrocycles. We also discuss strategies in which supramolecular chemistry is applied to direct the self‐assembly of nanoparticles and formation of polymer composites. We finally describe the main applications of these materials in various fields.
Efficient CO2 Capture and Photoreduction by Amine‐Functionalized TiO2
Authors: Liao Yusen , Cao Shao‐Wen , Yuan Yupeng , Gu Quan , Zhang Zhenyi , Xue Can
Published: July 2014

Amine‐functionalization of TiO2 nanoparticles, through a solvothermal approach, substantially increases the affinity of CO2 on TiO2 surfaces through chemisorption. This chemisorption allows for more effective activation of CO2 and charge transfer from excited TiO2, and significantly enhances the photocatalytic rate of CO2 reduction into methane and CO.
2,6‐Diphospha‐s‐indacene‐1,3,5,7(2 H,6 H)‐tetraone: A Phosphorus Analogue of Aromatic Diimides with the Minimal Core Exhibiting High Electron‐Accepting Ability
Authors: Takeda Youhei , Nishida Takuya , Minakata Satoshi
Published: July 2014

Phosphorus analogues of pyrromellitic diimides (PyDIs), which represent a family of privileged electron‐accepting organic compounds, have been successfully synthesized as novel electron‐accepting π‐conjugated molecules. Investigation into their physicochemical properties uncovered their prominent electron‐accepting abilities over the corresponding PyDI. Furthermore, theoretical studies revealed the significant contribution of σ*–π* hyperconjugation in stabilizing the LUMO+1.
Energetic Tuning by tRNA Modifications Ensures Correct Decoding of Isoleucine and Methionine on the Ribosome
Authors: Satpati Priyadarshi , Bauer Paul , Åqvist Johan
Published: July 2014

Chemical modifications of tRNAs are critical for accurate translation of the genetic code on the ribosome. The discrimination between isoleucine (AUA) and methionine (AUG) codons depends on such modifications of the wobble position in isoleucine tRNA anticodon loops, in all kingdoms of life. Bacteria and archaea employ functionally similar lysine‐ and agmatine‐conjugated cytidine derivatives to ensure decoding fidelity, but the thermodynamics underlying codon discrimination remains unknown. Here, we report structure‐based computer simulations that quantitatively reveal the energetics of this decoding strategy in archaea. The results further show that the agmatidine modification confers tRNA specificity primarily by desolvation of the incorrect codon in the non‐cognate complex. Tautomerism is found to play no significant role in this decoding system as the usual amino form of the modified tRNA is by far the most stable.
ChemInform Abstract: In vitro/in vivo Assessment and Mechanisms of Toxicity of Bioceramic Materials and Its Wear Particulates
Authors: Thrivikraman Greeshma , Madras Giridhar , Basu Bikramjit
Published: July 2014

Review: 202 refs.
Longitudinal data analysis using the conditional empirical likelihood method
Authors: Han Peisong , Song Peter X.‐K. , Wang Lu
Published: July 2014

This paper studies a new approach to longitudinal data analysis using the conditional empirical likelihood (CEL) method within the framework of marginal models. The possible unbalanced follow‐up visits are dealt with via stratification according to distinctive follow‐up patterns. The CEL method does not require any explicit modelling of the variance–covariance of the longitudinal outcomes. Instead, it implicitly incorporates a consistently estimated variance–covariance matrix in a nonparametric fashion. The proposed CEL estimator is connected to the generalized estimating equations (GEE) estimator, and achieves the same efficiency as the GEE estimator employing the true variance–covariance. The asymptotic distribution of the CEL estimator is derived, and simulation studies are conducted to assess the finite sample performance. Data collected from a longitudinal nutrition study are analysed as an application.The Canadian Journal of Statistics42: 404–422; 2014 © 2014 Statistical Society of Canada
Exploring Directional Invasion of Serum Nuclease into siRNA Duplexes by Asymmetrical Terminal Modifications
Authors: Huang Ye , Ma Yuan , Guo Yujia , Zou Lang , Jin Hongwei , Zhong Lijun , Wu Yun , Zhang Lihe , Yang Zhenjun
Published: July 2014

In this study we demonstrated that ribonuclease A (RNase A) can recognize the thermodynamic asymmetry of siRNA duplexes, similar to other proteins involved in siRNA function such as argonaute 2. RNase A preferentially invades the siRNA duplex through the less stable terminus, i.e., the 3′ terminus of the sense strand. As evidence, only phosphorothioate (PS) modification at the sense strand overhang improved serum stability, whereas PS modification at the antisense strand overhang did not affect stability. Moreover, the improvement in stability caused by modification at the sense strand overhang was found to correlate with the terminal base pair composition of the siRNA. Gel electrophoresis and MALDI‐TOF MS analysis indicated that modifications at the sense strand overhang improved the serum stability of siRNAs by inhibiting the directional invasion of RNase A. The blocking effect was not brought about by stabilization of the siRNA duplexes because there was no clear difference between the melting temperatures of siRNAs with PS modifications at each 3′ overhang.
Preparation and Properties of Clickable Amino Analogues of the Duocarmycins: Factors That Affect the Efficiency of Their Fluorescent Labelling of DNA
Authors: Tercel Moana , McManaway Sarah P. , Liyanage H. D. Sarath , Pruijn Frederik B.
Published: July 2014

Herein we report the synthesis of three DNA‐alkylating amino analogues of the duocarmycins that carry an alkyne functional group suitable for copper‐catalysed click chemistry. The alkyne‐containing substituents are connected via a side chain position which projects away from the minor groove, and have only a small effect on DNA alkylation and cytotoxicity. The efficiency of click reactions with fluorophore azides was studied using alkylated ctDNA by analysing the adenine adducts produced after thermal depurination. Click reactions “on DNA” were sensitive to steric effects (tether length to the alkyne) and, surprisingly, to the nature of the fluorophore azide. With the best combination of click partners and reagents, adducts could be detected in the nuclei of treated cells by microscopy or flow cytometry, provided that an appropriate detergent (Triton X‐100 and not Tween 20) was used for permeabilisation. The method is sensitive enough to detect adducts at physiologically relevant concentrations, and could have application in the development of nitro analogues of the duocarmycins as hypoxia‐activated anticancer prodrugs.
Variation in treatment associated with life expectancy in a population‐based cohort of men with early‐stage prostate cancer
Authors: Daskivich Timothy J. , Lai Julie , Dick Andrew W. , Setodji Claude M. , Hanley Janet M. , Litwin Mark S. , Saigal Christopher ,   on behalf of the Urologic Diseases in America Project
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

Men with major comorbidities are at risk for overtreatment of prostate cancer due to uncertainty regarding their life expectancy. We sought to characterize life expectancy and treatment in a population‐based cohort of men with differing ages and comorbidity burdens at diagnosis.

METHODS

We sampled 96,032 men aged ≥66 years with early‐stage prostate cancer who had Gleason scores ≤7 and were diagnosed during 1991 to 2007 from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare database. We calculated cumulative incidence of other‐cause mortality and determined treatment patterns among subgroups defined by age and Charlson comorbidity index scores.

RESULTS

Overall, life expectancy was <10 years (10‐year other‐cause mortality rate, >50%) for 50,049 of 96,032 men (52%). Life expectancy differed by age and comorbidity score and was <10 years for men ages 66 to 69 years with Charlson scores ≥2, for men ages 70 to 74 years with Charlson scores ≥1, and for all men ages 75 to 79 years and ≥80 years. Among those who had a life expectancy <10 years, treatment was aggressive (surgery, radiation, or brachytherapy) for 68% of men aged 66 to 69 years, 69% of men aged 70 to 74 years, 57% of men aged 75 to 79 years, and 24% of men aged ≥80 years. Among these men, aggressive treatment was predominantly radiation therapy (50%, 53%, 63%, and 69%, respectively) and less frequently was surgery (30%, 25%, 13%, and 9%, respectively). Multivariate models revealed little variation in the probability of aggressive treatment by comorbidity status within age subgroups despite substantial differences in mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Men aged <80 years at diagnosis who have life expectancies <10 years often receive aggressive treatment for low‐risk and intermediate‐risk prostate cancer, mostly with radiation therapy. Cancer 2014;120:3642–3650. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Wilms tumor 1/cytokeratin dual‐color immunostaining reveals distinctive staining patterns in metastatic melanoma, metastatic carcinoma, and mesothelial cells in pleural fluids: An effective first‐line test for the workup of malignant effusions
Authors: Conner James R. , Cibas Edmund S. , Hornick Jason L. , Qian Xiaohua
Published: July 2014

BACKGROUND

The workup of a malignant effusion usually requires immunostaining with a panel of markers. Although nuclear Wilms tumor 1 (WT1) expression is widely used to detect tumors of ovarian and mesothelial origin, it is less well known that WT1 is also expressed in the cytoplasm of melanomas and mesenchymal tumors. Because to the authors' knowledge the diagnostic utility of cytoplasmic WT1 expression has not been explored to date, the usefulness of a WT1/AE1/AE3 dual‐color immunostain in the workup of malignant effusions was evaluated.

METHODS

A total of 86 pleural effusions, including 17 metastatic melanomas, 31 metastatic adenocarcinomas, 10 malignant mesotheliomas, 10 lymphoproliferative disorders, 5 metastatic sarcomas, and 13 benign specimens, were immunostained using a peroxidase‐based brown chromogen for WT1 and an alkaline phosphatase‐based red chromogen for AE1/AE3 on cell block sections.

RESULTS

The majority of malignant effusions stained in 1 of 4 distinctive patterns: 1) all lung and breast adenocarcinomas demonstrated cytoplasmic AE1/AE3 expression without nuclear or cytoplasmic WT1 expression; 2) serous carcinomas of Müllerian origin, mesotheliomas, and benign mesothelial cells were positive for cytoplasmic AE1/AE3 as well as nuclear WT1; 3) melanomas, sarcomas, and a subset of plasma cell neoplasms were positive for cytoplasmic expression of WT1 but negative for AE1/AE3; and 4) large B‐cell lymphomas and a subset of plasma cell neoplasms were negative for both markers.

CONCLUSIONS

A WT1/AE1/AE3 dual‐color immunostain can reliably identify malignancy in pleural effusions and group malignant cells into discrete subsets, thereby narrowing the differential diagnosis. This simple double stain can be a cost‐effective, first‐line test in the workup of patients with malignant effusions. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:586–595. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Implications of the Unpaired Spins in Li–O2 Battery Chemistry and Electrochemistry: A Minireview
Authors: Lau Kah Chun , Lu Jun , Luo Xiangyi , Curtiss Larry A. , Amine Khalil
Published: July 2014

Recent experimental and theoretical reports suggest that the valence states of oxygen species residing in the Li–O2 cell discharge products can be very complex. The Li–O2 discharge products may consist of composite structures of Li/O2 compounds, such as Li2O2, O‐rich Li2O2, LiO2‐like superoxide, and Li2O, which can be both crystalline and amorphous phase. Some impurities can also be present owing to undesired parasitic reactions associated with electrolyte decomposition. In particular, the observation of unpaired spins associated with Li–O2 discharge products may be because of the oxygen‐rich environment of the Li–O2 cell, which results in reduced oxygen radical species (e.g., O2−, LiO2, etc.). The presence of unpaired spins in Li–O2 cell products can have a significant impact on electrolyte stability and cell performance (e.g., overpotential, electrical conductivity). Besides standard ex situ experimental characterization, accurate and robust in situ experimental characterizations (e.g., EPR, NMR, Raman, and FTIR spectroscopy) in combination with well‐controlled materials synthesis techniques are further needed to probe the time‐evolution reaction mechanism of these unpaired electron spins within the Li–O2 cell environment for better materials understanding and future Li–O2 battery design.
Structure‐Dependent Selective Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes over Platinum Nanocrystals Decorated with Nickel
Authors: Jiang Zhi , Zhao Yonghui , Kong Lingzhao , Liu Ziyu , Zhu Yan , Sun Yuhan
Published: July 2014

The shape sensitivity of monometallic Pt and bimetallic PtNi nanocrystals in α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is studied by using a cubic shape enclosed by six {100} facets as well as an octahedral shape surrounded by eight {111} facets. Compared with monometallic Pt and bimetallic PtNi cubic/octahedral shapes, Pt3Ni cubes enhanced the selective hydrogenation of the CO double bond and suppressed the selective hydrogenation of the CC double bond of the α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde. The Pt, Pt3Ni, or PtNi octahedral shape is an unfavorable structure for CO hydrogenation and enables the activation of the whole conjugated system of the molecule, which leads to complete hydrogenation to form the saturated alcohol product. The synergistic effects of the surface structure and electronic properties of Pt or PtNi nanocrystals play a key role in controlling the selective hydrogenation of CC and CO bonds of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes.
One‐Step Approach to 2,5‐Diformylfuran from Fructose by Using a Bifunctional and Recyclable Acidic Polyoxometalate Catalyst
Authors: Liu Ruliang , Chen Jinzhu , Chen Limin , Guo Yuanyuan , Zhong Jiawei
Published: July 2014

A series of acidic cesium salts of molybdovanadophosphoric heteropolyacids (CsMVP‐HPAs) are developed as bifunctional and recyclable catalysts for a one‐step approach to 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF) from fructose with molecular oxygen as the oxidant under environmentally benign conditions. The CsMVP‐HPAs afford the direct synthesis of DFF from fructose through acidic site (H)‐promoted fructose dehydration and metallic site (V)‐catalyzed successive aerobic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). The catalytic performances of CsMVP‐HPA toward fructose dehydration and HMF oxidation are related to its acid density and V content, respectively. Moreover, the increase in the V content of CsMVP‐HPA results in its decreased acid density, which suggests its converse catalytic performance toward fructose dehydration and HMF oxidation. An optimum balance between the dehydration and oxidation functions of CsMVP‐HPAs reveals that a ratio of acid density to molar concentration of V between 1.64 and 3.34 achieves a maximum yield of 60 % for DFF from fructose with Cs3HPMo11VO40 as a catalyst under atmospheric pressure of oxygen. Moreover, Cs3HPMo11VO40 behaves as a heterogeneous catalyst and can be easily reused at least for four times. This research highlights an efficient bifunctional catalyst for transforming renewables into fine chemicals in tandem reactions of dehydration and oxidation.
A nurse‐based strategy reduces heart failure morbidity in patients admitted for acute decompensated heart failure in Brazil: the HELEN‐II clinical trial
Authors: de Souza Emiliane Nogueira , Rohde Luis Eduardo , Ruschel Karen Brasil , Mussi Cláudia Mota , Beck‐da‐Silva Luis , Biolo Andréia , Clausell Nadine , Rabelo‐Silva Eneida Rejane
Published: July 2014

Aims

Home‐based interventions for heart failure (HF) patients might be particularly effective in middle‐income countries, where social, cultural, and economic constraints limit the effectiveness of HF treatment outside the hospital environment.

Methods and results

HELEN‐II was a randomized clinical trial conducted in Brazil designed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of a nurse‐based strategy, started after discharge following an acute decompensated HF (ADHF) admission. HELEN‐II compares the efficacy of home visits and telephone reinforcement (n = 123) with that of the conventional strategy, which is based on medical follow‐up (n = 129). The primary outcome was a composite endpoint of a first visit to the emergency department (≤24 h), a hospital readmission (>24 h), or all‐cause death, assessed during the first 6 months of follow‐up. Most enrolled subjects were middle‐aged (62 ± 13 years) males (63%) in NYHA functional class II–III (84%) with severe LV dysfunction (mean LVEF 29.6 ± 9%). The primary composite endpoint was decreased by 27% in the interventional group (relative risk 0.73; 95% confidence interval 0.54–0.99; P = 0.049). At the end of follow‐up, the rate of use of the standard‐of‐care HF medications was similar in both groups, except for the higher use of furosemide in the interventional group. Also, HF knowledge and self‐care were significantly increased in the interventional group.

Conclusions

A post‐discharge, nurse‐led management strategy significantly decreases the morbidity of ADHF patients in the public health system of a developing middle‐income country.

Trial registration

NCT01213875
Neutral and Cationic Alkyl and Amido Group 3 Metal Complexes of Amidine‐Amidopyridinate Ligands: Synthesis, Structure, and Polymerization Catalytic Activity
Authors: Rad'kov Vasily , Roisnel Thierry , Trifonov Alexander , Carpentier Jean‐François , Kirillov Evgeny
Published: July 2014

Alkane and amine elimination reactions between the amidine‐aminopyridine proligands (NR1NNR1CMeNR2)H [R1 = R2 = Me (1a), R1 = H, R2 = Me (1b), R1 = Me, R2 = iPr (1c)] and the precursors [Ln(CH2SiMe3)3(thf)2] (Ln = Sc and Y) and [Ln{N(SiHMe2)2}3(thf)x] (Ln = Sc, Y, and La) have been investigated. Bulky 1c and [Ln(CH2SiMe3)3(thf)2] (Ln = Sc and Y) selectively afforded dialkyl complexes 2c‐Sc and 2c‐Y. Yttrium and lanthanum diamido complexes 3a‐Y, 3b‐Y, 3c‐Y, and 3c‐La were synthesized and isolated in high yields; however, similar aminolysis reactions to prepare the scandium analogues were unsuccessful. Detailed 29Si NMR spectroscopic studies combined with X‐ray crystallography revealed the presence of β‐Si–H···Ln agostic interactions in the diamido complexes. Cationic monoamido complex 4a‐Y was obtained from the reaction of 3a‐Y with [Et3NH]+[BPh4]–. Both the dialkyl and diamido complexes, activated with [Ph3C]+[B(C6F5)4]–/AliBu3 or [PhNMe2H]+[B(C6F5)4]–/AliBu3, were found to be moderately active at 60 °C in the trans‐1,4‐selective polymerization of isoprene, and the diamido complexes promoted the ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐lactide with moderate activities.
Electrochemical Preparation of Yttrium Hexacyanoferrate on Reduced Graphene Oxide and Its Application to Analgesic Drug Sensor
Authors: Devadas Balamurugan , Yeh Huai‐Tse , Chen Shen‐Ming , Piraman Shakkthivel
Published: July 2014

Herein, we report a template free and surfactant less electrochemical approach for the preparation of flower‐like yttrium hexacyanoferrate (YHCF) particles on reduced graphene oxide (RGO) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The morphology of YHCF particles has been controlled by varying the molar ratio of Y(NO3)2 and K3Fe(CN)6 for the first time. The surface morphology of as‐prepared RGO/YHCF composite was characterized using SEM, EDX, IR and XRD methods. The electrocatalytic activity of the RGO/YHCF composite modified GCE towards Paracetamol (PA) oxidation has been investigated by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV). Besides, the practical feasibility of the fabricated modified GCE has been demonstrated through the determination of PA from commercially purchased Paracetamol tablets.
Ionic Organic Film Sensor for Determination of Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Silva Tânia Regina , Westphal Eduard , Gallardo Hugo , Vieira Iolanda Cruz
Published: July 2014

This paper describes the development of a new sensor based on an ionic organic film. The amphiphilic molecule, 4‐[(4‐decyloxyphenyl)‐ethynyl]‐1‐methylpyridinium iodide (10PyI), which has liquid‐crystalline properties, was synthesized and applied in the construction of a GCE/10PyI sensor. Analytical parameters for caffeic acid, repeatability (4.8 %), reproducibility (2.8 %), linearity (two ranges: 9.9×10−7 to 3.8×10−5 mol L−1 and 4.7×10−5 to 9.9×10−5 mol L−1) and detection limits (9.0×10−7 mol L−1 and 8.7×10−6 mol L−1), were determined. The method was successfully applied in the determination of total phenolic compounds (TPC) in mate herb extracts.
Localized electric field induced transition and miniaturization of two‐phase flow patterns inside microchannels
Authors: Sharma Abhinav , Tiwari Vijeet , Kumar Vineet , Mandal Tapas Kumar , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar
Published: July 2014

Strategic application of external electrostatic field on a pressure‐driven two‐phase flow inside a microchannel can transform the stratified or slug flow patterns into droplets. The localized electrohydrodynamic stress at the interface of the immiscible liquids can engender a liquid‐dielectrophoretic deformation, which disrupts the balance of the viscous, capillary, and inertial forces of a pressure‐driven flow to engender such flow morphologies. Interestingly, the size, shape, and frequency of the droplets can be tuned by varying the field intensity, location of the electric field, surface properties of the channel or fluids, viscosity ratio of the fluids, and the flow ratio of the phases. Higher field intensity with lower interfacial tension is found to facilitate the oil droplet formation with a higher throughput inside the hydrophilic microchannels. The method is successful in breaking down the regular pressure‐driven flow patterns even when the fluid inlets are exchanged in the microchannel. The simulations identify the conditions to develop interesting flow morphologies, such as (i) an array of miniaturized spherical or hemispherical or elongated oil drops in continuous water phase, (ii) “oil‐in‐water” microemulsion with varying size and shape of oil droplets. The results reported can be of significance in improving the efficiency of multiphase microreactors where the flow patterns composed of droplets are preferred because of the availability of higher interfacial area for reactions or heat and mass exchange.
Fundamentals on new capillaries inspired by photonic crystal fibers as optofluidic separation systems in CE
Authors: Calcerrada Matías , Fernández de la Ossa M. Ángeles , Roy Philippe , González‐Herráez Miguel , García‐Ruiz Carmen
Published: July 2014

Two prototypes of microstructured capillaries (MSCs) were designed, manufactured, and used to carry out different experiments. MSC‐1 consisted of six holes of ≈28 μm id whereas MSC‐2 consisted of 85 holes of ≈7.7 μm id. A fundamental study on the hydrodynamic injection through a commercial CE equipment was conducted. Experimental times to flush specific volumes were approximately three times larger than the theoretical values. Then, the detection of starch was carried out by using the MSCs and conventional capillaries, and the electropherograms were compared on the basis of analytical parameters employed in CE. An improvement in peak asymmetry was obtained for the MSC‐1 compared to the conventional capillaries. S/N was one order of magnitude increased with the MSC, improving ten times the sensitivity. Considering this advantage, the separation and detection of nitrostarch was performed as a first application of the MSC‐1. Minimal sample amounts of nitrostarch (1.7 μg) were detected. Results present a real interest in forensics since this substance had not been previously detected through CE, leading to new investigations in the design of new capillaries capable of enhancing CE performance.
In‐gel equilibration for improved protein retention in 2DE‐based proteomic workflows
Authors: Van Phu T. , Ganesan Vinitha , Bass Victor , Parthasarathy Amritha , Schlesinger Danielle , Minden Jonathan S.
Published: July 2014

The 2DE is a powerful proteomic technique, with excellent protein separation capabilities where intact proteins are spatially separated by pI and molecular weight. 2DE is commonly used in conjunction with MS to identify proteins of interest. Current 2DE workflow requires several manual processing steps that can lead to experimental variability and sample loss. One such step is the transition between first dimension IEF and second‐dimension SDS‐PAGE, which requires exchanging denaturants and the reduction and alkylation of proteins. This in‐solution‐based equilibration step has been shown to be rather inefficient, losing up to 30% of the original starting material through diffusion effects. We have developed a refinement of this equilibration step using agarose stacking gels poured on top of the second‐dimension SDS‐PAGE gel, referred to as in‐gel equilibration. We show that in‐gel equilibration is effective at reduction and alkylation in SDS‐PAGE gels. Quantification of whole‐cell extracts separated on 2DE gels shows that in‐gel equilibration increases protein retention, decreased intergel variability, and simplifies 2DE workflow.
Subpicomolar diphenyleneiodonium inhibits microglial NADPH oxidase with high specificity and shows great potential as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Wang Qingshan , Chu Chun‐Hsien , Oyarzabal Esteban , Jiang Lulu , Chen Shih‐Heng , Wilson Belinda , Qian Li , Hong Jau‐Shyong
Published: July 2014

Activation of microglial NADPH oxidase (NOX2) plays a critical role in mediating neuroinflammation, which is closely linked with the pathogenesis of a variety of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The inhibition of NOX2‐generated superoxide has become an effective strategy for developing disease‐modifying therapies for PD. However, the lack of specific and potent NOX2 inhibitors has hampered the progress of this approach. Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is a widely used, long‐acting NOX2 inhibitor. However, due to its non‐specificity for NOX2 and high cytotoxicity at standard doses (µM), DPI has been precluded from human studies. In this study, using ultra‐low doses of DPI, we aimed to: (1) investigate whether these problems could be circumvented and (2) determine whether ultra‐low doses of DPI were able to preserve its utility as a potent NOX2 inhibitor. We found that DPI at subpicomolar concentrations (10−14 and 10−13 M) displays no toxicity in primary midbrain neuron‐glia cultures. More importantly, we observed that subpicomolar DPI inhibited phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)‐induced activation of NOX2. The same concentrations of DPI did not inhibit the activities of a series of flavoprotein‐containing enzymes. Furthermore, potent neuroprotective efficacy was demonstrated in a post‐treatment study. When subpicomolar DPI was added to neuron‐glia cultures pretreated with lipopolysaccharide, 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium or rotenone, it potently protected the dopaminergic neurons. In summary, DPI's unique combination of high specificity toward NOX2, low cytotoxicity and potent neuroprotective efficacy in post‐treatment regimens suggests that subpicomolar DPI may be an ideal candidate for further animal studies and potential clinical trials. GLIA 2014;62:2034–2043
Protein Kinase CK2 Inhibition Induces Cell Death via Early Impact on Mitochondrial Function
Authors: Qaiser Fatima , Trembley Janeen H. , Kren Betsy T. , Wu Jing‐Jiang , Naveed A. Khaliq , Ahmed Khalil
Published: July 2014

CK2 (official acronym for casein kinase 2 or II) is a potent suppressor of apoptosis in response to diverse apoptotic stimuli—thus its molecular downregulation or activity inhibition results in potent induction of cell death. CK2 downregulation is known to impact mitochondrial apoptotic circuitry but the underlying mechanism(s) remain unclear. Utilizing prostate cancer cell lines subjected to CK2‐specific inhibitors which cause loss of cell viability, we have found that CK2 inhibition in cells causes rapid early decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). Cells treated with the CK2 inhibitors TBB (4,5,6,7‐tetrabromobenzotriazole) or TBCA (tetrabromocinnamic acid) demonstrate changes in Δψm which become apparent within 2 h, that is, significantly prior to evidence of activation of other mitochondrial apoptotic signals whose temporal expression ensues subsequent to loss of Δψm. Further, we have demonstrated the presence of CK2 in purified mitochondria and it appears that the effect on Δψm evoked by inhibition of CK2 may involve mitochondrial localized CK2. Results also suggest that alterations in Ca2+ signaling may be involved in the CK2 mediated regulation of Δψm and mitochondrial permeability. Thus, we propose that a key mechanism of CK2 impact on mitochondrial apoptotic circuitry and cell death involves early loss of Δψm which may be a primary trigger for apoptotic signaling and cell death resulting from CK2 inhibition. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 2103–2115, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.