bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence de différents apprentissages sur la différenciation perceptive des jeunes enfants
Authors: Baudonnière P.-M. , Castelo R.
Published: November 2007

Summary

In discrimination tasks, young children scan only a small portion of a stimulus, and their judgments are limited to a sample of the stimulus features. The present experiment attempted to change this « sampling behaviour » into an exhaustive scanning by using 3 different learning procedures : learning a scanning strategy ; learning a discrimination rule which specifies the need to scan comprehensively in order to fudge the sameness of stimuli, on the one hand by using homogeneous stimuli, and on the other hand by using heterogeneous stimuli in the training trials. The results showed first that only the learning of a discrimination rule with heterogeneous stimuli appears to be effective ; second the other two learning procedures elicited exhaustive scanning only when children were asked to justify their fudgments and were allowed to use their finger in order to do so. These results suggest the hypothesis that in discrimination tasks involving the visual scanning of complex stimuli, young children need their finger to aid their ocular scanning and improve their verbal performance.
Etude génétique des systèmes de référence spatiaux : le rôle de la position relative des cadres de référence
Authors: Baudonnière P.-M.
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Cette recherche étudie les systèmes de référence des enfants de 4, 5 et 6 ans dans une tâche de localisation selon la position relative des cadres de référence, modèles et copies : l'un à côté de l'autre, l'un au-dessus de l'autre ou décalés. Une échelle de mesure est proposée au moyen d'un quadrillage orthogonal des cadres. Les résultats montrent qu'à 4 ans un seul axe de référence est respecté et qu'à 6 ans les localisations tiennent compte des deux axes quelle que soit la position relative des cadres. A 5 ans, par contre, le décalage des cadres entraîne une chute des localisations exactes ou en symétries. Les réponses en symétrie, fréquentes surtout à 5 ans, sont analysées en fonction de la position relative des cadres de référence.
Le schéma de covariation : moyen d'analyse du fonctionnement opératoire
Authors: Desprels-Fraysse A.
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Le but de cette recherche est d'étudier les structures organistrices de la période préopératoire, leurs niveaux d'évolution et leurs rapports avec les propriétés des objets.

Le schéma du quadripôle (L. Frey 1979) a été utilisé dans des situations de covariations pour analyser les comportements d'enfants de 4 à 7 ans. Nous avons mis en relation trois groupes de niveaux opératoires différents et trois catégories de situation.

Les comportements observés révèlent :

— une forte cohérence comportementale chez les enfants d'un même groupe ;

— des différences de niveaux dans les relations établies entre les objets;

— des différences liées aux propriétés des objets utilisés en tant que termes du quadripôle.

Ces différences suggèrent l'hypothèse de niveau de fonctionnement emboîtés.
Les compétences du nourrisson : indices cardio-vasculaires et comportementaux
Authors: Pomerleau A. , Malcuit Gérard
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Deux recherches visent à déterminer l'effet de stimulations pertinentes pour le nourrisson et à étudier le développement de réponses différentielles déclenchées par celles-ci. Une première porte sur le comportement d'approche et de saisie de l'objet chez le nourrisson de 1 à 5 mois. Les comportements et l'activité cardiaque sont enregistrés de façon continue chez les 5 groupes d'enfants auxquels on présente successivement 5 jouets selon une séquence spatio-temporelle déterminée. Les nourrissons de 5 mois manifestent un mode de réponse cardiaque qui diffère de celui des autres enfants, alors que l'objet est encore hors d'atteinte. Cette réponse survient chez les nourrissons qui subséquemment réussissent le plus souvent à saisir l'objet, et serait l'indice d'un mode nouveau d'interaction de l'enfant avec son environnement.

La seconde recherche étudie la pertinence d'une stimulation vestibulo-kinesthésique produite par le bercement pour déclencher une réponse d'orientation (révélée par la décélération cardiaque) chez le nouveau-né de 24 à 120 heures. L'état d'éveil et les réponses cardiaques et motrices sont enregistrés à chacun des 20 bercements (durée : 10 secondes). En fonction de l'état dominant au cours de la session, on a déterminé 6 groupes. Les nouveau-nés en état de sommeil (REM, NREM avec et sans mouvements, intermédiaire), en réponse au bercement, manifestent une accélération de l'activité cardiaque caractéristique de la réponse de défense. Ceux en état d'éveil calme ou en pleurs produisent des réponses différentes selon le type de comportement manifesté.

La direction de la réponse cardiaque semblerait être un indice fiable des modes d'interaction du jeune organisme avec son milieu.
Les mouvements des yeux et les mesures de dépendance-indépendance du champ
Authors: Rozestraten R.
Published: November 2007

Summary

The author reviews the main methods for the measurement of field dependence-independence and analyzes the characteristics of eye movements during certain tests, namely Embedded Figures Test and Rod and Frame Test. The relationship between eye movements and field dependence-independence in schizophrenies is investigated as well as the relationship between uncontrolled lateral movements and cognitive style.
Modalité de présentation, fréquence des mots et ordre des réponses en rappel libre
Authors: Oléron Geneviève , Tardieu Hubert
Published: November 2007

Summary : Modality of presentation, word frequency and the order responses during the immediate free recall.

The analysis of rank order in immediate recall of strings of words presented visually or orally throws light on intermediate processing taking place between information input and response.

The role of graphemic and phonologie coding at the input phase and its influence on semantic coding was inoestigated. It was hypothesized that such processings are intervening in parallel with the activation of response programs : as soon as coding takes place, the corresponding « phonetico-articulatory » programme is activated.

With lists of 4, 6 and 8 words (involving 2 words of high frequency, set either in the beginning, either in the middle or in the end of the string, it was found that : 1) word recall capacity is notmuch amplified by an increase in the number of presented words ; 2) the analysis of response rank shows systematic effects which differentiate the two presentation conditions. Recall of 4 word lists is more complete and in better order with the oral presentation that with the visual one. In visual presentation, with 6 and 8 word lists, there is no systematic effect of rank response. On the contrary in oral presentation, the first words in the list are recalled last and the last words are recalled first. In conclusion the hypothesis of the limitation of the capacity of recall is confirmed This limitation is related to the limitation of accessible responses whatever the modalities of presentation One should introduce an estimate of the resistance of response programmes to forgetting and inter ferences at the time of recall This experiment underscores the refinement of the regulations of recall mechanisms which depend not only on stimulus frequency but also on the modality of presentation Key-words free recall recall order modality of presentation
Localisation syntaxique des pauses et planification du discours
Authors: Piolat Annie
Published: November 2007

Summary : Syntactic localization of pauses and speech planning

Pauses, spontaneously produced by speakers during speech-production, are analyzed as eues to syntactic planning. A systematic study of the syntactic localization (within clauses, between clauses, between sentences) of all pauses present in two corpus is carried out. In order to test the flexibility with which pauses are determined by the nature of the speaker's operatory task, pauses are recorded from two types of corpus obtained in controlled production-situations (familiar or not familiar receiver). Results shows that the cost of pauses is determined by the involved syntactic operations. This cost is not questioned by the kind of listeners. Three types of planning are postulated each with a specifie span, corresponding to three different classes of syntactic operations.

Key-words : Speech, pauses, syntax.
La mémoire des joueurs d'échecs
Authors: Lories Guy
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Cet article considère les moyens par lesquels la perception et la mémoire humaine permettent de jouer aux échecs en expert. On parcourt les recherches récentes et on examine les possibilités ainsi soulevées, à la lumière de certains travaux d'intelligence artificielle. Les résultats obtenus dans les paradigmes de rappel et de reconnaissance ne se laissent pas expliquer de manière satisfaisante par le seul modèle détaillé dont on dispose aujourd'hui (MAPP), parce que les sujets font preuve d'un comportement complexe de catégorisation sensible au niveau de traitement, et à la connaissance de la partie dont sont tirées les positions présentées. Ces processus de catégorisation semblent avoir recours à des prototypes pour décrire les positions présentées, et ceci a des conséquences pour l'engendrement des coups envisagés, l'évaluation des positions et l'exploration des arbres de décision construits durant la tâche et qui consistent à choisir un coup. On discute ces implications.

Mots clefs : mémoire, échecs, systèmes-experts.
Rythmicité scolaire, nature de la tâche et dépendance-indépendance à l'égard du champ
Authors: Testu François
Published: November 2007

Summary : School rhythms, type of task and field dependence-independence.

The aim of this research is to study how eleven year old school children's performances vary weekly and daily according to the kind of task undertaken and their cognitive style : field dependence-independence. Conjugations, perceptual tasks («briques») and maths exercises are proposed. Two contrasted populations are selected by the « Group Embedded Figures Test » (GEFT) giving twenty field-independent school children and twenty field dependent school children.

No fluctuation was noted with conjugations. The results indicated that the field independent subjects had significantly higher scores on both the perceptual tasks and the maths exercises. For these tasks performances of both groups (independent-dependent) varied weekly in the same way. Monday and Friday are observed to be the worst days. For the same tasks only dependent subjects scores varied during the day ; 11 h 15 and 16 h 15 are the best times.

Key words : performance, rhythms, cognitive style, dependence-independence.
Rôle du mode de présentation (visuel, auditif, audio-visuel) dans la mémorisation d'instructions
Authors: Lieury Alain , Choukroun Joseph
Published: November 2007

Summary : The role of modality of presentation (visual, auditory, audio-visual) in memorizing instructions.

The role of the modality of presentation (visual, auditory and audio-visual) was studied on a free-recall task of lists of instructions (exp. I : lists of 3, 5, 7 and 9 instructions with visual presentation ; exp. II : list of e instructions with the 3 modalities). Subvocalization was controlled by comparing normal reception with reception where subvocalization was suppressed (subfects repeated aloud la, la, la, la). Recall was always inferior with visual presentation and there was no difference between auditory and visual-auditory presentations. A seriai effects analysis of the subvocalization suppression showed (1) that recall was specifically worse with visual presentation for the last information (recency effect) and (2) that recall was generally worse with the three modalities for the first information (primacy effect). As the locus of rehearsal is on the first information, the hypothesis is proposed that the subvocalization would have two additional functions : produce rehearsal with ail presentation modalities and produce auditive recoding of visual information with visual presentation.

Key words : memorizing instructions, subvocalization, modality of presentation.
Vocalisation et mémoire séquentielle des dessins et des mots
Authors: Lieury Alain
Published: November 2007

Summary : Vocalization and the sequential memory of pictures and words.

Pictures and words were compared in two sequential memory tasks with two vocalization conditions, with loud voice and with suppression of subvocalization. The verbal recall of order and the reconstruction of order were better for the pictures than for the words ; this confirms previous research (Lieury & Calvez, 1986) with lists of 3 to 8 items. Thus the image code can integrale, like the verbal code, some sequential information and the hypothesis of a non sequential processing system for pictures (Paivio & Csapo, 1969, 1971) seems to be invalidated. When the pictures and the words are compared, the lexical code (increased by vocalization aloud) seemed to get a special status. Lexical eues seemed to be necessary for the words in verbal recall and for the reconstruction of order, but optional or not used for the pictures because the suppression of subvocalization decrease the recall of words more and had no effect on the reconstruction of order of the pictures.

Key words : sequential memory, pictures-words, vocalization.
L'attention sélective : l'effet du critère de sélection
Authors: Paquet Lise , Appleby Karen
Published: November 2007

Summary : Selective attention : effect of selection criterion.

We investigated how subjects ability to ignore the global and local aspects of a nonattended objet was affected by the criterion used to select the attended object. Two large letters (global aspect) constructed front small letters (local aspect) were presented ; one large letter was surrounded by a square while the other was enclosed in a circle. Subjects were required to attend either to the global or the local aspect of one of the compound stimuli (attended object) and to ignore a distractor located at the global or local aspect of the nonattended object. Three selection criteria were used to define the attended object : a) shape, b) brightness, or c) spatial location. The results show that when shape and brightness selection were required, the ease of ignoring the aspects of the nonattended object was dependent upon the direction of attention. When attention was global-directed, subjects could ignore the local, but not the global aspect of the nonattended object. On the other hand, under local-directed attention, subjects were unable to ignore the local aspect, while they could easily ignore the global aspect of the nonattended object. However, selectivity of attention was greatly improved when the relevant object was located on the basis of its spatial location and, regardless of the direction of attention, subjects were able to ignore both aspects of the nonattended object. The results are discussed in terms of the attentional spotlight metaphor.

Key words : selective attention, selection criterion, global/local aspects.
Le statut cognitif des marqueurs « devant, derrière » chez l'enfant français
Authors: Verjat Isabelle
Published: November 2007

Summary : Cognitive status of markers « devant » and « derriere » in french children.

In a spatial locative comprehension task with « devant » (front, in front) and « derriere » (back, behind), Pierart (1977) distinguished « pro-post » situation with a fronted object, from « ante-post » situation with a non-fronted object. During a child's development, the first situation should be based on topological relations, while the second situation should be based on projective relationships.

This point of view is discussed with three experiments carried out on 4-to-6-year old children.

Results of the first study demonstrated that, as early as 4 years of age, a « pro-post » coding was available.

Results of the second study indicated that this coding was based on a projective relationship and not on a purely spatial proximity relationship.

The third study showed that « pro-post » coding and « ante-post » coding could be used at the same age, i.e. 4 years-old.

A new interpretation for these findings is discussed.

Key-words : spatial markers, cognitive development.
Effet de position sérielle en reconnaissance d'images : approche psychophysiologique des processus de récence et de primauté
Authors: N'Kaoua Bernard , Claverie B.
Published: November 2007

Résumé

L'étude de l'effet de position sérielle à l'aide des potentiels cognitifs permet de proposer l'hypothèse d'une indépendance de l'effet de récence et de primauté. Ces deux effets semblent mettre en jeu, au moins deux types de processus centraux respectivement en relation avec les phénomènes N200 et P300. De plus, l'effet de récence semble apparaître plus précocement que l'effet de primauté au cours du traitement d'une information à reconnaître.

Mots clés : potentiels cognitifs, effet de position sérielle, mémoire, images.
La mémoire chez l'animal : évolution récente de quelques concepts utilisés en psychophysiologie
Authors: Schenk Françoise
Published: November 2007

Summary : Recent trends in animal memory : Functional dissociations and the hippocampus.

This paper discusses brain-behavior relationships in animal memory and some methods which allow the use of experimental data for a more general understanding of brain processes underlying memory. In a first part, a brief overview reveals some critical developments which have occurred in the last 20 years. Included among these are the analysis of cognitive processes in animal behavior, the increasing amount of anatomical and physiological data showing that the limbic system is functionally associated with the neocortex, and the proposition by O'Keefe and Nadel (1978) of a neural substrate for cognitive maps in rats. In addition, two methodological trends are considered, the development of specifically spatial tasks for rats and monkeys, and, more generally, the tendency to use equivalent tasks in animais and humans.

In a second part, we discuss some current concepts used in experimental approaches to dissociate memory functions, and the conditions under which these concepts can be applied to dissociations observed in animals and humans. First, we consider the value of spatial memory as a specific hippocampal function. Subsequently, we analyze whether memory components such as working or declarative memory are specific enough to account for dissociations induced by hippocampal lesions.

Key-words : spatial memory, working memory, declarative memory, hippocampus.
Les manifestations du vieillissement normal dans le langage spontané oral et écrit
Authors: Nef François , Hupet Michel
Published: November 2007

Résumé

La présente revue traite des études dont le but est d'évaluer les effets du vieillissement sur l'expression orale ou écrite spontanée par la comparaison d'échantillons de langage de sujets jeunes et âgés. Ces études consistent toutes en analyses fouillées d'échantillons de langage obtenus de sujets normaux à qui on demande de décrire des images, de rapporter un événement marquant de leur vie ou de raconter une histoire. La première partie de la présente revue est consacrée à un examen des aspects méthodologiques de ces travaux : les caractéristiques générales des jjopulations étudiées, les types de tâches utilisées pour susciter la production spontanée de langage, ainsi que les types de mesures utilisées pour caractériser le langage observé. La seconde partie de cette revue est consacrée à la présentation et à la discussion des observations selon qu'elles ont été récoltées dans un paradigme de description d'images, un paradigme de production d'histoires, ou un paradigme plus souple d'interview. Les conclusions générales de ces travaux sont les suivantes : 1) il n'y a aucun effet de l'âge sur la diversité lexicale de l'expression spontanée ; 2) il y a une baisse significative avec l'âge de la production de phrases complexes, particulièrement de constructions avec embranchement gauche ; 3) il y a une réduction significative de la cohésion du discours, en raison particulièrement d'une augmentation des références ambiguës ; et 4) les récits des personnes âgées témoignent d'une plus grande élaboration narrative : ces récits, tout en étant composés de phrases simples, présentent davantage d'épisodes et d'épisodes enchâssés.

Mots clés : vieillissement, production de langage, mémoire de travail.
La transmission sociale chez les primates
Authors: Chalmeau R. , Gallo Alain
Published: November 2007

Résumé

La transmission sociale chez les primates peut apparaître à l'intérieur d'une même génération (transmission intra-génération), ou entre deux générations successives (transmission inter-générations, en général de la mère aux jeunes). Les processus cognitifs sous-jacents impliquent un apprentissage par observation et sont de deux types : soit une accentuation locale, soit une imitation. Des problèmes de définition ont conduit vraisemblablement à une surestimation de l'existence de capacités d'imitation chez les primates. Des données récentes laissent en effet penser que cette capacité serait très restreinte, voire inexistante chez les primates non humains ; en revanche, elle se manifesterait de façon très précoce chez le nouveau-né humain. Le problème de la continuité des capacités mentales chez les primates est abordé en discussion.

Mots clés : transmission sociale, imitation, accentuation locale, primates.
Effet des connecteurs sur le rappel de textes par des enfants de 8 et 10 ans bons et mauvais lecteurs et des adultes
Authors: Brassart D.-G.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Effect of connectives on the recall of texts by good and poor reader children aged from 8 to 10 and adults.

Connectives are theoretically thought of as instructions given by the writer to the reader in order to process the semantic relations between sentences or packs of sentences. So, connectives should facilitate the comprehension and recall of the text to be read. The objective of the research is to consider the relevance of such a claim. Children of 8 to 10 years who were good or poor readers, and competent adults read four texts with or without connectives. The results show that there is no difference between thr written free recalls of these two versions, except, as expected but mar-ginaly so, by good readers of age 10. However, clear differences exist according to age and reading level in the picking out-process and relational inferring of connectives as reflected by connectives present in recalls.

Key-words : connectives, relational inferring, text recall.
Des processus de quantification à la cardinalité
Authors: Vilette B.
Published: November 2007

Summary: From quantification processes to cardinality.

The respective role of subitizing and counting on the development of small number cardinality were studied. Forty 4-year-old children were equally assigned and trained in one of four conditions: I - Number sequence training: children simply learned to count up nine objects without feed-back on cardinal meaning to the last number-word said in counting; II - training putting in correspondence the subitizing result with the counting result: children learned that correct assignation of number words to small collections (two or three objects) of perceptual items is identical to the last number-word said in counting the same collection; III - a combination of two previous types of training; IV - control. Number sequence, subitizing and counting were evaluated before (pre-test) and after (post-test) three training sessions. Equivalent performance is found in each condition on three pre-test tasks. On the post-test, counting capacity of children from the third condition is largely better than the other conditions; performance on two others task (number sequence and subitizing) are equivalent among experimental conditions (I, II and III). The results support our hypothesis: counting a collection which has been already «subitized» can help children to understand the cardinal meaning of counting and so to count larger collections. Results are discussed in regard to topical theory interpretation.

Key words: Subitizing, counting, cardinality, cardinal principle
Capacités de rotation mentale dans un espace bi- et tri-dimensionnel chez des enfants de six à dix ans
Authors: Lejeune Marc , Decker C.
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Les capacités de rotation mentale dans un plan parallèle au fond et en profondeur ont été recherchées chez des enfants de six, sept et dix ans. Leurs performances étaient bonnes dans les deux cas avec toutefois plus d'erreurs pour les rotations en profondeur chez les plus jeunes sujets. Les stratégies cognitives utilisées pour résoudre les problèmes ne nous sont pas apparues clairement. Il est possible que les enfants n'aient pas utilisé de «rotations mentales» dans le cas où les stimuli subissaient des rotations dans un espace tri-dimensionnel. Dans ce cas, les temps de réponses n'étaient pas une fonction linéaire de l'angle de présentation des stimuli -fonction classiquement associée au processus de rotation mentale.

Mots clefs: rotation mentale, imagerie mentale, cognition spatiale.
La mémoire dans l'œuvre d'Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
Authors: Nicolas Serge
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Si Alfred Binet (1857-1911) est célèbre grâce au test d'intelligence qui porte son nom, on a presque totalement aujourd'hui oublié son apport à l'étude psychologique de la mémoire. Il a pourtant été, comme Hermann Ebbinghaus, un véritable novateur dans ce domaine. Cet article présente et analyse dans une perspective diachronique les plus importantes contributions de Binet sur le sujet de la mémoire: les mémoires prodigieuses, les mémoires visuelle et auditive, et les influences de la suggestion sur la mémoire. Le premier travail de Binet sur la mémoire vient de l'étude du rôle de cette faculté chez les calculateurs mentaux (Inaudi et Diamandi) et chez les joueurs d'échecs qui jouent sans voir. La seconde contribution originale fut l'examen par Binet de la mémoire visuelle des lignes et surtout de la mémoire auditive pour les mots et la prose (mémoire des idées). La troisième contribution originale de Binet fut les travaux publiés dans le domaine du témoignage oculaire. Si toutes ces recherches ne sont pas souvent citées dans la littérature psychologique actuelle, nous avons montré que les conclusions de Binet avancées il y a presque un siècle y sont souvent reprises et que les données qu'il a rassemblées sont encore informatives aujourd'hui.

Mots clefs: mémoire, Binet, histoire de la psychologie.
Effet du positionnement des connecteurs sur le traitement en temps réel de phrases
Authors: Ziti Abdenbi
Published: November 2007

Summary : Effect of connectives positioning for on-line sentence processing

This research examines the effect of connectives' position on the representation and thematic integration of coupled clauses, one of which expresses the cause and the other the effect.

Two types of connectives were used : since and then, which indicate a cause — expected effect relation (causal type), and although and however, which indicate a cause — unexpected effect relation (concessive type).

Two experiments were conducted. Different measures were reading times for initial clause (RTIC) with a connective placed either at the beginning or at the end, recognition times for a word extracted from this clause (RTW) (experiment 1) or meaning judgment times (MJT) (experiment 2), and the reading times for the final clause (RTFC). Thirty-two students participated with 16 in each experiment.

The processing speed of clauses depends on the type of connective and on the task to be completed. The MJT are shorter when the connective is placed at the beginning of the initial clause. We propose that the connectives, devoid of virtual reference, provide the reader some processing instructions, which command and orient the cognitive processes necessary for comprehension. These instructions are reinforced by the identification of the connective at the beginning of the clause.

Key words : connectives, processing instructions, cause, effect.
Apprendre à mesurer la durée : étude chez des enfants âgés de 4 à 7 ans
Authors: Pouthas Viviane , Paindorge Béatrice , Jacquet Alain
Published: November 2007

Summary: Learning to measure time: Studies with 4- to 7-year-old children.

Three studies investigated how young children use duration indicators (hour-glass or metronome) and employ counting to estimate brief durations. The first experiment showed that 4-5-year-old subjects were very accurate when trained to produce a response for a set duration (DRRD 10 s) in the presence of a luminous array composed of small diodes, that went from green to red to indicate the target duration. A rapid decline in performance after the suppression of the clock indicated that during training, subjects of this age only relied on the signal of the last diode turning red to give their response. In the second experiment, 4-5 and 6-year-olds were trained to space their responses using a critical duration (DRL 5 s) with an auditory-visual metronome, which produced a flash and a beep every 800 ms, then with the metronome beating every 1 200 ms. Efficiency of performance was comparable in the two age groups. However, waiting times were adjusted to the critical delay only for the 6-year-olds. Furthermore, accuracy was impaired when the metronome rate was changes. This suggested that 6-year-olds counted the number of beats, whereas 4-5-year-olds mode a global estimation. In the third experiment, 7-year-old children were asked to reproduce the durations (3 s, 5 s or 8 s) of the illumination of a bulb or the intervais (3 s, 5 s or 8 s) between twoflashes oflight. In both cases, estimations of « counter subjects » were more accurate than those of « non-counter subjects». A questionnaire, however, did not show any direct relationship between use of a counting strategy and comprehension of principles of time measurement (the necessary constancy of counting rhythm and of counted units during estimation and reproduction phases). The current results suggest the interest of further research associating the maturation of internal timing mechanisms (as assessed by mean and variance of preferred motor tempo or of counting rhythm) and development of concepts of time measurement.

Key words : temporal estimation, development, external clock, counting.
L'introduction du passé et du futur dans la description d'une situation présente : étude du développement de la tendance diachronique
Authors: Montangero Jacques , Pons Francisco
Published: November 2007

Summary : Introduction of past and future events in the description of a current situation: Developmental study of the diachronic tendency.

The diachronic tendency is the disposition to evoke past or future stages of a current situation. Two experiments examined the frequency, nature and development of this tendency. Each experiment involved 60 subjects who were successively shown three pictures (one picture being common to the two experiments) that they were requested to describe. Subjects were assigned to one of five age groups from 8 to 12 years of age in experiment 1 and to one of four groups from 9 to 24 years in experiment 2. Results show that the frequency of diachronic responses (evocation of an event not present in the picture) slowly increased with age until a ceiling effect could be observed. For children, the content of the picture influenced the frequency of diachronic responses. A qualitative analysis of the answers revealed that non-present events were mentioned in order to explain unusual and unstable aspects of a situation. Children referred to the actions that produced these aspects whereas from the age of 15 subjects spontaneously mentioned the physical causes or the intentions at the origin of the situation Key words time time perspective cognitive development verbal description of images
Un examen critique des modèles mentaux de Johnson-Laird
Authors: Oléron Pierre
Published: November 2007

Summary: A critical examination of Johnson-Laird's mental models.

The critical examination of Johnson-Laird's mental models presented here is a part of a more general assessment of the contemporary cognitive psychology of reasoning. Analyzing «mental models», Johnson-Laird seems satisfied by a « definition » of « mental » with a topological metaphor (internal vs external) and « model » as a product rather than a guide. The presentation and theory of mental models lack in precision, particularly in relation to images and abstract concepts. Several variables (explicitness, exhaustiveness, world knowledge...) are not clearly defined. Although mental models appear as a refutation of mental logic, Johnson-Laird uses, for experimentation and argumentation, materials issued from classical logic without mention of the alternative, ecological approach.

Key words : Johnson-Laird, reasoning, mental models.
Mémoire et vieillissement: effet du niveau de difficulté d'une tâche de production en situation de rappel libre
Authors: Taconnat Laurence , Isingrini Michel
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Dans le but d'examiner l'hypothèse selon laquelle un effet du vieillissement sur l'effet production existerait lorsque la difficulté de la tâche de production est augmentée, deux expériences ont été réalisées. Dans chacune d'elle nous comparons des sujets jeunes et âgés dans trois conditions d'apprentissage : lecture, production «facile» et production «difficile». Les deux expériences se différencient par le fait que dans la première les mots cibles sont produits à partir d'un mot contexte fortement associé alors que celui-ci est faiblement associé au mot cible dans la seconde. Les résultats indiquent que les sujets âgés ne bénéficient pas autant que les jeunes de l'avantage qu'apporte la situation de production des mots cibles sur leur lecture uniquement dans la situation où sont combinées la condition de production « difficile » et d'association faible (expérience 2).

Mots-clés : mémoire, vieillissement, effet production.
L'Année Psychologique et son réseau: lectures et fabrication d'une nouvelle discipline
Authors: Cordonnier-Vermes G.
Published: November 2007

Summary: L'Année Psychologique and its network.

L'Année Psychologique founded by Binet and Beaunis in 1894 is, like other journals whose purpose it is to create and establish a network and a discipline, composed of original papers and bibliographical analyses. The latter are of two kinds : critical reviews and a bibliography. They take up 2/3 of the 600, then 1 000 pages of L'Année. Examining the way in which they are structured and their change in volume enables one to see the «material» and the «machines», the national and international network of the workers, and the ultimate goals set and regularly redefined during the first two decades of L'Année's existence. The bibliography was established in accordance with international standards, the analyses are organized in a way that displays the dynamic born out of the encounter of a frequently revised project with materials drawn from already existing sister disciplines (with a regular medium of publication). Presented in the original papers are the rare empirical studies of the members of the network. When Piéron took over L'Année in 1912 he continued to pursue the same editorial policy.

Key words : history, journal, L'Année Psychologique, 1894-1927.
Dyslexie développementale et attention visuo-spatiale
Authors: Marendaz Christian , Valdois S. , Walch Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

Summary: Developmental dyslexia and visuo-spatial attention.

This paper gives an overview of the literature on the visuo-perceptual and visuo-attentional deficits of dyslexic children. The hypothesis that visuo-attentional problems cooccur with dyslexia was assessed through a task of search for a target among distractors. Serial-attentional visual processing was required in one task condition (searchfor 0 among Qs) whereas the other condition involved parallel/automatic processing (search for Q among 0 s). Ten dyslexic subjects constituted the experimental group. Their performance was compared to that of 20 non-dyslexic children, 10 matched for chronological age and 10 for reading age. The performance of dyslexic subjects was similar to that of children matched for chronological age in the parallel/automatic condition. In contrast, their performance differed by an increased search slope front that of the two control groups in the seriallattentional condition. These results suggest the existence of visuo-attentional deficits in dyslexic children.

Key words : visual search, parallel vs attentional processing, developmental dyslexia.
Reconnaissance de la parole et indices de segmentation métriques et phonotactiques
Authors: Banel M.-H. , Bacri N.
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Trois expériences étudient les contributions relatives d'indices de segmentation métriques et phonotactiques à la reconnaissance des mots. La tâche consistait à détecter un mot monosyllabique situé au début d'une séquence bisyllabique sans signification, dont la structure métrique était celle d'un iambe (bref-long, structure usuelle des bisyllabes), d'un trochée (long-bref) ou d'un spondée (long-long). L'effet facilitateur du pattern trochaïque se produit même lorsque la structure phonotactique impose une segmentation, la consonne finale du mot ne pouvant être coarticulée avec le phonème suivant (expérience 1). Lorsque sont confrontés indices phonotactiques (discontinuité sylla-biquelliaison) et métriques (expérience 2), on constate à nouveau un gain en présence d'un trochée, mais pas d'interaction entre les deux dimensions étudiées. Quand les mots sont extraits des suites sans signification (expérience 3), leur contexte d'origine n'a pas d'effet sur leur reconnaissance. Les résultats sont discutés en référence aux mécanismes de traitement de la temporalité à l'œuvre dans la reconnaissance de la parole. On en conclut à un traitement séparé des informations structurales et prosodiques.

Mots-clés : perception de la parole, segmentation lexicale, indices phonotactiques, indices métriques.
La dénomination d'objets : théories et données
Authors: Ferrand Ludovic
Published: November 2007

Summary : Picture naming : Theories and data.

This paper surveys recent developments of theories of picture naming. In a first part, current models of picture naming, specifically the logogen model, the two-step model, and the cascade model, are described. Then we present a multiple activation model of picture naming in which we assume that both a direct (non-semantic) and an indirect (semantic) route can be used. The second part surveys the main experimental results obtained with normals (frequency effects, repetition priming, semantic and phonological priming) and neurologically impaired patients (phonological and semantic anomia).

Key words : picture naming, phonological and semantic priming.
La valeur discriminante de l'information qui individualise un objet et la connaissance de ses catégories d'appartenance
Authors: Drozda-Senkowska Ewa
Published: November 2007

Summary: The discriminant value of information that individualizes an object and indicates its category membership.

This study examines with the tendency to neglect information pre-existing base rate in favor of individuating information. Subjects may have this tendency because they believe in the strong distinguishing value of individuating information. According to this hypothesis, the tendency to neglect information on pre-existing base rate should be weaken in two cases.

First, when the subjects have no knowledge of the categories that are mentioned and are not able to estimate the distinguishing value of the individuating information. Second, when subjects are acquainted with the categories but when, according to their knowledge, the characteristics of the individuating information do not correspond to the ones they see as distinguishing. Hence, by retelling Tversky and Kahneman's story of the lawyers and engineers, we can manipulate the type of job categories with which the subjects are presented. The results of a first experiment enabled us to justify subjects' choices. A second experiment showed the impact of the job selection on the discrepancy between the subjects' estimates and the results of calculations of the base rate, supporting the hypothesis.

Key words : individuating information, base rate, knowledge of the object, rationality.
Effet des structures globales sur l'amorçage harmonique en musique
Authors: Pineau Marion , Bigand Emmanuel
Published: November 2007

Summary: Effect of global structures on harmoniepriming in music.

This study investigates the influence of global harmonic structures on priming effects in music, in keeping the local context constant. Subjects were presented eight-chord sequences. The harmonie context, created by the first six chords, was manipulated in order to vary the function of the last two chords. In one context the last chord was analysed as a tonic chord, and in the other as a subdominant chord. Considering these changes of harmonic function, the last chord was assumed to be more anticipated in the first context than in the second. The importance of the global context was revealed by lower completion judgements when sequences ended on an unexpected chord (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, the global context effect was revealed by shorter processing times for the last chord when expected (priming effect). These results are discussed in reference to Bharucha's (1987) connectionist model of tonal cognition.

Key words : harmonic priming, musical expectations, connectionist model, global context.
Verticale subjective versus verticale posturale : une note sur l'étude de la perception de la verticale
Authors: Luyat Marion
Published: November 2007

Résumé

La verticale étant présente à la fois au niveau de l'espace égocentré (verticale posturale) et au niveau de l'espace des objets (verticale subjective), l'étude de la perception de la verticale pose différents problèmes théoriques dont l'origine est souvent une certaine imprécision au niveau de la définition du type de verticale étudiée. Nous proposons, ici, une réflexion centrée sur les problèmes posés par la définition de cet objet d'étude et ses méthodes d'évaluation ainsi que sur le problème du lien entre la verticale posturale et la verticale subjective. Nous posons également la question de l'existence d'une perception directe de la verticale telle qu'elle est conçue habituellement, et nous examinons l'hypothèse selon laquelle cette perception serait dérivée de l'estimation de l'orientation du corps propre. Ces réflexions tentent d'éclairer la compréhension des processus impliqués dans la perception de la direction gravitaire.

Mots-clés : perception spatiale, verticale subjective, verticale posturale.
Catégorisation, formation de concepts et induction : rôle des informations perceptives et conceptuelles chez le jeune enfant
Authors: Berger C.
Published: November 2007

Summary : Categorization, concept formation and induction: The role of perceptual and conceptual information in young children.

This work studies the use of perceptual and conceptual information during the construction and use of categories. Different kinds of experiments are considered, whose nature seem to determine the subject's response. The focus of young children on perceptual information (specificly related to the shape of objects) is shown mainly by categorization tasks. Induction tasks, however, demonstrate that young children tend to focus on conceptual information when they generalize properties to new objects. The results observed in these different kinds of experiments are examined in order to propose a hypothesis concerning which aspects of objects are considered, as a function of the nature, the meaning and the aim of the task.

Key words : categorization, induction, development.
Similarité et catégorisation
Authors: Thibaut Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2007

Summary: Similarity and categorization.

The present paper is a review of the literature dealing with current models of categorization and similarity estimation. The first part reviews models of concept representations based on notions such as features and dimensions. In the case of dimensional representations, each stimulus is defined as a point in a multidimensional space and the similarity between two stimuli is a function of the distance between the corresponding points in the space. In the case of feature representations, a stimulus is defined in terms of features and the similarity between two stimuli is a function of their common and distinctive features.

In the second part, we analyze the construction of the feature space that subjects refer to when they have to categorize a stimulus or estimate the similarity between two stimuli. We examine the influence of context and of naive theories on the estimation of similarity. The process of alignment is analyzed. We present a unified view of similarity and categorization based on the notion of a feature space while explaining the dissociations obtained between similarity and categorization.

Key words : similarity, categorization, concepts, theories.
Le développement de la localisation dans le temps chez des enfants de 5 à 9 ans de milieux socio-économiques différents
Authors: Godard Lucie , Labelle Marie
Published: November 2007

Résumé

Trois tests portant sur la localisation dans le temps ont été administrés à des enfants de la maternelle à la troisième année du primaire de deux milieux socio-économiques distincts. Nous avons étudié la connaissance du système de temps conventionnel, la capacité d'évaluer la durée entre le moment présent et un événement particulier et celle de juger de la relation entre deux moments. Les résultats sont discutés du point de vue des facteurs qui interviennent dans la maîtrise de la localisation dans le temps. Trois facteurs sont identifiés : l'élargissement du champ conceptuel, la possibilité d'associer le concept à des images mentales ou expériences personnelles et la médiation verbale.

Mots-clés : orientation temporelle, temps conventionnel, représentation temporelle, médiation verbale, acquisition.
Estimation de la durée chez des sujets jeunes et âgés : rôle des processus mnésiques et attentionnels
Authors: Vanneste Sandrine , Perbal Séverine , Pouthas Viviane
Published: November 2007

Summary : Estimation of duration in young and aged subjects : The role of attentional and memory processes.

This paper questions the issue of age-related attentional and memory deficits in changes in time estimation with aging. Performances of younger (20-30 year-olds) and older adults (60-69 and 70-80 year-olds) were compared in two experiments, using tasks varying the attentional cost and memory operations required to perform the temporal task. The first experiment showed that reproductions of three target durations (5, 14 and 38 seconds) were as accurate and as consistent for older adults as for younger ones in a simple temporal task, for which subjects had only to evaluate time intervais during which they must count aloud. Nevertheless, older adults temporal reproductions were impaired (underestimated durations and variable temporal judgments) when they had to reproduce a time interval during which they had to share their attention between temporal processing and non-temporal processing (reading aloud digits). In the second experiment, reproduction and production performances were compared in the same double-task situation. The results showed that temporal judgments of older adults were compromised in the reproduction task, which required encoding and comparing two new durations in memory, whereas they were unimpaired in the production task, involving more simple memory operations (comparing an actual duration with a referent one stored in long term memory). These results are discussed in terms of joint effects of age-related attention and memory deficits.

Keywords : aging, temporal estimation, memory and attentional processes, double-task.