bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can psychiatric intervention improve major depression in very near end-of-life cancer patients?
Authors: SHIMIZU KEN , AKECHI TATSUO , SHIMAMOTO MASAYA , OKAMURA MASAKO , NAKANO TOMOHITO , MURAKAMI TADASHI , ITO TATSUHIKO , OBA AKIRA , FUJIMORI MAIKO , AKIZUKI NOBUYA , INAGAKI MASATOSHI , UCHITOMI YOSUKE
Published: February 2007

Objective: Although depression is a prevalent and burdensome psychiatric problem in end-of-life cancer patients, little is known about its susceptibility to treatment, especially when patients reach very close to the end of life. This study was conducted to evaluate response rate of that end-of-life depression to psychiatric intervention and to assess the feasibility of conventional evidence-based pharmacological therapy for depression.

Methods: The medical records of 20 patients who were referred to the psychiatry division for major depressive disorder and died within 3 months after the referral were reviewed. The Clinical Global Impression–Improvement (CGI-I) Scale was used for each case, and responders were defined as patients whose scores were much or very much improved. All pharmacological treatments were extracted, and the doses of the antidepressant prescribed were compared to their evidence-based-defined therapeutic doses.

Results: Of the 20 patients, seven were responders, but no response was achieved when the survival time was less than 3 weeks. Most patients were treated with antidepressants, but the doses prescribed were far less than the defined doses, especially the doses of the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs).

Significance of results: These results suggested that patients' survival time largely determines susceptibility to psychiatric treatment, and it is hard to achieve response in patients whose survival time was less than about 1 month. Implementation of conventional evidence-based pharmacological treatment is difficult, especially with TCAs, and various antidepressants, which can be administrated by other routes, are needed when oral intake is impossible.
From “invincibility” to “normalcy”: Coping
strategies of young adults during the cancer journey
Authors: MIEDEMA BAUKJE , HAMILTON RYAN , EASLEY JULIE
Published: February 2007

Objective: Little research has been undertaken regarding the
psychological impact of cancer on those stricken during the young adult
years. Specifically, research on the coping strategies of young adults
with cancer is limited.

Method: In this qualitative, Grounded Theory study, we did
not set out to examine coping; rather, it emerged as a major phenomenon in
the analysis of interview data from 15 young adults with cancer.

Results: These young adults used various coping strategies to
come to terms with the cancer diagnosis, management of the illness, its
treatment, and treatment sequelae. The coping strategies varied
considerably from person to person, depended on the stage(s) of the
illness, and were rooted in their precancer lives. We were able to discern
a pattern of coping strategies used by most participants. The prevailing
goal for all participants was to achieve what they called
“normalcy.” For some, this meant major changes in their lives;
for others it meant to “pick up” where they had left off
before the cancer diagnosis.

Significance of results: To aid the understanding of the
issues that influence coping, we have developed a model to illustrate the
bidirectional nature and the complexities of the coping strategies as they
relate to the phases of the disease and the disease treatment. The model
also affirms Folkman and Lazarus' coping theory.
BOND
Authors: NEIMEYER ROBERT A.
Published: February 2007

Poetry/fiction.
Testing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American
Identity?
Authors: Citrin Jack , Lerman Amy , Murakami Michael , Pearson Kathryn
Published: February 2007

Samuel Huntington argues that the sheer number, concentration,
linguistic homogeneity, and other characteristic of Hispanic immigrants
will erode the dominance of English as a nationally unifying language,
weaken the country's dominant cultural values, and promote ethnic
allegiances over a primary identification as an American. Testing these
hypotheses with data from the U.S. Census and national and Los Angeles
opinion surveys, we show that Hispanics acquire English and lose Spanish
rapidly beginning with the second generation, and appear to be no more or
less religious or committed to the work ethic than native-born whites.
Moreover, a clear majority of Hispanics reject a purely ethnic
identification and patriotism grows from one generation to the next. At
present, a traditional pattern of political assimilation appears to
prevail.
International Political Economy and the Persistent Scare Quotes
around “Development”
Authors: White Gregory W.
Published: February 2007

Where does one locate the subfield of international political economy
(IPE) with its study of North-South relations and developing countries?
Attempts to map the field usually work on at least two levels. In the
first instance, an intra-political science conceptualization
conventionally invokes the fields of international relations and
comparative politics and then uses words like “intersection,”
“inform,” and “complement.” Indeed, if comparative
politics is traditionally viewed as the study of politics within
countries (often with attention to a specific region of the globe) and
international relations is preoccupied with the relationships
between countries in the international arena, efforts to
understand the politics of developing countries obliges IPE scholars to
engage both fields. How can one understand the development experience of a
country (or region) without situating it in a broader international
context? Undeniably, a country's experience with its colonial legacy,
the evolution of state institutions, economic growth, poverty, corruption,
globalization, and natural resource exploitation can only be understood in
the dynamic context of the international arena.
Review Editor Introduction
Authors: Isaac Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2007

With this issue, we are pleased to initiate the practice of a Review
Editor Introduction. As I noted in my initial Editorial Statement a few
issues ago, the job of review editor is a weighty one, involving some
complex judgments. The choices regarding review assignments, pairings, and
such that I make—with the advice of my terrific team of
assistants—impact individual authors and the profession as a whole.
Given our desire to use the review section to create interesting dialogues
and new conversations, we have decided that an editor's introduction
could be useful, in identifying certain inter and intra subfield
connections and in introducing special features or symposia.
Pursuing Truth, Exercising Power: Social Science and Public Policy
in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Leonard Stephen T.
Published: February 2007

Pursuing Truth, Exercising Power: Social Science and Public Policy
in the Twenty-First Century. By Lisa Anderson. New York: Columbia
University Press, 2003. 176p. $29.00.

The large question looming over this series of lectures by Lisa
Anderson is the perennial problem of the relationship between social
inquiry and political practice. Her engagement with this issue takes the
explicit form of parsing the political—and specifically the
public policy—aspirations, achievements, and failures of
American academic social science from its founding in the late nineteenth
century to the present. None of this is new territory, and Anderson's
debt to the historical and analytical work of many (for her, mostly
contemporary) scholars is both obvious and readily acknowledged (p. x).
However, it is not really Anderson's intent to make a contribution to
the historical or philosophical literature; rather, this is an argument
with a definitively presentist goal, namely, understanding the conditions
that define (as the title of her book intimates) what it means to be
committed to a public role for scholarship and scholars
today.
Writing the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Pragmatism and Historical
Inquiry
Authors: Meilleur Maurice J.
Published: February 2007

Writing the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Pragmatism and Historical
Inquiry. By Jonathan B. Isacoff. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2006.
216p. $70.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

Jonathan Isacoff argues that American political scientists, and in
particular international relations researchers, should be much more
self-critical about their historiography. Political science, he claims, is
afflicted by a stubborn “positivism” that leads case-study,
qualitative researchers (like Kenneth Waltz) and large-n, quantitative
researchers (like J. David Singer) alike to treat historical data as if
they are value-free and unchanging. This historiography blinds researchers
to the normative and theoretical biases of their theories—especially
a bias toward system-structural explanations for international
conflict—by screening out data that contradict those theories.
Moreover, subsequent revisions to the historical record undermine their
findings, leaving research that is empirically disengaged and irrelevant
to political experience.
Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens
Authors: Vaughan Geoffrey M.
Published: February 2007

Free Speech and Democracy in Ancient Athens. By Arlene W.
Saxonhouse. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 246p. $70.00.

The subject of this book is parrhêsia, free or, as the
author sometimes prefers, frank speech. Through close readings of stories
by Plato and Homer, she identifies free speech with shamelessness and
self-exposure, claiming that “[s]hame and free speech
represent opposing points in the political order that play off one another
in the construction of a stable democratic polity” (p. 8). However,
the ambitions of this book go well beyond the historical account of what
happened in Athens. Rather, the author argues “there is a congruence
between the Athenian version of freedom of speech, of philosophy, and
democracy, all exhibiting a common hostility to hierarchy and to history
or the past” (p. 36).
The Disorder of Political Inquiry
Authors: Xenos Nicholas
Published: February 2007

The Disorder of Political Inquiry. By Keith Topper.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. 336p. $45.00.

The conceit framing Keith Topper's fine and necessary book is
that the state of social science methods has grown so disordered it has
even come to public attention, first when the journal Social Text
unwittingly published Alan Sokal's parody of poststructuralist jargon
and the now defunct Lingua Franca exposed the hoax, and then when
the so-called Perestroika movement emerged to challenge dominant
approaches in political science. Because the first instance attacked the
perceived consequences of epistemic relativism in the social sciences
generally and the latter the rigor mortis resulting from an allegedly
hegemonic notion of scientific rigor in its discipline in particular,
Topper's conceit allows him to play the role of Odysseus steering
through the straits, lashed to his hermeneutic mast while shunning the
Manichean siren songs of scientific monism to the one side and empty
pluralism on the other, and heading for more open, ecumenical waters. It
also enables him to claim that all this tacking to and fro has a public,
political import. Indeed, he asserts that his primary concern in this book
is “with a set of contemporary questions about the ways in which
particular methodological commitments enable or constrain one's
capacity to identify and act upon opaque power relations that sustain
forms of domination” (p. 12).
The U.S. Women's Movement in Global Perspective
Authors: de Volo Lorraine Bayard
Published: February 2007

The U.S. Women's Movement in Global Perspective. Edited
by Lee Ann Banaszak. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005. 288p.
$72.00 cloth, $27.95 paper.

This pathbreaking edited volume combines a classic article with 10
original essays to present a comparative examination of the women's
movement. As the title indicates, analyses largely revolve around the U.S.
case, with comparison carried out over time or in relation to cases in
other countries. In bringing together this group of prominent and emerging
scholars of women's movements to place the United States in
international perspective, this volume works to fill a large gap in the
literature.
After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School
Desegregation
Authors: McMahon Kevin J.
Published: February 2007

After Brown: The Rise and Retreat of School Desegregation. By
Charles T. Clotfelter. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. 216p.
$55.00 cloth, $17.95 paper.

Those who live or have lived in metropolitan areas that faced
court-ordered desegregation of the schools in the latter part of the
twentieth century have likely heard a common theory about the connection
of those efforts to the state of the relevant city. It goes something like
this: Once federal courts ordered city schools to desegregate, many white
city dwellers either fled to the suburbs for protection or plucked their
kids from city schools and enrolled them in private ones. Under the first
scenario, the end of neighborhood schools negatively affected the city, as
families in once-vital neighborhoods abandoned desegregating city schools
they perceived as problematic for their children's education for
virtually lily-white suburban schools thought to be of a higher quality.
Under the second scenario, white parents remained in the city of their
birth but undermined desegregation efforts by transferring their children
to private schools (which were mostly Catholic in the Northeast and
Midwest and mostly newly opened in the South). In the end, long-frustrated
federal judges and civil rights leaders ultimately succeeded in increasing
the levels of interaction between white and black children, but their
efforts had significant side effects for those cities as well.
To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance
Authors: Mattson Kevin
Published: February 2007

To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of
Allegiance. By Richard J. Ellis. Lawrence: University Press of
Kansas, 2005. 312p. $29.95 cloth, $15.95 paper.

This is an intelligent book about the strange story of American
patriotism. Strange because America is much more of an “imagined
community,” to use Benedict Anderson's evocative concept, than
most Western European states. Also strange because, as Richard Ellis
points out, it has been so contested over the years.
Disability Rights and the American Social Safety Net
Authors: Howard Christopher
Published: February 2007

Disability Rights and the American Social Safety Net. By
Jennifer L. Erkulwater. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. 272p.
$42.50.

Political scientists who study the American welfare state tend to
focus on a small number of social programs. Social Security and
“welfare” (now called Temporary Assistance for Needy Families)
are probably the best known. Typically, the goal is to show how much one
or two factors—for example, public opinion, institutional design,
policy elites, race, gender—influence these programs. This book is
different. It focuses on two programs for the disabled, Disability
Insurance (DI) and Supplemental Security Income (SSI), which are studied
less often. And it tries to account for a wide range of influences on
their development. The book is a genuine addition to our understanding of
U.S. social policy and a fine example of how to create a rich explanation
of policy change.
The First Amendment in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Comparative
Legal Analysis of the Freedom of Speech
Authors: Yalof David
Published: February 2007

The First Amendment in Cross-Cultural Perspective: A Comparative
Legal Analysis of the Freedom of Speech. By Ronald J. Krotoszynski,
Jr. New York: New York University Press, 2006. 336p. $50.00.

The growing influence of modern foreign laws and legal rulings on the
American model of constitutionalism is a dirty little secret no longer. In
Lawrence v. Texas (2003), Supreme Court Justice Anthony
Kennedy, writing for the majority, made no apologies about his willingness
to consult with rulings from the European Court of Human Rights in holding
that the Fourteenth Amendment's promise of due process of law forbids
the state of Texas from prohibiting sodomy between consenting adults.
Court observers should have seen this development coming: With the
breakdown of the Soviet Union came the emergence of new Western-style
democracies thrust into the position of building new republics from
scratch. American constitutional scholars were called upon in the late
1980s and early 1990s to consult with officials from these countries and
advise them on the drafting of their own constitutions. Constitutionalism
is now a commodity that travels across international lines. The Supreme
Court's controversial method in Lawrence may or may not
signal the beginning of a new era of cross-national consultations by the
high Court. However, it does coincide with a growing interest on the part
of political scientists studying comparative law and comparative
constitutionalism during the past decade.
Deliberative Choices: Debating Public Policy in Congress
Authors: Martin Paul S.
Published: February 2007

Deliberative Choices: Debating Public Policy in Congress. By
Gary Mucciaroni and Paul J. Quirk. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
2006. 296p. $50.00 cloth, $20.00 paper.

Gary Mucciaroni and Paul Quirk have done the field a service by
reminding us that Congress is a deliberative body, even if it is not
always a good deliberative body. The authors foreshadow their
findings, stating: “Congressional debate is only moderately
realistic and informed. Listeners encounter a considerable volume of
distortions, omissions, and even falsehoods, with apparent potential to
mislead” (p. x). They base this conclusion on a study of effects
claims made during three significant policy debates: Welfare Reform in
1995 and 1996, the Estate Tax Repeal in 1999 and 2000, and the
Telecommunication Deregulation Act of 1996. Effects claims are claims made
during debate about the likely effects of the legislation or amendment
under consideration: Reforming welfare will reduce illegitimate births;
current tax rates depress incentives to invest; deregulation will help the
telecommunications industry grow. The heavy lifting in the book comes from
the authors' assessments of the validity of these effects claims (and
rebuttals) based on contemporary knowledge of the issues that would have
been available to members of Congress.
The Constitution as Social Design: Gender and Civic Membership in
the American Constitutional Order
Authors: Breslin Beau
Published: February 2007

The Constitution as Social Design: Gender and Civic Membership in
the American Constitutional Order. By Gretchen Ritter. Stanford:
Stanford University Press, 2006. 400p. $70.00 cloth, $29.95 paper.

Gretchen Ritter takes the American Constitution seriously. Like few
others, she views the country's fundamental charter as announcing far
more than a design for government institutions and a series of individual
rights guarantees. The importance of the Constitution, she insists,
extends deeper than can be captured by examining the text's most
obvious features. It “creates and regulates a social
order” (p. 8), a comprehensive understanding of public and
private life. “The constitutional order acts as an instrument of
social design,” claims Ritter; it endorses certain relationships
over others, while also choosing to recognize certain members of the
polity as privileged (p. 9). Traditional conceptions of the marital
relationship or of the role of particular classes of people in the public
realm, for example, are fostered and perpetuated by the constitutional
scheme, not because the words of the text necessarily command it but
because the nature of a constitution—an instrument that embraces a
particular political and social order—makes it so.
Where Women Run: Gender and Party in the American States
Authors: Osborn Tracy
Published: February 2007

Where Women Run: Gender and Party in the American States. By
Kira Sanbonmatsu. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006. 264p.
$70.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

In recent years, scholarship in the subfield of women and politics has
met with a puzzling trend. The percentage of women in state legislatures,
once steadily growing, has leveled off and even decreased in recent years.
It is from this puzzle that Kira Sanbonmatsu's book begins: Why is
the growth of women's representation in the state legislatures
slowing down, and what do political parties have to do with it?
Sanbonmatsu's argument is thoughtful, detailed and compelling, and
she generates a bounty of information for scholars of women and politics,
state politics, and political parties.
The White Welfare State: The Racialization of U.S. Welfare
Policy
Authors: Gustafson Kaaryn
Published: February 2007

The White Welfare State: The Racialization of U.S. Welfare
Policy. By Deborah E. Ward. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,
2005. 208p. $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

A growing literature (including works by Kenneth Neubeck, Noel
Cazenave, Gwendolyn Mink, Jill Quadagno, Sanford Schram, Joe Soss, Richard
Fording, and Martin Gilens) examines the racialization of welfare
policies, welfare administration, and welfare politics. Deborah
Ward's book contributes nicely to that literature. The contributors
to this literature prove to be an interdisciplinary group and include
scholars from history, policy studies, political science, and sociology.
Ward's book offers insight to readers from all those fields, although
policy-oriented readers may find they seek more analysis, or at least a
broader discussion of the implications of the research.
Owning Russia: The Struggle over Factories, Farms and Power
Authors: Tompson William
Published: February 2007

Owning Russia: The Struggle over Factories, Farms and Power.
By Andrew Barnes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006. 288p. $35.00
cloth.

Andrew Barnes has produced an admirably complex book. While providing
a lucid, readable, and persuasive analysis of the evolution of property
relations in Russia during the 20 years from 1985, he avoids imposing
artificially tidy theoretical schemes on the very messy processes he
describes. Instead, he explores the full range of actors, institutions,
strategies, and exogenous events that have shaped the struggle for
property in Russia since the advent of Mikhail Gorbachev. This is above
all a work of history—a theoretically informed history, but history
nonetheless—and it is therefore a work in which contingency is
sometimes important, and one in which the question of which actors shaped
which outcome, and why, is always an empirical one—never something
determined by an ex ante assumption. In place of a spare, highly
theoretical explanation of this or that aspect of Russian privatization,
Barnes offers a complex but nevertheless comprehensible account of how
contests for control of real assets have evolved hitherto and where they
may be headed in the future.
The State and the Global Ecological Crisis
Authors: Richards Kenneth
Published: February 2007

The State and the Global Ecological Crisis. Edited by John
Barry and Robyn Eckersley. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. 307p. $67.00
cloth, $27.00 paper.

The 12 essays offered in this book are a bit like an invitation to a
New York cocktail party; the experience is impossible to fully anticipate
from a first glance. And like a good cocktail party, this book is
interesting not only for the content of the conversations but equally for
what it reveals about the participants' relations, values, and
assumptions, and even for what the guests might learn about
themselves.
Why Race Matters in South Africa
Authors: Compton Robert
Published: February 2007

Why Race Matters in South Africa. By Michael MacDonald.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. 245p. $45.00.

Given that more than a decade has passed since the initiation of the
“new dispensation,” a book about the present and future of
South Africa that reassesses connections with the past seems appropriate.
In this book, Michael MacDonald investigates the evolution of racism and
racialism and their linkages to state legitimacy and governance. This
empirical examination of South African politics and political economy is
well ensconced in the literature. The author provides a rigorous case
analysis within the literature of race and class.
Taxation, Wage Bargaining and Unemployment
Authors: Parsons Craig
Published: February 2007

Taxation, Wage Bargaining and Unemployment. By Isabela Mares.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 288p. $70.00 cloth, $27.99
paper.

Just three years after publishing The Politics of Social Risk:
Business and Welfare State Development, a prize-winning book on the
role of employers in the development of European welfare states, Isabela
Mares offers an overarching explanation of labor market performance in
postwar Europe. She builds on the institutionalist literature in political
economy, but combines its best-known models of labor markets with other
elements. As foundations, she takes the Calmfors-Driffil model, which
stressed that unemployment varies with labor union centralization (since
more centralized unions are better at delivering wage moderation), and the
Soskice-Iversen model, which stressed that unemployment varies with the
independence and policies of central banks (since union moderation is
encouraged by nonaccommodating monetary policy, which adjusts to cancel
out wage inflation that exceeds productivity growth). Mares notes,
however, that in most cases, neither union centralization nor monetary
policy institutions have varied as much as unemployment over
time—leaving these models better able to account for cross-national
variation than for cross-temporal patterns.
Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in
Brazil, Chile, and Argentina
Authors: Beer Caroline
Published: February 2007

Political (In)Justice: Authoritarianism and the Rule of Law in
Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. By Anthony W. Pereira. Pittsburgh:
University of Pittsburgh Press, 2005. 280p. $27.95.

Pereira's new book is a fascinating comparison of the legal
systems of the military dictatorships in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina. It
focuses on the concept of “authoritarian legality,” which at
first seems to be an oxymoron. As the book unfolds, however, and the
differences among the regimes' legal strategies become clear, the
usefulness of the concept becomes apparent. This book highlights the
importance of the legal dimension of authoritarian regimes, thereby
providing important new insights into the nature of both authoritarianism
and judicial systems. A broadly comparative chapter also extends the
argument to Nazi Germany, Franco's Spain, Salazar's Portugal,
and the United States after 9/11.
Public Opinion and Political Change in China
Authors: Kennedy John James
Published: February 2007

Public Opinion and Political Change in China. By Wenfang
Tang. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005. 237p. $55.00 cloth,
$21.95 paper.

In this comprehensive book, Wenfang Tang explores the nature and
origins of mass opinion in urban China through survey research conducted
between 1987 and 2000. The general theme is how some local democratic
practices can develop within the People's Republic of China (PRC).
However, rather than presenting a single theory or model, Tang examines a
series of case studies on public opinion. He draws on a rich data set that
consists of 11 large-scale urban surveys conducted by Chinese government
and academic institutions, including his own 1999 six-city survey. With
this data he examines a wide range of theories and explanations, such as
regime legitimacy (Chapter 3), the influence of the media on opinion
(Chapter 4), social capital theory (Chapter 5), political participation
(Chapters 6 and 7), and the role of intellectuals (Chapter 8). Thus, this
book has a broad appeal to those interested in political development as
well as contemporary China.
Regional Economic Voting: Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and the
Czech Republic, 1990–1999
Authors: Yoder Jennifer A.
Published: February 2007

Regional Economic Voting: Russia, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, and
the Czech Republic, 1990–1999. By Joshua A. Tucker. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2006. 444p. $29.99.

On the heels of a generation of scholarship on democratic transition
and consolidation in postcommunist countries, and after several election
cycles, relatively steady economic growth, and the accession of many
countries in the region to NATO and the European Union, the theoretical
concepts and assumptions derived from studies of mature democracies have
increasingly been applied to the new democracies of Eastern Europe and the
former Soviet Union. One fine example is Regional Economic Voting
in which Joshua A. Tucker effectively probes and refines the assumptions
of economic voting in established democracies to suggest how variations in
economic conditions have affected political support for postcommunist
parties. In particular, Tucker explores whether—and under what
conditions—traditional economic voting assumptions, that incumbent
parties and certain types of parties (right-wing parties in established
democracies) perform better if the economy is better, are supported in
postcommunist cases.
Justice Beyond Borders: A Global Political Theory
Authors: Chandler David
Published: February 2007

Justice Beyond Borders: A Global Political Theory. By Simon
Caney. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. 319p. $82.00 cloth, $24.95
paper.

The author's aim in this book is the defense of a
“cosmopolitan political morality” that pits cosmopolitan
ethics against its communitarian competitors (e.g., realism, the
“society of states” tradition, and nationalism) and finds them
wanting in relation to a number of key issues: human rights, distributive
justice, political institutions, war, and intervention. These issues are
addressed in specific chapters, which outline the cosmopolitan positions
and then negatively evaluate the alternatives. At the outset, we are
informed that this is not intended to be a “neutral account”
(p. 3), and the author consistently and methodically picks his way through
the book at every turn seeking to reinforce his defense.
Making War and Building Peace and Sustainable Peace: Power
and Democracy after Civil Wars
Authors: Gilligan Michael J.
Published: February 2007

Making War and Building Peace. By Michael W. Doyle and
Nicholas Sambanis. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006. 400p.
$24.95.

Sustainable Peace: Power and Democracy after Civil Wars.
Edited by Philip G. Roeder and Donald Rothchild. Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press, 2005. 392p. $55.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.

The two books discussed in this review address the same substantive
question: How does one establish sustainable peace after civil war?
However, their approaches are quite different. The Roeder and Rothchild
edited volume focuses on one aspect of establishing postwar
peace—the post–civil war political institutions of the
country. Doyle and Sambanis focus on the role of the United Nations in
helping to establish sustainable postwar peace. I will first address the
edited volume and then turn to the Doyle and Sambanis book before offering
a few concluding remarks.
Reluctant Crusaders: Power, Culture, and Change in American Grand
Strategy
Authors: Taliaferro Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2007

Reluctant Crusaders: Power, Culture, and Change in American Grand
Strategy. By Colin Dueck. Princeton: Princeton University Press,
2006. 236p. $29.95.

The six years since the 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York and
Washington have seen a proliferation of books on the limits of U.S.
primacy, the origins of the Bush doctrine, and the future of U.S. grand
strategy. The conventional wisdom is that the George W. Bush
administration's grand strategy—chiefly its unilateralism, its
hubris, its open embrace of “preemption” (more accurately
preventive war) as means to prevent states and terrorists from acquiring
weapons of mass destruction, its pursuit of democratization in the Middle
East as a cure-all for jihadist terrorism, and its refusal to plan for or
devote sufficient resources to the postwar reconstruction of Iraq in
2003–4—represent a radical break with the grand strategies of
previous administrations.
The Samaritan's Dilemma: The Political Economy of Development
Aid
Authors: Kaul Inge
Published: February 2007

The Samaritan's Dilemma: The Political Economy of Development
Aid. By Clark C. Gibson, Krister Andersson, Elinor Ostrom, and Sujai
Shivakumar. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. 288p. $99.00 cloth,
$35.00 paper.

The authors of this book start from the premise that there is
something “wrong with development aid” (p. 3). They point to a
number of studies that were conducted in the 1990s and found little
consonance between foreign aid levels and changes in macrolevel indicators
like economic growth and poverty reduction in recipient developing
countries. Their aim is to explore the “perverse incentives”
within the current aid system that militate against aid's
success.
Capitalism, Democracy and Welfare and Inequality and
Prosperity: Social Europe vs. Liberal America
Authors: Zysman John
Published: February 2007

Capitalism, Democracy and Welfare. By Torben Iversen. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2005. 226p. $29.99.

Inequality and Prosperity: Social Europe vs. Liberal America.
By Jonas Pontusson. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005. 242p.
$19.95.

Can policymakers reconcile the dual objectives of economic development
and social justice? Are equity and sustained growth in an inherent
conflict? How does the welfare system fit in a capitalist market economy?
Jonus Pontusson and Torben Iversen provide two perspectives on these basic
policy and political debates in interesting, well done, and quite
complementary studies of comparative capitalism.
Karen Rasler
Authors: Rasler Karen
Published: February 2007

How many causal paths lead to suicide terrorism? Unfortunately, too
many to produce precise predictions about when and where suicide terrorism
is likely to occur. Nonetheless, Mia Bloom's, Diego Gambetta's,
and Robert Pape's books do an excellent job of addressing this
phenomenon with sophisticated theories and empirical findings. While Pape
presents a coherent, single theoretical framework for explaining suicide
terrorism, Bloom and the contributors in Gambetta's book focus on a
range of loosely interconnected causal explanations across individual,
organizational, and societal levels. These works also have a rich
historical and comparative focus across time and cases. Even so, the
fundamental question is how they advance our knowledge about suicide
terrorism.
Eli Berman and David Laitin
Authors: Berman Eli , Laitin David
Published: February 2007

The three books under review reflect a radically altered agenda in
social science, affected by the attacks of September 11, 2001, in which
international terrorism in general and suicide missions in particular are
“hot” topics. But because (sadly) new cases are recorded
daily, the analyses in these books must be considered exploratory.
Ian Shapiro
Authors: Shapiro Ian
Published: February 2007

The books under review reveal considerable agreement about suicide
bombers. Yet there is a significant gap between the scholarly consensus
they embody and widespread perceptions about the subject. We learn, for
example, that suicide missions are as old as the hills. We learn that
there is no particular link between the propensity to engage in suicide
attacks or other forms of extreme terrorism and religious belief—let
alone belief in Islamic fundamentalism. We learn that Sri Lanka's
secular Marxist Tamil Tigers have been responsible for more suicide
attacks than any other group in recent decades. We learn that even within
Islamist groups like Hezbollah, the majority of suicide attackers have not
been religious at all, and that some of the religious ones have been
Christian rather than Islamist. And we learn that suicide attackers are of
both sexes and of various ages, incomes, and education levels.
Endogenizing institutions and institutional changes
Authors: AOKI MASAHIKO
Published: February 2007

This paper proposes an analytical-cum-conceptual framework for understanding the nature of institutions as well as their changes. First, it proposes a new definition of institution based on the notion of common knowledge regarding self-sustaining features of social interactions with a hope to integrate various disciplinary approaches to institutions and their changes. Second, it specifies some generic mechanisms of institutional coherence and change – overlapping social embeddedness, Schumpeterian innovation in bundling games, and dynamic institutional complementarities – useful for understanding the dynamic interactions of economic, political, social, organizational, and cognitive factors.
Economic sociology and institutional economics
Authors: REISMAN DAVID A.
Published: February 2007

Economic sociology was a core concern of early political economists like Smith, Marx, Pareto, and Marshall. The new economic sociology has sought to revive the neglected subdiscipline using the construct of interpersonal networks. Richard Swedberg has assembled 42 substantial papers in this collection. This article, reviewing his selection, proceeds in three stages. First, it provides a general framework for the debate. Second, it discusses the papers specifically linked to networks. Third, it analyses the contributions that go beyond the concept of social processes as personal relationships.
Therapie bei chronisch-entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Schölmerich
Published: February 2007

Die Standardtherapie bei entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen mit 5-Aminosalicylsäure, Steroiden und Immunsuppressiva ist erfreulich wirksam und wird noch optimiert, beispielsweise durch Kombinationen von Substanzen oder Applikationsformen. Von den biologischen Therapien ist bislang nur Infliximab in das therapeutische Arsenal gelangt, es wirkt auch bei einigen Patienten mit Colitis ulcerosa. Eine frühe aggressive Therapie ist bislang nicht etabliert. Hormone und Wachstumsfaktoren können eine Rolle spielen. Probiotika nehmen einen Platz in der Therapie insbesondere bei Colitis ulcerosa ein.
Valuing certainty in a consensus‐based water allocation mechanism
Authors: Pande Saket , McKee Mac
Published: February 2007

We present an interdisciplinary approach to attach economic value to model certainty. The central theme of this paper concerns valuing certainty in water resource management, specifically resource allocation. A conceptual framework is developed to study (1) a hypothetical scenario of three water users attempting to mutually agree on allocation of some fixed amount of water amongst themselves and (2) California water policy negotiations along the lines of Adams et al. (1996). We attempt to answer how uncertainty in a policy variable affects the “allocation solution” in such consensus‐based decision‐making processes. This study finally evolves into economic valuation of uncertainty reduction and willingness to pay for the same.
Dynamic control on serpentine crystallization in veins: Constraints on hydration processes in oceanic peridotites
Authors: Andreani M. , Mével C. , Boullier A.‐M. , Escartín J.
Published: February 2007

Deformation and hydration processes are intimately linked in the oceanic lithosphere, but the feedbacks between them are still poorly understood, especially in ultramafic rocks where serpentinization results in a decrease of rock density that implies a volume increase and/or mass transfer. Serpentinization is accompanied by abundant veining marked by different generations of vein‐filling serpentines with a high variety of morphologies and textures that correspond to different mechanisms and conditions of formation. We use these veins to constrain the role of deformation and mass transfer processes during hydration of oceanic peridotites at slow‐spreading ridges. We have selected a representative set of veins from ocean floor serpentinites of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge near Kane transform fault (23°N) and characterized these in detail for their microstructures and chemistry by coupling optical and electron microscopy (SEM, TEM) with electron microprobe analyses. Four main veining episodes (V1 to V4) accompany the serpentinization. The first episode, identified as vein generation V1, is interpreted as the tectonically controlled penetration of early seawater‐dominated fluid within peridotites, enhancing thermal cracking and mesh texture initiation at 3–4 km up to 8 km depth and at T <300–350°C. The two following vein stages (V2 and V3) formed in a closed, diffusive system and accommodate volume expansion required to reach almost 50% serpentinization of the protolith. The cracks exploited by these veins were caused by the progressive unroofing at depths of ∼4 to ∼2 km along a detachment fault. Degree and rate of serpentinization seem to be controlled by the capacity of the system to create space and to drive the mass transfer needed for ongoing serpentinization, and this capacity is in turn linked to the exhumation rate and local tectonics. During this period, water consumed by hydration may prevent the establishment of convective hydrothermal cells. The onset of an open hydrothermal system in the shallow lithosphere (<2 km), where brittle fracturing and advective transfer dominate and enable the completion of serpentinization, is marked by the last vein generation (V4). These results show a complete history of alteration, with the crystallization of different types of serpentine recording different tectonic events, chemical conditions, and modes of hydrothermal alteration of the lithosphere.
Mantle wedge dynamics versus crustal seismicity in the Apennines (Italy)
Authors: Ventura Guido , Cinti Francesca R. , Di Luccio Francesca , Pino N. Alessandro
Published: February 2007

In the Apennines subduction (Italy), earthquakes mainly occur within the overriding plate, along the chain axis. The events concentrate in the upper 15 km of the crust above the mantle wedge, and focal solutions indicate normal faulting. In the foreland, the seismogenic volume affects the upper 35 km of the crust. Focal solutions indicate prevailing reverse faulting in the northern foreland and strike‐slip faulting in the southern one. The deepening of the seismogenic volume from the chain axis to the foreland follows the deepening of the Moho and isotherms. The seismicity above the mantle wedge is associated with uplift of the chain axial zone, volcanism, high CO2 flux, and extension. The upward pushing of the asthenospheric mantle and the mantle‐derived, CO2‐rich fluids trapped within the crust below the chain axis causes this seismicity. All these features indicate that the axial zone of Apennines is affected by early rifting processes. In northern Italy, the widespread and deeper seismicity in the foreland reflects active accretion processes. In the southern foreland, the observed dextral strike‐slip faulting and the lack of reverse focal solutions suggest that accretion processes are not active at present. In our interpretation of the Apennines subduction, the shallower seismicity of the overriding plate is due to the dynamics (uprising and eastward migration) of the asthenospheric wedge.
Current propagation model for a narrow bipolar pulse
Authors: Watson S. S. , Marshall T. C.
Published: February 2007

Narrow bipolar pulses (NBPs) are a class of high‐altitude, high‐energy discharges that occur during some thunderstorms. We use a modified transmission line model (called MTLEI) with a current that increases exponentially along the propagation channel to test mechanisms that might produce NBPs. Model outputs were compared to measured E data from a single NBP collected at near and far field locations. We were unable to fit the measured data using the fast current propagation speeds appropriate for a runaway breakdown/extensive air shower mechanism. Instead, by using currents that travel relatively slowly (6 × 107 m/s), the MTLEI model fit the data reasonably well. This result is compatible with a mechanism that uses runaway breakdown to produce charge carriers along with a moving electric field to drive the main NBP current. Using this model for the measured NBP, we estimate a charge moment of 0.6 C·km.
Realistic greenhouse gas forcing and seasonal forecasts
Authors: Liniger M. A. , Mathis H. , Appenzeller C. , Doblas‐Reyes F. J.
Published: February 2007

This paper investigates the improvement of seasonal forecasts by including realistically varying greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations. Forecasts starting every May and November are compared over the period 1958 until 2001. One set has constant GHG concentrations while an other has a realistic GHG trend. The large scale temperature trends derived at different lead times are compared between the forecast sets and observations over the entire 44 years. It is shown that after a few months the anthropogenic climate change signal is lost by up to 70% although it was present in the initial conditions. The differences in trends vary with lead times, seasons and regions. Strongest effects are found in the Tropics and the Summer Hemispheres, in particular the Northern one. On the local scale, the improvement is not widespread in trends and very weak in predicting detrended interannual variability. Both sets exhibit a strong absolute temperature bias.
North Atlantic climate control on plankton variability in the Balearic Sea, western Mediterranean
Authors: Fernández de Puelles M. Luz , Molinero Juan Carlos
Published: February 2007

We assessed interrelations between climatic, meteorological and hydrological factors in the Balearic Sea, and identified drivers of the abundance variability of planktonic copepods over the period 1994–2003. Temporal variability in the total abundance of copepods appears to be indicative of the southern spreading of the Northern Current, and therefore of meridional transport of water masses in the Balearic Sea. The results show that the large‐scale atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic Ocean acts as a main driver of regional meteorological variations and hydrographic patterns in the Balearic Sea area. The clearly most novel insight from this study is that the effects of the North Atlantic climate on hydrographic variability and the abundance of copepods in the studied area are noticeable at monthly scales. Thus, the North Atlantic climate influence on the structure and biogeochemical fluxes in the Western Mediterranean pelagic ecosystems deserve more attention that they have been received so far.
Numerical predictions of aerosol charging and electrical conductivity of the lower atmosphere of Mars
Authors: Michael M. , Barani M. , Tripathi S. N.
Published: February 2007

The charging of aerosols and the conductivity of the lower, night time atmosphere of Mars are calculated. The charge distribution of aerosols was obtained by the simultaneous solution of the ion‐aerosol charge balance equations. Galactic cosmic rays are the dominant ionizing process in the night time lower atmosphere producing molecular ions and ion clusters. The ion production rates for different solar activities are considered. The ion‐ion recombination rates and the ion‐aerosols attachment coefficients are calculated for altitudes from 0 to 70 km. Both the steady state and time dependent concentration of charged aerosols are calculated. The conductivity produced by ion‐attachment of aerosols was found to decrease by a factor of five yielding a value of about 4 × 10−12 Ohm−1 m−1 close to the surface. The effect on the conductivity of the temperature vs. altitude and the aerosol density are also estimated.