bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A rare case of Diastematomyelia with syrinx and tethered cord in a newborn
Authors: K Mahishma. , Sandeep Veeramalla , Hadi Furkhan
Published: October 2021

Diastematomyelia or Split cord syndrome is a rare form of spinal dysraphism characterized by longitudinal splitting of spinal cord, conus medullaris or filum terminale to a variable extent. Presence of SCM is suggested by certain superficial markers like skin pigmentation, hemangioma, lipoma, dermal sinus and hypertrichosis. Meningocele or myelomenigocele may also be present. Affected children usually present with progressive sensorimotor symptoms and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Development of sensorimotor symptoms and progressive loss of function emphasis the need for antenatal diagnosis of the spinal deformities which paves way for early intervention and management thus minimizing the morbidity.
Essence of the Enlightened Absolutism Policy
Authors: Tchoudinov Alexandre
Published: October 2021

Понятие «просвещенный абсолютизм», на первый взгляд, является общепринятым и самоочевидным, однако при ближайшем рассмотрении оказывается, что в разные времена ученые и мыслители вкладывали в него разный смысл, и сегодня исследователи трактуют его совершенно иначе, нежели российский историк конца XIX — начала XX в. Н. И. Кареев, с чьей легкой руки термин «просвещенный абсолютизм» закрепился в отечественной историографии. Как, впрочем, иначе трактуют и лежащие в основе этого понятия термины «абсолютизм» и «просвещение». О современных научных интерпретациях политики просвещенного абсолютизма и о конкретных примерах осуществления ее на практике и пойдет в речь в этом учебном пособии. Учебное пособие подготовлено в рамках проекта «Трудные вопросы истории России», реализуемого Ассоциацией учителей истории и обществознания, Государственным академическим университетом гуманитарных наук и Институтом всеобщей истории РАН.
SPECIFICATION OF THE ABSOLUTE SPEED OF THE SOIL DISPLACED BY THE SPHERICAL DISC OF THE RIDGE SEEDER ROLLER
Authors:   FSBEI HE Ulyanovsk SAU, Zykin E.S. , Albutov S.P. ,   FSBEI HE Ulyanovsk SAU, Kurdyumov V. I. ,   FSBEI HE Ulyanovsk SAU
Published: October 2021

Heuristic and technical analysis of various designs of tillage rollers of row-crop seeders has led to the conclusion that they are mainly intended for destruction of lumps and soil compaction before and after sowing on a flat field surface. When studying the available methods for assessing the impact on improvement criteria of the design parameters and surface features of individual working elements of the ridge-forming rollers, it was revealed that, currently, there are unresolved issues, in particular, the method for specification of the absolute speed of the soil displaced by the spherical discs of the ridge seeder roller. Thus, it is necessary to substantiate theoretically this parameter of the tillage roller, which directly affects the distance between the spherical discs of the roller of the ridge seeder. For the finishing operation of formation of the soil ridge of the required parameters and density simultaneously with sowing, a roller was developed, the novelty of which is confirmed by the patents of the Russian Federation № 194330, № 194348, № 196712. The design of the roller includes regulation of the angles of attack of the spherical discs and the degree of compression of the spring, because these parameters have a significant effect on the geometric dimensions of the formed ridge and the density of the soil inside it. The proposed roller is mounted on the rear beam holder of the sowing section of the ridge seeder. Moving on the surface of the field, the ridge seeder colters sow seeds on a wet compacted bed, the ridge formers form a loose soil hill above the sown seeds and the rollers compact the soil hill. The speeds and forces acting on the spherical disc of the roller have been determined. It was theoretically revealed that the absolute speed of soil particles thrown by the edge of the spherical disc towards the symmetry longitudinal axis of the soil ridge is maximum and depends on the angular velocity of the spherical disc, its radius and angle of attack, as well as the frictional properties of the soil. As moving to the center of the spherical disc, the absolute speed of soil particles thrown from a specific point of the studied roller working body decreases
COW REPRODUCTION FEATURES UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY OF MILK PRODUCTION
Authors:   Mordovian Research Institute of Agriculture - Branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution Federal Agricultural Scientific Center of the North-East named after N.V. Rudnitsky, Velmatov A. A. , Dunin I. M. ,   Federal State Budgetry Scientific Institution “All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Breeding”, Tishkina T. N. ,   FSBEI HE “ Mordovian State University named after N.P. Ogarev “
Published: October 2021

Milk productivity of cows depends on the duration of the service period. Thus, with an increase of the service period from 60 to 121 days after the first calving, milk productivity of cows increases by 937 kg (P≥0.95), after the second calving - by 745 kg and after the third calving - by 926 kg (P≥0.95). Cows with a service period of less than 60 days had the lowest milk productivity of 6751 kg. Cows with a service period of more than 120 days gave 7688-8251 kg of milk. Milk productivity of cows is also influenced by the length of the dry period. Too short, as well as too long dry period has a negative effect on milk productivity. So, cows with a dry period of less than 40 days gave an average of 7011 kg of milk, with an increase of the dry period, milk productivity parameters increase. Cows with a dry period of 41-50 days produced 7465 kg, with a dry period of 51-60 days - 7785 kg, with an increase of the dry period from 61 to 70 days milk productivity increased to 8042 kg, finally, dry period of over 70 days leads to a decrease of milk productivity of cows up to 7211 kg. In terms of the calving interval, the experimental cows corresponded to the parameters of highly productive cows, being within the period of 12-14 months. The analysis of reproductive ability showed that the animals have average values for reproductive ability.
Phraséologie et idiomatologie : deux termes concurrents ou complémentaires?
Authors: González-Rey Maria Isabel
Published: October 2021

Les discussions terminologiques à propos des différents éléments dont s’occupe la phraséologie (Thun ; Pilz ; Gläser) ont été abandonnées depuis des années. Et pourtant, la question est loin d’être résolue au niveau non seulement de la dénomination de ces éléments, mais aussi de celui de leur propre nature. En effet, il continue d’exister une profusion de termes selon les cadres théoriques de tout un chacun (expressions figées, phrasèmes, phraséologismes, unités phraséologiques, etc.). Or, face à cette profusion de dénominations et de typologies, le nom du domaine en question n’a eu qu’un seul concurrent depuis que Bally (vol. I) l’a proposé : celui d’idiomatologie (Guiraud), avec sa variante idiomatik en allemand (Burger et Jaksche), et sa traduction idiomatology en anglais (Makkai ; Kavka et Zybert ; Kavka « Compounding » ). Ce constat nous pousse à aller à la recherche d’une explication qui aille au-delà du seul sort aléatoire des mots dans leur consolidation, en retraçant l’histoire de cette concurrence, toute courte qu’elle ait pu être, pour essayer de comprendre les raisons du choix terminologique de Bally et comment ce choix est arrivé à s’imposer. Nous le ferons à travers la comparaison des termes phraséologie et idiotismes et leur coapparition dans deux ouvrages du XIXe siècle (Dupont et Bochet et al.). Cela pourra certainement nous éclairer sur le partage des spécialistes d’aujourd’hui, divisés entre une conception large ou étroite du domaine, avec des typologies plus ou moins inclusives. Mais ce sera surtout l’occasion de réconcilier la phraséologie et l’idiomatologie en tant que domaines complémentaires l’un de l’autre .
Las unidades pluriverbales nominales equivalentes a compuesto en los diccionarios bilingües lituano-español/francés/inglés
Authors: Rascón Caballero Alfonso
Published: October 2021

Los términos lingüísticos compuesto, locución, colocación no estándar y termema nominales corresponden a conceptos diferentes, pero en la lexicografía bilingüe y en la traducción su tratamiento es más simple, porque designan unidades léxicas que en su mayoría tienen una equivalencia plena en otras lenguas. Estas unidades figuran en los diccionarios como lemas, subentradas o ejemplos. En este artículo determinamos las diferencias entre estos conceptos y su confluencia en el nombre genérico de compuesto nominal. Se analiza un corpus de compuestos del lituano y sus equivalentes al español, francés e inglés (extraídos de diccionarios bilingües), con una estructura léxica en muchos casos paralela; en los componentes de la unidad léxica se pueden rastrear los semas que forman su significado.
À propos de quelques combinaisons lexicales spécialisées du champ thématique des noms de maladie
Authors: Krzyżanowska Anna
Published: October 2021

Le présent article propose d’étudier les propriétés syntaxico-sémantiques des combinaisons spécialisées de type NOM + ADJECTIF, provenant du vocabulaire médical. Deux sous-ensembles ont été dégagés en fonction de leur degré de figement syntaxique et sémantique : des structures récurrentes à sens compositionnel, et aussi des structures semi-figées partiellement compositionnelles. Les enjeux de notre recherche s’articulent autour de l’interrelation entre le mot clé (le nom) et le constituant adjectival. On décrit également le fonctionnement des combinaisons spécialisées dans les textes de presse, où elles apparaissent sous la forme canonique ou altérée. Dans ce contexte, on s’intéresse en particulier à leur emploi dans la fonction métalinguistique. Il importe de souligner que lors de notre analyse, on applique au langage spécialisé les mêmes outils méthodologiques que ceux utilisés pour la langue générale.
Collocations verbo-nominales avec gniew (colère) dans Brat naszego Boga (Karol Wojtyła) et leur traduction en français et en néerlandais
Authors: Waterlot Muriel
Published: October 2021

Cet article rend compte d’une analyse de la traduction de collocations avec le nom gniew (‘colère’) dans la pièce de théâtre de Karol Wojtyła Brat naszego Boga (Frère de notre Dieu) en français, et propose des traductions de ces collocations en néerlandais.

Pour l’analyse sémantico-discursive des collocations avec gniew (‘colère’), nous avons établi un modèle méthodologique dans lequel nous avons intégré – à partir de la définition de la colère par Eckman – des éléments de cette émotion (en tant que processus) et leur réalisation linguistique qui se présente sous la forme d’une collocation verbo-nominale (du type V+N ou N+V) selon l’approche cognitive de la collocation proposée par Śliwa.

L’analyse des collocations ouvre une perspective contrastive afin de repérer d’éventuelles difficultés dans la traduction des collocations verbo-nominales avec gniew. Pour faciliter une description plus détaillée du degré de correspondance de la traduction de ces collocations, nous avons eu recours au schéma de Camugli Gallardo.

Cette étude nous permet d’affirmer qu’une approche sémantico-discursive appliquée à l’analyse comparative de la traduction de certaines unités lexicales ; telles les collocations – pourrait être adoptée comme point de départ pour définir les critères permettant d’évaluer la qualité d’une traduction.
Food as a factor of fertility, development duration, and changes in morphometric parameters in Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky)
Authors: Matsishina N. V. , Fisenko P. V. , Ermak M. V. , Sobko O. A. , Volkov D. I. , Baleevskih A. G.
Published: October 2021

Relevance.The physiology of insects nutrition and digestion reflects the diversity of their food specialization, aimed at the most effective use of feed. The choice of the object of nutrition is provided byattractants in it, as well as the presence of substances necessary for the insect to pass the stages ofdevelopment and general nutrition. On the other hand, the “plant-phytophage” system has well-developed barriers that limit the choice of plants by insects for settling, feeding, and eggs laying. In themodern literature, there is very little information on the effect of food plants on fertility, developmentduration, and changes in morphometric parameters in 28-spotted potato ladybird Henosepilachnavigintioctomaculata (Motschulsky). However, they are important for understanding the ecology of thepest and developing effective control measures.Research methodology.The laboratory colony of Henosepilachna vigintioctomaculata(Motschulsky) was established in 2019. Adults were collected in various locations throughoutPrimorsky Territory, Russia. For an introduction into the culture of the insectarium, imagos,clutches, and larvae were collected in natural habitats. Standard methods of keeping andbreeding insect cultures were used, aimed at optimizing the parameters of the environment, thedensity of the content, and the feed supply.Results.The uneven influence of crops on different aspects of the ontogenesis of the potato ladybirdwas revealed. The potato was the most favorable food in most experiments. When feeding with thiscrop, the smallest incubation period of eggs, the largest sizes of larvae of initial ages, the largest sizesof pupae, fertility, low mortality was observed, and as a result, the largest growth coefficient(3.22±0.22) and the shortest period of development from eggs to imago (21.3±0.81) were revealed.The remaining forage plants used in the study showed a less unambiguous result. The different influence of crops on both individual indicators and the ontogenetic periods of the phytophage was found.When eating tomato, cucumber, pumpkin, lime, high overall mortality was noted. At the same time, linden stimulated the development of eggs and the growth of young larvae but provoked low fertility anda general prolongation of the development period. According to the set of characteristics, pumpkin,cucumber, and linden were the least favorable for nutrition.
Elevated CO2 and Temperature Resetting the Expression of Resistance, Pest Incidence, Geographical Distribution and Physiology in Insect-pests of Grain Legumes: A Review
Authors: Jat B.L. , Pagaria P. , Jat A.S. , Choudhary H.D. , Khan T. , Mali G.
Published: October 2021

The most important factor that affects the crop production in terms of nutritional content of foliar plants is the global climate change. Herbivore’s growth, development, survival and geographical distribution all are determined by elevated CO2 and temperature. The interactions between herbivores and plants have changed due to increasing level of CO2 and temperature. The effect of high CO2 and temperature on grain legume plant which change in to plant physiology (e.g., nutritional content, foliage biomass) and how it change in herbivory metabolism rate and food consumption rate. Plant injury is determined by two factors viz. resistance and tolerance and both are influenced by greater CO2 and temperature. Legumes are an important source of food and feed in the form of proteins and also improve the soil environment. The repercussions of the abiotic factors mentioned above needs discussion among the scientific community. We may able to limit the negative repercussions of stated factors in future breeding projects by harnessing the practical favourable impacts and by including such influences of elevated CO2 and temperature on pulses productivity. The extensive research is necessary to overcome the negative effects of high CO2 and temperature on insect-plant interaction.
APHIS CORDUBENSIS SP. N. (HEMIPTERA APHIDIDAE) LIVING ON ABUTILON MEGAPOTAMICUM (MALVACEAE) FROM CORDOBA PROVINCE (ARGENTINA)
Authors: ORTEGO JAIME , MIER DURANTE M. PILAR , NIETO NAFRÍA JUAN M.
Published: October 2021

Aphis cordubensis sp. n. (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is described from apterous and alate viviparous females, oviparous females and males collected in Villa Carlos Paz (Córdoba, Argentina) on Abutilon megapotamicum. A summarized identification key for apterous viviparae of Aphis species recorded worldwide on Malvaceae is presented. The diagnostic features allowing to differentiate the new species from the Aphis species known in South America are presented. The new species should be able to live in Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay on wild and cultivated plants of Abutilon and perhaps on other genera of Malvaceae. The species is potentially invasive and trade and cultivation in gardens and plant nurseries of Abutilon and close genera must be monitored.
Paulo Freire, o direito à educação como prática emancipatória e a identidade da educação infantil
Authors: Costa Juliana Cristina , Costa Valdirene , Melo André Luis de Andrade
Published: October 2021

O presente artigo trata de abordar a temática da busca de identidade do profissional da Educação Infantil no Brasil, fazendo um contraponto com a concepção de Educação de Paulo Freire e com a concepção de “Direito à Educação”. Analisa a luta pela Educação Infantil efetivada pelos movimentos sociais e educacionais do país. Destaca a integração da Educação Infantil e as contradições de compreensão da reorganização da Escola e do espaço pedagógico em vista do protagonismo da Criança como sujeito de Direitos e da Infância como tempo e identidade de formação humana.
Retorno à sombra de uma mangueira
Authors: Sabota Barbra , Almeida Ricardo Regis de , Moura Rodrigo Milhomem de
Published: October 2021

De natureza qualitativo-interpretativista, nosso estudo objetiva relacionar a educação linguística crítico-decolonial, bem como nossas experiências de vida e formação com as praxiologias freirianas. Redigimos narrativas autobiográficas a partir do questionamento: Como se deu seu primeiro encontro com a práxis freiriana? Produzimos, ainda, uma narrativa (auto)biográfica de Paulo, em bricolagem, com dados encontrados em cinco de suas obras. Como resultado de nossos esforços, acreditamos que este texto fortaleceu nosso sonho de vivenciar uma educação pública de qualidade, que encoraje mais sujeitos na luta em defesa dos/as oprimidos/as pela raça, gênero e condição social.
Freire e o legado para a educação brasileira
Authors: Nunes Rosana Helena , Santclair Dllubia , Silva Kleber Aparecido da Silva
Published: October 2021

Paulo Freire constrói um legado para a educação brasileira que é atemporal. Diante disso, o objetivo do texto In Memorian é trazer uma entrevista póstuma com o autor. A partir de uma revisão bibliográfica, apresentamos sua história de vida e suas obras. Além disso, trazemos uma resenha das três principais obras, a saber, Pedagogia do Oprimido, Pedagogia da Esperança e Pedagogia da Autonomia. Os trechos dessas obras embasam as respostas construídas para os questionamentos em relação à Covid-19, ao movimento Black Lives Matter e suas interfaces com a educação linguística e a decolonialidade, como uma forma de dialogar com as reflexões freirianas propostas para o contexto educacional.
Pediatric Hand Trauma: An Analysis of 3,432 Pediatric Hand Trauma Cases Over 15 Years
Authors: Sung Ki Pyo , Lee Soo Hyang
Published: October 2021

PurposePediatric hand trauma is common and sometimes causes deformity or disability. The incidence and etiologies of hand trauma in children are different from those in adults. This study analyzed the characteristics of pediatric hand trauma cases and patients over a 15-year period. MethodsWe conducted a retrospective medical record review of 3,432 children (2,265 boys, 1,167 girls, under 18 years of age) with hand injuries from January 2005 to December 2019. We evaluated the sex distribution and injury etiologies. Injuries were classified by type as burns, amputations, crushing injuries, lacerations, extensor and flexor tendon injuries, open and closed fractures, and nerve injuries. ResultsAmong the pediatric hand injury patients, males were predominant (1.94:1). Simple lacerations (58.4%) were the most common injury type, followed by fractures (22.8%). Lacerations and burns tended to be common in younger age groups, while tendon injuries, nerve injuries, and crushing injuries were more frequently encountered in older age groups. ConclusionsHand trauma prevention strategies should be established considering the frequent trauma etiologies in specific age groups. An awareness of age-specific characteristics of pediatric hand trauma patients will be helpful to prevent hand trauma.
Three species of acrocarpous mosses, distributional records to the Bryoflora of Peninsular India
Authors: Sreenath Ananthaneni , Ravi Prasad Rao Boyina
Published: October 2021

Three species of acrocarpous mosses, viz., Entosthodon wallichii Mitt. (Funariaceae), Splachnobryum aquaticum Mull.Hal. (Splachnobryaceae), and Tortula rubripila Dixon (Pottiaceae), collected from different localities of Andhra Pradesh, are new distributional records for Peninsular India.
A Novel Framework for Predictive Modeling and Optimization of Powder Bed Fusion Process
Authors: Malekipour Ehsan , Marrey Mallikharjun , El-Mounayri Hazim , Faierson Eric , Agarwal Mangilal
Published: October 2021

Powder bed fusion (PBF) process is a metal additive manufacturing process which can build parts with any complexity from a wide range of metallic materials. PBF process research has predominantly focused on the impact of only a few parameters on product properties due to the lack of a systematic approach for optimizing a large set of process parameters simultaneously. The pivotal challenges regarding this process require a quantitative approach for mapping the material properties and process parameters onto the ultimate quality; this will then enable the optimization of those parameters. In this study, we propose a two-phase framework for optimizing the process parameters and developing a predictive model for 316L stainless steel material. We also discuss the correlation between process parameters -- i.e., laser specifications -- and mechanical properties and how to achieve parts with high density (> 98%) as well as better ultimate mechanical properties. In this paper, we introduce and test an innovative approach for developing AM predictive models, with a relatively low error percentage of 10.236% that are used to optimize process parameters in accordance with user or manufacturer requirements. These models use support vector regression, random forest regression, and neural network techniques. It is shown that the intelligent selection of process parameters using these models can achieve an optimized density of up to 99.31% with uniform microstructure, which improves hardness, impact strength, and other mechanical properties.
Use of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Vegetable Crops
Authors: Shankar Arpitha
Published: October 2021

AMF (Arbuscular Mychorhizal Fungi) are very well known due to their importance in promoting growth and developments of plants especially vegetables. These fungi can be grown easily, stored and multiplied with simple means, also the application of these fungi is generally on the layer of the soil or near the roots in the inner layers of the soils. The growth of the amf fungi is very easy and they are highly adjustable to any soil and environmental conditions. In this review our main focus is on the use of amf for production of vegetables and also the effect of amf against insects and pests. The amf is known to reduce several symptoms caused by different insect pests and also plant diseases thereby promoting healthy growth of the plants. Also use of this amf will increase the uptake of nutrient from the soils through symbiotic relationships between plants and fungi. The uptake of important minerals which are drawn from deeper layers of soils is observed with the help pf amf. This study reveals the benefits of the use of amf under severe disease and pest incidences thereby known as an alternate for harmful chemical pesticides and fungicides.
Targeting of Inhaled Therapeutics to the Small Airways: Nanoleucine Carrier Formulations
Authors: Miller Danforth P. , Tarara Thomas E. , Weers Jeffry G.
Published: October 2021

Current dry powder formulations for inhalation deposit a large fraction of their emitted dose in the upper respiratory tract where they contribute to off-target adverse effects and variability in lung delivery. The purpose of current study is to design a new formulation concept that more effectively targets inhaled dry powders to the large and small airways. The formulations are based on adhesive mixtures of drug nanoparticles and nanoleucine carrier particles prepared by spray drying of a co-suspension of leucine and drug particles from a nonsolvent. The physicochemical and aerosol properties of the resulting formulations are presented. The formulations achieve 93% lung delivery in the Alberta Idealized Throat model that is independent of inspiratory flow rate and relative humidity. Largely eliminating URT deposition with a particle size larger than solution pMDIs is expected to improve delivery to the large and small airways, while minimizing alveolar deposition and particle exhalation.
Cell Cycle Regulation and DNA Damage Response Networks in Diffuse-and Intestinal-Type Gastric Cancer
Authors: Tanabe Shihori , Quader Sabina , Ono Ryuichi , Cabral Horacio , Aoyagi Kazuhiko , Hirose Akihiko , Yokozaki Hiroshi , Sasaki Hiroki
Published: October 2021

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) networks are essential in acquiring the drug resistance and cancer malignant features in cancer stem cells (CSCs). In this regard, gene expression profiles in diffuse- and intestinal-type gastric cancer (GC) have been analyzed to reveal the network pathways in EMT and CSCs, since the diffuse-type GC has much more mesenchymal features than intestinal-type GC that has the intestinal features. The study results revealed that the activation state of several canonical pathways related to cell cycle regulation was altered. The canonical pathway on Cell cycle: G1/S checkpoint regulation was activated in diffuse-type GC, and canonical pathways on Cell cycle control of chromosomal replication and Cyclins and cell cycle regulation were activated in intestinal-type GC. Canonical pathway related to Role of BRCA1 in DNA damage response was activated in intestinal-type GC, where BRCA1, which is related to G1/S phase transition was up-regulated in intestinal-type GC. Several microRNAs (miRNAs), including mir-10, mir-17, mir-19, mir-194, mir-224, mir-25, mir-34, mir-451, and mir-605, were identified to have direct relationships of RNA-RNA interaction in Cell cycle: G1/S checkpoint regulation pathway. Additionally, cell cycle regulation may be altered in EMT conditions. The alterations in activation states of the pathways related to cell cycle regulation in diffuse- and intestinal-type GC would indicate the significance of cell cycle regulation in EMT.
The Suboptimal WMT Test Sets and Its Impact on Human Parity
Authors: Kim Ahrii , Bak Yunju , Sun Jimin , Lyu Sungwon , Lee Changmin
Published: October 2021

With the advent of Neural Machine Translation, the more the achievement of human-machine parity is claimed at WMT, the more we come to ask ourselves if their evaluation environment can be trusted. In this paper, we argue that the low quality of the source test set of the news track at WMT may lead to an overrated human parity claim. First of all, we report nine types of so-called technical contaminants in the data set, originated from an absence of meticulous inspection after web-crawling. Our empirical findings show that when they are corrected, about 5% of the segments that have previously achieved a human parity claim turn out to be statistically invalid. Such a tendency gets evident when the contaminated sentences are solely concerned. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first attempt to question the “source” side of the test set as a potential cause of the overclaim of human parity. We cast evidence for such phenomenon that according to sentence-level TER scores, those trivial errors change a good part of system translations. We conclude that to overlook it would be a mistake, especially when it comes to an NMT evaluation.
A Brief Overview: The Persistence and Pandemic of Virulent Newcastle Disease in Birds as Well as Role in Pakistan
Authors: Baksh Muqadas , Ali Zafar , Ali Ghafran
Published: October 2021

The poultry industry is affected by many epidemics and Newcastle Disease (ND) is a constant threat, known as a devastating disease for poultry farmers around the world. According to the average death time of chicken embryos, virus strains can be classified as lentogenic, mesogenic, or velogenic. The current research will clarify the vulnerable host range as well as the epidemiology and geographic distribution of ND in Pakistan. The introduction of the virus into poultry can have serious economic consequences, including the loss of production of sick and dying poultry, the cost of control measures (such as population reduction and disinfection measures), and possible trade restrictions in the event of an outbreak. The virus is transmitted by direct contact with sick poultry or carriers. Infected birds can also spread the virus in their feces. It can also be spread through respiratory secretions, contaminated feed, equipment, water, or feces. We will also discuss vaccines that which vaccines are available for NDV in Pakistan and vaccines can fight against this disease or not? In this study, a qualitative risk analysis was carried out to assess Pakistan's vulnerability to the introduction of virulent NDV strains
Adaptation and Collaborative CLTS Pathways: Experiential Learning from Mistakes and Iterative Changes for Success
Authors: Dektar Benbella
Published: October 2021

Background This paper draws learnings and successes based on field implementation experience spanning four years (2016–2019) of implementing CLTS by Prince of Peace Orphans and Widows Vision, a community-based organization located in Kaberamaido district in eastern Uganda. Methods The study aimed to document, disseminate and inform from an evidence-based point of view how adaptation and collaborative engagements triggers learning from mistakes to inform iterative changes from improvements and success.This is a descriptive paper that used project documents review based on field implementation experience. Existing project reports were synthesised, collated and curated for evidence. Data were drawn from project reports and records to inform narratives in writing. Implementation of the project was executed in homogenous rural communities occupied by people of the same dialect, cultural and social settings. Results We note that success in CLTS implementation can hardly be achieved by merely following prescriptions in handbooks and guidelines but rather by devising innovative community engagement and other participatory and community-driven techniques that foster adaptive management, promote ownership, and buy-in.Having learned from our failures, we used data to inform decisions and transformatively deviated from traditional CLTS implementation and introduced high impact and innovative approaches such as the use of CLTS helpdesks and Situation room, the Pamoja approach, learning labs and iterative feedback loops, innovatively tackling slippage and carefully introducing the follow-up mandona approach. These enhanced experiential learning and ultimately resulted in sustained sanitation behaviour. Conclusions The CLTS approach as outlined in the handbook needs to be flexibly adapted to address contextual needs. Reflective and learning sessions reinforced with routine feedback loops from implementers and beneficiaries yields tremendous results, propagates experiential learning, and ultimately results in a transformative deviation from undesirable to desired sanitation behaviours. These innovative approaches once carefully blended have proved to be sustainable, are adaptable and can work in an even larger scale and in a variety of contexts.
Disparities in Health and Economic Burdens of Cancer Attributable to Suboptimal Diet in the United States, 2015‒2018
Authors: Wang Lu , Du Mengxi , Cudhea Frederick , Griecci Christina , Michaud Dominique S. , Mozaffarian Dariush , Zhang Fang Fang
Published: October 2021

Objectives. To quantify disparities in health and economic burdens of cancer attributable to suboptimal diet among US adults.

Methods. Using a probabilistic cohort state-transition model, we estimated the number of new cancer cases and cancer deaths, and economic costs of 15 diet-related cancers attributable to suboptimal intake of 7 dietary factors (a low intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy, and whole grains and a high intake of red and processed meats and sugar-sweetened beverages) among a closed cohort of US adults starting in 2017.

Results. Suboptimal diet was estimated to contribute to 3.04 (95% uncertainty interval [UI] = 2.88, 3.20) million new cancer cases, 1.74 (95% UI = 1.65, 1.84) million cancer deaths, and $254 (95% UI = $242, $267) billion economic costs among US adults aged 20 years or older over a lifetime. Diet-attributable cancer burdens were higher among younger adults, men, non-Hispanic Blacks, and individuals with lower education and income attainments than other population subgroups. The largest disparities were for cancers attributable to high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and low consumption of whole grains.

Conclusions. Suboptimal diet contributes to substantial disparities in health and economic burdens of cancer among young adults, men, racial/ethnic minorities, and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. (Am J Public Health. 2021;111(11):2008–2018. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306475 )
Discectomy Compared with Standardized Nonoperative Care for Chronic Sciatica Due to a Lumbar Disc Herniation
Authors: Bailey Christopher S. , Glennie Andrew , Rasoulinejad Parham , Kanawati Andrew , Taylor David , Sequeira Keith , Miller Thomas , Watson Jim , Rosedale Richard , Bailey Stewart I. , Gurr Kevin R. , Siddiqi Fawaz , Urquhart Jennifer C.
Published: October 2021

Background:

Randomized controlled trials evaluating acute sciatica have not demonstrated prolonged improvements in terms of patient-reported pain and function. For chronic sciatica, however, microdiscectomy has been found to be superior at 1 year. Whether this effect persists during the second year is not known. The purpose of the present study was to report the 2-year outcomes following lumbar microdiscectomy as compared with standardized nonoperative care for the treatment of chronic sciatica resulting from a lumbar disc herniation.

Methods:

The present study is a secondary analysis of a previously reported randomized controlled trial with extension to 2 years of follow-up. Patients with radiculopathy for 4 to 12 months resulting from an L4-L5 or L5-S1 disc herniation were randomized to microdiscectomy or 6 months of nonoperative care followed by surgery if needed. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed at 2 years for the primary outcome (the intensity of leg pain) (range of possible scores, 0 [no pain] to 10 [worst pain]) as well as for secondary outcomes (including the Oswestry Disability Index score, the intensity of back pain, and quality of life).

Results:

One hundred and twenty-eight patients were randomized in the present study. Twenty-four (38%) of the 64 patients who had been randomized to nonoperative care crossed over to surgical treatment by 2 years following enrollment. At the 2-year time point, the follow-up rate was approximately 70%. At 2 years, the operative group had less leg pain than the nonoperative group (mean, 2.8 ± 0.4 compared with 4.2 ± 0.4; treatment effect, 1.3 [95% confidence interval, 0.3 to 2.4]). The treatment effect favored surgery for all secondary outcome measures at 6 months and 1 year and for back pain intensity and physical function at 2 years.

Conclusions:

At 2 years, the present study showed that microdiscectomy was superior to nonoperative care for the treatment of chronic sciatica resulting from an L4-L5 or L5-S1 disc herniation. However, the difference between the groups did not surpass the minimal clinically important difference at 2 years as was reached at earlier follow-up points, likely as the result of patients crossing over from nonoperative to operative treatment.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Mapping the Internal and External Environments in Empowering Semanggi Batik Craftsmen in Surabaya
Authors: Hardjati Susi , Prathama Ananta , Wahyudi Kalvin Edo
Published: October 2021

Batik Semanggi is one of the typical batiks in Surabaya which has economic value for the community. However, the competitiveness of the clover batik business is relatively low. This study aims to identify the internal environmental conditions (strengths-weaknesses) and external (opportunities-threats) of the clover batik craftsmen as the basis for formulating a strategy to increase competitiveness. The study used a qualitative approach with data collection techniques focus group discussions (FGD), semi-structured interviews, observation and document collection. Informants were determined using a purposive method. The data analysis uses interactive models and SWOT analysis. The results showed several strengths that can encourage the floating of clover batik, namely the ability to make a capable batik, iconic distinctive motifs and organic batik technology. The opportunities that arise, namely export opportunities, support of the city government, support of other elements of society, and online marketing opportunities. While weaknesses include the number of craftsmen, low online marketing capabilities, motives not yet registered as intellectual property rights, limited production, and marketing volumes, traditional tools, and low capital. The threat that arises namely, the emergence of other motifs as a competitor batik, and batik printing production that offers cheaper prices with a larger production scale. The map of strengths and weaknesses and threats above are very useful as a material for formulating strategies in empowering clover batik craftsmen.
Tourism Development Strategy in Pasuruan Regency
Authors: Farasastin Hana , Usrotin Choiriyah Ilmi
Published: October 2021

Regional development is an integral part of national development in accordance with the mandate of Law number 33 of 2004 concerning financial balance between the central government and regional governments where regions can manage their own households to accelerate the realization of community welfare. Therefore, the Regional Government is given the authority to explore its own sources of income. PAD consists of the results of regional taxes, the results of regional levies, the results of separated regional wealth management and other legitimate regional income. In Pasuruan Regency the tourism sector has not become a major contributor to PAD so that in order to achieve this goal the Pasuruan Regency Culture and Tourism Office requires a tourism development strategy. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe tourism development strategies by the Pasuruan Regency Culture and Tourism Agency in increasing PAD. The method used is a qualitative method with data collection carried out by means of observation, interviews and documentation. The results of this study state that there are several types of strategies namely Corporate Strategy, Strategy Program, Resources Support Strategy and Institutional Strategy in tourism development carried out by the Culture Service and Pasuruan Regency Tourism in increasing PAD in Pasuruan Regency. Of the four types of strategies in Pasuruan Regency the most prominent strategies are Corporate Strategy and Strategy Program.
THE GREEN POLITICAL PERSPECTIVE IN COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT POLICY IN JENU SUB DISTRICT, TUBAN REGENCY
Authors: Musrifah Sri
Published: October 2021

This study aims to describe the green political view of coastal area management in Jenu sub-district, Tuban Regency. The location is in Jenu sub-district, Tuban district, with a research focus on the coastal area of the Jenu sub-district, Tuban district. By using a green political perspective, qualitative methods and in-depth interviews, direct observa- tion and documentation in the data. The research informants were the administrators of the Tuban Mangrove Center, the District Government of Jenu, Tuban Regency, the Envi- ronmental Service of Tuban Regency, the Department of Fisheries and Animal Husbandry of Tuban Regency, and the people living in the coastal area of Jenu sub-district. The results showed that from a green political perspective, the management of coastal areas in Jenu sub-district, Tuban district, has not met the goals and targets that are expected to increase economic growth without destroying the natural and social ecosystems of the coastal area. Efforts to exploit coastal areas by illegal mining of sea sand and reclamation to build several infrastructures have resulted in natural damage in the form of shoreline retreat, accretion and abrasion. The Tuban regency government, with the AMDAL permit that has been issued, is part of the cause of the damage to the coastal area of the Jenu Tuban sub-district today.
THE COMPETENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF VILLAGE APPARATUS IN SIDOARJO REGENCY
Authors: Abadi Totok Wahyu , Rodiyah Isnaini , Sukmana Hendra
Published: October 2021

The village apparatus is a part of administrator of the village. They have an important role in realizing the progress of the nation through the village. This study described three competencies (basic, management, and technical) that were possessed by village apparatus, their performance, and the influence of these competencies towards performance of the village apparatus in providing village administrative services in Sidoarjo Regency. This quantitative research was conducted with the sample of 147 respondents from the village apparatus. Through simple random sampling technique, the data was collected by questionnaire distribution and interviews. After collecting and coding, the data were analyzed by frequency distribution and multiple linear regression based on SPSS 20. The results showed that basic competencies, management abilities, technical skills, and performance of village apparatus in Sidoarjo Regency were included poor category. Second, basic competencies, management abilities, and technical skills had an influence on the performance of village apparatus. The novelty of this research was that human resources who had good job competencies were able to show quality performance characteristics. The higher competency was possessed by an individual, the higher the quality of one's performance.
Implementation of The Policy of The Minister of Health of The Republic of Indonesia Concerning The Health Protocol for The Community in Place and Public Facilities to Press The Spread of Covid-19 in The Sidoarjo Area
Authors: Sukmana Hendra
Published: October 2021

The number of positive COVID-19 patients in the Sidoarjo area continues to increase. As of April 19, 2020, there were 11,028 positive COVID-19 patients, 6,068 suspect patients, 617 patients who were declared dead due to Covid-19 and 10,398 people declared cured of Covid-19. This study was conducted to identify and describe the implementation of policies in the form of the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number HK. 01.07/Menkes/382/2020 concerning Protocols for Public Health in Public Places and Facilities in the Context of Prevention and Control of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in the Sidoarjo area. Data analysis was carried out by Miles and Huberman interactive analysis. The results showed that the implementation of the Decree of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number HK. 01.07/Menkes/382/2020 concerning Protocols for Public Health in Public Places and Facilities in the Context of Prevention and Control of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in the Sidoarjo region can be seen from four things. First, communication, where policy communication is carried out through socialization and education related to 3M (wearing masks, maintaining distance and washing hands) to the people of Sidoarjo. However, in practice, socialization and education related to 3M (wearing masks, maintaining distance and washing hands) are considered insufficient to overcome the Covid-19 pandemic. Need to add 2M (limit mobility and stay away from crowds) so that it becomes 5M. This is because mobility and crowd problems are felt to have contributed to causing many Covid-19 virus infections. Second, resources, where the task of fixing the level of compliance with health protocols actually requires the help of many parties. Not only from themselves, the media is also tasked with providing a sense of security and positive messages to the community. Likewise, the government should also not instill too much fear, but rather recommendations that arouse the desire to comply with health protocols.
Analysis of Career Development Programs and Employee Work Motivation in Madiun Institutions
Authors: Yulianti Erika Sari , Budiwibowo Satrijo , Astuti Elly
Published: October 2021

This study aims to determine the HR development program of employees through career development, motivation. This study uses a qualitative descriptive research Case Study with eight respondents, namely: Head of Agency, Head of Formation, Development and Administration of Personnel, Head of Education and Training, Head of Staff Mutation, and four Employees. The results of this study are that career development programs and systems implemented in 2018 are good enough but not perfect because they do not have a clear pattern that still follows the merits system of the government, and motivation can be said to be good because there are rewards to employees and relationships between employees conducive
Customer-Driven Service Standards of Citizen Charter in Badan Kepegawaian Daerah Kabupaten Sidoarjo
Authors: Mursyidah Lailul , Rodiyah Isnaini , Aesthetika Nur Maghfirah , Setiawan Ikhsan , Madjid Radita Andriana
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this study is to determine and describe the Customer-Driven Service Standards of Citizen Charter in Badan Kepegawaian Daerah Kabupaten Sidoarjo. This research is a qualitative descriptive study located Badan Kepegawaian Daerah Kabupaten Sidoarjo. The technique of determining informants using purposive sampling. The informants in this study were the Head of Badan Kepegawaian Daerah Kabupaten Sidoarjo, Head of Planning and Reporting, Planning and Reporting Staff, Civil Servants in Kabupaten Sidoarjo Government. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The technique of analyzing data uses an interactive model consisting of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of this study indicate that customer-driven service standards are indicated by the formulation of service standards in accordance with the vision and mission of Badan Kepegawaian Daerah Kabupaten Sidoarjo and informed through the official website of the Badan Kepegawaian Daerah Kabupaten Sidoarjo.