bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Land Use System and Environmental Factors Affect Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Density and Diversity, and Enzyme Activities in Rhizospheric Soils of Acacia senegal (L.) Willd.
Authors: Ndoye Fatou , Kane Aboubacry , Ngonkeu Mangaptché Eddy Léonard , Bakhoum Niokhor , Sanon Arsène , Diouf Diégane , Sy Mame Ourèye , Baudoin Ezékiel , Noba Kandioura , Prin Yves
Published: August 2012

The responses of the soil microbial community features associated to the legume tree Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. including both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) diversity and soil bacterial functions, were investigated under contrasting environmental conditions. Soil samples were collected during dry and rainy seasons in two contrasting rainfall sites of Senegal (Dahra and Goudiry, in arid and semiarid zone, resp.). Soils were taken from the rhizosphere of A. senegal both in plantation and natural stands in comparison to bulk soil. A multiple analysis revealed positive correlations between soil physicochemical properties, mycorrhizal potential and enzyme activities variables. The positive effects of A. senegal trees on soil mycorrhizal potential and enzyme activities indicates that in sahelian regions, AMF spore density and diversity as well as soil microbial functions can be influenced by land-use systems (plantation versus natural population of A. senegal) and environmental conditions such as moisture and soil nutrient contents. Our study underlines the importance of prior natural AMF screening for better combinations of A. senegal seedlings with AMF species to achieve optimum plant growth improvement, and for restoration and reforestation of degraded lands.
A New Efficient Method for Solving Two-Dimensional Burgers' Equation
Authors: Aminikhah Hossein
Published: August 2012

We introduce a new hybrid of the Laplace transform method and new homotopy perturbation method (LTNHPM) that efficiently solves nonlinear two-dimensional Burgers’ equation. Three examples are given to demonstrate the efficiency of the new method.
Apresentação - Amazônia: sociedade e natureza (homenagem a João Valentin Wawawzyniak)
Authors: Lima Edilene Coffaci de , Denise Cardoso Marina
Published: August 2012

Homenagem a João Valentin Wawawzyniak.
Ka’á Watá, “andar na floresta”: caça e território em um grupo Tupi da Amazônia
Authors: Garcia Uirá
Published: August 2012

Com base na análise das formas pelas quais o território é concebido e utilizado durante as caçadas em um povo tupi-guarani da Amazônia oriental, os Awá-Guajá, o presente artigo propõe uma primeira análise sobre a concepção de território e mobilidade territorial neste povo. Apresento as noções de harakwá e watá, argumentando que as ações envolvidas na floresta, expressas sobretudo pelas ideias de “andar” e “caçar”, são centrais para o entendimento da territorialidade awá-guajá.
O Perspectivismo indígena é somente indígena? cosmologia, religião, medicina e populações rurais na Amazônia
Authors: Heraldo Maués Raymundo
Published: August 2012

O artigo pretende discutir aspectos da cosmologia e do ethos de populações rurais de três mesorregiões da Amazônia: Nordeste Paraense, Baixo Amazonas e Sudeste Paraense, que têm muito a ver com questões relacionadas à religião e saúde. A discussão é baseada em parte na experiência de trabalho de campo do autor, sobretudo na microrregião do Salgado e na literatura antropológica que aborda o tema em todas essas áreas da Amazônia. Trata-se também de fazer homenagem ao antropólogo João Valentin Wawzyniak, cujo trabalho de pesquisa e cujas publicações representam um avanço importante no conhecimento dessa temática.
The Brain, Seizures and Epilepsy Throughout Life: Understanding a Moving Target
Authors: Baram Tallie Z.
Published: August 2012

The human brain is a tremendously complex and still enigmatic three-dimensional structure, composed of countless interconnected neurons and glia. The temporal evolution of the brain throughout life provides a fourth dimension, one that influences every element of the brain's function in health and disease. This temporal evolution contributes to the probability of seizure generation and to the type and the nature of these seizures. The age-specific properties of the brain also influence the consequences of seizures on neuronal structure and behavior. These, in turn, govern epileptic activity and cognitive and emotional functions, contributing to the diverse consequences of seizures and epilepsy throughout life.
DEZ ANOS DE REVISTA DIÁLOGO EDUCACIONAL (2000-2009): histórico e evolução
Authors: Santiago Bufrem Leilah , Faustino Gabriel Junior Rene , Gonçalves Viviane
Published: August 2012

O papel desempenhado pelas revistas científicas para divulgação dos resultados de pesquisas e novas descobertas tem contribuído para a consolidação da ciência como difusora do conhecimento científico. Com o objetivo de analisar diacronicamente os dez anos da Revista Diálogo Educacional, vinculada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Educação da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, este estudo utiliza a técnica de pesquisa biografia institucional. Realiza um levantamento histórico, iniciando com a criação e os marcos do desenvolvimento e consolidação da revista. Demonstra a trajetória desse veículo de comunicação científica voltada ao debate e discussão acerca da área Educação. Apresenta os resultados da análise dos 28 números publicados desde sua criação, em 2000, até 2009 e identifica que a revista já conseguiu alcançar visibilidade nacional, porém sua consolidação na área ainda depende do aprimoramento de seus critérios de qualidade e da busca do reconhecimento internacional por meio de estratégias constantes de seu planejamento.
PRÁCTICAS DE ENSEÑANZA Y PRÁCTICAS PROFESIONALES: UN PROBLEMA DE LA DIDÁCTICA UNIVERSITARIA
Authors: Lucarelli Elisa , Finkelstein Claudia
Published: August 2012

Este artículo presenta los avances realizados por un Programa que investiga la formaciónen las profesiones del campo de la salud en una Universidad argentina, centrándose enel análisis de la construcción de aprendizajes complejos en las carreras de Odontologíay Medicina, y de las formas innovadoras tendientes a la articulación teoría práctica desarrolladaspor los docentes en su enseñanza en el espacio de las Clínicas. A través deldesarrollo de una metodología cualitativa y a la luz de un marco conceptual basado en laDidáctica fundamentada crítica, se enuncian consideraciones relativas a: la especificidad de la Didáctica Universitaria, las prácticas de enseñanza en la formación en la profesión, el marco curricular de las dos carreras en estudio, las características que adopta la enseñanzaen las Clínicas, la construcción de aprendizajes complejos en esos ámbitos, la colaboración que se establece entre pares estudiantiles para enfrentar la incertidumbre que generan las situaciones de práctica profesional en la formación de grado.
Teologia em tempos de HIV/Aids: dilemas e proposições
Authors: Peretti Clélia
Published: August 2012

ste artigo propõe uma reflexão fenomenológico-teológica sobre o Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) e sobre a doença que ele causa, a Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (Aids), a partir de intervenções realizadas por agentes da Pastoral da Aids na Arquidiocese de Curitiba e por profissionais da saúde no Grupo de Adesão ao Tratamento do HIV/Aids do Hospital de Clínicas do Paraná (Brasil). O estudo faz uma análise dos dilemas que se apresentam às políticas públicas brasileiras de enfrentamento à síndrome e discute os sentidos e os significados atribuídos à vivência da soropositividade nas suas dimensões pessoal e comunitária. Aborda as distintas faces do HIV/Aids, a feminização, a juvenização, a pauperização, a interiorização, seus reflexos no cenário brasileiro e a necessidade de um conceito de saúde voltado para a pessoa humana na sua totalidade e não somente para suas patologias. O fenômeno HIV/Aids é compreendido na sua dimensão ontoteológica, o que possibilita uma reflexão sobre o cuidado (cura) integral. Apresenta uma Teologia em movimento, preocupada com a reconstrução da pessoa humana a partir da sua imanência e transcendência. A Teologia aqui proposta tem seu fundamento bíblico-teolológico no Evangelho de João.Na imagem joanina do “Deus vivo e verdadeiro” (Jo, 6:57), fundamentamos a nova geração da pessoa humana acometida pela soropositividade.
Gendrificação, ciência e ética em contextos de experiência reprodutiva
Authors: Tamanini Marlene
Published: August 2012

A reflexão proposta neste texto foi construída na interface com o contexto da intervenção e da expansão das especialidades, trabalhando com reprodução humana hoje. Essas atividades têm aumentado as práticas de fragmentação corporal, a intervenção em órgãos, células e embriões para conseguir bebês, e são conhecimentos, protocolos e redes de especialidades que estão se intensificando; nelas os especialistas encontram-se bem posicionados. É uma biossociabilidade na qual, concomitantemente aos processos de reprodução laboratorial, ocorre intenso desenvolvimento biotecnológico, de alta tecnologia em laboratórios e de microscópios de grande magnitude, meios de cultivo e forte investimento no treinamento e no conhecimento do material reprodutivo humano; como aspectos interventores e fazedores dos processos desenvolvidos sobre óvulos, sêmen e embriões. O campo da reprodução, portanto, não diz respeito somente ao corpo de mulheres. Permitiu a entrada das práticas de tratamento também para os homens com problemas de infertilidade ou de infecundidade, termo mais apropriado para as relações homoafetivas. Estabelece-se, assim, uma vasta dinâmica em que o uso de gametas, os diagnósticos sobre embriões e sua utilização para fins de pesquisa,as intervenções da indústria terapêutica, a vasta difusão do uso de hormônios e de novos meios de cultivo formam importantes processos globais na ordem reprodutiva.Essas práticas constroem valores que são analisados neste texto, focando-se os desafios interpostos à ética do cuidado, às perguntas sobre adoção de bebês versus as decisões conflitivas por reprodução assistida, a ordem do desejo e os desafios aos processos de filiação nas diversas conjugalidades.
Quando a “questão da mulher” é bem colocada
Authors: Boff Clodovis
Published: August 2012

O artigo apresenta uma síntese composta de dez pontos sobre a Conferência proferida por Angela Ales Bello no X Congresso de Teologia da PUCPR, Curitiba. A conferencista Angela fez uma abordagem antropológico-filosófica comme il faut em relação à questão do feminino. O artigo traça comentários sobre a exposição que a conferencista faz do percurso histórico do movimento feminista e do pensamento de Edith Stein sobre a mulher.
A construção do Uno
Authors: Reimer Haroldo
Published: August 2012

O artigo trata de indicar alguns elementos do processo de formação da ideia ou da concepção de um Deus Uno como expressão identitária dominante na cultura oficial do antigo Israel. O texto apresenta inicialmente, de forma panorâmica, alguns aspectos da história do antigo Israel para, a seguir, alocar nestes momentos os prováveis passos para a construção do ideário monolátrico e monoteísta do antigo Israel.
Tiene un lugar la educación religiosa en la escuela¿Una aproximación desde el contexto Colombiano
Authors: Serrano Juan Manuel Torres
Published: August 2012

Las relaciones estrechas entre Iglesia-estado, la consideración del catolicismo como religiónmayoritaria, la influencia de la Iglesia católica en la sociedad Colombiana, la tradicióncatólica heredada y traducida en un cristianismo nominalista y sociológico, el número deinstituciones educativas privadas manejadas por comunidades religiosas católicas hacenque la pregunta por el lugar de la Educación Religiosa Escolar en la escuela se consideredesde marcos confesionales, eclesiocéntricos, evangelizadores y catequísticos. Sinembargo el lugar de la Educación Religiosa en la escuela se ve interpelado, cuestionadoy desafiado por una sociedad global, plural y democrática. Las prácticas deliberativas,comunicativas, autónomas de las sociedades modernas interrogan la práctica educativay la formación de la Educación religiosa escolar en Colombia. La educación y la escuelaen su dimensión pública, integrando e interactuando con la sociedad deben tomar en serioel pluralismo religioso y cultural. Comprender el sentido de lo religioso-trascendental,en el marco de las búsquedas de sentido humanas, debe promover el aprender a vivirjuntos, la construcción de identidad y el reconocimiento de la diversidad.
O Ensino Religioso e a diversidade religiosa no Brasil: desafios para a educação
Authors: Streck Gisela Waechter
Published: August 2012

O presente artigo trata do Ensino Religioso como disciplina escolar. Faz um breve resgate histórico a partir das constituições brasileiras, enfatizando as discussões e as polêmicas em torno de sua inclusão ou não na escola. No texto, são apresentados dados sobre a diversidade em termos de religiosidade no Brasil e aspectos relevantes a serem considerados numa educação que leve em conta a pluralidade religiosa do país. Reflete sobre as possibilidades de educar o ser humano para a alteridade e para a tolerância. Conclui que o Ensino Religioso na escola pode ser um dos espaços para educar para a tolerância, por meio de um diálogo em que haja respeito e sensibilidade para conviver com as diferentes tradições religiosas presentes em sala de aula.
Ichthyofauna associated with Cymodocea nodosa meadows in the Canarian Archipelago (central eastern Atlantic): Community structure and nursery role
Authors: Espino F , Tuya F , Brito A , Haroun RJ
Published: August 2012

We carried out 84 trawls in 41 seagrass meadows composed of the phanerogam Cymodocea nodosa at three islands of the Canarian Archipelago, during June to September 2003, in order to describe the associated ichthyofauna (composition, richness, and abundance), to analyze the role that this habitat can play in fish recruitment, and to determine the potential relationship between the spatial structure of the seagrass meadow and the patterns of richness and abundance of the fish assemblage. A total of 8298 individuals were captured. The five most relevant species, in terms of abundance and frequency, were Spondyliosoma cantharus, Diplodus annularis, Syngnathus typhle, Mullus surmuletus, and Pagellus erythrinus. Gran Canaria had the largest species richness (36 species) and mean number of species per sample (8.69 ± 0.49; mean ± SE). Lanzarote had the largest number of individuals (64.83% of the total registered) and mean total abundance per sample (168.39 ± 30.91). High densities of individuals were registered (95.86 ± 13.5) and 92.91% of fishes were juveniles. Our data showed that the physical configuration of the seagrass meadows did not significantly affect the patterns of richness and abundance of the associated fish assemblage. In conclusion, the C. nodosa meadows exhibited a singular ichthyofauna and they contribute to the maintenance of the diversity of the coastal fish assemblages in the Canarian Archipelago. This habitat constitutes, during spring and summer, a nursery habitat for juvenile fishes of many species, several of them commercially targeted.
Oxytetracycline water bath treatment of juvenile blue abalone Haliotis fulgens (Philippi 1845) affected by the withering syndrom
Authors: García-Esquivel Z , Cáceres-Martínez J , Montes-Magallón S
Published: August 2012

The fatal abalone disease named withering syndrome (WS), caused by a Rickettsiales-like prokaryote classified as Xenohaliotis californiensis, has been treated by injections and oral administration of oxytetracycline (OTC) with relatively successful results. These therapeutic treatments have practical limitations for their application in aquacultural and experimental facilities due to the inability to eat of severely ill organisms, and the need to incorporate the antibiotic in pelletized food, increasing production costs. During an experiment to determine the effect of photoperiod and temperature on the growth of juvenile blue abalone Haliotis fulgens, some animals showed overt symptoms of WS. Oxytetracycline baths at 400 mg L–1 were used for one hour daily during seven days to treat diseased animals. The metabolic rate of one group of these organisms was also assessed. Recovery time (time for an organism to regain the upright position) and size were assessed on days 0, 14, and 29. By the third day of treatment, most treated animals regained a limited adhesion capacity, and began to ingest food and to produce feces. After one week, more than 50% of the treated abalone were capable of regaining the upright position within the first 10 min of being turned upside down. After 30 days all organisms showed strong adhesion to the substrate. Metabolic rate declined from 380 (initially) to 280 µL O2 ind–1 h–1 after two weeks of treatment. This study opens the door for further research on the use of OTC baths for practical use in abalone culture and management.
Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) in the southwestern Gulf of California: Relationship with ENSO variability and prey availability
Authors: Salvadeo CJ , Flores-Ramírez S , Gómez-Gallardo A , MacLeod C , Lluch-Belda D , Jaume-Schinkel S , Urbán R J
Published: August 2012

Interannual changes in the occurrence of Bryde’s whale (Balaenoptera edeni) have been observed in La Paz Bay (southwestern Gulf of California, Mexico) over the last 20 years. We suggest that these changes could be driven by natural fluctuations in food resources that are related to climate variability. We compared monthly Bryde’s whale occurrence in La Paz Bay from 1988 to 2006 to climate variability at seasonal and interannual time scales and its effect on prey availability. The results showed that Bryde’s whales do not have a well-defined pattern of seasonal occurrence; however, large numbers of whales were consistently recorded during La Niña conditions when the Gulf of California sardine population is distributed further south within the gulf. In contrast, fewer whales were recorded during El Niño and neutral conditions. This indicates that changes in the occurrence of Bryde’s whales at La Paz Bay are driven by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation interannual variability and are probably mediated by their prey availability.
Anthropogenic hydrocarbons in sediments of the northeastern Havana seaboard
Authors: Companioni-Damas EY , Nuñez-Clemente AC , Cora-Medina MO , Rosabal-Rodríguez M , González-Bravo L , Marbot-Ramada R , Montes de Oca-Porto R , Díaz-Díaz MA
Published: August 2012

The presence of petrogenic hydrocarbons was evaluated in surface sediments from the northeastern Havana littoral (Cuba). Different geochemical biomarkers were used to differentiate between biogenic and anthropogenic hydrocarbons. Sediment samples were Soxhlet extracted and analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization and mass spectrometer detectors. Total concentrations of aliphatic hydrocarbons ranged from 5.5 ± 0.3 to 225.7 ± 12.6 µg g–1. The presence of an unresolved complex mixture, and the detection of hopanes and of the isoprenoid compounds pristane and phytane revealed the occurrence of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons in the sediment samples.
Size at maturity of the Pacific sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon longurio in the Gulf of California, Mexico
Authors: Corro-Espinosa D , Márquez-Farías JF , Muhlia-Melo AF
Published: August 2012

We report on the proportion of maturity stages as a function of size of the Pacific sharpnose shark Rhizoprionodon longurio. Based on the development of internal and external organs, males and females were classified as immature or mature. A logistic model was fitted to develop a maturity curve to estimate the length at which 50% of the individuals are mature (L50%). This species has an annual reproductive cycle and its birthing season is from April to July, with June as the main month. For males, L50% = 100.61 cm total length (TL) and Φ = 2.57, and for females, L50% = 92.9 cm TL and Φ = 1.08. For pregnant females, L50% = 106.4 cm TL and Φ = 6.11. The maturity curves obtained in the present study can be used in demographic studies to produce more accurate forecasts of the population reproductive rate and thus develop fishery management measures for this species.
Giant Flexoelectric Polarization in a Micromachined Ferroelectric Diaphragm
Authors: Wang Zhihong , Zhang Xi Xiang , Wang Xianbin , Yue Weisheng , Li Jingqi , Miao Jianmin , Zhu Weiguang
Published: August 2012

The coupling between dielectric polarization and strain gradient, known as flexoelectricity, becomes significantly large on the micro‐ and nanoscale. Here, it is shown that giant flexoelectric polarization can reverse remnant ferroelectric polarization in a bent Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) diaphragm fabricated by micromachining. The polarization induced by the strain gradient and the switching behaviors of the polarization in response to an external electric field are investigated by observing the electromechanical coupling of the diaphragm. The method allows determination of the absolute zero polarization state in a PZT film, which is impossible using other existing methods. Based on the observation of the absolute zero polarization state and the assumption that bending of the diaphragm is the only source of the self‐polarization, the upper bound of flexoelectric coefficient of PZT film is calculated to be as large as 2.0 × 10−4 C m−1. The strain gradient induced by bending the diaphragm is measured to be on the order of 102 m−1, three orders of magnitude larger than that obtained in the bulk material. Because of this large strain gradient, the estimated giant flexoelectric polarization in the bent diaphragm is on the same order of magnitude as the normal remnant ferroelectric polarization of PZT film.
Metastatic medulloblastoma in an adolescent with Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
Authors: Thomas Martha , Enciso Victoria , Stratton Robert , Shah Shafqat , Winder Thomas , Tayeh Marwan , Roeder Elizabeth
Published: August 2012

We describe the case of a 12‐year‐old Hispanic male with a clinical and molecular diagnosis of Simpson–Golabi–Behmel Syndrome (SGBS) who subsequently developed metastatic medulloblastoma. While individuals with SGBS have been documented to have increased risk for intra‐abdominal tumors such as Wilms tumor and neuroblastoma, medulloblastomas, or CNS tumors in general, have not been reported in patients with this syndrome. Our patient was clinically diagnosed with SGBS as an infant. He presented with many of the common features of the syndrome, such as cleft palate, macroglossia, post‐axial polydactyly, “coarse” facial features, and ventricular septal defects (VSDs). Molecular testing performed in April 2009 confirmed the SGBS diagnosis. This testing detected a large intragenic deletion in the GPC3 gene (more than 500 kb, 8 exons) extending from intron 2, 37 kb downstream of exon 2, to the 5′ end of the gene, deleting exons 1 and 2. However, subsequent testing by gene‐centric high‐density array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) detected a deletion encompassing only exon 2. Therefore, the exact 5′ boundary of the deletion cannot currently be determined, due to an apparent complex rearrangement upstream of exon 1. We present this case of metastatic medulloblastoma as a unique malignancy in a patient with SGBS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic variability of atypical 22q11.2 deletions not includingTBX1
Authors: Verhagen Judith M.A. , Diderich Karin E.M. , Oudesluijs Grétel , Mancini Grazia M.S. , Eggink Alex J. , Verkleij‐Hagoort Anna C. , Groenenberg Irene A.L. , Willems Patrick J. , du Plessis Frederik A. , de Man Stella A. , Srebniak Malgorzata I. , van Opstal Diane , Hulsman Lorette O.M. , van Zutven Laura J.C.M. , Wessels Marja W.
Published: August 2012

Interstitial deletions of the chromosome 22q11.2 region are the most common microdeletions in humans. TheTBX1gene is considered to be the major candidate gene for the main features in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, including congenital heart malformations, (para)thyroid hypoplasia, and craniofacial abnormalities. We report on eight patients with atypical deletions of chromosome 22q11.2. These deletions comprise the distal part of the common 22q11.2 deleted region but do not encompass theTBX1gene. Ten similar patients with overlapping distal 22q11.2 deletions have been reported previously. The clinical features of these patients are described and compared to those found in the classic 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. We discuss the possible roles of a position effect or haploinsufficiency of distally located genes (e.g.,CRKL) in the molecular pathogenesis of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Socio‐economic factors affect mortality in 47,XYY syndrome—A comparison with the background population and Klinefelter syndrome
Authors: Stochholm Kirstine , Juul Svend , Gravholt Claus Højbjerg
Published: August 2012

Mortality among males with 47,XYY is increased due to a host of conditions and diseases. Clinical studies have suggested a poorer educational level and social adaptation among 47,XYY persons. We wanted to study the socio‐economic profile in 47,XYY persons and the impact on mortality. We conducted a register study using several Danish nationwide registries. 206 47,XYY men and 20,078 controls from the background population and 1,049 controls with Klinefelter syndrome were included. Information concerning marital status, fatherhood, education, income, and retirement were obtained. Compared to the background population, 47,XYY men had fewer partnerships, were less likely to become fathers, had lower income and educational level, and retired at an earlier age. The mortality among 47,XYY men was significantly increased with a hazard ratio (HR) of 3.6 (95% confidence interval: 2.6–5.1). Adjusting for marital and educational status reduced this HR to 2.7. Compared to Klinefelter syndrome, 47,XYY had significantly fewer partnerships, were more likely to become fathers, but had lower income. Mortality among 47,XYY men was increased compared with Klinefelter syndrome with a HR of 1.36. The results show a severely inferior outcome in all investigated socio‐economic parameters compared to the background population and an affected profile compared with Klinefelter syndrome, even though the population in Denmark has equal and free access to health care and education. We conclude that 47,XYY is often associated with a poorer socio‐economic profile, which partly explains the increased mortality. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental defects of the dental crown in chimpanzees from the Taï National Park, Côte D'ivoire: Coronal waisting
Authors: Skinner Mark F. , Skinner Matthew M. , Boesch Christopher
Published: August 2012

We describe a developmental defect that manifests as a mild constricted “waist” in anterior teeth from seven of nine chimpanzee individuals from Taï National Park, Côte D'Ivoire. The sample consists of 21 canine teeth and one incisor, imaged in profile with a digital microscope. Twelve teeth are affected. The waist develops during tooth formation as an external, encircling depression in the contour of the outer enamel surface, more easily seen labially. It is not a thinning of enamel per se, but rather a slight decrement in dentinal crown volume, shown in microCT scans as a change in contour of the enamel‐dentin junction, spanning between 3 and 6 years of age, varying among individuals, with maximum expression at about age 4.3 years. The timing and duration of coronal waisting are consistent with descriptions of the weaning process at Taï and other chimpanzee study sites. We propose that coronal waisting records variation in the individual infant chimpanzee's physiological experiences during the process of attaining independence, increased foraging efficiency, and lactational weaning. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:272–282, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Brief communication: The Uto‐Aztecan premolar in early hunter‐gatherers from South‐Central North America
Authors: Taylor Matthew S.
Published: August 2012

The Uto‐Aztecan premolar is a discrete dental trait found in low frequency (<2%) among world populations. The highest frequencies of the trait have been found among the indigenous populations of North America and, to a lesser extent, South America. Because of the trait's relatively higher frequency in the Western Hemisphere, the antiquity and distribution of the feather is important for reconstructing the biocultural interactions of prehistoric populations. While early research concluded that the Uto‐Aztecan premolar originated in the American Southwest around 4,000 years Before Present (BP), more recent studies have discovered the trait across the Americas and in parts of Europe and Asia. For this study, over 300 dentitions representing foragers and farmers in south‐central North America were examined. The trait was found in relatively high frequency (over 11%) in Archaic hunter‐gatherer populations from Central Texas, with high frequencies also found in the adjacent western Gulf Coastal Plain. The presence of this trait in Early Archaic populations suggests that the trait was present by 8,000 BP and persisted at a high frequency into the Late Archaic period. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:318–322, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regioselective substitution of 2‐isocyanatoethylmethacrylate onto cellulose
Authors: Halake Kantappa S. , Choi So‐Young , Hong Soon Man , Seo Soon Yong , Lee Jonghwi
Published: August 2012

Cellulose is a well‐known versatile polymer that presents a wide range of material properties via the substitution and grafting reactions of its hydroxyl groups. Because of their commercial potential, combinations of cellulose and vinyl polymers have been examined with various grafting methods. In this study, the condensation reactions of regioselective and nonregioselective substitution with 2‐isocyanatoethylmethacrylate were performed in a homogeneous solvent system of dimethyl acetamide/lithium chloride. The successful substitution was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, cross‐polarization/magic angle spinning 13C‐NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, and X‐ray diffraction. The substituted celluloses showed excellent thermal stability and a different polymorph with a depressed cellulose–intrinsic polymorphic phase. The 2‐isocyanatoethylmethacrylate side chain seemed to expand the intermolecular distance with enhanced chain mobility and trigger the formation of a novel crystalline polymorph with a dramatically improved thermal stability. This investigation provided us with a useful understanding of the modification of cellulose with spatial distribution control for advanced future applications requiring a combination of cellulose with vinyl polymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Structural characterization and investigation of selected properties of hybrid yarn coated with carbon nanotube composite nanofibers
Authors: Bateni Fatemeh , Hosseini Ravandi Seyed Abdolkarim , Valipouri Afsaneh
Published: August 2012

The current research discusses the efforts to achieve yarns coated with composite nanofibers and investigates some of their properties. Polyacrylonitrile/dimethyl formamide solutions containing various mass concentrations of single‐wall and multiwall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) and also functionalized SWCNTs were electrospun onto an acrylic staple yarn to produce hybrid yarns. The effect of the CNT addition on the final morphologies of the nanofibers was evaluated using SEM. The fibers prepared with higher CNT concentrations had larger diameters than those of fibers obtained by lower concentrations.
The SEM, the optical microscope, and the microtome were used to investigate the structural morphology of the hybrid yarns. The conductivity and the viscosity of the solutions at different SWCNT concentrations were measured. The surface electrical resistance and the mechanical properties of the hybrid yarns composed of the nanofibers as sheath were analyzed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Study on the efficiency of ethylene vinyl acetate–fly ash composites for the uptake of phenols from synthetic waste water
Authors: Maebana M. O. , Mishra S. B. , Mamba B. B. , Mishra A. K.
Published: August 2012

In this study, ethylene vinyl acetate–fly ash (EVA‐FA) composites were prepared by the melt mixing technique using a rheomixer for the purpose of removing 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) and p‐nitrophenol (PNP) from water. The fly ash was characterized by X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD); the composites were characterized using SEM and XRD. Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) measurements revealed a surface area (SBET) of 0.07110 m2/g for the fly ash. The adsorption of TCP and PNP were monitored by UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The maximum adsorption of PNP was obtained at pH 5 after a contact period of 12 h, whereas that of the TCP was obtained at pH 4 after a period of 10 h has elapsed. The equilibrium adsorption data were evaluated using Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. The Langmuir adsorption model gave the better correlation coefficients for the equilibrium adsorption data. The kinetics data followed the pseudo‐second‐order model for both TCP and PNP. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) of the adsorbent used in the study was found to be 3.424 mg/g and 2.544 mg/g for TCP and PNP, respectively. The desorption of the phenols from the composites was performed using 0.2M NaOH. About 82.6% and 76.3% of TCP and PNP were recovered, respectively. The study showed that the pH of the solution and contact time play a significant role in the adsorption process. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that EVA‐FA composites have the potential to adsorb phenols from acidic water solutions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Functionalized 1,4‐Benzothiazine: A Versatile Scaffold with Diverse Biological Properties
Authors: Ajani Olayinka Oyewale
Published: August 2012

1,4‐Benzothiazines are known to represent a class of medicinally important heterocyclic compounds which are extensively used in drug design. They have wide biological properties which qualify them as excellent scaffolds in therapeutic and medicinal research. Thus, many derivatives of this compound have been synthesized as target structures in novel drug development. Hence, the motivation for this present review was the known widespread application of the 1,4‐benzothiazine scaffolds.
Tropical cyclones in the spectral element configuration of the Community Atmosphere Model
Authors: Reed Kevin A. , Jablonowski Christiane , Taylor Mark A.
Published: August 2012

This paper explores the evolution of idealized tropical cyclones in the Community Atmosphere Model CAM 5 with the spectral element (SE) dynamical core at grid spacings of 111, 55 and 28 km. Over 10 simulation days the storms become increasingly intense and compact with increasing resolution. The experiments reveal unrealistically strong tropical cyclone intensities of minimum surface pressures ranging from 845 to 865 hPa and absolute maximum wind speeds greater than 100 m s−1 at the highest resolution, especially when small physics time steps are used. This unphysical behavior is related to the manner in which the physics time step is applied in CAM 5. The analysis indicates that the behavior of the physics parameterizations, namely the partitioning between convective and large‐scale precipitation, at small time steps contributes to this intensity. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of the Gulf Stream on winter extratropical cyclone outbreaks
Authors: Nelson Jill , He Ruoying
Published: August 2012

A high‐resolution, regional coupled air–sea model is used to investigate the effect of the Gulf Stream (GS) on surface wind convergence during winter extratropical cyclone (ETC) outbreaks in January 2005 off the east coast United States. Validations against marine buoy‐observed surface wind, sea level pressure (SLP), air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) show decent model skill. Model analyses indicate that the surface wind convergence and the Laplacian of SLP and SST are proportionate on the synoptic time scale. Strong upward vertical motions and ocean heat loss over the GS support rapid ETC intensification. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
The challenge of increasing vitamin C content in plant foods
Authors: Cruz‐Rus Eduardo , Amaya Iraida , Valpuesta Victoriano
Published: August 2012

The term “vitamin” is used to define a number of organic compounds that have to be obtained from different foods because the organism itself cannot synthesize them in the quantities needed to sustain life. Vitamin C is the common name for L‐ascorbic acid. In humans, the principal role of this molecule is to scavenge reactive oxygen species, due to its antioxidant capacity, and to serve as cofactor for many enzymes. A deficiency of L‐ascorbic acid is traditionally linked to human diseases such as scurvy. Plant foods are the principal source of L‐ascorbic acid for humans. There is a high variability of L‐ascorbic acid content in the various plant organs that are used for human consumption. This diversity is related to the specific functions played by L‐ascorbic acid in the different plant tissues. The net content of L‐ascorbic acid in plants is determined through a balance of the activities of different biosynthetic, recycling, and catabolic pathways. Here we review the importance of L‐ascorbic acid for human health, the current knowledge on its metabolism and function in plants, and the efforts that have already been made by genetic modification to improve its content in plant organs used for human food. We provide a current and forward looking perspective of how plant science can contribute to improving the L‐ascorbic acid content in crop species using gene transformation, quantitative trait loci and association mapping‐based approaches.
Promoter engineering: Recent advances in controlling transcription at the most fundamental level
Authors: Blazeck John , Alper Hal S.
Published: August 2012

Synthetic control of gene expression is critical for metabolic engineering efforts. Specifically, precise control of key pathway enzymes (heterologous or native) can help maximize product formation. The fundamental level of transcriptional control takes place at promoter elements that drive gene expression. Endogenous promoters are limited in that they do not fully sample the complete continuum of transcriptional control, and do not maximize the transcription levels achievable within an organism. To address this issue, several attempts at promoter engineering have shown great promise both in expanding the cell‐wide transcriptional capacity of an organism and in enabling tunable levels of gene expression. Thus, this review highlights the recent advances and approaches for altering gene expression control at the promoter level. Furthermore, we propose that recent advances in the understanding of transcription factors and their DNA‐binding sites will enable rational and predictive control of gene expression.
Aspergilli: Systems biology and industrial applications
Authors: Knuf Christoph , Nielsen Jens
Published: August 2012

Aspergilli are widely used as cell factories for the production of food ingredients, enzymes and antibiotics. Traditionally, improvement of these cell factories has been done using classical methods, that is, random mutagenesis and screening; however, advances in methods for performing directed genetic modifications has enabled the use of metabolic engineering strategies. Genome sequencing of Aspergilli was originally trailing behind developments in the field of bacteria and yeasts, but with the recent availability of genome sequences for several industrially relevant Aspergilli, it has become possible to implement systems biology tools to advance metabolic engineering. These tools include genome‐wide transcription analysis and genome‐scale metabolic models. Herein, we review achievements in the field and highlight the impact of Aspergillus systems biology on industrial biotechnology.
A Novel Approach to the Discovery of Small‐Molecule Ligands of CDK2
Authors: Martin Mathew P. , Alam Riazul , Betzi Stephane , Ingles Donna J. , Zhu Jin‐Yi , Schönbrunn Ernst
Published: August 2012

In an attempt to identify novel small‐molecule ligands of cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) with potential as allosteric inhibitors, we have devised a robust and cost‐effective fluorescence‐based high‐throughput screening assay. The assay is based on the specific interaction of CDK2 with the extrinsic fluorophore 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonate (ANS), which binds to a large allosteric pocket adjacent to the ATP site. Hit compounds that displace ANS directly or indirectly from CDK2 are readily classified as ATP site binders or allosteric ligands through the use of staurosporine, which blocks the ATP site without displacing ANS. Pilot screening of 1453 compounds led to the discovery of 12 compounds with displacement activities (EC50 values) ranging from 6 to 44 μM, all of which were classified as ATP‐site‐directed ligands. Four new type I inhibitor scaffolds were confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. Although this small compound library contained only ATP‐site‐directed ligands, the application of this assay to large compound libraries has the potential to reveal previously unrecognized chemical scaffolds suitable for structure‐based design of CDK2 inhibitors with new mechanisms of action.
Hydration of Lanthanoids(III) and Actinoids(III): An Experimental/Theoretical Saga
Authors: D'Angelo Paola , Spezia Riccardo
Published: August 2012

The latest experimental and theoretical studies on structural and dynamical properties of lanthanoid(III) and actinoid(III) ions in water have been reviewed. In the last years, most of the issues about lanthanoid(III) hydration have been resolved combining X‐ray absorption experiments and different theoretical methods. Since 2008 an effort has been made to treat the entire series thus obtaining coherent sets of experimental and theoretical results that were lately put together in such a way that it was possible to derive new basic properties, such as effective ionic radii, across the series. While for the hydration of lanthanoids(III) many experiments and simulations have been reported, the hydration of actinoids(III) was less investigated. There are some experiments performed by different research groups and few simulations that we discuss in this review. Currently, there are enough results that it is possible to gain some understanding of the hydration behavior of lanthanoids(III) and actinoids(III). The ultimate goal of this review is to provide clues on the analogies and differences between the two series. These aspects are connected to several issues: 1) technological: the separation of these elements that is necessary for recycling and stocking of nuclear waste, 2) practical: because experiments on actinoids need particular care, the definition of possible analogies will give the possibility to use the correct lanthanoid when the information on a specific actinoid is needed, 3) fundamental: related to chemical similarities between the two series.
Synthesis and Photovoltaic Properties of Two‐Dimensional Low‐Bandgap Copolymers Based on New Benzothiadiazole Derivatives with Different Conjugated Arylvinylene Side Chains
Authors: Peng Qiang , Lim Siew‐Lay , Wong Ivy Hoi‐Ka , Xu Jun , Chen Zhi‐Kuan
Published: August 2012

A new series of 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BT) acceptors with different conjugated aryl‐vinylene side chains have been designed and used to build efficient low‐bandgap (LBG) photovoltaic copolymers. Based on benzo[1,2‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophene and the resulting new BT derivatives, three two‐dimensional (2D)‐like donor (D)–acceptor (A) conjugated copolymers have been synthesised by Stille coupling polymerisation. These copolymers were characterised by NMR spectroscopy, gel‐permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. UV/Vis absorption and cyclic voltammetry measurements indicated that their optical and electrochemical properties can be facilely modified by changing the structures of the conjugated aryl‐vinylene side chains. The copolymer with phenyl‐vinylene side chains exhibited the best light harvesting and smallest bandgap of the three copolymers. The basic electronic structures of D–A model compounds of these copolymers were also studied by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level of theory. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) with a typical structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS)/copolymer:[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61(C71)‐butyric acid‐methyl ester (PCBM)/calcium (Ca)/aluminum (Al) were fabricated and measured under the illumination of AM1.5G at 100 mW cm−2. The results showed that the device based on the copolymer with phenyl‐vinylene side chains had the highest efficiency of 2.17 % with PC71BM as acceptor. The results presented herein indicate that all the prepared copolymers are promising candidates for roll‐to‐roll manufacturing of efficient PSCs. Suitable electronic, optical and photovoltaic properties of BT‐based copolymers can also be achieved by fine‐tuning the structures of the aryl‐vinylene side chains for photovoltaic application.
Hapticity Uncovered: Real‐Space Bonding Indicators for Zincocene Chemistry
Authors: Mebs Stefan , Chilleck Maren A. , Grabowsky Simon , Braun Thomas
Published: August 2012

The connectivities (hapticities) of asymmetric cyclopentadienyl zinc compounds are determined by theoretically obtained real‐space bonding descriptors. The methods employed herein include the determination of the number of virial paths and electron localizability indicator (ELI‐D) basins exhibited between the central Zn atom and the atoms of the ring system. Metal–ring interactions are characterized by flat electron densities and small density gradients, which are related to the high fluxionality of the rings. Due to this, the structures are topologically unstable and the conventional bond‐path analysis within the atoms in molecules (AIM) scheme, which in principle can also be applied for experimental electron densities reconstructed from high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction data, is not a reliable tool for the determination of the hapticity. As a consequence, the theoretical investigation of other real‐space bonding descriptors is the necessary primary step for discovering bonding modes that can be applied to molecular geometries obtained by subsequent experiments. By this procedure the common geometrical interpretation of connectivities, which is based on rather arbitrary decisions, is complemented by a self‐consistent method using electronic descriptors. Moreover, the two‐center σ contributions of all possible bonding scenarios (η1–η5) were quantified by analyzing the electron populations of the ZnC σ‐bonding basins from the ELI‐D analysis inside the AIM Zn atom in relation to the corresponding populations of the CC π basins of the unsaturated rings. The investigation of the Zn–ring interactions is extended to the delocalization index, the source function, and a new type of electron‐density‐based surfaces, which we introduce here (ASF=aspherical stockholder fragments). They can be used for visualization of single atoms, fragments (e.g., functional groups), and whole molecules and are based on Hirshfeld’s idea of stockholder partitioning, but apply aspherical electron densities. With these surfaces the charge accumulation between the chosen fragments and the steric accessibility of the central Zn atoms become visible, which is a useful tool for explaining and predicting chemical reactivity.