bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le pari de Yannis et du soleil
Authors: Saunier Guy
Published: January 2014

Le thème du pari de Yannis et du soleil, souvent amalgamé avec des scènes d'oppression d'époque turque, existe aussi à l'état pur. Le pari en ce cas n'est pas seulement l'acte de démesure d'un mortel. Dans la mythologie néohellénique, comme dans d'autres, le soleil est un « psychopompe meurtrier » (Eliade). Il présente des analogies profondes avec Charos. La chanson du pari est donc une forme originale du thème du combat de Digénis contre Charos. Les valences sont ici renversées : le spychopompe est solaire, Yannis (Digénis) chthonien. Mais les caractéristiques de Digénis et de Charos se renversent et se recoupent souvent. Le caractère solaire de Digénis provient du personnage dont il est l'héritier dans la tradition populaire grecque : Alexandre le Grand, héros solaire par excellence. Cette chanson et celles du cycle de Digénis sont doac purement mythiques et n'ont, comme bien des chansons réputées «acritiques», rien à voir avec les Acrites. Elle est une preuve de la vitalité du culte du soleil, qui se retrouve encore chez des poètes comme 0. Elytis et A. Embiricos. Pourtant le sens du pari a été oublié. Les scènes d'oppression ont une valeur essentiellement étiologique. Depuis le XIIIe siècle, l'histoire devient, pour le poète populaire, l'explication passepartout de tout malheur incompréhensible.
Questions de vampirisme
Authors: Drettas Georges
Published: January 2014

Questions about Vampirism.

Travel accounts from the 17th century, which sketched a detailed picture of vampirism out of information from South Greece emphasized religious aspects while neglecting one of the most important (if not the essential) definitory traits : proximity. The complicated nature of this trait, which native beliefs expressed especially but not exclusively through spacial metaphors, is reexamined. Given the oppositions that constitute the vampiric nature — oppositions borrowed from oral literature, rituals and commentaries — we can grasp the qualitative importance of the various social groups that beliefs bring into play. The belief in vampires «talks» about social violence in terms such that the negative character of the violence never be absolute.
Banditisme social et imaginaire pastoral en Grèce (XIXe — début XXe siècle)
Authors: Damianakos Stathis
Published: January 2014

Prolongation de la vieille tradition des clephtes et des armatoles de l'époque ottomane et incarnation d'une vocation hégémonique locale au même titre que ces derniers pour l'ensemble de la Grèce continentale, le banditisme social devient, de la création de l'état hellénique au début du XXe siècle, le lieu privilégié d'un double conflit : d'une part celui qui oppose la logique de l'État centralisateur à l'ancien ordre des autonomies communales dont le chef-bandit est dorénavant le défenseur légitime ; ceci grâce notamment à la solidité de ses assises locales, son pouvoir hoplique et son prestige assuré à la fois par le rôle qu'il a joué dans les mouvements irrédentistes jusqu'au lendemain de la première guerre mondiale, et par son image de justicier auprès des masses paysannes opprimées. D'autre part, le conflit entre sociétés agro-pastorales transhumantes (source de recrutement et milieu d'accueil par excellence du banditisme) et grands propriétaires terriens ou pouvoirs publics, à propos, essentiellement, des conditions d'accès aux pâturages et de la question des terres nationales. Le monde agro-pastoral est lié au banditisme par un certain nombre de complémentarités fonctionnelles et d'homologies structurelles qui se manifestent aussi bien dans le domaine du mode de vie et des rapports avec l'espace, que dans celui des pratiques culturelles, de l'univers moral ou des principes d'organisation internes à la bande et au tseligato. L'imaginaire pastoral, très fortement marqué par le banditisme, s'exprime à travers de nombreux chants saracatsans qui lui sont consacrés et qui témoignent des conflits en question, en même temps que de certaines valeurs sociales communes aux pasteurs et aux bandits.
Evolution de la production vivrière dans l'Inde contemporaine
Authors: Etienne Gilbert
Published: January 2014

Cet article examine les facteurs qui ont conduit à un essor de la production de grains et de la disponibilité céréalière per capita dans l'Inde des vingt dernières années. Il met notamment en relief le rôle de l'investissement public dans la constitution des prix à la production et du stockage. Il rappelle cependant la persistance, pendant la même période, d'inégalités régionales et sociales qui montrent tout ce qui reste à faire malgré les progrès accomplis.
La mutation de l'agriculture indonésienne.
Authors: Maurer Jean-Luc
Published: January 2014

The Changing of Indonesian Agriculture.

Cited as an example for other developing countries, Indonesian food crop agriculture has made tremendous progress during the last 15 years. This success is mainly due to the take-off of rice production, which has more than doubled between 1970 and 1985. After having long been the world's first rice-importer, Indonesia has reached a stage of self-sufficiency and could soon start exporting part of its surplus. The reasons for this are many; they have to do with the favorable conditions of the physical and human environment as well as with the policy measures taken by the government. However, agricultural modernization has many socioeconomic consequences and seems to lead to relative différenciation in the rural areas of the archipelago. Having overcome most of its age-old food problems, Indonesia is now confronted with new difficulties quite similar to those faced by industrialized countries with surplus agriculture. Is this not proof that this sector of the Indonesian economy is taken up in the development spiral?
Politique Agricole Commune et agricultures du tiers monde.
Authors: Février Raymond
Published: January 2014

L'Europe est globalement déficitaire en produits agricoles ; elle a donc besoin d'importer. Les pays en développement (PED), pour se procurer des devises, ont pour leur part parfois besoin d'exporter. Or les difficultés des productions vivrières dans ces pays résultent davantage d'une mauvaise organisation de leur marché que d'une quelconque « malédiction écologique ». Atteindre l'autosuffisance alimentaire n 'est pas un objectif absurde. L'Europe doit donc traiter les produits importés des PED selon la même logique que celle mise en œuvre à l'égard de ses propres productions : des prix stables pour des quantités déterminées. Mais elle doit subordonner ce mode d'organisation à l'application, par les PED qui en seraient bénéficiaires, d'une politique favorable aux productions vivrières. L'accroisse- ment éventuel des prix qui frapperait le consommateur européen est insignifiant alors qu 'il constituerait un moyen approprié d'aide permanente à l'agriculture des PED associés et qu'il pourrait contribuer efficacement à la lutte contre la faim.
La petite agriculture en URSS et en Europe de l'Est
Authors: Maurel Marie-Claude
Published: January 2014

L 'expression de petite agriculture désigne les exploitations auxiliaires des producteurs individuels. Par la modestie des moyens et des techniques mis en œuvre, par l'organisation familiale du travail, la petite agriculture relève du mode de production domestique. Elle peut être analysée comme un système vivrier remplissant des fonctions complémentaires des performances de l'agriculture socialiste. Ce système exerce un rôle économique et social régulateur. Le souci d'améliorer les disponibilités alimentaires est à l'origine d'une politique de relance de la petite agriculture qui revêt selon les pays des formes diverses. Quelques modes de régulation types sont analysés (cas hongrois, soviétique et roumain).
L'économie céréalière américaine et ses contraintes.
Authors: Revel Alain
Published: January 2014

Les États-Unis jouent à l'évidence un rôle majeur en matière de production alimentaire, notamment dans le domaine céréalier et certains craignent même qu 'une position de monopole s 'installe. Le complexe agroalimentaire américain ne laisse aux exploitants agricoles qu 'une place réduite (3 % de la population active) par rapport aux industries transformatrices, aux » chargeurs », aux fournisseurs de pesticides, d'engrais ou de machines. Mais les agriculteurs restent néanmoins la préoccupation centrale de la Politique Agricole Américaine (PAA) élaborée progressivement de 1933 à nos jours. Son objectif principal a été et demeure la conquête des marchés internationaux.
Décision et monde rural. Sur l'espace et sa gestion
Authors: Piron Olivier
Published: January 2014

Rural Land Management Decisions

Reflecting upon decision-making about rural land management, an experienced administrator concludes that legal codes seldom provide answers to problems. Answers call for compromises that are drawn up out of a synthesis of group interests since land use concerns those who own as well as those who work the land, those who spend leisure time on the land, and those who want to protect the environment, all of whom use a common language and formulate arguments in terms of culture and heritage within the context of long-term values. However group interests are confronted with overnight, economic as well as political, changes. Successful arbitration harmonizes individual and social values, such as to live and let live or to share pleasure and a sense of community.
Les tribunaux royaux
Authors: Hilton Rodney H.
Published: January 2014

The Royal Courts

Since they constituted the great majority of the population, the appearances of peasants were frequent in courts dealing with criminal cases (such as, murder, serious assault, burglary and theft of goods above a certain value). Their presence in non-criminal cases, such as disputes about land, debt, broken contract etc., was much less common. This was because, even in the thirteenth century, legal proceedings were expensive, even for well-to-do peasants. Nevertheless, peasants sometimes contributed to a common purse in order to hire lawyers to bring cases in the king's courts against their lords. These cases dealt with matters such as freedom of status and tenure, excessive demands for rent or labour service, encroachment on common rights. After the Black Death a new situation arose. Members of the county gentry were appointed as Justices of the Peace. They dealt not only with matters of public order but also with wage rates, prices and measures. Their justice was seen as an instrument in the hands of the gentry and against the interests of the peasantry, as the Rising of 1381 clearly showed.
Pratiques et théories de la coutume. Allodialité et conflits de droits dans la seigneurie de L'Isle-sous-Montréal au XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Quinn Mary Ann
Published: January 2014

La règle allodiale déclare tout héritage franc sauf titre contraire. Cet essai vise à expliciter le fonctionnement de la coutume comme loi et comme pratique en considérant la place de la règle allodiale dans les conflits qui ont opposé les communautés de L'Isle-sous-Montréal (ajourd'hui L'Isle-sur-Serein dans l'Yonne) à leurs seigneurs au cours du XVIIIe siècle. Bien que comme loi écrite la coutume ait été apte à légitimer ou réformer la pratique locale, elle échoua dans sa mission devant les tribunaux. Les villageois associèrent à leur opposition légale une résistance locale active et légaliste. L'analyse des modalités de l'opposition locale et de la prise de parti collective nous conduit encore à la coutume.
Coutume savante et droit rustique. Sur la légalité paysanne
Authors: Assier-Andrieu Louis
Published: January 2014

Learned Custom and Rustic Law. On Peasant Legality

Either "rustic" or "customary", the european peasant was alternatively thought to be an exception to the common law or considered as a genuine basic cause of the whole people's law. After an account of the theoretical problems of an anthropological approach of the legal field, this paper questions the relevance of such ideas taken for granted about the relationship between peasants and the law. Through French examples, the meaning of the integration of family structures into customary law and the rise of a special status of the countryman are particularly evoked.
Le spectre de Samuel et la sorcière d'En Dor. Avatars historiques d'un récit biblique : I Rois 28
Authors: Schmitt Jean-Claude
Published: January 2014

C'est à partir de sa lecture de la Bible que la culture savante du Moyen Age a posé le problème des revenants et cherché à représenter ceux-ci dans l'iconographie. L'épisode biblique le plus fameux en ce domaine est celui de l'évocation du spectre de Samuel par la sorcière d'En Dor à la demande du roi Saul. L'article étudie les commentaires divergents de ce récit de nécromancie, de l'époque patristique au XVIIIe siècle, et montre comment l'iconographie chrétienne, à partir du XIIe siècle, a participé avec ses moyens propres à l'évolution de l'exégèse.

Pendant très longtemps l'iconographie n'a pas rendu le caractère fantastique des apparitions, souligné au contraire par les textes. En revanche, la chasse aux sorcières de l'époque moderne a précipité une transformation décisive de l'image de l'évocation de Samuel : l'épisode devint le modèle du sabbat des sorcières et la sorcière d'En Dor. qui occupe désormais le centre de l'image, passa pour le prototype des sorcières modernes.
Les morts sont-ils là, et si oui, jusqu'à quand ? Quelques remarques sur la possession politique dans le Nord-Ouest de Madagascar et la référence aux "grands hommes" dans les sociétés industrielles
Authors: Baré Jean-François
Published: January 2014

Are the Dead Here ? If So, for How Long ?

A few remarks on political possession in North West Madagascar compared with how industrial countries deal with their "big men", especially in French political speeches or international developing countries economic speeches.
Développement autonome et compensation
Authors: Couty Philippe
Published: January 2014

Autonomous Development and Compensation

This paper attempts at merging two ideas : the idea of universal compensation, expounded by Emerson and Azaïs, and the idea of functional relationship between two sets of data. If both the ideas can be seen as one, then it seems that a multiplicity of autonomous developments becomes not only unthinkable but also unobservable. There is room only for one single process of change, associating more and more interdépendant elements. Such a process coincides with an increase of social consciousness which is the same thing as the continuing effort of living matter to organize itself.
De la nature au surnaturel
Authors: Toffin Gérard
Published: January 2014

From Nature to the Supernatural

For mountain-dwelling Nepalese peasants, a series of secret correspondances links nature to mankind. In this global vision, wherein social, biological and religious aspects are combined, nature appears to be sacred, divine. In most Himalayan societies, nature gods hold an intermediate position between the major divinities of written traditions, whether Hindu or Buddhist, and demon spirits. This threefold structure of the pantheon is underlaid by a complex theology of the corporeity of various divine powers, a theology based on the interplay of identity and difference, immanence and transcendence.
Rāmro-Narāmro : La perception du paysage chez les Indo-Népalais des collines du Népal central
Authors: Bouillier Véronique
Published: January 2014

Râmro-narâmro : The Perception of the Landscape among Indo-Nepalese in the Central Nepal Hills

How do the Nepalese Hindus of the Hill Region see their environment ? By semantics, their notion of a landscape can be associated with beauty, but what beauty ? According to what criteria ? Practical utility, wherein beauty is combined with fertility, is related to the religious symbolism used to portray a highly valued universe. A comparison with the landscape as evoked in folk songs and a brief look at painting shows that realistic representation has no meaning.
Une négociation agitée. Essai de description d'une situation d'intéraction entre des hommes et des dieux
Authors: Vidal Denis
Published: January 2014

Aux yeux de la plupart des anthropologues, le surnaturel constitue une énigme qu'il convient d'expliquer : comment et pourquoi des hommes peuvent-ils croire que les dieux agissent ici-bas ? Pour nombre de sociétés, le surnaturel est au contraire ce qui permet d'expliquer et de résoudre les énigmes de la vie. C'est ainsi que dans les communautés de l'Himachal Pradesh les divinités interviennent de façon ordinaire et directement sur le cours des choses. Dans cet article, l'auteur décrit d'abord les diverses procédures pratiques au travers desquelles les villageois sollicitent et recueillent l'avis des dieux : il souligne le fait que les villageois cultivent la vertu du doute et s'attachent à contrôler la véracité de leurs interventions. Puis il analyse les assises sociologiques de ce dialogue avec les dieux et les répercussions sociales des décisions divines. Il rappelle enfin que si la communication avec les dieux peut être dite comporter une fonction sociale, il arrive qu'elle échoue à produire les résultats attendus, ce qui est bien, après tout, un mode d'intervention du surnaturel...
Transmission successorale et organisation de la propriété. Quelques réflexions à partir de l'exemple corse
Authors: Lenclud Gérard
Published: January 2014

Les biens communaux, en Corse, sont-ils propriété privée ? Les biens privés y sont-ils propriété personnelle ? La propriété s'y transmet-elle ? En posant ces trois questions autant qu'en s'efforçant de leur apporter des réponses, l'auteur de l'article entend montrer que derrière l'apparente uniformité des formes d'appropriation foncière et de dévolution successorale subsiste une pluralité de modèles régentant les relations des hommes avec la terre et donc des hommes entre eux. et que ces modèles sont autant fondés sur une logique culturelle de signification que sur une logique pratique d'efficacité.
État et paysans dans les systèmes hydrauliques de la vallée du Nil (Egypte)
Authors: De Sainte Marie Christine
Published: January 2014

The State and Peasants in Modern Egypt's Hydraulic Systems

Until the Aswan dam's reservoir was put in use 25 years ago, the Egyptian "agricultures" were so numerous as the ways to use the Nile's waters : methods, practised for 5000 years, using floodwaters ; methods for drawing water from lowlands and along the river banks ; methods using dams during the 19th century to intensively farm irrigated land. Attention has been focused too narrowly on bid hydraulic projects designed and managed by the State rather than on the irrigation techniques and social organization at the village- and field-levels. By following the water course beyond the public system, we can observe the complexity of relations between peasants and the state.
"Faire de la parenté, faire du sang". Logique et représentations de la chasse à l'espadon
Authors: Collet Serge
Published: January 2014

Dans cet article l'auteur cherche à mettre en évidence comment la très longue histoire de la chasse à l'espadon dans le détroit de Messine, attestée de façon très précise par Polybe, a impliqué dans ses développements récents l'existence de stratégies d'accès et de contrôle des territoires de prédation extrêmement restrictives, mobilisant les ressources d'un système de parenté à forte inflexion agnatique basé sur le mariage entre cousins. Il existe une homologie entre la forme de partage du territoire et la structure très fortement endogame des pratiques matrimoniales qui, en "fabriquant de la parenté" au moyen de l'échange des sœurs, ont permis à un groupe de chasseurs-pêcheurs ayant le même patronyme de se reproduire comme "aristocratie" au sein de cette très ancienne société de pêcheurs, en reproduisant leur contrôle hégémonique sur les territoires de prédation. Cette praxis est à la fois la forme sociale et le but de cette chasse, échange d'honneurs prestigieux hautement valorisé entre l'homme et l'espadon. C'est par une remarquable formulation, "faire du sang", que les pêcheurs désignent la chasse à l'espadon, expression symbolique d'un mode d'appropriation de la nature qui indique metonymiquement les conditions secrètes de sa reproduction lorsque celle-ci est menacée.
Mobilité indienne et migration paysanne. L'expansion agricole dans le Catatumbo (Colombie)
Authors: Pinton Florence , Guillaume Henri
Published: January 2014

Indian Mobility Given Peasant Migrations

The Bari Indians of the northern Colombian forests are semi-nomads. For the past 30 years, they have had to deal with the colonization of their territory by peasants who, in pursuit of survival strategies, are looking for new land. These Indians have been gradually forced to restrict their mobility. The social dynamics of Bari acculturation are analyzed in terms of the effects that modified social relations have on practices related to the use of space. Despite an apparent convergence of their farming systems and ways of life, the situations experienced by the Bari and by colonists have neither the same contents nor the same social meaning.
La maison et l'esthétique paysanne dans les monts du Lyonnais
Authors: Rautenberg Michel
Published: January 2014

Peasant houses and aesthetics in the Lyon mountain area

In the mountains to the west of Lyon, France, the style of farms (two opposite buildings joined by an open shed to form a square farmyard closed by a high wall) gradually developed from the late 18th till the early 19th century. This major architectural evolution occurred along with a transformation of farming practices and society. Aesthetic choices were produced by a cultural system where social practices were being uniformized, family strategies were rooted in the land, and there was a concern for protecting the household world. Through the choices of the builders of these farms, aesthetics can be understood as a reserve of meaning for expressing the dialectics of the particular and the general, of the intimate and the ostentatious, of the private and public realms.
Modes et modèles : les maisons à arcades du Nord des Hautes-Alpes
Authors: Mallé Marie-Pascale
Published: January 2014

Styles and models : houses with archways in the northern Hautes-Alpes department

Houses with archways are thought to be typical of the Vallouise Valley, France, even though they represent a small proportion of houses there and are found elsewhere too. The only feature that distinguishes them from other houses in Vallouise is the facade. All houses have the same structure, interior distribution of space and system of circulation. The archways on the facade thus seem to be a deliberate embellishment independent of a house's internal layout. This style of house was adopted during the second half of the 18th century by well-off farmers and local officials, who chose it out of a stock of forms that was neither typically rural nor specifically Alpine.
Les biens communaux du Briançonnais aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles
Authors: Vivier Nadine
Published: January 2014

Communal property in the Briangon area during the 18th and 19th centuries

The Briançon area in the Alps managed to keep 80% of its land as property of the communes, whereas, everywhere else in France during the 18th and 19th centuries, the collective use of land declined or vanished. This resistance apparently had to do with : the strong cohesion of rural communities made up of small landowners ; the latter's attachment to using land collectively for their herds ; widespread literacy ; and an openness toward the outside world, which has made communities dynamic and apt to defend themselves.
Jamais la météorologie n'abolira l'art d'interpréter les signes venus du ciel. Le chariot des quatre saisons à Narbonne
Authors: Sansot Pierre
Published: January 2014

Meteorology Will Never Abolish the Art of Interpreting Signs from the Sky. The Chariot of the Four Seasons in Narbonne

What are the signs, sometimes ephemeral, that inhabitants of Narbonne, France, use to interpret the changing of the seasons ? They are perceived by the inhabitants and manifested in relation to their memory. They must be understood with discrimination. They are more obvious outside the city, for example in the Clape Mountains or the vineyards. There is a "national" meteorology, expressed in abstract terms ; but there is also a calendar related to local practices and personal feelings.
Les citadins aux champs
Authors: Bonnain Rolande
Published: January 2014

City-Dwellers in the Fields

How do the new residents of housing developments in rural areas fit into the network of local relationships ? How do villagers let them have a say in local government ? This study of Barzac, a village on the Tarbes plain in the French Pyrénées, shows how relations between locals and newcomers evolved toward coexistence and how the two groups joined efforts to prevent new "suburban" transplants. Local government is shared on the basis of new concerns having to do with the school-age population instead of farmers.
La vallée de Saint-Rivoal : un paysage au gré des hommes
Authors: Gestin Françoise
Published: January 2014

En Bretagne, au cœur des monts d'Arrée, les éléments du paysage de bocage ont été conservés intacts. Tour à tour défricheurs puis agriculteurs, ceux qui ont occupé l'espace ont conduit jusqu'à nous un paysage qui témoigne des contraintes, tant matérielles que sociales, qui y ont été vécues et assumées. Les actes de partage, les aveux, les plans cadastraux nous permettent de le lire en stratigraphie, d'en analyser la constitution, de situer en certains points la fixation progressive du parcellaire, parfois seulement après

le XVIIe siècle. La mise en place autour de l'écomusée des monts d'Arrée (Parc naturel régional d'Armorique) d'un centre d'interprétation du paysage devrait permettre de mener des expériences de conservation dynamique du patrimoine.
L'univers dans un hameau. Cosmologie et histoire chez les Yafar (Papouasie Nouvelle-Guinée)
Authors: Juillerat Bernard
Published: January 2014

The Universe as a Hamlet. Yafar Cosmology and History (Papua New Guinea)

For the Yafar in western Sepik, the land is both a subject of cosmological speculation and a social, political, historical and economic reality. How do these two dimensions - in principle, independent of each other - sometimes overlap ? Yafar society integrates the cosmological structure into the hamlet's sociopolitical configuration. It also inserts phantasms from the cosmology into a millenarianism. Independence in 1975, the 1981 cargo cult (death vs. abundance), and splits in Yafar society following internal conflict are new events imposed by history but thought out through cosmology.
La notion de climax : modèle d'une nature sauvage
Authors: Larrère Raphaël
Published: January 2014

The Concept of Climax : A Wilderness Model

If all human interventions were to cease in the Aigoual area (Cévennes), what would be the climax of the "natural" forest growing there between 700 and 1300 meters in altitude ? Would it become a thickset, monotonous, impenetrable beech wood that, lacking a variety of plant and animal life, would be regenerated only through catastrophes (storms, fires, invasions of parasites), as foresters claim ? Would it become a mosaic of stable forms of plant life offering an open landscape for a variety of wildlife, as Park ecologists claim ? Given the current state of knowledge, the most likely scenario cannot be predicted. Images of nature have wormed their way into the "rational fiction" of a climax, images that, living like parasites on ecologists' and foresters' scientific discourses, lead them to diverging conclusions. According to foresters, silviculture, besides producing timber, also creates diversity in fauna and flora. According to ecologists, logging causes a trauma, and silviculture impoverishes the environment by homogenizing species for productive purposes.
Que le lapin est la forme domestique du lièvre
Authors: Poplin François
Published: January 2014

Ce n'est pas d'aujourd'hui que l'homme manipule des populations animales sauvages. Le cas du lapin, qu'il a propagé à travers l'Europe au Moyen Âge, le montre bien. Dans cette entreprise, le lapin s'est trouvé face au lièvre avec lequel il était voué par nature à faire un tout bipartite. Le lièvre a été repoussé dans son rôle de sauvage, alors que le lapin a été mêlé aux petits animaux de la maison, soit directement par une domestication que les garennes médiévales ont sérieusement amorcée, soit de manière détournée, le lapin de garenne dégageant une forte image casanière, notamment par son terrier, et ayant eu de toute façon partie liée avec les garennes où il a été entretenu. Aussi les lapins dits sauvages sont-ils domestiques d'une manière qui, pour être allégorique, n'en est pas moins efficace dans notre esprit, et dont on peut prendre conscience avec un brin d'humour et de serpolet. Le lapin, dans son ensemble et à travers son histoire, est comme une forme domestique et diminutive du lièvre, en même temps que son animal second, ce qui éclaire l'étymologie de lapin et de cuniculus d'un jour nouveau.
L'herbe violente. Enquête ethnobotanique en pays brionnais
Authors: Lizet Bernadette
Published: January 2014

Violent Grass. Ethnobotanic Survey in the Brionne Area

With its bocages and verdant hills, the Brionne area in Eure Department has been designated as a "natural agricultural region". This ethnological survey was motivated by an odd local phrase, pré violent (violent meadow). How can "violent" qualify an apparently gentle pastoral landscape with quite regular patterns ? In this area, inhabitants fatten up for the slaughterhouse Charolais cattle bred and raised elsewhere. This very special occupation is performed by emboucheurs. The latter' s social and occupational strategy, which takes the most advantage of variations in local soils, is based on the "violent meadows". This vernacular phrase refers to something other than a piece of land which serves as the economic basis for this activity. It synthesizes the occupational culture and expresses the elite social status of a group that came into existence during the 19th century. Nowadays, this group of specialists at the end of the stockbreeding process is undergoing a crisis.
Réduire le sauvage
Authors: Burgat Florence
Published: January 2014

Dans une perspective philosophique et axiologique, tout ce qui résiste à l'entreprise civilisatrice peut être défini comme "sauvage". Notre identité d'être culturel ne serait pas autre chose que l'effort réitéré d'un arrachement à notre propre animalité grâce à la constitution d'un ordre imposé dans un même mouvement au vivant non humain. L'antagonisme entre l'anarchie d'un état de nature et un monde nécessairement anthropocentré est problématisé, et on examine divers processus de l'incessante réduction du sauvage.
Fonctions sociales et dimensions subjectives du littoral
Authors: Péron Françoise
Published: January 2014

Social Functions and Subjective Dimensions of the Coast

Rather than expounding full results from a completed research project, this preliminary reflexion tries to set the basis and orientations for a major program of surveys to be undertaken in order to understand current perceptions and experiences of the coastal environment. Light can thus be shed on the new mental geography of the coastline : how it is organized in general and structured by a few "high places" endowed with meaning. A genealogical perspective has been adopted. The discovery and construction of the seaboard for nonproductive purposes occurred in three major phases. The conversion of views from the beginning of the contemporary period, the reference to images from the late 19th century and the fusion of uses of the contemporary period that have ended by constituting a common heritage - more mythological than real - wherein everyone takes what he needs.
lnterpretación y posible origen agustiniano de una frase del Lazarillo (III): Dejáronle para el que era
Authors: González Ollé Fernando
Published: January 2014

No disponible.
Process and Productivity Improvement in Agile Software Development with Process Libraries
Authors: Mitre Hugo A. , Bermon-Angarita Leonardo
Published: January 2014

Currently, agile methods are replacing traditional process-based methods in the software industry. However, process-based software development still matters because of its degree of reusability in new projects. Some problems arise when Knowledge Management (KM) is not correctly aligned with processes, such as lack of productivity and process improvement. In this chapter, the authors present a case study of applying two proposals of process libraries in an agile software development division. The researchers and the software development division worked with a Kanban dashboard, eXtremme Programming (XP), and SCRUM practices, adapted to Process Assets Library (PAL) and to Process Practice Library (PPL) in three software projects in order to find experiences of tacit and explicit knowledge that have an impact on process improvement and productivity. Under results and discussion, the authors present the good and bad practices.
Estimating Methods for Small Teams
Authors: Gilabert Tomás San Feliu , Arcilla Magdalena
Published: January 2014

This chapter reviews the estimation techniques in software development focused on small teams and provides useful estimation guidelines for software practitioners. The techniques selected are based on one principle: easy to learn, easy to apply. The authors have included both agile techniques and traditional techniques. Agile techniques are suitable for small teams. Nevertheless, traditional techniques, like PROBE, have proven to be useful. Finally, they discuss sustainable estimation infrastructure.
A Brief Overview of Software Process Models
Authors: Misra Sanjay , Omorodion Martha , Fernández-Sanz Luis , Pages Carmen
Published: January 2014

Software process development in software engineering does not seem to offer a solid view of what they have in reality. Although many models have already been developed, recommended, or even used in the industry, these proposals have still not been able to come to terms with what is available. This chapter evaluates the benefits and limitations of some of the software development models while offering a comparative analysis and data on their real usage. In particular, an attempt has been made to evaluate the problems and strengths of a good variety of software process models and methodologies. Some conclusions and lines of future research are presented.
Cloud Computing Decisions in Real Enterprises
Authors: Pérez-Cota Manuel , Gonçalves Ramiro , Lopes Moreira Fernando Joaquim
Published: January 2014

Money is one of the most important things for enterprises today. Computer Centers represent a large part of the total costs of enterprises, irrespective of their size. This chapter describes some (real) ways to convince enterprises to use Cloud computing in order to save money and obtain better returns from their computer (hard and soft) resources.
Effect of photoinitiator concentration on marginal and internal adaptation of experimental composite blends photocured by modulated methods
Authors: Bruschi Alonso Roberta Caroline , Carvalho de Souza-Júnior Eduardo José , Dressano Diogo , Spagnolo de Araújo Giovana Albamonte , Ces Rodriguez José Manuel , Hipólito Vinícius Di , Anauate-Netto Camillo , Puppin-Rontani Regina Maria , Coelho Sinhoreti Mario Alexandre
Published: January 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of photoinitiator concentration on marginal and internal adaptation of composites photocured by modulated methods. Materials and Methods: Composites based on BisGMA/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate and 65 wt% of filler were prepared with different concentrations of camphorquinone/amine (C1-0.5%, C2-1%, C3-1.5%). Cavities were prepared (3 mm × 3 mm × 2 mm) on the buccal surface of 120 bovine incisors and the adhesive system Adper Single Bond 2 was applied following manufactures instruction. Specimens were then distributed according to type of composite (C1, C2, C3) and photoactivation method (high-intensity - 750 mW/cm 2 for 40 s; low intensity - 150 mW/cm 2 for 200 s; soft-start - 150 mW/cm 2 for 10 s + 750 mW/cm 2 for 38 s; pulse-delay - 150 mW/cm 2 for 10 s + 3 min dark + 750 mW/cm 2 for 38 s). Superficial and internal margins were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, using the epoxy replica technique. The length of gaps was expressed as a percentage of the total length of the margins. Data were submitted to two-way analysis of variance and Tukey′s test (α =0.05). Results: Modulated curing methods did not influence gap formation regarding both superficial and internal adaptation. The composite with the lower initiator concentration (C1) presented higher gap formation when compared with those with higher concentrations (C2 and C3).Conclusion:Modulated photoactivation methods did not reduce gap formation for the experimental composite restorations evaluated. However, higher photoinitiator concentrations promote better marginal seal.
Assessment of hypodontia in the Turkish patients referring to the orthodontic clinic: A retrospective study
Authors: Uzuner Deniz , Celik Meltem Melik , Toy Ebubekir , Turkdonmez Candan Okay
Published: January 2014

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the prevalence and distribution of hypodontia in the permanent dentition in a sample of Turkish patients who referred to the Ankara Dental Hospital for orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: The pre-treatment orthodontic records of 2530 patients, 1382 girls (54.62%) and 1148 boys (45.38%) between the chronological ages of 7 and 16 years, were examined for evidence of hypodontia. The third molars were excluded in this study. Results: The prevalence of hypodontia in the inspected population was 5% (3.05% for girls, 1.95% for boys). The average number of the congenitally missing teeth per patient was 2.03 (1.08 for girls, 0.95 for boys). The prevalence of the congenitally missing permanent teeth was 34% for the upper laterals, 30% for the lower second premolars, 12.5% for the upper second premolars and 23.5% for the other teeth. Most patients with hypodontia (84.9%) (57.13% for girls, 27.77% for boys) had got missing either one tooth (45.23%) or two teeth (39.67%). Conclusions: The prevalence of hypodontia in girls was higher than in boys in this sample of the Turkish patients. The upper laterals and lower second premolars were consecutively the most symmetrically absent teeth. The prevalence of advanced hypodontia was lower than single and symmetrical hypodontia.
The effect of an erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet laser on the microleakage and bond strength of silorane and micro-hybrid composite restorations
Authors: Korkmaz Fatih Mehmet , Baygin Ozgul , Tuzuner Tamer , Bagis Bora , Arslan Ipek
Published: January 2014

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the microleakage and bond strength of Class V silorane-based and universal micro-hybrid composite restorations prepared either with diamond bur or with an erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er, Cr:YSGG) laser. Materials and Methods: A total of 160 molar teeth were used for microleakage assessment and shear bond strength (SBS) test. The specimens were prepared using either diamond bur or 3 W-, 4 W- and 5 W-20 Hz Er, Cr:YSGG laser irradiation. All specimens were subjected to thermocycling (500 times at 5 ± 2°C to 55 ± 2°C, dwell time 15 s and transfer time 10 s). Microleakage was assessed using a 0.5% basic-fuchsin solution. The bond strengths were determined using a microtensile tester at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The Kruskal Wallis test was used for the analysis of microleakage and a one-way analysis of variance test was used to analyze the SBS (p < 0.05). Results: No statistically significant differences were found (p > 0.05) between Er, Cr:YSGG laser and bur preparation methods regarding microleakage and bond strength values. Conclusions: Irradiation with Er, Cr:YSGG laser was confirmed to be as effective as conventional methods for preparing cavities before adhesive restorations.
Evaluation of the apical adaptation performance of various root canal instruments
Authors: Ceyhanli K. Tolga , Turkun Murat , Erdilek Necdet , Peskersoy Cem , Kose Timur
Published: January 2014

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the apical root canal adaptation performance of various root canal instruments. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 freshly extracted single-rooted mandibular incisors were used in this study. Coroner parts of all teeth were removed from cemento-enamel junction and root canal of each tooth was explored with a size 8 K-file until the tip of the file was just visible at the apex. Working lengths (WLs) were determined as 1 mm short of these measurements. ProTaper, K-file, profile and hedstroem files were inserted into the root canals of 10 teeth to the WL following the flaring of the coronal and middle thirds. Instruments were fixed in the root canals with acrylic resin. The apical 1 mm of each root tip was ground on wet sandpaper to expose the canal and the instrument at the WL and the apical region of each tooth was examined under stereomicroscope. The stereoscopic images of the teeth were digitized and analyzed with software in order to determine the differences between the areas of root canals and file tips. Result data were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance test (p = 0.05). Results: There were no significant differences between apical file/root canal areas of the evaluated instruments (p > 0.05). Conclusions: None of the evaluated instruments performed a perfect adaptation with the apical root canal surface at the WL in mandibular incisors. Therefore, total removal of the debris from the apical canal surface may not be achieved when these filing instruments are used.
Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12-15 years old school children of Udaipur, India
Authors: Tak Mridula , Nagarajappa Ramesh , Sharda Archana J , Asawa Kailash , Tak Aniruddh , Jalihal Sagar , Kakatkar Gauri
Published: January 2014

Objective: The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among 12-15 years old school children of Udaipur, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted among 887 subjects aged 12-15 years. The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs was assessed using dental aesthetic index (World Health Organization, 1997). General information on demographic data was also recorded. Chi-square test, analysis of variance and Scheffe′s test were employed for statistical analysis. Results: Malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need was reported among 33.3% of the study subjects. A significant age and gender difference depicting preponderance among younger age group and a male proclivity was experiential. A significant improvement in anterior crowding and largest anterior maxillary irregularity with age was documented. Males had a significantly higher prevalence of anterior crowding, midline diastema and largest anterior maxillary irregularity than females. Conclusions: The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among school children of Udaipur city, Rajasthan, India was found to be 33.3%.A significant age and gender difference was observed in prevalence of malocclusion, crowding and largest anterior maxillary irregularity. Midline diastema showed a significant gender difference. The baseline information outlined in the present study can be appropriately utilized for the future planning to meet the orthodontic treatment need among the population.
The prevalence and distribution pattern of hypodontia among orthodontic patients in Southern Iran
Authors: Hedayati Zohreh , Dashlibrun Yunes Nazari
Published: January 2014

Objectives: To evaluate the pattern and prevalence of hypodontia and its association with different malocclusions among orthodontic patients in southern Iran. Materials and Methods: In this study, a total of 494 records of orthodontic patients (162 males, 332 females) were evaluated. To investigate percent of hypodontia pertinent information of patients was evaluated. Chi-square and Fisher′s exact tests were used for statistical analysis. Results: The prevalence of tooth agenesis was 7.66%. Thirty-eight patients were found to have at least one tooth missing. Number of patients having hypodontia was the most in class III patients, whereas the number of missing teeth was more in class II sample. However, it was not statistically significant (p = 0.569). Upper lateral incisor (27.95%), lower second premolar (21.51%), and upper first premolar (12.9%) were respectively the most frequently absent teeth. There was not statistically significant difference between sexes (p = 0.580). Hypodontia observed to be more bilaterally, in the upper arch and in the left side. Conclusion: The pattern and prevalence of hypodontia is different among races and ethnic groups. In our study population, hypodontia was found to be 7.66%. Higher prevalence of hypodontia in the maxillary arch and in class III patients may be considered as an etiologic factor.
Frequency and distribution of early tooth loss and endodontic treatment needs of permanent first molars in a Turkish pediatric population
Authors: Demirbuga Sezer , Tuncay Oznur , Cantekin Kenan , Cayabatmaz Muhammed , Dincer Asiye Nur , Kilinc Halil İbrahim , Sekerci Ahmet Ercan
Published: January 2014

Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate the frequency and distribution of early tooth loss and endodontic treatment needs of permanent first molars in a Turkish pediatric population. Materials and Methods: A total of 7,895 panoramic radiographs taken for routine dental examination at the Department of Oral Maxillofacial Radiology between 2008 and 2012 years were investigated. Two independent specialists evaluated early tooth loss and endodontic treatment needs of permanent first molars using panoramic radiography and patient anamnesis forms. The teeth were classified according to the following data: (a) Missing teeth, (b) teeth requiring extraction, (c) endodontically treated teeth (ETT), (d) teeth requiring endodontic therapy. The data also classified according to four factors: Age group (6-12 and 13-16), gender (boy and girl), jaw (mandible and maxilla) and side (right and left). A Chi-square test was used for statistical analyses. Results: A total of 19,488 and 12,092 teeth were evaluated in the child group and adolescent group respectively. All data were higher in adolescents than children (p < 0.001). For gender factor, only ETT was higher in girls than it was in boys (p < 0.001). For the jaw factor, all data were higher (p < 0.001) in mandible than in the maxilla. For the side factor, no statistical difference existed between right and left. Conclusions: Early tooth loss and endodontic treatment needs of permanent first molars showed variability according to age groups and jaws. When the results were compared according to the side and gender factors, no statistical difference was found (p > 0.05) except with the data of ETT in gender groups.
Dual-scan technique for the customization of zirconia computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing frameworks
Authors: Andreiuolo Rafael Ferrone , Sabrosa Carlos Eduardo , Cervantes Dias Katia Regina H.
Published: January 2014

The use of bi-layered all-ceramic crowns has continuously grown since the introduction of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) zirconia cores. Unfortunately, despite the outstanding mechanical properties of zirconia, problems related to porcelain cracking or chipping remain. One of the reasons for this is that ceramic copings are usually milled to uniform thicknesses of 0.3-0.6 mm around the whole tooth preparation. This may not provide uniform thickness or appropriate support for the veneering porcelain. To prevent these problems, the dual-scan technique demonstrates an alternative that allows the restorative team to customize zirconia CAD/CAM frameworks with adequate porcelain thickness and support in a simple manner.