bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REFERENDUM BREXIT DAN KEMBALI MENGEMUKANYA KEDAULATAN NEGARA SERTA DAMPAKNYA BAGI DUNIA DAN INDONESIA
Authors: Hartanto Hartanto
Published: August 2020

This article attempts to explain the Brexit phenomenon from the standpoint of international relations. The Brexit referendum is a milestone of the UK that decide to leave from the European Union, which has never been a member country that came out before, of course, provide a very spacious negative and positive impacts for the England, the United Kingdom and of course the rest of the World. England’s choice to withdraw from membership in the European Union of course should be respected, but if the terms of the International Relations science it can be interpreted as a discovery of meaning back from the perspective of realism that has long been considered obsolete and is currently the England prefer to give priority to the country's sovereignty.

 

Keywords: Brexit, Referendum, Sovereignty
Power dan Aktivisme Transnasional Dalam Studi Hubungan Internasional
Authors: Nizmi Yusnarida Eka
Published: August 2020

Abstract

This paper attempts to participate in the literature on the study of social movements and self-help groups operating across national borders. The purpose of this paper is to show a significant gap in the contextualisation of transnational activism between state and community organizations as well as NGOs. This paper will also try to give a new discourse on the issue of political activism in a transnational context. The process of globalization is not only purely economic and political elites. Cross-border interaction among civil society actors (globalization from below) is one of the phenomena in contemporary politics to receive high media and academic attention. When NGOs and social movements not only focus on domestic or local areas but also act across national borders, that is where transnational activity increases. Transnational political activity challenges conventional understanding of civil society and social movements as well as international relations.
PENGARUH IKLAN SABUN MANDI DI TELEVISI TERHADAP PERUBAHAN PERILAKU SISWA KELAS VII SLTP SULUH JAKARTA
Authors: Purnomo Eko
Published: August 2020

The development of advertisement in Indonesian television media is quite fast considering the growth of electronic media also penetrated in Indonesia, the television media advertising producers do not want to miss and want to continue to be accepted in the community. Today, people especially in Indonesia are smarter in choosing what they need, therefore, the producers are competing to perform activities that are unique and interesting to keep consumers hearted.

               The formulation of the problem in this research is the influence of television advertisement advertisement of lifebuoy soap to behavior change hence the purpose of this research is, to see the influence of television advertisement advertisement to the behavior change of Grade VII student of SLTP Suluh Jakarta.

The theoretical framework used in the study consists of Stimulus Theory, response organism, social learning theory and also the Hierarchy of Effect model as the basis of the difference in the effect of behavior change of each individual in seeing something that interest him.

               This research is quantitative daskriptif, which aims to spread the situation or various events, and the data obtained from the population that is the students of SLTP Suluh sejumalah 56 respondents, sampling using proportional sampling which is part of probability sampling.

               Based on the result of the research, the respondents of Grade VII students of SLTP Suluh Jakarta who tend to have male gender (62.5%), health soap users (53.6%) who get pocket money ≥ 300.000 per month (62.5%) that influence ad impressions television lifebuoy to behavior change Student of SLTP Suluh Jakarta is the influence of change of behavior strongly low, and influential equal to (52,5%).

Keywords: Growth of electronic media, behavior change and advertising influence.
Peta Kekuatan Partai Islam dalam Empat Era Pemerintahan di Indonesia
Authors: Mage Ruslan Ismail
Published: August 2020

Map of the Strength of Islamic Parties in the Four Governments Era in Indonesia. This writing uses library research methods. The problem in this paper is how the strength of Islamic-based Political Parties in Indonesia in four eras of government, namely the Parliamentary Democracy era (1950-1959), Guided Democracy (1959-1965), New Order (1965-1998), and Reformation (1999-Present )? His findings are that Islam-based political parties cannot be separated from the three time dimensions of the Indonesian people, past, present and future. Since the first elections in 1955 until the 2014 election, it has always been an important part of Indonesia's political process, although it has never been the winner of the election. So long as there is a community organization based on Islam, during this time the Islamic party will always exist and fly in Indonesian politics.

 

Keywords: Islamic party, parliamentary, guided democracy, new order, reform
KEDUDUKAN HUTAN ADAT DI ATAS TANAH ULAYAT DALAM PEMANFAATAN HUTAN
Authors: Tanjung Albert
Published: August 2020

Forest is one of the important parts of living things, in it there are plants and animals that humans can use to meet their daily needs. There are 3 (three) forest statuses, customary forest is one of them. Customary forest has become the object of research. Focus on the position of customary forests on ulayat land in forest utilization. Using normative research methods, are descriptive and analyzed qualitatively. From these results, it can be concluded that customary forests are born naturally in the midst of indigenous peoples, decision is only reinforcing proof. The existence of government recognition of ulayat rights  provides clarity regarding the position of customary forests that are above ulayat land. This recognition makes the utilization of customary forests by indigenous peoples local not in conflict with the laws and regulations.

Keywords: Customary Forest, Ulayat Land and Forest Utilization
Indonesian’s Women Movement in Supporting Indonesian Government policy (Government Regulation No.2 - 2017)
Authors: Kulsum Nieke Monika
Published: August 2020

Indonesia has become independent country since 1945, however this country still facing many internal conflicts. The power of Soeharto (the second Indonesian President) regime that lasted for 32 years, spread fears to many people which make them silenced. After the reformation in 1998 that led to the collapsed of that regime, Indonesia experienced a period of “freedom from fear”. Since then there are many new mass organizations emerged in Indonesia. Some of these mass organizations are arrogance and causes fear to Indonesian people. Therefore, in the current era of president Jokowi leadership, the government acts firmly on those mass organizations by issuing Government Regulation No.2 which was signed on July 10, 2017. Moreover, this new regulation has raised pros and contras in society. One group of people who care about this is the Women Indonesian Care Group which consists of women from various segments on a racial, religious, educational, work and age basis. The researcher is interested to raise this matter as a research because it is a new thing in Indonesia where group consisting mostly of mothers perform an action in the form of a demonstration conducted in front of Parliament Building/House of Representative on Friday, July 27, 2017. It turns out that those mothers who have been upset and disturbed by the actions done by certain mass organizations. Thus they feel the need to do the demonstration. The method of this research is qualitative, researchers will conduct interviews with the perpetrators of demos, documentation studies and literature studies. Research is still underway until now.

Keywords: Women Movement, Social Movement and Government Policy
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP HAK CIPTA DARI PENGGUNAAN SEBAGAI DESAIN INDUSTRI (STUDI KASUS PUTUSAN NOMOR 238 K/PDT.SUS-HKI/2014)
Authors: Husin Umar
Published: August 2020

Intellectual Property Rights give the owner the right to enjoy the economic benefits of the creations produced. Copyright and Industrial Design are part of Intellectual Property Rights. The dispute between Copyright and Industrial Design is commonplace in the community known as the tangent point. Decision No. 238 K / Pdt.Sus-HKI / 2014 is one of the results of a decision on the case of tangent copyright and industrial design, where the decision of the cassation considers the space for similar violations. Copyright is born automatically in realization without any registration and given to copyright holders, while protection for industrial design is not automatic because it is given in accordance with the registration of the new design. From the brief description above, it is obtained the formulation of the problem in the form of how to protect the law against the copyright holder and what factors can cause a dispute between copyright and industrial design.
PANCASILA SEBAGAI DARUL AHDI WA SYAHADAH DALAM HIMPITAN AMBIGUITAS POLITIK DAN URGENSI USWAH POLITIK
Authors: Zulfikar Ian , Al-Barbasy Ma'mun Murod
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

The Pancasila debate as an ideology of the country accompanied the long journey of the Indonesian nation. Muhammadiyah offers a new formula related to Pancasila by calling it Darul Ahdi wa Syahadah, a consensus and witness state. The mention of Pancasila as Darul Ahdi wa Syahadah is an affirmation to strengthen the position of Pancasila as the state ideology. Political reality becomes so pragmatic because political morality is "ambiguous" . Even sadder, immoral political behavior and sticking with abuse of power is actually done by making the Pancasila as a cover or cover. Mental revolution requires fundamental changes that involve material, mental, cultural and political revolutions. The basis and direction of this mental revolution is the value of the Pancasila, especially those contained in the first, second and third precepts. The most important thing in carrying out the Mental Revolution is the need for political ideology (uswah). Uswah gives a lot of examples in religion, an example in terms of moral integrity, which includes the exemplary in establishing a relationship with power.

Keywords: Pancasila, Mental Revolution, Political Ambiguity, Political Schools

 

ABSTRAK

Perdebatan Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara mengiringi perjalanan panjang bangsa Indonesia. Muhammadiyah menawarkan rumusan baru terkait Pancasila dengan menyebutnya sebagai Darul Ahdi wa Syahadah, yaitu negara konsensus dan negara kesaksian. Penyebutan Pancasila sebagai Darul Ahdi wa Syahadah merupakan penegasan untuk memperkuat posisi Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara. Realitas politik menjadi begitu pragmatis lantaran moralitas politik yang “mendua” (ambigu). Lebih menyedihkan lagi, perilaku politik amoral dan lekat dengan abuse of power justru dilakukan dengan menjadikan Pancasila sebagai kedok atau tameng berlindung. Revolusi mental menghendaki adanya perubahan mendasar yang melibatkan revolusi material, mental kultural, dan political. Dasar dan haluan revolusi mental ini adalah nilai Pancasila, terutama yang terdapat dalam sila pertama, kedua, dan ketiga.Yang paling penting dalam melakukan Revolusi Mental adalah perlunya keteladanan (uswah) politik. Uswah memberikan banyak keteladanan dalam beragama, keteladanan dalam hal integritas moral, yang termasuk di dalamnya adalah keteladanan dalam menjalin relasi dengan kekuasaan.
Kata Kunci: Pancasila, Revolusi Mental, Ambiguitas Politik, Uswah Politik
Colonic stenosis in neonates is not always congenital or complication of necrotizing enterocolitis
Authors: Upadhyaya Vijai Datta , Mishra Ashwani , Md Yusuf , Kumar Basant
Published: August 2020

Background: Bowel obstruction in early infancy may results from variety of congenital anomalies involving small and large bowel. Colonic stenosis (CS) congenital or acquired is among the rare causes of chronic bowel obstructions in early infancy.
Methods: Medical record of 4 patients with colonic stenosis secondary to Hirschsprung’s disease was reviewed.
Results: A total of 4 cases were included in the study. Age of presentation ranged from 25 days to 96 days. Most common presentation was gross abdominal distension with visible bowel loop, vomiting, difficulty in passing stool followed by history of passing recurrent loose stools and failure to thrive. In one case there was suspicion of bowel perforation and was operated in emergency. Initial operative findings and histopathology was not suggestive of Hirschsprung’s Disease, but a full thickness rectal biopsy confirmed HD in all 4 cases.
Conclusion: Hirschsprung should be considered as underlying pathology in cases of colonic stricture/stenosis in children.
Congenital granular cell epulis: A case series
Authors: Okumuş Mustafa , Zubarioğlu Adil Umut , Hacısalihoğlu Uğuray Payam
Published: August 2020

Background: Congenital granular cell epulis (CGCE) is an extremely rare intraoral tumor of the newborn with a potential to disrupt feeding and produce respiratory distress.
Case Series: We report two newborns presented with mass protruding off the mouth since birth. The mass was arising from alveolar ridge in both cases and dealt with surgical excision. Histopathology revealed it congenital granular cell epulis. Postoperative recovery and follow-up are uneventful.
Conclusion: Congenital granular cell epulis is a benign lesion though not quite uncommon, may cause diagnostic challenges. Early excision and histopathology rule out malignant lesions.
Organized Variations in MBL Cloud Microphysical Properties Observed by Aircraft and Satellite and Simulated by Model
Authors: Ward Dale M. , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Wu Peng , Zheng Xiaojian , Wang Yuan
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds in subtropical regions strongly impact global energy balance, but complete understanding of the processes that control their microphysical properties remain elusive. We analyze aircraft in-situ measurements of MBL clouds for two selected cases from the ACE-ENA field campaign that contain mesoscale convective cells (MCCs) on the order of tens of kilometers embedded in the large-scale overcast cloud field. The aircraft flight tracks aligned with the MCC organization, such that vertically-stacked, horizontal flight legs alternated between sampling clouds along organized MCCs and sampling clouds between MCCs. This alignment is well-suited to study the distinctly different microphysical properties for the two cloud regimes. Clouds within organized MCCs had lower droplet concentrations, but larger droplet sizes and liquid water contents with enhanced drizzle relative to clouds between MCCs. While observed aerosol properties below these two cloud regimes are generally consistent with their corresponding cloud microphysical properties, preexisting organization of the aerosol field was probably not required in the development of the MCC organization. In contrast, the lower aerosol and CCN concentrations observed below the MCC cloud layer most likely developed from precipitation and coalescence scavenging. A cloud-resolving WRF model simulation with realistic large-scale forcing reproduces the MCC organization of the cloud field suggesting that updraft velocity is the key to explain the differences in cloud microphysics. Both observations and model simulations indicate that under moderate-heavy drizzling conditions, precipitation and coalescence scavenging dominates and drives spatial gradients of cloud droplets, aerosols and CCN concentrations rather than local sources.
Wildfire smoke-plume rise: a simple energy balance parameterization
Authors: Moisseeva Nadya , Stull Roland
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The buoyant rise and the resultant vertical distribution of wildfire smoke in the atmosphere have a strong influence on downwind pollutant concentrations at the surface. The amount of smoke injected vs. height is a key input into chemical transport models and smoke modelling frameworks. Due to scarcity of model evaluation data as well as inherent complexity of wildfire plume dynamics, smoke injection height predictions have large uncertainties. In this work we use a coupled fire-atmosphere model WRF-SFIRE configured in large eddy simulation (LES) mode to develop a synthetic plume dataset. Using this numerical data, we demonstrate that crosswind integrated smoke injection height for a fire of arbitrary shape and intensity can be modelled with a simple energy balance. We introduce two forms of updraft velocity scales that exhibit a linear dimensionless relationship with the plume vertical penetration distance through daytime convective boundary layers. Lastly, we use LES and prescribed burn data to constrain and evaluate the model. Our results suggest that the proposed simple parameterization of mean plume rise as a function of vertical velocity scale offers reasonable accuracy (30 m errors) at little computational cost.
Emissions of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds from domestic fuels used in Delhi, India
Authors: Stewart Gareth J. , Nelson Beth S. , Acton W. Joe F. , Vaughan Adam R. , Farren Naomi J. , Hopkins James R. , Ward Martyn W. , Swift Stefan J. , Arya Rahul , Mondal Arnab , Jangirh Ritu , Ahlawat Sakshi , Yadav Lokesh , Sharma Sudhir K. , Yunus Siti S. M. , Hewitt C. Nicholas , Nemitz Eiko , Mullinger Neil , Gadi Ranu , Sahu Lokesh K. , Tripathi Nidhi , Rickard Andrew R. , Lee James D. , Mandal Tuhin K. , Hamilton Jacqueline F.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Biomass burning emits significant quantities of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) in a complex mixture, probably containing many thousands of chemical species. These components are significantly more toxic and have poorly understood chemistry compared to volatile organic compounds routinely analysed in ambient air, however quantification of I/SVOCs presents a difficult analytical challenge. The gases and particles emitted during the test combustion of a range of domestic solid fuels collected from across New Delhi were sampled and analysed. Organic aerosol was collected onto Teflon (PTFE) filters and residual low-volatility gases were adsorbed to the surface of solid-phase extraction (SPE) disks. A new method relying on accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-ToF-MS) was developed. This highly sensitive and powerful analytical technique enabled over 3000 peaks from I/SVOC species with unique mass spectra to be detected. 15–100 % of gas-phase emissions and 7–100 % of particle-phase emissions were characterised. The method was analysed for suitability to make quantitative measurements of I/SVOCs using SPE disks. Analysis of SPE disks indicated phenolic and furanic compounds were important to gas-phase I/SVOC emissions and levoglucosan to the aerosol phase. Gas- and particle-phase emission factors for 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were derived, including 16 compounds listed by the US EPA as priority pollutants. Gas-phase emissions were dominated by smaller PAHs. New emission factors were measured (mg kg−1) for PAHs from combustion of cow dung cake (615), municipal solid waste (1022), crop residue (747), sawdust (1236), fuel wood (247), charcoal (151) and liquified petroleum gas (56). The results of this study indicate that cow dung cake and municipal solid waste burning are likely to be significant PAH sources and further study is required to quantify their impact, alongside emissions from fuel wood burning.
The effect of salinity, light regime and food source on C and N uptake in a kleptoplast-bearing foraminifera
Authors: Lintner Michael , Lintner Bianca , Wanek Wolfgang , Keul Nina , Heinz Petra
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Foraminifera are unicellular organisms that play an important role in marine organic matter cycles. Some species are able to isolate chloroplasts from their algal food source and incorporate them as kleptoplasts into their own metabolic pathways, a phenomenon known as kleptoplastidy. One species showing this ability is Elphidium excavatum, a common foraminifer in the Kiel fjord, Germany. The Kiel fjord is fed by several rivers and thus forms a habitat with strongly fluctuating salinity. Here, we tested the effects of food source, salinity and light regime on the food uptake (via 15N and 13C algal uptake) in this kleptoplast-bearing foraminifer. In our study E. excavatum was cultured in the lab at three salinity levels (15, 20, 25 PSU) and uptake of C and N (food source: Dunaliella tertiolecta) were measured over time (after 3, 5, 7 days). The species was very well adapted to the current salinity of the sampling region, as both, algal N and C uptake was highest at 20 PSU. It seems that E. excavatum coped better with lower than with higher salinities. The amount of absorbed C from the green algae D. tertiolecta showed a marginal significant effect of salinity, peaking at 20 PSU. Nitrogen uptake was also highest at 20 PSU and steadily increased with time. In contrast, C uptake from the diatom L. arenaria was highest at 15 PSU and decreased at higher salinities. We found no overall significant differences in C and N uptake from green algae versus diatoms. Furthermore, the food uptake at a light/dark rhythm of 16:8 h was compared to continuous darkness. Darkness had a negative influence on algal C and N uptake, and this effect increased with incubation time. Starving experiments showed a stimulation of food uptake after 7 days. In summary, it can be concluded that E. excavatum copes well with changes of salinity to a lower level. For changes in light regime, we showed that light reduction caused a decrease of C and N uptake by E. excavatum.
A standardized database of MIS 5e sea-level proxies in southern Africa (Angola, Namibia and South Africa)
Authors: Cooper J. Andrew G. , Green Andrew N.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Evidence for sea-level change during and around Marine Isotopic Stage 5e (ca. 125 ka) in southern Africa derives from a wide variety of geomorphic and sedimentological sea-level indicators, supported in the past 2 decades by absolute chronological control. In addition to these proxies, data provided by both terrestrial (dune sediments and archaeological remains) and marine (lagoonal and nearshore littoral sediments) limiting points provide broad constraints on sea level. Here, we review publications describing these data points. Using the framework of the World Atlas of Last Interglacial Shorelines, we insert in a standardized database all the elements needed to assess former paleo relative sea level, and the chronological constraints associated with them (including uncertainties). Overall, we reviewed 69 studies, from which we extracted 35 sea-level indicators and 25 limiting points. As far as age attribution is concerned, early dating of molluscs and whole-rock beachrock samples using U-Series allowed ating of several sea-level indicators during the 1980s but the more widespread application of Optically Stimulated Luminescence dating since 2004 has yielded many more (and more accurate) dates from several sites. This has helped resolve the nature and timing of MIS5e shorelines and has the potential to further elucidate the apparent presence of two or more sea-level peaks at several South African sites during this interval. The standardized sea-level database presented in this paper is the first of its kind for this region. Future research should be directed to improve the stratigraphic description of LIG shorelines and to obtain better dating, high-accuracy elevation measurements with better palaeo-RSL interpretation.
Growing topography due to contrasting rock types in a tectonically dead landscape
Authors: Peifer Daniel , Persano Cristina , Hurst Martin D. , Bishop Paul , Fabel Derek
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Many mountain ranges survive in a phase of erosional decay for millions of years (Myr) following the cessation of tectonic activity. Landscape dynamics in these post-orogenic settings have long puzzled geologists due to the expectation that topographic relief should decline with time. Our understanding of how denudation rates, crustal dynamics, bedrock erodibility, climate, and mantle-driven processes interact to dictate the persistence of relief in the absence of ongoing tectonics is incomplete. Here we explore how lateral variations in rock type, ranging from resistant quartzites to less-resistant schists and phyllites and up to the least-resistant gneisses and granitic rocks, have affected rates and patterns of denudation and topographic forms in a humid semitropical, high-relief, post-orogenic landscape in Brazil where active tectonics ended hundreds of Myr ago. We show that denudation rates are negatively correlated to topographic relief, channel steepness and modern precipitation rates. Denudation instead correlates with inferred bedrock strength, with resistant rocks denuding more slowly relative to more erodible rock units, and suggest that the efficiency of fluvial erosion varies primarily due to these bedrock differences. Variations in erodibility continue to drive contrasts in rates of denudation in a tectonically inactive landscape evolving for hundreds of Myr, suggesting that equilibrium is not a natural attractor state and that relief continues to grow through time. Over the long timescales of post-orogenic development, exposure at the surface of rock types with differential erodibility can become a dominant control on landscape dynamics by producing spatial variations in geomorphic processes and rates, promoting the survival of relief, and determining spatial differences in erosional response timescales long after cessation of mountain building.
Fracking bad language: Hydraulic fracturing and earthquake risks
Authors: Roberts Jennifer J. , Bond Clare E. , Shipton Zoe K.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Hydraulic fracturing, fracking, is a well stimulation technique used to enhance permeability to aid geological resource management, including the extraction of shale gas. The process of hydraulic fracturing can induce seismicity and the risk of seismicity is a topic of widespread interest and is often reported to be an issue of public concern regarding hydraulic fracturing. This is particularly the case in the UK, where seismicity induced by hydraulic fracturing has halted shale gas operations, and triggered moratoria. However, there seems a disconnect between the level of risk and concern around seismicity caused by shale gas operations as perceived by publics and that reported by expert groups (from industry, policy, and academia), which could manifest in the terminology used to describe the seismic events (tremors, earthquakes, micro-earthquakes). In this paper, we examine the conclusions on induced seismicity and hydraulic fracturing from expert-led public facing reports on shale gas published between 2012 and 2018 and the terminology used in these reports. We compare these to results from studies conducted in the same time period that explore public views on hydraulic fracturing and seismicity. Further, we surveyed participants at professional and public events on shale gas held throughout 2014 to elicit whether they associate shale gas with earthquakes. We use the same question that was used in a series of surveys of the UK publics in the period 2012–2016, but we asked our participants to provide the reasoning for the answer they gave. By examining the rationale provided for their answers we find that an apparent polarisation of views amongst experts is an artefact and in fact responses are confounded by ambiguity of language around earthquake risk, magnitude, and scale. We find that different terms are used to describe earthquakes, often in an attempt to express the magnitude, shaking, or risk presented by the earthquake, but that these terms are poorly defined and ambiguous and do not translate into everyday language usage. Such “fracking bad language” has led to challenges in the perception and communication of risks around earthquakes and hydraulic fracturing, and leaves language susceptible to emotional loading and misinterpretation. We call for multi-method approaches to understand perceived risks around geoenergy resources, and suggest that adopting a shared language framework to describe earthquakes would alleviate miscommunication and misperceptions. This work is relevant for a range of applications where risks are challenging to conceptualise and poorly constrained; particularly those of public interest where language inconsistency can exacerbate communication challenges and can have widespread consequence.
Variations of surface roughness on inhomogeneous underlying surface at Nagqu Area over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Li Maoshan , Shu Lei , Liu Xiaoran , Yin Shucheng , Wang Lingzhi , Fu Wei , Ma Yaoming , Sun Fanglin
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Using the MODIS satellite data and station atmospheric turbulence observation data in Nagqu area of northern Tibetan plateau in 2008, 2010 and 2012, with the Massman retrieved model and an independent method to determine aerodynamic surface roughness, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the surface roughness was analyzed. The results show that the surface roughness has obvious seasonal variation characteristics. From February to August, Z0m increases constantly with the ablation of snow and vegetation growth, and the maximum value reaches 4–5 cm at BJ site. From September to February, Z0m gradually decreased because of the post-monsoon over the plateau, and the values decreased to about 1–2 cm. The snowfall in abnormal years is the main reason why Z0m is obviously lower than that in normal. The underlying surface can be divided into four categories according to the different values of Z0m: snow and ice, sparse grassland, lush grassland and town. Among them, lush grassland and sparse grassland account for 62.49 % and 33.74 % respectively in the region, which are the main categories, and their Z0m annual changes are between 2–6 cm and 1–4 cm. The correlation between the two methods are positively related to each other, and the retrieved data are smaller than the measured results due to the average sliding action. On the whole, Z0m calculated by satellite data retrieved algorithm is feasible, it can be applied to improve the model parameters of land surface model parameters and the accuracy of model simulation, better reveal the heat flux exchange.
Predicting discharge capacity of vegetated compound channels: uncertainty and identifiability of one-dimensional process-based models
Authors: Kiczko Adam , Västilä Kaisa , Kozioł Adam , Kubrak Janusz , Kubrak Elżbieta , Krukowski Marcin
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Despite the development of advanced process-based methods for estimating the discharge capacity of vegetated river channels, most of the practical one-dimensional modeling is based on a relatively simple divided channel method (DCM) with the Manning flow resistance formula. This study is motivated by the need to improve the reliability of modeling in practical applications while acknowledging the limitations on the availability of data on vegetation properties and related parameters required by the process-based methods. We investigate whether the advanced methods can be applied to modeling of vegetated compound channels by identifying the missing characteristics as parameters through the formulation of an inverse problem. Six models of channel discharge capacity are compared in respect of their uncertainty using a probabilistic approach. The model with the lowest estimated uncertainty in explaining differences between computed and observed values is considered the most favorable. Calculations were performed for flume and field settings varying in floodplain vegetation submergence, density, and flexibility, and in hydraulic conditions. The output uncertainty, estimated on the basis of a Bayes approach, was analyzed for a varying number of observation points, demonstrating the significance of the parameter equifinality. The results showed that very reliable predictions with low uncertainties can be obtained for process-based methods with a large number of parameters. The equifinality affects the parameter identification but not the uncertainty of a model. The best performance for sparse, emergent, rigid vegetation was obtained with the Mertens method and for dense, flexible vegetation with a simplified two-layer method, while a generalized two-layer model with a description of the plant flexibility was the most universally applicable to different vegetative conditions. In many cases, the Manning-based DCM performed satisfactorily but could not be reliably extrapolated to higher flows.
SPATIAL DISAGGREGATION OF LANDSAT-DERIVED LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE OVER A HETEROGENEOUS URBAN LANDSCAPE USING PLANETSCOPE IMAGE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Cruz J. A. , Santos J. A. , Blanco A.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Satellite-derived land surface temperature (LST) is frequently utilized to characterize the intensity of urban heat island (UHI) effect in highly urbanized and rapidly urbanizing cities. However, current spaceborne thermal sensors cannot capture temperature variations within heterogeneous urban landscapes at finer scales due to its coarse spatial resolution. This study aims to apply Regression-Kriging (RK) method to downscale a 30-meter Landsat-derived LST to 3 meters using different PlanetScope image derivatives. To avoid multicollinearity, exploratory regression was performed to reduce the initial set of 16 indices to 7 explanatory variables, namely, Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), Normalized Pigment Chlorophyll Ratio Index (NPCRI), Visible Green-based Built-up Index (VgNIR-BI), Mean, Entropy, and Homogeneity. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression was applied to fit the models and the residuals of the best performing models were interpolated using Ordinary Kriging technique and added back to the downscaled LST. The model with the highest accuracy was obtained using the combination of MSAVI, EVI, and Mean, with an R2 of 0.75 and RMSE of 1.12 °C, 0.58 °C, 0.80 °C, and 1.45 °C in estimating the LST of built-up, bare soil, vegetation, and water classes, respectively. The results indicate that the inclusion of textural features in the regression could improve model accuracy without increasing the variance of coefficient estimates. Moreover, RK method (RMSE = 1.10–1.16 °C) was proven to be a reliable downscaling technique because it redistributes the spatial variability of LST that were not preserved in the OLS regression (RMSE = 1.60–1.75 °C).
ECO-ENVIRONMENTAL VULNERABILITY ZONATION IN ESSENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Venkatesh R. , Abdul Rahaman S. , Jegankumar R. , Masilamani P.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The concern of present-day conservation of eco-environment and its approach is to diminish the vulnerability, which demands focus region identification and protection. The identification of the focus region needs greater expertise and management. However, assessment of eco-environmental vulnerability requires numerous variables. The variables are categorised under four extensive aspects namely, hydro-meteorology, land resources, topography and socio-economic factors. The Pombar watershed enfolds three main urbanised cities Bargur, Thirupattur and Uthangarai connected by state-highway (SH-179A) and most of the settlements are situated near foothill regions. Thus, the cultural features persisting in the watershed are subjected to eco-environment vulnerable conditions. Therefore, extraction of variables is carried out using Landsat 8 OLI, Sentinel-2B, ALOS PALSAR DEM and IMD rainguage data respectively. The generated parameters affecting the environment are weighed and ranked through the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) with Geospatial technology for eco-environment vulnerability assessment. Then vulnerability level is categorised into five classes like very high, high, moderate, low and very low with an area of 10%, 12%, 37%, 23%, and 18% respectively. The very high and high classes are distributed in low lying plain regions, where there is high anthropogenic activities, urbanisation and industrialisation, a moderate vulnerable class is more in plateau region due to deforestation and over exploitation. However, very low and low classes are sparsely distributed in higher altitude. The integration of Geospatial technology with AHP makes a powerful tool to assess the eco-environment vulnerability and therefore, three focus regions are demarcated to devote a massive concern on protection and management in the essence of sustainable development.
THE CHANGING NATURE OF GEOSPATIAL DATA – CHALLENGES FOR A NATIONAL MAPPING AGENCY
Authors: Holland D. A. , Hurst I. , Heathcote G. , Horgan J. , Capstick D.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies have been creating geospatial products for customers for many decades and, in some cases, for over two centuries. During that time the nature of the products largely remained the same, consisting of cartographic representations of the world, usually generalized and projected in a two-dimensional form. Even when mapping agencies began to convert their mapping from paper to digital form, the products created were largely based on their paper map counterparts. In recent times, the general public has become far more aware of geospatial data due to global initiatives from Google, Bing, Apple, OpenStreetMap and others. While some users of geospatial data still require the same products as before, many other users need different kinds of geospatial data and products, ones which will provide new challenges to National Mapping and Cadastral Agencies. In this paper we discuss some of these new geospatial data users and illustrate some the challenges using an example from Ordnance Survey’s recent experience of a project in the connected autonomous vehicle domain.
OPPORTUNITIES FOR MACHINE LEARNING AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN NATIONAL MAPPING AGENCIES: ENHANCING ORDNANCE SURVEY WORKFLOW
Authors: Murray J. , Sargent I. , Holland D. , Gardiner A. , Dionysopoulou K. , Coupland S. , Hare J. , Zhang C. , Atkinson P. M.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. National Mapping agencies (NMA) are frequently tasked with providing highly accurate geospatial data for a range of customers. Traditionally, this challenge has been met by combining the collection of remote sensing data with extensive field work, and the manual interpretation and processing of the combined data. Consequently, this task is a significant logistical undertaking which benefits the production of high quality output, but which is extremely expensive to deliver. Therefore, novel approaches that can automate feature extraction and classification from remotely sensed data, are of great potential interest to NMAs across the entire sector. Using research undertaken at Great Britain’s NMA; Ordnance Survey (OS) as an example, this paper provides an overview of the recent advances at an NMA in the use of artificial intelligence (AI), including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) based applications. Examples of these approaches are in automating the process of feature extraction and classification from remotely sensed aerial imagery. In addition, recent OS research in applying deep (convolutional) neural network architectures to image classification are also described. This overview is intended to be useful to other NMAs who may be considering the adoption of similar approaches within their workflows.
THE ISPRS BENCHMARK ON INDOOR MODELLING – PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Khoshelham K. , Tran H. , Acharya D. , Díaz Vilariño L. , Kang Z. , Dalyot S.
Published: August 2020

Abstract. Automated 3D reconstruction of indoor environments from point clouds has been a topic of intensive research in recent years. Different methods developed for the generation of 3D indoor models have achieved promising results on different case studies. However, a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the performance of these methods has not been available. This paper presents the preliminary results of the ISPRS benchmark on indoor modelling, an initiative of Working Group IV/5 to benchmark the performance of indoor modelling methods using a public dataset and a comprehensive evaluation framework. The performances of the different methods are compared through geometric quality evaluation of the reconstructed models in terms of completeness, correctness, and accuracy of wall elements. The results show that the reconstruction methods generally achieve high completeness but lower correctness for the reconstructed models while accuracies range from 0.5 cm to 6.7 cm.
Simulating Synthetic Tropical Cyclone Tracks for Statistically Reliable Wind and Pressure Estimations
Authors: Nederhoff Kees , Hoek Jasper , Leijnse Tim , van Ormondt Maarten , Caires Sofia , Giardino Alessio
Published: August 2020

Abstract. The design of coastal protection measures and the quantification of coastal risks at locations affected by tropical cyclone (TC) are often based solely on the analysis of historical cyclone tracks. Due to data scarcity and the random nature of TCs, the assumption that future TCs could hit a neighboring area with equal likelihood than past events can potentially lead to over- and/or underestimations of extremes and associated risks. The simulation of numerous synthetic TC tracks based on (historical) data can overcome this limitation. In this paper, a new method for the generation of synthetic TC tracks is proposed. The method has been implemented in the highly flexible open-source Tropical Cyclone Wind Statistical Estimation Tool (TCWiSE). TCWiSE uses an Empirical Track Model based on Markov-chains and can simulate thousands of synthetic TC tracks and wind fields in any oceanic basin based on any (historical) data source. Moreover, the tool can be used to determine the wind extremes and the output can be used for the reliable assessment of coastal hazards. Validation results for the Gulf of Mexico show that TC patterns and extreme wind speeds are well reproduced by TCWiSE.
Treadmills of Production and Destruction in the Anthropocene
Authors: Smith Chad L. , Hooks Gregory , Lengefeld Michael
Published: August 2020

Human activities in Latin American countries have resulted in past and ongoing deforestation located in the Amazon and the Andes.  Demonstrative of this new Anthropocene Epoch, the illegal production of cocaine stands as a major driver of these environmental outcomes in these countries; however, in recent years the extraction of illegal gold has yielded larger export values than that of cocaine.  The consequences of these practices have far-reaching environmental, economic, and social consequences.  Using a critical realist perspective, we investigate and analyze how, when, and under what conditions the treadmills of production and destruction are absent, present, and thriving in Colombia and Peru.  The implications of these relationships are grave as both the Amazon and the Andes are undergoing extensive transformations – damage that represents the Anthropocene Epoch in which human activities are driving ecological systems toward “tipping points”.  We find that the two treadmills operate differently within each country and that treadmills are not ubiquitous but are, instead, contingent.  We underscore the fact that when present, both types of treadmills have the ability to engage in social and environmental destructions, sometimes violently so.
Refiguring the Plantationocene
Authors: Murphy Michael Warren , Schroering Caitlin
Published: August 2020

While sympathetic to debates about the utility, accuracy, and significance of the “Anthropocene,” in this brief essay, we are most interested in implicating racialization, colonization, and their ongoing place in the capitalist world-economy and global ecological change. To this end, we point to the potential of thinking with the “Plantationocene,” considering that to invoke the plantation is to simultaneously contend with the intermeshing organization of the colonialist/imperialist, racialist, and capitalist dimensions of the world-system as directly related to global environmental transformation since the 15th century.
Power and Politics in the World-System
Authors: Sommer Jamie M. , Hargrove Andrew
Published: August 2020

While various researchers and practitioners agree that it will be hard to restructure our current global and local systems to adapt to and mitigate climate change, there is unsurprisingly great disagreement in how and if this can be accomplished and on what level(s), or if this is even what needs to be accomplished. These conversations have continued with the introduction of the “Anthropocene.” The dominant interpretation of the concept poses several solutions, one being national government restructuring to support environmental efforts and encouraging behavioral change. To join conversations that critically evaluate the conceptualization and implications of the Anthropocene with the world-systems perspective, we consider how the effectiveness of national environmental governance in reducing CO2 emissions varies by a country’s position in the global hierarchy. Using two-way fixed effects regression, this article tests how one aspect of this environmental governance, environmentally related taxes as a percentage of total tax revenue impacts CO2 emissions for 75 countries from 2000 to 2011. Given inequities in the global division of labor, which reinforce the dominance of higher-income countries and the exploitation of lower-income countries, we expect the effectiveness of environmental governance to vary tremendously by global position. Our results support the idea that the impact of environmental governance on CO2 emissions varies across countries at different income levels in the world-system, and this is due to external constraints. Such external influence is unsurprisingly neglected in dominant interpretations of the Anthropocene. In line with previous critical research, we argue that these external constraints undermine climate change solutions because they fail to address mutually reinforcing global, political, economic, and environmental inequalities.
S-allele frequency and genetic diversity of Malus orientalis Uglitzk along an altitudinal gradient in the Hyrcanian forest
Authors: Yousefzadeh Hamed , Rajaei Rasta , Larsen Bjarne , Bina Hamid , Kozlowski Gregor
Published: August 2020

Aim of study: The Caucasian apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) is distributed throughout the Hyrcanian forest. Self-incompatibility (SI) is one of the most important plant strategies to prevent self-fertilization, but the genetic basis of this system has never been studied in Caucasian apple. Investigating the genetic diversity of Caucasian apple along an elevation gradient is the second aim of this study.Area of study: Three populations of Caucasian apple along an altitudinal gradient in northern Iran were studied.Materials and methods: Here, we evaluated the S-allele frequency and genetic diversity of three populations of Malus orientalis using SSR markers.Main results: In total, 18 S-alleles were identified in three populations, and a positive trend was detected between S-allele frequency and altitude, which is consistent with the positive correlation with genetic diversity. Overall, the genetic differentiation among populations was high, and four distinct groups were determined among three altitudinal populations.Research highlights: Despite the small number of individuals and low genetic diversity of the populations, the S-allele frequency of Caucasian apple in Hyrcanian forests is high, and these resources have potential use in apple breeding programs.Keywords: Malus orientalis; S-RNase alleles; Genetic diversity; Mate availability; Conservation strategy; Hyrcanian forest.