bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On adjacency operators of locally finite graphs
Authors: Trofimov Vladimir Ivanovich
Published: June 2024

A graph $\Gamma$ is called locally finite if,
for each vertex $v\in \Gamma$, the set $\Gamma(v)$ of its adjacent vertices is finite.
For an arbitrary locally finite graph $\Gamma$ with
vertex set $V(\Gamma)$ and an arbitrary field $F$,
let $F^{V(\Gamma)}$ be the vector space over $F$
of all functions $V(\Gamma) \to F$ (with natural
componentwise operations) and let $A^{(\mathrm{alg})}_{\Gamma,F}$
be the linear operator $F^{V(\Gamma)} \to F^{V(\Gamma)}$
defined by
$(A^{(\mathrm{alg})}_{\Gamma,F}(f))(v) = \sum_{u \in \Gamma(v)}f(u)$
for all $f \in F^{V(\Gamma)}$, $v \in V(\Gamma)$.
In the case of a finite graph $\Gamma$, the
mapping $A^{({\mathrm{alg}})}_{\Gamma,F}$ is the well-known operator defined by the
adjacency matrix of the graph $\Gamma$ (over $F$), and
the theory of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of such operators
is a well developed part of the theory of finite graphs
(at least, in the case $F = \mathbb{C}$). In the present paper, we
develop the theory of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the operators
$A^{({\mathrm{alg}})}_{\Gamma,F}$
for infinite locally finite graphs $\Gamma$ (however, some results that follow
may present certain interest for the theory of finite graphs) and arbitrary fields $F$,
even though in the present paper special emphasis is placed
on the case of a connected graph $\Gamma$ with uniformly bounded degrees of vertices and $F = \mathbb{C}$.
The previous attempts in this direction were not, in the author's opinion,
quite satisfactory in the sense that they have been concerned only with eigenfunctions (and corresponding eigenvalues)
of rather special type.
Hepatitis B cure: Current situation and prospects
Authors: Li Ya-Ping , Liu Chen-Rui , He Ling , Dang Shuang-Suo
Published: June 2024

Achievement of a ‘clinical cure’ in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) implies sustained virological suppression and immunological control over the infection, which is the ideal treatment goal according to domestic and international CHB management guidelines. Clinical practice has shown encouraging results for specific patient cohorts using tailored treatment regimens. These regimens incorporate either nucleos(t)ide analogs, immunomodulatory agents such as pegylated interferon α, or a strategic combination of both, sequentially or concurrently administered. Despite these advancements in the clinical handling of hepatitis B, achieving a clinical cure remains elusive for a considerable subset of patients due to the number of challenges that preclude the realization of optimal treatment outcomes. These include, but are not limited to, the emergence of antiviral resistance, incomplete immune recovery, and the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA. Moreover, the variance in response to interferon therapy and the lack of definitive biomarkers for treatment cessation also contribute to the complexity of achieving a clinical cure. This article briefly overviews the current research progress and existing issues in pursuing a clinical cure for hepatitis B.
04 Emission Reduction by Cylinder Wall Injection in 2-Stroke S.I. Engines
Authors: Motoyama Yuh , Suzuki Takahiro , Ohkubo Akihiko , Yoshida Takeo
Published: June 2024

A direct injection system in which fuel was injected through the cylinder wall was developed and detailed investigation was made for the purpose of reducing short-circuit of fuel in 2-stroke engines. As a result of dynamo tests using 430cc single cylinder engine, it was found that the injector was best attached at a location as close to TDC as possible on the rear transfer port side, and that the entire amount of fuel should be injected towards the piston top surface. Emissions were worsened if fuel was injected towards the exhaust port or spark plug. Although the higher injection pressure resulted in large emissions reduction effects, it did not have a significant effect on fuel consumption. When a butterfly exhaust valve, known to be effective against irregular combustion in the light load range, was applied, it was found to lead to further reductions in HC emission and fuel consumption while also improving combustion stability.
Light Emission Behavior of Radicals during Preflame Reactions under Knocking Operation
Authors: KASHIWAGI Hideaki , OHARA Hironori , YOSHIDA Koji , SHOJI Hideo
Published: June 2024

Knocking is one phenomenon that can be cited as a factor impeding efforts to improve the efficiency of spark-ignition engines. With the aim of understanding knocking better, light emission spectroscopy was applied in this study to examine preflame reactions that can be observed prior to autoignition. Light emission intensity was measured at wavelengths of 306.4 nm (characteristic spectrum of OH), 329.8 nm (HCO), 395.2 nm (HCHO). A four-cycle, air-cooled, single-cylinder gasoline engine with a side valve arrangement was used as the test engine. Light emission behavior was simultaneously observed at two positions (the end zone and the center zone) in the combustion chamber. The test fuel used was n-heptane (0 RON). The test engine was operated at three speed levels (1400, 1800 and 2200 rpm). As a result, preflame reactions were observed. It was also observed that the tendencies seen for the preflame reaction interval varied depending on the engine speed.
09 AVL Lean Burn Systems CCBR and CBR Light for Fuel Economy and Emission Optimization on 4-Stroke Engines
Authors: Laimboeck Franz J. , Leitner Franz J. , Pescoller Michael F. X. , Kapus Paul E.
Published: June 2024

The CBR [1] (Controlled Burn Rate) is a port deactivation concept developed by AVL and is already applied in series production cars. The benefit of this concept is the low engine-out emission (CO, HC and NOx) and good fuel economy. By creating turbulent kinetic energy at the correct time and place in the combustion chamber a rapid and stable combustion occurs which allows to run the engine well above a Lambda Excess Air Ratio of 1.5. The CBR system features two different intake ports, one charge motion port and one filling port. Additionally a device for port-deactivation (slider, butterfly) is applied. At part load points and lower engine speeds the filling port is switched off.

The CBR concept was now evoluted for compact engines as CCBR - with carburetor and as CBR Light - for engines with electronic fuel injection.

CCBR stands for Carbureted Controlled Burn Rate. The advantages in comparison to conventional port designs are a remarkable fuel consumption improvement compared to standard Carbureted engines and reduction of HC, CO and NOx emissions along with very little add-on cost. For low output engines the emission standard of Euro II can be achieved without any exhaust aftertreatment. Also Euro III standard shall be realizable by additional secondary air and oxidation catalyst application.

For fuel injected engines CBR-Light has been developed, a Lean Burn System with electronic fuel injection and if required Air/Fuel sensor and closed loop control.

The system CBR-Light can whether be operated as a lean burn system - aspirating air and fuel only with even better benefits than CCBR, but can also be operated at a stoichiometric Air/Fuel ratio with a Three-Way Catalyst and additional EGR (Exhaust Gas Re-circulation) of up to 25% (w/o residual gas) thus reducing the NOx emission and improving the fuel economy.

The development steps are described in the paper and the results from the CFD simulation up to the combustion and the “Visio Tomo” (Tomographic Combustion Analysis) results are depicted.
12 Present situation of Automated Guided Vehicle
Authors: INAGAWA Hiroyuki , OOYA Seiyuu , OZAWA Tomoyuki , KATO Touru
Published: June 2024

Many automated guided golf cars using the electromagnetic guide technology are used in Japan to obtain more convenient and safer golf play. Now this technology is beginning to be used outside of the golf course as an on-demand people mover system.

This paper presents an example of the engineering system of automated guided golf cars along for the 2 principles of automated guided vehicle.

The first principle is “the steering control system including the automatic sensitivity adjustment function”, and the other principle is “the vehicle speed control system”.
13 Simulation of Dynamic Operation of a Single-Cylinder Two-Stroke Engine
Authors: CALLAHAN Brian J. , KEE Robert J. , McCARTAN Charles D. , FLECK Robert , KENNY Robert G. , MACKEY Dermot O.
Published: June 2024

A drivetrain model incorporating detailed crankshaft and drivetrain dynamics has been incorporated into an unsteady gas dynamic computer simulation of a single-cylinder two-stroke engine. This study examines the change in predicted engine performance caused by relaxing the conventional assumption of constant crankshaft velocity, and a comparison of results is presented. Relaxing the assumption changed the predicted brake mean effective pressures by over 10%. Experimental validation of the simulation involved mounting an engine to a test bed and driving an inertia wheel through a fully characterized drivetrain. A high-speed data acquisition system measured signals from a position encoder mounted on the crankshaft and from a non-contact torque transducer. The time and position data were used to calculate instantaneous crankshaft speed, and these results were compared to the predicted profiles. Simulation results and experimental measurements are presented and discussed.
14 Design and Analysis of Two Wheeler Engine Gearbox through Simulation to Reduce the Development Time and Cost
Authors: Gnanakotaiah G , Srinivasa Rao K , Jayaram N , Devasena D
Published: June 2024

An efficient design of the gearbox is crucial for the expected performance of the vehicle both in terms of life and NVH. This involves design and analysis of gears, shafts, bearings, gear layout and speed ratios. Conventionally gears, shafts and bearings are designed and analysed independently. When the design of these parts change, their effect on related parts is estimated separately, leading to loss of time. Alternately, an integrated approach through simulation is adopted for the new two wheeler's gearbox by modeling on Romax designer software, consisting of shafts, bearings and gears. For the target load cycle, gear and bearing lives, shaft deflections and stresses are estimated. While the targets for stresses, deflections and lives are set logically and with experience, these are also compared with those of reference vehicle by creating and analysing reference gearbox model. Gearbox is optimised both in terms of compactness and durability requirements apart from achieving maximum shaft stiffness and contact ratio for low noise. The prototype made as per optimised design has passed all the required tests confirming the results of simulation. Thus the new approach has lead to considerable reduction in time and cost, at the same time maintaining quality.
A Study on Motorcycle-Rider System Simulations
Authors: KUBOTA Tetsuya , YAGI Eiichi , SAKAMOTO Moriyuki , TAKATA Shugetsu , TAKATA Hiroshi , KAJI Masakazu
Published: June 2024

It is necessary to predict motorcycle performance at an early stage of development to minimize the period for designing, experimenting, and tuning. In order to do that, we have developed a motorcycle model with a mechanical dynamic simulation program. This model includes the bodies of a motorcycle, aerodynamic forces, tire forces, engine characteristics, simplified gear trains and driving chains, and rider operations. With this program, we have conducted motion simulation on steady state turn and disturbance response tests with two kinds of tire stiffness. We have also conducted experiment on the steady state turn and disturbance response tests to validate the program. In this paper, we analyze the results of the simulation and experiment. As a result, it is confirmed that the simulation results accord with the experimental results, and we have found that the steer angle and bank angle at the steady state turn depend on tire stiffness. The frequencies and damping ratios at the disturbance response tests are also affected by tire stiffness. We have also conducted simulations on disturbance response tests with different crankshaft rotating directions and found that the stability is affected by the direction. In this case, simulations are effective because these tests cannot easily be experimented.
Optimising steering system design parameters of Motorcycles using multi-body computer simulation
Authors: Babu R, , Karthik M, , John Wesley, , Venkatesan R
Published: June 2024

The three interlinked steering system parameters viz, steering castor, castor trail and steering offset of single track vehicles influence their handling characteristics significantly. Traditionally, prototype vehicles with several combinations of these parameters are made, experimental testing in special test tracks is done with expert riders and the rider’s feel is used for optimisation of the design layout.

This study uses a multi-body computer simulation model of a motorcycle for this purpose. A non-linear computer model was used to simulate the test track driving conditions, made use for the experimental evaluation of prototype machines. A special handling test track simulating the low speed tight corner manoeuvres that are typical in the Indian driving conditions was simulated using the computer model. The non-linear simulation results are used for obtaining a linearised version of the bike model at various steady states. The linear model was used to analyse the system stability properties against small perturbations at various steady states and response gains, which are indicative of the handling quality of the bikes. Nine different combinations of the steering system parameters, for application of DOE (Design Of Experiments) technique, were analysed and the results obtained.

Prototype motorcycles with the nine different designs, were manufactured and subjected to special test track evaluation. The motorcycles were fully instrumented for measuring various parameters like steering torque, steer angle, yaw rate and roll rate. The data thus acquired was transformed into numerical measures of bike’s handling quality and the data was subjected to analysis of variance, using DOE technique.

The analysis results from the linear model are compared with the corresponding results obtained from the experimental work and found to have a very good degree of agreement. The results obtained are found to give a set of guidelines for optimisation of the steering system design. Thus a methodology is pioneered to use a virtual prototype for steering system design optimisation for motorcycles. Such a method can help immensely in cutting down product development time and cost, and the solutions thus obtained are expected to be of better quality.
32 Development of Silent Chain Drive System for Motorcycles
Authors: SUGITA Haruomi , SEKITA Masahiko , FUSE Tomohiro
Published: June 2024

Examining the noise reduction of a motorcycle, the requirement of an effective method of reducing a drive chain noise has been a pending issue similarly to noise originating from an engine or exhaust system, etc. Through this study, it became clear that the mechanism of chain noise could be classified into two; low frequency noise originated from cordal action according to the degree of chain engagement and high frequency noise generated by impact when a chain roller hits sprocket bottom. An improvement of urethane resin damper shape, mounted on a drive side sprocket, was effective for noise reduction of the former while our development of a chain drive that combined an additional urethane resin roller with an iron roller worked well for the latter. The new chain system that combined this new idea has been proven to be capable of reducing the chain noise to half compared with a conventional system. In the analysis, a new chain-separated test equipment has been effectively used since it was known that the chain-separated test equipment attached to a rear wheel reproduces the chain noise of a running motorcycle faithfully.
35 Engine Performance of the Small Compression Ignition Engine with DME Low Pressure Injection
Authors: SUZUKI Tatsuaki , YONETANI Hiroaki , FUKUTANI Itaru
Published: June 2024

In the research of DME compression ignition engine, there are a lot of reports on the high fuel pressure systems which are used in the common-rail fuel injector and others for the DME mixture formation promotion. However, the initial development-cost of these fuel supply systems will be increased for small compression ignition engines. On the other hand, it has been understood that excellent thermal efficiency of DME compression ignition engine was obtained at the appropriate fuel injection timing by using the electronic controlled injector with low pressure injection. In this paper, the stabilization of combustion on DME compression ignition engine with low pressure injection was investigated for the influence of the fuel pressure and the combustion assistance with homogeneous charge. As the result, it was clarified that the fuel mixture formation was promoted due to the active contact between the fuel molecules and the oxygen molecules, because of the reinforcement of the fuel penetration and the increase of the stir actions which included the turbulance of combustion and swirl flow.
Development of the application of the automotive engine technology to the V6 Four Stroke Outboard Motor
Authors: TSUNODA Masaki , FURUYA Kentaro
Published: June 2024

In order to achieve a highly balanced performance improvement with large maximum torque and low fuel consumption, the application of the automobile engine technologies to outboard motor was developed. Such as the variable valve timing and lift electronic control system, a variable intake system, and O2 feedback system are adopted to 225 and 200-horsepower outboard motors powered by 3.5-liter V-type 6-cylinder (V6) engine. The resulting engine performance also makes them to achieve emissions levels that satisfy the final model year 2008 values for marine engine exhaust gas emissions set by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The adoption of non-chrome coating methods for exterior parts on these motors has achieved both environmental compliance and coating quality. At the same time, design of the exhaust manifold which is located outside of the V-bank with the same construction as V6 automotive engines and the use of a plastic inlet manifold makes these models lightweight and compact enough to replace conventional 2-stroke outboard motors without requiring any modification to the boat.
51 Examination on Measured Equivalent Sound Pressure Level and Sensory Evaluation for PWC Operating Sound
Authors: SHIMIZU Daisuke , FUKUDA Tadahiko , KEZUKA Midori
Published: June 2024

When evaluating the sound generated by PWC (personal water craft), it is essential to study the measurement method for the PWC sound itself. However, it is equally important to identify the influence on the people in the neighbor of shoreline by being exposed to the sound from a group of PWC running around on waters. Such influence can be grasped in relation to the results of sensory evaluation.

LAeq (equivalent continuous A-weighted sound level) was measured on PWC's running in various patterns and different numbers, while sensory evaluation was performed to obtain the data for the feelings the exposed persons would have about the sound. In this way the correlation between the sound pressure level and its perception by the people were analyzed.

LAeq is the mixture of natural sound at the test site and the sound from the PWC(s) running in the predetermined patterns. We analyzed how the measured sound pressure level changes by the distances from the shoreline and the numbers of PWC's in operation.

SD method (Semantic Differential Method) was applied for the sensory evaluation, in which the persons subjected to the test described the impression of the sound and vibration without his or her visual perception. Twenty six (26) persons took part in the test, and they made an assessment using twenty (20) pairs of adjectives of opposite meanings. Then, the gathered data was processed by varimax rotation in regard to two (2) factors, and the separated factors were named “noisy factor” and “musical factor”. Cluster analysis was performed for twelve (12) running patters, and they were grouped into three (3) clusters. The results of sound pressure measurements and the factor analysis verified the correlation between LAeq and “noisy factor” in person's perception. As expected, LAeq is also related to the distance from the PWC to the shoreline, as well as the number of PWC's in operation.

The finings from these testing will make the good reference material in establishing the requirements to assure the good environmental conditions.
53 Development of Large V6 Four-stroke 225PS Outboard Motor
Authors: KASHIMA Yukinori , ONOUE Akihiro
Published: June 2024

Since 1998, outboard motor manufactures are making every effort to meet the regulatory requirements that restrict the exhaust emissions from marine engines. Industry's first and the largest 4-sroke outboard motor F225A was introduced in the spring, 2001, targeting at off-shore fishing market in the U.S. This report describes technical features of 225HP V6 four-stroke outboard motor, which successfully conforms to the required limits, while maintaining the operating performance and compactness comparable to the corresponding two-stroke model, which has traditionally been in the mainstream of this marine engine segment.
Development of Light-weight 250 cm3 4-stroke Engine
Authors: NAKAYA Yoshihiro , HAYASHI Yasuo , OGURA Toshihiko
Published: June 2024

The 250 cm3 4-stroke engine, which is lighter in weight than the 2-stroke engine, was developed as a means to improve the overall performance of a motocrosser.

It was a widely accepted opinion that the 4-stroke engine come out heavier, in general, by approximately 20% than the 2-stroke engine. Challenging this opinion, we carried out our task under the design concepts of:

1)

Making use of advantages of the 4-stroke engine.

Lightens the crank web and crankcase by reducing the moment of inertia and reduces the height and weight with the use of a very short stroke.

2)

Turning disadvantages of the 2-stroke engine into advantages.

Lightens the driveline components, pistons and crankcase components with the use of a design adapted to the output.
62 “Classic” or “Scooter” Mopeds, Comparison of Dynamic Capacities
Authors: PERRIN Christophe
Published: June 2024

In France, the current evolution in the number of road accident victims is less favourable for the moped rider category than for the majority of others. In addition, the proportion of scooters in the moped park is currently considerably increasing. The aim of the research work presented is to consider if an explanation for the bad results for this category of users, in terms of road safety, can be found through the study of the dynamic performances of this type of vehicle. We thus carried out an experiment aimed at comparing the dynamic capacities of a “Classic” moped with those of a “Scooter” model. Two mopeds, one of each type, were fitted with an embedded measurement system. They were driven for several tests on a track by a professional test pilot. The results of this study are more in favour of the “Scooter” moped, which seems to offer equivalent, or even better, dynamic capacities than the “Classic” one. The reasons for the bad safety results for the moped user category are to be sought elsewhere, perhaps in the field of scooter driver behaviour in traffic conditions.
80 Systemic Approach in the Analysis of the electric system in modern 2-wheel vehicles
Authors: Conte Fiorentino V. , Mangraviti Salvatore
Published: June 2024

The trend of the 2 wheel vehicle obliges to define accurate methodology for analysing each aspect of the vehicle design. The paper will present the definition process of simple, easy to reproduce, cheap tests for the Electric System, and for the components of it, describing the obtainable results. It will be presented which tests are significant, and which variable must acquired, and the method for organizing the data according to the desired study target aim.

As example of the System Approach is proposed the analysis of the Electric Generator Power Unit, it will be presented and described the reason why it could be convenient to install a Lundell Generator.
World Overview of New Generation Two-Stroke Engine Activities from Patent Analysis
Authors: DURET Pierre L. , GIRARD Anne , ELMALEH et Alfred
Published: June 2024

The Two-Stroke engine revival is seen as a way to reduce the size and weight of engines. IFP has been one of the first engine research centres involved since the early eighties in this promising way of a new generation of highly efficient engines. Since this date, a large number of car manufacturers and research laboratories around the world have engaged research and development efforts in this new field. In these conditions, it was essential for IFP to examine the different research works, technological choices, and new ideas.

The systematic study of the patents published since 1981 and their statistical analysis represent an interesting tool to follow the main trends of the research in this domain. More than 4200 patents were selected as relevant for this study. The results of this patent analysis allow firstly, to distinguish the time of emergence of new research and development, and secondly, to give ideas about their respective potential in terms of R & D, about the technical difficulties they encountered and finally, about their strategy in this field and their policy in terms of industrial property.

This competitive intelligence based on patents analysis has been proved efficient and useful from several points of view. The analysis of all innovations generates new ideas for researchers; it also allows the guidance of research work in the ways which will answer to the future needs of the market while avoiding solutions locked by competitors. Finally, it is an help in the definition of a policy in terms of industrial property.
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF AIR ASSISTED DIRECT IN-CYLINDER INJECTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Worth Dave , Coplin Nicholas , McNiff Martin , Stannard Mark
Published: June 2024

Air Assisted Direct in-cylinder injection systems have now been in commercial production for over 18 months in large two-stroke outboard applications, offering the customer the advantage of emissions control, significant fuel economy improvements, smooth and misfire-free operation and improved driveability.

With the pending implementation of emission controls in most two-stroke engine applications, the fuel system of choice must be capable of being adapted in a short time period to a new or given application. Over the last three years, the air assisted direct injection system has been successfully applied across a range of cylinder displacements from 50 to 500cc. In all applications, the in-cylinder injection system's hardware has been maintained common in order to share in the benefits of economies of high volume production.

As the emissions targets are generally not as stringent as those called for in today's and future automotive engine requirements, the design requirements become product specific, defined by performance and the cost targets.

This paper provides an overview of what has been achieved on the production of the Mercury Marine Optimax low emission two-stroke outboard utilising Orbital technology on the 3.0L 200DFI model. The authors also discuss some of the design considerations across a variety of both demonstration and commercially released recreational and motorcycle applications.
Development of a Printed Seat Vinyl for Motorcycles
Authors: Fujitaka Nobuo , Koga Miyako , Oba Shigeru , Morinaga Kazukuni
Published: June 2024

A well-designed seat is an essential part of a motorcycle, which can add value to the product, hi order to achieve more flexibility in designing a printed seat vinyl, a high weatherability transparent Polyvinyl choloride (herein after referred as PVC) film was developed and used on the surface of a seat vinyl. The newly-developed PVC has high weatherability and resistance to wear and abrasion, thereby increasing the value of the motorcycle seat. During the process of developing the transparent PVC, a test that can effectively measure the weatherability of a product in a more reliable manner was developed. The result of this test is correlated to the result of a conventional outdoor exposure test.
Methanol synthesis from CO
2
and H
2
Authors: Takeuchi Masami , Watanabe Taiki , Saito Masahiro
Published: June 2024

RITE and three national institutes of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) have been jointly developing a CO2 mitigation system in “Project of Chemical CO2 Fixation and Utilization Using Catalytic Hydrogenation” since 1990. A conceptual total system of the project is composed of the separation/recovery via membrane separation of a large amounts of CO2 emitted from stationary sources such as power plant, iron-making plants, chemical plans and so on, H2 production by water electrolysis, methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2, and of the transportation of the methanol produced to the sites for energy consumption and/or chemical production.

An application of the system to a 1,000 MW coal fired power plant could recover 470 ton/h of CO2 and produce 323 ton/h of methanol. If the methanol produced is used for a power plant in Japan, the energy efficiency and the CO2 reduction rate of the system could be estimated to be around 30%, 36% respectively.

RITE and NIRE previously developed Cu/ZnO-based multicomponent catalysts containing two or three metal oxides for methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 1,2,3). In the present study, our group has examined the long term stability of the catalyst in methanol synthesis. Furthermore, we have investigated the methanol synthesis over the multicomponent catalysts by using a reactor with a recycling equipment for unreacted gases. The present investigations made clear that the catalyst developed are highly active (>600 g-MeOH/kg-cat h) and selective (> 99.9%) and that the purity of the refined methanol is 99.9% or more. The methanol produced has been used tentatively for a methanol fuel test car.
Emission and Efficiency Benefits of Emulsified Fuels to Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Gunnerman Rudolf W. , Russell Robert L.
Published: June 2024

Water emulsified hydrocarbon fuels substantially reduce pollutant emissions from internal combustion engines. Water emulsified gasoline, diesel, and naphtha mixtures, containing from 25 to 55% water, or more, have been successfully combusted in internal combustion engines. Because of the emulsified fuels lower energy content, a larger quantity of the emulsified fuel than of the equivalent base hydrocarbon fuel must be injected to obtain the same power output. However, based upon energy content, the emulsified fuel achieves higher thermal efficiency than the base hydrocarbon fuel. The emulsified fuel contains additives to: 1. prevent corrosion of fuel system components, 2. to increase fuel lubricity and thus prevent premature wear of fuel pumps, fuel injectors, and other engine parts, 3. keep the emulsion stable at high temperatures encountered in diesel engines, 4. prevent foaming of the fuel during use, and 5. for mobile diesel engines, increase the cetane number of the emulsified fuel. Engine oil change intervals remain the same as for the base hydrocarbon since the oil does not become contaminated with water or other substances.
Fuel Reforming Performance of Multi-Layer Ceramic Catalyst
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroshi , Ichimura Shoji
Published: June 2024

A multi-layer catalyst comprising of a core of oxides of transition metals, an intermediate layer of an alumina- based silicate covering the core, and an outer layer of a noble metal alloy covering the intermediate layer was developed and was evaluated as to the reforming performance and its effects on fuel economy. The test results showed that the catalyst, with help of water contained in gasoline, can crack higher molecular hydrocarbons especially such a less combustible substance like aromatics to a lower molecular weight components, resulting in better combustion efficiency.
Four Stroke-Cycle 50PS Outboard Motor
Authors: Shibata Yasuhiko , Matsushita Yukio , Hoshiba Akihiko
Published: June 2024

This report describes the engineering challenges in the development of 4 stroke 50ps outboard motor. The goal was set to attain the top speed and acceleration performance comparable to the existing 2 stroke versions, while providing the advantages of 4 stroke engine, including the alleviated exhaust odor and operational noise, as well as consistent performance with stable rpm. Emphasis was also given to the trolling at low rpm (at 650rpm). Our engineering challenges have been embodied into the 4 stroke outboard motor which is “clean” and yet allows similar application as existing 2 stroke versions.
Cyclic Variation in HC Concentration near the Spark Plug in a Two-Stroke Engine
Authors: NAKAI Hiroshi , IKEDA Yuji , KAKEMIZU Kenichiro , NAKAJIMA Tsuyoshi
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the cause of combustion fluctuation in a partially loaded two-stroke engine with respect to the hydrocarbon (HC) concentration in the cylinder. HC concentration in the cylinder, exhaust gas velocity and pressure were simultaneously measured in order to determine the influence of HC concentration on combustion fluctuation. A correlation between cyclic variation in HC concentration in the cylinder and IMEP was confirmed. The way in which the HC concentration influenced the combustion states in the next cycle made clear. A decrease of HC concentration cause the delay of early flame development and combustion, the decrease of HC concentration had an great influence on the combustion states. The relationship between combustion states and HC concentration was discussed. The relative value of IMEP and HC concentration were closely related to the HC concentration in the cylinder.
A Study on Advanced Low Exhaust Emission Two-Stroke Engine
Authors: Sawada Toshiharu , Wada Minoru , Noguchi Masanori , Kobayashi Buhei
Published: June 2024

The object of this study is to evaluate the effects of air-head stratified scavenging with lean combustion using a 34cc two-stroke spark-ignition engine on reducing THC and CO emission and improving thermal efficiency.

The result showed that the amount of short-circuiting mixture with a conventional Schnurle scavenging two-stroke engine was reduced from 30% to 9% with the air-head stratified scavenging two-stroke engine. Thermal efficiency was improved from 13.6% to 20.6%. As the result, the engine with air-head stratified scavenging in this study can conform to CARB 1999 or tier 2 emission standards regarding THC, CO and NOx emission.
New Adaptation of PFR Injection Pump with Timer Function for Reducing Smoke Emission of Industrial Diesel Engines
Authors: Miyazaki Hideya , Watanabe Yutaka , Yamada Shuichi
Published: June 2024

Because of recent strong demands for environmental protection, all nonroad engines for agricultural and construction equipment should be conformed to the exhaust emission regulations in Japan, the United States and Europe. Some regulations include transient smoke standard at free acceleration in addition to exhaust emissions at steady state condition such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM). Therefore, especially a turbo charged diesel engine needs a countermeasure to reduce the smoke level at free acceleration.

This study confirms a mechanism of the smoke discharge at free acceleration and realizes that the injection pattern of the PFR injection pump with timer function reduces the smoke level at free acceleration. As a result, we could develop the engine complied with the transient smoke standard without boost compensater, with which it is very difficult for small engines to make a fine adjustment of proper fuel delivery.
FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MOTORCYCLE MANEUVERING: MOTORCYCLIST'S IDENTIFICATION AND MENTAL STRESS ON SIMPLIFIED RUNNING COURSES
Authors: Nanba Kiichi , Sekine Taro , Nagae Hiroyasu
Published: June 2024

1

Generally speaking, it is considered that the motorcyclist's mental stress is kept higher than driver's, because two-wheeled vehicle is emphasized it's disadvantageous to the people. But the authors had doubts about reliability. And for finding out the original sources of motorcyclist's mental stress, and the simplified running courses are set up and experimental research of motorcyclist's mental stress is performed. On the other hand, the experiments with the driver of four-wheeled vehicle are made also in the same way, and mutual comparisons are made. Consequently, it is found that motorcyclist's mental stress is lower than driver's in some situations. Especially, in the situation of leading the vehicle along the course, it is found that motorcyclist's mental stress is kept lower than driver's.
Motorcycle Riding Simulator
Authors: Iwata Hiroshi
Published: June 2024

This paper describes the development of a driving simulator for studying safe riding techniques.

This simulator has the following two features : a simple banking system using spring force and a HMD (Head Mounted Display) system to provide surrounding traffic condition awareness.
Air Fuel Ratio Estimation of a Glow Engine through Sound
Authors: Murakami Koji , Tanabe Mitsuaki , Aoki Kiyoshi
Published: June 2024

We examined if air fuel ratio could be estimated by engine sound for a two-stroke glow engine. A time resolved FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) was adopted to analyze the engine sound.

As a result, strong acoustic radiation were shown twice at TDC and BDC in the frequency range below 2.5 kHz in each cycle. For the case of high air fuel ratio, a peak of sound pressure in the range of 2.5 to 5 kHz exists in between TDC and BDC. This sound is supposed to be a noise due to anomalous combustion. Since the noise appears just after the combustion noise, the anomalous combustion noise is supposed to be a knocking noise.

When the periodic noise in the range up to 2.5 kHz appears weakly twice in one cycle, the air fuel ratio is approaching low limit for a stable run of the engine at 12000 rpm. When the periodic noise in the range of 2.5 to 5 kHz appears once in one cycle between the periodic noise in the range up to 2.5 kHz, the air fuel ratio is approaching high limit.
Implementasi Pemenuhan Hak Anak dalam Mewujudkan Kota Layak Anak di Kota Samarinda: Content Variable Analysis
Authors: Wati Ema Karisma , Apriani Fajar
Published: June 2024

In order to realize a Child Friendly City, the Samarinda City Government implementing the Fulfillment of Children’s Rights program. This research aims to determine the implementation of the fulfillment of children’s rights carried out by the Samarinda City Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection Service, on policy content variables based on the theory of policy implementation model from Grindle which consist of six elements, namely the interest affected by the policy, the types of benefits generated, the degree of change that occurs, the position of policy makers, program implementers and the resources mobilized. By using a qualitative descriptive research approach, this research concludes that the implementation of Child Friendly Regency/City in Samarinda City based on the contents of its policies has achieved good results with obtained the Nindya level of Child Friendly City award through involving various cross-sectoral stakeholders and placing children as “Pioneers and Reporters” in involvement in the Children’s Forum. The Samarinda City Child Friendly City program has become a pilot area for other regions in East Kalimantan Province. However, the comprehensive fulfillment of children’s rights has still not been achieved, especially for children in the street, homeless, beggars and children who have been married early. There is a need for cooperation between the Samarinda City Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection Service and the Social Service that is more progressive in handling these children’s cases to fulfill their rights better.
Changing the US Foreign Policy Strategy in the Region and Afghanistan
Authors: YAWAR Mohammad Ekram
Published: June 2024

Bush's "anti-terrorism strategy", Obama's "counter-insurgency strategy" and Trump's
"zero foot strategy" are three separate strategies of the US government during the three
presidential terms in Afghanistan, which ended with the withdrawal of American forces.
Ultimately, the withdrawal of US forces led to the resurgence of the same group that had sought
to overthrow the Taliban government 20 years ago in 2001. This article aims to provide evidence
supporting the change in strategy and its conflict with the overarching macro strategy, focusing
on the shifts in Afghanistan's internal environment. We are looking for an answer to this
question, what are the evidences of the change in the US foreign policy towards Afghanistan in
the three mentioned periods and what is the relationship between the internal developments in
Afghanistan and these changes? In response to this hypothesis, it is proposed that the role of
internal opposition groups and their power in these three periods is the most important factor in
creating a change in the attitude of the American foreign policy in the era of Bush, Obama and
Trump. The findings of this article, according to the American high-ranking documents, show
that the pursuit of conflicting strategies with the primary goals is a result of the failure of the
strategy in the American foreign policy against the actions of armed groups. Considering the
approach of comparative investigation and focusing on its descriptive stage, the method used
in this writing is qualitative and of a comparative type.
Azərbaycanın Avropa İttifaqı ilə münasibətləri
Authors: Hamidova Leyli
Published: June 2024

Azərbaycan 1991-ci ildə öz müstəqilliyini əldə etdikdən sonra Qərb ölkələri ilə faydalı əməkdaşlıq ,
mehriban qonşuluq və dinc yaşamaq prinsiplərini prioritet qəbul edərək beynəlxalq müstəvidə geniş
fəaliyyətə başladı. Bu kontektsdə Avropa İttifaqı ilə münasibətlərin qurulması və inkişaf etdirilməsi
Azərbaycanın iqtisadi maraqlarının təmin olunması və həmçinin siyasi müstəvidə faydalı əməkdaşlığı
ehtiva edirdi. Azərbaycanın Aİ ilə əməkdaşlıqda qarşıya qoyduğu əsas məqsəd milli iqtisadiyyatın
Avropanın iqtisadi məkanlarına tam inteqrasiyanı həyata keçirməkdən ibarət idi. İkitərəfli münasibətlərin
inkişafında əhəmiyyətli sazişlərin bağlanması, enerji və nəqliyyat əməkdaşlığının dərinləşdirilməsi və
həmçinin regional əməkdaşlığın inkişafında əhəmiyyətli addımlar atılsa da, Aİ-nin ikili standartlar mövqeyi
və demokratikləşmə, insan haqları, azadlıqların etibarlı təminat mexanizmin formalaşdılrılması və s. kimi
məsələlərdə Aİ-nin Azərbaycanın suveren hüquqlarına müdaxiləsi münasibətlərin istənilən səviyyədə
inkişafını ləngitdi. Məqalədə Azərbaycan – Avropa İttifaqı münasibətlərinin təkamülü, ziddiyyətli
məqamları, mövcud vəziyyəti və perspektivləri ələ alınmışdır
Mikayil Mushfig s Translations From World Literature
Authors: Mehraliyeva Naila Muzaffar
Published: June 2024

The main purpose of the article is to examine the translations of Azerbaijani poet Mikayil Mushfig from world literature. The article provides information about the works of Mikayil Mushfig (1908-1938), one of the outstanding representatives of Azerbaijani poetry, published in periodicals, as well as separately published books. It is noted here that Mikayil Mushfiq was a member of the Union of Writers, a poet, translator, and educator, and worked effectively as an editor of the Azerbaijan State Publishing House. Talented poet, pedagogue and translator Mikayil Mushfig is one of the brightest figures of contemporary Azerbaijani literature. He is an artist with exceptional services in the development of our national poetry. M. Mushfiq gave special importance to the poem form in his creativity, which created unique and original examples of Azerbaijani literature. "Between the Curls", "Epic of Freedom" (1932), "Shepherd", "Afshan", "Mountains" (1933), "Shole", "My Friend", "Desertil" (1934), "Morning", "Broken Saz (Saz is a national instrument)" (1935) etc. are such kinds of the works. The comparative analysis method was used in the writing of the article. Importance of the application: It can be used in courses and seminars in higher education institutions.
Syria in Us Middle East Policy (2000-2011)
Authors: Adıgozalova Maleyka
Published: June 2024

This article examines one of the most pressing topics related to an important area of US regional policy. As is known, after the terrorist attack in the United States on September 11, 2001, Washington made radical changes to its Middle East policy. The fight against terrorism and countries supporting terrorists has become a priority of US policy. The article examines the role of Syria in US Middle East policy. Before the Arab Spring, Syria had a prominent role in the Arab-Israeli conflict. This meant that political leaders, including those from the US, had to consider Syria’s stance on Middle Eastern issues and the opinions of the Syrian Arab Republic's government on significant regional problems.
Influência das propriedades e da classe diamétrica de clones de Eucalyptus e Corymbia na dinâmica de resfriamento do carvão vegetal
Authors:   , Guimarães Dandara Paula da Silva
Published: June 2024

O resfriamento dos fornos de carvão vegetal é crítico, pois pode consumir mais de 70% do tempo total do ciclo de carbonização. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a influência do diâmetro e das propriedades da madeira e do carvão vegetal de clones de Eucalyptus (Híbrido espontâneo de Eucalyptus urophylla e Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus sp.) e Corymbia (Corymbia citriodora x Corymbia torelliana) no processo de resfriamento. Para a carbonização foram utilizadas madeiras de 30 cm de comprimento em diferentes classes de diâmetro (9, 11 e 13 cm). O monitoramento da temperatura foi feito por meio de termopares dispostos longitudinalmente e radialmente na madeira. A madeira e o carvão vegetal do clone AEC 0043 tiveram os maiores tempos de carbonização e de resfriamento, resultando em um incremento médio de 14,52% no tempo total de ciclo com o aumento da classe de diâmetro. Em carvões vegetais mais porosos, a troca de calor tendeu a ser menor do que em carvões vegetais mais densos. Porém, maiores quantidades de massa no interior do reator de carbonização, ou seja, maiores quantidades de energia a ser removida, diminuíram a capacidade de dissipação da energia térmica. Independente do material genético ou do diâmetro, o resfriamento seguiu o mesmo comportamento de decaimento de temperatura em função do tempo, sendo explicado por um único modelo polinomial de segundo grau e obteve-se uma redução média de 89,5 ± 0,5% da energia térmica contida no carvão vegetal ao final da carbonização. Do início ao final do resfriamento, a diferença de temperatura no sentido radial foi 2,3 vezes menor do que no sentido longitudinal. As principais propriedades da madeira que afetaram as taxas de aquecimento e de resfriamento foram o teor de umidade, a densidade básica, a composição química estrutural, a relação cerne/alburno e a permeabilidade. Para o carvão vegetal, foram a porosidade e a densidade aparente. Assim, concluiu-se que os menores tempos de resfriamento ocorreram nas menores classes de diâmetro e para os clones de Eucalyptus. Palavras-chave: Curvas de carbonização. Transferência de calor. Porosidade. Fluxo de energia.