bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Saving Measures of Oil and Gas Gathering System in Changqing Low Permeable Oilfield
Authors: Huang Zhi Qiang , Li Xue Yuan , Zheng Gang , Xue Jian Qiang , Chen Zhen
Published: June 2012

Because of its property of low permeability, low pressure and low production, Changqing low permeable oilfield decreases rapidly in the initial potential stage and has low individual-well producing rate, which give rise to the overestimated oilfield production and large-scale ground construction project of gathering system. Eventually, the problem of “big Marathi car” in oil gathering system generated excessive energy consumption. It is multi-purpose station, pumping station and block station that turn out to be the main energy consumption point, which consume over 90% of system electric energy consumption. Besides, energy like natural gas is dissipated so severely that the utilization ratio of associated gas is less than 30%. This is obtained by analyzing energy distribution of system. For the seriously power-wasting problems in gathering system, energy saving technologies of small power pump replacing large power pump, intermittent pipelining oil by liquid level automatically controlled and double speed adjustment based on frequency control apply to the effective utilization of electric energy, which using oil pumps load rate as energy evaluation criterion. Applying technologies of helical down hole oil-gas separation and oil-gas airtight gathering to recover associated gas effectively gives conspicuous energy saving effect.
Method and Implementation of Energy-Saving Control for Industrial Cooling Water Tower Pump
Authors: Zhang Li Zhong , Jia Shu Hong , Zhao Xiao Jun , Sun Yan , Shi Guo Dong
Published: June 2012

This article introduce a kind of energy-saving control method and implementation for a tower pump in industrial cooling water system (hot tub→ up tower pump→ cooling tower→ cold pool). Under the conditions without changing the original industrial cooling water’s normal operating, the method of temperature control liquid-level under the protection of pressure to regulate and control the energy-saving process of cooling water on tower pump was used. According to the hot tub’s actual temperature and cold pool’s temperature which has process requirements can automatically regulate the hot tub’s liquid height or the height difference between hot tub and cold pool. It can finally automatically control the natural flow rate of the connected overflow hole or connecting pipe, thereby reducing the pump flow rate on tower to ensure the purpose of siginificant energy-saving on the basis of process demand. The comprehensive energy-saving rate can be 40% to 60% or more.
Optimal Control on Energy
Authors: Chen Miao Sheng , Tsai Yung Tse
Published: June 2012

It is generally true that energy authorities always pursue optimal electrical power generation for use by the population at large. This text extends the application of the basic model of Rebelo’s Cobb-Douglas production model in order to calculate ways in which energy authorities (power companies) can generate optimal electricity using their existing equipment. This paper also applies that governments can utilize the concept of Environment Rent and the Contribution Theory from traditional Chinese philosophy to face the energy issues. Besides, the paper attempts to calculate and identify optimal solutions from these mathematics models, an approach which is rarely seen in the power generation journals. The use if existing equipment to optimize electricity (power) generation for the population will have an impact on economical development and electricity control. The appropriate control of power generation can effectively reduce the use of certain dangerous and polluting energy sources, and this is the main contribution of this study.
Optimal Energy & Environment Use by Optimal Control
Authors: Chen Miao Sheng , Tsai Yung Tse
Published: June 2012

Issues relating to the environment and energy are becoming increasingly important, and it is necessary to control the use of the Earth’s finite resources by government. This paper focuses on optimal control of the Earth’s resources by using the mathematical models and methods of the Euler equation. The purpose of this is to preserve sufficient amounts of the Earth’s resources for the next generation. Optimized control of the Earth’s resources can provide us with an understanding of the amounts which we can make use of now, and the amounts which we must leave for future generations. Insufficient energy sources can be substituted with green energy or renewable resources. The main contribution of this study is the use of mathematical models and the Euler equation to obtain the optimal solution. An approach of this type can enable governments to protect both the environment and energy supplies.
Research on the Energy Saving Property of Gas Cooker Absorbing Residual Heat through Porous Media
Authors: Xue Zhi Jia , Wang Hai Fei , Xu You Ning , Shi Jun Rui , Wang Shu Qun
Published: June 2012

Abstract: Based on the idea of residual heat recovery by porous media, the article illustrates the process how the heat transmitted to the targeted porous media via intermediate after the residual heat from flue gas storing in the porous media. The primary air is preheated via the porous media. The article analyzed the energy saving characteristics of the gas cooker from the perspective of experiment and the numerical calculation.
Selection of Working Fluids for Low-Temperature Waste Heat Recovery Using Organic Rankine Cycle
Authors: Li Hui , Ma Xin Ling , Wei Xin Li , Yin Shu Gui
Published: June 2012

As for the industrial exhaust heat with the temperature ranging from 120°C to 200°C, 5 working fluids commonly used in organic Rankine cycle, namely R113、R123、R134a、R245fa and R600a, have been analysed from the perspective of safety, environment and economical efficiency. The results show that: R123 is of great poison, but its thermal economical efficiency is the best, especially under the condition of high temperature. The suitable ambient temperature ranges from 20-35°C. R245fa belongs to a safe and environment friendly fluid. For its best comprehensive property and wide range of ambient temperature, R245fa is very beneficial to the ORC system.
Study on Technology of Blast Furnace Energy Saving and Consumption Reduction
Authors: Yang Shuang Ping , Chi Yan Bin , Wang Miao , Dong Jie , Zhang Cong Rong , She Yuan
Published: June 2012

By study the development situation of blast furnace smelting in china and the blast furnace operation system and technology, combined with production conditions of JISC BF, based on a large number of the production data, the comparison analysis test on JISC BF operation system and technology was did. Through continuously optimization and practice, the relatively suitable operation system and technology of JISC BF at present was explored, which could reduce the coke ratio into furnace while increasing the coal injection ratio and making great economic effect.
Performance Analysis of Humidifying Dehumidifying Solar Desalination Unit
Authors: Gao Shi Yuan , Zhang Li Xi
Published: June 2012

The Humidifying-Dehumidifying desalination unit with active heating and natural air cycling is studied in this paper. Each component is analyzed by energy balance. The instantaneous performances of unsteady heat transfer and mass transfer are calculated. Take midsummer and midwinter as represent, the air temperature in evaporator and condenser, seawater temperature in water box and water output in one day are calculated by program. The environment parameters, operating parameters affecting the output of unit are analyzed, and it's obtained that: the solar radiation intensity, atmosphere temperature are the main factors affect water output of the unit, well wind speed and the initial seawater quality in boxes hardly affect water output.
The New Pinch Design Method for Heat Exchanger Networks
Authors: Zhang Fei Long , Yu Shu Rong , Shen Ling , Zhao Qiu Ping
Published: June 2012

a new method of locating the pinch is presented for the design of heat exchanger networks. The method is based on the pinch design method for heat exchanger networks which was first introduced by Linnhoff. The method first consider both the heat loss of a hot stream and the heat capacity flowrate of a stream with variation in temperature in the design of heat exchanger networks. Which affect not only minimum utility requirement for heat exchanger network but also the pinch location, choice ofΔTmin
Gear Shift Voice Prompt System Based on Optimal Fuel Consumption
Authors: Yuan Yuan
Published: June 2012

In the system, a 51 microcontroller (functions as CPU) collects digital signals transferred by LM358 (functions as voltage comparator) from voltage signals of throttle position sensor; a photoelectric sensor detects vehicle speed while the microcontroller calculates vehicle speed. CPU analyzes and compares these two types of signals and judges whether the optimal fuel consumption for gear shift is reached. If so, CPU will output a playing instruction to a voice chip and remind driver of shifting gears.
PSO-Based Optimal Strategy Study of Train’s Energy Efficient Operation under Disturbed Condition
Authors: Hu Hui
Published: June 2012

Instead of changeable chromosome length genetic algorithm, a new method based on particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to search a train’s energy efficient operation strategy under running disturbance condition in railway network. The algorithm is designed and validated using a referenced simulation case. Compared with other methods, it demonstrates this new PSO-based algorithm has a better result in efficiency and may be considered to use in practice.
Study on Novel Thermal Insulation Structure of Thermal Recovery Boiler
Authors: Zhao Hai Qian , Wang Zhong Hua
Published: June 2012

Based on the existing problem of thermal insulation structure of thermal recovery boiler , a novel thermal insulation structure of thermal recovery boiler is designed. The novel thermal insulation structure was used on a boiler in field test, and its thermal insulation characteristics were tested. According to the test data, thermal conductivities of the novel and the conventional thermal insulation structure were calculated. Contrast analyses indicated that thermal insulation characteristic of the novel thermal insulation structure for thermal recovery boiler was better than that of the conventional thermal insulation structure.
Adsorption of Methane on Several Zeolites by Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Liu Xiu Ying , Sun Wei Guo , Fan Zhi Qin , Zhang Li Ying
Published: June 2012

Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method is employed to simulate the adsorption of methane in several nanoporous zeolites. Adsorption isotherms over the temperature 177-398K and the pressure 0-12MPa are simulated. And their adsorption capacities of methane in these zeolites at different temperatures and pressures are also compared. The results show that: (1) the methane uptake is in the order of LTA>MOR>MFI at the same condition. The isosteric heat can support this conclusion: the value of isosteric heat in LTA is the largest, intermediate in MOR and the least in MFI. (2) The effects of the pore volume, channel size and the energetic interactions between zeolite and methane on adsorption amounts are considered. A large pore volume and a suitable channel size near to the kinetic diameter of a methane molecule are very important for improving the storage capacity of zeolites. Based on this, we conclude that LTA zeolite with a large pore volume and a suitable channel diameter exhibit a most efficient methane storage capacity than MOR and MFI zeolites.
Discussion of the Performance of VRB Based on Modeling by Using EKF to Estimate SOC
Authors: Lu Jin Ding , Sun Gang , Tang Yue Jin , Ren Li , Shi Jing
Published: June 2012

There are several ongoing researchers on searching for an appropriate model to describe the characteristic of Vanadium redox flow batteries(VRB) .Based on one of these models, a SOC estimator of VRB- Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is advanced. And then, update the VRB model by using EKF to estimate SOC when simulation in SIMULINK. At last, the effects of the temperature and operating current on performance of VRB, including battery capacity, output voltage, efficiencies are discussed.
Performance of the Grid-Connected PV System in LV Microgrid Operation
Authors: Li Yan , Wang Li , Jing Pan Pan , Zhong Bin Bin , Zhang Bu Han , Mao Cheng Xiong
Published: June 2012

Microgrids are a future power system configuration providing clear economic and environmental benefits compared to the legacy power systems, as the Grid-Connected PV penetration increases, its reaction in Low Voltage (LV) microgrid has to be taken into account during relative system studies. This paper presents a mathematical model for the Grid-Connected PV, it’s developed by User Define (UD) module on Power System Analysis Software Package (PSASP), PV behavior under several typical weather and typical 1-day load curve is studied in detail, Flexible Operation Strategy to achieve the reasonable voltage level are both considered, PSASP simulation environment is used to analyze the probable operation scenarios of LV microgrid, useful conclusions are summarized at last.
Generalized Predictive Control for Gas Supply System in a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: An Ai Min , Zhang Hao Chen , Liu Xin , Chen Li Wen
Published: June 2012

Gas supply system in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell power system consists of hydrogen supply and oxygen supply. In order to improve the system output performance and maintain the pressure difference between the anode and cathode at the setting points under the variational load currents, a generalized predictive control strategy is applied to the gas supply system of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell in this paper. The fuel cell stack and gas supply system were modeled for the purpose of performance analysis and controller design. And then the designed generalized predictive controller was implemented to control the hydrogen flow rate and oxygen compressor voltage. The simulation results illustrated that the proposed controller can provide better response characteristics of the pressure difference, hydrogen and oxygen supply system as compared with PID controller.
Hydrogen Storage in Small Size Hollow Microspheres
Authors: Zhang Zhan Wen , Chen Su Fen , Liu Yi Yang , Su Lin , Liu Mei Fang , Qi Xiao Bo , Li Bo
Published: June 2012

Hollow microspheres with less than 1 millimeter in diameter and several micrometers in wall thickness are attractive for hydrogen storage and transportation. The hollow microspheres can be made by drop tower technique, microencapsulation and vapor deposition methods. By immersion in high pressure hydrogen for a period of time at elevated temperature, the hollow microspheres can be filed with hydrogen gas at pressures up to one hundred MPa. The hydrogen mass fraction can be varied from 1% to 10% for hollow microspheres with different membrane hoop stress at failure.
Modeling of Hydrogen Production in a Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System
Authors: Li Chun Hua , Zhu Xin Jian , Zeng Qing Jun , Wang Yun Long
Published: June 2012

A stand-alone renewable photovoltaic energy system can be used to meet the energy requirements of off-grid remote area applications. The excess photovoltaic energy with respect to load demand is transformed and stored as hydrogen gas via an electrolyzer. The stored hydrogen represents a long-term transportable form of fuel for fuel cell. To analyze the system performance and design the control strategy, it is necessary to develop a system model for the solar powered hydrogen production process. The operational characteristics of the photovoltaic array, the proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE), and the power converters are investigated. The maximum power output of the photovoltaic array is matched to the operating voltage of the PEMWE by the DC-DC converters. Simulation results of the PV-PEMWE hydrogen production process are discussed.
Power Generation from Phenol Degradation Using a Microbial Fuel Cell
Authors: Jiang Sheng Tao , Guan Yu Jiang , Bai Shu Li
Published: June 2012

Different organics have different effects on the power generation of microbial fuel cell. A double-chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) was constructed to investigate organic matter degradation and power generation. Experiments were conducted using an initial phenol concentration of 500mg/L with different glucose concentrations (500 , 250 , and 100mg/L) as the MFC fuel . Results showed that maximum voltages decreased with the decrease of concentration of glucose and the maximum voltage was 434 mV. The cycle time were 170 , 146 ,141h respectively. Correspondingly , the maximal area power densities were 10.23 mw/m2,5.02mw/m2,3.15 mw/m2. phenol and COD removal rate reached 28%-33.3% and 31.1%-54.74% respectively after one cycle. However, maximum voltage was 201 mV when using 500 mg/L phenol as sole fuel. The results indicated that phenol could be used in the MFC for generating power while at the same time effectively accomplishing biodegradation. The MFC technology may provide a new method to offset operating costs, making advanced remediation measures for difficult to degrade organic materials more affordable for practical applications.
Comparison and Analysis of Hydrogen Production Capacity of 8 Strains of Marine Green Algae
Authors: Miao Feng Ping , Zuo Jing Cheng , Liu Zheng Yi , Qin Song
Published: June 2012

In this study, four strains of Chlorella genus and four strains of Tetraselmis genus were investigated to research their in vitro hydrogenase activities and hydrogen productions. C.sp.-3 showed the second highest in vitro hydrogenase activity with 297.48 nmol H2/(μg Chla h) and the highest volume of H2 production with 10.246 μl/L among all the strains. Although T. sp.-3 exhibited a much low H2 production of 0.298 μl/L, its in vitro hydrogenase activity was the highest with 315.92 nmol H2/(μg Chla h). During the continuous culture of five weeks, the hydrogen production of C. sp.-3 reached the peak at 3rd weeks with 12.46 μl H2 per liter culture, and decreased subsequently. In contrast, that of T. sp.-3 increased slowly and gradually with the culturing time, and was much lower than that of C. sp.-3 at each culture phases. These results showed that hydrogen production was a complex process that was determined not only by strain types but also by other factors, and that both C.sp.-3 and T. sp.-3 in the 8 strains were the most promising ones in hydrogen production and were worthy of further research.
Research on the Highly Energy-Efficient Conversion and Utilization Path of Solar Energy Demand Type
Authors: Xu Feng Ying , Chen Zhen , Li Chang You
Published: June 2012

In order to promote the highly energy-efficiency utilization level of solar energy demand type, this paper, based on the average radiation within the solar radiation spectrum range and application requirement analysis of quantum theory, investigated the technical bottleneck and solution on the highly energy-efficient storage and conversion of solar energy demand type. Studies showed that the key to highly energy-efficiency utilization was to synthetically promote the utilization rate of energy conversion in each solar area. It could make direct conversion and utilization of solar energy in accordance with easy-preserved type foods, electrical power, fuel and other forms of energy demand, and then conversion route of energy utilization could be cut down and energy losses in the process of transmission could be decreased. Making full use of energy of solar spectrum visible light area to increase the plant photosynthesis, or using catalysis to change the Fermi lever and minimum work function of photocell battery module stripping to strengthen the photo electricity conversion rate could further enhance the conversion rate of highly-efficiency utilization of solar energy demand type. The study was involving multi-field of knowledge, and still need to be integrated innovation with further theoretical research.
Hydrogen Storage Properties of Mg1.7 M0.3 Ni(M=Mg, La, Ce, Nd) Hydrogen Storage Alloys
Authors: Li Yun Long , Li Ping , Zhai Fu Qiang , Zhang Wei Na , Qu Xuan Hui
Published: June 2012

Mg1.7 M0.3 Ni (M = Mg, La, Nd and Ce) alloys were prepared by vacuum induction melting under the high purity helium atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to study the phase structures of tested alloys, and their morphologies and hydrogen storage properties were intensively studied by pressure-composition -temperature (PCT) test. It was found that the Mg-M-Ni(M=Mg, La, Nd and Ce)alloys appeared multiphase structures, and as Nd substituting Mg the Mg-Nd-Ni obtained the optimal activation behavior, plateau characteristics, hydrogen cycling reversibility and kinetic properties.
Investigation of Thermal Influence on the Assembly of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stacks
Authors: Peng Lin Fa , Qiu Dian Kai , Yi Pei Yun , Lai Xin Min
Published: June 2012

The assembly force in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack affects the characteristics of the porosity and electrical conductivity. Generally, the stack is assembled at room temperature while it’s operated at about 80 °Cor even higher. As a result, the assembly pressure can’t keep constant due to thermal expansion. This paper focuses on the contact pressure between membrane electrode assembly (MEA) and bipolar plates in real operations. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model for the assembly process is established with coupled thermal-mechanical effects. The discipline of contact pressure under thermal-mechanical effect is investigated. A single cell stack is fabricated in house for the analysis of contact pressures on gas diffusion layer at different temperatures. The results show that as the temperature increases, contact pressure increases due to thermal expansion. It indicates that the influence of thermal expansion due to temperature variation should be taken into consideration for the design of the stack assembly process.
Accelerated Hexavalent Chromium [Cr (VI)] Reduction with Electrogenerated Hydrogen Peroxide in Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Liu Liang , Yang Yan , Li Ding Long
Published: June 2012

Cr(VI) was reduced at a carbon felt cathode in an air-cathode dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC). The reduction of Cr(VI) was proven to be strongly associated with the electrogenerated H2O2 at the cathode. At pH 3.0, only 27.3% of Cr(VI) was reduced after 12h in the nitrogen-bubbling-cathode MFC, while complete reduction of Cr(VI) was achieved after 6h in the air-bubbling-cathode MFC in which the reduction of oxygen to H2O2 was confirmed. The results showed that the efficient reduction of Cr(VI) could be achieved with an air-bubbling-cathode MFC.
Al-Doped CuInSe2: An Ab Initio Study of Structural and Electronic Properties of a Photovoltaic Material
Authors: Xue Hong Tao , Lu Wen Jiang , Zhu Zheng Xin , Tang Fu Ling
Published: June 2012

Aluminum substitution in CuInSe2 could have important implications for photovoltaic applications. To better understand the Al doping effects, we have performed density functional calculations on the CuInSe2 chalcopyrite as well as on Al-doped derivative compounds with different concentrations using the generalized gradient approximation. The structural and electronic properties of the pure and Al-doped CuInSe2 have been calculated. We find that the substitution of In by Al creates structural deformation, and the band gap of CuIn1-xAlxSe2 broadens as Al content increases. These are further discussed with the analysis of lattice parameters, bond lengths and angles, and electronic structures changes.
Analysis of the Factors Effect in the Low Temperature Zinc Phosphating Technology
Authors: Chen Ze Min , Lu Pin , Jia Yan
Published: June 2012

In this study various factors of the new type low temperature zinc phosphating process were studid to the film-formed. This was perfected the phosphating process conditions, and caused the phosphate film performance to achieve the best.
Calculation of Phase Diagram of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-B2O3 Refining Slag without CaF2
Authors: Liu Li Xia , Wang Gang , Wang Shi Jun , Dong Yun Chi , Chai Yi Fan
Published: June 2012

CaF2 is used in large quantity during refining of steel, which is harmful to environment to be found. There is more and more study on use of B2O3 in metallurgical progress. This paper studied the effects of MgO on melting performance of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary system and B2O3 on that of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO quaternary system by calculation of phase diagram. The result shows that MgO can expand the range of liquid phase of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 ternary system while the effect on melting performance is little. B2O3 can also reduce the melting point of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO quaternary system in high CaO zone and in high Al2O3 zone. So the proper composition of MgO in refining slag are 5~8% and B2O3 below 8%.
China Coal Industry and Sustainable Development
Authors: Zhang Fei , Wang Yan Bing
Published: June 2012

At the beginning of the new century, China’s economic growth accelerated. The demand of coal as a basic energy is keeping increase [1]. With the progress of the mining technology, changed the past low efficiency, backward mode of production, but there are still many adverse factors that restrict to the sustainable development of coal industry in China [2]. Through detailed analysis of the current situation of China coal industry, find out existing problems of Chinese coal industry sustainable development, and using the basic principle [3], to find suitable to Chinese coal industry sustainable development scientific proposition -- Circular Economy [4], using circular economy this scientific model to guide Chinese coal enterprises transformation and development, making Chinese coal enterprises realize sustainable development.
Solar Energy Used in Intelligence-Ecology Building
Authors: Feng Jin Mei , Zhu Xiang Ping , Luo Jian Ping
Published: June 2012

In modern building, it is the irresistible trend to combine intelligence and ecology, for such intelligence-ecology building, ecology is goal and intelligence is method. In such building, comfortable for human being and natural environment preservation is not conflict. In order to achieve the ecology goal, which means energy-saving, environmental-protection, green-earth, and to utilize the natural resource in most efficient ways, it has to use the intelligent technology. In intelligence-ecology building, the comfortable for human body and zero-consumption of energy can be accomplished simultaneously by using intelligent technology to raise the solar energy usage substantially and to utilize the clean energy efficiently in heating, ventilating, refrigerating, and power- generating.
Effects of Carrier on Supported Rare Earth Double Perovskite Oxide Catalysts for Catalytic Combustion of Methane
Authors: Ding Ran Ran , Hu Jia Nan , Hu Rui Sheng , Liu Ying , Wang Ling Jie
Published: June 2012

Supported rare earth double perovskite (La2MnNiO6) oxide catalysts were prepared by incipient wet impregnation method for methane catalytic combustion, and effects of the support (Al2O3, ZrO2 and MgO) were investigated. The loaded catalysts were characterized by means of XRD, TPR, SEM techniques and their catalytic activities were tested by complete methane oxidation. Depending on the different oxide carrier (e.g. Al2O3, MgO and ZrO2), catalysts have different catalytic properties, because the interaction of metal oxide-support will affect both redox property and dispersity of the active phase. The results on catalysts have shown that the dispersion on Al2O3 and MgO supports had an effect to enhance the catalytic performances of the catalysts that had been treated at 1100 oC. The activity of ZrO2 supported catalyst significantly decreases when calcination temperature at is 1100 oC. The dispersity of the active phase and the nature of the oxide carrier played an important role in the catalytic performance.
Electroless Multilayer Coatings Used in the Protection of Thermosyphon Economizer from Corrosion
Authors: Xu Yang , Zou Yong , Luan Tao
Published: June 2012

Economizers are widely employed in the boiler system to increase efficiency and save energy. However one prominent problem is the severe corrosion of economizer due to the decrease of the exhaust temperature of boiler. Ni–P/Cu/Ni-P multilayer coatings, which could effectively improve the corrosion resistance of the facilities in economizer, are introduced in the present work. The three-layer coatings, whose composition is Ni–P/Cu/Ni-P from substrate to surface, were prepared using dual baths (acidic hypophosphite-reduced electroless nickel bath and acidic replacement electroless copper bath). The corrosion resistance of the coatings was evaluated by porosity and electrochemical tests. The results of porosity evaluation show that all the multilayer coatings performed better than the single-layer coatings of similar thickness. Similarly, The electrochemical tests showed lower corrosion current density for the multilayer coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl aqueous solutions.
Electronic Structure and Thermoelectric Property of Misfit Layered Cobaltite and Doped Series
Authors: Min Xin Min , Wang Guo Yi
Published: June 2012

The relations between electronic structure, chemical bond and thermoelectric property of misfit layered cobaltite of Ca3Co4O9 and 3d transitional metal (Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe and Cu) doped series are studied using density function and discrete variation method (DFT-DVM). Ca3Co4O9 consists of two layers of CoO2 and Ca2CoO3. The highest valence band (HVB) and the lowest conduction band (LCB) near Fermi level are only mainly from O 2p and Co 3d in Ca2CoO3 layer. Therefore, the semiconductor, or thermoelectric property of Ca3Co4O9 should be mainly from Ca2CoO3 layer, but it seems to have no direct relation to the CoO2 layer, which is consistent with that binary oxides hardly have thermoelectric property, but trinary oxide compounds have quite good thermoelectric property. The variation of electronic structure, chemical bond strength and thermoelectric property of doping series is discussed. The improvement of thermoelectric property of Cu-doped Ca3Co4O9 is the most obvious.
Esterification Deacidification of Zanthoxylum Bungeanum Seed Oil
Authors: Zhang Jian , Wang Xuan Jun
Published: June 2012

Effects of mole rate of methanol/oil, reaction time and technology on the free fatty acid ( FFA) level decrease of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil with sulfuric acid as catalyst was investigated. Results show that, the acid level decreases with the mole rate of methanol/oil increases when the sulfuric acid is 2% based on the weight of Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed oil and reacting at 60°C for 2h. When the mole rate is 20~35∶1, the final acid value is less than 2mgKOH/g which meets the requirement for biodiesel production. When the mole rate is 25∶1, with sulfuric acid dosage 2% and reacting at 60°C, the acid value decreases fast at the beginning of the acid esterification. The acid value of ZSO was reduced to 1.56 mg KOH/g from 78.91 mg KOH/g by only one-step acid-catalyzed esterification with methanol-to-oil molar ratio 30:1, H2SO4 2%, temperature 60°C and reaction time 60 min, which was selected as optimum for the acid-catalyzed esterification.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Rare-Earth Oxide Nanocatalysts for Automotive Exhaust Clean-Up
Authors: Wang Rui Gang , Sama Varun , Li Ding Qiang , Mutinda Samuel I.
Published: June 2012

Three rare-earth metal oxide nanopowders (CeO2, PrO2, and TbO2) were synthesized using a facile hydrothermal method in a Teflon-lined autoclave. The rare-earth metal oxide nanocrystals with variable morphology were prepared by controlling the synthesis conditions with temperatures in the range of 70−220 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and temperature programmed reduction (TPR) were used to characterize the average structures and redox properties of these materials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to investigate the morphology, particle size, and formation and growth mechanisms of the rare-earth metal oxide nanoparticles in solution-based environment.
Solar Water Heating System and Building Integration of High-Rise Building in Seismic Zone
Authors: Wang Chun Qing , Lai Chun Jing , Zhu Yan Peng
Published: June 2012

Solar water heater has been heavily used in building, but in high-rise building the application of solar water heating system has many difficulties. In seismic zone, solar energy system has strict design requirements as non-structural elements of the building. These restrictions seriously hinder the application of solar energy system in high-rise buildings. Considering the limitations of the use of solar energy in seismic-zone high-rise building, some measures are taken by architectural building integration, structural measures integration, piping layout integration and by optimizing parameters of the solar water heating system. These measures could solve some technical difficulties of solar water heating system in high-rise building in seismic zone.
Influence of Features of Silicon Carbide Ceramic Matrix Composite (Cp/SiC) on Carbon Content
Authors: Lu You Jun , Wang Yan Min
Published: June 2012

In this article, the properties of carbon particle modified silicon carbide (Cp/SiC) composites was studied. The mixture powder of nano carbon black and submicro-SiC was prepared through soft mechanochemical method. Then Cp/SiC composites was pressureless sintered.The result shows that appropriate content of carbon is 25 percent in this condition the machinability of Cp/SiC is better than that of SiC ceramic. At the same time, the oxidation resistence, wear resistence, and flexure strength of Cp/SiC meet the challenge for special fire resistant material.
Research on Mineral Formation Mechanism of Pulverized Coal Combustion Boiler Co-Generating Q-Phase Cement Clinker
Authors: Jiao You Zhou , Ding Pan , Du Shuang Li
Published: June 2012

Conduct test of 2CaO•Al2O3•SiO2 transformed into Q-phase mineral with analytical reagent CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO in library high-temperature furnace. And carry out experimental investigation on the mineral formation rule of co-generation Q-phase cement clinker on two-section multiphase reaction test stand simulating pulverized coal combustion boiler based on the test. It was found that: 2CaO•Al2O3•SiO2 may generate Q-phase mineral with hydration activity together with appreciated amount of CaO and MgO; experimental coal sort in reasonable ratio may co-generate cement clinker with main mineral sort of 2CaO•SiO2 and Q-phase mineral. Thermodynamic analysis on mineral formation reaction shows that, in Yanzhou coal co-generating Q-phase cement clinker, the most probably occurring is the direct synthesis reaction of 2CaO•Al2O3•SiO2, followed by 2CaO•SiO2 direct synthesis reaction and the Q-phase indirect synthesis reaction comes last according to chemical composition of clinkers.
Studies on Immobilization of Penicillin G Acylase to Epoxy Resin
Authors: Fan Chao , Li Ji Lie , Zhu Xiao Yuan , Li Nan , Wang Wei , Guo Lu , Luo Qian
Published: June 2012

The process conditions of immobilizing penicillin G acylase(PGA) by epoxy resin were studied. This experiment used the Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology(RSM) to optimize the conditions of immobilizing PGA by epoxy resin. The results showed the best process conditions were pH 8.1, temperature 29°C, carrier of epoxy resin 1g and reaction time 24 h. On these conditions, the activity of the immobilized enzyme was 365.76 U g-1, activity recovery rate was 62.82%. The characteristics of the immobilized PGA under optimal conditions had been measured and found that the optimum pH of immobilized enzyme was 9.0, the optimum temperature was 60°C. It has better continuous operation stability.
Study on the Fretting Wear Behavior and Mechanism of Nuclear Alloy 690 Tube
Authors: Mei Jin Na , Xue Fei , Wang Zhao Xi , Zhang Guo Dong , Huang Lei , Shu Guo Gang , Li Jin Shan , Fu Heng Zhi
Published: June 2012

The fretting wear behavior of Inconel 690 for steam generator tube in a nuclear power plant against Inconel 600 (Cr plating) for anti-vibration bar was investigated in a plain cylinder/plane contact configuration under ambient conditions. The fretting wear tests were conducted under various applied normal loads of 20-100 N, slip amplitudes of 20-100 μm and frequency of 2 Hz. Observation of worn surface and corresponding chemical composition analysis were performed to clarify the fretting wear mechanism. It is found that the friction coefficient value increases firstly and then tends to stabilize with decrease in normal loads and increase in slip amplitudes. In addition, the fretting regime is identified to be gross slip regime, indicating that the fretting damage mechanism of Inconel 690 tube against Inconel 600 (Cr plating) bar is wear. The corresponding fretting wear mechanisms are dominant by delamination wear, abrasive wear and friction oxidation.
Synthesis, Characterization and Luminescent Properties of a Rare Earth Complex Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2
Authors: Wang Ying , Ma Dong Yun , Jiang Zhao Hua , Zhang Yun Jie , Yuan Huan , Lv Yu Guang , Liu Hong , Zhu Yong Chang , Fang Wei
Published: June 2012

A complex of Eu(Ⅲ), HTTA and TPPO was synthesized in alcohol (HTTA= 2-Thenoyltrifluoroacetone and TPPO=Triphenyl phosphine oxide )and its corresponding single crystal was obtained. The complex was characterized by IR,UV, X-ray single crystal diffraction.The photoluminescent and electroluminescent properties of the complex were studied. The results showed that the spectra structure characterization is consistent with that of single-crystal diffraction. The complex exhibited ligand-sensitized red emission, and it has higher sensitized luminescent efficiency and good thermal stability.In device ITO/PVK/ Eu(TTA)3(TPPO)2/Al, Eu3+ may be excited by intramolecular energy transfer from ligand as observed by electroluminescence. The main emitting peak at 614 nm can be attributed to the europium of5D0→7F2of Eu3+ion and this process results in the enhancement of red emission from electroluminescence device. The present study may be important and helpful for the development of red color rare earth display applications.
The Maximum Solid Loading and Viscosity Estimation of Ultra-Fine ZnO-Al2O3 Mixed Powders Aqueous Suspensions
Authors: Sun Yi Hua , Li Chen Hui , Xiong Wei Hao , Feng Ping
Published: June 2012

The rheological behavior of sub-micron zinc oxide and alumina mixture powders aqueous suspension has been investigated over a wide range of volumetric solids loading (Ø = 0.2–0.55), in which polyacrylic acid (PAA) was used as a dispersant. The dependence of relative viscosity (ηr)–solids loading (Ø) determined experimentally was compared with models. The experimental results showed that the suspension apparent viscosity (η) reached a minimum as the dispersant addition reached 0.2 wt%, the viscosity increased with the solids loading and the rheological behavior of the suspension was content basically with the model proposed by Liu. From ηr–Ø relationship the maximum solid loading (Øm) was estimated to be 0.55, which was in accord with our experimental results.
The Study of Phosphate Film on Steel Surface with the Assistance of Cu[SC(NH2)2]32+ and Carboxyl Copolymer
Authors: Chen Ze Min , Lu Pin , Jia Yan
Published: June 2012

In our studied phosphating system we used the urea complex of copper (Cu[SC(NH2)2]32+) as the film promoter to instead of the nitrite and nitrate in traditional steel phosphating solution. We determined the changes of each component phosphate solution during specimen handling, and preliminary explorated the formation mechanism. Results showed that: compared to conventional zinc phosphating process the solution was stability, all the ferrous iron was formed the film, and FePO4 had not precipitated in the phosphating system; the phase of the phosphate film was formed by the small grain which was Fe2Zn(PO4)2•4H2O and Zn3(PO4)2•4H2O mixed in the proportional spherical crystals to instead of the Zn3(PO4)2•4H2O-based that was needle-like or leaf-shaped loose crystals.
Thermodynamic Analysis and Observation of Inclusions in 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel with Rare Earth Metals
Authors: Liu Xiao , Wang Long Mei
Published: June 2012

The effect of rare earth metals on modifying inclusions of 2205 duplex stainless steel was studied by metallographic examination, SEM and electron spectroscopy. Thermodynamic calculation was used to analyze the formation of RE inclusions in 2205 duplex stainless steel. According to the composition of 2205 duplex stainless steel liquid and thermodynamic data, it may calculate and predict the kinds of RE inclusions. And the result shows that aluminosilicate complex inclusion and sulfide inclusion can be entirely replaced by RE2O2S and RES that are spherical.
Biofuels from an Esterification of Sludge Palm Oil as an Alternative to Residual Oil
Authors: Mohamad Zahari , Wira Jazair Yahya
Published: June 2012

Fuel oil No. 4 to No.6 are collectively known as residual oil and widely known to be hazardous and release more emission than conventional diesel fuel. However, more concern has been given to find an alternative fuel for diesel with extensive research in biodiesel from various resources for more than a decade. On the other hand, only small intention had been shown towards residual oil though everyone knows it is more harmful. Current production cost of any biofuels is much superior that made residual oil to be a fuel of choice especially for heavy machineries. This research aims to reduce the production cost of biofuels by utilizing Sludge Palm Oil (SPO) as its feedstock. SPO is a waste of any palm oil mill and has been overlooked by many for a long time. The idea is to convert only the FFA part of SPO and let the triglyceride portion as it is. Though it might be not suitable for conventional diesel engine, it should not create many problems with heavy machineries engine which run on more viscous residual oil.
Experiment Study on Interchangeability of Multi-Source Natural Gas for Domestic Appliance
Authors: Chen Zhi Guang , Qin Chao Kui , Zhang Yang Jun , Tian Chun Yan
Published: June 2012

With the growing importation of liquefied natural gas (LNG), the interchangeabilities issues of pipeline natural gas (PNG) and LNG are becoming increasingly serious in China. In this paper, some sampled domestic appliances were selected to experimentally investigate the interchangeability of multi-source natural gases including PNG and LNG in Guangdong province. Performances including heat Load, thermal efficiency, CO emission and NOx emission were examined. Through the testing result it can conclude that the heat load of domestic appliances changes consistently with Wobbe Index of gases; well-adjusted domestic appliances can interchange within the different source gases and without materially increasing in CO and NOx emissions, but the efficiency of gas appliance will be largely affected.
Low-Temperature Synthesis of Visible Light Driven TiO2 Microcrystal
Authors: Liu Si Man , He Deng Liang
Published: June 2012

The TiO2 microcrystal was prepared under low temperature using tetrabutyl titanate as raw material. The TiO2 catalyst was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FITR, and PL. At the same time, the degradation performance of TiO2 microcrystal on methyl orange was studied in ordinary sunlight conditions. The experiments show that TiO2 microcrystal at 85°C with 50 mL nitric acid as a crystal control agent can be obtained. Meanwhile, the light absorption of catalyst can be extended to the visible light; the methyl orange can be degraded within 100 min under visible radiation.
Morphology and Proton Conductivity of Composite Membranes Based on PWA and PPEK
Authors: Deng Hui Ning , Gao Li Ya , Chen Jia Yuan , Wang Jun
Published: June 2012

A series of HPA-containing Poly(phthalazinone ether ketone) (PPEK) membranes was prepared and their microstructure and conductivities were studied in this work. The results showed the composite membrane had no proton conducting ability with PWA content less than 75%, while the conductivity for the PWA/(PEEK-PVP) membranes with 35% of PWA was higher than 4×10-4 S/cm. Proton conductivities up to 4.86×10-3 S/cm have been measured at temperatures up to at 140°Cand 100% RH for PWA/(PEEK-PVP) membranes with 35% of PWA and 70% PVP. The relationship of conductivity and the morphology of the PPEK/PWA membranes showed that the PWA particle dispersion is the key parameters.
Overlaying Weld Cracks of Pinch Roller and its Formation Mechanism
Authors: Wang Qing Bao , Li Zhuo Xin , Shi Yao Wu , Li Guo Dong , Wang Hui
Published: June 2012

Overlaying pinch roller has higher surface hardness. If the overlaying technology is improper, small circumferential cracks may occur on the welded surface and even peel off. From failure analysis, it is indicated that the contents of C, S, and O were higher around the cracking area in the deposited metal. Optical microscopic observation shows that some cracks grew along the direction of columnar crystals and residual austenite. Due to high content of inclusions and austenite in the deposited material and poor plasticity of the deposited metal, small cracks are easy to be found at the defect such as blue flecks. In addition, a large number of cracks intersect on the deposite surface, resulting in large peeled area.
Preparation and Electrochemical Performances of Li4Ti5O12 as Anode Material
Authors: Gu Fang
Published: June 2012

Spinel Li4Ti5O12 was prepared by a solution method. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy. The electrochemical performance was investigated by initial charge-discharge at different rate. The results revealed that the crystallinity of Li4Ti5O12 was well, the Li4Ti5O12 prepared by solution method had a relatively smaller particle size and homogeneous morphology. It delivered a discharge capacity 178.59 mAh•g−1 for the Li4Ti5O12 at the 0.2C discharge to 1V. The reversible capacity 141.98mAh•g−1 could be achieved at the 5C . Li4Ti5O12 prepared by a solution method showed good rate performance.
The Investigation of Plating Technologies for Front Fingers of c-Si Solar Cells
Authors: Sun Shi Yang , Long Jian Ping , Zhang Bo
Published: June 2012

Besides silicon wafers, the metallization of solar cells is the most expensive process in the mass production of solar cells nowadays. Therefore, the development of cost-effective metallization technologies is very important for the reduction of manufacturing cost. In this article, we will introduce two novel approaches for the metallization of c-Si solar cells: (i) electroless plated Ni and electroplated Cu; (ii) photoplated Ni and Cu. It is believed that high efficiency and low cost solar cells can be fabricated taking advantages of the improved metallization methods.
Stability Determination of Nanofluid Suspension Based on Maxwell’s Electromagnetic Theory
Authors: Wang Ya Mei , Su Xin Jun , Mu Yan Fei , Guo Xian Min , Yan Lei
Published: June 2012

Based on Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory of the relationship between particle mass fraction and conductivity in suspension, this paper presents a method to determine the stability of nanofluid, and validates it by experiment. In the experiment, nanofluid consisting of deionized water and CuO nanoparticles is made by ultrasonic vibration. Relationship is obtained between mass fraction and conductivity by measuring conductivity. It studies the effects of temperature on the conductivity in the experiment. The result shows that: conductivity increases with the increasing of mass fraction, temperature almostly has no effect on conductivity.