bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EO characteristics for a photoaligned VA‐1/4 π cell on a photopolymer layer
Authors: Hwang Jeoung‐Yeon , Jeon Yong‐Je , Jo Yong‐Min , Seo Dae‐Shik
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The generation of a liquid‐crystal (LC) tilt angle on a copolymer with chalconyl and cholesteryl moiety characteristics was performed, and the electro‐optical (EO) performance of the photoaligned vertical‐alignment (VA) 1/4 π cell by polarized UV exposure on a homeotropic photopolymer surfaces was studied. The LC tilt angles decreased as UV exposure time increased on the copolymer surfaces. A tilt angle of 87° in NLC was observed with an UV exposure of 3 min on the photoalignment‐2 surface. The LC tilt angle is attributed to increased chalcone moiety with increasing UV exposure time. Excellent voltage‐transmittance (V‐T) curves of the photoaligned VA 1/4 π cell by polarized UV exposure on the photopolymer surface for 3 min containing a cholesteryl moiety of 8% were obtained. The V‐T and response‐time characteristics can be improved by the presence of a cholesteryl moiety in the photopolymer.
Effect of buffered hydrofluoric acid etching on LCD glass substrates
Authors: Totsuka Hirono , Sato Isao , Yamamoto Hideki , Anma Motoya
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Buffered hydrofluoric (BHF) acid was used in a TFT manufacturing process as a typical wet chemical agent. Hazing of an LCD glass substrate surface was sometimes observed after BHF chemical treatment during manufacturing. The haze consists of many micro‐sized hillocks on the substrate surface. This paper describes the formation and suppression mechanism of a typical LCD glass substrate made of Corning code 1737 glass. The hillocks were observed on an etched glass surface when NH4F was added with HF as the buffered solution. Among the reaction products, ammonium‐based crystals were partially soluble in the etching solution. These ammonium‐based crystals were formed during BHF etching by masking an area of glass surface until the crystals were dissolved in the etching solution. In addition, hillocks composed of glass substrate material were detected on the masked area. The hillock density contour as the function of HF and NH4F concentration was drawn for an etching rate of from about 0.03 to 0.13 μm/min. Hazing was effectively suppressed by dilution or agitation of BHF.
A proposal for the modification of s‐CIELAB
Authors: Kanazawa Masaru , Hamada Kouichi , Okano Fumio
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

The s‐CIELAB is a powerful tool in evaluating color reproduction errors in images. However, the formula is not yet completed, and a few refinements to the formula will enhance the accuracy of this tool. From a simple simulation, a black‐and‐white pattern causes unexpected false color components when using the s‐CIELAB formula. We show how these false color components are obtained with this formula. The main reason is a combination of components from different lowpass filters (LPFs). We show a method that improves this situation by introducing new psychological values and propose a modification to the formula employed by s‐CIELAB. The new formula is compatible with the psychological values L*u*v*, and a simulation with general images shows that the new method does not cause any false color components.
Psychophysical generation of matching images for cross‐media color reproduction
Authors: Braun Karen M. , Fairchild Mark D.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— A technique was developed and tested for generating CRT pictorial image reproductions that match the color appearance of print originals. Five observers, experienced in using Adobe Photoshop™ to adjust images, matched two scenes using a memory‐matching technique. Observers were able to produce accurate matches when originals and reproductions were viewed at the same white point. Observers then matched the reproductions at 6500 K to originals viewed at 9300 and 3000 K. These matches were compared to the predictions of various color‐appearance models, using a paired‐comparison technique in a psychophysical experiment using different observers. The observer‐matched images were found to be equal or superior to matches produced using any of the models.
Comb‐on‐plane switching electrodes for liquid‐crystal displays
Authors: Meng Zhiguo , Kwok Hoi S. , Wong Man
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Although the common twisted‐nematic liquid‐crystal displays (TN‐LCD) has excellent contrast and low color dispersion, it suffers from small viewing angle when driven into the homeotropic state. Among the many techniques proposed, in‐plane switching (IPS) has been quite effective in improving viewing angle. However, there may be difficulty in adopting conventional IPS to higher‐definition displays because it suffers from limited storage capacitance and reduced transmittance. A new comb‐on‐plane switching (COPS) electrode design is proposed. Compared to conventional IPS, COPS allows for lower switching voltage and offers advantages including naturally scalable storage capacitance, wide viewing angle with TN‐like high transmittance, and low color dispersion.
Direct observations of vacuum ultraviolet rays for surface‐discharge ac plasma displays by using an ultra‐high‐speed electronic camera
Authors: Sawa M. , Uchiike H. , Yoshida K.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) rays emitted from Xe during the operation of surface‐discharge ac plasma‐display panels (PDPs) were observed directly by using a recently developed ultra‐high‐speed electronic camera. It is confirmed that 147‐ and 173‐nm VUV rays are emitted from both the cathode and the anode simultaneously. The direct observation shows that the emitting area for 147‐ and 173‐nm emissions above the cathode and the anode extends outward from the edge of the gap. These emission extensions are considered to be caused by a lowering of the electric field above the area due to the accumulation of wall charges. The intensity of the 147‐ and 173‐nm emissions above the anode decays faster than those above the cathode. It is clarified that the difference in the decay characteristics of VUV rays above the cathode and the anode is caused by the difference in the wall‐charge‐accumulation rates above the cathode and the anode. The major reactions concerning the generation of Xe(1s4), a xenon resonant state, which is related to 147‐nm emission, and that of Xe2Y*, a xenon molecule state, which is related to 173‐nm emission, are discussed.
Computer‐aided design of electron guns and deflection yokes: A review (Part 2)
Authors: Alig R. Casanova , Fields John R.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Computer‐aided‐design (CAD) is now used in many engineering disciplines. CAD in electron optics applied to the design of electron guns and yokes eases and enables new designs. It makes old designs better. The general performance of a design can be anticipated with confidence. Modern CAD techniques allow the designer to predict performance, carry out engineering tradeoffs, and evaluate the sensitivity of different designs to manufacturing tolerances, avoiding lengthy and costly prototypes. Advantages, examples, tools, and an illustration of CAD were presented in Part 1 in 1997 (see Vol. 5, No. 3). The fundamental concepts were also reviewed and the essential physical and mathematical relationships presented. In this Part 2, numerical calculation methods and important algorithms are summarized. These allow beam simulations, which yield spot profiles and raster patterns more easily and more accurately than engineering prototypes, thereby expediting design. Data analysis and display techniques are described together with hardware and software considerations.
Development of “Advanced TFT‐LCD” with good legibility under any ambient light intensity
Authors: Kubo Masumi , Ochi Takashi , Narutaki Yozo , Shinomiya Tokihiko , Ishii Yutaka
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

A new LCD referred to as an “Advanced TFT‐LCD” has been developed. It consists of both transmissive and reflective electrodes in every pixel. Its subjective legibility and characteristics, such as contrast ratio, color gamut, and luminance, have been investigated at several ambient illumination intensities. As a result, it was confirmed that Advanced TFT‐LCDs offer better legibility than transmissive LCDs under any ambient illumination intensity.
A silicon‐chip‐based light valve with reflective twisted‐nematic mode for high‐definition projectors
Authors: Hirota Shoichi , Tsumura Makoto , Nakagawa Hideki , Shibata Katsuhiko , Takemoto Iwao
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Crystalline‐silicon‐chip‐based reflective light valves are suitable for realizing high definition and bright liquid‐crystal projectors. We have developed an XGA (1025 × 769 pixels) silicon‐chip‐based light valve with a diagonal display area of 2.54 cm (1 in.). The reflective twisted‐nematic mode was examined by using the Jones matrix method as a display mode, and the normally white reflective twisted‐nematic mode was selected. This mode is suitable for a narrow cell gap, and a fast response time can be expected. In addition, the driving voltage of this mode is low and has good chromaticity with small retardation. The cell gap of the light valve is 2 μm. The cell gap support is made using spacer posts formed on the silicon chip with a photodefinable resin. The response time is 12 msec, including both rise and fall times. The contrast ratio is more than 1000 at 5 Vrms.
Thermal dimensional stability of glass substrates for poly‐Si TFT‐LCD application
Authors: Anma Motoya
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Thermal dimensional stability of Fusion‐drawn Corning Code 1737 glass was investigated at simulated thermal cycles for low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT fabrication. For low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT processes between 550 and 600°C, annealed Code 1737 is required to meet a typical thermal shrinkage requirement of less than 20 ppm. For super‐low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT processes between 400 and 450°C, Code 1737 meets the requirement in the unannealed state. Code 1737 glass having a high strain point of 666°C provides thermal capabilities as a substrate for low‐temperature poly‐Si TFT‐LCD applications.
An overview of product issues in wide‐viewing TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Lee Seung Hee , Hong Seung Ho , Kim Jin Mahn , Kim Hyang Yul , Lee Jung Yeal
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Several TFT‐LCD devices exhibiting high image quality have been developed and commercialized, overcoming the narrow viewing‐angle characteristics of conventional twisted‐nematic (TN) devices. Nevertheless, no single device dominates large‐sized TFT‐LCDs. In this paper, the product issues of existing LC devices related to manufacturing process and performance are discussed.
EL displays for automotive applications
Authors: Inuzuka Hajime , Yamauchi Takeshi , Hattori Yutaka , Katayama Masayuki , Itou Nobuei
Published: January 2005

Abstract— This paper presents an overview of the display requirements for automotive applications and introduces alternating‐current thin‐film electroluminesent (ACTFEL) displays for automobiles. An ACTFEL has advantages over other displays under sunlight and low temperature conditions. Several automotive applications for transparent and multicolor EL displays are introduced in this paper.
Methods for measuring performance of LCoS microdisplays
Authors: Wilson Michael D.
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Liquid‐crystal‐on‐silicon (LCoS) microdisplays have unique measurement requirements not shared by direct‐view flat‐panel displays. We developed a series of measurement techniques for measuring reflectance, contrast ratio, and uniformity of LCoS microdisplays. Reflectance is determined by comparing light reflected off of the microdisplay in its “white” state with that reflected off of a calibrated mirror. Several corrections are applied to take into account polarization differences between the reference measurement and display measurement. Contrast ratio is determined by measuring display reflectance in the “white” and “black” states. Reflectance and contrast data can be reduced to scalar values once the spectral content of the intended illumination source is defined. There are several methods for measuring uniformity of contrast and reflectance. An approach that we have developed closely follows the sampled uniformity measurements outlined by VESA for direct‐view displays (Ref. 1).
DLP Cinema™ projection: A hybrid frame‐rate technique for flicker‐free performance
Authors: Hewlett Gregory , Pettitt Gregory
Published: January 2005

Abstract— Film is recorded at 24 Hz, which is sufficient to achieve the effect of motion but is well within the flicker sensitivity of the human‐visual system (HVS) and thus would result in severe flicker. To avoid this, film projectors project at twice this rate, using a 48‐Hz screen refresh rate. While this greatly mitigates flicker, projected film images still exhibit considerable flicker in bright scenes. DLP Cinema™ projection technology allows us to display images at any frame rate, and in practice we have been able to match the 48‐Hz refresh rate of film projectors. This paper describes a technique by which we take advantage of the fact that the HVS temporal sensitivity curve shows more sensitivity with bright content but much less sensitivity as content dims. This is done using the control versatility of the Digital Micromirror Device™ (DMD™), which allows independent control of every bit. The result is an overall image signal that is beyond the HVS temporal sensitivity curve, resulting in the complete removal of any visible flicker. This technique gives DLP Cinema™ projection its characteristic “solid” and “stable” appearance that standard film projection does not provide.
Application of re‐crystallized metal‐induced unilaterally crystallized polycrystalline‐silicon thin‐film‐transistor technology to reflective liquid‐crystaldisplay
Authors: Meng Zhiguo , Li Cathy , Kwok Hoi S. , Wong Man
Published: January 2005

Abstract—

Single‐polarizer reflective twisted‐nematic (RTN) liquid‐crystal modes offer larger viewing angles, higher contrast ratios and lower power dissipation compared to regular double‐polarizer transmissive‐ reflective liquid‐crystal implementations. The application of re‐crystallized metal‐induced unilaterally crystallized polycrystalline‐silicon thin‐film‐transistor (TFT) technology to realize active matrices and peripheral circuit components for hand‐held direct‐view RTN‐mode video displays is reported.
L‐8: Late‐News Paper: Highly Efficient Solution‐Processible Dendrimer LEDs
Authors: Markham J. P. J. , Anthopoulos T. , Magennis S. W. , Samuel I. D. W. , Male N. H. , Salata O. , Lo S.‐C. , Burn P. L.
Published: January 2005

The recent progress in the development of organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) has opened many avenues for the production of large area, full colour, flexible displays that are cheap to manufacture. Currently most research has focussed on two main classes of materials ‐ small organic molecules and conjugated polymers. An alternative approach is to use conjugated dendrimers. We show that conjugated dendrimers are a promising new class of solution‐processible materials for highly efficient organic LEDs.
9.3: MgxBa1−xAl2S4: Eu Blue Phosphor in Thick Dielectric EL
Authors: Cheong Dan , Nakua Abdul , Del Bel Belluz Paul
Published: January 2005

A high luminance inorganic electroluminescent (iEL) blue phosphor, europium doped MgxBa1−xAl2S4, has been developed on iFire substrates using dual source electron beam evaporation. The color performance is L60 >200 cd/m2 with CIE x, y‐coordinates 0.135 and 0.105, respectively, using a 120Hz bipolar pulsed square wave form. Partial substitution of magnesium for barium lowers the annealing temperature of BaAl2S4 phosphor for crystallization, which is an important parameter for fabricating large size inorganic EL devices for such applications as large screen television.
37.1: Flexible Organic Light Emitting Devices Using Conductive Polymeric Anodes
Authors: Kim W. H. , Kafafi Z. H.
Published: January 2005

Organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) have been fabricated on various flexible substrates using conducting polymers as anodes. In this paper we report on the performance of OLEDs using films of highly conductive Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) anodes without an indium tin oxide under‐layer. The conducting polymer anodes are formed using a simple patterning method.
38.1: Study of Ion Beam Alignment of Liquid Crystals on Polymer Substrates
Authors: West John L. , Su Linli , Artyushkova Kateryna , Farrar Jabari , Fulghum Julia E. , Reznikov Yuri
Published: January 2005

Various polymer substrates, including polyimide and polystyrene were bombarded with Ar+ ion beam in high vacuum at an oblique angle. The alignment direction of liquid crystal 5CB on these polymer substrates is always parallel to the ion beam propagation direction regardless of the type of polymer used. The alignment mechanism is studied using surface sensitive techniques such as Polarized Infrared Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy (ATR), and X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. We propose that selective destruction of the weakest bonds (π bonds) in the polymer by the Ar+ ion beam results in a net excess of the remaining π bonds that align liquid crystals parallel to the ion beam propagation direction.
38.3: Fast Responce and High Gray Levels Stability of Grid‐Aligned Multi‐Domain (GAMD) VA Mode
Authors: Konovalov V. A. , Muravski A. A. , Timofeev S. N. , Pelzl J.
Published: January 2005

Electro‐optic properties of GAMD (grid aligned multi‐domain) textures in homeotropically aligned nematic liquid crystal displays have been studied as a function of grid parameters. It is experimentally verified that with higher height and smaller pitch of grid more stable multi‐domain structure can be reached. Both computations and experimental results are presented.
40.2: A Mercury‐free Backlight with Xe‐CFLs for Car‐navigation Display
Authors: Noguchi Hidehiko , Yano Hidetoshi , Tsuchiya Ryuji , Nakamura Hirozumi
Published: January 2005

A mercury‐free backlight in which Xe‐type small diameter CFLs are installed, has been developed. Backlight dimension is wide 7 inches and 10 mm in thickness. The luminance of this backlight is 6,000 cd/m2, light output stability time is wthin 1 second, and dimming capabililty is from 100% to 1% over the wide temperature range. Therefore, it is suitable for a car‐navigation display.
40.3: Mercury Free Excimer Lamp for Automotive and Office Automation
Authors: Doell G. , Rink J.
Published: January 2005

In order to meet the demand for an instant and temperature independent light source the tubular mercury free excimer lamp LINEX® was developed. Further characteristics are the OSRAM proprietary pulsed operation for enhanced efficiency [1] and internal high voltage electrodes [2] for improved safety. Technical features of this novel light source will be presented. First applications are LCD backlighting and office automation.
42.4: Passive Matrix Displays Based on the New Red Emitting Dopant RedATDB
Authors: Hunze A. , Scheffel M. , Birnstock J. , Blässing J. , Kanitz A. , Rajoelson S. , Rogler W. , Wittmann G. , Hartmann H. , Winnacker A.
Published: January 2005

We present investigations on a new red emitting dye RedATDB. Doping small concentrations of RedATDB in an Alq3 host leads to red OLEDs (x=0.650, y=0.346) with good efficiency values (4.3 cd/A; 2.1 lm/W @ 100 cd/m2). To test our material for display applications, we produced monochrome red passive matrix displays (32 × 100 pixels). With appropriate display measurement equipment we investigate the pixel resolved electrical (I‐V) and optical (luminance) characteristics. Homogenous pixel performance data in terms of luminance and driving voltage has been observed.
10.2: Electro‐Optical Characteristics of the Gyricon Display
Authors: Pham T. , Sheridon N. , Sprague R.
Published: January 2005

The optical response of the Gyricon display to addressing voltages is discussed, with special emphasis on the image storage behavior.
44.4: Non‐destructive Measuring Device for Stress Profiles in CRT Panels
Authors: Pralle Jens
Published: January 2005

Schott has developed a stress‐measuring device based on the scattered light method. Automation of light analysis and software‐based calculation of stress values gives an accurate profile of the through wall stress in a CRT panel. The method is non‐destructive, only a nearly flat (spheres larger than 1 meter radius) surface is a prerequisite. In this paper, we describe the performance and restrictions of this stress‐measuring device for CRT panel glass. We show the advantages in comparison to other methods related to sampling time, measuring cycle time, repeatability of results. Possible applications in the glass‐ and tube‐makers process are discussed. Typical results are shown.
47.2: Hole Injection and Power Efficiency of Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Ultra‐Thin Inorganic Buffer Layer on Indium Tin Oxide
Authors: Qiu Chengfeng , Chen Haiying , Xie Zhiliang , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: January 2005

ITO capped with a variety of ultra‐thin metal layers such as platinum, manganese, nickel, gold, lead, magnesium, and non‐metal layer such as, carbon, gallium, silicon, has been used as hole‐injecting anode in organic light‐emitting diodes consisting of CuPc/TPD/Alq3. Enhancement in hole injection but not current nor power efficiencies have been obtained in devices with metal‐capped ITO, regardless of the work‐function of the metals. For devices with silicon‐capped anodes, improvements in hole injection, current and power efficiencies have been obtained.
48.4: Invited Paper: Fast Response OCB‐LCD for TV Applications
Authors: Kumagawa Katsuhiko , Takimoto Akio , Wakemoto Hirofumi
Published: January 2005

OCB‐LCD has fast response characteristics. In particular, the response time toward black state is less than 1 msec. It enables us to insert a black period between continuous two frames to make “pseudo‐impulse” response on LCD. Subjective evaluation is carried out to clarify the effect of the black period. Viewing angle characteristics are also investigated.
49.1: Development of Highly Rigid Shadow Mask for Color CRTs
Authors: Matsudate Noriharu , Nishizawa Masahiro
Published: January 2005

Claded steel plate is applied to make shadow mask rigid. It is confirmed that two layers Claded structure is not suitable for the shadow mask material because of bi‐metal action. The internal stress accumulation mechanism was discovered in three layers Claded structure and that improves the shadow mask rigidity by 60%.
49.2: Application of Anti‐Doming Coatings on CRT Shadow Masks by Electrophotography
Authors: Lenderink H. J. W. , Compen J. , Wieringa R. H. , Crommentuijn G.
Published: January 2005

The application of an anti‐doming coating onto the shadow mask of a CRT by electro‐photography is an elegant process. It can be applied for both iron and invar shadow masks in Cathode ray Display Tubes (CDT) and Cathode ray Picture Tubes (CPT).
49.3: New Temperature and Heat‐Process Compensation System for a Tension Type CRT
Authors: Ha Kuendong , Arimoto Nozomu , Bae Joon‐Soo
Published: January 2005

New concept of tension preservation and temperature compensating system is developed for a tension type CRT. Tension transfer plate (TTP) is used to store the tension energy of the mask during the heat‐process and the plate returns the stored energy back to the shadow mask to minimize the energy loss during the heat process. The plate also plays an important role in controlling temperature compensation of the mask in the normal operation condition, leaving possibilities for uni‐metal spring‐holder/ spring combination for the better performance under high‐low atmospheric temperature.
51.1: Projection Technology and the Emerging Home Theater Market
Authors: Dash Sweta
Published: January 2005

Projection displays comprise a multibillion‐dollar market, served by four distinct technologies. This market is driven by sales of high‐volume consumer products and high‐value business systems, with different technologies covering various application markets. The consumer market is dominated by rear‐CRT technology, especially in the large‐screen TV segment, but rear LCD, DLPT, and LCOS projection TVs are now emerging as competitors to rear CRT projectors. Front CRT projectors are mostly confined to the high‐end home theater market. While front LCD and the rapidly growing front DLP projectors dominate the business market, front LCOS projectors are obtaining a larger share of the market. Recent developments in projection technology are resulting in improvements in picture quality while enabling a reduction in prices, thus opening up new opportunities in the emerging consumer/home theater market. This paper discusses the trends involving projection technology in the emerging home theater market.
51.3: Invited Paper: Optical System Architectures for Rear Projection Screen
Authors: Ebina Kazuyoshi
Published: January 2005

A description of Toppan's Rear Projection Screen (FC‐Screen) used on image projection systems is presented. This screen is used mainly for rear projection‐type TV. The fundamental structure of FC‐Screen and the design optimization are described. A consequence of this concept is FC‐Screen with enhanced S/N, higher gain, among other properties.
51.4: Color‐Sequential LCoS Projector with a Rotating Drum
Authors: Brennesholtz Matthew S.
Published: January 2005

LCoS microdisplays provide poor efficiency when used with a conventional color wheel in projection systems. This paper will present a new design that replaces the color wheel with a rotating color drum. Throughput of the color drum projector is compared to a system using 3 scanning prisms and to a 3 panel system. System colorimetry and white point correction will be discussed.
54.1:Invited Paper:A Novel Cathode for CRTs based on Hopping Electron Transport
Authors: van der Vaart N. C. , van Gorkom G. G. P. , Hiddink M. G. H. , Niessen E. M. J. , Rademakers A. J. J. , Rosink J. J. W. M. , Winters R. , de Zwart S. T. , van der Poel W. A. J. A. , van der Wilk R.
Published: January 2005

The Hopping Electron Cathode (HEC) is a novel low‐drive electron source, which can be used in CRTs to reduce the cost of the set electronics and to improve the image quality. It is based on a self‐regulating secondary emission process enabling transport of electrons over insulating surfaces. The HEC utilizes this mechanism to compress electrons coming from a large conventional cathode into a small funnel structure of insulating material. The exit of the funnel serves as a high‐brightness electron source for a CRT and can be used to reduce the spot size.
54.4: The Analysis of the Eddy Currents in Electron Guns Using 3D Boundary Element Method
Authors: Jung Kwang Sig , Lee Jung Won , Ahn Ho Young , Lee Han Yong
Published: January 2005

A transient magnetic field of electron gun in color picture tube is analyzed using 3D boundary element method. The stray field generated by deflection yoke with saw type current induces the eddy current on the electron gun and affects the beam trajectory in the electron gun. This causes the convergence error on the screen. The boundary element analysis with deflection yoke can perform to minimize the effect of interference by attaining the optimal design of shield cup that is a component of electron gun.
13.1: An Intuitive Color Management Scheme for Digital Display Controllers
Authors: Nair Hari , Sakuntala N. , Rajanatha S. , Mallapur Hemant , Johary Arun
Published: January 2005

Conventional PC monitor display controls do not provide intuitive color adjustments and separate high quality gamma compensation suitable for embedded or full‐screen video data. Our color management architecture for a digital display controller provides familiar TV style hue, saturation and contrast control, local color mapping and separate high quality gamma compensation for embedded video.
4.4: Photonic Phosphor Crystals for Display Applications
Authors: Silver J. , Withnall R. , Martinez‐Rubio M. I. , Ireland T. G. , Fern G. R.
Published: January 2005

It is shown that photonic phosphor crystals potentially offer a number of opportunities for improving photoluminescent, electroluminescent and cathodoluminescent devices. The synthesis of 3‐dimensional photonic phosphor crystals is discussed and examples of T.E.M. micrographs and optical diffraction patterns are presented. The modification of the emission properties of these crystals due to their microstructure is discussed.
14.1: Invited Paper: Development of Digital Still Camera DiMAGE 7
Authors: Nakamura Kenji , Tanaka Katsuto
Published: January 2005

Minolta DiMAGE 7 is aimed to be a superior digital camera with super high image quality, high zoom, and ultra high speed comfortable operation, which can be directly compete against conventional SLR cameras. Minolta started DiMAGE 7 sales from June, 2001, which has 7× zoom lens and 5M pixel CCD, yet the weight is only 500 grams (only 1.1 pound).

DiMAGE 7 has achieved new photo‐shooting environment through the EVF, which maintains the natural feeling of a conventional SLR camera viewfinder and add various brand‐new features.
14.2: Integration of a Clear Capacitive Touch Screen with a 1/8‐VGA FSTN‐LCD to form and LCD‐based TouchPad
Authors: Leeper A. K.
Published: January 2005

Synaptics cPad™ is an LCD‐based TouchPad™ that provides PC notebook users with a secondary display for feedback and visual clues as well as superior touch interface and navigation. Utilizing Synaptics capacitive ClearPad™ touch screen technology, the cPad serves as both a navigation device for cursor control, and as a platform for interactive information display.
14.3: Photovoltaic Cell Integrated into a Reflective LCD
Authors: Li Zili , Desai P. , Voloschenko D. , Smith Matt
Published: January 2005

A vast majority of portable products on the market use reflective liquid crystal displays (RLCD). Taking advantage of this, we have developed Power View technology that integrates a photovoltaic (solar) panel into a RLCD. In this paper we will present principles and approaches of different displays/photovoltaic cell combinations. Both optical and electrical results on such displays will be presented. Unique requirements and solutions for such display systems in terms of both display and solar panel performances will be discussed. We will also discuss the synergy among display size, surface area, photovoltaic cell, and issues related to mobile applications. Use models that utilize this technology will be presented. Finally different Power View display prototypes fabricated in our laboratory will be demonstrated.
14.4: LCD Addressed Photo ‐ Printer System
Authors: Odoi Yuzo , Matsukawa Fumio , Nagata Hitoshi , Sumi Tadashi , Kondo Mitsushige
Published: January 2005

A Liquid crystal display addressed photo‐printer system that prints an image of the display directly on instant‐photo‐film is proposed. Two types of optical systems, a collimating backlight system and a 2‐dimensional microlens array system, are examined. A 200 ppi (4 lp/mm)liquid crystal display image can be printed by this novel optical system.
P‐1: Generic Design of Silicon Backplane for LCoS Microdisplays
Authors: Tan S. C. , Sun X. W.
Published: January 2005

A generic design for liquid‐crystal‐on‐silicon microdisplay features Vcom modulation for low voltage operation, Gamma correction and frame‐at‐a‐time refresh for high duty ratio color sequential application is presented. A sample QVGA LCoS microdisplay was designed with a 0.6μm CMOS process based on this generic design methodology.
P‐3: Panel Transmittance Analysis of PVA Mode and a Noble Pixel Design
Authors: Jun Sahng‐Ik , Park Woon‐Yong , Kim IL‐Gon , Lee Jung‐Young , Souk Jun‐Hyung
Published: January 2005

Vertical Alignment mode TFT‐LCD is divided into MVA mode through formation of protrusion, PVA mode that uses color filter ITO patterning and etc. Among these, R&D of PVA (Plus Viewing Angle) mode accomplished the practical Wide Viewing Angle through the several technical phases. The multi‐domain structure by the effect of fringe‐field and the application of biaxial compensation film are the examples. PVA mode has a characteristic of high transmittance compared other Wide Viewing Angle mode. However the recent requirements of diversification of a use and the requirements of improvement of a screen quality make the transmittance diminished by modification the cell parameter and etc. In the experimentation hereunder the structure of Gradual Y‐slit has accomplished over 10% of transmittance than the existing chevron pattern by applying this to T‐pattern. And the produced 17″SXGA T‐pattern panel shows the characteristics of 300 nits of brightness, 65% of color gamut, 600:1 contrast ratio and 25ms response time.
P‐6: A Design Robust Against Hot‐carrier Stress for Low‐temperature Poly‐Si TFT LCDs Fabricated using a 450°C Process
Authors: Shiba Takeo , Itoga Toshihiko , Toyota Yoshiaki , Ohkura Makoto , Miyazawa Toshio , Sakai Takeshi
Published: January 2005

Degradation phenomena of low‐temperature poly‐Si thin film transistors (TFTs) under direct current (DC) and dynamic stress were thoroughly investigated, and a robust design was developed for TFT LCDs fabricated on a 730×920‐mm glass substrate using a 450°C process. A system‐in display capability having a stress immunity was also demonstrated.
P‐8: Low Cost, Low Power, Electronic Displays for Retail Signs
Authors: Preas Bryan , Davis Helen
Published: January 2005

We have developed low cost, low power SmartPaper 1 displays for retail sign applications. Novel ways of decomposing and encoding images have been developed to permit high‐resolution images to be embedded in printed circuit artwork. As a result, display controllers can be implemented with very simple micro controllers and comparatively few display element drivers. We present three types signs that all achieve high cost savings by reducing the number of image drivers to match the needs of different retail applications.
P‐10: Visual Display Characterization Using Temporally Modulated Patterns
Authors: Miller Michael E. , Yang Jian
Published: January 2005

This paper discusses a method to characterize a display through visual assessment and a visual experiment that was conducted to validate this method. The temporal integration method discussed in this paper has many advantages over previously described spatial methods, which have employed spatially modulated patterns to characterize displays. Included among these advantages are improvements in usability and enhanced robustness to single errors in human judgment. The observer study demonstrates that the method provides a robust estimate of display gamma for both novice and experienced observers. This method may be applied to provide improved electronic display matching in e‐commerce applications, including online catalogs and online photofinishing.
P‐11: A New Image Quality Analysis Method by using the Fractal Dimension
Authors: Lee Don‐Gyou , Kim IL‐Ho , Song Ki‐Yon , Jeong Moon Cheol , Ann Byung Chul
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we propose a new analysis method to determine the image quality level. The method uses the fractal dimension algorithm with 2D luminance & chromaticity data. In this study, fractal dimension data mean the level of the test panel complexity. As the analysis result, it as distributed to 0.293 from 0.3652 in each test sample. Therefore, this analysis method can helps to find objective image quality level. We knew that the evaluation results from fractal dimension analysis were similar to those from subjective measurement result.
P‐12: The Effect of Character Size and Contrast on Performance in Pseudo‐text and Letter‐search Tasks
Authors: Mustonen Terhi , Törn Lars , Häkkinen Jukka
Published: January 2005

The purpose of the study was to compare pseudo‐text and letter‐search tasks in studying character sizes in different contrast conditions. Four character sizes (0.14, 0.16, 0.22, and 0.24 deg) and two contrast levels (CMichelsonequals;0.06 and CMichelsonequals;0.99) were used. According to the results, search performance improved with increasing character size and contrast in both tasks. Contrast had more effect on performance in the letter‐search task than in the pseudo‐text task. Consequently, the letter‐search method may be better for investigating small displays in bright lighting conditions, which usually cause low contrast in displays. However, the use of the pseudo‐text method is less time‐consuming because the results were less variable.
P‐13: Serifs Slow RSVP Reading at Very Small Sizes, but Don't Matter at Larger Sizes
Authors: Morris Robert A. , Aquilante Kathy , Yager Dean , Bigelow Charles
Published: January 2005

During Rapid Serial Visual Presentation, readers can read sans‐serif type about 20% faster at very small sizes. This advantage disappears at larger sizes. The study was done with fonts specially designed to control typeface parameters other than the serifs. The results suggest that rendering serifs at small sizes may be counterproductive.
P‐14: An Image Processing Model of Contrast Perception and Discrimination of the Human Visual System
Authors: Xing Jing
Published: January 2005

An multi‐layered image processing model of the primary visual system was built to simulate the center‐surround effect on apparent contrast perception and contrast discrimination at the suprathreshold level. The simulation revealed that the mechanisms for apparent contrast perception and contrast discrimination were instinctually different. We questioned the reliability of the perceptual image quality models that were based on the results of contrast discrimination experiments.
5.2: A Fully Flexible, Cholesteric LC Matrix Display
Authors: Slikkerveer Peter , Nisato Giovanni , Kooyman Nico , Cirkel Peter , Bouten Piet
Published: January 2005

Flexible cholesteric texture liquid crystal displays are demonstrated. The 4.2″ diagonal display can be bent over a 20‐mm radius of curvature, even during operation. The driving parameters and the cell‐gap homogeneity are comparable to those of glass based cells. Images with 16 gray levels are shown on the display.
P‐23: Energy Efficient Resonant Electroluminescent (EL) Display Driver
Authors: Cheng Chun Fai
Published: January 2005

An energy efficient sinusoidal drive circuit has been developed for full‐color passive matrix electroluminescent (EL) displays using a tuned L‐C resonant power inverter with proper timing control and synchronization. The circuit enables efficient recovery of capacitive energy from the display panels to substantially reduce power consumption and enables increased luminance. The design also facilitates low EMI emission and is cost effective for large size (25∼50”) EL displays.
P‐26: An Image Compression Scheme for Small Microprocessors
Authors: Klask Kenneth J.
Published: January 2005

Image compression is a compromise between efficiency and complexity. An image compression scheme is presented that is simple enough to decode in real time with the limited computing resources of an 8‐bit processor. The scheme also yields files that are small enough for efficient ROM storage.
P‐29: Erosion Calculation for Sputtering Cathodes
Authors: Lopp Andreas , Trube Jutta , Geisler Michael , Ruske Manfred , Claus Hartmut
Published: January 2005

Monte Carlo simulations were performed to examine the plasma in sputter magnetrons. The motion of electrons is traced by using realistic magnetic fields. Ionization of Ar due to collision with electrons is include in the model. The distribution of the ionization density is used to calculate the target erosion profile.
P‐99: Polyaniline as Hole Injection Layer for OLEDs and PLEDs
Authors: Werner B. , Posdorfer J. , Weßling B. , Becker H. , Heun S. , Vestweber H. , Hassenkam T.
Published: January 2005

Although polyaniline (PAni) has been proposed for use as a hole injection layer (HIL) in OLEDs and PLEDs very early, there is obviously no broader use of it on a (pre)commercial scale. Recent results will be presented showing that PAni can be efficiently used as HIL, and that it shows a more appropriate combination of properties, compared to the usually preferred PEDT. Commercially available water‐borne PAni dispersions show a particle size of about 35 nm, a lateral conductivity (when deposited and dried) of close to 10−6 S/cm, and in the final devices luminescence performance data are at least comparable with PEDT, usually up to 30% more efficient.
P‐101: Current Driving Pixel Circuities for Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diode Display
Authors: Lin Yen‐Chung , Shieh Han‐Ping D. , Yang Frank
Published: January 2005

A modified multi‐transistors pixel circuit for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting displays (AMOLED) was developed to improve the linearity of input and drain current in low‐brightness or low gray‐scale region by supplying an additional programmable bias voltage. This modified multi‐transistor pixel circuit is suitable for driving high efficient OLED as the drain current is getting smaller compared to the conventional OLED at the same brightness. The optimal values of the programmable bias voltage as well as the characteristics of the pixel circuit were investigated using Smart‐SPICE. The simulated data reveal that the deviation of drain current can be improved by supplying a low bias voltage to drive the TFT in low gray‐scale region. In addition, this multi‐transistor pixel circuit is also capable of compensating the non‐uniformity caused by the variations of low‐temperature poly‐silicon thin‐film transistor's (LTPS‐TFT) characteristics.
P‐102: Amorphous Silicon Thin‐Film Transistors‐based Active‐Matrix Organic Light‐Emitting Displays
Authors: Kim Joo‐Han , Kanicki Jerzy
Published: January 2005

In this paper, we describe hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin‐film transistor (TFT)‐based active‐matrix arrays for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting displays (AM‐OLEDs). The proposed pixel electrode circuits based on three a‐Si:H TFTs can supply a continuous output current for AM‐OLEDs. Each pixel circuit has compensation circuits that can adjust for the OLED and a‐Si:H TFTs electrical characteristics shifts.
P‐106: Numerical Analysis of Evaporated Film Thickness in Vacuum Deposition Process for Small Molecule OLED
Authors: Lee Choong‐Ho , Kim Sung‐Chul , Suh Dong‐Myong , Cheong Kyeong‐Beom
Published: January 2005

Numerical analysis has been performed to calculate optimum shape of shield plate for uniform film thickness distribution during vacuum deposition process. Local film thickness distribution considering shadow effect due to shadow mask has also been calculated. Developed numerical techniques can help to increase quality of light emitting by optimization of process condition.
P‐111: The Mechanical‐Optical Properties of Wire‐Grid Type Polarizer in Projection Display System
Authors: Ho G. H. , Chen C. H. , Fang Y. C. , Lin H. S. , Ou C. R. , Chen T. Y.
Published: January 2005

In order to eliminate the thermal issues of the polymer based polarizer and thermal induce birefringence of bulky PBS, the wire‐grid type polarizer is a promising optical component. However, as a part of the imaging optics, mechanical holding may affect the image qualities. In this article, two configurations for using wire‐grid polarization are introduced. The image defects including astigmatism and distortion due to improper mechanical holding are evaluated.
LP‐7: Late‐News Paper: A Simple LCOS Optical System
Authors: Ou C. R. , Chung S. C. , Chen Wisely , Her Ray , Chen C. H. , Fang Y. C. , Lin C. C. , Lin H. Y.
Published: January 2005

In this article we present a simple optical engine system that using the wired grid component to construct the LCOS engine. The performance of this optical engine (ITRIBOX) is suitable for the portable applications.
P‐36: A New Approach to Calculate the Dot Diameter Distribution of Light Guides for Back Lighting
Authors: van Duijneveldt Wido
Published: January 2005

Commercial ray tracing programs are less suitable for optimizing dot patterns of light guides for back lighting. In addition a new tool is developed which will speed up the design process considerably. The tool is a semi‐empirical macroscopic model of light propagating through the light guide.
P‐37: Optical Fiber scanning as a Microdisplay source for a Wearable Low Vision Aid
Authors: Seibel Eric J. , Frank Samuel S. , Fauver Mark , Crossman‐Bosworth Janet , Senour Jelena R. , Burstein Robert
Published: January 2005

Optical fibers are microfabricated and piezoelectrically vibrated to produce rectilinear scan patterns. By coupling a laser to the optical fiber and projecting the collimated light directly to the viewer's eye, the result is a proposed low‐cost, spectacle‐mounted, wearable low vision aid.
P‐38 Discharge Characteristics of External Electrode Fluorescent Lamps (EEFLs) for LCD Backlighting Application
Authors: Lee S. S. , Kim J. , Lim S.
Published: January 2005

The discharge characteristics of the external electrode fluorescent lamps (EEFL) depending on the widths of the external electrodes were evaluated and compared with that of the cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL). The conventional inverter was used for driving EEFL and CCFL. The luminance of the EEFL with 20mm of external electrode width and CCFL at 12V of inverter input voltage were 22,000 cd/m2 and 25,500 cd/m2, respectively. The luminance and efficiency of the EEFL is similar to that of CCFL or CEFL. The life time of EEFL is expected to be much longer than that of CCFL or CEFL so that the EEFL could be more useful as the lamps for LCD backlighting.
P‐46: Color Carbon Nanotube Field Emission Display
Authors: Ho Jia‐Chong , Chang Yu‐Yang , Liao Jane‐Hway , Cheng Hua‐Chi , Sheu Jyh‐Rong , Hsiao Ming‐Chun , Lee Chun‐Daw , Huang Shin‐Mao , Cho Ching‐Shiun , Huang Wen‐Kuei , Lin Wei‐Yi , Lee Cheng‐Chung
Published: January 2005

A 10‐inch, 240 ×320 pixels, triode structure color carbon nanotube field emission display (CNT‐FED) was fabricated after screen printing, photolithography and vacuum sealing process. The new normal on driving method was applied in triode CNT‐FED, and the resolution was improved better than normal off FED.
P‐50: Cathodoluminescence in Powder Layers Compared to Y2O3: Eu Solid Thin Films
Authors: Silver J. , Wilstead N. , Nicholas D. M. , Vecht A.
Published: January 2005

It is shown that the luminance in Y2O3: Eu powder layer is proportional to the power of the electron beam. This is different to our findings in thin films. Particularly there is no measurable earth current in the spherical phosphor particle screens.
P‐55: Formation of Barrier Ribs for PDP by Sandblasting of Green Tapes
Authors: Kim Yong‐Ho , Lee Hyun‐Woo , Kim Yong‐Seog , Lee Kwang‐Woo
Published: January 2005

In this study, an attempt was made to manufacture the barrier ribs of PDP by sandblasting the green tape laminated on glass substrate. The effects of processing parameters, which include pre‐baking temperature and time, binder content, and sandblasting angle, on the sandblasting etching rate of the green tape were investigated. The results indicated that the predominant factor affecting the etching rate is the pre‐firing temperature and a optimum shape of the ribs could be realized by combining the processing parameters. The sandblasting angle was found to influence the etching behavior during the sandblasting and the decrease in the angle transformed the etching mechanism from brittle fracture to wearing. The transformation affected the surface roughness of the etched surface by sandblasting significantly
P‐56: Development of In‐line Sealing Method for Plasma Display Panel
Authors: Lee Duck‐Jung , Lee Yun‐Hi , Ju Byeong‐Kwon , Moon Gwon‐Jin , Kim Jun‐Dong , Oh Myung‐Hwan , Jang Jin
Published: January 2005

In this work, we have improved vacuum in‐line sealing technologies for plasma display panel using the direct joint method, which need not the exhausting hole and tube. We used the glass frit and organic binder to packaging materials. Both materials were performed the sintering process before packaging to reduce out‐gassing. The 4inch AC‐PDPs were packaged in He‐Ne(27%)‐Xe(3%) ambient and emitted. And the operation properties of the packaged panel were investigated. These methods provide the simple and short time process owing to the increased conductance.