bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute toxicity of cadmium, lead, zinc, and their mixtures to stream-resident fish and invertebrates
Authors: Mebane Christopher A. , Dillon Frank S. , Hennessy Daniel P.
Published: April 2012

The authors conducted 150 tests of the acute toxicity of resident fish and invertebrates to Cd, Pb, and Zn, separately and in mixtures, in waters from the South Fork Coeur d'Alene River watershed, Idaho, USA. Field-collected shorthead sculpin (Cottus confusus), westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi), two mayflies (Baetis tricaudatus and Rhithrogena sp.), a stonefly (Sweltsa sp.), a caddisfly (Arctopsyche sp.), a snail (Gyraulus sp.), and hatchery rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were tested with all three metals. With Pb, the mayflies (Drunella sp., Epeorus sp., and Leptophlebiidae), a Simuliidae black fly, a Chironomidae midge, a Tipula sp. crane fly, a Dytiscidae beetle, and another snail (Physa sp.), were also tested. Adult westslope cutthroat trout were captured to establish a broodstock to provide fry of known ages for testing. With Cd, the range of 96-h median effect concentrations (EC50s) was 0.4 to >5,329 µg/L, and the relative resistances of taxa were westslope cutthroat trout ≈ rainbow trout ≈ sculpin << other taxa; with Pb, EC50s ranged from 47 to 3,323 µg/L, with westslope cutthroat trout < rainbow trout < other taxa; and with Zn, EC50s ranged from 21 to 3,704 µg/L, with rainbow trout < westslope cutthroat trout ≈ sculpin << other taxa. With swim-up trout fry, a pattern of decreasing resistance with increasing fish size was observed. In metal mixtures, the toxicities of the three metals were less than additive on a concentration-addition basis. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1334–1348. © 2012 SETAC
Hexabromocyclododecane in consumer fish from South China: Implications for human exposure via dietary intake
Authors: Meng Xiang-Zhou , Xiang Nan , Duan Yan-Ping , Chen Ling , Zeng Eddy Y.
Published: April 2012

Levels of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were determined in 12 consumer fish species from South China. The concentrations of the sum of HBCD diastereoisomers (ΣHBCD) ranged from nondetectable to 194 pg/g wet weight, with a detectable frequency of 70%. This was at the low end of the concentration range globally observed. Carnivorous fish species contained higher HBCD concentrations than herbivorous and detritivorous ones, suggesting the potential for biomagnification of HBCDs via the trophic chain. Moreover, ΣHBCD concentrations were higher in both freshwater and seawater farmed fish than in wild marine fish, indicating that human activities were probably an important input source of HBCD in aquaculture. Among the three diastereoisomers, α-HBCD dominated in most samples, with a mean relative abundance of 70%. In agreement with previous studies, a difference in the diastereomer patterns was observed from commercial products and several environmental media to biota samples. For farm-raised snubnose pompano, the concentrations of ΣHBCD were moderately linearly correlated with lipid contents but were not significantly correlated with fish body lengths and weights. In the worst-case exposure, the mean estimated daily intake of ΣHBCD via fish consumption for residents of South China ranged from 13 to 16 pg/kg body weight/d for various age groups, much lower than its lowest observed adverse effect level derived from a two-generation reproductive toxicity study on rats. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1424–1430. © 2012 SETAC
Mixture toxicity of wood preservative products in the fish embryo toxicity test
Authors: Coors Anja , Dobrick Jan , Möder Monika , Kehrer Anja
Published: April 2012

Wood preservative products are used globally to protect wood from fungal decay and insects. We investigated the aquatic toxicity of five commercial wood preservative products, the biocidal active substances and some formulation additives contained therein, as well as six generic binary mixtures of the active substances in the fish embryo toxicity test (FET). Median lethal concentrations (LC50) of the single substances, the mixtures, and the products were estimated from concentration–response curves and corrected for concentrations measured in the test medium. The comparison of the experimentally observed mixture toxicity with the toxicity predicted by the concept of concentration addition (CA) showed less than twofold deviation for all binary mixtures of the active substances and for three of the biocidal products. A more than 60-fold underestimation of the toxicity of the fourth product by the CA prediction was detected and could be explained fully by the toxicity of one formulation additive, which had been labeled as a hazardous substance. The reason for the 4.6-fold underestimation of toxicity of the fifth product could not be explained unambiguously. Overall, the FET was found to be a suitable screening tool to verify whether the toxicity of formulated wood preservatives can reliably be predicted by CA. Applied as a quick and simple nonanimal screening test, the FET may support approaches of applying component-based mixture toxicity predictions within the environmental risk assessment of biocidal products, which is required according to European regulations. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1239–1248. © 2012 SETAC
Runt‐related transcription factor 3 reverses epithelial–mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Tanaka Shigetomi , Shiraha Hidenori , Nakanishi Yutaka , Nishina Shin‐Ichi , Matsubara Minoru , Horiguchi Shigeru , Takaoka Nobuyuki , Iwamuro Masaya , Kataoka Junro , Kuwaki Kenji , Hagihara Hiroaki , Toshimori Junichi , Ohnishi Hideki , Takaki Akinobu , Nakamura Shinichiro , Nouso Kazuhiro , Yagi Takahito , Yamamoto Kazuhide
Published: April 2012

Loss or decreased expression of runt‐related transcription factor 3 (RUNX3), a tumor suppressor gene involved in gastric and other cancers, has been frequently observed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The objective of this study was to identify the regulatory mechanism of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) by RUNX3 in HCC. Human HCC cell lines, Hep3B, Huh7, HLF and SK‐Hep1, were divided into low‐ and high‐EMT lines, based on their expression of TWIST1 and SNAI2, and were used in this in vitro study. Ectopic RUNX3 expression had an anti‐EMT effect in low‐EMT HCC cell lines characterized by increased E‐cadherin expression and decreased N‐cadherin and vimentin expression. RUNX3 expression has previously been reported to reduce jagged‐1 (JAG1) expression; therefore, JAG1 ligand peptide was used to reinduce EMT in RUNX3‐expressing low‐EMT HCC cells. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed for RUNX3, E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin and TWIST1 in 33 human HCC tissues, also divided into low‐ and high‐EMT HCC, based on TWIST1 expression. E‐cadherin expression was correlated positively and N‐cadherin expression was correlated negatively with RUNX3 expression in low‐EMT HCC tissues. Correlations between EMT markers and RUNX3 mRNA expression were analyzed using Oncomine datasets. Similarly, mRNA expression of E‐cadherin was also significantly correlated with that of RUNX3 in low‐EMT HCC, while mRNA expression of JAG1 was negatively correlated with that of RUNX3. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which loss or decreased expression of RUNX3 induces EMT via induction of JAG1 expression in low‐EMT HCC.
Suppression of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with tumor progression
Authors: Hosui Atsushi , Klover Peter , Tatsumi Tomohide , Uemura Akio , Nagano Hiroaki , Doki Yuichiro , Mori Masaki , Hiramatsu Naoki , Kanto Tatsuya , Hennighausen Lothar , Hayashi Norio , Takehara Tetsuo
Published: April 2012

Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 1 plays a pivotal role in cell‐cycle and cell‐fate determination, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) also contributes tumor growth. Recently, interferon (IFN) α has been reported to be effective for prevention of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) recurrence, but the detailed mechanisms remain elusive. In vitro, cobalt chloride–treated VEGF induction and hypoxia responsive element (HRE) promoter activity were inhibited by IFNs and this abrogation was cancelled by introduction of small interfering RNA for STAT1. Immunoprecipitation/chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed STAT1 bound to hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α and dissociated HIF‐complex from HRE promoter lesion. In a xenograft model using Balb/c nude mice, tumor growth was suppressed by IFNα through inhibition of VEGF expression and it was oppositely enhanced when STAT1‐deleted cells were injected. This augmentation was due to upregulation of VEGF and hyaluronan synthase 2. In human samples, 29 HCCs were resected, divided into two groups based on STAT1 activation in tumor and the clinical features were investigated. Patients with suppressed STAT1 activity had a shorter recurrence‐free survival. Histological and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analyses showed portal vein microinvasion and increased VEGF levels in tumors from suppressed STAT1 group. These human samples also showed a reverse correlation between VEGF and STAT1‐regulated genes expression. These results in vitro and in vivo suggested that IFNα are potential candidates for prevention of vessel invasion acting through inhibition of VEGF expression and need to be properly used when STAT1 expression is suppressed.
Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 regulates nerve growth factor‐promoted differentiation of PC12 cells in a nitric oxide‐dependent but asymmetric dimethylargenine‐independent manner
Authors: Wang Shan , Hu Chang‐Ping , Yuan Qiong , Zhang Wei‐Fang , Zhou Zhi , Nie Sheng‐Dan , Jiang Jun‐Lin , Li Yuan‐Jian
Published: April 2012

There are significant morphological and biochemical alterations during nerve growth factor (NGF)‐promoted neuronal differentiation, and the process is regulated by molecules, including nitric oxide (NO). Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) is thought to play a critical role in regulating NO production via hydrolyzing the endogenous NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA). Thus, we tested the role of DDAH in NGF‐promoted differentiation of PC12 (pheochromocytoma) cells. The present results show that both mRNA and protein levels of DDAH1 were increased, whereas those of DDAH2 were decreased, during NGF‐promoted cell differentiation. Both the DDAH activity and the ADMA level in cultured medium were unchanged in this process. NGF promoted neurite formation and induced the expression of microtubule‐associated protein 2 (MAP2), a neuronal marker, which were both significantly repressed by DDAH1 silence with small interfering RNA but not by DDAH2 silence. The expressions of three isoforms of NOS were markedly upregulated after NGF stimulation with a time course similar to that of DDAH1, which were attenuated by DDAH1 silence. Conversely, overexpression of DDAH1 accelerated neurite formation in PC12 cells, concomitantly with upregulating the expression of three NOS isoforms. In summary, our data reveal the critical regulatory effect of DDAH1 on NGF‐promoted differentiation of PC12 cells in an NOS/NO‐dependent but ADMA‐independent manner. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Micronized acellular dermal matrix as an efficient expansion substrate and delivery vehicle of adipose‐derived stem cells for vocal fold regeneration
Authors: Liang Qiang , Liu Shiyu , Han Peng , Li Xiaofeng , Li Xiaobing , Zhao Yu , Liang Yuanyuan , Deng Zhihong , Jin Yan
Published: April 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Cell therapy has been shown to prevent vocal fold scarring and atrophy. However, problems that include the expansion of large numbers of cells in vitro and the poor survival of transplanted cells in vivo must be solved. The aim of this study was to use micronized acellular dermal matrix (MADM) as an expansion substrate of rabbit allogeneic adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs) and to apply the combination of the matrix and cells, ADSC‐MADM, to vocal fold regeneration.

Study Design:

Animal experiment.

Methods:

The proliferation of ADSCs that were cultured on the MADM was evaluated using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthizazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxy‐phenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfonyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium, and a rabbit acute vocal fold injury model was established by laser injury. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups, which were injected with ADSC‐MADM, ADSCs, and MADM, respectively. Morphological analysis was performed by laryngoscope, and histological analyses were indicated by hematoxylin and eosin staining, van Gieson staining, and immunofluorescence. Additionally, the in vivo survival of the ADSCs was determined by CM‐Dil cell labeling.

Results:

When compared with a two‐dimensional culture, the MADM significantly promoted proliferation of ADSCs. Morphological and histological analyses indicated that, when compared to only using of MAMD or the nontreatment sample, the use of ADSC‐MADM or only using ADSCs successfully prevent scarring and atrophy. Moreover, ADSC‐MADM exhibited a better therapeutic effect than when only using ADSCs, which was probably due to the MADM significantly enhancing the survival of transplanted ADSCs.

Conclusions:

MADM could be used as an efficient expansion substrate and delivery vehicle for ADSCs in vocal fold regeneration. Laryngoscope, 2012
Thermal Properties and Degradation Behavior of Linear and Branched Poly(L‐lactide)s and Poly(L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide)s
Authors: Atkinson Jeffrey L. , Vyazovkin Sergey
Published: April 2012

Poly(lactide)s and poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide)s with different number of arms are synthesized from L‐lactide and glycolide monomers using stannous(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate and alcohols containing 1, 2, 25, and 51 hydroxyl groups. 1‐dodecanol is used to produce the 1‐arm polymer, poly(ethylene glycol) for the 2‐arm polymer, and polyglycidols of appropriate molecular weight are used to initiate the 25‐ and 51‐arm branched polyesters. The polymers are characterized by 1H NMR and GPC. The thermal properties of the polymers are studied using DSC. Their degradation behavior is indestigated using a combination of thermogravimetry, FTIR spectroscopy, and isoconversional kinetic analysis.
Absence of changes in GABA concentrations with age and gender in the human anterior cingulate cortex: A MEGA‐PRESS study with symmetric editing pulse frequencies for macromolecule suppression
Authors: Aufhaus E. , Weber‐Fahr W. , Sack M. , Tunc‐Skarka N. , Oberthuer G. , Hoerst M. , Meyer‐Lindenberg A. , Boettcher U. , Ende G.
Published: April 2012

Despite MEGA‐PRESS being a robust method for editing the GABA resonance, there are macromolecule resonances at the same chemical shift that are coedited with this sequence. Although this is a known problem, it is still often overlooked. We aimed to evaluate the amount of macromolecule signal coedited, as well as the gender and age dependencies for the GABA resonance at 3.01 ppm using MEGA‐PRESS with two different editing pulse frequencies. Forty‐five healthy subjects (21–52 years) were included in an in vivo single voxel MEGA‐PRESS study at 3.0 T. Phantom measurements were conducted to measure the signal loss when switching the editing pulse between 1.5 and 1.9 ppm instead of the mostly used switching between 1.9 and 7.5 ppm. The in vivo GABA signal detected by switching the editing pulse frequencies between 1.5 and 1.9 ppm was only 50% of the mean GABA detected by switching the editing pulse frequencies between 1.9 and 7.5 ppm. No gender differences were detected. A small age dependency was observed for GABA plus macromolecules, but not for GABA, suggesting an age‐dependent macromolecule increase. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of the hard segment content on the mechanical and tribological properties of the polyurethane modified by hydroxyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane under different lubricated conditions
Authors: Wang Tingmei , Zhao Gai , Wang Qihua
Published: April 2012

Two kinds of polyurethane (PU) composites with different hard segment content modified by a high molecular weight hydroxyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (HTPDMS) were prepared. The effect of the hard segment content on the mechanical and tribological properties of the PU composites was studied. Tensile strength of the PU composites increased with the increasing of the hard segment content. The friction and wear experiments were tested on a MRH‐3 model ring‐on‐block test rig at different sliding speeds and loads under different lubricated conditions. Experimental results revealed that the coefficient of friction (COF) and the wear rate value of the PU composites decreased with increasing hard segment content and the COF of the PU composites under dry friction was higher than that under water and sea water lubrication. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigations showed that the worn surfaces of the PU under water and sea water lubrication were smoother than that under dry friction. Besides, the wear rate value of the PU composites under water and sea water lubrication was smaller than that under dry friction. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Reaction kinetics of nonideal hyperbranched polymerizations: Influences of chain rigidity and reaction reversibility
Authors: Wang Long , He Xuehao
Published: April 2012

To deeply understand the dependence of hyperbranched polymerization on the specialties of molecular chain and chemical reaction, the reaction kinetics of nonideal hyperbranched polymerizations considering the chain rigidity and reaction reversibility are studied using the reactive three‐dimensional bond fluctuation lattice model. It is found that, with the increase of chain rigidity, the formation probability of intramolecular rings decreases and less intramolecular rings with larger size are formed. It results in the increase of the degrees of polymerization and polydispersity index with the rise of chain rigidity at higher conversion. Furthermore, our simulation shows that the reversibility of reaction has strong influences on the equilibrium state and kinetic process of hyperbranched polymerizations. When the ratio of reverse reaction probability to forward reaction probability is larger, the conversion and degrees of polymerization quickly grow to the equilibrium value simultaneously. At smaller reverse reaction probability, however, the weigh‐average degree of polymerization and polydispersity index further increase slowly after approaching the equilibrium conversion. Our results are well‐consistent with the experiments to indicate that the introduction of the specialties of macromolecule and chemical reaction are necessary for quantitative analysis of the realistic hyperbranched polymerizations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Teflon hierarchical nanopillars with dry and wet adhesive properties
Authors: Izadi Hadi , Zhao Boxin , Han Yougun , McManus Neil , Penlidis Alexander
Published: April 2012

The superior material properties of β‐keratin along with the hierarchical high‐aspect‐ratio structure of geckos' foot pad have enabled geckos to stick readily and rapidly to almost any surfaces in both dry and wet conditions. In this research, nonsticky fluoropolymer (Teflon AF) resembling β‐keratin rigidity and having an extremely low surface energy and dielectric constant was applied to fabricate a novel dry adhesive consisting of high‐aspect‐ratio nanopillars terminated with a “fluffy” top layer. Both the nanopillars and the terminating layer are fabricated concurrently by replica molding using a nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide membrane as the mold. These Teflon AF hierarchical nanostructures are shown to have an exceptional capacity to generate strong adhesion in both dry conditions and under water because of combined actions of van der Waals forces, electrostatic attractions, and hydrophobic effects. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Data‐based mechanistic modelling of tidally affected river reaches for flood warning purposes: an example on the River Dee, UK
Authors: Smith P. J. , Beven K. J. , Horsburgh K.
Published: April 2012

This article discusses a coupled water level forecasting system constructed for the River Dee (UK) using parsimonious, physically interpretable, time series models. Tidal forecasts, provided by a simple harmonic model, and observed water levels at the upstream boundary are used to drive a nonlinear hydrological model which forecasts water levels at three gauged sites on the flood plain. The assimilation of observed data and use of the model for real‐time forecasting is presented. The results generated indicate that the forecasts of river water can be both timely and accurate except close to the tidal boundary where the the tide is affected by the weir at Chester. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Terrain classification and identification of tree stems using ground‐based LiDAR
Authors: McDaniel Matthew W. , Nishihata Takayuki , Brooks Christopher A. , Salesses Phil , Iagnemma Karl
Published: April 2012

To operate autonomously in forested terrain, unmanned ground vehicles must be able to identify the load‐bearing surface of the terrain (i.e., the ground) and obstacles in the environment. To travel long distances, they must be able to track their position even when the forest canopy obstructs GPS signals, e.g., by tracking progress relative to tree stems. This paper presents a novel, robust approach for modeling the ground plane and tree stems in forests from a single viewpoint using a lightweight LiDAR scanner. Ground plane identification is implemented using a two‐stage approach. The first stage, a local height‐based filter, discards most nonground points. The second stage, based on a support vector machine classifier, identifies which of the remaining points belong to the ground. Main tree stems are modeled as cylinders or cones to estimate the diameter 130 cm above the ground plane. To fit these models, candidate main stem data are selected by finding points approximately 130 cm above the ground. These points are clustered into separate point clouds for each stem. Cylinders and cones are fit to each point cloud, and heuristic filters identify which fits correspond to tree stems. Experimental results from five forested environments demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. For ground plane estimation, the overall classification accuracy was 86.28% with a mean error for the ground height of approximately 4.7 cm. For stem estimation, up to 50% of the main stems were accurately modeled using cones, with a root mean square diameter error of 13.2 cm.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tracking natural trails with swarm‐based visual saliency
Authors: Santana Pedro , Correia Luís , Mendonça Ricardo , Alves Nelson , Barata José
Published: April 2012

This paper proposes a model for trail detection and tracking that builds upon the observation that trails are salient structures in the robot's visual field. Due to the complexity of natural environments, the straightforward application of bottom‐up visual saliency models is not sufficiently robust to predict the location of trails. As for other detection tasks, robustness can be increased by modulating the saliency computation based on a priori knowledge about which pixel‐wise visual features are most representative of the object being sought. This paper proposes the use of the object's overall layout as the primary cue instead, as it is more stable and predictable in natural trails. Bearing in mind computational parsimony and detection robustness, this knowledge is specified in terms of perception‐action rules, which control the behavior of simple agents performing as a swarm to compute the saliency map of the input image. For the purpose of tracking, multiframe evidence about the trail location is obtained with a motion‐compensated dynamic neural field. In addition, to reduce ambiguity between the trail and trail‐like distractors, a simple appearance model is learned online and used to influence the agents' activity. Experimental results on a large data set reveal the ability of the model to produce a success rate on the order of 97% at 20 Hz. The model is shown to be robust in situations where previous models would fail, such as when the trail does not emerge from the lower part of the image or when it is considerably interrupted. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The emergence of dominant political party systems in unrecognized states
Authors: Ishiyama John , Batta Anna
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we address the question of why in some de facto states something like “dominant party” politics has emerged, whereas in others there at least appears some form of real political competition. We empirically assess some of the commonly cited factors that affect the character of politics within de facto states (the wealth of the entity, the militarization of society, the level of ethnic homogeneity, and political institutional features). Using Fuzzy-Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), a method developed specifically to deal with the “small N problem” in empirical inquiry, we apply this framework to 13 post-secessionist unrecognized states.
1400 years of extreme precipitation patterns over the Mediterranean French Alps and possible forcing mechanisms
Authors: Wilhelm Bruno , Arnaud Fabien , Sabatier Pierre , Crouzet Christian , Brisset Elodie , Chaumillon Eric , Disnar Jean-Robert , Guiter Frederic , Malet Emmanuel , Reyss Jean-Louis , Tachikawa Kazuyo , Bard Edouard , Delannoy Jean-Jacques
Published: April 2012

Investigation of Lake Allos sediments revealed ~ 160 graded layers, interpreted as flood deposits, over the last 1400 yr. Comparisons with records of historic floods support the interpretation of flood deposits and suggest that most recorded flood events are the result of intense meso-scale precipitation events. As there is no evidence for any major changes in erosion processes in the catchment since the Medieval Warm Period (MWP), we interpret the Allos record in terms of repeated intense precipitation events over the last millennium, with a low flood frequency during the MWP and more frequent and more intense events during the Little Ice Age. This interpretation is consistent with the pattern of increasingly humid conditions in the northwestern Mediterranean region. This long-term trend is superimposed on high frequency oscillations that correlate with solar activity and autumnal North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Finally, a comparison of flood records across the northwestern Mediterranean region showed that intense precipitation events in Allos (east of the Rhône Valley) were out of phase with events in the Cévennes (west of the Rhône) but in phase with events in eastern Spain. Supported by meteorological analyses, this suggests an oscillation in atmospheric circulation patterns over the northwestern Mediterranean.
Small Town Capitalism in Western India
Authors: Haynes Douglas E.
Published: April 2012

This book charts the history of artisan production and marketing in the Bombay Presidency from 1870 to 1960. While the textile mills of western India's biggest cities have been the subject of many rich studies, the role of artisan producers located in the region's small towns have been virtually ignored. Based upon extensive archival research as well as numerous interviews with participants in the handloom and powerloom industries, this book explores the role of weavers, merchants, consumers and laborers in the making of what the author calls 'small-town capitalism'. By focusing on the politics of negotiation and resistance in local workshops, the book challenges conventional narratives of industrial change. The book provides the first in-depth work on the origins of powerloom manufacture in South Asia. It affords unique insights into the social and economic experience of small-town artisans as well as the informal economy of late colonial and early post-independence India.
Discoveries in Egypt, Ethiopia and the Peninsula of Sinai
Authors: Lepsius Richard
Published: April 2012

Dr Carl Richard Lepsius (1810–1884) was a pioneering Prussian Egyptologist considered the founder of modern Egyptology. In 1842 he was commissioned by King Frederick Wilhelm IV to lead an expedition to Egypt and Sudan to explore and record ancient Egyptian remains. The expedition included artists, surveyors and other specialists and spent three years recording monuments in Egypt, modern Sudan and the Sinai. The expedition conducted the first scientific studies of the pyramids of Giza, Abusir, Saqqara and Dashur. First published in 1852, this volume is a translation of 40 reports in the form of letters written by Lepsius to King Frederick Wilhem IV during the expedition, and translated by Kenneth R. H Mackenzie. They provide descriptions of many ancient Egyptian monuments which have since been lost or destroyed, and provide an engaging and frank account of the difficulties of supervising an archaeological expedition in Egypt at that time.
The Works of John Ruskin
Authors: Ruskin John
Published: April 2012

The influence of John Ruskin (1819–1900), both on his own time and on artistic and social developments in the twentieth century, cannot be over-stated. He changed Victorian perceptions of art, and was the main influence behind 'Gothic revival' architecture. As a social critic, he argued for the improvement of the condition of the poor, and against the increasing mechanisation of work in factories, which he believed was dull and soul-destroying. The thirty-nine volumes of the Library Edition of his works, published between 1903 and 1912, are themselves a remarkable achievement, in which his books and essays - almost all highly illustrated - are given a biographical and critical context in extended introductory essays and in the 'Minor Ruskiniana' - extracts from letters, articles and reminiscences both by and about Ruskin. This thirteenth volume contains The Harbours of England and other writings on Turner.
Reminiscences of a Literary Life
Authors: Dibdin Thomas Frognall
Published: April 2012

First published in 1836, this lively two-volume autobiography of Thomas Frognall Dibdin (1776–1847) reveals the background and mindset of this fascinating character. Best-known for helping to stimulate interest in bibliography and for his enthusiasm in promoting book collecting among the aristocracy, the English bibliographer adopts a conversational and anecdotal tone as he shares the details of his life and work with the reader. Volume 2 begins with Dibdin's experiences at Althorp, describing how the rich library there was thrown open to him. He then continues his detailed discussion of his publications, and focuses on his life in London, before the final chapter turns to private libraries and their importance in his life. Drawing upon letters and literature throughout, Dibdin recounts many entertaining tales, including an unfortunate encounter with a 'savage-hearted critic' at a dinner party, and introduces the influential characters he meets along the way.
Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion
Authors: Harrison Jane Ellen
Published: April 2012

Jane Ellen Harrison (1850–1928) was a pioneer in the academic study of myth in its historical and archaeological context, and was also one of the first women to make a full-time career as an academic. In her introduction to this book (1903), making the point that 'Greek religion' was usually studied using the surviving literary retellings of myths and legends, she states: 'The first preliminary to any scientific understanding of Greek religion is a minute examination of its ritual'. Using the then emerging disciplines of anthropology and ethnology, she demonstrates that the specific mythological tales of the Greeks embody systems of belief or philosophy which are not unique to Greek civilisation but which are widespread among societies both 'primitive' and 'advanced'. Her work was enormously influential not only on subsequent scholars of Greek religion but in the wider fields of literature, anthropology and psychoanalysis.
Cyzicus
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: April 2012

F. W. Hasluck (1878–1920) was an English archaeologist interested in the history of Asia Minor. Based in the British School of Athens for much of his career, he was appointed Assistant Director of the School between 1911 and 1915. After assisting with a survey of the city of Cyzicus and its surrounding area between 1902 and 1906, he published this history of the city as part of the Cambridge Archaeological and Ethnological Series in 1910. By charting the processes affecting the city from ancient to contemporary times, Hasluck provides an overall interpretation of its transformation through time. This together with his consideration of the political, cultural and economic influence of the city, rather than its ancient administrative boundaries, pioneered a holistic approach to archaeological interpretation very similar to modern methods. This book is divided into four parts, focusing on the topography, history, religion and government of the city.
Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, Mythology, Religion, Literature and Art
Authors: Seyffert Oskar
Published: April 2012

Published in 1891, this revised edition of Oskar Seyffert's Dictionary provides comprehensive coverage of Greek and Roman antiquities, and extends its range to incorporate the areas of mythology and literature. From Abacus to Zosimus, over 2,500 articles cover topics including the lives and work of Greek and Roman philosophers, historians, orators, poets and artists, and related subjects including Greek and Roman religion, philosophy, rhetoric, literature, architecture, painting, sculpture, music and drama. A landmark publication in its time, it is still regarded as factually reliable, and although there have been considerable advances in the interpretation of the data it is valuable as a benchmark for the state of classical scholarship in the late nineteenth century. Enhanced by over 450 illustrations, the volume gives the Latin equivalent for every Greek word, and contains a thorough index.
The Archaeology of the Cambridge Region
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: April 2012

Sir Cyril Fox (1882–1967) was an archaeologist and later Director of the National Museum of Wales and President of the Museums Association. Having entered Magdalene College, Cambridge as a mature student, his first year dissertation was judged to be more suitable as a PhD thesis, which resulted in him progressing straight to his PhD. His doctoral thesis, reissued here, transformed archaeological thought when it was first published in 1923. In it Fox pioneered the geographical approach to analysing ancient settlement patterns, linking the expansion of human settlement in the Cambridge area from the Neolithic era to the Anglo-Saxon period with favourable environmental conditions. His thesis emphasised the importance of treating archaeological finds as clues to past human settlement instead of being the main focus for archaeological analysis. This approach became the methodological framework for later environmental and landscape archaeology.
Medieval English Nunneries
Authors: Power Eileen
Published: April 2012

Eileen Power, best known for her posthumously published Medieval Women, was one of the foremost scholars of medieval economic and social history in the first half of the twentieth century. This 1922 work is a substantial study of medieval English nunneries between 1275 and 1535. Power examines in depth who entered the convents, how they were organised, their finances, activities and problems. Although medieval nunneries were significantly poorer and less well documented than the monastic houses, Power uses the available sources to build up a multifaceted picture of medieval life. Her arguments are firmly rooted in documentary evidence, but are presented in an extremely accessible and engaging style. The book reveals that convent life was not particularly ascetic or learned, and that in poorer houses the nuns had to find additional sources of income. Power's account of their methods of coping makes fascinating reading.
Adversaria
Authors: Dobree Peter Paul
Published: April 2012

One of the most talented disciples of the illustrious comparative philologist Richard Porson, Peter Paul Dobree (1782–1825) is commemorated in this two-volume edition of Adversaria, consisting of his prolific notes on Greek and Latin literature, history, and philology. Dobree left an enduring impression upon English classical scholarship, despite his premature death shortly after accepting the Regius professorship of Greek at Cambridge. Edited by his successor at Cambridge, James Scholefield, the Adversaria attest to Dobree's scholarly probity and precision, offering insights into a mind whose major achievements undoubtedly still lay ahead. Volume 2 (1833) includes Dobree's notes on Greek literature - including the works of Sophocles, Aeschylus, Euripides, and Aristophanes - as well as his comments on such major Latin writers as Cicero, Livy, Horace, and Juvenal. Dobree was honoured among 'the first rank of English textual scholars' for his accuracy, rigour, and literary sensitivity - qualities demonstrated in these volumes.
Godofredi Hermanni Opuscula
Authors: Hermann Gottfried
Published: April 2012

Gottfried Hermann's Opuscula (1827–1877) collects in eight volumes the shorter writings of this central figure of nineteenth-century classical philology. Best known for his work on Greek metrics and his editions of Aeschylus, Euripides and others, Hermann (1772–1848) drew on Kantian phenomenology as well as his own formidable understanding of ancient grammars to advance a compelling program of classical scholarship that took language itself as the primary witness to the distant past. Hermann's grammar-based scholarship drew criticism, but established him as foundational to modern philology. As Sihler wrote in 1933, 'He accepted nothing on mere authority, but investigated the causes and roots of every matter.' Volume 3 (1828) includes fragments of Euripides, essays on the works of Homer and Aeschylus, as well as letters to Ferdinand Steinacker and Gustav Seyffarth. This diverse collection provides fuller insight into the mind of this highly influential scholar.
Godofredi Hermanni Opuscula
Authors: Hermann Gottfried
Published: April 2012

Gottfried Hermann's Opuscula (1827–1877) collects in eight volumes the shorter writings of this central figure of nineteenth-century classical philology. Best known for his work on Greek metrics and his editions of Aeschylus, Euripides and others, Hermann (1772–1848) drew on Kantian phenomenology as well as his own formidable understanding of ancient grammars to advance a compelling program of classical scholarship that took language itself as the primary witness to the distant past. Hermann's grammar-based scholarship drew criticism, but established him as foundational to modern philology. As Sihler wrote in 1933, 'He accepted nothing on mere authority, but investigated the causes and roots of every matter.' Volume 5 (1834) includes essays on Aeschylus' Lycurgus and Myrmidons, Saint Paul's Letter to the Galatians, Greek epigrams, a letter to Franz Spitzner, reviews, orations and occasional verse. This diverse collection provides fuller insight into the mind of this highly influential scholar.
Godofredi Hermanni Opuscula
Authors: Hermann Gottfried
Published: April 2012

Gottfried Hermann's Opuscula (1827–1877) collects in eight volumes the shorter writings of this central figure of nineteenth-century classical philology. Best known for his work on Greek metrics and his editions of Aeschylus, Euripides and others, Hermann (1772–1848) drew on Kantian phenomenology as well as his own formidable understanding of ancient grammars to advance a compelling program of classical scholarship that took language itself as the primary witness to the distant past. Hermann's grammar-based scholarship drew criticism, but established him as foundational to modern philology. As Sihler wrote in 1933, 'He accepted nothing on mere authority, but investigated the causes and roots of every matter.' Volume 6 (1835) includes Hermann's German essays on Pindar, and on English scholarship on Greek poetry, as well as a Greek text with German translation of Aeschylus' Eumenides. This diverse collection provides fuller insight into the mind of this highly influential scholar.
Lollardy and the Reformation in England
Authors: Gairdner James
Published: April 2012

James Gairdner (1828–1912) was one of the foremost authorities of his day on the Tudor period. This four-volume historical survey (originally published 1908–1913) argues that the impetus for the English Reformation came from the Lollard movement of the late fourteenth century. A prolific researcher and editor, Gairdner devoted his career to English history, and his study is both meticulous and factually sound. His critics, however, were quick to observe that the Lollard hypothesis was tenuous, and this mature work is most valuable today to those interested in the history of Reformation scholarship. Volume 1 begins with an account of Lollard history from the fourteenth century to the eve of the Reformation. The second part of the volume focuses on the question of royal supremacy from an Elizabethan perspective looking back, and also includes a chapter on Sir Thomas More.
Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion
Authors: Strype John
Published: April 2012

The English ecclesiastical historian John Strype (1643–1737) published the first volume of his monumental Elizabethan religious history Annals of the Reformation in 1709. For over two centuries it remained one of the most important Protestant histories of the period and has been reprinted in numerous editions. Volume 1 Part 1 introduces the Elizabethan era and covers Elizabeth's first years as Queen from 1558 to 1562. It focuses on how Elizabeth dealt with the immediate dangers she faced on coming to power; her early religious policy including the freeing of religious prisoners; the 1559 Act of Supremacy; the importance of the Book of Common Prayer; the bill for marriage of priests; relations with the episcopate; and the early synods and religious debate. Strype's thorough use of primary sources and the enormous scope and detail of his history has ensured its place as an outstanding work of eighteenth-century scholarship.
Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion
Authors: Strype John
Published: April 2012

The ecclesiastical historian John Strype (1643–1737) published the first volume of his monumental Elizabethan history Annals of the Reformation in 1709. For over two and a half centuries it has remained one of the most important Protestant histories of the period and has been reprinted in numerous editions. Volume 1 Part 2 focuses on the years 1563–1569. It covers the Queen's relationship with the episcopate; the publication of the Bible in Welsh; diplomatic relations with Scotland and France; relations with Rome and English responses to the Council of Trent; the Queen's possible suitors; and religious polemics. An appendix contains a rich selection of primary sources - state papers, official proclamations, royal records, and letters - for the first thirteen years of Elizabeth's reign. Strype's thorough use of primary sources and the enormous scope and detail of his history has ensured its place as an outstanding work of eighteenth-century scholarship.
The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages
Authors: Rashdall Hastings
Published: April 2012

Hastings Rashdall (1858–1924) first published The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages in 1895. It has remained one of the best-known studies of the great medieval universities for over a century. Volume 1 contains detailed studies of the universities of Salerno, Bologna and Paris with in-depth analysis of their origins and constitutions, institutional development and specialised curriculum. It also includes sections on what a medieval university was; the learning and curriculum of the Dark Ages; the twelfth-century Renaissance; the respective places of Plato and Aristotle in the medieval curriculum; the development of Scholasticism; and the figures of Peter Abelard, Peter the Lombard, and John of Salisbury. Rashdall's study was one of the first comparative works on the subject. Its scope and breadth has ensured its place as a key work of intellectual history, and an indispensable tool for the study of the educational organisation of the Middle Ages.
The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen
Authors: Carter Howard
Published: April 2012

Howard Carter (1874–1939) was an English archaeologist and Egyptologist, now renowned for discovering the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun. Published between 1923 and 1933, this three-volume study contains Carter's detailed account of the sensational discovery, excavation and clearance of Tutankhamun's tomb and its treasures. The tomb was almost fully intact when discovered and remains the most complete burial discovered in the Valley of the Kings. Each volume of Carter's book is richly illustrated with over 100 photographs of the tomb and objects found in it, showing their original state and how they appeared after reconstruction. Carter's meticulous recording and conservation techniques are faithfully documented in his account, providing a vivid and engaging description of the work which occurred during the excavation of this famous site. Volume 3 describes the recording and conservation of objects in the Treasury and Annexe rooms and puts forward Carter's interpretation of their use.
Travels in the Morea
Authors: Leake William Martin
Published: April 2012

William Martin Leake (1777–1860) was a British military officer and classical scholar specialising in reconstructing the topography of ancient cities. He was a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815. After his retirement in 1815, he devoted the rest of his life to topographical and classical studies. These volumes, first published in 1830, contain Leake's authoritative topographical survey of the Peloponnese. Written in the form of a travelogue describing two journeys Leake undertook in the Peloponnese in 1805 and 1806, these volumes provide detailed descriptions of the ancient archaeological sites and the historical geography of the region. Leake was the first scholar to identify many ancient sites in the Peloponnese, and his precise observations led to these volumes becoming authoritative for the classical archaeological sites of the region. Volume 1 recounts his first journey of 1805.
Travels in the Morea
Authors: Leake William Martin
Published: April 2012

William Martin Leake (1777–1860) was a British military officer and classical scholar specialising in reconstructing the topography of ancient cities. He was a founding member of the Royal Geographical Society and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1815. After his retirement in 1815, he devoted the rest of his life to topographical and classical studies. These volumes, first published in 1830, contain Leake's authoritative topographical survey of the Peloponnese. Written in the form of a travelogue describing two journeys Leake undertook in the Peloponnese in 1805 and 1806, these volumes provide detailed descriptions of the ancient archaeological sites and the historical geography of the region. Leake was the first scholar to identify many ancient sites in the Peloponnese, and his precise observations led to these volumes becoming authoritative for the classical archaeological sites of the region. Volume 2 recounts his second journey in 1806.