bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can patient lifestyle influence the management of pain?
Authors: Wilson Benita
Published: April 2008

Aim.  The aim of this study was to explore whether a patient's lifestyle influences nurses’ pain assessment and management decisions.

Background.  Nurses’ inferences of physical pain are thought to be affected by a matrix of implicit assumptions that operate without effort and thought, motivating behaviour and guiding reactions in the clinical setting. Studies have demonstrated how patient characteristics not only influence assessment but also the nurse's choice of pain management.

Design.  One of two patient scenarios was employed in a self‐administered questionnaire that also addressed pain knowledge, inferences of physical pain, general attitudes and beliefs about pain management. The variable lifestyle/socio‐economic status (SES) of the patient was manipulated; all other patient variables were kept constant. The participants were then required to identify the patient's pain level and make pain management decisions.

Method.  One hundred questionnaires were distributed and 86 were returned. Following selection of the sample, 72 nurses participated in the study: 35 hospice/oncology nurses (specialist) and 37 district nurses (general). Data analysis was carried out using SPSS and qualitative analysis of the written responses.

Results.  Both the specialist and general nurses differentiated between the patients in the scenarios, influencing their decisions to acknowledge the patient's self‐report and choice of pain management. However, both patients were undermedicated with the nurses identifying undue concern about addiction and respiratory depression.

Conclusion.  The findings lend direct support to the proposal that a patient's lifestyle/SES can affect nurses’ pain management behaviours.

Relevance to clinical practice.  It is proposed that schemas induce bias that then influence nurses’ inferences of patients’ physical pain and management decisions; this is compounded by the myths about addiction and respiratory depression. It would appear that educational and clinical experiences fail to ameliorate the affects of bias and myth.
Processing of the circumsporozoite protein in infected hepatocytes is not dependent on aspartic proteases
Authors: BONGFEN S. E. , BALAM S. , TORGLER R. , ROMERO J. F. , CORRADIN G.
Published: April 2008

CD8+ T cells play a major role in the protective immune response against the liver stage of malaria. It was previously shown that the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is processed and presented to specific T cells by both traversed and infected hepatocytes, but their respective antigen processing requirements were not completely defined. In the present study, we show that in vitro processing of the Plasmodium berghei CSP by infected mouse primary hepatocytes is exclusively dependent on proteasomes, while aspartic proteases are also needed in the case of traversed hepatocytes.
How Gerarus lost its head: stem‐group Orthoptera and Paraneoptera revisited
Authors: BÉTHOUX OLIVIER , BRIGGS DEREK E. G.
Published: April 2008

Abstract The Upper Carboniferous insect Gerarus from Mazon Creek was reinvestigated to assess the affinities of the Geraridae. Specimens were examined using an environmental scanning electron microscope. The evidence, including an inflated clypeus and characters of the wing venation, for placing the family in Paraneoptera (hemipteroids) is equivocal; Gerarus is assigned to the Archaeorthoptera in the stem‐group Orthoptera. The presence of leg exites in Gerarus and other Mazon Creek specimens could not be confirmed. Definitive evidence for the origin of insect wings remains to be discovered.
The effects of allergens in outdoor air on both atopic and nonatopic subjects with airway disease
Authors: Burney P. G. J. , Newson R. B. , Burrows M. S. , Wheeler D. M.
Published: April 2008

Background:  Reports on air pollution and asthma exacerbations have been inconsistent, although effects of airborne allergen can be spectacular. With no generalized test for allergen in air, it is not known how far allergen is responsible for nonepidemic exacerbations of the disease.

Methods:  Two hundred and ninety‐seven patients using bronchodilators aged 18–64 years attending a London practice provided serum samples and were asked to report any acute respiratory events over the coming months. Small particles with a mean aerodynamic diameter <10 μm (PM10) were collected using a high volume sampler on the roof of the practice. The ability of airborne particles to bind IgE from the patients was compared for particles sampled on the weekend before their reported exacerbation with particles sampled on the weekend 2 weeks before or after.

Results:  Exacerbations were associated with a 25% increase in IgE binding to particles collected on the previous weekend compared with the control weekends (95% confidence interval: 10–43%; P = 0.00089). This increase was not higher in patients with positive skin tests or in those sensitized to grass or tree pollens.

Conclusions:  Airborne allergen is an important cause of exacerbations even in those with ‘intrinsic’ asthma. It is important to identify the allergens responsible, as some of these may be controllable. Interpretation of associations of asthma exacerbations with other air pollutants is difficult in the light of these findings.
Inflammation and functional outcome in diisocyanate‐induced asthma after cessation of exposure
Authors: Piirilä P. L. , Meuronen A. , Majuri M.‐L. , Luukkonen R. , Mäntylä T. , Wolff H. J. , Nordman H. , Alenius H. , Laitinen A.
Published: April 2008

Background:  The clinical outcome of diisocyanate‐induced asthma has been found to be poor despite cessation of exposure. Our aim was to study the outcome of diisocyanate‐induced asthma after initiation of inhaled steroid treatment at a mean period of 7 months (range 2–60 months) after cessation of exposure by following up lung function and bronchial inflammation.

Methods:  Bronchoscopy was performed on 17 patients 2 days after a positive inhalation challenge test, after which budesonide 1600 μg a day was started. Bronchoscopy, spirometry, and histamine challenge tests were repeated at 6 months and on average 3 years. The results were also compared with those obtained from 15 healthy control subjects.

Results:  Nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity diminished significantly (P = 0.006); however, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) values decreased, with a median yearly reduction of FEV1 of 79 ml. The count of mast cells in bronchial mucosa decreased (P = 0.012) and that of macrophages increased (P = 0.001). Interleukin‐4 level in mucosa was during the first year significantly higher than in controls but its level decreased in the follow‐up. Interleukin‐6, interleukin‐15, and tumour necrosis factor alpha messenger‐RNA levels were significantly higher in hyperreactive patients than in nonhyperreactive patients at the end of the follow‐up.

Conclusion:  Our results indicate that inflammation may persist in diisocyanate‐induced asthma despite inhaled steroid medication. However, TH2‐type inflammation diminished. Persistent nonspecific bronchial hyperreactivity was associated with proinflammatory acting cytokines produced mainly by macrophages. Considering the poor prognosis of the disease the findings could be utilized to develop the follow‐up and treatment of diisocyanate‐induced asthma.
Gender‐medicine aspects in allergology
Authors: Jensen‐Jarolim E. , Untersmayr E.
Published: April 2008

Despite the identical immunological mechanisms activating the release of mediators and consecutive symptoms in immediate‐type allergy, there is still a clear clinical difference between female and male allergic patients. Even though the risk of being allergic is greater for boys in childhood, almost from adolescence onwards it seems to be a clear disadvantage to be a woman as far as atopic disorders are concerned. Asthma, food allergies and anaphylaxis are more frequently diagnosed in females. In turn, asthma and hay fever are associated with irregular menstruation. Pointing towards a role of sex hormones, an association of asthma and intake of contraceptives, and a risk for asthma exacerbations during pregnancy have been observed. Moreover, peri‐ and postmenopausal women were reported to increasingly suffer from asthma, wheeze and hay fever, being even enhanced by hormone replacement therapy. This may be on account of the recently identified oestradiol‐receptor‐dependent mast‐cell activation. As a paradox of nature, women may even become hypersensitive against their own sex hormones, resulting in positive reactivity upon intradermal injection of oestrogen or progesterone. More importantly, this specific hypersensitivity is associated with recurrent miscarriages. Even though there is a striking gender‐specific bias in IgE‐mediated allergic diseases, public awareness of this fact still remains minimal today.
Agronomic Adaptation of Some Field Crops: A General Approach
Authors: Ulukan H.
Published: April 2008

This study is focused on the various agronomic traits to adaptation of cultivated field crops. As known, there is a close and strong relationship between cultivation (also known as domestication) and adaptation. Life has existed for more than 2500 million years on Earth and the birth of agriculture, some 10 000 years ago in the Middle East’s fertile crescent, revolutionized human culture and society. Plants survive (they live and grow) in new and different areas. Adaptations are special features that allow a plant or animal to live in a particular place or habitat. These adaptations might make it very difficult for the plant to survive in a different place. In general, field crops must be placed in an environment that meets their ‘requirements’. The future of agricultural productivity and sustainability depends on the ability of crop plants (here, field crops) to grow and be productive in response to changing environments. The term ‘adaptation’ refers to the ability of different species with different genetic make‐ups to cope with a specific range of circumstances such as climate, food supply, habitat, defence and movement. Adaptations can be structural (shape, skin colour etc.), behavioural (special ways in which a particular organ behaves to survive in its natural habitat), physiological (systems present in an organism for it to perform certain biochemical reactions such as venom, sweat, secreting slime), etc. This explains why certain plants are found in one area, but not in another. You would not see any plant from the Cactaceae family living in the Arctic Regions nor would you see lots of really tall trees living in grasslands! Environmental factors, such as photosynthetic activities, biodiversity and soil conditions, are related to this subject. Each grower should consider vital points such as marketing potential(s), transportation, storage, yield and price, producer’s resources and most importantly, specific plant adaptational requirements and peculiarities. On the other hand, global heating (or global warming) is a most intensive subject and it has an important place. Especially, relationship to field crops, their production and yield levels of this topic's harmful effect(s) must be restricted or removed with proper agronomic action(s).
Deficit Irrigation of Soya Bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in a Sub‐humid Climate
Authors: Sincik M. , Candogan B. N. , Demirtas C. , Büyükcangaz H. , Yazgan S. , Göksoy A. T.
Published: April 2008

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of different levels of water deficit on yield and crop water requirement of soya beans in a sub‐humid environment (Southern Marmara region, Bursa, Turkey) in 2005 and 2006. One full‐irrigated treatment (T1), one non‐irrigated treatment (T5) and three different deficit irrigation (T2 = 25 % water deficit, T3 = 50 % water deficit, T4 = 75 % water deficit) treatments were applied to ‘Nova’ soya bean planted on a clay soil. Non‐irrigated and all deficit irrigation treatments significantly reduced biomass and seed yield and yield components. The full‐irrigated (T1) treatment had the highest yield (3760 kg ha−1), while the non‐irrigated (T5) treatment had the lowest yield (2069 kg ha−1), a 45.0 % seed yield reduction. T2, T3 and T4 deficit irrigation treatments produced 11.7–27.4 % less seed yield than the T1 treatment. Harvest index showed less and irregular variation among irrigation treatments. Both leaf area per plant and leaf area index were significantly reduced at all growth stages as amount of irrigation water was decreased. Evapotranspiration increased with increased amounts of irrigation water supplied. Our results indicate that higher amounts of irrigation resulted in higher seed yield, whereas water use efficiency and irrigation water use efficiency values decreased when irrigation amount increased.
Disentangling the rhizosphere effect on nitrate reducers and denitrifiers: insight into the role of root exudates
Authors: Henry S. , Texier S. , Hallet S. , Bru D. , Dambreville C. , Chèneby D. , Bizouard F. , Germon J. C. , Philippot L.
Published: April 2008

To determine to which extent root‐derived carbon contributes to the effects of plants on nitrate reducers and denitrifiers, four solutions containing different proportions of sugar, organic acids and amino acids mimicking maize root exudates were added daily to soil microcosms at a concentration of 150 μg C g−1 of soil. Water‐amended soils were used as controls. After 1 month, the size and structure of the nitrate reducer and denitrifier communities were analysed using the narG and napA, and the nirK, nirS and nosZ genes as molecular markers respectively. Addition of artificial root exudates (ARE) did not strongly affect the structure or the density of nitrate reducer and denitrifier communities whereas potential nitrate reductase and denitrification activities were stimulated by the addition of root exudates. An effect of ARE composition was also observed on N2O production with an N2O:(N2O + N2) ratio of 0.3 in microcosms amended with ARE containing 80% of sugar and of 1 in microcosms amended with ARE containing 40% of sugar. Our study indicated that ARE stimulated nitrate reduction or denitrification activity with increases in the range of those observed with the whole plant. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the composition of the ARE affected the nature of the end‐product of denitrification and could thus have a putative impact on greenhouse gas emissions.
Community composition of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria and archaea in soils under stands of red alder and Douglas fir in Oregon
Authors: Boyle‐Yarwood Stephanie A. , Bottomley Peter J. , Myrold David D.
Published: April 2008

This study determined nitrification activity and nitrifier community composition in soils under stands of red alder (Alnus rubra) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) at two sites in Oregon. The H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, located in the Cascade Mountains of Oregon, has low net N mineralization and gross nitrification rates. Cascade Head Experimental Forest, in the Coast Range, has higher net N mineralization and nitrification rates and soil pH is lower. Communities of putative bacterial [ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB)] and archaeal [ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA)] ammonia oxidizers were examined by targeting the gene amoA, which codes for subunit A of ammonia monooxygenase. Nitrification potential was significantly higher in red alder compared with Douglas‐fir soil and greater at Cascade Head than H.J. Andrews. Ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria amoA genes were amplified from all soils, but AOA amoA genes could only be amplified at Cascade Head. Gene copy numbers of AOB and AOA amoA were similar at Cascade Head regardless of tree type (2.3–6.0 × 106amoA gene copies g−1 of soil). DNA sequences of amoA revealed that AOB were members of Nitrosospira clusters 1, 2 and 4. Ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria community composition, determined by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) profiles, varied among sites and between tree types. Many of the AOA amoA sequences clustered with environmental clones previously obtained from soil; however, several sequences were more similar to clones previously recovered from marine and estuarine sediments. As with AOB, the AOA community composition differed between red alder and Douglas‐fir soils.
Determinants of Income Growth in Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Labor Markets
Authors: Hammond George W. , Thompson Eric C.
Published: April 2008

This article analyzes determinants of growth across labor markets in the United States, using a production function approach based on four inputs: labor, manufacturing investment, human capital investment, and public capital investment. We find little role for public capital investment in growth, but that manufacturing investment spurred growth in nonmetropolitan areas, in contrast to metropolitan areas. We also find that human capital investment mattered more for metropolitan areas than for nonmetropolitan areas. Further, the presence of more colleges and universities, more household amenities, and lower tax rates are all found to have encouraged human capital accumulation in U.S. labor markets.
Would You Choose Your Preferred Option? Comparing Choice and Recoded Ranking Experiments
Authors: Caparrós Alejandro , Oviedo José L. , Campos Pablo
Published: April 2008

Previous research has shown that results from a choice experiment are statistically different from those obtained from a ranking experiment that is recoded and treated as a choice experiment using only the first rank. By avoiding some of the shortcomings of previous comparisons, we obtain the opposite results using data from the valuation of a cork oak reforestation program in the south of Spain. Structural models and welfare estimations are statistically indistinguishable irrespective of the use of parametric or bootstrapping tests. Further, we employ follow‐up questions and subsample analysis to test whether divergences appear when potential effects are isolated.
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption Patterns: A Segmentation Approach
Authors: Bertail Patrice , Caillavet France
Published: April 2008

In this article, we study the heterogeneity of fruit and vegetable consumption patterns in France. A finite mixture of AIDS models is used to describe food demand patterns revealing different preferences over distinct classes. We obtained six different clusters, which reflect specific socio‐demographic characteristics and different income and price elasticities. This approach is appropriate for targeting specific public nutritional policies. Our main results show that unlike the other clusters in which the usual price and income policy tools may be used, the lowest income cluster with the lowest consumption, remains insensitive to economic variables.
Geographical Indications and the Competitive Provision of Quality in Agricultural Markets
Authors: Moschini GianCarlo , Menapace Luisa , Pick Daniel
Published: April 2008

The economics of geographical indications (GIs) is assessed within a vertical product differentiation framework that is consistent with the competitive structure of agriculture. It is assumed that certification costs are needed for GIs to serve as (collective) credible quality certification devices, and production of high‐quality product is endogenously determined. We find that GIs can support a competitive provision of quality and lead to clear welfare gains, although they fall short of delivering the (constrained) first best. The main beneficiaries are consumers. Producers may also accrue some benefit if production of the high‐quality products draws on scarce factors that they own.
Women's Access to Credit: Does It Matter for Household Efficiency?
Authors: Fletschner Diana
Published: April 2008

Studies that assess the impact of credit constraints on farm households' efficiency have largely used the household as the unit of analysis. This can be problematic when there are gender‐based market imperfections and asymmetries in how rights, resources, and responsibilities are distributed within the household. Constraints on women matter: in addition to the efficiency loss associated with the husbands' credit constraints, when women are unable to meet their needs for capital, their households experienced an additional 11% drop in efficiency. This suggests that there are efficiency‐based arguments for enhancing women's access to capital and that studies based only on the household's head may significantly underestimate the true economic impact of credit constraints.
Agricultural Payments and Land Concentration: A Semiparametric Spatial Regression Analysis
Authors: Roberts Michael J. , Key Nigel
Published: April 2008

Over the last twenty years, both crop production and agricultural payments have shifted toward larger operations. This study examines whether payments from federal farm programs contributed to increased concentration of cropland and farmland. Using zip code—level data constructed from the microfiles of the 1987–2002 agriculture censuses we examine the association between government payments per acre and subsequent growth in land concentration. A semiparametric generalized additive model (GAM) controls for location and historical concentration, sales per acre, and ratio of cropland area to zip code area. Findings indicate, both with and without nonparametric controls, government payments are strongly associated with subsequent concentration growth.
Financial versus Monetary Mercantilism: Long‐run View of Large International Reserves Hoarding
Authors: Aizenman Joshua , Lee Jaewoo
Published: April 2008

The sizeable hoarding of international reserves by several East Asian countries has been frequently attributed to a modern version of monetary mercantilism – hoarding international reserves in order to improve competitiveness. From a long‐run perspective, manufacturing exporters in East Asia adopted ‘financial’ mercantilism – subsidising the cost of capital – during decades of high growth. They switched to hoarding large international reserves when growth faltered, making it harder to disentangle the monetary mercantilism from the precautionary response to the heritage of past financial mercantilism. Monetary mercantilism also lowers the cost of hoarding, but may be associated with negative externalities leading to competitive hoarding. From this viewpoint, this paper makes three observations on the East Asian reserve accumulation. First, the recent large hoarding of reserves in Japan and Korea occurred in the aftermath of the growth strategy that combined export promotion and credit subsidisation (financial mercantilism). Second, whether the ultimate motive is mercantilist or precautionary, the ongoing reserve hoarding in Asia contains an element of competitive hoarding, which is likely to have negative externalities among countries involved. Finally, China's hoarding of reserves partly reflects the precaution against the financial fragility that is likely to follow the slowing of economic growth.
On the Optimality of a GCC Monetary Union: Structural VAR, Common Trends, and Common Cycles Evidence
Authors: Abu‐Qarn Aamer S. , Abu‐Bader Suleiman
Published: April 2008

The suitability of the proposed monetary union among the members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) is examined. The authors identify the underlying structural shocks that these economies are subject to and assess the extent to which the shocks are symmetric. Alternatively, the authors test for common trends and common business cycles among the GCC economies. They find that while the transitory demand shocks are typically symmetric, the permanent supply shocks are asymmetric. Furthermore, they do not find synchronous long‐run and short‐run movements in output. Despite the progress that has been made in terms of integration, the findings indicate that the conditions for forming a GCC monetary union have not as yet been met.
On the Role of Distance for Bilateral Trade
Authors: Egger Peter
Published: April 2008

This study addresses the role of distance in a partial equilibrium model of bilateral trade and tests hypotheses in a large panel data‐set of trade flows. The analysis obtains three implications regarding the empirical specification of trade frictions in gravity models. Two results illustrate the relevance of the approach.
Nonattendance in a dermatology clinic – a large sample analysis
Authors: Cohen AD , Dreiher J , Vardy DA , Weitzman D
Published: April 2008

Background  Previous studies have described factors determining non‐attendance at dermatology appointments in small sample sizes.

Objective  To perform an analysis of factors associated with non‐attendance in a dermatology clinic in a larger sample.

Methods  Factors determining non‐attendance were examined in 52 604 consecutive first‐time visits to a dermatology clinic over a period of 44 months.

Results  Non‐attendance proportion was 27.6%. Among children, non‐attendance was associated with waiting for an appointment < 7 days [odds ratio (OR), 1.44], Bedouin sector (OR, 1.30), rural Jewish sector (OR, 0.45) and the treating physician. Among adults, non‐attendance was associated with female gender (OR, 1.08), age < 55 years (OR, 1.65), waiting time for an appointment < 7 days (OR, 1.44), timing of the appointment between 1 and 4 pm (OR, 1.13), Bedouin sector (OR, 1.63), rural Jewish sector (OR, 0.46) and the treating physician.

Conclusion  Non‐attendance is common among Bedouins, adult female patients and young adults and is more likely as waiting times become longer. Strategies to reduce non‐attendance are needed.
KLEINE‐LEVIN SYNDROME: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Ferguson B. G.
Published: April 2008

Abstract— The case of a 10 yr old boy suffering from Kleine‐Levin syndrome is described. The diagnosis was originally obscured by symptoms which suggested a primary depressive disorder. Unusual features included bizarre crying behaviour and unfounded allegations of sexual assault. Although the syndrome is rare, the need to be aware of the diagnosis is stressed, particularly in pre‐pubertal children suffering from significant episodic depressive sysmptoms.
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION
Authors: Lynes H.
Published: April 2008

Origin of the Review—The birds concerned—Outlook on starting work, how the birds were classified, material &c. available—Progress; Types; Pictures; African tour—Conclusion purpose of the Review; Classification.
IX.—Structural Diversity in Charadriine Genera correlated with Differences in Colour‐pattern
Authors: Lowe Percy Roycroft
Published: April 2008

In‘The Ibis' for 1922 (July, pp. 475‐89, pl. vi.) I made some remarks about certain characters met with in some Charadriine genera. Some of these remarks (pp. 475‐78) were concerned with trying to demonstrate the negligible (if any) part which is directly played by environment in the evolution of colour‐pattern; but a large part of the paper (pp. 478‐89) was taken up in calling attention to a peculiar condition of things for which I suggested the name of “Adumbration of Colour‐pattern.” This phenomenon is well illustrated in plate vi. of the paper referred to, which is again reproduced; but, instead of bearing this title, I may perhaps be allowed to state here that the plate in passing through the press was most unfortunately and quite inexplicably labelled “Types of Plovers.”
Observations on some East African Birds.
Authors: Moreau R. E. , Moreau. Winifred M.
Published: April 2008

Contributions are made to the biology of about forty species. Among other items dealt with are parasitism in Cercococcyx; undeseribed nests and eggs, including those of Pseudoalcippe a. abyssinicus, Phyllastrephus f. placidus, Calamonastes s. simplex, Uræginihus cyanocephalus, Cryptospiza salvadorii, and Emberiza poliopleura; removal of its own eggs by a Nightjar (Caprimulgus); care of young Klaas's Cuckoos by birds of their own species; polygamy and monogamy in the Ploceus spp.; subspecific and local voice‐variation; communal nest‐building in Spermestes nigriceps; the number of grass‐stems comprising a nest of Pseudonigrita cahanisi.
Notes on the Birds of Lake Junin, Central Peru
Authors: Morrison Alastair
Published: April 2008

After I had finished my work in the Department of Huancavelica, in January 1938, I made a lengthy stay on Lake Junin. This lake is the source of the Mantaro River, and lies about 50 miles north of Oroya, at an altitude of a little less than 14,000 feet. It is situated in a great plain, ringed by rather low rolling brown hills. It is, of course, in typical Puna zone.
Antarctic Ornithological Observations made during Bellingshausen's Voyage of Circumnavigation in 1819–1821.
Authors: Roberts Brian
Published: April 2008

In the year 1819 His Imperial Majesty Alexander Pavlovich, Emperor of Russia, despatched an expedition to explore high southern latitudes, with the special object of proceeding as far as possible towards the South Pole. This expedition was led by Captain Thaddeus von Bellingshausen, who had under his command the corvette ‘Vostok’ and the sloop ‘Mirnyi’.
Miscellaneous Notes on some Birds of Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Winterbottom J. M.
Published: April 2008

The following notes were made during my second tour in Northern Rhodesia, from December 1935 to July 1938. Notes relating to some of the species seen during that tour have, however, already appeared in ‘The Ibis’ (1938, pp. 269–277). References are also made to the notes on the birds observed during my first tour (Ibis, 1936, pp. 763–791; ‘L'Oiseau et la Revue française d'Ornithologie,’ 1936, pp. 77–85), where the same species are dealt with again.
XXXVI.—Some Remarks on Non‐breeding in the Arctic, especially in North‐east Greenland
Authors: Bird C. G. , Bird E. G.
Published: April 2008

The non‐breeding of migratory and non‐migratory birds caused by different factors.

The correlation between the numbers of lemming and the breeding of the Long‐tailed Skua, Greenland Falcon, and Snowy Owl.

The effect of snowfall on ice conditions, with the consequent effect on food‐supply and the availability of the nesting sites of the Arctic Tern and Sabine's Gull.

The effect of snowfall on the distribution of the Rock‐Ptarmigan and its food supply.

Weather conditions affecting courtship displays, etc.

The light factor is discussed in different aspects.
The Nesting of some Kenya Colony Hornbills
Authors: North M. E. W.
Published: April 2008

The object of this paper is to place on record certain details to supplement those given in Moreau's invaluable study (1937) and in Jackson's book (1938).
Field Notes on some Birds of Mwinilunga, Northern Rhodesia
Authors: White C. M. N.
Published: April 2008

From August 1938 until July 1940 I was stationed at Mwinilunga in the extreme north‐west corner of Northern Rhodesia. I propose in due course to give a full account of the ornithology of that area when I have worked out the systematic results of the collection which I made there. In the meantime I am taking this opportunity to record some of the field observations.
On Woodland Bird Parties in Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Winterbottom. J. M.
Published: April 2008

The habit of insectivorous birds in tropical regions of gathering together into parties is described and some typical parties are given. The reasons adduced for such behaviour are considered, but none is really satisfactory as an explanation. The species composing the parties are divided into “nucleus” species, which may form pure parties by themselves and round which the other species group themselves, and “circumference” species. The commonest species in 107 such parties, from the eastern and western sides of Northern Rhodesia, are referred to in brief notes.
Some Notes on the Anatomical Differences obtaining between the Cuculidæ and the Musophagidæ, with Special Reference to the Specialization of the Œsophagus in Cuculus canorus Linnæus
Authors: Lowe Percy R.
Published: April 2008

The feather‐tracts, the osteology, and the myology all present such differences in the Cuculidæ and Musophagidæ as to make it difficult to see how these two families can be placed in the same order. In addition, the Cuculidæ are insect‐feeders and the Musophagidæ subsist entirely on fruit, so that, although I have not been able to examine the alimentary system of the latter, we may be certain that the two systems are strongly contrasted.

Finally, the Cueulidæ in their geographical distribution are nearly world‐wide, whereas the Musophagidæe are confined to the tropical parts of Africa.

Coloration and colour‐pattern, too, in the latter family present a striking contrast, as do habits.

It seems, therefore, as if the old systematists, impressed with a certain superficial resemblance in shape and form, came to the conclusion that the two families were phylogenetically allied. Anatomical facts seem to point the other way.
Some Weights of African and of Wintering Palsearctic Birds
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: April 2008

Weights are given for 132 species of African birds and 15 species of Palsarctic birds (collected in winter quarters). For three African species the data admit of some discussion. Apalis m. mhnocephah from 2900–3600 feet are significantly heavier than those from 200–1200 feet. In the Weavers Xitagra n. nigriceps and Xanthophilus aureojlavus breeding and non‐breeding males do not differ in weight. In the Palsarctic migrants it seems that there may be a tendency for most species to weigh less in winter quarters than in Europe.
On the Bateleur, especially at the Nest
Authors: Moreau R. E.
Published: April 2008

An account is given of one hundred hours of observations at a Bateleur'a nest in north‐eastern Tanganyike Territory. The adults were a white‐backed bird and a chestnut‐backed, with a sub‐adult; probably over three years old, in association with them. The youngster took 130 dap to fledge. During at least part of the time all its food was brought by the white‐backed adult. When the fledgling was about one month old its feeds averaged about one in eight hours; during its last week in the nest feeds were nearly three times as frequent.

Literature and unpublished data are reviewed in relation to special points of interest, viz.:—

Slow development and maturation accords with longevity. Fledging period apparently longer than authentically recorded for any land bird. First wing‐moult may have started before first flight.

Tail length is greater in proportion to wing in juveniles than in adults.

Proportion of white‐becks to chestnut‐backs differs in parts of Africa, being least in South africa. White‐tailed birds seem confined to Sudanese semi‐desert belt.

Voice, flight habits and wing‐noises seem to differ in parts of Africa.

Food comprises both carrion and live prey, especially snakes, but not poultry or other birds. Claws are not less sharp than those of Stephanoaëtus and Polemaëtus.

Breeding records in Tropical Africa show, when analysed with reference to egg‐dates, that as a rule in each area the young get through their fledging period, or at least the later, unbrooded part, during the local cool dry season.

Psychologically the Bateleur is most peculiar: in the wild it is shy of man, sociable with big birdv of its own and other species, and breeding birds tolerate sub‐adults: in captivity it becomes unusually tame, has a grecting ceremony for friends and likes to be handled.
FIELD‐NOTES ON NIDIFICATION AND DISTRACTION‐DISPLAY IN THE GOLDEN PLOVER
Authors: Williamson Kenneth
Published: April 2008

Data for the Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria, breeding in the Faeroe Islands, suggest that the species is more successful up to. and including the hatching phase than the Whimbrel Numenius ph. phœopus. Oyster‐catcher Hœmatopus ostralegus occidentalis, and Faeroe Snipe Capella gallinago faeroeensis. Comparative figures for average clutch, young leaving the nest, and losses due to predators, infertility, etc., are given for a small number of nests.

Simultaneous hatching is more general than in the Whimbrel and the hatching‐period, normally about 100 hours, is some 10–20 hours less. Detailed records of hatching are given in the case of seven nests.

Field‐notes are given on the nuptial flight, and a “partnership‐run” is described.

Both sexes share incubation and care of the young, the family quickly deserting the nesting‐site. Shell remains are removed and young hatched late in the day appear to pass the night on the nest.

In distraction‐display an aggressive form was not recorded, but stationary and moving “lure displays” of three distinct kinds (in addition to the normal run from the nest or young) are described. A case is cited in which the male, when flushed from eggs, directed the “lure‐display” at its mate.
THE RACES OF TURDUS ERICETORUM INDIGENOUS TO THE BRITISH ISLES
Authors: Clancey P. A.
Published: April 2008

The diagnostic criteria, ranges, hybrid zones, and migrations of the three indigenous British races of Turdus ericetorum are defined. The migratory dispersal of T. e. catherinœ is traced, and its identity as the innominate “small, dark migrant Song‐thrush” of workers is established. An explanation of the distributions of T. ericetorum races in the British Isles is advanced. T. e. ericetorum and T. e. hebridensis are ascertained to be moderately migratory, T. e. catherinœ strongly so. The findings on early records of T. e. hebridensis on passage evidence confusion between that form and T. e. catherinœ. Irish, Stornoway (Lewis, Outer Hebrides), and Orkney and Shetland breeding populations require further racial study.
THE SENSE ORGANS OF BIRDS
Authors: Pumphrey R. J.
Published: April 2008

The eyes and ears of birds are compared with those of man so far as the existing state of knowledge allows, and an attempt is made to correlate resemblances and differences with the evolutionary history and the functional requirements of the present day. It is shown that the characteristic shape of the central fovea of the bird's retina cannot be accounted for by supposing that it increases acuity; it is more likely a device for emphasizing angular movements. A brief account of Menner's theory of the pecten is given.

In default of any satisfactory physiological data, an attempt is made to assess the indirect evidence relating to the frequency range and discriminative power of a bird's ear. The conditions for the unambiguous determination of the direction of a sound source are discussed and it is suggested that the asymmetry of the ears of owls is correlated with an enhanced directional sensitivity which, in turn, is related to the dependence of owls on hearing rather than sight in their hunting.

Reference is made to the senses of smell and touch in birds. And there is a brief discussion of the problems of “time” and “direction” senses.
POLYMORPHISM AND BREEDING OF THE ROCK DOVE IN THE FAEROE ISLANDS
Authors: Fr Niels , Botni Petersená , Williamson Kenneth
Published: April 2008

Notes on the history and former fowling of the Rock Dove on Nolsoy, Faeroe Islands, are given.

The population (normally 50–60 pairs) is polymorphic, the mutants showing a tendency towards melanism and having mantle and wing‐coverts spotted black. These occur in the ratio 1: 7 of the normal type when the population is at its peak, but seem less able to survive a severe winter, so that the proportion falls steeply to 1: 15–20 birds. The existence of polymorphism is noted in other widely‐separated populations, and the incidence of the partial melanism is discussed in the light of data available for 19 broods. The character is thought to be recessive, and more than one gene may be concerned.

Nesting‐sites are described and observations on the breeding‐biology are given, comparisons being drawn with Lees' work on Cromarty birds. Breeding is confined to the summer and is not spread over the whole year (as in Cromarty), and two broods of two young, with a very low mortality, are usual. Young remain on or near the nest for five weeks, but are not tolerated near the new nest by the parent if a second clutch is being incubated. Otherwise they are accompanied and fed for several days after fledging.

Flocking, roosting and feeding habits and bathing procedure are described; stomach contents for April–May, May–September and December–March are noted, seeds of Rutnex providing much of the food. The population is greatly reduced by severe winter weather, and is now (1947) at a very low ebb.
DIVERSIONARY DISPLAY.–PART 1. CONNOTATION AND TERMINOLOGY
Authors: Armstrong Edward A.
Published: April 2008

A more exact terminology than that current is suggested for behaviour having the effect of deflecting intruders from a bird's nest or chicks. The general term “diversionary display” is used to describe all such activities, and a distinction is made between “distraction display” and displacement activities having a diversionary function. Various sub‐categories of distraction display are distinguished–injury‐simulation, chick‐simulation, eccentric deportment and advertising distraction display. Attention is called to the possibility that a number of displacement activities habitually performed when an intruder menaces the nest or chicks may have diversionary function.
THE “RODENT‐RUN”DISTRACTION‐BEHAVIOUR OF CERTAIN WADERS.
Authors: Duffey Eric , Creasey N.
Published: April 2008

Field‐observations on the distraction‐behaviour of the Purple Sandpiper in Bear Island are given.

A type of passive distraction behaviour which closely resembles the run of a small mammal is characteristic of this bird and other waders which nest on fell and tundra in the northern hemisphere.

A distinction is drawn between “lure‐display”(so‐called “injury‐feigning”) derived from disjointed, uncontrolled actions which result from the clashing of strong emotional drives on the appearance of a predator, and displacement activities (which may occur under the same psychological conditions) in which emotional energy finds an outlet in an existing, stereotyped pattern of courtship or other behaviour.

It is shown that the “rodent‐run”belongs to the latter group, and its origin is traced to the “repeated wing‐ceremony”of courtship and territorial activity. Biological valency of the original “borrowing”, due to resemblance of the movements to those of a small mammal, has ensured its modification and development (some aspects of which are discussed) as a strikingly successful pattern in which simulation of a retreating rodent is complete.

An annotated list is given of species in which a “rodent‐run”has been recorded.
THE DISTRACTION BEHAVIOUR OF THE FAEROE SNIPE.
Authors: Williamson Kenneth
Published: April 2008

Detailed descriptions are given of the lure display of the Faeroe Snipe Capella gallinago faeroeensis as observed in the Faeroe Islands. The chief components are a crouching posture with wings drooped and spasmodically fluttered, and the tail intermittently twisted and spread in a vertical fan. A curious, throaty “hwarr”call‐note usually accompanies the display, but sometimes a loud clear “chap”is used.

Observations are given on impeded flight, and on the behaviour of pairs disturbed when accompanying young. The drumming flight not infrequently occurs as a displacement activity in the male, and the flight with “cheppa‐cheppa”call‐note in the female parent.

An element of surprise in the external environment appears to be essential for a good performance: evidence for this is adduced from field observations on the Faeroe bird and Mousley's (1939) notes on the American Snipe. Lure‐display records in the Common Snipe are reviewed.

The nature and origin of passive distraction behaviour patterns are discussed and it is held that the main element in the snipes'lure display is a formalized development of a displacement borrowing from epigamic activity. The “hwarr”call appears to be exclusive to the lure display and a suggestion is made as to its origin.

Similar displays are found in Scolopax rusticola and Philohela minor, and a courtship and lure display very like that of the snipes is present in Rostratula benghalensis. The pattern may therefore be very ancient, preceding the divergence of the Scolopacidae and Rostratulidae.
VARIATION IN OENANTHE LUGUBRIS.
Authors: Vaurie. Charles
Published: April 2008

The males of Oenanthe l. lugubris, and perhaps also the females, are dimorphic, the males having a black‐bellied and a white‐bellied phase. The white‐bellied phase of the males from Eritrea, Abyssinia and Somaliland may be distinguished from white‐bellied Oe. lugubris schalowi of the highlands of Kenya and neighbouring Tanganyika Territory by the coloration of the mantle. There is also a statistically significant size difference.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE ORNITHOLOGY OF THE BRITISH CAMEROONS.
Authors: Serle. William
Published: April 2008

A. Taxonomy. As the result of the study of a collection of specimens from the British Cameroons:—

The following races are regarded as invalid:—Mesopicos johnstoni sordidatus Bates, Alseonax adustus okuensis Bates, Apalis cinerea funebris Bannerman, Urolais epichlora Cinderella Bates, Coracina caesia okuensis Bannerman, Cinnyris cupreus septentrionalis Vincent, Phormoplectes insignis okuensis Bannerman, and Urobrachya axillaris batesi (Delacour), and doubt is cast on the validity of certain other forms.

Dendropicos reichenowi Sjöstedt is shown to be a race of D. gabonensis (Verr.) and not of D. lugubris Hartlaub.

Anthus bannermani Bates is shown to be a race of A. similis (Jerd.), and A. s. chapini Grote is regarded as a synonym of A. s. bannermani.

llladopsis moloneyarms moloneyanus (Sharpe) and I. m. iboensis Hart, are tentatively regarded as conspecific with llladopsis fulvescens (Cassin).

The Upper Guinea population of Hylia prasina (Cassin) is regarded as separable under the name H. p. superciliaris (Hartlaub).

Hyphanturgus nigricollis (Vieillot) and H. brachypterus (Swainson) are regarded as conspecific.

The females of the following three forms are described for the first time:—Arizelocichla montana (Reichenow), Platysteira laticincta (Bates) and Dryoscopus angolensis boydi Bannerman.

The range of many forms is extended.

B. Field notes are given on many birds, including the 12 new forms described in ‘Bull. Brit. Orn. Club’ 69 (1949): 50–56, 70–71, 74–76. Special attention is given to nidification and breeding dates.
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE THYROID GLAND IN BIRDS: A REVIEW.
Authors: Höhn. E. O.
Published: April 2008

A brief introductory account of the structure of the thyroid gland and the general effects of its hormone are given.

There is sufficient experimental evidence to warrant the conclusion that in birds, as in other vertebrates, the level of thyroid function is regulated by a hormone of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, the thyrotrophic hormone.

Increased thyroid activity during the cooler period of the year is found in a number of species, and this is probably widespread.

For all species so far tested, feathers grown during thyroid deficiency show abnormally loose texture and become elongated and narrow. Reverse changes can be produced by thyroid administration to normal birds.

The relationship between the thyroid and migratory behaviour, though probable, needs further investigation.

Feather pigmentation is in some species unaffected by the thyroid, but is increased in others.

There is undoubtedly a relationship between the moult and increased thyroid activity since a phase of high thyroid function preceding the moult is of widespread occurrence. In some gallinaceous birds the moult can be precipitated by thyroid administration, but not in ducks. In some species complete suppression of the moult has been claimed if thyroidectomy is performed sufficiently far ahead of the next moult due. Complete dependence of moulting on a raised output of thyroid hormone has, however, not yet been proved for any species.

So far there is experimental evidence, which requires comfirmation, from one species only that return of the gonad to the resting condition following the breeding‐season recrudescence is to a considerable extent dependent on the thyroid.

In Domestic Fowls thyroid hormone affects the spur.