bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges and a response strategy for the development of nursing in China: a descriptive and quantitative analysis
Authors: Wang Yingqiang , Wei Shiyou , Li Youping , Deng Shaolin , Luo Qianqian , Li Yan
Published: March 2013

Objective

To assess the challenges to and provide a response strategy for the development of nursing and make suggestions for promoting the nursing discipline, platform, and talent teams based on current best available evidence.

Methods

We searched CNKI(China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP information(Chinese Scientific Journals database), CBM(Chinese Biomedical Literature database), and Web sites of the World Health Organization, International Council of Nurses, World Bank, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Education of China, and relevant schools in China. Data analyses were performed using SPSS 13.0.

Results

We identified 886 nursing schools in China in 2012. Results showed that 38,212 nursing students were enrolled in universities or independent colleges and 130,837 nursing student were enrolled in colleges or senior vocational schools. The doctor‐to‐nurse ratio was 1:0.9 in 2010. The actual demand for doctors was 2.6 million, whereas the nursing shortage was approximately 346,000. Nurses aged ≤35 years accounted for 50% of the total. A total of 64% to 69% of nurses had primary professional titles; fewer than 2.5% of those had advanced titles. The training costs for one doctor or one nurse in China was only two‐fifths that in India and one‐fifth to one‐fourth that in sub‐Saharan Africa. To date, only 30.1% of disaster nursing studies in China provided research data; 30.6% were related to clinical experience and 38.3% were reviews.

Conclusions

Education and health systems need to be extensively reformed. It is necessary to train nursing students with core competencies using transformative learning. It is necessary to update textbooks and teaching methods, and funding should be appropriately increased. Nursing should co‐operate with other disciplines, and apply evidence‐based nursing methods to improve the quality of healthcare services and patient satisfaction.
Pediatric off‐label drug use in China: risk factors and management strategies
Authors: Zhang Lingli , Li Youping , Liu Yi , Zeng Linan , Hu Die , Huang Liang , Chen Min , Lv Juan , Yang Chunsong
Published: March 2013

Objective

To analyze the risk factors of pediatric off‐label drug use, and propose management strategies for policy making of the pediatric off‐label drug use in China.

Methods

(i) We applied stratified random sampling to select recipes of children aged 0 to 18 years in pediatric clinics and wards of the West China Second University Hospital in 2010. (ii) All included prescriptions were categorized as off‐label use or on‐label use, according to the latest package insert licensed by the State Food and Drug Administration. (iii) Risk factors and the weights were calculated using logistic regression. (iv) The correlation between risk factors and the different kinds of off‐label prescriptions was presented using adjusted odds ratio, and the impact of the risk factors was measured using standardized partial regression coefficient. (v) SPSS 16.0 was used for statistic analysis. (vi) From the perspective of the medical institutions, pharmaceutical enterprises, professional institutions, and the public, we combined the results of the Evidence‐based research on the policy of the off‐label drug use in 15 countries and the results of risk factor analysis, in order to propose management strategies for the policy making of pediatric off‐label drug use in China.

Results

(i) Using the method of sampling, we received 2640 recipes from outpatients and 14,374 prescriptions from 749 inpatients. (ii) The neonates (0 to 27 days) had higher risk in off‐label drug use than the other three children age groups. (iii) The dermatological medicines (D), nervous system medicines (N), traditional Chinese medicines, and respiratory drugs (R) were high‐risk off‐label medicines whose labels should be updated more frequently. (iv) The great factors of off‐label drug use are those influence health status and relate to health services (ICD‐10:Z00‐Z99) (mainly in the clinic of child care and growth development, and in the ward of chemotherapy). (v) Off‐label drug use in the ward was 4.4 times than that in clinic service (P < 0.001), which suggested that off‐label drug use in the ward may be a key point of the management of medical institutions. (vi) The risk of off‐label essential drug use was 1.67 times than that of non‐essential drug use. (vii) The risk of off‐label Rx drug use was 3.2% higher than that of OTC (Over‐The‐Counter) drug use, without a significant difference.

Conclusions

(i) A management guideline for off‐label drug use is urgently needed, with which we can guide medical institutions to establish the management regulations of off‐label drug use. (ii) Pediatric clinical research should be promoted actively, and pharmaceutical enterprises should be encouraged to completely provide pediatric drug information. (iv) Academic organizations should be invited to join in for best professional drug use. (v) Pediatric patients and their families should receive the education on rational drug use.
Geriatric Syndromes and Incident Disability in Older Women: Results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Rosso Andrea L. , Eaton Charles B. , Wallace Robert , Gold Rachel , Stefanick Marcia L. , Ockene Judith K. , Curb J. David , Michael Yvonne L.
Published: March 2013

Objectives

To determine how the number of geriatric syndromes is associated with incident disability in community‐based populations of older adults.

Design

Longitudinal analysis from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI‐OS).

Setting

Community.

Participants

Twenty‐nine thousand five hundred forty‐four women aged 65 and older enrolled in the WHI‐OS and free of disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) at baseline.

Measurements

Geriatric syndromes (high depressive symptoms, dizziness, falls, hearing or visual impairment, osteoporosis, polypharmacy, syncope, sleep disturbance, and urinary incontinence) were self‐reported at baseline and 3‐year follow‐up. Disability was defined as dependence in any ADL and was assessed at baseline and follow‐up. Chronic diseases were measured according to a modified Charlson Index.

Results

Geriatric syndromes were common in this population of women; 76.3% had at least one syndrome at baseline. Greater number of geriatric syndromes at baseline was significantly associated with greater risk of incident ADL disability at follow‐up (P ≤ .001). Adjusted risk ratios were 1.21 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.78–1.87) for a single syndrome and 6.64 (95% CI = 4.15–10.62) for five or more syndromes compared with no syndromes. These results were only slightly attenuated after adjustment for number of chronic diseases or pain.

Conclusion

Geriatric syndromes are significantly associated with onset of disability in older women; this association is not simply a result of chronic disease or pain. A better understanding of how these conditions contribute to disablement is needed. Geriatric syndrome assessment should be considered along with chronic disease management in the prevention of disability in older women.
Military‐Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Intimate Relationship Behaviors: A Developing Dyadic Relationship Model
Authors: Gerlock April A. , Grimesey Jackie , Sayre George
Published: March 2013

The protracted conflict inIraq andAfghanistan and an all‐volunteer military has resulted in multiple war zone deployments for many service members. While quick redeployment turnaround has left little time for readjustment for either the service member or family, dealing with the long‐term sequelae of combat exposure often leaves families and intimate partners ill‐prepared for years after deployments. Using a modified grounded theory approach, digitally recorded couple interviews of 23 couples were purposefully selected from a larger sample of 441 couples to better understand the impact of war zone deployment on the couple. The veteran sample was recruited from a randomly selected cohort of men in treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Overall, it was found when veterans experiencing deployment‐relatedPTSDreenter or start new intimate relationships they may bring with them a unique cluster of interrelated issues which includePTSDsymptoms, physical impairment, high rates of alcohol and/or drug abuse, and psychological and physical aggression. These factors contributed to a dynamic of exacerbating conflict. How these couples approached relationship qualities of mutuality, balanced locus of control and weakness tolerance across six axes of caregiving, disability, responsibility, trauma, communication, and community impacted the couple's capacity to communicate and resolve conflict. This dyadic relationship model is used to help inform implications for clinical practice.
Oxidative and nitrative alpha‐synuclein modifications and proteostatic stress: implications for disease mechanisms and interventions in synucleinopathies
Authors: Schildknecht Stefan , Gerding Hanne R. , Karreman Christiaan , Drescher Malte , Lashuel Hilal A. , Outeiro Tiago F. , Di Monte Donato A. , Leist Marcel
Published: March 2013

Alpha‐synuclein (ASYN) is a major constituent of the typical protein aggregates observed in several neurodegenerative diseases that are collectively referred to as synucleinopathies. A causal involvement ofASYNin the initiation and progression of neurological diseases is suggested by observations indicating that single‐point (e.g., A30P, A53T) or multiplication mutations of the gene encoding forASYNcause early onset forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). The relative regional specificity ofASYNpathology is still a riddle that cannot be simply explained by its expression pattern. Also, transgenic over‐expression ofASYNin mice does not recapitulate the typical dopaminergic neuronal death observed inPD. Thus, additional factors must contribute toASYN‐related toxicity. For instance, synucleinopathies are usually associated with inflammation and elevated levels of oxidative stress in affected brain areas. In turn, these conditions favor oxidative modifications ofASYN. Among these modifications, nitration of tyrosine residues, formation of covalentASYNdimers, as well as methionine sulfoxidations are prominent examples that are observed in post‐mortemPDbrain sections. Oxidative modifications can affectASYNaggregation, as well as its binding to biological membranes. This would affect neurotransmitter recycling, mitochondrial function and dynamics (fission/fusion),ASYN's degradation within a cell and, possibly, the transfer of modifiedASYNto adjacent cells. Here, we propose a model on how covalent modifications ofASYNlink energy stress, altered proteostasis, and oxidative stress, three major pathogenic processes involved inPDprogression. Moreover, we hypothesize thatASYNmay act physiologically as a catalytically regenerated scavenger of oxidants in healthy cells, thus performing an important protective role prior to the onset of disease or during aging.
A single in vivo cocaine administration impairs 5‐HT1B receptor‐induced long‐term depression in the nucleus accumbens
Authors: Huang Chiung‐Chun , Yeh Che‐Ming , Wu Mei‐Ying , Hsu Kuei‐Sen
Published: March 2013

The nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a crucial forebrain nucleus implicated in reward‐based decision‐making. While NAc neurons are richly innervated by serotonergic fibers, information on the functional role of serotonin 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in the NAc is still sparse. Here, we demonstrate that brief application of 5‐HT or 5‐HT1B receptor agonist CP 93129 induced a long‐term depression (LTD) of glutamatergic transmission in NAc neurons. This LTD was presynaptically mediated and inducible by endogenous 5‐HT. Remarkably, a single cocaine exposure impaired the induction of LTD by 5‐HT or CP 93129. The inhibition was blocked when a selective dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 was coadministered with cocaine. Cocaine treatment resulted in increased phosphorylation of presynaptic proteins, rabphilin 3A and synapsin 1, and significantly attenuated CP 93129‐induced decrease in rabphilin 3A and synapsin 1 phosphorylation. Application of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase inhibitor KT5720 caused a prominent synaptic depression in NAc neurons of mice with a history of cocaine exposure. Our results reveal a novel 5‐HT1B receptor‐mediated LTD in the NAc and suggest that cocaine exposure may result in elevated phosphorylation of presynaptic proteins involved in regulating glutamate release, which counteracts the presynaptic depressant effects of 5‐HT1B receptors and thereby impairs the induction of LTD by 5‐HT.
A taxonomic revision of Cyclosorus subgenus Cyclosoriopsis (Thelypteridaceae) from China
Authors: LI Zhong‐Yang , HE Zhao‐Rong , ZHANG Xian‐Chun
Published: March 2013

This paper deals with species of the genus Cyclosorus subgenus Cyclosoriopsis (Thelypteridaceae) from China, which is characterized by goniopteroid venation and unicellular glands on sporangial stalks. Morphological study of specimens and living plants reveals that venation and glands/glandular hairs on laminae are the most important diagnostic characters for species identification. Twenty‐two species are recognized, including seven species endemic to China. Fifty species names are newly reduced to synonyms. A key to species from China, description, and distribution map of each species are provided. Three species are treated as dubious species, and 22 species are treated as putative hybrids.
When Prayers Go Unanswered
Authors: Sharp Shane
Published: March 2013

Many Americans believe God answers prayers, but scholars know little about how individuals handle situations in which they perceive that prayers have gone unanswered. Using data from an in‐depth interview project with current and former victims of intimate partner violence, I argue that perceived unanswered prayers cause challenges to belief systems that elicit attribution processes—or cognitive processes through which individuals try to explain the causes of actors’ behavior—whose outcomes are explanations for why God did not answer their prayers. I find that the outcomes of these attribution processes are God‐serving justifications, or attributions of God's perceived unanticipated or problematic behavior that define this behavior as appropriate to the situation. God‐serving justifications for unanswered prayers fall into three types: (1) appeal to higher loyalties, (2) affirmation of benefits, and (3) denial of the pray‐er. I conclude with a discussion of the implications and limitations of the analysis.
Patterns of Change in Prayer Activity, Expectancies, and Contents During Older Adulthood
Authors: Hayward R. David , Krause Neal
Published: March 2013

Prayer is the most common form of religious practice and a central part of religious experience, yet little is known about whether individuals’ prayer activities and beliefs tend to remain stable or develop over the life course. This study examines change during the course of older adulthood in a range of dimensions of prayer, including total frequency of private prayer, specific beliefs and expectancies regarding prayer, and the contents of prayers. Data come from four waves of an ongoing longitudinal survey of Christian older adults, covering a period of seven years. Growth curve analysis was used to model patterns of within‐person change in these factors. Linear increase was observed in total prayer frequency and in beliefs about prayer emphasizing placing trust in God over expecting immediate rewards. Frequency of prayer increased for all types of prayer contents, including prayers for others, for God's will, in thanksgiving, for guidance, for health, and for material goods. Only the belief that one's prayers are answered remained stable during the course of the study. Results highlight the dynamic nature of prayer beliefs and behaviors in late life, and partially support a pattern of growing faith maturity.
Dynamic Adaptation in Child–Adult Language Interaction
Authors: van Dijk Marijn , van Geert Paul , Korecky‐Kröll Katharina , Maillochon Isabelle , Laaha Sabine , Dressler Wolfgang U. , Bassano Dominique
Published: March 2013

When speaking to young children, adults adapt their language to that of the child. In this article, we suggest that this child‐directed speech (CDS) is the result of a transactional process of dynamic adaptation between the child and the adult. The study compares developmental trajectories of three children to those of the CDS of their caregivers. Furthermore, a mathematical‐conceptual model is built that captures the essential dynamics of adaptation in a series of coupled equations. This model is sensitive to changes in the language development of the child. The results show evidence for a dynamic form of adaptation, although there are also clear individual differences.
Pleistocene sea level fluctuations and the phylogeography of the dugong in Australian waters
Authors: Blair David , McMahon Adrian , McDonald Brenda , Tikel Daniela , Waycott Michelle , Marsh Helene
Published: March 2013

We investigated phylogeography, demography, and population connectivity of the dugong (Dugong dugon) in Australian waters using mitochondrial control region DNA sequences from 177 Australian dugongs and 11 from elsewhere. The dugong is widespread in shallow Indo‐West Pacific waters suitable for growth of its main food, seagrass. We hypothesized that the loss of habitat and creation of a land barrier (the Torres Strait landbridge) during low sea level stands associated with Pleistocene glacial cycles have left a persisting genetic signature in the dugong. The landbridge was most recently flooded about 7,000 yr ago. Individual dugongs are capable of traveling long distances, suggesting an alternative hypothesis that there might now be little genetic differentiation across the dugong's Australian range. We demonstrated that Australian dugongs fall into two distinct maternal lineages and exhibit a phylogeographic pattern reflecting Pleistocene sea‐level fluctuations. Within each lineage, genetic structure exists, albeit at large spatial scales. We suggest that these lineages diverged following the last emergence of the Torres Strait landbridge (ca. 115 kya) and remained geographically separated until after 7 kya when passage through Torres Strait again became possible for marine animals. Evidence for population growth in the widespread lineage, especially after the last glacial maximum, was detected.
Aspergillus terreus complex: an emergent opportunistic agent of Onychomycosis
Authors: Fernández Mariana S. , Rojas Florencia D. , Cattana María E. , de los Ángeles Sosa María , Mangiaterra Magdalena L. , Giusiano Gustavo E.
Published: March 2013

The incidence of onychomycosis due to non‐dermatophyte moulds (NDM) is increasing. Aspergillus terreus is relatively undocumented as an agent of this fungal infection. The aim of this work is to show the prevalence of onychomycosis caused by A. terreus and to describe its clinical features. Nail samples were collected for microscopic examination and culturing in selective media. All cases of onychomycosis due to NDM were confirmed by a second sample. Aspergillus terreus isolates were identified through their morphological characteristics and using molecular methods. A total of 2485 samples were obtained. Positive cultures were obtained in 1639 samples. From 124 NDM confirmed cultures, 23 were identified as A. terreus (18.5%). Superficial white onychomycosis was the most frequent clinical pattern. A high percentage was found in fingernails. The prevalence of A. terreus in this study considerably exceeded the percentages reported by other authors. Onychomycosis due to A. terreus presents similar clinical patterns to those caused by dermatophytes, but is difficult to eradicate and is associated with less predictable treatment outcomes. Better knowledge of the aetiology of A. terreus may be important for accomplishing more accurate and effective treatment.
Threading a needle: Kazakhstan between civic and ethno‐nationalist state‐building
Authors: Ó Beacháin Donnacha , Kevlihan Rob
Published: March 2013

This paper examines the state‐building project in Kazakhstan since independence in 1991. It argues that both civic and ethno‐nationalistic tendencies in state‐building can be identified but that it is not any particular trajectory of nationalism in Kazakhstan that is of significance so much as the tensions between two very different trajectories. We argue that, at least to date, the government has succeeded in managing these tensions quite effectively both at the policy level and in its relations with different ethnic groups and neighbouring states. Whether Kazakhstan can continue to manage these tensions in the post‐Nazarbayev era is one of the most significant questions facing the country.
Dry night cough as a marker of allergy in preschool children: the PARIS birth cohort
Authors: Rancière Fanny , Nikasinovic Lydia , Momas Isabelle
Published: March 2013

Background

Early detection of children at risk for developing allergy is an important challenge. Our first analyses in infants from the Pollution and Asthma Risk: an Infant Study (PARIS) birth cohort suggested that dry night cough was associated with parental‐reported allergic disorders. The aim of the present study was to refine this finding by investigating the time course of dry night cough from birth to age 4 yr in relation to blood markers of atopy and allergic morbidity.

Methods

Health outcomes were regularly assessed by parental self‐administered questionnaires. Blood markers of atopy were measured at age 18 months. Children with similar patterns of dry night cough over the first 4 yr of life were grouped together using k‐means clustering. Associations with atopy/allergy were studied using multinomial logistic regression.

Results

Three trajectories of dry night cough were identified in 1869 children. Besides the never/infrequent pattern (72.4%), the transient pattern (8.8%) was composed of children who coughed in the first year and recovered by age 4 yr, while the rising pattern (18.8%) included all symptomatic children at age 4 yr, whether they were persistent or late coughers. Compared with the never/infrequent pattern, the rising pattern was significantly associated with elevated total immunoglobulin E (IgE) level (odds ratio [OR] = 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.21–2.39) and inhalant allergens sensitization (OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 1.26–5.61) at age 18 months, and with doctor‐diagnosed allergic diseases over the first 4 yr such as hay fever (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.49–4.26) and eczema (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.00–1.66).

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that persistent/late dry night cough may indicate allergy in preschool children.
Morphology, ontogeny and affinities of the Hirnantian triplisiid brachiopod Streptis undifera from Baltoscandia
Authors: Hints Linda , Popov Leonid , Holmer Lars E.
Published: March 2013

New silicified topotypic material of the Upper Ordovician Streptis undifera (Schmidt, 1858) from the stratotype of the Porkuni Regional Stage in Estonia provides important data on triplesiid morphology and ontogeny, which has substantial implications for our understanding of the affinity of this group of brachiopods. In particular, the new material shows that the early ontogeny of Streptis includes evidence for a cicatrix attachment and colleplax‐like structure in the ventral valve. It is likely also that a lecithotrophic feeding habit evolved in triplesiidines sometime in the Ordovician, which sets them apart from all other known strophomenates. A neotype is selected among the specimens of Streptis undifera from the type locality in Porkuni. In Baltoscandia, Streptis undifera appears first in Norway in late Katian below the strata with the pentamerid brachiopod Holorhynchus. In Estonia, Streptis undifera is an index species of the early Hirnantian and occurs in association with stromatoporoid‐coral reefs and related inter‐reef deposits, which overly the strata with Holorhynchus. In Baltoscandia, the distribution areas of Streptis and Holorhynchus are more or less identical in spite of some differences in age.
Operations Management Opportunities in Technology Commercialization and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Krishnan Viswanathan
Published: March 2013

The field of Production and Operations Management (POM) is increasingly perceived as a rigorous but narrow field, antiquated and not very relevant to the current challenges and concerns of managers in job‐creating growth companies vital to our economies. I argue that a narrower positioning of POM in the past is responsible for its perceived limited utility to growth firms and global economies. POM at its core is about “doing more with less,” which is very well aligned with the context and needs of resource‐constrained entrepreneurial companies. My discussion is focused on how the research paradigm of POM is and can be relevant to meeting the emerging challenges of growth companies of tomorrow. Specifically, I examine how POM can help meet the needs of these organizations to become scalable and sustainable. The objective is to stimulate thought and discussion and encourage early‐stage POM scholars to seriously consider the contexts of technology commercialization, entrepreneurship, and growth companies as avenues for future research.
Passive Restoration of Atlantic Forest Following Pinus taeda Harvesting in Southern Brazil
Authors: Ferracin Talita P. , Medri Paulo S. , Batista Angela C. R. , Mota Mariana C. , Bianchini Edmilson , Torezan José M. D.
Published: March 2013

The understory of exotic tree plantations can have non‐negligible native species richness. Ecological restoration of these sites may include the harvest of trees, depending on the tradeoff between timber income and harvest impacts on biodiversity. This study aimed to investigate how a site can recover from harvest disturbance, by comparing the regeneration of woody species in the understory of two types of 37‐year‐old Pinus taeda plantation (P1 and P2, high and low relative density of pine seedlings in the understory, respectively), with stands that were similar to P2 but subjected to harvest and then abandoned for 15 years (R sites). Secondary forests (SF) were used as references. We sampled three different sites for each stand condition; soil chemical properties, estimations of litter mass, and canopy cover were measured. P1 had low species diversity, and P2 and R had 50 and 46% of SF richness, respectively. The R site contained few pine saplings and was floristically similar to P2; this indicated that 15 years was sufficient for the recovery of plant diversity to near pre‐harvesting levels. Soil fertility was highest in SF and lowest in P1. Thus old plantations of P. taeda with low relative density of pine juveniles can be cost‐effective starting points for restoration. Despite the destructive effects of pine harvest, recovery of native species can occur rapidly. In situations in which clearcutting of pine stands is not planned or possible, modest thinning of P. taeda adults and/or intensive thinning of juveniles could expedite restoration.
The Colon: An Overlooked Site for Therapeutics in Dialysis Patients
Authors: Poesen Ruben , Meijers Björn , Evenepoel Pieter
Published: March 2013

Morbidity and mortality related to chronic kidney disease remain unacceptably high, despite tremendous progress in its prevention and treatment. In an ongoing quest to improve outcome in chronic kidney disease patients, the colon might be an appealing, but largely underexplored, therapeutic target. A clear bi‐directional functional relationship exists between the colon and kidney, also referred as to the colo–renal axis. Uremia has an important impact on the colonic microbiome. The microbiome, in turn, is an important source of uremic toxins, withp‐cresyl sulfate and indoxyl sulfate as important prototypes. These co‐metabolites accumulate in the face of a falling kidney function, and may accelerate the progression of renal and cardiovascular disease. Several therapeutic interventions, including prebiotics and adsorbants, specifically target these colon‐derived uremic toxins originating from bacterial metabolism. As kidney function declines, the colon also gains importance in the homeostasis and disposal of potassium and oxalate. Their colonic secretion may be increased by drugs increasing the expression ofcAMPand by probiotics (e.g.,Oxalobacter formigenes).
Berkeley's Doctrine of Mind and the “Black List Hypothesis”: A Dialogue
Authors: Daniel Stephen H.
Published: March 2013

Clues about what Berkeley was planning to say about mind in his now‐lost second volume of the Principles seem to abound in his Notebooks. However, commentators have been reluctant to use his unpublished entries to explicate his remarks about spiritual substances in the Principles and Dialogues for three reasons. First, it has proven difficult to reconcile the seemingly Humean bundle theory of the self in the Notebooks with Berkeley's published characterization of spirits as “active beings or principles.” Second, the fact that Berkeley did not publish his Notebooks insights on mind has led some to claim that he later rejected his early views. Third, many of the Notebooks entries on mind have a ‘+’ sign next to them, which has been understood for decades to comprise a Black List of views about which Berkeley had doubts or subsequently rejected. In my dialogue, I describe how Berkeley's “congeries” account of mind (1) differs from Hume's bundle theory in a way that complements Berkeley's published remarks and (2) undercuts the claim that he later rejected his early views. Most importantly, (3) I show how a careful analysis of the British Library manuscript of the Notebooks refutes the Black List hypothesis.
Cold‐water immersion decreases cerebral oxygenation but improves recovery after intermittent‐sprint exercise in the heat
Authors: Minett G. M. , Duffield R. , Billaut F. , Cannon J. , Portus M. R. , Marino F. E.
Published: March 2013

This study examined the effects of post‐exercise cooling on recovery of neuromuscular, physiological, and cerebral hemodynamic responses after intermittent‐sprint exercise in the heat. Nine participants underwent three post‐exercise recovery trials, including a control (CONT), mixed‐method cooling (MIX), and cold‐water immersion (10 °C; CWI). Voluntary force and activation were assessed simultaneously with cerebral oxygenation (near‐infrared spectroscopy) pre‐ and post‐exercise, post‐intervention, and 1‐h and 24‐h post‐exercise. Measures of heart rate, core temperature, skin temperature, muscle damage, and inflammation were also collected. Both cooling interventions reduced heart rate, core, and skin temperature post‐intervention (P < 0.05). CWI hastened the recovery of voluntary force by 12.7 ± 11.7% (mean ± SD) and 16.3 ± 10.5% 1‐h post‐exercise compared to MIX and CONT, respectively (P < 0.01). Voluntary force remained elevated by 16.1 ± 20.5% 24‐h post‐exercise after CWI compared to CONT (P < 0.05). Central activation was increased post‐intervention and 1‐h post‐exercise with CWI compared to CONT (P < 0.05), without differences between conditions 24‐h post‐exercise (P > 0.05). CWI reduced cerebral oxygenation compared to MIX and CONT post‐intervention (P < 0.01). Furthermore, cooling interventions reduced cortisol 1‐h post‐exercise (P < 0.01), although only CWI blunted creatine kinase 24‐h post‐exercise compared to CONT (P < 0.05). Accordingly, improvements in neuromuscular recovery after post‐exercise cooling appear to be disassociated with cerebral oxygenation, rather reflecting reductions in thermoregulatory demands to sustain force production.
‘The Gift that Keeps on Giving’: Unveiling the Paradoxes of Fair Trade Shea Butter
Authors: Elias Marlène , Saussey Magalie
Published: March 2013

Fair trade has garnered the interest of western consumers seeking ‘ethical’ products. Inherent to the movement's success are narratives that foster an attachment between reflexive consumers and the distantly situated producers of their goods. These narratives entice consumers to purchase higher priced, quality fair trade products. Drawing on empirical evidence from a case‐study of fair trade shea butter produced by women in Burkina Faso and consumed by European and North American women, this article considers the extent to which these narratives reflect producer experiences. Fair trade shea butter is depicted as an exotic, traditional, authentic, and ethical product that promotes global female solidarity. Yet, the international commodity differs significantly from the traditional and authentic product that is locally produced and traded. Moreover, the low returns butter producers earn for their product cast doubts on the ‘fairness’ and solidarity aspects of the movement. Hence, we argue that rather than unveiling the conditions of commodity production, fair trade discourses repackage these to appeal to ethically minded consumers likely to purchase fair trade goods.
Long‐term no‐tillage effects on particulate and mineral‐associated soil organic matter under rainfed Mediterranean conditions
Authors: Blanco‐Moure N. , Gracia R. , Bielsa A. C. , López M. V.
Published: March 2013

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an essential role in the sustainability of natural and agricultural systems. The identification of sensitive SOC fractions can be crucial for an understanding of SOC dynamics and stabilization. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of long‐term no‐tillage (NT) on SOC content and its distribution between particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral‐associated organic matter (Min) fractions in five different cereal production areas of Aragon (north‐east Spain). The study was conducted under on‐farm conditions where pairs of adjacent fields under NT and conventional tillage (CT) were compared. An undisturbed soil nearby under native vegetation (NAT) was included. The results indicate that SOC was significantly affected by tillage in the first 5 cm with the greatest concentrations found in NT (1.5–43% more than in CT). Below 40 cm, SOC under NT decreased (20–40%) to values similar or less than those under CT. However, the stratification ratio (SR) never reached the threshold value of 2. The POM‐C fraction, disproportionate to its small contribution to total SOC (10–30%), was greatly affected by soil management. The pronounced stratification in this fraction (SR>2 in NT) and its usefulness for differentiating the study sites in terms of response to NT make POM‐C a good indicator of changes in soil management under the study conditions. Results from this on‐farm study indicate that NT can be recommended as an alternative strategy to increase organic carbon at the soil surface in the cereal production areas of Aragon and in other analogous areas.
Numerical Architecture
Authors: Mandelbaum Eric
Published: March 2013

The idea that there is a “Number Sense” (Dehaene, 1997) or “Core Knowledge” of number ensconced in a modular processing system (Carey, 2009) has gained popularity as the study of numerical cognition has matured. However, these claims are generally made with little, if any, detailed examination of which modular properties are instantiated in numerical processing. In this article, I aim to rectify this situation by detailing the modular properties on display in numerical cognitive processing. In the process, I review literature from across the cognitive sciences and describe how the evidence reported in these works supports the hypothesis that numerical cognitive processing is modular. I outline the properties that would suffice for deeming a certain processing system a modular processing system. Subsequently, I use behavioral, neuropsychological, philosophical, and anthropological evidence to show that the number module is domain specific, informationally encapsulated, neurally localizable, subject to specific pathological breakdowns, mandatory, fast, and inaccessible at the person level; in other words, I use the evidence to demonstrate that some of our numerical capacity is housed in modular casing.
Arabidopsis acyl‐CoA‐binding protein ACBP1 participates in the regulation of seed germination and seedling development
Authors: Du Zhi‐Yan , Chen Mo‐Xian , Chen Qin‐Fang , Xiao Shi , Chye Mee‐Len
Published: March 2013

A family of six genes encoding acyl‐CoA‐binding proteins (ACBPs), ACBP1–ACBP6, has been characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we demonstrate that ACBP1 promotes abscisic acid (ABA) signaling during germination and seedling development. ACBP1 was induced by ABA, and transgenic Arabidopsis ACBP1‐over‐expressors showed increased sensitivity to ABA during germination and seedling development, whereas the acbp1 mutant showed decreased ABA sensitivity during these processes. Subsequent RNA assays showed that ACBP1 over‐production in 12‐day‐old seedlings up‐regulated the expression of PHOSPHOLIPASE Dα1 (PLDα1) and three ABA/stress‐responsive genes: ABA‐RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN1 (AREB1), RESPONSE TO DESICCATION29A (RD29A) and bHLH‐TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR MYC2 (MYC2). The expression of AREB1 and PLDα1 was suppressed in the acbp1 mutant in comparison with the wild type following ABA treatment. PLDα1 has been reported to promote ABA signal transduction by producing phosphatidic acid, an important lipid messenger in ABA signaling. Using lipid profiling, seeds and 12‐day‐old seedlings of ACBP1‐over‐expressing lines were shown to accumulate more phosphatidic acid after ABA treatment, in contrast to lower phosphatidic acid in the acbp1 mutant. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays indicated that ACBP1 interacts with PLDα1 at the plasma membrane. Their interaction was further confirmed by yeast two‐hybrid analysis. As recombinant ACBP1 binds phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylcholine, ACBP1 probably promotes PLDα1 action. Taken together, these results suggest that ACBP1 participates in ABA‐mediated seed germination and seedling development.
Phenoscope: an automated large‐scale phenotyping platform offering high spatial homogeneity
Authors: Tisné Sébastien , Serrand Yann , Bach Liên , Gilbault Elodie , Ben Ameur Rachid , Balasse Hervé , Voisin Roger , Bouchez David , Durand‐Tardif Mylène , Guerche Philippe , Chareyron Gaël , Da Rugna Jérôme , Camilleri Christine , Loudet Olivier
Published: March 2013

Increased phenotyping accuracy and throughput are necessary to improve our understanding of quantitative variation and to be able to deconstruct complex traits such as those involved in growth responses to the environment. Still, only a few facilities are known to handle individual plants of small stature for non‐destructive, real‐time phenotype acquisition from plants grown in precisely adjusted and variable experimental conditions. Here, we describe Phenoscope, a high‐throughput phenotyping platform that has the unique feature of continuously rotating 735 individual pots over a table. It automatically adjusts watering and is equipped with a zenithal imaging system to monitor rosette size and expansion rate during the vegetative stage, with automatic image analysis allowing manual correction. When applied to Arabidopsis thaliana, we show that rotating the pots strongly reduced micro‐environmental disparity: heterogeneity in evaporation was cut by a factor of 2.5 and the number of replicates needed to detect a specific mild genotypic effect was reduced by a factor of 3. In addition, by controlling a large proportion of the micro‐environmental variance, other tangible sources of variance become noticeable. Overall, Phenoscope makes it possible to perform large‐scale experiments that would not be possible or reproducible by hand. When applied to a typical quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping experiment, we show that mapping power is more limited by genetic complexity than phenotyping accuracy. This will help to draw a more general picture as to how genetic diversity shapes phenotypic variation.
Deployment of the Burkholderia glumae type III secretion system as an efficient tool for translocating pathogen effectors to monocot cells
Authors: Sharma Shailendra , Sharma Shiveta , Hirabuchi Akiko , Yoshida Kentaro , Fujisaki Koki , Ito Akiko , Uemura Aiko , Terauchi Ryohei , Kamoun Sophien , Sohn Kee Hoon , Jones Jonathan D. G. , Saitoh Hiromasa
Published: March 2013

Genome sequences of plant fungal pathogens have enabled the identification of effectors that cooperatively modulate the cellular environment for successful fungal growth and suppress host defense. Identification and characterization of novel effector proteins are crucial for understanding pathogen virulence and host‐plant defense mechanisms. Previous reports indicate that the Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 type III secretion system (T3SS) can be used to study how non‐bacterial effectors manipulate dicot plant cell function using the effector detector vector (pEDV) system. Here we report a pEDV‐based effector delivery system in which the T3SS of Burkholderia glumae, an emerging rice pathogen, is used to translocate the AVR‐Pik and AVR‐Pii effectors of the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae to rice cytoplasm. The translocated AVR‐Pik and AVR‐Pii showed avirulence activity when tested in rice cultivars containing the cognate R genes. AVR‐Pik reduced and delayed the hypersensitive response triggered by B. glumae in the non‐host plant Nicotiana benthamiana, indicative of an immunosuppressive virulence activity. AVR proteins fused with fluorescent protein and nuclear localization signal were delivered by B. glumae T3SS and observed in the nuclei of infected cells in rice, wheat, barley and N. benthamiana. Our bacterial T3SS‐enabled eukaryotic effector delivery and subcellular localization assays provide a useful method for identifying and studying effector functions in monocot plants.
A Myb transcription factor regulates genes of the phenylalanine pathway in maritime pine
Authors: Craven‐Bartle Blanca , Pascual Mª Belen , Cánovas Francisco M. , Ávila Concepción
Published: March 2013

During the life cycles of conifer trees, such as maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.), large quantities of carbon skeletons are irreversibly immobilized in the wood. In energetic terms this is an expensive process, in which carbon from photosynthesis is channelled through the shikimate pathway for the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. This crucial metabolic pathway is finely regulated, primarily through transcriptional control, and because phenylalanine is the precursor for phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the precise regulation of phenylalanine synthesis and use should occur simultaneously. The promoters of three genes encoding the enzymes prephenate aminotransferase (PAT), phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) and glutamine synthetase (GS1b) contain AC elements involved in the transcriptional activation mediated by R2R3‐Myb factors. We have examined the capacity of the R2R3‐Myb transcription factors Myb1, Myb4 and Myb8 to co‐regulate the expression of PAT, PAL and GS1b. Only Myb8 was able to activate the transcription of the three genes. Moreover, the expression of this transcription factor is higher in lignified tissues, in which a high demand for phenylpropanoids exits. In a gain‐of‐function experiment, we have shown that Myb8 can specifically bind a well‐conserved eight‐nucleotide‐long AC‐II element in the promoter regions of PAT, PAL and GS1b, thereby activating their expression. Our results show that Myb8 regulates the expression of these genes involved in phenylalanine metabolism, which is required for channelling photosynthetic carbon to promote wood formation. The co‐localization of PAT, PAL, GS1b and MYB8 transcripts in vascular cells further supports this conclusion.
The microtubule‐associated kinase‐like protein RUNKEL functions in somatic and syncytial cytokinesis
Authors: Krupnova Tamara , Stierhof York‐Dieter , Hiller Ulrike , Strompen Georg , Müller Sabine
Published: March 2013

The microtubule (MT)‐associated putative kinase RUNKEL (RUK) is an important component of the phragmoplast machinery involved in cell plate formation in Arabidopsis somatic cytokinesis. Since loss‐of‐function ruk mutants display seedling lethality, it was previously not known whether RUK functions in mature sporophytes or during gametophyte development. In this study we utilized RUK proteins that lack the N‐terminal kinase domain to further examine biological processes related to RUK function. Truncated RUK proteins when expressed in wild‐type Arabidopsis plants cause cellularization defects not only in seedlings and adult tissues but also during male meiocyte development, resulting in abnormal pollen and reduced fertility. Ultrastructural analysis of male tetrads revealed irregular and incomplete or absent intersporal cell walls, caused by disorganized radial MT arrays. Moreover, in ruk mutants endosperm cellularization defects were also caused by disorganized radial MT arrays. Intriguingly, in seedlings expressing truncated RUK proteins, the kinesin HINKEL, which is required for the activation of a mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway regulating phragmoplast expansion, was mislocalized. Together, these observations support a common role for RUK in both phragmoplast‐based cytokinesis in somatic cells and syncytial cytokinesis in reproductive cells.
Axial resistivity measurement of a nanopillar ensemble using a cross-bridge Kelvin architecture
Authors: Lalany Abeed , Tucker Ryan Thomas , Taschuk Michael Thomas , Fleischauer Michael David , Brett Michael Julian
Published: March 2013

Achieving the full potential of nanopillar electrode based devices, such as next-generation solar cells, catalyst supports, and sensors, requires axial resistivity measurements to optimize electronic performance. Here, the authors demonstrate a technique for direct measurement of the ensemble electrical properties of nanopillar thin films along the structure's longitudinal axis. A cross-bridge Kelvin resistor architecture is adapted to accommodate an indium tin oxide (ITO) nanopillar thin film fabricated by glancing angle deposition (GLAD). As-deposited GLAD ITO nanopillars were found to have a measured resistivity of (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10−2 Ω cm using our technique. Planar ITO films deposited at near normal incidence were found to have a resistivity of (4.5 ± 0.5) × 10−3 Ω cm, determined by the standard four-point-probe technique. These measurements demonstrate the viability of this modified technique for nanopillar characterization, and identify experimental limitations related to device size and edge defects.
Anticipatory lip gestures: A validation of the Movement Expansion Model in congenitally blind speakers
Authors: Ménard Lucie , Cathiard Marie-Agnès , Dupont Sophie , Tiede Mark
Published: March 2013

In this paper, anticipatory co-articulation of the lip protrusion and constriction gestures is investigated in speakers with visual deprivation. Audio-visual recordings of 11 congenitally blind French speakers producing [V−roundC−roundV+round] sequences were measured with a lip shape tracking system. Lip protrusion and constriction values and their relative timings were analyzed. Results show that despite the reduced magnitude of lip protrusion and constriction area in blind speakers, the timing of the anticipatory gestures can be appropriately modeled by the Movement Expansion Model [from Abry and Lallouache (1995a). Bul. de la Comm. Parlée 3, 85–99; (1995b). Proceedings of ICPHS, pp. 152–155; Noiray et al. (2011). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, 340–349], which predicts lawful anticipatory behavior expanding linearly as the intervocalic consonant interval increases.