bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Student Affairs in South Africa
Authors: Speckman McGlory , Mandew Martin
Published: March 2021

The goal of Perspectives on Student Affairs in South Africa is to generate interest in student affairs in South Africa. The papers contained herein are based on best practice, local experience and well-researched international and local theories. The papers in this book deal with matters pertaining to international and national trends in student affairs: academic development, access and retention, counselling, and material support for students coming from disadvantaged backgrounds. They are linked to national and international developments, as described in the first two papers. This publication will assist both young and experienced practitioners as they grow into their task of developing the students entrusted to them. All contributors are South Africans with a great deal of experience in student affairs, and all are committed to the advancement of student affairs in South Africa. The editors are former heads of student affairs portfolios at two leading South African universities.
Effectiveness of Anti-Corruption Agencies in East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda
Authors: (ed.) AfriMAP
Published: March 2021

With reportedly over USD50 billion lost annually through graft and illicit practices, combating corruption in Africa has been challenging. However, laws and policies at the continental, regional and national levels have been promulgated and enacted by African leaders. These initiatives have included the establishment of anti-corruption agencies mandated to tackle graft at national level, as well as coordinate bodies at regional and continental levels to ensure the harmonisation of normative standards and the adoption of best practices in the fight against corruption.

Yet, given the disparity between the apparent impunity enjoyed by public servants and the anti-corruption rhetoric of governments in the region, the effectiveness of these agencies is viewed with scepticism. This continent-wide study of anti-corruption agencies aims to gauge their relevance and effectiveness by assessing their independence, mandate, available resources, national ownership, capacities and strategic positioning. These surveys include evidence-based recommendations calling for stronger, more relevant and effective institutions that are directly aligned to regional and continental anti-corruption frameworks, such as the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption (AUCPCC), which the three countries in this current report Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda have all ratified.
Developing Standards for Library Services in Pakistan: A Critique of Professional Efforts
Authors: Anwar Mumtaz Ali
Published: March 2021

The literature on the development of standards of library service in Pakistan has not been systematically identified, listed, and reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to identify, as far as possible, the work already done and to have a critical look at the accessible literature. Most of the work previously done is based on individual effort and, in general, lacks methodical and systematic approach. In most cases the proposed quantitative standards seem to be excessive and unrealistic which do not seem to be enforceable considering the budgetary situation in Pakistani libraries. Formulation of standards has become critical now due to the changed information environment, enormous growth in academic and research institutions and information-oriented private sector enterprises with a resulting increase in the number of LIS professionals. It is recommended that the Pakistan Library Association should create a permanent structure to work on this area. While preparing these standards, the work done in developing rather than developed countries should be carefully examined.
Towards a Digitization Framework: Pakistani Perspective
Authors: Rafiq Muhammad , Ameen Kanwal
Published: March 2021

The study assessed the opinions of the Pakistani library experts in terms of: organization for digitization work (execution of digitization work & staffing patterns); funding patterns; and access patterns for digitization projects. The study opted qualitative research design and indepth interviews were conducted to collect the data from purposely selected library experts from different parts of Pakistan. The findings bring forward an outline of digitization framework in terms of execution of digitization work, staffing patterns, funding patterns and access patterns.
Linguculturological properties of the use of phraseological units in teaching english
Authors: Karimova Zaynab
Published: March 2021

The article deals with the use of phraseological compounds in English, phraseological confusion, phraseological compounds, phraseological associations, phraseological combinations-components, the meaning of which is not related to the meaning of the whole unit, phraseological units, word-for-word phrases. It is also explained on the basis of examples.
Credit Risk Management Evaluation and Bank Management Effectiveness: 1995 – 2015 Dimensionality
Authors: Nnah Ugoani John Nkeobuna
Published: March 2021

Credit risk management is central to the success or failure of a banking institution because banks earn the greatest quantum of their interest income from interest on loans which represents a critical component of a bank’s profitability. Therefore, any carelessness with regard to credit risk management automatically results to creating huge nonperforming loans which often prepares the grounds for bank distress or failure. In the 1990s and specifically in 1995, 50 percent of 120 banks became technically distressed, as they were characterized by poor management and weak liquidity ratio. For example, in 1995, the ratio of nonperforming loans to total loans was about 33 percent compared to about 5 percent in 2015, and the average liquidity ratio of banks in 1995 was 0.49, against 58.18 in 2015. Also the loans, to deposit ratio in 1995 was 58.4 and 73.21 in 2015, while the number of banks with average liquidity ratio of less than 30 percent was 50 in 1995 against 1 in 2015. Distress persisted in the Nigerian banking system in the 1990s with dwindling profitability and the erosion of shareholders’ equity. In 1995, the adjusted shareholders funds was – N8791.1million against N3,240 billion in 2015, while the capital to total risk weighted asset ratio was about 67.18 percent in 1995 and only about 17.66 percent in 2015. In 1995, the ratio of nonperforming loans to shareholders’ funds was about 496 percent against about 13 percent in 2015. These major performance indicators showed that there was improved credit risk management and bank management effectiveness after 1995 until 2015. The expo-facto research design was employed for the study and the result showed strong positive relationship between credit risk evaluation management and bank management effectiveness. The study was not exhaustive, and further research could examine the relationship between regulatory efficiency and the performance of deposit money banks in Nigeria. The board of directors of banks should always take measures to avoid lending arrangements over and above the repayment capacity of borrowers to reduce the creation of nonperforming loans.
A Novelistic Biomaterial from Natural Source: its Isolation and Physico-Chemical Characterization
Authors: Kumar Sushant , Satheesh Madhav N. V. , Verma Anurag , Pathak Kamla , Pandey Swarnima
Published: March 2021

The objective of this research was to isolate the biomaterial from Juglans regia and explore its different inbuilt polymeric properties by performing different physico-chemical analysis. As we know there are a number of polymers available and frequently used in design and delivery of novel drug targeting tool or carrier systems. But isolated biomaterial from natural source have proved about their novelistic different properties like biodegradable, bioretardant, bioadhesive, filmability etc. These properties are the key factor in design the novel drug targeting tool. So these polymeric properties identified in the natural source biomaterials have drawn the attention of researchers. So in this study the isolated biomaterial was subjected to various physicochemical evaluations along with spectral analysis including UV, FT-IR, Mass and 1H NMR, SEM, rheological characteristics and cell-line toxicity study The isolated biomaterial was found tom be polymeric in nature having a numerous functional properties. On the basis of its inbuilt polymeric properties, the biomaterial isolated from Juglan regia seed, can be used as an alternative to available standard polymers at very economical scale. The isolated biopolymer consisted of a unique polymeric properties similar to available standard polymers.
Factors Influencing Uptake of IPTp3+ Among Pregnant Women Attending ANC in Mawokota North Health Sub District, Mpigi District, Uganda
Authors: Omona Kizito
Published: March 2021

Annually, approximately 125 million pregnancies occur globally in malaria endemic areas. 25 million pregnant women are at risk for malaria which accounts for over 10,000 maternal and 200,000 neonatal deaths annually. WHO recommends initiation of IPT3+ in malaria endemic areas beginning with second trimester throughout pregnancy? However, uptakes of IPT3+ remain low in many countries, for instance in Uganda, the coverage of IPT3+ remains low at 66%.
Experiences in the assessment of psychosocial risk factors in a cardiovascular rehabilitation clinicsuccessful implementation of cardiovascular prevention guidelines may increase awareness of psychosocial stressors
Authors: Germán-Salló Márta , Preg Zoltán , Nemes-Nagy Enikő , Bálint-Szentendrey Dalma , Pál Tünde , Csomay Károly
Published: March 2021

We investigate the prevalence of psychosocial risk factors (PRFs) among patients admitted to a cardiovascular rehabilitation clinic.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy in Romania – results from the European Society of Cardiology CRT Survey II
Authors: Sus Ioana , Vatasescu Radu , Siliste Calin , Deutsch Alexandru , Cozma Dragos , Ciudin Radu , Micu Sorin , Rosianu Horia , Statescu Cristian , Gusetu Gabriel , Dickstein Kenneth , Normand Camilla , Linde Cecilia , Dobreanu Dan
Published: March 2021

The European Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Survey II is the second CRT survey of the Heart Failure Association and European Heart Rhythm Association designed to observe implantation and follow-up practices across European countries. These data allow, for the fi rst time, a valuable insight on CRT implantation strategies for Romanian patients.
Cibercultura y nuevas formas de consumo audiovisual en la era de la globalización y la sociedad digital: una aproximación teórica para su estudio
Authors: Abril Valdez José Alberto
Published: March 2021

Este libro propone algunas bases para una metodología que facilite la identificación de variables en posibles investigaciones relacionadas con la comunicación audiovisual, centradas en el papel relevante del usuario/espectador.
Formas alternativas del género narrativo
Authors: González Gaxiola Francisco , Araoz Robles María Edith , de la Vara Estrada Ana Bertha , Domínguez Hernández Berenice , Elizalde Velázquez Cristian Eduardo , Félix Martínez Francisco , Galindo Ruiz de Chávez María de los Ángeles , Guerrero de la Llata Patricia del Carmen , Martínez Fabián Constantino , Porras Figueroa Bárbara
Published: March 2021

El libro colectivo Formas alternativas del género narrativo. Cómics, cine, testimonios, reúne nueve artículos de docentes/investigadores que trabajan con géneros narrativos alejados de la ortodoxia académica. Desde una perspectiva más cultural que literaria, son nada canónicos, descentrados: los cómics, la novela gráfica, el cine narrativo, y los testimonios periciales.
Química orgánica experimental III
Authors: Reyes Márquez Viviana , Corona Martínez David Octavio , Sotelo Valenzuela Olga Lidia , Lerma Maldonado María Rosa Estela
Published: March 2021

Este libro contiene aspectos fundamentales para la formación de los estudiantes en el trabajo de laboratorio de química orgánica. En él se consideran las bases sobre la reactividad de algunos grupos funcionales, así como el uso de varias herramientas que ayudan en la identificación de sustancias orgánicas a partir de sus propiedades físicas, sus reacciones químicas o mediante el uso de las técnicas analíticas comúnmente empleadas.
El diccionario tarahumara – alemán de Matthäus Steffel
Authors: Lewis Merrill William
Published: March 2021

Este libro ofrece la primera traducción al español del único diccionario de la lengua tarahumara producido durante la época colonial que perdura hoy en día, así como el primer análisis detallado de su contenido. Perteneciente a la familia lingüística yuto-nahua, la lengua tarahumara es hablada en el norte de México por más de 80,000 personas, quienes se refieren a su idioma y a sí mismos como Ararámuri@. El diccionario, escrito en alemán, fue compilado por el jesuita moravo Matthäus Steffel y está basado en su experiencia como misionero entre los tarahumaras durante los años de 1761 y 1767. Más de mil palabras tarahumaras, así como diversas dimensiones de la gramática del idioma, son documentadas y sus entradas léxicas son enriquecidas con descripciones precisas de la cultura tarahumara del siglo xviii. El libro incluye traducciones y transcripciones de las dos versiones existentes del diccionario. Estas se complementan por capítulos analíticos y apéndices que facilitan el uso de los datos que contienen e indican el valor de la obra para la investigación lingüística y antropológica moderna.
Sol y barro: un fragmento de historia
Authors: Jardines Moreno José Luis
Published: March 2021

Es una novela que rinde homenaje al movimiento estudiantil mexicano del 1968, a los movimientos sociales que surgieron en busca de libertad y justicia. Los ideales políticos de una sociedad se ven reflejados en las historias individuales de un grupo de jóvenes que pone su empeño en mantener vivo el espíritu del movimiento estudiantil. Sus anhelos y frustraciones los harán llegar al límite, porque el amor será un arma que también revoluciona. De Sonora a Veracruz, la vida después de la masacre de Tlatelolco estará marcada por la lucha y la injusticia, por la sospecha y la doble vida, así lo es para el Negro y su gran amor, la India. Mientras los sueños marcan el destino de Adán y el final de una historia de amor, un intento de recuperar la vida a través de la lucha social y el encuentro con la conciencia propia. No hay jueces, solo víctimas de sus propios ideales que se ponen a prueba en la Ciudad de México, la ciudad Monstruo, donde el folclore citadino se manifiesta con vivacidad y franqueza, hasta que carcome las almas de quienes luchan por la Nación.
The impact of Leaders Competence towards Customer Satisfaction through Employee’s Performance in The Ritz-Carlton Jakarta
Authors: Dahadi Dedi Rrianto , Yusup Suteddy
Published: March 2021

This research paper aims to find out the relationship between leaders’ competence and employees’ performance towards customer satisfaction. This paper's main objective is to find out how employees perform towards customers. If the employee's performance is good, it will result in customer satisfaction. Surveys can be done to obtain the result of employee performance by phone interview to customers and with google form for primary source. On the other hand, for secondary sources, it will be gathered through online platforms such as pagoda, Traveloka and pegipegi.com. Moreover, the acquired results will be analysed and measured by the customer satisfaction reviews and the survey given to employees at hotels to give grades to their leaders according to their department to show and explain whether the leaders have the competency to lead their employees and ensure a good conduct to customers.
Acerca de la distribución de las editoriales independientes argentinas (2011-2015)
Authors: Velázquez Gustavo
Published: March 2021

El presente trabajo propone reflexionar acerca de la distribución editorial en tanto problema para las editoriales argentinas contemporáneas. Especialmente, se estudia a los proyectos de pequeña y mediana escala, también conocidos como editoriales independientes, durante el periodo 2011-2015. En este tema influye la posición dominante de los grandes grupos editoriales que acaparan gran parte de la distribución y comercialización, cuestión que pone en tensión a los actores de menor porte económico, que apelan a distintas estrategias para resolver la circulación comercial de sus publicaciones y posicionarse dentro del campo editorial.
Calidad democrática en Argentina. Un análisis sobre cómo la rendición de cuentas horizontal impacta en la vida de las personas con discapacidad
Authors: Blogna Tistuzza Sergio Hernán
Published: March 2021

Argentina tiene políticas públicas nacionales para el colectivo con discapacidad. En particular, analizamos el diseño e implementación de las políticas para garantizar la accesibilidad física en el transporte y la inclusión laboral en el ámbito público, a través del cupo laboral del 4% para trabajadoras y trabajadores con discapacidad. Sin embargo, la mera implementación de estas políticas no ha resultado suficiente para alcanzar las soluciones esperadas. Para lograr una transformación real se necesita el compromiso de los gobiernos, la disponibilidad de recursos que asigna el Parlamento y, también, el funcionamiento de los organismos de control, que tienen a cargo la misión de asegurar que las políticas se implementen correctamente y los derechos se respeten. En otras palabras, desde la perspectiva de la rendición de cuentas horizontal de Guillermo O’Donnell, indagamos sobre la relación entre las dificultades de la implementación de las políticas públicas con la tarea de contralor de organismos del Poder Ejecutivo, el control parlamentario del Legislativo y el control del cumplimiento de las normas que dispone la Justicia.
Hacia una interpretación integral del Patrimonio en Quilmes desde la educación CTS
Authors: Porro Silvia , Lampert Damian , Praconovo Yemil , Vázquez Florencia
Published: March 2021

En el presente artículo se presenta un abordaje de educación Ciencia, Tecnología y Sociedad (CTS) aplicado a la interpretación del patrimonio de Quilmes. El concepto de patrimonio es polisémico y puede ser abordado desde distintas disciplinas; por ello la propuesta de trabajo aquí presentada consiste en un abordaje interdisciplinario que garantice no sólo la incorporación de contenidos, sino su apropiación real por parte del estudiantado a través de un proceso reflexivo y constructivo del Pensamiento Crítico. Esta secuencia, desarrollada y aplicada en el marco de un Proyecto de Extensión, que incluimos dentro de la Educación Patrimonial, es parte de una construcción identitaria (individual y colectiva) y cuya valoración y preservación dependen del desarrollo de actitudes de compromiso y participación ciudadana que trasciendan la barrera del tiempo y alcancen a las generaciones futuras. Para la valoración de la secuencia didáctica se utilizó una encuesta de un proyecto internacional sobre motivación, competencias científicas, utilidad y pensamiento crítico. El estudiantado encontró útil e interesante la propuesta y le permitió desarrollar competencias científicas.
Accommodating the Heterogeneity in Traveller’s Responsiveness in Safe Route Choice Experiment – Study from India
Authors: Balakrishnan Sivakumar
Published: March 2021

Developing countries like India lacks research works to examine how the heterogeneity in responsiveness affect the outcome of a stated choice experiment. This study is an attempt to observe the effects of variation in the responsiveness of a person to different levels of parameters in the selection of a safer route in a country like India. This paper applies a Mixed Logit (ML) model to analyze the safer route choices done by the two-wheeler road users. This model is extended to account for the heterogeneity and explain its impact on the willingness to pay (WTP) for accident reduction. The empirical study shows that if the heterogeneity across individuals are not accounted adequately it leads to a statistically inferior data fit and also to inappropriate evaluations. The calculated WTP values suggest that these values are sensitive to preference heterogeneity and are underestimated if an assumption of preference homogeneity is made.
A Methodology of Evaluating Urban Parking System: Case Study of Delhi
Authors: Das Pritikana
Published: March 2021

A parking study is carried out in the NCT of Delhi to measure the parking system performance for different land-uses. Various parking statistics such as parking demand, demand-capacity (D/C) ratio, parking load, parking efficiency, and utilization are considered to demonstrate the parking conditions and problems at the selected parking locations. Further, four key-indicators viz., D/C ratio, search + park time, walk time and parking fees are chosen to develop parking performance index (PPI) which evaluate the parking facility from users’ perspective. PPI is a single value index, which is estimated by combining the evaluation criteria of the four indicators using a radial coordinate system. PPI is classified into four categories: Excellent, Good, Fair and Poor using clustering analysis in order to define the thresholds for each category. The paper demonstrates the case study application, which describes the applicability of the developed PPI at three locations in Delhi. Lastly, a few parking strategies and guidelines are discussed based on the analysis, on-field survey observations, and past literature. The proposed method can be adopted globally with the required modifications. The study is helpful for the transport planners and policy-makers to quantify the quality of the existing parking system, and the improvement plans can be made accordingly.
Costa Rica
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Western Hemisphere Dept.
Published: March 2021

Costa Rica has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic, notwithstanding the authorities’ proactive policy response and the country’s well-established universal healthcare system. The socio-economic impact has been significant, exacerbating an already fragile outlook and pre-existing imbalances, with a significant toll on economic activity and unemployment—especially among women and the young. The shock has further weakened the country’s fiscal position, undermining the expected yields from the ambitious fiscal reform launched in late 2018, and generated a large financing gap. Financial support through the Fund’s Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) in 2020 provided temporary relief to respond to the pandemic, including by catalyzing financial assistance from other official partners, but financing needs remain sizable over the medium term.
Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Centeurea damascena Methanolic Extract
Authors: Jaafreh Mohammad , Khleifat Khaled , Qaralleh Haitham , Al-limoun Muhamad
Published: March 2021

The family Asteraceae include large number of Centaurea species which have been applied in folk medicine. One of the family Asteraceae members is the Centaurea damascena which authentically been tested for its antibacterial and antioxidant activity as well as its toxicity. The aims of the study were to determine the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and toxicity of methanolic plant extracts of Centaurea damascene. The methanolic extracts were screened for their antibacterial activity against nine bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 10240, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228, Escherichia coli ATCC 11293, Pseudomonas aerugino and Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048 and Salmonella typhi ATCC19430). The antibacterial activity was assessed by using the disc diffusion methods and the minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) using microdilution method. The extracts from Centaurea damascene possessed antibacterial activity against several of the tested microorganisms. The MIC of methanol extract of C. damascene ranged from 60–1100 µg/mL. Free radical scavenging capacity of the C. damascena methanol extract was calculated by DPPH and FRAP test. DPPH radicals were scavenged with an IC50 value of 17.08 µg /ml. Antioxidant capacities obtained by the  FRAP was 51.9 and expressed in mg Trolox g-1 dry weight. The total phenolic compounds of the methanol extracts of aerial parts, as estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method, was about 460 mg GAE/ g. The phenolic contents in the extracts highly correlate with their antioxidant activity, (R2 = 0.976) confirming that the antioxidant activity of this plant extracts is considerably phenolic contents-dependent
Vitreoscilla sp. hemoglobin (VHb) Expression in Heterologous Hosts: Some Aspects of Their Biotechnological Application
Authors: Qaralleh Haitham , Al-limouna Muhamad , Khleifat Khaled , Alsharafa Khaled , Al Tarawneh Amjad
Published: March 2021

It is worth mentioning that the high output of different physiological responses under the expression of vgb, may have a considerable effect on the enzyme productivity, dairy industry, heavy metal uptake, biodegradation of different organic pollutants and other applications. The expression of bacterial haemoglobin is useful in lessening the load of perceived toxic conditions such as high oxygen levels. This in turn probably has the same impact on some peripheral toxic materials. This, hemoglobin biotechnology can be extended to enhance production of pollutants degrading enzymes or production of some valuable manufacturing materials on the case-by-case bases. It is likely that the mechanism of bacterial hemoglobin (VHb) effects is intermediated via an oxygen trapping action. This may drive the enrichment of ATP production, which is mostly required for higher productivity of needed substances for that activity.
Biological Value of Centaurea damascena: Minireview
Authors: Jaafreh Mohammad , Qaralleh Haitham , Al-limoun Muhamad
Published: March 2021

The family Asteraceae include large number of Centaurea species which have been applied in folk  medicine. One of the family Asteraceae members is the Centaurea damascena which authentically been tested for its antibacterial activity. The aim of the study was to discuss antibacterial activities of essential oil composition and methanolic extract of the same plant aerial part leaves.  Thirty-seven components were characterized with 86% of oxygenated terpenes. The composition was dominated by 11.45% Fokienol, 8.8% thymol, 8.21% Alpha Terpineol, 7.24% Chrysanthemumic acid, 7.13% Terpinen-4-ol and 6.59% Borneol with a high degree of polymorphism in the occurrence of these compounds as compared with the different species of centaurea.. Free radical scavenging capacity of the C. damascna methanol extract was calculated by DPPH and FRAP test. DPPH radicals were scavenged with an IC50 value of 17.08 µg /ml. Antioxidant capacities obtained by the FRAP was 51.9 and expressed in mg Trolox g-1 dry weight. The total phenolic compounds of the methanol extracts of aerial parts, as estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method, was about 460 mg GAE/ g. The phenolic contents in the extracts highly correlate with their antioxidant activity, (R2 = 0.976) confirming that the antioxidant activity of this plant extracts is considerably phenolic contents-dependent.
The Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of 2019 Novel Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) in Balochistan, Pakistan
Authors: Ul Ain Qurat , Larik Ehsan , Saeed Abid , Khosa Zubair , Arif Muhammad , Chaudry Ambreen , Ghafoor Tamkeen , Baig Mirza
Published: March 2021

Background: The unprecedented outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) drastically spread worldwide. The study was aimed to articulate the findings of a descriptive and clinical characteristic, also to access the potential risk factors link with the spread of COVID-19. Method: The COVID-19 cases reported through April 30, 2020, were extracted from Balochistan’s COVID-19 Electronic Dashboard. All cases from March to April 2020 were included. The results of the laboratory finding as well as data acquired through COVID-19 Dashboard were cleaned; descriptive exploratory analysis and chi-square were calculated to demonstrate the association using Epi- Info. Results: A total of 1381 patient records extracted and screened. Of these, 1218 suspected cases and 1049 confirmed cases contributed to the analysis. Among confirmed cases, 77% (811) were male. The most affected age group was 60 – 69 years (attack rate 1.90/10,000), mean age was 36 ±17.11 SD with age range 2 months-94 years.  District Quetta 82% (864) and district Pishin 5% (55) remained the epi-center for high attack rates. Among confirmed cases, a total of 14 deaths occurred for an overall Case fatality rate of 1.33%. The epi surge was peaked around March 19, April 5, and April 24, 2020. Among high-risk personals, those who had contact with infected individuals’ showed a high association of 97% (323/333) than without any contact 87% (221/254). Those who had travel history showed a prevalence of 86% (87/101) than in those who did not 59% (60/104) while those admitted in hospital with comorbid conditions showed a prevalence of 70% (26/37) than in those who did not 13% (6/46). Conclusion: COVID-19 epidemic has spread rapidly in the province. A series of multidimensional public health interventions, a cost-effective surveillance system, and the adoption of safe working practice, awareness sessions are necessary to control the COVID-19 outbreak
Update on pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation
Authors: Choi Hye Sook , Kim Jae Yeol
Published: March 2021

Cigarette smoking is the leading preventable cause of death, and smoking cessation is the only way to reduce the risk of developing and dying from smoking-related diseases. The binding of nicotine to α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the ventral tegmental area causes transmission of signals to nuclear accumbens, where neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, are released. Euphoric feelings and satisfaction acquired due to the released neurotransmitters make smokers reach for a cigarette once again after a short while, thereby completing a repeating cycle of addiction. Medications for smoking cessation, such as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion, and varenicline, are designed to cope with nicotine addiction. NRT provides nicotine to ameliorate withdrawal symptoms, and all forms of NRT are equally effective in smoking cessation than placebo. Bupropion, originally developed as an antidepressant, decreases craving, leading to smoking cessation, which makes it one of the first-line drugs for smoking cessation. Many studies have shown that varenicline is the most effective agent for smoking cessation. No significant long-term adverse events have been reported for NRT, bupropion, or varenicline. However, bupropion should not be used in patients with an increased risk for seizure.
Histological Changes in Proximal and Distal Convoluted Tubules of Kidney of Albino Rats after Exposure to Mosquito Coil Smoke Inhalation
Authors: Siddique Nazia , Ahmed Masooma , Ilyas Maria , Jabeen Rukhsana , Jawad Abdul Hannan , Iqbal Zafar
Published: March 2021

Objective: To evaluate the effects of the mosquito coil smoke (MCS) inhalation on histology of proximal (PCT) and distal (DCT) convoluted tubules of kidney in Wistar Albino rats. Methods: This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of PGMI, Lahore. 24 Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups, each containing eight animals. Group A was control; Group B and C were experimental groups and were exposed to mosquito coil smoke inhalation for 8 hours/day for two and four weeks respectively. Kidney tissue of albino rats was dissected, examined and analyzed histologically. Results: The results of MCS inhalation in histological sections of group B and C showed marked cellular necrosis and vacuolization in PCT (proximal convoluted tubule) of the kidney as compared to the group A. protein cast was absent in PCT of all groups. DCT (distal convoluted tubules) in group B and C showed marked necrosis, vacuolization and protein cast. Necrosis was more marked in group C treated with mosquito coil smoke for 4 weeks. Conclusion: The results indicate that pyrethroids in mosquito coil smoke though considered least toxic pesticides, are very harmful. Exposure of pyrethroids can induce adverse changes in tubules of kidney. Key Words: MCS Mosquito Coil Smoke, Pyrethroids, PCT Proximal convoluted tubules, DCT Distal convoluted tubules. How to Cite: Siddique N, Ahmed M, Ilyas M, Jabeen R, Jawad A.H, Iqbal Z. histological changes in proximal and distal convoluted tubules of kidney of albino rats after exposure to mosquito coil smoke inhalation. Esculapio.2020;16(04):87-91.
Association of Antidiabetic Treatment with the Type of Obesity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Ali Jawariea , Ali Sheikh Sajjad , Imran Muhammad , Tariq Tuba , Mahmood Umair , Iqbal Junaid
Published: March 2021

Objective: To find association between antidiabetic treatment and the type of obesity in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: The study was conducted in National Institute of Diabetes & Endocrinology (NIDE), Karachi, over a period of 6 months, ie. from January to June, 2018. It was an observational analytical study, for which 59 patients were selected via non-probability sampling, as per inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected through detailed history, examination. A database was developed and analyzed on SPSS 17. A p- value <0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: Fifty nine patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in this study. While 30 (50.8%) had generalized obesity, 29 (49.2%) were not having generalized obesity. Further it was observed that 35 (59.3%) had abdominal obesity, while 24 (40.7%) were not having abdominal obesity. A total of 39 (66.1%) were on insulin, while 20 (43.9%) were not on insulin. Finally, 41 (69.5%) were on oral hypoglycemic drugs, while 18 (30.5%) were not on oral hypoglycemic drugs. P-values were not significant for the study parameters. Conclusion: There is no association between antidiabetic treatment and type of obesity in type 2 diabetic patients. Key Words: Diabetes, obesity, body mass index, insulin, oral hypoglycemic drugs How to Cite: Ali J, Ali S.S, Imran S, Tariq T, Mahmood U, Iqbal J. Association of antidiabetic treatment with the type of obesity in type 2 diabetic patients. Esculapio.2020;16(04):97-100.
Frequency of Weight Gain and its Impact in Adults during Lockdown: A Cross- Sectional Study
Authors: Bokhari Uswah , Shoaib Uswah , Tariq Sana , Khan Sehar Khauteja , Syed Fatima , Amin Bushra , Ijaz Farhat , Aftab Rana Khurram
Published: March 2021

Objectives: The current lockdown in the country has led to a sedentary lifestyle because of a shift of daily activities online and a fear of contracting the illness leading to isolation inside homes; Hence an expected change in weight of the general population. This study aims to determine the frequency of weight gain and its impact in adults during the current lockdown of COVID-19. Methods: Participants selected from the ages of 18-25 from different universities of Pakistan were sent questionnaires via WhatsApp, posted online using Microsoft Forms. A total of 157 responses were attained. Results: Among the 157 participants the average weight before the lockdown was 61.95 kgs and after the lockdown was 64.99kgs so there was an increase of 3.016 kgs whereas 18.5% of the sample maintained their weight and 37.6% were reported to have lost weight. The results also depict a 1.6% increase in impairment of body image. Conclusion: We concluded that the Lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a gain in the weight and lowered self-esteem with regard to body image of most young adults in Pakistan due to many factors including higher food intake, lack of exercise and also emotional distress. Key words: Obesity, Weight gain, Lockdown, Body Image. How to Cite: Bokhar U, Shoaib U, Tariq S, Khan S.K, Syed F, Amin B, Ijaz F, Aftab R.K. Frequency of weight gain and its impact in adults during lockdown: a cross sectional study. Esculapio.2020;16(04):110-115.
Algunas ideas acerca de la distribución y sus teorías en el capitalismo
Authors: Escobar Beatriz
Published: March 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 63, No. 717, 2008: 419-439.
Checking Boxes for Making an Apology: Testing the Valuable Relationships Hypothesis by a New Method
Authors: Oda Ryo , Hiraishi Kai
Published: March 2021

A reconciliation signal may have evolved because it can reduce the uncertainty of defection, which might be caused by an error in a repeated prisoner’s dilemma situation. Ohtsubo and Watanabe (2009) proposed the “costly apology model” and argued that transgressors should make apologies in a costly way to convey sincerity to victims. Ohtsubo and Yagi (2015) showed that people are more likely to make a costly apology to valuable partners than to less valuable ones. The cost of apology was measured by the strength of willingness to suffer some inconvenience (e.g., cancellation of an important meeting) for it. Such a method of measuring costs is, however, dependent on culture, context, and the participants’ personal situations, and can only measure costs indirectly. We attempted to replicate the results of Ohtsubo and Yagi (2015) by using the checkbox method as a measurement of cost of apology. Among the factors expected to affect the number of checkboxes checked, the primary factor was the instrumentality of the friend, which replicated the results of Ohtsubo and Yagi (2015). Because the participants paid real costs of effort and time for fictitious mistakes, the costly apology might be triggered quickly and intuitively by a heuristic.
Die Gemeinden. Staatsbildung und kommunale Finanzen 1849–1914
Authors: Buchner Thomas
Published: March 2021

Communities. State-Building and Communal Finances 1849–1914. Using the example of Lower Austria, this chapter examines the importance of municipalities in the move towards state capitalism under the Habsburg Monarchy. The establishment of “free” (semi-autonomous) municipalities in 1849 was tantamount to the assumption of state duties on the local level. As an analysis of municipal finances shows, from the second half of the 19th century onwards, municipalities played a decisive role in the expansion of infrastructure (water supply, hospitals, etc.). However, the municipalities were not able to draw on central government funding in this process. That it was nevertheless possible for them to meet the increasing state demands was largely due to the fact that solutions to problems with financing could be negotiated locally. (Another reason was mounting municipal debt.) Taking this issue as its point of departure, this chapter argues that the development of governance on the local level was made possible not least by the mobilization of non-governmental resources in the form of associations, clubs, etc.
Soldaten und Garnisonen. Das Militär und sein ziviles Umfeld
Authors: Rosner Willibald
Published: March 2021

Soldiers and Garrisons. The Military and its Civilian Environment. This chapter outlines a regional military history of Lower Austria in the 19th century. In the context of history of the k. k. and later k. u. k. Army, peacetime relations between the land and the military are presented in two particular areas. The chapter’s first section focuses on the land’s recruitment and its transformation from a system based on forced conscription by a late-absolutist system to a constitutional monarchy employing citizen soldiers. In a second section, the phenomenon of the garrison illustrates the interdependence of the military and its civilian environment in public, social and economic life. In both sections, the question of the militarization of society is also explored. The surprisingly high incidence of individuals unfit for service and the significantly lower number of actual conscripts demand as much consideration as the economic importance of a garrison for the towns of Lower Austria in last third of the 19th century.
Revolution? Das Jahr 1848 im ländlichen Raum
Authors: Stockinger Thomas
Published: March 2021

Revolution? The Year 1848 in the Countryside. Contrary to widespread assumptions, it was not only in Vienna and other major European cities that revolutionary movements occurred in 1848. Rural areas too saw a wave of protests against existing institutions and experimentation with new forms of political activity, involving large segments of the population. This concerned not only the traditional resistance to the manorial system and its dues, which attained its goal in 1848 with the defeudalisation law, but multiple other phenomena too. This chapter discusses innovations in political communication, elections and parliamentary politics, the National Guard, and the reactions to the October Revolution in Vienna. It is reasonable to believe that these new experiences left permanent marks on the political consciousness of the rural population and had a long-term impact on the development of its relationship with the state.
Die Agrarwirtschaft. Eine Agrarrevolution in Raten
Authors: Bauer Martin
Published: March 2021

Agriculture. Delayed Agricultural Revolution. This chapter traces the temporal-spatial course of agricultural development in the long 19th century. The labour-intensive and production-enhancing innovations of the “first agricultural revolution” began in the Alpine foothills as early as 1800, under feudal conditions. The expanding metropolis of Vienna and its immediate surroundings were also characterized by intensive formsof cultivation and a pronounced regional specialization at that time. On the other hand, large parts of the arable land in eastern Lower Austria were only intensified from the end of the 19th century onwards. One obstacle here was the competition of Hungarian and Moravian agricultural producers on the Viennese market. As Lower Austria enjoyed locational advantages in the case of perishable products, milk production played an important role in the agricultural intensification. Prerequisites were stronger demand from Vienna and the technological improvements in transportation. Due to this development spurt, agricultural production in Lower Austria began to grow significantly towards the end of the period under investigation.
Industrialisierung und Gewerbe. Die allmähliche Durchsetzung von „nützlichem Wissen“
Authors: Resch Andreas
Published: March 2021

IIndustrialization and Crafts. The Gradual Rise of Useful Knowledge. This chapter provides an analytical overview of the development of industry and crafts in Lower Austria in the 19th century. It is written from the perspective of Joel Mokyr’s industrial enlightenment approach and takes into account specific regional developments. The text first describes the institutional framework and quantitative developments. This is followed by histories of the large-scale industries (cotton and mechanical engineering, including electrical engineering) and rural industries (iron and metal processing, pottery production, the paper industry). Finally, the chapter discusses the diverse networks of value creation that developed between industry and commerce in sectors with a large proportion of small businesses.
Korridore der Moderne und der Macht. Verkehrs-, Mobilitäts- und Kommunikationsrevolutionen im Land um Wien
Authors: Kreuzer Bernd
Published: March 2021

Corridors of Modernity and Power. Revolutions in Transport, Mobility and Communications. The middle of the 19th century marks a turning point from pre-modern transport to a modern one, the latter characterised by the use of steam power. This paradigm change is generally known as the “transport revolution”. However, even before then, technological and organisational reforms had resulted in substantial modernisation, including the introduction of fast mail coaches in 1823. Especially in the last third of the 19th century, the Austrian State used transport and communications as a means of infrastructural power to penetrate the country and its subjects, first only along the railway and telegraph lines and the important roads, which can be conceived of as “corridors of modernity and power”, then gradually covering the entire territory. On the regional level, the estates’ influence on transport issues had been largely reduced by the end of the 18th century, but a hundred years later, Lower Austria, like the state himself, increasingly sought to improve local transport conditions.
Sozialpolitik zwischen Zentrum und Peripherie. Niederösterreichische Positionen bei der Errichtung gesamtstaatlicher Sozialversicherungen
Authors: Senghaas Monika
Published: March 2021

Social Policy between the Centre and the Periphery. Lower Austrian Positions and the Establishment of State Social Security. In the 1880s, the Cisleithanian half of the Habsburg Monarchy began to develop a state social policy. The laws on accident insurance (1887) and health insurance (1888) established a material safeguard against typical risks of working life on the national level. The parliamentary negotiations were situated in the context of the debate over the relationship between the state and its lands, between the centre and the periphery of the empire. Lower Austrian actors positioned themselves in these negotiations primarily as representatives of the imperial center and called for centralized implementation of social insurance. Contrary to these demands, social security funds had federal elements and opened up possibilities for new political links between the centre and the periphery.
Resistance Band Exercise Training Prevents the Progression of Metabolic Syndrome in Obese Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Son Won-Mok , Park Jung-Jun
Published: March 2021

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is classified as a combination of risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), and postmenopausal women are specifically at an increased risk for MetS, in part due to the hormonal and metabolic changes that occur at the menopause transition. It is crucial to combat the components of MetS with appropriate lifestyle interventions in this population, such as exercise. This study aimed to examine the effects of a resistance band exercise training program in obese postmenopausal women with MetS. A total 35 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to either a control group (CON, n = 17) or a resistance band exercise training group (EX, n = 18). Participants in the EX group trained 3days/week. Levels of blood glucose, insulin, homeostatic model of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), blood lipid profile, anthropometrics, and blood pressure (BP) were measured at baseline and after the exercise intervention. There were significant group by time interactions (p < 0.05) for blood glucose (Δ-4.5 mg/dl), insulin (Δ -1.3 μU/ml), HOMA-IR (Δ -0.6), triglycerides (Δ -9.4 mg/dl), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(Δ -10.8 mg/dl), systolic BP(Δ -3.4 mmHg), body fat percentage (Δ -3.0 %), and waist circumference (Δ -3.4 cm), which significantly decreased (p < 0.05), and lean body mass (Δ 0.7 kg) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Δ 5.1 mg/dl), which significantly increased (p < 0.05) after EX compared to no change in CON. The present study indicates that resistance band exercise training may be an effective therapeutic intervention to combat the components of MetS in this population, potentially reducing the risk for the development of CVD.
Editorial 2016A
Authors: Arbulú Mario
Published: March 2021

En esta edición, la revista #ashtag de la Corporación Unificada Nacional de Educación Superior (CUN) presenta reflexiones acerca de las tecnologías de la cuarta revolución industrial y también sobre tecnologías clásicas que permiten resolver problemas cotidianos y configurar nuevos estándares de vida de las personas. Esta publicación ve la luz gracias al esfuerzo conjunto de la Unidad de Publicaciones, la Dirección de Investigación y el Programa de Ingeniería Electrónica, que trabajan mancomunadamente en la transferencia escrita de trabajos y avances de estudiantes y docentes de nuestra institución y de otras entidades externas, con el fin de visibilizar sus hallazgos y buenas prácticas académicas aplicadas al bienestar de la sociedad.