bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Using Building Information Modeling for Energy Analysis of Buildings
Authors: Reeves Thomas , Olbina Svetlana , Issa Raja
Published: December 2015

Building energy modeling (BEM), a subset of building information modeling (BIM), integrates energy analysis into the design, construction, and operation and maintenance of buildings. As there are various existing BEM tools available, there is a need to evaluate the utility of these tools in various phases of the building lifecycle. The goal of this research was to develop guidelines for evaluation and selection of BEM tools to be used in particular building lifecycle phases. The objectives of this research were to: (1) Evaluate existing BEM tools; (2) Illustrate the application of the three BEM tools; (3) Re-evaluate the three BEM tools; and (4) Develop guidelines for evaluation, selection and application of BEM tools in the design, construction and operation/maintenance phases of buildings. Twelve BEM tools were initially evaluated using four criteria: interoperability, usability, available inputs, and available outputs. Each of the top three BEM tools selected based on this initial evaluation was used in a case study to simulate and evaluate energy usage, daylighting performance, and natural ventilation for two academic buildings (LEED-certified and non-LEED-certified). The results of the case study were used to re-evaluate the three BEM tools using the initial criteria with addition of the two new criteria (speed and accuracy), and to develop guidelines for evaluating and selecting BEM tools to analyze building energy performance. The major contribution of this research is the development of these guidelines that can help potential BEM users to identify the most appropriate BEM tool for application in particular building lifecycle phases.
Microbial Stereoselective One-Step Conversion of Diols to Chiral Lactones in Yeast Cultures
Authors: Boratyński Filip , Szczepańska Ewa , Pannek Jakub , Olejniczak Teresa
Published: December 2015

It has been shown that whole cells of different strains of yeast catalyze stereoselective oxidation of meso diols to the corresponding chiral lactones. Among screening-scale experiments, Candida pelliculosa ZP22 was selected as the most effective biocatalyst for the oxidation of monocyclic diols 3a–b with respect to the ratio of high conversion to stereoselectivity. This strain was used in the preparative oxidation, affording enantiomerically-enriched isomers of lactones: (+)-(3aR,7aS)-cis-hexahydro-1(3H) -isobenzofuranone (2a) and (+)-(3aS,4,7,7aR)-cis-tetrahydro-1(3H)-isobenzofuranone (2b). Scaling up the culture growth, as well as biotransformation conditions has been successfully accomplished. Among more bulky substrates, bicyclic diol 3d was totally converted into enantiomerically-pure exo-bridged (+)-(3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-cis-tetrahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran -1(3H)-one (2d) by Yarrovia lipolytica AR71. Microbial oxidation of diol 3f by Candida sake AM908 and Rhodotorula rubra AM4 afforded optically-pure cis-3-butylhexahydro-1(3H) -isobenzofuranone (2f), however with low conversion.
Adsorption and Diffusion of Xylene Isomers on Mesoporous Beta Zeolite
Authors: Song Aixia , Ma Jinghong , Xu Duo , Li Ruifeng
Published: December 2015

A systematic and detailed analysis of adsorption and diffusion properties of xylene isomers over Beta zeolites with different mesoporosity was conducted. Adsorption isotherms of xylene isomers over microporous and mesoporous Beta zeolites through gravimetric methods were applied to investigate the impact of mesopores inside Beta zeolites on the adsorption properties of xylene isomers in the pressure range of lower 20 mbar. It is seen that the adsorption isotherms of three xylene isomers over microporous and mesoporous Beta zeolites could be successfully described by the single-site Toth model and the dual-site Toth model, respectively. The enhanced adsorption capacities and decreased Henry’s constants (KH) and the initial heats of adsorption (Qst) for the all xylene isomers are observed after the introduction of mesopores in the zeolites. For three xylene isomers, the order of Henry’s constant is o-xylene > m-xylene > p-xylene, whereas the adsorption capacities of Beta zeolite samples for xylene isomers execute the following order of o-xylene > p-xylene > m-xylene, due to the comprehensive effects from the molecular configuration and electrostatic interaction. At the same time, the diffusion properties of xylene isomers in the mesoporous Beta zeolites were also studied through the desorption curves measured by the zero length column (ZLC) method at 333–373 K. It turned out that the effective diffusion time constant (Deff/R2) is a growing trend with the increasing mesoporosity, whereas the tendency of the activation energy is just the reverse, indicating the contribution of mesopores to facilitate molecule diffusion by shortening diffusion paths and reducing diffusion resistances. Moreover, the diffusivities of three xylene isomers in all Beta zeolites follow an order of p-xylene > m-xylene > o-xylene as opposed to KH, conforming the significant effects of adsorbate-adsorbent interaction on the diffusion.
An Optimal Segmentation Method Using Jensen–Shannon Divergence via a Multi-Size Sliding Window Technique
Authors: Katatbeh Qutaibeh , Martínez-Aroza José , Gómez-Lopera Juan , Blanco-Navarro David
Published: December 2015

In this paper we develop a new procedure for entropic image edge detection. The presented method computes the Jensen–Shannon divergence of the normalized grayscale histogram of a set of multi-sized double sliding windows over the entire image. The procedure presents a good performance in images with textures, contrast variations and noise. We illustrate our procedure in the edge detection of medical images.
Heavy Metal Contamination in Rice-Producing Soils of Hunan Province, China and Potential Health Risks
Authors: Zeng Fanfu , Wei Wei , Li Mansha , Huang Ruixue , Yang Fei , Duan Yanying
Published: December 2015

We studied Cd, Cr, As, Ni, Mn, Pb, and Hg in three agricultural areas of Hunan province and determined the potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for residents. Soil and brown rice samples from Shimen, Fenghuang, and Xiangtan counties were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Soil levels of Cd and Hg were greatest, followed by As and Ni. The mean concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were Cd 0.325, Cr 0.109, As 0.344, Ni 0.610, Mn 9.03, Pb 0.023, and Hg 0.071 mg/kg, respectively. Cd and Hg had greater transfer ability from soil to rice than the other elements. Daily intake of heavy metals through brown rice consumption were estimated to be Cd 2.30, Cr 0.775, As 2.45, Ni 4.32, Pb 0.162, Mn 64.6 and Hg 0.503 µg/(kg·day), respectively. Cd, Hg and As Hazard Quotient values were greater than 1 and Cd, Cr, As and Ni Cancer Risk values were all greater than 10−4. The total non-carcinogenic risk factor was 14.6 and the total carcinogenic risk factor was 0.0423. Long-term exposure to heavy metals through brown rice consumption poses both potential non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to the local residents.
Challenges and Opportunities for Advancing Work on Climate Change and Public Health
Authors: Gould Solange , Rudolph Linda
Published: December 2015

Climate change poses a major threat to public health. Strategies that address climate change have considerable potential to benefit health and decrease health inequities, yet public health engagement at the intersection of public health, equity, and climate change has been limited. This research seeks to understand the barriers to and opportunities for advancing work at this nexus. We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews (N = 113) with public health and climate change professionals and thematic analysis. Barriers to public health engagement in addressing climate change include individual perceptions that climate change is not urgent or solvable and insufficient understanding of climate change’s health impacts and programmatic connections. Institutional barriers include a lack of public health capacity, authority, and leadership; a narrow framework for public health practice that limits work on the root causes of climate change and health; and compartmentalization within and across sectors. Opportunities include integrating climate change into current public health practice; providing inter-sectoral support for climate solutions with health co-benefits; and using a health frame to engage and mobilize communities. Efforts to increase public health sector engagement should focus on education and communications, building leadership and funding, and increasing work on the shared root causes of climate change and health inequities.
Tumor-Associated CSF MicroRNAs for the Prediction and Evaluation of CNS Malignancies
Authors: Shalaby Tarek , Grotzer Michael
Published: December 2015

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a readily reachable body fluid that is reflective of the underlying pathological state of the central nervous system (CNS). Hence it has been targeted for biomarker discovery for a variety of neurological disorders. CSF is also the major route for seeding metastases of CNS malignancies and its analysis could be informative for diagnosis and risk stratification of brain cancers. Recently, modern high-throughput, microRNAs (miRNAs) measuring technology has enabled sensitive detection of distinct miRNAs that are bio-chemicallystable in the CSF and can distinguish between different types of CNS cancers. Owing to the fact that a CSF specimen can be obtained with relative ease, analysis of CSF miRNAs could be a promising contribution to clinical practice. In this review, we examine the current scientific knowledge on tumor associated CSF miRNAs that could guide diagnosis of different brain cancer types, or could be helpful in predicting disease progression and therapy response. Finally, we highlight their potential applications clinically as biomarkers and discuss limitations.
Information and Phylogenetic Systematic Analysis
Authors: Craig Walter , Stone Jonathon
Published: December 2015

Information in phylogenetic systematic analysis has been conceptualized, defined, quantified, and used differently by different authors. In this paper, we start with the Shannon Uncertainty Measure information measure I, applying it to cladograms containing only consistent character states. We formulate a general expression for I, utilizing a standard format for taxon-character matrices, and investigate the effect that adding data to an existing taxon-character matrix has on I. We show that I may increase when character vectors that encode autapomorphic or synapomorphic character states are added. However, as added character vectors accumulate, I tends to a limit, which generally is less than the maximum I. We show computationally and analytically that limc→∞ I = log2 t, in which t enumerates taxa and c enumerates characters. For any particular t, upper and lower bounds in I exist. We use our observations to suggest several interpretations about the relationship between information and phylogenetic systematic analysis that have eluded previous, precise recognition.
Protocells Models in Origin of Life and Synthetic Biology
Authors: Stano Pasquale , Mavelli Fabio
Published: December 2015

Over recent years, the investigation of protocells (here intended either as primitive cell models, either as synthetic cell-like systems of minimal complexity) has gained prominence in an interdisciplinary field embracing both origins-of-life studies [1–4] and modern synthetic biology [5–10].[...]
Evolutionary Limitation and Opportunities for Developing tRNA Synthetase Inhibitors with 5-Binding-Mode Classification
Authors: Fang Pengfei , Guo Min
Published: December 2015

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of amino acids to their cognate tRNAs as building blocks for translation. Each of the aaRS families plays a pivotal role in protein biosynthesis and is indispensable for cell growth and survival. In addition, aaRSs in higher species have evolved important non-translational functions. These translational and non-translational functions of aaRS are attractive for developing antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents and for treating other human diseases. The interplay between amino acids, tRNA, ATP, EF-Tu and non-canonical binding partners, had shaped each family with distinct pattern of key sites for regulation, with characters varying among species across the path of evolution. These sporadic variations in the aaRSs offer great opportunity to target these essential enzymes for therapy. Up to this day, growing numbers of aaRS inhibitors have been discovered and developed. Here, we summarize the latest developments and structural studies of aaRS inhibitors, and classify them with distinct binding modes into five categories.
Palladium(II) Recovery from Hydrochloric Acid Solutions by N,N′-Dimethyl-N,N′-Dibutylthiodiglycolamide
Authors: Paiva Ana , Martins Mário , Ortet Osvaldo
Published: December 2015

N,N′-dimethyl-N,N′-dibutylthiodiglycolamide (DMDBTDGA) has been synthesized, characterized, and is investigated in this work as a potential liquid-liquid extractant for palladium(II), platinum(IV), and rhodium(III) from hydrochloric acid solutions. Pd(II) is the only ion which is efficiently removed by DMDBTDGA in toluene from 1.5 M to 4.5 M HCl, but it is not extracted from 7.5 M HCl. Pd(II) stripping is quantitatively achieved by an acidic thiourea solution. Pd(II) extraction kinetics are highly favored (2–5 min). Distribution data points to a DMDBTDGA:Pd(II) species with a 1:1 molar ratio. Pd(II) can selectively be recovered by DMDBTDGA from 4.0 M HCl complex mixtures containing equivalent concentrations of Pt(IV) and Rh(III). When five-fold Fe(III) and Al(III) concentrations are present, only Pt(IV) in the presence of Fe(III), and Fe(III) itself, are extensively co-extracted together with Pd(II). However, Fe(III) can easily be eliminated through an intermediate scrubbing step with water.
Nanocasting of Periodic Mesoporous Materials as an Effective Strategy to Prepare Mixed Phases of Titania
Authors: Mahoney Luther , Rasalingam Shivatharsiny , Wu Chia-Ming , Koodali Ranjit
Published: December 2015

Mesoporous titanium dioxide materials were prepared using a nanocasting technique involving silica SBA-15 as the hard-template. At an optimal loading of titanium precursor, the hexagonal periodic array of pores in SBA-15 was retained. The phases of titanium dioxide could be easily varied by the number of impregnation cycles and the nature of titanium alkoxide employed. Low number of impregnation cycles produced mixed phases of anatase and TiO2(B). The mesoporous TiO2 materials were tested for solar hydrogen production, and the material consisting of 98% anatase and 2% TiO2(B) exhibited the highest yield of hydrogen from the photocatalytic splitting of water. The periodicity of the pores was an important factor that influenced the photocatalytic activity. This study indicates that mixed phases of titania containing ordered array of pores can be prepared by using the nanocasting strategy.
Bioactive Constituents from the Aerial Parts of Lippia triphylla
Authors: Zhang Yi , Chen Yue , Wang Shiyu , Dong Yongzhe , Wang Tingting , Qu Lu , Li Nan , Wang Tao
Published: December 2015

Five new compounds, lippianosides A (1), B (2), C (3), D (4), and E (5), along with 26 (6–31) known ones were obtained from the 95% EtOH extract of Lippia triphylla (L. triphylla) aerial parts collected from Rwanda, Africa. Among the known compounds, 11 and 17–30 were isolated from the Lippia genus for the first time. In addition, 12, 13, and 16 were firstly obtained from this species. The structures of them were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods. The antioxidant and triglyceride accumulation inhibition effects of the 31 compounds were examined in L6 cells and HepG2 cells, respectively.
Glocalization of “Christian Social Responsibility”: The Contested Legacy of the Lausanne Movement among Neo-Evangelicals in South Korea1
Authors: Suh Myung-Sahm
Published: December 2015

This paper examines the contested legacy of the First Lausanne Congress in South Korean neo-evangelical communities. In response to growing political and social conflicts in the Global South during the 1960s and 1970s, thousands of evangelical leaders from more than 150 countries gathered at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1974 to discuss the proper relationship between evangelism and social action. The meeting culminated with the proclamation of the Lausanne Covenant, which affirmed both evangelism and public involvement as essential elements of the Christian faith. However, the absence of practical guidelines in the Covenant opened the door for all sorts of evangelical social activism, whether from the Evangelical Right or the Evangelical Left, for years to come. In light of such diverse ramifications of the Congress at both the global and local level, this paper explores the various ways in which the idea of “Christian social responsibility” has been interpreted and implemented by two distinct generations of neo-evangelical social activists in contemporary South Korea in relation to their respective socio-historical experiences of the Cold War and the 1980s democratic movement.
Multi-Target Tracking Based on Multi-Bernoulli Filter with Amplitude for Unknown Clutter Rate
Authors: Yuan Changshun , Wang Jun , Lei Peng , Bi Yanxian , Sun Zhongsheng
Published: December 2015

Knowledge of the clutter rate is of critical importance in multi-target Bayesian tracking. However, estimating the clutter rate is a difficult problem in practice. In this paper, an improved multi-Bernoulli filter based on random finite sets for multi-target Bayesian tracking accommodating non-linear dynamic and measurement models, as well as unknown clutter rate, is proposed for radar sensors. The proposed filter incorporates the amplitude information into the state and measurement spaces to improve discrimination between actual targets and clutters, while adaptively generating the new-born object random finite sets using the measurements to eliminate reliance on prior random finite sets. A sequential Monte-Carlo implementation of the proposed filter is presented, and simulations are used to demonstrate the proposed filter’s improvements in estimation accuracy of the target number and corresponding multi-target states, as well as the clutter rate.
Modulation of Intracellular Quantum Dot to Fluorescent Protein Förster Resonance Energy Transfer via Customized Ligands and Spatial Control of Donor–Acceptor Assembly
Authors: Field Lauren , Walper Scott , Susumu Kimihiro , Oh Eunkeu , Medintz Igor , Delehanty James
Published: December 2015

Understanding how to controllably modulate the efficiency of energy transfer in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based assemblies is critical to their implementation as sensing modalities. This is particularly true for sensing assemblies that are to be used as the basis for real time intracellular sensing of intracellular processes and events. We use a quantum dot (QD) donor -mCherry acceptor platform that is engineered to self-assemble in situ wherein the protein acceptor is expressed via transient transfection and the QD donor is microinjected into the cell. QD-protein assembly is driven by metal-affinity interactions where a terminal polyhistidine tag on the protein binds to the QD surface. Using this system, we show the ability to modulate the efficiency of the donor–acceptor energy transfer process by controllably altering either the ligand coating on the QD surface or the precise location where the QD-protein assembly process occurs. Intracellularly, a short, zwitterionic ligand mediates more efficient FRET relative to longer ligand species that are based on the solubilizing polymer, poly(ethylene glycol). We further show that a greater FRET efficiency is achieved when the QD-protein assembly occurs free in the cytosol compared to when the mCherry acceptor is expressed tethered to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. In the latter case, the lower FRET efficiency is likely attributable to a lower expression level of the mCherry acceptor at the membrane combined with steric hindrance. Our work points to some of the design considerations that one must be mindful of when developing FRET-based sensing schemes for use in intracellular sensing.
An On-Demand Emergency Packet Transmission Scheme for Wireless Body Area Networks
Authors: Al Ameen Moshaddique , Hong Choong
Published: December 2015

The rapid developments of sensor devices that can actively monitor human activities have given rise to a new field called wireless body area network (BAN). A BAN can manage devices in, on and around the human body. Major requirements of such a network are energy efficiency, long lifetime, low delay, security, etc. Traffic in a BAN can be scheduled (normal) or event-driven (emergency). Traditional media access control (MAC) protocols use duty cycling to improve performance. A sleep-wake up cycle is employed to save energy. However, this mechanism lacks features to handle emergency traffic in a prompt and immediate manner. To deliver an emergency packet, a node has to wait until the receiver is awake. It also suffers from overheads, such as idle listening, overhearing and control packet handshakes. An external radio-triggered wake up mechanism is proposed to handle prompt communication. It can reduce the overheads and improve the performance through an on-demand scheme. In this work, we present a simple-to-implement on-demand packet transmission scheme by taking into considerations the requirements of a BAN. The major concern is handling the event-based emergency traffic. The performance analysis of the proposed scheme is presented. The results showed significant improvements in the overall performance of a BAN compared to state-of-the-art protocols in terms of energy consumption, delay and lifetime.
New Vehicle Detection Method with Aspect Ratio Estimation for Hypothesized Windows
Authors: Kim Jisu , Baek Jeonghyun , Park Yongseo , Kim Euntai
Published: December 2015

All kinds of vehicles have different ratios of width to height, which are called the aspect ratios. Most previous works, however, use a fixed aspect ratio for vehicle detection (VD). The use of a fixed vehicle aspect ratio for VD degrades the performance. Thus, the estimation of a vehicle aspect ratio is an important part of robust VD. Taking this idea into account, a new on-road vehicle detection system is proposed in this paper. The proposed method estimates the aspect ratio of the hypothesized windows to improve the VD performance. Our proposed method uses an Aggregate Channel Feature (ACF) and a support vector machine (SVM) to verify the hypothesized windows with the estimated aspect ratio. The contribution of this paper is threefold. First, the estimation of vehicle aspect ratio is inserted between the HG (hypothesis generation) and the HV (hypothesis verification). Second, a simple HG method named a signed horizontal edge map is proposed to speed up VD. Third, a new measure is proposed to represent the overlapping ratio between the ground truth and the detection results. This new measure is used to show that the proposed method is better than previous works in terms of robust VD. Finally, the Pittsburgh dataset is used to verify the performance of the proposed method.
Is There a Progressive Withdrawal of Physiological Protections against High-Intensity Exercise-Induced Fatigue during Puberty?
Authors: Ratel Sébastien , Martin Vincent
Published: December 2015

Puberty is characterized by a large number of physiological modifications that translate into increased neuromuscular fatigue during high-intensity exercise in adolescents compared to prepubertal children. This greater neuromuscular fatigue in adolescents could be attributed to peripheral (i.e., muscular) and central (i.e., nervous) factors that change through puberty. Among the peripheral changes are muscle mass, fiber type composition, energy metabolism and musculo-tendinous stiffness. Among the central modifications are the voluntary activation level, the antagonist co-activation and a differential interplay between central and peripheral fatigue. The objective of this review article will be to underline the importance of these factors on the development of neuromuscular fatigue during high-intensity exercise throughout puberty and to highlight that the adolescents could be physiologically less protected against fatiguing high-intensity exercise than their prepubertal counterparts.
Challenging the Sustainability of an Education System of Evaluation and Labor Market Outcomes
Authors: Baek Wonyoung , Cho Joonmo
Published: December 2015

Students’ inattention to the importance of teaching evaluations may undermine the sustainability of the education evaluation system. This study analyzed the effects of the personality variable reflected by monotonic response patterns, which is a typical example of student indifference, on the employability of graduates using Career-SET (student evaluations of teaching) matched data of college graduates from 2008–2012. The results from various estimation models consistently indicated that graduates with a higher ratio of insincere responses in student evaluations of teaching are less likely to be employed, or are hired for lower prestige jobs than other comparison groups. This means that unlike the current practice in which firms rely simply on specifications to hire employees, applicants’ invisible characteristics, such as personality, can also be screened by job interviewers.
The Role of the Component Metals in the Toxicity of Military-Grade Tungsten Alloy
Authors: Emond Christy , Vergara Vernieda , Lombardini Eric , Mog Steven , Kalinich John
Published: December 2015

Tungsten-based composites have been recommended as a suitable replacement for depleted uranium. Unfortunately, one of these mixtures composed of tungsten (W), nickel (Ni) and cobalt (Co) induced rhabdomyosarcomas when implanted into the leg muscle of laboratory rats and mice to simulate a shrapnel wound. The question arose as to whether the neoplastic effect of the mixture could be solely attributed to one or more of the metal components. To investigate this possibility, pellets with one or two of the component metals replaced with an identical amount of the biologically-inert metal tantalum (Ta) were manufactured and implanted into the quadriceps of B6C3F1 mice. The mice were followed for two years to assess potential adverse health effects. Implantation with WTa, CoTa or WNiTa resulted in decreased survival, but not to the level reported for WNiCo. Sarcomas in the implanted muscle were found in 20% of the CoTa-implanted mice and 5% of the WTa- and WCoTa-implanted rats and mice, far below the 80% reported for WNiCo-implanted mice. The data obtained from this study suggested that no single metal is solely responsible for the neoplastic effects of WNiCo and that a synergistic effect of the three metals in tumor development was likely.
Emergent HIV-1 Drug Resistance Mutations Were Not Present at Low-Frequency at Baseline in Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-Treated Subjects in the STaR Study
Authors: Porter Danielle , Daeumer Martin , Thielen Alexander , Chang Silvia , Martin Ross , Cohen Cal , Miller Michael , White Kirsten
Published: December 2015

At Week 96 of the Single-Tablet Regimen (STaR) study, more treatment-naïve subjects that received rilpivirine/emtricitabine/tenofovir DF (RPV/FTC/TDF) developed resistance mutations compared to those treated with efavirenz (EFV)/FTC/TDF by population sequencing. Furthermore, more RPV/FTC/TDF-treated subjects with baseline HIV-1 RNA >100,000 copies/mL developed resistance compared to subjects with baseline HIV-1 RNA ≤100,000 copies/mL. Here, deep sequencing was utilized to assess the presence of pre-existing low-frequency variants in subjects with and without resistance development in the STaR study. Deep sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) was performed on baseline and virologic failure samples for all subjects analyzed for resistance by population sequencing during the clinical study (n = 33), as well as baseline samples from control subjects with virologic response (n = 118). Primary NRTI or NNRTI drug resistance mutations present at low frequency (≥2% to 20%) were detected in 6.6% of baseline samples by deep sequencing, all of which occurred in control subjects. Deep sequencing results were generally consistent with population sequencing but detected additional primary NNRTI and NRTI resistance mutations at virologic failure in seven samples. HIV-1 drug resistance mutations emerging while on RPV/FTC/TDF or EFV/FTC/TDF treatment were not present at low frequency at baseline in the STaR study.
Recent Progress towards Novel EV71 Anti-Therapeutics and Vaccines
Authors: Ng Qingyong , He Fang , Kwang Jimmy
Published: December 2015

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a group of viruses that belongs to the Picornaviridae family, which also includes viruses such as polioviruses. EV71, together with coxsackieviruses, is widely known for its association with Hand Foot Mouth Disease (HFMD), which generally affects children age five and below. Besides HFMD, EV71 can also trigger more severe and life-threatening neurological conditions such as encephalitis. Considering the lack of a vaccine and antiviral drug against EV71, together with the increasing spread of these viruses, the development of such drugs and vaccines becomes the top priority in protecting our younger generations. This article, hence, reviews some of the recent progress in the formulations of anti-therapeutics and vaccine generation for EV71, covering (i) inactivated vaccines; (ii) baculovirus-expressed vaccines against EV71; (iii) human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment; and (iv) the use of monoclonal antibody therapy as a prevention and treatment for EV71 infections.
Jussieu, l'inachevée : cinquante ans de projets pour la « faculté des sciences de Paris-centre »
Authors: Hottin Christian
Published: December 2015

Pris entre les critiques émanant des défenseurs du patrimoine parisien et les plaidoyers favorables des historiens de l'architecture contemporaine, le campus de Jussieu, élevé à partir de 1964 sur le site de l'ancienne Halle aux vins, reste un objet architectural difficile à appréhender, d'autant plus que le scandale de santé publique de l'amiante lui confère depuis dix ans une triste réputation.

On émet ici l'hypothèse que « l'inachèvement de Jussieu», constaté après 1972, ne se limite pas à l'interruption du programme architectural tel qu'il avait été défini par Édouard Albert dix ans plus tôt : il s'agit également des difficultés nées de la difficile cohabitation entre deux universités qui s'opposent sur bien des points, alors que le projet de départ était prévu pour accueillir une structure unifiée et très hiérarchisée. Il s'agit enfin de l'incompréhension jamais dépassée entre architectes et usagers de ce lieu. On ne peut prendre pleinement la mesure de ce triple échec qu'en rappelant l'ambition démesurée de ce projet de quelque 400 000 m2, tant dans le domaine scientifique que sur le plan institutionnel, aussi bien en termes d'architecture publique que de programmation artistique. Dès lors, les solutions proposées depuis plus de trente ans pour l'aménagement du site sont envisagées non seulement comme autant de projets architecturaux visant à remédier au caractère foncièrement inesthétique d'un bâtiment inachevé, mais aussi, et surtout, comme une série de solutions imaginées pour rendre possible une véritable vie universitaire sur le campus, ambition qui va bien au-delà de l'accroissement de la surface bâtie disponible. La crise de l'amiante, après 1996, marque le début de la rénovation du site, en même temps qu'est choisie une solution radicale : la dissociation des deux universités auparavant étroitement imbriquées et le départ de l'une d'entre elles vers un autre lieu. Bâtiment exceptionnel par son histoire, le campus de Jussieu est également emblématique des difficultés récurrentes de l'architecture universitaire dans notre pays. On tentera en conclusion d'en livrer une explication.
Le forum de Bavay et les basiliques de forum.
Authors: Balty Jean-Charles
Published: December 2015

The Bavay basilica is a canonical building which ranks among the largest of that type (95 x 38 m and 4x14 pillars). Akin to that of Tarragona, from the Augustean period, it nevertheless only dates back to the Ilnd century A.D., at a time when this pattern of a «forum-block», of which the Nervii capital affords one of the best examples beside the classical settings of Augusta Raurica and insular Britain, definitely established itself. The systematic arrangement may be connected to some pre-ordained plan, originating from Rome itself, and widely adopted, so it seems, by the capitals of the civitates and which could thus correspond to a precise legal reality in the provinces of the Empire.
Les basiliques du forum de Nyon (Colonia Julia Equestris).
Authors: Bridel Philippe
Published: December 2015

La fouille de l'extrémité orientale an forum de Nyon, réalisée dès 1974, a mis au jour les vestiges de deux basiliques. La première, d'époque tardo-augustéenne, se présente comme une longue halle à nef unique, établie sur un rez-de-chaussée à demi enterré et accessible par une rue en contrebas située à l'est. Démantelé vers le milieu du Ier s., ce premier bâtiment fait place à une basilique sans sous-sol, mais dont le plan semble original pour son temps : autour d'une nef centrale délimitée par une colonnade à deux étages qui décrit une abside à chaque extrémité, court un déambulatoire muni d'une galerie portée par la colonnade inférieure. Les éléments sculptés qui subsistent de son architecture viennent étayer une première tentative, toute provisoire, de restitution en élévation de cet édifice prestigieux.
Découvertes récentes à Saint- Waast-la- Vallée.
Authors: Loridant Frédéric
Published: December 2015

Au cours des travaux de réaménagement de la route départementale n° 65 près de Bavay, un ensemble de 4 tombes gallo-romaines à incinération fut découvert au fond d'un fossé. Une seule était complète ; elle était constituée d'un coffrage en tegulae renfermant un mobilier céramique assez homogène (surtout en céramique «savonneuse») dont un ensemble cruche-patère, témoin d'un rite funéraire localisé sur les frontières orientales de l'Empire. Le mobilier permet de dater cette tombe de la fin du Ier siècle ou du début du IIe siècle ; les 3 autres tombes ont livré un mobilier analogue, et il est très probable qu'elles sont contemporaines. Cet ensemble est trop incomplet pour que l'on puisse déterminer s'il s'agit d'une nécropole de Bagacum (le forum est à 1 km 5) ou d'un établissement sub-urbain ; seules des fouilles pourraient éventuellement en préciser l'étendue.
Objets égyptiens et égyptisants trouvés dans le Nord et le Pas-de-Calais (II)
Authors: Podvin Jean-Louis
Published: December 2015

De nouveaux Aegyptiaca peuvent être ajoutés à la liste fournie l'an dernier : ce sont deux Osiris en bronze (Wanquetin), une statuette en porphyre, un singe et un buste-balsamaire (Arras), un simpulum, deux têtes de canard, trois Ethiopiens (Bavay). Dans l'ensemble, ce sont davantage des objets égyptisants, marquant l'influence culturelle de l'Egypte. Les voies fluviales paraissent jouer un grand rôle dans la diffusion des Aegyptiaca : L'Escaut et ses affluents (Arras, Valenciennes, Tournai, Tronchiennes, Anvers et sa banlieue) et, dans une moindre mesure, la Canche, en alternance avec les voies terrestres (Bavay, nœud routier entre le Nord de la France, la Belgique -Kontich, Elewyt- et l'Allemagne).
Saint-Riquier : une restitution nouvelle de la Basilique d'Angilbert
Authors: Bernard Honoré
Published: December 2015

The previous restitution of the Carolingian church of Saint-Riquier's dates back to 1912. Proposed by W. Effmann, it was founded on the testimony of two Latin sources : Angilbert's Institutio (IXth century) and Hariulphe's Chronicle (XIth century) enriched with comparisons with the surviving westwerk (late IXth century) of the Corvey Abbey (Westphalia). Nowadays, and given the latest 1988 discoveries, we are able to propose a renewed vision of this important monument, actual «model monastic facility», which served as a prototype for many religious buildings all over the Carlovingian Empire.

Relying on archaeological excavations carried out on Saint-Riquier's site since 1959, enlightened by M. Heitz's liturgical study published in 1963, with due mention of unpublished comparisons with many mediaeval buildings displaying similar features, a new reading of W. Effmann's sources leads us to the following restitution : two bulky buildings built along a centered plan (eight- and sixteen- sided concentric polygons), one on the western side (the Saviour's Tower), connected by a system of naves, completed on the eastern side by what definitely looks like a martyrium girded by the corridor of a crypt reworked and widened in the XIth century. This remarkable basilica has the same dimensions as the present day abbey-church built along the same structures. It was bounded on its southern side, as early as the VIIIth century, by a wide rectangular area -which will become the mediaeval cloister- along which the claustral buildings are articulated.
Reconnaître et comprendre les sculptures de la Vieille Bourse de Lille
Authors: Dion Jacqueline
Published: December 2015

La restauration de la Vieille Bourse de Lille construite par Julien Destrêe de 165 1 à 1653 est commencée actuellement. L'ampleur et la qualité de son décor sculpté appellent des recherches plus précises que celle de Pierre Parent sur les gravures qui ont colporté des modèles à l'époque. Le génie flamand n'a pas craint de consulter les maîtres français comme le Parisien peu connu aujourd'hui Pierre Collot qui fait l'objet de cet article.
Le rêve néo-gothique et la construction de Notre- Dame de la Treille à Lille
Authors: Plateaux Alain
Published: December 2015

Pourquoi Lille s'est-elle mise à entreprendre la construction d'une grande église cathédrale en style gothique en 1854 ? Pourquoi celle-ci devait-elle être plus parfaite que celles élevées au Moyen Age ?

C'est qu'un courant d'idées s'est fait jour en Angleterre au milieu du XVIIIe siècle pour prôner le retour au passé de l'époque Tudor plutôt que continuer à suivre le style venu de Rome. Cela coïncide avec un retour à la nature, au nationalisme... Le mouvement passe en Allemagne et puis en France. Ce fut le Romantisme durant lequel la France redécouvrit son passé médiéval. Bientôt, de la restauration des édifices anciens on passe au souhait de créer de toutes pièces des édifices neufs et plus parfaits que leurs modèles... Le concours lancé à Lille ne pouvait que séduire les architectes du moment. Mais hélas les projets ne seront pas suivis et le temps va laisser à Lille une église inachevée et abâtardie. Le rêve d'un idéal mythique est ici malheureusement un constat d'échec.
La politique des langues en France, 1620-1804
Authors: Van Goethem Herman
Published: December 2015

De Revolutie verandert niet wezenlijk de taalpolitiek gevoerd tijdens het Ancien Regime. In 1789 was men in Frans-Vlaanderen, Lorreinen, Corsika en Frans-Catalonië al lang vertrouwd met institutionele verfransing, een uiting van de nationalistische politiek die dateert uit de tijd van Lodewijk XIV, en die alleen in de Elzas gematigd was. De revolutionaire regering was nogal verrassend eerder voorzichtig, op de korte période van taal-terreur in 1794 na. De snelle mentaliteitsverandering tijdens de Revolutie leidde ertoe dat Napoleon vanaf 1804 een haast absolute verfransng kon opleggen voor wat de instellingen, het notariaat, en de private akten bestemd voor registratie betrof.
L'intégrisme en Pologne
Authors: Gorski Karol
Published: December 2015

Le rôle trouble de Mgr Umberto Benigni en Pologne transparaît ici dans ses intrigues en faveur de la Russie qui persécute les uniates. Les principaux membres polonais du réseau intégriste la Sapinière sont : le comte Jules Ostrowski, le chanoine Majewski à Wilno, l'abbé Kajewski, curé à Moscou. Ces intégristes dénoncent la comtesse Cécile Plater-Zyberk, célèbre éducatrice, le futur cardinal Adam Sapieha, et l'abbé Matulajtis-Matulewicz, qui sera béatifié par Jean-Paul II. Mgr Hlond, cardinal en 1926, parvint à apaiser les luttes entre catholiques.
Les gestes du professeur d’éducation physique en milieu difficile : de multiples compromis au service de la co-construction des savoirs
Authors: Brière-Guenoun Fabienne
Published: December 2015

Nous cherchons à caractériser l’activité du professeur d’EPS en milieu difficile à travers l’étude de ses gestes professionnels didactiques. Le dispositif méthodologique croise des données filmées et d’entretien ante/post intervention en vue d’étudier les savoirs mis à l’étude (ou non), en lien avec les préoccupations, stratégies et interprétations du professeur. Les résultats de cette étude montrent que les choix d’enseignement du professeur résultent de dilemmes qui tentent de concilier : divers objets d’enseignement, de types techniques, stratégiques et sociaux afin de préserver le sens des apprentissages pour les élèves ; le contrôle de la classe ; la dévolution des apprentissages aux élèves.
Étude d’un dispositif collectif recourant à la vidéo comme artefact pour former à enseigner l’EPS
Authors: Roche Lionel , Gal-Petitfaux Nathalie
Published: December 2015

Cette étude s’intéresse au processus d’appropriation d’un dispositif collectif de vidéo-formation par des étudiants inscrits en 2 e année de master et se destinant à devenir Professeur des Écoles. Ce dispositif visait à former aux habiletés à enseigner dans la classe. À partir d’une étude de cas, l’objectif est de rendre compte des transformations que l’usage du dispositif produit chez un étudiant (Pierre). Le cadre théorique et méthodologique retenu est celui du Cours d’action (Theureau, 2006) en anthropologie cognitive. L’expérience vécue par Pierre lorsqu’il est confronté au dispositif a été analysée à partir d’observations in situ et d’un entretien d’auto-confrontation. Les résultats dégagés se situent à trois niveaux : 1) l’usage du dispositif par Pierre, et en particulier son engagement corporel dans le dispositif de vidéo-formation, indiquent une utilisabilité et une acceptabilité de ce dernier, 2) le visionnement permet d’identifier les aspects temporels, organisationnels et spatiaux comme des déterminants de la leçon et 3) les échanges collectifs post-visionnement permettent une activité hypothétique et projective par laquelle il construit de nouvelles connaissances et envisage des possibles d’intervention lors de situations de classe futures.
Rwanda : comment juger un génocide ?
Authors: Dumas Hélène
Published: December 2015

Face au caractère extraordinaire des massacres de 1994 au Rwanda se lève une exigence de « justice intégrale », qui met en œuvre un processus judiciaire à plusieurs niveaux. Le TPIR applique le droit pénal international sous l’incrimination de génocide. Novateurs, les procès gacaca témoignent de la volonté de rendre une justice d’une extrême proximité, sur les lieux et avec les acteurs du drame. Et les tribunaux français jouent leur rôle en fonction du concept de « compétence universelle ».
Prévention de la radicalisation et déradicalisation : les modèles allemand, britannique et danois
Authors: El Difraoui Abdelasiem , Uhlmann Milena
Published: December 2015

Quelques milliers d’Européens sont partis faire le djihad en Syrie et en Irak. Plusieurs centaines d’entre eux sont déjà revenus. Pour faire face à ce phénomène, certains pays ont développé des programmes de prévention de la radicalisation et de déradicalisation. Si l’efficacité de ces programmes est difficile à évaluer, les exemples allemand, britannique et danois permettent néanmoins de tirer certaines leçons qui pourraient s’avérer utiles en France.
Sweat facilitated losses of amino acids in Standardbred horses and the application of supplementation strategies to maintain condition during training
Authors: Dunstan R.H. , Sparkes D.L. , Dascombe B.J. , Evans C.A. , Macdonald M.M. , Crompton M. , Franks J. , Murphy G. , Gottfries J. , Carlton B. , Roberts T.K.
Published: December 2015

Little is known about the amino acid composition of horse sweat, but significant fluid losses can occur during exercise with the potential to facilitate substantial nutrient losses. Sweat and plasma amino acid compositions for Standardbred horses were assessed to determine losses during a standardised training regime. Two cohorts of horses 2013 (n=5) and 2014 (n=6) were assessed to determine baseline levels of plasma and sweat amino acids. An amino acid supplement designed to counter losses in sweat during exercise was provided after morning exercise daily for 5 weeks (2013, n=5; 2014, n=4). After the supplementation period, blood and sweat samples were collected to assess amino acid composition changes. From baseline assessments of sweat in both cohorts, it was found that serine, glutamic acid, histidine and phenylalanine were present at up to 9 times the corresponding plasma concentrations and aspartic acid at 0-2.2 μmol/l in plasma was measured at 154-262 μmol/l in sweat. In contrast, glutamine, asparagine, methionine and cystine were conserved in the plasma by having lower concentrations in the sweat. The predominant plasma amino acids were glycine, glutamine, alanine, valine, serine, lysine and leucine. As the sweat amino acid profile did not simply reflect plasma composition, it was proposed that mechanisms exist to generate high concentrations of certain amino acids in sweat whilst selectively preventing the loss of others. The estimated amino acid load in 16 l of circulating plasma was 3.8-4.3 g and the calculated loss via sweat during high intensity exercise was 1.6-3.0 g. Following supplementation, total plasma amino acid levels from both cohorts increased from initial levels of 2,293 and 2,044 µmol/l to post-supplementation levels of 2,674 and 2,663 µmol/l respectively (P<0.05). It was concluded that the strategy of providing free amino acids immediately after exercise resulted in raising resting plasma amino acid levels.
A Paradigm Shift
Authors: Dolunay Ozge
Published: December 2015

The growing population in Turkey as well as in the rest of world is focusing their attention on the availability of main resources for now and for future generations. As the clock ticks by, this focus is intensifying at an exponential rate. Depleting resources, dependency on fossil fuels, high costs of energy, water quality, food cultivation and food safety present themselves as expected issues of our generation. Waste in the form of electricity and fresh water in agricultural practices can be reduced by using Reduction, Recovery, Reuse, Recycle and efficient Technologies in order to come to a sustainable management of waste starting with small-scale farming implementations. This generation must act to implement these changes, and they must act now.
Doxepin for radiation therapy-induced mucositis pain in the treatment of oral cancers
Authors: Jayakrishnan Ritujith , Chang Kenneth , Ugurluer Gamze , Miller Robert C. , Sio Terence T.
Published: December 2015

Radiotherapy (RT), an integral part of the oncologic treatment for patients with head and neck cancer, can cause adverse side effects such as oral mucositis (OM). Pain from OM can impact a patient’s quality of life and interrupt RT treatment schedules, which decreases the probability for achieving cancer cure. Conventionally, RT-induced OM pain is treated with analgesics and/or mouthwash rinses. Doxepin, a traditional tricyclic antidepressant with analgesic and anesthetic properties when applied topically to the mucosa, has been shown to lower OM pain in multiple single-arm trials (Epstein et al.) and more recently, in a placebo-controlled crossover study (Leenstra and Miller et al.). Currently, a placebo-controlled study (Sio and Miller et al.) using doxepin for esophagitis pain caused by RT to the thorax is underway. Doxepin will also be further compared with magic mouthwash and a placebo solution in a three-arm trial (Miller and Sio et al.) with head and neck cancer patients with OM pain caused by RT. Doxepin may represent a new standard for treating RT-induced OM pain in the future.