bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heaping blame on shame: ‘Weaponising stigma’ for neoliberal times
Authors: Scambler Graham
Published: June 2018

The focus of this article is the ‘weaponising’ of stigma in the neoliberal era. The article starts with a brief characterisation of the sociological literature on stigma before moving to characterise post-1970s financial capitalism, focusing on relations of class and command. It then examines (a) the distinctions between enacted and felt stigma (involving norms of shame) and enacted and felt deviance (involving norms of blame), and (b) the novel neoliberal dialectic between these two sets of norms. This critical exposition provides a platform for a sociological rethink. A case is made that the significance of stigma and deviance as defined here can only be grasped sociologically in terms of the prime macro-mechanism of financial capitalism, the class/command dynamic, and the interaction of relations of stigma and deviance with other social relations, most notably those of (class-based) exploitation, deriving from the possession of capital, and (command or state-based) oppression, deriving from the possession of power. This case is constructed via a consideration of changing policies in relation to disability, drawing on UK data but with a wider reference. The final part of the article addresses modes of resistance to the roles of capital and power in dictating the neoliberal dialectic of shame and blame. It is argued that effective resistance depends on the formation of alliances across and between diverse ‘movement activities’. Expanding on the author’s work with David Kelleher, it is suggested that there exists a plethora of ‘resistance activities’, ranging from specific and/or local campaigns to transnational, class, feminist and ethnic insurrections. What this adds up to is a strategy of ‘permanent reform’. It is argued that the effective execution of this strategy presupposes a structural shift away from neoliberal ideology, the narrative of austerity and post-1970s financial capitalism. The potential effectiveness of the strategy of permanent reform is appraised, again, with reference to disability policy and practice.
Neoextractivism and Indigenous Water Ritual in Salar de Atacama, Chile
Authors: Babidge Sally , Bolados Paola
Published: June 2018

Latin American governments are neoextractivist: they promote exploitation of natural resources as central to economic development while acting to mitigate some of the excesses of extractive activity. In the space left open by the neoliberal state in the Salar de Atacama in northern Chile, the mining industry creates its own regulatory mechanisms and provides infrastructure and “improvement” projects to indigenous communities. While these projects gain a degree of consent to water extraction and the value of water for development, indigenous people also resist the neoextractivist project. The contradictions of extractivism-as-development are evident in everyday life and articulated in ritual and cultural practice. We take the example of a ritual and work event, the limpia de canales (canal cleaning), to narrate something of local responses to neoextractivist conditions.

Los gobiernos latinoamericanos son neoextractivistas: promueven la explotación de los recursos naturales como elemento central del desarrollo económico y al mismo tiempo actúan para mitigar algunos de los excesos de la actividad extractiva. En el espacio abandonado por el estado neoliberal en el Salar de Atacama en el norte de Chile, la industria minera crea sus propios mecanismos regulatorios y proporciona infraestructura y proyectos de “mejora” a las comunidades indígenas. Si bien estos proyectos obtienen un grado de consentimiento para la extracción de agua y el valor del agua para el desarrollo, los pueblos indígenas también se resisten al proyecto neoextractivista. Las contradicciones del extractivismo como desarrollo son evidentes en la vida cotidiana y se articulan en la práctica ritual y cultural. Tomamos el ejemplo de un evento ritual y laboral, la limpia de canales, para narrar algo de las respuestas locales a las condiciones neoextractivistas.
Ideology, power and inclusion: using the critical perspective to study how older ICT users make sense of digitisation
Authors: Kania-Lundholm Magdalena , Torres Sandra
Published: June 2018

Critical Internet and media scholarship has primarily focused on contributing to theoretical debates within the field of media and communications but few empirical studies have applied this theoretical approach. This article uses data on older active ICT users’ understandings of digitisation. It draws inspiration from Boltanski’s pragmatist sociology of critique and the notion that people’s own take on their situation are fruitful sources of information in the quest for emancipation. It employs the notions of ideology, power and inclusion – which are central to critical scholarship – to make sense of older active ICT users’ understandings of digitisation. In doing so, it explores the fruitfulness of the critical lens for studies of ICT users while bringing attention to older active ICT users’ critical capacities.
Affect, emotion, and media audiences: the case of resilient reception
Authors: Cavalcante Andre
Published: June 2018

In this article, I place qualitative audience research in conversation with theories of affect. Informed by participant data from two qualitative audience studies I have conducted with lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) audiences in the United States, I illustrate how cultural representations can make significant demands on one’s emotional and affective life, requiring practices of rest, rebuilding, and reclamation. I call this process resilient reception, or the strategies audiences employ to manage the affectively turbulent power of media and communications technologies. I examine two examples of resilient reception that the participants in my studies practiced: orientation devices (how audiences oriented toward and away from media) and practices of immersion (how audiences immersed themselves in empowering interpersonal communities and media fare). Ultimately, I argue that theories of affect can complement ideological understandings of media audiences by offering a more embodied and dynamic optic.
Workers’ Welfare: A Comparative Study Between Public and Private Industries in Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Ahmed Naeem
Published: June 2018

Labour welfare is an umbrella term which includes overall well-being of the worker. Labour welfare facilities are classified by the International Labour Organization (ILO) into two types: intramural labour welfare facilities and extramural labour welfare facilities. In India, several labour legislations have been enacted to provide proper labour welfare facilities to the workers. Factories Act, 1948 is one of most important welfare-related labour legislations in which a number of labour welfare facilities are specified like washing facility, canteen facility, crèches room facility, labour welfare officer, sitting facility, and so on. In this particular study, the researcher chose descriptive research design; sample size of the study is 120 respondents, 60 respondents from each organization were selected by using simple random sampling technique. For data collection, both primary and secondary sources of data were used; as primary data collection, questionnaire method was used. Collected data were analysed in the form of tables and diagrams. Findings of the study are very interesting: some welfare facilities are good in public industry and some are good in private industry.
The varying roles of parents and the cognitive–emotional variables regarding the different types of adolescent prosocial behavior
Authors: Mesurado Belén , Richaud María Cristina , Rodriguez Lucas Marcelo
Published: June 2018

This article studies the relationship between parental variables (authoritative parental style, maternal and paternal challenges), empathy, and prosocial flow with different types of prosocial behaviors (prosocial behaviors toward different targets and different motivations of prosocial behavior). The sample included 539 students of both sexes (42.5% males; Mage= 19.13 years old, SD = 1.92). The hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that prosocial behaviors toward family, followed by toward friends, are motivated to a much greater extent by the parental variable than by empathy and prosocial flow. Conversely, when the prediction of prosocial behavior toward strangers was analyzed, the variables that had greater weight were prosocial flow and empathy. In relation to prosocial tendencies, the results showed that parental variables, empathy, and prosocial flow explained a similar percentage of variables in the different types of public, responsive, altruist, and anonymous prosocial tendencies.
Location Affordability and Regional Economic Resilience: Evidence from the U.S. Foreclosure Crisis
Authors: Hartell Ann M.
Published: June 2018

The form and function of cities is in large part defined by the interrelationship between land development and transportation systems. This relationship has important implications for households, including how it shapes economic costs for housing and transportation. Understanding these cost burdens is relevant for transportation agencies that are developing policies, plans, and programs with the intent of improving affordability. This paper presents an analysis of the relationship between high housing cost burdens, high levels of vehicle ownership, demographic characteristics, and mortgage foreclosure. Using data from before the recent U.S. economic crisis, the analysis estimates the effects of pre-crisis characteristics of census tracts and metropolitan regions on foreclosure rates. Multi-dimensional measures of urban form are included to evaluate the effect of metro-level characteristics. The models indicate high shares of Black homeowners, high shares of Hispanic homeowners, and lower income levels are associated with increased foreclosure. Also important is the share of households with high housing cost burdens. High shares of households with high vehicle ownership levels are significantly and positively associated with default and foreclosure. This suggests the costs associated with the ownership of multiple vehicles contributed to households’ economic vulnerability, a vulnerability revealed by mortgage foreclosures. The results for the urban form factors are mixed. Although increased compactness of jobs and housing has a negative effect on foreclosure, increased development intensity across the entire metro region has a positive effect. These differential effects challenge broad-brush assertions of negative impacts of urban sprawl.
Tour-Based Path Analysis of Long-Distance Non-Commute Travel Behavior in California
Authors: Davis Adam W. , McBride Elizabeth C. , Janowicz Krzysztof , Zhu Rui , Goulias Konstadinos G.
Published: June 2018

Data of long-distance tours by each household from an 8-week California Household Travel Survey travel log are analyzed in this paper. Each tour record contains summary data from a single-day diary, household sociodemographic information, and place of residence characteristics. Each tour contains a main trip, selected tours with a main trip that is not a commute trip, and added destination descriptors from Foursquare. Path analysis is used on three censored variables (tour miles by air, miles driving, and miles by public transportation) and two categorical variables (main trip tour purpose) and number of overnight stays. Annual household income is a major determinant of air travel and multiple overnight stays. Moreover, travel by air is more likely to be in large dense destinations with high attractiveness ratings. In contrast, car ownership is a major determinant of more mileage accrued driving a car to urban environments. In terms of main trip purpose, work and shopping are not associated with overnight stays and vacation/sightseeing is the purpose associated with longer overnight stays. Moreover, California destinations are more likely to be in tours completed within a day. It was also found that vacation, sightseeing, and leisure trips are more likely to be combined with other vacation and sightseeing trips. In contrast, business and combined business and leisure trips are less likely to be combined with vacation trips. There were also substantial and significant differences in long-distance tour behavior among residents of urban versus rural environments.
Impact of Specialized Hauling Vehicles on Load Rating Older, Bridge-Class, Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts
Authors: Lawson William D. , Seo Hoyoung , Surles James G. , Morse Stephen M.
Published: June 2018

This paper describes the comparison of load ratings associated with application of three live load models recognized by AASHTO—AASHTO legal loads, the notional rating load including single-unit specialized hauling vehicles (SHVs), and the HL-93 design tandem live load—versus load ratings associated with application of the typical HS-20 standard truck. The test bed for this study was a statistically representative sample of Texas’ older bridge-class reinforced concrete box culvert structures. Rating factors were determined using the load factor rating method with demands calculated from a production-simplified, calibrated, two-dimensional soil–structure interaction model using linear elastic constitutive models for both concrete and soil. The study was motivated in part by research which showed that SHVs create force effects significantly greater than those from the HS-20 truck (for bridges proper), and recent federal policy mandating that states load rate their bridges for SHVs. Findings from this study indicate the standard HS-20 truck, and not SHVs or other legal or design loads, is the critical model for most culvert load rating applications. In particular, operating rating factors calculated from both the AASHTO legal loads and SHV models tend to be higher than corresponding rating factors calculated using the HS-20 standard truck, most of the time. The response is explained primarily by considering the relatively short span length of culvert structures and the load-attenuating benefit of cover soil above the culvert top slab. More detailed exploration of rating variables suggests interactions between culvert geometry, cover soil thickness, and the various types of applied vehicle loads.
Leaching mechanisms of heavy metals from fly ash stabilised soils
Authors: Leelarungroj Kittitat , Likitlersuang Suched , Chompoorat Thanakorn , Janjaroen Dao
Published: June 2018

Fly ash is an industrial waste material that is repurposed as a soil stabiliser worldwide. In Thailand, many ground improvement projects utilise mixtures of cement and fly ash to stabilise weak soils. In this study, leaching mechanisms of arsenic, chromium, lead, and zinc from cement and fly ash stabilised soils were investigated in the laboratory. Leaching tests were performed, with different leachants and pH conditions, on cement and fly ash stabilised soils used for soil improvement in road embankment construction projects in Northern Thailand. The results suggested that chemical compounds (CaO and MgO) on fly ash surfaces can control the pH of the fly ash and soil leachant. The dissolution of chromium and zinc was found to be amphoteric and controlled by oxide minerals at a high or low pH. Arsenic leaching was found to be oxyanionic where AsO43- prevented the adsorption of arsenic onto the negatively charged fly ash surface. Different types of leachant also leached out in different amounts of heavy metals.
Improvement to classical coning algorithms in maneuver performance based on a match correction structure
Authors: Tang Chuanye , Chen Long , Chen Jianfeng
Published: June 2018

An improved class of coning algorithms is presented to promote the maneuver performance of attitude updating of strapdown inertial navigation system. The improved coning algorithm is based on the match correction structure which can be designed through revising the previous half-compressed correction structure. The improved algorithm coefficient is designed from the existing compressed algorithm according to a given relationship. In order to analyze and evaluate algorithm performance under maneuver environments, two algorithm error models are defined. Compared with the classical compressed coning algorithm, the improved coning algorithm of the corresponding version has the same algorithm throughput and coning accuracy but has higher maneuver accuracy. Especially, the improved four-sample algorithm has about two times of maneuver accuracy compared with its classical compressed version.
Prediction of performance and exhaust emissions of diesel engine fuelled with adulterated diesel: An artificial neural network assisted fuzzy-based topology optimization
Authors: Bhowmik Subrata , Panua Rajsekhar , Ghosh Subrata K , Paul Abhishek , Debroy Durbadal
Published: June 2018

This study evaluates the effects of diesel fuel adulteration on the performance and exhaust emission characteristics of an existing diesel engine. Kerosene is added to diesel fuel in volumetric proportions of 5, 10, 15, and 20%. Adulterated fuel significantly reduced the oxides of nitrogen emissions of the engine. In view of the engine experimentations, artificial intelligence-based artificial neural network model has been developed to accurately predict the input–output relationships of the diesel engine under adulterated fuel. The investigation also attempts to explore the applicability of fuzzy logic in the selection of the network topology of artificial neural network model under adulterated fuel. A (2–7–5) topology is found to be optimal for predicting input parameters, namely load, diesel–kerosene blend and output parameters, namely brake thermal efficiency, brake-specific energy consumption, oxides of nitrogen, total hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide of the network. The developed artificial neural network model is enabled for predicting engine output responses with high accuracy. The regression coefficient (R) of 0.99887, mean square error of 1.5e-04 and mean absolute percentage error of 2.39% have been obtained from the plausible artificial neural network model.
Lake Kinneret (Israel): New insights into Holocene regional palaeoclimate variability based on high-resolution multi-proxy analysis
Authors: Vossel Hannah , Roeser Patricia , Litt Thomas , Reed Jane M
Published: June 2018

The southern Levant is a Mediterranean climate zone of complex variability in which uncertainty remains in regional palaeoclimate reconstruction. In spite of the proven value of diatoms in circum-Mediterranean palaeoenvironmental research, their potential remains largely unexplored in the southern Levant region. In this study, we generate a new, high-resolution multi-proxy record for the last ca. 9000 cal. yr BP, supported by diatom data and key biological, mineralogical and geochemical indicators preserved in a 17.8-m-long sediment sequence recovered from Lake Kinneret (the Sea of Galilee), Israel. During the Holocene, well-correlated shifts in the diatom, minero-geochemical and palynological data indicate marked lake-level variation over time as well as changes in the trophic state of Lake Kinneret. Our results are particularly important in improving the reconstruction of Holocene lake-level variation, and thus past moisture availability. Diatom-inferred lake-level oscillations correlate well with the output from climatic models from the Levantine region and clarify previous uncertainty concerning regional variation in moisture availability. The Early Holocene (from ca. 9000 to 7400 cal. yr BP) was characterized by lake-level shifts due to fluctuating dry-wet climate conditions. During the mid-Holocene (from 7400 to 2200 cal. yr BP), a stable, deep lake-level phase persisted due to high humidity. The lake level of modern Lake Kinneret not only fluctuates seasonally with available moisture, but has also been influenced for ca. 2000 years by the impacts of water abstraction for human consumption and agriculture. Over the last 9000 cal. yr BP, the trophic state of Lake Kinneret has changed from an oligotrophic to a meso- to eutrophic environment, mainly triggered by increased human impact from around 2200 cal. yr BP onwards. The lake’s ecosystem status was not strongly affected by the documented major changes in human occupation patterns during the mid-Holocene, when a relatively stable environment persisted.
Growth of desert varnish on petroglyphs from Jubbah and Shuwaymis, Ha’il region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Macholdt Dorothea S , Al-Amri Abdullah M , Tuffaha Husam T , Jochum Klaus Peter , Andreae Meinrat O
Published: June 2018

Petroglyphs, engraved throughout the Holocene into rock varnish coatings on sandstone, were investigated in the Ha’il region of northwestern Saudi Arabia, at Jabal Yatib, Jubbah, and Shuwaymis. The rock art has been created by removing the black varnish coating and thereby exposing the light sandstone underneath. With time, the varnish, a natural manganese (Mn)-rich coating, grows back. To study the rate of regrowth, we made 234 measurements by portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) on intact varnish and engraved petroglyphs. Since many petroglyphs can be assigned to a specific time period, a relationship between their ages and the Mn surface densities (DMn) of the regrown material could be derived. This relationship was improved by normalizing the DMn in the petroglyphs with the DMn of adjacent intact varnish. In turn, we used this relationship to assign a chronologic context to petroglyphs of unknown ages. Following the removal of the varnish by the artist and prior to the beginning of Mn oxyhydroxide regrowth, a thin Fe-rich film forms on the underlying rock. This initial Fe oxyhydroxide deposit may act as catalyst for subsequent fast Mn oxidation. After a few decades of relatively rapid growth, the regrowth of the Mn-rich varnish slows down to about 0.017 µg cm–2 a–1 Mn, corresponding to about 0.012% a–1 Mn of the intact varnish density, or about 1.2 nm a–1, presumably due to a change of the catalytic process. Our results suggest that petroglyphs were engraved almost continuously since the pre-Neolithic period, and that rock varnish growth seems to proceed roughly linear, without detectable influences of the regional Holocene climatic changes.
Defoe’s psychological realism: The effect of directness in indirect consciousness representation categories
Authors: Shigematsu Eri
Published: June 2018

Daniel Defoe’s fictional autobiographies represent the life of an individual through personal memories. Although he has often been associated with circumstantial realism rather than psychological realism, Defoe in fact represents the psychological as well as social and economic realities of his characters. In Defoe’s first-person autobiographical narratives, the person who narrates (i.e. the narrating self) and the one who experiences (i.e. the experiencing self) share the same pronoun, ‘I’, which exhibits a fluctuating internal tension between the two selves. This article aims to investigate Defoe’s psychological realism in terms of this internal tension, focusing on the narrative techniques for representing consciousness in which the points of view of the two selves are mingled. The representation of consciousness by means of what is called free indirect speech and thought (FIST) is under development in the early eighteenth century. In Defoe’s fictions, however, the internal tension between the two selves is abundantly indicated by his use of FIST and his handling of directness (the-experiencing-self-oriented deictic and expressive elements) within indirect representations of consciousness (indirect speech and thought (IST) and narrator’s representation of speech/thought act (NRSA/TA)) and within narration (N). The analysis demonstrates that, like FIST, direct elements used in indirect consciousness representation categories show the narrating self’s empathetic identification with the past self, which simultaneously evokes the reader’s empathetic feelings towards the psychology of the experiencing self. It consequently reveals that the creation of empathetic effects through directness helped Defoe to represent the psyches of individuals in remembering as in real life.
Severe first infusion reaction related to cetuximab in cancer patients in Arkansas
Authors: Atwal Dinesh , Safar Ahmed Mazin , Govindarajan Rang , Makhoul Issam
Published: June 2018

Introduction

Cetuximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody, is a commonly used anticancer drug that prevents binding of epidermal growth factor to epidermal growth factor receptor. It has been widely used in a variety of cancers since its initial approval by the FDA in 2004. Despite its efficacy, it has met with some genuine concerns especially regarding the anaphylactoid reactions occurring after first infusions. Cetuximab-related first infusion reaction has been found to be much more prevalent in the Southeastern United States with several studies from the southern United States supporting it. The purpose of our study was to determine the rate of first infusion reaction in the state of Arkansas and the factors that could predispose to first infusion reaction.

Methods and results

We performed a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients who received cetuximab between January 2004 and December 2016 at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. We included a total of 220 patients in our analysis out of which 32 (14.5%) developed cetuximab-related first infusion reaction. There was a statistically significant increased risk in males versus females (18.2% vs. 8.4%, P = 0.045) and trend toward significance for the difference between Caucasians and Blacks (16.5% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.054).

Conclusion

There is increased incidence of cetuximab-related first infusion reaction in Arkansas which is much higher than the national average but comparable to the incidence in other neighboring states in the Southeastern United States. This increased incidence tends to cluster in Caucasian males. Safer alternatives should be preferred for treatment of cancers particularly in the Southeastern United States whenever possible.
Modeling sand slides by a mechanics-based degenerate parabolic equation
Authors: Lo Giudice A. , Giammanco G. , Fransos D. , Preziosi L.
Published: June 2018

Avalanching plays a crucial role in granular materials dynamics, in particular in the evolution of the shape of the leeward side of sand dunes. This paper presents a physically-based mathematical model capable of reproducing the kinematic evolution of the surface of sand piles and to obtain eventually the stationary configurations, in the presence of external sources as well. Simulation results with different boundary conditions and geometries are reported in order to show the high flexibility of the model. The model is also validated by means of comparison with the experimental results of different authors.
Novel Method of 3-Dimensional Graphical Representation for Proteins and Its Application
Authors: Qi Zhao-Hui , Li Ke-Cheng , Ma Jin-Long , Yao Yu-Hua , Liu Ling-Yun
Published: June 2018

In this article, we propose a 3-dimensional graphical representation of protein sequences based on 10 physicochemical properties of 20 amino acids and the BLOSUM62 matrix. It contains evolutionary information and provides intuitive visualization. To further analyze the similarity of proteins, we extract a specific vector from the graphical representation curve. The vector is used to calculate the similarity distance between 2 protein sequences. To prove the effectiveness of our approach, we apply it to 3 real data sets. The results are consistent with the known evolution fact and show that our method is effective in phylogenetic analysis.
Transformational leadership and organizational commitment in Korean police station
Authors: Baek Hyunin , Byers Edward H , Vito Gennaro F
Published: June 2018

In comparison with research on the private sector, organizational commitment within the police has been rarely examined. Moreover, the leadership styles of police officials are not equal in all police studies across the world. Using data collected in 2009 from 236 Korean police officers, the purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to determine if the scale (multifactor leadership questionnaire, form 6-S [MLQ-6 S]) is applicable to police agencies internationally; and (b) to examine if leadership influences organizational commitment in law enforcement agencies. Results indicate that transformational leadership is positively linked to organizational commitment in Korean police agencies. However, the applicability of MLQ-6 S is controversial. Future research is required to examine comprehensively whether MLQ-6 S is a valid instrument for various types of organizations across the world.
Combining Academics and Social Engagement: A Major-Specific Early Alert Method to Counter Student Attrition in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Authors: Sage Andrew J. , Cervato Cinzia , Genschel Ulrike , Ogilvie Craig A.
Published: June 2018

Students are most likely to leave science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) majors during their first year of college. We developed an analytic approach using random forests to identify at-risk students. This method is deployable midway through the first semester and accounts for academic preparation, early engagement in university life, and performance on midterm exams. By accounting for cognitive and noncognitive factors, our method achieves stronger predictive performance than would be possible using cognitive or noncognitive factors alone. We show that it is more difficult to predict whether students will leave STEM than whether they will leave the institution. More factors contribute to STEM retention than to institutional retention. Early academic performance is the strongest predictor of STEM and institution retention. Social engagement is more predictive of institutional retention, while standardized test scores, goals, and interests are stronger predictors of STEM retention. Our approach assists universities to efficiently identify at-risk students and boost STEM retention.
A Qualitative Study of Turning Points or Aha! Moments in Older Adults’ Discussions About Organ Donation
Authors: Downing Kimberly , Jones Linda L.
Published: June 2018

Introduction:

Older adults (50-70 years old) have lower organ donor registration rates than younger adults. Older adults have different informational needs and donor registration behavior than younger age groups.

Objective:

The objective of this qualitative study was to understand insights of older adults about organ donation to effectively address the barriers to becoming an organ donor. This study identified turning points as “Aha!” moments that occurred during a dialogue intervention where older adults discussed benefits, barriers, and process to organ donation.

Setting and Participants:

Dialogues were held with small groups of older adults in 11 communities in a Midwestern organ procurement organization service area. Participants were positive to organ donation, but not registered as an organ donor.

Methods/Approach:

Qualitative analysis of verbatim comments from the dialogue and a follow-up survey were used to examine turning points or “Aha!” moments of participants’ decision-making about organ donation and organ donor registration.

Findings:

Twenty-one separate in-depth dialogues were conducted with 198 participants, with mean age of 60.57 years. There were 2757 separate comments coded with 465 of the comments (17%) identified as providing Aha! moments during the dialogue. Three themes include benefits of organ donation (30%), barriers about organ donation (39%), and organ donation process (31%).

Discussion:

The research identified moments in the dialogue where possible learning about organ donation may have occurred. After participation in the dialogue process, there was an increase in intent to register to be an organ donor, organ donation discussion with family and friends, and organ donor registration.
Ending the Reading Wars: Reading Acquisition From Novice to Expert
Authors: Castles Anne , Rastle Kathleen , Nation Kate
Published: June 2018

There is intense public interest in questions surrounding how children learn to read and how they can best be taught. Research in psychological science has provided answers to many of these questions but, somewhat surprisingly, this research has been slow to make inroads into educational policy and practice. Instead, the field has been plagued by decades of “reading wars.” Even now, there remains a wide gap between the state of research knowledge about learning to read and the state of public understanding. The aim of this article is to fill this gap. We present a comprehensive tutorial review of the science of learning to read, spanning from children’s earliest alphabetic skills through to the fluent word recognition and skilled text comprehension characteristic of expert readers. We explain why phonics instruction is so central to learning in a writing system such as English. But we also move beyond phonics, reviewing research on what else children need to learn to become expert readers and considering how this might be translated into effective classroom practice. We call for an end to the reading wars and recommend an agenda for instruction and research in reading acquisition that is balanced, developmentally informed, and based on a deep understanding of how language and writing systems work.
Behavioral Effects of Chronic Gray and White Matter Stroke Lesions in a Functionally Defined Connectome for Naming
Authors: Xing Shihui , Mandal Ayan , Lacey Elizabeth H. , Skipper-Kallal Laura M. , Zeng Jinsheng , Turkeltaub Peter E.
Published: June 2018

Background. In functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, picture naming engages widely distributed brain regions in the parietal, frontal, and temporal cortices. However, it remains unknown whether those activated areas, along with white matter pathways between them, are actually crucial for naming. Objective. We aimed to identify nodes and pathways implicated in naming in healthy older adults and test the impact of lesions to the connectome on naming ability. Methods. We first identified 24 cortical nodes activated by a naming task and reconstructed anatomical connections between these nodes using probabilistic tractography in healthy adults. We then used structural scans and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps in 45 patients with left hemisphere stroke to assess the relationships of node and pathway integrity to naming, phonology, and nonverbal semantic ability. Results. We found that mean FA values in 13 left hemisphere white matter tracts within the dorsal and ventral streams and 1 interhemispheric tract significantly related to naming scores after controlling for lesion size and demographic factors. In contrast, lesion loads in the cortical nodes were not related to naming performance after controlling for the same variables. Among the identified tracts, the integrity of 4 left hemisphere ventral stream tracts related to nonverbal semantic processing and 1 left hemisphere dorsal stream tract related to phonological processing. Conclusions. Our findings reveal white matter structures vital for naming and its subprocesses. These findings demonstrate the value of multimodal methods that integrate functional imaging, structural connectivity, and lesion data to understand relationships between brain networks and behavior.
Abusive Coworker Treatment, Coworker Support, and Employee Turnover
Authors: Tews Michael J. , Michel John W. , Stafford Kathryn
Published: June 2018

Hostile treatment from others at work can have undesirable consequences. The present study aims to validate this proposition by examining whether abusive coworker treatment is a significant predictor of employee turnover among entry-level employees in the hospitality industry. With a sample of 979 restaurant servers, this research examined the impact of abusive coworker treatment along with coworker emotional and instrumental support on turnover over a 6-month period. Abusive coworker treatment was significantly related to higher turnover among newcomers but not among experienced employees. Furthermore, coworker emotional support was related to lower turnover among all employees in the sample. These findings provide a more nuanced perspective on the role of abusive coworker treatment and coworker support in combating the perennial turnover challenge in the hospitality industry.
Where is the ‘struggle’ in communications for social progress?
Authors: Gurumurthy Anita
Published: June 2018

The future of human society and its radical reorganization is contingent upon how the right to cultural autonomy and cognitive justice can be realized. Definitions of social progress must therefore pay close attention to the contradictions of contemporary information–communication structures. Our datafied subject positions need to be unpacked for an understanding of why privacy is a social, and not just individual, concern. The proprietization of social interactions data and marketization of digital intelligence exhort a critical examination not only of data practices but also of data ownership. Also, the contemporary public sphere seems to promote voice, but without agency. To participate, therefore, does not seem to necessarily imply political equality. An urgent reorientation of technology governance – away from the rhetoric of openness and transparency and towards citizen accountability – is needed. Institutional norms for the digital age must explore commons-based ownership frameworks for data and promote the conditions where free expression is seen as the ability of communities to self-define their ideas of social, cultural, economic and political progress.
A systematic methodology for design of retrofit actions with longevity
Authors: Morelli Martin , Lacasse Michael A.
Published: June 2018

This article presents a method for the design of retrofit actions with focus on energy savings that permits a systematic and thorough assessment of potential failures, anticipated maintenance and the expected durability of the retrofit actions. The proposed method combines the use of failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) to permit identifying likely failure modes from which maintenance actions could be planned and the limit states (LS) method to assess the durability of the given retrofit action. One case study was completed to illustrate the application of: (1) the FMEA and LS method and (2) the proposed method for a retrofit action of an internal insulated solid wall of masonry bonded with lightweight aggregate concrete and floor division of concrete. It was evident that FMEA is useful regarding failure-mode identification and maintenance planning, and the LS method has its strength in durability assessment. Combining the use of both the FMEA and LS methods allowed improved design of new energy-saving retrofit actions, given that a thorough risk assessment was possible that included a decision-making process on maintenance planning, durability assessment and decision on potential redesign of retrofit actions.
Reduced Glucose Variability With Glucose-Dependent Versus Glucose-Independent Therapies Despite Similar Glucose Control and Hypoglycemia Rates in a Randomized, Controlled Study of Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Pratley Richard E. , Rosenstock Julio , Heller Simon R. , Sinclair Alan , Heine Robert J. , Kiljański Jacek , Brusko Cynthia S. , Duan Ran , Festa Andreas
Published: June 2018

Background:

Few studies have evaluated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) not using injectable therapy. CGM is useful for investigating hypoglycemia and glycemic variability, which is associated with complications in T2DM.

Methods:

A CGM substudy of Individualized treatMent aPproach for oldER patIents in a randomized trial in type 2 diabetes Mellitus (IMPERIUM)) was conducted. Patients were vulnerable (moderately ill and/or frail) older (≥65 years) individuals with suboptimally controlled T2DM. Strategy A comprised glucose-dependent therapies (n = 26) with a nonsulfonylurea oral antihyperglycemic medication (OAM) and a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist as the first injectable. Strategy B comprised non-glucose-dependent therapies (n = 21) with sulfonylurea as the preferred OAM and insulin glargine as the first injectable. Primary endpoints were duration and percentage of time spent with blood glucose (BG) ≤70 mg/dL over 24 hours at week 24.

Results:

Duration and percentage of time spent with hypoglycemia at ≤70 mg/dL were similar for Strategy A and Strategy B; glycemic control improved similarly in both arms (LSM change in HbA1c at week 24; A = −1.2%, B = −1.4%). Duration and percentage time spent with euglycemia and hyperglycemia were also similar in both arms. However, Strategy A was associated with lower within-day (21.1 ± 1.2 vs 25.1 ± 1.4, P = .046) and between-day (5.4 ± 1.0 vs 9.1 ± 1.3, P = .038) BG variability (coefficient of variance [LSM ± SE]) at week 24.

Conclusions:

This CGM substudy in older patients with T2DM showed lower within- and between-day BG variability with glucose-dependent therapies but similar HbA1c reductions and hypoglycemia duration with glucose-independent strategies.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings of high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the male breast: A case report
Authors: Reinhardt Florian , Mathys Britta , Reinecke Petra , Neubauer Hans , Fehm Tanja , Mohrmann Svjetlana
Published: June 2018

Ductal carcinoma in situ in men is incredibly rare and detection by conventional mammography and ultrasound is often challenging. We report an unusual case of a 50-year-old male, with no family history of breast cancer, who presented with an 8-year history of left-sided breast pain and recurrent bloody nipple discharge without any significant suspicious imaging features in mammography and targeted high-resolution ultrasound. Breast magnetic resonance imaging was performed as an adjunct modality. Magnetic resonance imaging findings revealed a suspicious retroareolar non-mass abnormality of segmental, linear and dendritic pattern, which was highly suspicious for a ductal carcinoma in situ. Stereotactic guided biopsy and subsequent mastectomy were consistent with pure high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the left breast. Overall, this case highlights the challenges in diagnosing ductal carcinoma in situ in men and demonstrates the importance for further investigating clinical suspicions of the male breast.
Features of incident colorectal cancer in Lynch syndrome
Authors: Argillander Tanja E , Koornstra Jan J , van Kouwen Mariette , Langers Alexandra MJ , Nagengast Fokko M , Vecht Juda , de Vos tot Nederveen Cappel Wouter H , Dekker Evelien , van Duijvendijk Peter , Vasen Hans FA
Published: June 2018

Background and objective

Despite intensive colonoscopic surveillance, a substantial proportion of Lynch syndrome (LS) patients develop colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to characterize incident CRC in LS patients.

Methods

All patients diagnosed with incident CRC after start of colonoscopic surveillance were identified in the Dutch LS Registry of 905 patients. A retrospective analysis of patient records was carried out for patient characteristics, survival, CRC characteristics and findings of previous colonoscopy.

Results

Seventy‐one patients (7.8%) were diagnosed with incident CRC. Median interval between incident CRC diagnosis and previous colonoscopy was 23.8 (range 6.7–45.6) months. Median tumor diameter was 2.5 cm, and 17% of the tumors were sessile or flat. Most patients (83%) had no lymph node metastases. There was no association between tumor size and colonoscopy interval or lymph node status. Most patients (65%) had no adenomas during previous colonoscopy. Two patients (2.8%) eventually died from metastatic CRC.

Conclusion

The high frequency of incident CRC in LS likely results from several factors. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis of fast conversion of adenomas to CRC, as 65% of patients had no report of polyps during previous colonoscopy. High‐quality colonoscopies are essential, especially as tumors and adenomas are difficult to detect because of their frequent non‐polypoid appearance. Early detection due to surveillance as well as the indolent growth of CRC, as demonstrated by the lack of lymph node metastases, contributes to the excellent survival observed.
Commuter College Student Adjustment: Peer Crowd Affiliation as a Driver of Loneliness, Belongingness, and Risk Behaviors
Authors: Wax Amy , Hopmeyer Andrea , Dulay Paschal N. , Medovoy Tal
Published: June 2018

Although previous research has clearly demonstrated the impact that peer crowd affiliation has on socioemotional and risk-related outcomes, very few studies have investigated this relation in samples of emerging adults, and even fewer have focused specifically on commuter college students. Accordingly, the current study aimed to fill this gap in the literature by exploring the relationship between peer crowds and college adjustment at a commuter school. Participants were 663 students at a large public university in Southern California (campus population of 92% commuters). Factor analytic results indicated the presence of four crowd dimensions on campus: (a) social/partiers, (b) creatives and activists, (c) campus active, and (d) international students. Furthermore, path analysis results indicated that these crowd dimensions predict loneliness, college belongingness, and risk behaviors. Overall, the results of this study indicate the presence of a peer crowd landscape unique to commuter schools that has important implications for student adjustment.
International Business in Transitional and Emerging Economies: A Perspective of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia with India
Authors: Bhattacharyya Som Sekhar , irjevskis Andrejs Cˇ , Põlajeva Tatjana
Published: June 2018

Baltic countries, namely, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, the former Soviet states, are making a mark in the world economy. Like India, Baltic countries are contesting with other emerging economies to gain a share of the global market. Given this context, it is insightful to study how emerging economy firms are faring in transitional economies. The case, based upon secondary data sources, helps to comprehend the nature and extent of two-way international business between Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia with Indian firms and Indian market.
Symbiosis-Orientation and the Survival of Small–Large Strategic Alliances
Authors: Li Ji , Hu Yanghong , Zhang Ludan , Liang Lan , Sun Wei
Published: June 2018

This article studies the long-term performance of entrepreneur firms by paying more attention to their external environments. It argues that prior research on the long-term survival and growth of entrepreneur firms has paid insufficient attention to the effects of external environmental factors. As a result, it remains unclear why only a small percentage of newly established entrepreneur firms can survive for more than 3 years (citation), and an even smaller percentage of the firms can achieve sustainable growth over a longer period of time. To address this research gap, we review the literature on symbiotic strategies in ownership, corporate governance, marketing and new product development, based on which we highlight the importance of symbionts in the sustainable growth of the resource-constrained entrepreneur firms and develop a conceptual model showing the relationship between symbiosis-orientation and its consequences for entrepreneur firms ( Figure 1 ).