bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining changes in participation in recreational fisheries in England and Wales
Authors: APRAHAMIAN M. W. , HICKLEY P. , SHIELDS B. A. , MAWLE G. W.
Published: June 2009

Abstract  Inland fisheries in England and Wales have high economic and social values. Managing participation to maximise fishery performance is key to maintaining this status. The capital value of fishing rights for migratory salmonid fisheries is €165 million. Coarse fisheries contribute €1030 million to the economy. The central tenet to increasing participation in recreational salmonid fisheries is that an increase in stock size will result in more anglers accessing the fishery. This was examined for salmon on the rivers Usk and Lune where exploitation restrictions increased the number of salmon available to anglers. On the River Lune, the number of salmon available post‐intervention increased by 66%. There was no significant increase in catch while the number of anglers decreased by 16.3%. On the River Usk, the closure of the net fishery potentially resulted in an additional ∼1200 salmon being available. Following closure, there was no significant change in rod catch or in the number of anglers. Increased participation is dependent less upon stock manipulation for coarse fisheries and more upon facilitating the activity. In recent years, urban fishery development programmes have provided improved access to local fishing opportunity. Also, new anglers have been targeted through campaigns such as Get Hooked on Fishing and the Scout Angler Badge.
Ctf4 coordinates the progression of helicase and DNA polymerase α
Authors: Tanaka Hirokazu , Katou Yuki , Yagura Masaru , Saitoh Katsuya , Itoh Takehiko , Araki Hiroyuki , Bando Masashige , Shirahige Katsuhiko
Published: June 2009

Ctf4 is a protein conserved in eukaryotes and a constituent of the replisome progression complex. It also plays a role in the establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. In our current study, we demonstrate that the replication checkpoint is activated in the absence of Ctf4, and that the interaction between the MCM helicase‐go ichi ni san (GINS) complex and DNA polymerase α (Pol α)‐primase is destabilized specifically in a ctf4Δ mutant. An in vitro interaction between GINS and DNA Pol α was also found to be mediated by Ctf4. The same interaction was not affected in the absence of the replication checkpoint mediators Tof1 or Mrc1. In ctf4Δ cells, DNA pol α became significantly unstable and was barely detectable at the replication forks in HU. In contrast, the quantities of helicase and DNA pol ɛ bound to replication forks were almost unchanged but their localizations were widely and abnormally dispersed in the mutant cells compared with wild type. These results lead us to propose that Ctf4 is a key connector between DNA helicase and Pol α and is required for the coordinated progression of the replisome.
Do the Oaxacan Highlands represent a natural biotic unit? A cladistic biogeographical test based on vertebrate taxa
Authors: Paniagua Livia León , Morrone Juan J.
Published: June 2009

Aim We analysed the distributional patterns of six terrestrial vertebrate taxa from the Oaxacan Highlands (Sierra Mazateca, Nudo de Zempoaltépetl and Sierra de Juárez) through a cladistic biogeographical approach, in order to test their naturalness as a biotic unit.

Location The Oaxacan Highlands, Mexico.

Methods The cladistic biogeographical analysis was based on the area cladograms of thePseudoeurycea belliispecies group (Amphibia: Plethodontidae), the genusChlorospingus(Aves: Thraupidae), the generaMicrotus,ReithrodontomysandHabromys, and thePeromyscus aztecusspecies group (Mammalia: Rodentia). We obtained paralogy‐free subtrees, from which the components were coded in a data matrix for parsimony analysis. The data matrix was analysed with Nonathrough WinClada.

Results The parsimony analysis resulted in a single general area cladogram in which areas were fragmented following the sequence Sierra Madre Occidental, Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt, Chiapas, Sierra Madre Oriental + Sierra Mazateca, Sierra Madre del Sur, Nudo de Zempoaltépetl and Sierra de Juárez.

Main conclusions The general area cladogram shows that the Oaxacan Highlands do not constitute a natural unit. The Sierra Mazateca is the sister area to the Sierra Madre Oriental, whereas the Nudo de Zempoaltépetl and the Sierra de Juárez are closely related to the Sierra Madre del Sur. The events that might have caused these patterns include cycles of expansion and contraction of mountain pinyon, juniper and oak woodlands during the Pleistocene.
Clinical performance of extended zirconia frameworks for fixed dental prostheses: two‐year results
Authors: SCHMITTER M. , MUSSOTTER K. , RAMMELSBERG P. , STOBER T. , OHLMANN B. , GABBERT O.
Published: June 2009

Summary  The purpose of this prospective cohort study was to assess the performance of tooth‐supported, extended zirconia, fixed dental prostheses (FDPs). Thirty FDPs with span‐lengths between 36 and 46 mm (mean: 40·33 mm), four to seven units and with connector dimensions of ∼9 mm2 were inserted (19 in the posterior region, 11 including anterior teeth) using glass–ionomer cement and assessed (aesthetic evaluation, failures, hypersensitivity/tooth vitality, secondary caries, pocket depth, decementation and chipping) at baseline and after 2 years. Differences between baseline and 2‐year recall were analysed using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test for matched pairs. There were five failures. One FDP revealed a core fracture at the base of the connector, probably caused by a damage induced during fabrication. Two FDPs had to be recemented, one abutment tooth had to be treated endodontically and one cohesive failure of the veneer was observed. There were no significant changes of pocket depth and hypersensitivity between baseline and 2‐year recall. The aesthetics were rated as excellent by the patients at both baseline and recall. Two year clinical results of extended zirconia based FDPs with 9 mm2 connectors are promising.
Food allergy and food sensitization in early childhood: results from the DARC cohort
Authors: Eller E. , Kjaer H. F. , Høst A. , Andersen K. E. , Bindslev‐Jensen C.
Published: June 2009

Background:  The prevalence of food hypersensitivity (FHS) and the relationship with atopic dermatitis (AD) is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the development of FHS and to correlate this with AD in relation to sensitization and symptoms.

Methods:  This study combines new data from birth to 18 months of age with previous published results from 3 and 6 years. The Danish Allergy Research Centre cohort, including 562 children, is a unique, population‐based, prospective birth cohort, with clinical examinations at all follow‐ups. All children were examined for the development of AD using Hanifin‐Rajka criteria and for FHS using interviews, skin prick test (SPT), specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), and food challenge according to EAACI guidelines.

Results:  Twenty children were confirmed with FHS to milk, egg, and peanut. FHS peaked at 18 months (3.6%) and then decreased to 1.2% at 72 months of age. No new cases were found after 3 years. Self‐reporting could only be confirmed in 31% of cases. Among the 122 children with AD, 18 had FHS (14.8%). FHS was IgE‐mediated in 95% of the cases but 16 of 20 children were additionally sensitized to other foods which they tolerated. Children with AD were neither more IgE‐sensitized nor had higher levels of IgE when compared with healthy children but they were more persistently sensitized.

Conclusions:  Sensitization to foods in young children without food allergy seems to be a normal phenomenon. The discrepancy between sensitization, self‐reported food‐related symptoms and confirmed FHS illustrates the need to perform standardized oral challenges in order to confirm the diagnosis of FHS.
Pancreas after living donor kidney transplants in diabetic patients: impact on long‐term kidney graft function
Authors: Kleinclauss Francois , Fauda Martin , Sutherland David E.R. , Kleinclauss Colette , Gruessner Rainer W. , Matas Arthur J. , Kasiske Bertram L. , Humar Abhinav , Kandaswamy Raja , Kaul Suruchi , Gruessner Angelika C.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  In this single‐institution study, we compared outcomes in diabetic recipients of living donor (LD) kidney transplants that did vs. did not undergo a subsequent pancreas transplant. Of 307 diabetic recipients who underwent LD kidney transplants from January 1, 1995, through December 31, 2003, a total of 175 underwent a subsequent pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplant; 75 were deemed eligible (E) for, but did not receive (for personal or financial reasons), a PAK, and thus had a kidney transplant alone (KTA); and 57 deemed ineligible (I) for a PAK because of comorbidity also had just a KTA. We analyzed the three groups (PAK, KTA‐E, KTA‐I) for differences in patient characteristics, glycemic control, renal function, patient and kidney graft survival rates, and causes of death. Kidney graft survival rates (actuarial) were similar in the PAK vs. KTA‐E groups at one, five, and 10 yr post‐transplant: 98%, 82%, and 67% (PAK) vs. 100%, 84%, and 62% (KTA‐E) (p = 0.9). The long‐term (greater than four yr post‐transplant) estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was higher in the PAK than in the KTA‐E group: 53 ± 20 mL/min (PAK) vs. 43 ± 16 mL/min (KTA‐E) (p = 0.016). The patient survival rates were also similar for the PAK and KTA‐E groups. We conclude that the subsequent transplant of a pancreas after an LD kidney transplant does not adversely affect patient or kidney graft survival rates; in fact, it is associated with better long‐term kidney graft function.
Exhaled nitric oxide and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction in young wheezy children – interactions with atopy
Authors: Malmberg L. Pekka , Pelkonen Anna S. , Mattila Petri S. , Hammarén‐Malmi Sari , Mäkelä Mika J.
Published: June 2009

The association between exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) and exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) has not been investigated in young children with atopic or non‐atopic wheeze, two different phenotypes of asthma in the early childhood. Steroid naïve 3‐ to 7‐yr‐old children with recent wheeze (n = 84) and age‐matched control subjects without respiratory symptoms (n = 71) underwent exercise challenge test, measurement of FENO and skin prick testing (SPT). EIB was assessed by using impulse oscillometry, and FENO by standard online technique. Although FENO levels were highest in atopic patients with EIB, both atopic and non‐atopic wheezy children with EIB showed higher FENO than atopic and non‐atopic control subjects, respectively. In atopic wheezy children, a significant relationship between FENO and the severity of EIB was found (r = 0.44, p = 0.0004), and FENO was significantly predictive of EIB. No clear association between FENO and EIB or predictive value was found in non‐atopic wheezy children. Both atopic and non‐atopic young wheezy children with EIB show increased FENO levels. However, the association between the severity of EIB and FENO is present and FENO significantly predictive of EIB only in atopic subjects, suggesting different interaction between bronchial responsiveness and airway inflammation in non‐atopic wheeze.
Conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to delayed formulation in pediatric renal transplantation: Higher mycophenolic acid predose level but no changes in the immune biomarkers
Authors: Ferraris Jorge R. , Tambutti Mónica L. , Prigoshin Norma , Grosman Mauricio , Cardoni Rita L.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  EC‐MPS was designed to improve MPA‐related GII because of MMF, by delaying the release of MPA until reaching the small intestine. At present, its immunosuppressive activity in pediatric renal transplant recipients with GII has not been clarified. We studied eight renal transplant recipients before and after three months of the conversion from MMF to equimolar doses of EC‐MPS. After three months of treatment with EC‐MPA, GII decreased between 100% and 12.5%. The predose levels of MPA were about 60% higher on EC‐MPS (6.9 ± 1.1 μg/mL) compared with MMF administration (4.2 ± 0.9 μg/mL). Hemoglobin decreased significantly post‐conversion (12.0 ± 0.4 to 11.0 ± 0.5 g/dL). Serum creatinine, creatinine clearance, and urinary protein excretion did not change. Also, proliferative response and cytotoxic antibodies showed no significant change. The release of interleukin‐10 was strikingly augmented with MMF or EC‐MPS therapy; meanwhile, γ‐interferon and TNF were low under both treatments. Our data indicate that conversion from MMF to EC‐MPS leads to an improvement in GII without altering key elements of immunosuppression.
Primary central nervous system post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder presenting as cerebral hemorrhage after unrelated bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Aisa Y. , Mori T. , Nakazato T. , Suzuki S. , Suzuki N. , Ikeda Y. , Okamoto S.
Published: June 2009

Abstract: We present a rare case of cerebral hemorrhage due to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐associated post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). A 58‐year‐old man with myelodysplastic syndrome received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from an unrelated donor after being conditioned with fludarabine, melphalan, and total body irradiation. Tacrolimus and methotrexate were given for graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. On day 23, he developed acute GVHD, which was successfully treated with prednisolone (PSL). The tapering of PSL failed because of extensive chronic GVHD involving the liver and lungs, and mycophenolate mofetil was added on day 244. On day 340, the patient suddenly complained of severe headache. Computed tomography confirmed subcortical hemorrhage, and he died on day 348. The autopsy revealed atypical lymphocytes infiltrating the brain and meninges, which were positive for B‐cell‐associated antigens and EBV‐encoded RNA, and thus EBV‐associated PTLD was diagnosed.
Combining the EndoFlex® tube with fiberoptic bronchoscopy in difficult intubation
Authors: SUGIYAMA K. , TAKAHASHI N. , KOHJITANI A.
Published: June 2009

We applied a combination technique using the EndoFlex® tube with fiberoptic bronchoscopy for a 69‐year‐old man presenting with limited mouth opening and neck movement. Awake nasotracheal intubation was performed under conscious sedation with propofol and fentanyl. After positioning the tip of the EndoFlex® tube in the oropharynx, the fiberoptic bronchoscope was inserted into the tube until the tip reached the bevel of the tube. Anterior flexion of the distal tip of the EndoFlex® tube facilitated uncomplicated insertion of the tube into the trachea without impingement on the arytenoids. Fiberoptic visualization confirmed that the distal‐tip flexing mechanism of the EndoFlex® tube corrected the direction of the tube tip anteriorly, allowing entry into the trachea. We present a case where this technique proved valuable for tracheal intubation in a patient with limitations of mouth opening and neck movement.
Massive transfusion – evaluation of current clinical practice and outcome in two large teaching hospital trusts in Northern England
Authors: Rose A. H. , Kotzé A. , Doolan D. , Norfolk D. R. , Bellamy M. C.
Published: June 2009

Background and Objectives  Although numerous guidelines exist for the management of massive blood loss, there have been few data confirming whether these guidelines are observed in practice or whether compliance results in improved outcome. We have performed a retrospective audit of cases of massive transfusion in two major teaching hospital trusts in Northern England to investigate the use of blood components and patient outcome.

Materials and Methods  The massive transfusion population was electronically derived from a list of all blood component transfusions in 2006. Data from the intensive care and patient administration databases established hospital outcome. Factors independently predictive of survival were identified by logistic regression. Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Odds ratios (OR) are given with 95% confidence intervals.

Results  Two hundred and four patients had a massive transfusion. Although only 1·3% of all transfused patients, the massive transfusion group used 10% of the total blood products. Their mortality rate was 34%. Factors independently predictive of survival were: a ratio of fresh frozen plasma: red blood cells > 1·1, OR 7·22 (1·95–26·68), and elective surgery, OR 4·56 (1·88–11·05). Factors independently predictive of death were: age (per year), OR 0·97 (0·95–0·99), liver disease, OR 0·25 (0·09–0·70), male gender, OR 0·41 (0·19–0·89), vascular surgery, OR 0·34 (0·12–0·96) and number of adult packs of platelets transfused, OR 0·69 (0·57–0·83).

Conclusion  Massive transfusion occurs rarely but has a high mortality and requires a disproportionate amount of blood products. An increased ratio of fresh frozen plasma to red blood cells was associated with improved outcome.
Fluctuating Asymmetry of Responders Affects Offers in the Ultimatum Game Oppositely According to Attractiveness or Need as Perceived by Proposers
Authors: Zaatari Darine , Palestis Brian G. , Trivers Robert
Published: June 2009

The Ultimatum Game (UG) measures cooperative tendencies in humans. A proposer offers to split a given sum of money between self and a responder, who may accept or reject the offer. If accepted, each receives the proposed split; if rejected, nobody receives anything. We studied the effect of the putative responder’s degree of facial symmetry (fluctuating asymmetry, FA) on the offer he/she received in opposite‐sexed UGs. Symmetry is an important measure of biological quality so subjects were expected to receive higher offers when symmetrical than asymmetrical. In a sample of Jamaicans, individuals played two UGs with opposite‐sexed responders, a symmetrical photo of a Lebanese and an asymmetrical one. Individuals do indeed give more to symmetrical responders (p = 0.032). When subjects are asked their motivation, a striking dichotomy emerges: those who cite ‘attractiveness’ as a motive, give strongly to symmetrical responders while those citing ‘need’ invariably give more to asymmetrical ones (p < 0.0001). Females also show a nearly significant tendency to cite need as a motive more often than do males.
A Cardinal Measure of Competitive Ability in Barbary Macaque Males (Macaca sylvanus)
Authors: Bissonnette Annie , Lange Elena , Van Schaik Carel P.
Published: June 2009

Cardinal scores of individual competitive ability allow us to quantify the magnitude of the difference between the competitive ability of any two individuals. However, they have rarely been used in animal behaviour because most researchers were mainly interested in ordinal ranking. In this paper, we validated the normalized David’s score (David H. A., Biometrika 74, 1987, 432; de Vries H., Stevens J. M. G. & Vervaecke H., Anim. Behav. 71, 2006, 585) as a cardinal measure of male competitive ability in a group of Barbary macaques living under semi‐free ranging conditions. To derive competitive ability scores, we used a semi‐experimental protocol where two males had to compete over access to a prized food resource (i.e. a nut) within the natural group setting. This protocol was used because it allowed the exclusion of three factors other than competitive ability (i.e. respect of ownership, social tolerance and motivation) which may influence the outcome of dyadic encounters in group‐living primates. We expected that a measure of competitive ability excluding the three above‐mentioned influences would correlate with some intrinsic features of males. Male competitive ability scores were calculated based on 357 nut tests. As expected, male competitive ability shows a curvilinear relationship with age (used as a proxy for male general physical condition), with young, ‘athletic’ males having the highest scores. However, we also found that male competitive ability scores were highly correlated with the dominance scores derived from naturally occurring agonistic interactions, which suggest that observations of spontaneous interactions may suffice to estimate the competitive abilities of individuals. We conclude that despite its limitation, the normalized David score is often preferred to ordinal ranking as an estimate of resource holding potential as originally defined (Parker G. A., J. Theor. Biol. 47, 1974, 223).
Added Weights Lead to Reduced Flight Behavior and Mating Success in Polyandrous Honey Bee Queens (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Hayworth Miranda K. , Johnson Nels G. , Wilhelm Matthew E. , Gove Robert P. , Metheny Jackie D. , Rueppell Olav
Published: June 2009

Honey bee queens are exceptionally promiscuous. Early in life, queens perform one to five nuptial flights, mating with up to 44 drones. Many studies have documented potential benefits of multiple mating. In contrast, potential costs of polyandry and the sensitivity of queens to such costs have largely been ignored because they are difficult to address experimentally. To consider one aspect of mating costs to queens, the difficulty of flight, we compared flight behavior and success among a group of control queens and two experimental groups of queens that carried lead weights of two different sizes. For each queen, we assessed the number and duration of all flights and, after egg‐laying commenced, the amount of stored sperm and the number of mates in terms of the offspring’s patrilineal genetic diversity. Added weights quantitatively decreased the number of flights, the mean duration of flights and consequently the total time spent flying. Mating success in terms of sperm quantity and patrilines detected among the queens’ offspring was also negatively impacted by the experimental manipulation. Thus, it can be concluded that the flight effort of honey bee queens during their mating period is adjusted in response to an experimentally increased cost of flying with multiple consequences for their mating success. Our results suggest that queen behavior is flexible and mating costs deserve more attention to explain the extreme polyandry in honey bees.
Experimental Evidence for the Amelioration of Shadow Competition in an Orb‐Web Spider Through the ‘Ricochet’ Effect
Authors: Rao Dinesh
Published: June 2009

Stationary predators such as spiders can face competition from conspecifics simply by virtue of the spatial positioning of their webs. Shadow competition, wherein a predator ‘upstream’ restricts access to prey for another individual further ‘downstream’, can affect the foraging success of stationary predators. However, in spiders that build orb‐webs in proximity to each other, insect prey often ‘ricochet’ off the outer web and land on the inner web. In this study, I asked whether the negative effect of shadow competition could be compensated for by the ricochet effect. I experimentally show that despite a strong spatial advantage to a spider on the outer side in terms of prey interceptions, the likelihood of prey intercepting the inner web is increased through the ricochet effect. I also show that the degree of overlap between the webs significantly influences both the number of prey intercepted as well as the number of ricochets. This study shows experimentally that a spider that builds its web close to a conspecific’s web suffers very little cost in terms of lost prey interception.
Vegetative compatibility types of Cryphonectria parasitica, causal agent of chestnut blight, in the Black Sea region of Turkey
Authors: Akilli S. , Katircioğlu Y. Z. , Maden S.
Published: June 2009

Vegetative compatibility types (vc types) of 296 isolates of the chestnut blight fungus, Cryphonectria parasitica, were determined. The isolates had been obtained from 32 localities in 11 provinces in the Black Sea region of Turkey. Five vc types were detected: EU‐1, EU‐12, EU‐14, EU‐2 and EU‐5. The number of vc types found in single provinces varied between one and five. All of the five vc types were present only in the Kastamonu province. Vc type EU‐1 was detected in all the provinces. EU‐1 accounted for 90.8% of all isolates. Vc type EU‐12 was present in eight provinces and accounted for 6.8% of the isolates, whereas one or two isolates each of EU‐14, EU‐2 and EU‐5 were found in one or two provinces. Isolates possessing the white colony phenotype were considered to be hypovirulent. Hypovirulent isolates of each vc type were found, and they were detected in nine of 11 provinces.
Identification of genomic regions carrying QTL for agronomic and quality traits in rye (Secale cereale) introgression libraries
Authors: Falke K. C. , Wilde P. , Wortmann H. , Geiger H. H. , Miedaner T.
Published: June 2009

Introgression libraries can be used to localize genomic regions carrying quantitative trait loci (QTL). We used this approach to detect QTL regions affecting the per se performance of agronomic and quality traits with two rye (Secale cereale L.) introgression libraries. Our objectives were to detect candidate introgression lines (pre‐ILs) that have a different per se performance than the recurrent parent and to identify the underlying QTL regions. The introgression libraries containing 40 BC2S3 lines each were established with marker‐assisted backcrossing from crosses of the heterozygous Iranian primitive rye accession Altevogt 14160 and the elite inbred line L2053‐N. To assess the phenotypic effect of the donor chromosome segments (DCS) the pre‐ILs were evaluated for grain yield, plant height, thousand‐kernel weight, test weight, falling number and protein content in replicated field trials at five locations in Germany over 2 years. In total, 58 significant (P < 0.05) differences between pre‐ILs and L2053‐N were observed in each introgression library. The DCS in pre‐ILs differing from the recurrent parent possess most likely the responsible QTL. Genomic regions carrying favourable QTL alleles were detected for test weight, thousand‐kernel weight and protein content. We conclude that Altevogt 14160 can not only be used to enrich the genetic variation of the restricted hybrid rye gene pools but will also allow the breeder to efficiently detect favourable QTL for marker‐assisted selection.
Genotype by environment interactions of heat stress disorder resistance in crisphead lettuce
Authors: Jenni S. , Yan W.
Published: June 2009

Lettuce is a cool season crop susceptible to physiological disorders when exposed to supra optimal temperatures. Genotype (G) by environment (E) interaction (GE) of rib discolouration, tipburn, premature bolting and ribbiness in crisphead lettuce was characterized under high temperature and long day growing conditions. Replicated data of 10 crisphead lettuce varieties from two plantings in each of four growing seasons at two locations in Quebec were analysed using the GGE biplot method. Head‐weight‐over‐stem‐length ratio, ribbiness, rib discolouration incidence and tipburn incidence were affected (P = 0.00001) by E, G and GE. E explained more variation in head‐weight‐over‐stem‐length ratio (77.1%) and rib discolouration incidence (77.3%) than G and GE, whereas GE explained more variation (72.4%) in tipburn incidence and G explained more variation (38%) in ribbiness. Strong crossover GE was detected with rib discolouration and tipburn incidence, but not with head‐weight‐over‐stem‐length ratio and ribbiness. Under heat stress, varieties of the Vanguard group had lower ribbiness than those of the Great Lakes group. Cultivar ‘Estival’ showed consistent resistance to bolting, ribbiness, tipburn and rib discolouration across all E.
Feeding on one side or both sides in a breast‐feeding session
Authors: Kondolot Meda , Yalçin S. Songül , Yurdakök Kadriye
Published: June 2009

Background:  The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of breast‐feeding method (on only one or on two sides in a single feeding session) on growth, sleep duration and sucking period, and stool frequency.

Methods:  Exclusively breast‐fed healthy infants, aged 1–6 months, were included in the study during child health follow‐up visits. Mothers were given a questionnaire on sleep duration, sucking periods, and stool frequencies of their infants.

Results:  The height‐for‐age and weight‐for‐age z scores were significantly higher in infants breast‐fed from one side during a single session than from both sides (P= 0.002, P < 0.001; respectively). Infants sucking on only one breast in a breast‐feeding session defecated significantly less at night (P= 0.005), their maximum sucking periods at night were shorter (P= 0.049).

Conclusion:  Breast‐feeding at one side only during a single breast‐feeding session increases growth, decreases stool frequency and the maximum sucking period at night and does not influence the overall sleep pattern.
Learning through face‐to‐face and online discussions: Associations between students' conceptions, approaches and academic performance in political science
Authors: Bliuc Ana‐Maria , Ellis Robert , Goodyear Peter , Piggott Leanne
Published: June 2009

This paper reports on research investigating student experiences of learning through face‐to‐face and online discussions in a political science course in a large Australian university. Using methodologies from relational research into university student learning, the study investigates associations between key aspects of student learning focusing on conceptions of what students learn, approaches to learning, and learning outcomes. The main hypothesis tested here was that there are qualitative differences in the student conceptions of learning through discussions and their approaches to face‐to‐face and online discussions. Furthermore, it was expected to find that these differences were reflected in the learning outcomes, that is, student approaches would be linked to more complete conceptions of learning and to better academic performance. More tentatively, the existence of causal relationships between these aspects of learning and academic performance was also explored. Data on students' conceptions and approaches was collected through closed‐ended questionnaires and final mark was used as an indicator of the quality of learning (academic performance). Our analysis identified variations in the quality of conceptions and student approaches also revealing strong associations between what students thought their learning is about, the way they approached their learning, and academic performance in both face‐to‐face and online contexts. Implications of these findings for research and practice are elaborated.
Assessor or assessee: How student learning improves by giving and receiving peer feedback
Authors: Li Lan , Liu Xiongyi , Steckelberg Allen L.
Published: June 2009

This study investigated the relationship between the quality of peer assessment and the quality of student projects in a technology application course for teacher education students. Forty‐three undergraduate student participants completed the assigned projects. During the peer assessment process, students first anonymously rated and commented on two randomly assigned peers' projects, and they were then asked to improve their projects based on the feedback they received. Two independent raters blindly evaluated student initial and final projects. Data analysis indicated that when controlling for the quality of the initial projects, there was a significant relationship between the quality of peer feedback students provided for others and the quality of the students' own final projects. However, no significant relationship was found between the quality of peer feedback students received and the quality of their own final projects. This finding supported a prior research claim that active engagement in reviewing peers' projects may facilitate student learning.
Neural Responses to Partner Rejection Cues
Authors: Zayas Vivian , Shoda Yuichi , Mischel Walter , Osterhout Lee , Takahashi Melissa
Published: June 2009

Little is known about neural responses in the early automatic-stage processing of rejection cues from a partner. Event-related potentials (ERPs) offer a window to study processes that may be difficult to detect via behavioral methods. We focused on the N400 ERP component, which reflects the amount of semantic processing prompted by a target. When participants were primed by attachment-related contexts (“If I need help from my partner, my partner will be …”), rejection-related words (e.g., dismissing) elicited greater N400 amplitudes than acceptance-related words (e.g., supporting). Analyses of results for nonattachment primes suggest that these findings were not simply caused by target valence; the brain responds differentially to cues of partner rejection (vs. acceptance) in under 300 ms. Moreover, these early-stage neurophysiological responses were heightened or dampened as a function of individuals' adult attachment; women characterized by high anxiety and low avoidance showed the greatest N400 responses to cues of partner rejection (vs. acceptance).
TOWARDS A SYNTHESIS OF ISLAM AND THE MARKET ECONOMY? THE JUSTICE AND DEVELOPMENT PARTY'S ECONOMIC REFORMS IN TURKEY
Authors: Acar Mustafa
Published: June 2009

Turkey has some unique characteristics, one of which is that it is the only Muslim country seeking to join the European Union. Internally, it has been going through a new and challenging experience in recent years: implementing free‐market economic policies under a ‘Conservative Democrat’ government, the leadership of which comes from moderate Islamism. Many observers think that Turkish experience shows how Islam and the market economy are compatible. This article critically evaluates these reformist economic policies implemented since late 2002 and highlights the major factors behind Turkey's success story.
CRASS KEYNESIANISM
Authors: Steele G. R.
Published: June 2009

Keynesianism supports make‐work schemes without regard for consumers' preferences. The impact of fiscal and monetary policy in corrupting the flow of inter‐temporal production is entirely discounted. Where Keynes argued that long‐term considerations should not obstruct the implementation of short‐term palliatives for immediate problems, Keynesianism fosters belief in the judgement of the state across a wide range of expenditures. In effect, however, Keynesian concepts of aggregate demand and the income multiplier set no basis for sound economic policy.
Capital Investments and Stock Returns in Japan*
Authors: Titman Sheridan , Wei K.C. John , Xie Feixue
Published: June 2009

The negative relation between capital investments and subsequent stock returns, found in the United States, is not observed in Japan, which is inconsistent with the risk‐based explanation. More specifically, we find no significant relation between capital expenditures (CE) and subsequent stock returns for either the entire sample or for keiretsu firms. However, in the pre‐1990 subperiod, there is a positive relation between increased CE and subsequent risk‐adjusted returns among independent firms, especially for those firms that have high cash flows and/or low leverage. These results are consistent with existing evidence that independent firms are financially constrained in the pre‐1990 period and that keiretsu main bank monitoring effectively controls the overinvestment problem.
Pyramidal Discounts: Tunneling or Overinvestment?*
Authors: Holmén Martin , Högfeldt Peter
Published: June 2009

Swedish families exploit the strong separation between ownership and control in pyramiding to establish control over several firms' internal cash flows via a very small capital investment. We establish that the discounts on the portfolio firms at the bottom of the pyramid as well as pyramid holding company are directly linked to costs from overinvestment that increase with the separation between ownership and control. In a financially developed economy where pyramids are transparent and the tax system regulates the flow of dividends within the pyramid and to shareholders, the primary cause of the discounts is not tunneling but overinvestment costs.
Budget transparency and development in resource‐dependent countries
Authors: De Renzio Paolo , Gomez Pamela , Sheppard James
Published: June 2009

The objective of this chapter is to examine empirically the nature and extent of budget transparency in resource‐dependent countries, as a potential foundation for improving governance and development impact. The resource curse hypothesis claims that resource‐dependent countries, despite their riches, grow slower than resource‐poor countries. Recent research has attributed part of the explanation to the quality of governance and institutions. Based on data drawn from the Open Budget Initiative 2006, we developed an index of budget transparency and accountability for 24 resource‐dependent countries. While resource‐dependent countries do suffer from a transparency gap, their performance both with regard to budget transparency and to development outcomes varies greatly. While our index and the United Nations Human Development Index are positively correlated, this relationship cannot be interpreted as a causal one. In order to shed light on the links between the two variables we look at three case studies of countries with very different performances: Peru, Vietnam and Angola. Some of the factors that seem to contribute to shape these linkages include the type and degree of dependency on natural resource revenues, the nature of the political regime and the nature of budget institutions, and the existence of an active civil society.
Before the peak: impacts of oil shortages on the developing world
Authors: Ebenhack Ben W. , Martínez Daniel M.
Published: June 2009

We explore the generally ignored reality that the petroleum shortage will occur before oil peaks, when the rate of growth falls below the rate of the growth of demand. This underscores the fact that the shortage with concomitant price increases will occur relatively soon, even if ultimate reserves are found to be more than is currently believed. Indeed, an energy shortage already exists for the half of humanity that lacks access to modern energy. Supply constraints for affluent, industrialised consumers will adversely affect energy imports for developing countries and at the same time increase international pressure on the developing world's resources for the export market. Many resources that have been deemed sub‐commercial in these regions will be re‐evaluated in light of higher prices. This will offer some opportunity to earn foreign trade, but at the cost of resources that could be tapped for local development. The development community has an opportunity to help those regions achieve energy security through the development of these resources locally by enhancing professional capacity and offering technical expertise.
The International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association social responsibility working group and human rights
Authors: Owens Jenny , Sykes Richard
Published: June 2009

This chapter describes how the oil and gas industry is responding to one specific challenge to sustainable development – the promotion of human rights. The human rights activities and practices of the industry fall into three categories: direct responsibility, shared responsibility and indirect influence. Specific responses to human rights issues are illustrated through case studies from some of the member companies of the International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association. The chapter demonstrates that the oil and gas industry has achieved substantial progress in establishing and implementing human rights policies and practices. However, the debate between industry, representatives of civil society and governments over the roles, responsibilities and accountability for human rights of transnational corporations in general, and of the oil and gas industry in particular, continues. While under international law the responsibility to protect human rights rests primarily with governments, companies and others, including non‐governmental organisations and multilateral organisations, can support human rights. The industry recognises the need to develop measures to help address human rights challenges and that this effort will require co‐operation and shared responsibility among all relevant actors.
Natural surfactants used in cosmetics: glycolipids
Authors: Lourith N. , Kanlayavattanakul M.
Published: June 2009

Synopsis

Cosmetic surfactant performs detergency, wetting, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing and foaming effects. Adverse reactions of chemical synthesis surfactant have an effect on environment and humans, particularly severe in long term. Biodegradability, low toxicity and ecological acceptability which are the benefits of naturally derived surfactant that promises cosmetic safety are, therefore, highly on demand. Biosurfactant producible from microorganisms exhibiting potential surface properties suitable for cosmetic applications especially incorporate with their biological activities. Sophorolipids, rhamnolipids and mannosylerythritol lipids are the most widely used glycolipids biosurfactant in cosmetics. Literatures and patents relevant to these three glycolipids reviewed were emphasizing on the cosmetic applications including personal care products presenting the cosmetic efficiency, efficacy and economy benefits of glycolipids biosurfactant.
Influence of concentration of fragrances on salivary α‐amylase
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Tahara Y. , Kosaka S.
Published: June 2009

Synopsis

The objective is to reveal the influence of the concentration of fragrances on salivary biomarkers, which reflect the human stress system, in 15 female young healthy adults. Lavandula officinalis and Citrus aurantium were used as the test samples. Salivary biomarkers such as α‐amylase activity (AMY), cortisol (CORT) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were measured during baseline, inhalation and post‐inhalation periods. Our results indicated that (i) a significant difference was not observed for the control and the 3 wt% test samples, however, the AMY was decreased by inhalation of the 1 wt% test samples (P < 0.05); (ii) AMY levels changed more significantly than did the hormone levels; (iii) a tendency of negative correlation was not observed between DHEA and CORT. It was considered that the time‐course change of AMY might be a useful index of the inhalation of fragrances, which reflects the acute psychosomatic reactivity of humans.
Pressure pain sensitivity of the scalp in patients with nummular headache: A cartographic study
Authors: Cuadrado ML , Valle B , Fernández-de-las-Peñas C , Madeleine P , Barriga FJ , Arias JA , Arendt-Nielsen L , Pareja JA
Published: June 2009

Nummular headache (NH) is characterized by focal pain fixed within a small round or elliptical area of the head surface. Sensory dysfunction is apparently restricted to the symptomatic area, but a thorough analysis of cranial pain sensitivity has not been performed. Pressure pain sensitivity maps were constructed for 21 patients with NH and 21 matched healthy controls. In each subject pressure pain thresholds (PPT) were measured on 21 points distributed over the scalp. In each patient PPT were also measured in the symptomatic area and at a non-symptomatic symmetrical point. In both groups an anterior to posterior gradient was found on each side, with no significant differences of PPT measurements between sides or groups. In patients with NH, only the symptomatic area showed a local decrease of PPT (significant in comparison with the non-symptomatic symmetrical point, P < 0.001). These findings further support that NH is a non-generalized disorder with a peripheral source.
Melasma in Latin America: options for therapy and treatment algorithm
Authors: Cestari T , Arellano I , Hexsel D , Ortonne JP ,   Latin American Pigmentary Disorders Academy
Published: June 2009

Objective/Aim  To examine approaches to therapy for melasma in Latin Americans and to propose treatment algorithms for patients with mild, moderate and severe melasma.

Background  Melasma is prevalent in up to 10% of the Latin American population. It is found in all racial groups and is more common in subjects with darker skin phototypes. A number of topical treatments and procedures have been used for melasma. Topical treatments containing hydroquinone are the most popular. Care must be taken when treating melasma to avoid inducing post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation and ochronosis. Determination of the severity of melasma (using the Melasma Area Severity Index and/or Physician's Global Assessment) and choice of the most effective and suitable treatment and/or procedure for individual patients is therefore essential. Sun protection is mandatory for all melasma patients.

Methods  Thirty‐one clinical studies of topical treatments, chemical peels and laser and other therapies used for treating melasma were assessed for the level and quality of clinical evidence, by the Latin American Pigmentary Disorders Academy. The results of this analysis were combined with differential diagnosis guidelines and methods for assessing treatment success to establish algorithms for treating mild and moderate‐to‐severe melasma.

Results  The most appropriate first‐line treatment for mild melasma is hydroquinone 4%, triple combination cream containing hydroquinone 4%, tretinoin 0.05% and fluocinolone acetate 0.01%, double combination (e.g. 4% hydroquinone and 0.1% tretinoin) or non‐phenolic therapy where there is an allergy to compounds. In moderate‐to‐severe melasma, triple combination cream is the recommended first‐line treatment. Second‐line treatment is double combination or hydroquinone 4% where triple therapy is not available or if allergic to compounds. Sun avoidance measures and broad spectrum sunscreens with high SPF are fundamental for the successful management of the disease.

Conflicts of interest

T Cestari and I Arellano have conducted research on Tri‐Luma. D Hexsel and J‐P Ortonne are paid consultants for Galderma.
Reifying Sex Difference Isn't the Answer: Gendering Processes, Risk, and Religiosity
Authors: Cornwall Marie
Published: June 2009

The study of risk and religiosity is fundamentally about gender differences in religiosity. Gender scholars would be highly critical about this debate because it ignores questions about the size and universality of gender effects, there is little or no attempt to conceptualize and measure risk preference, and because it does not take into account gendering processes.
The Doubting Process: A Longitudinal Study of the Precipitants and Consequences of Religious Doubt in Older Adults
Authors: Krause Neal , Ellison Christopher G.
Published: June 2009

Religious doubt arises from a process in which there is a precipitant, the experience of doubt, a coping response, and a health‐related outcome. We assess whether social factors precipitate doubt and the coping responses that are invoked to deal with doubt. We evaluate whether these coping responses are, in turn, associated with health. Over time, people who encounter more negative interaction with fellow congregants have more doubts about religion, whereas more spiritual support and greater involvement in prayer groups are associated with less religious doubt. People who encounter more negative interaction are more likely to suppress religious doubts, but people who attend Bible study groups are more likely to seek spiritual growth when faced with doubt. Suppressing religious doubt is associated with less favorable health, whereas seeking spiritual growth has no significant effect.