bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New reference materials for trace-levels of actinide elements in plutonium
Authors: Essex Richard M. , Tandon Lav , Gaffney Amy , Hexel Cole R. , Bostick Debbie A. , Colletti Lisa M. , Decker Diana L. , Finstad Casey C. , Giaquinto Joe M. , Lujan Elmer , Partridge John D. , Roach Benjamin D. , Rolinson John , Samperton Kyle , Slemmons Alice K. , Spencer Khalil J. , Stanley Floyd E. , Townsend Lisa E. , Treinen Kerri C. , Williams Ross W. , Worley Christopher G. , Xu Ning
Published: November 2021

Two plutonium oxides were prepared as unique reference materials for measurement of actinide elements present as trace constituents. Each reference material unit is approximately 200 mg of PuO2 powder in a quartz glass bottle. Characterized attributes of the oxides included mass fractions of plutonium, americium, neptunium, and uranium. Isotope-amount ratios were also determined for plutonium and uranium, but neptunium and americium were observed to be monoisotopic 237Np and 241Am. Measurements for characterization and verification of the attributes show that plutonium and trace actinides are homogeneous with the exception of limited heterogeneity for uranium, primarily observed for the 238U isotope. Model purification ages calculated from measured americium and uranium attribute values are consistent with material histories and indicate that these impurities are predominantly due to the decay of plutonium isotopes.
A Triangle in the Law-court: Speakers-Opponents-Audiences and the Use of the Imperative
Authors: Serafim Andreas
Published: November 2021

This paper, focusing on and discussing salient passages from the whole corpus of Attic forensic speeches, examines the use and purposes of imperatives for persuasion. The main argument it puts forward is that imperatives should not be seen as an improper, impolite or abrasive means of communication in the law-court, but rather as a decisive and confident way of sustaining a triangular relation between the speaker, his opponent and the audience. The speaker, through the use of imperatives, talks about, and intermittently to, his opponent and conveys messages to the audience about him. These messages, combined with references to religion, patriotism, ancestral glory and the very existence of thepolis, give the potential to orations to influence the verdict of the judges and determine the outcome of trials.
New Epistomia from Eleutherna
Authors: Tegou Eva , Tzifopoulos Yannis Z.
Published: November 2021

Publication of two new gold epistomia unearthed during systematic excavations of a cemetery at the site Mnemata (Graves) in Alphá, near Eleutherna. They belong to category B, the so-called Mnemosyne- or Underworld-Topography-texts: the new epistomion B14 from grave 84 was found folded and is identical to that incised on B3–5, B7–8 and the concise B13, except for one minor misspelling; the other epistomion B15 from grave 56 betrays more similarities with the Cretan epistomia B12 and B6 in the recognition dialogue, and is only the second text from Crete which places the spring in the Underworld topography to the left, as B12.
L'Oeil et l'esprit
Authors: Merleau-Ponty Maurice
Published: November 2021

L'œil et l'Esprit est le dernier écrit que Merleau-Ponty put achever de son vivant.Installé, pour deux ou trois mois, dans la campagne provençale, non loin d'Aix, au Tholonet, goûtant le plaisir de ce lieu qu'on sentait fait pour être habité, mais surtout, jouissant chaque jour du paysage qui porte à jamais l'empreinte de l'œil de Cézanne, Merleau-ponty réinterroge la vision, même temps que la peinture. Il cherche, une fois de plus, les mots du commencement, des mots, par exemple, capables de nommer ce qui fait le miracle du corps humain, son inexplicable animation, sitôt noué son dialogue muet avec les autres, le monde et lui-même - et aussi la fragilité de ce miracle. Claude Lefort
Soldiers, Sailors, B-Girls, and Out-of-Bounders
Authors: Duncan Stephen R.
Published: November 2021

As the Second World War led to massive migrations, port cities swelled with workers and military personnel. Newly arrived residents sought leisure and social connections, and entertainment districts, such as San Francisco’s Tenderloin, Fillmore, and North Beach, expanded as well. Freed from the watchful eyes of hometown family and neighbors, many saw bars and nightclubs as sites of social and sexual experimentation. Military and municipal authorities, concerned to maintain both the racial color line and sexual discipline, began to monitor San Francisco’s intersectional nightspots. But nightspot owners and their patrons also pushed back, resulting in the formation of both formal and informal socially conscious networks and institutions that used entertainment districts as places of connection, protection, and liberation.
The Embattled Creation of a Residents-Only Park
Authors: Sugimoto Yuji
Published: November 2021

On November 2, 2020, after almost sixty years of restriction, the City of Palo Alto opened the gates of its Foothills Park to nonresidents. Prior to the lifting of the residency restriction, it was a crime for nonresidents of Palo Alto to enter this 1,400-acre park, a crime that carried possible jail time. Although the reason for this rule was initially rooted in local financial squabbles, the rule itself had racist consequences that were felt for decades after its passage. Thus, the history of Foothills Park’s residency restriction serves as a useful example of the insidious ways that past racist policies and practices can persist to the present day, largely invisible and thus easily dismissed by policymakers and the public alike. Examining the evolution of Palo Alto’s Foothills Park through a historical lens, and within the context of the 1960s and ’70s environmentalist movement, reveals the clear imprint of environmental racism and white privilege. Given the widespread economic disparity that shaped residential patterns in the San Francisco Bay Area, the park’s residents-only rule effectively excluded people of color, the poor, and the working class. Though racially restrictive covenants may no longer be legally enforced today, relatively few people of color can afford to live in Palo Alto. Thus, despite the passage of many years, and despite repeal of Foothills Park’s residents-only restriction, the community’s historical residential patterns have perpetuated ongoing inequalities.
Reputation Evaluation of the Factors Regulating the Development of the Consumer Goods Market in the Region
Authors: Popadynets Nazariy , Bondarenko Viktoriya , Staryk Roma , Chakii Olha , Voitenko Olha
Published: November 2021

The article substantiates the essence of dysfunctions as a key phenomenon that leads to deformation or partial failure to perform functions by the subjects of the internal consumer market. The features of the influence of socio-economic factors investigated within the functioning efficiency of the regional food market. The evaluation of the influence for the food market factors in the region carried out by classifying the factors by the influence sphere and the regulation degree, assessing the influence of the food market factors on the main indicator models. These models contain indicators, despite the existing system of statistical observation in the region, studying the relationships between factors and indicators characterizing food market and identifying the results of dysfunctions. A block of socio-economic determinants of realizing the potential of the consumer (food) market in the region is proposed. Correlation analysis of factors affecting the food market and the volume of products sold (agriculture, food production, beverages) has been carried out. The authors built a system of correlation between the socio-economic factors of the food market and the export of agricultural products and the food industry in the region. A system of interrelation of socio-economic factors and their influence on the wholesale turnover of food products in the region proposed, as well as a system of interrelation of socio-economic factors with the resulting "gross regional product". The nature of the emergence and the essence of dysfunctions in the regulation of the consumer market development are concretized. The consequences of state regulation dysfunctions for the development of the consumer goods internal market are determined and characterized. The main dysfunctional factors of influence on the regulators of the regional market development grouped in the aspect of competitive markets.
Ukrainian State Regional Development Fund: Current Realities, Opportunities
Authors: Danyliuk Mariia
Published: November 2021

The article examines the modern realities of the functioning of the State Regional Development Fund as a budget program within the State Budget of Ukraine. The purpose of the study is to reveal the key features of the Fund functioning in modern conditions, to assess the current state of financial support of regional development projects, to identify the main problems in this field, and to develop possible solutions. The article substantiates the importance of sustainable development of territories as a mode of functioning of the region, characterized by harmonious positive changes in the most important spheres of life of the individual, society, and state, considering the interests of present and future generations. The change of the tendency of the gap between the declared and approved volumes of financing of regional development projects in 2015-2021 is estimated and the possible consequences of such gap are outlined. The volume and number of development projects in the regional and district dimension, funded by the Ukrainian State Regional Development Fund in 2020, are marked on the map of Ukraine. The need for uniform distribution of project financing based on the new zoning and elimination of "white spots" on the project map is emphasized. The ratio of the number of regional development projects in terms of settlements of implementation by their status was studied. Structural analysis of the use of funds of the Ukrainian State Regional Development Fund by purpose and type of work is performed; the average cost of regional development projects by category and in general are calculated and compared. Based on the analysis, the "bottlenecks" of the Ukrainian State Regional Development Fund functioning at the present stage are identified and the ways to solve them are proposed.
Modeling the Behavior of Banks in Instability Conditions
Authors: Burtnyak Ivan , Malytska Anna
Published: November 2021

The analysis of models of activity of banking structures in the conditions of perfect and imperfect competition is carried out. Production functions for financial companies are considered. Models of the bank's work as an institution of delegated monitoring are described. Models of dynamics of financial resources are analyzed, allow to describe processes of evolution of own capital of bank depending on dynamics of the involved resources and the policy of accumulation realized by it. The considered models and methods are based on the definition of a bank (a financial company) as some abstract object, which is characterized by input and output parameters, as well as the function that connects them. This approach to some extent allows adapting traditional models of research of industrial enterprises and organizations to the analysis of the activities of banking structures. Therefore, one of the main tasks is to optimize internal functioning. Under such conditions, it is especially important to consider the bank as a holistic complex dynamic system operating in an unstable transition economy and the use of economic and mathematical methods and models to study the processes taking place in the bank, assess its effectiveness, identify areas and ways to improve management banking activities. Based on the analysis of the main economic and mathematical models of behavior of financial companies in a monopolistic market, we can conclude that each model characterizes a certain aspect of financial market development by the situation. Production functions for a bank (financial firm) are built, where the problem of classification of these factors into input and output is significant. A wide class of economic and mathematical models is considered, in which the activity of financial and banking institutions is treated as financial intermediaries. The theory of delegated monitoring is generalized, which in the general case assumes that in conditions when there is an effect of the growth of income from scale, individual lenders prefer to delegate functions of control (monitoring) of the behavior of entrepreneurs in whose projects they have invested to special intermediary firms. banks. The analysis of the development of the banking sector of Ukraine showed that a further gradual slowdown in its pace is expected due to changes in conditions in global financial markets and market saturation.
On Some Aspects of the Examination in Econometrics
Authors: Serbenyuk Symon
Published: November 2021

Teaching econometrics has been studied by a number of researchers, however, there is little information available on the quality of examination and on simplification of tests for demonstration the high-quality knowledge by students in concrete topics of econometrics or mathematical economics.One can note the following main goals of studying the basics of mathematical economics or econometrics by students: forming the notions of mathematical model and of modeling economic processes and phenomena; understanding a role of using mathematical models for economics research and obtaining scientific results; formatting skills for constructing mathematical models in economics, for solving economics problems by mathematical modeling.The main goal of this paper is to simplify test tasks, is to help to students to demonstrate the high-quality knowledge in certain areas of mathematical economics, and also is to construct a system of testing tasks, in which the emphasis was placed on the knowledge and understanding of an algorithm of solving the problem.In the present paper, to quality examine the student knowledge in the basics of mathematical economics, a certain system of tests was constructed and is considered. The main attention is also given to algorithms and techniques of solving some tasks (problems) of mathematical economics. The following topics of mathematical economics are viewed: constructing mathematical models of linear programming, the input-output model, the Monge-Kantorovich transportation problem, the simplex method of linear programming, the graphic method of linear and nonlinear programming, the method of Lagrange multipliers in mathematical optimization. Some primary basic results of studying linear programming, nonlinear programming, and the input-output model are noted.A new system of tests that satisfies the aim of this paper is modeled. The described tests require less time for solving than usual tasks. Here we do not focus on the repetition of auxiliary mathematical knowledge and arithmetic skills. These tests are simplified versions of standard tasks and help students to demonstrate knowledge in the mentioned topics of mathematical economics. The tasks are focused only on the knowledge of basic formulas, techniques, and connections between mathematical objects, economic systems, and their elements.
Application Analysis of Key Macroeconomic Indicators in Terms of Regional Disparity
Authors: Kondur Oksana , Tomashevska Antonina
Published: November 2021

The purpose of the article is to study the causal links of the existence of disparities in the socio-economic development of the country's regions and identify key measures to overcome existing disparities in certain areas, taking into account systemic transformations in the modern economy. The main disparities in the regional development of Ukraine are considered and the criteria of regional disparities are defined. It is established that the largest disparities in regional development occur according to the indicators observed in the case of investment per capita. The regions-leaders and outsiders in terms of socio-economic development are selected according to the selected indicators.The division of regions of Ukraine is carried out by means of the cluster analysis. The regions are divided into groups with similar characteristics for the four analyzed macroeconomic variables. The distances between the clusters were expressed using the Euclidean distance, which is widely used in this type of analysis. To combine objects into groups, Ward's method was used to create clusters with a small number of objects.After the analysis, the following conclusions were made: across the country, the regions are characterized by large differences in the level of GRP per capita, capital investment per capita and unemployment, with smaller differences in income levels; an unfavourable phenomenon is the reduction of investment in the southern regions, which in fact leads to low economic growth and future trends; the condition for reducing regional disparities is overcoming barriers to the development of less developed regions, which may occur primarily through the consistent strengthening of their economy, improving the structure and more efficient use of investment resources aimed specifically at strengthening entrepreneurship and professional development.
Reputation Management Technological Tools: a Stakeholder Approach
Authors: Shkromyda Vitalii , Shkromyda Nadiya , Gnatiuk Taras , Vasylyuk Mariya
Published: November 2021

Reputation management, as a new segment of the corporate governance system is experiencing significant dynamic impacts, particularly in the conditions of an information economy, which in the result creates a number of new challenges and, at the same time, opportunities. In the conditions of global absorption by the Internet of all spheres of human life and activity of companies the circumstances of formation and management of corporate reputation radically change. The purpose of the conducted study is an attempt to solve the issue of finding an effective tool for constructing the company's corporate reputation in the context of existing interests and expectations of its key stakeholders. It has been ground that a number of modern technological approaches and methods of reputation management for constructing corporate reputation of a company taking into account the interests of key stakeholders have been developed and tested at the theoretical and practical levels. Each of them is characterized by peculiarities of application, differently forming influence on groups of stakeholders, and also have certain advantages and disadvantages. It has been proved that the manifestation of advantages and disadvantages of each technological approach can be traced depending on the size of a company, type of activity and priorities of its key stakeholders. It has been determined that most technological approaches to reputation management are developed and focused on constructing a corporate reputation among the representatives of a consumer group of stakeholders. This is due to the strategic importance of this group of stakeholders, which most strongly expresses the level of competitiveness of a company in the market and ensures the financial stability of the business. It has been noted that the use of technological approaches in the process of constructing and maintaining a positive corporate reputation should be supported by the formation of the reputational assets of a company and the development of its corporate social responsibility. These activities require significant efforts and resources of a company. The scientific value of the conducted researches is a supplement to the theoretical and methodological basis of reputation management, in particular in the part of grounding and expediency of using technological approaches of constructing corporate reputation in accordance with the interests and expectations of key stakeholders of a company.
All Different, Yet All the Same? The Place of New Parties in Lithuanian Party System
Authors: Skirkevičius Paulius
Published: November 2021

One of the prominent feature of the Lithuanian party system is constant success of new parties. Based on political parties’ programmatic stances, this article investigates the place of these new parties in the Lithuanian party system. Using three different metrics (place in two-dimensional political spectrum, programmatic differences, nicheness), article aims at locating new parties in the party system as well as finding common denominators in party programmatic stances, which could let to assign new parties to the specific type of political parties. Analysis reveals that even though one cannot say, that all new parties are totally the same, there are common features that defines these parties (central position in the political spectrum, lack of clear programmatic niche, stressing common political issue, which separates them from traditional parties).
Релаксація просторово однорідної функції розподілу за умови неоднорідного розподілу енергії
Authors: Сіжук А.С. , Єжов С.М.
Published: November 2021

У роботі досліджено релаксацію модельної системи з використанням кінетичного рівняння. У просторово однорідному випадку, а також максвеллівської функції розподілу з неоднорідним розподілом енергії за ступенями вільності (обертальними і поступальними), у першомунаближенні за концентрацією знайдено вираз для температури як функції часу. Показано, що із зменшенням різниці між початковим та рівноважним значеннями середньої поступальної енергії і зростанням рівноважної температури час релаксації зменшується. Знайдено, що часрелаксації середньої поступальної (обертальної) енергії до рівноважного значення обернено пропорційний кореню квадратному від рівноважної температури та обернено пропорційний концентрації частинок. Для власного моменту інерції, що дорівнює моменту інерції сферичної частинки із ефективним радіусом, значення часу релаксації набуває мінімального значення. Обчислено значення часу релаксації для окремих параметрів частинок системи.
Scalar Cosmological Perturbations on the Brane
Authors: Viznyuk A.V. , Shtanov Yu.V.
Published: November 2021

We derive a full system of differential equations describing the evolution of scalar cosmological perturbations on the brane in the general case where the action of the model contains the induced curvature, as well as the cosmological constants in the bulk and on the brane. This system of equations is greatly simplified in the case of ideal pressureless matter. From the brane observer viewpoint, the dynamics of perturbations of the matter on the brane is affected by an additional invisible component – perturbation of the projected Weyl tensor, or dark radiation, having purely geometric nature. The system of  equations on the brane serves as boundary conditions for the perturbed bulk equations, which can be treated with the use of the Mukohyama master variable. We consider the case of a spatially closed brane universe and impose the regularity condition for perturbations in the bulk. We demonstratethat the resulting complete system of integro-differential equations is well defined.
Urinalysis and Urine Culture
Authors: DeWitt Thomas G.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Bagged specimens are adequate for dipstick urinalysis but not urine culture. Routine screening urinalysis for asymptomatic patients is not recommended. Proteinuria, hematuria, glucosuria, and positive nitrites and/or leukocyte esterase on dip urinalysis requires further workup.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Kuo Alice A.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition with genetic and environmental causes. Risk factors include preterm birth and maternal substance use during pregnancy. Because of the prevalence of this condition, primary care clinicians should develop the skills to diagnose and manage this condition in patients from age 4 years through adolescence. The 3 subtypes of ADHD are predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive. No cardiac workup is necessary beyond conducting a thorough cardiac history before initiating stimulant medication. Stimulant medications are the most effective treatment of ADHD in school-aged children and adolescents.
Dyspnea
Authors: Samras Nathan
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Dyspnea is the sensation of not being able to satisfy air hunger.The history and physical examination are essential in determining the cause of the dyspnea.Pulmonary disease that causes dyspnea can be classified as obstructive, restrictive, or vascular, although there are also many non-pulmonary causes.Close observation of children with acute dyspnea is essential because they can decompensate quickly.
Extremity Pain
Authors: Kozman Daniel
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Fever, weight loss, rash, diaphoresis, or gastrointestinal symptoms should raise suspicion for systemic diseases such as septic arthritis or autoimmune disease.If patients have undergone recent medication treatment, vaccination, or viral exposure, or have traveled, consider serum sickness–like illness, aseptic necrosis, or viral myositis or arthritis.Pain that disrupts only unpleasant activities (eg, school) or occurs in a nonanatomic distribution should prompt consideration of a functional disorder.Be sure to examine proximally and distally to the site of pain, as referred pain is common in children.Screening laboratory studies should be performed when history and physical examination do not yield definitive diagnosis or suggest systemic or infectious disease, or if pain lasts beyond expected duration.The Ottawa criteria to guide radiograph imaging decisions have been validated for ankle and knee pain in children older than 5 years. Magnetic resonance imaging is most useful if assessment for joint and soft tissue disease, osteomyelitis, and malignancy is needed, although bone scan may be used instead if area of concern cannot be sufficiently narrowed by examination or if the need for sedation is prohibitive.
Fever
Authors: Adam Henry
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Fever is a homeostatic response under thermoregulation.Hyperthermia, by contrast, is an increase in body temperature from conditions that overwhelm thermoregulation.By consensus, fever is defined as a rectal temperature ≥38°C (100.4°F).The treatment of fever itself is less important than the identification of its cause.
Hearing Loss
Authors: Adam Henry M.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

A child who has passed a newborn hearing screening may still have hearing loss. Early identification of hearing loss is of little value without timely intervention. Even mild hearing loss can have serious consequences, with affected children 10 times likelier than their peers to fail a grade in school. Of children with hearing loss, 30% to 40% have additional disabilities.
Hematuria
Authors: Adam Henry M.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

The most common cause of hematuria overall is UTI. The most common cause of asymptomatic isolated microscopic hematuria is benign transient hematuria. Before further evaluation, repeating the urinalysis at least once is prudent, and asymptomatic school-aged children may be followed for 2 or more years before further work-up. Macroscopic hematuria is a common sign of glomerular or urologic disease, warranting renal ultrasonography and further evaluation as indicated.
Hypertension
Authors: Adam Henry M.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Hypertension is becoming increasingly common in pediatric practice, affecting children and, particularly, adolescents. The epidemic of obesity among children and adolescents is likely a major contributor to the rise in hypertension. Pediatric hypertension predicts adult hypertension, with its consequences. Hypertension is associated with the metabolic syndrome and its risk for cardiovascular morbidity.
Hirsutism, Hypertrichosis, and Precocious Sexual Hair Development
Authors: Adam Henry
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Abnormal or excessive hair growth is a common concern at presentation.It is important to differentiate hirsutism (androgen-dependent) from hypertrichosis (unrelated to androgen release).Premature adrenarche, which is more common in girls than boys, is most often benign and requires no intervention beyond reassurance.Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder affecting adolescent girls.
Irritability
Authors: Adam Henry M.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Irritability has a wide variety of causes, from life-threatening ones to trivial ones. In an ill-appearing child, stabilization is the priority, followed by a search for the cause. In a child who appears well, an organized approach to diagnosis is based on findings from a complete history and thorough physical examination.
Jaundice
Authors: Adam Henry
Published: November 2021

Key Points

All newborns have a total bilirubin level greater than an adult’s normal limit, with greater than 50% developing clinical jaundice in the first week after birth.Treatment of newborns with jaundice should follow the American Academy of Pediatrics revised guidelines (see Suggested Resources below).The differential diagnosis of jaundice is guided by distinction between indirect (unconjugated) and direct (conjugated) hyperbilirubinemia.Direct (conjugated) hyperbilirubinemia is always pathological.
Odor (Unusual Urine and Body)
Authors: Adam Henry
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Unusual odors can be a chief concern or a sign or symptom.The differential diagnosis of unusual odors includes systemic, metabolic, toxic, and infectious diseases.Bromhidrosis (malodorous sweat) is caused by breakdown of products from apocrine, eccrine, or sebaceous glands.Halitosis (bad breath) can result from xerostomia, dental disease, sinusitis, tonsillitis, or gastroesophageal reflux.
Red Eye/Pinkeye
Authors: Kneen Lindsay
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Not all red eyes are conjunctivitis, and the differential for a red eye is broad, including infectious, allergic, traumatic/irritant, rheumatologic, and oncologic etiologies.Conjunctivitis is inflammation and injection of the usually transparent conjunctival tissue that covers the outer portion of the eye and inner eyelids. It is often a diagnosis of exclusion after ensuring more severe or vision-threatening etiologies of red eye are not present.The most common etiology for conjunctivitis in children is viral and treated with supportive care. Viral conjunctivitis often begins unilaterally with serous or mucoid discharge, and then may become bilateral. Bacterial conjunctivitis is most often unilateral with purulent discharge and most often treated with topical antibiotics.Indications for urgent referral and treatment include a red eye with one or more of the following: severely painful eye movements or severe foreign body sensation, photophobia, decreased visual acuity, fixed pupil, proptosis, redness in a "ciliary flush" pattern (redness localized to or more pronounced in a ring around the limbus), corneal ulceration or opacity, suspected Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection or herpes simplex virus conjunctivitis, or history of chemical burn or penetrating trauma.
Self-Stimulating Behaviors
Authors: Adam Henry
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Self-stimulating behaviors, also called stereotypies, typically begin before the first birthday and peak in onset shortly thereafter.Most often these behaviors are self-limited to the preschool period and should be understood as common and normal, requiring little intervention beyond reassurance to parents.Marked, persistent rhythmic movements are common in children with autism spectrum disorder, sight or hearing loss, emotional disturbance, or significant intellectual disability.Hair pulling and twisting may signal significant stress and/or anxiety that warrants intervention.
Splenomegaly
Authors: Adam Henry
Published: November 2021

Key Points

A palpable spleen may be normal, especially in neonates and infants.Because an enlarged spleen can extend into the pelvis, palpation should begin in the right lower quadrant and move across the abdomen toward the left upper quadrant.Viral infection is the most common cause of splenomegaly in children.Splenomegaly from sequestration crisis in patients with sickle cell disease and following abdominal trauma are emergencies.
Stridor
Authors: Adam Henry M.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Stridor is typically heard on inspiration, resulting from partial obstruction of the extrathoracic airway. Stridor can range from mild to life-threatening. Priority is to ensure patency of airway before generating a differential diagnosis. Age and events surrounding onset can provide important clues to the diagnosis.
Amblyopia and Strabismus
Authors: Adam Henry M.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Vision screening for amblyopia and strabismus can help prevent loss of vision in children. Screening should begin early in infancy by testing the ability to fixate and follow and by checking the corneal light reflex for symmetry. Instrument-based screening should begin by the first birthday, and visual acuity testing is successful in most children by 3 years of age. The earlier treatment is started, the better is the prognosis.
Vomiting
Authors: Adam Henry M.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Vomiting is common in children, with both acute and chronic illnesses. Vomiting is an active process, to be distinguished from passive regurgitation. Not all vomiting comes from the gastrointestinal tract. Be alert to dehydration and electrolyte abnormalities.
Wheezing
Authors: Adam Henry M.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Although usually more prominent in expiration, wheezing can be present in inspiration. Viral bronchiolitis and asthma account for most wheezing in children. BUT: any process that can cause obstruction of intrathoracic airways should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Pulmonary function testing in children older than 5 or 6 can help characterize wheezing objectively.
Colic
Authors: Retzke Jessica
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Infantile colic is characterized by inconsolable crying occurring ≥ 3 hours per day and ≥ 3 days per week.Crying bouts begin in the second week, peak at 6 weeks, and usually resolve by 4 months of age.Crying bouts are more common in the evening hours.The exact cause of colic is not known.Other causes for excessive crying should be ruled out before diagnosing infantile colic.Management involves education of parents and supportive care.
Contagious Exanthematous Diseases
Authors: Bode Sara
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Several viral infections such as measles and varicella, as well as infections with bacteria such as streptococci and meningococci, cause skin rashes.Diagnosis is clinical based on prodrome, characteristics of rash, accompanying signs and symptoms, and immunization and contact history.Among viral infections rubeola and varicella typically require intervention with antiviral treatment and monitoring for systemic involvement and secondary bacterial complications.Bacterial infections do need appropriate antibacterial therapy.
Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Levinson Benjamin
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Overweight and obesity are becoming more prevalent over time.Metabolic syndrome has no standard definition; it is more practical to evaluate the various comorbidities and treat them accordingly.When body mass index (BMI) percentile is increasing, this change should be addressed as early as possible.Initial laboratory evaluation for obesity screening can include a nonfasting or fasting lipid profile, a hemoglobin A1c test (or glucose test, if the patient is fasting), and an alanine aminotransferase test.When a clinician is working to manage weight, follow-up visits should be done in 1-month intervals initially until consistent BMI progress is made.It is imperative to get the entire family on board. Writing a letter to other adult caregivers can be helpful, if they cannot come to clinic.
Pinworm Infestations
Authors: DeWitt Thomas G.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Perianal pruritis and sleep issues are common symptoms. Detection is best in the morning. Most effective treatment is two doses, two weeks apart.
Pyloric Stenosis
Authors: Kneen Lindsay
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Pyloric stenosis (PS) is characterized by abnormal hypertrophy of the antropyloric muscles, which can progress to gastric outlet obstruction leading to forceful vomiting, dehydration, and hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis. Precise etiology is unclear, but risk factors include male sex, preterm birth, maternal smoking, family history of PS (especially in the mother), and early postnatal exposure to macrolides. Most commonly presents in newborns and infants 3 to 6 weeks of age. Until late stages of dehydration, most infants are alert, active, and hungry despite frequent emesis. Management is almost always surgical after correction of electrolyte abnormalities, and postoperative prognosis is excellent.
Inattention, Impulsivity, and Hyperactivity
Authors: Wissow Lawrence S.
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity, either independently or in combination, occur commonly during childhood and are typical behaviors at certain developmental stages.Some children (often girls) may be inattentive without the other symptoms, which makes recognition more difficult.Psychosocial screening with validated tools assists in identifying children and youth with core symptoms; however, a positive screen result does not by itself indicate a diagnosis.Diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires that a child have symptoms for at least 6 months, appearing before age 12 years, and present in at least 2 settings; necessitates collateral reports from child care or school; and depends on the absence of other conditions that could explain symptoms (eg, anxiety, learning or language disability, depression, exposure to trauma).Pediatric clinicians can provide meaningful intervention, even in the absence of a diagnosis, through expressions of hope, empathy, and support to the youth and family; strategies for working constructively with the child's school and avoiding homework battles; general measures to improve child and family health and reduce stress; and brief interventions derived from evidence-based parent training in behavior management (PTBM) for ADHD and/or behavioral classroom interventions.First-line treatment for children diagnosed with ADHD is PTBM for 3- to 5-year-olds and medication for school-aged children and adolescents aged 6 years and older; pediatric clinicians can comanage care with a provider of PTBM and either prescribe medication or monitor medication prescribed by a mental health specialist, with feedback from parents and teachers.
Learning Difficulty
Authors: Frankowski Barbara
Published: November 2021

Key Points

Learning difficulty may result at any age from a wide range of developmental, social-emotional, physical, mental, cognitive, or combined problems in the child; one or more specific learning disabilities; the child’s lack of readiness for school; the school’s lack of readiness for the child; or combined factors.Evaluation includes a complete psychosocial, developmental, and medical history; hearing and vision testing; physical assessment; and validated psychosocial screening according to age.Pediatric clinicians should request and review school reports such as report cards; end-of-grade tests or achievement screening tests; cognitive screening tests; classroom observations of the child’s attention and behavior, ideally using validated tools; and/or any special placement, services, or educational plans in place.If findings suggest a discrepancy between cognitive ability and achievement, and if the school has not identified any special educational needs, request that the school (or other) psychologist perform a full battery of psychological tests.Support the child and family, whatever the findings, byReinforcing strengths and protective factors in the child and familyAddressing any medical or mental health problems that may be associated with the child’s learning difficultiesGuiding the family in advocating with the school for needed services and in monitoring the child’s progressUsing "common factors" communication techniques to address barriers to the family’s seeking or accepting help for the child, conflicts over homework (see Specific Interventions for Learning Difficulties), unrealistic expectations, or negativity toward the childEncouraging healthy habits in the entire family (see General Treatment Approach) and nurturing the child’s nonacademic talentsProviding resources, including referral to a mental health professional if the child or family is very distressed by symptoms, co-occurring problems are unresponsive to pediatric management, school evaluation is incomplete or untimely, or the parent’s relationship with the school is adversarial
Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology Consensus Recommendations for Pre-participation Screening in Young Competitive Athletes
Authors: Wang Luokai , Yeo Tee Joo , Tan Benedict , Destrube Bernard , Tong Khim Leng , Tan Swee Yaw , Chan Gregory , Huang Zijuan , Tan Frankie , Wang Yu Chen , Lee Jong-Young , Fung Erik , Mak Gary Yiu Kwong , So Raymond , Wanlapakorn Chaisiri , Ambari Ade Meidian , Cuenza Lucky , Koh Choong Hou , Tan Jack Wei Chieh
Published: November 2021

Sports-related sudden cardiac death is a rare but devastating consequence of sports participation. Certain pathologies underlying sports-related sudden cardiac death could have been picked up pre-participation and the affected athletes advised on appropriate preventive measures and/or suitability for training or competition. However, mass screening efforts – especially in healthy young populations – are fraught with challenges, most notably the need to balance scarce medical resources and sustainability of such screening programmes, in healthcare systems that are already stretched. Given the rising trend of young sports participants across the Asia-Pacific region, the working group of the Asian Pacific Society of Cardiology (APSC) developed a sports classification system that incorporates dynamic and static components of various sports, with deliberate integration of sports events unique to the Asia-Pacific region. The APSC expert panel reviewed and appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Consensus recommendations were developed, which were then put to an online vote. Consensus was reached when 80% of votes for a recommendation were agree or neutral. The resulting statements described here provide guidance on the need for cardiovascular pre-participation screening for young competitive athletes based on the intensity of sports they engage in.
Extracorporeal Life Support for Cardiac Arrest and Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: Elliott Andrea , Dahyia Garima , Kalra Rajat , Alexy Tamas , Bartos Jason , Kosmopoulos Marinos , Yannopoulos Demetri
Published: November 2021

The rising incidence and recognition of cardiogenic shock has led to an increase in the use of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO). As clinical experience with this therapy has increased, there has also been a rapid growth in the body of observational and randomized data describing the clinical and logistical considerations required to institute a VA-ECMO program with successful clinical outcomes. The aim of this review is to summarize this contemporary data in the context of four key themes that pertain to VA-ECMO programs: the principles of patient selection; basic hemodynamic and technical principles underlying VA-ECMO; contraindications to VA-ECMO therapy; and common complications and intensive care considerations that are encountered in the setting of VA-ECMO therapy.
História e cidadania nas regiões administrativas de Brasília
Authors: Leila Bijos  , Geronilson  da Silva-Santos
Published: November 2021

O artigo tem como fio condutor a história da cidadania na cidade de Brasília (Distrito Federal, Brasil), a partir do componente cívico que são laços de identidade do habitante das regiões administrativas, e do componente territorial, que é o espaço que o cidadão em suas demandas necessita em uma democracia aberta e inclusiva. Metodologicamente, ao se trabalhar com pesquisa documental, centraliza-se na teoria de Milton Santos acerca do componente cívico-territorial. O trabalho concluiu que o movimento pendular da região central às regiões periféricas — Plano Piloto-Região Administrativa (RA) — gera uma ausência de pertencimento e a sensação de exclusão. Nesse contexto, a população não se apercebe enquanto residente de uma RA, por não ter construído um espírito cidadão na região em que habita.
Gamificação no ensino de química
Authors: De Oliveira Cardoso Ana Carolyne , Cardoso Messeder Jorge
Published: November 2021

Este artigo foi elaborado a partir de um estudo do Estado do Conhecimento, que tem por objetivo promover uma visão holística da gamificação aplicada à educação na última década, a partir de trabalhos publicados em anais de sete eventos de química e ciências com gamificação como tema principal. Evento científico foi o setor de publicação escolhido para coleta de dados devido à sua importância na prática e formação de docentes. Os eventos escolhidos foram: Congresso Brasileiro de Química (CBQ), Simpósio Brasileiro de Educação Química (SIMPEQUI), Encontro Nacional de Ensino de Química (ENEQ), Encontro Nacional de Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências (ENPEC), Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Química (RASBQ), Encontro Nacional de Jogos e Atividades Lúdicas no Ensino de Química, Física e Biologia (JALEQUIM) e Simpósio Nacional de Ensino de Ciência e Tecnologia (SINECT). Com o processo de busca foram encontrados 11 trabalhos, sendo eles fruto de pesquisas de estudo teórico e de aplicação. Nas pesquisas analisadas, os autores relatam que os elementos de jogos empregados na gamificação têm potencial de engajamento e motivação que beneficiam a aprendizagem, e podem ser aplicados em diferentes segmentos formais de educação, não sendo obrigatório o uso de recursos tecnológicos digitais.
Palavras-chave: Gamificação; ensino de Química; estado do conhecimento.
The “Re-Tuning” of János Arany's Life and Work in the Popular Education of the 1950s
Authors: Eitler Ágnes
Published: November 2021

In 1948, in the year it came to power, the Hungarian Communist Party began building its legitimacy, using the occasion of the centenary, by appropriating the legacy of the Revolution of 1848. The need for a revolutionary transformation of culture heralded the advent of the scientific materialist worldview. The popular education system, created as a channel of the cultural revolution, conveyed the findings of the various branches of science and arts, combined with the rhetoric of political propaganda, to the “working people.” Revolutionism, which the Marxist view of history elevated to prominence, soon gained ground in the interpretation of Hungarian literary history via the compilation of “progressive literary traditions.” Public educators' literary presentations in villages and cities, as well as articles and cheap publications produced in large quantities all served to promote this central principle.

The author examines the representation and interpretation of János Arany's life and work in various textual and visual popular education products. Certain junctures and directions in Arany's life, used as guidelines of the presentations, were highlighted in the image of Arany mediated by filmstrips and newspaper articles to make him one of the “poets of freedom.” Publications intended for the cultural and political education of “working people” set out the way in which to relate to the poet and the framework for interpreting his writings. Through the Arany poems that popular educators employed in scientific education, the author points out the way in which textual and visual representations became carriers of added content in a given context and a possible means of the “rural class struggle.”