bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State and Society
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: November 2023

The traditional and still prevailing view about the ancient Greek city-state is that the polis was a fusion of state and society and controlled the behaviour of its citizens in every department of life: religion, family, upbringing, education, housing, production and trade. In a polis the citizens did not distinguish between state and society, between, on the one hand, a public sphere in which the state determines and upholds a rule of law within a territory over a body of citizens and, on the other hand, a private sphere in which everyone can live as he pleases as long as he keeps to the law. This view fits perfectly the ideal states described in Plato’s Republic and Laws and in the seventh and eighth books of Aristotle’s Politics. The Laws, especially, is often—and rightly—quoted as a dreadful example of a society where everything is regulated by the state down to the smallest detail.2 But those utopias were written precisely to show contemporaries how a polis ought to be governed. In all those treatises Plato and Aristotle are at one in subjecting all existing poleis to merciless criticism: the philosophers were quite clear how far it was from ideal to actuality.3 If we turn from philosophy to history, we shall perceive that it is not possible to say how far the ancient Greek polis was a fusion of state and society or recognised a sphere of society in which the citizens could live as they chose.
Civil War (Stasis)
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: November 2023

Ideally the city-state was a community of citizens who regarded the polis as their fatherland and were willing to sacrifice life and possessions for it.1 But very few poleis were societies in harmony which lived up to the ideal. To judge from our sources, most poleis were split into two rival poleis, one of the rich, who supported oligarchy, and one of the poor, who preferred democracy.3 The rival parties could also be deferent ethnic groups living side by side in the same polis, a situation typical of poleis founded by colonists from several deferent city-states.4 Or the community could be polarised around two rival groups of rich contending for power.5 In all those cases the purpose of both groups was to control and, if necessary, reform the institutions of the city.6 The result was almost constant political tension, which often led to civil war, in which every group was ready to work hand in hand with a like-minded group in a neighbouring city or in one of the powerful cities that led the shifting alliances of poleis. The members of both groups were therefore prepared to sacrifice the independence and autonomy of their city if, in return, they could keep or win power in the polis.
‘New From Battersy’: Fantasies of Sexual Flagellation
Authors: Toulalan Sarah
Published: November 2023

In Mighty Lewd Books, Julie Peakman opens the chapter on flagellation with the statement that ‘John Cleland’s Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure was a defining moment in English erotica, not just in applying novelistic technique to erotica, but in recognizing that flagellation was a method to exploit English sexual fantasies’.1 Peakman goes on to note that there are earlier instances in the seventeenth century of flagellation references in poems, plays, pseudo-medical literature, and pornography, but argues that these are not of any significance, tending to the fleeting and disparaging.2 In the same vein, Peter Wagner tells us in Eros Revived that ‘flagellation and strangulation, in a sexual context, do not seem to have interested many readers and authors before the eighteenth century’. In this chapter I will argue that, on the contrary, flagellation narratives were both more extensive than these two comments suggest, and certainly were of more significance, with much to suggest about early modern sexual cultures.
‘Erotopolis’: Voyeurism and the Illusion of Privacy
Authors: Toulalan Sarah
Published: November 2023

As is clear from the discussion of pornography, of what constitutes pornography and what distinguishes it from other kinds of representation, at the beginning of this book, there is much debate but little agreement. In this chapter I want to argue that a major constituent of any idea of the pornographic is the notion of the private, and specifically that it rests upon the idea that, while, on the one hand, bodies and sex are regarded as a legitimate public concern (the need to regulate and control them), their representation brings out into public view the specificity of the sexual body in action that is understood as requiring privacy, and that should take place out of sight. It is partly this constituent component that allows commentators both ancient and modern to regard the descriptions of bodies and sex in medical literature as pornographic: they bring descriptions of the sexual body into public space, opening them indiscriminately to the gaze of many, rather than reserving them to the realm of the private and personal.
Isaac Newton
Authors: Westfall Richard S
Published: November 2023

Definitive, concise, and very interesting.From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain’s most fascinating historical figures—people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Sellars and Quine: Compare and Contrast
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F
Published: November 2023

W. V. O. Quine and Wilfrid Sellars are arguably the most important and influential American philosophers of the second half of the twentieth century. The publication of Quine’s “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” in 1951 and Sellars’ “Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind” in 1956 were watershed events that significantly shaped the subsequent course of philosophical inquiry. In certain respects, these two seminal essays have much in common.
The Elusiveness of Categories, the Archimedean Dilemma, and the Nature of Man: A Study in Sellarsian Metaphysics
Authors: Rosenberg Jay F
Published: November 2023

The ontological enterprise is the attempt to delineate the most general complete answer to the question “What is there?”. The enterprise has two dimensions. Positively, it rests upon epistemology. Viewing “What is there?” as a question among questions, the philosopher produces an account of the epistemological grounds of an adequate answer. We discover what there is. How we discover it, what we have discovered, and, perhaps, what we are likely to discover, form the subject matter of positive ontology.
Imagining the Empire? Concepts of ‘Primeval Unity’ in Pre-imperial Historiographic Tradition
Authors: Pines Yuri
Published: November 2023

In the year 221 bc, the state of Qin eliminated the last of its rivals, thereby unifying the ‘Chinese’ world after centuries of endless wars. Proudly, the king of Qin assembled his to discuss administrative and ritual adjustments appropriate to commemorate his achievements. The uncial’s in response praised the king: In antiquity, the lands of the Five Thearchs were one thousand li squared, beyond which was the overlords’ domain and the aliens’ domain. The overlords sometimes came to the court and sometimes did not, and the Son of Heaven was unable to regulate this. Now, your Majesty has raised a righteous army, punishing the savage criminals, has paced and stabilized All-under-Heaven, turning the territory between the seas into commanderies and counties; and laws and ordinances have a single source. From antiquity it has never been so; the Five Thearchs could not reach this This declaration, echoed elsewhere in Qin’s propaganda, proclaims the superiority of the First Emperor of Qin (Qin Shihuangdi, literally, the First August Thearch, r. 246–221–210 bc) over the former paragons, such as the legendary Five Thearchs (wu di) or the semi-legendary founders of the Three Dynasties (Xia, Shang, and Zhou, c. 2000–256 bc).
Announcements from the Mountains The Stele Inscriptions of the Qin First Emperor
Authors: Kern Martin
Published: November 2023

Shortly after completing his conquest and establishing the unified empire in 221 bc, the Qin First Emperor, accompanied by his court classicists, began to tour the newly conquered eastern regions. Here, he erected a series of stele inscriptions on the top of venerated mountains. The Shi ji, which preserves six of the altogether seven inscriptions, provides the following chronology for them: 219 bc on Mt. Yi, Mt. Tai, and Mt. Langye; 218 bc on Mt. Zhifu and on its ‘eastern vista’ (Zhifu dongguan); 215 bc at the ‘gate’ of Jieshi (Jieshi men); and December 211 or January 210 bc on Mt. Kuaiji. In the First Emperor’s ‘Basic Annals’ in the Shi ji, the brief entry on the first inscription, placed on Mt. Yi in 219 bc, reads as follows:
Introduction
Authors: Jowett John
Published: November 2023

As King Lear dies, he expresses anguished despair at the cruelty of his daughter Cordelia’s death, and then, in his final words, imagines he sees breath in her lips: Lear And my poor fool is hanged. No, no, no life? Why should a dog, a horse, a rat have life, And thou no breath at all? Thou’lt come no more. Never, never, never, never, never. [To Kent] Pray you, undo this button. Thank you, sir. Do you see this? Look on her. Look, her lips.
Henry VIII: the man
Authors: Ives Eric
Published: November 2023

The greatest challenge to Henry VIII’s rule was the risings of 1536—indeed they were the largest peacetime revolt in English history. His response is very revealing of his attitude to king- ship. Egoism dominated. This may be understandable in the case of the Great Matter, but for Henry, the right to rule was innate and un circumscribed.
The royal legacy
Authors: Ives Eric
Published: November 2023

The fall of Cromwell in June 1540 put an end to the second period of kingly rule via a chief minister and ushered in a further, and this time enduring, period of government via a council. It was, however, not the council which Cromwell had side lined before the break with Rome. The risings of 1536 had strongly criticized the minister and other counsellors ‘of low birth and small reputation’ (LP Henry VIII, 11, no. 705(1)).
The Search for Lady Ingram
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: November 2023

So reads the central legend of a portrait known as ‘Lady Ingram and her Two Boys ’, one of the earliest family groups from England (see Fig. 1.1). Positioned over the head of each of the painting ’s persons is a textual plaque. The labels for the children could be entries in a family chronicle: ‘Martin was born the 26 of March at 9 of the clock before noon in Anno Domani 1548 ’, and ‘Steven was born the 21 of July on a Sunday at night and 10 of the clock Anno Domani 1549 ’.¹ The inscription for the principal figure seems to abbreviate her own natal history in order to hint instead that an occasion motivated this painting, although the precise nature of the ‘turn ’ of 1557 goes unspecified. And while the use of the first-person singular produces the effect of an authorizing subjectivity, it serves also to suppress the sitter ’s identity. Thus an apparent act of self-display is in the end an act of self-ambiguation.
The Chronicles of Francis Barnham
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: November 2023

Let us imagine entries in the minute books of the Drapers ’ Company and the Court of Aldermen as peepholes in the great temporal wall that separates us from the personalities, transactions, and transgressions that made up everyday life in Tudor London. As administrative accounts, they are generally less biased to the domestically dysfunctional and locally scandalous than are the records of ecclesiastical courts. They are also less forthcoming, rarely including witness depositions or narrative detail. Many of the early Bridewell reports similarly offer terse summaries rather than testimonial evidence. Even at their least informative, however, these London archives demonstrate that through his executive appointments Francis Barnham had an authorized point of access to intimate particulars about the relationships, activities, work products, and living conditions of hundreds of men, women, and children.
Closets
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: November 2023

Searching for the history of privacy in unfamiliar places, I have followed paths first traveled by a woman who, 450 years ago, commissioned a painting of herself and her children. As a ‘speaking ’ portrait, ‘Alice Barnham and her Two Boys ’ engages its viewers directly. The trompe l ‘œil plaques give off just enough information to allow their referents to be identified in the parish registers of St Mildred Poultry, London. Martin ’s book is represented merely in two short lines of verse— ‘My son, receive ye these my words, the which shall be right wise ’ — and yet these are traceable to a known translation of The Proverbs of Solomon . Then there is the third act of textual simulation. This chapter revisits the line Alice purports just to have penned: ‘That we all may receive the same. ‘
Making Calculus Work
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

There is deliberate double meaning in the title of this chapter, in an attempt to capture both the usefulness and the vulnerability of calculus as it was understood and used in the eighteenth century. Almost as soon as it was created, calculus was seen as an invaluable tool for handling physical problems, and as familiarity with it grew it was put to use in a wide variety of ways, many of them far removed from the tangent and quadrature questions that had first given rise to it. In the first half of this chapter, there are two important examples of such applications, and to these may be added several others to be found elsewhere in this book: Leibniz’s refraction problem in his very first paper on the calculus in 1684 (4.2.1); de Moivre’s calculation of confidence intervals in 1738 (7.2.1); Laplace’s model of planetary perturbation in 1787 (17.1.3); and Fourier’s theory of heat diffusion in 1822 (8.4.1).
Limits And Continuity
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Differential calculus was developed without any explicit definition of either limits or continuity, but with an intuitive assumption that both could in some sense be taken for granted. Widespread use of the calculus during the eighteenth century led to more careful consideration of such matters, but it was not until the early nineteenth century that Bolzano and Cauchy arrived at what are more or less the modern definitions. In this Chapter we trace the history of both ideas up to the early 1820s.
Linear Algebra
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Linear algebra is now an essential tool in many branches of mathematics, but tracing its history turns out to be surprisingly difficult. There are several reasons for this. One is that linear algebra is so basic that it arises in many different and apparently unrelated contexts. Another is that it includes a range of topics that do not at first appearance seem necessarily connected: linear equations, determinants, linear trans- formations, matrices, vector spaces, eigenvalues, and so on. Each of these subtopics has its own history, and only in the twentieth century were they finally united under the common umbrella of ‘linear algebra’.
Answer Booklet
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

1. Answer A — The expression ‘aid, abet, counsel or procure’ is generally used in its entirety when charging a defendant, without separating out the particular element that applies, making answer B incorrect. ‘Procuring’ an offence takes place before the commission of the offence, making answer C incorrect. Answer D is incorrect as the state of mind required to convict an accessory is ‘proof of intention to aid as well as knowledge of the circumstances’ (National Coal Board v Gamble [1959] 1 QB 11 at 20). 2. Answer B — There is no authorisation level required for the powers under s. 50 of the Act to be used, making answer A incorrect. Seize and sift powers can only be used if it can be shown that it was essential to do so, rather than simply convenient or preferable to do so, making answer D incorrect. The kind of material that is allowed to be removed from premises includes, for example, material stored on a computer or where it is not reasonably practicable to sort through material at the scene. The powers under s. 50 only extend the scope of some other existing power, i.e. they do not provide freestanding powers to search and seize property, making answer C incorrect.
Costing the Dionysia
Authors: Wilson Peter
Published: November 2023

The Athenians were making a great mistake in wasting their energies on amusements, that is to say, in lavishing on the theatre what would pay for great fleets and support armies in the field. For if we tally up the cost of each tragedy, the Athenian people will be seen to have spent more on productions of Bakkhai, Phoinissai, Oidipous and Antigone, and the woes of Medea and Elektra, than they spent in fighting for their supremacy and for their liberty against the barbarians.
Scenes at the Door in Aristophanic Comedy
Authors: Brown Peter
Published: November 2023

In Brown (2000) I examined doorknocking and related scenes in fifth-century Greek tragedy, and I ended with a brief discussion of three Aristophanic door scenes with tragic colouring (Acharnians 1071–2, 1174–89, Peace 179–84, all discussed again below). It has long been recognized that such scenes (with or without tragic colouring) are particularly at home in comedy, often coming early in the play, and Revermann rightly observes that ‘the motif called for variation’: only thus could it be kept alive as a source of entertainment for the audience. This variation has not been studied in detail (as far as I am aware), and I hope it will be found helpful if I discuss each surviving Aristophanic example in turn. In many cases this will call for discussion of related issues such as what we are to envisage happening on the stage, whether doorknocking in fact takes place, and who answers the door. One element that sometimes contributes to the comedy is the rudeness of the character who answers, but there are other sources of entertainment and surprise as well. For comparison, I shall include discussion of some scenes where a character approaches a door, or summons another character to appear, without knocking; but I shall not discuss every scene that makes use of a door. As far as possible, I shall be scrutinizing the text for evidence of the actions on stage. Oliver Taplin has set us high standards for doing this without indulging in wild flights of fancy, and I hope I shall not fall too far short. Some general points will be made as we go along, but, since my main purpose is to advertise the variety of Aristophanes’ techniques, I shall conclude without a conclusion.
Resurrecting Ancient Greece in Nazi Germany––the Oresteia as Part of the Olympic Games in 1936
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: November 2023

On 3 August 1936, Lothar Müthel’s production of Aischylos’ Oresteia premiered as a festive performance at the Staatliches Schauspielhaus at the Gendarmenmarkt in Berlin. Its audience consisted exclusively of invited guests. Among them the Berliner Zeitung am Mittag (4 August 1936) listed Prime minister Generaloberst Göring and his wife, the ministers of the Reich Dr Frick, Dr Goebbels, Generalfeldmarschall von Blomberg, Freiherr von Neurath, Darré, Schacht, and Schwerin Krosigk, mostly accompanied by their wives. In addition, the members of the International Olympic Committee were present. Moreover, many German as well as foreign dignitaries from politics, cultural life, economics, and sports were among the guests. The president of the Reichsbank, Dr. Schacht, was accompanied by the governor of the Bank of France, Labeyrie.
Allston Redux
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

Washington Allston had returned to Boston to marry his fiancée, Ann Channing, sister of his school friend, the Unitarian minister, poet and abolitionist William Ellery Channing. During his ensuing three years in Boston, Allston painted mostly portraits, including a striking one of Channing himself (Boston Museum of Fine Arts). It presents the subject gazing at the viewer, his face and white cravat bathed in light in contrast to his black coat and the subdued warm colors of the background. The effect is one of concentrated inner power. E. Richardson points out how the artist had learned from Venetian portraiture the ‘monumental pose and deep chiascuro’ of the Channing portrait.
The Homeric Convergences and Divergences of Seamus Heaney and Michael Longley
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

Seamus Heaney and Michael Longley are, I do not hesitate to assert, two of the finest poets of our times in the English language. Moreover, they are a pair, twins—yet, like Amphion and Zethos, contrasting twins. It is an extraordinary fact that they were born within four months of each other in 1939 (the year of W. B. Yeats’s death), and within forty miles of each other, Longley in the city of Belfast and Heaney on the family farm in County Derry. Yet divergences are there from the start. Heaney came from a practising Catholic family (what might be termed ‘Irish Irish’); he won a scholarship to a select school, run by priests, and went on to read English at the local University, Queen’s Belfast, where he duly attained the prize for the best first class of his year. Longley’s parents were English, Anglican but not particularly religious: so he was not a ‘Protestant’ in the local sense of ‘non-conformist Scots Irish’. He went to a prestigious Belfast school, much like an English Grammar School, and on to read Classics at Trinity College, Dublin, which was still in some ways a little patch of England in the heart of Ireland.
Medicine and the Making of Roman Women
Authors: Flemming Rebecca
Published: November 2023

In this book Dr Flemming includes new translations of some of the works of medical practitioners from Celsus, writing during the reign of Tiberius, to Galen, whose career ended under the Severans, and puts their ideas about women's bodies in their social and philosophical contexts. Relations between women and medicine are now a major area of historical enquiry, but the Roman imperial era, despite the plentiful material it offers and the critical role it plays in the formation of the Western medical tradition, has received less than its fair share of the attention. This book seeks to redress the balance as it investigates female involvement in the manifold medical activities of the Roman world: how women fared as practitioners and patients, how they were understood and described in the copious medical writings of the period, and what effects those understandings and descriptions had in wider society. Dr Flemming examines both the contribution of medicine to gender in the Roman Empire, and the contribution of gender to medicine, and argues that the particularities of the Roman relationship between the two has much to reveal about how systems of sexual difference work in general.
Introduction: Secularizing the Muse
Authors: Spentzou Efrossini
Published: November 2023

And yet, for all their desire for peregrination, the Muses’ very existence is inextricably tied to Hesiod. As one reads on in the Theogony, one becomes aware that this revisiting is really mandatory for any serious discussion of their wanderlust.
The Envied Muse: Plato versus Homer
Authors: Cavarero Adriana
Published: November 2023

In Republic 607a Plato states that there is no place for sweet lyric or the epic Muse in the ideal city. It is philosophical logos that must rule in the city, not the passions that poets solicit from their audience. In the Republic Plato’s famous hostility towards the poets resembles a competition between philosophy and poetry. Plato wants, among other things, to replace Homer as the educator of Greece. The terms of this competition are inscribed in the well-known Platonic distinction between the truth of being and the falseness of appearance. The philosopher has knowledge of ‘what is’—the ideas; conversely, the poet is an imitator (mimetes), a creator of appearance.
Muse and Power in the Poetry of Statius
Authors: Rosati Gianpiero
Published: November 2023

Lassata … totiens mihi numina, Musas: ‘the heavenly Muses, so often wearied by my prayer1—thus Statius (Silv. I. 5. 2) defines his relationship with the Muses. Compared with the practice of post-Ovidian poets, the particular emphasis Statius assigns to the Muses, and more generally to the theme of poetic inspiration, is striking. Perhaps this is less surprising in a ‘professional’ poet such as Statius, a poet, that is to say, who repeatedly inquires into his condition as a poet, and into the nature and the instruments of his work.
Coinage And Democracy At Athens
Authors: Trevett Jeremy
Published: November 2023

relationship between coinage and democracy in late archaic and classical Athens. Tht’ subject is a large one,andthe treatment ofitwill inevitably be somewhat impressionistic. My argument is that Athenian coinage cannot be considered apart from the political circum stances that produced it-coinage is after all nothing if not a political phenomenon I and that certain t’eatures of Athens’ coins can best be understood in the light of Athens’ democratic ideologies and practices.

No direct connection can be shown to have existed between democracy and coinage in ancient Greece. No ancient text asserts it, and many polcis that issued coins were not democracies at the time they did so. It is, however, possible to argue for an indirect con nection, on rhe basis of several passages ofAristorle’s Polirics in which democracy is associated with public pay.
The Politics Of Monetization In Third-Century Bc Egypt
Authors: Reden Sitta van
Published: November 2023

in Egypt after the Greco-Macedonian conquest in 332 BC has been considered mainly in the context of Ptolemaic imperial policy. More precisely, it has been a matter of debate only in respect of Ptolemaic policy in relation co their provinces outside Egypt. While the older research emphasized an unequivocal enforcement of the regal coinage upon all Ptolemaic subjects inside and outside Egypt, recent scholars have argued for a more diffCrentiated picture. Bagnall saw a pattern according to which an inner circle of Ptolemaic possessions (Cyrcnc, Cyprus, and Coile Syria) adopted royal mints, while a less homo geneous group of farther provinces were more flex ible in their choice of mints and weight standards (Asia Minor, Greece, and the i\egean). Moreover, within the Ptolemaic monetary zone foreign coinages were prohibited by royal decree. Outside the monetary zone circulation of foreign coins did not cease, and minting of Ptolemaic coinage, though not altogether absent, was based on preference and eco nomic requirement, and was not exclusive.
Money And The Elite In Classical Athens
Authors: Shipton Kirsty
Published: November 2023

Land were two important money-using institu tions in the public economy of classical J\thens. Not only did the silver mines of Athens produce her owl coinage. The leasing of the silver mines, together with the proceeds from the leasing of public land, produced cash which the State could widely redistribute. Demo cratic payments, other benefits to citizens in cash and in kind, money spent on the navy or on public building projects, were all important ways in \Vhich the money from these diftt:rent areas of activity-the non-landed and the landed-were recirculated in the economy.
Judicial Violence and the Ecclesiastical Courts 1n Late Antique North Africa
Authors: Dossey Leslie
Published: November 2023

Late Roman clerics were occasionally accused of flogging, imprisoning, or otherwise coercing fellow clerics and laypersons. This phenomenon is potentially important for understanding the judicial role of the Christian church, for an essential part of Roman dispute settlement was the ability to coerce people to court and oversee the interrogation and corporal punishment that attended even civil suits.1 This study will focus on the use and significance of judicial violence in ecclesiastical contexts in North Africa during the fourth and fifth centuries.
Salic Law and Barbarian Diet
Authors: Pearson Kathy
Published: November 2023

One of the most useful sources for the study of diet and food production in late antique society is a legal document, the Lex Salica.1 Its earliest redaction most likely was produced c.507-11 during the last years of the reign of Clovis. Several things could have prompted its creation. There perhaps was a desire to emulate written Roman law on the one hand and the legislative activities of other barbarian rulers such as the Visigoth Euric (466-484) and the Burgundian Gundobad (c.473-516) on the other. Furthermore, a written version of Frankish traditional oral customary practice might have enhanced Roman perceptions of their new overlord given the long Roman preference for written legislation.
Death, Burial, and Commemoration
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

The ritual of large funerals was bound to have a formative effect on children, as observers or participants, for reasons outlined above. More generally, children had frequent experience of death in a society of high mortality, disease, recurrent epidemics, and the hazards of everyday urban life. When Horace wrote of the dangers and obstructions in negotiating the streets of Rome, he mentioned building operations and funerals in the same breath. The law required burials and cremations to take place beyond the city walls (for reasons of hygiene, public safety, and religious pollution), so funeral processions along the roads leading out of town were a frequent sight, although some of them took place at night. Children were inured to such sights from an early age.
Rome Uncivilized: Exile and the Kingdom
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: November 2023

The first part of this book focused primarily upon literary culture (paideia) as a means of creating Greek identity by exploring the relationship between past and present. The composition and dissemination of texts, and also the construction of the identity of the pepaideumenos (‘educated man’) were not self-evident activities; rather, they provided a matrix wherein identities could be inflected in different ways at different times. The ‘secondariness’ of Roman Greek literary production conceals a variety of ways of construing the modernity of the present, from decadence through to trans formation.
The Historian’s Craft in the Age of Herodotus
Authors: Luraghi Nino
Published: November 2023

The origins and development of Greek historiography cannot be properly understood unless early historical writings are situated in the framework of late archaic and early classical Greek culture and society. Contextualization opens up new perspectives on the subject in The Historian's Craft in the Age of Herodotus. At the same time, such writings offer significant insights into how works of Herodotus reflect the attitude of fifth-century Greeks towards the transmission and manipulation of knowledge about the past. Essays by an international range of experts explore all aspects of the topic and, at the same time, make a thought-provoking contribution to the ongoing debates concerning literacy and oral culture.
Herodotus and Oral History
Authors: Murray Oswyn
Published: November 2023

IT is generally agreed that Herodotus gathered most of his in formation from oral traditions. Even those who doubt this accept that he sought to represent his sources as oral, whether he was in venting them’ or describing them as oral when in fact they were written: ‘throughout the Histories Herodotus maintains the fiction that his work is an oral account, even where we know or surmise it to be based on written sources’. Since it seems to me that a generalized view that Herodotus sought to misrepresent the nature of his sources raises more difficult problems than it solves,3 I pro pose to ignore such approaches, and confine myself to investigating the consequences of the generally accepted version of Herodotus’ sources.
The Herodotean Picture of Themistocles: A Mirror of Fifth-century Athens
Authors: Blosel Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

IT has long been accepted that Herodotus’ views on Athens, in particular the Athens of his contemporaries, are a key for under standing his Histories. Although the position which Jacoby made canonical, namely that Herodotus venerates Athens, has for many years remained unchallenged, Strasburger more than forty years ago showed that in numerous passages Herodotus presents the Athenians in a bad light. Quite recently Stadter in fact demon strated that Herodotus criticizes the Athenians as the Persians’ direct successors in the collection of tribute from the lonians.
Herodotus’ Egypt and the Foundations of Universal History
Authors: Thomas Rosalind
Published: November 2023

Anthropological work on oral tradition provides eloquent tes timony to the existence of what is called the ‘floating gap’ and to the ‘hourglass effect’ which is closely associated with it. In societies where knowledge of the past is dependent upon memory and oral tradition, there tends to be a clustering of traditions and memo ries around the very distant past and the very recent.’ This seems to be the case in whatever way the oral traditions are preserved, and whether or not those societies have some knowledge of writ ing. l\!Iany traditions may exist, for instance, about the first origins, and about the most recent two or three generations. The very re cent past may be remembered simply because it was recent, within living memory: there are numerous examples where knowledge of the past peters out after three or four generations, unless there is some particular incentive to go back further. Yet at the same time the same society’s traditions may have much to say about very re mote times, times of origin, which have an important explanatory role-and there is a ‘gap’ in between.
Myth, History, and Collective Identity: Uses of the Past in Ancient Greece and Beyond
Authors: Gehrke Hans-Joachim
Published: November 2023

RECENT research into early Greek historiography has consider ably clarified the relationships between historical traditions and their location inside society; the present book is part of this effort. The prominence thus given to the ‘social surface’ of tradition is capable not only of clarifying the complex interrelationships be tween past and present, but also of sharpening our sense of the socio-political function and the argumentative and ideological sig nificance of references to the past, in their respective milieux and situations. Social knowledge of the past, in other words that which a society knows and holds for true about its past, its ‘intentional history’, is of fundamental significance for the imaginaire, for the way a society interprets and understands itself, and therefore for its inner coherence and ultimately its collective identity.
Herodotus and Oral History Reconsidered
Authors: Murray Os Wyn
Published: November 2023

THE first version of ‘Herodotus and Oral History’ was written in 1977, a quarter of a century ago, for the great series of seminars which I ran with Arnaldo Momigliano while he was a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford. At the time I was composing Early Greece (1980), and seeking to justify the use I was to make of Herodotus, not merely as a source, but also more importantly as a more or less sympathetic interpreter of archaic Greece. The problem was not only the extent to which he was an accurate recorder of the events which occurred, and how this accuracy was achieved, but also whether his interpretation of the structure of the archaic world view could be accepted. Did he understand the events he described, or was his description only partial and distorted? These were genuine and traditional historical questions, only slightly touched by the new historiography.
Luxurious Eating in Comedy
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the many foods that the Greeks on occasion identified as ‘luxuries ‘. We shall see that rarely, if at all, is a food in essence a luxury as such, though almost everything can be presented as a luxury, either for pejorative purposes (which is usually the objective) or within a claim for beneficence. In the latter case, the language of ‘luxury ‘ is likely to be replaced by ‘good things ‘ (agatha), normally in order to avoid the pejorative associations of ‘luxury ‘.
Introduction
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

This book is a thoroughly revised translation of a German thesis on Beazley’s Later and Latest Mannerists submitted to the Faculty of Philosophy of the Christian .
Dialogue and Irony in Cicero: Reading De Republica
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: November 2023

The definition of the duties of public life at Rome was a preoccupation of many of Cicero’s prose treatises, and this theme, in a complex symbiosis with Cicero’s ambition to establish a philosophical discourse in Latin, dominates many of his philosophical prose works, the De Republica as much as the De Finibus, De Oratore, or Tusculan Disputations.
Statues in Roman Society
Authors: Stewart Peter
Published: November 2023

Statues are among the most familiar remnants of classical art. Yet their prominence in ancient society is often ignored. In the Roman world statues were ubiquitous. Whether they were displayed as public honours or memorials, collected as works of art, dedicated to deities, venerated as gods, or violated as symbols of a defeated political regime, they were recognized individually and collectively as objects of enormous significance. By analysing ancient texts and images, Statues in Roman Society unravels the web of associations which surrounded Roman statues. Addressing all categories of statuary together for the first time, it illuminates them in ancient terms, explaining expectations of what statues were or ought to be and describing the Romans' uneasy relationship with 'the other population' in their midst.
Telling Tales on Caesar
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

This book contains a dozen entertaining stories written in colloquial Latin verse newly translated and commented on by John Henderson. The author, Phaedrus, was a freeman of Augustus who put Aesop's Fables into five books of verse during the reign of Tiberius. He included a number of stories and anecdotes on everyday life situations as well as assorted satirical bits. Rarely read today, they take the reader to the heart of ancient Rome into everyday corners of classical life and culture, high and low, in the focal period of the first emperors, Augustus and Tiberius. Phaedrus was a member of the imperial staff and his themes include the emperor in private and in court; theatricity in public life; declamation as a site for mythologizing Rome; masculinity in ancient gender coding; patronage for poets under the Caesars; prejudice, wit, cynicism, and tyranny. The stories, combined with an introduction to the Fabulae of Aesop, show the ways Romans thought of, and protested at, Caesars.
Philosophical Perspectives on Music’s Expressiveness1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I consider three puzzles, the first of which has dominated philosophical discussions about music and emotion over the past two decades. It observes that purely instrumental music is not the kind of thing that can express emotions.2 Music is not sentient and neither is its relation to occurrent emotions such that it could express them. The second problem concerns the listener’s response, where this mirrors the music’s expressive character. When listeners are saddened by the music’s sadness, apparently they lack the beliefs that normally underpin such a reaction; for example, they do not think the music suffers or that the music’s expressiveness is unfortunate and regrettable. The third perplexity concerns negative responses elicited by music, such as the sad one just mentioned.
History of Universities
Authors: Courtenay William
Published: November 2023

Volume XVI/1 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports, and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensable tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronologically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
Reception and Interpretation
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

Dio Chrysostom’s contributions and responses to the culture of his time form the principal focus of this volume. The purpose of this introduction is to allow readers to set modern views of Dio in the context of a long history of Dionian commentary and scholarship, beginning with the Humanists of the fifteenth century. By looking at some of the aims of Dio’s past editors and translators we shall better understand our own approaches and interests today.
Public Speech and Community in the Euboicus
Authors: Ma John
Published: November 2023

A complicated little social drama: an assembly-meeting in a Greek polis. The actors and the events are familiar enough: rhetores speaking before the assembled people; the assemblymen’s great roar of disapproval, clamour of praise, harsh, mocking laughter; the generation of psephismata, decrees proposed by speakers at the outcome of the debate, and voted on by the assembly; the close interrogation of a citizen by speakers and magistrates before the people. Familiar as they are, a detailed description of all these features would be interesting enough in the pages of a classical historian. But the present summary is drawn from a second-sophistic author, who transmits what purports to be the extended description (admittedly by a bemused witness) of a contemporary assembly-meeting: in this context, the scene is highly intriguing and deserves further thought.
The Dionian Charidemus
Authors: Moles John
Published: November 2023

The Charidemus attributed to Dio Chrysostom ostensibly commemorates a recently deceased pupil of Dio’s named Charidemus. As Or. 30 in the extant Dionian corpus the piece suitably follows Orr. 28 and 29, the two obituary encomia of the athlete Melancomas. On any reading, Or. 30 is adroitly conceived and executed and not without pathos. Yet the bibliography, despite recent and forthcoming items, remains inchoate, its growth perhaps stunted by nervousness over the alleged problem of authenticity. Authenticity is indeed not guaranteed by presence in the corpus. Thus Orr. 37 and 64 are generally agreed to be by Favorinus, one of Dio’s most distinguished pupils. Nor does the piece’s proximity to Orr. 28 and 2i significantly support authenticity: Orr. 37 and 64 are also appropriately contextualized. Might Or. 30, then, be ‘school of Dio’ rather than Dio himself? The piece also poses substantial interpretative problems, which have so far eluded resolution.
Ancient Umbria
Authors: Bradley Guy
Published: November 2023

How should we understand the ways in which the regions of Italy were affected by Roman imperialism? This book, which is the first full-scale treatment of ancient Umbria in any language, takes a balanced view of the region's history in the first millennium BC, focusing on local actions and motivations as much as the effect of outside influences and Roman policies. Through a careful reading of all the types of evidence it provides an important challenge to traditional treatments emphasising the 'Romanization' of the region, arguing that this is a poor explanation for the complexity of local societies in the late Republican period. Instead it proposes that other trends, particularly the organization of states, help to explain the fascinating plurality of identities that are evident in the imperial period and allow us to appreciate the diversity of local societies that emerged in both mountain and lowland areas of Umbria.
Shakespeare on film and video
Authors: Howard Tony
Published: November 2023

The history of screen Shakespeare is almost as long as that of cinema itself. For over a century, leading actors have recorded their work for posterity; directors have tried to translate their vision of particular plays into the language of cinema; and producers have dreamed of arranging a marriage between Shakespeare and the mass audience.
The Italian other: Greeks, Muslims, and Jews
Authors: Abulafia David
Published: November 2023

The history of medieval Italy is often written as the history of an evolving Italianit, ‘Italianness’. It is true, as Alberto Varvara has indicated in this volume, that it is in this period that a group of interrelated forms of romance came into existence which came, by the fifteenth century, to be dominated in many areas by Tuscan zed Italian. Yet this preoccupation with Italianises obscures several realities. The south, substantially ignored by so many historians of Italy, standing at the point where Latin, Greek, and Arabic cultures and polities met one another, was exposed to influences from many directions. It was also, before the fifteenth century, the main centre of Italian Judaism which, even though it accounted for only perhaps.
Making Things Happen
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

Now and then, over the last quarter of a century, I’ve found myself asking questions about the various processes and activities involved in the art of poetry. Given what it has done in and for my life as well as for the lives of innumerable other people, I have puzzled to explain how the assumption that, in W. H. Auden’s phrase, ‘poetry makes nothing happen’ could have taken such a grip on the culture in which I grew. Like all human artifacts and all artworks among them, poems are institutional facts. Unlike brute facts they require the existence of human institutions to be, and to be understood as, facts.
What Kind of Question?
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

IN the month that Yeats died, Auden composed another of his pocket biographies of artists: ‘Edward Lear’. Reviewing Another Time, MacNeice put this sonnet among poems about people and places that ‘are a little too pat, too much written to formula’, while Empson found that ‘a horrid false note of infantilism’ occasionally gets into the pieces ‘about famous men’. Something pat and formulaic does shape the sonnet’s turn. Its octave evokes ‘the white | Italian shore’ where Lear breakfasts alone, weeps to himself in the night, and hates his nose; he is upset by ‘Germans and boats’ in surroundings which are populated by ‘legions of the cruel inquisitive’.
Matters of Fact and Value
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: November 2023

ARTHUR Danto has described how he ‘could not read further’ when a friend begins a novel with some people ‘driving up Fifth Avenue, a southbound only street’. This unnamed friend is then on the receiving end of so fierce a conclusion that his real existence is put in doubt: ‘a man whose grip on reality is that weak is not necessarily to be trusted with the more delicate psychic facts to which we expect a novelist to be true.’ John Searle has commented on the origins of’true’, which ‘comes from the same etymological root as “trust” and “trustworthy,” and all these from the Indo-European root “deru” for “tree,” suggesting uprightness and reliability generally.’1 Continuing to read requires for Danto the existence of a trusting relationship.