bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introspection
Authors: Spener Maja
Published: January 2024

This book is about introspection and its use in scientific theorising about the mind. It deals with two connected questions: What is introspection? Does introspection deliver theoretically valuable information about the mind? There is a long history in philosophy and psychology of using introspection to gather data about the mind. Introspection is often held to constitute our best and only direct access to consciousness and hence to be essential to any investigation of the conscious mind. Equally longstanding and widespread, however, are critical concerns that introspection is highly susceptible to interference, which, together with its privacy, renders it unreliable as a source of data about the mind. A major aim of this book is to provide an understanding of introspection that clarifies its epistemic importance in theorising about the mind. In particular, seemingly overwhelming concerns about the reliability of introspection are transformed into something methodologically more tractable. Central to the approach put forward in the book is the distinction between introspection as inquiry and introspection as mental capacity – between introspective method and introspective access. The first part of the book articulates, defends, and applies a historically motivated, novel framework for the systematic assessment of the potential and limitations of introspective methods. The second part develops a composite pluralism about introspective access, showing how different modes of introspective access fit into the common sense and scientific pictures of our minds. Key to this pluralist account is the explanatory role introspection plays in our agency.
The Animalistic Origins of Privacy
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

Most human needs have roots in animal needs. That is, most of the elements that are necessary for human beings to enjoy an acceptable level of wellbeing are also necessary for many non-human animals—especially for those who are evolutionarily close to us. Just like us, chimps and pigs need a certain amount of food and water, as well as sleep, and positive social interactions. In this chapter, I suggest that privacy is a need that we share with other animals, which suggests that it is not a cultural invention or a modern frill. I discuss four traits that are related to privacy and can be observed in human and non-human animals alike: the need to withdraw from others, the ability to deceive, the desire to save face, and the tendency to feel uncomfortable when others stare.
The Right to (Robust) Privacy
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that the right to privacy is a right to a robustly demanding good (i.e., it has counterfactual or modal demands). When we enjoy the right to privacy, we enjoy an assurance that our privacy will be respected, not only here and now, but also in relevant possible worlds (e.g., independently of our income, or our political or religious views). In contrast, privacy is a good enjoyed thinly (i.e., in the here and now). That is, privacy and the right to privacy can come apart. One can have privacy and yet have one’s right to privacy violated. Conversely, one can have one’s right to privacy respected while losing privacy. Section 1 argues for the right to privacy as a robustly demanding good. Section 2 makes the point that rights that protect robust goods like privacy, democracy, and security share the same structure. Section 3 addresses the objection that this account is not parsimonious. Section 4 details what are the possible worlds that the right to privacy covers and what is meant by assurances that our privacy be respected. Section 5 clarifies the role of social norms in supporting privacy and the right to privacy. Section 6 explains why sensitive inferences violate the right to privacy, even when they turn out to be false. Section 7 argues that the right to privacy is a collective endeavour. Section 8 concludes the chapter with a summary.
Privacy Deceptions
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2024

To plot a comprehensive map of privacy, it is not enough to consider privacy, the right to privacy, and privacy duties. We also have to take into account perceptions of privacy and their manipulation. There are times when people think they are being surveilled when in fact they enjoy privacy. And there are times when people think they have privacy but in fact are being surveilled. Sometimes these misperceptions happen unintentionally, as when a person is unaware, say, about her employer’s surveillance rules, even if the rules are prominently displayed, or when someone thinks a person is gazing at her, when in fact the person is blind. Many times, however, people intentionally manipulate others’ perceptions of privacy. When someone succeeds in manipulating a person’s perception of privacy so that she believes she has privacy when in fact she does not, it is a case of deceptive privacy. If she is made to believe she does not have privacy when in fact she does, it is a case of deceptive surveillance. These cases are notoriously absent from the literature on privacy, but they can be as morally significant as violations of the right to privacy. This chapter offers an ethical analysis of these kinds of cases.
On the Place of Imagination in the Architecture of the Mind
Authors: Omoge Michael
Published: January 2024

Does imagination have a space in the architecture of the mind? More strongly, does imagination have an internal structure in the sense of having psychological processes dedicated to its operation? This chapter argues that it does. The author gives voice to one minority view according to which the psychological processes at work in the formation of experiential and propositional imagination are those dedicated to perception and language, respectively. He argues that this view forces perception and language to be directly connected in cognitive architecture, and this contravenes our best available cognitive neuroscience on the relationship between perception and language, which says that perception and language are indirectly connected. Using aphantasia, the author also shows that the other way around will not work, i.e., retaining the indirect connection between perception and language by forcing experiential and propositional imagination to now be indirectly connected. He then shows how stipulating an internal structure for experiential and propositional imagination sustains both the indirect connection between perception and language and the direct connection between experiential and propositional imagination. Unless some of our best sciences are wrong, it is best to say that imagination has a space in cognitive architecture.
The Paradox of Delusions
Authors: Furl Nicholas , Coltheart Max , McKay Ryan
Published: January 2024

Delusions are pathological beliefs, often with bizarre content. They feature in neurological disorders and in psychoses associated with psychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia). This chapter reviews two apparently opposing ways that the research literature characterizes delusions. While delusions are often defined as beliefs that are rigid and unaffected by evidence, they are also frequently conceptualized as beliefs that are unduly swayed by minimal, insufficient evidence. The authors review empirical studies and theory from psychology, neuroscience, and computational psychiatry which embody this contrast. Prevailing perspectives, they show, frame belief formation as a process of integrating new evidence into existing beliefs. This view tends to sculpt hypotheses about delusions (and other psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations) into two types. First, relevant evidence fails to affect prior beliefs, which are too entrenched. Second, evidence overly dominates prior beliefs, which have too weak an influence. This paradox calls for a profound rethinking of these perplexing and distressing symptoms.
Legislative Initiative
Authors: Patrin Maria
Published: January 2024

The chapter presents the Commission’s right of legislative initiative, through the examination of the revision of the Posting of Workers Directive. The case study illustrates how collegial decision-making can work under exceptional political and time constraints. It represents an extreme test-case for collegiality, in which several aspects of the Commission’s collegial work came to be challenged. The dossier was politically highly sensitive, it followed fast-track internal decision-making, it led to conflicting views in the college, and it triggered a reaction from national parliaments through the so-called ‘yellow card’ procedure. Hence, collegiality was stretched, especially at the preparatory stage of the proposal. Consultation procedures were significantly shortened. Furthermore, the process was led and controlled by the President’s cabinet. Yet, even in such extreme circumstances, major procedural requirements were respected, and collegiality held.
Introduction
Authors: de Beer Susanna
Published: January 2024

The Introduction offers the historical, theoretical, and methodological context to understand the monograph’s main thesis and organization. Based on the insights of heritage studies and classical reception studies, it starts by explaining how the proliferation of claims regarding the legacy of ancient Rome as an idealized past in Renaissance Europe led to the specific battle dynamic between “insiders” and “outsiders” that is central to this monograph’s thesis. It moves further by introducing imagology as crucial to the understanding of positive images and negative “counter-images” as weapons in this metaphorical battle, as well as distinguishing “power,” “morality,” “cityscape,” and “literature and learning” as the four main domains of ancient Rome’s legacy that were regularly claimed. Next, it analyzes the crucial but complex role of the Latin literary tradition and of the Renaissance humanists, who are the main agents in shaping these claims as “spin doctors” for various patrons, at the same time as they claim the learned legacy of ancient Rome to promote Renaissance humanism and to shape their self-image as “New Romans.” Finally, the introduction argues for humanist Latin poetry as an ideal and innovative source to map the “Renaissance battle for Rome” by adopting a combination of rhetorical and intertextual readings.
A New Golden Age
Authors: de Beer Susanna
Published: January 2024

Chapter 1 sets the stage by exploring the causes and implications of the growing dominance of the “rhetoric of renewal” that came to pervade all domains. Starting out from the poetic works of Petrarch, this chapter argues that this rhetoric—which drew on a circular vision of history—reflects a strategy that increasingly became central not only for other humanists who were striving to claim the legacy of ancient Rome for Rome itself (“insiders” in the Renaissance battle for Rome), but also for humanists (more broadly) to claim the legacy of ancient Rome for their literary and intellectual enterprise. By zooming in on the effect of this rhetoric on the urban revival of Rome, and on the growing sense of superiority among Italians, it suggests that the battle of Rome took off when authorities and humanists in other parts of Italy and Europe (“outsiders”) contested these “insider” strategies.
Reasons for Pretending and Pretend Reasons
Authors: Lenman James
Published: January 2024

Thinking about the “what next?” question for moral error theory teaches us why that theory is such a bad idea. We repudiate morality and make it anew, but what we end up doing is remaking what we had before. If we can avoid skepticism about what we remake, then we had no reason to repudiate it. Joyce and others think a Humean understanding of practical reason can be rescued from the flames of their skeptical arguments and that this provides a place where we can adjudicate on pragmatic grounds between the options of abolitionism, fictionalism, and conservationism. But where this thought takes us, the author argues, is not to any form of skepticism but rather to a dubiously coherent understanding of moral value as grounded in desires conceived as prior to and independent of it. The choice between these things can never be anything but a moral one.
The Contours of Religious Fictionalism
Authors: Deng Natalja
Published: January 2024

This chapter compares and contrasts the possibilities and limitations of religious fictionalism (RF) with those of moral fictionalism (MF). It argues that “thoroughgoing” versions of fictionalism are problematic but “lightweight” versions are defensible, especially for the religious domain. While there are pressures on both MF and RF to remain thoroughgoing, RF can better negotiate these. The chapter also considers the objection that RF lacks a good answer to the question of why one should adopt a (particular) religious fiction. A comparison with MF points the way towards the right response. Finally, the chapter reflects on a peculiar difficulty faced by RF that is structurally similar to the difficulty thoroughgoing fictionalists have when attempting to demarcate acceptance from belief; the similarity highlights an additional reason to recognize RF as a sui generis stance on religion.
The Northern Ireland Constitution: A History
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents a high-level account of the constitutional history of Northern Ireland. Its inclusion is premised on an understanding that Northern Ireland’s vulnerability in the face of Brexit derives from its unique constitutional arrangements, its evolving constitutional history, and the contested history from which they developed; therefore, to properly understand the interaction of Brexit and Northern Ireland, some familiarity with its unique history is necessary. A case is made that Northern Ireland has often played the part of the constitutional exception that disproves, or at least challenges, those constitutional rules and norms that apply elsewhere in the UK. It follows that Northern Ireland has also frequently been depicted as ‘a place apart’ in analyses of and debates about the UK constitution; this trend is problematic if and when it prevents the constitutional particularities of Northern Ireland from being recognised and accommodated in UK-wide developments. This tendency to ‘blindspot’ the Northern Ireland case when discussing the UK constitution, and how it relates to Brexit, is explored further in subsequent chapters.
On Method and Approach
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire
Published: January 2024

This chapter sets out the theoretical assumptions, methodological approach, and analytical framework used in the underpinning research. The discussion underlines the interdisciplinarity of the analysis and offers explanation and justification of the method with reference to broad areas in political and legal theory. Underlying theoretical assumptions can be summarised as follows: law is constructed, and enforcement depends on the ‘rule of recognition’ by institutions/individuals who practice it; constitutions are changeable and constitutional law is shaped by the ongoing processes of politics; European integration is a constitutional process with domestic constitutional implications; political language is powerful, contestable, and, therefore, worthy of study. Following this, definitions are given for the two phenomena of study—Brexit and the Northern Ireland constitution—and the framework used to analyse their intersection is presented.
Pre-Trial Chamber Review of the Admissibility of ‘Situations’
Authors: Urs Priya
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the distinct standards of review that the Pre-Trial Chambers purport to and actually apply in their review of the Prosecutor’s assessments of admissibility under Article 53(3)(a) and Article 15(4) respectively of the Rome Statute. In light of the confused practice of the Pre-Trial Chambers to date, it suggests the most suitable standard of review under each provision by arriving at the appropriate balance in each context between prosecutorial independence and prosecutorial accountability. It arrives at this balance by considering the various interests at stake in the assessment under each provision, the respective competences of the Prosecutor and the Pre-Trial Chambers in the initiation of investigations, and the practice of other international courts in deferring to discretionary decision-makers. Through an examination of relevant standards of review, the chapter concludes that a deferential review for abuse of discretion is, for different reasons in each context, the most appropriate standard of Pre-Trial Chamber oversight under both Article 53(3)(a) and Article 15(4).
The instrumental politics of the Hindu right in Jharkhand
Authors: Basu Ipshita
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3 investigates the Hindu right’s vernacular and instrumental contours, focusing on how the right has accommodated Adivasi identity politics and those of other marginalized groups as part of a strategy for expanding its social base in Jharkhand. The chapter reveals that while instrumental accommodation may diversify ethnic representation within a party, it does not lead to positive group standing among marginalized members. Consequently, looking at the protests that followed the introduction of the Jharkhand Freedom of Religion Act 2017, which restricts religious conversion among Adivasis, the chapter reveals that while Jharkhand has a long history of such religious conversion as a survival mechanism in times of crisis, this has not changed the significance of assertions for Adivasi identity. The chapter therefore shows how the Hindu right’s assimilationist strategies have prompted new claims for recognition from Adivasi and non-Adivasi groups alike in Jharkhand.
Infrastructure Financing in India
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi
Published: January 2024

India has announced its first-ever National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP), the implementation of which would be crucial for maintaining her position as the fastest growing large economy in the world. This book looks at both the traditional and innovative ways in which the NIP can be financed. Traditionally, there are four major sources of infrastructure finance—gross budgetary support, internal and extra budgetary resources of the public sector, multilateral and bilateral loans, and private investment. However, because of the Covid-19 pandemic, most of these sources of finance are quite stretched. The book captures this story in a number of chapters, including a chapter on the impact of Covid-19 on infrastructure and its financing. In this environment of fiscal stress and elevated risk, the book emphasizes a number of non-traditional financing sources like reasonable user charges, which would not only ensure adequate operation and maintenance (and therefore, sustainability), but also improve governance of infrastructure assets. In addition, the book lays major emphasis on making infrastructure more compliant with environmental, social and governance (ESG) norms, with the objectives of providing more sustainable infrastructure services, opening up the vast pool of institutional resources (from pension, insurance, and sovereign wealth funds) for infrastructure investment, and overcoming the traditional trade-off between growth and environment. The book discusses asset recycling and value capture finance as additional avenues for sustainable infrastructure financing. For improving the enabling environment for infrastructure investment, the book also dwells on upholding the sanctity of contracts and addressing concerns about regulatory risk.
The Context—The National Infrastructure Pipeline
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi
Published: January 2024

India prepared its first-ever National Infrastructure Pipeline (NIP) in 2020. It aimed for infrastructure investment of Rs.111 lakh crore (~US$1.5 trillion) in the six-year period, from financial year 2019/20 to 2024/25. This infrastructure investment target had been drawn up by collating information about infrastructure plans from twenty-eight central infrastructure ministries/departments, all state governments, and the big private infrastructure companies. The NIP consists of over 6,800 projects, with a total project cost of over Rs.100 crore each, and includes projects in both economic (energy, telecom, transport, etc.) and social (health, education, water treatment and supply, solid waste management, etc.) infrastructure. For the NIP to actually be implemented, a number of policy changes, infrastructure reforms, new financial instruments and institutions would be required. These are discussed in this chapter.
Reasonable User Charges for Sustainable Infrastructure Financing
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi
Published: January 2024

Though user charges are a source of infrastructure finance and would be reflected in retained earnings of project companies, it has been given an exclusive treatment to emphasize the importance of this financing source for increased infrastructure financing. User charges in India traditionally have been low and, in many cases, not even enough to recover operation and maintenance (O&M) expenses of infrastructure assets. This is found in economic (electricity distribution, metro rail, etc.) and social infrastructure (health, education, water supply, etc.). This leads to a vicious cycle of asset creation, their gradual deterioration owing to inadequate O&M, leading to a requirement for increased fresh investments for re-building the assets. Since the infrastructure sector is capital intensive, and since it involves public utilities and merit goods like electricity, metro-rail services, water supply and so on, full cost recovery from user charges may not always be possible or desirable. Therefore, many Government of India committees (e.g. Fourteenth Finance Commission, Expenditure Management Commission) have repeatedly emphasized recovery of at least the O&M costs from user charges for financial sustainability of infrastructure projects. Reasonable user charges would also promote ownership and accountability, and therefore improve governance of infrastructure assets.
Priority of Governments the World Over—Institutional Investment into Infrastructure
Authors: Pratap Kumar V , Gupta Manshi
Published: January 2024

Governments desire institutional investment (from pension, insurance, and sovereign wealth funds) in infrastructure rather than bank financing, which is the predominant means of financing infrastructure debt. Institutional investment into infrastructure does not suffer from asset–liability mismatch issues, which is typical of bank financing of infrastructure. Infrastructure investments should also be attractive to institutional investors given that they provide long-term steady returns, which have low correlation with business cycles. For example, pension funds and insurance companies hold more than 90 per cent of the stock of infrastructure bonds in Chile. However, in India, institutional investors have not been investing much in infrastructure. The chapter explores the reasons for this, and also suggests policy measures, including the need for a specialized credit enhancement company for infrastructure bonds, for domestic institutional investors to invest in infrastructure (as foreign, mainly Canadian pension funds, are already major investors in Indian infrastructure). This chapter also discusses the importance of infrastructure projects aligning with the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) norms increasingly being used by these investors for their investments. In this context, the chapter discusses the role of India’s own sovereign wealth fund, the National Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF), to facilitate institutional investment into infrastructure.
Against Essentialism in Private Law Theory
Authors: Kuntz Thilo
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that, contrary to the claims of both ‘internalists’ and ‘externalists’, private law has no essence or fixed nature. Private law accommodates a mixed set of norms and values with weights and relevance changing over time, rendering any partisan account ineffective. Consequently, a private-law theory aspiring to describe and analyse private law as it is practised has to acknowledge its ambivalent and multipolar nature. Methodologically, this chapter draws on artifact theory. Bringing artifact theory to bear upon private law appears promising, especially since it does not carry a distinct concept of law as baggage. Abstracting from substantive theories about what the law or ‘just’ about what private law is, this approach helps shed new light on ontological interdependencies of materials a positivist considers ‘existing law’ and the insights of so-called externalists concerning the law’s transient character and the importance of outside perspectives.
The Point of View of Doctrinal Legal Science
Authors: Jansen Nils
Published: January 2024

This paper seeks to determine an appropriate perspective for doctrinal legal science. This perspective cannot be the observer’s view on a legal system; it is rather a genuinely legal perspective. Yet, the relevant viewpoint is also not the perspective of lawyers or judges, but rather that of a scholar. This perspective is defined by a specific academic distance from legal practice. Doctrinal legal science seeks new doctrinal knowledge and a better understanding of legal systems and legal doctrine. Hence, scholars have to think about spectra of alternative solutions; and they are tasked with designing new concepts and other doctrinal tools which may work better in legal practice. The current crisis of doctrinal science in Germany results from the fact that, during the twentieth century, German legal academia lost this specific distance to legal practice, which until 1900 had been a matter of course.
Private Law Formalism and Jurisprudential Method
Authors: Pojanowski Jeffrey A.
Published: January 2024

Kantian formalism, as exemplified by scholars like Ernest Weinrib, is a deeply philosophical private law theory. At the same time, it stands aloof from contemporary debates about jurisprudential methodology. In this respect, it is different from other lines of private law theory today that draw on the resources of general jurisprudence. This chapter seeks a fresh understanding of the grounds of Kantian formalism by comparing Weinrib’s framework to prominent methodological stances in general jurisprudence. It concludes that approaches like Weinrib’s resemble methodological positivists’ attempts to detach interpretation of legal practices from moral judgment—and to that extent share that method’s shortcomings. At the same time, his discussion of form and his insights on the role that coherence and unity play in justification capture important truths and highlight the limits of methodological positivists’ attempts to engage in value-neutral theorizing.
Reflections on the Latin Language Spoken and Written in Visigothic Hispania
Authors: Velázquez Isabel
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides an analysis of the linguistic panorama of the Iberian Peninsula in the Visigothic period (primarily the sixth and seventh centuries) through various epigraphic testimonies, especially the so-called Visigothic slates, compared with the information on the language provided by literary authors, such as Isidore of Seville. This analysis attempts to establish what the language spoken at the time was like, what phonetic-morphological, syntactic, and lexical features can be extracted from the existing texts, what levels of Latin language can be appreciated, whether elements of the Romance language can already be observed, and whether the presence of the Gothic element and its vitality can or cannot be detected in the texts and in the lexicon.
Conservatism in Language
Authors: Barrett Graham
Published: January 2024

This chapter sketches the general features of Latin in the Iberian Peninsula in its late antique and early medieval context: from 400 to 700, in contact with Greek, Hebrew, and trace Germanic and British Celtic elements, and from 700 to 1000, in dialogue with Arabic, Basque, and emerging Hebrew and Romance options. Allowing for the challenges posed by the markedly uneven distribution and transmission of the surviving written evidence, Latin in the Visigothic era operated in a multilingual and multi-register environment, which varied according to geography and socioeconomic situation and reflected distinct levels of educational background, expression, and communicative intention. In the post-Visigothic period, the Christian north is represented by everyday documentary Latin, and the Muslim south by one of elite literary Latin, giving the impression in comparison of a living versus a dying language. Much debate has focused on whether the living language in the north was still Latin, but the model of ‘complex monolingualism’ demonstrates how its conservative written form was capable of recording and being pronounced to accommodate evolving and diverse spoken forms incorporating external influences. If the long-term linguistic history of Iberia is dynamic, the Latin of the Peninsula is defined by this basic conservatism, and the chapter’s conclusion considers the factors sustaining it by delineating two constraints on the evolution of the language: formulism, or the recourse by scribes to old models for drafting new documents, and reading as hearing, or the recycling of text back into speech by these same scribes.
Early Literacy and Multilingualism in Ireland and Britain
Authors: Stifter David , White Nora
Published: January 2024

At the beginning of the historical period, Celtic languages were spoken as the autochthonous languages of the western archipelago, British Celtic in Britain and Irish (or Goidelic) in Ireland. Their fates in the first millennum ce were very different. As a consequence of the annexation of southern Britain to the Roman Empire in the first century ce, British Celtic underwent profound structural and lexical influence from Latin. At the same time, the language lost ground first to Latin and, from the fifth century, was pushed to the west and north by the spread of Germanic languages. The dominance of Latin as a language of education was such that literacy in the vernacular languages remained marginal well into the Middle Ages. In contrast, Latin literacy arrived in Ireland through Christianization in the fourth and fifth centuries. It always remained a foreign language of religious ritual and higher education. This was conducive to the emergence of literacy in the Irish language. On the one hand, the model of the Latin alphabet led to the invention of the unique ogam script in the fourth century, a script that consists only of strokes and notches along an edge or baseline on stones or other three-dimensional objects. On the other hand, Latin manuscript culture led to the emergence of the manuscript-based Irish literary tradition in the Latin script from the seventh century onwards. Ultimately, the Latin script also replaced ogam in epigraphic use in Ireland.
The Muslim Social Genre
Authors: Khatun Nadira
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the Muslim Social genre, a subsection of the broader genre ‘The Social’, wherein films showcase everyday household narratives and romantic tales. The Muslim Social genre alludes to films that describe Islamicate culture. This genre flourished mostly in the 1950s and 1960s and reflected an idealized Muslim world where nawabs, indulging in hedonistic pursuits, lived in grandeur with their aristocratic idiosyncrasies intact. The secular ideology of the state was additionally reflected in the films of this genre, which enunciated the conflict between modern (refinement, learning, progress) and tradition (respect, pride, dedication). This chapter explores the representational pattern of the Muslim Social and political economy of filmmaking in the genre. Based on reading the film texts and reviewing in-depth interviews conducted, the chapter is divided into four sub-themes: (i) Ideology and political economy of the Muslim Social genre; (ii) Courtesans: objects of ‘male gaze’; (iii) Social and political aspects of portraying Muslims as antagonists and side characters in social films; and (iv) New Wave: the Muslim Social. The first section focuses on the film texts of traditional Muslim Social films, as well as their portrayal and the ideology espoused in them. The second segment discusses the role of courtesans and how they are viewed as objects of the ‘male gaze’. The third segment reflects the political economy of the films where Muslims are represented as sidekicks to the protagonists. The last part of the chapter locates the films that are mostly termed parallel cinema or middle cinema where ordinary Muslims are represented in their day-to-day lives.
Introduction
Authors: Timmons Mark
Published: January 2024

Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics features new work in the field of normative ethical theory. Each volume includes new chapters that contribute to an understanding of a wide range of issues and positions. This thirteenth volume brings together twelve new essays that collectively cover a range of fundamental topics in the field. These include: paradoxical proposals and consent, manipulation and autonomy, moral indifference, the value of persons, moral theory and coherence, a contractualist approach to moral uncertainty, normative expectations and personal identity, satisficing and virtue ethics, pro tanto rights, problems with saving the many, virtue and consequences, and the nature of moral and political rights.
Moral Indifference
Authors: Betzler Monika , Vandieken Jonas
Published: January 2024

The paper elucidates a neglected relational wrong, moral indifference, which consists in ignoring or “blanking” someone such that they are deprived of the chance to make a moral difference. Typical examples include not acknowledging an apology, or refraining from expressing reactive attitudes, in relation to a capable agent. The paper identifies the distinct forms and modes in which moral indifference shows up, on the occurrent, dispositional, or structural levels, ultimately arguing that moral indifference consciously denies others the status of equally authoritative sources of valid claims. As a globalist response to another’s agential abilities, moral indifference can wrong others in more fundamental ways than other relational wrongs. In fact, it can threaten their very agency—and not just momentarily—by prompting self-questioning and agential uncertainty. In marginal cases, however, moral indifference can be a legitimate form of self-protection. The paper also has implications for current treatments of crucial moral concepts like recognition respect, basic second-person regard and the debate about the Strawsonian participant- and objective stances.
The Ethics of Expectations
Authors: Basu Rima
Published: January 2024

This chapter asks two questions about the ethics of expectations: one about the nature of expectations, and one about the wrongs of expectations. On the first question, expectations involve a rich constellation of attitudes ranging from beliefs to also include imaginings, hopes, fears, and dreams. As a result, sometimes expectations act like predictions, like your expectation of rain tomorrow, sometimes prescriptions, like the expectation that your students will do the reading, sometimes like proleptic reasons, like the hope that your mentee will flourish, and sometimes expectations are peremptory in that they carry the force of moral law. Turning to the second question, given the multiple roles played by expectations it shouldn’t be surprising that there are also multiple ways expectations can be wrong to hold. Sometimes they wrong as beliefs do, e.g. doxastic wronging, and sometimes they result in alienation because of who holds that expectation of us. The upshot of this chapter is that getting clear on these potential ways expectations can wrong not only delivers an ethics of expectations that mirrors familiar discussions of the ethics of belief, but an ethics of expectations further opens the door for taking seriously an ethics of mental attitudes more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai
Published: January 2024

This chapter introduces and briefly summarizes the rest of the chapters in this work. Chapters 2 and 3 illustrate the phonological systems, genealogical backgrounds, typological characteristics, and historical backgrounds upon which native scripts and writing were developed in Korean and Japanese. Chapters 3–12 compare morphosyntactic similarities and differences between the two languages and refer to relevant issues. The topics in these chapters include case and postpositions (particles), topic and focus, basic word order and scrambling, passive and causative constructions, relative clauses, nominalizers, sentence negation, tense and aspect, and honorifics.
Case and postpositions
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai
Published: January 2024

Chapter 4 illustrates three different kinds of particles in Japanese and Korean that are primarily used to mark (i) grammatical functions like subject (case particles), (ii) semantic functions or Θ-roles like agent (postpositions), and (iii) pragmatic functions like topic (topic marker). Case particles are distinguished from postpositions in whether they can be dropped and associated with a floated numeral quantifier. Both languages have very similar sets of particles, yet they differ from each other in whether they are subject to the Double-Accusative Constraint and constraints on Genitive Drop and NP-ellipsis (in which the NP part in a determiner phrase (DP) is elided). Lastly, the languages both have two different kinds of locative postpositions (one used to mark the location of action or an agent and the other used to mark the location of a theme).
Tense and aspect
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai
Published: January 2024

Chapter 11 compares the tense and aspect systems in Japanese and Korean, which are similar but differ from each other in subtle ways. The temporal point of reference in English is basically the moment of utterance (absolute tense). Although it is the same in Japanese and Korean when the tense of main clauses is in question, the time of the main clause can serve as the point of reference in a subordinate clause (relative tense) as well as the time of utterance. Which temporal point of reference is allowed depends on the type of a subordinate clause. This chapter focuses on aspectual constructions with a verb followed by an auxiliary verb of existence (V-exist), which can denote either imperfective (progressive) or perfective (resultative) situations depending on various factors. The same V-existpattern can express ‘perfect’, a subtype of imperfective, in Japanese. Korean has a construction with double past tense.
Unravelling the centrality of the contest over international institutions
Authors: Cooper Andrew F.
Published: January 2024

This opening chapter introduces the core argument in the book concerning the claim of concertation to be privileged as a rival fundamental institution, whether in the classic form of a big cluster of three, four, or five states or in the updated plurilateral summit variant in the form of the Group of Seven (G7) and Group of 20 (G20). Concertation as practice is taken to display some considerable persistence over time, albeit not with organizational permeance. From this perspective, the practice of concertation is animated by recurrent impulses, building on the analysis of the English School scholar Hedley Bull, whose engagement with the practice of concertation is the most compelling guide for this book.
Crises as potential animators of institutional transformation
Authors: Cooper Andrew F.
Published: January 2024

The third chapter examines the crisis gap as the master deficiency in institutionalist international relations (IR) scholarship and the main differentiated feature from other modes of analyses that give centrality to shocks in the system as instigators of institutional change. Whereas rationalist institutionalist scholars miss the full impact of crises, other scholars in the wider spectrum of IR do not. On this basis, the chapter analyses both the connections and the disconnects of Bull’s analysis with those of John Ikenberry and Robert Cox from a liberal internationalist and critical international political theory perspective. An additional layer of nuance in this debate comes with the contrast between the extended scrutiny located in other domains of the high-profile scholarship.
Hierarchical privileges of institutional convenience
Authors: Cooper Andrew F.
Published: January 2024

Across the entire spectrum of institutionalist international relations (IR), the assumption remains fixed that the international system has a strong expansionary quality attached to it. With an emphasis on the open-ended nature of the system, a form of committed leadership by the US, and the visible extension of the formal multilateral architectural pillars, an assumption has also been built up of an enhanced scope of participation. This chapter evaluates these assumptions both at the system level and at the level of US agency. Analogous to the format of other chapters, this chapter compares the gaps in the body of institutionalist IR to the assessment provided by Bull with special reference to the continuing debate concerning the nature and implications of hierarchy versus inclusion. It also examines the theme of hierarchy for which Bull’s own work has come under intensified critical interrogation.
Inserting designers into institutional design
Authors: Cooper Andrew F.
Published: January 2024

This chapter showcases the dichotomy between the ambit of the expansive analysis of rationalist international relations (IR), focused on the design of institutions as opposed to the minimalist examination of the role of the actual designers. Although rationalist IR throughout its scholarly contribution places considerable emphasis on the choice of institutional type, it leaves out any detailed profile of the actual process of individual or collective agency. A basic assumption throughout the literature remains that the dynamic of institutional choice is driven by a logic of intentionality. It neglects the question of who are the actual designers of those institutional options—and what is their process of calculation. This chapter exposes the flaws attached to this missing component.
Recalibrated but still contested
Authors: Cooper Andrew F.
Published: January 2024

The image of the institutional response to the 2008 Global Financial Crisis as a twenty-first-century recalibration of concertation is fraught with disputation. By classical standards, the kind of institutionalization elevated by the G20 leaders’ process falls short. The club-like state-based plurilateral format was not composed of status-ranked great powers but an array of countries that fit into the structurally important category. While this view fully recognizes these differences, to suggest a complete disconnect between the G20 and the institutional concert format is misleading. This chapter extends the analysis contrasting the array of critical interrogations of the G20 in comparison to the comparative neglect by institutionalist international relations.
The (Trump) challenge of personalist-populist institutional disruption at the core of the system
Authors: Cooper Andrew F.
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the differentiated process of adjustment of institutionalist international relations (IR) to the Trump personalist-populist intrusion into the contest over institutional design. The nature of this response (or, in some cases, non-response) on the part of rationalist institutionalism has important implications for the reputation of literature. While unlike some components of realist or realist-influenced literature, no attempt can be detected to rationalize the Trump insurgency, the lack of any original anticipation on the part of the entire body of institutionalist IR exposes another major gap central to the argument in this book. This neglect is especially glaring given the high degree of US-centrism embedded in this literature.
Introduction
Authors: Forster Marc R.
Published: January 2024

The introduction lays out the arguments of the book (see book abstract). It also reminds readers of the significance of the memory of the Thirty Years’ War for the people of Southwest Germany, the focus of this study. The introduction also lays out the different areas of historical study that this study engages, including the history of crime and of the justice system, the history of conflict and violence, the role of honor in society, and the ways rural society functioned. The introduction ends with an overview of the structure of the study, briefly introducing the subject of each chapter.
“You are a whore and a witch” Women’s Honor in German Villages
Authors: Forster Marc R.
Published: January 2024

Honor was of course gendered, and this chapter examines how women defended their honor. Women’s honor was first and foremost sexual honor. When woman’s honor was attacked, she was almost always called a whore, and her defense had to be a defense of her sexual behavior. In many cases the focus on sexuality obscured other conflicts that might have been in play. The case study of Johanna Silberin, an innkeeper’s wife, illustrates this issue in depth. The second ubiquitous insult was “witch,” an insult that remained very dangerous in the late seventeenth century. Some women were accused of performing witchcraft, but most often the word was used in a more general way. One finding in this chapter is that the witch insult was gradually domesticated over the century after 1650 and became less serious. Furthermore, local authorities, including courts, did not ever want to pursue accusations of witchcraft and worked to suppress such accusations.
Thomas Hobbes and Political Thought in Ireland c.1660- c.1730
Authors: Ward Matthew
Published: January 2024

This is a history of political thought in Ireland c.1660–1730, told from the perspective of the reception in that country of Thomas Hobbes, the English philosopher. Unlike Hobbes, political thought in Ireland has received little attention from historians: it is sometimes assumed that there is not much of a subject to study. The reception of Hobbes in Ireland forces us to challenge this assumption. To begin with, it highlights the variety and sophistication of political thought in Ireland. In his political thought, Hobbes was preoccupied by sovereignty, which he conceptualized in terms of natural law and made the defining characteristic of the commonwealth, or the ‘Leviathan’; but he applied his concept of sovereignty to a broad range of political issues. His political thought was also part of a wider philosophical system which comprehended history, theology, natural philosophy, and mathematics. Together, the key figures in the reception of Hobbes in Ireland—Sir William Petty, John Vesey, and Edward Synge—engaged with Hobbes expansively. But the reception of Hobbes in Ireland also tells of the distinctiveness of Ireland as a context of political thought. In England, Hobbes’s concept of sovereignty was reviled for emasculating parliament, the Anglican Church, and the common law. Too compelling to ignore, the ‘Leviathan’ had to be ‘tamed’. In Ireland, where these institutions were weaker, the ‘Leviathan’ could be released. Petty, Vesey, and Synge engaged with Hobbes on issues that were not prioritized by his English readers and were more sympathetic than they to his concept of sovereignty.