bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How do young children deal with hybrids of living and non‐living things: The case of humanoid robots
Authors: Saylor Megan M. , Somanader Mark. , Levin Daniel T. , Kawamura Kazuhiko.
Published: October 2010

In this experiment, we tested children's intuitions about entities that bridge the contrast between living and non‐living things. Three‐ and four‐year‐olds were asked to attribute a range of properties associated with living things and machines to novel category‐defying complex artifacts (humanoid robots), a familiar living thing (a girl), and a familiar complex artifact (a camera). Results demonstrated that 4‐year‐olds tended to treat the category‐defying entities like members of the inanimate group, while 3‐year‐olds showed more variability in their responding. This finding suggests that preschoolers' ability to classify complex artifacts that cross the living–non‐living divide becomes more stable between the ages of 3 and 4 and that children at both ages draw on a range of properties when classifying such entities.
Comparison of Fixation Methods for Preservation of Morphology, RNAs, and Proteins From Paraffin-Embedded Human Cancer Cell-Implanted Mouse Models
Authors: Matsuda Yoko , Fujii Takenori , Suzuki Taeko , Yamahatsu Kazuya , Kawahara Kiyoko , Teduka Kiyoshi , Kawamoto Yoko , Yamamoto Tetsushi , Ishiwata Toshiyuki , Naito Zenya
Published: October 2010

Xenograft transplantation of human tumor cells into immunodeficient mice is an important method to clarify the roles of specific molecules or chemicals in vivo. Recently, this method has been reported as a definitive examination to identify tumor stem cells. In this study, the authors compared the morphology and the quality and quantity of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein in paraffin-embedded tissues of nude mice implanted with human uterine cervical cancer cells, followed by fixation with commonly used fixatives, including 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), 20% NBF, and 99% ethanol (EtOH). The quality of the isolated RNA from PFA- and NBF-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues was high, while EtOH-fixed tissues showed degradation of RNA. NBF-fixed tissues showed excellent quality of morphology, but EtOH-fixed tissues showed contraction of cells. Immunohistochemical results showed differences depending on fixations. The 99% EtOH-fixed samples showed decreases of Ki-67 and VEGF-A immunoreactivities, but improved cytokeratin immunoreactivity. This study indicated that formalin fixation is better than alcohol fixation for RNA preservation in paraffin-embedded cancer cell implantation models. Immunohistochemical results differed markedly depending on fixation materials and antibodies; therefore, suitable fixations are needed to quantify and compare the results of immunohistochemical staining on cancer cell implanted nude mice tissues.
Reviews
Authors: Hanlin Bruce , Kaneva Nadia , Padovani Cinzia , Cole Peter , Malaolu Patrick O
Published: October 2010

Transnational Television in Europe: Reconfiguring Global Communications Networks, Jean K. Chalaby (2009) London & New York: I.B. Tauris, 278 pp., ISBN: 9781845119546, 89.95 (hbk) 32.50 (pbk)

Identity Games: Globalization and the Transformation of Media Cultures
in the New Europe, Anik Imre (2009) Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 257 pp., ISBN: 9780262090452, 35.00 (hbk)

The Political Economy of Communication, 2nd Edition, Vincent Mosco (2009) London: Sage, 268 pp., ISBN: 9781412947015, 132.95 (hbk) 43.95 (pbk)

Cry Korea
The Korean War: A Reporter's Notebook, Reginald Thompson (2009) London: Reportage Press, 344 pp., 8.99, ISBN: 9780955830204

Media Theories & Approaches: A Global Perspective, Mark Balnaves, Stephanie Hemelryk Donald and Brian Shoesmith (2009) London: Palgrave Macmillan,
360 pp., ISBN: 9780230551626 (pbk), 19.99; ISBN: 9780230551619 (hbk), 55.00
Anthony Trollope and the Voicing of Victorian Fiction
Authors: Lewis Monica C.
Published: October 2010

Monica C. Lewis, "Anthony Trollope and the Voicing of Victorian Fiction" (pp. 141–165)

Although critics have read the intrusive nature of Anthony Trollope's narrators as everything from suicidal to cordial, little to no attention has been paid to the larger context in which these intrusions would have been voiced or to Trollope's carefully constructed relationship to the interpretive community upon which his literary livelihood depended. Well aware that his novels would be read aloud to his Victorian audience, Trollope adopted a particularly "modern" approach to the questions of audience and reception. At the moment of articulation, this essay argues, the voice of Trollope's author-narrator welcomes his listeners into a critical dialogue that calls into question not only the aesthetics of fiction but also moral and ethical codes, the construction of "character," and an increasingly modern world. Trollope's novel of life in the employ of the civil service, The Three Clerks (1858), is a heretofore-neglected case in point. The novel's protagonist, Charley Tudor, is both a clerk and an aspiring novelist; the reading aloud of his manuscript to an assembled company of admirers serves as a showcase for the ways in which Trollope expected his audience to engage with his own narratives. Drawing upon theories of reading and reception, recent scholarship on nineteenth-century reading practices and Trollope's negotiation of modernity, and evidence from Trollope's own experiences as a reader and writer, this essay exposes Anthony Trollope as a novelist whose ambivalent engagement with modernity found its expression in the dialogical space he created among author-narrator, reader, and listener.
"This Immense Expense of Art": George Eliot and John Ruskin on Consumption and the Limits of Sympathy
Authors: Coit Emily
Published: October 2010

Emily Coit, "'This Immense Expense of Art': George Eliot and John Ruskin on Consumption and the Limits of Sympathy" (pp. 214–245)

This essay attempts to better our understanding of George Eliot's conservatism by examining a body of ideas about consumption and moral obligation that she and John Ruskin share. I use a discussion of consumer ethics to explore the moral logic of their conservatism by examining the role of the aesthetic within it. Economic consumption and the aesthetic are subjects inextricably connected, not just because the discourses of political economy and aesthetics have a shared origin in eighteenth-century moral philosophy, but also because the discourse of aesthetics has long served to legitimize select modes and acts of consumption. By marking out a limit where one may reasonably cease to sympathize and instead devote energy (and money) to personal gratification, the treatment of consumption in George Eliot's Middlemarch (1871) offers an important articulation of moral thought. Eliot suggests that aesthetic pleasure can make consumption morally defensible, but she also anticipates Pierre Bourdieu's critique of the aesthetic: her novel represents both the display of cultural capital and the exercise of the aesthetic disposition as ways of maintaining social and economic hierarchies. She thus at once critiques and participates in the system within which the aesthetic functions to preserve social and political stasis. Using John Ruskin's economic writings to expose Middlemarch as a novel of consumer ethics, this essay examines Eliot's representation of personal economic consumption as an emergent mode of social and political agency that might operate productively within that stasis.
Contributions of Flowering Time Genes to Sunflower Domestication and Improvement
Authors: Blackman Benjamin K , Rasmussen David A , Strasburg Jared L , Raduski Andrew R , Burke John M , Knapp Steven J , Michaels Scott D , Rieseberg Loren H
Published: October 2010

Determining the identity and distribution of molecular changes leading to the evolution of modern crop species provides major insights into the timing and nature of historical forces involved in rapid phenotypic evolution. In this study, we employed an integrated candidate gene strategy to identify loci involved in the evolution of flowering time during early domestication and modern improvement of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Sunflower homologs of many genes with known functions in flowering time were isolated and cataloged. Then, colocalization with previously mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs), expression, or protein sequence differences between wild and domesticated sunflower, and molecular evolutionary signatures of selective sweeps were applied as step-wise criteria for narrowing down an original pool of 30 candidates. This process led to the discovery that five paralogs in the FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene family experienced selective sweeps during the evolution of cultivated sunflower and may be the causal loci underlying flowering time QTLs. Our findings suggest that gene duplication fosters evolutionary innovation and that natural variation in both coding and regulatory sequences of these paralogs responded to a complex history of artificial selection on flowering time during the evolution of cultivated sunflower.
Mutual Antagonism Between the Anaphase Promoting Complex and the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint Contributes to Mitotic Timing in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Bezler Alexandra , Gönczy Pierre
Published: October 2010

The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) triggers the separation of sister chromatids and exit from mitosis across eukaryotic evolution. The APC/C is inhibited by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) until all chromosomes have achieved bipolar attachment, but whether the APC/C reciprocally regulates the SAC is less understood. Here, we report the characterization of a novel allele of the APC5 component SUCH-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that some such-1(t1668) embryos lack paternally contributed DNA and centrioles and assemble a monopolar spindle in the one-cell stage. Importantly, we show that mitosis is drastically prolonged in these embryos, as well as in embryos that are otherwise compromised for APC/C function and assemble a monopolar spindle. This increased duration of mitosis is dependent on the SAC, since inactivation of the SAC components MDF-1/MAD1 or MDF-2/MAD2 rescues proper timing in these embryos. Moreover, partial depletion of the E1 enzyme uba-1 significantly increases mitosis duration upon monopolar spindle assembly. Taken together, our findings raise the possibility that the APC/C negatively regulates the SAC and, therefore, that the SAC and the APC/C have a mutual antagonistic relationship in C. elegans embryos.
Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Signaling Controls Non-Dauer Developmental Speed in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ruaud Anne-Françoise , Katic Iskra , Bessereau Jean-Louis
Published: October 2010

Identified as a major pathway controlling entry in the facultative dauer diapause stage, the DAF-2/Insulin receptor (InsR) signaling acts in multiple developmental and physiological regulation events in Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we identified a role of the insulin-like pathway in controlling developmental speed during the C. elegans second larval stage. This role relies on the canonical DAF-16/FOXO-dependent branch of the insulin-like signaling and is largely independent of dauer formation. Our studies provide further evidence for broad conservation of insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) functions in developmental speed control.
Functional Redundancy of Paralogs of an Anaphase Promoting Complex/Cyclosome Subunit in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis
Authors: Stein Kathryn K , Nesmith Jessica E , Ross Benjamin D , Golden Andy
Published: October 2010

The anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) mediates the metaphase-to-anaphase transition by instructing the ubiquitination and turnover of key proteins at this stage of the cell cycle. We have recovered a gain-of-function allele in an APC5 subunit of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome. This finding led us to investigate further the role of APC5 in Caenorhabditis elegans, which contains two APC5 paralogs. We have shown that these two paralogs, such-1 and gfi-3, are coexpressed in the germline but have nonoverlapping expression patterns in other tissues. Depletion of such-1 or gfi-3 alone does not have a notable effect on the meiotic divisions; however, codepletion of these two factors results in meiotic arrest. In sum, the two C. elegans APC5 paralogs have a redundant function during the meiotic divisions.
Marcadores moleculares microssatélites na avaliação de sementes de soja com variação na coloração do hilo
Authors: Rabel Marcelo , Vieira Elisa Serra Negra , Lana Ubiraci Gomes de Paula , Paiva Edilson , Sehnem Margarete Aparecida Sella , Schuster Ivan
Published: October 2010

Marcadores microssatélite têm sido utilizados na determinação da pureza genética em programas de melhoramento e de produção de sementes, visando garantir a qualidade genética das sementes. Objetivou-se neste trabalho demonstrar, com auxílio de marcadores moleculares microssatélites, que variações na coloração do hilo em sementes de soja, muitas vezes não constituem variação genética. Foram avaliadas sementes de soja da cultivar CD 222 que apresenta sementes com hilo preto, e de duas linhagens (CD 02RV-8444 e CD 01RV-7618), as quais apresentam sementes com hilo marrom. As sementes com variações na coloração e tonalidade do hilo encontradas em cada genótipo foram separadas visualmente em grupos. O DNA de cada semente foi extraído e analisado com marcadores microssatélites em "bulks" contendo DNA de cinco sementes. As variações encontradas na coloração do hilo da cultivar CD 222 e da linhagem CD 02RV-8444 não foram devidas à variação genética, considerando 16 locos microssatélites. Para a linhagem CD 01RV-7618, os bulks de sementes com hilo marrom pigmentado de preto (B1), com hilo marrom mais intenso (B2) e intermediário (B3), foram considerados iguais. Para esta mesma linhagem foi detectada diferença no bulk de sementes com hilo marrom menos intenso (B4), com o primer Satt 070. Duas sementes deste bulk apresentaram o mesmo padrão molecular observado para os outros bulks, no mesmo loco. As demais sementes foram consideradas misturas. A utilização de marcadores microssatélites demonstra que variações na cor ou tonalidade do hilo da soja nem sempre correspondem à variação genética.
Automatic Control Design for Optimal Strategy in Fed-batch Culture with Coupled Feed of Glycerol and Alkali
Authors: Jiang Shan , Ye Jianxiong , Feng Enmin , Xiu Zhilong
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we study the production of 1,3-propanediol in fed-batch culture with coupled feed of glycerol and alkali. On the basis of the numerical solution to an optimal control problem subjected to a multi-stage nonlinear dynamical system, we propose a realizable optimal feeding strategy. Correspondingly, an automatic control system is designed for the fermenter, which involves the designs of control circuit, software flow control and computer monitored control system. This contribution successfully achieves a goal of combining a mathematically theoretical analysis with an automatic control design in the laboratory.
Comment on Nordhaus: Tax Carbon, Not Fossil Fuels
Authors: Sedjo Roger A
Published: October 2010

William Nordhaus's proposal to tax fossil fuel at the source could be improved by taxing carbon emissions instead and thereby providing incentives for carbon capture and storage technology, according to Roger Sedjo.
Enterovirus RNA in Blood Is Linked to the Development of Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Oikarinen Sami , Martiskainen Mika , Tauriainen Sisko , Huhtala Heini , Ilonen Jorma , Veijola Riitta , Simell Olli , Knip Mikael , Hyöty Heikki
Published: October 2010

OBJECTIVE

To assess whether the detection of enterovirus RNA in blood predicts the development of clinical type 1 diabetes in a prospective birth cohort study. Further, to study the role of enteroviruses in both the initiation of the process and the progression to type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a nested case-control study where all case children (N = 38) have progressed to clinical type 1 diabetes. Nondiabetic control children (N = 140) were pairwise matched for sex, date of birth, hospital district, and HLA-DQ–conferred genetic susceptibility to type 1 diabetes. Serum samples, drawn at 3- to 12-month intervals, were screened for enterovirus RNA using RT-PCR.

RESULTS

Enterovirus RNA–positive samples were more frequent among the case subjects than among the control subjects. A total of 5.1% of the samples (17 of 333) in the case group were enterovirus RNA–positive compared with 1.9% of the samples (19 of 993) in the control group (P < 0.01). The strongest risk for type 1 diabetes was related to enterovirus RNA positivity during the 6-month period preceding the first autoantibody-positive sample (odds ratio 7.7 [95% CI 1.9–31.5]). This risk effect was stronger in boys than in girls.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study supports the hypothesis that enteroviruses play a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, especially in the initiation of the β-cell damaging process. The enterovirus-associated risk for type 1 diabetes may be stronger in boys than in girls.
The effect of vitamin C on amiodarone-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes
Authors: Cekic S. , Pavlovic D. , Sarac M. , Kamenov B. , Dimic A. , Pavlovic V.
Published: October 2010

Although, the antiarrhythmic effect of amiodarone (AMD) is well characterized, the mechanism of its toxicity on extracardiac tissues is still poorly understood. Several antioxidants have been shown to prevent AMD-induced toxicity by antioxidant and/or non-antioxidant mechanisms. In the current study, we evaluated the possible protective effect, in vitro, of vitamin C on AMD-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes. Rat thymocytes were cultured with increasing AMD concentrations (1–20 μM) with or without vitamin C (1000 μg/ml), for 24 hours. Cells treatment with AMD resulted in a concentration-dependent increase of hypodiploid cells and a significant decrease in cellular glutathione content. Vitamin C combined with AMD significantly decreased the proportion of hypodiploid cells and markedly increased the cellular glutathione content, compared with AMD treatment alone. These results suggest that treatment with vitamin C may prevent AMD-induced toxicity in rat thymocytes by restoring cellular glutathione content.
Efficacy of carbon dioxide for diagnosis and intervention in patients with failing hemodialysis access
Authors: Kariya Shuji , Tanigawa Noboru , Kojima Hiroyuki , Komemushi Atsushi , Shiraishi Tomokuni , Kawanaka Toshiaki , Sawada Satoshi
Published: October 2010

Background: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the only proven safe intravascular contrast agent in renal failure and contrast allergy. The use of CO2 as a contrast agent for the evaluation of failing dialysis fistulas has the potential to preserve residual renal function by eliminating the use of contrast material or decreasing the amount used for fistulograms.

Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of fistulography using CO2 for diagnosis and intervention in patients with failing hemodialysis access.

Material and Methods: Dialysis access failure occurred in 94 patients (54 men, 40 women; mean age, 65 years; range, 32–89 years) on 146 occasions. CO2 was used as the first-choice contrast agent for fistulography and PTA. Fistulography was performed with the injection of CO2 in the brachial artery using a power injector.

Results: Interventional treatment was indicated in 141 accesses. In 115 of these 141 cases, intervention was performed using CO2 fistulography alone. When the access flow stopped or decreased very much due to an occlusion and severe stenosis, we could not visualize the access by CO2 fistulography, or could not perform CO2 fistulography. For those cases, iodinated contrast fistulography was performed. When the vascular rupture, dissection, or clot formation occurred during intervention, iodinated contrast fistulography was performed. In three patients with arteriovenous fistula, manual injection of CO2 into the brachial artery resulted in reflux of the gas into the thoracic aorta causing transient loss of consciousness.

Conclusion: CO2 is a useful contrast agent in the diagnosis and intervention of failing hemodialysis access, eliminating or limiting the use of iodinated contrast material. Caution should be exercised to prevent CO2 reflux into the aorta when injecting the gas into the brachial artery.
Evaluation of anterior urethral stricture using thick slab SSFSE MR urethrography
Authors: Park Byung Kwan , Kim Chan Kyo , Lee Sung Won
Published: October 2010

Background: Magnetic resonance urethrography (MRU) can be used for depicting not only anterior urethral strictures but also periurethral anatomy in order to produce a management plan.

Purpose: To determine if thick slab single-shot fast spin echo (SSFSE) MRU is useful for evaluating anterior urethral stricture compared to fast recovery fast spin echo (FRFSE) MRU.

Material and Methods: Ten patients with benign anterior urethral stricture underwent both thick slab SSFSE MRU and FRFSE MRU using sterile jelly for urethral distension before retrograde urethrography. The glans penis was tied at the time of MRU. The two types of MR image were compared regarding stricture length, scan time, and image quality. We also determined whether or not both of the two MR sequences could display an entire anterior urethra on one image.

Results: The stricture length on thick slab SSFSE and FRFSE MRU ranged from 4.0 to 71.3 mm (36.4 ± 21.8 mm) and from 4.0 to 67.5 mm (35.7 ± 20.8 mm), respectively ( P > 0.05). The mean scan time for thick slab SSFSE and FRFSE sequences was 2 s and 194 s, respectively ( P < 0.05). However, regarding image quality, thick slab SSFSE MRU was inferior to FRFSE MRU ( P < 0.05). All the thick slab SSFSE MRU displayed the entire anterior urethra on one image, while only five FRFSE MRU did so ( P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Thick slab SSFSE MRU can provide a concordant stricture length when compared to the FRFSE MRU and imaging of the entire length of the anterior urethral stricture with subjective reduced image quality and scan time.
Rasch Analysis of the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale
Authors: Klein Penelope J. , Fiedler Roger C. , Rose Debra J.
Published: October 2010

Purpose: This cross-sectional study explores the psychometric properties and dimensionality of the Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale, a multi-item balance test for higher-functioning older adults.

Methods: Participants (n=480) were community-dwelling adults able to ambulate independently. Data gathering consisted of survey and balance performance assessment. Psychometric properties were assessed using Rasch analysis.

Results: Mean age of participants was 76.4 (SD=7.1) years. Mean FAB Scale scores were 24.7/40 (SD=7.5). Analyses for scale dimensionality showed that 9 of the 10 items fit a unidimensional measure of balance. Item 10 (Reactive Postural Control) did not fit the model. The reliability of the scale to separate persons was 0.81 out of 1.00; the reliability of the scale to separate items in terms of their difficulty was 0.99 out of 1.00. Cronbach's alpha for a 10-item model was 0.805. Items of differing difficulties formed a useful ordinal hierarchy for scaling patterns of expected balance ability scoring for a normative population.

Conclusion: The FAB Scale appears to be a reliable and valid tool to assess balance function in higher-functioning older adults. The test was found to discriminate among participants of varying balance abilities. Further exploration of concurrent validity of Rasch-generated expected item scoring patterns should be undertaken to determine the test's diagnostic and prescriptive utility.
Optimization of Antibacterial Activity of Perilla frutescens var. acuta Leaf against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Using the Evolutionary Operation-Factorial Design Technique
Authors: Choi Ung-Kyu , Lee Ok-Hwan , Lim Seong-Il , Kim Young-Chan
Published: October 2010

This study was undertaken to optimize the conditions for the extraction of antibacterial activity of Perilla frutescens var. acuta leaf against Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2004 using the evolutionary operation-factorial (EVOP) design technique. Increased antibacterial activity was achieved at higher extraction temperatures and with a longer extraction time. Antibacterial activity was not affected by differing ethanol concentration in the extraction solvent. The maximum antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of P. frutescens var. acuta leaf against P. aeruginosa, determined by the EVOP factorial technique, was obtained at an extraction temperature of 80 °C (R = −0.800**), 26 h (R = −0.731**) extraction time, and 50% (R = −0.075) ethanol concentration. The population of P. aeruginosa also decreased from 6.660 log CFU/mL in the initial set to 4.060 log CFU/mL in the third set. Also, scanning electron microscopy study of the ethanolic extract of P. frutescens var. acuta revealed potential detrimental effects on the morphology of P. aeruginosa.
Marine Benthic Cyanobacteria Contain Apoptosis-Inducing Activity Synergizing with Daunorubicin to Kill Leukemia Cells, but not Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Oftedal Linn , Selheim Frode , Wahlsten Matti , Sivonen Kaarina , Døskeland Stein Ove , Herfindal Lars
Published: October 2010

The potential of marine benthic cyanobacteria as a source of anticancer drug candidates was assessed in a screen for induction of cell death (apoptosis) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Of the 41 marine cyanobacterial strains screened, more than half contained cell death-inducing activity. Several strains contained activity against AML cells, but not against non-malignant cells like hepatocytes and cardiomyoblasts. The apoptotic cell death induced by the various strains could be distinguished by the role of caspase activation and sensitivity to the recently detected chemotherapy-resistance-associated prosurvival protein LEDGF/p75. One strain (M44) was particularly promising since its activity counteracted the protective effect of LEDGF/p75 overexpressed in AML cells, acted synergistically with the anthracycline anticancer drug daunorubicin in AML cells, and protected cardiomyoblasts against the toxic effect of anthracyclines. We conclude that culturable benthic marine cyanobacteria from temperate environments provide a promising and hitherto underexploited source for novel antileukemic drugs.
Bignoniaceae Metabolites as Semiochemicals
Authors: Castillo Lucía , Rossini Carmen
Published: October 2010

Members of the family Bignoniaceae are mostly found in tropical and neo-tropical regions in America, Asia and Africa, although some of them are cultivated in other regions as ornamentals. Species belonging to this family have been extensively studied in regard to their pharmacological properties (as extracts and isolated compounds). The aim of this review is to summarize the reported scientific evidence about the chemical properties as well as that of the extracts and isolated compounds from species of this family, focusing mainly in insect-plant interactions. As it is known, this family is recognized for the presence of iridoids which are markers of oviposition and feeding preference to species which have became specialist feeders. Some herbivore species have also evolved to the point of been able to sequester iridoids and use them as defenses against their predators. However, iridoids also exhibit anti-insect properties, and therefore they may be good lead molecules to develop botanical pesticides. Other secondary metabolites, such as quinones, and whole extracts have also shown potential as anti-insect agents.
Inhibitory Effects of Resveratrol on the Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle
Authors: Yiu Ching-Yi , Chen Shih-Ying , Chang Li-Kwan , Chiu Ya-Fang , Lin Tsuey-Pin
Published: October 2010

Reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) from latency to the lytic cycle is required for the production of viral particles. Here, we examine the capacity of resveratrol to inhibit the EBV lytic cycle. Our results show that resveratrol inhibits the transcription of EBV immediate early genes, the expression of EBV lytic proteins, including Rta, Zta, and EA-D and reduces viron production, suggesting that this compound may be useful for preventing the proliferation of the virus.
Médicaments psychotropes et sujets âgés une problématique commune France-Québec ? (synthèse de la littérature)
Authors: Ankri Joël , Collin Johanne , Pérodeau Guilhème , Beaufils Béatrice
Published: October 2010

Psychotropic drugs and elderly: a same problem in France and Quebec. Review of literature

The use of psychotropic medication is seen as a major problem related to public health in Europe as well as in North America. The limits between therapeutic and social functions of psychotropic medication have produced many controversies. In this debate, the case of the elderly is seen as a major issue. The aim of this article is to review the literature related to psychotropic medication use among the elderly in two French speaking societies, France and Quebec. First, we will focus on social and psychosocial characteristics of the elderly users in both countries. Then we will summarize the results of studies about adverse effects, addiction and other risks related to the long term use of psychotropic drugs by older people. Finally we will provide an analysis of social and cultural determinants of psychotropic drug utilization among the elderly by emphasizing the importance of physician/patient relationship and the rationale underlying prescribing behaviors.
Compétitions sportives alternées et auto-illusion de compétence physique d'adolescents en échec scolaire
Authors: Maïano Christophe , Ninot Grégory , Bruant Gérard
Published: October 2010

Alternated sport competition and athietic auto-illusion of competence for adolescents in school failure

The purpose of this study is to measure the effects of altemated sport competitions (Segregated and integrated) on perceived competence for adolescents in school failure presenting an intellectual disability (ID) or conduct behavior (CB) placed in French specialized establishment. Compared to student schooled in an ordinary sector, adolescents with ID and CB present an inability to appreciate their possibility and to recognize their weakness. This inability can translate a physical auto-illusion of competence. The central hypothesis of this work suggests that the alternated sport compétitions are going to encourage the decristallisation of the physical auto-illusion of competence of the adolescents with ID and CB. The Self Perception Profile of Harter (1985) has been administrated seven times in seven months to two groups of eight ID adolescents and two groups of eight CB adolescents practicing basketball and cross-country, as well as to four control groups (sedentary and physical education). The results show a stability of the « physical » perceived competence and « general self-worth » on a length of seven months. The alternated competitions play a damaging role to the construction of a realist perceived competence. It seems therefore that in the long term, only the practice of integrated competitions can contribute to reduce the physical auto-illusion of competence of adolescents with ID and CB.
Les enjeux de territoires et d'identités dans le travail des auxiliaires familiaux et sociaux des centres locaux de services communautaires du Québec
Authors: Cognet Marguerite
Published: October 2010

Résumé. Au cours de la dernière décennie, la transformation rapide du système de santé au Québec a entraîné avec elle une réorganisation des professions, à la fois en contraignant les groupes existants à redéfinir leurs domaines de compétences et en projetant sur l'avant-scène de nouveaux groupes. C'est le cas des auxiliaires familiaux et sociaux. Pourtant, leur travail est peu reconnu et peu valorisé et il semble avoir du mal à s'affirmer comme groupe professionnel à part entière. La diversité du groupe en termes de formation et de positions dans le système de santé ne favorise pas le sentiment d'appartenance à un corps professionnel. L'analyse des pratiques et des relations de travail montre que les caractéristiques du groupe — dans lequel les femmes et les immigrantes et plus particulièrement les immigrantes de couleur sont sur-représentées — favorisent la substitution de l'identité professionnelle par les identités de genre et d'attribution ethnique. La quête de reconnaissance passe d'abord par une instrumentalisation des territoires du travail des auxiliaires.
Myocardial perfusion alterations observed months after radiotherapy are related to the cellular damage
Authors: Sezen O. , Sonmez B. , Zengin A. Y. , Yenilmez E. , Yulug E. , Abidin I. , Bahat Z. , Dogan I.
Published: October 2010

Aim: Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) is one of the widely used tools to follow developing radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD). But the clinical significance of MPS defects has not been fully understood. We have investigated the biodistribution alterations related to perfusion defects following radiotherapy (RT) and showed coexisting morphologic changes. Animals, methods: A total of 18 Wistar rats were divided into three groups (1 control and 2 irradiated groups). A single cardiac 20 Gy radiation dose was used to induce long term cardiac defects. Biodistribution studies with technetium (99mTc) sestamibi and histological evaluations were performed 4 and 6 months after irradiation. The percent radioactivity (%ID/g) was calculated for each heart. For determination of the myocardial damage, positive apoptotic cardiomyocytes, myocardial cell degeneration, myocardial fibrosis, vascular damage and ultrastructural structures were evaluated. Results: Six months after treatment, a significant drop of myocardial uptake was observed (p < 0.05). Irradiation- induced apoptosis rose within the first 4 months after radiation treatment and were stayed elevated until the end of the observation period (p < 0.05). Also, the irradiation has induced myocardial degeneration, perivascular and interstitial fibrosis in the heart at the end of six and four months (p < 0.01). The severity and extent of myocardial injury has became more evident at the end of six month (p < 0.05). At ultrastructural level, prominent changes have been observed in the capillary endothelial and myocardial cells. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the reduced rest myocardial perfusion, occuring months after the radiation, indicates a serious myocard tissue damage which is characterized by myocardial degeneration and fibrosis.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei: An uncommon tumor
Authors: Gupta Surabhi , Singh Garima , Gupta Anurag , Singh Hari , Arya A K , Shrotriya Deepak , Kumar Anuj
Published: October 2010

Pseudomyxoma peritonei is a poorly understood and uncommon tumor that is known for its production of mucin in the abdominal cavity and mucinous implants, diffusely involving the peritoneal surfaces. A 60-year-old female presented to us with post-op complaints of diffuse abdominal pain and distension. On work-up, she was diagnosed as a case of Pseudomyxoma peritonei (with residual disease). She received chemotherapy in the form of oral capecitabine for residual disease. She was totally asymptomatic till the last follow-up. This case is being reported on account of its rarity and to emphasize a simple alternative treatment option as compared to the standard one.
Mesothelial cell inclusions mimickingadenocarcinoma in cervical lymph nodes in association with chylous effusion
Authors: Goyal Manu , Kodandapani Suseela , Sharanabasappa S Nirni , Palanki Satya Dattatreya
Published: October 2010

Mesothelial cell inclusions in lymph nodes are of rare occurrence and can be mistaken as metastatic adenocarcinomas, mesothelioma or sinus histiocytosis. These are usually found in mediastinal and abdominal lymph nodes and are associated with effusions. We report a case of benign mesothelial cell inclusions in cervical lymph nodes, which was associated with chylous effusion, and immunohistochemistry revealed unusual weak cytoplasmic epithelial membrane antigen positivity in the cells.
Youngest case of third ventricular anaplastic neurocytoma
Authors: Chinnikatti Shravan Kumar , Sharma D N , Sharma Kuldeep , Haresh K P , Rath G K
Published: October 2010

A 6-year-old child presented to us with on and off headache and vomiting for 4 months. On examination, there was bilateral papilledema with mild intracranial hypertension but with no neurological deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed third ventricular mass with obstructive hydrocephalus with possibility of glioma. The patient underwent gross tumor excision and histopathology confirmed anaplastic neurocytoma. The postoperative MRI showed residual disease. The patient treated with adjuvant radiotherapy and temozolamide chemotherapy.
An Energy Regularization for Cauchy Problems of Laplace Equation in Annulus Domain
Authors: Han Houde , Ling Leevan , Takeuchi Tomoya
Published: October 2010

Detecting corrosion by electrical field can be modeled by a Cauchy problem of Laplace equation in annulus domain under the assumption that the thickness of the pipe is relatively small compared with the radius of the pipe. The interior surface of the pipe is inaccessible and the nondestructive detection is solely based on measurements from the outer layer. The Cauchy problem for an elliptic equation is a typical ill-posed problem whose solution does not depend continuously on the boundary data. In this work, we assume that the measurements are available on the whole outer boundary on an annulus domain. By imposing reasonable assumptions, the theoretical goal here is to derive the stabilities of the Cauchy solutions and an energy regularization method. Relationship between the proposed energy regularization method and the Tikhonov regularization with Morozov principle is also given. A novel numerical algorithm is proposed and numerical examples are given.
Efficient Dual Algorithms for Image Segmentation Using TV-Allen-Cahn Type Models
Authors: Wang Li-Lian , Gu Ying
Published: October 2010

Variational image segmentation based on the Mumford and Shah model [31], together with implementation by the piecewise constant level-set method (PCLSM) [26], leads to fully nonlinear Total Variation (TV)-Allen-Cahn equations. The commonly-used numerical approaches usually suffer from the difficulties not only with the non-differentiability of the TV-term, but also with directly evolving the discontinuous piecewise constant-structured solutions. In this paper, we propose efficient dual algorithms to overcome these drawbacks. The use of a splitting-penalty method results in TV-Allen-Cahn type models associated with different “double-well” potentials, which allow for the implementation of the dual algorithm of Chambolle [8]. Moreover, we present a new dual algorithm based on an edge-featured penalty of the dual variable, which only requires to solve a vectorial Allen-Cahn type equation with linear ∇(div)-diffusion rather than fully nonlinear diffusion in the Chambolle’s approach. Consequently, more efficient numerical algorithms such as time-splitting method and Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) can be implemented. Various numerical tests show that two dual algorithms are much faster and more stable than the primal gradient descent approach, and the new dual algorithm is at least as efficient as the Chambolle’s algorithm but is more accurate. We demonstrate that the new method also provides a viable alternative for image restoration.
Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios
Authors: Corbett J. J. , Lack D. A. , Winebrake J. J. , Harder S. , Silberman J. A. , Gold M.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. This paper presents 5 km×5 km Arctic emissions inventories of important greenhouse gases, black carbon and other pollutants under existing and future (2050) scenarios that account for growth of shipping in the region, potential diversion traffic through emerging routes, and possible emissions control measures. These high-resolution, geospatial emissions inventories for shipping can be used to evaluate Arctic climate sensitivity to black carbon (a short-lived climate forcing pollutant especially effective in accelerating the melting of ice and snow), aerosols, and gaseous emissions including carbon dioxide. We quantify ship emissions scenarios which are expected to increase as declining sea ice coverage due to climate change allows for increased shipping activity in the Arctic. A first-order calculation of global warming potential due to 2030 emissions in the high-growth scenario suggests that short-lived forcing of ~4.5 gigagrams of black carbon from Arctic shipping may increase global warming potential due to Arctic ships' CO2 emissions (~42 000 gigagrams) by some 17% to 78%. The paper also presents maximum feasible reduction scenarios for black carbon in particular. These emissions reduction scenarios will enable scientists and policymakers to evaluate the efficacy and benefits of technological controls for black carbon, and other pollutants from ships.
The most oligotrophic subtropical zones of the global ocean: similarities and differences in terms of chlorophyll and yellow substance
Authors: Morel A. , Claustre H. , Gentili B.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. The cores of the subtropical anticyclonic gyres are characterized by their oligotrophic status and minimal chlorophyll concentration, compared to that of the whole ocean. These zones are unambiguously detected by space borne ocean color sensors thanks to their typical spectral reflectance, which is that of extremely clear and deep blue waters. Not only the low chlorophyll (denoted [Chl]) level, but also a reduced amount of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM or "yellow substance") account for this clarity. The oligotrophic waters of the North and South Pacific gyres, the North and South Atlantic gyres, and the South Indian gyre have been comparatively studied with respect to both [Chl] and CDOM contents, by using 10-year data (1998–2007) of the Sea-viewing Wide field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS, NASA). Albeit similar these oligotrophic zones are not identical regarding their [Chl] and CDOM contents, as well as their seasonal cycles. According to the zone, the averaged [Chl] value varies from 0.026 to 0.059 mg m−3, whereas the ay(443) average (the absorption coefficient due to CDOM at 443 nm) is between 0.0033 and 0.0072 m−1. The CDOM-to-[Chl] relative proportions also differ between the zones. The clearest waters, corresponding to the lowest [Chl] and CDOM concentrations, are found near Easter Island and near Mariana Islands in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean. In spite of its low [Chl], the Sargasso Sea presents the highest CDOM content amongst the six zones studied. Except in the North Pacific gyre (near Mariana and south of Hawaii islands), a conspicuous seasonality appears to be the rule in the other 4 gyres and affects both [Chl] and CDOM; both quantities vary in a ratio of about 2 (maximum-to-minimum). Coinciding [Chl] and CDOM peaks occur just after the local winter solstice, which is also the period of the maximal mixed layer depth in these latitudes. It is hypothesized that the vertical transport of unbleached CDOM from the subthermocline layers is the main process enhancing the CDOM concentration within the upper layer in winter. In summer, the CDOM experiences its minimum which is delayed with respect to the [Chl] minimum; apparently, the solar photo-bleaching of CDOM is a slower process than the post-bloom algal Chl decay. Where they exist, the seasonal cycles are repeated without notable change from year to year. Long term (10 y) trends have not been detected in these zones. These oligotrophic gyres can conveniently be used for in-flight calibration and comparison of ocean color sensors, provided that their marked seasonal variations are accounted for.
Silicate:nitrate ratios of upwelled waters control the phytoplankton community sustained by mesoscale eddies in sub-tropical North Atlantic and Pacific
Authors: Bibby T. S. , Moore C. M.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. Mesoscale eddies in sub-tropical gyres physically perturb the water column and can introduce macronutrients to the euphotic zone, stimulating a biological response by which phytoplankton communities can become dominated by large phytoplankton. Mesoscale eddies are therefore important in driving export in oligotrophic regions of the modern ocean. The character and magnitude of the biological response sustained by eddies are, however, variable. Here we present data from mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea (Atlantic) and the waters off Hawai'i (Pacific), alongside mesoscale events that affected the Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (BATS) over the past decade. From this analysis, we suggest that the phytoplankton community structure sustained by mesoscale eddies is predetermined by the relative abundance of silicate over nitrate (Si*) in the upwelled waters. We present data that demonstrate that mode-water eddies (MWE) in the Sargasso Sea upwell locally formed waters with high Si* to the euphotic zone, and that cyclonic eddies in the Sargasso Sea introduce waters with low Si*, a signature that originated in the iron-limited Southern Ocean. We propose that this phenomenon can explain the observed abundance of large-diatom species in MWE and small prokaryotic phytoplankton in cyclonic features. In contrast to the Atlantic, cyclonic eddies in waters off Hawai'i induce North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) that has high Si* and therefore also appears capable of establishing diatom populations. These observations suggest that the structure of phytoplankton communities sustained by eddies may not be directly related to the physical nature of the eddy but rather to the chemical composition of the upwelled waters. This paper links the biological production and export efficiency of mesoscale eddies to events in spatially and temporally disparate locations.
Climate change under a scenario near 1.5 °C of global warming: monsoon intensification, ocean warming and steric sea level rise
Authors: Schewe J. , Levermann A. , Meinshausen M.
Published: October 2010

Abstract. We present climatic consequences of the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) using the coupled climate model CLIMBER-3α, which contains a statistical-dynamical atmosphere and a three-dimensional ocean model. We compare those with emulations of 19 state-of-the-art atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCM) using MAGICC6. The RCPs are designed as standard scenarios for the forthcoming IPCC Fifth Assessment Report to span the full range of possible future greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations pathways. The lowest of the RCP scenarios, RCP3-PD, is projected in CLIMBER-3α to imply a maximal warming by the middle of the 21st century slightly above 1.5 °C and a slow decline of temperatures thereafter, approaching today's level by 2500. We identify two mechanisms that slow down global cooling after GHG concentrations peak: The known inertia induced by mixing-related oceanic heat uptake; and a change in oceanic convection that enhances ocean heat loss in high latitudes, reducing the surface cooling rate by almost 50%. Steric sea level rise under the RCP3-PD scenario continues for 200 years after the peak in surface air temperatures, stabilizing around 2250 at 30 cm. This contrasts with around 2 m of steric sea level rise by 2500 under the highest scenario, RCP8.5. Maximum oceanic warming at intermediate depth (300–800 m) is found to exceed that of the sea surface by the second half of the 21st century under RCP3-PD. This intermediate-depth warming persists for centuries even after surface temperatures have returned to present-day values, with potential consequences for marine ecosystems, oceanic methane hydrates, and ice-shelf stability. Due to an enhanced land-ocean temperature contrast, all scenarios yield an intensification of monsoon rainfall under global warming.