bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the gut microbiota in Chinese children with overweight and obesity using 16S rRNA gene sequencing
Authors: Chen Xiaowei , Zhang Dawei , Sun Haixiang , Jiang Fei , Shen Yan , Wei Pingmin , Shen Xiaobing
Published: June 2021

Background

Childhood obesity constitutes a worldwide health problem, and the gut microbiota play extremely important roles in obesity. Herein, we aimed to characterize the gut microbiota in children of normal weight, overweight, and obesity.

Methods

Thirty children of normal weight, 35 who were overweight, and 35 with obesity were enrolled from Nanjing, China. We isolated DNA from fecal samples, and employed 16S rRNA gene sequencing to explore the diversity and composition of gut microbiota.

Results

The operational taxonomic unit (OTU) numbers exhibited a reduction in the gut microbiota abundance with the increase in the body weight. Alpha diversity analysis revealed a sharp decrease in the mean microbial abundance among the three groups (Chao1: F = 5.478, P = 0.006; observed species: F = 7.271, P = 0.001; PD whole tree: F = 8.735, P < 0.001). Beta diversity analysis indicated notable differences in the gut microbial composition between children of normal weight and obesity. However, overweight children had little difference in gut microbiota compared to either children of normal weight or obesity. At the genus level, Oscillospira decreased among the three groups (χ2 = 10.062, P = 0.001), and Sutterella increased (F = 4.052, P = 0.020). There were many remarkably increased species of gut bacteria in the comparison among three groups, 31 in the normal weight group, 32 in the obese group, and only three species of bacteria were identified in the overweight group. These significantly increased species of gut bacteria may have a close relationship with the progression of obesity.

Conclusions

The abundance of species decreased significantly as the BMI increased. Although the gut microbial composition between children of normal weight and obesity was notably different, due to the changing ratio of some microbial communities, gut microbiota in overweight children showed similarities to that of children with normal weight and obesity.
Unsupervised learning of satellite images enhances discovery of late Miocene fossil sites in the Urema Rift, Gorongosa, Mozambique
Authors: d’Oliveira Coelho João , Anemone Robert L. , Carvalho Susana
Published: June 2021

Background

Paleoanthropological research focus still devotes most resources to areas generally known to be fossil rich instead of a strategy that first maps and identifies possible fossil sites in a given region. This leads to the paradoxical task of planning paleontological campaigns without knowing the true extent and likely potential of each fossil site and, hence, how to optimize the investment of time and resources. Yet to answer key questions in hominin evolution, paleoanthropologists must engage in fieldwork that targets substantial temporal and geographical gaps in the fossil record. How can the risk of potentially unsuccessful surveys be minimized, while maximizing the potential for successful surveys?

Methods

Here we present a simple and effective solution for finding fossil sites based on clustering by unsupervised learning of satellite images with thek-means algorithm and pioneer its testing in the Urema Rift, the southern termination of the East African Rift System (EARS). We focus on a relatively unknown time period critical for understanding African apes and early hominin evolution, the early part of the late Miocene, in an overlooked area of southeastern Africa, in Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. This clustering approach highlighted priority targets for prospecting that represented only 4.49% of the total area analysed.

Results

Applying this method, four new fossil sites were discovered in the area, and results show an 85% accuracy in a binary classification. This indicates the high potential of a remote sensing tool for exploratory paleontological surveys by enhancing the discovery of productive fossiliferous deposits. The relative importance of spectral bands for clustering was also determined using the random forest algorithm, and near-infrared was the most important variable for fossil site detection, followed by other infrared variables. Bands in the visible spectrum performed the worst and are not likely indicators of fossil sites.

Discussion

We show that unsupervised learning is a useful tool for locating new fossil sites in relatively unexplored regions. Additionally, it can be used to target specific gaps in the fossil record and to increase the sample of fossil sites. In Gorongosa, the discovery of the first estuarine coastal forests of the EARS fills an important paleobiogeographic gap of Africa. These new sites will be key for testing hypotheses of primate evolution in such environmental settings.
Association of Portal Vein Indices with Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Findings in Patients with Cirrhosis of Liver
Authors: Revathy MS , Kandpal Ajay , Sumathi B , Chitra S , Manimaran M , Sathya G
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Upper Gastro Intestinal (UGI) bleed is major cause of mortality and admissions in cirrhotics. Timely initiation of prophylaxis reduces the burden of disease. Few endoscopists at periphery are compelled to look at other options to identify at risk patients. This study explores Portal Vein Diameter (PVD) as an option while taking clues and corrections from past studies. Aim: To identify any association between increases in portal pressure with appearance of oesophageal varices. Materials and Methods: This was an observational cross-sectional study on 75 patients of cirrhosis of liver, from November 2018 to June 2019. Baseline characteristics were noted and assessment of the severity of disease was done. Endoscopy and Portal Vein (PV) Doppler was performed in same time frame. ANOVA and unpaired t-tests were used for analysis of the collected data. A p-value <0.05 was considered significant in both the tests. Results: Grade of varices was found to have a direct relationship with portal diameter and a statistically significant inverse relationship with Portal Venous flow Velocity (PVV) (p-value 0.037). Total 28 patients had active bleed or history of UGI bleed and showed higher mean portal diameter and lower average portal velocity compared to patients without any history of variceal bleeding. A statistically significant relation was found between diameter of Portal Vein (PV) and Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) grade from A to C. Patients with grade C had on an average, the biggest portal diameter and lowest PVV. Patients with Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores values higher than 14 and had higher mean PV diameter and a lower mean PVV. Also, hepato-fugal flow was recorded with advanced cirrhosis. Conclusion: In advanced cirrhosis, the PV Doppler can be thought of as a substitute to endoscopy in starting primary medical prophylaxis, though more extensive study needed to arrive at a definitive conclusion.
Recurrent Multinodular Pleomorphic Adenoma of Parotid Gland- A Case Report
Authors: Kanagamuthu Priya , Thirumurthi Swetha , Rajasekaran S , Prabakaran S , Navin RB Namasivaya
Published: June 2021

Pleomorphic adenoma or benign salivary gland tumours predominantly affects the superficial lobe of parotid gland. It is a slow growing swelling with or without facial nerve involvement with female predilection in third and fifth decade of life. The origin of the tumour is both epithelial and connective tissue and hence it is of pleomorphic nature. After surgery, its recurrence rate varies considerably and seems to depend more on the surgical technique used. A 49-year-old male patient, presented with complaints of swelling in front of right ear and right parotid region for past eight years. He gave previous history of similar swelling in the right parotid region and history of previous surgery done elsewhere in 2009. Right superficial parotidectomy was done following which he was asymptomatic for two years. On examination of right parotid- a multilobulated irregular swelling was present in right parotid region and the swelling extended till the right ear lobule. The swelling hid previous surgical scar. Facial nerve was clinically intact. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was suggestive of Pleomorphic Adenoma. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with contrast revealed that the lesions were arising from superficial lobe of the parotid gland. Right superficial parotidectomy was planned. Mass was excised and sent for histopathological examination and was reported to be Pleomorphic Adenoma. Patient is still on follow-up and no recurrence has been noted. The rate of recurrence depends on tumour spillage, intra-surgical rupture, or any histopathological feature. There is significant risk for local recurrence if the microscopic finger like formation (pseudopodia) of tumour tissue extends beyond the main mass.
A Study on Personal, Socioeconomic, Communicational and Psychological Characteristics of Self Help Group Members
Authors: Shilpa Bolleboina , Bhople P. P.
Published: June 2021

The present study was carried out in Akola District of Vidarbha region in Maharashtra state. Three talukas namely Akola, Balapur and Telhara of Akola district were purposively selected for the study as they were having self help groups which were actively running, reaping profits and sustaining their livelihoods when compared to other talukas in Akola district. Total 120 respondents were selected for the present study. An exploratory design of social research was used. Majority of self help group members were young and middle age, possessing marginal land holding, having medium level of social participation and exposed to medium level of sources of information.
HPTLC Profile and Screening of Antimicrobial Activity of Pongamia Pinnata Pierre
Authors: Shirsat Rajani , Kengar Ajit , Rai Aruna
Published: June 2021

Aim: Plant secondary metabolites are the alternatives for the control of the antibiotic resistant pathogens which are highly infectious to human and plants. With respect to these aspects present work was carried out with phytochemical studies and antibacterial screening of Pongamia pinnata Pierre.

Materials: The Preliminary phytochemical screening and HPTLC studies were performed with methanolic extracts of seeds and callus. The extracts of the seeds and callus was developed in the mobile phase of toluene: ethyl acetate (90:10) using standard procedures and scanned under UV at 254 nm, 366 nm and visible light at 540 nm.Further, the extracts of seeds and callus were made in diethyl ether and methanol used for in vitro antibacterial activity. It was performed against multi drug resistance organisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. The organic extracts at a concentrations of 0.02 mg/ml - 0.1 mg/ml were taken to study the inhibition properties.

Results: The Pongamia pinnata Pierre HPTLC fingerprint analysis from the extracts showed a wide range of secondary metabolites. The methanolic extracts of seed and callus showed significant inhibition zones.

Conclusions: The study reveals the new antimicrobial agent in the form of Pongamia pinnata callus extracted with methanol will be definitely an alternative to synthetic drugs or antibiotic agents.
Effect of Yoga Basti in the Management of Sandhivata a Clinical Study
Authors: Anigol Anagha , Vaidya Arun , Mathad Prasanna , Upasane Amit
Published: June 2021

Yoga basti a type of basti explained to treat many diseases in Ayurveda when basti given for 8 days in respective diseases like Sandhivata, Janusandhi vata  and sarvanga vata.. Basti is one among the panchakarma procedure, there are many references of bastis are available in veda, purana, yogic and samhita, where the medicated oil or decoctions or other medicated preparations introduced through the anus or urethra or vagina. Panchakarma -5 purificatory procedures of body, which helps to cure the diseases and prevents the further progress of diseases. Basti is called ‘chikitsardham’ because vata dosha is independent dosha which is responsible for all activities in body, the site Vata dosha is basti (Bladder region) pradesha. The diseases where vata dosha is mainly vitiated in such condition basti chikitsa is the choice of treatment to treat the disease without any complications. In basti chikitsa    the medicines are pushed through anus or urethra or vagina which reaches basti Pradesha and where it will exhibits its effect to cure the diseases and the medicines inserted will not remain in body, it is expelled out from the body. According to modern science recent researches identified as Gut is the second brain in the body. Which helps for the absorption medicine and initiate necessary healing process to overcome from the disease. In this study the effect of Yogabasti in the patient suffering from sandhivat is assessed.
Traditional uses of Ethno-medicinal Plants in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs), Bangladesh: A Review
Authors: Chakma Kanchan , Alam Md. Morshedul , Chakma Dhusarika , Bhuiyan Robiul Hasan
Published: June 2021

Objective: Traditional medicines are of great importance to villagers and also now a day to modern drugs. Scientists are trying to explore new drug resources along with the modern drugs to support drug treatment strategy to be more effective and merely natural. Nature is the rich source of many essential bioactive compounds with more specificity and less side effects and thus, traditional medicines are got attention to the pharmacists. There are lots of medicinal plants with scientific evidences in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) region, but all that information have not yet been compiled as a review. Keeping this in mind, a review attempt has been taken by focusing on traditional medicine used mostly by the indigenous population of Chittagong Hill Tracts region, which is also a rich source of biodiversity of Bangladesh.

Methods: Research articles based on various traditional medicines focusing CHTs region were taken in consideration to compile the data sources in this review article.

Results and Conclusion: Peoples in CHTs are using various types of medicinal plants obtained from their surroundings and have been using from long since with traditional reputation. In this review, we focused on such medicinal plants along with their scientific evidences, which would attract lots of scientists to work more to unveil a new research avenue in drug development.
Potential of Topical Cosmeceuticals Cream Functionalized with Biogenic Metallic Nanostructured Material as Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Dodiya Rajesh , Shirsat Mrunal K , Patel Jitendra K
Published: June 2021

Aims: In this study, the phytochemical analysis of Eucalyptus globulus leaf was analyzed and  used in synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticle incorporated antimicrobial cosmeceutical cream was developed and characterized for physicochemical parameters, antimicrobial properties, and biocompatibility was evaluated.

Methodology: E. globulus aqueous leaf extract was preliminary analyzed for the presence of phytochemical and confirmed using thin layer chromatography techniques. Further, a green synthesis of silver nanoparticle was accomplished using aqueous leaf extract of E. globulus. The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed and characterized by UV-vis spectrophotometer, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, X-ray diffractometer, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The nanoparticles were incorporated in cream and the antimicrobial property was evaluated using agar well diffusion method.

Results: The phyto-chemical evaluation of E. globulus aqueous leaf extract showed the presence of phenolic, tannins, saponnins, carbohydrate, and glycoside. Moreover, Eucalyptus globulus aqueous leaf extract exhibited antioxidant activity in a dose dependent manner. The surface plasmon resonance peak was 424 nm and functional group such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, alkyl halides, amines, carbonyl, amide groups, and phenolic compounds were present which was important for the bio-reduction, stabilization, and capping of the silver nitrate into nanoparticles. Energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analysis showed silver as the main element present and the nanoparticles were oval in shape and 19-60 nm in size with effective diameter of 90 nm. The test cream exhibited surface roughness of ≈ 30 nm, contact angle of ≈ 100, and surface energy of ≈88 mN/m. The formulated creams were consistent, with satisfactory pH, viscosity and spreadability.

Conclusion: The results demonstrated an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to synthesis biogenic silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of E. globulus. Eucalyptus globulus aqueous leaf extract stabilized and capped silver nanoparticles incorporated topical cream exhibited potent antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Dual Effects of Large Spleen Volume After Splenectomy for the Patients With Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Matsuda Akitoshi , Kuriyama Naohisa , Mizuno Shugo , Usui Masanobu , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Isaji Shuji
Published: June 2021

Background

After splenectomy in patients with chronic liver disease, a large spleen was reported to be not only a risk factor of portal/splenic vein thrombosis (PSVT), but also a prediction for favorable improvement of liver function. This study aimed to evaluate the risk of PSVT and the improvement of liver function after splenectomy, with special attention to spleen volume (SV).

Methods

This studied included 50 patients who underwent splenectomy with diagnosed chronic liver disease between January 2005 and December 2017. After evaluation of risk factors for PSVT the cut-off value of SV for predicting PSVT was determined. According to the cut-off value of SV, 50 patients were divided into 2 groups: small-volume group (SVG) and large-volume group (LVG). Postoperative liver functions were compared between the 2 groups.

Results

Twenty-eight patients developed PSVT. Larger SV was the most significant independent risk factor for PSVT. The cut-off value of SV was 520 mL. Preoperatively, LVG had significantly higher total bilirubin, and MELD (model for end-stage liver disease) score, and had significantly higher rates of pancytopenia than SVG. Postoperatively, compared to SVG, platelet count, choline esterase, and total cholesterol in LVG were significantly increased.

Conclusion

After splenectomy in the patients with chronic liver disease, large SV is an independent risk factor for PSVT, with a clear benefit in improving liver function, if PSVT is properly diagnosed and managed.
Postoperative Pain as a Decision-Making Tool in Treating Hemorrhoids on an In- or Out-Patient Basis After Stapled Mucosectomy (Longo Procedure)
Authors: Kovacevic D. , Gubler G. , Turina M. , Muller M. K. , Nocito A. , Attigah N. , Weber M.
Published: June 2021

Objective

Stapled mucosectomy (Longo operation) is a frequently used procedure for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. It is a simple procedure yet similar to resective techniques for patients who frequently suffer from relevant postoperative pain. The aim of our present study is to examine patient satisfaction based on the operative setting (outpatient versus inpatient treatment) in patients undergoing the Longo operation for Grade III or IV hemorrhoids.

Materials and methods

Outcomes of all patients undergoing stapled mucosectomy for Grade III and IV hemorrhoids at 3 different Swiss public hospitals was analyzed retrospectively and compared with respect to in- or outpatient treatment. Patient satisfaction was recorded by subsequent telephone interviews.

Results

From a total of 213 patients with stapled mucosectomies, datasets of 144 patients (67.6%) were available for full analysis. A total of 124 patients (86.1%) were satisfied with the treatment and 110 (76%) would choose to undergo the Longo procedure again (P < 0.01). Recurrence of recurrent hemorrhoidal symptoms is negatively correlated with the willingness of undergoing the Longo procedure again (r = −0.187, P = 0.025). Patient satisfaction was not associated with the operative setting (inpatient vs. out-patient setting). Postoperative pain increased the willingness to be hospitalized overnight (r = 0.227, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Patient satisfaction after stapled mucosectomy is mainly related to postoperative pain and recurrence of hemorrhoidal symptoms regardless of inpatient or outpatient treatment.
Introduction to Pyrrolidone and Caprolactam Chemistry
Authors: Chenault H. Keith
Published: June 2021

This chapter provides an introduction to the structure, conformation, physical properties and reactivity of pyrrolidones and caprolactams. It begins with an overview of the nomenclature of lactams since there are several systems of nomenclature in practice, plus common names and various syncretisms. The chapter discusses the structures of pyrrolidone and caprolactam, starting with the X‐ray crystal structures of pyrrolidone, N‐methylpyrrolidone and caprolactam. The distinctive structural feature that dictates the physical and chemical properties of simple pyrrolidones and caprolactams is the cyclic amide moiety. The physical properties of lactams are dominated by the strong dipole moments and hydrogen bonding of their amide bonds. Pyrrolidones and caprolactams display reactivities comparable to other secondary and tertiary amides. Pyrrolidones and caprolactams display reactivities comparable to other secondary and tertiary amides. Like other amides, pyrrolidones and caprolactams are susceptible to hydrolysis, particularly at elevated temperature and extremes of pH.
Design and Use of a Thermogelling Methylcellulose Nanoemulsion to Formulate Nanocrystalline Oral Dosage Forms
Authors: Chen Liang‐Hsun , Doyle Patrick S.
Published: June 2021

Oral drug products have become indispensable in modern medicine because of their exceptional patient compliance. However, poor bioavailability of ubiquitous low‐water‐soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and lack of efficient oral drug formulations remain as significant challenges. Nanocrystalline formulations are an attractive route to increase API solubility, but typically require abrasive mechanical milling and several processing steps to create an oral dosage form. Using the dual amphiphilic and thermoresponsive properties of methylcellulose (MC), a new thermogelling nanoemulsion and a facile thermal dripping method are developed for efficient formulation of composite particles with the MC matrix embedded with precisely controlled API nanocrystals. Moreover, a fast and tunable release performance is achieved with the combination of a fast‐eroding MC matrix and fast‐dissolving API nanocrystals. Using the versatile thermal processing approach, the thermogelling nanoemulsion is easily formulated into a wide variety of dosage forms (nanoparticle suspension, drug tablet, and oral thin film) in a manner that avoids nanomilling. Overall, the proposed thermogelling nanoemulsion platform not only broadens the applications of thermoresponsive nanoemulsions but also shows great promise for more efficient formulation of oral drug products with high quality and tunable fast release.
Maderas Rainforest Conservancy: A One Health approach to conservation
Authors: Bolt Laura M. , Brandt LaRoy S. E. , Molina Renee L. , Schreier Amy L.
Published: June 2021

Maderas Rainforest Conservancy (MRC) was incorporated as a conservation nonprofit organization in 2008, and manages two sites where biological field courses have been offered since the 1990s: La Suerte Biological Research Station in Costa Rica, and Ometepe Biological Research Station in Nicaragua. MRC employs a One Health approach to conservation education, and can serve as a model for other biological field sites. The Nicaraguan Molina family, who owns the sites, partnered with primatologist Paul Garber in 1994 to develop a primate field course aimed at introducing university students to field research. Through using their land to further conservation education and research, the Molina family has preserved the forest and engaged the local communities near their sites. Eight graduate theses and 46 refereed publications have been completed since 2010 based on research undertaken at MRC sites. While primate field courses have been offered at least once annually since 1994 and remain popular, a range of other ecological courses are now additionally offered. MRC operates from a One Health perspective, engaging in forest restoration and ecological monitoring projects, and has gradually expanded community outreach initiatives. MRC now conducts regular medical and veterinary missions in the communities surrounding the research stations which provide health care to local people and limit the population growth of domestic animals, thereby increasing the survival of wild animals. MRC is also active in ESL‐teaching and conservation education, and funds Proyecto Jade, which empowers local women to make and sell organic jewelry. Through these programs, MRC works to help the local communities live more sustainably with the environment around them. MRC's support of research, commitment to education, medical and veterinary missions, and outreach initiatives to the local community all work together for the well‐being of both the people and the environment, thus exemplifying the One Health perspective.
Facile Surfactant‐, Reductant‐, and Ag Salt‐free Growth of Ag Nanoparticles with Controllable Size from 35 to 660 nm on Bulk Ag Materials
Authors: Ou Weihui , Shen Junda , Lyu Fucong , Xiao Xufen , Zhou Binbin , Lu Jian , Li Yang Yang
Published: June 2021

Morphologically and dimensionally controlled growth of Ag nanocrystals has long been plagued by surfactants or capping agents that complicate downstream applications, unstable Ag salts that impaired the reproducibility, and multistep seed injection that is troublesome and time‐consuming. Here, we report a one‐pot electro‐chemical method to fast (∼2 min) produce Ag nanoparticles from commercial bulk Ag materials in a nitric acid solution, eliminating any need for surfactants or capping agents. Their size can be easily manipulated in an unprecedentedly wide range from 35 to 660 nm. Furthermore, the Ag nanoparticles are directly grown on the Ag substrate, highly desirable for promising applications such as catalysis and plasmonics. The mechanistic studies reveal that the concentration of Ag+ in the diffusion layer nearby the surface, controlled by the magnitude and duration of voltage, is critical in governing the nanoparticle formation (<1.3 mM) and its dimensional adjustability.
Predicting Dinitrogen Coupling with a Series of Small Molecules Catalyzed by a Pincer Complex
Authors: Zhu Qin , Qiu Rulin , Dong Shicheng , Zeng Guixiang , Zhu Jun
Published: June 2021

Due to consumption of more than 2% of the world‘s annual energy supply by Haber–Bosch process and the strongest triple bond (N≡N) in nature, directly coupling N2 with small molecules is particularly important and challenging, let alone in a catalytic fashion. Here we first demonstrate that a NNN‐type pincer phosphorus complex could act as a catalyst to couple dinitrogen with a series of small molecules including carbon dioxide, formaldehyde, N‐ethylidenemethylamine, and acetonitrile in the presence of diborane(4) under a mild condition by theoretical calculations. N2 fixation proceeds via a stepwise mechanism involving initial N2 activation by diborane(4), followed by intramolecular isomerization to a key intermediate (zwitterion). Such a zwitterion can be used to couple a series of small molecules with activation barriers of 23.5–25.2 kcal mol−1. All these findings could be particularly useful for main group chemistry aimed at N2 activation.
Genotoxic stress response: What is the role of cytoplasmic mRNA fate?
Authors: Mohanan Gayatri , Das Amiyaranjan , Rajyaguru Purusharth I.
Published: June 2021

Genotoxic stress leads to DNA damage which can be detrimental to the cell. A well‐orchestrated cellular response is mounted to manage and repair the genotoxic stress‐induced DNA damage. Our understanding of genotoxic stress response is derived mainly from studies focused on transcription, mRNA splicing, and protein turnover. Surprisingly not as much is understood about the role of mRNA translation and decay in genotoxic stress response. This is despite the fact that regulation of gene expression at the level of mRNA translation and decay plays a critical role in a myriad of cellular processes. This review aims to summarize some of the known findings of the role of mRNA translation and decay by focusing on two categories of examples. We discuss examples of mRNA whose fates are regulated in the cytoplasm and RNA‐binding proteins that regulate mRNA fates in response to genotoxic stress.
Exploring DNA in biochemistry lab courses: DNA barcoding and phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Suárez Casanova Víctor Manuel , Shumskaya Maria
Published: June 2021

DNA structure has been leveraged in a variety of facets that allow scientists to perform a range of assays, including ones for identification of species, establishing evolutionary relationships between taxa, or even identifying individuals. Here, we present a DNA barcoding method as practical, hands‐on approach that connects several experimental techniques in one sequence to teach the principles behind DNA isolation, purification, PCR, sequencing, and phylogeny analysis. Our set of exercises is designed for a teaching university laboratory setting. The three laboratory class assignments utilize DNA from a mushroom (can be purchased at a supermarket) and provide a pipeline to guide students through the process of identifying an unknown sample, like in many research laboratories. The third assignment can be used as a stand‐alone exercise on phylogeny analysis and can be taught remotely. Students explore the theory behind the standard molecular techniques and apply it in a hands‐on setting that involves experimental design, sample preparation, and use of hallmark molecular instruments.
Real three‐dimensional cardiac imaging using leading‐edge holographic display
Authors: Mori Shumpei , Shivkumar Kalyanam
Published: June 2021

Understanding three‐dimensional cardiac anatomy is fundamental for the practice of clinical cardiology. However, if three‐dimensional images are displayed on two‐dimensional monitors, they fail to provide depth perception. Currently, novel technologies, including the three‐dimensional printing, three‐dimensional monitors/projectors, and virtual reality applications can provide real three‐dimensionality with depth perception. However, their relatively high cost and limited user‐friendliness prevent their wide application. We introduce novel and commercially available holographic display, which allows multiple observers to see the full‐color holographic images simultaneously without any specific glasses and headgear. This leading‐edge technology is immediately applicable in both educational and clinical settings.
Recent Advances in Graphene Electronic Skin and its Future Prospects
Authors: Zhou Yan , Dai Dongfang , Gao Yu , Zhang Zhengdong , Sun Nan , Tan Honglin , Cai Xiaoming , Cai Jinming
Published: June 2021

The skin is the human body‘s largest sensory organ, which can sense external pressure, temperature, humidity, and other complex environmental stimuli. It is a new research hotspot to simulate the perception ability of human skin through electronic technology, and it has a widespread application in human health monitoring, artificial intelligence, human‐machine interface, and other fields. Based on different sensing mechanisms and structural designs, the sensor arrays with flexibility, stretchability, high sensitivity, and wide measurement range are constructed, which can distinguish weak signals such as airflow and sound vibration. This article reviews the conduction mechanisms, structural designs and research methods to achieve the high performance of graphene electronic skin. Special emphasis is placed on the working principle of graphene electronic skin and the methods to improve its performance, especially in terms of biocompatibility and degradability. This review also discusses the challenges and prospects of graphene electronic skin.
Moving Pharmacogenetics Into Practice: It’s All About the Evidence!
Authors: Luzum Jasmine A. , Petry Natasha , Taylor Annette K. , Van Driest Sara L. , Dunnenberger Henry M. , Cavallari Larisa H.
Published: June 2021

The evidence for pharmacogenetics has grown rapidly in recent decades. However, the strength of evidence required for the clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics is highly debated. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize different perspectives on the evidence required for the clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics. First, we present two patient cases that demonstrate how knowledge of pharmacogenetic evidence affected their care. Then we summarize resources that curate pharmacogenetic evidence, types of evidence (with an emphasis on randomized controlled trials [RCT]) and their limitations, and different perspectives from implementers, clinicians, and patients. We compare pharmacogenetics to a historical example (i.e., the evidence required for the clinical implementation of pharmacokinetics/therapeutic drug monitoring), and we provide future perspectives on the evidence for pharmacogenetic panels and the need for more education in addition to evidence. Although there are differences in the interpretation of pharmacogenetic evidence across resources, efforts for standardization are underway. Survey data illustrate the value of pharmacogenetic testing from the patient perspective, with their providers seen as key to ensuring maximum benefit from test results. However, clinicians and practice guidelines from medical societies often rely on RCT data to guide treatment decisions, which are not always feasible or ethical in pharmacogenetics. Thus, recognition of other types of evidence to support pharmacogenetic implementation is needed. Among pharmacogenetic implementers, consistent evidence of pharmacogenetic associations is deemed most critical. Ultimately, moving pharmacogenetics into practice will require consideration of multiple stakeholder perspectives, keeping particularly attuned to the voice of the ultimate stakeholder—the patient.
Facile Synthesis of Polyphenothiazine as a High‐Performance p‐Type Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries
Authors: Wang Xuezhen , Li Gaofeng , Han Yan , Wang Feng , Chu Jun , Cai Taotao , Wang Baoshan , Song Zhiping
Published: June 2021

p‐Type electroactive polymers are promising cathodes for dual‐ion batteries but cost‐effective candidates are still lacking. In this study, the p‐type polymer polyphenothiazine (PPTZ) is synthesized by a facile one‐step oxidation polymerization from the low‐cost phenothiazine (PTZ) monomer. As a cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries, PPTZ shows superior electrochemical performance to previously reported PTZ‐based polymers with complicated structures and syntheses. For example, PPTZ has a high reversible capacity of 157 mAh g−1 within 2.5–4.3 V vs. Li+/Li with an average discharge voltage of 3.5 V, and a high capacity retention of 77 % after 500 cycles. The highly reversible one‐electron redox mechanism of PPTZ is also investigated in detail by electrochemical testing, ex situ FT‐IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. PPTZ has the potential to serve as an attractive p‐type cathode material for practical applications and the facile synthesis may be also extended to other polymer cathodes based on N‐heteroaromatic units.
An Extraordinary OER Electrocatalyst Based on the Co−Mo Synergistic 2D Pure Inorganic Porous Framework
Authors: Zeng Hui‐Min , Jiang Zhan‐Guo , Zhang Huiwen , Mao Wei‐Tao , Gao Xuehui , Zhan Cai‐Hong
Published: June 2021

In this paper, three Compounds have been synthesized via conventional solution method. Compound 1 is a pure 2D (two dimensional) inorganic {CoO6Mo8O28}n framework. In the structure, the rare {γ‐Mo8O28} units connect into 1D chains via vertex‐sharing mode, and further assemble into 2D frameworks by {CoO6} octahedral linkers. This Compound was proved to be a cost‐effective pre‐catalyst with excellent catalytic performances due to presence of cobalt for water oxidation with low overpotential of 293 mV at 10.0 mA cm−2 and small Tafel slope of 53 mV dec−1. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic activity can be maintained for a quite long time with the retention rate of 94 % within 24 hours. Compared with 1D {γ‐Mo8O26}n (Compound 2) and 0D {α‐Mo8O26} (Compound 3), the Co−Mo complex catalyst based on compound 1, featured with Co‐doped 2D {Mo8O28}n porous framework and Co−Mo synergistic effect, which is supported by the high resolution XPS of Co 2p and Mo 3d, exhibits an extraordinary electrocatalytic reaction for water oxidation. The work shown here enriches inorganic polyoxometalate (POM) – based functional material applied to relief energy crisis.
Refinement and validation of a tool for stratifying patients with musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Dunn Kate M. , Campbell Paul , Lewis Martyn , Hill Jonathan C. , van der Windt Danielle A. , Afolabi Ebenezer , Protheroe Joanne , Wathall Simon , Jowett Sue , Oppong Raymond , Mallen Christian D. , Hay Elaine M. , Foster Nadine E.
Published: June 2021

Background

Patients with musculoskeletal pain in different body sites share common prognostic factors. Using prognosis to stratify and treatment match can be clinically and cost‐effective. We aimed to refine and validate the Keele STarT MSK Tool for prognostic stratification of musculoskeletal pain patients.

Methods

Tool refinement and validity was tested in a prospective cohort study, and external validity examined in a pilot cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT). Study population comprised 2,414 adults visiting U.K. primary care with back, neck, knee, shoulder or multisite pain returning postal questionnaires (cohort: 1,890 [40% response]; trial: 524). Cohort baseline questionnaires included a draft tool plus refinement items. Trial baseline questionnaires included the Keele STarT MSK Tool. Physical health (SF‐36 Physical Component Score [PCS]) and pain intensity were assessed at 2‐ and 6‐month cohort follow‐up; pain intensity was measured at 6‐month trial follow‐up.

Results

The tool was refined by replacing (3), adding (3) and removing (2) items, resulting in a 10‐item tool. Model fit (R2) was 0.422 and 0.430 and discrimination (c statistic) 0.839 and 0.822 for predicting 6‐month cohort PCS and pain (respectively). The tool classified 24.9% of cohort participants at low, 41.7% medium and 33.4% high risk, clearly discriminating between subgroups. The tool demonstrated model fit of 0.224 and discrimination 0.73 in trial participants. Multiple imputation confirmed robustness of findings.

Conclusions

The Keele STarT MSK Tool demonstrates good validity and acceptable predictive performance and clearly identifies groups of musculoskeletal pain patients with different characteristics and prognosis. Using prognostic information for stratification and treatment matching may be clinically/cost‐effective.

Significance

The paper presents the first musculoskeletal pain prognostic stratification tool specifically for use among all primary care patients with the five most common musculoskeletal pain presentations (back, neck, knee, shoulder or multisite pain). The Keele STarT MSK Tool identifies groups of musculoskeletal pain patients with clearly different characteristics and prognosis. Using this tool for stratification and treatment matching may be clinically and cost‐effective.
Pore‐scale analysis of a PEM fuel cell cathode including carbon cloth gas diffusion layer by lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Molaeimanesh Gholam Reza , Dahmardeh Masoud
Published: June 2021

One of the parameters which can greatly affect (i.e., enhances or diminishes) the performance of a PEM fuel cell cathode is the GDL microstructure. In the present study, the role of carbon cloth GDL microstructure on the performance of a PEM fuel cell cathode is investigated, for the first time. In this regard, three carbon cloth GDLs with three different microstructures are reconstructed via merging bundles of carbon fibers with sinusoidal form; afterward, the passing reactive air through these GDLs is simulated at pore‐scale using lattice Boltzmann approach. The distributions of oxygen and water vapor through the carbon cloths and the distribution of current density on the catalyst layers are presented and analyzed. The results show that when the carbon cloth bundles consist of more fibers (i.e., having larger cross‐sections), the penetration of oxygen toward the catalyst layer is more difficult, and consequently, the average current density is smaller. Besides, the results reveal that the through‐plane compactness of carbon cloth microstructure does not bring a significant effect on the distribution of current density and species.
Modernizing thermal discharge assessments for the 21st century
Authors: Barnthouse Lawrence W. , Coutant Charles C.
Published: June 2021

A jointly prepared, interagency (US Environmental Protection Agency [USEPA] and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission [USNRC]), §316(a) Technical Guidance Manual has been the primary guide to ecological studies of thermal discharges at power plants since 1977. It reflected contemporary ecological theory, which assumed that undisturbed populations and ecosystems possessed a balanced and relatively unchanging structure and function that could be disrupted by addition of heat from a thermal discharge. It was intended primarily to facilitate the licensing of proposed nuclear power plants and thus focused on predictive assessments. Since 1977, however, scientific and regulatory contexts of §316(a) assessments have changed. Ecologists abandoned the notion of “balance” in populations and ecosystems and now recognize that natural systems are always changing spatially and temporally. Regulatory emphasis has shifted from predictive assessments at new plants, largely based on thermal-tolerance laboratory data, to retrospective assessments based on field data at operating plants. We suggest updates to thermal-assessment studies based on modern ecological theory and recent thermal-assessment practice. The concepts we outline are fully consistent with statutory language and may assist in design and implementation of study plans by applicants and their consultants, development of discharge permits by USEPA or state agencies, and reviews of assessment documents by interested public and environmental organizations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:459–468. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

KEY POINTS

The 1977 EPA guidance on thermal effects assessment employed an outdated definition of the concept of “balance.” The guidance was also directed at predictive assessments of potential effects at power plants that had not yet been built. We develop a revised definition of the term “balanced indigenous population” that is consistent with modern ecological theory. We also provide recommendations for the design of thermal effects studies at existing power plants using site-specific ecological data.
Assessment of well‐being in the clinic: Using the state version of the short Scale of General Well‐Being as a clinical outcome measure
Authors: Holland Jennifer , Murphy David , Joseph Stephen
Published: June 2021

Objective

Interest in the concept of well‐being within clinical and applied psychology settings has increased, highlighting a need to develop appropriate measures. The aim was to adapt and test the validity of the 14‐item Scale of General Well‐Being (14‐SGWB) originally developed by Longo et al. (2018), as a clinical outcome measure.

Method

Study 1 is a psychometric study with 543 nonclinical participants, the wording of the 14‐SGWB was adapted, and tested for reliability and convergent validity. Study 2 investigated the adapted version with 125 clients over 10 therapy sessions, examining sensitivity, and reliable change cut‐off.

Results

The final 14‐SGWB‐clinical tool has a single component structure, good convergent validity, and can assess reliable and clinically significant change.

Conclusion

Measures that assess positive psychological change are important for the future development of clinical and applied psychology. The 14‐SGWB‐ct offers researchers a measure to extend evaluations of interventions to the effects on well‐being.
Psychosocial benefits and costs of activism among female migrant domestic workers in southern Spain
Authors: Aceros Juan C. , Duque Tatiana , Paloma Virginia
Published: June 2021

Economic migrant women often experience oppressive living and working conditions in the receiving societies. Activism is a liberatory behavior these women may employ to transform such situations. This study explores the activism experience of female migrant domestic workers from Latin America settled in southern Spain, in terms of its psychosocial benefits and costs. A purposeful sample of eleven activist migrant women engaged in a grassroots organization of domestic workers and eight members of social organizations supporting their activities were interviewed in‐depth individually. After a qualitative content analysis approach to the data, the study presents activism as a community engagement behavior with benefits such as the strengthening of social ties, sense of community, opportunities for sharing stories of oppression, and psychological empowerment. Activism also emerged as a demanding activity requiring high investments in time by activists and producing interpersonal conflicts, hopelessness, and burnout in some cases. Such costs may pose limits to its potential to produce well‐being and liberation, implying challenges for research, intervention, and activism sustainability.
Prevalence of IgG antibodies induced by the SARS‐COV‐2 virus in asymptomatic adults in Nuevo Leon, Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vidales Edgar P. , Garza‐Carrillo Denise , Pérez‐Trujillo José J. , Robles‐Rodríguez Olivia A. , Salinas‐Martínez Ana María , Montes de Oca‐Luna Roberto , Treviño‐Garza Consuelo , De la O‐Cavazos Manuel E.
Published: June 2021

Population‐based immunoglobulin G (IgG) seroprevalence studies in asymptomatic individuals in Latin America are scarce. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence and geographic distribution of IgG antibodies induced by natural SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in asymptomatic adults, 5–8 months after the first case was reported in a northeastern state of Mexico. This was a population‐based cross‐sectional study carried out in Nuevo Leon during August–November 2020. Individuals ≥18 years with no previous diagnosis or symptoms suggestive of COVID‐19 were consecutively screened in one of the busiest subway stations. Also, a search for eligible individuals was done from house‐to‐house, after selecting densely populated geographic sectors of each of the municipalities of the metropolitan area (n = 4495). The IgG antibodies to SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein were analyzed. The IgG antibody positivity rate was 27.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 25.8, 28.4); there were no differences by sex or age (p > 0.05). Analysis by month showed a gradual increase from 11.9% (August) to 31.9% (November); Week 39 had the highest positivity rate (42.2%, 95% CI: 34.2, 50.7). Most people did not have evidence of previous SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Preventive measures and promotion of the COVID‐19 vaccine should be strengthened.