bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Disability in Patients With Cervical Dystonia According to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Authors: De Pauw Joke , van der Velden Kevin , Cox Reen , Truijen Steven , Cras Patrick , Mercelis Rudy , De Hertogh Willem
Published: March 2017

Cervical Dystonia (CD) is a rare movement disorder characterized by an abnormal head position. This cross-sectional study describes the health status and severity of disability using an internationally agreed language by applying the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Two disease-specific rating scales were administered to 30 patients with CD. By linking the individual answers to the ICF model, the frequency and severity of reported impairments and restrictions were estimated using a count-based method. Results showed that patients most frequently reported impairments linked to “neuromusculoskeletal and movement-related functions” and “mental functions.” Most restrictions in activities were related to “interpersonal interactions and relations,” “major life areas,” and “community, social, and civic life.” One third of the reported impairments can be labeled as severe disability. The findings show that CD causes disability in multiple levels of a patients’ functioning in life, well beyond the cervical area.
SCIPA Switch-On: A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Efficacy and Safety of Functional Electrical Stimulation–Assisted Cycling and Passive Cycling Initiated Early After Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Galea Mary P. , Panisset Maya G. , El-Ansary Doa , Dunlop Sarah A. , Marshall Ruth , Clark Jillian M. , Churilov Leonid , Hurley Melanie , Nunn Andrew , Alexander Janette , Buchanan John , Nolan Sherilyn , Atresh Sridhar , Pick Valerie , Acland Rick , Nunnerley Jo
Published: March 2017

Background. Substantial skeletal muscle atrophy after spinal cord injury (SCI) carries significant repercussions for functional recovery and longer-term health. Objective. To compare the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of functional electrical stimulation–assisted cycling (FESC) and passive cycling (PC) to attenuate muscle atrophy after acute SCI. Methods. This multicenter, assessor-blinded phase I/II trial randomized participants at 4 weeks post-SCI to FESC or PC (4 sessions per week, 1 hour maximum per session, over 12 weeks). The primary outcome measure was mean maximum cross-sectional area (CSA) of thigh and calf muscles (magnetic resonance imaging), and secondary outcome measures comprised body composition (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), anthropometry, quality of life, and adverse events (AEs). Results. Of 24 participants, 19 completed the 12-week trial (10 FESC, 9 PC, 18 male). Those participants completed >80% of training sessions (FESC, 83.5%; PC, 85.9%). No significant between-group difference in postintervention muscle CSA was found. No significant between-group difference was found for any other tissue, anthropometric parameter, or behavioral variable or AEs. Six participants experienced thigh hypertrophy (FESC = 3; PC = 3). Atrophy was attenuated (<30%) in 15 cases (FESC = 7; PC = 8). Conclusions. Both cycle ergometry regimens examined were safe, feasible, and well tolerated early after SCI. No conclusions regarding efficacy can be drawn from our data. Further investigation of both modalities early after SCI is required.
Concurrent transmission mechanism to mitigate pan-exposed-node problems in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Zhao Xuejian , Chen Siguang , Guo Jing , Hu Han , Sun Zhixin
Published: March 2017

Power control technology is widely used in wireless sensor networks to improve network performance. The asymmetric transmission power strategy used in power control technology causes the re-emergence of hidden-node problems and more serious exposed-node problems. This article analyzes the reasons of these problems and proposes the concept of the pan-hidden node and pan-exposed node. To avoid pan-hidden-node problems and mitigate pan-exposed-node problems, a concurrent transmission mechanism is presented. The concurrent transmission mechanism contains a strict time schedule for different categories of frames and an interference degree criterion to ensure concurrent transmission. The rigorous time schedule can guarantee that different classes of frames do not interfere with one another. The interference among the frames of the same type is constrained by the interference degree criterion. Finally, the performance of the concurrent transmission mechanism is evaluated using simulation experiments.
Optimal operation of high-speed train based on fuzzy model predictive control
Authors: Wang Xi , Tang Tao
Published: March 2017

Focusing on exploring optimal control method of high-speed train, this research explicitly introduces a fuzzy predictive control framework to enhance safety, comfort, and energy-efficiency. The dynamic equation of the high-speed train is modeled as a cascade of cars connected by spring-like couplers and then represented by Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy model. Based on model predictive control approach, an effort is made on the design of fuzzy predictive controller such that each car tracks the target speed, and every coupler is stabilized to the equilibrium state as well as optimizing the performance function value at every time instant with regard to accelerating and braking constraints. Sufficient conditions for the existence of corresponding controller optimization problem are given in a set of linear matrix inequalities. Some simulations are performed to show the effectiveness of the model and the algorithm.
Experimental study on monitoring the bolt group looseness in a clamping support structure model
Authors: Dong Guangming , Zhao Fagang , Zhang Xiaoke
Published: March 2017

In this article, bolt group looseness monitoring in a clamping support structure model, which is under environmental random excitation, is experimentally investigated. The bolt group has 12 bolts, providing an essential clamping force to fix cargo during transportation. Seven kinds of bolt group looseness degree developed gradually are simulated in experiment. From an economic point of view, vibration transducer of accelerometer is used for monitoring. Time series analysis of Auto-Regressive with eXogenous model with input known and Auto-Regressive–Auto-Regressive with eXogenous model with input unknown are constructed, and the statistical indices of the model residual error are defined as the damage characteristic parameter indicating the bolt group looseness degree. The experimental analysis shows the effectiveness of the proposed method in monitoring the bolt group looseness at early stage, while the variation of structural resonance frequency can only be used to monitor large bolt group looseness degree. The experimental analysis also shows that under a stationary, broadband random excitation, the Auto-Regressive–Auto-Regressive with eXogenous model has the same bolt group looseness monitoring capability with the Auto-Regressive with eXogenous model.
Lifetime fatigue reliability evaluation of short to medium span bridges under site-specific stochastic truck loading
Authors: Yan Donghuang , Luo Yuan , Yuan Ming , Lu Naiwei
Published: March 2017

Bridges are vulnerable to the fatigue damage accumulation caused by traffic loading over the service period. A continuous growth in both the vehicle weight and the traffic volume may cause a safety hazard to existing bridges. This study presented a computational framework for probabilistic modeling of the fatigue damage accumulation of short to medium span bridges under actual traffic loading. Stochastic truck-load models were simulated based on site-specific weigh-in-motion measurements. A response surface method was utilized to substitute the time-consuming finite element model for an efficient computation. A case study of a simply supported bridge demonstrated the effectiveness of the computational framework. Numerical results show that the simulated fatigue stress spectrum captures the probability density functions of the heavy traffic loading. The equivalent fatigue stress range increases mostly linearly in the good road roughness condition with the growth of the gross vehicle weight. The vehicle type and the road roughness condition affect the stress range. The influence of the driving speed on the equivalent stress range is non-monotonic. The bridge fatigue reliability has a considerable increase even under a relatively high overload limit. It is anticipated that the proposed computational framework can be applied for more types of bridges.
‘In this job, you cannot have time for family’: Work–family conflict among prison officers in Ghana
Authors: Akoensi Thomas D
Published: March 2017

This article documents the experience of work–family conflict (WFC) among prison officers in Ghana. Although the term WFC has been used in relation to prison officers in the UK and the USA, the context of WFC in Ghana is unusual. In this predominantly collectivist culture, family responsibilities include obligations to the extended family. WFC is mainly unidirectional, with interference running from work to the family. Officers are thus impaired in fulfilling their family responsibilities, which consequently impairs their daily work and mental well-being. The ‘crisis controlling’ or ‘paramilitary’ organizational structure of the Ghana Prisons Service (GPS) makes it very difficult for the work domain of prison officers to accommodate family responsibilities. Female officers appear to bear a heavier WFC burden than male officers, mainly on account of their traditionally unpaid housekeeping role in addition to their paid employment in a masculine organizational culture. The findings are significant, as they show that the promulgation of family-friendly policies to alleviate WFC-associated stress lies in the hands of the GPS, since WFC emanates solely from the work domain.
Therapy management of thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis: Exploring UK therapists’ perceptions of joint instability
Authors: Jansen Victoria , Hendrick Paul , Ellis Jo
Published: March 2017

Introduction

Carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis is a common and painful condition associated with ligament laxity, subluxation and joint instability. Therapy management includes several interventions targeting the symptoms associated with instability and subluxation. This study aimed to explore the perceptions of experienced therapists, about their understanding of joint instability in carpometacarpal joint osteoarthritis and its relationship with laxity, subluxation and strength, and the perceived effectiveness of exercise interventions.

Methods

A qualitative research design, consisting of individual semi-structured interviews was conducted with nine therapists. Interviews were transcribed and analysed using a thematic analysis.

Results

Three themes were identified: (a) relationships between instability and laxity – the terms laxity and instability were often used interchangeably. Instability was associated with laxity, subluxation and disease progression, and was perceived to be a problem that includes the whole thumb column; (b) clinical reasoning by stage of disease – conflicting opinions were expressed regarding instability being present in pre-arthritic lax joints, early disease or all stages of disease; (c) the role of exercise in management – there was disagreement as to whether instability could be modified by developing muscle strength, or whether treatment should be focussed on compensating for instability.

Conclusion

Different perceptions of instability were reflected in wide-ranging opinions regarding the need to manage instability, and regarding the potential for altering instability. The impact of instability on function, and the concept of instability were not easily identified. A clearer definition of instability would facilitate the development and assessment of interventions for instability.
Ultrasound Diagnosis of Calf Injuries
Authors: Bright Jacob Michael , Fields Karl B. , Draper Ryan
Published: March 2017

Context:

The medial head of the gastrocnemius is the third most commonly strained muscle in elite athletes after the biceps femoris and rectus femoris. The differential diagnosis of posterior calf injury includes musculoskeletal and nonmusculoskeletal causes. Classically, delineation of these injuries from one another relied primarily on historical features and physical examination findings. The utilization of musculoskeletal ultrasound (sonography) has augmented the diagnosis of these injuries by providing dynamic, real-time confirmation.

Evidence Acquisition:

A review of PubMed, OVID, and MD Consult prior to January 2016 was performed using search terms, including s oleus ultrasound, gastrocnemius ultrasound, and tennis leg. The references of the pertinent articles were further reviewed for other relevant sources.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Results:

There have been few reviews to date of calf injuries and the use of sonography in their diagnosis. Prompt diagnosis utilizing ultrasound allows the clinician to focus management on gastrocnemius injury if present. Two-thirds of calf injuries occur at the junction of the fascia between the medial head of the gastrocnemius and the soleus. Injuries to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius occur in up to 14% of patients in some case series, but injury may occur anywhere from the proximal origin to the mid-belly to the fascial junction with the soleus. Numerous injuries to the posterior compartment can mimic gastrocnemius strain, and musculoskeletal ultrasound can aide in their diagnosis by incorporating real-time imaging into the grading of the injury and visual confirmation of physical examination findings.

Conclusion:

Acute injury to the posterior compartment of the lower extremity can represent a diagnostic challenge. Medial gastrocnemius strain represents the most common injury of the posterior compartment of the lower extremity. Ultrasound is a useful tool to assist the clinician in determining the specific cause of calf injury, estimate the severity of the injury, and monitor progress of healing. The vast majority of calf injuries can be diagnosed and managed without any additional imaging. Serial diagnostic ultrasound of an injured area allows for direct monitoring of tissue healing and may allow the clinician to more confidently assess response to treatment and help guide return-to-play decisions.
Jaw Dystonia and Reversible Basal Ganglia Changes as an Initial Presentation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Romba Meghan , Wang Yujie , Hu Shu-Ching , Khot Sandeep
Published: March 2017

Dystonia as a manifestation of neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus (NPSLE) is uncommon. We report a 25-year-old woman who experienced progressive confusion, reduced speech, and difficulty opening her mouth approximately 2 weeks after development of a facial rash. Brain imaging showed bilateral, symmetric signal abnormalities within the basal ganglia and subcortical white matter. Despite treatment with high-dose steroids, she continued to have difficulty speaking with evidence of jaw dystonia on examination. Jaw dystonia rapidly improved with the initiation of levodopa. Repeat evaluation 3 months later exhibited the absence of jaw dystonia and near resolution of the imaging abnormalities. Our patient demonstrated a unique presentation with jaw dystonia refractory to traditional treatment for NPSLE. Such a presentation likely represents a severe variant of NPSLE requiring both immunosuppressive and symptomatic therapies.
Experience with ruxolitinib in the treatment of polycythaemia vera
Authors: Alimam Samah , Harrison Claire
Published: March 2017

Polycythaemia vera (PV) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm classically characterized by an erythrocytosis and is associated with a high risk of thromboembolic events, constitutional symptoms burden and risk of transformation to myelofibrosis and acute myeloid leukaemia. Therapy is directed at the haematocrit (HCT) to reduce the risk of thrombotic events and usually comprises low-dose aspirin and phlebotomy to maintain HCT at >45%. Frequently in addition, cytoreductive therapy is indicated in high-risk patients for normalizing haematological parameters to mitigate the occurrence of thromboembolic events. Unfortunately, there is no clear evidence that current therapies reduce the risk of transformation to myelofibrosis and for some a risk of a therapy related complication is unknown for example leukaemia due to hydroxycarbamide (HC). First-line therapy for treating PV remains HC or interferon, the latter most often in younger patients, especially those of childbearing age. However, therapy related intolerance or resistance is a common feature and results in limited treatment options for such patients. The discovery of the JAK2 V617F mutation and consequently targeted therapy with Janus kinase inhibitors, in particular ruxolitinib, has extended the spectrum of agents that can be used as second or third line in PV. The findings of the phase II trial RESPONSE and the preliminary data from RESPONSE 2 trial have identified a role for ruxolitinib in PV patients who are resistant or intolerant to HC. In this article, using clinical cases we demonstrate our experience with ruxolitinib highlighting the clinical benefits and limitations we encountered in clinical practice.
Sam Moyo and the Struggle for Intellectual Decolonization
Authors: Martin William G.
Published: March 2017

Sam Moyo’s insurgent intelligence and discipline made him a compelling and controversial intellectual leader. This article examines his life and work as part of the transnational production of intellectuals and institutions dedicated to the study of Africa. Tracing his passage sharply etches the global divisions and inequalities that mark the positions and struggles of scholars of Africa. Tracing Sam’s choices and commitments over time offer however something far richer: examples of how we might move beyond the stultifying past and open up the possibility of disrupting and decolonizing the institutions and intellectual frameworks surrounding the study of Africa.
The Complications of Polyacrylamide Hydrogel Augmentation Mammoplasty
Authors: Winter Jessica , Shiga Sarah , Islur Avinash
Published: March 2017

The use of polyacrylamide hydrogel (PAAG) as an injectable filler for breast augmentation has fallen out of popularity since its first use in the 1980s but has produced an increasing patient population presenting with complications related to PAAG injections. Polyacrylamide hydrogel use was popularized most notably in China, Russia, and Iran. However, given immigration trends and medical tourism, PAAG-related complications have become increasingly more common in North America. These complications can be difficult to treat, often necessitating complex surgery that includes gel removal, debridement procedures, and often breast reconstruction. Approaches to surgical treatment and subsequent breast reconstruction are not universally defined primarily because of the limited knowledge about this group of patients. This article presents the option of autologous free flap reconstruction for a patient with extensive muscular involvement and aims to summarize complications and risks associated with PAAG through case report and a review of the literature.
Role of molecular architecture in interfacial self-adhesion of polyethylene films
Authors: Najarzadeh Zahra , Ajji Abdellah
Published: March 2017

The influence of molecular architecture on interfacial self-adhesion above polyethylene film melt temperature was examined in this study. The investigated molecular structures include molecular weight (Mw), molecular weight distribution, long chain branch amount and distribution and short chain branch among and along polyethylene chains. The long chain branches concentration was quantified using gel permeation chromatography and short branches concentration using nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The adhesion strength was measured immediately after melt bonding using a T-Peel test. The results showed that increasing Mw resulted in higher adhesion strength in linear metallocene ethylene α-olefins. Low long chain branch concentrations hinder reptation motion and diffusion, and result in lower adhesion strength. Low density polyethylene with highly branched chains yielded very low self-adhesion. A drastic difference in adhesion strength between metallocene and conventional linear low density polyethylene is attributed to homogeneity versus heterogeneity of composition distribution. The low interfacial self-adhesion in conventional polyethylene was concluded to be due to enrichment of highly branched low molecular weight chains at the film surface. These segregated chains at the interface diffuse before the high molecular weight chains located in the bulk.
Nolzeite, Na(Mn,□)2[Si3(B,Si)O9(OH)2]·2H2O, a new pyroxenoid mineral from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Québec, Canada
Authors: Haring Monika M. M. , McDonald Andrew M.
Published: March 2017

Nolzeite, Na(Mn,□)2[Si3(B,Si)O9(OH)2]·2H2O, is a new mineral found in altered sodalite syenite at the Poudrette quarry, La Vallée-du-Richelieu, Montérégie (formerly Rouville County), Québec, Canada. Crystals are colourless to pale green and are acicular with average dimensions of 5 μm × 8 μm × 55 μm. They occur as radiating to loose, randomly oriented groupings within vugs associated with aegirine, nepheline, sodalite, eudialyte-group minerals, analcime, natron, pyrrhotite, catapleiite, steedeite and the unidentified mineral, UK80. Nolzeite is non-pleochroic, biaxial, withnmin= 1.616(2) andnmax= 1.636(2) and has a positive elongation. The average of six chemical analyses gave the empirical formula: Na1.04(Mn1.69□0.24Fe0.05Ca0.02)∑=2.00(Si2.96S0.04)∑=3.00(B0.70Si0.30)∑=1.00O9(OH)2·2H2O based on 13 anions. The Raman spectrum shows six distinct bands occurring at ∼3600–3300 cm–1and 1600–1500 cm–1(O–H and H–O–H bending), 1300–1200 cm–1(B–OH bending), 1030–800 cm–1(Si–O–Si stretching) as well as 700–500 cm–1and 400–50 cm–1(Mn–O and Na–O bonding, respectively). The FTIR spectrum for nolzeite shows bands at ∼2800 –3600 cm–1(O–H) stretching, a moderately sharp band at 1631 cm –1(H–O–H) bending, strong, sharp bands at ∼650 –700 cm–1, ∼800 –840 cm–1, and ∼900–1100 cm–1(Si–O and B –O) bonds. Nolzeite is triclinic, crystallizing in space groupPwitha= 6.894(1),b= 7.632(2),c= 11.017(2) Å, α= 108.39(3), β= 99.03, γ = 103.05(3)°,V= 519.27 Å3, andZ= 2. The crystal structure was refined toR= 12.37% and wR2= 31.07% for 1361 reflections (Fo> 4σFo). It is based on chains of tetrahedra with a periodicity of three (i.e. adreierchain) consisting of three symmetrically independent SiO4tetrahedra formingC-shaped clusters closed by BO2(OH)2tetrahedra, producing single loop-brancheddreierborosilicate chains. The chains are linked through shared corners to double chains of edge-sharing MnO5(OH) octahedra. Nolzeite is a chain silicate closely related to steedeite and members of the sérandite–pectolite series. Paragenetically, nolzeite is late-stage, probably forming under alkaline conditions and over a narrow range of low pressures and temperatures.
Functio Laesa: Cancer Inflammation and Therapeutic Resistance
Authors: Liu Mingen , Kalbasi Anusha , Beatty Gregory L.
Published: March 2017

Tumor, calor, rubor, and dolor describe four cardinal signs of inflammation. The fifth—functio laesa, or loss of function—was promulgated by Rudolf Virchow, who, in the 19th century, also noted an intricate link between inflammation and cancer. However, the role of cancer inflammation in driving loss of therapeutic efficacy has only recently been fully appreciated, as a result of molecular and immunohistochemical approaches applied in clinical medicine and the availability of novel agents for modulating inflammation. This review focuses on clinical evidence from solid malignancies that have shaped our view of how the immune system regulates cancer development, progression, and response to treatment. Understanding the multifaceted relationship between inflammation and patient outcomes has the potential to advance prognostic tools and uncover therapeutic opportunities for improving clinical outcomes.
Oxidative stress elicited by modifying the ceramide acyl chain length reduces the rate of clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Authors: Volpert Giora , Ben-Dor Shifra , Tarcic Ohad , Duan Jingjing , Saada Ann , Merrill Alfred H. , Pewzner-Jung Yael , Futerman Anthony H.
Published: March 2017

Sphingolipids modulate clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) by altering the biophysical properties of membranes. We now examine CME in astrocytes cultured from ceramide synthase 2 (CerS2) null mice, which have an altered sphingolipid acyl chain composition. The rate of endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein and transferrin, which are internalized via CME, was reduced in CerS2 null astrocytes, although the rate of caveolin-mediated endocytosis was unaltered. Levels of clathrin heavy chain were increased, which was due to decreased levels of Hsc70 (also known as HSPA8), a protein involved in clathrin uncoating. Hsc70 levels were decreased because of lower levels of binding of Sp1 to position −68 in the Hsc70 promoter. Levels of Sp1 were downregulated due to oxidative stress, which was elevated fourfold in CerS2 null astrocytes. Furthermore, induction of oxidative stress in wild-type astrocytes decreased the rate of CME, whereas amelioration of oxidative stress in CerS2 null astrocytes reversed the decrease. Our data are consistent with the notion that sphingolipids not only change membrane biophysical properties but also that changes in their composition can result in downstream effects that indirectly impinge upon a number of cellular pathways, such as CME.
Capitalism and Socialism: A Review of Kornai's Dynamism, Rivalry, and the Surplus Economy
Authors: Xu Chenggang
Published: March 2017

Understanding the nature of capitalism has been a central theme of economics. The collapse of the Eastern Bloc and the global financial crisis spurred the reemergence of the political economy as a new frontier and the revival of interest in the nature of capitalism. János Kornai's book Dynamism, Rivalry, and the Surplus Economy: Two Essays on the Nature of Capitalism fills an important intellectual gap in understanding the dynamic nature of capitalism by comparing it with its mirror image, socialism. To further develop the themes contained in the book, serious challenges are posed theoretically and empirically, as well as in subjects, such as hybrid capitalism. (JEL L32, P12, P14, P16, P26, P31)
C3 glomerulopathy
Authors: Cook H. Terence
Published: March 2017

C3 glomerulopathy is a recently defined entity that encompasses a group of kidney diseases caused by abnormal control of complement activation with deposition of complement component C3 in glomeruli leading to variable glomerular inflammation. Before the recognition of the unique pathogenesis of these cases, they were variably classified according to their morphological features. C3 glomerulopathy accounts for roughly 1% of all renal biopsies. Clear definition of this entity has allowed a better understanding of its pathogenesis and clinical course and is likely to lead to the design of rational therapies over the next few years.
Why sensitive bacteria are resistant to hospital infection control
Authors: van Kleef Esther , Luangasanatip Nantasit , Bonten Marc J , Cooper Ben S.
Published: March 2017

Background: Large reductions in the incidence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile have been observed in response to multifaceted hospital-based interventions. Reductions in antibiotic-sensitive strains have been smaller or non-existent. It has been argued that since infection control measures, such as hand hygiene, should affect resistant and sensitive strains equally, observed changes must have largely resulted from other factors, including changes in antibiotic use. We used a mathematical model to test the validity of this reasoning. Methods: We developed a mechanistic model of resistant and sensitive strains in a hospital and its catchment area. We assumed the resistant strain had a competitive advantage in the hospital and the sensitive strain an advantage in the community. We simulated a hospital hand hygiene intervention that directly affected resistant and sensitive strains equally. The annual incidence rate ratio (IRR) associated with the intervention was calculated for hospital- and community-acquired infections of both strains. Results: For the resistant strain, there were large reductions in hospital-acquired infections (0.1 ≤ IRR ≤ 0.6) and smaller reductions in community-acquired infections (0.2 ≤ IRR ≤ 0.9). These reductions increased in line with increasing importance of nosocomial transmission of the strain. For the sensitive strain, reductions in hospital acquisitions were much smaller (0.6 ≤ IRR ≤ 0.9), while community acquisitions could increase or decrease (0.9 ≤ IRR ≤ 1.2). The greater the importance of the community environment for the transmission of the sensitive strain, the smaller the reductions. Conclusions: Counter-intuitively, infection control interventions, including hand hygiene, can have strikingly discordant effects on resistant and sensitive strains even though they target them equally. This follows from differences in their adaptation to hospital- and community-based transmission. Observed lack of effectiveness of control measures for sensitive strains does not provide evidence that infection control interventions have been ineffective in reducing resistant strains.
Nomenclature notes on Phoebechekiangensis (Lauraceae)
Authors: Yang Yong , Zhu Xiangyun , Wiersema John
Published: March 2017

By applying different provisions of the Melbourne Code, we find that the name Phoebe chekiangensis, validated by P.T. Li in 2000, could be attributed either to “C.B.Shang” alone or “C.B.Shang ex P.T.Li”, and clarify that “P. chekiangensis C.B.Shang ex C.B.Shang & C.F. Ji”, published in 2013, is a later isonym.
Report of the Nomenclature Committee for Algae: 16 – On proposals to amend the Code
Authors: Prud’homme van Reine Willem F.
Published: March 2017

The Committee reviewed 12 published proposals to amend the Code at the XIX IBC in July 2017 that related particularly to algae and expressed its support for four and its opposition to the other eight.
Missing the biggest story – the UK regional press after Leveson
Authors: Clark Tor
Published: March 2017

Early in 2013 John Mair’s swiftly produced edited collection of articles about the impact of the then-recent Leveson Report included two chapters on the regional press. My chapter offered statistical evidence to show that the regional press was the sector with the best track record in terms of complaints to the Press Complaints Commission (PCC). The chapter controversially predicted that any proposed regulation would have no impact on that sector. It hoped that Lord Justice Leveson’s highlighting of the problems of the regional press and plea for recognition of its vital community role might prompt positive parliamentary activity. Four years later regulation has had no impact on the regionals, but the bigger issue of the basic viability of the sector remains unresolved. So how healthy is the UK regional press now? Is digital journalism a killer or a saviour? And how long can the regionals survive?
The future’s bright but the future’s local – the rise of hyperlocal journalism in the United Kingdom
Authors: White Douglas , Pennycook Lauren , Perrin William , Hartley Sarah
Published: March 2017

Good-quality local journalism, which investigates and reports on politics, business, planning, crime and social issues, is a long-established, critical function of a healthy and thriving local democracy. Reports on local events, stories, achievements and personalities are vital to citizens’ sense of their community and place. However, the UK market for local news has changed beyond recognition in recent years. Four in ten adults in the United Kingdom now use online sources for local news, while half of local news consumers rely on the Internet even more frequently today than they did only two years ago. Traditional business models have been under extreme pressure in this new digital age. Local newspapers are now adapting to these new circumstances and have adapted a variety of different approaches to try and build viable business models in this new age. Clearly the local newspaper industry will continue to play a vital role in the ecosystem of local news. At the same time, however, a new ‘hyperlocal’ news sector is emerging, helping to fill gaps in local media provision and adding significantly to local media plurality. This article discusses the opportunities and challenges facing hyperlocal news in the United Kingdom. and explores the potential for the growth of the new media form of microlocal journalism. This article is written by Douglas White and Lauren Pennycook at the Carnegie UK Trust, a charitable trust that developed a £50,000 competition to improve local news reporting, and William Perrin and Sarah Harley from Talk About Local, who evaluated the project. The article is based on the final report of the Neighbourhood News project, ‘The Future’s Bright, the Future’s Local’, published by the Carnegie UK Trust in December 2014.
The evocation and expression of emotion through documentary animation
Authors: Mobbs Sophie
Published: March 2017

How might an animator distil and study emotion? Could animation itself be a means to unlock meaning that previous experiments have not been able to access? Animation has the power to both highlight and conceal emotions as expressed through body movement and gesture. When we view live-action (human interview) documentary footage, we are exposed not just to the spoken words but also to the subtle nuances of body movements. How much might be lost when documentary footage is transposed into animation, or, indeed, what might be gained, translated through the personal and artistic view of the animator? Drawing on my own previous experience as a games animator, now using research through practice methodology, this article explores the results of the first of a series of animations created to explore the more subtle nuances of gesture. Through the medium of a documentary-style interview, opposing topics are used to evoke strong emotions – first, of happiness, and then of sadness – with a view to accessing real rather than acted (simulated) emotions and their associated body movements.
‘Humorous financial crisis cartoons’: A visual essay of an elementary school art project
Authors: Christopoulou Martha
Published: March 2017

This visual essay reports on the first part of an eight-week resilience art programme at a public primary school in Athens, Greece. The students were asked to create humorous cartoons as a response to the financial crisis. Humour as coping mechanism can defuse tension and anxiety and may lead to more positive re-appraisals of the financial crisis and as such contribute to developing children’s resilience.
Reviews
Authors: Garber Elizabeth , Moura Anabela , Stokrocki Mary
Published: March 2017

Art, Education and Gender: The Shaping of Female Ambition, Gill Hopper (2015) Basingstoke: Palgrave/Macmillan, 177 pp., ISBN: 9781137408563, h/bk, $79.99USD

Culturally Sensitive Art Education in a Global World: A Handbook for Teachers, Marjorie Cohee Manifold, Steve Willis and Enid Zimmerman (eds) (2016) Reston, VA: National Art Education Association, 284 pp., ISBN: 978189016066, p/bk, $59USD

Developing Visual Arts Education in the United States: Massachusetts Normal Art School and the Normalizaton of Creativity, Mary Ann Stankiewicz (2016) Chambersburg, PA: Palgrave Macmillan, 263 pp., ISBN: 9781137544483, h/bk, $99.99 USD; ISBN: 9781137544490, eBook, $79.99
Community music as folkbildning: A study of a Finnish Cultural Association in Sweden
Authors: Söderman Johan , Westvall Maria
Published: March 2017

This article explores the relationship between community music, folkbildning and music making in Sweden. This is exemplified by a case study of a Finnish association in contemporary Sweden. The article takes, as its point of departure, the specific question: what meaning do musical activities have for its participants in the context of a Finnish association in Sweden? Informants from the Finnish association consist of members of a senior dance group (65–80 years old) and a music group (50–65 years old). The fieldwork and methodological approach is inspired by the ethnographic tradition, and the methods of data collection involve qualitative semi-structured interviews in groups, as well as field notes. The findings reveal that dancing is the main activity in the association and through dance activities the participants (as adult beginners) started to play instruments within the association’s framework. This process promotes life-long musical learning and strengthened health. The participants’ migration experiences in combination with the musical activities in the association have an impact on their individual and collective identities, and their participation in a musical community develops a sense of purpose, empowerment and autonomy.
Women in ‘African cinema’ and ‘Nollywood films’: A shift in cinematic regimes
Authors: Harrow Kenneth W.
Published: March 2017

There have been dramatic changes in depictions of women from the feminist perspectives in the first decades of postcolonial sub-Saharan African celluloid cinema (1960s–80s), to women in a global digital era (1990s–present). A classic example of African celluloid cinema, its style and political gravitas, can be seen in Jean-Marie Teno’s latest film, Une feuille dans le vent (2013). Though it appeared in the digital period, and may technically be digital, stylistically and thematically it bears all the hallmarks of ‘FESPACO cinema’. Conversely, the work of Tunde Kelani, one of the stalwarts of Nollywood video film, falls under the rubric of ‘African video film’, often dubbed ‘Nollywood’. To understand what the shift from ‘serious African cinema’ to Nollywood has meant for women and feminism in African cinema, I will elaborate on Butler and Athanasiou’s notion of dispossession in considering Teno’s ‘celluloid’ Feuille and Frank Arase’s digital Beyonce (2006). I hope to bridge issues of early African feminism that focused on representation to those now framed in terms of genre cinema.
Perspectives on new popular African cinema, history and creative destruction in Viva Riva! (2011)
Authors: Tchouaffe Olivier J.
Published: March 2017

Perspectives on new popular African cinema, history and creative destruction in Viva Riva! (2011) reflects on Viva Riva! and the resurgence of contemporary African cinema in a rapidly changing knowledge economy. This new creative environment is embedded in a shifting power dynamic where digital platforms, have revolutionized viewing habits on the continent and in the diaspora. This new knowledge economy and social changes affect how the African filmmakers work, identify and mobilize cinematic resources in order to create a unique approach when developing new cinematic aesthetic sensibilities that match technologies with the Zeitgeist in Africa. These new expressive film techniques capture and resonate with an audience whose particular modes of reception have migrated from the movie theatre to emerging and converging digital platforms such as streaming technologies, social media and Internet movie downloads on laptops, iPhones, iPads, smartphones, YouTube, Netflix, DVDs, VODs, cable and satellite.
An ecocritical approach to civilization and barbarism in Ecuadorian television and cinema: The adaptations of Cumandá, La Tigra and Los Sangurimas
Authors: Dillon Michael
Published: March 2017

This article provides an ecocritical analysis on how the civilization and barbarism dichotomy in literary texts, such as Juan Leon Mera’s novel Cumandá (1877) and José de la Cuadra’s narrative works La Tigra (1932) and Los Sangurimas (1934), has changed in their respective cinematic adaptations, including Cumandá by César Carmigniani (1993), La Tigra by Camilo Luzuriaga (1989) and La magia Sangurima by Carl West (1993). The changes in the evolution of this dichotomy are explained from a romantic perspective to modern adaptation, concluding with an overview of how these present the argument in favour of protecting the environment and its inhabitants. This is a reflection of both contemporary trends and age-old beliefs in Ecuadorian society.
Men on the market: Feminist analysis of age-stratified male–male romance in Boys’ Love manga
Authors: Madill Anna
Published: March 2017

Male–male sexuality is the central trope of Boys’ Love (BL) manga with stories tending to revolve around a central uke-seme (‘bottom’–‘top’) pair. Although focused on men, BL is produced and consumed primarily by women. This article presents, from an anglophone British perspective, analysis of age-stratified male–male romance – paederasty – as portrayed in BL. My corpus consists of 234 commercially-translated original Japanese BL manga stories, created by 100 different mangaka (author-artists), published commercially in English between 2003 and 2012. A total of 68 (30%) of these stories were identified as involving agestratified relationships, eight of which were selected for detailed analysis. Seven were selected for typicality: Waru (2007) by Yukari Hashida deemed the most typical. Fangs (2008) by Hiroki Kusumoto was also included in analysis as the most atypical age-stratified story in order to test the robustness of identified patterns. I argue that that, from an anglophone perspective, the characteristic themes of age-stratified BL map surprising well onto the eroticised intra-familial dynamics of Freud and the intra- and inter-familial economics of Lévi-Strauss. The patterns identified are evidenced and discussed under the following headings: the mother identified son, the doubly divested man, the castrated father, men on the market and the mother with the phallus. These themes help build and substantiate my argument that age-stratified BL might work, within an anglophone context at least, as a feminist critique of patriarchy through the mechanism of phallic divestiture.
Negative Entrenchment Effect of Business Group Conglomerates on Selling and Purchasing Related Party Transactions
Authors: Ayuningtyas Dayinta , Diyanty Vera
Published: March 2017

This study aims to explain the negative entrenchment effect arised from selling and purchasing related party transactions on business group conglomerates. This study is using 322 firm-year data of firms listed at Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2012-2013 period.This research provides evidence that the ownership by business conglomerates strengthened the negative entrenchment effect in both total of selling-purchasing related party transactions and selling-purchasing related party transactions which come from operating activities. Thus, from the result, it can be presumed that there might be a possibility of agency conflict arised from selling-purchasing related party transactions when a firm is part of business conglomerates.
Physiological Responses to Cadmium, Nickel and their Interaction in the Seedlings of Two Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars
Authors: Pavlovkin Ján , Artiushenko Tatiana , Syshchykov Dmitry , Fiala Roderik , Repka Vladimír , Čiamporová Milada
Published: March 2017

In the leaves of maize seedlings, cultivars Premia and Blitz, the relatively low 2 μmol/L concentration of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), or both metals acting simultaneously (Cd +Ni) for 72 h, induced a significant metal accumulation, decrease in total K+ content, reduction of light-induced membrane electrical potential (EM) repolarisation in mesophyll cells and changes of ascorbic acid (AsA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and glutathione (GSH) content. Shoot growth and the values of resting EM did not change significantly. Increased K+ leakage, from the leaves, and lipid peroxidation accompanied by increase of TBA-reactive substances (TBARS) were found only in cv. Blitz exposed to Cd + Ni. This indicates a capability of high leaf-cell anti-oxidant pool to ameliorate the toxic effects on plasma membrane of single ions in both cultivars, and of Cd + Ni only in cv. Premia. The decreased total content of K+ in leaves in all variants indicated repressing the K+ uptake and/or distribution to the shoots. Under anoxia, the magnitude of the repolarisation obtained after switching on the light was smaller in Cd-treated cultivar Premia than in the controls, and this also occurred in Ni- and Cd + Ni-treated cultivar Blitz.
Infectious and non-infectious factors associated with leg disorders in poultry – a review
Authors: Kierończyk Bartosz , Rawski Mateusz , Józefiak Damian , Świątkiewicz Sylwester
Published: March 2017

Broiler chicken welfare, health and performance are strictly linked with skeleton development. Lameness compromises welfare of broiler chickens and causes considerable economic loss since lame birds have difficulty accessing feed and water, become dehydrated and eventually die. Leg disorders are therefore considered to be one of the main factors associated with in-field mortalities between 21-42 d in broiler rearing at European poultry farms. In chickens and other farm animals, bone development is strictly correlated with dietary content of inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), as well as calcium and phosphorus availability. However, lameness is also associated with many other factors, such as diseases, genetics, species, gender, growth, aging, as well as physical loading, rearing period and management. Therefore, the aim of the current paper is to review selected noninfectious and infectious factors, which contribute to bone quality in poultry.
Bar Formation in Milky Way type Galaxies
Authors: Polyachenko E. V. , Berczik P. , Just A.
Published: March 2017

Many barred galaxies, possibly including the Milky Way, have cusps in their centers. There is a widespread belief, however, that the usual bar instability, which occurs in bulgeless galaxy models, is impossible for cuspy models because of the presence of the inner Lindblad resonance for any pattern speed. At the same time, there is numerical evidence that the bar instability can form a bar. We analyze this discrepancy by performing accurate and diverse N-body simulations and calculating the normal modes. We show that bar formation in cuspy galaxies can be explained by taking into account the disk thickness. The exponential growth time is moderate (about 250 Myr) for typical current disk masses, but it increases considerably (by a factor of two or more) if the live halo and bulge are substituted by a rigid halo/bulge potential; the pattern speeds remain almost the same. Normal mode analysis with different disk mass favors a young bar hypothesis, according to which the bar instability has saturated only recently.