bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Customary and positive law in Serbia
Authors: Stanimirović Vojislav , Divac Una
Published: March 2024

In order to fully and properly understand the essence of customary law, a joint explanatory endeavor of legal, ethnological, and sociological science is needed. During the last two centuries, the relationship between customary and positive law passed through two phases. The first phase was marked by the incredible strength and resistance of the customary law, which was deeply rooted in the patriarchal Serbian society. Its strength was such, that it managed to overpower the modern Austrian law during the creation of the Serbian Civil law code, despite the efforts and desires of the law code creator, Jovan Hadžić, to suppress it. Customary law became the sole regulator of marriage, family, and inheritance law, thus becoming a part of the positive law. The second phase took place after the Second World War. By promoting a new system of acceptable social and moral values, the new, revolutionary, socialistic law fiercely fought the customary law and rural traditions, labeling them as obsolete relicts of a class-divided society. However, customs showed their remarkable resilience, and found a way to survive this strife - quite ironically - by using the existing laws and legal loopholes, masking themselves sometimes like a chameleon. Maybe the best illustration of this conflict between positive and customary law can be found in the inheritance law, as it is a complex branch of law, which was shaped not only by laws, but also by the centuries-old traditions of our people. To be able to fully understand the customary inheritance law, one must first analyse the institutes of family, marriage, and kinship. Although many customs have already disappeared in the XXI century by overcoming the patriarchal notions in the modern society, some customs remained, but also some new have, due to various reasons, managed to emerge, making the topic of this paper quite contemporary
The liability of the payer's bank in case of authorised push payments fraud
Authors: Terzić Bojan
Published: March 2024

The Authorised Push Payment (APP) fraud is a great danger for payers due to the fact that the value of these transactions is often significantly higher in comparison to unauthorised ones (misuse of payment instruments), while chargeback options are limited. Payers' banks are currently convinced that they cannot bear the losses in the case of APP fraud. Their assurance is based on special payment services regulations. Still, general rules of Serbian contract law, which should be applicable as additional rules, oblige the payer's bank to warn the payer if a bank finds that the payment order could be harmful for them. However, as a precondition for the activation of this bank's duty, a reasonable expectation that an ordinary prudent banker could notice something suspicious related to the payment order should arise. In this case, if the bank failed to warn the client, rules related to divided liability for damage from the Law on Contracts and Torts could be applied.
An overview of crimes against peacekeeping mission personnel
Authors: Stanković Nikola
Published: March 2024

The paper analyses the crimes against the personnel of the peacekeeping missions, which occur for numerous reasons related to the complexity of such missions. These reasons are mainly related to complicated political and normative space of the modern international society. The author refers to the Agenda for Peace of Secretary General Boutros-Ghali which first pointed out the need for providing protection for the personnel of the peacekeeping missions, as well to the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Related Personnel which regulates protection of the personnel, analysed in the context of crimes against personnel of peacekeeping missions. Paper also refers to some of the key UN documents adopted after 2017, which was the record year in 21st century when it comes to peacekeeper fatalities. The cases of crimes against personnel that the paper analyses are related to peacekeeping missions in Somalia, Rwanda, and Bosnia and Herzegovina as those cases are most often representative examples of the occurrence of crimes against peacekeepers, and closely connected to its development in the international arena. Finally, the paper refers to some of the most dangerous peacekeeping operations in modern international community.
Quarantine pathogens of pear
Authors: Trkulja Vojislav , Lalić Saša
Published: March 2024

A major threat to the successful growing of pear can be the occurrence, introduction or spread of a large number of different quarantine pathogens, which is why the strict application of internationally accepted phytosanitary precautionary and control measures is irreplaceable in preventing the introduction or spread of quarantine harmful organisms. These pathogens are one of the main threats for the worldwide production of pear, as well as for the domestic one. In accordance with the current legal regulations, this paper presents an overview of the 7 quarantine pathogens of pear, whereby specific full names and synonyms of quarantine pathogens, their distribution, hosts, symptoms, biology and method of transmission and distribution are given, with special emphasis on measures for their suppression.
The role and importance of environmental education in the modern school
Authors: Kalmar Laura
Published: March 2024

Given that the school is one of the most important institutions of society observed centuries ago, it is clear that it has a large and significant role in dealing with all social problems and challenges that arise during human development, including current environmental difficulties and challenges. The goal of environmental education is to form awareness among young people about environmental issues, environmental awareness, readiness for responsible treatment of the environment, as well as for environmentally conscious behavior that should continue after time spent at school. Children's attitude towards nature is activated if they have the opportunity to get to know the environment directly. By acting on it, as living and active beings, children notice the interdependence of the human-nature relationship. Active orientation of ecological learning, related to the emotional-affective dimension of surprise contributes to the fact that this action is not reduced to mere activism, but it can solve two difficulties at the same time: -students' attitude towards the future; an important factor in the development of environmental education. This refers to curricula, textbooks, teachers and extracurricular activities. The teacher is an important factor in developing students' environmental attitudes. He organizes and leads the process of acquiring environmental knowledge, forms the attitudes and habits of students and directly affects the personality of students through his actions. The condition is that he knows the environmental problems and is aware of the environmental consequences. In addition to the implementation of curricula, he is required to be the initiator and organizer of extracurricular and extracurricular forms of environmental education.
On discalculia in mathematics teaching
Authors: Simić Olivera
Published: March 2024

Specific learning difficulties are increasingly the focus of consideration in modern mathematics education. The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the most significant difficulties in learning mathematics, where special emphasis is placed on dyscalculia. The aim is to shed light on the basic features and specifics of dyscalculia in mathematics teaching. The structure of this paper consists of three parts. First, the basic determinants of dyscalculia are presented. Secondly, it was determined how and in what way to recognize this difficulty in teaching mathematics in students. Third, some recommendations are presented through which reliable strategies can be created to help students with dyscalculia. Considering the analysis of relevant professional and scientific literature, it was concluded that learning difficulties should not be neglected by both teachers and parents, but should be approached in an adequate way in order to mitigate and overcome them. A variety of didactic materials and mathematical games play a significant role in working with students diagnosed with dyscalculia.
Reading culture of third and fourth class high school students
Authors: Brčkalo Branka , Pavlović Zlatko
Published: March 2024

The printed book and traditional literacy, on which our societies have based since the Gutenberg revolution, are increasingly being replaced today by electronic screens and digital literacy. The changes that have taken place in all aspects of life in the last few decades are also reflected in school teaching and students' reading culture. It is well known that books are written for someone to read and that literature is concretized and realized only thanks to the mediating experience of those who read a literary work. We were interested in the reading culture of the students of the third and fourth grade of the general grammar school, because we believe that they are active readers with a built-in reading taste. The aim of this paper is to analyze the reading culture of third and fourth grade high school students in schools belonging to the city of East Sarajevo. With a questionnaire designed for research purposes, we measured several indicators that indicate the level of reading culture. The results of the research suggest that students are generally interested in reading, that they still value the printed book and that they read mostly aesthetically valuable books, ie. that the level of reading culture can be considered satisfactory. Also, the results indicate that the interest in reading is more pronounced among female students and students with better school performance (especially in Serbian language).
Education development strategy in the Republic of Serbia until 2030 in a comparative perspective of international documents
Authors: Jakovljević Nevena
Published: March 2024

The paper discusses the Strategy for the Development of Education in the Republic of Serbia until 2030, in comparison with international strategies. The goal is to examine the compliance of proposed changes in education in the Republic of Serbia with European goals. It starts from the fact that it is necessary to harmonize changes in education in the Republic of Serbia with those in the world. By analyzing the strategies of the Agenda for Sustainable Development 2030, Towards a Sustainable Europe 2030, The Future of Education and Skills -Education 2030, The Strategy for the Development of Education and Education in the Republic of Serbia until 2030 and several others, the basic factors that can influence the improvement of the quality of education are indicated . As stated in them, the goal of these strategies is to reduce inequality and poverty, as well as to reduce the differences that exist in society and education. The importance of the role of innovative technologies in the creation of modern social processes and movements of modern society is also pointed out.
Foreign bodies in the urinary bladder: Case report
Authors: Žikić Radoš , Jelenković Zoran , Adamović Zvonimir , Radojević Vladan
Published: March 2024

INTRODUCTION Pathological substances produced by the body and entering the urinary bladder cannot be considered foreign bodies. They are more common in women than in men, with a ratio of 100:1 according to some statistics (Sonntag). They can be of animal, plant, or mineral origin. Medical foreign bodies remain after certain surgical interventions, either in the bladder itself or on surrounding organs, due to negligence, carelessness, incorrect use, or poor quality of materials. CASE REPORT Patient C.R. from the vicinity of Donji Milanovac, aged 30, presented to our clinic complaining of frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and occasional sudden cessation of urination. Anamnestic data were very scarce, except for the mentioned symptoms. Urine sediment showed a significant number of pale red blood cells and rare bacteria. Urine culture yielded sterile cultures. Descending cystography revealed an ellipsoid contrast defect. Subsequent urethrocystoscopy showed a urethra easily passable for a Ch 20 cystoscope sheath, with a short prostatic urethra of about 2 cm. CONCLUSION Operative findings revealed: A round dark-brown formation, the size of a pigeon's egg, was observed in the bladder lumen. A "stone" was extracted from the bladder lumen with stone forceps and placed in a kidney basin. After completing the operation, the image showed a foreign body. Three snake-like objects, twisted, with a length of about 10 cm and a thickness of about 10 mm, were found in the kidney basin. They were candles.
The choice of geostatistical method in subsurface mapping: Case study of Lake Pannon sediments in central Belgrade (Serbia)
Authors: Anđelković Filip
Published: March 2024

Subsurface mapping includes various types of data, and thickness maps are one of the essential tools for the subsurface exploration geoscientist. Vertical thickness (isochore) maps are compiled in using different geostatistical methods for interpolation between input data points, which are in this case based on irregularly-spaced boreholes which have drilled the Lake Pannon sediments. Of the four used methods, Kriging produces the most sound map, whereas Triangulation with linear interpolation is practically useless when plotting irregular spatial data. Additional visualization tools were derived from the kriging map for cross-correlation, and supported the interpretation that the highest-thickness area is the depocenter in the North of the map, while the low-thickness zone is a basement ridge where older sediments can be found on the surface.
Knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of hotel employees about artificial intelligence usage in hotels: A case study of Katsina metropolis
Authors: Mani Usman
Published: March 2024

The study focused on assessing the knowledge, attitude, and practice of hoteliers on artificial intelligence usage to hotel profitability in Katsina State. Information related to potentials of artificial intelligence as marketing tool as well as its profit-making potentials was reviewed. The study was conducted within Katsina State and cross-sectional type of survey was adopted in conducted the study. Five large hotels within the state with a population of 216 staff were used and purposive as well as proportionate random sampling methods were used to come up with 160 respondents as the sample size for the study. Information was retrieved from the selected respondents using a four-point likert scale. The collected data was subjected descriptive statistics for the analysis. It was indicated that majority of the respondents are male and are of the age between 31-40 years. With a mean score of 2.79, it was identified that artificial intelligence is new to many people and professions, but they are realising its importance. It was also considered at a mean score of 2.90 to serve as a tool for curtailing human errors and it is faster than human in its operations. It was further proven at a mean score of 2.78 to be a tool hotels are using in solving many of their marketing problems. The study concluded that hotels are aware about artificial intelligence and its marketing as well as profitability potentials, but some are sceptical about accepting it to be their marketing tool. It was recommended that hotels should be enlightened on any advancement in technology such as artificial intelligence that can benefit their business as well as marketing operations .
AI Assistance in Providing Tax Advice – A Practical Study
Authors: Walsh A. , Moriarty M. , Hopkins S.J. , Campbell S. , Klavsuc S. , Kelly K. , Eigbiremolen O. , Lowry R.F. , Keane G. , Lelashvili A. , Mooney A. , Cotter E. , Dennehy O. , Lawlor I. , Gozdalik-Coakley A.
Published: March 2024

Gen-AI has been identified as a potential useful tool in providing legal advice. The purpose of this article is to investigate the use of Gen-AI as a tool to provide tax advice. The answers provided to tax questions by the various tools are analysed and the opportunities and limits of the Gen-AI tools are explored.
Commission
Authors: Xygka A.
Published: March 2024

This overview highlights the Commission’s (i) publication of the opinion of the European Economic and Social Committee on the HOT proposal, as well as the opening of infringement procedures (ii) against Germany and Poland over their failure to communicate complete transposition of DAC7, and (iii) against nine Member States regarding their transposition of the Minimum Taxation Directive (2022/2523).
Avances y desafíos en la formación docente para la inclusión educativa: un análisis bibliométrico basado en Scopus
Authors: Salas Torres Lissette Margarita , Saldaña Millan Jackeline Margot , Morales Yanayaco Liliana , Lizano Espinoza Carolina Fresya , Torres Solano Carol Giovanna , Gamboa Carranza Karin del Rosario , Melgarejo Valverde Esperanza Doraliza
Published: March 2024

Este estudio se enfoca en analizar la situación actual de la formación docente orientada a la inclusión educativa, utilizando métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos desde una perspectiva de un análisis bibliométrico para examinar la producción y el impacto científico. Mediante una búsqueda exhaustiva en Scopus, se identificaron 86 documentos relevantes, de los cuales 78 fueron seleccionados para la revisión, excluyendo un duplicado. La mayoría de los documentos eran artículos (73), complementados por revisiones (4). Se formularon preguntas de investigación específicas y se emplearon herramientas bibliométricas apoyadas por el lenguaje de programación “RStudio” para calcular indicadores como la producción científica anual, el promedio de citas por año, los autores más relevantes, las fuentes principales según la Ley de Bradford y la producción científica por países. Los hallazgos demuestran la importancia crítica de la formación docente (FD) en las esferas de la educación y la política para mejorar la inclusión y atender las necesidades de estudiantes con diferentes capacidades. Se concluye que la FD es importante para desarrollar competencias efectivas de enseñanza y aprendizaje, destacando la necesidad de reforzar las políticas existentes y aprovechar las oportunidades tecnológicas para implementar enfoques de enseñanza personalizados.
EL PROGRESO MORAL DEL ESPACIO VIRTUAL: DEL OTRO SIGNIFICANTE AL OTRO GENERALIZADO
Authors: Alarcón González Jose Felipe
Published: March 2024

El uso del espacio virtual invita a una reflexión ética sobre su impacto moral. Sociólogos, psicólogos y filósofos son incapaces acordar sus implicaciones éticas. El presente artículo examina el espacio virtual a través de la teoría de La Construcción Social de la Realidad de Peter L. Berger y Thomas Luckmann, que sostiene que el otro significante conforma el carácter del individuo. Se argumenta que el ciberespacio produce un progreso moral. Por un lado, la multiplicidad de otros significantes representa un obstáculo en la socialización del individuo. Por otro y más importante, los otros significantes constituyen nuevas verdades que favorecen un nuevo orden moral. Este resultado se explica mediante el concepto de otro generalizado originario del filósofo George H. Mead. En conclusión, se propone que el espacio virtual conforma el carácter moral del individuo de forma positiva.
El límite es el cielo. El análisis de Eugen Fink de la idea de mundo en la Crítica de la razón pura y sus implicaciones cosmológicas
Authors: Garrido Maturano Ángel Enrique
Published: March 2024

ResumenEl artículo reconstruye el análisis de Eugen Fink de la idea de mundo en la Crítica de la razón pura.  La reconstrucción presenta dos ejes exegéticos y un tercero  hermenéutico. El primero elucida por qué las antinomias de la dialéctica trascendental establecen  por vía negativa la diferencia cosmológica.  El segundo determina  en qué medida la concepción del mundo como idea constituye el límite de  la comprensión kantiana del mundo. El último interpreta el mundo desde la noción de acontecimiento-originante y muestra nacimiento y muerte como los modos fundamentales en que el acontecer del mundo se inscribe en el sujeto.
Adapting the ICU Model to Deliver Flexible, Innovative and Personalised Care in a Post-Pandemic Society
Authors: Smyth Emma
Published: March 2024

Introduction
At the height of the Covid-19 pandemic, healthcare Trusts were stretched to capacity, utilising existing Intensive Care Units (ICU) and general wards to treat severely ill patients in respiratory distress. Current design guidance and healthcare infrastructure has had to accommodate these new needs, with little flexibility within the current system to cope. However, the facilities and clinical teams have confronted this challenge, doing a crucial job brilliantly whilst in difficult circumstances.

Objectives
The pandemic has raised three issues; why are ICU facilities inflexible, a major problem pre-pandemic but compounded by the last 18 months? How can medical advancements still be achieved while addressing the backlog of patient referrals and outpatient procedures? Finally, how fit-for-purpose is our current design guidance legislation?
Concentrating on the ICU model, we will question how flexible it can be to meet future patient requirements, including personalised medicine, while maintaining effective isolation within intensive care.

Methodology
Current ICU designs will be evaluated, and hypothetical clinical models for care will be developed for testing and investigation. These are later analysed for suitability, effectiveness and versatility, at clinical and patient level. All findings will inform recommendations for changes to design guidance.

Conclusion
This paper seeks to examine what can be achieved while working outside the constraints of the current clinical model and design guidance. With flexibility at its core, can the current ICU clinical design be updated to allow for the needs of current and future requirements?
Disclosure Effect of Enterprise Risk Management, Corporate Governance, Corporate Social Responsibility on Corporate Value
Authors: Pratiwi Julia Loviana , Abidin Zaenal
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the degree to which company value in banking sector companies is influenced by enterprise risk management, corporate governance, corporate social responsibility, and company value between 2019 and 2022. The description and verification method is the one that is employed. The author employs multiple regression analysis, correlation analysis, and coefficient of determination analysis as analytical techniques. The analysis's findings demonstrate that the degree of Company Value (Y) is significantly impacted by the ERM variable (X1). This is evident from the 0.275 t value and a probability (p) = 0.038 and a regression coefficient (β) of 0.032. Company Value (Y) is significantly impacted by the CG variable (X2). The regression coefficient (β) of 0.050 and the t value of 0.362 with probability (p) = 0.002 both demonstrate this. Company Value (Y) is significantly impacted by the CSR variable (X3). The t value of 0.530 and the regression coefficient (β) of 0.045, along with the probability (p) = 0.006, demonstrate this. Company Value (Y) is significantly and simultaneously impacted by the ERM, CG, and CSR variables
Der Geist von Moria
Authors: Engler Anne-Marlen
Published: March 2024

Wie das mytilinische Strafgericht das Verfahren gegen die Moria 4 in der zweiten Instanz handhabt.
Envejecimiento. Guía para un programa académico
Authors: Cortez-González Luis Carlos , Cortes-Montelongo Diana Berenice , Carrillo-Cervantes Ana Laura
Published: March 2024

El aumento en el número de personas adultas mayores ha evidenciado el enorme desafío en la educación de profesionales que tengan las competencias para brindar una atención integral a una población que no solo va en crecimiento, sino con necesidades más complejas. Este texto surge de la necesidad de transmitir conocimiento a los profesionales de la salud al cuidado de las personas adultas mayores basados en la experiencia clínica, investigaciones y expertes de cada uno de los autores. El libro se divide en tres apartados, en el primero de ellos se presentan algunos conceptos básicos, la epidemiologia del envejecimiento y las teorías de este. El segundo apartado presenta los principales síndromes y problemas geriátricos. Por último, el tercer apartado presenta las principales metodologías de la valoración integral geronto-geriatrica. Es indudable que la publicación de este trabajo servirá de gran apoyo en el proceso enseñanza-aprendizaje de los nuevos
Terahertz Radiation – the Dawn of a New Information Era
Authors: Huminiuc Teodor
Published: March 2024

This mini-review article explores the evolution of wireless communication technologies, emphasizing the crucial role played by advancements in information transfer over long distances with minimal errors. Tracing developments from submergible cables to the current 5G technology, the review discusses the potential of 6G, offering insights into the transformative applications it could enable, such as holographic real-time communication and autonomous transport infrastructure. Exploring the applications of Terahertz (THz) frequencies, the article presents the limitations of current wireless speeds and proposes solutions, including the use of spintronic terahertz emitters (STEs) and antiferromagnetic materials, concluding on the challenges and prospects of integrating these technologies into practical applications.
THEETHICS OF TAX EVASION:A STUDY OF OPINIONIN THE UNITED KINGDOM
Authors: Collymore Aidan
Published: March 2024

This research’s focus was ‘The perception of the ethics of tax evasion in the United Kingdom’. Previous research had identified numerous factors that influence tax morale, including: Age; gender; educationlevel; nationality; religion; trust in government; career/education; country’s economic situation as well as view on law abiding. Age and religion were not focusedon due to the population sampled. The study, conducted in the UK in 2019, hada populationsample consisting mainly of University of Portsmouth students with 204 suitable responses. Participants completed a questionnaire based on Robert W. McGee’s 18-statement survey to improve comparability with previous studies. Factors found to affect tax morale were gender, student status and view on law abiding. Student status and view on law abiding had overall significant differences with gender significant on statements regarding human rights issues. The study also compared findings to that of studies conducted in the UK and other countries. Differences in this study andprior research conducted in the UK suggested economic crises could affect tax morale. When compared to other countries there was not a significant difference. However, the UKwas slightlymore accepting than the collated mean of the previous studies used.Government trust and degree subject did not affect tax morale. Recommendations for future research would be to conduct empirical research on tax morale as well as obtaining alarger population sample to improve findings generalisability. Further research should be conducted on the effects of economic crises on tax morale.
Assessment of Lead and Cadmium in Some Industrial Wastewater in Kirkuk City
Authors:   Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq., Abbas Muntaha Mezhir , Husien Kameran Shukur ,   Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq., Zainal Israa Ghassan ,   Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq.
Published: March 2024

The current article concerns wastewater contamination with lead and cadmium due to their toxicity and negative impacts on living creatures and the ecosystem. The study included the assessment of the physiochemical properties and the concentrations of some ions in the wastewater of some industrial plants in Kirkuk governorate Coded (Area 1 to Area 5). The physiochemical properties include temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (T.D.S.), total suspended solids (T.S.S.), electrical conductivity (\(E.C^\circ\)), total hardness, and turbidity. The concentration of ions includes nitrate (\(NO^{-}_{3}\)), magnesium (\(Mg^{2+}\)), calcium (\(Ca^{2+}\)), sulphate (\(SO^{2-}_{4}\)), chloride (\(cl^{-}\)), sodium (\(Na^{+}\)), phosphate (\(PO^{3-}_{4}\)), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). The findings demonstrated that the phosphate (\(PO^{3-}_{4}\)) and lead (Pb and Cd) concentrations were more than the permitted limits. All the physiochemical properties have shown elevated levels compared to the normal values except for those related to total hardness and turbidity, which were unacceptable.
Perception of Undergraduate Medical Students in the Online OG Learning During COVID-19 Pandemic- A Cross Sectional Study at a Tertiary Care Medical College
Authors:   Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, ESIC Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500038., Emmadisetty Swathi , Jogi Suneeth ,   Department Radiology, ESIC Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500038, Yerra Aruna Kumari ,   Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, ESIC Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500038., Bala Sudha ,   Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500038., d’ souza Aparajita ,   Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, ESIC Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India-500038.
Published: March 2024

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has become a great teacher, and online teaching-learning has become the need of the hour during this crisis. In order to improve online medical education and include innovative methods to increase the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains of teaching-learning, it is essential to understand students' perceptions of this online teaching method. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical undergraduates at a tertiary healthcare institution involving students of third, sixth, and eighth semesters. All the students who were willing to participate were included in the study. Data was collected using a predesigned, self-administered validated questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic variables, perceptions about course content, teachers and online assessments, their rating of traditional classes compared to online classes, and their experiences with online learning. Results: A total of 295 Undergraduate medical students belonging to the third, sixth, and eighth semesters of the MBBS course were included in the study. 85% of the students felt that the online OG classes during the COVID pandemic were enjoyable. A statistically significant association was found between student's course content and gender. The ease of staying at home, studying at one's own pace, and saving the transport cost were more acceptable to the students. Lack of communication between the patients and teachers and network issues were identified as problem areas. Conclusions: Hence, online teaching may replace traditional medical teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Immunological and Molecular Investigation of BCR-ABL1 in Samples of Iraqi Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients
Authors:   College of Science, Kirkuk University, Iraq., Mohammad Farooq I. , Nadim Alaa R. ,   Department of Biology, Kirkuk University, Iraq.
Published: March 2024

Background: Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is a blood malignancy that affects hematopoietic stem cells. Also, it is commonly identified by the Philadelphia chromosome. This chromosome produces a protein with strong tyrosine kinase activity and functions as a tumorigenic factor. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the Immunological and Molecular of BCR-ABL1 gene expression and ABL1 protein in patients admitted to the Oncology and Hematology Center of the Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A study was conducted in Kirkuk Governorate, Iraq, from the beginning of November 2022 to May 2023 on Chronic Myeloid Leukemia patients in the Oncology and Hematology Center, which was hospital-based and cross-sectional. The study comprised fifty-three patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia. They were diagnosed using a complete blood count (CBC), a molecular test BCR-ABL1, and an immunological test ABL1 protein. The research did not include patients with missing data and those without consent. Fifty-three peripheral blood samples from 53 CML patients at chronic stages of CML were taken, and using automated Gene Xpert BCR-ABL1 Ultra assay, BCR-ABL1 transcript quantification was conducted on them. Results: The research included fifty-three patients in total (27 males, 28 females), with a mean age of 47.3 12.8 years. The average of BCR\_ABL1 by RT\_ qPCR 3.22 0.09 and the mean of ABL1 by Enzyme-linked Immune sorbent assay (ELISA) reigned is 981 891. Conclusion: Values of the quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT\_ qPCR) by Gene Xpert Ultra level range between 38.62 and 0.00 with a mean of 3.22 0.09. The RT\_ qPCR level showed that 22% of the patients were in good condition, 11% of them had a strong response to treatment, and other 11% showed a complete cytogenetic response (CCyR), which is also a good outcome; however, 78% of the patients either not taking their medication, or there is true resistance. These two methods used different techniques; the former is a nuclear-derived method that detects the presence of specific genetic materials of any pathogen; in the current research, BCR-ABL1 is the target. The latter is a test that detects and measures antibodies, antigens, proteins, and glycoproteins in biological samples, so ABL1 is the target.
Determining The Optimal Time To Apply Adaptive Radiotherapy Plan For Head And Neck Cancer Patients
Authors:   Programme of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia., Albosaabar Muntather Habeeb , Ahmad Rozilawati Binti ,   Programme of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia., Abouelenein Hassan ,   Sohag Oncology Center, Egypt., Mohamed Faizal ,   Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science \& Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia., Yahya Noorazrul ,   Programme of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia., Mohamed Dalia O. ,   South Egypt Cancer Institute (SECI), Asyut University, El- Mesak St. Asyut., Sayed Mona M ,   South Egypt Cancer Institute (SECI), Asyut University, El- Mesak St. Asyut.
Published: March 2024

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients may have considerable anatomical alterations with IMRT and VMAT. Maintaining dosage precision and minimizing tissue damage using adaptive radiotherapy (ART) improves patients' quality of life. However, the optimal time to initiate ART in HNC patients remains undetermined. Objective: This research aimed to identify the optimal time to start ART in HNC patients using a novel method to evaluate anatomical modifications. Materials and Methods: The research included 48 people with HNC who had undergone dynamic IMRT. The size of the patient's PTV was used to divide them into different groups. Both the ER of the original PTV and the ER of the revised PTV were determined. ER differences (dER) were correlated with volume decrease percentage (%dV). Pre-treatment CT images were taken, and then again at fractions 7, 14, and 21 throughout therapy. Results: The PTV volume distributions were verified to be expected. Small, medium, and high ER volumes showed statistically significant variations between the first and second phases (p<0.001). Fraction 14 was the optimum time to administer ART in cases with a PTV of less than <100cc, whereas fractions 7 and 21 were best for cases with a PTV of 100cc to 500cc. Conclusions: The optimal time to begin PTV-based adaptive radiotherapy in HNC patients has been determined. The ER technique improves the clarity of presenting the gap between the reference isodose volume and the PTV, which is valuable information for ART.
Patient Perspective on Informed Consent In Surgery: A Qualitative Investigation
Authors:   Department of general surgery, Sri Krishna medical college Patna, Bihar, India., Asmit Mayank , Kumar Bhartendu ,   Department:general surgery, Sri Krishna medical college, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India., Kibria Tauseef ,   Department:general surgery, Sri Krishna medical college, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India., Kibria Sadaf ,   Nalanda medical college, Patna, Bihar, India.
Published: March 2024

Background: Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in healthcare, representing mutual understanding and agreement between healthcare providers and patients, particularly crucial in surgical contexts. However, the patient's perspective on this process remains underexplored, especially in resource-constrained regions like Muzaffarpur and Bihar. Materials and Methods: This qualitative investigation employed a phenomenological research design to explore the experiences of 23 adult patients who underwent surgical procedures in Muzaffarpur. Semi-structured interviews, conducted in Hindi, were used to gather data, which were subsequently analyzed thematically. Results: The study revealed several key themes: (1) Limited Information Disclosure, (2) Short Timeframes for Decision-Making, (3) Varied Communication Styles, (4) Trust in Healthcare Providers, (5) Sociocultural Factors, and (6) Desire for More Information. These findings highlight the need for improved patient-centered communication, transparent information disclosure, trust-building, cultural sensitivity, and time allocation in the informed consent process. Conclusion: The patient's perspective on informed consent in surgical settings in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, underscores the importance of tailoring practices to local contexts. Enhancing communication, trust, and information accessibility can promote patient autonomy and improve the informed consent experience. These insights are vital for advancing ethical healthcare in resource-constrained regions.
Patella Fractures outcome after Tension Band Wiring; a Cross-sectional Study
Authors:   Bone Joint and Related Tissues Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Kazemi Seyyed-Morteza , Qoreishi Seyyed-Mohammad ,   Bone Joint and Related Tissues Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Keyhani Sohrab ,   Bone Joint and Related Tissues Research Center, Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Hosseininejad Seyyed-Mohsen ,   Joint, Bone, Connective tissue Rheumatology Research Center (JBCRC), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran., Noktehsanj Reza ,   Departments of Surgery and Orthopedics, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
Published: March 2024

Objective: The most common technique for fixing patella fractures is tension band wiring (TBW). The current study aimed to assess the functional and radiological outcomes of the patellar fractures treated by TBW. Patients and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was performed on 78 patients who underwent TBW of patellar fracture in Akhtar Orthopedic Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from September 2015 to April 2018 and had completed a two-year follow-up. A surgical intervention consisting of open reduction and internal fixation was performed on all patients using TBW. Patients were evaluated two years postoperatively by clinical examination, radiographic investigation, and three scales (Tegner activity score [TAS], Lysholm knee score [LKS], and lower extremity functional scale [LEFS]). Result: Of the 78 patients, 48 (61.5%) were male, with a mean age of 36.7 13.1 years. Postoperatively, 41 (52.6%) patients had anterior knee pain, and four (5%) patients had an infection. Knee range of motion was limited in 20 (25.6%) patients. The mean postoperative TAS, LKS, and LEFS mean scores were 4.3 1.34, 85.97 9.21, and 69.62 6.68, respectively. Age was inversely correlated with LKS and LEFS, as both scores decreased with increasing age (p 0.001, r:-0.4). Younger patients (under 30 years old) were more likely to reach their pre-injury TAS score than older patients (p 0.001). In addition, patellofemoral osteoarthritis and patella baja were significantly higher in patients with comminuted fractures than in those with simple fracture patterns (p 0.001). Conclusion: We found acceptable outcomes after fixation with TBW, especially in younger patients; LKS and LEFS scores were lower in the elderly, and younger patients were more likely to reach closer to their pre-injury TAS score. Furthermore, patellofemoral osteoarthritis and patella baja were associated with comminuted patella fractures.
Sera Levels of microRNA-124 in Newly Diagnosed Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Iraqi Population
Authors:   Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maysan., Al-Lami Huda B. , ZEMNI Ramzi ,   Department of Genetics, and Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine University of Soussa., Yassin Ammar Gany ,   Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kerbala.
Published: March 2024

Recently, circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potential new biomarkers for diagnosing and prognosis a wide range of disorders. The study aimed to compare the sera levels of miRNA21 and miRNA124 among newly diagnosed patients e with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with their levels in apparently healthy subjects using blood samples. The time frame for this case-control research is August 2022 through March 2023, and it took place at Al-Sadr Teaching Hospital/Madina in Masin. One hundred patients with a recent di recently patients with T2DM (50 females) and 100 control participants appeared to be healthy but were really between the ages of 5 and 70. We took 2 ml of blood from each patient and healthy person, placed it in an EDTA tube with 1 ml of Trizole as a preservative, and put the tubes in the freezer at -20 degrees Celsius until we were ready to analyze the samples. Recent studies prove the relationship between miR-124 and inflammatory processes and insulin resistance; our emphasis suggests the role miR-124 in insulin resistance in T2DM. Studies have explored the potential of miR-124 as a diagnostic biomarker for T2DM. Altered expression levels of these miRNAs have been detected in sera of newly T2DM-diagnosed patients, which promises to be a non-invasive technique for the disease. Regarding therapeutic scope, miR-124 may be used as a target for insulin sensitivity. Modulating this miRNA may have a potential therapeutic impact in managing T2DM. It is important to note that significant progress has been made in understanding the involvement of miR-124 in T2DM. New studies may provide additional knowledge on its mechanism to decrease insulin receptor resistance and beta cell function, hence, the pathophysiology of T2DM.
Correlation Between Common Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Lumbosacral Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Authors:   Department of Radiology, Al-Sader Medical City, Al-Najaf Health Directorate, Al-Najaf, Iraq., Al-Shamma,a Ammar Ahmed Jawad , AL-Tameemi Haider Najim ,   Department of Radiology/Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq., Al-Isawi Aws R. ,   Department of Radiology/Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Al-Najaf, Iraq.
Published: March 2024

Background: Lumbosacral intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is a common cause of low back pain and has recently been attributed to ischemic causes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can accurately assess the presence and degree of IDD, while the common carotid artery (CCA) intima-media thickness (IMT) measured on ultrasound (US) has been accepted as a reliable imaging marker for the presence of atherosclerosis. Aim of the Study: To assess the association between CCA-IMT with the presence and grade of lumbosacral IVD as evident on MRI in patients with LBP. Patient and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 200 patients with LBP (115 females and 85 males) referred for lumbosacral spinal MRI at the MRI unit in AL-Sader Medical City for eight months duration. MRI examination involved L1/L2 ,L2/L3,L3/4 ,L4/L5 \& L5/S1 intervertebral discs levels. Patients with a history of lumbosacral surgery, trauma, or tumor were excluded. CCA-IMT was measured using a B-mode US scan, while the degree of IDD was assessed on MRI using I-V Pfirrmann's grading system. Results: Older age, male gender, higher body mass index, presence of cardiovascular comorbidities, and specific occupations were associated with a higher grade of IDD. However, the mean CCA-IMT was independently associated with the advancing grade of IDD at all levels with a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). A significantly larger mean CCA-IMT was found in relation to grade V (0.946 ±0.28), and the lowest mean was found in those with grade I (0.468 ±0.1). The grading of IDD was fair in the prediction of thicker CCA-IMT. Conclusion: IDD was directly correlated with CCA-IMT, and patients with higher grades of IDC tend to have thicker mean CCA-IMT. IDD may be a manifestation or predictor of atherosclerosis. However, future long-term cohort studies to assess causal association are recommended.
Pengenalan Digital Marketing Dalam Upaya Pengenalan Objek Wisata Hutan Pinus Di Buntu Datu
Authors: Olivia Devi Yulian P  , Astriwati Biringkanae  , Stefani Marina Palimbong
Published: March 2024

Digital marketing in the current era has become very important in marketing its products, no exception to tourism. Social Media allows everyone to create and spread their own content on various social networking platforms. But in the promotion of tourism, there needs to be a briefing on the strategy of using and preparing content, including social media ethics for managers and other stakeholders. Based on this, the PKM team conducted digital marketing introduction and training activities to be able to promote Pinus Buntu datu Forest Tourism and what potential it has and can be introduced to tourists. This training is aimed at tourism managers of Pinus Buntu datu Forest and the interest of the participants is quite high and they also feel the benefits of this digital marketing introduction training can be applied in digital marketing on social media. Further training is still needed on how to create messages in multimedia (photos and videos) that are attractive to potential tourists.