bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Phenomenological Effects of Several Stress Management Strategies
Authors: Pekala Ronald J. , Forbes Elizabeth J. , Contrisciani Patricia A.
Published: May 2005

The present study compared the reported phenomenological effects associated with several stress management techniques (hypnosis, progressive relaxation, deep abdominal breathing) and a baseline condition (eyes-closed) as a function of hypnotic susceptibility. Three hundred nursing students experienced the aforementioned conditions and retrospectively completed a self-report questionnaire, the Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI), in reference to each condition. The PCI allows for reliable and valid quantification of various (sub)dimensions of phenomenological experience. The results indicated that stress management techniques like hypnosis or progressive relaxation are not phenomenologically equivalent, and their effects are further moderated by a subject's hypnotic susceptibility.
Changing Attitudes toward the Old in Oriental Families in Israel
Authors: Stahl Abraham
Published: May 2005

Old people held a central position in traditional Jewish-Oriental family and society. After immigration to Israel this changed within a very short time, as Israel's Western-style society is not based upon the authority of the elder generation. Often this change was accompanied by the development of negative attitudes toward the aged, appearing in many families as disrespect and even as physical neglect of parents. But in other families the traditional attitudes of honoring the elder generation were retained, although in them too the rise of the nuclear family led to loss of power and importance formerly held by the aged members. The changing attitudes within the family are reflected in discussions by disadvantaged soldiers of Oriental origin in classes for basic training in the Israeli army and by answers of fifth-grade children to questions on their relations with their grandparents.
The Effect of Cimetidine and Ranitidine on Cognitive Function in Postoperative Cardiac Surgical Patients
Authors: Kim Kelly Y. , McCartney James R. , Kaye William , Boland Robert J. , Niaura Ray
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To compare the incidence of delirium in postoperative cardiac surgical patients treated with either cimetidine or ranitidine.

Method:

Cardiac surgery patients were randomized to receive either cimetidine or ranitidine postoperatively. Each patient underwent three Mini-Mental Status Examinations (MMSE) and the medical record was reviewed for pertinent past medical history, laboratory data, and evidence of delirium on three occasions: one day preoperatively (before H-2 blocker was given), in the early postoperative period (while receiving the H-2 blocker); usually two days postoperatively on the day of hospital discharge (several days after the H-2 blocker had been discontinued).

Results:

Overall, both groups in the early postoperative period showed a significant decrease in the MMSE score (27.11 ± 4.44 to 25.38 ± 2.87, mean ± SD; t = 5.16, p < .0005), which resolved by the time of hospital discharge. There was no significant difference between cimetidine and ranitidine. Both age and preoperative MMSE score were strongly associated with the development of delirium.

Conclusions:

We found no significant difference between cimetidine's versus ranitidine's effect upon cognitive functioning in the postoperative cardiac surgical patient. This was true even when controlling for age and length of stay.
Collaborative Team Projects: Key Issues for Effective Learning
Authors: Gasen Jean B. , Preece Jenny
Published: May 2005

There are few occupations where people do not work together to achieve goals. Yet much of the education that students receive is individual, faculty-directed learning. Within all areas of education the need for teamwork is being recognized. This is particularly so in computing disciplines, where it is assumed that after graduating many students will join development teams. In addition, the availability of better communications systems such as e-mail and desktop video conferencing encourages collaboration between geographically separated people. If students are to benefit from the experience of collaborative team projects, faculty must resolve important issues concerning group dynamics, pedagogy, and administration.
Drugs—Not Here!—Model of Group Intervention as Preventative Therapeutic Tool for Children of Drug Addicts
Authors: Peleg-Oren Neta
Published: May 2005

Children of addicts suffer from emotional, cognitive, social, and behavioral problems. In view of the problems the children face, they are undoubtedly “a population at risk,” in need of preventive and therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this article is to describe a model of group intervention as one of the preventive therapeutic tools for children of addicts. The project was conducted over 18 months of weekly meetings. The article will deal with the characteristics of children of addicts, the group intervention model with reference to the group framework, and the work carried out with the group, as well as its evaluation. The evaluation indicated positive effects on several psychosocial variables.
Transport Canada's Air Traffic Services Simulation and Evaluation Program
Authors: Paine Trevor G. S.
Published: May 2005

The Canadian Government, through its Department of Transport (Transport Canada) Air Traffic Services organization is responsible for a variety of ATC programs of which the Simulation and Evaluation program is fast attaining its potential as an experimental tool. Simulation and Evaluation has been a way of life in aviation for many many years; in ATC however, it is perhaps only in the last ten years that computer-aided simulators have become an essential part of the service. Since commissioning the Canadian ATC Simulation and Evaluation System in 1976, not only has it been effective and reliable in providing objective experimental results, it has also provided economic benefits to our operations. As a training aid it is yet to attain its full worth. Being the newest of ATC Simulation Systems, the Canadian system incorporates several computers, an integrated communications control capability, an elaborate software package, modern digital radar displays and data link features.
A Multi-City Community Based Smoking Research Intervention Project in the African-American Population
Authors: Darity William A. , Tuthill Robert W. , Winder Alvin E. , Cernada George P. , Chen Ted T. L. , Buchanan David R. , Stanek Edward , Pastides Harris
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To carry out a community-based research approach to determine the most effective educational interventions to reduce smoking among African-American smokers. The intervention included preparation of the community, planning and developing a model of change, and developing a community-based intervention. The study population consisted of 2,544 randomly selected adult African-American smokers residing in four sites in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the United States. The research design provided a comparison of active intervention sites with passive control sites as well as low income and moderate income areas.

Major Outcome Measures:

Point prevalence of non-smoking at the time of interview; Period prevalence of non-smoking at the time of interview; Period prevalence of quit attempts in the prior six months; Number of smoke-free days in the prior six months; Number of cigarettes smoked daily at the time of interview.

Results:

Based upon a survey eighteen months after baseline data was collected, all four measures of cigarette smoking behavior showed a strong statistically significant reduction of personal smoking behavior among those receiving active interventions versus the passive group. On the basis of process variable analysis, direct contact with the project staff in the prior six months was significantly higher in the active intervention areas. There was only a small non-significant increase in personal smoking behavior in moderate income groups as opposed to low income groups.

Conclusion:

An analysis of process variables strongly suggests that, within this African-American Community, “hands on” or “face to face” approaches along with mass media, mailings, and other less personal approaches were more effective in reducing personal smoking behavior than media, mailings, and other impersonal approaches alone addressed to large audiences.
Apathetic Hyperthyroidism in Middle Age
Authors: Palacios Antonio , Cohen Mary Ann Adler , Cobbs Ronald
Published: May 2005

Apathetic hyperthyroidism was first described in the medical literature by Lahey in 1931. It is a form of hyperthyroidism found principally in the elderly population. In this disorder the usual hyperkinetic presentation of thyrotoxicosis is replaced by apathy and inactivity, often leading to an erroneous psychiatric diagnosis. Although there is a paucity of literature on apathetic hyperthyroidism, it has been described in the elderly and as an extremely rare complication of hyperthyroid disorder in children. It was described only rarely in middle age. The following case highlights the diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas encountered in a middle-aged patient who presented with dementia and apathetic hyperthyroidism.
The Social Consequence of Wellness: A View of Healing Outcomes from Micro and Macro Perspectives
Authors: Finkler Kaja
Published: May 2005

Using field data from Mexican Spiritualist healing, this article focuses on the relationship between treatment outcomes at the individual and social levels. Two issues are explored 1) to what degree do persons treated by Spiritualist healing techniques fit into the wider society of which they are part, and 2) what effects does a given healing system exert on socioeconomic and political arrangements? The discussion brings into bold relief the contradictions embedded in Spiritualist healing techniques and rituals when studied from micro and macro perspectives. Using physiological and social analysis, the author addresses the reasons why individuals participate in Spiritualist healing and rituals, despite the resultant reproduction of socioeconomic and political forms that are contrary to the participants' concerns and interests and that may also be illness producing. By way of conclusion, it is suggested that, on a macro level, healing systems of the Spiritualist kind tend to perpetuate the socioeconomic and political systems.
Relevance of Art in the Training of Creative Architects in Nigeria
Authors: Akogo Benedict C.
Published: May 2005

Most students of architecture in Nigeria do not have the ability to translate beautiful proposals into reality. Freehand sketches of design proposals are difficult and often they are completely absent in schools of architecture. Art is a form of mental development in terms of creativity, imagination and aesthetics. Architecture in Nigeria must have a heavy emphasis on art education if evolving an indigenous architecture is to become a reality. Details of the impact of art in the development of creative architects are discussed.
On the Improvement of the Style of Technical Writing
Authors: Millard Michael
Published: May 2005

In his paper, “Motivating Engineering Students to Publish,” Dr. Herman A. Estrin describes the experiences that he has had in teaching engineering students to write, and particularly to write publishable material. This professional approach to writing has paid off, as Mr. Millard's article demonstrates.
Control Theory and Multiple Placebo Effects
Authors: Jensen Mark P. , Karoly Paul
Published: May 2005

The importance of the placebo in medicine is well documented, yet our understanding of placebo effects remains limited. One obstacle to a greater understanding is the fact that the phrase “placebo effect” has been used to refer to a number of qualitatively distinct behavioral events. Thus, different theories have been promulgated, each one tending to explain a selective portion of the placebo phenomenon. To help clarify matters, three kinds of placebo effects are described, and theories that have been used to explain them are reviewed. Limitations of these theories are then discussed, and a general model of placebo effects, based on a control theory perspective, is presented. Some implications and limitations of this model are outlined.
Attitudes toward Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia among Physicians in South Carolina and Washington
Authors: Dickinson George E. , Lancaster Carol J. , Sumner Edward D. , Cohen Jonathan S.
Published: May 2005

Active euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide has been highlighted in the 1990s, yet little is known about physicians' attitudes toward these practices. We replicated a study of Washington physicians in South Carolina to determine attitudes toward assisted suicide and euthanasia. Questionnaires were mailed to 1, 119 physicians in South Carolina; the Washington study had the same sample composition from 1, 355 doctors. Logistic regression was used to investigate the effects of gender and practice characteristics (independent variables) on attitudes toward euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Frequency distributions were computed to compare the South Carolina (54% response rate) and Washington (69% response rate) data. Attitudes toward physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia of physicians in South Carolina and Washington are polarized. Overall, physicians' attitudes in the two states were remarkably similar.
Hypnotic Hypermnesia for Subliminally Encoded Stimuli: State-Dependent Memory for “Unmonitored” Sensations
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G. , Lacourse Priscilla , Lynch Bridget
Published: May 2005

In Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, respectively, eighty-five subjects and sixty subjects viewed nine facial caricatures for 1/150 sec per face, nine for 1/100 sec per face, and nine for 1/10 sec per face. Recognition memory for three of the 1/150, three of the 1/100, and three of the 1/10 sec faces was tested before hypnosis; memory for nine more faces was tested during hypnosis; memory for the last nine faces was tested after hypnosis. Before hypnosis, the recognition probabilities for 1/150 sec faces and 1/100 sec faces were at chance levels, and the recognition probability for 1/10 sec faces was better than chance. During hypnosis, recognition memory for 1/150 sec faces was again at the chance level. However, hypnotic recognition of 1/100 sec faces was better than chance, and hypnotic recognition of 1/10 sec faces was no better than chance. Consistent both with cognitive-state monitoring theory and with state-dependent theories of memory, these results indicate that memory for subliminally perceived targets (1/100 sec faces) is facilitated by the hypnotic state.
Remote Site Instruction in Physics: A Test of the Effectiveness of a New Teaching Technology
Authors: Rudolph Sidney , Gardner Michael K.
Published: May 2005

This study tested the effectiveness of a remote site instructional system utilizing audio-graphic teleconferencing technology. The subject matter taught was high school level physics. The test site was Bountiful High School in Bountiful, Utah. The study consisted of a treatment-control group comparison in which the treatment group (9 males and 2 females) received the remotely delivered instruction and the control group (14 males and 3 females) received traditional high school physics instruction. The dependent variable was performance on physics tests that were administered periodically during the intervention period. A two-step hierarchical multiple regression was used to analyze the data. During the first step, the experimental and control groups were equated for pre-existing differences in student ability. During the second step, the two groups were tested for differences in performance due to the experimental manipulation. No significant differences in performance were found. The results lead us to believe that audio-graphic teleconferencing is an effective medium for delivering remote instruction.
Poetry at Work: Historical Examples of Technical Communication in Verse
Authors: Connor Jennifer J.
Published: May 2005

Poetry has imparted technical information to workers for centuries. This article presents both literary examples of poetic technical literature, and traditional examples of rhyme and song which acted functionally to lead and instruct workers in specific tasks. In so doing, it illustrates the usefulness and time-honored acceptance of poetic devices in technical communication.
Death of Young Sons and Husbands
Authors: Barinbaum Lea
Published: May 2005

This article deals with reactions of bereaved persons after the Yom Kippur War. It is a descriptive study of people who came to group sessions monitored by the author. The main defense-mechanisms that came out clearly during the first sessions were those of retreat, denial and attack. Later coping mechanisms were explored and employed. Some deep-seated fears stemming from the tragic history of the Jewish people were also brought into the open by the participants, such as the “Sacrifice of Isaac,” the Holocaust, and the Massadah themes.
Occupational Health and Safety of Workers in Agriculture and Horticulture
Authors: Lundqvist Peter
Published: May 2005

Working in agriculture and horticulture gives considerable job satisfaction. The tasks are often interesting; you can see the result of your own work, watch your crop grow and mature; you have an affinity with nature and can follow the changes in the seasons. However, today it is a dangerous work environment fraught with occupational injuries and diseases due to hazardous situations and to physiological, physical, biological, chemical, psychological, and sociological factors. The ongoing rapid development may, on the other hand, bring about many changes during the next decades with more farmers and growers switching to organic production. Moreover, increased awareness of animal welfare also may lead to improved working conditions. Large-scale operations with fewer family-operated agricultural businesses might mean fewer injuries among children and older farmers. A consequence of large-scale operations may also be better regulation of working conditions. The greater use of automation technology eliminates many harmful working postures and movements when milking cows and carrying out other tasks. Information technology offers people the opportunity to gain more knowledge about their work. Labeling food produced in a worker-friendly work environment may give the consumers a chance to be involved in the process.
Race or Class, or Race and Class
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: May 2005

In 1987, The Milbank Quarterly published two special supplements on the health status of blacks in the United States. Dr. Vicente Navarro wrote a letter concerning the issues raised in these publications to the editor of The Milbank Quarterly, but the decision was made not to print it. Because of the importance of the subject involved, the letter is published here, with the hope of opening a debate on the issues discussed in The Milbank Quarterly's supplements and in Navarro's letter. Professor Miller, a major contributor to the supplements, will reply to Navarro's comments in an upcoming issue of this journal.
Models and the Teaching of Technical Writing
Authors: Werner Warren W.
Published: May 2005

Technical writing students often misuse models given them for their writing assignments because they fail to distinguish between model and example and between different kinds of models. The results of this misuse are texts that contain inappropriate material and are unfit for their intended audiences. The approach to writing taken by these students is too narrow and rigid. This article details the problem and defines the models used in writing as partially abstract, analogous representations of social codifications of linguistic experience. Since models are social artifacts shared by both writers and readers, a clearer understanding of them should help writers produce texts appropriate for their audiences while giving the writers greater rhetorical flexibility.
Microcomputer-Based Instruction in Special Education
Authors: Lehrer Richard , Harckham Laura D. , Archer Philip , Pruzek Robert M.
Published: May 2005

This article reports findings of an evaluation study examining the instructional effectiveness of varying software environments for 120 preschool special needs children. Cognitive distancing principles were applied to classify children according to symbolic competence prior to instruction and to classify child-software interactions during instruction. An aptitude-by-treatment interaction design contrasted children's learning in either Logo or instructional software contexts with a control condition. Dependent measures included indicators of preschool problem solving, skill acquisition, language development, cognitive development and affective development. Results indicated that a Logo-based environment enhanced children's problem-solving skills and their acquisition of linguistic pragmatics as compared to counterparts in a control condition. In contrast, an instructional software condition promoted children's acquisition of specific skills. Neither software environment enhanced children's global levels of cognitive or of affective development. We conclude with a caution that the medium is not the message.
Human Rights, Health, and Capital Accumulation in the Third World
Authors: Chossudovsky Michel
Published: May 2005

While the development of center capitalism has evolved toward “the Welfare State” and a framework of liberal sociodemocracy, the “peripheral State” is generally characterized by nondemocratic forms of government. This bipolarity in the state structure between center and periphery is functionally related to the international division of labor and the unity of production and circulation on a world level. The programs and policies of the center Welfare State (health, education, social security, etc.) constitute an input of “human capital” into the high-technology center labor process. Moreover, welfare programs in center countries activate the process of circulation by sustaining high levels of consumer demand.

In underdeveloped countries, the underlying vacuum in the social sectors and the important allocations to military expenditure support the requirements of the peripheral labor process.

Programs in health in the center and periphery are related to the bipolarity (qualification/dequalification) in the international division of labor. The social and economic functions of health programs are intimately related to the organic structure of the State and the mechanics whereby the State allocates its financial surplus in support of both capitalist production and circulation.
The Effect of Copayments and Income on the Utilization of Medical Care by Subscribers to Japan's National Health Insurance System
Authors: Kupor Scott A. , Liu Yong-Chuan , Lee Jungwoo , Yoshikawa Aki
Published: May 2005

This study uses cross-sectional data from Japan's 47 prefectures covering subscribers to Japan's National Health Insurance system to analyze the effects of income and copayment levels on the utilization of medical care. Multivariate regression models were run for the years 1984 and 1989, with the utilization ratio (number of health insurance claims per 100 insurance subscribers) for total, inpatient, outpatient, and dental services as the dependent variable. Independent variables included copayment per patient day, deflated per capita income, population density, percentage of subscribers over age 65, number of beds and clinics per 1,000 persons, and number of doctors and dentists per 1,000 persons. The data were then stratified according to per capita income and percentage of insurance subscribers over the age of 65 in each prefecture. The copayment amount exhibited a small, but significant negative effect on the utilization of all medical services. Utilization of outpatient care was most sensitive to the copayment rate. The per capita income stratification models revealed the greatest copayment effect on inpatient care for the lowest income group. The results of the age stratification models support popular notions about the use of hospitals by the elderly as substitutes for elderly care facilities. The effects of copayments and income vary not only among the type of medical care (inpatient, outpatient, and dental) but also among the income and age stratifications of groups in the National Health Insurance system.
The Attrition of Hospice Volunteers
Authors: Lafer Barbara
Published: May 2005

This article reviews findings regarding the attrition of hospice volunteers. Ways to improve retention relating to several aspects of the volunteer administrator's job are suggested: selection of volunteers, training, overseeing the transition from training to actual volunteering, structuring communication between volunteers and paid staff, and supervising and supporting volunteers in their work with patients and families. Suggestions for further research are presented.
Who Goes Who Stays: An Assessment of the Effect of a Freshman Mentoring and Unit Registration Program on College Persistence
Authors: Mangold William D. , Bean Luann G. , Adams Douglas J. , Schwab William A. , Lynch Scott M.
Published: May 2005

We present an evaluation of a freshman block registration and mentoring program at a major state university. In an effort to improve retention, the University initiated a freshman block registration and mentoring program in the fall of 1994. The program was developed to strengthen social support, which we hypothesize leads to higher rates of persistence. We present the effects of the program on retention and academic performance for successive cohorts from 1994 through 1998. Academic performance and retention rates are used as outcome measures and are related to student and university characteristics. We describe the nature of the program and the impact that it has on persistence (survival times), grades, and graduation. Our analysis uses event history models (follow back life tables and Discrete-Time Logit Models).
Reaching Out with Telecommunication
Authors: Varma Indu
Published: May 2005

Telecommunication is a very powerful vehicle of the Information Age. It is like the spaceship that has taken us on exciting odysseys through weird and wonderful territories. It has shrunken the global boundaries and has given us the feeling of living in a global village. It has literally knocked down barriers of classroom walls, distance, language, time, culture, and has extended our learning arena into the real world.

In this article I will briefly share some of the telecommunication projects that my students and I have been involved in. Our telecommunication experiences in a way have been like cooking. Just as in cooking sometimes one follows a recipe and at other times one is creative and does one's own thing. Similarly sometimes we have participated in existing projects and at other times I have initiated my own.
Career Opportunities for Teachers of Technical Writing: A Survey of Programs in Technical Communication
Authors: Anderson Paul V.
Published: May 2005

In response to a mail survey of the career opportunities they offer teachers of technical writing, twenty-four programs that prepare students for careers as technical writers and editors indicated that their technical writing faculty enjoy about the same teaching loads, salaries, and chances for promotion and tenure as do equally qualified and experienced teachers of literature at their schools. The programs also indicated that they have a growing number of openings on their faculties for teachers of technical writing. Finally, the programs ranked and rated seventeen qualifications that might be offered by applicants for those positions; the most significant conclusion drawn from the rankings and ratings is that the programs look more favorably upon experience — both in teaching and in working as a technical writer or editor — than they do upon formal study of technical writing or the teaching of it.
A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Computer Anxiety in College Students
Authors: Marcoulides George A. , Wang Xiang-Bo
Published: May 2005

As computers are introduced into school curricula, it is important to be able to evaluate student attitudes and reactions toward computers in order to assure the successful implementation of computers. In this study, the attitudes and reactions of two samples of college students from Los Angeles, California, and Hunan, People's Republic of China, toward computers were examined and compared. The results indicate that computer anxiety is present to a similar degree for both samples of American and Chinese students.
Making the Grade: Predicting Retention in Undergraduate Teacher Education
Authors: Vare Jonatha W. , Dewalt Mark W. , Dockery E. Ray
Published: May 2005

Researchers describe results from a longitudinal study of variables predicting retention in undergraduate teacher education. Selected teacher candidates' background characteristics were correlated with undergraduate grade point ratio (GPR) as a measure of academic success. The sample consisted of 657 candidates in an initial course in teacher education. Data collection included the following: high school GPR; SAT scores; other pre-enrollment information such as parents' occupations and educational levels; and scores on McCarthy's Learning Type Measure (LTM) which reports four learning preferences or types. Multiple regression analysis revealed five significant variables that predicted first-year spring GPR in descending order: 1) SAT-V score; 2) SAT-M score; 3) high school GPR; 4) level of father's education; and 5) thinking/reflecting score on the LTM. Researchers discuss implications for teacher candidates' academic success.
Perturbations in the Scientific Literature
Authors: Harmon Joseph E.
Published: May 2005

In contrast to the literary artist we expect the scientist-writer to transmit information to the intended audience as accurately and clearly as possible. Nevertheless, a few scientists have managed to slip into their prose such rhetorical devices as anagram, acrostic, pun, metaphor, litotes, and neologism.
Spirituality and Religiosity: Relative Relationships to Death Anxiety
Authors: Rasmussen Christina H. , Johnson Mark E.
Published: May 2005

To assess the relative contributions of spirituality and religiosity to levels of death anxiety, the Templer Death Anxiety Scale (TDAS) [1] and the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) [2] were administered to 134 female and seventy-four male undergraduate college students. Results of a stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that spirituality has a significant negative relationship with death anxiety, i.e., as the degree of certainty with respect to life after death, greater levels of satisfaction with life, and greater feelings of purpose in life increase, levels of death anxiety decrease. No significant relationship was revealed between religiosity and death anxiety. Taken together, these findings suggest that the inconsistency in research findings concerning the relationship between religiosity and death anxiety may be accounted for by the variable of spirituality. An additional finding was that female participants reported higher levels of death anxiety than males.
Who's Calling the Shots? Decision-Makers and the Adoption of Effective School-Based Substance use Prevention Curricula
Authors: Ringwalt Chris , Ennett Susan T. , Vincus Amy A. , Rohrbach Louise Ann , Simons-Rudolph Ashley
Published: May 2005

This study investigates the relative roles of school district and school-level decision-makers in the implementation of effective substance use prevention curricula. Drawing on a “Site-Based Management” approach to effective decision-making, we hypothesized that schools whose personnel played active decision-making roles would be more likely to implement effective curricula than those in which decision-making was the prerogative of school district personnel. Study data comprised 1369 questionnaires completed by a representative national sample of both district-level prevention coordinators and middle school-based lead prevention teachers. From the perspective of the lead prevention teachers, the school district-level prevention coordinator was more influential than school staff in selecting effective prevention curricula. However, we did find some support for our hypothesis from our district-level informants, who indicated that community groups and advisory committees also play a modest role in the selection of such curricula.
Medical Politics, Health Policy: Party Health Platforms, Promise and Performance
Authors: Silver George A.
Published: May 2005

Health policy in the United States is a product of medical politics. “Medical politics” includes not only traditional patterns of interest group pressures but traditional political party philosophies and patient expectations as well. Characteristic Republican politics reflects narrower governmental spending and greater emphasis on support of entrepreneurial effort. Desired effects will “trickle down” to the needy. Democratic politics tend to follow a more generous spending line, not neglecting the entrepreneurs, but spreading some of the funds around to the needy themselves. In addition, Republicans tend to distrust salaried officials, placing governmental power (through government funds) into the hands of private agencies or companies. Democrats hesitate less to build bureaucratic structures.

On the record, both parties follow roughly similar lines in spite of these philosophic differences, which turn out to be differences in style. Both parties have practiced restraint in financing of medical services, only recently undertaking payment for these, and only recently undertaking to pay for medical education. Research has been a favored federal focus. Rapid and seemingly uncontrollable inflation has forced both parties to take a harder line.

Political platforms are not necessarily clear signals of eventual party action. Nevertheless, they underline what the parties consider to be the problems as the voters see them and they express what the parties see as the appropriate response to these problems. This paper suggests what the party platforms will look like for the presidential election this year and also what the parties will probably do thereafter.
A Global Review of Training of Community Health Workers
Authors: Li Virginia C. , Goethals Peter R. , Dorfman Sharon
Published: May 2005

Community Health Workers (CHWs) are often the most important deliverers of health care services. This review brings together relevant information on CHWs and their training. These materials concern themselves with training techniques as they have been developed in various programs in various countries around the world. Because of the relative newness of the field the bulk of the materials have been written only in the last ten years. Four phases in training CHWs to undertake primary health care work are reviewed. These are: assessing the community's health needs and priorities and specifying the CHWs' tasks, adapting CHW training to the community, selecting CHWs and providing the CHWs with training and support. Issues of concern relating to these phases are: who is the trainer, what training strategies are to be followed, how is the training to be monitored and evaluated and, finally, what is the cost. A guide to twenty-two manuals that have been developed in various countries for use in training CHWs is included.
Editing in a Bilingual, Bicultural Context
Authors: Ward James H.
Published: May 2005

Editing in a bilingual, bicultural environment involves many of the same problems and frustrations as editing in a monolingual environment; however, the bilingual, bicultural environment often exacerbates these problems. Editing is further complicated by linguistic interference among the author's languages. Finally, culturally conditioned attitudes toward the duties and responsibilities of the editor create areas of potential conflicts between editor and author. If technical participation of non-native English speakers is to increase, as hoped for in such endeavors as President Reagan's policy of the Caribbean Basin Initiative, editors must be sensitive toward those problems in such complicated circumstances.
A Diagnostic Model of Teaching Improvement
Authors: Melnik Michael A. , Sheehan Daniel S.
Published: May 2005

In this paper we have outlined a model for instructional improvement which stresses working directly with university faculty members on their teaching skills. Integral to the workings of the model is the constructive combination of educational technology and human resources. An example of how the model is implemented with a faculty member illustrates its feasibility.
A Woman with Dermatitis and Dissociative Periods
Authors: Reading Anthony J.
Published: May 2005

A nineteen year old female with pustular eczema and dissociative spells is presented. The patient has a three year history of severe dermatitis beginning shortly after her marriage. Central dynamic issues appear to be difficulty separating from her mother and an ambivalent identification with a hostile father. The patient also describes fugue-like episodes which occur with emerging aggressive feelings. Psychological testing supported these hypotheses. The relevant literature describing the correlation between aggression and skin disease is reviewed. A final uniform formulation was tentatively proposed that this patient, in addition to a strong genetic component for atopic dermatitis, had her illness abetted by inability to cope with aggressive affects.
Classrooms of the 21st Century: Teacher Competence, Confidence and Collaboration
Authors: Clouse R. Wilburn , Alexander Elaine
Published: May 2005

For the past two decades, information and technology have grown exponentially. We are now able to surf the world on the Internet. Students are able to go places they have never been before and see ideas and concepts presented in a new multimedia approach. However, to a great extent, students are learning these skills without the assistance of knowledgeable teachers. This research suggests some areas to improve technology-based education.
Transference and Countertransference Problems in a Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Bernstein Anne E. , Flegenheimer Walter , Roose Lawrence J.
Published: May 2005

The severe depression of a patient critically ill with myasthenia gravis necessitated psychiatric intervention. Over a period of two years three different approaches were utilized by three therapists: 1) intensive psychotherapy, 2) limited supportive psychotherapy, and 3) therapy based on the therapist's presentation of himself as an all-powerful healing figure. Improvement occurred in phase one, severe regression in phase two and marked improvement and death in phase three. Transference and countertransference factors were of critical importance in each phase.
The Active Voice in Scientific Articles: Frequency and Discourse Functions
Authors: Rodman Lilita
Published: May 2005

This article examines the frequency and discourse functions of 752 active transitive clauses in a 66,500-word corpus of sixteen research articles in the physical sciences. The overall rate of actives was only 34 percent; the rates were lowest in the Methods (12%) and Abstracts (27%), higher in Introductions (41%) and Results (40%), and highest in Discussions (44%) and Conclusions (52%). The active was often required because of the principle of end-weight. Throughout the research article actives with “real world” grammatical subjects were used to state “scientific truths.” The most prominent other functions tended to vary from section to section and to correlate somewhat with the semantic subcategory of the grammatical subject. Active clauses with human subjects were used to cite research and to introduce metadiscourse, while ones with discourse subjects were used to introduce graphics, and ones with research process subjects and research product subjects were used to make evidential statements about results.
Hidden Menace in the Universal Child Immunization Program
Authors: Banerji Debabar
Published: May 2005

Short-term, technocentric approaches to health care–“selective primary health care”–in Third World countries, as advocated by UNICEF and other international agencies, threaten to reverse the historic gains made at the Alma-Ata Conference in 1978. The primary health care strategy presented in the Alma-Ata Declaration was the culmination of the struggle for democratization of health services in the Third World. In this article, the author discusses the effects of the selective primary health care approach, as exemplified by the Universal Child Immunization Program, on general health services and its fundamental contradictions with the primary health care approach, and presents the manifesto drawn up at the Meeting on Selective Primary Health Care held in Antwerp in 1985.
The Use of Pattern in Student Material Culture: A Preliminary Report from Harvard Yard
Authors: Graffam Gray
Published: May 2005

The paper presents a preliminary report of the site excavations at Harvard Yard, Cambridge, Massachusetts and relates some of the difficulties that secondary deposits and urban dumps pose for the historical archaeologist. Although the study has not been completed, it is suggested that a study in material pattern as indicated by vessel form may reveal whether the assemblage excavated from the James Olmstead House Site consists of mainly students' refuse or a mixture of household and student debris. A 19th century example of how material patterning of vessel form can reveal a dormitory origin is presented.
Breast Self-Examination among Female Students in Tertiary Institutions in a Nigerian City
Authors: Oladepo Oladimeji , Adegoke Florence
Published: May 2005

The breast self-examination (BSE) of 690 female students in two tertiary institutions of a cosmopolitan city was investigated. The students were interviewed about their BSE practices including variables that might have influenced their BSE behavior. Results revealed that although 84.6 percent of the respondents were aware of BSE, 65.1 percent did not know the correct step and sequence of BSE. While respondents attitudinal disposition to BSE was generally favorable, only 11.6 percent of the respondents correctly practiced BSE in the last six months and standing before the mirror position was the most popular technique employed (29.6%). In addition, previous breast problems were found to affect BSE but not history of breast cancer in the family. Of the 234 respondents (33.9%) who had never practiced BSE, 23 percent attributed it to lack of knowledge and 18 percent felt it was not important. Based on these findings we recommend that school based BSE educational programs should be organized with the participation of student and non-student associations.
Perinatal Loss: Intensity and Duration of Emotional Recovery
Authors: Cordell Antoinette S. , Thomas Nancy
Published: May 2005

This article seeks to expand our concept of the intense grief process that parents endure in suffering the loss of a baby. It is based on our experience of eighteen years in counseling bereaved parents in our perinatal support group program at Children's Medical Center, Dayton, Ohio. There are unique characteristics of parental grief that are not accounted for in our theories to date. Full emotional expression has been emphasized as helpful although it has been recognized in recent research findings that it may not be necessary for all individuals. Here we address how to conceptualize the continuous alternation of denial and acceptance as parents grieve and the lack of definitive resolution. We apply Berenson's Map of Emotions to this issue in developing a working clinical model of the mourning process.
Expressions of Generativity and Posttraumatic Growth in Adult Cancer Survivors
Authors: Bellizzi Keith M.
Published: May 2005

Much of the psycho-oncology research that has been conducted to date has focused on understanding the negative psychological and psychosocial sequelae of cancer. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that many cancer survivors report psychological growth following a diagnosis of cancer. Further, there are few studies that examine the relationship among age, cancer, and posttraumatic growth. This study examines relationships among posttraumatic growth, generativity, age, and gender. Questionnaires were mailed to 400 randomly-selected cancer survivors from a metropolitan hospital tumor registry, with a yield of 21%. Three age cohorts were examined (26–41 years, 42–54 years, and 55-plus years). As anticipated, MANOVA showed no significant age differences in expression of generative concern among the three cohorts, but there was evidence that younger adults engage in a greater number of generative behaviors than older adults. Further, females reported more positive growth on four out of the five domains of the measure of posttraumatic growth compared to males, and the oldest cohort experienced lower levels of positive growth compared with the other two groups. Generative concern was positively correlated with the total posttraumatic growth score. Implications for theoretical and applied research on generativity and posttraumatic growth in adult cancer survivors are discussed.
Towards the Constructivist Science of Literature (A New Paradigm?)
Authors: Odorics Ferenc
Published: May 2005

This article proposes that the conception in literary theory now known under the name of Empirical Science of Literature should take up the name: Constructivist Science of Literature. The reason for this is, that the use of the term “empirical” diminishes the chances of the school to become a paradigm, because 1) according to the ontological use of “empirical” the Empirical Science of Literature is not an empirical science; 2) the (epistemological) use of the term “empirical” by the Empirical Science of Literature is irreconcilable with its (ontological) use by the potential legitimatizing community; and 3) the significance of the Empirical Science of Literature does not spring from its empirism, but from its constructivism.
Freedom, Freedom…!
Authors: Vitelli James R.
Published: May 2005

Whether engineering students should be taught English and the communication skills in separate classes is a problem that has plagued teachers for many years. The author thinks that no distinction should be made between English for engineers and English for other students.

The Kitzhaber Report is cited as an argument for anti-separatism and is set off against the views of the separatists. More specific statements are examined through the evaluation of a currently used anthology of technical and professional writing.
A National Survey of the Use of Computer Assisted Instruction in Schools for the Deaf
Authors: von Feldt James R.
Published: May 2005

This survey was the first systematic attempt to identify computer-assisted instructional use in schools for the deaf. Eleven of fifty states surveyed identified CAI systems in thirty-four schools for the deaf with a total of 408 terminals. Elementary and secondary schools for the deaf were the predominant users. Of special note is the indication that schools for the deaf are not time sharing between administrative and educational uses. Dedicated instructional systems are the rule. Twenty-eight of the thirty-four computer systems are strictly used for CAI.
Preferences in Symmetries and Symmetries in Drawings: Asymmetries between Ages and Sexes
Authors: Humphrey Diane
Published: May 2005

Visual structure in art has been studied by Arnheim [1] and more recently by Leyton [2] who suggests that an analysis of symmetrical structure is fundamental to the understanding of visual structure. Three experiments revealed age and sex differences in symmetry preferences with dot patterns and productions in drawings by children and adults. Asymmetrical patterns were less preferred and seen as less symmetrical with age, while patterns with multiple symmetries [3] showed the opposite effects. Increasingly complex and creative use of symmetries with age were seen in drawings. Greater preference for multiple symmetries in dot patterns by females and more frequent use of bilateral symmetry in drawings by girls and multiple symmetries by women were in contrast to judgments of greater overall symmetry in drawings by males.