bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Potential Habitat for the Endangered Aleutian Shield Fern Using Topographical Characteristics
Authors: Duarte Adam , Wolcott Daniel M. , Chow T. Edwin , Ricca Mark A.
Published: September 2012

The Aleutian shield fern Polystichum aleuticum is endemic to the Aleutian archipelago of Alaska and is listed as endangered pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Despite numerous efforts to discover new populations of this species, only four known populations are documented to date, and information is needed to prioritize locations for future surveys. Therefore, we incorporated topographical habitat characteristics (elevation, slope, aspect, distance from coastline, and anthropogenic footprint) found at known Aleutian shield fern locations into a Geographical Information System (GIS) model to create a habitat suitability map for the entirety of the Andreaonof Islands. A total of 18 islands contained 489.26 km2 of highly suitable and moderately suitable habitat when weighting each factor equally. This study reports a habitat suitability map for the endangered Aleutian shield fern using topographical characteristics, which can be used to assist current and future recovery efforts for the species.
A methodology for in-situ and remote sensing of microphysical and radiative properties of contrails as they evolve into cirrus
Authors: Jones H. M. , Haywood J. , Marenco F. , O'Sullivan D. , Meyer J. , Thorpe R. , Gallagher M. W. , Krämer M. , Bower K. N. , Rädel G. , Rap A. , Woolley A. , Forster P. , Coe H.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Contrails and especially their evolution into cirrus-like clouds are thought to have very important effects on local and global radiation budgets, though are generally not well represented in global climate models. Lack of contrail parameterisations is due to the limited availability of in situ contrail measurements which are difficult to obtain. Here we present a methodology for successful sampling and interpretation of contrail microphysical and radiative data using both in situ and remote sensing instrumentation on board the FAAM BAe146 UK research aircraft as part of the COntrails Spreading Into Cirrus (COSIC) study. Forecast models were utilised to determine flight regions suitable for contrail formation and sampling; regions that were both free of cloud but showed a high probability of occurrence of air mass being supersaturated with respect to ice. The FAAM research aircraft, fitted with cloud microphysics probes and remote sensing instruments, formed a distinctive spiral-shaped contrail in the predicted area by flying in an orbit over the same ground position as the wind advected the contrails to the east. Parts of these contrails were sampled during the completion of four orbits, with sampled contrail regions being between 7 and 30 min old. Lidar measurements were useful for in-flight determination of the location and spatial extent of the contrails, and also to report extinction values that agreed well with those calculated from the microphysical data. A shortwave spectrometer was also able to detect the contrails, though the signal was weak due to the dispersion and evaporation of the contrails. Post-flight the UK Met Office NAME III dispersion model was successfully used as a tool for modelling the dispersion of the persistent contrail; determining its location and age, and determining when there was interference from other measured aircraft contrails or when cirrus encroached on the area later in the flight. The persistent contrails were found to consist of small (~10 μm) plate-like crystals where growth of ice crystals to larger sizes (~100 μm) was typically detected when higher water vapour levels were present. Using the cloud microphysics data, extinction co-efficient values were calculated and found to be 0.01–1 km−1. The contrails formed during the flight (referred to as B587) were found to have a visible lifetime of ~40 min, and limited water vapour supply was thought to have suppressed ice crystal growth.
Could aerosol emissions be used for regional heat wave mitigation?
Authors: Bernstein D. N. , Neelin J. D. , Li Q. B. , Chen D.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Geoengineering applications by injection of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere are under consideration as a measure of last resort to counter global warming. Here adaptation to a potential regional scale application to offset the impacts of heat waves is critically examined. The effect of regional scale sulfate aerosol emission over California in each of two days of the July 2006 heat wave using the Weather Research and Forecasting model with fully coupled chemistry (WRF-Chem) is used to quantify potential reductions in surface temperature as a function of emission rates in the lower stratosphere. Over the range considered, afternoon temperature reductions scale almost linearly with injections. Local meteorological factors yield geographical differences in surface air temperature sensitivity. For emission rates of approximately 30 μg m−2 s−1 of sulfate aerosols (with standard WRF-Chem size distribution) over the region, temperature decreases of around 7 °C result during the middle part of the day over the Central Valley, one of the hardest hit by the heat wave. Regions more ventilated with oceanic air such as Los Angeles have slightly smaller reductions. The length of the hottest part of the day is also reduced. Advection effects on the aerosol cloud must be more carefully forecast for smaller injection regions. Verification of the impacts could be done via measurements of differences in reflected and surface downward shortwave. Such regional geoengineering applications with specific near-term target effects but smaller cost and side effects could potentially provide a means of testing larger scale applications. However, design trade-offs differ from global applications and the size of the required injections and the necessity of injection close to the target region raise substantial concerns. The evaluation of this regional scale application is thus consistent with global model evaluations emphasizing that mitigation via reduction of fossil fuels remains preferable to considering geoengineering with sulfate aerosols.
Correction for a measurement artifact of the Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) at high black carbon mass concentration levels
Authors: Hyvärinen A.-P. , Vakkari V. , Laakso L. , Hooda R. K. , Sharma V. P. , Panwar T. S. , Beukes J. P. , van Zyl P. G. , Josipovic M. , Garland R. M. , Andreae M. O. , Pöschl U. , Petzold A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The Multi-Angle Absorption Photometer (MAAP) is a widely-used instrument for aerosol black carbon observations. In this paper, we show correction methods for an artifact found to affect the instrument accuracy in environments with high black carbon concentrations. The artifact occurs after a filter spot change – as BC mass is accumulated on a fresh filter spot, the attenuation of the light (raw signal) is weaker than anticipated. This causes a sudden decrease, followed by a gradual increase in measured BC concentration. The artifact is present in the data when the BC concentration exceeds ∼3 μg m−3 at the typical MAAP flow rate of 16.7 l min−1 or 1 m3 h−1. The artifact is caused by erroneous dark counts in the photo detector measuring the transmitted light, in combination with an instrument internal averaging procedure of the photo detector raw signals. It was found that in addition to the erroneous temporal response of the data, concentrations higher than 9 μg m−3 (at the flow rate of 16.7 l min−1) are underestimated by the MAAP. The underestimation increases with increasing BC accumulation rate. At a flow rate of 16.7 l min−1 and concentration of about 24 μg m−3 (BC accumulation rate ∼0.4 μg min−1), the underestimation is about 30%. There are two ways of overcoming the MAAP artifact. One method is by logging the raw signal of the 165° photomultiplier measuring the reflected light from the filter spot. As this signal is not affected by the artifact, it can be converted to approximately correct absorption and BC values. However, as the typical print formats of the MAAP do not give the reflected signal as an output, a semi-empirical correction method was developed based on laboratory experiments to correct for the results in the post-processing phase. The correction function was applied to three MAAP datasets from Gual Pahari (India), Beijing (China), and Welgegund (South Africa). In Beijing, the results could also be compared against a Photo-Acoustic Spectrometer (PAS). The correction improved the quality of all three MAAP datasets substantially, even though the individual instruments operated at different flow rates and in different environments.
Climate change impacts on sea-air fluxes of CO2 in three Arctic seas: a sensitivity study using earth observation
Authors: Land P. E. , Shutler J. D. , Cowling R. D. , Woolf D. K. , Walker P. , Findlay H. S. , Upstill-Goddard R. C. , Donlon C. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. During 2008 and 2009 we applied coincident Earth observation data collected from multiple sensors (RA2, AATSR and MERIS, mounted on the European Space Agency satellite Envisat) to characterise environmental conditions and net sea-air fluxes of CO2 in three Arctic seas (Greenland, Barents, Kara) to assess net CO2 sink sensitivity due to changes in temperature, salinity and sea ice duration arising from future climate scenarios. During the study period the Greenland and Barents Seas were net sinks for atmospheric CO2, with sea-air fluxes of −34±13 and −13±6 Tg C yr−1, respectively and the Kara Sea was a weak net CO2 source with a sea-air flux of +1.5±1.1 Tg C yr−1. The combined net CO2 sea-air flux from all three was −45±18 Tg C yr−1. In a sensitivity analysis we varied temperature, salinity and sea ice duration. Variations in temperature and salinity led to modification of the transfer velocity, solubility and partial pressure of CO2 taking into account the resultant variations in alkalinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Our results showed that warming had a strong positive effect on the annual net sea-air flux of CO2 (i.e. reducing the sink), freshening had a strong negative effect and reduced sea ice duration had a small but measurable positive effect. In the climate change scenario examined, the effects of warming in just over a decade of climate change up to 2020 outweighed the combined effects of freshening and reduced sea ice duration. Collectively these effects gave a net sea-air flux change of +3.5 Tg C in the Greenland Sea, +5.5 Tg C in the Barents Sea and +1.4 Tg C in the Kara Sea, reducing the Greenland and Barents sinks by 10% and 50% respectively, and increasing the weak Kara Sea source by 64%. Overall, the regional flux changed by +10.4 Tg C, reducing the regional sink by 23%. In terms of CO2 sink strength we conclude that the Barents Sea is the most susceptible of the three regions to the climate changes examined. Our results imply that the region will cease to be a net CO2 sink by 2060.
The CASA quantitative precipitation estimation system: a five year validation study
Authors: Chandrasekar V. , Wang Y. , Chen H.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Flooding is one of the most common natural hazards that produce substantial loss of life and property. The QPE products that are derived at high spatiotemporal resolution, which is enabled by the deployment of a dense radar network, have the potential to improve the prediction of flash-flooding threats when coupled with hydrological models. The US National Science Foundation Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere (CASA) is dedicated to revolutionizing our ability to observe, understand, predict, and respond to hazardous weather events, especially in the lower atmosphere. CASA's technology enables precipitation observation close to the ground and QPE is one of the important products generated by the system. This paper describes the CASA QPE system built on the various underlying technologies of networked X-band radar systems providing high-resolution (in space and time) measurements, using the rainfall products from the radar. Evaluation of the networked rainfall product using 5 yr of data from the CASA IP-1 test bed is presented. Cross validation of the product using 5 yr of data with a gauge network is also provided. The validation shows the excellent performance of the CASA QPE system with a standard error of 25% and a low bias of 3.7%. Examples of various CASA rainfall products including instantaneous and hourly rainfall accumulations are shown.
A quantitative flood risk analysis methodology for urban areas with integration of social research data
Authors: Escuder-Bueno I. , Castillo-Rodríguez J. T. , Zechner S. , Jöbstl C. , Perales-Momparler S. , Petaccia G.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Risk analysis has become a top priority for authorities and stakeholders in many European countries, with the aim of reducing flooding risk, considering the population's needs and improving risk awareness. Within this context, two methodological pieces have been developed in the period 2009–2011 within the SUFRI project (Sustainable Strategies of Urban Flood Risk Management with non-structural measures to cope with the residual risk, 2nd ERA-Net CRUE Funding Initiative). First, the "SUFRI Methodology for pluvial and river flooding risk assessment in urban areas to inform decision-making" provides a comprehensive and quantitative tool for flood risk analysis. Second, the "Methodology for investigation of risk awareness of the population concerned" presents the basis to estimate current risk from a social perspective and identify tendencies in the way floods are understood by citizens. Outcomes of both methods are integrated in this paper with the aim of informing decision making on non-structural protection measures. The results of two case studies are shown to illustrate practical applications of this developed approach. The main advantage of applying the methodology herein presented consists in providing a quantitative estimation of flooding risk before and after investing in non-structural risk mitigation measures. It can be of great interest for decision makers as it provides rational and solid information.
Seasonal controls on snow distribution and aerial ablation at the snow-patch and landscape scales, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Eveland J. W. , Gooseff M. N. , Lampkin D. J. , Barrett J. E. , Takacs-Vesbach C. D.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Accumulated snow in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, while limited, has great ecological significance to subnivian soil environments. Though sublimation dominates the ablation process in this region, measurable increases in soil moisture and insulation from temperature extremes provide more favorable conditions with respect to subnivian soil communities. While precipitation is not substantial, significant amounts of snow can accumulate, via aeolian redistribution, in topographic lees along the valley bottoms, forming thousands of discontinuous snow patches. These patches have the potential to act as significant sources of local melt water, controlling biogeochemical cycling and the landscape distribution of microbial communities. Therefore, determining the spatial and temporal dynamics of snow at multiple scales is imperative to understanding the broader ecological role of snow in this region. High-resolution satellite imagery acquired during the 2009–2010 and 2010–2011 austral summers was used to quantify the distribution of snow across Taylor and Wright Valleys. Extracted snow-covered area from the imagery was used as the basis for assessing seasonal variability and seasonal controls on accumulation and ablation of snow at multiple scales. In addition, fifteen 1 km2 plots (3 in each of 5 study regions) were selected to assess the prevalence of snow cover at finer spatial scales. Results confirm that snow patches tend to form in the same locations each year with some minor deviations observed. At the snow-patch scale, neighboring patches often exhibit considerable differences in aerial ablation rates, and particular snow patches do not reflect trends for snow-covered area observed at the landscape scale. These differences are presumably related to microtopographic influences over snow depth and exposure. This highlights the importance of both the landscape and snow-patch scales in assessing the effects of snow cover on biogeochemical cycling and microbial communities.
Vivência do idoso dependente no domicílio: análise compreensiva a partir da historicidade heideggeriana
Authors: Pedreira Larissa Chaves , Lopes Regina Lucia Mendonça
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.10313Com o envelhecimento da população, aumenta a quantidade de idosos dependentes domiciliar, por consequência de doença crônica ou ônus do envelhecimento. Este estudo trata-se de recorte de tese de doutorado que objetivou compreender os modos de ser do idoso no cuidado familiar. Esse recorte objetiva apresentar a análise compreensiva da unidade de significação: vivencia sua presença, na maioria das vezes, na historicidade imprópria. Para tal, realizou-se pesquisa fenomenológica, pautada na obra Ser e Tempo (Heidegger), com cinco idosos inscritos em dois programas de atenção domiciliar. As entrevistas foram transcritas e lidas para captação dos aspectos ônticos e ontológicos, e formação da unidade de significação. A partir dos discursos, compreendeu-se que aspectos relacionados à situação econômica e familiar, às consequências do AVC, ao acesso aos serviços formais e informais, além de vivências e experiências ao longo da vida, fazem a historicidade desses idosos, interferindo nos seus modos de ser.
Correlação entre as características do perfil e desenvolvimento sensório-motor de crianças com síndromes genéticas
Authors: Alves Ana Paula Vasconcelos , Formiga Cibelle Kayenne Martins Roberto , Viana Fabiana Pavan
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.10883Este trabalho trata-se de estudo transversal cujo objetivo foi verificar correlação entre as características do perfil e desenvolvimento sensório-motor de crianças com síndromes genéticas. Para tal, realizou-se pesquisa entre agosto e dezembro de 2009, com treze portadores de síndromes genéticas que frequentam a Associação Pestalozzi em Goiânia. Os instrumentos utilizados foram:Inventário Portage (IP), Ficha de Avaliação Neurológica Infantil e Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS). Na análise estatística realizou-se teste de correlação de Spearman. Observou-se que quanto maior a idade da criança, maior o grau de incapacidade e nível de classificação funcional (GMFCS) e menor o percentual de desempenho nas áreas do IP. Quanto maior o peso da criança ao nascer, mais precoce a aquisição de habilidades motoras, tais como sentar, engatinhar e ficar em pé. Assim, verifica-se a importância de abordagem global no atendimento à criança, que deve incluir tanto aspectos neurofuncionais como estimulação do desenvolvimento sensório-motor.
Avaliação da qualidade de vida e função sexual de mulheres com e sem incontinência urinária
Authors: Faria Kelly , Pedrosa Leila Aparecida Kauchakje
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.12486A incontinência urinária é a queixa de perda involuntária de urina. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram mensurar e comparar a qualidade de vida e a função sexual de mulheres com e sem incontinência urinária. Foram entrevistadas setenta mulheres, com e sem incontinência urinária. Os dados foram coletados por meio dos seguintes instrumentos: WHOQOL-BREF, KHQ e FSFI. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e teste t Student pareado (p<0,05). A qualidade de vida mensurada pelo WHOQOL–BREF evidenciou que as mulheres incontinentes apresentaram média de escore menor (S=57,14) quando comparadas com as continentes (S=71,42). Na avaliação da função sexual, o grupo GI obteve média total de escore menor (S=17,17) quando comparado com o grupo GC (S=24,20). Concluiu-se que tanto na análise da qualidade de vida quanto na função sexual os menores escores foram encontrados no grupo incontinente, evidenciando assim o impacto negativo da incontinência urinária na vida dessas mulheres.
Segredos de liquidificador: conhecimento e práticas de sexo seguro por Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/AIDS
Authors: Lôbo Manuela Balbino , Silva Silvio Romero Fernando Ferreira da , Santos Débora De Souza
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.12647O presente estudo foi realizado no hospital Dia do Hospital Universitário Professor Alberto Antunes em Maceió, Alagoas, com o objetivo de analisar o conhecimento e identificar as práticas de sexo seguro das Pessoas Vivendo com HIV.  Trata-se de pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa, realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com treze pessoas. Os dados coletados foram organizados e analisados com base na análise temática. Os resultados apontaram para duas temáticas: A percepção do viver e conviver com HIV e A contradição entre o conhecimento e as práticas de sexo seguro. A análise evidenciou a situação de vulnerabilidade relacionada à condição de soropositividade e de marginalidade social, dificultando a convivência com o vírus e repercutindo em práticas sexuais desprotegidas. Discute-se a necessidade dos serviços desenvolverem estratégias educativas e preventivas voltadas para as pessoas que convivem com o vírus, com valorização da subjetividade em seu contexto sociocultural.
Conhecimento de agentes comunitárias de saúde acerca dos determinantes sociais em sua comunidade adscrita
Authors: Santana Fabiana Ribeiro , Lima Rafaela Pereira , Lopes Mayra Maia , Fernandes Julliane Scalia , Oliveira Normalene Sena , Santos Walterlânia Silva , Fortuna Cinira Magali
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.13102Esta investigação, de natureza qualitativa, objetivou identificar o conhecimento de agentes comunitárias de saúde da Estratégia Saúde da Família acerca dos Determinantes Sociais da Saúde em sua área adscrita. Para tanto, utilizamos a técnica do grupo focal com registros em gravador de voz portátil digital e filmadora, após autorização. A análise dos dados foi fundamentada na análise de conteúdo. Os dados foram agrupados em três categorias temáticas: Estilo de vida dos indivíduos - formas, social e cultura,  determinadas de vida; Redes sociais e comunitárias - nível de coesão social, condições de vida e trabalho - condições materiais necessárias à subsistência. A identificação e a análise dos Determinantes Sociais da Saúde poderão favorecer o estabelecimento de práticas apropriadas de gestão com a finalidade de auxiliar o processo de tomada de decisão; a conformação de redes de cooperação; a avaliação crítica do processo saúde-doença e o redirecionamento do cuidado.
Termos identificados em uma clínica médica e classificados como não constantes na CIPE®
Authors: Andrade Lidiane Lima de , Costa Kátia Nêyla Freitas Macedo , Nóbrega Maria Miriam Lima da , Oliveira Jacira Dos Santos , Accioly Cizone Carneiro
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.14556O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar termos não constantes na taxonomia CIPE® Versão 2.0 e na nomenclatura de uma clínica médica. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2010, em que foram agrupados termos que configuravam sinais e sintomas do cliente, embasando a construção de afirmativas diagnósticas, resultados e intervenções de enfermagem. Inicialmente, contava-se com 25 termos não constantes; após processo de normalização e atualização de acordo com a CIPE® Versão 2.0, restaram três termos, que foram distribuídos de acordo com o modelo dos sete eixos, sendo conceituados com base na literatura vigente e em discussões estabelecidas pelos integrantes de um subprojeto de extensão. Sabendo-se da importância da linguagem padronizada para estabelecer uma comunicação unificada entre os profissionais de Enfermagem, é que se propõe este estudo, sendo de grande relevância à inserção de termos que configuram a prática desta clínica.
Integridade da pele prejudicada, evidenciada por dermatite da área das fraldas: revisão integrativa
Authors: Aquino Ana Luiza De , Chianca Tânia Couto Machado , Brito Renata Cristina Sá de
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.14977O presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar na literatura as melhores intervenções para o tratamento e prevenção da integridade da pele prejudicada relacionada ao uso de fraldas, evidenciada por dermatite. Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados LILACS, MedLine, Cochrane e PubMed. Foram identificadas 149 publicações potencialmente elegíveis para inclusão nesta revisão, selecionando-se ao final dezenove publicações que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e foram lidas integralmente. Identificou-se que para a prevenção do problema é indicada a manutenção da área genital, perigenital e perineal, mantendo-a limpa e seca; deve-se, ainda, aumentar a frequência das trocas de fraldas, e a aplicação de camada de pomada com óxido de zinco, evitando a maceração da área. Para o tratamento recomenda-se o uso de medicação antifúngica e corticoide nos casos de infecção secundária associada e reação na pele exacerbada. Ressalta-se a escassez de literatura sobre o problema, especialmente em idosos.
Avaliação da qualidade de vida de catadores de materiais recicláveis
Authors: Jesus Maria Cristina Pinto de , Santos Sueli Maria dos Reis , Abdalla José Gustavo Francis , Jesus Petrônio Barros Ribeiro de , Alves Marcio José Martins , Teixeira Natália , Jesus Renato Ribeiro de , Vilela Marcela Maria Pinto , Mattos Larissa Rodrigues
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.15259Objetivou-se avaliar neste trabalho a percepção de qualidade de vida de catadores de material reciclável, identificando variáveis sociodemográficas que potencialmente a influenciam, comparando resultados com outro estudo semelhante. Trata-se de estudo observacional e transversal que utilizou o questionário World Health Organization Quality of Life – 100 com 96 catadores de um município de Minas Gerais, em 2010. Os resultados mostram que os domínios com piores escores foram o psicológico, o das relações sociais e o do ambiente. Ser morador de rua, jovem, com mais escolaridade e sem companheiro contribuiu para os piores escores da avaliação global de qualidade de vida dos catadores. Há similaridade entre resultados deste estudo e de um realizado com trabalhadores de uma universidade, evidenciando-se escores diferenciados nos domínios das relações sociais e do ambiente. Conclui-se que os resultados constituem-se em subsídios para o fortalecimento de políticas públicas destinadas aos catadores de materiais recicláveis.
Efeito das ações de promoção do aleitamento na duração da amamentação em duas filiações maternas
Authors: Ceron Danubia Kelen , Lazzaretti Fernanda De Oliveira , Migott Ana Maria Bellani , Geib Lorena Teresinha Consalter
Published: September 2012

http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v14i2.9423Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das ações de promoção do aleitamento na sua duração em duas filiações maternas. Trata-se de estudo transversal aninhado em corte de crianças nascidas em hospital que cumpre os “dez passos ao sucesso do aleitamento materno” em município do Rio Grande do Sul, cujos irmãos nascidos entre 1995-2007 constituíram grupo controle. Obtiveram-se dados de 334 crianças da amostra nas Declarações de Nascidos Vivos e entrevistas com as mães em duas etapas (2003 e 2007). Empregaram-se curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier e teste Qui-Quadrado para análise da duração do aleitamento, sua associação com variáveis maternas, assistenciais e da criança. Constatou-se duração mediana de sete meses nos dois grupos, com acentuado declínio nos primeiros doze meses. Doenças na gestação associaram-se ao desmame precoce. As ações de promoção do aleitamento não influenciaram a duração da amamentação em duas filiações, sugerindo a necessidade de revisão das estratégias empregadas.
Steel Slag as an Aggregate Replacement in Malaysian Hot Mix Asphalt
Authors: Hainin Mohd Rosli , Yusoff Nur Izzi Md. , Mohammad Sabri Mohd Fahmi , Abdul Aziz Mohd Azizi , Sahul Hameed Mohd Anwar , Farooq Reshi Wasid
Published: September 2012

As natural aggregate sources are becoming depleted due to high demand in road construction and the amount of disposed waste material keeps increasing, researchers are exploring the use of alternative materials which could preserve natural sources and save the environment. In this study, steel slag was used as an aggregate replacement in conventional dense graded asphalt mixes (ACW14 and ACB28). Steel slag was selected due to its characteristics, which are almost similar to conventional aggregates, and the fact that it is easily obtainable as a by-product of the steel industry. The same gradations of mixtures were produced using normal crushed aggregate as control samples. The Marshall mix design system was used for sample preparation in accordance with Malaysian specifications. Samples of asphaltic concrete were subjected to the resilient modulus test, creep test and rutting test. Samples made from steel slag show significantly better results than conventional aggregate. Therefore, utilization of steel slag will reduce land fill, save natural resources and improve the strength of pavement to sustain a higher volume of vehicles. This will shift the gear in sustainable pavement construction, which is most desirable in today’s energy deficient world.
Activity Levels in Healthy Older Adults: Implications for Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Thorp Laura E. , Orozco Diego , Block Joel A. , Sumner Dale R. , Wimmer Markus A.
Published: September 2012

This work evaluated activity levels in a group of healthy older adults to establish a target activity level for adults of similar age after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). With the decreasing age of TJA patients, it is essential to have a reference for activity level in younger patients as activity level affects quality of life and implant design. 54 asymptomatic, healthy older adults with no clinical evidence of lower extremity OA participated. The main outcome measure, average daily step count, was measured using an accelerometer-based activity monitor. On average the group took steps per day, approximately 4000 more steps per day than has been previously reported in patients following total joint arthroplasty. The present work provides a reference for activity after joint arthroplasty which is relevant given the projected number of people under the age of 65 who will undergo joint arthroplasty in the coming years.
Study of the Phan-Thien–Tanner Equation of Viscoelastic Blood Non- Newtonian Flow in a Pipe-Shaped Artery under an Emotion-Induced Pressure Gradient
Authors: Boubaker Karem , Khan Yasir
Published: September 2012

In this paper, a three-dimensional, unsteady state non-Newtonian fluid flow in a pipe-shaped artery of viscoelastic blood is considered in the presence of emotion-induced pressure gradient. The results have been expressed in terms of radial profiles of both axial velocity and viscosity and were presented numerically by using the shooting technique coupled with the Newtonian method and the Boubaker polynomials expansion scheme. The effects of some parameters on the dynamics are analyzed.
An Unusual Chain Structure of Decavanadates V10O28 Linked by Zn(en)2 Units
Authors: Pang Haijun , Meng Xin , Ma Huiyuan , Liu Bo , Li Shaobin
Published: September 2012

A new decavanadate [Zn(en)2]3[V10O28] 5H2O (1), (en=ethylenediamine) has been hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It is a structural feature of compound 1 that each [V10O28]6- cluster provides four bridging oxygen atoms of two pairs of opposite [VO6] octahedra to graft four [Zn(en)2]2+ complexes, observed for the first time for the [V10O28]6- cluster. The resulting array represents the second example of a chain based on these decavanadates linked by transition metal complexes
Nephrotoxicity with Combination Vancomycin-Aminoglycoside Therapy
Authors: Timpe Erin M.
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVES The purpose of this paper is to review the medical literature regarding vancomycinaminoglycoside induced nephrotoxicity in the pediatric population.

METHODS MEDLINE (1966 through June 2005), EMBASE (1980 through 1st quarter 2005), and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases were reviewed using appropriate search terms for articles related to nephrotoxicity with vancomycin and aminoglycoside use. Case reports, letters to editors, retrospective and prospective studies evaluating nephrotoxicity with the agents in pediatric patients were compiled and summarized. Studies in animals and adults were also briefly reviewed.

RESULTS One case report, two letters to editors, one retrospective study, and two prospective studies evaluated the nephrotoxicity of combination aminoglycoside and vancomycin therapy in pediatric patients. The collective number of patients in the reports was 165. Patients ranged in age from 3 days to 19 years old. Four out of the six reports, including all of the prospective studies, concluded that combination therapy does not potentiate nephrotoxicity.

CONCLUSIONS Although vancomycin and the aminoglycosides have been associated with drug induced nephrotoxicity, reports in the literature do not appear to support the idea that the combination of vancomycin and an aminoglycoside is more nephrotoxic than either medication alone.
Oxcarbazepine: A Brief Review
Authors: Phelps Stephanie J. , Wheless James W.
Published: September 2012

Oxcarbazepine is a new anticonvulsant with an active metabolite. It is approved as mono- or adjunctive therapy for partial seizures in adults and children older than 4 years of age and as adjunctive therapy in children 2 years and older. Its spectrum of anticonvulsant activity is comparable to carbamazepine, but it has an improved pharmacokinetic profile, is better tolerated and is associated with few clinically significant drug-drug interactions.
Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Trial of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Administration to Reduce Blood Transfusions in Anemic Pediatric Intensive Care Patients
Authors: Chicella Michael F. , Krueger Kem P.
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if the number of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions anemic pediatric intensive care unit patients receive could be reduced by the prophylactic administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO).

METHODS This was a randomized, double-blind placebo controlled trial. Patients were randomized to receive either intravenous rHuEPO 300 units/kg/day or placebo. Both groups received elemental iron 6 mg/kg/day.

RESULTS Twenty-seven patients, ages 1 month to 13 years, were enrolled. Baseline hematocrit (Hct), reticulocyte count, and erythropoietin concentration were similar between the two groups. Three patients randomized to rHuEPO received 1 RBC transfusion each, and 4 patients randomized to placebo received 9 transfusions total (P = .68). The end-of-study Hct was not significantly different between the rHuEPO and placebo groups, 30.3 ± 3.6 and 26.8 ± 4.8, respectively (P = .06). Additionally, neither the % Hct change (baseline to final), nor the % reticulocyte change (baseline to final), was statistically different between the two groups.

CONCLUSION In this small group of anemic pediatric intensive care unit patients, prophylactic rHuEPO administration did not reduce the number of patients who received RBC transfusions. Furthermore, it did not significantly increase Hct or reticulocyte count when compared to placebo.
Physical Compatibility of Alprostadil with Commonly Used IV Solutions and Medications in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Dice James E.
Published: September 2012

OBJECTIVE To determine the physical compatibility of alprostadil with intravenous (IV) solutions, a parenteral nutrition (PN) solution, and other intravenous medications commonly used in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).

METHODS To simulate y-site administration, each IV solution and the PN solution were slowly mixed 1:1 with alprostadil 15 μg/mL at 25°C. The mixtures were gently shaken and visually examined at 1, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes for physical incompatibility (gross precipitation, color change, haze, separation or gas production). In addition, each test tube was touched to assess for gross temperature change. The above mixtures were made a second time and each mixture was slowly mixed 1:1 with each of the test medications at 25°C. The ampicillin-parenteral nutrition and the chlorothiazide-parenteral nutrition solution mixtures were not tested with alprostadil. The mixtures were examined for physical incompatibility as described above.

RESULTS Alprostadil was visually compatible with D5W 0.45% NaCl, D5W 0.45% NaCl with 20 mEq KCl/L, D10W 0.45% NaCl, D10W 0.45% NaCl with 20mEq KCl/L, and a PN solution. Alprostadil was visually compatible with ampicillin, cefazolin, cefotaxime, chlorothiazide, dobutamine, dopamine, fentanyl, furosemide, gentamicin, methylprednisolone, tobramycin, vancomycin and vecuronium when mixed in D5W 0.45% NaCl, D5W 0.45% NaCl with 20mEq KCl/L, D10W 0.45% NaCl, and D10W 0.45% NaCl with 20mEq KCl/L. Alprostadil was visually compatible with cefazolin, cefotaxime, dobutamine, dopamine, fentanyl, furosemide, gentamicin, methylprednisolone, tobramycin, vancomycin and vecuronium when mixed in a PN solution. In addition, no gross temperature change was detected in any mixture.

CONCLUSIONS Based on the results, alprostadil is physically compatible with the tested IV solutions and a PN solution, as well as commonly prescribed IV medications used in the NICU when mixed with the tested IV solutions and a PN solution.
A Case of Severe Thrombocytopenia and Antiepileptic Hypersensitivity Syndrome
Authors: Tichy Eric , Lam Sum , Militano Ulises , Bessmertny Olga
Published: September 2012

Thrombocytopenia is a known complication of antiepileptic drug therapy. We present a case of a 3-year-old child who developed fever, rash, and severe thrombocytopenia within 10 days of initiating therapy with carbamazepine for new onset epilepsy. The patient's thrombocytopenia resolved following discontinuation of carbamazepine and introduction of valproic acid, however, his seizure disorder became poorly controlled. Phenobarbital was added to valproic acid therapy, which resulted in reoccurrence of fever, rash, and thrombocytopenia consistent with antiepileptic hypersensitivity syndrome. Discontinuation of phenobarbital, valproic acid and introduction of zonisamide resulted in resolution of his symptoms. The potential etiologies of thrombocytopenia in this case include carbamazepine-induced antiepileptic hypersensitivity syndrome, phenobarbital-induced antiepileptic hypersensitivity syndrome as a result of cross-reactivity with carbamazepine, and/or dose-dependent thrombocytopenia caused by valproic acid therapy. The pathogenesis and cases of aromatic anticonvulsant-induced immune-mediated thrombocytopenia are discussed. Alternative therapies for antiepileptic hypersensitivity syndrome with thrombocytopenia include gabapentin, levetiracetam, tiagabine, topiramate, and zonisamide.
Intraventricular and Intravenous Tobramycin with Ceftazidime for Ventriculitis Secondary to Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Masvosva Priscilla , Buckingham Steven C. , Einhaus Stephanie , Phelps Stephanie J.
Published: September 2012

The preferred method for shunting cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles is via a ventriculoperitoneal or ventriculoatrial shunt. Unfortunately, infection is a major complication of shunt surgery, which places the patient at risk of intellectual impairment and death. Although the most common causative pathogens are Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative bacterial infections have increased over the last three decades. Treatment of Pseudomonas ventriculitis is highly variable, because there are few guidelines for drug selection, administration, and monitoring. We report a case of post-shunt revision Pseudomonas meningitis/ ventriculitis that was successfully treated by the intraventricular adminstration tobramycin in conjunction with intravenous tobramycin and ceftazidime.
Appropriateness of Anticonvulsant Concentration Monitoring In Hospitalized Pediatric Patients
Authors: Hovinga Collin A. , Rose Douglas F. , Phelps Stephanie J.
Published: September 2012

Objectives We assessed the appropriateness of anticonvulsant concentration monitoring in hospitalized pediatric patients admitted to a teaching hospital.

Methods Literature-based criteria for anticonvulsant concentration monitoring were approved by the Pharmacokinetic and Neurology Services of Le Bonheur Children's Medical Center. A random sample of anticonvulsant concentrations ordered over a 6 month period was assessed. Patient demographics, anticonvulsant data, the type of professional who recommended the concentration, and sampling time were collected concurrent with hospitalization. Concentrations were assessed for appropriateness of indication and sampling time.

Results Concentrations (n=141) were obtained in 74 patients (mean age = 6.5+5.5 years) admitted to the floor (86%) or ICU (14%). Length of stay was 8.3+16.9 days. Monotherapy was used in 78.3% of patients. Carbamazepine (28.4%), phenytoin (27.5%), phenobarbital (27.6%), valproate (14.8%) or free phenytoin (1.7%) concentrations were recommended by a pediatrician (70.5%), neurologist (21.5%), neurosurgeon (2.1%), or Pharmacokinetic Services (5.9%). Fifty-three percent of all concentrations met appropriateness criteria for indication; however, 8.5% of tests were collected incorrectly. About half of the concentrations recommended by pediatricians (47.5%), neurologists (43.3%), and neurosurgeons (66.7%) did not meet appropriateness criteria for indication. The main reasons for inappropriate anticonvulsant concentration monitoring include frequent repetitive sampling (<24 hours), obtaining an anticonvulsant concentration without an appropriate indication, failure to correctly apply the concept of pharmacological steady-state, incorrect identification of drug-drug interactions, and sampling irrespective of dosing schedule.

Conclusions One-half of all anticonvulsant concentrations fulfilled the indication criteria. There was no difference in appropriateness of indication based on the service recommending the concentration or for each specific anticonvulsant. The appropriateness rates reported are comparable to those reported in other studies. Inappropriate anticonvulsant concentration monitoring fails to improve patient care and contributes to a significant waste of financial resources.
Clinical and Laboratory Issues in Community-acquired MRSA
Authors: Beavers-May Toni , Jacobs Richard F.
Published: September 2012

The prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has steadily increased over the past 40 years. Today, intravenous clindamycin or vancomycin is recommended for anti-staphylococcal coverage. Failure to identify resistant strains could result in the overuse of vancomycin and subsequent resistance to that antibiotic. Concerns over the emergence of this pathogen has caused many hospital laboratories to reassess their ability to identify antibiogram patterns and epidemiological shifts, determine appropriate laboratory testing, and review empiric therapy guidelines. Reliance on automated instrumentation to detect these isolates can result in major errors that cause false susceptible interpretations. The emergence of methicillin/oxacillin resistant strains has required additional laboratory analysis. This paper will review these tests and will focus on the role of the “D-test” in directing antibiotic therapy.
Impact of Release Intervals and Densities of Trichogramma chilonis (Ishii) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) Against the Sugarcane Stem Borer, Chilo infuscatellus (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae) under Field Conditions
Authors: Raza Muhammad  , Maqsood Anwar Rustamani  , Nazia Suleman  , Nazir Ahmad  , Qadeer Ahmad
Published: September 2012

The parasitization of Trichogramma chilonis parasitoids was found higher in the blocks where parasitoids were released to control Chilo infuscatellus at weekly interval (52.4 %) as compared to fortnight (40.9%) and monthly intervals (32.7%). Mean parasitization was (42.7%) when 80,000 thousand parasitoids were released on monthly basis followed by 41.4% (40,000), 37.8% (20,000) and 34.0% (10,000). However the mean infestation was below economic threshold levels ranging from 5.3 to 6.5 % in all the blocks where the parasitoids were released in variable numbers.
Comprendre les processus de professionnalisation : une perspective en trois niveaux d’analyse
Authors: Roquet Pascal
Published: September 2012

L’article propose de mieux comprendre la professionnalisation des activités formatives et des activités professionnelles par une approche qui articule trois niveaux d’analyse: macro (construction historique et construction sociale des savoirs de l’activité), méso (dispositifs institutionnels de formation et de travail) et micro (vécu des sujets, dynamiques individuelles). Cette réflexion s’appuie sur la présentation de différents processus de professionnalisation issus de recherches empiriques réalisées par l’auteur.
International Practica Experiences as Events of Influence in a Teacher Candidates’ Development
Authors: Maynes Nancy , Allison John , Julien-Schultz Lynn
Published: September 2012

Experience may influence beliefs and beliefs may influence practices. Following these premises, we investigated teacher candidates’ post experience reflections nine months after an international practicum where they taught for three weeks in rural Kenya. Teacher candidates were placed in non-governmental organization (NGO) sponsored schools on the Maasi Mara southwest of Nairobi. They taught in both elementary (Standard) and secondary (Form) classrooms. Eleven of these candidates responded to a questionnaire with open-ended prompts requiring reflective responses about the perceived impact of their experiences both personally and professionally. Responses were analyzed using qualitative methods to identify common themes and recurring ideas. Examining participants’ responses allowed us to consider how teacher candidates perceived their personal beliefs to impact their personal and professional practices. The significance of the international practica on personal and professional beliefs and practices was evident in responses. Concerns and advantages about the impact of the international experience are explored and directions for further research are identified.
Listening to the Student Voice: Understanding the school-related factors that limit student success
Authors: Segedin Lauren
Published: September 2012

Literature on social inequalities in schooling reveals that the school curriculum, streaming, and teacher expectations are school-related factors that limit student success. This study asks: How do the school curriculum, streaming and teacher expectations limit students who have been designated “at risk” from finding success in school? Quantitative and qualitative data showed that the curriculum does not meet all students’ needs, streaming diminishes learning, and low teacher expectations limit student success. Student self-blame and meritocracy are other factors found to limit student success.