bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peluang Dan Tantangan Pengembangan Layanan Wisata Kapal Pesiar (Cruise) Di Pelabuhan Belawan Medan
Authors: Gunadi I Made Adhi
Published: July 2020

Sebagai negara kepulauan, Indonesia memiliki potensial sangat besar menjadi destinasi wisata bahari, termasuk wisata kapal pesiar. Wisata kapal pesiar merupakan wisata yang sangat segmented dan telah berkembang menjadi usaha wisata yang lengkap, kompleks sekaligus  mampu memberikan kontribusi yang cukup signifikan dan menjanjikan dalam industry pariwisata global. Penelitian ini berusaha mengkaji kesiapan pelabuhan Belawan dalam memberikan dukungan layanan kepada wisata kapal pesiar yang kompleks tersebut. Sebagai alat analisa, digunakan pendekatan dari Manzano (2014). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa Belawan telah memiliki cukup kesiapan dalam mendukung wisata kapal pesiar, namun juga menghadapi tantangan besar agar layanan yang diberikan dapat berjalan secara berkesinambungan.Kata kunci : wisata kapal pesiar, manajemen pelabuhan, lalulintas pelayaran, cruise Indonesia
Análisis y recuperación de 'Radio Hora': el Twitter sonoro de los años 70
Authors: Quintana Galiana Gerardo
Published: July 2020

El presente trabajo es una aproximación al informativo Radio Hora, que se emitió en España desde 1972 -en pleno ocaso del franquismo- hasta 1998, a través de Radio España (954 Onda Media). Se trata de un objeto de análisis novedoso, a pesar de ser muy popular entre la población. Este trabajo -basado en bibliografía, documentos sonoros, pero, sobre todo, en fuentes orales- parte de la influencia de la emisora cubana Radio Reloj, considerada el canal de información continua más antiguo del mundo, para analizar el singular formato de Radio Hora fundamentado en el minuto, con informaciones inferiores a 60 segundos y la hora exacta minuto a minuto. A lo largo de 26 años en antena, su director, Enrique Dausá, logró que el peculiar Radio Hora llegase a ser líder de audiencia y muy rentable a nivel publicitario.
Denksport – Preise für neue Arzneimittel in Schach halten
Authors: Kohzer Nathalie
Published: July 2020

Der Fortschritt in der Arzneimitteltherapie hin zu personalisierten Produkten treibt die Ausgaben in nicht gekanntem Ausmaß nach oben. Neue Arzneimittel werden immer teurer und knacken mittlerweile die Millionen-Grenze. Herkömmliche, bislang bewährte Methoden zur Preisfindung sind mit dieser Entwicklung überfordert. Das stellt die Gesellschaft vor eine neue Frage: Was dürfen neue Arzneimitteltherapien kosten? Der Artikel beschreibt bekannte und neue Herausforderungen und schlägt eine Obergrenze für die Jahreskosten einer Therapie vor. Diese Idee könnte die langfristige Finanzierbarkeit der Arzneimittelversorgung der Bevölkerung stabilisieren und wird als ein erster Lösungsansatz zur Diskussion gestellt.
Spatial interaction of electric transport networks in Russian cities
Authors: Stepanov P. S.
Published: July 2020

The transport systems of the largest cities in Russia usually include extensive tram and trolleybus networks. There are subways in seven million-plus cities. Thus, electric transport has a very significant role in the passenger traffic of these cities. Moreover, the mentioned elements of the electric transport system can influence each other in different ways, and the level of their spatial interaction can also differ. For example, in global practice, there are cases when most types of public transport in the city (bus, trolley, tram, minibus, etc.) are feeders to subway lines, which are usually the key mode of transport within the integrated transport system of a large city (in In some cases, the role of the subway can be performed by a light rail). In addition, tram and trolleybus can be integrated in different ways. Diverse factors and processes taking place inside the city can influence the level of this integration: replacing one mode of transport with another, shortening the lines of one of the modes of transport, etc. Various options for such interaction are described by the example of three Russia’s cities: Kazan, Samara and St. Petersburg.
Initiative budgeting in small towns and rural areas as a mechanism for involving citizens in local decision-making
Authors: Vorobiev M.I.
Published: July 2020

An example of integrated development of the territory in the context of budget deficit at the grassroots level is the practice of initiative budgeting. Based on statistical data, the article reveals territorial patterns of development of local practices in Non-Chernozem municipalities. The paper summarizes the forms of implementing initiative budgeting in Russia by the degree of public participation. The article analyzes the number and cost of implemented projects within the framework of the program for support of local initiatives (PPMI) over a 5-year period from 2014 to 2018 in the Kirov, Tver and Nizhny Novgorod regions. It was revealed that the Nizhny Novgorod region surpasses the Kirov and Tver regions in terms of funds raised and the number of projects due to the high volume of regional subsidies, as well as a lower level of minimal co-financing from the population and business. In the Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions, the average project amounts are higher in urban districts than in rural and urban settlements, and vice versa in the Tver region. The specifics of projects in the regions differ: in the Kirov and Nizhny Novgorod regions, priority areas are road repairs and water supply, in the Tver region – water supply and sanitation. Factors that affect the activity of citizens in the territory – geographical location, institutional and information support, income of the population.
Noter i marginen: BRIKS in memoriam
Authors: Udenrigs Redaktion
Published: July 2020

Intet resumé
Sydafrika i BRIKS: Den lille efternøler
Authors: Ulriksen Marianne S.
Published: July 2020

Marianne S. Ulriksen om Sydafrika som det nyeste medlem af BRIKS.
Hospitalization as a setting for health education for people with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Arruda Cecilia , Silva Denise Maria Guerreiro Vieira da
Published: July 2020

Objective: The study’s purpose has been to further understand how nurses implement the nursing care towards diabetes bearing people, by taking into consideration the health education approach in hospital setting. Methods: It is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. A total of 13 nurses were interviewed in a general hospital, where a conventional data analysis was then carried out. Results: Based on the findings, the following two categories appeared: obstacles in the educational care to the hospitalized person with diabetes, citing: lack of professionals, excessive work demands, structure and inadequate materials, lack of health education routines and failures in continuing education; and the possibilities for developing the educational dimension of nursing care in a hospital, including: education in individual and collective health; diabetes nurse specialist and communication between health services. Conclusion: Hospitalization is a propitious moment to implement the health education to people with diabetes and nurses must be proactive and identify themselves as organizers of educational activities for hospitalized people with diabetes.
Heteroatom‐Doped and Oxygen‐Functionalized Nanocarbons for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Ghosh Subrata , Barg Suelen , Jeong Sang Mun , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: July 2020

Electrochemical capacitors (best known as supercapacitors) are high‐performance energy storage devices featuring higher capacity than conventional capacitors and higher power densities than batteries, and are among the key enabling technologies of the clean energy future. This review focuses on performance enhancement of carbon‐based supercapacitors by doping other elements (heteroatoms) into the nanostructured carbon electrodes. The nanocarbon materials currently exist in all dimensionalities (from 0D quantum dots to 3D bulk materials) and show good stability and other properties in diverse electrode architectures. However, relatively low energy density and high manufacturing cost impede widespread commercial applications of nanocarbon‐based supercapacitors. Heteroatom doping into the carbon matrix is one of the most promising and versatile ways to enhance the device performance, yet the mechanisms of the doping effects still remain poorly understood. Here the effects of heteroatom doping by boron, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, silicon, and functionalizing with oxygen on the elemental composition, structure, property, and performance relationships of nanocarbon electrodes are critically examined. The limitations of doping approaches are further discussed and guidelines for reporting the performance of heteroatom doped nanocarbon electrode‐based electrochemical capacitors are proposed. The current challenges and promising future directions for clean energy applications are discussed as well.
Engineering hydrophobically associated hydrogels with rapid self‐recovery and tunable mechanical properties using metal‐ligand interactions
Authors: Panda Prachishree , Dutta Agniva , Ganguly Debabrata , Chattopadhyay Santanu , Das Rajat K.
Published: July 2020

In this contribution, hydrophobic association and metal‐ligand coordination have been employed in a dual physical crosslinking strategy to access hydrogels based on micellar copolymerization of acrylamide and a hydrophobic acrylic monomer (containing terpyridine (terpy) for metal‐ligand interaction). The mechanical properties of these hydrogels are strongly influenced by the thermodynamic stability and kinetic lability of the metal‐terpy crosslinks present in these materials. While the hydrogel tensile strength and stability on water exposure are enhanced by choosing stronger Fe2+‐terpy crosslinks, the weaker and more kinetically labile Zn2+‐terpy coordination bonds enable significantly higher energy dissipation under tensile loading and self‐healing in the resultant hydrogels.
Guidelines for absolute quantitative real‐time PCR for microbial determination in in vitro gastrointestinal digestion
Authors: Zhang Lu , Shi Mengxuan , Tian Meiling , Wang Xuehua , Ji Junfu , Liao Xiaojun , Hu Xiaosong , Chen Fang
Published: July 2020

Currently, numerous pieces of evidence have demonstrated that the health gut microbiota contributed to physiological homeostasis for the host. Accumulating methods appear to detect microbial population, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), high‐throughput sequencing, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). With characteristics of flexibility and high‐sensitivity, qPCR technique plays a critical role in determining the dynamic alteration of bacterial abundances, which entirely exhibits the microbial activity in various external situations. In these guidelines, taking Akkermansia muciniphila for example, we provide experimental details in specific primer design and validation, standard plasmid construction, qPCR assay, and data analysis for microbial detection, which also can be used for bacterial determination in other environmental systems. In addition, we offer the solution preparation and operation procedures of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion system. Furthermore, these guidelines can contribute to verify the high‐throughput sequencing results and reveal the underlying mechanism of the microbial shift in response to the dietary intervention or the development of diseases.
Neur1 and Neur2 are required for hippocampus‐dependent spatial memory and synaptic plasticity
Authors: Lee Jaehyun , Yoon Ki‐Jun , Park Pojeong , Lee Chaery , Kim Min Jung , Han Dae Hee , Kim Ji‐il , Kim Somi , Lee Hye‐Ryeon , Lee Yeseul , Jang Eun‐Hae , Ko Hyoung‐Gon , Kong Young‐Yun , Kaang Bong‐Kiun
Published: July 2020

Neur1 and Neur2, mouse homologs of the Drosophila neur gene, consist of two neuralized homology repeat domains and a RING domain. Both Neur1 and Neur2 are expressed in the whole adult brain and encode E3 ubiquitin ligases, which play a crucial role in the Notch signaling pathways. A previous study reported that overexpression of Neur1 enhances hippocampus‐dependent memory, whereas the role of Neur2 remains largely unknown. Here, we aimed to elucidate the respective roles of Neur1 and Neur2 in hippocampus‐dependent memory using three lines of genetically modified mice: Neur1 knock‐out, Neur2 knock‐out, and Neur1 and Neur2 double knock‐out (D‐KO). Our results showed that spatial memory was impaired when both Neur1 and Neur2 were deleted, but not in the individual knock‐out of either Neur1 or Neur2. In addition, basal synaptic properties estimated by input–output relationships and paired‐pulse facilitation did not change, but a form of long‐term potentiation that requires protein synthesis was specifically impaired in the D‐KO mice. These results collectively suggest that Neur1 and Neur2 are crucially involved in hippocampus‐dependent spatial memory and synaptic plasticity.
Prevalence of occult microscopic endometriosis in clinically negative peritoneum during laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain
Authors: Gubbels Ashley L. , Li Rui , Kreher Donna , Mehandru Natasha , Castellanos Mario , Desai Nita A. , Hibner Michael
Published: July 2020

Objective

 To determine the prevalence of occult microscopic endometriosis in patients with chronic pelvic pain and negative laparoscopy.

Methods

A retrospective cross‐sectional study included women who underwent laparoscopic evaluation for chronic pelvic pain by three fellowship‐trained gynecologic surgeons at a community hospital from January 2011 to December 2016. The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of microscopic endometriosis in this population.

Results

 In 142 patients with clinically negative peritoneum on laparoscopy, 39% had occult microscopic endometriosis. Cramping pain score during menses was found to be lower in the positive biopsy group (6.9 vs 8.0, P=0.046). No differences were appreciated in age of menarche, pain during various parts of the menstrual cycle, or duration of symptoms. The biopsy‐positive group had a younger age at time of evaluation, although not statistically significant (P=0.179). Current use of hormones affected neither biopsy results nor menstrual or pain characteristics. Detection was similar between robotic and laparoscopic cases and operative morbidity was minimal.

Conclusion

Occult microscopic endometriosis may be present in approximately 39% of patients with clinically negative appearing peritoneum undergoing laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain. Given this, biopsies should be performed in patients undergoing laparoscopy who do not have visible lesions.
The association between in‐class cultural diversity with empathy and bullying in adolescence: A multilevel mediation analysis
Authors: Schultze‐Krumbholz Anja , Ittel Angela , Scheithauer Herbert
Published: July 2020

Little is known about the associations between cultural class composition, teacher support for diversity (TSD), cognitive and affective empathy, and bullying and victimisation. Research shows that empathy is negatively associated with bullying and victimisation; and support for diversity and classroom cultural diversity are positively linked to social skills. The present study examines whether cultural diversity and perceived TSD are protective factors against bullying and victimisation, either directly or mediated by empathy. Participants were 897 students from Grades 7 to 10 (Mage = 13.45, SDage = 1.07, 51.3% girls, 46.7% boys) in 36 classes. Multilevel mediation analyses were conducted. Age and gender were controlled for. More perceived TSD and affective empathy were associated with less bullying. Moreover, the effect of perceived TSD on bullying was partly indirect through affective empathy. Victimisation was not predicted by the study variables. The class level showed no effects. Bullying and victimisation are complex phenomena, which seem to be linked more to individual than to class characteristics. The result that higher perceived TSD was linked to empathy and bullying provides a promising starting point for measures of competence enhancement and bullying prevention.
Functional assessment and function‐based treatment delivered via telehealth: A brief summary
Authors: Schieltz Kelly M. , Wacker David P.
Published: July 2020

As the world navigates the COVID‐19 health crisis, behavior analysts are considering how best to support families while maintaining services and ensuring the health and safety of everyone involved. Telehealth is one service delivery option that provides families with access to care in their own communities and homes. In this article, we provide a brief summary of the telehealth literature in applied behavior analysis that provided coaching and training to families for individuals who displayed challenging behavior. These studies targeted functional assessment and function‐based treatment for challenging behavior. We briefly summarize what is known relative to the assessment and treatment of challenging behavior via telehealth, place these results within a descriptive context of the decisions made by the research team at the University of Iowa, and discuss what we, as behavior analysts, should consider next to advance our understanding and practice of telehealth.
The abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis in acute lung injury caused by gas explosion
Authors: Tian Lin‐Qiang , Guo Zhi‐Hao , Meng Wei‐Zheng , Li Long , Zhang Yue , Yin Xiao‐Hang , Lai Feng , Li Yan‐Yan , Feng Li‐Li , Shen Fang‐Fang , Sun Zhen‐Zhou , Yao San‐Qiao , Wu Wei‐Dong , Weng Xiao‐Gang , Ren Wen‐Jie
Published: July 2020

Acute lung injury (ALI) caused by gas explosion is common, and warrants research on the underlying mechanisms. Specifically, the role of abnormalities of coagulation and fibrinolysis in this process has not been defined. It was hypothesized that the abnormal coagulation and fibrinolysis promoted ALI caused by gas explosion. Based on the presence of ALI, 74 cases of gas explosion injury were divided into the ALI and non‐ALI groups. The results of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen (FIB), and platelet count (PLT) were collected within 24 hours and compared between the groups. ALI models caused by gas explosion were established in Sprague Dawley rats, and injuries were evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and histopathological scoring. Moreover, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to examine thrombin‐antithrombin complex (TAT), tissue factor (TF), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) levels by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The patients in ALI group had shorter PT and longer APTT, raised concentration of FIB and decreased number of PLT, as compared to the non‐ALI group. In ALI rats, the HE staining revealed red blood cells in alveoli and interstitial thickening within 2 hours which peaked at 72 hours. The levels of TAT/TF in the BALF increased continually until the seventh day, while the PAI‐1 was raised after 24 hours and 7 days. The TFPI was elevated after 2 hours and 24 hours, and then decreased after 72 hours. Abnormalities in coagulation and fibrinolysis in lung tissues play a role in ALI caused by gas explosion.
New techniques, new challenges—The dilemma of pain management for less invasive surfactant administration?
Authors: Balakrishnan Ashanti , Sanghera Ranveer S. , Boyle Elaine M.
Published: July 2020

Recent years have seen the increasing use of noninvasive respiratory support in preterm infants with the aim of minimizing the risk of mechanical ventilation and subsequent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Respiratory distress syndrome is the most common respiratory diagnosis in preterm infants, and is best treated by administration of surfactant. Until recently, this has been performed via an endotracheal tube using premedication, which has often included opiate analgesia; subsequently, the infant has been ventilated. Avoidance of mechanical ventilation, however, does not negate the need for surfactant therapy. Less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) in spontaneously breathing infants is increasing in popularity, and appears to have beneficial effects. However, laryngoscopy is necessary, which carries adverse effects and is painful for the infant. Conventional methods of premedication for intubation tend to reduce respiratory drive, which increases the likelihood of ventilation being required. This has led to intense debate about the best strategy for providing appropriate treatment, taking into account both the respiratory needs of the infant and the need to alleviate procedural pain. Currently, clinical practice varies considerably and there is no consensus with respect to optimal management. This review seeks to summarize the benefits, risks, and challenges associated with this new approach.
Children’s Password-Related Books: Efficacious, Vexatious and Incongruous
Authors: Renaud Karen , Prior Suzanne
Published: July 2020

Software is developed specifically for children and this often requires them to authenticate themselves, usually by entering a password. Password hygiene is important for children, because the principles they learn in early life will often endure across their life span. Children learn from their parents, siblings, teachers, and peers. They also learn from educational resources, such as children’s books. We carried out a content analysis of a range of children’s books that aims to educate children about passwords. We used directional coding, as informed by a systematic literature review of methods, such as those used in other content analysis-based studies of children’s books. We examined the principles the books taught, and whether these were correct. We also analysed how the books portrayed the genders of characters, in various roles. We found that principle coverage was variable, with books sometimes teaching outdated principles. Genders were evenly represented in the books. Finally, our analysis revealed conflation of the terms “safety” and “security” in the cyber domain. We conclude the paper by justifying the adjectives we use in the title.
Fabrication of SiCw/Ti3SiC2 composites with improved thermal conductivity and mechanical properties using spark plasma sintering
Authors: Zhou Xiaobing , Jing Lei , Kwon Yong Duk , Kim Jin-Young , Huang Zhengren , Yoon Dang-Hyok , Lee Jaehyung , Huang Qing
Published: July 2020

High strength SiC whisker-reinforced Ti3SiC2 composites (SiCw/Ti3SiC2) with an improved thermal conductivity and mechanical properties were fabricated by spark plasma sintering. The bending strength of 10 wt% SiCw/Ti3SiC2 was 635 MPa, which was approximately 50% higher than that of the monolithic Ti3SiC2 (428 MPa). The Vickers hardness and thermal conductivity (k) also increased by 36% and 25%, respectively, from the monolithic Ti3SiC2 by the incorporation of 10 wt% SiCw. This remarkable improvement both in mechanical and thermal properties was attributed to the fine-grained uniform composite microstructure along with the effects of incorporated SiCw. The SiCw/Ti3SiC2 can be a feasible candidate for the in-core structural application in nuclear reactors due to the excellent mechanical and thermal properties.
Two simple modifications can potentially change the future of proximal hypospadias surgery. Our series and a review of the literature
Authors: Akkary Rezkalla , Ripepi Mirella , Akokpe orion , Louati Hamdi , Klipfel Clemence , Geiss Stephan
Published: July 2020

Background/Objective:

To draw a hint towards two simple modifications that could potentially decrease the complication rate.

Patients and Methods:

It was a single center, single operator and retrospective study. All patients with severe hypospadias operated according to koyanagi with or without modifications were presented. The surgical technique was described. Complications like fistula, stenosis, dehiscence and urethral diverticulum were studied.

Results and Limitations:

Nineteen patients were included and presented in a chronological manner. The first four patients were operated according to the original koyanagi technique. The next 15 patients were operated according to koyanagi and the urethroplasty was covered by a tunica vaginalis flap. In 10 of them, glanduloplasty was done primarily and in the last 5 patients, glanduloplasty was done as a secondary procedure. The complication rates were 100% in the original koyanagi group, and 0% in the subset were glanduoplasty was deferred.

Conclusions:

Systematically covering the urethroplasty with a tunica vaginalis flap and deferring the glanuloplasty might ameliorate the results of the koyanagi technique.
Investigation of the Clinical Utility of the BRIEF2 in Youth With and Without Intellectual Disability
Authors: Shishido Y. , Mahone E.M. , Jacobson L.A.
Published: July 2020

Objective:

Executive function (EF) difficulties are commonly found in youth with intellectual disability (ID). Given mixed results from studies using performance-based EF measures, the EF profile has not been well characterized for this population. No published work has examined the clinical utility of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function, Second Edition (BRIEF2) in distinguishing EF in ID. We hypothesized that the BRIEF2 would show greater elevations in youth with ID compared to the Average IQ comparison group.

Methods:

Participants included a large sample of 504 youth (157 in ID group; aged 8–18 years) referred for (neuro)psychological evaluation (2015–2019) and identified as meeting criteria for either ID or Average IQ comparison group.

Results:

Significant elevations were found across BRIEF2 indices and scales. Only mild elevations were noted in selective cognitive regulation scales within the Average IQ group. Groups differed significantly across all EF dimensions, with greater differences observed in behavioral regulation (Self-Monitoring, Inhibition), Shift, and Working Memory. An elevated but less variable pattern of index scores was noted in ID, while the overall pattern of scaled scores appeared similar between groups.

Conclusions:

The less variable and consistently elevated profile may suggest fewer EF dimensions in individuals with ID than the model proposed in the test manual. Similar profiles between groups may reflect differences in severity, rather than differences in constructs measured by the EF factors, per se. Additional examination is needed to confirm potential structural differences in EF for youth with ID as measured by BRIEF2, with a clinical implication for greater efficiency of EF assessment in this population.
Sleep Deprived or Concussed? The Acute Impact of Self-Reported Insufficient Sleep in College Athletes
Authors: Riegler Kaitlin E. , Guty Erin T. , Thomas Garrett A. , Arnett Peter A.
Published: July 2020

Objective:

Sleep deprivation is common among both college students and athletes and has been correlated with negative health outcomes, including worse cognition. As such, the current study sought to examine the relationship between sleep difficulties and self-reported symptoms and objective neuropsychological performance at baseline and post-concussion in collegiate athletes.

Method:

Seven hundred seventy-two collegiate athletes completed a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery at baseline and/or post-concussion. Athletes were separated into two groups based on the amount of sleep the night prior to testing. The sleep duration cutoffs for these group were empirically determined by sample mean and standard deviation (M= 7.07,SD= 1.29).

Results:

Compared with athletes getting sufficient sleep, those getting insufficient sleep the night prior to baseline reported significantly more overall symptoms and more symptoms from each of the five symptom clusters of the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale. However, there were no significant differences on objective performance indices. Secondly, there were no significant differences on any of the outcome measures, except for sleep symptoms and headache, between athletes getting insufficient sleep at baseline and those getting sufficient sleep post-concussion.

Conclusion:

Overall, the effect of insufficient sleep at baseline can make an athlete appear similar to a concussed athlete with sufficient sleep. As such, athletes completing a baseline assessment following insufficient sleep could be underperforming cognitively and reporting elevated symptoms that would skew post-concussion comparisons. Therefore, there may need to be consideration of prior night’s sleep when determining whether a baseline can be used as a valid comparison.
Distribution and validation of genotypic and phenotypic glyphosate and PPO-inhibitor resistance in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) from southwestern Nebraska
Authors: Oliveira Maxwel C , Giacomini Darci A , Arsenijevic Nikola , Vieira Gustavo , Tranel Patrick J , Werle Rodrigo
Published: July 2020

Failure to control Palmer amaranth with glyphosate and protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO)-inhibitor herbicides was reported across southwestern Nebraska in 2017. The objectives of this study were to 1) confirm and 2) validate glyphosate and PPO-inhibitor (fomesafen and lactofen) resistance in 51 Palmer amaranth accessions from southwestern Nebraska using genotypic and whole-plant phenotypic assay correlations and cluster analysis, and 3) determine which agronomic practices might be influencing glyphosate resistance in Palmer amaranth accessions in that location. Based on genotypic assay, 88% of 51 accessions contained at least one individual with amplification (>2 copies) of the 5-enolypyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene, which confers glyphosate resistance; and/or a mutation in the PPX2 gene, either ΔG210 or R128G, which endows PPO-inhibitor resistance in Palmer amaranth. Cluster analysis and high correlation (0.83) between genotypic and phenotypic assays demonstrated that EPSPS gene amplification is the main glyphosate resistance mechanism in Palmer amaranth accessions from southwestern Nebraska. In contrast, there was poor association between genotypic and phenotypic responses for PPO-inhibitor resistance, which was attributed to segregation for PPO-inhibitor resistance within these accessions and/or the methodology that was adopted herein. Genotypic assays can expedite the process of confirming known glyphosate and PPO-inhibitor resistance mechanisms in Palmer amaranth from southwestern Nebraska and other locations. Phenotypic assays are also a robust method for confirming glyphosate resistance but not necessarily PPO-inhibitor resistance in Palmer amaranth. Moreover, random forest analysis of glyphosate resistance in Palmer amaranth indicated that EPSPS gene amplification, county, and current and previous crops are the main factors influencing glyphosate resistance within that geographic area. Most glyphosate-susceptible Palmer amaranth accessions were found in a few counties in areas with high crop diversity. Results presented here confirm the spread of glyphosate resistance and PPO-inhibitor resistance in Palmer amaranth accessions from southwestern Nebraska and demonstrate that less diverse cropping systems are an important driver of herbicide resistance evolution in Palmer amaranth.
Photometry of Particles Ejected From Active Asteroid (101955) Bennu
Authors: Hergenrother C. W. , Maleszewski C. , Li J.‐Y. , Pajola M. , Chesley S. R. , French A. S. , Davis A. B. , Pelgrift J. Y. , Leonard J. M. , Shelly F. , Liounis A. J. , Becker K. , Balram‐Knutson S. S. , Garcia R. , Kareta T. R. , Adam C. , Alkiek K. , Bos B. J. , Brozović M. , Burke K. N. , Christensen E. , Clark B. E. , DellaGiustina D. N. , Drouet d'Aubigny C. , Farnocchia D. , Howell E. S. , Jacobson R. A. , Kidd J. N. , Lessac‐Chenen E. J. , Melikyan R. , Nolan M. C. , Park R. S. , Selznick S. , Rizk B. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: July 2020

Near‐Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu is an active asteroid experiencing mass loss in the form of ejection events emitting up to hundreds of millimeter‐ to centimeter‐scale particles. The close proximity of the Origins, Spectral Interpretations, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer spacecraft enabled monitoring of particles for a 10‐month period encompassing Bennu's perihelion and aphelion. We found 18 multiparticle ejection events, with masses ranging from near zero to hundreds of grams (or thousands with uncertainties) and translational kinetic energies ranging from near zero to tens of millijoules (or hundreds with uncertainties). We estimate that Bennu ejects ~104 g per orbit. The largest event took place on 6 January 2019 and consisted of ~200 particles. The observed mass and translational kinetic energy of the event were between 459 and 528 g and 62 and 77 mJ, respectively. Hundreds of particles not associated with the multiparticle ejections were also observed. Photometry of the best‐observed particles, measured at phase angles between ~70° and 120°, was used to derive a linear phase coefficient of 0.013 ± 0.005 magnitudes per degree of phase angle. Ground‐based data back to 1999 show no evidence of past activity for Bennu; however, the currently observed activity is orders of magnitude lower than observed at other active asteroids and too low be observed remotely. There appears to be a gentle decrease in activity with distance from the Sun, suggestive of ejection processes such as meteoroid impacts and thermal fracturing, although observational bias may be a factor.
Current and projected future economic burden of Parkinson’s disease in the U.S.
Authors: Yang Wenya , Hamilton Jamie L. , Kopil Catherine , Beck James C. , Tanner Caroline M. , Albin Roger L. , Ray Dorsey E. , Dahodwala Nabila , Cintina Inna , Hogan Paul , Thompson Ted
Published: July 2020

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the world’s fastest growing neurological disorders. Much is unknown about PD-associated economic burdens in the United States (U.S.) and other high-income nations. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the economic burdens of PD in the U.S. (2017) and projections for the next two decades. Multiple data sources were used to estimate the costs of PD, including public and private administrative claims data, Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, and a primary survey (n = 4,548) designed for this study. We estimated a U.S. prevalence of approximately one million individuals with diagnosed Parkinson’s disease in 2017 and a total economic burden of $51.9 billion. The total burden of PD includes direct medical costs of $25.4 billion and $26.5 billion in indirect and non-medical costs, including an indirect cost of $14.2 billion (PWP and caregiver burden combined), non-medical costs of $7.5 billion, and $4.8 billion due to disability income received by PWPs. The Medicare program bears the largest share of excess medical costs, as most PD patients are over age 65. Projected PD prevalence will be more than 1.6 million with projected total economic burden surpassing $79 billion by 2037. The economic burden of PD was previously underestimated. Our findings underscore the substantial burden of PD to society, payers, patients, and caregivers. Interventions to reduce PD incidence, delay disease progression, and alleviate symptom burden may reduce the future economic burden of PD.
Adenovirus delivery of encoded monoclonal antibody protects against different types of influenza virus infection
Authors: Wang Xiang , Zhou Ping , Wu Mangteng , Yang Kaiyan , Guo Jingao , Wang Xuchen , Li Jun , Fang Zihao , Wang Guiqin , Xing Man , Zhou Dongming
Published: July 2020

Due to the high mutation and recombination rates of the influenza virus, current clinically licensed influenza vaccines and anti-influenza drugs provide limited protection against the emerging influenza virus epidemic. Therefore, universal influenza vaccines with high efficacy are urgently needed to ensure human safety and health. Passive immunization of influenza broadly neutralizing antibodies may become an ideal option for controlling influenza infection. CR9114 isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors is a broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibody that targets different types of influenza viruses. As the adenovirus vector is one of the most promising delivery vehicles, we employed the chimpanzee adenoviral vector, AdC68, to express CR9114 as a universal anti-influenza vaccine, termed AdC68-CR9114, and evaluated its antibody expression and its broad spectrum of prophylactic and therapeutic effects in animal models. Based on our findings, AdC68-CR9114-infected cell expressed the broadly neutralizing antibody at a high level in vitro and in vivo, exhibited biological functions, and protected mice from different types of influenza virus infection at different time points. The findings from this study shed light on a new strategy for controlling and preventing influenza infection.
Long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes of significant neonatal jaundice in Taiwan from 2000–2003: a nationwide, population-based cohort study
Authors: Tsao Pei-Chen , Yeh Hsin-Ling , Shiau Yu-Shih , Chang Yen-Chen , Chiang Szu-Hui , Soong Wen-Jue , Jeng Mei-Jy , Hsiao Kwang-Jen , Chiang Po-Huang
Published: July 2020

Newborns with significant neonatal jaundice (SNJ) would admit for evaluation and/or intervention due to an earlier or more rapid increase in bilirubin level. Bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction in this population might be underestimated. We aimed to investigate the risk of long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae of SNJ in Taiwan. An SNJ 2000–2003 follow-up cohort consisting of 66,983 neonates was extracted from the nationwide, population-based health insurance database in Taiwan to survey the accumulative incidence of long-term (7-year) neurodevelopmental sequelae in comparison to a reference general-population neonate cohort of 12,579 individuals born in 2000. The SNJ follow-up cohort was furtherly categorized into subgroups according to interventions (phototherapy, intensive phototherapy, and exchange transfusion). The SNJ follow-up cohort exhibited significantly higher cumulative rates of long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae than did the reference cohort (P < 0.05). The risks of infantile cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and developmental delay in the SNJ follow-up cohort were between twice and three times of those in the reference cohort after adjusting for gender, comorbid perinatal disorders and urbanization levels. All intervention subgroups demonstrated higher risks for long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae than the reference cohort (P < 0.05) after adjustment. Patients with SNJ are at risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders during their growth period. A scheduled follow-up protocol of physical and neurodevelopmental assessment during early childhood for these SNJ patients would potentially be helpful for the early detection of and intervention for neurodevelopmental disorders.
Optimal cut-off values for anthropometric measures of obesity in screening for cardiometabolic disorders in adults
Authors: Macek Pawel , Biskup Malgorzata , Terek-Derszniak Malgorzata , Krol Halina , Smok-Kalwat Jolanta , Gozdz Stanislaw , Zak Marek
Published: July 2020

Excessive accumulation of body fat (BF) promotes obesity, whilst posing a significant health hazard. There being no agreed, optimal quantifying methods, application of BF variable in clinical practice is not deemed an effective assessment option. The study, involving 4,735 patients (33.6% men), aged 45–64, aimed to identify optimal cut-off values for anthropometric indicators of obesity to evaluate cardiometabolic risk. A minimum P-value approach was applied to calculate the cut-offs for BF%. Threshold values for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height (WHTR) ratio, facilitating optimal differentiation of cardiometabolic risk, were based on BF%, expressed as a binary classifier. The newly estimated cut-off values for predicting cardiometabolic risk, based on BMI, were lower than the referential obesity thresholds, whereas the threshold values of WC, WHR, and WHTR were higher. Apart from dyslipidemia, the odds of cardiometabolic disorders were higher, when the anthropometric indicators under study exceeded the cut-off points in both sexes. The proposed cut-offs proved instrumental in predicting cardiometabolic risk, whilst highlighting diagnostic and clinical potential of BF%, whereas BMI boasted the highest predictive potential. Cardiometabolic risk also proved significantly higher even in the overweight patients.
Bioactivities of Allium longicuspis Regel against anthracnose of mango caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.)
Authors: de Guzman Alvindia Dionisio , Mangoba Mark Anthony Angeles
Published: July 2020

The present study focused on the effect of Allium longicuspis extracts (ALE) against anthracnose of mango fruit. In vitro tests (mycelial growth and conidial germination) showed that, ALE concentrated from 0.75 to 2.5 g L−1 completely inhibited the growth of Colletotrichum gloesporioides. Cytoplasmic discharge, mycelial and conidial blasts were clearly observed when applied with ALE. The minimum effective concentration (MEC) of ALE at 0.75 g L1 can be applied as protective, curative and simultaneous treatment in mango fruit to inhibit the anthracnose infection. Efficacy of garlic extract was relatively superior to synthetic fungicide based on protective, curative and simultaneous treatments. Twenty chemical components were detected in ALE based on GCMS analysis (Table 1). The six major components were the following: oleyl alcohol, methyl ether (42.04%), γ-sitosterol (15.85%), , 24-norursa-3.12-diene (5.62%), 1-octadecanol methyl ether (4.23%), n-pentadecanol (3.95%) and 2-vinyl-4h-1 3-dithiine (3.76%). The findings support the potential use of ALE as an alternative to synthetic fungicide.
Combining host-derived biomarkers with patient characteristics improves signature performance in predicting tuberculosis treatment outcomes
Authors: Sivakumaran Dhanasekaran , Jenum Synne , Vaz Mario , Selvam Sumithra , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Haks Marielle C. , Malherbe Stephanus T. , Doherty T. Mark , Ritz Christian , Grewal Harleen M. S.
Published: July 2020

Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health concern. Treatment is prolonged, and patients on anti-TB therapy (ATT) often experience treatment failure for various reasons. There is an urgent need to identify signatures for early detection of failure and initiation of a treatment switch.

We investigated how gene biomarkers and/or basic patient characteristics could be used to define signatures for treatment outcomes in Indian adult pulmonary-TB patients treated with standard ATT. Using blood samples at baseline, a 12-gene signature combined with information on gender, previously-diagnosed TB, severe thinness, smoking and alcohol consumption was highly predictive of treatment failure at 6 months. Likewise a 4-protein biomarker signature combined with the same patient characteristics was almost as highly predictive of treatment failure. Combining biomarkers and basic patient characteristics may be useful for predicting and hence identification of treatment failure at an early stage of TB therapy.
Ultrafine Mo2C nanoparticle decorated N-doped carbon nanofibers for efficient hydrogen production
Authors: Ji Lvlv , Zheng Huifang , Fang Yeting , Wang Tao , Du Jialei , Wang Sheng
Published: July 2020

N-doped carbon nanofibers decorated with numerous ultrafine Mo2C nanoparticles show excellent catalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Correction: Side-chain engineering of conjugated polymers toward highly efficient near-infrared organic photo-detectors via morphology and dark current management
Authors: Kang Yeongkwon , Eun Hyeong Ju , Kye Hyojin , Kim Dahee , Heo Junseok , Kim Jong H. , Kim Bong-Gi
Published: July 2020

Correction for ‘Side-chain engineering of conjugated polymers toward highly efficient near-infrared organic photo-detectors via morphology and dark current management’ by Yeongkwon Kang et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2020, 8, 7765–7771, DOI: 10.1039/D0TC00082E.
Modelling and simulation of a new urban freight distribution system based on automatic van platooning and fixed split up locations
Authors: Lupi Marino , Pratelli Antonio , Farina Alessandro
Published: July 2020

A new freight delivery system based on automated vans is presented. Vans travel in platoons, whose first vehicle is driven and the others are driverless, during large part of their delivery routes. Each platoon moves from the Urban Distribution Centre (UDC) to a dedicated location close to the city centre, where the platoon is split up. At the split up location, the driver gets off the first van and each van of the platoon, independently from the others, carries out the last part of its delivery route moving without any driver. Meanwhile, the driver moves to another split up location or to the UDC, where a driver is needed. After completing their deliveries, vans return to the same split up location and gather again in a platoon; a driver accesses the first vehicle, then the platoon returns to the UDC. A methodology to design the proposed transport system has been developed. The methodology comprises two routing algorithms to optimise: platoon routes from the UDC to split up locations; single van routes from split up locations to receivers and return; and a microsimulator to assess, heuristically, the number of vehicles needed to operate the system and the schedule of driver activities.
Three IQs of AI systems and their testing methods
Authors: Liu Feng , Liu Ying , Shi Yong
Published: July 2020

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought the AI threat theory as well as the problem about how to evaluate the intelligence level of intelligent products. Both need to find a quantitative method to evaluate the intelligence level of intelligence systems, including human intelligence. Based on the standard intelligence system and the extended Von Neumann architecture, this study proposes General intelligence quotient (IQ), Service IQ and Value IQ evaluation methods for intelligence systems, depending on different evaluation purposes. Among them, the General IQ of intelligence systems is to answer the question of whether ‘the artificial intelligence can surpass the human intelligence’, which is reflected in putting the intelligence systems on an equal status and conducting the unified evaluation. The Service IQ and Value IQ of intelligence systems are used to answer the question of ‘how the intelligent products can better serve the human’, reflecting the intelligence and required cost of each intelligence system as a product in the process of serving human.
Improving Energy and Environmental Efficiency of Combined Heat-and Power Plant Based on Absorption Heat Transformers
Authors: Yavorovsky Yu. V. , Bartenev A. I. , Sultanguzin I. A. , Alimgazin A Sh , Prishchepova S. A. , Kalyakin I. D.
Published: July 2020

In the present paper the scheme for increasing the energy efficiency of combined heat and power plants (CHPP) using absorption heat transformers (AHT) is considered. The aim of the study is to increase the energy and environmental efficiency of natural gas use in power supply systems by application steam turbine plants and absorption heat transformers. The simulation of CHPP modernization and a harmful emissions dispersion assessment were carried out using the following software tools: ISC Manager, Thermoflex. All the calculations were made for one power unit of the CHPP in Moscow. Subsequently, the obtained data on energy efficiency increase and harmful emissions reduction were multiplied on the whole power system of Moscow, the main source of heat and electricity of which are the CHPP’s of PJSC “Mosenergo”.