bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dicitrinol, a Citrinin Dimer, Produced by Penicillium janthinellum
Authors: do Rosário Marinho Andrey M. , Rodrigues‐Fo. Edson
Published: May 2011

A citrinin dimer, named dicitrinol (3), was isolated from extracts obtained from a rice cultivation of Penicillium janthinellum, a fungus found in fruits of Melia azedarach. Dicitrinol (3) was isolated by classical chromatographic procedures, and identified by MS, and 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR data. A biosynthetic scheme is proposed for this new dimerization of citrinin. Dicitrinol (3) was shown to be slightly weaker than citrinin regarding bacterial inhibition.
Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Delphinium tatsienense
Authors: Chen Feng‐Zheng , Chen Qiao‐Hong , Liu Xiao‐Yu , Wang Feng‐Peng
Published: May 2011

Three new C20‐diterpenoid alkaloids, along with twenty‐two known alkaloids, were isolated from the whole herbs of Delphinium tatsienense. The new alkaloids include a vakognavine‐type C20‐diterpenoid alkaloid, designated as tatsienenseine A (1), and two hetisine‐type C20‐diterpenoid alkaloids, designated as tatsienenseines B (2) and C (3). Their structures were elucidated by IR, HR‐ESI‐MS, 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR analyses.
Fully automated pipeline for quantification and localization of white matter hyperintensity in brain magnetic resonance image
Authors: Jeon Seun , Yoon Uicheul , Park Jun‐Sung , Seo Sang Won , Kim Jung‐Hyun , Kim Sung Tae , Kim Sun I. , Na Duk L. , Lee Jong‐Min
Published: May 2011

Automated white matter hyperintensity (WMH) segmentation on magnetic resonance imaging is greatly advantageous for various clinical studies using large‐sample data. Accurate localization of WMH can provide more beneficial information for clinical studies, as differences of regional WMH existence may be linked to clinical symptoms. We suggest a fully automated method for WMH quantification and localization without human interaction using T1‐weighted and fluid‐attenuated inversion‐recovery (FLAIR) images. The known sources of false‐positive results in the subarachnoid space and brain‐cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) interface were removed by applying a WMH candidate‐region mask. WMH segmentation was performed based on the Markov random field model. The intensity‐substitution method was developed for the accurate localization of WMH, with proper tissue classification and nonlinear registration. The performance of the method was evaluated via comparison with manual delineation; the similarity index and the overlap ratio were 89.94 and 81.90, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 193–200, 2011
Decoding the nonstationary neural activity in motor cortex for brain machine interfaces
Authors: Zhang Shaomin , Liao Yuxi , Zheng Xiaoxiang , Chen Weidong , Wang Yiwen
Published: May 2011

Previous decoding algorithms used in brain machine interfaces (BMIs) usually seek a static functional mapping between the spatio‐temporal neural activity and behavior and assume that the neural spike statistics do not change over time. However, recent work indicates the significant variance in neural activities, which suggests the nonfeasibility of the stationary assumptions on the neural signal sequences. To track the time‐changing neural activity during the nonlinear decoding process, we developed a time‐varying approach based on general regression neural network (GRNN) with a dynamic pattern layer. Applied on both simulated neural activity and in vivo BMI data extracted from rat's motor cortex, the proposed method reconstructs the movement signals better than the original GRNN algorithm with static pattern layer, which raises the promise of successfully tracking the time‐varying neural activity for BMIs decoding. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 158–164, 2011
Subject and class specific frequency bands selection for multiclass motor imagery classification
Authors: Suk Heung‐Il , Lee Seong‐Whan
Published: May 2011

EEG‐based discrimination among motor imagery states has been widely studied for brain‐computer interfaces (BCIs) due to the great potential for real‐life applications. However, in terms of designing a motor imagery‐based BCI system, a lot of research in the literature either uses a frequency band of interest selected manually based on the visual analysis of EEG data or is set to a general broad band, causing performance degradation in classification. In this article, we propose a novel method of selecting subject and class specific frequency bands based on the analysis of a channel‐frequency matrix, which we call a channel‐frequency map. We operate the classification process for each frequency band individually, i.e., spatial filtering, feature extraction, and classification, and determine a class label for an input EEG by considering the outputs from multiple classifiers together at the end. From our experiments on a public dataset of BCI Competition IV (2008) II‐a that includes four motor imagery tasks from nine subjects, the proposed algorithm outperformed the common spatial pattern (CSP) algorithm in a broad band and a filter bank CSP algorithm on average in terms of cross‐validation and session‐to‐session transfer rate. Furthermore, a considerable increase of classification accuracy has been achieved for certain subjects. We also would like to note that the proposed data‐driven frequency bands selection method is applicable to other kinds of single‐trial EEG classifications that are based on modulations of brain rhythms, by no means limited to motor imagery‐based BCI applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 123–130, 2011
Large sample group independent component analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging using anatomical atlas‐based reduction and bootstrapped clustering
Authors: Anderson Ariana , Bramen Jennifer , Douglas Pamela K. , Lenartowicz Agatha , Cho Andrew , Culbertson Chris , Brody Arthur L. , Yuille Alan L. , Cohen Mark S.
Published: May 2011

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a popular method for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals that is capable of revealing connected brain systems of functional significance. To be computationally tractable, estimating the independent components (ICs) inevitably requires one or more dimension reduction steps. Whereas most algorithms perform such reductions in the time domain, the input data are much more extensive in the spatial domain, and there is broad consensus that the brain obeys rules of localization of function into regions that are smaller in number than the number of voxels in a brain image. These functional units apparently reorganize dynamically into networks under different task conditions. Here we develop a new approach to ICA, producing group results by bagging and clustering over hundreds of pooled single‐subject ICA results that have been projected to a lower‐dimensional subspace. Averages of anatomically based regions are used to compress the single subject‐ICA results prior to clustering and resampling via bagging. The computational advantages of this approach make it possible to perform group‐level analyses on datasets consisting of hundreds of scan sessions by combining the results of within‐subject analysis, while retaining the theoretical advantage of mimicking what is known of the functional organization of the brain. The result is a compact set of spatial activity patterns that are common and stable across scan sessions and across individuals. Such representations may be used in the context of statistical pattern recognition supporting real‐time state classification. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 21, 223–231, 2011
DEFINING SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Authors: Mentzer John T. , DeWitt William , Keebler James S. , Min Soonhong , Nix Nancy W. , Smith Carlo D. , Zacharia Zach G.
Published: May 2011

A management construct cannot be used effectively by practitioners and researchers if a common agreement on its definition is lacking. Such is the case with the term “supply chain management”—so many definitions are used that there is little consensus on what it means. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine the existing research in an effort to understand the concept of “supply chain management.” Various definitions of SCM and “supply chain” are reviewed, categorized, and synthesized. Definitions of supporting constructs of SCM and a framework are then offered to establish a consistent means to conceptualize SCM. Antecedents and consequences of SCM are identified, and the boundaries of SCM in terms of business functions and organizations are proposed. A conceptual model and unified definition of SCM are then presented that indicate the nature, antecedents, and consequences of the phenomena.
ECR AND GROCERY RETAILING: AN EXPLORATORY FINANCIAL STATEMENT ANALYSIS
Authors: Brown Terence A. , Bukovinsky David M.
Published: May 2011

Efficient Consumer Response (ECR) is a grocery industry strategy in which distributors and suppliers work together to improve value for consumers. It is well known and often cited in textbooks as an example of a modern approach to logistics strategy. However, little empirical research has been done on ECR and food retailers. Here, financial and operating results for thirteen grocers that adopted ECR are compared with twelve grocers that did not adopt.
THE EFFECTS OF LOGISTICS CAPABILITIES ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: CUSTOMER‐FOCUSED VERSUS INFORMATION‐FOCUSED CAPABILITIES
Authors: Zhao Meng , Dröge Cornelia , Stank Theodore P.
Published: May 2011

The research presents a model that portrays customer‐focused and information‐focused capabilities as interrelated predictors of firm performance. Results show that customer‐focused capabilities are directly related to performance, but that information‐focused capabilities are not. Rather, the latter relationship is indirect: information‐focused capabilities are linked to performance via the interrelationship with customer‐focused capabilities.
PARTNER CONGRUENCE IN ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI)‐ENABLED RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Angeles Rebecca , Nath Ravi
Published: May 2011

Business partnerships are a prerequisite for an effective supply chain. EDI‐enabled business partnerships are crucial in linking suppliers and customers. This paper develops congruence factors for customer‐supplier EDI partnerships. Data were collected from sixty‐four customer‐supplier dyads of firms using a questionnaire instrument. By factor analyzing thirty‐one items, six congruence factors were identified: top‐level strategic commitment, trading partner flexibility, joint partnering for EDI, readiness for high‐level EDI implementation, EDI infrastructure, and partner communication. Additional analysis revealed that customer firms placed significantly more emphasis on congruence factors than supplier firms except for “joint partnering for EDI.” These findings have implications for assessing business partnerships in the networked economy.
DIRECT PRODUCT PROFITABILITY AND RETAIL SHELF‐SPACE ALLOCATION MODELS
Authors: Bookbinder James H. , Zarour Feyrouz H.
Published: May 2011

Given an assortment of k products, a retailer must make an important decision on the percentage of space allocated to each of them. Optimization models for this problem have previously shown that an item's space should not simply be given in proportion to its sales or its gross margin (GM). Calculations of Direct Product Profitability (DPP) have improved upon the GM concept, but the present paper is the first (of which we are aware) to integrate the DPP approach into a shelf‐space optimization model.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN SUPPORTING THE EXTENDED SUPPLY CHAIN
Authors: Edwards Peter , Peters Melvyn , Sharman Graham
Published: May 2011

The emergence of the Internet and new software applications has provided an opportunity for some companies to move towards an extended enterprise business model–one that enhances value across the total supply chain. The prime driver of this trend has been the implementation of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. The research investigates whether traditional technology infrastructures, including information systems, have failed to deliver the level of support required to enable organizations to take advantage of the new extended business model. The research identifies a series of new and distinctive capabilities that influence the adoption of an extended business model. Supported by innovative technologies, leading companies are exploiting these distinctive capabilities to meet the challenge of the New Economy.
SUPPLY CHAIN COLLABORATION AND LOGISTICAL SERVICE PERFORMANCE
Authors: Stank Theodore P. , Keller Scott B. , Daugherty Patricia J.
Published: May 2011

Collaboration with external supply chain entities influences increased internal collaboration, which in turn improves service performance. This relationship may be the key to helping managers understand how best to facilitate behavioral change. The implication is that collaborating with customers and suppliers is a first step toward effective collaboration within the firm.
REVERSE LOGISTICS: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESOURCE COMMITMENT AND PROGRAM PERFORMANCE
Authors: Daugherty Patricia J. , Autry Chad W. , Ellinger Alexander E.
Published: May 2011

In response to increasing volumes of returned products, firms are establishing programs to guide the reversal of flows in the supply chain, i.e., reverse logistics. With reverse logistics programs firms seek cost savings and efficiencies related to reclamation, redistribution, and disposal of products returned “upstream” to the retailer or manufacturer. This paper reports on a recent survey of electronics catalog retailers regarding reverse logistics program involvement. In addition to creating a profile of current reverse logistics activities in an industry characterized by high volumes of returns, the research also examines the relationship between investment in reverse logistics related resources and reverse logistics program performance.
LOGISTICS MANAGERS' LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS AND FIRM PERFORMANCE
Authors: Ellinger Alexander E. , Ellinger Andrea D. , Keller Scott B.
Published: May 2011

Dynamic changes in the business environment are significantly impacting supply chain logistics, resulting in unprecedented personnel demands. Organizational theorists suggest that personnel management is associated with better performance. However, relatively little is known about effective human resource practices within the logistics industry. The learning organization concept offers logistics organizations a theoretical rationale for promoting learning environments to better leverage employees' knowledge, skills, and abilities and improve performance. This research examines logistics managers' perceptions of individual level learning behavior within their organizations and its relationship to firm performance.
A STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODEL OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AND FIRM PERFORMANCE
Authors: Wisner Joel D.
Published: May 2011

This research develops and analyzes a theoretical framework for supplier management and customer relationship strategies, supply chain management strategy, and firm performance using structural equation modeling. Data used in the paper were collected from a comprehensive survey circulated to a wide variety of U.S. and European business executives. Based on the findings, a clearer picture of the practice and benefits of SCM and its strategic implications emerges.
LOGISTICS SERVICE PERFORMANCE: ESTIMATING ITS INFLUENCE ON MARKET SHARE
Authors: Stank Theodore P. , Goldsby Thomas J. , Vickery Shawnee K. , Savitskie Katrina
Published: May 2011

The research examines the relationships among three dimensions of logistics service performance (operational, relational, and cost performance), customer satisfaction, customer loyalty, and market share. Perceptions of customers of third party logistics (3PL) providers are used to assess 3PL performance constructs. Of the three dimensions of service performance, relational performance is the single most important factor in engendering customer satisfaction. The research supports the strong relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty identified in previous studies. It also establishes an empirical link between customer loyalty and a measure of market share that is anchored by objective, secondary data.
RELATIONSHIP MAGNITUDE AND ITS ROLE IN INTERORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIP STRUCTURE
Authors: Golicic Susan L. , Foggin James H. , Mentzer John T.
Published: May 2011

Close relationships between and among supply chain members are becoming more prevalent. However, there is lack of agreement in the literature and in practice concerning the characteristics of different interorganizational relationships. The resultant confusion is an obstacle to the progression of research and could cause problems among firms in a supply chain. Based on previous research and an exploratory study conducted with company executives responsible for supply chain management activities, this article seeks to introduce the concept of relationship magnitude (i.e., the extent or degree of closeness or strength of the relationship) and differentiate it from relationship type (i.e., classes of relationships that share common traits). Implications for managers and opportunities for future research are provided.
B‐TO‐B E‐COMMERCE: A CONTENT ANALYTICAL ASSESSMENT OF MOTOR CARRIER WEBSITES
Authors: Ellinger Alexander E. , Lynch Daniel F. , Andzulis James K. , Smith Ronn J.
Published: May 2011

An Internet presence is a critical early component in the process of building towards a fully operational and unified e‐commerce strategy. E‐commerce has significantly impacted logistics/supply chain strategies and the development and implementation of a website have become key issues for many firms within the transportation industry. This study provides an overview of website content within the motor carrier industry. Content analysis was used to assess the site design, informational content, and the interactive content of 152 motor carrier websites, and to compare the features offered on the Top 100 motor carrier firm websites with those offered on the sites of smaller carrier firms.
ESTIMATION OF GLOBAL LOGISTICS EXPENDITURES USING NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: Bowersox Donald J. , Calantone Roger J. , Rodrigues Alexandre M.
Published: May 2011

Measuring the size of global logistics expenditure is a difficult task. What is an estimate of logistics expenditures for the global economy? The objective of this research is to answer this question. Using neural networks, an artificial intelligence methodology, logistics expenditures have been estimated at the country level. There are two main contributions from this research. The first is an update of previous estimates of global logistics expenditures. The second is continuous improvement of the estimation method, including information quality and availability as well as mathematical model refinement.
MANAGING VENDOR INVENTORY IN A DUAL LEVEL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Authors: Yang Kum‐Khiong , Ruben Robert A. , Webster Scott
Published: May 2011

Collaborative arrangements among members of the supply chain have received a great deal of interest in recent years as a means of reducing costs. One such arrangement is vendor managed inventory (VMI). VMI allows the vendor to make decisions concerning the quantity and timing of deliveries to the retailer. Such an arrangement offers the potential of a more efficient supply chain by removing the negative effects of retail ordering policies. A thorough review of the literature was conducted to identify factors likely to impact the performance of a VMI partnership. Computer simulation was used to study the effects of these factors from both the vendor's and retailer's perspectives. The results lend insight into the performance of VMI and guidance for managers as to the environments in which VMI is most effective.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PURCHASING AND SUPPLY MANAGEMENT'S PERCEIVED VALUE AND PARTICIPATION IN STRATEGIC SUPPLIER COST MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Authors: Zsidisin George A. , Ellram Lisa M. , Ogden Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2011

As firms have placed more emphasis on their core competencies and outsourced production and services to suppliers, effective cost management of purchases has become a critical factor in achieving corporate success. The Purchasing and Supply Management (PSM) function is generally responsible for obtaining goods and services from outside suppliers. Techniques such as total cost of ownership, supplier cost structure analysis, and target costing have become important tools for PSM to manage inbound supply costs. Results of a survey indicate that the perceptions of PSM by peer functions and top management, in terms of PSM's importance and accountability, are related to implementing the strategic cost management activities of total cost of ownership, supplier cost structure analysis, and target costing.
THE LAST MILE: AN EXAMINATION OF EFFECTS OF ONLINE RETAIL DELIVERY STRATEGIES ON CONSUMERS
Authors: Esper Terry L. , Jensen Thomas D. , Turnipseed Fernanda L. , Burton Scot
Published: May 2011

The Internet has increased the level of importance of the end‐consumer market to transportation carriers. In two between subject experiments, carrier disclosure on retail merchant websites is examined as a strategic differentiation strategy. Predictions are offered concerning effects of carrier disclosure strategies on product delivery‐related expectations, consumer attitudes, and intentions to purchase a product online. Results from Study 1 reveal significant differences between disclosure and nondisclosure of the carrier for numerous product delivery‐related variables, as well as many differences between the six carriers examined in this first study. Study 2 extends these findings by showing that providing consumers with a choice of carrier leads to increased levels of satisfaction with the online experience and greater willingness to buy, relative to nondisclosure and disclosure strategies.
AN ASSESSMENT OF SUPPLIER — CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Rinehart Lloyd M. , Eckert James A. , Handfield Robert B. , Page Thomas J. , Atkin Thomas
Published: May 2011

This research develops a classification framework of supplier‐customer relationships. Data were collected from active relationship managers and provided the empirical basis for the classification scheme. The resulting relationships were classified into seven groups. Names for each type of relationship were developed based on a set of Delphi group responses.
SUPPLY CHAIN INFORMATION SHARING IN A VENDOR MANAGED INVENTORY PARTNERSHIP
Authors: Angulo Andres , Nachtmann Heather , Waller Matthew A.
Published: May 2011

Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI) involves the vendor making the replenishment decision for products supplied to a customer based on various inventory and supply chain policies. Information sharing between supply chain members is required in VMI. Sometimes VMI decisions are delayed and/or the information shared is inaccurate. This research examines the effects of information delay and accuracy, and the sharing of sales and forecast information in a VMI environment facing stationary and nonstationary demand. The simulation experiments show the impact of information delay, information inaccuracy, and information sharing on a variety of performance measures, including inventory levels and fill rates.
INFORMATION GAMING IN DEMAND COLLABORATION AND SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE
Authors: Xu Kefeng , Dong Yan
Published: May 2011

Demand collaboration has recently been promoted by industry leaders as an important tool for supply chain management. Its greatest significance beyond the sharing of point‐of‐sale and forecast information stems from its potential to allow supply chain partners to extract private market information from each other for more effective planning and better supply chain performance. A simulation framework based on actual business processes is developed to investigate the underlying drivers of demand collaboration and the inherent risks and benefits of such collaboration.
STRATEGIC ORIENTATION, CAPABILITIES, AND PERFORMANCE IN MANUFACTURER — 3PL RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Sinkovics Rudolf R. , Roath Anthony S.
Published: May 2011

This study examines how two dimensions of strategic orientation (customer and competitor orientation) influence logistics and market performance. Two capabilities, operational flexibility and collaboration, are studied. Data were collected from manufacturers working with third party logistics providers. The findings suggest that customer and competitor orientations have different influences upon performance when leveraged through the capabilities. Competitor orientation, while having a detrimental direct effect on logistics performance, appears to be the better strategic approach, when supported with operational flexibility since it results in enhanced logistics (efficiency) and market (effectiveness) performance. Customer orientation, on the other hand, greatly improves logistics performance, i.e., internal efficiency.
CATALOG RETAILER IN‐STOCK PERFORMANCE: AN ASSESSMENT OF CUSTOMER SERVICE LEVELS
Authors: Taylor John C. , Fawcett Stanley E. , Jackson George C.
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this article is to study the level of “in‐stock” customer service performance being offered in the catalog channel of distribution. The article provides benchmark information for the catalog industry. More importantly, the article serves as one test of the effectiveness of the modern supply chain, where the expectation is for near perfect orders. Customer service levels are studied by using an empirical observation methodology in which catalog retailer's in‐stock performance was measured. Comparisons are made across item type, season, retailer type, and days from catalog receipt. Overall, items were out‐of‐stock during 15.9% of all checkpoints, compared to an 11.8% stock‐out rate in an earlier study of bricks and mortar retailers.
THE IMPACT OF INTERNAL MARKETING EFFORTS IN DISTRIBUTION SERVICE OPERATIONS
Authors: Keller Scott B. , Lynch Daniel F. , Ellinger Alexander E. , Ozment John , Calantone Roger
Published: May 2011

Marketing efforts can offer firms a greater competitive advantage by overtly stimulating the impact of frontline logistics employees on customer value creation. In such a situation, internal marketing becomes the strategy of choice in both service and product support contexts. A broad marketing mix framework is introduced shifting the traditional application from marketing products to marketing the workplace to logistics distribution employees. Research findings support a multidimensional operationalization of internal marketing. Holistic tests indicate that internal marketing on an interpersonal level is associated with satisfied and higher performing distribution center employees and increased interdepartmental customer orientation.
THE IMPACT OF DEMAND UNCERTAINTY AND CONFIGURATION CAPACITY ON CUSTOMER SERVICE PERFORMANCE IN A CONFIGURE‐TO‐ORDER ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Nyaga Gilbert N. , Closs David J. , Rodrigues Alexandre , Calantone Roger J.
Published: May 2011

This paper examines the simultaneous impact of demand variability, demand skew, and configuration capacity on customer service in a configure‐to‐order environment. Simulation is done in ARENA and data are analyzed using ANOVA and MANOVA. The findings indicate that the factors studied have differential impact on performance both individually and interactively.
MEASURING CUSTOMERS' PERCEPTIONS OF LOGISTICS SERVICE QUALITY OF 3PL SERVICE PROVIDERS
Authors: Rafiq Mohammed , Jaafar Harlina S.
Published: May 2011

Despite its importance, with the major exception of Mentzer and colleagues, the development and measurement of the Logistics Service Quality construct (LSQ) has been relatively under researched. This paper reports the testing and validation of the LSQ instrument (Mentzer, Flint, and Kent 1999) in the context of the third‐party logistics industry in the UK. The 3PL setting was considered a logical progression for testing the instrument versus the original in‐house logistics service provider. The study is based on a cross sectional mail survey of the customers of third‐party logistics service providers.
THE DOMAIN AND SCOPE OF SCM'S FOUNDATIONAL DISCIPLINES — INSIGHTS AND ISSUES TO ADVANCE RESEARCH
Authors: Frankel Robert , Bolumole Yemisi A. , Eltantawy Reham A. , Paulraj Antony , Gundlach Gregory T.
Published: May 2011

The authors examine and take stock of the changing nature and landscape surrounding supply chain management, and the related disciplines of purchasing, operations management, logistics and marketing channels of distribution. They identify, describe and synthesize the nature of research in those academic disciplines that are identified to be some of the objectives with respect to supply chain management's integration goals. Their examination highlights the considerable evolution and significant advances occurring within and among these disciplines. Additionally, they find this new landscape to provide both insights and issues for scholarship to those attempting to understand the evolving nature of supply chain management and its related fields. Such insights and issues suggest a number of proposals for progress with regard to SCM's future development.
SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO LOGISTICS, MARKETING, PRODUCTION, AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Mentzer John T. , Stank Theodore P. , Esper Terry L.
Published: May 2011

The renaming of the Council of Logistics Management (CLM) to the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) ushered in some interesting definitional dialogue and debate within the practitioner and academic communities. Inherent in emerging definitions is the notion that SCM encompasses activities traditionally considered aspects of production, logistics, marketing, and operations management. Defining SCM in such a broad scope (i.e., a “within” and “across” functions perspective), while considered by many scholars as the true representation of the essence of SCM, creates confusion regarding the appropriate organizational level within a business that is best suited for managerial decision making regarding the phenomenon. This paper contributes to the emerging SCM dialogue by highlighting the functional spaces (the “within” function perspective), relationships, and conceptual overlaps (the “across” functions perspective) between marketing, logistics, production, operations, and supply chain management. By comparing and contrasting the literature‐based conceptual boundaries of each discipline, a framework is proposed that more clearly captures the essence of the SCM decision making sphere. Managerial insights and future research implications are presented.
THE INTELLECTUAL STRUCTURE OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: A BIBLIOMETRIC APPROACH
Authors: Charvet François F. , Cooper Martha C. , Gardner John T.
Published: May 2011

Now that supply chain management has a two‐decade research history, it is possible to examine the literature to identify whether there is any latent intellectual structure using bibliometric tools. The study applies a citation and co‐citation approach to reveal four clusters of research that have emerged. One cluster has strong ties to the logistics field, with primarily conceptual articles. A second cluster finds its roots in operations research, and consists mainly of modeling articles. The application of multidimensional scaling, cluster analysis, and factor analysis on co‐citations demonstrated a clearly identifiable structure. The structure is examined and implications for the future development of supply chain research are discussed.
GLOBAL SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT
Authors: Manuj Ila , Mentzer John T.
Published: May 2011

Global supply chains face a multitude of risks. A review of the recent literature reveals a few structured and systematic approaches for assessing risks in supply chains. However, there is no conceptual framework that ties together this literature. The purpose of this paper is to integrate literature from several disciplines ‐ including logistics, supply chain management, operations management, strategy, and international business ‐ to develop a model of global supply chain risk management. The implications for stakeholders and how future research could bring more insights to the phenomenon of global supply chain risk management are also discussed.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE VALUE OF CROSS‐DOCKING FOR SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT
Authors: Galbreth Michael R. , Hill James A. , Handley Sean
Published: May 2011

Cross‐docking is the practice of transferring materials from an incoming shipment directly to an outgoing shipment without storing them at the transfer point. This essentially eliminates the inventory‐holding function of a warehouse and can reduce supply chain costs. We investigate the value of one type of cross‐docking in a variety of supply chain environments.
A COMPARISON OF ACTUAL AND INTENDED CONSUMER BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO RETAIL STOCKOUTS
Authors: Zinn Walter , Liu Peter C.
Published: May 2011

Studies of consumer response to stockouts typically capture intended behavior. After a stockout experience, consumers are asked what they intend to do. In contrast, this research measured both intended and actual behavior. Consumers were interviewed twice; once immediately following the stockout experience to gauge intended behavior and a second time 30 days later to ask what they had actually done in response to the stockout. Accordingly, the goals of this research are to (1) compare consumer actual and intended behavior in response to stockouts and (2) examine product characteristics, consumer characteristics and situational variables that may explain the consumer's response. Key results suggest that indicated behavior is a good indicator of actual behavior in situations where the consumer intends to quit the search and a rather poor indicator when the consumer intends to delay the search. Finally, of the several product characteristics, consumer characteristics and situational variables examined, store loyalty, pre‐visit agenda and product uniqueness have shown most promise to help managers understand consumer actual and intended response to stockouts.
PERFORMANCE IMPLICATIONS OF PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE EXTENSION: THE CASE OF THE A‐10 AIRCRAFT
Authors: Jones Shawn R. , Zsidisin George A.
Published: May 2011

Firms are faced with challenging decisions when capital equipment reaches the end of its designed service life. This research examines the risks of deciding to extend the retirement date of a capital asset in terms of performance and cost and offers recommended actions to mitigate this risk. Through study of the United States Air Force's A‐10 aircraft, the authors analyze one example of decreased performance and increased costs experienced when supply chain implications are not explicitly considered when making service life extension decisions. In this case, the Air Force's efforts to save money through life extension of existing aircraft actually exceeded the seemingly enormous initial investment of acquiring new aircraft. Arguments are presented suggesting the Air Force, in particular, may reap benefits from forming supply chain relationships and creating continuity plans to manage problems such as parts shortages and cost increases when extending the use of capital assets beyond its intended service life.
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT IN THE GERMAN TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY
Authors: Wagner Stephan M.
Published: May 2011

This article develops a conceptual framework for innovation management in logistics service providers, taking both a macro‐sectoral and a micro‐firm level perspective. Empirical data pertaining to the German transportation industry is applied in order to illustrate the current situation. In the analysis, the author distinguishes between various types of innovation: (1) product/service and process innovation, (2) market novelties, product‐range novelties and product imitations, and (3) ad hoc and planned innovation. The results indicate that despite the importance of innovation for the competitiveness of logistics service providers, innovation activities of firms in this industry and the share of innovators are at a low level compared to other industries. Only 30% of the LSP's are innovators. LSP innovation rests less on structured innovation, new product development and new product commercialization processes, instead, becomes often visible in form of technological advanced infrastructure and equipment investments. It is recommended that in the future LSP's should make more use of one or all forms of innovation activity discussed in this article.
DEBIASING STRATEGIES IN SUPPLY MANAGEMENT DECISION‐MAKING
Authors: Kaufmann Lutz , Michel Alex , Carter Craig R.
Published: May 2011

Human judgment and decision making under uncertainty are vulnerable to decision biases leading to deviations from the standard assumptions of the rational paradigm in economics. This fact is currently not widely reflected by research on decision making in sourcing contexts. However, supply managers are aware of the judgment and decision challenges that result from existing and increasing levels of uncertainty in the external, upstream supply chain, and deploy decision supporting strategies for debiasing their judgments. The analysis of supply management decisions using 441 data units from 133 embedded cases from 15 buying organizations revealed high levels of such debiasing strategies. However, the seemingly most effective mitigation strategy recommended in the general debiasing literature ‐ creating awareness of the underlying mechanics causing decision biases ‐ was only employed by one buying organization, indicating a need to further investigate debiasing strategies specifically in supply management contexts.
A REFINED VIEW OF GROUNDED THEORY AND ITS APPLICATION TO LOGISTICS RESEARCH
Authors: Mello John , Flint Daniel J.
Published: May 2011

Logistics research with an objective to construct theory and develop deeper insights into logistics social phenomena and test those theories relies on both qualitative and quantitative methods. Grounded theory is one powerful qualitative research tradition for the theory building objective, yet it is also one that is often misunderstood and misapplied. The result of this misunderstanding can, and has in other disciplines such as marketing and management, resulted in weaker grounded theory studies than ought to be and research claiming to emerge from grounded theory but does not. The article offers a review of the foundations of grounded theory and insights to important aspects of two similar, but different, approaches to grounded theory that most researchers ignore, but are critical for researchers to understand. We argue that (1) logistics needs more qualitative research, (2) grounded theory offers the potential for a unique and specific kind of insight as compared to other traditions, (3) thus specific tenants of grounded theory must be followed, anything does not go, and finally (4) being specific in the application of grounded theory means knowing the differences between the Glaser and Straus views and understanding that a choice must be made as to how to proceed with grounded theory research based on that knowledge.
STRATEGIC INVENTORY OPTIMIZATION
Authors: Shapiro Jeremy F. , Wagner Stephen N.
Published: May 2011

A company's inventory metrics are often viewed as critical indicators of its supply chain performance although inventory costs are only a fraction of total supply chain costs comprised of supplier, manufacturing, transportation, and warehousing costs, as well as inventory costs. Moreover, inventories across the supply chain are dependent on acquisition and distribution decisions. We discuss how simulation and optimization models can be combined to integrate analysis of inventory and supply chain network design decisions in performing a total cost analysis. An application of the models to plans for distributing retail products to an expanding network of stores is reviewed.
RESPONDING TO DISRUPTIONS IN THE SUPPLY NETWORK‐FROM DORMANT TO ACTION
Authors: Kovács Gyöngyi , Tatham Peter
Published: May 2011

Managing risks in supply networks is a complex task; more so in those supply networks where the core competence lies in dealing with natural disasters, complex emergencies, and large‐scale attacks—namely those of humanitarian, and military organizations where the price of failure can be counted in terms of the loss of life rather than, simply, reduced profits. This conceptual article examines the capabilities of these supply networks to manage such disruptions, based on their resource configuration in a dormant preparation state. The article concludes by presenting how different types of supply networks can manage large‐scale disruptions.
UNDERSTANDING THE FINANCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE BULLWHIP EFFECT IN A MULTI‐ECHELON SUPPLY CHAIN
Authors: Torres Octavio Carranza , Maltz Arnold B.
Published: May 2011

This article is concerned with how supply chain strategies can mitigate the Bullwhip Effect and inflated inventories from the perspective of the central firm (typically a manufacturer) in the supply chain. We first outline a base case scenario with a validated system dynamics simulation model, using supply chain characteristics as reported by a real firm, in this case a Mexican electronics supplier to U.S. automobile assemblers. We find, surprisingly, that a lower Bullwhip Effect Index (BE) does not always lead to lower costs in the supply chain studied. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis suggests some interesting, counterintuitive results. The implications of these findings are further developed as we test how lead time reduction can also reduce the Bullwhip Effect in the simulated setting.
THE IMPACT OF SARBANES‐OXLEY ON OFF‐BALANCE SHEET SUPPLY CHAIN ACTIVITIES
Authors: Kros John F. , Nadler S. Scott
Published: May 2011

This study seeks to provide readers with an overview of sections 401, 404 and 802 of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act as they pertain to supply chain managers, while empirically assessing the impact of SOX on some of the most common off‐balance sheet supply activities from familiarity, compliance, and time spent perspectives. Agency theory is used to provide the theoretical foundations for this study. The results of this study provide important implications for supply managers such as that stronger SOX compliance has a positive impact on off‐balance sheet activities.
THE IMPACT OF POINT‐OF‐SALE DATA INACCURACY AND INVENTORY RECORD DATA ERRORS
Authors: Nachtmann Heather , Waller Matthew A. , Rieske David W.
Published: May 2011

The presence or absence of error in point‐of‐sale (POS) data and inventory system records directly affects retailer performance. This study identifies various error sources in retail supply chains and studies the influence of inventory and POS (demand) errors in a simulated retail outlet according to fill rate and average inventory. Other things being equal, we find that inventory record error reduces fill rate more than demand error. This study adds further evidence to other studies that suggest the costs caused by errors in POS systems may be overstated.
USER INFLUENCE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FORECAST ACCURACY, APPLICATION AND LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE
Authors: Smith Carlo D. , Mentzer John T.
Published: May 2011

When companies develop and apply more accurate forecasts in their planning and management activities, they have the potential to improve performance throughout their organization and across the supply chain. To realize these improvements, however, companies must (1) implement techniques and practices that improve forecast accuracy, and (2) integrate the more accurate forecasts into their planning and management activities. While much research has focused on accomplishing the first of these requirements, few studies have investigated the important role that user's play in the application of forecasts for logistics planning and management. This article establishes a connection between forecast performance, user perceptions of the quality of forecasts they receive, the extent that they use the forecasts and the resulting impact on logistics performance.
DO PERCEPTIONS BECOME REALITY? THE MODERATING ROLE OF SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCY ON DISRUPTION OCCURRENCE
Authors: Zsidisin George A. , Wagner Stephan M.
Published: May 2011

The concern and study of supply risk and supply continuity has recently come to the forefront in managing business and conducting research. This empirical study of U.S. and German firms investigates the relationship between perceived supply risk sources and supply disruption occurrence, as well as the use of supply chain resiliency practices to reduce disruption frequency. We demonstrate that supply managers' concerns with risk emanating from suppliers and the supply market are positively related to supply disruption occurrence. We further show how and when implementing flexibility and redundancy may reduce the effects of supply disruptions.
OVERCOMING SPREADSHEET RISK IN SUPPLY CHAIN MODELING
Authors: Galbreth Michael R. , LeBlanc Larry J.
Published: May 2011

Spreadsheet optimization modeling plays an important role in the management of today's sophisticated supply chains. However, despite the advantages of spreadsheets (or in some cases because of these advantages) there are significant risks associated with spreadsheet models. Spreadsheet risk is defined as the chance of adverse operational or financial consequences due to erroneous creation, maintenance, and/or use of spreadsheet models. Such errors arise because the intrinsic complexity of optimization models is beyond the expertise of many non‐technical managers. In this article we discuss procedures that we developed for managing the substantial risks associated with the use of spreadsheets for supply chain optimization. The issues we address go far beyond simple data entry mistakes, which are possible in virtually every aspect of business and can never be completely eliminated.
EVOLVING A THEORY OF PERFORMANCE‐BASED LOGISTICS USING INSIGHTS FROM SERVICE DOMINANT LOGIC
Authors: Randall Wesley S. , Pohlen Terrance L. , Hanna Joe B.
Published: May 2011

Performance‐based logistics (PBL) represents a strategy for sustaining complex systems following production. Despite several implementations, limited understanding exists regarding PBL and its implications. Research using grounded theory emerged a theoretical framework for PBL. Service dominant logic (SDL) is introduced as a theoretical lens for interpreting the results and understanding how trading partners achieve performance‐based outcomes.
CREATING ORDER FORECASTS: POINT‐OF‐SALE OR ORDER HISTORY?
Authors: Williams Brent D. , Waller Matthew A.
Published: May 2011

Point‐of‐sale (POS) data, shared by retailers, is often touted as the solution to suppliers' ongoing challenge of accurate order forecasting. However, we find neither empirical evidence of increased order forecast accuracy from the literature, nor consistent use of POS data in suppliers' order forecasting processes. Using a sample containing weekly POS and order data for 10 ready‐to‐eat (RTE) cereal stock‐keeping‐units (SKU's), 7 yogurt SKU's, and 7 canned soup SKU's from 18 retailer distribution centers (DC's) throughout the U.S, our research compares historical POS and order data as order forecasting inputs and finds that POS data does not always outperform order data in terms of order forecast accuracy. While we did find that POS data is a better forecast input in a majority of the forecasts and that on average POS data produces a lower order forecast error, we find that there remain a large number of forecasts where order data is a better predictor than is POS data. Hence, we operationalize this comparison in terms of the frequency and magnitude of order forecast improvement based on POS data. We then hypothesize affecting factors and empirically test these relationships.