bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Efficacy of Four Different Solid Phase Extraction Cartridges Used to Determine Tetracycline in Foods of Animal Origin
Authors: Islam MJ , Talukder SU , Rana AYKMM , Saifullah ASM
Published: July 2015

Four different types of Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges namely R-Biopharm (RB), Chromabond (CB), Isolute (IS) and Megabond (MB) were used in this study. Control and spiked samples of beef, chicken and shrimp were also used. Optical Density (OD) values of control and spiked samples were measured with the help of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) reader. Percent binding values for each SPE cartridges were calculated using OD values of respective control and spiked samples. Based on % binding values a comparative study of 4 different Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) cartridges was carried out. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differences among the % binding values considering different samples irrespective of SPE cartridges (P=0.821266, F = 0.201279) or different SPE cartridges irrespective of samples (P = 0.168119, F = 2.180932). From this study, it can be recommended that any of the four SPE cartridges available in the working area can be used for the analysis of tetracycline from foods of animal origin.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23727Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 89-91
Seroprevalence and Detection of Avian Influenza Type A in Ducks at Nikli and Bajitpur Upazila of Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan MZ , Das BC , Mahmud MS , Amin MA , Yousuf MA , Jaber M , Belal SMSH , Hasan MA , Hossen A , Karim MR , Rahman MS , Hoque MF
Published: July 2015

Waterfowl are the natural reservoir of avian influenza viruses and ducks may play a role in the maintenance of avian influenza type A. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence and detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) type A in duck. This study was carried out during July 2013 to December 2013 on AIV type A from semi-scavenging farm at Nikli and Bajitpur upazila of Kishoregonj district in Bangladesh. A total of 368 blood samples were collected from duck and tested by indirect ELISA for seroprevalence. For detection of AIV type A, The cloacal swabs were collected from 75 duck and subjected to RNA extraction and real time RT-PCR (rRT-PCR) with specific primer and probe for detection of matrix (M) gene. The average seroprevalance of AIV type A in seven different age groups was found to be 90.21%. The highest (25.81 %) seroprevalence was found in 5 months age of birds and the lowest (2.44 %) was found in 12 months age of birds. As regard to area distribution, the average degree of seroprevalence was 93.51% from Nikli had the highest order than Bajitpur (86.88%) upazila of Bangladesh. In case of cloacal sample by using rRTPCR, out of 15 pooling cloacal samples, two pooling samples (13.33%) that contain 10 samples were positive and 13 pooling samples showed negative (86.67%) for AIV type A in duck. It can be concluded that the long distance movement of duck flocks, may influence outbreak of avian influenza virus (AIV) type A among different poultry species in Bangladesh. Therefore, it needs to develop control strategy for future dissemination of AIV in duck population.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23705Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 5-9
Surveillance of Mosquitoes Larva at Selected Areas of Mymensingh District in Bangladesh
Authors: Farjana T , Ahmmed MS , Khanom TF , Alam N , Begum N
Published: July 2015

Mosquito borne diseases have a great impact on human and animal health throughout the world including Bangladesh. An entomological survey was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) campus and its surrounding areas from January to June, 2013 to identify the mosquito larvae and to investigate the different breeding site preferences of mosquitoes. Mosquito larvae were collected using dipper, ladle spoon, dropper and pipette from rice field, botanical garden, dairy farm, poultry farm, drains, lakes, ponds, staff quarters, residential halls and cattle sheds. A total of 1397 mosquito larvae were collected from the places. Ten species of mosquitoes under three genera were identified. The recorded genera were Anopheles (An.), Culex (Cx.) and Aedes (Ae.). The collected species were An. bengalensis, An. vagus, Cx. fuscocephala, Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Cx. gelidus, Cx. vishnui, Cx. whitmorei, Cx. sitiens and Ae. albopictus. Among the collected larvae, Culex was found most prevalent (64.3%), followed by Anopheles (26.7%) and Aedes were the least prevalent (9.0%). The results of this study provide evidence that drains were the most common aquatic habitat of Anopheles and Culex larvae in Boyra, Kewatkhali and Balashpur. In BAU campus, agronomy fields were found having the highest percentage (35.2%) of mosquito larvae than the other places of the campus. This study suggests that although drains and rice fields are the richest habitats, since Anopheles and Culex can breed in all available breeding habitats. This larval survey will help us to conduct future mosquito control activities and provide us useful information to schedule larvicides application to control the mosquito borne diseases in the study areas as well as throughout the country.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23962Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 79-88
Position Estimation Using the Image Derivative
Authors: Mortari Daniele , De Dilectis Francesco , Zanetti Renato
Published: July 2015

This article describes an image processing algorithm to identify the size and shape of a spherical reflecting celestial body prominently depicted in images taken from a spacecraft with an optical camera, with the purpose of estimating the relative distance between target and observer in magnitude and direction. The approach is based on the fact that in such images, the pixels belonging to the target’s hard edge have the highest values of the image derivative; therefore, they are easily recognizable when the image is processed with a gradient filter. Eventual extraneous points polluting the dataset (outliers) are eliminated by two methods applied in sequence. The target center and radius are estimated by non-linear least squares using circular sigmoid functions. The proposed image processing has been applied to real and synthetic Moon images. An error analysis is also performed to determine the performance of the proposed method.
Two Predicted Universals in the Semantics of Space
Authors: Regier Terry
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Semantic Typology and Semantic Universals (1993)
Neurological Evidence For A Functional Basis for Lexical Categories
Authors: Birch Barbara
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995)
On a Scalar Operator
Authors: Chung Yoon-Suk
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Historical Issues in Sociolinguistics/Social Issues in Historical Linguistics (1995)
A Unified Account of the Japanese Causative, Moraw-Benefactive, and Passive Constructions
Authors: Radetzky Paula Kadose , Smith Tomoko Yamashita
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Pragmatics and Grammatical Structure (1997)
Antipassivization and the Morpheme –si in Inuktitut
Authors: Siegel Laura
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Pragmatics and Grammatical Structure (1997)
Syntactic or Non-Syntactic Reconstruction?
Authors: Romero Maribel
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Pragmatics and Grammatical Structure (1997)
Discourse Salience in Kalenjin Inter-Clausal Syntax
Authors: Anderson Gregory D. S.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Third Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Syntax and Semantics in Africa (1997)
Adjarian’s Law, the Glottalic Theory, and the Position of Armenian
Authors: Garrett Andrew
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Indo-European Subgrouping and Internal Relations (1998)
Loan Words in the English of Modern Orthodox Jews: Yiddish or Hebrew?
Authors: Benor Sarah
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the 25th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (2000)
A Usage-Based Approach to Child Language Acquisition
Authors: Tomasello Michael
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Aspect (2000)
Syntactically-based Lexical Decomposition: The Case of Climb Revisited
Authors: Mateau Jaume
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Aspect (2000)
The Development of Gesture, Speech, and Action as Communicative Strategies
Authors: Kelly Barbara F.
Published: July 2015

n/a
The Relationship between the Source Characteristic and Frequency
Authors: Park Hansang
Published: July 2015

No abstract available.
Self-Organization and Categorical Behavior in Phonology
Authors: Wedel Andrew
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Phonetic Sources of Phonological Patterns: Synchronic and Diachronic Explanations (2003)
The Diachronic Influences of Perception: Experimental Evidence from Turkish
Authors: Mielke Jeff
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: General Session and Parasession on Phonetic Sources of Phonological Patterns: Synchronic and Diachronic Explanations (2003)
Aspect in ASL: A Typological-Functional Analysis
Authors: Maroney Elisa M.
Published: July 2015

n/a
Association between Repair Functions and Interlocutor Relationship
Authors: Takeda Tomoko
Published: July 2015

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On Case Markers Occurring in Japanese Temporal Expressions
Authors: Iwasaki Shin-ya
Published: July 2015

n/a
Serialization of Simultaneity in Mandarin
Authors: Chief Liancheng
Published: July 2015

n/a
Genetic determinants of pathogenicity of Escherichia coli isolated from children with acute diarrhea in Maputo, Mozambique
Authors: Sumbana Jose , Taviani Elisa , Manjate Alice , Paglietti Bianca , Santona Antonella , Colombo Mauro M
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) represents one of the leading cause of diarrhoea in developing countries. In this study a molecular approach was applied for the detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) circulating in Maputo, Mozambique. Methodology: All isolates were PCR tested for species-specific genes and for 11 molecular markers: stx1, stx2, eae, bfpA, lt, st, ipaH, aap, aggR CVD432 and daaE. Results: Of the 80 E. coli isolated, 74% were potential DEC: 21% EIEC, 19% EPEC, 15% EAEC, 13% ETEC, 5% DAEC and 1% hybrids. Conclusion: This study revealed the complexity of the etiology of diarrhea caused by pathogenic E. coli in Mozambique, and the risk of the emergence of new pathogenic variants due to the horizontal transmission of pathogenicity factors.
Lack of humoral response against Helicobacter pylori peptides homologous to human ZnT8 in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis patients
Authors: Masala Speranza , Cossu Davide , Niegowska Magdalena , Mameli Giuseppe , Paccagnini Daniela , Sechi Leonardo A
Published: July 2015

Introduction: The Helicobacter pylori (HP) reinfection rate seems to be higher in developing countries than in developed ones. An increased seroprevalence of HP has also been reported in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) has been linked to both T1D and HT. Quite a few lines of evidence indicate that autoantibodies against several epitopes belonging to human zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) cross-recognize the homologous MAP3865c epitopes in both T1D and HT patients. HP may play a role in HT disease, most likely acting through a molecular mimicry mechanism that targets ZnT8 as reported for MAP and the two autoimmune diseases. Methodology: An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed for the detection of antibodies against several epitopes deriving from HP proteins, which are highly homologous to the immunodominant ZnT8 peptides previously identified: ZnT8178–186 and ZnT8186–194. Results: None of the HP peptides tested were significantly recognized when the humoral responses of 92 HT patients and 91 healthy volunteers were analyzed. Conclusions: These findings do not support a triggering role for HP (through ZnT8 mimicking) in HT. If a molecular mimicry phenomenon is taking place, it involves a different self-antigen. Moreover, the negative outcome of the experiments performed stresses the fact that sharing stretches of sequence homology is relevant, but not enough to trigger an antibody-mediated cross-recognition.
Current studies on human papillomavirus in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alhamlan Fatimah Saeed , Al-Qahtani Ahmed A , Al-Ahdal Mohammed N
Published: July 2015

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant etiological factor and an important prognosticator in cervical cancer. Indeed, researchers worldwide have confirmed these roles for high-risk HVPs in over 70% of cervical cancer cases. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 561,200 new cancer cases (5.2% of all new cancers) are attributed to HPV infection. Over 120 types of HPV are classified further as either low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) or high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) based on their oncological potential of transforming cells. The LR-HPV types cause benign hyperproliferative lesions (i.e. genital warts) while the HR-HPV types are strongly associated with premalignant and malignant cervical lesions. Data on the prevalence of HPV, survival of infected patients, and mortality rate are scarce in Saudi Arabia. The unsubstantiated assumption of a low prevalence of HPV in Saudi Arabia has contributed to limiting HPV research in this conservative country. Therefore, the goal of this review is to shed light on the current HPV research being conducted and the prevalence of HPV in Saudi Arabia.
Shigella in baby bottles of a Brazilian newborn nursery
Authors: De Moraes Marcelo Soares , Araújo Brendon Chaves , Costa Leonardo Emanuel de Oliveira , Nascimento Janaína dos Santos
Published: July 2015

This item has no abstract. Follow the link below to access the full text.
Genetic relatedness of clinical and environmental Acinetobacter baumanii isolates from an intensive care unit outbreak
Authors: Senok Abiola , Garaween Ghada , Raji Adeola , Khubnani Harish , Kim Sing Garwin , Shibl Atef
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Determination of microbial genetic relatedness is important for improving efficiency of infection control measures during hospital outbreaks. This study aimed to analyze the clonal relationships of clinical and environmental Acinetobacter baumannii strains isolated during an outbreak in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a secondary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Methodology: Twelve clinical and fourteen environmental A. baumannii isolates identified during an outbreak in February 2013 in the 14-bed adult  intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were studied. Bacterial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were carried out using Microscan Walkaway 96 automated system. Determination of clonal diversity was investigated by repetitive-sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) with the semi-automated DiversiLab system. Results: The majority of the clinical isolates were from endotracheal tube aspirates (n = 9), one from a wound swab and two were from urine and sputum, respectively. Environmental isolates were from bed railings (n = 10) and with one each from curtain, stethoscope, computer mouse and telephone. Isolates were categorized into 6 clusters (Groups 1-6). Most of the isolates were associated with two clusters namely Groups 2 (n = 11) and 3 (n = 9). All isolates were multidrug resistant showing resistance to three or more classes of antibiotics. One clinical strain from Cluster 3 was resistant to colistin (MIC > 4ug/ml). Conclusion: This outbreak was caused by two clonal groups of multidrug resistant A. baumannii. The presence of multiple environmental clones was suggestive of environmental source dissemination via healthcare workers within the ICU.
Susceptibility of autoimmune diseases in three polymorphisms of infection-associated gene IRAK1
Authors: Li Changzheng , Huang Shaohui , Mo Sunlian , Zhang Ning , Zhou Liang , Mao Zhi , Lv Weiran , Li Juan , Zhou Ye
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Infection of pathogenic microorganisms is an important reason for autoimmune diseases (ADs). Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor-associated kinase-1 (IRAK1) is a key mediator in infection immunity, while the gene of IRAK1 is recognized as a risk gene in ADs. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IRAK1 (rs3027898, rs1059702, rs1059703) are considered to be associated with ADs risk. However, the results are conflicting. We conducted this study to get more precise estimations. Methodology: PubMed, OvidSP, and CNKI databases (published prior to August 2014) were searched, and data was extracted from eligible studies. The procedure of statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12.0 software. A random effect model or fixed effect model was chosen based on the between-study heterogeneities. Results: Of the studies involved, 11 studies included 10,705 cases (9,865 controls) for rs3027898, 9 studies included 15,005 cases (14,997 controls) for rs1059702, and 7 studies included 8,115 cases (6,815 controls) for rs1059703. Overall, the results showed that there were significant associations with ADs risk in three genetic models for rs3027898 and in four genetic models for rs1059702, but in neither model for rs1059703. Moreover, in stratified analyses, different extents of associations were found in some different genetic models for all three SNPs. Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that these three SNPs (rs3027898, rs1059702, rs1059703) in IRAK1 were associated with ADs risk.
Recent updates and perspectives on leishmaniasis
Authors: Savoia Dianella
Published: July 2015

Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne tropical infection considered to be a disease of the poor. Concentrated in poverty-stricken countries within Southeast Asia, East Africa, and Latin America, it is also endemic in several Mediterranean countries. The management of the heterogeneous syndromes determined by parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania is particularly difficult in developed, non-endemic countries owing to the unfamiliarity of physicians with clinical symptoms, diagnostic possibilities, and available treatment options. Therefore, travelers and other people who may be exposed to sand flies in endemic areas should receive counseling regarding leishmaniasis and appropriate protective measures. Serological diagnosis is rarely used for cutaneous and mucocutaneous diseases, but it is the most commonly used technique for visceral leishmaniasis. The drugs used to treat this last disease are expensive and sometimes have toxic side effects. This review highlights the diagnostic, chemotherapeutic, and immunizing strategies to control leishmaniasis, though no human vaccine is commercially available currently owing to the complexity of the cellular immune response to this parasite.
Global impact of Torque teno virus infection in wild and domesticated animals
Authors: Manzin Aldo , Mallus Francesca , Macera Lisa , Maggi Fabrizio , Blois Sylvain
Published: July 2015

Infection with Torque teno viruses (TTVs) is not restricted to humans. Different domestic and wild animal species are naturally infected with species-specific TTVs worldwide. Due to the global spread of the infection, it is likely that essentially all animals are naturally infected with species-specific TTVs, and that co-evolution of TTVs with their hosts probably occurred. Although TTVs are potentially related to many diseases, the evidence of the widespread infection in healthy human and nonhuman hosts raised doubts about their pathogenic potential. Nonetheless, their role as superimposed agents of other diseases or as triggers for impairment of immune surveillance is currently under debate. The possible contribution of animal TT viruses to interspecies transmission and their role as zoonotic agents are currently topics of discussion.
An overview of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus with a focus on developing countries
Authors: Chessa Daniela , Ganau Giulia , Mazzarello Vittorio
Published: July 2015

Most nosocomial infections by Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus have gained considerable attention due to an increase of infections caused by these strains that have been reported in recent years throughout the world. Most notably, it is important to underline the presence of S. epidermidis and S. aureus in the human epithelia microflora and to highlight that it is impossible to eradicate them from humans. There are various virulence factors that normally sustain the infection life cycle, such as antibiotic resistance (methicillin resistance). Furthermore, it is important to evaluate the usefulness of typing the spa gene from isolated strains in order to study genotypes and geographical distributions. In the present review, different cases related to patients infected by Staphylococci and an overview of this problem worldwide are reported.
Epidemic waves of cholera in the last two decades in Mozambique
Authors: Langa José Paulo , Sema Cynthia , De Deus Nilsa , Colombo Mauro Maria , Taviani Elisa
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Africa is increasingly affected by cholera. In Mozambique, cholera appeared in the early 1970s when the seventh pandemic entered Africa from the Indian subcontinent. In the following decades, several epidemics were registered in the country, the 1997–1999 epidemic being the most extended. Since then, Mozambique has been considered an endemic area for cholera, characterized by yearly outbreaks occurring with a seasonal pattern.. At least three pandemic variants are thought to have originated in the Indian subcontinent and spread worldwide at different times. To understand the epidemiology of cholera in Mozambique, whether the disease re-emerges periodically or is imported by different routes of transmission, we investigated clinical V. cholerae O1 isolated during 1997–1999 and 2012–2014 epidemics. Methodology: By detecting and characterizing seven genetic elements, the mobilome profile of each isolate was obtained. By comparing it to known seventh pandemic reference strains, it was possible to discern among different V. cholerae O1 variants active in the country. Results: During 1997–1999, epidemic strains showed two different genetic profiles, both related to a pandemic clone that originated from India and was reported in other African countries in the 1990s. Isolates from 2012–2014 outbreaks showed a genetic background related to the pandemic strains currently active as the prevalent causative agent of cholera worldwide. Conclusions: Despite cholera being endemic in Mozambique, the epidemiology of the disease in the past 20 years has been strongly influenced by the cholera seventh pandemic waves that originated in the Indian subcontinent.
Molecular diagnostics and ITS-based phylogenic analysis of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in central Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Bach Hoang , Phan Dieu Hong Nu , Nguyen Hien Xuan , Le An Van , Alberti Alberto
Published: July 2015

Introduction: Streptococcus suis (S. suis) serotype 2 has recently become the most prevalent cause of meningitis in adults in many areas of Vietnam. This study provides data on S. suis molecular diagnosis in central Vietnam using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the S. suis serotype 2 cps2J gene. Additionally, 16S-23S rDNA intragenic spacer (ITS)-based phylogenic analysis of strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam, is presented and discussed. Methodology: Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 40 CSF samples, and 18 were identified as S. suis by culture-dependent methods. Capsular serotyping was assessed by real-time PCR. ITS sequences were obtained after traditional PCR and were used in phylogenic analyses. Results: Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 36 out of 40 CSF samples. A total of 18 S. suis strains were isolated and assigned to serotype 2 by real-time PCR. One CSF sample, negative when tested by culture-dependent methods, was positive to S. suis serotype 2 by real-time PCR. Pairwise alignments of the 18 ITS sequences did not reveal any variable nucleotide position, and resulted in a single sequence type. Sequences were similar to S. suis serotype 2 reference ITS sequences (> 98.1%), and there was no lack of an ITS spacer region in the isolates. Conclusions: S. suis serotype 2 is the most prevalent serotype in central Vietnam. Real-time PCR assay proved to be a reliable diagnostic method for early detection of S. suis 2 in CSF samples.
Helicobacter pylori: enemy, commensal or, sometimes, friend?
Authors: Whalen Michael B , Massidda Orietta
Published: July 2015

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative ε-proteobacterium that colonizes about 50% of humans. Some pertinent characteristics are that it can survive the acid of the stomach, produces urease to neutralize it and is motile due to apical flagella. Not surprisingly given its wide distribution, it has long colonized mankind and its genome encodes many features that allows this. Consequently, it frequently has a persistent lifelong association with humans and, differently from most pathogens that are transmitted horizontally, it is preferentially transmitted vertically, often from mother to child. A variety of genes and polymorphisms, both in H pylori and in humans, mediate the complex host-bacterium relationship, and can also determine if and what pathologies will be triggered by the species. H. pylori is naturally transformable, very recombinogenic and has a high mutation rate. Microbiota studies of the stomach have shown it to be an important species with a potentially regulatory role for the gastric microbial community. Likewise, epidemiological work has suggested that, while it clearly increases the risk of peptic ulcers and gastric cancer in some populations, it is also associated with lower risk of esophageal cancer and several other important pathologies. More recently, antibacterial resistant strains have been isolated, posing a problem for public health officials who called for its eradication. Hence, study of H. pylori and how it interacts with us can help revealing mutualistic or pathogenic interactions and the immune response in the digestive niche.
Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic women in Central Vietnam
Authors: Ton Nu Phuong Anh , Nguyen Vu Quoc Huy , Cao Ngoc Thanh , Dessì Daniele , Rappelli Paola , Fiori Pier Luigi
Published: July 2015

Introduction: The diffusion of trichomoniasis in Vietnam has been scarcely studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of trichomoniasis in a group of symptomatic and asymptomatic women in Central Vietnam. Relationships between education, socioeconomical and marital status, and sexual behavior with infection have also been investigated. Methodology: 249 symptomatic and 534 asymptomatic women from Hue City, Vietnam, were enrolled in this study. All women were interviewed about socioeconomical and behavioral status. They underwent clinical examination, and vaginal swabs were taken to assess T. vaginalis infection by wet mount microscopy examination. In addition, an ELISA test to detect antibodies to T. vaginalis in patients’ sera  was used. Results: The overall prevalence of trichomoniasis assessed by microscopic examination was 6.6%. A significant difference between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups was observed, resulting in 19.3% and 0.7%, respectively. Anti-T.vaginalis antibodies were detected in 31.3% of symptomatic and in 13.3% of asymptomatic women. High-risk sexual behaviour, residence in urban areas, and low level of education were positively associated with infection. Conclusion: This is the first report on the diffusion of trichomoniasis in Central Vietnam on symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. Data demonstrated that T. vaginalis is a common cause of vaginal infection in the Hue province. The prevalence detected by microscopic examination was high in symptomatic subjects, while serological ELISA test detected infection also in asymptomatic patients, who tested negative by microscopy. The ELISA test may be useful to detect infection, especially in asymptomatic population.
Vaccines for tumor prevention: a pipe dream?
Authors: Forni Guido
Published: July 2015

Whether or not a tumor expresses peculiar antigens that differentiate it from normal cells was intensively investigated in the 1950s. A conclusive answer was provided in 1960 when George Klein showed that a tumor can be rejected by the immune response elicited by a vaccine administered to the same mouse in which the tumor was induced. Whether immunogenicity was a feature restricted only to tumors artificially induced by viruses or by high doses of chemical carcinogens was then hotly debated until Terry Boon showed, in the 1980s, that almost any tumor can be recognized by a syngeneic immune system triggered by an appropriate cancer vaccine. However, the therapeutic efficacy of vaccine-induced immunity against an advanced tumor is marginal. The combination of an anti-tumor vaccine with new sophisticated maneuvers to contrast tumor-induced suppression may yield new and effective therapeutic strategies. Also, the exploitation of tumor vaccines to prevent tumors in cohorts of people with a specific risk of cancer may become a fresh strategy with great potential to control tumor onset.
Capter le sensoriel du religieux par les procédés iconographiques
Authors: Lupant Chrystel
Published: July 2015

Par une approche exploratoire inscrite dans une recherche d’actualité, l’étude se propose d’insister sur les sens et leur activation dans et par l’image hagiographique, avec pour objet deux enluminures représentant la prière de saint Maur de Glanfeuil dans un manuscrit d’époque romane. La liturgie de l’oraison est une mise en scène du corps, donc de la sensibilité, et ces deux représentations en particulier valorisent l’Invisible devenant visible au cœur du saint. L’iconographie permet de capter une expérience sensorielle éprouvée par le modèle au travers du lien tissé entre l’orant et le divin, absent visuellement mais dont il est possible d’intercepter la présence par des moyens figuratifs et sensoriels.
Filmer les pèlerinages et le religieux en mouvement
Authors: Pénicaud Manoël
Published: July 2015

Cet article questionne l’appréhension du religieux par l’outil filmique en se focalisant sur le phénomène pèlerin. Depuis 2004, j’ai eu recours à une caméra sur plusieurs terrains ethnographiques, ce qui permet de dégager des réflexions à la fois méthodologiques et épistémologiques. Filmer des pèlerinages constitue une pratique de recherche singulière, à commencer par le fait que les phénomènes observés sont constamment en mouvement dans l’espace. Le rituel religieux ne se déroule donc pas dans une unité de lieu mais le long d’un itinéraire, ce qui complexifie de fait l’observation directe. On verra aussi qu’un certain nombre de conditions et de contraintes se retrouvent d’un terrain à l’autre, y compris dans des contextes religieux différents.
Méthodologie de l’observation filmique en milieu monacal : du sensible à l’invisible
Authors: Lardy Caroline
Published: July 2015

La méthode d’observation expérimentée dans le cadre d’une enquête filmique conduite dans un monastère a consisté à placer la caméra au cœur du dispositif de recherche. L’utilisation combinée du film et des outils classiques de l’enquête ethnographique est d’un apport inestimable, obligeant le chercheur cinéaste à concilier démarche scientifique et artistique. Au cours de cette enquête filmique menée dans un Carmel, une attention particulière a été accordée à l’intrication des activités religieuses et non religieuses, la prière et ses prolongements dans les gestes du travail. L’analyse du corpus filmique interroge en particulier les enjeux de la mise en images des indices du sacré, de la spiritualité, de l’invisible et des difficultés que cette intention pose à l’observateur cinéaste dès lors qu’il prend appui sur ce qui est directement accessible au regard, le sensible.
Ethnographie filmique des rituels religieux : ce qu’on observe, ce qu’on filme
Authors: Tabet Michel
Published: July 2015

Je me propose de réfléchir dans cet article à deux points liés à ma pratique du film ethnographique. Le premier concerne la façon dont mes travaux audiovisuels sur les rituels religieux ont évolué au cours de mes différentes recherches, le second touche à la question des principes de l’observation filmique en anthropologie. Je m’efforcerai de montrer qu’elle ne se réduit pas à l’enregistrement de faits et de données mais qu’elle a vocation, en privilégiant une logique d’immersion dans les rythmes de la vie sociale et religieuse, à plonger le spectateur dans les ambiances, dans les croyances et dans le vécu des acteurs. Il s’agit aussi de montrer comment l’anthropologie visuelle ne se contente pas d’appliquer un code méthodologique mais qu’elle comporte une part d’expérimentation et d’improvisation.
STERCULIACEAE
Authors: Verdoorn I. C.
Published: July 2015

A  New Species of Hermannia
Somatic Nuclear Division in Stemphylium botryosum
Authors: Van Warmelo K. T.
Published: July 2015

Nuclear division in an isolate of  Stemphylium botryosum obtained from lucerne was investigated using the HCI-Giemsa technique. Vegetative mycelium was predominantly monokaryotic. Chromosome counts at metaphase gave a tentative haploid number of six. Six chromosomes could again be distinguished at late anaphase. Migration of nuclei between hyphae was observed. The conclusion is drawn that somatic divisions in this fungus are strictly mitotic.
Principal Components Analysis of Acacia burkei and A. nigrescens in Natal
Authors: Ross J. H. , Morris J. W.
Published: July 2015

Four principal component analyses were carried out to study the perplexing relations within  Acacia burkei Benth. and between it and  A. nigrescens Oliv. Sampling methods are described in detail. Ten morphological parameters were noted from 163 plants of 21 populations. The results confirmed conclusions of earlier non-multivariate studies. The two species can be distinguished on the basis of the ten parameters and it is of doubtful value to recognize infraspecific categories within  A. burkei as the variation within the species is continuous. The technique of principal components analysis was most useful in this study.
Studies of Wood-rotting Fungi. II. Basidiomycetes from the Wood-preservative Field Exposure Test Plot at Kruisfontein
Authors: Van der Westhuizen G. C. A.
Published: July 2015

In a survey of the fungi associated with decays of treated and untreated wood specimens partly interred in a wood-preservative field exposure test plot, 13 species of Basidiomycetes were identified from 120 test specimens. Basidiomycete mycelia isolated from a further 51 specimens could not be identified due to the absence of fruit-bodies or lack of matching descriptions of cultural characters. A further 179 did not yield Basidiomycete mycelia when cultured.  Paxillus panuoides and  Stereum hirsutum were the most common species. Species of lower Hymenomycetes were more frequently isolated than polypores. The named species of fungi and unnamed mycelia are listed together with their hosts. Sevenspecies, viz. Neamatoloma fasciculate, Odontia bicolor, Paxillus panuoides, Peniophora aspera, Peniophora cinerea, Peniophora tenuis and Polyporus gilvus are described in pure culture.
A reappraisal of type and authentic material of the larger Basidiomycetes in the Pretoria Herbarium
Authors: Reid Derek A.
Published: July 2015

Accounts of the macroscopic appearance and microscopic structure of twenty type and authentic specimens of the larger Basidiomycetes preserved in the Pretoria Herbarium are given. The speciesconcerned have been reassigned wherever possible to genera in accordance with modern taxonomic concepts, and the following new combinations made:  Antrodia conchata (Lloyd) Reid,  Coriolus durhanensis (Van der Byl) Reid, Ganoderma nigrolucidum (Lloyd) Reid,  Ramaria cladoniae (Kalchbr.)Reid.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Authors: Ross J. H.
Published: July 2015

A NOTE ON THE IDENTITY OF CELASTRUS FILIFORMIS
Southern African grasses with foliage that revives after dehydration
Authors: Gaff D. F. , Ellis R. P.
Published: July 2015

A brief survey in Southern Africa revealed 11 grass species and a number of sedges with foliage that recovers from air-drying (equivalent to equilibrium with air at 20-40 % relative humidity at 28° C.). The desiccation tolerance limits were extremely low being equivalent to approximately 0-5  % relative humidity. Some species may have a potential use in agriculture.
A new species of Dreehslera on Tribulus terrestris
Authors: Jooste W. J.
Published: July 2015

Dreehslera multiformis Jooste isolated from Tribulus terrestris Linn, hay is described and its morphological characteristics in different cultural conditions are discussed.
ASCLEPIADACEAE
Authors: Dyer R. A.
Published: July 2015

NEW SPECIES OF BRACHYSTELMA
FABACEAE: THE TYPIFICATION OF HAEMATOXYLUM DINTERI
Authors: Ross J. H.
Published: July 2015

THE TYPIFICATION OF HAEMATOXYLUM DINTERI
The Eriosema cordatum Complex. I. The Eriosema populifolium Group
Authors: Stirton C. H. , Gordon-Gray K. D.
Published: July 2015

The relationships among three species of Eriosema are discussed. E. distinctum N.E.Br. and E. populifolium Harv. are maintained as distinct from E. cordatum E. Mey. The relationships between these three species and extra-South African species of the E. cordatum complex are discussed in the light of new evidence.
ASCLEPIADACEAE: NEW SPECIES OF CEROPEGIA
Authors: Dyer R. A.
Published: July 2015

NEW SPECIES OF CEROPEGIA
A re-evaluation of the Cotyledon orbiculata Complex
Authors: Tölken H. R.
Published: July 2015

The Cotyledon orbiculata complex is reviewed and characters previously used are re-examined. A key is provided to the five varieties recognized. Var. dactylopsis Toelken is described and the new combinations var. flanaganii (Schonl. Bak. f.) Toelken and var. spuria (L.) Toelken are made.
The flora that matched the fauna
Authors: Acocks J. P. H.
Published: July 2015

An attempt is made to reconstruct the vegetation of the plains, plateaux, mountains and rivers of the .semi-arid to arid western half of the Republic of South Africa as it was before it came under the influence of any type of man other than the Bushman and the Hottentot. Species of plants that were likely to have been important are listed, even if they are rare today. Particular attention is paid to the riverine vegetation. Features of the vegetation and topography that might have influenced the fauna are noted.
Leaf anatomy of the South African Danthonieae (Poaceae). III. Merxmuellera stricta
Authors: Ellis R. P.
Published: July 2015

The anatomical structure, of the leaf blade as seen in transverse section, and of the abaxial epidermis, of Merxmuellera stricta (Schrad.) Conert is described and illustrated. In this variable species four distinct anatomical “forms” are recognized viz. the typical  M. stricta form, the Cathedral Peak form, the Drakensberg form and the alpine form. The alpine and Cathedral Peak forms have recently been described as M. guillarmodiae Conert (1975). The degree of anatomical differentiation of these “forms” resembles the situation described in M. disticha (Nees) Conert (Ellis, 1980). Populations of both M. stricta and M. disticha from the Drakensberg mountains display extensive anatomical diversification which appears to be correlated with environmental factors. In addition, morphological differences are exhibited as well and the anatomical “forms” of M. stricta probably warrant taxonomic recognition.
ERIOCAULACEAE
Authors: Obermeyer A. A.
Published: July 2015

A NEW COMBINATION IN  ERIOCAULON
NYCTAGINACEAE
Authors: Stirton C. H.
Published: July 2015

THE IDENTITY OF  BOERHAAVIA PTEROCARPA IN SOUTH AFRICA
Tendencies in the geographical distribution of the genus Mariscus (Cyperaceae) in southern Africa*
Authors: Voster P. J.
Published: July 2015

The genus Mariscus occurs over practically the whole of the Flora of Southern Africa (FSA) region, with the exception of the west coast and the Karoo region of the Cape Province. Practically no species occur under conditions of less than 250 mm of rain per annum, whereas the highest concentrations of subgenera/sections and species occur where the annual rainfall is more than 500 mm. All the species in the region are summer rainfall plants, or if they occur in the winter rainfall area they behave like summer rainfall plants. The different subgenera/sections recognized within the genus differ widely in respect of their water requirements, yet there is a general concentration of taxa in the eastern part of the country where the rainfall is higher than in the west. Nevertheless, the highest concentrations of taxa are not in the areas of highest rainfall, which suggests that topographical diversity is probably the most important factor determining concentrations of taxa. The geographical distribution of each subgenus/section in the FSA region is explained in relation to the total distribution of the subgenus/section. The possible climatic or environmental conditions which may determine the distribution of each subgenus/section are mentioned, and the concentration of species within each subgenus/section is demonstrated by means of maps.
Savannas of southern Africa: attributes and use of some types along the Tropic of Capricorn
Authors: Van der Meulen F. , Van Gils H. A. M. J.
Published: July 2015

Two recent reconnaissance vegetation surveys of savanna in the Kalahari of Botswana and in the western Transvaal (RSA) carried out on a landscape basis are described. Attributes and utilization of four selected stations along a transect of about 1 000 km near the Tropic of Capricorn, with a climate changing eastward from arid to subhumid. are compared. The stations represent microphyllous /íajcïfl-savannas and mesophvllous Burkea-Ochna-Terminalia savannas on deep red sands, covering extensive parts in both survey areas. Land attributes used are physiography, macro-climate, vegetation (growth), large herbivores and land use practices. The most striking difference between the four areas are the land use practices. Some notes on the survey methodology are presented. The authors conclude that for small-scale vegetation-land use surveys the 'holistic' landscape approach can be recommended.
Studies in the liverwort genus Riccia (Marchantiales) from the south-west Cape
Authors: Volk O. H. , Perold S. M.
Published: July 2015

A new species of Riccia, R. parvo-areolata Volk Perold, as well as sporophytes and spores of R. villosa Steph. ex Brunnthaler, are described. Earlier descriptions of R. villosa were based on sterile plants. The unique structure of the dorsal epithelium consisting of loose cell pillars in these two species (and also present in allied species grouped together in the section Pilifer) is described and illustrated.
SIMAROUBACEAE
Authors: Immelman K. L.
Published: July 2015

FLOWERING IN  KIRKIA WILMSII ENGL.
Miscellaneous note
Authors: Westfall R. H. , Drewes R.
Published: July 2015

GRASS ROOT PATTERN IN AN ORANGE FREE STATE FLOODPLAIN
Additional biographical notes on plant collectors in southern Africa
Authors: Codd L. E.
Published: July 2015

Biographical notes on plant collectors, supplementary to those already published in Botanical Exploration of  Southern Africa by Mary Gunn L. E. Codd (1981). and including some collectors not previously recorded, are provided.
The development from kinetic coefficients of a predictive model for the growth of Eichhornia crassipes in the field. II. Testing and refining the model under field conditions
Authors: Musil C. F. , Breen C. M.
Published: July 2015

Kinetic cocfficicnts derived for Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms under culture conditions of N and P limitation were used in the Monod model to identify the limiting nutrient and to predict specific growth rates under conditions of varying water nutrient concentration and air temperature. Predicted data were validated by comparison with specific growth rates measured for plants growing in loosely and densely crowded populations at two field sites. The use of culture-derived maximum specific growth rates (Umax) in the model resulted in maccurate predictions of plant growth rates in loosely and densely crowdcd field populations. The use of field-derived Umax values in the model, however, resulted in adequate predictions of plant growth rates in loosely crowded field populations. The incorporation of radiant flux density (diffuse component of the radiant flux) and relative humidity into the model considerably improved its accuracy of prediction. In all cases, specific growth rates were more accurately predicted from the limiting total N or total P concentrations, than from other N or P fractions, in the water.
The Kranz syndrome in the Eragrostideae (Chloridoideae, Poaceae) as indicated by carbon isotopic ratios*
Authors: Panarello Hector O. , Sanchez Evangelina
Published: July 2015

13C/12C ratios are generally regarded as being very reliable indicators of C3 or C4 photosynthesis. These relative carbon isotope ratios are expressed as a negative δ 3C and fall into two distinct groups: Kranz (or C4) plants with δ between -9°/00 no and -18°/00 and non-Kranz (C3) plants with δ between -22°/00 and -280/00 no. In this paper, 29 taxa, representing 12 genera, of the tribe Eragrostideae were examined by mass spectrometry for their δ 13C in dried leaf tissue. All these taxa proved to be C4, plants with δ13C values ranging between -13,6°/oo and -10.9°/oo. These findings confirmed published leaf anatomical observations which showed that all the studied taxa had characteristic Kranz leaf anatomy.
OBITUARY
Authors: Codd L. E.
Published: July 2015

CYTHNA LINDENBERG LETTY (1895-1985)
ADIANTACEAE/PTERIDACEAE
Authors: Jacobsen W. B. G , Jacobsen N. H. G.
Published: July 2015

DORYOPTERIS PILOSA, A NEW RECORD FOR SOUTH AFRICA
Studies in the genus Lotononis (Crotalarieae, Fabaceae). 13. Two new species and notes on the occurrence of cleistogamy in the section Leptis
Authors: Van Wyk B-E.
Published: July 2015

The occurrence of flower dimorphism in the genus Lotononis (DC.) Eckl. Zeyh. is reported for the first time. Cleistogamous flowers have been observed in 12 species from four different groups of the sections Leptis (Eckl. Zeyh.) Benth. and Oxydium Benth. Morphological differences between chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers are discussed and illustrated. The phenomenon of flower dimorphism appears to be of limited taxonomic value but nevertheless supports the idea of an affinity between the  L. laxa, L. pungens and  L. leptoloba groups. Two recently discovered new species of the  L. leptoloba and L. calycina groups,  L. venosa B-E. van Wyk and  L. acuticarpa B-E. van Wyk, are described.