bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chitosan-based nanoparticles sustenance and potentiation of the antibacterial effect of ampicillin against drug resistance among strains of Escherichia coli
Authors: Onuigbo EB , Anozie-Ikeanyi C , Edeh NE , Eze CO , Gugu TH
Published: October 2020

The study seeks to evaluate nanoparticles based on chitosan for enhanced delivery of ampicillin in plasmid-mediated drug resistance. Serial dilutions of a mixed population of E. coli was plated on nutrient agar and streaked on Replica-plate 25 random colonies using MacConkey agar with or without ampicillin (100 µg/ml) daily for 96 h. Nanoparticles were prepared by cross-linking chitosan with sodium tripolyphosphate with ampicillin trihydrate adsorbed. Three different batches were prepared for optimization. The nanoparticles were optimized based on encapsulation efficiency, in vitro drug release, pH stability and microbiological assay using two laboratory strains of E. coli. Increased resistance to ampicillin due to possible plasmid transfer was established in vitro after 96 h. The encapsulation efficiency of the three batches was between 21-57 %. The drug release showed a burst effect and slow extended release over 8 h and reached a peak of about 19 % release at the 6 and 7 h in Batch A, B and C. The pH of the particles was stable over a period of 6 d. The nanoparticles containing only 0.075 mg of ampicillin dropped in an agar well plate inoculated with 1 ml of E. coli J62 lac pro trp hispFlac::Tn3 (AmpR) gave an IZD of ≥ 25 mm. Chitosan nanoparticles holds good potentials in potentiating the antibacterial effect of ampicillin against possible plasmid-mediated drug resistance
Exposure assessment of elemental carbon, ultrafine particles, and crystalline silica at highway toll booths
Authors: Shin Jungah , Kim Boowook , Lee Jeonghoon , Jung Joon Sig , Shin Yong Chul , Lee Kyeongmin
Published: October 2020

Highway toll booth workers have been reported to be at an increased risk of occupational lung cancer. Moreover, insufficient studies have been performed on exposure assessment of workers at highway toll booths. Elemental carbon (EC), black carbon (BC), and respirable crystalline silica (RCS) concentrations were measured at highway toll booths in Gyeongsangbuk-do (Republic of Korea). The particle number (PN) concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particle were measured using three SMPS devices. The average concentration of the EC inside the booth was 3.3 μg/m3, with the maximum being 5.8 μg/m3. The concentrations of EC were highest for booths that operated exclusively for trucks. The average PN concentration inside the booth was 3.54 × 104 cm-3, approximately 5-fold higher than the reference indoor background. The average BC concentration in the booths were approximately 8 μg/m3, and the instantaneous peak concentration was 271 μg/m3. The RCS was below the detection limit in all samples. This study revealed that toll workers were most frequently exposed to diesel engine particle less than 100 nm, with an extremely high respiratory deposition rate. Therefore, a respiratory protection program is necessary to safeguard these workers against vehicle-related pollutants.
Título en español.
Authors: J. A. Bonnet  , F. Abruña  , M. A. Lugo López
Published: October 2020

En un suelo laterítico con una pendiente de 40 por ciento se comparó el efecto de dejar la paja de caña como mulla sobre el terreno y quemarla, en los rendimientos de caña y azúcar y en las pérdidas de suelo por erosión de aguas de escorrentía. Los datos incluyen cuatro cosechas consecutivas de caña de azúcar. Los resultados indican que no hubo diferencia entre los rendimientos de caña y azúcar y las pérdidas de agua debido a los dos tratamientos. Sin embargo, hubo una diferencia muy significativa entre las pérdidas de suelo por erosión. Estas fueron once veces mayores en las parcelas donde se quemó la paja. El consumo de agua se estimó en 286 toneladas por tonelada de caña. Las pérdidas de fósforo, amonio y nitrato asimilables en el suelo arrastrado por la erosión y en las aguas de escorrentía fueron muy bajas. El tratamiento de mulla no aumentó la materia orgánica del suelo.
Título en español.
Authors: M. A. Lugo López
Published: October 2020

Los suelos tropicales de la región húmeda de Puerto Rico que se usaron en esta investigación fueron agrupados en dos categorías: (a) Lateríticos y (b) no-lateríticos. Se presentan ecuaciones de regresión que pueden servir para predecir, a base del contenido de arcilla de los suelos exclusivamente, las constantes estudiadas, a saber: Saturación máxima, capacidad de campo, equivalente de humedad, punto de marchitez permanente y coeficiente de higroscopicidad. Se obtuvieron índices de correlación altamente significativos en cada caso para suelos lateríticos. En suelos no-lateríticos la correlación fué también altamente significativa en todos los casos con excepción de la correlación entre la saturación máxima y el contenido de arcilla.
Título en español.
Authors: L. A. Alvarez García
Published: October 2020

Resumen en español.
Título en español.
Authors: J. I. Cabrera
Published: October 2020

Se hizo una serie de pruebas de digestibilidad con el propósito de determinar los requisitos mínimos para crecimiento, mantenimiento y producción de leche de ganado vacuno bajo condiciones tropicales. Los requisitos mínimos para crecimiento se pueden determinar usando la fórmula: Y = 29.023 X — 3,547. Esta ecuación fué determinada usando novillas que pesaron entre 495 y 712 libras. Los requisitos de mantenimiento se pueden determinar resolviendo la equación de: Y = 38.76 X — 28,576.60. Las vacas usadas para determinar esta equación pesaron entre 701 y 1,018 libras. Los requisitos térmicos variaron entre 6.594 y 18.92. Se estudiaron también los requisitos para producción por encima de los requisitos de mantenimiento. Se trabajó la fórmula siguiente: Y = 319.3719 X + 7131.90 pero la regresión no fué significativa. Este informe preliminar de los requisitos mínimos de energía necesaria para crecimiento y mantenimiento es de 1.5 a 2 veces la cantidad informada por Morrison. La presencia de concentrados redujo la digestibilidad de la ración en 9.58 por ciento. En todos los casos, en las ecuaciones arriba indicadas X representa el peso de los animales y Y representa el número total de calorías.
Título en español.
Authors: A. González Chapel  , M. Rojas
Published: October 2020

Resumen en español.
Título en español
Authors: R. W. E. Tucker
Published: October 2020

Resumen en español
Puasa Enam Syawal, Perbahasan Hadis Dan Fekah
Authors: Azza’biy Muhammad Musleh , Abu Hassan Muhammad Ikram
Published: October 2020

Perbahasan hukum Syara’ tentang puasa 6 Syawal saban tahun dipersoalkan oleh orang awam kerana terdapat khilaf dari sudut Hadis dan perbahasan ulama Mazhab. Oleh itu, artikel yang ditulis oleh Dr Muhammad Musleh Azza’biy merupakan artikel yang terperinci bagi merungkai masalah ini dari kedua-dua sudut Hadis dan Fekah. Ini kerana Hadis Riwayat Imam Muslim melalui Sa’ad bin Saied terdapat beberapa komentar daripada ahli Hadis berkaitan status Sa’ad. Begitu juga dari sudut fekah pandangan Imam Malik yang dilihat bercanggah dengan Hadis Sahih dan meletakkan hukum puasa 6 Syawal sebagai Makruh membuatkan ramai yang keliru tentang hukumnya. Oleh itu, artikel bahasa Arab ini diterjemahkan dan diringkaskan bagi memudahkan para pembaca oleh Dr Muhammad Ikram. Dalam Ringkasan ini tidak dinyatakan sumber-sumber seperti dalam teks arab, kerana memadai orang awam melihat kepada pandangan ulama yang dinyatakan. Bagi para ulama perlulah kembali kepada artikel asal jika ingin melihat sumber-sumber yang diambil darinya pandangan-pandangan tersebut di link yang akan saya sertakan di nota kaki . Semoga bermanfaat usaha yang dilakukan ini dan mendapat ganjaran daripada Allah SWT.
اتجاه القُصّاص والإخباريين في التفسير القرآني: "دراسة نقدية"
Authors: Obalowu Issah Abeebllahi , Zakariyah Habeebullah
Published: October 2020

لا شكّ أن النبي صلى اللله عليه وسلم قد قام ببيان ما وجب بيانه مما غمُض من معاني القرآن لصحابته الكرام رضي الله عنهم أجمعين، ولكنه لم يُفسّر جميع القرآن من أول سورة إلى آخرها، إذْ لم يُكلَّف بذلك لعدم مِساس الحاجة إليه حينذاك. وقام الصحابة بعده بالنقل هذا القدر المفسّر بالأمانة إلى من بعدهم من التابعين مع ما أضافوا إليه من القدر الذي يحتاج إليه أهل عصرهم، مستعينين في ذلك بما رووه من النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم من الأحايث، وبما عرفوا من أسباب النزول، وكذلك بأصالتهم العربية التي هيى لغة القرآن وبالاجتهاد منهم تارة. وعلى هذا الدرب والنهج سار التابعون ومن جاء بعدهم حتى وضعوا تفسيرا كاملا لجميع السور والآيات القرآنية. وبمرور الأيام والبعد من الزمن النبوّة، تكلّم في التفسير بعض مَنْ ليسوا من أهله، كحال كثير من العلوم، ومن أخطر هؤلاء الخائضين في لُجج التفسير بدون أن يتسلّحوا بسلاح علومه الكافية القُصّاص والإخباريون، الذين يَرْوُون القَصَص والأخبار في تفسير كلام رب العالمين بغير علم وبعدم مراعاة شروط الرواية التي وضعها أهل الحديث. فلذلك، يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة منهج القُصّاص والإخباريين في تفسير القرآن دراسة نقدية. وسيتمّ ذلك ببيان حقيقة هؤلاء ومنهجهم في التفسير من خلال عرض ومناقشة كلام العلماء فيهم. وقد نبّه الباحث في آخر هذه الدراسة على خطورة ومفسدة هذا المنهج في التفسير، وكذلك أوصى ببعض الخطوات لتفادي خطر هذا المنهج
صلح خيبر وأثرها على الدعوة الإسلامية
Authors: أبو حسن محمد إكرام
Published: October 2020

لما رجع الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم إلى المدينة من صلح الحديبية أمن بذلك الصلح العدو من خارج المدينة وهم قريش. وبعد كتابة صلح الحديبية بدأ مرحلة استراتيجية جديدة للدولة الإسلامية والدعوة الإسلامية. كان المسلمون قبل الحديبية في حالة حرب تسبب في عدم الاستقرار المجتمع. وكذلك في اليهود الذين أجلاهم النبي باتوا يتجمعون في خيبر. وبالتالي، شاءت قدرة الله أن يوفق نبيه لصلح الحديبية حتى يتفرغ إلى هؤلاء اليهود الذي شكلوا تجمعا كبيرا من الداخل يمكن أن يحيطوا بالمسلمين وينالوا منهم كما حدث في الأحزاب عندما خرج اليهود بني قريظة وأعلنوا الحرب على المسلمين.
Reorientation of Approaches in Indonesian Customary Law Studies
Authors: Syamsudin M. , APHA Journal Manager
Published: October 2020

This paper is intended to describe some approaches in studying the Indonesian Adat Law. From the exposure is expected to provide various perspectives in studying the sides of Indonesian Adat Law that is used as the object of study of legal scholars today. The current issue of Indonesian Adat Law studies shows a very distressing and lagging state when compared to other legal studies such as Western Law. This situation indicates how Indonesian Adat Law will be left behind and will likely be alienated from the academic community in the future. The problem is allegedly caused by among others the lack and freezing of existing materials and the absence of unity of theme and orientation of study. This paper is intended as an effort to respond to the situation, namely the effort to provide direction and contribution of thought and further development of the study and teaching of customary law which is still ongoing in the faculties of law in general. This study is considered a study of doctrinal law with reference to secondary data. Secondary data collected were processed in a non-statistic, analyzed descriptively-qualitative, and presented narratively based on the topic of the problem studied. The results of this study indicate the need for the Indonesian Adat Law study approach within the framework of Indonesian national jurisprudence. The object of study of this approach is the idea of Adat Law that was born and started since the Indonesian Youth Congress in 1928, which in its development has spawned Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as the basis and constitution of the independent Indonesian state. In this development Adat Law is essentially an escalation of the values and principles of local adat law into the values and principles of law that serve as the basis of the framework of Indonesian National Law. Therefore, it is necessary to approach Indonesian national jurisprudence in studying Adat Law.
Recognition and Legal Protection of Customary Law Society over Land
Authors: Sembiring Rosnidar , APHA Journal Manager
Published: October 2020

This paper aims at determining the recognition and legal protection of indigenous and tribal peoples on land and natural resources in the perspective of legislation. It uses normative research with literature identification approach, legislation such as Law Number 5 of 1960 on the Basic Regulations of Agrarian Principles (BRAP), and other laws and relevant regulations to this research. The data collected from primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials are analyzed qualitatively, systematically arranged and presented descriptively. Basically the recognition and legal protection of indigenous and tribal peoples has been determined in Article 3 of the BRAP and Article 18 B paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution and other sect oral laws and regulations, it is just that there is no synchronization or harmonization between various sectoral laws and regulations governing the recognition and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples.
THE INVESTIGATION OF QUALITY INDICATORS OF INDIVIDUALIZED EDUCATION PLAN PREPARED IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Authors: Özdemir Riza , Kisaç Buket , Ünlü Emre , Kaplan Gamze
Published: October 2020

Individualized Education Program (IEP) is an important element in the Turkish Education system since it aims students with disabilities to get a systematic, measurable and on point education. Thus, preparation, implementation, and evaluation of the IEP play a critical role for students with disabilities, their parents, and professionals. Researchers conducted studies and provided suggestions to improve the quality of IEPs. However, in the literature, there was not any evaluation tool for the IEP. The purpose of this study is to create an evaluation tool for IEPs, and based on this tool, to measure the quality of prepared IEPs in Turkey. In this study, descriptive analysis was used. The findings demonstrated serious deficiencies in the components of IEPs. Based on that, the researchers provided suggestions to enhance the quality of IEPs.

 

 Article visualizations:
Marginal Conviviality On Inequalities and Violence Reproduction
Authors: Feltran Gabriel
Published: October 2020

In an insightful essay reviewing the state of art of “conviviality”, Sergio Costa (2019: 1) follows the Mecila theoretical path (Mecila 2017) and asserts the “reciprocal constitution of conviviality and inequality”. The author removes from conviviality its normative (and conflict-free) mood; the notion, Costa argues, must be understood as an analytical unit for theory-making. As such, Costa assumes that ordinary interactions construct and, at the same time, reproduce social life. Conviviality is about pragmatically living together, not about virtuous commonality. In sustainedly unequal societies such as the Latin American ones, conviviality is inescapably linked to the reproduction of inequalities. Are convivial situations also part of the reproduction of violence, in societies that are not only unequal but also violent? This paper explores marginal conviviality, adding empirical evidence to Costa’s argument, as well as addressing his theoretical framework from an ethnographic point of view. A life story, followed empirically from 2005-2018 in a district of São Paulo, guides my argumentation.
Mejora de variables psicológicas en Adultos Mayores mediante Pilates (Improvement of psychological variables in Older Adults through Pilates)
Authors: Villarreal-Angeles Mario Alberto , Moncada-Jimenez José , Ruiz-Juan Francisco
Published: October 2020

En México, como en muchos países, ha aumentado considerablemente la población adulta mayor. Este incremento se puede explicar debido a mejores condiciones de vida en general, como una mejor alimentación y nuevos tipos de medicamentos. Por tal motivo, se cuenta con una población adulta mayor que es indispensable estudiar para ofrecerle una mayor independencia, autocuidado y mejor calidad de vida. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el efecto de un programa de Pilates sobre variables psicológicas en adultos mayores del Estado de Durango, México. La metodología del estudio presenta un grupo experimental (GE) n=10 y un grupo control (GC) n=10, mediciones Pre-test y Post-test, la edad de los participantes estuvo entre 60 y 80 años. La duración del programa fue de 12 semanas, con una periodicidad de 3 veces por semana con sesiones de 50 min. Para evaluación de la variable dependiente se utilizó el instrumento WHOQOL BREF, y para el análisis se realizó ANOVA de 2 x 2. Como principales resultados se encontró una interacción significativa (p < 0.05) entre mediciones y grupos en las dimensiones de salud físicas, relaciones sociales, y aspectos psicológicos. Concluyendo que un programa de acondicionamiento físico de 12 semanas de duración basado en el método Pilates permite mejorar variables psicológicas, las cuales son relevantes para el logro de la buena salud en el adulto mayor.
Abstract. In Mexico, as in many countries, the elderly population has increased considerably. This increase can be explained by better living conditions, such as better nutrition and new medications. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of a Pilates program on psychological variables in older adults in the State of Durango, Mexico. The methodology included an experimental group (GE n=10) and a control group (GC n=10), and Pre- to Post-test measurements. The participant’s age was between 60 and 80 years. The program length was 12 weeks, where participants attended 50-min sessions, three times per week. Two-by two ANOVA was used to analyze data. The main results were a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between measurements and groups in physical health dimensions, social relationships, and psychological aspects. In conclusion, a 12-week fitness program based on the Pilates method elicits improvements on psychological variables, which are relevant for the achievement of good health in the elderly.
Uso del Smartphone, Actividad Física y Autoconcepto. Relación entre los tres constructos (Use of the Smartphone, Physical Activity and Self-Concept. Relationship between the three constructs)
Authors: Sanabrias Moreno Déborah , Sánchez-Zafra María , Lara-Sánchez Amador Jesús , Zagalaz-Sánchez María Luisa , Cachón-Zagalaz Javier
Published: October 2020

El objetivo fue analizar las relaciones entre el uso del smartphone y el tiempo dedicado a la práctica de AF, así como la influencia de un estilo de vida activo y las distintas dimensiones del autoconcepto en estudiantes universitarios. La muestra estuvo compuesta por universitarios del Grado en Educación Primaria e Infantil de la Universidad de Jaén: 253 estudiantes, 58.1% mujeres (N=147) y 41.9% hombres (N=106) con edades comprendidas entre 18 y 42 años (M=21.39 ±3.27). Se trata de un estudio cuantitativo-descriptivo de corte transversal que utiliza para la recogida de datos tres cuestionarios (CERM, Autoconcepto Forma 5 “AF-5” y uno de elaboración propia). Los resultados mostraron que el 44.6% de los universitarios jienenses dedica a la práctica de AF menos de 3 horas semanales y solo un 34% más de 3. Con respecto a la relación entre AF y autoconcepto, solo se han encontrado diferencias en las dimensiones emocional y física.
Abstract: The aim was to analyze the relationships between smartphone use and time spent on PA, as well as the influence of an active lifestyle and the different dimensions of self-concept in university students. The sample was composed of university students from the Primary and Infant Education Degree of the University of Jaén: 253 students, 58.1% women (N=147) and 41.9% men (N=106) between the ages of 18 and 42 (M=21.39 ±3.27). This is a cross-sectional quantitative-descriptive study that uses three questionnaires (CERM, Self-Concept Form 5 "AF-5" and one of its own making) for data collection. The results showed that 44.6% of university students in Jaén dedicated less than 3 hours per week to PA practice and only 34% more than 3. With respect to the relationship between PA and self-concept, only differences were found in the emotional and physical dimensions.
Análisis del perfil demográfico y consumo turístico en eventos deportivos en la ciudad de Quito. Caso de estudio: Roger Federer (Analysis of the demographic profile and tourist consumption in sporting events in the city of Quito. Case of study: Roger Fed
Authors: Cabanilla Enrique , Lastra - Bravo Xavier , Pazmiño Juan , Burbano Mónica
Published: October 2020

El desarrollo del turismo en las ciudades plantea dos aspectos de importancia. En primer lugar, es su objetivo que el turismo impacte en el desarrollo local y, en segundo lugar, que la oferta turística se diversifique y se complemente. En esta coyuntura, la ciudad de Quito apostó por el apoyo a un evento deportivo, de gran envergadura, para el mes de noviembre del 2019. De esta propuesta surgió la necesidad de medir el impacto del evento deportivo en la ciudad y al mismo tiempo identificar la demanda real de turistas nacionales e internacionales. Para ello se aplicó un cuestionario con 23 ítems que fueron agrupados en 2 grupos de factores: la determinación del perfil del consumidor y el consumo turístico realizado. Posteriormente se obtuvieron datos de Quito Turismo sobre el media value del evento, con el cual se estructuró una base de datos para una interpretación integral. Los resultados obtenidos fortalecen la estrategia para que Quito albergue varios eventos de importancia, en diversos aspectos, a más de lo deportivo. La derrama económica en los negocios locales fue significativa y se registró un impacto importante en el posicionamiento de la ciudad como destino turístico. 
Abstract. The development of urban tourism raises two important aspects. In the first place, tourism must have an impact on local development and, secondly, that the tourism offer should be diversified and complemented. At this juncture, the city of Quito opted to support a large-scale sporting event for the month of November 2019. From this proposal arose the need to measure the impact of the sporting event in the city and at the same time identify the real demand of national and international tourists. For this, surveys were conducted with 23 items that were grouped into 2 groups of factors: the determination of the consumer profile and the tourist economic consumption. Afterwards, data was obtained from Quito Tourism on the average media value of the event, with which a database was structured for a comprehensive interpretation. The results obtained strengthen the strategy for Quito to host several important events, in various aspects, in addition to sports. The economic impact on local businesses was significant and there was an important impact on the positioning of the city as a tourist destination.
Regulatory genes identification within functional genomics experiments for tissue classification into binary classes via machine learning techniques
Authors: Bushra Wazir  , Dost Muhammad Khan  , Umair Khalil  , Muhammad Hamraz  , Naz Gul  , Zardad Khan
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study is to filter out the most informative genes that mainly regulate the target tissue class, increase classification accuracy, reduce the curse of dimensionality,  and discard redundant and irrelevant genes.

Methods: This paper presented the idea of gene selection using bagging sub-forest (BSF). The proposed method provided genes importance grounded on the idea specified in the standard random forest algorithm. The new method is compared with three state-of-the art methods, i.e., Wilcoxon, masked painter and proportional overlapped score (POS). These methods were applied on 5 data sets, i.e. Colon, Lymph node breast cancer, Leukemia, Serrated colorectal carcinomas, and Breast Cancer. Comparison was done by selecting top 20 genes by applying the gene selection methods and applying random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers to assess their predictive performance on the datasets with selected genes. Classification accuracy, Brier score, and sensitivity have been used as performance measures.

Results: The proposed method gave better results than the other methods using both random forest and SVM classifiers on all the datasets among all the feature selection methods.

Conclusion: The proposed method showed improved performance in terms of classification accuracy, Brier score and sensitivity, and hence, could be used as a novel method for gene selection to classify tissue samples into their correct classes.

Key Words: Gene selection, classification, random forest, cancer, microarray gene expression.
Outcomes of extra oral versus intraoral approach for Mandibular angle fracture reduction
Authors: Yasir Bilal  , Ashfaq ur Rahim  , Shazia Mahar Gul  , Riaz Ahmed Warraich
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective: To compare the outcomes of intraoral versus extraoral approach in the treatment of mandibular angle fracture.

Method: The randomised controlled trail was conducted at the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Mayo Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from September 2016 to March 2017, and comprised patients of mandibular angle fracture who were divided into two equal extraoral group A and intraoral group B. . Baseline and post-operative data on 1st and 7th days as well as 3 months following the surgery was collected. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.

Results: Of the 100 patients, there were 50(50%) in each of the two groups. Mean age of group A was 32.28±7.79 years compared to 33.72±8.13 years in group B. There were 39 (78%) males in group A and 36(72%) in group B. The mean pain score at baseline in the groups was not significantly different (p=0.795). On the 7th day and 3 months post-operation, mean pain score was significantly lower in group A (p=0.002). Nerve complication in group A was significantly high compared to group A (p=0.005).

Conclusion: Extra oral approach for the management of mandibular angle fracture is better with regards to pain while intra-oral approach is less associated with nerve complications.

Key Words: Angle of mandible, Fracture, Intraoral approach, Extraoral approach, Incision.
A REAL-WORLD ENERGY AND COST COMPARISON BETWEEN AN ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND A PETROL VEHICLE IN THE TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO CONTEXT
Authors: Maharaj Bhopendra , King Graham
Published: October 2020

This paper compares actual and predicted energy use and running costs for an internal combustion engine vehicle (ICE) and an electric vehicle (EV) in typical Trinidad and Tobago driving conditions. Detailed fuel/energy flow data were extracted to parameterise and validate representative MATLAB/Simulink models of each. Simulations were performed using a representative driving cycle as an input for both vehicle models and parameters such as fuel flow rate and rate of energy transfer were recorded. Energy used by the EV over the driving cycle was approximately 20% of that used by the ICE. The analysis was extended to consider the Well to Wheel energy use and CO2 emissions by combining the model results with published data, showing that both energy and CO2 emissions from the EV are approximately 50% of those produced by the ICE. Further, it was estimated based on the findings that if 10% of the vehicle fleet was displaced by EVs, this would provide a 9% contribution to the Trinidad and Tobago Paris Agreement Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) for transportation by 2030. This could be significantly increased if renewable generating sources were to be added to the electrical grid.
SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS AS IT RELATES TO TRAVEL BEHAVIOUR IN SIDS: A CASE STUDY IN TRINIDAD
Authors: Wright Leah , Townsend Trevor
Published: October 2020

The objective of this research was to analyse the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and the travel behaviour of Trinidadians. Many studies have shown that a relationship exists between the socio-economic and sociodemographic characteristics of an individual and their travel patterns. A better understanding of this relationship can influence transportation policy decisions and therefore, aid in improvement to the overall transportation structure. This understanding of travel behaviour is of particular importance in developing countries and SIDS, where there is limited geographical space, economic constraints and an influx of competitive unregulated paratransit modes into the transportation system. Trinidad, like other developing countries and SIDS, has a public transportation system that is dominated by paratransit modes. More notably, there is increasing penetration of illegally operated paratransit modes, that are aggressively competing in the market and gaining a lot of traction. Data was collected in January 2018 using a revealed preference survey of commuters’ work-based tours in, Trincity, a middle-income housing area with good highway and public transportation access. Results showed that income, age, distance from workplace and gender all affect the likelihood of public transport usage as a primary mode of a work tour and there were gender-based differences in the incidence of walking as part of the tour. Additionally, although most public transportation users considered the government bus service as the safest and illegal paratransit services as the least safe, the usage of such services was more than five times that of the bus. The research points to important service and policy actions which need to be taken to encourage and support shifts to more sustainable modes.
BIM IMPLEMENTATION IN THE PRACTICE OF ARCHITECTURE IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO
Authors: Ellis Leighton , Martin Hector , Charles Marlon
Published: October 2020

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is the latest innovation in Computer Aided Design (CAD) technology. A strong awareness exists amongst architects concerning the benefits of BIM, however they are equally hesitant to use such tools given the associated negative factors such as cost of training. Other external factors such as the construction market and customer requirements also pose barriers to implementation. The findings of this study provide context for understanding how BIM is used in the practice of Architect in Trinidad and Tobago (T&T). It can be used as a starting point to develop future research into how this technology can be effectively implemented in the practice of Architecture and the wider local construction industry. The findings of the study highlight the need to formulate a strategy for the implementation of BIM and the creation of an appropriate supportive environment for its use in the local construction industry. This requires collaboration from all stakeholders, private and public, to invest and support the development of the necessary policy and standards for BIM implementation, including technical training in the use of software and training in the management of its processes in practice.
A SUSTAINABLE APPROACH TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF COASTAL FACILITIES THROUGH THE INCORPORATION OF BEACH SAND & BRACKISH WATER IN CONCRETE PRODUCTION
Authors: Khan Imran , White Daniel , Mieux Jenelle
Published: October 2020

Advances in reinforcement technology has facilitated the transition from traditional steel rebar to non-metallic rebar in reinforced concretes. Consequently, chloride content can be dramatically increased without worry for the deterioration of the encased reinforcement in reinforced concretes that utilizes composite rebar and polymeric/ceramic fibres. The production of one tonne of concrete releases 900 kg of CO2 emissions. Reductions in CO2 emissions from concrete production can be achieved through the production of ‘greener’ cements, and utilization of localized aggregate sources. Construction of structures along the coastline provides a unique opportunity for the utilization of beach-sand and brackish water that together can improve the sustainability prospects for construction in these environments. The incorporation into concrete of beach-sand that has been previously excavated is a simple means of reducing reliance on traditional sources of fine aggregate for concrete production. Additionally, the use of brackish water from a nearby estuary has the added benefit of reducing the requirement for potable water. Compressive strength tests were conducted on twenty-two (22) groups of specimens at 7-days, 28-days and 42-days. Water-to-cement ratios (w:c) of 0.37, 0.39, 0.43 and 0.45 were employed. Analysis showed that at 0.37 w:c, batches that utilized beach-sand and brackish water, beach-sand and potable water, concreting-sand and brackish water were comparable to those produced with concreting-sand and potable water at about 40MPa.
Actual problems of assessing the quality of disinfection measures for parasitosis
in the Russian Federation
Authors: Асланова М.М. M. , Гололобова Т.В. V. , Кузнецова К.Ю. Yu. , Загайнова А.В. V. , Мания Тамари Резоевна , Абрамов И.А. A.
Published: October 2020

Introduction. The main and the most significant issues of the management of disinfection measures taking into account modern trends and factors affecting the quality of these measures in relation to parasitic infections in the territory of the Russian Federation are considered. The professional community of physicians, epidemiologists, hygienists, disinfectants was almost powerless in the fight against slow or latent infections of a parasitic nature, which are still ca lled “neglected diseases” (“unnoticed diseases”), partly because they occur without pronounced symptoms, and there are a number of unresolved problems in the prevention and diagnosis. Despite the fact that modern medicine in the field of prevention and diagnosis of some infectious diseases has achieved good results, the problems with the disinfection of parasitic pathogens remain relevant. Environmental degradation, various natural disasters, urbanization, increased anthropogenic pressure, as well as climate change do not contribute to improving the difficult situation with regard to the spread, reproduction and formation of new stable foci of parasites. The measures for the improving the system of non-specific prevention of parasitic diseases are determined. Material and methods. In the course of the work, there were analyzed statistical reports of the Federal Reserve and the literature data. Results. The analysis of statistical data showed that during 2014-2018, the incidence of parasites in the Russian population remained at a high level and did not have a pronounced tendency to decrease, and the proposed anti-parasitic disinfectants cannot meet modern anti-epidemiological and hygienic requirements. Conclusion. A number of recommendations and initiatives on disinfection measures for the prevention and spread of parasitic infections in the territory of the Russian Federation were proposed to solve the tasks. There are determined main ways of improving the system of nonspecific prevention of parasitic diseases.
Long-term dynamics of changes of anthropometrical indices of school students
Authors: Павловская Виктория Степановна , Калишев М.Г. G. , Рогова С.И. I.
Published: October 2020

Introduction. The relevant direction of studying the physical development of children and adolescents is the study of the dynamics of changes anthropometric indices from generation to generation. Systematic monitoring of regular indices in different regions is necessary. Material and methods. A one-step study of anthropometric indices of 2990 healthy boys of East Kazakhstan aged from 6 to 17 years was carried out in 2016. Children were clustered into age groups and ethnicity according to the principles of anthropology. The research of anthropometric indices was performed according to generally accepted methods in the morning. The chest circumference was measured during the pause period. The values of anthropometric indices of schoolchildren in 2016 were compared with the values of similar indices of children in 1986. Microsoft Office Excel 2007 was used to statistically process the data. Results. In modern boys of the Kazakh nationality there is a harmonization of growth and weight indices. The maximum weight gain and chest circumference increase occurs at the same time as the “growth jump,” while 1986 schoolchildren had an average annual body weight gain one year late after the start of the rapid growth period. In Russian boys born in 1986 the maximum weight gain is established at 14 years, and in modern children - at the age of 13 years. Conclusions. A comparative analysis of the multi-year dynamics of children’s anthropometric indices revealed acceleration trends reliably confirmed by the higher values of these indices in modern boys compared to their 1986 peers.There have been established national characteristics in the physical development of boys.
Information hygiene: modern approaches to hygienic evaluation of content and physical signals of information carriers
Authors: Еремин А. Л.
Published: October 2020

The increasing flow of information affects health. The prevalence of information as an environmental factor is considered. With the growth of traditional information-dependent morbidity according to ICD-10, a new pathology appears as follows: computer syndrome, television addiction, depression from social networks, Internet addiction, ludomania, nomophobia, Internet suicides. There is presented a conceptual framework of prevention trends: information hygiene, ecology, ethics, digital-, cyber-, internet-hygiene. Information hygiene is a branch of medical science that studies the regularities of the impact of information on the mental, physical and social well-being of a person, his working capacity, life expectancy, public health of society, developing standards and measures to improve the information environment and optimize intellectual activity. There was analyzed the existing hygienic regulation of physical signals and perspectives of hygienic assessment activities with pronounced information loads. The shortcomings of the existing dosimetry, modern diagnostic devices for the dose-effect methodology are considered. There is discussed the importance of informational hygiene for content limits, targeting boundaries and specialization in the dissemination of information for the prevention of infopandemics, accompanied by virusophobia, quarantinomania, radiophobia, mysophobia. There are provided the scientific trends of multi-disciplinary mega-projects of the study of intelligence for the new hygienic approaches to optimize mental health. Taking into account the strategies of the national project “Education”, the digital development of the information society in Russia, as well as prevention of info-epidemics, the development of a textbook on information hygiene can be relied upon the principles outlined in the axiomatics of information ecology. There is proposed expediency of adequate responses from hygienists, preventive medicine and the state sanitary service for consideration. In social and communal hygiene - the study of mental statistics, public health, prediction, prevention infopandemics. In the hygiene of children and adolescents there is considered the development of recommendations and standards for gadgets and the time of their use, the assessment of the phenomena of clip-thinking, the transition to electronic textbooks, “blinkers” on the quality and volume of information in the search for knowledge. In occupational health - determination of the limits of intelligence from neuroscience, intensification of brain-computer interfaces, “dose-effects” and maximum permissible levels of carrier signals, optimization of information cooperation.
Iron Metabolism in the Human Body and its Hygienic Limits for Drinking Water. Review. Part 1
Authors: Егорова Наталья Александровна , Канатникова Н. В.
Published: October 2020

Iron is an essential element indispensable for the growth, division, differentiation and functioning of any living cell in the body. for humans iron is vitally important and dangerous at the same time, because with excessive accumulation it causes oxidative stress with the formation of highly active oxygen radicals and reactive forms of nitrogen that can destroy cell membranes, proteins, nucleic acids, reduce cell viability, which, according to modern concepts, can contribute to the development of many diseases (cardiovascular, rheumatic, gastrointestinal, neurodegenerative, oncological, metabolic and others), and also accelerate the aging process. This review discusses the issues of iron metabolism in humans, including its regulation at the cellular and systemic levels, the intake, transport, use, accumulation and export of iron in cells, the role of the labile iron pool in the cytoplasm of cells and plasma non-transferrin bound iron. There are provided data on the causes, prevalence iron overload in the formation of free radicals, the development of oxidative stress and related common diseases, as well as information on ferroptosis, a new type of iron-dependent regulated cell death. Attention is paid to the works of domestic authors, where it was found that prolonged use of drinking water with a high iron content is unfavorable for the population and leads to an increase in the overall incidence, the development of diseases of the blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue, musculoskeletal system, digestive system, urogenital system, and allergic diseases. There are cited separate publications on the possibility of a negative effect of iron at concentrations in water at a level of 0.3 mg/l and lower. The materials of the review emphasize the preventive value of a cautious attitude to regulating iron in the water of the Russian Federation, where 1/3 of the population uses iron-containing water for drinking, and substantiate the feasibility of establishing a hygienic standard for iron in water not higher than 0.3 mg/l, without inclusion in regulatory documents level of 1 mg/l as permissible.
The epidemiological significance of parasites of fishes in the Volga-Caspian fishery subdistrict (Astrakhan region)
Authors: Konkova Anna V. , Volodina V. V. , Voronina E. A. , Terpugova N. Yu.
Published: October 2020

Introduction. The epidemiological situation of parasitic diseases among the population of the Volga-Caspian fishery subdistrict within the Astrakhan region continues to be stressful. To cancel or prolong the restrictions on biohelminthoses in the region, it is necessary to conduct regular studies on the parasitic purity of fish and fish raw materials. Material and methods. In accordance with methods generally accepted in parasitology, in the period of 2013-2017, 7,671 mature specimens of thirteen species of fish of five families (carps, pikes, sheatfishes, perches, herrings) were examined. Results. In the parasitic fauna of all types of hydrobionts examined there were sanitary-significant parasites, represented by eight types of systematic groups: nematodes (Anisakis schupakovi, Contracaecum bidentat, Estrongylides excisus), trematodes (Apophallus muehlingi, Rossicotr.ema donutses), acanthocephalans (Corynosoma strumosum). The dominant group in prevalence in the population of the Volga fish were roundworms, small - acanthocephalus. The maximum quantitative indices were characterized by trematodes, the number of which in the single fish amounted to thousands. Discussion. The level of infestation of pike, catfish, bream, carp, pike-perch, perch, white bream, rud, roach, Caspian roach, sichel, Caspian anadromous shad, blue bream, parasites dangerous to humans has remained relatively stable for a number of years. The majority of fish in the eastern part of the delta (with respect to the western part) have a higher percentage of infected individuals, and therefore, aquatic animals caught in the first specified area should be subjected to more thorough veterinary examination when preparing it for sale to the population. Conclusion. The data on the annual invasions of fish and people (along with other warm-blooded animals) with epidemiologically significant parasites indicate the active functioning of natural foci of apophallosis, rosicotremosis, opisthorchiasis, pevdoamphistomosis, anizakiosis, contratsekoleza, eustrongilidosis, and corynozomosis in the Volga delta. For the prevention of biohelminthoses, it is necessary, in addition to state control (ensuring proper product quality), to establish a direct informational notification of the population in order to clarify the importance of the issue of parasitic invasions transmitted through fish.
Current issues of environmental mercury pollution (review)
Authors: Rakitskii V. N. , Synitskaya T. A. , Skupnevskii Sergeii V.
Published: October 2020

The review summarizes the results of studying the problem of environmental mercury pollution and associated risks to public health. Toxicological and hygienic studies include an analysis of the main sources of heavy metal emissions, ways of their distribution in the environment and biological effects on humans. The basis of anthropogenic pollution was shown to include the following: artisanal mining, coal burning and non-ferrous metal production. Out of the places of emissions metal is distributed with atmospheric air over long distances, as evidenced by the results of monitoring studies conducted in the Arctic and Antarctica. Pollution of water is extremely dangerous for human health, since it is proven that the main source of mercury intake is associated with the consumption of fish and seafood. In the soil horizon the toxicant is localized mainly in arable layers but in places where mercury-containing waste is stored, the metal can migrate to a depth of 18 m or more. Analysis of the mechanisms of adsorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion allows concluding: the greatest threat to health are metal-organic forms (methyl-and dimethyl-mercury), which is associated with the high lipophilicity of these compounds. On the example of Minamata disease there is given a description of the characteristic signs of mercury intoxication among which the Central nervous system is the leading one. There are presented the results of the research of biological effects of low metal concentrations and modern means of preventing negative impact on human health. Contact of the General population in production and everyday life determines the necessity for a comprehensive study and coverage of the effects associated with exposure of toxic mercury compounds.
Assessment of health and mental pecularities of male smokers in comparison with never smokers (population study)
Authors: Gundarov Igor A. , Flores M. A.
Published: October 2020

Introduction. Smokers are known to have the mortality rate to be higher than never-smokers. At the same time a refusal from smoking in prevention programs did not make a prognosis better. Smoking may be associated with some social disadvantages, which can also influence health negatively. Testing of this hypothesis which had been made earlier on the population of the enterprise workers proved significant disparities in the way of life and mental features of smokers in comparison with never-smokers. Aim. The aim of present work is to study the health and mental features of male smokers in comparison with never-smokers. Material and methods. 1059 men - workers of metallurgical plant, 35-60 years old, were examined. Response rate of 92.3% makes sample general. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, height, weight, resting pulse rate were taken by standard methods. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as a ratio of weight (kg) to height in square (m2). Men were divided into two groups: 132 heavy smokers (≥20 cigarettes/day) and 403 never-smokers. Results. There was no difference between the groups in age and non-communicative diseases prevalence. At the same time smokers had more often symptoms of psychological disadvantage, people with insufficient BMI and had lower education. Conclusion. Heavy smokers are characterized with less favorable indices of mental status, more often insufficient BMI and lower education level in comparison with never smokers. Health promoting actions among smokers should include the correction of way of life parameters non favorable for health.