bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of the Students Enrolled in the Introduction to Education Course Towards E-learning, Its Applications, and Its Relationship to Some Variables
Authors: Alsarayreh Raghad Shaher
Published: November 2020

This study aimed at identifying the attitudes of students enrolled in the Introduction to Education course at Karak University College towards e-learning and its applications in light of its relationship to some variables. The population of the study consisted of students enrolled in the Introduction to Education course in the Department of Educational and Social Sciences at Karak University College in the first semester of the academic year (2020 -2021) The study was applied to the entire population of the study, whose number was (75) male and female students. The study used the descriptive approach and applied a scale to identify students' attitude towards e-learning and its applications. The tool consisted of (39) items and graded on a five-degree scale. The results of the study showed that the students ’attitudes towards e-learning and its applications came as follows. 12 paragraphs of the scale were within the positive high attitudes, while the remaining 27 paragraphs had a neutral attitude and there were no negative attitudes. The mean scores of the scale was (2.94), which indicated that the students ’attitudes were overall neutral. The results of the study also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the responses of the study sample about their attitudes towards e-learning and its applications according to their academic achievement. The results also showed no statistically significant differences between students' responses about their attitudes towards e-learning and its applications according to their different experiences in the fields of e-learning, and in favor of the sample members with average experience.
Reported self-efficacy of nursing clinical instructors in a bachelor’s of science in nursing program
Authors: Ferguson Annette , Perry Natalie
Published: November 2020

Clinical instructors play a significant role in the development of safe and competent nursing students. When nurses beginning their career as a clinical instructor, a substantial gap in knowledge can existence in the expectations of this new role. A deficiency of formal education in nursing education or orientation to this position can lead to a lack of self-efficacy and knowledge among clinical instructors. Research supports that a formal orientation and training increases feelings of self-efficacy among clinical instructors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate an online educational program on clinical instructor’s knowledge and self-efficacy towards teaching in a pre-licensure bachelors of science in nursing program. A pre-test/post-test design was utilized to assess changes in knowledge and self-efficacy immediately before and after the intervention for ten clinical instructors. Directly following the training, knowledge scores were measured with a statically significant result. In addition, immediately after the training and three months after the training, self-efficacy scores were measured and found to be statically significantly. In conclusion, the educational intervention was found to be statistically significant in improving the knowledge and self-efficacy scores among clinical instructors in the program as evidenced by the pre-test/post-tests results. This program was cost-effective to implement as there was no cost to the school of nursing or clinical instructors. The instructors could complete the online training from any location that had internet access and during any time of the day or night at their convenience.
The value of 99mTc-sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography in the evaluation and risk stratification of renal masses
Authors: Sistani Golmehr , Bjazevic Jennifer , Kassam Zahra , Romsa Jonathan , Pautler Stephen
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Differentiation of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) from oncocytoma is a common diagnostic dilemma. A few studies have shown that 99mTc-sestamibi (MIBI) imaging has the potential to characterize indeterminate renal masses. This comparative study evaluated the utility of MIBI single-photon emission computed tomography-computed tomography (SPECT-CT) in the assessment and risk stratification of renal masses.

Methods: A total of 29 patients with 31 renal masses who had cross-sectional imaging and MIBI SPECT-CT, were included. Lesions were categorized as either MIBI-positive or -negative on SPECT-CT. Individual lesion density ranged from 22–56 Hounsfield Units (HU) on the non-contrast CT part of SPECT-CT. Quantitative relative MIBI uptake was calculated by measuring tumor to ipsilateral renal parenchymal uptake. The imaging results were correlated with histopathology.

Results: All oncocytic lesions, including seven oncocytomas and one hybrid oncocytic chromophobe tumor (100%), were positive on MIBI. One chromophobe RCC showed low-grade MIBI uptake. The remaining RCC subtypes, including 15 clear-cell, four papillary, two mixed clear-cell and papillary, and one chromophobe were MIBI-negative. The quantitative relative tumor uptake showed statistically significant higher uptake in the low-risk/oncocytic lesions compared to RCCs.

Conclusions: This study demonstrates that MIBI SPECT-CT is valuable in the characterization of indeterminate renal masses. The combination of MIBI uptake on SPECT and lesion density on non-contrast CT can be used for risk stratification of renal masses. This technique may reduce the need for further imaging (multiphasic CT or magnetic resonance imaging), renal mass biopsy, or surgical resection of low-risk renal masses. Subsequently, more patients could be followed with active surveillance.
A Plea for Teaching English as a Second/Foreign Language Through Its Native Speakers’ Culture
Authors: Almutairi Mohammad
Published: November 2020

This study aims to narratively investigate the rationale of the first school of thought that supports and pushes towards introducing native speakers’ culture in the English language curriculum. It presents the researchers’ arguments and justifications for this belief and its promotion. It also discusses their findings and the results from the empirical studies that they have conducted in different countries, which support their school of thought.
Perceções de lideranças sobre a atuação das autarquias locais no desenvolvimento do desporto em Portugal
Authors: Machado Jorge Emmanuel Oliveira , Sarmento José Pedro , Silva Carlos Alberto Figueiredo da
Published: November 2020

Objetivo do estudo: Descrever as principais perceções de dirigentes associativos, políticos e empresários sobre a atuação das autarquias locais e dos demais agentes desportivos com quem se relacionam sobre o desenvolvimento do desporto em Portugal.Metodologia/abordagem: Utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, com base na herança da etnometodologia, cujos instrumentos de recolha foram: a observação participante, o focus group e entrevistas semiestruturadas.Originalidade/Relevância: Constatou-se que o papel das autarquias no desenvolvimento do desporto em Portugal é substancial. Entretanto, quando se busca a relação destas com o setor produtivo e com as universidades, verifica-se uma grande lacuna.Principais resultados: Os achados vão no sentido de reconhecer a importância e necessidade de planear estrategicamente, observando a relação necessária e fundamental que as autarquias devem assumir com o setor produtivo, o Estado e as universidades.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: O modelo teórico da hélice tríplice ancora, neste estudo, as reflexões sobre o papel das autarquias e suas relações com diferentes atores da rede. A utilização do conceito-chave de indicialidade traz uma abordagem pouco utilizada em estudos desta natureza.Contribuições sociais/para a gestão: Os clusters de desenvolvimento incluem a participação fundamental das universidades no pleito criativo e de inovação. Elas são fontes geradoras de ideias, ações, produtos, tecnologias que fazem movimentar o processo cumulativo e em espiral do conhecimento. Realçar o protagonismo das universidades contribui para o aprimoramento da gestão e da perceção da sociedade sobre esta área do conhecimento.
The security strategy of the People’s Republic of China in light of the 2019 Defence White Paper
Authors: Paszak Paweł
Published: November 2020

This article aims to outline main directions of the security strategy of the People’s Republic of China basing on the analysis of the Defence White Paper of July 2019, the political practice of the Beijing authorities as well as internal and international situation. Having analysed the above mentioned areas, the author concludes that the contemporary strategy of the PRC is internally subordinated to maintaining territorial, political and social integrity, including primarily legitimization of the power of the Communist Party of China. Externally, the strategy is oriented at reversing the unfavourable balance of forces in the Asia-Pacific region and weakening of the US military advantage. Those two directions determine the activities of the Chinese state in such specific areas as: modernization of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), the relations with Taiwan and claims concerning South China Sea. The Defence White Paper is aimed at contrasting the unilateral and hegemonic policy of the United States (as the authors of the document see it) with the defensive and moderate activities of China. The narration serves to convince international players to remain neutral or engage in collaboration with China in the face of intensifying military, economic and political pressure on the part of the USA. China has entered a “critical moment” of its development and the response of the Beijing authorities to the challenges of internal development and external pressures will determine whether in the 21st century it will become a superpower.
Diagnosis of the Implementation
of the Academic Legion Student Military Education Program
Authors: Michalski Daniel , Rewak Dariusz
Published: November 2020

The authors discussed the results of their own theoretical end empirical research on the student military
education program called Academic Legion (Legia Akademicka). The research started in 2019 and
involved a group of students who have been trained within the practical part of this program at the
Engineering-Aviation Training Centre in Dęblin. The research presents general information about the
conception and legal basis of the Academic Legion Program as well as the most important conclusion
regarding the results of this research. The authors evaluate the results of the program through the
prism of two editions that have been conducted so far, with the main focus on the second edition
accomplished in the 2018/2019 academic year.
US-China rivalry for strategic domination in the area of artificial intelligence and the new AI geopolitics
Authors: Grochmalski Piotr
Published: November 2020

The author shows that the present strategic rivalry between the People's Republic of China and the United States for gaining or maintaining global leadership is close to reaching the bifurcation point. This process will be particularly dynamic in the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Both countries recognize that it is crucial for gaining strategic dominance over the rival. This causes the accelerated development of AI technology and its increasing impact on economic, political and social processes. The coronavirus pandemic accelerated this process, becoming its strong catalyst. The US and the PRC dominated the competition to use the technological potential of AI. Their confrontation in this field is now entering the stage of a critical point of imbalance in the international system and is causing increasing pressure on the race in the development of military AI technologies, as well as the emergence of a new geopolitics based on the effective use of big data process and technological infrastructure. This can lead to a sudden breach of the bifurcation point - a global threat caused by the introduction of AI technologies into security structures that have not been tested under critical conditions. This can cause a sudden breakdown in the stability of systems and a transition to a self-organized world critical state.
Dokąd zmierza współczesna polska historia wojskowa? Refleksje po przeczytaniu pracy Marka Pasturczaka i Jerzego Lelwica pt. Trzeba ginąć, stąd się nie wychodzi. Krojanty 1939 – prawdy, mity, legendy, Agencja Wydawnicza CB, Warszawa 2018.
Authors: Rezmer Waldemar Stanisław
Published: November 2020

Zmiany w polskiej nauce historyczno-wojskowej, które nastąpiły w latach dziewięć-dziesiątych miały nie tylko cechy pozytywne, lecz także uwidoczniły się już wtedy jej słabości. Badania historyczno-wojskowe podjęło bowiem sporo osób, kiepsko przygotowanych merytorycznie, metodologicznie i warsztatowo. Z biegiem czasu symptomy kryzysu zaczęły się nasilać. Skutkowało to pojawieniem się na półkach księgarskich i na portalach internetowych prac o kompromitująco niskim poziomie naukowym. W chwili obecnej staje się to już zjawiskiem masowym. Tezę tę udowadniam analizując opracowanie poświęcone działaniom 18 Pułku Ułanów Pomorskich w dniu 1 września 1939 r., a szczególnie jego boju pod Krojantami.
Out of the Ordinary
Authors: Mikkelsen Henrik Hvenegaard
Published: November 2020

This article challenges the tendency, both academic and popular, to assign ‘monsters’ the status of the radical Other: of that which we are not. This widespread inclination to understand monsters as agencies breaking into the ordinary ignores what I propose to call the ‘radical sameness’ of monsters: that is, the multiple ways in which monsters appear to embody the features of what people or society could, potentially, become. To develop this argument the article takes its point of departure in ethnographic research carried out among the Bugkalot of Northern Luzon. Exploring the quasi-mythical character known as the mansasadile, I argue that this figure exposes the potential dangers of individuality and current social change; with the growth of paid labour in the farming industry, the possibility is emerging that the young men will detach themselves from their families. The mansasadile shows the situation whereby the monstrous, rather than being the ‘radical other’ that intrudes into the everyday, is the monstrous that erupts out ‘out of the ordinary’.
Autophagy in the uterine vessel microenvironment: Balancing vasoactive factors
Authors: Lim Hyunjung Jade
Published: November 2020

Autophagy, which has the literal meaning of self-eating, is a cellular catabolic process executed by arrays of conserved proteins in eukaryotes. Autophagy is dynamically ongoing at a basal level, presumably in all cells, and often carries out distinct functions depending on the cell type. Therefore, although a set of common genes and proteins is involved in this process, the outcome of autophagic activation or deficit requires scrutiny regarding how it affects cells in a specific pathophysiological context. The uterus is a complex organ that carries out multiple tasks under the influence of cyclic changes of ovarian steroid hormones. Several major populations of cells are present in the uterus, and the interactions among them drive complex physiological tasks. Mouse models with autophagic deficits in the uterus are very limited, but provide an initial glimpse at how autophagy plays a distinct role in different uterine tissues. Herein, we review recent research findings on the role of autophagy in the uterine mesenchyme in mouse models.
Theater Performing Arts (TPA): Community Empowerment to Improve Blood Glucose Control Behavior in Yogyakarta
Authors: Kusumo Mahendro Prasetyo , Hendrartini Julita , Sufro Zaenal Muttaqien , Dewi Fatwa Sari Tetra Dewi
Published: November 2020

Background: Poor self-management behavior is one of the causes of the high number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Indonesia. Objectives: The aim of this study was to measure the effectiveness of TPA-based community empowerment as a form of education in improving the blood glucose control practices of patients with T2DM in Yogyakarta. Methods: This study used quantitative methods with a quasi-experimental non-equivalent pre-posttest control group design. The subjects of this study were “Prolanis member” patients with T2DM in the four primary health care centers in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Purposive sampling was done at four primary care in Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. From 138 T2DM patients, only 102 were eligible to become respondents. The questionnaires were adapted to the recommendations of endocrine experts’ associations to measure the level of T2DM patients’ knowledge, attitude and practices. Intervention was done for three months, from October to December 2019. Measurements were made before and after the TPA. Results: Attitude and behavior scores showed a significant increase (P < 0.05) after TPA intervention. Meanwhile, the average score of knowledge after the TPA intervention showed no significant increase (P > 0.05). Good self-management behavior in patients with T2DM was observed in Sleman Regency. Education through TPA based community empowerment should be considered as an appropriate intervention to improve DM management practice. Patients can receive material that is delivered easily because of the relaxed and pleasant environment during TPA. Conclusions: TPA-based community empowerment can create a relaxed and pleasant environment to improve blood glucose control practices in patients with T2DM.
Conservation Floors and Degradation Ceilings
Authors: Lee Alexander , Hamilton Alex , Hale Benjamin ,   Center for Environmental Philosophy, The University of North Texas
Published: November 2020

U.S. conservation policy, both in structure and in practice, places a heavy burden on conservationists to halt development projects, rather than on advocates of development to defend their proposed actions. In this paper, we identify this structural phenomenon in several landmark environmental policies and in practice in the contemporary debate concerning oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The burdens placed on conservation can be understood in terms of constraints—as conservation ‘floors’ (or minimum standards) and degradation ‘ceilings’ (or upper limits). At base, these floors and ceilings emerge out of underlying consequentialist commitments that assume that our environmental activity can be justified by appeal primarily to ends. A series of intuition pumps guides our argument to instead shift the conservation discourse away from these consequentialist commitments to more widely justify activities on our public lands.
The procedure of structuring the chapter in novel of Miloš Crnjanski
Authors: Nikolić Jovana
Published: November 2020

The subject of research in this work are the actions which helped Milos Crnjanski to structure and form the titles of the chapters in the novel "Seobe I". Personal acts have resulted in unusual and different constructions comparing to the former art expression, which syntax in prose brings closer to syntax in poetry and on that way they become the characteristic of the writer's style. By appearance not connected segments of a text are connected on the other way, which is so specific only for this writer. Therefore there is a need for a research of those separated, but in the same time so connected segments of a text in which the essence of understanding is hidden. Repetition, inversion, division, connection and variation in title structure create on one side, special dynamic and by appearance independent parts, while, on the other hand, make coordinated and tight connected entirety. Unique and typically made sentence constructions have been analyzed on a concrete literally artistic corpus by methods of analysis, synthesis and description, with syntax, semantics and stylistics criteria. Because of clear structure and the role in understanding the discourse in general, it was necessary to involve textual criteria, as well, just to show (in)dependence of title structure from their sense and connection with a context, which makes the text of the novel.
In vitro potential of Bacillus spp. Antagonists for suppression of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria phytopathogens
Authors: Pajčin Ivana , Vlajkov Vanja , Rončević Zorana , Dodić Jelena , Grahovac Mila , Ignjatov Maja , Grahovac Jovana
Published: November 2020

Bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, principal causer of bacterial spot, represents a significant problem in agricultural practice due to high yield losses in the production of pepper and tomato. The development of resistance to copper pesticides has shifted research, in the field of its suppression, towards biopesticides. In this study, several Bacillus strains were tested against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria strains, isolated from pepper leaves with symptoms of bacterial spot, to select a sufficiently effective antagonist. When it comes to the testing of cultivation broth, containing biomass of tested antagonists, the best results were achieved using isolate Bacillus sp3. On the other hand, when biomass-free supernatants, containing produced antimicrobial compounds, were tested, Bacillus sp1 and Bacillus sp2 have shown the highest antimicrobial activity. The results of this study represent a basis for further development of bioprocess solutions for the production of biopesticides based on Bacillus spp. biomass or antimicrobial compounds, showing high efficiency in suppression of pepper bacterial spot.
Skills Policies - Building Capacities for Innovative and Resilient Nordic Regions
Authors:   Nordregio, Lundgren Anna , Cuadrado Alex , Wøien Meijer Mari , Sigurjónsdottir Hjördís Rut , Turunen Eeva , Salenius Viktor , Teräs Jukka , Gefke Grelck Jens Bjørn , Lundvall Berg Stian
Published: November 2020

Long-term trends in Nordic societies (such as ageing populations), along with rapid social transformations (like those brought about by automation and digitalisation), have resulted in increased attention being paid to skills and skills enhancement – not least from policymakers looking to cope with those challenges. However, skills are complex and many actors are involved in their promotion and provision. In this study, we focus on the regional level, which is the point of scale at which the demand for, and supply of, various skills is often articulated. In order to respond to the research question concerning How regions work with skills, six case studies were conducted in 2019 and 2020. That meant one case study in each of the Nordic countries. Those selected were Pohjois-Karjala (North Karelia, Finland), Värmland (Sweden), Hovedstaden (Denmark), Hedmark and Oppland (Norway), Norðurland eystra (Northeastern Region, Iceland), and one in Greenland. This report on skills for resilient and innovative regions is part of a series of reports conducted on behalf of the Nordic Thematic Group for Innovative and Resilient Regions 2017–2020, within the Nordics Cooperation Program for Regional Development and Planning, and under the aegis of the Nordics Council of Ministers.
Entrevista con Flavio Escribano
Authors: Escribano Flavio
Published: November 2020

El pasado mes de septiembre la colección Studies, dedicada a divulgar la investigación y el pensamiento de profesionales del ámbito de los Game Studies, publicó Homo Aliens, Videojuego y gamificación para el próximo hacking cognitivo, un libro escrito por Flavio Escribano, con quien tenemos el placer de conversar en este número de Mosaic.
Usage of special software for mobile devices for improving efficiency of road traffic safety
Authors: Amelichkin Aleksei Viktorovich , Isaev Maksim Mikhailovich
Published: November 2020

The subject of this research is the system of legal relations in the area of ensuring road traffic safety. The object of this research is the social relations emerging in the process of recording administrative legal relations via special software for mobile devices for improving efficiency of road traffic safety. The goal of this article consists in examination of the normative legal framework that regulates the usage of special software for mobile devices in law enforcement. The authors examine the issues of normative legal regulation of the process of recording administrative offences with regards to road traffic safety using special software for mobile devices. Special attention is given to the usage of special software for mobile devices when determining the elements of an administrative offence. The novelty this research is defined by the need to improve legal mechanism for recording administrative offences in the area of road traffic safety using special software for mobile devices, prevention of infringement of rights and legitimate interests of road users in the area of ensuring road traffic safety. The authors describe the problems and propose solutions aimed at improvement of legal mechanism for recording administrative offences in the area of road traffic safety via special software for mobile devices. The main conclusion consists in the need for revising normative legal acts in the area of ensuring road traffic safety for the purpose of improvement of the effectiveness of special software.
Taxation of cryptocurrency mining in the Russian Federation: whether there is an economic basis for collecting personal income tax?
Authors: Kolesnichenko Dmitrii Aleksandrovich , Kolesnichenko Olga Viktorovna
Published: November 2020

The subject of this research is legislation, official interpretation, case law, and doctrinal sources on taxation of cryptocurrency mining in the Russian Federation with regards to personal income tax. The author verifies the hypothesis on the absence of economic basis for collection of personal income tax for cryptocurrency mining, thus there is a need for fundamentally new model of legal regulation for taxation of this activity. Special attention is given to assessment of tax consequences of mining based on the content of official interpretation of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, as well as with consideration of the developed in the doctrine basic approaches towards determination of the legal nature of cryptocurrency as property and property rights (other financial instruments. The author’s significant contribution consists in substantiation of the conclusion that the current system of legal regulation has no economic basis for collection of personal income tax for cryptocurrency mining; at the same time, future taxation of mining can be based on the patent tax system of taxation. It is reasoned that in order to ensure the implementation of the indicated special tax regime, it is necessary to attribute mining to entrepreneurial activity, as well as modify legal definition of the latter, which is formulated in Article 2 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The author determines the legal prerequisites for taking cryptocurrency mining activity out of shadow and its lawful exercise in the Russian Federation.
Improving models of Tax Administration of digital Companies' Income from Commercial Activities on the Territory of the Russian Federation
Authors: Mitin Dmitry Alekseevich
Published: November 2020

In the article, the author examines the problems of taxation of income of foreign digital companies faced by the tax administrations of the countries of the world, including the Russian Federation. The subject of the study is modern models of income taxation of foreign digital companies operating in Russia and the world.The purpose of the article is to develop new approaches to the tax administration of the income tax of foreign digital companies in the Russian Federation, both for the long term and to ensure the fiscal interests of the country in the near future. Within the framework of the article, the author examines the modern concept of a permanent representative office of a foreign company, and also highlights the reasons why this concept is not applicable to organizations engaged in e-commerce. The author also gives an assessment of the feasibility of introducing a digital tax in Russia. В  The scientific novelty of the work is expressed in the concept of the formation of a permanent representative office of a foreign digital company developed by the Author, as well as in proposals for its introduction into the tax system of the Russian Federation. In addition, the author gives recommendations on the introduction of a digital tax in Russia, develops the main elements of the proposed tax, such as: the object of taxation, the tax base, the tax rate, the tax period and tax benefits for this tax. Also, in order to assess the feasibility of introducing a digital tax by the Author in the conditions of limited open analytical data on cross-border e-commerce in Russia, an assessment of the economic effect for the country from the introduction of this tax is given.
European musical context in the works of Sukhbat Aflatuni
Authors: Yukhnova Irina Sergeevna
Published: November 2020

The object of this research is two works of Sukhbat Aflatuni: “Tashkent Novel” and “Balthazar”, as well as the last part of the trilogy “Adoration of the Magi”. The subject of the research is the authorial interpretation of music theme, revealing the uniqueness of musical images in the indicated novels. Special attention is given to the European musical context with emphasis on most significant musical pieces that not just create a background sound in the novels, but also affect their structure. The author examines the functions of musical references, and proves that mentioning of the composers’ names and composition in works of the writer fulfills the function of “other storyline”. The conclusion is made that musical context in works of the writer is diverse and multifunctional. The structure of “Tashkent Novel” directly correlates with the Opera “The Magic Flute” by Mozart. Another significant musical text in the novel is “For Elise” by Beethoven. In the trilogy “Adoration of the Magi”, of special interests from musical perspective is the last novel of the writer “Balthazar”. The protagonist is the avant-garde composer, who seeks for the new forms that allow presenting the entire history of music; from his perspective, music is the highest manifestation of spirit. By this, Sukhbat Aflatuni brings to life Plato's idea of the celestial meaning of musical harmony.
On certain structural models of Chamalal toponyms
Authors: Alieva Zainab Magomedovna
Published: November 2020

This article is dedicated to the analysis of structural models of toponyms in Chamalal language. Current realities are such that examination of toponymic system of any region deserves special attention. Research of the system must be based on studying the characteristic toponymic structures, which prompts the onomatologists to systematize them in accordance with structural peculiarities. Structural analysis of toponyms with determination of toponymic models and affixes is framework and a so-called approach towards further research. The subject of this research is the toponymy of non-written Chamalal language of the Republic of Dagestan. The goal consists in the analysis of structural patterns of isolated Chanalal toponyms of the rural localities of Upper and Lower Gavkari, Gigatli, Gadiri of Tsumadinsky District of Dagestan. The article involves field material of the author Z. M. Alieva acquired during the expeditions of 2018-2020). The novelty lies in the fact that this article is first to carry out a structural analysis of toponymic units of Chamalal language. Toponymic material is subjected to quantitative characterization the author analyzes its different in structure geographical names, and determines separate word-forming elements. The study of toponyms remains one of the paramount tasks of the national (including Dagestani) and foreign linguistics, which defines relevance of the selected topic. This branch of linguistics is important in multiple areas of science: solution of linguistic tasks, questions of interaction of ethnic groups and their cultures, problems of ethnogenesis and ethnic history of the peoples.
Saúde em jogo: atores e disputas de poder na Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS)
Authors: Baird Marcello Fragano
Published: November 2020

A obra expõe com riqueza de detalhes a estrutura de poder político e econômico que governa o setor da saúde suplementar no Brasil. Indo muito além da simples descrição da configuração do mercado de planos de saúde e da atuação da Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar (ANS), Marcello Baird mergulha em dados sobre doações de campanhas, indicações políticas, laços pessoais, vínculos empregatícios e na análise de normas para desvendar a trama das íntimas relações entre as grandes empresas do setor, políticos poderosos e diretores da agência reguladora.
Research advances in spintronic terahertz sources
Authors: Xu Yong , Zhang Fan , Zhang Xiao-Qiang , Du Yin-Chang , Zhao Hai-Hui , Nie Tian-Xiao , Wu Xiao-Jun , Zhao Wei-Sheng ,   Beijing Advanced Innovation Certer for Big Data and Brain Computing, School of Microelectronics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China,   Hefei Innovation Research Institute, Beihang University, Hefei 230012, China,   School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
Published: November 2020

The terahertz frequency band is located between infrared and microwave in the electromagnetic spectrum. The interesting properties such as broadband, low energy, high permeability, fingerprint, etc. make terahertz wave important for applications in the fields of aerospace, wireless communications, security, materials science, biomedicine, etc. The development and application of terahertz science and technology are largely limited by the terahertz sources, therefore it is crucial to develop new terahertz radiation sources. Recently, it was shown that terahertz spintronic not only provides the possibility of physically controlling the femtosecond spin current, but also expects to be the next-generation ultra-wideband, low-cost, high-efficiency terahertz sources. In this paper we systematically review the historical development, experimental devices, emission mechanisms, material selections, and future prospects of the spintronic terahertz sources. We present the research advances in the physical mechanisms of ultrafast spin current induced by femtosecond laser, the spin charge conversion at ferromagnetic and non-magnetic interfaces, and the terahertz emission triggered by ultrafast pulses. This review also introduces spintronic terahertz sources based on heavy metals, topological insulators, Rashba interfaces, and semiconductor systems.
Non-resonant and low-frequency triboelectric-electromagnetic hybridized nanogenerator for vibration energy
Authors: Chen Yan-Hui , Xie Wei-Bo , Dai Ke-Jie , Gao Ling-Xiao , Lu Shan , Chen Xin , Li Yu-Hang , Mu Xiao-Jing ,   International R & D Center of Micro-nano Systems and New Materials Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology & Systems Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China,   Pinggao (Group) Smart Electric Power Science & Techology Co., Ltd. Pingdingshan 467001, China,   School of Electric and Mechanical Engineering, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China,   State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Transmissions, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China,   China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics, Beijing 100074, China
Published: November 2020

As the age of the internet of everything begins, the demand for various sensors to communicate with each other is soaring. As the lifeblood of the sensing system, reliable energy supply is the key consideration. Environmental mechanical energy harvesting has been a key technology for self-powering sensing system, which can convert mechanical energy into electric energy. Here, we present a non-resonant triboelectric-electromagnetic hybridized nanogenerator, which can scavenge low-frequency vibration energy from environmental vibration. In the device a rotating gyro is used as a core component. An embedded magnet and four coils arranged evenly around at the bottom of the shell form an electromagnetic generator (EMG), and a piece of triboelectric film pasted on the outer surface of the gyro together with a bottom electrode constitutes a triboelectric nanogenerator, (TENG). With the design of rotating gyro, a high sensitive energy capture can be realized under low frequency and irregular vibration. Under the rotation and revolution of the gyro, the triboelectric and electromagnetic energy will be generated. Through theoretical analysis and software simulation, the working principle of the device is expounded. Based on a linear motor platform, the influences of oscillation frequency and amplitude are systematically studied, and the maximum power of 0.084 mW under a loading resistance of 20 MΩ and 4.61 mW under 800 Ω are obtained at a driving frequency of 2 Hz by the TENG and EMG, respectively. The energy conversion efficiency of the system is 0.45%. Moreover, by placing the devices on the legs and arms of the human body respectively, the ability of the hybridized nanogenerator to capture the simple movement energy of the human body is further verified. After that, a self-powering pedometer module is successfully integrated with the energy storage unit. Under the excitation provided by running a body, the hybridized nanogenerator can provide a 20-s pedometer normal operation after charging a capacitance of 100 μF to 3.2 V. This research not only provides a new idea for the efficient acquisition of vibration energy, but also has potential applications in the energy supply of self-powered sensors.
Neural population dynamics in motor cortex are different for reach and grasp
Authors: Suresh Aneesha K , Goodman James M , Okorokova Elizaveta V , Kaufman Matthew , Hatsopoulos Nicholas G , Bensmaia Sliman J
Published: November 2020

Low-dimensional linear dynamics are observed in neuronal population activity in primary motor cortex (M1) when monkeys make reaching movements. This population-level behavior is consistent with a role for M1 as an autonomous pattern generator that drives muscles to give rise to movement. In the present study, we examine whether similar dynamics are also observed during grasping movements, which involve fundamentally different patterns of kinematics and muscle activations. Using a variety of analytical approaches, we show that M1 does not exhibit such dynamics during grasping movements. Rather, the grasp-related neuronal dynamics in M1 are similar to their counterparts in somatosensory cortex, whose activity is driven primarily by afferent inputs rather than by intrinsic dynamics. The basic structure of the neuronal activity underlying hand control is thus fundamentally different from that underlying arm control.
Forced choices reveal a trade-off between cognitive effort and physical pain
Authors: Vogel Todd A , Savelson Zachary M , Otto A Ross , Roy Mathieu
Published: November 2020

Cognitive effort is described as aversive, and people will generally avoid it when possible. This aversion to effort is believed to arise from a cost–benefit analysis of the actions available. The comparison of cognitive effort against other primary aversive experiences, however, remains relatively unexplored. Here, we offered participants choices between performing a cognitively demanding task or experiencing thermal pain. We found that cognitive effort can be traded off for physical pain and that people generally avoid exerting high levels of cognitive effort. We also used computational modelling to examine the aversive subjective value of effort and its effects on response behaviours. Applying this model to decision times revealed asymmetric effects of effort and pain, suggesting that cognitive effort may not share the same basic influences on avoidance behaviour as more primary aversive stimuli such as physical pain.
Embryonic origin and serial homology of gill arches and paired fins in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea
Authors: Sleight Victoria A , Gillis J Andrew
Published: November 2020

Paired fins are a defining feature of the jawed vertebrate body plan, but their evolutionary origin remains unresolved. Gegenbaur proposed that paired fins evolved as gill arch serial homologues, but this hypothesis is now widely discounted, owing largely to the presumed distinct embryonic origins of these structures from mesoderm and neural crest, respectively. Here, we use cell lineage tracing to test the embryonic origin of the pharyngeal and paired fin skeleton in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea). We find that while the jaw and hyoid arch skeleton derive from neural crest, and the pectoral fin skeleton from mesoderm, the gill arches are of dual origin, receiving contributions from both germ layers. We propose that gill arches and paired fins are serially homologous as derivatives of a continuous, dual-origin mesenchyme with common skeletogenic competence, and that this serial homology accounts for their parallel anatomical organization and shared responses to axial patterning signals.
Demographic history mediates the effect of stratification on polygenic scores
Authors: Zaidi Arslan A , Mathieson Iain
Published: November 2020

Population stratification continues to bias the results of genome-wide association studies (GWAS). When these results are used to construct polygenic scores, even subtle biases can cumulatively lead to large errors. To study the effect of residual stratification, we simulated GWAS under realistic models of demographic history. We show that when population structure is recent, it cannot be corrected using principal components of common variants because they are uninformative about recent history. Consequently, polygenic scores are biased in that they recapitulate environmental structure. Principal components calculated from rare variants or identity-by-descent segments can correct this stratification for some types of environmental effects. While family-based studies are immune to stratification, the hybrid approach of ascertaining variants in GWAS but reestimating effect sizes in siblings reduces but does not eliminate stratification. We show that the effect of population stratification depends not only on allele frequencies and environmental structure but also on demographic history.
A valid and reliable measure of nothing: disentangling the “Gavagai effect” in survey data
Authors: Arias Victor B. , Ponce Fernando P. , Bruggeman Martin , Flores Noelia , Jenaro Cristina
Published: November 2020

Background

In three recent studies, Maul demonstrated that sets of nonsense items can acquire excellent psychometric properties. Our aim was to find out why responses to nonsense items acquire a well-defined structure and high internal consistency.

Method

We designed two studies. In the first study, 610 participants responded to eight items where the central term (intelligence) was replaced by the term “gavagai”. In the second study, 548 participants responded to seven items whose content was totally invented. We asked the participants if they gave any meaning to “gavagai”, and conducted analyses aimed at uncovering the most suitable structure for modeling responses to meaningless items.

Results

In the first study, 81.3% of the sample gave “gavagai” meaning, while 18.7% showed they had given it no interpretation. The factorial structures of the two groups were very different from each other. In the second study, the factorial model fitted almost perfectly. However, further analysis revealed that the structure of the data was not continuous but categorical with three unordered classes very similar to midpoint, disacquiescent, and random response styles.

Discussion

Apparently good psychometric properties on meaningless scales may be due to (a) respondents actually giving an interpretation to the item and responding according to that interpretation, or (b) a false positive because the statistical fit of the factorial model is not sensitive to cases where the actual structure of the data does not come from a common factor. In conclusion, the problem is not in factor analysis, but in the ability of the researcher to elaborate substantive hypotheses about the structure of the data, to employ analytical procedures congruent with those hypotheses, and to understand that a good fit in factor analysis does not have a univocal interpretation and is not sufficient evidence of either validity nor good psychometric properties.
The neuropsychological profile of professional action video game players
Authors: Benoit Julie Justine , Roudaia Eugenie , Johnson Taylor , Love Trevor , Faubert Jocelyn
Published: November 2020

In the past 20 years, there has been growing research interest in the association between video games and cognition. Although many studies have found that video game players are better than non-players in multiple cognitive domains, other studies failed to replicate these results. Until now, the vast majority of studies defined video game players based on the number of hours an individual spent playing video games, with relatively few studies focusing on video game expertise using performance criteria. In the current study, we sought to examine whether individuals who play video games at a professional level in the esports industry differ from amateur video game players in their cognitive and learning abilities. We assessed 14 video game players who play in a competitive league (Professional) and 16 casual video game players (Amateur) on set of standard neuropsychological tests evaluating processing speed, attention, memory, executive functions, and manual dexterity. We also examined participants’ ability to improve performance on a dynamic visual attention task that required tracking multiple objects in three-dimensions (3D-MOT) over five sessions. Professional players showed the largest performance advantage relative to Amateur players in a test of visual spatial memory (Spatial Span), with more modest benefits in a test of selective and sustained attention (d2 Test of Attention), and test of auditory working memory (Digit Span). Professional players also showed better speed thresholds in the 3D-MOT task overall, but the rate of improvement with training did not differ in the two groups. Future longitudinal studies of elite video game experts are required to determine whether the observed performance benefits of professional gamers may be due to their greater engagement in video game play, or due to pre-existing differences that promote achievement of high performance in action video games.
Profile Characteristics of the Dairy Women SHG Members under “Shri Kshethra Dharmasthala Rural Development Project (SKDRP)” in Karnataka
Authors: Prakash B. Bhanu , Chakravarty Ritu , Manjunath K. V.
Published: November 2020

The present study assessed the profile characteristics of dairy women SHG members in Kolar and Bengaluru rural districts of Karnataka during 2017–18 using “ex-post facto” research design. A sample of 120 respondents was selected and data was collected from the respondents by personal interview method using a pre-tested structured interview schedule. Results revealed that under Socio-personal profile of the women SHG members, majority of respondents were young having small family size, secondary level of education high level of experience in SHG, more than half not attending any training and most of the respondents following Dairy + Agriculture & allied activities as their occupation. Under Socio-economic profile, majority were small farmers, having small herd size, medium level of milk production, selling milk to dairy cooperatives, having low level of annual income followed by household milk consumption and milk marketing. Under formal sources of communication and information seeking for the women SHG members, majority had accessed information from Veterinary doctor, Extension personnel, KMF officials and SKDRDP officials. Under Informal sources of communication, most of women regularly consulted family members as their main informal sources of communication followed by relatives and friends and neighbours. Finally under mass media sources of communication, most of the respondents regularly accessed television, exhibitions, farm magazine and social media.