bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid detection and quantification of apolipoprotein L1 genetic variants and total levels in plasma by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Haihong , Hoek Maarten , Yi Pan , Rohm Rory J. , Mahsut Ablatt , Brown Patricia , Saunders Jason , Chmielowski Rebecca A. , Ren Ning , Shuster Dan , Southwick Katie , Ayanoglu Gulesi , Gorman Dan , Laface Drake , Santino Salvatore , Conway James , Liu Zhong , Cully Doris , Cleary Michele , Roddy Thomas P. , Blom Daniel
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

Human genetics studies in African Americans have shown a strong correlation between polymorphisms in the ApoL1 gene and chronic kidney disease (CKD). To gain further insight into the etiology of ApoL1‐associated kidney diseases, the determination of circulating levels of both wild type as well as ApoL1 variants could be of significant use. To date, antibodies that discriminate between all three ApoL1variant forms (wild type, G1 and G2) are not available. We aimed to develop a rapid method for detecting and quantifying ApoL1 variants and total levels in plasma.

METHODS

Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in multiple‐reaction monitoring acquisition mode was used to quantify ApoL1.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that it is feasible to detect and quantify ApoL1 variants (wild type, G1 and G2), and total ApoL1 concentrations in plasma. ApoL1 genotypes determined by LC/MS agreed perfectly with the traditional method DNA sequencing for 74 human subjects. The method exhibited at least three orders of linearity with a lower limit of quantification of 10 nM. Moreover, the method can readily be multiplexed for the quantification of a panel of protein markers in a single sample.

CONCLUSIONS

The method reported herein obviates the need to perform DNA genotyping of ApoL1 variants, which is of significant value in cases where stored samples are unsuitable for DNA analysis. More importantly, the method could potentially be of use in the early identification of individuals at risk of developing CKD, and for the stratification of patients for treatment with future ApoL1‐modifying therapies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of laser‐treated Rene 41 surface due to B4C and SiC particles at surface prior to laser treatment
Authors: Yilbas B. S.
Published: October 2013

Laser surface treatment of Rene 41 high‐performance alloy is carried out with the presence of hard particles at the surface. B4C and SiC particles are uniformly distributed within 40 µm carbon film at the workpiece surface prior to laser treatment process. The effect of hard particles on residual stress and microhardness variations is investigated at the treated surface. Morphological and metallurgical changes in the treated layer are examined by using electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Residual stress formed at the surface is determined from the X‐ray data. It is found that the treated surface is free from asperities such as large size voids and cracks. A dense layer is formed in the surface region, which causes volume shrinkage while contributing to microhardness and residual stress enhancement at the surface. B4C hard particles result in the highest residual stress and microhardness at the surface, which is attributed to its high thermal expansion coefficient. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards NNLL resummation: hard matching coefficients for squark and gluino hadroproduction
Authors: Beenakker Wim , Janssen Tim , Lepoeter Susanne , Krämer Michael , Kulesza Anna , Laenen Eric , Niessen Irene , Thewes Silja , Van Daal Tom
Published: October 2013

Abstract

We present the hard matching coefficients for squark and gluino hadroproduction. The hard matching coefficients follow from the next-to-leading order cross section near threshold and are an important ingredient for performing threshold resummation at next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy. We discuss the calculation, list the analytical results and study the numerical impact of these corrections. We find that the impact of the hard matching coefficients can be considerable, with the largest effect observed for final states involving gluinos.
The Determination of Bile Leakage in Complex Hepatectomy Based on the Guidelines of the International Study Group of Liver Surgery
Authors: Taguchi Yoshiro , Ebata Tomoki , Yokoyama Yukihiro , Igami Tsuyoshi , Sugawara Gen , Kokuryo Toshio , Wakai Kenji , Nagino Masato
Published: October 2013

Background

The International Study Group of Liver Surgery (ISGLS) has defined bile leakage as a drain fluid‐to‐serum total bilirubin concentration (TBC) ratio (the bilirubin ratio) ≥3.0. The aim of the present study was to determine the clinical significance of this definition, and to outline characteristics of bile leakage in complex hepatectomy.

Methods

The TBCs of the serum and drain fluid were measured on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 7 in 241 patients who had undergone hepatobiliary resection. The validation of the bilirubin ratio and predictors of bile leakage were retrospectively assessed.

Results

Grade A, B, or C bile leakage was found in 23 (9.5 %), 66 (27.4 %), and 0 patients, respectively. The median duration of drainage was 27 days in grade B bile leakage. The sensitivity and specificity of the bilirubin ratio for detecting grade B bile leakage were 59 and 87 %, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of the drain fluid TBC on POD 3 had the highest predictive value: 68 % sensitivity and 76 % specificity for a drain fluid TBC of 3.7 mg/dL. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that operative time, left trisectionectomy, bilirubin ratio, and TBC of the drain fluid on POD 3 were independent predictors of grade B bile leakage.

Conclusions

In complex hepatectomy, bile leakage develops most frequently after left trisectionectomy and often results in a refractory clinical course. The ISGLS biochemical definition is valid, and a combination of bilirubin ratio and drain fluid TBC may enhance risk prediction for grade B bile leakage.
The ALPPS Procedure: A Surgical Option for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Major Vascular Invasion
Authors: Vennarecci Giovanni , Laurenzi Andrea , Santoro Roberto , Colasanti Marco , Lepiane Pasquale , Ettorre Giuseppe Maria
Published: October 2013

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tends to have a particular invasiveness toward the portal vein (PV) branches and hepatic veins. This situation can hamper major surgical resection with a risk of postoperative liver failure due to the small future liver remnant (FLR) in cirrhotic livers. These patients are then usually directed to palliative treatments with poor results. The associating liver partition and PV ligation (PVL) in staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) strategy is one of the main surgical innovations in recent years in the field of liver surgical oncology. The ALPPS approach could allow surgical resection in patients with HCC and associated major vascular invasion.

Methods

Among 1,143 liver resection performed in our center, the ALPPS approach was employed in order to induce rapid hypertrophy of the left FLR in patients with HCC and associated major vascular invasion. This strategy consists of combining the in situ splitting of the liver along the main portal scissura or on the right side of the falciform ligament and PVL in a strategy of staged hepatectomy.

Results

In our experience the ALPPS approach allowed us to achieve a sufficient FLR in two cases of HCC with major vascular invasion, in which the classic two‐stage strategy could not be applied. In both cases the patients could undergo major hepatectomies without mortality.

Conclusions

This novel strategy could expand the number of patients undergoing major liver resections that were previously considered non‐resectable because of the risk of liver decompensation for an insufficient FLR.
Family Contexts: Parental Experiences of Discrimination and Child Mental Health
Authors: Tran Alisia G. T. T.
Published: October 2013

Research on the mental health correlates of discrimination traditionally has been intra‐individual, focusing exclusively on the individual directly experiencing discrimination. A small number of studies have begun to consider the links between parental experiences of discrimination and child mental health, but little is known about potential underlying mechanisms. The present study tested the independent mediating effects of parent mental health and household socioeconomic status on the associations between parental experiences of discrimination (past‐year perceived discrimination and perceptions of being unaccepted culturally) and child mental health (internalizing and externalizing symptoms) using a bootstrapping analytic approach. Data were drawn from racial/ethnic minority (n = 383) and White (n = 574) samples surveyed in an urban Midwestern county. For all measures of discrimination and child mental health, findings supported an association between parental experiences of discrimination and child mental health. Whereas parent mental health served as a significant mediator in all analyses, socioeconomic status did not. Mediation findings held for both the White and racial/ethnic minority samples. Results suggest that parental experiences of discrimination and mental health may contribute to child mental health concerns, thus highlighting the role of family contexts in shaping child development.
Comparison of Biodegradation of Nonylphenol Propoxylates with Usage of Two Different Sources of Activated Sludge
Authors: Zgoła‐Grześkowiak Agnieszka , Grześkowiak Tomasz , Szymański Andrzej
Published: October 2013

Aerobic biodegradation behaviour of nonylphenol propoxylates was investigated in two tests with different sewage sludge as inocula. The samples containing target compounds were pre‐concentrated using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and analysed with the use of high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Both primary biodegradation and formation of different biodegradation by‐products were studied. Primary biodegradation of nonylphenol propoxylates was relatively slow and reached only about 70 % in over 70 days from the start of the tests. The biodegradation by‐products from both oxidative and non‐oxidative pathways were found. In the non‐oxidative route, shortening of the propoxy chain was observed. In the oxidative pathway carboxylic acids and ketones were identified. The biodegradation by‐products identified with the use of mass spectrometric detection also persisted for many days.
Performance, carcass characteristics and economic benefits of total replacement of inorganic minerals by organic forms in growing pig diets
Authors: Taylor-Pickard J. A. , Nollet L. , Geers R.
Published: October 2013

A trial was conducted using 134 pigs from weaning (21 kg) to finishing (105 kg) fed wheat-soy based commercial feeds formulated with either inorganic minerals or lower levels of organic (chelated) forms. Pigs fed the organic mineral diet has significantly higher (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) compared to those receiving the inorganic control diet between day 31 and 64 of the trial period. The pigs receiving the organic minerals yielded 2 kg extra carcass weight, higher slaughter efficiency (P < 0.05) and greater ham width (P < 0.05). Economic benefits resulted for the organic mineral diets, due to improved performance and reduced mineral inclusion.
The influence of two lucerne-based forage feeds, FiberProtect® and FiberEdge® on Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in horses
Authors: Stowers N.L. , Waldron L.A. , Pryor I.D. , Hill S.R. , O'Brien J.
Published: October 2013

Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome (EGUS) is extremely prevalent in both racing and non-racing horse populations. The exact aetiology of EGUS is unclear but many stress related risk factors have been implicated including the feeding of grain-based diets. Current treatment techniques often necessitate drug therapy which, when added to feed costs, can be expensive and may have a detrimental effect on digestion due to the mode of action of these therapies. The following experiment set out to investigate if feeding fermented, forage-based feeds (Modified Bio-Fermentation (MBF) lucerne feeds treated with Xanotyde®, registered as FiberProtect®and FiberEdge®; Fiber Fresh Feeds Ltd, Reporoa, New Zealand), could assist in the healing and prevention of ulceration. Nine adult horses with demonstrable and sustained gastric ulceration (diagnosed by gastric endoscopy), were used in a two part study. The first 42 d healing phase investigated the impact of feeding FiberProtect®(FPT) or FiberEdge®(FED) on established gastric ulcers. After 14 d on these diets 44% (4/9) of horses had no ulceration or hyperaemia (inflammation) (EGUC grade 0) and all horses were ulcer free (EGUC grade 0) at d 42. A significant (P < 0.01) relationship was determined between length of time fed and disappearance of ulcers (R2 = 0.9004; DF = 2). The prevention phase utilised the same horses, ulcer-free at d 42, and fed them a grain-based high energy racing diet alongside FPT at 40% and 60% of the total diet (DM basis). The horses were monitored for a further 28 d (d 42 – d 70), and only three showed a recurrence of ulceration throughout this period. At d 70, eight out of nine horses were ulcer free (EGUC grade 0). The findings suggest that FPT and FED can be used to heal and prevent gastric ulceration, and that FPT can be fed alongside a high grain diet to prevent recurrence of gastric ulcers.
Influence of lock aspect ratio upon the evolution of an axisymmetric intrusion
Authors: Holdsworth Amber M. , Sutherland Bruce R.
Published: October 2013

Through theory and numerical simulations in an axisymmetric geometry, we examine evolution of a symmetric intrusion released from a cylindrical lock in stratified fluid as it depends upon the ambient interface thickness, $h$, and the lock aspect ratio ${R}_{c} / H$, in which ${R}_{c} $ is the lock radius and $H$ is the ambient depth. Whereas self-similarity and shallow-water theory predicts that intrusions, once established, should decelerate shortly after release from the lock, we find that the intrusions rapidly accelerate and then enter a constant-speed regime that extend between $2{R}_{c} $ and $5{R}_{c} $ from the gate, depending upon the relative interface thickness ${\delta }_{h} \equiv h/ H$. This result is consistent with previously performed laboratory experiments. Scaling arguments predict that the distance, ${R}_{a} $, over which the lock fluid first accelerates increases linearly with ${R}_{c} $ if ${R}_{c} / H\ll 1$ and ${R}_{a} / H$ approaches a constant for high aspect ratios. Likewise in the constant-speed regime, the speed relative to the rectilinear speed, $U/ {U}_{\infty } $, increases linearly with ${R}_{c} / H$ if the aspect ratio is small and is of order unity if ${R}_{c} / H\gg 1$. Beyond the constant-speed regime, the intrusion front decelerates rapidly, with power-law exponent as large as $0. 7$ if the relative ambient interface thickness, ${\delta }_{h} \lesssim 0. 2$. For intrusions in uniformly stratified fluid (${\delta }_{h} = 1$), the power-law exponent is close to $0. 2$. Except in special cases, the exponents differ significantly from the $1/ 2$ power predicted from self-similarity and the $1/ 3$ power predicted for intrusions from partial-depth lock releases.
Ambiguities in the Tsallis description of non-thermal plasma species
Authors: VERHEEST FRANK
Published: October 2013

Tsallis q-non-extensive distributions have recently found favor in describing the presence of energetic particles and their influences on several plasma modes, notably electrostatic solitons. Here attention is drawn to ambiguities and subtleties in the superextensive and subextensive ranges in q, which are not always recognized in the literature, particularly in numerical studies.
Eryngial (trans-2-dodecenal), a bioactive compound fromEryngium foetidum: its identification, chemical isolation, characterization and comparison with ivermectinin vitro
Authors: FORBES W. M. , GALLIMORE W. A. , MANSINGH A. , REESE P. B. , ROBINSON R. D.
Published: October 2013

Methanol-water (4:1, v/v) crude extracts (50 mg mL−1) of 25 Jamaican medicinal plants were screenedin vitrofor anthelmintic activity using infective third-stage larvae ofStrongyloides stercoralis. The most effective extract was further chemically scrutinized to isolate and identify the source of the bioactivity, and the efficacy of this compound was compared with ivermectin. Eosin exclusion (0·1 mg mL−1) served as the indicator of mortality in all bioassays. A crude extract ofEryngium foetidum(Apiaceae) was significantly (Probit Analysis,P<0·05) more potent than the other plant extracts, taking 18·9 h to kill 50% (LT50) of the larvae. Further, the petrol extract ofE. foetidumwas significantly more effective (Probit Analysis,P<0·05) at killing the larvae (LT50, 4·7 h) than either its methanol–water or dichloromethane extract. The latter two effected less than 1% larval mortality after 120 h. With bioassay-driven column chromatography of the petrol extract,trans-2-dodecenal (eryngial) was identified and chemically isolated as the main anthelmintic compound inE. foetidum. There was a significant difference between the 24 h LD50values (mm) oftrans-2-dodecenal (0·461) and ivermectin (2·251) but there was none between the 48 h LD50values (mm):trans-2-dodecenal (0·411) and ivermectin (0·499)in vitro.
Machiavelli and Cesare Borgia: A Reconsideration of Chapter 7 of The Prince
Authors: Najemy John M.
Published: October 2013

This essay questions the seemingly laudatory judgment of Cesare Borgia in The Prince, chapter 7, by highlighting its emphasis on Borgia's dependence on the arms of others, which Machiavelli equates with “fortune.” During their encounters in 1502–1503, Machiavelli became keenly aware of Borgia's dependence on his papal father, on France, and on mercenaries. The praise of the “foundations” Borgia allegedly laid to remedy this dependence (including a fantasized conquest of Tuscany) is not Machiavelli's own assessment but the voice of Borgia's self-dramatizing and self-deceiving exaggerations. Knowing the weakness behind Cesare's bravado, Machiavelli could not have considered him the model of the “new prince,” still less of the “redeemer” invoked in chapter 26. On the contrary, Borgia is the negative model of the new prince who depends on the arms of others, inevitably fails, and blames fortune misconstrued as malicious fate.
Excavations in Melos, 1899: A. The Season's Work
Authors: Mackenzie D.
Published: October 2013

§ I.—The interest of the excavation at Phylakopi in 1898 reached its climax just at the close of the season with the discovery in a small room in G 2 of the “Fishermen Vase” (lamp-stand), and with the equally interesting find in a house in G 3 of part of a wall-painting of flying fish (B.S.A. 1897–8, pp. 26–7). The south part of this region had to be left unfinished when excavation came to an end last year and it was desirable that, before we proceeded to any other undertaking, this piece of work should be completed.

On reference to the plan, it will be seen that the N.E. part of G 3 is taken up with an apparently domestic building containing a room with a square pillar near its east wall. This house was the one in which last year were discovered, in the room with the pillar, the frescofragments with flying fish.
Excavations at Naukratis: C. A Relief
Authors: Edgar C. C.
Published: October 2013

The sandstone relief reproduced on Pl. IX. represents a helmeted warrior marching to the right with spear in his right hand and shield on his left arm. It is the inside of the shield that is turned towards the spectator. A procession of similar figures is a very common subject in early Greek art, from the Mycenaean age onwards; Nauk. ii. Pl. V. 6 is a fragment of just such a scene. The tread of the warrior on our relief recalls, and is in fact the prototype of, that mincing step which is one of the mannerisms of the archaistic style (cf. Hauser, Neu.-att. Rel. p. 165; Émanuel, La Danse Gr. pp. 48 ff).
Excavations at Naukratis: D. The Terracottas
Authors: Gutch Clement
Published: October 2013

The terracottas, which were recovered during the spring of 1899 from the site of Naukratis, are both more numerous and more important than those obtained during the two previous campaigns. They number nearly four hundred, the specimens ranging in date from the sixth century B.C. to the second century of our era. A number of these are of types akin to those already known at Naukratis, and are present in such quantity as to make it possible to trace the probable development of their various peculiarities. Besides these, and thirty or forty small female heads of “Tanagra” type and other figures of comparatively late date, we have the remains of nearly a score of female heads of unusual size and beauty, which are to be ascribed chiefly to the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.
II.—Topography: Bardoúnia and North-Eastern Maina
Authors: H. A. O.
Published: October 2013

The following paper, which completes the series of papers on the classical topography of Laconia, is an account of the hill-country on the eastern side of Taÿgetos, bounded on the north by the road from Sparta to Anavryté, on the south by Gytheion and Pánitsa. (Fig.1.)
III.—Pottery: Early Pottery From Geraki
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

During the trial excavations carried out on the acropolis of Geraki in 1905 a certain number of fragments of interesting prehistoric pottery were found, as announced in the report published. It was hoped that it might be possible to examine the site again, and to obtain further information about its occupation in early times. This hitherto has not been possible, and therefore there seems no reason why the fragments should not be illustrated, since they seem to be the earliest pottery yet found in Laconia. The fragments found, fall into the following classes:—

(A) Monochrome, hand-made ware: the biscuit is grey, and well polished with a brown surface. To this class belong three pieces in Fig. 1 b-d; the first is from a narrow-necked bowl, the second from a jar that had a rim inside its lip to support a lid, and the third (d) is a broad ribbon handle on the lip of a large, open, flat bowl. The fourth fragment (Fig. 1 a) is unpolished, but of the same clay as the other fragments, and is decorated with incised lines.
A Journey in South-Western Asia Minor
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: October 2013

[This paper describes the results of a short journey in South-Western Asia Minor undertaken by Messrs. A. M. Woodward and H. A. Ormerod of the British School at Athens, in June and July of 1910. Its main purpose was to search for prehistoric remains in the district lying to the west of Adalia (Attaleia in Pamphylia), namely in northern Lycia, south-western Pisidia and southern Phrygia, and to this end Mr. Woodward was in receipt of a grant from the Oxford Craven Fund. The prehistoric sites which were noted and the objects which were found, together with the circumstances which drew attention to the existence of prehistoric remains in this district, are dealt with in detail in the second part of this paper by Mr. Ormerod, who contributes also a special study of the pot-fragments collected. The first part describes the route followed, with notes on such remains of classical antiquity as seemed to merit discussion; the inscriptions found, and the coins obtained are dealt with by Mr. Woodward in Parts III. and IV. respectively.—ED.]
A French Inscription at Adalia
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

I am enabled this year, by the kindness of my friends M. N. Ferteklis (of Adalia) and Mr. A. M. Woodward, to supplement my account of Frankish remains at Adalia (B.S.A. xv. 270) by the publication of a French inscription discovered and copied by M. Ferteklis and again by Mr. Woodward.

The inscription is written on a slab of white marble about 1·20 m. square, in letters about …08 m. high, built into the wall in the back yard of a shop about 100 yards S.E. of the Bazaar gate. A transcription cannot easily be made, as the stone is high up and weathered in the lower part.
Some Dorian Descendants?
Authors: Hawes Charles H.
Published: October 2013

The temptation to probe the origins of a people who brought war and destruction with them, but whose absorption was followed by the great renaissance of Greece is infectious. Philologists have not regarded the warning of Beloch who twenty years ago wrote ‘Gewiss werden Wanderungen auf der griechischen Halbinsel in vorhistorishcher Zeit stattgefunden haben; aber wir wissen dariiber nichts, absolut gar nichts, und wer es anders sagt, der tauscht sich selbst und sein Publikum’ and now the anthropologist is emboldened to try. Much water has flowed under the bridge since 1890, and I make the plunge. I take leave to change the question from the usual formula, ‘Who were the Dorians?’ to ‘Who are the Dorians?’ The attempt is made from the point of view of physical anthropology, in the hope that it may prove a contribution; for the aid of archaeology and philology is obviously needed in the solution of such an involved question.
Teams of Ball-Players at Sparta
Authors: Tod Marcus Niebuhr
Published: October 2013

A series of inscriptions, most of which are unfortunately in a very fragmentary condition, records the victories won by teams of Spartan ballplayers. As two of these have not yet been published while the others have never been grouped together, my present object is to collect the texts in question, restoring them as far as possible, and to add a short statement of the main facts which we can gather from them regarding the contest referred to.
Note on the Mystica Vannus Iacchi
Authors: Harrison Jane E.
Published: October 2013

By the kindness of the Editor of the Annual I am allowed to append to Dr. Schäfer's paper a brief note on two monuments representing likna which came to my knowledge too late for publication in my last article in the Hellenic Journal on the Mystica Vannus lacchi.

Dr. Schäfer's paper is naturally to me of great interestand importance. Egypt has yielded what would have been vainly sought for in Greece, namely an actual ancient liknon of precisely the shape so far evidenced only by representations in ancient art and by modern specimens. Mr. Bosanquet wrote to me last year from Berlin to tell me of the existence of such a liknon; and its publication by Dr. Schäfer in Fig. 15 of his paper makes further comment unnecessary.
Excavations at Palaikastro. III: § 4.—Block ε
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

The region of the fifth house in this block (rooms 36–43 on the plan), only partly dug last year, has now been fully cleared. The remains were found to consist chiefly of a house destroyed by fire early in the Late Minoan II. period. This house was extremely rich in finds. It was built on the site of a Middle Minoan house, scanty remains of which were found beneath the floor, chiefly near the entrance on the main street. Lastly, a few walls at a higher level testify to the re-occupation of the site, possibly in Hellenic times.
Honorary Statues in Ancient Greece
Authors: Welsh M. K.
Published: October 2013

My object in the following short study is to investigate the subject of honorary statues in Greek times.

Since Stenersen's treatise, written in 1877, I know of no published work dealing specially with this subject, which is interesting from the light it throws on Greek life and political action, and since that date excavation and the discovery of inscriptions have added considerably to the material available. His work is a valuable source for the literary evidence on the question, but his subject is portrait-statues, and he confines himself to those from Athens.
II.—Geraki: 2.—Sculptures
Authors: Wace Alan J. B.
Published: October 2013

The sculptures here described and discussed have all been found at Geraki during the last few years, and owe their preservation to the energy of M. G. Papanikolaou the Demarch of Geronthrae, to whom is due the fact that they still are to be seen in the town where they were found. It is to be hoped that before long the Greek Ministry of Education will allow the formation of a small local museum to contain these and the many inscriptions and other monuments at present in Geraki.
III. —Thalamae: 1.—Excavations
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: October 2013

Trial excavations were conducted last spring near the village of Koutiphari in Laconia, with the object of testing the theory which located the town of Thalamae and the dream-oracle of Ino-Pasiphae in its vicinity. Koutiphari is situated on the high plateau of West Maina, which overlooks the gulf of Kalamata, at a distance of about thirty-five miles from Kalamata itself and about ten from the small port of Oetylus (mod. Vitylo). The topographical reasons which led Mr. Forster to suppose that the oracle and sacred spring of Ino were to be found near Koutiphari are discussed by him in B.S.A. x. p. 161. The inscription which he publishes on p. 174 of the same volume, with its dedication by the citizens of Thalamae, gave further probability to the view, and it may be stated at once that sufficient evidence was brought to light by excavation and exploration of the surrounding countrv to confirm his opinion.
III. —Thalamae: V.—Frankish Sculptures at Parori and Geraki
Authors: Wace Alan J. B.
Published: October 2013

Since remains, especially of an artistic nature, that can be definitely assigned to the Frankish period, are rare in Greece, the following monuments are of some interest.

The warrior relief (Fig. 1) is walled up in the house of Ioannes Sikiotes in the hamlet of Parori, at the foot of Taygetus about half an hour south of Mistra. It is of local bluish marble, and measures 85 × 53 m.; the height of the relief is 02 m. It shews a warrior en face, though his legs are represented in profile to the right; the hair does not seem to be indicated, nor is there any trace of a helmet; the eyes are roughly oval in shape and the pupils are indicated by dots; the ears are big, the nose is snub, and the mouth is rendered by a line that curves downwards at the corners; the neck is long, the body has no indication of detail except the nipples, the chest is narrow and the hips are rather wide; the legs and feet are very small.
An Apollo Inscription from the District of Delium
Authors: Burrows Ronald M.
Published: October 2013

While searching the seacoast district north-east of Tanagra for traces of the Temple of Apollo at Delium, I came across what may prove to be an important inscription. On a low hill two or three miles North East of Tanagra and about as far West South West of Dilisi, the orthodox site for Delium, stands the small chapel of Hagios Demetrios. A dedication on the west side, by the doorway, states that it was built in 1903 by Georgios Papametrou of Liatani, a village close to the ancient Tanagra. This, however, was only the rebuilding of an ancient Byzantine chapel that had fallen into decay; and the engraved blocks that can now be seen built into the walls were found at the time in the ruins on the spot.
Excavations at Palaikastro. IV: 7.—Larnax Burials at Sarandári
Authors: Hawes Charles H.
Published: October 2013

I visited Crete in the spring of 1905 chiefly for the purpose of making anthropometrical observations on living subjects. At Palaikastro I hoped to obtain fresh data also from ancient skeletons or crania and made some trial-excavations with men put at my disposal by Mr. Dawkins, first without result among the plundered ossuaries on the slopes of Kastri, then with more success in the plain. A larnax had been discovered some years before at a spot called Sarandári, midway between Kastri and Roussolakkos, where a low knoll of conglomerate breaks the level of the surrounding fields. Its bare rocky surface shows through a scanty covering of wild thyme and sage, and is fringed by lentisk-bushes and carob-trees. Fig. 4, No. 4, p. 270, gives a plan of the whole, to the north-east the house-like walls of the ossuaries, to the south-west the larnakes described below.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1907: § 3.—The Stamped Tiles
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

As was expected, the excavations of 1907 yielded even more stamped tiles than the first campaign. They were found in quantities all along the line of the city wall, especially at Klaraki, and on the south-eastern hill (General Plan, L 19). The sanctuaries of Athena Chalkioikos and Artemis Orthia also produced a great many. The total number approaches five hundred. Many of these give us entirely new and interesting inscriptions, and others help to correct and complete the reading of imperfect specimens found before. For the sake of convenience the numbering of the types given in last year's report has been followed and extended. As this report is a continuation of the previous one, I have not thought it necessary to repeat all the comparisons with tile stamps from other sites which are there referred to.
I.—Excavations At Sparta, 1907: § 9.—A Sanctuary on the Megalopolis Road
Authors: Dickins Guy
Published: October 2013

Pausanias in his description of Laconia noted two sanctuaries within a short distance of Sparta on the road to Arcadia and Megalopolis The modern bridle-track leading in the same direction past the villages of Kastaniá and Leondári crosses the Acropolis hill, and emerges into the plain of the Eurotas about a quarter of a mile from the iron bridge on the Sparta-Tripolis high road; it then passes between a shoulder of the hill Análipsis and the vineyards on the right bank of the river. We may assume that the ancient road followed the same course, at any rate for some miles from Sparta, since any other direction would entangle it in the network of low hills and torrent-beds stretching from the river to Taygetus itself.
II.—Topography: § 2.—Taenarum and Southern Maina
Authors: Woodward Arthur M.
Published: October 2013

Writing in the year 1817 Sir William Gell says: ‘The southern district of Maina has never been thoroughly explored by any English traveller except Leake.’ After nearly a century has elapsed this remark is still practically true. Pouqueville, Boblaye, and Le Bas have, among others, given us accounts of their travels in French. German research is represented by such names as Bursian, Curtius, Weil and Philippson, but with a single exception no account of the district has appeared in English since Leake's. The work in question was published in 1869, and is an edition of a selection from the diary kept by Lord Carnarvon on his travels in Maina and other parts of Greece, in the year 1839. References to archaeology are, however, few and far between in its pages, and it does not profess to aim at completeness, since Lord Carnarvon, who penetrated, it is true, as far as Taenarum, returned, as he went, by the track on the west coast, leaving the east coast of the peninsula unvisited.
Excavations at Theotokou, Thessaly
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

Theotokou lies at the south-eastern corner of the Magnesian peninsula, a little to the north of the bay of Kato Georgi. The site itself is the seaward end of a narrow valley, where a small brook discharges into a little cove just to the north of a hill called Kastro (Fig. 1). Here there stands a small chapel built in 1807, and dedicated to the Virgin. In the walls of the chapel itself are several ancient blocks, and north and south of it traces of walls are visible. Immediately to the west is a large mass of ruins formerly covered with brushwood; round these stand six fragments of Doric columns, and a seventh lies in a cornfield some distance to the west: an eighth, which was seen here, has disappeared. This place, the traditional site of Sepias, was first visited by a local gentleman, Theódoros Zirghános.
Archaeology in Greece, 1895–6
Authors: Pharmakovsky B. , Smith Cecil
Published: October 2013

The past year has not been productive of any momentous discovery, excepting only the bronze statue at Delphi, which will be described more fully in its own place; but a great amount of useful work has been done in various directions, and, indeed, the great variety of what has been achieved may be regarded as the characteristic feature of the year.
Excavations in Melos
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: October 2013

Our operations in this island, which lasted in all from March 20th until the end of May, were mainly tentative in character; it contains evidently a large number of ancient sites, but unfortunately, in most of them, a great deal of unsystematic and unrecorded digging has been for a long time carried on. It seemed, therefore, desirable to ascertain, first, whether it would be necessary to continue for more than one season; and, secondly, what sites would best repay investigation.
The Churches of Melos
Authors: Fletcher H. M. , Kitson S. D.
Published: October 2013

The present population of Melos is collected into six or seven villages in the north-western district, all within a mile or so of the citadel of Kastro. But the whole island is dotted with small churches, some in the existing villages, some on the sites of villages which have disappeared, and others in isolated positions, used only once or twice a year as places of pilgrimage. These churches are interesting in many ways, both as showing the almost Oriental conservatism with which the Greek Church clings to its ancient methods of church-building, and because, although simple in the extreme, they yet possess certain marked differences of structure from the better-known churches of Attica and the mainland, to which, in point of design, they are often superior.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 1.—The Second Campaign—Outlying Sites
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

We resumed work on March 23, 1903. The headquarters of the expedition were again at Angathia. Mr M. N. Tod, Assistant-Director of the School and Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, had preceded me, going overland. Mr W. L. H. Duckworth, Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge, and University Lecturer in Anthropology, and Mr R. McG. Dawkins, Scholar of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, arrived a few days later. Mr C. T. Currelly, of Victoria College, Toronto, who had been digging for the Egypt Exploration Fund under Professor Petrie, joined us for the last six weeks of the season.

The Roussolakkos trenches being full of water, I decided to start work at Kouraménos on a bay 1½ miles further north, where in 1902 I had seen the foundations of a wall running inland from the sea, enclosing the best part of the plain at the head of the bay and rejoining the sea half a mile beyond. It seemed possible that this was the wall mentioned in the Toplu inscription (Dittenberger, Sylloge2, ii. 929) as enclosing the precinct of Dictaean Zeus, the more so as large blocks were visible on rising ground near the sea. It proved however to have been a τέμενος only in the Homeric sense of an enclosed estate. The excavation gave us the ground-plan of a Mycenaean farmstead, described in detail below (p. 329) by Mr Tod and Mr Dawkins.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 5.—The Houses. Block γ
Authors: Dawkins R. M.
Published: October 2013

Block γ lies South of β on the other side of the main street. An L-shaped area, nearly 900 sq. metres, has been uncovered.

Rooms1–12 form the most important house in the block. The entrance, which faces the centre of the façade of Block β, and part of the vestibule were uncovered in 1902. The façade of this house, as far as it is preserved, is built of large squared freestone blocks. On the left-hand side of the entrance they have been removed, yet enough of the sill-course remains to shew that the house-wall had several insets, and these insets occur at the places where the partition walls, that divide the rooms inside, meet the main wall. This massive style is confined to the front wall, where it was adopted to present a fine appearance on the main street.

Immediately inside the threshold with its plinth and finely squared freestone blocks on both sides is a small vestibule with a recess on the left, containing a stone bench, under which passes a drain, and a threshold on the right. Facing us is a fine threshold; at each end of it is a pivot-hole, perhaps as at Tiryns once lined with bronze. This being the main door of the house the vestibule was like a porch. An earthenware bath-tub was found here in 1902.

Passing through these doors we turn to the left, and passing the foot of the stairs, find ourselves in 3, a central room (megaron ?), floored with the usual pebble-concrete, from which access is gained to the other rooms. Near the remains of a slab pavement are two circular pillar bases, the only remains of the four that no doubt once existed here.
Excavations at Palaikastro. II: § 9.—Kouraménos
Authors: Dawkins R. M. , Tod Marcus Niebuhr
Published: October 2013

In consequence of the torrential rains which made it impossible to commence work on the Roussolakkos site immediately upon our arrival at Palaikastro, an excavation was carried on from March 23rd to March 28th at a site named Kouraménos, situated close to the sea-shore about half an hour's walk north of Angathiá. Six men were employed on the first day, and an average of twenty-one on the succeeding days.

About half a mile N.E. of the Kastri is a flat-topped hill named Rigoviglo, which, extending eastwards almost as far as to the beach, divides the Palaikastro plain into two well-marked portions. Over the crest of this hill there runs a wall, probably ancient, which can be traced in a wide circuit starting immediately below the hill by the sea-shore and returning to the beach at the point where the plain is terminated by the mountains which bound it on the north: in some places it stands several courses high, at others only the foundations are visible. This district must have contained a considerable number of buildings in prehistoric times, for many remains of megalithic walls can still be traced, doubtless belonging to farmsteads of the Mycenaean period. That the circuit-wall was built for purposes of defence does not seem probable: it cannot, to judge from the breadth of its foundations, have reached any great height, and the number of men required to defend a wall of such extent would be very considerable. The more likely explanation is that it served as a boundary to mark off the τέμενος of some ‘king’ from the common land of the community, and to prevent the cattle grazing on this latter from straying on to the estate reserved as the private property of the chief.
Tombs of Hellenic Date at Praesos
Authors: Marshall F. H.
Published: October 2013

Professor Bosanquet has kindly asked me to publish the contents of the following tombs found on the east side of the gravel ridge, west of the road from Vavelloi (modern village) to ancient Praesos. The description of the objects is derived in the main from notes made at the time of excavation by Mr. J. H. Marshall in 1901 (cf. B.S.A. viii. pp. 231 ff.). I have added remarks on some of the ornaments (chiefly in gold and silver) which were discovered.

Tomb 2.—Small b.-f. kylix.

Tomb 3 (unbuilt).—Corinthian vase with four projecting handles; two pyxides, one broken.

Tomb 6 (unbuilt).—Burnt b.-f. fragments; amphora of common ware; two toilet vases, red clay, sepia slip; small common juglet with two handles.

Tomb 8 (burnt).—Bones; a few beads; b.-f. toilet vase; jug with high neck, of common ware.

Tomb 9 (roughly built).—Two silver pins (one illustrated below, Fig. 4, on the r.; long-necked amphora with high shoulder handles, intact (25·8 cm. high); toilet vase with rounded sides; shell; iron axe above tomb, which was 1 m. deep.

Tomb 10 (built of square blocks; floor ·71 m. down).—Silver ring; b.-f. fragments; common vase fragments, some incised with cross-hatchings; flat vase, like upper part of toilet vase, in bright red clay with sepia slip.

Tomb 12 (roughly outlined and covered with irregular slabs; cremation).—Beads; burnt silver pins (?); part of iron strigil; fragments of b.-f. toilet vase; bronze ring and more beads near the tomb, probably belonging to it.
Messapian Inscriptions
Authors: Droop J. P.
Published: October 2013

In November and December 1906 I travelled in the south of Italy in order to examine Messapian inscriptions. These inscriptions, believed by Mommsen to belong to the first and second centuries B.C., have been rather neglected of late, but rumours of forgeries, accepted and published with too little criticism, made some investigation desirable. Ten years ago Sig. Bartolomeo Nogara ascertained the number of these inscriptions then known to exist, but without, I think, any detailed criticism of them. I followed in his footsteps, and my enquiries, which were directed to everyone likely to be interested in such matters, covered the whole ground, so that I believe that I saw all still extant. Of course other inscriptions, of which nothing has yet been heard, may have been found lately in country places, but my time, unfortunately, was too limited to allow of my searching through every village in that crowded district, though I was fortunate enough to light on some as yet unpublished, and not widely known.
A Roman Bridge on the Aesepus
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The course of the Roman road along the southern shore of the sea of Marmora between Priapus and Cyzicus has hitherto been known only from the Peutinger table and from a single milestone (the thirteenth) found in a Turkish cemetery above Tchaoush-keui, not far therefore from its original position. The Peutinger table notes only one point between the places named—the crossing of the Granicus. That of the Aesepus, a much more important river, is still marked by the considerable remains of a fine Roman bridge, which, owing to its secluded position at a turn of the valley, has hitherto escaped the notice of such travellers as have passed along the coast road. Hearing at Boghashehr, where I had shewn an interest in the fast-vanishing ruin of Ak-kupru, that a similar bridge existed on the road to Gunen, I took that route and was rewarded by the discovery of the best-preserved ancient bridge in the district.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 7.—The Cult of Orthia as Illustrated by the Finds
Authors: Bosanquet R. C.
Published: October 2013

The resemblance of certain of the ivories to some in the Ephesus deposit makes it clear that they came from Asia. Close relations and exchange of gifts between Sparta and Lydia are recorded for the sixth century, and have been claimed for the seventh, the age of Alcman. Long ago Curtius pointed out certain affinities between the Lydian goddess of the Lake, Artemis Gygaea, and the Spartan Orthia. Now that Mr. Hogarth has vindicated the Hellenic character of the early worship of Artemis at Ephesus, it becomes probable that the great Ionian sanctuary may have made its influence felt at Sparta as well as at Koloene. The road to Sardis was by Ephesus, and the road to Ephesus by Samos, and with Samos too we have links. The legend of the xoanon found in a thicket of agnus castus is common to the cult of Hera at Samos and of Orthia at Sparta. Again the best parallels for the Spartan masks have been found, as Mr. Dawkins has pointed out, in Samian tombs.
II.—Excavations at Sparta, 1906: § 8.—The Stamped Tiles
Authors: Wace Alan J. B.
Published: October 2013

During the excavations along the course of the city wall a great number of fragments of tiles with stamped inscriptions were found. The majority, about a hundred in all, including several examples of the same stamp, came from the well by the Heroön (cf. p. 286). Many were found on the line of the wall further south, and many more in the Artemisium: a few by the Altar and in trial-pits north of the carriage road. It is by no means uncommon to find inscribed tiles in Greece; but in this respect the excavations at Sparta have so far easily surpassed all previous finds. The inscriptions are for the most part easy to read and intelligible, and fall into different classes, which in their turn sub-divide themselves into varieties.