bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFORMATION THEORY: A NEW WEAPON AGAINST ADVERTISING WEAROUT
Authors: Bruner Gordon C.
Published: February 2008

The paper presents a simplified explanation of a rather complex mathematical approach to communication called information theory. This theory maintains that all information can be quantified. The implications of this theory for advertising are discussed along with strategic and tactical suggestions. The conclusion is that knowledge of the information content of an advertisement helps to determine the optimum exposure level for an audience while maximizing promotional influence and minimizing advertising wearout.
FANTASTIC AT FORTY! THE NEW YOUNG WOMAN CONSUMER
Authors: Barak Benny , Stern Barbara
Published: February 2008

This article examines what women consumers mean when they define themselves as either “young” or “middle‐aged.” A survey of women 30 to 69 shows that they consider it acceptable to be young at any chronological age. This article provides evidence debunking five common fables about women and negative age stereotypes. The reality, supported by this survey, is that women deny their chronological age, consider themselves young well beyond forty, and typically identify with a state of ageless youth. The marketing implications involve product development embodying youthful images and advertising campaigns using mature models, rather than teenagers, to appeal to mature women who define themselves as young at heart.
HOW MARKETERS OF INTANGIBLES CAN RAISE THE ODDS FOR CONSUMER SATISFACTION
Authors: Gelb Betsy D.
Published: February 2008

Herzberg's theory of worker satisfaction suggests that while the context of a job may cause dissatisfaction, the basic factor behind positive satisfaction is the content of that job — the pleasure of achievement. There is evidence that in some situations the same kind of dichotomy might apply to consumer satisfaction: that is, consumers may be dissatisfied by the setting, or peripheral factors surrounding goods or services, but the likeliest route to positive satisfaction is to let them accomplish something with their purchase. This idea can applied specifically to services.
DO‐IT YOURSELF CONSUMERS: SEGMENTATION INSIGHTS FOR RETAILERS
Authors: Browning John M. , Zabriskie Noel B.
Published: February 2008

Over the last 40 years Do‐It‐Yourself (DIY) consumers have evolved from relative obscurity to a major multibillion dollar per year market. Research findings based on 403 DIY cases were used to develop insights for the formulation of retailer strategy. Types of projects undertaken and annual activity rates formed the basis of the investigation. Nine project categories were identified: carpentry, vehicle, painting, electrical, lawn and garden, plumbing, sewing, wall and floor covering, and masonry. Annual activity rates of the sample DIYers were used to identify three major groups: light doers, average doers, and heavy doers. The type of retail outlet preferred (e.g., department store, hardware store) depended primarily upon the project category the DIYer was considering. However, the mix of a retailer's product, price, promotion, and place elements desired by DIYers was related to activity levels. This led the authors to suggest that retail strategies might appropriately be developed along these two lines. First, consider which project categories retailer wishes to enter. Second, adjust the merchandising offering to best serve DIYers according to their activity levels.
RISK IN MARKETING DECISIONS
Authors: Dickinson Roger , Gable Myron , Herbst Anthony
Published: February 2008

Risk is indigenous to decision making. Marketing decisions in particular are associated with high risk. This article defines risk, offers insights on how marketing managers may improve their handling of risk, discusses marketers' two key ways of handling risk: various product models and the expected value, considers why finance models are often irrelevant to marketing problems, and offers some insights for marketing managers in dealing with risk.
MARKETING CULTURES AND PRE‐CULTURES
Authors: Bratches Howard
Published: February 2008

With the talk in recent years of “corporate culture,” it may be useful to reflect on marketing styles from this point of view. There are, after all, enormous variations in how different organizations approach marketing, and I like to think of these as reflecting differing “marketing cultures.” Two distinct types of marketing culture seem to predominate among packaged goods companies: “analytically driven” and “advertising‐driven.” Some organizations have yet to develop a true marketing culture, and they would fall into a third category that might be called “marketing pre‐culture.” This category would include companies that use some of the marketing tools but fail to meet certain criteria of a marketing culture, such as making marketing part of the planning process.
CONSUMER COMPLAINT HANDLING AS A STRATEGIC MARKETING TOOL
Authors: Gilly Mary C. , Hansen Richard W.
Published: February 2008

Effective complaint‐handling by an organization can result in such benefits as consumer satisfaction, company / brand loyalty, favorable word‐of‐mouth publicity and decreased litigation. Therefore, organizations should consider the application of strategic marketing concepts when establishing complaint‐handling policies. Alternative strategies are proposed and a model for formulating a complaint‐handling strategy is described.
READY FOR A TIME GUARANTEE?
Authors: Fram Eugene H.
Published: February 2008

Marketing Myopia—misperceiving markets—is a well‐known marketing management problem, and most marketing executives are alert to it. However, the problem seems now to be reasserting itself concerning the guarantees that are offered with products or services. This is the conclusion of one hypothetical consumer, Jim Reed, a marketing executive, as he reports on the time it took to get a new suit properly altered. Jim's story ends as he was walking out of the store, and the store manager was apologizing for the difficulties. “We are sorry that it took four fittings, but we have been having trouble in our alterations room—our head tailor has been going through a divorce. The next time you come in, I am sure that we will have the tailoring right on the first try. We always give our customers what they want, no matter how difficult the request.” Jim just muttered, “But you have stolen my time!” The comment meant nothing to the perplexed manager. However, Jim was angered over the loss of the business and personal time involved with the additional fittings.
THE VOLUNTARY SIMPLICITY CONSUMER
Authors: Shama Avraham
Published: February 2008

Most marketing executives are aware by now that some consumers believe that “small is beautiful” and “less is more.” Such executives may be surprised to find out that this type of voluntary simplicity consumer (VSC) is the fastest‐growing market segment in the U.S. Who the voluntary simplicity consumers are, how they came about, and how to cater to them profitably are the subjects of this article. The VSC is the outcome of a lifestyle trend toward voluntary simplicity (VS), but unlike any other market segment, the VSC prefers a lifestyle of low consumption, ecological responsibility, and self‐sufficiency. As a result, marketers are often puzzled as to how to market to the VSC.
GLOBAL STANDARDIZATION—COURTING DANGER
Authors: Kotler Philip
Published: February 2008

In his piece on the “globalization of markets,” Ted Levitt creates yet another challenge to our thinking. Whereas in his past writings he advocated knowing diverse customer needs and serving them differently, he is now calling for overall standardization, that is, less segmentation and adaptation worldwide.
THE MYTH OF GLOBALIZATION
Authors: Wind Yoram
Published: February 2008

Global marketing might be likened to prescriptions that apply to all situations. There is, however, a broad framework within which one can examine the issue of standardization, suggesting that it might be a perfect strategy for some products, some companies, and some situations, but totally inappropriate for others.
ENVIRONMENT AND STRATEGY IN 1995: A SURVEY OF HIGH‐LEVEL EXECUTIVES
Authors: Laczniak Gene R. , Lusch Robert F.
Published: February 2008

A survey of Fortune 500 vice‐presidents of marketing and planning reveals their views of the business environment in 1995 along with their expected changes in corporate and marketing strategy. These perspectives can serve as a catalyst to other executives for thinking about future business environments as well as possible corporate responses to the shape of the future. Whether the predictions of the organizational managers we surveyed materialize or not, their views are worthy of careful scrutiny by any organization that takes strategic planning as a serious and important exercise in plotting a firm's future.
THE PRODUCT ENTHUSIAST: IMPLICATIONS FOR MARKETING STRATEGY
Authors: Bloch Peter H.
Published: February 2008

Product enthusiasts, increasingly prevalent in American society, represent significant marketplace forces because of their high levels of information seeking, opinion leadership, and innovativeness. For marketers to best serve these consumers, many commonly used marketing strategies must be altered or adapted. In this article, marketing mix elements serve as a framework to discuss strategic issues relevant to this category of consumer.
ARCHETYPES, ATHLETES, AND ADVERTISING: A JUNGIAN APPROACH TO PROMOTION
Authors: Walle Alf H.
Published: February 2008

The increased attention being directed toward nonquantitative (so‐called relativistic) research designs within marketing has encouraged marketing's use of methods that were developed in the “softer” social sciences. Representative of such trends is Sidney Levy's use of mental‐structuralist mythological theory within the context of consumer behavior. This paper demonstrates how another school of mythology (Jungian analysis) can be used to deal with consumer behavior and the way consumers respond to certain advertisements. Although serious methodological problems exist in Jungian analysis, techniques that explore the impact of universal innate human thought upon consumer behavior can be useful. As a specific example, the “archetype” of the athlete and its relation to consumer behavior and product promotion will be discussed.
UNDERSTANDING AND USING EMOTIONS IN ADVERTISING
Authors: Mizerski Richard W. , Dennis White J.
Published: February 2008

Consumers' emotions have a significant influence on purchase and consumption decisions for a wide variety of products. A good example of this phenomenon can be found in the candy and snack market, where consumer responses are a product of a sizable number of emotion‐laden situations that may be exploited in advertising strategy. Candy is often used as a reward for appropriate behavior in childhood, as well as a gift or positive “message” among adults for events such as Valentine's Day, anniversaries, and birthdays. On the other hand, many consumers believe that candy and snacks have negative consequences if they are used excessively. By capitalizing on these and similar past experiences through the firm's advertising efforts, the marketer of confections can either attempt to alleviate negative, or accentuate positive emotional feelings directed toward the brand or product class. Emotions appear to play a similar role in other consumer products such as tobacco, liquor, automobiles as well as many food products. Emotional, experiential, and aesthetic behaviors that normally lie beyond the scope of traditional marketing are currently receiving extraordinary attention. Although some have argued that these aspects of consumption activity are deserving of study in their own right, practitioners have realized that understanding the dynamics of activities such as emotional experience can assist in developing marketing strategy. Although our present knowledge of buyer and consumer emotional experience is relatively limited, this article will provide some structure to what we do know, in an effort to apply it to the advertising area.
THE FASHION‐CONSCIOUS ELDERLY: A VIABLE, BUT NEGLECTED MARKET SEGMENT
Authors: Greco Alan J.
Published: February 2008

For many years the senior citizen market has been eclipsed by the youth market. This has been especially true in the market for apparel. While manufacturers, such as Levi Strauss, have offered fuller‐cut clothing and jeans for the mature consumer, a void still exists in the fashion clothing market for older Americans.
PERCEPTION OF CHILDREN'S INFLUENCE ON FAMILY DECISION PROCESSES
Authors: Swinyard William R. , Peng Sim Cheng
Published: February 2008

While several studies have examined the roles of husbands and wives in making decisions about products, few have examined the impact of children. This article reports the results of a 1985 study of the influence of children on families. The study examines children's influence in each of four stages of the purchase decision, for 25 products, and by age of the children. For child‐centered (e.g., toys, children's clothing, food) and child‐used products or services (e.g., vacations, restaurant choices, outside entertainment), the study shows that children are perceived as influential by most households. Older children are perceived as more influential than younger children for nearly all the products studied. The study concludes that “family” decision making is quite different from “husband‐wife” decision making.
THE EFFECTS OF SOCIAL CLASS AND PERCEIVED RISK ON CONSUMER INFORMATION SEARCH
Authors: Hugstad Paul , Taylor James W. , Bruce Grady D.
Published: February 2008

The interaction between social class and perceived risk on the way that consumers use various sources of information is examined in this article. The conclusions reached here suggest that perceived risk explains a great deal about the way that information is acquired and that social class explains relatively little. The results of the study indicate that marketing managers may well be able to improve the effectiveness of their budgets by reexamining the way they use newspapers and word‐of‐mouth communications.
POWER MARKETING: ITS PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
Authors: Anderson Joseph V.
Published: February 2008

Somewhere along the line marketers got off track, especially at the academic level. At its core, the discipline is one of persuasion and influence. Yet the concept of power is conspicuously absent from most works on the nature of the marketing effort. That's a hit like trying to teach skydiving by ignoring gravity. Sometimes the results are also similar, in dealing with policy and strategy. The author provides a brief history of the demise of the power concept in marketing and offers a contextual argument for its inclusion as a central tenet of the discipline's conceptual core.
CAN DIRECT MARKETING HELP LEVI STRAUSS & CO.?
Authors: Ireland Jerry
Published: February 2008

While direct marketing is still in its infancy at Levi Strauss & Co., recent testing has demonstrated that this discipline can now play a unique and very effective role in the marketing of its products.
THE PRODUCT MANAGEMENT AUDIT: DESIGN AND SURVEY FINDINGS
Authors: Quelch John A. , Farris Paul W. , Olver James
Published: February 2008

In many companies, product managers are under increasing time pressure. They are generalists in a marketing world that is increasingly specialized and complex. There are more tasks to perform, more specialist skills to acquire, more fires to fight, and less time for thinking and strategic planning. If their general management skills are to be used effectively, product managers must be able to focus their time on the tasks that exploit these skills and help their businesses to grow. The product management audit surveys product managers on how they actually spend their time and how they would ideally spend it to really build their businesses. Data from the audit can help to establish time allocation priorities for product managers and uncover potential time allocation problems before they become critical. We will first review the changes in the marketing environment that are putting pressure on the product management system. Second, we will show how any consumer, industrial, or service company can conduct a product management audit to find out how product management personnel are spending their time and why, and how satisfied they are with their jobs, the support provided, and rewards they are receiving. Third, we will illustrate the type of data that the audit can generate and present key findings from responses to audit surveys by over 300 product management personnel from 20 strategic business units in six Fortune 500 consumer goods companies. Finally, we will explain how one multidivision packaged goods company used an audit to identify problems within its product management organization and determine the actions needed to correct them.
PRE‐NEED PURCHASING BEHAVIOR: AN OVERLOOKED DIMENSION IN CONSUMER MARKETING
Authors: Jayachandran C. , Kyj Myroslaw J.
Published: February 2008

Marketing literature on consumer behavior has been generally oriented toward the “at‐need” purchase, goods that are purchased only when current consumption needs are felt. Marketing management strategies have been proposed under the assumption that buying occurs shortly before actual consumption. Behavior patterns that did not fit this mold were either ignored or given the label of unsought goods. This standard approach has overlooked purchase behavior that has a time Jag to consumption. “Pre‐need” goods are purchased in anticipation of their future use. This article identifies the characteristics of “pre‐need” goods and services and elaborates on them through case examples. Finally, a case is advanced for the important managerial and research implications of including the “pre‐need” dimension in consumer behavior analysis.
BABY BOOM SINGLES: THE SOCIAL SEEKERS
Authors: Stern Barbara B. , Gould Stephen J. , Barak Benny
Published: February 2008

This article examines single baby boom consumers on demographic and psychographic dimensions tested in a survey of 267 respondents. We found differences between singles and marrieds in social self‐image, age identification, nature and frequency of leisure activities, and shopping habits. Singles are characterized as “Social Seekers” because they socialize more and show more concern with their social image than marrieds. Marketing implications exist for a variety of products related to gender and marital status.
NEW PRODUCT IDEAS FROM FOCUS GROUPS
Authors: Durgee Jeffrey
Published: February 2008

Focus groups have become popular vehicles for generating new product ideas. Samples of target buyers are brought together at interviewing facilities, and moderators facilitate and lubricate group discussions which trigger insights as well as new product concepts among observers in the viewing rooms.
COUPON REDEMPTION: A MOTIVATIONAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Babakus Emin , Tat Peter , Cunningham William
Published: February 2008

This study examined three attitudinal dimensions of coupon usage. A review of the literature suggested that price consciousness, time value, and satisfaction/pride are three major motivational factors that determine coupon usage by consumers. Measurement of these three variables, using Likert‐type items, revealed acceptable levels of reliability. The three factors were found to relate to coupon usage as hypothesized. Further, significant differences were found in the predicted direction between coupon users and nonusers. Managerial implications and recommendations are provided.
INTEGRATING CONSUMER INVOLVEMENT AND PRODUCT PERCEPTIONS WITH MARKET SEGMENTATION AND POSITIONING STRATEGIES
Authors: Bolfing Claire P.
Published: February 2008

Marketers must be aware that consumers do not evaluate all products in the same way. Even brands that are perceived as very similar overall are often selectively evaluated. Consumer product involvement, or concern with the actual purchase or use of the product, affects these selective perception processes in several ways. Implications for market segmentation, product differentiation, and communication strategies are discussed.
REVITALIZING BRANDS
Authors: Berry Norman C.
Published: February 2008

The Birth of Brands A hundred years ago there were no brands to revitalize … because there were no brands. Market leverage was held securely by wholesalers, who determined what retailers should sell and what and how much manufacturers should produce. There was little difference between the various manufacturers and producers of soap, coffee, rice, or any other product. One manufacturer's product could easily be substituted for another's, not because they were all equally good but because they were all equally inconsistent.
HOW PRODUCT INNOVATORS CAN FORECLOSE THE OPTIONS OF ADAPTIVE FOLLOWERS
Authors: Merle Crawford C.
Published: February 2008

Some product innovation strategists today urge managements to try to be the first to market major advances. Innovation holds many answers to competition within an industry, to market regeneration, and to international pressures. Yet other product innovation strategists urge managements to be innovative imitators, or quick seconds, or early adapters—in other words, second but better. Followers frequently take the advantage away from innovators. Is there an answer for innovators? This article describes one: foreclose on the options left for the followers by bringing your own stream of follow‐ons to market. The author tells how to implement such a policy and what some of the risks are.
CONSUMER MAIL SURVEY RESPONSES: MORE (UNBIASED) BANG FOR THE BUCK
Authors: Lorenzi Peter , Friedmann Roberto , Paolillo Joseph G.P.
Published: February 2008

Four hundred professionals were sent surveys which measured the individual's propensity for financial risk and self‐descriptions of personal and business financial risk‐taking behavior. One of four possible incentives (a prepaid $1 payoff, a promised $2 payoff, a $100 lottery, and no incentive) was offered to each surveyed subject. The prepaid $1 incentive resulted in the highest response rate. The type of incentive did not result in meaningful bias in the response pool.
THE TIME GUARANTEE IN ACTION: SOME TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Fram Eugene H. , DuBrin Andrew J.
Published: February 2008

This article describes an empirical investigation of a relatively new marketing concept, the Time Guarantee, as implemented by an automobile dealership. Results suggested: • Consumers regarded the Time Guarantee as a feature that could prompt them to differentiate sellers. • Consumers in a variety of demographic categories placed a high value on time. • Consumers viewed the Time Guarantee as a benefit which should be included in the price paid for the product.
FOR GOODNESS SAKE WRAP UP
Authors: Davey Jim
Published: February 2008

Some three quarters of a million books are sent through the post on interlibrary loan each year in the UK. The vast majority would appear to arrive at their destinations unharmed, but lack of information on the casualties is probably due to the fact that many librarians, receiving back their bruised possessions, will shrug their shoulders with the thought that this is the price you pay in agreeing to take part in the interlending network. Occasionally, however, a librarian is moved to voice his protest at the way in which a book was inadequately wrapped, and because we have received one or two comments recently (not aimed at the BLL) we thought it timely to take a closer look at the handling of book parcels generally.
THE MICROFILMING OF LIBRARY CATALOGUES
Authors: Petrie JH , Ede SJ
Published: February 2008

The BLL has recently been involved in the microfilming of library catalogues. Among those which have been filmed is the National Central Library's union catalogue of pre‐1801 monographs. With the removal of the NCL to Boston Spa this catalogue was transferred to the Reference Division of the British Library with a view to it being developed into a full scale bibliographic catalogue for publication. The information contained in the catalogue was still required for interlending purposes, and it was decided to produce a film version for use at Boston Spa.
DOES PHYSICS LITERATURE OBSOLESCE? A STUDY OF VARIATION OF CITATION FREQUENCY WITH TIME FOR INDIVIDUAL JOURNAL ARTICLES IN PHYSICS
Authors: Line Maurice B
Published: February 2008

It is of potential interest for a number of reasons to study the way the use made of scientific literature changes over time, and in particular whether its use declines and if so how fast. There is a large literature on ‘obsolescence’, much of which is characterised by imprecise definition, inadequate data, unsatisfactory analysis and invalid conclusions. Most studies are synchronous, that is, they give date distributions of uses or citations at one period of time; the pattern of use of any given item cannot be determined from such analyses unless allowance is made for the different size of the literature at different dates. It is difficult to allow for literature growth with any precision, and a much more reliable method of determining the pattern of use is to take past articles and study how many citations have been made to them in successive years, ie to conduct a diachronous study.
CHANGES IN THE USE OF SOCIOLOGICAL ARTICLES WITH TIME: A COMPARISON OF DIACHRONOUS AND SYNCHRONOUS DATA
Authors: Line Maurice B , Carter Brenda
Published: February 2008

In a paper published in 1973 Oromaner included an analysis of citations to articles in three sociological journals in 1960 by subsequent volumes of those journals 1961–70. This study was unusual in that it was one of very few that followed citations to a given set of articles through in time (diachronous study), as opposed to analysing by date a set of references to articles made by journals or articles of a given date (synchronous study) — a far more common procedure.
THE COSTS AND SUPPLY DELAYS OF INTERLIBRARY LOANS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF LANCASTER LIBRARY
Authors: Ford Jill , Ford Geoffrey
Published: February 2008

A library requiring items on interlibrary loan has several alternative sources of supply, at any rate for some categories of material. For example, with serials, locations can be looked up in BUCOP and application made direct; or there may be a local or subject union list that can be used in the same way; or requests can be sent to the British Library Lending Division (BLLD). For English‐language monographs, especially British, there is a choice between the regional system and the BLLD. For most other categories of material, including foreign language monographs, there is little alternative to the BLLD, though there may be other small systems available in certain subjects and regions.
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT SUPPLY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: III
Authors: Kefford Brian
Published: February 2008

Topics covered in this literature review include: on‐line document ordering, electronic mail, an on‐line network in South Africa, and document supply in Austria; the provision and supply of documents in Scandinavia; interlending statistics from France; national interlending system in Brazil; the relationship between collection size and interlending demand; the use of interlending data as a guide to acquisition; and some broader thoughts on the function and economics of interlending.
INTERLENDING AND DOCUMENT SUPPLY: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE: IV
Authors: Kefford Brian
Published: February 2008

The proceedings of a conference on the future of union catalogues, the recent Unesco guidelines on the compilation of union catalogues of serials and a book on future access to information and documents in France are discussed.
DOCUMENT DELIVERY AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Wood James L
Published: February 2008

Libraries that provide document delivery services have traditionally adopted new technologies to acquiring documents from or supplying documents to other institutions. Microfilm, photographic reproduction, electro‐mechanical image storage and retrieval, xerography, electronic order transmission, and document facsimile transmission are all examples of new technologies applied over the course of time to document delivery. Currently being considered as being applicable to document delivery is optical disc technology. The characteristics of optical disc‐based systems are discussed and compared to current document delivery systems. The future role of optical disc technology in document delivery systems is predicted.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING IN ENGLAND AND WALES FROM 1945
Authors: Jefferson George
Published: February 2008

The history of interlending since 1945 is inseparable from changes taking place in the infrastructure of library and information services and from progressive innovation in communications technology. Three phases of development can be discerned. In the first interlending based on linking individual library services through the NCL/RB system and supplemented by co‐operative acquisition schemes is paralleled by the rise of a national centralized lending service to science and technology. Expansion of library services in the academic and public sectors in the second phase gives rise to co‐operative schemes including interlending to meet specific needs. The successful and progressive development of the NLLST influences traditional interlending modes and the period closes with a rationalization of the national library structure and of the public library system for the next phase of development. This takes place against growing economic restraints and is one of integration and extension of the centralized lending services of the British Library Lending Division and a reassessment of regional connections. The innovative force of computerization is taken up at regional level by LASER and nationally by the British Library Lending Division. Such developments are intrinsic to the considerations of the LISC report Working together. This will form the basis of an evolutionary approach to national co‐ordination and co‐operation in which interlending is fundamental to an access strategy of library and information services.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT DELIVERY AND ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING IN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Authors: Mastroddi Franco A
Published: February 2008

The CEC has embarked on a two‐year programme to encourage the creation of new systems in electronic document delivery and electronic storage — the DOCDEL programme, which is co‐financed by the CEC and independent consortia. Ten experiments have been selected for support: TRANSDOC; Electronic Publishing of Patent Information; EURODOCDEL; The Electronic Magazine; Electronic Journals in Chemistry; a CEA proposal to place a mathematical journal online with Questel; two electronic newsletters in the fields of information technology and the information industry; a project to devise standardized methods for handling complex texts and difficult character sets within an integrated electronic publishing system; a proposal to create a system which will reduce the costs of printing low volumes of scientific documents; and a network of electronic invisible colleges for the rapid circulation of grey literature and pre‐published material. The experiments have raised several issues of concern, one of which is standards. CEC will identify these areas, draft standards and encourage their early adoption. Another area of concern is the need to build up experience of microcomputers on international public data networks. A full evaluation programme of the experiments will be undertaken by an independent team over a period of at least 15 months.
DOCUMENT DELIVERY IN AUSTRALIA: RECENT PROGRESS?
Authors: Steele Colin
Published: February 2008

Developments in document supply in Australia in the five years following the Library Association of Australia's 1980 national interlending conference are surveyed. Little progress seemed to have been made, apart from the development of the Australian Bibliographic Network, by the time of the second interlending conference in 1983. Six resolutions from this conference were considered in the LAA's National Plan for Document Supply and Delivery. A Document Delivery Conference was called in November 1984 to discuss reactions to the plan, and a working party was formed to progress the Conference's recommendations. The working party's final report is due shortly, and indications are that the National Library of Australia is set to assume a major role in interlibrary lending.
PUBLIC LIBRARY RESOURCE SHARING IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Ballard Thomas H.
Published: February 2008

When considering the extent to which resourse sharing occurs in the United States, several factors have to be taken into account including the many networking patterns, interlibrary loans, intralibrary loans and reciprocal borrowing. Data about the magnitude of resource sharing is not easily located. Acceptance of bibliographical access to books as a substitute for physical access is an assumption made by librarians, but rejected by users. Creating many large book collections seems to be the best approach to providing actual rather than potential service. US librarians seem prepared to purchase elaborate systems for potential rather than results, unlike British librarians who, because of the service provided by the British Library Document Supply Centre, incur expense only if there is actual usage.
THE TRANSDOC PROJECT: ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT STORAGE AND DELIVERY
Authors: Soulé Jacques
Published: February 2008

TRANSDOC is one of the ten projects in the European Economic Communities DOCDEL (DOCument DELivery) programme. It is an experimental programme developed by a group of six French organizations for the electronic archiving and distribution of documents.
SPEED OF DOCUMENT DELIVERY FROM BLDSC TO OVERSEAS USERS
Authors: Pilling Dennis
Published: February 2008

For most customers speed is an important factor when assessing the quality of service offered by a document supply centre. Three elements determine the total time taken for a user to receive a response to a request: time taken for the request to reach the centre from the user; processing time within the centre, and the time for the response (photocopy, loan or failure) to reach the customer. The British Library Document Supply Centre (DSC) is aware of the importance of speed and is constantly seeking ways of improving times for all these three elements in its service.
THE ROLE OF COMMERCIAL DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICES IN INTERLIBRARY LOAN
Authors: Kennedy Sue
Published: February 2008

This article explores the relationship of commercial document delivery services with libraries in an arena traditionally dominated by interlibrary services, focusing on the supply of article photocopies. Major trends in interlibrary lending and private sector services are summarized. Commercial services are divided into two groups: collection‐specific and full‐service suppliers. The article explores the fit of commercial services in a resource‐sharing environment. Evidence is presented that corporate libraries are more likely to use commercial services than their academic counterparts. Speed of delivery is found to be the vital factor to librarians in both types of libraries, although economic issues are also important. The article concludes with a discussion of the private sector in developing and introducing new technology for document delivery.
ACQUISITIONS AND INTERLIBRARY LOANS: A CORRELATION?
Authors: Burch Brian , Davies Arthur
Published: February 2008

This paper looks at the link between levels of library acquisition and interlibrary loan demand, using data from 12 libraries over the period 1975/76 to 1984/85. The authors suggest that the link between the two items is less simple than might at first appear; the results of their survey show no clear correlation between cuts in acquisitions spending and increased demand for interlibrary loans. They suggest that this is an area which might repay more detailed study in the future.
THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN INTERLENDING SCHEME: SOME RESULTS OF A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY
Authors: Lor Peter J
Published: February 2008

A comprehensive survey of the Southern African Interlending Scheme was undertaken from January 1985 to February 1986. After a brief overview of the scheme and the survey, estimates of the total volume of requests, broken down by countries and types of library, are presented, together with findings relating to fill rates, turnaround times, and the distribution of the interlending volume among member libraries. It was found that interlending traffic was of the order of 300,000 requests in 1985, with a fill rate of 80% and a median turnaround time of 10 days for first requests. University libraries and those in the Pretoria—Witwatersrand—Vereeniging region dominate the traffic, and the concentration of demand on a small number of libraries is cause for concern.
INTERLENDING SERVICES IN TURKISH UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
Authors: Tonta Yasar
Published: February 2008

The article begins with an overview of the current situation in Turkish university libraries, which were badly affected by the economic crisis of 1977–82. In 1982 the Higher Education Council (HEC) approved the centralization of university libraries, and HECDOC (HEC Documentation and International Literature Search Centre) was set up in order to develop a national collection of serials in support of university library collections. Up to now, interlending in Turkish university libraries has been largely neglected, not helped by a law which makes librarians personally responsible for all losses from their library. A survey of 28 university libraries has shown that current use of ILL services is not great, with the various libraries disagreeing in their attitudes to charging for ILL. HECDOC provides 55% of satisfied ILL requests and it is hoped that the creation of a union catalogue of serials, together with a standard photocopy request form, will increase this. Collection development in Turkish university libraries is seriously affected by declining budgets, rising literature costs and a shortage of hard currency. Resource sharing, including ILL, is seen as one way of solving these problems.
THE BRITISH LIBRARY DOCUMENT SUPPLY CENTRE AS A TRANSLATIONS CENTRE
Authors: Harman Maya
Published: February 2008

This article examines the role of BLDSC's Translations Section as a focal point in the national and international availability of translations. BLDSC's collection of translations into English is amongst the largest in the world (the Translations Index has over half a million entries) and the Centre is the principal source both of translations and of information about them in the UK. Translations are acquired from all over the world, covering most languages, with the main source languages emerging as Russian, German, French and Japanese. On average, 40,000 requests are received by the Translations Section each year, the majority treating BLDSC as the first and only resort. 11% of these requests are from overseas. The Centre also publishes several major bibliographical tools in this field, and has close links with other national and international translations centres. It acts not only as a document supplier but also as an information provider in this specialized area.
INTERLIBRARY LOAN PROTOCOLS: AN INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF PROBLEM AREAS
Authors: Millson David
Published: February 2008

This article gives an introductory description of the proposals for an international standard for interlibrary loan (ILL) protocols which are being discussed in ISO TC46/SC4/WG4. The proposals are for application level protocols within the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) framework: an ILL Service Definition and an ILL Protocol Specification are being developed, and should reach the Draft Proposal stage late in 1988. The Service Definition lists 21 services required for ILL, defining standard messages to be interchanged during the ILL process, and also defining the data elements to be included in the messages. Time sequence diagrams and transaction states are included. The Protocol Specification defines the data elements to be included in each Application Protocol Data Unit (APDU) as structured data types described using ASN1 (Abstract Syntax Notation Number 1). The protocol is now being modified to reflect the needs of union catalogue organizations and other intermediaries. Implementation of the protocol will depend upon organizations' ability to adapt their current (largely manual) ILL operations to automated systems for both requesting and responding libraries, and upon international acceptance of standardized ILL messages. Much progress remains to be made.
INTERLIBRARY LENDING IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND IRELAND 1987/88
Authors: Cornish Graham P
Published: February 2008

Interlending in the British Isles has not changed significantly in the year 1987/88. Demand within regions rose slightly, as did use of BLDSC. The development of Library & Information Plans may improve access considerably. New copyright laws may affect library co‐operation, as would the implications of the UK Government's Green Paper on public libraries. Some progress has been made in audiovisual interlending and automation projects such as VISCOUNT have moved forward. The NCRLC is still debating its constitution. Revised funding for transport schemes has caused some problems and changes. The ADONIS project is now operating well.
ACCOUNTING FOR DEVIANCE
Authors: Marshall Gordon
Published: February 2008

Sociologists of crime and deviance have devoted considerable time and effort, in recent years, to the study of deviants' accounts of their activities. There are good reasons why students of deviance in particular should be interested in what can be learned from their subjects' explanations of their social practices. Actors are normally called to account for or to explain their activities precisely when these actions are seen by significant others to be in some sense “unreasonable”. Moreover, accounts are central to the processes of law. The purpose of legal judgements is to attribute or withold responsibility. In order to assess an individual's guilt, where criminal activities are concerned, lawyers, judges, and juries pose such questions as: “Did the defendant perform an illegal act?”; “if so, can he or she explain his or her actions in reasonable terms?”; “Was the act in question pre‐meditated?” (that is, “motivated”); and, perhaps most important of all “What is the relationship between the accused's account of his or her involvement in an act, and their real involvement?”
THE SHAPING OF A WORK FORCE: A CRITIQUE OF THE AFFLUENT WORKER STUDY
Authors: Grieco Margaret
Published: February 2008

The affluent worker study has held sway as one of the most important works, if not the most important work in British sociology over the last decade. Its findings remain unchallenged in the literature to date. Many analyses of industrial behaviour, political behaviour, family behaviour and “community” behaviour take the findings as the starting point of their investigation. For British sociology the findings of the Affluent Worker have foundation status. This paper sets out to fault the claims of prototypicality and typicality made for the affluent workers of Luton by the study team.
REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: February 2008

Ten years ago Robert Bellah offered his symbolic realism perspective as an alternative to the classic social science treatment of religion that involved explaining religion by showing its “real” purpose. Bellah argued that religious symbols express reality and are not reducible to empirical propositions. In some sense religion is sui generis; it is true. It is interesting to note that Bellah had great hopes of theologians and sociologists speaking the same language through symbolic realism (1970: 94) and further to remember that this sort of convergence has characterised only one end of the theological spectrum. Only those liberal theologians who abandoned large parts of their traditional beliefs in “demythologising” exercises accepted the value of dialogue. What Bellah failed to see was that his symbolic realism was itself reductionist in that the assertion “religion is true” (1970: 92) contradicts, for example, the assertion that “Rastafarianism is true”. For all his opposition to reductionism of the grosser kind, Bellah's treatment of religion still involves replacing the accounts given by believers with some other story about what religion “really is” and as such cannot but be offensive to all believers who claim a unique possession of the truth.
IS THERE A ‘CRISIS’ IN THE WELFARE STATE?
Authors: Judge Ken
Published: February 2008

Most contemporary British social policies have developed within an institutional and intellectual framework which is commonly referred to as the welfare state, and which first became firmly established in Britain after the second world war at the beginning of a period of historically high rates of economic growth. The embodiment of social policies within a particular set of public institutions required, and received, an increasing flow of resources to pursue the objectives set for them. For more than a quarter‐century economic prosperity underwrote the expansion and consolidation of the modern welfare state. But since the mid‐1970s the deteriorating fiscal environment has affected nearly all public programmes and the welfare state has not escaped its share of the cuts. As a result there has been a growing feeling that a ‘crisis of the welfare state’ is emerging.
TOWARDS A GENERAL EXPLANATION OF PROTEST MOVEMENTS IN COLONIAL KENYA
Authors: Wipper Audrey
Published: February 2008

In my book, Rural Rebels, I examined the nature of two protest movements in Kenya and discussed their determinants. Here I will attempt a more general explanation of protest movements in colonial Kenya addressing the question of why they clustered among certain tribes and in certain areas and not in others. The fact that movements were not randomly distributed throughout the country but clustered, suggests that any explanation of causation that focuses merely on culture contact, or on colonialism or one of its aspects, is inadequate because these are not sufficient causes in themselves. The questions that need to be answered are, under what conditions does colonialism or culture contact lead to the occurrence of protest movements? Any adequate explanation should be able to account for their appearance in one area, and absence in another, within a particular country. Secondly, within tribes and particular areas, what are some of the factors involved in support for, and opposition to, colonialism? Third, why was the protest movement such a common response? The following analysis tries to answer these questions, however tentatively.
THE STUDENT CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT: A NINETEENTH CENTURY MOVE‐MENT AND ITS VICISSITUDES
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: February 2008

The Student Christian Movement (SCM) arose from the formal integration in one unit of a number of different strands of student‐run evangelical religion in British Universities(1). The Jesus Lane Sunday School in Cambridge, staffed by students, had been open since 1827. David Livingstone's visit to Cambridge in 1858 inspired the Church Missionary Union and in the same period Cambridge students began a Daily Prayer Meeting. In 1877, the students brought their various efforts together into the Cambridge Inter‐Collegiate Christian Union (CICCU). Similar movements were developing in other colleges. The first major links were created by the “Cambridge Seven”. Even at the end of the period of the “Saints” (as Wilberforce and his fellow evangelicals were known), more than three‐quarters of the men who volunteered for foreign missions were artisans, shop‐boys, labourers and apprentices(2).