bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metodologias ativas nas aulas de Administração Financeira: alternativa ao método tradicional de ensino para o despertar da motivação intrínseca e o desenvolvimento da autonomia
Authors: Urias Guilherme Muniz Pereira Chaves , Azeredo Luciana Aparecida Silva de
Published: May 2017

Este artigo apresenta uma experiência pedagógica na disciplina Administração Financeira. Seu objetivo foi o de investigar, nas respostas a um questionário, se a atividade educativa baseada em metodologias ativas, aplicada na disciplina Administração Financeira, no curso de graduação em Administração de Empresas, pode oferecer espaços formativos que potencializem o desenvolvimento da motivação intrínseca dos educandos a ponto de se revelar pertinente para o desenvolvimento da autonomia desses alunos e, assim, caracterizar-se como alternativa viável para se colocar em prática a pedagogia freiriana. Para tanto, a estratégia de ensino adotada visou possibilitar a interpretação de problemas que simularam situações reais. Foi aplicado um questionário e utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo bardiniana para verificar as impressões dos educandos sobre a própria atividade e a respectiva contribuição para a formação profissional e pessoal desses aprendizes. A análise empreendida aponta para o fato de as metodologias ativas serem viáveis ao método tradicional de ensino no que tange ao despertar do interesse, da motivação e do desenvolvimento quanto à aprendizagem. Aponta, também, para sua consonância com a pedagogia freiriana.
Espaços alternativos de aprendizagem: pesquisa exploratória sobre prêmios e concursos universitários no Brasil
Authors: Iizuka Edson Sadao
Published: May 2017

As metodologias ativas de aprendizado têm sido objeto de atenção dos pesquisadores da área de Administração no Brasil. E, com base em conversas não estruturadas com docentes de uma determinada Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES), percebeu-se que um professor se utilizava dos prêmios e concursos universitários como uma alternativa inovadora de aprendizagem aos seus alunos. Essa experiência exitosa, porém isolada, deste docente inspirou esta pesquisa exploratória. Seriam, portanto, os prêmios e os concursos universitários espaços alternativos para aprendizado dos estudantes de Administração? Qual é a literatura acadêmica nesta temática e quais são os exemplos empíricos no país? E, finalmente, será que a experiência desse docente pode ser disseminada entre seus colegas na IES? A pesquisa adota uma abordagem qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, e caracteriza-se por ser uma investigação aplicada. Além do levantamento e da sistematização das referências, utilizaram-se a observação participante e as entrevistas não estruturadas com docentes e discentes e entrevistas semiestruturadas com dirigentes da IES. Os resultados apontaram o seguinte: i) os prêmios e concursos universitários podem ser considerados atividades de aprendizagem; ii) apresentaram-se a literatura sobre prêmios, metodologias ativas, especialmente PBL e também casos concretos no país e, finalmente, iii) a pesquisa indicou que a experiência exitosa e isolada do docente pode ser disseminada, em parte, entre os docentes da IES pesquisada.
Improving access to sexual violence support for marginalised individuals: findings from the lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans* and the black and minority ethnic communities
Authors: Love Gillian , Michele Grazia De , Giakoumidaki Christina , Sánchez Eva Herrera , Lukera MaryFrances , Cartei Valentina
Published: May 2017

Statistics suggest that survivors of sexual violence from black and minority ethnic (BME) and lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans* (LGBT) communities are less likely to access specialist support than other members of the general population. This article highlights the specific barriers that these communities face in accessing support services and how they could be addressed by these services, using data from a case study conducted in the city of Brighton and Hove, UK. It also takes the original step of comparing questionnaire and interview data from survivors with questionnaire and interview data from practitioners working with the BME and LGBT communities. Recommendations are identified for sexual violence services and social workers working with these survivors that are missing from the existing literature. These include a critique of the empowerment discourse commonly employed by support services, the use of intersectional feminist theory to inform practice and recommendations for ‘community-embedded’ support services.
Grading and Prognostication of Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Pancreas: A Comparison Study of Ki67 and PHH3
Authors: Tracht Jessica , Zhang Kui , Peker Deniz
Published: May 2017

Grading of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) is currently based on mitotic rate and Ki67 proliferation index. Phosphohistone-H3 (PHH3) is an effective marker for mitosis that has been proposed to use in grading various NETs. It remains unclear which method more accurately predicts grade and clinical outcome. Cases of pNET were evaluated using immunohistochemical stains for Ki67 and PHH3. In addition, each case was evaluated for necrosis, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion and compared with stage. R project statistical analysis was used for comparisons. Sixty-three cases were included in the study including 29 males and 34 females (M:F 0.9) with a median age of 59 years (ranging 34–84). There was not a significant discrepancy in the stratification of tumor grades for Ki67 and PHH3. PHH3 significantly predicted lymph node metastasis ( p=0.041). Necrosis correlated with overall survival ( p=0.017). The results suggest that PHH3 is an effective marker for determining mitotic activity and can be used alternative to Ki67. In addition, necrosis may be included in the reporting of pNET as it may play a prognostic role. Larger scale studies are warranted to understand the biology and behavior of these tumors.
Radar de penetração no solo aplicado à análise ambiental de posto de combustíveis pós-remediação
Authors: Souza Danusa Mayara de , Luiz José Gouvêa
Published: May 2017

As águas subterrâneas são menos vulneráveis à contaminação do que as águas superficiais, todavia, uma vez gerada a contaminação, pode levar diversos anos para que o ambiente seja recuperado e até mesmo se tornar inviável economicamente, sua recuperação. Devido à ocupação urbana, as águas subterrâneas estão expostas a diversos tipos de contaminantes e entre eles estão os combustíveis, seja por vazamentos em tanques e linhas, seja por derramamento. Os hidrocarbonetos têm elevada resistividade elétrica, e por esse motivo, ao serem derramados no solo elevam a resistividade do ambiente em subsuperfície. Comumente, com o passar do tempo, a ação de bactérias nos compostos orgânicos dos combustíveis produz a sua biodegradação com a formação de ácidos que dissolvem íons do material do subsolo, fazendo com que a resistividade elétrica diminua bastante, transformando o ambiente em um bom condutor de eletricidade. Neste trabalho se pretendeu detectar a assinatura (resistiva ou condutiva) de anomalias associadas a derrames no Posto Braz de Aguiar em Belém/PA, que se encontra desativado. O levantamento geofísico foi realizado com o Radar de Penetração no Solo (GPR), usando uma antena de frequência central de 400 MHz, sendo os dados processados com o software REFLEXW. Uma assinatura de baixa resistividade foi detectada mesmo após a remediação do posto em estudo.
Disappearing Mangroves: The Epistemic Politics of Climate Adaptation in Guyana
Authors: Vaughn Sarah E.
Published: May 2017

This article details the epistemic politics that shape the climate adaptation of sea defense in Guyana. Rethinking the material arrangements of expertise in the Anthropocene, I track the work of a group of technoscientific experts participating in the Guyana Mangrove Restoration Project (GMRP). In an attempt to redesign sea defense around mangrove ecosystems, GMRP participants recognize that climate adaptation is not solely dependent on their well-intentioned efforts. As research objects, mangroves are not only forms of evidence but also tools that guide expert action and distinctions in day-to-day labor. Moreover, mangroves draw out the explicit contingencies of modeling, placing expert groups in tension with one another as each seeks to advance their own ideas for mangrove protection, management, or change. I show that this relational ontology is emblematic of climate-adaptation policy’s broader operative logics, or what I call inverse performativity. This is a process whereby an unruly world forces one expert group to seek help from others, building a new ecology of expertise to adapt to a changing climate. Impermanent and wondrous, mangroves urge us to think more creatively about vulnerability to climate change and the kinds of practices that inspire knowledge about it.
The UN Statehood Bid
Authors: Erakat Noura
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the United Nations's Palestinian “statehood” bid starting in 2011. In May 2011, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)/Palestinian Authority (PA) announced that it would seek membership as a state within the UN. The UN statehood bid would alter the PLO's status as a nonmember observer entity, conferred upon it by the UN General Assembly in 1974. While the benefits of UN membership, or in the alternative, a UN upgrade, are manifold, none of them guarantee Palestinian self-determination or freedom from Israeli control. The chapter suggests that this statehood bid could have been a pivot away from complete reliance on the United States to deliver independence and a return to multilateralism that positioned the world superpower as part of the problem rather than the solution. However, the promise of multilateralism, signaled by Palestinians in 2011, has not been realized. The Palestinian leadership has responded to the ever-diminishing potential of the US-brokered peace process with incremental steps into international forums.
Introduction
Authors: Soyer Michaela
Published: May 2017

Tell meWhy should it be my lonelinessWhy should it be my songWhy should it be my dreamdeferredoverlong

Langston Hughes 1951

When our oldest daughter turned two, my husband bought The Little Engine That Could for her. Having grown up in Germany, I had never read the story before. The plot fascinated me. The children’s books I grew up with definitely did not include tales of overcoming one’s limitations. In the 1980s in Germany ...
Pitch Dispersal and the Perception of Tonal Strength in Schoenberg’s Oeuvre
Authors: Anta J. Fernando
Published: May 2017

The idea that listeners’ tonal/atonal sense represents a special case of multiple causation was examined, and the following hypothesis was tested: pitch dispersal (i.e., distance in pitch between successive tones) is a secondary determiner of tonality and atonality, the former being strengthened by low levels of pitch dispersal and the latter by high levels of pitch dispersal. A correlational study was conducted in which eight trained listeners judged the degree to which 78 melodies extracted from A. Schoenberg’s oeuvre convey a tonic. In line with the present hypothesis, results suggest that listeners’ judgments were influenced not only by consonance or pitch class distributions (i.e., by underlying “scales”), as expected from previous research, but also by pitch dispersal. Interestingly, it was also found that Schoenberg’ melodies became not only less diatonic over time, but also more dispersed, which suggests that the joint manipulation of pitch class distributions and pitch dispersal might have been a strategy on Schoenberg’s part to weaken the sense of tonality. Some of the key musicological, theoretical, and psychological implications of these findings are discussed.
The Effects of Diegetic and Nondiegetic Music on Viewers’ Interpretations of a Film Scene
Authors: Tan Siu-Lan , Spackman Matthew P. , Wakefield Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2017

Previous studies have shown that pairing a film excerpt with different musical soundtracks can change the audience’s interpretation of the scene. This study examined the effects of mixing the same piece of music at different levels of loudness in a film soundtrack to suggest diegeticmusic (“source music,” presented as if arising from within the fictional world of the film characters) or to suggest nondiegetic music (a “dramatic score” accompanying the scene but not originating from within the fictional world). Adjusting the level of loudness significantly altered viewers’ perceptions of many elements that are fundamental to the storyline, including inferences about the relationship, intentions, and emotions of the film characters, their romantic interest toward each other, and the overall perceived tension of the scene. Surprisingly, varying the loudness (and resulting timbre) of the same piece of music produced greater differences in viewers’ interpretations of the film scene and characters than switching to a different music track. This finding is of theoretical and practical interest as changes in loudness and timbre are among the primary post-production modifications sound editors make to differentiate “source music” from “dramatic score” in motion pictures, and the effects on viewers have rarely been empirically investigated.
Tracing Microfinancial Value Chains
Authors: Beck Erin , Radhakrishnan Smitha
Published: May 2017

The global expansion of the microfinance sector demands new conceptual work that recognizes microfinance's simultaneous imbrication in profit-oriented global finance and socially oriented development programs. Drawing from our respective areas of specialization in Latin America and South Asia, and an extensive review of the literature, we posit here that microfinance is best understood as a global industry, with traceable value chains. Microfinancial value chains are vertically organized by hierarchical relations of power, and populated by diverse actors performing various forms of gendered and class-stratified labor. Our conception of microfinance draws attention to the industry's reliance on the devalued labor of women, and the influence of class and geographic divisions on the functioning of microfinancial chains at all levels. Our chain-oriented conceptualization disrupts prevailing paradigms for studying microfinance by allowing us to analyze exactly where, and under what conditions, value is extracted across multiple global sites.
The Promise and Perils of Market-based Sustainability
Authors: Keahey Jennifer , Murray Douglas L.
Published: May 2017

Sustainability standards and certifications increasingly represent multi-billion-dollar brands that partner with corporate firms. We employ the case of South Africa's Rooibos tea industry to analyze the impacts of this shift. Examining five sustainability initiatives, our research focuses on small-scale farmers and the power dynamics shaping their involvement. The Rooibos initiatives engaged multiple approaches, but none realized sustainable outcomes. Third-party and corporate efforts exposed producers to risk and reified dependency, industry actions did not achieve intended goals, and a shared leadership project failed to address material barriers to participation. Yet examples of good practice offer insight into the types of policies needed to improve outcomes. These include shifting from a hierarchical to a relational orientation by reducing certification costs, extending support services, and ensuring inclusivity in planning and governance. We conclude by arguing that markets are a perilous tool for development. Sustainable trade systems nevertheless illustrate the promise of market-based sustainability, as these are providing marginal groups with a platform to demand more equitable arrangements.
The Capitalist World-economy in the Longue Durée
Authors: Karataşlı Şahan Savaş
Published: May 2017

This article examines the global distribution of wealth within the capitalist world-economy over the longue durée. In stark contrast to the convergence of wealth predicted by modernization theory, the relatively stable bimodal (core-periphery) structure predicted by dependency theory, and the relatively stable trimodal (core-semiperiphery-periphery) structure, this article finds that the structure of the distribution of wealth in the world economy has transformed with each successive world hegemonic cycle. By adopting a longue durée perspective and a new statistical approach, I develop Arrighi and Drangel's (1986) method of conceptualizing, operationalizing, and measuring the global distribution of wealth within the capitalist world-economy. Through an examination of the period from 1500 to 2008, this article shows that the global distribution of wealth within the capitalist world-economy has transformed from a unimodal distribution during the period of Dutch hegemony to a bimodal distribution during the period of British hegemony, then to a trimodal distribution during the period of US hegemony, and now to a quadrimodal distribution in the early twenty-first century. While the global wealth hierarchy remained stable during periods of world hegemonies, it was transformed during periods of systemic crisis and hegemonic transition, thereby creating new forms of hierarchies.
Double Movement in Hybrid Governance
Authors: Jones Kristal , Tobin Daniel , Bloom J. Dara
Published: May 2017

In this paper, we apply Polanyi's double movement to characterize the potential and observed impacts of public-private and public-philanthropic partnerships for the development of pro-poor value chains. We highlight the contradiction between the goals of these partnerships in international agricultural development, which seek to shift power dynamics and counter market exclusion, and the internal logic of these hybrid governance approaches, which reflect the tensions of market society from which they come. We present case studies from Honduras, Peru, and Mali of agricultural public-private and public-philanthropic partnerships and their constituent actors, identifying roles and relationships among actors that personify double movement negotiations within pro-poor market-oriented development. The cases highlight the implications for civil society actors of hybrid governance systems that utilize market mechanisms to address the destructive tendencies of capitalist development. We conclude that partnerships characterized by a mismatch of responsibilities and power relations among civil society and private actors generate a new type of double movement that does not generate durable institutions and that limits the impacts of the partnerships for poor farmers.
Lietuvos įvaizdžio sampratos istorinis tapsmas ir kaita: nuo „barbarybės istorijos“ iki „istorijos aukos“
Authors: Aleknonis Gintaras
Published: May 2017

Analizuodami Lietuvos įvaizdžio sampratą, galime išskirti dvi svarbiausias tyrimų kryptis: senųjų vals­tybės ir jos gyventojų paminėjimų apžvalgas bei teoriškai įprasmintas šiuolaikinių viešųjų ryšių orga­nizatorių pastangas pristatyti Lietuvą pasauliui. Įvairių sričių mokslininkai ir praktikai labai skirtingai supranta pačią įvaizdžio sąvoką, suteikdami jai ir istorinę ar literatūrinę, ir vadybinę ar politinę prasmę. Lietuvos tyrimų erdvėje noriai eksploatuojamas įvaizdis nėra pakankamai konceptualizuotas. Įvaizdyje glūdi didžiulis informacijos iškraipymo ir pri(si)taikymo potencialas, atsiskleidžiantis visuose įvaizdžio gyvavimo tarpsniuose – jį kuriant (ar jam atsirandant), sklindant (ar jį platinant), vartojant, priimant ar atmetant. Įvaizdį reikėtų aiškinti kaip ypatingą komunikacijos vienetą, kurio svarbiausieji bruožai ge­riausiai atsiskleidžia skirtingais būdais analizuojant konkretaus įvaizdžio istorinį tapsmą.
Žiniasklaidos koncentracija Baltijos šalyse 2000–2014 metais
Authors: Jastramskis Deimantas , Rožukalne Anda , Jõesaar Andres
Published: May 2017

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama žiniasklaidos koncentracija Lietuvoje, Latvijoje ir Estijoje 2000–2014 metais. Atliktame tyrime, vertinant Baltijos šalių radijo, televizijos, dienraščių ir interneto žiniasklaidos rinkų horizontalios koncentracijos kaitą ir lygį, buvo skaičiuojamas Herfindahl–Hirschman indeksas. Tyrimo rezultatai rodo, kad dauguma, t. y. dešimt iš dvylikos, Baltijos šalių žiniasklaidos rinkų yra labai koncentruotos, ir konstatuotina oligopolinės konku­rencijos kūrimo tendencija. Vidutinė žiniasklaidos koncentracija tiriamuoju laikotarpiu buvo nustatyta tik dviejose rinkose – Estijos televizijos ir Lietuvos interneto žiniasklaidos.
Kultūros paveldo informacijos pusiau automatinis valdymas ir tyrimai naudojant 3D technologijas
Authors: Laužikas Rimvydas , Kuncevičius Albinas , Kurauskas Valentas , Žižiūnas Tadas , Šmigelskas Ramūnas , Augustinavičius Renaldas , Žilinskas Egidijus
Published: May 2017

Kultūros paveldo tyrimai ir išsaugojimas yra vienas iš pagrindinių šių dienų visuomenės iššūkių, susijusių su daugelių šiandienos socialinių, kultūrinių, technologinių aktualijų. Šiomis sąlygomis daugumai orga­nizacijų kyla išteklių, būtinų visaverčiam paveldo monitoringui ir išsaugojimui, problema. Ypač tai ryšku šalyse, kurių BVP yra mažesnis ar politinė situacija ne tokia stabili. Straipsnyje aptariamas vienas galimų šios problemos sprendimų: informacijos valdymo metodologija grįsto požiūrio ir 3D lazerinio skenavimo technologijų taikymas kultūros paveldo srityje. Straipsnyje aptariami du tirti paveldo atvejai (pilkapiai ir Vilniaus senamiestis), siejami su dviem skirtingo informacinio pobūdžio uždavinių sprendimais – pusiau automatinės paveldo objektų paieškos natūraliame kraštovaizdyje ir paveldo objektų kaitos monitorin­go metodologijos.
The Dynamics of Europeanness of Lithuania’s Media Elite (2008–2015)
Authors: Matonytė Irmina , Bernatavičiūtė Gabrielė , Šumskas Gintaras
Published: May 2017

This article presents insights about Lithuania’s media elite, gained during research carried out on the basis of a complex Europeanness model, developed by Heinrich Best (Best 2012: 208-233). Data describing Lithuania’s media elite are analyzed with reference to three dimensions or facets, identified in the original model of Europeanness: emotive, cognitive-evaluative and projective-conative. However, the list of variables examined in the study is considerably longer as compared to the initial static model offered by Best, and the analysis is much more detailed. This comparative study is aimed at identifying and describing the evolution of emotive identi­fication of Lithuania’s media elite with Europe in terms of the objective and judging approach of the EU in the period from 2008 to 2015. Results of the research revealed a clear trend that Lithuania’s media elite have been be­coming European. It was noticed that it tends to increasingly associate itself emotionally with Europe. Besides, the number of representatives of this elite group that assesses the common EU governance negatively (when the EU’s common foreign policy in respect of countries found beyond the EU borders is becoming increasingly accepted) has been consistently decreasing and the trust in the EU institutions has been enhancing. Looking to the future, the representatives of Lithuania’s media elite tend to assess the EU prospects in the medium-term and long-term (10 years) optimistically. They also hold the view that 10 years later the EU, as a geopolitical, political and economic entity will be stronger, and that both social and economic differences among the EU member states will not be so sharp. Euroscepticism is seen not only on the cultural plane. Correlation analysis has revealed that young age (people under 40) and an intensive socialization in the EU networks (constant com­munication with the EU partners) determine that Lithuania’s media elite have been becoming European.
The Darkest Page in the History of Lithuanian Journalism: anti-Semitism in Legal Press During the Second Half of 1941
Authors: Bražiūnas Mantas
Published: May 2017

There is a saying of warfare: inter arma silent musae – when arms speak, muses are silent. And yet some Lithuanian journalists had found their inspiration even in 1941 – when Lithuania was at the epicenter of war and the Holocaust. Later on, this period will be defined as the darkest page in the history of Lithuanian journalism,1 because the genocide of the Jews had been accompanied by an outbreak (on a scale previously unseen) of anti-Semitism in Lithuanian press. It is a well-known but little-studied case. Moreover, usually anti-Semitism within the press was interpreted only as an integral part of the Nazi propaganda in Lithuania. It is not surpris­ing, since this already mythical concept appears as a “phantom,” most often when someone wishes to employ easily understandable arguments for justi­fication or explanation. Political activists sought to restore the independence of Lithuania in the summer of 1941. It was the main reason why they also rebuilt press orga­nizations in the country. Initially, it was certainly not a Nazi propaganda project. Therefore, the same Lithuanian activists could be held responsible for the escalation of hate aimed at Jews as much as the Germans. On the other hand, Lithuanian anti-Semitism can be seen in many ways: as a form of revenge, a collaboration strategy or an uncritical adoption of totalitar­ian Nazi rhetoric, finally, as an integral part of Lithuanian nationalism or National Socialism – a pragmatic ideology used to achieve political goals. So, this essay revolves around two main questions: who and why pub­lished the anti-Semitic writings within Lithuanian press in 1941? Study findings are based on a combination of primary sources and secondary liter­ature. This study was also supplemented by an analysis of hundreds of anti- Semitic articles (their headlines and content) published June 24-December 31, 1941. The purpose of this analysis is to characterize the discourse of anti-Semitism in Lithuanian press. Our study seeks to identify the authors of these publications and their sources, determine the most common topics and genres, as well as to see whether there was a proposition (direct or indirect) to prosecute and use physical violence or even murder Jewish individuals.
The Image of Refugees and the Features of its Development in Lithuanian Online Newspapers
Authors: Matas Darius
Published: May 2017

The considerable number of refugees fleeing to Europe has an impact on countries’ economic, political and social agenda, as well as the processes of society. The European refugee (migrant) crisis, which began in 2015, brought out not only different attitudes toward refugees among Eu­ropean Union politicians, but also revealed how diverse the coverage of na­tional media may get on the refugee topic. Refugees flee to Europe from various countries and diverse cultural back­grounds. However, society lacks the knowledge about their religious beliefs, lifestyles and outlooks. Moreover, the media has the power to decide which events and individuals to portray, and in such a way constructs the audi­ence’s perception about the world they live in. Refugee-related messages in the media usually occur in a negative context: terrorist attacks, refugee deaths, criminal activity and protests. However, the media does not only construct, but also has the power to change prejudice toward refugees, ensuring that one of its aims is interaction between diverse social groups. The author combines quantitative and qualitative research methods for media messages and analyzes dominant stereotypes about refugees in Lithu­anian online media. The types of refugee-related publications are also exam­ined. Three research periods were chosen: 1-31 July 2015, 1-30 November 2015 and 1-31 January 2016. The main goals are to theoretically discuss the media’s role and peculiarities in shaping certain images which society main­tains, as well as to define the stereotypes and their role in society. Lithuanian online newspapers are commercial institutions, which – in order to compete in the market – strive to engage consumers. Delivering mes­sages quickly and in large quantities often matters more than their content and the reliability of sources. This, in turn, leads to the information being distorted or superficial. Lithuanian newspapers construct a negative refugee image, where the most dominant images of refugees are as individuals who are uncontrollable, aggressive and prone to commit crime, being either gang members, terrorists or benefit recipients.
Geographic distribution of breast cancer incidence in Iran
Authors: Shadmani Fatemeh Khosravi , Mansori Kamyar , Khazaei Salman , Hanis Shiva Mansouri , Khazaei Somayeh , Sani Mohadeseh , Ayubi Erfan
Published: May 2017

Background: A geographic disparity for breast cancer (BC) incidence by provinces is introduced in Iran. Present study aimed to clarify the geographic disparity of BC incidence after considering the age and gender.

Methods: In this ecological study data about BC incidence extracted from reports of national registry of cancer (NCR), and Disease Control and Prevention in 2008. BC incidence mapping was conducted in geographic information system (GIS).

Results: The results were consistent with previous reports but extend the previous knowledge with regarding the age and gender. Highest age specific rates (ASRs) of BC occurred in the provinces located in Central and Northern of Iran. Tehran and Sistan & Balochestan had highest and lowest ASR for male BC and female BC respectively.

Conclusion: given that BC occurs more in Central and Northern provinces that are mainly with high socioeconomic status (SES) levels, so it is suggested that disparity in BC incidence can be reduced through planning special programs such as education, screening, and preventive policy in provinces with high priorities.
Frequent Binge Drinking Among US Adolescents, 1991 to 2015
Authors: Jang Joy Bohyun , Patrick Megan E. , Keyes Katherine M. , Hamilton Ava D. , Schulenberg John E.
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

Scientific understanding of the forces involved in the decades-long decline of adolescent alcohol use in the United States is limited. This study examines specific changes in US adolescent frequent binge drinking (FBD) by age (variation due to maturation), period (variation across time that does not covary across age), and cohort (variation common to adolescents born around the same time).

METHODS:

We analyzed nationally representative, multicohort data from 8th, 10th, and 12th grade students sampled between 1991 and 2015 from Monitoring the Future (n = 1 065 022) to estimate age, period, and cohort effects on adolescents’ FBD (defined as ≥2 occasions of ≥5 drinks in a row during the past 2 weeks). Age-Period-Cohort analyses were stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). Trends in the associations between demographics and FBD across historical time were examined.

RESULTS:

Decreases in FBD during adolescence were attributable to period and cohort effects independent of age variations. Birth cohorts between 1985 and 1990 showed the greatest decline in FBD. The Age-Period-Cohort results were consistent across sex, race/ethnicity, and SES, with the exception of slower declines seen among African American adolescents compared with white adolescents since 2007. We also found convergence in FBD by sex and divergence by SES.

CONCLUSIONS:

Recent declines in adolescent FBD have been driven by period and cohort effects. Attention is warranted for the slower declines in FBD seen among African American adolescents since 2007, a narrowing difference by sex, and a growing gap by SES.
Fruit Juice in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: Current Recommendations
Authors: Heyman Melvin B. , Abrams Steven A. ,   SECTION ON GASTROENTEROLOGY, HEPATOLOGY, AND NUTRITION,   COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION, Heitlinger Leo A. , Cabana Michael deCastro , Gilger Mark A. , Gugig Roberto , Hill Ivor D. , Lightdale Jenifer R. , Daniels Stephen R. , Corkins Mark R. , de Ferranti Sarah D. , Golden Neville H. , Magge Sheela N. , Schwarzenberg Sarah J.
Published: May 2017

Historically, fruit juice was recommended by pediatricians as a source of vitamin C and as an extra source of water for healthy infants and young children as their diets expanded to include solid foods with higher renal solute load. It was also sometimes recommended for children with constipation. Fruit juice is marketed as a healthy, natural source of vitamins and, in some instances, calcium. Because juice tastes good, children readily accept it. Although juice consumption has some benefits, it also has potential detrimental effects. High sugar content in juice contributes to increased calorie consumption and the risk of dental caries. In addition, the lack of protein and fiber in juice can predispose to inappropriate weight gain (too much or too little). Pediatricians need to be knowledgeable about juice to inform parents and patients on its appropriate uses.
Kant e o conceito conservador de contrato social
Authors: Bresolin Keberson
Published: May 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a hipótese de que o conceito kantiano de contrato original é conservador em relação ao direito de resistência quando comparado à Locke e à Hobbes. Na filosofia política de Locke, a insurreição é legitima sempre que o governo não cumprir as cláusulas do contrato, a saber, proteger e assegurar a vida, a liberdade e a propriedade. Em Hobbes, encontramos a prerrogativa de desobedecer a autoridade, quando o soberano colocar em perigo a vida dos súditos. Para Kant, o contrato original transforma-se em uma ideia da razão e oferece-se como um dispositivo a priori para a fundamentação do Estado e como um critério de legitimação política e jurídica. No entanto, diferentemente dos ingleses, Kant não permite o direito de desobedecer e resistir, mesmo quando a ideia do contrato não é considerada.
O contratualismo e a metáfora da construção em John Rawls
Authors: Barbosa Evandro
Published: May 2017

John Rawls se apresenta como um contratualista para questões de ética normativa, ao mesmo tempo em que desenvolve um apelo construtivista em sua teoria. Não obstante, não é clara qual a relação que ele estabelece entre o seu modelo procedimental de justiça e a metáfora da construção normativa. O objetivo central deste artigo é demonstrar em que medida seu o modelo contratualista pode ser interpretado como uma forma de construtivismo procedimental. Para isso, analisaremos contrato e construtivismo separadamente para, posteriormente, identificar os conectivos entre ambos. Com isso, esperamos esclarecer esta relação e responder algumas objeções levantadas a este modelo.
A complementaridade entre os aspectos liberais e republicanos na filosofia política de Rousseau
Authors: Klein Joel Thiago , Consani Cristina Foroni
Published: May 2017

Este artigo apresenta os aspectos liberais e republicanos da filosofia política de Rousseau e defende que eles devem ser interpretados como complementares. Entretanto, essa complementaridade pode ser caracterizada num sentido específico, qual seja, como sendo um liberalismo republicano.
A função do silogismo matemático na Ciência da Lógica de Hegel
Authors: Orsini Federico
Published: May 2017

O objetivo específico do presente artigo é explicar por que a quarta figura do silogismo do ser aí (Schluß des Daseins) na doutrina do conceito da Ciência da Lógica de Hegel é denominada “silogismo matemático”. Para esse fim, pretendo proceder em três passos principais. Em primeiro lugar, elucidarei o conceito de silogismo a partir do qual o alcance e o limite do silogismo matemático devem ser avaliados. Em segundo lugar, apresentarei uma tradução e um comentário analítico do texto hegeliano sobre o silogismo matemático, procurando explicitar em que consiste a necessidade de reduzir o silogismo qualitativo ao silogismo quantitativo. Em terceiro lugar, mostrarei que a matemática, com efeito, constitui um âmbito legítimo dentro do qual o silogismo da quarta figura é capaz de gerar conhecimento, mas justamente a delimitação desse âmbito torna necessária a crítica de qualquer formalização matemático-simbólica da lógica dialética.
Com Honneth contra Honneth a favor de Habermas
Authors: Dutra Delamar José Volpato
Published: May 2017

Honneth pretende detectar elementos de eticidade na realidade social, a englobar relações de amizade, relações íntimas, mercado de produção e de consumo, esfera pública e Estado democrático de direito. O seu projeto de filosofia do direito se alicerça em um conceito de liberdade que se configura socialmente e não a partir de uma perspectiva individualista e isolada. O presente texto desafia o diagnóstico positivo de Honneth em relação a tal configuração da liberdade social. O texto considera que Honneth não foi bem sucedido em sua empreitada, haja vista as realizações falhas da liberdade social serem mais salientes do que as suas realizações adequadas. Isso posto, o estudo aponta para o projeto de Habermas, com base em papel bastante expressivo do direito, inclusive como compensação pelas falhas de eticidade, como sendo mais apropriado para a teoria crítica nos tempos atuais.
Republicanismo e Esfera Pública em Kant: uma reconstrução social da Justiça
Authors: Guedes de Lima Francisco Jozivan
Published: May 2017

Este artigo pretende fazer uma reconstrução social da justiça kantiana para além dos seus limites metafísicos e morais a partir da relação entre republicanismo e esfera pública. Para Kant o republicanismo é a única forma de governo capaz de equilibrar o vínculo entre liberdade, lei e poder. Na constituição republicana há o fortalecimento da cidadania e da esfera pública deliberativa. No que diz respeito à dimensão social da justiça, Kant defende que o Estado de direito tem a legitimidade constitucional para tributar os mais ricos com a finalidade de criar uma assistência social para os mais pobres.
The Pathology and Molecular Genetics of Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Mini-Review
Authors: Wei Shuanzeng , Al-Saleem Tahseen
Published: May 2017

Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma is a highly aggressive tumor. It is not a distinct histologic entity as it can be found in any subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. Recent molecular and genetic evidence suggest that sarcomatoid component is transformed from a common progenitor of the associated renal cell carcinoma, and the TP53 gene plays a pivotal role in this process. The presence of sarcomatoid carcinoma indicates poor prognosis, which also correlates with the amount of the sarcomatoid component. Therefore, the presence and quantity of sarcomatoid component should be reflected in pathology reports. However, pathology reporting seems to vary among laboratories prompting the need for a unified reporting system. We propose a pathology reporting system similar to that of transformed follicular lymphoma that is consistent with the molecular pathogenesis to ensure uniform reporting.
THE PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVING THE TECHNICAL STATE OF ROLLING STOCK ON THE RAILWAYS OF UKRAINE
Authors: Ponomarenko O. V.
Published: May 2017

Purpose. One of the main conditions of the effective and high-quality organization of rail hauling is availability of modern rolling stock. However, the analysis of technical condition confirms its considerable moral and physical deterioration. The main purpose of the article is search of possible ways of improvement of technical condition of the existing car fleet on the railroads of Ukraine. Methodology. The current state of a rail transport not fully meets the modern requirements. For the last decades updating of fixed assets has been provided generally at the expense of own means of the railroads and satisfied the need for capital investments only for 5-6 percent. At the same time, actually since declaration of independence of Ukraine the price growth rates for the products consumed by the railroads exceeded the fare growth rates that did not allow to update in necessary amount and to improve technical condition of the rolling stock. Findings. The article presents the analysis of freight rolling stock of Ukrainian Railways, which showed unsatisfactory condition of the cars. The railway industry today works on the old principles, which do not correspond to the modern world trends in organization of work of railway transport, contribute to the inefficiency of its functioning and impede further development, constraining the inflow of investment to this industry, hamper cooperation with private companies. Insufficient funding and imperfect system of repair and maintenance inhibit the development and reduce the competitiveness of railway transport of Ukraine. However, the implementation of strategic directions of development of the transport sector, a review of the above constraints and using the experience of advanced countries will steer the rail transport out of the crisis. Originality. The authors presented comprehensive consideration of issues to improve the car maintenance system while extending the life of their operation. Practical value. Possible ways to improve the technical condition of rolling stock were researched and proposed. This will allow extending the car lifetime and optimizing the costs of maintenance, depot and major repairs.
FORECASTING OF PASSENGER TRAFFIC UPON IMPLEMENTATION OF HIGH-SPEED RUNNING
Authors: Kurhan M. B. , Kurhan D. M.
Published: May 2017

Purpose. Forecasting of passenger traffic flows in the future is an essential and integral part of the complex process of designing of high-speed network (HSN). HSN direction and its parameters are determined by the volume of passenger traffic, the estimated value of which depends on the economic performance of the country, as well as the material status of citizens living in HSN concentration area, transport mobility of population, development of competing modes of transport and so on. The purpose of this work is to analyse the existing methods of passenger traffic forecasting, to evaluate errors of the existing models concerning determination of traffic volumes and to specify the scientific approach to the development of high-speed rail transport in Ukraine. Methodology. The existing forecasting methods are reduced to the following ones: Delphi approach, extrapolation method, factor and correlation analysis, simulation method. The method described in this paper is based on scientific approaches such as analysis – a comprehensive and detailed study of various aspects of the known forecasting methods, comparing of existing methods for establishing differences and similarities, as well as deduction – use of general knowledge to get the new particular one. Thus, the unified indicators determined for the country as a whole, such as gross domestic product, national income, total population and others cannot be used to forecast the traffic flow on specific areas of HSN construction. Therefore, it is necessary to move from the overall forecast to traffic volume forecast on particular direction. Findings. The conclusions are derived from the analysis of different approaches and methods of passenger flow forecasting. It is proposed to create typical techniques of traffic flow forecasting using modern mathematical methods that would allow avoiding unreasonable decisions and shortening project development time. The resulting recommendations will help in the efficiency of design decisions, as well as will determine the quality of the project in whole and the feasibility of its implementation in particular. Originality. The scientific approaches to forecasting the passenger traffic volume in HSN agglomeration area were further developed. The HSN feasibility study criteria system was updated; this system takes into account passenger transit flows through Ukraine, the population of the cities covered by the high-speed network, mobility of population and other factors. Practical value. The data obtained by authors can be used to justify the concept of high-speed rail transport development in Ukraine, to create a high-speed network and to phase HSN construction.
FORMALIZATION OF LOCOMOTIVE DRIVER ACTIVITY TENSION INDICATOR BASED ON THE ERGONOMIC MODEL
Authors: Horobchenko O. M. , Antonovych A. O.
Published: May 2017

Purpose. A key factor contributing to the safety and quality of ergatic system "train-driver" is the intensity of the locomotive crew’s work. The aim of this work is formalization of locomotive driver activity tension indicator. Methodology. One of the characteristics of driver activity tension is the difference between the time allotted to complete the task, and the necessary (external reserve or deficiency time). The sets of major and minor operations in the management of the train locomotive in different train situations were identified. Using the methods of fuzzy logic, the concept of "materiality of the operation of the locomotive control" is presented in the form of a set of linguistic variables. To determine the function membership of the elements of the set "the importance of the operation of the locomotive control" the method of expert evaluations was used. Coefficient of temporary tension is presented in the form of fuzzy number L-R-type. Findings. It was found the value of the relative number of operations of locomotive control according to the distribution using the parameter of operation "importance". To determine the most tensioned mode of the driver ranking the traffic condition according to the parameter of relative amounts of the important management operations was conducted. The most difficult modes are the "front hindrance", "movement in unfavorable weather conditions" and "departure from the station to the running line". Originality. The introduction of the value "conventional importance of the operation" allowed us to more accurately describe the terms of train driving. For the first time the work presents determination of tension of the driver’s work in the form of a unimodal fuzzy number, which will make it possible to use the methods of the theory of artificial intelligence to simulate activity of the locomotive driver and develop intelligent control systems. Practical value. There were obtained the opportunity to consider such an important quality indicator, as "the tension of the driver’s work" in systems of automatic train control and traffic safety. Ranking the onboard situations and control operations enables us to justify the order of management action for the improvement of the algorithms of system operation of train driving.
CONCURSO E TRANSFERÊNCIA: UMA CRÍTICA ESPINOSANA AO CONTRATO SOCIAL DE HOBBES
Authors: Silva Daniel Santos da
Published: May 2017

RESUMO O texto propõe um retorno a alguns conceitos e filósofos relevantes para o debate sobre o contrato social no século XVII: a partir de certos princípios sobre os quais se assenta o alcance inovador e crítico da teoria hobbesiana, e vendo no contrato social um suporte causal para o entendimento e a intervenção política, procuro compreender em que sentido o conceito de transferência deve convir ao de poder absoluto do soberano e o que isso implica de crítica à ideia de direito de resistência, como o entendia Althusius, e de defesa de uma ruptura radical entre tempos de guerra e de paz. Reconstruo com essa crítica a tese hobbesiana da obediência como fundamento da permanência da Cidade - e algumas consequências disso; finalmente, proponho uma hipótese sobre a obra de Espinosa que permita a desconstrução das ideias de transferência e de contrato, dentro de um campo de causalidade que põe o conflito e a resistência como constitutivos da própria sociabilidade, sem o essencial recurso ao conceito althusiano de representação, e sem o fundo despolitizador (em relação à multidão) presente na teoria de Hobbes.
O ACORDO LEGAL JUSTO PROPOSTO NO LIVRO II DA "REPÚBLICA" DE PLATÃO
Authors: Mesti Diogo Norberto
Published: May 2017

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é investigar a justificativa para o contrato no início da história do pensamento político grego, tendo em vista o estatuto do acordo (συντίθηµι) no livro II da "República" de Platão. Pretendese avaliar como Glaucon apresenta o contratualismo da maioria das pessoas como um desdobramento da tese de Trasímaco de que o justo é o vantajoso para o mais forte e em conexão com os valores que levam as pessoas a admitirem a necessidade do contrato em razão do medo que elas possuem daquilo que poderia ser considerado o maior mal: sofrerem injustiças e não poderem se vingar, enquanto abdicam do que consideram como o maior bem: cometer injustiças sem serem punidas.