bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of a Process-Oriented Goal Setting Model on Swimmer's Performance
Authors: Simões Paulo , Vasconcelos-Raposo José , Silva António , Fernandes Helder
Published: February 2013

Effects of a Process-Oriented Goal Setting Model on Swimmer's Performance

The aim of this work was to study the impact of the implementation of a mental training program on swimmers' chronometric performance, with national and international Portuguese swimmers, based on the goal setting model proposed by Vasconcelos-Raposo (2001). This longitudinal study comprised a sample of nine swimmers (four male and five female) aged between fourteen and twenty, with five to eleven years of competitive experience. All swimmers were submitted to an evaluation system during two years. The first season involved the implementation of the goal setting model, and the second season was only evaluation, totaling seven assessments over the two years. The main results showed a significant improvement in chronometric performance during psychological intervention, followed by a reduction in swimmers' performance in the second season, when there was no interference from the investigators (follow-up).
Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers
Authors: Sadowski Jerzy , Mastalerz Andrzej , Gromisz Wilhelm , Niźnikowski Tomasz
Published: February 2013

Effectiveness of the Power Dry-Land Training Programmes in Youth Swimmers

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the dry-land power training on swimming force, swimming performance and strength in youth swimmers. Twenty six male swimmers, free from injuries and training regularly at least 6 times a week, were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to one of two groups: experimental (n=14, mean age 14.0 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.67±0.08 m and mean body mass 55.71 ±9.55 kg) and control (n=12, mean age 14.1 ± 0.5 yrs, mean height 1.61±0.11 m and mean body mass 49.07 ±8.25 kg). The experimental group took part in a combined swimming and dry-land power training. The control group took part in swimming training only. The training programmes in water included a dominant aerobic work in front crawl. In this research the experimental group tended to present slightly greater improvements in sprint performance. However, the stroke frequency insignificantly decreased (-4.30%, p>0.05) in the experimental group and increased (6.28%, p>0.05) in the control group. The distance per stroke insignificantly increased in the experimental group (5.98%, p>0.05) and insignificantly decreased in the control group (-5.36%, p>0.05). A significant improvement of tethered swimming force for the experimental group (9.64%, p<0.02) was found, whereas the increase was not statistically significant in the control group (2.86%, p>0.05). The main data cannot clearly state that power training allowed an enhancement in swimming performance, although a tendency to improve swimming performance in tethered swimming was noticed.
The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming
Authors: Stanula Arkadiusz , Maszczyk Adam , Roczniok Robert , Pietraszewski Przemysław , Ostrowski Andrzej , Zając Adam , Strzała Marek
Published: February 2013

The Development and Prediction of Athletic Performance in Freestyle Swimming

This paper analyses the dynamics of changes between the performances of elite freestyle swimmers recorded at particular Olympic Games. It also uses a set of chronologically ordered results to predict probable times of swimmers at the 2012 Olympic Games in London. The analysis of past performances of freestyle swimmers and their prediction have revealed a number of interesting tendencies within separately examined results of men and women. Women's results improve more dynamically compared with men's. Moreover, the difference between women's and men's results is smaller, the longer the swimming distance. As both male and female athletes tend to compete more and more vigorously within their groups, the gap between the gold medallist and the last finisher in the final is constantly decreasing, which provides significant evidence that this sport discipline continues to develop.
Time to Exhaustion at the VO2max Velocity in Swimming: A Review
Authors: Fernandes Ricardo , Vilas-Boas J.
Published: February 2013

Time to Exhaustion at the VO2max Velocity in Swimming: A Review

The aim of this study was to present a review on the time to exhaustion at the minimum swimming velocity corresponding to maximal oxygen consumption (TLim-vVO2max). This parameter is critical both for the aerobic power and the lactate tolerance bioenergetical training intensity zones, being fundamental to characterize it, and to point out its main determinants. The few number of studies conducted in this topic observed that swimmers were able to maintain an exercise intensity corresponding to maximal aerobic power during 215 to 260 s (elite swimmers), 230 to 260 s (high level swimmers) and 310 to 325 s (low level swimmers), and no differences between genders were reported. TLim-vVO2max main bioenergetic and functional determinants were swimming economy and VO2 slow component (direct relationship), and vVO2max, velocity at anaerobic threshold and blood lactate production (inverse relationship); when more homogeneous groups of swimmers were analysed, the inverse correlation value between TLim-vVO2max and vVO2max was not so evident. In general, TLim-vVO2max was not related to VO2max. TLim-vVO2max seems also to be influenced by stroking parameters, with a direct relationship to stroke length and stroke index, and an inverse correlation with stroke rate. Assessing TLim-vVO2max, together with the anaerobic threshold and the biomechanical general parameters, will allow a larger spectrum of testing protocols application, helping to build more objective and efficient training programs.
The Effect of Aquatic Intervention on the Gross Motor Function and Aquatic Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Dimitrijević Lidija , Aleksandrović Marko , Madić Dejan , Okičić Tomislav , Radovanović Dragan , Daly Daniel
Published: February 2013

The Effect of Aquatic Intervention on the Gross Motor Function and Aquatic Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of an aquatic intervention on the gross motor function and aquatic skills of children with cerebral palsy (CP). Twenty-nine children with CP, aged 5 to 14, were recruited. Fourteen children completed an aquatic intervention (EG), and 13 children served as controls (CG). Two participants dropped out due to events (illness) unrelated to the intervention. The aquatic intervention lasted 6 weeks (2 sessions per week at 55 minutes per session) with a follow-up period of 3 weeks. The outcome measures were the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) for motor function and the Water Orientation Test Alyn 2 (WOTA 2) for aquatic skills assessment. A significant improvement was observed in the secondary assessment of GMFM and WOTA 2. In contrast to the aquatic skills improvement, the GMFM change was not maintained at follow-up. Our results indicate that children with CP can improve gross motor function on dry land and aquatic skills with a 6-week water intervention. The intervention period was too short for sustainable improvement in dry-land motor skills after intervention (followup), but time was sufficient to achieve sustainable improvements in aquatic skills.
Socio-Demographic Determinants of Participation in Swimming Amongst Working Residents of Warsaw
Authors: Biernat Elżbieta
Published: February 2013

Socio-Demographic Determinants of Participation in Swimming Amongst Working Residents of Warsaw

The aim of research is to assess the correlation between socio-demographic factors and swimming activity among the working population of Warsaw. The questionnaire survey included 4405 randomly selected residents of Warsaw. The correlation between the swimming activity and the variables characterizing the socio-demographic structure of the respondents were assessed by log-linear modelling. The significance of the impact of factors included in the analysis was determined using the chi-square test. Thirty-five per cent of the respondents declared recreational swimming. Gender, age, BMI, education, occupation, and income were significantly related to the swimming activity. Women (33%) - compared to men (38%) - were almost 1.2 times less likely to participate in swimming; similarly, overweight people (33%, OR = 0.90) and obese people (33%, OR = 0.92). People from Warsaw from 20-29 years (43%), with higher education (40%), incomes above the national average (40%), and representing the profession of an actor (52%), swam relatively more often. The results of the study might help in developing marketing plans and market segmentation strategies, as well as in forecasting the development trends of the leisure activity.
The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers
Authors: Ostrowski Andrzej , Strzała Marek , Stanula Arkadiusz , Juszkiewicz Mirosław , Pilch Wanda , Maszczyk Adam
Published: February 2013

The Role of Training in the Development of Adaptive Mechanisms in Freedivers

Freediving is a sport in which athletes aim to achieve the longest or the deepest breath-hold dive. Divers are at risk of gradually increasing hypoxia and hypercapnia due to a long time spent underwater and additionally of increasing hyperoxia while depth diving. Exceeding the limits of hypoxia endurance leads to loss of consciousness or even to death whithout immediate first aid. Often enhanced world records indicate the ability to shape specific to the discipline adaptive mechanisms of cardio-pulmonary system which are individually conditioned. During stay underwater heartbeats decelerating called bradycardia, increase in blood pressure, peripheral blood vessels narrowing and blood centralization in freediver's organism. These mechanisms enhance blood oxygen management as well as transporting it first of all to essential for survival organs, i.e. brain and heart. These mechanisms are supported by spleen and adrenal glands hormonal reactions.
Movements that are both variable and optimal
Authors: Latash Mark L.
Published: February 2013

This brief review addresses two major aspects of the neural control of multi-element systems. First, theprinciple of abundance suggests that the central nervous system unites elements into synergies (co-variation ofelemental variables across trials quantified within the framework of the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis) that stabilizeimportant performance variables. Second, a novel method, analytical inverse optimization, has been introduced tocompute cost functions that define averaged across trials involvement of individual elements over a range of values oftask-specific performance variables. The two aspects reflect two features of motor coordination: (1) using variablesolutions that allow performing secondary tasks and stabilizing performance variables; and (2) selecting combinationsof elemental variables that follow an optimization principle. We suggest that the conflict between the two approaches (asingle solution vs. families of solutions) is apparent, not real. Natural motor variability may be due to using the samecost function across slightly different initial states; on the other hand, there may be variability in the cost function itselfleading to variable solutions that are all optimal with respect to slightly different cost functions. The analysis of motorsynergies has revealed specific changes associated with atypical development, healthy aging, neurological disorders, andpractice. These have allowed formulating hypotheses on the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in the synergiccontrol of actions.
A biomechanical model correlating shoulder kinetics to pain in young baseball pitchers
Authors: Keeley David W. , Oliver Gretchen D. , Dougherty Christopher P.
Published: February 2013

Previous work has postulated that shoulder pain may be associated with increases in both peak shoulderanterior force and peak shoulder proximal force. Unfortunately these relationships have yet to be quantified. Thus, thepurpose of this study was to associate these kinetic values with reported shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers.Nineteen healthy baseball pitchers participated in this study. Segment based reference systems and establishedcalculations were utilized to identify peak shoulder anterior force and peak shoulder proximal force. A medical historyquestionnaire was utilized to identify shoulder pain. Following collection of these data, the strength of the relationshipsbetween both peak shoulder anterior force and peak shoulder proximal force and shoulder pain were analyzed. Althoughpeak anterior force was not significantly correlated to shoulder pain, peak proximal force was. These results lead to thedevelopment of a single variable logistic regression model able to accurately predict 84.2% of all cases and 71.4% ofshoulder pain cases. This model indicated that for every 1 N increase in peak proximal force, there was a corresponding4.6% increase in the likelihood of shoulder pain. The magnitude of peak proximal force is both correlated to reportedshoulder pain and capable of being used to accurately predict the likelihood of experiencing shoulder pain. It appearsthat those pitchers exhibiting high magnitudes of peak proximal force are significantly more likely to reportexperiencing shoulder pain than those who generate lower magnitudes of peak proximal force.
The effect of glycerol supplements on aerobic and anaerobic performance of athletes and sedentary subjects
Authors: Patlar Suleyman , Yalçin Hasan , Boyali Ekrem
Published: February 2013

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of glycerol supplementation on aerobic and anaerobicexercise performance in sedentary subjects and athletes. The glycerol supplement treatments were as follows: 40volunteers were selected and divided into two groups, sedentary and exercise groups. These two groups were furthersubdivided into two groups. The first group, the placebo (S), only consumed water; the second group (GS) consumedglycerol followed by water. Neither of these groups did any exercise for 20 days. The third and fourth groups consistedof the exercise group subjects; they were required to perform a 20-m shuttle run test every day for 20 days. The thirdgroup’s subjects, the placebo (E), only consumed water. The last group (GE) consumed glycerol followed by water. TheAstrand Cycle Ergometer Test (ACET) was performed, and the Cosmed K4b2 portable gas analysis system was used todetermine the aerobic capacity, while the Wingate Anaerobic Power Test (WAPT) was performed to determine the levelof anaerobic power. The 20 Meter Shuttle Run Test (20MSRT) was performed after glycerol supplementationthroughout the 20 days, and the exercise periods and distances were recorded.The glycerol supplement was found to have an increasing effect on aerobic and anaerobic performance in GS, Eand GE. A similar effect was found for the covered distances and time in the same groups. However, an adverse effectwas found on body weight.
Voice and case in finnish in the light of Zabrocki’s theory of person
Authors: Bielecki Robert
Published: February 2013

Robert Bielecki. Voice and Case in Finnish in the Light of Zabrocki’s Theory of Person. Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. L IV (1)/2012. The Poznań Society for the A dvancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83-7654-103-7, pp. 21-34.

This paper attempts to demonstrate the properties of the categories of voice and case in Finnish in the light of Zabrocki’s theory of Person. The presented morphosyntactic, syntactic and semantic properties of words taking part in diathesis lead us to formulate sentences (theorems) belonging to the sphere of the postulated grammar of person of this language. In Finnish, particular personal meanings undergo both lexicalization (in the form of appropriate personal pronouns) and grammaticalization (in the form of personal endings). Moreover the Finnish language seems to operate with a collective personal meaning, where three particular communicative statuses do not undergo differentiation. This kind of personal meaning seems to be only grammaticalized in Finnish; it lacks a pronoun lexifying such a collective personal meaning. Because of the high degree of syncretism of the nominative and (endingless) accusative on the one hand and the passive and impersonal voice on the other, Finnish contains significant overlapping between passive structures - where the three personal meanings undergo specification - and impersonal structures - where the three personal meanings undergo unification. Notwithstanding, only in sentences of the type Kana on tapettu ‘One has killed the hen’, ‘The hen has been killed’ (and with smaller probability Kana tapetaan ‘One kills (will kill) the hen’, (‘The hen is (will be) killed’)) do we encounter total ambiguity in respect of the personal meaning semified by the predicate (the collective person vs. third person).
The positive influence of CO2 in fuel on engine parameters
Authors: Škarohlíd Marcel
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTI

Odstraněni CO2 jako nežadouci přiměsi z plynnych paliv je současny trend. Na rozdil od tohoto trendu prezentovany članek popisuje přinosy přitomnosti CO2 v plynnem palivu na zakladni parametry motoru jako je středni indikovany tlak, indikovana učinnost, teplota vyfukovych plynů a produkce oxidů dusiku. Vliv oxidu uhličiteho v palivu na parametry motoru je teoreticky ověřen, extrapolovan a zobecněn. Članek detailně analyzuje vztah mezi součinitelem přebytku vzduchu, předstihem zažehu a hmotnostnim podilem CO2 v palivu.
Correlation of ignition delay for various methane based fuel blends
Authors: Beránek Vít , Beránek Vít
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Účinnost spalovacích motorů je limitována zejména výskytem klepání. Jistý kompromis mezi zamezením výskytu tohoto nežádoucího režimu spalování a přijatelnou hodnotou účinnosti spalovacího motoru je provozování motoru v oblastech velmi blízkých mezi klepání. Poloha této hraniční oblasti je zároveň ovlivněna složením použitého palivo, které může mít různou deklarovanou odolnost vůči klepání. Popis výskytu klepání je jednou z nejdůležitějších okolností, která nesmí být při návrhu motoru opomenuta. Již v počátečných stadiích vývoje motoru je samozřejmé žádoucí získat první poznatky o možném výskytu klepání s využitím matematického modelu. Příspěvek popisuje model klepání založený na výpočtu vyčerpaného průtahu vznícení. Vliv rozdílného složení paliva je popsán pomocí metanového čísla, které je zahrnuto do vztahu určeného pro výpočet prodlevy vznícení.
Automated design of vehicle silhouettes using genetic algorithms and statistical analysis
Authors: Škaroupka David , Šandera Čeněk
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Tento članek popisuje metodu automatickeho navrhu siluety vozu. V průběhu historie vzniklo mnoho automobilů jejichž rysy jsou do značne miry podobne. Tyto rysy (siluety) můžeme extrahovat pomoci statisticke metody analyzy hlavnich komponent a použit je pro navrh nove siluety, ktera je dale optimalizovana pomoci genetickych algoritmů. Proces optimalizace zohledňuje zadane fyzikalni parametry jako je objem prostoru pro motor, zavazadla a pasažery. Vysledek produkovany algoritmem pak slouži jako inspirace pro člověka-designera a může byt zobecněn na vybrany typ produktu.
Design process for a single-seat car body
Authors: Kratochvíl Jaroslav
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Članek představuje proces vzniku navrhu noveho designu karoserie, ktery je postaveny na podvozku serioveho jednomistneho vozidla Mitsuoka MC-1 při zachovani veškerych funkčnich prvků. Zakladnim cilem bylo zlepšeni ergonomickych vlastnosti a zatraktivněni designu, ktery se zaměřuje na cilovou skupinu mladistvych. Pro ziskani přesnych vstupnich dat bylo využito metody optickeho skenovani systemem ATOS II. Dalši faze procesu vyvoje noveho designu zahrnuji od skicovani, nasledny převod a zpracovani digitalniho 3D modelu v prostředi Rhinoceros po 3D tisk modelu v měřitku 1:5.
A methodology for gear fatigue tests and their evaluation (part 1)
Authors: Maršálek Petr , Moravec Vladimír
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Članek popisuje mechanismy pro realizaci unavovych zkoušek ozubenych kol na pulsatoru, ktere vedou k ziskani pravděpodobnostniho průběhu meze unavy v ohybu. Na zakladě realizovanych experimentů je navržena metodika pro navrh a realizaci tohoto typu zkoušek. Pozornost je rovněž věnovana konstrukci zkušebnich vzorků a tvaru zkušebnich čelisti.
A methodology for gear fatigue tests and their evaluation (part 2)
Authors: Maršálek Petr , Moravec Vladimír
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Članek dava navod, jak statisticky zpracovat vysledky experimentalnich zkoušek ozubenych kol na pulsatoru. Za předpokladu zkoušeni materialu podle metody stair-case jsou uvedeny algoritmy, jak vyhodnotit pravděpodobnostni průběh meze unavy v ohybu. Vyhodnoceni je demonstrovano na realnych vysledcich unavovych zkoušek.
Investigation of options to compensate for fuel quality variation by a combination of several control interventions at once
Authors: Škarohlíd Marcel
Published: February 2013

SHRNUTÍ

Tematem tohoto članku je zkoumani možnosti kompenzace kolisani kvality paliva kombinaci několika regulačnich zasahů najednou. Takto jsou odvozeny pokyny, jak zajistit flexibilitu motoru ohledně paliva co nejefektivnějšim způsobem. Za potencialni regulačni parametry jsou uvažovany uhel předstihu zažehu, nastaveni plniciho tlaku a poměr recirkulace vyfukovych plynů. Matematicka simulace je použivana jako preferovany způsob zkoumani s cilem ziskat co nejvice obecne vysledky. Použivane simulačni nastroje byly kalibrovany pomoci experimentalnich dat z testovaneho motoru.
Towards a constructivist methodology: learning constructions by integrating in situ representations and productivity
Authors: van der Velde Frank
Published: February 2013

The ability to learn constructions may be important for the development of a self-organizing
architecture for artificial general intelligence. Constructions are structural relations between more
specific or more abstract conceptual representations. They can be derived from the processes
of alignment, collocations and distributed equivalences. An architecture that integrates in situ
grounded representations with cognitive productivity is ideally suited to learn constructions.
This paper described such an architecture, based on neuronal assembly structures and neuronal
’blackboards’ for grounded compositional representations. The paper outlines how constructions
could be learned in such an architecture and how the architecture could eventually develop into an
autonomous self-organizing architecture for artificial general intelligence.
Choice of consumer research methods in the front end of new product development
Authors: Creusen Mariëlle , Hultink Erik Jan , Eling Katrin
Published: February 2013

This study investigates the choice of consumer research methods in the fuzzy front end (FFE) of the new product development (NPD) process. First, it delivers an up-to-date overview of currently available consumer research methods for use in the FFE of NPD. Second, using an online questionnaire, we obtain insights into the use of these consumer research methods by B-to-C companies based in the Netherlands (N = 88, including many major multinational companies). Third, these companies provided the major reasons for choosing these methods, and specified the types of consumer information that they aim to gather using these methods. Finally, we investigate the influence of company size, type of products developed (durable/non-durable) and product newness on the use of these methods. Based on these findings, we build a contingency framework that helps companies to improve their choice of consumer research methods in the FFE, where consumer insights are most important for new product success.
‘Ready to complete the survey on Facebook’
Authors: Gregori Aleix , Baltar Fabiola
Published: February 2013

Practical issues associated with sampling and data collection are of real concern to business researchers. Some important methodological issues are the willingness to participate of the individuals and the provision of accurate information. Therefore, the aim of this article is to present the results obtained from the combination of social networking sites (Facebook) with an online questionnaire to study transnational entrepreneurs in Spain. The article analyses the pattern of answer of 219 entrepreneurs surveyed, and a cluster analysis of respondents and types of question is developed. The conclusion is that new technologies can help researchers to tackle some of the limitations associated with the administration of surveys to business people (e.g. lack of motivation to answer, intermediate filters) and can improve the quality of the information collected (e.g. higher level of response to confidential questions). However, it is acknowledged that ethical and methodological considerations are of great importance in this kind of study.
Statistical Traffic Load Model Based on Weight in Motion Monitoring for Bridge Safety Assessment
Authors: Sun Shouwang , Sun Limin
Published: February 2013

Traffic is a primal operational load to bridge structures. It may induce fatigue cracks, fracture, even collapse occasionally of bridges. Hence, a reasonable traffic load model is indispensable to the safety assessment of bridges. In this paper, a methodology is presented for modelling the traffic load on the basis of data collected by weight in motion (WIM). Firstly, the Generalized Pareto Distribu- tion is fitted to the exceedances of traffic flow parameters. Then, a simplified model of traffic load is proposed for purpose of engineering practice. The parameters of this model are estimated based on the distribution of traffic flow parameters. Finally, the accuracy of the proposed model is verified by comparing monitoring data with simulations. The following conclusions can be drawn: a) The GP distribution fits the exceedances of traffic flow parameters well and provides reasonable antici- pation of traffic load in unobserved levels; b) The site specific traffic load model for safety assess- ment based on WIM data gives a more accurate representation of the actual traffic load; c) The methodology proposed in this paper could be used for reference in other cases because few assump- tion was made in the whole procedure.
Performance Prediction of Concrete Elements in Bridge Substructures using Integrated Deterioration Method
Authors: Bu Guoping , Lee Jaeho , Guan Hong , Blumenstein Michael , Loo Yew-Chaye
Published: February 2013

The typical probabilistic deterioration model cannot guarantee a reliable long-term prediction for various situations of available condition data. To minimise this limitation, this paper presents an advanced integrated method using state-/time-based model to build a reliable transition probability for prediction long-term performance of bridge elements. A selection process is developed in this method to automatically select a suitable prediction approach for a given situations of condition data. Furthermore, a Backward Prediction Model (BPM) is employed to effectively prediction the bridge performance when the inspection data are insufficient. In this study, a benchmark example- concrete element in bridge substructures is selected to demonstrate that the BPM in conjunction with time-based model can improve the reliability of long-term prediction.
The impossible becomes possible - an infrastructure project
Authors: Pekoll Oskar-H. , Wieser Thomas
Published: February 2013

To counteract the high volume of traffic in the historical city of Karlsruhe, Germany, the rail infrastructure of the above-ground tracks is being moved underground while maintaining full pedestrian, road and tram operation.

To this end, seven underground stations will be built in the cut-and-cover / dig-and-cast design, and subsequently connected by a tunnel boring machine (TBM) before excavation. After the preparation of the tunnel, the underground stations shall be excavated via the newly established tunnel tube. The concrete construction of the stations will then be a waterproof construction.

The challenge of this downtown project is designing the construction for the handling of the historical buildings in relation to settling and in the construction logistics, involving the step-by- step manufacture of the covers while keeping the traffic above ground running.
Design of cut-and-cover tunnel in seismically-active urban area: Presidio Parkway Replacement Project
Authors: Lee Heui , Liu Qiyu
Published: February 2013

Positioned alongside the north shoreline of San Francisco, the Battery Tunnel is one of the structures of Presidio Parkway which will connect the city streets through Presidio of San Francisco National Park to the iconic Golden Gate Bridge. The site is seismically active area and surrounded by the National Cemetery and historic battery structures. The design team came up with unique geometry to accommodate geometric constraints and numerous utilities. The soldier piles were selected as the temporary shoring system during construction to protect the marsh lands from interruption of ground water. As a “recovery route” designated by the California Department of

Transportation, accurate evaluation of seismic performance of the tunnel was warranted. To that end, nonlinear soil-structure interaction analysis as well as linear analysis was performed. The analyses not only confirmed that the structural design of the tunnel satisfies seismic design criteria for both temporary and permanent condition, but also showed the differences between linear and nonlinear analysis.
Evaluation of Optimised Truss Models for FRP Shear Strengthened RC Beams
Authors: Teo Wee , Mohd Yusuf N. H. , Mbuziavo B. N. O. , Hor Yin
Published: February 2013

This paper presents the experimental work (1) to investigate the shear behaviour of RC beams strengthened with externally bonded shallow-angle CFRP laminate strips, and (2) to evaluate the efficiency of optimised truss model in shear resistance of CFRP strengthened beams. Two test series with a/d ratios of 2.16 and 3.70 were conducted. Each series consisted of four RC beams with different inclination of CFRP strips; namely 90, 45 and 25-degree. The results of the study showed that, depending on a/d ratio, shallow angle of CFRP strips gave much better performance in term of shear strength and deformation behaviour, compared with other conventional strengthening scheme. An optimised truss model, based on the principle of minimum strain energy theorem, was developed and used to predict the shear capacity as well as the anticipated failure mode of CFRP strengthened beams. It is shown that the proposed model can predict accurately the test results with coefficient of variation (COV) of only 4.14%. Compared to other shear model/method, the proposed model gave a better representation of the actual stress fields and behaviour.
Yi Sun-sin Bridge: Erection of Girder using Winch-Driven Lifting Gantry
Authors: Jeong Bonggyo , Jeong Seungwook , Shin Youngsoo
Published: February 2013

The Yi Sun-sin Bridge connects the cities Yeosu and Gwangyang in Korea. The link provides easy access between Yeosu and the Gwangyang Industrial Complex. It is a suspension bridge with the main span of 1545m carrying four traffic lanes. This paper gives a description of the deck erection method adopted for this bridge. Emphasis has been put on the erection of a girder using a winch- driven lifting gantry.
Yi Sun-sin Bridge - Design of the long span suspension bridge with streamlined twin box girder
Authors: Lee Myeong-Jae , Kwon Ho-Chul , Shin Sang-hoon
Published: February 2013

Yi Sun-sin Bridge or 1545 Bridge having the total length of 2260m suspension bridge with a main span of 1545m is under construction to promote the future investments for Gwangyang Harbour and Hallyeohaesang National Park area and to establish tourism development infra for the International EXPO 2012 held in Yeosu in the southern seashore of the Korean peninsula. World’s 4th ranking main span length of 1545m has been determined to commemorate famous Korean Admiral Yi Sun- sin’s birth year and to accommodate the future passage of the 18000 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent unit)-class container ships for Gwangyang Harbour.

Saving the construction cost and achieving the structural stability were main concerns in the planning and detail design of Yi Sun-sin Bridge with 1545m main span. As a result, high-strength steel of 1860MPa for the main cables, newly developed streamlined twin box stiffening girders, 50mm thickness of epoxy asphalt pavement, etc. were adopted to satisfy the design purposes.
Cable Erection Plan of Ulsan Bridge
Authors: Kim Kyuwang , Cho Namso , Na Yungmook , Seo Juwon , Baik Junshik
Published: February 2013

Ulsan bridge, crossing over Taewha river, is a single span suspension bridge of 1,150m span length and 1,960 MPa main cable. In order to decide cable erection method, PPWS method applied reciprocation system was chosen based on the comparative study about the economical advantage and constructional efficiency of previous erection cases. Due to limitations of site conditions, most of main cable erection equipment are planned to be placed on the surface of the gravity anchorage and only a few of sheaves for hauling rope turning are planned at the tunnel type anchorage where the slope is extremely steep. Buoys would be utilized to cross the hauling rope over the river and this method was drawn from study of the slow flow. In case of land crossing, because many obstacles such as roads and factories are scattered below, temporary bents for the rope fixing should be prepared along the passageway between pylon and anchorage. Overall cable erection planning was almost determined. And detail calculation will proceed until first half of next year.
Performance of Shear Connectors in Concrete Mega Column-to-Steel Beam Connection
Authors: Park Hong Gun , Baek Jang Woon , Hwang Hyeon Jong , Kim Jong Ho , Lee Jae Hyuk
Published: February 2013

In 123-story Lotte World Tower in Seoul, for constructability, concrete mega column is constructed by using auto-climbing forms without conventional column-to-beam connections. Instead, after the completion of the concrete work in the column, steel beams are attached to the face of the mega column by using shear connectors. Particularly, a belt truss, which transfers a huge gravity load to the mega column, is connected to the mega column by a large number of shear connectors distributed along four stories. In the present study, small scale specimens were tested to evaluate the performance of the shear connectors. The load-carrying capacity and deformation of the shear connectors were evaluated on the basis of the test results. To predict the strength of the shear connectors, various design methods were applied, and their validity was evaluated.
Structural Design of Lotte Jamsil Super Tall Building
Authors: Kim Jongho , Kim Jidong , Kim Taejin , Jung Yeonki , Lee Jaehyuk , Lee Yongjei
Published: February 2013

The Lotte World Tower, a high-rise part of the second Lotte World Amusement Complex is being constructed at Jamsil, Seoul, Korea. This 123-story building with six underground levels consists of sales area, offices, hotel and residences. The height is 555m and it is the highest building in Korea. The slabs from 2nd to 86th floors used as sales, offices, and residences are made of steel beams and deck slabs; The hotel floors above 86th floor consist of 225~300mm thick flat slabs. The underground slabs including ground level are made of reinforced concrete.

The lateral load resisting system is composed of central reinforced concrete core wall, two sets of steel outriggers, eight of reinforced concrete mega-columns, and two sets of steel belt trusses. The uppermost lantern is made of diagrid structure.

As a wind tunnel test, high frequency force balance test was conducted after 50% schematic design phase, and the reanalysis was done twice at the end of the schematic design and after 60% design development phase. Aeroelastic model wind tunnel study was completed at the end of design development phase. It was proved that this building has a very nice serviceability against wind load.

Important structural elements like perimeter beams, belt trusses on the typical levels, and steel columns on the hotel levels were secured to have robustness and redundancy and to prevent loss of their functions and sudden collapses in case of fire or unexpected impact.

KBC2009 was used as a design standard.
Toward Repair and Redesign Old Aqueduct Bridges in Rural Areas
Authors: Hong Namhee K. , Choi Byoung Han , Jeon Gun Young
Published: February 2013

Many of old aqueduct bridges located in rural areas are in need of repair and redesign. They still occupy some portion of countryside landscaping. However, most of them were only designed to fulfill their basic functions of carrying waters, which has not contributed to the landscape positively. Moreover, when each design case of aqueduct bridges that arranged continuously over a long path was individually treated, the appearance of the whole bridges had lacked aesthetic consistency. Therefore, it is better to provide a design guideline to improve aesthetics of old aqueduct bridges so that both structural and aesthetic concerns can be harmoniously considered when they are to be repaired or remodeled. The main objective is to develop a framework to repair and redesign of old aqueduct bridges for safety improvement and better landscape. Specifically this paper will address the followings: (1) the development of possible design alternatives for repair and redesign and (2) the development of decision making process to select a design alternative satisfying criteria of safety, aesthetics and economy. The development of design alternatives for redesign will follow general principle of bridge aesthetics and be represented according to structural system, pier height, pier shape in terms of design parameters while minor repair includes paintings and other ornamentations. Furthermore, the developed design alternatives will be reviewed with its landscape as a background to check the visual compatibility within the community context. It is expected that the proposed guideline will be utilized to develop a maintenance plan to revitalize old aqueduct bridges to improve overall landscape of rural areas.
Inspection of welded joints: reliability of ultrasonic inspection and inspection intervals
Authors: Crémona Christian
Published: February 2013

After 15 years of research activities on structural reliability applied to bridge assessment and maintenance, Dr. C. Cremona joined in 2009 the Direction for Research and Innovation of the Ministry for Ecology, Sustainable Development, Transport and Housing as head of the Civil Engineering and Construction Group. Since may 2011, he has been appointed as deputy head of the technical centre for bridge engineering in SETRA.

The objective of a non destructive control is to improve the reliability of a component (in the case of steel bridges, of a welded joint) by facilitating the detection of flaws reducing its strength. Due to the different uncertainties intrinsic to the control process, a probabilistic characterization of the reliability of a non destructive control is therefore fundamental for deciding pertinent maintenance actions. For this purpose, a classical approach consists in characterizing a control by a specific curve, called probability of detection, fitted on measurements. The French research project MIKTI has fixed as objective to analyze the reliability of several non destructive techniques applied for inspecting welded joints in bridges by means of a large series of fatigue and inspection tests. In this paper, ultrasonic controls are presented, showing their efficiency to detect small cracks in joints.

Applied to standard welded joints, this helps to calibrate curves providing maximal inspection intervals between two inspections, under the assumption that no crack is detected after the first inspection.
Latest Developments in QC for Bond of Prestressing Steel to Concrete
Authors: Osborn Andrew E. N. , Hong Sunyoung
Published: February 2013

For prestressed concrete structures to perform, bond of prestressing steel strands to the surrounding concrete (a.k.a. strand bond) is essential. Poor bond results in excessive transfer and development lengths, thereby reducing the end region shear and flexural strengths of prestressed concrete mem- bers. Shear failures of flexural members discovered in the 1990s were later determined to be in- itiated by a failure of strand bond. Two such projects are described herein.

The National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP)funded two recent studies asso- ciated with strand bondthat resulted in the development of standardized tests for strand bond. Re- cent research funded by Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI)has focused on development of simple quality control tests that can be run in the precast concrete plant. These tests help assure that the prestressing strands used in our structures havereliable, predictable strand bond resulting in sa- tisfactory performance of the prestressed concrete structures.
Vortex-induced vertical vibrations on twin box sections
Authors: Sánchez Abraham , Morgenthal Guido
Published: February 2013

Vortex shedding from bridge decks can lead to significant aerodynamic excitation of the structure. This is a limited amplitude phenomenon, which however can be critical to the serviceability of the bridge or lead to fatigue damage. For structures sensitive to vortex shedding an adequately realistic assessment of the problem is required.

A particularly challenging case is presented by twin boxes, where wake effects form the upstream section can affect or even cause vortex-induced oscillations. The upper steel arch bridge of Alconétar (2006, Cáceres, Spain, 220 m main span) has suffered from such excitation phenomena.

Numerical simulations of the fluid flow provide a further method for modelling the physical problem. Such methods are gaining popularity in the field of civil engineering because of their growing reliability provided by the implementation of new computational methods and the availability of more powerful computational resources.

This paper presents computational fluid dynamics simulations of the vortex-induced vertical vibrations of twin sections using the Vortex Particle Method. Different excitation mechanisms are described and the case of the Alconétar Bridge is studied.
Flutter stability studies of long span suspension bridge by CFD numerical simulation
Authors: Zhan Hao
Published: February 2013

This paper establishes two-dimensional bending and torsion fluid-structure interaction model to calculate flutter critical wind speed of the three-tower suspension bridge.There are three main girder schemes of the bridge.Scheme 1:Sharp fairing without central stabilizer;Scheme2:Sharp fairing with central stabilizer;Scheme 3:Semi-circular fairing without central stabilizer.Numerical calculation results indicate: At +3 degree wind attack angle, Flutter critical wind speed of scheme 1 is less than flutter checking wind speed; Flutter critical wind speed of scheme 2 is greater than flutter checking wind speed. Numerical simulation results is roughly consistent with the wind tunnel test. When the wind attack angle changes,the conventional sharp fairing is easy to lead large vortex formation that causing flutter stability declined.Large vortex formation can be inhibited by semi-circular fairing as scheme 3.It meets requirement of flutter stability without central stabilizer for the bridge.
A Cable-stayed bridge with Elliptic pylons
Authors: Choi Se Hoon , Kim Jae Geum , Song Hee Won , Nam Hyun Tae
Published: February 2013

This paper introduces the cable-stayed bridge which has the elliptic pylons. This bridge is the main bridge of the 4th construction zone, and has two spans and each of them is 115m long (2@115= 230m). The deck of the bridge is made of steel plate. It is located in the connecting road to Incheon Grand Bridge. There are several design issues; such as the landscape design concept of the bridge and the structural behaviour of the cable-stayed bridge. Also, a construction issue is the pylon roll- up erection.
West Gate Bridge: A Case Study on the Use of Carbon Fibre
Authors: Williams Grahme , Al-Mahaidi Riadh , Kalfat Robin
Published: February 2013

In recent years fibre reinforced polymer composites have gained acceptance as a means of retrofitting existing reinforced concrete civil infrastructure. A good example of this is the West Gate Bridge in Melbourne, Australia, the subject of this paper, which has recently been reinforced in the largest applications of carbon fibre bridge strengthening in the world.

Carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) were chosen as the preferred means of strengthening the WGB concrete viaducts because of their durability, ease of installation and ability to adhere to irregular geometries. Laboratory investigation of anchorage details showed it is possible to safely achieve much higher utilisations than those prescribed by commonly used standard guideline approaches. This paper discusses the laboratory investigations undertaken through to the implementation of the verified details on the bridge itself.
West Gate Bridge - Strengthening of the Concrete Viaducts
Authors: Allen Craig , Logan Tim , Noonan John
Published: February 2013

The 2.5km long West Gate Bridge comprises an eastern and western concrete approach viaduct, 871m and 670m respectively long either side of the 848 m long cable stayed steel box girder main span section. The key objective with the West Gate Bridge Strengthening Project was to increase the number of lanes in each carriageway from 4 to 5 to reduce traffic congestion on the M1 Freeway.

This paper describes the elements used to strengthen the concrete viaducts including carbon fibre reinforcement and additional post-tensioning. An extensive system of temporary platforms was required for access to the outside of the box girder. Given the weight of these platforms and the limited capacity of the unstrengthened bridge, particular care was required with the staging of the works, traffic controls and platform movements.