bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ECAL trigger performance in Run 2 and improvements for Run 3
Authors: Tishelman-Charny Abraham
Published: December 2022

The CMS electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is a high resolution crystal calorimeter operating at the CERN LHC. It is read out at 40 MHz (the proton-proton collision rate) in order to provide information to the hardware-level (Level-1) trigger system, which decides whether the full CMS detector must be read out for each collision. The ECAL trigger performance achieved during LHC Run 2 (2015-2018) will be presented. The increased luminosity with respect to the LHC Run 1 has required frequent calibrations during LHC operation to account for radiation-induced changes in crystal and photodetector response. Further improvements in the energy and time reconstruction of the CMS ECAL trigger primitives are being explored for LHC Run 3 (2022-24), using additional features implemented in the on-detector readout. In this presentation, we will review the ECAL trigger performance during LHC Run 2 and present improvements to the ECAL trigger system for LHC Run 3.
A muon tracking algorithm for the Level 1 trigger in the CMS barrel muon chambers during HL-LHC
Authors: Ruiz Jose Manuel Cela
Published: December 2022

This contribution presents results on the Analytical Method (AM) algorithm for trigger primitive (TP) generation in the CMS Drift Tube (DT) chambers during the High Luminosity LHC operation (HL-LHC or LHC Phase II). The algorithm has been developed and validated both in software with an emulation approach, and through hardware implementation tests. The obtained performance on Phase II simulated data shows timing and position resolutions close to the ultimate performance of the DT chambers, with resilience to potential ageing situations. The firmware version has been implemented in the so-called AB7 (TwinMux), spare μTCA boards from the present DT system which host Xilinx Virtex 7 FPGAs, and included in a prototype chain of the HL-LHC electronics operated with real DT chambers during cosmic data taking. Agreement between the software emulation and the firmware implementation has been verified using different data samples, including a sample of real muons collected during 2016 data taking.
Muon trigger with fast Neural Networks on FPGA, a demonstrator
Authors: Migliorini M. , Pazzini J. , Triossi A. , Zanetti M. , Zucchetta A.
Published: December 2022

The online reconstruction of muon tracks in High Energy Physics experiments is a highly demanding task, typically performed on reconfigurable digital circuits, such as FPGAs. Complex analytical algorithms are executed in a quasi-real-time environment to identify, select, and reconstruct local tracks in often noise-rich environments. A novel approach to the generation of local triggers based on a hybrid combination of Artificial Neural Networks and analytical methods is proposed, targeting the muon reconstruction for drift tube detectors. The proposed algorithm exploits Neural Networks to solve otherwise computationally expensive analytical tasks for the unique identification of coherent signals and the removal of geometrical ambiguities. The proposed approach is deployed on state-of-the-art FPGA and its performances are evaluated on simulation and on data collected from cosmic rays.
The Event Timing Finder for the Central Drift Chamber Level-1 Trigger at the Belle II experiment
Authors: Sue Yuki , Hanwook Bae , Iijima Toru , Iwasaki Yoshihito , Koga Taichiro , Lai Yun-Tsung , Nakazawa Hideyuki , Unger Kai Lukas
Published: December 2022

The level-1 trigger system of the Belle II experiment is designed to select physics events of interest with almost 100% efficiency for hadronic events. In terms of event timing decision, the level-1 trigger is required to have an accuracy of less than 10 ns. The Central Drift Chamber (CDC) level-1 trigger provides the event timing information as one of the level-1 timing sources. We developed the new algorithm to measure the event timing with an accuracy of about 10 ns based on the CDC hit timing. Two-dimensional charged track reconstruction by Hough transformation was utilized to reduce high background hits. We used a new-developed general-purpose FPGA board (Universal Trigger board 4) for this module for the first time. We report the performance of the new algorithm using e
+
e
− collision data collected in 2020.
Systematic Study of LED Stimulated Recovery of Radiation Damage in Optical Materials
Authors: Sahbaz K K , Bilki B , Dapo H , Kaya C , Kaya M , Tosun M
Published: December 2022

The radiation damage in optical materials mostly manifests itself as the loss of optical transmission. The optical materials recover from radiation damage to some extent in the presence of natural light, and at a faster rate in the presence of stimulating light. On the other hand, the systematic study of the dynamics of the recovery as a function of the stimulating light parameters such as its wavelength, intensity and exposure duration and method has not been performed in detail. We established an LED recovery station which provides pulsed and continuous light at various wavelengths at custom geometries. The study starts with the irradiation of optical samples at various gamma doses at a rate of 87.5 Gy/min. The optical transmittance of the samples are then measured in 200 nm - 1500 nm range for an extended period of time. Here we report on the details of the irradiation and recovery setups, and the results of recovery from radiation damage under different light exposure mechanisms.
LYSO scintillation light test with an ultra-fast MCP-PMT
Authors: Qian Sen , Wu Qi , Ma Lishuang , Zhu Yao , Yan Min , Zhang Lingfeng , Peng Shuo , Wang Zhigang
Published: December 2022

The scintillator can be seen as a wavelength shifter which converts the incident particle into a number of photons at certain wavelength. The scintillation light decay time of scintillator is measured by coupling the scintillator with the photosensitive device. With the photoelectric conversion process and waveform sampling technology, the waveform of the signal responding to the scintillation light is obtained. Through exponential fitting, we can obtain the decay time of the scintillator. Traditionally the photosensitive device used to measure the scintillation light have a rise time on the order of nanoseconds. In our experiment, an ultra-fast MCP-PMT with a rise time of 100 ps and a transit time spread of 46 ps at single-photon mode was used to be coupled with the Lu1.8Y2SiO5:Ce (LYSO) scintillator and obtain the scintillation light waveforms. The waveform obtained is not a complete scintillation pulse and the photons in one scintillation event are distinguished and becomes discrete pulses. A new method is introduced to measure the decay time of the scintillator and the result for LYSO with the new method is compared to the results measured with the dynode PMT XP2020.
Development of the in-situ Calibration System using LEDs and Light Guide Plates for the SuperFGD
Authors: Arihara T , Boikov A , Davydov Yu I , Drapier O , Kakuno H , Matsubara T , Tereshchenko S , Tereshchenko V
Published: December 2022

T2K is a long-baseline neutrino experiment that aims to investigate the CP violation in the neutrino sector. An upgrade of the ND280, which is one of the T2K near detectors, is in progress. The active target detector of the upgraded ND280 is a segmented highly granular plastic scintillation detector (SuperFGD) consisting of about two million scintillator cubes. About sixty thousand silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) coupled with wavelength shifting fibers are used for light readout. The fibers go through the scintillator cubes along the orthogonal three directions. We developed a novel system based on LEDs and notched light guide plates for in-situ calibration of the SuperFGD. The developed system can distribute LED light to SiPMs simultaneously with high uniformity and can be used for gain calibration and stability monitor of the signal readout. In addition, it can fit in the confined space of the SuperFGD due to its thin structure. In this paper, we report the design and the performance of the calibration system.
Latest Technological Advances with MCP-PMTs
Authors: Lehmann A , Belias A , Dzhygadlo R , Gerhardt A , Lehmann D , Peters K , Schepers G , Schwarz C , Schwiening J , Traxler M , Schmitt L , Böhm M , Krauss S , Miehling D , Pfaffinger M , Düren M , Etzelmüller E , Föhl K , Hayrapetyan A , Köseoglu I , Schmidt M , Wasem T , Sfienti C , Ali A , Barnyakov A , Beloborodov K , Kononov S , Kuyanov I
Published: December 2022

This paper discusses the most recent advances with 2-inch MCP-PMTs. The status in terms of lifetime, detection efficiency, rate capability, time resolution, and gain behavior in magnetic fields are summarized. Significant progress in collection (CE) and quantum efficiency (QE) led to an excellent detection efficiency DQE = QE*CE of ∼30%. With a new DAQ setup up to several hundred anode pixels can be read out simultaneously in 3D allowing a glance “inside the PMT”. Parameters like dark count rates and ion afterpulsing are measurable as a function of the incident photon position as well as the temporal and spacial spread of recoil electrons and electronic and charge-sharing crosstalk even inside a magnetic field.
Development of a hybrid single-photon imaging detector with embedded CMOS pixelated anode
Authors: Fiorini M. , Alozy J. A. , Biesuz N. , Campbell M. , Ramusino A. Cotta , Llopart X.
Published: December 2022

The development of a single-photon detector based on a vacuum tube, transmission photocathode, microchannel plate and CMOS pixelated read-out anode is presented. This imager will be capable of detecting up to 1 billion photons per second over an area of 7 cm2, with simultaneous measurement of position and time with resolutions of about 5 microns and few tens of picosecond, respectively. The detector has embedded pulse-processing electronics with data-driven architecture, based on the Timepix4 ASIC, producing up to 160 Gb/s data that will be handled by a high-throughput FPGA-based external electronics and data acquisition system. These performances will enable significant advances in particle physics, life sciences, quantum optics or other emerging fields where the detection of single photons with excellent timing and position resolutions are simultaneously required.
Simulation of FPMT with single chip MCP
Authors: Qian Sen , Wu Qi , Ma Lishuang , Zhu Yao , Yan Min , Zhang Lingfeng , Peng Shuo , Wang Zhigang
Published: December 2022

Micro-channel plate photomultiplier tube (MCP-PMT) is a kind of photosensitive device with single photon detection capability and great time resolution, which is also called Fast-PMT (FPMT). The MCP is the electron multiplier structure and in order to achieve single photon detection, two layers of MCPs are always used together. Due to the new-generation particle accelerators with high energy and luminosity, the time resolution of the detector is more important than single-photon detection capability. The single-chip-FPMT is expected to have a greater time resolution. Based on the CST STUDIO SUITE, the single-chip-FPMT model is built and the time performances including the rise time and transit time spread are compared with the double-chips-FPMT model under the same parameter setting. The results show that the FPMT model with single chip MCP has better time response and resolution than the traditional double-chips-FPMT.
Performances of the latest FBK UFSD production
Authors: Tornago Marta
Published: December 2022

Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD) are sensors based on the LGAD technology and designed to achieve concurrent accurate timing and position measurements. In the past 5 years, an intense R&D program has been carried to optimize the design of UFSD, exploring specific features such as the gain layer design, radiation hardness, temporal resolution, production yield, and interpad distance. In this contribution, we present results on the above points from the latest FBK production, UFSD3.2. UFSD3.2 consists of 19 wafers of different thicknesses, 45 and 55 μm, with shallow and deep gain implants, co-implanted with different carbon doses to maximize radiation hardness.
Construction of an RPC using additive manufacturing technology
Authors: Colafranceschi Stefano
Published: December 2022

In this work, we report the progress in the design and construction of an RPC detector fully built using additive manufacturing technology, an emerging/interdisciplinary engineering domain only partially utilized in HEP. Our novel design of the 3D detector stack can be automatically and fully constructed in a short time, ensuring repeatability and accuracy, while minimizing construction mistakes. 3D printing, applied to instrumentation for physics enhances detector performance and capabilities, cutting construction costs and improving standardization over large-scale productions. The delivered detector constitutes a new generation of RPC detectors, electrically equivalent to the existing ones but mechanically better and standardized according to the prescribed specifications.

We aim at proving the feasibility studies of a 3D printed detector that features state-of-art performance, at a fraction of the cost and potentially constructed without the need of external industrial partners.
Development of a GridPix X-ray polarimeter
Authors: Gruber Markus , Desch Klaus , Kaminski Jochen , Richarz Leonie
Published: December 2022

In gaseous detectors it is possible to determine the polarization of an X-ray beam by tracking photoelectrons which are created in photoelectric interactions of the photons with the gas molecules. Based on the differential cross section of this interaction the emission angle of the photoelectrons is correlated with the polarization plane of the beam.

Depending on the photon energy and on scattering of the photoelectrons on gas molecules the length of the relevant part of the track is only in the order of a few hundred microns. Thus, a high tracking resolution is needed. This is achieved with the GridPix [1] - a combination of the highly granular Timepix pixel ASIC [2] and a photolithographically postprocessed MicroMegas called InGrid which holes are aligned with the pixels of the ASIC.

Such a detector was operated in a testbeam at the P09 beamline [3] of PETRA III with a 99% linear polarized beam and a modulation factor of 77% was measured. Furthermore, tests of different gas pressures and different beam energies were performed.
Development of THGEM-based Detectors for Nuclear Fission Studies
Authors: Bhattacharya Purba , Sen Arijit , Ghosh Tilak Kumar , Majumdar Nayana , Mukhopadhyay Supratik
Published: December 2022

To optimize the exploration of Super Heavy Elements (SHE), the key challenge is to understand the dynamics of the fusion-fission through the measurements of mass and angular distribution of the fission fragments. For the detection of fission fragments, position sensitive Multi-Wire Proportional Counters are generally used due to their high gain, good temporal and position resolution. However, these detectors use fragile anode wires having a diameter of only 10 μm and therefore they are vulnerable. In the present work, a detector based on robust Thick Gaseous Electron Multiplier (THGEM) has been proposed. A numerical demonstration of THGEM-Multi Wire hybrid detector technology as a possible candidate for the new generation low-energy fission studies and their evaluation as a function of different possible geometric and electric configuration in low-pressure gas is discussed here.
Silicon Detectors for the LHC Phase-II Upgrade and Beyond – RD50 Status Report
Authors: Wiehe Moritz
Published: December 2022

A large R&D program has been underway to develop silicon sensors with sufficient radiation tolerance for LHC-Phase-II trackers and the next generation of collision experiments. Key areas of recent RD50 research include new technologies such as CMOS and Low Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGADs), where a dedicated multiplication layer to create a high field region is built into the sensor. We also seek for a deeper understanding of the connection between macroscopic sensor properties such as radiation-induced increase of leakage current, effective doping concentration and trapping, and the microscopic properties at the defect level. Another strong activity is the development of advanced sensor types, like 3D silicon detectors. We will present the state of the art in silicon detectors at radiation levels corresponding to LHC-Phase-II fluences and beyond. Based on our results, we will give an outlook towards the silicon detectors to be used for particle detectors at future colliders like the FCC.
Latest developments and characterisation results of DMAPS in TowerJazz 180nm for High Luminosity LHC
Authors: de Acedo L Flores Sanz , Allport P , Tortajada I Asensi , Bortoletto D , Buttar C , Cardella R , Dachs F , Dao V , Dobrijevic D , Dyndal M , Freeman P , Gabrielli A , Oyulmaz K Y , Pernegger H , Piro F , Riedler P , Sandaker H , Sharma A , Sanchez C Solans , Snoeys W , Suligoj T
Published: December 2022

The last couple of years have seen the development of Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (DMAPS) fabricated in TowerJazz 180nm with a process modification to increase the radiation tolerance. While many of MAPS developments focus on low radiation environment, we have taken the development to high radiation environment like pp-experiments at High Luminosity LHC. DMAPS are a cost effective and lightweight alternative to state-of-the-art hybrid detectors if they can fulfil the given requirements for radiation hardness, signal response time and hit rate capability. The MALTA and Mini-MALTA sensors have shown excellent detection efficiency after irradiation to the life time dose expected at the outer layers of the ATLAS pixel tracker Upgrade. Our development focuses on providing large pixel matrixes with excellent time resolution (<2ns) and tracking. This publication will discuss characterisation results of the DMAPS devices with special focus on the new MALTA2 sensor and will show the path of future developments
Investigation of deflection angle for muon energy classification in muon scattering tomography via GEANT4 simulations
Authors: Topuz A. Ilker , Kiisk Madis , Giammanco Andrea , Mägi Märt
Published: December 2022

In muon scattering tomography, the investigated materials are discriminated according to the scattering angle that mainly depends on the atomic number, the density, and the thickness of the medium at a given energy value. The scattering angles at different initial energies also provide the opportunity to classify the incoming muons into a number of energy groups. In this study, by employing the GEANT4 code, we show that the deflection angle exponentially decays as a function of energy, and the numerical values for the current configuration are below the detector accuracy except the initial energy bins owing to the low-Z, low density, and low thickness of the current plastic scintillators. This implies the necessity of additional components that provoke the muon scattering. Therefore, we introduce stainless steel surfaces into the top and bottom sections in order to amplify the deflection angle as well as to reduce the uncertainty, thereby improving the detector performance.
Improvement of Material Discrimination Using Muon Momenta in MST
Authors: Tripathy Sridhar , Rout Prasant Kumar , Datta Jaydeep , Majumdar Nayana , Mukhopadhyay Supratik
Published: December 2022

MST or Muon Scattering Tomography is a major non-destructive technique to discriminate materials by finding deviation in muon tracks which depends on Z and density (ρ) of the medium the muon passes through. The scattering angle also depends on the incoming momentum of muon which is a key to distinguish multiple small deviations through large path-lengths of low-Z material from significant deviations through smaller path lengths of a high-Z target. An analytical function, derived by fitting the muon momentum distribution in a selected range has been used to predict the momentum of individual events. The scattering angles have been normalized by the predicted momenta to improve the material discrimination.
Transformer-based radio modulation mode recognition
Authors: Li Lingyun , Qin Chanchan , Li Guoqing , Hu Shengbo , Xie Yike , Lei Zhenwei
Published: December 2022

The wireless communication technology develop rapidly, signal modulation mode technology becomes increasingly important. Therefore, in order to enhance the ability of radio signal modulation mode recognition in the complex electromagnetic environment, a novel radio signal modulation mode recognition method is proposed on account of Transformer network. Firstly, raw data were split with a fixed size window. Then, the segmented data was projected into a vector sequence and fed into the Transformer module to model and mine the relationship between signal waveform and modulation method to achieve identification. Extensive experiments were conducted on the RML2016.10a data set generated by GNU radio in the real system. The experimental results show that the proposed Transformer-B/8×2 achieves optimal results for modulation mode recognition with signal-to-noise from -20dB to 18dB, and recognition accuracy reaches 86.75%, verifying the practicability and validity of the forenamed algorithm.
Design of branch line directional coupler for 5G millimeter wave communication
Authors: Shen Aiguo , Lin Yukai , Yang Chendong , Yang Guangsong , Hong Gaiyan , Wei Dezhi
Published: December 2022

A directional coupler based on a microstrip branch line for 5G millimeter wave communication is designed. The branch line structure is simple and easy to implement. The comprehensive decomposition design method of the microwave system is proposed to improve the design efficiency. Based on the theoretical analysis of microwaves, the design method of combining automatic tuning and manual tuning optimization is used to optimize the schematic simulation. The layout simulation adopts iterative optimization to approximate the design index and reduce the influence of branch line connection loss. Finally, a millimeter wave branch line directional coupler is designed with a bandwidth of 24.25ghz to 27.5ghz, a coupling degree and insertion loss of about 5dB, and an isolation degree of more than 20dB. In the coming 6G, this design method has a certain forward-looking significance.
A Traceable Self-Generated Pseudonym Scheme in VANETs
Authors: He Bintao , Wang Shangping
Published: December 2022

The generation of the pseudonym in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) usually requires the participation of a trusted center (TA), and it needs multiple interactions with the TA. To address these problems, we propose a novel traceable self-generated pseudonym based on the non-interactive zero-knowledge proof (NIZK) and consortium blockchain in VANETs. In our scheme, a self-generated pseudonyms method is introduced to eliminate excessive communication burden, and a consortium blockchain is composed of multiple roadside units (RSUs) to replace the TA. RSUs in the consortium blockchain verify the effectiveness of OBU’s self-generated pseudonyms through the consensus mechanism. Multiple trace authorities (TRAs) are designed to jointly tracking of the real identity of the OBU, which effectively prevents the abuse of supervision by the only supervisor.
The Comparison of BCH Decoding Methods and the Parameters Affecting the BCH Code Performance
Authors: Huang Jiajie
Published: December 2022

In the communication field, channel coding was proposed to increase the data transmission rate and the transmitted data’s reliability. Error correction is an essential part of channel coding to improve data reliability. The Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) code is one of the most efficient error-correcting codes. In this paper, a BCH coding method, and several methods to implement BCH decoding are introduced, and these decoding methods are compared with each other. Based on the principles of BCH codes, this study addresses two factors that may impact the performance of BCH codes, the redundancy bit length, and the minimum distance, as well as the relationship between them. This paper composes four flow charts and investigates the redundant bit lengths and minimum distances that may affect the performance of BCH codes during transmission. This paper is potentially beneficial for more extensive applications of BCH codes such as magnetic, optical storage systems, and new generations’ digital communication systems.
A feature extraction method for XML documents based on PCA
Authors: Yu Zhiwen , Zhao Ruifeng , Zeng Kaiwen , Zheng Wenjie , Liu Hao , Yang Ting
Published: December 2022

XML document stores the information of the new power system source load interaction. It has the characteristics of self-description, extensibility, structure, and content, which makes it widely used. Improving the method of extracting elements from XML documents is very helpful in solving the problem of distributed object operation measurement in the power grid. To classify or analyze XML documents better, based on the theoretical analysis of principal component analysis and the study of the text representation model, this paper proposes two methods: vectorization representation of XML documents and further feature extraction. The experiment result shows that the method of all path feature extraction for XML document can represent the main feature of XML document effectively, and is an important work for latter handling XML documents of power grid efficiently
Embedded remote monitoring system based on NBIOT
Authors: Guo ZiChen , Liu YiFan , Lu Fang
Published: December 2022

With the rapid development of information technology, the remote control has become an important means to improve production efficiency and intelligence level. In this paper, an embedded remote control system based on NBIoT technology is designed and produced. Based on STM32F427 as the control core, the system can collect the current and voltage of each branch and perform data analysis, data processing, and branch on-off control. It connects multiple smoke sensors to realize the fire warning function. Data transmission is realized through NBIoT technology and the OneNet platform, and users can realize remote control through APP. Multiple built-in communication interfaces can be extended for different scenarios. It has a good effect on the test and can meet the requirements of remote control. It has high application value in industrial control, smart city, and other fields.
GPC3 Electrochemical Aptasensor Based on Pd-Pt NPs@ RGO-H Nanozyme to Catalyze Silver Deposition
Authors: Wang Bo , Lian Mei , Li Guiyin
Published: December 2022

Pd-Pt NPs@RGO-H nanozyme with good peroxise-like properties, high electrical conductivity, and high specific surface area was prepared. The nanozyme was combined with Glypican-3 aptamer (GPC3Apt) to form a signal probe. Another GPC3Apt was employed as a capture probe, and it was incubated on the surface of the screen-printed electrode that had been plated with Au NPs@rGO. To catalyze silver deposition, a sandwich-type electrochemical aptasensor based on Pd-Pt NPs@RGO-H nanozyme was built in the presence of GPC3 protein. When hydrogen peroxide and silver nitrate were added to the surface of the electrochemical aptasensor, Pd-Pt NPs@RGO-H can effectively catalyze the deposition of silver ions (Ag+) on the electrode surface to elemental silver (Ag0) due to its peroxise-like properties. The silver current fluctuation was measured using the Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV) method. When the concentration of GPC3 was between 1.0 and 70.0 μg/mL, the linear equation was Y=0.2822X +22.6428 (the response current is Y, and the GPC3 concentration is X) with the correlation coefficient of 0.9956, and the lowest detection line was 480 ng/mL. Furthermore, the electrochemical aptasensor demonstrated high specificity and stability.
MOF-templated and phase-controlled synthesis of CdS hierarchical nanostructures for visible-light-driven photocatalytic applications
Authors: Ren Jiatong , Wei Ding , Tan Bojun , Yang Weitao
Published: December 2022

Developing delicate methods to synthesize well-controlled nanostructures is diffusely recognized as a potent tool to enhance photocatalysts’ performances in various photoreactions. Herein, phase-controlled CdS hierarchical nanostructures were synthesized using a MOF-templated strategy, where Co-MOF nanospheres were used as the starting material, followed by two steps of sulfidation and cation exchange. By rational collocations of the solvent and Cd source in the cation exchange process, cubic CdS hollow hierarchical nanospheres and hexagonal CdS hierarchical nanostructures can be obtained, respectively. Further tests revealed that during the photo-reduction reaction of CO2, the former exhibited high performance in producing H2. At the same time, the latter showed a superior activity and selectivity for CO generation, which embodies the potential of MOF-templated synthesis and selective applications of CdS hierarchical nanostructures with disparate phases.
Recovery Design of Benzene and Chlorobenzene from Chlorobenzene Wastewater
Authors: Sun Jin , Zhang Xiaomi , Wang Li , Zhou Rujin
Published: December 2022

Chlorobenzenes (CB) are important organic chemical and industrial product, which plays a more and more important role in chemistry and production. In this paper, the process design, process simulation and optimization of chlorobenzene wastewater produced in chlorobenzene production are carried out. The recovery of benzene and chlorobenzene in chlorobenzene wastewater can improve the economic benefit to a certain extent, which provides a theoretical basis and practical significance for the actual production operation. Based on the chlorobenzene wastewater of a chemical plant, this paper introduces a variety of processes and simple process comparisons. Finally, the stripping method is used to recycle benzene and chlorobenzene. Aspen Plus software is used to simulate and optimize the process, and the best process parameters are selected. In this paper, the process was simulated, and the sensitivity of the distillation column of the benzene and chlorobenzene separation unit was analyzed. Several operating parameters were compared and optimized to achieve the best separation effect. For the Case Study, the optimal number of trays for the rectifying tower is determined to be 20, the optimal feed position is the twelfth tray, the optimal reflux ratio is 0.70, and the optimal distillation ratio is 0.75.
“Polymer-in-ceramic” PEO/2D heterojunction composite electrolytes for solid-state batteries
Authors: Dong Xingfang
Published: December 2022

The ferroelectric spontaneous polarizability of the piezoelectric TBA+CNO− also has an enhanced effect on ion transport and electrode interface modification, and its ferroelectric spontaneous polarization field also helps to reduce the generation and growth of anode dendrites. The structural instability of LRAP electrolyte Li2.99Ba0.005OCl are maintained by forming a heterojunction structure with two-dimensional nanosheets TBA+CNO−, and the fast conduction channels of lithium ions (Li+) are established. Composite electrolytes possess Li+ conductivity σi
> 10−4 S/cm at 25°C. The composite materials composed of “polymer-in-ceramic” with flexibility and mechanical strength are fabricated by the casting method. PEO-Li2.99Ba0.005OCl/TBA+CNO− shows good compatibility with lithium metal, forming a stable solid electrolyte interface. The plastic crystal electrolyte dripped on the cathode side avoids the direct contact between high-voltage cathode and electrolyte and protects PEO from being oxidized and decomposed. NCM811|Li batteries show 70.9 mAh•g−1 with capacity retention of 97.88% after 100 cycles.
Study on Temperature Control and Anti-icing Performance of Asphalt Pavement Based on Composite Phase Change Material with Wide Phase Change Interval
Authors: Hou Changlin , Zhang Wei , Chen Renshan , SG Haonan
Published: December 2022

To improve the temperature regulation effect of phase change materials on asphalt pavement, phase change materials A and B were prepared for the optimal phase change temperature range of anti-condensation ice and snow melting at -5°C~5°C in this paper. According to the phase change temperature range of phase change materials A and B, the phase change material composite optimization temperature regulation performance test was carried out to form a composite phase change material with temperature gradient laps. The influence of composite phase change materials on asphalt performance was tested. The test shows that the best composite ratio of phase change material A and phase change material B is 5:1, and the temperature regulation performance of composite phase change material is better than that of A and B alone. The ability of composite phase change material to inhibit cooling increases with the amount of admixture, and the best admixture ratio in the mixture is 5 ‰ of the total mass of the mixture.
Effect of surface shot peening on the microstructure and mechanical properties of fuel cladding 1515-Ti austenitic steel
Authors: Liu Sirui , Xiao Changquan , Zhai Hailin , Wang Da , Ma Xianfeng
Published: December 2022

Lead-bismuth fast reactor is considered to be the most promising solution to meet the enormous energy demand in the future. The 15-15Ti austenitic stainless steel with outstanding corrosion and irradiation resistance has been proposed as main cladding candidate material for lead-bismuth fast reactor. However, the mechanical properties of 15-15Ti are weakly influenced by LBE. Shot peening as one of surface strengthening technique can efficiently improve metal mechanical properties. In this paper, shot peening (SP) treatment was applied on 15-15Ti. The microstructures and compositions were investigated using Optical Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and X-Ray Diffraction. It concludes that the material hardness is improved, and the residual stress induced by SP did not cause martensitic phase transformation on the sample surface. The presence of slip bands and other obstacles in the reinforcement layer improved the yielding and tensibility of the material.
Mathematical theory for topological photonic materials in one dimension
Authors: Lin Junshan , Zhang Hai
Published: December 2022

This work presents a rigorous theory for topological photonic materials in one dimension. The main focus is on the existence of interface modes that are induced by topological properties of the bulk structure. For a general 1D photonic structure with time-reversal symmetry, we investigate the existence of an interface mode that is induced by a Dirac point upon perturbation. Specifically, we establish conditions on the perturbation which guarantee the opening of a band gap around the Dirac point and the existence of an interface mode. For a periodic photonic structure with both time-reversal and inversion symmetry, the Zak phase is quantized, taking only two values

0
,
π

. We show that the Zak phase is determined by the parity (even or odd) of the Bloch modes at the band edges. For a photonic structure consisting of two semi-infinite systems on the two sides of an interface with distinct topological indices, we show the existence of an interface mode inside the common gap. The stability of the mode under perturbations is also investigated. Finally, we study resonances for finite topological structures. Our results are based on the transfer matrix method and the oscillation theory for Sturm–Liouville operators. The methods and results can be extended to general topological Sturm–Liouville systems in one dimension.
The miRNA-24, miRNA-21 expressions and matrix metalloproteinase-7 level in exhaled breath condensate of children with primary spontaneous pneumothorax
Authors: Soyer Tutku , Birben Esra , Akıncı Servet Melike , Göllü Gülnur , Türer Özlem Boybeyi , Soyer Özge , Çakmak Murat , Şekerel Bülent Enis , Tanyel Feridun Cahit
Published: December 2022

Bullous lung diseases may cause primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) in children. The microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that participate in regulation of inflammation and cancer. We hypothesized that children with bullous lung disease and PSP may have altered miRNA expressions in their exhaled breath condensates (EBCs). Therefore, a prospective study was performed to evaluate the miRNA-24 and 21 expression, and the matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) levels in EBC of children with PSP. Children with PSP were evaluated for age, gender, clinical features and results of surgical treatment. EBC samples (500–1000 ml) were collected to evaluate the miRNA-21, 24 expressions, and MMP-7, and tissue-inhibitor-MMP-1 (TIMP-1) levels. miRNA expressions and MMP levels of patients were compared with healthy controls (control group (CG), n = 12). Subjects (n = 16) with a mean age of 15 years (10–19 years), and a male-to-female ratio of 14:2 were enrolled in this study. The most common presenting symptom was sudden chest pain (n = 14). In 62.5% of the cases an underlying bullous lung disease were detected. During an average of 16.6 months (1–60 months) follow up period, four subjects relapsed. The mean MMP-7 (1.74–1.57 ng ml−1), and TIMP-1 (1.92–1.84 ng ml−1) levels were similar between both groups (p > 0.05). miRNA-24 expression was significantly decreased in the PSP group, when compared to the CG (0.16–1 2−ΔΔCT, p < 0.05). In addition, the miRNA-21 expression was not different between the two groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the miRNA-24 levels were significantly decreased in children with PSP. Taken together, children with PSP, especially those with bullous disease, should be closely monitored in the long-term period.
Beyond early self-evacuation from bushfires: factors influencing non-evacuation of at-risk communities
Authors: Adedokun Olufisayo , Egbelakin Temitope , Sher Willy , Gajendran Thayaparan
Published: December 2022

Bushfire is a devastating natural hazard. Contrary to bushfire policy on catastrophic fires, some householders prefer to stay and defend their properties. In addition, more frequent destructive events have been predicted because of climate change. To date, little attention has been paid to factors concerning why householders decide not to evacuate, especially for at-risk communities. Recent bushfire fatalities underscore the need to understand the factors influencing decision-making among residents in at-risk communities. This study addresses this imperative by identifying factors through a systematic literature review. Out of 142 articles extracted from the Web of Science and Scopus databases between 1999 – 2020, 32 were found relevant. Based on the rationalism classification of knowledge in psychology, these were categorized into information, social, protection, and operational factors. The factors may inform further studies involving predictors of residents’ non-evacuation from bushfire hazards. In addition, the significant factors can be leveraged towards early self-evacuation, which could reduce bushfire fatalities and mental health impacts among the residents.
Extracting Electricity Patterns from High-dimensional Data: A comparison of K-Means and DBSCAN algorithms
Authors: Wang Kaige , Yang Rebecca , Liu Chengyang , Samarasinghalage Tharushi , Zang Yukun
Published: December 2022

Environmental sustainability has become a priority for an increasing number of Australian cities in recent years. As a smart distribution platform, Virtual Power Plant (VPP) is a promising approach to achieving urban sustainability. Understanding local conditions, such as user electricity demand profile, is one of the most important aspects to modelling a VPP platform. However, due to data privacy and confidentiality, in many cases, energy demand profile has limitations. This study demonstrates how clustering techniques can support the development of electricity patterns from high-dimensional data, thereby inform VPP modelling. This study analysed historical electricity consumption data from an Australian city by using two clustering algorithms, K-Means and DBSCAN. According to the experiment results, both algorithms have their advantages and disadvantages, and the optimal algorithm choice is highly dependent on the clustering purpose. Both algorithm are not human iterpratable dealing with such high-dimensional dataset. In VPP modelling, the electricity patterns generated by clustering analyses can be used as input data to train Reinforcement Learning agents to learn human behaviours and rationality.
Impact of climate change on the degradation of rendered façades: Expectations for a dry and hot summer temperate climate
Authors: Barrelas J , Silva A , De Brito J , Tadeu A
Published: December 2022

Climate change is accelerating and can seriously affect the built environment, if not properly acknowledged in the design and maintenance stages. Despite the globally expected warming, climate changes will differ depending on region and climate type. What implications will temperature, precipitation and wind changes have on the degradation of the building envelope, in Southern Europe? How will the performance of façade claddings be affected by the end of the century? The purpose of this research is to determine the expected impact of climate change on the degradation of rendered façades, in a dry and hot summer temperate climate. This study is based on the complex relationship between climate parameters projections for Portugal and the known effects of environmental agents on the degradation of renderings. Projections indicate the increase of mean temperature and heat waves, reduction of precipitation and wet days, intensification of rainfall in shorter periods and decrease of wind speed in most of the country. Notwithstanding the projections’ inherent uncertainty, more cracking and fewer stains are expected. Due to the cracking increase, more loss of adhesion is probable. Further research is necessary to assess the risks of intense rainfall events to rendered façades, considering the also projected precipitation decrease.
Accelerating the Green Energy Transition for Sustainable Buildings and Cities: Estimating the Benefits of Community Power Purchase Agreements
Authors: Saari A , Vimpari J
Published: December 2022

Energy plays a crucial role in smart and sustainable cities as buildings and construction account for 36 % of energy consumption. The electrification of heating and transportation could significantly increase buildings’ electricity consumption. Previous literature has focused on on-site energy, especially in the energy community context, to encourage the cities to participate in the energy transition. However, on-site electricity can only produce one-fifth of the total demand. When pooled together, households could contribute to off-site electricity production to bring negotiation power and subsequent economic and environmental benefits. This paper examines households’ opportunities to contribute to off-site electricity production and electricity prices by utilizing the energy community concept. It quantifies the economic benefits for the households participating in a community power purchase agreement in the context of Helsinki, Finland. It presents a blockchain-based platform to facilitate the establishment of community power purchase agreements.
The contribution of smart buildings to low-carbon built environment
Authors: Janhunen E , Junnila S
Published: December 2022

Decarbonizing the energy sector is one of the most significant challenges of our time. Accordingly, the electrification of the energy system, deployment of renewables, and implementation of smart electricity control in the built environment is at the core of the in-force European Union policy actions. Recently, the European Commission released the Smart Readiness Indicator (SRI) for buildings framework. The SRI intends to raise awareness of the benefits of demand-based smart electricity control in energy- and carbon-intensive buildings. However, it is unclear whether implementing SRI-compatible smart electricity control technologies truly reduces carbon emissions in the built environment. This study modeled an SRI-compatible smart electricity control to every ground-source heat pump heated building in the Helsinki Metropolitan area. The study evaluated the climate mitigation implications before and after the smart electricity control using hourly-level energy consumption data. The study revealed how the climate mitigation potential of smart electricity control was only 0.02% annually. The reason for such a slight decrease in emissions appeared to be Finland’s relatively clean electricity network. Accordingly, the results questioned whether the SRI delivers its primary objective – i.e., decarbonizing the electricity grid – in northern European countries.
Building Facade Failures due to Rainwater Entry in Turkey
Authors: Baş C , Türkeri A N , Lacasse M A
Published: December 2022

Facade failures due to rainwater entry are common in Turkey although, few systematic studies have been completed to determine the types of defects and failures and their causes as would permit developing appropriate repair solutions. The intent of this study is to determine the types of defects and failures caused by rainwater ingress to building facades based on case studies of failure in Turkey. Thus, defects and failures can be characterized and classified, such that the most common types of failure can be revealed and adequate repair solutions proposed. A review of literature was conducted of studies undertaken in Turkey on rainwater entry and building defects. Additionally, field inspections were carried out for 16 public buildings in Istanbul and information regarding failures was gathered from local authorities. Based on data evaluated from previous research and field inspections, it was determined that majority of the buildings had cladding walls with stucco being the most common cladding material. Failures occurred in cladding facades with stucco included detachment of cladding, staining, and cracks; the most common failure was blistering and exfoliation. Air and rainwater leakage due to defects in sealants was the most common failure in buildings with panel and stick wall systems.
Smart retrofitting of buildings: a bibliometric study
Authors: Peiris Sanduni , Lai Joseph , Kumaraswamy Mohan M
Published: December 2022

Smart Building (SB)s have gained significant attention over the past decade. This is mainly because of the performance and efficiency enhancements that smart features can enable a building system to achieve, for example, net-zero energy consumption, operational savings, state-of-the-science user-friendliness, safety and security. Nowadays, many new buildings are being designed with smart features. The ‘grand challenge’, however, is converting the existing, ordinary buildings into SBs, through a process called “smart retrofitting (SR)”. This process, while affecting the existing building components and the end-users, is challenging to the relevant facilities managers. As strengthening the SR knowledge base will enable better-informed, hence more effective decisions, the focus of this research is to undertake a bibliometric analysis of SR research to assess its development in terms of prominent authors, countries and organisations. The bibliometric searches were conducted on the ‘Scopus’ and ‘Web of Science’ databases. A total of 107 journal articles were identified and analysed using the “VOSviewer” software. The findings revealed: the co-authorship patterns; the connections among the most influential authors, countries, and organisations; and the weak collaboration among the authors and organisations. This study is the first bibliometric analysis on SR, the results of which not only serve as a useful reference for both researchers and practitioners but also signpost further works to be undertaken for complementing the current results.