bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation, characterization and antibacterial effect of 2-methoxy-6-(5-H/Me/Cl/No2-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenols and some transition metal complexes
Authors: Tavman Aydin , Ikiz Serkan , Bagcigil Funda , Özgür Yakut , Seyyal A.K.
Published: June 2009

2-Methoxy-6-(5-H/methyl/chloro/nitro-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenols (HLx; x = 1-4, respectively) ligands and HL1 complexes with Fe(NO3)3, Cu(NO3)2, AgNO3 and Zn(NO3)2 were synthesized and characterized. The structures of the compounds were confirmed based on elemental analysis, molar conductivity, magnetic moment, FT-IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR. The antibacterial activity and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the free ligands, their hydrochloride salts and the complexes were evaluated using the disk diffusion method in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and the dilution method, respectively, against 9 bacteria. HL1 and HL3, as well as the Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes, showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.
A study of the electrochemical behavior of methomyl on a gold electrode in a neutral electrolyte
Authors: Tomasevic Andjelka , Avramov-Ivic Milka , Petrovic Slobodan , Jovanovic Mica , Mijin Dusan
Published: June 2009

A gold electrode was used for the qualitative and quantitative electrochemical determination of analytical methomyl in a neutral electrolyte (0.050 M NaHCO3) using cyclic linear sweep voltammetry. In the potential range from -800 mV vs. SCE to 1000 mV vs. SCE the analytical methomyl was quantitatively determined in the concentration range 4.0-16 mg L-1. In the potential range from -1300 mV vs. SCE to 1300 mV vs. SCE, methomyl was qualitatively determined by two anodic and four cathodic reactions. Cycling the potential in this range for 150 min caused the degradation of the molecule, which was confirmed by HPLC analysis. On the other hand, technical methomyl exhibited an inhibition of the gold electrode surface due to the impurities.
Characteristics of Cu-Al2O3 composites of various starting particle size obtained by high-energy milling
Authors: Rajkovic Viseslava , Bozic Dusan , Jovanovic Milan
Published: June 2009

The powder Cu-Al2O3 composites were produced by high-energy milling. Various combinations of particle size and mixtures and approximately constant amount of Al2O3 were used as the starting materials. These powders were separately milled in air for up to 20 h in a planetary ball mill. The copper matrix was reinforced by internal oxidation and mechanical alloying. During the milling, internal oxidation of pre-alloyed Cu-2 mass %-Al powder generated 3.7 mass % Al2O3 nano-sized particles finely dispersed in the copper matrix. The effect of different size of the starting copper and Al2O3 powder particles on the lattice parameter, lattice distortion and grain size, as well as on the size, morphology and microstructure of the Cu-Al2O3 composite powder particles was studied.
Trafficking in human organs
Authors: Stevkovic Ljiljana
Published: June 2009

Trafficking in human organs is a contemporary international problem that engages the attention of media more so than researchers and representatives of medical and legislative institutions. The purpose of this paper is to point out the main characteristics of this segment of organized crime, and to try to underline its seriousness and the necessity of more active prevention and suppression. This paper is divided into four thematic parts. After the introduction and terminological determination, the author gives a brief analysis of regional dimensions of trafficking in human organs. In continuation, a brief turn over of international medical and legal regulation, with concluding consideration in the final part of the paper is given.
Performance Measurement System Design in Joint Strategy Settings
Authors: Lillis Anne M. , van Veen-Dirks Paula M. G.
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examines empirically the association between joint strategies and the design of manufacturing performance measurement systems. Drawing on data collected from production managers in 84 industrial firms, the study seeks evidence of links between the implementation of differentiation, low-cost and joint strategies in production, and reliance on efficiency, financial, and customer-focused performance measures. The results indicate the paradoxical situation where virtually all units in the sample pursue competitive advantage in differentiation yet many rely intensely on efficiency and financial measures to measure manufacturing performance. Reliance on efficiency measures is observed to be associated with the pursuit of low-cost and differentiation strategies jointly. Reliance on financial measures, on the other hand, appears to be related to differentiation and not related to the strategic importance of low cost. The findings suggest that financial measures may have a role in monitoring the financial impact of differentiation and curbing excessive differentiation. However, efficiency measures are primarily related to the extent of strategic focus on low cost and may be observed in differentiating units when differentiation is pursued jointly with low cost.
Nanoparticle-Mediated Expression of an Angiogenic Inhibitor Ameliorates Ischemia-Induced Retinal Neovascularization and Diabetes-Induced Retinal Vascular Leakage
Authors: Park Kyoungmin , Chen Ying , Hu Yang , Mayo Aaron S. , Kompella Uday B. , Longeras Richard , Ma Jian-xing
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of nanoparticle-mediated gene delivery of angiogenic inhibitors on retinal inflammation, vascular leakage, and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

An expression plasmid of plasminogen kringle 5 (K5), a natural angiogenic inhibitor, was encapsulated with poly(lactide-coglycolide) to form K5 nanoparticles (K5-NP). Expression of K5 was determined by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, and retinal vascular leakage was measured by permeability assay. Retinal neovascularization was evaluated using fluorescein-angiography and counting preretinal vascular cells in rats with oxygen-induced retinopathy. Effects of K5-NP on retinal inflammation were evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by leukostasis assay and Western blot analysis of intracellular adhesion molecule and vascular endothelial growth factor. Possible toxicities of K5-NP were evaluated using histology examination, retinal thickness measurement, and electroretinogram recording.

RESULTS

K5-NP mediated efficient expression of K5 and specifically inhibited growth of endothelial cells. An intravitreal injection of K5-NP resulted in high-level expression of K5 in the inner retina of rats during the 4 weeks they were analyzed. Injection of K5-NP significantly reduced retinal vascular leakage and attenuated retinal neovascularization, when compared with the contralateral eyes injected with Control-NP in oxygen-induced retinopathy rats. K5-NP attenuated vascular endothelial growth factor and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 overexpression and reduced leukostasis and vascular leakage for at least 4 weeks after a single injection in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. No toxicities of K5-NP were detected to retinal structure and function.

CONCLUSIONS

K5-NP mediates efficient and sustained K5 expression in the retina and has therapeutic potential for diabetic retinopathy.
Apolipoprotein B but not LDL Cholesterol Is Associated With Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 2 Diabetic Whites
Authors: Martin Seth S. , Qasim Atif N. , Mehta Nehal N. , Wolfe Megan , Terembula Karen , Schwartz Stanley , Iqbal Nayyar , Schutta Mark , Bagheri Roshanak , Reilly Muredach P.
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

Evidence favors apolipoprotein B (apoB) over LDL cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular events, but data are lacking on coronary artery calcification (CAC), especially in type 2 diabetes, where LDL cholesterol may underestimate atherosclerotic burden. We investigated the hypothesis that apoB is a superior marker of CAC relative to LDL cholesterol.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We performed cross-sectional analyses of white subjects in two community-based studies: the Penn Diabetes Heart Study (N = 611 type 2 diabetic subjects, 71.4% men) and the Study of Inherited Risk of Coronary Atherosclerosis (N = 803 nondiabetic subjects, 52.8% men) using multivariate analysis of apoB and LDL cholesterol stratified by diabetes status.

RESULTS

In type 2 diabetes, apoB was associated with CAC after adjusting for age, sex, and medications [Tobit regression ratio of increased CAC for 1-SD increase in apoB; 1.36 (95% CI 1.06–1.75), P = 0.016] whereas LDL cholesterol was not [1.09 (0.85–1.41)]. In nondiabetic subjects, both were associated with CAC [apoB 1.65 (1.38–1.96), P < 0.001; LDL cholesterol 1.56 (1.30–1.86), P < 0.001]. In combined analysis of diabetic and nondiabetic subjects, apoB provided value in predicting CAC scores beyond LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol and triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratios, and marginally beyond non-HDL cholesterol.

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma apoB, but not LDL cholesterol, levels were associated with CAC scores in type 2 diabetic whites. ApoB levels may be particularly useful in assessing atherosclerotic burden and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes.
Effect of Homocysteine-Lowering Treatment With Folic Acid and B Vitamins on Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Song Yiqing , Cook Nancy R. , Albert Christine M. , Van Denburgh Martin , Manson JoAnn E.
Published: June 2009

OBJECTIVE

Homocysteinemia may play an etiologic role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by promoting oxidative stress, systemic inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. We investigated whether homocysteine-lowering treatment by B vitamin supplementation prevents the risk of type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The Women's Antioxidant and Folic Acid Cardiovascular Study (WAFACS), a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 5,442 female health professionals aged ≥40 years with a history of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or three or more CVD risk factors, included 4,252 women free of diabetes at baseline. Participants were randomly assigned to either an active treatment group (daily intake of a combination pill of 2.5 mg folic acid, 50 mg vitamin B6, and 1 mg vitamin B12) or to the placebo group.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 7.3 years, 504 women had an incident diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Overall, there was no significant difference between the active treatment group and the placebo group in diabetes risk (relative risk 0.94 [95% CI 0.79–1.11]; P = 0.46), despite significant lowering of homocysteine levels. Also, there was no evidence for effect modifications by baseline intakes of dietary folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. In a sensitivity analysis, the null result remained for women compliant with their study pills (0.92 [0.76–1.10]; P = 0.36).

CONCLUSIONS

Lowering homocysteine levels by daily supplementation with folic acid and vitamins B6 and B12 did not reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes among women at high risk for CVD.
Enhancement of Tire Durability by Considering Air Flow Field
Authors: Kato K. , Yamaguchi M. , Miyazono T. , Tsuruta M.
Published: June 2009

Rolling tire performance is frequently affected by multiple physics. For instance, dry handling is influenced by the tire temperature as a consequence of the heat generation by material viscosity and the heat transfer to ambient air. The general phenomenon is complex and even interactive in that the elasticity parameter affecting tire deformation is a function of the temperature and that the temperature depends considerably on the air flow on tire surface.

This paper refers to connecting the different physics of outside air flow and thermomechanical system of tire. Especially, the heat transfer across tire surface is focused from the viewpoint of thermofluid dynamics. Macroscopic flow turbulence to accelerate the heat transfer is studied in a case study of the run-flat tire, where high temperature due to very large deformation is of a key issue. Numerical simulation is conducted in parallel to experimental works in assessing heat flow and temperature on the surface. It is shown that the proposed geometry of rib sidewall reduces the tire temperature and improves the tire life remarkably.
Prevalence of cardiomyopathy in apparently healthy cats
Authors: Paige Christopher F. , Abbott Jonathan A. , Elvinger François , Pyle R. Lee
Published: June 2009

Objective—To determine the prevalence of cardiomyopathy and the relationship between cardiomyopathy and heart murmurs in apparently healthy cats.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—103 privately owned, apparently healthy domestic cats.

Procedures—Cats were physically and echocardiographically examined by 2 investigators independently. Left ventricular wall thickness was determined via 2-dimensional echocardiography in short-axis and long-axis planes. Left ventricular hypertrophy was identified when end-diastolic measurements of the interventricular septum or posterior wall were ≥ 6 mm. Cats with left ventricular hypertrophy but without left ventricular dilatation were considered to have hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). The associations between heart murmurs and Doppler echocardiographic velocity profiles indicative of dynamic ventricular outflow tract obstruction were evaluated.

Results—Heart murmurs were detected in 16 (15.5%; 95% confidence interval, 9.2% to 24.0%) cats; of these, 5 had cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathy was also identified in 16 (15.5%; 95% confidence interval, 9.2% to 24.0%) cats; 15 had HCM, and 1 had arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Of the cats with HCM, 11 had segmental left ventricular hypertrophy, 3 had diffuse left ventricular hypertrophy, and 1 had borderline left ventricular hypertrophy with marked systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Sensitivity and specificity of auscultatory detection of a heart murmur for diagnosing cardiomyopathy were 31% and 87%, respectively. Echocardiographic evidence of late systolic acceleration within ventricular outflow tracts was associated with the existence of a heart murmur.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cardiomyopathy was common in the healthy cats evaluated in this study. In apparently healthy cats, detection of a heart murmur is not a reliable indicator of cardiomyopathy.
Clinical signs, risk factors, and outcomes associated with bromide toxicosis (bromism) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy
Authors: Rossmeisl John H. , Inzana Karen D.
Published: June 2009

Objective—To evaluate clinical signs, risk factors, and outcomes associated with bromide toxicosis (bromism) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy treated with potassium or sodium bromide.

Design—Retrospective case-control study.

Animals—83 clinically ill epileptic dogs with (cases; n = 31) and without (controls; 52) bromism.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for information regarding signalment, epilepsy history, treatment, diet, clinicopathologic test results, concurrent diseases, clinical signs, and outcome. Case and control dogs were matched by the veterinary hospitals from which they were referred and by month of admission. A presumptive diagnosis of bromism was made in case dogs when treatment for primary clinical signs was limited to induction of diuresis or reduction in the dose of bromide administered, and this diagnosis was supported by serum bromide concentrations. Potential risk factors for bromism were identified via univariate and subsequent multivariate logistic regression analyses.

Results—Common clinical signs of bromism included alterations in consciousness, ataxia, and upper and lower motor neuron tetraparesis and paraparesis. The multivariate analysis identified bromide dose at admission to the hospital as the only factor significantly associated with bromism. In all dogs with bromism, treatment via dose reduction or facilitated renal excretion of bromide resulted in rapid clinical improvement, although breakthrough seizures happened during treatment in 8 of 31 (26%) dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bromism is a clinically heterogeneous, dose-dependent neurotoxicosis that is largely reversible with treatment. Regular serial monitoring of serum bromide concentrations is recommended to optimize anticonvulsant treatment in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.
Tendinitis of the proximal aspect of the superficial digital flexor tendon in horses: 12 cases (2000–2006)
Authors: Chesen A. Berkley , Dabareiner Robin M. , Chaffin M. Keith , Carter G. Kent
Published: June 2009

Objective—To determine clinical signs, ultrasonographic findings, and outcome of horses with tendinitis of the proximal portion of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT; group A horses) and to compare signalment, horse use, and outcome in these horses with that of horses with tendinitis of the midmetacarpal region of the SDFT (group B horses).

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—12 group A horses and 22 group B horses.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, horse use, and outcome information; data for group A horses also included severity of lameness, diagnostic results, and treatment.

Results—Most group A horses were aged (mean, 18 years; median, 17 years; range, 11 to 23 years) Quarter Horses (9/12 horses) and had a grade 3 or 4 (on a scale from 1 to 5) forelimb lameness. Most group A horses (8/12 horses) had positive reactions to carpal flexion and were (9/12 horses) sound following ulnar nerve blocks. Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed hypoechoic SDFT lesions (median echogenicity score, 3/4; median fiber alignment score, 3/3; and mean length, 9.75 cm). Group A horses were significantly older and had a poorer outcome for return to previous use (2/12 horses), compared with group B horses (median age, 5 years; 10/22 horses returned to previous use). Thirteen of 22 group B horses were Thoroughbreds.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tendinitis of the proximal portion of the SDFT was a cause of lameness in aged performance horses; prognosis for return to previous use was poor.
Outcome of Transmetatarsal Amputations in Diabetics Using Antibiotic Beads
Authors: Krause Fabian G. , deVries Gwyneth , Meakin Colin , Kalla Timothy P. , Younger Alastair SE
Published: June 2009

Background: Diabetic patients with transmetatarsal amputation (TMA) for chronic forefoot ulceration or necrosis are at high risk for postoperative skin breakdown and subsequent amputation. Locally applied antibiotics may reduce the revision rate and improve the outcome. Material and Methods: In a retrospective comparative study, 60 diabetic patients (65 feet) with forefoot ulceration or necrosis were treated with TMA by three surgeons in three hospitals. In the “beads group” (46 patients, 49 feet) TMA was combined with local application of bioabsorbable, tobramycin impregnated calcium sulphate beads (OsteoSet-T beads TM, Wright Medical, Memphis, TN) as a single-stage procedure. The remaining 16 patients had transmetatarsal amputation without beads at the surgeon's discretion and acted as a control group. For all patients, time to healing, length of hospital stay, number of revisions for wound breakdown and conversions to a higher-level amputation were retrospectively reviewed. Of the 60 patients 17 had died and three were lost to followup, leaving 40 patients available for latest followup at 29 months. The Foot & Ankle Outcome Score, Foot Function index, SF-36, and Comorbidity score were recorded. Results: The revision rate for wound breakdown after TMA was 8.2% (4/49) in the beads group, and 25% (4/16) in the control group ( p < 0.05). At latest followup, 27% (13/49) in the beads group, and 25% (4/16) in the control group had to be converted to transtibial amputation. Patients in the beads group scored worse for activities of daily living in the FAOS and SF-36 ( p < 0.05), and demonstrated more health problems in the Comorbidity scores (not significant), indicating sicker individuals in the beads group. Conclusion: Bioabsorbable calcium sulphate antibiotic beads may be a useful addition for TMA for patients with non-healing diabetic ulcerations of the forefoot. The single-stage procedure could have a significant impact on the management of diabetic forefoot ulcerations by preventing additional hospital stays, improving the patient's quality of life and minimizing cost.
ChevronOsteotomy with Lateral Release and Adductor Tenotomy For Hallux Valgus
Authors: Potenza Vito , Caterini Roberto , Farsetti Pasquale , Forconi Fabrizio , Savarese Eugenio , Nicoletti Simone , Ippolito Ernesto
Published: June 2009

Background: Distal chevron osteotomy is a procedure widely performed for the surgical treatment of painful hallux valgus. The risks and benefits of a lateral capsular release and adductor tenotomy combined with chevron osteotomy are still debated. The aim of our study was to report the clinical and radiographic outcomes of this combined procedure in mild and moderate incongruent bunion deformities, with a hallux valgus angle (HVA) up to 40 degrees and an intermetatarsal angle (IMA) up to 20 degrees. Materials and Methods: Forty-two patients (52 feet) who consecutively underwent chevron osteotomy combined with lateral release and adductor tenotomy were reviewed 24-36 months after surgery. The mean age of the patients was 53.5 (range, 43 to 64) years. All the deformities were mild to moderate, with a mean preoperative value of 28 degrees in the HVA (range, 16 degrees to 40 degrees) and of 13 degrees in the IMA (range, 9 degrees to 20 degrees). Results: At followup, the AOFAS hallux score improved from an average of 46 to an average of 88. The HVA and IMA had an average postoperative decrease respectively of 12 degrees and 6 degrees; lateral sesamoid displacement decreased by a mean of 15%. In no case did we observe infection or nonunion of the osteotomy. In one case, painless avascular necrosis of the first metatarsal head developed. Conclusion: Our short-term results show that distal chevron osteotomy combined with lateral release and adductor tenotomy is a feasible surgical option to address mild to moderate hallux valgus deformity, even with an IM angle between 15 and 20 degrees. Clinical and radiographic outcomes are generally good and patient satisfaction is generally high.
Osteochondral Lesions of the Distal Tibial Plafond: Localization and Morphologic Characteristics with an Anatomical Grid
Authors: Elias Ilan , Raikin Steven M. , Schweitzer Mark E. , Besser Marcus P. , Morrison William B. , Zoga Adam C.
Published: June 2009

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and morphologic characteristics of osteochondral lesions of the distal tibial plafond (OLTP) by location and morphologic characteristics on MRI. Material and Methods: We assigned 9 zones to the distal tibial plafond articular surface in an equal 3×3 grid configuration. Zone 1 was the most anterior and medial, zone 3 was anterior and lateral, zone 7 was most posterior and medial, and zone 9 was the most posterior and lateral. The grid was designed with all 9 zones being equal in surface area. Two observers reviewed MRI examinations of 38 patients (12 males and 26 females; mean age, 38.7 years; age range, 10 to 68 years) with reported OLTPs. We recorded the frequency of involvement and size of lesion for each zone. A chart review was performed. Results: Of the 38 OLTP found in this study, 14 (37%) of the lesions were on the medial tibial plafond [zones 1, 4 and 7] and 11 (29%) involved the lateral tibial plafond [zones 3, 6 and 9]; 13 lesions (34%) localized to the center third of the plafond [zones 2, 5 and 8]. Nine of the lesions (24%) were on the anterior tibial plafond [zones 1, 2 and 3], 15 lesions (39%) predominately involved the posterior plafond [zones 7, 8 and 9], and 14 lesions (37%) localized to the central third of the plafond [zones 4, 5 and 6]. The medial central tibial plafond was most frequently involved site with 8 of the 38 (21%) lesions located there; the posterior medial tibial plafond was second most frequently involved with six of the 38 lesions (16%). Six of 38 ankles had both a talar osteochondral lesion and an OLTP. Of these, only one was a ‘kissing’ lesion. Chart review revealed that all subjects had ankle pain at time of MRI examination. Conclusion: We conclude that osteochondral lesions of the distal tibial plafond must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with symptomatic ankles and that no location had a significantly higher incidence.
The Male Fear of the Feminine and its Effects on Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: Kierski Werner , Blazina Christopher
Published: June 2009

The following research aims to understand men's experiences of the fear of the feminine (FOF). Findings show that men experience multiple fears related to FOF in connection to their masculine gender roles. These fears included ones regarding: relationships, health, life and death, their place in society on the whole and issues of power within a perceived male hierarchy. The men interviewed express perceived differences between masculine and feminine gender roles. The research results imply that FOF maybe conceptualized as a censor, preventing men from infringing on prescribed gender boundaries. In addition, FOF may also be the impetus for using psychological defenses to distance from thoughts and behaviors perceived as not masculine. Implications for counseling and psychotherapy with male clients are discussed.
“It All Fell in on Him”: Masculinities in Raymond Carver's Short Stories and American Culture during the 1970s and 1980s
Authors: Hall Vanessa
Published: June 2009

This article locates Carver's stories in the context of discourses of masculinity predominant in American culture during the 1970s and 1980s. During these decades, traditional constructions of masculinity were increasingly questioned, creating spaces for alternative forms of masculinity. This essay also locates a transformation in representations of masculinity in Carver's oeuvre: representations of masculinity in crisis are transformed in later stories into alternate constructions of masculinity characterized by optimism and growth. This essay concludes that Carver's stories provide a window into the intense gender conflict of these decades.
Gene and Protein Expression Pilot Profiling and Biomarkers in an Experimental Mouse Model of Hypertensive Glaucoma
Authors: Walsh Molly M. , Yi Haiqing , Friedman Julie , Cho Kyoung-in , Tserentsoodol Nomingerel , McKinnon Stuart , Searle Kelly , Yeh Andrew , Ferreira Paulo A.
Published: June 2009

Glaucoma is a group of genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorders causing the degeneration of the ganglion neurons of the retina. Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) is a hallmark risk factor promoting the death of ganglion neurons of the retina in glaucoma. Yet, the molecular processes underlying the degeneration of these neurons by increased IOP are not understood. To gain insight into the early molecular events and discover biomarkers induced by IOP, we performed gene and protein expression profiling to compare retinas of eyes with and without high IOP in a rodent model of experimental glaucoma. This pilot study found that the IOP-mediated changes in the transcription levels of a restricted set of genes implicated in peroxisomal and mitochondrial function, modulation of neuron survival and inflammatory processes, were also accompanied by changes in the levels of proteins encoded by the same genes. With the exception of the inflammatory markers, serum amyloid-A1 (SAA1) and serum amyloid-A2 (SAA2), the IOP-induced changes in protein expression were restricted to ganglion neurons of the retina and they were detected also in the vitreous, thus suggesting an early IOP-mediated loss of ganglion cell integrity. Interestingly, SAA1 and SAA2 were induced in retinal microglia cells, whereas they were reduced in sera of IOP-responsive mice. Hence, this study defines novel IOP-induced molecular processes, biomarkers and sources thereof, and it further validates the extension of the analyses herein reported to other genes modulated by IOP.
Detecting Seronegative-Early HIV Infections Among Adult Versus Student Kenyan Blood Donors, by Using Stimmunology
Authors: Mumo Jasper , Vansover Ami , Jehuda-Cohen Tamar
Published: June 2009

Background: Undetectable HIV infection in blood banks poses a serious threat to public health. Thus, donations from high school students are preferred over adult samples in Kenyan blood banks, due to lower HIV infection prevalence within this population, as detected by conventional serology testing. However, the number of recently infected individuals remains difficult to identify, as HIV-induced immunological window periods can span months. This study focuses on the potential contribution of a novel mode of diagnostic testing in revealing early, seronegative HIV carriers. Methods and Findings: Stimmunology, an in vitro lymphocyte stimulation technique, was used to detect early HIV infection among random samples of adult and adolescent blood donors. The Stimmunology protocol unveiled a significant number of early, pre-seroconversion HIV carriers both among adult and teenage Kenyan populations, undetected by typical serological diagnostic kits. Both populations demonstrated a significant increase in HIV-specific antibody formation following activation using the Stimmunology assay. The younger population exhibited a higher proportion of early HIV infection (0.45) than the adult (0.27) population. Conclusions: While blood samples of young donors are preferred over adult donations, these data demonstrate a worrisome ratio of early, seronegative HIV carriers within this population. This simple, cost-effective, and reliable HIV-boosting antibody assay can be used in a resource-poor setting to increase blood supply safety and quality. Incorporation of Stimmunology into basic blood bank testing and into diagnostic protocols can also decrease undesirable disease transmission.
Chronic Growth Hormone Excess Is Associated with Increased Aldosterone: A Study in Patients with Acromegaly and in Growth Hormone Transgenic Mice
Authors: Bielohuby Maximilian , Roemmler Josefine , Manolopoulou Jenny , Johnsen Inga , Sawitzky Mandy , Schopohl Jochen , Reincke Martin , Wolf Eckhard , Hoeflich Andreas , Bidlingmaier Martin
Published: June 2009

Acromegaly is a disease characterized by chronic growth hormone (GH) excess. Since hypertension is a common finding in patients with acromegaly, interactions between GH and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) are under controversial debate. We examined GH, IGF-I, aldosterone, and renin in a well-defined group of acromegalic patients before and after cure by surgery. In addition, we analyzed the impact of chronic GH excess on the RAAS in mouse models over-expressing GH alone (G) or in combination with insulin-like growth factor–binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2; GB). Normalization of GH secretion after cure by surgery was accompanied by significant decreases of serum aldosterone in acromegalic patients (pre-op: 96.5 ± 37.1 pg/mL, post-op: 41.3 ± 28.2 pg/ mL; P < 0.001; n = 13), but renin concentrations were unaffected. In addition, aldosterone concentrations were positively correlated to GH levels (Spearman r = 0.39; P = 0.025; n = 26). To further study this association, we analysed two transgenic mouse models and found a similar relationship between GH and aldosterone in G mice, which showed about 3-fold elevated serum aldosterone levels in comparison to non-transgenic controls (males: 442 ± 331 pg/mL vs. 151 ± 84 pg/mL; P = 0.002; n ≥ 12; females: 488 ± 161 pg/mL vs. 108 ± 125 pg/mL; P = 0.05; n ≥ 4). Expression of aldosterone synthase was similar in adrenal glands of C and G mice. Aldosterone levels in G and GB mice of both genders were not different, indicating that the elevated aldosterone was due to GH excess and not caused by elevated IGF-I, which is known to be blocked by IGFBP-2 overexpression. Also in the mouse models, changes in aldosterone were independent from renin. In summary, we show that chronic GH excess is associated with increased aldosterone in humans and mice. GH-induced increases of aldosterone potentially contribute to the increased cardiovascular risk in acromegalic patients. The underlying mechanism is likely to be independent of renin, excess IGF-I, or adrenal aldosterone synthase expression.
Towards Improved Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Analysis of Gene Expression Data and Computer Aided Imaging
Authors: Alexe Gabriela , Monaco James , Doyle Scott , Basavanhally Ajay , Reddy Anupama , Seiler Michael , Ganesan Shridar , Bhanot Gyan , Madabhushi Anant
Published: June 2009

With the increasing cost effectiveness of whole slide digital scanners, gene expression microarray and SNP technologies, tissue specimens can now be analyzed using sophisticated computer aided image and data analysis techniques for accurate diagnoses and identification of prognostic markers and potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Microarray analysis is routinely able to identify biomarkers correlated with survival and reveal pathways underlying pathogenesis and invasion. In this paper we describe how microarray profiling of tumor samples combined with simple but powerful methods of analysis can identify biologically distinct disease subclasses of breast cancer with distinct molecular signatures, differential recurrence rates and potentially, very different response to therapy. Image analysis methods are also rapidly finding application in the clinic, complementing the pathologist in quantitative, reproducible, detection, staging, and grading of disease. We will describe novel computerized image analysis techniques and machine learning tools for automated cancer detection from digitized histopathology and how they can be employed for disease diagnosis and prognosis for prostate and breast cancer.
The Idiocy of the Event: Between Antonin Artaud, Kathy Acker and Gilles Deleuze
Authors: Beckman Frida
Published: June 2009

Exploring the evolution of the conceptual persona of the idiot from the philosophical idiot in Deleuze to the Russian idiot in Deleuze and Guattari, this article suggests that their use of the figure of Antonin Artaud as a model for an idiocy that is freed from the image of thought is problematic since Artaud in fact evinces a nostalgia for the capacity for thought. The article invites the writings of Kathy Acker and argues that Acker makes possible a more successful way of thinking of the event of thought beyond the Image and thereby a new conceptual persona of the post-Russian idiot.
Calibrating Self-Reported Measures of Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy via Bioassays Using a Monte Carlo Approach
Authors: Dukic Vanja M. , Niessner Marina , Pickett Kate E. , Benowitz Neal L. , Wakschlag Lauren S.
Published: June 2009

Maternal smoking during pregnancy is a major public health problem that has been associated with numerous short- and long-term adverse health outcomes in offspring. However, characterizing smoking exposure during pregnancy precisely has been rather difficult: self-reported measures of smoking often suffer from recall bias, deliberate misreporting, and selective non-disclosure, while single bioassay measures of nicotine metabolites only reflect recent smoking history and cannot capture the fluctuating and complex patterns of varying exposure of the fetus. Recently, Dukic et al. [1] have proposed a statistical method for combining information from both sources in order to increase the precision of the exposure measurement and power to detect more subtle effects of smoking. In this paper, we extend the Dukic et al. [1] method to incorporate individual variation of the metabolic parameters (such as clearance rates) into the calibration model of smoking exposure during pregnancy. We apply the new method to the Family Health and Development Project (FHDP), a small convenience sample of 96 predominantly working-class white pregnant women oversampled for smoking. We find that, on average, misreporters smoke 7.5 cigarettes more than what they report to smoke, with about one third underreporting by 1.5, one third under-reporting by about 6.5, and one third underreporting by 8.5 cigarettes. Partly due to the limited demographic heterogeneity in the FHDP sample, the results are similar to those obtained by the deterministic calibration model, whose adjustments were slightly lower (by 0.5 cigarettes on average). The new results are also, as expected, less sensitive to assumed values of cotinine half-life.
Purification, Crystallization and Preliminary X-ray Crystallographic Studies of RAIDD Death-Domain (DD)
Authors: Jang Tae-ho , Park Hyun Ho
Published: June 2009

Caspase-2 activation by formation of PIDDosome is critical for genotoxic stress induced apoptosis. PIDDosome is composed of three proteins, RAIDD, PIDD, and Caspase-2. RAIDD is an adaptor protein containing an N-terminal Caspase-Recruiting-Domain (CARD) and a C-terminal Death-Domain (DD). Its interactions with Caspase-2 and PIDD through CARD and DD respectively and formation of PIDDosome are important for the activation of Caspase-2. RAIDD DD cloned into pET26b vector was expressed in E. coli cells and purified by nickel affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Although it has been known that the most DDs are not soluble in physiological condition, RAIDD DD was soluble and interacts tightly with PIDD DD in physiological condition. The purified RAIDD DD alone has been crystallized. Crystals are trigonal and belong to space group P3121 (or its enantiomorph P3221) with unit-cell parameters a = 56.3, b = 56.3, c = 64.9 Å and γ = 120°. The crystals were obtained at room temperature and diffracted to 2.0 Å resolution.
Analysis of the Emitted Wavelet of High-Resolution Bowtie GPR Antennas
Authors: Rial Fernando  I. , Lorenzo Henrique , Pereira Manuel , Armesto Julia
Published: June 2009

Most Ground Penetrating Radars (GPR) cover a wide frequency range by emitting very short time wavelets. In this work, we study in detail the wavelet emitted by two bowtie GPR antennas with nominal frequencies of 800 MHz and 1 GHz. Knowledge of this emitted wavelet allows us to extract as much information as possible from recorded signals, using advanced processing techniques and computer simulations. Following previously published methodology used by Rial et al. [1], which ensures system stability and reliability in data acquisition, a thorough analysis of the wavelet in both time and frequency domain is performed. Most of tests were carried out with air as propagation medium, allowing a proper analysis of the geometrical attenuation factor. Furthermore, we attempt to determine, for each antenna, a time zero in the records to allow us to correctly assign a position to the reflectors detected by the radar. Obtained results indicate that the time zero is not a constant value for the evaluated antennas, but instead depends on the characteristics of the material in contact with the antenna.
An Overview of the Use of the SimSphere Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) Model for the Study of Land-Atmosphere Interactions
Authors: Petropoulos George , Carlson Toby  N. , Wooster Martin  J.
Published: June 2009

Soil Vegetation Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) models consist of deterministic mathematical representations of the physical processes involved between the land surface and the atmosphere and of their interactions, at time-steps acceptable for the study of land surface processes. The present article provides a comprehensive and systematic review of one such SVAT model suitable for use in mesoscale or boundary layer studies, originally developed by [1]. This model, which has evolved significantly both architecturally and functionally since its foundation, has been widely applied in over thirty interdisciplinary science investigations, and it is currently used as a learning resource for students in a number of educational institutes globally. The present review is also regarded as very timely, since a variation of a method using this specific SVAT model along with satellite observations is currently being considered in a scheme being developed for the operational retrieval of soil surface moisture by the US National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS), in a series of satellites that are due to be launched from 2016 onwards.
Solid State Gas Sensor Research in Germany – a Status Report
Authors: Moos Ralf , Sahner Kathy , Fleischer Maximilian , Guth Ulrich , Barsan Nicolae , Weimar Udo
Published: June 2009

This status report overviews activities of the German gas sensor research community. It highlights recent progress in the field of potentiometric, amperometric, conductometric, impedimetric, and field effect-based gas sensors. It is shown that besides step-by-step improvements of conventional principles, e.g. by the application of novel materials, novel principles turned out to enable new markets. In the field of mixed potential gas sensors, novel materials allow for selective detection of combustion exhaust components. The same goal can be reached by using zeolites for impedimetric gas sensors. Operando spectroscopy is a powerful tool to learn about the mechanisms in n-type and in p-type conductometric sensors and to design knowledge-based improved sensor devices. Novel deposition methods are applied to gain direct access to the material morphology as well as to obtain dense thick metal oxide films without high temperature steps. Since conductometric and impedimetric sensors have the disadvantage that a current has to pass the gas sensitive film, film morphology, electrode materials, and geometrical issues affect the sensor signal. Therefore, one tries to measure directly the Fermi level position either by measuring the gas-dependent Seebeck coefficient at high temperatures or at room temperature by applying a modified miniaturized Kelvin probe method, where surface adsorption-based work function changes drive the drain-source current of a field effect transistor.
A climatic and taxonomic comparison between leaf litter and standing vegetation from a Florida swamp woodland
Authors: Dilcher David L. , Kowalski Elizabeth A. , Wiemann Michael C. , Hinojosa Luis Felipe , Lott Terry A.
Published: June 2009

One method to determine past climate has been the use of leaf morphological characteristics of fossil leaves quantified using modern climate and canopy leaf characteristics. Fossil assemblages are composed of abscised leaves, and climate may be more accurately determined by using leaves from leaf litter instead of the canopy. To better understand whether taphonomic processes make a difference in this relationship, a north‐central Florida woodland was sampled to determine the morphologically based climate estimates from these leaves. Leaves from woody, dicotyledonous plants were collected and identified, then compared using presence/absence data and analyzed using several linear regression equations and the CLAMP data set. Although the majority of standing vegetation was reflected in leaf litter, some inconsistencies were observed, which may reflect plant community structure or sampling technique. Mean annual temperature (MAT) and growing season precipitation (GSP) were estimated from leaf litter morphological characters and living leaves. Overall, values for MAT estimated from litter and living leaves were cooler than actual MATs, although several accurate and high estimates were obtained depending on the predictive method used. Estimated GSP values were higher than actual GSPs. Statistically, no difference was observed between MAT and GSP estimates derived from leaf litter vs. estimates derived from living leaves, with one exception.
AIRPORT REDESIGN FOR SAFETY AND SECURITY: CASE STUDIES OF THREE SCOTTISH AIRPORTS
Authors: Enoma Aghahowa , Allen Stephen , Enoma Anthony
Published: June 2009

This research study set to develop KPIs for airport safety and security using a case study and ethnographic approach to research, the focus was on the role of Facilities Management (FM) in improving safety and security at the airport. The study centred on the management and staff of the case study airport and experts in the field of facilities management and aviation. The methodology for this study is a case study of three Scottish airports, owned and operated by the BAA Scotland (Glasgow, Edinburgh and Aberdeen international airports). Data was collected from Civil Aviation Agency, analysed and presented in the study. The study developed a three ‘AAA’ model (Airport – Aircraft – Airport) and a 3 stage approach to the research process. Evidence in this paper supports the conclusion that planning for airport safety and security are airport specific because no two airports are exactly the same, they differ in their; sizes, mode of operations, passenger type and flight destinations.

Santruka

Šiuo tyrimu siekta sukurti oro uosto sauguma ir apsauga užtikrinančius pagrindinius veiklos rodiklius (KPI), pasitelkus atvejo tyrima ir etnografini požiūri i tyrima. Daugiausia demesio skirta pastatu ūkio valdymo reikšmei, didinant oro uosto sauguma ir apsauga. Tyrimo centre ‐ atvejui tirti pasirinktu oro uostu vadovai ir darbuotojai bei pastatu ūkio valdymo ir aviacijos sričiu ekspertai. Šiam tyrimui pasirinkta metodika ‐ tai triju Škotijos oro uostu, priklausančiu ir valdomu BAA Scotland (Glazgo, Edinburgo ir Aberdyno tarptautiniai oro uostai), atvejo tyrimas. Iš Civilines aviacijos agentūros surinkti duomenys buvo išanalizuoti ir yra pateikiami tyrime. Tyrimo metu sukurtas triju O modelis (oro uostas – orlaivis – oro uostas; angl. Airport‐Aircraft‐Airport, t. y. triju A modelis) ir trižingsnis požiūris i tyrimo procesa. Iš šiame darbe pateiktu irodymu kyla išvada, kad kiekvienas oro uostas sauguma ir apsauga planuos kitaip, nes nera dvieju visiškai vienodu oro uostu: skiriasi ju dydis, valdymo būdas, keleiviai ir skrydžiu paskirties punktai.