bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Akkermansia muciniphila postbiotic administration mitigates choline-induced plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide production in mice
Authors: Xu Hongjuan , Bian Xiaoyun , Wang Hongxing , Huang Lin , Chen Xiaoxi
Published: May 2024

Background

Trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) is believed to be linked to increased likelihood of cardiovascular disease. While probiotics have shown limited effectiveness in reducing TMAO levels, the potential of postbiotics remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Akkermansia muciniphila (A. muciniphila) postbiotic administration on choline-induced TMAO production in mice by modifying the gut microbiota.

Methods

Female C57BL/6J mice were divided into six groups, including a control group, high-choline diet group, live A. muciniphila probiotic group, pasteurized A. muciniphila postbiotic group, sodium butyrate group, and sodium propionate group. Various measurements and analyses were conducted, including TMAO and TMA levels in serum, urine, and cecal contents, as well as the expression of FXR and FMO3 in liver tissues. Additionally, metabolic parameters, body weight, serum lipid profile, hepatic protein expression (FMO3, FXR, CutC, and CutD), and gut microbiota composition were assessed.

Results

Administration of A. muciniphila postbiotic significantly reduced choline-induced plasma TMAO levels in mice. Furthermore, improvements in serum lipid profiles and liver enzyme levels suggested potential enhancements in lipid metabolism and liver function. The study also observed modulation of specific proteins related to TMAO production and metabolism, including CutC and CutD.

Conclusion

The findings highlight the potential of A. muciniphila postbiotics as a dietary strategy for mitigating cardiovascular disease risk by modulating the gut-TMAO axis. Postbiotics, particularly A. muciniphila, offer advantages over probiotics and warrant further investigation for their therapeutic applications in gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders.

Graphical Abstract
The effectiveness of interventions for offending behaviours in adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD): a systematic PRISMA review
Authors: Salter Jody , Blainey Sarah
Published: May 2024

Previous research has suggested that the core features of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may contribute to offending behaviours and increased vulnerability within the Criminal Justice System. To date, there is a paucity of evidence assessing the effectiveness of interventions for offending behaviour in adults with ASD but without co-occurring intellectual disability (ID) across a broad range of forensic settings. The lack of robust evidence is concerning, as limited effectiveness may contribute to an increased likelihood of prolonged incarceration, particularly in the most restrictive settings. A PRISMA systematic review was conducted with a narrative synthesis to: (a) evaluate the evidence of the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing recidivism, (b) assess whether the core features of ASD impact the effectiveness of these interventions, and (c) identify additional factors that may affect the effectiveness of interventions within this population. Seven studies involving ten male participants were identified. The findings suggest that interventions for offending behaviours in adults with ASD without intellectual disability (ID) are largely inadequate, and that core ASD features need to be considered. Additionally, a complex interplay of risk factors potentially impacting intervention effectiveness was suggested. Limitations include heterogeneity across intervention types, measures of effectiveness, and what constitutes effectiveness. Despite the limited number of studies and data quality, the review aligns with a growing body of literature highlighting vulnerability and a need for evidence-based interventions for people with ASD. The review also discusses the broader implications of ineffective interventions.
Energy supply during nocturnal endurance flight of migrant birds: effect of energy stores and flight behaviour
Authors: Jenni-Eiermann Susanne , Liechti Felix , Briedis Martins , Rime Yann , Jenni Lukas
Published: May 2024

Background

Migrating birds fly non-stop for hours or even for days. They rely mainly on fat as fuel complemented by a certain amount of protein. Studies on homing pigeons and birds flying in a wind-tunnel suggest that the shares of fat and protein on total energy expenditure vary with flight duration and body fat stores. Also, flight behaviour, such as descending flight, is expected to affect metabolism. However, studies on free flying migrant birds under natural conditions are lacking.

Methods

On a Swiss Alpine pass, we caught three species of nocturnal migrant passerines out of their natural migratory flight. Since most night migrants start soon after dusk, we used time since dusk as a measure of flight duration. We used plasma concentrations of metabolites of the fat, protein, and carbohydrate metabolism as indicators of relative fuel use. We used flight altitudes of birds tracked with radar and with atmospheric pressure loggers to characterize flight behaviour.

Results

The indicators of fat catabolism (triglycerides, very low-density lipoproteins, glycerol) were positively correlated with body energy stores, supporting earlier findings that birds with high fat stores have a higher fat catabolism. As expected, plasma levels of triglycerides, very low-density lipoproteins, glycerol and ß-hydroxy-butyrate increased at the beginning of the night, indicating that nocturnal migrants increased their fat metabolism directly after take-off. Surprisingly, fat catabolism as well as glucose levels decreased in the second half of the night. Data from radar observations showed that the number of birds aloft, their mean height above ground and vertical flight speed decreased after midnight. Together with the findings from atmospheric pressure-loggers put on three species, this shows that nocturnal migrants migrating over continental Europe descend slowly during about 1.5 h before final landfall at night, which results in 11–30% energy savings according to current flight models.

Conclusions

We suggest that this slow descent reduces energy demands to an extent which is noticeable in the plasma concentration of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate metabolites. The slow descent may facilitate the search for a suitable resting habitat and serve to refill glycogen stores needed for foraging and predator escape when landed.
Undergraduates’ reactions to errors mediates the association between growth mindset and study strategies
Authors: Chouvalova Anastasia , Navlekar Anisha S. , Mills Devin J. , Adams Mikayla , Daye Sami , De Anda Fatima , Limeri Lisa B.
Published: May 2024

Background

Students employ a variety of study strategies to learn and master content in their courses. Strategies vary widely in their effectiveness for promoting deep, long-term learning, yet most students use ineffective strategies frequently. Efforts to educate students about effective study strategies have revealed that knowledge about effective strategies is by itself insufficient for encouraging widespread and lasting changes. An important next step is to uncover factors that influence the decisions students make about study strategy use. We explored the association between beliefs about intelligence (mindset, universality, and brilliance) and study strategies. The most effective study strategies are error-prone, and beliefs about intelligence carry implications for whether errors are a normal and even beneficial part of the learning process (e.g., growth mindset) or signs of insufficient intelligence (e.g., fixed mindset). Therefore, we hypothesized that beliefs about and reactions to errors would mediate a relationship between beliefs about intelligence and study strategies. We tested this hypothesis by surveying 345 undergraduates enrolled in an introductory biology class at a public, research-active university in northwestern United States.

Results

Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the internal structure of all measures functioned as expected in our sample. We fit a structural equation model to evaluate our hypothesized model. We found that mindset, but not universality nor brilliance, predicts variance in both beliefs about errors and reactions to errors. In turn, adaptive reactions to errors (but not beliefs about errors) are associated with the use of highly effective study strategies and spacing study sessions. There was a significant indirect relationship between growth mindset and spacing of study sessions.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence for a mechanism explaining the association between students’ mindset beliefs and academic outcomes: believing that intelligence is improvable is associated with more adaptive reactions to making errors, which correlates with choosing more error-prone and therefore more effective study strategies. Future interventions aimed at improving students’ study strategies may be more effective if they simultaneously target reacting adaptively to errors and emphasize that intelligence is improvable.
Comparative Effectiveness of Different Exercises for Reducing Pain Intensity in Primary Dysmenorrhea: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Tsai I-Chen , Hsu Chih-Wei , Chang Chun-Hung , Lei Wei-Te , Tseng Ping-Tao , Chang Ke-Vin
Published: May 2024

Background

Studies have demonstrated that exercise can mitigate the intensity of menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea, but the most effective type of exercise remains unclear. The objective of this systematic review and network meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of different exercise regimens in reducing pain associated with primary dysmenorrhoea.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials investigating the relationship between menstrual pain and exercise were selected from major electronic databases until February 2, 2024. The primary outcome was the effect of exercise on pain intensity measured by the mean difference on a 10-cm visual analogue scale at 4 and 8 weeks after intervention. The secondary outcome was the difference in risk of dropout at 8 weeks. The study protocol was registered as INPLASY202330050.

Results

This systematic review and network meta-analysis included 29 randomized controlled trials, which involved 1808 participants with primary dysmenorrhea. Exercise interventions included relaxation exercise, strength training, aerobic activity, yoga, mixed exercise, and the Kegel maneuver. Relaxation exercise was the most effective in reducing menstrual pain in 4 weeks (− 3.56; 95% confidence interval: − 5.03 to − 2.08). All exercise interventions were effective in reducing menstrual pain at 8 weeks, with reductions ranging from − 3.87 (95% CI − 5.51 to − 2.22) for relaxation exercise to − 2.75 (95% CI − 4.00 to − 1.51) for yoga, compared to the control group. Relaxation exercises were found to have a significantly lower dropout risk (− 0.11; 95% CI  − 0.20 to 0.02), while none of the exercise types was associated with a higher dropout risk than the control group.

Conclusion

All exercise interventions were effective in reducing menstrual pain in primary dysmenorrhea after 8 weeks of intervention. However, relaxation exercise was found to be the most effective intervention at 4 and 8 weeks and had the lowest risk of dropout.

Graphical Abstract
Developing a production workflow for 3D-printed temporal bone surgical simulators
Authors: Ang Andre Jing Yuen , Chee Shu Ping , Tang Joyce Zhi En , Chan Ching Yee , Tan Vanessa Yee Jueen , Lee Jordan Adele , Schrepfer Thomas , Ahamed Noor Mohamed Nisar , Tan Mark Bangwei
Published: May 2024

Introduction

3D-printed temporal bone models enable the training and rehearsal of complex otological procedures. To date, there has been no consolidation of the literature regarding the developmental process of 3D-printed temporal bone models. A brief review of the current literature shows that many of the key surgical landmarks of the temporal bone are poorly represented in models. This study aims to propose a novel design and production workflow to produce high-fidelity 3D-printed temporal bone models for surgical simulation.

Methods

Developmental phases for data extraction, 3D segmentation and Computer Aided Design (CAD), and fabrication are outlined. The design and fabrication considerations for key anatomical regions, such as the mastoid air cells and course of the facial nerve, are expounded on with the associated strategy and design methods employed. To validate the model, radiological measurements were compared and a senior otolaryngologist performed various surgical procedures on the model.

Results

Measurements between the original scans and scans of the model demonstrate sub-millimetre accuracy of the model. Assessment by the senior otologist found that the model was satisfactory in simulating multiple surgical procedures.

Conclusion

This study offers a systematic method for creating accurate 3D-printed temporal bone models for surgical training. Results show high accuracy and effectiveness in simulating surgical procedures, promising improved training and patient outcomes.
Key derivable signature and its application in blockchain stealth address
Authors: Wang Ruida , Li Ziyi , Lu Xianhui , Zhang Zhenfei , Wang Kunpeng
Published: May 2024

Stealth address protocol (SAP) is widely used in blockchain to achieve anonymity. In this paper, we formalize a key derivable signature scheme (KDS) to capture the functionality and security requirements of SAP. We then propose a framework to construct key separation KDS, which follows the key separation principle as all existing SAP solutions to avoid the reuse of the master keys in the derivation and signature component. We also study the joint security in KDS and construct a key reusing KDS framework, which implies the first compact stealth address protocol using a single key pair. Finally, we provide instantiations based on the elliptic curve (widely used in cryptocurrencies) and on the lattice (with quantum resistance), respectively.
Association Between Gender-affirming Hormone Therapy and Measures of Glucose Metabolism: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Anike Olivia , Zhang Qi , Bhasin Shalender , Flanders W Dana , Getahun Darios , Haw J Sonya , Huybrechts Krista F , Lash Timothy L , McCracken Courtney E , Roblin Douglas , Silverberg Michael J , Suglia Shakira F , Tangpricha Vin , Vupputuri Suma , Goodman Michael
Published: May 2024

Context

The long-term effect of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) on glucose metabolism is an area of priority in transgender health research.

Objectives

To evaluate the relation between GAHT and changes in fasting blood glucose (FG) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in transmasculine (TM) and transfeminine (TF) persons relative to the corresponding temporal changes in presumably cisgender persons (ie, without any evidence of gender diversity).

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Three large integrated health systems.

Participants

A total of 2148 TF and 1679 TM persons compared with 28 036 cisgender males and 32 548 cisgender females enrolled in the same health plans.

Outcomes/measures

Temporal changes in FG and HbA1c levels examined using linear mixed models with main results expressed as ratios-of-ratios.

Results

The pre- vs post-GAHT ratios-of-ratio (95% CI) estimates adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, study site, and body mass index in the model comparing TF and cisgender males groups were 1.05 (1.01-1.09) for FG and 1.03 (0.99-1.06) for HbA1c. By contrast, the corresponding results in the models contrasting TM and cisgender cohort members were in the 0.99 to 1.00 range. The ratio-of-ratios comparing post-GAHT changes among transgender and cisgender persons were close to the null and without a discernable pattern.

Conclusion

Though the within-transgender cohort data suggest an increase in the levels of FG and HbA1c following feminizing GAHT initiation, these changes were no longer evident when compared with the corresponding changes in cisgender referents. Based on these results, clinically important effects of GAHT on routine laboratory markers of glucose metabolism appear unlikely.
Therapeutic Strategies Against Metabolic Imbalance in a Male Mouse Model With 5-HT2CR Loss-of-Function
Authors: Liu Hailan , Liu Zhaoxun , Wong HueyXian Kelly , Xu Nathan , Liu Qingzhuo , Li Yongxiang , Liu Yao , Wong HueyZhong , Burt Megan E , Jossy Sanika V , Han Junying , He Yang
Published: May 2024

The serotonin 2C receptor (5-HT2CR)-melanocortin pathway plays well-established roles in the regulation of feeding behavior and body weight homeostasis. Dysfunctions in this system, such as loss-of-function mutations in the Htr2c gene, can lead to hyperphagia and obesity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic strategies for ameliorating hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, and obesity associated with a loss-of-function mutation in the Htr2c gene (Htr2cF327L/Y). We demonstrated that reexpressing functional 5-HT2CR solely in hypothalamic pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons is sufficient to reduce food intake and body weight in Htr2cF327L/Y mice subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD). In addition, 5-HT2CR expression restores the responsiveness of POMC neurons to lorcaserin, a selective agonist for 5-HT2CR. Similarly, administration of melanotan II, an agonist of the melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R), effectively suppresses feeding and weight gain in Htr2cF327L/Y mice. Strikingly, promoting wheel-running activity in Htr2cF327L/Y mice results in a decrease in HFD consumption and improved glucose homeostasis. Together, our findings underscore the crucial role of the melanocortin system in alleviating hyperphagia and obesity related to dysfunctions of the 5-HT2CR, and further suggest that MC4R agonists and lifestyle interventions might hold promise in counteracting hyperphagia, hyperglycemia, and obesity in individuals carrying rare variants of the Htr2c gene.
A Cold Breath of Wind: The Storm as Archipelagic Epistemology in the Horn of Africa
Authors: McFaul Kelsey
Published: May 2024

The Horn of Africa, located on the western edge of the Indian Ocean, is a zone of extreme weather. Often figuring within discourses of geopolitical fragmentation and environmental disaster, the Horn is also home to rich literary traditions that bear witness to its long history as a site of cultural exchange and imperial ambition. This article presents a close reading of Igabia Scego's Italian-language novel Adua (2015), arguing that a localized iteration of the Indian Ocean monsoon, the rainstorm, organizes the novel's narrative, structure, and epistemology. This “storm form” embedded in the novel is a mode of archipelagic thinking that indexes situated African environmental epistemes and the climatological and embodied effects of empire while dispelling reductive or romanticized representations. As an alternate mode of organizing spatiotemporal relations and a method of inquiry into them, the storm is a situated Horn of Africa contribution to the theorization of the Indian Ocean as monsoonal archipelago.
Natasha Soobramanien's Aesthetic of Archipelagic Memory: A Literary Methodology of Political Solidarity
Authors: Beunel-Fogarty Rosa M. C.
Published: May 2024

In May 2022 the novel Diego Garcia, coauthored by Natasha Soobramanien and Luke Williams, was published, to immediate critical acclaim. As its title suggests, the text reflects on the violent history of the annexation of the Chagos archipelago. However, the novel's aim is not simply to raise awareness on this issue but also to engage in an in-depth consideration on how to care for and write about other people's political struggles. Indeed, in Diego Garcia, literary experimentations actively express the text's political concerns and reflections on solidarity. This article argues that some of the clues for understanding Diego Garcia's aesthetic innovations as a methodology for social justice can be found in Soobramanien's debut novel, Genie and Paul (2012), a postcolonial rewriting of Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre's famous novel Paul et Virginie (1789). The two novels share a profound interest in denouncing inequality as a consequence of capitalism and colonialisation, and importantly also share a geographical location within the Mascarene archipelago. The article turns to the archipelagic thought and its Glissantian filiation to explicate these correspondences and develop the concept of archipelagic memory as a reading methodology for grasping together both the texts’ political intentions and aesthetic innovations. In doing so, it argues that archipelagic memory is an aesthetic of memorialization, which cultivates equality by drawing connections between local events and global systems, and demonstrates that the text's considerations of Indian Ocean geopolitics illuminate the archipelago's potential as a methodology of political solidarity.
Breaking Gender Barriers: Experimental Evidence on Men in Pink-Collar Jobs
Authors: Delfino Alexia
Published: May 2024

I investigate men’s limited entry into female-dominated sectors through a large-scale field experiment. The design exogenously varies recruitment messages by showing photographs of current workers (male or female) and providing information on the share of workers who received high evaluations in the past (higher or lower). A male photograph has no impact on men’s applications, but informing about a lower share of high evaluations encourages men to apply and enables the employer to hire and retain more talented men. The impact of this informational intervention remains positive for the employer also accounting for its effects on female applicants and hires. (JEL C93, D83, J16, J22, J23, J24, M51)
Financial Access and Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence from Credit Lotteries
Authors: Van Doornik Bernardus , Gomes Armando , Schoenherr David , Skrastins Janis
Published: May 2024

We assess the employment and income effects of access to credit dedicated to investment in individual mobility by exploiting time-series variation in access to credit through lotteries for participants in a group-lending mechanism in Brazil. We find that access to credit for investment in individual mobility increases formal employment rates and salaries, yielding an annual rate of return of 12 to 15 percent. Consistent with a geographically broader job search, individuals transition to jobs farther from home and public transportation. Our results suggest that accessing distant labor markets through credit for investment in individual mobility yields high and persistent returns. (JEL D44, E24, G21, G51, J61, J64, O15)
The use of Simulated Observations in Medical Simulation and its effect on perceived realism: A pilot project
Authors: Ainsworth James , Perumal Sounder , Pillai Suresh
Published: May 2024

Introduction Simulation is an effective teaching method with increasing growth and recognition and refers to the artificial representation of a real-life scenario. The aim of this study was to compare simulation with and without the use of a simulated observations monitor and to investigate differences in students’ impression of realism, engagement, learning, and enjoyment. Methods Simulation sessions were delivered to second and third-year Swansea University Medical Students, and a total of 15 students were included. Students carried out 2–3 scenarios each with and without the use of a simulated observations monitor. Data collection was conducted via student surveys and a joint interview. Results All students had an increased sense of realism with the use of the simulated observations monitor, feeling a closer resemblance to what would be experienced in clinical practice. They felt this improved their learning, making them more prepared for the real-life scenario. The monitor was more dynamic, responding to their interventions, helping them maintain focus and engagement throughout. A key theme was the reduction of interruptions or deviations from the scenario to communicate with the examiner or ask for observations. The visual and audible affects provided additional stimuli, adding to the realistic nature of the simulation. Discussion Simulation has been shown to be a useful education tool, but there is less evidence to support the use of higher fidelity over lower fidelity simulation. The terms are often used inconsistently, and many factors affect the students’ perceived sense of realism. This study shows that the addition of a simple device such as the simulated observations monitor can produce a higher level of fidelity, particularly in terms of the stimuli provided and student perceptions of realism, which may be effective in improving engagement with the simulation, learning, and aid recall when presented with similar scenarios in a real-life situation.
Health system responsiveness to the mental health needs of Syrian refugees: mixed-methods rapid appraisals in eight host countries in Europe and the Middle East
Authors: Woodward Aniek , Fuhr Daniela C. , Barry Alexandra S. , Balabanova Dina , Sondorp Egbert , Dieleman Marjolein A. , Pratley Pierre , Schoenberger Samantha F. , McKee Martin , Ilkkursun Zeynep , Acarturk Ceren , Burchert Sebastian , Knaevelsrud Christine , Brown Felicity L. , Steen Frederik , Spaaij Julia , Morina Naser , de Graaff Anne M. , Sijbrandij Marit , Cuijpers Pim , Bryant Richard , Akhtar Aemal , Roberts Bayard ,   STRENGTHS consortium
Published: May 2024

Background Syrian refugees have a high burden of mental health symptoms and face challenges in accessing mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS). This study assesses health system responsiveness (HSR) to the MHPSS needs of Syrian refugees, comparing countries in Europe and the Middle East to inform recommendations for strengthening MHPSS systems Methods A mixed-methods rapid appraisal methodology guided by an adapted WHO Health System Framework was used to assess HSR in eight countries (Egypt, Germany, Jordan, Lebanon, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, and Türkiye). Quantitative and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary data was used. Data collection and analysis were performed iteratively by multiple researchers. Country reports were used for comparative analysis and synthesis. Results We found numerous constraints in HSR: i) Too few appropriate mental health providers and services; ii) Travel-related barriers impeding access to services, widening rural-urban inequalities in the distribution of mental health workers; iii) Cultural, language, and knowledge-related barriers to timely care likely caused by insufficient numbers of culturally sensitive providers, costs of professional interpreters, somatic presentations of distress by Syrian refugees, limited mental health awareness, and stigma associated to mental illness; iv) High out-of-pocket costs for psychological treatment and transportation to services reducing affordability, particularly in middle-income countries; v) Long waiting times for specialist mental health services; vi) Information gaps on the mental health needs of refugees and responsiveness of MHPSS systems in all countries. Six recommendations are provided to address these issues. Conclusions All eight host countries struggle to provide responsive MHPSS to Syrian refugees. Strengthening the mental health workforce (in terms of quantity, quality, diversity, and distribution) is urgently needed to enable Syrian refugees to receive culturally appropriate and timely care and improve mental health outcomes. Increased financial investment in mental health and improved health information systems are crucial.
Piloting the adaptation of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children—2nd edition (KABC-II) to assess school-age neurodevelopment in rural Zimbabwe
Authors: Piper Joseph D. , Mazhanga Clever , Mapako Gloria , Mapurisa Idah , Mashedze Tsitsi , Munyama Eunice , Mwapaura Marian , Chidhanguro Dzivaidzo , Gerema Grace , Tavengwa Naume V. , Ntozini Robert , Langhaug Lisa F. , Smuk Melanie , Rochat Tamsen , Kaufman Alan , Kaufman Nadeen , Gladstone Melissa , Allen Elizabeth , Prendergast Andrew J.
Published: May 2024

Background Neurodevelopment assessment tools for low-resource settings are urgently needed. However, most available tools were developed in high-income settings and may lack cross-cultural validity. Methods We piloted and adapted two subtests within the planning domain of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-2nd edition (KABC-II) for use in rural Zimbabwean children aged 7years. After initial assessments of face validity, we created 4 substitutions for the story completion subtest and 7 additions for the pattern reasoning subtest through a co-design process with fieldworkers and child development experts. To assess how successful the changes were, T-tests adjusting for unequal variances were used to compare scores between the original and adapted versions of the same subtest. ANOVA and pairwise analysis was performed to compare the performance of KABC-II subtests across domains. Intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated to explore the variability between domains. Results Initial test scores on the planning domain were significantly lower than the other three domains of learning, sequential memory and simultaneous reasoning (P<0.001) in 50 children (mean age 7.6(SD 0.2) years). Modified subtests were administered to another 20 children (mean age 7.6(SD 0.2) years), who showed story completion scores that were 0.7 marks higher (95% CI 0.0, 1.4; P=0.05) and pattern reasoning scores 1.8 marks higher (95% CI 0.5, 3.2; P=0.01). Overall, the planning domain mean score increased from 8.1 (SD 2.9) to 10.6 (SD 3.4). The intra class correlation coefficient between all four KABC-II domains was initially 0.43 (95% CI 0.13, 0.64) and after modification was 0.69 (95% CI 0.37, 0.87), suggesting an increase in the construct validity. Conclusions The KABC-II planning domain was successfully adapted to improve cross-cultural validity. Construct validity was enhanced, based on increased inter-correlations among scales. The process of co-design to modify tests for new settings may be beneficial for other commonly used neurodevelopmental tools.
Making a living moment more resonant: an exploration of the role of the artist in co-creative work with people living with dementia
Authors: West Julian , Zeilig Hannah , Cape Timothy , Payne Lucy , Whistler Clare
Published: May 2024

Background Despite a growth in interest in recent years in the benefits of working co-creatively with the Arts for people living with dementia, little attention has been given to understanding the role of the professional artists within this context. Our main question here is ‘How do professional artists apply their skills and knowledge in co-creative arts groups with people with dementia?’ This paper has been informed by the insights gained from a series of conversations, observations and journals that were kept by four UK based artists (two musicians and two dancers) who reflexively interrogated what they were doing during the course of an 8-week co-creative arts project with people living with dementia. Methods The research used an empirical case study methodology, with the authors adopting a thematic approach to the analysis of the data. Results Thematic analysis resulted in three main themes: Authenticity, Enabling Risk and Togetherness. These themes characterise the skills, techniques and specialised knowledge used by the artists during the co-creative sessions. Conclusions Following this analysis, the article argues that the beneficial effects for people living with dementia of co-creative art-based work come about through the conscious application by the artists of their shared skills and knowledge, acquired through training and ongoing artistic practice. Rather than an assumption that ‘The Arts’ are in themselves beneficial for people living with dementia, we must consider the active role played by the artists who are so integral to the process.
Where next for partial randomisation of research funding? The feasibility of RCTs and alternatives
Authors: Stafford Tom , Rombach Ines , Hind Dan , Mateen Bilal , Woods Helen Buckley , Dimario Munya , Wilsdon James
Published: May 2024

We outline essential considerations for any study of partial randomisation of research funding, and consider scenarios in which randomised controlled trials (RCTs) would be feasible and appropriate. We highlight the interdependence of target outcomes, sample availability and statistical power for determining the cost and feasibility of a trial. For many choices of target outcome, RCTs may be less practical and more expensive than they at first appear (in large part due to issues pertaining to sample size and statistical power). As such, we briefly discuss alternatives to RCTs. It is worth noting that many of the considerations relevant to experiments on partial randomisation may also apply to other potential experiments on funding processes (as described in The Experimental Research Funder’s Handbook. RoRI, June 2022).
Role of traditional healers in the management of microbial keratitis in eastern Nepal
Authors: Das Sanyam Sandip , Yadav Reena , H. A. Mohamed Ahmed Abeer , Arunga Simon , Leck Astrid , Macleod David , Roshan Abhishek , K. Singh Sanjay , K. Mishra Sailesh , J. Hoffman Jeremy , J. Burton Matthew , Mtuy Tara
Published: May 2024

Background Microbial Keratitis (MK) is a leading cause of corneal blindness due to infection and its consequences, with a higher incidence in resource-limited nations. Hospital-based patient records from different parts of Nepal suggest patients often use traditional eye medicine to treat MK. Traditional healers (TH) within the community are often the first point of care for MK management. Little is known of their practice, perceptions, and knowledge around MK management. We aimed to understand the role of traditional healers in the management of MK in south-eastern Nepal. Methods A cross-sectional, mixed method, descriptive study was conducted in the Siraha district of Nepal. A total of 109 traditional healers consented to participate in a survey of knowledge, attitude, and practices. Some participants were also invited to participate in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Interviews and focus groups were conducted and recorded in the Maithili language by a native speaking interviewer and transcribed into English. Descriptive analysis was performed for the survey. Data saturation was considered the endpoint for qualitative data collection, and a thematic was analysis applied. Results Traditional healers believe that infection of the eye can be caused by trauma, conjunctivitis, or evil spirits. They were unclear about differentiating MK from other eye conditions. They provided various types of treatment. Some were confident that they could treat severe ulcers that had not responded to medical therapy, while others thought treating larger diameter ulcers would be difficult. Although there were mixed responses in referring patients with MK, the majority of TH were willing to refer. Conclusion In a weak health system, traditional healers may help address barriers to healthcare access and reduce delays to definitive care, upon integration into the formal health system and referral pathway.
IMPACT OF TECHNOGENIC AIR POLLUTION FACTORS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Authors: Veremchuk Lyudmila V. , Vitkina Tatyana I. , Kondratyeva Elena V.
Published: May 2024

Background. Suspended solid particles (SSPs) of atmospheric air contribute to the development and progression of respiratory diseases. One of the adaptive mechanisms, allowing for adjustment under the impact of pathogenic factors of the environment is the immune system.
Purpose. The objective of the present research is to reveal triggering micro-toxicants of the surface layer of the atmospheric air in Vladivostok city on the immune system of population with bronchopulmonary pathology.
Materials and methods. Overall 360 patients (105 healthy humans, 130 patients with bronchial asthma (BA), and 125 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were included in the study. Percentage content of SSP fractions and absorbed heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) were assessed in the surface layer of atmospheric air. Integral immune system response indices (Dp%, Din%, ∑Nр) were determined using the Multiple Correlation module.
Results. The maximum integral response (Din%=1.74) was observed in the group of patients with COPD at minimal total immune responses (∑Nр=28), in the group with AD, Din% was 1.54 (∑Nр=31). The lowest immune response was revealed in healthy individuals (Din%=1.22) at the maximum total activity of immune responses (∑Np=32).
Conclusion. The microtoxicants of the surface layer of the atmospheric air in Vladivostok city have a negative effect on the immune system of all the studied population cohorts. A more pronounced immune response was observed in individuals with bronchopulmonary pathology. The analysis highlighted the trigger factors (fractions of 0-1 and 50-100 microns, as well as presence of Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Co) of the atmospheric air of Vladivostok city, as well as the ranges of their impacts on the immune system of healthy population and individuals with bronchopulmonary pathology, which allows predicting the severity of environmental bronchopulmonary pathology and initiate preventive measures.
DEVELOPMENT OF A METHODOLOGY FOR THE APPLICATION OF UAVS FOR ANALYSIS OF THE QUALITATIVE STATE OF AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN THE SAKHALIN REGION
Authors: Abramova Svetlana V. , Boyarov Evgeniy N. , Sobolev Andrey Yu.
Published: May 2024

Background. Assessment of the qualitative state of agricultural lands is a crucial component in the field of agricultural management and environmental control, representing a persistent scientific challenge. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with a set of sensors for such assessment allows for prompt acquisition of accurate and reliable information for objective monitoring, enabling a significant improvement in the quality of conclusions and the development of recommendations for enhancing land resource management and sustainable agricultural land development.
Purpose. To develop a methodology for the utilization of UAVs in assessing the qualitative state of agricultural lands in the Sakhalin region, aiming to apply this approach for optimizing agrotechnical practices.
Materials and Methods. In specific agricultural zones of the Sakhalin region, a remote assessment of the quality state was conducted. Using a set of sensors placed on UAVs, air quality, temperature, humidity, and dust level were determined.
Results. It has been shown that the use of UAVs in agriculture in the Sakhalin region offers broad opportunities for monitoring agricultural indicators, enabling the creation of a compact and flexible data collection system through the connection and integration of various sensors, thus facilitating the development of a scalable system. A model for the application of UAVs in the ecological monitoring of agricultural lands in the Sakhalin region has been developed, featuring an original interface for real-time sensor data processing and storage in a specialized database. To implement the model, a methodology for utilizing UAVs to assess the quality state of agricultural lands in the Sakhalin region was developed and tested.
Conclusions. The obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of this approach for collecting primary ecological data. The selection of suitable UAVs and sensors, accurate data collection and analysis, as well as the development of scientifically justified recommendations, provided the foundation for constructing a model for the application of UAVs in the ecological monitoring of agricultural lands in the Sakhalin region. The developed model can be considered a prototype of a comprehensive monitoring system, which can be scalable by modifying the set of utilized sensors.
SUBSTANTIATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF USING AN EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGICAL PREPARATION IN BARLEY CULTIVATION
Authors: Platonov Andrey V. , Rassokhina Irina I. , Ilina Larisa A. , Yildirim Elena A. , Laptev Georgij Yu.
Published: May 2024

Purpose. To study the effect of the experimental microbiological preparation “Naturost”, created on the basis of Bacillus subtilis No. 111, on the growth and productivity of barley in the Vologda region.
Materials and methods. The research was carried out during the growing seasons of 2019, 2020 and 2022 at the experimental field of RAS Vologda Research Center and under production conditions in the fields of the agricultural production cooperative (collective farm) “Plemzavod Prigorodnyi” (Vologda region). The preparation “Naturost” was introduced twice: while soaking the seeds and spraying the phyllosphere of the plants in the tillering phase. Whole-genome sequencing of the strain of the bacterium B. subtilis-111 was carried out at the molecular genetic laboratory of “Biotrof” company with the use of MiSeq platform (Illumina, Inc.)
Results. During the whole-genome sequencing of B. subtilis-111 strains, it was found that it has auxin biosynthesis genes; a range of various protective mechanisms contributing to the survival of the strain in the natural environment was also detected in the genome. In addition, the genome of the strain contains an array of groups of genes that are responsible for the production of bacteriocins with pronounced antimicrobial activity. The treatment of barley plants with the experimental preparation “Naturost” contributed to an increase in the growth parameters of the crop: dry mass increased to 33%, average daily increments – up to 48%, which occurred against the background of an increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments. Grain productivity in the conditions of small-scale experiments with the use of the preparation increased by 7–19%, and in the actual field conditions – by 14% relative to the control.
Conclusion. The experimental preparation based on B. subtilis-111 had a stimulating effect on the growth and productivity of barley of the breed Sonet in the Vologda region.
AMARANTH GRAIN PROCESSING PRODUCTS AS SOURCES OF PLANT PROTEIN, STARCH, FAT, AND ANTIOXIDANT
Authors: Kandrokov Roman Kh. , Bekshokov Kerim S. , Bekshokova Patimat A.
Published: May 2024

Background. One of the principal ways to enhance the food products quality and improve the nutritional structure of the population is the introduction of non-traditional types of plant raw materials containing a balanced complex of proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, macro- and microelements into the diet.
Methods. As an object of research, we used amaranth grain of the “Voronezhsky” variety. The processing of amaranth grain into various products was carried out on MLP-4 laboratory grinding mills with fluted and smooth microrough rollers.
Results. As a result of mechanical amaranth grain processing using stock-produced technological equipment, the following amaranth processing products were derived as a raw material for the production of various bakery, confectionery and food-concentrate products: whole grain amaranth flour, low-fat amaranth flour, starchy amaranth flour, protein amaranth flour, amaranth flakes and amaranth bran. Technological scheme for producing whole grain amaranth flour consisting of third break systems has been developed.
Conclusion. The yield of whole-ground amaranth flour was 97.2%, the yield of amaranth bran was 2.8%. Technological scheme for processing amaranth meal and consisting of one milling and three vibrating systems has been developed. The yield of whole-ground amaranth flour was 92%, the yield of amaranth bran was 8%. The optimum parameters of the amaranth grain hydrothermal treatment by cold conditioning were determined - in the production of amaranth flakes, the original amaranth grain are to have a moisture content of 12-13% and be binned for 2 hours. Established optimum roller space at which the yield of amaranth flakes reaches 88.9% per one pass through the roller mill is 0.1 mm.
FEATURES OF THE FORMATION OF FATTY LIVER DEGENERATION IN CHRONIC EXPOSURE TO TOXIC FIRE PRODUCTS IN FIREFIGHTERS
Authors: Gatsura Vera Yu. , Deryagina Larisa E. , Sukhoterina Elena G. , Reinyuk Vladimir L. , Pyatibrat Alexander O. , Pyatibrat Elena D.
Published: May 2024

Background. The profession of firefighters is characterized by the impact of a number of dangerous factors, including toxic fire products, which is currently not taken into account by the medical service and medical and psychological support units. To increase the effectiveness of measures aimed at preventing non-communicable diseases, protecting the health and improving the professional longevity of firefighters, it is necessary to take into account the influence of harmful professional factors that influence the formation of various pathologies.
Intention of the study: to determine laboratory parameters characterizing the toxic etiology of the formation of fatty liver degeneration in firefighters.
Methodology. To determine the features of the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, 246 male patients suffering and not suffering from fatty liver degeneration were examined. The tasks were solved by analyzing the results obtained using toxicological, biochemical, and immunological techniques.
Results and Discussion. Laboratory markers of fatty liver degeneration have been determined. The peculiarities of the regulation of the immune system in employees of the GPS FPS of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia suffering from fatty liver degeneration have been revealed.
Conclusions. Multidirectional changes in instrumental, biochemical and immunological parameters were revealed in firefighters suffering from fatty liver degeneration compared to the control group with the same pathology, indicating the peculiarities of homeostasis disorders, which determines the difference in pathogenesis caused by chronic toxic damage by fire products.
The Effect of Dispersion on the Informativeness of Consensus Analyst Target Prices
Authors: Palley Asa B. , Steffen Thomas D. , Zhang X. Frank
Published: May 2024

Consensus analyst target prices are widely available online at no cost to investors. In this paper, we examine how the amount of dispersion in the individual target prices comprising the consensus affects the predictive association between the consensus target price and future returns. We find that returns implied by consensus target prices and realized future returns are positively correlated when dispersion is low, but they become highly negatively correlated when dispersion is high. Further analyses suggest that the differing effect of dispersion stems from incentive-driven staleness in price targets by some analysts after bad news. As a stock performs poorly and some analysts are slow to update their target prices, dispersion increases, and the consensus target price becomes too high. This has important implications for how consensus analyst target prices should inform investment decisions. We show that a hedge strategy taking a long (short) position in stocks with the highest predicted returns among stocks with the lowest (highest) dispersion earns more than 11% annually. Finally, we show that the negative correlation between consensus-based predicted returns and future realized returns for high-dispersion stocks exists mainly for stocks with high retail interest, suggesting that unsophisticated investors are misled by inflated target prices that are available freely online.

This paper was accepted by Suraj Srinivasan, accounting.

Funding: The authors acknowledge financial support from Indiana University and Yale University.

Supplemental Material: The data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2021.03549 .