bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teleconsulta: nova fronteira da interação entre médicos e pacientes
Authors: Schmitz Carlos André Aita , Rodrigues Gonçalves Marcelo , Nunes Umpierre Roberto , Da Silva Siqueira Ana Célia , Pereira D'Ávila Otávio , Goulart Molina Bastos Cynthia , Dal Moro Rafael Gustavo , Katz Natan , Harzheim Erno
Published: January 2018

A teleconsulta, uma ação de telessaúde, apesar de ser regulamentada em vários países, ainda não é permitida no Brasil. O presente texto explora a situação da teleconsulta na América do Norte, na Europa e em outros países, fazendo um paralelo com a situação nacional dentro da medicina e de outras profissões da saúde. Ao final, por meio do referencial utilizado, é construída uma argumentação de forma a assumir um posicionamento favorável à regulamentação da teleconsulta no país.
Second Report on Work on the Fragments of the Stundenritual (Ritual of the Hours of the Day) in TT 223
Authors: Graefe Erhart
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the reconstruction work on the fragments of the Stundenritual (Ritual of the Hours of the Day) in the tomb of Karakhamun. Research was carried out in August 2013 and continued in May 2014. In 2013, it had been possible to document in digital photographs about 300 fragments put in a sandbox—a time-consuming process because fragments of different sizes, weights, and depths had to be adjusted with a level in both directions and the camera as well. In May 2014, the author made a (successful) test with another method for documenting the fragments: using a scanner. The preliminary reconstructions have progressed, especially for the Third, Seventh, and Eighth Hours. The reconstruction of the Eighth Hour of the Day, for instance, has improved considerably.
Texts of the Torniscile and the Adjacent Walls in the Tomb of Karabasken[i]
Authors: Molinero Polo Miguel Ángel
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the texts of the Tornische and the adjacent walls in the tomb of Karabasken. Until the recent archaeological excavations by the South Asasif Conservation Project, the only known texts of the walls in the tomb of Karabasken were those published by the great expeditions and travelers of the first half of the nineteenth century. Between 1824 and 1838, Robert Hay and a group of artists made several trips to Egypt. One of his companions made the oldest identified drawing of the plan of the tomb. The courtyard, Tornische, passage, pillared hall, and inner chamber can be distinguished. The monumental entrance upon which the religious texts were inscribed is clearly visible. The chapter analyzes the preserved inscriptions and offers an interpretation of the name of Karabasken.
Toward the Localization of the Hennaton Monastic Complex
Authors: Ghattas Mary
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the most prominent of the Pachomian monasteries, the Hennaton monastery or Dayr al-Zujaj (as it is designated today), and the debates about its exact location. The Hennaton was a monastic center of Byzantine and medieval Egypt, one that attracted pilgrims and believers from Egypt and the whole world. However, the only surviving traces of its existence today are artistic depictions vouching for what once was a grand existence. Its prestigious reputation inspired kings to leave behind their earthly kingdoms, attracted pilgrims from all over the world, drew native Egyptians into the ascetic life, and finally, produced both patriarchs and saints whose memory is immortalized in the history of the Coptic Orthodox Church.
Anba Ruways and the Cathedral of St. Mark
Authors: Sadek Adel F.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses St. Anba Ruways and the history related to the foundation of the St. Mark Cathedral in Cairo over the site of his monastery. The shrine of the saint lies under the church altar, and to the right of the shrine, on the south, four patriarchs are buried: Pope Mattaeus I (eighty-seventh), who was a contemporary of the saint; Pope Yuhanna XI (eighty-ninth); Pope Mattaeus II (ninetieth); and Pope Ghobrial VI (ninety-first). Downstairs lie the relics of the disciple of Anba Ruways named Sulayman, and the relics of St. Abali ibn Yostos (1 Misra) in a closed chamber. Many of the Coptic elites who served under Muhammad Ali and his sons were buried in this monastery.
The Perception of St. Athanasius of Alexandria in Later Coptic Literature
Authors: Saweros Ibrahim
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents the results of an examination of a set of four Sahidic homilies attributed to Athanasius of Alexandria to explain how he was seen among Copts after his death, and why he was seen in this particular way. The manuscripts which contain these sermons belong to the famous find of al-Hamuli and are now kept at the Pierpont Morgan Library and Museum in New York. The four homilies are entitled “On Michael and Gabriel,” “On Murder and Greed and on Michael, the Archangel,” “On Luke 11:5–9,” and “On Pentecost.”
Butrus al-Sadamanti al-Armani (Peter of Sadamant ‘the Armenian’)
Authors: Wadi Fr. Awad
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on Butrus al-Sadamanti al-Armani, who enriched the Christian Arabic literature of Egypt later in the thirteenth century with many important works. More works are attributed to Butrus than those he actually wrote, and some works are recorded under more than one title. His works can be divided into five categories: biblical, theological, moral or ethical, spiritual works, and edifying stories. His masterpiece is a commentary on the Passion of Christ preceded by an introduction on biblical hermeneutic, al-Tashih fi alam al-Sayyid al-Masih (The Correction [or Rectification] in the Sufferings of the Lord Christ), or Tafsir alam al-Sayyid al-Masih (Interpretation of the Sufferings of the Lord Christ).
Julius of Aqfahs: The Martyrdom of John and Simon
Authors: Youssef Youhanna Nessim
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines a case history of one of the late hagiographic compositions attributed to Julius of Aqfahs, the Martyrdom of John and Simon, documenting the historical shortcomings of this text. John and Simon were two martyrs from Lower Egypt. The Coptic text of their Martyrdom survives in a single manuscript from the Vatican Library, published by Henri Hyvernat with a French translation. The chapter concludes that the Martyrdom of John and Simon cannot be attributed to Julius of Aqfahs, and it is certain that it is based on a late redaction inspired by the lives of the recluses of the Middle Ages. This period was the Mamluk era, which was unfavorable for the Copts. An unknown author wanted to provide a model to his fellow Christians; he used a kind of “copy-paste” system to create martyrs who corresponded to the circumstances of his own times.
Remnants of a Byzantine Church at Athribis
Authors: Górecki Tomasz
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the excavation of a Byzantine church in the old town of Athribis in modern-day Benha, which has yielded artifacts but whose architecture has not yet been revealed. Athribis was a large urban center and the seat of a bishopric probably until the sixteenth century, which suggests that there might have been many churches located there. However, only one particular church, namely the Holy Virgin Mary Church, is known from written sources, which give an idealized description of it. The discovery of good-quality architectural fragments in 1969 and 1979–84, indicates that they must have originated from an important sacral building. Despite the scarcity of evidence, both archaeological and written, the structure was labeled as dedicated to the Holy Virgin.
Kellia: Its Decoration in Painting and Stucco
Authors: Innemée Karel C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the artistic elements excavated at Kellia. Numerous buildings, decorations of some sort have been unearthed, ranging from simple graffito-like drawings in red ocher to elaborate painted stucco imitations of columns. Most of these decorations were found in the oratories, the private or communal rooms for prayer. Many of the paintings are of a decorative character and do not show any religious characteristics. Red ocher was often used for painting floors and a dado decoration that reached to approximately one meter high on the walls of certain rooms. Geometrical, floral, and animal motifs were used, while crosses are the most frequent elements with an obvious Christian meaning.
Conservation of Mural Paintings in the Coptic Museum
Authors: Jones Michael
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the preservation efforts undertaken by the American Research Center in Egypt on the famous murals, preserved in the Cairo Coptic Museum, which were originally excavated in Apa Jeremiah's Saqqara monastery and Apa Apollo's Bawit monastery. These wall paintings have traditionally been considered the principal symbols of Coptic art. The Saqqara niches were excavated between 1906 and 1910. In keeping with Egyptian tradition, all the paintings are painted on plaster a secco. The Saqqara niches were constructed of mud brick lined with a white lime plaster arricio, often quite coarse and uneven, containing siliceous alluvial sand and some occasional plant fibers. The Bawit niches were excavated in 1913. The two niches were painted on mud with only a thin white lime wash applied for the paintings, rendering them considerably more delicate than the Saqqara niches.
Abusir
Authors: Verner Miroslav
Published: January 2018

At the center of the world-famous pyramid field of the Memphite necropolis lies a group of pyramids, temples, and tombs named after the nearby village of Abusir. Long overshadowed by the more familiar pyramids at Giza and Saqqara, this area has nonetheless been the site, for the last fifty years, of an extensive operation to discover its past. This thoroughly updated in-depth book documents the uncovering by a dedicated team of Czech archaeologists of a hitherto neglected wealth of ancient remains dating from the Old Kingdom to the Late Period. This is Abusir, realm of Osiris, God of the dead, and its story is one of both modern archaeology and the long-buried mysteries that it seeks to uncover.
Turbulent Times at the Turn of Two Dynasties3
Authors: Verner Miroslav
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses the turbulent times in Egypt at the turn of the Fourth and Fifth dynasties. The end of the Fourth Dynasty and the ascent of the Fifth Dynasty are both surrounded by many questions and uncertainties concerning not only the ruling line but also conditions in Egyptian society in general. The chapter provides an overview of the ruling royal line, its protagonists, and their role in a time of complex and profound social change in Egypt. It also examines the main features of the relevant social processes and the nature of the changes within a wider historical framework of Egypt since its unification. It shows that the transition from the Fourth to the Fifth Dynasty was accompanied by new forces that kings could not entirely control.
Introduction
Authors: Reid Donald M.
Published: January 2018

This book, drawing on Marcus Simaika's memoirs, explores several important themes in modern Egyptian history, including the causes and consequences of the Coptic Congress of 1911; what happened to Coptic antiquities in the decade between the Coptic monuments being brought under the Committee for the Preservation of Arab Art's (Comité) jurisdiction in 1896 and Simaika's accession to a seat on the Comité; and the politics surrounding the nationalization of the Coptic Museum in 1931. This introduction provides an overview of the founding of the Coptic Museum and the development of Coptic archaeology and heritage studies, shifting balances in the interaction of clergymen and the lay Coptic community, and the evolution of Coptic/Muslim relations. It also considers Simaika's achievements in Coptic archaeology, especially the founding of the Coptic Museum.
Cairo
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes Marcus Simaika's early years. Marcus was born in the reign of Ismaʻil Pasha on February 28, 1864, to one of the oldest Coptic families in Cairo. The Simaikas were wealthy notables from Old Cairo whose ancestry can be traced to the middle of the seventeenth century through records and manuscripts in the Muʻallaqa Church and the Coptic Museum. They were mostly magistrates who prospered in the service of the state and the Church. Marcus was born in the house of his maternal grandfather, Hajj Boutros al-Birmawy, a Coptic notable who had accompanied Ibrahim Pasha on his Syrian campaign in the aftermath of Muhammad Ali Pasha, viceroy of Egypt's ill-fated Greek campaign. The house consisted of three stories surrounded by a big courtyard. Upon his grandfather's death, Marcus recounted how the house fell into deep mourning according to Coptic tradition.
Simaika and the British Administrators
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's relationship with several British administrators, from Lord Cromer to Lord Lloyd. The head of the British administration in Egypt was the British agent and consul general until 1914, when his title became High Commissioner for Egypt and Sudan. After the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty, he became the British ambassador to Egypt and high commissioner for Sudan. Those administrators ran the country, first from the Turf Club, then from the British Residency in Qasr al-Dubara in Garden City. Among them were Sir Evelyn Baring (later the Earl of Cromer), Sir Eldon Gorst, Herbert Horatio Kitchener, Sir Arthur Henry McMahon, Sir Reginald Wingate, Lord Edmund Allenby, and George Lloyd. In his memoirs, Simaika recounted his impressions of the administrators he dealt with.
The Patriarchs
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's relationship with the Coptic patriarchs of his time as a member, then vice president, of the Coptic Community Council (Majlis al-Milli) for thirty-nine consecutive years. In his attempts to start a Coptic museum, which needed patriarchal approval, Simaika fought many battles and used much diplomacy and compromise in his dealings with the Coptic hierarchy. The full title of the patriarch, the leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church, is “Pope and Lord Archbishop of the Great City of Alexandria and Patriarch of all Africa on the Holy Orthodox and Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist, Holy Apostle and Martyr, that is in Egypt, Pentapolis, Libya, Nubia, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, and all Africa.” These patriarchs include Cyril IV, Cyril V, and Yohannes XIX.
The Coptic and Ethiopian Dispute over Deir al-Sultan in Jerusalem
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's involvement in the dispute between the Copts and Ethiopians regarding what is known as Deir al-Sultan or the Imperial Monastery in Jerusalem. Ethiopia has long been acquainted with monotheism, and the Ethiopian Church is the largest of all the Oriental Orthodox churches. The Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria has a longstanding relationship with the Ethiopian Orthodox Tawahedo Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Tawahedo Church. Tawahedo means 'unified,' referring to the single unified nature of Christ, as opposed to the belief in the two natures of Christ held by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. The patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, Jerusalem, and many others had refused to accept the two-natures doctrine decreed by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and these churches are sometimes referred to as monophysite. Simaika maintained that Deir al-Sultan belonged to the Coptic community from time immemorial.
The Committee for the Preservation of Arab Art
Authors: Simaika Samir , Henein Nevine
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses Marcus Simaika's work as a member of the Committee for the Preservation of Arab Art (Comité de conservation des monuments de l'art arabe). The Comité was founded in 1881 by Khedive Tewfik, son and successor of Ismaʻil Pasha. Long before joining it in 1905, Simaika had been in constant communication with, and was a very good friend to, Max Herz Pasha, a Hungarian Jew who worked under Julius Franz Pasha, the architect who directed the technical office of the Waqfs (Endowments) Administration and was a driving force in the Comité until his retirement in 1887. The chapter provides an overview of the Comité's activities, including the restoration of ancient Coptic churches.
“Sinarum gentes … omnium sollertissimae”
Authors: Weststeijn Thijs
Published: January 2018

This chapter presents a penetrating survey of the multilayered cultural exchanges between China and the Low Countries during the seventeenth century. It highlights the intermediary role of the Low Countries in transacting cultural products between two ends of the world. The author pays particular attention to a group of leading Dutch Jesuits who travelled to China, then called the Middle Kingdom, and transferred the newly acquired knowledge of Chinese language, philosophy, arts, and history to the Dutch Republic. Their collaborative efforts in translating Confucian classics disclosed a carefully reinterpreted version of Confucianism, filtered through the Christian truth, which in turn aroused a number of later translations and commentaries bouncing between ancient Chinese wisdom and post-Renaissance humanism.
Russian-Chinese Cultural Exchanges in the Early Modern Period
Authors: Samoylov Nikolay
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates the development of Sino-Russian exchanges from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. The author emphasizes the role of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing for transmitting social-cultural information between the two neighboring empires. Through their writings on late imperial China, missionaries like Archimandrite Iakinf (Bichurin) played a key role in the burgeoning of Russian Sinology and created an idealistic image of China in political, legal, and educational terms. The author further ponders at the diverse and even conflicting perceptions of China among Russian missionaries and intellectuals. They did not represent China as it was but as what they expected it to be—a symbolic mirror image for them to reflect upon the reality in Russia.
The Wind Qin
Authors: Urrows David Francis
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the history of the pipe organ in late imperial China. Using a selection of official accounts, travel writings, and literary texts from the 17 and 18th centuries, the author argues that Chinese understandings of this fantastic Western object did not take any simple form of exoticism or indifference, but rather a mixture of diverse transcultural experiences shifting between intellectual openness and ideological resistance. The intersection of religion, music, and science brought to light a typical Chinese cultural centricity encountering the otherness of Western high culture, from which a new mode of in-between existence emerged along the process of dynamic mutual perceptions and evaluations.
“Supreme Nation”
Authors: Lai John T. P.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how Karl F. A. Gützlaff, a leading Protestant missionary to China in the early nineteenth century, consciously created an idealistic image of Great Britain in his novels Shifei lüelun (1835) and Dayingguo tongzhi (1834). Through intentional reinterpretations of two sharply different cultures, Gützlaff challenged the Sinocentric world order on the one hand and presented Britain as the “Supreme Nation” on the other. Moreover, the author reveals that Gützlaff’s narrative of the model image of Britain involved conscious appropriation of certain popular Chinese terms and thinking. The Anglo-Chinese intercourse therefore exhibited a complex destruction–reconstruction process, in which the two-way flow of words and ideas gave shape to one imagined in-between reality.
Local Magistrates and Foreign Mendicants
Authors: Clark Anthony E.
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the drastic change of Chinese views on the Franciscan mission in Shanxi before and after the Boxer Uprising. The author makes use of archival sources from late Qing provincial and missionary ecclesial collections to put together a two-sided narrative of what occurred during the fevered pitch of Chinese-Western antagonisms. By comparing two obviously opposite images of Christianity in late Qing political discourses, one as a heterodox religion and the other as an orthodox and victimized religion, the author brings to light a vivid example of how the same religious identity might be misread and represented in a sequence of ideologically sensitive cross-cultural exchanges.
The Population Numbers Challenge
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

What is the most important challenge Hong Kong is facing? It is not the political elections in 2017. It is not the saturation of our landfills. It is not Hong Kong Television losing its bid for a license. Rather, it is the serious population challenge that could have consequences up to the end of this century if best policies are not adopted soon and sustained for a long period. Inaction would mean the gradual demise of Hong Kong as a world-class metropolitan center. The people of Hong Kong have not fully recognized the seriousness and urgency of this challenge. The best analogy is the classic scenario of “slowly boiling a frog in warm water.” The frog is not aware of the water warming up until it is too late to reverse its fate.
Differential Growth Rates in Singapore and Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

The crucial driver of the difference in growth rates between Hong Kong and Singapore – two of the freest market economies in the world – is their different rates of growth in human capital. Free markets in labor, capital, and land allow these resources to be allocated more efficiently, but you cannot achieve growth and productivity increases if you do not invest in capital. In a modern economy, the most important form of capital is human capital. Human capital markets are imperfect, so there is an important role for government and nongovernment charities and voluntary organizations to play in fostering and financing investment in human capital.Hong Kong must not lose any more time getting its act together on human capital.
Social Programs, Third-Sector Competition, and Transparency
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Why have the welfare states of the rich countries of the West, which transfer on average nearly a quarter of GDP from the rich to the poor, failed to alleviate poverty? And why has inequality widened in recent decades in these countries? The liberals in these countries—intellectuals and politicians—continue to argue for more public transfers. But if income redistribution could solve poverty, should it not have done so by now? The illusion that poverty can be solved through income redistribution is the key reason why so many rich economies have become saddled with public debt: in some countries it approaches 100% and even 200% of GDP.
Policies for Addressing Near-Poverty
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

The primary reason for poverty is that people are unmotivated to work, whether due to poor health, poor education, poor work habits, limited opportunities to take up good jobs, or other reasons. To change this, they need a goal worth reaching for, not a drip to keep them just alive. Income redistribution has its role, but without economic opportunities we will end up only with a crowded ward of sick patients. Poverty has to be solved by economic growth. Income redistribution without economic growth cannot solve poverty; in the long run, it will break the back of our economy and our public finances. Hong Kong does not have a big problem of destitute people but a huge problem of households in near-poverty that do not see a future for themselves and their children.
Education and Individual Income Inequality
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

The contribution of recent immigrants to income dispersion has grown slightly. This reflects the fact that their numbers have been rising over time and that they tend to have a higher proportion of lower-productivity individuals. Immigration policy is of course another form of human capital investment policy. In a free society, the decision to emigrate is an individual right over which government should not exercise control. But in Hong Kong, government policy decides who is allowed to emigrate here. Family reunion cases are also related to human rights, although what constitutes family is subject to policy delineation. To sum up, then, the increase in individual income dispersion is primarily affected by education. Other factors contribute, too, but none is as significant. Education policy must therefore be at the center of efforts to tackle the rising inequality in individual incomes. This sets up the analysis understand what underlies the rise of household income dispersion over this period.
Education and Earnings of the Bottom 99%
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

“We are the 99%!” was the rallying cry of the short-lived Occupy Wall Street movement. It reflected concern about the finding that the share of total income enjoyed by the top 1% of earners has increased since the 1970s, about a society seen as being divided between the very rich and the increasingly poor (at least in a relative sense), and about the wide, impassable gulf separating the two. The rise in income share of the top 1% can be explained to a large extent by the rise of superstars capable of earning vast sums in today’s globalized, digitized, networked, and financially integrated economy. That was not possible in the past. In addition, those in the English-speaking world seem to be better positioned than others to take advantage of this new environment.
Why Family Savings and Investing in Children Matter to the Economy
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Enhancing and protecting the family’s investment in children is central to China’s long-term economic vitality and growth and to rebalancing its economy away from investment and towards consumption. Important steps in that direction may include reforming divorce laws, repealing the one-child policy, liberalizing banking and financial markets, and supplying more low-cost housing using the Singapore approach, which allows subsidized homes to be resold (not the Hong Kong approach, whereby most people in public housing are tenants without title to the property). In Hong Kong and on the Mainland, state intervention through marriage laws, government housing programs, financial regulation, and old age retirement schemes have had a large detrimental impact on how families save, have children, and invest in them. Is it surprising that the family is in demise?Fortunately, the family is fighting to survive, because there is no alternative. The experience of Western industrialized economies offers lessons in what to avoid, not embrace, as many in Hong Kong think.
Early Childhood Education
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

During his State of the Union address on February 12, 2013, US President Barack Obama referred to University of Chicago Professor James Heckman’s research and his finding of a 7–10% return on investment per annum for certain early childhood education programs. These rates of return are higher than those for equity in the stock market between 1945 and 2008. In 2013, the US Congress introduced a bill to expand access to high-quality, full-day preschool for 4-year-olds from low- to moderate-income families. Professor Heckman pointed out that early childhood educational policies such as this bill are socially fair and economically efficient. There is no trade-off between equity and efficiency. Early investment in the lives of disadvantaged children will help reduce inequality, in both the short and the long run, and promote prosperity.
Means-Tested Old Age Allowances versus Universal Retirement Schemes
Authors: Wong Yue Chim Richard
Published: January 2018

Public discussions of old age retirement support have always been very confusing because they involve two different concerns: alleviating poverty, and getting votes (or building political support). It is obvious that some advocates are concerned with the plight of the elderly poor. Poverty among the elderly population is particularly devastating because they have ceased to work and, if they have no savings, they must rely on others to support them. Not everyone can ask their children for help. Hong Kong has numerous social transfer schemes to support the elderly poor without means. One can query whether these schemes are adequate, and if not, how they can be enhanced. One can also ask how an enhanced scheme could be financed. But a universal scheme, such as that demanded by politicians and social advocates, is not a necessity for helping the elderly poor.
The Australian Pursuit of Japanese War Criminals, 1943-1957
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

After the Second World War, the Australian military prosecuted almost a thousand alleged Japanese war criminals. These prosecutions were not only an attempt to punish Japan for its wartime militarism, but also a move to exert influence over the future course of Japanese society, politics, and foreign policy, as well as to cement Australia’s position in the Pacific as a regional power. During the Allied occupation of Japan (1945-52), Australia energetically pursued Japanese war criminals, and took a tough stance on Japan in general. The U.S. authorities, who dominated the Occupation, initially took the same line. As the Cold War in Asia intensified in the late 1940s and early 1950s, however, the U.S. government ceased to consider Japan a threat to Pacific security, and instead began to cultivate Japan as a potential democratic ally against communism. By the end of the Occupation, U.S. officials were firmly committed to pursuing good relations with the Japanese government. Gradually, in the 1950s, the Australian government came to share the U.S. view of Japan. As Japan shifted in official thinking from being a former foe, to a potential economic and political partner, concerns about the guilt of individual Japanese soldiers made way for pragmatism and political gain. The war criminals became entangled with Australian moves to establish good relations with Japan, and to draw the U.S. into a close alliance. Variations to their sentences - through repatriation to Japan, and later through parole or other forms of early release - became diplomatic bargaining chips. By the end of 1957, all of the surviving war criminals prosecuted by Australia had been released.
Building a Case against the War Criminals
Authors: Aszkielowicz Dean
Published: January 2018

Long before the Second World War ended, the Allies were planning to prosecute Axis war criminals, including both those in positions of leadership and the perpetrators of individual crimes. There was no standing war crimes court at the end of the Second World War, however, and the post-war trials were a watershed in international law. For the trials at Nuremberg and Tokyo, Allied planners drew on the development of international humanitarian law and international agreements signed by the combatants over the decades preceding the war. The vast majority of war criminals who were prosecuted did not face the court at Nuremberg or Tokyo: they appeared before national military tribunals which were conducted according to each prosecuting country’s war crimes law. The Australian War Crimes Act passed through the parliament in October 1945, shortly before trials began.
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyses the differences between countable and uncountable nouns and explains why some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. It also explores problematic plural noun endings along with errors that are typically made in this area.
Verbs and Tenses
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

The chapter begins with an examination of the forms of the verb ‘to be’. Verbals are introduced and categorized by their various forms and uses. The relationship between participles and irregular verbs is then assessed. When to employ the different tenses precedes a discussion about the active and the passive voices.
Modals
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter introduces modal verbs, reveals the specific rules to follow and demonstrates how modals influence other verb forms. The chapter also addresses the problems encountered when using the verb ‘to do’ and this verb’s relationship with questions.
Dates and Time Expressions
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on using dates and selecting appropriate time phrases for particular situations. It covers general formatting, prepositional selection, and the relevant tense to use. It also explains how certain expressions can date events in sequence.
Figures and Tables
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on the terms to use when referring to figures and tables. It covers the areas of article use, tense, prepositions, and verb choice.
Punctuation
Authors: Hart Steve
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates the role certain punctuation marks play in writing. It focuses on comma placement, semicolon use, the three types of dash, and when to employ capital letters.
Chinese Danmei Fandom and Cultural Globalization from Below
Authors: Yang Ling , Xu Yanrui
Published: January 2018

By tracing the trajectory of Chinese danmei fandom in the past two decades, this chapter explores the possibility of danmei as a model of grassroots globalization. The chapter focuses on three key aspects of Chinese danmei fandom: the establishment of online and offline infrastructures, the formation of different danmei circles, and the emergence of a women-dominated online public sphere. The authors seek to use the example of danmei fandom to challenge the masculinized, top-down model of thinking about transnational cultural flows that overemphasizes national origin, the industrial player, the official economy, and the competition for soft power at the expense of other glocalized, noninstitutionalized, nonprofit, noncompetitive ways of cultural exchange.
“The World of Grand Union”
Authors: Yang Ling
Published: January 2018

Hetalia: Axis Powers (2006–) is one of the most popular Japanese comic and anime series in China in recent years. Through a critical analysis of diverse fan discourses and two canonical fanzines, this chapter examines the intersections between gender politics and geopolitics, nationalism and transnationalism, and localization and globalization in online Chinese Hetalia fandom. The Hetalia boom in China shows that BL not only can function as a tool to reshape configurations of gender and sexuality, it can also be employed by young women and others as a vehicle for political expression.
Dongfang Bubai, Online Fandom, and the Gender Politics of a Legendary Queer Icon in Post-Mao China
Authors: Zhou Egret Lulu
Published: January 2018

This chapter studies the gender politics of a legendary queer icon, Dongfang Bubai, in post-Mao China. In Jin Yong’s original novel (1967–1969), this character is a self-castrated man who satirizes Mao Zedong and his Great Cultural Revolution, and then Tsui Hark’s film (1991) cast a female star into this role, invoking Hong Kong’s postcolonial experiences. In Yu Zheng’s television drama (2013), this character was changed to be a woman played by a female star. Yet, this seemly conservative change did not stifled fans’ queer reading tactics in cyberspaces. Using internet ethnography, the author found that at least three reading tactics had emerged: (1) gay readings which imagine Dongfang Bubai as a gay lover even though now a female role played by a female star; (2) heterosexual readings which understand Dongfang Bubai as a “leftover woman,” which is a newly coined term that stigmatizes those unmarried highly educated women with relatively high age and high professional status; (3) lesbian readings which celebrate transgressing both incest taboo and heterosexuality but at once reject gay readings. By studying the complicated case of Dongfang Bubai, this chapter contends that there are simultaneous symbiosis and conflicts of queer and nonqueer articulations in fan cultures.
Hong Kong–based Fans of Mainland Idol Li Yuchun
Authors: Lavin Maud
Published: January 2018

The more than 30 percent of Hong Kong residents born in Mainland China often face discrimination in their daily lives. This essay explores how those of this group who are fans and followers of Mainland singing star Li Yuchun use their participation in the fandom to build multiple senses of belonging that can help negotiate such tensions. Li Yuchun’s persona as a fresh face of China, cosmopolitan and gender ambiguous, and thus a new “new woman,” has a particular appeal to her Hong Kong–based female fans who are Mainland-born.
A Cartographic View of Kentucky’s Watershed and Landscapes
Authors: Carey Daniel I.
Published: January 2018

This chapter illustrates the evolution of mapping in Kentucky from pre-colonial days until the present. Historical maps helped guide the settlement of the land. Digital mapping, satellite and aerial photos, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), Global Positioning System (GPS), a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS), now allow use to determine and map land use and elevation anywhere within the Commonwealth at a matter of feet. This mapping capability allows us to better understand and live in harmony with the land.
Water and Wastewater Service for the Commonwealth of Kentucky
Authors: Recktenwald Roger
Published: January 2018

This chapter tracks the development of water and wastewater treatment infrastructure in Kentucky from colonial days up to the present. It examines the requirements for capturing, holding treating, delivering and removing water via reservoirs, treatment plants, pipes, pumps, etc. It examines the increasing role of government and state and local utilities through time to insure safe drinking water and proper treatment and disposal of wastewater. The historical role of federal rules for water and wastewater management is examined. Historical developments in the City of Harrodsburg illustrate the evolution of water and wastewater management in Kentucky.
Karst
Authors: Currens James C.
Published: January 2018

This chapter describes the extent and formation of karst in Kentucky: how the dissolution of limestone by water shapes the underground and surface of over half of Kentucky; the ways that hydro geologists map karst aquifers, including illustrative examples. The beauty of caving in the Mammoth Cave area and throughout Kentucky karst is illustrated. The special challenges of construction and development on karst are discussed: karst flooding, cover-collapse sinkholes, maintaining water quality in karst.
Looking to the Past, Designing and Demonstrating Alternative Methods Today to Address Urban Stormwater Challenges
Authors: Hale Jason
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses on a variety of projects that have implemented low impact development principles and construction materials. The featured projects have been designed to manage urban storm water runoff by either storing and reducing runoff volumes, or treating the water so cleaner water is returned to streams and waterways. A particular emphasis is placed on alternative material used in contrast to traditional material usage and approaches, as well as the challenges, associated with changing traditional mindsets.
Water and People at the Confluence
Authors: Gumbert Amanda Abnee
Published: January 2018

Kentucky’s waterways carry a history of the landscape as well as life-sustaining water. Watersheds are any area of land draining water to a common water body, and the quality of the water body reflects human activity and natural processes. The Cane Run watershed is a polluted watershed in central Kentucky. A watershed-based plan was created by investigating the current status of the watershed and making plans to improve its conditions. Some progress has been made to improve the Cane Run watershed. Effective watershed-based plans require scientific inquiry as well as social considerations of the citizens in the watershed.
Gateway to Equality
Authors: Ervin Keona K.
Published: January 2018

Gateway to Equality demonstrates that from the 1930s to the 1960s, a critical mass of black working-class women forged a most expansive social justice struggle for economic dignity in St. Louis. Women mobilized and resisted as they sought jobs, a living wage, decent working conditions, affordable housing, and economic projection. Their community-based economic politics drew public attention to their status as key members of the urban working class and disrupted mainstream conceptualizations such as “worker,” “the working class,” and “the labor movement.” With support from black middle-class women reformers, black working-class women summoned the broader public sphere to embrace concern and responsibility for black women’s survival Merging women’s rights, labor, and civil rights agendas, black working-class women forged struggles that challenged and disrupted political discourses and practices as they questioned the role of the state, the limits and possibilities of American citizenship and democracy, and the reach and uses of economic power.
Wars of Modern Babylon
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Amidror Ya'akov , Lipkin-Shahak Amnon , Woods Kevin M.
Published: January 2018

This book describes the history of the Iraqi Army from its establishment in 1921 until its collapse in 2003 in the war against the Coalition Forces, the core of which was a highly intensive 24-year period under the leadership of Saddam Hussein.
It analyzes the development and activities of this army, and focuses on the major wars in which it participated during Saddam’s regime: the prolonged war against Iran (1980-1988) and the two wars against the Coalition Forces led by the United States (1991 and 2003), as well as the wars against Israel and the Kurds in earlier periods.
The book is based mostly on Iraqi sources—Newspapers and other media means, books and documents, and presents all this mostly from the Iraqi perspective.
Its major innovation lies in its presenting this topic to the reader—including all the elements of the construction of the Iraqi fighting force, its war strategies, its functioning on all levels (strategic, operative and tactical), its forces and branches, its command and many other subjects—in a comprehensive, detailed manner,.
My experience in dealing with military issues in the Middle East during my long service with the Israeli Military Intelligence helped me very much in dealing with this huge Army, and to understand its concepts, its historical roots and the way it was conducting its war, The Wars of Modern Babylon.
The Iraqi–Iranian Dispute and the Situation of Their Armies on the Eve of the War
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

The chapter deals with the Iraqi-Iranian dispute in the 20th century. Its origins and development and the superpowers involvement in this conflict. The continuous border clashes between the two countries and the Iranian growing involvement in internal Iraqi issues. It deals with the problem of control on the Shatt al-Arab river and the Iranian control of the Hormuz strait in the Persian Gulf. It describes the deterioration in the situation after the deposition of the shah and the establishment of the Islamic regime of Khomeini (February 1979).
It describes also the status of the armed forces of both countries—ground forces, air and naval forces—on the eve of the war between them, and their strength and capabilities.
The Completion of the Iraqi Plan of Attack in Khuzestan (October 1980) and the Transition to Static War (November–December 1980)
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the political situation faces the Iraqi leadership after opening the war against Iran, and their efforts to bring to a ceasefire at this stage. It describes the battle to “liberate” Khorramshahr on October 1980, the crossing of the Karun river in order to encircle Abadan and the fighting in the Shatt al-Arab sector, as well as the fighting in other sectors in Khuzestan in the central and northern sectors of the front. It describes also the developments in the air and naval theaters of war in this period. It deals with the logistic and administrative matters that appeared on the Iraqi side as a result of the war, and the change in the Iraqi strategy in winter 1980 by transition to static warfare — “war of attrition”.
The Iranian Forces’ Counterattacks
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the second phase of the war between Iraq and Iran—the first Iranian counter attacks to drive the Iraqi forces from their territory, and the opening of the “war of attrition”. These included two Iranian initiatives in the Khafajiya sector in central Khuzestan (January and July 1981), an initiative in the Serbil Zehab and Kolina area in the central sector of the front, and the fighting in the northern sector of the front. It deals also with the failures of the Iraqi air force to prevent the Iranian air attack on the Iraqi air base in H-3, in west Iraq, and the Israeli air attack on the Iraqi nuclear reactor south of Baghdad (April-June 1981)..
“The Mother of All Battles” (“Desert Storm”), Phase One
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the first phase of the Gulf War—called by the Coalition forces Operation “Desert Storm”, and by the Iraqis “The Mother of all Battles”—The air campaign (16 January – 28 February, 1991) and the surface-to-surface missile campaign. It describes the wide and extensive coalition air attacks on the Iraqi forces deployed in Kuwait and southern Iraq and the aerial bombings of infrastructures and military targets in all parts of Iraq. It describes also the surface to surface missiles campaign the Iraqis launched in response to the Coalition air campaign, especially against Israel and Saudi Arabia, and the Coalition forces’ efforts to destroy the Iraqi missile launchers in western Iraq.
The Iraqi Army
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the reorganization and rehabilitation of the Iraqi Armed Forces after the Gulf war in 1991, restoring them to a reasonable operational force after the withdrawal from Kuwait. It describes the problems that faced the Iraqis after the war, in their efforts to rehabilitate military capabilities. It describes the steps taken by the Iraqis in rehabilitating the army—the reduction in the order of battle of the ground forces, the manpower system, The training system, the infrastructures, repairing weapons and equipment and the changes in the air force resulting from the war. This process shows the decline of the Iraqi armed forces up to 2003. It describes also the changes in the high command between the wars (1991-2003).
The Next Target Israel?
Authors: Malovany Pesach , Baram Amatzia , Woods Kevin M. , Englesberg Ronna
Published: January 2018

This chapter deals with the Iraqi regimes attitude towards the State of Israel since its establishment, and especially Saddam’s attitude towards it. This brought to the establishment of the “Jerusalem Army” for the liberation of Jerusalem and Palestine. It describes its role, organization and structure, its training and preparations to fulfil its mission. The Iraqi propaganda compared the preparations of this Army to those made before the liberation of the Al-Faw Peninsula (in 1988) from Iranian hands. That was the first Arab city to be liberated from foreign hands, thus it became a national Arab symbol that would inspire the liberation of Palestine, with Jerusalem at its head. Finally, this Army was involved in the last war against the Coalition forces in 2003 with a little military value.