bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intergeneric reproductive stimulation and parthenogenesis inSchistosoma mansoni
Authors: Basch P. F. , Basch Natalicia
Published: June 2009

When mice were infected with female cercariae ofSchistosoma mansoniand male cercariae ofSchistosomatium douthitti, many mixed pairs formed. The paired females were approximately the same size as those in unisexual infections, far smaller than females paired withS. mansonimales. Although theSch. douthittimales possessed well-developed testes, sperm were not found in their female partners, which developed scanty vitelline glands and produced laterally spined eggs typical ofS. mansoni. Such eggs yielded swimming miracidia infective to the snail host ofS. mansoni, Biomphalaria glabrata, but not to the lymnaeid snail host ofSch. douthitti. Sporocysts arising from these miracidia were haploid and produced cercariae infective to mice. Parthenogenetically derived female cercariae in mice co-infected with either parthenogenetically derived male or normal diploid maleS. mansonideveloped to large adults of normal appearance, whose eggs yielded diploid miracidia and subsequent generations of normal diploid schistosomes. Parthenogenetically derived females co-infected withSch. douthittimales also paired and produced some eggs containing viable miracidia, which gave rise once again to haploid sporocysts. These observations confirm previous suggestions that the stimulus for maturation in femaleS. mansoniis distinct from that for growth, and is independent of insemination and fertilization. It is concluded that both diploid and haploidS. mansonifemales are capable either of parthenogenesis or of bisexual reproduction when appropriately stimulated.
A commercial vaccine for ovine toxoplasmosis
Authors: Buxton D. , Innes E. A.
Published: June 2009

This paper describes the development of the first commercial vaccine for toxoplasmosis. The vaccine comprises live tachyzoites of the S48 ‘incomplete’ strain ofToxoplasma gondiiand is deployed to control toxoplasma abortion in sheep. A discussion of protective immune mechanisms and recent studies on host responses to the vaccine is also included.
On the supposed Development ofTrypanosoma lewisiin Lice and Fleas; and the Occurrence ofCrithidia ctenophthalmiin Fleas
Authors: Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

1. The alimentary tracts of 104 lice (Haematopinus spinulosus), which had been taken from rats infected withT. lewisi, were examined. In 51 lice no trace ofT. lewisicould be found. In 53 liceT. lewisi, unchanged in every particular, was found in various parts of the gut. The trypanosome was seen to be quite unchanged in stained preparations.

2. The alimentary tracts of 45 fleas (Ctenophthalmus agyrtes), which had fed on infected rats, were examined. TheT. lewisicould not be found at all in 43 fleas. They disappeared very rapidly from the ingested blood and could not be found in stained preparations. In 2 fleas trypanosomes were found, but they did not differ in form from those seen in the blood of the rat.

3. 263 lice were examined from rats which were apparently uninfected withT. lewisi. No form ofT. lewisiwas discovered in fresh or stained preparations.

4. 31 fleas from uninfected rats were dissected and their alimentary tracts examined. No trace ofT. lewisiwas found.

5. 15 lice were examined 18–48 hours after their removal from an infected rat.T. lewisiwas found in 7 of these, but they shewed no developmental changes.

6. Observations made upon 36 lice from infected rats shewed that at the earlier stages of digestionT. lewisiwas more often found than at the later stages. In some lice however trypanosomes could not be found at the early stages of digestion, although they were present at an advanced stage of digestion.

7. The examination of other organs than the alimentary canal in fleas and lice did not shew any form ofT. lewisi.

8.Crithidia ctenophthalmiwas found in 9Ctenophihalmus agyrtes.

9. About 370 lice and 75 fleas were examined but no evidence was obtained of developmental changes ofT. lewisiin either fleas or lice.
Theileria parva: Attempts at Cultivation
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

In an earlier paper (1908, pp. 255–257), we gave a full account of a paper by Miyajima (1907) wherein this author described experiments in which he states that he succeeded in cultivating Theileria (Piroplasma) parva. According to Miyajima, he had no difficulty in cultivating the parasite when he added the blood of cattle (containing Theileria) to ordinary bouillon in the proportion of 1 : 5 to 1 : 10, the cultures being maintained at 20–30° C. Miyajima states that trypanosomes appeared in his cultures after an interval of 3 days and underwent vigorous multiplication reaching “the maximum after the tenth to fourteenth day.” Miyajima's description of the supposed process of development is obscure, and it is difficult to understand how the diminutive intra-corpuscular Theileria can develop into a Trypanosoma. We refer the reader who desires particulars regarding these experiments to our paper already cited. In our paper we stated that “a certain amount of scepticism” appeared justified until Miyajima's results had been extended and confirmed. The warning appears to have come too late in respect to Woodcock's recent review of the Haemoflagellates in Ray Lankester's Treatise on Zoology (1909, Part I. fasc. 1, p. 260), for Woodcock appears to accept Miyajima's remarkable discovery as authentic and conclusive.
On the Seasonal Prevalence of Trypanosoma Lewisi in Mus rattus and in Mus deoumanus and its Relation to the Mechanism of Transmission of the Infection
Authors: Petrie G. F. , Avari C. R.
Published: June 2009

The above-mentioned considerations bearing upon the influence of insect prevalence and the influence of meteorological conditions on the prevalence of trypanosome infections in rats may be summarized as follows:

(1) There are definite seasonal variations in the prevalence of trypanosome infections in M. rattus and in M. decumanus.

(2) No definite correlation is forthcoming between the seasonal prevalence of T. lewisi and the seasonal prevalence of rat fleas. The seasonal prevalence of the transmitting insects is apparently a factor of subsidiary importance in the causation of the trypanosome prevalence.

(3) The evidence adduced above indicates that the dominant factor determining the seasonal prevalence of trypanosome infections is the atmospheric temperature, the optimum temperature approximating to 79° F. It is probable that temperature operates by influencing a developmental cycle of the trypanosomes in the transmitting insects.

(4) It is possible that in addition to temperature the atmospheric humidity may play a part by influencing the direct or mechanical transference of the infection.
The Spirochaetes found in the Crystalline Style of Tapes aureus: A Study in Morphological Variation
Authors: Fantham H. B.
Published: June 2009

One of the earliest known Spirochaetes from Lamellibranchs was that briefly described by Certes in 1882 from the crystalline style of the oyster. Certes named the parasite Trypanosoma balbianii. In 1891 the same worker recorded the occurrence of the organism in two species of Tapes, namely T. decussatus and T. pullaster. Laveran and Mesnil in 1901 showed that Tr. balbianii probably belonged to the Spirochaetes. The organism is now known as Spirochaeta balbianii.
On the Entozoa of Fishes from the Firth of Clyde
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

The material on which the following notes are founded was collected during a short residence at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Millport, in August, 1908. A comprehensive survey of the marine fauna was impossible in so limited a time, but a fair idea of the parasites of some of the common fishes was obtained. I have to thank the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society for enabling me to undertake this work. It is also necessary to gratefully acknowledge the courtesy of several members of the West of Scotland Marine Biological Association and of Mr Elmhirst, the director of the Millport Laboratory.
Notes onTrypanosoma lewisiand its Relation to CertainArthropoda
Authors: Strickland C. , Swellengrebel N. H.
Published: June 2009

1.Trypanosoma lewisiwas found in 25% of rats caught in and about Cambridge. Of these rats 12% were young, 33% adult, and 29% old. In this region the endetnicity was localised to certain areas.

2. Fleas (C. fasciatusandC. agyrtes) were constantly found associated with wild rats infected withT. lewisi. We think that these two species of fleas are the chief carriers of the parasite from rat to rat in this region.

3. We tried transmission experiments with fleas (C. fasciatusandC. agyrtes), lice (H. spinulosus), bugs (A. lectularia), ticks (O. moubata, nymphs and adults), andGamasussp., but only obtained a positive result by the agency of fleas.

4. In the transmission experiments the arthropod was transferred from an infected to an uninfected animal. 16% of 138 experiments with fleas were successful, 80—98% of the fleas used were non-infective, while 2—20% were infective.

5. Distant transmission occurs with fleas. This was observed by one of us in January, 1909.

6. ‘Mechanical’ transmission occurs sometimes with fleas.

7. Infective fleas do not transmit the power of infection to their young.

8. The mechanism of infection in the case of mechanical transmission is by the bite of the flea; in the case of the distant infection it is not so.

9. The infective forms ofT. lewisifor distant transmission are probably the ‘small trypanosomes’ which we have described elsewhere (1910). The forms ofT. lewisifound prior to the small trypanosomes in the developmental cycle are not infective.

10. The development of the trypanosomes in the flea is not interfered with by the flea feeding on a rat immune to the disease.

11. Seventeen experiments with lice were performed, but no transmission was obtained by their agency. 1139 lice were used. No confirmation of Baldrey's infective cycle in lice could be obtained.

12. We could trace no connection between transmission of infection by lice and the presence in them of ‘developmental forms.’

13. No transmission ofT. lewisiby other arthropods was obtained. These negative results had no connection with the presence in the arthropods of ‘developmental forms.’

In conclusion we would like to thank Professor Nuttall for his kindness in inoculating our animals and providing us with the material for our experiments, and for his interest and advice in our work.
On symptoms following tick-bites in man
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The interesting Note by Dr Sant' Anna, which precedes this paper, leads me to record some observations of a somewhat similar nature to those he has reported. My information is derived from three letters received from Africa, and from Dr Hindle.
Oriental sore in Bagdad, together with observations on a gregarine in Stegomyia fasciata, the haemogregarine of dogs and the flagellates of house flies
Authors: Wenyon C. M.
Published: June 2009

The present report is an account of observations made in Bagdad during the year 1910 (March to November) on the Oriental Sore as it occurs in this part of the world. Though the sore of Bagdad may not differ very markedly from that of other places, it is so common here that all stages and types of the sore may easily be studied, and such points as the early age of infection, immunity, and duration of the disease are very clearly exemplified. Accordingly, a more or less complete account of this disease of Bagdad, known locally as the Date boil or Arabic “Uchut,” will be given, though descriptions of the sore as it occurs in several parts of the world have been published by other observers. During the investigations various side issues arose, and as these suggest certain interesting points, three sections have been added dealing with (1) the life history of Lankesteria culicis (Ross) a gregarine of Stegomyia fasciata, (2) Haemogregarina canis and its development both in the dog and the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and (3) Her-petomonas muscae domesticae, and other flagellates of the house-fly.
A Sarcocyst of a Gazelle (G. rufifrons) showing Differentiation of Spores by Vital Staining
Authors: Balfour Andrew
Published: June 2009

In May 1912 when on the way with our Floating Laboratory to Rejaf, en route for the sleeping sickness district in what was formerly the Lado Enclave (now part of Mongalla Province), the late Colonel Mathias shot, near Renkwood station on the White Nile, two specimens of the Senegal or red-fronted gazelle—Gazella rufifrons. I found one of these animals, a female in good condition, heavily infected with sarcosporidiosis, the diaphragm, the intercosted muscles and those of the thigh being specially affected, though the striped muscle fibre everywhere contained cysts in varying numbers. In the light of the observations made by Probst and Francis (1910) the blood was carefully examined but no sarcosporidial spores were found in it nor were any blood parasites present.
Notes on Ticks. III
Authors: Nuttall G. H. F. , Cuncliffe N.
Published: June 2009

The new species herein described are of interest, although we can only deal with females, as is so frequently the case with this genus. One species (I. kempi), allied to the North American I. angustus, comes from a hitherto unexplored region on the north-east frontier of India, having been collected by the Abor Expedition. Two species (I. daveyi and I. oldi) are from Africa, and offer a peculiarity of structure in that they possess anal grooves having the form of a horse-shoe, an appearance only hitherto observed in three other species of Ixodes, all of which are African. The fourth species (I. ricinoides) is from China, and is allied to our I. ricinus:
On the Development of Ascaris lumbricoides and A. mystax in the Mouse
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: June 2009

In previous papers the migration of Ascaris lumbricoides in the rat and mouse has been traced to the point at which the larvae of the worm reach the trachea of these animals on the 8th day after infection. As the result of further experiments it is now possible to trace the migration through a further stage, namely that occurring from the 9th to the 15th days after infection. My experiments have not as yet been carried beyond the 15th day and in the following summary the statement that larvae occur in a given situation up to the 15th day is not intended to imply that they do not persist therein after that date.
The Systematic Position, Synonymy and Iconography of Pediculus humanus and Phthirus pubis
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

The lice which infest man belong to the order Anoplura Leach 1817, containing two sub-orders, (i) Siphunculata Meinert 1891 and (ii) Mallophaga Nitzsch 1818. The family Pediculidae Leach is included in the Siphunculata1. Owing to the confusion which still persists in the literature regarding the nomenclature and systematic position of the two sub-orders of Anoplura, it appears expedient to review the evidence upon which the statement contained in the preceding paragraph is based.
Further Observations on the Habits and Parasites of Common Flies
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

In the year 1915 the flies caught in traps baited with various materials and placed in different situations were recorded, and charts constructed showing the effects of various meteorological conditions on flies. “These charts showed that the curve for flies caught in traps corresponded most closely to the curve for the maximum temperature recorded by a thermometer exposed to the sun” (1916, 497 and Chart 5). During the years 1916 and 1917 traps baited daily with human excrement were exposed in sunny situations, and the flies caught in them recorded. Records of the hours of bright sunshine, of the rainfall, the velocity of the wind, the maximum temperatures indicated by thermometers exposed to the sun and in. the screen, the minimum temperatures in the screen and on the grass were kept. From these observations it was possible to compare the effects of meteorological conditions on flies in three consecutive seasons.
Studies on the Bionomics of Mange Mites of Cattle
Authors: Cameron A. E.
Published: June 2009

Infection experiments with Sarcoptes of cattle conducted upon a horse, two sheep, two rabbits, two rats, a cat and a man gave negative results. Active stages of the mite kept damp in the refrigerator lived 11 days, at room-temperature they lived 7 days, at 37° C. they lived 3 days, these being maximum periods observed. Eggs kept 5 days and over in the refrigerator subsequently failed to hatch when warmed; when kept at room-temperature they lived 16 days and hatched on being warmed; at 37°C. they survived 7 days.

Infection experiments with Psoroptes of cattle conducted upon one heifer gave negative results.

Chorioptes of cattle kept at room-temperature and protected from light survived 29 days.
A New Species of Monopylidium, M. Chandleri, from the Red Nettled Lapwing (Sarcogrammus Indicus Stoliczka), with a key to the Species of Monopylidium
Authors: Moghe M. A.
Published: June 2009

This worm was obtained from the intestine of Sarcogrammus indicus Stoliczka at Nagpur, C.P., India. It was flattened out between two glass slides, fixed in Mann's fluid and stained with Delafield's haematoxylin. The measurements of the worm given in the following description relate to the flattened specimen.
A Note on the Ciliates from the Stomach of the Mouse Deer (Tragulus meminna Milne-Edwards) with the Description of Entodinium ovalis n.sp
Authors: Jameson A. Pringle
Published: June 2009

Through the kindness of my friend Mr Clifford Dobell, F.R.S., I have come into the possession of a quantity of preserved stomach-content from the Mouse Deer of Ceylon (Tragulus meminna Milne-Edwards). As there are no descriptions, so far as I can find, of the Ciliates from Asiatic Ruminants, it seems worth while to publish a brief note on the organisms found in this material.
On the Species of Isospora Parasitic in Man
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

Some two years ago a proposal was put forward by Wenyon (1923) to change the name of one of the well-known coccidial parasites of man—the parasite which, in my revision of the group (1919), I called Isospora hominis (Rivolta). for various reasons Wenyon concluded that there must really be two species of Isospora in man—not one, as I had assumed—and he proposed to transfer my amended name I. hominis to another organism, whose existence he deduced from the literature and from his own observations on the Coccidia of cats and dogs: but as this would leave the species which I had called “I. hominis” without a name, he proposed to rename it “Isospora belli”.
Ommatokoita superba n.g. et sp., a Parasitic Copepod of Somniosus microcephalus
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

The animal under consideration, or one very like it, has been observed by most collectors of parasitic Copepoda since the publication by Grant appeared in 1827. All authors subsequent to Grant have placed it in the genus Lernaeopoda. Whilst there is a singular unanimity that the area of fixation is the eye, there is a considerable divergence with regard to the host: thus, while Grant originally found it upon the Greenland shark, Scott (1912) records the principal host as Lamna cornubica (which he also calls the Greenland shark), and quotes Norman as having obtained a specimen from Mustelus vulgaris at Polperro. Wilson (1915), an accurate observer, has no record of the host for most of the specimens he examined but stated that one came from a shark. It does not however follow that all these animals are of the same species. The following description is based on two specimens taken from the Arctic shark Squalus borealis = Somniosus microcephalus (Syn. Laemargus and Scymnus) off Greenland on 11. viii. 1923, by W. S. Bristowe.
The Occurrence of Cuterebra (Diptera, Oestridae) in Western Canada
Authors: Cameron Alfred E.
Published: June 2009

Reference to the National Insect Collection at Ottawa shows that species of the genus Cuterebra have been collected in various localities of Western Canada at different times. Of these Cuterebra grisea Coq. is distributed throughout Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, North-West Territories and British Columbia. There is one record each of C. emasculator Fitch (determined by Aldrich as C. fontinella Clark), of which the locality is unknown, and of C. fasciata Swenk, from Peachland, British Columbia. The specimen of C. emasculator bears a note that it had been reared from a chipmunk, Tamias striatus lysteri Richardson. The remaining species, C. americana var. polita Coq., C. similis Johnson and C. tenebrosa Coq. have all been collected in British Columbia. There is but a single record from the Eastern Provinces and that a specimen of C. fasciata from Bathurst, New Brunswick, dated August, 1900. Altogether there are 22 specimens in the National Collection belonging to six species. Of these there are 11 specimens of C. grisea, which would thus appear to be the most prevalent species in Western Canada. The comparative paucity of specimens may be correctly attributed to the peculiarly shy habits of the species, the adults of which, according to information furnished me by Criddle, prefer rather dark situations, such as outbuildings, summer kitchens and the ground burrows of rodents. They occur on the wing from June to September and are probably to be found closely attendant upon the haunts of their rodent hosts. That the percentage of parasitism is not high is concluded from the fact that Parker and Wells (1919), in a careful examination of over a thousand rodents in Montana for possible infestation by the Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick, Dermacentor venustus Banks, found but two that were parasitised, each with one larva of C. tenebrosa.
Some Parasitic Worms fromArapaima gigas(Teleostean Fish) with a description ofPhilometra senticosan.sp. (Filarioidea)
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

The “Arapaima,” “Pirarucú” or “Pirá-Urucú,” of the large rivers of Brazil and the Guianas is the largest strictly freshwater fish known. It is said to reach a length of 15 feet, and a weight of more than 400 lbs. It is known to science under the name ofArapaima gigas(Cuvier).
Alaria arisaemoides, n.sp, a Trematode from Vulpes fulva
Authors: Augustine D. L. , Uribe Cesar
Published: June 2009

Alaria arisaemoides, n.sp., is described from the red fox, Vulpes fulva. The attachment of this parasite to its host and the host reaction are discussed in detail.
Description of a New Genus and Species of Anoplura (Lemurphthirus galagus) from a Lemur
Authors: Bedford G. A. H.
Published: June 2009

Female characters. Head connected to the thorax by a V-shaped chitinised plate. Eyes absent. Antennae 5-jointed, the first segment strongly developed. Thorax long and narrow; metathorax distinct. Sternal plate present, long and narrow; metasternum with narrow transverse chitinised bar. Thoracic stigmata apparently absent. Fore pair of legs smaller than the mid and hind legs; mid and hind legs sub-equal, widely separated. Abdomen elongated and narrow, without sutures and tergal and sternal plates. Pleural plates present on the second abdominal segment only. Stigmata present on the third to eighth abdominal segments. Tergites and sternites each with a row of long hairs and short spines.
The Effect of Increased and Decreased Oxygen Pressure upon the Intestinal Protozoa of Macacus rhesus
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

In his experiments upon the toxicity of oxygen for protozoa Cleveland (1925, a, b, c) was able to kill the intestinal protozoa of Termites, without injuring the host, by increasing the pressure of oxygen for varying lengths of time. He found that at one atmosphere pressure of oxygen the intestinal protozoa of Leucotermes were killed in 24 hours; those of Termopsis in 72 hours; whilst those of Reticulitermes and Cryptotermes were not all killed in ten days. At 3·5 atmospheres of oxygen he found that the intestinal protozoa of all four species were killed in less than an hour. At this pressure the intestinal protozoa of cockroach and frog were killed in 3½ hours and 28 hours respectively, whereas it took 90 hours to kill the cockroaches and 65 hours to kill some of the frogs. He also experimented upon warm-blooded vertebrates (rats), but he found that these animals survived only 5–6 hours at 3·5 atmospheres of oxygen and their intestinal protozoa were not killed in that time. Trichomonas, grown in cultures, however, from frog, rat, and man, were killed in 6, 10, and 11 hours respectively when subjected to 3·5 atmospheres of oxygen.
On Five New Species of Ticks (Arachnida ixodoidea), Ornithodorus nattereri, Ixodes theodori, Haemaphysalis toxopei, Amblyomma robinsoni and A. dammermani, with a Note on the Ornate Nymph of A. latum
Authors: Warburton Cecil
Published: June 2009

Adult. Eyeless; camerostome without movable cheeks. In size (largest specimen 14 × 9 mm., Smallest 9 × 6 mm.), configuration, grooves, etc strongly recalling O. coriaceus, and the younger specimens have a suggestion of a similar dorsal pattern, but the whole surface is uniformly mammillate and the hood and the rather long palps are visible from the dorsal aspect. Discs in most specimens inconspicuous. Basis capituli about as broad as long, broadest posteriorly, where there are short, stiff, caducent bristles (? three pairs) directed outwardly. Hypostome lanceolate, with very small corona, followed by 2/2 well spaced teeth, about 6 per row. The leg armature, best understood from Text-fig. 1, is highly characteristic, the most striking feature being a prominent, rather sharp tooth on the proximal false articulation of the tarsus in legs I, II and III, but absent on tarsus IV. All the tarsi bear a prominent dorsal tooth near their distal ends. Legs I and II show characteristic prominences on other articles, notably the penultimate, which has a dorsal tooth at its basal and distal extremities.
Notes on the Morphology of Chalcidoidea bred from Calliphora
Authors: Waterston James
Published: June 2009

This interesting and peculiar parasite was apparently first noted and studied by George Newport in 1831. That writer, however, was unable to publish his observations till 1849, by which date he had been anticipated in authorship by Francis Walker for the specific name, and by J. O. Westwood for the generic. With the latter Newport engaged in a somewhat protracted controversy touching priority of name, morphology, habits, etc., of Melittobia. There can be no doubt that Westwood's genus, very briefly characterised in Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond. for 5th July, 1847, p. xviii, must stand. The part of the proceedings containing this page was published on 12th January, 1848. As the purpose of the present notes is chiefly to offer a more accurate description of M. acasta, and as, besides, I am at present engaged in revising the whole genus, it does not seem necessary to say much on the habits of the insect. M. acasta is markedly polyphagous; never apparently a true hyperparasite, it attacks everything within its limited range of action. Already it has been bred from a long list of hosts, and somewhat contradictory conclusions about the insect's parasitic status and economic value may be drawn from its host attachment. Thus it may be a pest in nests of bees, wasps, etc.; a species of Melittobia again proved a serious menace in the laboratory to Tachinids introduced into the U.S.A. to combat the Gipsy Moth, but possibly, the insect plays, or may be induced to play, a useful part in destroying dipterous puparia in or near houses, or in surroundings where the adult may skulk secure. For Melittobia dislikes light, and the ♀ flies little, though when once established in a suitable environment, it is hard to dislodge.
Sclerostome Parasites of the Horse in England. II. New Species of the Genus Cylichnostomum
Authors: Boulenger Charles L.
Published: June 2009

In a recent number of Parastilogy (1916) an account was given of the species of Triodontophorus and Oesophagodontus found in the alimentary tract of horses in the neighbourhood of Birmingham, more particularly in the Redditch district of Worcestershire. In company with the worms of these two genera were several species of Cylichnostomum, occurring in some of the hosts in considerable numbers both in the colon and caecum.
Studies on Pediculus. I. The copulatory apparatus and the process of copulation inPediculus humanus
Authors: Nuttall George H. F.
Published: June 2009

Owing to the active interest now being taken in all that concerns lice and their habits, especially in connection with the war, it seems expedient to forestall a fuller publication, now in preparation, by giving an account of the copulatory apparatus and the curious process of copulation inPediculus humanusLinn.
Some Cestodes from Japanese Selachians. Including Five New Species
Authors: Yoshida Sadao
Published: June 2009

Several years ago I collected cestodes parasitic in Selachians found in Japanese waters. Most of them were mature and well preserved. The specimens are referable to ten species, of which five belong to known species and five are new to science. Since the published descriptions of the known species are not entirely in accord with my observations, and some of the species are not satisfactorily described anatomically, I shall re-describe the known forms briefly in the following pages.
Equine Biliary Fever in Madras
Authors: Valladares J. F.
Published: June 2009

In no part of India, perhaps, are ampler opportunities available for the study of tropical diseases than in the Presidency of Madras. This will be borne out by the fact that quite recently the interesting discovery was made in the Madras Veterinary College Hospital of the existence in these parts of two distinct parasites, causing the protozoal biliary fever among horses. I propose in the course of this article to chronicle the details of my observations with regard to this discovery, feeling sure that they will be read by all Veterinarians with interest, though they may probably arouse a feeling of melancholy among lovers of horse flesh. There is no disguising the fact, that through lack of facilities for prosecuting the study of tropical diseases in Madras the Veterinary Profession has been greatly handicapped. It is therefore with no little satisfaction that we hail the announcement made by Sir Harold Stuart, member of the Executive Council of the Government, at a recent public function in Madras, that at no distant date there would be a fully equipped School of Tropical Medicine in the City.
The Posterior Stigmata of Dipterous Larvae as a Diagnostic Character: with especial Reference to the Larvae incriminated in Cases of Myiasis
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm Evan
Published: June 2009

During investigations at the Bussey Institution on the rôle played by certain dipterous larvae in experimentally induced myiasis, with the object if possible of clearing a little of the doubt with which so much of the question is shrouded, the need of good diagnostic characters for these larvae was brought forcibly to my attention.
Abderhalden's Reaction and its Application in Certain Protozoal Infections
Authors: Hindle Edward , Gózony Lajos
Published: June 2009

The results of the above described experiments suggest that Abderhalden's reaction may be of use in the study of protozoal diseases.

In the case of East Coast Fever it is seen that in early stages of the disease only the lymphatic and suprarenal glands seem to be affected, whilst in later stages destruction of tissue takes place in practically all the organs, and this corresponds with the results of microscopical examinations of the various tissues.

Various experiments were performed with dogs infected with Babesia canis, but in most cases, owing to the presence of haemoglobin in the serum, the controls gave positive results as well as the organs + serum. The blood of a dog taken at the commencement of the infection was found to contain substances having a destroying action on liver tissue, but not on the other organs employed, whilst in later stages of the disease practically all the organs were affected.
Note on the Habitat and Structure of Crassicauda [Nematoda]
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

Complete specimens of this nematode are difficult to obtain, owing to the manner in which the worms bury themselves in the tissues of the urinogenital system of the Cetacea in which they are found. Mr A. G. Bennett, to whom the writer has previously been indebted on more than one occasion for Crassicauda material, has recently sent home further interesting specimens from South Georgia, accompanied by notes and a sketch which throw some light upon the burrowing habits of the worm. A special effort was made to obtain complete specimens by dissection.
Parasitism and Symbiosis. (A Review)
Authors: Keilin D.
Published: June 2009

Parasitology, owing to its economic importance, has received very great attention during the last 50 years and several good text-books have been devoted to this subject. In almost all recently published books, however, stress has been laid chiefly upon the economic side of the problem: medical, veterinary, agricultural, etc., but the scope of Parasitology is by no means restricted to the problems economically connected with man. We know now that there is hardly any group in the animal or vegetable kingdom which does not harbour parasites. The latter themselves do not escape this rule and are often parasitised in their turn. Moreover, the interrelations between living organisms are not restricted to parasitism only; there are, in fact, all shades of transition between parasitism on the one hand, and commensalism and symbiosis on the other. These interrelations have never been adequately dealt with in text-books of biology or parasitology and all the information concerning them is scattered in a great number of papers dealing with various biological or parasitological problems. This gap has been recently filled by a small volume issued by Prof. M. Caullery [of the “Laboratoire d'Evolution des Êtres Organisés de la Sorbonne, Paris” under the titleLe Parasitisme et la Symbiosein which the author has incorporated a series of lectures delivered by him on this subject during the academic year 1919–1920. The book deals with the most interesting cases of commensalism, parasitism, and symbiosis and with various important cases of transition between these three great ethological groups.
Observations on Wild Rats in England, with an account of their Ecto- and Endoparasites
Authors: Balfour Andrew
Published: June 2009

1. Attempts to secure a micro-organism which could induce abortion or sterility in wild rats and which might be used in an anti-rat campaign, more especially when plague threatens a community, have not been successful.

2. An account, however, is given of certain micro-organisms producing pathological conditions in the genito-urinary tract of wild rats.

3. A routine determination of rat parasites including ecto-parasites, helminths, intestinal protozoa and haematozoa has been undertaken.

4. It has led to the discovery of a new species of Hymenolepis and has shown that Heligmosomum braziliense is present in rats in England. It has also demonstrated the occurrence of haemogregarines in the leucocytes of black rats in this country.

5. Work has been done on the incidence of Leptospira icterohaemorrhagiae in Rattus norvegicus and Rattus rattus in England and on the mechanism of its transmission.

6. It has been shown that apparently the guinea pig may act as a carrier of the Leptospira without exhibiting any marked symptoms of the disease which the latter produces. There is also some evidence to prove that infection may take place through the alimentary tract.

7. The Leptospira was successfully and easily cultivated in Wenyon's modification of the Noguchi method but in large measure lost its virulence as the result of repeated subcultures. Even after a year, however, it was still capable of producing characteristic symptoms in the guinea pig.

8. General pathological conditions occurring in wild rats have been recorded.

9. A few observations have been made on the seasonal incidence of pregnancy in wild rats.
Recent progress in our knowledge of Parasitic Worms and their relation to the public health
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

Ten years ago I made an attempt to summarize briefly the advances which had been made in our knowledge of parasitic worms during the preceding few years. The interval has witnessed much upheaval and interruption of scientific labour, but nevertheless a very considerable amount of work on the subject has been accomplished. The nature of this does not appear to have been influenced to any exceptional extent by the war.
Ganymedes cratereN.G. et S.
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. Harold
Published: June 2009

My interest having been aroused inCalliobdella lophii, I requested all my friends engaged upon the sea to keep a look-out for any leeches that might come to hand and especially forCalliobdella. Accordingly on 6. VIII. 1914 I received a specimen of a leech, taken near St Margaret's Hope towards the north-east of S. Ronaldsay in the Isles of Orkney, which as far as I can discover has never been described before, and which presents peculiar and interesting features not wholly dissimilar from those ofCalliobdella. I propose to name the leechGanymedes(or, if this name should be pre-occupied,Ganymedebdella)cratere.
The Trematode Parasites of North Queensland. III.
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: June 2009

During the past year a considerable number of fishes has been forwarded to the Institute for examination. The great majority have been marine fishes obtained from Cleveland Bay, or from the reefs off Magnetic Island, but a few fresh-water fishes from local creeks have also been included.
Observations on the blood in East Coast Fever of Cattle
Authors: Strickland C.
Published: June 2009

(1) There is very little, if any, abnormal destruction of erythrocytes in cases' of infection with East Coast Fever. This is proved by blood counts, haemoglobin estimations, and the condition of the bloodforming and blood-destroying organs, all remaining practically normal. This is in marked contrast to what obtains in piroplasmosis.

(2) The hypothesis advanced by Nuttall fits all the facts. According to this hypothesis the invasion of the corpuscles occurs in the internal organs where the parasites develop, and the corpuscles only act as carriers of the parasites in the blood, thereby conveying them to the tick which serves as the vector.

(3) Since few, if any, of the corpuscles are destroyed they rapidly become charged with an increasing number of parasites which are being continuously produced in the internal organs as evidenced by Koch's blue bodies which form and break up in the lymphatic glands, spleen, liver, bone-marrow, etc. (Gonder, Nuttall).

(4) There is a marked leucopenia in East Coast Fever, the polymorphs decreasing less rapidly than the other elements. This is in contrast with the leucocytosis observable in piroplasmosis.
The occurrence ofPneumocystis cariniiin mice in England
Authors: Porter Annie
Published: June 2009

A fertile source of error in protozoology is to be found in the overlooking of the occurrence of mixed infections in a host. Two organisms, each independent of the other, may happen to coexist in the intestine of an insect or the blood of a vertebrate, the result being that the investigator may confuse stages in the life-cycles of parasites which are not related to each other. This source of error has led to unwarranted generalisations which have impeded scientific progress for years. Two examples at once come to mind—the trouble wrought by Schaudinn in 1904 in confusing the life-cycles of the protozoa found in the little owl, and the impediment put in the way of progress by the omission of certain workers to recognise thatCrithidia grayiwas not a part of the life-cycle of a trypanosome. The existence of mixed infections was overlooked in each case.
Eupelmella vesicularis Retz. (Chalcididae) as a predator of another chalcid, Microplectron fuscipennis Zett
Authors: Morris K. R. S.
Published: June 2009

Eupelmella vesicularis Retz. was found in certain parts of Hungary infesting cocoons of Diprion sertifer Geoff. already parasitized by a primary parasite, Microplectron fuscipennis Zett. It was never found in the absence of this chalcid.

Experiments showed that Eupelmella confined itself almost exclusively to Microplectron as a host, easily detecting the presence of larvae or pupae of this parasite within the cocoons of the saw-fly host, but neglecting eggs.

A single egg is laid per cocoon and the larval Eupelmella eats from 10 to 20 Microplectron larvae or pupae, and finally kills all the remaining living parasites within the cocoon before pupating.

The egg and larva show interesting structural adaptations for this mode of life.

Reproduction is parthenogenetic and no males are known.

Several factors combine to make this insect a dangerous enemy of Microplectron capable of seriously impairing its efficiency. These are: its selective ability, its destructive powers, its rapid rate of increase due to the parthenogenetic habit, and its ability to establish itself and survive on small numbers of the prey, for the same reason.
A new unarmed cysticercoid, Cysticercus setiferus
Authors: Horsfall Margery W.
Published: June 2009

During the spring, summer, and autumn of 1935 and 1936, bi-weekly collections of invertebrates were made in the chicken yards of the Zoological Division Field Station at Beltsville, Maryland, U.S.A. Among a miscellaneous group of insects found near a feed trough on 15 July 1935, was a small beetle, Litargus sp. This insect contained two specimens of a peculiar bristly cysticercoid. In September 1936, five beetles, Alphitophagus bifasciatus, collected in the same chicken yards, each contained from 1 to 8 of these larval cestodes. Additional specimens of what appear to be the same cysticercoid were collected by Dr H. L. Van Volkenberg (1931) (U.S. Nat. Mus. Helm. Coll. Nos. 41673 and 41672) on 10 July 1934 and 4 April 1935, respectively, from Ataenius stercorator at Mayaguez, Puerto Rico. A comparison of both in toto mounts and sections of the specimens from Puerto Rico with those from Maryland showed that the larval cestodes are identical. The name Cysticercus setiferus is proposed for this species.
A New Variety of Harmostomum opisthotrias from the North American Opossum, Didelphys virginiana, with a Discussion of its possible bearing on the Origin of its Host
Authors: Dickerson L. M.
Published: June 2009

1. A new variety of the trematode Harmostomum opisthotrias is reported from the North American opossum.

2. Body proportions in this genus are more constant than linear dimensions and are, therefore, considered more desirable as a basis for taxonomic distinctions.

3. The occurrence of this parasite in a host with a range as limited and a phylogenetic position as critical as that of the opossums suggests the possibility of valuable information to be obtained through host-parasite relationship studies in this group. Investigators who are working with this material should keep the problem in mind.
On Methods of counting Nematode Ova in Sheep Dung
Authors: Stoll Norman R.
Published: June 2009

There have been described in detail adaptations of dilution egg counting and direct centrifugal flotation for use on sheep faeces for the ova of Haemonchus contortus, together with certain data on their comparative efficiency. It is suggested that extension of the methods as given, or with appropriate modifications, would permit studies from a variety of angles on the helminthic infestations of the gastro-intestinal tract and its diverticula among domestic animals.
Further Remarks on the Genus Lernaeopoda, including a Description of a New Species, L. bivia
Authors: Leigh-Sharpe W. H.
Published: June 2009

In February 1928 I obtained from a ♂ Scyllium canicula, taken at Plymouth, a ♀ Lernaeopoda scyllicola bearing a younger and better preserved male than any I had hitherto observed. It is the first time in this genus that a male has been found anywhere other than on the female's shoulder, namely on one of the abdominal appendages, and the male was probably alive at the moment of fixation. The heads of the sexes point in opposite directions so that in Fig. 1 the abdominal appendage is “upside down,” and the genital process of the male is near a vulva of the female which is however fertilised since it bears egg-strings. I am now fortunate in having the kind services of Miss E. C. Humphreys to illustrate this male which is not shrunk into its carapace and desire that Figs 1. and 2 shall supersede my figures of 1918. The near second maxilla has been omitted to show the method of attachment of the male.
Larvae ofCeratophyllus wickhamiand other Species of Fleas
Authors: Sikes Enid K.
Published: June 2009

A short historical account is given of the writings on flea larvae since the seventeenth century. The larvae have been known since Leeuwenhoek tried to breed them in 1683.

The life-history ofCeratophyllus wickhamiis described. The fleas were bred in the laboratory on a grey squirrel. Three larval instars occur, and the life-history occupies, on an average, 6 weeks under experimental conditions.

The external anatomy of the third instar larva ofC. wickhamiis described. The mouth parts are generalised and suggest the condition of a primitive insect. The tracheal system is composed of a double longitudinal trunk on each side, with spiracles on the prothorax, metathorax and first eight abdominal segments.

The first and second instar ofC. wickhamiare similar to the third instar larvae, except in size and the presence of a hatching spine in the first stage.

The larva ofCeratophyllus fasciatusis mentioned. The importance of the species lies in the presence of completely separated galea and lacinia.

Larvae ofXenopsylla cheopisandX. astiaare briefly described. The larvae of the two species are practically identical except for the shape of the mandibles.
A Revision of the Genus Raymondia Frauenfeld (Diptera Pupipara, Streblidae)
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

In the course of my previous work on the structure of the head and mouth parts of the Streblidae (1929), I encountered some difficulty in identifying the different species of the genus Raymondia. A careful examination of the specimens in the collection of the British Museum and of my own specimens showed that the descriptions and figures given by the authors who studied these insects in the dried condition are not quite adequate. In dried specimens of these minute flies it is often impossible to distinguish clearly the chaetotaxy of the head and the thorax and the characters present in the wings, which are generally interlocked. Moreover, the parts of the male genitalia lying in the abdomen are absolutely inaccessible. When examined in the cleared specimens the genitalia of the different species have been found to possess distinctive characters.