bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E-Cigarettes and “Dripping” Among High-School Youth
Authors: Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra , Morean Meghan , Kong Grace , Bold Krysten W. , Camenga Deepa R. , Cavallo Dana A. , Simon Patricia , Wu Ran
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND:

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) electrically heat and vaporize e-liquids to produce inhalable vapors. These devices are being used to inhale vapors produced by dripping e-liquids directly onto heated atomizers. The current study conducts the first evaluation of the prevalence rates and reasons for using e-cigarettes for dripping among high school students.

METHODS:

In the spring of 2015, students from 8 Connecticut high schools (n = 7045) completed anonymous surveys that examined tobacco use behaviors and perceptions. We assessed prevalence rates of ever using e-cigarettes for dripping, reasons for dripping, and predictors of dripping behaviors among those who reported ever use of e-cigarettes.

RESULTS:

Among 1080 ever e-cigarette users, 26.1% of students reported ever using e-cigarettes for dripping. Reasons for dripping included produced thicker clouds of vapor (63.5%), made flavors taste better (38.7%), produced a stronger throat hit (27.7%), curiosity (21.6%), and other (7.5%). Logistic regression analyses indicated that male adolescents (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64), whites (OR = 1.46), and those who had tried multiple tobacco products (OR = 1.34) and had greater past-month e-cigarette use frequency (OR = 1.07) were more likely to use dripping (Ps < .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings indicate that a substantial portion (∼1 in 4) of high school adolescents who had ever used e-cigarettes also report using the device for dripping. Future efforts must examine the progression and toxicity of the use of e-cigarettes for dripping among youth and educate them about the potential dangers of these behaviors.
BEBERAPAASPEKBIOLOGI CUMI-CUMI JAMAK(Loligo duvaucelli) YANGDIDARATKAN DI BLANAKAN, SUBANG, JAWABARAT
Authors: Chodrijah Umi , Budiarti Tri Wahyu
Published: February 2017

Cumi-cumi (Loligo sp.) merupakan salah satu sumber daya hayati laut yang memiliki nilai ekonomis penting dan mengandung nilai gizi tinggi dengan cita rasa yang khas. Pengamatan terhadap beberapa aspek biologi cumi-cumi jamak (Loligo duvaucelli) telah dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2005 sampai Nopember 2006 di Pusat Pendaratan Ikan Blanakan, Kabupaten Subang, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sebaran panjang mantel, nisbah kelamin, komposisi makanan, serta hubungan panjang mantel dan bobot cumi-cumi jamak. Pengukuran karakter biologi meliputi panjang mantel (ML), bobot tubuh (W), dan isi perut. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkansebaran panjang mantel cumi-cumi yang tertangkap berkisar antara 3,0-36,0 cm dengan modus 15 cm dan panjang mantel rata-rata 13,3 cm. Nisbah kelamin cumi-cumi pada bulanApril dan Juni 2006 dalamkeadaan tidak seimbang. Pola pertumbuhan cumi-cumi baik jantanmaupun betina bersifat alometrik negatif. Cumi-cumi merupakan karnivora yang makanan utamanya adalah ikan-ikan kecil. The squid is one of living marine resources that have important economic value and conyain high nutrional value with a distinctive taste. Observation on the biological aspect of squid jamak) was performed in June 2005 to November 2006 in Blanakan, Subang,West Java. This study aims to determine the distribution of mantle length, sex ratio, food composition, and the relationship mantle and weight of squid. Measurement of biological characters include mantle length (ML), body weight (W), and stomach contents. The results showed that the distribution of squid mantle length capture at Blanakan, ranges from 3.0-36.0 cm with a mode at 15 cm and an average mantlelength of 13.3 cm. The squid sex ratio in April and June 2006 in a state of imbalance. The growth rate of the squid both males and females are allometric negative. The squid is a carnivorous diet is primarily small fish.
KEANEKARAGAMANPLANKTONDANTINGKATKESUBURANPERAIRAN DIWADUKGAJAHMUNGKUR
Authors: Utomo Agus Djoko , Ridho Mohamad Rasyid , Putranto DinarDA , Saleh Edward
Published: February 2017

Perairan Waduk Gajah Mungkur merupakan tipe perairan yang tergenang mempunyai dan arti penting bagi perikanan. Plankton di perairanWadukmempunyai peranan bagi sumberdaya perikanan, antara lain sebagai produsen primer dan dapat dijadikan sebagai indikator kualitas lingkungan perairan. Kelimpahan plankton di suatu perairan dipengaruhi oleh parameter lingkungan perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untukmengetahui tingkat kesuburan perairan, kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman plankton Penelitian dilakukan bulan Pebruari - Nopember 2010 dengan frekuensi pengambilan contoh sebanyak empat kali yaitu pada bulan Pebruari, Mei, Juli dan Nopember. Analisis tingkat kesuburan perairan dengan metode Carlon’s dapat diketahui perairan Waduk Gajah Mungkur termasuk katagori perairan dengan tingkat kesuburannya tinggi.Waduk GajahMungkur termasuk perairan dengan kelimpahan plankton tinggi dan keanekaragaman plankton rendah yang didominansi oleh Synedra ulna Gajah Mungkur reservoir is a lentic water and has significance impact for fishery. Plankton in the reservoir as the primary producer has an important role on fisheries, could be used as an indicator of aquatic environmental quality. Abundance of plankton will be influenced by environmental condition including water quality. The purpose of this study to determine the productivity level of water quality, abundance and diversity of plankton. The study was conducted from February to November 2010, with schedule of sampling was in February, May, July and November 2010. Based on analysis by Carlon’s method, the results showed that the water quality at Gajah Mungkur reservoirwas eutrophic level. Gajah Mungkur reservoir has high plankton abundance and low plankton diversity the species of plankton was dominated by Synedra ulna.
KAJIAN KETERKAITAN ANTARA CADANGAN OKSIGEN DENGAN BEBAN BAHAN ORGANIK DI ZONA LAKUSTRIN DAN TRANSISI WADUK IR. H. DJUANDA
Authors: Simarmata Asmika H. , Adiwilaga Enan M. , Lay Bibiana W. , Prartono Tri
Published: February 2017

Kematian massal ikan pada budi daya ikan dalam karamba jaring apung di Waduk Ir. H. Djuanda hampir selalu terjadi setiap tahun. Deplesi oksigen merupakan faktor yang mempengaruhi kondisi tersebut. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji atau menentukan kemampuan perairan dalam menerima beban bahan organik. Penelitian dilakukan di Waduk Ir. H. Djuanda dari bulan Juni 2003 sampai dengan Mei 2004, dengan interval pengambilan contoh setiap bulan. Pengambilan contoh dilakukan di wilayah lakustrin yaitu stasiun L1, L2, dan L3 dan wilayah transisi stasiun T1, T2, dan T3. Pengambilan contoh vertikal meliputi permukaan, kedalaman 7, 15, 25, dan 35 m, dan dasar perairan. Metode dalam penelitian ini adalah survei post fakto. Analisis contoh dilakukan di laboratorium produktivitas perairan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Pertanian Bogor dan laboratorium kimia Loka Riset Pemacuan Stok Ikan, Jatiluhur. Parameter yang dianalisis adalah oksigen terlarut, bahan organik total, dan K2 (koefisien peluruhan), sedangkan parameter penunjang adalah suhu dan H2S. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan bahan organik menyebabkan deplesi oksigen semakin tajam pada musim hujan di wilayah lakustrin. Konsentrasi bahan organik yang aman adalah 7,76 mg per l. Mass mortality of fishes at Ir. H. Djuanda Reservoir occurs almost every year. Oxygen depletion is one factor that affect the condition. There fore, this research should be done. The carrying capacity at Ir. H. Djuanda Reservoir to receive organic loading were determined in this study. The research conducted at Ir. H. Djuanda Reservoir from June 2003 until May 2004. Horizontal sampling station was conducted based on longitudinal gradient i.e. lacustrine zone (L1, L2, and L3), and transition zone (T1, T2, and T3). Vertical sampling points were at surface, at the depth of 7 m, 15, 25, 35, and 45 m, and at the bottom. Sample analysis carried out in physical chemical laboratory of Aquatic Resources Management Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, IPB and chemical laboratory Loka Jatiluhur. The methods of this research were post facto survey descriptive. Dissolved oxygen, total organic matter, and BOD were observed during research.temperature and H2S were observed to support the study. The results showed that the increasing of organic matter cause the steep of oxygen depletion in transition of wet season at lacustrine zone. Acceptable concentration of total organic matter was 7.76 mg per l.
KERAGAAN TEDs TYPE SUPER SHOOTER PADA TRAWL UDANG YANG BEROPERASI DI LAUT ARAFURA
Authors: Widodo Agustinus Anung , Mahiswara Mahiswara
Published: February 2017

Arafura merupakan satu-satunya daerah penangkapan trawl udang di Indonesia sesuai yang direkomendasikan melalui Keputusan Presiden No.85 tahun 1982 terkait peraturan pengoperasian trawl udang di Indonesia. Salah satu butir penting pada Keputusan Presiden tersebut adalah trawl udang dilengkapi alat pereduksi hasil tangkap sampingan ikan atau alat pemisah ikan. TEDs type super shooter merupakan alat pemisah ikan yang saat ini direkomendasikan penggunaannya oleh Departemen Kelautan dan Perikanan. Dalam rangka mengetahui kinerja TEDs type super shooter pada trawl udang di Indonesia, pada bulan Juli sampai dengan Agustus 2003 telah dilakukan penelitian melalui ujicoba pada kapal trawler double 180,17 GT milik PT. Nusantara Fisheries yang beroperasi di Laut Arafura. Kinerja TEDs type super shooter dalam hal ini meliputi efektivitas mereduksi bycatch (ikan dan penyu) dan tingkat reduksi hasil tangkapan udang secara kuantitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemasangan TEDs pada trawl udang mampu mereduksi bycatch ikan rata-rata 38,34% dan penyu 100%. Di sisi pemasangan, TEDs mengurangi hasil tangkapan utama yaitu udang rata-rata 18,43% dari total tangkapan. Arafura was only the shrimp trawl ground that recommended in accordance with the President Decree No.85 Year of 1982 regarding the shrimp trawl operating in Indonesia. One of the important content of that decree, the shrimp trawl must be equiped by the bycatch excluder devices. The kind of the bycatch excluder devices that recommended by Indonesian Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries is TEDs type super shooter. In order to understand the performance of turtle excluder devices TEDs type super shooter on the commercial shrimp trawling, a research was carried out on July until August 2003 through experimental fishing by using a double rig trawler 180.17 GT, belonging to Nusantara Fisheries, a private shrimp fishing company. The performance of TEDs type super shooter in this case covered the effectiveness in reducing bycatch (fish and sea turtle) and retaining rate of shrimp. The result show that TEDs type super shooter reduced bycatch (fish) 38.34% and turtle 100% in average, but in other hand the loss of shrimp was 18.43% in average of total catch.
BIOLOGI REPRODUKSI DAN GENETIK POPULASI IKAN KEMBUNG (Rastrelliger brachysoma, FAMILI SCOMBRIDAE) DI PANTAI UTARAJAWA
Authors: Zamroni Achmad , Suwarso Suwarso , Mukhlis Ainun
Published: February 2017

Biologi reproduksi ikan dan genetik populasi merupakan hal yang penting dalam manajemen perikanan. Penelitian tentang ikan kembung (Rastrelliger brachysoma) dilakukan berdasarkan pada pengamatan secara visual terhadap gonad dan mengukur indeks gonad. Contoh genetik ikan kembung (Rastrelliger brachysoma) diperoleh dari 5 lokasi penangkapan, yaitu perairan utara Jakarta, Eretan Wetan (Indramayu), Pekalongan, Rembang, dan Pasuruan (Selat Madura). Analisis restriction fragment length polymorphism mitochondria-DNA ikan contoh menggunakan 5 jenis enzim restriksi yaitu Alu I, Hae III, Nde II, Taq I, dan Hind III. Hasil pengamatan terhadap 1.024 spesimen ikan menunjukkan bahwa ikan contoh dominan dalam keadaan belum matang (tingkat kematangan gonad I, II, dan III). Dugaan musim pemijahan ikan kembung (Rastrelliger brachysoma) terjadi pada musim timur karena nilai indeks gonad pada musim timur rendah. Ukuran ikan yang matang (tingkat kematangan gonad IV) berkisar antara 19 sampai dengan 20 cm (FL) dengan nilai indeks gonad 0,49 sampai dengan 6,98. Hasil analisis restriction fragment length polymorphism mitochondria-DNA menunjukkan pola pemotongan yang diperoleh adalah sama (satu pola pemo Reproductive biology and population genetic of fish provide the important point in the fisheries management. A study on short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) was based on visual observations to the ovary and the measurement of gonado somatic index. Genetic sample of short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) were collected from 5 catch location i.e. northern Jakarta, Eretan Wetan (Indramayu), Pekalongan, Rembang, and Pasuruan (Madura Strait). Analysis restriction fragment length polymorphism mitochondria-DNA were used 5 kind restriction enzyme Alu I, Hae III, Nde II, Taq I, and Hind III. Observations on 1,024 specimen showed that the sample was dominated in immature stage (stage I, II, and III). Spawning season of short mackerel (Rastrelliger brachysoma) was supposed in the east wind due to the fact that gonado somatic index is lower in east wind season. The size of ripe (stage IV) specimen was about 19 to 20 cm fork length, with gonado somatic index value range from 0.49 to 6.98. The result of analysis restriction fragment length polymorphism mitochondria-DNA showed has the same digestion model (one digestion model) therefore no significant differences in fish sample gonotip.
Crossover Study in Simulation-based and Problem-based Learning in Difficult Airway Management
Authors: Apidechakul Parichad , Vichitvejpaisal Phongthara , Jirativanont Tachawan , Triyasunant Namtip , Iramaneerat Cherdsak , Udompandurak Suthiphol
Published: February 2017

This article was migrated. The article was not marked as recommended. Teaching and learning of difficult airway management are considered to be an essential skill in anesthesiology.ObjectivesTo determine the learning achievement and relative growth scores by two educational techniques: simulation-based (SBL) and problem-based learning (PBL).MethodsThirty-six students were randomly divided into two groups: SBL and PBL in a crossover study design. Comparison the achievement scores and relative growth of knowledge between the two groups were analyzed.Results The baseline scores showed no differences between the two groups (19.8 ± 3.4) and (19.5 ± 2.8) respectively. After the learning courses, the posttest and gain scores of SBL: (24.2 ± 2.3) and (20.2 ± 16.0); significantly showed higher scores than that of PBL: (21.9 ± 2.9) and (10.4 ± 17.6) respectively. After six weeks, the baseline scores showed higher indifferently between the two groups: (25.0 ± 2.8) and (25.4 ± 3.4) respectively. Likewise, the posttest and gain scores of SBL: (27.8 ± 2.9) and (13.7 ± 22.6); appeared to increase as compared to that of PBL: (26.6 ± 2.2) and (8.9 ± 17.9) respectively.ConclusionStudents undergoing SBL showed higher achievement and relative growth scores as compared to PBL.
The Uncompleted Revolution? The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia in the Post–Communist Reality
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Czyżniewski Marcin
Published: February 2017

The change of the political regime in Czechoslovakia, called the Velvet Revolution, is considered as a success story of transformation after 1989. However, in nowadays Czech Republic, the Communist Party still exists – this is the only such case among democratic countries of Central Europe. It makes us ask the question: is the Velvet Revolution completed? The author treats the activities of the Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia as a criterion for the assessment of changes in the Czech Republic after 1989 and wonders how strong for the assessment of the transformation influences the relics of the former regime. He stresses that transformation in the Czech Republic can’t be assessed on a comparative scale, because pace and effects of changes were different in different countries, as different was the nature of the previous regimes. The author concludes that the existence of the Communist Party is the natural element of contemporary political reality of the Czech Republic, which negates the achievements of transformation in no way.
The Political Myth of Margaret Thatcher in Scotland
Authors:   University of Szczecin (Poland), Czapiewski Tomasz
Published: February 2017

The article describes and explains the phenomenon of the political myth of Margaret Thatcher – her anti–Scottish attitude and policies and its impact on the process of decomposition of the United Kingdom. The author indicates that the view of Margaret Thatcher’s dominance in Scotland is simplified, stripped of complexity, ignoring significant information conflicting with the thesis, but that also plays an important role in current politics, legitimizing secessionist demands and strengthening the identity of the Scottish community. In the contemporary Scottish debate with its unequivocal defence policy of Thatcher is outside of the discourse, proving its sanctity status. Thatcher could see this special Scottish dimension within the United Kingdom, but treated it rather as a delay in the reforms needed in the country. There are many counterarguments to the validity of the Thatcher myth. Firstly, many negative processes that took place in the 80s were not initiated by Thatcher, only accelerated. Secondly, the Tory decline in popularity in the north began before the leadership of Thatcher and has lasted long after her dismissal. The Conservative Party was permanently seen in Scotland as openly English. Thirdly, there is a lot of accuracy in the opinion that the real division is not between Scotland and England, only between southern England and the rest of the country. Widespread opinion that Thatcher was hostile to Scotland is to a large extent untruthful. She has never retreated radically from any of the Scottish privileges, such as the Barnett formula or the Scottish Development Agency.
Sites of Memory in the Public Space of Chile and Georgia: the Transition and Pre–Transition Period
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University (Poland), Ratke-Majewska Anna , Marszałek–Kawa Joanna ,   Nicolaus Copernicus University (Poland)
Published: February 2017

By undertaking discussion on the aspect of special forms of commemoration, we may obtain a lot of useful information about the remembrance policy of a given country. That is why the analysis of the issue of the sites of memory seems to be of key importance for understanding problems related to the state’s interpretation of the past from the perspective of an authoritarian regime, political transition and democracy. The aim of this paper is to address one of the elements of a broader issue, i.e. the study of the politics of memory. This element focuses on the presentation of the most significant sites of memory in two countries with the experience of authoritarianism – Chile and Georgia – emphasizing changes which took place in the sphere of commemoration from the beginning of democratic transformation to the moment of achieving full democracy. By describing these places we are showing the main directions and framework assumptions of the remembrance policies of Chile and Georgia, reflected in the form of spatial and visual objects of the “living history”.
The European Court of Human Rights on Nazi and Soviet Past in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors:   Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland), Baranowska Grażyna , Gliszczyńska-Grabias Aleksandra ,   Polish Academy of Sciences (Poland)
Published: February 2017

The article demonstrates how references to Nazi and Soviet past are perceived and evaluated by the European Court of Human Rights. Individual cases concerning Holocaust and Nazism, which the Court has examined so far, are compared here to judgments rendered with regard to Communist regime. The article proves that the Court treats more leniently state interference with freedom of expression when memory about Nazism and Holocaust is protected than when a post–Communist state wants to preserve a critical memory about the regime. The authors of the article agree with the attitude of the Court which offers a wide margin of appreciation to states restrictively treating references to Nazism and Holocaust, including comparisons to the Holocaust, Nazism or fascism used as rhetorical devices. At the same time they postulate that other totalitarian systems should be treated by the Court equally
The State of Democracy in Poland and Europe
Authors:   President of Poland, 1990–1995 & the Noble Peace Prize Laureate in 1983, Wałęsa Lech
Published: February 2017

The exclusive interview with Mr Lech Wałęsa, the legendary leader of “Solidarity” Trade Union, the Noble Peace Prize Laureate in 1983 and the President of Poland from 1990 to 1995, on the state of democracy in Poland and Europe, presents Mr Wałęsa’s perspective on challenges that contemporary political leaders have to face. It discusses four major areas: a historical consideration of Poland’s post-communist transformation, a today’s perspective on democracy in Poland, an evaluation of country’s role in united Europe and a discussion of processes that threaten democracy in Poland and Europe. In the interview, Mr Wałęsa shares his hopes and fears, and he presents main ideas for the new political times. His assessments do not focus only on the today’s state of democracy, but he also tries to consider how the democracy may look like in the future. As a result, the Polish Political Science Yearbook publishes a unique conversation with the legend of the struggle against Communist dictatorships in Europe that shows Mr Wałęsa’s personal remarks on the democracy, the globalised World and modern technologies.
Compensation Liability for Damages Incurred while Exercising Public Authority: a Basic Pillar of Democratic State Ruled by Law
Authors:   Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland) & Uppsala University (Sweden), Wróbel Aleksander , Cebera Agata ,   Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland)
Published: February 2017

The leading aim of this paper is to portray the constitutional institution of compensation liability for unlawful acts of public authorities in Polish law related to the development of general principle concerning democratic rule of law. Compensation for damages brought upon the citizens by civil servants constitutes a basic pillar of contemporary democratic state, because it guarantees acting by public authorities in compliances with law and deepen trustfulness. It is also said that the state of the above–mentioned institution indicates the development of democracy.
Political Parties and Trade Unions in the Post–Communist Poland: Class Politics that Have Never a Chance to Happen
Authors:   Aston University in Birmingham (United Kingdom), Rozbicka Patrycja , Kamiński Paweł ,   Jagiellonian University in Kraków (Poland)
Published: February 2017

Trade unions in Poland have not built the stable and long–term relations with political parties as are observed in Western democracies. By analysing the historical and symbolic background of the transformation to a democratic civil society and free market economy, political preferences of working class, trade union membership rates, and public opinion polls, we argue that, in case of Poland, the initial links between political parties and trade unions weakened over time. Polish trade unions never had a chance to become a long–term intermediary between society and political parties, making the Polish case study a double exception from the traditional models.
The 2015 Elections to the Senate of the Republic of Poland
Authors:   Maria Curie–Skłodowska University in Lublin (Poland), Leszczyńska Krystyna
Published: February 2017

The discussion about justification for the very existence of Senate, as it was the case in previous years, also took place prior to the 2015 parliamentary elections. Postulates for the second chamber of parliament to be abolished are the inseparable element of election campaigns in Poland. Announcements of total abolishment or change of: form, competencies or number and the election principles for members of Senate, although they found their expression in the 2015 election programs of some of the political parties, but they were never applied after elections. The single member Senate constituencies secured seats almost exclusively for candidates supported by one of the two strongest political parties, that is the Law and Justice (PiS) and the Civic Platform (PO). Even if in the result of 25 October 2015 elections four independent candidates were elected for senators, three of them used support of political parties, using a rule well proven four years earlier: there is not senator without a political party protector. The 40% support for PiS which turned into 61% of seats indicates that the election system for Senate leads to overrepresentation of election winners.
Shaping Public Space by the Local Community: Development of Legal Mechanisms
Authors:   University of Wrocław (Poland), Kocowska–Siekierka Elżbieta
Published: February 2017

Over the last few years the idea of civil society in Poland have grown substantially. This increase allowed local communities to influence the legal and administrative changes leading to a gradual shift in the decision–making processes of local governments. The article presents system of public participation in spatial planning, Revitalisation Statute and Participatory Budget to show how legal changes increase possibilities of local community participating in Poland.
The American Military Strategy to Combat the ‘Islamic State’ in Iraq and Syria: Assumptions, Tactics and Effectiveness
Authors:   University of Białystok (Poland), Waśko-Owsiejczuk Ewelina
Published: February 2017

The American strategy to combat the ‘Islamic State’ rests on four pillars. The first is to conduct systematic air campaigns against the terrorists. The second involves increasing support for forces fighting the jihadists on the ground. The third is based on the strengthening of international cooperation in counter–terrorism operations. The fourth involves the provision of humanitarian aid to civilians displaced from the territories occupied by the jihadists. This article analyzes the assumptions, tactics, the most important decisions and actions of the American administration to combat the ‘Islamic State’. It is an attempt to provide answers to the questions: why has there been a growth of extremism in the Middle East? Why is the ‘Islamic State’ a new form of terrorist threat? How does it differ from other terrorist organizations? How was the ‘Islamic State’ created? What actions have been taken by the international coalition led by the United States in the fight against the jihadists in the Middle East? Is the strategy taken up by the United States effective? Does the defeat of the ‘Islamic State’ require the involvement of US ground forces in Iraq and Syria?
Political Dimension of Welsh Identity after Devolution: Fact or Fiction?
Authors:   University of Szczecin (Poland), H. Toszek Bartłomiej
Published: February 2017

The Welsh identity is undisputable in national (i.e. ethnic), social, cultural and even economic dimensions however it is doubtful in political sphere because vast majority of the Welsh still cannot decide if they are more Welsh or British. The ’double identity’ dilemma was visible especially during devolution referendums voting in 1979, 1997 and 2011 when non–political motives were often much more determinative then the factor of belonging to the Welsh community in political meaning. Thus, answering to the question about devolution referendum role in shaping political dimension of Welshness requires thoroughly analyse of the mentioned referendums results as an evident figures of public support for establishing legal and institutional guarantees of maintaining and developing all aspects of national identity. In the article has been contained description how the Welsh relations to the idea of self–determination (in frames of the wide internal autonomy) have changed by last 35 years. An author shows also barriers and factors fostering this process.
International Law and the Nagorno–Karabakh War: Opinion on Political Aspects
Authors:   Baku Slavic University (Azerbaijan), Surkhay Mammadov Sadir
Published: February 2017

The opinion report considers relations between international norms, Azerbaijan’s national legal system and political understandings of the Nagorno–Karabakh conflict. It discusses classification of Armenian actions in a context of the international law’s development and an impact of international regulations on national criminal codes. Therefore, it presents the Azerbaijani perspective on major political aspects of the Nagorno–Karabakh War and international response to Armenian occupation of Azerbaijan’s territories. Moreover, it evaluates Armenian actions in the region with reference to the definition of genocide and international policy of its prevention. In general, the opinion report shows how the Azerbaijani society understands the conflict and how it may be classified on the basis of the Soviet law (as acts of terror has started in the late 1980s), the international law and the contemporary Criminal Code of the Republic of Azerbaijan. As a result, it is not only a report that introduces the Azerbaijan’s perspective on the issue, but it can also be recognised as an interesting source to understand how the Azerbaijani people label actions of their neighbouring nation.
Experiencing Asia
Authors:   University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), Wojtasik Waldemar , Glajcar Rafał ,   University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland), Turska-Kawa Agnieszka ,   University of Silesia in Katowice (Poland)
Published: February 2017

The 3rd International Asian Congress The Changing Role of Asia in the Contemporary World. Toruń, (18–20 May, 2016), Towarzystwo Azji i Pacyfiku.
Debating the Electoral Law in Poland
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Wojciechowska Jagoda
Published: February 2017

The International Conference Challenges of Contemporary Electoral Law. Toruń, (12 June, 2015), Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń.
Rebalancing of Power. The Case of China’s Global Strategy
Authors:   Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Lisewski Mikołaj
Published: February 2017

Book review: Wang Yiwei, Jeden pas, jedna droga. Co rozwój Chin oznacza dla świata. Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2016 (pp. 247), ISBN: 978–83–8019–427–4. Price: PLN 33.81.
Can Poland Respond to the Terrorist Menace?
Authors:   War Studies University in Warsaw (Poland) & Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń (Poland), Stańco-Wawrzyńska Alicja
Published: February 2017

Book Review: Krzysztof Masiul, Bezpieczeństwo Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wobec współczesnego zagrożenia terroryzmem. Szczytno: Wydział Wydawnictw i Poligrafii Wyższej Szkoły Policji 2014 (pp. 292). ISBN 978–83–7462–414–5. Price: PLN 38.00.
Leaching and persistence of herbicides for kudzu (Pueraria montana) control on pine regeneration sites
Authors: Berisford Yvette C. , Bush Parshall B. , Taylor John W.
Published: February 2017

Clopyralid, picloram, triclopyr, metsulfuron, and tebuthiuron were applied to control kudzu on four loblolly pine forest regeneration sites during July 1997. Spot treatments were applied to recovering kudzu in June 1998 and June 1999. Soil leachate was monitored for these five herbicides from July 1997 to December 2000. All herbicides were detected in shallow (51–58 cm deep) and deep lysimeters (84–109 cm deep). Clopyralid was not persistent and limited leaching occurred, with residue levels of 0.4 to 2.8 μg L−1in 12 of 102 deep lysimeter samples. Picloram was mobile and persisted at 0.6 to 2.5 μg L−1in shallow and deep lysimeters for at least 10 mo after the initial application. Triclopyr residues were not persistent in shallow lysimeters and remained < 6 μg L−1during the study. Metsulfuron persisted at < 0.1 μg L−1for 182 to 353 d in shallow lysimeters and at < 0.07 μg L−1for 182 to 300 d in the deep lysimeters in various plots. Tebuthiuron peaks in the deep lysimeters ranged from 69 to 734 μg L−134 to 77 d after the first spot treatment. In the soil that was essentially a fill area, tebuthiuron residues remained > 400 μg L−1(402–1,660 μg L−1) in the shallow lysimeter samples and > 180 μg L−1(181–734 μg L−1) in the deep lysimeters throughout a 354-d period that followed the first spot application. When used as part of a forest regeneration program, the relative potentials of the herbicides to move into shallow groundwater were: tebuthiuron > picloram > metsulfuron > clopyralid > triclopyr.
Seed age and storage conditions influence germination of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli)
Authors: Martinkova Zdenka , Honek Alois , Lukas Jan
Published: February 2017

Germination was investigated in 1-yr and 8-yr-old seed lots of barnyardgrass. Each seed lot was divided into a portion stored dry at 25 C (afterripening) and a portion buried in the field (stratification) in central Europe (latitude 50°N, longitude 14°E). The afterripened seed lost dormancy within 2 yr after dispersal, whereas buried seed passed through annual dormancy/nondormancy cycles. The seed was germinated at five constant temperatures between 17 and 35 C with an 18/6-h light/dark photoperiod. Germination was affected by both seed age and storage conditions. Germination percentage and rate in 8-yr-old afterripened and each of the stratified seed lots varied with temperature. Optimum temperatures for germination were between 27 and 31 C, and the range of adequate temperatures increased with seed age. A common base temperature for germination was 11.7 C. In 1-yr-old afterripened material, the proportion of germinating seed (< 5%) and germination rate were similar at all temperatures. Barnyardgrass thus revealed a plastic strategy of germination. Stratification during the first winter removed dormancy and allowed germination at a narrow range of temperatures. This constraint on optimum germination temperature decreased with increased seed age. Seedling emergence, thus, may vary according to whether seed population originates from the previous year or from old soil seed banks.
Efficacy of POST herbicides on weeds during compensatory growth
Authors: Mager Hank J. , Young Bryan G. , Preece John E.
Published: February 2017

Death of the apical shoot and subsequent compensatory growth from previously inhibited axillary buds is a possible result of POST weed control practices. The objective of this research was to determine the efficacy of glyphosate and lactofen on ivyleaf morningglory, common waterhemp, and giant ragweed during mechanically stimulated compensatory growth. Plants were grown in the greenhouse to a height (or lateral growth) of 15 cm; at which time, the apical shoots were removed by cutting just above the cotyledonary node. Plants were allowed to regrow to 15 cm and treated with lactofen or glyphosate. Herbicide treatments were also applied to intact plants that were 15 cm in height for comparison. Weed response to herbicides during mechanically stimulated compensatory growth varied by weed species and herbicide. Giant ragweed under compensatory growth was less sensitive to both glyphosate and lactofen compared with intact plants. Comparison of GR50(the herbicide dose that reduced dry weight by 50%) values indicated that ivyleaf morningglory under compensatory growth was 1.5 times more sensitive to glyphosate than intact plants. Conversely, previously injured ivyleaf morningglory plants were less sensitive to lactofen than intact plants. The GR50for glyphosate applied to intact common waterhemp plants and plants under compensatory growth was similar. However, common waterhemp plants under compensatory growth were more sensitive to lactofen at the three lowest rates evaluated compared with intact plants. In summary, the efficacy of foliar herbicides applied to weeds that exhibit compensatory growth may be different from weeds under a normal growth state.
Target-site resistance to acetolactate synthase inhibitors in wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis)
Authors: Christoffers Michael J. , Nandula Vijay K. , Howatt Kirk A. , Wehking Todd R.
Published: February 2017

Inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (ALS) are important herbicides for control of wild mustard, a common weed of the north central United States and Canada. Wild mustard that survived treatments with the ALS inhibitors cloransulam, imazethapyr, and thifensulfuron was sampled from a North Dakota soybean field in 1999. The mechanism of resistance and response of this wild mustard biotype to ALS-inhibiting herbicides was investigated. In vitro enzyme-inhibition experiments confirmed a resistance mechanism associated with the ALS enzyme; imazethapyr or imazamox at 1 × 10−4M caused only 10 to 11% and 12 to 16% reductions in ALS activity, respectively. ALS from a susceptible wild mustard biotype was inhibited 50% (I50) with imazethapyr at 8 × 10−7M or imazamox at 1.1 × 10−6M. Whole-plant greenhouse treatments confirmed cross-resistance across ALS-inhibitor classes. Treatment with twice-normal field rates of thifensulfuron, ethametsulfuron, triflusulfuron, imazamox, imazethapyr, flumetsulam, cloransulam, flucarbazone, and imazamethabenz reduced biomass of the susceptible biotype at least 96% 28 d after treatment. Biomass of the resistant biotype was reduced 49% by triflusulfuron and 35% by thifensulfuron, but was not reduced by other herbicides. DNA sequence analysis of ALS genes from resistant and susceptible biotypes revealed a point mutation inferring a Trp-to-Leu amino acid substitution in ALS of the resistant biotype. This mutation, corresponding to position 574 of theArabidopsisALS amino acid sequence, is known to confer cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and is the probable cause of resistance in the wild mustard biotype. Phylogenetic analysis of wild mustard and canola ALS sequences confirmed that the Trp574mutation arose within wild mustard and was not derived via introgression from imidazolinone-resistant canola. The results of this research indicate a naturally occurring target-site point mutation responsible for conferring cross-resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides in this wild mustard biotype.
Effect of humectants on the uptake and efficacy of glufosinate in wild oat (Avena fatua) plants and isolated cuticles under dry conditions
Authors: Ramsey R. J. L. , Stephenson G. R. , Hall J. C.
Published: February 2017

A series of dose–response experiments were performed at low humidity to determine if glufosinate efficacy could be increased by lengthening the drying time through the addition of humectants. Of several humectants evaluated, only 5% glycerol or 5% triethylene glycol when applied with glufosinate produced dry weight reductions and mortality similar to exposure to high humidity.14C-glufosinate movement through isolated wild oat cuticles was greater at high humidity, poorest at low humidity, but intermediate at low humidity in the presence of 5% glycerol in the spray solution. The increases in uptake observed at high humidity and with 5% glycerol at low humidity were characterized by greater initial uptake that continued much longer than that observed at low humidity without humectant.
African rue (Peganum harmala) seedling response to herbicides applied under water-deficit stress
Authors: Abbott Laurie B. , Sterling Tracy M.
Published: February 2017

African rue is an exotic, herbaceous perennial established in several western states that tolerates harsh, water-stressed conditions. The influence of water-deficit stress on herbicide response and subsequent herbicide fate within the plant were compared. African rue seedlings were deprived of water for 0 to 7 d to establish a gradient of water-deficit levels before treatment with hexazinone, imazapyr, or metsulfuron. At herbicide application, water-deficit treatments reduced plant water potential values from −1.0 MPa to −4.7 MPa, causing concomitant reductions in photosynthesis. Thirty-five days after treatment, dry weight of imazapyr- and metsulfuron-treated plants was reduced in plants exposed to more than 4 d water-deficit stress before herbicide application. In contrast, hexazinone-treated plants had less dry weight than water-stressed, nonsprayed control plants regardless of water-deficit stress. Seventy-two hours after herbicide application, African rue leaves absorbed from 5 to 42% of herbicide applied; however, herbicide absorption did not correlate to efficacy. Less than 12% of absorbed herbicide translocated out of the treated leaf, regardless of herbicide. Radiolabel translocated from the treated leaf to acropetal or root tissue did not differ among herbicide treatments, regardless of water deficit before herbicide application. However, compared to other herbicides, translocation to basipetal shoot tissue was greatest in imazapyr-treated seedlings with the largest water deficit at herbicide application. Increased translocation occurred at higher levels of water stress than were necessary to increase herbicide efficacy, suggesting differential translocation was not involved in enhanced efficacy. In summary, African rue seedlings absorbed and mobilized three different herbicides at all levels of water-deficit stress. In addition, the efficacy of metsulfuron and imazapyr increased as water-deficit stress increased, but efficacy of hexazinone was not influenced by plant water status. This unusual relationship between water-deficit stress and herbicide performance may enable improved African rue management under stressful environments.
Spatial distribution, temporal stability, and yield loss estimates for annual grasses and common ragweed (Ambrosia artimisiifolia) in a corn/soybean production field over nine years
Authors: Clay Sharon A. , Kreutner Bruce , Clay David E. , Reese Cheryl , Kleinjan Jonathan , Forcella Frank
Published: February 2017

Weeds generally occur in patches in production fields. Are these patches spatially and temporally stable? Do management recommendations change on the basis of these data? The population density and location of annual grass weeds and common ragweed were examined in a 65-ha corn/soybean production field from 1995 to 2004. Yearly treatment recommendations were developed from field means, medians, and kriging grid cell densities, using the hyperbolic yield loss (YL) equation and published incremental YL values (I), maximum YL values (A), and YL limits of 5, 10, or 15%. Mean plant densities ranged from 12 to 131 annual grasses m−2and < 1 to 37 common ragweed m−2. Median weed densities ranged from 0 to 40 annual grasses m−2and were 0 for common ragweed. The grassIvalues used to estimate corn YL were 0.1 and 2% and treatment was recommended in only 1 yr when the highIvalue and either the mean or median density was used. The grassIvalues used for soybean were 0.7 and 10% and estimated YL was over 10% all years, regardless ofIvalue. The common ragweedIvalues were 4.5 and 6% for corn and 5.1 and 15.6% for soybean. On the basis of mean densities, fieldwide treatment would have been recommended in 6 of 9 yr but in no years when the median density was used. Recommendations on the basis of grid cell weed density and kriging ranged from > 80% of the field treated for grass weeds in 3 of 4 yr in soybean to < 20% of the field treated for common ragweed in 2002 and 2004 (corn). Grass patches were more stable in time, space, and density than common ragweed patches. Population densities and spatial distribution generally were variable enough so that site-specific information within this field would improve weed management decisions.
Dislocation from coevolved relationships: a unifying theory for plant invasion and naturalization?
Authors: Hallett Steven G.
Published: February 2017

Invasions of many different plants have occurred in ecosystems around the world and theories of the mechanisms of these invasions abound. All the proposed theories have value, and many of the proposed mechanisms may at least serve as facilitating factors, but no overarching conceptual framework for the mechanisms of plant invasion has emerged. One common theme in all invasions is that the invading plant, in the process of geographic displacement, has been dislocated from its coevolved biota and relocated with a less-familiar biota. The impacts of dislocation from coevolved mutualists, parasites, and competitors are different but follow general principles. The impacts of relocation with new mutualists, parasites, and competitors are also variable and will change as the introduced plant coevolves with its new biotic environment. I propose some hypotheses to guide predictions of the outcomes of the dislocation of plants from coevolved relationships and, hence, the outcomes of plant geographic displacement. Invasiveness in plants is not determined by their life history traits or the nature of the ecosystem they are invading. Invasiveness is primarily a result of the process of invasion itself. When plants are dislocated from coevolved relationships and confronted with new relationships, they can become ecologically transformed. This transformation can affect the ability of a plant population to become established, invasive, and naturalized in a new environment.
Effect of nitrogen addition on the comparative productivity of corn and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Barker Darren C. , Knezevic Stevan Z. , Martin Alex R. , Walters Daniel T. , Lindquist John L.
Published: February 2017

Weeds that respond more to nitrogen fertilizer than crops may be more competitive under high nitrogen (N) conditions. Therefore, understanding the effects of nitrogen on crop and weed growth and competition is critical. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in 1999 and 2000 to determine the influence of varying levels of N addition on corn and velvetleaf height, leaf area, biomass accumulation, and yield. Nitrogen addition increased corn and velvetleaf height by a maximum of 15 and 68%, respectively. N addition increased corn and velvetleaf maximum leaf area index (LAI) by up to 51 and 90%. Corn and velvetleaf maximum biomass increased by up to 68 and 89% with N addition. Competition from corn had the greatest effect on velvetleaf growth, reducing its biomass by up to 90% compared with monoculture velvetleaf. Corn response to N addition was less than that of velvetleaf, indicating that velvetleaf may be most competitive at high levels of nitrogen and least competitive when nitrogen levels are low. Corn yield declined with increasing velvetleaf interference at all levels of N addition. However, corn yield loss due to velvetleaf interference was similar across N treatments except in one site–year, where yield loss increased with increasing N addition. Corn yield loss due to velvetleaf interference may increase with increasing N supply when velvetleaf emergence and early season growth are similar to that of corn.