bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monocyte/macrophages and their role in HIV neuropathogenesis
Authors: Burdo Tricia H. , Lackner Andrew , Williams Kenneth C.
Published: June 2013

Neurological sequelae of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection have been and remain a significant problem. Monocytes and macrophages in humans and monkeys are susceptible to infection by HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), and are considered to be a main mechanism by which the central nervous system (CNS) is infected. Within the infected CNS, perivascular macrophages and, in some cases, parenchymal microglia are infected as are multinucleated giant cells when present. While neurons are not themselves directly infected, neuronal damage occurs within the infected CNS. Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in limiting virus in plasma to non‐detectable levels, neurological deficits persist. This review discusses the continued neurological dysfunctions that persist in the era of ART, focusing on the roles of monocyte and macrophage as targets of continued viral infection and as agents of pathogenesis in what appears to be emergent macrophage‐mediated disease resulting from long‐term HIV infection of the host. Data discussed include the biology of monocyte/macrophage activation with HIV and SIV infection, traffic of cells into and out of the CNS with infection, macrophage‐associated biomarkers of CNS and cardiac disease, the role of antiretroviral therapy on these cells and CNS disease, as well as the need for effective adjunctive therapies targeting monocytes and macrophages.
CD8+ T‐cell effector function and transcriptional regulation during HIV pathogenesis
Authors: Demers Korey R. , Reuter Morgan A. , Betts Michael R.
Published: June 2013

A detailed understanding of the immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is needed to inform prevention and therapeutic strategies that aim to contain the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic. The cellular immune response plays a critical role in controlling viral replication during HIV infection and will likely need to be a part of any vaccine approach. The qualitative feature of the cellular response most closely associated with immunological control of HIV infection is CD8+ T‐cell cytotoxic potential, which is responsible for mediating the elimination of infected CD4+ T cells. Understanding the underlying mechanisms involved in regulating the elicitation and maintenance of this kind of effector response can provide guidance for vaccine design. In this review, we discuss the evidence for CD8+ T cells as correlates of protection, the means by which their antiviral capacity is evaluated, and transcription factors responsible for their function, or dysfunction, during HIV infection.
Immunology of pediatric HIV infection
Authors: Tobin Nicole H. , Aldrovandi Grace M.
Published: June 2013

Most infants born to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected women escape HIV infection. Infants evade infection despite an immature immune system and, in the case of breastfeeding, prolonged repetitive exposure. If infants become infected, the course of their infection and response to treatment differs dramatically depending upon the timing (in utero, intrapartum, or during breastfeeding) and potentially the route of their infection. Perinatally acquired HIV infection occurs during a critical window of immune development. HIV's perturbation of this dynamic process may account for the striking age‐dependent differences in HIV disease progression. HIV infection also profoundly disrupts the maternal immune system upon which infants rely for protection and immune instruction. Therefore, it is not surprising that infants who escape HIV infection still suffer adverse effects. In this review, we highlight the unique aspects of pediatric HIV transmission and pathogenesis with a focus on mechanisms by which HIV infection during immune ontogeny may allow discovery of key elements for protection and control from HIV.
Manager Divestment in Leveraged Buyouts
Authors: Ang James , Hutton Irena , Majadillas Mary Anne
Published: June 2013

We examine changes in managers' investment in the firm around leveraged buyouts and find agency costs counter to those described in extant literature. In majority of deals during 1997–2008, managers divested a portion of their pre‐LBO shareholdings while maintaining an ownership stake in the post‐LBO firm. Such divestment opportunities encourage managers to behave in a way that benefits existing shareholders but is costly to new investors. We report a positive relation between management's divestment and pre‐LBO earnings management, market timing, and better buyout pricing. Although managerial divestment also leads to subpar post‐buyout performance, the involvement of private equity mitigates it.
Leasing Decisions and Credit Constraints: Empirical Analysis on a Sample of Italian Firms
Authors: Cosci Stefania , Guida Roberto , Meliciani Valentina
Published: June 2013

Although lease financing provides a significant source of funds enabling many companies to invest, few studies examine the determinants of leasing in Continental Europe and we are aware of no study on the Italian case. This paper investigates the relationship between financial constraints and leasing decisions for a sample of Italian firms. In particular, it investigates the determinants of firm leasing decisions, the degree of substitutability between leasing and debt, and the impact of leasing on the probability of firms feeling ‘credit rationed’. Our results support the hypothesis that leasing preserves capital, thus helping to relieve credit constraints.
Novel Upconversion Behavior in Ho3+‐Doped Transparent Oxyfluoride Glass‐Ceramics Containing NaYbF4 Nanocrystals
Authors: Wei YunLe , Chi XianNian , Liu XueYun , Wei RongFei , Guo Hai
Published: June 2013

Novel Ho3+ doped highly transparent NaYbF4 glass‐ceramics were successfully fabricated by melt‐quenching technique. Their structural and luminescent properties were systemically investigated by XRD, TEM, absorption spectra, upconversion spectra, and lifetime measurements. Excited by 980‐nm laser, samples exhibit characteristic emissions of Ho3+. Impressively, the luminescent color can be tuned easily from red for precursor glass to green for glass‐ceramics. Such novel phenomenon was elaborately investigated and is owing to the reduced multiphonon nonradiative relaxation and enhanced cross‐relaxation of Ho3+ in NaYbF4 nanocrystals after crystallization. Our results indicate that NaYbF4 transparent glass‐ceramics is an excellent host for upconversion.
The Stories of Older Parents of Adult Sons and Daughters with Autism: A Balancing Act
Authors: Hines Monique , Balandin Susan , Togher Leanne
Published: June 2013

Background

Researchers acknowledge the importance of understanding how families of children with autism cope. Yet, little is known about the experiences of older parents of adults with autism.

Materials and Methods

In‐depth interviews were conducted with 16 older parents of adults with autism. Narrative analysis was used to gain insights into their lived experiences.

Results

Participants' narratives reflected the notion that much of their experience was a delicate balancing act as they attempted to manage their offspring's symptoms of autism whilst achieving a degree of fulfilment in their own lives. Parents did not believe that formal services had adequately supported their ability to provide care whilst meeting other needs within the family context.

Conclusions

The findings have implications for services that attempt to support older parents' abilities to provide care, including the need for tailored intervention strategies that match each family's unique needs.
Allelic frequencies ofPRKAG3 in several pig breeds and its technological consequences on aDuroc × Landrace‐LargeWhite cross
Authors: Galve A. , Burgos C. , Varona L. , Carrodeguas J.A. , Cánovas Á. , López‐Buesa P.
Published: June 2013

The allelic frequencies ofPRKAG3 gene (theRNgene) have been investigated in several pig breeds.R200Qmutation appear only in Hampshire pigs, whereasV199Imutation is most abundant in Iberian,PorcoCelta orBizaro, and less in breeds selected for muscularity asDuroc,Landrace andPietrain. A thorough study of phenotypic effects ofV1991 has been performed in aDuroc × Landrace‐LargeWhite cross.199Ihomozygous pigs show increased pH24values in ham homogenates and loin (0.14 and 0.16 pHunits, respectively) compared to199Vhomozygous ones. Meat of199Ihomozygous pigs exudates 42.6% less fluid and is darker (2.46 ‘L’‐value units).199Ihomozygous pigs are fatter (4.2 mm more backfat thickness) and contain less muscle mass in ham (1.0 percentage points) and shoulder (2.7 percentage points), than199Vhomozygous ones.199Ihomozygous pigs contain 7.3% less protein in the belly and 8.5% more fat in shoulder muscle mass than199Vhomozygous pigs.199Ihomozygous pigs have also superior functional properties: better gelling (22.8% larger G′ value) and emulsion capacities (14 percentage points less of total exuded fluid), and higher curing yield in the belly (6 percentage points more). These data support the adipogenic character of theV199Imutation. The advantages and disadvantages of selecting any of the twoPRKAG3 alleles for position 199 are discussed.
Genetic parameters of pelt character, feed efficiency and size traits in Finnish blue fox (Vulpes lagopus)
Authors: Kempe R. , Koskinen N. , Strandén I.
Published: June 2013

Pelt character traits (size, quality, colour clarity, darkness) are important economic traits in blue fox breeding. Better feed efficiency (FE) is another economically important and new breeding goal for fur animals. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlations between pelt character traits, FE and size traits and to estimate genetic parameters for pelt character traits. Pelt size (pSIcm) had a high positive genetic correlation with animal grading size (gSI), final body weight (BWFin), body length and daily gain (DG), and a moderate correlation with body condition score (BCS). Animal body length and BCS (describing fatness) were considered as genetically different traits. Genetic correlations between pelt quality and size traits were estimated without precision and did not differ from zero, but colour clarity (pCL) had a low antagonistic genetic correlation with FE. Pelt size and DG had a favourable genetic correlation with FE but a fairly high unfavourable genetic correlation with dry matter feed intake. The current emphasis on selection for larger animal and pelt size improves FE indirectly, but selection for larger pelt size favours fast‐growing and fat individuals and simultaneously increases feed intake. The detected genetic connections between FE, size, feed intake and pCL should be taken into account in the Finnish blue fox breeding programme.
Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Alters the Functional Properties of If in the Human Atrium
Authors: STILLITANO FRANCESCA , LONARDO GIUSEPPE , GIUNTI GABRIELE , DEL LUNGO MARTINA , COPPINI RAFFAELE , SPINELLI VALENTINA , SARTIANI LAURA , POGGESI CORRADO , MUGELLI ALESSANDRO , CERBAI ELISABETTA
Published: June 2013

Human Chronic Atrial Fibrillation and If

Introduction

Despite the evidence that the hyperpolarization‐activated current (If) is highly modulated in human cardiomyopathies, no definite data exist in chronic atrial fibrillation (cAF). We investigated the expression, function, and modulation of If in human cAF.

Methods and Results

Right atrial samples were obtained from sinus rhythm (SR, n = 49) or cAF (duration >1 year, n = 31) patients undergoing corrective cardiac surgery. Among f‐channel isoforms expressed in the human atrium (HCN1, 2 and 4), HCN4 mRNA levels measured by RT‐PCR were significantly reduced. However, protein expression was preserved in cAF compared to SR (+85% for HCN4); concurrently, miR‐1 expression was significantly reduced. In patch‐clamped atrial myocytes, current‐specific conductance (gf) was significantly increased in cAF at voltages around the threshold for If activation (−60 to −80 mV); accordingly, a 10‐mV rightward shift of the activation curve occurred (P < 0.01). β‐Adrenergic and 5‐HT4 receptor stimulation exerted similar effects on If in cAF and SR cells, while the ANP‐mediated effect was significantly reduced (P < 0.02), suggesting downregulation of natriuretic peptide signaling.

Conclusions

In human cAF modifications in transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms of HCN channels occur, associated with a slight yet significant gain‐of‐function of If, which may contribute to enhanced atrial ectopy.
Left Atrial Diverticula in Patients Undergoing Atrial Fibrillation Ablation: Morphologic Analysis and Clinical Impact
Authors: DE PONTI ROBERTO , LUMIA DOMENICO , MARAZZI RAFFAELLA , MAMELI STEFANO , DONI LORENZO A. , DE VENUTO GIOVANNI , FUGAZZOLA CARLO , SALERNO‐URIARTE JORGE A.
Published: June 2013

LAD and Atrial Fibrillation Ablation

Introduction

Left atrial diverticula (LAD) have been reported to be (1) at risk for intracavitary thrombosis and cardiac perforation during ablation and (2) sites of extrapulmonary vein foci. In atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, their presence might undermine procedure safety and efficacy. This observational study evaluates the morphology and clinical impact of LAD in patients undergoing AF ablation.

Methods and Results

Consecutive patients undergoing computed tomography scan (Aquilion 64, Toshiba, Otawara, Japan) and AF ablation with imaging integration (CARTO 3 Merge, Biosense Webster, CA, USA) in our center were included. Morphologic analysis was performed by 2 independent radiologists. Ablation was obtained by irrigated radiofrequency energy (Navistar Thermocool or Thermocool SF, Biosense Webster). Out of 212 patients, 58 (27.3%) had LAD; 74.4% of LAD were located in the anterosuperomedial left atrium. In patients with and without LAD, the prevalence of prior cerebrovascular events was similarly low. The rate of major periprocedure complications did not differ significantly: 1.7% versus 2.6% (P = 1) in patients with and without LAD, respectively. However, 1 case of cardiac perforation occurred during ablation in a diverticulum. During follow‐up, survival free from arrhythmia recurrences was comparable in the 2 groups.

Conclusion

LAD are present in about one‐fourth of patients undergoing AF ablation and, in general, they have no impact on its safety and efficacy. However, occasionally, radiofrequency energy delivery in a LAD can cause tissue overheating and perforation.
Blood Pressure Control 1 Year After Referral to a Hypertension Specialist
Authors: Denker Matthew G. , Haddad Danny B. , Townsend Raymond R. , Cohen Debbie L.
Published: June 2013

Hypertension is highly prevalent and remains poorly controlled. The purpose of this study was to evaluate blood pressure (BP) control in patients with uncontrolled hypertension 1 year after referral to a hypertension specialist. A retrospective chart review was performed on 158 patients evaluated by a single hypertension specialist between 2005 and 2010 at the Penn Hypertension Program. Patients were included if they had at least 1 year of follow‐up and had baseline plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration measured. Drug regimens were adjusted with particular attention to results of renin‐aldosterone profiling. Mean BP of the entire cohort decreased from 149/87 mm Hg to 129/78 mm Hg at 1 year (P<.0001), without a significant change in the number of antihypertensive medications. The authors observed that referral to a hypertension specialist was worthwhile and associated with a significant reduction in BP without an increase in the number of BP medications used at 1 year.
Nurses Improving the Care of Healthsystem Elders: Creating a Sustainable Business Model to Improve Care of Hospitalized Older Adults
Authors: Capezuti Elizabeth A. , Briccoli Barbara , Boltz Marie P.
Published: June 2013

The Nurses Improving the Care of Healthsystem Elders (NICHE) program helps its more than 450 member sites to build the leadership capabilities to enact system‐level change that targets the unique needs of older adults and embeds evidence‐based geriatrics knowledge into practice. NICHE received expansion funding to establish a sustainable business model for operations while positioning the program to continue as a leader in innovative senior care programs. The expansion program focused on developing an internal business infrastructure, expanding NICHE‐specific resources, creating a Web platform, increasing the number of participating NICHE hospitals, enhancing and expanding the NICHE benchmarking service, supporting research that generates evidence‐based practices, fostering interorganizational collaboration, developing sufficient diversified revenue sources, and increasing the penetration and level of activity of current NICHE sites. These activities (improved services, Web‐based tools, better benchmarking) added value and made it feasible to charge hospitals an annual fee for access and participation. NICHE does not stipulate how institutions should modify geriatric care; rather, NICHE principles and tools are meant to be adapted to each site's unique institutional culture. This article describes the historical context, the rationale, and the business plan that has resulted in successful organizational outcomes, including financial sustainability of the business operations of NICHE.
Modifiable Risk Factors for Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization of Community‐Dwelling Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Authors: Juthani‐Mehta Manisha , De Rekeneire Nathalie , Allore Heather , Chen Shu , O'Leary John R. , Bauer Douglas C. , Harris Tamara B. , Newman Anne B. , Yende Sachin , Weyant Robert J. , Kritchevsky Stephen , Quagliarello Vincent ,   for the Health ABC Study
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To identify novel modifiable risk factors, focusing on oral hygiene, for pneumonia requiring hospitalization of community‐dwelling older adults.

Design

Prospective observational cohort study.

Setting

Memphis, Tennessee, and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Participants

Of 3,075 well‐functioning community‐dwelling adults aged 70 to 79 enrolled in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study from 1997 to 1998, 1,441 had complete data in the data set of all variables used, a dental examination within 6 months of baseline, and were eligible for this study.

Measurements

The primary outcome was pneumonia requiring hospitalization through 2008.

Results

Of 1,441 participants, 193 were hospitalized for pneumonia. In a multivariable model, male sex (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.51–2.83), white race (HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.03–2.01), history of pneumonia (HR = 3.09, 95% CI = 1.86–5.14), pack‐years of smoking (HR = 1.006, 95% CI = 1.001–1.011), and percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 minute (moderate vs mild lung disease or normal lung function, HR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.28–2.48; severe lung disease vs mild lung disease or normal lung function, HR = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.51–5.57) were nonmodifiable risk factors for pneumonia. Incident mobility limitation (HR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.32–2.38) and higher mean oral plaque score (HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.02–1.64) were modifiable risk factors for pneumonia. Average attributable fractions revealed that 11.5% of cases of pneumonia were attributed to incident mobility limitation and 10.3% to a mean oral plaque score of 1 or greater.

Conclusion

Incident mobility limitation and higher mean oral plaque score were two modifiable risk factors that 22% of pneumonia requiring hospitalization could be attributed to. These data suggest innovative opportunities for pneumonia prevention among community‐dwelling older adults.
Objective Measures of Physical Activity, Fractures and Falls: The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study
Authors: Cauley Jane A. , Harrison Stephanie L. , Cawthon Peggy M. , Ensrud Kristine E. , Danielson Michelle E. , Orwoll Eric , Mackey Dawn C.
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To determine the association between objectively measured physical activity (PA), fractures, and falls.

Design

Longitudinal cohort study.

Setting

Six U.S. clinical sites.

Participants

Two thousand seven hundred thirty‐one men with a mean age of 79.

Measurements

Total and active energy expenditure (EE) and minutes per day spent in sedentary and moderate intensity activities were measured for at least 5 days. Energy expended at a metabolic equivalent of greater than three was termed active EE. Incident nonspine fractures and falls were identified every 4 months.

Results

Seven hundred fifty‐nine (28.2%) men fell at least once over 12 months of follow‐up; 186 (6.8%) experienced one or more fractures over an average follow‐up of 3.5 ± 0.9 years. The association between PA and falling varied according to age (P interaction = .02). Men younger than 80 with the lowest active EE had a lower risk of falling than men with the highest active EE (relative risk (RR) = 0.75; P trend = .08), whereas men aged 80 and older with the lowest active EE had a higher risk of falling than men with the highest active EE (RR = 1.43, P trend = .09). In multivariate models including health status, men in the lowest quintile of active EE had a significantly higher risk of fracture (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10–3.00, P trend = .04) than men in highest quintile. Men with <33 min/d of moderate activity had a 70% greater risk of fracture (HR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.03–2.80).

Conclusion

Age modifies the association between PA and falling. Interventions aimed at obtaining more than 30 minutes of moderate PA per day may reduce fractures, extending PA guidelines to the oldest old, the fastest‐growing proportion of those aged 65 and older.
Quality of End‐of‐Life Care of Long‐Term Nursing Home Residents with and without Dementia
Authors: Li Qinghua , Zheng Nan Tracy , Temkin‐Greener Helena
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To describe the longitudinal patterns and the within‐ and between‐facility differences in hospice use and in‐hospital deaths between long‐term nursing home (NH) residents with and without dementia.

Design

Retrospective analyses of secondary data sets from 2003 to 2007.

Setting

NHs in the United States.

Participants

A total of 1,261,726 decedents in 16,347 NHs were included in 2003 to 2007 trend analysis and 236,619 decedents in 15,098 NHs in 2007 were included in the within‐ and between‐facility analyses.

Measurements

Hospice use in the last 100 days of life and in‐hospital deaths were outcome measures. Dementia was defined as having a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease or other dementia based on Minimum Data Set (MDS) health assessments.

Results

Overall hospice use increased from 25.6% in 2003 to 35.7% in 2007. During this time, hospice use for decedents with dementia increased from 25.1% to 36.5%, compared with an increase from 26.5% to 34.4% for decedents without dementia. The rate of in‐hospital deaths remained virtually unchanged. Within the same facility, decedents with dementia were significantly more likely to use hospice (odds ratio (OR) = 1.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.11) and less likely to die in a hospital (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.74–0.78). Decedents in NHs with higher dementia prevalence, regardless of individual dementia status, were more likely to use hospice (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.22–2.27).

Conclusion

NHs appear to provide less‐aggressive end‐of‐life care to decedents with dementia than to those without. Although significantly more residents with dementia now receive hospice care at the end of life, the quality evaluation and monitoring of hospice programs have not been systematically conducted, and additional research in this area is warranted.
A Preliminary Energy Return on Investment Analysis of Natural Gas from the Marcellus Shale
Authors: Aucott Michael L. , Melillo Jacqueline M.
Published: June 2013

An analysis of the energy return on investment (EROI) of natural gas obtained from horizontal, hydraulically fractured wells in the Marcellus Shale was conducted using net external energy ratio methodology and available data and estimates of energy inputs and outputs. Used as sources of input data were estimates of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides emitted from the gas extraction processes, as well as fuel‐use reports from industry and other sources. Estimates of quantities of materials used and the associated embodied energy as well as other energy‐using steps were also developed from available data. Total input energy was compared with the energy expected to be made available to end users of the natural gas produced from a typical Marcellus well. The analysis indicates that the EROI of a typical well is likely between 64:1 and 112:1, with a mean of approximately 85:1. This range assumes an estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of 3.0 billion cubic feet (Bcf) per well. EROI values are directly proportionate to EUR values. If the EUR is greater or lesser than 3 Bcf, the EROI would be proportionately higher or lower. EROI is also sensitive to the energy used or embedded in gathering and transmission pipelines and associated infrastructure and energy used for their construction, energy consumed in well drilling and well completion, and energy used for wastewater treatment.
A model‐based approach to limb apraxia in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Stamenova Vessela , Roy Eric A. , Black Sandra E.
Published: June 2013

Limb apraxia is a neurological deficit characterized by an inability to pantomime and/or imitate gestures, which can result from neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The major goal of the study was to describe comprehensively the apraxia deficits observed in AD patients and to relate those deficits to general cognitive status, measures of daily activity, and other neuropsychological measures. Limb apraxia was assessed on a variety of conceptual and gesture production tasks in 30 AD patients. As a group, AD patients were impaired across gesture production tasks: of note was the greater impairment in imitation, as opposed to pantomime, which was especially pronounced when patients were imitating with a delay. Imitation performance was best predicted by measures of visuospatial processing, while imitation with delay was best predicted by measures of working memory. In addition, pantomime in response to pictures of tools was less accurate than Pantomime to Verbal Command and holding the tool during performance did not decrease the participants' impairment, while introducing a verbal cue during imitation increased the severity of deficits. Furthermore, investigation into patterns of deficits clearly demonstrated that the nature of limb apraxia deficits observed in AD can be quite heterogeneous and that dissociations between the conceptual and the production system exist. Finally, we also report on significant correlations between general cognitive status and limb apraxia.
A Comparative Value Chain Analysis of Smallholder Burley Tobacco Production in Malawi – 2003/4 and 2009/10
Authors: Prowse Martin , Moyer‐Lee Jason
Published: June 2013

Smallholders grow the majority of Malawi's main export crop – burley tobacco. We analyse this value chain segment for the 2003/4 and 2009/10 seasons. The comparison shows smallholder profits in 2003/4 were limited by two main factors: a cartel of leaf merchants at auction and inefficient marketing arrangements. In 2009/10, there was greater competition at auction, improvements in marketing, tighter state regulation (including minimum prices) and much more contract farming. The paper concludes by reflecting on aspects of the political economy of the tobacco industry at national and global levels.
Does ‘Landlordism’ Still Matter? Reflections on Agrarian Change inIndia
Authors: Harriss John
Published: June 2013

The three principal communist parties ofIndia continue, in their programmes, to emphasize the significance of landlordism. This paper subjects their arguments about the current state of agrarian production relations to scrutiny, in the light of contemporary research and scholarship. This strongly suggests that classic ‘semi‐feudal’ landlordism has very largely gone. The paper argues however, that there remains a strong case for redistributivist land reform, even though it does not supply the answer to the agrarian question ofIndia that once it did. For all the evidence of the ‘declining power of caste hierarchies’ and the reduced significance of the village, landed power remains a major factor inIndian politics and society.
The evaluation of a palliative care programme for people suffering from life‐limiting diseases
Authors: Chan Carmen WH , Chui Ying Yu , Chair Sek Ying , Sham Michael MK , Lo Raymond SK , Ng Catalina SM , Chan Helen YL , Lai David CY
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectives

To report on the effectiveness of an eight‐week palliative care programme in Hong Kong.

Background

A recent survey reported that the quality of palliative care services in Hong Kong ranked the 20th among 40 countries and it is far behind other Asian countries. There are disagreement and inadequate communication in clinical decision‐making among patients, families and healthcare professionals, and that the nurses lack sufficient knowledge and skills in providing palliative care and advance care planning.

Design

A pretest post‐test design and semi‐structured interviews were adopted.

Methods

A total of 108 home care patients with life‐limiting disease and their family caregivers in Hong Kong were recruited to complete a set of questionnaire including The McGill Quality of Life Questionnaire for Hong Kong Chinese and the Family Satisfaction Scale before and after they attended an eight‐week programme. The programme comprised the elements of symptom management, intensive communication on advance care planning and psychosocial intervention.

Results

Pearson's chi‐square tests and Wilcoxon matched paired tests show a general trend that the patients' quality of life was improved after the programme. Their understanding and active participation in advance care planning was also improved. The hospital readmission rate and the days of hospital stays were significantly reduced. In qualitative interview, four major themes were identified that are as follows: improvement in the communication of treatment plans and after‐death arrangements, symptom management, emotional support and suggested areas of improvement.

Conclusion

The study supports the benefit of implementing a palliative care programme to patients with life‐limiting disease. Patients demonstrated improved understanding and changed behaviour as regards the preparation for death and dying after the eight‐week programme.

Relevance to clinical practice

The programme could be replicated in other hospitals and infirmaries that offer home care services.
Interventions to promote self‐care of people with arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Sousa Clemente N , Apóstolo João Luís , Figueiredo Maria Henriqueta , Martins Maria Manuela , Dias Vanessa F
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectives

The literature shows many self‐care behaviours related to people with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Our aim is to identify interventions within the ‘teaching’ that promote self‐care (behaviour) with arteriovenous fistula (AVF).

Background

The development of self‐care behaviours with the AVF allows the access to maintain the best possible conditions, because its state influences the efficacy of the dialysis treatment. However, few studies assess self‐care behaviours that people with ESRD have with the AVF, as well as interventions that promote this self‐care.

Design

Discursive paper.

Methods

Our research was conducted in MEDLINE, Health Nursing and Allied Literature (CINAHL), Web of Science and SCOPUS using three search expressions, between the period of 2000–2010. We selected studies that identified interventions that promote self‐care with AVF.

Results

No study has shown in detail the interventions that aimed at promoting self‐care behaviours with the AVF for patients with ESRD. We verify that the interventions that promote self‐care are directed mostly to the moments after AVF construction.

Conclusions

This paper reinforces the need to develop guidelines that provide guidance for self‐care with the AVF to be developed by people with ESRD. We also found that self‐care behaviours directed to the AVF are mostly associated with postconstruction of the access.

Relevance to clinical practice

Based on these results, it is necessary to delineate clear intervention programmes and objectives, in order to assess self‐care with the AVF by people with ESRD, as well as to develop guidelines that provide guidance for self‐care for the person with an AVF.
Sexual function in Iranian women using different methods of contraception
Authors: Fataneh Ghadirian , Marjan Mardani H , Nasrin Rezaee , Taraneh Taghavi
Published: June 2013

Aims and objectives

To determine the sexual function in Iranian women using different methods of contraception.

Background

Failure in family planning programmes can lead to reduced quality of life and threaten the health of the families in developing countries. One of the major causes of failure in family planning methods could be due to complications of them. One of the major unpleasant side effects of these methods, as an important cause of the rejection, is sexual dysfunction.

Design

A case–control study.

Methods

In this study, samples included 608 married women aged 15–49 years from Shahin Shahr health centres in Isfahan. Stratified sampling method was used to determine entitlement to select health centres, and convenience sampling method was used for women selection. The selected samples, based on using contraceptive methods, were divided into case group (n = 306) and control group (n = 302). Data were collected using sexual function questionnaire in women using different methods of contraception. Data were analysed by descriptive statistic and anova.

Results

Results of independent t‐test showed significant difference in all domains of sexual function in two groups (p < 0·05). Most contraceptive methods in control group were natural methods (28·4%), and the least used was vasectomy (1·8%). Findings showed that the least sexual dysfunction in Iranian women was in condom use method, and the most was in vasectomy method. There was asignificant difference between all domains of sexual function (except pain) in types of contraceptive methods (p < 0·05).

Conclusions

This study revealed that in family planning programmes, contraceptive methods in women that are more effective and have less sexual function impairments should be recommended.

Relevance to clinical practice

Knowledge and awareness of the healthcare professionals regarding the sexual problems should be increased. Management of sexual dysfunction in a holistic approach in the primary care services might improve the wellness and quality of life of the women.
Effect of SOHAM Meditation on Human Brain: A Voxel‐Based Morphometry Study
Authors: Kumar Uttam , Guleria Anupam , Kishan Sadguru Sri Kunal , Khetrapal C. L.
Published: June 2013

The anatomical correlates of long‐term meditators involved in practice of “SOHAM” meditation have been studied using voxel‐based morphometry (VBM). The VBM analysis indicates significantly higher gray matter density in brain stem, ventral pallidum, and supplementary motor area in the meditators as compared with age‐matched nonmeditators. The observed changes in brain structure are compared with other forms of meditation.
Factor Endowments, Democracy, and Trade Policy Divergence
Authors: GALIANI SEBASTIAN , SCHOFIELD NORMAN , TORRENS GUSTAVO
Published: June 2013

We develop a stochastic model of electoral competition in order to study the economic and political determinants of trade policy. We model a small open economy with two tradable goods, each of which is produced using a sector‐specific factor (e.g., land and capital) and another factor that is mobile between these tradable sectors (labor); one nontradable good, which is also produced using a specific factor (skilled labor), and an elected government with the mandate to tax trade flows. The tax revenue is used to provide local public goods that increase the economic agents’ utility. We use this general equilibrium model to explicitly derive the ideal policies of the different socioeconomic groups in society (landlords, industrialists, labor, and skilled workers). We then use those ideal policies to model the individual probabilistic voting behavior of the members of each of these socioeconomic groups. We use this model to shed light on how differences in the comparative advantages of countries explain trade policy divergence between countries as well as trade policy instability within countries. We regard trade policy instability to mean that, in equilibrium, political parties diverge in terms of the political platforms they adopt. We show that in natural resource (land)–abundant economies with very little capital, or in economies that specializes in the production of manufactures, parties tend to converge to the same policy platform, and trade policy is likely to be stable and relatively close to free trade. In contrast, in a natural resource–abundant economy with an important domestic industry that competes with the imports, parties tend to diverge, and trade policy is likely to be more protectionist and unstable.
The Comparison ofad Valoremand Specific Taxation under Uncertainty
Authors: KOTSOGIANNIS CHRISTOS , SERFES KONSTANTINOS
Published: June 2013

The comparison between specific (per unit) andad valorem(percentage) taxation has been one of the oldest issues in public finance. In Cournot markets, with deterministic costs structures, conventional wisdom has it thatad valoremtaxation tax‐revenue dominates specific. It is shown that in the presence of uncertainty, regarding firms’ cost structures, and under reasonable conditions, the conventional wisdom might not hold. The implication of this, from a policy perspective, is that the precise evaluation of the two types of taxation requires an explicit consideration of cost uncertainty.
Visual–tactile versus radiographic caries detection agreement in caries‐active adults
Authors: Ritter André V. , Ramos Mario D. , Astorga Fernando , Shugars Daniel A. , Bader James D.
Published: June 2013

Objectives

The study aims to determine a) the extent of agreement between visual–tactile caries examination (VTE) and radiographic examination (RE) in detecting presumptive caries lesions on occlusal and proximal surfaces of posterior teeth of UNC Xylitol for Adult Caries Trial participants; and b) the additional caries diagnostic yield obtained by adding RE to VTE.

Methods

Data consisted of surface‐level visual–tactile and radiographic classification of disease (cavitated and noncavitated caries lesions) or nondisease (sound surfaces). Participants (n = 114, adults with ≥12 erupted teeth and 1‐10 caries lesions) received baseline VTE by a trained and calibrated examiner, and had interproximal radiographs obtained within 7 months before or after the VTE. Radiographs were assessed independently by two trained and calibrated examiners masked with respect to VTE results. The diagnostic threshold was surface‐level disease/nondisease status. Kappa statistics provided an estimate of VTE‐RE agreement on diseased surfaces. The additional diagnostic yield of the RE over VTE was calculated as the additional lesions detected radiographically as a percentage of the total number of lesions detected by VTE.

Results

Four‐hundred ninety‐four (51 occlusal, 433 proximal) lesions were detected; of these, 81 (2 occlusal, 79 proximal) lesions were detected by both VTE and RE. Kappa statistics were 0.18 (all surfaces), 0.04 (occlusal), and 0.18 (proximal). The additional diagnostic yield was 69 percent (all surfaces), 55 percent (occlusal), and 71 percent (proximal).

Conclusions

There is poor agreement between VTE and RE to detect caries in posterior teeth of caries‐active adults. However, an RE performed within 7 months of a VTE adds caries diagnostic yield in a clinical trial, especially on proximal surfaces.
Collegiate presence: explaining homogenous but disparate nursing relationships
Authors: Broadbent M. , Moxham L.
Published: June 2013

Accessible summary

This paper contends that interdisciplinary relationships have an intercultural component to them.

A lack of understanding of cultural differences between interdisciplinary groups can lead to fragmented service delivery.

Collegiate presence may improve relationships, where cultural differences between disciplines are not understood.

Collegiate presence may improve service delivery when interdisciplinary groups function more cohesively.

This paper examines the notion of collegiate presence. Collegiate presence is defined as a mutual connection between two or more professional individuals or groups who share a common work focus and who are mindful of cultural differences. This concept emerged as a result of an ethnographic study of two groups of triage nurses; emergency department, and mental health nurses. Data analysis exposed a number of concepts and themes including collegiality and presence. These two concepts were seen to be so closely connected that the term collegiate presence was constructed. This paper explores the notion of collegiate presence and examines factors that affect this phenomenon between what are homogenous (nurses) but disparate cultural groups (emergency department nurses and mental health triage nurses) in a health‐care organization. Findings indicate that culturally disparate groups are challenged to develop functional and collaborative working relationships without a deep understanding of, and appreciation for, each other's culture. Developing collegiate presence requires effective communication, social and professional conversations, and physical presence.
The insecticidal toxin genes of Yersinia enterocolitica are activated by the thermolabile LTTR‐like regulator TcaR2 at low temperatures
Authors: Starke Mandy , Richter Marleen , Fuchs Thilo M.
Published: June 2013

Temperature‐dependent activation of bacterial virulence factors at 37°C is well investigated. The molecular mechanism underlying the expression of toxicity determinants at environmental temperatures, however, has not been characterized. The insecticidal activity of Yersinia enterocolitica strain W22703 requires the toxin complex subunit A (TcaA) encoded on the pathogenicity island Tc‐PAIYe. Genes tcaA and tcaB encoding this subunit are maximally produced at low temperatures (10–20°C), but repressed at body temperature. Two further insecticidal genes, tcaC (subunit B) and tccC1 (subunit C), are silent at both temperatures. A novel LysR‐type transcriptional regulator (LTTR), TcaR2, revealed to be autoregulated and essential for tcaA and tcaB expression in W22703. Expression of tcaR2 is negatively controlled by a second LTTR‐like regulator, TcaR1. Gel mobility shift assays confirmed the interaction of TcaR2 with the tcaR2, tcaA and tcaB promoters. The activity of the tcaA promoter in heterologous hosts in the presence of TcaR2 excludes the requirement of additional, Yersinia‐specific (co)factors for toxin gene expression. Overproduced TcaR2 protein is shown to be unstable at 37°C, whereas the mRNA of tcaA and tcaR2 is equally stable at low and high temperature. Thus, TcaR2 is a key player in the induction of insecticidal genes in Y. enterocolitica at low temperatures.
Precipitation thresholds and drought‐induced tree die‐off: insights from patterns ofPinus edulismortality along an environmental stress gradient
Authors: Clifford Michael J. , Royer Patrick D. , Cobb Neil S. , Breshears David D. , Ford Paulette L.
Published: June 2013

Recent regional tree die‐off events appear to have been triggered by a combination of drought and heat – referred to as ‘global‐change‐type drought’. To complement experiments focused on resolving mechanisms of drought‐induced tree mortality, an evaluation of how patterns of tree die‐off relate to highly spatially variable precipitation is needed.

Here, we explore precipitation relationships with a die‐off event of pinyon pine (Pinus edulisEngelm.) in southwesternNorthAmerica during the 2002–2003 global‐change‐type drought. Pinyon die‐off and its relationship with precipitation was quantified spatially along a precipitation gradient in north‐centralNewMexico with standard field plot measurements of die‐off combined with canopy cover derived from normalized burn ratio (NBR) fromLandsat imagery.

Pinyon die‐off patterns revealed threshold responses to precipitation (cumulative 2002–2003) and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), with little to no mortality (< 10%) above 600 mm and below warm seasonVPDofc. 1.7 kPa. [Correction added after online publication 17 June 2013; in the preceding sentence, the word ‘below’ has been inserted.]

Our results refine how precipitation patterns within a region influence pinyon die‐off, revealing a precipitation andVPDthreshold for tree mortality and its uncertainty band where other factors probably come into play – a response type that influences stand demography and landscape heterogeneity and is of general interest, yet has not been documented.
In situ high‐frequency observations of mycorrhizas
Authors: Allen Michael F. , Kitajima Kuni
Published: June 2013

Understanding the temporal variation of soil and root dynamics is a major step towards determining net carbon in ecosystems. We describe the installation and structure of an in situ soil observatory and sensing network consisting of an automated minirhizotron with associated soil and atmospheric sensors.

Ectomycorrhizal hyphae were digitized daily during 2011 in a Mediterranean climate, high‐elevation coniferous forest. Hyphal length was high, but stable during winter in moist and cold soil. As soil began to warm and dry, simultaneous mortality and production indicating turnover followed precipitation events. Mortality continued through the dry season, although some hyphae persisted through the extremes. With autumn monsoons, rapid hyphal re‐growth occurred following each event.

Relative hyphal length is dependent upon soil temperature and moisture. Soil respiration is related to the daily change in hyphal production, but not hyphal mortality.

Continuous sensor and observation systems can provide more accurate assessments of soil carbon dynamics.
Comparative functional analysis of full‐length and N‐terminal fragments of phytochrome C, D and E in red light‐induced signaling
Authors: Ádám Éva , Kircher Stefan , Liu Peng , Mérai Zsuzsanna , González‐Schain Nahuel , Hörner Maximilian , Viczián András , Monte Elena , Sharrock Robert A. , Schäfer Eberhard , Nagy Ferenc
Published: June 2013

Phytochromes (phy) C, D and E are involved in the regulation of red/far‐red light‐induced photomorphogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana, but only limited data are available on the mode of action and biological function of these lesser studied phytochrome species.

We fused N‐terminal fragments or full‐length PHYC, D and E to YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (YFP), and analyzed the function, stability and intracellular distribution of these fusion proteins in planta.

The activity of the constitutively nuclear‐localized homodimers of N‐terminal fragments was comparable with that of full‐length PHYC, D, E‐YFP, and resulted in the regulation of various red light‐induced photomorphogenic responses in the studied genetic backgrounds. PHYE‐YFP was active in the absence of phyB and phyD, and PHYE‐YFP controlled responses, as well as accumulation, of the fusion protein in the nuclei, was saturated at low fluence rates of red light and did not require functional FAR‐RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (FHY‐1) and FHY‐1‐like proteins.

Our data suggest that PHYC‐YFP, PHYD‐YFP and PHYE‐YFP fusion proteins, as well as their truncated N‐terminal derivatives, are biologically active in the modulation of red light‐regulated photomorphogenesis. We propose that PHYE‐YFP can function as a homodimer and that low‐fluence red light‐induced translocation of phyE and phyA into the nuclei is mediated by different molecular mechanisms.