bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young America
Authors: Widmer Edward L
Published: November 2023

This fascinating study examines the meteoric career of a vigorous intellectual movement rising out of the Age of Jackson. As Americans argued over their destiny in the decades preceding the Civil War, an outspoken new generation of “ultra-democratic” writers entered the fray, staking out positions on politics, literature, art, and any other territory they could annex. They called themselves Young America--and they proclaimed a “Manifest Destiny” to push back frontiers in every category of achievement. Their swagger found a natural home in New York City, already bursting at the seams and ready to take on the world. Young America’s mouthpiece was the Democratic Review, a highly influential magazine funded by the Democratic Party and edited by the brash and charismatic John O’Sullivan. The Review offered a fresh voice in political journalism, and sponsored young writers like Hawthorne and Whitman early in their careers. Melville, too, was influenced by Young America, and provided a running commentary on its many excesses. Despite brilliant promise, the movement fell apart in the 1850s, leaving its original leaders troubled over the darker destiny they had ushered in. Their ambitious generation had failed to rewrite history as promised. Instead, their perpetual agitation helped set the stage for the Civil War. Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City is without question the most complete examination of this captivating and original movement. It also provides the first published biography of its leader, John O’Sullivan, one of America’s great rhetoricians. Edward L. Widmer enriches his unique volume by offering a new theory of Manifest Destiny as part of a broader movement of intellectual expansion in nineteenth-century America.
Reparatory Justice
Authors: Teitel Ruti G
Published: November 2023

In contemporary times, most transitional regimes—whether following war, military dictatorships, or communism—have undertaken some form of reparatory justice. The review of reparatory practices pursued here suggests this response is widely prevalent, despite divergent legal cultures. How do societies think about such efforts at reparation? What is their purpose and function? What is the meaning of transitional justice for victims of past regime wrongs and for the society?
Administrative Justice
Authors: Teitel Ruti G
Published: November 2023

This chapter turns to where the law itself is the engine of revolutionary change. In negotiated political transitions, the transformation often depends on the force of law. Politicized public law can effect radical change when it distributes power explicitly on the basis of the new ideology. Sweeping politicized administrative measures have been pervasive in periods of political change worldwide: after the American Civil War, in the shift from slave to free state; in postwar Europe, in the shift from fascism to democracy; in post communist Europe, in the shift from totalitarian to freer market economies; in postmilitary Latin America, in the shift to civilian rule. The asserted purpose of the politicized exercise of administrative law is always the noble one of guarding the transition; nevertheless, this use of the law, grounded as it is in categorical judgment, resembles the political justice of totalitarian regimes. Such measures raise the question, What is the relation of illiberal means to liberal ends? Where an illiberal ideology has permeated society, what is the hope for moving that society toward a more liberal political system? What is the potential for revolution by law? To what extent do transitional societies rely on past political behavior as the basis for transformation? What if any are the normative parameters? What justifies the overtly political measures? How can the successor regime’s interest be reconciled with concerns for individual rights? The inevitable dilemma is one of means and ends.
Dilemmas in Economic Theory
Authors: Mandler Michael
Published: November 2023

By examining the development of economics in the 20th century, this book argues that the breakthroughs of post WWII general equilibrium theory and its rejection of utilitarianism and marginal productivity have been misunderstood. Mandler maintains that although earlier neoclassicism deserved criticism, current theory does not adequately address the problems the discarded concepts were designed to solve, and that intractable dilemmas therefore appear.
The Intellectual Environment of Legality
Authors: Francis A Allen
Published: November 2023

The ideal of a political society in which law constrains and guides the exercise of power by rulers dates from the beginnings of systematic thought in the Western world. The rule of-law phrase is not of ancient lineage. It is said that it was first popularized in the mid-nineteenth century by Albert Venn Dicey, the Vinerian Professor at Oxford and influential commentator on the English Constitution. But the ideal was expressed in the ancient world in various forms of language.2 Aristotle in his Politicswrites that he who bids the law rule may be deemed to bid God and Reason alone rule, but he who bids man rule adds an element of the beast; for desire is a wild beast, and passion perverts the minds of rulers, even when they are the best of men. The law is reason unaffected by desire. The last sentence has been translated even more strikingly: “Accordingly law is intelligence without appetite.”
Romance Clitics, Verb Movement, and PRO
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

Pronominal clitics in Romance may either precede or follow the verb they are associated with, depending on a number of factors, some of which I shall try to elucidate in this article. My analysis will take Romance clitics to invariably left-adjoin to a functional head. In cases where that functional head dominates the verb, this will straightforwardly yield the order clitic-verb. The order verb-clitic will, on the other hand, be claimed to result from the verb’s having moved leftward past the functional head to which the clitic has adjoined (rather than having the clitic right-adjoin to the verb). I shall focus on the question of clitic/verb order as it applies to embedded sentences, leaving for future work certain extra possibilities that appear in root sentences such as imperatives, and in certain other types of root sentences in languages such as Portuguese and Galician.
The English Complementizer of
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

In this squib, I will try to show that in some varieties of English the preposition of has a use in which it is strongly similar to the familiar to of infinitives: (1) John wants to leave. Although the to of (1) and (2) differs in important ways from the for of (2), I will use the term ‘complementizer’ to informally refer to both, as well as to the of in question: (2) John wants very much for Bill to leave.
Seldom Ask, Never Tell
Authors: Puckett Anita
Published: November 2023

Puckett takes a new look at the relationship between language, society, and economics by examining how people talk about work in a rural Appalachian community. Through careful analysis of conversations in casual yet commercial contexts, she finds that the construction and maintenance of this discourse is essential to the community's socioeconomic relationships. The volume will appeal to linguists, anthropologists, and scholars in communications and Appalachian studies.
The Justices
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

In a White House ceremony on the morning of September 26, 1986, Chief Justice Burger administered his successor the oath of office required by the Constitution. That afternoon at the Supreme Court, Chief Justice Rehnquist took the judicial oath, promising to “administer justice without respect to persons, and do equal right to the poor and to the rich:’ Earlier, William Bradford Reynolds, President Reagan’s assistant attorney general for civil rights, had denounced the”radical egalitarianism” of Rehnquist’s colleague and the Court’s senior associate justice, William J. Brennan, Jr., who, Reynolds charged, had “allowed his liberal orthodoxy to shape his jurisprudence.”
Governmental Power
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

The Rehnquist Court, like other Courts of the post-1937 era, has focused largely on the scope and limits to noneconomic personal rights. Over the years of Chief Justice Rehnquist’s tenure in the Court’s center seat, however, the justices have also regularly confronted a variety of issues relating to the scope of national authority, separation of powers, interstate relations, federalism, and related questions of governmental power.
Freedom of Expression and Association
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

In litigation involving the Constitution’s guarantees to freedom of expression and association, however, the justices have largely applied and elaborated on existing doctrine sculpted essentially during the Warren and Burger eras. Given the close divisions in certain issue areas and the pragmatic, flexible jurisprudence of the Court’s center, moreover, the doctrinal elaborations the Rehnquist Court justices have contributed to the expression and association elements of First Amendment law have been subtle and complex.
The Economics of Tort Law
Authors: Miceli Thomas J
Published: November 2023

This chapter extends in several directions the basic accident model from the previous chapter. The first concerns the impact of litigation costs, or the costs that victims and injurers incur in resolving an accident claim through the legal system. Consideration of these costs is important, not only because they represent a substantial expenditure of resources, but also because they potentially affect the incentives for care created by the liability system. As we shall see, litigation costs tend to reduce the incentives for injurers to take care, though the effects differ under strict liability and negligence. Thus, litigation costs introduce an extra dimension along which to compare liability rules in terms of their ability to reduce the social costs of accidents.

The second extension of the basic model concerns the impact of uncertainty on the operation of the liability system. I first consider the impact of uncertainty by injurers about what the due standard of care is under a negligence rule. I then consider the impact of uncertainty by the court both about whether a given injurer violated the due standard care, and whether he was the cause of an accident. Finally, I consider the impact of uncertainty by injurers about whether the products they are producing or the activities they are engaged in pose a risk of injury in the first place.
The Economics of Contract Law
Authors: Miceli Thomas J
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapter was primarily concerned with various remedies for breach of contract, taking as a given that the contracts in question were judged to be enforceable. This chapter is largely concerned with the prior question of what contracts are enforceable. It therefore begins with a brief description of the elements that courts have traditionally required to be present in an enforceable promise, the most interesting of which is the doctrine of consideration. It then goes on to examine formation defenses, which argue that a contract is unenforceable because it was not legitimately formed, and performance excuses, which argue that a contract was legitimately formed but that the promisor’s obligation to perform should nevertheless be discharged without damages.

It is important to point out that an economic analysis of the question of what contracts are enforceable is not independent of the question of what is the optimal remedy for breaching an enforceable contract. For example, if a court ruled that a given contract is unenforceable, and therefore that the promisor is not obliged to perform his promise, this would be essentially equivalent to ruling that the contract is enforceable, but that the appropriate remedy for the promisee is zero damages. The analysis of formation and performance defenses in this chapter adopts this unified view by examining them as alternative solutions to the general economic problems discussed in the previous chapter—namely, providing incentives for efficient breach, reliance, and risk sharing. I retain the basic model of contracting from the previous chapter as well.
Communicative Sentencing
Authors: Duff R A
Published: November 2023

A normative theory of punishment must either include, or be able to generate, a theory of sentencing—an account of how particular modes and levels of punishment are to be assigned to particular kinds of offense and offender. Only then can it guide or even connect with the actual practice of punishment. Normative theorizing must begin with an account of the ends that punishment should serve, of the values to which it must answer and by which it must be structured. But until it starts to show how sentences are to be determined in the light of those ends and values, it has not yet provided a theory of punishment as a possible human practice. For sentencing—the determination of the precise modes and levels of punishment to be imposed on particular (kinds of) offenses and offenders—is central to the practice of punishment.
Basic Principles of Drug Design II—Receptors: Structure and Properties
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F
Published: November 2023

Along with improved methods for understanding and designing drug molecules, the other central theme of medicinal chemistry over the past 40 years has been the elucidation of the structure and function of drug receptors, an endeavour that continues unabated in the 21st century. This is not surprising, given the importance of the receptor to the pharmacodynamic phase of drug action. Specific drugs (i.e., those that act at very low concentrations) exert their effects by interacting with a specific macromolecular structure (the receptor) in the living cell. This results in the brief formation of a reversible drug–receptor complex. This, in turn, triggers a secondary mechanism such as the opening of an ion channel, or catalyzes the formation of a second messenger, often cyclic AMP (cAMP). Other molecular participants within this chain reaction, such as kinases, are then activated. This cascade of events finally results in the physiological (and hopefully therapeutic) change attributed to the drug. The same mechanisms also operate with endogenous agents such as hormones and neurotransmitters.
Nonmessenger Targets for Drug Action III Exogenous pathogens and toxins
Authors: Weaver Thomas Nogrady Donald F
Published: November 2023

When designing therapeutics for a specific disease, the medicinal chemist must consider the pathological mechanism of the underlying disorder and then design the drug accordingly. For example, anti-neoplastic agents are designed to treat malignancies like colon cancer, whilst anti-inflammatory agents would be designed to treat diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Of these ten fundamental pathological mechanisms, most represent errors or imbalances in endogenous mechanisms. Developmental diseases, for example, arise from inborn errors in metabolism or from genetic disorders.
Read My Lips: Clippyng and Kyssyng in the Early Sixteenth Century
Authors: Watt Diane
Published: November 2023

The following passage comes from the legend of led, which appears in the early­ sixteenth-century English The Boke of Duke Huon of Bordeux (691-737),1 the whole of which was translated by Sir John Bourchier, Lord Berners, from a French prose version of the legend of Huon of Bordeaux. Than themperour made hym to be taken & kept, to the entent to proue the trouthe, for he thought the matter straunge to byleue [believe] Than the emperour, who was right pensyfe, swore and made promise that if he found the mater in that case he wilder cause both his doughtier and Dye to be Brent, by cause of heeding of that straunge cash Than he commanded a bayonet [bath] to be made ready in his owned chamber, wherein he wilder hue Dye to be banned [bathed], to the entent that he myght know the trout or she scraped away, for he says he would not suffre such beggary to be vest. The banged was made reedy, and Dye was sent for, who knew nothing of that matter. Than themperour says to him, “Dye, do of[take off] your clothes, for ye shale bayonet you with me? ‘ (Bourchier 1882 1887: 726-727)
Homophobic Slang as Coercive Discourse among College Students
Authors: Armstrong James d.
Published: November 2023

An article in the 24 August 1988 issue of the New York Times reported that two men attacked by armed teenagers were also verbally degraded with “anti-homo­ sexual epithets” (Wolinsky and Sherrill 1993: 53). Physical attacks on gay men (i.e., “gay bashing”) are often accompanied by verbal assaults. On my campus and on others, “Take Back the Night” rallies sponsored by women ‘s groups and activities organized by gay men and lesbian women sometimes evoke verbal assaults from male bystanders, who express their hostility with homophobic language. This is not so surprising given that language is an act that can be violent, exclusionary, and coercive. Furthermore, America ‘s history of religious intolerance, stigmatization, and prejudice against homosexuals creates a context in which open derogation of homosexuality and homosexuals might be expected. In recent years, after some progress toward mainstream acceptance occurred during the 1970s, there has been an upturn in hostility toward gays and lesbians. This hostility has been accompanied by increased violence toward homosexuals and reinforced both by the fear generated by the AIDS pandemic and by the political power of the religious right (Blumenfeld and Raymond 1988; Perrow and Guillen 1990; Peters 1991). Against this background, gays and lesbians are likely to be “bashed” by both homophobic words and deeds.
From Antitrust to Corporation Governance? The Corporation and the Law:1959-1994
Authors: J.Roe Mark
Published: November 2023

About one-third of a century ago, the editor of The Corporation in Modem Society collected a set of essays on the state of the large public corporation in the United States, and to a modern reader the collection displays a consensus view of the American corporation, a view that must have reflected the unstated assumptions of many thoughtful Americans: the large corporation was a powerful creature that needed to be tamed. And that taming was the central task for public policy. Although the corporation was highly successful in producing wealth for Americans, public constraints had to stop it from running roughshod over employees and communities. It was a powerful actor that the public and the polity had to watch warily.
The Uses and Utility of Ideology
Authors: Silverstein Michael
Published: November 2023

Without wishing to commit the etymological fallacy in the understanding of a word’s meaning, I would like first to comment on the traditions of usage of the term ideology, a theme elegantly announced in Woolard’s introductory discussion of “issues and approaches.” It was Antoine Louis Claude, Comte Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836), who invented the term ideologié in that naturalizing move of the French Enlightenment rendition of Locke (or, to be sure, of Condillocke [see Aarsleff 1982:146-224, especially 216-17]) that sought to understand human “nature.” Ideology was proposed as that special branch of zoology that recognizes the distinctive condition of humans, we animals who have ideas as the content of what we should call our minds. Central here is the fact that any ideas more developed than physiological sensations are dependent on such ideas’ being clothed in signs; and the organization of signs by some systematic grammar enables the discursive expression of a logical faculty of mind.
From Brown to Casey the U.S. Supreme Court and the Burdens of History
Authors: Garrow David J
Published: November 2023

One of the most important lessons of the U.S. Supreme Court’s resolution of Brown v. Board of Education (Brown 1)—both for the Court itself and for attentive commentators—is the clear and indeed almost explicit manner in which Brown signifies and symbolizes the post-1954 Court’s repudiation of historical intent and meaningful evidence of historical intent in its reading and application of the reach and meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment—both, in Brown, with regard to the Equal Protection Clause, and, in later cases, with respect to the Due Process Clause as well.
The Triumph and Transformation of Antidiscrimination Law
Authors: Gewirtz Paul
Published: November 2023

Brown both crystallized and launched a revolution in the way our society understands what equality requires, a revolution that is ongoing. I want to discuss two basic aspects of this revolution.

The first is that we have witnessed a triumph of the antidiscrimination model, by which I mean that more and more areas of social life are now viewed as raising a problem of”discrimination”—rather than viewed as raising some other kind of problem, or raising no problem at all.
Cultural Imperialism, White Anxiety, and the Ideological Realignment of Brown
Authors: Peller Gary
Published: November 2023

This essay considers the transformation from the color blindness ideology embodied in Brown v. Board to the more recent emergence of “cultural pluralism” and “multiculturalism” as the dominant categories through which progressive American whites think about racial justice. For many of us throughout the sixties and seventies, the Supreme Court’s Brown text and the eventual federal court enforcement of school desegregation policies were emblematic of progressive law reform, if not idealized as the epitome of liberatory social change through litigation. But, as I discuss in this essay, the kind of racial integration envisaged in the Brown consciousness embodied conservative assumptions about culture, identity, and difference.
Religious Arguments as a Basis of Political Choice
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I continue to pursue the question of the morally proper role of religious arguments about morality in politics. As I said at the beginning of the preceding chapter, by “morally” proper role, I mean simply the role that, taking into account every relevant consideration (other than constitutionality), we should deem it permissible or proper for religious arguments to play in politics. Whereas in the preceding chapter the “we” referred principally to those religious nonbelievers who are skeptical about welcoming religiously based moral discourse into the political discourse of a liberal democracy like the United States, in this chapter the “we” refers principally (though not exclusively) to those religious believers-in particular, to those Christians-who are skeptical about accepting any limits on religiously based moral arguments as a basis of political choice
The Embryology of Normal Gonadal and Genital Development
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

The genetic sex of the embryo is established at fertilization. Although the developmental events that subsequently occur in sex differentiation have long been known, the precise genetic, biochemical, endocrine, and molecular mechanisms have been only partially elucidated (Schafer, 1995). The evaluation of patients with chromosome anomalies, with mendelian traits, and with multifactorial conditions that involve absent, incomplete, or inadequate gonadal development and genital ambiguity has been invaluable in our effort to unravel the complexities of human sex differentiation. Similarly, studies in other mammals, particularly mice, have offered considerable insight into the various mechanisms involved.
Genetic Disorders of Sex Hormone Sensitivity
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

It is astonishing to consider that only 30 years ago essentially nothing was known about estrogen or androgen receptors (ER or AR). It was appreciated then that certain cells, tissues, organs had the capacity to “concentrate” estrogens or androgens. However, the idea that the same molecules serving as “concentrators” would also tum out to be direct regulators of gene transcription could hardly be imagined. In the sections below, much more space is devoted to genetic disorders of the AR than of the ER. This is largely because the AR gene is X-linked, so that only one mutation is necessary to yield an affected (XY) hemizygote. In contrast, the ER gene is autosomal, so two mutations are usually necessary for pathogenicity, either by homozygosity or by compound heterozygosity. Three other reasons for the great excess of knowledge about AR mutations are that (1) they do not impair organismal viability, (2) they almost always cause infertility (genetic lethality), and (3) there are relatively few functionally silent areas in the AR, so benign polymorphisms are relatively uncommon, apart from the one involving the (CAG)n tract that encodesa polyglutamine stretch in the N-terminal portion of the AR.
Non-Syndromal Abnormalities of Sexual Development in Males and Females
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

Many of the abnormalities discussed in this chapter as individual entities, such as cryptorchidism or vaginal atresia, can also be part of a variety of other genetic and nongenetic syndromes, and as such are covered elsewhere in this volume. Other conditions are unique defects in development that lead to either simple or complex malformations-for example, bladder exstrophy, sirenomelia. Most are not recognizably heritable, but familial aggregation is seen occasionally. It is possible that some multiplex families are not reported so that genetic factors are underappreciated.
Genetic Disorders of Gamete Delivery
Authors: Pinsky Leonard , Erickson Robert P , Schimke R Neil
Published: November 2023

One can envision “gamete failure” as a progression of possible abnormal events beginning with impaired migration of primordial germ cells to the gonadal ridge and ending with impaired function of the egg or sperm at, and just after, fertilization. Intermediate defects could include impaired gametogenesis, impaired storage of gametes, and impaired delivery of gametes to the location of fertilization.
Rhythm and Preference Organization in English
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank
Published: November 2023

The last chapter emphasized the context sensitivity with which marked rhythmic transitions must be interpreted in conversation. Syncopated beats and early stresses as well as silent beats and late stresses in turn onsets, it was argued, are indexical of diverse interpretive frames for talk depending on the type of activity and conversational genre in which participants are momentarily engaged. But there may be some more abstract level at which generalizations concerning marked conversational rhythm can be made.
Rhythm and Performance: An Analysis of an Italian Radio Phone-in Program
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank
Published: November 2023

To cope with the polymorphic character of rhythmicity as an indexical sign, different aspects of the material have been selected for analysis. Rhythmic patterns are described in the sequential context of openings and topic nomination (§3). A global hypothesis is formulated to explain the finding that rhythmicity is strongly and persistently present at the boundaries (openings/closings) of calls, where rhythmically integrated transitions across three speakers are found (§4).
Mianzi as a Form of Face
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

The linguistic origins of face stem from ancient Chinese, with the term “mi anzi” predating “lian.” “Mian” is a term dating back to 4 B.C., and it had a connotative meaning of ego as it relates to society (Hu, 1944). The significance of mianzi takes many forms, which focus on a person’s sense of self in relation to others and the general society. “Lian” is a more modem term, relatively, dating back to the Yuan Dynasty (1277-1367), and it seems to be more dominant in northern and eastern China. To a much lesser degree, lian has penetrated the south of China, including the Guangdong Province, where the term “mianzi” is more widely used.
Harmony and Face
Authors: Earley P Christopher
Published: November 2023

What is the relative significance of each form of face to social interaction within a cultural context? This is a question best addressed by examining the nature of the interdependence of a person with his or her social context. This chapter focuses on developing a dynamic view of interpersonal exchange as influenced by face. Al though such an attempt is by no means original, it is crucial that face be thought of in terms of regulation and evolution if we are to connect it with the dynamics of the systems in which it is embedded and operates. Previous work on face has been largely descriptive in terms of its component elements (e.g., Hu, 1944; Ho, 1994), and such presentations using a theoretical perspective have largely ignored the dynamic aspects of its regulation.
Restorative Justice
Authors: Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

Restorative justice is a major development in criminological thinking, notwithstanding its grounding in traditions of justice from the ancient Arab, Greek, and Roman civilizations that accepted a restorative approach even to homicide (Van Ness 1986, pp. 64-68); from ancient Indian Hindus, for whom “he who atones is forgiven” (Weitekamp 1989); from ancient Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian traditions that one sees blended today in north Asia (Haley 1996). Taken seriously, restorative justice involves a very different way of thinking about traditional notions such as deterrence, rehabilitation, incapacitation, and crime prevention. It also means transformed foundations of criminal jurisprudence and of our notions of freedom, democracy, and community.
Treatment of Sex Offenders
Authors: Quinsey Vernon L
Published: November 2023

The history of the management and treatment of sex offenders has been driven by spectacular incidents of sexual recidivism. Such incidents create strong political pressures on everyone assessing, treating, and making release decisions concerning sex offenders either to become more conservative or to make foolproof decisions. When faced with great uncertainty and strong pressure not to make errors, people are prone to look for certainty in technology or to defer to experts with special knowledge.
Prosecution
Authors: Mccoy Candace
Published: November 2023

The prosecutor is the government’s representative and advocate in all phases of criminal adjudication. Except for the daily operations of public police, prosecution is the most powerful component of the criminal justice process because of the number of offenders and victims it affects and because it dominates decision making about the legal course of every case. In the United States, the prosecutor reviews the cases of all defendants arrested by the police, exercises independent investigatory powers, determines the factual and legal sufficiency of each case and whether to dismiss or pursue it, officially files the charges, negotiates the conditions of guilty pleas, and serves as the trial attorney whose client is the state.
Probation and Parole
Authors: Petersilia Joan
Published: November 2023

Probation is a sentence served under supervision in the community, while parole is the supervised early release of inmates from correctional institutions. Although the terms are often used interchangeably, there are three important differences: Probation is a dispositional alternative to prison, whereas parole implies that the offender has already served a portion of his or her sentence incarcerated.
Penal Theories
Authors: Hirsch Andrew Von
Published: November 2023

Undertaking a survey of recent penal philosophy requires, initially, identifying the main questions to be addressed. One long-debated question is whether and why the institution of the penal sanction should exist at all. A second question is how much punishment should be imposed on those who are found to offend. Although this second “how much? ” question has received somewhat less philosophical attention than the first, it is more directly relevant to the practical concerns of penologists-hence it is the topic of this article. The distinction between “why? ” and “how much? ” is important because the answers to the two questions can differ significantly. It is possible to assert that the criminal sanction exists (at least in part) to prevent crime, and still insist (on fairness grounds) that the quanta of punishments be determined chiefly on desert-based grounds of the seriousness of the offense.
Prepositions And Particles In English
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M
Published: November 2023

Elizabeth M. O’Dowd offers a new, discourse-functional account of the categories “preposition” and “particle” in English. She explains why certain words have membership in both categories, and solves many intriguing puzzles long associated with the syntax and semantics of these words. Based on linguistic data extracted from a series of actual conversations, O’Dowd provides new insights into how prepositions and particles are used, and how their meanings can change across different discourse contexts over time.
A Derivational Application of Interpretive Procedures
Authors: Kawashima Samuel David Epstein Erich M Groat Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu
Published: November 2023

The Minimalist Program assumes that “languages are based on simple principles that interact to form often intricate structures” and that “the language faculty is nonredundant, in that particular phenomena are not ‘overdetermined’ by principles of language” (Chomsky 1993:2).1 Taking these assumptions as a mode of inquiry, this research program seeks a maximally simple design for language. Following this minimalist spirit, the linguistic levels are taken to be only those that are conceptually necessary, namely, PF and LF. Given that PF is a representation in universal phonetics (with no indication of syntactic elements or relations among them), LF is the only level where syntactic relations are expressed representationally. We might call this a “single-level” approach to syntactic relations (Chomsky 1993, 1994, 1995).
Information and the Outside World
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence
Published: November 2023

All companies have to be informed about the outside world: what customers need, what competitors are trying to accomplish, what regulators insist we must do. Much of a company’s internal information, in fact, describes the outside world of business—the third and final environment of an information ecology. But the external environment can also motivate our information actions. A customer demands that our different business units share information about their dealings with them. External suppliers need to know about our business so they can replenish our supply of their products efficiently. As members of an external trade association, we agree to begin collecting and sharing information on aspects of company performance.
Introduction
Authors: Keating Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

My main interest in this book is to look at how power and status relations are created and negotiated through language among the Pohnpeian people of Micronesia. My goal is to show how closely examining particular social interactions between people at a “micro” level (focusing on small details) can explicate the nature and constitution of what are usually understood as “macro” (larger) social processes, such as power and status relations. Because I subscribe to the view that culture and society are constituted through activity involving social actors in particular contexts, the study of language in interaction is crucial for understanding how relations of domination are established and maintained by particular strategies that must be “endlessly renewed” (Bourdieu 1977:183). Pohnpeian interactional data provide an ideal corpus for examining how power and status inequalities are constituted and negotiated moment by moment, given the grammatical features used by the Pohnpeian language to explicitly indicate relative status among participants: honorific speech. In concert with grammar, an elaborate visual map of ranked social space is encoded onto the physical environment.
Women’s Power Etiquette: Relationships Between Gender And Honorifics
Authors: Keating Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In examining the order of a social world that constructs itself hierarchically, it is important to investigate how gender participates with other symbolic systems to constitute and sustain power inequities between the sexes and between classes and individuals. Language practices create concepts of similarity as well as difference, dichotomy, and hierarchy; the relationship between these processes and their relationship to dominance are important in examining gender. Understanding the role of gender in hierarchies and in honorific speech is more than understanding some domain conceptualized as “women’s activities.” Women are participants in the dominant structures of meaning and practice and play an important role in the renegotiation and re-creation of that structure (cf. Moore 1986) through language practices.
Glucoregulatory Factors
Authors: Cryer Philip E
Published: November 2023

It has become conventional to refer to the glucore gulatory factors that tend to raise the plasma glucose concentration as glucose counter regulatory factors, and to refer the plasma glucose-raising hormones, such as glucagon and epinephrine, among others, as glucose counter regulatory hormones (Fig. 3.1). From this it follows that insulin, the dominant plasma glucose-lowering factor, should be referred to as a glucose regulatory hormone (Fig. 3.1). However, insulin is more appropriately viewed as both a regulatory (glucose-lowering) and a counter regulatory (glucose-raising) hormone since increments in insulin lower plasma glucose levels and decrements in insulin raise plasma glucose levels, all other factors being equal.
Integrated Physiology of Glucose Counterregulation
Authors: Cryer Philip E
Published: November 2023

Glucose is the predominant metabolic fuel utilized by the brain (Chapter 1). The brain cannot synthesize glucose, and it cannot store more than a few minutes’ supply as glycogen. Therefore, the brain requires a continuous supply of glucose from the circulation. At normal plasma glucose concentrations the rate of blood-to-brain glucose transport exceeds the rate of brain glucose metabolism. However, as the arterial plasma glucose concentration falls below a critical level, normally about 3.6 mmol/L (65 mg/ dL), glucose transport from blood-to-brain begins to become limiting to brain glucose uptake.
Predicates and Temporal Arguments
Authors: Fernald Theodore B
Published: November 2023

A distinction is made in formal semantics between “stage-level predicates,” predicates that describe the general state of a noun, and “individual-level predicates,” predicates that specify the specific properties of a noun. Fernald investigates various contexts in which this distinction is traditionally said to come into play. His aim is to show that the effects displayed are not uniform, and that the differences between the analyses proposed in the literature arise from the authors considering different subsets of data that they take to exemplyify the “core” meaning of the stage/individual distinction. Fernald presents alternatives and extensions that shed light on the limitations of previous theories, as well as making original observations about important aspects of the topic, including coercion, and perceptual reports vs. other phenomena.
Initial Visits to Japanese Factories
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

The production floor layout and the quality of environment in which people work is often taken for granted. Many Americans work in factories that are dirty, dangerous, noisy, cluttered, and oppressive. While people may not like these conditions, they do not usually see themselves as having the opportunity or the need to change their circumstances. Many people just focus on the small area of floor space in which they work and see the other physical aspects of their workplace as the responsibility of maintenance, engineering, custodians, or others.
Constructing Employment Security
Authors: Cutcher-Gershenfeld Joel , Nitta Michio , Barrett Betty J , Belhedi Nejib , Chow Simon Soi-Chung , Inaba Takashi , lshino lwao , Lin Wen-Jeng , Moore Michael , Mothersell William M , Palthe Jennifer , Ramanand Shobha , Strolle Mark E , Wheaton Arthur C
Published: November 2023

Employment security represents a central but little understood foundation for work teams, kaizen, and virtual knowledge. For the most part, however, public attention has centered on specific employment security guarantees (such as no-layoff clauses) rather than on the complex mix of practices and processes that together make such a policy possible. The focus of this chapter is on linkages between employment security and knowledge-driven work systems.1
Cardiovascular Toxicity of Nicotine: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Considerations
Authors: Benowitz Neall.
Published: November 2023

There is great interest in nicotine medications for smoking cessation and long­ term maintenance of cessation. In addition, nicotine medications have been pro­ posed as possible treatments for conditions such as depression, Alzheimer’s dis­ ease, and Parkinson’s disease. The investigation of nicotine as a discrete agent is vital to determining its potential benefits and clarifying associated risks.
Nicotine and Lung Cancer
Authors: Schuller Hildegard M
Published: November 2023

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy in both men and women and demonstrates a strong association with smoking.’·’ A large number of chemicals that cause lung cancer in experimental animals have been identified in cigarette smoke.’ Extensive research into the mechanisms of action of these chemical carcinogens has shown that their reactive metabolites interact with DNA to form DNA adducts.
Politics, Punishment, and Populism
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

In this timely, challenging book, a former minister and current legislator in the British government examines the wave of American federal crime-control laws that surfaced both before and after the 1994 “Republican Revolution” in Congress. Lord Windlesham focuses on the pressure that populist opinion and special interests can exert in shaping crime policy. Several law-making actions and arguments are explored, such as the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act (thought by many to be the key legislative achievement of President Clinton’s first term), the Brady Act, the “three strikes and you’re out” rule, Megan’s Law, and so forth. Furthermore, in presenting controversial views on the NRA and its competitors, the book ultimately asks how long America can continue to tolerate the private possession of deadly weapons.
Ending the Insanity
Authors: Windlesham Lord
Published: November 2023

The winds of compromise blew back into contention some proposals that had not won sufficient support in the earlier stages. While there had been little dissent to the bulk of the measures designed to combat violence against women: on the streets, in public transit and public parks, and as victims of domestic violence, there had been a lack of unanimity over the approach toward repeat sexual offenders. The final version of the bill included provisions increasing the level of federal penalties for sex crimes, instructing the U.S. Sentencing Commission to review and promulgate amendments where appropriate to the sentencing guidelines in cases of aggravated sexual abuse or sexual abuse. The guidelines should also be reviewed and amended to take account of the general problem of recidivism in cases of sex offenses, the severity of the offense, and its devastating effects on survivors. On penalties for repeat offenders it was more specific, providing that after one or more prior convictions for an offense punishable under the relevant chapter of the United States Code, as amended by the Act, or under the laws of any state relating to aggravated sexual abuse, sexual abuse or abusive sexual contact, the penalty would be a term of imprisonment up to twice that otherwise authorized.
Rethinking The new deal court
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

Rethinking the New Deal Court challenges the prevailing account of the New Deal era Supreme Court, which holds that in the spring of 1937 the Court suddenly abandoned jurisprudential positions it had staked out in such areas as substantive due process and commerce clause doctrine. In this view, the impetus for such a dramatic reversal was provided by external political pressures manifested in FDR’s landslide victory in the 1936 election, and by the subsequent Court-packing crisis. Author Barry Cushman, by contrast, discounts the role that political pressure played in securing this “constitutional revolution.” Instead, he reorients study of the New Deal Court by focusing attention on the internal dynamics of doctrinal development and the role of New Dealers in seizing opportunities presented by doctrinal change. Recasting this central story in American constitutional development as a chapter in the history of ideas rather than simply an episode in the history of politics, Cushman offers a thoroughly researched and carefully argued study that recharacterizes the mechanics by which laissez-faire constitutionalism unraveled and finally collapsed during FDR’s reign. Identifying previously unseen connections between various lines of doctrine, Cushman charts the manner in which Nebbia v. New York’s abandonment of the distinction between public and private enterprise hastened the demise of the doctrinal structure in which that distinction had played a central role.
The Liberal Dilemma
Authors: Cushman Barry
Published: November 2023

The idea of “liberty of contract” is generally thought to have first appeared in a Supreme Court decision in Allgeyer v. Louisiana, decided in 1897; to have entered American constitutional jurisprudence in 1886 with Godcharles v. Wigeman; and to have emerged in American social thought well before the Civil War.1 It is curious, then, that when Congress enacted the Erdman Act in 1898, no one in either house suggested that its section 10 was unconstitutional.2 That section prohibited interstate carriers from, inter alia, (1) requiring “any employee, or any person seeking employment, as a condition of such employment, to enter” into a so-called yellow-dog contract (“an agreement, either written or verbal, not to become or remain a member of any labor corporation, association, or organization”), and (2) “threaten[ing] any employee with loss of employment” or “unjustly discriminat[ing] against any employee” because of his union membership.
What is plain English?
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

When I first came across plain English, I was teaching writing in college. You can guess what I had been teaching: an overly formal style designed more to impress than simply to communicate clearly to the reader.
Blueprint
Authors: Bailey Edward P
Published: November 2023

As a reader, you now know the structure of the document you’ve just begun to read: you know it has three parts, you know what they are, and you know the order they should appear in. As a writer, you usually want your reader to be comfortable with the structure of your document. That way, your reader can spend more energy concentrating on its content.
Are Human Rights Universal? The Relativist Challenge and Related Matters
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

The idea of human rights consists of two parts: the premise or claim that every human being is sacred (inviolable, etc.), and the further claim that because every human being is sacred (and given all other relevant information), certain choices should be made and certain other choices rejected; in particular, certain things ought not to be done to any human being and certain other things ought to be done for every human being.