bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Public/Private – The Imagined Boundary in the Imagined Nation/State/Community: The Lebanese case
Authors: Joseph Suad
Published: July 2002

The nation/state as an imaginative enterprise encompasses multiple imagined subnational boundaries. The ‘public/private’, I suggest, is a ‘purposeful fiction’ constitutive of the will to statehood. As such, its configurations are impacted upon by the institutions and forces competing with and within state-building enterprises. Proposing the terms government, non-government and domestic as analytical tools to demarcate discursive and material domains, I argue that, in Lebanon, the fluidity of boundaries among these spheres is constitutive of patriarchal connectivity, a form of patriarchal kinship linked to the state-building enterprise.
Negotiating Citizenship: The Case of Foreign Domestic Workers in Canada
Authors: Stasiulis Daiva , Bakan Abigail B.
Published: July 2002

This paper argues that most conceptualizations of citizenship limit the purview of the discourse to static categories. ‘Citizenship’ is commonly seen as an ideal type, presuming a largely legal relationship between an inidividual and a single nation-state – more precisely only one type of nation-state, the advanced capitalist post-war model. Alternatively, we suggest a re-conceptualization of citizenship as a negotiated relationship, one which is subject therefore to change, and acted upon collectively within social, political and economic relations of conflict. This dynamic process of negotiation takes place within a context which is shaped by gendered, racial and class structures and ideologies; it also involves international hierarchies among states. Citizenship is therefore negotiated on global as well as national levels. This conceptualization is demonstrated by way of identifying one particular set of experiences of negotiated citizenship, involving foreign domestic workers in Canada. As non-citizens originating from Third World conditions, this is a case involving women of colour workers, highly prone to abusive conditions, and under the direction of employers who are more affluent First World citizens and predominantly white women. Original survey data based on interviews with Caribbean and Filipino domestic workers in Canada are used to demonstrate the varied, creative and effective strategies of two distinctive groups of non-citizens as they attempt to negotiate citizenship rights in restrictive national and international conditions.
Towards Indigenous Feminist Theorizing in the Caribbean
Authors: Mohammed Patricia
Published: July 2002

This attempt to develop an indigenous reading of feminism as both activism and discourse in the Caribbean is informed by my own preoccupation with the limits of contemporary postmodern feminist theorizing in terms of its accessibility, as well as application to understanding the specificity of a region. I, for instance, cannot speak for or in the manner of a white middle-class academic in Britain, or a black North American feminist, as much as we share similarities which go beyond the society, and which are fuelled by our commitment to gender equality. At the same time, our conversations are intersecting as a greater clarity of thought emerges in relation and perhaps in reaction to the other. Ideas of difference and the epistemological standpoint of ‘Third World’ women have been dealt with admirably by many feminist writers such as Chandra Mohanty, Avtah Brah and Uma Narayan. In this article I draw on the ideas emerging in contemporary western feminist debates pertaining to sexual difference and equality and continue my search for a Caribbean feminist voice which defines feminism and feminist theory in the region, not as a linear narrative but one which has continually intersected with the politics of identity in the region.
Shattering the Illusion of Development: The Changing Status of Women and Challenges for the Feminist Movement in Puerto Rico
Authors: Colón-Warren Alice E. , Alegria-Ortega Idsa
Published: July 2002

In this paper we examine the weaknesses of development strategies which have been applied in Puerto Rico. The process of industrialization by invitation, referred to as Operation Bootstrap, was instituted by the United States of America by the end of the 1940s. This involved tax incentives and subsidies for companies and was dependent on industrial peace and low wages in labor-intensive, low-wage industries, especially those of textile and clothing. Naturally, women's labor was encouraged as a result of the lower cost, as well as assumed dexterity, of the female in such areas. While these new activity areas for women also allowed other benefits in the form of legislation and increased social services, the inherent problems of rapid, labor-intensive industrialization also led to displacement and increased underemployment and impoverization of female headed families from the 1960s onwards. The paper explores some of the changes in gender relations which resulted from these policies and looks at the challenges which the feminist movement in Puerto Rico has made, particularly with regard to state processes to bring about beneficial changes in the economic, legal, political and social status of women in Puerto Rico.
Gender and International Relations: A Global Perspective and Issues for the Caribbean
Authors: Byronm Jessica , Thorburn Diana
Published: July 2002

In this paper we discuss the relatively recent integration of feminist thinking in the discipline of International Relations. We argue that the theoretical foundations of International Relations are still primarily based on traditional male–female dichotomies, particularly that of separate public and private spheres. By extension, women are largely excluded from state power and decision making. The state is itself gendered. The growing recognition of the links between the global economy and gender forces us to engage with International Relations in foreign and international policy. In this article we look at feminist interpretations of three main International Relations areas: international security, human rights, and international political economy and their implications for gender policies in the Caribbean. We also look at the contributions of Caribbean women to the international feminist agenda and suggest a research agenda for ongoing feminist theorizing in the discipline of International Relations.
Citizens of their World: Australian Feminism and Indigenous Rights in the International Context, 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Paisley Fiona
Published: July 2002

Inter-war Australia saw the emergence of a feminist campaign for indigenous rights. Led by women activists who were members of various key Australian women's organizations affiliated with the British Commonwealth League, this campaign proposed a revitalized White Australia as a progressive force towards improving ‘world’ race relations. Drawing upon League of Nations conventions and the increasing role for the Dominions within the British Commonwealth, these women claimed to speak on behalf of Australian Aborigines in asserting their right to reparation as a usurped people and the need to overhaul government policy. Opposing inter-war policies of biological assimilation, they argued for a humane national Aboriginal policy including citizenship and rights in the person. Where white men had failed in their duty towards indigenous peoples, world women might bring about a new era of civilized relations between the races.
Weird Lullaby: Jane Campion's The Piano
Authors: Attwood Feona
Published: July 2002

This article examines the construction of woman's voice, gaze and desire in Jane Campion's Oscar-winning film The Piano, 1993, with particular reference to the film's central character, Ada, and to the traditional female figures which her character suggests – siren, mermaid, Little Red Riding Hood, Bluebeard's wife. It investigates the ways in which The Piano interrogates and disturbs traditional patriarchal narratives, ways of speaking and seeing, and patriarchal constructions of bodily pleasure and desire; revealing these as partial, hard of hearing, short sighted and incapable of pleasure. It argues that while the film succeeds in this interrogation, it goes further in its attempt to envisage forms of speech, sight and pleasure which do not conform to traditional models based on the notion of rigid oppositions between self and other, masculine and feminine, active and passive. Instead, by focusing on mutual pleasure, sensuality, communication and the ability to be moved, it sets in motion ‘other’ ways of experiencing and understanding women's voices, looks, desires.

It concludes that The Piano articulates a demand for an encounter with men, in which women are neither marginalized as ‘the feminine’ nor re-incorporated into a patriarchal order; and imagines the possibility of both autonomy and connection, power and pleasure.
‘Every Poem Breaks a Silence that Had to be Overcome’: The Therapeutic Power of Poetry Writing
Authors: Bolton Gillie
Published: July 2002

The creation of poetry can be an intensely healing process, as therapeutic as the other arts and talking therapies. This paper examines three areas. First, it sets out some opinions about the specific qualities of poetry that make it particularly valuable as part of a therapeutic process. It goes on to give exemplified information about how poetry is used within healthcare in Britain. Finally, it indicates the current growth of interest in this area, with brief descriptions of pilot research studies where poetry has been offered by a writing therapist, or by nursing or medical practitioners.
Australian Network Design Practice
Authors: Low G.C. , Aitken C.
Published: July 2002

The network infrastructure in many organizations is now vital to their continuing success and survival. This increased dependence has been fuelled by various factors including new high-speed network technologies and the acceptance of client/server application design techniques. Interestingly, though, there is little published information on network design methodologies that could be used for ensuring that the network design is aligned with the organization's network goals and that key design tasks are not overlooked. As the first stage in the development of a network design methodology framework, this research investigates what issues derived from the literature are seen by network design practitioners as important and what are the current tasks performed by practitioners in network design. Based on this research the outline of a generic network design methodology is presented.
Processing and Storage in Working Memory Span
Authors: Duff Simon C. , Logie Robert H.
Published: July 2002

Two experiments are reported that address theoretical assumptions as to the nature of working memory involved in working memory span tasks (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980). Experiment 1 used a version of the sentence span task, and Experiment 2 combined arithmetic verification with recall of presented words. In each experiment, working memory processing span was assessed independently of temporary storage span prior to their combination. Combined task performance under high demand for each component resulted in substantial residual performance for both task elements, particularly in Experiment 2. The results do not challenge the utility of the sentence span task as a measure of on-line cognition, but they raise concerns as to how resource might be allocated to processing and storage elements of the task within a single flexible resource pool, or between different resources of a multiple component working memory system. Although both models lack predictive power regarding resource allocation in these tasks, the multiple resource model appears to offer the better account.
Verbal short-term memory as an articulatory system: Evidence from an alternative paradigm
Authors: Cheung Him , Wooltorton Lana
Published: July 2002

In a series of seven experiments, the role of articulatory rehearsal in verbal short-term memory was examined via a shadowing-plus-recall paradigm. In this paradigm, subjects shadowed a word target presented closely after an auditory memory list before they recalled the list. The phonological relationship between the shadowing target and the final item on the memory list was manipulated. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that targets sounding similar to the list-final memory item generally took longer to shadow than unrelated targets. This inhibitory effect of phonological relatedness was more pronounced with tense- than lax-vowel pseudoword recall lists. The interaction between vowel tenseness and phonological relatedness was replicated in Experiment 3 using shorter lists of real words. In Experiment 4, concurrent articulation was applied during list learning to block rehearsal; consequently, neither the phonological relatedness effect nor its interaction with vowel tenseness emerged. Experiments 5 and 6 manipulated the occurrence frequencies and lexicality of the recall items, respectively, instead of vowel tenseness. Unlike vowel tenseness, these non-articulatory memory factors failed to interact with the phonological relatedness effect. Experiment 7 orthogonally manipulated the vowel tenseness and frequencies of the recall items; slowing in shadowing times due to phonological relatedness was modulated by vowel tenseness but not frequency. Taken together, these results suggest that under the present paradigm, the modifying effect of vowel tenseness on the magnitude of slowing in shadowing due to phonological relatedness is indicative of a prominent articulatory component in verbal short-term retention. The shadowing-plus-recall approach avoids confounding overt recall into internal memory processing, which is an inherent problem of the traditional immediate serial recall and span tasks.
Global precedence and response activation: Evidence from LRPs
Authors: Miller Jeff , Navon David
Published: July 2002

Lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) were measured in left/right/no-go tasks using compound global/local stimuli. In Experiment 1, participants responded to local target shapes and ignored global ones. RTs were affected by the congruence of the global shape with the local one, and LRPs indicated that irrelevant global shapes activated the responses with which they were associated. In Experiment 2, participants responded to conjunctions of target shapes at both levels, withholding the response if a target appeared at only one level. Global shapes activated responses in no-go trials, but local shapes did not. The results are consistent with partial-output models in which preliminary information about global shape can partially activate responses that are inconsistent with the local shape. They also demonstrate that part of the global advantage arises early, before response activation begins and probably before recognition of the local shape.
Learning the Experimenter's Design Tacit: Sensitivity to the Structure of Memory Lists
Authors: Philip A. Higham , Brooks Lee R.
Published: July 2002

Two experiments are reported that draw an analogy between experiments on verbal memory and experiments on tacit learning. Rules that experimenters use to select words for memory experiments, such as frequency, length, and grammatical class, produce consistencies to which subjects can become sensitive. Replicating the key results from the tacit learning literature, subjects in our experiments discriminated new words consistent with the experimenters’ selection rules from inconsistent words, even when they could not describe those rules. The results also reveal a close relation between the information underlying both recognition memory and classification judgements. In particular, a “mirror effect” (Glanzer & Bowles, 1976) is found with both tasks. Implications for research on memory and learning are discussed.
Higher-Order Retrospective Revaluation in Human Causal Learning
Authors: De Houwer Jan , Beckers Tom
Published: July 2002

Previous studies demonstrated that participants will retrospectively adjust their ratings about the relation between a target cue and an outcome on the basis of information about the causal status of a competing cue that was previously paired with the target cue. We demonstrate that such retrospective revaluation effects occur not only for target cues with which the competing cue was associated directly, but also for target cues that were associated indirectly with the competing cue. These second-order and third-order retrospective revaluation effects are compatible with certain implementations of the probabilistic contrast model and with a modified, extended comparator model, but cannot be explained on the basis of a revised Rescorla—Wagner model or a revised SOP model.
A Tale of Two Theories: Monopolies and Craft Guilds in Medieval England and Modern Imagination
Authors: Richardson Gary
Published: July 2002

Popular texts typically assert that guilds of craftsmen “monopolized” markets in medieval England. Norman Cantor's Medieval Reader declares “craft guilds' … main purpose and activity was narrow regulation of industrial productivity in order to restrain competition” (Cantor 1994, p. 278). Douglass North's Structure and Change in Economic History asserts “… guilds organized to protect local artisans … [and their strength] in preserving local monopolies against encroachment from outside competition was frequently reinforced by the coercive power of kings and great lords” (North 1981, p. 134). Henry Pirenne's Economic and Social History of Medieval Europe proclaims:

craft guilds, under a diversity of names, officium or ministerium in Latin, metier or jurande in French, arte in Italian, ambacht or neering in the Netherlands, amt, innung, aunft, or handwerk, in German, craft-gild or mistery in English, … fulfilled the need of economic protection. The pressing necessity to stand by one another, so as to resist competition from newcomers (Pirenne 1937, pp. 177–79).
Detoxification with Buprenorphine of a Pregnant Heroin Addict
Authors: Annitto William J.
Published: July 2002

This is a case report and literature review concerning the use of buprenorphine for detoxification in a pregnant addict. It presents the clinical management of the complexities of opiate addiction and pregnancy. I suggest a more vigorous study of buprenorphine for opiate withdrawal in motivated pregnant addicts.
Journeys to the other spaces of Fascist Italy
Authors: Burdett Charles
Published: July 2002

In the essay, ‘Of Other Spaces’, Michel Foucault contends that every society constructs sites which can be defined as effectively enacted utopias (heterotopias), sites where social policies are articulated and where ideals of social ordering are physically performed. The article examines how a number of places in Fascist Italy, which conformed entirely to the principles of the heterotopia that Foucault sets out, were perceived by a selection of prominent writers and journalists. It examines the recorded journeys to the cemeteries of the First World War, to various renovated prisons within Italy and finally to the new towns south of Rome. It explores the kind of mental and physical sensations which the different writers evoked as well as examining the ways in which their written accounts of their imaginative experiences interacted with the myths of identity and social control which were central to Fascist ideology.
Inner but Not Outer Membrane Leaflets Control the Transition from Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Influenza Hemagglutinin-induced Hemifusion to Full Fusion
Authors: Melikyan Grigory B. , Brener Sofya A. , Ok Dong C. , Cohen Fredric S.
Published: July 2002

Cells that express wild-type influenza hemagglutinin (HA) fully fuse to RBCs, while cells that express the HA-ectodomain anchored to membranes by glycosylphosphatidylinositol, rather than by a transmembrane domain, only hemifuse to RBCs. Amphipaths were inserted into inner and outer membrane leaflets to determine the contribution of each leaflet in the transition from hemifusion to fusion. When inserted into outer leaflets, amphipaths did not promote the transition, independent of whether the agent induces monolayers to bend outward (conferring positive spontaneous monolayer curvature) or inward (negative curvature). In contrast, when incorporated into inner leaflets, positive curvature agents led to full fusion. This suggests that fusion is completed when a lipidic fusion pore with net positive curvature is formed by the inner leaflets that compose a hemifusion diaphragm. Suboptimal fusion conditions were established for RBCs bound to cells expressing wild-type HA so that lipid but not aqueous dye spread was observed. While this is the same pattern of dye spread as in stable hemifusion, for this “stunted” fusion, lower concentrations of amphipaths in inner leaflets were required to promote transfer of aqueous dyes. Also, these amphipaths induced larger pores for stunted fusion than they generated within a stable hemifusion diaphragm. Therefore, spontaneous curvature of inner leaflets can affect formation and enlargement of fusion pores induced by HA. We propose that after the HA-ectodomain induces hemifusion, the transmembrane domain causes pore formation by conferring positive spontaneous curvature to leaflets of the hemifusion diaphragm.
Cytokeratins 8 and 19 in the Mouse Placental Development
Authors: Tamai Yoshitaka , Ishikawa Tomo-o , Bösl Michael R. , Mori Masahiko , Nozaki Masami , Baribault Heléne , Oshima Robert G. , Taketo Makoto M.
Published: July 2002

To investigate the expression and biological roles of cytokeratin 19 (K19) in development and in adult tissues, we inactivated the mouse K19 gene (Krt1-19) by inserting a bacterial β-galactosidase gene (lacZ) by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells, and established germ line mutant mice. Both heterozygous and homozygous mutant mice were viable, fertile, and appeared normal. By 7.5–8.0 days post coitum (dpc), heterozygous mutant embryos expressed lacZ in the notochordal plate and hindgut diverticulum, reflecting the fact that the notochord and the gut endoderm are derived from the axial mesoderm-originated cells. In the adult mutant, lacZ was expressed mainly in epithelial tissues. To investigate the possible functional cooperation and synergy between K19 and K8, we then constructed compound homozygous mutants, whose embryos died ∼10 dpc. The lethality resulted from defects in the placenta where both K19 and K8 are normally expressed. As early as 9.5 dpc, the compound mutant placenta had an excessive number of giant trophoblasts, but lacked proper labyrinthine trophoblast or spongiotrophoblast development, which apparently caused flooding of the maternal blood into the embryonic placenta. These results indicate that K19 and K8 cooperate in ensuring the normal development of placental tissues.
Wee1-Regulated Apoptosis Mediated by the Crk Adaptor Protein in Xenopus Egg Extracts
Authors: Smith Jesse J. , Evans Erica K. , Murakami Monica , Moyer Mary B. , Moseley M. Arthur , Woude George Vande , Kornbluth Sally
Published: July 2002

Many of the biochemical reactions of apoptotic cell death, including mitochondrial cytochrome c release and caspase activation, can be reconstituted in cell-free extracts derived from Xenopus eggs. In addition, because caspase activation does not occur until the egg extract has been incubated for several hours on the bench, upstream signaling processes occurring before full apoptosis are rendered accessible to biochemical manipulation. We reported previously that the adaptor protein Crk is required for apoptotic signaling in egg extracts (Evans, E.K., W. Lu, S.L. Strum, B.J. Mayer, and S. Kornbluth. 1997. EMBO (Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.) J. 16:230–241). Moreover, we demonstrated that removal of Crk Src homology (SH)2 or SH3 interactors from the extracts prevented apoptosis. We now report the finding that the relevant Crk SH2-interacting protein, important for apoptotic signaling in the extract, is the well-known cell cycle regulator, Wee1. We have demonstrated a specific interaction between tyrosine-phosphorylated Wee1 and the Crk SH2 domain and have shown that recombinant Wee1 can restore apoptosis to an extract depleted of SH2 interactors. Moreover, exogenous Wee1 accelerated apoptosis in egg extracts, and this acceleration was largely dependent on the presence of endogenous Crk protein. As other Cdk inhibitors, such as roscovitine and Myt1, did not act like Wee1 to accelerate apoptosis, we propose that Wee1–Crk complexes signal in a novel apoptotic pathway, which may be unrelated to Wee1's role as a cell cycle regulator.
Oncogenic Ras-Induced Proliferation Requires Autocrine Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Signaling in Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Fedorov Yuri V. , Rosenthal R. Scott , Olwin Bradley B.
Published: July 2002

Constitutively activated Ras proteins are associated with a large number of human cancers, including those originating from skeletal muscle tissue. In this study, we show that ectopic expression of oncogenic Ras stimulates proliferation of the MM14 skeletal muscle satellite cell line in the absence of exogenously added fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). MM14 cells express FGF-1, -2, -6, and -7 and produce FGF protein, yet they are dependent on exogenously supplied FGFs to both maintain proliferation and repress terminal differentiation. Thus, the FGFs produced by these cells are either inaccessible or inactive, since the endogenous FGFs elicit no detectable biological response. Oncogenic Ras-induced proliferation is abolished by addition of an anti–FGF-2 blocking antibody, suramin, or treatment with either sodium chlorate or heparitinase, demonstrating an autocrine requirement for FGF-2. Oncogenic Ras does not appear to alter cellular export rates of FGF-2, which does not possess an NH2-terminal or internal signal peptide. However, oncogenic Ras does appear to be involved in releasing or activating inactive, extracellularly sequestered FGF-2. Surprisingly, inhibiting the autocrine FGF-2 required for proliferation has no effect on oncogenic Ras-mediated repression of muscle-specific gene expression. We conclude that oncogenic Ras-induced proliferation of skeletal muscle cells is mediated via a unique and novel mechanism that is distinct from Ras-induced repression of terminal differentiation and involves activation of extracellularly localized, inactive FGF-2.
The Immunoglobulin (Ig)α and Igβ Cytoplasmic Domains Are Independently Sufficient to Signal B Cell Maturation and Activation in Transgenic Mice
Authors: Teh Yih-Miin , Neuberger Michael S.
Published: July 2002

The B cell antigen receptor, composed of membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) sheathed by the Igα/Igβ heterodimer plays a critical role in mediating B cell development and responses to antigen. The cytoplasmic tails of Igα and Igβ differ substantially but have been well conserved in evolution. Transfection experiments have revealed that, while these tails share an esssential tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), they perform differently in some but not all assays and have been proposed to recruit distinct downstream effectors. We have created transgenic mouse lines expressing chimeric receptors comprising an IgM fused to the cytoplasmic domain of each of the sheath polypeptides. IgM/α and IgM/β chimeras (but not an IgM/β with mutant ITAM) are each independently sufficient to mediate allelic exclusion, rescue B cell development in gene-targeted Igμ− mice that lack endogenous antigen receptors, as well as signal for B7 upregulation. While the (IgM/α) × (IgM/β) double-transgenic mouse revealed somewhat more efficient allelic exclusion, our data indicate that each of the sheath polypeptides is sufficient to mediate many of the essential functions of the B cell antigen receptor, even if the combination gives optimal activity.
An Isotype-specific Activator of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Class II Genes That Is Independent of Class II Transactivator
Authors: Douhan John , Lieberson Rebecca , Knoll Joan H.M. , Zhou Hong , Glimcher Laurie H.
Published: July 2002

Patients with one type of major histocompatibility complex class II combined immunodeficiency have mutations in a gene termed class II transactivator (CIITA), which coordinately controls the transcription of the three major human class II genes, HLA-DR, -DQ, and -DP. However, the experimentally derived B-lymphoblastoid cell line, clone 13, expresses high levels of HLADQ in the absence of HLA-DR and HLA-DP, despite its mapping by complementation analysis to this group. It was possible that one of the clone 13 CIITA alleles bore a mutation that allowed HLA-DQ, but not HLA-DR or -DP transcription. Alternatively, another factor, distinct from CIITA, might control HLA-DQ expression. We report here that ectopic expression of CIITA cDNAs derived by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction from clone 13 do not restore expression of HLA-DQ in another CIITA-deficient cell line, RJ2.2.5. In addition, no CIITA protein is detectable in clone 13 nuclear extracts. In contrast, somatic cell fusion between clone 13 and RJ2.2.5 restored expression of the HLA-DQ haplotype encoded by the RJ2.2.5 DQB gene. Taken together, these data demonstrate the existence of an HLA-DQ isotype-specific trans-acting factor, which functions independently of CIITA.
Required Early Complement Activation in Contact Sensitivity with Generation of Local C5-dependent Chemotactic Activity, and Late T Cell Interferon γ: A Possible Initiating Role of B Cells
Authors: Tsuji Ryohei F. , Geba Gregory P. , Wang Yi , Kawamoto Keiko , Matis Louis A. , Askenase Philip W.
Published: July 2002

Complement (C) is an important component of innate immunity, and was also shown recently to participate in induction of acquired B cell humoral immunity. In this study, we present evidence that C also participates in acquired T cell immunity.

We found that C was involved in early events of the efferent elicitation phase of contact sensitivity (CS), and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). Thus, CS and DTH were inhibited by administration of a C-blocker, soluble recombinant C receptor-1 (sCR1), when given 30 min before, but not 3 h after local antigen challenge. Among C components, local C5 were thought crucial to elicitation of CS, since local administration of anti-C5 monoclonal antibodies or locally injected C-depleting cobra venom factor also inhibited CS and DTH. These findings were consistent with our previous finding of the importance of C5 for CS elicitation, using congenitally C5-deficient mice. To dissect the mechanism of C dependence in CS, we demonstrated that locally increased early macrophage chemotactic activity (probably C5a) in evolving CS skin extracts, as well as late elaboration of IFN-γ, were both inhibited by anti-C treatment. In addition, histological analysis showed that leukocyte recruitment into CS ear sites was similarly C-dependent. Furthermore, an initiating role of B cell–derived C-fixing immunoglobulin was suggested by demonstration of impaired CS responses in B cell–deficient mice.

In summary, these results suggest that C was activated locally, perhaps via a B cell product, in an important early component of the stepwise events necessary to elicit CS, leading to local production of C5-dependent macrophage chemotactic activity and later IFN-γ, and subsequently leading to cell infiltration, for development of T cell–dependent CS.
Human Non-Germinal Center B Cell Interleukin (IL)-12 Production Is Primarily Regulated by T Cell Signals CD40 Ligand, Interferon γ, and IL-10: Role of B Cells in the Maintenance of  T Cell Responses
Authors: Schultze Joachim L. , Michalak Sabine , Lowne Joel , Wong Adam , Gilleece Maria H. , Gribben John G. , Nadler Lee M.
Published: July 2002

Interleukin (IL)-12 is expressed mainly in antigen-presenting cells after challenge with microbial material or after CD40 activation. Although IL-12 was cloned from human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B cell lines, surprisingly, CD40 ligation on murine B cells did not lead to IL-12 production, suggesting that murine B cells do not produce IL-12. Here we demonstrate that a subset of human tonsillar B cells can be induced to express and secrete bioactive IL-12. The major stimulus to produce IL-12 in human B cells was CD40 ligation. In contrast, B cell receptor cross-linking did not induce IL-12. Expression of IL-12 after CD40 activation was restricted to CD38−IgD± non-germinal center (non-GC) B cells. CD40 ligation and interferon (IFN)-γ exhibited synergistic effects on IL-12 production, whereas IL-10 abrogated and IL-4 significantly inhibited IL-12 production by these B cells. In contrast to IL-12, production of IL-6 is conversely regulated, leading to significant increase after CD40 ligation in the presence of the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokine IL-4. Cord blood T cells skewed towards either a Th1 or a Th2 phenotype maintained their cytokine expression pattern when restimulated with allogeneic resting B cells. Blockade of CD40 and/or IL-12 during T–B interaction significantly reduced IFN-γ production by the T cells. This suggests a model whereby B cells produce either IL-12 or IL-6 after contact with T cells previously differentiated towards Th1 or Th2. Furthermore, IL-12 and IL-6 might provide a positive feedback during cognate T–B interactions, thereby maintaining T cells' differentiation pattern during amplification of the immune response.
P-Selectin Glycoprotein Ligand 1 (Psgl-1) Is a Physiological Ligand for E-Selectin in Mediating T Helper 1 Lymphocyte Migration
Authors: Hirata Takako , Merrill-Skoloff Glenn , Aab Melissa , Yang Jing , Furie Barbara C. , Furie Bruce
Published: July 2002

P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) is a sialomucin expressed on leukocytes that mediates neutrophil rolling on the vascular endothelium. Here, the role of PSGL-1 in mediating lymphocyte migration was studied using mice lacking PSGL-1. In a contact hypersensitivity model, the infiltration of CD4+ T lymphocytes into the inflamed skin was reduced in PSGL-1–deficient mice. In vitro–generated T helper (Th)1 cells from PSGL-1–deficient mice did not bind to P-selectin and migrated less efficiently into the inflamed skin than wild-type Th1 cells. To assess the role of PSGL-1 in P- or E-selectin–mediated migration of Th1 cells, the cells were injected into E- or P-selectin–deficient mice. PSGL-1–deficient Th1 cells did not migrate into the inflamed skin of E-selectin–deficient mice, indicating that PSGL-1 on Th1 cells is the sole ligand for P-selectin in vivo. In contrast, PSGL-1–deficient Th1 cells migrated into the inflamed skin of P-selectin–deficient mice, although less efficiently than wild-type Th1 cells. This E-selectin–mediated migration of PSGL-1–deficient or wild-type Th1 cells was not altered by injecting a blocking antibody to L-selectin. These data provide evidence that PSGL-1 on Th1 cells functions as one of the E-selectin ligands in vivo.
Locating the Anion-selectivity Filter of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Chloride Channel
Authors: Cheung Min , Akabas Myles H.
Published: July 2002

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator forms an anion-selective channel; the site and mechanism of charge selectivity is unknown. We previously reported that cysteines substituted, one at a time, for Ile331, Leu333, Arg334, Lys335, Phe337, Ser341, Ile344, Arg347, Thr351, Arg352, and Gln353, in and flanking the sixth membrane-spanning segment (M6), reacted with charged, sulfhydryl-specific, methanethiosulfonate (MTS) reagents. We inferred that these residues are on the water-accessible surface of the protein and may line the ion channel. We have now measured the voltage-dependence of the reaction rates of the MTS reagents with the accessible, engineered cysteines. By comparing the reaction rates of negatively and positively charged MTS reagents with these cysteines, we measured the extent of anion selectivity from the extracellular end of the channel to eight of the accessible residues. We show that the major site determining anion vs. cation selectivity is near the cytoplasmic end of the channel; it favors anions by ∼25-fold and may involve the residues Arg347 and Arg352. From the voltage dependence of the reaction rates, we calculated the electrical distance to the accessible residues. For the residues from Leu333 to Ser341 the electrical distance is not significantly different than zero; it is significantly different than zero for the residues Thr351 to Gln353. The maximum electrical distance measured was 0.6 suggesting that the channel extends more cytoplasmically and may include residues flanking the cytoplasmic end of the M6 segment. Furthermore, the electrical distance calculations indicate that R352C is closer to the extracellular end of the channel than either of the adjacent residues. We speculate that the cytoplasmic end of the M6 segment may loop back into the channel narrowing the lumen and thereby forming both the major resistance to current flow and the anion-selectivity filter.
The Role of the Putative Inactivation Lid in Sodium Channel Gating Current Immobilization
Authors: Sheets Michael F. , Kyle John W. , Hanck Dorothy A.
Published: July 2002

We investigated the contribution of the putative inactivation lid in voltage-gated sodium channels to gating charge immobilization (i.e., the slow return of gating charge during repolarization) by studying a lid-modified mutant of the human heart sodium channel (hH1a) that had the phenylalanine at position 1485 in the isoleucine, phenylalanine, and methionine (IFM) region of the domain III–IV linker mutated to a cysteine (ICM-hH1a). Residual fast inactivation of ICM-hH1a in fused tsA201 cells was abolished by intracellular perfusion with 2.5 mM 2-(trimethylammonium)ethyl methanethiosulfonate (MTSET). The time constants of gating current relaxations in response to step depolarizations and gating charge–voltage relationships were not different between wild-type hH1a and ICM-hH1aMTSET. The time constant of the development of charge immobilization assayed at −180 mV after depolarization to 0 mV was similar to the time constant of inactivation of INa at 0 mV for hH1a. By 44 ms, 53% of the gating charge during repolarization returned slowly; i.e., became immobilized. In ICM-hH1aMTSET, immobilization occurred with a similar time course, although only 31% of gating charge upon repolarization (OFF charge) immobilized. After modification of hH1a and ICM-hH1aMTSET with Anthopleurin-A toxin, a site-3 peptide toxin that inhibits movement of the domain IV-S4, charge immobilization did not occur for conditioning durations up to 44 ms. OFF charge for both hH1a and ICM-hH1aMTSET modified with Anthopleurin-A toxin were similar in time course and in magnitude to the fast component of OFF charge in ICM-hH1aMTSET in control. We conclude that movement of domain IV-S4 is the rate-limiting step during repolarization, and it contributes to charge immobilization regardless of whether the inactivation lid is bound. Taken together with previous reports, these data also suggest that S4 in domain III contributes to charge immobilization only after binding of the inactivation lid.
Book Reviews
Authors: Morgan Cliff , Gray Lesley , Marshall Adam , Mabe Michael , Hezlet Susan
Published: July 2002

Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians and Publishers by Carol Tenopir and Donald W. King. Washington, DC: SLA Publishing, 2000

Science Editing and Information Management edited by Connie J. Manson. USA: Geoscience Information Society, 1999. Pp. 118. Paperback, $25.00. ISBN 0‐934485‐30‐5

Futurize Your Enterprise: Business Strategy in the Age of the E‐Customer by David Siegel. Chichester: Wiley, 1999. Hardback, £19.50, ISBN 0‐471‐357634

The Impact of Electronic Publishing on the Academic Community (the Wenner–Gren International Series, Volume 73) edited by I. Butterworth. London: Portland Press 1998, Pp. 191. Price £75. ISBN 1‐85578‐122‐0

University Library Spending on Books and Journals: A Major Concern by Peter Sowden. Available from CAPP at the Publishers Association (1 Kingsway, London WC2B 6XF)
New business models: AgBiotechNet™, a case study
Authors: Nicholson David
Published: July 2002

The article examines the launch by CABI Publishing of a new internet product called AgBiotechNet™. The product was launched in January 1999 and features a range of content from news stories through to review articles and a bibliographic database taken from CAB ABSTRACTS™. The article describes the pre‐ and post‐launch phases of AgBiotechNet™, and does, so the author hopes, provide some pointers on what it means to develop a new business model for the internet.
How are electronic journals and CD‐ROMs being accepted in Japan?
Authors: Kubota Teruzo
Published: July 2002

The market for electronic journals and CD‐ROMs in Japan is analysed. The electronic journal is changing the roles of the main players: publishers, libraries, and agents. Publishers go directly to libraries, while agents are trying to survive as coordinators for libraries to finalize licence agreements. CD‐ROMs are selling as an alternative to books although not all the advantages of their digital format are yet being fully exploited. The time, however, is close when CD‐ROMs will generate revenue by usage through a campus local area network.
How ‘free distribution’ impacts your business model: is it really free?
Authors: Slowinski F. Hill , Bernuth Patrick
Published: July 2002

The widespread perceptions associated with digital technology and the internet are forcing publishers to look to ways to shift the balance of the burden of cost away from the user. We describe seven examples of ‘free’ distribution and discuss how they impact publishing business models.
The XML revolution
Authors: Kasdorf Bill
Published: July 2002

XML, the Extensible Markup Language, is key to the current revolution in publishing technology. Liberating content from proprietary systems and presentational coding, XML enables content to be published efficiently in a multitude of forms – print and electronic. This article discusses XML itself – a metalanguage by which publishers can describe the particular features of their publications apart from how those features are to be rendered in specific presentations – and also surveys a number of other related technologies in the XML family for styling, transforming, and linking. The result of an unprecedented degree of collaboration among competing interests, XML is an enabling technology that greatly enriches our publishing environment.
Who's afraid of the Data Protection Act? Is the Data Protection Act 1998 a problem for journal publishers?
Authors: Evans Michael
Published: July 2002

This article outlines a series of straightforward steps for journal publishers to follow to ensure compliance with the Data Protection Act 1998.
Official information: scholarly publishers can help the Government get it right
Authors: Owen Tim
Published: July 2002

CoPI: the Coalition for Public Information, has been formed to ensure that the developing information revolution benefits all sections of society. Its early dialogue with Government is of great potential value to learned and professional publishers, addressing such issues as efficient access to official documents and the current restrictions imposed by crown copyright. CoPI's Manifesto also calls for citizens of the future to be equipped to deal with information overload – an essential skill needed to recognise, the high quality refereed work of academic publishers'.
Is anybody listening?
Authors: Davison Peter
Published: July 2002

Proposes for Asian customers a supplement to the conventional Western model of marketing by placing relationships at the centre and emphasising systems and attitudes.
Book Reviews
Authors: Aubyn John St. , Rosenberg Diana , Goodman Neville , Williamson Alex
Published: July 2002

Current legal issues in publishing A. Bruce Strauch (Editor), Hayworth Press Inc. July 1996, 144pp, $29.95 (outside USA/Canada/Mexico $36.00), ISBN: 1‐56024‐804‐1

Publishing and Book Development in Sub‐Saharan Africa: an annotated bibliography by Hans M. Zell & Cécile Lomer, London Hans Zell Publishers 1996, 409pp £60, ISBN 1‐873836‐46‐5

The Scholar's Courtesy by Blaise Cronin. London: Taylor Graham, 1995, 124pp, £25

Society of Freelance Editors and Proofreaders, Directory of Members' Services 1997, Published by SFEP, Mermaid House, 1 Mermaid Court, London SE1 1HR, 198pp, £10, including p+p, ISSN 0960‐5533
Intersections of ℚ-divisors on Kontsevich’s moduli space \overline{𝕄}_{0,𝕟}(ℙ^{𝕣},𝕕) and enumerative geometry
Authors: Pandharipande Rahul
Published: July 2002

The theory of

Q

\mathbb Q

-Cartier divisors on the space of

n
n

-pointed, genus 0, stable maps to projective space is considered. Generators and Picard numbers are computed. A recursive algorithm computing all top intersection products of

Q

\mathbb Q

-divisors is established. As a corollary, an algorithm computing all characteristic numbers of rational curves in

P

r

\mathbb P^r

is proven (including simple tangency conditions). Computations of these characteristic numbers are carried out in many examples. The degree of the 1-cuspidal rational locus in the linear system of degree

d
d

plane curves is explicitly evaluated.
Fast evaluation of multiple zeta sums
Authors: Crandall Richard
Published: July 2002

We show that the multiple zeta sum:
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="zeta left-parenthesis s 1 comma s 2 comma period period period comma s Subscript d Baseline right-parenthesis equals sigma-summation Underscript n 1 greater-than n 2 greater-than period period period greater-than n Subscript d Baseline Endscripts StartFraction 1 Over n 1 Superscript s 1 Baseline n 2 Superscript s 2 Baseline period period period n Subscript d Superscript s Super Subscript d Superscript Baseline EndFraction comma">

ζ
(

s

1

,

s

2

,
.
.
.
,

s

d

)
=

∑

n

1

>

n

2

>
.
.
.
>

n

d

1

n

1

s

1

n

2

s

2

.
.
.

n

d

s

d

,

\begin{equation*}\zeta (s_{1}, s_{2}, ..., s_{d}) = \sum _{n_{1} > n_{2} > ... > n_{d}} {{\frac {1 }{{n_{1}^{s_{1}} n_{2}^{s_{2}} ... n_{d}^{s_{d}}}}}},\end{equation*}

for positive integers

s

i

s_{i}

with

s

1

>
1

s_{1}>1

, can always be written as a finite sum of products of rapidly convergent series. Perhaps surprisingly, one may develop fast summation algorithms of such efficiency that the overall complexity can be brought down essentially to that of one-dimensional summation. In particular, for any dimension

d
d

one may resolve

D
D

good digits of

ζ
\zeta

in

O
(
D
log
⁡
D

/

log
⁡
log
⁡
D
)

O(D \log D / \log \log D)

arithmetic operations, with the implied big-

O
O

constant depending only on the set

{

s

1

,
.
.
.
,

s

d

}

\{s_{1},...,s_{d}\}

.
Modular representations of simple Lie algebras
Authors: Humphreys J.
Published: July 2002

In spite of many efforts over the past 50 years, the irreducible representations of the Lie algebra of a simple algebraic group over a field of prime characteristic are poorly understood. Recent work on quantum groups at a root of unity has provided new impetus for the subject. This article surveys what has been done and what remains to be done.