bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recycled Wounds: Trauma, Gender, and Ethnicity in Keren Yedaya's Or, My Treasure
Authors: Yosef Raz
Published: July 2009

This article explores the relationship between trauma, gender, and ethnicity in the Israeli film Or, My Treasure (dir. Keren Yedaya, Israel/France, 2004). The film presents a few routine days in the life of Ruthie, a Mizrahi (Jews from Arab countries) prostitute, and her daughter, Or. I argue that Or, My Treasure is a critical Mizrahi feminist film that exposes the hegemonic social gaze as a political mechanism of power and violence that terrorizes the Mizrahi female body. The ethnic, class, and gender oppression of the Mizrahi female subject creates a traumatic experience that is expressed in both the film's narrative and in its cinematic apparatus. The Mizrahi woman's unceasing daily encounters with class and gender oppression, which she comes to internalize, constitute an ongoing trauma. The chronic nature of this trauma does not allow her to turn it into post-traumatic memory, and so the Mizrahi woman is destined to repeat the trauma over and over again. The Mizrahi mother's trauma is also transferred to and reproduced in her daughter. At first, the daughter does not acknowledge the socially structured nature of her mother's trauma and involuntarily and unconsciously repeats it. However, unlike the mother, who is unable to acknowledge her trauma as such, the daughter understands the traumatic wound that society has inflicted on her own and her mother's bodies. The film employs two aesthetic strategies (a fixed camera and the absence of reverse shots) that expose the realistic illusion of the cinema and disrupt the viewer's identification with the screen—especially the male spectator's—and the construction of his (or her) coherent subjectivity. This “wounding” of the cinematic apparatus leads to the traumatization of viewers, who are forced to confront what they would prefer to forget—the trauma of the Mizrahi female body in Israeli society.
The World and the Soup: Historicizing Media Feminisms in Transnational Contexts
Authors: McHugh Kathleen
Published: July 2009

Feminism in the latter half of the twentieth century was a global movement with widespread and significant, if incomplete, uneven, and diverse, local effects. This essay considers the impact of feminisms on film and media culture and asks why it has proven difficult to historicize that impact. Histories of cinema generally fall within several dominant paradigms: world cinema; Hollywood or industrial cinema; and cinemas in contradistinction to the Hollywood industrial model—national art-film movements and avant-gardes resistant to the industrial paradigm and its influence. Though the contributions of women filmmakers and the influence of feminist thought might be registered within these paradigms, gender and feminist political analyses are not integral to their geographic and discursive rationales. Feminisms' historical roles in industrial, national, and transnational independent, art, and avant-garde cinemas has generally been acknowledged by displacement, in literal or qualitative rubrics no longer recognized as historical (auteurism). The impact of media feminisms is personalized and dehistoricized in the contributions of individual female directors, either by being alphabetized in reference formats (e.g., encyclopedias of women filmmakers) or by being articulated as a subgenre of national or regional cinemas (e.g., women directors in Mexico or the Middle East). This essay engages the problem of the world—gender and location in relation to feminisms' legacies—in relation to the role of the soup—the resources allocated to women's and feminist filmmaking in the postwar era by feminist structures of opportunity—to consider how those legacies might be historicized in the era of feminisms' eclipse.
Obeah Acts: Producing and Policing the Boundaries of Religion in the Caribbean
Authors: Paton Diana
Published: July 2009

This article asks why negative stereotypes of obeah have proved so persistent, seeking the answer in a detailed examination of changing colonial constructions of obeah. It compares the history of anti-obeah laws with that of the Shakerism Prohibition Ordinance in St. Vincent and the Shouters Prohibition Ordinance in Trinidad and Tobago. Adherents of these latter religions mobilised arguments in favour of religious freedom to campaign for the repeal of the Ordinances, while similar arguments proved harder to make for obeah. `Obeah Acts' argues that this is because the colonial production of the crime of obeah discursively isolated those aspects of Caribbean spiritual practice that match terms defined as antonyms of or precursors to religion—“magic,” “superstition,” “witchcraft,” separating these aspects from others that conform more easily to an idea of “religion.” This colonial construction of obeah played an important role in positioning the Caribbean and its population as “backward” and “primitive,” and thus in countering Caribbean people's claims for political rights.
Lost (and Found?) in Translation
Authors: Carby Hazel V.
Published: July 2009

Excerpts from Carby's autobiography-in-progress, “Child of Empire: Racializing Subjects in Post World War II Britain.”
“But Bogle Was a Bold Man”: Vision, History, and Power for a New Jamaica
Authors: Dacres Petrina
Published: July 2009

Political monuments in Europe played an important role in the construction of national traditions and as spectacles of governmental power in the nineteenth century. But while the genre of the heroic statue had waned in Europe and America by the 1960s, it was an important convention utilized by the newly independent country of Jamaica to authorize a new concept of the self that had been marginalized under colonial rule. As a new and different model of achievement, the local and mostly black “ancestral” heroic figures and their attending monuments served to instill a sense of pride and confidence in the populace, which in turn gave legitimacy to the new leadership base of the present. Visual displays are part of the social practices of memory that create and reinforce political communities. This article therefore addresses the aesthetic terms by which a “bold” national history, to quote Edna Manley's description of Bogle, is established, fashioned, or brought to material life. How do images participate in the constitution of identity through history, and what are the ambivalences or tensions such displays reveal about the political culture of the new nation?
The West Indian Front Room: Reflections on a Diasporic Phenomenon
Authors: McMillan Michael
Published: July 2009

West Indian identity was created in the context of Diasporic migration and the West Indian front room as the `special' room designated in the domestic interiors of migrants was reserved for guests with restricted access to children. In response to the trauma of displacement, these migrants brought with them a sense of dignity, `good grooming', aspiration and desires for social respectability as remnants of a `colonial time' as suggested by Richard Wilk. The front rooms they created when they eventually acquired homes was based on the Victorian parlour of the Caribbean colonial elite in terms of social function and prescribed behaviour. The West Indian Front Room exhibition curated by Michael McMillan (Geffrye Museum 2005-06) attempts to critique the heritage orientated representation of West Indian migration, which to use Krista A Thompson's and Leon Wright's perspective is a `framed ideal' of the `tropical picturesque'.
Memories of Colonization: The Kidd Diptychs, 1995/2008
Authors: Boxer David
Published: July 2009

Artist project.
Amendments: Digital Griots as Traces of Resistance
Authors: Kempadoo Roshini
Published: July 2009

Artist project.
Woman Overboard: The Perils of Sailing the Black Atlantic, Deportation with Prejudice
Authors: Saunders Patricia J.
Published: July 2009

A discussion of Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones
Sisters Outside: Tracing the Caribbean/Black Radical Intellectual Tradition
Authors: Davies Carole Boyce
Published: July 2009

The authors response to Kevin Gaines' and Patricia Saunders' discussion of Left of Karl Marx: The Political Life of Black Communist Claudia Jones.

Claudia Jones
Obscurin determines the architecture of the longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Lange Stephan , Ouyang Kunfu , Meyer Gretchen , Cui Li , Cheng Hongqiang , Lieber Richard L. , Chen Ju
Published: July 2009

The giant protein obscurin is thought to link the sarcomere with the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). The N-terminus of obscurin interacts with the M-band proteins titin and myomesin, whereas the C-terminus mediates interactions with ankyrin proteins. Here, we investigate the importance of obscurin for SR architecture and organization. Lack of obscurin in cross-striated muscles leads to changes in longitudinal SR architecture and disruption of small ankyrin-1.5 (sAnk1.5) expression and localization. Changes in SR architecture in obscurin knockout mice are also associated with alterations in several SR or SR-associated proteins, such as ankyrin-2 and β-spectrin. Finally, obscurin knockout mice display centralized nuclei in skeletal muscles as a sign of mild myopathy, but have normal sarcomeric structure and preserved muscle function.
Siva1 is a XIAP-interacting protein that balances NFκB and JNK signalling to promote apoptosis
Authors: Resch Ulrike , Schichl Yvonne M. , Winsauer Gabriele , Gudi Radhika , Prasad Kanteti , de Martin Rainer
Published: July 2009

XIAP is known as a potent inhibitor of apoptosis, but in addition is involved in cellular signalling, including the NFκB, JNK and TGFβ pathways. Our search for XIAP-interacting partners led us to Siva1, a proapoptotic protein that is known to play a role in T-cell apoptosis through a caspase-dependent mitochondrial pathway. The interaction sites between XIAP and Siva1 were mapped to the RING domain of XIAP and the N-terminal, SAH-containing and death-homology-region-containing domains of Siva1. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that XIAP, Siva1 and TAK1 form a ternary complex in Jurkat T cells. Reporter-gene analysis revealed that Siva1 inhibits XIAP- and TAK1-TAB1-mediated NFκB activation. By contrast, Siva1 increased XIAP- and TNFα-mediated AP1 activity and prolonged TNFα-induced JNK activation, whereas knock down of Siva1 resulted in reduced JNK activation. This suggests that Siva1 differentially modulates signalling by JNK and NFκB and shifts the balance between these pathways towards enhanced JNK activation, a situation that promotes apoptosis. Ectopically expressed Siva1 increased caspase-3 activity, which was inhibited by XIAP in a ubiquitin-ligase-dependent manner. In line with this, Siva1 was lysine-48-linked polyubiquitylated by XIAP. Our findings suggest that, via physical interaction with XIAP and TAK1, Siva1 diminishes NFκB and enhances JNK activity to favour apoptosis.
Development of an Off-axis Sample Introduction System for Use in Multiphoton Ionization/Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Uchimura Tomohiro , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Imasaka Totaro
Published: July 2009

An off-axis sample introduction technique was developed for improvement of mass resolution in multiphoton ionization/time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The direction of the capillary for sample introduction was inclined 30° relative to the axis of ion trajectory in the time-of-flight tube for both selective and sensitive detection. This approach suppressed the excessive collisions between analyte ions and carrier gas molecules that is responsible for degradation of mass resolution.
Synthesis and Structure of Pentacoordinate Hypervalent Boron Compounds Bearing a 1,8-Dimethoxy-10-methylacridinium Skeleton
Authors: Yano Tomoyuki , Yamaguchi Torahiko , Yamamoto Yohsuke
Published: July 2009

Pentacoordinate hypervalent boron compounds 4a and 4b with a newly prepared 1,8-dimethoxy-10-methylacridinyl ligand were synthesized. X-ray crystallography revealed that the distances between the central boron and both oxygen atoms of the tridentate ligand were in the range of 2.37–2.53 Å, showing the pentacoordinate structure. Cyclic voltammetry of 4b showed that the potential of the reduction (E1⁄2=−0.57 V in CH2Cl2, vs. SCE) is much lower than that of the corresponding Gabbaï’s system 5 (−0.28 V), probably due to the difference in coplanarity between the boryl group and the acridinyl skeleton in 4b and 5 (twist angle = 44.8° in 5 and 88.2° in 4b).
Chlorophyll-derived Thermochromic Sensor Based on α-Amino Alcohol Adduct Formation via Reversible Intramolecular Cyclization
Authors: Sasaki Shin-ichi , Kotegawa Yuki , Azuma Kimiko , Kunieda Michio , Tamiaki Hitoshi
Published: July 2009

3-Trifluoroacetylchlorin possessing an ω-aminoalkyl chain at the 17-propionate residue was prepared to realize a chlorophyll-based supramolecule acting as a thermochromic switch. A THF solution of the synthetic sensor molecule appeared brown, while the solution color became purple at lower temperature due to the conversion of the trifluoroacetyl group to its α-amino alcohol adduct form in a molecule.
Photoluminescent Liquid Crystals Based on Trithienylphosphine Oxides
Authors: Kimura Masaomi , Hatano Tsukasa , Yasuda Takuma , Morita Jun , Akama Yusuke , Minoura Kiyoshi , Shimomura Takeshi , Kato Takashi
Published: July 2009

Trithienylphosphine oxides tethering three π-conjugated oligothiophene arms self-assemble into columnar liquid-crystalline structures that show high photoluminescent properties at ambient temperature.
Thermosensitive Spherical Organosilicate Hybrid Particles with a Multilayered Structure
Authors: Jung Chan Yoon , Kim Ha Young , Chang Tae Sun , Koo Sang Man
Published: July 2009

A simple one-pot synthesis of thermosensitive spherical organosilicate hybrid particles is described. These organosilicate hybrid particles exhibit solid–liquid transition behaviors whose temperature can be changed by the modification of interdigitated arrays of long alkyl chains.
Effect of KBr on the FTIR Spectra of NO3−LDHs (Layered Double Hydroxides)
Authors: Iyi Nobuo , Geng Fengxia , Sasaki Takayoshi
Published: July 2009

Anion exchange of NO3−LDH with Br− of KBr, which leads to the formation of Br−LDH and NO3−-doped KBr, was found to occur during the preparation of KBr pellets for FTIR measurement, and the obtained spectra were composed of characteristic features of NO3− bands in NO3−LDH and in NO3−-doped KBr mixed in variable proportions depending on pellet preparation conditions.
Agreement Between Pharmacists for Problem Identification: An Initial Quality Measurement of Cognitive Services
Authors: LaFleur Joanne , Larson Bryan S , Gunning Karen M , Stoddard Gregory J , Madden CarrieAnn , Oderda Lynda , Steinvoort Carin , Oderda Gary M
Published: July 2009

Background:

Recent changes in national reimbursement policies expand the ability of pharmacists to seek reimbursement for cognitive services. The quality of pharmacist-provided cognitive services has, until now, remained unassessed. Pharmacists should demonstrate the quality and value of their work to ensure the continued and expanded acceptance of reimbursement for their services. A preliminary step in assessing quality is to compare agreement between pharmacists for basic problem identification.

Objective:

To quantify agreement between pharmacist reviewers for problem identification among Utah Medicaid recipients.

Methods:

Five pharmacists retrospectively reviewed drug regimens, patient characteristics, diagnosis codes, and procedures for 80 Medicaid patients in September 2008 and identified drug-related problems (DRPs) in 15 predetermined categories. Data for each patient were reviewed twice, and each combination of 2 pharmacists reviewed the same 8 patients' information. We calculated a reliability coefficient to compare the number of DRPs identified and used prevalence and bias adjusted κ (PABAK) to determine interrater reliability for the presence of a specific DRP.

Results:

Of the 15 DRPs categorized by pharmacist reviewers, 1 (untreated indications) had a PABAK coefficient of 0.20, indicating a relatively low level of agreement between reviewers. All other DRP categories had good to excellent agreement, with PABAK coefficients ranging between 0.43 and 0.98.

Conclusions:

Pharmacist reviewers exhibited less variability in DRP identification or categorization than had been expected for most categories. This work supports the conclusion that pharmacists in our center provide a basic and necessary level of quality for problem assessment. Future work is needed to document the impact of this quality on patient outcomes.
New Drug Approvals: Clevidipine: An Ultra Short-Acting Calcium Channel Antagonist for Acute Hypertension
Authors: Kenyon Kenneth W
Published: July 2009

Objective:

To review the safety, efficacy, and pharmacologic characteristics of clevidipine, a new ultra short-acting intravenous antihypertensive agent for the treatment of moderate-to-severe hypertension.

Data Sources:

A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (1966–March 2009), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970–March 2009), and EMBASE (1988–March 2009) using the search terms clevidipine, H324/38, hypertension, and hypertensive crisis.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Available studies, abstracts, and review articles published in English that evaluated the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of clevidipine were reviewed and critically evaluated.

Data Synthesis:

Clevidipine is a new third-generation dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker available for intravenous management of moderate-to-severe hypertension. Clevidipine is an ultra short-acting, selective arteriolar vasodilator that acts similar to other L-type dihydropyridine calcium-channel blockers by inhibiting influx of extracellular calcium into the vascular smooth muscle. Its safety and efficacy have been primarily evaluated in the perioperative setting in patients undergoing cardiac surgery requiring management of elevated blood pressure. In comparison to most other intravenous antihypertensives, clevidipine has a rapid onset of action, is ultra short-acting, easily titratable with a predictable dose response, and is void of drug–drug interactions and need for dose adjustment in patients with hepatic or renal insufficiency, thus making it a valuable antihypertensive in both the intraoperative and critical care settings. In clinical trials, clevidipine was well tolerated at infusion rates from 2–32 mg per hour, for up to 72 hours.

Conclusions:

Clevidipine is the first intravenous antihypertensive approved by the Food and Drug Administration in nearly a decade. Based on available published clinical trials, clevidipine appears to be safe and effective in the acute management of moderate-to-severe elevations in blood pressure and a viable alternative to other agents such as nitroglycerin, sodium nitroprusside, and nicardipine.
Current Concepts in Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Pharmacotherapeutic Implications
Authors: Rojas-Fernandez Carlos H , Moorhouse Paige
Published: July 2009

Objective:

To review evolution of the vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) construct, including diagnosis, pharmacotherapeutic implications, and address challenges that will shape future developments.

Data Sources:

Literature retrieval was accessed through PubMed, from 1966 to December 2008, using the terms vascular cognitive impairment, vascular dementia, post-stroke dementia, vascular cognitive disorder, mild cognitive impairment, criteria, disease progression, outcomes, treatment, prevention, biomarkers, and neuroimaging.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All articles in published English identified from the data sources were evaluated for inclusion. Regarding pharmacotherapy, prospective double-blind, placebo-controlled studies were included as well as extensions or relevant post hoc analyses.

Data Synthesis:

In the 1970s, “senile dementia due to hardening of the arteries” was used to describe dementia due to vascular causes. This was a narrow view of what is now known to be a common form of cognitive impairment in older people. Multiple infarct dementia (MID) was first proposed to describe dementia attributable to multiple cerebral infarcts, followed by the vascular dementia (VaD) construct, itself meant to be an improvement over MID. The VaD construct had limitations, not the least of which was that, by the time a patient was diagnosed with VaD, the opportunity for prevention was lost. Thus arose the concept of VCI, representing a group of heterogeneous disorders that share presumed vascular causes. The importance of VCI is centered on the fact that vascular risk factors are treatable, and thus should lead to a reduction in the incidence of cognitive impairment due to vascular causes. There is evidence that treatment of hypertension can lead to a reduction in the incidence of cognitive impairment and dementia, and that treatment of VaD with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may be beneficial.

Conclusions:

Careful attention needs to be given to controlling vascular risk factors in at-risk patients. Pharmacists should play an active role in this important area of geriatric pharmacotherapy.
Aromatase Inhibitors for Ovulation and Pregnancy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Eckmann Karen R , Kockler Denise R
Published: July 2009

Objective:

To evaluate evidence for use of aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction and pregnancy in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Data Sources:

A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2009) was conducted using the search terms anastrozole, aromatase inhibitors, axemestane, letrozole, ovulation, and polycystic ovary syndrome to identify relevant studies.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

Prospective clinical trials published in English and conducted in humans were identified. Trials using intrauterine insemination methods for pregnancy were excluded. The resulting articles were separated into 2 groups: aromatase inhibitor use in clomiphene-resistant patients and use in treatment-naive patients. Eleven trials were reviewed.

Data Synthesis:

Accepted pharmacologic treatments for women with PCOS and infertility include clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs. Each medication has variable efficacy rates and adverse effects. Therefore, other treatments are needed for a subset of women with PCOS and infertility. Evidence suggests that nonsteroidal aromatase inhibitors, specifically letrozole and anastrozole, may have ovulation-inducing effects by inhibiting androgen-to-estrogen conversion. Select trials with aromatase inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy for increased endometrium thickness, ovulation rates, and pregnancy rates when used in clomiphene citrate–resistant or treatment-naïve patients.

Conclusions:

Further trials comparing aromatase inhibitors with clomiphene citrate are necessary before aromatase inhibitors can be recommended routinely for ovulation induction in women with PCOS and infertility. However, aromatase inhibitors may be considered in a subset of this population, specifically women who are clomiphene citrate resistant or those who, after discussion of risks and benefits, are not candidates for clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins, or GnRH analogs.
Prefilter Bivalirudin for Preventing Hemofilter Occlusion in Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Mueller Scott W , MacLaren Robert , Fish Douglas N , Kiser Tyree H
Published: July 2009

Objective:

To describe a case of successful bivalirudin use as a prefilter anticoagulant in continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH).

Case Summary:

A 30-year-old male was brought to the hospital by ambulance with an anterior communicating artery subarachnoid hemorrhage, signs of intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and hydrocephalus. During the patient's complicated hospital course, he developed acute renal failure requiring CVVH, as well as hepatic insufficiency (Child-Pugh class B). Unfractionated heparin was used as a prefilter anticoagulant. After he had a positive heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) antibody test, prefilter heparin was discontinued in favor of bivalirudin. Filter survival and systemic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) values were compared between prefilter heparin (n = 5) and bivalirudin (n = 4). Filter survival was similar (median 26 h with heparin vs 37 h with bivalirudin; p = 0.52). Prefilter bivalirudin 1–2.5 mg/hour (0.009–0.023 mg/kg/h) was effective in maintaining systemic aPTTs that were 1–1.4 times the reference range. Serotonin release assay and subsequent HIT antibodies were negative. The patient's renal function improved and CVVH was discontinued.

Discussion:

Critically ill patients requiring CVVH often need regional or systemic anticoagulation to prevent filter occlusion. In some patient populations, such as those with HIT or liver failure, prefilter heparin and regional citrate, respectively, may not be options. Alternative anticoagulants may be needed to avoid complications of frequent filter occlusions. The direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) lepirudin and argatroban have been used to maintain hemofilter patency, in small studies. Bivalirudin may have pharmacokinetic advantages over other DTIs when used in patients with hepatic and renal impairment. In our patient, bivalirudin provided a safe alternative to heparin therapy and was effective in maintaining hemofilter patency during CVVH.

Conclusions:

Prefilter bivalirudin may be an option to prevent filter occlusion in patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Future studies are needed to validate the safety and efficacy of bivalirudin as a prefilter anticoagulant.
Children's scripts for social emotions: Causes and consequences are more central than are facial expressions
Authors: Widen Sherri C. , Russell James A.
Published: July 2009

Understanding and recognition of emotions relies on emotion concepts, which are narrative structures (scripts) specifying facial expressions, causes, consequences, label, etc. organized in a temporal and causal order. Scripts and their development are revealed by examining which components better tap which concepts at which ages. This study investigated whether a facial expression or a brief story describing an emotion's cause and consequence was the stronger cue to basic‐level and social emotions. Children (N =120, 4–10 years) freely labelled the emotion implied by faces and, separately, stories for six basic‐level emotions (happiness, anger, fear, surprise, disgust, and contempt) and three social emotions (embarrassment, compassion, and shame). Cause‐and‐consequence stories were the stronger cue overall, especially for fear, disgust, and social emotions. Faces were the stronger cue only for surprise. Younger children assimilated social emotions into basic‐level emotion categories (sadness and anger); older children differentiated them. Differentiation occurred earlier for stories than for faces.
Fit with what? The influence of multiple self‐concept images on organizational attraction
Authors: Nolan Kevin P. , Harold Crystal M.
Published: July 2009

This study tests the applicability ofimage congruity theoryto the employment decision‐making process. A sample of workers from a variety of jobs/organizations (N= 193) read a series of job advertisements presenting unique organizational personalities, rated the extent to which these personalities matched their self‐concept perceptions, and reported evaluations of organizational attraction. In accordance with the tenets of image congruity theory, results suggest prospective job seekers are attracted to organizations with personalities they perceive as similar to their own actual and ideal self‐concepts. Actual congruence exerted a greater influence on organizational attraction than did ideal congruence. However, both ideal and actual image congruence explained significant unique variance in organizational attraction.
What is the best way to change self‐efficacy to promote lifestyle and recreational physical activity? A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Ashford Stefanie , Edmunds Jemma , French David P.
Published: July 2009

Purpose. Increasing self‐efficacy is an effective method to increase physical activity. Despite this, the evidence concerning the most effective techniques to increase self‐efficacy in physical activity interventions has not been systematically reviewed. The aim of the present research is to systematically gather, and meta‐analyse, intervention studies which aimed to increase self‐efficacy for physical activity; to estimate the association between intervention techniques used, and change in self‐efficacy achieved.

Methods. A systematic database search was conducted for papers reporting lifestyle or recreational physical activity interventions. Published intervention studies explicitly targeting self‐efficacy in order to change physical activity behaviour in ‘healthy’ adults were eligible for inclusion.

Results. The search strategy identified 27 unique physical activity intervention studies, with a total of 5,501 participants. A significant, yet small, relationship between the interventions and changes in self‐efficacy was found (mean d =0.16, p <.001). Owing to significant heterogeneity, moderator analyses were conducted, examining the association of changes in self‐efficacy with whether or not specific intervention techniques were used. Interventions that included feedback on past or others' performance produced the highest levels of self‐efficacy found in this review. Vicarious experience was also associated with higher levels of self‐efficacy. Persuasion, graded mastery, and barrier identification were associated with lower levels of self‐efficacy.

Conclusions. This meta‐analysis forms an evidence base for which psychological techniques are most effective in increasing self‐efficacy for physical activity. The results are presented in terms of recommendations for those developing interventions and directions for future research.
The Nazi ministerial elite: 193345
Authors: Fonseca Ana Mnica
Published: July 2009

Using data collected as part of the University of Lisbon's Institute of Social Sciences' project Elites, single party and political decision-making in the era of fascisms: Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany, this article seeks to describe the socio-political profile of the Third Reich's
ministerial elite from 1933 to 1945, and to understand the recruitment variables that led to the appointment of these men to Hitler's government, trying to provide a political description of the Nazi ministerial elite. Above all, the case of the Third Reich demonstrates the extreme diminution
of the power of government, which was achieved by strengthening the Nazi Party's parallel apparatus. In this way, the Nazi Party was transformed into practically the only recruitment source for the ministerial elite, taking control of the government while simultaneously diminishing the relevance
of that elite.
Nazi propaganda decision-making: the hybrid of modernity and neo-feudalism in Nazi wartime propaganda
Authors: Kallis Aristotle
Published: July 2009

The hybrid nature of the Nazi system of decision-making (a blend of extreme modernity, totalitarian ambition, and neo-feudal elements based on personal loyalty and the charismatic authority of the leader) found eloquent expression in the context of the regime's propaganda machinery.
Multiple, competing power-bases were constructed around the authority of elite party and state figures across the spectrum of the regime's propaganda activities. Each of them forged their own ad hoc jurisdictional sphere, eroding Goebbels' totalitarian vision for NS propaganda. The result
was a behemoth of contradictory interests and strategies that repeatedly undermined coordination across the propaganda domain. Ironically, modernity and neo-feudalism were reconciled only towards the end of the war, after Goebbels had won most of the jurisdictional battles against his party
and state opponents, regaining Hitler's full confidence and subjecting the supremely modern propaganda apparatus of a waning Third Reich to his personal, near-total control.
Gross pathology, blood chemistry, lipid and peroxide contents in rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) affected by experimental Arcobacter cryaerophilus infection at low water temperature
Authors: Aydin Seyit , Gure Hayati , Cakici Hasan , Colakoglu Serhat , Bircan Recep
Published: July 2009

Arcobacter cryaerophiluswas isolated from naturally infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykissWalbaum), and its pathogenicity was tested by intramuscular injection using healthy 1-year-old rainbow trout under cold-water conditions (at 5 °C). The lethal dosage of 50% end point (LD50) forA. cryaerophiluswas calculated as 7.79 × 105viable cells. Experimental infection caused gross clinical abnormalities such as fallen scales, exophthalmia, oedema in injection region and at the base of fins, pale gills, kidney necrosis, hyperaemic areas in pale liver, haemorrhagic spots in heart, elongated spleen and swollen gallbladder. Activities of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase, and concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride and calcium in the serum of the experimentally infected rainbow trout were significantly decreased compared with the healthy fish. Positive correlations were observed among blood parameters. Total lipid weights increased in the brain, muscle and liver tissues of infected fish and dropped in the gill and spleen tissues. Lipid peroxide contents in the brain, liver, kidney, spleen, muscle and gill tissues of infected rainbow trout were significantly higher than in healthy animals. The present work shows thatA. cryaerophiluscan be moderately virulent for rainbow trout at low water temperature, and changes in lipid and lipid peroxide contents of tissues and blood indices can highlight barely detectable effects ofA. cryaerophilusinfection in rainbow trout under laboratory conditions. However, the application of these indices in farm biomonitoring using rainbow trout will need more detailed studies and a careful consideration of the environmental parameters.
Cutaneous mast cell tumour within a lipoma in a boxer
Authors: Jakab Csaba , Szász Attila , Kulka Janina , Schaff Zsuzsa , Rusvai Miklós , Németh Tibor , Gálfi Péter
Published: July 2009

This report describes a case of a canine cutaneous grade I mast cell tumour which developed within a lipoma in the right axillar region of an 8-year-old male Boxer. Immunohistologically, the neoplastic mast cells were positive for serotonin, CD45 vimentin and p53, and negative for lysozyme, CD3 and CD79a expression. The proliferation index of the mast cell tumour based on the Ki-67 antigen was 6.1%. Between the benign neoplastic lipocytes and mastocytoma tumour cells intratumoural microvessels were detected by immunohistochemical staining using CD31 and claudin-5 as markers for vascular endothelium.
Silicified tubular microfossils from the Upper Doushantuo Formation (Ediacaran) in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China
Authors: Liu Pengju , Xiao Shuhai , Yin Chongyu , Tang Feng , Gao Linzhi
Published: July 2009

The ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area (Fig. 1.2) contains abundant silicified cyanobacterial coccoids and filaments (Y. Zhang et al., 1998), acanthomorphic acritarchs (Zhou et al., 2007), multicellular algae (Xiao, 2004), and possible animal embryos (L. Yin et al., 2007). These silicified fossils are taxonomically similar to the phosphatized fossils in the Doushantuo Formation of the Weng'an area, South China (Y. Zhang et al., 1998). However, the Weng'an assemblage contains tubular microfossils that have not been previously documented in the Yangtze Gorges area. Here we report the occurrence of secondarily silicified tubular microfossils—Sinocyclocyclicus guizhouensis(Xue et al., 1992) andYangtzitubus semiteresnew genus and species—from lenticular cherts in the upper Doushantuo Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area. Of the two named taxa,Sinocyclocyclicus guizhouensiswas previously known from the Weng'an area (Liu et al., 2008). The new data extend the geographic, taphonomic, and environmental distribution of Doushantuo tubular microfossils. A fuller documentation of the Doushantuo biodiversity is also important to the evaluation of possible taphonomic or environmental biases among the three exceptional taphonomic windows—carbonaceous compression (Xiao et al., 2002), phosphatization (Xiao and Knoll, 1999), and silicification (Y. Zhang et al., 1998)—in Doushantuo black shales, phosphorites, and cherts, respectively.
Yangtziramulus zhanginew genus and species, a carbonate-hosted macrofossil from the Ediacaran Dengying Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area, South China
Authors: Shen Bing , Xiao Shuhai , Zhou Chuanming , Yuan Xunlai
Published: July 2009

Very few macroscopic soft-bodied Ediacaran fossils are hosted in carbonates; most of them are preserved as casts and molds in siliciclastic rocks or as carbonaceous compressions in black shales. This taphonomic bias limits our capability to fully understand the diversity and paleoecology of macroscopic Ediacaran life forms. Previous reports have shown that the upper Ediacaran Dengying Formation in South China and Khatyspyt Formation in Siberia contain macroscopic soft-bodied fossils preserved in bituminous limestone; thus they have the potential to expand our knowledge about the Ediacaran biosphere. However, the biogenecity of the Dengying fossils described in Xiao et al. (2005) has been questioned. In this paper, we provide additional material and arguments in support of the biogenecity of these fossils, which are formally described asYangtziramulus zhanginew genus and species.Yangtziramulus zhangiconsists of a branching system with a central axis and tubes on both sides. The tubes appear to be distally open.Yangtziramulus zhangiis interpreted as a flat-lying benthic organism, as indicated by the mutual avoidance relationship among densely clustered individuals.Yangtziramulus zhangifinds few morphological analogs among modern organisms, but it is broadly similar to several macroscopic Ediacaran forms. Its morphological and ecological complexity is inconsistent with a microbial interpretation.Yangtziramulus zhangiis typically covered by a thin veneer of fine-grained silts, suggesting that it was probably smothered and killed by an episodic flux of silty sediments (event deposits). Its tube walls are replaced with early diagenetic calcspars.
First occurrence of Orthotheca Novák, 1886 (Hyolitha, Early Devonian) in North America
Authors: Malinky John M.
Published: July 2009

Family Orthothecidae Sysoev, 1958 is herein emended to encompass only hyoliths that possess a very shallow longitudinal ventral concavity and a tightly rounded dorsum, resulting in a near-triangular to only slightly kidney-shaped cross section. Orthotheca Novak, 1886 is restricted to orthothecids that possess longitudinal ornamentation on the dorsum, with Cryptocaris suavis Barrande, 1872 now recognized as the type species of that genus. Based on the revised generic concept, orthothecids from the Lower Devonian (Emsian) Shriver Chert of northeastern Pennsylvania are here included within the genus as Orthotheca shriveri n. sp., making this the first occurrence of the genus in North America. The Orthothecida were a group of sessile, benthic hyoliths that ranged from Early Cambrian to Early Devonian. Their life habit appeared to have included filter-feeding. Their ability to retract the operculum into the shell when closed probably aided in preventing sediment influx, and the ventral furrow may have been an adaptation to differing degrees of firmness of the underlying substrate. Despite faunal linkages between the Devonian paleocontinents, the majority of orthothecid genera seem to be largely restricted to their type areas, although Orthotheca documented herein has eroded slightly their endemic character.
Early orthid brachiopods from the Tremadocian (Lower Ordovician) of northwestern Argentina
Authors: Villas Enrique , Herrera Zarela A. , Ortega Gladys C.
Published: July 2009

Two brachiopod species of two of the earliest rhynchonelliformean families are described from one of the first studied Ordovician fossiliferous localities of northwestern Argentina. One is a new species of the family Euorthisinidae (Orthida, Plectorthoidea),Notorthisina musculosaVillas and Herrera. It displays peculiar features not observed in the family before, as well as a combination of internal and external features previously considered diagnostic of different genera, leading to emendment of the familial and generic diagnoses. Its dorsal muscle field, best impressed in large specimens, resembles that ofKvaniaHavlíček (Nanorthidae) in having four scars arranged radially. This feature reinforces the phylogenetic proximity ofKvaniato the euorthisinids. The second studied species,Nanorthis bifurcataHarrington, has not been revised since its superficial description in 1937–1938, its type having been lost. Its description herein, based on a new collection from its type locality, allows a better knowledge of the group and helps clarify its supra-familial assignment.
Semi-parametric model of an overtopped dike breach
Authors: Chinnarasri C. , Saelim A.
Published: July 2009

This paper uses a semi-parametric approach to model the breaching of overtopped dikes composed of non-cohesive material. The hydraulic discharge is computed on the basis of a broad-crested weir formula, while the erosion is modelled using the Smart sediment transport formula. Breach length is computed on the basis of sediment transport rate where the Exner equation is solved numerically. To simplify the model, two stages of the breach processes are assumed. In stage I the downstream dike crest does not reach the centre line of the original crest and both upstream and downstream edges of the crest move upstream. In stage II the downstream dike crest reaches the centre line of the original crest and it moves vertically downwards. The upstream movement of the dike toe stops, resulting in a decrease of the angle of the downstream face of the dike. A comparison of measured and computed values shows that the numerical computation gives good results in predicting reservoir water level and elevation of the mid-breach.
Cost minimisation for multiple-source water supply systems
Authors: Shah M. A. R. , Khan M. S. A.
Published: July 2009

Management of municipal water supply systems having multiple groundwater sources constrained by water availability is often challenging. Water quantity limitations of the sources cause economic constraints on system operation, requiring more expensive alternative sources. This paper presents a linear cost minimisation model for such a groundwater-based multiple-source water supply system where water demand is relatively high and groundwater availability is limited, while a minimum supply is to be ensured to the local coverage area of each well. The model decides on the optimum production amount from each source with the objective of cost minimisation for a specified set of demand and source constraints. The model would be useful for system analysis, planning and management purposes, such as analysing water production at various levels of system loss or unaccounted-for water (UFW), or determining optimal production schedules under different system operation scenarios. The model is applied to simulate a groundwater-based sub-network of Dhaka city water supply system where seasonal demand from the system is the highest when the groundwater level is relatively low. Model results show that significant cost reduction would be possible under different operational scenarios through optimal production scheduling at various UFW levels.
Scour depth prediction at bridge piers by Anfis approach
Authors: Firat M.
Published: July 2009

Accurate and reliable prediction of scour depth around bridge piers is important due to the complexity of the scour process. In this study, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (Anfis) approach is used to predict the scour depth around circular bridge piers. In particular, the applicability of the Anfis method as a prediction model for scour depth is investigated. A total of 165 data records are used to predict equilibrium scour depth from various experimental studies. Two different models are constructed for the prediction. The first comprises a combination of dimensional data, whereas the second includes non-dimensional input variables. The performance of the Anfis models in training and testing sets is compared with observations. The models are also compared with a radial basis neural network (RBNN), existing scour depth equations and multiple linear regression (MLR). The results of the Anfis models, RBNN, MLR and existing scour depth equations are all compared to yield a more reliable evaluation. The results show that the Anfis method can provide high accuracy and reliability for the prediction of scour depth around circular bridge piers.
Strategies to Make Use of Plant Sensors‐Based Diagnostic Information for Nitrogen Recommendations
Authors: Samborski Stanislaw Marek , Tremblay Nicolas , Fallon Edith
Published: July 2009

Improvements of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) may be achieved through the use of sensing tools for N status determination. Leaf and canopy chlorophyll, as well as leaf polyphenolics concentrations, are characteristics strongly affected by N availability that are often used as a surrogate to direct plant N status estimation. Approaches with near‐term operational sensors, handheld and tractor‐mounted, for proximal remote measurements are considered in this review. However, the information provided by these tools is unfortunately biased by factors other than N. To overcome this obstacle, normalization procedures such as the well‐fertilized reference plot, the no‐N reference plot, and relative yield are often used. Methods to establish useful relationships between sensor readings and optimal N rates, such as critical NSI (nitrogen sufficiency index), INSEY (in‐season estimated yield), and the relationship between chlorophyll meter readings, grain yield, and sensor‐determined CI (chlorophyll index) are also reviewed. In a few cases, algorithms for translating readings into actual N fertilizer recommendation have been developed, but their value still seems limited to conditions similar to the ones where the research was conducted. Near‐term operational sensing can benefit from improvements in sensor operational characteristics (size and shape of footprint, positioning) or the choice of light wavebands more suitable for specific conditions (i.e., genotype, growth stage, or crop density). However, one important limitation to their widespread use is the availability of algorithms that would be reliable in a variety of soil and weather conditions.
Leaf Nitrogen Concentration as an Indicator of Corn Nitrogen Status
Authors: Ziadi Noura , Bélanger Gilles , Gastal François , Claessens Annie , Lemaire Gilles , Tremblay Nicolas
Published: July 2009

Plant‐based measurements can be used to diagnose the in‐season N status of corn (Zea mays L.). Our objective was to assess the relationship between the corn nitrogen nutrition index (NNI), an index based on whole plant N concentration, and leaf nitrogen concentration of the uppermost collared leaf expressed on the basis of dry matter (DM; NL) or area (NLA). Three to seven N fertilization treatments were used in this study conducted at eight site‐years in Canada and two site‐years in France. Leaf N concentrations were measured from the uppermost collared leaf on three to five sampling dates along with NNI determinations. At all sites and most sampling dates, NL, NLA, and NNI increased with increasing N rates. With data from all sampling dates, NL and NLA were related to NNI, but the intercept of the response curves varied with site‐year. These site‐specific relationships should be used with caution for the in‐season evaluation of corn N status. At stage of development ∼V12, however, NL was strongly related to NNI (NNI = −0.035 + 0.028 NL; R2 = 0.82) and the response curve was not affected by site, year, nor cultural practice; NLA was also related to NNI, but the intercept of the response curve varied with site‐year. Determining N concentration (DM basis) of the uppermost collared leaf at, or near, the V12 stage of development is an alternate method for assessing NNI, hence eliminating the need to measure shoot biomass.