bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of heterogeneous uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide and chlorine activation on ozone and reactive nitrogen partitioning: Improvement and application of WRF-Chem model in southern China
Authors: Li Qinyi , Zhang Li , Wang Tao , Tham Yee Jun , Ahmadov Ravan , Xue Likun , Zhang Qiang , Zheng Junyu
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The uptake of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) on aerosol surfaces and the subsequent production of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) can have significant impact on the oxidising capability and thus on secondary pollutants such as ozone. The range of such impact, however, has not well been quantified in different geographical regions. In this study, we applied Weather Research and Forecasting coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model to investigate the impact of the N2O5 uptake processes in the Hong Kong-Pearl River Delta (HK-PRD) region, where the highest ever-reported N2O5 and ClNO2 concentrations were observed in our recent field study. We first incorporated into the WRF-Chem an aerosol thermodynamics model (ISORROPIA II), recent parameterisations for N2O5 heterogeneous uptake and ClNO2 production and gas-phase chlorine chemistry. The revised model was then used to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of N2O5 and ClNO2 over the HK-PRD region and the impact of N2O5 uptake and Cl activation on ozone and reactive nitrogen in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The updated model is capable of reproducing the temporal patterns of N2O5 and ClNO2 observed at a mountain-top site in Hong Kong, but overestimates N2O5 uptake and ClNO2 production. The model results suggest that under average meteorological conditions, elevated levels of ClNO2 (> 0.25 ppb within the PBL) are present in the south-western PRD, with the highest values (> 1.00 ppb) predicted near the ground surface (0–200 m above ground level (a.g.l.)). In contrast, during the night when very high levels of ClNO2 and N2O5 were measured in well-processed plumes from the PRD, ClNO2 is mostly concentrated within the residual layer (~ 300 m a.g.l.). The addition of N2O5 heterogeneous uptake and Cl activation reduces the NO and NO2 levels by as much as 1.93 ppb (~ 7.4 %) and 4.73 ppb (~ 16.2 %), respectively, increases the total nitrate and ozone concentrations by up to 13.45 µg m−3 (~ 57.4 %) and 7.23 ppb (~ 16.3 %), respectively, in the PBL. Sensitivity tests show that the simulated chloride and ClNO2 concentrations are highly sensitive to chlorine emission. Our study suggests the need to measure the vertical profiles of N2O5/ClNO2 under various meteorological conditions, to consider the chemistry of N2O5/ClNO2 in the chemical transport model, and to develop an updated chlorine emission inventory over China.
Measuring OVOCs and VOCs by PTR-MS in an urban roadside microenvironment of Hong Kong: relative humidity and temperature dependence, and field inter-comparisons
Authors: Cui Long , Zhang Zhou , Huang Yu , Lee Shun Cheng , Blake Donald Ray , Ho Kin Fai , Wang Bei , Gao Yuan , Wang Xin Ming , Louie Peter Kwok Keung
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Volatile organic compound (VOC) control is an important issue of air quality management in Hong Kong because ozone formation is generally VOC limited. Several oxygenated volatile organic compound (OVOC) and VOC measurement techniques, namely, (1) off-line 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) cartridge sampling followed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis, (2) on-line gas chromatography (GC) with flame ionization detection (FID), and (3) off-line canister sampling followed by GC with mass spectrometer detection (MSD), FID, and (electron capture detection) ECD, were applied during this study. For the first time, the proton transfer reaction–mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) technique was also introduced to measured OVOCs and VOC in urban roadside area of Hong Kong. The integrated effect of ambient relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) on formaldehyde measurements by PTR-MS was explored in this study. A Poly 2-D regression was found to be the best nonlinear surface simulation (r = 0.97) of the experimental reaction rate coefficient ratio, ambient RH and T for formaldehyde measurement. This correction method was found to be better than correcting formaldehyde concentrations directly via the absolute humidity of inlet sample, based on a two-year field sampling campaign at Mong Kok (MK) in Hong Kong. For OVOC species, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and MEK showed good agreements between PTR-MS and DNPH-HPLC with with slopes of 1.00, 1.10, 0.76 and 0.88, respectively, and correlation coefficients of 0.79, 0.75, 0.60 and 0.93, respectively. Overall, fair agreements were found between PTR-MS and on-line GC- FID for benzene (slope = 1.23, r = 0.95), toluene (slope = 1.01, r = 0.96) and C2-benzenes (slope = 1.02, r = 0.96) after correcting benzene and C2-benzenes levels which could be affected by fragments formed from ethylbenzene. For the inter-comparisons between PTR-MS and off-line canister measurements by GC-MSD/FID/ECD, benzene showed good agreement with a slope of 1.05 (r = 0.62), though PTR-MS had lower values for toluene and C2-benzenes with slopes of 0.78 (r = 0.96) and 0.67 (r = 0.92), respectively. All in all, the PTR-MS instrument is suitable for OVOC and VOC measurements in urban roadside areas.
Evidence for methane production by the marine algae Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Lenhart Katharina , Klintzsch Thomas , Langer Gerald , Nehrke Gernot , Bunge Michael , Schnell Sylvia , Keppler Frank
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Methane (CH4), an important greenhouse gas that affects radiation balance and consequently the earth's climate, still has uncertainties in its sinks and sources. The world's oceans are considered to be a source of CH4 to the atmosphere, although the biogeochemical processes involved in its formation are not fully understood. Several recent studies provided strong evidence of CH4 production in oxic marine and freshwaters, but its source is still a topic of debate. Studies of CH4 dynamics in surface waters of oceans and large lakes have concluded that pelagic CH4 supersaturation cannot be sustained either by lateral inputs from littoral or benthic inputs alone. However, regional and temporal oversaturation of surface waters occurs frequently. This comprises the observation of a CH4 oversaturating state within the surface mixed layer, sometimes also termed the "oceanic methane paradox". In this study we considered marine algae as a possible direct source of CH4. Therefore, the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi was grown under controlled laboratory conditions and supplemented with two 13C-labeled carbon substrates, namely bicarbonate and a position-specific 13C-labeled methionine (R-S-13CH3). The CH4 production was 0.7 µg particular organic carbon (POC) g−1 d−1, or 30 ng g−1 POC h−1. After supplementation of the cultures with the 13C-labeled substrate, the isotope label was observed in headspace CH4. Moreover, the absence of methanogenic archaea within the algal culture and the oxic conditions during CH4 formation suggest that the widespread marine algae Emiliania huxleyi might contribute to the observed spatially and temporally restricted CH4 oversaturation in ocean surface waters.
30 years of upper air soundings on board of R/V POLARSTERN
Authors: Driemel Amelie , Loose Bernd , Grobe Hannes , Sieger Rainer , König-Langlo Gert
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The research vessel and supply icebreaker POLARSTERN is the flagship of the Alfred-Wegener-Institut in Bremerhaven (Germany) and one of the infrastructural pillars of German Antarctic research. Since its commissioning in 1982, POLARSTERN has conducted 30 campaigns to Antarctica (157 legs, mostly austral summer), and 29 to the Arctic (94 legs, northern summer). Usually, POLARSTERN is more than 300 days per year in operation and crosses the Atlantic Ocean in a meridional section twice a year. The first radiosonde on POLARSTERN was released on the 29 December 1982, 2 days after POLARSTERN started on its maiden voyage to the Antarctic. And these daily soundings have continued up to the present. Due to the fact that POLARSTERN has reliably and regularly been providing upper air observations from data sparse regions (oceans and polar regions), the radiosonde data are of special value for researchers and weather forecast services alike. In the course of 30 years (29 December 1982 to 25 November 2012) a total of 12 378 radiosonde balloons were started on POLARSTERN. All radiosonde data can now be found at König-Langlo (2015, doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.810000). Each data set contains the directly measured parameters air temperature, relative humidity and air pressure, and the derived altitude, wind direction and wind speed. 432 data sets additionally contain ozone measurements.Although more sophisticated techniques (meteorological satellites, aircraft observation, remote-sensing systems, etc.) have nowadays become increasingly important, the high vertical resolution and quality of radiosonde data remains paramount for weather forecasts and modelling approaches.
Daily Landsat-scale evapotranspiration estimation over a forested landscape in North Carolina, USA using multi-satellite data fusion
Authors: Yang Yun , Anderson Martha C. , Gao Feng , Hain Christopher  R. , Semmens Kathryn  A. , Kustas William P. , Noormets Asko , Wynne Randolph  H. , Thomas Valerie A. , Sun Ge
Published: June 2016

Abstract. As a primary flux in the global water cycle, evapotranspiration (ET) connects hydrologic and biological processes and is directly affected by water and land management, land use change and climate variability. Satellite remote sensing provides an effective means for diagnosing ET patterns over heterogeneous landscapes; however, limitations on the spatial and temporal resolution of satellite data, combined with the effects of cloud contamination, constrain the amount of detail that a single satellite can provide. In this study, we describe an application of a multi-sensor ET data fusion system over a mixed forested/agricultural landscape in North Carolina, USA during the growing season of 2013. The fusion system ingests ET estimates from a Two-Source Energy Balance (TSEB) model applied to thermal infrared remote sensing retrievals of land surface temperature from multiple satellite platforms: hourly geostationary satellite data at 4-km resolution, daily 1-km imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), and bi-weekly Landsat thermal data sharpened to 30-m. These multiple datastreams are combined using the Spatial-Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model (STARFM) to estimate daily ET at 30-m resolution to investigate seasonal water use behavior at the level of individual forest stands and land cover patches. A new method, also exploiting the STARFM algorithm, is used to fill gaps in the Landsat ET retrievals due to cloud cover and/or the scan-line corrector (SLC) failure on Landsat 7. The retrieved daily ET timeseries agree well with observations at two AmeriFlux eddy covariance flux tower sites in a managed pine plantation within the modeling domain: US-NC2 located in a mid-rotation (20 year old) loblolly pine stand, and US-NC3 located in a recently clear cut and replanted field site. Root mean square errors (RMSE) for NC2 and NC3 were 0.99 mm d-1 and 1.02 mm d-1, respectively, with mean absolute errors of approximately 29 % at the daily time step, 12 % at the monthly time step, and 3 % over the full study period at two flux tower sites. Analyses of water use patterns over the plantation indicate increasing seasonal ET with stand age for young to mid-rotation stands up to 20 years, but little dependence on age for older stands. An accounting of consumptive water use by major land cover classes representative of the modeling domain is presented, as well as relative partitioning of ET between evaporation (E) and transpiration (T) components obtained with the TSEB. The study provides new insights about the effects of forest management and land use change on hydrological water balance, and the method developed has the potential to be used to routinely monitor hydrology and water use over heterogeneous landscapes using thermal remote sensing data.
A pre-calibration approach to select optimum inputs for hydrological models in data-scarce regions
Authors: Tarawneh Esraa , Bridge Jonathan , Macdonald Neil
Published: June 2016

Abstract. This study uses the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to quantitatively compare available input datasets in a data-poor dryland environment (Wala catchment, Jordan; 1743 km2). Eighteen scenarios combining best available land-use, soil and weather datasets (1979–2002) are considered to construct SWAT models. Data include local observations and global reanalysis data products. Uncalibrated model outputs assess the variability in model performance derived from input data sources only. Model performance against discharge and sediment load data are compared using r2, Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE), RSR and PBIAS. NSE statistic varies from 0.56 to −12 and 0.79 to −85 for best and poorest-performing scenarios against observed discharge and sediment data respectively. Global weather inputs yield considerable improvements on discontinuous local datasets, whilst local soil inputs perform considerably better than global-scale mapping. The methodology provides a rapid, transparent and transferable approach to aid selection of the most robust suite of input data.
Dissipation of the energy imparted by mid-latitude storms in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Jouanno Julien , Capet Xavier , Madec Gurvan , Roullet Guillaume , Klein Patrice
Published: June 2016

Abstract. The aim of this study is to clarify the role of the Southern Ocean storms on interior mixing and meridional overturning circulation. A periodic and idealized numerical model has been designed to represent the key physical processes of a zonal portion of the Southern Ocean located between 70 and 40° S. It incorporates physical ingredients deemed essential for Southern Ocean functioning: rough topography, seasonally varying air–sea fluxes, and high-latitude storms with analytical form. The forcing strategy ensures that the time mean wind stress is the same between the different simulations, so the effect of the storms on the mean wind stress and resulting impacts on the Southern Ocean dynamics are not considered in this study. Level and distribution of mixing attributable to high-frequency winds are quantified and compared to those generated by eddy–topography interactions and dissipation of the balanced flow. Results suggest that (1) the synoptic atmospheric variability alone can generate the levels of mid-depth dissipation frequently observed in the Southern Ocean (10−10–10−9 W kg−1) and (2) the storms strengthen the overturning, primarily through enhanced mixing in the upper 300 m, whereas deeper mixing has a minor effect. The sensitivity of the results to horizontal resolution (20, 5, 2 and 1 km), vertical resolution and numerical choices is evaluated. Challenging issues concerning how numerical models are able to represent interior mixing forced by high-frequency winds are exposed and discussed, particularly in the context of the overturning circulation. Overall, submesoscale-permitting ocean modeling exhibits important delicacies owing to a lack of convergence of key components of its energetics even when reaching Δx =  1 km.
Structural geology and geophysics as a support to build a hydrogeologic model of granite rock
Authors: Martinez-Landa Lurdes , Carrera Jesús , Pérez-Estaún Andrés , Gómez Paloma , Bajos Carmen
Published: June 2016

Abstract. A method developed for low-permeability fractured media was applied to understand the hydrogeology of a mine excavated in a granitic pluton. This method includes (1) identifying the main groundwater-conducting features of the medium, such as the mine, dykes, and large fractures, (2) implementing this factors as discrete elements into a three-dimensional numerical model, and (3) calibrating these factors against hydraulic data . A key question is how to identify preferential flow paths in the first step. Here, we propose a combination of several techniques. Structural geology, together with borehole sampling, geophysics, hydrogeochemistry, and local hydraulic tests aided in locating all structures. Integration of these data yielded a conceptual model of the site. A preliminary calibration of the model was performed against short-term (< 1 day) pumping tests, which facilitated the characterization of some of the fractures. The hydraulic properties were then used for other fractures that, according to geophysics and structural geology, belonged to the same families. Model validity was tested by blind prediction of a long-term (4 months) large-scale (1 km) pumping test from the mine, which yielded excellent agreement with the observations. Model results confirmed the sparsely fractured nature of the pluton, which has not been subjected to glacial loading–unloading cycles and whose waters are of Na-HCO3 type.
Calibration of a non-invasive cosmic-ray probe for wide area snow water equivalent measurement
Authors: Sigouin Mark J. P. , Si Bing C.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Measuring snow water equivalent (SWE) is important for many hydrological purposes such as modelling and flood forecasting. Measurements of SWE are also crucial for agricultural production in areas where snowmelt runoff dominates spring soil water recharge. Typical methods for measuring SWE include point measurements (snow tubes) and large-scale measurements (remote sensing). We explored the potential of using the cosmic-ray soil moisture probe (CRP) to measure average SWE at a spatial scale between those provided by snow tubes and remote sensing. The CRP measures above-ground moderated neutron intensity within a radius of approximately 300 m. Using snow tubes, surveys were performed over two winters (2013/2014 and 2014/2015) in an area surrounding a CRP in an agricultural field in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. The raw moderated neutron intensity counts were corrected for atmospheric pressure, water vapour, and temporal variability of incoming cosmic-ray flux. The mean SWE from manually measured snow surveys was adjusted for differences in soil water storage before snowfall between both winters because the CRP reading appeared to be affected by soil water below the snowpack. The SWE from the snow surveys was negatively correlated with the CRP-measured moderated neutron intensity, giving Pearson correlation coefficients of −0.90 (2013/2014) and −0.87 (2014/2015). A linear regression performed on the manually measured SWE and moderated neutron intensity counts for 2013/2014 yielded an r2 of 0.81. Linear regression lines from the 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 manually measured SWE and moderated neutron counts were similar; thus differences in antecedent soil water storage did not appear to affect the slope of the SWE vs. neutron relationship. The regression equation obtained from 2013/2014 was used to model SWE using the moderated neutron intensity data for 2014/2015. The CRP-estimated SWE for 2014/2015 was similar to that of the snow survey, with an root-mean-square error of 8.8 mm. The CRP-estimated SWE also compared well to estimates made using snow depths at meteorological sites near (< 10 km) the CRP. Overall, the empirical equation presented provides acceptable estimates of average SWE using moderated neutron intensity measurements. Using a CRP to monitor SWE is attractive because it delivers a continuous reading, can be installed in remote locations, requires minimal labour, and provides a landscape-scale measurement footprint.
What Makes A Good Teacher? Needs and Necessities-A Survey of Recent Literature on Teacher’s Subject Matter Knowledge, Pedagogical Knowledge, and Pedagogical Content Knowledge
Authors: Karami Amirreza
Published: June 2016

This paper provides an overview of some entailed issues in efficacious teaching. First section focuses upon teacher’s subject matter knowledge and the way it affects teaching. The results of the review in this part suggest the efficacy of the teacher’s high subject matter knowledge on significant improvement in teaching and learning process. Second part reviews pedagogical knowledge and its importance on effective teaching. The significance of pedagogical knowledge to the teaching and learning process has been reaffirmed, too and the last part concentrates on pedagogical content knowledge. The findings of the past research discover its vital role in language teaching and learning. This review serves to highlight paramount findings from the recent investigations that have implications for the development of teacher education, teaching and learning enhancement.
Supplement 1
Authors: - -
Published: June 2016

The 14th Norwegian Conference on Epidemiology
Biomarkører i rusmiddelfeltet
Authors: Mørland Jørg
Published: June 2016

Biomarkørene som brukes i rusmiddelfeltet kan deles i tre hovedtyper: . Virkningsmarkører, 2. Inntaksmarkører og 3. Disposisjonsmarkører. Den siste gruppen omtales også som ”trait-markers” og har så langt funnet liten anvendelse i Norge. Virkningsmarkører benyttes så langt for alkohol og uttrykker en biologisk virkning av alkoholkonsumet. De tre viktigste er MCV, GGT og CDT. Ingen av disse er spesifikke for alkoholinntak. MCV er minst sensitiv for alkoholinntak, mens CDT er mest sensistiv, men alle tre markørene fremviser betydelig individuell variasjon mht. respons på konsum. En endret verdi vil vedvare lengst for MCV, kortest for CDT etter totalavhold. Inntaksmarkører utgjøres av påvisningen av et rusmiddel eller dets metabolitter i en biofase, særlig blod, saliva, urin eller hår. Uomdannet alkohol måles lett i de tre første av disse biofasene, med kort tidsvindu etter inntak. Alkoholmetabolitter som acetaldehyd-konjugat, FAEE og etylglucuronid kan måles i flere biofaser, med lengre, til dels betydelig lengre tidsvindu enn alkohol. Målingene er spesifikke, ofte sensitive, men det kvantitative aspekt er lite utredet. Andre rusmidler enn alkohol kan måles særlig i blod og saliva med relativt kort tidsvindu etter inntak. Rusmiddelmetabolitter påvises lettest i urin, men vil også finnes i blod, saliva og hår. Tidsvinduene for påvisning i urin og særlig hår kan ha betydelig lengde. Påvisningen er spesifikk så sant spesifikk analysemetode benyttes, sensitiviteten vil også være metodeavhengig. Resultatene av samtlige biomarkøranalyser krever høy faglig kompetanse for korrekt tolkning
Pruning for crop regulation in high density guava (Psidium guajava L.) plantation
Authors: Thakre Madhubala , Lal Shant , Uniyal Shweta , Goswami Amit K. , Prakash Pratibha
Published: June 2016

High density management and crop regulation are two important aspects in guava (Psidium guajava L.) production. Therefore, to find out the economic way of managing high density planting and crop regulation, the present work was carried out on 6-year-old guava trees of cv. Pant Prabhat under double-hedge row system of planting during 2009-10 and 2010-11. Seven different forms of pruning [FBT: flower bud thinning by hand, FBTT: flower bud thinning by hand followed by removal of terminal one leaf pair, RLFO: removal of leaves and flower buds by hand, retaining one leaf pair at the top, RLF: removal of all leaves and flowers by hand, OLPS: one leaf pair shoot pruning, FSP: full shoot pruning, OLPF: one leaf pair pruning of fruited shoots only] were studied along with control (C).Minimum annual increase in tree volume (6.764 m3) was recorded with the treatment OLPF, which was 2.31 times less than the control (15.682 m3). Highest yield during winter season (55.30 kg/tree) and total yield (59.87 kg/tree) was obtained from treatment OLPF. One leaf pair pruning of fruited shoots only (OLPF) was also found profitable among other treatments by recording cost:benefit ratio of 1:2.96. This treatment also recorded the highest return distributed in rainy as well as in winter season. On the basis of findings it can be concluded that one leaf pair pruning of fruited shoots only is suitable for profitable high density management as well as crop regulation of guava in farmer friendly manner.
Winter sowing of adapted lines as a potential yield increase strategy in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)
Authors: Barrios Abel , Aparicio Trinidad , Rodríguez Manuel J. , Pérez de la Vega Marcelino , Caminero Constantino
Published: June 2016

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik. subsp. culinaris) is a traditional crop in Spain although current grain yield in Spain is relatively low and unstable. The effect of an early sowing date (winter sowing) on yield in the Spanish Central Plateau (meseta) was analyzed comparing it to the traditional spring sowing. Yield from eleven cultivars currently available for sowing in Spain and two F6:7  populations of recombinant inbred lines (RIL), ´Precoz´ × ´WA8649041´ (89 lines) and ´BGE016365´ × ´ILL1918´ (118 lines), was evaluated in winter and spring sowing dates for three seasons (2005/06, 2006/07 and 2007/08) and two localities. Yield and stability were assessed by the method of consistency of performance with some modifications. When comparing with the best currently available cultivars sown in the traditional spring sowing date, (with an estimated average yield of 43.9 g/m in our experimental conditions), winter sowing using adapted breeding lines proved to be a suitable strategy for increasing lentil yield and yield stability in the Spanish meseta, with an average yield increase of 111% (reaching an estimated yield of 92.8 g/m). Results point to that lentil production can greatly increase in the Spanish meseta if adequate plant materials, such as some of the lines analyzed, are sown at late fall.
Relations between zero-inflated variables in trials with horticultural crops
Authors: Lúcio Alessandro D. , Nunes Luis F. , Rego Francisco , Pasini Maurício P. B.
Published: June 2016

Certain characteristics of some vegetable crops allow multiple harvests during the production cycle; however, to our knowledge, no study has described the behavior of fruit production with progression of the production cycle in vegetable crops with multiple harvests that present data overdispersion. We aimed to characterize the data overdispersion of zero-inflated variables and identify the behavior of these variables during the production cycle of several vegetable crops with multiple harvests. Data from 11 uniformity trials were used without applying treatments; these comprise the database from the Experimental Plants Group at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. The trials were conducted using four horticultural species grown during different cultivation seasons, cultivation environments, and experimental structures. Although at each harvest, a larger number of basic units with harvest fruit was observed than units without harvest fruit, the basic unit percentage without fruit was high, generating an overdispersion within each individual harvest. The variability within each harvest was high and increased with the evolution of the production cycle of Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Cucurbita pepo species. However, the correlation coefficient between the mean weight and number of harvest fruits tended to remain constant during the crop production cycle. These behaviors show that harvest management should be done individually, at each harvest, such that data overdispersion is reduced.
Short communication: Consumer’s willingness to pay for indigenous meat products: The case of a Spanish sheep breed
Authors: Gracia Azucena , De-Magistris Tiziana
Published: June 2016

European farmers of indigenous local breeds have benefited from European Union economic support in the past and it is forecast to continue being supported in the future. However, it is in the public debate that economic support cannot last forever. Then, for the long-run maintenance of indigenous local breeds to be possible, the derived meat products from these breeds should be demanded by consumers or at least by a group of local consumers. This is the aim of this paper, to study consumers’ demand for indigenous local meat products. In particular, to assess how much consumers are willing to pay for a Spanish lamb meat from an indigenous sheep breed (“Ojinegra de Teruel”). To do that, a non-hypothetical experimental auction with local consumers (those living in a medium-size town around 150 km from the producing area of this meat) was used. Results indicated that consumers were willing to pay, on average, €0.45 (15% of the market price) more for the lamb meat with the “Ojinegra de Teruel” breed claim than for the one without breed indication (as it is now sold in the market). Then, local consumers clearly accept the differentiated meat through the indigenous breed indication. Then, producers in the area could have more opportunities to sell in the local market if they differentiate their meat using the indigenous “Ojinegra de Teruel” claim than using the undifferentiated strategy they are undertaken now.
Carbon dioxide enrichment: a technique to mitigate the negative effects of salinity on the productivity of high value tomatoes
Authors: Sánchez-González Maria J. , Sánchez-Guerrero Maria C. , Medrano Evangelina , Porras Manuel E. , Baeza Esteban J. , Lorenzo Pilar
Published: June 2016

The present study was conducted to determine the mitigating influence of greenhouse CO2 enrichment on the negative effects of salinity in Mediterranean conditions. Hybrid Raf (cv. Delizia) tomato plants were exposed to two salinity levels of the nutrient solution (5 and 7 dS/m) obtained by adding NaCl, and two CO2 concentrations (350 and 800 μmol/mol) in which CO2 enrichment was applied during the daytime according to a strategy linked to ventilation. Increasing water salinity negatively affected the leaf area index (LAI), the specific leaf area (SLA), the water use efficiency (WUE), the radiation use efficiency (RUE) and dry weight (DW) accumulation resulting in lower marketable yield. The high salinity treatment (7 dS/m) increased fruit firmness (N), total soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), whereas pH was reduced in the three ripening stages: mature green/breaker (G), turning (T), and pink/light red (P). Also, the increase in electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution led to a general change in intensity of the sensory characteristics of tomato fruits. On the other hand, CO2 enrichment did not affect LAI although SLA was reduced. RUE and DW accumulation were increased resulting in higher marketable yield, through positive effects on fruit number and their average weight. WUE was enhanced by CO2 supply mainly through increased growth and yield. Physical-chemical quality parameters such as fruit firmness, TA and pH were not affected by CO2 enrichment whereas SSC was enhanced. Greenhouse CO2 enrichment did mitigate the negative effect of saline conditions on productivity without compromising organoleptic and sensory fruit quality.
Deep cerebral vein thrombosis due to iron deficiency anemia: A case report
Authors: Nishida Nao , Sueda Yoshimasa , Kanbara Tomomi , Kurashige Takashi , Torii Tsuyoshi
Published: June 2016

We report on a 28-year-old woman who developed deep cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT) associated with iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Activation of platelet function by IDA may lead to CVT and sometimes results in death when a deep central vein is affected. While IDA is a common condition, especially among young women, proper management of IDA is needed to prevent severe venous thrombosis.
External Debt & Economic Growth: Case of Tunisia
Authors: Khemais Zaghdoudi , Mohamed Mezni , Nesrine Djebali
Published: June 2016

The main objective of this paper is to explore the influence of external debt (measured by two indicators that are outstanding debt and debt service in relation to exports of goods and services) on investment and economic growth in Tunisia during a period of 51 years which runs from 1961 to 2011, using vector autoregressive model (VAR). The empirical results show that, in the short term, outstanding debt and debt service in relation to exports of goods and services do not cause economic growth. In the long term, the external debt service is detrimental to Tunisian economy. In Tunisia, the problem is not a debt problem in itself, but the problem concerns the use of this debt. External debt is allocated to activities with both low added value and profitability. In the absence of a clear industrial policy, these activities are traditional activities that do not create wealth, correspond with competitive advantages of the country and employ the qualified workforce. Therefore, the unemployment rate of graduates increases regularly. Furthermore, a significant share of borrowed funds are intended to pay the salaries of the public sector, that have represented more than a third of the state budget in recent years. Then, external debt did not help the country to develop because those salaries went into consumption of some imported goods that are not produced in the home market.
The Effect of Macroeconomic Variables on Accounting Profit Transparency (Case Study: Basic Metals Industry Companies Listed on Tehran Stock Exchange)
Authors: Sarvari Reza , Khansalar Ehsan , Delkhosh Mohammad
Published: June 2016

The purpose of the present study is to analyze the influence of economic factors on accounting profit transparency. Economic factors consist of economic growth, liquidity growth rate, annual deposit interest rate, currency, and inflation rate. In this research in order to determine profit transparency Barth et al. (2008) model has been implemented. This model defines transparency as the simultaneous change of profit and profit changes along with stocks feedback. The data are quantitative and at relative scale which depend on regression analysis and interpretation and Pearson correlation factor. To this end, research hypotheses have been tested by implementing apposite statistic methods by the use of SPSS software. Macroeconomic variables values have been collected from the data published by the central bank. The research population consists of basic metals industry companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during 2009-2014. The research findings show that there is a significant and positive relationship between macroeconomic variables under the present study and that of dependent variable of profit transparency.
Sustainable Agriculture Irrigation Management: The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Pajaro Valley, California
Authors: Wada Christopher A , Burnett Kimberly , Gurdak Jason J
Published: June 2016

The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus is quickly becoming one of the most critical global environmental challenges of the twenty first century. However, WEF systems are inherently complex; they typically are dynamic and span multiple land or agro-ecosystems at a regional or global scale. Addressing this challenge requires a systems approach to optimal and sustainable resource management across multiple dimensions. To that end, using Pajaro Valley (California) as a case study, our research aims to (1) highlight synergies and tradeoffs in food and water production, (2) build a dynamic framework capable of examining intertemporal resource relationships, and (3) detail the steps required to develop incentive-compatible financing of the resulting management plans when benefits are not distributed uniformly across users. Using a stylized model, we find that in the long run, inland growers benefit from the halting of seawater intrusion (SWI) due to overpumping of groundwater. We also calculate that the water provided by the proposed College Lake Multi-Objective Management Program-a plan designed to halt SWI and support sustainable water and agricultural development in the region-will generate net revenue of $40-58 million per year, compared to an annualized cost of less than $3 million. An equal cost-sharing plan would be desirable if the benefit of the project exceeded $1,268 per year for each well owner. Since this may not necessarily be the case for smaller well owners, one possible alternative is to allocate costs in proportion to expected benefits for each user.
Discurso sobre língua: o desenvolvimento como eixo do debate sobre diversidade linguística. Um olhar na declaração universal dos direitos linguísticos
Authors: Suvderlan Damaris Heidi Cristobal , Sturza Eliana Rosa
Published: June 2016

O presente artigo tem como objetivo compreender como o desenvolvimento linguístico é designado, dito e (re) significado na “Declaração universal dos direitos linguísticos”, texto jurídico que oficializa um debate e um longo processo de reflexões acerca da diversidade linguística no marco das políticas de línguas. Para isso, realizou-se um percurso no contexto da criação da Declaração e as finalidades principais que a regem. O trabalho considera a Declaração como um acontecimento enunciativo, enquadrado na Semântica do Acontecimento e na proposta da História das Ideias Linguísticas.
La restauration écologique comme nouveau paradigme d’aménagement ?
Authors: Valette Philippe , Carozza Jean-Michel , David Mélodie , Salles Denis , Boët Philippe , Lechêne Alain , Larsen Maja , Coynel Alexandra , Ivanovsky Anastasia , Blanc Gérard , Simonet Guillaume
Published: June 2016

Bien que les politiques aménagistes aient permis d’améliorer la maîtrise globale des fleuves, elles ont également généré de nombreuses perturbations et altérations. Aujourd’hui, la restauration des cours d’eau fait l’objet de nouvelles expérimentations. Dans le sud-ouest de la France, sur le fleuve Garonne et dans l’estuaire de la Gironde, elles se traduisent notamment par des remises en eau des marais, liées au passage de tempêtes (dynamique de dépoldérisation). Plus en amont, dans la moyenne Garonne toulousaine, les réflexions en cours concernent la réouverture de bras morts ou la création de zones d’expansion de crues. Nous proposons d’examiner l’émergence de ce nouveau paradigme, dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire, par une évaluation géohistorique, géochimique, écologique et sociologique.
MÉXICO A TRAVÉS DE LOS OJOS DEL WALL STREET JOURNAL: IMÁGENES DE UNA NACIÓN Y DE UN ACUERDO ECONÓMICO (1993-1994)
Authors: Vañó de Urquijo Itziar
Published: June 2016

Resumen. El artículo estudia la visión sobre México presentada en el diario económico estadounidense The Wall Street Journal durante los años 1993 y 1994, coincidiendo con la aprobación y entrada en vigor del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte. Se muestran, a través de un análisis del discurso y de contenidos, la complejidad y las contradicciones del discurso del periódico, así como la evolución de la imagen de la nación mexicana en el tiempo estudiado, a caballo entre lo marcado por la línea editorial del periódico (la defensa del Tratado y la imagen ad hoc de México) y por los acontecimientos políticos, económicos y sociales del país.
 
Palabras clave: Estados Unidos; México, TLC; Wall Street Journal; percepciones.
 
Abstract. The article examines the vision of Mexico portrayed in the US financial newspaper The Wall Street Journal from 1993 to 1994, coinciding with the passing and enforcement of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The article shows both the complexity and contradictions found in the newspaper’s discourse, as well as the changes in the image of Mexico built by the newspaper. This image evolves from an optimistic perspective derived from the Journal’s editorial line (a strong supporter of the Trade Agreement) to a more pessimistic one led by the troubling social, political and economic events of 1994.
 
Key words: United States; Mexico, NAFTA; Wall Street Journal; perceptions.
A PROPÓSITO DEL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE: ORIGEN, EVOLUCIÓN Y TEORÍAS ALTERNATIVAS
Authors: Ferrandis Martínez Adrián
Published: June 2016

Resumen. El Desarrollo Sostenible representa el modelo de desarrollo al que todas las sociedades deberían aspirar con el objetivo de mantener en equilibrio el sistema ecológico de nuestro Planeta, al menos para conservarlo tal como hoy lo conocemos. De no ser así, las condiciones de vida existentes corren peligro de cambiar drásticamente y las consecuencias a nivel ambiental, social y económico podrían ser catastróficas. Desde la acuñación oficial del concepto, del que ya han pasado casi 30 años, los principios del Desarrollo Sostenible (a pesar de la mayor concienciación social y política) todavía quedan muy distantes de una aplicación real y de una consecución óptima de sus objetivos. Los motivos por los que se ha ralentizado esta aplicación son diversos, pero su falta de operatividad y su interpretación desarrollista por parte de los principales agentes implicados, ha dado lugar incluso al surgimiento de nuevas teorías alternativas. Es por todo esto que en este artículo se considera importante reflexionar al respecto de la redefinición del concepto, mediante la realización de un repaso a su origen y evolución, al proceso de desvirtualización de las agendas políticas para su implantación y a su confrontación con las nuevas teorías alternativas.
 
Palabras clave: Desarrollo Sostenible, Crecimiento Económico, Teorías Alternativas al Desarrollo Sostenible, Decrecimiento y Ecodesarrollo.
 
Abstract. Sustainable development represents the model of development to which every society should aim in order to maintain balance in our planet's ecological system, at least to keep it as we know it today. Otherwise, the existing living conditions are in danger of drastically change and environmental, social and economic consequences could be catastrophic. From the official coinage of the concept, which have gone nearly 30 years, the principles of sustainable development (despite the increasing social and political awareness) still remain very distant of a real application and an optimal achievement of their objectives. The reasons for which this application has slowed are diverse, but their lack of operability and its developmental interpretation by key stakeholders, has led even to the emergence of new alternative theories. All this is what this article is considered important to reflect in the respect of the redefinition of the concept, by carrying out a review of its origin and evolution, the process of name of policy to its implementation agendas and their confrontation with the new alternative theories.
 
Key words: Sustainable Development, Economic Growth, Alternative Theories to the Sustainable Development, Decrease and Eco-development.
LA ADECUACIÓN PEDAGÓGICA DE LOS PROYECTOS DE EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL DEL AYUNTAMIENTO DE VALENCIA A LOS PRINCIPIOS DE LA EDUCACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE
Authors: Carvalho de Sousa Alessandra
Published: June 2016

Resumen. La temática central de este artículo está vinculada a la comprensión de la educación como herramienta esencial para el desarrollo sostenible y presenta los resultados de un trabajo realizado en el ámbito del Programa de Doctorado en Cooperación al Desarrollo de la Universitat de València, defendido públicamente en noviembre de 2014. Se trata de una investigación analítico-crítica, cuyo objeto de estudio se centró en analizar la adecuación pedagógica de los proyectos de Educación Ambiental llevados a cabo por la Concejalía de Educación Ambiental del Ayuntamiento de Valencia, a los principios pedagógicos de la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (complejidad e interdisciplinaridad, constructivismo, criticidad y diálogo), en el marco del Decenio de la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible (2005-2014). Los resultados fueron obtenidos mediante un trabajo de naturaleza cualitativa y de un análisis etnográfico por categorías analíticas, fundamentadas teóricamente en los principios mismos de la Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible.
 
Palabras clave: Educación para el Desarrollo Sostenible; Educación Ambiental; complejidad; interdisciplinaridad; criticidad; diálogo.
 
Abstract. The central theme of this article is linked to the understanding of education as essential tool for sustainable development tool and presents the results of the work done in the field of the PhD Program in Development Cooperation of the Valencia University, defended publicly in November 2014 (as a thesis). This is an analytical and critical research, which studies focused on analyzing the educational adequacy of environmental education projects undertaken by the Department of Environmental Education of the City of Valencia, to the pedagogical principles of education for Sustainable Development (complexity and interdisciplinary, constructivist, critical and box), under the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (2005-2014). The results were obtained through a qualitative and ethnographic analyze with analytic categories, theoretically grounded in the very principles of Education for Sustainable Development.
 
Key words: Education for Sustainable Development; Environmental Education; complexity, interdisciplinarity, constructivism, criticality, dialogue.
LA CONCEPCIÓN GUBERNAMENTAL DEL DESARROLLO LOCAL EN CUBA, DÉFICITS Y LIMITACIONES
Authors: Betancourt López Indira
Published: June 2016

Resumen. Cuba presenta una realidad política, económica y social que en gran medida dificulta la aplicación de políticas de desarrollo local. Esto se debe, fundamentalmente, al centralizador poder estatal; el que impide no sólo la puesta en marcha de novedosos diseños de proyectos locales, sino que además impide a algunos de sus propios organismos llevar a término tal cometido. El gobierno revolucionario instaurado en 1959 tuvo entre sus primeras medidas reducir la capacidad jurídica de los municipios. En la década de los años 90, luego del derrumbe del campo socialista, el gobierno redirigió su política económica para garantizar su supervivencia en el mundo capitalista. La reforma implicó serias alteraciones en la doctrina estatal comunista. En ella se prioriza, como norma, la política económica y social nacional frente a la local. Una realidad que pudiera ser transformada tomando en consideración los diversos estudios que se han realizado al respecto.
 
Palabras clave: Cuba, descentralización, reforma político-económica, organismos estatales, actores locales, gobierno, municipios.
 
Abstract. Cuba presents a political, economic and social reality, which greatly hinders the implementation of local development policies. This is due, mainly, to the centralized state power, which not only prevents the launch of new designs of local projects, but, also, impedes some of its own institutions to complete such task. The revolutionary government that established in 1959 had, among its first measures, reducing the legal capacity of the municipalities. In the 90s, after the collapse of the socialist bloc, the government redirected its economic policies to ensure their survival in the capitalist world. The reform involved serious alterations in the communist state doctrine in which it is prioritized, as a regulation, the national economic and social policy versus the local one. A reality that could be transformed taking into consideration the various studies, which have been done about that.
 
Key words: Cuba; decentralization; political and economic reform; state agencies; local stakeholders; government; municipalities.
ORIOL CONVIVE: RESPUESTA COMUNITARIA A UNAS CONDICIONES DIFÍCILES
Authors: Izquierdo Romero Ester , Moncusí Ferré Albert
Published: June 2016

Resumen. En este trabajo se presenta el proyecto “Orriols Convive” como una iniciativa de desarrollo comunitario que se está realizando en Els Orriols, barrio periférico obrero de Valencia. Se empieza por describir sucintamente el barrio como entorno para, a continuación, abordar las fases y los logros del proyecto, así como los actores implicados y las acciones llevadas a cabo. El trabajo en red entre agentes muy diversos, la proyección externa y la autonomía se encuentran entre los principales hitos de un proyecto que, no sin dificultades, trata de revertir una situación marcada por el olvido institucional, el paro y la precariedad económica, carencias en políticas sociales e infraestructuras y una imagen mediática negativa.
 
Palabras clave: Orriols Convive; Valencia; desarrollo comunitario.