bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social dimensions of wearable computers: an overview
Authors: Viseu Ana
Published: September 2004

Although the field of wearable computing is experiencing a great boost at the level of design and production, research on its social dimensions is still at an early phase and the literature on the subject is scant. This paper attempts to partially fill this gap by reviewing the current
status of the field of wearable computing and the main issues that are starting to emerge from their usage. The first part defines wearable computers and assesses its technical and conceptual origins and developments. Examples of current wearable computing products are provided. The second
part reviews some of its possible social implications, especially as they relate to the issue of control. It concludes by suggesting future research directions for the study of the social dimensions of wearable computing.
Moisture Content of Green Wood in High Temperature Water Vapor
Authors: Kubojima Y. , Suzuki Y. , Tonosaki M. , Ishikawa A.
Published: September 2004

Changes in the moisture content of green sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) during heating in environments
of over 100°C and 1 atm were measured. Temperature and weight were measured in a
highly accelerated stress test (HAST) chamber. The set temperature and relative humidity ranges
were 107–160°C and 75–99%, respectively. The change in the temperature of a specimen was
roughly divided into 4 steps. Equilibrium moisture contents at lower temperatures and pressures
were similar to previous estimates, while at higher temperatures and pressures they were higher
than previous results. A diagram of temperature–relative humidity–pressure–equilibrium moisture
content in the range of 105–160°C, 75–99% RH and 0.02–0.39 MPa was obtained experimentally.
Anionic effect in high concentration alcohol organosolv pulping
Authors: Yawalata D. , Paszner L.
Published: September 2004

Anionic effects are demonstrated with Mg-salts and free acids in high alcohol content organosolv pulping. Not all catalysts examined could effectively liberate the fibers from the wood matrix. The best result was obtained with the 0.025 M MgCl2 catalysis system, at which nearly 60% screened pulp, with viscosity of 19.9 cPs., can be produced. Mg(NO3)2 was found capable of liberating fibers, however, under the conditions set for the experiment, complete fiber liberation was not achieved. In contrast, MgSO4 and Mg(CH3COO)2 were incapable of fiber liberation in themselves. On the other hand, in acid form, HCl and H2SO4 were capable of liberating the fibers, whereas HNO3 and CH3COOH catalysts were found ineffective. Especially with H2SO4, it should be noted that this catalysis system created a very strong hydrolyzing effect that unselectively destroyed both lignin and carbohydrates, resulting in severely damaged pulp which is useless for papermaking purposes. Therefore, choosing a suitable catalyst is the key factor for producing an organosolv pulp at high yield and with good fiber quality.
Moisture adsorption characteristics of copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated Southern yellow pine (Pinus spp.)
Authors: Cao J. , Kamdem D. P.
Published: September 2004

Moisture adsorption isotherms were determined for untreated and copper-ethanolamine (Cu-EA) treated wood at different copper retention levels. The Cu-EA treatment reduces the water vapor accessibility in wood because copper has occupied some of the adsorption sites for moisture during the treatment. The percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper was evaluated by M
t/M
u, which is the ratio of equilibrium moisture content for treated wood to untreated wood. The results show that, within the copper retention range used in this study, the M
t/M
u value decreases linearly at lower temperatures (4 and 15 °C) or logarithmically at higher temperatures (30 and 40 °C) with the increase of copper retention, suggesting that the percentage of adsorption sites occupied by copper (P) increases linearly or logarithmically with the copper retention in Cu-EA treated wood. P decreases with the increase of relative humidity. The reason is that more adsorption sites become available for moisture at higher relative humidity. It has also been found that the influence of Cu-EA treatment on hydrated water (M
h) is more significant than that on dissolved water (M
s).
Solid wood joints by in situ welding of structural wood constituents
Authors: Gfeller B. , Pizzi A. , Zanetti M. , Properzi M. , Pichelin F. , Lehmann M. , Delmotte L.
Published: September 2004

Mechanically-induced wood flow welding, without any adhesive, is here shown to rapidly yield wood joints satisfying the relevant requirements for structural application. The mechanism of mechanically-induced vibrational wood flow welding is shown to be due mostly to the melting and flowing of the amorphous polymer materials interconnecting wood cells, mainly lignin, but also some hemicelluloses. This causes the partial detachment of long wood cells and wood fibres and the formation of an entanglement network in a matrix of melted material which then solidifies. Thus, it forms a wood cell/fibre entanglement network composite having a molten lignin polymer matrix. During the welding period, some of the detached wood fibres no longer held by the interconnecting material are pushed out of the joint as excess fibre. Cross-linking chemical reactions of lignin and of carbohydrate-derived furfural also occur. Their presence has been identified by CP-MAS 13C NMR. These reactions are, however, relatively minor contributors during the very short welding period. Their contribution increases after welding has finished, explaining why relatively longer holding times under pressure after the end of welding contribute strongly to obtaining a good bond.
Homogeneity in cellulose crystallinity between samples of Pinus radiata wood
Authors: Newman R. H.
Published: September 2004

Wood was sampled from 22 locations in 3 Pinus radiata trees and characterized by solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy. Values of a cellulose crystallinity index were confined to the range 0.486 to 0.541 despite inclusion of earlywood and latewood, compression wood and opposite wood, juvenile wood and mature wood. The mean value was 0.515 and the standard deviation was 0.015. Highest crystallinity was associated with relatively slow radial growth, with a correlation coefficient of R=−0.79 for a linear least-squares fit against ring width. The NMR results were consistent with published studies based on X-ray peak widths. Crystallinity indices based on X-ray peak heights or areas have shown wider ranges of variation, attributed to differences in cellulose content rather than cellulose crystallinity.
Analysis of the substituent distribution along the chain of water-soluble methyl cellulose by combination of enzymatic and chemical methods
Authors: Saake B. , Lebioda S. , Puls J.
Published: September 2004

Four methyl cellulose samples in the degree of substitution range from 0.5 to 2.0 were characterised by combination of different analytical methods. Samples were analysed regarding their partial degree of substitution by hydrolysis and anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. For calibration of the chromatographic system, standard substances were isolated by preparative HPLC and their structure was confirmed by 13C-NMR spectroscopy. For two methyl cellulose samples per-acetylation and 13C-NMR with inverse gated decoupling was carried out for comparison with the chromatographic analysis. Endoglucanase fragmentation of methyl celluloses was performed and water-soluble and insoluble fractions were analysed separately. A preparative size exclusion chromatography system for enzymatic-degraded water-soluble methyl cellulose was developed and the molar masses of the individual fractions were examined by analytical size exclusion chromatography. By combination of endoglucanase fragmentation, preparative chromatography, hydrolysis and anion exchange chromatography an approach for the analysis of the substitutent distribution along the polymeric chain of water-soluble methyl cellulose could be established.
Variation in content and composition of lignin in young wood of Norway spruce
Authors: Wadenbäck J. , Clapham D. , Gellerstedt G. , von Arnold S.
Published: September 2004

Lignin content and composition are important traits in
several tree breeding programs, but very little is known
about their natural variation. This study compares the lignin
content in 1-year-old plants and 9-year-old trees of
Norway spruce belonging to the same full-sib families. It
is shown that the lignin content, according to the modified
acetyl bromide method, does not vary significantly
within or among the different full-sib families either as
plants or as young trees. There is, however, on average
4.0% higher lignin content (31.4% versus 27.4%) and
lower standard error for the trees than for the plants. The
number of C9-units g−1 lignin, analyzed by thioacidolysis,
ranges from 516 to 1186 μmmol C9-units g−1 lignin in
plants and from 716 to 953 μmmol C9-units g−1 lignin in
trees, with no significant differences among the families.
However, the extent of change in C9-units g−1 lignin varies
among the families with age. The ratio of erythro and
threo stereoisomers does not vary significantly among
the families. However, the ratio changes differently with
age among the families similar to the C9-units g−1 lignin.
Additionally, the content of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) lignin is
0.6% higher in the trees than in the plants (1.4% versus
0.8%), estimated indirectly from GC-MS data by a novel
subtractive technique, indicating a higher degree of compression
wood in the young trees. In conclusion, the
amount and composition of lignin does not vary within
or among the families at the same age. However, the
amount of lignin increases with age while the change in
lignin composition varies between family and age.
Polyoxometalate oxidation of non-phenolic lignin subunits in water: Effect of substrate structure on reaction kinetics
Authors: Yokoyama T. , Chang H.-M. , Reiner R. S. , Atalla R. H. , Weinstock I. A. , Kadla J. F.
Published: September 2004

The effect of lignin-biopolymer structure on the mechanism
of its oxidative depolymerization by polyoxometalates
(POMs) was investigated by reacting an equilibrated
POM ensemble with a series of ring-substituted benzyl
alcohols. Under anaerobic conditions in mixed water/methanol, observed pseudo-first order reaction rates
(150°C) of 8.96 × 10−3 and 4.89 × 10−3 sec−1 were
obtained for oxidations of 1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)
ethanol (1) and 1-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethanol (2),
respectively. Organic products from the oxidation of 2 (95% recovery) indicate the reaction proceeds via successive
oxidations of the benzylic carbon atom; aromatic-ring cleavage was not observed. A primary
kinetic-isotope effect of 1.6 and 1.7 was observed for the
reactions of 1 and 2 deuterated at the benzylic-carbon
atoms. This combined with the relatively large activation
energies, indicate that C-H bond breaking (either H-atom
or proton-coupled electron transfer) occurs late along the
reaction coordinate of the rate-determining step. Replacing
the 4-CH3O-group in 2 by CH3CH2O- to give 1-(4-ethoxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanol (3), had a
substantial effect on the temperature dependence of the
observed reaction rate, suggestive of a possible change
in mechanism.
Measurement of moisture content profiles during drying of Scots pine using magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Rosenkilde A. , Gorce J.-P. , Barry A.
Published: September 2004

Moisture content profiles with high spatial pixel resolution,
21 μm, were measured in Scots pine heartwood
while drying from wet conditions to near equilibrium in
the surface layer, (0–300 μm). The measuring technique
used was Magnetic Resonance Imaging. In order to
obtain magnetic resonance profiles with a high pixel resolution
at both high and low moisture contents, a highg-radient
permanent magnet was used. The results
presented show one-dimensional moisture content profiles
and mean moisture content development in the surface
layer. In Scots pine heartwood, almost flat moisture
content profiles were observed when the moisture content
was above the fibre saturation level. When the mean
moisture content in the surface layer decreases to the
fibre saturation level, gradients start to build up from the
surface towards the bulk of the sample although the bulk
moisture content is far above the fibre saturation. Furthermore,
the results presented in this study imply that a
dry shell forms in the surface layer shortly after drying
has begun. This dry shell controls the drying rate until
the mean moisture content in the bulk decreases to the
fibre saturation level.
Internal stresses in the cross-grain direction in glulam induced by climate variations
Authors: Jönsson J.
Published: September 2004

Results are presented from an experimental investigation
to determine internal stress states perpendicular to grain
in glulam induced by moisture variations. The stresses
are determined by measuring the released strains before
and after cutting. Stress distributions are determined for
specimens seasoned in constant humidity, specimens
exposed to an artificial single climate change, specimens
exposed to cyclic climate change and for specimens
exposed to natural climate outdoors under shelter.
Results for seasoned specimens show that internal
stresses exist in glulam without the presence of moisture
gradients. Stresses in specimens with an induced moisture
gradient become larger when moistening from a specific
climate A to another climate B than when drying
from B to A. Tests in an outdoor sheltered climate show
large variations in strains and stresses. The tensile stress
level in the inner part of the glulam cross section exceeds
the characteristic strength of 0.5 MPa during a period of
approximately 80 days.
Tolerability, Safety, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacokinetics of Rasagiline: A Potent, Selective, and Irreversible Monoamine Oxidase Type B Inhibitor
Authors: Thébault John J. , Guillaume Michel , Levy Ruth
Published: September 2004

Study Objective. To investigate the tolerability, safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of rasagiline after once‐daily oral administration of single or repeated doses.

Design. A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, three‐way, single‐dose study and a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, repeated‐dose study.

Setting. Clinical research center in France.

Subjects. Healthy male volunteers aged 18–40 years (12 in the single‐dose study, 24 in the repeated‐dose study).

Intervention. In the single‐dose study, subjects received, in a randomized sequence, single doses of placebo, rasagiline 1 mg, and rasagiline 5 mg; or placebo, rasagiline 2 mg, and rasagiline 10 mg. Six subjects received an additional single dose of rasagiline 20 mg. There was a 2‐week washout period between each dose. In the repeated‐dose study, subjects were randomized to receive rasagiline 2 mg, 5 mg, or 10 mg, or placebo once/day for 10 days.

Measurements and Main Results. To assess tolerability and safety, patients underwent physical examinations, vital sign measurements, 12‐lead electrocardiograms, clinical laboratory testing, and bleeding time studies. To determine platelet monoamine oxidase type B (MAO‐B) activity and rasagiline pharmacokinetics, blood and urine samples were taken. In the single‐dose study, rasagiline 1–20 mg was well tolerated. Each dose significantly inhibited platelet MAO‐B activity. In the repeated‐dose study, all doses of rasagiline were well tolerated; almost full inhibition of platelet MAO‐B activity was achieved with each rasagiline dose.

Conclusion. Rasagiline is well tolerated at doses up to 20 mg once/day and is a potent inhibitor of platelet MAO‐B in humans.
History of Depression as a Predictor of Adverse Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized for Decompensated Heart Failure
Authors: de Denus Simon , Spinler Sarah A. , Jessup Mariell , Kao Andrew
Published: September 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the prevalence and impact of depression on the risk of in‐hospital death or need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure.

Design. Observational single‐center study.

Setting. Coronary care unit and cardiac intermediate‐care unit of a tertiary referral center.

Patients. One hundred seventy‐one patients hospitalized with decompensated heart failure who were included in the Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Registry (ADHERE).

Measurements and Main Results. The 34 patients with a history of depression had a higher likelihood of experiencing the combined end point of in‐hospital death or CPR compared with the 137 patients without a history of depression (17.7% vs 6.6%, p<0.05). A history of depression (odds ratio 3.3, 95% confidence interval 1.01–10.6, p<0.05) was still predictive of in‐hospital death or CPR in a multivariate analysis after adjusting for predictors of the combined end point.

Conclusions. This study suggests that a history of depression is associated with an increased risk of in‐hospital mortality or CPR in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure. Our results require confirmation in larger trials.
Bone Disorders Associated with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Pathogenesis and Management
Authors: Qaqish Roula B. , Sims Keri A.
Published: September 2004

Bone disorders such as osteopenia, osteoporosis, and osteonecrosis have been reported in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but the etiology and mechanism of these disorders are unknown. The prevalence estimates vary widely among studies and may be influenced by the presence or absence of antiretroviral therapy and lipodystrophy, severity of HIV disease, and overlapping bone loss risk factors. Addressing potential underlying bone disease risk factors (e.g., smoking and alcohol intake), evaluating calcium and vitamin D intake, and performing dual x‐ray absorptiometry in patients with HIV who have risks for bone disease are important strategies in preventing osteopenia and osteoporosis in HIV‐infected patients. Management of osteopenia and osteoporosis is still being evaluated. Administration of bisphosphonates (e.g., alendronate), with calcium and vitamin D supplementation, may be reasonable in treating osteoporosis; however, surgical intervention is the only method for treating symptomatic osteonecrosis.
Chemotherapy Dose Density in Early‐Stage Breast Cancer and Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Goldspiel Barry R.
Published: September 2004

Delivering standard‐dose chemotherapy on schedule is important for survival in early‐stage breast cancer and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Trials of dose‐escalated regimens, in which higher‐than‐standard doses of chemotherapy are used, have produced equivocal results. In contrast, dose‐dense regimens, in which standard doses are given with shorter (usually 14‐day) intervals between cycles, have been more efficacious than standard 21‐day regimens in trials in both early‐stage breast cancer and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. Furthermore, a shorter course of chemotherapy is likely to cause less disruption in patients' lives. Despite the evidence of the importance of maintaining chemotherapy dose intensity (the amount of drug administered/unit of time), undertreatment of patients with early‐stage breast cancer and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma is common. Neutropenia is the primary dose‐limiting toxicity of many chemotherapy regimens, and it is frequently managed by dose reductions and delays that decrease dose intensity. Colony‐stimulating factors reduce the prevalence and severity of neutropenia and its complications, and their proactive use can improve adherence to the planned schedule of both standard‐dose and dose‐dense chemotherapy. The promising results with dose‐dense chemotherapy in early‐stage breast cancer and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma indicate that it should be tested in patients with other chemosensitive tumors.
A Smoking‐Cessation Program Consisting of Extensive Counseling, Pharmacotherapy, and Office Spirometry: Results of a Pilot Project in a Veterans Administration Medical Center
Authors: Kennedy Daniel T. , Paulson Daniel M. , Eddy Tia D. , Patel Pinki C. , Patkar Anuprita D. , Holdford David A. , Genina Vera Y. , Griffin Erin N.
Published: September 2004

Study Objective. To describe the 1‐year outcomes of a Veterans Administration smoking‐cessation program that demonstrates a standard of care comprising extensive counseling, pharmacotherapy, and office spirometry.

Design. Prospective one‐group pretest‐posttest, with an intervention of state‐of‐the‐art practice in smoking cessation.

Setting. Outpatient clinic in a Veterans Administration Medical Center (VAMC).

Patients. Two hundred fifty‐two veterans receiving health care at the VAMC.

Measurements and Main Results. The primary outcome measured was the 1‐year cessation rate of smokers. Demographic and clinical covariates also were collected. Of the 252 patients who enrolled in the program, 120 never quit smoking for even 1 day. Of the remaining 132 patients, 32 (24%) achieved long‐term (1 yr) cessation. The number of visits to the clinic and the number of methods used during the attempt to quit were the only variables significantly associated with long‐term smoking cessation (p<0.0001 for each).

Conclusion. The availability of a standard‐of‐practice clinic for smoking cessation within a primary care clinic can help patients who have a desire to quit. A combination of intensive counseling, pharmacotherapy, and office spirometry helped patients in a Veterans Administration population to achieve long‐term smoking cessation.
The Role of Oral Direct Thrombin Inhibitors in the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Busti Anthony J. , Bussey Henry I.
Published: September 2004

Unfractionated heparin and warfarin have been the mainstay of treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) for approximately half a century. However, both agents are difficult to dose accurately, require frequent blood testing and dosage adjustment, and can cause serious adverse effects. Oral direct thrombin inhibitors may provide more predictable anticoagulation with oral dosing, without the need for frequent blood test monitoring and without the adverse effects seen with conventional agents. The oral direct thrombin inhibitor closest to being marketed is ximelagatran, which has been through phase III trials. Available data thus far suggest that the efficacy and safety of this agent may allow it to replace both heparin (and low‐molecular‐weight heparin) and warfarin for VTE treatment and long‐term prophylaxis. Concerns about ximelagatran that require further study are a 5–9% rate of transient elevation in liver enzyme levels, drug interactions, how patient adherence can be ensured in the absence of blood tests, and whether alterations in renal or hepatic function will require dosage adjustments. Although there is more to learn about ximelagatran, available data suggest that it is likely to be the most significant therapeutic advance in this area in over 50 years.
Transitioning from Traditional to Novel Anticoagulants: The Impact of Oral Direct Thrombin Inhibitors on Anticoagulation Management
Authors: Nutescu Edith A. , Spinler Sarah A. , Dager William E. , Bussey Henry I.
Published: September 2004

Limitations of traditional anticoagulants have led to the need for structured services to provide anticoagulation monitoring. Anticoagulation management services have historically filled this role. Novel antithrombotic agents currently in development have the potential to improve on the limitations of vitamin K antagonists and injectable forms of heparin and to change the field of anticoagulation management. Of the emerging agents, oral direct thrombin inhibitors present the most promise and have a more practical clinical profile. The introduction of the oral direct thrombin inhibitors may present both an opportunity and a threat to anticoagulation management services and anticoagulation service providers. Traditional anticoagulation monitoring services will have to retool for the future if they are to remain relevant in the new era of novel antithrombotic agents.
Alternating‐Current Properties of Elastomer‐Carbon Nanocomposites
Authors: Knite M. , Teteris V. , Aulika I. , Kabelka H. , Fuith A.
Published: September 2004

Analysis of conductivity and dielectric permittivity as functions of applied AC frequency and features responsible for the giant tenso‐resistance effect in polyisoprene‐extraconductive carbon black nanoparticles composites are presently reported. The experimentally obtained results are in good agreement with the mechanism of inter‐cluster polarisation. Some deviation from the statistical percolation theory at carbon concentrations above the percolation threshold is discussed.
Synthesis and Spectral and Structural Elucidation of Some Pyridinium Betaines of Squaric Acid: Potential Materials for Nonlinear Optical Applications
Authors: Kolev T. M. , Yancheva D. Y. , Stoyanov S. I.
Published: September 2004

A series of substituted pyridinium betaines of squaric acid have been prepared by quaternization reaction of 3‐ and 4‐substituted pyridines with squaric acid. The products were characterized by means of elemental analysis, melting points, and their UV‐vis and IR spectra. The UV‐vis spectra of all investigated compounds in five different solvents were studied in detail. The UV‐vis spectral elucidation has given evidence of the clearly distinct negative solvatochromism of the pyridinium betaines of squaric acid, characteristic for compounds with a dipolar electronic ground state structure. The two absorption bands observed in the visible region show a charge‐transfer character, which determines their strong dependence on the polarity of the medium and the nature of the substituent. The investigation of the spectral behavior of pyridinium betaines of squaric acid has revealed their potential nonlinear optical and electro‐optical properties. Furthermore, these compounds exhibit remarkable thermal stability, required for such applications. The eventual technical application of these colored single crystals is discussed.
Well‐Aligned ZnO Nanorods via Hydrogen Treatment of ZnO Films
Authors: Wu J.‐J. , Wen H.‐I. , Tseng C.‐H. , Liu S.‐C.
Published: September 2004

The formation of well‐aligned ZnO nanorods has been achieved via H2 treatment of as‐grown ZnO films. Structural analyses reveal that the ZnO nanorods on the ZnO films are preferentially oriented along the c‐axis direction and exhibit a single‐crystalline wurtzite structure. To investigate the mechanism of formation of ZnO nanorods on the film, further H2 treatment of the as‐grown ZnO nanorods was performed. Thinner and longer ZnO nanorods were obtained after certain periods of H2 treatment. It is proposed that both etching and re‐deposition processes are taking place during the process, resulting in the aspect‐ratio enhancement of the ZnO nanorods and the formation of ZnO nanorods on the ZnO films. It is suggested that an appropriate concentration of the etching products remaining from the initial rod‐forming H2 treatment allows subsequent re‐deposition of the ZnO nanorods with enhanced differentiation of the growth rates on the 〈001〉 and 〈100〉 crystal facets.
Investigation of the Structure of MCM‐41 Samples with a High Copper Content
Authors: Kong Y. , Zhu H. Y. , Yang G. , Guo X. F. , Hou W. H. , Yan Q. J. , Gu M. , Hu C.
Published: September 2004

A series of MCM‐41s with a high copper content were synthesized at room temperature from sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3) as the silicon source, tetraamminecopper(II) nitrate [Cu(NH3)4(NO3)2] as the copper source and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTABr) as the template. The resulting material was characterized by using the following characterization techniques: X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2‐adsorption isotherms, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), temperature‐programmed reduction (H2‐TPR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV‐vis spectroscopy, electron‐spin resonance (ESR) and 29Si magic‐angle sample spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectroscopy. The characterization techniques demonstrated the following: i) the copper atoms are incorporated into the framework of MCM‐41 and ii) the copper species in the samples are in a distorted octahedral coordination environment, with between four and six oxygen atoms in the first coordination sphere. The maximum copper content determined by ICP was 26 wt.‐% in the ordered mesoporous sample with a surface area of 525 m2 g–1 and an average pore diameter of 3.1 nm. The synthesized materials exhibited a high activity for nitrogen monoxide (NO) reduction by carbon monoxide (CO).
On the Origin of Green Emission in Polyfluorene Polymers: The Roles of Thermal Oxidation Degradation and Crosslinking
Authors: Zhao W. , Cao T. , White J. M.
Published: September 2004

The green emission of poly(9,9′′‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7′′‐diyl), end‐capped by polyhedral oligomeric silsequioxanes, (PFO‐POSS) has been investigated by photoluminescence (PL) and photoexcitation (PE), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and transmission Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The green emission is closely correlated with thermal oxidation degradation and crosslinking of the polymer and is enhanced by annealing at elevated temperatures. The green‐to‐blue emission intensity ratio, used to assess the emission properties of thin (90 nm) films, was 3.70, 4.35, and 1.54 for an air‐annealed film, its insoluble residue (crosslinked), and a film cast from its soluble portion, respectively. For thick (5–6 μm) film, the ratios are 13.33, 13.33, and 0.79, respectively. However, FTIR spectroscopy of thick films leads to the conclusion that the carbonyl‐to‐aromatic ring concentration ratio are 0.018, 0.015, and 0.032, respectively. Focusing on the recast films, the green emission is relatively low while the carbonyl concentration is relatively high. This suggests that the energy traps at crosslinked chains play an important role in green emission. It is likely that the crosslinking enhances the excitation energy migration and energy transfer to the defects by hindering chain segment twisting.
Identification of Compounds in Wine by HPLC—Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Bevilacqua Lucio , Buiarelli Francesca , Coccioli Franco , Jasionowska Renata
Published: September 2004

In this work several compounds were detected in wines by HPLC—tandem mass spectrometry. In particular cinnamic and benzoic acids, tyrosol, apigenin—7—glucoside and luteolin—7—glucoside were identified and quantified in Italian wines . Red wines show bigger amount of cinnamic and benzoic acids than white wines. tyrosol is in bigger amount with respect to two flavones: luteolin—7—glucoside and apigenin—7—glucoside. These last two flavones are only in some wine, but it can be important to detect the presence of different substances in small amount to be able to characterize a wine.
NH2�SEP—PAK Cartridges for Enrichment of Aromatic Sulfur Compounds from Sea Water: Determination by GC—FID and GC—MS
Authors: Russo Mario Vincenzo , di Lorenzo Vincenzo , Avino Pasquale
Published: September 2004

The Aromatic Sulfur Compounds (ASCs) are considered as “markers” of the crude oil age. In this frame, we have considered ASCs as “markers” of remote crude oil sea water pollution for their chemical characteristics, good solubility in water and resistance to the biodegradation. Gas chromatography of ASCs in distilled water and sea water samples has been performed after adsorption from a 80 mL water sample on to a cartridge containing 100 mg NH2�bonded porous silica. The ASCs are desorbed with 2 mL acetonetrichloromethane (1:1), which is concentrated and analysed by GC—FID or GC—MS in SIM mode. The average recovery of 0.1 μg mL—1 of each ASC from distilled water and 0.04—0.2 μg mL—1 from sea water samples is > 96.3% with a standard deviation < 2.2. The limits of detection are 0.06—0.05 ng mL—1 for thiophen—2—carboxaldehyde and benzothiophene, and 0.006—0.004 ng mL—1 for dibenzothiophene and thiantrene in GC—FID whereas they are 0.02 ng mL—1 for thiophen—2—carboxaldehyde and benzothiophene, and 0.003 ng mL—1 for dibenzothiophene and thiantrene in GC—MS (SIM) with a relative standard deviation < 7.
Clustering in wavelet domain: A multiresolution ART network for anomaly detection
Authors: Aradhye Hrishikesh B. , Bakshi Bhavik R. , Davis James F. , Ahalt Stanley C.
Published: September 2004

A method for process fault detection is presented, based on the integration of multiscale signal representation and scale‐specific clustering‐based diagnosis. Previous work has demonstrated the utility of our multiscale detection scheme applied to linear projection‐based methods, such as PCA and Dynamic PCA. This work further demonstrates the use and method independence of the multiscale scheme by applying it to a nonlinear modeling method, namely Adaptive Resonance Theory‐2. The multiscale ART‐2 (MSART‐2) algorithm detects a process change when one or more wavelet coefficients violate the similarity thresholds with respect to clusters of wavelet coefficients under normal process operation at that scale. In contrast to most other multiresolution schemes, this framework exploits clustering behavior of wavelet coefficients of multiple variables for the purpose of scale selection and feature extraction. By reconstructing the signal with only the relevant scales, MSART‐2 can automatically extract the signal feature representing the abnormal operation under consideration. Illustrative examples as well as Monte Carlo bases for these claims via a comparative performance analysis over several case studies are provided. Comparison of average detection delays or run‐lengths of MSART‐2 with those of ART‐2 for a variety of processes with different statistical characteristics is provided. Comparative results on real industrial case studies from a petrochemical process plant are also presented. Results indicate that MSART‐2, as compared to ART‐2, is a general approach that may be preferable for problems where it is necessary to detect all changes drawn from processes of various statistical characteristics. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 2455–2466, 2004
Mosaicism of the CAG repeat sequence in the Huntington disease gene in a pair of monozygotic twins
Authors: Nørremølle Anne , Hasholt Lis , Petersen Cathrine Bie , Eiberg Hans , Hasselbalch Steen G. , Gideon Peter , Nielsen Jørgen E. , Sørensen Sven Asger
Published: September 2004

We report on a pair of monozygotic twins belonging to a family segregating Huntington disease (HD). In routine DNA analysis of blood cells, they displayed three alleles of the CAG repeat sequence in the HD gene. Two different cell lines, carrying the normal allele together with either an expanded allele with 47 CAGs or an intermediate allele with 37 CAGs, were detected in blood and buccal epithelium from both twins. To our knowledge, this is the first case described of HD gene CAG repeat length mosaicism in blood cells. Haplotype analysis established that the 37 CAG allele most likely arose by contraction of the maternal 47 CAG allele. The contraction must have taken place postzygotically, possibly at a very early stage of development, and probably before separation of the twins. One of the twins has presented symptoms of HD for 4 years; his skin fibroblasts and hair roots carried only the cell line with the 47 CAG repeat allele. The other twin, who is without symptoms at present, displayed mosaicism in skin fibroblasts and hair roots. If the proportion of the two cell lines in the brain of each twin resembles that of their hair roots (another tissue originating from the ectoderm), the mosaicism in the unaffected twin would mean that only a part of his brain cells carried the expanded allele, which could explain why he, in contrast to his brother, has no symptoms at this time. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dilated ascending aorta in a child with ring chromosome 21 syndrome
Authors: Rope Alan F. , Hinton Robert B. , Spicer Robert L. , Blough‐Pfau Ruthann , Saal Howard M.
Published: September 2004

Ring chromosome 21 syndrome is a rare condition with a well‐characterized phenotype. Affected individuals have recognizable dysmorphic features, developmental delays, growth retardation, and a predisposition for congenital malformations involving the neurologic, craniofacial, digestive, genitourinary, skeletal, and hematologic systems. Structural cardiac anomalies have also been described, but dilated ascending aorta has not been previously reported in association with ring 21 (r(21)). Although rarely seen in this syndrome, the presence of ectopia lentis, abdominal herniae, and dilated ascending aorta suggest an underlying connective tissue disorder. A possible explanation is haploinsufficiency of the COL6A1, COL6A2, and/or COL18A genes located on the distal portion of chromosome 21q, which are lost when the ring chromosome is formed. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148‐7299/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal arthrogryposis 5: A dominant syndrome of peripheral contractures and ophthalmoplegia
Authors: Beals Rodney K. , Weleber Richard G.
Published: September 2004

A four‐generation family with distal arthrogryposis 5 is described. All affected members had limitations of ocular motility and some had ptosis. Restrictive lung disease is a feature in most affected patients in this family. It is possible that this syndrome may be due to a muscle abnormality. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA control region sequence variation in migraine headache and cyclic vomiting syndrome
Authors: Wang Qingxue , Ito Masamichi , Adams Kathleen , Li B U.K. , Klopstock Thomas , Maslim Audrey , Higashimoto Tomoyasu , Herzog Juergen , Boles Richard G.
Published: September 2004

Migraine headache is a very common condition affecting about 10% of the population that results in substantial morbidity and economic loss. The two most common variants are migraine with (MA) and without (MO) aura. Often considered to be a migraine‐like variant, cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a predominately childhood condition characterized by severe, discrete episodes of nausea, vomiting, and lethargy. Disease‐associated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence variants are suggested in common migraine and CVS based upon a strong bias towards the maternal inheritance of disease, and several other factors. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) followed by cyclosequencing and RFLP was used to screen almost 90% of the mtDNA, including the control region (CR), for heteroplasmy in 62 children with CVS and neuromuscular disease (CVS+) and in 95 control subjects. One or two rare mtDNA‐CR heteroplasmic sequence variants were found in six CVS+ and in zero control subjects (P = 0.003). These variants comprised 6 point and 2 length variants in hypervariable regions 1 and 2 (HV1 and HV2, both part of the mtDNA‐CR), one half of which were clustered in the nt 16040–16188 segment of HV1 that includes the termination associated sequence (TAS), a functional location important in the regulation of mtDNA replication. Based upon our findings, sequencing and statistical analysis looking for homoplasmic nucleotide changes was performed in HV1 among 30 CVS+, 30 randomly‐ascertained CVS (rCVS), 18 MA, 32 MO, and 35 control haplogroup H cases. Within the nt 16040–16188 segment, homoplasmic sequence variants were three‐fold more common relative to control subjects in both CVS groups (P = 0.01 combined data) and in MO (P = 0.02), but not in MA (P = 0.5 vs. control subjects and 0.02 vs. MO). No group differences were noted in the remainder of HV1. We conclude that sequence variation in this small “peri‐TAS” segment is associated with CVS and MO, but not MA. These variants likely constitute risk factors for disease development. Our findings are consistent with previous data demonstrating progression of CVS into MO in many cases, and the co‐segregation in a maternal inheritance pattern of CVS and MO within families. A mitochondrial component in the pathogenesis of migraine and CVS has therapeutic implications, especially concerning the avoidance of fasting. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proximate mechanisms of reproductive monopolization in male moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax)
Authors: Huck Maren , Löttker Petra , Heymann Eckhard W.
Published: September 2004

In moustached tamarin (Saguinus mystax) groups, the single breeding female mates polyandrously with most or all nonrelated adult males. Nonetheless, paternity is monopolized in many groups by a single male. No evidence for male endocrine suppression has been found in this species. The proximate mechanisms of monopolization thus remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible impact of agonistic interactions and mate‐guarding on the monopolization of paternity in male moustached tamarins. Furthermore, we evaluated the likely costs of these behaviors, and whether olfactory cues might be used for its timing. We used behavioral data on proximity, agonistic interactions, time budgets, and scent‐marking behavior to answer these questions. While direct agonistic competition does not play a prominent role, fertile females were consorted in some periods by one male, the sire of the previous and next litter. Consorting was instigated nearly exclusively by the male. It probably occurred during the female's periods of highest fertility, and thus likely functions as mate‐guarding. The timing of the consortship was probably guided by olfactory cues in the female's scent marks. While we did not obtain direct evidence for energy costs in terms of increased energy expenditure or decreased food intake, we found that consorting males are more conspicuous and therefore may be more vulnerable to predators. Am. J. Primatol. 64:39–56, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noninvasive estimation of bone mass in ancient vertebrae
Authors: Gonzalez‐Reimers E. , Mas‐Pascual M.A. , Arnay‐de‐la‐Rosa M. , Velasco‐Vázquez J. , Santolaria‐Fernández F. , Machado‐Calvo M.
Published: September 2004

Histomorphometry is useful in the assessment of trabecular bone mass (TBM), and thus, in the estimation of the prevalence and intensity of osteopenia in ancient population groups. However, it is a destructive method. It is therefore necessary to explore the accuracy of nondestructive approaches, such as radiography, bone mineral density (BMD) assessed by double‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), bone density (BD), or optical density (OD) in the diagnosis of osteopenia. We selected 51 vertebrae out of a total sample composed of 333 T12, L1, and L2 vertebrae belonging to adult pre‐Hispanic inhabitants from El Hierro. These vertebrae underwent histomorphometrical analysis, a fine‐grained film radiography with assessment of trabecular pattern following standard methods, OD, DEXA‐assessed BMD, and BD. The presence of biconcave vertebrae and wedge‐shaped vertebrae was also assessed by measuring anterior height (a), posterior height (p), and height at the middle point of the vertebral body (m), and further calculating the indices 2m/(a + p) (“spine score”) and a/p. Significant correlations were observed between TBM and BMD (r = 0.43), TBM and BD (r = 0.49), TBM and OD (r = 0.52), BMD and OD (r = 0.51), and BMD and BD (r = 0.36), but not between TBM and the indices 2m/(a + p) and a/p. In the stepwise multiple correlation analysis between TBM and BMD, BD, and OD, OD entered into first place and BD into second place, whereas BMD became displaced; the multiple correlation coefficient was 0.63, with a standard error of 3.78. A BMD greater than 0.60 g/cm2, or a bone density greater than 0.60 g/cm3, excluded osteopenia (TBM <15%) with a specificity greater than 90%, whereas a BMD value less than 0.35 g/cm2, a BD less than 0.35 g/cm3, or optical density >1.6 excluded a normal bone mass (TBM >20%) with a specificity greater than 90%. Based on radiographic criteria on the total sample, we also conclude that the overall prevalence of vertebral fractures in the adult pre‐Hispanic population of El Hierro of any age is 7.5%. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: A Dinuclear, Triple‐Stranded Helicate with a Diamide‐Bridged Catechol/Benzenedithiol Ligand (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 36/2004)
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Schulze Isfort Christian , Pape Tania
Published: September 2004

Helices are a universal structure. They are found in all sizes from molecular species to spiral nebula. The cover picture shows a dinuclear, triple‐stranded helicate containing a novel ligand with a catecholato and an o‐benzenedithiolato donor group. Only the regioisomer with a parallel orientation of the ligands is formed and from only one pair of enantiomers. For more information, see the Communication by F. E. Hahn et al. on page 4807 ff.
Effects of the combination of solid lubricants and short carbon fibers on the sliding performance of poly(ether imide) matrix composites
Authors: Xian Guijun , Zhang Zhong
Published: September 2004

Solid lubricants, that is, graphite flakes and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) powders, were incorporated with short carbon fibers into a poly(ether imide) matrix to improve the tribological performance. Wear tests were performed with a polymer pin against a mild steel counterpart at a constant sliding speed of 1 m/s under various temperatures and contact pressures. Composites filled with equilibrium contents of solid lubricants and short carbon fibers, that is, 10 vol % of each filler, exhibited the lowest wear rate and friction coefficient. The relatively lower concentration of solid lubricants adversely affected the wear resistance, whereas the friction coefficient did not vary significantly in comparison with the friction coefficient of the composites filled with only short carbon fibers. The improved tribological behavior was attributed to more continuous and effective friction films formed on the material pairs during sliding. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1428–1434, 2004
Dynamic interfacial properties between a flexible‐chain polymer and a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer investigated by an ellipsoidal drop retraction method
Authors: Yu Ruobing , Yu Wei , Zhou Chixing , Feng J. J.
Published: September 2004

In this study, the dynamic interfacial properties between an isotropic polymer and a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (TLCP) were investigated by measuring the time‐dependent interfacial tension between them. As a TLCP drop retracts in a flexible polymer matrix, the evolution of its shape is recorded by microscopy. By fitting the ellipsoidal model of Maffettone and Minale, the model of Marrucci and Santo, and large deformation ellipsoidal models by Jackson–Tucker and Yu–Bousmina, the interfacial tension could then be determined. It was found that the retraction of a TLCP ellipsoidal drop in a flexible polymer cannot be described by these models as accurately as in Newtonian systems. The apparent interfacial tension obtained from these models evolves with time; the evolution is ascribed to the slow relaxation of domain orientation within the TLCP drop. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94:1404–1410, 2004
Preparation of fluoroacrylate nanocopolymer by miniemulsion polymerization used in textile finishing
Authors: Huang Pei‐Yuan , Chao Yu‐Chou , Liao Yih‐Tyan
Published: September 2004

Latex based on fluoroacrylate (TAN) and other comonomers was prepared via miniemulsion polymerization in the presence of stearyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (STAC) and 2, 2′‐azobis (2‐amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (ABAP) as a water soluble initiator. Light transmittance studies demonstrated that the light transmittance of prepared emulsions increases with the amount of TAN, STAC, cosolvent DPM, and hydrophobe DM. Given suitable reaction temperature and quantities of TAN, STAC, DPM, and DM, a copolymer emulsion of fluoroacylate with a particle size of 50 nm was produced. The water repellency tested on polyester fabrics displayed greater effectiveness than that of commercial products with higher fluorine content. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1466–1472, 2004