bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amberlyst-15, an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the 1,4-dihydropyridine synthesis
Authors: Tran Quang Hung  , Pham Thi Thanh Loan  , Do Thi Lan Nhi  , Ban Van Phuc  , Nguyen Hien  , Dang Thanh Tuan  , Duong Ngoc Tu  , Do Van Dang  , Vu Xuan Hoan
Published: March 2023

The paper reported synthesizing 1,4-dihydropyridine (1,4-DHP) from β-ketoester, aromatic aldehyde, and ammonium acetate via a two-step, using heterogeneous catalyst Amberlyst-15 in high yields at room temperature. The method was applied to synthesize some 1,4-DHP derivatives. Moreover, the catalyst was reused at least five times without loss of catalytic activity under eco-friendly conditions.
Research on synthesis and electrochemical properties of MIL-53 /rGO materials and application of electrochemical sensor development to detect Cd2+ ions in aqueous solutions
Authors: Tran Thi Luyen  , Dang Thi Minh Hue  , Hoang Thi Linh Giang  , Nguyen Duc Quan  , Nguyen Duc Thang  , Trinh Xuan Cuong  , Tran Vinh Hoang  , Huynh Dang Chinh
Published: March 2023

MIL-53/rGO material has been synthesized in a 2-step process on the basis of metal organic framework material of MIL-53(Fe) and reduced graphene (rGO). Material characteristics were studied through XRD, SEM, and electrochemical DPV measurements. Electrochemical sensor based on nanocomposite MIL-53(Fe)/rGO material has been developed, showing outstanding advantages including the ability to detect directly Cd2+ ions in aqueous solution, fast detection time and sensitivity. quite tall. The relationship between the sensor output signal (Ipeak) and the concentration of Cd2+ ions in the range 1 to 9 μM is linear, having the square of the correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9705.
On the peculiarities of post-penitentiary control over persons who have served a sentence of deprivation of liberty in the penitentiary legislation of individual countries - members of the Commonwealth of Independent States
Authors: Потапов Андрей Михайлович , Куликов Сергей Григорьевич
Published: March 2023

На основании оценки уголовно-исполнительного законодательства отдельных стран - участников Содружества Независимых Государств рассматриваются основы постпенитенциарного контроля за лицами, отбывшими наказание в виде лишения свободы. Наряду с описанием существующих механизмов постпенитенциарного контроля за лицами, отбывшими лишение свободы (административный надзор, превентивный надзор, профилактическое наблюдение), рассматриваются его новые виды (пробационный контроль, пробационный надзор и другие). Кроме того, в статье проводится сравнительно-правовой анализ законодательной регламентации индивидуальных программ социально-правовой помощи и ресоциализации в рамках реализации постпенитенциарного контроля.

The authors consider the basics of post-penitentiary control over persons who have served a sentence of imprisonment on the basis of the assessment of the penal legislation of individual countries - members of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Along with the description of the existing mechanisms of post-penitentiary control over persons who have served deprivation of liberty (administrative supervision, preventive supervision, preventive supervision), its new types (probation control, probation supervision, etc.) are considered. In addition, the article provides a comparative legal analysis of the legislative regulation of individual programs of social and legal assistance and resocialization in the framework of the implementation of post-penitentiary control.
The use of sources of information professional for rural residents
Authors: Krzyżanowska Krystyna , Sikorska Aneta
Published: March 2023

The article presents sources and a scope of professional information which was researched by Polish and British village citizens as well as a comparative analysis of the preferences of both groups in the study area. The empirical research was conducted in November and December 2015 among 147 farmers and agriculture-related living in Poland and among 76 farmers and agriculture-related living in the UK. The results of the comparative analysis show that the source of expert information for both groups were mostly websites of the manufacturers and distributors of agricultural inputs (almost ¾ of responses) and agricultural magazines (over ⅔ responses). In order to solve professional problems Poles more often than the Brits used the social media as well as used state consultants, but the British used private advisory services more frequently than the Polish. In both countries, respondents were interested in a variety of information on agriculture and environment. However, British respondents paid more attention to the innovation aspect of agriculture than Polish citizens from the countryside, while the Poles were more interested in the agricultural production than those polled in the UK.
Капітал як основа обліку сукупного потенціалу підприємства: теоретичний аспект
Authors: Demjanyuk Inna , Vorobei Diana
Published: March 2023

У статті досліджено історичні трактування поняття капіталу як об’єкта бухгалтерського обліку, визначено капітал як сукупний потенціал підприємства, що уособлює в собі облікову форму власних джерел підприємства, доведено його здатність до самозростання.
The Harmful Environmental Impacts of Disposable Masks
Authors: Jain Saachi
Published: March 2023

Every month approximately 129 billion disposable face masks are used and discarded; that is 4.3 billion masks a day. Masks and other personal protective equipment (PPE) have been an integral part of keeping us safe during the COVID-19 pandemic, but are they doing more harm than good?
The effects of non-standard employment on subjective well-being
Authors: Fabrin-Petersen Robin
Published: March 2023

The aim of this review was to address the inconsistency in previous research, on the effect of non-standard employments on subjective well-being, with the use of meta-analysis. This was done by examining the standardised mean difference in global subjective well-being, or whole life well-being, between employees in non-standard employment and permanent employment. The scientific databases Web of Science, Scopus and EBSCOhost were systematically searched for studies on the connection between non-standard employment and subjective well-being. From the initial 1307 results of the systematic literature search, we identified 33 relevant primary studies published since 2004 in a variety of countries throughout the world. Meta-analytic results from a total of 55 independent effect sizes (N = 476454) suggest that employees in non-standard employment experience lower global subjective well-being (d = -0.054) compared to employees in permanent employment. Moderator analyses indicate that if primary studies control for subjective job insecurity or employability, it will remove the statistically significant effect of global subjective well-being between employees in non-standard employment and permanent, resulting in d = -0.054 to d = 0.008 and d = 0.01, respectively. We can therefore conclude that non-standard employments do have a statistical significant small negative effect on global subjective well-being. However, evidence suggest that the negative effect is more due to the subjective perception of job insecurity and employability rather than the objective condition of non-standard employment.
Simulation of organic aerosol, its precursors, and related oxidants in the Landes pine forest in southwestern France: accounting for domain-specific land use and physical conditions
Authors: Cholakian Arineh , Beekmann Matthias , Siour Guillaume , Coll Isabelle , Cirtog Manuela , Ormeño Elena , Flaud Pierre-Marie , Perraudin Emilie , Villenave Eric
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Organic aerosol (OA) still remains one of the most difficult components of the atmospheric aerosols to simulate, given the multitude of its precursors, the uncertainty in its formation pathways, and the lack of measurements of its detailed composition. The LANDEX (LANDes Experiment) project, during its intensive field campaign in summer 2017, gives us the opportunity to compare biogenic secondary OA (BSOA) and its precursors and oxidants obtained within and above the Landes forest canopy to simulations performed with CHIMERE, a state-of-the-art regional chemistry transport model. The Landes forest is situated in the southwestern part of France and is one of the largest anthropized forests in Europe (1×106 ha). The majority of the forest is comprised of maritime pine trees, which are strong terpenoid emitters, providing a large potential for BSOA formation. In order to simulate OA buildup in this area, a specific model configuration setup adapted to the local peculiarities was necessary. As the forest is nonhomogeneous, with interstitial agricultural fields, high-resolution 1 km simulations over the forest area were performed. Biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions were predicted by MEGAN, but specific land cover information needed to be used and was thus chosen from the comparison of several high-resolution land cover databases. Moreover, the tree species distribution needed to be updated for the specific conditions of the Landes forest. In order to understand the canopy effect in the forest, canopy effects on vertical diffusivity, winds, and radiation were implemented in the model in a simplified way. The refined simulations show a redistribution of BVOCs with a decrease in isoprene and an increase in terpenoid emissions with respect to the standard case, both of which are in line with observations. Corresponding changes to simulated BSOA sources are tracked. Very low nighttime ozone, sometimes near zero, remains overestimated in all simulations. This has implications for the nighttime oxidant budget, including NO3. Despite careful treatment of physical conditions, simulated BSOA is overestimated in the most refined simulation. Simulations are also compared to air quality sites surrounding the Landes forest, reporting a more realistic simulation in these stations in the most refined test case. Finally, the importance of the sea breeze system, which also impacts species concentrations inside the forest, is made evident.
Improving ozone simulations in Asia via multisource data assimilation: results from an observing system simulation experiment with GEMS geostationary satellite observations
Authors: Shu Lei , Zhu Lei , Bak Juseon , Zoogman Peter , Han Han , Liu Song , Li Xicheng , Sun Shuai , Li Juan , Chen Yuyang , Pu Dongchuan , Zuo Xiaoxing , Fu Weitao , Yang Xin , Fu Tzung-May
Published: March 2023

Abstract. The applications of geostationary (GEO) satellite
measurements at an unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution from the
Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS) for monitoring and
forecasting the alarming ozone pollution in Asia through data assimilation
remain at the early stage. Here we investigate the benefit of multiple ozone
observations from GEMS geostationary satellite, low Earth orbit (LEO)
satellite, and surface networks on summertime ozone simulations through
individual or joint data assimilation, built on our previous observing
system simulation experiment (OSSE) framework (Shu et al., 2022). We find that
data assimilation improves the monitoring of exceedance, spatial patterns,
and diurnal variations of surface ozone, with a regional mean negative bias
reduction from 2.1 to 0.2–1.2 ppbv in ozone simulations as well as
significant improvements of a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of by 5 %–69 %
in most Asian countries. Furthermore, the joint assimilation of GEMS and
surface observations performs the best. GEMS also brings direct added value
for better reproducing ozone vertical distributions, especially in the
middle to upper troposphere at low latitudes, but may mask the added value
of LEO measurements, which are crucial to constrain surface and upper
tropospheric ozone simulations when observations from other platforms are
inadequate. Our study provides a valuable reference for ozone data
assimilation as multisource observations become gradually available in the
era of GEO satellites.
Accounting for surface reflectance spectral features in TROPOMI methane retrievals
Authors: Lorente Alba , Borsdorff Tobias , Martinez-Velarte Mari C. , Landgraf Jochen
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Satellite remote sensing of methane (CH4) using the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard the Copernicus Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5-P) satellite is key to monitor and quantify emissions globally. Overall, the S5-P methane data are of satisfying quality, demonstrated by the product validation with ground-based measurements from the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). However, analysis of TROPOMI dry-air column mixing ratio (XCH4) data has pointed to a few false methane anomalies up to 20–40 ppb that can potentially be misinterpreted as enhancements due to strong emission sources. These artefacts are caused by spectral features of the underlying surfaces of specific materials (e.g. carbonate rocks), which are not well represented in the forward model of the retrieval algorithm. In this study we show that the observed anomalies are due to the surface model which describes the spectral dependence of the Lambertian albedo by a second-order polynomial in wavelength. By analysing the ECOSTRESS library that contains laboratory spectra for different types of surfaces, we find that a quadratic function might not be the most optimal representation of the surface reflectance spectral dependencies in the short-wave infrared (SWIR) range. Already the use of a third-order polynomial improves the methane data such that the anomalies disappear at several locations (e.g. Siberia, Australia and Algeria) without affecting the data quality elsewhere, and the quality of the fit significantly improves. We also found that the known bias in retrieved methane for low-albedo scenes slightly improves, but still, a posterior correction needs to be applied, leaving open the question about the root cause of the albedo bias. After applying the adjusted surface model globally, we perform the routine validation with TCCON and Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) data. GOSAT comparison does not significantly improve, while TCCON validation results show a small improvement in some stations of 2–4 ppb, up to a factor of 10 smaller than the artificial XCH4 enhancements. This reflects that TCCON stations are not close to any of the corrected artefacts, hinting at a limitation of the current validation approach of the S5-P XCH4 data product.
Investigation of three-dimensional radiative transfer effects for UV–Vis satellite and ground-based observations of volcanic plumes
Authors: Wagner Thomas , Warnach Simon , Beirle Steffen , Bobrowski Nicole , Jost Adrian , Puķīte Janis , Theys Nicolas
Published: March 2023

Abstract. We investigate effects of the three-dimensional (3D) structure of volcanic plumes on the retrieval results of satellite and ground-based UV–Vis observations. For the analysis of such measurements, 1D
scenarios are usually assumed (the atmospheric properties only depend on altitude). While 1D assumptions are well suited for the analysis of many atmospheric
phenomena, they are usually less appropriate for narrow trace gas plumes.
For UV–Vis satellite instruments with large ground pixel sizes like the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2), the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) or the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), 3D effects are of minor importance, but usually these observations are not sensitive to small volcanic plumes. In contrast,
observations of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on board Sentinel-5P have a much smaller ground pixel size (3.5 × 5.5 km2). Thus, on the one hand, TROPOMI can detect much smaller plumes than previous instruments. On the other hand, 3D effects become more important, because the TROPOMI ground pixel size is
smaller than the height of the troposphere and also smaller than horizontal
atmospheric photon path lengths in the UV–Vis spectral range. In this study we investigate the following 3D effects using Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulations: (1) the light-mixing effect caused by horizontal photon paths, (2) the saturation effect for strong SO2
absorption, (3) geometric effects related to slant illumination and viewing
angles and (4) plume side-effects related to slant illumination angles and photons reaching the sensor from the sides of volcanic plumes. The first two effects especially can lead to a strong and systematic underestimation of the true trace gas content if 1D retrievals are applied (more than 50 % for the light-mixing effect and up to 100 % for the saturation effect). Besides the atmospheric radiative transfer, the saturation effect also
affects the spectral retrievals. Geometric effects have a weaker influence
on the quantitative analyses but can lead to a spatial smearing of elevated plumes or even to virtual double plumes. Plume side-effects are small for short wavelengths but can become large for longer wavelengths (up to
100 % for slant viewing and illumination angles). For ground-based observations, most of the above-mentioned 3D effects are not important because of the narrow field of view (FOV) and the closer distance between the instrument and the volcanic plume. However, the light-mixing effect shows a similar strong dependence on the horizontal plume extension as for satellite observations and should be taken into account for the analysis of ground-based observations.
Estuarine flocculation dynamics of organic carbon and metals from boreal acid sulphate soils
Authors: Virtasalo Joonas , Österholm Peter , Asmala Eero
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Flocculation of riverine dissolved organic matter to the particulate form in estuaries is an important mechanism for capturing dissolved metals to newly formed organic particles, regulating the metal transport to the sea. The process is particularly relevant for rivers draining boreal acid sulphate soils of western Finland, which are known to deliver large amounts of trace metals with detrimental environmental consequences to the recipient estuaries in the eastern Gulf of Bothnia, northern Baltic Sea. This is the first study to investigate dissolved metal (Al, Fe, Mn, Co and Cu) association with flocculating organic particles in the laboratory, by mixing of acidic metal-rich water from acid sulphate soil-impacted rivers and particle-free artificial seawater. Water samples were collected in April 2021 from the Laihianjoki and Sulvanjoki rivers in western Finland. Experiments with an in situ laser diffraction-based particle size distribution sensor and a multiparameter water quality sonde were run to continuously monitor the development of suspended particle pool over the salinity gradient from 0 to 6, corresponding the salinity range observed in these estuarine systems. Flocculator experiments with discrete salinity treatments were carried out to investigate metal behaviour with the collection of flocculated material on glassfibre filters. Filtrate was analysed for coloured dissolved organic matter absorbance and fluorescence for the characterization of potential changes in the organic matter pool during the flocculation process. Retentate on the filter was subjected to persulfate digestion of organic particles and metal oxyhydroxides (pH <2.3), and the digestion supernatants were analysed for metal concentrations. The laboratory experiments showed strong transfer of Al and Fe already at salinity 0–2 to newly formed organic-dominated flocs that were generally larger than 80 µm. Very strong coupling between the decrease in humic-like fluorescence and the increase in organic-bound Al demonstrated that Al transfer to the flocs was stronger than that of Fe. The flocs in the suspended particle pool were complemented by a smaller population of Al and Fe oxyhydroxide-dominated flocculi (median size 11 µm) after pH exceeded ca. 5.5. Cobalt and Mn transfer to the particle pool was weak, although some transfer to Mn oxyhydroxides as well as Co association with the flocs took place. Up to 50 % of Cu was found to be bound to humic substances in the flocs in the river waters and this proportion did not significantly change during mixing with seawater. The findings of this study demonstrate that salinity and pH are important independent but connected controls of the flocculation behavior of dissolved metals from boreal acid sulphate soils and the seaward transport and environmental consequences of the metals in the marine environment.
The seismic hazard from the Lembang Fault, Indonesia, derived from InSAR and GNSS data
Authors: Hussain Ekbal , Gunawan Endra , Hanifa Nuraini Rahma , Zahro Qori’atu
Published: March 2023

Abstract. A growing number of large cities are located near poorly understood faults that have not generated a significant earthquake in recent history. The Lembang Fault is one such fault located near the city of Bandung in West Java, Indonesia. The slip rate on this fault is debated with estimates ranging from 6 mm/yr to 1.95–3.45 mm/yr, derived from GNSS campaign and geological measurements respectively. In this paper we measure the surface deformation across the Bandung region and resolve the slip rate across the Lembang Fault using radar interferometry (InSAR) analysis of 6 years of Sentinel-1 satellite data and continuous GNSS measurements across the fault. Our slip rate estimate for the fault is 4.7 mm/yr, with the shallow portions of the fault creeping at 2.2 mm/yr. Previous studies have estimated the return period of large earthquakes on the fault to be between 170–670 years. Assuming simplified fault geometries and a reasonable estimate of the seismogenic depth we derive an estimated moment deficit of a magnitude 6.8–7.2 earthquakes; indicating that the fault poses a very real risk to the local population. Using the Global Earthquake Model OpenQuake-engine we calculate ground motions for these two earthquake scenarios and estimate that 2.5–3.3 million people within the Bandung Metropolitan region would be exposed to ground shaking greater than 0.3 g. This study highlights the importance of identifying active faults and understanding their past activity, and measuring the current strain rates of smaller crustal active faults located near large cities in seismic zones.
Land-cover and management modulation of ecosystem resistance to drought stress
Authors: Xiao Chenwei , Zaehle Sönke , Yang Hui , Wigneron Jean-Pierre , Bastos Ana
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Drought events are projected to become more severe and frequent across many regions in the future, but their impacts will likely differ among ecosystems depending on their ability to maintain functioning during droughts, i.e., ecosystem resistance. Plant species have diverse strategies to cope with drought. As a result, divergent responses of different vegetation types for similar levels of drought severity have been observed. It remains unclear whether such divergence can be explained by different drought duration, co-occurring compounding effects, e.g., of heat stress or memory effects, management practices, etc. Here, we provide a global synthesis of vegetation resistance to drought and heat using different proxies for vegetation condition, namely the Vegetation Optical Depth (SMOS L-VOD) data from ESA’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) passive L-band mission and EVI and kNDVI from NASA MODIS. L-VOD has the advantage over more commonly used vegetation indices (such as kNDVI, EVI) in that it provides more information on vegetation structure and biomass and suffers from less saturation over dense forests compared. We apply a linear autoregressive model accounting for drought, temperature and memory effects to characterize ecosystem resistance by their sensitivity to drought duration and temperature anomalies. We analyze how ecosystem resistance varies with land cover across the globe and investigate the modulation effect of forest management and crop irrigation. We compare estimates of ecosystem resistance to drought and heat between L-VOD, kNDVI and EVI. We find that regions with higher forest fraction show stronger ecosystem resistance to extreme droughts than cropland for all three vegetation proxies. L-VOD indicates that primary forests tend to be more resistant to drought events than secondary forests, but this cannot be detected in EVI and kNDVI. The difference is possibly related to EVI and kNDVI saturation in dense forests. In tropical evergreen broadleaf forests, old-growth trees tend to be more resistant to drought than young trees from L-VOD and kNDVI. Irrigation increases the drought resistance of cropland substantially. Our results suggest that ecosystem resistance can be better monitored using L-VOD in dense forests and highlight the role of forest cover, forest management and irrigation in determining ecosystem resistance to droughts.
Nitrogen oxides emissions from selected cities in North America, Europe, and East Asia observed by TROPOMI before and after the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Lonsdale Chantelle R. , Sun Kang
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) emissions are estimated in three regions in the Northern hemisphere, generally located in North America, Europe, and East Asia, by calculating the directional derivatives of NO2 column amounts observed by the TROPOMI instrument with respect to the horizontal wind vectors. We present monthly averaged emissions from 1 May 2018 to 31 January 2023 to capture variations before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. We focus on a diverse collection of 54 cities, 18 in each region. A spatial resolution of 0.04° resolves intracity emission variations and reveals NOx emission hot spots at city cores, industrial areas, and sea ports. For each selected city, COVID-19-induced changes in NOx emissions are estimated by comparing monthly and annually averaged values to the pre-COVID-19 year of 2019. While emission reductions are initially found during the first outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020 in most cities, the cities' paths diverge afterwards. We group the selected cities into 4 clusters according to their normalized annual NOx emissions in 2019–2022 using an unsupervised learning algorithm. All but one selected North American cities fall into cluster 1 characterized by weak emission reduction in 2020 (−7 % relative to 2019) and increase in 2022 by +5 %. Cluster 2 contains mostly European cities and is characterized by the largest reduction in 2020 (−31 %), whereas the selected East Asian cities generally fall into clusters 3 and 4 with the largest impacts in 2022 (−25 % and −37 %). This directional derivative approach has been implemented in object-oriented, open-source Python and is available publicly for high-resolution and low-latency emission estimation for different regions, atmospheric species, and satellite instruments.
Substantially positive contributions of new particle formation to Cloud Condensation Nuclei under low supersaturation in China based on numerical model improvements
Authors: Zhang Chupeng , Hai Shangfei , Gao Yang , Wang Yuhang , Zhang Shaoqing , Sheng Lifang , Zhao Bin , Wang Shuxiao , Jiang Jingkun , Huang Xin , Lupascu Aura , Shrivastava Manish , Fast Jerome D. , Cheng Wenxuan , Guo Xiuwen , Chu Ming , Ma Nan , Hong Juan , Wang Qiaoqiao , Yao Xiaohong , Gao Huiwang
Published: March 2023

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) and subsequent particle growth are important sources of condensation nuclei (CN) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). While a number of observations have shown positive contributions of NPF to CCN at low supersaturation, negative NPF contributions were often simulated. Using the observations in a typical coastal city of Qingdao, we thoroughly evaluate the simulated number concentrations of CN and CCN using a NPF-explicit parameterization embedded in WRF-Chem model. In terms of CN, the initial simulation shows large biases of particle number concentrations at 10–40 nm (CN10–40) and 40–100 nm (CN40–100). By adjusting the process of gas-particle partitioning, including mass accommodation coefficient of sulfuric acid, the phase changes of primary organic aerosol emissions and the condensational amount of nitric acid, the concomitant improvement of the particle growth process yields a substantial reduction of overestimates of CN10–40 and CN40–100. Regarding CCN, SOA formed from the oxidation of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic vapors (SI-SOA) yield is an important contributor. In the original WRF-Chem model with 20 size bins setting, the yield of SI-SOA is too high without considering the differences in oxidation rates of the precursors. Lowering the SI-SOA yield results in much improved simulations of the observed CCN concentrations. On the basis of the bias-corrected model, we find substantial positive contributions of NPF to CCN at low supersaturation (~0.2 %) in Qingdao and over the broad areas of China, primarily due to the competing effects of increasing particle hygroscopicity surpassing that of particle size decrease. This study highlights the potentially much larger NPF contributions to CCN on a regional and even global basis.
Examining cloud vertical structure and radiative effects from satellite retrievals and evaluation of CMIP6 scenarios
Authors: Luo Hao , Quaas Johannes , Han Yong
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Clouds exhibit a wide range of vertical morphologies that are regulated by distinct atmospheric dynamics/thermodynamics and are related to a diversity of microphysical properties and radiative effects. In this study, the new CERES-CloudSat-CALIPSO-MODIS (CCCM) RelD1 dataset is used to investigate the morphology and spatial distribution of different CVS types during 2007–2010. The combined active and passive satellites provide a more precise CVS than only based on passive imagers or microwave radiometers. We group the clouds into 12 CVS classes based on how they are located or overlapping in three standard atmospheric layers with pressure thresholds of 440 and 680 hPa. For each of the 12 CVS types, the global average cloud radiative effects (CREs) at the top of the atmosphere, within the atmosphere and at the surface, as well as the cloud heating rate (CHR) profiles are examined. The observations are subsequently used to evaluate the variations in total, high-, middle- and low-level cloud fractions in CMIP6 models. The ‘historical’ experiment during 1850–2014 and two scenarios (ssp245 and ssp585) during 2015–2100 are analysed. The observational results show a substantial variance in the spatial pattern among different CVS types, with the greatest contrast between high and low clouds. Single-layer cloud fraction is almost four times larger on average than multi-layer cloud, with significant geographic differences associated with clearly distinguishable regimes, showing that overlapping clouds are regionally confined. The global average CREs reveal that four types of CVS warm the planet while eight of them cool it. The longwave component drives the net CHR profile, and the CHR profiles of multi-layer clouds are more curved and intricate than those of single-layer clouds, resulting in complex thermal stratifications. According to the long-term analysis from CMIP6, the projected total cloud fraction decreases faster over land than over the ocean. The high clouds over the ocean increase significantly, but other types of clouds over land and ocean continue to decrease, helping to offset the decrease in oceanic total cloud fraction. Moreover, it is concluded that the spatial pattern of CVS types may not be significantly altered by climate change, and only the cloud fraction is influenced. Our findings suggest that long-term observed CVS should be emphasized in the future to better understand CVS responses to anthropogenic forcing and climate change.
Predicting photooxidant concentrations in aerosol liquid water based on laboratory extracts of ambient particles
Authors: Ma Lan , Worland Reed , Jiang Wenqing , Niedek Christopher , Guzman Chrystal , Bein Keith J. , Zhang Qi , Anastasio Cort
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Aerosol liquid water (ALW) is a unique reaction medium, but its chemistry is poorly understood. For example, little is known of photooxidant concentrations – including hydroxyl radical (●OH), singlet molecular oxygen (1O2*), and oxidizing triplet excited states of organic matter (3C*) – even though they likely drive much of ALW chemistry. Due to the very limited water content of particles, it is difficult to quantify oxidant concentrations in ALW directly. To predict these values, we measured photooxidant concentrations in illuminated aqueous particle extracts as a function of dilution and used the resulting oxidant kinetics to extrapolate to ALW conditions. We prepared dilution series from two sets of particles collected in Davis, California: one from winter (WIN) and one from summer (SUM). Both periods are influenced by biomass burning, with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the extracts ranging from 10 to 495 mg C L−1. In the winter sample, the ●OH concentration is independent of particle mass concentration, with an average value of 5.0 (± 2.2) × 10−15 M, while in summer ●OH increases with DOC in the range (0.4 − 7.7) × 10−15 M. In both winter and summer samples, 3C* concentrations increase rapidly with particle mass concentrations in the extracts, and then plateau under more concentrated conditions, with a range of (0.2 − 7) × 10−13 M. WIN and SUM have the same range of 1O2* concentrations, (0.2 − 8.5) × 10−12 M, but in WIN the 1O2* concentration increases linearly with DOC, while in SUM 1O2* approaches a plateau. We next extrapolated the relationships of oxidant formation rates and sinks as a function of particle mass concentration from our dilute extracts to the much more concentrated condition of aerosol liquid water. Predicted ●OH concentrations in ALW (including mass transport of ●OH from the gas phase) are (5 − 8) × 10−15 M, similar to those in fog/cloud waters. In contrast, predicted concentrations of 3C* and 1O2* in ALW are approximately 10 to 100 times higher than in cloud/fogs, with values of (4 – 9) × 10−13 M and (1 – 5) × 10−12 M, respectively. Although ●OH is often considered the main sink for organic compounds in the atmospheric aqueous phase, the much higher concentrations of 3C* and 1O2* in aerosol liquid water suggest these photooxidants will be more important sinks for many organics in particle water.
The deployment length of solar radiation modification: an interplay of mitigation, net-negative emissions and climate uncertainty
Authors: Baur Susanne , Nauels Alexander , Nicholls Zebedee , Sanderson Benjamin M. , Schleussner Carl-Friedrich
Published: March 2023

Abstract. A growing body of literature investigates the effects of solar
radiation modification (SRM) on global and regional climates. Previous
studies have focused on the potentials and the side effects of SRM, with little
attention being given to possible deployment timescales and the levels of carbon
dioxide removal required for a phase out. Here, we investigate the
deployment timescales of SRM and how they are affected by different levels
of mitigation, net-negative emissions (NNEs) and climate uncertainty. We
generate a large dataset of 355 emission scenarios in which SRM is deployed
to keep warming levels at 1.5 ∘C global mean temperature.
Probabilistic climate projections from this ensemble result in a large range
of plausible future warming and cooling rates that lead to various SRM
deployment timescales. In all pathways consistent with extrapolated current
ambition, SRM deployment would exceed 100 years even under the most
optimistic assumptions regarding climate response. As soon as the temperature
threshold is exceeded, neither mitigation nor NNEs or climate sensitivity
alone can guarantee short deployment timescales. Since the evolution of
mitigation under SRM, the availability of carbon removal technologies and
the effects of climate reversibility will be mostly unknown at its
initialisation time, it is impossible to predict how temporary SRM
deployment would be. Any deployment of SRM therefore comes with the risk of
multi-century legacies of deployment, implying multi-generational
commitments of costs, risks and negative side effects of SRM and NNEs
combined.
Importance of ice nucleation and precipitation on climate with the Parameterization of Unified Microphysics Across Scales version 1 (PUMASv1)
Authors: Gettelman Andrew , Morrison Hugh , Eidhammer Trude , Thayer-Calder Katherine , Sun Jian , Forbes Richard , McGraw Zachary , Zhu Jiang , Storelvmo Trude , Dennis John
Published: March 2023

Abstract. Cloud microphysics is critical for weather and climate prediction. In this work, we document updates and corrections to the cloud microphysical scheme used in the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and other models. These updates include a new nomenclature for the scheme, now called Parameterization of Unified Microphysics Across Scales (PUMAS), and the ability to run the scheme on graphics processing units (GPUs). The main science changes include refactoring an ice number limiter and associated changes to ice nucleation, adding vapor deposition onto snow, and introducing an implicit numerical treatment for sedimentation. We also detail the improvements in computational performance that can be achieved with GPU acceleration. We then show the impact of these scheme changes on the (a) mean state climate, (b) cloud feedback response to warming, and (c) aerosol forcing. We find that corrections are needed to the immersion freezing parameterization and that ice nucleation has important impacts on climate. We also find that the revised scheme produces less cloud liquid and ice but that this can be adjusted by changing the loss process for cloud liquid (autoconversion). Furthermore, there are few discernible effects of the PUMAS changes on cloud feedbacks but some reductions in the magnitude of aerosol–cloud interactions (ACIs). Small cloud feedback changes appear to be related to the implicit sedimentation scheme, with a number of factors affecting ACIs.
Technical note: Removing dynamic sea-level influences from groundwater-level measurements
Authors: Haehnel Patrick , Rasmussen Todd C. , Rau Gabriel C.
Published: March 2023

Abstract. The sustainability of limited freshwater resources in coastal settings requires an understanding of the processes that affect them. This is especially relevant for freshwater lenses of oceanic islands. Yet, these processes are often obscured by dynamic oceanic water levels that change over a range of time scales. We use regression deconvolution to estimate an Oceanic Response Function (ORF) that accounts for how sea-level fluctuations affect measured groundwater levels, thus providing a clearer understanding of recharge and withdrawal processes. The method is demonstrated using sea-level and groundwater- level measurements on the island of Norderney in the North Sea (Northwest Germany). We expect that the method is suitable for any coastal groundwater system where it is important to understand processes that affect freshwater lenses or other coastal freshwater resources.
РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ ПРИНЦИПУ ПІДЗВІТНОСТІ ТА ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ ОРГАНІВ МІСЦЕВОГО САМОВРЯДУВАННЯ: КОМПАРАТИВНИЙ АНАЛІЗ
Authors: Голик Юрій Юрійович
Published: March 2023

У статті проведено порівняльно-правовий аналіз реалізації принципу підзвітності та відповідальності органів місцевого самоврядування у країнах з різними моделями місцевого самоврядування. Визначено, що в зарубіжних країнах реалізація принципу підзвітності та відповідальності органів місцевого самоврядування залежить від моделі місцевого самоврядування. Принцип підзвітності та відповідальності органів місцевого самоврядування в більшості країн англосаксонського права замикається переважно на місцевому рівні. У більшості європейських країн підзвітність та відповідальність мають централізовану структуру, що негативним чином впливає на реалізацію принципу підзвітності. Наголошено, що в Україні модель місцевого самоврядування більше тяжіє до європейської, однак все ще має суттєвий вплив виконавчої вертикалі влади. Запропонована національним законодавством європейська модель публічної адміністрації на місцевому рівні має стати і умовою підвищення рівня у реалізації визначеного Законом України «Про місцеве самоврядування в Україні» принципу підзвітності та відповідальності перед територіальними громадами їх органів та посадових осіб. Важливою є розробка організаційних механізмів, спрямованих на врегулювання питань підзвітності місцевої влади перед мешканцями громади. Акцентовано, що в питаннях реалізації принципу підзвітності та відповідальності органів місцевого самоврядування слід закцентувати увагу на визначенні форм і засобів підзвітності та відповідальності в структурах місцевого управління. Уніфіковане законодавство у галузі місцевого самоврядування більшості європейських країн містить стандартні форми підзвітності, тому необхідно враховувати цей досвід для гарантування того, що органи місцевого самоврядування працюють на благо громади. Наголошено, що партнерські програми, електронні скарги, юридичні консультативні послуги, платформи підзвітності на основі медіа та складання бюджету за участю громади – це ті сучасні способи підзвітності, що орієнтовні на задоволення конкретних потреб мешканців певної громади.
Religion as a Motive – Does Australian Terrorism Law Serve Justice?
Authors: Jabri Markwell Rita
Published: March 2023

This article will examine whether the category of religiously motivated terrorism serves justice in Australia, first considering its lawfulness from a human rights perspective and, secondly, examining its operation in the courtroom. Judicial comment in two cases, the subject of national media attention and complaints to the (New South Wales) NSW Judicial Commission, were used as a basis. This article finds that efforts to establish a ‘religious cause’ were stifled by complexity and ambiguity about the difference between Islamic adherence and violent extremism. Bias-prone assumptions had observable implications for the judicial assessment of the defendant’s culpability and rehabilitation prospects. Moreover, judicial reasoning seemed to overlook evidence of an intent to coerce the government or intimidate the public, treating religious beliefs and motives as a vehicle to establish intent. The article concludes that judicial education could help. Still, those measures would not fix the core of the problem. By removing the motive element, the issues would be avoided while focusing attention on the remaining intention elements. An alternative option is to remove ‘religious cause’ so that terrorism cases must demonstrate ‘ideological or political cause’, encouraging more precise and comparable reasoning across offending contexts.
Role of ICT in Teacher-Student Communication during Covid-19 in Pakistan
Authors: Quratulain  , Parveen Zahida , Ghazanfar Shaista
Published: March 2023

ICT tools provided an alternative and effective direction to teaching and learning during COVID. The goal of this research is to investigate the effects of ICT on teacher-student communication during COVID-19. Quantitative research design was employed. A sample size of 40 teachers and 100 students from four public secondary schools was selected. Data were gathered through a closed-ended questionnaire carrying 14 statements. Purposive sampling was used. Data were analyzed through SPSS software. Standard deviation and independent sample t-test were run. Overall, it was found that all participants (teachers and students) find ICT tools useful in teacher-student communication but there were difference of opinion between male and female teachers about the role of ICT in communication based on different applications whereas male and female students showed similar responses.
La perception des enseignants de l’intérêt de l’utilisation des technologies informatisées dans les communautés d’apprentissage professionnelles (CAP) en Afrique francophone : Le cas des Cellules d’animation pédagogiques et culturelles (CAPC) au Sénégal
Authors: Le Her Cyrielle
Published: March 2023

Depuis les Indépendances, il existe ce qu’on appelle les Cellules d’animation pédagogiques et culturelles (CAPC) au Sénégal. Pouvant être assimilés à des communautés d’apprentissage professionnelles (CAP) ou plus généralement des communautés de pratiques (CoP), ces groupes d’enseignants titulaires ou contractuels d’une ou plusieurs écoles élémentaires de proximité se rejoignent en dehors des temps de classe pour échanger sur leurs pratiques d’enseignement-apprentissages, leurs difficultés et leurs réussites. Depuis 2017, le ministère de l’Éducation nationale du Sénégal et ses partenaires internationaux ont souhaité redynamiser les CAPC de la région de Casamance avec notamment l’intégration des technologies informatisées (TI) appelées communément le numérique. Le Projet d'amélioration de l'éducation de base en Casamance (PAEBCA) a permis de doter les CAPC de tablettes numériques et de vidéoprojecteurs pour filmer l’enseignant en situation de classe (Diop et Wallet, 2017). À partir d’une grille d’observation, ils analysent ensuite le film projeté pour tenter d’améliorer la démarche pédagogique et les pratiques de classe. Dans le cadre d’une recherche doctorale en cours, nous tenterons d’apporter des éléments de réponse à la question : comment l'utilisation des technologies informatisées est-elle perçue par les enseignants au sein des CAPC au Sénégal? Les premiers résultats des entretiens semi-directifs réalisés auprès de 21 enseignants en Casamance montrent une pratique variée d’outils et une volonté institutionnelle d’intégrer les technologies dans la formation continue des enseignants. Les discours montrent également une volonté des enseignants de remédier aux difficultés d’utilisation, notamment à travers les échanges virtuels à distance synchrones et asynchrones qu’on appelle ici application mobile multiplateforme (AMM). Néanmoins, nous avons observé un manque de réflexivité autour des questions d’instrumentation des pratiques pour une véritable intégration des technologies dans les communautés. Cet article a pour but de donner un éclairage sur les enjeux sous-jacents des technologies informatisées dans les communautés d’apprentissage professionnelles (CAP) en contexte africain francophone.
Manifestări comportamentale deviante ale elevilor din ciclul primar – în special ale celor cu tulburări din spectrul autist
Authors: Constantin Iuliana Luminița , Chirazi Marin
Published: March 2023

According to research in the field of ASD, among the triggers of this disorder have been detected so far "those genetic, environmental or neurobiological; these factors play a key role in the manifestation of behavioral symptoms, the latter being the main element by which TSA is diagnosed in many cases” [12]. The bibliographic resources allowed us to know what are the specific behavioral manifestations of children diagnosed with ASD (and with elements from the ADHD sphere), in order to be able to identify concretely among the primary school students where the experiment was performed all those externalizations of during physical education classes. Research methods used: bibliographic, observational and tabular documentation. Results and Discussions: The application of the initial observation sheet resulted in the aspects described, as indicated in Table 1. Conclusions: Following this detailed analysis, carried out during physical education classes, it emerged that students with special educational needs, respectively those diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders have deviant behavioral manifestations, always disturbing the activities during classes, often disregarding the rules established for the development of classes in optimal conditions; at the same time, these students face difficulties in maintaining and forming connections with their classmates.