bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Elimination of Exogenous Lipids from the Blood Stream. Determination and Separation of the Plasma Triglycerides after Single Injection of a Fat Emulsion in Man
Authors: Hallberg Dag
Published: December 2008

Single injection of a fat emulsion into the blood stream in man resulted into a complex eliminationcurve, when total triglyceride (TG) concentration in plasma was followed. The complexity of the curve was studied by separation of the plasma TG either by centrifugation or by a density gradient method with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Centri‐fugation of plasma at 48.6 times 104 G‐minutes did not solve the complex curves. The PVP method gave three TG fractions: fat emulsion in the top fraction and endogenous plasma TG in the bottom and middle fraction. Elimination curves obtained with the PVP method were compos‐site. The TG concentration in the top fraction, which was zero in fasting plasma, increased after injection of the emulsion and then decreased. This decrease could be resolved into a linear phase at high TG concentration and an exponential phase at lower concentrations. The curve for the bottom fraction showed a slowly increasing concentration and that for the middle fraction showed a rapid increase followed by a decrease. The complex appearance of the curve without fractionation of the TG depends on these two latter lipid fractions which change in concentration during the elimination. The difficulties in interpreting the elimination curves obtained by the centrifugation method was with the gradient shown to depend on heterogeneity in the top TG fraction obtained by centrifugation.
Presynaptic Depolarization of Group I Muscle Afferents by Gontralateral Afferent Volleys
Authors: Devanandan M. S. , Holmqvist Birgitta , Yokota T.
Published: December 2008

Presynaptic depolarization of group I afferents produced by volleys in contralateral hind limb nerves has been investigated. It was found that a train of volleys in contralateral muscle or skin nerves did not alter the excitability of the Ia fibres or the size of the monosynaptic EPSP in motoneurones, i. e., there is no contralateral presynaptic inhibitory action onto group Ia fibres. A train of volleys in contralateral muscle and skin nerves increased the excitability of the contralateral Ib fibres to the flexors and extensors. The time course of the increased excitability had a latency of 10–30 msec, a slow rising phase, a late maximum at 50–80 msec, and a duration of about 150 msec. The crossed presynaptic actions originated from high threshold (group II and III) muscle afferent and cutaneous fibres. The results also indicate that Ib fibres may have a depolarizing action onto the contralateral Ib nerve terminals.
Peripheral Resistance Response to Occlusion of Visceral Arteries
Authors: Nissen Ole I.
Published: December 2008

In order to compare the effect of visceral and carotid sinus hypotension on the resistance vessels the peripheral resistance in 3 areas (hind body, kidneys and head) in the cat has been investigated by means of the constant perfusion rate technique during occlusion and desocclusion of visceral (coeliac, superior mesenteric and renal) arteries and of the carotid arteries. In all 3 areas clamping of the visceral arteries provoked a vasodilatation whereas a vasoconstriction in the hind body and kidney was observed during carotid artery occlusion. The clampings always produced significant rises in the general arterial blood pressure. The pressor response caused by visceral artery occlusion thus is produced in spite of a widespread dilatation of the resistance vessels—not as a consequence of a constriction in the same vessels. Denervation of the carotid sinuses plus section of the vago‐sympathetic trunks nearly always abolished the vasodilatation. Stabilising the blood pressure by means of a compensating device always abolished the vasodilatation during visceral artery occlusion. Under these circumstances the vasodilatation was not replaced by a vasoconstriction in the periphery. It has thus not been possible to demonstrate baroreceptor activity in the visceral arteries even under circumstances where the activity of the sino‐cardio‐aortic baroreceptor reflexes was eliminated.
Energy Cost of Alternating Positive and Negative Work
Authors: Hesser C. M.
Published: December 2008

The energy cost of walking up and down a A‐shaped, 1 m high staircase was studied in 10 male and 10 female subjects in terms of the O2 requirement for performing the work under truly aerobic conditions. Two different speeds of walking were used, yielding external work loads of k × 14.7 and k × 26.7 kpm/min (k = body weight of individual in kg) in both the positive and negative phases. At the lower speed the net O2 cost per kg b. w. averaged 16.8 ml/min, independent of sex; at the higher speed the corresponding value was 33.0 ml/min in the men, and 32.0 ml/min in the women. From these values the average physiological load was estimated to k × 8.2 kpm/min for men and women at the lower speed, and to k × 16.2 and k × 15.7 kpm/min for men and women, respectively, at the higher speed. The ratio of O2 costs for the positive and negative works approximated 8: 1 at the lower speed, and 5: 1 at the higher speed. During each period of positive work the calculated O2 demand of a 70 kg man exceeded the O2 supply to the working muscles by about 60 ml at both speeds. This O2 debt of 60 ml could be contracted without any increment in the lactacid O2 debt and supports the notion that a certain amount of O2 can be released from the myoglobin O2 store before anaerobic processes become involved. The O2 capacity of this aerobic debt mechanism was calculated to be in the order of 3 ml per kg of active muscle tissue. Evidence is presented that, in the steady state, the upper limit for performing work under truly aerobic conditions corresponds to about 70 per cent of the maximal O2 consumption.
Functional Qualities of Small Blood Vessels in Tissue Injured by Freezing and Thawing
Authors: Reite Ola Bodvar
Published: December 2008

Rabbit ears were frozen to ‐10°C and thawed in vivo, uniform freezing being secured by vascular occlusion during the freezing procedure. Following thawing and re‐establishment of blood flow the ears showed circulatory changes. Hyperemia, edema formation and stasis with subsequent recovery were observed. Studies were performed to test the functional qualities of the small blood vessels of the affected area. The vascular endothelium, the smooth muscles and the sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve fibres were examined.

The endothelial regenerative power appeared unaltered as revealed by the in growth of new capillaries into transparent ear chambers inserted in the injured ears. Intradermal injections of histamine and bradykinin caused a local increase in the exudation of Evan's blue from the frostbitten blood vessels whereas intradermally injected acetylcholine did not. Stimulation of vasoconstrictor nerve fibres or intravascular injections of adrenaline produced vasoconstriction measured as a decrease in blood flow through the previously frozen ear.

It is concluded that the blood vessel walls have retained their functional qualities and that the observed circulatory changes can be induced by endogenous substances liberated or activated consequent to injury.
Relationship between Osmotic Reactions and Active Sodium Transport in the Frog Skin Epithelium
Authors: Ussing Hans H.
Published: December 2008

The osmotic behaviour of the skin epithelium of the brown frog (R. temp.) has been investigated by microscopic measurement of thickness under different experimental conditions. Simultaneous measurements of skin potential and short‐circuit current were made. Epithelial swelling was induced by hypotonicity of the inside but not the outside bathing solution, whereas shrinkage was brought about by hypertonicity of either inside or outside bathing solutions, although the tonicity of the inside bathing solution dominates the osmotic reponse. Shrinkage can also be induced by lowering the potassium concentration of the inside solution. Complex shrinkage and swelling reactions are produced by addition of diffusible substances like urea to either bathing solution. In practically every instance shrinkage leads to inhibition of the short‐circuit current (and thus of the active sodium transport), whereas swelling of the epithelium gives rise to increased active sodium transport. The skin potential is related to swelling and shrinkage in a more involved fashion. In general hypertonicity of the outside bathing solution leads to a violent drop in skin potential. The observations indicate that hypertonicity of the outside solution increases the permeability of the outer epithelial boundary to passively diffusing electrolytes and to water.
The Importance of the Legs in the Thermoregulation of Birds
Authors: Steen Inoer , Steen J. B.
Published: December 2008

The proportion of the total heat production of herons and gulls which at ambient temperatures ranging from—10° C to 35° C is dissipated to cold water or air surrounding their legs has been measured. At low ambient temperatures less than 10 % of the metabolic heat is lost from the legs. At higher ambient temperatures an increasing proportion of the metabolic heat is lost from the legs and at 35° C almost the entire heat production is dissipated through the legs. Heat loss to water was found to be about four times higher than to air of the same temperature. The degree of heat loss from the legs was shown to react within seconds to changes in ambient temperature. Likewise, panting stopped immediately when the legs were irregated by cold water. It is concluded that the naked legs of these birds serve as controlled heat conduits of great importance in thermoregulation.
Vasodilating Action of Substance P in the Human Forearm
Authors: Löfström Bertil , Pernow Bengt , Wahren John
Published: December 2008

The vasodilator activity of substance P in the human forearm has been studied using venous occlusion plethysmography. The effects have been compared to those of bradykinin. The compounds were given as single injections or infusions into the brachial artery or the antecubital vein. I.a. administration caused a significant increase in skin and muscle blood flow in doses of more than 0.5 units of substance P per min. The oxygen saturation of blood from both deep and superficial veins of the forearm increased. These effects were not influenced bvatropine, antihistaminics or guanethidine. Stellate ganglion block increased the resting blood flow as well as the vasodilating action of both polypeptides. I.v. infusion c f substance P and bradykinin also caused an increase in forearm blood flow coincident with tachycardia and flushing of the face and the neck. During substance P infusion the increase in forearm blood flow and flushing appeared simultaneously, while bradykinin caused an increase in the forearm blood flow only in doses which were almost intolerable for the subjects due to severe pulsations and flushing of the skin of the head and the neck. The ratios between equieffective doses of substance P and bradykinin on the forearm blood flow were about 1:10 at i.a. infusion and about 1:200 at i.v. infusion.
Uptake and Exchange of Catecholamines in Rat Tissues after Administration of d‐and 1‐Adrenaline
Authors: Westfall T. C.
Published: December 2008

The effect of d‐and 1‐adrenaline (A) on the catecholamine (CA) content of heart and liver of the rat was studied at various times following i.m. administration. It was observed that both isomers are readily taken up by these tissues and exchanged for the normal neurotransmitter, noradrenaline (NA). The present experiments also present evidence for the uptake of both d‐and 1‐A into subcellular storage granules. The fall in the NA content of the organs was accompanied by an increased urinary excretion of NA. The present experiments also indicate that there is a slight steric preference for the storage in favor of the 1‐isomer.
Vagal Release of Gastrin in Cats Following Reserpine1
Authors: Emås Sverre , Fyrö Bengt
Published: December 2008

Reserpine treatment of nonanesthetized cats has previously been shown to sensitize the HCl‐secreting cells to injected gastrin, probably by a centrally induced enhancement of vagal tone. Indications were obtained also of an interference with the gastrin mechanism. Since vagal impulses are considered to be able to release gastrin, the effect of reserpine on the gastrin activity of the antral and duodenal mucosa has been investigated. Gastrin was extracted from the mucosae of reserpine‐injected and untreated cats and the secretory activity of the preparations determined on nonanesthetized gastric nstula cats. An intramuscular injection of 0.10 mg of reserpine per kg b. w. reduced the gastrin activity of the antral mucosa by about 60 per cent in 24 hrs. Neither a 20‐fold increase in dose nor repetition of the injection of 0.10 mg per kg every 24 hrs for 2 or 4 days produced any further reduction and the gastrin activity returned to normal level despite repeated injections for 8 days. An intravenous infusion of 0.03 mg of reserpine per kg, which produces gastric hypersecretion of acid for several hours, caused no significant alteration in the gastrin activity of the antral mucosa. The gastrin activity of the duodenal mucosa amounted to about one‐tenth the activity of the antral mucosa and was reduced by 0.10 mg of reserpine i. m. daily for 2 or 4 days. Bilateral vagotomy did not alter the gastrin activity of either the antral or doudenal mucosa nor did the i. m. injection of 0.10 mg of reserpine per kg daily for 2 days in vagotomized cats. It is suggested that reserpine causes release of antral and duodenal gastrin by central vagal activation. The significance of gastrin release as a mechanism by which reserpine activates the HCl‐secreting cells is discussed.
Tissue Eosinophils of Rat under the Influence of Gysteine, Lysine and X‐Irradiation1
Authors: Holsti Lars R. , Rytömaa Tapio
Published: December 2008

Cysteine and lysine were given to rats by stomach tube either alone or before whole body irradiation and the tissue eosinophils were counted. Repeated daily administration of cysteine and lysine for a week caused a significant decrease in the eosinophil count of the skin, duodenum and colon. Short term amino acid treatment caused no changes in the tissue eosinophil count. Whole body irradiation alone and after amino acid pre‐treatment also caused a significant decline in the tissue eosinophil count. This concurs with observations that long‐term treatment with ACTH and cortisone lowers the number of tissue eosinophils (Wegelius and Teir 1958, Räsänen 1961). The principal extra‐medullary amount of eosinophils of the organism is in the tissues. The significance of these cells for the organism is that they constitute one of its defensive and protective mechanisms (Rytömaa 1960). There seems to be a relationship between the number of tissue eosinophils and the radio‐protective effect of cysteine and lysine established earlier (Holsti 1960).
The Metabolism of Fatty Acids in the Rat III. Arachidic Acid
Authors: Göransson Göran
Published: December 2008

1‐C14‐Arachidic acid and 9–10‐H3‐palmitic acid in rat serum were simultaneously injected into fasted and refed male rats and the blood and tissue distribution of radioactivity were studied. The results suggest that, in spite of quantitative differences, arachidic acid enters the same principal pathways as palmitic acid. The labeled arachidic acid disappeared more slowly from the blood than did the palmitic acid. Two minutes after the injection slightly less arachidic than palmitic acid label was recovered from the whole animal. In the liver, more of the esterified arachidic acid than of the palmitic acid radioactivity was present in triglyceride and less in phospholipicl.
The Metabolism of Fatty Acids in the Rat V. Palmitoleic Acid
Authors: Göransson Goran
Published: December 2008

H3‐palmitoleic and 1‐C14‐palmitic acid were simultaneously injected into fasted or refed male rats and the disappearance of label from the blood, the tissue distribution of label after 2 and 320 min as well as the recirculation of label into the blood were studied. It was found that the injected palmitoleic acid was taken up and oxidized at a higher rate by the cells than was the injected palmitic acid. At short times, more H3‐label than C14‐label was found in the neutral fat in most tissues, indicating that palmitoleic acid is preferentially incorporated into the glycerides. The total lipids of the heart contained more palmitoleic acid label than palmitic acid label in the refed rats. In all the mentioned respects palmitoleic acid was metabolized in the same way as oleic acid.

A useful method for biosynthesis of labeled palmitoleic acid from labeled palmitic acid is reported.
Supraspinal Control of the Intestino‐intestinal Inhibitory Reflex
Authors: Johansson Börje , Jonsson Olof , Ljung Bengt
Published: December 2008

Experiments were performed on chloraloseurethane‐anesthetized, vagotomized cats. Changes in the level of adrenomedullary hormones were prevented. Distension of a segment of distal jejunum produced a prompt decrease in tone and rhythmicity in the proximal jejunum. This so called intestino‐intestinal inhibition is a propriospinal reflex response apparently mediated by sympathetic efferents. Electrical stimulation in the mediocaudal part of the rhomboid fossa was found to ‘block’ this spinal intestinoinhibitory reflex. The fact that bulbar stimulation alone sometimes produced an increase in gut motility seemed to be due to suppression of a prevailing activity in the propriospinal reflex. When there was a low level of such activity medullary stimulation per se had little or no effect on intestinal motility. It is suggested that the supraspinal structures exert an inhibitory influence on impulse transmission in the propriospinal intestino‐inhibitory reflex arcs.
Responsiveness of the Erythron to Variations of Oxygen Tension in the Chick Embryo and Young Chicken
Authors: Jalavisto Eeva , Kuorinka I. , Kyllästinen M.
Published: December 2008

The reactivity of the chick embryo erythron to varying ambient oxygen concentrations was investigated. The hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, the hematocrit and red cell count were determined in embryos incubated in 40 % O2, air and 15 % O2. The age of the embryos varied between 9 and 19 days. The results indicated that embryos weighing less than 7 g and approximately less than 14 days old do not increase their Hb, hematocrit or erythrocyte count when exposed to 15 % O2. In embryos aged 16 days or over the 15 % O2 exerts a stimulatory effect: the Hb and hematocrit values exceed those found in the embryos incubated in 40 % O2. The mean corpuscular volume and the mean corpuscular Hb are not affected by differences in ambient oxygen concentrations.

It is pointed out that the 15th day of incubation seems to represent a critical phase in chick embryo development—it is not only approximately the date when myeloid erythropoiesis begins to dominate, but also the date when, for instance, some polyamines begin to be synthetized and the hypophysis becomes functionally active.
Central Control of Static and Dynamic Sensitivities of Muscle Spindle Primary Endings
Authors: Appelberg B. , Emonet‐Denand Françoise
Published: December 2008

In cats under light Nembutal/urethane anesthesia, electrical stimulation within a restricted area in the mesencephalon caused a strong increase of the dynamic sensitivity of extensor as well as flexor muscle spindles. Static effects were usually weak from this region and sometimes inhibition of static activity was evoked simultaneously with dynamic activation. From neighbouring regions augmentation or inhibition of static sensitivity was obtained without effects on the dynamic sensitivity. By using small muscles and recording electromyograms it could be shown that the effects on the spindles were elicited without simultaneous extrafusal activation. The conclusion is reached, that central stimulation in appropriate regions may, in a rather selective way, activate different populations of gamma efferent fibres having either a dynamic or a static effect on the spindles. The results are discussed in relation to recent investigations of the effect of single gamma fibre stimulation on spindle sensitivity.
The Effect of Small Doses of Chemically Pure Secretin on the Volume and Bicarbonate Output of the Pancreatic Juice in Dogs
Authors: SÄTERI H. , THULIN L. , WELANDER B.
Published: December 2008

Säteri, H., L. Thulin and B. Welander. The effect of small doses of chemically pure secretin on the volume and bicarbonate output of the pancreatic juice in dogs. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 106–108. The volume and bicarbonate output of the pancreatic juice during fasting and during infusion of chemically pure secretin at doses without effect on the liver were studied by a non‐surgical method. Eight experiments were made in 2 unanesthetized dogs. The doses ranged from 0.25 to 1.5 clinical units per kg b. w. and hr. At the smaller doses there was only a slight increase of the volume and the bicarbonate output. At the larger doses the maximum volume, 25 ml per 30 min, was about 3 times the initial and the maximum bicarbonate output, 1.4–2.7 meq per 30 min, about 50 times the initial in one dog and about 10 times in the other.
Effect of Potassium on the Movement of Water Across the Isolated Amphibian Skin
Authors: SHARE LEONARD , USSING HANS H.
Published: December 2008

Share, L. and H. H. Ussing. Effect of potassium on the movement of water across the isolated amphibian skin. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 109–118. – Substitution of potassium for sodium in the Ringer bathing the inner surface of the isolated toad skin resulted in an increased net movement of water across the skin along an osmotic gradient. This effect was somewhat smaller than the response to vasopressin, although the responses to the high potassium treatment and to vasopressin were not additive. Substitution of sulfate for chloride as the major anion in the Ringer did not modify the relative increase in water movement following either the potassium or vasopressin treatments, although the magnitude of the water movements were greater with the latter anion. Low pH blocked the response to vasopressin but not to potassium. Changes in the concentration of calcium in either inner or outer solutions were without effect on the responses to either potassium or vasopressin. Parallel seasonal changes in the responsiveness of the toad skin to potassium and vasopressin were ohserved.
Properties of Afferent Connections to the Rostral Spinocerebellar Tract in the Cat
Authors: OSCARSSON O. , UDDENBERG N.
Published: December 2008

Oscarsson, O. and N. Uddenberg. Properties of afferent connections to the rostral spinocerebellar tract in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 143–153. – Properties of the rostral spinocerebellar tract (RSCT) have been studied and compared with those of its functional hindlimb equivalent, the ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT). Both RSCT and VSCT are monosynaptically activated from high threshold Group I muscle afferents and polysynaptically influenced from the flexor reflex afferents. Excitation from Group I afferents is mono‐, di‐, and polysynaptic in the RSCT, but exclusively monosynaptic in the VSCT. The monosynaptic linkage has different properties in the two tracts. The effects from the flexor reflex afferents are predominantly excitatory in the RSCT and predominantly inhibitory in the VSCT. The significance of similarities and differences in the organization of the two tracts is discussed.
The Uptake of Inspired 14CO2 into the Acid‐Labile, the Acid‐Soluble, the Lipid, the Protein and the Nucleic Acid Fractions of Rat Brain Tissue
Authors: SIESJÖ BO K. , THOMPSON W. O‘ B.
Published: December 2008

Siesjö, B. K. and W. O' B. Thompson. The uptake of inspired 14CO2 into the acid‐labile, the acid‐soluble, the lipid, the protein and the nucleic acid fractions of rat brain tissue. Acta physiol, scand. 1965. 64. 182–192. –The rate of incorporation of 14CO2 into the acid‐labile, the acid‐soluble, the protein, the lipid and the nucleic acid fractions of brain tissue was studied in rats, exposed to a constant concentration of 14CO2 in the inspired air for periods varying between 2 and 120 min. At the end of each exposure the head of the animal was frozen in situ with liquid nitrogen, and the 14CO2 activity in the acid‐labile, diffusible CO2 fraction of the tissue was determined by means of a liquid scintillation technique after previous absorption of the CO2 in Hyamine‐10X. For the determination of the 14CO2 activity in the organic tissue fractions, these were digested in in Hyamine‐10X before counting. The total activity of 14CO2 in the tissue increased roughly exponentially during the first 60 min, after that time the increase was roughly linear. The corporation of 14CO2 into the acid‐labile tissue fraction (HCO‐2, CO2) could be approximately described as an inflow into a two‐compartment system, equilibrium being reached after about 45 min. The uptake of 14CO2 into the acid‐labile fraction of cortical tissue was somewhat more rapid than into that of the whole brain. The incorporation of 14CO2 into the organic fractions of the tissue, i. e. the difference between the total uptake and the uptake into the acid‐labile fraction, proceeded at a rate which was linear with time. At 15, 30, 60 and 120 min 8, 13, 21 and 32 per cent, respectively, of the total 14CO2 present in the tissue was recovered in the organic fractions. Most of the organic 14CO2 was recovered in the acid‐soluble fraction, which contained about 85 per cent of the organically bound 14CO2, while the remaining activity was found predominantly in the protein fraction. The lipid and the nucleic acid fractions were about equally labelled, in none of these fractions did the 14CO2 activity ever exceed 1 per cent of the total 14CO2 activity in the tissue.

The results obtained lend support to the assumption that bicarbonate ions, or hydrogen ions, are actively transported between brain tissue and blood plasma.
The Metabolism of Fatty Acids in the Rat VII. Linoleic Acid
Authors: GÖRANSSON GÖRAN
Published: December 2008

Góransson, G. The metabolism of fatty acids in the rat. VII. Linoleic acid. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 204–210. –1‐C14‐linoleic acid and H3‐palmitic acid complexed with serum were simultaneously injected into normal rats of two nutritional states and the distribution of radioactivity investigated. It was found that the labeled linoleic acid disappeared more rapidly from the blood than the labeled palmitic acid. At 5 min less linoleic acid than palmitic acid label was recovered from the fasted rats. The distribution of radioactivity between the neutral lipid and phospholipid fractions in the separate tissues from the fasted rats agreed with the fatty acid composition of each fraction. The pattern of radioactivity in the blood phospholipids at 320 min closely resembled that in the liver phospholipids at 5 min.
Adrenergic Transmission at Vasoconstrictor Nerve Terminals Partially Depleted of Noradrenaline1
Authors: SEDVALL GÖRAN , THORSON JAN
Published: December 2008

Sedvall, G. and J. Thorson.Adrenergic transmission at vasoconstrictor nerve terminals partially depleted of noradrenaline. Acta physiol. scand.1965.64. 251–258. – The circulatory responses to activation of the vasoconstrictor nerves in skeletal muscle of the cat were studied after partial depletion of their transmitter stores by the action of reserpine and nerve impulses. In spite of the presence of 30 per cent of the noradrenaline store, practically no responses to vasoconstrictor nerve stimulation were obtained provided that the physiological impulse discharge had been impinging on the stores for 2.5 hrs after reserpine administration (5 mg/kg i. v.). If the impulse flow had been interrupted during this time, 40 per cent of the store was present and normal vasoconstrictor responses were obtained. At 10 hrs after reserpine, only a 10 per cent fraction of the noradrenaline store was left but normal responses were still produced – provided that no impulses had reached the nerve endings after the administration of reserpine. About 80 per cent of this small fraction could be depleted by electrical stimulation of the vasoconstrictor nerves. No difference in the sensitivity of the blood vessels to injected noradrenaline could be found as a result of decentralization or differences in the duration of reserpine treatment. The results suggest that a large part of the noradrenaline store in vasoconstrictor nerves is not directly available for release by nerve impulses in the reserpinized cat. The ability of the nerves to transmit vasoconstrictor impulses appears to be dependent on the presence of a small noradrenaline fraction, constituting 10–15 per cent of the total store.
Exchangeable Water, Sodium and Chloride in the Skin of Mice
Authors: LANGGÅRD HANS
Published: December 2008

Langgård, H. Exchangeable water, sodium and chloride in the skin of mice. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 263–268. – The exchangeability of water, sodium and chloride in skin has been studied in untreated mice, in mice with localized acute inflammatory edema and in mice with estradiol induced edema of the skin. The total amounts of water and sodium were found to be readily exchangeable whereas 15 per cent of the tissue chloride, in untreated mice, was exchanged at a much lower rate. The findings in the mice with acute inflammatory edema and in mice treated with estradiol indicated a possible relationship between the slowly exchangeable chloride and the amount of acid mucopolysaccharides in the skin.
Energetics of Isometric and Isotonic Contraction in Isolated Vascular Smooth Muscle under Anaerobic Conditions
Authors: LUNDHOLM LENNART , MOHME‐LUNDHOLM ELLA
Published: December 2008

Lundholm, L. and E. Mohme‐Lundholm. Energetics of isometric and isotonic contraction in isolated vascular smooth muscle under anaerobic conditions. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 275–282. –In experiments on isolated bovine mesenteric artery the energy production was determined from the lactic acid production under anaerobic conditions. During isometric contraction of the muscle preparations, addition of adrenaline or of potassium ions resulted in a 3‐ to 5‐fold elevation of the metabolism concomitant with a rise of tension. When the tension had reached maximal level, the metabolic elevation was more moderate ‐ approximately 60 per cent in the experiments with adrenaline and about 20 per cent in those with potassium ions. Thus the muscle consumed more energy in attaining a certain tension level than in maintaining it. Total consumption of high energy phosphate compounds on isometric contraction was estimated to exceed the preformed content by approximately 300 per cent. The energy demand was appreciably greater for isometric than for isotonic contraction, both during the increasing tension phase and during maintenance of constant tension. – Dibenamine blocked the metabolic stimulating and the contractile effects of adrenaline, but not the effects of potassium ions.
On the Regulation of Sweat Secretion in Exercise
Authors: NIELSEN BODIL , NIELSEN MARIUS
Published: December 2008

Nielsen B. and M. Nielsen. On the regulation of sweat secretion in exercise. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 314–322. – With exception of the first few minutes of muscular exercise, the sweat rate both in the work and the recovery period was found to follow closely the changes in deep esophageal and tympanic temperatures. – In the steady state of work of various intensities, performed at a constant environmental temperature the mean skin temperature remained constant, whereas there was a linear relationship between sweat rate and internal temperatures measured as rectal, esophageal and tympanic temperatures. In the steady state of work of constant intensity but at various environmental temperatures (5° C to 30° C) the internal temperatures (rectal, esophageal and tympanic) remained constant, and the sweat rate (150 to 750 g per hr) increased nearly linearly with increasing mean skin temperature. The mean skin temperature was, however, even at 30° C amb. temp, lower than that at which sweating was elicited in rest. – Elimination of the temperature gradient along the esophagus by breathing air saturated with water vapor at body temperature had no effect on either sweat rate, or tympanic and other internal temperatures. The effect of vigorous cooling of the neck over the carotid arteries was only small.
Ionic Accumulation by Water Flow through a Membrane
Authors: RAPOPORT STANLEY I.
Published: December 2008

Rapoport, S. I. Ionic accumulation by water flow through a membrane. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 361–371. – The relation between diffusion and water flow for solutions of KC1 and of KCl + LiCl, was studied in the absence of electric current on artificial, wide pore membranes which were effectively uncharged and nonselective. Ionic mobilities in the membrane were obtained from limiting ionic conductances in water. Diffusion coefficients for KCl in the membrane were obtained under zero and non‐zero flow conditions. They were used to compare predicted with observed steady state,“specific ionic” and“accumulation” ratios. Significant disagreement was found only between the diffusion coefficient derived from the observed accumulation ratios and the zero flow coefficient. Possible reasons were discussed. An accumulation ratio of 6.9, for K+ to Li+, was obtained. In the non‐steady state, the flux of KCI, when the sole solute, could be represented by a proposed equation (Eq. 4). With KCl + LiCl, the net cationic flux ratio could also be predicted (Eq. 8). At the steady state, the system represented a first order state, in which the force acting on water was constant and in which a transport mechanism, which was not ion specific, existed.
The Incorporation of Fatty Acids into the Alpha and Beta Positions of Liver and Adipose Tissue Lipids of the Rat
Authors: GÖRANSSON GÖRAN
Published: December 2008

Göransson, G. The incorporation of fatty acids into the Alpha and Beta positions of liver and adipose tissue lipids of the rat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 387–391. – Labeled lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, palmitoleic, oleic and linoleic acids were intravenously injected into fasted, male rats and the esterification at the alpha and beta position of glycerol in liver and adipose tissue lipids studied. The fatty acids were rapidly incorporated into both alpha and beta positions of liver and adipose tissue lipids. Each fatty acid was incorporated into the alpha and beta position in proportion to the amount at which that fatty acid normally occurs in each position. Thus the unsaturated fatty acids were mainly esterified at the beta position and the saturated acids at the alpha position.
Some Factors Regulating Normal Arylesterase Activity of Blood Plasma in Rats
Authors: AUGUSTINSSON KLAS‐BERTIL , HENRICSON BENGT
Published: December 2008

Augustinsson K. ‐B. and B. Henricson. Some factors regulating normal arylesterase activity of blood plasma in rats. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 418–425. – A series of experiments were carried out in order to find the best conditions for further genetic studies on plasma arylesterase activity in rats. Arylesterase was absent in the plasma at birth and adult activity levels were reached at the age of about 40 days. Females had a higher activity than males. The importance of technical details regarding narcosis, blood sampling and handling of samples before esterase determination was investigated. In rats starved for 42 hrs, but otherwise untreated, the plasma arylesterase activity increased about 40 per cent. Refeeding cf starved rats for 4 hrs before blood sampling decreased the activity. The condition of momentary consumption of food greatly influenced the plasma arylesterase activity.
Influence of the Thymus on Thyroxin‐induced Changes in Blood Lymphocytes of Young Guinea‐pigs
Authors: ERNSTRÖM ULF , LARSSON BENGT
Published: December 2008

Ernström, U. and B. Larsson. Influence of the thymus on thyroxin‐induced changes in blood lymphocytes of young guinea‐pigs. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 426–433. – Young male guinea‐pigs were thymectomized or sham‐operated, and treated with thyroxin or saline shortly after operation or one month after it. The influence of thyroxin on the total number of blood lymphocytes, and on blood lymphocytes with different mitochondrial content, was compared in thymectomized and sham‐operated animals. The average mitochondrial content of the blood lymphocytes was not influenced by thymectomy, but was highly increased by thyroxin treatment in both sham‐operated and thymectomized animals. Thyroxin treatment decreased the number of lymphocytes/mm3 of blood in the thymectomized animals, but not in the sham‐operated ones. This reduction was due exclusively to a decreased number of lymphocytes with low mitochondrial content; it was highly significant one month after thymectomy but not significant shortly after it. Thyroxin treatment increased the absolute number of blood lymphocytes with a high mitochondrial content, significantly in the sham‐operated and almost significantly in the thymectomized animals. It is concluded that an intact thymus is not necessary for a thyroxininduced increase in the number of blood lymphocytes with high mitochondrial content. In addition, the results suggest that thymectomy of young guinea‐pigs causes a failure of the thymo‐lymphatic system to maintain an unchanged number of small lymphocytes/mm3 of blood during thyroxin treatment. This failure is not manifested immediately after thymectomy, but is significantly established one month after it.
Determination of the Mixed Venous CO2 Pressure with a Rebreathing Method Correction for Volume Changes of the Lung‐Bag System
Authors: LUNDIN G. , THOMSON D.
Published: December 2008

Lundin, G. and D. Thomson. Determination of the mixed venous CO2 pressure with a rebreathing method. Correction for volume changes of the lung‐bag system. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 448–452. For determining the cardiac output with Fick's equation the mixed venous CO2 content can be determined with a rebreathing technique. During the rebreathing the nitrogen‐ and CO2 percentages in the bag were simultaneously registered by fast nitrogen‐ and CO2 meters. This allowed the correction of the CO2 values caused by volume changes of the lung‐rebreathing bag system due to the difference in O2 uptake and CO2 elimination. When this correction is applied, higher values for the cardiac output should be obtained.
Acute and Chronic Effects of Preoptic Lesions
Authors: Anderson B. , Gale C. C. , Hökfelt B. , Larsson B.
Published: December 2008

Anderson, B., C. C. Gale, B. Hökfelt and B. Larsson.Acute and chronic effects of preoptic lesions. Acta physiol. scand. 1965,65, 45–60. — The effects of preoptic and preoptic/hypothalamic lesions were studied in unanesthetized goats. A gradual destruction of the entire preoptic region (the “heat loss center”) was induced by proton irradiation in two animals. The lesions caused a permanently raised heat‐dissipation threshold, an impaired resistance to cold, a complete adipsia and a lack of thermal inhibition of food intake. A febrile response to pyrogen was obtained in spite of the destruction of the preoptic region. In contrast to the proton lesions a rapidly induced radio‐frequency (RF) coagulation was fatal if restricted to the preoptic region. It caused initial strong shivering and peripheral vasoconstriction, sympathico‐adrenomedullary and thyroid activation, severe hyperthermia, hyperglycemia, and death within 16 hours in three goats studied. An ability to respond to severe hyperthermia with polypnea remained in these goats. In two goats preoptic RF‐lesions were extended to involve most of the anterior hypothalamus. These animals survived an initial period of hyperthermia and sympathico‐adrenomedullary activation. One of them was studied for 8 months and showed similar disturbances of temperature regulation and alimentation as the proton irradiated goats. In one goat the RF lesions was extended further caudally to involve also the mid‐hypothalamic region. The immediate effects were virtual disappearance of urinary excretion of noradrenaline development of marked hypothermia, and considerable hypoglycemia.
Autoradiography of Injected Albumin‐Bound l‐C14‐‐Palmitate in Pigeon Pectoralis Muscle
Authors: Wirsén Claes
Published: December 2008

Wirsén, C.Autoradiography of injected albumin‐bound 1‐C14‐palmilate in pigeon pectoralis muscle. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 120–125. — Labeled albumin‐bound palmitate was injected i. v. into laboratory pigeons and specimens from pectoralis major and minor removed after 3, 6 and 15 min. Autoradiography on fresh‐frozen sections was performed with the method developed by Ullberg 1954. The activity was distinctly stronger in red muscle fibers than in white. It is suggested that the uptake of palmitic acid in skeletal muscle is a selective process.
On the Variation of DLCOwith Increasing Oxygen Uptake During Exercise in Healthy Trained Young Men and Women
Authors: Holmgren A.
Published: December 2008

Holmgren, A.On the variation ofDLCOwith increasing oxygen uptake during exercise in healthy trained, young men and women. Acta physiol. scand. 1965.65, 207–220. — DLCOwas measured during exercise in the sitting position on a bicycle ergometer, at varying loads in ten young, trained women and ten young, trained men using the steady state technique. DLCOwas found to increase hyperbolically with increasing Vo2and reached an approximate niveau at a heart rate ≪ 120 beats per min. The mean of all determinations above this heart rate was taken as a measure of the maximum DlCOfor each subject and averaged 34.8 units in the female group and 47.9 units in the male group. This value for DlCOwas highly correlated to a number of measures of body size, the dimensions of the cardio vascular system and the lungs. A significant correlation of DlCOto pulmonary and circulatory dimensions remained after elimination of body size. DlCOof the present trained group was compared with that of a corresponding untrained group with covariance analyses. DlCOin the trained group was higher than that in the untrained group. This difference was matched by a difference in body size, and dimensions of the cardiovascular system and lung volumes. The DLCOof the girls was found to be lower than that of the boys. This difference was larger than the difference in body size.
Drug‐Induced Changes in Monoamine Levels in the Sympathetic Adrenergic Ganglion Cells and Terminals A histochemical study
Authors: Norberg Karl‐Axel
Published: December 2008

Norberg, K.‐A.Drug‐induced changes in monoamine levels in the sympathetic adrenergic ganglion cells and terminals. A histochemical study. Acta physiol. scand. 1965.65, 221–234.— The cell bodies of peripheral adrenergic neurons in rat sympathetic ganglia have been studied and compared with the adrenergic nerve terminals in respect of drug‐induced changes in CA levels and uptake‐accumulation of CA, DOPA and 5‐HTP, using the histochemical fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp. The cell bodies show about the same rapid depletion as the terminals following the administration of reserpine anda‐MMT but recover much more quickly. After m‐tyrosine, depletion and recovery occur rapidly and simultaneously in both parts of the neuron. The findings are in accordance with the view that the transmitter granules are formed in the cell bodies. The increased NA content observed in the superior cervical ganglion following the administration of MAO inhibitors was found to be localized predominantly to the cell bodies of the adrenergic neuron. The cells react largely as two different populations: one showing a more or less pronounced amine increase, the other no or only a slight increase. — An accumulation of CA is found in the adrenergic neuron but not in other types of peripheral neurons following the administration of DA, NA or L‐DOPA. The efficient reserpine‐insensitive mechanism for the uptake‐concentration of NA that is localized to the level of the cell membrane of the adrenergic axons and terminals (Hambergeret al. 1964, Malmfors 1965) is present also in the cell bodies. — As regards the uptake or possibly decarboxylation of DOPA and 5‐HTP, the adrenergic neuron shows a marked specificity for DOPA. — The experiments show that the cell bodies and terminals have qualitatively the same properties.
The Adrenergic Innervation of the Eye as Demonstrated by Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Malmfors Torbjörn
Published: December 2008

Malmfors, T. The adrenergic innervations of the eye as demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 259–267. — Ocular tissues from different species (mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat and monkey) have been examined with the fluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp, which visualizes the adrenergic postganglionic sympathetic nerves. In addition to the generally accepted innervation of the vessels (particularly in the vascular layer of the eye) and of the dilator, there were found also an adrenergic innervation of the sphincter and an adrenergic ground‐plexus among the capillaries in the choroid and the ciliary body. There was not, on the other hand, found any adrenergic innervation of the retinal vessels (except in the optic papilla) and no clear innervation of the ciliary mudcle. All the adrenergic nerves to the eye seemed to arise from the upper cervical ganglion. The present observations are discussed in relation to earlier physiological and pharmacological findings.
Studies on the Elimination of Exogenous Lipids from the Blood Stream The Kinetics for the Elimination of Chylomicrons Studied by Single Intravenous Injections in Man
Authors: Hallberg Dag
Published: December 2008

Hallberg. D. Studies on the elimination of exogenous lipids from the blood stream. The kinetics for the eliminaiion of chylomicrons studied by single intravenous injections in man. Acta physiol. scand. 1965.65. 279–284. ‐ The thoracic duct was cannulated in 2 subjects and chylomicrons were collected and then given to the subjects as rapid intravenous infusions during 2 and 5 min respectively. The amounts of triglyceride (TG) infused were 0.18 and 0.26 g/kg body weight respectively. Plasma samples were drawn and analysed for TG without and with separation into 3 fractions in a polyvinylpyrrolidone density gradient. The chylomicron TG was found in the top fraction of the gradient and endogenous plasma TG in the middle and bottom fractions. The elimination curve for the chylomicrons was found to be linear at high and exponential at low TG concentrations. During the elimination the TG concentration in the middle and bottom fractions changed in a way observed earlier for an artificial fat emulsion.
The Effect of Graded Vagal Stimulation on Gastric Motility, Secretion and Blood Flow in the Cat
Authors: Rartinson Jan
Published: December 2008

Martinson, J. The effect of graded vagal stimulation on gastric motiliy, secretion and blood flow in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65. 300–309. — In experiments on cats gastric motility, secretion and blood flow were studied simultaneously or separately. By applying efferent vagal stimulation with variation of impulse duration but with constant voltage and impulse frequency, responses of the above mentioned functions were obtained suggesting two groups of efferent nerve fibres in the vagus nerves. Thus, secretion of both hydrochloric acid and of pepsinogen, vasodilatation and inhibition of motility (relasation of the corpus and fundus) were all elicited via a nerve fibre group with a considerably higher stimulation threshold than the fibre group that enhances gastric motility. Both fibre groups can exert their control at impulse frequencies below 10 imp/sec. It is possible that secretion of both HCl and pepsin, relaxation and vasodilatation normally form a gastric response pattern elicited by a concomitant excitation of the efferent high‐threshold fibres of the vagus nerves.