bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ABAQUS Simulation of Different Critical Porosities Cubical Scaffold Model
Authors: Wahid Z , Ariffin M K A M , Baharudin B T H T , Ismail M I S , Mustapha F
Published: July 2019

Scaffold or porous architectured structure is essential in biomedical application for cell growth or for mass reduction if to be used in automotive and aerospace applications. The structure was once impossible to fabricate but now viable using additive manufacturing techniques. However, in order to reduce weight structure and save on materials using porous structure, strength is one key feature must be maintained to serve the function. The aims of the study are to compare the part strength with different cell repetition and porosity (ranging 56% to 70.45%), and also to determine pattern of stress concentration in different unit cell size. In this study, cubic scaffold-based structures with critical porosity range were simulated using ABAQUS. From the simulation it can be observed generally that strength will reduce with higher porosity, while 58.96% of porosity showed less stress concentration. For each porosity, stress concentration and deflection can be observed and compared. The result of the study is important to help designer to choose suitable design and porosity prior to fabrication.
Study on End Brush Deburring and Sintered Diamond Ball Deburring of Micro-features Milled
Authors: Sai T K , Saptaji K , Fatchurrohman N
Published: July 2019

The presence of top burr in the micro-features produced by milling process can deteriorate and affect the surface quality of the products. Though there are some deburring methods can be used and reported successfully remove the burr in the micro scale features, however simpler and alternative method is still needed. Two of the deburring methods that can be used are end brushing and sintered diamond ball methods. Therefore the aim of this paper is to study the application of the end brush and sintered diamond ball for deburring top burrs exist on micro features produced by milling process. Slot milling experiments were conducted and subsequently deburring process using the two methods was conducted. Micro scale features were also produced using milling process followed by deburring. The deburred results were observed visually using optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and surface roughness was measured. Experimental results show that the end brush and sintered diamond ball deburring have successfully remove the top burrs. The end brush deburring method produced better surface quality compared to the sintered diamond ball.
Effect of Laminate Properties on the Failure of Cross Arm Structure under Multi-Axial Load
Authors: Mohamad D , Syamsir A , Beddu S , Kamal N L M , Zainoodin M M , Razali M F , Abas A , Seman S A H A , Ng F C
Published: July 2019

This study investigated the influence of laminate properties toward the collapse of composite cross arm structure under multi-axial quasi-static loading. A three-dimensional finite-element model of a cross arm was developed and integrated with Hashin’s failure subroutine to predict the inter-laminar damages of the composite upon its application. The mechanical deformation and failure of the composite structure were evaluated over three laminate properties. This investigation revealed that variation in laminates properties yielded different structural deflection and laminate damages. The cross arm with a greater young modulus and ultimate stresses (laminate B) experienced a single failure mode of fiber buckling in compression at deflection of 0.082 m. For the given multi-axial load, the laminate configuration and properties considered in this study failed to prevent the failure of the cross arm.
Stacking Sequence Effects on Performance of Composite Laminate Structure Subjected To Multi-Axial Quasi-Static Loading
Authors: Mohamad D , Syamsir A , Sa’don S N , Zahari N M , Seman S A H A , Razali M F , Abas A , Ng F C
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the effects of the stacking sequence on the mechanical performance and damage formation of composite laminates subjected to multi-axial quasi-static loading is investigated, considering intra-laminar damage onset. The response of the composite laminate configurations characterized by different stacking sequences subjected to multi-axial quasi-static loading have been studied to predict the influence on the static displacement and damage development. A finite element (FE) model has been used to numerically simulate the response of the composite structure. ABAQUS/EXPLICT FE environment has been considered for the analyses and Hashin’s failure criteria has been adopted using a VUMAT subroutine to model the intra-laminar damage formation in the analyzed composite structure.
Multi-objective Optimization of Vehicle Speed Control using Gravitational Search Algorithm for Electro-Mechanical Continuously Variable Transmission
Authors: Hudha K , Nuri N R M , Mazlan S A
Published: July 2019

This paper describes the application of the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) for the optimization of the vehicle speed control in the longitudinal vehicle model equipped with Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) system. In this study, multi-objective procedure which are to minimize the vehicle speed error and fuel usage has been proposed. For comparing and analysing the optimization results, CVT and Automatic Transmission (AT) are placed in the vehicle transmission model separately, and the Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) controller is implemented to control the vehicle speed. The simulation work is modelled and performed using MATLAB/Simulink software. Overall, the results show that the vehicle speed transient responses and fuel usage optimized by GSA are better than the values gained from PID controller.
Comparison of Control Strategy on Magneto-Rheological Fluid Damper Performance for Impact Reduction
Authors: Rahmat M S , Hudha K , Kadir Z A , Nuri N R M , Amer N H , Abdullah S
Published: July 2019

This paper investigates the effects of control strategy selection on the effectiveness of impact reduction control for a magneto-rheological fluid (MRF) damper-based system. The control performance of a passive damper, an MRF damper controlled by skyhook and an MRF damper controlled by a fast practical control are compared. A mechanical system model of a single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) impact isolation system using MRF dampers with different controllers is constructed, and the governing equation for the SDOF impact isolation system is derived. The FPC control algorithm is used to verify the MRF damper performance of the systems. The control performance of the systems under impact loading from various horizontal impact energies is evaluated. The results indicate that the MRF damper with the FPC controller provides much better performance for impact reduction control.
End-of-life Electrical and Electronic Equipment Remanufacturing Prospects in Malaysia
Authors: Shamee A , Shamsuddin A
Published: July 2019

Organized remanufacturing has to be an important alternative option instead of throwing-away of used electrical and electronic equipment’s (EEE) in order to save our mother-nature and recover useful resources. The increase in awareness of environmentally conscious manufacturing making the remanufactured products most popular. The significant benefits of remanufacturing are: greater availability of products and low costs to customers, new employment and industrial skills training to workers, and conservation of material and energy resources to society. Remanufacturing not only focus on economic profits but also keeping contribution to minimize environmental impacts by utilizing end-of-life (EOL) products. This study attempts to find out remanufacturing opportunities, and main challenges, along with the dominant influencing factors in a fast-developing country like Malaysia based on authentic literature review and expert opinions. The paper presented a short description of e-waste status, potential remanufacturing areas, its current practices, possible policy measures, and the present barriers in remanufacturing. The findings and observations provide a foundation and clear idea about the prospective of remanufacturing in Malaysia and probable further research directions.
Workload Analysis and Improvement of the Nurses Duty in the Hospital
Authors: Soewardi H , Kusuma S R
Published: July 2019

Nurse is someone who has a task as a medical asisstant in the hospital. They work for eight hours per day in serving patients and helping out the doctors such as, wound cares, infusions, bathing patients, injecting medical substances, giving medications, moving patients, changing patient clothes, etc, creating a lot of work for them. According to survey of the Indonesian National Nurses Association there are 50.9% of nurses experiencing work stress, dizziness, and fatigue because of high workloads. Therefore, it is necessary to be improved. Objective of this study is to analyse the mental workload of nurses and develop few of recommendations to reduce the mental workload. National Aeronautical and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) is used to evaluate the mental workload based on six variables: mental demand, physical demand, temporal demand, own performance, effort, and frustation level. While the developed improvement uses the participatory ergonomic method which involve nurse, doctor, ergonomist, and designer as stakeholder by implementing a group discussion to determine criteria of enhancement. Statistical analysis is applied to verify the hypothesis. Result of this study shows that the score of NASA-TLX is 62.46, which means the task is overload. As for the result, participatory ergonomic is verified at 5% of significant levels that requires some improvements, including but not limited to administrative activities in the form of making action invoices, physical activity that causes spinal cord injuries was lifting the patients and bending while injecting the patient, and work shift system where morning and afternoon shift longer than night shift.
Hybrid Methods of MOST and 5S for Reducing Time Processing and Waste Motion in Milk SMEs Industry: A Case Study
Authors: Sari A D , Gumilar R , Setiawan N , Salleh M R , Suryoputro M R , Zhafira N
Published: July 2019

Motion is one type of waste and it is a great challenge for the Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) to enhance the efficiency and productivity of all processes. The integration between lean and ergonomics in waste reduction has been identified as a tool to boost up the performance of SMEs. The aim of this study is to reduce the processing time by eliminating the motion using the hybrid of MOST and 5S practices at CV. Sahabat Ternak. The data has been collected to determine and analyse the inefficient movements of operators at their work stations by comparing before and after MOST-5S implementation. The results had shown a significant reduction of processing standard time in each four division as follows: Receiving Div. is 5.7%, Processing Div. is 1.3%, Milling Div. is 5.8%, and Packaging Div. is 19.5%.
Application of 5S and Visual Management to Improve Shipment Preparation of Finished Goods
Authors: Yik L K , Chin J F
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this paper is to present a lean case study to resolve issues related to shipment preparation in the finished goods store of a manufacturing industry. The process was first investigated through cause and effect diagram. Several root causes detected, including unorganized finished goods inventory, the absence of first-in-first-out (FIFO) rule in process flow, lack of visibility and inadequate inventory data recording and keeping. The two lean manufacturing tools, notably 5S and visual management were deployed in the finished goods store as the countermeasures. This leads to a significant improvement where the shipment preparation was seen reduced by 50%. The offshoot benefits include increased awareness and motivation for lean manufacturing by the involved staff.
Integrating Activity-Based Costing and Computer Simulation to Investigate Thailand-Malaysia Cross Border: A Case Study of Sadao Customs House
Authors: Suttishe P , Kongkaew W , Treeranurat L , Sirivongpaisal N
Published: July 2019

This research aims to study the cross border service between Thailand-Malaysia at Sadao Customs House, Songkhla, Thailand. Initial problem was stated as severe traffic jam at border and lots of trucks waiting for custom processes. With the purpose of investigating for solution, vital information such as cost of service was needed. Nevertheless; under the current costing system, it cannot lead to the improvement direction as it has not revealed the efficiency of resources consumption which are used to drive service activities. Also, it cannot indicate wastes or unproductive activities operating under the service. Hence this research proposed activity-based costing (ABC) and computer simulation as an integrated tool to investigate the cross border service in order to acquire service cost information which will be used for improvement stage. Results of study can be expressed in terms of cross border service unit cost and activities analysis.
Identification of Potential Ergonomic Risk Factors and Mitigating Measures for Malaysian Oil and Gas Drilling Industries: A Conceptual Research Proposition
Authors: Asad M M , Hassan R , Latif K , Sherwani F
Published: July 2019

This research article briefly highlights the proposed research framework for identification of potential ergonomic risk Factors and mitigating measures for Malaysian oil and gas drilling industries. Because ergonomic hazard is considered as one of the major causes of lifedraining injuries and life time disabilities among oil and gas drilling crew. In this proposed research study, mix method research design will be adopted with explanatory research design. Whereas, industrial survey and semi structure interviews will be conducted to from oil and gas drilling crew (150) and safety and health experts (09) for identifying the potential ergonomic hazards with their effective mitigating measures. Whereas, descriptive statistics, What-If analysis and thematic analysis approach will be used in this proposed research study. The expected outcome of this proposed research framework is to provide the most potential ergonomic risk factors associated with oil and gas drilling operations at onshore and offshore domain with their most suitable hazard controlling measures at Malaysian industries. Similarly, this proposed study will provide a comprehensive mitigating approaches and strategies to safety and health officials to design effective safety trainings and instructional designs based on ergonomic safety professionals’ opinions.
Food Container with Expiration Date Reminder (OPTIMA) as the Solution to Minimize Leftover Food
Authors: Pertiwi O R , Zhafira N , Ma’arij A M , Sari A D
Published: July 2019

As time goes by, food waste has become one of the global issues that needs to be addressed due to its adverse impact on the economy, environment, and social. Preliminary study shows 77% of respondents leaves the food until it expires. Moreover, a study shows that most of the reason consumers discard the food is to avoid the food which almost and has expired. OPTIMA is a food container with expiration reminder product design which aims to avoid expired food disposal. This innovation can be integrated with mobile phone application so that consumers can control the expiration period of stored food in order to be optimized before the expiration date. The expiration date will be displayed on the LED display and indicator lights using the battery power source. It was designed with PDCA process (Plan, Do, Check, Action). Based on usability test through the prototype, 60% of respondents only had less than or equal to one error to use the product for the first time, 80% of respondents stated that the product can be used easily, 80% of respondents were satisfied with the product. It is expected to be used as one of the medias of actualization and development of technology to find alternative and innovative solutions to the problem of food waste stacking and expected as the innovation for household technology.
EASILY (Easy to Use Kitchen Utilities) Designing Cutting Boards Sets for Elderly and Arthritis Sufferers with Quality Function Deployment
Authors: Zubaidi A M F , Sumitro M K , Husna A S
Published: July 2019

Based on the Indonesian Population Census in 2015, the number of elderly people aged over 60 years in Indonesia reached 2.1 million people. Elderly women do ADL (Activities Daily Living) is higher than the population of elderly men. One ADL that is still often done by the elderly woman is cooking while the process of manually using a cutting board. The purpose of this research is to developed cutting board set named EASILY (Easy-to-Use Kitchen Utilities) which is a set of cutting tools consisting of ergonomic knife and cutting board that comfortable to use and also it does not need much power from operator to do the cutting activities. The steps taken with the method of Quality Function Deployment, to process and interpreting consumer need for product specifications. Usability test is applied with satisfaction attribute performed to determine the level of user satisfaction through interview when subject using EASILY product. The result of this reserach show that EASILY have 4 components there are Cutting Board, Knife Holder, Food Holder, and Trash Tray. The subject feel comfortable while using EASILY after doing the usability testing. Recommendation for further reserach the product development can be done using another product design method, and the usability testing should using more respondent.
Training Performance Measurement with Schema and Mental Rotation Test
Authors: Kaewprasert S , Jiamsanguanwong A
Published: July 2019

Training was a crucial technique for skill development and basic foundation of learning in manufacturing while the traditional way of training selection was to trial-and-error those training methods to see its performance which take cost and time. The purpose of present study was to preliminary investigate the training performance measurement using cognitive schema and mental rotation test in camera assembly tasks with basic training and physical training condition for production staffs. 180 novice participants performed in this study. Results revealed that both cognitive schema and mental rotation test could significantly distinguish training performance between basic and physical training condition in the same direction. The implication of this study was on the measurement that could shorten the time and reduce cost in estimating the performance of each training method which could be used to support decision making. Discussion was provided.
Running and Cycling Induced Fatigue on Wrapper vs. BLR Feature Selection for IBk Classification
Authors: Tang S , Loh W P , Lin C F
Published: July 2019

Running and cycling fatigue causes muscle pains, cramps and accidental injuries. Previous studies had considered the importance of tri-axial accelerometer to detect fatigue motion in stability, balance and postural deviation aspects. While tri-axial accelerometer is important, the capability to predict running and cycling fatigue from the biomechanical attributes were unclear. Therefore, the study aims to (i) compare the featured attributes selected from wrapper approach and Binary Logistic Regression (BLR) on running and cycling datasets and (ii) perform IBk classification accuracy comparison on the feature selection attributes. Public running, experimental running and cycling induced fatigue datasets were employed to test the analysis. The most significant attributes identified in the public running was RMS_ML, followed by Range_ML and the cycle frequency in experimental running and cycling respectively. On 10 folds cross-validation classification test using the IBk algorithm in WEKA, accuracies for experimental running and cycling datasets were 93.1% and 90.5% from wrapper method, 65.6% and 76.2% from BLR respectively. Wrapper method performs better than BLR in data overfitting phenomenon. Findings reveal that the mediolateral variation at body trunk motion plays a major impact to predict fatigue running but fatigue cycling shows cycling frequency as the main attribute in fatigue cycling prediction.
An overview on joining of aluminium and magnesium alloys using friction stir welding (FSW) for automotive lightweight applications
Authors: Kayode Oyindamola , Akinlabi Esther Titilayo
Published: July 2019

Lightweight structures are increasingly in demand in the automotive manufacturing industry for fuel economy, vehicle efficiency and meeting reduction in emissions regulations. Weight reduction in automobiles have been achieved traditionally by reducing the body panel steel-sheet thickness and increasing its strength, but this technique is faced with the challenge of reduced stiffness in the panels. In the bid to incorporate numerous light-weighting ideas in manufacturing, the replacement of steel with light metals has been considered. Aluminium and magnesium are alternative materials that could be used to substitute steel because they are both lighter and possess comparable structural characteristics. Aluminium and magnesium has a density of 2.7 g cm−3 and 1.74 g cm−3 respectively compared to steel density of 7.86 g cm−3. However, there is usually unavailability of aluminium for high-volume production. Hence, the joining of aluminium to magnesium in the right proportion could be suitable as potential materials for new automobile applications to mitigate the challenges faced with the usage of steel and availability of aluminium and help to further reduce the vehicle weight. This study focuses on a review of the basis and joining of aluminium and magnesium alloys through friction stir welding to derive insights on appropriate joining process parameters selection.
The Robinson–Patman Act and Vertical Relationships
Authors: Yonezawa Koichi , Gómez Miguel I , Richards Timothy J
Published: July 2019

Bargaining between consumer‐product manufacturers and their retail customers is at least nominally constrained by the prohibitions on price discrimination of the Robinson–Patman Act (RPA) of 1936. However, because the RPA is generally regarded as being inconsistent with the anti‐trust principle of protecting consumers, it is not often enforced by the Federal Trade Commission or the Anti‐trust Division of the Department of Justice. Because of the perceived ineffectiveness of the RPA, it is unclear whether manufacturers follow the letter of the law, or actively bargain with their downstream customers. In this paper, we use data on wholesale and retail prices for yogurt products, and a Nash‐in‐Nash vertical bargaining model, to test whether the RPA represents a real constraint on bargaining between manufacturers and retailers. We find that this is not the case, and that vertical markets for consumer goods are more accurately characterized as bargaining‐markets than markets regulated by the RPA. Further, we demonstrate that strict enforcement of the RPA would improve social welfare, but would not protect weak retailers.
Why do females sing?—pair communication and other song functions in eastern bluebirds
Authors: Rose Evangeline M , Coss Derek A , Haines Casey D , Danquah Sheridan A , Studds Colin E , Omland Kevin E
Published: July 2019

Female bird song has been underappreciated and understudied, especially in temperate species. Birdsong was originally thought to be a trait used primarily by male songbirds for mate attraction and male/male contest. However, ornithologists have long known that females sing in many tropical songbirds, often for similar functions to male song. Yet, studies of female song in temperate regions remain scarce. Increasing our understanding of the function of female song in temperate species is a powerful step towards discerning the selective pressures that maintain elaborate female signals. In the last few decades, studies of temperate species have highlighted five major functional categories of female song. Using a modeling framework, based on all known functions of song in other species, we tested the function of female song in eastern bluebirds. The modeling framework allowed us to test the effect of multiple complex behaviors simultaneously to predict female song function. Additionally, modeling mitigated issues of multiple testing across the five different functional categories. We found that female song in eastern bluebirds is primarily used in pair communication. Specifically, females sing to strengthen and maintain long-term pair bonds. Strengthening pair-bonds may be advantageous for eastern bluebirds as pairs that remain together between nesting attempts and between years have higher reproductive success. We demonstrate a clear link between the function of female song in pair communication and the likely selective force of long-term pair bonds acting on eastern bluebird reproductive success. Additionally, our study highlights a major function of female song in a temperate species.
Outbreak of Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Interventional Radiology: Detection Through Whole-genome Sequencing-based Surveillance
Authors: Sundermann Alexander J , Babiker Ahmed , Marsh Jane W , Shutt Kathleen A , Mustapha Mustapha M , Pasculle Anthony W , Ezeonwuka Chinelo , Saul Melissa I , Pacey Marissa P , Van Tyne Daria , Ayres Ashley M , Cooper Vaughn S , Snyder Graham M , Harrison Lee H
Published: July 2019

Background

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) are a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. The risk of infection from interventional radiology (IR) procedures is not well documented. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) surveillance of clinical bacterial isolates among hospitalized patients can identify previously unrecognized outbreaks.

Methods

We analyzed WGS surveillance data from November 2016 to November 2017 for evidence of VRE transmission. A previously unrecognized cluster of 10 genetically related VRE (Enterococcus faecium) infections was discovered. Electronic health record review identified IR procedures as a potential source. An outbreak investigation was conducted.

Results

Of the 10 outbreak patients, 9 had undergone an IR procedure with intravenous (IV) contrast ≤22 days before infection. In a matched case-control study, preceding IR procedure and IR procedure with contrast were associated with VRE infection (matched odds ratio [MOR], 16.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.01 to 138.73; P = .009 and MOR, 39.35; 95% CI, 7.85 to infinity; P < .001, respectively). Investigation of IR practices and review of the manufacturer’s training video revealed sterility breaches in contrast preparation. Our investigation also supported possible transmission from an IR technician. Infection prevention interventions were implemented, and no further IR-associated VRE transmissions have been observed.

Conclusions

A prolonged outbreak of VRE infections related to IR procedures with IV contrast resulted from nonsterile preparation of injectable contrast. The fact that our VRE outbreak was discovered through WGS surveillance and the manufacturer’s training video that demonstrated nonsterile technique raise the possibility that infections following invasive IR procedures may be more common than previously recognized.
Association between urinary biomarkers and disease progression in adults with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Segarra-Medrano Alfons , Martin Marisa , Agraz Irene , Vilaprinyó Mercè , Chamoun Betty , Jatem Elias , Molina Maria , Colàs-Campàs Laura , Garcia-Carrasco Alicia , Roche Sarai
Published: July 2019

Background

Height-adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV) is considered as the best predictor of kidney function in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), but its limited predictive capacity stresses the need to find new biomarkers of ADPKD progression. The aim of this study was to investigate urinary biomarkers of ADPKD progression.

Methods

This observational study included ADPKD patients, and two comparator groups of ischaemic and non-ischaemic kidney injury: benign nephroangiosclerosis patients and non-ischaemic chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Proteinuria, htTKV and urinary levels of molecules are associated with ischaemia and/or tubular injury. The slope of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was used as a dependent variable in univariate and multivariate models of kidney function decline.

Results

The study included 130 patients with ADPKD, 55 with nephroangiosclerosis and 40 with non-ischaemic CKD. All patients had increased urinary concentrations of biomarkers associated with tubular lesions (liver fatty acid-binding protein, kidney injury molecule-1, β2-microglobulin) and molecules overexpressed under ischaemic conditions [hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)]. These biomarkers correlated positively with htTKV and negatively with the eGFR slope. htTKV was the single best predictor of the eGFR slope variability in univariate analyses. However, a multivariate model including urinary levels of β2-microglobulin, MCP-1 and VEGF improved the capacity to predict the decline of eGFR in ADPKD patients compared with htTKV alone.

Conclusions

The urinary levels of molecules associated with either renal ischaemia (VEGF and MCP-1) or tubular damage (β2-microglobulin) are associated with renal function deterioration in ADPKD patients, and are, therefore, candidates as biomarkers of ADPKD progression.
Antimicrobial resistance three ways: healthcare crisis, major concepts and the relevance of biofilms
Authors: Jorge Paula , Magalhães Andreia Patrícia , Grainha Tânia , Alves Diana , Sousa Ana Margarida , Lopes Susana Patrícia , Pereira Maria Olívia
Published: July 2019

Worldwide, infections are resuming their role as highly effective killing diseases, as current treatments are failing to respond to the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The social and economic burden of AMR seems ever rising, with health- and research-related organizations rushing to collaborate on a worldwide scale to find effective solutions. Resistant bacteria are spreading even in first-world nations, being found not only in healthcare-related settings, but also in food and in the environment. In this minireview, the impact of AMR in healthcare systems and the major bacteria behind it are highlighted. Ecological aspects of AMR evolution and the complexity of its molecular mechanisms are explained. Major concepts, such as intrinsic, acquired and adaptive resistance, as well as tolerance and heteroresistance, are also clarified. More importantly, the problematic of biofilms and their role in AMR, namely their main resistance and tolerance mechanisms, are elucidated. Finally, some of the most promising anti-biofilm strategies being investigated are reviewed. Much is still to be done regarding the study of AMR and the discovery of new anti-biofilm strategies. Gladly, considerable research on this topic is generated every day and increasingly concerted actions are being engaged globally to try and tackle this problem.
Daily Context for Abusive and Neglectful Behavior in Family Caregiving for Dementia
Authors: Pickering Carolyn E Z , Yefimova Maria , Maxwell Christopher , Puga Frank , Sullivan Tami
Published: July 2019

Background and Objectives

The purpose of this study was to identify risk and protective factors for abusive and neglectful behavior in the context of daily caregiving.

Research Design and Methods

Family caregivers who co-reside with a care recipient with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia, recruited from social media, completed 21-days of diaries. Multilevel modeling with days (n = 831) nested within caregivers (N = 50) was used to evaluate relationships between hypothesized risk and protective factors and the odds of an abusive or neglectful behavior on a given day.

Results

Disruptions in the daily routine and stress of the caregiver related to behavioral symptoms of the care recipient are significant risk factors for abusive and neglectful behavior. Participating in a meaningful activity with the care recipient when it occurs twice in a day is a significant protective factor against use of a neglect behavior (OR = 0.19; CI 0.06–0.64; p = .01), but not for abusive behavior. Hypotheses that spending the full day together would increase risk, and that receipt of instrumental support and caregiver participation in self-care would decrease risk, were not supported.

Discussion and Implications

Findings demonstrate that risk of an abusive or neglectful behavior varies from day-to-day in the presence and absence of contextual factors, and that the majority of the variance in the odds an abusive or neglectful behavior occurring is related to day-level factors. Findings demonstrate that diary surveys are critical to identifying ecologically valid modifiable risk and protective factors for abusive and neglectful behaviors that can be targeted in future interventions.
The Materials of Mastication: Material Science of the Humble Tooth
Authors: van Casteren Adam , Crofts Stephanie B
Published: July 2019

Dental functional morphology, as a field, represents a confluence of materials science and biology. Modern methods in materials testing have been influential in driving the understanding of dental tissues and tooth functionality. Here we present a review of dental enamel, the outermost tissue of teeth. Enamel is the hardest biological tissue and exhibits remarkable resilience even when faced with a variety of mechanical threats. In the light of recent work, we progress the argument that the risk of mechanical degradation across multiple scales exhibits a strong and continued selection pressure on structural organization of enamel. The hierarchical nature of enamel structure presents a range of scale-dependent toughening mechanisms and provides a means by which natural selection can drive the specialization of this tissue from nanoscale reorganization to whole tooth morphology. There has been much learnt about the biomechanics of enamel recently, yet our understanding of the taxonomic diversity of this tissue is still lacking and may form an interesting avenue for future research.
Use of Contemporary Protease Inhibitors and Risk of Incident Chronic Kidney Disease in Persons With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) Study
Authors: Ryom Lene , Dilling Lundgren Jens , Reiss Peter , Kirk Ole , Law Matthew , Ross Mike , Morlat Phillip , Andreas Fux Christoph , Fontas Eric , De Wit Stephane , D’Arminio Monforte Antonella , El-Sadr Wafaa , Phillips Andrew , Ingrid Hatleberg Camilla , Sabin Caroline , Mocroft Amanda ,   Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) Study Group
Published: July 2019

Background

It is unclear whether use of contemporary protease inhibitors pose a similar risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as use of older protease inhibitors.

Methods

Participants in the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study were followed up until the earliest occurrence of CKD, the last visit plus 6 months, or 1 February 2016. Adjusted Poisson regression was used to assess associations between CKD and the use of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) or ritonavir-boosted darunavir (DRV/r).

Results

The incidence of CKD (10.0/1000 person-years of follow-up; 95% confidence interval, 9.5–10.4/1000 person-years of follow-up) increased gradually with increasing exposure to ATV/r, but the relation was less clear for DRV/r. After adjustment, only exposure to ATV/r (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–1.6), but not exposure to DRV/r (1.0; .8–1.3), remained significantly associated with CKD.

Conclusion

While DRV/r use was not significantly associated with CKD an increasing incidence with longer ATV/r use was confirmed.
Maternal, newborn, child and adolescent health: challenges for the next decade
Authors: Costello Anthony , Naimy Zainab
Published: July 2019

The Millennium Development Goals era achieved substantial improvements in the health of women and children. Yet progress was uneven and many women and children still suffer from preventable mortality and morbidity. The United Nations Secretary General’s Global Strategy for Women’s, Children’s and Adolescents’ Health (2016–2030) set out an ambitious ‘survive, thrive and transform’ agenda for countries as they accelerate progress towards the health-related Sustainable Development Goals. This review highlights aspects of ‘survive, thrive and transform’ that have had strong traction globally, namely quality of care and humanitarian settings for ‘survive’, early childhood development and adolescent health for ‘thrive’ and community engagement and a sustainable environment for ‘transform’.
Using Papaverine and Its Metabolites, 6-Desmethyl Papaverine and 4′,6-Didesmethyl Papaverine as Biomarkers to Improve the Detection Time of Heroin Use
Authors: Wolf Carl E , Pierce Kaitlin L , Goldfine Brett L , Nanco Carrol R , Poklis Justin L , Korzun William J
Published: July 2019

Opioid usage in the USA has increased over the past decade, with prescriptions increasing from 76 million in 1991 to 207 million in 2013. New regulations have curbed the number of prescriptions, leading to an increase in heroin use. Heroin-related overdoses have quadrupled between 2000 and 2015. The traditional urinary biomarkers for indicating heroin use are a combination of morphine and 6-acetyl morphine (6-AM). Morphine is detectable in urine for several days. 6-AM is detected in urine for 2–8 hours. Papaverine has been proposed as an alternative heroin biomarker. It has been reported to have a 1–2 day detection window. Papaverine metabolites have been reported to have up to a 3-day detection window. Presented is a method for the detection of papaverine and its metabolites, 6-desmethyl papaverine (6-DMP) and 4′, 6-didesmethyl papaverine (4,6-DDMP), in urine using a modified Waters® MCX™ microelution method. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS-MS), with a Waters’ BEH C18 column, and 20 mM ammonium formate water: 20 mM ammonium formate methanol mobile phase was employed. Calibration curves were linear from 0.1 to 50 ng/mL. No interferences were observed from the analysis of multicomponent therapeutic drug or drugs of abuse control materials; intra- and inter-run precision tests were acceptable. A total of 428 genuine urine specimens where heroin use was suspected were analyzed. These included 101 6-AM and 179 morphine only positive samples as well as 6 morphine-negative samples where papaverine and/or metabolites were detected. The determined concentrations in these samples for papaverine, 6-DMP and 4,6-DDMP ranged from 0.10 to 994, 0.10 to 462 and 0.12 to 218 ng/mL, respectively. The method was rugged and robust for the analysis of papaverine and metabolites, 6-DMP and 4,6-DDMP. The use papaverine and metabolites, 6-DMP and 4,6-DDMP has the potential to increase the detection window of heroin use.
Routine Psychological Screening for Parent Depressive Symptoms in an Outpatient Pediatric Specialty Burn Clinic
Authors: Seivert Nicholas P , Sommerhalder Mackenzie , Stewart Dylan , Ziegfeld Susan , Ostrander Rick , Reynolds Elizabeth K , Parrish Carisa
Published: July 2019

Pediatric burn injuries are stressful for parents, yet few burn clinics report screening caregivers. We evaluated psychometric properties of a two-item depression screener administered to parents of children with burns during outpatient clinic visits. We also examined associations between parent depression symptoms and child characteristics. We used a retrospective review of pediatric patients with burn injuries (n = 496, age range: 0–21 years; M = 5.0 years, SD = 4.4 years) from an outpatient specialty burn clinic. Sample was 54.8% male; ethnicity was 42.4% Black/African American and 42.2% White. Most children (94.7%) had a burn TBSA of 10% or less and partial thickness burns (87%). Depression measure was administered at two time points as part of routine care: T1 (n = 496) and T2 (n = 121). Score range was 0 to 8. The means were 1.17 (SD = 1.74) at T1 and 0.81 (SD = 1.40) at T2. The majority scored ≤3 (89.9% caregivers) at T1. The measure demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency at T1 (Cronbach α = .74) and T2 (α = .82). Scores at T1 and T2 for a subsample (n = 121) were related (r = .61, p < .001). Parents of non-White children tended to report higher depression scores at T1. At T2, being female and greater burn degree were associated with higher depression scores. This brief two-item scale used with caregivers of pediatric burn patients is a reasonable method for screening parental depression in this setting. Given the association between parental depression and child characteristics, further studies are needed, including examination of predictive validity of parental depression with pediatric outcomes.
Seismic damage mechanism of bedrock and overburden layer slope reinforced by sheet pile wall
Authors: Qu Honglue , Wang Chenxu , Zhang Gulan , Liu Ying , Luo Hao , Mei Qian
Published: July 2019

Sheet pile walls, widely used in landslide control projects, have demonstrated excellent seismic performance during the great Wenchuan earthquake, as indicated by an investigation of retaining walls following earthquake damage. To further understand the mechanism of seismic damage based on the Hilbert–Huang transform method and marginal spectrum identification theory, a large-scale shaking table test of bedrock and overburden layer slope reinforced by sheet pile wall was carried out, and the mechanism of seismic damage was analysed. The results show that the change in marginal spectrum amplitude and characteristic frequency can clearly indicate the degree of seismic damage to the slope soil. First, the dynamic response of the slope soil near sheet pile wall is smaller than the response observed in soil farther from the wall, and the degree of seismic damage near the wall is relatively weaker than that farther away from the wall. Second, the energy of the seismic wave cannot be completely transferred behind the wall, and the strip cracks of soil behind the wall can be determined. Finally, the slope soil slides along a slip surface so that the front edge of the slope is squeezed due to the vertical tensile cracks at the rear edge. In addition, the results confirm the feasibility of the Hilbert–Huang transform method for studying the mechanism of the seismic damage to the structure-soil coupling system.
Accountability for Crimes against the Rohingya
Authors: Barber Rebecca
Published: July 2019

In 2018, the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar found that there were reasonable grounds to believe the Myanmar military had perpetrated war crimes, crimes against humanity and possibly genocide against the Rohingya people. It recommended that the Security Council refer the situation to the International Criminal Court, but that recommendation is unlikely to be acted upon. This article considers whether, if the Security Council fails to act, the General Assembly may establish an ad hoc international criminal tribunal. It examines first the competency of the General Assembly to consider and make recommendations on matters of international peace and security, as explicitly articulated in the United Nations (UN) Charter and as implied by the purposes and principles of the UN. It then analyses the relevance and applicability of the General Assembly’s Uniting for Peace Resolution. It argues that the General Assembly has previously interpreted its powers to include the establishment of bodies it deems necessary for the maintenance of peace and security, and that in the case of Myanmar there is no reason it could not take the further step of establishing an ad hoc international criminal tribunal — albeit one without coercive powers.
ALMA Band 3 polarimetric follow-up of a complete sample of faint PACO sources
Authors: Galluzzi V , Puglisi G , Burkutean S , Liuzzo E , Bonato M , Massardi M , Paladino R , Gregorini L , Ricci R , Trombetti T , Toffolatti L , Burigana C , Bonaldi A , Bonavera L , Casasola V , De Zotti G , Ekers R D , di Serego Alighieri S , López-Caniego M , Tucci M
Published: July 2019

We present Atacama Large Millimetre/submillimiter Array (ALMA) high sensitivity ($\sigma _\mathrm{ P} \simeq 0.4\,$ mJy) polarimetric observations at $97.5\,$ GHz (Band 3) of a complete sample of 32 extragalactic radio sources drawn from the faint Planck–ATCA Co-eval Observations (PACO) sample (b < −75°, compact sources brighter than $200\,$ mJy at $20\,$ GHz). We achieved a detection rate of $~97\, {\rm per\, cent}$ at $3\, \sigma$ (only 1 non-detection). We complement these observations with new Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) data between 2.1 and $35\,$GHz obtained within a few months and with data published in earlier papers from our collaboration. Adding the co-eval GaLactic and Extragalactic All-sky Murchison widefield array (GLEAM) survey detections between $70\,$ and $230\,$ MHz for our sources, we present spectra over more than 3 decades in frequency in total intensity and over about 1.7 decades in polarization. The spectra of our sources are smooth over the whole frequency range, with no sign of dust emission from the host galaxy at mm wavelengths or of a sharp high frequency decline due, for example, to electron ageing. We do however find indications of multiple emitting components and present a classification based on the number of detected components. We analyse the polarization fraction behaviour and distributions up to $97\,$ GHz for different source classes. Source counts in polarization are presented at $95\,$ GHz.