bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Source Tracing and Pollution Characteristics of Rainfall Runoff in Adjacent New and Old Urban Areas
Authors: Lai Qiuying , Ma Jie , Du Wei , Luo Yidan , Ji Dawei , He Fei
Published: August 2023

This study aimed to examine the pollution characteristics of rainfall runoff as well as the runoff scouring effect and pollution traceability in adjacent new and old urban areas. The sampling and monitoring of rainfall runoff for different rainfall underlying surfaces were conducted for roads, green spaces, roofs, and a food market. The concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nutrients in the rainfall runoff of the market area was higher than that measured for roads, green spaces, and roofs. The initial scouring effect of each underlying surface was obvious during rainstorms, and 30% of the runoff transported nearly 50% of the pollutants. Further, 30% of the runoff transported about 30% of the pollutants under moderate and heavy rain conditions, and the overall initial scouring effect was not obvious. The results of this study showed that, as a considered underlying surface area, the market and possibly other similar service facilities had a significant impact on the calculation of runoff pollution load, and these should be included in the research scope of rainfall runoff and the impact of underlying surfaces. The purpose of this study was to provide reliable and practical information for water pollution prevention and control, especially for pollution prevention and control of rainfall runoff in areas where new and old urban parts of cities exist side by side.
Assessment of Water Quality Variations and Trophic State of the Joumine Reservoir (Tunisia) by Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Madyouni Haifa , Almanza Viviana , Benabdallah Sihem , Joaquim-Justo Celia , Romdhane Mohamed Salah , Habaieb Hamadi , Deliege Jean-François
Published: August 2023

North Tunisia’s Joumine reservoir provides water for drinking and agriculture irrigation purposes. Therefore, its water quality is crucial, especially with the recurrence of dry years in a global climate change context. This study aims to evaluate its environmental parameters, phytoplankton community structure, and trophic status. The data were newly analyzed using multivariate statistical methods and redundancy analysis (RDA) with the Trophic State Index (TSI) and Trophic State Index deviation (TSID). Monthly sampling occurred from May 2021 to June 2022 at eight stations. Water samples were collected to assess physical-chemical parameters and Chlorophyll-a, as well as to identify phytoplankton species. Three seasonal clusters of summer, autumn, and spring were identified. Water nutrient variations primarily resulted from point and non-point source contamination, along with natural processes. Carlson’s Trophic State Index (CTSI) indicates a eutrophic status for the Joumine reservoir. TSID indicated there was no algal turbidity in the reservoir. The study identified 25 phytoplankton taxa, with Chlorophyceae exhibiting high densities and diversities. RDA revealed that NO3−, NH4+, DO, pH, water flow, and water temperature were the most important environmental factors controlling phytoplankton structure in the Joumine reservoir. The outcomes of this study may provide helpful information to improve the management of the Joumine reservoir.
Longitudinal Mixing in Flows with Submerged Rigid Aquatic Canopies
Authors: Nipuni Odara Merenchi Galappaththige , Pearson Jonathan
Published: August 2023

The presence of dense submerged vegetation alters mixing characteristics in open channel flows as they cause differential velocities inside and above canopies. The prediction models for longitudinal mixing in the presence of submerged canopies often use the drag coefficient to represent the canopy, which limits the usability of the models when the canopy properties are not fully understood. Here, attempts were made to present a methodology which can be used for deriving the coefficient of longitudinal dispersion in the presence of submerged vegetation based on velocity measurements, using a mixing length approach to model turbulence. An experimental study was conducted in a large-scale laboratory facility to investigate the longitudinal dispersion characteristics in open channel flow with submerged aquatic vegetation canopies. Detailed velocity and solute tracer measurements were undertaken for a representative range of flow velocities. The velocity measurements were used for deriving turbulent shear stress, mixing length, and diffusivity using established theoretical and empirical relationships to derive the longitudinal dispersion. The longitudinal dispersion measured in two locations in the water column for the two canopy submergences was discussed based on the amount of vertical mixing and differential advection. The canopy with a smaller stem length (i.e., higher submergence ratio) has a higher vertical diffusivity, resulting in increased vertical mixing in the water column. The canopy with the higher stem length (i.e., lower submergence ratio) consists of minimal vertical diffusivity, causing the longitudinal dispersion measured above the canopy to be significantly high, even though the longitudinal dispersion measured inside the canopy is much lower. The mathematical model which was adapted for calculating the coefficient of longitudinal dispersion and the tracer results show good agreement, indicating that the N-zone model can accurately predict the longitudinal dispersion in submerged aquatic canopies when used with the presented methodology.
The Impact of Solar Intermittency on the Concentration Polarization Factor, Water Quality and Specific Energy Consumption in the Reverse Osmosis Process
Authors: Montoya-Pizeno Rosario , Morales-Mendivil Deemi Paola , Cabanillas-López Rafael Enrique , Dévora-Isiordia Germán Eduardo
Published: August 2023

Water scarcity has prompted the use of desalination technologies such as reverse osmosis (RO) due to its low energy requirement and high production rate. In the present article, the concentration polarization factor (β) was evaluated in RO processes, in batch and continuous systems and with an alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) to desalinate water with 10,000 mg L−1 of total dissolved solids (TDS). In DC, the power variation and its effect on β was evaluated by simulating intermittent solar photovoltaic radiation. The specific energy consumption (SEC) in kWh m−3, the water quality in mg L−1 of TDS and β were evaluated. In a batch process, 3.98 and 3.85 kWh m−3 were required for AC and DC, respectively. In a continuous process with AC, 3.79 kWh m−3 was required, and for DC, it decreased by 17.93%. The permeate water quality was evaluated with reference to the Mexican standard of 1000 mg L−1 in TDS. A TDS concentration of 1631 mg L−1 was found in batch–AC processes, and a TDS concentration of 747 mg L−1 was found in batch–DC processes. In continuous AC–DC processes, the TDS concentration did not exceed 1000 mg L−1. The permitted β limit was 1.2. The result of the batch process when using DC was 1.007, while for AC, it was 1.022. In continuous processes with AC, the β was 1.008, and in DC, it was 1.012. The results prove that the intermittency due to power variation is an alternative way to reduce the concentration polarization factor, with effects that include a reduction in the specific energy consumption and an improvement in the permeate water quality.
Acceptability and optimisation of resources to support antidepressant cessation: a qualitative think-aloud study with patients in Australian primary care
Authors: McDonald Suzanne , Wallis Katharine , Horowitz Mark , Mann Esther , Le Vilany , Donald Maria
Published: August 2023

Background

Stopping long-term (>12 months) antidepressant use can be difficult due to unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Many people do not recognise withdrawal symptoms or understand how to minimise them while safely discontinuing antidepressants. To address the gaps, the authors developed the ‘Redressing long-term antidepressant use’ (RELEASE) resources, comprising a medicines information brochure, a decision aid, and drug- specific hyperbolic tapering protocols.

Aim

To explore patients’ acceptability of the RELEASE resources to optimise their use and impact.

Design and setting

A think-aloud interview study among adults with lived experience of long-term antidepressant use conducted in south-east Queensland, Australia, between November 2021 and June 2022.

Method

Participants were purposively sampled from general practices and interviewed face-to-face or via videoconferencing. Participants verbalised their thoughts, impressions, and feelings while engaging with each resource. Interviews were analysed using a deductive coding framework, including codes related to acceptability and optimisation. Interviews were analysed in a series of four tranches, with iterative modifications made to resources after each tranche.

Results

Participants (n= 14) reported the resources to be relevant, informative, motivational, and usable. Participants’ comments informed modifications, including changes to wording, content order, and layout. Several participants expressed frustration that they had not had these resources earlier, with one reporting the information could have been ‘life changing’. Many commented on the need for these resources to be widely available to both patients and doctors.

Conclusion

The RELEASE resources were found to be acceptable, useful, and potentially life changing. The effectiveness of these consumer-informed resources in supporting safe cessation of long-term antidepressants is currently being tested in general practice.
Image and Civic Religion. Case Study: The Representation of Saint Catherine of Siena on The Sienese Accounting Registers in Early Modern Times / Image et religion civique . Étude de cas: La representation de Saint Catherine de Sienne dans les registres comptables siennois a l' epoque pre - moderne
Authors:   “Babeș-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca, Covaciu Cătălina-Tatiana
Published: August 2023

Our research integrates into the comprehensive field represented by the cult of saints, and is designed as a case study regarding the cult of Catherine of Siena (1347-1380) in her native town, during the early modern period. As regards the sources, we will focus on the painted panels that used to decorate Siena’s accounting registers – known as tavolette di biccherna –, seven of which displayed images of the saint. We will thus consider the role of religious images – as the expression of preference in terms of worship – in the selfrepresentation of Sienese political authority, applying to the concept of“civic religion”, proposed by the french medievalist André Vauchez. Moreover, we intend to analyze the significance of the Catherinian themes commissioned by the Sienese government in relation to the hagiographic portrait, respecively the particularities of the devotion to the great mystic.
Preaching by Word and Image . Illustrated Catholic Sermon Collections Printed Until The Middle of the 16 th century / Precher par le mot et l' image . Collections illustres de sermons catholiques imprimes jusqu ' au milieu du XVI e siecle
Authors:   “Lucian Blaga” Central University Library of Cluj-Napoca, “Babeș-Bolyai” University, Cluj-Napoca, Cotoi Paula
Published: August 2023

During Middle Ages sermons were a territory of negotiations between the oral and the written word. Additionally, the visual element came to support both the preaching event and the homiletic literature. This already complex equation was complicated even more by the media change that occurred in the mid-fifteenth century. The present paper addresses precisely the printed sermon collections, in order to examine the presence, nature and function of the illustration in the respective works. The analysis stretches up to the middle of the 16th century, when the wind of change brought by Reformation transformed the content and the functions attributed to images. At this point, I only assume the task of formulating some premises and general observations, starting from several examples that provide interesting suggestions regarding the mentioned issues.
Formats of Early Book: Symbolism, Ill Treatmeant, Initial Size Recalculation
Authors:   University of Bucharest, Faculty of Orthodox Theology, Oprea Florea
Published: August 2023

The current study will aim to present several considerations on the formats of codices and early printed books, with special reference to the proportions, the virtual geometrical structure of the page dimensions and the entire surface of the open book. The author proposes herein that such ratios and virtual geometric arrangements are elements of a hidden religious symbolism inherited from antiquity. To support this argument, some codices and early printed books will be indicated that underwent repair works and were re-bonded. Ten material signs by which one could identify any re-binding works will be indicated herein. Supplementary, four methods for recalculating the initial paper size of codices and early printed books, before the trimming of the book block was performed, will be indicated as well.
Printing and Old Romanian Books in the European Cultural Heritage
Authors:   Institute of History, Ministry of Education an Research, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova, Cereteu Igor
Published: August 2023

Printing and Old Romanian Books (1508-1830) gained a well-established position in the European Cultural Heritage by the beginning of the 16th century, with the introduction of imprints in Cyrillic typeface, ahead of many European states. The first printing press was introduced in Wallachia in 1508, when hieromonk Macarie issued several religious books in Slavonic at Târgoviște, for Romanian Orthodox Christians and Slavonic people of Europe. Prints in Romanian would enter the cultural circuit as early as the fifth decennium of the 16th century. Transylvanian typographies started their activity by printing books in Latin and German. In 1535 Johan Honterus of Brașov (1498–1549) set a typography, thus establishing the city as one of the centres for the Lutheran believe in Transylvania. In 1544, the Romanian Catechism was published at Sibiu, a text that aimed to promote the Lutheran theology amongst Romanians. Between 1535 and 1557 over 50 works were published in Latin, Greek and German in the typography of Brașov, which then spread across many European countries. After deacon Coresi came to Brașov in the second half of the 16th century, several books were published with Cyrillic typeface in Slavonic, Romanian and bilingual editions for Orthodox Christians. The Romanian printing activity came to a standstill that lasted from the last decennium of the 16th century until the fourth decennium of the 17th century. The activity restarted during the reign of Matei Basarab in Wallachia (1632-1654) and Vasile Lupu in Moldavia (1634-1653). Printing was introduced in Moldavia in 1642 and, in comparison with Wallachia and Transylvania, Romanian was used as main language. Books in Greek, intended for the Orthodox faithful within the Ottoman Empire, were also printed. After 1812, the eastern part of Moldavia was annexed by Tsarist Russia. In 1814, a printing house that provided literature for the churches of the eparchy was set up in Chișinău, the capital city of the province. Some of the books would reach countries of Central and Western Europe or even cultural centres in Ukraine and Russia. In conclusion, books printed within the Romanian countries were mainly for religious purposes. Sets were issued in Romanian, Slavonic, Latin, German and Greek, for the use of Christians throughout both Western and Eastern Europe.
Les illustrations de Mihail Strilbițchi du Ceaslov de Dubăsari de 1794
Authors:   “1 Decembrie 1918” University, Alba Iulia, Tatai-Baltă Cornel
Published: August 2023

The "Ceaslov" of Dubăsari from 1794 represents the most extended volume illustrated by the typographer, editor, translator, bookbinder, author, secret agent and engraver Mihail Strilbițchi, of Ruthenian-Polish origin. He was active in Iași, Dubăsari and Movilău in the second half of the 18th century. The ecclesiastic themes approached in the 16 woodcuts, most of them signed, are varied and interesting. The present research is intended to analyze these illustrations and to find the sources of inspiration used by the industrious and skilful engraver.
Le problème de la tendance et du cycle
Authors: Goodwin Richard Murphey
Published: August 2023

The problem of the trend and cycle.

Perhaps the hardest problem in economics is to explain why the rate of growth of capitalist economies is irregular. Schumpeter has a unified theory of growth and cyclical fluctuations : the latter cannot exist without the former.

Any time-series may be subdivided into a sum of cycles : no particular significance can however be attached to the separate elements in the case of non-linear dynamic systems. The classics' and neo-classics' theory of secular trends was unsatisfactory and the attempt to construct another was abandoned until R. Harrod’s E. J. article in 1939 , which introduced the acceleration principle into the Keynesian theory. But Harrod’s theory merely explains what may, not what will, happen. Professor Hicks’s Trade Cycle turns Harrod’s trend theory into a theory of cyclical fluctuations around a constant mean. The long-term rise of the mean is attributed to the secular growth of autonomous investment, i. e. to an unexplained trend. The author’s theory : vigorous cyclical eapansions generate growth. Inventory movements are a vital factor explaining booms and recessions. In the latter pari of the upswing fixed capital (i. e. capacity in general) and fixed costs expand, but do not contract to their previous levels in the following downswing ; thus each successive boom and recession reach a higher stage than the corresponding previous turning-points. There is some similarity between this theory and Schumpeter’s : trend and cycle are indissoluble — Algebraical appendix.
La rationalité économique des choix financiers dans la théorie contemporaine des finances publiques
Authors: Tabatoni Pierre
Published: August 2023

Rationality of choice in contemporary theory of public finance.

A general survey of public finance with extensive bibliographies is presented. Economic analysis has influenced both the theory and, to some extent, the practice of public finance and has thus contributed to a greater internal consistency of the subject. The reliability of the principles of economic rationality in the practice of public finance is also examined.

The discussion of the limits of the economics of public finance presents the basic conceptual and methodological difficulties met with ; the limited role of welfare economics for the pure theory of public finance, the importance of a political science approach, the problem of the harmonization of fiscal policy and monetary theory, the question of formal and effective incidence of taxation.

The effects of financial activities on production incentives are considered in relation to differential taxation. Economic incentives to work, save and invest are related particularly to the distorsions introduced by taxation in the disposition of funds, risk bearing and the enterprise system. Methods for dealing with these defects are considered together with the problem of competition on the capital market between public and private borrowing.

Finally, the present state of the theory of budgetary equilibrium and cyclical and inflationary movements , together with the reform of budget techniques, particularly the presentation of the budget, with a view to the integration of the latter into overall government policy, are examined.
La théorie quantitative de la monnaie : une analyse par l'équilibre général
Authors: Patinkin Don
Published: August 2023

The paper sets out to show that the quantity theory does not require such restrictive conditions as are usually supposed necessary for it to be valid.

The Cambridge and Fisher approaches to the quantity theory are examined. An alternative approach to the quantity theory is then elaborated starting from the transactions approach and providing for the direct influence of monetary factors. The dependence of consumer demand on real balances forms the crucial element of this analysis. It is shown that the quantity theory of money can be made valid. The assumptions for this demonstration are of a general nature common to most types of economic analysis (uniqueness of the equilibrium position , stability of the system, flexibility of prices) except for one fundamental assumption according to which individuals are concerned with real quantities.

It is demonstrated that the validity of the quantity theory does not depend upon the two assumptions firstly, that aggregate demand is directly proportionate to the quantity of money and, secondly, that K, or its reciprocal V, is constant with respect to prices.

Despite the role of the real-balance effect in neoclassical quantity theory its true implications were ignored. This is seen in the statement of the «homogeneity postulate » and the concept of «money illusion », in the failure to incorporate fully monetary theory to value theory, in the concept of a uniform unitary elasticity of demand for money, and in the absence of stability analysis in neo-classical monetary theory.
La politique monétaire de la Grande-Bretagne, 1955-1956
Authors: Niveau Maurice
Published: August 2023

British monetary policy 1955-1956

Price rises and an external deficit were the factors which, in 1955 and early 1956, called for remedial action by the authorities. The main causes of this situation are generally attributed to the investment boom and wage trends. However, inflationary pressure is not uniform and some sectors of the economy are either unaffected, or have already passed the inflationary phase. In order to deal with this situation, the authorities have had recourse to the use of monetary policy.

The techniques of monetary control adopted have implied a rise in Bank rale and credit restrictions. The effects of a rise in Bank rate are not, however, the same today as in the past due to changes in fiscality, the financial structure of firms and the banking sector, and entrepreneurial expectation patterns. The small degree of success of the first increases in Bank rate as regards the volume of credit made it necessary to have recourse to direct intervention by the Treasury to obtain a reduction in bank advances.

However, there are considerable differences of opinion in Great Britain both as to the type and degree of credit restrictions and the technical means of achieving the desired result. In order to clarify the discussion of these points, the technique of credit restriction and the structure of the banking sector in Great Britain are discussed. An analysis of the discussion regarding the appropriate technique of monetary control brings out the fact that whilst widely divergeant views exist as to the technical aspects of monetary policy a fair degree of unanimity prevails regarding the appropriateness of monetary controls to deal with the present situation.

The policy of a deflationary restriction of credit is based, to a large extent, upon the quantity theory of money. However, whereas some writers stress the need to restrict the volume of money which, in Great Britain, means reducing the volume of bank deposits, others put more weight upon reducing the volume of bank loans. Nevertheless it is impossible, at the present lime, to base policy on an adequate statistical analysis recording the concrete effects of different policy measures. In particular, other measures,
Le taux de croissance et le degré d'oligopole
Authors: Marris R. L.
Published: August 2023

The rate of growth and the degree of oligopoly.

Recent developments in the theory of growth place emphasis on the role of distribution but often the latter is used either as an exogenous variable in growth models or inversely. This may be because the behaviouristic characteristics of capitalist systems are not sufficiently expliciled. The present article deals with the determinants of the rale of growth in developed capitalist economies where investment decisions differ from decisions regarding thrift and from factors determining profits. A growth model is built for such an economy and the risks of stagnation in such a model evaluated.
La part des phénomènes monétaires dans le modèle de Keynes et dans les modèles de comptabilité économique
Authors: Denizet Jean
Published: August 2023

Monetary phenomena in the keynesian and in national accounting models

The shortcomings of keynesian economics in the field of monetary theory reduces the usefulness of national accounting systems, built upon keynesian principles, for economic policy. The first part of the article analyses the nature of money and the characteristics of the supply of and demand for money in a system containing only bank money. Only a careful definition of these concepts can render possible an analysis of the role of monetary phenomena in short term fluctuations. This analysis, which constitutes the second part of the article, itself prepares the way for an examination of the different ways in which an influence may be exerted by the authorities on the banking structure itself and on the behaviour of economic units as regards money.
Croissance balancée ou non balancée ?
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: August 2023

Growth-balanced or unbalanced

A conflict exists in the choice between economic interdependence, which favours balanced growth, and economies of scale, which call for concentrated growth. Economic doctrines have tended, in the past, with the exception of the work of List, to stress the advantages of comparative costs and, therefore, of concentrated growth. The growth of the British economy in the 19th century followed these lines. But the international setting today makes such concentrated, or unbalanced growth very risky. Nevertheless, balanced growth entails often a sacrifice of extra production and, for small countries, may even be impossible.

In practice, each country must choose the path of development which seems best suited to its situation. But the economist should be aware, when making policy recomendalions, of the existence of this choice.
Possibilisme et pôles de croissance : phénomènes de prestige et de propagation dans le cadre de l'industrialisation néerlandaise
Authors: Paelinck Jean
Published: August 2023

Growth pole potentials : prestige and prop a gation phenomena in dutch industrialization

After the war, the Netherlands faced an urgent task not only of reconstruction but, also, of industrialization in order to provide for the rapid natural increase in the population. The only positive factor likely to favour economic growth was the increase in the labour force. Other factors exercised a brake on the process of industrialization. They were essentially : lack of skilled labour ; social resistances ; financing problems.

In concrete terms, it was decided to select 9 regions for development chosen according to a multiple criteria test. Nevertheless, the demographic factor, both as regards unemployment and relative population densities, seems to have been high in the planning authorities' priorities. The next step was to seek the reasons why the selected regions had not been developed before. Among the various locational gaps thus discovered, the transport aspect was predominant.

The technical conditions necessary for the creation of industrial centres in these regions were not sufficient alone. The success of the undertaking required the full collaboration of the population and of its elected representatives. This result was attained, in part, through an expert use of information media and specialized documentation centres. This aspect of Dutch industrialization was particularly important as the planning system deliberately left a great deal of initiative to private enterprise and local authorities.
Après le succès du capitalisme. Où allons-nous ?
Authors: Heimann Edouard
Published: August 2023

After the success of capitalism — what next ?

The success of capitalism in the field of material progress cannot be denied. The age-long struggle of man against the forces of hunger and illness has been solved in the most developed countries of the world, and in particular in the United States. This has been accomplished in spite of or, rather, because of the increasing concentration of economic power in that country which renders accumulation and rapid technical progress possible.

The spirit of capitalism is the search for maximum efficiency. But this implies a violation of fundamental human needs of a non-economic character. Yet recent experience shows that the capitalist system has to admit certain other considerations, such as a social minimum and the control of economic fluctuations, which are not compatible in all respects with the principle of maximum efficiency. As a result, the present system is no longer capitalistic because it does not represent a hierarchy of social classes but a unified system with a universal style and a high level of social mobility.

Modern technological developments tend, however, to increase the alienation of man and the divorce between work and the other aspects of life. The result of modern industrial structures is to create an imperious need for expansion at all cost. It thus happens that, in the United States, felt needs increase loo slowly compared with solvable ones and selling costs become increasingly important. One solution would be to absorb surplus production in defense expenditure. Another would consist in international transfers of purchasing power. Finally, a modificalion of the structures of demand could lead to a richer life for all than at present.
Quelques aspects économiques et sociaux de la planification dans les pays sous-développés
Authors: Mouly Jean
Published: August 2023

Some economic and social aspects of planning in underdeveloped countries

The author defines underdevelopment as an insufficiency of capital relative to the natural resources exploitable by the population in the present state of technical development. The fundamental problem of such countries is the low capital /labour coefficient.

Two extreme policies can be envisayed : dilution of capital (spreading it as widely as possible), and concentration of capital (creating high capital intensity in particular areas). It is argued that both these policies are compatible with full employment. The true choice is one of period : immediate but not very productive full employment or productive full employment at a later dale.

The first type of policy would seem to be supported by the marginal principle, but the author advances a number of arguments for the view that marginalism is an unsatisfactory guide in such a context. Also, the apparent evidence of history in some less developed countries, which have had centres of capital intensity in petrol or mining but have nevertheless failed to develop generally, is misleading as a guide to the future because of the «colonial» character of the investment concerned.

Developed economies have not grown through simultaneous marginal») progress on many fronts, but have evolved around «centres of growth» (high capital intensity), and this is the relevant historical parallel. The need is to create such centres of growth at carefully specified points (which will often be centres of heavy industry ) in less developed countries.

The process of industrialisation brings material benefits, but the price of growth in «human costs» must also be considered. Such costs are not easy to assess precisely against the benefits of economic development ; the final part of the article comments upon their nature and possible importance.
Une technique statistique et analytique d'analyse régionale : description et projection
Authors: Dunn Edgar Streeter
Published: August 2023

A statistical and analytical technique for regional analysis description and projection

The paper presents a new statistical and analytical technique for understanding the development of regions within the framework of national development. The basic element of this technique is the computation of geographical shifts in economic activity ; the method used requires the comparison of actual increments of employment in any region with a standard (national ) increment. This method is argued to be superior to the simple computation of percentage gains in employment by regions.

In the latter part of the paper, the technique is used to set out and discuss the regional shifts that have taken place in the United States between 1939 and 1954. A final section discusses the flexibility of the technique and its possible use for deeper analysis and for projection.
Commentaire à l'exposé de M. E. S. Dunn sur une méthode statistique et analytique d'analyse régionale - Présentation mathématique de la méthode
Authors: Rosenfeld F.
Published: August 2023

A comment on Mr. Dunn's article

This mathematical comment on Mr. Dunn’s article argues that the use of the term proportional effect to mean the difference between his «net shifts» obtained globally, and those obtained by a sectoral breakdown, is unsatisfactory, and suggests an alternative formulation.
La théorie de la firme socialiste
Authors: Balassa Bela Alexander
Published: August 2023

The theory of the socialist firm

The paper presents a theory of the socialist firm based on the maximisation of bonuses by the managers of enterprises , and applies the theory to the experience of the Hungarian economy.

Section I offers some general qualifications and observations (dealing with such matters as the importance of non-economic motives), and describes the premium conditions (based on the fulfilment of the production plan) existing in Hungary. The following section gives an analysis of the economics of bonus maximisation, beginning with a firm with two factors and one product, and proceeding to a more sophisticated situation with n inputs and n products.

The third part of the paper relates the earlier discussion to bonus maximisation in practice in the Hungarian case, and to the results of such maximisation for the behaviour of the firm. A final section summarizes the author's conclusions as to the effects of bonus maximisation on efficiency.
Les formes de la concurrence et la dispersion des salaires
Authors: Niveau Maurice
Published: August 2023

Market forms and wage differences

Studies of the wage-structures of different countries have suggested two apparently contradictory conclusions : that wage-differences are important, and that in particular market conditions there is a long-period tendency towards equalisation of wages.

The purpose of the article is to examine the nature and extent of the influence of the conditions of competition in the markets for labour and for products upon wage-dispersion or equalisation.

An exposition and commentary upon the Marshallian marginalisl theory of wage-determination is used to provide the background for more detailed examination of the actual characteristics of labour and product markets, and of their consequences.

The effects of the structure of the labour market are considered in terms of the nature and degree of competition in that market, in terms of the supply of labour and the multiplicity of labour markets, and in terms of the relation between trade-union policies and the character of the market for labour. This leads to consideration of the mechanics of wage-determination, and its •effects on dispersion ; the importance of Union action and of the role of the State to the supply of labour are examined, and a further section considers «wage leadership» as a factor making for wage-equalisation.

The second part of the paper considers the influence of the level of economic activity on the labour market and the «spread » of wages. Cyclical fluctuations and economic development are distinguished and the significance of each for wage disparities is assessed.
Les probabilités subjectives ont-elles une signification objective ?
Authors: Drèze Jacques H.
Published: August 2023

The author argues that il is possible to attach objective significance to subjective probabilities, concerning events that can be influenced by the person concerned (such as their death in a road accident or their presence at the Opera this evening), but not to subjective probabilities concerning fortuitous events (such as getting a pair when throwing dice). This is considered-to provide an enrichment of the theory of probability (since it extends its application to a field formerly closed to it), and a simultaneous impo¬ verishment in that the theory is argued to be inapplicable within the field in relation to which it was first developed.
Planification nationale et planification régionale
Authors: Della Porta G.
Published: August 2023

Instead of national planning, one should me for Italy the expression : development policy. The «Vannoni plan » which does not quite deserve that name, contains a governemental program of quantitative intervention in various sectors of the Economy and a qualitative method for directing private activity into chosen channels.

In this article, the author first describes the Vannoni plan, a rather loose indicative program that can be easily modified at any time. In short, a plan built on the French planning model. Then the author deals with the different methods of regional planning used in Italy and how these plans are linked to a national development policy. He concludes by stressing the necessary improvement to be made, in order to draw out of the many regional planning systems, now in use in Italy, a single and rational system of regional planning, that could both, be used everywhere, and be closely linked to a national planning system.
La Planification régionale en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Brenikov P.
Published: August 2023

The article discusses the development and character of regional planning in Britain , beginning from the paradox that Britain now has one of the most impressive codes of planning legislation in the world , but has no provision for statutory planning at the regional or national level.

The author argues that the need for regional as distinct from local plans is firmly established. What is needed is a framework for drawing local plans together , and British planners are belter equipped than ever before to deal with problems at a regional level. But there remain strong suspicions of the regional concepts , and consequent difficulties in obtaining central and local government support for the kind of planning that the author believes to be required.
La Planification nationale et régionale en Italie
Authors: Della Porta G.
Published: August 2023

The quick technical change that has occured in the last twenty years, ha» also raised a few problems in the economic field. And if Economics do not provide a quick and ready answer to these new problems some people will speak of a crisis of Economics as a Science. In order to solve these problems one must realize that Economics is no longer what they used to be «The Science of riches » but has gradually changed into «the Science of choices ».

In his article, the author shows why planning has become necessary and how it can help economic development. As the Economy does not grow everywhere at the same pace it is necessary to work out a regional planning system to supply the national planning system with the necessary information on regional discrepancies in the economic and also the psycho-social field.

In brief, when used together national an regional planning are permitting a much more efficient economic policy as they help to rule out economic fluctuations.
De la concurrence
Authors: Bouchard Maurice
Published: August 2023

On competition

Competition has remained an ill defined notion and what was true in Cournot’s time : «Economics have brought no improvement whatever to trivial notions about competition... » is still true to-day. The purpose of this article is first, to find a belter explanation for competition on a homogenous market than the one given by classical theory.

In order to find a belter explanation for homogenous competition, the author has tried to find a theoretical way of measuring competition and in doing so to improve our knowledge about the conditions of pure competition. Then the author is criticizing the classical theory of pure competition and tries to prove that pure competition can be realized in oligopoly.

The second part of this article contains a close study of E. H. Chamberlin’s work.

In his conclusion the author stresses the point that it is necessary to choose between a mechanical and an economic notion of competition.
Remarque sur l'introduction de la notion de progrès technique dans la science économique
Authors: Fourastié Jean
Published: August 2023

Some Remarks on the Introduction of the Notion of Technical Progress into the Science of Economics

The author argues that economic science has so far accepted only those parts of the theory of technical progress that do not demand a profound revision of classical conceptions. Despite the progress of the last ten years, the essentials of the theory of technical progress thus remain outside economic thought, because of the profound revision that their incorporation would require.

Present attitudes do not suggest that such a revision must remain out of the question, however, and technical progress is not the only new consideration — though it is an important one — with a claim to consideration.
Conditions de l'innovation industrielle
Authors: Williams B. R.
Published: August 2023

The Conditions of Industrial Innovations

When considering the application of science to industry, Schumpeter’s distinction between invention and innovation is crucial. The application of an invention to the actual processes of production requires a lengthy and expensive period of development. Of course, not all inventions lead to innovation. Only a small proportion of scientific or engineering ideas thought worthy of further industrial research survive that test, and only a proportion of the ideas taken for development are actually embodied in new processes and new products.

Over a large section of industry, efforts are made to organise innovation, and to make it a normal and not a random event.

Inducing innovation requires much more than employing qualified scientists and technologists in research and development departments, it also requires a good supply of scientists in production and selling departments.

This leads the author to examine the economic aspects of innovation.

In his conclusion the author gives a summary of the conditions of rapid innovation :

1. The opportunities to innovate.

2. The capacity to innovate.

3. The pressure to innovate.
Recherche militaire et économie
Authors: Guérin Jean-Maurice
Published: August 2023

Military Research and Economy

The article discusses the characteristics of military research, and suggests that such research enriches the country that undertakes it, not only because high-quality armaments are a valuable export, but because of the perpetual acquisition of knowledge, that derives from military research and armament manufacture and could not easily be otherwise obtained.

Such research is also argued to be economically valuable at the international level ; although it is only possible for an advanced economy, once it exists it helps keep that economy competitive.
Stratégie de la propagation de l'information technique dans les milieux agricoles
Authors: Estrangin Louis
Published: August 2023

Strategies for the Propagation of Technical Information in the Agricultural Sector

The transmission of information presents very different problems in an agricultural sector, with numerous and often very small firms, from those encountered in an industrial sector characterised by large firms.

The author examines the particular nature of agricultural activity and the characteristics of agricultural entrepreneurship. On this basis, he discusses the nature and problems of communication in the French agricultural sector, and the importance therein of the activities of professional bodies.

The article concludes that new sources of information about innovation, etc., are developing, and that the professional bodies have and will continue to have an important part to play in this regard. Rut a family-type agriculture labours under severe handicaps from this point of view : every effort must be made to overcome these, particularly with the prospect of a European market for agriculture before the end of the century.
Specification and identification of a distributed Lag model
Authors: Dagum Camilo
Published: August 2023

The correct specification of the combined (adaptive expectations and partial adjustment) distributed lag model is provided and the conditions for this model to be exactly identifiable are discussed and analysed. It concludes with an application of the rules of mathematical logic to a statement advanced by Johnston (1972) on the identification of this class of models.
Ordre social, monnaie et régulation
Authors: Parguez Alain
Published: August 2023

Hayek conclut sa théorie du capital en dénonçant les thèses scandaleuses qui forment le cœur de l’économie keynésienne. Pour la science classique dont Hayek est l’aboutissement, Keynes est non récupérable. La réflexion moderne sur la théorie des ménages et des réseaux et les équilibres non-walrasiens explique la condamnation, elle conclut à l’acquitement de Keynes ! Hayek raisonne selon le modèle du Parasite. La société naturelle admet un Ordre, forme la plus englobante de l’équilibre, qui se révèle par trois lois. La loi d’austérité croissante, la loi de l’offre et de la demande, la loi du marché. Cet ordre demeure aussi longtemps que la société est contrôlée par un système de mesures objectives qui reflète la rareté absolue de la forme première de la valeur, le capital-argent, l’or.

La monnaie de crédit apparaît comme une négation du circuit de l’or. C’est un corps étranger à la société, un parasite, introduit par une coalition — l’Etat et la Banque — pour substituer la régulation par le plan à la régulation par le marché. Le plan abolit le système de mesures objectives, il émet de faux messages, il crée l’inflation, il nie l’Ordre. Contradiction, car ou bien la monnaie moderne est parasite, mais alors il faut attribuer aux agents un comportement aberrant, ou bien on leur reconnaît une rationalité minimale, mais la monnaie n’est plus parasite.

Preuve de l’existence d’une régulation monétaire, d’un ordre beaucoup plus général que l’ordre classique, fondée sur la monnaie de crédit et non sur la négation. La monnaie forme un réseau qui explique la formation d’un système de mesure assurant la coordination des plans des entreprises. Réseau qui est étudié dans le circuit du revenu et dans le circuit du capital qui l’englobe. Ordre socialement moins parfait que l’ordre hayekien puisqu’il n’exclut pas le chômage involontaire car il est hiérarchique et non égalitaire.
The role of increasing returns, technical progress and cumulative causation in the theory of international trade and economic growth
Authors: Kaldor Nicholas
Published: August 2023

Cet article tend à montrer que, contrairement aux enseignements de la théorie économique classique, le libre échange favorise la croissance des nations industrialisées déjà développées et peut exercer un effet restrictif sur la croissance des pays moins développés auxquels on demande de se spécialiser dans l’exportation de produits primaires.

Ce type de spécialisation est incompatible avec un niveau de vie élevé pour la simple raison qu’un faible pourcentage seulement de la main-d’œuvre peut être employé de manière efficace dans des activités basées sur les ressources naturelles.