bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Happiness—Is It Just a Matter of Waiting to Meet Your Double?
Authors: Toohey Peter
Published: June 2020

Doubles play an unexpected and strong role in the lore, in the imagery, and in the life of waiting. Perhaps, we shouldn’t be surprised by the prominence of doubles for waiting. Is this because waiting is an experience that’s built on pairs? You wait for someone or for something and just sometimes they are just like you or just like some part of you that you’re missing. Maybe if you can understand that double you can understand that part of yourself. Doubling, it looks like, is no panacea for unhappiness—but sometimes it can be. Maybe this is as it should be for waiting.
“The Littler Waiting Room”
Authors: Toohey Peter
Published: June 2020

In Pierre Bonnard’s Self-Portrait in The Bathroom Mirror it feels as if we are in those very last successful days of Clive James or Jean-Dominique Bauby. This trio, James, Bauby, and Bonnard, are waiting to die. They’re still in the game. They confront in a remarkable way the problem of how to make the best of waiting despite failing vigor, illness, dread, and approaching death. They turn lingering, without much hope in the littler waiting room of life, to their own advantage. They turn dread and cautious waiting to their own advantage. I don’t believe that they solve the problem of this waiting for the end. You cannot. But they show how the experience can sometimes be transmuted from irremediable loss into inspiring gain. Bonnard could have uttered Clive James’ words: “I am restored by my decline and by the harsh awakening that it brings.” Pierre Bonnard’s words were “just because you sing doesn’t mean you’re happy.”
One–Two–Three
Authors: Toohey Peter
Published: June 2020

In this final section the author returns to pairing, the “two” of this chapter title. He hopes to show how you can understand waiting even more clearly by comparing it with emotional experiences that entail not pairs, but the single individual (the “one” of the chapter title) or a trio of individuals (the “three” of the chapter title). One emotion that are associated with “one” is boredom (though depression could be as well). The preeminent emotion associated with “three” is jealousy. The author begins with boredom, an emotion that he was convinced, before he toyed with this book, was the very same thing as waiting. It’s not. This final chapter also aims to link Holding On to the author’s two previous books, Boredom: A Lively History (2011) and Jealousy (2014). Holding On, you might say, is the final part of its own trio.
The Art of Representing the Other
Authors: Whitmore Aleysia K.
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores how industry personnel respond to audience and industry expectations by examining the negotiations behind the production of world music. The chapter looks behind and underneath world music products to analyze, not just the effects of representational decisions, but also how people make these decisions—how they negotiate the dynamics of representational and interpretive distortion. Industry personnel work with musicians and audiences to develop products that are authentic and sellable. They play with and push against markers of authenticity that intersect and parallel each other on axes of locality and globality, liveness and mediation, marginality and mainstream, purity and hybridity. Authenticity occupies different positions on these axes depending on musicians’, industry actors’, and audiences’ expectations. As they negotiate this web of expectations, industry personnel reinforce and contest the discourses of alterity, essentialist stereotypes, and unequal power dynamics that continue to be so problematic in the world music industry.
Bilateral Solutions
Authors: Raghavan Pallavi
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, I highlight how the administrative response to the immediate fallout of the partition, was determined foremost by how it could be bilaterally handled, rather than being governed by any other consideration—including, for instance, the necessity of bringing immediate relief to the law and order question. I examine how the Partition Council approached the question of setting up the foreign ministries for India and Pakistan in August, 1947, and the importance that was given to having a diplomatic architecture in place that could handle the inter-face between India and Pakistan on issues relating to abducted women, and the Punjab Boundary Force. In many ways, notwithstanding the glaring inadequacies of the state apparatus in being able to contain the violence around partition, what was given importance was the ability to produce a bilateral mechanism to deal with partition’s fallout.
The Nehru–Liaquat Pact
Authors: Raghavan Pallavi
Published: June 2020

In April 1950, Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan met in New Delhi, and signed a declaration that their governments would protect the interests of minorities in both their countries. Both governments would now be accountable to each other on the issue of the protection of rights of minorities; and the declaration set out a variety of infrastructural elements by which its requirements would be implemented. In its definitions, scope and flexibilities, the Pact was amongst the more accommodative pieces of writing in the history of the bilateral relationship, but what was particularly interesting about it was that it was also in the political interests of both governments to sign to it, even in the midst of what seemed like catastrophic developments leading to war.
Evacuee Property
Authors: Raghavan Pallavi
Published: June 2020

The Ministry of External Affairs was an instrumental institution in shaping the debate about how these rules ought to be fashioned on the basis of a reciprocity. In this chapter, I look at the various stages of the negotiations—how definitions hardened, and when, and the reasons why this was so. I track the changing ways in which this question was conceptualized, and the extent to which the role played by the foreign ministries and inter-dominion conferences on the question impacted the process. I argue that it was the principle of reciprocity that in the end was the pin that held up the structure of evacuee property legislation. In carrying out this exercise, the ministry was also adhering to a formulation that a more fruitful outcome would be where the question of property appropriation was more closely informed by similar pieces of legislation across the border.
No War Pact
Authors: Raghavan Pallavi
Published: June 2020

The No War Pact correspondence between Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan is interesting for several reasons: its timing, the personalities, the possibilities it seemed to offer for the relationship ship, and the glimpses it offered into the world views of India and Pakistan during the 1950s. The Evacuee Property Conferences, as well as the refugee crisis in Bengal formed the immediate context in which Liaquat Ali Khan and Nehru opened negotiations on a possible No War Pact. In many ways, moreover, the correspondence also shows how deeply connected the shaping of foreign policy was with domestic politics—India’s and Pakistan’s international relations were shaped out of the domestic concerns of both nation. One reason that the correspondence was taking place at all was that it could offer the possibility of some movement on the questions of water and evacuee property. The correspondence offered an opportunity for India and Pakistan to clarify their positions internationally as mutually exclusive entities: at the same time, it was also for progress in leading to more accommodative outcomes for talks around the agenda of separation. This chapter shows that the business of going about disentangling oneself from the other did not in fact necessarily mandate international stances that had to be hostile to one another: they could also be built upon an attempt at dialogue.
Shaping International Personalities
Authors: Raghavan Pallavi
Published: June 2020

In this chapter I wish to consider the patterns of statehood that India and Pakistan chose to emulate, and to enquire deeper into their provenance. In many ways, their approaches to determining the course of their international behavior look remarkably similar: informed by the same objectives, and tempered by the same considerations. What also comes across is the fact that both India and Pakistan accepted a common set of rules about how states ought to behave—their pursuits within these frameworks might have occasionally varied, but their objectives were defined by a common set of concerns.
Edward Elgar Reads Albert Schweitzer
Authors: Stinson Russell
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines Edward Elgar’s thoughts on Bach’s vocal works according to the many inscriptions made by him in his copy of Albert Schweitzer’s book, J. S. Bach. Elgar took a harsh view of Bach’s treatment of the human voice, and he derided Schweitzer as an author. Of particular interest are Elgar’s remarks about Bach’s sacred and secular cantatas.
Salvation in History in Calvin’s Commentary on the Gospel of John
Authors: Pitkin Barbara
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines John Calvin’s interpretation of the Fourth Gospel and its singular place in the history of Johannine interpretation through comparison with previous and contemporary exegetical traditions. Calvin’s 1553 commentary represents the culmination of novel sixteenth-century evangelical approaches to this “spiritual gospel” that redefined its spiritual character and reversed traditional views that John offered advanced and more difficult teaching than Matthew, Mark, and Luke. As with his treatment of the Psalms and Isaiah, Calvin downplays the traditional emphasis on christological doctrine and does not view teaching Christ’s divinity as the Gospel’s central purpose. Instead, he emphasizes the overarching theme of human salvation in history. John, for Calvin, provides not a deeper grasp of Christ’s person but rather a more complete portrayal of his salvific mission, of what Christ as incarnate mediator does for humans rather than who he is.
Exile in the Mirror of History in Calvin’s Commentary on Isaiah
Authors: Pitkin Barbara
Published: June 2020

In his 1559 commentary on Isaiah, John Calvin as refugee pastor ventures a largely ecclesiastical rather than christological reading of this book, written at a time when Geneva experienced a large influx of religious exiles. For Calvin, the majority of Isaiah’s prophecies reference in the first instance the experience of the people of Israel and their future return from Babylon. Biblical history at the time of Isaiah then becomes a mirror for the contemporary experience of exile. Calvin explores the true church throughout the ages as a refugee community, literally and metaphorically. The image of the past as mirror—common in Calvin’s other exegetical works—is here particularly well-developed to maintain the integrity of Israel’s history and allow sixteenth-century Christians to make sense of their own experience and to foster trust in divine providence for the restoration of the church.
Introduction
Authors: El Kurd Dana
Published: June 2020

The Introduction gives an overview of the state of Palestinian politics before and after the Oslo Accords. It sets up the argument of the remainder of the book that international, and particularly American, intervention following the creation of the Palestinian Authority has increased authoritarian conditions in the Palestinian territories, as well as had a divisive effect on Palestinian society and inhibited their ability to mobilize according to their shared interests.
A Theory of International Involvement and its Societal Effects
Authors: El Kurd Dana
Published: June 2020

What is the effect of international involvement on authoritarianism? Moreover, what is the effect of this involvement on societal dynamics, in the long-term? This chapter presents a theory of international involvement and its societal effects, arguing that such involvement not only affects behavior or preferences on the margins, but also restructures regime dynamics and societal interactions in a way that has yet to be examined fully in the political science literature. There is evidence to suggest that such involvement leads to polarization within society, but it is also important to understand the effect of that polarization on political behavior in the long-term. The theory presented argues international involvement has three specific effects: firstly, creating a principle-agent problem between regime and society, thus disrupting state–society relations, secondly, increasing polarization within society, and thirdly, inhibiting political engagement.
“Americans Have Taught Us: There Is A Difference Between Democracy and Creating Problems”
Authors: El Kurd Dana
Published: June 2020

What effect does international involvement have on individual preferences for democracy? In the case of the Palestinian Authority, this chapter argues that international involvement creates a principle-agent problem between political elites (agent) and the societies they purport to present (principal). When international patrons are involved, political elites are shielded from societal pressures, and orient their decision-making towards the patron rather than society. Coupled with financial and infrastructural assistance, this has the effect of entrenching the regime in an inherently undemocratic manner. The chapter utilizes a mixed-method approach to assess this question. First, the chapter presents interviews with political elites, working within the regime and thus directly targeted by many forms of international involvement. Elites are asked about democracy to assess how external involvement affects their preferences on this subject, given their proximity/relation to the governing apparatus. For the sake of comparison across the state–society line, this study also utilizes a nationally-representative survey with an experimental component. The chapter provides empirical evidence of how international involvement may affect domestic preferences conditionally, depending on where individuals place themselves in relation to the regime. The chapter also provides evidence of a divergence in preferences across the state–society line, as a result of international involvement.
The Effect of International Involvement Across the State Sovereignty Spectrum
Authors: El Kurd Dana
Published: June 2020

This chapter demonstrates the generalizability of the overall theory of international involvement and its societal effects. It looks at the case of Iraqi Kurdistan and Bahrain, both of which lie further on the spectrum of state sovereignty. The chapter examines the role of international involvement, particularly American involvement, in the development and trajectories of these additional cases and provide evidence of the theory's empirical implications outside of Palestine.
Keeping Up with the Joneses (and the Kardashians)
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Thrasher John
Published: June 2020

This chapter identifies and examines problems posed by positional goods. These are goods that confer relative or “competitive” advantage, and whose supply is therefore limited as a matter of logic. Early theoretical work on positional goods by Fred Hirsch in the 20th century led to some very general worries about the long-term prospects for capitalism. This contrasts with the optimism of figures like Hayek and Smith. Having discussed this general perspective, the chapter then looks at some important specific cases, such as education, before ending with a discussion about some proposals for taking the heat out of current positional competition.
Do Markets Wreck the Planet?
Authors: Halliday Daniel , Thrasher John
Published: June 2020

This chapter looks at some ways in which capitalism impacts the natural world. While capitalism and markets can never be solely to blame in general for environmental harms, there are some specific objections to markets that call for special attention. It is important to distinguish between the role of markets in causing environmentally destructive human conduct and the role that markets could and, in a few cases, might already be playing in bringing about a constructive response. There’s no getting away from the fact that an effective global response to climate change is both urgently needed and distressingly hard to achieve. The goal here is to help avoid distracting conclusions about what’s to blame for this and to acquaint readers with a more robust approach to the problem as one of political economy.
Project FUBELT and Track II: Chile
Authors: Poznansky Michael
Published: June 2020

This chapter investigates the factors that led the Nixon administration to pursue covert regime change against Salvador Allende, the democratically elected socialist President of Chile in the early 1970s. Initial attempts at preventing Allende from coming to power, including a military coup, failed. Although subsequent covert destabilization efforts contributed to Allende’s eventual downfall in 1973 at the hands of Augusto Pinochet and his co-conspirators, U.S. decision makers were not directly involved. They did, however, have advance warning. One of the primary reasons for the use of secrecy in this case was America’s commitment to nonintervention and the attendant credibility and legitimacy costs associated with brazenly violating it. Although U.S. officials never considered overtly invading Chile, they were reticent to pursue less dramatic overt policies aimed at overthrowing Allende, including sanctions and other hardline policies, unless they could secure legal cover.
Operation Power Pack: Dominican Republic
Authors: Poznansky Michael
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines Lyndon Johnson’s decision to invade the Dominican Republic in 1965 against the backdrop of an escalating war in Vietnam. The intervention, which began on April 28, sought to forestall what the administration feared would be a communist takeover by preventing the so-called constitutionalist forces who had gained control of the capital from consolidating power during an incipient civil war. The central finding is that the presence of two legal exemptions to nonintervention made it possible for Johnson to rely on overt action. Initially, decision makers used the presence of endangered nationals to justify deploying U.S. military forces to the island. These troops were then able to stay on to ensure a favorable political outcome under the auspices of an Inter-American Peacekeeping Force which was created by the Organization of American States in early May. The administration leaned heavily on these legal exemptions in the days and weeks after the operation began.
The Future of Covert Regime Change
Authors: Poznansky Michael
Published: June 2020

This chapter summarizes the central argument and empirical findings of the book. It begins by demonstrating that the legal theory developed here outperformed alternative explanations centered on escalation control, domestic politics, and nationalism. It also shows that the argument travels beyond the Cold War and outside of Latin America by exploring America’s various interventions in Iraq from 1991 to 2003 and Obama’s varied responses to civil wars in Libya and Syria during the Arab Spring. The chapter concludes by suggesting avenues for future research and highlighting the book’s scholarly and practical implications.
The Badness of Death and What to Do About It (if Anything)
Authors: Kamm F. M.
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1 discusses the pros and cons of four views about the badness of death on the assumption that it involves one’s ceasing to exist: Deprivationism, Willlhavehadism, Alloverism, and Insultism. It considers how these views bear on such questions as whether death is always bad for the person who dies, whose life to save when not all can be saved, how the distribution of goods and bads in a life matters, and whether it is reasonable to have an asymmetrical attitude toward death and prenatal nonexistence. The chapter also considers what the four views imply about the badness of the extinction of humanity (and all other persons).
Comparing mass media debates in the European public sphere
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Felicetti Andrea
Published: June 2020

The aim of this chapter is to provide background information about the political context in which the debate on the Charlie Hebdo attacks developed within the different national arenas. Besides some general political trends developing at the European level (including the financial crisis and its political consequences), Chapter 2 presents the main dimensions of political opportunities and constraints that are susceptible to explain cross-national differences in collective actors’ claiming, framing, and justifying. In particular, it zooms in on two sets of dimensions that social movement studies have considered relevant: factors that can influence public debates over migration and ethnic relations in general—i.e., national citizenship regimes—and factors which pertain more specifically to debates about Muslims and Islam in the secular public sphere—i.e., the regime addressing Church–State relations. The chapter then presents a quantitative empirical analysis of political claims-making in France, Italy, Germany, and the United Kingdom, during the first month following the 2015 attacks. Despite substantial cross-national differences in terms of discursive and political opportunities, the analysis of the content of the debate in the European public sphere shows that most of the mass media attention was devoted to the issues of security and freedom of expression (highly visible and non-divisive issues), which triggered much less political conflict than stories about Islam, discrimination, and migration.
The evolution of the debate
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Felicetti Andrea
Published: June 2020

Chapter 3 introduces time into the picture, exploring how and to what extent a discursive critical juncture triggered by the Charlie Hebdo attacks changed the nature of public discourse, the tone used to address the different dimensions of conflict embedded in the controversy, and the way in which political actors engaged in the debate. By looking at public debates over time, the chapter addresses the potential of critical junctures to change actors’ perspectives on contentious issues and to transform interactions among collective actors. The analysis focuses on three main characteristics of public debates: the type of actors that have access to the public sphere, the issues that they discuss, and the deliberative quality of the debate. The findings indicate that the critical juncture condensed but also neutralized public debates, in that it increased attention but also reduced political conflict over the issues associated with Charlie Hebdo—at least in the mass-media public sphere. In addition, the debate, which hardly met minimum standards of democratic deliberation, further deteriorated during the critical juncture.
The deliberative qualities of the debates from a comparative perspective
Authors: Porta Donatella della , Gattinara Pietro Castelli , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Felicetti Andrea
Published: June 2020

Chapter 4 discusses the deliberative qualities of the Charlie Hebdo debate in alternative public spheres. The chapter explains the way in which deliberation has been operationalized for qualitative analysis. It then focuses on the deliberative qualities of the Charlie Hebdo debate among the three main groups of public-sphere actors under examination (far-right, left-wing, and religious groups). There is substantial variation in the deliberative democratic qualities displayed within and across the three public spheres while there is limited variation across countries. In order to account for this phenomena, at the end of the chapter, we reflect on the nature of critical junctures specifically and differences in different public sphere actors’ dispositions toward deliberative and democratic norms.
The Lives and Voices of Professional Female Singers
Authors: Kennerley David
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores the meaning of the professional female voice through the experiences of three singers from the 1830s and ’40s: Adelaide Kemble, Clara Novello, and Marianne Lincoln. It continues the argument of Chapters 2 and 3 by exploring how contemporary divisions over the sound of femininity affected the ways singers chose to use their voices. Their letters and diaries show how they were caught between a desire to develop their professional technique and artistry, and an equally strong anxiety that, in doing so, they might contravene feminine norms expected by important sections of the public and even by family and friends. These case studies thus expose the ongoing tensions between the ideals of the professional singer and of femininity in British musical life, but they also indicate that, through complex, sometimes agonising negotiation, it was increasingly possible for these women to develop successful careers as professional female musical artists.
Is Europe Christian?
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: June 2020

As Europe wrangles over questions of national identity, nativism, and immigration, this book interrogates the place of Christianity, foundation of Western identity. Do secularism and Islam really pose threats to the continent's ‘Christian values’? What will be the fate of Christianity in Europe? Rather than repeating the familiar narrative of decline, the book challenges the significance of secularized Western nations' reduction of Christianity to a purely cultural force relegated to issues such as abortion, euthanasia, and equal marriage. It illustrates that, globally, quite the opposite has occurred: Christianity is now universalized and detached from national identity. Not only has it taken hold in the Global South, generally in a more socially conservative form than in the West, but it has also ‘returned’ to Europe, following immigration from former colonies. Despite attempts within Europe to nationalize or even racialize it, Christianity's future is global, non-European, and immigrant, as the continent's Churches well know. The book represents a persuasive and novel vision of religion's place in national life today.
Europe’s Christian Heritage
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses Europe's Christian heritage. The importance of Christianity in European history, even in the very idea of Europe, cannot be doubted. The area which can be called Europe today roughly corresponds to eleventh-century Latin Christendom, and it is self-evident that the main legal and political concepts that structured state-building, and later European integration, were forged in a Christian milieu. The chapter then looks at key moments in Christianity's history: the emergence of the Protestant Reformation; and the Wars of Religion. Following the Age of Discovery and the first phase of colonial expansion, Europe no longer had a monopoly on Christianity. At the very start of the sixteenth century, the Catholic Church quickly undertook a worldwide missionary project. Overseas, it again encountered the problem of tension with European states, but this time in their colonial guise. The nineteenth century was also a period of tension between the Church and European governments, as political anticlericalism mounted. Ultimately, the globalization of Christianity has inherently altered its relationship to Europe. Even if Europe continues to perceive itself as Christian, Christianity is only marginally European.
Another Source of Morality?
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: June 2020

This chapter details the Catholic Church's struggle with modernism during 1864–1964. This was a century of tension, even conflict, but also one of misunderstanding between the Church and European states. The quarrels affected all of Europe, and they all resulted in disqualifying religion as the source of shared values, although in different ways. Ultimately, in the 1960s, they produced another divorce between Catholicism and secularism, which this time pertained not to the source of values but to the very definition of what is good. The chapter then considers the Catholic Church's reaction against modernism. In the eyes of the Church, the rejection of ‘modernism’ pertained to two essential points: its role in society and its authority in matters of values. The first conflict was political. It pitted the Church not only against secular and anticlerical forces but also against conservative states that professed to be Christian.
The End of Christian Europe or the End of Religion?
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: June 2020

This chapter addresses how religion is now widely perceived in Europe as a problem. As discussed, there are three discernible fronts in this battle. First, the hardcore secularists: for them, religion is in itself abominable, but their focus today is on the threat posed by Islam, rather than the Church. Then there are the identitarians, for whom Christianity is bound up with Europe's identity, just as long as it does not interfere with their daily life, lecture them on loving their neighbour, or preach to them about ethics and values. Last, there are, of course, faith communities who believe that their own religion is part of the solution and not the problem. The chapter then highlights Europe's relationship with Islam. It also argues that if Christianity's place in society is shrinking, it is because, in addition to the broad trend of secularization, the urge to limit the role of Islam amounts to reducing the religious sphere in general. At the same time, the desire to promote Christian identity as a means to counter the rise of Islam results in the increased secularization of Christianity.
Conclusion
Authors: Roy Olivier
Published: June 2020

This concluding chapter discusses how values are returning today in the guise of dominant norms, both in the secular world and in religion. Today's crisis is not simply a crisis of values, but of referring to values at all. For what should values be founded on? On one hand, religions, which are no longer in sync with Europe's dominant cultures, are returning to the public sphere on behalf of a normative demand. On the other hand, the secular culture that professes freedom and rights is coming to a head in a burst of normative production. This is a normativity toward all forms of religion and religiosity, of course, but also normativity with respect to its own foundation, the social contract, and human nature, that of the desiring subject. Ultimately, the chapter argues that it is time to re-examine the question of values, to restore the particular cultural and social aspects of norms and to reinject them into society. In the face of globalization, the issue is at once to be more in touch with society and to act as a counterweight to other influences in the world: only Europe can meet these two objectives.
The Campaign
Authors: Neumann Peter R.
Published: June 2020

The chapter shows how countering terrorism was a vitally important part of Donald Trump's 2015/16 election campaign. The themes he articulated represented the clearest, most radicalized version of his doctrine. In line with his idea of "killing terrorists" and "keeping Muslims out" of the country, he presented a fundamentally different idea of countering terrorism than his rivals. He portrayed the confrontation with Islamic State as a civilizational conflict, which involved not just defeating a terrorist group, but classified Muslims as part of an immigrant "out-group", described Islam as fundamentally incompatible with the American way of life, and legitimized virtually any means of achieving victory and restoring "respect".
Policy and People
Authors: Neumann Peter R.
Published: June 2020

This chapter demonstrates why, despite Trump's doctrine and the wide-ranging promises he made during the election campaign, many of his counter-terrorism policies remained fairly mainstream. It shows that, coming into office as a complete outsider, he had neither the policies nor the people to turn his doctrine into reality. Many of the decisions affecting the War on Terror were consequently taken not by "true believers", who subscribed to his doctrine and the wider ideology of populist nationalism, but by career officials and mainstream Republicans -- which the book labels "generals" -- whose personal loyalty and commitment to his political ideas were strictly limited. Trump's problem was that he may have won an election, but lacked the policies and people that would have allowed him to turn his doctrine into reality.
Friends and Foes
Authors: Neumann Peter R.
Published: June 2020

This chapter explains how Trump's foreign policy impacted his War on Terror. It argued that his approach has been shaped primarily by idiosyncrasies and his advisers' ignorance. In Afghanistan, for example, his idea of "doing a deal" with the Taliban may have sounded imaginative, but its execution has been hasty and half-hearted. In the Middle East, the effort to outsource American leadership to Saudi-Arabia has made America dependent on an erratic partner with fundamentally different priorities, whose behavior in the region has drawn America into multiple new conflicts. Finally, through his preference for foreign "strongmen", Trump has not just abandoned any pretense that America promotes freedom, but also removed all incentives for foreign partners to observe minimum standards in their own Wars on Terror. Far from promoting stability, therefore, Trump's foreign policy has resulted in a vacuum of global leadership and greater opportunities for terrorist groups to take advantage of tensions and violent conflicts.
Sibelius as Violinist and Composer
Authors: Ramnarine Tina K.
Published: June 2020

This chapter presents an overview of Sibelius’s early musical training, especially as a violinist. It highlights the life-long persistence of Sibelius’s violin training in his musical imagination. It introduces key questions that are pursued throughout the book: What is the labor of virtuosity? How are performing traditions formed over time? What are the cross-genre musical influences in Sibelius’s violin concerto? The discussion in this chapter unfolds in relation to philosophical discourses on beauty and statehood, as well as on the idea of the virtuoso’s political potential, which builds on nineteenth-century views on the redemptive potential of civic action and on military-heroic symbolism in performance.
Musical Life in Helsinki (1880–1905)
Authors: Ramnarine Tina K.
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on musical and political life in Helsinki from 1880 to 1905, considering the importance of both the educator Martin Wegelius and the composer-conductor Robert Kajanus to the development of the city’s music institutions. It emphasizes Finland’s status as an autonomous Grand Duchy within the Russian Empire, the Finnish nationalist movement, and the protest against Governor-General Bobrikov’s implementation of Russification policies, which is the historical context for a political reading of the Sibelius violin concerto. This chapter also discusses the development of comparative research and cross-border interactions (mostly between Finland and Russia) as part of Sibelius’s cultural milieu. It highlights that both nationalist and cosmopolitan outlooks shaped Sibelius’s career, as well as Helsinki’s musical life generally.
Composing the Violin Concerto
Authors: Ramnarine Tina K.
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses Sibelius’s compositional processes in relation to his Violin Concerto in D Minor (op. 47). It considers concerto models, Sibelius’s study of folk traditions, and the composer’s revision process. It argues that compositional processes are shaped by performers, performance environments, cross-genre interests, and critics, as well as by the composer’s imagination. This chapter highlights violinists such as Wilhelm Burmester, alongside critics, especially Karl Flodin, who are part of the concerto’s compositional and revision history. The chapter also outlines the main structural and melodic features of the revised concerto.
Regional and Transnational Traditions of Violin Playing
Authors: Ramnarine Tina K.
Published: June 2020

This chapter argues that an appreciation of both regional and transnational violin-playing styles is needed for a profound understanding of the Sibelius violin concerto. Sibelius’s musical ideas and performers’ interpretations of the violin concerto are shaped by different violin-playing traditions. This argument also offers perspectives on how pedagogy shapes musical transmission and performance style by focusing on Leopold Auer’s influence on the violin playing of the twentieth century. Leading into the main concerns of the fifth chapter, the argument concludes by noting that Auer’s teaching practice coincided with women’s emerging political voices. He accepted many women violinists into his class in the St. Petersburg Conservatory, women who went on to forge careers as virtuoso violinists and to champion Sibelius’s violin concerto internationally.
The Violin Concerto on Record
Authors: Ramnarine Tina K.
Published: June 2020

Records are instrumental in analyzing the history of performing traditions from the twentieth century onward and they have implications for theorizing virtuosity. There is a rich archive facilitating the comparison of different recorded interpretations of Sibelius’s Violin Concerto in D Minor (op. 47). This chapter discusses select recorded examples of Sibelius’s violin concerto beginning with Jascha Heifetz’s 1935 recording, which is a key moment in the history of this work. It then turns to examples of particular historical interest by Anja Ignatius, Ida Haendel, and Haimo Haitto. Key topics include musical biography, the child prodigy, and women virtuosos carving out a new vista of gender equality in the twentieth century. The discussion highlights issues around interpretation that inform listening to recordings and studying the concerto as a performer.
Legacies
Authors: Ramnarine Tina K.
Published: June 2020

This chapter reflects on the legacies of Sibelius’s Violin Concerto in D Minor (op. 47), noting the establishment of the Sibelius Violin Competition and listing violin concertos composed by Finnish composers after Sibelius. It discusses concerto writing as an exploration of the relationship between soloist and orchestra. By situating virtuosity as a trope in relational thought within philosophical discourses on human tendencies, this chapter argues that a politics of possibility emerges because the element of risk in a virtuoso’s performance is haunted by a moral drama played out on public stages with uncertain outcomes. This chapter, and the book as a whole, ends by moving away from a political view of the concerto to the question of how performing traditions are formed over time. The chapter concludes with a reading of the Sibelius violin concerto within the long ecological histories of musical transmission.
Twelve-Tone Serial Techniques in Dallapiccola’s Il prigioniero as a Reaction to Fascist Ideology
Authors: Samuel Jamuna
Published: June 2020

Dallapiccola’s Il prigioniero embodies a connection between political protest and musical technique. The composer’s specific use of dodecaphonic serialism can be interpreted as a reaction to Fascist ideology. Through an analytical narrative from three complementary angles, this chapter highlight how the music carries dramatic and ideological meaning. First, it explores a network of 12-tone rows and combinations projecting specific sounds and gestures acquiring and bestowing meaning through associations, disassociations, and re-associations with text and characters. Second, it investigates the role of “theatrical words,” tracing how word-music dyads develop reciprocal meanings and how individual, detached components lend momentum to the psychological drama. Third, it shows moments of overlapping meanings in which semantically filled musical motifs and/or text phrases combine to create a subplot of motives—an inner action displayed by the music in counterpoint with the drama.
Sowing the Seeds of Loss
Authors: Latham Edward
Published: June 2020

The interruption figures prominently in Verdi’s Otello, and, because of the goal-oriented, syntactical structure of tonal music, is thus a singularly dramatic event that is rife with potential musical meaning. When the musical line is cut off or abbreviated (i.e. by pausing at 2̂ over V, without reaching 1̂ over I), three questions immediately come to mind: Why did this happen? Will it be remedied? What implications does it have? With these questions in mind, the author of this chapter investigates Verdi’s masterful opera and demonstrates that the large-scale interruption supports a dramatic plan in which no character is about to achieve his or her objectives.
Song and Sign
Authors: Whittall Arnold
Published: June 2020

Wagner believed that reducing vocal display and rejecting the convention that the orchestral material remain subordinate to vocal melody would involve listeners more intensively in the drama, and enhance their ability to identify with mythic or “uncanny” dramatic situations. In addition, Wagner’s new ideas about the “symphonic” potential of poetic-musical periods were complemented and challenged by occasional allusions to the simpler designs and textures of the Lied—a polarity that Richard Strauss found no less appealing. After an introductory Wagner/Strauss comparison—the music for night-watchmen in Die Meistersinger and Die Frau ohne Schatten—some relevant episodes in Wagner’s works from Rienzi to Parsifal are discussed, and then set in counterpoint with comparable passages from operas by Strauss. Finally, there is brief consideration of more recent developments in German opera that have sought to retain some aspects of the focus on reflective song that Wagner made his own.
John Adams’s The Death of Klinghoffer
Authors: Everett Yayoi Uno
Published: June 2020

The viewing of opera begs the question of how operatic text (music and libretto) becomes constrained and absorbed by the performance medium. Especially in contexts where the filmic projection of images creates additional layers to the actions taking place on stage, the visual field becomes semantically overloaded and requires negotiation on its own terms. This chapter argues that Tom Morris’s production of John Adams’s The Death of Klinghoffer preserves the integrity of the operatic text by interjecting visual images that set the broader allegorical themes into relief. Themes implicit in the operatic text, while being absorbed into the performance text, become integrated into the overall narrative that balances the mythic dimension with realism. More specifically, this chapter examines the intersection between the operatic and performance texts in Morris’s productions in three analytical stages and introduces a theoretical framework for categorizing intermedial relationship based on Nicholas Cook’s models of conformance, contest, and complementation.
Apraxic and Action-Intentional Disorders Associated With Vascular and Degenerative Dementing Diseases
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M.
Published: June 2020

“Actions speak louder than words.” Although clinician’s behavioral evaluations of dementia most often include assessing episodic memory, declarative memories (e.g., naming and calculating), and executive functions (working memory, letter–word fluency), one of the most important functions of the brain is programing actions, including “how” to move and “when” to move. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and other forms of dementia often have impairments in the systems that mediate these how-apraxic and when-intentional behaviors. Although the presence of these apraxic and action-intentional disorders may help with diagnosis and help doctors gain a better understand these patients’ disability, these functions are rarely tested and are often not well understood. The goal of this chapter is to describe the signs of the various types of apraxic disorders (limb-kinetic, ideomotor, conceptual, ideational, and dissociation) and well as action-intentional disorders (akinesia-hypokinesia, impersistence, perseveration, and defective response inhibition), how to test for these disorders, and their pathophysiology.
Neuropathology of Alzheimer’s Disease and Vascular Dementia
Authors: Kapasi Alifiya , Schneider Julia A.
Published: June 2020

There are numerous distinct brain pathologies that underlie a clinical diagnosis of dementia. This chapter focuses on the two most common and well-recognized brain pathologies associated with dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia. The authors describe the distinguishing pathological characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease, followed by the pathological hallmarks of vascular dementia including the characteristics of vessel disease and cerebrovascular tissue injuries. The chapter highlights the importance of mixed or co-morbid Alzheimer’s disease and vascular cerebral injury that has been described in multiple clinical pathologic studies, especially in community-based studies. Finally, the authors discuss how data obtained from both clinical and neuropsychological examination of the brain can be integrated.
Dedekind’s Mathematical Structuralism: From Galois Theory to Numbers, Sets, and Functions
Authors: Ferreirós José , Reck Erich H.
Published: June 2020

This essay concerns Dedekind’s “mathematical structuralism,”by which we mean methodological features characteristic for the approach to mathematics in his mature writings. The discussion starts with some background on forerunners, especially Gauss, Dirichlet, and Riemann, whose “conceptual” style of work influenced him strongly. But Dedekind went further than them, by making methodological choices that are more distinctly and fully “structuralist”. This includes his resolute acceptance of actually infinite systems, understood within a “logical” framework, and studied not just axiomatically, but also in terms of isomorphisms and related notions (since 1871). As an illustration, the essay discusses his early adoption and strikingly modern transformation of Galois theory, together with his contributions to algebraic number theory. After that, the essayturns to Dedekind’s more “foundational” contributions, i.e., his writings on the real numbers, the natural numbers, and set theory. It shows that the same methodological choices inform them. Yet his approach kept evolving in subtle ways too, especially in terms of the centrality of functions (Abbildungen, mappings).
Transfer Principles, Klein’s Erlangen Program, and Methodological Structuralism
Authors: Schiemer Georg
Published: June 2020

The present article investigates Felix Klein’s mathematical structuralism underlying his Erlangen program. The aim here is twofold. The first aim is to survey the geometrical background of his 1872 article, in particular, work on the principle of duality and so-called transfer principles in projective geometry. The second aim is more philosophical in character and concerns Klein’s structuralist account of geometrical knowledge. The chapter will argue that his group-theoretic approach is best characterized as a kind of “methodological structuralism” regarding geometry. Moreover, one can identify at least two aspects of the Erlangen program that connect his approach with present philosophical debates, namely (i) the idea to specify structural properties and structural identity conditions in terms of transformation groups and (ii) an account of the structural equivalence of geometries in terms of transfer principles.
The Ways of Hilbert’s Axiomatics: Structural and Formal
Authors: Sieg Wilfried
Published: June 2020

Hilbert’s programmatic papers from the 1920s still shape, almost exclusively, the standard contemporary perspective of his views concerning (the foundations of) mathematics; even his own, quite different work on the foundations of geometry and arithmetic from the late 1890s is often understood from that vantage point. My essay pursues one main goal, namely, to contrast Hilbert’s formal axiomatic method from the early 1920s with his structural axiomatic approach from the 1890s. Such a contrast illuminates the circuitous beginnings of the finitist consistency program and connects the complex emergence of structural axiomatics with transformations in mathematics and philosophy during the 19th century.