bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Change in Behavior: Burkina Faso—An Analysis of a Participatory Evaluation Method of Hygiene Education for Water and Sanitation
Authors: Dieleman Marjolein
Published: May 2005

In Boucle du Mouhoun (Burkina Faso) 53 percent of the consultations at health centers are attributed to water and sanitation-related diseases. A reduction in incidence of these diseases may be obtained by improving hygienic behavior. Therefore, a hygiene education program has been established with the objective of promoting hygienic messages through peer education. The program has been assessed by a participatory process and effect evaluation. The effect evaluation comprised structured observations of behavioral change by community members. However, results of the effect evaluation were queried. This article analyzes the evaluation method used by the program. Positive aspects included a clearly defined and comprehensive method. Nevertheless, certain aspects required improvement—for example, a better selection of indicators of behavioral change, increased participation of community members in the effect evaluation, and a follow-up of the concept of peer education in the field.
How Public is Scientific Knowledge?
Authors: Roland Charles G.
Published: May 2005

Both science and the public can be harmed by premature or inaccurate publicity. Physicians' concern centers on the damaging effects of inaccuracy and sensationalism and on the hazards of invasion of privacy. Balancing these concerns is a legitimate desire by the public to know about scientific progress. Medicine has fairly specific ethical guidelines for physicians' conduct in this area; an analogous code for science writers might help to control the occasional abuses of trust by these writers. At the same time physicians must become more skillful in communicating information.
Privacy Impacts of Educational Telecommunications and Information Systems
Authors: Lieberman David L. , Morgan Robert P.
Published: May 2005

Educational telecommunications and information systems are in various stages of coming into being. Several systems of various types are described, including computer-managed instruction systems, computerized vocational guidance systems, two-way interactive cable systems, educational information systems and videotaping for guidance. Examples of the kinds of information being collected or displayed by such systems are presented. Privacy considerations which arise from the use of such systems are discussed and privacy issues requiring attention in the future are identified.
An Assessment of the Impact of Two Communication Channels on Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Mothers regarding Food and Nutrition in Jamaica
Authors: Melville Bendley , Rainford K. , Collins L. , Wilkins D.
Published: May 2005

A study was carried out in St. Elizabeth during the period July to December 1991 to evaluate the effectiveness of two communication channels on mothers' knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding food and nutrition. Five communities with high levels of malnutrition and similar socioeconomic and geographical characteristics were selected for the study and assigned to three experimental conditions: a group that was not exposed to any communication channel (group 1); another group that was exposed to group discussion and facilitator (group 2); and a third group that was exposed to facilitator only (group 3). In all, fifteen mothers were assigned to group 1, another fifteen to group 2, and nineteen to group 3. The results showed that positive changes in mothers' knowledge, attitudes and practices occurred in all three groups during the period between the baseline and the end of survey evaluation. However, these changes were more substantial in groups 2 and 3, particularly group 2. Although all groups showed improvement in nutritional status the facilitator-only group made the most improvement. Consideration should therefore be given to both communication channels when planning nutrition education programs, especially for underweight children. The type of facilitator may be critical in terms of outcome (nutritional status).
Contrast Effects and Social Desirability in Art Appreciation
Authors: Temme J. Elbert V. , Gieszen Carline A. C.
Published: May 2005

In a number of experiments the effects of presenting different categories of art in contrasting order were explored. In the first experiment traditional and abstract paintings and Chinese calligraphy were used as stimuli, each type was contrasted with the other two, which led to shifts in appreciation as well as in perceived complexity. Two more experiments were performed. In one of these experiments fragments of traditional and modern classical music were presented. The same effect was found as when traditional and abstract paintings were contrasted: enhancement of the appreciation of traditional music but no decrease in the appreciation of modern music. It seems that when art is concerned only positive contrast effects are obtained. A possible explanation could be that it is considered socially undesirable to admit a lesser appreciation of modern than of traditional art. To test this hypothesis, socially ‘neutral’ stimuli, Chinese ideographs, differing in aesthetic quality, were contrasted. This yielded the expected positive as well as negative effects.
Group Decision Support Systems in Higher Education
Authors: Aiken Milam , Martin Jeanette , Vanjani Mahesh , Sexton Randall
Published: May 2005

A Group Decision Support System (GDSS) can be an effective tool in teaching groups of college students. This article describes a typical GDSS in use at the University of Mississippi and shows how the system can be used in teaching at the college level. A GDSS can enhance communication and learning in seminar, foreign language, and hearing-impaired classes. Teachers may interactively test their students with a GDSS and can present a lecture through the system. Moderate to large groups involved in exchanging comments or preferences experience more efficient and effective communication along with greater group satisfaction when using the system.
Interactive Computer-Assisted Testing: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Cartwright Glenn F. , Derevensky Jeffrey L.
Published: May 2005

The study investigated the feasibility of interactive computer-assisted testing (ICAT) as an effective instructional method and its effects on attitudes towards computer-assisted instruction (CAI). In addition, the final performance scores were examined. Five computer quizzes consisting of twenty randomly drawn multiple-choice questions were individually administered on ten Teletype terminals. A feedback mechanism was incorporated in the ICAT program and provided detailed explanations of each item. The resulting low correlation between final performance and ICAT scores is discussed with reference to the feasibility, improvement and implementation of interactive computer-assisted testing.
The Union, the Mining Company, and the Environment: Steelworkers Build a Multi-Stakeholder Model for Corporate Accountabilityat Phelps Dodge
Authors: Lewis Sanford
Published: May 2005

This is a case study of ongoing relations between the Phelps Dodge mining company, a United Steelworkers local representing 560 employees at the company's Chino Mines in New Mexico, and an array of other concerned stakeholders.

This case study shows that labor can be a full partner in environmental advocacy, and even take a leadership role in building a strong multi-stakeholder alliance for corporate accountability. While the case also shows that corporate jobs blackmail is alive and well in the global economy, the labor community-coalition that has emerged at the mining complex has broken some new ground. The approach taken attends to diverse stakeholder interests—cultural protection issues of Native-American and Mexican-American ethnic groups; conservation, groundwater and Right-to-Know issues of traditional environmental constituencies; and environmental liability and disclosure concerns of corporate shareholders. Among the key developments are:

A new approach to corporate reporting to shareholders as an enforcement and right-to-know tool; The use of the internet as an information dissemination and action tool; The potential for environmentally needed improvements to serve as a receptor for employment of workers at a mine during periods of reduced production.
Projectile Point and Hafting Design Review
Authors: Howard Calvin D.
Published: May 2005

Design review provides insight into possible factors influencing the rapid change of lithic point types and their associated hafting technology during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. The contribution of foreshafts, fluting, notching, and point morphology to weapon system performance was reviewed. Comparison of functional characteristics of lithic projectile points versus rod-shaped points of calcareous materials suggests a prehistoric preference for lithic points that was primarily due to the comparative nature and hemorrhage characteristics of the wounds produced. The design review indicates that the technological chronology observed in the archaeological record is far too complex and non-linear to be envisioned simply as a continuum of functional and maintainability improvement, but is best explained as the result of experimentation and design variation in response to continuous change in hunting conditions, methods, and emphasis.
The English Teacher in a College of Engineering
Authors: Sawyer Thomas M.
Published: May 2005

There are two opposing views towards technical writing courses and towards teachers of technical writing: one favorable, the other disdainful. Those who disdain technical writing seem to believe that it: 1) imposes restrictive and arbitrary forms upon creative individuals, 2) involves only the accumulation of factual evidence, 3) deals with things, rather than with people, and 4) is, like other practical arts, a second-class activity. The first three beliefs are mistaken, and it can be argued that the dissemination of technical and scientific information is just as humanistic as artistic writing.
Cultural Factors Affecting the Negotiation of First Sexual Intercourse among Latina Adolescent Mothers
Authors: Erickson Pamela I.
Published: May 2005

In 1995, the Latina adolescent birth rate surpassed that of African Americans for the first time. This article investigates cultural and social factors affecting the initiation of sexual intercourse among Latina adolescent mothers in Los Angeles. The data are from life history interviews with forty young mothers and their partners conducted in 1994 to 1997. Results suggest that sexual intercourse is initiated within the context of the couple's developing relationship, and that the course of relationships is highly scripted. Men pressure for sex and women resist. Women should be ignorant about sex, but control access to intercourse. Sex is never discussed. Thus, it is unexpected, and contraception other than withdrawal is not used. This script places young Latinas at enormous risk for pregnancy and STDs.
Redefining Associative Memory, in Order to Account for the Imaginative Reconstruction of Accurate Memories
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G.
Published: May 2005

The current experiment measured recognition of increasingly complete repicturings of four-piece ensembles of furniture: a lamp, a sofa, a chair, and a wall-hanging. As each of the four pieces was cumulatively added to its ensemble, subjects judged whether the pieces repictured thus far came from a previously studied ensemble of furniture or a new ensemble. It was found that knowing the order in which the four pieces would be added to the increasingly complete repicturings improved recognition confidence. It is argued that this outcome supports a reconstructive memory model, in which remembrances are reconstructed feature by feature, through a process of: a) sampling features from their innately organized locations; and b) retaining those features with appropriate and equivalent time-tags. Opposing models of reconstructive memory, which imply that the memory process is seldom accurate, and opposing models of associative memory, which imply that the component features of a studied object must be either stored together or connected together, are discussed.
A Study of a Computer-Assisted Instructional System Using Causal Modeling
Authors: Erwin T. Dary , Nelson Randall B.
Published: May 2005

A causal model was developed to test the effects of scholastic ability, computing attitudes, and computing background on the use of a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) system called PLATO-LDEC, on attitudes about PLATO-LDEC, on computing attitudes after student's PLATO-LDEC experience, and on course grade. In general, the greater a student's ability as measured by the SAT, the less time the student spent using the PLATO-LDEC courseware. Students' prior attitudes about computers had an effect on how they perceived PLATO-LDEC and how they perceived computers after their CAI experience. Neither prior computing attitudes nor computing background had any effect on PLATO-LDEC usage, and only computing background had a small effect on course grade.
Characteristics of an Effective Internal Dialogue in the Acquisition of Self-Information
Authors: Morin Alain
Published: May 2005

This article raises the question of how self-talk mediates self-awareness. It is argued that the process of acquiring self-information can be seen as a problem-solving task, and that self-talk can facilitate this process (as it does for any other problem) by promoting a precise formulation and approach to the problem, by adequately focusing attention on the task, and through constant self-evaluations. A complementary analysis of the possible characteristics of an effective internal dialogue in the acquisition of self-information is undertaken. Among other things, taking others' perspective through self-talk, possessing a rich vocabulary about oneself, and paying attention to the content of one's self-talk are believed to be important in that respect. Clinical implications raised by this analysis are also discussed.
The Economics of Imperialism and Health: Malta's Experience
Authors: Bland Yana
Published: May 2005

The thesis of this article is that the prevalence of disease and premature death depends more on national, class, and gender relationships than on medical and biological factors. The political and economic realities of life in the British Colony of Malta revealed here clearly determined the severity of both infant mortality rates and the attacks of brucellosis. A brief history sets the background for an in-depth study of the interaction between socioeconomic conditions and disease in the first half of the 20th century. Britain's adherence to imperialist “free” trade policies and refusal to consider Malta's economy beyond its use as a military base had resulted in the “underdevelopment” of Malta's traditional cotton agroindustry and the erosion of household economic stability. Persistently high infant mortality rates and the absence of preventive disease measures were a clear manifestation of continuing exploitative imperialist policies. In this scenario, the devastation of the Second World War became a catalyst for change.
Dimensions of Thought Flow in Everyday Life
Authors: Klinger Eric , Cox W. Miles
Published: May 2005

To what extent are three criteria of daydreaming–as thought that is fanciful, stimulus-independent, or undirected–equivalent? How are these properties of thought flow distributed during everyday activity? Students ( N = 29) carrying a beeper described properties of their consciousness on a total of 1425 occasions by means of a Thought-Sampling Questionnaire, anxiety and depression measures, and activity report forms. Intrasubject analyses of thought variables identified eight orthogonal factors, including Visual Modality, Auditory Modality, Operantness (directedness), Attentiveness to External Stimulation, Controllability, Strangeness (fancifulness/bizarreness), Past Time Orientation, and Future Time Orientation. Most thought samples contained some interior monologue, largely independent of other variables. Thought properties were uncorrelated with affective variables, frustration of goals, and impulses to drink alcohol. Factors for individual differences differed sharply from the intrasubject results, with a single undifferentiated Vividness factor and controllability no longer a separate factor. The visual modality predominates for most individuals, about a third of thought is on the average predominantly undirected, an uncorrelated third is stimulus-independent, and about a quarter of thoughts contain at least traces of dream-like elements.
Knowledge of Oral Rehydration and Response to Diarrhea: A Comparison among Healthcom Sites
Authors: Yoder P. Stanley , McDivitt Judith A. , Hornik Robert
Published: May 2005

This article examines evidence for the relationship between knowledge of diarrhea and oral rehydration and treatments given for diarrhea among young children in seven different research sites. The evidence comes from cross-sectional analyses of household surveys conducted for the evaluation of oral rehydration programs. The cross-site comparisons show that mothers or caretakers who understand most about the dangers of diarrhea are not more likely to treat the diarrhea, but that those who understand the benefits of using oral rehydration are more likely to give fluids, particularly oral rehydration solutions, than those without such understanding.
English as an Engineering Tool: Samuel Chandler Earle and the Tufts Experiment
Authors: Kynell Teresa
Published: May 2005

Evaluation of Samuel Chandler Earle's 1911 presentation to the Society for the Promotion of Engineering Education demonstrates Earle's role as a key player in the shift of a technical writing course which combined both the goals of an engineering curriculum with the ultimate, real-world needs of the graduated engineer. Earle's Tufts Experiment, discussed in his paper, “English in the Engineering School at Tufts College” [1], would not only provide the impetus for a decade of discussion among engineering and English educators, but would provide, in part, the impetus for the Committee on English, a committee Earle would chair, charged with studying engineering English offerings in the United States.
The Physics Tutor: Integrating Hypertext and Expert Systems
Authors: Jonassen David H. , Wang Sherwood
Published: May 2005

The Physics Tutor is a prototype intelligent tutoring system (ITS) built with “off-the-shelf” software in order to test the utility, practicality, and generalizability of the ITS concept. The tutorial information is accessed through a semantically structured hypertext which enables students to browse through the knowledge base, secure examples, and quiz themselves with practice items. The student model and expert model are encoded in several hundred rules that are evaluated by a commercial expert system shell. The output of the expert system knowledge bases is a judgment about the learners level of conceptual development and some tutorial strategies for remediating deficiencies. Because of the slowness of the system, and the enormous amount of required development time, the practicality of ITSs is called into question.
Patients with Eye Symptoms and No Organic Illness: An Interdisciplinary Study
Authors: Gross Michael P. , Sloan Sherwin H.
Published: May 2005

The eyes and the visual functions receive great emotional investment. Ophthalmologists often overlook the emotional aspects of eye disease and overdiagnose hysteria in their patients. This project was a combined psychiatric and ophthalmologic study of patients without organic eye disease who presented with symptoms at an outpatient ophthalmology clinic. These patients differed from ordinary eye patients by age (younger), duration of symptoms (longer), and type of chief complaint (nonvisual). A large number of these patients were felt to have significant psychiatric illness, although the presence of organic eye illness did not protect against psychiatric difficulty. Tubular visual fields, like any conversion symptoms, are not diagnostic of hysteria. Greater use of the psychiatric consultant is urged.
Prevention of Work-Related Cancers
Authors: LaMontagne Anthony D. , Christiani David C. , Dunn Mary Lee
Published: May 2005

Work-related cancers are highly preventable. The primary responsibility for prevention rests not with the workers who are affected by cancers, but with the manufacturers and distributors of carcinogenic substances and the companies who use them. U.S. public policies of strict product liability and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 address the issue of responsibility. Workers, health care providers, and others also have important roles that complement employers' preventive efforts. The range of prevention strategies available includes ones that should be applied to prevent potentially carcinogenic substances from being marketed and distributed; others that apply in the workplace where potential carcinogens are used; and public policy interventions aimed at ensuring universal implementation of pre-market and workplace prevention strategies. Work-related cancer remains a large problem, even though strategies exist to identify carcinogens and prevent and control on-the-job exposures. However, preventive efforts by government and the society have stalled and a continuing lack of toxicity information shows inadequate societal commitment. The principal barriers to prevention of work-related cancers are political and economic rather than scientific and medical.
Electronic Educational Data Security: System Analysis and Teacher Training
Authors: Bennett Deborah E. , Miller Stephanie
Published: May 2005

This article describes the analysis of data security needs for the Indiana Assessment System of Educational Proficiencies (IASEP), a computer-based rating and documentation system that is currently being implemented statewide for students with disabilities. Analysis of the system and the creation of security architecture to protect sensitive student data are outlined. Matching security controls with security risks and selecting appropriate security software, hardware, and user guidelines are also discussed. The importance of user error in managing student data is recognized, and a teacher training protocol is described.
Mania Due to General Medical Conditions: Frequency, Treatment, and Cost
Authors: Carroll Brendan T. , Goforth Harold W. , Kennedy John C. , Dueñto Otto R.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Mania due to general medicine conditions may occur in patients in a variety of settings.

Methods:

We reviewed the charts of patients admitted to an adult psychiatric service over a nine-year period (Jan. 1985 to Dec. 1993). Patients were diagnosed with Organic Affective Syndrome (ICD-9 code 293.83) in 241 episodes ( N = 227 patients). There were forty-seven manic or mixed episodes in forty patients (0.72% of all admissions).

Results:

When DSM-IV criteria for Mood Disorder due to a General Medical Condition manic or mixed type (MDGMC) was applied, we found twenty-five patients with twenty-seven episodes ( N = 30 treatment trials). Irritable mood predominated in twenty-seven (90%) of the thirty trials.

Conclusions:

Treatment included anticonvulsants in 63 percent, neuroleptics 63 percent, and lithium 40 percent. Favorable responses to anticonvulsants were seen; however combination therapy was used more frequently. Further research in this area is needed.
The Increasing Prevalence of Complicated Mourning: The Onslaught is Just Beginning
Authors: Rando Therese A.
Published: May 2005

In this article, complicated mourning is operationalized in relation to the six “R” processes of mourning and its seven high-risk factors are identified. The main thesis is that the prevalence of complicated mourning is increasing today due to a number of contemporary sociocultural and technological trends which have influenced 1) today's types of death; 2) the characteristics of personal relationships severed by today's deaths; and 3) the personality and resources of today's mourner. Additionally, specific problems in both the mental health profession and the field of thanatology further escalate complicated mourning by preventing or interfering with requisite treatment. Thus, complicated mourning is on the rise at the precise time when caregivers are unprepared and limited in their abilities to respond. New treatment policies and models are mandated as a consequence.
Cooperation and Collaboration Using Computer-Mediated Communication
Authors: Hathorn Lesley G. , Ingram Albert L.
Published: May 2005

This study operationally defined and measured collaboration and compared the products and structure of collaborative groups that used computer-mediated communication. Key characteristics of collaboration selected from the literature were interdependence, synthesis, and independence, and a model for evaluating these characteristics was developed. All communication in this study occurred via asynchronous computer-mediated communication, using a threaded Web discussion. Participants in the study were graduate students, studying the same course with the same instructor at two venues. The students were divided into small groups from one or both venues, and four of these groups were studied. All students were given a problem to solve involving the cost-benefit trade-offs of distance education. The groups received different instructions. Two of them were told to collaborate on a solution, and the other two were told to select a role and discuss the problem from that point of view. Groups that were instructed to collaborate were more collaborative, but they produced a solution of a lower quality than the other groups. No conclusions could be drawn from the results on the structure of the groups. The role of collaboration in problem solving is discussed along with methods for creating more effective collaboration.
Characteristics of Hospice Patients and Their Caregivers
Authors: Bass David M. , Garland T. Neal , Otto Melinda E.
Published: May 2005

This study describes selected characteristics of a group of terminal patients who were enrolled in a home-based hospice program. Similar characteristics of the patients' primary caregivers also are described. Relationships between the characteristics of patients and caregivers are examined, as are relationships between these characteristics and the rate at which various services were utilized. Implications for hospice service delivery and for future hospice research are explored.
Theory and the Ideal Type of the Professional: The Case of the Funeral Director
Authors: Foreman James
Published: May 2005

A content analysis was performed on funeral directors' journal articles for the years 1905, 1939, and 1963. The funeral directors showed distinct theoretical orientations for the respective time periods under consideration: in 1905, theory was presented in the form of a “sanitizing” orientation; in 1939 it had a “naturalizing” orientation; and in 1963, it had a “sympathizing” orientation. Possible reasons for the change are conjectured on three levels: interprofessional, intraprofessional, and supraprofessional.
Creativity and Hemispheric Functioning: A Second Look at Katz's Data
Authors: Brittain Ann W.
Published: May 2005

A review of Katz's 1983 article “Creativity and Individual Differences in Asymmetric Cerebral Hemispheric Functioning” in the first issue of this journal shows that the data presented do not support the conclusion that creative people have a tendency toward right-hemisphere lateralization in problem solving and verbal processing, but instead suggest that creativity is associated with a pattern of reduced hemispheric asymmetry.
Interactive Video Courseware: Problems, Issues, and Practical Implications
Authors: Lai Pohchin
Published: May 2005

The present day computers represent a powerful tool for education. However, computer-based instructions are still lacking in mapping and map-related disciplines while textbooks with ancillary software have become commonplace. This article addresses generic problems and issues regarding the integration of computers into teaching for pedagogical and professional benefit. It describes the meaning and impact of computing from the perspective of cost-and-benefit concerns, appropriateness of technology, effective implementation, and adequacy of existing resources. Although the primary tradeoff between conventional and new methods of instruction is cost-effectiveness, there seems a greater need to redefining pedagogical aims and understanding the benefit of visual stimuli, especially maps, in an instructional setting.
Ictal and Psychiatric Aspects of Suicide in Epileptic Patients
Authors: Mendez Mario F. , Doss Robert C.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To evaluate the ictal and psychiatric aspects underlying the high risk of suicide among epileptic patients.

Method:

We surveyed the records of 1611 epileptic patients seen in a neurology clinic during an eight-year period, found four who died by suicide, and characterized their ictal and psychiatric features.

Results:

All four epileptic patients had partial complex seizures and temporal lobe foci. Two had an associated paranoid schizophrenia with suicidal ideation, and good or improving seizure control at the tine of their deaths. Another patient killed himself during a brief psychotic episode associated with increasing epileptiform discharges. The fourth patient had ictal depression and committed suicide during a flurry of partial complex seizures.

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that the high suicide rate among epileptic patients has a greater association with psychotic behaviors and psychic auras than with major depression or the psychosocial burden of being epileptic. We further review other reported risk factors for suicide in epilepsy.
Physician Management Guidelines for Advance Directives with Patients
Authors: Foytack Jane , West Daniel J.
Published: May 2005

There is growing concern regarding the proper implementation of advance directives. A workable model for physicians to use with patients along with appropriate guidelines is discussed in the context of the physician-patient relationship. Examined are variables involved in the establishment of guidelines for use by the physician in the office practice and inpatient settings. Key management and clinical factors for initiating and implementing an advance directive are identified for the practicing physician. Responsibility for the initiation of education regarding the advanced directive is discussed from the patient perspective. Effective use of advance directives with patients requires that a physician have an adequate knowledge base to appropriately guide the patient throughout the treatment process, and that any efforts are coordinated with other healthcare providers.
Promotion of Breast Self-Exam Behavior: An Attempt to Modify Health Beliefs
Authors: Bottimore Anne H. , Hailey B. Jo
Published: May 2005

The aim of this project was to alter health beliefs to promote the regular practice of breast self-examination (BSE). A total of fifty-seven female university students ranging in age from nineteen to forty-four were selected to participate. Experimental subjects viewed a videotaped message designed to educate them about breast cancer and BSE. Control subjects viewed a presentation about preventive health behaviors other than BSE. The no-treatment control subjects received no behavioral intervention. All subjects completed a pretest and posttest measure of health beliefs. Follow-up data obtained included BSE reports each month for a six-month period for experimental and control subjects. The overall rate of BSE for both the experimental and control subjects increased at the outset of the experiment and declined during the course of the project. The present investigation appeared to be as successful as other interventions attempting to encourage the regular practice of BSE.
Comparative Social Policy and Political Conflict in Advanced Welfare States: Denmark and Sweden
Authors: Esping-Andersen Gøsta
Published: May 2005

There has developed an abundant literature on the social and political determinants of social policies, but few have addressed the question of how state policies, once implemented, affect the system of stratification in civil society. This article examines the political consequences of social policy in Denmark and Sweden, countries in which a social democratic labor movement has predominated for decades. Superficially, these two highly developed welfare states appear very similar. Yet, the political and social contexts in which their social policies have evolved differ substantially. I shall demonstrate the argument that the traditional welfare state approach may be conducive to a new and powerful political conflict, which directly questions the legitimacy of the welfare state itself, unless government is successful in subordinating private capitalist growth to effective public regulation. In Denmark, where social democratic governments have failed to match welfare state growth with more control of private capital, social policy has tended to undermine the political unity of the working class. Consequently, the Social Democratic Party has been weakened. Social welfare programs, in effect, have helped create new forms of stratification within the working class. In Sweden, social democratic governments have been quite successful in shifting a decisive degree of power over the private market to the state. This has helped avert a crisis of the welfare state, and has also been an important condition for continued social democratic hegemony and working-class unity. I conclude that social reform politics tend to be problematic from the point of view of the future power of social democratic movements.
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of Self-Report Death Scales
Authors: Durlak Joseph A. , Kasimatis Margaret R.
Published: May 2005

This research was a multitrait-multimethod investigation of the convergent and discriminant validity of seven self-report death scales, each designed to measure one of three death-related attitudes. These attitudes relate to one's own death, reaction to reminders of death, and reluctance to interact with the dying. A structured, but open-ended interview schedule was developed to measure these same attitudes. College students at two universities completed the scales and were then interviewed. Application of Campbell and Fiske's multitrait-multimethod validation model indicated there was moderate support for the convergent and discriminant validity of three of the seven scales. Further analyses indicated that these three measures most effectively discriminated respondents at the extremes of the distribution of scale scores.
Evidence for a Prehistoric Trail Map in the Sierra Nevada. III. A Fourth “Glyph Map” and a Composite of the Trails
Authors: Gortner Willis A.
Published: May 2005

Two earlier reports indicated that three unusual carvings at a single petroglyph panel in the Sierra Nevada (CA-PLA-571) probably represented maps of hunting trails used by people of the Mart is Complex. In this article, a fourth wavy glyph appears to be still another trail map; the trails suggested in this glyph appear to be leading to favorable areas for hunting mountain sheep. When all four glyph-maps are superimposed on a topographic map of the area, each glyph turns out to have trail segments in common with other glyph-maps. Every petroglyph found in the 4 square miles where petroglyph sites are concentrated (51 sites involving 71 bedrock outcroppings) is within 100 m, and 96 percent within 50 m of the composite of the trails, strongly supporting the hypothesis that these unusual glyphs represent petroglyph maps of Martis hunting trails in the upper watershed of the North Fork of the American River.
Computers and Achievement in the Elementary Schools
Authors: Niemiec Richard P. , Walberg Herbert J.
Published: May 2005

This article is a summary of a comprehensive meta-analysis of CAI research at the elementary school level. One conclusion is that CAI is effective in raising student achievement scores, but that different classes of children and different forms of CAI produce different results.
Obtaining Reprints—The Effects of Self-Addressed Return Labels
Authors: Hartley James
Published: May 2005

This article compares the response rates for obtaining journal reprints from colleagues when the requests are made using postcards with or without a self-addressed return label. Higher response rates were obtained from the cards with the self-addressed return labels, and more women responded than did men, but these differences were not statistically significant.
Psychiatric Diagnoses in Inner City Outpatients with Moderate to Severe Asthma
Authors: Brown E. Sherwood , Khan David A. , Mahadi Susan
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Psychiatric symptoms may be associated with increased asthma morbidity and mortality. However, no investigations have identified syndromal psychiatric diagnoses in asthma patients using current diagnostic criteria or examined treatment received for mental illness.

Method:

We conducted structured clinical interviews on 32 patients with moderate to severe asthma to identify current and past psychiatric illness.

Results:

Twenty-five percent of subjects had current major depressive disorder, but only 25 percent of these received antidepressants. Anxiety disorders, including panic disorder (16 percent), and social (13 percent) and specific phobias (28 percent) were also common. All subjects with panic disorder were receiving appropriate therapy.

Conclusions:

Asthma patients with moderate to severe asthma treated at community health facilities may have high rates of often untreated mood and anxiety disorders. Interventions aimed at identifying and treating psychiatric disorders in this population are needed.
Spontaneous Memorialization: Violent Death and Emerging Mourning Ritual
Authors: Haney C. Allen , Leimer Christina , Lowery Juliann
Published: May 2005

Violent deaths stand out in stark relief against the contemporary social climate of controlled private death and grieving. Both uncontrolled and public violent deaths call into question some of our most fundamental cultural values and prompt spontaneous rituals to publicly express individual and collective grief. We refer to these new rituals as spontaneous memorialization and to the impromptu shrines that result from this memorialization as spontaneous memorials. In this article, we introduce both concepts, delineate the characteristics of this emerging American mourning ritual and use it to illustrate our contention that death ritual is important in the contemporary United States but that it is changing form in response to the needs of a changing society.
The Compensatory Nature of Mood: A Single-Subject Time-Series Approach
Authors: Glicksohn Joseph , Gvirtsman Dalit , Offer Sharon
Published: May 2005

In this study we investigated the nature of mood alteration over time on a day-by-day basis. Two subjects served in time-locked single-subject designs, and systematically recorded their moods over ten weeks. The major findings of this study are the following: 1) pleasant and unpleasant mood were found to be negatively correlated over time; 2) a measure of hedonic level deriving from Larsen and one of pleasure (P) deriving from Russell et al. were found to covary lawfully over time; 3) although individually-specific, common cyclical mood fluctuations were uncovered, indicating a cyclical, reciprocal inhibition of mood.
Privatization and Protection of the Environment
Authors: Fõcze Lajos
Published: May 2005

This article examines the process of privatization as it has affected Hungary since 1990 and how it has affected the environment. More than 1,100 Hungarian companies have completely privatized; the state retains a majority interest in 116 others. Hungary's process has been quick, heterogeneous, and often debated. Now, 80 percent of the GDP is privately produced and privatization has helped to stabilize and modernize the economy. Strengthening the expectations of consumers, trade partners, and employees reinforces company environmental policies. Those that take seriously market demand for environmental measures remain most competitive. The higher the privatization requirements, the higher the environmental standards.
Sampling Conscious Thought: Influences of Repression—Sensitization and Reporting Conditions
Authors: Bonanno George A.
Published: May 2005

Because of growing evidence that persons classified psychometrically as repressors may be at risk in terms of physical as well as mental health this study explored the ongoing thought processes of repressors, true low anxious, and high anxious individuals. A combination of high and low scores on manifest anxiety and defensiveness scales served to identify the three groups. It was hypothesized that thought samples of individuals in the three groups would reflect a bipolar repression-sensitization continuum. To investigate the possible influence of impression-management, approximately equal members of males and females ( N-32) were assigned to two between-Ss reporting conditions designed to yield expectations of safety (Anonymity) or fear of public evaluation (Disclosure-threat). Content analyses of thought reports by trained judges revealed that thoughts in the Disclosure-threat condition were more emotional, more concerned with others, involved less fantasy, and were reported as being more difficult to control. The three personality categories did not produce significant main effects on thought quality, but did interact with the reporting conditions. Analyses of simple one-way effects for each personality category independently indicated that the high anxious participants had more emotional and difficult to control thoughts in the Disclosure-threat condition, while the repressor and low anxious participants showed no differences. The possible implications of these results in distinguishing competing explanations of the repression-sensitization phenomenon are discussed.
The Arguments against a National Health Program: Science or Ideology?
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: May 2005

This article provides empirical information that questions some of the major arguments put forward against the establishment of a comprehensive and universal health program in the United States. The positions that (1) “Americans do not want a further expansion of government roles in their lives,” (2) “a National Health Program would further increase the rate of growth of health expenditures,” (3) “the federal deficit is too large and needs to be reduced before establishing a National Health Program,” and (4) “people do not want to pay higher taxes,” are shown to be ideological rather than scientific. The author presents evidence that questions each of these assumptions.
Family Members' Perceptions of Communications in Late Stage Cancer
Authors: Krant Melvin J. , Johnston Lee
Published: May 2005

A study of patterns of communications in families with a terminal cancer patient being treated at three urban institutions revealed that many first-order relatives (spouses, children, siblings) of patients did not have a communication link to the physician, especially if direct communication was not established at the time of diagnosis. Family members were frequently critical of the way information was communicated, yet relied upon the physician's interpretation of the patient's status to form their own opinion of the patient's future. Intra-familial communications regarding illness and dying were frequently discordant and guarded, leading to perceptions that the patient was withdrawing, and fostering a reliance upon the hospital for terminal care. More than half of the family members were uncomfortable visiting the patient in the hospital, experiencing feelings of helplessness, or sensing helplessness in the patients. Bearing the patient's pain was seen as particularly difficult.
Predictors of Responses to Acute Pain
Authors: Stevens Michael J.
Published: May 2005

Demographic, global, and situational variables hypothesized to moderate responses to acute pain were examined. Subjects completed measures of social desirability, trait and state anxiety, cognitive rigidity-flexibility, general and situational coping expectations, coping style and situational coping, major and minor stressors, and history of pain. Gender, self-efficacy for tolerating pain, and hassles predicted tolerance times. Age, social desirability, self-efficacy for regulating intensity of pain, and cognitive coping predicted ratings of intensity. Results underscore demographic differences in responsiveness to pain and the situational moderation of acute pain. Implications for the management of acute clinical pain are discussed.
The Gillett Brothers and the Mid Nineteenth Century Black Powder Mill, Portage County, Ohio: An Entrepreneurship Presaging the Industrial Era
Authors: Kingsley Ronald F.
Published: May 2005

Pioneers who settled in the Ohio country in the beginning of the 19th century were faced with many challenges in addition to survival. Among them was a need to discover and exploit the natural resources of the land. The availability of explosive powder became an important ingredient for economic development. The availability of water for power and transportation encouraged some entrepreneurs to invest in the powder mill industry with the hope of wealth. This article addresses an investigation and discovery of an almost forgotten black powder mill in northeast Ohio which has now become a historic resource for the community.
Health Education: Can the Reformers Be Reformed?
Authors: Brown E. Richard , Margo Glen Elgin
Published: May 2005

Health educators have created a new professional role that emphasizes the changing of individuals rather than their social conditions. The article shows how historical roots, ideological perspectives, and structural constraints have combined to create an ambiguous, generally conservative role for the health education profession.

Epidemiological evidence is presented that contradicts many implicit notions of disease etiology that underlie health education approaches. Finally, the authors suggest an “ecological” model of health education that takes account of the multiple causes of disease and is committed to progressive social change.
The Use of a Computer-Assisted Cooperative Learning Classroom Environment to Teach Job Skills to Adults
Authors: Brandt Suzanne
Published: May 2005

A training course designed to teach job skills to adults was designed using a cooperation, technology, and performance model. The purpose was threefold: to increase interaction between the students and the computer by utilizing cooperative learning techniques; to standardize learning and processing of work by utilizing computer-based training; and to measure skills attained by utilizing performance-based simulated case testing procedures. The course was developed to train the reinstatement task of a Government life insurance policy, performed by policy service technicians at the Department of Veterans Affairs. The course was structured so that a cooperative learning group of two to three students would progress through a CBT course, sharing one computer. The results of fourteen classes completing the module are of interest to anyone seeking to increase the level of and the quality of interaction among students and between the student and the computer.
The Influence of Cognitive Load on Learning from Hypertext
Authors: Niederhauser Dale S. , Reynolds Ralph E. , Salmen Donna J. , Skolmoski Phil
Published: May 2005

Advances in technology have enabled the development of hypertext-based instructional materials. These computerized information presentation systems are becoming increasingly popular as schools and businesses develop the technology infrastructure to support their use; however, before hypertext-based instruction completely takes over the classroom and the boardroom, a number of questions about the utility of this presentation medium must be answered. The present study is an examination of the effects of the cognitive load associated with using hypertext linking capabilities to “criss-cross the conceptual landscape” on student learning. Results indicate that extensive use of hyperlinks to compare and contrast concepts when reading hypertext may inhibit learning. Cognitive load theory is discussed as a possible explanation for these findings.