bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semi‐automatic software based detection of atrial fibrillation in acute ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack
Authors: Nickelsen M. N. , Snoer A. , Ali A. M. , Wienecke T.
Published: December 2016

Background and purpose

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is often asymptomatic and increases the risk of ischaemic stroke. Detection of PAF is challenging but crucial because a change of treatment decreases the risk of ischaemic stroke. Post‐stroke investigations recommend at least 24‐h continuous cardiac rhythm monitoring. Extended monitoring detects more PAF but is limited by costs due to manual analysis. Interpretive software might be a reasonable screening tool. The aim was to validate the performance and utility of Pathfinder SL software compared to manual analysis.

Methods

In all, 135 ischaemic stroke patients with no prior history of PAF or atrial fibrillation and who had done a 7‐day continuous electrocardiogram monitoring (Holter) were included. Manual analysis was compared with Pathfinder SL software including a systematic control of registered events.

Results

Seventeen (12.6%) patients were diagnosed with PAF (atrial fibrillation > 30 s). Pathfinder SL software including a systematic control of events registered 16 (94.1%) patients with PAF. Manually 15 (88.2%) patients were detected with PAF. Pathfinder SL had a negative predictive value of 99% and sensitivity of 94%.

Conclusions

Pathfinder SL software including a systematic evaluation of events is an acceptable alternative compared to manual analysis in PAF detection following ischaemic stroke. It is less time consuming and therefore a reliable, cheaper alternative compared to manual analysis.
Presence and distribution of yeasts in the reproductive tract in healthy female horses
Authors: Azarvandi A. , Khosravi A. R. , Shokri H. , Talebkhan Garoussi M. , Gharahgouzlou F. , Vahedi G. , Sharifzadeh A.
Published: December 2016

Background

Yeasts are commensal organisms found in the reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts, and on the skin and other mucosa in mammals.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify yeast flora in the caudal reproductive tract in healthy female horses.

Study design

Longitudinal study.

Methods

A total of 453 samples were collected using double‐guarded swabs from the vestibule, clitoral fossa and vagina in 151 horses. All samples were cultured on Sabouraud 4% dextrose agar and incubated at 35°C for 7–10 days. Isolates were identified according to their morphological characteristics and biochemical profiles.

Results

Yeast colonies were isolated from 60 (39.7%) of the 151 horses. The isolated yeasts belonged to nine genera, and includedCandidaspp. (53.2%),Cryptococcusspp. (12.2%),Saccharomycesspp. (10.5%),Geotrichumspp. (8.0%),Rhodotorulaspp. (7.1%),Malasseziaspp. (3.7%),Trichosporonspp. (2.6%),Kluyveromycesspp. (2.6%) andSporothrixspp. (0.2%).Candida krusei(43.1%) was the most frequentCandidaspecies isolated. There was a significant difference in prevalence betweenC. kruseiand otherCandidaspecies (P<0.05). The vestibule contained more yeast isolates (48.0%) than the vagina (18.3%). The isolation of yeast colonies from multiparous females (76.8%) was significantly higher than from maiden mares (P<0.05).

Main limitations

The study was limited by the difficulty of distinguishing between normal flora and potential pathogens.

Conclusions

Candidaspp., in particularC. krusei, represent important flora resident in the caudal reproductive tract in healthy female horses. This is particularly important in contexts that require the initiation of empirical treatment prior to the completion of culture results.
Balance evaluation in haemophilic preadolescent patients using Nintendo Wii Balance Board®
Authors: Pérez‐Alenda S. , Carrasco J. J. , Aguilar‐Rodríguez M. , Martínez‐Gómez L. , Querol‐Giner M. , Cuesta‐Barriuso R. , Torres‐Ortuño A. , Querol F.
Published: December 2016

Introduction

Alterations in the musculoskeletal system, especially in the lower limbs, limit physical activity and affect balance and walking. Postural impairments in haemophilic preteens could increase the risk of bleeding events and deteriorate the physical condition, promoting the progression of haemophilic arthropathy.

Aim

This study aims to evaluate static postural balance in haemophilic children, assessed by means of the Wii Balance Board® (WBB).

Methods

Nineteen children with haemophilia and 19 without haemophilia aged 9–10 years, have participated in this study. Postural balance was assessed by performing four tests, each one lasting 15 s: bipodal eyes open (BEO), bipodal eyes closed (BEC), monopodal dominant leg (MD) and monopodal non‐dominant leg (MND). Two balance indices, standard deviation of amplitude (SDA) and standard deviation of velocity (SDV) were calculated in the anterior–posterior (AP) and medial–lateral (ML) directions.

Results

Index values were higher in haemophilic group and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in only six (SDAAP in BEO, BEC and MD conditions, SDAML in BEO, SDVAP in BEO and SDVML in MND condition) of 16 parameters analysed.

Conclusion

Tests performed indicate a poorer static postural balance in the haemophilic cohort compared to the control group. Accordingly, physiotherapy programmes, physical activity and sports should be designed to improve the postural balance with the aim of preventing joint deterioration and improving quality of life.
Free gingival grafts for implants exhibiting lack of keratinized mucosa: a prospective controlled randomized clinical study
Authors: Oh Se‐Lim , Masri Radi M. , Williams David A. , Ji Chao , Romberg Elaine
Published: December 2016

Introduction

To evaluate clinical and radiographic outcomes following free gingival grafts (FGGs) around implants with limited keratinized mucosa (KM) during 18 months follow‐up compared to oral prophylaxis without augmentation.

Materials and Methods

This prospective controlled randomized blind clinical study investigated 41 implants displaying lack of KM in 28 subjects. After baseline examination, 14 subjects in the experimental group received FGGs followed by oral prophylaxis and 14 subjects in the control group received oral prophylaxis only. The width of KM, the level of mucosal margin, pocket depths, plaque index, and gingival index (GI) were assessed at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months. Changes in crestal bone levels, from baseline, were assessed at 18 months.

Results

There was a significant gain in KM in the FGG group compared to controls at 6, 12, 18 months. The mean GI was significantly lower for the FGG group at all follow‐ups. Crestal bone loss in the FGG group was significantly less than the control group (mesial: p = 0.0005, distal: p = 0.042) at 18 months.

Conclusions

Free gingival graft for implants exhibiting lack of KM is a viable treatment option to reduce mucosal inflammation and to maintain crestal bone level in the short term.
Efficacy and safety of premixed insulin analogs in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review
Authors: Sheu Wayne H‐H , Ji Linong , Lee Woo Je , Jabbar Abdul , Han Jeong Hee , Lew Thomas
Published: December 2016

Aims/Introduction

The primary aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of the efficacy and safety of premixed insulin analogs in Asians, specifically East Asians, with type 2 diabetes.

Material and Methods

The MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from 1 January 1995 to 26 November 2015. Randomized controlled trials involving East Asians with type 2 diabetes treated with any premixed insulin analog were included. Major comparator treatments were basal insulin and basal–bolus insulin. Comparisons were also made between East Asian and Caucasian patients. The primary efficacy outcome was glycated hemoglobin change from baseline to end‐point. The primary safety outcome was the incidence of hypoglycemia.

Results

A total of 21 studies were included; most (n = 14) were carried out in China or Japan. The duration of treatment ranged from 12 to 48 weeks. The glycated hemoglobin mean/least squares mean change from baseline to end‐point after treatment with premixed insulin analogs ranged from −0.12 to −4.2% (improvement was generally more pronounced with insulin initiation vs intensification). The incidence of hypoglycemia ranged from 8.3 to 72.0% in most studies, with the variability reflecting the definition of hypoglycemia used. Efficacy and safety outcomes for premixed insulin analogs were generally similar to those for basal or basal–bolus insulin. Limited evidence suggests that dosing, efficacy and safety profiles might differ slightly between East Asian and Caucasians receiving premixed insulin analogs.

Conclusions

These results support the current use of premixed insulin analogs for managing East Asian patients with type 2 diabetes.
Reduction of medication errors related to sliding scale insulin by the introduction of a standardized order sheet
Authors: Harada Saki , Suzuki Akio , Nishida Shohei , Kobayashi Ryo , Tamai Sayuri , Kumada Keisuke , Murakami Nobuo , Itoh Yoshinori
Published: December 2016

Insulin is frequently used for glycemic control. Medication errors related to insulin are a common problem for medical institutions. Here, we prepared a standardized sliding scale insulin (SSI) order sheet and assessed the effect of its introduction. Observations before and after the introduction of the standardized SSI template were conducted at Gifu University Hospital. The incidence of medication errors, hyperglycemia, and hypoglycemia related to SSI were obtained from the electronic medical records. The introduction of the standardized SSI order sheet significantly reduced the incidence of medication errors related to SSI compared with that prior to its introduction (12/165 [7.3%] vs 4/159 [2.1%], P = .048). However, the incidence of hyperglycemia (≥250 mg/dL) and hypoglycemia (≤50 mg/dL) in patients who received SSI was not significantly different between the 2 groups. The introduction of the standardized SSI order sheet reduced the incidence of medication errors related to SSI.
First trimester pregnancy loss: Clinical implications of genetic testing
Authors: Massalska Diana , Zimowski Janusz Grzegorz , Bijok Julia , Pawelec Magdalena , Czubak‐Barlik Małgorzata , Jakiel Grzegorz , Roszkowski Tomasz
Published: December 2016

Around 10–15% of pregnancies result in a spontaneous first trimester miscarriage, which is most frequently caused by chromosomal abnormalities, mainly aneuploidies. Genetic analysis of pregnancy loss includes conventional G‐banding karyotyping and various molecular methods. Apart from variable methodological limitations, the effectiveness of genetic analysis depends on the type and quality of the tested sample. To improve the reliability of genetic testing, we present methods of appropriate collection and pre‐laboratory preparation of chorionic villi from first trimester miscarriage. We also discuss issues of maternal cell contamination, placental mosaicism and reciprocal and Robertsonian translocations in the context of interpretation of the results and genetic counseling.
Safety of total laparoscopic hysterectomy in patients with prior cesarean section
Authors: Lim Soyi , Lee Seungho , Choi Joohyun , Chon Seungjoo , Lee Kwangbeom , Shin Jinwoo
Published: December 2016

Aim

Patients who have undergone a cesarean section (CS) prior to hysterectomy are at a higher perioperative risk of complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) in patients with prior CS.

Methods

We enrolled 482 patients treated with TLH. Surgical outcomes including major complications were compared between patients without prior CS (no CS group; n = 324) and patients with prior CS (prior CS group; n = 158). Major complications included vaginal cuff dehiscence, and bowel, bladder, ureter and great vessel injuries.

Results

Major complications, uterus weight, hospital day, unscheduled transfusion and conversion to laparotomy did not differ significantly between groups. One bowel injury occurred in the no CS group. Two vaginal cuff dehiscences and one bladder injury occurred in the prior CS group. There were no ureter or great vessel injuries. Operation duration was longer (P = 0.030) in the prior CS group, but only seven minutes longer than the no CS group. The Foley catheter indwelling day was also significantly longer (P < 0.001) in the prior CS group, but did not last one day. The number of prior CS had no effect on the major complication rate. After treatment of major complications, no long‐term sequelae were observed.

Conclusions

TLH in patients with a history of CS can be performed safely as such history had no effect on the major complication rate. Complications were rare and were treated successfully.
Impact of laparoscopic ovarian detorsion on ovarian reserve
Authors: Yasa Cenk , Dural Ozlem , Bastu Ercan , Zorlu Masallah , Demir Omer , Ugurlucan Funda Gungor
Published: December 2016

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate ovarian reserve after laparoscopic ovarian detorsion in patients with ovarian torsion.

Methods

From February 2014 to September 2015, a total of 11 patients with ovarian torsion underwent laparoscopic detorsion. These 11 patients were eligible for study, and ovarian reserve was assessed on serum anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH) and by antral follicle count preoperatively, and in postoperative months 1 and 3.

Results

Mean patient age was 25.4 ± 5.5 years. Although mean antral follicle count on the operated side was slightly lower than on the contralateral side at 1 month postoperatively (P > 0.05), at 3 months postoperatively there was no difference in mean antral follicle count between the operated and contralateral sides (P > 0.05). There was no significant change in serum AMH level at 1 and 3 months postoperatively compared with the preoperative level (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Laparoscopic detorsion of twisted ovary is a safe procedure to preserve ovarian function, and does not impair ovarian reserve according to antral follicle count and AMH during the course of follow‐up.
Erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents significantly delay the onset of a regular transfusion need in nontransfused patients with lower‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Garelius H. K. G. , Johnston W. T. , Smith A. G. , Park S. , de Swart L. , Fenaux P. , Symeonidis A. , Sanz G. , Čermák J. , Stauder R. , Malcovati L. , Mittelman M. , van de Loosdrecht A. A. , van Marrewijk C. J. , Bowen D. , Crouch S. , de Witte T. J. M. , Hellström‐Lindberg E.
Published: December 2016

Background

The EUMDS registry is an unique prospective, longitudinal observational registry enrolling newly diagnosed patients with lower‐risk myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) from 17 European countries from both university hospitals and smaller regional hospitals.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe the usage and clinical impact of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs) in 1696 patients enrolled between 2008 and 2014.

Methods

The effects of ESAs on outcomes were assessed using proportional hazards models weighting observations by propensity to receive ESA treatment within a subset of anaemic patients with or without a regular transfusion need.

Results

ESA treatment (median duration of 27.5 months, range 0–77 months) was administered to 773 patients (45.6%). Outcomes were assessed in 897 patients (484 ESA treated and 413 untreated). ESA treatment was associated with a nonsignificant survival benefit (HR 0.82, 95% CI: 0.65–1.04, P = 0.09); this benefit was larger amongst patients without prior transfusions (P = 0.07). Amongst 539 patients for whom response to ESA treatment could be defined, median time to first post‐ESA treatment transfusion was 6.1 months (IQR: 4.3–15.9 months) in those transfused before ESA treatment compared to 23.3 months (IQR: 7.0–47.8 months) in patients without prior transfusions (HR 2.4, 95% CI: 1.7–3.3, P < 0.0001). Responding patients had a better prognosis in terms of a lower risk of death (HR 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45–0.893, P = 0.018), whereas there was no significant effect on the risk of progression to acute myeloid leukaemia (HR 0.71, 95% CI: 0.39–1.29, P = 0.27).

Conclusion

Appropriate use of ESAs can significantly delay the onset of a regular transfusion need in patients with lower‐risk MDS.
Mindfulness interventions for psychosis: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Aust J. , Bradshaw T.
Published: December 2016

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Psychosis and the more specific diagnosis of schizophrenia constitute a major psychiatric disorder which impacts heavily on the self‐esteem, functioning and quality of life of those affected.

A number of mindfulness therapies have been developed in recent years, showing promising results when used with people with the disorder.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

This review of the literature included only randomized controlled trials (RCTs), rather than other typically less robust methods of research (e.g. case studies, noncontrolled studies).

What are the implications for practice?

We concluded that mindfulness therapies can be safely used with people with psychosis and that they provide a number of therapeutic benefits compared with routine care and, in some cases, other interventions.

Larger, methodologically improved trials are now recommended to evaluate the benefits of mindfulness therapies further.

Introduction

A growing number of mindfulness interventions are being used with individuals with psychosis. These therapies employ elements of acceptance and compassion in addition to mindfulness. A number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of these interventions have emerged in recent years, but no review of these latest trials exists.

Question

‘For individuals with psychosis, are mindfulness interventions more effective than treatment as usual or an alternative intervention, in improving patient‐related outcomes as demonstrated in RCTs?’

Method

We undertook a systematic review of randomized controlled studies of mindfulness interventions for psychosis and schizophrenia (MIps). Studies were identified by searching the databases Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Allied and Complementary Medicine.

Findings

The review identified 11 RCTs investigating eight mindfulness interventions. Significant improvements were reported on a number of measures, although gains were mostly smaller in trials employing well‐designed controls and where assessors were blind to treatment allocation. There was considerable heterogeneity amongst trials in the diversity of treatments reviewed and the range of outcomes assessed.

Implications for Practice

The findings suggest MIps are feasible for individuals with psychosis and provide a number of significant benefits over routine care and, in some cases, other interventions.
Intrinsic limb morpho‐dynamics and the early development of interlimb coordination of walking in a quadrupedal primate
Authors: Druelle F. , Berillon G. , Aerts P.
Published: December 2016

We question the developmental changes of the temporal aspects of quadrupedal walking and how these relate to the intrinsic morphological (size, shape) and dynamical (inertia) properties of the limbs and body. Indeed, during ontogeny of altricial species, a dependent infant develops toward autonomy. Interlimb coordination is likely to be mediated by the neurological system (central pattern generators and/or supraspinal control), whereas the mechanical parameters of limbs and body appear to influence the locomotor optimization of gaits. We studied six captive baboons at two instants in their development, when they just begin foraging independently and when they are autonomous, in order to collect, in parallel, morphometrics and temporal parameters of voluntary quadrupedal walking. The natural pendular period (NPP) is put forward to represent the limb's intrinsic morpho‐dynamics; the position of the body center of mass as the morpho‐dynamics of the body. The main results reveal that fore‐ and hindlimbs, at the level of the convergence of the NPP, have a significant and positive impact on the interlimb coordination pattern. This probably facilitates, very early in development, the control of the coordination. Nevertheless, because an improved control of the interlimb coordination points at a proceeding neuromotor maturation as well, neuromotor control appears to become gradually important relatively to the intrinsic morpho‐dynamics of the limbs during infancy. These findings are of importance in the context of the evolution of the locomotor developmental processes in primates.
The Problem of Social Order: What Should We Count as Law?
Authors: Hadfield Gillian K.
Published: December 2016

In these two fine contributions to the relatively small body of empirically-grounded theoretical accounts of law, Fred Schauer and Richard McAdams focus on the two key elements of any legal system: the coordination of conduct that individuals have an incentive to engage in if they believe others will also, and the coercive force that is needed to deter conduct when coordination incentives are absent or insufficient. Both contributions deepen our understanding of the dynamics of coordination and coercion. But both also focus primarily on the concept of law as a set of rules generated and enforced exclusively by government. In this comment, drawing on recent work with Barry Weingast, I emphasize the importance of extending the scope of analysis to include settings in which governments are missing or weak and where legal order has not yet been achieved or stabilized—the challenge that faces many poor and developing countries around the world and the challenge that today's advanced legal regimes overcame historically. In our account, coordination and coercion are not substitute mechanisms, but are deeply linked: prior to the establishment of wealthy stable governments (and perhaps even in the presence of such governments), coercive penalties are delivered only if the decentralized application of punishment by ordinary individuals is successfully coordinated and incentivized.
Early deterioration of iron status among a cohort of Bolivian infants
Authors: Burke Rachel M. , Rebolledo Paulina A. , Fabiszewski de Aceituno Anna M. , Revollo Rita , Iñiguez Volga , Klein Mitchel , Drews‐Botsch Carolyn , Leon Juan S. , Suchdev Parminder S.
Published: December 2016

Iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are major contributors to infant and maternal morbidity worldwide. There is limited longitudinal data on iron status in young infants and on methods to adjust iron biomarkers for inflammation. We aimed to quantify the prevalence of inflammation‐adjusted ID, anemia, and IDA over the first year in a cohort of Bolivian infants and their mothers. Healthy mother‐infant dyads were recruited from two peri‐urban hospitals. Infants provided three blood draws (2, 6–8, and 12–18 months; N = 160); mothers provided two blood draws (1 and 6–8 months postpartum [plus third anemia measurement at 12–18 months]; N = 250). Blood was analyzed for hemoglobin, ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor, C‐reactive protein (CRP), and alpha(1)‐acid glycoprotein (AGP). Iron biomarkers were adjusted for inflammation using CRP and AGP; hemoglobin cutoffs were adjusted for altitude. Inflammation (elevated CRP or AGP) was 17% among toddlers 12–18 months of age. ID (inflammation‐adjusted ferritin) increased with age (<1%, 56%, and 79% at each blood draw), as did anemia and IDA (anemia: 70%, 76%, and 81%; IDA: <1%, 46%, and 68%). Maternal ID declined from the first to second assessment (39% vs. 27%). Inflammation‐adjusted ID prevalence was up to 15 percentage points higher than unadjusted estimates. The high prevalence of ID, anemia, and IDA in this cohort of Bolivian infants beginning at 6–8 months of age suggests that early interventions may be necessary in vulnerable populations.
Fusarium species causing eumycetoma: Report of two cases and comprehensive review of the literature
Authors: Al‐Hatmi Abdullah M. S. , Bonifaz Alexandro , Tirado‐Sánchez Andrés , Meis Jacques F. , de Hoog G. Sybren , Ahmed Sarah A.
Published: December 2016

Recently, mycetoma was added to the World Health Organization's list of neglected tropical disease priorities. Fusarium as a genus has been reported to cause eumycetoma, but little is known about the species involved in this infection and their identification. In this study, molecular tools were applied to identify Fusarium agents from human eumycetoma cases. The partial translation elongation factor 1‐alpha (TEF‐1α) gene was used as diagnostic parameter. Two additional cases of eumycetoma, due to F. keratoplasticum and F. pseudensiforme, respectively, are presented. A systematic literature review was performed to assess general features, identification, treatment and outcome of eumycetoma infections due to Fusarium species. Of the 20 reviewed patients, the majority (75%) were male. Most agents belonged to the F. solani species complex, ie F. keratoplasticum, F. pseudensiforme, and an undescribed lineage of F. solani. In addition, F. thapsinum, a member of Fusarium fujikuroi species complex was encountered. The main antifungal drugs used were itraconazole, ketoconazole and amphotericin B, but cure rates were low (15%). Partial response or relapse was observed in some cases, and a case ended in amputation. Clinical management of eumycetoma due to Fusarium is complex and combination therapy might be required to increase cure rates.
Solanum tuberosum ZPR1 encodes a light‐regulated nuclear DNA‐binding protein adjusting the circadian expression of StBBX24 to light cycle
Authors: Kiełbowicz‐Matuk Agnieszka , Czarnecka Jagoda , Banachowicz Ewa , Rey Pascal , Rorat Tadeusz
Published: December 2016

ZPR1 proteins belong to the C4‐type of zinc finger coordinators known in animal cells to interact with other proteins and participate in cell growth and proliferation. In contrast, the current knowledge regarding plant ZPR1 proteins is very scarce. Here, we identify a novel potato nuclear factor belonging to this family and named StZPR1. StZPR1 is specifically expressed in photosynthetic organs during the light period, and the ZPR1 protein is located in the nuclear chromatin fraction. From modelling and experimental analyses, we reveal the StZPR1 ability to bind the circadian DNA cis motif ‘CAACAGCATC’, named CIRC and present in the promoter of the clock‐controlled double B‐box StBBX24 gene, the expression of which peaks in the middle of the day. We found that transgenic lines silenced for StZPR1 expression still display a 24 h period for the oscillation of StBBX24 expression but delayed by 4 h towards the night. Importantly, other BBX genes exhibit altered circadian regulation in these lines. Our data demonstrate that StZPR1 allows fitting of the StBBX24 circadian rhythm to the light period and provide evidence that ZPR1 is a novel clock‐associated protein in plants necessary for the accurate rhythmic expression of specific circadian‐regulated genes.
Resistance to Xanthomonas perforans race T4 causing bacterial spot in tomato breeding lines
Authors: Bhattarai K. , Louws F. J. , Williamson J. D. , Panthee D. R.
Published: December 2016

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is the second most important vegetable crop in the world. Bacterial spot (BS) of tomato, caused by four species of Xanthomonas: X. euvesicatoria, X. vesicatoria, X. perforans and X. gardneri, results in severe loss in yield and quality due to defoliation and formation of lesions on fruits, respectively. Currently management practices do not offer effective control under conditions of high disease pressure. Thus, developing BS resistance is a critical priority for tomato growers in order to minimize crop losses. Sixty‐three advanced tomato breeding lines, heirlooms and wild tomato lines with diverse genetic backgrounds were screened under greenhouse and field conditions for BS resistance using X. perforans race T4, which was found to be a prevalent race in North Carolina. Race T4 isolate 9 was used to inoculate the plants by spraying, and disease severity was measured using the Horsfall–Barratt scale. Tomato lines 74L‐1W(2008), NC2CELBR, 081‐12‐1X‐gsms, NC22L‐1 (2008) and 52LB‐1 showed resistance to BS in the field and/or greenhouse trials. These lines were derived from S. pimpinellifolium L3707. Screening L3707 followed by development of a mapping population and mapping resistance genes might be useful for breeding resistance against BS in future breeding programmes.
Mechanism for Missing Data Incorporated in Joint Modelling of Ordinal Responses
Authors: Ivanova Anna , Molenberghs Geert , Verbeke Geert
Published: December 2016

We analyse the problem of two clinically inseparable, repeatedly measured responses of ordinal type by also incorporating their missingness process. In our application these are the therapeutic effect and extent of side effects of fluvoxamine. In the case of a composite end point, the scientific questions addressed can be answered only when the responses are modelled jointly. As an extension of the methodology, several missingness not at random models were fitted to a set of observed data and shown to yield approximately the same result as their missingness at random counterparts, although it affects precision. In addition, the effect of various identifying restrictions on multiple imputation is investigated. An alternative numerical approximation method is suggested to reduce computational time.
A Meta‐Synthesis of Children's Experiences of Postoperative Pain Management
Authors: Sng Qian Wen , He Hong‐Gu , Wang Wenru , Taylor Beverley , Chow Aloysius , Klainin‐Yobas Piyanee , Zhu Lixia
Published: December 2016

Background

Ineffective management of postoperative pain in children has been reported widely. To improve the effectiveness of postoperative pain management for children, it was necessary to conduct a systematic review to better understand the current knowledge of children's experiences of their postoperative pain management.

Aims

The aim of this review was to update and synthesize current qualitative research of postoperative pain management based on children's experiences.

Methods

Qualitative studies published between January 1990 and July 2014 were searched from the electronic databases of CINAHL, MEDLINE, MedNar, ProQuest, PsycINFO, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Sociological Abstracts, and Web of Science. A broad range of search keywords and a three‐step search strategy were used. Meta‐syntheses were used to summarize the findings from the included studies.

Results

Nine qualitative studies were included. Three meta‐syntheses from 22 categories based on 72 findings were generated: (a) Children experienced various negative emotions related to postoperative pain, and could assess and express their pain but need their parents as advocates; (b) apart from pain medication, various nonpharmacological strategies to relieve children's postoperative pain were employed by children, parents, and nurses; and (c) suggestions from children for their parents and nurses to better relieve postoperative pain.

Linking Evidence to Action

This review provided preliminary support for increasing the provision of information and education for children and their parents about postoperative conditions, pain, and pain relief strategies. Nurses should also be encouraged to employ more nonpharmacological pain‐relieving strategies and build rapport with children and their parents. Future intervention studies are needed to improve children's postoperative experiences.
Thermal Analysis of Directional Freezing Based Graphene Aerogel Three-Dimensional Printing Process
Authors: Zhao Guanglei , Lin Dong , Zhou Chi
Published: December 2016

A novel directional freezing based three-dimensional (3D) printing technique is applied to fabricate graphene aerogel (GA). Thermal property of the graphene ink is one of the key impacts on the material morphology and process efficiency/reliability. We develop a heat transfer model to predict temperature evolution of the printed materials and then estimate layer waiting time based on it. The proposed technique can not only improve the process efficiency and reliability but also serve as a flexible tool to predict and control the microstructure of the printed graphene aerogels. Both the simulation and experiment results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
A Real-Time Combustion Control With Reconstructed In-Cylinder Pressure by Principal Component Analysis for a CRDI Diesel Engine
Authors: Chung Jaesung , Oh Junhyeong , Sunwoo Myoungho
Published: December 2016

This paper proposes a real-time combustion control algorithm using reconstructed in-cylinder pressure traces by principal component analysis (PCA). The PCA method reconstructs the in-cylinder pressure traces using the principal components of the in-cylinder pressure traces. It was shown that using only five principal components, we were able to reconstruct the in-cylinder pressure traces within 1% root mean squared percent error. Furthermore, the reconstructed in-cylinder pressure traces were validated to effectively reduce the cycle-to-cycle variations caused by the noise signals. As a result, the standard deviation of MFB50 which was calculated from the reconstructed in-cylinder pressure was reduced by 45%. Furthermore, this combustion parameter was applied to a real-time combustion control. Since variations of the control variables for the real-time combustion control were reduced, the control performances were enhanced.
Gradient Projection of Weighted Jacobian Matrix Method for Inverse Kinematics of a Space Robot With a Controlled-Floating Base
Authors: Hu Tianjin , Wang Tianshu , Li Junfeng , Qian Weiping
Published: December 2016

This paper studies the inverse kinematics (IKs) of a space robot with a controlled-floating base. Different from the traditional space robot which has a free-floating base, the momentum conservation is no longer satisfied so that the degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) and redundancy of the robot obviously increase, and motion limits exist for both base and manipulator. To deal with such a problem, a gradient projection of weighted Jacobian matrix (GPWJM) method is proposed. The Jacobian matrix is derived considering the additional DOFs of the base, and the trajectory tracking by the end-effector is chosen as the main task. A clamping weighted least norm scheme is introduced into the derived Jacobian matrix to avoid the motion limits, and the singular-robustness is enhanced by the damping least-squares. The convergence and accuracy analysis indicates the calculation of damping factor; while the verification of motion limits avoidance indicates the inequality constraint of clamping velocity. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed GPWJM method is investigated by the numerical simulation in which a planar 3DOF manipulator on a 3DOF base is taken as a demo.
Effect of Buoyancy-Induced Rotating Flow on Temperatures of Compressor Disks
Authors: Tang Hui , Michael Owen J.
Published: December 2016

Calculation of the clearances between the blades and casing of the high-pressure-compressor rotors in aeroengines involves calculating the radial growth of the corotating compressor disks. This requires the calculation of the thermal growth of the disks, which in turn requires knowledge of their temperatures and of the Nusselt numbers and the flow structure in the cavity between the disks. The authors have recently published a theoretical model of the buoyancy-induced flow in rotating cavities, and approximate solutions were obtained for laminar Ekman-layer flow on the disks; the equation for the Nusselt numbers, which includes two empirical constants, depends strongly on the Grashof number and on the radial distribution of disk temperature. In this paper, Nusselt numbers and disk temperatures predicted by the buoyancy model are compared with values obtained from published experimental data. For most of the 19 test cases, with Grashof numbers up to nearly 1012, mainly good agreement was achieved between the theoretical and experimental distributions of Nusselt numbers and disk temperatures. This suggests that, owing to Coriolis effects, the laminar model of buoyancy-induced rotating flow could be valid even at the high Grashof numbers found in the compressor rotors of aeroengines. As predicted by the model, for a constant Grashof number increasing the rotational Reynolds number can cause a decrease in the Nusselt number. This is the first time a theoretical model (rather than computational fluid dynamics (CFD)) has been used to predict the temperatures of a compressor disk, and the model takes only seconds to predict disk temperatures that would take days or even weeks to predict using CFD. More experimental data is required if the model is to be used by the designers of compressor rotors, and suggestions for future research are given in the paper.
Deforestation-driven food-web collapse linked to emerging tropical infectious disease,
Mycobacterium ulcerans
Authors: Morris Aaron L. , Guégan Jean-François , Andreou Demetra , Marsollier Laurent , Carolan Kevin , Le Croller Marie , Sanhueza Daniel , Gozlan Rodolphe E.
Published: December 2016

Identification of a potential mechanism linking land-use change and the emergence of an infectious disease
Worries, confusion after cancer trial deaths
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: December 2016

Experimental immune treatment linked to fatal brain swelling.
AIDS epidemic nears control in three African countries
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: December 2016

Massive new surveys show stunning progress.
When DNA and culture clash
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: December 2016

Saudi Arabia is making a big push into human genomics, hoping to prevent inherited diseases.
β-cell–mimetic designer cells provide closed-loop glycemic control
Authors: Xie Mingqi , Ye Haifeng , Wang Hui , Charpin-El Hamri Ghislaine , Lormeau Claude , Saxena Pratik , Stelling Jörg , Fussenegger Martin
Published: December 2016

Engineering cells to regulate glucose

Diabetes mellitus affects hundreds of millions of people worldwide. Blood glucose levels are chronically deregulated in diabetics, and this can lead to many serious disorders, including cardiovascular disease and renal failure. Xie
et al.
engineered a synthetic circuit into human cells that can sense the glucose concentration and respond to correct deregulation. Implants containing designer cells improved glucose regulation in diabetic mice.

Science
, this issue p.
1296
Midbrain dopamine neurons control judgment of time
Authors: Soares Sofia , Atallah Bassam V. , Paton Joseph J.
Published: December 2016

Time is a subjective experience

Time, like space, is one of the fundamental dimensions of all our experiences. However, organisms do not work like clocks, and our judgment about the passage of time is variable, depending on circumstances. Soares
et al.
systematically investigated midbrain dopaminergic neurons during timing behavior in mice (see the Perspective by Simen and Matell). When measuring and manipulating mouse activity, the authors observed that dopaminergic neurons controlled temporal judgments on a time scale of seconds.

Science
, this issue p.
1273
; see also p.
1231
Robust spin-polarized midgap states at step edges of topological crystalline insulators
Authors: Sessi Paolo , Di Sante Domenico , Szczerbakow Andrzej , Glott Florian , Wilfert Stefan , Schmidt Henrik , Bathon Thomas , Dziawa Piotr , Greiter Martin , Neupert Titus , Sangiovanni Giorgio , Story Tomasz , Thomale Ronny , Bode Matthias
Published: December 2016

An edge that is hard to get rid of

A distinguishing characteristic of topological insulators (TIs) is that they have conducting states on their boundary—a surface for a three-dimensional (3D) TI or a line edge for a 2D TI. Sessi
et al.
used scanning tunneling spectroscopy to discover unusual 1D states in a 3D crystalline TI. The states appeared on the edge of a particular kind of step in the crystal and survived large magnetic fields and increased temperatures. This robustness bodes well for the potential use of these states in practical applications.

Science
, this issue p.
1269
Mind the gap: Neural coding of species identity in birdsong prosody
Authors: Araki Makoto , Bandi M. M. , Yazaki-Sugiyama Yoko
Published: December 2016

Birds of a feather sing together

How do birds know that a song that they hear is from a member of their own species, and how do they learn their songs in the first place? Araki
et al.
identified two types of brain cells involved in how finches learn their songs (see the Perspective by Tchernichovski and Lipkind). When zebra finches were raised by Bengalese finch foster parents, they learned a song whose morphology resembled that of their foster father. However, the temporal structure remained zebra finch–specific, suggesting that it is innate. Gadagkar
et al.
recorded activity in specific dopamine neurons in singing zebra finches while controlling perceived song quality with distorted auditory feedback. This distorted feedback represented worse performance than predicted and resulted in negative prediction errors. These findings suggest again that finches have an innate internal goal for their learned songs.

Science
, this issue p.
1282
, p.
1234
; see also p.
1278
Dopamine neurons encode performance error in singing birds
Authors: Gadagkar Vikram , Puzerey Pavel A. , Chen Ruidong , Baird-Daniel Eliza , Farhang Alexander R. , Goldberg Jesse H.
Published: December 2016

Birds of a feather sing together

How do birds know that a song that they hear is from a member of their own species, and how do they learn their songs in the first place? Araki
et al.
identified two types of brain cells involved in how finches learn their songs (see the Perspective by Tchernichovski and Lipkind). When zebra finches were raised by Bengalese finch foster parents, they learned a song whose morphology resembled that of their foster father. However, the temporal structure remained zebra finch–specific, suggesting that it is innate. Gadagkar
et al.
recorded activity in specific dopamine neurons in singing zebra finches while controlling perceived song quality with distorted auditory feedback. This distorted feedback represented worse performance than predicted and resulted in negative prediction errors. These findings suggest again that finches have an innate internal goal for their learned songs.

Science
, this issue p.
1282
, p.
1234
; see also p.
1278
Synthesis of resveratrol tetramers via a stereoconvergent radical equilibrium
Authors: Keylor Mitchell H. , Matsuura Bryan S. , Griesser Markus , Chauvin Jean-Philippe R. , Harding Ryan A. , Kirillova Mariia S. , Zhu Xu , Fischer Oliver J. , Pratt Derek A. , Stephenson Corey R. J.
Published: December 2016

Catching a break in polyphenol synthesis

Chemical synthesis is usually rather different from playing with a modeling kit. If two large fragments of a molecule are not properly oriented, it is not typically possible to break them apart, rotate one, and then paste them back together. Yet that is precisely the trick that Keylor
et al.
used to synthesize two plant-derived polyphenols. Resveratrol forms a variety of dimers, trimers, and tetramers. When one central carbon-carbon bond links the fragments, it is weak enough to break spontaneously and reversibly at room temperature. The authors leveraged this equilibrium to generate an efficient route to two of the tetramers, nepalensinol B and vateriaphenol C.

Science
, this issue p.
1260
Why does time seem to fly when we're having fun?
Authors: Simen Patrick , Matell Matthew
Published: December 2016

Increased dopamine may cause our internal clock to slow down, creating a sense of speeding time
Assessment of a Novel Automatic Real-Time PCR Assay on the Cobas 4800 Analyzer as a Screening Platform for Hepatitis C Virus Genotyping in Clinical Practice: Comparison with Massive Sequencing
Authors: Nieto-Aponte Leonardo , Quer Josep , Ruiz-Ripa Alicia , Tabernero David , Gonzalez Carolina , Gregori Josep , Vila Marta , Asensio Miriam , Garcia-Cehic Damir , Ruiz Gerardo , Chen Qian , Ordeig Laura , Llorens Meritxell , Saez Montserrat , Esteban Juan I. , Esteban Rafael , Buti Maria , Pumarola Tomas , Rodriguez-Frias Francisco
Published: December 2016

The unequivocal identification of hepatitis C virus (HCV) subtypes 1a/1b and genotypes 2 to 6 is required for optimizing the effectiveness of interferon-free, direct-acting antiviral therapies. We compared the performance of a new real-time HCV genotyping assay used on the Cobas 4800 system (C4800) with that of high-resolution HCV subtyping (HRCS). In total, 502 samples were used, including 184 samples from chronic HCV patients (from routine laboratory activity during April 2016), 5 stored samples with double HCV genotype infections for testing the limitations of the method, and 313 samples from a screening protocol implemented in our hospital (from May to August 2016) based on the new method to further determine its genotyping accuracy. A total of 282 samples, including 171 from April 2016 (the 13 remaining had too low of a viral load for HRCS), 5 selected with double infections, and 106 from screening, were analyzed by both methods, and 220 were analyzed only by the C4800. The C4800 correctly subtyped 125 of 126 1a/1b samples, and the 1 remaining sample was reported as genotype 1. The C4800 correctly genotyped 38 of 45 non-1a/1b samples (classified by HRCS), and it reported the remaining 7 samples as indeterminate. One hundred two of 106 non-1a/1b genotype samples that were identified using the C4800 for screening were confirmed by HRCS. In the 4 remaining samples, 3 were correctly reported as genotype 1 (without defining the subtype) and 1 was reported as indeterminate. None of the samples were misgenotyped. Four of 7 samples with double HCV infections were correctly genotyped by the C4800. Excluding the 5 selected double-infected samples, the C4800 showed 95.7% concordant results for genotyping HCVs 2 to 6 and 1a/1b subtyping, and 99.2% concordance for subtyping 1a/1b single infections in clinical samples. To improve laboratory workflow, we propose using the C4800 as a first-line test for HCV genotyping and 1a/1b classification, followed by transferring non-1a/1b samples to a center where HRCS is available, if further characterization is needed.