bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Berry Stephen W
Published: November 2023

Laurence Keitt eventually married Susan Sparks and whisked her away, as promised, to Europe. There they loured galleries and ruins and planned for Susan to continue her art instruction. As the disunion sentiment in the South reached fever pitch, however, Keitt found himself unable to stay away. He had worked for Southern independence his entire adult life, and as it became a possible, then a probable, and then an accomplished fact, Keitt was drawn irresistibly back into politics.
With Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Challenging everything from the mandates of the Catholic Church to the hotly debated ethics of pornography, and from the controversy surrounding gay rights to issues of gender and feminism, With Pleasure explores a new theory of human sexuality that ignites every hot topic in the public domain. What role, authors Paul Abramson and Steven Pinkerton ask, does sexual pleasure play in our lives? Is the pursuit of sexual enjoyment in our blood? Our brains? Our very nature? Regardless of the source, it can be agreed that the joys of sex are widely appreciated. Why, then, is pleasure so often overlooked in discussions of sexual behaviour, and why do cultural, historical, and religious treatises so often fail to emphasise, or outright ignore, this obvious aspect of human sexuality? Responding to these and many other questions about our most private affairs, With Pleasure provides a profoundly original challenge to the cherished truisms of human sexuality. Abramson and Pinkerton proclaim the paramount importance of pleasure, while at the same time overthrowing traditional ideas about gender, pornography, contraception, homosexuality, abortion, and much more. Supported by rigorous research and co-written by one of the foremost authorities on sex, With Pleasure argues that human sexuality cannot be understood if its significance is limited to reproduction alone. The authors posit that in humans reproduction itself occurs as a byproduct of pleasure--not the other way around--and that it is the strong drive for pleasure that makes people overcome many obstacles--and even life-threatening dangers such as AIDS--to have sex. Ranging from discussions about the church to current debates about pornography, and from evolutionary theory to questions about the future of sex and pleasure, Abramson and Pinkerton argue persuasively that the pleasurability of sex cannot be restricted to purely reproductive behaviour. With Pleasure advances a startling and original new theory about human sexuality, one which the authors believe will replace all existing notions about sex. The book, standing in direct and deliberate opposition to traditions that try to confine sexuality to procreation, is sure to ignite a firestorm of controversy.
Sex as Procreation: Is That All There Is?
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

The ancient Romans liked the idea of nature. In fact, they liked it so much that they codified it as a principle, known as natural law. This principle distinguished the laws enacted by mere humans from the laws inherent in glorious nature. And just what did natural law encompass? The third century A.D. jurist, Ulpian, explained:

Natural law is what nature has taught all animals. This law is not unique to the human race but common to all animals born on land or sea and to birds as well. From it comes the union of male and female which we call marriage, as well as the procreation of children and their proper education [educatio]. We see in fact that all other animals, even wild beasts, are regulated by an understanding of this law.

The notion that nonprocreative sex was “unnatural” or a “crime against nature “ was quickly co-opted by the still coalescing Christian Church, and by the middle of the thirteenth century was explicitly incorporated into orthodox Christian doctrine.
The Biology of Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Ultimately, the foundations of human sexual pleasure must be biological, regardless of the triviality or momentousness of cultural influences. To give just one example, penile erection is evident in the male fetus by the thirty-eighth week in utero, long before cultural conditioning could have a significant effect. Even more suggestive is the existence of the clitoris, an organ whose sole function is to provide pleasure. Like the penis, the clitoris makes its anatomical debut well before birth.

Physiological specialization for pleasure is especially evident in orgasm. One might argue that male orgasm is subservient to ejaculation, and thereby satisfies a reproductive purpose. But why then do women orgasm as well? Women can certainly ovulate and conceive without it. Moreover, women seem to achieve orgasm more readily during clitoral masturbation and oral-genital sex than during vaginal penetration. This implies that female orgasm is relatively less common during reproductive sexual activities.
The Psychology of Sexual Pleasure
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Shortly after the protagonist (Jimmy) of The Crying Game discovers that his “girlfriend” (Dil) is really a man, the following intimate exchange takes place:

Jimmy: “I should’ve known, shouldn’t I?”

Dil: “Probably.”

jimmy: “I kinda wish I didn’t.”

Dil: “You can always pretend.”

But can one really pretend? On a purely physiological level it would certainly seem possible. After all, genital stimulation, whether by a man or a woman, sends the same sensory signals to the brain. Yet somehow the sex, appearance, and identity of the person providing the stimulation are all critical determinants of whether or not the stimulation is perceived as pleasurable. Many people, heterosexual and homosexual alike, are strongly attracted to only one of the two sexes.
AIDS: The End of Pleasure?
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

In 1999, 2.8 million people died of AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), and another 5.4 million people were newly infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. Disheartening, yes, but these numbers pale in comparison with the cumulative totals. By the start of the twenty-first century, nearly 19 million people had died of AIDS since the epidemic began in the 1980s, and more than 53 million had contracted HIV. Thus far, Africa has been the hardest-hit region of the world: In many sub-Saharan countries, one out of every ten adults is infected with HIV.

In the United States, over one million people have been infected with HIV, and nearly a half million people have died of AIDS. The epidemic has slowed among its earliest targets, gay men and other men who have sex with men, and is now considered by many to be mainly a disease of the poor and disenfranchised. More than half of all new AIDS cases now occur among African Americans and Hispanics; women make up about a quarter of all new diagnoses.
Porn: Tempest on a Soapbox
Authors: Abramson Paul R , Pinkerton Steven D
Published: November 2023

Imagine this movie: A helpless and troubled, though attractive woman is married off to an ineffectual man. Later, a second man coerces her into selling herself sexually, and somehow, she falls in love with her coercer. When her husband learns of the affair he attempts to rape her, and then, when she continues the affair, he mutilates her.

Despicable? Yes. Horrific? Definitely so. Obscene? Perhaps, but probably not. Certainly the vast majority of critics who saw the film The Piano, whose plot is summarized here, deemed it Art—a feminist achievement, in fact. They thought it was so good, so original, that they even honored it with three Academy Awards (best actress, best original screenplay, and best supporting actress).

To some of us, however, The Piano was merely despicable, and even more so because the woman’s daughter in the film was a witness to both the rape and the mutilation. This film and the critical acclaim it has garnered aptly demonstrate the hypocrisy surrounding the issue of pornography.
Reactions Of Aromatic Compounds With OH Radicals
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg
Published: November 2023

As discussed in chapter I, the aromatic hydrocarbons are important contributors to the chemical processes in urban air masses. Aromatic hydrocarbons not containing unsaturated > C=C < bond(s) in the substituent groups react only slowly with 0 3 and with N0 3 radicals (Atkinson and Carter, 1984; Atkinson, 1991b). However, aromatic compounds react with OH radicals, with a rate coefficient that depends on the substituent groups attached to the aromatic ring (see section 11-C; Zetzsch,1982a; and Atkinson, 1991a). As a generalization, in the atmosphere aromatic compounds are more reactive than alkanes but less reactive than alkenes. The simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, benzene (C6H6) , is the least reactive of the aromatic hydrocarbons. In view of the fact that benzene has multiple double bonds involved in its structure, at first sight it is surprising that its reactivity is much lower that that of the alkenes. This can be seen in figure 11-A-1, where the reactivity of a series of four C6-ring hydrocarbons that contain an increasing number of carbon-carbon double bonds can be compared. Cyclohexene (C6H10), which contains one double bond, shows an increase of a factor of about 9 in the rate coefficient for reaction with OH radical (at 298 K) over that for the analogous saturated hydrocarbon, cyclohexane (C6H n) , which contains no double bonds.
The Road To Bleeding Kansas
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

In March 1855, thousands of Missourians—armed with rifles, Bowie knives, revolvers, and wooden clubs—crowded onto rafts to cross the swirling reddish-brown waters that divided their state from the nation’s newest territory: Kansas. These men wore no uniforms and answered to no commanding officer, though David Rice Atchison, a former U.S. senator, had rallied them together. While they looked and acted more like thugs than soldiers, the “border ruffians,” as they came to be called, fought for a well-defined cause: to stop every last “damned nigger thief.” The Missourians believed that they could do so by ensuring that Kansas was governed by proslavery politicians. Some of these same Missourians had already started the process, when four months earlier they had come to Kansas to help elect John W. Whitfield, a proslavery candidate, as Kansas’s nonvoting delegate to the U.S. Congress. Much more was at stake in the March election, though, for it would determine the makeup of the territorial legislature. When Congress had established Kansas and Nebraska as territories in 1854 (with boundaries extending far beyond what constitutes the current-day states with those names), it legislated that each territorial government would decide for it-self—under a principle called “popular sovereignty”—whether slavery would be legal. Most Americans believed that Nebraska’s climate and topography made it inhospitable to slavery, but the institution seemed more likely to find a home in Kansas, where the weather and soil (at least along its eastern portion) resembled those of the neighboring slave state of Missouri.
From Wigwam To War
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

To demonstrate the freedom of their party from money and influence, Republicans held their state conventions in wigwams. No opera houses or debating clubs for them, Republicans would gather a week before a state convention and build a structure in an open field, aligned with nothing and consecrated by no one. Party men cut down small trees. Stripped of their branches, these saplings were driven into the ground in a broad square. A roof of green boughs was laid on top to shade the event. Tree stumps supported rough-hewn logs that served as the benches for the official delegates. The Republican wigwam was strange and ingenious. For Baptists and Methodists, it recalled the brush arbors and temporary structures of the outdoor revival. The comparison was heightened when famous evangelical singing troupes like the Lombard Brothers or the Hutchinsons performed before the speakers took the stage. At the state convention in Decatur, Illinois, in June 1860, the effect was electric. Thousands of people drove their carriages forty miles or more to visit the Republican wigwam and get close to the candidates. The temporary venue was designed to highlight the newness of the party, as well as its independence from the established authority of the local theater, church, or fraternal organization that might have otherwise provided its facilities.
Redefining The Rules Of War The Lieber Code
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol
Published: November 2023

By 1863, Union officers had concluded that a simple policy of occupation would not subdue the civilians and soldiers of the Confederacy. The federal government began to follow the lead of Union soldiers, who, taunted by guerrillas, had begun targeting civilians. Union military authorities would create a code of warfare that made the Confederate home front an acceptable military target, though officially only civilians’ property, not their persons, fell under the new rules. At the same time, facing manpower shortages, the Union army would adopt policies aimed at reducing the number of Confederates in arms.
AIDS and the Making of an Ethics of Public Health
Authors: Bayer Ronald
Published: November 2023

It was against the backdrop of a history of research abuse that contemporary bioethics took shape in the 1960s and 1970s (1). The fundamental thrust of the new perspective was to reconceptualize the balance of power between doctors and their patients and researchers and their subjects. In charting the course of the new bioethics, physicians, philosophers, theologians, lawyers, and social scientists drew on the legacy of largely ineffective efforts to impose constraints on research involving human subjects and the history of legal and professional norms that gave recognition to the principle that competent adults should determine if and when they would undergo medical interventions (2). The new efforts were indelibly marked by the broad struggle for rights of the poor and the socially and culturally disempowered that marked the era. As a consequence, bioethics was informed by the profound influence of individualism in American social life. As it targeted the practice of medicine and the conduct of research, bioethics gave pride of place to the concept of autonomy. Paternalism in all its guises was the subject of withering criticism.
A Case Study The Difference between Being a Patient and Being a Research Subject
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

Like the man who invented the better mousetrap, Dr. James Rowsey, a nationally renowned physician and chairman of the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of South Florida, thought he had a good idea. He had come up with a better way to perform a corneal transplant. By using a high-tech method that changed the shape of the corneal tissue that is sewn into a person’s eye—adding “flaps” to that tissue—his transplant procedure could result in quicker and more effective healing. Rowsey predicted that the device required to perform his procedure might, if successful, generate sales of more than $112 million within a fiveyear period.
What Informed Consent Requires
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P
Published: November 2023

In part I of this book, we showed that the current rules for human subjects research allow researchers to conduct studies that in many instances may not be in the best interests of a self-interested subject. Researchers are given relatively wide leeway, under the law, to do things to a subject that a doctor would not be permitted to do to a patient. Moreover, many of the studies that someone might think are generally good choices for a subject with a diffcult-to-treat medical problem—clinical trials involving cutting-edge treatment—may in fact be rather bad choices.
The Interaction of Emotion and Cognition: The Relation Between the Human Amygdala and Cognitive Awareness
Authors: Phelps Elizabeth A
Published: November 2023

Over the last few decades, psychological theories on the relation between cognition and emotion have been shaped by evidence from neuroscience techniques. In particular, the debate of whether or not emotion occurs in the absence of cognitive awareness has been influenced by studies of a subcortical brain structure, the amygdala, that is more or less specialized for emotional processing (Aggleton, 1992). In nonhuman animals, the amygdala has been shown to elicit learned emotional responses in the absence of cortical inputs (Romanski & LeDoux, 1992), which strongly suggests that cognitive awareness may not be a mediating factor. Although several psychological studies have provided evidence that emotion may operate independently of cognitive awareness (e.g., Zajonc, 1980), the convergence of support from neuroscience has added another layer to the debate about the relation between cognitive awareness and emotion.
The Power of the Subliminal: On Subliminal Persuasion and Other Potential Applications
Authors: Dijksterhuis Ap , Aarts Henk , Smith Pamela K
Published: November 2023

In the past century, a few hundred articles have been published about subliminal perception and applications such as subliminal persuasion (see Dixon, 1971, 1981). This number suggests a mature field of research, in which, as in any mature field, researchers agree on a number of well-documented findings and argue over more recent contributions. However, in the field of subliminal perception and persuasion, scientists agree that the field is controversial and argue over everything else. Despite numerous findings demonstrating effects of subliminal perception, some people still maintain that the phenomenon itself does not even exist. Holender (1986), for instance, drew the conclusion that subliminal perception had never been reliably demonstrated, which led Dixon (who reviewed the field twice in 1971 and 1981) to comment that the most interesting phenomenon to which Holender’s paper draws attention is the extraordinary antipathy some people still have towards the idea that we might be influenced by things of which we are unaware.
Nonconscious Control and Implicit Working Memory
Authors: Hassin Ran R
Published: November 2023

A question that is raised by almost every chapter in this book, in one guise or another, concerns the types of processes that can occur nonconsciously versus those that cannot. The evidence, regrettably, is mixed. On the one hand, there is no doubt that the unconscious can carry out some complex computations more efficiently than the most powerful computer available to date. For example, it transforms activation patterns on the retina into meaningful pictures of the world, and patterns of sound waves into meaningful sentences. Similarly, the unconscious earns our admiration because it coordinates our physical and mental processes in a seemingly effortless way, thus allowing us, for example, to drive, listen to NPR, bless the driver in the car in front of us, and talk to our mothers-in-law on the cell phone, all at the same time and at least somewhat successfully.
Theory of Mind: Conscious Attribution and Spontaneous Trait Inference
Authors: Lillard Angeline S , Skibbe Lori
Published: November 2023

Theory of mind refers to the tendency to construe people in terms of their mental states and traits (Premack & Woodruff, 1978). If we see someone grimace, we might infer that he or she is disappointed, and if we see a man running toward a bus, we probably infer that he is trying to catch it. The word theory is applied to such mentalistic inferences for two reasons. First, mental states are unobservable, so their existence is merely theoretical. Second, our body of knowledge about the mind resembles a theory in several ways (Wellman, 1990). One resemblance is that knowledge about minds is causal-explanatory in nature, as are scientific theories. We explain the man running toward the bus as wanting to be on the bus and thinking it is going to pull away soon. We predict that he will be relieved if he makes it and disappointed if he does not. We also can predict that certain actions might ensue if he does not reach the bus. He may try to notify others of his late arrival by telephone, he may try to hail a taxi, or he may consult a schedule regarding the next bus. What mediates these further actions are his mental states. He will want others to know his whereabouts, he thinks that calling will accomplish that, and so on. Hence we can describe our understanding of others’ mental states as a theory of mind.
The Westward Trek, 1846–69
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: November 2023

By the end of Joseph Smith’s life, the Mormons knew they would have to go west to find peace. They had in fact already been investigating California, Oregon, and Texas even before he was killed. When they left Nauvoo in 1846, they knew they were headed for the Rocky Mountains, though the exact destination remained uncertain. Brigham Young, who led them on this heroic migration, was poorly prepared to direct a massive movement of people. Trained as a carpenter, his only administrative experience had been as the head of the Twelve Apostles, yet he brilliantly engineered and carried out the westward trek. In the fall of 1845, when the Nauvoo Saints were anticipating their removal, Young conducted a census of the Saints to estimate their resources. He counted 3,285 families with 2,508 wagons and 1,892 more under construction. He organized this collection of people into administrative units of tens, fifties, and hundreds, each with its own captain to regulate affairs. Young called the group the Camp of Israel.
The Church Since 1945
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: November 2023

A typical Mormon family today is likely to be young and urban, with one more child than the people next door. The man may hold any sort of job, the woman may be slightly more likely to be at home than others in her neighborhood, although at 67 percent more Utah women are employed than the national average. About a third of the church’s members are single, never married, divorced, or widowed. Many will be older than the general population, as healthy Mormons live an average of ten years longer than other Americans.
Summer’s Solstice: Feasts of Fire, Water, and Feminine Affairs of the Heart
Authors: Aveni Anthony F
Published: November 2023

from Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, Panama, Ecuador—from all directions they came to reclaim their natural birthright, present their flags, and honor their ancient ancestors at the site of the sacred temples located on the outskirts of 12,000-foot-high La Paz, Bolivia, that they had dedicated to the Earth-Mother Goddess a thousand years before the Spaniards came to their shores.
Building New Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Waggoner Alan S , Ernst Lauren A , Ballou Byron
Published: November 2023

Fluorescent probe-based cellular imaging is a powerful, quantitative, widely accepted technology for cell biologists. Fluorescent probes and digital imaging—interdependent technologies—grew rapidly during the past two decades. Commercially available instrumentation and fluorescent probe reagents of many types are widely used by cell biologists to dissect the workings of living cells. The technology has matured, and the best descriptions of methods are often found in manufacturers’ literature (e.g., Molecular Probes, Inc., Clontech, and microscope and flow cytometry companies). The large number of specific probes and the wide choice of chemical properties and emission wavelengths mark a major increase in ourability to monitorbiological events, mostly gained during the past two decades.

During the past few years, GFP and its variants (CFP, YFP, DsRed, and other fluorescent proteins) have made a huge impact on the studies of intracellular processes in living cells (Griffin et al., 2000; Zhang et al., 2002; Lippincott-Schwartz and Patterson, 2003; Miyawaki et al., 2003). Research is now underway in a number of laboratories to extend the capabilities of fluorescent proteins, for example, as selective binding probes (Peelle et al., 2001), as intracellular biosensors (Violin et al., 2003; Yu et al, 2003; Dooley et al., 2004, Hanson et al., 2004), and as probes for movement of macromolecules by in situ activation of fluorescence (Patterson and Lippincott-Schwartz, 2002).
Biodiversity, Climate Change, and Emerging Infectious Diseases
Authors: Epstein Paul R
Published: November 2023

There are multiple biological symptoms of global change, including amphibian declines on six continents, a decline in pollinators, the proliferation of harmful algal blooms along coastlines worldwide, and emerging infectious diseases across a wide taxonomic spectrum. There are also multiple social, ecological, and global factors underlying these symptoms (Levins et al. 1994; Morse 1996).
Disease Monitoring for the Conservation of Terrestrial Animals
Authors: Munson Linda , Karesh William B
Published: November 2023

Terrestrial environments have undergone unprecedented change over the last century, and many environments no longer resemble the ecosystems within which indigenous animals have evolved. Host-pathogen relationships have been altered, traditional sources of food have been lost, novel pathogens and toxins have been introduced, and novel forms of stress are now present from changes in land-use patterns and associated human activities. Although human impacts have occurred in all ecosystems, their effects have been greatest on terrestrial animals that directly compete with mankind for habitat. The genetic composition of many terrestrial species has also been altered, directly or indirectly, through human actions that have reduced population size or restricted gene flow between populations. Together, these genetic and environmental changes have the potential to dramatically alter the ecology of diseases in terrestrial ecosystems and the overall health of wildlife populations.
Wildlife Health, Ecosystems, and Rural Livelihoods in Botswana
Authors: Kock Michael D , Mullins Gary R , Perkins Jeremy S
Published: November 2023

Botswana has a wealth of biogeographical habitats, ranging from swamps to sand dunes, allowing for great diversity in its native animal population. The economic importance of livestock, both to rural livelihoods and to foreign exchange earnings, has precipitated the implementation of strict veterinary disease control measures. Vaccination, movement control, test and slaughter, blanket slaughter, and aerial spraying are methods of animal disease control that have been utilized over the past 40 years.
Zoological Parks in Endangered Species Recovery and Conservation
Authors: Allchurch Anthony
Published: November 2023

The emergence of the scientific discipline of conservation medicine represents a timely response to increasing concerns about new or rediscovered diseases and their relationship to climate change, habitat degradation, and loss of biodiversity. Although primarily addressing issues affecting wildlife and human health, this new multidisciplinary science will have beneficial applications in the environment of captive animal management and may also profit from the wealth of experience in that domain.
Biodiversity in Biomedical Research
Authors: Rosenthal Joshua P , Preszler Trent
Published: November 2023

Medical research and conservation biology are operationally distinct fields, despite a great deal of overlap in their basic scientific paradigms and methods. At most universities the practitioners of these respective fields work in separate schools or departments. Furthermore, they focus on different organisms, read different journals, are funded by different organizations, and tend to conduct their research in very different environments. These differences have tended to separate researchers, their investigations. and their results in ways that are to the detriment of both.
Medicare “Reform”: Disentitlement through Privatization
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus
Published: November 2023

Medicare is our most robust and secure public health insurance entitlement program. It is a popular program, accepted and supported by politicians across the political spectrum, and it is generously funded. If Medicare were to falter, the future of American health-care entitlements would be grim indeed. The greatest threat to contemporary American health-care entitlements, therefore, is the movement advocating the privatization of Medicare. This movement threatens to privatize both the delivery of Medicare services (through voucher or premium support proposals) and the financing of Medicare (through proposals to create individual investment accounts). Either form of privatization would endanger Medicare as a universal social insurance program for the elderly and disabled.

Arguments for privatization are based on a particular story about the future of Medicare. Under this account, the Medicare program (like our other great social insurance program, Social Security), is moving inexorably toward disaster. This story begins with the uncontroversial assertion that the American population is aging. There are really three potential issues here. First, the baby-boom generation, that extraordinary bulge in the American population born in the years after World War II, will be reaching age 65 beginning in 2011, swelling the ranks of those receiving Medicare for the following half century.
The German Health-Care System: The Social Insurance Model of Health-Care Entitlements
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus
Published: November 2023

The German public health-care system is the world’s oldest public health-care financing system—and one of the most successful. Initiated by Otto von Bismarck in 1883, the German social health insurance system served as the model for public health insurance systems throughout the world through the middle of the twentieth century, and it continues to exemplify one of the primary approaches to public health-care financing. Although the German system is relatively expensive by international standards, it is less so than our own American system, and it makes available to Germans universal access to sohisticated and up-to-date health care with minimal rationing of services. It is useful to study, therefore, as a model for health-care entitlements.

In fact, the German system can assist our consideration of entitlements in four important respects.
Comparative Analysis of Battered Women in the Community With Battered Women in Prison for Killing Their Intimate Partners
Authors: Roberts Albert R
Published: November 2023

Prevalence estimates of the extent of domestic violence in the United States during the past decade indicate that between 2 million and 8 million women are beaten in their homes each year (Biden, 1993; Roberts, 1998; Roberts & Roberts, 1990; Sugg & Inui, 1992; Tjaden & Thoennes, 2000). The battering of an intimate partner is much more widespread and prevalent than society and the general public realizes. Woman battering, also known as domestic violence, is finally being recognized as one of the greatest social and public health problems of our times, and this recognition is increasing year by year as the number of injuries and the death toll continue to climb.
A
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

abraham and isaac: biblical characters, father and son. The son of Terah, Abraham was called Abram at the time. His two brothers, Nahor and Haran, were born in Ur of the Chaldeans when their father was seventy years old. Terah moved his entire family, including Abram and his childless wife Sarai, to the town of Haran in Canaan. When Abram was seventy-five years old, his god, Yahweh, instructed him to leave home and go to a new land, which Yahweh would show him.
D
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

DAHN, FELIX (1834–1912): German poet and novelist. Felix Dahn was born in Hamburg, his parents both actors. In order to work for the Bavarian Royal Theater, the family moved to Munich, where Felix had a private tutor and read voraciously in world history. His parents’ divorce in 1850 resulted in an increase of his solitary study habits and took away his desire to write more poetry.
U
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

ugly duckling, the: a fairy tale by Hans Christian *Andersen about a swan hatched among ducklings and mocked as an ungainly member of the brood until it becomes apparent that he is a swan. Scholars believe that the story of the Ugly Duckling is intended to mirror the life of Danish writer Søren *Kiekegaard, the father of existentialism. Kierkegaard, a short and extremely homely man—the ugly duckling—by his spiritual growth and philosophical writings was metamorphosed into a beautiful swan.
Z
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin
Published: November 2023

zangarini, carlo (1874–1943): Italian composer, librettist, and poet. Born in Bologna where he lived his entire life, Zangarini was celebrated for co-writing librettos for Puccini’s La Fanciulla del Oest, Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari’s I Gioielli della Madonna, and Riccardo Zandonai’s Conchita. His poems set by Ottorino Respighi include “Invito alla danza,” “Stornellatrice,” and “Scherzo.” Luigi Cherubini’s opera Médée was translated into Italian by Zangarini.
Inferring the Behavior of Households from Remotely Sensed Changes in Land Cover: Current Methods and Future Directions
Authors: Boucek Bruce , Moran Emilio F
Published: November 2023

For the past 15 years, thanks in great part to the availability of 30-meter resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) digital data, a number of researchers have been able to carry out studies of land use and land cover change, focusing on issues such as landscape ecology, deforestation, and desertification and more recently, exploring the connection between climate change and health. Most of these analyses have focused on meso-and macro-scales with spatial resolution that is either global, national, or macro-regional (e.g., Amazon Basin, Southeast Asia).
Spatial Analyses of Homicide with Areal Data
Authors: Messner Steven F , Anselin Luc
Published: November 2023

In a widely cited article, Land et al. (1990) noted an important development in sociological studies of crime over the previous two decades. There had been a remarkable upsurge in the volume of empirical studies seeking to explain why different areal units—e.g., cities, metropolitan areas, and states—have high or low homicide rates (Land et al. 1990, 922). Much of this research was inspired by theoretical debates surrounding a distinctively geographic issue: the historically high homicide rates in the South (Hawley and Messner 1989). However, with the exception of this focus on regional differences in overall levels of homicide, the early work on the social structural covariates of homicide rates was largely insensitive to spatial context.
Geographical Approaches for Reconstructing Past Human Behavior from Prehistoric Roadways
Authors: Kantner John
Published: November 2023

Archaeologists have always employed geographical techniques in efforts to reconstruct human behavior (Kantner 2003). In our investigations of the static and badly eroded cultural deposits from the past, a source of information that we rely upon to interpret the past is the spatial relationships between the material remains. Sometimes we look at spatial associations within an archaeological site; other times we examine the patterns of past human settlement across vast landscapes. Accordingly, archaeology has always looked to geography to provide us with new formal techniques for building sound spatial relationships and effectively interpreting them.
Spatial Perspectives in Public Health
Authors: Gatrell Anthony C , Rigby Janette E
Published: November 2023

There is now a wealth of compelling evidence to suggest that location and place shape our health, our exposure to environmental features that impact upon our health, and our access to those goods and services that either promote our health or treat episodes of disease or illness that we all encounter. Moreover, the research evidence to support these claims comes from a wide range of settings across the developed and the developing worlds and at a variety of spatial scales (Gatrell 2002).
Concealment and Exposure
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Thomas Nagel is widely recognized as one of the top American philosophers working today. Reflecting the diversity of his many philosophical preoccupations, this volume is a collection of his most recent critical essays and reviews. The first section, Public and Private, focuses on the notion of privacy in the context of social and political issues, such as the impeachment of President Clinton. The second section, Right and Wrong, discusses moral, political and legal theory, and includes pieces on John Rawls, G.A. Cohen, and T.M. Scanlon, among others. The final section, Mind and Reality, features discussions of Richard Rorty, Donald Davidson, and the Sokal hoax, and closes with a substantial new essay on the mind-body problem. Written with characteristic rigor, these pieces reveal the intellectual passion underlying the incisive analysis for which Nagel is known.
The Psychophysical Nexus
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

This essay will explore an approach to the mind-body problem that is distinct both from dualism and from the sort of conceptual reduction of the mental to the physical that proceeds via causal behaviorist or functionalist analysis of mental concepts. The essential element of the approach is that it takes the subjective phenomenological features of conscious experience to be perfectly real and not reducible to anything else-but nevertheless holds that their systematic relations to neurophysiology are not contingent but necessary.
Some Considerations about Intellectual Desire and Emotions
Authors: Stocker Michael
Published: November 2023

There is a theoretical argument for the existence and importance of intellectual desires and emotions that some theorists may find agreeable and others may find themselves committed to. It is found in or derives from action theory, as usually deployed in regard to physical/bodily action. The argument concerns the need for what is called desire. It goes very simply, perhaps invoking one of Mill’s methods. A person can have the very same beliefs in the case of both action and lack of action. Thus, the having of those beliefs cannot explain the action, the doing, nor of course can the beliefs explain the inaction. What is needed for the action and the explanation is something else—something that provides, we may say, the energy. This of course is desire.
Luisa Capetillo: Feminist of the Working Class
Authors: Hewitt Nancy A
Published: November 2023

Luisa Capetillo, a fiery labor organizer and feminist in early twentieth- century Puerto Rico, was a prolific writer who expressed her vision of lib- erated workers, emancipated women, and a free society through essays, books, and plays. Committed to living her ideals, Capetillo bore three children but refused to marry, embraced “natural” forms of healthcare, exchanged skirts for pants as she pursued a public career, and supported herself and her family on the proceeds of her labor.
Making Meaning From Emotional Experience in Early Narratives
Authors: Wolf Dennis Palmer
Published: November 2023

We depend on narrative. It is the raw material of family history and our own sense of evolving personal identity. Narrative is also the centerpiece of counseling and therapy as well as the core of depositions and testimony. Narratives break through the surface of conversation, as regularly as breathing. But why? Drawing on literary models, many writers suggest that when we narrate, we turn blind chronology into stories in which we articulate heroes, villains, problems, and possible resolutions. Further, since stories focus on goals and attempts, they articulate our chances for agency and for authorship (e.g., taking hold of how our lives unfold and are told) (Bruner, 1986, 1990; Shaefer, 1992). Other writers argue that, rather than first and foremost a personal expression, storytelling is how we connect our life to other lives. It is how we create a pool of common knowledge, how we make the internal flow of subjective experience into interpersonal negotiation or understanding. (Not only did my sister have her baby on Saturday, but, when I heard her voice, I felt some jealousy.) We borrow legends and images from our families and communities as storylines on which build personal histories. In addition, our cultural identities are defined by the larger historical narratives we borrow or reject (Passerini, 1992; Polanyi, 1989; Portelli, 1997).
The Revolution Unfolds
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

Sara Buell mounted a podium in the Green Room at the White House. A strong-willed prosecutor known for her “get tough” policies with domestic violence perpetrators in Quincy, Massachusetts, Buell is a Harvard Law School graduate and a dynamic public speaker. Along with a San Diego prosecutor, Casey Quinn, she pioneered evidence-based or “no drop” prosecution, the controversial practice of proceeding with charges against perpetrators irrespective of a victim’s wishes. Advocates disagree about the wisdom of this approach. But these differences were no more evident in the room than the gulf that normally separated champions of women’s rights from the conservative Republicans present. Buell introduced President Bill Clinton, who would publicly sign the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), Title IV of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. Moments before the president entered with Attorney General Janet Reno and Secretary of Health and Human Services Donna Shalala, a line of women’s advocates stolidly embraced Senator Orrin Hatch, the bane of reproductive rights, as well as liberal Senator Joseph Biden, a key architect of VAWA. The president needed this alliance to protect a crime bill that contained death penalty and sentencing provisions opposed by liberals along with a prevention agenda opposed by the Right. The makeup of the group also symbolized a growing propensity to define violence against women as a crime problem. But the main thought on our mind was the unprecedented national audience we had garnered. The president identified Buell as a survivor of abuse and former welfare mom as well as a justice pioneer and pronounced domestic violence “the most important criminal justice issue in the United States.
The Entrapment Enigma
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

In 1979, psychiatrist Alexandra Symonds, published an unusually candid article. When her profession dealt with families “where the main disturbance was violence against the wife or sweetheart,” she observed, they focused on how the women provoked their husbands, or how the women were getting satisfaction in some obscure way by being beaten. “The final proof of all this,” she wrote, “was invariably a learned statement such as ‘After all, why doesn’t she leave him?’” Symonds admitted that she, too, had been oblivious to the real situation of battered women earlier in her career. Although she had rejected the “myth of masochism” in favor of the woman-friendly ideas of Karen Horney and her school, she believed that the “dependent personality interacts with the aggressive, arrogant, vindictive personality in a mutually satisfying way.” This theoretical explanation had served her as “a convenient way to push aside an unpleasant and painful condition.” Symonds believed her defensive response to victims of violence was widely shared.
The Theory Of Coercive Control
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

A woman wears the same outfit every day, rarely goes out, and continually paces back and forth in a small space. Imagine how hard it would be to explain her behavior if you were unable to reveal that the woman is confined in a jail cell. The domestic violence field faces a similar predicament when it tries to account for how battered women behave without identifying their “cage.” The literature documents violent acts and the harms they cause in agonizing detail. But this work suffers the fallacy of misplaced concreteness: no matter how many punches or injuries or instances of depression are cataloged, the cage remains invisible as long as we omit the strategic intelligence that complements these acts with structural constraints and organizes them into the pattern of oppression that gives them political meaning. We see the effects of dominance, anger, depression, dependence, fear, substance use, multiple medical problems or suicide attempts, calls to the police or visits to the ER or shelter, but not domination itself. Given the abstraction of these effects from their context, it is unsurprising that more attention is paid to the personality and behavior of victims than to what perpetrators do.
When Battered Women Kill
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

Everyone in court was transfixed by the 911 tape, particularly Donna’s relatives. “I just killed my husband,” a voice reported to the emergency dispatcher. “I can’t take it anymore . . . with a gun . . . I’m dying. I have my little son here.” Twenty-two-year-old Donna Balis did not look up. Sitting in handcuffs and leg shackles, she cut a pitiable figure and was audibly sobbing. On that early February morning in 2000, the responding police officer found Donna in a nightgown on the front porch of her multifamily home in South Orange, New Jersey. She was “somewhat in a hysterical state and said she’d been involved in a beating,” Officer Munson reported. “She said she was tired of being beaten.” Donna was “cooperative” and showed him a .38-caliber revolver on top of the refrigerator. The gun contained five shell casings, but no live bullets. A medical examiner’s report identified a gunshot as the cause of her husband’s death. Gunpowder around the wound indicated that the weapon had been fired at close range. Donna was charged with the murder of her husband, Frank, and her bond was set at $250,000.
Natural Sciences at the End of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins
Published: November 2023

In 1982, near the end of his career and at the beginning of hers, Dr. D. P. “Don” Abbott stood knee-deep in the intertidal off China Point on the Monterey Peninsula and spoke with Gaby Nevitt about her future. She had taken his courses invertebrate zoology and special problems in marine biology while a student at Stanford University’s Hopkins Marine Station. Don told Gaby that he felt this was the most exciting time to be a scientist.
Polymath of the Baroque
Authors: Timms Colin
Published: November 2023

This is the first book to consider all aspects of the life of Agostino Steffani (1654-1728), a composer, diplomat, and bishop. A remarkable figure of the late 17th and early 18th century Europe, Steffani began his career as a composer, musician, and courtier, but his accomplishments brought him high-level positions in the courts of Germany and the Catholic Church. Throughout his diplomatic and ecclesiatical career, Steffani continued to compose chamber music, vocal chamber music, operas, and sacred music--works which inspired Handel and other Baroque composers.