bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outsourcing the Object: Divine Illumination I
Authors: Adams Marilyn McCord
Published: February 2022

Chapters 5 and 6 deal with ideas about outsourcing the object, rather than the subject, of understanding or cognition. They begin in Chapter 5 with the Augustinian Platonist thought that in order to “have certain knowledge of creatable quiddities, … our minds must make contact with those objects where they exist immutably: in Divine exemplars.” Thus they deal with debates about ways in which our having concepts of created things does or does not depend on our first having concepts of which God is the object. Chapter 5 focuses on the writings of three of the most influential 13th-century theologians: Bonaventure, Matthew of Aquasparta, and Henry of Ghent.
The Withdrawal Agreement, Part One
Authors: Van Nuffel Pieter
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines Part One of the Withdrawal Agreement between the UK and the European Union. Part One contains, as its title indicates, provisions which are ‘common’ to the whole Withdrawal Agreement and thus of horizontal importance. Together with Part Six, on Institutional and Final Provisions, the Common Provisions set the framework for the whole Agreement. The provisions of Part One correspond to a very large extent to the original draft agreement presented by the European Commission, and were (save as regards Article 4) agreed immediately at negotiators’ level. These provisions define the territorial scope of the Agreement; specify that the legal effects produced by the provisions of the Agreement and the provisions of Union law made applicable by it shall be the same as those produced in the Union, and that the provisions of Union law made applicable shall be interpreted in accordance with methods and general principles of Union law; and exclude the UK from further access to networks, information systems, and databases at the end of the transition period, unless otherwise provided. In accordance with Article 185 of the Withdrawal Agreement, the Common Provisions are applicable from the entry into force of the Withdrawal Agreement, i.e. from 1 February 2020.
The Withdrawal Agreement, Part Six
Authors: Van Nuffel Pieter
Published: February 2022

This chapter describes Part Six of the Withdrawal Agreement, which contains the Institutional and Final Provisions. In order to ensure the UK’s orderly withdrawal from the EU, the Parties decided that, after the end of the transition period, in well described circumstances, Union law should continue to apply to legal situations created and procedures started while Union law was applicable; in particular, it was agreed that citizens who had exercised their right to take up residence in another Member State should continue to benefit from the protection offered by Union law. This led to the insertion in the Withdrawal Agreement of a number of safeguards, aimed, in essence, at ensuring that the rules of Union law referred to in the Withdrawal Agreement would be interpreted, applied, and enforced consistently in the Union and the UK. The chapter then studies Title I of Part Six, on Consistent Interpretation and Application, which is applicable from the end of the transition period. The provisions under Title I are not the only provisions aimed at ensuring consistency in the interpretation and application of the Agreement. In this respect, the continued role of the Court of Justice of the European Union should be highlighted.
Fiscal Development under Colonial and Sovereign Rule
Authors: Frankema Ewout , Waijenburg Marlous van
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores differences in the making of a ‘modern’ fiscal state under colonial and sovereign rule. Focusing on African and Asian colonies (1820–1970) and their respective European metropoles, it argues that while the introduction of ‘modern’ taxes was part of an imperial diffusion process of fiscal reforms, these new taxes were embedded in a distinctly colonial political, social and economic logic. In contrast to the imperial metropoles, where ‘modern’ taxes built on organically grown tax bases, fiscal ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’ co-existed in a dualistic system in the colonies. The comparison of fiscal development under colonial and sovereign rule helps to move beyond the Eurocentric bias in the historical tax literature and develop a more global theory of fiscal modernization.
Trajectories of Taxation in Uganda and Senegal
Authors: Schlichte Klaus
Published: February 2022

The chapter compares the historical pathways of taxation in Senegal and Uganda. It finds remarkable similarities despite differences in colonial history, contemporary politics, and geopolitical location. In both countries, the process of tax modernization went through three distinct stages. The first consisted of the mostly coercive integration of local populations into the global capitalist economy during early colonialism. The second stage was shaped by the spread of the developmental paradigm during late colonialism and early independence. The final stage is marked by the strong influence of international financial institutions. Domestic actors and interests played a subordinate role during all three stages. Yet they constrained the implementation of externally imposed tax policy choices in important ways. Highlighting the essential continuity of taxation under late colonialism and early independence, the chapter questions conventional periodization of African political history.
The Uniqueness of the RI
Authors: Meurig Thomas John
Published: February 2022

This chapter deals at length with the policies and practices exhibited by Sir George Porter when he was Director of the Royal Institution for a thirty year period. His astute Directorship, not only in selecting Discourse speakers and Christmas Lecturers, but also the pursuit of original research in his chosen field of photochemistry and photophysics are also outlined. My own contributions to both research and the popularisation of science at the RI is also discussed at some length. It includes reference to my work on heterogeneous catalysis. It also describes my interaction with other internation groups (in Novosibirsk), and with my colleague, Professor Richard Catlow. HRH The Duke of Kent’s tribute to my Directorship is also included.
On distinguishing formal syntactic constraints from other aspects of linguistic knowledge
Authors: Francis Elaine J.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 3 examines how syntactic effects on acceptability can be distinguished from effects of other aspects of linguistic knowledge, including semantics, pragmatics, and prosody. It is argued that in cases where the acceptability of purportedly ungrammatical sentences can be substantially improved by changing the discourse context or by changing syntactically irrelevant aspects of the sentence, syntactic constraints may not be needed. It is further shown that arguments in favor of a non-syntactic explanation can be strengthened with reference to attested examples and with data from different types of experimental tasks that specifically target semantic, pragmatic, or prosodic features. These points are supported with examples from outbound anaphora and factive islands in English, word order variation in Czech, and split intransitivity in German.
On the relationship between corpus frequency and acceptability
Authors: Francis Elaine J.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 5 starts by observing that linguists from different theoretical traditions tend to express different views on the relative importance of judgment data and corpus data for developing theories of grammatical knowledge. Similarly, although everyone recognizes frequency of use as a factor to which language users are sensitive, there is disagreement as to how it relates to acceptability. Proponents of usage-based and probabilistic theories have tended to emphasize the close correlations between frequency and acceptability, while proponents of traditional generative theories have tended to emphasize cases in which acceptability judgments differ among low-frequency or zero-frequency structures. This chapter discusses a few studies which have directly examined the relationship between corpus frequency and acceptability and considers their implications for these different theoretical approaches. Alongside more traditional corpus studies, machine learning studies are also considered.
Gradient acceptability, methodological diversity, and theoretical interpretation
Authors: Francis Elaine J.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 8 revisits the issues of form–meaning isomorphism and soft constraints, providing additional examples and arguments to support the positions taken in earlier chapters. The chapter then highlights three studies of split intransitivity in Spanish and English which used visual probe recognition tasks, cross-modal lexical priming tasks, and structural priming tasks to test a widely accepted syntactic distinction between unaccusative and unergative predicates. It is argued that while the results of these studies are open to different theoretical interpretations, the information gleaned from these and other alternative task types is potentially valuable for addressing syntactic questions. The chapter concludes with some brief remarks on big data, neurolinguistics, and the future of syntactic theory within an increasingly diverse methodological landscape.
The City and the Arts
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter assesses how New York attracted artists and inventors. On Saturday nights, culture-seeking citizens followed a well-worn path to the home of Anne Charlotte Lynch. Her soirees just off Washington Square, had transformed her into a leader of the city's literary and artistic life, attracting authors Washington Irving and Edgar Allan Poe. Other authors living and writing in the city included James Fenimore Cooper, Herman Melville and Walt Whitman. As New Yorkers vied to be cultural leaders on par with those in Europe, the city's more sophisticated and socially conscious citizens actively supported both new and older art forms. With the growth of theaters and concert halls, actors and musicians flocked to town. The Bowery Theatre, which was owned by Thomas Hamblin, was the center of the common man's entertainment world. For entertainment aside from that offered by the theatre, New Yorkers in the 1830s and 1840s could go to places like Barnum’s American Museum or the New York Zoological Institute, located on the Bowery, to see its menagerie of animals. However, while New York brimmed with cultural life, much of the city's entertainment was restricted to white audiences. Yet despite their treatment, music and dance were one of the few ways that African Americans could express themselves within a society where most lacked basic rights.
Quenching a City’s Thirst
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the search for safe water in Manhattan. After the arrival of the Dutch in the early 17th century, there had been attempts to find a reliable source of water for both household use and for fighting fires. New York also lacked a sewage system to take away its waste, and the dumping of filth in the island’s streams and ponds caused the quality of the island’s water to suffer. Diseases, such as Yellow Fever and cholera spread, taking the lives of both the rich and the poor. A proper water system was desperately needed, and this chapter looks at the creation of the Manhattan Company. The private firm started bringing water to homes in the late 18th century. The system, though, was limited,. As the city expanded northward, officials started contemplating public ways to obtain a larger and more reliable water supply. Spurred by disease and the devastation of the Great Fire of 1835, the city began work on the creation of the Croton Aqueduct to flow a reliable source from upstate New York.
The Power of the Fire Engines
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses how the arrival of Croton water in 1842 not only gave the city potable water, it supplied the firemen with a reliable source to fight the flames. It was hoped that an accessible water supply would make the city safer. Even so, blazes still flared up. Sadly, the Bowery Theatre caught fire for the fourth time in April 1845, two and a half years after the Croton celebration. And then three months later, the new aqueduct system received a serious test when a fire broke out at J.L. Vandoren's sperm-oil store on New Street. While what became known as the Great Fire of 1845 destroyed 345 buildings, wiped out firms like Philip Hone’s American Mutual Insurance company, and brought physical, personal, and financial damage to many, the Croton water supply proved its worth. At the same time, the chapter explores how the volunteer fire department had become a problem for the city. While the men had zealously committed themselves to their jobs, their fire houses had developed into entrenched and troubling centers of entitlement, and would give future Tammany boss William Tweed his springboard to power.
Firemen and Politics
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter examines politics in New York. Nationally, the early 19th century witnessed a series of major shifts in political control. All the jostling for power resonated in New York, where Tammany Hall developed into the most powerful political organization. But while it had become an important presence in the governing of the city, Tammany was far from monolithic. There was constant infighting, and the group struggled to keep its disparate factions in check. One obvious place of Tammany strength was the firehouse. That was where so many had their first taste of power and took their hesitant initial steps up the social and political rungs of society and politics. The chapter follows William Tweed's departure from the firehouse and into the world of New York politics with his election as an alderman in the early 1850s. It also considers the reign of the “Forty Thieves,” a nickname given to Tweed and many of the other Common Council members who abused their position in government to profit from their offices. While not everyone in Tweed's class of 1852 qualified as a grifter, the group ushered in the most corrupt council the city had ever seen.
Corporation Pudding and Death
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter looks at the growing problem of pollution on Manhattan Island. Since its founding, the city lacked proper sanitation. Garbage piles along the streets—which the public nicknamed “Corporation Pudding”—were supposed to be cleared up by the Department of Street Cleaning. However, the contractors rarely did their job. Because of the clutter, New York's streets proved hard to navigate. Adding to the nastiness was the mass of pigs, cattle and horses—which meant mounds of manure—along with all the rats scurrying around. Not surprisingly, sanitary conditions were thus the main cause of the diseases that permeated all levels of 19th-century New York society. With limited understanding of medicine or a sense of how to combat disease, Yellow Fever and cholera wreaked havoc on the city.
The Search for Freedom
Authors: Levy Daniel S.
Published: February 2022

This chapter assesses the work of the abolitionist movement in New York. Throughout this turbulent period, roughly between the Great Fire and the Civil War, African Americans in New York both embraced freedom and lived in constant fear that they would be captured and sent to plantations in the south. Yet by the mid-1850s, the nation lacked any clear consensus on what to do about slavery. Colonization—the sending of Blacks back to Africa—seemed to some like a desirable solution. However, African American leaders like Thomas Downing and Dr. James McCune Smith dubbed the colonization society “a gigantic fraud,” and roundly denounced as unconstitutional the appropriation of money to the organization. In the early 1830s abolitionist societies calling for an end to the institution of slavery flourished in New York and across parts of the country. Even so, despite increasing opposition to slavery, it continued to grow and abolitionists such as Arthur and Lewis Tappan endured regular attacks. For whatever their position on slavery, many Americans feared the mixing of the races, a belief which would have disastrous consequences. The July 1834 Anti-Abolitionists riots that rocked the city were the outward sign of the violent forces growing in society, forces that would only increase in intensity over the next quarter of a century.
Lovers in Essence
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

Romantic love is a defining phenomenon in human existence, and an object of heightened interest for literature, art, popular culture, and psychology. But what is romantic love and why is it typically experienced as so significant to our existence? Using central ideas from the philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard and engaging with contemporary discussions in the philosophy of love, this book explores the nature of romantic love and philosophically substantiates its meaningfulness to an individual’s life. It does so by developing a connection between love and selfhood, here explained in terms of one’s distinct individuality. To be a self, it is claimed, is to possess a “name,” that is, an individual essence. Further, the book argues, it is when we love that we regard people by their names; we respond to who they (truly) are. Accordingly, the idea anchoring the book is that love is a correspondence between essences: if Jane loves Edward, she responds to him being “who he is,” by virtue of her being “who she is.” The conception of being thus correspondent has important implications for the moral and spiritual value of romantic love. Relying on Kierkegaard’s analysis of the self, of faith, and of love—even if sometimes in a way that departs from Kierkegaard’s explicit position—the book explores these implications. By doing this, it construes romantic love as a desirable phenomenon, emotionally, morally, and spiritually.
Individual Essence
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

Developing the conception of individual essence, or selfhood, which is integral to the view of love that the project defends, the chapter builds on three ideas from Kierkegaard’s The Sickness unto Death and suggests that each person possesses the quality of selfhood. This quality amounts to a specific version, unique to each person, of personhood or God’s image; it is complex (in being the integration of many other qualities) and is primarily possessed in a state of a potential. This potential is termed “the kernel of individuality.” The potential is “eternal”: it is invariant and independent of contingent circumstances. Its actualization, however, takes place in “the world”—and hence is changeable and contingent—resulting in what is termed “individual persona.” The latter, then, is the actualized state of one’s individual essence, and it is this that we encounter when we experience a person as an individual, as a self.
Spiritual Romantic Love
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

This chapter substantiates romantic love as not only a moral phenomenon but also a spiritual one. Demonstrating how the healing from despair, which amounts to the highest relationship with God, is dependent upon loving correctly, and given (as was demonstrated in previous chapters) that romantic love can be correct and hence moral, it becomes clear that moral romantic love is a sufficient condition for spiritual existence. Further, the chapter explicates the correspondence between lovers in terms of helping each other to become the selves they are intended to be, and clarifies the specific nature of romantic love as involving erotic joy. Finally, it uses one of the most paradigmatic tales of romantic love—Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre—as a test case by which to tie all the threads presented throughout the book together. Reading this story, the thesis of romantic love as a meeting of essences is vividly portrayed.
The Industrial Turn
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: February 2022

This chapter aims to illustrate the soft-power appeal of Ang Lee’s cinema by tracing the industrial turns his career has taken at various stages. It will focus on Life of Pi because it is not merely a trans-Pacific co-production but a simultaneous turn toward Taiwan. The production of Life of Pi provides a case study of soft power efforts by Taiwanese local governments (in this case, Taichung) to promote their cities as filming locations in the hope of generating tourism. Bringing Lee’s career full circle to its originating point of Taiwan, Life of Pi demonstrates how Lee has transformed himself into a cultural broker between Hollywood and Taiwan as well as how cinema collaborates with other industries (in this case, city branding and location tourism) to spread Taiwan’s soft power domestically and globally. Moreover, the industrial turn occasioned by the making of Life of Pi was also a technological turn for Ang Lee as it was the first time he had engaged with 3D technology. While no Taiwanese landscape makes any appearance in the film, Life of Pi is testament to the ability of cinema and technology to create a make-believe world that eschews restrictive conceptions of authorship and (national) historiography whilst demonstrating the soft power of transnational storytelling—both Life of Pi’s and Lee’s life story—that can only be described as dream-like and utopian.
A Plea for Natural Philosophy
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

In ‘A plea for excuses’, Austin offers excuses as a suitable topic if one wishes to employ the method of ordinary language philosophy. Reversing the order, this essay proposes the natural-philosophical approach of the early moderns (e.g., Descartes, Locke, Berkeley, Reid, also Boyle and Newton) as a suitable method if one wishes to investigate the topic of the world and our place in it. It argues that this method, which recognizes no distinction between ‘science’ and ‘philosophy’, lives on in contemporary interdisciplinary inquiries in the foundations of the various sciences, and that, in contrast, some mainstream topics that we now call ‘philosophy’—in epistemology (e.g., analysis of ‘knowledge’) and metaphysics (e.g., color ontology)—are different, arising in the wake of Kant’s later introduction of a priori critical philosophizing. Special attention is given to the history of epistemology and the primary/secondary distinction.
Moore’s Hands
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

This essay suggests that the long, somewhat tedious run-up to the proof in Moore’s ‘A proof of an external world’ is designed to prepare the ground with common sense and experimentation (with after-images). Given that perspective, the proof, when it finally arrives, is necessarily trivial; the question is whether the skeptic can budge Moore from his home ground. Moore acknowledges that he can’t ‘prove’ his premises, because he can’t ‘prove’ he’s not dreaming, but nevertheless insists that he has conclusive evidence that he’s not dreaming and that asking for more is misguided. Precisely why it’s misguided is explicit in his lectures of 1933–1934, where Moore reasons ‘there are millions of stars’ is an established conclusion of astronomy: if the philosopher asserts it, he’s just repeating what the astronomers have already said; if he denies it, he’s contradicting the astronomers. Moore is more naturalistic than is often appreciated.
A Note on Truth and Reference
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

A naturalistic philosopher typically confronts the question of truth in her effort to explain the effectiveness of human language use. This often inspires a search for a roughly causal account of reference to anchor a Tarskian theory of truth, a search that faces a series of problem cases from the history of science. This essay suggests that the search itself is misguided, that what’s actually needed to explain the effectiveness of human language use is an account of what Wilson calls ‘directivities’ (guidelines for usage) and ‘supports’ (worldly circumstances, correlation with which make those directivities effective). While encouraging such an investigation of word-world connections, the Second Philosopher proposes a broadly deflationary position on truth and reference that explores the use of ‘true’ and ‘refers’ in the mold of Austin’s ordinary language proposal.
What’s Next: Why Reparations Require Climate Justice
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O.
Published: February 2022

This chapter, “What’s Next,” argues that in the constructive view, a politically serious reparations project must focus on climate justice. As climate-change impacts accelerate, it can be expected that the costs and burdens of climate change will disproportionately impact those who have been rendered most vulnerable given the accumulated weight of history. Our political and economic system distributes risk and vulnerability according to the patterns developed by the history of global racial empire: the people who will be most protected tend to be whites in the Global North, and those least protected tend to be Black and Indigenous peoples in the Global South. This fact of history threatens not only to present a future racial injustice, but also to effectively roll back gains made toward racial justice in recent decades. The chapter also discusses some policies and forms of organizing we can adopt to advance this project.
The Arc of the Moral Universe
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O.
Published: February 2022

“The Moral Arc of the Universe,” concludes the book by discussing a moral perspective that can be developed to help advance the fight for justice. The theoretical perspective of worldmaking and the concrete task of climate justice force Black and Indigenous people to contend with the immense scale of injustice and thus the immense scale of the struggle for justice. It may well be outside of any generation’s ability to win outright, but from the perspective of being ancestors to a better future, activists can prevent this realization from resulting in political paralysis. Many of the actions that forward-looking people do every day to seek justice have links with countless people who have come before and—if successful in preventing the worst climate outcomes—countless people who will follow. This final chapter proposes that the essential spiritual work to act from this knowledge and faith can be achieved right now, and the world depends on it.
Menergy
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

Menergy tells the story of the “postdisco” recording industry in San Francisco between the years 1978 and 1984. For most of America, disco died in 1979. Gay men, however, continued to dance, and in the gay enclave of the Castro neighborhood of San Francisco, enterprising gay DJs, record producers, and musicians started their own small dance music record labels to make up for the lack of new, danceable music. These independent labels’ music did more than copy what the larger industry had been doing, however. Instead, the upstart companies built on the musical experiments that their roster of local musicians and producers had been exploring for several years, developing a distinctive style of their own. Known as “high energy,” the music reveled in electronics, fast tempos, disco and DJ culture, and, above all, gay liberation as it had emerged over the previous decade in the Castro neighborhood by so-called Castro clones (a gay subculture of exaggerated masculinity with a strong presence in the city’s nightlife). The sound, like the new revolutionary ethos, derived its aesthetic from San Francisco’s unique configuration of elements, but immediately this music had a reach far beyond the Bay Area, with Megatone Records, Moby Dick Records, and other labels achieving worldwide success with San Francisco artists such as Sylvester, Patrick Cowley, Paul Parker, Lisa, Loverde, and Jolo, creating the world’s first gay-owned, gay-produced music for a dancing audience.
Everything Falls Apart
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

While San Francisco’s clubs, parties, and records continued to be enormously successful in 1983, HIV’s long incubation period over the next few years meant illness spread gradually but overwhelmingly throughout the community. But as the year began, optimism was running high. Music by artists like Sylvester, Lisa, BearEssense, and Modern Rocketry was pouring out of clubs that to the residents of the Castro still represented the infinite possibilities of gay liberation in the 1980s. By 1984, however, it was clear that the party, if not ending, was changing in radical ways. The mass deaths of so many participants inevitably led to fundamental changes in the priorities and desires of those left to pick up the pieces. The chapter describes the winding-down of the sound that came to define a city’s, and the world’s, gay club culture in the early 1980s.
Social Privilège and Musician-Masons
Authors: Geoffroy-Schwinden Rebecca Dowd
Published: February 2022

Drawing on the archives of Parisian masonic lodges, this chapter tracks the elevation of professional musicians’ social status during the last two decades of the Old Regime and demonstrates the varied ways in which musicians participated in lodge sociability even as chasms widened in the world of professional musical production. In some lodges musicians acted as servants while in others they earned prestige as virtuosos and fellow men of letters. Instrumental music became a popular form of entertainment in lodges, placing composers and performers at center stage. As masons, musicians gained opportunities to fraternize among one another and among other professionals outside of formal royal or religious organizations, an activity which granted them access to social aspects of privilèges. Lodges moreover exposed musicians to rhetoric about social utility. This chapter therefore provides evidence for a key facet of musicians’ professionalization before the Revolution—social acceptance among other professionals and peers.
Cultural Heritage: Music as Work of Art
Authors: Geoffroy-Schwinden Rebecca Dowd
Published: February 2022

As the Paris Conservatory established a standardized music curriculum, its director, Bernard Sarrette, began to collect musical “masterpieces” by “great masters” for display in the institution’s new library and museum. This mission was part of a wider project to rewrite French history and constitute its future through art. At the same time, the French began to confiscate cultural property including music scores and instruments at first from émigré households and then from enemy territories, especially during Napoleon’s Italian campaigns. New committees like the Monuments Commission and Temporary Arts Commission, tasked with managing this redistribution of property, drew music into a system of material evaluation developed for the visual and plastic arts, thus affiliating music on the one hand with literary texts and on the other with works of fine art. The chapter consequently argues that in the process of acquiring property for the new institution, the Conservatory established a future-oriented object-centered discourse around musical works and developed lasting epistemic practices of professional musicianship.
Why Should Academic Researchers Consider Commercialization?
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

Academic researchers’ interest and engagement in commercialization can amplify the impact of their work. Research carried out in laboratories, field locations, and clinics is inspired primarily by interest, with a secondary and often compelling motivation to improve the human condition. Yet researchers rarely move directly toward meeting a human need: they write academic papers and give talks to other specialists. This chapter shows how commercialization can broaden and deepen the impact of academic research. We also connect experience in commercialization to the shrinking academic job market: careers outside academia are increasingly attractive, and gaining experience with commercialization is a growing (and advantageous) path for many junior researchers.
PROFILE: Patrick Brown
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

In 2009, Pat Brown was a highly successful biochemist with a prestigious job at Stanford University and membership in the National Academy of Sciences. Beyond traditional career accomplishments such as grants and publications, Brown also co-founded the Public Library of Science (PLOS) and invented the DNA microarray, which is now a cornerstone of research and diagnostic labs....
PROFILE: Luis von Ahn
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

Luis von Ahn, a Guatemala native, has been affiliated with Carnegie Mellon University since 2003. He earned his MS and PhD degrees there in Computer Science and after a one-year postdoc joined the faculty. During his academic career, he received substantial funding from the National Science Foundation (including a career award), as well as a MacArthur “Genius” award. In addition, he has received recognition from both professional societies and the media....
PROFILE: Chelsea Magin
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

Chelsea Magin studied Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Florida. An undergraduate internship with the Kimberly-Clark Corporation Skin Care and Treatments team introduced her to the field of skin biologics and gave her an appreciation of the industrial culture that integrates IP development with research activities. She gained experience in filing an invention report and the subsequent steps taken to file for a patent; Magin was a named inventor on three Kimberly-Clark patent applications (one of which has an international issuance)....
Is This for You?
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

We wrap up in Chapter 9 with consideration of whether commercialization is right for you. Not every academic is able or willing to engage with technology transfer, although their students might. As in every other human endeavor, practice brings improvement: the second or third invention often is more successful than the first.
The Politics of Violence
Authors: Beckett Katherine
Published: February 2022

This chapter shows that the issue of violence poses political and cultural challenges that are a significant obstacle to criminal legal reform. These challenges are even more difficult to surmount than the opposition of vested interests that often work to block reform. Virtually all states have adopted at least some decarcerative reforms (often against the opposition of interest groups such as prison guard unions or prosecutor associations). However, most of the reforms that have been enacted pertain only to nonviolent crimes. The reluctance of lawmakers to end excessive sentences for more serious crimes reflects deeply rooted and widely shared images of people who have committed an act of violence at one point in their lives as monstrous and irredeemable others. The second section of this chapter critiques this myth of monstrosity, which is deeply rooted in racist tropes and stereotypes, and is in tension with a substantial body of social scientific evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: February 2022

White supremacy today draws on a broad set of ideas, identifying numerous supposed threats to the white race from Jews, Muslims, immigrants, Black men and women, and people of color in general. The movement’s borders are fuzzy, and it increasingly mixes with antigovernment extremists and other violent actors. White supremacists pursue many strategies for victory, but most have little chance of success, and many fall back on using leaderless resistance, despite its many limits. White supremacists use the technologies of their time and have proven particularly adept at exploiting social media. Because white supremacists seek to change the political and social system, it is vital to understand their political impact—and the responsibilities of politicians to combat them. White supremacists are vulnerable to monitoring and arrest, but it requires sufficient political will for this to occur.
Becoming Revolutionaries
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: February 2022

Abstract: The success of the civil rights movement and other social changes of the 1960s and 1970s put white supremacists on the defensive. White supremacist groups became smaller and less connected to mainstream society and, in so doing, more radical. New groups such as The Order often embraced terrorism and opposed the U.S. government, which they saw as controlled by Jews and other supposed enemies of white people. Although the groups at times competed fiercely with one another, their members at times cooperated: the movement as a whole became resilient even as individual groups rose and fell. As the Cold War came to an end, the anti-government militia movement also became stronger and its members conducted mass-casualty attacks such as the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. Over time, many of militia movement’s ideas permeated the white supremacist world and vice-versa. The U.S. government successfully cracked down on many groups and otherwise limited their power, although the ideas and movement as a whole remained robust.
Community Relationships
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

Orchestras are uniquely poised to engage with their community, and this chapter focuses on defining and encouraging meaningful community engagement. Following a definition and framework for community engagement, the chapter explores the orchestra as a community unto itself, which suggests that the musicians of the orchestra can play a critical role as community builders. Educational programming of various types is then outlined and explained, as are types of community engagement initiatives. The chapter concludes with a discussion about terminology—that is, “education,” “engagement,” and “outreach”—and also outlines a variety of mini case studies of success in community engagement and education initiatives.
Computation as Step-Satisfaction
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

The chapter deals with Robert Cummins’s account of computation. In this account, to compute is to execute a program, and program execution is reduced to step-satisfaction. The main claim of this chapter is that step-satisfaction is not a necessary feature of computation. The more general moral is that select architectural profiles, such as step-satisfaction, do not help to distinguish between computing and non-computing. Depending on how it is understood, step-satisfaction either excludes important cases of computing physical systems or is empty, applying to virtually every physical system. The argument rests on the analysis of two examples. One is a thermal device for averaging numbers. The other is an attractor neural network that solves the n-queens problem.
Speaking for Women as Republicans
Authors: Wineinger Catherine N.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 2 presents an analysis of Republican women’s House floor speeches to determine changes in rhetoric over time. The chapter focuses on the issues that members discussed when engaging in woman-invoked rhetoric, as well as the positions they took on those issues. Case studies of three policy areas—abortion, health, a foreign policy—reveal a shift toward woman-invoked rhetoric that is increasingly in line with official Republican Party policy positions and messaging strategies. Women in the 113th/114th Congresses were not simply speaking differently than women in the 103rd/104th Congresses; they were also speaking collectively as women. Readers are introduced to the concept of a partisan woman-invoked rhetoric.
Introducing Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

This chapter lays the groundwork for the theoretical and practical approaches described in the remainder of the book. It includes a “topographical” model for understanding the depth of teachers’ integration of technology into their teaching and outlines the major concerns that teachers often bring to this type of instruction. The chapter introduces technology-based music instruction (TBMI)—an approach to teaching in which technology is the major medium by which music concepts and skills are introduced, reinforced, and assessed, and in which students are directly engaged with technology rather than simply with the products of technology work that the teacher has prepared. It differentiates between technology-based music instruction (TBMI) and other types of music teaching, establishes the goals of TBMI, and the purposes of the book.
Theoretical Foundations
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

A theory of technology-based music instruction begins with a theory of music education. The critical role of theory in this new method of teaching is to help technology-based music instructors develop dispositions that make this type of teaching less forced, more natural than it might otherwise be. This chapter addresses educational theories that form the roots of technology-based music instruction (TBMI). Included are discussions of constructivism, Deweyan active learning, Piagetian stage theory, Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, and Mayer’s Multimedia Learning. This chapter includes an introduction to Kohler and Mishra’s theory of Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK), which is an important foundation of TBMI.
Lesson Design in Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay
Published: February 2022

This chapter provides detailed discussions of models that are useful in designing technology-based music lessons. Included are models about the balance of musical and technological content, and the ways in which teachers and students interact with technology in music classrooms. The chapter uses the musical roles identified by Reimer: composing, performing, improvising, listening, music theory, musicology, music teaching. Each of these roles is explained, and based on the structure provided by Reimer, the chapter provides an extensive set of lesson plans that demonstrate principles of technology-based music instruction. Analyses of each lesson plan helps to contextualize them and to explain their strengths and weaknesses.
Proto-State Media Systems
Authors: Winkler Carol , El Damanhoury Kareem
Published: February 2022

Chapter 2 begins by tracing the structural evolution of al-Qaeda and ISIS media. It explains how, early on, the two groups relied upon individual media sectors or media channels to convey their messaging to followers. Moving forward, it explains how each has its own mature media system, complete with complex, operational structures and substantial audience reach. It then analyzes the two groups’ media systems through the lens of Hallin and Mancini’s four standard rubrics for evaluating state-based, media systems: structure of the media market, political parallelism, journalistic roles, and role of the state. While acknowledging the ongoing relevance of certain subcomponents of this conventional framework in the proto-state context, the chapter concludes by showing how an exclusive reliance on such state-based approaches would fail to account fully for key variables operating in militant, proto-state media systems.
The Material World and Natural Religion in Hume’s Treatise
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

In the early-18th-century context there was an intimate connection between problems concerning the existence of the material world and problems of natural religion. Two issues are of particular importance for understanding Hume’s irreligious intentions in the Treatise. First, if we are unable to establish that we know that the material world exists, then all arguments for the existence of God that presuppose knowledge of the material world (i.e., its beauty, order, design, etc.) are placed in doubt. Second, if we are naturally disposed to believe in the existence of body, but this belief is false, then it seems to follow that God must be a deceiver—or does not exist. Hume’s arguments in 1.4.2, I maintain, are finely crafted to present both these (irreligious) challenges to the orthodox view.
Smith on Moral Sentiment and Moral Luck
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

Smith’s views on moral luck have attracted little attention in the relevant contemporary literature on this subject. More surprising, perhaps, the material in the secondary literature directly concerned with Smith’s moral philosophy is rather thin on this aspect of his thought. This essay’s particular concern is to provide an interpretation and critical assessment of Smith on moral luck. It begins with a description of the basic features of Smith’s position; then it criticizes two particularly important claims that are fundamental to his position; and it concludes with an examination of the significance of Smith’s discussion in relation to the contemporary debate.
Irreligion and the Impartial Spectator in Smith’s Moral System
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

A number of commentators on Smith’s philosophy have observed that the relationship between his moral theory and his theological beliefs is “exceedingly difficult to unravel.” The available evidence, as generally presented, suggests that although Smith was not entirely orthodox by contemporary standards, he has no obvious or significant irreligious commitments or orientation. Contrary to this view of things, this essay argues that behind the veneer of orthodoxy that covers Smith’s discussion in The Theory of the Moral Sentiments there are significant irreligious themes present in his work.
The Past-Imperfect Future
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi
Published: February 2022

Chapter 7 draws on the insights developed in earlier chapters to the explain the relationship between disasters and modern states in our time. It begins in the 1970s, shows how former occupiers pressured and persuaded Third-World peoples to model state formation after the welfarist states in western Europe and the United States. This approach normalized rapid industrialization, economic development, and technoscientific governance of Third-World peoples, environments, and capital, as key to preventing catastrophes and social collapse. However, as Chapter 7 reveals, the resulting “developmentalist-security” state has continuously aligned Third-World self-determination, progress, and self-governance with First-World anxieties of around economic, political, and environmental catastrophe. The book concludes by showing that climate change and the ongoing pandemic indicate that catastrophe conservation, once tested in European peripheries and colonies, remains central to First-World states’ assessments of their own future.
W. E. B. Du Bois, the Classics, and Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Withun David
Published: February 2022

The work and thought of W. E. B. Du Bois exhibited pervasive influences from classical literature, philosophy, mythology, and rhetoric throughout his life. While the classics exerted a strong influence on Du Bois, much of his work can also be seen as a response to a classical tradition that he saw as flawed because of its connection to contemporary racism. Chapter 1 discusses the prevalent position of classics in Du Bois’s education and the continued influence of those works on key ideas. Chapters 2 and 3 explore the influence of the philosophy of Plato and Cicero on such elements of Du Bois’s thought as his theory of aesthetics, beliefs about government and society, and philosophy of education. Chapters 4 and 5 then discuss Du Bois’s critique of the classical tradition alongside his growing interest in the histories and cultures of Asia and Africa, culminating in his later cosmopolitanism.