bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculation of Quick Test IQs for Children with Mental Ages Seventeen and above
Authors: Wirls Charles J. , Plotkin Rosalie R.
Published: September 2011

This study concerned the best method for calculating QT IQs for adolescents whose mental ages are 17.0 or above. Included in the study were 30 cleft palate children, 13 of whom had MAs of 17.0 or above and 17 with MAs below 17.0. A comparison of the relative accuracy of calculating the QT IQ using mental age norms and IQ norms was determined by comparing each method with the Wechsler IQs. The results indicate that QT IQs for children whose MAs are 17.0 or above must be interpreted with caution because the MA method overestimates the Wechsler IQ and the AN method underestimates the Wechsler IQ. The MA method is the more accurate of the two as indicated by (1) the nonsignificant differences between the QT, MA IQ and the WFS and WVS and (2) the higher QT-Wechsler correlation for the entire group using the MA method.
An Item Differentiation Analysis of Mmpis of Suicidal Neuropsychiatric Hospital Patients
Authors: Farberow Norman L. , Devries Alcon G.
Published: September 2011

An item analysis of the MMPIs of suicidal (commits, attempts, and threats) and non-suicidal (controls) neuropsychiatric hospital patients was carried out and then replicated. Significant differences appeared consistently only between the threat-suicide group and all other groups. An experimental form of a “threat suicide scale” made up of 52 items which differentiated between threat-suicides and non-suicides in both an original and a replication study was constructed from 15 items significant at the .01 level or better, an additional 24 items at the .05 level, and another 13 items at the .10 level. Application of the scale to a prediction sample indicated an increase in predictive efficiency over use of the base rate alone. The scale also provides possibilities for increased understanding of suicidal activity.
A Test of Drive Stimulus Theory Using Saline Stomach Loads
Authors: Beck Robert C. , Brooks Charles I.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that the depression of barpressing following hypertonic NaCl stomach loads is due to their producing unconditioned drive stimuli. It was predicted that rats given a response-depressing load repeatedly would show less depression on successive occasions as the novel drive stimuli became conditioned to the response. The results did not support this prediction.
Effects of Rock-N-Roll and Classical Music on the Learning of Nonsense Syllables
Authors: Carlson Judith A. , Hergenhahn B. R.
Published: September 2011

For 30 college students no significant differences in number of trials to criterion in learning nonsense syllables occurred for classical and rock-n-roll groups and a control. Increased output of energy may have compensated for the distracting effect of the music stimuli.
Contributing Factors to School Departures in Georgia
Authors: Williams Robert L. , Pickens Jerry W.
Published: September 2011

The major contributing factors to school dropouts among both Caucasians and Negroes were employment, lack of interest in school, and marriage. Though the mean IQs of the dropouts were comparable to the mean ability levels for their respective schools, the Caucasian Ss were more than a year retarded in grade placement and achievement.
The Self and the Ideal Self: Methodological Study of Pedophiles
Authors: Frisbie Louise V. , Vanasek Frank J. , Dingman Harvey F.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of the self and of the ideal self were obtained from 215 institutionalized child molesters and 143 child molesters who were living in the community. The discrepancy between the two ratings of the self is seen to be related to the descriptive terms used to depict the self Words that are clearly evaluative in nature did not lead to discrepancies in the two ratings. Words that were descriptive but nonevaluative gave rise to large differences between ratings of the ideal self and the real self. There were few apparent differences between the child molesters in the community and those in the institution.
The Psychological Problem Inventory
Authors: Mahrer Alvin R.
Published: September 2011

The Psychological Problem Inventory (PPI) is a clinical-research instrument designed to provide hospitalized male psychiatric patients with a simple, straightforward means of (a) defining the broad scope of their problems-behaviors-symptoms (b) from their own self-reported point of view (c) in concrete, behavioral terminology. The instrument is described in terms of its purposes, characteristics, derivation, sample items, and supplementary-complementary relationship with checklists and rating scales for the evaluation of symptomatic psychopathology.
Note on Time Spent Thinking about Sex
Authors: Cameron Paul
Published: September 2011

When asked to estimate the percentage of time they thought about sex per day, 238 Ss' responses suggested that, while the sexes are equally interested in sex, this interest declines with age.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Scores of Preschool Children
Authors: Milgram Norman A. , Ozer Mark N.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of preschool Negro children of poor parents were administered the PPVT, SB and other linguistic and perceptual-motor measures. Since the PPVT score was consistently lower than the SB, it was concluded that this test may be more susceptible to environmental impoverishment than the SB. Substandard performance on the PPVT was discussed in terms of (a) a cumulative deficiency in storage and/or retrieval of verbal terms and (b) an inefficiency in sustaining the correct mental set required in the multiple-choice format of the PPVT.
Panel Studies and Response Set
Authors: Katz Cecily N. , Katz F. M.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of changes in responses of students on Dogmatism and World-mindedness scales over an interval of 18 mo. supports the hypotheses that the students have developed a new response-set. This is indicated by the increased frequency of disagreement rather than agreement with items on these scales, i.e., there is a tendency to become more “disagreeable.” This increased tendency to disagree, after a sojourn at the University, appears to occur regardless of the content or direction of the items of the attitude scales.
Compatibility in Marriage
Authors: Ryder Robert G.
Published: September 2011

The concept of compatibility, as applied to marriage, is criticized for mixing evaluation with description, for referring to many heterogeneous phenomena, and for not corresponding to any major distinctions among kinds of couples. It is also suggested that use of compatibility as a concept tends to encourage a particular set of marriage ideals, notably including the idea that marriage is a task to be accomplished as coolly and scientifically as possible.
Objective Approximations of Idiodynamic Associative Sets
Authors: Moran Louis J.
Published: September 2011

The differential availability of Perceptual-referent (predication), Object-referent (functional), Concept-referent (synonym or superordinate), and Dimension-referent (contrast or coordinate) associates was determined for a pool of familiar words. From this pool, 28 stimulus words were drawn to construct a multiple-choice form, with one of the four alternate associates appropriate to each of the four sets. One of the four alternates was a “popular” (maximally compatible with one set), with 7 populars representing each set. This multiple-choice form successfully identified Ss with idiodynamic free-association sets. As in free word association, Ss were able to increase their commonality score when instructed to identify the popular associates among the four alternatives.
Factor Structure of the Dogmatism Scale
Authors: Vacchiano Ralph B. , Schiffman David C. , Strauss Paul S.
Published: September 2011

3 independent factor analyses of the items of Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale were conducted for 87 males, 88 females, and for the total group combined. The 9 significant factors for the total group accounted for 50% of the total variance and indicated that the scale cannot be reduced to one dimension. Factor formation of items tended to group around Rokeach's theoretical definition of items for the total group analysis only. Comparison of factor formations for males and females indicated that the scale was not measuring the same dimensions of dogmatism for the 2 sexes.
Effect of Order and Form in the Q-Sort
Authors: Quarter Jack , Kennedy D. R. , Laxer R. M.
Published: September 2011

Data from 476 high school Ss show that whether statements or adjectives are used in a Q-sort influences the magnitude of the correlation of self-sort and ideal-sort.
Changes in Dogmatism Scores of High and Low Dogmatics as a Function of Instructions
Authors: Wolfer John A.
Published: September 2011

In Exp. I, 184 undergraduates were retested on Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale 10 wk. after the first administration. Half of the Ss were retested under the usual instructions and half were told what the D Scale measures. The informative-instructions group did not decrease more in dogmatism scores than the regular-instructions group. High-D Ss decreased under both instructions and low-D Ss did not change. In Exp. II, 144 undergraduates were retested on the D Scale 10 wk. after the first administration. After being told what the scale measures, half of the Ss were to respond as a very closed-minded person would and half as a very open-minded person would. There was a reliable mean change in the direction of instruction for both groups. Low-D Ss scored more in the instructed direction than high-D Ss only under closed-minded instructions.
An Internal Consistency Estimate for Responses with Multiple Categories
Authors: Wofford J. C.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of Ferguson's formula extending the KR-20 formula for use with tests of more than two categories of response, a formula was derived to provide a simple and practical approach to estimating internal consistency. Preliminary try-out indicated a need for adjustment of the formula for those tests which do not obtain a rectangular distribution of responses among categories. The corrected formula was empirically shown to be effective in predicting the Ferguson formula values, while a formula developed by Webster for use with multiple categories of response was not effective.
Transition of Sex Differences in Cheating
Authors: Feldman Solomon E. , Feldman Martin T.
Published: September 2011

In order to assess the differential change in the incidence of cheating by males vs females during the high school years, a group of 81 7th graders and 73 12th graders were allowed to score their own (previously scored) tests. By comparison to the 7th graders, 12th grade males exhibited an increased incidence of cheating whereas the females showed no corresponding increase. Cheating rates of 12th graders were similar to those found in a previous study, employing college students.
Marathon Group Dynamics: I. Some Functions of the Professional Group Facilitator
Authors: Bach George R.
Published: September 2011

Because current public interest in Marathon Group participation is growing, there is an urgent need for providing legitimate psychologists, psychiatrists, sociologists, family and marriage counselors with training facilities where they can acquire the skills for conducting professional Marathon Groups. Some of the skills involved are outlined in this paper. The destructive effects of “Do it yourself” Marathons as evidenced in the problems encountered by “wild” Marathon Groups are described.
Operant Responding in the Planarian: A Replication Study
Authors: Crawford F. T. , Skeen L. C.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of planarians, a light-escape contingent group and their yoked control pairs, were tested over a 4-hr. period. The response of breaking a photobeam was automatically recorded for both groups. For Ss in the light-escape contingent group, breaking the photobeam resulted in the 60-sec. termination of an intense overhead illumination. The response rate of the light-escape contingent group was greater than that of their yoked pairs.
Relation of Depression and Verbal Interaction in Group Therapy
Authors: Holmes J. Steven
Published: September 2011

In order to test a hypothesized relationship between depression and two objective measures of verbal participation in group therapy, interaction recording was done for each session of two ongoing therapy groups over a 2-mo. period. Each patient, at the end of each group session, filled out the Depression Adjective Checklist. Correlations between checklist scores and objective interaction measures for individual patients and for groups over sessions were not significant. The negative findings were interpreted as evidence that within-session characteristics of a group and the therapist have more influence on interaction patterns than do moderate fluctuations in affect level.
Suppression of Rat Vocalizations to Shock by an Auditory CS
Authors: Badia Pietro , Lewis Paul , Suter Steve
Published: September 2011

Two studies are reported using rat vocalization to electric shock as the behavioral measure. Study 1 used a classical conditioning procedure with an auditory CS for one group while presenting only the UCS to a second group. The second study investigated the same phenomenon but used a within- instead of a between-groups design. In both studies, Ss given CS-UCS pairings vocalized significantly less to UCS than when the UCS was given alone. Both studies also produced gradual UCR curves but no detectable vocalizations to the CS occurred.
Husband-Wife Differences in Personality Traits as a Factor in Marital Happiness
Authors: Pickford John H. , Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

An analysis of the husband-wife differences in scores on the 10 traits of the Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey in relation to various levels of marital happiness-unhappiness showed unhappiness is generally a function of more extreme differences in husband-wife scores on all traits, but especially when in favor of the husband in G—General Activity, A—Ascendency, E—Emotional Stability, and O—Objectivity and when in favor of the wife in F—Friendliness and P—Personal Relations.
Analysis, Synthesis, and Solutions of the Doodlebug Problem by Groups and Individuals
Authors: Hoppe Ronald A.
Published: September 2011

The problem-solving behavior of groups was examined using the Lorge-Solomon pooling models. The Doodlebug problem was used to explore the analytic and synthesizing phases of problem solving by individuals, groups of 2, and groups of 3. Only the performance of groups of 3 differed from the performance of individuals. The Lorge-Solomon model B overpredicted the performance of both groups of 2 and groups of 3. The Lorge-Solomon model A overpredicted the analyzing, synthesizing, and solving performance of groups of 2 indicating interference but accurately predicted the analyzing and solving performance of groups of 3.
Marathon Group Dynamics: III. Disjunctive Contacts
Authors: Bach George R.
Published: September 2011

This is the third in a series of research studies on the group dynamics of Marathon interaction groups. It is a report of the kinds of contact 112 marathon group members found “least helpful” or disjunctive. Five parameters of disjunctive contact were identified as “least helpful” by the participants. These barriers to intimacy were labelled: Strangeness (21%), Alienation (27%), Narcissism (15%), Disjunctive Communication (11%), and Aggression-phobia (26%). Clinical descriptions of the nature of these disjunctive contacts and some statistical differences between subgroups were presented. The discussion focused on the two most “unconscious” ways of alienating Self from Others, Narcissism and Disjunctive Communication. Implications of the data on Strangeness, Alienation end Aggression-phobia were briefly mentioned.
Effect of DDT or Parathion on Audiogenic Seizures of Offspring from Ddt- or Parathion-Treated Mothers
Authors: Al-Hachim Ghazi M. , Fink Gregory B.
Published: September 2011

DDT, Parathion, or corn oil (control) was administered to gravid mice during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Incidence of audiogenic seizure was used to study the effect of the insecticides in the offspring. These compounds affected the maturation of the nervous system regardless of the stage of pregnancy during which they were administered. The high incidence of seizures in all of the groups of offspring had passed by 28 days of age. The insecticides did not influence the percentage of incidence after 20 days of age.
Note on Sex Differences in Response to Stress in Rats
Authors: Schell Robert E. , Elliott Rogers
Published: September 2011

Reanalysis of data from Ss of both sexes in response to mild (two behavioral tests) and severe (physiological measures) stress showed males to be more emotional to relatively mild stress but more resistant than females to more stressful experience as has been previously reported by Broadhurst and Sines, respectively.
Two Learning Models for Two-Choice Conditioning Experiments Involving Nonreinforced Trials
Authors: Millward Richard
Published: September 2011

Four groups of 24 Ss each were run for 480 trials to investigate the effects of nonreinforced trials in a two-choice contingent verbal conditioning experiment. Two hypotheses concerning the effects on response probability of nonreinforced trials were considered. The two hypotheses, (1) an identity hypothesis, which amounted to assuming no change in response probability on nonreinforced trials, and (2) a sharing hypothesis, which amounted to assuming a change estimated from the data, were expressed in a linear model and a two-state Markov model, respectively. With appropriate selection of reinforcement parameters, the two models yielded different predictions for asymptotic response probability. On the basis of observed asymptotic response proportions, the linear-identity model was found more acceptable. Further tests indicated that the linear-identity model predicted pre-asymptotic response proportions rather well but failed to account adequately for variability of the responses.
Children's Ability to Guess the Ages of Adults
Authors: Stevenson Harold W. , Miller Leon K. , Hale Gordon A.
Published: September 2011

Estimates of the ages of adults obtained from 243 boys and 232 girls of elementary and high school age and from 13 men and 42 women of college age showed a marked increase in accuracy at Grade 4 for boys and girls and another sharp increase for the adults.
Verification of Some Short-Cut Formulas for Determining Reliability
Authors: Shupe Donald R.
Published: September 2011

A comparison was made of the reliability estimates given by four methods: Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 and 21 (KR20, KR21), and new short-cut estimates of KR20 given by Saupe (1961) based on previous empirical studies by Lord (1959). The tests used for the comparisons consisted of achievement examinations (Cancer Knowledge Examination and classroom tests) and tests of the attitude or personality type purporting to measure anxiety, somatization, repression, unconventionality, social desirability, dogmatism, authoritarianism, and tendency toward variety. The results indicate that the new estimates, r20* and r20′ were better estimates of KR20 than was KR21. The estimate, r20′ is on the average very close to KR20 and can be considered an accurate short-cut alternative to this coefficient. Caution should be exercised, however, in the use of the new estimates for very easy or very difficult tests since for these tests they appear to underestimate KR20.
Patterns of Behavior of Hippocampal Lesioned Rats in an Exploratory Motivated Situation
Authors: Leaton R. N.
Published: September 2011

10 rats with bilateral dorsal hippocampal lesions and 16 control rats were pretrained in an unbaited T maze and then trained on a position habit reinforced by the opportunity for exploration. In comparison with the control Ss the hippocampal lesioned rats during pretraining perseverated more, made more maze-unit entries after some exposure, ran more slowly initially, and were less distracted by environmental change. During choice training the hippocampal lesioned rats perseverated more than control Ss and ran faster over days on forced trials. The results are consistent with a response inhibition interpretation of hippocampal function and emphasize the importance of pretraining and changes over time in interpreting the effects of hippocampal lesions.
An Improved One-Trial Passive Avoidance Learning Situation
Authors: Jarvik M. E. , Kopp R.
Published: September 2011

A one-trial passive avoidance sirnation for mice has been developed which eliminates some of the difficulties of previous procedures. The mouse is confined in a small, brightly lit chamber and is allowed to step into a large, dark chamber where he might be punished if the experimenter desires. Parallel plates instead of gcids are used. One-trial learning is quite efficient in this apparatus.
Development of Response Equivalence among Dissimilar Verbal Units
Authors: Manis Melvin , Dawes Robyn M.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that response generalization could be induced among unrelated nonsense syllables if, prior to the test for generalization, these responses had typically produced similar outcomes (in terms of reinforcement vs no reinforcement) from one stimulus situation to the next. In Exp. I, Ss first learned to associate two nonsense-syllable responses with a common set of four one-digit stimuli; a second pair of syllables was associated with a different set of one-digit stimuli. When this preliminary task had been mastered, Ss were presented with a second list in which the original stimuli (digits) and responses (nonsense syllables) were re-paired. An analysis of errors on this second (test) list indicated that the preliminary task served to increase confusions between responses that had initally been associated with the same stimuli (digits). Exp. II demonstrated that such confusions could be temporarily enhanced by increasing the number of stimuli initially associated with the response elements that were to achieve equivalence.
Retention of Verbal Paired-Associates by Schizophrenic Subjects
Authors: Gladis Michael
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that schizophrenic Ss retain verbal paired-associate items as well as normal Ss, using retention intervals of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results of the study did not support this hypothesis since the schizophrenic Ss recalled significantly fewer items than did a comparable group of normal Ss. The trend of the relearning data was similar. on the other hand, retention tended to decrease approximately at the same rate for both groups over the different retention intervals. While the recall data conflict with previous reported findings, they were interpreted as being consistent with the general notion that schizophrenic Ss exhibit a pervasive psychological deficit which manifests itself in their performance on most cognitive tasks.
Application of Operant Token Reinforcement to Academic Performance of an Institutionalized Delinquent
Authors: Tyler Vernon O.
Published: September 2011

Operant techniques were employed to strengthen the academic performance of Nick, a glib, manipulative, delinquently-identified, 16-yr.-old boy with an IQ of 108, committed for stealing four cars. Reports stated he felt “dumb” in school and resisted the educational process. Nick “rented” the use of his mattress at night and the right to wear his clothes instead of institutional clothes and purchased canteen items (cigarettes, candy, gum, etc.) with tokens. He earned tokens with daily and weekly school grades. Over 30 wk., average weekly grades improved slightly. Previous grade point averages were: .60, 1.00, .50, and 1.20; with reinforcement, averages rose to 3.00. Grading bias of teachers was in the opposite direction. Teachers reported Nick disliked school but still worked for tokens. It v/as concluded that token reinforcement improved academic performance, but better controlled studies are needed to develop and validate this approach.
Avoidance Learning and Retention as a Function of Type of Apparatus and CS Interval
Authors: McCarroll James E. , Korbel Susan F.
Published: September 2011

The avoidance behavior of rats was observed under the conditions of a jumping or a running apparatus paired with a 5- or a 10-sec. CS interval. It was determined that the latency of S's response late in acquisition was dependent on the duration of CS interval but independent of the type of apparatus. Trials to criterion of acquisition indicated that Ss in the running apparatus required more trials than those in the jumping apparatus. After 3 days, extinction trials to criterion indicated that more trials to criterion were required for Ss in the running apparatus and having the 10-sec. CS interval.
Birth Order and Personality: Some Unexpected Findings
Authors: Nowicki Stephen
Published: September 2011

From a group of 1400 patients who had been admitted to the neuropsychiatric wards cf a veteran's administration hospital over a 7-yr. period, four groups (only children, first born, middle born, and last born) of schizophrenics were randomly selected. Each patient had completed a valid Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), and the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI). A single-classification analysis of variance was computed for each of the 36 scales. Significant differences among the groups were found in 13 of the scales. The most striking finding was that the middle-born group was deviant on many of the scales. The reader is cautioned about interpreting the results of any specific scale.
Mediated Facilitation: Comparison of Two Methods and Two Paradigms
Authors: Horton David L. , Wiley Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to compare the anticipation and pairing-test methods of paired-associate presentation in a three-stage mediation design. In addition, a comparison was made of the mediation effects in chaining and response equivalence paradigms. The results indicated a mediation effect in all conditions, but there was essentially no difference between the chaining paradigm and the response equivalence paradigm. Comparisons of methods of presentation indicated that the pairing-test method was superior to the anticipation method on the two acquisition stages of the three-stage design. However, on the final or test stage the two methods of presentation did not differ.
Use of Telephone Calls to Increase Motivation for Treatment in Alcoholics
Authors: Koumans Alfred J. R. , Muller James J. , Miller Carole F.
Published: September 2011

When acutely intoxicated chronic alcoholics must be sent to another institution for drying-out before beginning outpatient treatment, a single phone call, during the interim, from the referring agency, significantly increases their likelihood of returning.
Chlorpromazine-Induced Suppression in Appetitive and Avoidance Responding as a Function of Shock Intensity
Authors: Nigro M. R.
Published: September 2011

This experiment investigated the role of shock intensity in determining the effects of chlorpromazine on appetitive and avoidance responses maintained concurrently in individual rats. Ss were trained and tested in a two-lever cage. Pressing one lever produced food according to a variable interval schedule of reinforcement; pressing the second lever at the onset of a warning signal avoided shock. After performance on this concurrent schedule had become stable, the effects of chlorpromazine in doses of 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg of body weight were observed at three intensities of shock: 0.5, 2.0, and 4.0 ma. The major results were as follows: (a) Chlorpromazine generated a dose-dependent decrease in both rate of appetitive responding and per cent avoidance responses. (b) Shock intensity did not significantly affect the rate of appetitive responses. (c) However, there was a significant Shock Intensity × Dosage interaction for avoidance responding. When compared to appetitive responding, chlorpromazine may effect a greater or lesser suppression in avoidance responding depending upon the intensity of shock maintaining the avoidance response.
Affective and Perceptual-Cognitive Patterns in Sensitivity Training Groups
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Zuckerman Marvin
Published: September 2011

To document the possible occurrence of developmental trends in sensitivity training groups, the affective and perceptual-cognitive patterns during a 1-wk. conference were studied. The conference was attended by 45 Ss who were divided into four training (T) groups. (The data from 43 Ss who completed all instruments were used in the analyses.) The recently developed Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL), which measures Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility, was administered just prior to the conference and at the end of each of the eight small group sessions; five nine-point scale questions were administered at the end of each of the eight small group sessions. Analyses of covariance revealed significant differences among groups for 4 of 8 variables. Analyses of variance indicated significant session differences on all 8 variables. Some similarity of group trends over sessions, therefore, is present. However, group by session interactions were significant for 6 of the 8 variables, which implies some degree of dissimilarity of the group trends over sessions. Thus the hypothesis of consistency of trends from one group to another is not supported. Inter-correlations among the 8 dependent measures suggest 2 primary clusters. The findings are discussed in terms of current theory and research. Suggestions for additional investigation are included.
Drive Shifting Prior to Extinction of Bar Pressing Reinforced by Different Sucrose Incentives
Authors: Beck Robert C.
Published: September 2011

Rats were trained to bar press for 1 of 2 different sucrose reinforcements under a particular deprivation condition, then were extinguished under the same or a different condition. Independent groups of Ss were trained thirsty and extinguished thirsty or satiated, were trained hungry and extinguished hungry or thirsty, were trained thirsty and extinguished hungry or thirsty. Differential reinforcement effects were found only for those Ss trained under food deprivation; Ss trained while water deprived showed no reinforcement differences in training or extinction. There did appear to be drive stimulus generalization effects.
Sex Differences in Abstract Ability of Volunteers and Nonvolunteers for Concept Learning Experiments
Authors: Wolfgang Aaron
Published: September 2011

The primary aim of this study was to assess sex differences in intelligence, particularly abstract thinking ability, of 280 volunteers and nonvolunteers for concept learning experiments. A volunteer was defined as one who actually participated in the experiment. The results showed that male volunteers had significantly higher abstract thinking scores than male nonvolunteers but all other comparisons were nonsignificant. The present results underscore the necessity for controlling for differences in abstract thinking and sex in volunteers for conceptual studies.
Validity of an Abbreviated WISC Scale for Retarded and Borderline Children
Authors: Cole Spurgeon N. , Williams Robert L. , Nix Alice P. , Litaker Robert G.
Published: September 2011

Four WISC subtests correlating most highly with IQ on the full scale were Information, Comprehension, Picture Assembly, and Vocabulary. Combined subtests yielded r of .929 when the full scale IQ served as criterion.
Encoding of Memory in the Neuron
Authors: Best Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The specific effect which brain extract from conditioned rats has on the behavior of naive rats into which the extract is injected, suggests that (a) there exists a set of genetically determined neurons whose interconnections are invariant from subject to subject, that (b) each of these neurons has associated with it a unique molecular identification code, and that (c) these molecular codes retain their identifying properties when replicated as messenger RNA and polypeptide. With these inferences as a starting point, an attempt is made to shed light on other phenomena, including embryological growth of neural structures, evolution of instinct, priming of neurons, cross-referencing within cell assemblies, individual and structural memory traces, and the ubiquitous “magical number.”
Effects of the Interpersonal Game upon Intra- and Interpersonal Concepts, Personality Characteristics, and Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Williams Brian R.
Published: September 2011

Playing The Interpersonal Game (IG) should result in (a) increased congruence between a player's self-concept and his self-ideal, between his ideal concept of the other player and the other player's self-ideal, and between his concept of the other player and the other player's self-concept, (b) lowered scores on the MMPI scales of Ai, D, Hy, Sc, Hs, and Pa, and an increased score on the MMPI Es scale, and (c) an improved relationship with the other player. Two groups were formed at random, an experimental group which played the IG consisting of 15 boy-girl pairs and a control group of 16 boy-girl pairs which did not play the game. Pre- and posttests, using a Self and Others Rating Scale, the MMPI, and an Interpersonal Relationship Rating Scale were administered to all Ss. Appropriate t tests comparing the mean change scores for the game group with the controls failed to confirm any of the hypotheses.
An Automatic Apparatus for Avoidance-Conditioning
Authors: Yeudall L. T. , Royce J. R. , De Leeuw Martin
Published: September 2011

We have described an automatic apparatus for avoidance conditioning. The advantages of the apparatus are as follows: (a) It is extremely easy to build. (b) The cost is low depending upon the type of timing units one uses. (c) The programming of the stimulus parameters is completely flexible. (d) The apparatus switches automatically from conditioning into extinction. (e) This apparatus has been in use for 4 years and has been proved to be very efficient in its programming reliability.
Some Difficulties with Difficulty: Note on Horst's “Matrix Factoring and Test Theory”
Authors: Corballis M. C.
Published: September 2011

As a solution to the problem of “difficulty factors” in item analysis, Horst has proposed a technique for removing a binary simplex (difficulty) component from an item score matrix before calculating the covariance matrix. This technique is shown to fail in its objectives. It is based upon the false premise that the effects of difficulty variations and of variations in factor content combine additively in an item score matrix. The status of difficulty variations in item analysis is discussed.
Utility of Some Rapid Estimations of Intelligence in a College Population
Authors: Feldman Solomon E.
Published: September 2011

To test the efficiency of some commonly used rapid estimations of intelligence with the restricted range of talent represented in the typical college research population, the WAIS and Quick Test were administered to 56 college undergraduates. Additionally, the Shaw and Doppelt short forms of the WAIS were computed, the latter achieving the highest predictive accuracy by correlating .79 with the WAIS Full Scale IQ. The Quick Test attained the highest correlation (.67) with the Vocabulary subtest of the WAIS.
Surprise as a Factor in Word Recognition
Authors: Allen L. R. , Garton R. F.
Published: September 2011

The superior recognition of the first unfamiliar item, relative to subsequent unfamiliar items, in a visually presented series of words was interpreted as supporting “surprise” as a factor in word recognition. An explanation attributing this effect to the relatively greater isolation of the first unfamiliar item was rejected when superior recognition occurred for such an item located in the second serial position which was followed by an equal proportion of familiar and unfamiliar items.
Perception of Emotion and Response to Teachers' Expectancy by Elementary School Children
Authors: Conn Lane K. , Edwards Carl N. , Rosenthal Robert , Crowne Douglas
Published: September 2011

Within each of 6 elementary school grades, a randomly selected 23% of the children were reported to their teachers as showing unusual potential for intellectual gains. All Ss were also administered a task designed to measure the accuracy of their perception of vocal communications of emotion by male and female speakers. After 4 mo. the “special” children scoring high in accuracy of perception of emotion as expressed by a female speaker showed significantly greater profit from the teachers' favorable expectations than did those low in accuracy. “Special” male Ss high in accuracy in perceiving emotion in a male showed significantly less profit from the expectancy after 4 mo. but significantly greater profit after being away from the teacher who received the expectancy for a 1-yr. period.
Partial Reinforcement and Response Reversal in Chicks
Authors: Dutch J.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of chicks were trained to run to one end of an apparatus which consisted of a single runway with a central start box and goal box at each end. Ss receiving partial reinforcement during acquisition learned to reverse this response more rapidly than Ss given continuous reinforcement.
Suggestion regarding Gemeinschaft, Inner Creation, and Role-Taking (Empathy): I. David Bakan on “Epistemological Loneliness”
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

The paper is the first of a series intended to relate Ferdinand Toennies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (and all comparable distinctions in social theory) to the difference between (1) intuitional and inferential role-taking (or empathy), (2) Erlebnis and Erfahrung experience, and (3) Rorschach movement and form responses. This one interprets David Bakan's phrase “epistemological loneliness” in terms of Toennies' distinction.
Experimenter-Subject Interaction in Verbal Conditioning: Review of the Literature
Authors: Kessel Paul , Barber K. J.
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews investigations of the E-S interaction variable in verbal conditioning. The research is viewed in terms of the constructs of interpersonal attraction and interpersonal influence and is categorized under the headings: (a) experiments in which Es with different physical and personality characteristics are used; (b) experiments in which S's attraction to E is manipulated by S's interaction with him (resultant interpersonal attraction); (c) experiments in which S's attraction to E is manipulated by matching Es with Ss on the basis of psychological test scores; (d) experiments in which S's attraction to E is manipulated by having a collaborator give S information about E (induced interpersonal attraction). Major findings are summarized and suggestions for future research mentioned.
Associative Effects vs Differentiation: Comment on Saltz and Wickey's Reply to Birnbaum
Authors: Greeno James G.
Published: September 2011

The addition of distinctive colors to verbal stimuli can facilitate learning. The question is whether this is due to color serving as an additional associative cue or because color aids in differentiation in some other way. Saltz and Wickey (1967) failed to find positive correlations between the order of difficulty of items in a list with colors as stimuli and other lists where the colors were combined with verbal components. An example is constructed to show that this finding is consistent with the Associative hypothesis.
Behavioral Contrast: Schedule of Reinforcement as a Possible Limiting Condition
Authors: Hitzing E. Wade , Schaeffer Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Using two albino rats as Ss, extinction was programmed under one component of a two-component multiple DRL schedule of reinforcement. There was an increase in response rate and subsequent loss in reinforcements in the constant component. Within 17 sessions, both the response rate and number of reinforcements earned returned to the pre-extinction baseline range in the constant component. The type of schedule used and the species used as Ss were discussed as possible limiting conditions in the maintenance of positive behavioral contrast.
Note on Analyzing Personality Relations in Married Couples
Authors: Cattell Raymond B. , Nesselroade John R.
Published: September 2011

Two basic issues need resolution in the analysis of personality relations in married couples: clarification of the form of evidence for the role of the completion principle in selection of partners and the identification of husband-wife cross-trait intercorrelations which vary across studies.
Two Behavioral Measures of the Squirrel Monkey's (Saimiri Sciureus) Taste for Four Concentrations of Five Sugars
Authors: Ganchrow Judith , Fisher G. L.
Published: September 2011

Licking and bar-pressing were recorded as squirrel monkeys responded to human “sweetness” equivalents of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3 and 1.0 sucrose, fructose, glucose, lactose, and maltose. Both measures showed that as concentration of each sugar increased, rates of responding increased accordingly. With reference to sweetness quality changes, the two measures were not equivalent. Mean licking rates appeared to be insensitive to the kind of sugar being tested, thus reflecting neither human sweetness estimations nor amount of electrophysiological activity in the chorda tympani in the squirrel monkey. Rates of bar pressing approximated the general pattern of peripheral neural responding with one discrepancy that remains to be explained.
Estimating Word-Association Frequencies
Authors: Dolinsky Richard
Published: September 2011

14 Ss were given the 6 strongest associates to stimulus words chosen from the Kent-Rosanoff list and asked to estimate the frequency with which each associate occurred. The results indicate a striking tendency for Ss to match the obtained norms throughout the portions of the hierarchy tested. Ability to match the correct rank of the response was best for primary and secondary associations.
Performance Expectancy as a Determinant of Actual Performance: Failure to Replicate
Authors: Kornreich L. Berell
Published: September 2011

This study replicared part of a study by Aronson and Carlsmith and added two groups under different instructions. Aronson and Carlsmith reported findings which demonstrated a relationship between expectancy and performance and which were consistent with predictions from dissonance theory. Their data supported the prediction that Ss would sabotage their own good performance in order to reduce cognitive dissonance. The present results for replicated and changed instructional groups were inconsistent with Aronson and Carlsmith's results. It was concluded that the design used to test the hypothesis is much too cumbersome.
Children's Lever-Pulling Behavior as a Function of Shifts in Delay of Reinforcement Interval: A Modified Replication
Authors: Rabinowitz F. Michael
Published: September 2011

A lever-pulling task was used to assess the effects of shifts in delay of reinforcement on children's behavior. Four groups of first grade children served as Ss. Each group experienced one of the four possible factorial combinations of pre-shift (0 vs 9 sec.) and post-shift (0 vs 9 sec.) delay. Results obtained over the pre-shift and transition trials constitute a nearly perfect replication of findings in an earlier experiment (Rieber, 1961b). However, the results obtained over the post-shift trials were inconsistent with those obtained in the earlier study. Possible reasons for the inconsistent findings were discussed, as was a frustration interpretation for shifts in the delay interval. The present post-shift results seem to indicate that Ss who experience delay of reinforcement respond more persistently than Ss who have experienced only immediate reinforcement.
Immediate Recall of “Good Impression Value” and “Bad Impression Value” Verbs: Preliminary Report
Authors: Walsh Anthony A.
Published: September 2011

18 words were selected from the list compiled by Dixon and Dixon (1964). It was hypothesized that 16 male and 20 female freshman Ss would verbalize fewer “bad” than “good” impression-value verbs when an equal number of each were available. Using the Grosser and Walsh (1966) method, each S individually viewed the stimuli presented on a screen. Immediate recall scores for female Ss did not support the hypothesis ( p > .90), but for males, there was a trend toward greater recall of “bad” words ( p = .10). Other trends similar to the Grosser and Walsh findings are discussed.
Note on Goldfried's Cross Validation of Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Items
Authors: Milburn Thomas W.
Published: September 2011

Goldfried reports a cross-validation of a scale of items (the Marlowe-Crowne) intended to measure need for social approval. It proved feasible to rescore the scales of 3 samples of Ss using the Goldfried version of the instrument. The resulting correlations do not indicate that the Goldfried subset of items adds to the effectiveness of the instrument. Implications of the mode and state of development of the scale's validity for its use in various research settings are mentioned.
Survey of College Students' Problems Identified by the Mooney Problem Check List
Authors: Hartman Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

Freshmen and sophomores (79 males, 62 females) at a commuter college in an industrial area were administered the Mooney Problem Check List. The Future ranked second highest in terms of serious problems for males but last for females. Social-Psychological Relations ranked third (tie) highest as a serious problem for females but only eighth highest for males. Males admitted to having not only more problems than females but also more serious problems. In addition, males indicated more of a willingness to talk over their problems with a trained person.
Affective Differential: Comparison of Emotion Profiles Gained from Clinical Judgment and Patient Self-Report
Authors: Sheppard Charles , Fiorentino Diane , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

Narcotic addicts comprising 2 diagnostic groups as defined by MMPI profile types (49′ sociopathic and 468′ paranoid) were selected to test the validity of emotion profiles gleaned from affective differential ratings, the affective differential methodology and the assumption that patients with different character structures have measurable differences in emotion profiles. Comparisons were made between the patient groups and between profiles gleaned from clinicians' ratings and the patients' self-reports. Emotion profile differences were demonstrated between paranoid and sociopathic patient groups. The clinicians' ratings tended to exaggerate the intensity of the emotions, making differences between profile types greater than those differences observed from patient self-reports. The results supported the hypothesis that persons with different character structures have different emotion profiles but not to the degree first reported by clinicians.
Age and Verbal Conditioning
Authors: Jawanda J. S.
Published: September 2011

Best conditioning with the Taffel procedure was observed for ages 21 to 25 and poorest at 56 to 60 yr., with moderate learning at ages 36 to 40. Sex was not significant.
Note on Recorded vs “Actual” Model Behavior and Observer Performance
Authors: Rickard Henry C. , Willard David L.
Published: September 2011

The effects of instructions that the model ( M) in the adjacent room was a taped voice as opposed to instructions that the unseen M was an “actual” person were explored. The finding that Ss respond at least as well to the former instructions suggests the parsimonious procedure of informing Ss that the M is, indeed, a recorded voice.