bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generalized q-Stirling Numbers and Their Interpolation Functions
Authors: Ozden Hacer , Cangul Ismail , Simsek Yilmaz
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we define the generating functions for the generalized q-Stirling numbers of the second kind. By applying Mellin transform to these functions, we construct interpolation functions of these numbers at negative integers. We also derive some identities and relations related to q-Bernoulli numbers and polynomials and q-Stirling numbers of the second kind.
Comments on: Chari, R.; Burke, T.A.; White, R.H.; Fox, M.A. Integrating Susceptibility into Environmental Policy: An Analysis of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for Lead. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 1077-1096
Authors: Murphy Deirdre , Patel Molini , Kirrane Ellen , Vinikoor-Imler Lisa
Published: February 2013

In their recent article [1], Chari et al. call attention to the important subject of setting National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to provide requisite protection for public health, including the health of sensitive groups, as specified under the Clean Air Act (73 FR 66965) [2]. The authors focus on consideration of susceptibility to inform policy choices, using lead (Pb)-related neurocognitive effects and children from low socioeconomic status (SES) families in the context of alternative Pb standard levels. Our comments focus on the authors’ analysis of the scientific evidence and not on policy. We agree with the authors that the health effects evidence for Pb indicates a role (or roles) for SES-related factors in influencing childhood Pb exposure and associated health effects. We disagree, however, with the authors’ interpretation of the literature on SES influence on the shape of the concentration-response (C-R) relationship between children’s blood Pb and IQ (e.g., steepness of the slope). We further address aspects of the scientific evidence that are important to the consideration of sensitive populations in the context of the Pb NAAQS, and how the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) considered this evidence in setting the Pb NAAQS in 2008.
Protein-Phospholipid Interactions in Nonclassical Protein Secretion: Problem and Methods of Study
Authors: Prudovsky Igor , Kumar Thallapuranam , Sterling Sarah , Neivandt David
Published: February 2013

Extracellular proteins devoid of signal peptides use nonclassical secretion mechanisms for their export. These mechanisms are independent of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Some nonclassically released proteins, particularly fibroblast growth factors (FGF) 1 and 2, are exported as a result of their direct translocation through the cell membrane. This process requires specific interactions of released proteins with membrane phospholipids. In this review written by a cell biologist, a structural biologist and two membrane engineers, we discuss the following subjects: (i) Phenomenon of nonclassical protein release and its biological significance; (ii) Composition of the FGF1 multiprotein release complex (MRC); (iii) The relationship between FGF1 export and acidic phospholipid externalization; (iv) Interactions of FGF1 MRC components with acidic phospholipids; (v) Methods to study the transmembrane translocation of proteins; (vi) Membrane models to study nonclassical protein release.
Development of a Compact Wireless Laplacian Electrode Module for Electromyograms and Its Human Interface Applications
Authors: Fukuoka Yutaka , Miyazawa Kenji , Mori Hiroki , Miyagi Manabi , Nishida Masafumi , Horiuchi Yasuo , Ichikawa Akira , Hoshino Hiroshi , Noshiro Makoto , Ueno Akinori
Published: February 2013

In this study, we developed a compact wireless Laplacian electrode module for electromyograms (EMGs). One of the advantages of the Laplacian electrode configuration is that EMGs obtained with it are expected to be sensitive to the firing of the muscle directly beneath the measurement site. The performance of the developed electrode module was investigated in two human interface applications: character-input interface and detection of finger movement during finger Braille typing. In the former application, the electrode module was combined with an EMG-mouse click converter circuit. In the latter, four electrode modules were used for detection of finger movements during finger Braille typing. Investigation on the character-input interface indicated that characters could be input stably by contraction of (a) the masseter, (b) trapezius, (c) anterior tibialis and (d) flexor carpi ulnaris muscles. This wide applicability is desirable when the interface is applied to persons with physical disabilities because the disability differs one to another. The investigation also demonstrated that the electrode module can work properly without any skin preparation. Finger movement detection experiments showed that each finger movement was more clearly detectable when comparing to EMGs recorded with conventional electrodes, suggesting that the Laplacian electrode module is more suitable for detecting the timing of finger movement during typing. This could be because the Laplacian configuration enables us to record EMGs just beneath the electrode. These results demonstrate the advantages of the Laplacian electrode module.
Les néonaticides devant la justice : le reflet d'une ambivalence face à ces crimes ?
Authors: Simmat-Durand Laurence , Vellut Natacha , Tursz Anne
Published: February 2013

Une catégorie de crimes contre les enfants semble particulièrement médiatisée, celle des décès des premières vingt-quatre heures, perpétrés en général par la mère et maintenant désignés sous le terme de néonaticides. L’étude approfondie de 34 dossiers judiciaires de néonaticides et de la presse concernant ce sujet permet d’esquisser des pistes sur le statut actuel de ce crime tout à fait particulier, bien qu’il ne soit plus pénalement spécifié. Le travail de la justice face à ces morts violentes est décrypté au travers du contenu des dossiers, procès-verbaux, expertises, actes de procédure. Les données recueillies, de nature quantitative et qualitative, permettent de comparer les types de procédure judiciaire, les auteurs mis en cause et les peines qui leur sont infligées. Comme dans les autres pays où une incrimination spécifique n’est pas prévue par le code pénal, les décisions varient considérablement, du classement sans suite, non-lieu ou acquittement, jusqu’à quinze années de réclusion criminelle. L’article analyse les éléments qui ont pu les influencer, parmi les autopsies, les expertises psychiatriques, les aveux de la mère, ou sa capacité à exprimer une culpabilité.
Parler de ceux qui vous ont adopté ? Expérience et réflexions sur la relation de familiarité en anthropologie de l'éducation
Authors: Clanché Pierre
Published: February 2013

Résumé À partir d’une expérience de huit séjours dans une famille d’instituteurs Kanak (Nouvelle-Calédonie) l’auteur pose la question des relations entre les liens de familiarité avec ceux que l’on observe et la pertinence des données recueillies. Il aborde en particulier la question du privé d’un point de vue anthropologique et éthique. Loin de constituer un obstacle, la familiarité lorsqu’elle devient amitié, permet une approche critique et distanciée des phénomènes observés.
Les parlements du peuple au Kenya : débat public et participation politique à Eldoret et Nairobi
Authors: Rasmussen Jacob , Omanga Duncan , Chemam Mélissa , Brisset-Foucault Florence
Published: February 2013

Résumé Malgré l’adoption d’une nouvelle constitution en 2010, les violences postélectorales qui ont suivi les élections générales contestées de 2007 entretiennent des débats incessants au Kenya sur un état de crise politique et une démocratie fragile. Comparant deux parlements de rue dans les villes d’Eldoret et de Nairobi dans le contexte de l’échec du processus électoral et de la réforme constitutionnelle, cet article traite des dynamiques de la participation politique par le bas. Les parlements de rue forment des arènes de débats où orateurs et participants s’engagent collectivement dans la formation intentionnelle d’un espace de discours. Inspiré par le travail de Karin Barber, cet article utilise ses notions d’« audiences » et de « publics » comme outils de compréhension du débat et de la participation politique dans ce contexte particulier.
Le chef et le tas d'ordures : la gestion des déchets comme arène politique et attribut du pouvoir au Cameroun
Authors: Guitard Émilie
Published: February 2013

Résumé À Garoua et Maroua, au nord du Cameroun, les détenteurs du pouvoir entretiennent depuis longtemps une relation ambivalente avec l’ordure. Les accumulations de déchets se révèlent alternativement emblèmes, sources ou manifestations de la capacité ou de l’incapacité des autorités politiques à gérer la ville et ses habitants. L’analyse diachronique des façons de percevoir et de gérer les déchets dans ce contexte offre une clé de lecture originale des enjeux et des affrontements politiques locaux. Elle nous éclaire également sur la nature même du pouvoir tel qu’il est pensé dans ces deux villes moyennes africaines.
Managing Differences: Care of the Person with Frontotemporal Degeneration
Authors: Hall Geri R. , Shapira Jill , Gallagher Maribeth , Denny Sharon S.
Published: February 2013

Caring for people with non-Alzheimer’s dementias is particularly challenging for families and care providers. This is especially true for those with frontotemporal degeneration (FTD) who exhibit profound changes in personality, behavior, language, and movement. Initial symptoms are often misdiagnosed as psychiatric disorders or early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, and typically do not respond to pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions designed for people with other dementias. Using individual examples, this article illustrates common features of two subtypes of FTD: behavioral variant FTD and non-fluent primary progressive aphasia.
Tubulointerstitial Nephritis and Uveitis Syndrome With Concomitant Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
Authors: Asproudis Ioannis , Zafeiropoulos Paraskevas , Katsanos Andreas , Skamantzoura Eleni , Sionti Irene
Published: February 2013

The authors report the association of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis in a 16-year-old boy. Oral prednisolone was administered and the renal function normalized and has remained stable for 2 years. However, two recurrences of uveitis occurred in the 2-year follow-up period.
Preventing Homelessness After Discharge from Psychiatric Wards: Perspectives of Consumers and Staff
Authors: Forchuk Cheryl , Godin Mike , Hoch Jeffrey S. , Kingston-MacClure Shani , Jeng Momodou (Mo) S. , Puddy Liz , Vann Rebecca , Jensen Elsabeth
Published: February 2013

After spending time in the hospital, psychiatric clients are often discharged to homeless shelters or the streets, which can place a burden on health care systems. This study examined the effects of an intervention in which psychiatric clients from acute (
n
= 219) and tertiary (
n
= 32) sites were provided with predischarge assistance in securing housing. A program evaluation design was used to examine the effectiveness of the intervention. Qualitative data were available through interviews, focus groups, and monthly meetings. The results highlight several benefits of the intervention and show that homelessness can be reduced by connecting housing support, income support, and psychiatric care.
Evaluation of Public Participation in Environmental Assessment Policies: The Case of Slovenia and Canada
Authors: Durnik Mitja
Published: February 2013

The present research addresses methodology of public participation and politics of community economic development in environmental assessment processes. We are interested specifically in how concepts of power and space jointly operate in creating opportunities for marginalized groups to enter into policy process. Furthermore, a strong research interest is given to the improvement of existing public participation methodologies in a sense of possible reintegration of expert and local knowledge systems. On the basis of the two case studies (Wuskwatim projects in Canada and the Soča river case in Slovenia) differences in creation of invited policy space and claimed/created counterparts are presented.
Assessment of Agricultural Land Fragmentation in Romania, A Case Study: Izvoarele Commune, Olt County
Authors: Vijulie Iuliana , Matei Elena , Manea Gabriela , Cocoş Octavian , Cuculici Roxana
Published: February 2013

Agricultural land fragmentation is a common phenomenon in developing countries in general and for Romanian agriculture in particular. The aim of this study was to analyze the degree of fragmentation of Romania’s agricultural land, which is considered a major obstacle in the development of a modern agriculture. The analysis undertaken has shown that the degree of land fragmentation is high in the study area; the most fragmented are the big farms, while the small ones are more compact. At the same time, due to the scattered distribution of plots and the long distances between holdings, many fields have been turned into fallow land and consequently productivity has dropped. Under the circumstances, half of the owners are against the proposed process of merging plots because they are afraid of losing their properties again, as occurred during the communist regime.
Simultaneous Tolerance Synthesis for Manufacturing and Quality using Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Rao Y. S. , Rao C. S. P. , Janardhana G. Ranga , Vundavilli Pandu R.
Published: February 2013

Tolerance plays a major role in the manufacturing industry, as it affects product design, manufacturing, and quality of the product. This paper considers product design, manufacturing, and quality simultaneously, and introduces a concurrent approach for tolerance allocation using evolutionary algorithms. A non-linear model that minimizes the combination of manufacturing cost and quality loss simultaneously, in a single objective function has been considered. In the proposed work, evolutionary algorithms (that is, Genetic Algorithms (GA), Differential Evolution (DE), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)) have been used to determine the optimal tolerances at the minimum manufacturing and quality loss cost. The application of the proposed methodology has been demonstrated on a simple mechanical assembly.
Appropriate Evolutionary Algorithm for Scheduling in FMS
Authors: Choudhury B. B. , Biswal B. B. , Mishra D. , Mahapatra R. N.
Published: February 2013

The diffusion of flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) has not only invigorated production systems, but has also given considerable impetus to relevant analytical fields like scheduling theory and adaptive controls. Depending on the demand of the job there can be variation in batch size. The change in the jobs depends upon the renewal rate. But this does not involve much change in the FMS setup. This paper obtains an optimal schedule of operations to minimize the total processing time in a modular FMS. The FMS setup considered here consists of four numbers of machines to accomplish the desired machining operations. The scheduling deals with optimizing the cost function in terms of machining time. The powers Evolutionary Algorithms, like genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA), can be beneficially utilized for optimization of scheduling FMS. The present work utilizes these powerful approaches and finds out their appropriateness for planning and scheduling of FMS producing variety of parts in batch mode.
Development and Evaluation of a Scenario for Simulation Learning of Care for Children with Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Neonatal Intensive Care Units.
Authors: Lee Myung Nam , Kim Hee Soon , Jung Hyun Chul , Kim Young Hee , Kang Kyung Ah
Published: February 2013

PURPOSE: This study was done to develop a scenario and evaluate student performance in simulation learning of care for children with respiratory distress syndrome in neonatal intensive care units.METHODS: To test the application effect, a one group pre-test design was applied. The scenario based on actual patients and textbook material was developed through several meetings of experts. The scenario was used with 17 groups of 55 senior nursing students who participated voluntarily.RESULTS: Contents were organized focusing on the nursing process for simulation learning. In the application of knowledge and skills, nursing students had high scores in the contents of observation of oxygen saturation, and care to relieve dyspnea. Participants' ability, especially in suction and oxygen supply in the evaluation of objective structured clinical examination was not adequate. There was a significant positive correlation between problem-solving ability and satisfaction in learning.CONCLUSION: The respiratory distress syndrome simulation scenario developed in this study was an effective tool to give students experience in problem solving and critical thinking ability under conditions similar to reality. The development of various scenarios for child nursing care is needed.
Predicting Factors of Developmental Delay in Infant and Early Children.
Authors: Ju Hyeon Ok , Park Yu Kyung , Kim Dong Won
Published: February 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with suspicious developmental delay in infants and early childhood.METHODS: Participants were 133 infants, aged from birth to 6 years old and their mothers, who were being seen at 16 Public health centers in B city. Korean Denver II was used to test infant development. chi2-test, Fisher's exact test and multiple logistic regression were used with SPSS 19.0 to analyze data.RESULTS: Of participant infants, 7.5% were below the 3rd percentile for the weight percentile, 8.4% is a weight curve that crosses more than 2 percentile lines on the growth charts after previous achievement, and 9.8% had suspicious developmental delay according to Korean Denver II. Further the predictive factors related to suspicious development delay in the children were decrease of weight percentile (Odds Ratio [OR]=6.69, Confidence Interval [CI])=1.22-36.45), low economic state (OR=6.26, CI=1.50-26.00), and developmental delay perceived by their mothers (OR=4.99, CI=1.24-20.06).CONCLUSION: It is necessary to build a government level system to follow management of development of infants and children from the time of birth. Especially, it is necessary to develop a program for children in low income families.
Comparison of Manual versus Automated Data Collection Method for an Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Study
Authors: Jordan T.R. , Welle T. , Byrne M.D.
Published: February 2013

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate and improve the use of automated data collection procedures for nursing research and quality assurance.

Methods: A descriptive, correlational study analyzed 44 orthopedic surgical patients who were part of an evidence-based practice (EBP) project examining post-operative oxygen therapy at a Midwestern hospital. The automation work attempted to replicate a manually-collected data set from the EBP project.

Results: Automation was successful in replicating data collection for study data elements that were available in the clinical data repository. The automation procedures identified 32 “false negative” patients who met the inclusion criteria described in the EBP project but were not selected during the manual data collection. Automating data collection for certain data elements, such as oxygen saturation, proved challenging because of workflow and practice variations and the reliance on disparate sources for data abstraction. Automation also revealed instances of human error including computational and transcription errors as well as incomplete selection of eligible patients.

Conclusion: Automated data collection for analysis of nursing-specific phenomenon is potentially superior to manual data collection methods. Creation of automated reports and analysis may require initial up-front investment with collaboration between clinicians, researchers and information technology specialists who can manage the ambiguities and challenges of research and quality assurance work in healthcare.

Citation: Byrne MD, Jordan TR, Welle T. Comparison of Manual versus Automated Data Collection Method for an Evidence-Based Nursing Practice Study. Appl Clin Inf 2013; 4: 61–74

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2012-09-RA-0037
The Out-of-Network Benefit: Problems and Policy Solutions
Authors: Kyanko Kelly A. , Busch Susan H.
Published: February 2013

Health insurance plans that include coverage for out-of-network providers are common and have the potential to reduce health care costs and even improve quality. Yet, consumers may be exposed to significant unexpected and unreasonable out-of-pocket costs due to lack of accurate information on network participation, nontransparent out-of-pocket costs, inadequate provider networks, involuntary use of out-of-network emergency care, and use of out-of-network providers at in-network hospitals. Although the Affordable Care Act and some states provide some consumer protections, these may not be adequate.
The Effect of the Massachusetts Reform on Health Care Utilization
Authors: Miller Sarah
Published: February 2013

The 2006 Massachusetts health care reform expanded insurance coverage in the state to near-universal levels. As the uninsured gained coverage, their out-of-pocket costs of medical care fell, inducing them to seek more care. This paper analyzes the effect of the reform on reported health care utilization and outcomes by both synthesizing the existing research on the Massachusetts health care reform and providing new evidence using the National Health Interview Survey. The results show evidence that the Massachusetts reform increased residents' use of health care services including primary and preventive care, reduced reliance on the hospital emergency room as a usual source of care, and improved self-reported health.
Decontamination and management of human remains following incidents of hazardous chemical release
Authors: Hauschild, MPH Veronique D. , Watson, PhD Annetta , Bock, JD Robert
Published: February 2013

Objective: To provide specific guidance and resources for systematic and orderly decontamination of human remains resulting from a chemical terrorist attack or accidental chemical release.Design: A detailed review and health-based decision criteria protocol is summarized. Protocol basis and logic are derived from analyses of compoundspecific toxicological data and chemical/physical characteristics.Setting: Guidance is suitable for civilian or military settings where human remains potentially contaminated with hazardous chemicals may be present, such as sites of transportation accidents, terrorist operations, or medical examiner processing points.Patients and participants: Guidance is developed from data-characterizing controlled experiments with laboratory animals, fabrics, and materiel.Main outcome measure(s): Logic and specific procedures for decontamination and management of remains, protection of mortuary affairs personnel, and decision criteria to determine when remains are sufficiently decontaminated are presented.Results: Established procedures as well as existing materiel and available equipment for decontamination and verification provide reasonable means to mitigate chemical hazards from chemically exposed remains. Unique scenarios such as those involving supralethal concentrations of certain liquid chemical warfare agents may prove difficult to decontaminate but can be resolved in a timely manner by application of the characterized systematic approaches. Decision criteria and protocols to “clear” decontaminated remains for transport and processing are also provided.Conclusions: Once appropriate decontamination and verification have been accomplished, normal procedures for management of remains and release can be followed.
Medical papyri show the effects of the Santorini eruption heavily influenced the development of ancient medicine
Authors: Trevisanato, PhD Siro I.
Published: February 2013

Exposure to ash from the catastrophic Santorini eruption radically changed Bronze Age medicine, triggering the development of new remedies, the wide dissemination of medical data, and the transfer of technologies. These developments were identified in medical papyri thanks to remedies for ailments linked to volcanic matter, an oddity in Egypt, a country without volcanoes. The anomaly was traced back to the Santorini eruption, which through volcanic ash, acidified bodies of waters, and acid rain affected the whole eastern Mediterranean without sparing Egypt. Using available technology, doctors developed new remedies for severe irritation to eyes from ash and for burns on the skin, or imported foreign remedies as exemplified by paragraph 28 of the London Medical Papyrus (L28), thus resorting to technology transfer even if so crude. Furthermore, medical manuals rather than being guarded by families of physicians were now used to disseminate remedies as widely as possible. Finally, besides providing historical data, the medical reaction to the Santorini eruption could still be of use today.The remedies could be integrated in manuals for emergency situations for population left without adequate medical infrastructure at a time of exposure to heavy volcanic fallout or acidified rain.
Games, simulations, and learning in emergency preparedness: A review of the literature
Authors: Olson, DNP, MPH, FAAOHN Debra K. , Hoeppner, EDD, MS, RN Mary M. , Scaletta, MA Kurtis , Peck, BA Megan , Newkirk, PhD, MPH Ryan
Published: February 2013

Between 2007 and 2011, a comprehensive review of the literature was conducted to identify the usefulness of educational games and simulations in developing and evaluating the competency of public health professionals to prepare for, respond to, and recover from emergencies. This article presents an overview of the literature related to the use of games and simulations in education and training, summarizes key findings, identifies key features of gaming simulation design for educational effectiveness, and suggests that use of these emerging teaching and learning strategies be considered in the development of a comprehensive approach for creating and evaluating competency.
Impact of coping styles on post-traumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among pregnant women exposed to Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Oni, MD, MS Olurinde , Harville, PhD Emily W. , Xiong, MD, DrPH Xu , Buekens, MD, PhD Pierre
Published: February 2013

Objective: Experiencing natural disasters such as hurricanes is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression.We examined the role played by perceived stress and coping styles in explaining and modifying this association among pregnant women exposed to Hurricane Katrina.Design: The study comprised 192 women (133 from New Orleans and 59 from Baton Rouge) who were pregnant during Hurricane Katrina or became pregnant immediately after the hurricane. Women were interviewed regarding their hurricane experience, perceived stress, and mental health outcomes. Coping styles was assessed using the Brief COPE, PTSD symptoms using the Post-Traumatic Checklist, and depressive symptoms using the Edinburgh Depression Scale. Multivariable regression models were run to determine the effects of coping styles on mental health and the interactions among coping styles, hurricane experience, and perceived stress on mental health.Results: Apart from the positive reframing and humor coping styles, all coping styles correlated positively with PTSD or depression (p 0.05). The instrumental support, denial, venting, and behavioral disengagement coping styles were significantly associated with worsened PTSD symptoms among those who reported higher perceived stress (p 0.05). Use of a humor coping style seemed to reduce the effect of perceived stress on depressive symptoms (p = 0.02 for interaction) while use of instrumental support (p = 0.04) and behavioral disengagement (p 0.01) were both associated with more symptoms of depression among those who perceived more stress. There were no strong interactions between coping style and hurricane experience.Conclusion: Coping styles are potential moderators of the effects of stress on mental health of pregnant women.
A quick primer for setting up and maintaining surgical intensive care in an austere environment: Practical tips from volunteers in a mass disaster
Authors: Jawa, MD Randeep S. , Heir, DO Jagtar S. , Cancelada, MD David , Young, MD David H. , Mercer, MD David W.
Published: February 2013

The provision of critical care in any environment is resource intensive. However, the provision of critical care in an austere environment/mass disaster zone is particularly challenging.While providers are well trained for care in a modern intensive care unit, they may be underprepared for resource-poor environments where there are limited or unfamiliar equipment and fewer support personnel. Based primarily on our experiences at a field hospital in Haiti, we created a short guide to critical care in a mass disaster in an austere environment. This guide will be useful to the team of physicians, nurses, respiratory care, logistics, and other support personnel who volunteer in future critical care relief efforts in limited resource settings.
Participatory public health systems research: Value of community involvement in a study series in mental health emergency preparedness
Authors: McCabe, PhD O. Lee , Marum, MHA Felicity , Semon, MSEd Natalie , Mosley, MSW, LCSW-C Adrian , Gwon, MS Howard , Perry, RN, BSN Charlene , Moore, MEd Suzanne Straub , Links, PhD Jonathan M.
Published: February 2013

Background: Concerns have arisen over recent years about the absence of empirically derived evidence on which to base policy and practice in the public health system, in general, and to meet the challenge of public health emergency preparedness, in particular. Related issues include the challenge of disaster-caused, behavioral health surge, and the frequent exclusion of populations from studies that the research is meant to aid.Objective: To characterize the contributions of nonacademic collaborators to a series of projects validating a set of interventions to enhance capacity and competency of public mental health preparedness planning and response.Methods: Setting(s): Urban, suburban, and rural communities of the state of Maryland and rural communities of the state of Iowa. Participants: Study partners and participants (both of this project and the studies examined) were representatives of academic health centers (AHCs), local health departments (LHDs), and faith-based organizations (FBOs) and their communities. Procedures: A multiple-project, case study analysis was conducted, that is, four research projects implemented by the authors from 2005 through 2011 to determine the types and impact of contributions made by nonacademic collaborators to those projects. The analysis involved reviewing research records, conceptualizing contributions (and providing examples) for government, faith, and (nonacademic) institutional collaborators.Results: Ten areas were identified where partners made valuable contributions to the study series; these “value-areas” were as follows: 1) leadership and management of the projects; 2) formulation and refinement of research topics, aims, etc; 3) recruitment and retention of participants; 4) design and enhancement of interventions; 5) delivery of interventions; 6) collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; 7) dissemination of findings; 8) ensuring sustainability of faith/government preparedness planning relationships; 9) optimizing scalability and portability of the model; and 10) facilitating translational impact of study findings.Conclusions: Systems-based partnerships among academic, faith, and government entities offer an especially promising infrastructure for conducting participatory public health systems research in domestic emergency preparedness and response.
Determining water sources in the boundary layer from tall tower profiles of water vapor and surface water isotope ratios after a snowstorm in Colorado
Authors: Noone D. , Risi C. , Bailey A. , Berkelhammer M. , Brown D. P. , Buenning N. , Gregory S. , Nusbaumer J. , Schneider D. , Sykes J. , Vanderwende B. , Wong J. , Meillier Y. , Wolfe D.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. The D/H isotope ratio is used to attribute boundary layer humidity changes to the set of contributing fluxes for a case following a snowstorm in which a snow pack of about 10 cm vanished. Profiles of H2O and CO2 mixing ratio, D/H isotope ratio, and several thermodynamic properties were measured from the surface to 300 m every 15 min during four winter days near Boulder, Colorado. Coeval analysis of the D/H ratios and CO2 concentrations find these two variables to be complementary with the former being sensitive to daytime surface fluxes and the latter particularly indicative of nocturnal surface sources. Together they capture evidence for strong vertical mixing during the day, weaker mixing by turbulent bursts and low level jets within the nocturnal stable boundary layer during the night, and frost formation in the morning. The profiles are generally not well described with a gradient mixing line analysis because D/H ratios of the end members (i.e., surface fluxes and the free troposphere) evolve throughout the day which leads to large uncertainties in the estimate of the D/H ratio of surface water flux. A mass balance model is constructed for the snow pack, and constrained with observations to provide an optimal estimate of the partitioning of the surface water flux into contributions from sublimation, evaporation of melt water in the snow and evaporation from ponds. Results show that while vapor measurements are important in constraining surface fluxes, measurements of the source reservoirs (soil water, snow pack and standing liquid) offer stronger constraint on the surface water balance. Measurements of surface water are therefore essential in developing observational programs that seek to use isotopic data for flux attribution.
Antarctic ozone loss in 1979–2010: first sign of ozone recovery
Authors: Kuttippurath J. , Lefèvre F. , Pommereau J.-P. , Roscoe H. K. , Goutail F. , Pazmiño A. , Shanklin J. D.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. A long-term ozone loss time series is necessary to understand the evolution of ozone in Antarctica. Therefore, we construct the time series using ground-based, satellite and bias-corrected multi-sensor reanalysis (MSR) data sets for the period 1989–2010. The trends in ozone over 1979–2010 are also estimated to further elucidate its evolution in the wake of decreasing halogen levels in the stratosphere. Our analysis with ground-based observations shows that the average ozone loss in the Antarctic is about −33 to −50% (−90 to −155 DU (Dobson Unit)) in 1989–1992, and then stayed at around −48% (−160 DU). The ozone loss in the warmer winters (e.g. 2002 and 2004) is lower (−37 to −46%), and in the very cold winters (e.g. 2003 and 2006) it is higher (−52 to −55%). These loss estimates are in good agreement with those estimated from satellite observations, where the differences are less than ±3%. The ozone trends based on the equivalent effective Antarctic stratospheric chlorine (EEASC) and piecewise linear trend (PWLT) functions for the vortex averaged ground-based, Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer/Ozone Monitoring Instrument (TOMS/OMI), and MSR data averaged over September–November exhibit about −4.6 DU yr−1 over 1979–1999, corroborating the role of halogens in the ozone decrease during the period. The ozone trends computed for the 2000–2010 period are about +1 DU yr−1 for EEASC and +2.6 DU yr−1 for the PWLT functions. The larger positive PWLT trends for the 2000–2010 period indicate the influence of dynamics and other basis functions on the increase of ozone. The trends in both periods are significant at 95% confidence intervals for all analyses. Therefore, our study suggests that Antarctic ozone shows a significant positive trend toward its recovery, and hence, leaves a clear signature of the successful implementation of the Montreal Protocol.
Cloud-resolving simulations of mercury scavenging and deposition in thunderstorms
Authors: Nair U. S. , Wu Y. , Holmes C. D. , Ter Schure A. , Kallos G. , Walters J. T.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. This study examines dynamical and microphysical features of convective clouds that affect mercury (Hg) wet scavenging and concentrations in rainfall. Using idealized numerical model simulations in the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS), we diagnose vertical transport and scavenging of soluble Hg species in thunderstorms under typical environmental conditions found in the Northeast and Southeast United States (US). Three important environmental characteristics that impact thunderstorm morphology were studied: convective available potential energy (CAPE), vertical shear (0–6 km) of horizontal wind (SHEAR) and precipitable water (PW). We find that in a strong convective storm in the Southeast US that about 40% of mercury in the boundary layer (0–2 km) can be scavenged and deposited to the surface. Removal efficiencies are 35% or less in the free troposphere and decline with altitude. Nevertheless, if we assume that soluble Hg species are initially uniformly mixed vertically, then about 60% deposited mercury deposited by the thunderstorm originates in the free troposphere. For a given CAPE, storm morphology and Hg deposition respond to SHEAR and PW. Experiments show that the response of mercury concentration in rainfall to SHEAR depends on the amount of PW. For low PW, increasing SHEAR decreases mercury concentrations in high-rain amounts (>13 mm). However, at higher PW values, increasing SHEAR decreases mercury concentrations for all rainfall amounts. These experiments suggest that variations in environmental characteristics relevant to thunderstorm formation and evolution can also contribute to geographical difference in wet deposition of mercury. An ensemble of thunderstorm simulations was also conducted for different combinations of CAPE, SHEAR and PW values derived from radiosonde observations at five sites in the Northeast United States (US) and at three sites in the Southeast US. Using identical initial concentrations of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particle-bound mercury (HgP), from the GEOS-Chem model, the simulations predict higher mercury concentrations in rainfall from thunderstorms forming in the environmental conditions over the Southeast US compared to the Northeast US. Mercury concentrations in rainfall are also simulated for a typical stratiform rain event and found to be less than in thunderstorms forming in environments typical of the Southeast US. The stratiform cloud scavenges mercury from the lower ~4 km of the atmosphere, while thunderstorms scavenge up to ~10 km.
High abundances of water-soluble dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls in the mountain aerosols over the North China Plain during wheat burning season
Authors: Kawamura K. , Tachibana E. , Okuzawa K. , Aggarwal S. G. , Kanaya Y. , Wang Z. F.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Aerosol (TSP) samples were collected at the summit of Mount Tai (elevation: 1534 m a.s.l., 36.25° N; 117.10° E) located in the North China Plain using a high-volume air sampler and pre-combusted quartz filters. Sampling was conducted on day/night or 3 h basis in the period from 29 May to 28 June 2006 during the field burning of wheat straw residue and the post-burning season. The filter samples were analyzed for low molecular weight dicarboxylic acids, ketoacids and α-dicarbonyls using capillary gas chromatography (GC) and GC-MS employing water extraction and butyl ester derivatization. Dicarboxylic acids (C2–C11, 220–6070 ng m−3) were characterized by a predominance of oxalic (C2) acid (105–3920 ng m−3) followed by succinic (C4) or malonic (C3) acid. Unsaturated aliphatic diacids, including maleic (M), isomaleic (iM) and fumaric (F) acid, were also detected together with aromatic diacids (phthalic, iso-phthalic and tere-phthalic acids). ω-Oxocarboxylic acids (C2–C9, 24–610 ng m−3) were detected as the second most abundant compound class with the predominance of glyoxylic acid (11–360 ng m−3), followed by α-ketoacid (pyruvic acid, 3–140 ng m−3) and α-dicarbonyls (glyoxal, 1–230 ng m−3 and methylglyoxal, 2–120 ng m−3). We found that these levels (> 6000 ng m−3 for diacids) are several times higher than those reported in Chinese megacities at ground levels. The concentrations of diacids increased from late May to early June showing a maximum on 7 June and then significantly decreased during 8–11 June when the wind direction shifted from northeasterly to northerly. Similar temporal trends were found for ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls as well as total carbon (TC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). The temporal variations of water-soluble organics were interpreted by the direct emission from the field burning products of agricultural wastes (wheat straw) in the North China Plain and the subsequent photochemical oxidation of volatile and semi-volatile organic precursors emitted from field burning. This study demonstrates that the field burning of agricultural wastes in early summer strongly influenced the air quality of the free troposphere over the North China Plain.
CO2, CO and CH4 measurements from the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's Tall Tower Greenhouse Gas Observing Network: instrumentation, uncertainty analysis and recommendations for future high-accuracy greenhouse gas monitoring efforts
Authors: Andrews A. E. , Kofler J. D. , Trudeau M. E. , Williams J. C. , Neff D. H. , Masarie K. A. , Chao D. Y. , Kitzis D. R. , Novelli P. C. , Zhao C. L. , Dlugokencky E. J. , Lang P. M. , Crotwell M. J. , Fischer M. L. , Parker M. J. , Lee J. T. , Baumann D. D. , Desai A. R. , Stanier C. O. , de Wekker S. F. J. , Wolfe D. E. , Munger J. W. , Tans P. P.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. A robust in situ CO2 and CO analysis system has been developed and deployed at eight sites in the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory's (ESRL) Tall Tower Greenhouse Gas Observing Network. The network uses very tall (> 300 m) television and radio transmitter towers that provide a convenient platform for mid-boundary layer trace gas sampling. Each analyzer has three sample inlets for profile sampling, and a complete vertical profile is obtained every 15 min. The instrument suite at one site has been augmented with a cavity ring-down spectrometer for measuring CO2 and CH4. The long-term stability of the systems in the field is typically better than 0.1 ppm for CO2, 6 ppb for CO, and 0.5 ppb for CH4, as determined from repeated standard gas measurements. The instrumentation is fully automated and includes sensors for measuring a variety of status parameters, such as temperatures, pressures and flow rates that are inputs for automated alerts and quality control algorithms. These algorithms provide detailed and time-dependent uncertainty estimates for all of the gases and could be adapted to other species or analysis systems. The design emphasizes use of off the shelf parts and modularity to facilitate network operations and ease of maintenance. The systems report high-quality data with > 93% uptime. Recurrent problems and limitations of the current system are discussed along with general recommendations for high accuracy trace-gas monitoring. The network is a key component of the North American Carbon Program and a useful model for future research-grade operational greenhouse gas monitoring efforts.
Climate-related changes in peatland carbon accumulation during the last millennium
Authors: Charman D. J. , Beilman D. W. , Blaauw M. , Booth R. K. , Brewer S. , Chambers F. M. , Christen J. A. , Gallego-Sala A. , Harrison S. P. , Hughes P. D. M. , Jackson S. T. , Korhola A. , Mauquoy D. , Mitchell F. J. G. , Prentice I. C. , van der Linden M. , De Vleeschouwer F. , Yu Z. C. , Alm J. , Bauer I. E. , Corish Y. M. C. , Garneau M. , Hohl V. , Huang Y. , Karofeld E. , Le Roux G. , Loisel J. , Moschen R. , Nichols J. E. , Nieminen T. M. , MacDonald G. M. , Phadtare N. R. , Rausch N. , Sillasoo Ü. , Swindles G. T. , Tuittila E.-S. , Ukonmaanaho L. , Väliranta M. , van Bellen S. , van Geel B. , Vitt D. H. , Zhao Y.
Published: February 2013

Abstract. Peatlands are a major terrestrial carbon store and a persistent natural carbon sink during the Holocene, but there is considerable uncertainty over the fate of peatland carbon in a changing climate. It is generally assumed that higher temperatures will increase peat decay, causing a positive feedback to climate warming and contributing to the global positive carbon cycle feedback. Here we use a new extensive database of peat profiles across northern high latitudes to examine spatial and temporal patterns of carbon accumulation over the past millennium. Opposite to expectations, our results indicate a small negative carbon cycle feedback from past changes in the long-term accumulation rates of northern peatlands. Total carbon accumulated over the last 1000 yr is linearly related to contemporary growing season length and photosynthetically active radiation, suggesting that variability in net primary productivity is more important than decomposition in determining long-term carbon accumulation. Furthermore, northern peatland carbon sequestration rate declined over the climate transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) to the Little Ice Age (LIA), probably because of lower LIA temperatures combined with increased cloudiness suppressing net primary productivity. Other factors including changing moisture status, peatland distribution, fire, nitrogen deposition, permafrost thaw and methane emissions will also influence future peatland carbon cycle feedbacks, but our data suggest that the carbon sequestration rate could increase over many areas of northern peatlands in a warmer future.