bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocean arc to continental crust: zircon Hf-O isotopes and crustal evolution of West Junggar, NW China
Authors: Yin Jiyuan , Wang Tao , Huang He
Published: March 2024

Understanding the processes involved in the transformation of juvenile basaltic oceanic arc crust into mature continental crust remains a key challenge in Earth sciences. In this contribution, we present a comprehensive synthesis of in situ zircon U-Pb age and Hf-O isotope data for Paleozoic intrusions within the West Junggar oceanic arc, NW China. Our study reveals four distinct pulses of magmatic activity: Early Cambrian to Early Ordovician (515 to 486 Ma); Late Ordovician to Middle Devonian (445 to 392 Ma); Early Carboniferous (343 to 310 Ma) and Late Carboniferous to Middle Permian (309 to 259 Ma). These pulses have varied spatial and temporal distributions. All magmatic rocks display consistently high zircon Hf and whole-rock Nd isotope values, but substantial variations in zircon O isotopes. There are two groups of intrusions: those with high zircon δ18O (>6.5‰) and those with mantle-like zircon δ18O (ca. 5.5‰). The high zircon δ18O intrusions are predominantly concentrated in the southern West Junggar and their Hf and Nd isotopes indicate the involvement of supracrustal material and juvenile basaltic crust in their petrogenesis. Binary mixing calculations indicate a contribution from the supracrustal rocks ranging from 10% to 50%. The intrusions with mantle-like zircon δ18O are found primarily in northern West Junggar with a small amount occurring in southern West Junggar. The intrusions record a variety of magma sources and processes as demonstrated by Hf-O isotope and geochemical data. These data indicate partial melting of metasomatized depleted mantle, mixing of depleted mantle and juvenile crust, and partial melting of trapped juvenile oceanic crust or mafic lower crust. Hf model ages reveal significant crustal growth in the West Junggar, characterized by three distinct episodes of crust formation occurring at approximately 656-684 Ma, 524-536 Ma, and 441-471 Ma, involving periodic remelting of igneous material derived from a depleted mantle source. This newly-formed crust maintains a mantle-like oxygen isotope composition despite being repeatedly sampled by magmas for up to 0.26 Ga. Since the timing of crustal growth occurred independently of the major magmatic pulses, the latter reflect primarily reworking and remelting processes. Two significant episodes of magmatic activity, the late Silurian to early Devonian and the late Carboniferous to early Permian, preserve a signature of ocean ridge subduction. High-temperature magmatism during these periods promoted extensive melting of the mafic lower crust, oceanic crust, and supracrustal rocks, leading to the compositional transformation from basaltic to felsic continental crust. This comprehensive compilation provides valuable insights into granite petrogenesis, crustal evolution, and the diverse processes involved in the maturation of oceanic arc crust and its contribution to continental crust formation and evolution. 
Intensification and Poleward Shift of Compound Wind and Precipitation Extremes in a Warmer Climate
Authors: Li Delei , Zscheischler Jakob , Chen Yang , Yin Baoshu , Feng Jianlong , Freund Mandy , Qi Jifeng , Zhu Yuchao , Bevacqua Emanuele
Published: March 2024

Compound wind and precipitation extremes (CWPEs) can severely impact natural and socioeconomic systems. However, our understanding of CWPE future changes, drivers, and uncertainties under a warmer climate is limited. Here, analyzing the event both on oceans and landmasses via state-of-the-art climate model simulations, we reveal a poleward shift of CWPE occurrences by the late 21st century, with notable increases at latitudes exceeding 50° in both hemispheres and decreases in the subtropics around 25°. CWPE intensification occurs across approximately 90% of global landmasses, especially under a high-emission scenario. Most changes in CWPE frequency and intensity (about 70% and 80%, respectively) stem from changes in precipitation extremes. We further identify large uncertainties in CWPE changes, which can be understood at the regional level by considering climate model differences in trends of CWPE drivers. These results provide insights into understanding CWPE changes under a warmer climate, aiding robust regional adaptation strategy development.
Reversibility of historical and future climate change with a complex earth system model
Authors: Yang Shili
Published: March 2024

The reversibility of a wide range of components of the earth system was investigated by comparing forward and time-reversed historical and future simulations of a coupled earth system model known as the Beijing Normal University earth system model. Many characteristics of the climate system, including the surface temperature, ocean heat content (OHC), convective precipitation, total runof, ground evaporation, soil moisture, sea ice extent, and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, did not fully return to their initial values when the historical or future natural and anthropogenic forcing agents were reversed. The surface temperature and OHC declines lagged behind the decline in greenhouse gases (GHGs). Reverses in other variables occurred in direct response to the decline in GHGs. The sea level increased, even after all of the forces returned to the original values. Furthermore, most of the climate variables did not return to their original values because of thermal inertial. The end states of variables, other than those related to thermal storage, mainly depended on the original state of the natural and anthropogenic forces, and were unafected by the future growth rate of the GHGs. The climate policy implication of this study is that climate change cannot be completely reversed even if all the external forces are returned to their initial values
Viral lifestyles modulate prokaryotic community structure and function in thermokarst lakes
Authors: Song Yutong , Yang Yuanhe
Published: March 2024

Microbes determine the fate of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) released by rapidly thawing permafrost, with viruses that infect them mediating this process via lysis and metabolic reprogramming. However, little is known about whether and how viruses with different lifestyles modulate microbial community and ecological functions, particularly in thermokarst lakes where studies for viruses were pretty scarce. Here, we conducted metagenome deep sequencing on sediment samples obtained from 60 thermokarst lakes along a 1,100 km permafrost transect, and recovered 4,161 viral and 2,805 microbial genomes from above 3 Tb data, as well as predicted their interactions and functions. We found that viral lifestyles were coupled with microbial life-history strategies along nutrient gradients. Virus-host interactions were more specialized in temperate viruses dominant samples than those in virulent viruses prevailing samples. Further functional predictions revealed that virus-encoded auxiliary metabolic genes (AMGs) exhibited more diverse and higher abundance in virulent viruses dominant community than those in temperate viruses predominant community. What count was that viruses could reduce methane (CH4) emissions from thermokarst lakes via virus-encoded mmoB genes. Overall, these findings highlight the crucial impact of viral life-history strategies on microbial community and key ecosystem function in climate-sensitive thermokarst habitats.
A new geological environment for rodingite formation: Metasomatism in kimberlite volcanoes
Authors: Kopylova Maya
Published: March 2024

Rodingite is a calc-silicate rock containing garnet, diopside, and chlorite that develop via metasomatic replacement of ultramafic to felsic rocks. Rodingites are found in ophiolites subjected to low-grade metamorphism or hydrothermal serpentinization of the surrounding ultramafic rocks. Here we report a previously unrecognized volcanic environment for rodingite formation. Rodingites can result from skarn-like reactions between kimberlite and xenoliths of silicate country rocks.We studied hypabyssal and pyroclastic kimberlites from Renard and Gahcho Kue clusters (Canada) and Orapa (RSA). The kimberlites entrain 20-90 vol.% of granitoid and gneiss (Renard 65, Gahcho Kue) and basalt (Orapa) xenoliths collectively called silicate country rocks. Skarn-like reactions triggered by gradients in the chemical potentials of Si, Al, Ca, and Mg across the xenolith–kimberlite contacts produce concentric reaction zones within the xenoliths and a reaction halo in the surrounding contaminated kimberlite. The original mineralogy of the unreacted xenoliths is replaced by prehnite, diopside, pectolite, wollastonite, serpentine, garnet, calcic hydrosilicates (hydrogarnet, xonotlite, amphiboles). In the kimberlite halo, diopside and phlogopite form, carbonate is leached out, olivine is completely serpentinized. Rodingites develop by moderate degrees of reaction, and are replaced with monomineral serpentine and chlorite if metasomatism advances further.Petrographic evidence for post-emplacement, metasomatic development of rodingite assemblages in kimberlite matches the Perple_X phase equilibria calculations that model the formation of the reactive mineralogy in the subsolidus, at T
Initiation of the Central Tibet Watershed Mountains in Qiangtang: Insights from Provenance Mapping of Detrital Zircon Data Set
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Li Yalin , Zhang Huiping , Tu Jiarun
Published: March 2024

The heterogeneous Tibetan lithosphere has led to the formation of distinct geomorphic units on the plateau surface over the past ~250 Myr. One prominent topographical feature is the delineation of intervening sedimentary basins by high mountain belts. Unlike the high and rugged Kunlun, Gangdese and Himalaya Mountains, the Central Tibet Watershed Mountains (CTWM) in the Qiangtang terrane exhibit a relatively low relief of ~1 km or less compared with surrounding basins. They are important geological and geographical barriers with perspectives on the formation process that are subject to dispute. The outburst of detrital zircon geochronology data sets in the Qiangtang basin provides an opportunity to address this issue. The combination of inverse and forward modeling of 6197 detrital zircon U-Pb ages enables the establishment of provenance mapping, which averts tedious descriptions of individual age modes. Integrated with petrographic analysis and paleocurrents, the provenance of the Jurassic Qiangtang basin is quantitatively constrained. The CTWM remained consistently significant sources throughout the Jurassic time. Internal sources of Triassic and Jurassic magmatic rocks locally supplied younger zircon grains. The source proportion of the Hoh Xil- Songpan Ganze (HSG) terrane increased across the basin in the Middle Jurassic but decreased dramatically in the Southern Qiangtang in the Late Jurassic. Contextualized in geological details, an embryonic watershed that separates rivers flowing into the Pacific and Indian oceans formed in central Tibet during the Late Jurassic.
Coastal Dune Vulnerability Assessment of Caota dunes, Taiwan
Authors: van Onselen Viola , Lin Tsung-Yi
Published: March 2024

A total of 52 variables, organized into six groups, were assessed and categorized into a locally adapted coastal dune vulnerability index. This study took into consideration socio-ecological aspects and incorporated local factors into the vulnerability index, along with adaptation strategies. This index has been tested in the Caota Sand Dunes, one of the largest sand dune systems in Taiwan, that has been developed into a geopark. The study area was divided into three zones according to access facilities, visitor pressure and degree of of exposure of the dunes, which are pre-defined within the boundaries of the geopark. Results revealed that main vulnerabilities in the dune landscape lead back to human disturbance, dune fragmentation and coastal erosion. Geomorphologically, the dune landscape displays high fragmentation and steep slopes due sand fences and the presence of landfill sites, while the absence of vegetation on frontal dunes is prevalent across many regions. Adaptation strategies could therefore focus on reducing the vulnerability by promoting natural dune formation and enhancing biodiversity of sand binding species. Adaptive management, involving community participation and regular monitoring, can balance conservation with recreation, ensuring resilience through strategic adjustments. The dataset established in this study could serve as an initial foundation for monitoring future variations in coastal dune systems using DVI parameters as indicators of environmental changes. Keywords: CDVI, coastal management, geopark, sand dunes, adaptive capacity.
Collaborative mutli-scale water resources planning in England and Wales
Authors: Leonard Ali , Amezaga Jaime , Blackwell Richard , Lewis Elizabeth , Kilsby Chris
Published: March 2024

Water regulators in England and Wales have called on water companies to meet higher standards of supply resilience in response to growing pressures from climate change, environmental needs and growth whilst still maintaining affordability. New national and regional governance structures have been established with the aim of enabling better collaboration across regulators, water companies (also known as public water supply (PWS) abstractors), other abstractors (non-PWS), and wider stakeholders to find and deliver the most efficient and robust water supply infrastructure schemes and demand initiatives.This study uses qualitative data from interviews, workshops, observations, and planning documents. It identifies successes (e.g., increased ambition, improved consistency, collaboration, and nationally consistent water transfers) and failures (e.g., uncertainty, complexity, and lack of investment frameworks beyond PWS). To address gaps, a phased approach towards an explicit multi-scale governance framework is recommended, starting with national program management and trust-building across regulators, PWS, non-PWS, and stakeholders.If new forums are set up to improve water resources planning there are difficult choices at each level regarding form, function and funding that require consideration of trade-offs, possible unintended consequences, and feasibility within the constraints of broader structures of decision-making and politics. A process of information gathering and engagement is necessary to bring on board relevant stakeholders. This engagement would provide insight on how best to implement the proposed collaborative multi-scale architecture, and would help clarify (1) the vision, (2) the approach, (3) appropriate metrics and performance indicators, (4) the compliance model, and (5) reporting requirements etc.Decision-makers will always face gaps in understanding, new issues will continue to arise, and approaches and methods will continually evolve. Therefore, it is important to build adaptive structures of collaboration and scrutiny that can accommodate the changing and imperfect landscape. Transparency is at the core of this challenge, enabling feedback loops to (1) improve our understanding supported by evidence, and therefore (2) refine our objectives, and (3) the rules and governance required to achieve them.As lessons are learnt through transparent, collaborative engagement with stakeholders across scales, the framework can be built upon to enable a more informed transition to adaptive, integrated water management at multiple scales.
The effects of streambed movement and particle size on microplastic deposition
Authors: Levy Sturm Verena , Gobrecht Silvia , Arnon Shai
Published: March 2024

Microplastic (MP) is ubiquitously found in aquatic environments and poses a significant environmental challenge. However, what controls MP deposition and burial in river networks is unclear, especially when sediments are in motion. This study addresses this gap by examining the impact of streambed motion and particle size on microplastic deposition in sandy streambeds. Experiments were conducted in a stainless-steel flume (650 cm x 20 cm) filled with 25 cm of silica sand (D50 = 0.6 mm) and water (depth = 12 cm). A centrifugal pump circulated the water and maintained a stream water velocity of 0.53 m/s. Polypropylene (PP) fibers at lengths of 25 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, and 2000 μm, and carboxylated Polystyrene (PS) microspheres (diameter of 0.5 μm, 1 μm, and 5 μm) were added to the stream water and their concentration in the water was measured over three days. The deposition of the MP was inferred from the decline of MP in the streamwater. A control experiment was conducted by repeating the same experiments but without sediments. The flow in the flume generated ripples, which move at a speed of approximately 4 m/h. Bed motion dominated the exchange flux of streamwater and particles with the sediments. MP concentrations declined rapidly in the first two hours after the addition due to the exchange that led to a mixing of streamwater with particle-free pore water. After the relatively fast initial decline in MP, further reduction in MP concentrations in the water occurred due to deposition. Different deposition dynamics were observed for fibers and microspheres. Buried MP particles were partly resuspended during the scouring of the ripples during their movement. It was found that  PP fibers 25 μm and 0.5 μm spheres were more mobile in the sediment than longer fibers and larger spheres, respectively. We explain their higher deposition than larger particles by a potential advective movement through the porous media, leading to their transport below the scour zone. PP fibers ≥ 100 μm were immobile within the sediment, and thus, their deposition was only due to burial by the ripple motion. Our results highlight the significant influence of moving sediments on MP and the importance of considering MP size for catchment-scale modeling to predict MP fluxes to oceans. Deposition locations are also likely to be affected by bed motions and thus should be considered when developing effective sampling strategies.
Spatial sensitivity of river flooding to changes in climate and land cover through explainable AI
Authors: Slater Louise , Coxon Gemma , Brunner Manuela , McMillan Hilary , Yu Le , Zheng Yanchen , Khouakhi Abdou , Moulds Simon , Berghuijs Wouter
Published: March 2024

Explaining the spatially variable impacts of flood-generating mechanisms is a longstanding challenge in hydrology, with increasing and decreasing temporal flood trends often found in close regional proximity. Here, we develop a machine learning-informed approach to unravel the drivers of seasonal flood magnitude and explain the spatial variability of their effects in a temperate climate. We employ 11 observed meteorological and land cover time series variables alongside 8 static catchment attributes to model flood magnitude in 1268 catchments across Great Britain over four decades. We then perform a sensitivity analysis to understand how +10% precipitation, +1°C air temperature, or +10 percentage points of urbanisation or afforestation affect flood magnitude in catchments with varying characteristics. Our simulations show that increasing precipitation and urbanisation both tend to amplify flood magnitude significantly more in catchments with high baseflow contribution and low runoff ratio, which tend to have lower values of specific discharge on average. In contrast, rising air temperature (in the absence of changing precipitation) decreases flood magnitudes, with the largest effects in dry catchments with low baseflow index. Afforestation also tends to decrease floods more in catchments with low groundwater contribution, and in dry catchments in the summer. These reported associations are significant at p
The mechanism of the tearing of the Java subducting plate comes from the constraints by surface bathymetry data and earthquake depth
Authors: Tan Pingchuan , Kong Fansheng
Published: March 2024

The tearing of the subducting plate, which also named slab window, is prominent in the Java subduction zone. Mantle tomography data indicate plate tearing, supported by short-lived activity of K-rich volcanoes. Despite the acknowledged tearing phenomenon, the formation mechanism is less understood. Along the trench (95°E-120°E), we conducted 1707 profiles at 10 km intervals perpendicular to the subduction zone. Using five key parameters (1. Depth of the input oceanic plate; 2. Oceanic age of the input plate; 3. Trench depth; 4. Accretionary prism crest; 5. Accretionary prism slope), we illustrated bathymetric changes along each profile. Furthermore, utilizing data from over 40,000 earthquake depths, we imaged the subduction plate's configuration. Our study reveals distinct characteristics in the Java subduction system (110°-115°E). The input plate is 2500-3000 m shallower, the trench depth is 800-1200 m shallower, the accretionary prism crest is 1500-2000 m shallower, and the subduction angle is approximately 15° lower than surrounding subducting zones. A correlation between slab dip angles and the depth of the trench and prism crest indicates that the anomalous shallower bathymetry in the 110-115°E region is likely due to the decreased slab dip angles. This suggests that, at present, there is less likely thick buoyant oceanic crust is subducted beneath the Java trench, blocking its subduction and forming a slab window evident in tomography data.
Differences in earthquake size distributions for thrusts and normal faults: the case of Italy
Authors: Carafa Michele M. C. , Taroni Matteo
Published: March 2024

The earthquake size distribution is characterized by an exponential function determined by the b-value parameter. Previous studies have demonstrated the dependence of the b-value on both the differential stress and tectonic settings. This study proposes a novel approach to categorize earthquakes based on the kinematics of interseismic geodetic strain rates and horizontal stress directions. When combined with other geological or geophysical information, incorporating stress directions and geodetic data enhances seismotectonic models, reducing arbitrariness in delineating seismic zones.Using the Italian peninsula as a case study, we observe a significantly larger b-value for extensional faults than thrusts, albeit with smaller differences than previously reported. Additionally, our findings reveal that the spatial fragmentation of uniform tectonic regimes can lead to inaccurate b-value estimates for single faults due to the undersampling of earthquake size distribution.
Causal analysis of Heatwaves in India: Impact of Remote Soil Moisture
Authors: Banerjee Abhirup , Koehl Armin , Stammer Detlef
Published: March 2024

Heatwaves are a significant threat to human health, agriculture, and infrastructure; particularly in India, where they are prevalent during the pre-monsoon months. May is a critical period for heatwave occurrences, severely impacting the Indian subcontinent. This work delves into the underlying mechanisms driving heatwaves in India, specifically focusing on those that occur in May. Utilizing an intermediate complexity earth system model, PLASIM1, and its adjoint2 for sensitivity analysis3, we systematically investigate the causal role of remote soil moisture in heatwave formation. We find that variations in remote soil moisture significantly influence the strength and duration of pre-monsoon heat waves in India. Our analysis shows that at a lead time of 10-15 days, higher soil moisture particularly over the Middle East, can prolong heatwave conditions over India. On the other hand, high soil moisture over India suppresses the development of heatwaves with no lag. The delayed mechanism of remote soil moisture works through the altered atmospheric circulation patterns induced by heat flux forcing modulated by soil moisture anomalies, leading to enhanced subsidence and reduced moisture transport to India. Our study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms driving heatwaves in India, particularly those in May. These insights are crucial for developing effective early warning systems, enhancing disaster preparedness, and implementing mitigation strategies to reduce the adverse impacts of these extreme events.1The Planet Simulator (PlaSim): a climate model of intermediate complexity for Earth, Mars and other planets.2Marotzke, Jochem, et al. "Construction of the adjoint MIT ocean general circulation model and application to Atlantic heat transport sensitivity." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 104.C12 (1999): 29529-29547.3Köhl, Armin, and Andrey Vlasenko. "Seasonal prediction of northern European winter air temperatures from SST anomalies based on sensitivity estimates." Geophysical Research Letters 46.11 (2019): 6109-6117.
No emergence of deep convection in the Arctic Ocean across CMIP6 models
Authors: Heuzé Céline , Liu Hailong
Published: March 2024

As sea ice disappears, the emergence of open ocean deep convection in the Arctic, which would enhance ice loss, has been suggested. Here, using 36 state-of-the-art climate models and up to 50 ensemble members per model, we show that Arctic deep convection is rare under the strongest warming scenario. Only 5 models have convection by 2100, while 11 have had convection by the middle of the run. For all, the deepest mixed layers are in the eastern Eurasian basin. When the models convect, that region undergoes a salinification and increasing wind speeds; it is freshening otherwise. The models that do not convect have the strongest halocline and most stable sea ice, but those that lose their ice earliest -because of their strongly warming Atlantic Water- do not have a persistent deep convection: it shuts down mid-century. Halocline and Atlantic Water changes urgently need to be better constrained in models.  
Effect of addition of organic carbon on greenhouse gas release and subsurface biogeochemistry in salt marshes
Authors: Kainz Nora , Raab Franziska , Kappler Andreas , Joshi Prachi
Published: March 2024

Vegetated coastal wetlands – comprising mangroves, salt marshes, and seagrass meadows – play an important role in the global carbon cycle due to their high sequestration rates of carbon (annual organic carbon burial rate 114-131 Tg C). The decomposition of organic carbon by microorganisms in these ecosystems causes greenhouse gas releases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). Understanding the rate and extent of microbially mediated greenhouse gas formation from coastal wetlands under current climate conditions is needed to predict greenhouse gas fluxes from these ecosystems with future climate change. Here, we investigate the processes that control the microbial decomposition of organic carbon at the Wadden Sea, northern Germany. Our preliminary field and laboratory results indicate that the degradation of organic carbon is not limited by the availability of electron acceptors such as sulfate, but rather by the concentrations and composition of the organic carbon itself. The objective of this project was therefore to test how the microbially mediated degradation of organic carbon and thus greenhouse gas fluxes change as a consequence of organic carbon input to the sediment. To do this, we conducted a field experiment in which we injected two different organic carbon sources separately into the sediment of the Wadden Sea and measured greenhouse gas fluxes over the course of six weeks. We choose acetate as a relatively labile organic carbon source and humic acids (purchased from the International Humic Substance Society) as a recalcitrant source. The in situ experiment was performed at two locations with differing tidal influence: (i) tidal flats, which are inundated twice a day during high tide, and (ii) pioneer marshes, which are inundated twice a month during spring tide. In addition to flux measurements, porewater, and sediment were sampled and used to study geochemical processes. For both marsh zones, an enhanced CO2 flux was measured for the plots where labile organic carbon was injected relative to control plots in which no organic carbon was added. However, the addition of the recalcitrant organic carbon only caused an increase in the CO2 flux in the tidal flat. Porewater data showed that the addition of the labile organic carbon promoted iron(III) reduction, especially in the pioneer marsh, while for the tidal flat, enhanced sulfate reduction was observed for both organic carbon sources. Overall, a significantly higher CO2 flux was measured from plots enriched with labile organic carbon. The gained knowledge is important in the context of predicting how such an ecosystem reacts to an additional input of organic matter e.g., caused by eutrophication or mobilization of organic matter. Furthermore, it is also relevant for estimating the extent and rate of greenhouse gas fluxes from these ecosystems.
DREAMing in River Basins
Authors: Berry Philippa , Benveniste Jerome
Published: March 2024

The contribution of  satellite radar altimetry to river monitoring is well-established, with data forming  valuable inputs to river models.Surface soil moisture can also be determined from altimetry using DRy EArth Models (DREAMs) which model the response of a completely dry surface to Ku band nadir illumination. New DREAMs over Africa now cover more than 70% of the continent, encompassing more than 30 river basins including the Congo, Niger, Okavango, Zambezi and Volta.  It was decided to fly multi-mission altimetry over these river DREAMs to assess the potential of this technique to contribute to studies in river basins. As a detailed DREAM exists for the Amazon basin, this was also included. Envisat, ERS-1/2, Jason-1/2, CryoSat-2 and Sentinel-3A altimeter data were utilised in this study, together with a database of over 86000 graded altimeter River and Lake height time series. Soil moisture estimates were generated and validated.Summative conclusions: the highest data retrieval rate over river DREAMs is found over ‘river’ and ‘wetland’ pixels, with lower percentages over ‘soil’ pixels where soil moisture estimates can be generated. This is an expected outcome, as targeting ‘soil’ pixels will select for rougher topography. Within the constraints of satellite orbit and repeat period, data can be successfully gathered over the majority of these overflown DREAM surfaces. It is also clear that very detailed DREAM models, at least 10 arc seconds resolution, are required to capture the intricate structure in river basins. It is noted that many tributaries are below the current 10 arc seconds spatial resolution of the DREAMs, and are classified with their surrounding terrain as wetland pixels.ERS-2 and Envisat performed best; Sentinel-3A OLTC mask is found to preclude monitoring of almost all ‘soil’ pixels, except those adjacent to the largest rivers.The ability of nadir-pointing altimeters to penetrate vegetation canopy gives a unique perspective in rainforest areas. Amazon soil moisture time series in the lower Amazon are seen to correlate to river height variations: in the upper Amazon basin the annual rainfall signature is dominant.Over much of the river DREAMs, along-track time series of soil moisture can be generated at the spatial resolution of the underlying DREAM, currently 10 arc seconds.  The major constraint, as with altimeter height measurements, is the spatio-temporal sampling, so use is envisaged in combination with other remote sensed and in-situ data.  However, DREAMing provides a valuable independent dataset which can be used to validate soil moisture estimates from other techniques.
Statistical study of SLAMS at the Martian foreshock
Authors: Wong Chan Tsz Kiu , Karlsson Tomas , Bergman Sofia
Published: March 2024

Properties of the region upstream of planetary bow shocks depend strongly on the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. For quasi-parallel bow shocks, part of the solar wind ions are reflected back upstream from the shock and this reflected ion population triggers instabilities resulting in a turbulent region. In the quasi-parallel case, reflected particles travel far upstream, creating an extended turbulent foreshock region. Within this region, Short Large-Amplitude Magnetic Structures (SLAMS) can frequently be found, which are suggested to play a pivotal role in the formation of planetary bow shocks. Yet many properties of SLAMS are not well known at Earth and even less so at other planets.Here we present results on the occurrence and other properties of SLAMS at the Martian foreshock with the help of magnetic field and ion data from NASA's Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN). SLAMS are identified by three criteria. First, a magnetic field three times stronger than the background magnetic field is required. Second, SLAMS should have an elliptic polarization so that it can be differentiated from a shock oscillation. Last, it takes place upstream of the bow shock. The results presented here can offer comparative insights with SLAMS at Earth for exploring potential dependencies on system size and other magnetospheric parameters.
Subseasonal Warming of Surface Soil Enhances Precipitation Over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau in Early Summer
Authors: Qi Xin , Yang Jing , Xue Yongkang , Bao Qing , Wu Guoxiong , Ji Duoying
Published: March 2024

The precipitation over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (ETP, here defined as 29°–38°N, 91°–103°E) usually exhibits significant subseasonal variation during boreal summer. As the hot spot of land-air interaction, the influences of ETP surface soil temperature (Tsoil) on the local precipitation through subseasonal land-air interaction are still unclear but urgently needed for improving subseasonal prediction. Based on station and reanalysis datasets of 1979–2018, this study identifies the evident quasi-biweekly (QBW) (9–30 days) periodic signal of ETP surface Tsoilvariation during the early summer (May–June), which results from the anomalies of southeastward propagating mid-latitude QBW waves in the mid-to-upper troposphere. The observational results further show that the maximum positive anomaly of precipitation over the ETP lags the warmest surface Tsoil by one phase at the QBW timescale, indicating that the warming surface Tsoil could enhance the subseasonal precipitation. The numerical experiments using the WRF model further demonstrate the effect of warming surface Tsoil  on enhancing the local cyclonic and precipitation anomaly through increasing upward sensible heat flux, the ascending motion, and water vapor convergence at the QBW timescale. In contrast, the effect of soil moisture over the ETP is much weaker than Tsoil  at the subseasonal timescale. This study confirms the importance of surface Tsoil over the ETP in regulating the precipitation intensity, which suggests better simulating the land thermal feedback is crucial for improving the subseasonal prediction.
Usable Compound Event Research
Authors: Kornhuber Kai
Published: March 2024

High impact events are often compound events with relevance for a wide range of societal sectors: Infrastructure and Urban Resilience, Agricultural Adaptation and Food Security, Public Health and Healthcare Preparedness, Insurance and Financial Risk Management, Energy Systems, Natural Systems, Globally interconnected Networks: Food Networks, Supply chains, transport systems.  Consequently, compound events and associated physical risks have been prominently acknowledged in recent high-level reports such as the sixth assessment report of the IPCC, fifth US National Climate Assessment, numerous UNDRR briefing notes and the Risk report of the world economic forum among others.Driven by the need to enhance our physical and statistical understanding of high impact climate events, compound event research has made substantial progress and has emerged as a new inter/trans/multi-disciplinary field of study over the past decade, bridging climate, environmental science as well as statistics and data science. To be fully usable for solving real world problems substantial challenges remain, these include lack of high-resolution data, model biases in tail risks, and impact relevant event definition. This talk will provide an overview of current challenges in accurately projecting and predicting risks from compound events for various societal sectors and points towards potential solutions to address these.
Runoff change point detection and its association with monsoons in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin
Authors: Wang Hong , Liu Junguo , Chen Aifang , Chen He
Published: March 2024

Climate change has substantially altered the variability of runoff in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin (LMRB) over the last few decades. Previous studies have analysed the trend of runoff in the LMRB in detail. However, little is known about the spatial distribution of runoff change points and its association with the attribution analysis, in which change point plays a key role when assessing the impacts of climate change and human interventions on runoff. In this study, the spatial distribution of change points for runoff and precipitation as well as their relation to monsoon indices in the LMRB are investigated. We found that the change points for both runoff and precipitation show a trend of occurring earlier from upstream to downstream in the lower LMRB. In addition, the hydrological processes were significantly influenced by monsoon fluctuation. The western North Pacific summer monsoon has significantly influenced runoff (precipitation) over the southeastern basin with 39.6% (34.6%) explained variance, whereas the Indian summer monsoon has predominantly influenced the mid-low area of the basin with 48.4% (40.8%) explained variance. The comprehensive effects of the change points of monsoon indices contributed greatly to the abrupt change of precipitation in the overlapped region such as the mid-low LMRB. Our findings indicate that understanding the mechanism of monsoon fluctuation on abrupt changes in streamflow, runoff, and precipitation in the basin will offer a better understanding of climate change impacts on water resources, which can provide support for optimizing forecasting and improving water resources management in the basin.
The cooling effect of a river as a contribution to climate change adaptation and resilience
Authors: Czarnecka Kaja , Kuchcik Magdalena , Cieszewska Agata
Published: March 2024

Due to climate change, adaptation strategies are being implemented all over the world, from the scale of the entire country to individual housing estates. The CoAdapt – Communities for Climate Change Action (NOR/IdeaLab/Co-Adapt/0002/2020-00) project documents the best nature-based solutions supporting adaptation to climate change and creates a database of good practices in neighbourhoods. One of the most effective examples is the use of blue infrastructure such as restoring rivers to the surface or thoughtful development of the immediate surroundings of the river. Therefore, to better understand the cooling effect of rivers, research was carried out in the Vistula River valley in Warsaw – the city where CoAdapt project was started. This study aims to investigate the differences in the thermal regime in the river valley and other parts of the city, and determine which elements of the immediate surroundings of the site impact the thermal environment the most.The basis for the calculations was the air temperature sampled every 10 minutes by HOBO loggers at 2 m above the ground, collected in the years 2017-2022. The air temperature monitoring in the Vistula Valley was carried out on three stations: in the south and the downtown part on the left bank and the north on the right bank of the river. To present the thermal characteristics of the river and its cooling effect, these data were compared with the stations located in other parts of the city and characterized by different types of spatial development (e.g. Floor Area Ratio, Ratio of Biologically Vital Area, Sky View Factor). Moreover, based on 25 satellite thermal images from 2002-2018, the impact of the Vistula River on the incidence of the Cold Spot effect was analysed.In this study, it was found that with increasing development density and a decrease in the share of biologically vital areas, the average daily air amplitude decreases. The northern and southern parts of the valley in Warsaw are characterized by similar thermal conditions. However, the middle one, located in the downtown area of the city, stands out significantly – it is warmer, and the Cold Spot effect occurs more often. Surrounded by highly heated artificial surfaces, the impact of the Vistula is more visible than in the case of green areas adjacent to the valley, although the range of impact is smaller due to the rapidly growing intensity of development in the city centre.Getting acquainted with environmental data such as air and surface temperature and the good practices, then selecting diverse, effective methods based on blue and green infrastructure in neighbourhoods was one of the stages leading to the creation of the serious game – the main result of the CoAdapt project. Moreover, data related to the monitoring of the Vistula Valley were used to select neighbourhoods in Warsaw to conduct the CoAdapt workshops.
Attitudes on climate change and their relations to opinions about the economy, willingness to pay, and social trust
Authors: Zenk-Möltgen Wolfgang
Published: March 2024

Attitudes on climate change and the protection of the environment have been found to relate in different ways to the current economic and social situation of the respondents. This presentation will describe people's attitudes by analyzing surveys on the topic of climate change and the protection of the environment, including the recent International Social Survey Programme (ISSP) and the Swiss Environmental Panel Study. A closer look will be taken at the economic opinions and willingness to pay higher prices or taxes and their relationship to climate change attitudes. In addition, respondent's trust in people and different institutions will be analyzed. A structural equation analysis is performed to highlight the relations between those concepts. The results will show that support for a better economy and private enterprises are related to lower environmental and climate change concerns, support for paying higher prices or taxes is related to more environmental concerns and higher trust in people and institutions is related to deeper environmental concerns. After that, several demographic characteristics will be used to show if the results are stable when controlling for these. Demographic variables used are age, gender, education level, employment status, income, and political left-right placement. It can be shown that the factors of economic opinions, willingness to pay, and trust in people and institutions all relate to the environmental and climate change attitudes. 
Empowering Communities: The Future of Urban Soil Science Through Citizen Science
Authors: Paltseva Anna
Published: March 2024

Urban soils are pivotal to environmental health and urban ecosystems. They underpin green spaces, assist in pollution filtration, support biodiversity, and play a key role in water management. These functions are vital for sustainable urban development and the well-being of city residents. However, urban soil science faces significant challenges: a lack of comprehensive data, limited public awareness of soil's ecological roles, and difficulties in data collection within diverse, densely built urban environments. This presentation will demonstrate how citizen science initiatives can bridge these gaps in urban soil research. By leveraging community efforts, extensive soil data can be gathered across various urban landscapes. The goal is to engage and educate communities in soil data collection and monitoring, thereby enhancing public understanding and involvement in urban soil health. A multi-faceted approach, including interactive workshops, user-friendly mobile applications, and online resources, will be employed to educate and train citizens in soil science basics and data collection techniques. These strategies aim to simplify complex soil science concepts into engaging, easily understandable content, complemented by hands-on training in using soil testing kits and data recording tools. The integration of citizen science in urban soil research offers dual benefits: advancing soil science through expanded data collection and analysis, and enhancing public engagement in scientific endeavors. Citizen involvement in soil data collection increases the quantity and quality of soil data, covering a wider range of urban areas and incorporating diverse observations and localized knowledge from community members. The presentation will introduce the "Urban Soil Guide: Field and Lab Manual," a newly released comprehensive resource designed for both educational and general use. This manual provides practical guidance for understanding, testing, and managing urban soils, bridging the gap between theoretical knowledge and real-world application. Additionally, the role of social media in enhancing citizen science projects on urban soil research will be discussed. This includes strategies for community building, experience sharing, and the best platforms for data visualization and sharing results.
Approaching the sub-mesoscale globally at 10 min temporal resolution through assimilating radiances measured by geostationary satellites
Authors: Schröttle Josef , Lupu Cristina , Burrows Chris
Published: March 2024

A refined 4D-Var assimilation system within DestinE allows us to assimilate the Meteosat-10/SEVIRI clear-sky radiances over Europe, as well as GOES-16/ABI and GOES-18/ABI, or HIMAWARI/AHI globally at a spatial scale of 75 km instead of the previous 125 km in the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System (IFS). Higher resolution observations can potentially improve the analysis and therefore the prediction of extreme weather events over Europe, as well as globally. The effects of using higher resolution observations have been investigated with a detailed set of experiments and the impact on wind, temperature, and humidity has been evaluated. A broad range of experiments indicate that exploiting the higher spatial density clear-sky radiances leads to an improvement of humidity sensitive fields in short-range forecasts with the IFS as independently measured for example by instruments on low-earth-orbiting satellites (IASI, CrIS, SSMIS, or ATMS). Due to a reduced displacement and representativeness error, these changes could further lead to improvements in longer range forecasts as these errors propagate upscale nonlinearly. However, so far the impact on the medium range has been mostly neutral.In addition, pre-processed GOES-16/ABI and GOES-18/ABI observations by NOAA have been assimilated with 10 min sampling rates at 75 km spatial density. Exploring how to best assimilate relatively small spatial and temporal scales for one geostationary satellite, will allow us to approach these smaller scales with other satellites such as HIMAWARI/AHI above the Pacific or MTG-I/FCI above Europe. Data from both satellites will be available for us early in 2024. Preliminary experiments demonstrate the ability of IFS to assimilate observations at the highest available temporal resolution for the GOES-16 and GOES-18 satellites. Higher resolution radiances observed at these shorter time intervals naturally capture smaller scale atmospheric features such as mesoscale convective systems. In our experiments, simultaneously assimilating observations at a higher spatial and temporal resolution leads to an impact that is only marginally better than assimilating higher density observations alone, suggesting a combined investigation of optimal time-assignment, as well as assessment of the observation error are needed to optimise the integration of rapid update measurements in 4D-Var. 