bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A model investigation of vegetation-atmosphere interactions on a millennial timescale
Authors: Devaraju N. , Cao L. , Bala G. , Caldeira K. , Nemani R.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. A terrestrial biosphere model with dynamic vegetation capability, Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS2), coupled to the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2) is used to investigate the multiple climate-forest equilibrium states of the climate system. A 1000-year control simulation and another 1000-year land cover change simulation that consisted of global deforestation for 100 years followed by re-growth of forests for the subsequent 900 years were performed. After several centuries of interactive climate-vegetation dynamics, the land cover change simulation converged to essentially the same climate state as the control simulation. However, the climate system takes about a millennium to reach the control forest state. In the absence of deep ocean feedbacks in our model, the millennial time scale for converging to the original climate state is dictated by long time scales of the vegetation dynamics in the northern high latitudes. Our idealized modeling study suggests that the equilibrium state reached after complete global deforestation followed by re-growth of forests is unlikely to be distinguishable from the control climate. The real world, however, could have multiple climate-forest states since our modeling study is unlikely to have represented all the essential ecological processes (e.g. altered fire regimes, seed sources and seedling establishment dynamics) for the re-establishment of major biomes.
Effect of ocean acidification on early life stages of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.)
Authors: Franke A. , Clemmesen C.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Due to atmospheric accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in surface seawater increases and the pH decreases. This process known as ocean acidification might have severe effects on marine organisms and ecosystems. The present study addresses the effect of ocean acidification on early developmental stages, the most sensitive stages in life history, of the Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus L.). Eggs of the Atlantic herring were fertilized and incubated in artificially acidified seawater (pCO2 1260, 1859, 2626, 2903, 4635 μatm) and a control treatment (pCO2 480 μatm) until the main hatch of herring larvae occurred. The development of the embryos was monitored daily and newly hatched larvae were sampled to analyze their morphometrics, and their condition by measuring the RNA/DNA ratios. Elevated pCO2 neither affected the embryogenesis nor the hatch rate. Furthermore the results showed no linear relationship between pCO2 and total length, dry weight, yolk sac area and otolith area of the newly hatched larvae. For pCO2 and RNA/DNA ratio, however, a significant negative linear relationship was found. The RNA concentration at hatching was reduced at higher pCO2 levels, which could lead to a decreased protein biosynthesis. The results indicate that an increased pCO2 can affect the metabolism of herring embryos negatively. Accordingly, further somatic growth of the larvae could be reduced. This can have consequences for the larval fish, since smaller and slow growing individuals have a lower survival potential due to lower feeding success and increased predation mortality. The regulatory mechanisms necessary to compensate for effects of hypercapnia could therefore lead to lower larval survival. Since the recruitment of fish seems to be determined during the early life stages, future research on the factors influencing these stages are of great importance in fisheries science.
The influence of model grid resolution on estimation of national scale nitrogen deposition and exceedance of critical levels
Authors: Dore A. J. , Kryza M. , Hall J. R. , Hallsworth S. , Keller V. J. D. , Vieno M. , Sutton M. A.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. The Fine Resolution Atmospheric Multi-pollutant Exchange model (FRAME) has been applied to model the spatial distribution of nitrogen deposition and air concentration over the UK at a 1 km spatial resolution. The modelled deposition and concentration data were gridded at resolutions of 1 km, 5 km and 50 km to test the sensitivity of calculations of the exceedance of critical loads for nitrogen deposition to the deposition data resolution. The modelled concentrations of NO2 were validated by comparison with measurements from the rural sites in the national monitoring network and were found to achieve better agreement with the high resolution 1 km data. High resolution plots were found to represent a more physically realistic distribution of nitrogen air concentrations and deposition resulting from use of 1 km resolution precipitation and emissions data as compared to 5 km resolution data. Summary statistics for national scale exceedance of the critical load for nitrogen deposition were not highly sensitive to the grid resolution of the deposition data but did show greater area exceedance with coarser grid resolution due to spatial averaging of high nitrogen deposition hot spots. Local scale deposition at individual Sites of Special Scientific Interest and high precipitation upland sites was sensitive to choice of grid resolution of deposition data. Use of high resolution data tended to generate lower deposition values in sink areas for nitrogen dry deposition (Sites of Scientific Interest) and higher values in high precipitation upland areas. In areas with generally low exceedance (Scotland) and for certain vegetation types (montane), the exceedance statistics were more sensitive to model data resolution.
Isotopic identification of global nitrogen hotspots across natural terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Bai E. , Houlton B. Z. , Wang Y.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) influences local biological processes, ecosystem productivity, the composition of the atmospheric-climate system, and the human endeavour as a whole. Here we use natural variations in N's isotopes, coupled with two models, to trace global pathways of N loss from the land to the water and atmosphere. We show that denitrification accounts for approximately 35% of total N losses from natural soil, with NO, N2O, and N2 fluxes equal to 15.7 ± 4.7 Tg N yr−1, 10.2 ± 3.0 Tg N yr−1, and 21.0 ± 6.1 Tg N yr−1, respectively. Our analysis points to tropical regions as the major "hotspot" of nitrogen export from the terrestrial biosphere, accounting for 71% of global N losses from the natural land surface. The poorly studied Congo basin is further identified as one of the major natural sources of atmospheric N2O. Extra-tropical areas, by contrast, lose a greater fraction of N via leaching pathways (~77% of total N losses), than do tropical biomes, likely contributing to N limitations of CO2 uptake at higher latitudes. Our results provide an independent constraint on global models of the N cycle among different regions of the unmanaged biosphere.
Investigating the connection between complexity of isolated trajectories and Lagrangian coherent structures
Authors: Rypina I. I. , Scott S. E. , Pratt L. J. , Brown M. G.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. It is argued that the complexity of fluid particle trajectories provides the basis for a new method, referred to as the Complexity Method (CM), for estimation of Lagrangian coherent structures in aperiodic flows that are measured over finite time intervals. The basic principles of the CM are explained and the CM is tested in a variety of examples, both idealized and realistic, and in different reference frames. Two measures of complexity are explored in detail: the correlation dimension of trajectory, and a new measure – the ergodicity defect. Both measures yield structures that strongly resemble Lagrangian coherent structures in all of the examples considered. Since the CM uses properties of individual trajectories, and not separation rates between closely spaced trajectories, it may have advantages for the analysis of ocean float and drifter data sets in which trajectories are typically widely and non-uniformly spaced.
Domains of Archean mantle lithosphere deciphered by seismic anisotropy – inferences from the LAPNET array in northern Fennoscandia
Authors: Plomerová J. , Vecsey L. , Babuška V. ,   LAPNET Working Group
Published: December 2011

Abstract. An international LAPNET array (2007–2009, http://www.oulu.fi/sgo-oty/lapnet) of the POLENET/LAPNET sub-project of the POLENET-IPY consortium, related to seismic and geodetic studies in the Arctic regions, consisted of about 60 broadband seismic stations located on the territory of northern Finland and adjacent parts of Sweden, Norway and Russia. We analyze relative P-wave travel-time deviations evaluated for a subset of 90 teleseismic events recorded by the LAPNET array and show examples of lateral variations of shear-wave splitting to demonstrate variability of fabrics of the Archean mantle lithosphere. The initial results clearly demonstrate the Archean mantle lithosphere consists of domains with consistent fabrics reflecting fossil anisotropic structures. 3-D self-consistent anisotropic models with inclined symmetry axes accommodate two independent sets of body-wave anisotropic observations. Individual domains are delimited by boundaries (sutures), where the anisotropic parameters change. The results obtained from the LAPNET array fill a gap in structural studies of the upper mantle beneath northern Fennoscandia.
Utility of late summer transient snowline migration rate on Taku Glacier, Alaska
Authors: Pelto M.
Published: December 2011

Abstract. On Taku Glacier, Alaska a combination of field observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) from snowpits and probing in the vicinity of the transient snowline (TSL) are used to quantify the mass balance gradient. The balance gradient derived from the TSL and SWE measured in snowpits at 1000 m from 1998–2010 ranges from 2.6–3.8 mm m−1. Probing transects from 950 m–1100 m directly measure SWE and yield a slightly higher balance gradient of 3.3–3.8 mm m−1. The TSL on Taku Glacier is identified in MODIS and Landsat 4 and 7 Thematic Mapper images for 31 dates during the 2004–2010 period to assess the consistency of its rate of rise and reliability in assessing ablation for mass balance assessment. For example, in 2010, the TSL was 750 m on 28 July, 800 m on 5 August, 875 m on 14 August, 925 m on 30 August, and 975 m on 20 September. The mean observed probing balance gradient was 3.3 mm m−1, combined with the TSL rise of 3.7 m day−1 yields an ablation rate of 12.2 mm day−1 from mid-July to mid-Sept, 2010. The TSL rise in the region from 750–1100 m on Taku Glacier during eleven periods each covering more than 14 days during the ablation season indicates a mean TSL rise of 3.7 m day−1, the rate of rise is relatively consistent ranging from 3.1 to 4.4 m day−1. This rate is useful for ascertaining the final ELA if images or observations are not available near the end of the ablation season. The mean ablation from 750–1100 m during the July–September period determined from the TSL rise and the observed balance gradient is 11–13 mm day−1 on Taku Glacier during the 2004–2010 period. The potential for providing an estimate of bn from TSL observations late in the melt season from satellite images combined with the frequent availability of such images provides a means for efficient mass balance assessment in many years and on many glaciers.
Existence Results for a Coupled System of Nonlinear Fractional Differential Equation with Four-Point Boundary Conditions
Authors: Gaber M. , Brikaa M. G.
Published: December 2011

This paper studies a coupled system of nonlinear fractional differential equation with four-point boundary conditions. Applying the Schauder fixed-point theorem, an existence result is proved for the following system: , , , , , , , , where satisfy certain conditions.
Infertility in WNIN Obese Mutant Rats—Causes?
Authors: Harishankar Nemani , Ravinder Punjal , Nair K. Madhavan , Giridharan Nappanveettil
Published: December 2011

We are maintaining two obese mutant rat strains (WNIN/Ob and WNIN/GR-Ob) in our animal facility since 1997. These rat colonies are perpetuated by crossing heterozygous littermates, since the obese phenotypes of both genders turned out be infertile. The present study revealed the reasons for this infertility. The male obese rats, though appeared normal in terms of sperm count, sperm motility and testis histology, however found wanting in terms of libido. This appeared to be due to low circulating testosterone levels seen in these animals, which should also account for low testis and accessory gland weights seen in them. The females exhibited delayed puberty, in terms of days taken for opening of vagina, irregular oestrus cycles and had small ovaries and short and stumpy uterine horns. The FSH peak observed in control lean animals during oestrus stage of the sexual cycle and also the E2 peak of normal oestrus cycle was conspicuously absent in these animals. They also showed elevated levels of progesterone throughout the sexual cycle. Thus the infertility seen in these mutants could be attributed to their abnormal gonadosteroid levels and the resulting anatomical and physiological defects.
Fragmentation of Plasmid DNA Produced by Gamma Radiation: A Theoretical Approach
Authors: Silva R. A. S. , Arruda-Neto J. D. T. , Nieto L.
Published: December 2011

Breaks in DNA, resulting in fragmented parts, can be produced by ionizing radiation which, in turn, is the starting point in the search for novel physical aspects of DNA strands. Double-strand breaks in particular cause disruption of the DNA strand, splitting it into several fragments. In order to study effects produced by radiation in plasmid DNA, a new simple mechanical model for this molecule is proposed. In this model, a Morse-like potential and a high-LET component are used to describe the DNA-radiation interaction. Two power laws, used to fit results of the model, suggest that, firstly, distribution of fragment size is nonextensive and, secondly, that a transition phase is present in the DNA fragment distribution pattern.
Low TemplateDNAAnalysis and Interpretation
Authors: Hopwood Andrew J , Pope Susan , Puch‐Solis Roberto , Tully Gillian
Published: December 2011

The capability of the forensic practitioner to process samples using low template DNA (LTDNA) methodologies is becoming more widespread. In a properly validated system, LTDNA analysis provides the practitioner with a valuable tool for the robust profiling of trace level DNA samples. Here we provide an introduction to the technical processes used for the analytical and interpretive processes for LTDNA analysis and an understanding of the surrounding precautions and protocols used to increase the robustness of the technique.
Firearms: Priming Compounds and Primers
Authors: Heard Brian J.
Published: December 2011

Primers and primer composition, a history of their development from early mercury based compositions to the latest non‐toxic compositions. Primer sensitivity, accidental discharges and discharges due to fire
Characterization of layered silicate dispersion in polymer nanocomposites using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Xingui , Bhuvana Sowrirajalu , Loo Leslie S.
Published: December 2011

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to characterize the state of dispersion of layered silicate in polymer nanocomposites. The nanocomposite samples were based on poly(hexamethylene isophthalamide) and montmorillonite nanoclay prepared by melt intercalation. The infrared spectra of SiO stretching bands between 1150 and 960 cm−1 are found to be very sensitive to the extent of nanoclay dispersion at the molecular level. Increased level of nanoclay delamination resulted in significant changes to the out‐of‐plane a mode at 1082 cm−1 and the two in‐plane modes b and b at 1050 and 1030 cm−1, respectively. The a mode shows a substantial increase in intensity and shifts toward lower wave numbers. The bandwidths of the b and b modes are reduced significantly. The b mode also shifts toward higher wave numbers in exfoliated nanoclay. Hence, FTIR can complement other methods to characterize the morphology of polymer nanocomposites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Advantages and Potential of Lipid‐Membrane‐Incorporating Fullerenes Prepared by the Fullerene‐Exchange Method
Authors: Ikeda Atsushi , Mori Miyuki , Kiguchi Kazuya , Yasuhara Kazuma , Kikuchi Jun‐ichi , Nobusawa Kazuyuki , Akiyama Motofusa , Hashizume Mineo , Ogawa Takuya , Takeya Tatsuo
Published: December 2011

Lipid‐membrane‐incorporating C60 and C70 (LMIC60 and LMIC70) were prepared by the fullerene‐exchange reaction from the γ‐cyclodextrin cavity to vesicles (we call this method the “exchange method”). An advantage of this method is that the ratios of [C60]/[lipids] and [C70]/[lipids] can be arbitrarily controlled by adjusting the ratios of the fullerenes and liposome. The maximum ratio (30 mol %) obtained was approximately 14 and 100 times higher than those achieved for LMIC60 and LMIC70, respectively, that were prepared by the classical method, which we call the “premixing method” (dissolving lipids and C60 or C70 in chloroform, followed by concentration and extraction with water). Furthermore, the stabilities and photodynamic activities of the LMIC60 and LMIC70 solutions prepared by the exchange method were shown to be much higher than those prepared by the premixing method. That is, the exchange method was found to be superior to the premixing method as a preparative method of LMIC60 and LMIC70 for applications in photomedical and photomaterials chemistry.
Reaction engineering studies of acetone‐butanol‐ethanol fermentation with Clostridium acetobutylicum
Authors: Schmidt Michael , Weuster‐Botz Dirk
Published: December 2011

Acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) fermentation by Clostridium acetobutylicum has been extensively studied in recent years because the organism is recognized as an excellent butanol producer. A parallel bioreactor system with 48 stirred‐tank bioreactors on a 12 mL scale was evaluated for batch cultivations of the strictly anaerobic, butanol‐producing C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824. Continuous gassing with nitrogen gas was applied to control anaerobic conditions. Process performances of ABE batch fermentations on a milliliter scale were identical to the liter‐scale stirred‐tank reactor if reaction conditions were identical on the different scales (e.g., initial medium, pH, temperature, specific evaporation rates, specific power input by the stirrers). The effects of varying initial ammonia concentrations (0.1–4.4 g L−1) were studied in parallel with respect to glucose consumption and butanol production of C. acetobutylicum ATCC 824 as a first application example. The highest butanol yield of 33% (mol mol−1) was observed at initial ammonia concentrations of 0.5 and 1.1 g L−1. This is the first report on the successful application of a 48 parallel stirred‐tank bioreactor system for reaction engineering studies of strictly anaerobic microorganisms at the milliliter scale.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of the Binary Group 13 Azides M(N3)3 and M(N3)3·CH3CN (M: Ga, In, Tl), [Ga(N3)5]2‐, and [M(N3)6]3‐ (M: In, Tl).
Authors: Haiges Ralf , Boatz Jerry A. , Williams Jodi M. , Christe Karl O.
Published: December 2011

The extremely shock‐sensitive triazides (II) are synthesized in SO2 and MeCN solutions.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Open‐Framework Indium Phosphate—Phosphite Containing Intersecting Extra‐Large 16‐Ring Channels.
Authors: Dong Zhaojun , Yan Yan , Li Yi , Li Jiyang , Yu Jihong , Xu Ruren
Published: December 2011

The new open‐framework compound (H2mpd)3 [In9(H2O)6(HPO3)13 (H2PO3)2 (PO4)(HPO4)] (mpd: 2‐methyl‐1,5‐pentanediamine) is hydrothermally synthesized from a mixture of InCl3, H3PO3, and mpd as the structure‐directing agent (H2O, 180 °C, autoclave, 7 d; 39% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Li35Ln9Si30N59O2F with Ln: Ce, Pr — Highly Condensed Nitridosilicates.
Authors: Lupart Saskia , Durach Dajana , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

The isotypic title compounds are synthesized by reaction of LnF3 (Ln: Ce, Pr), LiN3, and Si(NH)2 in a Li flux (Ta ampule, 1299—1250 °C, 9—10 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Bonding Changes in Plutonium(III) and Americium(III) Borates.
Authors: Polinski Matthew J. , Wang Shuao , Alekseev Evgeny V. , Depmeier Wulf , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: December 2011

Compounds (II), (III), and (V) are characterized by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Organophotocatalysis. TiO2‐Induced Enantioselective α‐Oxyamination of Aldehydes.
Authors: Ho Xuan‐Huong , Kang Min‐Jung , Kim Seung‐Joo , Park Eun Duck , Jang Hye‐Young
Published: December 2011

In the presence of an optimized chiral organocatalyst and TiO2, aldehydes with TEMPO to give the corresponding α‐piperidinyloxy‐substituted aldehydes in a highly chemo‐ and stereoselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Ayrl‐ and Alkenyllithiation of Alkynes and Its Application to Benzosilole Synthesis.
Authors: Shirakawa Eiji , Masui Seiji , Narui Rintaro , Watabe Ryo , Ikeda Daiji , Hayashi Tamio
Published: December 2011

Phenyl‐ and vinyllithium with alkyl substituents at the ortho‐ and cis‐position, resp., readily add to alkynes in the presence of Fe(acac)3.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Regioselective Carbomagnesiation of Alkynes with Alkyl Halides and Grignard Reagents.
Authors: Kambe Nobuaki , Moriwaki Yuusuke , Fujii Yuuki , Iwasaki Takanori , Terao Jun
Published: December 2011

The process provides a new and regioselective method to prepare 1,2‐di‐ and 1,1,2‐trisubstituted alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Rendering Schrock‐Type Molybdenum Alkylidene Complexes Air Stable: User‐Friendly Precatalysts for Alkene Metathesis.
Authors: Heppekausen Johannes , Fuerstner Alois
Published: December 2011

The decomplexation of phenanthroline or bipyridine ligands from several molybdenum alkylidene complexes using ZnCl2 as activation agent releases tetracoordinate molybdenum complexes, which catalyze high‐yielding metathesis reactions under mild conditions (the activation is carried out at temperatures of 60 to 100°C, the metathesis reaction in the most cases at 25°C).
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient trans‐Acetoacylation Mediated by Ytterbium(III) Triflate as a Catalyst under Solvent‐Free Condition.
Authors: Rao G. B. Dharma , Kaushik M. P.
Published: December 2011

A simple procedure is developed for the alcoholysis of methyl acetoacetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Azides in Water‐THF Solvent System.
Authors: Swetha M. , Ramana P. Venkata , Shirodkar S. G.
Published: December 2011

A novel and efficient method for the synthesis of azides is developed using nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl halides, alkoxy esters or acid chlorides with sodium azide in a H2O/THF system.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu(II)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Amidation of C‐Acylimine: A Convenient Access to gem‐Diamino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Zhu Shujie , Dong Jia , Fu Shaomin , Jiang Huanfeng , Zeng Wei
Published: December 2011

Intramolecular amidation is also possible giving benzimidazoles like (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Straightforward Iron‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Nitriles by Dehydration of Primary Amides.
Authors: Enthaler Stephan
Published: December 2011

The new catalyst system exhibits high activity and is also applicable to alkyl amides as well as thiobenzamide (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Double 1,4‐Addition of Arylboronic Acids to β‐Aryloxyacrylates Involving β‐Oxygen Elimination.
Authors: Matsuda Takanori , Shiose Shigeru , Suda Yuya
Published: December 2011

The double arylation reaction proceeds via intermediate formation of cinnamates by β‐oxygen elimination.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Nanoparticles on Amphiphilic Carbon Spheres: A Green Catalyst for Suzuki—Miyaura Reaction.
Authors: Putta Chandra Babu , Ghosh Sutapa
Published: December 2011

The catalyst is used for Suzuki—Miyaura reactions involving a wide range of aryl halides and boronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphane‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Coupling of Alkynyl Carboxylic Acids with Aryl Halides under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Pan Delin , Zhang Chun , Ding Shengtao , Jiao Ning
Published: December 2011

For substrates without a nitro group, addition of sodium nitrite improves the yield significantly.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aryl Halomethylated Unsaturated Iminolactones (IV)
Authors: Zonouzi Afsaneh , Rahmani Hossein , Biniaz Mojtaba , Izakian Zakieh , Ng Seik Weng
Published: December 2011

via microwave assisted multi‐component reactions under solvent free conditions
ChemInform Abstract: TMSI‐Promoted Diastereoselective Synthesis of 5‐(1′‐Hydroxy)‐γ‐butyrolactones.
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Prasad M. Nagendra , Yadav J. S.
Published: December 2011

In situ prepared trimethylsilyl iodide is found to be an efficient catalyst for the vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction of furan (I) with various aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Isomerization of 3‐Alkynoates and [2 + 3]‐Cycloaddition with Imines: Formal Synthesis of Securinega Alkaloid (.+‐.)‐Allosecurinine.
Authors: Sampath Magesh , Lee Pei‐Ying Beatrix , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: December 2011

The phosphine‐catalyzed one‐pot sequence of isomerization of 3‐alkynoates (I) and following cycloaddition with imines (II) opens an efficient method for the synthesis of syn‐disubstituted pyrrolines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective [3 + 2] Annulation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Adducts Mediated by L‐Threonine‐Derived Phosphines: Synthesis of 3‐Spirocyclopentene‐2‐oxindoles Having Two Contiguous Quaternary Centers.
Authors: Zhong Fangrui , Han Xiaoyu , Wang Youqing , Lu Yixin
Published: December 2011

The Morita—Baylis—Hillman (MBH) carbonates (II), (IV), and (VII) serve as C3 synthons in asymmetric [3 + 2] annulation reactions to give a series of 3‐spirocyclopentene‐2‐oxindoles with two contiguous quaternary centers such as (III), (V), or (VIII) as present in various alkaloids.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Method for the Syntheses of 2‐Substituted Benzimidazoles Using Ti(IV) Isopropoxide and Cumene Hydroperoxide.
Authors: Havaldar Freddy H. , Mule Ganesh , Dabholkar Bhushan
Published: December 2011

The oxidative cyclization of Schiff bases derived from o‐phenylenediamines and aldehydes in the presence of cumene hydroperoxide provides a simple and cost‐effective process for the synthesis of 2‐arylbenzimidazoles (III) (8 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of 4‐Chromanones.
Authors: Zhong Yong‐Li , Boruta David T. , Gauthier Donald R. Jr. , Askin David
Published: December 2011

A practical and scalable synthesis is developed by cyclization of readily prepared 3‐aryloxypropanenitriles via Houben—Hoesch reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel and Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Racemic Fexofenadine.
Authors: Raghavendra G. M. , Harsha K. B. , Vinaya K. , Mantelingu K. , Rangappa K. S.
Published: December 2011

A novel, environmentally benign route for the preparation of fexofenadine (VIII), a selective H1‐histamine receptor antagonist, is developed starting from commercially available, inexpensive cumene.
ChemInform Abstract: Broensted Acidic Ionic Liquid‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones and Thiones under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Khazdooz Leila , Zarei Amin
Published: December 2011

An ionic liquid‐catalyzed Biginelli reaction under solvent‐free conditions is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Electron Transfer Cyclizations of Aryl‐Linked Phthalimides.
Authors: Lee Yong‐Jun , Ahn Do‐Hwan , Lee Kyoung‐Sub , Kim Ae Rhan , Yoo Dong Jin , Oelgemoeller Michael
Published: December 2011

The efficiency of the reactions depend on the substitution pattern of the arene and the extent of the linking carbon tether.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Diethyl Phosphonate with Aryl Iodides.
Authors: Karlstedt N. B. , Beletskaya I. P.
Published: December 2011

The use of K2CO3 as a base gives lower yields and tBu‐ONa as a base is inefficient in this reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Yojironins E—I, Prenylated Acylphloroglucinols from Hypericum yojiroanum.
Authors: Tanaka Naonobu , Mamemura Takuji , Shibazaki Azusa , Gonoi Tohru , Kobayashi Jun'ichi
Published: December 2011

Yojironins E—I (I)—(V) are isolated from the whole plants of H.
ChemInform Abstract: Small‐Molecule Androgen Receptor Downregulators as an Approach to Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer.
Authors: Bradbury Robert H. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2011

A medicinal chemistry program, derived from a novel, triazolopyridazine‐based androgen receptor ligand leads to the discovery of (I), for which high plasma levels following oral administration in an in vivo model compensate for moderate cellular potency.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiazoline and Thiazole and Their Derivatives in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Xu Zhengsuang , Ye Tao
Published: December 2011

Review: 224 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiophene and Other Sulfur Heterocycles in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Majumdar Krishna C. , Mondal Shoran
Published: December 2011

Review: 73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrole and Its Derivatives in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Mal Dipakranjan , Shome Brateen , Dinda Bidyut Kumar
Published: December 2011

Review: 105 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyran and Its Derivatives in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Miyabe Hideto , Miyata Okiko , Naito Takeaki
Published: December 2011

Review: 209 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Phase and Combinatorial Chemistry in the Heterocyclic Field
Authors: Villalgordo Jose M.
Published: December 2011

Review: 183 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis
Authors: Buckley Benjamin R. , Farah Mohamed M.
Published: December 2011

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Applications of Terpyridines and Their Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Winter Andreas , Newkome George R. , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: December 2011

Review: 175 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: End Group Reactions of RAFT‐Prepared (Co)Polymers
Authors: Harvison M. Alyse , Roth Peter J. , Davis Thomas P. , Lowe Andrew B.
Published: December 2011

Review: reactions of thiocarbonylthio groups with an emphasis on the chemistry conducted at ω or α and ω chain‐ends in copolymers prepared by reversible addition—fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization; 212 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Creation of Nucleophilic Boryl Anions and Their Properties
Authors: Yamashita Makoto
Published: December 2011

Review: 146 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress in Chemistry of Endohedral Metallofullerenes
Authors: Tsuchiya Takahiro , Akasaka Takeshi , Nagase Shigeru
Published: December 2011

Review: 158 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pharmaceutical Cocrystals
Authors: Qiao Ning , Li Mingzhong , Schlindwein Walkiria , Malek Nazneen , Davies Angela , Trappitt Gary
Published: December 2011

Review: 98 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Reactivity: The Role of Metal—Ligand Bond Energies from a Computational Perspective
Authors: Fey Natalie , Ridgway Benjamin M. , Jover Jesus , McMullin Claire L. , Harvey Jeremy N.
Published: December 2011

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid State CPMAS 13C and 15N NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Geochemistry and How Spin Dynamics Can Either Aggravate or Improve Spectra Interpretation
Authors: Knicker Heike
Published: December 2011

Review: 128 refs.
Feasibility of in vivo myelin water imaging using 3D multigradient‐echo pulse sequences
Authors: Lenz C. , Klarhöfer M. , Scheffler K.
Published: December 2011

Quantitative myelin water imaging is able to show demyelinating processes and, therefore, provides insight into the pathology of white matter diseases such as multiple sclerosis. So far, mapping of the myelin water fraction most often was performed using single‐slice multiecho spin‐echo sequences. Recently, a different approach using two‐dimensional multigradient‐echo pulse sequences was suggested. In this work, a solution to three‐dimensional in vivo myelin water fraction imaging is presented that applies multigradient‐echo pulse sequences and uses non‐negative least squares algorithms to analyze the multicomponent T*2 decay. The suggested method offers not only whole brain coverage but also clinically practicable acquisition times. The obtained myelin water fraction values are low (6.9% for white matter) but are able to detect demyelination in multiple sclerosis lesions. However, the clinical application of the proposed method remains questionable, because further measurements that clarify the possibility of detecting ongoing processes in lesions are needed. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Literary Authors, Parliamentary Reporters
Authors: Hessell Nikki
Published: December 2011

Samuel Johnson, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Hazlitt and Charles Dickens all worked as parliamentary reporters, but their experiences in the press gallery have not received much scrutiny. Nikki Hessell's study is the first work to consider all four of these canonical writers as gallery reporters, providing a detailed picture of this intriguing episode in their careers. Hessell challenges preconceived notions about the role that emergent literary genius played in their success as reporters, arguing instead that they were consummate gallery professionals who adapted themselves to the journalistic standards of their day. That professional background fed in to their creative work in unexpected ways. By drawing on a wealth of evidence in letters, diaries and the press, this study provides fresh insights into the ways in which four great writers learnt the craft of journalism and brought those lessons to bear on their career as literary authors.
Narrative of a Voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait
Authors: Beechey Frederick William
Published: December 2011

Frederick William Beechey (1796–1856), naval officer and hydrographer, was born into a family of artists, joined the Navy at a young age and went on to travel the world to survey coastlines and oceans. He published several accounts of his expeditions to destinations including the Arctic and Africa. This two-volume work, first published in 1831, describes his voyage as commander of the Blossom in 1825–1828. The ship's mission was to support the exploration of the North-West Passage by travelling eastwards via the Bering Strait to meet the explorers Sir John Franklin and Sir Edward Parry who were travelling west from the North Atlantic. Volume 1 records Beechey's outward journey via Cape Horn, his visits to Pitcairn Island, where he met the last surviving Bounty mutineer and documented his story (retold in Chapters 3 and 4), Tahiti, and Hawai'i, and his first season exploring the Bering Strait.
The Later Years of Thomas Hardy, 1892–1928
Authors: Hardy Florence Emily
Published: December 2011

The great English novelist and poet Thomas Hardy (1840–1928) worked with his second wife, Florence, on this account of his life. It was published under her name, in two separate volumes, after his death. Its origins are as fascinating as the man himself: written in the third person, it was compiled from Hardy's selections from his diaries, notebooks and letters, typed up by Florence and further edited by her after he died. The work provides an invaluable, if idiosyncratic, record of Hardy's life and complex, contradictory character. This is the second volume, published in 1930 and covering the period 1892–1928. It includes the publication of Jude the Obscure (1895) and its hostile reception, Hardy's return to writing poetry, the creation of his epic drama The Dynasts (1908), the death of Emma, his first wife, Hardy's response to World War I, and his marriage to Florence Dugdale.
Addison
Authors: Courthope William
Published: December 2011

W. J. Courthope's biography of politician and writer Joseph Addison (1672–1719) was published in 1884 in the first series of English Men of Letters. Educated at Harrow and Oxford, Courthope (1842–1917) was elected fellow of the British Academy in 1907. His scholarly works include a biography and edition of the works of Alexander Pope. This work begins not with an account of Addison's birth and childhood but instead with an essay on 'The State of English Society and Letters after the Restoration', contextualising a writer whose periodical essays were still widely read and enjoyed in the late nineteenth century. The book focuses more on Addison's literary career than his political activity in support of the Whigs, devoting chapters to his work for The Tatler, The Spectator (which he co-founded with Richard Steele) and The Guardian, his tragedy Cato, and his notorious quarrel with Pope.
Southey
Authors: Dowden Edward
Published: December 2011

This 1879 biography of poet and author Robert Southey (1774–1843), friend of Coleridge and Wordsworth, and Poet Laureate, provided a fresh and concise account of his literary endeavours and personal experiences. Written by Edward Dowden (1843–1913), an author and poet of the subsequent generation, and published in the first series of English Men of Letters, the work charts Southey's life, education, travels and literary activities, as well as his changing political views from the Jacobinism of his youth to the relatively conservative outlook of his later years. The book is notable for the extensive quotations which allow the reader to hear the subject's voice, but takes its cue from the writings as a whole instead of engaging in the analysis of individual books and poems.
Sex Differences in Two Fundamental Cognitive Domains
Authors: Wakabayashi Akio , Sasaki Junko , Ogawa Youji
Published: December 2011

Prior research indicates that, on average, females are superior at tasks concerned with the social cognitive domain, whereas males are superior at tasks concerned with physical cognitive domains. The empathizing-systemizing (E-S) theory explains these differences by proposing two independent cognitive drives: empathizing and systemizing. The present study explores sex differences and the relationship between these cognitive domains. Participants were 267 elementary school children (mean age = 9.8) and 102 university students (mean age = 20.7) who performed two tasks: the Eyes test and the intuitive physics test. Results showed that females scored higher than males on the Eyes test in both participant groups, whereas no marked sex differences appeared in the intuitive physics test. Distributions of cognitive styles, derived from performance differences in the two tasks, showed marked sex differences, and correlations between performances in the two tasks were near zero in both groups, were consistent with E-S theory.
A fast algorithm for multiscale electromagnetic problems using interpolative decomposition and multilevel fast multipole algorithm
Authors: Pan Xiao‐Min , Wei Jian‐Gong , Peng Zhen , Sheng Xin‐Qing
Published: December 2011

The interpolative decomposition (ID) is combined with the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA), denoted by ID‐MLFMA, to handle multiscale problems. The ID‐MLFMA first generates ID levels by recursively dividing the boxes at the finest MLFMA level into smaller boxes. It is specifically shown that near‐field interactions with respect to the MLFMA, in the form of the matrix vector multiplication (MVM), are efficiently approximated at the ID levels. Meanwhile, computations on far‐field interactions at the MLFMA levels remain unchanged. Only a small portion of matrix entries are required to approximate coupling among well‐separated boxes at the ID levels, and these submatrices can be filled without computing the complete original coupling matrix. It follows that the matrix filling in the ID‐MLFMA becomes much less expensive. The memory consumed is thus greatly reduced and the MVM is accelerated as well. Several factors that may influence the accuracy, efficiency and reliability of the proposed ID‐MLFMA are investigated by numerical experiments. Complex targets are calculated to demonstrate the capability of the ID‐MLFMA algorithm.
Cooperative transition of electronic states of antisite As defects in Be-doped low-temperature-grown GaAs layers
Authors: Ambri Mohamed Mohd , Tien Lam Pham , Bae K. W. , Otsuka N.
Published: December 2011

Magnetic properties resulting from localized spins associated with antisite arsenic ions AsGa+ in Be-doped low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) layers were studied by measuring the magnetization of lift-off samples. With fast cooling, the magnetization of samples at 1.8 K becomes significantly lower than that expected from Curie-type paramagnetism in the range of the applied field to 7 T, and a transition from low magnetization to the magnetization of paramagnetism occurs upon the heating of samples to 4.5 K. With slow cooling, on the other hand, samples have a paramagnetic temperature dependence throughout the measurement-temperature range. The magnetization was found to decrease monotonically when a sample was kept at a fixed low temperature. These observations are explained by the cooperative transition of electron states of AsGa defects, which is closely related to the normal-metastable state transition of EL2 defects in semi-insulating GaAs. The results of the magnetization measurements in the present study suggest that AsGa+ ions are spontaneously displaced at low temperature without photoexcitation in Be-doped LT-GaAs. The similarity of the transition observed in this system to the normal-metastable state transition of the EL2 defect was also suggested by first-principle calculations of the electron state of an AsGa defect with a doped Be atom.
The tensile strengths of heterogeneous interfaces: A comparison of static and dynamic first-principles calculations
Authors: Zhu Hongjuan , Mosey Nicholas J.
Published: December 2011

First-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) simulations and static quantum chemical (QC) calculations are used to evaluate the tensile strengths, σc, of interfaces consisting of (0001) surfaces of α-Al2O3 separated by small organic species. The evaluation of σc with FPMD was achieved by performing simulations in which the simulation cell was extending in a direction normal to the fracture plane until rupture of the interface occurred. The static QC calculations employed an approach which treated fracture of the interface as a competition between uniform extension of the simulation cell and crack formation at the rupture site, which is analogous to that used in the construction of universal binding energy relationships. The results showed that the static QC calculations accurately reproduced the FPMD simulations with respect to tensile strength and the cell extension at which rupture occurred, provided that the rupture site employed in the static calculations matched the site at which rupture occurred during the FPMD simulations. A simple strategy for identifying the rupture site, even in complex systems containing many potential rupture sites, is proposed. Overall, the work extends the calculation of tensile strengths with static QC methods to highly heterogeneous interfaces, thus providing a computationally efficient alternative to demanding FPMD simulations for this purpose.
Sperm-borne microRNA-34c is required for the first cleavage division in mouse
Authors: Liu Wei-Min , Pang Ronald T. K. , Chiu Philip C. N. , Wong Benancy P. C. , Lao Kaiqin , Lee Kai-Fai , Yeung William S. B.
Published: December 2011

In mammals, the sperm deliver mRNA of unknown function into the oocytes during fertilization. The role of sperm microRNAs (miRNAs) in preimplantation development is unknown. miRNA profiling identified six miRNAs expressed in the sperm and the zygotes but not in the oocytes or preimplantation embryos. Sperm contained both the precursor and the mature form of one of these miRNAs, miR-34c. The absence of an increased level of miR-34c in zygotes derived from α-amanitin–treated oocytes and in parthenogenetic oocytes supported a sperm origin of zygotic miR-34c. Injection of miR-34c inhibitor into zygotes inhibited DNA synthesis and significantly suppressed first cleavage division. A 3′ UTR luciferase assay and Western blotting demonstrated that miR-34c regulates B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression in the zygotes. Coinjection of anti–Bcl-2 antibody in zygotes partially reversed but injection of Bcl-2 protein mimicked the effect of miR-34c inhibition. Oocyte activation is essential for the miR-34c action in zygotes, as demonstrated by a decrease in 3′UTR luciferase reporter activity and Bcl-2 expression after injection of precursor miR-34c into parthenogenetic oocytes. Our findings provide evidence that sperm-borne miR-34c is important for the first cell division via modulation of Bcl-2 expression.
Regulation of oxidative DNA damage repair by DNA polymerase λ and MutYH by cross-talk of phosphorylation and ubiquitination
Authors: Markkanen Enni , van Loon Barbara , Ferrari Elena , Parsons Jason L. , Dianov Grigory L. , Hübscher Ulrich
Published: December 2011

It is of pivotal importance for genome stability that repair DNA polymerases (Pols), such as Pols λ and β, which all exhibit considerably reduced fidelity when replicating undamaged DNA, are tightly regulated, because their misregulation could lead to mutagenesis. Recently, we found that the correct repair of the abundant and highly miscoding oxidative DNA lesion 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2′-deoxyguanine (8-oxo-G) is performed by an accurate repair pathway that is coordinated by the MutY glycosylase homologue (MutYH) and Pol λ in vitro and in vivo. Pol λ is phosphorylated by Cdk2/cyclinA in late S and G2 phases of the cell cycle, promoting Pol λ stability by preventing it from being targeted for proteasomal degradation by ubiquitination. However, it has remained a mystery how the levels of Pol λ are controlled, how phosphorylation promotes its stability, and how the engagement of Pol λ in active repair complexes is coordinated. Here, we show that the E3 ligase Mule mediates the degradation of Pol λ and that the control of Pol λ levels by Mule has functional consequences for the ability of mammalian cells to deal with 8-oxo-G lesions. Furthermore, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of Pol λ by Cdk2/cyclinA counteracts its Mule-mediated degradation by promoting recruitment of Pol λ to chromatin into active 8-oxo-G repair complexes through an increase in Pol λ’s affinity to chromatin-bound MutYH. Finally, MutYH appears to promote the stability of Pol λ by binding it to chromatin. In contrast, Pol λ not engaged in active repair on chromatin is subject for proteasomal degradation.
Understanding fast macroscale fracture from microcrack post mortem patterns
Authors: Guerra Claudia , Scheibert Julien , Bonamy Daniel , Dalmas Davy
Published: December 2011

Dynamic crack propagation drives catastrophic solid failures. In many amorphous brittle materials, sufficiently fast crack growth involves small-scale, high-frequency microcracking damage localized near the crack tip. The ultrafast dynamics of microcrack nucleation, growth, and coalescence is inaccessible experimentally and fast crack propagation was therefore studied only as a macroscale average. Here, we overcome this limitation in polymethylmethacrylate, the archetype of brittle amorphous materials: We reconstruct the complete spatiotemporal microcracking dynamics, with micrometer/nanosecond resolution, through post mortem analysis of the fracture surfaces. We find that all individual microcracks propagate at the same low, load-independent velocity. Collectively, the main effect of microcracks is not to slow down fracture by increasing the energy required for crack propagation, as commonly believed, but on the contrary to boost the macroscale velocity through an acceleration factor selected on geometric grounds. Our results emphasize the key role of damage-related internal variables in the selection of macroscale fracture dynamics.