bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educating for religious citizenship: multiculturalism and national identity in an English multi‐faith primary school
Authors: Hemming Peter J
Published: March 2011

Much attention has been paid to the introduction of Citizenship Education in 2002 as a curriculum subject for schools in England and Wales. However, schools have a much wider role in educating children for citizenship through the informal curriculum and everyday socio‐spatial practices. This article draws attention to the issue of ‘religious citizenship’ as an important area of study for geographers, through a focus on a particular space: an English multi‐faith community primary school. The model of religious citizenship that was provided and promoted by the school is considered, with reference to the way in which religious minorities were recognised and accommodated. Through this analysis, the significance of procedural liberalism is highlighted, particularly the way in which the concept of neutrality may inadvertently privilege certain groups over others. The multi‐scalar nature of the issues in question are also shown through reference to particular constructions of the nation and national identity, along with the significance of everyday micro‐spaces for the contestation and negotiation of religious citizenship.
Polymorphisms of DNA Repair and Xenobiotic Genes Predispose to CpG Island Methylation in Non‐Neoplastic Gastric Mucosa
Authors: Tahara Tomomitsu , Shibata Tomoyuki , Nakamura Masakatsu , Okubo Masaaki , Yamashita Hiromi , Yoshioka Daisuke , Yonemura Joh , Ishizuka Takamitsu , Hirata Ichiro , Arisawa Tomiyasu
Published: March 2011

Background:  Genetic factors, related to DNA repair or xenobiotic pathways might confer different degrees of susceptibility to gastric carcinogenesis. CpG island hyper methylation (CIHM) is a major event in gastric carcinogenesis. We evaluated the association between XRCC1, GSTP1, GSTT1 and GSTM1 polymorphisms with CIHM status in non‐neoplastic gastric mucosa.

Methods:  XRCC1 Arg399Gln, and Arg194Trp, GSTP1 Ile104Val, and GSTT1, GSTM1 null polymorphisms were genotyped in 415 cancer free subjects, in relation to four candidate CpG (p14, p16, DAP‐kinase and CDH1) loci, assessed by Methylation‐Specific‐Polymerase Chain Reaction (MSP). CIHM high was defined as two or more CpG islands methylated.

Results:  Significant association between XRCC1 codon 399 Gln/Gln genotype and reduced susceptibility to CIHM of DAP‐kinase (adjusted OR = 0.30, 95%CI = 0.13–0.71, p = .0055) and CIHM high (OR = 0.42, 95%CI = 0.19–0.97, p = .04). XRCC1 codon 399 Gin/Gln genotype also presented lower number of CIHM when compared with both Arg/Gln, and Arg/Arg + Arg/Gln genotypes (p = .02, .046, respectively) When subjects were divided according to age (>50 and <50), an association was found between GSTM1 null genotype and increased susceptibility to CIHM high in the 50 years and older generations (OR = 1.63, 95%CI = 1.01–2.62, p = .045).

Conclusion:  XRCC1 codon 399 Gln/Gln genotype is associated with reduced susceptibility to CIHM especially DAP‐kinase. GSTM1 null genotype may increase the susceptibility to CIHM especially in older patients. Genetic factors, related to DNA repair or xenobiotic pathways may have a role in CIHM‐related gastric carcinogenesis.
Time course of lesion development in the hairless guinea‐pig model of sulfur mustard‐induced dermal injury
Authors: Benson Janet M. , Seagrave JeanClare , Weber Waylon M. , Santistevan Colleen D. , Grotendorst Gary R. , Schultz Gregory S. , March Thomas H.
Published: March 2011

The objective of these studies was to provide detailed analyses of the time course of sulfur mustard (SM) vapor‐induced clinical, histological, and biochemical changes following cutaneous exposure in hairless guinea‐pigs. Three 6 cm2 sites on the backs of each guinea‐pig were exposed to SM vapor (314 mg3) for 6 minutes (low dose) or 12 minutes (high dose). Animals were killed at 6, 24, and 48 hours, or 2 weeks postexposure. Erythema, edema, histopathology, and analysis of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 and ‐9 content were evaluated. Erythema was observed by 6 hours, and edema by 24 hours postexposure. Vapor exposure caused epidermal necrosis with varying degrees of dermatitis, ulceration, hemorrhage, and separation of the dermis from the epidermis. Later changes included epidermal regeneration with hyperplasia and formation of granulation tissue in the dermis with loss of hair follicles and glandular structures. Relative amounts of pro and active MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 were significantly increased in the high‐dose SM group at 2 weeks. Erythema, edema, and histologic changes are consistent with findings among human victims of SM attack. This model, with observations to 2 weeks, will be useful in assessing the efficacy of countermeasures against SM.
Transpirational Water Loss in Invaded and Restored Semiarid Riparian Forests
Authors: Moore Georgianne W. , Owens M. Keith
Published: March 2011

The invasive tree, Tamarix sp., was introduced to the United States in the 1800s to stabilize stream banks. The riparian ecosystem adjacent to the middle Rio Grande River in central New Mexico consists of mature cottonwood (Populus fremontii) gallery forests with a dense Tamarix understory. We hypothesized that Populus would compensate for reduced competition by increasing its water consumption in restored riparian plots following selective Tamarix removal, resulting in similar transpiration (T) among stands. The northern study site included a Populus stand invaded by Tamarix (INVN) and a restored Populus‐only stand (RESN), as did a southern site (INVS and RESS) approximately 80 miles south. At each site, 20 × 20–m plots were established where up to 16 stems were monitored throughout the 2004 growing season using thermal dissipation sapflow sensors. Populus sapflux rates were greater in restored stands, suggesting those trees compensated for understory removal by using more water. Sapflow was scaled to estimate stand‐level T based on a quantitative assessment of sapwood basal area (Asw) by species. Although exotic species represented 85 and 91% of the total stems in the invaded stands, it amounted to only 3% (INVS) and 4% (INVN) of the total Asw, contributing proportionately less to T compared to Populus. Our results indicate that removing Tamarix from the Populus understory in this riparian forest had a minimal impact on stand water balance. Riparian restoration of the type discussed herein should focus primarily on enhancing riparian health rather than generating water.
Clinical Characteristics, Pharmacotherapy, and Healthcare Resource Use among Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy Newly Prescribed Pregabalin or Gabapentin
Authors: Gore Mugdha , Tai Kei‐Sing , Zlateva Gergana , Bala Chandran Arthi , Leslie Douglas
Published: March 2011

Objective:  To characterize comorbidities, pain‐related pharmacotherapy, and healthcare resource use among patients with painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN) newly prescribed pregabalin or gabapentin in clinical practice.

Methods:  Using the LifeLink™ Health Plan Claims Database, patients with pDPN (ICD‐9‐CM codes 357.2 or 250.6) newly prescribed (index event) gabapentin (n = 1,178; 56.9 ± 10.3 years old) were identified and propensity score‐matched with patients initiated on pregabalin (n = 1,178; 56.4 ± 9.8 years old). Comorbidities, pain‐related pharmacotherapy, and healthcare resource use/costs were examined during the 12‐month pre‐index and follow‐up periods.

Results:  Both cohorts were characterized by multiple comorbidities and substantial use of pain‐related and adjunctive medications. In the pregabalin cohort, the use of tricyclic antidepressants significantly decreased (16.0% vs. 13.2%) and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (30.8% vs. 34.8%), muscle relaxants (19.2% vs. 22.9%), anticonvulsants (14.4% vs. 18.1%), benzodiazepines (22.3% vs. 25.0%), and topical agents (7.0% vs. 9.8%) increased (P < 0.05) in the follow‐up period. In the gabapentin cohort, there were significant increases (P < 0.05) in the use of short‐acting (55.4% vs. 61.2%) and long‐acting (9.4% to 12.8%) opioids, serotonin–norepinephrine re‐uptake inhibitors (14.2% vs. 16.7%), anticonvulsants (7.1% vs. 19.2%), benzodiazepines (19.1% vs. 24.3%), sedative/hypnotics (14.9% vs. 18.0%), and tramadol (13.3% vs. 16.8%). There were significant increases (P < 0.05) in pharmacy, outpatient, and total costs in both cohorts and in costs of physician office visits in the gabapentin cohort. There was no difference in postindex median total costs between the pregabalin and gabapentin cohorts ($16,137 vs. $15,766).

Conclusions:  Patients with pDPN prescribed pregabalin and gabapentin had a substantial comorbidity and pain medication burden. Although healthcare costs increased in both groups, the increase in pain medication burden was higher in the gabapentin group. Direct medical costs were similar for both groups. Given the human and economic burden of pDPN, future research may benefit from a focus on efficacy parameters to further differentiate treatment options.
Sensitivity Analysis of a Two‐Dimensional Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment: Keeping Variability and Uncertainty Separated
Authors: Busschaert Pieter , Geeraerd Annemie H. , Uyttendaele Mieke , Van Impe Jan F.
Published: March 2011

The aim of quantitative microbiological risk assessment is to estimate the risk of illness caused by the presence of a pathogen in a food type, and to study the impact of interventions. Because of inherent variability and uncertainty, risk assessments are generally conducted stochastically, and if possible it is advised to characterize variability separately from uncertainty. Sensitivity analysis allows to indicate to which of the input variables the outcome of a quantitative microbiological risk assessment is most sensitive. Although a number of methods exist to apply sensitivity analysis to a risk assessment with probabilistic input variables (such as contamination, storage temperature, storage duration, etc.), it is challenging to perform sensitivity analysis in the case where a risk assessment includes a separate characterization of variability and uncertainty of input variables. A procedure is proposed that focuses on the relation between risk estimates obtained by Monte Carlo simulation and the location of pseudo‐randomly sampled input variables within the uncertainty and variability distributions. Within this procedure, two methods are used—that is, an ANOVA‐like model and Sobol sensitivity indices—to obtain and compare the impact of variability and of uncertainty of all input variables, and of model uncertainty and scenario uncertainty. As a case study, this methodology is applied to a risk assessment to estimate the risk of contracting listeriosis due to consumption of deli meats.
Sensitivity Analysis and Estimation of Extreme Tail Behavior in Two‐Dimensional Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Roelofs V. J. , Kennedy M. C.
Published: March 2011

Two‐dimensional Monte Carlo simulation is frequently used to implement probabilistic risk models, as it allows for uncertainty and variability to be quantified separately. In many cases, we are interested in the proportion of individuals from a variable population exceeding a critical threshold, together with uncertainty about this proportion. In this article we introduce a new method that can accurately estimate these quantities much more efficiently than conventional algorithms. We also show how those model parameters having the greatest impact on the probabilities of rare events can be quickly identified via this method. The algorithm combines elements from well‐established statistical techniques in extreme value theory and Bayesian analysis of computer models. We demonstrate the practical application of these methods with a simple example, in which the true distributions are known exactly, and also with a more realistic model of microbial contamination of milk with seven parameters. For the latter, sensitivity analysis (SA) is shown to identify the two inputs explaining the majority of variation in distribution tail behavior. In the subsequent prediction of probabilities of large contamination events, similar results are obtained using the new approach taking 43 seconds or the conventional simulation that requires more than 3 days.
Influenza Infection Risk and Predominate Exposure Route: Uncertainty Analysis
Authors: Jones Rachael M. , Adida Elodie
Published: March 2011

An effective nonpharmaceutical intervention for influenza interrupts an exposure route that contributes significantly to infection risk. Herein, we use uncertainty analysis (point‐interval method) and Monte Carlo simulation to explore the magnitude of infection risk and predominant route of exposure. We utilized a previously published mathematical model of a susceptible person attending a bed‐ridden infectious person. Infection risk is sensitive to the magnitude of virus emission and contact rates. The contribution of droplet spray exposure to infection risk increases with cough frequency, and decreases with virus concentration in cough particles. We consider two infectivity scenarios: greater infectivity of virus deposited in the upper respiratory tract than virus inhaled in respirable aerosols, based on human studies; and equal infectivity in the two locations, based on studies in guinea pigs. Given that virus have equal probability of infection throughout the respiratory tract, the mean overall infection risk is 9.8 × 10−2 (95th percentile 0.78). However, when virus in the upper respiratory tract is less infectious than inhaled virus, the overall infection risk is several orders of magnitude lower. In this event, inhalation is a significant exposure route. Contact transmission is important in both infectivity scenarios. The presence of virus in only respirable particles increases the mean overall infection risk by 1–3 orders of magnitude, with inhalation contributing ≥99% of the infection risk. The analysis indicates that reduction of uncertainties in the concentration of virus in expiratory particles of different sizes, expiratory event frequency, and infectivity at different sites in the respiratory tract will clarify the predominate exposure routes for influenza.
Interfacial Stoichiometry and Adhesion at Metal/α‐Al2O3 Interfaces
Authors: Li Hong‐Tao , Chen Lian‐Feng , Yuan Xun , Zhang Wen‐Qing , Smith John R. , Evans Anthony G.
Published: March 2011

First‐principles studies of metal/α‐Al2O3 interfaces have revealed strong interfacial stoichiometry effects on adhesion. The metals included Al, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Rh, Ir, Pd, Pt, Nb, and β‐NiAl. Metallic and ionic‐covalent adhesive bonding effects were found in varying amounts depending on whether the interfacial stoichiometry is stoichiometric, oxygen‐rich, or aluminum‐rich in a qualitative way. A semiempirical but physically sensible understanding ensues for the effects of interfacial stoichiometry and reveals the underlying strong correlation of the interfacial adhesion with the physical properties of the bulk materials that join and form the interface. The metallic component of the bonding was found to be related to the ratio of (B/V)1/2, where B and V are the bulk modulus and molar volume of the metal, respectively. In like manner, the ionic‐covalent component of the bonding could be related to the enthalpy of oxide formation of the bulk metal. A unified model is proposed to describe the adhesion of metal/alumina interfaces with interfacial stoichiometry effects, and the model is also expected to be valid for other metal–oxide interfaces.
Influences of coaches, parents, and peers on the motivational patterns of child and adolescent athletes
Authors: Chan D. K. , Lonsdale C. , Fung H. H.
Published: March 2011

The purposes of this study were to assess the relative impact of social influences initiated by coach, parents, and peers on children and adolescent athletes' motivational patterns, involving self‐rated effort, enjoyment, competence, and competitive trait anxiety. Questionnaire data were collected from 408 youth swimmers (aged 9–18 years). Results of multi‐group structural equation modeling analyses generally showed that compared with athletes in the other age group, the social influence from mother was stronger in childhood (mean age=10.87 years; SD=1.00), and that from peers was greater in adolescence (mean age=16.32 years; SD=1.15). The social influence from coach was more influential for athletes' effort and enjoyment in childhood, and competence in adolescence. We concluded that age appeared to moderate the impact of social influence from significant others on young athletes' sport experiences.
Educational intervention on water intake improves hydration status and enhances exercise performance in athletic youth
Authors: Kavouras S. A. , Arnaoutis G. , Makrillos M. , Garagouni C. , Nikolaou E. , Chira O. , Ellinikaki E. , Sidossis L. S.
Published: March 2011

We aimed to evaluate whether an intervention program emphasizing in increased fluid intake can improve exercise performance in children exercising in the heat. Ninety‐two young athletes participated in the study (age: 13.8 ± 0.4 years, weight: 54.9 ± 1.5 kg). Thirty‐one (boys: 13, girls: 18) children served as the control group (CON) and 61 (boys: 30, girls: 31) as the intervention (INT). Volunteers had free access to fluids. Hydration was assessed on the basis of first morning urine. A series of field tests were used to evaluate exercise performance. All tests occurred outdoors in the morning (mean ambient temperature=28 °C). After baseline testing, INT attended a lecture on hydration, and urine color charts were mounted in all bathrooms. Additionally, water accessibility was facilitated in training, dining and resting areas. Hydration status was improved significantly in the INT [USG: pre=1.031 ± 0.09, post=1.023 ± 0.012, P<0.05; urine osmolality (mOsm/kg water): pre=941 ± 30, post=782 ± 34, P<0.05], while no statistically significant changes were found in the CON [USG: pre=1.033 ± 0.011, post=1.032 ± 0.013, P>0.05; urine osmolality (mOsm/kg water) 970 ± 38 vs 961 ± 38, P>0.05]. Performance in an endurance run was improved significantly only in INT (time for 600 m: pre=189 ± 5 s, post=167 ± 4 s, P<0.05). Improving hydration status by ad libitum consumption of water can enhance performance in young children exercising in the heat.
Lipid peroxidation in all‐in‐one admixtures for preterm neonates: impact of amount of lipid, type of lipid emulsion and delivery condition
Authors: Jalabert Anne , Grand Anaïs , Steghens Jean‐Paul , Barbotte Eric , Pigue Christelle , Picaud Jean‐Charles
Published: March 2011

Aim:  To evaluate the effect of lipid emulsion composition and delivery condition on lipid peroxidation in typical all‐in‐one parenteral admixtures for preterm neonates.

Methods:  Malonedialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were assessed in different all‐in‐one admixtures. We evaluated the effects of fat blend (three lipid emulsions) and the amount of lipids, as well as the effects of protecting bags and/or tubing from ambient light and storage for 72 h. MDA was measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.

Results:  Three hundred and sixty samples were collected from 114 admixtures. Neither the type of lipid (p = 0.43) nor the interaction between light and type of lipid (p = 0.49) had any influence on final MDA concentrations, but the increase in MDA concentration at 24 h (T24) was related to light exposure (p < 0.001). The increase in MDA concentration was related to the increase in lipid amount in the admixture at T0 (r = 0.77) and T24 (r = 0.86). MDA concentrations in solutions stored for 72 h showed no significant increase, with no difference between the three lipid emulsions (p = 0.69).

Conclusion:  All‐in‐one admixtures may be interesting for the parenteral nutrition of preterm neonates. Protection from light and restricting the amount of lipid to what is required for appropriate energy provision are essential to limit lipid peroxidation.
Associations between vitamin D status in infants and blood lipids, body mass index and waist circumference
Authors: Arnberg K , Østergård M , Madsen AL , Krarup H , Michaelsen KF , Mølgaard C
Published: March 2011

Aim:  To study the relationships between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D status and blood lipids, insulin, glucose, body mass index and waist circumference in infants.

Methods:  In a cross‐sectional study, 255 infants aged 9 months with a blood sample for 25‐hydroxyvitamin D were examined. Plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were analysed by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Associations between plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin, glucose, body mass index and waist circumference were analysed.

Results:  Mean plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D was 77.2 ± 22.7 nM. At the time of examination, 97% received vitamin D supplementation. 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D was negatively associated with HDL (p = 0.003), cholesterol (p = 0.002) and triglycerides (p = 0.010) in multivariate analysis controlled for gender, season, body mass index, length, birth weight and breastfeeding. There were no associations between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and glucose or insulin (all p > 0.05). 25‐hydroxyvitamin D was negatively associated with body mass index (p = 0.005) and waist circumference (p = 0.002) controlled for gender, season, breastfeeding, birth weight and length.

Conclusion:  Vitamin D status is negatively associated with blood lipids, body mass index and waist circumference in infants where nearly all received vitamin D supplements. Whether this has long‐term health effects remains to be elucidated.
Crystal structures of the apo form of β‐fructofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium longum and its complex with fructose
Authors: Bujacz Anna , Jedrzejczak‐Krzepkowska Marzena , Bielecki Stanislaw , Redzynia Izabela , Bujacz Grzegorz
Published: March 2011

We solved the 1.8 Å crystal structure of β‐fructofuranosidase from Bifidobacterium longum KN29.1 – a unique enzyme that allows these probiotic bacteria to function in the human digestive system. The sequence of β‐fructofuranosidase classifies it as belonging to the glycoside hydrolase family 32 (GH32). GH32 enzymes show a wide range of substrate specificity and different functions in various organisms. All enzymes from this family share a similar fold, containing two domains: an N‐terminal five‐bladed β‐propeller and a C‐terminal β‐sandwich module. The active site is located in the centre of the β‐propeller domain, in the bottom of a ‘funnel’. The binding site, −1, responsible for tight fructose binding, is highly conserved among the GH32 enzymes. Bifidobacterium longum KN29.1 β‐fructofuranosidase has a 35‐residue elongation of the N‐terminus containing a five‐turn α‐helix, which distinguishes it from the other known members of the GH32 family. This new structural element could be one of the functional modifications of the enzyme that allows the bacteria to act in a human digestive system. We also solved the 1.8 Å crystal structure of the β‐fructofuranosidase complex with β‐d‐fructose, a hydrolysis product obtained by soaking apo crystal in raffinose.

Database
 Coordinates and structure factors have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank under accession codes: 3PIG and 3PIJ

Structured digital abstract

‐fructofuranosidase
 binds to ‐fructofuranosidase by x‐ray crystallography (View interaction)
COMPOSITION AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF THE BRAZILIAN MYRISTICA FRAGRANS HOUTT ESSENTIAL OIL
Authors: VALENTE VÂNIA MARIA MOREIRA , JHAM GULAB NEWANDRAM , DHINGRA ONKAR DEV , GHIVIRIGA ION
Published: March 2011

Twenty‐eight components (corresponding to 94.3% of the total chromatographic peak area) were identified in the crude essential oil (EO) of the Brazilian nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) by Kováts retention indices using gas chromatography and a mass spectral database. Out of these, presence of 11 compounds (corresponding to 87.3% of the total chromatographic peak area) was confirmed by standards. The crude EO at a concentration of 0.1% inhibited radial growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporoides (98%), Colletotrichum musa (97%), Fusarium oxysporum (75%), Fusarium semitectum (78%), Aspergillus niger (71%) and A. glaucus (60%). Growth inhibition increased from 85% to 100% at a concentration of 0.3%. This is the first study in the literature where the chemical composition of fresh nutmeg EO was unequivocally determined along with antifungal activities simultaneously. In addition, a wide antifungal spectrum of nutmeg EO has been described.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Spices have been used to cure diseases, preserve foods and as condiments since ancient times. Use of essential oils (EOs) from edible plants is an attractive alternative method to control food/feed fungi as they should, in principle, not be toxic to man and could replace toxic synthetic fungicides. Use of nontoxic natural compounds is attributed to growing problems encountered with microbial resistance towards conventional preservation with synthetic fungicides and an increasing demand for minimal processed food along with “green” image policies of food industry. Although the chemical composition of nutmeg EO has been extensively investigated over the past century, its antifungal potential has not been extensively investigated. This study demonstrates the potential of nutmeg EO as antifungal against Colletotrichum gloeosporoides, C. musae, Fusarium oxysporum, F. semitectum, Aspergillus niger and A. glaucus. Further studies are underway to evaluate nutmeg EO as a feed preservative.
EFFICACY OF TRISODIUM PHOSPHATE IN KILLING ACID‐ADAPTED SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: ÁLVAREZ‐ORDÓÑEZ AVELINO , FERNÁNDEZ ANA , BERNARDO ANA , LÓPEZ MERCEDES
Published: March 2011

The influence of acid adaptation on Salmonella Typhimurium tolerance to alkaline stress was studied using cells grown in buffered‐brain heart infusion (BHI) (pH 7.0) and BHI acidified up to pH 4.5 with acetic, citric, lactic and hydrochloric acids, and challenged in BHI containing 1.5%, 2.0% or 2.5% trisodium phosphate (TSP; pH 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, respectively) or NaOH at the same pH values. TSP was more effective in killing S. Typhimurium than NaOH (D values at pH 10.0, 10.5 and 11.0 of 28.3, 9.7, 2.77 min and 150.2, 31.5, 5.09 min with TSP and NaOH, respectively). Acid‐adapted cells showed a cross‐protection response to NaOH, with D values around twofold higher than those corresponding to nonacid‐adapted cells. However, they were more sensitive to a TSP treatment. These findings suggest that both alkalinizing compounds damage the cellular membrane in a different extent. A linear relationship between log of D values and treatment pH was found, obtaining zpH values (change in pH required for a 10‐fold reduction of D values) of 0.99 and 0.67 with TSP and NaOH, respectively. A surface response model was developed describing the combined effects of treatment pH and TSP concentration, which could prove useful for the food industry in determining appropriate processing conditions for decontamination purposes.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Chemical decontamination processes are usually applied to reduce the potential pathogens load on food surfaces. This study explores the use of trisodium phosphate (TSP) as a decontamination agent effective in inactivating Salmonella Typhimurium in acidic foods, which represents a great concern for the food industry, health regulatory officials and consumers. A mathematical model has been developed, which enable us to predict the effect of treatment pH and TSP concentration on the inactivation of this pathogenic microorganism which could prove useful for the food industry.
Prevalence and Public Health Significance of Aluminum Residues in Milk and Some Dairy Products
Authors: AI‐Ashmawy Maha A.M.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Sixty random samples of bulk farm milk, market milk, locally manufactured processed cheese, and milk powder were collected to be analyzed for aluminum (Al) concentration using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS). The results were compared with provisional acceptable permissible limits (PAPLs). The maximum estimated dietary intake (MEDI) of Al for the examined samples was calculated. In addition, an experimental study was conducted to determine the possible leaching of Al from cookware in milk during boiling. The obtained results showed that Al concentration in examined bulk farm milk samples was found to be negligible. In contrast, market milk revealed higher concentration, 65.0% of the examined samples were above the PAPLs. The results revealed significant difference of Al concentration among them. The Al levels in processed cheese wrapped in Al foil were significantly higher than those found in samples packed in glass containers with a significant difference of Al concentration between them. Also, 20% of the examined milk powder samples exceeded the PAPLs (0.01 to 0.4 mg/kg). The MEDI for Al in bulk farm milk, control market milk, market milk boiled in Al cookware, market milk boiled in stainless‐steel cookware, processed cheese wrapped in Al foil, processed cheese packed in glass containers, and milk powder were calculated as 3.0%, 61.0%, 63.0%, 61.0%, 428.0%, 220.0%, and 166.0% from “PTDI,” respectively. The results of the experimental study showed no marked significant differences of Al concentration between market milk (control group) and those boiled in Al cookware, as well as to those boiled in stainless‐steel cookware.

Practical Application:  The results of the present study indicate that Al level in milk kept in Al containers and dairy products packed in Al foil is beyond the permissible limits, suggesting health hazard. Therefore, all milk cans should be constructed of stainless steel, prevent the entrance of tap water into milk, and the processed cheese should be packed in glass containers and not wrapped in Al foil. Leaching of Al increased to a significant percent more during storage than during boiling, so milk should be kept in stainless steel or glass containers in the refrigerator.
Five roles for using theory and evidence in the design and testing of behavior change interventions
Authors: Bartholomew L. Kay , Mullen Patricia Dolan
Published: March 2011

Objective: The prevailing wisdom in the field of health‐related behavior change is that well‐designed and effective interventions are guided by theory.

Methods: Using the framework of intervention mapping, we describe and provide examples of how investigators can effectively select and use theory to design, test, and report interventions.

Results: We propose five roles for theory and evidence about theories: a) identification of behavior and determinants of behavior related to a specified health problem (i.e., the logic model of the problem); b) explication of a causal model that includes theoretical constructs for producing change in the behavior of interest (i.e., the logic model of change); c) selection of intervention methods and delivery of practical applications to achieve changes in health behavior; d) evaluation of the resulting intervention including theoretical mediating variables; and e) reporting of the active ingredients of the intervention together with the evaluation results.

Conclusions: In problem‐driven applied behavioral or social science, researchers use one or multiple theories, empiric evidence, and new research, both to assess a problem and to solve or prevent a problem. Furthermore, the theories for description of the problem may differ from the theories for its solution. In an applied approach, the main focus is on solving problems regarding health behavior change and improvement of health outcomes, and the criteria for success are formulated in terms of the problem rather than the theory. Resulting contributions to theory development may be quite useful, but they are peripheral to the problem‐solving process.
Comparison of random and SSR‐enriched shotgun pyrosequencing for microsatellite discovery and single multiplex PCR optimization inAcacia harpophyllaF. Muell. Ex Benth
Authors: LEPAIS OLIVIER , BACLES CECILE F. E.
Published: March 2011

Streamlining the development and genotyping of microsatellites in species for which no genetic information is available represents an important technical challenge to overcome in order to enable mainstream application of state‐of‐the‐art population genetic analysis techniques in nonmodel organisms. Using the example ofAcacia harpophylla,an acacia tree endemic of north‐eastern Australia, we show that high‐throughput shotgun pyrosequencing technology, so‐called second‐generation sequencing, reduces time and cost of microsatellite marker discovery in nonmodel organisms and of their large‐scale typing in natural populations. We found that 0.5% of short sequence reads generated on 454 Genome Sequencer FLX Titanium from random genome sampling and 2.2% of reads generated with prior microsatellite enrichment yielded microsatellite markers with designed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers, suggesting that enrichment increases efficiency of pyrosequencing when microsatellite discovery is the primary goal. Using stringent selection criteria to facilitate downstream PCR multiplex design, we identified 1435 microsatellite loci with designed primers from a total of 200 908 short sequence reads. From a subset of 96 loci tested for amplification, 38 were validated for population genetics applications, leading to the optimization of a cost‐effective multiplex PCR protocol for the simultaneous typing of nine microsatellites in natural populations ofA. harpophylla.
Identification of species withinTetrastigma(Miq.) Planch. (Vitaceae) based on DNA barcoding techniques
Authors: FU Yuan‐Miao , JIANG Wei‐Mei , FU Cheng‐Xin
Published: March 2011

Abstract Many species ofTetrastigma(Miq.) Planch. (Vitaceae) have long been used as medicinal plants in China, and some are endangered due to overexploitation. Although adulterants are often added to traditional Chinese medicines, there is no reliable or practical method for identifying them. In this study, we used four markers (rbcL,matK,trnH‐psbA, and internal transcribed spacer [ITS]) as DNA barcodes to test their ability to distinguish species ofTetrastigma. The results indicated that the best barcode was ITS, which showed significant inter‐specific genetic variability, and thus its potential as a DNA barcode for identifyingTetrastigma. Multiple loci provided a greater ability to distinguish species than single loci. We recommend using the combinedrbcL+matK+ITS barcode for the genus. Phylogenetic trees from each barcode were compared. Analyses using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean discriminated an equal or greater percentage of resolvable species than did neighbor joining, maximum likelihood, or maximum parsimony analyses. Additionally, five medicinal species ofTetrastigma, especiallyT. hemsleyanum, could be identified precisely using DNA barcoding.
Effects of diphenyl diselenide on lipid profile and hepatic oxidative stress parameters in ovariectomized female rats
Authors: da Rocha Juliana Trevisan , Pinton Simone , Mazzanti Alexandre , Mazzanti Cinthia Melazzo , Beckemann Diego Vilibaldo , Nogueira Cristina Wayne , Zeni Gilson
Published: March 2011

Objectives

Ovarian hormone decline after menopause is linked to many pathophysiological reactions. Female rats submitted to ovariectomy are employed as a model of post-menopausal condition. This study investigated the effects of diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2 on body weight gain, intra-abdominal fat deposition, plasma lipid profile and hepatic oxidative stress in ovariectomized rats.

Methods

Female adult Wistar rats were ovariectomized (OVX rats) or sham-operated and divided into four groups: (i) sham-operated, (ii) (PhSe)2, (iii) OVX and (iv) OVX + (PhSe)2. (PhSe)2 (5 mg/kg; 5 ml/kg, p.o.) was administered once a day for 30 days to groups (ii) and (iv). After that, rats were anaesthetized for blood sample gathering and submitted to euthanasia.

Key findings

(PhSe)2 (5 mg/kg) was effective in preventing the rise in body weight gain and intra-abdominal fat deposition induced in OVX rats. Although (PhSe)2 was not effective in avoiding the increase in plasma total cholesterol and non-HDL levels induced in OVX rats, (PhSe)2 reduced plasma triglycerides and augmented HDL levels in OVX rats. (PhSe)2 also increased hepatic ascorbic acid levels, reduced glutathione content, glutathione S-transferase activity and restored catalase activity in liver of OVX rats.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that (PhSe)2 could be a promising alternative to minimize menopause related symptoms.
Exceptional sequences of invertible sheaves on rational surfaces
Authors: Hille Lutz , Perling Markus
Published: March 2011

In this article we consider exceptional sequences of invertible sheaves on smooth complete rational surfaces. We show that to every such sequence one can associate a smooth complete toric surface in a canonical way. We use this structural result to prove various theorems on exceptional and strongly exceptional sequences of invertible sheaves on rational surfaces. We construct full strongly exceptional sequences for a large class of rational surfaces. For the case of toric surfaces we give a complete classification of full strongly exceptional sequences of invertible sheaves.
Development of a 125 kW AMB Expander/Generator for Waste Heat Recovery
Authors: Hawkins Lawrence A. , Zhu Lei , Blumber Eric J.
Published: March 2011

The development and testing of an integrated power module (IPM) for a waste heat recovery system is described. The IPM is part of a waste heat recovery system based on the organic Rankine cycle. The waste heat system can recover energy from a wide variety of heat sources including landfill gas, reciprocating engine exhaust, solar, geothermal, boilers, and other industrial processes. The IPM incorporates a high performance, high speed permanent magnet generator with an integrated expansion turbine and low loss magnetic bearings. The IPM operates between 20,000 rpm and 26,500 rpm depending on the energy available from the heat source. The varying frequency voltage supplied by the generator is connected to the grid using an active/active power electronics package that can deliver power at 400–480 Vac (50 Hz or 60 Hz). Active magnetic bearings (AMBs) were chosen for the application because they can operate directly in the working fluid, have low losses, and provide high reliability and remote monitoring capabilities. This system has a flow-through design and an inboard impeller layout that produces desirable rotordynamics for a simple magnetic bearing control. An extensive shop testing procedure is described, and measurements and predictions are presented, showing good correlation. Shop testing of the IPM in the waste heat system has been completed for 15 systems. The magnetic bearings and backup bearings have performed as designed. The thrust balancing system has limited the thrust load that must be reacted by the axial magnetic bearings to 25% of the design load capacity in the worst case. The first field unit was installed in April 2009 at a biogas site.
Effects of Particle-Induced Crystallization on Tribological Behavior of Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Huitink David , Zarrin Tahira , Sanders Matthew , Kundu Subrata , Liang Hong
Published: March 2011

Similar to conventional engineering fabrication processes, tribological performance of drugs and pills in pharmaceutical manufacturing plays an important role in quality and product yields. In the present research, we investigate the effects of crystal structures of workpiece materials on their tribological performance in conditions typical of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. Sorbitol composites containing gold nanoparticles were evaluated for material properties and tribological performance. It was found that the control exhibited nonordered gamma forms of sorbitol, while the samples containing rod nanoparticles showed a collection of tiny needlelike crystals of gamma phase. Spherical nanoparticles precipitated beta and alpha phases of sorbitol, which were not seen in the other samples. These variations in the crystal structure resulted in an unusual wear behavior, leading to high friction and softness in the case of the nanocomposites. The nanoparticles were found to influence the crystal structure of the sorbitol matrix, resulting in mechanical and tribological behaviors.
Core Level XPS of Elemental Hafnium and Hafnium Dioxide
Authors: Miller R. L. , McKinney S. H. , Chourasia A. R.
Published: March 2011

Core levels and x-ray excited Auger regions of hafnium and oxygen in elemental hafnium and hafnium dioxide have been investigated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The zirconium Lα radiation (energy = 2042.4 eV) has been used for this purpose. The XPS data in the 3d, 4d and 4f core levels, and the x-ray excited MNN Auger region of hafnium and in the 1s core level of oxygen have been recored in these materials. The zirconium radiation enabled accessing in the 3d core levels of hafnium. The data set will serve as a source of valuable information for analyzing spectra associated with hafnium and oxygen in hafnium dioxide.
Characterization of Cr(III) Compounds of O, OH, F and Cl by XPS
Authors: Gross Thomas , Treu Dieter , Ünveren Ercan , Kemnitz Erhard , Unger Wolfgang E. S.
Published: March 2011

Cr2O3, CrCl3, α-CrF3, CrF3⋅3H20 and Cr(OH)3 were investigated by x-ray photoelectron (XPS) and x-ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) using a latest generation XPS spectrometer. Non-conductive powders are analyzed with ultimate energy resolution. Multiplet splitting features and/or satellite emission were observed in the Cr 2p and Cr 3s spectra. Cr(III) compounds are of interest in many applications as for example in corrosion and catalysis. Chromia and chromium-III-fluoride activated by reaction with fluoroalkanes are very promising industrial catalysts. It is the aim of this selection of spectral reference data to enable deeper insight in the formation of catalytically active fluorinated chromia phases by using XPS analysis.
Noise control by sonic crystal barriers made of recycled materials
Authors: Sánchez-Dehesa José , Garcia-Chocano Victor M. , Torrent Daniel , Cervera Francisco , Cabrera Suitberto , Simon Francisco
Published: March 2011

A systematic study of noise barriers based on sonic crystals made of cylinders that use recycled materials like absorbing component is reported here. The barriers consist of only three rows of perforated metal shells filled with rubber crumb. Measurements of reflectance and transmittance by these barriers are reported. Their attenuation properties result from a combination of sound absorption by the rubber crumb and reflection by the periodic distribution of scatterers. It is concluded that the porous cylinders can be used as building blocks whose physical parameters can be optimized in order to design efficient barriers adapted to different noisy environments.
Impact localization combined with haptic feedback for touch panel applications based on the time-reversal approach
Authors: Bai Mingsian R. , Tsai Yao Kun
Published: March 2011

In this paper, a combined impact localization and haptic feedback system based on time-reversal signal processing is presented for touch panel applications. Theoretical impulse responses are derived from a propagation model of bending waves in a thin elastic plate. On the basis of the impulse responses, the time-reversal technique is exploited to spot the impact location as well as to generate haptic feedback. The chief advantage of the time-reversal technique lies in its robustness of tackling broadband sources in a reverberant environment. Piezoelectric ceramic plates and voice-coil motors are used as sensors for localization, whereas only voice-coil motors are used as the actuator for haptic feedback. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed system was effective in precise impact localization for a thin panel, while haptic feedback also implemented using time-reversal principle can generate an impulse at the previously touched position. The combined impact localization and haptic feedback system is capable of enhancing the sensation of man-machine interaction in real time fashion.
Scattering of the fundamental anti-symmetric Lamb wave at delaminations in composite laminates
Authors: Ng Ching-Tai , Veidt Martin
Published: March 2011

An analysis of the scattering characteristics of the fundamental anti-symmetric (A0) Lamb wave at a delamination in a quasi-isotropic composite laminate is presented. Analytical solutions for this problem do not exist due to the anisotropic nature and multilayer characteristics of composite laminates. This study uses a three-dimensional finite element (FE) method and experimental measurements to provide physical insight into the scattering phenomena. Good agreement is found between simulations and experimental measurements. The results show that the A0 Lamb wave scattering at a delamination in composite laminates is much more complicated than the scattering at a defect in isotropic plates. Scatter amplitudes and scatter directivity distributions depend on the delamination size to wavelength ratio and the through-thickness location of the delamination damage. The study also investigates the feasibility of the common experimental practice of simulating delamination damage by bonding masses to the surface of composite laminates for guided wave damage detection and characterization methodologies verifications. The results suggest that care is required to use bonded masses to simulate delamination damage for verifying and optimizing damage characterization techniques. In summary, the results of the investigation help to further advance the use of the A0 Lamb wave for damage detection and characterization.
Influence of stacking sequence on scattering characteristics of the fundamental anti-symmetric Lamb wave at through holes in composite laminates
Authors: Veidt Martin , Ng Ching-Tai
Published: March 2011

This paper investigates the scattering characteristics of the fundamental anti-symmetric (A0) Lamb wave at through holes in composite laminates. Three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) simulations and experimental measurements are used to study the physical phenomenon. Unidirectional, bidirectional, and quasi-isotropic composite laminates are considered in the study. The influence of different hole diameter to wavelength aspect ratios and different stacking sequences on wave scattering characteristics are investigated. The results show that amplitudes and directivity distribution of the scattered Lamb wave depend on these parameters. In the case of quasi-isotropic composite laminates, the scattering directivity patterns are dominated by the fiber orientation of the outer layers and are quite different for composite laminates with the same number of laminae but different stacking sequence. The study provides improved physical insight into the scattering phenomena at through holes in composite laminates, which is essential to develop, validate, and optimize guided wave damage detection and characterization techniques.
Comment on “Increase in voice level and speaker comfort in lecture rooms” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125, 2072–2082 (2009)] (L)
Authors: Pelegrín-García David
Published: March 2011

Recently, a paper written by Brunskog Gade, Payá-Ballester and Reig-Calbo, “Increase in voice level and speaker comfort in lecture rooms” [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 125, 2072–2082 (2009)] related teachers’ variation in vocal intensity during lecturing to the room acoustic conditions, introducing an objective parameter called “room gain” to describe these variations. In a failed attempt to replicate the objective measurements by Brunskog et al., a simplified and improved method for the calculation of room gain is proposed, in addition with an alternative magnitude called “voice support.” The measured parameters are consistent with those of other studies and are used here to build two empirical models relating the voice power levels measured by Brunskog et al., to the room gain and the voice support.