bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young and old outsourced female workers in call centres and cleaning services
Authors: Seung-yoon Lee Sophia
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the rise of precarious jobs through outsourcing in the service economy, particularly affecting young and old female workers. The chapter sheds light on the inconsistencies between institutions for decommodification and melting labour, leading to an expansion of precarious workers in the Korean labour market. The problems faced by these newly emerging forms of work overlap with those of non-regular workers, and it is necessary to comprehensively examine both types of issues. Through empirical data and interviews with 13 workers and union leaders, the chapter highlights the gender gap in the Korean labour market, focusing on ten young female call centre workers and examining the issues of institutional protection and job instability surrounding older and younger female subcontracted labour in call centres and cleaning services. The chapter underscores how outsourcing has become more accessible due to technological development and offers insights into the unique challenges faced by female workers in precarious forms of work.
Are freelancers really free? The Korean freelance labour market and the precarity of young freelancers
Authors: Seung-yoon Lee Sophia
Published: May 2024

The rise of freelancing has become a global trend, including in South Korea, where there is growing interest in this type of work arrangement. However, the term ‘freelancer’ is not clearly defined and is used interchangeably with other terms, such as independent workers, free agents, one-person entrepreneurs and portfolio workers. This lack of clarity has resulted in the notion of freelancers not yet reaching social and legal consensus. Despite the lack of official statistics, studies have identified the increasing demand for and importance of freelancers in society, particularly with the changes in entrepreneurial structures and technological development. This chapter aims to examine the characteristics of freelance work, the insecurity experienced by freelancers, and their experience with the social security system in South Korea, particularly focusing on the four major social insurances. This analysis is related to cell 3 of the thesis matrix, which represents melting labour excluded from institutional protection, such as platform workers and freelancers.
The digital precariat: various Korean platform workers and the new work logic
Authors: Seung-yoon Lee Sophia
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the labour status of platform workers in the Korean digital labour market, situated in cell 3 of the theoretical framework, which is characterised by a high level of melting labour but a low level of institutional protection consistency. Melting labour emphasises the ambiguity in determining a worker’s identity or employer, resulting in a legal blind spot regarding workers in new forms of work. The inconsistency of existing institutional protection policies and new forms of work brought about by the digital economy results in various forms of precarious work. Official data and legal definitions of platform work in Korea are presented, and the expansion of the platform labour market into diverse sectors with the advancement of technology and high internet usage rates in Korea is explained. The chapter categorises platform companies and workers and conducts interviews with workers in delivery, housekeeping services and high-skilled freelance platforms, examining their working conditions and experiences with social protection. The aim of this chapter is to shed light on the precariousness and lack of institutional protection experienced by platform workers in Korea. Specifically, it highlights the inconsistency of the social security system in providing coverage and mitigating insecurity for those situated in cell 3 of the theoretical framework.
Children’s rights movements and the hidden history of children’s rights
Authors: Liebel Manfred , Budde Rebecca , Markowska-Manista Urszula , Meade Philip
Published: May 2024

This chapter gives an insight into the hidden history of children’s rights and their origins. Its focus is on the historical emergence of rights that can contribute to the emancipation and liberation of children and to strengthen their social position. It shows how the emergence of these rights was and still is linked to social struggles and social movements in which children were and are actively involved. With regard to the present and here particularly with attention to the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the most important and most momentous document on children’s rights to date, the chapter explains why children’s rights must not be understood as an abstract construct, but must be related to the concrete life contexts of children, here explained with regard to children of the Global South. Also, they need to be developed further with the relevant participation of children. This also amounts to combining the practice of children’s rights not only with pedagogical but also with political action with a decolonial perspective.
Ethical challenges of research with children of the Global South
Authors: Markowska-Manista Urszula
Published: May 2024

This chapter addresses selected problems and dilemmas that arise in research with children from the Global South, insofar as it is conducted by adults residing in countries of the Global North. The chapter identifies some reasons for these problems and asks to what extent and in which way ethical principles can be of help in dealing with and overcoming these problems. After presenting the inequalities in the globalized postcolonial world as a political and ethical problem, it discusses the possibilities of adopting ethical symmetry in contemporary childhood studies. Selected dilemmas are discussed that arise from the epistemological environment of the researchers. The chapter questions some of the attempts to give a voice to the children of the Global South, and finally shows why childhood studies needs to free itself from Eurocentric premises and decolonize itself, as well as how this can be achieved.
Pluriversal Intersectionality and Capitalist Domination
Authors: Masquelier Charles
Published: May 2024

The intersectional lens offered by pluriversal intersectionality is deployed in an effort to probe the operations of capitalist domination. It begins by engaging with the distinction Nancy Fraser (1995) makes between struggles for redistribution and those for recognition. Such a framework, it is claimed, serves as a useful starting point for thinking about pluriversal intersectionality. More specifically, contrasting it with Fraser’s conceptual distinction helps clarifying what pluriversality sets out to achieve in terms of analysis of power and domination. Then the importance of recognizing that the society/nature binary is not simply an outcome of capitalist social domination but predicates it is highlighted. It marks an attempt to clarify the relationship between social and environmental domination analysed through the prism of pluriversal intersectionality. Finally, the chapter presents the story of capitalist domination as a story of dispossession by exposing the different dispossessional practices capitalism has paved the way for.
The Politics of Deterrence and Closed Borders
Authors: Iliadou Evgenia
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the politics of closed borders and deterrence that has been enforced since the Schengen Agreement 1985 but which has proliferated in the aftermath of the 2015 ‘refugee crisis’ by establishing a dystopic landscape of border controls and violence. In the first section, I argue that various exceptional externalization border policies and practices have been enforced (at EU, national and local levels) as a response to the 2015 refugee crisis. Externalization policies and practices target people who are en route to Europe by immobilizing or intercepting them in non-EU countries and, therefore, pre-emptively deterring them and preventing them from reaching Europe. In the second section, I argue that although externalization is justified, legitimized and enforced allegedly to alleviate human suffering, prevent border deaths and protect border crossers’ from the smuggling and trafficking networks, externalization made border crossings and transit routes more securitized, perilous, expensive and dependent on smugglers and traffickers. In the third section, I focus on the internalization of border policies and practices that target people who manage to reach Greece and Europe (alive). The section examines the operationalization of the Greek Aegean Islands as filtering, screening and deportation mechanisms. I deploy the metaphor of Lesvos as a ‘prison island’ wherein deterrence is actively materialized.
Introduction
Authors: Lim Hyun-Joo
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines changes and constants in North Korean society since the mid-1990s, when the country faced severe famine. In particular, it investigates the rise of the informal market economy – and its subsequent impact on gender roles – and a large exodus of women to China as a consequence of the economic crisis. The chapter situates the North Korean diaspora within the context of globalization and its implications for North Korean refugees and their human rights. It further discusses human rights debates in North Korea and defector human rights activism outside North Korea.
Altruistic Political Imagination
Authors: Lim Hyun-Joo
Published: May 2024

The narratives of women activists highlight the important roles of critical awakening a sense of responsibility guilt and moral conscience reciprocity and caring for others as well as an altruistic vision for others all as driving forces for their activism. These findings highlight two major interrelated characteristics: relational and future-oriented dimensions. Founded on these I present a new theoretical concept that I call ‘Altruistic Political Imagination’ which seeks to describe North Korean women’s human rights activism more aptly than existing concepts around imagination and altruism. This framework is an ongoing development built on my previous work on North Korean human rights activism.
Against Neo-Liberalism and Authoritarianism: The Background to Food Politics in Turkey
Authors: Oba Beyza , Özsoy Zeynep
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores how alternative consumer cooperatives (ACCs) emerged and how they function within a political and economic milieu characterized by the dominance of a strong state tradition and commitment to the premises of neo-liberal policies, which affects various aspects of social and economic life, as well as the daily practices of citizens. What were the major factors that mobilized the urban middle class to build networks of solidarity with other excluded groups such as the petty commodity producers? The focus is on how the discontents of capitalism – the consumers engaged in alternative food networks and small farmers dedicated to the principles of food sovereignty – collectively set the ground for prefigurative politics in food in Turkey, with the actions taken and strategies developed by the leading figures giving rise to the initiation of the alternative consumer cooperatives.
The Political Economy of Consumer Cooperatives in Turkey
Authors: Oba Beyza , Özsoy Zeynep
Published: May 2024

This chapter outlines the history of consumer cooperatives in Turkey. In so doing, it aims to develop a background for contrasting conventional and alternative consumer cooperatives so that a comparison can be made and the latter can be positioned in a political and economic context. The chapter is composed of three parts: the first part describes how, drawing on the Rochdale principles, the consumer cooperatives were initiated by intellectuals during the decline of the Ottoman Empire. The second part discusses the state-led cooperative movement and conventional consumer cooperatives in Turkey and the third part explains the emergence of alternative consumer cooperatives, the actors involved and the political and economic concerns shared.
Ownership, Autonomy and the Commons
Authors: Traill Helen
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the critical interventions of communal growing projects in the city, particularly around how they articulate patterns of collective ownership and the capacity of people to engage in autonomous action. In seeing the projects as places of commoning – rather than as a static commons – this situates the DIY culture of growing as the co-production of a collective escape, reflected in the direct intervention of projects in storying and making the space of the city. In so doing, they stake a right to the city – and a right to change the city. Within this emerge some key tensions around how the aesthetics of the spaces can be exclusionary, raising critical questions around who shapes the city. This sets up the critical and progressive core of growing as a space for autonomous action and collectively imagined ownership, however imperfectly it emerges.
The Divided Left in the UK: Partisanship, Ideology and Class after Brexit
Authors: Chiocchetti Paolo
Published: May 2024

The chapter surveys the current weakness and division of the British left on the basis of a descriptive analysis of the official results of the 2019 general election and of the survey data of the British Election Study. First, it finds that, while left-leaning parties and political attitudes tend to be supported by a majority of British voters, this support is weak on cultural issues and soft among centrist and moderate individuals. Second, it shows that the left’s position is undermined by deep and long-standing partisan, ideological, sociological and national divisions, leading to a structural electoral disadvantage against the smaller but more cohesive Conservative Party. Third, it demonstrates that, despite Corbyn and Brexit, measures of ideological and affective polarisation among the electorate did not significantly increase between 2015 and 2019. These findings help to explain Labour’s 2019 election defeat and subsequent strategic quandary.
Cloaking Class: Making the Working Class Visible
Authors: Mckenzie Lisa
Published: May 2024

Europe and in particular the UK are living through the political crisis of Brexit concurrent with ten years of austerity, and the fallout from COVID-19 lockdowns and a cost-of-living crisis with crippling energy prices at the centre. Drawing on almost 20 years of research this chapter will pull together the arguments, voices and data collected from working-class communities through ethnographic research and question why, in such difficult times when working-class people are bearing the brunt, there been so little ‘organised’ resistance? The chapter asks why centre-left politics and politicians fared so badly in the British political arena and why the language of class has disappeared from the vernacular of academic, political and media discourse.
Some argue there has been an apathy among working-class communities in relation to organised politics, but the chapter argues there is no ‘apathy’, and instead there is a bubbling and raging anger, a distrust and dislike for mainstream politicians, media outlets, and at the same time a purposeful ‘cloaking’ and misrepresenting of those rages by an unstable political, economic and academic system built on class inequality.
Why Prevention?
Authors: Evans Malcolm D.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2 looks at the various ‘thresholds’ that have been used to try to differentiate between torture and inhuman and degrading treatment, illustrating that while this might at times be necessary, it is difficult, invidious and in some ways an inherently flawed exercise. This reliance on ‘thresholds’ does not contribute much to ensuring that no-one should be subjected to torture or inhuman or degrading treatment. These fine-grained, ever-shifting and ultimately inconclusive debates shift attention away from the need to prevent violations from occurring and run the risk of downplaying the significance of ill-treatment which does not cross the higher thresholds of seriousness, despite them all being absolutely prohibited. For all these reasons, it is important to seek to prevent prohibited ill-treatment from occurring, rather than overly focusing on how precisely to categorise ill-treatment that already has.
Prescribing the Inappropriate
Authors: Evans Malcolm D.
Published: May 2024

When problems or failings are identified, there is tendency to resort to stereotypical solutions, which reflect established standards or human rights orthodoxies. Yet these may sometimes be hopelessly inadequate, cannot realistically be done or, if done, might not be able to make a difference and, in the worst cases, even make matters worse. Such responses are considered in this chapter, which highlights the importance of tailoring interventions to the practical realities of the situation. Difficult situations may call for unusual solutions, and numerous examples are given. There is a need to retain sufficient flexibility to be able to come up with solutions which may actually work – which may actually prevent – even if this goes beyond, or outside of, the established repertoire of responses.
Introduction: European Co-operativism in a Changing World
Authors: Manley Julian , Webster Anthony , Kuznetsova Olga
Published: May 2024

The introductory chapter begins with an overview – historical and critical – of the socio-economic problems facing Europe in the context of the decline and possible fall of the capitalist system, with no clear alternative on the horizon. In this way, the chapter sets the context for a discussion of cooperatives and co-operation as a way of working and living that might fill this void. The chapter continues with a brief explanation of the origins of the book and the Cooperative Research Network (CoRNet), and concludes with an overview of the structure, aims and objectives of the book as a whole and a brief summary of chapters, themes and how these are interconnected between themselves and together as a coherent whole.
How Far Can the Co-operative Character Extend? The Sense of Co-operation and Co-operative Councils
Authors: Manley Julian , Eseonu Temidayo
Published: May 2024

This chapter argues that the ethos of working together for the good of individuals and communities based on cooperative values of self-help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality, equity and solidarity, with the corresponding principles, contributes to the distinctive character of the co-operative movement.As an innovative response to the era of austerity, some local governments, part of the Cooperative Councils Innovation Network in the UK are applying cooperative values and adapted principles to how they govern their geographical areas. This chapter categorizes this innovative response as a new municipalist agenda as it seeks to increase democratic engagement with the state and utilize solidarity economics to achieve social and economic outcomes for its stakeholders.Using an exploratory case study to examine a co-operative council in the UK, this research contributes to an under-researched area by answering the question on whether the cooperative character can extend to local governments. This chapter finds emerging evidence of the cooperative character in a public organization but what has been most challenging in building the case for the extension of the cooperative character is the principle of autonomy and independence.
Community Wealth Building in Preston: Successes and Challenges of Co-operation in Action
Authors: Prinos Ioannis
Published: May 2024

The CWB initiative in the city of Preston in the North-West of England known as the ‘Preston Model’ (PM) focuses on leveraging local economic power and social value. Applying co-operative principles of economic democracy, resilience, environmental sustainability and social solidarity, it has improved Preston’s socio-economic outlook, through private and public sector partnerships. This chapter discusses how people in local ‘anchor institutions’ (major wealth creators and employers with a long local history) and the voluntary third sector, understand CWB and the PM. It is perceived as a holistic, inspirational narrative with great potential to affect broad social change, although its tangible impact is questioned. The absence of community representation in decision-making and implementation is also highlighted. This control by politics and local statutory bodies rather than the community, is seen as a barrier for the PM developing a true co-operative, democratic and participatory local economy and community.
Pyro-reproductive Futures
Authors: Roberts Celia , Rasmussen Mary Lou , Allen Louisa , Williamson Rebecca
Published: May 2024

How are climate, mass ecological destruction, reproduction and population linked for the parents of newborns? What, if any, were the implications of the bushfires for the way they think about the relationship between climate and reproduction? To explore these questions, we asked parents in our study: “How do you feel about the idea of people having children in general, in the context of climate change?” We wanted to know what feelings are provoked by making bushfire babies and imagining their futures. Some imagined geographic and communal formations where they could seek refuge from environmental disasters, for themselves and future generations; others professed profound ambivalence about reproduction; and others expressed solastalgia – the loss of capacity to gain comfort from one’s environment. Sometimes participants’ responses felt like a justification or a defence, while at other times more like perplexity. Often our question provoked disconcertment and even embarrassed laughter. Conceptually, we try to open up questions about the connections between climate, reproduction and multispecies kinship.
A Critical Analysis of Past and Present Campaigns to Challenge Online Racism in English Professional Football
Authors: Kilvington Daniel , Black Jack , Doidge Mark , Fletcher Thomas , Kearns Colm , Liston Katie , Lynn Theo , Sinclair Gary , Rosati Pierangelo
Published: May 2024

Although racism in football stadiums has generally decreased over the last two decades, social media has provided a platform for individual fans and the far Right to racially abuse players, clubs and fans in relative safety. In 2022, The Alan Turing Institute released a report which tracked abuse on Twitter towards Premier League players across the 2021/22 season. Their machine learning tool found that there were 59,871 abusive tweets directed at Premier League footballers, with 68 per cent of players receiving abuse at least once. So, what is English football doing to challenge this and protect its players? This chapter begins by showcasing the findings from Kearns et al’s (2022) scoping review of sport, social media and hate, completed as part of a research project entitled Tackling Online Hate in Football. The review found that a total of 41 peer-reviewed articles were published in this field since 2005, with football receiving the most attention. The scoping review found that Twitter was the platform most examined, and racism was the most researched issue. Building on this, the chapter first contextualizes the existing research, including a focus on football-related online racism and a theorization of factors underpinning online racism. This provides a suitable backdrop for the next part of the chapter, where we critically analyse several campaigns and strategies used by key stakeholders to curb online racism and wider forms of discrimination in football. In our final summary, we put forward some ideas and countermeasures to challenge online racism in football.
Desire and Dissatisfaction in the Gym
Authors: Gibbs Nick
Published: May 2024

Chapter 4 is the first of four chapters unpacking the motivation to consume IPEDs. Serving as the theoretical base onto which analysis of the compulsion to engage in excessive bodywork and IPED consumption stands, this chapter draws on advanced psychoanalytic theory to make a case for the role of lack and desire as the key driving forces for the sample. First, the pivotal role of lack in human subjectivity is laid out, before an argument that the body, for the book’s subjects, represents the objet petit a is offered. This stance is then mobilized to interrogate the corporeal suffering and jouissance taken on by hardcore gym users, before the cyclical, psychically appealing nature of bodywork is explored. The notion that fitness is a never-ending journey is then leant upon to argue that IPED consumption is essentially a means to prolong bodily dissatisfaction, allowing subjects to suspend themselves in a state of corporeal desire. Finally, the relationship between IPED addiction and desire is explored, taking in both the chemical and psychic aspects of dependence present in the men under study.
Southeast Asia and the Militarization of the South China Sea
Authors: Regilme Salvador Santino F.
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the enabling factors that facilitated the increasing militarization in the South China Sea (SCS), and argues that it is driven by strategic material interests in the context of US–China rivalry and changes in domestic politics in Beijing. Smaller Asian states have renewed their military ties with the US in response to China’s land reclamation activities, which is linked to smaller claimant states’ long-standing affinity with the US. The author discusses the causes and consequences of the dispute in the SCS, highlighting how it has become a litmus test for the continuing rivalry for regional hegemony between the US and China. The chapter explores how domestic politics and economics in China, as well as public and elite perceptions in SCS claimant states, play a crucial role in the patterns of inter-state diplomacy concerning the dispute. Finally, the author discusses the broader theoretical and policy implications of an analytically eclectic approach to understanding the SCS dispute.
Northeast Asia and China’s Pursuit of Greatness
Authors: Sun Jing
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines how geography has shaped China’s pursuit of great power status and what it means to other countries, especially the United States. It argues that geography serves as a social construct for Chinese national identity as well as a security concept for its interest. China’s geographical positioning is undergoing a transformation from imagining the country as a land-based yellow middle kingdom to a maritime blue superpower. This chapter stresses a spectrum view of tianxia (All under Heaven), a foundational Chinese worldview as well as a spatial-positioning concept. Various political actors offer competing interpretations of tianxia ranging from accommodation to domination. Political geography has shaped this debate—the more China’s physical positioning is highlighted, the more assertive one’s interpretation of China’s global aspiration would become. The Chinese government has been leaning toward an increasingly aggressive execution, interpreting the country’s rapid maritime expansion as a modern shift of tianxia from land to sea. This has caused anxiety among neighbors and confrontation with the US.
Latin America and the Caribbean: How the Belt and Road Initiative Diminished US Influence
Authors: Serrano-Moreno Juan E.
Published: May 2024

The participation of most Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) since 2018 illustrates how China has filled the void left by the US in its traditional sphere of influence. The BRI represents a vague cooperation platform for developing investment, infrastructure projects, and trade between China and its partners with dubious effects in the region but with certain diplomatic gains for China. The review of the literature and the examination of official documents points to two main factors for its achievement in LAC: the flexibility of choosing different degrees of involvement for each government and the mobilization of the connectivity rhetoric in a region affected by structural infrastructure deficits. This chapter suggests that the BRI should be considered a discursive strategy which has had a noticeable impact on the US–China rivalry in the region.
Conclusions: Reframing the Puzzle of US–China Rivalry
Authors: Regilme Salvador Santino F.
Published: May 2024

This chapter summarizes the volume’s findings concerning US–China bilateral relations and its varying impacts on various regions of the world, amidst crisis-ridden world politics. This chapter highlights several conclusions. First, the need to accumulate capital and crucial resources for continued economic growth are crucial factors in shaping the trajectory of the rivalry, although the precise conditions of such a need depends on where this economic conflict occurs. Second, intersubjective interpretations about physical geography and social relations play an important role in the trajectory of great power relations. Third, understanding how intersubjective meanings about physical geography change over time provides important insights in the analysis of US–China rivalry. Fourth, the manifestations of how physical geography emerges as the locus of contestation between great power could be investigated through the developments in institutional structures. Fifth, the formations and transformations of US–China rivalry ultimately depend on one’s positionality in a highly interdependent global order: across various world-regions, temporal conditions, and socioeconomic backgrounds.
Justice System Modernisation, Digitalisation and Data
Authors: Townend Judith , Welsh Lucy
Published: May 2024

Chapter Three considers the operationalisation of open justice in the context of modernisation, digitalisation and data developments. It focuses on aspects of the HM Courts and Tribunals Service (HMCTS) programme of modernisation and digital reform including the Single Justice Procedure (SJP) for the prosecution of minor offences, video-enabled justice (VEJ), as well as digitalisation of data processes.
The authors consider a range of questions: how is information about an entirely administrative or virtual process communicated to the public? How is justice system data being collected, processed, and disseminated online, by different public and private sector actors? And to what extent do digital court processes enable the public to engage in the justice system and hold it to account?
The chapter also looks at equality of access to digital justice systems, in terms of funding, technological and legal literacy, as well as access to tools. In this context, the authors discuss power relationships and how technology is changing the dynamic and interactions of the digital and physical court room, making participation more difficult and undermining justice system accountability.
Eco-Feminism and the Gendering Green Criminology Project
Authors: Davies Pamela
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on ecological (eco-)feminism. The foundation of eco-feminism is the relationship between women, the earth and environmentalism. The chapter traces our theoretical and conceptual understanding of green criminology using eco-feminism as the springboard for assessing the extent to which green criminology is gendered and for developing a framework for embedding a gendered approach to the green criminological and victimological project into the future. The first substantive section outlines the hallmarks of eco-feminism tuning in to the history of eco-feminism as well as insights from more recent environmental justice/environmental racism contributions from outside of criminology all under the heading ‘eco-feminism as a benchmark’. The second part of the chapter examines contemporary scholarship within green criminology and identifies the extent, variety and strength of the eco-feminist theoretical underpinnings to that work. The third part of the chapter considers eco-feminism and intersectionalities. Across the piece, the chapter considers the enduring strength of eco-feminism as well as critiques and limitations, reflecting on why the influence of gendered theorising is not more embedded in green criminology. Drawing to a close, the chapter considers the extent to which eco-feminism holds out for a gender-sensitive form of justice into the 21st century.
Green Victims of the International Waste Industry: An Analysis from a Gender Perspective
Authors: Fuentes-Loureiro María-Ángeles
Published: May 2024

The main objective of this chapter is to elucidate the different forms of green victimisation experienced by women and men in the context of the international waste industry. The international waste industry is exploiting countries that import waste. Most of these countries are in the Global South. The dynamics of both legal and illegal waste management industries have transformed the receiving areas into waste dumps where the local population works looking for recyclable materials. In many cases, these activities are carried out in the absence of compliance with the most basic rules of environmental and health protection, leading to a high impact on the health and quality of life for citizens. In this context, this chapter addresses green victimisation in the international waste industry through the study of secondary sources. To do so, first, it briefly presents the dynamics of international waste industry and the characteristics of waste crime. Next, a critical assessment of the consequences of these activities is made through two case studies: ship scrapping and e-waste recycling industries in the Global South. In this regard, three issues are discussed: environmental damage; human victimisation from a gender perspective; and social harm.
Vegan Feminism Then and Now: Women’s Resistance to Legalised Speciesism across Three Waves of Activism
Authors: Wrenn Corey Lee , Korimboccus Lynda M.
Published: May 2024

The centuries-old campaign to liberate other animals has been buoyed by the ingenuity of several generations of dedicated women, often with explicit recognition that women and other animals share many interlocking injustices. With nonhuman animals used and abused in a variety of completely legal institutions and nonhumans themselves rendered legal property, many of the women advocating on their behalf necessarily interrogated the legality of speciesism through extra-institutional protest. At times, activists intentionally flouted the criminal justice system, developing tactics that disrupted the peace, interfered with industrial practices, inflamed civic tensions, antagonised police officers and invited arrest. This chapter will examine the history of women’s activism in solidarity with other animals by spotlighting the efforts of three women across the three waves of vegan feminism in the United Kingdom, Australia and the United States: Irish nationalist Charlotte Despard, who led one of Britain’s largest protests against vivisection up to that date; Australian founder of Animal Liberation Victoria, Patty Mark, who developed the popular tactic of open rescue; and Korean American charity organiser and restauranteur, Sarah K. Woodcock (now Kistle), who advanced intersectionality theory and praxis through her alliance with Black Lives Matter and food justice movements.
An Introduction to Covert Violence, Power, and Social Institutions
Authors: Levin Jack , Wiest Julie B.
Published: May 2024

This chapter establishes the concept of covert violence and presents a variety of data that collectively suggest a much greater prevalence of this type of violence than has ever been formally recognized by law enforcement agencies, government entities, or crime scholars. It first reviews data on U.S. deaths classified by manner—accident, natural cause, suicide, or homicide—before presenting an original exploratory study of U.S. deaths that had initially been classified as accidental, natural, or self-inflicted, but subsequently (typically months to years later) were officially reclassified as homicide. The chapter then lays the foundations for the theoretical perspective developed throughout the manuscript that links covert violence to issues of social power and to unique features of different social institutions.
The Institutional Potential of Prefigurative Experiments: The Evolution of Collective Accounts in Auroville
Authors: Aswini Clarence-Smith Suryamayi
Published: May 2024

This chapter examines the development of cooperative economic experimentation in Auroville, specifically, the role of common accounts in prefiguring the community’s cooperative economic organizations. Given that this experimentation was initiated in the private sphere by individual community members and later shaped Auroville’s public sphere, the chapter affirms the potential of experimentation, coupled with a prefigurative practice of institutionalization, for modelling new forms of socio-economic organization. As such, it makes a unique empirical contribution to the wide-ranging body of work on cooperative economic practices and institutions. Moreover, it is revelatory of the various levels of political agency that shape Auroville’s economic practices and organization, contributing to an in-depth understanding of the anarchic nature of Auroville’s utopian practice.
Asylum Decisions and What Followed Thereafter
Authors: Etzel Morgan
Published: May 2024

The refugee experience is presented here by showing the shift from performativity to precarity among Syrians. By addressing the more bureaucratic policy aspects of migration law, the changes in migration law since 2015 are highlighted. This chapter frames these policies with direct quotes from refugees who participated in narrative interviews and describes the regionality of administrative decision making. It highlights the landscape of emergency housing that was developed as asylum applications increased from 2015 to 2016 and how local structures influenced access to language courses. Importantly, the theory of existential mobility is explored, showing how the insecurities that refugees faced upon arrival failed to meet expectations and led them to struggle to orientate themselves towards the future. Lastly, this chapter introduces the distinction that separates the subsequent chapters into two major categories: it distinguishes the experience of young men and of parents by highlighting social and familial differences. This is expressed towards the end of this chapter in terms of the kind of refugee protection the two groups received and the discrimination that they faced when seeking private housing.
Families: Osnabrück and Hameln
Authors: Etzel Morgan
Published: May 2024

This chapter builds on previous chapters by pivoting the focus towards the distinct challenges faced by families, which is highlighted by their interactions with the employees at the Job Centres. It shows how families relied on different forms of social capital than young men. It drives the book’s argument forward, which underlines how heterogeneous groups of refugees are lost in the integration machinery and have to informally navigate bureaucracies. Instead of building forms of capital from peers like young men or reliving traumatic experiences, families were often supported by what I label ‘engaged volunteers’: aid workers (often women) who then developed strong bonds with refugee families. These relationships were essential for providing support for finding private housing and navigating other aspects of the integration regime. While young men struggled to balance the need to support family members abroad, families coped by developing new social identities that developed in a new country and faced the decision of being willing to abandon hope of a return to Syria and start from the beginning again in Germany.
Pathways Forward and Pathways Uncertain
Authors: Etzel Morgan
Published: May 2024

The chapter brings together the various challenges at each level of the integration regime by analysing various cases that underscore the heterogeneous group of Syrian refugees and the inability of the universalist approach to address them in kind. It shows how aspects of the integration regime such as formal recognition of degrees or work-related certificates, and discrimination, serve as a point of disenfranchisement. It applies notions of what Pedersen (2012) calls a ‘downward class journey’ and analyses the effects of the complicated landscape of formal work qualifications in Germany. Additionally, it explores how racism serves as a baseline that runs through the various points of integration measures. Relying on interviews with informants who had lived in Germany for several years and quantitative analysis of public data, the chapter explores how integration is existentially and economically contested in several symbolic and structural ways. Primarily, it shows how the Syrians’ social imaginary had shifted over time and how the fluctuating subjectification of ‘the Syrian refugee’ influenced the way in which they were governed among bureaucracies – in part, their expectations upon arrival versus the compromises they were willing to make after living in Germany for several years. The chapter highlights the flexibility young men had to imagine their future independently balanced against the unifying notion that a good Syrian is one who supports family members abroad. The chapter highlights some of the most marginalized refugees, exploring how the elderly, people with special needs and children are excluded from the integration regime, while the state offered few options for refugees to have their interests directly represented. The final section deals with political representation and engagement through citizenship by taking a critical aim at integration policy, which did not promote legal access to citizenship as a pathway to democratic participation and values. Lastly, it highlights some of the arbitrary aspects of access to permanent residency and the permanence pervading refugeeness even after this status had changed. Among many informants, the experience of being a refugee for many years had made them embody ‘the refugee’ identity even after becoming well ‘integrated’.
Creating Inclusive Reconciliation and Reporting Spaces with Children: Valuing Their Stories
Authors: Mollica Caitlin
Published: May 2024

The conflict stories of children are integral to meaningful reconciliation following violence. Increasingly, children’s stories and their identities have come to reflect a broader peace narrative within transitional justice. Yet often the participation of children is retold and shared through mechanisms that are inaccessible and disconnected from their reconciliation experiences. As such, children’s interactions with reconciliation practices are often static, heavily mediated and unresponsive, particularly when their stories are used as symbols for a political agenda. Only three Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (TRCs) – Canada, Sierra Leone, and Timor-Leste – have created accessible conflict narrative reports that facilitate children’s political engagement in reconciliation. This chapter considers the role of child-friendly reports in delivering reconciliation processes that recognize children as political actors rather than embodiments of peace. It argues that TRCs have an obligation to produce accessible reports that fulfil the state’s obligation to children as citizens. By normalizing accessible reporting standards, opportunities are created for inclusive international processes with not for children even beyond the reconciliation space.
Stories about Children Born of Violence: Counter-narratives in the Peruvian Truth Commission’s Archive and Popular Culture
Authors: Soriano Ana Lucia Alonso
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on stories about children born of violence as counter-narratives to the narrative promoted by the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (PTRC) and in popular culture. The PTRC narratives about sexual violence against women depicted children born of violence as political objects, reinforcing their mothers’ identities as victims and the preferred memory of the conflict. Analysis of the counter-narratives underscores different concepts of victimhood, motherhood, and justice. Counter-narratives about children born of violence remind us they are not just representatives of conflict trauma, as suggested in the literature. These children’s stories are significant because of their unique political status, which exposes responsibility and impunity at the state level for crimes against women at the individual level. The chapter contributes to the literature on children born of violence, narratives, and transitional justice, expanding our knowledge on how such children are memorialized by truth commissions.
(Un)Recognition of Child Soldiers’ Agency in UN Peacekeeping Practice
Authors: Johnson Dustin
Published: May 2024

Peace support operations implemented by the United Nations or other national, regional, and international actors are key forms of global political intervention and order making. Explicitly or implicitly, child protection is important in the mandate and practices of many of these missions. Building on Jana Tabak’s (2020) work, peace support operations provide a fruitful site for investigating how a universalized conception of childhood helps to sustain certain forms of global politics. A focus on the everyday practices of peacekeepers involved in child protection allows for examination of how this universal conception of childhood influences and is contradicted by peacekeeping practice on the ground, and how children actively navigate the social environment of war in ways that peacekeepers must consider. This analysis demonstrates one place where children play an active role in the global political world and illustrates how universalizing discourses are transformed and disrupted in practice.
Childhood, Playing War, and Militarism: Beyond Discourses of Domination/Resistance and Towards an Ethics of Encounter
Authors: Carter Sean , Woodyer Tara
Published: May 2024

This chapter uses toys licensed by the UK’s Ministry of Defence to explore intersections of militarism and childhood, and the interplay between domination and resistance discourses. Promising to ‘transport kids into the adventurous world of military manoeuvres’, the brand arguably demonstrates an ideologically charged form of militarism. However, we consider the role of children’s play in co-constituting cultures of everyday militarism, addressing the toy not merely as a power-laden text to be ‘read’ for its ideological meaning but also as something that children engage with on an embodied level. This advances arguments about children’s ability to enact agency and resistance. Academics and public discourse have only recently considered children as meaningful political actors (Beier, 2015), partly because of the definition and understanding of political acts, specifically resistance (Hughes, 2020). Instead of conceiving resistance only as intentional, with pre-determined goals, paying attention to children playing with war toys becomes a means of thinking differently about their political agency and ability to enact resistance.
Troubling Girl Power Environmentalism: Indigenous Girls, Climate Change Activism, and a Relational Ethic of Responsibility
Authors: Robinson Lindsay
Published: May 2024

The girling of development since the 2000s and global interest in their power to save the world have tasked girls and young women with solving the global climate crisis. Girl Rising (GR), a movie turned educational non-profit, leads this area with its Future Rising fellowship programme, expecting girls to leverage their power – achieved through education, green employment, and reproductive intervention – to independently lift themselves out of poverty and solve the climate crisis. Using decolonial and Indigenous feminisms, this chapter analyses GR’s girl power environmentalism – which celebrates limited, colonial, and capitalist notions of girlhood – by centring Indigenous girls’ climate activism. Indigenous girls’ relational emphasis engages in epistemic disobedience, revealing the limits of the modern thinking of organizations like GR while highlighting our already-existent, shared responsibilities for Mother Earth. Centring Indigenous girls and worldviews identifies ways of thinking and being outside of modernity that promise more egalitarian possibilities for our world.