bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demonstrating Backflow Through Backsiphonage
Authors: Shorette James R.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses backsiphonage as a form of backflow in residential situations. It stresses the importance of each water service connection complying with all plumbing codes, and that the homeowner's irrigation system have routine performance checks. A display board included in the article demonstrates how backsiphonage occurs through a broken water main when a discharge valve is opened at the pipe break scene.
Comprehensive Safety—Just Another Paperwork Drill?
Authors: Pappas Steve
Published: June 2018

This article describes the efforts that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is making in requiring its nonmandatory safety program guidelines be moved into the proposed rulemaking stage. Although the scope of the standard has not yet been determined, the safety and health elements contained in the notice of proposed rulemaking will include: management commitment and employee involvement; work site or workplace hazard analysis; hazard prevention and control; and, safety training. OSHA's goal is to make the development and implementation of comprehensive safety programs a requirement. An advanced notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPR) is expected this year. Direct and indirect cost drivers, private sector involvement, and components of comprehensive safety programs are listed.
People Still Water Industry's Best Resource
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's column is a tribute to Lyle Herman, who passed away in March 1998. His many avenues of service to the water industry included water treatment plant supervisor, junior college water‐wastewater treatment advisor, Rocky Mountain Section AWWA Education Committee member, pilot plant operator, water treatment consultant, Leadville Water Plant Operator School coordinator, Colorado Certification Board member, and member of the AWWA Opflow Editorial Advisory Board.
Lemon Puts Different Twist on Taste Issue
Authors: Burlingame Gary
Published: June 2018

This article discusses adding lemon juice to tap water to improve its taste. Tests were done using lemon doses from 0.2 to 0.5 percent by volume. Acceptance and preference testing were done by a flavor profile analysis panel with results indicating that the more noticeable the lemon taste became, the less acceptable the drinking water became. Lemon treatments were found to reduce the water's chloramine residual by about 0.8 mg/L over five hours at room temperature. The panel's final conclusion was that a 0.1 percent solution of lemon in chlorinated tap water (three drops from a freshly squeezed lemon in an 8 oz. glass) would be the optimal amount to add.
Profile Tool Makes Filter Inspection Easier to Face
Authors: Durrer Chuck
Published: June 2018

This article describes a filter profile tool to be used in conjunction with painters' scaffolding. The device allows readings to be taken by one person on the scaffold, with a second person reading the measurement with a surveyor's transit. This eliminates confined‐space entry and cuts down the personnel required for the job by 50 percent. Materials, construction methods, usage, and the computerization of data are discussed.
Making a Coliform Bacteria Filtration Manifold
Authors: Baker Al
Published: June 2018

This article describes an inexpensive, easy‐to‐build, three‐position filter manifold to be used in testing laboratories for holding several membrane filters through which a water sample passes when a vacuum is applied. Advantages, disadvantages, materials, and construction are listed.
Wet‐Dry Vacuum Drain Makes Cleanup Easy
Authors: Zell Shannon D.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a wet‐dry vacuum drain that is used to drain a wet‐dry vacuum that is full of water after cleaning up a leak or spill. Materials, construction, and application are discussed.
Rule Mandates Consumer Confidence Reports
Authors: Pontius Fred
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the consumer confidence report (CCR) that every community water system (CWS) is required to provide to customers on an annual basis. Topics included in the discussion are: the annual timeframe; CCR mandatory content; methods of delivery; tools for compliance; and, a listing of available help.
Benefiting From Biological Growth in Filters
Authors: Smith E. Franklyn , Emelko Monica B.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses biological filtration, or biofiltration, a process that uses innocuous microorganisms for the breakdown and removal of biodegradable organic matter (BOM). Topics covered include: treatment plant design; biofilm problems; process effectiveness; the key to successful biofiltration processes; monitoring and evaluation; occurrence in various media; and, historical use of biofiltration.
Winter—Time to Consider Risk Management
Authors: Young Clyde W.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses compliance with the US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) Accidental Release Requirements, also known as the Risk Management Plan (RMP). Suggestions are made about developing a management system, procedures and policies for conducting hazard assessments, compliance audits, and incident investigations. Emergency response and deadline compliance and penalties are discussed.
Old PVC Pipe a Potential Problem
Authors: Yaw Elizabeth Murtagh , Morris Jennifer
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a problem at Doniphan County (Kansas) Rural Water District No.5 where vinyl chloride residue from PVC pipe made before 1977 was leaching into the drinking water at levels that could pose a health concern. Tips on how to adequately evaluate the potential for risk in a system are given.
Making Sense of Buy–Sell Agreements
Authors: Hall Susan , Miller Ellen G.
Published: June 2018

This article describes wholesale contracts as the best way for a utility to maintain control of its finances, rates, and distribution system; the easiest way to improve or increase supply; and, the most efficient way to meet the SDWA requirements. The experience that Cleveland, Ohio, and Public Water Supply District No. 1 of Platte County had preparing for and negotiating the terms of their wholesale contracts with Kansas City, Missouri, is outlined and a contract checklist is given.
Cutting Costs with Capacitors
Authors: Cunningham Bruce
Published: June 2018

This article discusses electrical power at water utilities and how installing capacitors can correct poor power factor, which is the ratio between working power and apparent power. Depending on a utility's power costs, rate tariff, and power factor, the savings to a utility could increase dramatically.
Hypochlorite Scaling Solved with CO2
Authors: Victorine Tom
Published: June 2018

After a 1993 county toxic gas ordinance required San Jose Water Company to switch from gaseous chlorine to sodium hypochlorite for disinfection at its wellfields, they experienced serious scaling problems. A change in their dosing apparatus effectively solved the scaling problem and there was a substantial reduction in maintenance costs and a major improvement in operations characteristics.
Dowsing—Common Sense or Super Sense?
Authors: Woods Walter
Published: June 2018

This article discusses dowsing, the practice of finding underground water sources.
Water Quality Program Defines Operations
Authors: Cohen Y. Koby
Published: June 2018

This article reports on the comprehensive water quality control program (WQCP) developed by Southern California Water Company (SCWC) to comply with regulations and maintain water quality in the distribution system. The WQCP is a written blueprint of system responsibilities and activities, incorporating all the operations, maintenance, and water quality programs related to system sources, treatment, distribution pipes, storage tanks, fire hydrants, valves, and other appurtenances that affect water quality.
Rotary Reel Lock Provides Better Access
Authors: Vanderpool Ake
Published: June 2018

Many times, more than one agency may need access through a gated area and each agency has its own lock to that gate. With multiple locks on one gate, when one person locks their lock, other users with different keys can not get in the gate. The Rotary Reel Lock was created to provide access to a locked gate when multiple locks are put on one gate but not all users have the key to every lock.
Double Line Marker Saves Time, Increases Safety
Authors: West Ed
Published: June 2018

The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power typically uses three workers to paint trench‐cutting lines for installing mainline distribution pipe. This was traditionally done by completing only one side at a time. With the Trench Saw Cut Marker, two rolling single‐line markers are connected with a frame so both lines can be painted at the same time.
Eze‐Wire and Cable Puller Makes Threading Easy
Authors: Freeman Charles , Kierwiak Michael
Published: June 2018

When installing service wires and cables for outside reading devices where holes must be drilled through an existing wall, it is often difficult to thread the wire or cable through the apertures because of existing insulation between the inside and outside walls or the thickness of the wall and the flexibility of the wire or cable. The Eze‐Wire and Cable Puller helps make the process of pulling cable simple and less time‐consuming.
Unidirectional Flushing Program Is Clean Sweep
Authors: Joseph Stephane , Pimblett James G.
Published: June 2018

This article describes how the city of Virginia Beach, Virginia, modeled the city's entire water distribution system in a single computer file with all 6 in. and larger pipes included. The model was used to prepare unidirectional flushing program field books for use by city line maintenance crews. These crews had flushed approximately half of the city's 12‐in. and smaller distribution mains and were on schedule to complete the flushing citywide by the end of December 1999, well in advance of the planned conversion to chloramines. Customer complaints during the daytime flushing were few.
Standing Tall in Workboots: An Operator's Life
Authors: Elliott Melissa , Chrisler Meg
Published: June 2018

This article chronicles the career of a female water plant operator and describes the new Lynn R. Morgan Water Facility in Erie, Colorado, which uses continuous membrane filtration. Other benefits of the new plant include: increased plant automation; backwash systems that eliminate byproduct waste handling at the site; flexibility to adapt to seasonal changes and the dissimilar water quality of a raw water supply originating from different reservoirs; and, a flexible plant design than can expand from 4 mgd to 16 mgd.
Water Quality Data Only as Good as the Sample
Authors: Carey Eugenia
Published: June 2018

This article highlights the fundamental parts of a sampling program, including designing the program, taking the sample, and labeling, preserving, and transporting the sample. Employee training is also covered, with specific suggestions for what employees should be taught.
Chlorine—“Special Agent” for Disinfecting Water
Authors: Leidholdt Ralph
Published: June 2018

Chlorination is considered the most economical, efficient, and easily‐applied method of disinfecting water. This article discusses three forms of chlorine used to disinfect water, chlorine (liquid or gas), calcium hypochlorite, and sodium hypochlorite. Chlorine residual is also defined. Three sample dosage calculation problems accompany the article. The article also discusses the chemical reactions that occur when chlorine gas, calcium hypochlorite, or sodium hypochlorite is added to water for disinfection purposes. The following chlorine residuals are discussed: hypochlorous acid; hypochlorite ion; monochloramine; dichloramine; and trichloramine. Breakpoint chlorination is defined and discussed, as well as superchlorination and dechlorination.
Water Temperature Predicts Maintenance Peaks
Authors: Potter Scott
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how finished water temperature (FWT) is the main contributor to water main breaks.
Operators Help Develop Certification Exams
Authors: De la Cruz Suzanne , Ballou Stephen W.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the importance of having operators involved in the development of certification exams. It also describes the four principle steps in developing a certification exam that include: defining the job tasks; writing and reviewing questions; creating the exam; and, determining the passing score.
The Easy Way to Answer Hard Questions
Authors: Burlingame Gary A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how utilities can effectively deal with the media. It describes how to be prepared to address media interest, have facts at your fingertips, provide additional contacts, and be honest and open with the public. It also gives tips on how to handle an interview with the media to create credibility, professionalism, and a good impression.
No More Sleeping Through Safety Meetings
Authors: Oliver Joel T.
Published: June 2018

This article gives suggestions for making safety meetings more interesting by getting employees personally involved and grading or assessing the meetings using these parameters: audience participation; creativity; subject matter and intent; entertainment value; and, organization.
System Metering Aids Leak Detection
Authors: Walski Thomas , Kaufman David , Gangemi Anthony , Malos William
Published: June 2018

This article describes an aggressive program used by the Pennsylvania American Water Company to reduce unaccounted‐for water. As part of this program, PAWC developed a project to install significantly more system meters in the distribution system to calculate the amount of unaccounted‐for water in relatively small zones. Two different technologies are described: differential pressure pressure‐reducing valves (PRVs), and PRV‐turbine meters. Several related projects are discussed and a list of additional construction work that was required at many of the sites is given.
Accuracy Key to Testing Meters
Authors: Kelly Thomas A.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses when to replace residential water meters and refers to the 1998 Optimum Meter Age Study. The study indicated that not only the accuracy and performance of meters needs to be tested, but also the accuracy of the testing methods and devices used needs to be measured. It states that the accuracy of positive displacement meters deteriorates over time because of accumulated registration, and disk nutations or piston oscillations in the measuring chamber of the meter create wear and tear that has a negative effect on accuracy and indicated consumption. Criteria for analyzing the method used to bench‐test meters after removal from the distribution system are given, along with criteria for analyzing the test results. The effect of meter change notices left at customers' property when meter changes were performed is discussed, and a graph showing the most cost‐effective time frame for residential meter replacement is given.
Simple Process Change Prevents Hydrant Freeze
Authors: Murdoch Dave , Turner Al
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the problems with the hydrant maintenance program in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, with special emphasis on cold weather operations and freezing temperatures. It discusses how the program was analyzed for better performance and describes the changes that were implemented and what the results were. Inspections were not being completed before the onset of winter's freezing temperatures because of time‐consuming procedures and several suggestions were made to speed up the process.
Wheel Valve Key Locks Second Place
Authors: Marston Ron
Published: June 2018

The Wheel Valve Key was developed to prevent physical conditions such as fatigue and shoulder, back and wrist injuries when turning hundreds of valves a week during water main flushing season. It automatically centers the key in the valve box riser and keeps the key in place on the valve nut. The centering device is adjustable up and down along the valve key shaft, and the wheel is removable. The wheel can be removed when the valve box is cleaned with the key, and the wheel can be replaced with a regular T‐bar, if desired.
Operational Changes Counter Customer Complaints
Authors: Wen Jason , Busuego Elias , Bleemers Alan , Long Jeffrey
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how Southern California Water Company's (SCWC) Central District discovered how to reduce water quality complaints through various operation controls. The district improved its distribution water quality and reduced complaints by up to 75% by implementing five solutions. The second part of this article, published in the November 2001 issue, goes into more detail about each solution. This first part of the article describes how the district came up with these solutions. The use of databases to track what causes the complaints is explained.
How Do We Bring Nitrate Levels Down?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns nitrate levels and the different types of treatment currently being used, which include blending, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and biological denitrification. Sources of nitrates are given along with discussion on managing potential nitrate sources to be an effective method for controlling nitrate contamination.
What Causes Wells to Lose Capacity?
Authors: Thomas Larry
Published: June 2018

This article discusses well rehabilitation, emphasizing three main points: physical and biological changes that occur in the subsurface as a result of the increased movement of water toward the well, resulting in plugging and clogging of the well; well rehabilitation work that should start before a well's capacity falls below 85 percent, and thus increase the chance of success and reduce the amount of work necessary; and, well rehabilitation work that should be done before bacteria populations become too aggressive, creating dense slimes throughout the production zones of the well.
What Type of Lubricant Is Appropriate for Waterworks?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about the type of lubricant that should be used in water treatment processes to reduce the chances of cross contamination. Three categories of lubricants for use in food establishments are listed.
Taking Security to the Next Level
Authors: Wettering Larry
Published: June 2018

This article describes a case study of the Neenah, Wisconsin, water treatment plant where an attempted act of vandalism occurred in August 1998. Because of this incident, the staff established a goal of reducing exposure to vandalism. The article discussed the key elements of a security procedures plan. On September 11, the focus for security in Neenah shifted from vandalism to terrorism, causing staff to reassess the vulnerability of their property and facilities to a terrorist attack. Several operational, procedural, and physical changes are discussed in the article.
New IESWTR Mandates Turbidity Measurement
Authors: Dorner John
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how, as of January 2002, all large and most medium‐size surface water treatment plants are required by the US Environmental Protection Agency to report new data on turbidity measurements under the new Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR). IESWTR individual monitoring and reporting requirements are discussed and include: conducting continuous monitoring at each filter; recording results of monitoring every 15 minutes and maintaining these records for at least 3 years; reporting to the state 10 days after the end of the month that this monitoring was conducted; and, calibrating turbidimeters using procedures specified by manufacturer.
Everything's Coming Up Green
Authors: Watson John A. , Cynar Philip J.
Published: June 2018

This article describes how water treatment residual material (a product of the drinking water treatment process) can be a cost‐effective and environmentally sound medium for the reclamation, revegetation, regreening, and landscaping of vacant industrial sites and other venues. The article presents a case study of the Hays Mine Water Treatment Plant near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that uses belt‐filter presses for wastewater treatment because they produce a higher percentage of dried residue than most drying methods, are less labor intensive, and take up much less space than other alternatives. Nutrient analyses of the treated residue, in terms of phosphates, nitrogen, potassium, and other minerals, recommended that the residue be reclassified as dewasted, meaning that the material is no longer classified as an industrial waste. Ultimately, the dewasted residue was approved for use as topsoil and in topsoil blends.
Get More for Your NTUs
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Johnson Marla
Published: June 2018

Treatment plants today use online turbidity analyzers to continuously monitor their filter effluents, reducing the demand for turbidity measurements by more traditional batch measurement systems such as turbidimeters or nephelometers. These traditional systems are easy to use, and operators and laboratory staff are well acquainted with them. This article explains how their use can be expanded to provide useful indications of distribution system water quality.
Black Water Mystery Uncovered Under Sink
Authors: Hutchins Danny T.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a case study that occurred in January 2001 where the water department in Madison Heights, Michigan, received numerous complaints about black water showing up in kitchen sinks and bathroom lavatories in a 200 unit senior citizen high‐rise apartment building. It turned out to be black rubber fibers from the tubing inside the stainless steel braided hoses that connected the stop valves to the faucets in the kitchen sinks. The temperature was found to be a major factor in the softening and deterioration of the rubber tubing.
Charting a Course in Coagulation Control
Authors: Logsdon Gary , Ciemniecki Dennis , Hess Alan , Chipps Michael
Published: June 2018

This article describes how operators at most filtration plants do not determine coagulant dosage by one technique alone but use several. It discusses how historical dosage charts or tables are a technique for determining coagulant dosage that can be a time‐saving tool at treatment plants where source water quality and coagulant dosage change from time to time. It explains how using them in combination with other means of assessing coagulant dosage increases the operators' information base for selecting the most effective dosages.
What Are the Pressure Requirements for Pipe Testing?
Authors: Wilber John
Published: June 2018

This month's question is about the pipe leakage test presented in AWWA standards, and if the pressure drops more than the allowed 5 psi, did the installed pipe fail the test? The answer cites both AWWA Standard C600 and C605 as requiring that the pipeline be pressurized with water to the required test pressure and that the required test pressure be maintained within 5 psi range for the duration of the test.
Wilson Wins Top Prize in 2003 Contest
Authors: Soucie Bill , Madura Robert , Sandahl Mark , Nitecki Ken
Published: June 2018

The “Wilson,” named for the tennis ball that is a critical component, is a simple tool for obtaining a complete and accurate filter core sample from deep granular activated carbon (GAC) filter beds. The Central Lake County Joint Action Water Agency in Lake Bluff, Illinois, developed this device to turn what was once a laborious three‐person operation, requiring lockout‐tagout and confined‐space permits, into a clean and efficient one‐person procedure.
How Can I Negotiate the Contamination Maze?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about complying with maximum contaminant levels for multiple contaminants and dealing with the “maze” of government regulations. The article discusses using the annual water quality report as an indication of what needs to be addressed, working closely with the state primacy agency who offers training opportunities and state revolving loan funds, consulting the US Environmental Protection Agency website for information and assistance, and checking out the AWWA membership benefits.
Shedding Light on a Dark Situation
Authors: Carpenter Carol
Published: June 2018

This article describes the experience that the Cleveland Division of Water (CWD) had with the massive electrical power outage that occurred on August 14, 2003. Not only Cleveland, but all of northern Ohio, several other northeastern states, and parts of Canada were affected. CWD lost 50% of its total 135 mil gal of water stored in an underground reservoir, 777 mil gal of water stored in 13 storage tanks (four ground‐level steel tanks and nine elevated towers), and much of the water stored in four other ground‐level and elevated tanks that hold 33.5 mil gal each. The article tells how staff coped with the massive problem, how extra staff was deployed including the National Guard, and how CWD communicated with customers during the power blackout.
Six Parameters for Filter Operations
Authors: Pizzi Nicholas G.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses six parameters that operators can measure routinely to determine the causes of elevated turbidities. They include: bed depth measurement; L/de ratio; D90/D10 ratio (for dual media designs); turbidity of the spent filter backwash water versus time; unit filter run volume (UFRV); and, solids retention in the bed. The article states that it is important to establish normal operating parameters for filters when turbidities are low, so that these parameters can be measured again during poor turbidity production events.
Water Quality Improves by Recycling Settled Sludge
Authors: McLane John C.
Published: June 2018

Wastewater operators are responsible for the biological processes of an activated sludge plant where, at the beginning of the treatment process, settled activated seed sludge is inoculated in incoming raw sewage flow to kick‐start the growth of bioreducing organisms in the sewage. This article describes how this same process of recirculation works equally well in the flocculation and coagulation processes of drinking water treatment. Recycling fresh, settled chemical floc back to the incoming raw water flow initiates formation of good‐quality chemical floc with exceptionally good solids and impurities removal and settling and filtering characteristics, particularly during coldwater seasons. This practice also provides many labor and cost‐saving advantages.
Beyond the Vulnerability Assessment
Authors: Booth Ron , Herbst Doug , Ainslie Robert
Published: June 2018

This article addresses some of the issues and constraints that must be considered when upgrading a facility and its assets to reduce the risk of malevolent attacks. Topics covered include: a historical look at security; security solutions; risk reduction, mitigation, and costs; and, confidentiality and procurement considerations.
How Do We Know Our Water Additives and Appurtenances Are Safe?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question addresses the safety of water additives and appurtenances. The article recommends reviewing all packaging and promotional literature to identify which performance claims have actually been verified by a certification body. The article states that NSF 60 is recommended for drinking water system components, and NSF 61 for drinking water treatment chemicals. The article explains the development of NSF standards, discusses the difference between NSF standards and AWWA standards, and defines a harmful additive or application. The current NSF health‐based performance standards for drinking water are given.
The Skinny on Fire Service Costs
Authors: Matthews Paul L. , Rock Kerstin S.
Published: June 2018

This article provides an overview of fire protection costs and some of the recovery options available. Topics covered include: distinctions in fire‐related costs such as direct and indirect costs, or public/private costs; determining the proportion of a utility's budget for fire protection; recovering fire service costs; and, residential and nonresidential customer charges.
How Do We Keep Smelly Bacteria Out of Hot Water Taps?
Authors: Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns a foul, sulfur‐like odor from hot tap water at locations where the water heaters are less than 5 years old. The question is whether thermophilic sulfur‐reducing bacteria (SRB) is causing the smell. The article suggests testing the cold water from these taps with routine water quality tests and if no obvious problems are indicated and no sediment or other foreign material appears at the taps, then the smell could be caused by SRB. The article describes how SRB is formed and the conditions that allow it to grow. Suggestions for controlling SRB are discussed.
Preparing for Emergencies with Tabletop Exercises
Authors: Moyer Jack
Published: June 2018

This article discusses conducting a tabletop exercise for a distribution system contamination incident. Topics covered include: exercise objectives; exercise format; sample scenario; tabletop exercise “menu” of different exercise combinations; and, tabletop exercise disclaimers.
Much More Than a Turbidity Goal
Authors: Chescattie Ed
Published: June 2018

This article discusses Phase III of the Partnership for Safe Water Self‐Assessment and how improving communication and commitment to optimization at all levels can help strengthen the weak links in the utility, thereby increasing the likelihood that optimization will be maintained for years to come. Phase III Assessment Parameters are given, along with a discussion of administrative involvement, suggestions for involving operational staff, reviewing monthly turbidity trends, and advice on writing the Phase III report that recommends approaching it as a team effort, using information from all members to compile the final report, and including all limiting factors that have affected, are affecting, or may affect filter plant operation and performance.
Employment Outlook Good for Operators, Grim for Utilities
Authors: DeNileon Gay Porter , Stubbart John
Published: June 2018

This article addresses the issue of impending operator shortages in the water industry due to the demographic predictions of the Baby Boomers retiring. The article cites an AWWA Research Foundation study by Myron Olstein called “Succession Planning for a Vital Workforce in the Information Age,” and lists the positions in the water industry most likely to be affected by this trend. Loss of institutional knowledge is discussed, along with small utilities being hit the hardest with this trend. The article discusses the theory that the increase in technology such as automated meter reading (AMR) may offset the need for an equal amount of new employees to replace all who are retiring, and the need to seriously use technology as a strategy to prepare the utility for future resource shortages. The article discusses developing and maintaining a qualified future workforce by instituting such practices as cross‐training, reorganizing departments, flexibility in work hours, outsourcing, requiring some form/amount of higher education beyond a high school diploma, and retaining experienced operators by offering part‐time work hours with continued health insurance benefits.
Third Place Pak‐Rite Replaces Valve Packing Without Digging or Straining
Authors: Harmony David , Tucker Jack
Published: June 2018

The Pak‐Rite tool kit is used to repack and repair water valves without digging them up. It enables repairs to be made to valves as deep as 5 ft. and from within the valve box itself. The easy operation of the tools decreases the potential for physical injury from exertion and working in tight spaces. Using this tool kit, most valves can be repaired without digging, thus eliminating the cost of equipment, materials, and additional labor to repair and repack water valves.
Controlling Turbidity Spike with Alum, Iron
Authors: Logsdon Gary S. , Hess Alan F. , Chipps Michael J. , Gavre John , Locklair Jack , Hidahl Claudia , Wierenga John
Published: June 2018

This is the second part of a 2‐part series on minimizing the initial turbidity spike after filter backwash. This part focuses on adding coagulant chemical or cationic polymer to the settled water as it fills the filter box after backwash is terminated. Experiences from four different treatment plants with adding coagulant chemical or cationic polymer are compared. A list of important data to collect, record, and evaluate when studying the addition of conditioning chemicals to backwash water is provided.
Layered Aeration Mixes It Up, Vertically
Authors: Dyksen John E. , Cartnick Keith W. , Cywinski Raymond J. , DeLescinskis Anthony , Soong Sheng‐Lu
Published: June 2018

This article reports on a situation at United Water New Jersey's (UWNJ) Haworth Water Treatment Plant where water quality in the Oradell Reservoir deteriorated due to runoff from surrounding developed areas and supplemental water being introduced from adjacent watersheds. This resulted in an increased rate of eutrophication of the reservoir water, along with higher turbidity, natural organic matter, and nutrient levels. Characteristics of the Oradell Reservoir are given, along with past treatment practices. Several reservoir management options are listed, and from these options UWNJ decided on a reservoir aeration system that would stabilize raw water quality in the reservoir.
Water Audit Software Assesses Water Loss
Authors: Kunkel George
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a new spreadsheet software package in Microsoft Excel for compiling a basic audit of water supply operations that was developed by AWWA's Water Loss Control (WLC) Committee. The software was developed to promote the best‐practice water audit method developed by the International Water Association and AWWA, to assess water supply efficiency in a standard, reliable manner, and to give utilities a simple, user‐friendly way to compile and compare their water audit data with other utilities. The article discusses an array of new performance indicators offered by the method, and provides operating instructions for the software.
Treatment Techniques Target Wildfire‐Affected Water Supplies
Authors: Cottingham Rick
Published: June 2018

This article discusses maintaining raw water quality in areas that are difficult to treat and optimizing procedures for ensuring effective use of each unit process employed by their treatment facilities. Particular interest is focused on small water systems for being the most at risk for noncompliance and public health issues in raw water quality. The article discusses treatment considerations such as disinfectant demand, ongoing process control testing, monitoring coagulation chemistry through observation and jar‐testing procedures, and assessing filters.
Excavations: Don't Let the Walls Come Tumbling Down
Authors: Court Mark
Published: June 2018

This article discusses excavation and trenching safety. Factors that contribute to cave‐ins are listed, along with OSHA standard requirements, citing Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 1926.650‐652 (subpart P). The article also discusses soil conditions and categories, protective systems and methods, and rights and responsibilities.
Magnetic Ion Exchange Solves Problems
Authors: Pontius Frederick W. , Renouf Nelson , McCutchen Roy
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how installing Colorado's first ion exchange (IX) pretreatment system at Big Elk Water Association (BEWA) helped it overcome the unenviable Environmental Working Group label of Colorado water system with the worst quality water. The article discusses how BEWA evaluated several treatment alternatives based on the anticipated environmental impact to the small and delicate Big Elk Meadows subdivision's ecosystem, chemical use, operating cost, waste generation, and operator licensing requirements. Bench‐scale testing of the IX process indicated that IX treatment could reduce raw water dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels by more than 80 percent, to well below the maximum contaminant level (MCL). The article discusses how magnetic IX works, implementing the IX system at BEWA, operational requirements, and process monitoring. A flow chart design of the magnetic IX process is provided.
Time to Upgrade your Filter System?
Authors: Young Brian , Germain Darin St.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a long‐term plan by the city of Richfield, Minnesota, to rehabilitate the plant's treatment process. The project began in 1992 when the in‐house plant personnel removed filter media from a cell, replaced the plant's filter underdrain system and washtroughs, and reinstalled the original filter media. The new underdrain system consisted of precast concrete panels with nozzles equipped for air scouring. It was thought that replacing the filter internals made backwash more effective with the use of air scouring followed by water backwash. However, the results of this process fell short of expectations. The article discusses the reasons for this failure, how a solution was found by dividing the project into two phases that provided a necessary exploratory step to the overall project, and key insights that may be of value to others contemplating plant rehabilitation.
Minimizing Lead Spikes
Authors: Sandvig Anne , Kwan Pierre
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the on‐going process of replacing lead service lines (LSLs) by utilities across the country in an effort to minimize consumers' exposure to lead from drinking water. Because of issues described in the article, many utilities have authority to replace only the portion of lead service piping they own (partial replacement from main to curb stop) instead of full replacement from main to residence. This has caused debate as to how effective partial replacement programs are for meeting the Lead and Copper Rule requirements. The article cites two studies done by the Greater Cincinnati Water Works on lead level spikes, and discusses a 2007 analysis of LSLRs (partial and full) that provides a better understanding of short‐ and long‐term benefits and effects associated with these replacements. The article includes an inset by Greg Pierson and Ron English titled, “End‐use Plumbing Components Elevate Lead Levels in Seattle Public Schools”.
How Often Should We Backwash Our Filtration System?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about the frequency of backwashing a filtration system. The article focuses on granular media filters, and recommends operating the filters until their design limit for head loss, operating time, or filter effluent turbidity is reached, whichever comes first. When one of these limits is reached, the filter should be removed from service and backwashed. When using an automated backwashing system, the article recommends observing the backwashing process to keep the filter working well, and lists things to look for. Recommendations for inspecting the filter surface are provided.
Under Pressure! Pipe Bypass Procedure Preserves Community Lifeline
Authors: Pierce Les
Published: June 2018

This article discusses an effort to move an existing 90‐in. prestressed concrete cylinder water line at Chicago's O'Hare Airport in order to modernize the airport's infrastructure. The challenge was to plug and relocate the pipeline without interruption of service to the area, which includes 600,000 people in at least seven adjacent communities, hospitals, schools, and fire stations. The plugging process is discussed including hot tapping, installing concrete thrust blocks to retain thrust, and the 48‐in. temporary bypass.
Beware of the “Perfect Storm”
Authors: Boepple Teresa M. , Meadors Darla
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the effect that an aging workforce and an aging infrastructure will have on the water industry as the prediction of more than half of the water and wastewater operators retire in the next 5‐7 years comes true. The article warns of a coming crisis caused by the lack of contributing factors that include: water system management; succession planning; recruitment plan; qualified professionals to operate and oversee the system; knowledge management plan; retention plan; professional development and training programs; financial capacity; and, education and outreach programs. The article lists potential consequences if the industry fails to address these workforce challenges.
Consider Emergency Response From an Asset Management Point of View
Authors: Harris Rhonda
Published: June 2018

This article discusses how asset management plays a large part in the ability to respond to all types of emergencies. The importance of utility resources to respond to an emergency are discussed, along with an Emergency Response Plan for the utility, a good public relations program with the customers, and a strong relationship with the local media. Nurturing human assets is also discussed.
How Can We Remedy Noisy Meters?
Authors: Kline Pat
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about solutions for excessively noisy meters that are most noticeable when customers use their irrigation systems. The answer discusses several reasons for noisy meters including: loose pipes with broken or missing pipe strapping; changes in temperature causing pipe material to expand or contract; air in pipes; and, water hammer. The solution of using a water hammer arrestor may only decrease the symptom, not address or solve the underlying problem. The article provides examples of several issues that may be the root cause of the noise, including positioning of the water meter during installation, replacement parts that are not the right size or are installed incorrectly, meter age, and moving the meter out of the house.
Knowledge Retention: Develop Effective Succession: Planning Strategies
Authors: Isbell Marcia
Published: June 2018

This article presents an example of succession planning and knowledge‐retention at the Tualatin Valley Water District (TVWD) in Oregon. With three members of TVWD's senior management team eligible to retire within the next three years, the utility initiated a program to validate institutional knowledge, gather tacit knowledge about operational history, and commit planning schedules to paper that previously existed only in managers' heads. In addition, the utility initiated a workforce development program that created individual development plans for each member of the workforce based on an individual's strengths.
How Can I Learn More About Supply Lines for Residential Sprinkler Systems?
Authors: Kelly Kevin
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about information on residential sprinkler system supply line arrangements. The article recommends the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) as a good resource for more than 300 codes and standards intended to minimize the possibility and effects of fire and other risks. The article discusses the NFPA Standard 13D that offers several options for connecting a sprinkler system to a public water supply.
Low‐Cost Strategies: Optimize Energy Use
Authors: Moran Dan , Barron Chris
Published: June 2018

This article discusses energy‐saving opportunities for water utilities related to reducing energy consumption for pumping such as installing a variable frequency drive (VFD), periodically evaluating pump efficiencies to reduce energy and maintenance costs by using a free software program called Pumping System Assessment Tool (PSAT), reviewing the electrical service provider's rate structure for peak and off‐peak pricing, and conducting an energy audit. Two examples of utilities reducing energy usage are provided.
Mapping Ground Water Rule Requirements: Sanitary Survey and Corrective Action
Authors: McMahan Erin K. , Lopez‐Carbo Maria
Published: June 2018

This is the fourth of five columns developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, summarizing key components of the Ground Water Rule (GWR). Two of the four GWR requirements, source water and compliance monitoring, were discussed in Opflow's July and August 2010 issues, respectively. Source water monitoring, which includes triggered, additional, and assessment monitoring, is required for systems not providing 4‐log treatment. Compliance monitoring addresses how operators document 4‐log treatment of viruses through monitoring and maintaining a state‐determined minimum disinfectant residual. This column addresses sanitary surveys and corrective action.
Drought Management: Probability‐Based Operating Rules Improve Water Supply Management
Authors: McCrodden Brian , Nebiker Steven , Carreiro Leslie
Published: June 2018

This article begins by presenting the commonly used drought management metrics of “safe yield” and “days of supply remaining”, and goes on to discuss a risk‐based drought management plan that incorporates forecasting to offer a less expensive and more reliable alternative. The key to improved operating efficiency is for a utility to incorporate forecasting into its operating rules to account for seasonal changes, storage levels, and future inflow and demand. The article discusses developing drought triggers and risk management approaches that have been used by several East Coast cities.
UV Disinfection in Alaska: Meeting the Challenges of Weather, Terrain, and Permitting
Authors: Nicholson Enoch , Damron Floyd
Published: June 2018

This article discusses four Alaskan community drinking water systems that operate under filtration avoidance status as defined by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The article describes how each one chose ultraviolet (UV) disinfection to bring their utility into compliance with the USEPA's Long Term 2 Enchanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (LT2), which requires all water systems operating under filtration avoidance status to add filtration or a second disinfectant to the treatment system. Project challenges unique to working in Alaska are discussed.
What Are the Most Effective Treatment Methods for Removing EDCs and PPCPs?
Authors: Snyder Shane A. , Wert Eric C. , Lei gxia (Dawn) , Westerhoff Paul , Yoon Yeomin
Published: June 2018

This article discusses a comprehensive Water Research Foundation study that was initiated to determine the removal potential of various endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) during a variety of conventional and advanced wastewater treatment processes. To complete the evaluation, specific analytical methods were developed for representative target analytes. The article discusses analysis methods, treatment methods, sample selection, and treatment results.
How Important Is a Systemwide Flushing Program?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks about systemwide flushing programs. The article discusses the importance of a powerful distribution system flushing program for improving water quality. Three types of flushing programs are discussed (conventional, unidirectional, and automatic), along with three strategies for flushing: reactive spot flushing, localized stagnant area flushing, and systemwide regular flushing. The design of a regular flushing program should be based upon the particular strategy chosen for a system. The article provides an insert that lists systemwide flushing tips.
Personal Experience Emphasizes the Need for Safe Drinking Water
Authors: Black Stacey
Published: June 2018

This article describes the author's experience in the 1993 Milwaukee Cryptosporidium outbreak.
Hexavalent Chromium: It's Déjà Vu All Over Again
Authors: Eaton Andrew
Published: June 2018

The presence of hexavalent chromium in drinking water isn't new, but recent media attention and pending regulations have left utilities with unanswered questions. After the Environmental Working Group (EWG) reported the presence of hexavalent chromium ‐ also called chromium 6 and Cr+6 ‐ in 35 U.S. cities, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) recommended in January 2011 that utilities begin voluntarily testing for the contaminant. The article includes a discussion of the unanswered questions related to the following topics: voluntary data collection; public notification; sampling problems; health risks; MCLs; unregulated contaminant monitoring; and, competing regulations.