bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QoS Measurement of Workflow-Based Web Service Compositions Using Colored Petri Net
Authors: Nematzadeh Hossein , Motameni Homayun , Mohamad Radziah , Nematzadeh Zahra
Published: July 2014

Workflow-based web service compositions (WB-WSCs) is one of the main composition categories in service oriented architecture (SOA). Eflow, polymorphic process model (PPM), and business process execution language (BPEL) are the main techniques of the category of WB-WSCs. Due to maturity of web services, measuring the quality of composite web services being developed by different techniques becomes one of the most important challenges in today’s web environments. Business should try to provide good quality regarding the customers’ requirements to a composed web service. Thus, quality of service (QoS) which refers to nonfunctional parameters is important to be measured since the quality degree of a certain web service composition could be achieved. This paper tried to find a deterministic analytical method for dependability and performance measurement using Colored Petri net (CPN) with explicit routing constructs and application of theory of probability. A computer tool called WSET was also developed for modeling and supporting QoS measurement through simulation.
Prevalence of Voluntary Counseling and Testing Utilization and Its Associated Factors among Bahirdar University Students
Authors: Fikadie Getachew , Bedimo Melkamu , Alamrew Zelalem
Published: July 2014

Background.In Ethiopia university students are among the most sexually active and high HIV risk young population group but unfortunately VCT uptake was low (35%–38%) among this group. Examining the factors contributing to VCT uptake is vital to facilitate HIV prevention and control efforts.Objective.To assess the prevalence of voluntary counseling and testing utilization and its associated factors among Bahirdar University students in April 2012.Methods.Cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2012, among Bahirdar University students. A multistage sampling procedure was used to select 801 students. Data were collected using pretested self-administered questionnaire and analyzed by using SPSS version-16.Results.772 students (79.7% males) participated in the study. The mean age of the respondents’ was 21.3. From all respondents 37.8% of the study participants had undergone HIV test. Different variables showed significant association with VCT uptake.Conclusion.The major factors identified for increased VCT service utilization were having a friend who got VCT, having discussion about HIV/AIDS with family, origin of residence, year of study, and having boy- or girlfriend. Therefore, actions targeting these predictors are necessary to effectively enhance the use of the VCT services utilization among students.
Prediction of Maize Single Cross Hybrids Using the Total Effects of Associated Markers Approach Assessed by Cross-Validation and Regional Trials
Authors: Melo Wagner Mateus Costa , Pinho Renzo Garcia Von , Balestre Marcio
Published: July 2014

The present study aimed to predict the performance of maize hybrids and assess whether the total effects of associated markers (TEAM) method can correctly predict hybrids using cross-validation and regional trials. The training was performed in 7 locations of Southern Brazil during the 2010/11 harvest. The regional assays were conducted in 6 different South Brazilian locations during the 2011/12 harvest. In the training trial, 51 lines from different backgrounds were used to create 58 single cross hybrids. Seventy-nine microsatellite markers were used to genotype these 51 lines. In the cross-validation method the predictive accuracy ranged from 0.10 to 0.96, depending on the sample size. Furthermore, the accuracy was 0.30 when the values of hybrids that were not used in the training population (119) were predicted for the regional assays. Regarding selective loss, the TEAM method correctly predicted 50% of the hybrids selected in the regional assays. There was also loss in only 33% of cases; that is, only 33% of the materials predicted to be good in training trial were considered to be bad in regional assays. Our results show that the predictive validation of different crop conditions is possible, and the cross-validation results strikingly represented the field performance.
Long-Term Assessment of an Innovative Mangrove Rehabilitation Project: Case Study on Carey Island, Malaysia
Authors: Motamedi Shervin , Hashim Roslan , Zakaria Rozainah , Song Ki-Il , Sofawi Bakrin
Published: July 2014

Wave energy and storm surges threaten coastal ecology and nearshore infrastructures. Although coastal structures are conventionally constructed to dampen the wave energy, they introduce tremendous damage to the ecology of the coast. To minimize environmental impact, ecofriendly coastal protection schemes should be introduced. In this paper, we discuss an example of an innovative mangrove rehabilitation attempt to restore the endangered mangroves on Carey Island, Malaysia. A submerged detached breakwater system was constructed to dampen the energy of wave and trap the sediments behind the structure. Further, a large number of mangrove seedlings were planted using different techniques. Further, we assess the possibility of success for a future mangrove rehabilitation project at the site in the context of sedimentology, bathymetry, and hydrogeochemistry. The assessment showed an increase in the amount of silt and clay, and the seabed was noticeably elevated. The nutrient concentration, the pH value, and the salinity index demonstrate that the site is conducive in establishing mangrove seedlings. As a result, we conclude that the site is now ready for attempts to rehabilitate the lost mangrove forest.
A Bicriteria Approach Identifying Nondominated Portfolios
Authors: Pereira Javier , Crawford Broderick , Paredes Fernando , Soto Ricardo
Published: July 2014

We explore a portfolio constructive model, formulated in terms of satisfaction of a given set of technical requirements, with the minimum number of projects and minimum redundancy. An algorithm issued from robust portfolio modeling is adapted to a vector model, modifying the dominance condition as convenient, in order to find the set of nondominated portfolios, as solutions of a bicriteria integer linear programming problem. In order to improve the former algorithm, a process finding an optimal solution of a monocriteria version of this problem is proposed, which is further used as a first feasible solution aiding to find nondominated solutions more rapidly. Next, a sorting process is applied on the input data or information matrix, which is intended to prune nonfeasible solutions early in the constructive algorithm. Numerical examples show that the optimization and sorting processes both improve computational efficiency of the original algorithm. Their limits are also shown on certain complex instances.
Process Design of a Ball Joint, Considering Caulking and Pull-Out Strength
Authors: Sin Bong-Su , Lee Kwon-Hee
Published: July 2014

A ball joint for an automobile steering system is a pivot component which is connected to knuckle and lower control arm. The manufacturing process for its caulking comprises spinning and deforming. In this study, the process was simulated by flexible multibody dynamics. The caulking was evaluated qualitatively through numerical analysis and inspecting a plastically deformed shape. The structural responses of a ball joint, namely, pull-out strength and stiffness, are commonly investigated in the development process. Thus, following the caulking analysis, the structural responses were considered. In addition, three design variables related to the manufacturing process were defined, and the effects of design variables with respect to pull-out strength, caulking depth, and maximum stress were obtained by introducing the DOE using anL9orthogonal array. Finally, the optimum design maximizing the pull-out strength was suggested. For the final design, the caulking quality and the pull-out strength were investigated by making six samples and their tests.
NEO212, Temozolomide Conjugated to Perillyl Alcohol, Is a Novel Drug for Effective Treatment of a Broad Range of Temozolomide-Resistant Gliomas
Authors: Cho Hee-Yeon , Wang Weijun , Jhaveri Niyati , Lee David Jungpa , Sharma Natasha , Dubeau Louis , Schönthal Axel H. , Hofman Florence M. , Chen Thomas C.
Published: July 2014

Patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a malignant primary brain tumor, inevitably develop resistance to standard-of-care chemotherapy, temozolomide. This study explores the effects of the novel agent NEO212, a conjugate of temozolomide to perillyl alcohol, on temozolomide-resistant gliomas. NEO212 was tested for cytotoxic activity on three human temozolomide-resistant glioma cell lines, which were resistant to temozolomide based on overexpression of the base excision repair (BER) pathway, mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency, or overexpression of O6 methyl-guanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). BER expression was evaluated by Western blotting and PARP activity. MMR deficiency was determined by Western blotting and microsatellite instability. MGMT overexpression was evaluated by Western blotting and O6-benzylguanine (O6BG) inhibition. For in vivo evaluation of NEO212, temozolomide-resistant glioma cells were implanted into immune-incompetent mice, and NEO212 was administered. NEO212, at equimolar concentrations of temozolomide, was more cytotoxic for temozolomide-resistant cells than temozolomide and not toxic to normal cells. NEO212-induced cell death in temozolomide-resistant glioma cells was independent of such mechanisms of resistance as high levels of MGMT, MMR deficiencies, or overexpression of BER proteins. NEO212 functions as a DNA alkylating agent, similar to temozolomide; however, this novel conjugate is unique for it may induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inhibits autophagy. In vivo studies show that NEO212 reduces intracranial tumor growth and increases animal survival without significant toxicity. These results demonstrate that NEO212 is an effective drug against malignant gliomas that can be used for a broad range of newly diagnosed and temozolomide-resistant gliomas. Mol Cancer Ther; 13(8); 2004–17. ©2014 AACR.
Glial Network Responses to Polymicrobial Invasion of Dentin
Authors: Houshmandi Mojgan , Ye Ping , Hunter Neil
Published: July 2014

This study investigated the distribution patterns of glial networks disclosed by reactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B in healthy and carious human teeth. The objective was to determine the assembly and collapse of glial networks in response to encroaching infection. 15 healthy and 37 carious posterior teeth from adults were studied. Immediately after extraction, teeth were cleaned and vertically split and the half with pulp fixed and prepared for resin or frozen sections. Sections were stained with toluidine blue and for immunofluorescence, with observation by confocal laser microscopy and analysis by ImageJ software. Carious teeth were subdivided into three groups according to degree of carious involvement: microbial penetration through enamel (stage A), extension into dentin (stage B) and advanced penetration into dentin but without invasion of underlying pulp tissue (stage C). In stage A lesions there was marked increase in glial networks in dental pulp tissue that extended beyond the zone of microbial invasion. This response was maintained in stage B lesions. In advanced stage C lesions these networks were degraded in the zone of invasion in association with failure to contain infection. Cells expressing the glial markers GFAP and S100B showed a response to initial microbial invasion of dentin by increase in number and altered anatomical arrangement. The late stage of dentinal caries was marked by collapse of these networks in the region adjacent to advancing bacteria. This behaviour is important for understanding and explaining the defensive response of the neurosensory peripheral dental pulp apparatus to infection.
Reliability and Validity of Teacher-Rated Symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder in a Clinical Sample
Authors: Ise Elena , Görtz-Dorten Anja , Döpfner Manfred
Published: July 2014

Background/Aims: It is recommended to use information from multiple informants when making diagnostic decisions concerning oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of teacher-rated symptoms of ODD and CD in a clinical sample. Methods: The sample comprised 421 children (84% boys; 6-17 years) diagnosed with ODD, CD, and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Teachers completed a standardized ODD/CD symptom rating scale and the Teacher Report Form (TRF). Results: The reliability (internal consistency) of the symptom rating scale was high (α = 0.90). Convergent and divergent validity were demonstrated by substantial correlations with similar TRF syndrome scales and low-to-moderate correlations with dissimilar TRF scales. Discriminant validity was shown by the ability of the symptom rating scale to differentiate between children with ODD/CD and those with ADHD. Factorial validity was demonstrated by principal component analysis, which produced a two-factor solution that is largely consistent with the two-dimensional model of ODD and CD proposed by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-IV-TR, although some CD symptoms representing aggressive behavior loaded on the ODD dimension. Conclusion: These findings suggest that DSM-IV-TR-based teacher rating scales are useful instruments for assessing disruptive behavior problems in children and adolescents.
Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy Based on Stroke Volume Variations Improves Fluid Management and Gastrointestinal Perfusion in Patients Undergoing Major Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Peng Ke , Li Jian , Cheng Hao , Ji Fu-hai
Published: July 2014

Objective: To evaluate the influence of stroke volume variation (SVV)-based goal-directed therapy (GDT) on splanchnic organ functions and postoperative complications in orthopedic patients. Subjects and Methods: Eighty patients scheduled for major orthopedic surgery under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to one of two equal groups to receive either intraoperative volume therapy guided by SVV (GDT) or standard fluid management (control). In the SVV group, patients received colloid boluses of 4 ml/kg to maintain an SVV <10% when in the supine position or an SVV <14% if prone. In the control group, fluids were given to maintain a mean arterial pressure >65 mm Hg, a heart rate <100 bpm, a central venous pressure of 8-14 mm Hg, and a urine output >0.5 ml/kg/h. Intraoperative organ perfusion, hemodynamic data, hospitalization, postoperative complications, and mortality were recorded. Results: The heart rate at the end of surgery was significantly lower (p < 0.05), there were fewer hypotensive episodes (p < 0.05), the arterial and gastric intramucosal pH were higher (p < 0.05 for both), the gastric intramucosal PCO2 was lower (p < 0.05), the intraoperative infused colloids and the total infused volume were lower (p < 0.05 for both), and the postoperative time to flatus was shorter (p < 0.05) in the GDT group than in the control group. No differences in the length of hospital stay, complications, or mortality were found between the groups. Conclusion: SVV-based GDT during major orthopedic surgery reduced the volume of the required intraoperative infused fluids, maintained intraoperative hemodynamic stability, and improved the perioperative gastrointestinal function.
Is β-Thalassaemia Minor Associated with Metabolic Disorder?
Authors: Kırım Sinan , Keşkek Şakir Özgür , Turhan Ali , Saler Tayyibe
Published: July 2014

Objective: To investigate the frequency of metabolic syndrome and its components in subjects with β-thalassaemia minor. Subjects and Methods: A total of 194 subjects, i.e. 92 subjects with β-thalassaemia minor (study group) and 102 subjects without β-thalassaemia minor (control group), were enrolled into this case-control study. Haemoglobin electrophoresis was performed on all patients. The waist circumference and systolic and diastolic blood pressure of the subjects were recorded. Fasting blood glucose and serum lipid levels were measured. Results: Both groups were similar in terms of age and sex (p > 0.05 for each). The percentages of haemoglobin A2 (4.3 ± 0.4 vs. 2.0 ± 0.3) and haemoglobin F (3.38 ± 1.4 vs. 0.26 ± 0.4) and the mean corpuscular volumes (64 ± 4.7 vs. 81.5 ± 9.3) of the groups were statistically different (p < 0.001 for each). The frequency of metabolic syndrome and its components was similar in both groups (p > 0.05 for each). According to correlation analyses, the percentage of haemoglobin A2 correlated with fasting insulin, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein, and low-density lipoprotein levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions: No association was found between β-thalassaemia minor and metabolic syndrome despite insulin resistance, which was shown in subjects with β-thalassaemia minor.
Esophageal Perforation due to Transesophageal Echocardiogram: New Endoscopic Clip Treatment
Authors: Robotis John , Karabinis Andreas
Published: July 2014

Esophageal perforation due to transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) during cardiac surgery is rare. A 72-year-old female underwent TEE during an operation for aortic valve replacement. Further, the patient presented hematemesis. Gastroscopy revealed an esophageal bleeding ulcer. Endoscopic therapy was successful. Although a CT scan excluded perforation, the patient became febrile, and a second gastroscopy revealed a big perforation at the site of ulcer. The patient's clinical condition required endoscopic intervention with a new OTSC® clip (Ovesco Endoscopy, Tübingen, Germany). The perforation was successfully sealed. The patient remained on intravenous antibiotics, proton pump inhibitors and parenteral nutrition for few days, followed by enteral feeding. She was discharged fully recovered 3 months later. We clearly demonstrate an effective, less invasive treatment of an esophageal perforation with a new endoscopic clip.
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) in vascular remodelling
Authors: Galán María , Martí-Pàmies Ingrid , Varona Saray , Rodríguez-Calvo Ricardo , Briones Ana María , Navarro María , Diego Alicia de , Osada Jesús , Orriols Mar , Guadall Anna , Martínez-González José , Rodríguez Cristina
Published: July 2014

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is an extracellular matrix-modifying enzyme that seems to play a critical role in vascular remodelling. However, the lack of viable LOX-deficient animal models has been an obstacle to deep in LOX biology. In this study we have developed a transgenic mouse model that over-expresses LOX in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to clarify whether LOX could regulate VSMC phenotype and vascular remodelling. The SM22 proximal promoter drove the expression of a transgene containing the human LOX cDNA. Two stable transgenic lines, phenotypically indistinguishable, were generated by conventional methods (TgLOX). Transgene expression followed the expected SMC-specific pattern. In TgLOX mice, real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry evidenced a strong expression of LOX in the media from aorta and carotid arteries, coincident with a higher proportion of mature collagen. VSMC isolated from TgLOX mice expressed high levels of LOX pro-enzyme, which was properly secreted and processed into mature and bioactive LOX. Interestingly, cell proliferation was significantly reduced in cells from TgLOX mice. Transgenic VSMC also exhibited low levels of Myh10 (marker of SMC phenotypic switching), PCNA (marker of cell proliferation) and MCP-1, and a weak activation of Akt and ERK1/2 in response to mitogenic stimuli. Accordingly, neointimal thickening induced by carotid artery ligation was attenuated in TgLOX mice that also displayed a reduction in PCNA and MCP-1 immunostaining. Our results give evidence that LOX plays a critical role in vascular remodelling. We have developed a new animal model to study the role of LOX in vascular biology.
Platelet immunology in fungal infections
Authors: Speth Cornelia , Lass-Flörl Cornelia , Rambach Günter
Published: July 2014

Up to date, perception of platelets has changed from key players in coagulation to multitaskers within the immune network, connecting its most diverse elements and crucially shaping their interplay with invading pathogens such as fungi. In addition, antimicrobial effector molecules and mechanisms in platelets enable a direct inhibitory effect on fungi, thus completing their immune capacity. To precisely assess the impact of platelets on the course of invasive fungal infections is complicated by some critical parameters. First, there is a fragile balance between protective antimicrobial effects and detrimental reactions that aggravate the fungal pathogenesis. Second, some platelet effects are exerted indirectly by other immune mediators and are thus difficult to quantify. Third, drugs such as antimycotics, antibiotics, or cytostatics, are commonly administered to the patients and might modulate the interplay between platelets and fungi. Our article highlights selected aspects of the complex interactions between platelets and fungi and the relevance of these processes for the pathogenesis of fungal infections.
Ticagrelor vs prasugrel one-month maintenance therapy: Impact on platelet reactivity and bleeding events
Authors: Stavrou Katerina , Koniari Ioanna , Gkizas Vassilios , Perperis Angelos , Kontoprias Kosmas , Vogiatzi Chrysoula , Bampouri Theodora , Xanthopoulou Ioanna , Alexopoulos Dimitrios
Published: July 2014

Platelet reactivity (PR) and bleeding events following therapy with ticagrelor vs prasugrel have not been adequately studied. We aimed to compare PR and bleeding events in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) while on ticagrelor vs prasugrel for one month. Consecutive patients who were discharged either on ticagrelor 90 mg bid maintenance dose (MD) or prasugrel 10 mg MD were invited for PR assessment (VerifyNow, in PRU) at one month. High PR (HPR) was defined as >208 PRU. Bleeding events [Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) classification] were monitored. Out of 937 screened patients, 512 were analysed, 278 under ticagrelor MD and 234 under prasugrel MD. PR at 30 days (C-statistic of the propensity score model 0.63, 0.58–0.67 95% CI, p<0.001) was lower when on ticagrelor compared with prasugrel (33.3, 95% CI 29.3–37.3 vs 84.6, 95% CI 73.6–95.6, p<0.001). In the analysed population more BARC type 1 bleeding events were observed with ticagrelor compared to prasugrel (36.7% vs 28.2%, p=0.047). In 221 propensity score matched pairs, BARC type 1 bleeding rate was marginally higher in ticagrelor vs prasugrel treated patients (35.7% vs 27.1%, p=0.05). BARC type ≥2 events did not differ between groups 5 (2.3%) vs 5 (2.3%). HPR rate was higher for prasugrel-treated patients (5.4% vs 0%, p<0.001). In conclusion, in patients with ACS undergoing PCI, ticagrelor MD produces a significantly higher platelet inhibition compared to prasugrel MD. This pharmacodynamic difference might be associated with more nuisance bleeding events with ticagrelor use.

Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01774955.
Protease-activated receptor signalling by coagulation proteases in endothelial cells
Authors: Rezaie Alireza
Published: July 2014

Endothelial cells express several types of integral membrane protein receptors, which upon interaction and activation by their specific ligands, initiate a signalling network that links extracellular cues in circulation to various biological processes within a plethora of cells in the vascular system. A small family of G-protein coupled receptors, termed protease-activated receptors (PAR1–4), can be specifically activated by coagulation proteases, thereby modulating a diverse array of cellular activities under various pathophysiological conditions. Thrombin and all vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteases, with the exception of factor IXa for which no PAR signalling has been attributed, can selectively activate cell surface PARs on the vasculature. Thrombin can activate PAR1, PAR3 and PAR4, but not PAR2 which can be specifically activated by factors VIIa and Xa. The mechanistic details of the specificity of PAR signalling by coagulation proteases are the subject of extensive investigation by many research groups worldwide. However, analysis of PAR signalling data in the literature has proved to be challenging since a single coagulation protease can elicit different signalling responses through activation of the same PAR receptor in endothelial cells. This article is focused on briefly reviewing the literature with respect to determinants of the specificity of PAR signalling by coagulation proteases with special emphasis on the mechanism of PAR1 signalling by thrombin and activated protein C in endothelial cells.
External validation of a risk assessment model for venous thromboembolism in the hospitalised acutely-ill medical patient (VTE-VALOURR)
Authors: Mahan Charles , Liu Yang , Turpie A. Graham , Vu Jennifer , Heddle Nancy , Cook Richard , Dairkee Undaleeb , Spyropoulos Alex
Published: July 2014

Venous thromboembolic (VTE) risk assessment remains an important issue in hospitalised, acutely-ill medical patients, and several VTE risk assessment models (RAM) have been proposed. The purpose of this large retrospective cohort study was to externally validate the IMPROVE RAM using a large database of three acute care hospitals. We studied 41,486 hospitalisations (28,744 unique patients) with 1,240 VTE hospitalisations (1,135 unique patients) in the VTE cohort and 40,246 VTE-free hospitalisations (27,609 unique patients) in the control cohort. After chart review, 139 unique VTE patients were identified and 278 randomly-selected matched patients in the control cohort. Seven independent VTE risk factors as part of the RAM in the derivation cohort were identified. In the validation cohort, the incidence of VTE was 0.20%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.18–0.22, 1.04%; 95%CI 0.88–1.25, and 4.15%; 95%CI 2.79–8.12 in the low, moderate, and high VTE risk groups, respectively, which compared to rates of 0.45%, 1.3%, and 4.74% in the three risk categories of the derivation cohort. For the derivation and validation cohorts, the total percentage of patients in low, moderate and high VTE risk occurred in 68.6% vs 63.3%, 24.8% vs 31.1%, and 6.5% vs 5.5%, respectively. Overall, the area under the receiver-operator characteristics curve for the validation cohort was 0.7731. In conclusion, the IMPROVE RAM can accurately identify medical patients at low, moderate, and high VTE risk. This will tailor future thromboprophylactic strategies in this population as well as identify particularly high VTE risk patients in whom multimodal or more intensive prophylaxis may be beneficial.
NADPH Oxidase–Generated Reactive Oxygen Species Are Required for Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1α–Stimulated Angiogenesis
Authors: Pi Xinchun , Xie Liang , Portbury Andrea L. , Kumar Sarayu , Lockyer Pamela , Li Xi , Patterson Cam
Published: July 2014

Objective—

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signaling molecules during angiogenesis; however, the mechanisms used for such signaling events remain unclear. Stromal cell–derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) is one of the most potent angiogenic chemokines. Here, we examined the role of ROS in the regulation of SDF-1α–dependent angiogenesis.

Approach and Results—

Bovine aortic endothelial cells were treated with SDF-1α, and intracellular ROS generation was monitored. SDF-1α treatment induced bovine aortic endothelial cell migration and ROS generation, with the majority of ROS generated by bovine aortic endothelial cells at the leading edge of the migratory cells. Antioxidants and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) inhibitors blocked SDF-1α–induced endothelial migration. Furthermore, knockdown of either NOX5 or p22phox (a requisite subunit for NOX1/2/4 activation) significantly impaired endothelial motility and tube formation, suggesting that multiple NOXs regulate SDF-1α–dependent angiogenesis. Our previous study demonstrated that c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 activity is essential for SDF-1α–dependent angiogenesis. Here, we identified that NOX5 is the dominant NOX required for SDF-1α–induced c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 activation and that NOX5 and MAP kinase phosphatase 7 (MKP7; the c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 phosphatase) associate with one another but decrease this interaction on SDF-1α treatment. Furthermore, MKP7 activity was inhibited by SDF-1α, and this inhibition was relieved by NOX5 knockdown, indicating that NOX5 promotes c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 activation by blocking MKP7 activity.

Conclusions—

We conclude that NOX is required for SDF-1α signaling and that intracellular redox balance is critical for SDF-1α–induced endothelial migration and angiogenesis.
Rampant Food Adulteration In Bangladesh: Gross Violations Of Fundamental Human Rights With Impunity
Authors: Solaiman S M , Ali Abu Noman Mohammad Atahar
Published: July 2014

Food adulteration in Bangladesh is rampant and an increasingly serious concern for its residents. Several studies including those of the Directorate General of Health Services reveal that hundreds of people are getting killed every year eating adulterated foodstuffs and no one seems to have any real concern about such a life-threatening wrongful act. Food adulteration is criminally prohibited, but the wrongdoers care little about this proscription simply because of the continued apathy of the governmental agencies concerned and implicit acceptance or insensible ignorance of consumers. However, the current fragmented legal and regulatory regime for food safety in Bangladesh falls short of international standards. This article demonstrates that the Government of Bangladesh is obliged to prevent food adulteration and to punish perpetrators under its international as well as constitutional obligations. It is also submitted that effective regulation of such an endemic malfeasance entails weakening the offenders by adopting international standards and educating the consumers at the same time.
Seasonal Presence of Acicular Calcium Oxalate Crystals in the Cambial Zone of Citharexylum Myrianthum (Verbenaceae)
Authors: Regina Marcati Carmen , Angyalossy Veronica
Published: July 2014

This study focuses on the seasonal presence of acicular crystals in the cambial zone of Citharexylum myrianthum Cham. (Verbenaceae). Specimens collected in different months from 1996 to 2000 were examined for the abundance of acicular crystals in the cambium. This information was correlated with the phenology of the species and the climate of the region. Acicular calcium oxalate crystals were found in cambial fusiform and ray cell initials, as well as in their daughter cells. An abundance of crystals was observed during periods of water deficit and leaffall (July). Fewer crystals were found in the beginning of the wet season and bud swelling (September). When trees were ftowering and the soil was wet (November and December), acicular crystals were rarely observed. During this period, acicular crystals were found in differentiating phloem and xylem parenchyma cells, in fully differentiated phloem cells, but not in fully differentiated xylem cells.
Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Dendrochronology in Sub-Fossil Bog Oak Tree Rings - A Preliminary Study
Authors: Sass-Klaassen U. , Poole I. , Wils T. , Helle G. , Schleser G.H. , van Bergen P. F.
Published: July 2014

Isotope dendroclimatology is a relatively new field investigating environmental factors that control the radial growth of trees. Tree-ring series of sub-fossil bog oaks can be dated from sites across northwest Europe indicating that the environmental change(s) were regional rather than local. Bog oaks show characteristic periods of suppressed growth thought to have resulted from changes in the hydrological status of bogs towards either wetter or drier conditions. This study investigates relative changes in stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope content in phases of suppressed and normal growth in three bog oaks dated as c. 200 BC to 150 AD from Zwolle, eastem Netherlands. Bog oaks show no clear relationship between tree-ring width and isotopic composition although one tree exhibited relatively depleted values of l3C and 18O with suppressed growth. Suppressed ring growth is characterised by the formation of earlywood only, possibly as a result ofhydrologic alterations that limited the formation of latewood, which would otherwise have locked up a detectable signal in stable isotopic shift.
Comparative Wood Anatomy of Stem, Root and Xylopodium of Brosimum Gaudichaudii (Moraceae)
Authors: Palhares Dario , de Paula José Elias , Rodrigues Pereira Luiz Alfredo , dos Santos Silveira Conceição Eneida
Published: July 2014

Although Brosimum gaudichaudii Tréc. occurs in the Amazon and Atlantic forests, it is the only species of the genus Brosimum found in the Cerrado vegetation. Its roots contain high levels of psoralens. Compared with the wood of stems, the rootwood has more parenchyma and fibers with thinner walls. The stems and their respective piths were naturally 'grafted' into the xylopodium. Xylopodium wood has aberrant parenchyma zones and wood cells orientated in several directions. Xylopodium wood has a stem structure in the superior regions, but a root structure in the inferior parts. Furthermore, laticifers were found in xylopodium wood. Starch is present in the roots, but not in the stems, except for the two plants whose subterranean systems had signs of predatory attack
WITHIN TREE VARIATION OF LIGNIN, EXTRACTIVES, AND MICROFIBRIL ANGLE COUPLED WITH THE THEORETICAL AND NEAR INFRARED MODELING OF MICROFIBRIL ANGLE
Authors: Via Brian K. , So Chi L. , Groom Leslie H. , Shupe Todd F. , Stine Michael , Wikaira Jan
Published: July 2014

A theoretical model was built predicting the relationship between microfibril angle and lignin content at the Angstrom (Å) level. Both theoretical and statistical examination of experimental data supports a square root transformation of lignin to predict microfibril angle. The experimental material used came from 10 longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) trees. Klason lignin (n=70), microfibril angle (n=70), and extractives (n=100) were measured and reported at different ring numbers and heights. All three traits were strongly influenced by ring age from pith while microfibril angle and extractives exhibited more of a height effect than lignin. As such, the multivariate response of the three traits were different in the axial direction than the radial direction supporting that care needs to be taken when defining juvenile wood within the tree. The root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) for microfibril angle of the theoretical model (RMSEC = 9.8) was almost as low as the least squares regression model (RMSEC = 9.35). Microfibril angle calibrations were also built from NIR absorbance and showed a strong likeness to theoretical and experimental models (RMSEC = 9.0). As a result, theoretical and experimental work provided evidence that lignin content played a significant role in how NIR absorbance relates to microfibril angle. Additionally, the large variation in extractives content coupled with sampling procedure proved important when developing NIR based calibration equations for lignin and microfibril angle.
New species of Heteropathes (Anthozoa: Antipatharia) expands genus distribution to the NE Atlantic
Authors: DE MATOS VALENTINA , BRAGA-HENRIQUES ANDREIA , SANTOS RICARDO S. , RIBEIRO PEDRO A.
Published: July 2014

Heteropathes opreski, a new antipatharian species from the northern border of the Oceanographer Fracture Zone is here described and illustrated. An emended diagnosis of the genus and a dichotomous key containing the four Heteropathes species are presented. This species is unique in that it forms smaller colonies compared to the other species in the genus, with some of the lateral pinnules presenting a small ramified subpinnule. Additionally, the polypar spines found on the lateral pinnules are the highest so far recorded in the genus. This record greatly expands the known distribution of this genus, as it was not previously reported to occur in the Northeastern Atlantic.
Taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Arthropeina Lindner, 1949 (Diptera: Xylomyidae)
Authors: FACHIN DIEGO AGUILAR , DE SOUZA AMORIM DALTON
Published: July 2014

Five new species are herein described for the Neotropical genus Arthropeina previously known only from the type–species, A. fulva Lindner: A. colombiana, sp. nov., A. diadelothorax, sp. nov., A. lindneri, sp. nov., A. melanochroma, sp. nov. and A. pseudofulva, sp. nov. The new species are described and habitus, antenna, palpus, thorax, wing, and male and female genitalia, including genital fork and spermathecae, are illustrated. A key to the species of the genus is provided. The diagnosis of Arthropeina is emended to include these new species. Additionally, the genus is recorded for the first time for Guyana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.
Revision of Fenestrobates (Acari, Oribatellidae) with description of F. marauni sp. nov., from South America, and new diagnosis for Oribatellidae
Authors: ERMILOV SERGEY G. , BEHAN-PELLETIER VALERIE M.
Published: July 2014

We propose a new species of the oribatid mite genus Fenestrobates (Oribatellidae), F. marauni sp. nov., based on adult specimens from Ecuador. The type species, F. capucinus Balogh and Mahunka, 1969 from Bolivia, is redescribed. We confirm the recombination of two species from the Russian Far East, F. rossicus Krivolutsky, 1974 from the Primorsky Region, and F. vicinus Ryabinin, 1975 from the Khabarovsk Region, as Oribatella rossicus (Krivolutsky) and O. vicinus (Ryabinin), and we give revised diagnoses for each. We present a new diagnosis for Fenestrobates and argue for its recognition as a genus distinct from Oribatella on the basis of the apomorphic development of a large, pouch-like depression positioned ventrally between pedotectum I and the lateral body wall, and absence of small ridges anteriorly on the notogaster. Based on these changes and new information, we give a revised diagnosis for Oribatellidae and provide a key to included genera.
Two new species of Aulospongus Norman, 1878 with a key to the Atlantic species (Poecilosclerida; Demospongiae; Porifera)
Authors: CAVALCANTI THAYNÃ , SANTOS GEORGE GARCIA , PINHEIRO ULISSES
Published: July 2014

We describe two new species: Aulospongus trirhabdostylus sp. nov. and Aulospongus mandela sp. nov. from Potiguar Basin (Rio Grande do Norte State, Northeastern Brazil). Both species were compared with their congeners and an identification key for the Atlantic species of Aulospongus is provided. The genus Aulospongus now contains 16 species.
The Power of a Bad Example
Authors: Dur Robert , Vollaard Ben
Published: July 2014

Field-experimental studies have shown that people litter more in more littered environments. Inspired by these findings, many cities around the world have adopted policies to quickly remove litter. While such policies may prevent people from following the bad example of litterers, they may also invite free riding on public cleaning services. We are the first to show that both forces are at play. We conduct a natural field experiment where, in a randomly assigned part of a residential area, the frequency of cleaning was drastically reduced during a 3-month period. We find evidence that some people start to clean up after themselves when public cleaning services are diminished. However, the tendency to litter more dominates. We also find that these responses continue to exist for some time after the treatment has ended.
The iPhone Effect
Authors: Misra Shalini , Cheng Lulu , Genevie Jamie , Yuan Miao
Published: July 2014

This study examined the relationship between the presence of mobile devices and the quality of real-life in-person social interactions. In a naturalistic field experiment, 100 dyads were randomly assigned to discuss either a casual or meaningful topic together. A trained research assistant observed the participants unobtrusively from a distance during the course of a 10-min conversation noting whether either participant placed a mobile device on the table or held it in his or her hand. Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling, it was found that conversations in the absence of mobile communication technologies were rated as significantly superior compared with those in the presence of a mobile device, above and beyond the effects of age, gender, ethnicity, and mood. People who had conversations in the absence of mobile devices reported higher levels of empathetic concern. Participants conversing in the presence of a mobile device who also had a close relationship with each other reported lower levels of empathy compared with dyads who were less friendly with each other. Implications for the nature of social life in ubiquitous computing environments are discussed.
Know Your Neighbors, Save the Planet
Authors: Macias Thomas , Williams Kristin
Published: July 2014

We analyze data from the 2010 General Social Survey to illuminate the relationship of social capital with pro-environmental behavior, a willingness to make sacrifices for the environment, and participation in organized environmental activism. Three kinds of social capital are examined: relational social capital, generalized trust, and community social capital. Specifically, we find that time spent with neighbors was positively correlated with both environmental lifestyle and willingness to sacrifice variables, whereas time spent with relatives was negatively correlated. Generalized trust was positively correlated with willingness to sacrifice variables, as well. Social evening spent with friends was associated with a single outcome variable: having attended an environmental issue demonstration. These findings are consistent with previous research concerning the influence of community-level dynamics on behavior, and suggest that social capital may be an important, though as of yet not well explored, mechanism for understanding shifts toward pro-environmental behavior.
Outside the World of Tomorrow
Authors: London Daniel Hart
Published: July 2014

This paper analyzes the 1939–1940 New York World’s Fair as a conflicted site of public-sphere formation, and the repercussions of these conflicts on organized labor in New York. Conceived within the liberal administration of Mayor La Guardia and dedicated to the principles of social cooperation, this “closed-shop exposition” granted American Federation of Labor (AFL) trade unions an unprecedented degree of workplace benefits and rhetorical support by the Fair administration. This was undermined, however, by the trade unions’ limited public activities within the fair itself and their refusal of city offers to establish outreach and educational programs through events, rallies, and pavilions. As a result, the public space and discourse of a fair nominally devoted to social interdependence was appropriated by a variety of other interests, particularly those of corporate America. This marginalization would ultimately contribute to delegitimization, as allegations of graft and racketeering by visitors, exhibitors, and the national media framed labor as a direct threat to the “World of Tomorrow” and its visitors. Millions of Americans found their visits marred by exorbitantly inflated prices, delayed by strikes, and disappointed by cancelled exhibits. In the face of outside pressure, and with labor groups unable to address hostile critiques within the fair itself, the exposition administration withdrew its public support for unions while dramatically restricting their workplace rights. In this way, the “business-union” principles of the AFL not only undermined their legitimacy in the eyes of the public, despite the efforts of liberal municipal officials to promote them, but ultimately served to undo those very workplace gains such principles were meant to secure.
A Comparative Study of Outcomes for Endoscopic Diverticulotomy versus External Diverticulectomy
Authors: Shahawy Sarrah , Janisiewicz Agnieszka M. , Annino Don , Shapiro Jo
Published: July 2014

Objectives

Current literature on the treatment of Zenker's diverticulum (ZD) favors the use of various endoscopic procedures over external surgical techniques for patients, arguing that endoscopic approaches reduce intraoperative time and anesthesia, length of hospital stay, and days until oral diet is restarted. However, such techniques often have higher symptomatic recurrence rates and require further interventions. Because of our experience with both endoscopic diverticulotomy (ENDO) and external diverticulectomy (EXT) using the GIA‐stapler, we sought to compare these 2 procedures in terms of in‐hospital parameters, complications, return to normal diet, and rates of symptom recurrence.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Academic tertiary care hospital.

Subjects

Patients with Zenker's diverticulum who underwent surgical repair.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of 67 patients seen at Brigham and Women's Hospital between 1990 and 2012 with Zenker's diverticulum who underwent either an endoscopic Zenker's procedure (36) or an external stapler‐assisted diverticulectomy with cricopharyngeal myotomy (31).

Results

Although the external stapler‐assisted procedure for ZD does carry a longer intraoperative time and a slightly longer hospital stay than the endoscopic approach, it provides similar days until initiation of an oral diet and a similar incidence of postoperative complications. Further, it is superior to the endoscopic approach when one considers its much lower rate of symptomatic recurrence and need for revision procedures.

Conclusion

We argue that the external stapler‐assisted diverticulectomy with cricopharyngeal myotomy should be considered as a viable treatment in patients who need definitive, single‐session treatment for ZD, especially to prevent life‐threatening aspiration pneumonia.
Ostracising caffeine from the pharmacological arsenal for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – was this a correct decision? A literature review
Authors: Ioannidis Konstantinos , Chamberlain Samuel R , Müller Ulrich
Published: July 2014

Caffeine is one of the most widespread psychotropic substances in the world. It exerts multiple effects on the brain including adenosine receptor antagonism, and thereby has been found to modulate aspects of cognition, including attention, in animal models and in healthy human volunteers. This review considers what is known of the effects of caffeine on symptoms and cognitive functions in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a prototypical disorder of cognitive dysfunction. We consider the merits of investigating further caffeine’s therapeutic potential as a monotherapy or as an adjunctive agent in ADHD. The potential benefits of re-opening a dialogue regarding the use of caffeine in ADHD clinical practice are highlighted, along with potential implications for the use of adenosine receptor antagonists in ADHD and other disorders characterised by cognitive impairment.