bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeling of a presence and anomalous body perception
Authors: Hara Masayuki , Blanke Olaf , Kanayama Noriaki
Published: August 2021

The feeling of a presence (FoP) is an illusory vivid feeling that there is another person nearby who is not seen, heard, or felt. In neuropsychiatry, FoP has traditionally been classified among disorders of the body schema but has also been reported from times immemorial by healthy individuals in various conditions. Here the chapter reviews key neurological and psychiatric data on FoP and the involved neural mechanisms. Particular relevance will be given to the distinction between body schema versus body image in the FoP. This is followed by a description of recent efforts in engineering and cognitive neuroscience to apply robotics technology to experimentally induce and study FoP and its phenomenology. The chapter concludes by describing an exciting new research field that integrates consciousness studies, cognitive neuroscience, and engineering—cognetics.
The body image–body schema/ownership–agency model for pathologies: four case studies
Authors: David Aviya Ben , Ataria Yochai
Published: August 2021

The body image/body schema–ownership/agency (BI-BS/Ow-Ag) model seeks to explain different kinds of pathologies as part of a unified model. As part of this endeavour, this chapter attempts to apply the BI-BS/Ow-Ag model to the following phenomena: body integrity identity disorder (BIID), schizophrenia, anorexia nervosa (AN), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Money, Central Banks, and Low Financial Development Countries
Authors: Morales Juan Antonio , Reding Paul
Published: August 2021

This chapter gives a general overview of the nuts and bolts of monetary policy and presents the low financial development countries that are the focus of this book. It discusses, with some historical background, the special role of money in the financial system, the functions of central banks, and the mandates society has entrusted them with. It also shows how monetary policy is structured within a specific framework of targets and instruments that guides the central bank’s interventions. Finally, it presents the main features that characterize the selection of developing countries that the book aims to address and that raise specific challenges for the design and implementation of their monetary policy: low per capita income, low financial depth, and weak integration with international financial markets.
The Channels of Transmission of Monetary Policy
Authors: Morales Juan Antonio , Reding Paul
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the monetary transmission mechanism (MTM) in low financial development countries (LFDCs). It successively discusses the interest rate, asset price, bank credit, balance sheet, expectations, and real balance channels. For each channel, conceptual aspects about how it operates, how it transmits monetary policy impulses to the economy’s financial and real spheres, are first presented. Next, the impact of the specificities of LFDCs on the channel’s strength and reliability are examined and the available empirical evidence is surveyed. The chapter concludes with a global assessment of the effectiveness of the monetary transmission mechanism in LFDCs. Evidence points to a transmission mechanism that is effective although not very strong, and possibly also more uncertain than in advanced and emerging market countries.
‘With an Eye to the Past’, But No Longer ‘An Object of International Law’
Authors: Giladi Rotem
Published: August 2021

The Prologue tells the story of the Jewish Yearbook of International Law, published in Jerusalem in 1949. It highlights the sense of time of those involved: an end to Jewish objecthood and the beginning of Jewish subjecthood brought by the sovereign turn in Jewish history—a radical transformation in the international legal status of Jews. The volume sought to ‘sum up’, ‘with an eye to the past’, the terms of past Jewish engagements with international law. The editors refrained from predicting the shape of things to come—the terms on which the Jewish state would now approach international law; this book explores that future. The Prologue also introduces the dramatis personae, including Jacob Robinson and Shabtai Rosenne, Foreign Ministry legal advisers and the book’s main protagonists. It also tells of their effort to assume ownership of the project which was to be renamed the Israel Yearbook of International Law.
From a ‘Marginal Problem’ to the ‘Supreme International Jurisdiction’
Authors: Giladi Rotem
Published: August 2021

The first of two chapters to explore the theme protection, chapter 4 records the range of conflicting attitudes displayed by Jacob Robinson and Shabtai Rosenne towards the Genocide Convention during its drafting, with regard to and following its ratification, and at the International Court of Justice advisory proceedings on the question of reservations to the Convention. The chapter describes their early disinterest in and indifference towards the Genocide Convention as a ‘marginal problem’ on the United Nations agenda, but also the circumstances under which they came to acknowledge and appropriate the Convention’s Jewish paternity, exploit the opportunities it presented while, in private, recording their hostility towards Raphael Lemkin, its progenitor, as well as their derision of the Convention’s promise to protect Jewish existence.
Sovereign Sensibilities and Jewish Refugees
Authors: Giladi Rotem
Published: August 2021

This and the next chapter explore the theme refuge and the ambivalence of Jacob Robinson and Shabtai Rosenne towards the 1951 Refugee Convention. This chapter assesses Robinson’s extensive involvement in drafting of the Convention. Against the backdrop of Robinson’s wartime work, as director of the New York-based Institute of Jewish Affairs, the chapter traces Robinson’s attempts to reconcile the demands of the Zionist creed with his lingering sensibilities with regard to the interests of Jewish refugees. In this regard, the chapter offers a critical reading of the degree to which Robinson was, in fact, representing the position of the Jewish state in this legislative process.
Explorations in America
Authors: Alonso Alex
Published: August 2021

Chapter 1 examines the text that marked Muldoon’s arrival in the USA, the long and often puzzling Madoc: A Mystery (1990). A vast American epic of travel, Madoc’s book-length title poem is by far Muldoon’s most daringly avant-garde work to date, and this chapter draws on archival sources to explore the Joycean influence or ‘Wakean experiments’ that underlie its formal quirks, mythic framework, and peculiar language. Madoc is not only a bridge between Muldoon’s Irish and American phases, but a means of working through his transition between those places and phases, with the poet simultaneously taking stock of his Northern Irish roots and exploring the frontier of his new place of writing.
‘Stunt-Reading’
Authors: Alonso Alex
Published: August 2021

Chapter 2 offers the first full-scale treatment of Paul Muldoon as critic. It looks at his major works of literary criticism, from the F. W. Bateson Lecture ‘Getting Round’ and To Ireland, I to the later End of the Poem, and considers what these lecture series from his American years can tell us about Muldoon the reader, as well as the poet. Muldoon announces himself on the critical scene not only as a self-proclaimed ‘stunt reader’ but an extraordinarily Freudian thinker, who is unusually attentive to the kinds of veiled communication and word-association that might reveal a writer’s ulterior motives, resistances, or unconscious desires. But his offbeat, often knowingly mischievous performances in these lectures also suggest a basic distrust of the authority of the critical reader, and in turn raise questions about the kinds of reading his own poems are expected to elicit.
‘An overwhelming sense of déjà vu’
Authors: Alonso Alex
Published: August 2021

Chapter 4 examines the importance of the long poem for Muldoon. It engages with his ever-expanding schemes of rhyme, and identifies a turn in Muldoon’s rhyming practice that coincides with his move to America. The archival discoveries in this chapter shed light on the most striking formal development of Muldoon’s American phase, namely, the introduction of a template of ninety end-words which recurs through multiple volumes. This rhyming procedure—a means of remembering and repeating earlier material—has become the blueprint for Muldoon’s longer forms (many of which are elegies), and gives rise to an extended intertextual performance of memory and mourning. If rhyme is often understood as a form of remembering, Muldoon’s long rhyming forms monumentalize the inability to forget, pulling the poet’s Irish past into his present and future writings in America.
Health Politics Today
Authors: Immergut Ellen M.
Published: August 2021

This chapter sets the stage for Health Politics in Europe: A Handbook by explaining the motivation for the HEALTHDOX study upon which it is based, introducing the key themes and concepts, and providing an overview of the historical development and institutions of European healthcare systems, as well as current political conflicts and policy trends. The chapter explains how European health systems have been shaped by several centuries of political development, featuring a series of regime crises and challenges. It takes a closer look at political and policy developments since 1989, which importantly included the privatization of most Eastern European healthcare systems and experiments with new public management in Western Europe, recapping the highlights of the book’s thirty-five country cases. The chapter provides definitions and examples of the main types of healthcare financing in Europe and highlights the variation in the public–private mix and extent of out-of-pocket payment. The main theories for analyzing health politics are presented, including the concept of political veto points, and their significance for health politics.
Public Opinion on Healthcare
Authors: Burlacu Diana , Roescu Andra
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores public opinion on healthcare from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. It critically reviews the literature surrounding public opinion on healthcare, teasing out the main concepts used—support for public healthcare provision/spending, overall evaluations of the healthcare systems, and the political salience of healthcare—while also discussing implications, gaps, and potential new research avenues. The chapter examines the operationalization of these key measures in large-scale survey items and compares trends in Europe over time. While Europeans mostly agree that it is the government’s responsibility to ensure adequate healthcare, there is much more regional variation when it comes to satisfaction with healthcare systems, and their political salience. The chapter concludes by arguing for the need to further examine the link between these key public opinion measures and their impact on health policy reform.
Regional Outlook
Authors: Immergut Ellen M. , Oskarson Maria
Published: August 2021

The Nordic countries regional outlook presents a comparative assessment of the historical development of the healthcare system, health politics, and selected health-related indicators for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. In terms of health financing, the health systems of all five countries are largely tax-financed, though private payments still cover 13 to 20 percent of health expenditures. Health outcomes are excellent throughout the region, with high average life expectancy and relatively low levels of health inequality. Unmet need is lower than in most other regions in Europe; Finland stands out for longer waiting times as the main barrier. Since at least 2002, healthcare has tended to be a highly salient issue in the Nordic region, where the balance between central control and local self-governance and the increasing role of private insurance and provision tend to be the focus of political debate.
Greece
Authors: Kyriopoulos Ilias , Mossialos Elias
Published: August 2021

This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the health system in Greece. It traces the development of the Greek healthcare system, characterized by an historical inability to implement significant reform, despite ambitious ideas. The chapter outlines the politics behind several reform attempts, among them the creation in the 1980s of the national health service, key elements of which were never implemented, and more recent efforts to establish a single purchaser of health services and a primary care network, both of which became law but were slow to take off. The chapter argues that the difficulty in undertaking reform can be explained by two elements that have historically influenced the policymaking process in Greece: electoral competition and the power of interest groups.
Poland
Authors: Popic Tamara
Published: August 2021

This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the universal health system in Poland, financed through social health insurance. It traces the development of the Polish healthcare system under communism, characterized by a complete shift from an insurance system to a state-run Soviet Semashko model of healthcare with some elements of private provision. Since 1989, Polish health policy went through systemic changes which included a shift to a decentralized social health insurance system in the late 1990s and re-centralization in 2001. Polish healthcare politics has been turbulent, marked by political instability matched by a dense network of veto points, including the President and the judiciary, that had an impact on the direction of health reforms. As the chapter highlights, some of the main issues have been high out-of-pocket payments, corruption, and privatization and commercialization of public hospitals.
Albania
Authors: Balaj Mirza
Published: August 2021

This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the compulsory health insurance system in Albania. It traces the development of the Albanian healthcare system, characterized by the introduction of a universal and state-run health system during communism, which since the 1970s suffered underfinancing and outdated technology. Since the early 1990s, when Albania experienced a tumultuous transition from a communist to a democratic system, Albanian health politics focused on the legalization of private medical practice, the establishment and gradual expansion of compulsory health insurance, and, recently, the introduction of free primary care—reforms which were facilitated by the support of international organizations. Notably, the contracting of private services in the public system was not allowed until 2011. The main healthcare issues have been insufficient financing and extremely high out-of-pocket costs, people refraining from paying insurance contributions, and shortages of medical staff especially in rural areas.
Romania
Authors: Burlacu Diana , Moise Alexandru Daniel
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines health politics and the social health insurance system in Romania. It traces the development of the Romanian healthcare system, characterized by chronic underfunding, political neglect, and low public satisfaction. Since the regime change in 1989, Romanian health policy has focused on the transformation from a Semashko-style tax-based centralized system into a more decentralized Bismarckian social insurance system. Other healthcare issues have been rising out-of-pocket payments, a failed privatization attempt starting in 2007, and cost-containment measures following the 2008 recession. As the chapter argues, political instability, especially the frequent changes of health ministers, is partly responsible for a lack of long-term planning and a patchwork style of reforms.
Croatia
Authors: Popic Tamara
Published: August 2021

This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the universal health system in Croatia based on compulsory social health insurance combined with elements of private insurance. Since its independence in 1993, Croatia’s health policy has been marked by a move from the Yugoslav self-managed insurance model to a more standard Bismarckian health insurance system. These reforms were combined with controlled efforts to privatize healthcare financing and delivery including, among others, the 2001 introduction of complementary private insurance. While Croatia’s health policy development suggests path dependency, the chapter highlights several issues facing the country’s health system such as hospital debts and the deficit of the national health insurance fund.
The Gene's-Eye View of Evolution
Authors: Ågren J. Arvid
Published: August 2021

To many evolutionary biologists, the central challenge of their discipline is to explain adaptation, the appearance of design in the living world. With the theory of evolution by natural selection, Charles Darwin elegantly showed how a purely mechanistic process can achieve this striking feature of nature. Since Darwin, the way many biologists think about evolution and natural selection is as a theory about individual organisms. Over a century later, a subtle but radical shift in perspective emerged with the gene’s-eye view of evolution in which natural selection was conceptualized as a struggle between genes for replication and transmission to the next generation. This viewpoint culminated with the publication of The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins (Oxford University Press, 1976) and is now commonly referred to as selfish gene thinking. The gene’s-eye view has subsequently played a central role in evolutionary biology, although it continues to attract controversy. The central aim of this accessible book is to show how the gene’s-eye view differs from the traditional organismal account of evolution, trace its historical origins, clarify typical misunderstandings and, by using examples from contemporary experimental work, show why so many evolutionary biologists still consider it an indispensable heuristic. The book concludes by discussing how selfish gene thinking fits into ongoing debates in evolutionary biology, and what they tell us about the future of the gene’s-eye view of evolution. The Gene’s-Eye View of Evolution is suitable for graduate-level students taking courses in evolutionary biology, behavioural ecology, and evolutionary genetics, as well as professional researchers in these fields. It will also appeal to a broader, interdisciplinary audience from the social sciences and humanities including philosophers and historians of science
Human-like Computer Vision
Authors: Muggleton Stephen , Dai Wang-Zhou
Published: August 2021

Statistical machine learning is widely used in image classification and typically 1) requires many images to achieve high accuracy and 2) does not provide support for reasoning below the level of classification.  By contrast this paper describes an approach called machine learning approach called Logical Vision (LV) which uses a) background knowledge such as light reflection that can itself be learned and used for resolving visual ambiguities, which cannot be easily modeled using statistical approaches, b) a wider class of background models representing classical 2D shapes such as circles and ellipses, c) primitive-level statistical estimators to handle noise in real images, Our results indicate that in real images the new noise-robust version of LV using a single example (ie one-shot LV) converges to an accuracy at least comparable to thirty-shot statistical machine learner on the prediction of hidden light sources.
Oscar Wilde’s World Literature
Authors: Evangelista Stefano
Published: August 2021

This chapter reads Oscar Wilde’s writings and career through the prism of world literature. The idea of world literature, originally formulated by Goethe in the 1820s, only gained wider currency in Britain at the end of the century, thanks to the influence of the English Goethe Society and its first president, Max Müller. Shortly after the establishment of the Society, in ‘The Critic as Artist’ (1891), Wilde drew on Goethe’s idea of world literature as the cornerstone for a liberal cosmopolitanism that celebrates cultural difference and sexual tolerance. Wilde’s interest in world literature found a practical outlet in Salomé (1893). The early reception of Salomé illustrates Wilde’s privileged yet precarious position between Britain and France: on both sides of the Channel his Symbolist drama was criticized from nationalist perspectives.
George Egerton’s Scandinavian Breakthrough
Authors: Evangelista Stefano
Published: August 2021

This chapter brings to light George Egerton’s role as a key mediator of Scandinavian literature. In her most famous collections of short stories, Keynotes (1893) and Discords (1894), Egerton used Scandinavian settings in order to portray women’s experience of international mobility, drawing attention to the importance of gender in the construction of cosmopolitan identities. After the success of her early works, Egerton produced pioneering English translations of works by Norwegian future Nobel laureate Knut Hamsun and Swedish decadent Ola Hansson. Egerton practised literary translation as a form of creative collaboration and used it to advocate Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Egerton’s involvement in the aborted ‘Northern Light’ series, a venture planned by the influential progressive publisher John Lane in order to bring modern Scandinavian literature to English readers.
Those Who Hoped
Authors: Evangelista Stefano
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between the proliferation of artificial languages and literary cosmopolitanism at the turn of the century: both strove to promote ideas of world citizenship, universal communication, and peaceful international relations. The two most successful artificial languages of this period, Volapük and Esperanto, employed literature, literary translation, and the periodical medium to create a new type of cosmopolitan literacy intended to quench divisive nationalisms and to challenge Herder’s theories on the link between national language and individual identity. Starting with Henry James’s lampooning of Volapük in his short story ‘The Pupil’ (1891), the chapter charts the uneasy relationship between literature and artificial language movements. Ludwik L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, stressed the importance of literary translation for his utopian ideal and used original literature to explore the complex affect of his cosmopolitan identity. The chapter closes with an analysis of the growth of the Esperanto movement in turn-of-the-century Britain, focusing on its overlap with literary, artistic, and radical circles, on contributions by Max Müller, W. T. Stead, and Felix Moscheles, and on the 1907 Cambridge Esperanto World Congress.
Externalism for Internalists
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This paper discusses the relation between meta-ethics and meta-epistemology and attempts to move forward on both fronts at once. Internalism claims that only facts believed by the agent are relevant to justification. An extreme externalism allows that facts of which the agent has no inkling can be relevant to justification. An extreme internalism maintains that only matters internal to the believer’s perspective are relevant to questions of justification. Less extreme forms of these views are introduced, e.g. Alston’s internalistic externalism. Eventually progress is supposed possible only if we distinguish between reasons/justifiers and enablers, and between motivating reasons and states which enable those considerations to motivate. These distinctions enable our meta-ethics and our meta-epistemology to come together
On How to Act—Disjunctively
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This paper revisits some issues discussed in the author’s Practical Reality. It responds to work by Jennifer Hornsby in particular. It considers various detailed suggestions about which form of disjunctivism is most appropriate in the theory of acting for a reason. Its general conclusion is, in line with what was argued in Practical Reality, that even the best form is unacceptable, but that the reasons why this is so are peculiar to the philosophy of action and so do not do anything to destabilise disjunctivism in the theory of perception. The paper also attempts to contribute to the understanding of disjunctivism more generally.
Has Anyone Ever Been a Non-Intuitionist?
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: August 2021

This paper considers the merits of an important argument of Prichard’s against Sidgwick’s claim that nobody has ever been an intuitionist. Prichard tries to turn the tables on that argument, arguing that nobody has ever been a non-intuitionist. This paper tries to adjudicate. One of the hinge points is the question in the philosophy of action where the distinction between an action and its consequences is supposed to lie. If enough of the consequences are sucked up into the action by understanding the latter as the action of causing those consequences, the structure of the debate changes. The discussion generates a much better understanding of ethical intuitionism and of the distinction between intuitionism and consequentialism.
Translating Early Modern China
Authors: Nappi Carla
Published: August 2021

The history of China, as any history, is a story of and in translation. Translating Early Modern China: Illegible Cities tells the story of translation in China to and from non-European languages and Latin between the fourteenth and nineteenth centuries, and primarily in the Ming and Qing dynasties. Each chapter finds a particular translator resurrected from the past to tell the story of a text that helped shape the history of translation in China. In Chinese, Mongolian, Manchu, Latin, and more, these texts helped to make the Chinese language what it was at different points in its history. Translating Early Modern China explores what the form of an academic history book might look like by playing with fictioning as part of the historian’s craft. The book’s many stories—of glossaries and official Ming translation bureaus, of bilingual Ming Chinese–Mongolian language primers, of the first Latin grammar of Manchu, of a Qing Manchu conversation manual, of a collection of Manchu poems by a Qing translator—serve as case studies that open out into questions of language and translation in China’s past, of the use of fiction as a historian’s tool, and of the ways that translation creates language.
Gathering
Authors: Nappi Carla
Published: August 2021

This brief interlude sets the stage for the action of the book to come by imagining a fictional dinner to which the main figures of the book have been invited, and briefly introducing them in turn: Women La the Siamese interpreter; Wang Zilong and Qoninci the Mongolian-language translators; Ferdinand Verbiest the Jesuit missionary; Uge the Manchu language teacher; and Qing Manchu poet Jakdan.
Grammar (1678)
Authors: Nappi Carla
Published: August 2021

Chapter 3 tells the story of the first Latin language grammar of Manchu, composed by French Jesuit Ferdinand Verbiest in the seventeenth century. It considers the ways that the Latin language was used as an imperial force in the early modern world. It also reflects on the relationships between grammar, translation, and desire.
Primer (1730)
Authors: Nappi Carla
Published: August 2021

Chapter 4 tells the story of the Manchu-language primer (Qingwen qimeng), composed by Uge in the eighteenth century. Uge and his friend Cheng Mingyuan lead the other translators through the sample dialogues in a conversation manual intended to help students learn to speak Manchu. As they do, they consider the ways that language learning is a form of socialization, and that Manchu language education makes the student into a particular kind of Manchu man.
A Paradox of Consciousness
Authors: Tye Michael
Published: August 2021

There are strong reasons to hold that phenomenal consciousness (experience) cannot be sharp (on/off) and equally strong reasons to hold that phenomenal consciousness cannot be vague (admitting borderline cases). In the former case, the reasons have to do with understanding the emergence of consciousness in the physical world. In the latter case, the reasons have to do with the fact that when we try to describe a borderline case of consciousness, we always end up describing a case in which there is indeterminacy in what is experienced as opposed to in experience or consciousness itself. A paradox thus arises in our thinking about consciousness. This chapter is devoted to laying out the paradox in detail.
Histories of Everyday Life
Authors: Carter Laura
Published: August 2021

Histories of Everyday Life is a study of the production and consumption of popular social history in mid-twentieth-century Britain. It traces how non-academic historians, many of them women, developed a new breed of social history after the First World War, identified as the ‘history of everyday life’. The ‘history of everyday life’ was a pedagogical construct based on the perceived educational needs of the new, mass democracy. It was popularized to ordinary people in educational settings, through books, in classrooms and museums, and on BBC radio. In the 1970s this popular social history declined, not because academics invented an alternative ‘new’ social history, but because bottom-up social change rendered the ‘history of everyday life’ untenable in the changing context of mass education. Histories of Everyday Life ultimately uses the subject of history to demonstrate how profoundly the advent of mass education shaped popular culture in Britain after 1918, arguing that the twentieth century was Britain’s educational century.
The ‘History of Everyday Life’ as a Cultural Policy in London Local Government
Authors: Carter Laura
Published: August 2021

The second part of this book, of which this chapter is the last, is about the ‘history of everyday life’ in practice. This chapter looks at how popular social history became part of the cultural policy of local government in London, via the activities of the Education Office of the London County Council (LCC). It examines how the ‘history of everyday life’ was used in LCC extra-mural educational programmes to offer a radical model of London citizenship during the heyday of local authority reach and influence. This LCC project had its origins in turn-of-the-century Arts and Crafts thinking and came to fruition in the collectivist climate of wartime, Blitz-shaken London. This chapter again highlights the prominent role of women as producers of popular history, focusing in particular on the work and ideas of Molly Harrison as curator of the Geffrye Museum in Hoxton, East London, during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.
Social History and Mass Education in the 1970s
Authors: Carter Laura
Published: August 2021

This chapter, and the final part of this book, explains the unmaking of the ‘history of everyday life’. It is about the teaching of social history in comprehensive schools during the 1970s, where mass secondary education up to the age of sixteen became the norm. We see first how the English comprehensive school utilized the ‘history of everyday life’ to teach its ordinary pupils, including ‘immigrant’ pupils and those taking the new ‘Certificate of Secondary Education’ (CSE) examination. However, these practices came to discredit the ‘history of everyday life’ as the decade drew on, especially when competing with new school subjects such as sociology and as part of the problematic project of ‘multicultural’ education. As Britain’s population became more ethnically diverse and female participation in post-16 education increased, young citizens demanded a social history that could accommodate the analysis of power. This shift ultimately evacuated the ‘history of everyday life’ from the spaces of mass education that it had once occupied.
The Power of the Gaze: Suspicion, Race and Migration Policing
Authors: Aliverti Ana
Published: August 2021

This chapter delves deeper into the ubiquity of race in migration policing, its camouflage, and disavowal, and its legitimation and power for making sense of a complex and fluid social geography. It explores how racial knowledge and taxonomies are deployed and redefined through migration policing. As the ‘fine-grained cognitive maps’ with which the police operate are rendered insufficient and inefficient, immigration enforcement has been increasingly brought on board. Immigration enforcement works with and through race as a sorting technique in insidious, oblique, and paradoxical ways, giving meaning to and redefining the contours of police suspicion. Its presence is ubiquitous and legally sanctioned, yet selective, continuously disavowed, and often left unarticulated and nebulous. In immigration enforcement, the chapter argues, race makes state power operate in particularly mysterious, hazy, and magic-like ways, hinging on some bodies and not others, building on irretrievable vocabulary, associations, visual registers, smells and other sensory clues, and lingering colonial imageries and knowledge. In this context, racial sorting and profiling is not a deviation or aberration, but a constitutive part without which its exercise is futile. As a racial technology, immigration control practices illustrate the power and resilience of race, as well as its fragility. Ultimately, the chapter concludes, race is a shaky and fragile basis for policing which lays bare its contradictions, paradoxes, and limits.
Conclusion
Authors: Aliverti Ana
Published: August 2021

The Conclusion reflects on the key contributions of the book, revisiting some of the concepts and arguments presented in the Introduction. The section concludes by posing a number of questions on the implications of the findings presented for the academic field of policing and, more importantly, for social justice and democratic governance. I argue that migration policing is a privileged entry point to understanding the relationship between policing and society in a globalized, postcolonial world. The policing of immigration subverts—or rather unveils—the veneer of legality in the work of maintaining order. By foregrounding the non-rational, magic-like operation of state power, the book intended to unsettle rigid received epistemologies to theorizing policing in northern state bureaucracies. Ultimately, the morally and politically contested domain where front-line officers operate, the fragility, contingency, and provisionality of their authority, the fortuitous, capricious, and arbitrary nature of their decisions, the futility of the violence and harms they exert and the pains they endure, reveal also a frail, impotent, and inchoate state seeking to assert itself amid a fluid, murky, interconnected, and polarized world. The impetus to reassert the national by enforcing a bordered order reveals the exclusionary foundations of social democratic institutions and poses serious questions about the viability of these institutions and the modern nation-state to foster social justice. Equally, this juncture is an opportunity to think anew our political and economic institutions, take stock of global interdependence and its implications for livelihoods, and foster new forms of human conviviality.
Forum Non Conveniens: Now We Are Much More Than Ten
Authors: Davies Martin
Published: August 2021

This essay addresses the development of the forum conveniens doctrine across the common law world, in particular in the United Kingdom, United States and Australia, and examines in particular the role played by public interest factors in light of technological developments marginalising the significance of the parties’ private interests.
Jurisdiction over Co-defendants
Authors: Scott Andrew
Published: August 2021

This essay examines, with reference to recent case law, the approach taken within the English rules governing service out of the jurisdiction, and the Brussels I regime, to the joinder of additional defendants based on the existence of a connection between the claims advanced against them and the claims advanced against a defendant over whom the court has jurisdiction for some other reason.
How Private is English Private International Law?
Authors: Peel Edwin
Published: August 2021

This essay assesses the extent to which some of the central questions of private international law (jurisdictional venue, applicable law) can be subjected to the re-distributive will of the parties, like any other subject matter of a contract, and the extent and reach of the remedies available as a consequence. It focuses principally on the decisions of the English courts and critically examines Adrian Briggs’ contribution to the development of the law in this area.
Comity in Private International Law and Fundamental Principles of Justice
Authors: Edelman James , Salinger Madeleine
Published: August 2021

This essay considers the underlying rationale for the principle of comity in private international law. It explains the meaning and operation of a widely accepted limit to the principle which applies when comity runs contrary to fundamental principles of justice, by drawing on insights provided by Adrian Briggs in his lectures on comity to the Hague Academy of International Law. The essay uses the principle of privacy as a case study to assess whether new fundamental principles of justice might arise and, if so, how they might be recognised.
The Beginnings of Literary Mass Culture
Authors: Werlin Julianne
Published: August 2021

This chapter argues that early modern England saw the emergence of an unprecedented literary phenomenon: a popular mass market for literature. Examining the ballad trade, it shows how working people became consumers of nationally produced cheap print alongside other mass commodities. In addressing an audience of working people, ballads pioneered new literary subjects and genres. They depicted labor in terms that appealed to their audiences, violating the norms of decorum that had shaped high literary culture. Yet they also cast working people in the circumscribed role of consumers; in the long run, mass commercial culture would come to replace many local, self-produced forms of popular art. The formation of a national market for cheap goods, one basis of capitalism, thus had a transformative impact on literary history.
EU Sanctions
Authors: Wouters Jan , Hoffmeister Frank , Baere Geert De , Ramopoulos Thomas
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the sanctions that are available to the EU in the conduct of its foreign policy. First, it focuses on EU restrictive measures or sanctions analysing the applicable provisions and procedure for their adoption under the EU Treaties before making a systematic presentation of the different regimes adopted by the Union and their link to UN sanctions. The chapter also delves into the large corpus of case law on the compliance of sanctions with fundamental rights, in particular procedural rights, such as the rights of defence and the right to effective judicial protection, and substantive rights, such as the right to carry out an economic activity and right to property. A section is also dedicated to the constantly developing case law on actions for damages from sanctions. Sanctions adopted by the Union within the framework of cooperation and association agreements for the violation of certain essential elements of these agreements are also analysed. Lastly, a discussion of the specific case of the blocking statute, an autonomous measure adopted to counter extraterritorial effects of legislation and actions of third states, which was recently updated, forms part of this chapter.
Common Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Wouters Jan , Hoffmeister Frank , Baere Geert De , Ramopoulos Thomas
Published: August 2021

This chapter provides an overview of the historical evolution and the post-Lisbon institutional and legal characteristics of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), including the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP). Specific attention is paid to the specificity and sui generis nature of the CFSP as an EU competence and to the instruments at the disposal of the EU under this policy. The limited but growing jurisdiction of the Court of Justice in CFSP is illustrated with recent case law. The legal and institutional underpinnings of the CSDP are discussed, as well as its post-Lisbon dynamics, notably operations, international agreements, permanent structured cooperation, and mutual assistance.
International Agreements of the Member States
Authors: Wouters Jan , Hoffmeister Frank , Baere Geert De , Ramopoulos Thomas
Published: August 2021

This chapter deals with the status of international agreements of EU Member States in the EU legal order. With reference to relevant European Court of Justice (ECJ) case law, it provides a useful overview of different categories. Agreements concluded between Member States with third States before EU membership enjoy certain protection under Article 351 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) whereas agreements concluded during EU membership need to fully comply with EU law. The chapter also discusses inter-se agreements between Member States alone. Again, it recalls the relevant case law, according to which such agreements may either become inapplicable or be extended to benefit all EU citizens. The chapter exemplifies this issue with reference to the newest jurisprudence of the Court in the Achmea case on intra-EU investment agreements.
Basic Statistical Analyses using R
Authors: Touchon Justin C.
Published: August 2021

What are normal data? What are non-normal data? How do you tell them apart and how do you know what sort of data you have? Chapter 5 begins teaching statistical analysis with a focus on understanding the shape of one’s data and how to measure it. The RxP dataset is explored and the principal focus in this chapter is on normal data and on conducting an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), although classic non-parametric statistics such as a Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test are also introduced. Readers are taught how to test for data normality, assess model fit, interpret the summary output from the model, calculate summary statistics and p-values, and how to conduct post-hoc tests (Tukey’s HSD) to compare different levels of a single predictor.
Is Higher-Order Vagueness Coherent?
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2021

This chapter focuses on the No Sharp Boundaries form of the Sorites, which, independently of the kind of considerations used to support the universally quantified form of major premise in the Sorites paradoxes of Chapters 1 and 2, seems to show that vagueness is per se paradoxical. A natural response to the No Sharp Boundaries paradox is canvassed, facilitated by the introduction of a definiteness operator. But it is shown that, on natural assumptions about the logic of that operator, higher-order vagueness does indeed emerge as intrinsically paradoxical.
On Being in a Quandary
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2021

This chapter addresses three problems: the problem of formulating a coherent relativism, the Sorites paradox, and a seldom noticed difficulty in the best intuitionistic case for the revision of classical logic. A response to the latter is proposed which, generalized, contributes towards the solution of the other two. The key to this response is a generalized conception of indeterminacy as a specific kind of intellectual bafflement—Quandary. Intuitionistic revisions of classical logic are merited wherever a subject matter is conceived both as liable to generate Quandary and as subject to a broad form of evidential constraint. So motivated, the distinctions enshrined in intuitionistic logic provide both for a satisfying resolution of the Sorites paradox and a coherent outlet for relativistic views about, for example, matters of taste and morals. An important corollary of the discussion is that an epistemic conception of vagueness can be prised apart from the strong metaphysical realism with which its principal supporters have associated it, and acknowledged to harbour an independent insight.
Rosenkranz on Quandary, Vagueness, and Intuitionism
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2021

Sven Rosenkranz (‘Wright on Vagueness and Agnosticism’, Mind, 112/447, pp. 449–463) provides a searching critique of the central line of argument in ‘On Being in a Quandary’ (this volume, Chapter 7) towards a broadly intuitionistic conception of the nature and logic of vagueness. The three sections of Chapter 8 respectively outline the essence of Rosenkranz’s criticism, propose a modification of the argument of ‘On Being in a Quandary’ that can resist it, and then suggest a different, more economical route to the proposed intuitionistic distinctions for vague statements.
External validation of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Frailty Index as a predictor of adverse health outcomes in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Legge Alexandra , Malone Alicia , Hanly John G
Published: August 2021

Objective

The SLICC frailty index (SLICC-FI) was recently developed as a measure of susceptibility to adverse outcomes in SLE. We aimed to externally validate the SLICC-FI in a prevalent cohort of individuals with more long-standing SLE.

Methods

This secondary analysis included data from a single-centre prospective cohort of adult patients with established SLE (disease duration >15 months at enrolment). The baseline visit was the first at which both SLICC/ACR Damage Index (SDI) and 36-item Short Form data were available. Baseline SLICC-FI scores were calculated. Cox regression models estimated the association between baseline SLICC-FI values and mortality risk. Negative binomial regression models estimated the association of baseline SLICC-FI scores with the rate of change in SDI scores during follow-up.

Results

The 183 eligible SLE patients were mostly female (89%) with a mean age of 45.2 years (s.d. 13.2) and a median disease duration of 12.4 years (interquartile range 7.8–17.4) at baseline. The mean baseline SLICC-FI score was 0.17 (s.d. 0.09), with 54 patients (29.5%) classified as frail (SLICC-FI >0.21). Higher baseline SLICC-FI values (per 0.05 increase) were associated with an increased mortality risk [hazard ratio 1.31 (95% CI 1.01, 1.70)] after adjusting for age, sex, education, SLE medication use, disease duration, smoking status and baseline SDI. Higher baseline SLICC-FI values (per 0.05 increase) were associated with increased damage accrual over time [incidence rate ratio 1.18 (95% CI 1.07, 1.29)] after adjusting for potential confounders.

Conclusion

Frailty, measured using the SLICC-FI, predicts organ damage accrual and mortality risk among individuals with established SLE.
Mathematics is different: student and tutor perspectives from Ireland and Australia on online support during COVID-19
Authors: Mullen Claire , Pettigrew Jim , Cronin Anthony , Rylands Leanne , Shearman Donald
Published: August 2021

From March 2020, the Mathematics Support Centre at University College Dublin, Ireland, and the Mathematics Education Support Hub at Western Sydney University, Australia, moved wholly online and have largely remained so to the point of writing (August 2021). The dramatic and swift changes brought on by COVID-19, in particular to fully online modes of teaching and learning including mathematics and statistics support (MSS), have presented students and tutors with a host of new opportunities for thinking and working. This study aims to gain insight both from students and tutors about their experience of wholly online learning and tutoring in the COVID-19 era. In this sense, it represents a ‘perspectives’ study, the idea being that before we examine specific aspects of this experience, it would be best to know what the issues are. Employing a qualitative analysis framework of 23 one-on-one interview transcripts with tutors and students from both institutions in Australia and Ireland, we identified five key themes as central to the shared experiences and perspectives of tutors and students. In this study, we discuss three of these themes in relation to the new normal with the intention of supporting MSS practitioners, researchers and students going forward. The themes describe the usage of online support, how mathematics is different and the future of online MSS.