bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análises U-Th-Pb (Shrimp) em titanitas: técnicas analíticas e exemplos em terrenos do sul-sudeste brasileiro – Instituto de Geociências da Universidade de São Paulo
Authors: Sato Kei Sato , Siga Junior Oswaldo , Basei Miguel Angelo Stipp , Tassinari Colombo Celso Gaeta , Onoe Artur Takashi
Published: August 2016

Inúmeros cristais de titanita foram coletados na mina de cobre Khan, Namíbia, África. Eles foram analisados através da técnica de microssonda iônica de alta resolução e de alta sensibilidade (SHRIMP) no Laboratório de Geocronologia de Alta Resolução (GEOLab), do Instituto de Geociências da Universidade de São Paulo (IGc-USP), numa tentativa de serem utilizados como referência na determinação de razões 206Pb/238U de amostras desconhecidas. Neste experimento, foi utilizado como referência o padrão BLR1 (1.047 Ma), obtendo-se para o padrão interno Khan idade de 519 Ma. Tal valor é muito próximo das idades disponíveis na literatura especializada: idade 207Pb/206Pb de 518 ± 2 Ma e 522,3 ± 2,3 Ma (espectrômetro de massa de ionização térmica – Tims) e idade concórdia de 516,9 Ma (LA-ICP-MS). Os testes analíticos SHRIMP foram realizados em titanitas provenientes de duas amostras de rochas graníticas da Suíte Rio Piên, admitida como possível arco magmático, que baliza os terrenos Curitiba e Luis Alves (sul-sudeste brasileiro). A amostra MJ-649 acusou idade de 594 ± 5 Ma, e a amostra OM-629, idade de 616,6 ± 2,6 Ma. Tais valores são muito próximos às idades U-Pb obtidas em zircão através das técnicas SHRIMP e TIMS. Os erros obtidos nas idades U-Pb em titanitas são normalmente mais elevados que os obtidos em zircão em função da maior presença de Pb comum nas titanitas. Um maior número de medidas é aconselhável para a obtenção de uma precisão analítica aceitável. Em cristais de titanitas relativamente jovens (idades pós-neoproterozoicas), as idades 207Pb/206Pb são altamente imprecisas devido à elevada concentração de Pb comum; por outro lado, as idades 206Pb/238U apresentam valores bastante significativos. O desenvolvimento de análises em titanitas utilizando a técnica SHRIMP junto ao GEOLab-IGc-USP tem grande importância, principalmente quando acoplado a dados U-Pb obtidos em zircão e Ar-Ar em minerais, como anfibólio e biotita. Permite, além de um estudo geocronológico preciso, a obtenção de importantes parâmetros termocronológicos relacionados à ascensão/denudação de corpos rochosos.
Parque ecológico Monsenhor Emílio José Salim, Campinas/SP: contradições na implementação de um parque urbano contemporâneo
Authors: Lacreta Daniela Andrade , Pereira Renata Baesso
Published: August 2016

O presente artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa que buscou compreender os propósitos da administração pública, nas instâncias estadual e municipal, ao implantar, no final da década de 1980, o Parque Ecológico Monsenhor Emílio José Salim, na cidade de Campinas (SP). Projetado pelo escritório Burle Marx, sua implantação tinha por objetivo a revitalização de uma antiga fazenda, a recomposição da mata nativa em áreas ocupadas pelos cafezais e a restauração do casarão, exemplar relevante da arquitetura do período do café. Quadras esportivas, lanchonetes, mirante, restaurante, campos de futebol e áreas de passeio também estavam no escopo do projeto. Embora o parque já tenha passado por dois processos de tombamento – no nível estadual, pelo valor do seu conjunto arquitetônico, representativo da arquitetura cafeeira e, no nível municipal, por seu valor como parque urbano de concepção inovadora –, encontra-se atualmente sendo utilizado muito aquém do seu potencial como espaço público. Esta pesquisa também teve por objetivo traçar um diagnóstico que apresentasse os potenciais e as fragilidades desse equipamento urbano e diretrizes que pudessem auxiliar num possível processo de recuperação do parque.
Verde-Amarelo em Pindorama: a sociedade brasileira, a apropriação do território e o patrimônio ambiental
Authors: Magnoli Miranda M. E. Martinelli
Published: August 2016

Em um país tropical de dimensões continentais, este texto faz uma reflexão sobre as transformações, no tempo e no espaço, da sociedade brasileira em relação ao seu território e ao patrimônio ambiental. Destacam-se aspectos essenciais e singulares de cada um dos temas para entender a busca contemporânea pela cidadania, o empenho para a articulação e integração do território e a evolução para o desenvolvimento sustentável.
Treatment of Higher-Risk Patients With an Indication for Revascularization
Authors: Kirtane Ajay J. , Doshi Darshan , Leon Martin B. , Lasala John M. , Ohman E. Magnus , O’Neill William W. , Shroff Adhir , Cohen Mauricio G. , Palacios Igor F. , Beohar Nirat , Uriel Nir , Kapur Navin K. , Karmpaliotis Dimitri , Lombardi William , Dangas George D. , Parikh Manish A. , Stone Gregg W. , Moses Jeffrey W.
Published: August 2016

Patients with severe coronary artery disease with a clinical indication for revascularization but who are at high procedural risk because of patient comorbidities, complexity of coronary anatomy, and/or poor hemodynamics represent an understudied and potentially underserved patient population. Through advances in percutaneous interventional techniques and technologies and improvements in patient selection, current percutaneous coronary intervention may allow appropriate patients to benefit safely from revascularization procedures that might not have been offered in the past. The burgeoning interest in these procedures in some respects reflects an evolutionary step within the field of percutaneous coronary intervention. However, because of the clinical complexity of many of these patients and procedures, it is critical to develop dedicated specialists within interventional cardiology who are trained with the cognitive and technical skills to select these patients appropriately and to perform these procedures safely. Preprocedural issues such as multidisciplinary risk and treatment assessments are highly relevant to the successful treatment of these patients, and knowledge gaps and future directions to improve outcomes in this emerging area are discussed. Ultimately, an evolution of contemporary interventional cardiology is necessary to treat the increasingly higher-risk patients with whom we are confronted.
The Salafi Mystique: The Rise of Gender Segregation in 1970s Egypt
Authors: Rock-Singer Aaron
Published: August 2016

In this article, I trace the emergence of gender segregation within contemporary Salafism, focusing on Egypt as a case study to examine the interaction between textual hermeneutics, ideological cross-pollination and political competition. Drawing on two Egyptian Salafi magazines, alongside a variety of pamphlets and lay-oriented works by Salafi and non-Salafi authors alike, I challenge a majority view that claims gender segregation as a long-established religious principle and practice, while historically contextualizing a minority view that gender segregation arose out of contemporary political calculations. Specifically, although the core anxieties of women’s presence in public were not new, the attempt to comprehensively regulate women’s presence in state institutions and on mass transportation was a response to contemporary intellectual trends, particularly the project of State Feminism and leading Muslim Brotherhood thinkers during the Nasser period (1952–1970), and to political competition with the Brotherhood during the 1970s.
The Influence of Rice Agriculture on East Asian Culture and Language
Authors: Ko Kwang Hyun
Published: August 2016

Studies have long confirmed the existence of psychological differences between people in the East and those in the West. They have found that East Asians are more interdependent and think in terms of the group; Westerners adopt more individualistic, analytical thinking. Recent studies of rice farming have shown that large-scale agriculture is largely responsible for the collectivist mindset of East Asians. Rice farming alone, however, was not sufficient to mould cooperative, holistic thinking. Rice farming influenced festivals, customs, proverbs and the overall structure of language, all of which would have led Asians to develop an interdependent cultural psychology. This article presents an analytical study that scrutinises Eastern customs and languages, comparing them to those of Western cultures. Generally, the following comparative analysis pertains mostly to widely spoken languages from populated and prospering sectors, such as the Chinese, Korean and Japanese in East Asia, and the English, Spanish and French in Western regions. It is argued that rice farming is correlated not only with festivals, but also with proverbs, particular ways of answering questions, weather-related expressions and overall language structures, including pronouns and articles. This study further posits that a culture of respecting elders may be attributable to rice agriculture.
Culture, Science and Dialogue
Authors: Ovens Martin
Published: August 2016

How do we understand the sciences and discourses about them? Aspects of philosophical dialogue are highlighted and considered in ways that reveal distinct domains of enquiry relating to culture, science and mathematics. This analysis serves to contextualize the nature and content of the papers selected for the collection.
Astrology: Beyond Belief
Authors: Greene Yvonne
Published: August 2016

Political or so-called “Mundane Astrology,” which involves looking at the charts of organizations or countries, is one of my interests. The interplay of the planets when observing events around the globe can be enlightening. Additionally, it is interesting to observe the solar/lunar cycle and its apparent effects on humanity and the natural world, in general. This essay will hopefully allow the reader to gain a new perspective on a very ancient and much misunderstood subject.
A Mechanism for the Response of the Zonally Asymmetric Subtropical Hydrologic Cycle to Global Warming
Authors: Levine Xavier J. , Boos William R.
Published: August 2016

Time-mean, zonally asymmetric circulations (hereafter referred to as stationary circulations) maintain intense hydrologic contrasts in Earth’s subtropics in the present climate, especially between monsoon regions and deserts during local summer. Such zonal contrasts in hydrology generally increase in comprehensive GCM simulations of a warming climate, yet a full understanding of stationary circulations and their contribution to the hydrologic cycle in present and future climates is lacking. This study uses an idealized moist GCM to investigate the response of subtropical stationary circulations to global warming. Stationary circulations are forced by a prescribed subtropical surface heat source, and atmospheric infrared opacity is varied to produce a wide range of climates with global-mean surface temperatures between 267 and 319 K. The strength of stationary circulations varies nonmonotonically with global mean temperature in these simulations. Zonal asymmetries in precipitation increase with temperature in climates colder than or comparable to that of Earth but remain steady or weaken in warmer climates. A novel mechanism is proposed in which this behavior is caused by the changes in tropopause height and zonal SST gradients expected to occur with global warming. Casting this mechanism in terms of the first-baroclinic mode of the tropical troposphere produces a theory that quantitatively captures the nonmonotonic dependence of stationary circulation strength on global mean temperature. Zonally asymmetric changes in precipitation minus surface evaporation (P − E) are predicted by combining this dynamical theory with the tropospheric moisture changes expected if relative humidity remains constant.
Improving EnKF-Based Initialization for ENSO Prediction Using a Hybrid Adaptive Method
Authors: Wu Xinrong
Published: August 2016

Probabilistic forecasts, which are usually initialized by an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), are known to be better than deterministic (or one member) forecasts for the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Because of sampling errors caused by a finite ensemble and the errors related to model biases associated with the physical parameterizations, dynamic core, model resolution, and so on, a state-of-the-art inflation method is commonly used in the standard EnKF to increase the prior variance so as to avoid filter divergence. However, the optimal inflation factor is almost prohibitive in reality because of vast computational cost. An adaptive EnKF and multigrid analysis hybrid approach without inflation is presented to compensate for the abovementioned limitations of the standard EnKF. In this study, the adaptive approach is applied to an intermediate coupled model for ENSO prediction. Gridded observations of daily-mean sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) during January 1982–December 2012 are assimilated into the model to initialize a 2-yr ENSO hindcast. Results show that compared to the standard EnKF that uses multiplicative variance inflation, the adaptive method can reduce analysis errors by 63% for both the daily SST anomaly and the Niño-1+2 SST anomaly. The prediction skill of Niño-1+2 SST anomaly is consistently enhanced, especially for phase forecast. For SST anomaly forecasting, the advantage of the adaptive method mainly occurs in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the northern boundary of the intermediate coupled model.
My Drought is Different from Your Drought: A Case Study of the Policy Implications of Multiple Ways of Knowing Drought
Authors: Kohl Ellen , Knox John A.
Published: August 2016

This paper explores the relationship between scientific operationalizations of drought and the politics of water management during times of drought. Drawing on a case study of the 2007–09 drought in Georgia in the southeastern United States, this paper examines how multiple ways of knowing drought were produced, circulated, and utilized by stakeholders. Moreover, this paper explores the policy implications of these multiple ways of knowing drought. Data were drawn from archival research, direct observation, and semistructured interviews with members of the green industry (self-identified members of the urban agricultural sector); state environmental regulators; and local governmental officials. Data were analyzed to examine the interplay between science and politics. This paper highlights the intersections of drought management policy and 1) scale and operationalization of drought; 2) how stakeholders know drought; and 3) societal context within which knowledge of drought is produced, circulated, and utilized. This research demonstrates how stakeholders can leverage the complexity of drought to pursue their political goals and change the way water is managed during times of drought. Even in instances where there are different knowledges of drought, stakeholders can still change the societal context, as the green industry did in Georgia in 2009. This paper argues that scientists and policymakers who work on drought management need to consider how knowledges of drought are coconstituted through interactions between science, nature, and society.
The Euro’s “Winner-Take-All” Political Economy
Authors: Matthijs Matthias
Published: August 2016

This article offers an institutional explanation for the conflicting trends in income inequality both across the Eurozone and within its member states. It argues that the euro’s introduction created different economic policy incentives for peripheral and core members. First, the euro’s design was a political choice skewed toward deflationary adjustment policies in hard times, leading to falling incomes and employment in the periphery. Second, the institutional incentives of the Eurozone are the opposite for export-driven coordinated market economies and demand-led mixed market economies during booms and downturns, respectively. During the euro crisis, the Eurozone’s Northern countries gained at the expense of the Southern ones, while at the same time seeing lower domestic inequality compared to increased inequality in the periphery. This diverging pattern of European inequality was exacerbated by EU economic policy drift, the lack of any real national democratic choice in the periphery, and the growing importance of organized financial interests in Brussels.
The Church’s Eucharistic Poverty in the Theologies of Jon Sobrino and Hans Urs von Balthasar
Authors: Schlesinger Eugene R.
Published: August 2016

The article puts Jon Sobrino and Hans Urs von Balthasar into a mutually corrective dialogue regarding poverty and the church. Sobrino’s goals and outlook are laudable, but his proposal lacks an adequate metaphysical basis, which is seen most clearly in his account of God’s suffering. Balthasar’s theology gives an account of a church characterized by a eucharistic poverty, one of self-dispossession for the sake of others, but also upholds the divine immutability. At the same time, Sobrino’s attentiveness to concrete history serves to correct Balthasar’s problematic and romanticized views of poverty.
Diversity and inclusion in Australian public relations: towards a multiple perspectives approach
Authors: Sison Marianne D
Published: August 2016

This article examines issues of diversity and inclusion in Australian public relations from the perspective of a female migrant academic. Using an autoethnographic approach, I draw from a postcolonial feminist perspective and recount my experience of public relations in Australia. This article incorporates self with the social, particularly expressing a voice often unheard of in the public relations discipline. In expressing my ‘voice’, I use memory texts that have triggered dialogues within myself and with others in my environment. I argue that Australian public relations education is a product of the country’s struggles with its identity. To move forward, the public relations discipline requires more culturally aware faculty and practitioners who can develop and champion a curriculum that embraces multiple and inter-cultural perspectives.
Editorial: The mysteries of the spleen
Authors: Dale David C
Published: August 2016

Discussion on the relationship between peritoneal inflammation and changes in the spleen.
Ten books
Authors: Turner Trevor
Published: August 2016

I was a teenager when, at Kuala Lumpur Railway Station, I fell in love with books; until then, I just read them. But these were the recently produced Penguin Modern Classics, addictive in their light grey paperback tones, their shape and feel. Among their authors Evelyn Waugh was an early favourite, with his richly laconic prose and his ironic understanding of how and why people behaved in a certain way, and of their often thoughtless assumptions of class and upbringing. For the next 10 years, during which I did a classics degree then a medical degree, a stream of paperbacks (and an unfortunate habit of hoarding them) informed my process of becoming a doctor. The problem of reading good writers, however, is the contrast they make with the appalling prose of your standard textbook or journal article.
A history of liaison psychiatry in the UK
Authors: Aitken Peter , Lloyd Geoffrey , Mayou Richard , Bass Christopher , Sharpe Michael
Published: August 2016

Aims and method

To record the development of liaison psychiatry in the UK and to summarise the current levels of activity. We also highlight the challenges the specialty may face if it is to develop further. History since the 1970s is reviewed by early pioneers and those involved in the present day, with a focus on the key role played by members of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

Results

We describe the development of training guidelines, the publication of joint documents with other Royal Colleges, establishing international collaborations and defining service specifications. We emphasise the importance of collaboration with other medical organisations, and describe successes and pitfalls.

Clinical implications

Much has been achieved but challenges remain. Liaison psychiatry has a potentially important role in improving patient care. It needs to adapt to the requirements of the current National Health Service, marshal evidence for cost-effectiveness and persuade healthcare commissioners to fund services that are appropriate for the psychological needs of general hospital patients.
Profile: Professor Ian Jones
Authors: Bland Julia
Published: August 2016

Bespectacled Professor Ian Jones is an unpretentious, fluent and animated man with a dazzling set of credentials, including over 18500 citations of his research output.
Feelings of Injustice: The Institutionalization of Gender Studies and the Pluralization of Feminism
Authors: Pulkkinen Tuija
Published: August 2016

This essay concerns the contingent and pluralized history of feminist institutions in academia, arguing against two commonly misconstrued oppositions: first, that between the feminist movement and feminist academic institutions; and second, that between the feminist focus on gender (and women) and on sexuality (and minorities). Feminist institutions, the essay contends, are inseparably both academic and activist. Referring to Jean-François Lyotard’s notion of the différend, the essay posits that these institutions primarily intervene by finding expressions for wrongs that are hard to express in dominant language. Gender equality and sexuality/gender minority issues belong together institutionally because they are strongly implicated in one another: gender hierarchies are ultimately achieved by asserting and enforcing the necessity of gender and through what is here called “the terror of gendering”: when the threat to life replaces the plurality of compulsions of various gendered norms.
Interview with Nomusa Makhubu
Authors: Counihan Clare
Published: August 2016

Clare Counihan interviews Nomusa Makhubu about how her body of work—three series of photographs, Inquietude, Self-Portrait Project 2007/2013, and The Flood—fits into the context of contemporary, post-apartheid South African art. All three series suggest the uneasy relationship between present and past. Makhubu reflects on the impossibility of avoiding politics in South African art, photography's role in the invention of ethnicity in colonial southern Africa, and the practices of contemporary artists and artists' collectives in South Africa that are challenging conventional, sometimes elitist, modes of art as a (racialized) marketplace.
Introduction
Authors: Rao Anupama
Published: August 2016

This short essay introduces readers to Dipesh Chakrabarty's The Calling of History and the major concerns of the book: the institutionalization of history in a colonial society, Indian history's preoccupations with its Mughal past, and the central figures involved in propagating ideas of historical truth and archival method.
Made in India
Authors: Devji Faisal
Published: August 2016

In his unprecedented study of history as consciousness and discipline in modern India, The Calling of History, Dipesh Chakrabarty argues that this history has never been properly institutionalized. He explores the tense relations between academic and popular histories in the career of Jadunath Sarkar and shows how Mughal history in his wake has had to abjure ideas and subjectivity as a result of this constitutive tension. Devji's comments follow up this point by looking at the way in which Sarkar's apparently biased and old-fashioned focus on character, and so religion and ideas in general, allowed him a kind of intimacy with his sources and society that his successors lack. How, in other words, might the Indian historian's concern with secular writing end up in a parochial dead end?
Truth as Materio-Moral Practice
Authors: Mukharji Projit Bihari
Published: August 2016

Mukharji's article is a set of reflections on how Dipesh Chakrabarty's The Calling of History might speak to historians of science. Mukharji describes how Chakrabarty's key concerns resonate closely with recent concerns of historians of science, before suggesting ways in which framing Chakrabarty's intervention within a history of science landscape might generate further avenues of investigation and critical reflection.
History, Character, and Modernity
Authors: Murthy Viren
Published: August 2016

Murthy's essay examines Dipesh Chakrabarty's The Calling of History in relation to the author's earlier attempt to specify historical processes that could not be completely subsumed under capitalism and then discusses Chakrabarty's engagement with Jadunath Sarkar's theory of modernity. In The Calling of History, Chakrabarty highlights the way in which Sarkar's character cannot be explained by reference to larger structures such as capitalism and colonialism. Indeed, Chakrabarty himself intuits Sarkar's character through copying. On the other hand, in Sarkar's own work, character plays a key role in the tragic history of the Mughal Empire's failed modernity. Murthy contends that we continue Chakrabarty's project and go further in understanding Sarkar's project through a structural analysis, which would also provide a comparative perspective. Toward the end of the essay, Murthy discusses concepts of tragedy and modernity in the comparative context of recent works on East Asian early modernity.
Financial Intermediation, Investment Dynamics, and Business Cycle Fluctuations
Authors: Ajello Andrea
Published: August 2016

I use micro data to quantify key features of US firm financing. In particular, I establish that a substantial 35 percent of firms' investment is funded using financial markets. I then construct a dynamic equilibrium model that matches these features and fit the model to business cycle data using Bayesian methods. In the model, financial intermediaries enable trades of financial assets, directing funds toward investment opportunities, and charge an intermediation spread to cover their costs. According to the model estimation, exogenous shocks to the intermediation spread explain 25 percent of GDP and 30 percent of investment volatility. (JEL D22, D92, E32, G21, G31, G32)
Health Care Exceptionalism? Performance and Allocation in the US Health Care Sector
Authors: Chandra Amitabh , Finkelstein Amy , Sacarny Adam , Syverson Chad
Published: August 2016

The conventional wisdom for the health care sector is that idiosyncratic features leave little scope for market forces to allocate consumers to higher performance producers. However, we find robust evidence across several different conditions and performance measures that higher quality hospitals have higher market shares and grow more over time. The relationship between performance and allocation is stronger among patients who have greater scope for hospital choice, suggesting that patient demand plays an important role in allocation. Our findings suggest that health care may have more in common with “traditional” sectors subject to market forces than often assumed. (JEL I11, L25)
Socio-Pedagogical and Psychological Characteristic of the Consultant’s Activity in Education
Authors: Саханский  , Sakhanskiy N.
Published: August 2016

The article considers social, psychological and pedagogical basics of consulting activity in development and modernization of Russian education, analyses its basic principles, types, methods, means, features.
A New Paradigm of Education As a Condition of «Subject»’s Development in Educational Activity
Authors: Сухаринова  , Sukharinova Olga
Published: August 2016

The problem of a new educational paradigm’s formation is discussed as an essential condition for a «subject»’s development in educational activity.

The Federal Education Law emphasizes the aim of education in considering education as a unifi ed purposeful process of upbringing and teaching. In

a traditional approach the educational concept is considered as a result of students’ knowledge according to examinations’ results. It is only one side

of viewpoint. Formation to a new educational paradigm makes necessary reconsidering of functional relations between the «subjects» of educational

activities. It is analyzed the approach of fi eld activity’s widening using four aspects in educational activities of «subjects». This approach gives eff ective

results in «subject»’s integating, as a result of educational activity formation’s problem. The main function of a teacher, as an educational activity

«subject», is a process of making conditions, educational cases for students’ development and achievement as an educational activity «subject».
Injectable anaesthetic induction agents
Authors: Hughes Jodie , Bradbrook Carl
Published: August 2016

Several drugs are available in the market to induce anaesthesia. However none of them fulfil the criteria of the ideal induction agent. It is therefore important to understand the properties of each drug in order to select the most appropriate anaesthetic induction technique for the clinical situation. The aim of this article is to review the injectable anaesthetic induction agents available for companion animals.
Avian analgesia
Authors: Kubiak Marie
Published: August 2016

Avian patients are considered to have equivalent perception of pain to mammalian species, but identification of pain can be compromised by behavioural adaptations. This may result in pain management being under-utilised in clinical practice. Use of analgesics is further compromised by a lack of evidence as to safe, effective agents and documented dosing regimens. Analgesia should be used where possible if pain is potentially present in a patient, and available medications are discussed.
The relationship between pain and functional disability with morphological changes of psoas major in discogenic low back pain patients
Authors: Salah El-din Mahmoud Waleed , Yousef Ahmed , Manssor E , Ahmed Sameh
Published: August 2016

Background/Aims:

The psoas major muscle acts not only as a spine flexor, but also as a spine stabiliser. This study was conducted to investigate correlations between pain level and functional disability with morphological changes of the psoas major muscle in chronic low back pain patients with disc herniation.

Method:

Chronic low back pain patients with disc herniation were examined with routine lumbar MRI. An observational study was carried out using a convenience sample of 30 patients (mean age of 43.6 ± 6.8 years) of chronic low back pain with lumbar posterolateral disc herniation at L4–L5. Outcome measures included pain level, functional disability (ODI score), cross-sectional area, and fatty infiltration of psoas major muscle ipsilateral to the side of disc herniation.

Results:

There were significant correlations between functional disability with the cross-sectional areas and fatty infiltration of the psoas major muscle (r=-0.42, P=0.02) and (r=0.55, P=0.002) respectively. There was a significant correlation between pain level and fatty infiltration but not in the cross-sectional area of the psoas major muscle (r=0.44, P=0.015) and (r=-0.288, P=0.123) respectively. Linear regression analysis indicated that increasing the fatty infiltration grade by one unit leads to increasing functional disabilities and pain score by 7.3 and 0.8, respectively.

Conclusions:

Functional disability was correlated with the cross-sectional areas and fatty infiltration of the psoas major muscle, however pain showed a positive relationship with fatty infiltration only. The fatty infiltration of the psoas major muscle might be used as a good predictor for functional performance and pain level in chronic low back pain patients with disc herniation.
Short-term clinical results of revision elbow arthroplasty using the Latitude total elbow arthroplasty
Authors: de Vos M. J. , Wagener M. L. , Hannink G. , van der Pluijm M. , Verdonschot N. , Eygendaal D.
Published: August 2016

Aims

Revision total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) is often challenging. The aim of this study was to report on the clinical and radiological results of revision arthroplasty of the elbow with the Latitude TEA.

Patients and Methods

Between 2006 and 2010 we used the Latitude TEA for revision in 18 consecutive elbows (17 patients); mean age 53 years (28 to 80); 14 women. A Kudo TEA was revised in 15 elbows and a Souter-Strathclyde TEA in three. Stability, range of movement (ROM), visual analogue score (VAS) for pain and functional scores, Elbow Functional Assessment Scale (EFAS), the Functional Rating Index of Broberg and Morrey (FRIBM) and the Modified Andrews’ Elbow Scoring System (MAESS) were assessed pre-operatively and at each post-operative follow-up visit (six, 12 months and biennially thereafter). Radiographs were analysed for loosening, fractures and dislocation. The mean follow-up was 59 months (26 to 89).

Results

The ROM of the elbow did not improve significantly. The mean EFAS and MAESS scores improved significantly six months post-operatively (18.6 points, standard deviation (sd) 7.7; p = 0.03 and 28.8 points, sd 8.6; p = 0.006, respectively) and continued to improve slightly or reached a plateau. The mean pain scores at rest (Z = -3.2, p = 0.001) and during activity (Z = -3.2, p = 0.001), and stability (Z = -3.0, p = 0.003) improved significantly six months post-operatively. Thereafter scores continued to improve slightly or a plateau was reached. There were no signs of loosening.

Conclusion

Revision surgery using the Latitude TEA results in improvement of functionality, reduced pain and better stability of the elbow. Improvement of ROM of the elbow should not be expected. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1086–92.
Compartment syndrome causes systemic inflammation in a rat
Authors: Lawendy A-R. , Bihari A. , Sanders D. W. , Badhwar A. , Cepinskas G.
Published: August 2016

Aims

Compartment syndrome results from increased intra-compartmental pressure (ICP) causing local tissue ischaemia and cell death, but the systemic effects are not well described. We hypothesised that compartment syndrome would have a profound effect not only on the affected limb, but also on remote organs.

Methods

Using a rat model of compartment syndrome, its systemic effects on the viability of hepatocytes and on inflammation and circulation were directly visualised using intravital video microscopy.

Results

We found that hepatocellular injury was significantly higher in the compartment syndrome group (192 PI-labelled cells/10-1 mm3, standard error of the mean (sem) 51) compared with controls (30 PI-labelled cells/10-1 mm3, sem 12, p < 0.01). The number of adherent venular white blood cells was significantly higher for the compartment syndrome group (5 leukocytes/30s/10 000 μm2, sem 1) than controls (0.2 leukocytes/30 s/10 000 μm2, sem 0.2, p < 0.01). Volumetric blood flow was not significantly different between the two groups, although there was an increase in the heterogeneity of perfusion.

Conclusions

Compartment syndrome can be accompanied by severe systemic inflammation and end organ damage. This study provides evidence of the relationship between compartment syndrome in a limb and systemic inflammation and dysfunction in a remote organ. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016; 98-B:1132–7.
Type C tibial pilon fractures
Authors: Duckworth A. D. , Jefferies J. G. , Clement N. D. , White T. O.
Published: August 2016

Aims

The aim of this study was to report the outcome following primary fixation or a staged protocol for type C fractures of the tibial plafond.

Patients and Methods

We studied all patients who sustained a complex intra-articular fracture (AO type C) of the distal tibia over an 11-year period. The primary short-term outcome was infection. The primary long-term outcome was the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS).

Results

There were 102 type C pilon fractures in 99 patients, whose mean age was 42 years (16 to 86) and 77 were male. Primary open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) was performed in 73 patients (71.6%), whilst 20 (19.6%) underwent primary external fixation with delayed ORIF. There were 18 wound infections (17.6%). A total of nine (8.8%) were deep and nine were superficial. Infection was associated with comorbidities (p = 0.008), open fractures (p = 0.008) and primary external fixation with delayed ORIF (p = 0.023). At a mean of six years (0.3 to 13; n = 53) after the injury, the mean FAOS was 76.2 (0 to 100) and 72% of patients were satisfied.

Conclusion

This is currently the largest series reporting the outcome following fixation of complex AO type C tibial pilon fractures. Despite the severity of these injuries, we have demonstrated that a satisfactory outcome can be achieved in the appropriate patients using primary ORIF. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1106–11.
Ewing’s sarcoma
Authors: Albergo J. I. , Gaston C. L. , Laitinen M. , Darbyshire A. , Jeys L. M. , Sumathi V. , Parry M. , Peake D. , Carter S. R. , Tillman R. , Abudu A. T. , Grimer R. J.
Published: August 2016

Aims

The purpose of this study was to review a large cohort of patients and further assess the correlation between the histological response to chemotherapy in patients with Ewing’s sarcoma with the overall (OS) and event-free survival (EFS).

Patients and Methods

All patients treated for Ewing’s sarcoma between 1980 and 2012 were reviewed. Of these, 293 patients without metastases at the time of diagnosis and treated with chemotherapy and surgery were included. Patients were grouped according to the percentage of necrosis after chemotherapy: Group I: 0% to 50%, Group II: 51% to 99% and Group III: 100%.

Results

The mean age at diagnosis was 16 years (1 to 62) and the mean follow-up was 9.1 years (six months to 32.6 years). The OS and EFS for the series were 75% and 65% at five years. There were significant differences in survival between the groups of necrosis: 0% to 50% (OS: 49% and EFS: 45% at five years, respectively) compared with 51% to 99% (OS: 72% and EFS: 59% at five years, respectively) and 100% (OS: 94% and EFS: 81% at five years, respectively) (p <  0.001). There were no significant differences in survival between patients treated between 1980 and 1989 compared with those treated between 1990 and 1999, and those treated between 2000 and 2012 (p = 0.55).

Conclusion

Only patients with 100% necrosis after chemotherapy should be classified as having a good response to chemotherapy because they have significantly better rates of survival compared with those with any viable tumour in the surgical specimen. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1138–44.
Cement augmentation versus extended dorsal instrumentation in the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral fractures
Authors: Weiser L. , Dreimann M. , Huber G. , Sellenschloh K. , Püschel K. , Morlock M. M. , Rueger J. M. , Lehmann W.
Published: August 2016

Aims

Loosening of pedicle screws is a major complication of posterior spinal stabilisation, especially in the osteoporotic spine. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of cement augmentation compared with extended dorsal instrumentation on the stability of posterior spinal fixation.

Materials and Methods

A total of 12 osteoporotic human cadaveric spines (T11-L3) were randomised by bone mineral density into two groups and instrumented with pedicle screws: group I (SHORT) separated T12 or L2 and group II (EXTENDED) specimen consisting of T11/12 to L2/3. Screws were augmented with cement unilaterally in each vertebra. Fatigue testing was performed using a cranial-caudal sinusoidal, cyclic (1.0 Hz) load with stepwise increasing peak force.

Results

Augmentation showed no significant increase in the mean cycles to failure and fatigue force (SHORT p = 0.067; EXTENDED p = 0.239). Extending the instrumentation resulted in a significantly increased number of cycles to failure and a significantly higher fatigue force compared with the SHORT instrumentation (EXTENDED non-augmented + 76%, p < 0.001; EXTENDED augmented + 87%, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

The stabilising effect of cement augmentation of pedicle screws might not be as beneficial as expected from biomechanical pull-out tests. Lengthening the dorsal instrumentation results in a much higher increase of stability during fatigue testing in the osteoporotic spine compared with cement augmentation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1099–1105.
Risk of acute renal failure and mortality after surgery for a fracture of the hip
Authors: Pedersen A. B. , Christiansen C. F. , Gammelager H. , Kahlert J. , Sørensen H. T.
Published: August 2016

Aims

We examined risk of developing acute renal failure and the associated mortality among patients aged > 65 years undergoing surgery for a fracture of the hip.

Patients and Methods

We used medical databases to identify patients who underwent surgical treatment for a fracture of the hip in Northern Denmark between 2005 and 2011. Acute renal failure was classified as stage 1, 2 and 3 according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome criteria. We computed the risk of developing acute renal failure within five days after surgery with death as a competing risk, and the short-term (six to 30 days post-operatively) and long-term mortality (31 days to 365 days post-operatively). We calculated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for death with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

Among 13 529 patients who sustained a fracture of the hip, 1717 (12.7%) developed acute renal failure post-operatively, including 1218 (9.0%) with stage 1, 364 (2.7%) with stage 2, and 135 (1.0%) with stage 3 renal failure. The short-term mortality was 15.9% and 5.6% for patients with and without acute renal failure, respectively (HR 2.8, 95% CI 2.4 to 3.2). The long-term mortality was 25.0% and 18.3% for those with and without acute renal failure, respectively (HR 1.3, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.5). The mortality was higher in patients with an increased severity of renal failure.

Conclusion

Acute renal failure is a common complication of surgery in elderly patients who sustain a fracture of the hip, and is associated with increased mortality up to one year after surgery despite adjustment for coexisting comorbidity and medication before surgery. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:1112–18.
Tailoring the Surface Properties of Synthetic Clays Via Intercalation, Grafting, or In Situ Incorporation of Organic Moities
Authors: Brendlé Jocelyne
Published: August 2016

The present chapter is devoted to recent developments in the area of surface modifications of commercially available synthetic clays by post treatments (i.e. intercalation or grafting) and by one-pot synthesis through a sol-gel process. Special attention is paid to the modifications aimed at forming pillared clays, organoclays, and organic-inorganic hybrids with a 2:1 layered structure. The different approaches are described and debated. The properties of the materials obtained are also discussed.
Sulfonic Acid-Functionalized α-Zirconium Phosphate Single-Layer Nanosheets for Catalysis and Fuel-Cell Applications
Authors: Zhou Yingjie , Hu Hang , Huang Rongcai , Ding Fuchuan , Liu Jingjing , Brittain Alex D. , Zhang Meng , Xiao Min , Meng Yuezhong , Sun Luyi
Published: August 2016

In this work, we explored to The grafting of thiol group- terminated chains onto single- layer α-zirconium phosphate (ZrP) nanosheets, which were subsequently oxidized to sulfonic- acid groups, was examined here. The sulfuric acid- functionalized ZrP nanosheets were thoroughly characterized extensively and the results proved that sulfonic acid group- terminated chains were successfully grafted successfully onto the ZrP nanosheets surfaces with a high significant loading density. Such Such a strong a solid acid, based on inorganic nanosheets, can be well dispersed in polar solvents, leading to high good access to the acid functional groups. The acid Meanwhile, it can also be easily separated easily from the dispersion system by centrifugation or filtration. The sulfonic acid- functionalized ZrP nanosheets can serve as an effective heterogeneous catalyst for various reactions (such as the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation). The nanosheets y were also incorporated into proton- exchange membranes to form composite membranes, which exhibited excellent performance in single- cell evaluation, showing promiseing for fuel-cell applications.
[Recensão a] MACEDO, HELDER (2015). Parts of Africa
Authors: Ramalho Maria Irene
Published: August 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0870-4112_3-2_15
Suave, mari magno: Roma, a navegação e os seus mares
Authors: Mantas Vasco Gil
Published: August 2016

A importância do mar na história romana não tem merecido a atenção que lhe é devida. Todavia, o desenvolvimento, a expansão e a manutenção do Império apoiaram-se abertamente no domínio do mar, inicialmente centrado no Mare Nostrum para depois se alargar a outras áreas, como o Atlântico e o Mar Vermelho, reflectindo características de Império Universal, naturalmente dependente do controlo das rotas marítimas. Neste processo, cuja amplitude se pode apreender perante testemunhos dispersos entre a Escócia e a Índia, afirma-se uma invulgar capacidade de integrar o estranho, provincial ou não, revelando um dos aspectos mais interessantes da romanidade, do ponto de vista tecnológico, político e social.
Variabilidad espacial y temporal de la temperatura del aire en la zona cafetera colombiana
Authors: Pérez Rendón Edna Paola , Ramírez Builes Víctor Hugo , Peña Quiñones Andrés Javier
Published: August 2016

La zona cafetera colombiana está ubicada enteramente en el hemisferio norte, entre los 1 y 11° grados de latitud, sobre la cordillera de los Andes. Esta condición (ecuatorial andina) ha hecho que se dé por sentado que la variación temporal de la temperatura es mínima y que por ello, en su mayor parte la variabilidad de este elemento es espacial, atribuible casi exclusivamente a los cambios en altura sobre el nivel del mar. En este estudio se exploran factores de variación alternas, que muestran cómo, además de la altitud, otros factores, como la latitud, la zona de convergencia intertropical, El Niño Oscilación del Sur y el Cambio Climático, inciden sobre esta variable climática, que a su vez ejerce un papel fundamental sobre las plantaciones de cafeto.
Iniciativas de planificación territorial transfronteriza en Matamoros-Brownsville (México-Estados Unidos)
Authors: Oliveras González Xavier
Published: August 2016

En la frontera México-Estados Unidos se han llevado a cabo varias iniciativas transfronterizas de planificación territorial, mayoritariamente entre las conurbaciones transfronterizas. La planificación transfronteriza se ha abordado desde la perspectiva de la construcción institucional; complementaria a ésta, se analizan los imaginarios espaciales en los que se apoya y, a la vez, reproduce. En la región formada por Matamoros, Tamaulipas y Brownsville, Texas, se ha contabilizado un total de seis iniciativas, en las que simultáneamente se da la desactivación de la frontera y la reproducción de la diferenciación territorial. Ello se refleja en la construcción de una unidad transfronteriza, la segregación de los usos del suelo siguiendo la división fronteriza, en el predominio del desarrollo económico y las infraestructuras de transporte transfronterizas y las relaciones desiguales entre uno y otro lado de la frontera.