bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nurses Managing Patients’ Pain May Experience Moral Distress
Authors: Bernhofer Esther I. , Sorrell Jeanne M.
Published: May 2014

Bedside nurses care for patients with pain every day but the task is often challenging. A previous qualitative study that investigated nurses’ experiences as they treated patients with pain suggested that nurses may suffer from moral distress if they are unsuccessful in providing adequate pain relief. As 20 of the original 48 nurses interviewed described frustration and distress when constrained from doing the right thing to provide pain relief for their patients, the purpose of this secondary qualitative analysis was to answer new research questions on nurse moral distress related to managing pain. Findings indicated that difficulties in nurse/physician communication and lack of pain education were contributors to nurses’ frustrations and provided barriers to optimal pain management. Many participants indicated a need for interprofessional pain management education. Further investigation is needed to clarify the impact of moral distress on nurses managing hospitalized patients’ pain.
Product form feature selection methodology based on numerical definition–based design
Authors: Chen Hung-Yuan , Yang Chih-Chieh , Ko Yao-Tsung , Chang Yu-Ming , Chang Hua-Cheng
Published: May 2014

In product design, the product form has a significant effect on the affective response it induces in potential consumers and is also of crucial importance if the product is to achieve commercial success. Intuitively, it seems reasonable to speculate that a consumer’s affective response to a product is dominated by certain critical features of the product form. To extract the product’s specific form features critical to determining consumers’ affective responses, this study proposes a product form feature selection methodology based on a numerical definition–based approach and the consumers’ affective responses. In the proposed methodology, numerical definition–based approach is used to generate an explicit numerical definition of the product form design, and the corresponding consumers’ affective responses (described using single adjectives) are determined by means of a semantic differential experiment. Two consumers’ affective response prediction models are constructed using support vector regression and multiple linear regression techniques, respectively. Finally, two feature selection methods, namely, support vector regression with support vector machine–recursive feature elimination and multiple linear regression with the stepwise procedure, are used to identify the critical form features. The validity of the two feature selection methods is demonstrated using a knife design for illustration purposes. The results show that the proposed methodology provides product designers with a powerful tool for systematically extracting the critical form features and evaluating their respective effects on the affective responses.
The Impact of the Self-Directed Search Form R Internet Version on Counselor-Free Career Exploration
Authors: Dozier V. Casey , Sampson James P. , Lenz Janet G. , Peterson Gary W. , Reardon Robert C.
Published: May 2014

College students ( N = 125) volunteered to participate in a study of career exploratory behavior. Participants were randomly assigned to complete the Self-Directed Search Form R (SDS: R) Internet version or to a control group that did not complete the SDS. Results indicated that individuals who completed the SDS: R Internet and reviewed the Interpretive Report engaged in a greater frequency of exploratory career behaviors over 3 weeks and were considering more occupational alternatives than members of the control group. The amount to time spent reviewing the SDS Interpretive Report by members of the treatment group was also associated with greater frequency of career exploratory behavior and with the increased number of occupations being considered. Furthermore, vocational identity was found to mediate the relationship between minutes reviewing the SDS report and the number of occupations considered, but not the frequency of occupations explored. Anxiety as a potential second mediating variable was not associated with either. Implications for practice are discussed.
Validation of a Korean Translation of the Emotional and Personality-Related Career Decision-Making Difficulties Scale–Short Form (EPCD-SF)
Authors: Jin Ling , Nam Suk Kyung , Joo Geumjae , Yang Eunjoo
Published: May 2014

This study examined the psychometric properties of a Korean translation of the Emotional and Personality-Related Career Decision-Making Difficulties–Short Form (EPCD-SF). The participants were 501 Korean students; 239 also completed a second survey to assess the test–retest reliability. The overall factor structure of the original EPCD was supported with the Korean EPCD-SF, but 2 items of the conflictual attachment and separation subcategory in self-concept and identity dimension showed low factor loadings, indicating that the 2 items might not be relevant to the Korean participants. The Korean EPCD-SF had a better model fit than the EPCD-Long Form did, and it was reliable and stable. The Korean EPCD-SF was positively related to other career indecision measures, such as career stress, external locus of control, and trait anxiety, and it was negatively related to career decision self-efficacy and self-esteem.
In Pursuit of Success
Authors: Sibunruang Hataya , Capezio Alessandra , Restubog Simon Lloyd D.
Published: May 2014

Ingratiation is one of the most commonly studied social influence tactics that is used by employees to advance their career goals. Research examining predictors of ingratiation has rather shown inconsistent findings. To address these inconsistencies, this study drew on social cognitive theory to investigate the role of political skill as a moderator in the associations between two career-related psychological needs (i.e., need for achievement and need for power) and ingratiation. We tested these associations using independent 150 matched employee–peer dyads from Thailand. Results revealed that self-reported political skill exerted differential moderating effects on the associations among the two career-related psychological needs and peer-rated ingratiation. Whereas the association between need for achievement and ingratiation was positive under high levels of political skill, the association between need for power and ingratiation was positive under low levels of political skill.
Bridging Science and Journalism
Authors: Lynch John , Bennett Desiré , Luntz Alison , Toy Courtney , VanBenschoten Eva
Published: May 2014

Journalism has been a key site for communicating science, and public relations departments at universities and research hospitals are a vital institutional link between science and journalism. Located betwixt scientific demands for didactic explanations of science and journalistic desire for interesting stories, biomedical public relations writing juggles competing rhetorical demands. This study shows that press releases favor the concerns of internal scientific audiences over journalistic audiences. Yet stories that provide journalistic appeals to application are more likely to gain a journalist’s attention, although journalists will then develop their own appeals to application to incorporate into the story.
Unbecoming Claims
Authors: Tuck Eve , Yang K. Wayne
Published: May 2014

This article discusses the role of refusal in the analysis and communication of qualitative data, that is, the role of refusal in the work of making claims. Refusal is not just a no, but a generative stance, situated in a critical understanding of settler colonialism and its regimes of representation. Refusals are needed to counter narratives and images arising (becoming-claims) in social science research that diminish personhood or sovereignty, or rehumiliate when circulated. Refusal, in this article, refers to a stance or an approach to analyzing data within a matrix of commitments, histories, allegiances, and resonances that inform what can be known within settler colonial research frames, and what must be kept out of reach.
The effect of surface stress on an interface crack in linearly elastic materials
Authors: Sigaeva T , Schiavone P
Published: May 2014

We consider an interface crack whose crack faces are coated with a thin reinforcing film of separate elastic material. We obtain asymptotic solutions, which, in the case of plane elasticity, demonstrate that the addition of the thin film effectively eliminates the well-known oscillatory behavior of the displacement and stress fields in the vicinity of the crack tip leading to a strong square-root stress singularity. In the case of anti-plane elasticity, the effect of the reinforcement is to reduce the order of the stress singularity at the crack tip. In addition, we demonstrate that the reinforcement induces a displacement field which is smooth locally and bounded at the crack tip.
Advances in gluten-free bread technology
Authors: Ngemakwe PH Nitcheu , Le Roes-Hill M , Jideani VA
Published: May 2014

The unattractive appearance of gluten-free bread still remains a challenge in gluten-free breadmaking. In response to this, additives such as dairy products, soya and eggs have been used to improve the quality of gluten-free bread, but with limited success. In recent years, enzymes (transglutaminase and cyclodextrinase) and hydrocolloids (carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose) have become the main focus for the improvement of gluten-free bread. Transglutaminase has been shown to improve the dough viscoelasticity and decrease crumb hardness (6.84–5.73 N) of the resulting bread. Cyclodextrinase also enhances dough viscoelasticity, resulting in an improvement of 53% in shape index and crumb firmness. Similarly, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose improves gas retention and water absorption of dough and reduces crumb hardening rate of the resulting bread, while carboxymethylcellulose significantly increases dough elasticity (60–70 BU) and bread volume (230–267 cm3/100 g bread).
Determination of the antiradical activity and kinetics of pomegranate juice using 2,2-diphenylpicyrl-1-hydrazyl as the antiradical probe
Authors: Cerdán-Calero Manuela , Sendra José M , Sentandreu Enrique
Published: May 2014

Whole fruit pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) juice of the ‘Wonderful’ cultivar was characterized through the elucidation of its antiradical kinetics and activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl as the antiradical probe. Time-dependent concentration of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl during its reduction by the juice has been adjusted through a non-linear parametric fitting. Determined total antiradical activity was high, able to reduce 84.58 µmol/l of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl per concentration unit of juice (µl/ml), equivalent to a concentration of 42.29 mmol/l of ascorbic acid (or Trolox). Partial antiradical activities due to the fast-, medium- and slow-kinetics were 49.09, 18.16 and 17.33 µmol/l of reduced 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl per concentration unit of juice (µl/ml), respectively. The corresponding rate constant for the fast-, medium- and slow-kinetics were κ1 = 6.03, κ2 = 0.169 and κ3 = 0.0094 (μl l)/(ml µmol min), respectively. This methodology allows characterization of samples through the accurate determination of the kinetics of their antiradical features, avoiding the use of empirical approximations that hinder the realistic comparison between extracts independently of their origin.
Ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of phenolics from broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica) inflorescences and evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhu Junxiang , Yang Long , Wang Ran , Wang Chengrong
Published: May 2014

An efficient ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction technique was applied to extracting phenolics from broccoli inflorescences without organic solvents. The synergistic model of enzymolysis and ultrasonication simultaneously was selected, and the enzyme combination was optimized by orthogonal test: cellulase 7.5 mg/g FW (fresh weight), pectinase 10 mg/g FW, and papain 1.0 mg/g FW. The operating parameters in ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction were optimized with response surface methodology using Box–Behnken design. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: ultrasonic power, 440 W; liquid to material ratio, 7.0:1 mL/g; pH value of 6.0 at 54.5 ℃ for 10 min. Under these conditions, the extraction yield of phenolics achieved 1.816 ± 0.0187 mg gallic acid equivalents/gram FW. The free radical scavenging activity of ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction extracts was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl·assay with EC50 values of 0.25, and total antioxidant activity was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power assay with ferric reducing antioxidant power value of 0.998 mmol FeSO4/g compared with the referential ascorbic acid of 1.184 mmol FeSO4/g.
Wireless Broadband for Municipal Police: Evaluating Clearance Times of Calls for Service
Authors: Carter Jeremy G. , Grommon Eric
Published: May 2014

Though research has explored impacts of mobile computing and information technology on police operations, the literature lacks exploration of large-bandwidth data-sharing technologies that enhance the utility of mobile computing terminals. As part of a federally funded project, the present study employs a longitudinal pre- and postdesign utilizing 7 years of computer-aided dispatch data from a medium-sized municipal police department in the New England region. Pooled time series analyses are employed to examine the effect of wireless broadband implementation on clearance time of calls for service. Findings offer tentative support that clearance times for service calls decreased with the implementation of a wireless broadband network. Implementation did not appear to generate differential effects in areas that had experienced past challenges with cellular communication signals. Implications are provided, with an emphasis on the development of additional knowledge on technological evaluations.
Tribological behaviours of textured surfaces under conformal and non-conformal starved lubricated contact conditions
Authors: Wos Slawomir , Koszela Waldemar , Pawlus Pawel
Published: May 2014

Wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disc tester. The sliding friction experiments were made using textured and untextured discs of 50 HRC hardness, under starved lubricated conditions in unidirectional sliding. Two batches of tests were done. The special construction was made to obtain conformal contact in the first type of tests. In the second test type in non-conformal initial point contact condition, a steel disc was put in contact with a ball from bearing steel of 3.175 mm radius. Two kinds of textured discs were tested; the oil pockets were positioned in spiral and radial arrays the number of oil pockets within friction track also varied. It was found that in conformal contact conditions the presence of dimples resulted in considerable decrease of the friction force compared to untextured samples. Surface texturing caused transition from point to conformal contact during test, which resulted in decrease of friction force but increase of wear of balls. The tribological behaviour of assembly with spiral dimples layout was better than that with radial array of oil pockets.
Promoting physical activity in Hong Kong Chinese young people
Authors: Pang Bonnie
Published: May 2014

According to Eccles et al.’s (1983) Expectancy Value Model, the two major constructs that influence young people’s activity choice are subjective task value and expectancy beliefs (Eccles et al., 1983). Eccles et al. (1983) conceptually distinguished four dimensions of subjective task value: attainment value, intrinsic value, utility value and cost, and two dimensions of expectancy beliefs: expectancies for success and competence beliefs. Previous studies have been conducted with Western populations, but little is known about how the subjective task value and expectancy beliefs act in relation to physical activity for Chinese populations. This study sought to examine the factors that contribute to Hong Kong Chinese young people’s values and expectancy beliefs in physical activity. The participants were selected purposefully for this qualitative interview study from a larger mixed method study (Pang and Ha, 2010). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 Hong Kong Chinese young people (six boys and six girls, aged 10–12) in three government-funded schools. Results invite us to take into account the two contrasting values of collectivism and individualism, the deeply rooted capitalistic economy and the philosophy of Confucianism that act hand in hand in shaping the physical activity values and expectancy beliefs of contemporary Hong Kong Chinese young people.
Supporting participation in physical education at school in youth with type 1 diabetes
Authors: MacMillan Freya , Kirk Alison , Mutrie Nanette , Moola Fiona , Robertson Kenneth
Published: May 2014

It is not clear how best to support youth with type 1 diabetes to participate in physical education (PE) at school. The aim of this study was to explore perceptions of facilitators and barriers to PE in youth with type 1 diabetes and to determine how schools can help these individuals to be physically active. Interviews and focus groups were conducted with youth with type 1 diabetes aged 7–9 ( n = 8) and 12–14 ( n = 8) years with type 1 diabetes, their parents ( n = 16), diabetes professionals ( n = 9) and schoolteachers ( n = 37).

Data were thematically analysed. Four main themes were identified relating to support needs of youth with diabetes in school in general and specifically in PE lessons: (1) differences between primary and secondary schools; (2) areas requiring address in all schools; (3) what teachers can do to help accommodate youth with type 1 diabetes; and (4) what schools can do to help accommodate youth with type 1 diabetes.

Diabetes support varied across schools. Primary schools in particular could improve communication between schools and primary specialist PE teachers regarding youth with type 1 diabetes to aid participation in PE. Diabetes knowledge was limited among all teachers. Participants felt that diabetes could be used as an excuse to sit out of PE and that teachers’ fears could facilitate this.

Improved and consistent diabetes management training and guidance on the responsibilities of teachers is necessary. Better communication between schools, teachers, parents, youth with type 1 diabetes and diabetes professionals is also required. The findings have helped produce suggestions for practice and research on how to improve support for youth with type 1 diabetes in schools in general and specifically in PE lessons.
Community resilience factors among indigenous Sámi adolescents: A qualitative study in Northern Norway
Authors: Nystad Kristine , Spein Anna Rita , Ingstad Benedicte
Published: May 2014

This qualitative study explores community resilience factors within an indigenous Sámi community in Northern Norway. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 22 informants, 12 females and 10 males, ranging in age from 13 to 19 years old, 12 of whom had reindeer husbandry affiliation. Data analysis used a modified grounded theory approach and narrative analysis. Interpretation of the data was based on ecological perspectives theory and the identification of possible community resilience factors including Sámi language competence, use of recreational and natural resources, and traditional ecological knowledge, such as reindeer husbandry related activities. These cultural factors appear to strengthen adolescents’ ethnic identity and pride, which in turn act as potential resilience mechanisms. Land was a significant arena for traditional practices and recreation. The majority of the youth reported support from relationships with extended godparents ( fáddarat) and extended family ( sohka) networks. The fáttar network was particularly strong among adolescents with reindeer husbandry affiliations. Native language competence and reindeer husbandry were key components in adolescent social networks. Interconnectedness among the community members and with the environment seemed to promote resilience and well-being. Two factors that excluded adolescents from full community membership and participation were being a nonnative Sámi language speaker and the absence of extended Sámi family networks.
Tunngajuq: Stress and resilience among Inuit youth in Nunavut, Canada
Authors: Kral Michael J. , Salusky Ida , Inuksuk Pakkak , Angutimarik Leah , Tulugardjuk Nathan
Published: May 2014

As part of a cross-national collaborative study of resilience among circumpolar youth, we examined the life experiences, stressors, and coping or resilience strategies of Inuit youth in the community of Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada. An Inuit steering committee was formed with youth, adults, and one elder. The steering committee led this project in the community, informing community members of progress and helping direct all aspects of the study from research questions to methods to data collection to dissemination. A structured interview used across sites allowed youth to describe what matters to them, that is, what is at stake for them in terms of challenges and successes. Developing stable and secure relationships with one’s friends and family members enabled Inuit youth to become more resilient in the face of stresses related to social change in the Canadian Arctic.
The contribution of outdoor particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) to school indoor environment
Authors: Zwoździak A. , Sówka I. , Worobiec A. , Zwoździak J. , Nych A.
Published: May 2014

The contributions of outdoor and indoor sources to the indoor concentrations of particulate matter (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) were investigated in a secondary school in Wroclaw, Poland. PM measurements were performed one week per month from December 2009 to October 2010. The sizes of the aerosols generated form indoor sources were in the range of 1–2.5 µm in winter and 2.5–10 µm in summer. It was found that the indoor PM1 concentrations in the school were mostly due to infiltration, with an infiltration factor of 0.65 in winter and 0.68 in summer. These findings, complemented with single particle analyses (using electron probe X-ray microanalysis) revealed that the finest particles, mostly infiltrated from outdoor air, were dominated by organic carbon, sulphates and that organic carbon particles were associated with fly ash or soil dust. Organic carbon was also associated with larger particles of fly ash or soil dust. As part of mineral dust calcium carbonate, salt particles and aluminosilicates were identified. Thus, it is necessary to evaluate the health risks posed to school children associated with the high exposure to indoor PM containing potentially toxic materials in this and probably other schools.
Setting sail: The making of sociology in Australia, 1955–75
Authors: Connell Raewyn
Published: May 2014

This article examines the knowledge-creation project called Sociology that was launched in Australia between 1955 and 1975. An energetic founding group created a network of departments, assembled a workforce and were rewarded with rapid growth. Their intellectual project emphasized data collection, scientificity and social reform, closely modelled on sociology in the global metropole. Underneath was a mostly functionalist concept of ‘a society’ and a strong conviction that Australian society was a case of modernity. They succeeded in creating an empiricist science, which played a role in Australian reformism in the 1970s and 1980s, and reached a high point in the work of Jean Martin. However many younger sociologists were dissatisfied with the founders’ science and launched other knowledge projects in the following decades. The founders’ strategy for making sociology in Australia led to a deep contradiction about Australian coloniality, unresolved in contemporary sociology.
Europolis and the European public sphere: Empirical explorations of a counterfactual ideal
Authors: Fishkin James S , Luskin Robert C , Siu Alice
Published: May 2014

Is there—or could there be—a Europe-wide public sphere? Some argue that one already exists, others that none is attainable. This debate turns on what it means to have one—on how much (and what kinds of) cross-border ‘discussion’ and public input it must entail. An ambitious European public sphere would involve more truly Europe-wide collective will formation and political accountability. This article attempts to move beyond speculation, with a discussion on an ambitious version of a European public sphere. Participants' opinions and vote intentions in Europolis were gauged before and after deliberating. This enables us to probe a double counterfactual: what if there was a more ambitious European public sphere, and what if European Parliamentary elections were consequently more deliberative.
Improving Hypertension Self-Management With Community Health Coaches
Authors: Dye Cheryl J. , Williams Joel E. , Evatt Janet Hoffman
Published: May 2014

Approximately two thirds of those older than 60 years have a hypertension diagnosis. The aim of our program, Health Coaches for Hypertension Control, is to improve hypertension self-management among rural residents older than 60 years through education and support offered by trained community volunteers called Health Coaches. Participants received baseline and follow-up health risk appraisals with blood work, educational materials, and items such as blood pressure monitors and pedometers. Data were collected at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks on 146 participants who demonstrated statistically significant increases in hypertension-related knowledge from baseline to 8 weeks that persisted at 16 weeks, as well as significant improvements in stage of readiness to change behaviors and in actual behaviors. Furthermore, clinically significant decreases in all outcome measures were observed, with statistically significant changes in systolic blood pressure (−5.781 mmHg; p = .001), weight (−2.475 lb; p < .001), and glucose (−5.096 mg/dl; p = .004) after adjusting for multiple comparisons. Although 40.4% of participants met the Healthy People 2020 definition of controlled hypertension at baseline, the proportion of participants meeting this definition at 16 weeks postintervention increased to 51.0%. This article describes a university–community–hospital system model that effectively promotes hypertension self-management in a rural Appalachian community.
Trends Impacting One Public School Program for Students Who Are Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing
Authors: Miller Kevin J.
Published: May 2014

This article reflects on the author’s experience supervising a public school program for students who are deaf or hard-of-hearing, specifically addressing national, regional, and local trends affecting it. These trends included teacher efficacy, changes in educational service delivery, advances in technology, the selection of the listening and spoken language model, the needs of university teacher education programs, and telepractice. Furthermore, the author describes how the program responded to these trends, which ultimately resulted in positive educational outcomes for the students being served.
Does It Pay to Wait? The Paths of Posted Prices and Ticket Composition for the Final Four and Super Bowl
Authors: Harrington David E. , Treber Jaret
Published: May 2014

A couple of weeks before the 2012 Super Bowl, Andrew Lehren of The New York Times advised fans wanting tickets to be “patient,” because prices in secondary ticket markets tend to fall “precipitously” as the time to kickoff nears. Using data compiled from SeatGeek.com on more than 46,000 ticket postings in the two weeks prior to the 2013 Super Bowl and more than 18,000 ticket postings prior to the 2012 NCAA Final Four, we find that average prices decreased in the last few days prior to these events, reaching their lowest levels on the mornings before kickoff and first tipoff. This evidence seems to support Lehren's recommendation that savvy fans should wait until the last minute to buy their tickets. But, we also show that savvy fans can often find similar or better bargains much earlier in the week by searching the available inventory. The greater variation in posted prices earlier in the week implies that fans can often find better bargains by searching than by being patient, especially for super-premium seats. We discuss how changes in technology have made it easier to search for bargains, while also insuring against being left ticketless if fans decide to patiently wait until the day of the game. Both strategies—patiently waiting until close to game time versus searching early and often—can produce bargains, although we suspect that changes in technology have increased the relative rewards to searching.
Advance Your Freedom
Authors: Page Allison
Published: May 2014

The surge of U.S. reality television shows focused on “making over” contestants has paralleled the decline of the welfare state, the eradication of Affirmative Action, and the rise of the prison-industrial complex. This article examines MTV’s From G’s to Gents to consider questions of neoliberal governmentality and race. By analyzing the show’s relationship to the prison system, enterprise culture, and heteronormativity, I argue that the show functions as a technology that governs black freedom under neoliberalism.
Impact of Amyloid β25-35 on Membrane Stability, Energy Metabolism, and Antioxidant Enzymes in Erythrocytes
Authors: Tikhonova Lyudmila A. , Kaminsky Yury G. , Reddy V. Prakash , Li Yi , Solomadin Ilya N. , Kosenko Elena A. , Aliev Gjumrakch
Published: May 2014

Amyloid β25-35 (Aβ25-35) represents a neurotoxic fragment of Aβ1-40 or Aβ1-42, and is implicated in the progressive neurodegeneration in cases of the Alzheimer disease (AD). Amyloid β25-35 was shown to lyse rat erythrocytes (RBCs) of all ages, and the extent of the RBC toxicity is directly correlated with Aβ25-35 concentration and cell age. Activities of glycolytic, antioxidant, and Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzymes, in vivo, are significantly decreased in older RBCs as compared to the young RBCs. In vitro, Aβ25-35 reduced activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione transferase and increased Na+/K+-ATPase activity; these effects are significantly greater in aged RBCs as compared to those of the younger cells. The diminution in activity of certain enzymes may determine the life span of the RBCs in vivo and may be relevant to the human AD; higher sensitivity of older RBCs to Aβ25-35 toxicity may contribute to the ultimate death of the RBCs in patients with AD.
Antibodies Against Gangliosides in Patients With Dementia
Authors: Hatzifilippou E. , Koutsouraki E. , Costa V. G. , Baloyannis S. J.
Published: May 2014

Background:

Increasing evidence suggests that gangliosides act as important mediators in both de- and remyelination. The scope of the present research was to investigate the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibodies against GM1, GD1b, and GQ1b gangliosides in the sera of patients with dementia and the possible connection with clinical parameters of the disease.

Method:

This research topic demonstrates the investigation of 103 patients with dementia and 60 healthy individuals using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the presence of 3 antiganglioside antibodies in their sera.

Results:

The authors report a positive connection between IgM anti-GM1 and the age ( P = .005) and the severity of dementia ( P = .005). Most of the patients who revealed increased IgM anti-GD1b levels had Alzheimer’s disease (AD; P = .002).

Conclusion:

This study indicates that elevated IgM anti-GM1 may be connected with the neurodegeneration in older patients with severe dementia and that AD may also be associated with increased IgM anti-GD1b levels.
Differential Diagnosis of Degenerative Dementias Using Basic Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: Jiménez-Huete Adolfo , Riva Elena , Toledano Rafael , Campo Pablo , Esteban Jesús , Barrio Antonio Del , Franch Oriol
Published: May 2014

Background:

The validity of neuropsychological tests for the differential diagnosis of degenerative dementias may depend on the clinical context. We constructed a series of logistic models taking into account this factor.

Methods:

We retrospectively analyzed the demographic and neuropsychological data of 301 patients with probable Alzheimer’s disease (AD), frontotemporal degeneration (FTLD), or dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Nine models were constructed taking into account the diagnostic question (eg, AD vs DLB) and subpopulation (incident vs prevalent).

Results:

The AD versus DLB model for all patients, including memory recovery and phonological fluency, was highly accurate (area under the curve = 0.919, sensitivity = 90%, and specificity = 80%). The results were comparable in incident and prevalent cases. The FTLD versus AD and DLB versus FTLD models were both inaccurate.

Conclusion:

The models constructed from basic neuropsychological variables allowed an accurate differential diagnosis of AD versus DLB but not of FTLD versus AD or DLB.
Combination of Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai Leaf Extract and Cisplatin Suppresses the Cancer Stemness and Invasion of Human Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Kim Mina , Kim Yoo-Sun , Kim Kyung-Mi , Ko Hee-Chul , Kim Se-Jae , Kim Jung-Hyun , Kim Yuri
Published: May 2014

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and most chemotherapeutic drugs have limited success in treating this disease. Furthermore, some drugs show undesirable side effects due to the enrichment of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are present, leading to resistance to conventional chemotherapy and tumor relapse. CSCs possess self-renewal characteristics, aggressive tumor initiating activity, and ability to facilitate tumor metastasis. Therefore, development of nontoxic agents that can potentiate chemotherapy and eliminate CSCs would be highly desirable. In the present study, we investigated whether Sasa quelpaertensis leaf extracts (SQE) and cisplatin (CIS), individually or in combination, would exert anti-CSC and antimetastatic effect in H1299 and A549 human lung cancer cells. Following these treatments, cell growth, phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-3 kinase, and activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin were inhibited. Decreased serial sphere formation, clonogenicity, and expression of major stem cell markers, such as CD44 and SOX-2, in CD44+ cancer stem cells were also observed. In addition, inhibition of cell migration and invasion in both cell lines as well as inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 activity and expression were detected. Importantly, the anticancer stemness and antimetastasis effects in each of these assays were greater for the combined treatment with SQE and CIS than with each treatment individually. In conclusion, the data suggest that SQE alone, or in combination with CIS, represents a promising therapeutic strategy for eliminating cancer stemness and cell invasion potential of CSCs, thereby treating and preventing metastatic lung cancer cells.
A Conversation With Ray Aldag and Belle Rose Ragins
Authors: Gerhardt Megan W. , Peluchette Joy V.
Published: May 2014

As editors of this special issue, we strive to showcase interesting and timely scholarship that focuses on current topics in management, as well as seek ways to continue to strengthen the connection between JLOS and the Midwest Academy of Management. In this vein, we are proud to feature this conversation with Drs. Ray Aldag and Belle Rose Ragins, the 2013 Midwest Scholars. They discuss their reactions to what we view as critical, timely challenges in the field of management and provide developmental advice for students and junior faculty.
Genetic and environmental influences in Dupuytren’s disease: A study of 30,330 Danish twin pairs
Authors: Larsen S. , Krogsgaard D. G. , Larsen L. Aagaard , Iachina M. , Skytthe A. , Frederiksen H.
Published: May 2014

We aimed to assess the relative contribution of genes and environment in the aetiology of Dupuytren’s disease by studying Danish twins born between 1870 and 2000. Twins with a diagnosis ( n = 365) and the subgroup who also had an operation ( n = 259) after 1977 were identified through linkage with a nationwide hospital registry among 30,330 monozygotic and same-sexed dizygotic twin pairs. Since monozygotic twins share all their genes and dizygotic twins share on average half of their genetic material, greater phenotypic similarity is expected in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins if a genetic component is involved. The number of concordant male twin pairs with Dupuytren’s disease was 17 and 7 (monozygotic and dizygotic pairs, respectively), compared with 60 and 174 discordant monozygotic and dizygotic pairs, yielding probandwise concordance rates of 0.37 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26 to 0.50) and 0.07 (95% CI: 0.04 to 0.14), respectively. The heritability of Dupuytren’s disease was approximately 80%. We conclude that genetic factors play a major role in the development of Dupuytren’s disease.

Level of evidence: 3
Diabetes and Youth Resources for School Nurses
Authors: Gallivan Joanne , Greenberg Rachel H.
Published: May 2014

In response to the challenge of diabetes in youth, the National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP) has developed free, evidence-based education materials and online resources for school nurses, parents, and children living with or at risk for diabetes. This article highlights some of NDEP’s resources and identifies ways for school nurses to use them with students and their families.
Beyond the Brain
Authors: Míguez-Burbano María José , Espinoza Luis , Bueno Diego , Vargas Mayra , Trainor Allison B. , Quiros Clery , Lewis John E. , Asthana Deshratn
Published: May 2014

Objective:

Given the emerging data suggesting the key role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the immune system, we assessed longitudinally whether BDNF depletions induced by hazardous alcohol use (HAU) would impact a response to antiretroviral therapy (ART).

Methods:

In a prospective single-site cohort, virological and immunological responses to ART in 200 hazardous and 200 nonhazardous users were obtained, along with plasma BDNF levels.

Results:

Hazardous drinkers were more likely to have BDNF levels <4000 pg/mL (odds ratio [OR] = 1.6, P = .01). Participants with BDNF <4000 pg/mL were less likely to have CD4 counts of more than 500 cells/mm3 ( P = .02) and to achieve viral suppression over the follow-up period (OR = 1.5, P = .03). Multivariate analysis confirmed the significant role of HAU and low BDNF in predicting viroimmune responses.

Conclusion:

Hazardous alcohol use was associated with BDNF alterations, which in turn were linked to a limited response to ART in terms of viral suppression and CD4 count improvements.
Knee Dislocations
Authors: Schenck Robert C. , Richter Dustin L. , Wascher Daniel C.
Published: May 2014

Background:

Traumatic knee dislocation is becoming more prevalent because of improved recognition and increased exposure to high-energy trauma, but long-term results are lacking.

Purpose:

To present 2 cases with minimum 20-year follow-up and a review of the literature to illustrate some of the fundamental principles in the management of the dislocated knee.

Study Design:

Review and case reports.

Methods:

Two patients with knee dislocations who underwent multiligamentous knee reconstruction were reviewed, with a minimum 20-year follow-up. These patients were brought back for a clinical evaluation using both subjective and objective measures. Subjective measures include the following scales: Lysholm, Tegner activity, visual analog scale (VAS), Short Form–36 (SF-36), International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), and a psychosocial questionnaire. Objective measures included ligamentous examination, radiographic evaluation (including Telos stress radiographs), and physical therapy assessment of function and stability.

Results:

The mean follow-up was 22 years. One patient had a vascular injury requiring repair prior to ligament reconstruction. The average assessment scores were as follows: SF-36 physical health, 52; SF-36 mental health, 59; Lysholm, 92; IKDC, 86.5; VAS involved, 10.5 mm; and VAS uninvolved, 2.5 mm. Both patients had excellent stability and were functioning at high levels of activity for their age (eg, hiking, skydiving). Both patients had radiographic signs of arthritis, which lowered 1 subject’s IKDC score to “C.”

Conclusion:

Knee dislocations have rare long-term excellent results, and most intermediate-term studies show fair to good functional results. By following fundamental principles in the management of a dislocated knee, patients can be given the opportunity to function at high levels. Hopefully, continued advances in the evaluation and treatment of knee dislocations will improve the long-term outcomes for these patients in the future.
Clay mineralogy and shale instability: an alternative conceptual analysis
Authors: Wilson M. J . , Wilson L.
Published: May 2014

The instability of shales in drilled formations leads to serious operational problems with major economic consequences for petroleum exploration and production. It is generally agreed that the nature of the clay minerals in shale formations is a primary causative factor leading to their instability, although the exact mechanism involved is more debateable. Currently, the principal cause of shale instability is considered to be volume expansion following the osmotic swelling of Nasmectite. However, illitic and kaolinitic shales may also be unstable, so that interlayer expansion cannot therefore be considered as a universal causative mechanism of shale instability. This review considers alternative scenarios of shale instability where the major clay minerals are smectite, illite, mixed-layer illite-smectite (I/S) and kaolinite respectively. The influence of interacting factors that relate to shale clay mineralogy such as texture, structure and fabric are discussed, as are the pore size distribution and the nature of water in clays and shales and how these change with increasing depth of burial. It is found from the literature that the thickness of the diffuse double layer (DDL) of the aqueous solutions associated with the charged external surfaces of clay minerals is probably of the same order or even thicker than the sizes of a significant proportion of the pores found in shales. In these circumstances, overlap of the DDLs associated with exposed outer surfaces of clay minerals on opposing sides of micropores (<2 nm in diameter) and mesopores (2–50 nm in diameter) in a lithostatically compressed shale would bring about electrostatic repulsion and lead to increased pore/ hydration pressure in smectitic, illitic and even kaolinitic shales. This pressure would be inhibited by the use of more concentrated K-based fluids which effectively shrink the thickness of the DDL towards the clay mineral surfaces in the pore walls. The use of soluble polymers would also encapsulate these clay mineral surfaces and so inhibit their hydration. In this scenario, the locus of action with respect to shale instability and its inhibition is moved from the interlamellar space of the smectitic clays to the charged external surfaces of the various clay minerals bounding the walls of the shale pores.
The influence of individual clay minerals on formation damage of reservoir sandstones: a critical review with some new insights
Authors: Wilson M. J . , Wilson L. , Patey I .
Published: May 2014

The influence of individual clay minerals on formation damage of reservoir sandstones is reviewed, mainly through the mechanism of fine particle dispersion and migration leading to the accumulation and blockage of pore throats and significant reduction of permeability. The minerals discussed belong to the smectite, kaolinite, illite and chlorite groups respectively. These minerals usually occur in an aggregate form in reservoir sandstones and the physicochemical properties of these aggregates are reviewed in order to reach a better understanding of the factors that lead to their dispersion in aqueous pore fluids. Particularly significant properties include the surface charge on both basal and edge faces of the clay minerals and how this varies with pH, external surface area of both swelling and non-swelling clays, porosity and pore size distribution in the micro- and meso-pore size range and overall aggregate morphology. For non-swelling clays, and perhaps even for swelling clays, dispersion is thought to be initiated at the micro- or meso-pore level, where the interaction between the pore solution and the charged clay surfaces exposed on adjacent sides of slit- or wedge-shaped pores brings about expansion of the diffuse double electric layer (DDL) and an increase in hydration pressure. Such expansion occurs only in dilute electrolyte solutions in contrast to the effect of concentrated solutions which would shrink the thickness of the DDL and so inhibit dispersion. Stable dispersions are formed, particularly where the solution pH exceeds the isoelectric pH of the mineral, which is often at alkali pH values, so that both basal face and edge surfaces are negatively charged and the particles repel each other. The osmotic swelling of smectitic clays to a gel-like form, so effectively blocking pores in situ, is often invoked as an explanation of formation damage in reservoir sandstones. Such swelling certainly occurs in dilute aqueous solutions under earth surface conditions but it is uncertain that stable smectitic gels could form at the temperatures and pressures associated with deeply buried reservoir sandstones.
Weathering of volcanic ash in the cryogenic zone of Kamchatka, eastern Russia
Authors: Kuznetsova E. , Motenko R.
Published: May 2014

The nature of the alteration of basaltic, andesitic and rhyolitic glass of Holocene and Pleistocene age and their physical and chemical environments have been investigated in the ash layers within the cryogenic soils associated with the volcanoes in the central depression of Kamchatka. One of the main factors controlling the alteration of the volcanic glass is their initial chemistry with those of andesitic (SiO2 = 53–65 wt.%) and basaltic (SiO2 < 53 wt.%) compositions being characterized by the presence of allophane, whereas volcanic glass of rhyolitic composition (SiO2>65 wt.%) are characterized by opal. Variations in the age of eruption of individual ashes, the amount and nature of the soil water, the depth of the active annual freeze-thawing layer, the thermal conductivity of the weathering soils, do not play a controlling role in the type of weathering products of the ashes but may affect their rates of alteration.
A novel approach to the study of the development of the Chalk’s smectite assemblage
Authors: Hu X. F. , Long D. , Jeans C. V.
Published: May 2014

Detrital, volcanic and diagenetic origins have been used to explain the smectite clay assemblage that characterizes the Upper Cretaceous Chalk of Europe. To further the understanding of how clays of different origins may have converged to this characteristic clay mineral assemblage a new approach is put forward for their investigation. This is based upon (1) the correlation that exists between the trace element and stable isotope geochemistry of the calcite cements preserved within Chalk brachiopods and the various diagenetic phases of early lithification and cementation recognized in the Chalk, and (2) an understanding of the process of late diagenetic cementation that has caused regional differences in the hardness of the Chalk. It is suggested that each phase of lithification and associated calcite cementation may preserve the different clay assemblages at various stages in their convergence to the characteristic Chalk smectite assemblage.