bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathways to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Residential Air-Conditioning Systems in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alotaibi Abdulaziz M. , Makhdoom Taha K. , Alquaity Awad Bin Saud
Published: September 2023

The residential sector in Saudi Arabia consumes more than half of the total electricity generated, with room air conditioners being among the most significant contributors. The current work aims to estimate the current and future energy savings and CO2 emission reductions possible under three different scenarios: Business as Usual (BAU), Continuous Improvement Scenario (CIS), and Accelerated Improvement Scenario (AIS) up to 2030. The BAU scenario presents the energy consumption and CO2 emissions assuming the current Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) of 11.8 BTU/Wh is maintained till 2030. CIS takes into account an improvement of 5% in EER of new air conditioner (AC) stock every 2 or 5 years, and AIS considers an improvement of 10% in EER of new ACs every 2 or 5 years. Additionally, the energy savings and CO2 emission reductions possible through varying penetration levels of newly introduced refrigerant (R32) have been estimated for all three scenarios with 2 year intervals. The BAU scenario is promising resulting in energy savings of up to 21.4 TWh in 2030 compared to 2020 energy consumption figures. However, implementing AIS with 2 year intervention intervals leads to significant additional energy savings of 12.7 TWh by 2030 as compared to BAU scenario. Even implementing CIS with 2 year intervention intervals leads to additional energy savings exceeding 3 TWh by 2030. The introduction of the new refrigerant (R32) leads to modest cumulative energy savings of 2.5 TWh in the best-case scenario and suggests that the policy focus can be directed towards increasing the EER of residential AC systems.
On the Effect of Sudden Contraction of CO2 in Microchannels for Enhancing the Cooling Performance
Authors: Niazi Soroush , Parahovnik Anatoly , Peles Yoav
Published: September 2023

A comparison between two microchannels is studied with carbon dioxide near critical condition — one with an orifice and another without orifice. A heater was placed beneath both microchannels and was located immediately downstream the orifice. Resistive temperature detectors (RTDs) were embedded in both microchannels downstream the orifice for transient temperature measurements. Rapid changes in the thermophysical properties of carbon dioxide near critical point make it a superior coolant for enhancing convective and boiling heat transfer. Large pressure drop that was provided by the sudden contraction in the microchannel resulted in considerable temperature drop of the downstream flow, which can be leveraged to assist the cooling managements in various thermal systems. The results show higher heat transfer coefficients for the microchannel with orifice compared to non-orifice channel, and also, indicate that near critical carbon dioxide is a good candidate for heat removal in components generating high heat fluxes especially electronic components.
The Effect of Immersion in Water on Internal Body Temperature Post-Mortem
Authors: Devashish Athena , Shrivastava Devashish
Published: September 2023

The internal body temperature change in a human body immersed in water post-mortem was studied in regards to variables such as level of immersion and body type/build to determine the effect of water on the temperature change and to better understand the role of the temperature change in estimating time since death. The temperature change was computed by solving the conduction energy equation in three whole-body human models (114.2 kg male, 78.91 kg male, 56.69 kg female) for up to 10 hours post-mortem. Three main comparisons are made regarding the effect of water on body temperature: different environments (air vs. water), various levels of immersion (up to neck vs. pelvis), and the difference between body types. The findings revealed that ambient environment (e.g., air vs water, level of water immersion) may significantly and nonuniformly influence internal body temperature change over time. Further, the internal body temperature change may depend on body type/build.
A Computational Assessment of Thermal Damage in Perfused Tissue due to Laser Irradiation
Authors: Goyal Rahul , Shrivastava Devashish
Published: September 2023

A computational assessment of in vivo thermal due to laser irradiation damage is presented as a function of the laser applicator length, total effective absorption coefficient, and heating duration for the peak tissue temperature of 100 °C. Spatio-temporal tissue heating is computed by solving the Generic Bioheat Transfer Model (GBHTM), a first principles based model that has been shown to estimate tissue heating more accurately compared to Pennes Model. Damage is estimated by computing thermal dose per Cumulative Equivalent Minutes at 43 °C (CEM43) and the Arrhenius integral with damage thresholds as CEM43 ≥ 60 minutes and Ω ≥ 1, respectively.

Results show that the damage increases as a function of the applicator length and heating duration but decreases as a function of the absorption coefficient. While ablation shape is generally ellipsoidal, sphere factor (ratio of the maximum damage along the applicator and normal to the applicator) increases as a function of heating duration, but decreases as a function of applicator length. The maximum damage diameter varies between 2–3 cm. The damage estimated per CEM43 ≥ 60 was ∼40%–60% larger relative to the damage estimate per Ω ≥ 1.
Hybrid Nongray Radiative Transfer Equation Solver Using Full Spectrum Correlated K-Distribution (FSCK) Method for Combustion Gases
Authors: Jajal Nehal , Mazumder Sandip
Published: September 2023

The Full Spectrum Correlated k-Distribution (FSK) method is a state-of-the-art popular method for the treatment of the extremely oscillatory spectral absorption coefficient of combustion gases. It offers high accuracy while requiring the RTE to be solved for only a few quadrature points in reordered spectral (or g) space. However, solution of the RTE for even a few quadrature points can be expensive for multidimensional problems. To further improve computational efficiency, the current study proposes a Hybrid nongray RTE solver. The Discrete Ordinates Method (DOM) or its variant, the Finite Angle Method (FAM), yields accurate solutions when used with sufficient angular resolution, especially when the medium is optically thin. However, this can be computationally expensive. On the other hand, the lowest order spherical harmonics approximation (P1) yields a single elliptic partial differential equation and is relatively efficient to solve. However, the P1 approximation is accurate only when the intensity field is fairly isotropic, as is the case in optically thick media. The new Hybrid solver utilizes the P1 method for optically thick parts of the spectrum (quadrature points), while using FAM for the remaining quadrature points. Another variation of the proposed approach where the FAM is used within a spectral window is also explored. Several test cases, both one-dimensional and two-dimensional, are considered to assess the Hybrid solver. The proposed Hybrid solver was found to offer a 2–3 times speedup from FAM while offering comparable accuracy to FAM solutions.
Measurement of the Thermal Diffusivity of Glass at High Temperatures
Authors: Capps Nicholas E. , Abioye Fiyinfolouwa , Kinzel Edward C.
Published: September 2023

The effective thermal diffusivity of a glass sample is extracted at different temperatures using a modified Angstrom’s method. A modulated CO2 laser beam (λ = 10.6 μm) with a Gaussian profile is incident on one surface of the sample. This wavelength couples well to the silicate phonon modes and is strongly absorbed by the glass (an optical penetration depth of less than 5 μm). The opposite surface is observed with a thermal camera. The thermal camera is fitted with a filter to block direct CO2 laser radiation from affecting the measurements. The experiments are performed in the frequency domain with a modulated laser. The amplitude and phase of the temperature on the back surface of the glass slide is determined using a least-square algorithm. In this approach, the laser heat flux can be decomposed to a sinusoidal and constant portion. The steady-state portion heats the glass. The relatively small thickness of the glass slide results in minimal differences in the steady-state temperature. The frequency-dependent amplitude and phase of the back surface temperature are compared to finite-difference conduction models solved in the frequency domain. A 1D model is developed to extract the thermal diffusivity by minimizing the error between the model and experiment. Adjusting the constant offset of the laser allows the material to be heated and the diffusivity estimated at elevated temperatures. The experimental results compare well to literature for fused quartz glass up to 1200 °C.
A Co-Flow Millifluidic Device for Nanoparticle Synthesis
Authors: Yang Ruibo , Sun Hongwei
Published: September 2023

Encapsulation of phase change material (PCM) into nanoparticles has received increasing attention due to its potential applications in heat transfer fluids and thermal energy storage. However, the conventional batch-based synthesis processes such as nanoprecipitation, sol-gel, and ultrasonic techniques have shortcomings such as limited batch-to-batch reproductivity and nonhomogeneous chemical and physical properties. Micro- and millifluidic technologies have been studied over the past decades as a potential platform for nanoparticle synthesis. In this work, a co-flow millifluidic device where vortex and turbulence can be formed was developed to achieve a rapid and precise control of the mixing of two fluids with a potential application in nanoparticle encapsulation. The device was fabricated by soft lithography method in which the master model was made by 3D printing technology. Parylene conformal coating was utilized to deposit a thin parylene C layer on the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) channel walls to prevent the absorption of organic solvents and molecules into PDMS material. The flow behavior phase diagram was developed by operating the millifluidic device under different flow rates of the inner and outer fluids, including laminar, transition, and turbulence flow regimes. At last, polystyrene (PS) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the developed device to demonstrate its capability in nanoparticle synthesis. The comparison of the number and volume distributions of the PS nanoparticles with those from bulk synthesis method shows that the co-flow millifluidic device can synthesize NPs at a much smaller size and more uniform size distribution.
Numerical Study on Natural Convection With Nanofluids in Vertical Channels Asymmetrically Heated
Authors: Buonomo Bernardo , Manca Oronzio , Nardini Sergio , Sarli Gianluca
Published: September 2023

A numerical investigation on two-dimensional steady state natural convection with nanofluids in a vertical channel asymmetrically heated at uniform heat flux is carried out. The nanofluid is modeled using the both the single phase and mixture models also to compare the two models. The thermophysical properties are assumed constant with temperature the fluid flow is considered laminar and incompressible. The two-dimensional governing equations are numerically solved with finite volume method by means of the ANSYS-FLUENT code. The computational domain is made up of the principal channel and two lateral extended reservoirs at the open sections. The channel has the heated plate with the height L equal to 400 mm whereas the adiabatic plate has the height of the extended computational domain. The distance between the two vertical parallel plates, b, ranges between 10 mm and 40 mm. The two external reservoirs allow to simulate the external ambient and to assign at the boundary of the reservoirs a velocity equal to zero and the ambient temperature. Rayleigh number values are examined, from 10 to 1000. The main aim of the present study is to analyze the effect of channel spacing and the nanofluid mixture. Different values of assigned wall heat flux are considered. Results are presented in terms of velocity and temperature fields, and both temperature and velocity profiles at different significant sections are shown, to obtain a description of the natural convection inside the vertical channel. Finally, Average Nusselt number values are also evaluated.
Thermal Transport in Thermoelectric Coupled Nanoantennas
Authors: Kinzel Edward , Finnan Collin , Dong Chao , Burghoff David , White Stephen M. , Aquino Hadrian , Orlov Alexei O. , Porod Wolfgang , Bernstein Gary H. , Szakmany Gergo P.
Published: September 2023

A Thermoelectrically Coupled Nanoantenna (TECNA) consists of a metallic antenna integrated with a thermoelectric junction. In its simplest form, a dipole antenna (∼λ/2 long) lies at the junction of two leads having different Seebeck coefficients. When radiation is absorbed by the antenna, the excited currents produce Joule heating that is transferred to the junction, generating an unbiased open-circuit voltage. Nanofabrication, specifically e-beam lithography, allows conventional microwave engineering to be scaled to mid/long-wave infrared and THz frequencies. The antenna allows the device to be engineered to respond to specific wavelengths and polarizations. At resonance, the effective absorption aperture of the antenna significantly exceeds its very small physical area. The subsequent small thermal mass results in measured bandwidths greater than 100 kHz. Understanding and engineering the thermal transport over nanoscale (50 × 100 × 7000 nm) leads is critical to improving device performance. This paper analyzes the thermal transport for dipole antennas suspended above hemispherical cavities. These cavities are etched into the substrate and provide thermal isolation to the antenna and feed structure, significantly improving the results. A frequency domain solution is driven by finite element analyzed absorption models in the antenna. These simplified models agree well with experiments using a CO2 laser. The modeled results are used to estimate an effective convection coefficient in air at this length scale. They are also analyzed to create design rules, including thermal transport for future devices.
Thermal Brine Concentration Using Air-Gap Diffusion Distillation: A Coupled Heat and Mass Transport Model
Authors: Parker Walter P. , Menon Akanksha K.
Published: September 2023

Freshwater reserves are being depleted at a rapid rate due to population growth, economic development, and water use across different sectors. Desalination can be used to address the growing demand for fresh water, but the high salinity byproduct of this process, referred to as brine, must be managed. This has led to a push towards zero liquid discharge (ZLD) to maximize water recovery by treating the brine close to saturation. To this end, we present air gap diffusion distillation (AGDD) as a thermally driven and membrane-less process that can achieve ZLD with minimal scaling/fouling on polymeric heat transfer surfaces. In this work, we evaluate the performance of AGDD in terms of the water flux (permeate collected) and energy consumption (gain output ratio). A coupled heat and mass transfer model is developed to simulate brine concentration from a salinity of 70,000 mg/L up to near ZLD conditions in a counterflow operation for latent heat recovery. In addition, a parametric study is performed to understand the impact of flowrate, inlet temperature, salinity, and surface area on the overall performance. The development of such a modular brine concentration process has the potential to enable widespread deployment of desalination in inland regions.
The Effect of Bending on Sintered Wicked Heat Pipes for Multiple Component Cooling
Authors: Guinan Eoin , Egan Vanessa , Mooney Joseph P. , Punch Jeff
Published: September 2023

This study details an experimental investigation into the degenerative effects of bending on a sintered wicked copper-water heat pipe for multiple-component cooling. The aim of this study was to provide empirical data that could be employed to estimate the performance of heat pipes within complex space-constrained systems where it is necessary that a heat pipe be bent to cool multiple components. To this end, the performance of a 400 mm long, 6 mm diameter sintered wicked copper-water heat pipe was investigated for both singular and double bend configurations. Bend angles were limited to 0–90°, and bend locations were confined to two points. Results show that the evaporators closest to the condenser were unaffected by bending and that changes were only observable in the final evaporator. As such, thermal resistance values for each discrete evaporator were observed. When the heat pipe was bent from 0–90°, thermal resistance of the final evaporator increased by 15–126% while the other evaporators remained unchanged. It was also found that bending within the first adiabatic region had a much greater effect (8–26%) on performance than the addition of a bend further along the heat pipe. These results indicate that the vapour pressure drop induced by bending is minimal when thermal loads are relatively low and resulting vapour velocities are small. It is therefore postulated that exceeding the capillary limit, which causes localised dry out of the wick structure, is the main contributor to performance degradation. Furthermore, it is speculated that the effects of bend location are due to axial variance in both vapour and liquid mass flow rates within a heat pipe during operation. Both of which reach a maximum within the adiabatic region; therefore, it is inferred that pressure losses due to deformation of the vapour channel and wick structure within this region would be of a greater magnitude.
A Novel Approach for Solving Inverse Heat Conduction Problems Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Allard Dominic , Najafi Hamidreza
Published: September 2023

Direct measurement of surface heat flux could be extremely challenging, if not impossible, in numerous applications. In such cases, the use of temperature measurement data from subsurface locations can facilitate the determination of surface heat flux and temperature through the solution of the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). Several different techniques have been developed over years for solving IHCPs, with different levels of complexity and accuracy. The filter coefficient technique has proved to be a promising approach for solving IHCPs. Inspired by the filter coefficient approach, a novel method is presented in this paper for solving one-dimensional IHCPs in a domain with temperature-dependent material properties. A test case is developed in COMSOL Multiphysics where the front side of a slab is subject to known transient heat flux and the temperature distributions within the domain are calculated through numerical simulation. The IHCP solution in the form of filter coefficients (q = FY) is defined and a genetic algorithm (GA) is used for the calculation of filter coefficients (one row of the filter matrix). The number of significant filter coefficients is determined through trial and error and the optimal number is selected for evaluating the solution. The resulting filter coefficients are then used to evaluate the surface heat flux for four different test cases and the performance of the proposed approach is assessed in detail. The results showed that the presented approach can result in finding optimal filter coefficients which can accurately estimate various types of surface heat flux profiles using temperature data from limited number of time steps and in a near real-time fashion.
Theoretical approach to thermal sensitivity capability of metal-semiconductor diodes with different Schottky contact area
Authors: Turut Abdulmecit
Published: September 2023

Many of the device parameters measured in scientific research and engineering applications depend on the ambient temperature to varying degrees. A Schottky barrier diode (SBD) is in direct contact with the environment, namely, gas, pressure, and temperature; therefore, a change in the state of the Schottky contact (SC) immediately affects its parameters in contrast to the p-n junction and semiconductor transistors. The temperature sensitivity capability of the Au/n-GaAs SBDs has been analyzed by numerical simulation of its current–voltage characteristics using a thermionic emission relation. The obtained results from the simulation study have shown that the thermal sensitivity of the SBDs has increased with a decrease in the current level value at the same SC area size, and it has decreased with a decrease in the SC area size under the same current level. Moreover, it has been concluded from the fact that a SBD with a large SC area should be operated for the cryogenic temperature range under a low current level rather than high current levels. The results of this kind of study can help us to select the SC dimension suitable for many purposes in scientific research and engineering applications.
Sound field synthesis for psychoacoustic research: In situ evaluation of auralized sound pressure level
Authors: Kuntz Matthieu , Bischof Norbert F. , Seeber Bernhard U.
Published: September 2023

The use of virtual acoustic environments has become a key element in psychoacoustic and audiologic research, as loudspeaker-based reproduction offers many advantages over headphones. However, sound field synthesis methods have mostly been evaluated numerically or perceptually in the center, yielding little insight into the achievable accuracy of the reproduced sound field over a wider reproduction area with loudspeakers in a physical, laboratory-standard reproduction setup. Deviations from the ideal free-field and point-source concepts, such as non-ideal frequency response, non-omnidirectional directivity, acoustic reflections, and diffraction on the necessary hardware, impact the generated sound field. We evaluate reproduction accuracy in a 61-loudspeaker setup, the Simulated Open Field Environment, installed in an anechoic chamber. A first measurement following the ISO 8253-2:2009 standard for free-field audiology shows that the required accuracy is reached with critical-band-wide noise. A second measurement characterizes the sound pressure reproduced with the higher-order Ambisonics basic decoder, with and without max rE weighting, vector base amplitude panning, and nearest loudspeaker mapping on a 187 cm × 187 cm reproduction area. We show that the sweet-spot size observed in measured sound fields follows the rule kr≤N/2 rather than kr≤N but is still large enough to avoid compromising psychoacoustic experiments.
The influences of forward context on stop-consonant perception: The combined effects of contrast and acoustic cue activation?
Authors: Liu Wenli , Wang Tianyu , Huang Xianjun
Published: September 2023

The perception of the /da/–/ga/ series, distinguished primarily by the third formant (F3) transition, is affected by many nonspeech and speech sounds. Previous studies mainly investigated the influences of context stimuli with frequency bands located in the F3 region and proposed the account of spectral contrast effects. This study examined the effects of context stimuli with bands not in the F3 region. The results revealed that these non-F3-region stimuli (whether with bands higher or lower than the F3 region) mainly facilitated the identification of /ga/; for example, the stimuli (including frequency-modulated glides, sine-wave tones, filtered sentences, and natural vowels) in the low-frequency band (500–1500 Hz) led to more /ga/ responses than those in the low-F3 region (1500–2500 Hz). It is suggested that in the F3 region, context stimuli may act through spectral contrast effects, while in non-F3 regions, context stimuli might activate the acoustic cues of /g/ and further facilitate the identification of /ga/. The combination of contrast and acoustic cue effects can explain more results concerning the forward context influences on the perception of the /da/–/ga/ series, including the effects of non-F3-region stimuli and the imbalanced influences of context stimuli on /da/ and /ga/ perception.
A trade-off between hardness and stretchability of associative networks during the sol-to-gel transition
Authors: Cao Xiao , Peng Li , Huang Xianbo , Chen Quan
Published: September 2023

The trade-off between hardness and stretchability is a cornerstone of materials science. Balancing this trade-off is important in the molecular design of both chemical and physical networks. In this study, we report the quantitative trade-off at the molecular level for physical networks. Namely, we analyze, based on the reversible gelation model, a scaling relationship between the characteristic terminal relaxation modulus Gc in linear viscoelasticity and the stretch ratio λmax at the stress overshoot during the nonlinear elongation flow for unentangled randomly associative polymers, i.e., λmax ∼ Gc−0.17 and λmax ∼ Gc−0.33 in the mean-field and critical-percolation regimes, respectively. We use sulfonated polystyrene having different alkali counterions as a model system to test the relationship. The exponent of λmax ∼ Gc−0.25 seen in the experiment is in between the two theoretical values. We also discuss the quantitative deviation with respect to the size distribution of the network strands.
Cell state transition analysis identifies interventions that improve control of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection by susceptible macrophages
Authors: Yabaji Shivraj M. , Rukhlenko Oleksii S. , Chatterjee Sujoy , Bhattacharya Bidisha , Wood Emily , Kasaikina Marina , Kholodenko Boris N. , Gimelbrant Alexander A. , Kramnik Igor
Published: September 2023

Understanding cell state transitions and purposefully controlling them to improve therapies is a longstanding challenge in biological research and medicine. Here, we identify a transcriptional signature that distinguishes activated macrophages from the tuberculosis (TB) susceptible and resistant mice. We then apply the cSTAR (cell state transition assessment and regulation) approach to data from screening–by–RNA sequencing to identify chemical perturbations that shift the transcriptional state of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)–activated TB-susceptible macrophages toward that of TB-resistant cells, i.e., prevents their aberrant activation without suppressing beneficial TNF responses. Last, we demonstrate that the compounds identified with this approach enhance the resistance of the TB-susceptible mouse macrophages to virulent
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
.
Localized uplift, widespread subsidence, and implications for sea level rise in the New York City metropolitan area
Authors: Buzzanga Brett , Bekaert David P.S. , Hamlington Benjamin D. , Kopp Robert E. , Govorcin Marin , Miller Kenneth G.
Published: September 2023

Regional relative sea level rise is exacerbating flooding hazards in the coastal zone. In addition to changes in the ocean, vertical land motion (VLM) is a driver of spatial variation in sea level change that can either diminish or enhance flood risk. Here, we apply state-of-the-art interferometric synthetic aperture radar and global navigation satellite system time series analysis to estimate velocities and corresponding uncertainties at 30-m resolution in the New York City metropolitan area, revealing VLM with unprecedented detail. We find broad subsidence of 1.6 mm/year, consistent with glacial isostatic adjustment to the melting of the former ice sheets, and previously undocumented hot spots of both subsidence and uplift that can be physically explained in some locations. Our results inform ongoing efforts to adapt to sea level rise and reveal points of VLM that motivate both future scientific investigations into surface geology and assessments of engineering projects.
Glycine fermentation by
C. difficile
promotes virulence and spore formation, and is induced by host cathelicidin
Authors: Rizvi Arshad , Vargas-Cuebas Germán , Edwards Adrianne N. , DiCandia Michael A. , Carter Zavier A. , Lee Cheyenne D. , Monteiro Marcos P. , McBride Shonna M.
Published: September 2023

Clostridioides difficile
is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease.
C. difficile
colonization, growth, and toxin production in the intestine is strongly associated with its ability to use amino acids to generate energy, but little is known about the impact of specific amino acids on
C. difficile
pathogenesis. The amino acid glycine is enriched in the dysbiotic gut and is suspected to contribute to
C. difficile
infection. We hypothesized that the use of glycine as an energy source contributes to colonization of the intestine and pathogenesis of
C. difficile
. To test this hypothesis, we deleted the glycine reductase (GR) genes
grdAB
, rendering
C. difficile
unable to ferment glycine, and investigated the impact on growth and pathogenesis. Our data show that the
grd
pathway promotes growth, toxin production, and sporulation. Glycine fermentation also had a significant impact on toxin production and pathogenesis of
C. difficile
in the hamster model of disease. Furthermore, we determined that the
grd
locus is regulated by host cathelicidin (LL-37) and the cathelicidin-responsive regulator, ClnR, indicating that the host peptide signals to control glycine catabolism. The induction of glycine fermentation by LL-37 demonstrates a direct link between the host immune response and the bacterial reactions of toxin production and spore formation.
Mantle metasomatism induced by water-fluxed melting of subducted continental crust at ultrahigh pressures
Authors: Gao Mingdi , Foley Stephen F. , Xu Haijin , Wang Yu
Published: September 2023

Mantle metasomatism under ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) conditions is widely recognized in orogenic peridotites and pyroxenites from UHP terranes. However, the processes by which the deeply subducted continental crust reacts with the mantle remain obscure. To investigate the metasomatic regime under UHP conditions, we conducted layered reaction experiments between gneiss and peridotite at 5 GPa and 800–1100 °C, with free water added in some of the experiments. At temperatures below the gneiss solidus, the major metasomatic agent is aqueous fluid, with the main reaction products being orthopyroxene + phlogopite + K-richterite. At temperatures above the gneiss solidus, hydrous melt becomes the major metasomatic agent, and the major reaction products vary from orthopyroxene + phlogopite to orthopyroxene + garnet with increasing degree of melting. The transformation from phlogopite to garnet occurred between 1000 °C and 1100 °C for runs without water added and between 800 °C and 900 °C for runs with water added. Pyroxenites in UHP terranes are mainly characterized by the metasomatic growth of orthopyroxene and garnet at 4–6 GPa and 750–1000 °C. Only experiments with water added reproduced the metasomatic assemblage at similar pressure-temperature conditions, indicating that mantle metasomatism in UHP terranes is probably mainly induced by water-fluxed melting of the continental crust under UHP conditions.
Cisuralian calc-alkaline magmatism in the Herrera Unit of the Iberian Chain (Cantabrian Zone of the Iberian Massif, Spain): age and geodynamic constraints from U–Pb laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon analysis
Authors: Majarena Urbez , Esteban José Julián , Galé Carlos , Gil-Imaz Andrés , Lago Marceliano
Published: September 2023

The Herrera Unit of the Iberian Chain (Cantabrian Zone, Iberian Massif) exhibits hundreds of outcrops of calc-alkaline igneous rocks that have been classically attributed to the Upper Carboniferous and the Lower Permian, although only two absolute radiometric ages have been reported. This work, with six new zircon laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry ages obtained from some of the most representative outcrops, provides the most complete age repository for the calc-alkaline magmatism of the prolongation of the Cantabrian Zone within the Iberian Chain. The obtained ages range between 294 and 288 Ma (Cisuralian Epoch) and show a well-defined peak at 290 Ma, which can be attributed to a main magmatic activity stage. This result allows us to correlate and integrate this magmatism within the widespread SW European calc-alkaline magmatism province developed under strike-slip tectonics. Therefore, the Iberian Chain magmatism and its age can be considered as a good temporal marker for the upper limit of the compressive tectonics associated with the Variscan Orogeny and the onset of the extensional tectonics linked to Permo-Triassic rifting.

Supplementary material:
Analytical settings (1) and analytical data from: the standard zircons (2) and the zircons from the samples of this work (3) are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6843778
Inversion of Late Miocene uplift history from the transient Daxia River landscape, NE Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Yihui , Zhang Huiping , Ma Zifa , Wang Yizhou , Zhao Xudong
Published: September 2023

The mechanisms of the upward and outward growth of the Tibetan Plateau are crucial for understanding the geodynamic significance of Cenozoic continental collisions. Northeastern Tibet has been suggested as one of the youngest deforming and uplifting margins surrounding the plateau. The existence of fluvial knickpoints and low-relief topographic surfaces along the Yellow River and its tributaries indicate the transience of the landscape in response to active tectonic uplift. Therefore, the uplift history of the North Eastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) can be potentially inverted from the disequilibrium channel profiles of the Yellow River and its tributaries. The West Qinling Fault (WQF) is part of the geomorphological and topographic boundaries of the NETP. Its uplift history helps to clarify the deformation history of the Tibetan Plateau. In this study, the focus was on the Daxia River (one of the Yellow River tributaries) to identify the distribution of peneplain surfaces and knickpoints, and to present a linear inversion on the fluvial longitudinal profiles for the relative uplift history of the West Qinling. We obtained a relative uplift history with two pulses of change in the uplift rates at ∼5 and ∼2 Ma. Rates of relative uplift maintained low values during the Late Miocene, then slowly increased from 0.1 to 0.2 mm a
−1
after ∼5 Ma and suddenly jumped to 0.3 mm a
−1
at ∼2 Ma, consistent with recent findings on the deformation records in the NE Tibetan Plateau. We suggest that (1) the Late Miocene–Pliocene landscape evolution was driven by both tectonics and climate change and (2) inversion of the transient longitudinal channel profiles, if applied, may provide broader insights into the upward and outward growth patterns of the NE Tibetan Plateau.

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonics, landscape and climate change collection available at:
https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/mesozoic-and-cenozoic-tectonics-landscape-and-climate-change
Geochemistry, mineral chemistry and Re–Os isotopes of refractory peridotites of the North Balkhash ophiolite zone in the West Central Asian Orogenic Belt (Central Kazakhstan): multi-stage melt evolution of a late Precambrian forearc mantle
Authors: Milyukova Aleksandra , Skoblenko Anfisa , Dilek Yildirim , Wang Kuo-Lung , Batanova Valentina , Degtyarev Kirill E.
Published: September 2023

In this study we report on the petrography, major and trace element and mineral chemistry, platinum-group elements and Re–Os isotope systematics of depleted ultramafic rock suites from the Itmurundy Block in the North Balkhash ophiolite zone in Kazakhstan. Represented mainly by variably serpentinized harzburgites and dunites, our samples are characterized by low whole-rock Al
2
O
3
(0.33–0.86 wt%), CaO (0.51–0.86 wt%) and Na
2
O (0.07–0.25 wt%) concentrations, and high-Mg olivine (Fo = 91–92) and orthopyroxene (Mg# = 92–93) contents, together with moderately high spinel Cr-numbers (Cr# = 63–68). They are depleted in incompatible elements (

Σ

REE, Nb, Sc) and enriched in compatible elements, such as Cr (up to 2817 ppm) and Ni (up to 2327 ppm), representing highly refractory mantle residues derived from a forearc mantle wedge. They underwent 19–23% hydrous partial melting to produce boninitic melts.
187
Os/
188
Os values vary from 0.1202 to 0.12599, and
187
Re/
188
Os ratios from 0.230 to 0.316. The Re–Os model ages (T
MA
) and maximum Re depletion model age (T
RD
) were calculated based on the obtained data. Re–Os isotope systematics suggests that the analysed peridotites formed in two stages: a first stage around 1.5 Ga and a later stage around 668–589 Ma.

Supplementary material:
A supplementary figure is available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6845683

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the Ophiolites, melanges and blueschists collection available at:
https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/ophiolites-melanges-and-blueschists
Heterogeneous Federated Learning: State-of-the-art and Research Challenges
Authors: Ye Mang , Fang Xiuwen , Du Bo , Yuen Pong C. , Tao Dacheng
Published: September 2023

Federated learning (FL) has drawn increasing attention owing to its potential use in large-scale industrial applications. Existing FL works mainly focus on model homogeneous settings. However, practical FL typically faces the heterogeneity of data distributions, model architectures, network environments, and hardware devices among participant clients. Heterogeneous Federated Learning (HFL) is much more challenging, and corresponding solutions are diverse and complex. Therefore, a systematic survey on this topic about the research challenges and state-of-the-art is essential. In this survey, we firstly summarize the various research challenges in HFL from five aspects: statistical heterogeneity, model heterogeneity, communication heterogeneity, device heterogeneity, and additional challenges. In addition, recent advances in HFL are reviewed and a new taxonomy of existing HFL methods is proposed with an in-depth analysis of their pros and cons. We classify existing methods from three different levels according to the HFL procedure: data-level, model-level, and server-level. Finally, several critical and promising future research directions in HFL are discussed, which may facilitate further developments in this field. A periodically updated collection on HFL is available at https://github.com/marswhu/HFL_Survey.
Event-Triggered Control with Intermittent Communications over Erasure Channels for Leader–Follower Problems with the Combined-Slip Effect
Authors: Mamduhi Mohammad H. , Hashemi Ehsan
Published: September 2023

In this article, we investigate the vehicle path-following problem for a vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)–enabled leader–follower scenario and propose an integrated control policy for the following vehicle to accurately follow the leader’s path. We propose a control strategy for the follower vehicle to maintain a velocity-dependent distance relative to the leader vehicle while stabilizing its longitudinal and lateral dynamics considering the combined-slip effect and tire force saturation. In light of reducing wireless communication errors and efficient usage of battery power and resources, we propose an intermittent V2V communication in which transmissions are scheduled based on an event-triggered law. An event is triggered and a transmission is scheduled in subsequent sample time if some of the well-defined path-following error functions (relative distance error and lateral error) exceed given tolerance bounds. Considering that the V2V communication channel might be erroneous or a transmission fails due to, e.g., vehicles’ distance or low battery power, we consider data loss in the V2V channel. Our proposed control law consists of two components: a receding horizon feedback controller with state constraints based on a safe operation envelop and a feedforward controller that generates complementary control inputs when the leader’s states are successfully communicated to the follower. To mitigate the effects of data loss on the follower’s path-following performance, we design a remote estimator for the follower to predict the leader’s state using its on-board sensor equipment when an event is triggered but the corresponding state information is not received by the follower due to a packet loss. Incorporating this estimator allows the follower to apply cautionary control inputs knowing that the path-following error had exceeded a tolerance bound. We show that while the feedback controller stabilizes the follower’s dynamics, the feedforward component improves the safety margins and reduces the path-following errors even in the presence of data loss. High-fidelity simulations are performed using
CarSim
to validate the effectiveness of our proposed control architecture specifically in harsh maneuvers and high-slip scenarios on various road surface conditions.
Tape Casting of Thin Electrolyte and Thick Cathode for Halide-Based All-Solid-State Batteries
Authors: Shen Fengyu , McGahan Michael , Pietras John D. , Lau Grace Y. , Doeff Marca M. , Battaglia Vincent S. , Tucker Michael C.
Published: September 2023

Most previous studies about halide solid-state electrolytes have used pellets prepared by uniaxial pressing, which is a good approach for materials development but is not suitable for commercialization. Thinner electrolyte layers that can be scaled up to large cell areas are required, and tape casting is a promising approach. It is challenging, however, as halide materials are reactive with most of the conventional solvents used in the process. In this study, solvents with low polarity, such as toluene, are found to be compatible with the Li3YBr6 halide material. A wide variety of candidate binders that are soluble in toluene are studied. MSB1–13 binder is preferred, based on the ionic conductivity and mechanical properties of the tape. Electrolyte tapes (<70 μm) are successfully cast on Al substrates, using 2 wt% binder. The resulting room temperature ionic conductivity is 2 × 10−4 S cm−1. Two composite cathodes including active material (LiFePO4 or LiNi0.82Mn0.07Co0.11O2) and 1 to 1.5 wt% MSB1–13 are tape cast as proof-of-concept for a scalable cell fabrication approach. A LiFePO4 cell shows good retention at 25 °C. The performance of NMC cells with tape electrolyte or pellet electrolyte is similar. This study demonstrates the feasibility of tape casting halide-based electrolytes and cathodes.
Time-restricted feeding combined with resistance exercise prevents obesity and improves lipid metabolism in the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet
Authors: Damasceno de Lima Robson , Fudoli Lins Vieira Renan , Rosetto Muñoz Vitor , Chaix Amandine , Azevedo Macedo Ana Paula , Calheiros Antunes Gabriel , Felonato Maíra , Rosseto Braga Renata , Castelo Branco Ramos Nakandakari Susana , Calais Gaspar Rafael , Ramos da Silva Adelino Sanchez , Esper Cintra Dennys , Pereira de Moura Leandro , Mekary Rania A. , Rochete Ropelle Eduardo , Pauli José Rodrigo
Published: September 2023

Whether time-restricted feeding (TRF) combined with resistance exercise training (RT) may be more efficient compared with these interventions alone is still unclear. We show that when combined with RT, TRF provided additional benefits, being more effective in increasing energy expenditure, preventing weight gain, and regulating glycemic homeostasis than each intervention alone. Thus, our results demonstrate that TRF and RT have complementary actions on some synergistic pathways that prevented obesity and hepatic liver accumulation.
Time to Think about HLA-Based Diagnostics in Lung Cancer?
Authors: Dimou Anastasios
Published: September 2023

HLA evolutionary divergence reflects the ability to recognize diverse neoantigens as non-self, and as a biomarker is conceptually distinct from programmed cell death ligand 1 expression and tumor mutation burden. HLA-based assays to predict benefit from immunotherapy in lung cancer require prospective validation.

See related article by Jiang et al., p. 4830
Structural Insight into Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase (GGDPS) for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Pham Andrew C. , Holstein Sarah A. , Borgstahl Gloria E.O.
Published: September 2023

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGDPS), the source of the isoprenoid donor in protein geranylgeranylation reactions, has become an attractive target for anticancer therapy due to the reliance of cancers on geranylgeranylated proteins. Current GGDPS inhibitor development focuses on optimizing the drug-target enzyme interactions of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate-based drugs. To advance GGDPS inhibitor development, understanding the enzyme structure, active site, and ligand/product interactions is essential. Here we provide a comprehensive structure-focused review of GGDPS. We reviewed available yeast and human GGDPS structures and then used AlphaFold modeling to complete unsolved structural aspects of these models. We delineate the elements of higher-order structure formation, product-substrate binding, the electrostatic surface, and small-molecule inhibitor binding. With the rise of structure-based drug design, the information provided here will serve as a valuable tool for rationally optimizing inhibitor selectivity and effectiveness.
Figure S1 from Effects and Eradication of Mycoplasma Contamination on Patient-derived Colorectal Cancer Organoid Cultures
Authors: Dayanidhi Divya L. , Watlington Wylie K. , Mantyh John B. , Rupprecht Gabrielle , Hsu David S.
Published: September 2023

Authentication of organoid lines after passaging through mice
FIGURE 3 from Effects and Eradication of Mycoplasma Contamination on Patient-derived Colorectal Cancer Organoid Cultures
Authors: Dayanidhi Divya L. , Watlington Wylie K. , Mantyh John B. , Rupprecht Gabrielle , Hsu David S.
Published: September 2023

Mycoplasma contamination can change organoid drug sensitivity. A, Dose–response curves for four sets of Mycoplasm-positive and -negative lines for three drugs: oxaliplatin, SN38, and 5-FU. *, P < 0.05 (Mann–Whitney). B, High-throughput screens for three sets of Mycoplasm-positive and -negative organoid lines. Percent killing for each drug is indicated by color, with red being the highest percent killing and blue being the lowest. C, Difference in percent killing in high-throughput screen between Mycoplasm-negative and -positive organoid lines.
Supplementary Table S4 from Fusobacterium nucleatum Load Correlates with KRAS Mutation and Sessile Serrated Pathogenesis in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Takeda Koki , Koi Minoru , Okita Yoshiki , Sajibu Sija , Keku Temitope O. , Carethers John M.
Published: September 2023

Table S4 summarizes 22 studies and relationship of Fn infection and colorectal cancer
Supplementary Table S2 from Fusobacterium nucleatum Load Correlates with KRAS Mutation and Sessile Serrated Pathogenesis in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Takeda Koki , Koi Minoru , Okita Yoshiki , Sajibu Sija , Keku Temitope O. , Carethers John M.
Published: September 2023

Table S2 lists data for 32 cases of adenomas