bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypoalbuminemia is a Better Predictor than Obesity of Complications after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Propensity Score-Adjusted Observational Analysis
Authors: Fu Michael C. , McLawhorn Alexander S. , Padgett Douglas E. , Cross Michael B.
Published: August 2016

Background

Obesity is an established risk factor for complications after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and is often associated with malnutrition.

Questions/Purposes

1. What is the prevalence of hypoalbuminemia in obese patients undergoing TKA? 2. What is the independent morbidity risk of malnutrition relative to obesity?

Methods

TKA cases were identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from 2005 to 2013. Propensity scores for having preoperative albumin measurements were calculated using demographics, BMI, and modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Malnutrition was defined as hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dL). Patients were classified by BMI as follows: non-obese (18.5–29.9), obese I (30–34.9), obese II (35–39.9), or obese III (≥40). Postoperative complications were compared across obesity and nutritional statuses. Multivariable propensity-adjusted logistic regressions were performed to determine associations between malnutrition, obesity, and 30-day outcomes.

Results

There were 71, 599 cases identified, with 34, 800 (48.6%) having albumin measurements. Propensity score adjustment adequately accounted for selection bias, with adjusted p > 0.05 for observable characteristics. Malnutrition prevalence increased with BMI (6.1% in obese III vs. 3.7% in non-obese). With propensity-adjusted multivariable analysis, obese III was the only obesity class associated with any complication, wound complication, and reoperation. Hypoalbuminemia was a stronger and more consistent independent risk factor, for any complication, wound, cardiac, or respiratory complications, and death.

Conclusions

Hypoalbuminemia is a more consistent independent predictor of complications after TKA than obesity. Strategies for medical optimization of these conditions should be investigated.
Novel Di‐, Tri‐, and tetraenoic fatty acids with bis‐methylene‐interrupted double‐bond systems from the sponge Haliclona cinerea
Authors: Joh Yong‐Goe , Elenkov Ivaylo J. , Stefanov Kamen L. , Popov Simeon S. , Dobson Gary , Christie William W.
Published: August 2016

Unusual fatty acids, with up to 34 carbon atoms and containing one or two bis‐methylene‐interrupted doublebond systems, have been identified in the sponge Haliclona cinerea from the Black Sea. These include the dienes—5,9–16∶2, 7,11–18∶2, 9,13–20∶2, 13,17–24∶2, 15,19–26∶2, 17,21–28∶2, 19,23–30∶2 and 21,25–32∶2; trienes—5,9,23–30∶3, 5,9,24–31∶3, 5,9,25–32∶3, and 5,9,27–34∶3; and the tetraenes—5,9,19,23–30∶4, 5,9,21,25–32∶4, and 5,9,23,27–34∶4. In addition, 5,9,13‐eicosatrienoic acid was present. Many of these do not appear to have been described before, and only 5,9–16∶2 and 5,9,23–30∶3 are found often in sponges. They were identified by using silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography to simplify the complex mixture of fatty acids for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry as picolinyl ester derivatives. Deuteration with Wilkinson's catalyst in homogeneous solution confirmed the structures. We speculate that the di‐ and tetraenoic fatty acids arise by chain elongation of 5,9‐hexadecadienoic acid, also a major component of the lipids, followed by further insertion of double bonds in the 5 and 9 positions. The trienes may be formed from 9‐hexadecenoic acid by similar mechanisms.
A Social History of Disease: Contextualizing the Rise and Fall of Social Inequalities in Cause-Specific Mortality
Authors: Clouston Sean A. P. , Rubin Marcie S. , Phelan Jo C. , Link Bruce G.
Published: August 2016

Fundamental cause theory posits that social inequalities in health arise because of unequal access to flexible resources, including knowledge, money, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections, which allow people to avoid risk factors and adopt protective factors relevant in a particular place. In this study, we posit that diseases should also be put into temporal context. We characterize diseases as transitioning through four stages at a given time: (1) natural mortality, characterized by no knowledge about risk factors, preventions, or treatments for a disease in a population; (2) producing inequalities, characterized by unequal diffusion of innovations; (3) reducing inequalities, characterized by increased access to health knowledge; and (4) reduced mortality/disease elimination, characterized by widely available prevention and effective treatment. For illustration, we pair an ideal-types analysis with mortality data to explore hypothesized incidence rates of diseases. Although social inequalities exist in incidence rates of many diseases, the cause, extent, and direction of inequalities change systematically in relation to human intervention. This article highlights opportunities for further development, specifically highlighting the role of stage duration in maintaining social inequalities in cause-specific mortality.
Trapped in Place? Segmented Resilience to Hurricanes in the Gulf Coast, 1970–2005
Authors: Logan John R. , Issar Sukriti , Xu Zengwang
Published: August 2016

Hurricanes pose a continuing hazard to populations in coastal regions. This study estimates the impact of hurricanes on population change in the years 1970–2005 in the U.S. Gulf Coast region. Geophysical models are used to construct a unique data set that simulates the spatial extent and intensity of wind damage and storm surge from the 32 hurricanes that struck the region in this period. Multivariate spatial time-series models are used to estimate the impacts of hurricanes on population change. Population growth is found to be reduced significantly for up to three successive years after counties experience wind damage, particularly at higher levels of damage. Storm surge is associated with reduced population growth in the year after the hurricane. Model extensions show that change in the white and young adult population is more immediately and strongly affected than is change for blacks and elderly residents. Negative effects on population are stronger in counties with lower poverty rates. The differentiated impact of hurricanes on different population groups is interpreted as segmented withdrawal—a form of segmented resilience in which advantaged population groups are more likely to move out of or avoid moving into harm’s way while socially vulnerable groups have fewer choices.
ICRC Privilege in Canada
Authors: BRANNAGAN CRAIG , WATERS CHRISTOPHER
Published: August 2016

This article explores whether the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) enjoys testimonial privilege before Canadian courts. The authors argue that there is strong evidence to suggest that customary international law requires that the ICRC be granted a privilege not to testify or disclose confidential information in domestic court proceedings. Such a privilege, they argue, is entailed by the ICRC’s mandate to engage in international humanitarian law protection activities using confidential means. Given that customary international law forms part of the common law in Canada, the authors argue that this privilege should be recognized by Canadian courts despite its potentially uneasy fit with traditional Canadian evidence law.
Rotating horizontal convection and the potential vorticity constraint
Authors: Zhang Yu , Chen Chen , Zhang Zhengguang , Wang Wei
Published: August 2016

Horizontal convection, with a focus on the essential physics it can disclose for the oceanic overturning circulation, is studied in an annular gap where differential heating is applied along the bottom. Based on the three-dimensional distribution of both velocity and temperature fields, we propose that in addition to differential buoyancy forcing and diapycnal mixing, potential vorticity (PV) can also be a limiting factor for the overturning circulation by imposing a constraint on the meridional flow. With rotation, flow has to be along PV contours excepting that effects of diffusion or friction exist to break the PV constraint. In the axisymmetric rotating experiment, the flow along isotherms is to zero-order azimuthal, due to the fact that PV varies only along the radial direction. Consequently, the radial flow appears at the next order with much smaller amplitude, leading to a much weaker overturning circulation compared with that of the non-rotating experiment. In the presence of a full radial barrier, the annular gap can be viewed as a four-sided domain with its northern boundary along the inner cylinder, and the meridional flow shows remarkable inhomogeneity in space. In the absence of any background PV gradient, the flow field equilibrates itself to a state where the PV contours above the bottom boundary layer are largely radial, particularly in a sub-region near the western boundary, allowing a relatively strong radial geostrophic flow and greatly strengthening the overturning circulation from the case without the barrier.
A Middle Pennsylvanian macrofloral assemblage from wetland deposits in Indiana (Illinois Basin): a taxonomic contribution with biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic, and paleoecologic implications
Authors: Bashforth Arden R. , DiMichele William A. , Eble Cortland F. , Nelson W. John
Published: August 2016

Taxonomic analysis is provided for a Middle Pennsylvanian macrofloral assemblage collected from clastic wetland deposits in Clay County, Indiana, on the eastern margin of the Illinois Basin. Adpressed plant fossils were recovered from four distinct beds in the lowermost Staunton Formation, positioned above the Minshall Coal (uppermost Brazil Formation), part of a succession deposited near the Atokan-Desmoinesian boundary. The assemblage of 22 fossil-taxa is dominated by pteridosperms (includingNeuropteris flexuosa,Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri,Alethopteris densinervosa,Neuropteris ovata,Eusphenopteris neuropteroides, andNeuropteris missouriensis) with lesser cordaitaleans (Cordaitesspp. indet.) and sphenopsids (particularlySphenophyllum cuneifolium). Lycopsids are uncommon, and ferns are rare. In contrast, the microfloral assemblage from the Minshall Coal and overlying clastic units is dominated by lycopsid and tree fern spores. Comparisons with established biozonation schemes yield different ages depending on the regional biostratigraphic framework used: (1) latest Bolsovian (Radiizonates difformisBiozone, American microfloras); (2) latest Bolsovian or earliest Asturian (‘Neuropteris’ rarinervisBiozone, Appalachian Basin macrofloras); or (3) earliest Asturian (Linopteris obliquaBiozone, European macrofloras). The placement and correlation of the Bolsovian-Asturian and Atokan-Desmoinesian boundaries, which have traditionally been equated by palynology, are evaluated in the context of this discordance. Several revised stratigraphic scenarios are proposed for this interval in the Illinois Basin, which is being increasingly recognized as a time of significant environmental change throughout Euramerica. Homotaxial comparisons with European macrofloral assemblages indicate that, of the 18 biological taxa recorded, between 14 and 17 (78–94%) also are common in coeval wetland deposits in Europe. The similarities exemplify the spatial conservatism and low diversity of wetland plant communities over vast areas of tropical Euramerica, a manifestation of the intrinsically stressful conditions that characterize such habitats, and indicates that neither the Laurentian Shield nor the Appalachian-Variscan Mountains were an insurmountable barrier to plant dispersal during the Middle Pennsylvanian.
HIGH DENSITY PIECEWISE SYNDETICITY OF PRODUCT SETS IN AMENABLE GROUPS
Authors: DI NASSO MAURO , GOLDBRING ISAAC , JIN RENLING , LETH STEVEN , LUPINI MARTINO , MAHLBURG KARL
Published: August 2016

M. Beiglböck, V. Bergelson, and A. Fish proved that if G is a countable amenable group and A and B are subsets of G with positive Banach density, then the product set AB is piecewise syndetic. This means that there is a finite subset E of G such that EAB is thick, that is, EAB contains translates of any finite subset of G. When G = ℤ, this was first proven by R. Jin. We prove a quantitative version of the aforementioned result by providing a lower bound on the density (with respect to a Følner sequence) of the set of witnesses to the thickness of EAB. When G = ℤd, this result was first proven by the current set of authors using completely different techniques.
COMPARING TWO VERSIONS OF THE REALS
Authors: IGUSA G. , KNIGHT J. F.
Published: August 2016

Schweber [10] defined a reducibility that allows us to compare the computing power of structures of arbitrary cardinality. Here we focus on the ordered field ${\cal R}$ of real numbers and a structure ${\cal W}$ that just codes the subsets of ω. In [10], it was observed that ${\cal W}$ is reducible to ${\cal R}$. We prove that ${\cal R}$ is not reducible to ${\cal W}$. As part of the proof, we show that for a countable recursively saturated real closed field ${\cal P}$ with residue field k, some copy of ${\cal P}$ does not compute a copy of k.
AN UPPER BOUND FOR THE NUMBER OF DIOPHANTINE QUINTUPLES
Authors: BLIZNAC MARIJA , FILIPIN ALAN
Published: August 2016

We improve the known upper bound for the number of Diophantine$D(4)$-quintuples by using the most recent methods that were developed in the$D(1)$case. More precisely, we prove that there are at most$6.8587\times 10^{29}$$D(4)$-quintuples.
THE STRONG IRREDUCIBILITY OF A CLASS OF COWEN–DOUGLAS OPERATORS ON BANACH SPACES
Authors: LIN LIQIONG , ZHANG YUNNAN
Published: August 2016

Let ${\mathcal{B}}_{n}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA})$ be the set of Cowen–Douglas operators of index $n$ on a nonempty bounded connected open subset $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}$ of $\mathbb{C}$. We consider the strong irreducibility of a class of Cowen–Douglas operators ${\mathcal{F}}{\mathcal{B}}_{n}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA})$ on Banach spaces. We show ${\mathcal{F}}{\mathcal{B}}_{n}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA})\subseteq {\mathcal{B}}_{n}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA})$ and give some conditions under which an operator $T\in {\mathcal{F}}{\mathcal{B}}_{n}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA})$ is strongly irreducible. All these results generalise similar results on Hilbert spaces.
PINDAR'S CELEDONES (PAEAN 8.68–79): A NOTE
Authors: Skempis Marios
Published: August 2016

Pindar's Celedones have raised much controversy over the years. Their identity still remains uncertain, although there have been many attempts from scholars to specify whether the term refers to mythical creatures comparable to the Sirens of Homer or to elaborate life-like statues adorning the gable of a long-lost Delphic temple. In this paper, I wish to argue for a metaphorical reading of the Celedones in Pindar's Paean 8 that resides in the poetic (re-)signification of proper names and how they are put into narrative(s). Drawing intratextual evidence from Olympian 1 and intertextual evidence from early Greek epic, I contend that the Celedones, richly semanticized as they are, become the means by which Pindar deals with the rigours of the song-making process, as he strives to introduce an ambivalent take on the choral praise of Apollo at Delphi, one that rests on the paradox of song exquisiteness and its negative consequences.
Structural features of condensed tannins affectin vitroruminal methane production and fermentation characteristics
Authors: HUYEN N. T. , FRYGANAS C. , UITTENBOGAARD G. , MUELLER-HARVEY I. , VERSTEGEN M. W. A. , HENDRIKS W. H. , PELLIKAAN W. F.
Published: August 2016

Anin vitrostudy was conducted to investigate the effects of condensed tannin (CT) structural properties, i.e. average polymer size (or mean degree of polymerization), percentage ofcisflavan-3-ols and percentage of prodelphinidins in CT extracts on methane (CH4) production and fermentation characteristics. Condensed tannins were extracted from eight plants in order to obtain different CT types: blackcurrant leaves, goat willow leaves, goat willow twigs, pine bark, redcurrant leaves, sainfoin plants, weeping willow catkins and white clover flowers. They were analysed for CT content and CT composition by thiolytic degradation, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Grass silage was used as a control substrate. Condensed tannins were added to the substrate at a concentration of 40 g/kg, with or without polyethylene glycol (+ or −PEG 6000 treatment) to inactivate tannins, then incubated for 72 h in mixed buffered rumen fluid from three different lactating dairy cows per run. Total cumulative gas production (GP) was measured by an automated GP system. During the incubation, 12 gas samples (10µl) were collected from each bottle headspace at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 56 and 72 h of incubation and analysed for CH4. A modified Michaelis-Menten model was fitted to the CH4concentration patterns and model estimates were used to calculate total cumulative CH4production (GPCH4). Total cumulative GP and GPCH4curves were fitted using biphasic and monophasic modified Michaelis-Menten models, respectively. Addition of PEG increased GP, GPCH4, and CH4concentration compared with the −PEG treatment. All CT types reduced GPCH4and CH4concentration. All CT increased the half time of GP and GPCH4. Moreover, all CT decreased the maximum rate of fermentation for GPCH4and rate of substrate degradation. The correlation between CT structure and GPCH4and fermentation characteristics showed that the proportion of prodelphinidins within CT had the largest effect on fermentation characteristics, followed by average polymer size and percentage ofcisflavan-3-ols.
Storing free magnetic energy in the solar corona
Authors: Vekstein G.
Published: August 2016

This article presents a mini-tutorial aimed at a wide readership not familiar with the field of solar plasma physics. The exposition is centred around the issue of excess/free magnetic energy stored in the solar corona. A general consideration is followed with a particular example of coronal magnetic arcade, where free magnetic energy builds up by photospheric convective flows. In the context of solar physics the major task is to explain how this free energy can be released quickly enough to match what is observed in coronal explosive events such as solar flares. Therefore, in the last section of the paper we discuss briefly a possible role of magnetic reconnection in these processes. This is done in quite simple qualitative physical terms, so that an interested reader can follow it up in more detail with help of the provided references.
Can host density attenuate parasitism?
Authors: Magalhães L. , Freitas R. , Dairain A. , De Montaudouin X.
Published: August 2016

Bivalve populations display fluctuating densities resulting in different interactions among them and with their environment. Using the edible cockle (Cerastoderma edule) as a model, we investigated two alternative hypotheses concerning the effect of density on individual infection intensity by trematode parasites. Considering that these parasites infect cockles through filtration activity, our first hypothesis was that high host density will have a dilution effect so that infection intensity decreases with host density. Conversely, high cockle density could attract other hosts used by these trematode parasites to complete their life cycle. A 17-year monthly survey of a cockle population in Arcachon Bay, France, showed a negative correlation between the cockle density and the abundance of parasite larvae in juvenile cockles with a significant threshold when adult cockle density reached 400 ind. m−2. This result was confirmed for the four dominating trematode parasites, independently considered. Additionally, a field experiment was performed during 9 months, with cockles maintained in enclosures with two densities (200 and 800 ind. m−2). Individual cockle mean infection was 1.5 times higher at low cockle density, mainly due to one dominant trematode species (Parvatrema minutum). In conclusion and confirming the first advanced hypothesis, for certain environments, negative consequences of bivalve intraspecific competition at high density can be mitigated by lower parasite pressure.
The impact of fatty acid desaturase genotype on fatty acid status and cardiovascular health in adults
Authors: O'Neill Colette M. , Minihane Anne-Marie
Published: August 2016

The aim of this review was to determine the impact of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype on plasma and tissue concentrations of the long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA, including EPA and DHA, which are associated with the risk of several diet-related chronic diseases, including CVD. In addition to dietary intakes, which are low for many individuals, tissue EPA and DHA are also influenced by the rate of bioconversion from α-linolenic acid (αLNA). Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturase enzymes, encoded for by FADS1 and FADS2 genes, are key desaturation enzymes involved in the bioconversion of essential fatty acids (αLNA and linoleic acid (LA)) to longer chained PUFA. In general, carriers of FADS minor alleles tend to have higher habitual plasma and tissue levels of LA and αLNA, and lower levels of arachidonic acid, EPA and also to a lesser extent DHA. In conclusion, available research findings suggest that FADS minor alleles are also associated with reduced inflammation and CVD risk, and that dietary total fat and fatty acid intake have the potential to modify relationships between FADS gene variants and circulating fatty acid levels. However to date, neither the size-effects of FADS variants on fatty acid status, nor the functional SNP in FADS1 and 2 have been identified. Such information could contribute to the refinement and targeting of EPA and DHA recommendations, whereby additional LC n-3 PUFA intakes could be recommended for those carrying FADS minor alleles.
Ambiguity, Iconology and Entangled Objects on Coinage of the Republican World
Authors: Rowan Clare
Published: August 2016

The provincial coinage of the Roman Empire has proven to be a rich source for studying civic experiences of Roman rule, but the coins struck outside Rome during the expansion of the Roman Republic have, by contrast, received relatively little attention. This article aims to begin redressing this neglect by exploring the active rôle of coinage in conceptualizing and representing Roman Republican power. A variety of approaches to this neglected material are employed in order to highlight its potential as a source. Ambiguity, iconology, and entanglement are used as frameworks to explore case studies from across the Roman Republican world, from Spain to Syria. This approach to coin imagery under the Republic reveals the complexity and variety in which the Roman presence, and Romanimperium, was represented before the advent of the Principate.
Assumptions about later-life travel and their implications: pushing people around?
Authors: HITCHINGS RUSSELL , VENN SUSAN , DAY ROSIE
Published: August 2016

Taking four assumptions in turn, this review article considers some of the lenses through which researchers might look at later-life leisure travel and the implications of adopting each of them. First, we consider the ‘active ageing’ agenda and what this means for how leisure travel may be thought about in academia and beyond. Second, we turn to studies underpinned by worries about the appetite for significant consumption thought to typify the ‘baby-boomer’ generation and question whether these studies could inadvertently be promoting the very future they hope to avoid. Third, we explore how research on the benefits of everyday ‘mobility’ in later life may have morphed into a more general belief about the value of travel in older age. Finally, we reflect on how relevant studies of tourism are often underpinned by an argument about the financial rewards that now await those ready to target the older traveller. Our overall contention is that, though for different reasons, all four could be serving to encourage more later-life travel. Whilst for some this prospect is not at all troubling, the spectre of adverse energy demand consequences leads us to explore a more critical view.
A Reconsideration of the Harsanyi–Sen–Weymark Debate on Utilitarianism
Authors: GREAVES HILARY
Published: August 2016

Harsanyi claimed that his Aggregation and Impartial Observer Theorems provide a justification for utilitarianism. This claim has been strongly resisted, notably by Sen and Weymark, who argue that while Harsanyi has perhaps shown that overall good is a linear sum of individuals’ von Neumann–Morgenstern utilities, he has done nothing to establish any connection between the notion of von Neumann–Morgenstern utility and that of well-being, and hence that utilitarianism does not follow.

The present article defends Harsanyi against the Sen–Weymark critique. I argue that, far from being a term with precise and independent quantitative content whose relationship to von Neumann–Morgenstern utility is then a substantive question, terms such as ‘well-being’ suffer (or suffered) from indeterminacy regarding precisely which quantity they refer to. If so, then (on the issue that this article focuses on) Harsanyi has gone as far towards defending ‘utilitarianism in the original sense’ as could coherently be asked.
Germination and persistence in soil of the dimorphic diaspores of Atriplex centralasiatica
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wang Yan Rong , Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. , Luo Kai , Hu Xiao Wen
Published: August 2016

The fruit plus accessory parts, and thus not only the fruit or seed, is the diaspore in some species of flowering plants. Atriplex centralasiatica, a summer annual salt-secreting cold-desert halophyte of central Asia that produces flat and humped diaspores, is such a species. The dispersal/germination units of this diaspore-heteromorphic species are fruits enclosed in persistent ‘bracteoles’. Germination of black and brown fruits (i.e. ‘bracteoles’ removed) of this species has been studied in some detail previously, but little attention has been given to the germination biology of the intact diaspores. The aim of this study was to compare the germination biology of the intact diaspores of A. centralasiatica, and their fates in the field during 12 months on the soil surface and buried at 5-cm depth. Fresh flat diaspores germinated to 42.7–51.3% in light (12-h photoperiod) and to 16.0–59.3% in constant dark, over a temperature range of 15–20/30°C, while no freshly matured humped diaspores did so under any temperature/light regime. Neither gibberellin (GA3) nor potassium nitrate (KNO3) had an effect on germination of either diaspore. Both diaspores readily imbibed water, and removal of ‘bracteoles’ released most of the dormancy. Thus, the ‘bracteoles’ are primarily responsible for diaspore dormancy in A. centralasiatica. Humped diaspores persisted for a longer period in the soil than flat ones. The germination requirements of intact natural dispersal/germination units of A. centralasiatica differ from those previously reported for fruits of this species.
Judicious Partitioning of Hypergraphs with Edges of Size at Most 2
Authors: HOU JIANFENG , ZENG QINGHOU
Published: August 2016

Judicious partitioning problems on graphs and hypergraphs ask for partitions that optimize several quantities simultaneously. Let k ≥ 2 be an integer and let G be a hypergraph with mi edges of size i for i=1,2. Bollobás and Scott conjectured that G has a partition into k classes, each of which contains at most $m_1/k+m_2/k^2+O(\sqrt{m_1+m_2})$ edges. In this paper, we confirm the conjecture affirmatively by showing that G has a partition into k classes, each of which contains at most
$$m_1/k+m_2/k^2+\ffrac{k-1}{2k^2}\sqrt{2(km_1+m_2)}+O(1)$$.
edges. This bound is tight up to O(1).
Suburban growth in Adelaide, South Australia, 1850–1930: speculation and economic opportunity
Authors: MCGREEVY MICHAEL
Published: August 2016

Suburbs are significant to any understanding of Australian urbanization as they have been the dominant organizational element in the morphology of metropolitan areas. A case-study of suburban growth in Adelaide, South Australia, in the period from 1850 to 1930 suggests that dominant accounts of Australian suburbs of the era, as places of tranquillity, leisure, home and family, whose growth was driven by aspiration and social mobility, are largely illusory. Suburban growth was instead driven by speculation and economic opportunity. Accounts of commercial, recreational and industrial activity in Adelaide's suburban municipalities of the time suggests economically and socially diverse communities. Whereas the desire for the quarter or half acre block in the suburbs was most often due to its productive potential rather than bourgeois aspirations for seclusion and semi-rural tranquillity.
Phantoms of modernity: the 1894 anarchist furor in the making of modern Guatemala City
Authors: KIRKPATRICK MICHAEL D.
Published: August 2016

Following a spate of anarchist bombings and assassinations in Europe, thegente decenteof Guatemala City began to describe local events using the language of anarchism. The 1894 anarchist furor spoke to two tendencies that had shaped Guatemala City since the 1870s. The first was the cosmopolitan desire of thegente decente. Facilitated by cosmopolitan bridge figures, trends and fashions from Europe and especially Paris shaped the cultural lexicon of Guatemala City's elite. Secondly, the anarchist furor reflected the misgivings of thegente decentetoward urban disorder and malcontents as they conflated anarchism and anarchy.
MOZART, KIRNBERGER AND THE IDEA OF MUSICAL PURITY: REVISITING TWO SKETCHES FROM 1782
Authors: RATHEY MARKUS
Published: August 2016

When Beethoven praised Mozart'sDie Zauberflöte, he emphasized the multitude of musical styles and genres to be found in the opera, ranging from folk tunes to arias to hymn-like textures. The most extraordinary stylistic and generic allusions occur during the ‘Song of the Armoured Men’ in Act 2. This movement owes its extraordinary character to a ‘baroque’ accompaniment and a Lutheran-hymn quotation, the source and meaning of which continue to be discussed in Mozart research. While scholars have often suggested that Mozart took the hymn melody from Johann Philipp Kirnberger'sDie Kunst des reinen Satzes in der Musik(where it is quoted without its text), Reinhold Hammerstein argues that because the composer also appears to have known the hymn's text, he must have encountered the melody elsewhere. This article, based on a study of Mozart's sketches forDie Zauberflöteand a close reading of Kirnberger's writings, supports the thesis that Mozart borrowed the hymn melody – and significant details of his setting of it in the ‘Song of the Armoured Men’ – fromDie Kunst des reinen Satzes in der Musik.
ON THE VENUES FOR AND DECLINE OF THEACCADEMIESAT ESZTERHÁZA IN HAYDN'S TIME
Authors: MALINA JÁNOS
Published: August 2016

This article examines various eighteenth-century sources to determine whether they confirm the present practice of calling a first-floor hall of the Fertőd (Eszterháza) palace the ‘music room’. While the answer is essentially negative, we learn that the neighbouring ceremonial hall was used by Empress Maria Theresia for a banquet with some music-making in 1773, and that two more spaces on the ground floor served regularly as the ‘summer music halls’. So where did the ‘real’, quality concerts take place? A whole body of documentary evidence clearly shows that theaccademiestook place in the opera house orGrosses Theater. Much of this evidence refers to the first opera house, which burnt down in 1779. The practice apparently continued in the new, bigger 1781 opera house, but by then the number of concerts would have been reduced substantially, owing to the Prince's growing addiction to opera. A survey of Haydn's last symphonies and concertos composed for domestic use confirms that regular concerts could not have taken place later than 1783 or, possibly, 1784. However, a long-neglected remark in a contemporary witness report provides direct proof of the inclusion of symphonies in the course of opera performances.
Which Greenhouse Gas Does the Most Damage to Crops?
Authors: Branscombe Alexandra
Published: August 2016

Models showed that approximately 93% of crop losses over the rest of the century could be caused by non–carbon dioxide emissions, the most damaging of these being methane.
Role of MyD88 in adenovirus keratitis
Authors: Zhou Xiaohong , Ramke Mirja , Chintakuntlawar Ashish V , Lee Jeong Yoon , Rajaiya Jaya , Chodosh James
Published: August 2016

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are critical to the early detection and innate immune responses to pathogens. In particular, the toll‐like receptor (TLR) system and its associated adaptor proteins have essential roles in early host responses to infection. Epidemic keratoconjunctivitis, caused by the human adenovirus, is a severe ocular surface infection associated with corneal inflammation (stromal keratitis). We previously showed that adenovirus capsid was a key molecular pattern in adenovirus keratitis, with viral DNA having a lesser role. We have now investigated the role of the adaptor molecule MyD88 in a mouse model of adenovirus keratitis in which there is no viral replication. In MyD88−/− mice infected with human adenovirus type 37, clinical keratitis was markedly reduced, along with infiltration of CD45+ cells, and expression of inflammatory cytokines. Reduction of inflammatory cytokines was also observed in infected primary human corneal fibroblasts pretreated with a MyD88 inhibitory peptide. Keratitis similar to wild type mice was observed in TLR2, TLR9 and IL‐1R knockout mice, but was reduced in TLR2/9 double knockout mice, consistent with synergy of TLR2 and TLR9 in the response to adenovirus infection. MyD88 co‐immunoprecipitated with Src kinase in mice corneas and in human corneal fibroblasts infected with adenovirus, and MyD88 inhibitory peptide reduced Src phosphorylation, linking MyD88 activation to inflammatory gene expression through a signaling cascade previously shown to be directed by Src. Our findings reveal a critical role for the PRRs TLR2 and 9, and their adaptor protein MyD88, in corneal inflammation upon adenovirus infection.
Multiparametric imaging with heterogeneous radiofrequency fields
Authors: Cloos Martijn A. , Knoll Florian , Zhao Tiejun , Block Kai T. , Bruno Mary , Wiggins Graham C. , Sodickson Daniel K.
Published: August 2016

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an unrivalled medical diagnostic technique able to map tissue anatomy and physiology non-invasively. MRI measurements are meticulously engineered to control experimental conditions across the sample. However, residual radiofrequency (RF) field inhomogeneities are often unavoidable, leading to artefacts that degrade the diagnostic and scientific value of the images. Here we show that, paradoxically, these artefacts can be eliminated by deliberately interweaving freely varying heterogeneous RF fields into a magnetic resonance fingerprinting data-acquisition process. Observations made based on simulations are experimentally confirmed at 7 Tesla (T), and the clinical implications of this new paradigm are illustrated with in vivo measurements near an orthopaedic implant at 3T. These results show that it is possible to perform quantitative multiparametric imaging with heterogeneous RF fields, and to liberate MRI from the traditional struggle for control over the RF field uniformity.
Impacts of neonicotinoid use on long-term population changes in wild bees in England
Authors: Woodcock Ben A. , Isaac Nicholas J. B. , Bullock James M. , Roy David B. , Garthwaite David G. , Crowe Andrew , Pywell Richard F.
Published: August 2016

Wild bee declines have been ascribed in part to neonicotinoid insecticides. While short-term laboratory studies on commercially bred species (principally honeybees and bumblebees) have identified sub-lethal effects, there is no strong evidence linking these insecticides to losses of the majority of wild bee species. We relate 18 years of UK national wild bee distribution data for 62 species to amounts of neonicotinoid use in oilseed rape. Using a multi-species dynamic Bayesian occupancy analysis, we find evidence of increased population extinction rates in response to neonicotinoid seed treatment use on oilseed rape. Species foraging on oilseed rape benefit from the cover of this crop, but were on average three times more negatively affected by exposure to neonicotinoids than non-crop foragers. Our results suggest that sub-lethal effects of neonicotinoids could scale up to cause losses of bee biodiversity. Restrictions on neonicotinoid use may reduce population declines.
Correction: Corrigendum: Long-lived antigen-induced IgM plasma cells demonstrate somatic mutations and contribute to long-term protection
Authors: Bohannon Caitlin , Powers Ryan , Satyabhama Lakshmipriyadarshini , Cui Ang , Tipton Christopher , Michaeli Miri , Skountzou Ioanna , Mittler Robert S. , Kleinstein Steven H. , Mehr Ramit , Lee Frances Eun-Hyung , Sanz Ignacio , Jacob Joshy
Published: August 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 11826 (2016); Published: 7 June 2016; Updated: 16 August 2016 The original version of this Article contained an error in the spelling of the author Frances Eun-Hyung Lee that was incorrectly given as Francis Eun-Hyung Lee. This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Left extrastriate body area is sensitive to the meaning of symbolic gesture: evidence from fMRI repetition suppression
Authors: Kubiak Agnieszka , Króliczak Gregory
Published: August 2016

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) adaptation (a.k.a. repetition suppression) paradigm was used to test if semantic information contained in object-related (transitive) pantomimes and communicative (intransitive) gestures is represented differently in the occipito-temporal cortex. Participants watched 2.75 s back-to-back videos where the meaning of gesture was either repeated or changed. The just observed (typically second) gesture was then imitated. To maintain participants’ attention, some trials contained a single video. fMRI adaptation –signal decreases– for watching both movement categories were observed particularly in the lateral occipital cortex, including the extrastriate body area (EBA). Yet, intransitive (vs. transitive) gesture specific repetition suppression was found mainly in the left rostral EBA and caudal middle temporal gyrus- the rEBA/cMTG complex. Repetition enhancement (signal increase) was revealed in the precuneus. While the whole brain and region-of-interest analyses indicate that the precuneus is involved only in visuospatial action processing for later imitation, the common EBA repetition suppression discloses sensitivity to the meaning of symbolic gesture, namely the “semantic what” of actions. Moreover, the rEBA/cMTG suppression reveals greater selectivity for conventionalized communicative gesture. Thus, fMRI adaptation shows higher-order functions of EBA, its role in the semantic network and indicates that its functional repertoire is wider than previously thought.
A Chemiluminescent Protein Microarray Method for Determining the Seroglycoid Fucosylation Index
Authors: Zhang Aiying , Skog Sven , Wang Shengqi , Ke Yang , Zhang Yonghong , Li Kang , He Ellen , Li Ning
Published: August 2016

The Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of AFP (AFP-L3) is widely used to screen for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Japan and China. We developed a chemiluminescent protein microarray for determining the AFP-L3/AFP index (the ratio of AFP-L3 to total AFP, AFP-L3%) by fixing AFP-specific antibodies and Lens culinaris lectin on aldehyde-coated glass slides. Serum samples were tested for AFP using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to validate the microarray. AFP-L3 was detected using Hotgen Biotech glycosyl capture spin column pretreatment technology and ELISA. When the AFP cut-off value was set to 20 ng/ml, the protein microarray displayed 89.74% sensitivity and 100% specificity for HCC diagnosis, and the ELISA displayed 87.17% sensitivity and 100% specificity. When the AFP-L3% cut-off value was set to 0.1, the protein microarray displayed 56.41% sensitivity and 100% specificity for HCC diagnosis, and the ELISA displayed 53.84% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The ROC curve for the HCC diagnosis showed that the AFP area under the ROC curve (AUC = 0.996; 95% CI: 0.986–1.005) was much higher than that of AFP-L3 (AUC = 0.857; 95% CI: 0.769–0.94) and AFP-L3% (AUC = 0.827; CI: 0.730–0.924). The microarray assay used in this study is a highly sensitive, accurate, and efficient assay for the determination of the AFP-L3%.
Ribonuclease 5 facilitates corneal endothelial wound healing via activation of PI3-kinase/Akt pathway
Authors: Kim Kyoung Woo , Park Soo Hyun , Lee Soo Jin , Kim Jae Chan
Published: August 2016

To maintain corneal transparency, corneal endothelial cells (CECs) exert a pump function against aqueous inflow. However, human CECs are arrested in the G1-phase and non-proliferative in vivo. Thus, treatment of corneal endothelial decompensation is limited to corneal transplantation, and grafts are vulnerable to immune rejection. Here, we show that ribonuclease (RNase) 5 is more highly expressed in normal human CECs compared to decompensated tissues. Furthermore, RNase 5 up-regulated survival of CECs and accelerated corneal endothelial wound healing in an in vitro wound of human CECs and an in vivo cryo-damaged rabbit model. RNase 5 treatment rapidly induced accumulation of cytoplasmic RNase 5 into the nucleus, and activated PI3-kinase/Akt pathway in human CECs. Moreover, inhibition of nuclear translocation of RNase 5 using neomycin reversed RNase 5-induced Akt activation. As a potential strategy for proliferation enhancement, RNase 5 increased the population of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-incorporated proliferating CECs with concomitant PI3-kinase/Akt activation, especially in CECs deprived of contact-inhibition. Specifically, RNase 5 suppressed p27 and up-regulated cyclin D1, D3, and E by activating PI3-kinase/Akt in CECs to initiate cell cycle progression. Together, our data indicate that RNase 5 facilitates corneal endothelial wound healing, and identify RNase 5 as a novel target for therapeutic exploitation.
Insulin receptor alternative splicing is regulated by insulin signaling and modulates beta cell survival
Authors: Malakar Pushkar , Chartarifsky Lital , Hija Ayat , Leibowitz Gil , Glaser Benjamin , Dor Yuval , Karni Rotem
Published: August 2016

Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) affects more than 300 million people worldwide. One of the hallmarks of T2DM is peripheral insulin resistance, in part due to unproductive insulin signaling through the insulin receptor. The insulin receptor (INSR) exists as two isoforms, INSR-A and INSR-B, which results from skipping or inclusion of exon 11 respectively. What determines the relative abundance of the different insulin receptor splice variants is unknown. Moreover, it is not yet clear what the physiological roles of each of the isoforms are in normal and diseased beta cells. In this study, we show that insulin induces INSR exon 11 inclusion in pancreatic beta cells in both human and mouse. This occurs through activation of the Ras-MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and up-regulation of the splicing factor SRSF1. Induction of exon 11 skipping by a splice-site competitive antisense oligonucleotide inhibited the MAPK-ERK signaling pathway downstream of the insulin receptor, sensitizing the pancreatic β-cell line MIN6 to stress-induced apoptosis and lipotoxicity. These results assign to insulin a regulatory role in INSR alternative splicing through the Ras-MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. We suggest that in beta cells, INSR-B has a protective role, while INSR-A expression sensitizes beta cells to programmed cell death.
iFish: predicting the pathogenicity of human nonsynonymous variants using gene-specific/family-specific attributes and classifiers
Authors: Wang Meng , Wei Liping
Published: August 2016

Accurate prediction of the pathogenicity of genomic variants, especially nonsynonymous single nucleotide variants (nsSNVs), is essential in biomedical research and clinical genetics. Most current prediction methods build a generic classifier for all genes. However, different genes and gene families have different features. We investigated whether gene-specific and family-specific customized classifiers could improve prediction accuracy. Customized gene-specific and family-specific attributes were selected with AIC, BIC, and LASSO, and Support Vector Machine classifiers were generated for 254 genes and 152 gene families, covering a total of 5,985 genes. Our results showed that the customized attributes reflected key features of the genes and gene families, and the customized classifiers achieved higher prediction accuracy than the generic classifier. The customized classifiers and the generic classifier for other genes and families were integrated into a new tool named iFish (integrated Functional inference of SNVs in human, http://ifish.cbi.pku.edu.cn). iFish outperformed other methods on benchmark datasets as well as on prioritization of candidate causal variants from whole exome sequencing. iFish provides a user-friendly web-based interface and supports other functionalities such as integration of genetic evidence. iFish would facilitate high-throughput evaluation and prioritization of nsSNVs in human genetics research.
Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients
Authors: Yue Weihua , Cheng Weiqiu , Liu Zhaorui , Tang Yi , Lu Tianlan , Zhang Dai , Tang Muni , Huang Yueqin
Published: August 2016

Literatures have suggested that not only genetic but also environmental factors, interactively accounted for susceptibility of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). DNA methylation may regulate expression of genes as the heritable epigenetic modification. The examination for genome-wide DNA methylation was performed on blood samples from 65 patients with OCD, as well as 96 healthy control subjects. The DNA methylation was examined at over 485,000 CpG sites using the Illumina Infinium Human Methylation450 BeadChip. As a result, 8,417 probes corresponding to 2,190 unique genes were found to be differentially methylated between OCD and healthy control subjects. Of those genes, 4,013 loci were located in CpG islands and 2,478 were in promoter regions. These includedBCYRN1, BCOR, FGF13, HLA-DRB1, ARX, etc., which have previously been reported to be associated with OCD. Pathway analyses indicated that regulation of actin cytoskeleton, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), actin binding, transcription regulator activity and other pathways might be further associated with risk of OCD. Unsupervised clustering analysis of the top 3,000 most variable probes revealed two distinct groups with significantly more people with OCD in cluster one compared with controls (67.74% of casesv.s.27.13% of controls, Chi-square = 26.011,df = 1,P = 3.41E-07). These results strongly suggested that differential DNA methylation might play an important role in etiology of OCD.
Out-of-Plane Coordinated Porphyrin Nanotubes with Enhanced Singlet Oxygen Generation Efficiency
Authors: Zhao Qiang , Wang Yao , Xu Yanshuang , Yan Yun , Huang Jianbin
Published: August 2016

A supramolecular porphyrin nanotube displaying J-aggregation feature was constructed by out-of-plane coordinated bismuth-porphyrin. Significantly, compared to traditional J-aggregated porphyrin suffering from fluorescence and singlet oxygen quenching, the nanotube exhibits excellent bio-imaging ability and enhanced production efficiency of singlet oxygen. The out-of-plane structure of bismuth to porphyrin makes the aggregation an appropriate material for theranostics. Furthermore, it is also a potential radio-therapeutic drug owing to the presence of radio-active bismuth. Thus, the self-assembly of out-of-plane coordinated porphyrin can be a facile approach toward effective therapy of tumors and other diseases.