bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Análise da ortografia de alunos do 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental a partir de ditado de palavras
Authors: Santos Maria Thereza Mazorra dos , Befi-Lopes Debora Maria
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a ortografia de alunos de escolas públicas e particulares e apresentar ferramenta de ditado de palavras de fácil aplicação para o contexto clínico e educacional. MÉTODOS: Participaram deste estudo 82 alunos de 4º ano do Ensino Fundamental da Grande São Paulo, de 9 a 10 anos. O ditado consistiu de dez palavras de alta frequência (PAF), dez de baixa frequência (PBF) e dez pseudopalavras (PP), a partir do qual se analisou a tipologia e o número de erros ortográficos. Foi realizada análise estatística dos resultados e para comparar os números médios de erros entre as PAF, PBF e PP, utilizou-se a Análise de Variância e o método de comparações múltiplas de Tukey (p<0,05). Pela técnica de Análise de Agrupamentos formou-se grupos homogêneos de acordo com seu desempenho. RESULTADOS: As análises Indicaram que o número médio de erros nas PBF é maior que nas PAF (p=0,000) e que nas PP (p=0,000); o número de erros nas PAF é menor que nas PP (p=0,009). Maior número de erros ocorreu nos tipos "Outros", "Generalização de Regra", "Omissão", "Surdas-Sonoras" e "Acréscimo". Não houve erros do tipo "Ão-Am" em nenhuma das palavras e de "Junção-Separação" nas PAF. CONCLUSÃO: Erros fazem parte do processo de aprendizagem da escrita. Os alunos podem apresentar alguma variabilidade no domínio da ortografia, para tanto devem ser estimulados a analisar palavras em seus aspectos fonológicos, morfológicos e semânticos. A análise a partir dos tipos de erros não é suficiente para pensar a intervenção. É necessário que se compreenda as estratégias que a criança utiliza para escrever.
Análise comparativa do desempenho em leitura e escrita de crianças expostas e não expostas a níveis elevados de pressão sonora
Authors: Santos Juliana Feitosa dos , Souza Ana Paula Ramos de , Seligman Lilian
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: analisar as possíveis relações entre níveis de pressão sonora elevados em sala de aula e o desempenho no uso das rotas lexical e fonológica na leitura e escrita. MÉTODOS: estudo quantitativo e exploratório. Medições acústicas por meio de dosímetro; inspeção visual do conduto auditivo externo; audiometria tonal e vocal; imitanciometria; instrumento de leitura e escrita de palavras isoladas. Foram utilizados o teste não paramétrico do χ² e teste exato de Fisher para análise de dados. Com base nos resultados das mensurações acústicas em quatro escolas de Santa Maria, foi possível dividir a amostra de 87 crianças do 3º e 4º anos do ensino fundamental, na faixa etária de 8 a 10 anos, em 2 grupos. O 1º grupo foi composto de crianças expostas a intensidades de som superior a níveis de 80 dB(A) (Grupo estudo) e o 2º grupo, com crianças expostas a níveis menores que 80 dB(A) (Grupo controle). RESULTADOS: maior prevalência de acertos nas pseudopalavras na leitura e escrita; na leitura de palavras irregulares e efeito de frequência; predomínio de acertos nas palavras irregulares na escrita para o Grupo controle. Para o Grupo estudo, maior número de erros de tipo neologismo na leitura e escrita, principalmente na escrita de pseudopalavras e efeito de extensão; menor número de erros de tipo lexicalização e paragrafias verbais na escrita. CONCLUSÃO: na avaliação das habilidades de leitura e escrita, considerando-se as rotas fonológica e lexical, as crianças do Grupo estudo, expostas a altos níveis de ruído, obtiveram pior desempenho no uso das rotas, tanto na leitura quanto na escrita.
Disfonia como principal queixa num quadro de miastenia grave: diagnóstico e fonoterapia
Authors: Nemr Nair Kátia , Simões-Zenari Marcia , Ferreira Tainá Soares , Fernandes Heloisa Regina , Mansur Letícia Lessa
Published: July 2013

Miastenia grave é uma doença autoimune que se manifesta por fraqueza e fadiga muscular progressivas. São frequentes os sintomas oculares e bulbares, dentre eles, a disfonia. Este artigo relata um caso de disfonia, cuja avaliação fonoaudiológica contribuiu com o diagnóstico de miastenia grave e seu tratamento. A paciente em questão procurou o atendimento fonoaudiológico com diagnóstico otorrinolaringológico de presbifonia. A avaliação perceptivo-auditiva e acústica da voz identificou alterações em respiração, fonte glótica e filtro/ressonância. Como alguns dados obtidos com a anamnese e observados nas provas vocais não se relacionavam diretamente com a presença de presbifonia, houve a necessidade de discussão do caso com o médico, quando ambos concluíram a necessidade de encaminhar a paciente para avaliação neurológica. O neurologista consultado levantou a hipótese diagnóstica de miastenia grave e solicitou exames. A paciente seguiu em acompanhamento fonoaudiológico e medicamentoso. Na reavaliação vocal, ocorrida cerca de dois meses após o início do tratamento, foi constatada melhora na qualidade vocal, com grande impacto na qualidade de vida. Este trabalho evidencia a importância da avaliação fonoaudiológica detalhada e da participação do fonoaudiólogo na equipe interdisciplinar.
White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) positively affect the growth of mature northern red oak (Quercus rubra) trees
Authors: Lucas Richard W. , Salguero-Gómez Roberto , Cobb David B. , Waring Bonnie G. , Anderson Frank , McShea William J. , Casper Brenda B.
Published: July 2013

Understanding and predicting the effects of deer (Cervidae) on forest ecosystems present significant challenges in ecosystem ecology. Deer herbivory can cause large changes in the biomass and species composition of forest understory plant communities, including early life‐cycle trees (i.e., seedlings and saplings). Such changes can impact juvenile to adult transitions and the future age structure and species composition of mature forests. Changes to understory vegetation also impact flow of energy and nutrients in forest ecosystems. Studies examining the influence of deer on mature trees, however, are rare and rely on extrapolating effects from early life cycle stages of trees. We tested the hypothesis that the absence of deer would result in an increase in the growth rate of mature trees by examining the impact of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on mature canopy trees. We examined incremental growth in individuals of Quercus rubra, an important component of temperate deciduous forests in North America, inside and outside 16‐year deer exclosures in eastern U.S. deciduous forests. We found that adult trees inside exclosures grew less than those directly exposed to deer. Our findings highlight the indirect effects of white‐tailed deer on the growth of adult individuals of Q. rubra in a way opposite of what would be expected from previous studies based on immature or understory tree populations. We suggest the increased growth of adult trees in the presence of deer may be explained by increased nutrient inputs through deer fecal and urine deposits and the alteration of the competitive environment belowground through the reduction of understory vegetation by browsing. Underscoring the ecological and demographic importance of adult trees in forest ecosystems, results from this study suggest the direct and indirect effects of deer on mature trees should not be overlooked.
Simulating Nitrate Drainage Losses from a Walnut Creek Watershed Field
Authors: Bakhsh A. , Hatfield J. L. , Kanwar R. S. , Ma L. , Ahuja L. R.
Published: July 2013

This study was designed to evaluate the improved version of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) using 6 yr (1992–1997) of field‐measured data from a field within Walnut Creek watershed located in central Iowa. Measured data included subsurface drainage flows, NO3–N concentrations and loads in subsurface drainage water, and corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields. The dominant soil within this field was Webster (fine‐loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Endoaquolls) and cropping system was corn–soybean rotation. The model was calibrated with 1992 data and was validated with 1993 to 1997 data. Simulations of subsurface drainage flow closely matched observed data showing model efficiency of 99% (EF = 0.99), and difference (D) of 1% between measured and predicted data. The model simulated NO3–N losses with subsurface drainage water reasonably well with EF = 0.8 and D = 13%. The simulated corn grain yields were in close agreement with measured data with D < 10%. Nitrogen‐scenario simulations demonstrated that corn yield response function reached a plateau when N‐application rate exceeded 90 kg ha−1 Fraction of applied N lost with subsurface drainage water varied from 7 to 16% when N‐application rate varied from 30 to 180 kg ha−1 after accounting for the nitrate loss with no‐fertilizer application. These results indicate that the RZWQM has the potential to simulate the impact of N application rates on corn yields and NO3–N losses with subsurface drainage flows for agricultural fields in central Iowa.
Assessment of a δ15N Isotopic Method to Indicate Anthropogenic Eutrophication in Aquatic Ecosystems
Authors: Cole Marci L. , Valiela Ivan , Kroeger Kevin D. , Tomasky Gabrielle L. , Cebrian Just , Wigand Cathleen , McKinney Richard A. , Grady Sara P. , Carvalho da Silva Maria Helena
Published: July 2013

Increased anthropogenic delivery of nutrients to water bodies, both freshwater and estuarine, has caused detrimental changes in habitat, food web structure, and nutrient cycling. Nitrogen‐stable isotopes may be suitable indicators of such increased nutrient delivery. In this study, we looked at the differences in response of macrophyte δ15N values to anthropogenic N across different taxonomic groups and geographic regions to test a stable isotopic method for detecting anthropogenic impacts. Macrophyte δ15N values increased with wastewater input and water‐column dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentration. When macrophytes were divided into macroalgae and plants, they responded similarly to increases in wastewater N, although macroalgae was a more reliable indicator of both wastewater inputs and water‐column DIN concentrations. Smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora Loisel.) δ15N increased uniformly with wastewater inputs across a geographic range. We used the relationship derived between S. alterniflora and relative wastewater load to predict wastewater loads in locations lacking quantitative land use data. The predictions matched well with known qualitative information, proving the use of a stable isotopic method for predicting wastewater input.
Dynamics of Potassium Leaching on a Hillslope Grassland Soil
Authors: Alfaro Marta A. , Gregory Peter J. , Jarvis Stephen C.
Published: July 2013

There have been only a few studies of potassium (K) losses from grassland systems, and little is known about their dynamics, especially in relation to nitrogen (N) management. A study was performed during the autumn and winter of 1999 and 2000 to understand the effects of N and drainage on the dynamics of K leaching on a hillslope grassland soil in southwestern England. Two N application rates were studied (0 and 280 kg N ha−1 yr−1), both with and without tile drainage. Treatments receiving N also received farmyard manure (FM). Higher total K losses and K concentrations in the leachates were found in the N + FM treatments (150 and 185% higher than in 0 N treatments), which were related to K additions in the FM. Drainage reduced K losses by 35% because of an increase in dry matter production and a reduction in overland and preferential flow. The pattern of change in K concentration in the leachates was associated with preferential flow at the beginning of the drainage season and with matrix flow later in winter, and was best described by a double exponential curve. Rainfall intensity and the autumn application of FM were the main determinants of K losses by leaching. The study provided new insights into the relationships between soil hydrology, rainfall, and K leaching and its implications for grassland systems.
Mathematical Modeling of Phosphorus Losses from Land Application of Hog and Cattle Manure
Authors: Grant R. F. , Amrani M. , Heaney D. J. , Wright R. , Zhang M.
Published: July 2013

Mathematical models may provide a means to estimate phosphorus (P) losses from land application of manure. Phosphorus losses typically occur during brief episodes of runoff and erosion. Models must be able to simulate P losses during these episodes by representing the basic chemical, physical, and biological processes by which these losses occur. The mathematical model ecosys combines dynamic distributed flow of solutes and nonsolutes through runoff and erosion with convective–dispersive transport of solutes, and both biologically and thermodynamically driven transformations between solutes and nonsolutes. This model was tested against P lost in runoff, erosion, and leachate measured during 90 min of controlled rainfall at 65 mm h−1 on soils from six sites at which different rates of manure had been applied over the previous 3 to 6 yr. Transport and transformation kinetics in the model enabled it to simulate changes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in runoff from >1.0 to <0.05 mg L−1 and changes of total phosphorus (TP) in sediment from 15 to 3 mg L−1 measured during controlled rainfall on soils with diverse P contents. Results from 60‐yr model runs using these kinetics with different application rates of cattle manure indicated that (i) a positive interaction exists between annual rainfall and application rate on P losses and (ii) rates greater than 30 Mg ha−1 yr−1 would cause TP concentrations in water leaving the site to rise above acceptable limits. The interaction between rainfall and rate suggests that P losses from manure application at any site should be assessed under the upper range of likely rainfall intensities.
Infiltration of Acetochlor and Two of Its Metabolites in Two Contrasting Soils
Authors: Baran Nicole , Mouvet Christophe , Dagnac Thierry , Jeannot Roger
Published: July 2013

To obtain data concerning the risk of leaching of acetochlor (2‐chloro‐2′‐methyl‐6′‐ethyl‐N‐ethoxymethyl‐acetanilide) and its major metabolites, ethanesulfonic acid (ESA) and oxanilic acid (OA), to ground water, we studied the fate of these products in two different soil types (luvisol and calcisol) under the same weather conditions. The metabolites were detected in the soils as early as 7 d after application, indicating a rapid onset of acetochlor degradation. Ethanesulfonic acid was predominant over OA in the calcisol, regardless of time or depth, whereas the ESA to OA ratio varied with both time and depth in the luvisol. The maximum depths at which they were detected were 60 to 70 and 10 to 20 cm for ESA and OA, respectively, in the luvisol, and 60 to 70 cm (maximum depth sampled) and 30 to 40 cm for ESA and OA, respectively, in the calcisol. Acetochlor was still detected in the surface layer of the two soils 344 d after its application, although the molecule was partially leached. The maximum depths at which acetochlor was detected (60–70 cm in the luvisol and 50–60 cm [maximum depth sampled] in the calcisol) were recorded during the first sampling 7 d after application. Acetochlor was not detected on later dates below the 30‐ to 40‐cm layer in the calcisol or the 5‐ to 10‐cm layer in the luvisol. The greater preferential flow in the luvisol, which would have favored leaching, might partially explain why the mass balances done 7 d after application were lower in the luvisol (approximately 26%) than in the calcisol (approximately 45%).
Formation of π–π Complexes between Phenanthrene and Model π‐Acceptor Humic Subunits
Authors: Wijnja Hotze , Pignatello Joseph J. , Malekani Kalumbu
Published: July 2013

π–π Interactions may play a role in association of aromatic compounds with natural organic substances. Complexation in aqueous solvents was studied between the π donor, phenanthrene (PHEN), and model π‐acceptor species (quinones and N‐heteroaromatic cations) that represent certain functional units of humic substances. Charge‐transfer bands in the UV and ring‐current shifts in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum confirmed the face‐to‐face, π–π donor–acceptor nature of the bond. Complexation constants were obtained by the solubility enhancement method; solubility enhancements up to 2500 were found. Ruled out as predominant causes of solubility enhancement were monomer desolvation (i.e., “hydrophobic” effects), partitioning into micelles, π–cation interactions, and π–hydrogen bonding. Acceptor self‐stacking and formation of higher‐stoichiometry acceptor–donor complexes had to be considered in evaluating donor–acceptor equilibria in some cases. The affinity of acceptor for PHEN followed the order of increasing π‐acceptor strength and varied strongly with the degree of ring overlap with PHEN. Complexation between PHEN and the free solution faces of an acceptor was less favorable than intercalation of PHEN between two acceptor units in a stack. A positive hydrophobic effect on complexation was evident in water mixtures with acetone or methanol and found to correlate with the number of faces of PHEN requiring desolvation to form the complex. When hydrophobic effects are subtracted out, the π–π complex actually becomes favored as the solvent water content and polarity decline. The results suggest that phenanthrene, and by implication other donor aromatic compounds, are capable of forming π–π interactions with appropriate humic fragments.
Organic Ligand Effects on Enzymatic Dephosphorylation of myo‐Inositol Hexakis Dihydrogenphosphate in Dairy Wastewater
Authors: Dao Thanh H.
Published: July 2013

Animal manure contains partially digested feed fiber and grains where phosphorus (P) is bound in organic compounds that include myo‐inositol 1,2,3,5/4,6‐hexakis dihydrogenphosphate or phytic acid (IP6). Information is needed on the effects of other (non‐IP6) organic ligands (LIGND) on the enzymatic dephosphorylation of IP6, which is a potential source of dissolved orthophosphate P (PO4–P) in the soil–manure–water system. The effects of 1,2‐cyclohexane diamino‐tetraacetate (CDTA), diethylenetriamine‐N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentaacetate (DTPA), ethylenediamine‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetate (EDTA), oxalate (OXA), and phthalate (PHTH) and LIGND to IP6 molar ratio and charge concentration ratio on IP6 dephosphorylation were studied to determine controlling mechanisms of IP6 persistence in manure. Solution PO4–P concentrations were analyzed by ion chromatography as the phosphomolybdate–ascorbic acid method partly includes IP6‐P. Uncomplexed IP6 dephosphorylation by Aspergillus ficuum (Reichardt) Henn. phytase EC 3.1.3.8 at pH 4.5 and 6 is unaffected by the presence of LIGNDs. As the concentrations of Ca2+, Al3+, or Fe3+ increase, dephosphorylation is reduced. Their inhibitory effect lessens in the presence of LIGNDs, in the following order: CDTA = EDTA > DTPA ≫ OXA ≥ PHTH. Whether CDTA or EDTA is the most effective LIGND depends upon the acidity of the suspension and LIGND charge concentration, reducing the inhibitory effect of polyvalent counterions to the point of promoting the hydrolysis of a manure phytase‐hydrolyzable phosphorus (PHP) fraction that is otherwise unavailable. Therefore, ligand‐induced changes increase the mobilization and dephosphorylation of complexed organic P, above and beyond the simple dissolution of inorganic phosphates. An analytical method for potentially bioavailable PHP in animal manure should include a LIGND as extracting reagent. Also, potential LIGNDs in an organic carbon–rich dairy wastewater may increase the release of PHP and environmental dispersion of PO4–P.
Dissolved Phosphorus Retention and Release from a Coastal Plain In‐Stream Wetland
Authors: Novak J. M. , Stone K. C. , Szogi A. A. , Watts D. W. , Johnson M. H.
Published: July 2013

Dissolved phosphorus (DP) can be released from wetlands as a result of flooding or shifts in water column concentrations. Our objectives were to determine the long‐term (1460 d) DP retention and release characteristics of an in‐stream wetland, and to evaluate how these characteristics respond to flooding, draining, and changes in DP concentrations. The studied in‐stream wetland drains an agriculturally intensive subwatershed in the North Carolina Coastal Plain region. The wetland's DP retention and release characteristics were evaluated by measuring inflow and outflow DP concentrations, DP mass balance, and DP movement across the sediment–water column interface. Phosphorus sorption isotherms were measured to determine the sediment's equilibria P concentration (EPCo), and passive samplers were used to measure sediment pore water DP concentrations. Initially, the in‐stream wetland was undersized (0.31 ha) and released 1.5 kg of DP. Increasing the in‐stream wetland area to 0.67 ha by flooding resulted in more DP retention (28 kg) and low outflow DP concentrations. Draining the in‐stream wetland from 0.67 to 0.33 ha caused the release of stored DP (12.1 kg). Shifts both in sediment pore water DP concentrations and sediment EPCo values corroborate the release of stored DP. Reflooding the wetland from 0.33 to 0.85 ha caused additional release of stored DP into the outflowing stream (10.9 kg). We conclude that for a time period, this in‐stream wetland did provide DP retention. During other time periods, DP was released due to changes in wetland area, rainfall, and DP concentrations.
Alum Treatment of Poultry Litter
Authors: Gilmour J. T. , Koehler M. A. , Cabrera M. L. , Szajdak L. , Moore P. A.
Published: July 2013

While the poultry industry is a major economic benefit to several areas in the USA, land application of poultry litter to recycle nutrients can lead to impaired surface and ground water quality. Amending poultry litter with alum [Al3(SO4)2·14H2O] has received considerable attention as a method of economically reducing ammonia volatilization in the poultry house and soluble phosphorus in runoff waters. The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of alum on broiler litter decomposition and N dynamics under laboratory conditions. Litter that had been amended with alum in the poultry house after each of the first four of five flock cycles (Experiment I) and litter that had been amended with alum after removal from a poultry house after the third flock cycle (Experiment II) were compared with unamended litter in separate studies. The litters in Experiment I were surface‐applied to simulate application to grasslands, while the litters in Experiment II were incorporated to simulate application to conventionally tilled crops. The only statistically significant differences in decomposition due to alum occurred early in Experiment II and the differences were small. The only statistically significant differences in net N mineralization, soil inorganic N, and soil NH+4–N in either experiment was found in Experiment I after 70 d of incubation where soil inorganic N was significantly greater for the alum treatment. Thus, alum had little effect on decomposition or N dynamics. Results of many of the studies on litter not amended with alum should be applicable to litters amended with alum to reduce P availability.
A Simple High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Analyzing Paraquat in Soil Solution Samples
Authors: Ouyang Ying , Mansell Robert S. , Nkedi‐Kizza Peter
Published: July 2013

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with UV detection was developed to analyze paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐dipyridinium dichloride) herbicide content in soil solution samples. The analytical method was compared with the liquid scintillation counting (LSC) method using 14C‐paraquat. Agreement obtained between the two methods was reasonable. However, the detection limit for paraquat analysis was 0.5 mg L−1 by the HPLC method and 0.05 mg L−1 by the LSC method. The LSC method was, therefore, 10 times more precise than the HPLC method for solution concentrations less than 1 mg L−1 In spite of the high detection limit, the 12C (nonradioactive) HPLC method provides an inexpensive and environmentally safe means for determining paraquat concentration in soil solution compared with the 14C‐LSC method.
Overexpression of ATP Sulfurylase in Indian Mustard
Authors: Wangeline Ami L. , Burkhead Jason L. , Hale Kerry L. , Lindblom Stormy D. , Terry Norman , Pilon Marinus , Pilon‐Smits Elizabeth A. H.
Published: July 2013

Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] transgenics overexpressing ATP sulfurylase (APS plants) were shown previously to have higher levels of total thiols, S, and Se. The present study explores the effect of ATP sulfurylase overexpression on tolerance and accumulation of other metals, both oxyanions and cations, reasoning that some anions may react directly with ATP sulfurylase, while other ions may be bound by its thiol end products. The APS transgenics were compared with wild‐type plants with respect to tolerance and accumulation of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, W, and Zn, supplied individually in agar medium (seedlings) or in hydroponics (mature plants). At the seedling stage, APS transgenics were more tolerant than wild type to As(III), As(V), Cd, Cu, Hg, and Zn, but less tolerant to Mo and V. The APS seedlings had up to 2.5‐fold higher shoot concentrations of As(III), As(V), Hg, Mo, Pb, and V, and somewhat lower Cr levels. Mature APS plants contained up to 2.5‐fold higher shoot concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mo, V, and W than wild type. They also contained 1.5‐ to 2‐fold higher levels of the essential elements Fe, Mo, and S in most of the treatments. Mature APS plants showed no differences in metal tolerance compared with the wild type. Overexpression of ATP sulfurylase may be a promising approach to create plants with enhanced phytoextraction capacity for mixtures of metals.
Source‐Separated Municipal Solid Waste Compost Application to Swiss Chard and Basil
Authors: Zheljazkov Valtcho D. , Warman Philip R.
Published: July 2013

A growth room experiment was conducted to evaluate the bioavailability of Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, P, S, As, B, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, and Se from a sandy loam soil amended with source‐separated municipal solid waste (SSMSW) compost. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris L.) were amended with 0, 20, 40, and 60% SSMSW compost to soil (by volume) mixture. Soils and compost were sequentially extracted to fractionate Cu, Pb, and Zn into exchangeable (EXCH), iron‐ and manganese‐oxide‐bound (FeMnOX), organic‐matter (OM), and structurally bound (SB) forms. Overall, in both species, the proportion of Cu, Pb, and Zn levels in different fractions followed the sequence: SB > OM ≫ FeMnOX > EXCH for Cu; FeMnOX = SB > OM > EXCH for Pb; and FeMnOX > SB = EXCH ≫ OM for Zn. Application of SSMSW compost increased soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC), and increased the concentration of Cu, Pb, and Zn in all fractions, but not EXCH Pb. Basil yields were greatest in the 20% treatment, but Swiss chard yields were greater in all compost‐amended soils relative to the unamended soil. Basil plants in 20 or 40% compost treatments reached flowering earlier than plants from other treatments. Additions of SSMSW compost to soil altered basil essential oil, but basil oil was free of metals. The results from this study suggest that mature SSMSW compost with concentrations of Cu, Pb, Mo, and Zn of 311, 223, 17, and 767 mg/kg, respectively, could be used as a soil conditioner without phytotoxic effects on agricultural crops and without increasing the normal range of Cu, Pb, and Zn in crop tissue. However, the long‐term effect of the accumulation of heavy metals in soils needs to be carefully considered.
Characterization of Turf Practices in Five North Carolina Communities
Authors: Osmond Deanna L. , Hardy David H.
Published: July 2013

Limited information exists on specific urban lawn care practices in the United States. We conducted a door‐to‐door lawn care survey in five North Carolina communities to determine suburban fertilizer, pesticide, and water use. These communities, Cary, Goldsboro, Kinston, New Bern, and Greenville, are mostly located within the Neuse River basin, a nutrient‐sensitive water resource. Residents in Cary used lawn care companies more than twice as frequently as residents in the other communities (43 compared with 20%). Cary had the smallest mean lawn size (445 m2), while the largest was in Goldsboro (1899 m2). Tall fescue [Festuca arundinacea Schreb.] was the predominant grass type in Cary (99%), and centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] or centipedegrass mixtures were the predominant grass types in Greenville and New Bern. Kinston had the lowest fertilizer usage with only 54% of the residents using fertilizer; Cary had the highest rate of 83%. The average N fertilizer rate applied to the lawns was dissimilar ranging from 24 to 151 kg N ha−1 Analysis of variance results for fertilizer rates and household income indicated a significant difference (P < 0.05) in application rate between high‐ and medium‐income levels and the low‐income level. Cary, Goldsboro, and Greenville had approximately the same number of fertilizer applications per year (1.5), whereas the average number of fertilizer applications per year in New Bern was 3.0. Most household residents (53%) used instructions on the bag and either grass type and/or lawn area to guide them on fertilizer application rates.
Measured Concentrations of Herbicides and Model Predictions of Atrazine Fate in the Patuxent River Estuary
Authors: McConnell Laura L. , Harman‐Fetcho Jennifer A. , Hagy James D.
Published: July 2013

The environmental fate of herbicides in estuaries is poorly understood. Estuarine physical transport processes and the episodic nature of herbicide release into surface waters complicate interpretation of water concentration measurements and allocation of sources. Water concentrations of herbicides and two triazine degradation products (CIAT [6‐amino‐2‐chloro‐4‐isopropylamino‐s‐triazine] and CEAT [6‐amino‐2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐s‐triazine]) were measured in surface water from four sites on 40 d from 4 Apr. through 29 July 1996 in the Patuxent River estuary, part of the Chesapeake Bay system. Atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐isopropylamino‐1,3,5‐triazine) was most persistent and present in the highest concentrations (maximum = 1.29 μg/L). Metolachlor [2‐chloro‐6′‐ethyl‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)‐o‐acetoluidide], CIAT, CEAT, and simazine (1‐chloro‐3,5‐bisethylamino‐2,4,6‐triazine) were frequently detected with maximum concentration values of 0.61, 1.1, 0.76, and 0.49 μg/L, respectively. A physical transport model was used to interpret atrazine concentrations in the context of estuarine water transport, giving estimates of in situ degradation rates and total transport. The estimated half‐life of atrazine in the turbid, shallow upper estuary was t1/2 = 20 d, but was much longer (t1/2 = 100 d) in the deeper lower estuary. Although most (93%) atrazine entered the estuary upstream via the river, simulations suggested additional inputs directly to the lower estuary. The total atrazine load to the estuary from 5 April to 15 July was 71 kg with 48% loss by degradation and 31% exported to the Chesapeake Bay. Atrazine persistence in the estuary is directly related to river flows into the estuary. Low flows will increase atrazine residence time in the upper estuary and increase degradation losses.
Nitrate Leaching under Grassland as Affected by Mineral Nitrogen Fertilization and Cattle Urine
Authors: Decau M. L. , Simon J. C. , Jacquet A.
Published: July 2013

An experiment was performed to better understand to what extent nitrogen fertilization rate and date and amount of urine deposition, when acting in combination, influence nitrate leaching under grassland. Leaching was studied during two successive winters using 2‐m2 grassed lysimeters under three levels of N fertilization (0, 150, and 300 kg N ha−1 yr−1, referred to as 0N, 150N, and 300N, respectively), two levels of 15N‐labeled urine (105 and 165 kg N ha−1, referred to as A2 and A3, respectively), and three dates of urine application (spring, summer, and fall). During the first winter, total N leaching losses varied between 2 and 50 kg N ha−1 When tested in combination, N applied as urine to grassland resulted in three times the total N loss by leaching that occurred following N fertilization in the first winter (4.3, 20.8, 34.9, 14.2, 17.1, and 28.7 kg NO−3–N ha−1 for no urine, A2, A3, 0N, 150N, and 300N, respectively). Leaching of 15N urine significantly depended on the date of application: 6.6, 17.3, and 29.1 kg for spring, summer, and fall, respectively. A similar pattern was observed for the contribution of 15N urine to total N leaching with 4.3, 12.9, and 21.4%. However, urine application, both in terms of amount and date, showed very little long‐term effect on these N losses in Year 2. In our conditions of low winter rainfall and drainage, grazing management (through season, urinary N amounts, and urine N concentration) resulted in a higher impact on water nitrate quality than moderate N fertilization management.
Longevity of Acid Discharges from Underground Mines Located above the Regional Water Table
Authors: Demchak J. , Skousen J. , McDonald L. M.
Published: July 2013

The duration of acid mine drainage flowing out of underground mines is important in the design of watershed restoration and abandoned mine land reclamation projects. Past studies have reported that acid water flows from underground mines for hundreds of years with little change, while others state that poor drainage quality may last only 20 to 40 years. More than 150 above‐drainage (those not flooded after abandonment) underground mine discharges from Pittsburgh and Upper Freeport coal seams were located and sampled during 1968 in northern West Virginia, and we revisited 44 of those sites in 1999–2000 and measured water flow, pH, acidity, Fe, sulfate, and conductivity. We found no significant difference in flows between 1968 and 1999–2000. Therefore, we felt the water quality data could be compared and the data represented real changes in pollutant concentrations. There were significant water quality differences between year and coal seam, but no effect of disturbance. While pH was not significantly improved, average total acidity declined 79% between 1968 and 1999–2000 in Pittsburgh mines (from 66.8 to 14 mmol H+ L−1) and 56% in Upper Freeport mines (from 23.8 to 10.4 mmol H+ L−1). Iron decreased an average of about 80% across all sites (from an average of 400 to 72 mg L−1), while sulfate decreased between 50 and 75%. Pittsburgh seam discharge water was much worse in 1968 than Upper Freeport seam water. Twenty of our 44 sites had water quality information in 1980, which served as a midpoint to assess the slope of the decline in acidity and metal concentrations. Five of 20 sites (25%) showed an apparent exponential rate of decline in acidity and iron, while 10 of 20 sites (50%) showed a more linear decline. Drainage from five Upper Freeport sites increased in acidity and iron. While it is clear that surface mines and below‐drainage underground mines improve in discharge quality relatively rapidly (20–40 years), above‐drainage underground mines are not as easily predicted. In total, the drainage from 34 out of 44 (77%) above‐drainage underground mines showed significant improvement in acidity over time, some exponentially and some linearly. Ten discharges showed no improvement and three of these got much worse.
Using the Late Spring Nitrate Test to Reduce Nitrate Loss within a Watershed
Authors: Jaynes D. B. , Dinnes D. L. , Meek D. W. , Karlen D. L. , Cambardella C. A. , Colvin T. S.
Published: July 2013

Excessive nitrate leaching from the U.S. Corn Belt has created serious water quality problems and contributed to the expansion of the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico. We evaluated the effect of implementing the late spring nitrate test (LSNT) for corn (Zea mays L.) grown within a 400‐ha, tile‐drained subbasin in central Iowa. Surface water discharge and NO3 concentrations from the treated subbasin and two adjacent subbasins receiving primarily fall‐applied, anhydrous ammonia were compared. In two of four years, the LSNT method significantly reduced N fertilizer applications compared with the farmers' standard practices. Average corn yield from LSNT fields and nonlimiting N fertilizer check strips was not significantly different. Autoregressive (AR) models using weekly time series in surface water NO3 concentration differences between the LSNT and control subbasins indicated no consistent significant differences during the pre‐LSNT (1992–1996) period. However, by the second year (1998) of the treatment period (1997–2000), NO3 concentrations in surface water from the treated subbasin were significantly lower than the concentrations coming from both control basins. Annual average flow‐weighted NO3 concentrations for the last two years (1999–2000) were 11.3 mg N L−1 for the LSNT and subbasin and 16.0 mg N L−1 for the control subbasins. Based on these values and the AR models, widespread adoption of the LSNT program for managing N fertilizer where fall N application is typically practiced could result in a ≥30% decrease for NO3 concentrations in surface water.
Effect of Chemical and Microbial Amendments on Ammonia Volatilization from Composting Poultry Litter
Authors: DeLaune P. B. , Moore P. A. , Daniel T. C. , Lemunyon J. L.
Published: July 2013

Research has shown that aluminum sulfate (alum) and phosphoric acid greatly reduce ammonia (NH3) volatilization from poultry litter; however, no studies have yet reported the effects of these amendments on field‐scale composting of poultry litter. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate NH3 volatilization from composting litter by measuring both NH3 volatilization and changes in total nitrogen (N) in the litter and (ii) evaluate potential methods of reducing NH3 losses from composting poultry litter. Poultry litter was composted for 68 d the first year and 92 d the second year. Eleven treatments were screened in Year 1, which included an unamended control, a microbial mixture, a microbial mixture with 5% alum incorporated into the litter, 5 and 10% alum rates either surface‐applied or incorporated, and 1 and 2% phosphoric acid rates either surface‐applied or incorporated. Treatments in Year 2 included an unamended control, a microbial mixture, alum (7% by fresh wt.), and phosphoric acid (1.5% by fresh wt.). Alum and phosphoric acid reduced NH3 volatilization from composting poultry litter by as much as 76 and 54%, respectively. The highest NH3 emission rates were from microbial treatments each year. Compost treated with chemical amendments retained more initial N than all other treatments. Due to the cost and N loss associated with composting poultry litter, composting is not economical from an agronomic perspective compared with the use of fresh poultry litter.
A Simple Method to Predict Dissolved Phosphorus in Runoff from Surface‐Applied Manures
Authors: Vadas P. A. , Kleinman P. J. A. , Sharpley A. N.
Published: July 2013

Computer models are a rapid, inexpensive way to identify agricultural areas with a high potential for P loss, but most models poorly simulate dissolved P release from surface‐applied manures to runoff. We developed a simple approach to predict dissolved P release from manures based on observed trends in laboratory extraction of P in dairy, poultry, and swine manures with water over different water to manure ratios. The approach predicted well dissolved inorganic (R2 = 0.70) and organic (R2 = 0.73) P release from manures and composts for data from leaching experiments with simulated rainfall. However, it predicted poorly (R2 = 0.18) dissolved inorganic P concentrations in runoff from soil boxes where dairy, poultry, and swine manures had been surface‐applied and subjected to simulated rainfall. Multiplying predicted runoff P concentrations by the ratio of runoff to rainfall improved the relationship between measured and predicted runoff P concentrations, but runoff P was still overpredicted for dairy and swine manures. We attributed this overprediction to immediate infiltration of dissolved P in the freely draining water of dairy and swine manure slurries upon their application to soils. Further multiplying predicted runoff dissolved inorganic P concentrations by 0.35 for dairy and 0.60 for swine manures resulted in an accurate prediction of dissolved P in runoff (R2 = 0.71). The ability of our relatively simple approach to predict dissolved inorganic P concentrations in runoff from surface‐applied manures indicates its potential to improve water quality models, but field testing of the approach is necessary first.
Leaching of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Carbon Dioxide Emission after Compost Application to Six Nutrient‐Depleted Forest Soils
Authors: Borken Werner , Xu Yi‐Jun , Beese Friedrich
Published: July 2013

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of compost application on soil respiration and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) output of nutrient‐depleted forest soils. An amount of 6.3 kg m−2 mature compost was applied to the forest floor of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies Karst.), and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands at Solling and Unterlüß, Germany. Cumulative soil respiration significantly increased by 499 g C m−2 in the spruce stand at Unterlüß and by 274 g C m−2 in the beech stand at Solling following compost application whereas soil respiration of the other four stands was not affected. The increases in soil respiration of the two stands were explained by improved microbial decomposition of soil organic matter. The DOC concentrations and fluxes in throughfall and seepage water at 10‐ and 100‐cm depths were determined from August 1997 to March 2000. In the control plots, cumulative DOC outputs at 10 cm ranged between 57 and 95 g C m−2, with the highest rates in the pine stands. Compost treatment significantly increased cumulative DOC outputs by 31 to 69 g C m−2 at 10 cm and by 0.3 to 6.6 g C m−2 at 100 cm. The mineral soils between the 10‐ and 100‐cm depths acted as significant sinks for DOC, as shown by much lower cumulative outputs at 100 cm of 3 to 11 g C m−2 in the control and 6 to 16 g C m−2 in the compost plots. Our results suggest that a single, moderate application of mature compost to nutrient‐depleted forest soils has little effect on C losses to the atmosphere and ground water.
Evaluation of Depression with Respect to Different Social Skill Levels: a Turkish Study
Authors: Deniz M. Engin , Öztürk Ayşe , Turan D. Esra , Özyeşil Zümra
Published: July 2013

The aim was to evaluate the level of depression in 12-14-year-old secondary school students with different social skill levels using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI; Kovacs, 1985) and the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills with Youngsters (MESSY; Matson, Rotatori, & Helsel,
1983). In order to analyze data, anova, Tukey test, regression analysis and correlation analysis were employed. Results of the study indicated that there was a significant effect of social skills level on depression and students with more positive social behaviors had lower levels of depression,
whereas students with negative social behaviors suffered from higher levels of depression. a significant negative relationship between the students' positive social behaviors and depression (r = -.25, p < .001), and a positive relationship between negative social behaviors
and depression (r = .28, p < .001) were found.
Influences of intergenerational support on life satisfaction of the elderly: a turkish sample
Authors: Öztop Hülya , Şener Arzu , Güven Seval , Doğan Nuri
Published: July 2013

Influences of intergenerational support on life satisfaction levels of older persons were investigated. Participants were 200 persons aged over 60. Hierarchical regression was used for data analysis. Variables relating to help received from children were entered into regression equations,
then variables relating to help provided for children were added to the equation. Results indicated a negative relationship between older men's and women's life satisfaction and the amount of help they received from their children. In other words, the more help provided by the children, the
larger the decrease in the older persons' life satisfaction levels.
Evaluation of radiation heat transfer in porous medial: Application for a pebble bed modular reactor cooled by CO2 gas
Authors: Sidi-Ali Kamel , Oukil Khaled , Hassani Tinhinane , Amri Yasmina , Alem Abdelmoumane
Published: July 2013

This work analyses the contribution of radiation heat transfer in the cooling
of a pebble bed modular reactor. The mathematical model, developed for a
porous medium, is based on a set of equations applied to an annular
geometry. Previous major works dealing with the subject have considered the
forced convection mode and often did not take into account the radiation
heat transfer. In this work, only free convection and radiation heat
transfer are considered. This can occur during the removal of residual heat
after shutdown or during an emergency situation. In order to derive the
governing equations of radiation heat transfer, a steady-state in an
isotropic and emissive porous medium (CO2) is considered. The obtained
system of equations is written in a dimensionless form and then solved. In
order to evaluate the effect of radiation heat transfer on the total heat
removed, an analytical method for solving the system of equations is used.
The results allow quantifying both radiation and free convection heat
transfer. For the studied situation, they show that, in a pebble bed modular
reactor, more than 70% of heat is removed by radiation heat transfer when
CO2 is used as the coolant gas.
Carbon ions induce DNA double strand breaks and apoptosis in HTB140 melanoma cells
Authors: Koricanac Lela , Zakula Jelena , Keta Otilija , Cirrone Pablo , Cuttone Giacomo , Ristic-Fira Aleksandra , Petrovic Ivan
Published: July 2013

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the ability of carbon ions to
induce DNA double-strand breaks and apoptosis in the radio-resistant human
HTB140 melanoma cells. The cells were irradiated with 12C ions having the
linear energy transfer of 258 keV/mm. Irradiations were performed in the dose
range from 2 to 16 Gy. Induction of DNA double-strand breaks was evaluated 2
hour after irradiation through expression of gH2AX protein. Increased level
of gH2AX detected in irradiated samples was especially high after irradiation
with 12 and 16 Gy. Dose dependent increase of apoptosis was detected 48 hour
after irradiation by flow-cytometry, with the maximum value of 20.4% after
irradiation with 16 Gy, and the apoptotic index of 9.3. Pro-apoptotic effects
of carbon ion beams were confirmed by changes of key molecules of the
mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, p53 protein expression, Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and
caspase-3 activation.
Microscopic Findings of Stool Analysis of 4000 Adults in Bangladesh
Authors: Muazzam MG
Published: July 2013

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.1(4) 1994 pp.15-19