bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustained diffusion reversal with in-bore reperfusion in monkey stroke models: Confirmed by prospective magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Yi Kyung Sik , Choi Chi-Hoon , Lee Sang-Rae , Lee Hong Jun , Lee Youngjeon , Jeong Kang-Jin , Hwang Jinwoo , Chang Kyu-Tae , Cha Sang-Hoon
Published: July 2016

Although early diffusion lesion reversal after recanalization treatment of acute ischaemic stroke has been observed in clinical settings, the reversibility of lesions observed by diffusion-weighted imaging remains controversial. Here, we present consistent observations of sustained diffusion lesion reversal after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in a monkey stroke model. Seven rhesus macaques were subjected to endovascular transient middle cerebral artery occlusion with in-bore reperfusion confirmed by repeated prospective diffusion-weighted imaging. Early diffusion lesion reversal was defined as lesion reversal at 3 h after reperfusion. Sustained diffusion lesion reversal was defined as the difference between the ADC-derived pre-reperfusion maximal ischemic lesion volume (ADCD-P Match) and the lesion on 4-week follow-up FLAIR magnetic resonance imaging. Diffusion lesions were spatiotemporally assessed using a 3-D voxel-based quantitative technique. The ADCD-P Match was 9.7 ± 6.0% (mean ± SD) and the final infarct was 1.2–6.0% of the volume of the ipsilateral hemisphere. Early diffusion lesion reversal and sustained diffusion lesion reversal were observed in all seven animals, and the calculated percentages compared with their ADCD-P Match ranged from 8.3 to 51.9% (mean ± SD, 26.9 ± 15.3%) and 41.7–77.8% (mean ± SD, 65.4 ± 12.2%), respectively. Substantial sustained diffusion lesion reversal and early reversal were observed in all animals in this monkey model of transient focal cerebral ischaemia.
How Do Government Employees Influence Election Outcomes
Authors: Baugus Brian Dwight , Diemer George
Published: July 2016

The number of Americans employed by the government has grown over the years both in absolute numbers and as a proportion of the population. Assuming that these people are rational voters, they have a strong incentive to vote for candidates who seem most committed to maintaining the status quo or increasing the size and scope of government. However, this may not be the preference of the electorate as a whole, at least in some elections. This reality sets up a situation where bureaucrats could vote in significantly different patterns than the nonbureaucrat population. Under some conditions, it is possible that government employees are the marginal difference in an election outcome. This article explores how much influence government employees exert on election outcomes. In short, we seek to demonstrate how jurisdictions with a disproportionate share of government employees vote differently than other jurisdictions. We also explore what implications that may have on campaign resource allocation.
Limitations of processing carbon fibre reinforced plastic/polymer material using automated fibre placement technology
Authors: Smith RP , Qureshi Z , Scaife RJ , El-Dessouky HM
Published: July 2016

Automated fibre placement was used to optimise the tow steering of carbon fibre reinforced plastic/polymer whereby the minimum defect-free steering radius (Rmin) achievable. The results revealed that in the case of the woven ply surface with unheated tool the Rmin, using 1/4 inch tows, is found to be 1350 mm. For the bare tool surface, the tool temperature had to be raised to 30℃ in order to achieve the same Rmin of 1350 mm. To attain a seamless transition from part design to manufacture using CAD, automated fibre placement was equipped with software tools (TruPLAN and TruFIBER). From the results of software validation and steering trials on a variable radius tool having a pre-laid UD ply, it is found that the ability to steer around a tighter radius was a vast asset of the 1/8 inch tow over the 1/4 inch one, which makes it the preferred choice for the more geometrically complex parts.
Understanding Older Adult Use of Data Visualizations as a Resource for Maintaining Health and Wellness
Authors: Le Thai , Chi Nai-Ching , Chaudhuri Shomir , Thompson Hilaire J. , Demiris George
Published: July 2016

To better understand how older adults use health visualizations and the potential barriers that impact utility, we conducted semistructured interviews with 21 older adults. Within these sessions, we presented participants with two interactive visualizations for exploration. Through an affinity mapping exercise, we extracted five key themes associated with how older adults utilize health visualizations and provide corresponding recommendations as points of consideration for designers developing older adult focused health visualizations. By examining how older adults perceive the utility of health visualizations, we lay the groundwork for design choices that impact eventual use and adoption of systems that generate data for such visualizations.
Estimation of methane emission flux at landfill surface using laser methane detector: Influence of gauge pressure
Authors: Park Jin-Kyu , Kang Jong-Yun , Lee Nam-Hoon
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of measuring methane emission fluxes, using surface methane concentration and gauge pressure, by analyzing the influence of gauge pressure on the methane emission flux and the surface methane concentration, as well as the correlation between the methane emission flux and surface methane concentrations. The surface methane concentration was measured using a laser methane detector. Our results show a positive linear relationship between the surface methane concentration and the methane emission flux. Furthermore, the methane emission flux showed a positive linear relationship with the gauge pressure; this implies that when the surface methane concentration and the surface gauge pressure are measured simultaneously, the methane emission flux can be calculated using Darcy’s law. A decrease in the vertical permeability was observed when the gauge pressure was increased, because reducing the vertical permeability may lead to a reduced landfill gas emission to the atmosphere, and landfill gas would be accumulated inside the landfill. Finally, this method is simple and can allow for a greater number of measurements during a relatively shorter period. Thus, it provides a better representation of the significant space and time variations in methane emission fluxes.
Calculating the costs of waste collection: A methodological proposal
Authors: Boskovic Goran , Jovicic Nebojsa , Jovanovic Sasa , Simovic Vladimir
Published: July 2016

Waste collection and transport can generate up to 70% of the total costs of the system. Separated collection of recyclables implies additional costs for which the sale of recycled waste often does not compensate, but there is increased pressure to reach the long-term recycling objectives set by law. The proper estimation and monitoring of waste collection costs are essential to define the most cost-effective waste collection system. The aim of this study is to propose and implement a management tool to determine waste collection costs for different waste collection schemes. Based on input data, such as waste quantity and composition, the number of waste bins, the location of collection points, the type of collection vehicle, crew, collection route, etc., the developed tool can calculate the time and costs of waste collection (per vehicle, collection point or tonne of collected waste). This tool uses Excel spreadsheets and it was tested on a district in the central area of the city of Kragujevac to calculate the costs of waste collection for two scenarios: Collecting all waste as mixed waste, and collecting separately recyclables and residual waste. The developed tool can be useful for municipal solid waste management companies, since it allows benchmarking and variance analysis.
The Association of Age With Short-Term and Long-Term Mortality in Adults Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Seethala Raghu R. , Blackney Kevin , Hou Peter , Kaafarani Haytham M. A. , Yeh Daniel Dante , Aisiku Imoigele , Tainter Christopher , deMoya Marc , King David , Lee Jarone
Published: July 2016

Background:

Based on the current literature, it is unclear whether advanced age itself leads to higher mortality in critically ill patients or whether it is due to the greater number of comorbidities in the elderly patients. We hypothesized that increasing age would increase the odds of short-term and long-term mortality after adjusting for baseline comorbidities in intensive care unit (ICU) patients.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective cohort study of 57 160 adults admitted to any ICU over 5 years at 2 academic tertiary care centers. Patients were divided into age-groups, 18 to 39, 40 to 59, 60 to 79, and ≥80. The primary outcomes were 30-day and 365-day mortality. Results were analyzed with multivariate logistic regression adjusting for demographics and the Elixhauser-van Walraven Comorbidity Index.

Results:

The adjusted 30-day mortality odds ratios (ORs) were 1.39 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-1.60), 2.00 (95% CI: 1.75-2.28), and 3.33 (95% CI: 2.90-3.82) for age-groups 40 to 59, 60 to 79, and ≥80, respectively, using the age-group 18 to 39 as the reference. The adjusted 365-day mortality ORs were 1.46 (95% CI: 1.32-1.61), 2.10 (95% CI: 1.91-2.31), and 2.96 (95% CI: 2.67-3.27).

Conclusion:

In critically ill patients, increasing age is associated with higher odds of short-term and long-term death after correcting for existing comorbidities.
Adoption of Eco-Friendly Faux Leather
Authors: Kim HaeJung , Kim JiYoung , Oh Kyung Wha , Jung Hye Jung
Published: July 2016

Eco-Friendly Faux Leather (EFFL) has recently been developed to minimize harmful environmental impacts; this product also has a low carbon footprint. However, consumers are lagging behind in eco-friendly product adoption due to their value, belief, and attitude gaps. To provide the best available social-psychological account of consumers’ adoption of EFFL products, the consumer attitude model was tested as an extension of the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) framework. Online survey panel data were collected on 602 respondents from U.S. and U.K. Structural Equation Modeling and Multiple Group Analysis were employed to test the hypothesized attitude model. The findings support the conclusion that there is significant causality among environmental value, pro-environmental belief, and the norm of individual responsibility, but no difference regarding the VBN concurrence was found between the two countries. Practical implications and theoretical suggestions for understanding consumer attitude towards a new eco-friendly product are proposed.
Effects of blade rotation on axial turbine tip leakage vortex breakdown and loss
Authors: Gao Jie , Zheng Qun , Liu Yunning , Dong Ping
Published: July 2016

The tip leakage vortex breakdown occurs under a few conditions in modern turbines, which leads to extra vortex breakdown losses, but the mechanisms of vortex breakdown and its influencing factors still remain unclear. This paper is a continuation of the previous effort and focuses on the effect of blade rotation on the leakage vortex dynamics in an unshrouded turbine. The analyses on leakage vortex breakdown characteristics are first shown, and then the isolating effects of relative casing motion and Coriolis and centrifugal forces on leakage vortex breakdown and loss are investigated. Based on these, the overall effects of blade rotation on leakage vortex breakdown characteristics are examined. Results indicate that the scraping effects of the casing endwall have a great influence on the blade tip leakage vortex breakdown and loss. However, the effect of Coriolis and centrifugal forces is relatively small. Although the mismatch of both velocity components of the leakage flow and the main flow becomes slightly small with the casing motion, the blade tip mixing loss per unit leakage flow increases due to the fact that the leakage vortex breaks down in advance.
Waste pickers and cities
Authors: Dias Sonia Maria
Published: July 2016

The occupation of waste picker has taken on new importance as a livelihood, especially since the last global economic downturn. Increasingly, waste pickers are being recognized for their valuable contributions to urban sustainability and development. Drawing from scholarship on waste pickers, and findings from a recent study conducted in five cities across three continents, this paper discusses the environmental and economic contributions of informal waste pickers to cities. This paper argues for the re-conceptualization of solid waste management systems that integrate waste pickers as partners, as key to building just, inclusive and livable cities for all. It also presents a specific model in which informal waste workers are integrated as key stakeholders as one example of best practice in this area, thus contributing to current discussions on integrated and inclusive solid waste models.
Why Do People Tend to Infer “Ought” From “Is”? The Role of Biases in Explanation
Authors: Tworek Christina M. , Cimpian Andrei
Published: July 2016

People tend to judge what is typical as also good and appropriate—as what ought to be. What accounts for the prevalence of these judgments, given that their validity is at best uncertain? We hypothesized that the tendency to reason from “is” to “ought” is due in part to a systematic bias in people’s (nonmoral) explanations, whereby regularities (e.g., giving roses on Valentine’s Day) are explained predominantly via inherent or intrinsic facts (e.g., roses are beautiful). In turn, these inherence-biased explanations lead to value-laden downstream conclusions (e.g., it is good to give roses). Consistent with this proposal, results from five studies ( N = 629 children and adults) suggested that, from an early age, the bias toward inherence in explanations fosters inferences that imbue observed reality with value. Given that explanations fundamentally determine how people understand the world, the bias toward inherence in these judgments is likely to exert substantial influence over sociomoral understanding.
Research on dynamic modeling and electromagnetic force centering of piston/piston rod system for labyrinth piston compressor
Authors: Cheng Junming , Zeng Xiangjun , Liu Zhan , Yu Xiaoling , Feng Quanke
Published: July 2016

Inside labyrinth piston compressor, the piston/piston rod system is main moving part. They suffer from very large periodically varying loads caused by gas force and inertia force. This may result in the piston rod’s bending and vibration. Therefore, the piston is always running eccentrically inside cylinder. It is difficult to calculate and predict the piston’s eccentricity accurately by the traditional analytical method. However, an accurate radial clearance between the piston and the cylinder wall must be calculated in the early design of the labyrinth piston compressor. Thus, this article proposes a new numerical method of studying the piston’s dynamic behavior, which is based on flexible body dynamics and finite element method. The method overall considers the piston rod’s characteristics of bending and vibration, effect of the radial clearance between the piston rod and the guide bearing, as well as crosshead and slideway. Through the model, the piston’s radial eccentric path can be better predicted. In addition, this article also introduces a new idea for realizing piston/piston rod system’s centering and utilizing an electromagnetic guiding system instead of traditional mechanical structure. The new centering technology will simplify greatly the inner structure of the compressor by removing the guide bearing. We have designed theoretically the structure of an electromagnetic guiding system and built its control model. Simulation verifies the effectiveness of this method, and good control result is obtained.
Comparative evaluation of ceftriaxone- and cefotaxime-induced biliary pseudolithiasis or nephrolithiasis: A prospective study in 154 children
Authors: Ustyol L , Bulut MD , Agengin K , Bala KA , Yavuz A , Bora A , Demiroren K , Dogan M
Published: July 2016

Background:

Biliary lithiasis, or sludge, and nephrolithiasis have been reported as a possible complication of ceftriaxone therapy. However, no study related to cefotaxime-induced biliary pseudolithiasis or nephrolithiasis was observed in the literature. Therefore, we investigated the comparative formation of biliary pseudolithiasis and nephrolithiasis after cefotaxime and ceftriaxone therapies.

Methods:

The patients treated with ceftriaxone or cefotaxime were enrolled during the study period. Ultrasound imaging of the biliary and urinary tract was performed in all patients before and after the treatment. The patients with a positive sonographic finding at the end of treatment were followed up with monthly ultrasonography for 3 months.

Results:

The present study showed that abnormal biliary sonographic findings were demonstrated in 18 children (20.9%) treated with ceftriaxone, 13 (15.1%) had biliary lithiasis, 5 (5.8%) had biliary sludge and 1 (1.2%) had nephrolithiasis. Abnormal biliary sonographic findings were demonstrated in only four (5.9%) children treated with cefotaxime who had biliary sludge and only one (1.5%) had nephrolithiasis. It was observed that older age was at significantly higher risk of developing biliary sludge or stone formation. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the residual risk and analysis found that 4.5 years was the cut-off value for age.

Conclusions:

The present study is unique in the literature for reporting for the first time gall bladder sludge and nephrolithiasis associated with cefotaxime use. Therefore, patients treated with cefotaxime should be monitored for serious complications like patients treated with ceftriaxone. Nevertheless, if third-generation cephalosporin is used, cefotaxime is recommended to be used rather than ceftriaxone.
A qualitative analysis of the digital literacy of arts education teachers in Chinese junior high and high schools
Authors: Zhao Pei , Kynäshlahti Heikki , Sintonen Sara
Published: July 2016

Information communication technologies and media have challenged traditional education and changed teachers’ thinking. These technologies present unique opportunities for supporting creativity, which is the key aim of learning in arts education. Despite the direct and close link between them and arts education, how to integrate these technologies into traditional education has long challenged government and educational experts. Teachers’ digital literacy has been regarded as an important part of information communication technologies-enabled education. Because an arts education uses more equipment than other types of education, it is more dependent on digital media. Thus, arts teachers’ digital literacy has directly affected their teaching, and has played an increasingly important role in education. This paper, having investigated eight Chinese arts teachers’ digital concepts and utilities in their teaching, explores digital literacy in arts teaching in China from different perspectives. It also offers recommendations for research into arts teachers’ digital literacy and arts education research in China for the future. Overall, this study designs a framework of factors for Chinese arts teachers’ digital literacy.
Error-rate estimation in discriminant analysis of non-linear longitudinal data: A comparison of resampling methods
Authors: de la Cruz Rolando , Fuentes Claudio , Meza Cristian , Núñez-Antón Vicente
Published: July 2016

Consider longitudinal observations across different subjects such that the underlying distribution is determined by a non-linear mixed-effects model. In this context, we look at the misclassification error rate for allocating future subjects using cross-validation, bootstrap algorithms (parametric bootstrap, leave-one-out, .632 and [Formula: see text]), and bootstrap cross-validation (which combines the first two approaches), and conduct a numerical study to compare the performance of the different methods. The simulation and comparisons in this study are motivated by real observations from a pregnancy study in which one of the main objectives is to predict normal versus abnormal pregnancy outcomes based on information gathered at early stages. Since in this type of studies it is not uncommon to have insufficient data to simultaneously solve the classification problem and estimate the misclassification error rate, we put special attention to situations when only a small sample size is available. We discuss how the misclassification error rate estimates may be affected by the sample size in terms of variability and bias, and examine conditions under which the misclassification error rate estimates perform reasonably well.
Statistical approaches to account for missing values in accelerometer data: Applications to modeling physical activity
Authors: Yue Xu Selene , Nelson Sandahl , Kerr Jacqueline , Godbole Suneeta , Patterson Ruth , Merchant Gina , Abramson Ian , Staudenmayer John , Natarajan Loki
Published: July 2016

Physical inactivity is a recognized risk factor for many chronic diseases. Accelerometers are increasingly used as an objective means to measure daily physical activity. One challenge in using these devices is missing data due to device nonwear. We used a well-characterized cohort of 333 overweight postmenopausal breast cancer survivors to examine missing data patterns of accelerometer outputs over the day. Based on these observed missingness patterns, we created psuedo-simulated datasets with realistic missing data patterns. We developed statistical methods to design imputation and variance weighting algorithms to account for missing data effects when fitting regression models. Bias and precision of each method were evaluated and compared. Our results indicated that not accounting for missing data in the analysis yielded unstable estimates in the regression analysis. Incorporating variance weights and/or subject-level imputation improved precision by >50%, compared to ignoring missing data. We recommend that these simple easy-to-implement statistical tools be used to improve analysis of accelerometer data.
Non-randomized and randomized stepped-wedge designs using an orthogonalized least squares framework
Authors: Hu Yirui , Hoover Donald R
Published: July 2016

Randomized stepped-wedge (R-SW) designs are increasingly used to evaluate interventions targeting continuous longitudinal outcomes measured at T-fixed time points. Typically, all units start out untreated, and randomly chosen units switch to intervention at sequential time points until all receive intervention. As randomization is not always feasible, non-randomized stepped-wedge (NR-SW) designs (units switching to intervention are not randomly chosen) have attracted researchers. We develop an orthogonlized generalized least squares framework for both R-SW and NR-SW designs. The variance of the intervention effect estimate depends on the number of steps ( S), length of step sizes ( ts), and number of units ( ns) switched at each step ( s=1,…, S). If all other design parameters are equal, this variance is higher for the NR-SW than for the equivalent R-SW design (particularly if the intercepts of non-randomly stepped switching strata are analyzed as fixed effects). We focus on balanced stepped-wedge (BR-SW, BNR-SW) designs (where ts and ns remain constant across s) to obtain insights into optimality for variance of the estimated intervention effect. As previously observed for the BR-SW, the optimal choice for number of time points at each step is also [Formula: see text] for the BNR-SW. In our examples, when compared to BR-SW designs, equivalent BNR-SW designs even with intercepts of non-randomly stepped switching strata analyzed using fixed effects sacrifice little efficiency given an intra-unit repeated measure correlation [Formula: see text]. Compared to traditional difference-in-differences designs, optimal BNR-SW designs are more efficient with the ratio of variances of these designs converging to 0.75 when T > 10. We illustrate these findings using longitudinal outcomes in long-term care facilities.
Impact of Sustainability Pedagogies on Pre-service Teachers’ Self-efficacy
Authors: Evans Neus (Snowy) , Tomas Louisa , Woods Cindy
Published: July 2016

Education for sustainable development (ESD) espouses student-centred, transformative pedagogies that promote learning through active, participatory and experiential learning. Yet, traditional lectures provide limited opportunities for engaging students in such pedagogies. This article reports on the inclusion of sustainability pedagogies within the constraints of a traditional lecture to investigate the effect on pre-service teachers’ self-reported ESD self-efficacy. A quasi-experimental, pre–post test design with a non-randomized control group was applied whereby lectures in the treatment group adopted sustainability pedagogies, in addition to the more traditional teaching methods employed in both groups. While a significant improvement was observed in pre-service teachers’ ESD self-efficacy in both groups, there is no evidence to suggest that the inclusion of sustainability pedagogies is more effective for enhancing pre-service teachers’ ESD self-efficacy than traditional, teacher-centred pedagogies alone. Participants reported that an increase in their knowledge and understanding of sustainability concepts most strongly influenced their ESD self-efficacy.
Concept Map for Environmental Education Planning: Capacitation of Volunteers for the FIFA Football World Cup in Brazil
Authors: Saito Carlos Hiroo
Published: July 2016

The Brazilian Ministry of Sports organized a system of volunteers to receive the visitors during the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Football World Cup. The instructional material to capacitate these volunteers focused on environment and sustainability issues and it was developed in an integrative systemic framework supported by concept maps. The development procedures were organized in a hierarchical structure, addressing the main zero level, zero plus one level, zero minus one level and the subsequent downscaling levels. The main knowledge issues that were integrated were: biome concept, climate, biodiversity and endangered species, protected areas, public health, epidemiology, sanitation, sustainable tourism, social responsibility and local welfare. The instructional material was adapted to the virtual learning environment and the capacitation was concluded. This article highlights the use of concept maps for integrative planning and promoting an interdisciplinary approach to the environmental and sustainability issues related to tourism and health.
Suicide and murder-suicide involving automobiles
Authors: Pridmore Saxby , Varbanov Svetlin , Sale Ian
Published: July 2016

Objective:

We aim to explore the phenomenon of suicide by driving one vehicle into another, and draw attention to the cost to occupants of targeted vehicles.

Method:

We examined academic literature, court and newspaper reports, and online sources.

Results:

Driver suicide may be achieved by colliding with a fixed object or another vehicle. When a second vehicle is targeted, the occupants of that vehicle experience property loss, and potentially physical and psychiatric injury, or death. Driver suicides are associated with death of another person, in 11.3% of cases. Some suicidal individuals are able to act with great consideration for the consequences of their actions.

Conclusion:

Every effort must be made to help suicidal people with mental disorders or other predicaments. There is a need for public discussion of suicide by targeting an oncoming vehicle. It is less likely that suicide drivers who target other vehicles are unable to choose and more likely they have not considered the consequences of their actions.
Development of a duplex lateral flow assay for simultaneous detection of antibodies against African and Classical swine fever viruses
Authors: Sastre Patricia , Pérez Teresa , Costa Sofia , Yang Xiaoping , Räber Alex , Blome Sandra , Goller Katja V. , Gallardo Carmina , Tapia Istar , García Julia , Sanz Antonio , Rueda Paloma
Published: July 2016

Classical swine fever (CSF) and African swine fever (ASF) are both highly contagious diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar and are clinically indistinguishable. For both diseases, antibody detection is an integral and crucial part of prevention and control measures. The purpose of our study was to develop and initially validate a duplex pen-side test for simultaneous detection and differentiation of specific antibodies against CSF virus (CSFV) and ASF virus (ASFV). The test was based on the major capsid protein VP72 of ASFV and the structural protein E2 of CSFV, both considered the most immunogenic proteins of these viruses. The performance of the pen-side test was evaluated using a panel of porcine samples consisting of experimental, reference, and field sera, with the latter collected from European farms free of both diseases. The new lateral flow assay was able to detect specific antibodies to ASFV or CSFV, showing good levels of sensitivity and specificity. These preliminary data indicate the potential of the newly developed pen-side test for rapid differential detection of antibodies found in the 2 diseases, which is of particular importance in the field and in front-line laboratories where equipment and skilled personnel are limited and control of ASF and CSF is crucial.
Resolving Bovine viral diarrhea virus subtypes from persistently infected U.S. beef calves with complete genome sequence
Authors: Workman Aspen M. , Heaton Michael P. , Harhay Gregory P. , Smith Timothy P. L. , Grotelueschen Dale M. , Sjeklocha David , Brodersen Bruce , Petersen Jessica L. , Chitko-McKown Carol G.
Published: July 2016

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is classified into 2 genotypes, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2, each of which contains distinct subtypes with genetic and antigenic variation. To effectively control BVDV by vaccination, it is important to know which subtypes of the virus are circulating and how their prevalence is changing over time. Accordingly, the purpose of our study was to estimate the current prevalence and diversity of BVDV subtypes from persistently infected (PI) beef calves in the central United States. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5′-UTR (5′ untranslated region) for 119 virus strains revealed that a majority (82%) belonged to genotype 1b, and the remaining strains were distributed between genotypes 1a (9%) and 2 (8%); however, BVDV-2 subtypes could not be confidently resolved. Therefore, to better define the variability of U.S. BVDV isolates and further investigate the division of BVDV-2 isolates into subtypes, complete genome sequences were obtained for these isolates as well as representatives of BVDV-1a and -1b. Phylogenetic analyses of the complete coding sequence provided more conclusive genetic classification and revealed that U.S. BVDV-2 isolates belong to at least 3 distinct genetic groups that are statistically supported by both complete and individual coding gene analyses. These results show that a more complex set of BVDV-2 subtypes has been circulating in this region than was previously thought.
Characterization of a novel Canine distemper virus causing disease in wildlife
Authors: Pope Jenny P. , Miller Debra L. , Riley Matthew C. , Anis Eman , Wilkes Rebecca P.
Published: July 2016

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a common cause of a multisystemic disease in both domestic dogs and wildlife species, including raccoons and foxes. Outbreaks of CDV in domestic dogs in eastern Tennessee have occurred since 2012, and it was determined that these outbreaks resulted from a novel genotype of CDV. We hypothesized that this virus is also infecting area wildlife and may be a source of the virus for these outbreaks in dogs. From 2013 to 2014, autopsies were performed and tissues collected from raccoons ( Procyon lotor; n = 50) and gray foxes ( Urocyon cinereoargenteus; n = 8) for CDV testing. A real-time reverse transcription PCR was used to document the presence of CDV in tissue samples, and a portion of the virus was subsequently sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. A high percentage of wildlife, both with (86%) and without (55%) clinical signs, tested positive for CDV, with the majority (77%) testing positive for the novel genotype. Microscopic findings, including syncytia in the lungs and viral inclusion bodies in urothelium, astrocytes, neurons, and bronchiolar epithelium, were also consistent with canine distemper. Minimal inflammation in the central nervous system of affected animals was indicative of the acute neurologic form of the disease. Pneumonia and parasitism were also commonly found in CDV-infected animals. Based on these results, CDV appears to be prevalent in eastern Tennessee wildlife. Subclinical or clinically recovered shedders are a potential source of this novel genotype for domestic dogs, and this genotype is genetically distinct from vaccine strains.
The Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)
Authors: Darrow Alice-Ann
Published: July 2016

On December 10, 2015, President Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA) (P.L. 114-95), legislation which reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, and replaces the widely criticized No Child Left Behind Act. After various versions were offered, rejected, or revised, the ESSA ultimately passed both chambers of Congress with strong bipartisan support. The general consensus, from special educators, is the new federal law, which grants significantly more power to states while continuing to require reporting from schools about the capabilities of their students, is a step in the right direction for all students, including those with disabilities. Music educators have celebrated the law for its specification of music as part of a “well-rounded education.” The purpose of this article is to provide background on ESSA and to discuss implications of this law for students with disabilities and music educators.
Multiaxial high-cycle fatigue life prediction model based on the critical plane approach considering mean stress effects
Authors: Zhang Jia-Liang , Shang De-Guang , Sun Yu-Juan , Wang Xiao-Wei
Published: July 2016

The aim of this paper is to propose a modified multiaxial high-cycle fatigue criterion based on the critical plane approach. The proposed criterion contains three parameters, that is, shear stress amplitude, normal stress amplitude and mean normal stress. In order to take into account the mean shear stress effects, the critical plane is determined by the maximum shear stress. In the proposed multiaxial fatigue criterion, the influence of mean normal stress on fatigue damage is also considered. Based on the proposed criterion, the multiaxial fatigue life is predicted, and the results showed a good agreement with experimental data obtained from some literatures.
Flash Burns While on Home Oxygen Therapy: Tracking Trends and Identifying Areas for Improvement
Authors: Wolff Kristina B. , Soncrant Christina , Mills Peter D. , Hemphill Robin R.
Published: July 2016

The objective was to analyze reported flash burns experienced by patients on home oxygen therapy (HOT) in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) using a qualitative, retrospective review of VHA root cause analysis reports between January 2009 and November 2015. Of 123 cases of reported adverse events related to flash burns, 100 cases (81%) resulted in injury, and 23 (19%) resulted in death. Although 89% of veterans claimed to have quit smoking (n = 109), 92% (n = 113) of burns occurred as a result of smoking. The most common root cause was risk identification issues. Recommended actions were standardized risk assessment policies, patient education, and the adoption of fire stop valves. Patients with a history of smoking who are on HOT should be considered for fire stop valves and offered consistent counseling and follow-up using a combination of harm reduction and shared decision-making techniques. Standardization of risk identification and documentation is recommended.
Citizens as Scientists
Authors: Martin Victoria , Smith Liam , Bowling Alison , Christidis Les , Lloyd David , Pecl Gretta
Published: July 2016

Public participation in science is burgeoning, yet little is known about factors that influence potential volunteers. We present results from a national survey of 1,145 marine users to uncover the drivers and barriers to a sightings-based, digital marine citizen science project. Knowledge of marine species is the most significant barrier and driver for participation. Many marine users perceive that they have insufficient knowledge of marine species to contribute to the project, yet they expect to learn more about marine species if they were to participate. Contributing to scientific knowledge is also a strong driver for many marine users to participate.
Differences in Mental Health and Sexual Outcomes Based on Type of Nonconsensual Sexual Penetration
Authors: Pinsky Hanna T. , Shepard Molly E. , Bird Elizabeth R. , Gilmore Amanda K. , Norris Jeanette , Davis Kelly Cue , George William H.
Published: July 2016

Little is known based on the stratification and localization of penetration type of rape: oral, vaginal, and/or anal. The current study examined associations between type of rape and mental and sexual health symptoms in 865 community women. All penetration types were positively associated with negative mental and sexual health symptoms. Oral and/or anal rape accounted for additional variance in anxiety, depression, some trauma-related symptoms, and dysfunctional sexual behavior than the association with vaginal rape alone. Findings suggest that penetration type can be an important facet of a rape experience and may be useful to assess in research and clinical settings.
Calling the Shots: How Family Courts Address the Firearms Ban in Protection Orders
Authors: Fleury-Steiner Ruth E. , Miller Susan L. , Carcirieri Ava
Published: July 2016

Access to firearms increases the risk of a batterer killing his partner. Moreover, firearms may be more common in homes where intimate partner abuse has occurred. The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 banned possession of firearms by individuals subject to civil protection orders. Yet little research has focused on how this ban is communicated to survivors and batterers. Drawing on systematic observations of protection order hearings, the current study explores factors related to judicial discussion of the ban in court. Implications for improving protection orders and for increasing battered women’s safety are discussed.
Modelling of bone fracture healing: influence of gap size and angiogenesis into bioresorbable bone substitute
Authors: Lu Yanfei , Lekszycki Tomasz
Published: July 2016

The complex process of bone fracture healing is driven by a set of mechanobiological and biochemical factors. In the present paper, a mathematical model of the angiogenesis effect on bioresorbable bone graft healing is proposed. The synthesis of bone tissue and resorption of bone and bone substitute material are stimulated by adjacent strain energy, and in the meantime regulated by a set of geometry and biochemical factors. The most important new elements included in formulation of this model are the effect of sufficient and insufficient nutrients supply, dependence of actor cell number on pore surface, and dependence of sensor cell number on bone mass.

The proposed mathematical formulation was implemented in FEM software COMSOL. A simple example was selected to perform numerical simulations in order to check the effect of gap size and nutrients diffusion rate on healing process. Values of selected parameters introduced in the proposed model were estimated on the basis of experimental results reported in the literature. Agreement between the results of numerical simulations and experimental studies was observed.
Evidence That Classroom-Based Behavioral Interventions Reduce Pregnancy-Related School Dropout Among Nairobi Adolescents
Authors: Sarnquist Clea , Sinclair Jake , Omondi Mboya Benjamin , Langat Nickson , Paiva Lee , Halpern-Felsher Bonnie , Golden Neville H. , Maldonado Yvonne A. , Baiocchi Michael T.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. To evaluate the effect of behavioral, empowerment-focused interventions on the incidence of pregnancy-related school dropout among girls in Nairobi’s informal settlements. Method. Retrospective data on pregnancy-related school dropout from two cohorts were analyzed using a matched-pairs quasi-experimental design. The primary outcome was the change in the number of school dropouts due to pregnancy from 1 year before to 1 year after the interventions. Results. Annual incidence of school dropout due to pregnancy decreased by 46% in the intervention schools (from 3.9% at baseline to 2.1% at follow-up), whereas the comparison schools remained essentially unchanged ( p < .029). Sensitivity analysis shows that the findings are robust to small levels of unobserved bias. Conclusions. Results suggest that these behavioral interventions significantly reduced the number of school dropouts due to pregnancy. As there are limited promising studies on behavioral interventions that decrease adolescent pregnancy in low-income settings, this intervention may be an important addition to this toolkit.
Acute aerobic exercise increases implicit approach motivation for dessert images
Authors: May Christine N , Nock Nora L , Bentley Devon , Demaree Heath A
Published: July 2016

We examined the effect of acute exercise compared to a cognitive task on implicit approach/avoidance motivation to dessert food images using the Dessert–Approach–Avoidance Task. Participants randomized to exercise had a greater increase in approach motivation to dessert images compared to those completing cognitive tasks ( p=0.046), adjusting for disordered eating, task difficulty, and changes in negative affect. This study provides the first evidence for the use of the Dessert–Approach–Avoidance Task to evaluate the effects of acute exercise on implicit motivations for dessert images. Future studies should examine implicit response to food images using the Dessert–Approach–Avoidance Task in response to chronic exercise.
Randall Collins’ forward panic pathway to violence and the 1972 Bloody Sunday killings in Northern Ireland
Authors: McCleery Martin Joseph
Published: July 2016

This article examines the shootings of 26 unarmed civilians, 14 of which proved fatal, by members of the British Parachute regiment in Derry, Northern Ireland, in 1972. The article will provide a new explanation for this incident which remains highly controversial in British and Irish politics. It will argue that macro-explanations for the killings are insufficient and that the micro-situation on the ground that day needs to be examined in order to understand this event. Different narratives in relation to the actions of the soldiers will be outlined. However, it will be maintained that Randall Collins’ micro-sociological theory of violence, in particular its forward panic pathway, best explains the level of violence on that day. This will in turn improve our understanding of Bloody Sunday.
A newsmaker’s tool: The 35mm camera and journalism’s material epistemology
Authors: Creech Brian
Published: July 2016

As devices become a more visible and integral part of media practice, it is important for researchers and scholars to attend to the ways in which philosophies, professional discourses, and technical limits structure the ways these technologies are deployed. The 35mm camera is a technological waypoint between earlier large-format cameras and contemporary digital photography and offers a useful historical example for interrogating the relationship between seemingly inert technical operations and journalism’s modes of meaning production. To that end, this article offers a theoretical perspective for interrogating the 35mm camera through the lens of Latour, with the aim of developing a schema for integrating devices into the cultural study of media and communication.
Celebrity news as hybrid journalism: An assessment of celebrity coverage in Flemish newspapers and magazines
Authors: Van den Bulck Hilde , Paulussen Steve , Bels Annebeth
Published: July 2016

This contribution discusses the content and characteristics of celebrity news as a hybrid news genre by means of a quantitative content analysis of a random sample from 1 year of celebrity news as published in two elite and two popular Flemish newspapers, and two Flemish celebrity gossip magazines. To this end, a theoretical framework is developed that combines insights from celebrity studies regarding the characteristics of the celebrity as a mediated construct with insights from research on (the decline of) journalistic quality, as well as insights from genre studies on hybridity. Different from what the literature suggests, the results indicate a certain dominance in celebrity news of the public over the private and a distinct attention to public interest next to human interest news, although results differ according to type of medium. The results also show clear indications both of original but sensationalized reporting in magazines and of a high level of ‘churnalism’ in (elite) newspapers. In the conclusion, the article suggests a need to pay more attention to ‘regular’ rather than exceptional celebrity news and a reconsideration of what is ‘wrong’ with celebrity news as indicative of what is ‘wrong’ with journalism in general, and shows that celebrity news is a hybrid genre in three different ways.
Hearing non-neutral: Listening practices and the construction of societal consensus in hybrid election campaign interviews
Authors: Kantara Argyro
Published: July 2016

Ekström and Kroon Lundell, Ekström, Hutchby refer to hybridity in political news interviews as the mix of activities or the systematic shifting between speech exchange systems otherwise associated with non-interview settings. In their examination of journalists’ mixed interactional activities, both Hutchby and Ekström discuss how hybridity is explored as an interactional resource to question politicians and/or create an argumentative environment, breaching the neutralistic role of the broadcast news journalist. In this article, I examine instances of journalists’ breaching neutralism not through their hybrid questioning practices but through their listening practices in one-on-one interviews conducted during the 2012 Greek general election campaigns. In my data, journalists use hybrid listening practices to co-produce politicians’ arguments and to answer their own questions. Findings indicate that journalists’ hybrid listening practices provide political actors with new ways to mainstream and appropriate their manifestos to the public.