bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can an Unambiguous Cue Reduce Bias? [Under Review]
Authors: Singh Balbir , Axt Jordan , Correll Joshua
Published: September 2022

Many companies attempt to simplify information to ease decision-making for human perceivers. They operate under the assumption that if the available information is less ambiguous, perceivers’ decisions will be less biased. This assumption is a logical conclusion of prior literature. When perceivers have access to multiple qualifications, they differentially weigh those cues to justify biased decisions. It is then possible that, if a perceiver had access to only one qualification to use when deciding, bias will be reduced. In two studies, we manipulate the number of qualifications participants have access to and the ambiguity of the qualification. In Study 1, we find that participants are more accurate with one qualification compared to multiple qualifications. However, this increase in accuracy does not reduce bias. In Study 2, reducing the ambiguity of the single qualification again increased accuracy but did not reduce bias. Although many people and organizations presume that a single cue will make decisions easier and thus reduce bias, we only find that the decisions become easier and not necessarily less biased. A single, unambiguous qualification is still subject to biased responding.
Does Awareness of Health Nudges Diminish the Effectiveness of a Proximity Health Intervention? [UNDER REVIEW]
Authors: Singh Balbir , Tokasey Brittany , Clayton Erickson Miriam , Bryan Angela
Published: September 2022

Objective: Nudges have become a popular method to encourage healthy choices. With this popularity, media outlets have begun reporting about the use of nudges. Although public knowledge of nudge interventions is still limited, the increasing use of nudges by health professionals combined with the increasing media coverage suggests the public will become increasingly aware of nudges and may be able to identify nudges when they occur. This increase in awareness could lead to reduced effectiveness or backfire effects. Design: In this registered report we propose two novel studies to better understand how general awareness of nudges may impact the effectiveness of a subsequent proximity intervention to change health behavior. In Study 1, we will manipulate whether a person is given a proximity health intervention, if the participant learns about nudges, and whether the source is likable or not. In Study 2, participants will either learn about nudges from a trustworthy or untrustworthy source, and then be given a proximity health intervention.Results: To be determined.Conclusion: This set of studies could help researchers understand how increasing lay awareness of nudges may affect their specific interventions.
Adverse effects of information personalization on human learning
Authors: Bahg Giwon , Sloutsky Vladimir , Turner Brandon
Published: September 2022

Many online content providers use "personalization" algorithms to generate recommendations that are individually fine-tuned for users’ interests. However, these algorithms have also been criticized because tailoring content to specific users necessarily restricts the diversity of content, leading to reinforcement of existing beliefs. Here, we investigated the degree to which personalization can hinder learning in the context of learning about novel categories. Our results show that personalized learners developed inaccurate representations about the categories and reported inflated confidence about incorrect decisions for what they have never or rarely studied before relative to non-personalized learners. The results suggest that personalization algorithms may contribute to distorted representations of information, which in turn causes inaccurate generalizations, such as stereotypes.
Memory as the Observer in Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Khan Tariq
Published: September 2022

A short and informal essay proposing that the amount of memory, required for any given observation, be added to Special Relativity as a means to encompass The Observer in Quantum Mechanics into Relativity Theory. The amount of memory required for any given observation is considered as a key hidden variable versus Quantum Mechanical phenomena. This memory amount is proposed as the fundamental aspect of any given reference frame and, thus, separates all reference frames into “slices” or individual Universes where conscious observers move between them for any given observation.
Diagnostic traditional medicine criteria of Covid-19 by using a latent tree model
Authors:   Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine, Tran Thi Hong Ngai , Hoang Thuy Hong ,   Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine, Nguyen Truong Nam ,   Vietnam University of Traditional Medicine
Published: September 2022

Objectives: Until now, the guideline of the Vietnam Ministry of Health and several pieces of research have confirmed the effectiveness of traditional medicine in managing Covid-19, especially for mild levels. However, the research on differentiating traditional medicine disease patterns of Covid-19 to systemise diagnosis and treatment has not been implemented. Thence, this study aimed to establish diagnostic criteria for mild clinical forms of Covid-19 using latent tree models (LTMs). Materials and methods: Stage 1: Conduct studies on classic medical documents, textbooks and monographs on traditional medicine, to make questionnaires to observe symptoms in Covid-19 patients at a mild stage. Stage 2: Choosing and investigating Covid-19 patients at a mild stage by inclusion criteria. A 65-question survey was used to investigate 438 patients at Ho Chi Minh city Traditional Medicine Hospital, then included data were analysed by using the latent tree model. Results: Literature review exhibited 10 documents (5 classic medical documents, 5 textbooks) with content related to Covid-19. After modelling, 21 latent variables (Y0 to Y20) were established, referring to the groups of included symptom variables. According to ve - khi - dinh - huyet diagnosis theory, 2 traditional medical disease patterns are matching with the literature: the Ve-area disease pattern and the Khi-area disease pattern. Conclusions: The latent tree model analysis pointed out 2 traditional medical disease patterns of Covid-19 at a mild stage, including the Ve-area disease pattern and Khi-area disease pattern.
Conjugation of iontophoresis and minimally invasive techniques to improve transdermal drug delivery
Authors:   Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Nguyen Thi Hong Duc , Vo Quoc Anh ,   Hanoi University of Pharmacy
Published: September 2022

Iontophoresis is an active drug delivery technique that has been demonstrated to significantly enhance the transdermal permeability of numerous active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), especially with hydrophilic drugs and large molecules. However, the technique poses limitations in delivering medications reaching therapeutic concentrations of high-dose drugs, proteins, and nanoparticles. Conjugation of iontophoresis with minimally invasive delivery techniques for further improving transdermal absorption is a potential approach to those limitations. Succonjugation possesses great potential to widen the application range of topical dosage forms to various APIs and drug carrier systems. This article aimed to review the fundamental as well as results of studies applying the approach of combining iontophoresis with minimally invasive drug delivery techniques, namely electroporation, chemical enhancers, low-frequency ultrasound, microneedle arrays, and magnetophoresis.
Development of an HPLC method for asperulosidic acid quantification in the powder prepared from the spinal degeneration remedy of physician Nguyen Thien Chung
Authors:   Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh city, Nguyen Huu Mai Lynh , Pham Ngoc Thac ,   Traditional Medicine Hospital, Ho Chi Minh city, Huynh Tran Quoc Dung ,   Traditional Medicine Hospital, Ho Chi Minh city, Vo Thanh Hoa ,   School of Medicine, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh city, Phan Thanh Dung ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh city, Nguyen Duc Hanh ,   Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh city
Published: September 2022

Nguyen Thien Chung’s remedy which consists of 13 medicinal herbs had been demonstrated its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects on animal experiments. This remedy has further been developed into powder form. This study was conducted to develop a method to quantify asperulosidic acid, the important marker in BT powder, by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sample processing conditions and quantitative HPLC conditions were screened. The HPLC method was validated according to the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guidelines for system suitability, specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy. Methanol was chosen as the solvent for sample preparation and the ratio between BT powder and methanol was 300:25 (mg/ml). The selected HPLC conditions included a C18 Shimpack GIST column (250×4.6 mm, 5 μm), a detection wavelength of 236 nm, a column temperature of 30oC, a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and an injection volume of 10 μl. The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% H3PO4 with a ratio of 9.5:90.5 (v/v). The quantitative method showed a good linear correlation between the peak area and the concentration of asperulosidic acid (r2=0.9987). The Relative standard deviation (RSD) value of the intermediate precision was 1.24%. The recovery was found in a range of 91.22-99.76%. The HPLC method for asperulosidic acid quantification in BT powder met the validation requirements and could be applied to standardise and evaluate the quality of BT powder.
Establishment of an acclimatization protocol for pepper (Piper nigrum L.) plantlets post-in vitro stage
Authors:   Western Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute, Nguyen Thi Mai , Truong Hong ,   Western Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute, Nguyen Hac Hien ,   Dak Lak Crop Production and Plant Production Branch, Ninh Thi Thao ,   Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture
Published: September 2022

This study was conducted with the aim of determining the factors that affect the growth and development of in vitro-derived pepper plantlets variety Vinh Linh in greenhouse. The results indicated that gradual adaptation of in vitro plantlets to ex vitro environment by placing enclosed plantlets-containing culture vessels in greenhouse for 2 weeks improved the survival and growth of pepper plantlets upon transfer to acclimatization substrate. The plantlets were required to reach the weight of 0.7-0.9 g before transplanting into nursery bags containing substrate that was red soil:cow dung:coconut husk:rice husk (5:2:2:1). Alternative application of NPK 0.2% and foliar fertilizer Nupe 0.2% every 2 weeks positively affected plant growth and the plants were ready for transplanting into the field after about 5 months. The research results establish an acclimatization protocol for pepper plantlets post-in vitro stage that helps to complete the protocol for pepper production using micropropagation method.
The morphological characteristics of banded needlefish Strongylura leiura(Bleeker, 1850) dwelling in the coastal water of Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh city
Authors:   Faculty of Fisheries, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh city, Dinh Cong Khanh ,   Ho Chi Minh city Fisheries Department, Tran Trung Can ,   Ho Chi Minh city Fisheries Department, Vo Thi Mong Thu ,   Ho Chi Minh city Fisheries Department, Nguyen Phu Hoa ,   Faculty of Fisheries, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh city, Thai Ngoc Tri ,   Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST),   Graduate University of Science and Technology (VAST)
Published: September 2022

The banded needlefish (Strongylura leiura) dwells in the coastal waters of Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh city, with the local name “blue-bone fish”. Study results on the morphological characteristics of 70 individuals showed that the total length and weight of fish varied from 410 to 1,060 mm (average 741.71 mm), 90-2,600 gr (average 618.73 gr), respectively. There were 17-24 dorsal fin rays, 22-29 anal fin rays, 12-19 pectoral fin rays, and small and low pelvic fins with 9-13 rays. The lateral scales with 192-427 small scales indicated the growth of this fish in the coastal waters of Can Gio, with the growth value b ranging from 3.431-3.501 and R2values ranging from 0.875-0.926. The research on the external structure of the banded needlefish can help distinguish male and female individuals of this species based on the external morphology of the sex organs. There was a pink urogenital papilla on male. In female, there was a single round pink urogenital pore without a genital papilla. When the gonad of matured female came to the stage III to stage IV, this genital pore was widened and pink.
Akses reform melalui pengembangan padi organik di desa Rawajaya kabupaten Cilacap
Authors: Winarso Arif , Prasetyo Priyo Katon , Saleh R. Deden Dani
Published: September 2022

Program akses reform ini dilaksanakan terhadap tiga puluh petani melalui pengembangan padi organik yang melibatkan Lembaga Wakaf Majelis Ulama Indonesia (LWMUI), Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, dan Universitas Tadulako. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pelaksanaan akses reform di desa Rawajaya melalui pengembangan padi organik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif untuk mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan Desa Rawajaya menjadi obyek bantuan bibit dalam rangka pengembangan padi organik. Pengembangan padi organik dapat dikatakan berhasil apabila bentuk pemasaran yang dilakukan  tepat sasaran, namun pelaksanaan akses reform di desa Rawajaya belum berhasil, ada dua tahapan yang belum optimal yaitu tahapan penyuluhan yang berakibat pada program akses reform tidak berjalan lancar dan tahapan evaluasi mengenai tindak lanjut dari pengembangan padi organik. Terjadi gagal panen menyebabkan pendapatan petani tidak mengalami peningkatan. Tidak adanya peningkatan perekonomian akhirnya membuat perpecahan pada kelompok tani penerima akses reform.
Learning on Proposal and Optimization of Stumpy Influence CMOS Transconductance Operational Amplifier
Authors: Goswami Neelaksha , Singh Satendra
Published: September 2022

Portable systems, such as wireless communication systems, laptops, smart phones, consumer electronics, and implanted medical devices, are in high demand in the rapidly expanding consumer market. When it comes to extending the running duration of these portable devices, low-power and low-voltage integrated circuits are used almost universally to achieve this. The design of an analogue integrated circuit with somewhat excellent processing characteristics, when compared to its digital equivalent, is a difficult undertaking, especially when it comes to applications requiring low voltage and low power. The use of a digitally driven CMOS technology for the design of an analogue circuit equivalent has increased the difficulty of the difficulties in today's environment. Because of this, the design of ultra-low power analogue circuits has become the bottleneck in the contemporary Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. This thesis analyses some of the frequently utilised low power design strategies, which are specifically suited for analogue circuits and are being widely adopted. In today's electronic age, it is necessary to build competitive analogue integrated circuits in order to stay up with the high performance digital integrated circuits that are now available. Since its invention, the amplifier has played a critical role in the design of the vast majority of analogue integrated circuits. Despite this, the performance of the amplifier is what distinguishes the majority of analogue circuits such as converters, filters, and tracking circuits.
ON THE ISSUE OF SCENARIO APPROACHES TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ENERGY SYSTEM
Authors: Mikayelyan Yevgenya
Published: September 2022

The article analyzes scenario approaches to the development of the energy system of the world, as well as agreeing on the positive and negative sides, and proposes practical mechanisms to improve the efficiency of the energy system of the NKR. Modern models of energy development are presented in the article, of which 6 are mainly used. The necessity of using the SCANNER model to improve the efficiency of the energy system of the NKR is especially emphasized, because it is as close to reality as possible.
Cheating on Testing: Cramming on Test Preparation
Authors: Kim Nahee
Published: September 2022

Professor Glenn Fulcher’s research has influenced language testing and assessment in two ways: in proposing a new understanding of data-driven speaking test design, and in drawing attention to the core identity of language testers. The former has had a powerful impact on practical speaking testing and assessment. The latter has asked a very essential question of what language testers do, exploring philosophical, historical, and social ideas from a pragmatic view of language testing and assessment. In particular, Fulcher (2015)’s chapters on meritocracy and values in language tests explain why we have been using tests throughout history to discern vital roles of language tests and yet why people attempt to cheat on them, in relation to ‘three Ms’ ideas including meritocracy, material success, and motivation. Within this view, this paper aims to review TOEFL cramming practices on test preparation, using Fulcher (2015)’s notion of cheating. Korean test takers study TOEFL cramming skills at test preparation companies to acquire admission to schools, called Hagwons in Korean. However, there is little research regarding cramming practices in terms of cheating. Collected data from my doctoral study (Kim, 2016) were reviewed. It was found that cramming skills as a form of cheating were explicitly taught in class, including use of actual test questions, memorisation of sample answers, and the use of a testing environment. The study revealed reasons to lead the cramming skills: (1) practical benefits of test scores, (2) speaking and writing sections and (3) investments of test preparation. The implications of the study are to raise awareness of the importance of links between cheating and cramming in the field of language testing and teaching.
Cognitive Diagnostic Assessment of IELTS Listening: Providing Feedback from its Internal Structure
Authors: Panahi Ali , Mohebbi Hassan
Published: September 2022

High stakes testing, such as IELTS, is designed to select individuals for decision-making purposes (Fulcher, 2013b). Hence, there is a slow-growing stream of research investigating the subskills of IELTS listening and, in feedback terms, its effects on individuals and educational programs. Here, cognitive diagnostic assessment (CDA) performs it through breaking down the abstract listening concepts into fine-grained subcomponents, and applying it to in-class assessment and teaching. Therefore, the strengths and weaknesses of language learners concerning various subsections of the IELTS listening test were explored with use of three CDMs, i.e., DINA, DINO and mixed DINA-DINO. As a result, the analysis of the participants’(N=463) performances revealed that the mixed-DINA-DINO model using the original Q-matrix was the most effective model. On the other hand, all three models indicated that gap-filling was cognitively less demanding than the other subsections. However, they did not show any agreement on multiple-choice sub-competency. Accordingly, it can be argued that the CDM-driven diagnostic information related to the sub-sections of the IELTS listening test can be used in educational systems to explore the underlying structure of a test and detect the learners’ potential strengths and weaknesses with mastery and non-mastery of the intended items.
Young Chinese EFL Learners’ Referential Strategies in Written Chinese and English Narratives
Authors: Wu Hao-yu
Published: September 2022

A good command of referential skills has been seen as an effective indicator that reveals learners’ discourse-related competence. However, in the realm of second language learning, a scant of attention has been paid to investigate L2 learners’ referential skills in narratives. Therefore, the present study aims to address the gap through examining young Chinese EFL learners’ abilities in using referential forms in English narratives. Three Chinese EFL fourth graders in Taiwan were asked to produce English and Chinese written narratives, elicited through a wordless picture book Frog, Where Are You? (Mayer, 1969). The results showed that the participants made few mistakes and achieved high level of appropriateness in the use of referential expressions in English narratives. It was also found that they used similar referential strategies across different discourse contexts in both English and Chinese narratives. It was suggested that their near-proficient performance regarding the referential skills may be attributed to the positive transfer from L1 to L2. However, the analysis of some mistakes by the participants also demonstrated that L2 overgeneralization played a role that hinders the participants’ performance. Finally, implications for pedagogy and suggestions for future research are made.
Individual Differences and Willingness to Communicate in Second Language: The Role of Student Age, Gender and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Li Zheng , Li Bing
Published: September 2022

It has been widely argued that willingness to communicate (WTC) in a second language (L2) is a dual construct of the learner’s trait and state. This study aimed to explore the relationships between trait-level antecedents (students’ demographic features) and their L2 WTC. A sample of 1502 university students was recruited to participate in this study. Data of their age, gender, family socioeconomic status (SES) were collected. A questionnaire of L2 WTC was adopted to measure the participants’ WTC in meaning-focused activities and WTC in form-focused activities. A path model was tested via structural equation modeling and significant relationships between student demographic features (age, gender and SES) and L2 WTC were observed. The major findings were: 1) male students had higher WTC in meaning-focused activities, but female students showed higher WTC in form-focused activities, 2) student age was negatively related to WTC in meaning-focused activities, and 3) students SES positively predicted WTC in meaning-focused activities. Implications for L2 instruction in tertiary education were also discussed.
Effects of Focused Written Feedback and Revision in the Development of Explicit and Implicit Knowledge in EFL Writing
Authors: J. Endley Martin , Karim Khaled
Published: September 2022

This study investigated the effect of (a) direct written corrective feedback (WCF) and (b) opportunities for revision on the development of second language learners’ explicit and implicit L2 knowledge in an EFL setting. Twenty-six intermediate-level university students were randomly divided into three groups: two treatment groups (direct feedback, direct feedback + revision), and a control group (no feedback). In a pretest-posttest design, over the span of six weeks, participants completed picture-prompted writing tasks, timed grammaticality judgment tests and error correction tests. Participants also produced two new writings with members of the direct feedback + revision group being given an opportunity to revise their writing. The results for the direct feedback group indicated accuracy gains in posttests. There was also some evidence that these gains were dependent on the structure targeted. However, there was no comparable improvement in the direct feedback + revision group. Therefore, it was not possible to interpret these effects as strong evidence for development of learners’ L2 knowledge. Conversely, there was evidence that the direct feedback + revision group had benefitted from the opportunity to revise their writing.
Clinical comparison of omicron and delta variants in older COVID-19 patients and the effect of vaccination status
Authors: ARSLAN Kadem , BAŞ Süleyman , YILMAZ Abdurrahman , TANOĞLU Alpaslan
Published: September 2022

Aim: It was aimed to investigate the clinical course of the Omicron vand Delta variant among the SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated and unvaccinated COVID-19 patients over 65 years old and to compare their effects on patients.

Material and Method: The study was conducted on 567 COVID-19 patients over 65 years old. All patients’ gender, age, medical history, COVID-19 PCR test results, blood test results, thorax CT images, vaccination status, hospitalization status, and treatment results were recorded. When evaluating the chest CT images, a semiquantitative scoring system was used. The patients were divided into the Omicron and Delta variant subgroups, and vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. Comparisons were made between the Delta variant and Omicron variant groups, the vaccinated and unvaccinated patient groups,and SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinated and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated patient groups.

Results: A total of 519 patients were included in the study.337 patients were in the Omicron variant group, 182 were in the Delta variant group.The hospitalization rate, ICU admission rate, mortality rate, rate of symptomatic patients,and the median thorax CT severity score was significantly higher in the Delta variant group than the Omicron variant group.The hospitalization rate, ICU admission rate, mortality rate, median thorax CT score and the rate of asymptomatic patients was significantly higher in the unvaccinated patient group than in the vaccinated group.There was no significant difference in the mortality rates and in the ICU admission rates between the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated group and the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinated group.

Conclusion: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant compared to the Delta variant and the SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated patients compared to the unvaccinated patients had a milder clinical course and less mortality in COVID-19 patients over 65 years old.
Impact of Business Intelligence on Strategic Entrepreneurship: The Mediating Role of Organizational Agility
Authors: Al AQasrawi Isra Sitan , Alafi Khaled Khalaf
Published: September 2022

The purpose of the study is to examine the impact of Business Intelligence (BI) on Strategic Entrepreneurship (SE) with the existence of Organizational Agility (OA) in Jordanian entrepreneurial companies. The researchers used the quantitative method, as it has an empirical nature. The questionnaire was adopted as a data collection tool. In total, 209 questionnaires were disturbed electronically among 16 entrepreneurial companies operating in King Hussein Business Park (KHBS) in Amman, Jordan. The analyzed results showed a high positive impact of BI on SE, which is seen evident in the results where BI dimensions (data warehousing, data mining, and On-Line Analytic Processing (OLAP)), have a statistically significant impact on SE and its dimensions (entrepreneurial mindset, applying creativity & developing innovation, opportunities identification, and acceptance of risk). Additionally, OA depicted a partial mediation between BI and SE. Furthermore, all main and sub hypotheses were significant and accepted, since the p-value of each analysis is less than 0.05. Finally, the researchers recommend applying BI in entrepreneurial companies that do not adopt it, and it should be given a high priority as it has been proven that BI increases the chances of identifying opportunities, accepting risks, and, moreover, developing innovative projects.
The Antecedents and Consequences of Customer Inspiration: The Mediating Role of Perceptual Fluency in the Online Shopping Context
Authors: Kasamani Tamara , Abass Alaa , Mostapha Nehale
Published: September 2022

Customer inspiration is gaining scholars attention in the marketing literature. Thus, the main objective of this study is to highlight on customer inspiration in the online shopping context, and this could be by examining the role of augmented reality (AR) in promoting customer inspiration. Minimal number of research have studied the effect of two critical dimensions of AR which are environmental embedding and simulated physical control on customer inspiration. Thus, this research will bridge this gap by conducting a quantitative study that empirically validates the effect of these two important variables on customer inspiration. Besides, this will open new insights for the future research to explore other variables and better understand AR. In addition, few studies have validated the theory of processing fluency in the AR context. Hence, this study will close the gap and investigate the role of perceptual fluency as a mediator to the relationship between AR and customer inspiration
SEDIMENTATION RATES AND CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSIL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE NANGGULAN FORMATION, KULON PROGO, INDONESIA
Authors: Jatiningrum Resti Samyati , Saputra Rivdhal , Phang Gaudensia , Sato Tokiyuki
Published: September 2022

The Nanggulan Formation is the oldest sedimentary rock of Paleogene age that was deposited in the eastern part of the Southern Central Java Basin. A total of 103 nannofossil samples were taken from two traverses in the study area, i.e., the Watupuru and Jetis Routes. Based on the biodatum identified from the nannofossil samples, the biostratigraphy of the rock formation is divided into five zonations, namely the upper part of Zone NP16, Zone NP17, the lower part of Zone NP18, the upper part of Zone NP22, and the lower part of Zone NP23, expanding from 41.1 Ma to 32.2 Ma of age (Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene). Only Zone NP17 is identified as a complete zone, whereas the other four are observed as partial. The fluctuation of global sea level is believed to be an influence on the deposition of the Nanggulan Formation. The sedimentation rate and the change of nannofossil species shows a decrease of oligotrophic (Sphenolithus) and an increase of eutrophic (Reticulofenestra) taxa, especially in small reticulofenestrids (Reticulofenestra spp.). This occurrence suggests a shift in the environmental conditions from an oligotrophic condition around 41.1 Ma to a eutrophic one, particularly after 40.40 Ma. The enhanced eutrophication in the Watupuru and Jetis Routes was caused by an increasing terrigenous input in 40.40 Ma and after, consequently providing nutrient availability on the water surface. This interpretation is supported by the increase in the sedimentation rate when sea level slightly decreased in 40.40 Ma.
Analisis Produksi Biogas Terhadap Penambahan Kulit Singkong pada Variasi Campuran Limbah Cair Domestk dan Aquadest
Authors: Simare mare Eva Malini , Sarah Maya , Husin Amir
Published: September 2022

Domestic waste and agricultural food waste in the form of cassava peels have the potential as a source of raw material for making biogas. This research uses domestic waste from Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Cemara of Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum (PDAM) Tirtanadi, Sumatera Utara Province. The ratio of domestic waste inoculum from WWTP Cemara PDAM Tirtanadi and water in this study was 100:0, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50 (v/v). Then, for each variation of the ratio, 3 kg of ground cassava peel was added. This study aims to determine the amount of biogas produced by measuring the pressure in a pipe connected to a bioreactor. The process of making biogas uses anaerobic fermentation with a batch system. The parameter tested in this study is the measurement of the Total Suspended Solid (TSS) value, Volatile Solid (VS) value, pH value, and total Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) value. From the results of the research conducted, it was found that the variation in the ratio of 100:0 found biogas at a pressure of 205.8 Pa with TSS value of 1348 mg/L, VS value of 410 mg/L, pH value of 7.66 and COD value of 1088 mg/L.
Pengaruh Konsentrasi Kapang dan Lama Waktu Fermentasi terhadap Kadar Bioetanol dari Limbah Kulit Singkong (Manihot esculenta)
Authors: Setyawan Jati Sasani , Widayatno Tri
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this research is the manufacture of bioethanol by utilizing cassava peel, this process is through acid hydrolysis and fermentation processes. Making bioethanol with variations in the effect of the rate of fermentation time (5th days and 10th days), as well as with variations in the amount of mold concentrations (10%, 20%, and 30%). The mold used is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, then the mixed bioethanol is separated through the distillation process and will produce bioethanol. Based on the data obtained, the highest ethanol content was found in the variation of the addition of 30% mold on the 5th day of 8.09% and the lowest ethanol content was found in the variation of the addition of 10% mold on the 10th days of 5.86%. This proves that each variation has an optimum value in producing bioethanol content from cassava peels.
Evaluasi Kinerja Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) di PT. Rohul Sawit Industri
Authors: Yasmin Nabilah  , Putri Tanti Nabella , Widiasa I Nyoman , Tito Adryan , Adyaksa M. Nur
Published: September 2022

This paper reports the performance evaluation results of the wastewater treatment plant and the quality of the effluent from the palm oil mill of PT. Rohul Sawit Industri in 2021, which uses Ponding System methods. PT. Rohul Sawit Industri are allowed to reuse the results of their waste treatment into the Land Application System. The faculative waste is monitored once a month where the data is in accordance with the UKL–UPL matrix. In the liquid waste test, samples of liquid waste are taken from the last outlet which will be flowed to the study area, referring to the applicable water sampling method. The results of laboratory tests showed that for 6 months the pH was relatively constant between ​​7–8 and the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)  was always below 5,000 mg/L. Both of these parameters have met the quality standards that have been set in the Decree of the State Minister of the Environment No. 29th in 2003. The level of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in wastewater is between 1912.2 mg/L–9389.67 mg/L, oil and fat content in wastewater is between 6.1 mg/L–15.3 mg/L, Total Suspended Solid (TSS) liquid waste is between 700 mg/L–55,920 mg/L, ammonia levels in palm oil waste are around 62.5 mg/L–215.5 mg/L, Pb levels in waste are between 0 .08 mg/L–0.155 mg/L, Cu levels in waste are always less than 0.005 mg/L, Cd levels in sewage are always less than 0.01 mg/L, and Zn levels in waste are between 0.012 mg/L–0.098 mg/L. Based on this, the processing of liquid waste from the palm oil mill of PT. Rohul Sawit Industri is quite good because the quality of the liquid waste is still below the quality standard.
Analisis Kuat Tarik dan Umur Perekat Poliamida Berbasis Gelatin dan Asam Adipat dengan Variasi Jumlah Minyak Sawit sebagai Pemlastis
Authors: Santosa Alvin Rizani Ardiansyah , Zain Anisya Salsabiela , Pancasakti Bima Prasetya , Budhijanto
Published: September 2022

The adhesive that is widely used today is the synthetic one, which is carcinogenic to humans. It is necessary to produce adhesives based on natural resources (bioadhesive) to reduce the use of synthetic adhesive. Gelatin is a compound that has amine groups, while adipic acid is an organic acid that has carboxylic groups in its chemical structure so they can be primary ingredients to make adhesive. The research objective is to reduce the use of synthetic adhesives with best quality of bioadhesive. The steps of making the adhesives included polymerization reaction and hydrolyzed palm oil addition. The polymerization reaction is carried out in batches at 90 ℃ and 1 atm with mole ratio palm oil to gelatin variety of 0; 0.04; 0.08; 0.17; 0.33; 0.5; and 1. The best result for tensile strength is the ratio of 0.33 mole ratio of palm oil to gelatin for 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days of curing time, respectively 1575.71 kPa, 2197.30 kPa, 3387.31 kPa, dan 3708.23 kPa.
Optimasi Pengaruh Waktu Kontak dan Dosis Adsorben Limbah Daun Kayu Putih (Melaleuca cajuputi) dengan Metode Isoterm Adsorpsi Langmuir
Authors: Kusumaningrum Dinar Ika Pambudi , Sudarni Dyan Hatining Ayu , Wahyuningsih Sri
Published: September 2022

Liquid waste from the textile industry contains harmful dyes that can damage the environment. Pollution to the environment can be minimized by processing dye waste before being discharged into rivers or sewers. The dye waste treatment process can be carried out using the adsorption method. The adsorbent used was non-activated and acid-activated eucalyptus leaf waste (HCl 2 M). The solution used as adsorbate is malachite green. This study aims to optimize the absorbance level of eucalyptus (Melaleuca cajuputi) leaf waste against malachite green dye using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm method. The variables used are the mass variation of the adsorbent, the contact time and the adsorption isotherm model. The absorption efficiency value produced by the adsorbent of eucalyptus leaf waste with 2 M HCl activation was 87.4279%. Meanwhile, the non-activated adsorbent is 86.0290%. For time variations of 10 minutes, 15 minutes and 20 minutes on 2 M HCl activated adsorbent resulted in an absorbance of 0.026; 0.022; and 0.02. Based on the graph of the relationship between Ce and Ce/Qe for the non-activated adsorbent, R2 was obtained at 0.7039 while the 2 M HCl activation was 0.966. So, the eucalyptus leaf waste can be used as an adsorbent without a carbonization process, only needs to be given activation treatment using an acid solution.
Pengaruh Selulosa Nanokristal dari Serat Buah Kelapa Sawit sebagai Pengisi dan Kalium Klorida sebagai Agen Pendispersi Terhadap Sifat Fisik Bioplastik Berbasis Pati Biji Alpukat (Persea americana)
Authors: M. Thoriq Al Fath  , Lubis Maulida , Ayu Ghendis Ekawati , Dalimunthe Nisaul Fadilah
Published: September 2022

This study aims to determine the effect of nanocrystalline cellulose and potassium chloride (KCl) to bioplastics from avocado seed starch and glycerol as plasticizer. In this study, nanocrystal cellulose obtained from palm fruit fiber was hydrolyzed using sulfuric acid (H2SO4) at a concentration of 50%. The starch used in this study was obtained from the avocado seed extraction process. On producing bioplastic, the casting method was used with the addition of nanocrystal cellulose as filler of 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% (%w), KCl as dispersing agent of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% (%w), and glycerol as plasticizer by 30 (%w). Based on the density test, the optimum value was obtained at 2% of nanocrystal cellulose and 2% of KCl with the value around 0.041 gram/cm3. The best water absorption values were 57.1% and 53.8% which obtained at 2% of nanocrystal cellulose and 1% of KCl. Scanning Electron Microscope test results showed uniformly distributed nanocrystal cellulose granules filling the surface of the bioplastic. The addition of KCl as dispersion agent give a good impact.
Enterprise Architecture Planning as a Marketing Strategy Based on MSME Product Information Systems
Authors: Megasari Megasari
Published: September 2022

This research is intended to assist MSME actors in developing information technology which aims to design a marketing information system and inventory management so as to make it easier for MSME actors to monitor MSME marketing activities easily and precisely. In this study, the Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) method was chosen because the EAP method has complex components in the design activities of the information system in question. In addition, qualitative research methods are used to inform the facts that occurred by using observations, interviews, and documentation. So that the process and meaning are shown in this study so that the information provided is in accordance with the facts that occurred, while the informants in this study involved the head of the workshop and two of the workshop employees. Therefore, the selection of this method is considered appropriate to assist MSME actors in planning the development of product marketing information systems by utilizing information technology developments as a step to develop MSMEs that are run. The design of the development of the information system created can be used to make it easier to manage the number of stock items that were previously done manually but with the use of technology it can make it easier for MSMEs to find out the total number of goods automatically correctly based on data recorded by the system and then displayed as the right information. and accurate.
An Eastern Philosophical Dimension of an English Language Teacher's Professionalism: A Narrative Analysis
Authors: Dhungana Siddhartha
Published: September 2022

This paper primarily investigates dimensions of English language teacher professionalism for a teacher to reflect and make a strategic professional commitment to implementing effective educational programs for the present and future. It incorporates eastern Hindu practices, particularly life values from the Bhagavad Gita, as a foundation for professional teacher enrichment. Essentially, it applies three categorical practices in teachers' professionality, namely Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, and Bhakti Yoga, to illustrate, ignite further ahead, and sharpen academic journey, professional journey, and professional devotion by reflecting on common practices. During such a journey, teachers attain a professional essence as they surpass Karma Yoga, Jnana Yoga, and Bhakti Yoga in terms of basic quality formation. The three narrative stories for each category mentioned above are analyzed to demonstrate professionalism and its journey. The data gathered from a research participant who has achieved a high level of professional success and inspires all English language teachers in Nepal is used to create stories for narrative analysis. The narrative analysis is based on eastern themes supported by Vygotsky's developmental psychology concept. Furthermore, the structural analysis is based on the narrative analysis of Gary Barkhuizen.
Sociolinguistic Implications of Language Contact Situation and the Development of Kashmiri-Arabic Common Lexicon
Authors: Koka Nisar Ahmad , Islam Mohammad Nurul , Osman Mohammad , Ahmad Javed , Anwar Syed Mohammad Khurshid
Published: September 2022

Sharing lexicon is a direct outcome of a language contact situation. When two or more languages exist side-by-side while serving the communicative requirements in a particular social situation, they grow in an envelope and environment of linguistic exchange, and sharing of lexicon among them becomes a natural process. In a language contact situation, the speakers of one language are bound to incorporate linguistic items from their contact languages into their language to satisfy their communication needs. In the linguistically heterogeneous and multilingual situation of the Kashmiri Speech Community, Kashmiri, a member of the Indo-Aryan family, and Arabic, a language of the Semitic family of languages, are two significantly dominant contact languages. The side-by-side existence of these two languages while serving different sociolinguistic purposes and the assignment of different roles to them in various domains of the social life of the Kashmiri speech community have resulted in a linguistic amalgamation at a very large scale. This linguistic amalgamation has, in turn, resulted in the transfer of an enormously huge stock of lexicon from Arabic into Kashmiri, thereby paving a smooth path for the development of an extensively large amount of lexicon common to them. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to demonstrate various Kashmiri-Arabic language contact situations and the subsequent transfer of the Arabic lexicon into the Kashmiri language. The paper also considers the impetus and inspiration behind this Arabic-Kashmiri linguistic flow in detail. The influence of some sociolinguistic factors and linguistic implications of the Kashmiri-Arabic common lexicon has also been explored in the study. In the paper, an effort has been made to throw light on the hospitality of the Arabic language in donating an enormously huge amount of word treasure to Kashmiri and the receptivity of the Kashmiri language in accepting this vocabulary treasure from the Arabic language.
Challenges Faced by Graduate Teachers in Developing Students’ Competencies in Bukoba Municipality in Kagera Region, Tanzania
Authors: Musau Paulina , Rupia Clara
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to assess challenges faced by graduate teachers in developing student competencies in Bukoba Municipality in Kagera Region, Tanzania. The study employed the survey design taking a population of 100 graduates from 27 secondary schools and a sample size of 81 graduate teachers. These were selected using purposive sampling. The data were collected using a questionnaire, interview, and structured observation methods. Quantitative data from the questionnaire were analyzed using descriptive statistics with the help of SPSS, and qualitative data were analyzed using a thematic approach. This was then presented in a table, using frequencies and percentages for quantitative data and quotes for qualitative data. The findings from the study show that graduate teachers lacked teaching aids and were not satisfied with the learning environment, especially in most of the ward schools. It was also evident that these graduate teachers indicated a lack of in-service training to improve their skills as a major setback when it comes to developing students’ competencies since they lacked opportunities to upgrade their skills on CBC. Generally, the study concludes that teachers are facing a lot of challenges while developing student competencies, such as an acute shortage of teaching and learning materials which hinders effective implementation of the curriculum. However, it recommends in-service training for teachers, supporting teachers with materials needed for the implementation of CBC, as well as improving the teaching and learning environment to ensure graduate teachers develop learners’ competencies fully.
EFL Pre-service Teacher’s Teaching Anxiety and the Coping Strategies during Teaching Practicum
Authors: Novitasari Khofifah , Murtafi'ah Banatul
Published: September 2022

This research aims to investigate the sources of teaching anxiety as experienced by EFL pre-service teachers during the teaching practicum and the types of strategy used to cope with the teaching anxiety. This research used Aydin (2016) and Murray-Harvey et al. (2000) frames to investigate the sources of teaching anxiety and the strategies to cope with it. One English pre-service teacher was willing to participate as participant in this research. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The researchers found that the pre-service teacher was anxious mostly due to the lack of teaching experience, her personality, fear of making mistakes, difficulties in time management, lack of learner motivation, and technical issues. This research revealed that there are eight strategies used by the participant to cope with her teaching anxiety (i.e., cognitive strategies, behavioral strategies, emotional strategies, self-management skill, professional qualities, discussion with people, support from supervising teacher, and feedback from lecturer supervisor). Further implications and recommendations are also described in this research. The results from this research suggest alternatives for EFL pre-service teachers to cope with anxiety during teaching practicum.