bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An optimized treatment for algorithmic differentiation of an important glaciological fixed-point problem
Authors: Goldberg Daniel N. , Narayanan Sri Hari Krishna , Hascoet Laurent , Utke Jean
Published: May 2016

Abstract. We apply an optimized method to the adjoint generation of a time-evolving land ice model through algorithmic differentiation (AD). The optimization involves a special treatment of the fixed-point iteration required to solve the nonlinear stress balance, which differs from a straightforward application of AD software, and leads to smaller memory requirements and in some cases shorter computation times of the adjoint. The optimization is done via implementation of the algorithm of Christianson (1994) for reverse accumulation of fixed-point problems, with the AD tool OpenAD. For test problems, the optimized adjoint is shown to have far lower memory requirements, potentially enabling larger problem sizes on memory-limited machines. In the case of the land ice model, implementation of the algorithm allows further optimization by having the adjoint model solve a sequence of linear systems with identical (as opposed to varying) matrices, greatly improving performance. The methods introduced here will be of value to other efforts applying AD tools to ice models, particularly ones which solve a hybrid shallow ice/shallow shelf approximation to the Stokes equations.
Comparison of OpenFOAM and EllipSys3D for neutral atmospheric flow over complex terrain
Authors: Cavar Dalibor , Réthoré Pierre-Elouan , Bechmann Andreas , Sørensen Niels N. , Martinez Benjamin , Zahle Frederik , Berg Jacob , Kelly Mark C.
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The flow solvers OpenFOAM and EllipSys3D are compared in the case of neutral atmospheric flow over terrain using the test cases of Askervein and Bolund hills. Both solvers are run using the steady-state Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes k–ϵ turbulence model. One of the main modeling differences between the two solvers is the wall-function approach. The OpenFOAM v.1.7.1 uses a Nikuradse's sand roughness model, while EllipSys3D uses a model based on the atmospheric roughness length. It is found that Nikuradse's model introduces an error dependent on the near-wall cell height. To mitigate this error the near-wall cells should be at least 10 times larger than the surface roughness. It is nonetheless possible to obtain very similar results between EllipSys3D and OpenFOAM v.1.7.1. The more recent OpenFOAM v.2.2.1, which includes the atmospheric roughness length wall-function approach, has also been tested and compared to the results of OpenFOAM v.1.7.1 and EllipSys3D. The numerical results obtained using the same wall-modeling approach in both EllipSys3D and OpenFOAM v.2.1.1 proved to be almost identical. Two meshing strategies are investigated using HypGrid and SnappyHexMesh. The performance of OpenFOAM on SnappyHexMesh-based low-aspect-ratio unstructured meshes is found to be almost an order of magnitude faster than on HypGrid-based structured and high-aspect-ratio meshes. However, proper control of boundary layer resolution is found to be very difficult when the SnappyHexMesh tool is utilized for grid generation purposes. The OpenFOAM is generally found to be 2–6 times slower than EllipSys3D in achieving numerical results of the same order of accuracy on similar or identical computational meshes, when utilization of EllipSys3D default grid sequencing procedures is included.
Lebetus scorpioides and Buenia jeffreysii (Teleostei: Gobiidae) found north of the Arctic Circle
Authors: Byrkjedal Ingvar , Wienerroither Rupert , Jensen Gjertrud
Published: May 2016

Two gobiid species, Lebetus scorpioides and Buenia jeffreysii, were recorded in northern Norway, for the first time north of the Arctic Circle. While both species were found on the continental shelf west of the Lofoten islands, one of them, L. scorpioides, was found north of 70°N off western Finnmark. The records represent a considerable northward extension of the distribution of these species. Being well within the size of reproductive individuals, the specimens appear to belong to resident populations most probably missed by earlier samplings.
Study on the Evolution of Grass Cloth
Authors: Jiangbo LIAO , Xiaoming YANG
Published: May 2016

This paper gives literature and unearthed fragments of textiles inspection, it prove ramie and hemp textiles inChinawhich have a long history. Because ramie textile fiber has excellent performance, ramie fiber was made of grass cloth, as the source of civilian clothing. In feudal Chinese society, under self-sufficient peasant economy mode, spinning and weaving promote the rapid development of grass cloth. However, with the rise of the cotton crop and the promotion of modern textile industry, manual ramie cloth begin to from the peak to the decline slowly.
Relationship between Psychological Empowerment and Spiritual Intelligence with Marital Satisfaction in Female and Male Teachers in Ahvaz
Authors: Kordzangeneh Zahra , Jayervand Hamdollah
Published: May 2016

The present study was aimed to examine the relationship between psychological empowerment and spiritual intelligence with marital satisfaction in male and female teachers in Ahvaz from 2014 to 2015. Hence, 350 teachers were selected using random-stratified sampling method. Research tools were Spriters' psychological empowerment questionnaire (1995), Badie's et al. spiritual intelligence questionnaire (2010), Enrich's marital satisfaction questionnaire (1997); in order to do analysis, a Pearson Correlation Coefficient method and a regression method was used. Results showed that there is a relationship between psychological empowerment and spiritual intelligence with marital satisfaction in male and female teachers in Ahvaz. The results obtained from multi-fold regression analysis, using step-by-step method, showed that effectiveness, spiritual intelligence, and significance are able to predict marital satisfaction significantly. In addition, psychological empowerment has a closer relationship with spiritual intelligence, and spiritual intelligence has a closer relationship with marital satisfaction. 
The Investigation and Comparison of the Performance of Heuristic Methods in the Prediction of the Type of Auditor’s Opinion in Firms Accepted in Tehran Stock Exchange
Authors: Nasirpour Nasim , Mazdaki Alireza , Enayati Esmail
Published: May 2016

Stock companies play a key role in the economy of any country and the success of these companies depends to a great degree on investors and creditors’ interest who invest in them. Auditors’ reports assume a special position in the decisions taken by investors and creditors. Therefore, the importance of offering high quality information with a view on recent events in the firms (bankruptcy and dissolution, financial scandals, loses suffered by creditors, etc.) becomes clear; moreover, audit reports can prevent these events by creating certain signals. To this end, modern heuristic methods for the prediction of the type of auditor’s opinion are offered in this paper. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of probabilistic neural network method and to compare it with artificial neural network in order to identify and predict the type of independent auditor’s opinion in Iran in the time period of 2009 to 2013. The patterns used to predict the type of independent auditor’s opinion can be divided into different categories-these categories are becoming more complex and more advanced: single-variable models, multi discriminant analysis, regression function, neural networks, etc. neural networks are getting increasing popularity among researchers for their non-linear and non-parametric properties. Therefore, modern approaches are used in this study to predict the type of auditor’s opinion.
A Model Development of Thai Rice Label and Package for Heath Conscious Group of Consumers on Social Media
Authors: Soodsang Nirat
Published: May 2016

The objectives of this research were to explore Thai rice consumption behavior and to develop the rice package as perceived by health conscious group of consumers on social media. The research methodology adopted mixed methods by means of marketing survey research and using research results to develop the product and package prototypes. The samples were 71 online-based consumers. The research tool was a questionnaire on general status of respondents and factors of their rice purchasing. Descriptive analysis was for the data analysis. Results revealed that the marketing mix factors affecting the consumers‘ decision to purchase rice comprised the following aspects, 1) product: rice cultivating areas, health benefits, and package, respectively; 2) price: best suit to rice quality, clear price tag, and saving price, respectively; 3) distribution channels: clean distribution sites, convenient transport, and enough car parking spaces, respectively; 4) marketing promotion: sale, discount coupon, and point-of-purchase displays, respectively. These are key issues to be considered. Regarding the label and logo design, the design work needed to present complete and clear information referring to essential quality of the product, and represent distinction and uniqueness. Product design needed to consider how to facilitate convenient transport, convenient use by consumers, i.e. opening-reclosing the package, and strength and firmness to effectively support the product, respectively.
Dehumanizing R2P: Preventing Mass Atrocities without Human Security?
Authors: Barqueiro Carla
Published: May 2016

In 2005, the United Nations General Assembly unanimously adopted the World Summit Outcome Document, including three key paragraphs articulating the international community’s responsibility to protect (R2P) civilians from mass atrocities, including war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and ethnic cleansing. Some key controversies and shortcomings of the current R2P principle remain absent from the debate, namely the lack of a human-centered approach from which R2P can be more adequately understood and implemented. I will make three key arguments following from this gap. Firstly, the original articulation of R2P developed by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2001 sought to locate itself largely within the human security discourse to overcome the bureaucratic and “national-interest” obstacles of P5 decision-making on international peace and security as it relates to mass atrocities. Secondly, the state-centric articulation of R2P adopted in the World Summit Outcome Document in 2005, endorsed by the United Nations Security Council in 2006, has reified the inherent problem associated with allowing the UN Security Council the exclusive right to make key global security decisions on egregious crimes perpetrated against civilians. Thirdly, without embedding R2P within the human security discourse, specifically understanding human beings as the referents of security, the principle offers very little significant normative or political progress on the protection of civilians, and will continue to fall short as a galvanizing call to action to prevent mass atrocities, and save civilian lives. 
Risk Factors of Income Inadequacy among Thai Elderly: A National Cross-Sectional Study for 2007 and 2011
Authors: Khongboon Pattaraporn , Pongpanich Sathirakorn , Tangcharoensathien Viroj
Published: May 2016

Thailand’s population is aging rapidly. As of 2011, statistics have shown that there has been a constant increase in the percentage of the population aged 60 and older. This study evaluates the causal issues of income deficiency among the elderly in Thailand. The timeline for the study includes two national representative surveys of elderly people, one in 2007 and another in 2011, with double-stage sampling techniques being utilized. The sample is comprised of 30,427 and 34,173 participants in 2011 and 2007, respectively, all aged 60 years and older. SPSS 18 was employed for logistic regression and cross-tabulation analysis. A general decrease in income deficiency was observed in 2011 (38.6%) compared to 2007 (41.9%). The northern region exhibited a higher prevalence of income insufficiency compared to the southern region. Regardless of the prevailing benefit policies for the elderly, the current results demonstrate the need for an augmented government policy that supports elderly individuals facing income deficiency. 
Habits of Thought and Judgement: E. A. Freeman on Historical Methods
Authors: Paul Herman
Published: May 2016

Why did E. A. Freeman’s The Methods of Historical Study (1886) meet with mostly negative responses from late 19th-century American and Continental European historians? This essay argues that while Freeman adopted the language of ‘historical methods’ that was becoming customary in the 1880s, he did not understand the term to refer to techniques of source criticism, as many of his contemporaries did, but to a comparative method firmly rooted in Thomas Arnold’s unity of history doctrine. Confusingly, then, Freeman’s method promoted a philosophy of history of the kind that, by the 1880s, was increasingly rejected in the name of historical method. It is not without irony, therefore, that The Methods of Historical Study was sometimes mistaken for a methodology manual like Ernst Bernheim’s Lehrbuch der historischen Methode (1889) and as such found wanting by historians interested in the newest techniques of source criticism.
Levantine Epigraphy and Phoenicia: the Kingdoms of Aradus, Byblos, Sidon and Tyre during the Achaemenid Period
Authors: Lemaire André
Published: May 2016

Our knowledge of Phoenicia during the Achaemenid period has made important progresses during the last thirty-five years thanks to new epigraphic discoveries and researches: the succession of several kings has been précised as well as the chronology of their reigns and the extent of their kingdoms. Although all of them used the Phoenician language and writing in their administration, each kingdom kept its originality within the huge Achaemenid empire with various orientations of their political, economic and religious spheres. Their political, economic and cultural influence was very strong on Persian period Cisjordan, especially in Galilee, the Sharon plain and Ashkalon.
Al-Qaida and the 9/11 Decade
Authors: Brahimi Alia
Published: May 2016

The declaration of a Caliphate in June 2014 by an al-Qaida offshoot implied a strong sense of political–religious unity, but, in reality, the announcement reflected deep division at the heart of radical Islam. This article critically assesses al-Qaida’s progress on its four main objectives over the course of the 9/11 decade, and suggests that its principal setbacks were due to the fragmentation of Islamic authority. In particular, Osama bin Laden’s inability to reverse the misguided focus, by some affiliated groups, on the ‘nearer enemy’, began to portend al-Qaida’s downfall. However, after the Arab Spring, in the chokeholds of strong states and the chaos of weak states al-Qaida found advantage. Furthermore, with the rise of groups like the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, a new pattern of radicalism emerged, in which the threat to ‘far enemy’, ‘near enemy’ and ‘nearer enemy’ were combined.
The Global Insurgency
Authors: Lake David A.
Published: May 2016

The Pax Americana has produced remarkable political order in Europe and Northeast Asia. For decades, the US has sought to expand this international order into the Middle East. This effort, however, has sparked a backlash against the US, globalisation, and Westernisation. With state elites now largely co-opted into the Pax Americana, opposition takes the form of ‘private’, non-state actors using terrorist methods. The US response to the global insurgency has included counterterrorism and regime change, but state-building has become the dominant strategy. The core problem in state-building, however, is that though the US and its allies seek legitimacy for the states they build, they also aim to appoint local leaders willing to cooperate in the global war on terror and other elements of the Pax Americana. These ‘loyal’ leaders can govern only autocratically in ways that foment further opposition. State-building as counterinsurgency strategy is counter-productive. The first section of this chapter explains the spread of the Pax Americana; the second briefly describes the reaction to this expansion, focusing on the current global insurgency; the third probes the counter-reaction, highlighting the role of state-building; the Conclusion argues that given a choice between expansion or retrenchment, the US should lean towards the latter.
Characterization of X-ray charge neutralizer using carbon-nanotube field emitter
Authors: Okawaki Shuhei , Abo Satoshi , Wakaya Fujio , Yamashita Hayato , Abe Masayuki , Takai Mikio
Published: May 2016

An X-ray charge neutralizer using a screen-printed carbon-nanotube field emitter is demonstrated to show the possibility of a large-area flat-panel charge neutralizer, although the device dimensions in the present work are not very large. The X-ray yields and spectra are characterized to estimate the ion generation rate as one of the figures of merit of neutralizers. Charge neutralization characteristics are measured and show good performance.
Experimental assessment of on-chip liquid cooling through microchannels with de-ionized water and diluted ethylene glycol
Authors: Won Yonghyun , Kim Sungdong , Kim Sarah Eunkyung
Published: May 2016

Recent progress in Si IC devices, which results in an increase in power density and decrease in device size, poses various thermal challenges owing to high heat dissipation. Therefore, conventional cooling techniques become ineffective and produce a thermal bottleneck. In this study, an on-chip liquid cooling module with microchannels and through Si via (TSV) was fabricated, and cooling characteristics were evaluated by IR measurements. Both the microchannels and TSVs were fabricated in a Si wafer by deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) and the wafer was bonded with a glass wafer by a anodic bonding. The fabricated liquid cooling sample was evaluated using two different coolants (de-ionized water and 70 wt % diluted ethylene glycol), and the effect of coolants on cooling characteristics was investigated.
Gaussian and non‐Gaussian inverse modeling of groundwater flow using copulas and random mixing
Authors: Bárdossy András , Hörning Sebastian
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a new copula‐based methodology for Gaussian and non‐Gaussian inverse modeling of groundwater flow. The presented approach is embedded in a Monte Carlo framework and it is based on the concept of mixing spatial random fields where a spatial copula serves as spatial dependence function. The target conditional spatial distribution of hydraulic transmissivities is obtained as a linear combination of unconditional spatial fields. The corresponding weights of this linear combination are chosen such that the combined field has the prescribed spatial variability, and honors all the observations of hydraulic transmissivities. The constraints related to hydraulic head observations are nonlinear. In order to fulfill these constraints, a connected domain in the weight space, inside which all linear constraints are fulfilled, is identified. This domain is defined analytically and includes an infinite number of conditional fields (i.e., conditioned on the observed hydraulic transmissivities), and the nonlinear constraints can be fulfilled via minimization of the deviation of the modeled and the observed hydraulic heads. This procedure enables the simulation of a great number of solutions for the inverse problem, allowing a reasonable quantification of the associated uncertainties. The methodology can be used for fields with Gaussian copula dependence, and fields with specific non‐Gaussian copula dependence. Further, arbitrary marginal distributions can be considered.
Electrodynamics and energy characteristics of aurora at high resolution by optical methods
Authors: Dahlgren H. , Lanchester B. S. , Ivchenko N. , Whiter D. K.
Published: May 2016

Technological advances leading to improved sensitivity of optical detectors have revealed that aurora contains a richness of dynamic and thin filamentary structures, but the source of the structured emissions is not fully understood. In addition, high‐resolution radar data have indicated that thin auroral arcs can be correlated with highly varying and large electric fields, but the detailed picture of the electrodynamics of auroral filaments is yet incomplete. The Auroral Structure and Kinetics (ASK) instrument is a state‐of‐the‐art ground‐based instrument designed to investigate these smallest auroral features at very high spatial and temporal resolution, by using three electron multiplying CCDs in parallel for three different narrow spectral regions. ASK is specifically designed to utilize a new optical technique to determine the ionospheric electric fields. By imaging the long‐lived O+ line at 732 nm, the plasma flow in the region can be traced, and since the plasma motion is controlled by the electric field, the field strength and direction can be estimated at unprecedented resolution. The method is a powerful tool to investigate the detailed electrodynamics and current systems around the thin auroral filaments. The two other ASK cameras provide information on the precipitation by imaging prompt emissions, and the emission brightness ratio of the two emissions, together with ion chemistry modeling, is used to give information on the energy and energy flux of the precipitating electrons. In this paper, we discuss these measuring techniques and give a few examples of how they are used to reveal the nature and source of fine‐scale structuring in the aurora.
Stable Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells without Hole‐Conductor Layer Achieved via Cell Structure Design and Contact Engineering
Authors: Yu Zhenhua , Chen Bolei , Liu Pei , Wang Changlei , Bu Chenhao , Cheng Nian , Bai Sihang , Yan Yanfa , Zhao Xingzhong
Published: May 2016

Within the past few years, the record efficiency of inorganic–organic perovskite solar cell (PSC) has improved rapidly up to over 20%. However, the viability of commercialization of the PSC technology has been seriously questioned due to the moisture‐ and thermal‐induced instabilities. Here, it is demonstrated that these issues may be mitigated via cell structure design and contact engineering. By employing the hole‐conductor layer‐free cell structure and a bi‐layer back contact consisting of a carbon/CH3NH3I composite layer and a compact hydrophobic carbon layer, the PSCs have shown excellent stability, inhibiting moisture ingression and heat‐induced perovskite degradation. It is found that, the unique bi‐layer contact enables the optimization of perovskite absorbers during thermal stress. As a result, instead of degradation, the devices present enhanced performance under heating at 100 °C for 30 min. The best‐performing cell shows a final efficiency of 13.6% from an initial efficiency of 11.3% after thermal stress. Upon encapsulation, these cells can even retain 90% of the initial efficiencies after water exposure and over 100% initial efficiency under thermal stress at 150 °C for half an hour. This approach provides a facile way for stabilizing the PSCs and opens a door for viable commercialization of the emerging PSC technology.
Multiscale Wrinkled Microstructures for Piezoresistive Fibers
Authors: Wei Yong , Chen Song , Yuan Xue , Wang Pingping , Liu Lan
Published: May 2016

Even though flexible piezoresistive materials are widely researched in recent years, it is full of challenges to simultaneously satisfy high conductivity, stretchability, and sensitivity. In this study, core–shell conductive fibers with high conductivity (10−4–10−5 Ω cm), stretchability (400%), and durability (more than 1200 s ultrasonic treatment) are presented and multiscale wrinkled microstructures (about 1.7 μm in height and 2.6 μm in length) are built on the surfaces of fibers via simply writing silver nanowires ink on prestrained commercial polyurethane fibers. The as prepared core–shell elastic fibers are twisted to construct flexible piezoresistive fibers, which show desirable sensitivity to pressure and bending deformations (0.12 kPa−1 and 0.012 Rad−1), fast response and relaxation time (35 and 15 ms), very low detection limit (10 mg), and excellent working stability (>4000 loading/unloading cycles). The wrinkled microstructures to overcome the viscoelastic delay of polymer composites are observed, making substantial contributions to improve the responsiveness. The investigations to the sensing mechanism indicate that increasing the contact points inner the flexible piezoresistive fibers will significantly improve the sensitivity. Finally, the potential applications of the flexible piezoresistive fibers as wearable devices and smart fabrics are demonstrated.
The Role of Ionized Impurity Scattering on the Thermoelectric Performances of Rock Salt AgPbmSnSe2+m
Authors: Pan Lin , Mitra Sunanda , Zhao Li‐Dong , Shen Yawei , Wang Yifeng , Felser Claudia , Berardan David
Published: May 2016

This study reports on the successful synthesis and on the properties of polycrystalline AgPbmSnSe2+m (m = ∞, 100, 50, 25) samples with a rock salt structure. Between ≈160 and ≈400 K, the dominant scattering process of the carriers in this system changes from acoustic phonon scattering in PbSe to ionized impurity scattering in AgPbmSnSe2+m, which synergistically optimizes electrical and thermal transport properties. Thanks to the faint amount of AgSnSe2, the Seebeck coefficient is enhanced by boosting the scattering factor, the electric conductivity is improved by the increase of the concentration of holes coupled to a limited degradation of their mobility, and the total thermal conductivity is reduced by suppressing bipolar thermal conductivity. Therefore, ZT of AgPbmSnSe2+m (m = 50) reaches 1.3 at 889 K. The mechanism suggested in this study opens new paths to improve the thermoelectric performances of other families of materials.
Impaired downregulation of visual cortex during auditory processing is associated with autism symptomatology in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Jao Keehn R. Joanne , Sanchez Sandra S. , Stewart Claire R. , Zhao Weiqi , Grenesko‐Stevens Emily L. , Keehn Brandon , Müller Ralph‐Axel
Published: May 2016

Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are pervasive developmental disorders characterized by impairments in language development and social interaction, along with restricted and stereotyped behaviors. These behaviors often include atypical responses to sensory stimuli; some children with ASD are easily overwhelmed by sensory stimuli, while others may seem unaware of their environment. Vision and audition are two sensory modalities important for social interactions and language, and are differentially affected in ASD. In the present study, 16 children and adolescents with ASD and 16 typically developing (TD) participants matched for age, gender, nonverbal IQ, and handedness were tested using a mixed event‐related/blocked functional magnetic resonance imaging paradigm to examine basic perceptual processes that may form the foundation for later‐developing cognitive abilities. Auditory (high or low pitch) and visual conditions (dot located high or low in the display) were presented, and participants indicated whether the stimuli were “high” or “low.” Results for the auditory condition showed downregulated activity of the visual cortex in the TD group, but upregulation in the ASD group. This atypical activity in visual cortex was associated with autism symptomatology. These findings suggest atypical crossmodal (auditory‐visual) modulation linked to sociocommunicative deficits in ASD, in agreement with the general hypothesis of low‐level sensorimotor impairments affecting core symptomatology. Autism Res 2017, 10: 130–143. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time trend in incidence of malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system in relation to mobile phone use among young people in Japan
Authors: Sato Yasuto , Kiyohara Kosuke , Kojimahara Noriko , Yamaguchi Naohito
Published: May 2016

The aim of this study was to examine whether incidence of malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system from 1993 to 2010 has increased among young people in Japan, and whether the increase could be explained by increase in mobile phone use. Joinpoint regression analysis of incidence data was performed. Subsequently, the expected incidence rate was calculated assuming that the relative risk was 1.4 for those who used mobile phones more than 1640 h cumulatively. Annual percent change was 3.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–6.3) for men in their 20s from 1993 to 2010, 12.3% (95% CI, 3.3–22.1) for women in their 20s from 2002 to 2010, 2.7% (95% CI, 1.3–4.1) for men in their 30s from 1993 to 2010, and 3.0% (95% CI, 1.4–4.7) for women in their 30s from 1993 to 2010. Change in incidence rates from 1993 to 2010 was 0.92 per 100,000 people for men in their 20s, 0.83 for women in their 20s, 0.89 for men in their 30s, and 0.74 for women in their 30s. Change in expected incidence rates from 1993 to 2010 was 0.08 per 100,000 people for men in their 20s, 0.03 for women in their 20s, 0.15 for men in their 30s, and 0.05 for women in their 30s. Patterns in sex‐, age‐, and period‐specific incidence increases are inconsistent with sex‐, age‐, and period‐specific prevalence trends, suggesting the overall incidence increase cannot be explained by heavy mobile phone use. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:282–289, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ethylene Oxidation in an Oxygen‐Deficient Environment: Why Ceria is an Active Support?
Authors: Dole Holly A. E. , Baranova Elena A.
Published: May 2016

Pt/CeO2, Ru/CeO2, Ir/CeO2 and the corresponding unsupported nanoparticles (Pt, Ru and Ir) were evaluated for their performance in the complete oxidation of ethylene in the presence and absence of oxygen. The lattice oxygen and oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of CeO2 had a significant influence on the interaction with the supported metal nanoparticles, which caused different catalytic behaviours in the absence of oxygen. Overall, Ru/CeO2 was more stable than Ir/CeO2 and Pt/CeO2, which results in transient promotional rate enhancement ratio (ρMSI; MSI=metal–support interaction) values that reach 200 in the first 25 min. These results were attributed to the corresponding interaction with CeO2 and negligible carbon deposition. A proposed relationship between ρMSI and the O2− consumed from CeO2 is discussed, which was suggested as a possible tool to estimate the extent of the MSI. In general, an increase in ρMSI corresponded to an increase in O2− consumed from ceria.
Prussian Blue Degradation during Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction: A Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Study on the Role of the Hydroxide Ion and Hydroxyl Radical
Authors: Noël Jean‐Marc , Médard Jérôme , Combellas Catherine , Kanoufi Frédéric
Published: May 2016

The degradation of Prussian blue (PB) during H2O2 reduction is investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Coupling SECM with optical microscopy allows quantitative assessment in situ of the effect of HO− on the dissolution of PB in lithographic experiments. The local production of HO− in the vicinity of PB is an easy way to pattern a PB layer; Such PB dissolution during H2O2 reduction leads to the release of soluble ferrocyanide and Fe2+. In the presence of H2O2, the latter initiate the Fenton reaction and the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals HO.. This is revealed by the degradation of an organic layer immobilized on an ultramicroelectrode held in the vicinity of a PB layer during H2O2 reduction. The formation of such reactive species is of great importance to further understand the possible origin of the activity loss of sensors, batteries, and photovoltaic cells when composite materials based on PB or on its derivatives are used as catalysts for H2O2 or O2 reduction.
Unambiguous Identification of β‐Tubulin as the Direct Cellular Target Responsible for the Cytotoxicity of Chalcone by Photoaffinity Labeling
Authors: Zhou Bo , Yu Xingxin , Zhuang Chunlin , Villalta Peter , Lin Yong , Lu Junxuan , Xing Chengguo
Published: May 2016

Chalcone is a simple and potentially privileged structure in medicinal chemistry with a diverse repertoire of biological activities, among which cytotoxicity is of particular interest. The sharp structure–activity relationship (SAR) for chalcone's cytotoxicity suggests structure‐specific target interactions. Despite the numerous putative targets proposed, evidence for direct target interactions in cells is unavailable. In this study, guided by the sharp cytotoxic SAR, we developed a cytotoxic chalcone‐based photoaffinity labeling (PAL) probe, (E)‐3‐(3‐azidophenyl)‐1‐[3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐(prop‐2‐yn‐1‐yloxy)phenyl]‐2‐methylprop‐2‐en‐1‐one (C95; IC50: 0.38±0.01 μm), along with two structurally similar non‐cytotoxic probes. These probes were used to search for the direct cellular target responsible for chalcone's cytotoxicity through intact cell‐based PAL experiments, in which β‐tubulin was identified to specifically interact with the cytotoxic probe (i.e., C95) but not the non‐cytotoxic probes. A set of phenotypical and biochemical assays further reinforced β‐tubulin as the cytotoxic target of chalcones. Peptide mass quantitation by mass spectrometric analysis revealed one peptide potentially labeled by C95, providing information on chalcone's binding site on β‐tubulin.
A phase 1 study of buparlisib and bevacizumab in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma progressing on vascular endothelial growth factor‐targeted therapies
Authors: McKay Rana R. , De Velasco Guillermo , Werner Lillian , Bellmunt Joaquim , Harshman Lauren , Sweeney Christopher , Rosenberg Jonathan E. , Hirsch Michelle , Signoretti Sabina , Van Allen Eliezer M. , Walsh Meghara , Vaishampayan Ulka , McDermott David F. , Choueiri Toni K.
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

The phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is dysregulated in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Buparlisib is a pan‐PI3K inhibitor with activity in advanced solid tumors. The primary objective of the current study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose‐limiting toxicities of buparlisib and bevacizumab in patients with mRCC. Secondary objectives included efficacy, biomarker discovery, and additional toxicity.

METHODS

This was a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation study of buparlisib (at a dose of 60‐100 mg/day) and bevacizumab (at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks). After the MTD was defined, 15 patients were accrued to the expansion cohort.

RESULTS

Thirty‐two patients were accrued (3 were treated at 60 mg/day, 21 were treated at 80 mg/day, 6 were treated at 100 mg/day, and 2 patients never received therapy). The majority of patients had clear cell histology (87%) and 50% had received ≥2 prior lines of therapy. The MTD of buparlisib was 80 mg/day and that of bevacizumab was 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks. A total of 28 patients discontinued therapy: 17 because of disease progression, 7 because of toxicity, and 4 for other reasons. Dose‐limiting toxicities included rash/pruritis, elevated lipase/amylase, anorexia, and psychiatric disorders (suicidal ideation, depression, and cognitive disturbances). Of the 30 patients who received at least 1 dose, 13% achieved a partial response (95% confidence interval, 4%‐31%). Two patients harboring activating PI3KA mutations achieved 42% and 16% maximal tumor shrinkage, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Buparlisib at a dose of 80 mg/day with bevacizumab was found to be a tolerable regimen with preliminary activity in vascular endothelial growth factor‐refractory mRCC. The benefit of this combination may be of interest for future mRCC trials, possibly in a selected patient population. Cancer 2016;122:2389–2398. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Colorectal cancer screening: Estimated future colonoscopy need and current volume and capacity
Authors: Joseph Djenaba A. , Meester Reinier G. S. , Zauber Ann G. , Manninen Diane L. , Winges Linda , Dong Fred B. , Peaker Brandy , van Ballegooijen Marjolein
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

In 2014, a national campaign was launched to increase colorectal cancer (CRC) screening rates in the United States to 80% by 2018; it is unknown whether there is sufficient colonoscopy capacity to reach this goal. This study estimated the number of colonoscopies needed to screen 80% of the eligible population with fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) or colonoscopy and determined whether there was sufficient colonoscopy capacity to meet the need.

METHODS

The Microsimulation Screening Analysis–Colon model was used to simulate CRC screening test use in the United States (2014‐2040); the implementation of a national screening program in 2014 with FIT or colonoscopy with 80% participation was assumed. The 2012 Survey of Endoscopic Capacity (SECAP) estimated the number of colonoscopies that were performed and the number that could be performed.

RESULTS

If a national screening program started in 2014, by 2024, approximately 47 million FIT procedures and 5.1 million colonoscopies would be needed annually to screen the eligible population with a program using FIT as the primary screening test; approximately 11 to 13 million colonoscopies would be needed annually to screen the eligible population with a colonoscopy‐only screening program. According to the SECAP survey, an estimated 15 million colonoscopies were performed in 2012, and an additional 10.5 million colonoscopies could be performed.

CONCLUSIONS

The estimated colonoscopy capacity is sufficient to screen 80% of the eligible US population with FIT, colonoscopy, or a mix of tests. Future analyses should take into account the geographic distribution of colonoscopy capacity. Cancer 2016;122:2479–86. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Naps promote flexible memory retrieval in 12‐month‐old infants
Authors: Konrad Carolin , Seehagen Sabine , Schneider Silvia , Herbert Jane S.
Published: May 2016

Flexibility in applying existing knowledge to similar cues is a corner stone of memory development in infants. Here, we examine the effect of sleep on the flexibility of memory retrieval using a deferred imitation paradigm. Forty‐eight 12‐month‐old infants were randomly assigned to either a nap or a no‐nap demonstration condition (scheduled around their natural daytime sleep schedule) or to a baseline control condition. In the demonstration conditions, infants watched an experimenter perform three target actions on a hand puppet. Immediately afterwards, infants were allowed to practice the target actions three times. In a test session 4‐hr later, infants were given the opportunity to reproduce the actions with a novel hand puppet differing in color from the puppet used during the demonstration session. Only infants in the nap‐condition performed significantly more target actions than infants in the baseline control condition. Furthermore, they were faster to carry out the first target action than infants in the no‐nap condition. We conclude that sleep had a facilitative effect on infants’ flexibility of memory retrieval.
Association of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder with bulimia nervosa and binge‐eating disorder in a nationally representative epidemiological sample
Authors: Nobles Carrie J. , Thomas Jennifer J. , Valentine Sarah E. , Gerber Monica W. , Vaewsorn Adin S. , Marques Luana
Published: May 2016

Objective

Bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge‐eating disorder (BED) are associated with significant health impairment. Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) comprise both psychological (disturbances in mood and affect) and physiological (bloating and changes in appetite) symptoms that may trigger binge‐eating and/or purging.

Method

Female participants were drawn from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiological Surveys, conducted from 2001 to 2003. Weighted multivariable logistic regression modeled the association between lifetime PMS and PMDD and lifetime odds of BN or BED.

Results

Among 8,694 participants, 133 (1.0%) had BN and 185 (1.8%) BED. Additionally, 366 (4.2%) had PMDD and 3,489 (42.4%) had PMS. Prevalence of PMDD and PMS were 17.4 and 55.4% among those with BN, 10.7 and 48.9% among those with BED and 3.4 and 59.1% among those with subthreshold BED. After adjustment for age, race/ethnicity, income, education, body mass index, age at menarche, birth control use, and comorbid mental health conditions, PMDD was associated with seven times the odds of BN (OR 7.2, 95% CI 2.3, 22.4) and PMS with two times the odds of BN (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1, 5.7). Neither PMDD nor PMS were significantly associated with BED.

Discussion

Women with PMS and PMDD have a higher odds of BN, independent of comorbid mental health conditions. PMS and PMDD may be important comorbidities to BN to consider in clinical settings, and future research should investigate whether PMS and PMDD affect the onset and duration of bulimic symptoms as well as the potential for shared risk factors across disorders. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:641–650)
α‐Galactosylceramide‐activated murine NK1.1+ invariant‐NKT cells in the myometrium induce miscarriages in mice
Authors: Ichikawa Tomoko , Negishi Yasuyuki , Shimizu Masumi , Takeshita Toshiyuki , Takahashi Hidemi
Published: May 2016

Innate immunity, which is unable to discriminate self from allo‐antigens, is thought to be important players in the induction of miscarriages. Here, we show that the administration of IL‐12 to syngeneic‐mated C57BL/6 mice on gestation day 7.5 (Gd 7.5), drives significant miscarriages in pregnant females. Furthermore, the administration on Gd 7.5 of α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer), which is known to activate invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells, induced miscarriages in both syngeneic‐mated C57BL/6 mice and allogeneic‐mated mice (C57BL/6 (♀) × BALB/c (♂)). Surprisingly, the percentages of both DEC‐205+ DCs and CD1d‐restricted NK1.1+ iNKT cells were higher in the myometrium of pregnant mice treated i.p. with α‐GalCer than in the decidua. IL‐12 secreted from α‐GalCer‐activated DEC‐205+ DCs stimulated the secretion of cytokines, including IL‐2, IL‐4, IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, perforin, and granzyme B, from the NK1.1+ iNKT cells in the myometrium, leading to fetal loss in pregnant mice. Finally, the i.p. administration of IL‐12 and/or α‐GalCer in iNKT‐deficient Jα18(‐/‐) (Jα18 KO) mice did not induce miscarriages. This study provides a new perspective on the importance of the myometrium, rather than the decidua, in regulating pregnancy and a mechanism of miscarriage mediated by activated DEC‐205+ DCs and NK1.1+ iNKT cells in the myometrium of pregnant mice.
Apolipoproteins L control cell death triggered by TLR3/TRIF signaling in dendritic cells
Authors: Uzureau Sophie , Coquerelle Caroline , Vermeiren Corentin , Uzureau Pierrick , Van Acker Annette , Pilotte Luc , Monteyne Daniel , Acolty Valérie , Vanhollebeke Benoit , Van den Eynde Benoît , Pérez‐Morga David , Moser Muriel , Pays Etienne
Published: May 2016

Apolipoproteins L (ApoLs) are Bcl‐2‐like proteins expressed under inflammatory conditions in myeloid and endothelial cells. We found that Toll‐like receptor (TLR) stimuli, particularly the viral mimetic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), specifically induce ApoLs7/11 subfamilies in murine CD8α+ dendritic cells (DCs). This induction requires the TLR3/TRIF (where TRIF is TIR domain containing adapter‐inducing interferon β) signaling pathway and is dependent on IFN‐β in all ApoLs subfamilies except for ApoL7c. Poly(I:C) treatment of DCs is also associated with induction of both cell death and autophagy. ApoLs expression is related to promotion of DC death by poly(I:C), as ApoLs7/11 knockdown increases DC survival and ApoLs7 are associated with the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐xL (where Bcl‐xL is B‐cell lymphoma extra large). Similarly, in human monocyte‐derived DCs poly(I:C) induces both cell death and the expression of ApoLs, principally ApoL3. Finally, the BH3‐like peptide of ApoLs appears to be involved in the DC death‐promoting activity. We would like to propose that ApoLs are involved in cell death linked to activation of DCs by viral stimuli.
Correlating the Structural, Electronic, and Explosive Sensitivity Properties of CuII Tetrazine Complexes
Authors: Myers Thomas W. , Brown Kathryn E. , Chavez David E. , Scharff R. Jason , Veauthier Jacqueline M.
Published: May 2016

The synthesis and characterization of explosive coordination complexes of CuII with nitrogen‐rich tetrazine ligands and nitrate counter‐anions have been achieved. The complexes adopt a variety of coordination geometries including monomeric and dimeric architectures with five and six coordinate CuII centers. The thermal stabilities of the complexes correlate to the strength of the Cu–nitrate interaction such that more strongly bound nitrates exhibit higher thermal stability. Exchanging amine groups on the coordinating ligands with 3,3′‐dinitroazetidine groups led to changes in the solid‐state structures and increases to the impact sensitivity of the resulting complexes relative to the corresponding amine derivatives.
Rational Synthesis of the Carbonyl(perthiolato)diiron [Fe2(S3CPh2)(CO)6] and Related Complexes
Authors: Zhao Peihua , Gray Danielle L. , Rauchfuss Thomas B.
Published: May 2016

The photochemical reaction of Fe2(S2)(CO)6 and Ph2CS affords the perthiolate Fe2(S3CPh2)(CO)6 (1) in good yield. As confirmed crystallographically, 1 contains a previously elusive perthiolate ligand. The related reaction of Fe2(S2)(CO)5(PPh3) and Ph2CS gave Fe2(S3CPh2)(CO)5(PPh3). Although Fe3S2(CO)9 and Ph2CS failed to efficiently give Fe2(S2CPh2)(CO)6, this compound could be prepared by desulfurization of 1 using PPh3.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of δ‐Keto β‐Hydroxy Esters as Useful Intermediates for Preparing Statins
Authors: Tartaggia Stefano , Fogal Stefano , Motterle Riccardo , Ferrari Clark , Pontini Marta , Aureli Roberto , De Lucchi Ottorino
Published: May 2016

Enantiopure (R)‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐oxohexanoic acid esters have proven to be useful intermediates in the synthesis of the side chain of statins, in view of the recently described preparation of rosuvastatin and other statins through aldol reactions. Herein, an improved synthesis of these intermediates, by combining chemical and enzymatic reactions, is described. In particular, the selective reduction of a δ‐ketal β‐keto ester was identified as a key step to obtain derivatives with satisfactory optical purities for use in the synthesis of statins.
Flux and its seasonal variation of suspended particulate matter in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea
Authors: Qiao Lulu , Huang Lingling , Wang Zhen , Yao Zhigang , Liu Shidong
Published: May 2016

Transport and flux of suspended particulate matter (SPMs) are important but hotly debated topics in the Bohai Sea (BS), Yellow Sea (YS) and East China Sea (ECS). In this study, we calculated the sediment flux and its seasonal variation combining observed suspended sediment concentration (SSC) with numerically simulated currents. Field observations were conducted in the BS, YS and ECS at 43 stations in summer and 46 stations in winter along five transects. HYCOM/NCODA reanalysis data were used to calculate climatologically monthly averaged currents in January and July from 1998 to 2007. The results indicated that a high concentration of SPM moved out of the BS and moved southward into the YS and ECS in winter, with a net sediment flux of 0.12 t/s at the Bohai Strait and 4.37 t/s south of the Yangtze River. In summer, SSC increased from the surface to the bottom layer due to stratification. A southerly wind and stronger warm currents in summer transported SPM from the ECS to the YS and the BS, with a net northward sediment flux of 4.79 t/s at the boundary of the ECS and the YS, and a net sediment flux of 0.08 t/s input into the BS. This study can help to distinguish the contribution of the Yellow River‐ and Yangtze River‐derived sediments to the mud‐areas' generation on the continental shelves area of the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.