bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digitizing Lizards
Authors: Roth Wolff-Michael , Bowen G. Michael
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we describe and theorize the topology of `vision' in field ecology, a domain considerably different from laboratory work in the physical sciences, and discuss the temporal extension of data-collection practices. Data collection in this field is characterized by widely varying measurements, measurement dimensions and temporal extension of data collection. We present the ecologists' field laboratory as a perceptual machinery with a heterogeneous and heteromaterial topology as it pertains to measures, precision, replication and other material practices. Because of the complexity of ecological fieldwork, considerable co-ordination and articulation work is necessary. Here, tables, tags and labels are central tools to achieve coherence of inscriptions. We topicalize the work that digitizes measurements conducted on lizards and their habitats, and that therefore imposes signs that lend themselves to mathematical and statistical processes. It is only through these digitizing processes that lizards become visible to other (interested) ecologists, most of whom have not seen this particular animal species in person. We thereby contribute in new ways to discussions of the topography and topology of scientific vision, to the relation of measurement to practice, and to the `adequation' of nature and mathematics.
Advise, Assist, Befriend ... and More
Authors: Lowry Paddy
Published: March 2007

Mr. P. Lowry wrote a description of the work of a Prison Social Welfare Officer in this Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 29-40. When we asked him to contribute another article on his present work as Senior Probation Officer in Hereford—a relatively quiet rural area of the West Country, he sent us this "letter" to an imaginary friend whom he had not seen for some years, but who had—as we hope our readers have-a good background knowledge of the workings of the British Probation Service. He felt he could in this way, in colloquial language, give a more vivid description of his various activities than would be possible in a formal article giving theoretical ideas and statistical details.
Perceptions of Sexual Deviance: A Bi-racial Analysis
Authors: French Laurence A. , Wailes S.N.
Published: March 2007

In view of the swing in public opinion from the permissiveness of the sixties to the Bible morality of the eighties, a survey was undertaken of attitudes to sexual deviance in groups of black and white students. There was some differ ence in racial attitudes, but it was apparent that in general the greatest objections from all were to the victimisation and exploitation of women and children.
Services for Families: A Model Project to Provide Services for Families of Prisoners
Authors: Marsh Robert L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this pilot study was to test the efficacy of providing services to families when the father was incar cerated. The program consisted of teaching parents better com munication and child management skills. Parents and children were measured before and after an eight-week training program. Communication skills increased to the projected target level in all parents after program completion. Child management skills increased in two of the three families in the program. The study offers conclusions for the development of a wide range of services to families when a parent is incarcerated.
A Developmental Study of Aggression and Self-Destruction in Adolescents Who Received Residential Treatment
Authors: Nielsen Gary , Harrington Leon , Sack William , Latham Susan
Published: March 2007

Self-destructive and aggressive adolescents who had received residential treatment were followed up after discharge to the community. Severity of acting out prior to treatment or during residential treatment was not predictive of follow-up status. Frequency of early separations from parents and the age at which they occurred during thefirst six years was found to be related to outcome after treatment. Disruptions of parenting during the first year in particular were predictive of an inability to profit from treatment. A relationship between age at separation from the parent and type of acting out is also suggested.
The High Cost of Alabama's Habitual Felony Offender Act: A Preliminary Assessment
Authors: Peck Dennis L. , Jones Ron
Published: March 2007

A partial evaluation of Alabama's Habitual Felony Offender Act is conducted using case studies of inmates serving life without parole sentences. The centrality of the investigation focuses on the effect of the lift without parole sentencing, a practice which is assumed by many to be based on sound political practice, but may also be viewed as a questionable social policy. The authors suggest that Alabama's get-tough policy dealing with habitual criminals has effectively increased the prison population, but the consequences of the Act appears to be very costly in terms of the increasing number of L WOP inmates and the potential life threat to communities.
The Influence of Psycho-Social Factors on Non-Sensical Shoplifting
Authors: Yates Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

A consideration of economic situation and actual goods stolen was used to divide 101 shoplifters into three categories; shoplifting for profit or gain and two levels of "non-sensical" shoplifting, i.e. shoplifting not apparently motivated by need or desire. The groups were compared on demographic and relevant background information, psychosocial stressors preceding the offense, and general psychological profile. The non-sensical shoplifter is more likely to be older, married, foreignborn, adopted, to have experienced an unusual childhood stress, and to be depressed and socially isolated in comparison to other shoplifters. Shoplifters in general are more likely to be femrale than male. An explanation in terms of an accumulation of stessors over time in certain individuals was offered as one interpretation of the findings.
Youth Prostitution: A Balance of Power?
Authors: McMullen Richie J.
Published: March 2007

The author describes the experience youth of Central London encounter-as well as possible variables associated with entrance into the life of the prostitute. Possible motivations for continuing this type of life are suggested.
Private Medical Care in the Correctional Setting: The Case of Florida
Authors: Berg Bruce L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the current use of private medical contracts in order to provide health care services to inmates incarcerated in state correctional facilities. The principle purpose of the article is to draw into focus several of the major ideological and organizational concerns which impact policy changes in penal medical care systems. This article considers the various levels at which change can occur in the correctional setting, and the role public and vested interest groups play in altering correctional policy.
Sexual Offence in Norway and the Need for Treatment Programs for Sexual Offenders
Authors: Weihe Hans-Jørgen Wallin
Published: March 2007

Few rehabilitation programs have been effective for sex offenders in Scandinavian countries. In contrast, the number of treatment programs in the USA has rapidly increased. The author discusses necessary variables when considering the need for sex offender treatment programs; the number of offences; recidivism; and the higher number of physical and emotional problems associated with the offender population.
Family Background and Resocialization of Turkish Delinquents
Authors: Uluğtekin Sevda
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present investigation was to explore the possible links between juvenile delinquent's socialization experience in the family and his tendency to resocialization. Subjects were 215 male juvenile delinquents incarcerated in two correctional institutions in Turkey. Results indicated that the groups ofjuveniles who werefrom broken homes, who experienced separation from family, and who had criminal parents or siblings, reported lower response to resocialization in respect to the measures on relations with family and treatment group when compared to the other groups who did not experience those conditions in the socialization process. Correlational analysis of the juvenile's perception of parental autonomy-control and rejection-acceptance behavior dimensions with a tendency to resocialization produced significant relationshipsfor only the latter one: the more the parents accepted the juvenile the higher the juvenile's tendency to resocialization emerged or vice versa. The implications of these results are discussed.
Living on the Edge: The Impact of Terrorism upon Philippine Villagers
Authors: Austin W. Timothy
Published: March 2007

Based upon field observations, interviews, and document analysis, this research examines social and psychological consequences of terrorism on coastal communities in the northwestern region of Mindanao. Attention is given to the manner Filipinos have reacted to the continuing presence of terroristic violence (i.e., ambush, murder, kidnaping, and property destruction). Particular focus is placed on thef luctuating features of culture, personality, interaction, and situation as indicators of how citizens have coped with a hostile environment. At a more societal level, the influence of terrorism on the basic social institutions is scrutinized. A typology of adaptations to terrorism is offered, reflecting a variety of role stresses resulting from living in a hostile region.
Observations on the Development of Crime Categories
Authors: Farr Kathryn Ann , Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

From the 1850s to the present, considerable criminological attention has focused on the development of theoretically-significant systems for classifying crime. This article reviews and attempts to evaluate a number of these efforts, and we conclude that further work on this basic task is needed. The latter part of the article explicates a conceptualfoundation for a crime pattern classification system, and offers a preliminary taxonomy of crime.
Reliability of the Revised Beta in a Correctional Setting
Authors: Barnes Allan R. , Hall Roderick L.
Published: March 2007

Test-retest reliability data for the Revised Beta in a prison setting is almost non-existent. The present study compared scores from 59 male inmates who were administered the Revised Beta at the beginning of their incarceration and then again when they reached their permanent institution. A reliability coefficient of r = .75 was obtained comparing favorably with the reliability measures of other psychometric instruments used in corrections. These results suggest that Revised Beta scores are not significantly affected by the reception station environment. Only those inmates who initially obtained low scores may require retesting.
Personal Meaning in the Lives of a Shoplifting Population
Authors: McShane Frank J. , Lawless John , Noonan Barrie A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was twofold. First, the study evaluated the effectiveness of personal meaning as measured by the Purpose in Life (PIL) and Seeking of Noetic Goals (SONG) tests in discriminating shoplifters from nonshoplifters. The second objective was to provide a more systemic examination of the relationship between several demographic, psychosocial stressor and attitudinal variables, and the act of shoplifting. Data were collected from 75 persons immediately after they had been apprehended for shoplifting and compared with data obtained from 75 undergraduate student nonshoplifters. Results of discriminant analysis indicate that there are meaningful differences between shoplifters and nonshoplifters, and provide support for the continued use of the SONG as an important supplemental to the PIL with clinical populations. Implications are discussed.
Jails Versus Mental Hospitals: The Milwaukee Approach to a Social Dilemma
Authors: Palermo George B. , Smith Maurice B. , Liska Frank J.
Published: March 2007

The authors' previous national data statistical analysis revealed the existence of negative linear relationships between mental health admissions and jail census data. In view of the above, a study was made of the Milwaukee data using similar parameters in order to assess whether a correlation, positive or negative, exists between the national data and the Milwaukee data. The statistical analyses of Milwaukee data are at variance with the national findings. A moderately strong positive relationship between the number of persons booked in the Milwaukee County Jail and the admissions to the Milwaukee County Mental Health Complex (MCMHC) has been found. The existence of several moderately strong negative correlational relationships between legal and mental health admissions variables is demonstrated. Further analyses point out that there is in Milwaukee a positive relationship between the mental health system and, in particular, the Milwaukee County Forensic Unit and the jail-judiciary system, whereby mentally ill offenders, through a cooperative screening at booking, are promptly identified and referred for psychiatric care to the MCMHC. The authors suggest the Milwaukee system as a model for those cities that have not yet implemented a similar functional organization in dealing with the problem of the mentally ill in the United States city jails.
II. The Psychiatrist's Role in the Special Management Unit
Authors: Mortimer Dale B.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a psychiatrist's clinical work over 20 months in the Oregon Department of Corrections Special Management Unit (SMU) for adult male criminal offenders. Included is a description of the population served, inmates' presenting problems, the evaluation process, final diagnoses, and the disposition and treatment decision process. This article concludes with a selected discussion of the mental disorders encountered, as well as the author's impressions of his prison work from his perspective as a Child and Adolescent Psychiatrist.
Clinical Risk Factors Associated with Parasuicide in Prison
Authors: Ivanoff André , Jang Sung Joon , Smyth Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

The study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with parasuicide in a state prison setting that might provide direction and focus for prevention. A proposed model tested the ability of current clinical and background variables to predict parasuicide during incarceration among male inmates. Psychiatric history, symptomatology, and psychological functioning variables affected parasuicide directly and indirectly through their contribution to suicidal ideation. Among inmates with histories of alcohol abuse, however, hopelessness was a less significant predictor of parasuicide, suggesting that interaction effects may warrant more attention.
Correlates of Adolescent Male Sexual Offense: Prior Adult Sexual Contact, Sexual Attitudes, and Use of Sexually Explicit Materials
Authors: Zgourides George , Monto Martin , Harris Richard
Published: March 2007

Juvenile sex offenders have been the subject of increasing interest to researchers, clinicians, and criminologists in recent years. In the present study, the authors explored the relationship between various sexual attitudes, use of sexually explicit materials, prevalence of prior adult sexual contact, and offender status in a group of 80 adolescent male sex offenders and a comparison group of 96 adolescent male nonoffenders. Offenders reported significantly higher rates of sexual touching and physical abuse by an adult than nonoffenders. Being a sex offender was negatively associated with the belief that homosexuality is wrong and beliefs in the so-called rape myths. Further, being a sex offender was significantly associated with the use of sexually explicit materials. These data may prove useful to clinicians and researchers interested in understanding the general correlates of sexual offense.
The Psychology of Thai Delinquent Youth: A Study of Self-Perception, Ego Defenses, and Personality Traits
Authors: Tori Christopher D. , Emavardhana Tipawadee
Published: March 2007

Because little is known about the mental and emotional functioning of delinquent adolescents in Thailand, 400 incarcerated youths (300 boys and I 00 girls) and 400 nonadjudicated controls of equivalent age, gender, socioeconomic status, and religion completed newly normed measures of self-concept (Tennessee Self-Concept Scale), ego defense mechanisms (Life Style Index), and personality traits (Adjective Checklist). Among delinquents, gender contrasts revealed that girls, although less self-confident than their male peers, had better social skills and were more aware of their emotions. Relative to controls, the self-perceptions of delinquents were rigid and distinguished by feelings of impulsiveness and being misunder-stood by family members. Denial, repression, and regressive emotionality characterized the coping of the criminally involved youths, and personality test data revealed that the jailed adolescents had impaired introspective and interpersonal abilities. Implications ofthefindingsfor the prevention of delinquency and the treatment of adolescents with disorders of conduct are discussed.
Some Implications of Keynes General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
Authors: Hale E.E. , Phillips Ron , Phillips Ron
Published: March 2007

This paper, written in 1949, deals with the significance of Keynes' General Theory. It is argued that there is nothing revolutionary in the tools of analysis, the methodology, or the assumptions embodied in Keynes' "general theory". The General Theory is revolutionary in the same sense in which Ricardo's Principles was revolutionary. Orthodox economists busy themselves explaining away the revolutionary implications of the General Theory but their efforts are doomed. The logical implications of the structure of the General Theory point beyond the capitalist system.
The Fundamental Contradiction in the Neoclassical Theory of Income Distribution
Authors: Gerdes Carl , Gerdes Carl
Published: March 2007

This paper proves that the neoclassical concept of factor produc tivity cannot be used to show that competition and exploitation are mutually ex clusive phenomena. Consequently, no theoretical basis exists for the neoclassical theory of income distribution.
Feminist Notes on Introductory Economics
Authors: Markusen Ann
Published: March 2007

Arguing that the sexist content of economic theory with holds ideological weapons from women's struggles, this paper offers a set of lessons for undergraduate courses that speak to women's experience. Using Marxist methods, the lessons address the household as an econ omic institution, structure change under capitalism, consumer theory, market analysis and marginal productivity and income distribution theory. Examples attack neoclassical arguments such as "legalization will produce more and better prostitutes." The paper concludes with political suggestions for extending feminist teaching and bringing political econ omy to women.
Capital and Locational Change: The UK Electrical Engineering and Electronics Industries
Authors: Massey Doreen , Massey Doreen
Published: March 2007

This paper presents some results of an empirical investigation of the locational implications of retrenchment, rationalisation and aggregate em ployment decline. It indicates that the present economic situation in the United Kingdom may be having certain distinctive spatial/regional repercussions. The paper examines in particular the changing distribution of employment between the depressed and the relatively prosperous regions of the country, and the con tinuing decline, as centers of manufacturing, of the major conurbations of the country. It is shown that both the intersectoral reorganization of production (the reallocation of capital between branches), and the differential impact of intra- sectoral attempts to reduce the cost of variable capital and increase the rate of surplus value, are contributing significantly to these spatial changes. Some of the political implications of this are mentioned at the end of the paper.
Reply to Herb Gintis
Authors: Resnick Stephen , Wolff Richard
Published: March 2007

Gintis' criticisms of our "Theory of Transitional Conjunctures" (see page 20) are considered and the very different theoretical and political posi tions held by Gintis and ourselves are clarified. This discussion is especially rele vant since much of Marxism is concerned with political, economic and theoret ical effectivity produced by these different positions. This "Reply" also allows us to elaborate upon some themes of our paper: overdetermined sciences construct ing different knowledges of the world; the need to specify rather than justify the key aspects of a theoretical position; and the importance and theoretical location of the class process within Marxist discourse. Each of these points serve to em phasize the basic disagreements between Gintis and ourselves, disagreements that stem from our different readings and thus understandings of Marxism.
The Lenin-Kautsky Unity-Rivalry Debate
Authors: Willoughby John
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the contemporary significance of the World War I debate about the inevitability of nation-state rivalry during the era of fin ance capital. After outlining the historically specific theory of nation-state rivalry in Hilferding's Finanzkapital, accepted by both Lenin and Kautsky, the paper maintains that their fundamentally different predictions about the future of imperialism do not stem from opposing definitions of imperialism; nor does the rivalry position rest on the Leninist identification of finance capital export as the predominant method of capital's expansion. Instead, the crucial division between the World War I revolutionary socialists and social democrats is caused by their opposing analyses of the internationalization of capital's impact on: 1. class rela tions within the metropolitan countries; and 2. relations among national bour geoisies. The essay concludes by arguing that there is not a strict logical connec tion between contemporary and classical Leninist rivalry theories: they do not necessarily share similar conceptions of metropolitan class relations and the capitalist state. The World War I controversy is nevertheless significant because it helps elucidate the continuing importance of analyzing imperialism's impact on the responses of nation-states to evolving class contradictions within the center.
The Role of the State in the Uneven Spatial Development of Italy: The Case of the Mezzogiorno
Authors: DiGiorgi Umberto , Moscati Roberto , DiGiorgi Umberto , Moscati Roberto
Published: March 2007

The continuing underdevelopment of Southern Italy is analyzed as a result of deliberate state policy, rather than as a failed attempt at development. Before 1945, the State supported the Southern landowning oligarchies. Since then, it has supplanted their power with that of a new state bourgeoisie — privi leged revenue recipients supported by public expenditure. This has been done to respond to social tensions and to strengthen the Christian Democratic regime, as well as to create markets for Northern industry's durable goods. The result has been impoverishment and rural depopulation in the South.
Neo-Ricardian Economics
Authors: Shaikh Anwar
Published: March 2007

Neo-Ricardians economics claims to possess a "rigorous" theoretical and algebraic framework which is the basis for their conclusion that Marxian labor values are redundant, inconsistent with prices of production, and, in fact, determined by them. This claim is challenged, and it is set out why labor appears as an integral aspect of Marx's notion of value, why the magnitude of value is measured by abstract labor time, and how this magnitude regulates and dominates prices. Also developed is the essential phenomena of Marx's theory of competition of capitals which is contrasted to the vulgar, ideologically based notion of perfect competition. Within this framework, the very same algebraic formulations which the neo-Ricardians use yield exactly the kinds of results Marx anticipates. Indeed, once it is established how heavily the neo-Ricardians are in debt to neoclassical (i.e. vulgar) concepts such as general equilibrium, perfect competition and the notion of profit as "cost" of production, then the bankruptcy of their theory becomes evident, and the logical contradictions and inconsistencies within their own analysis are thrown into sharp relief. It then becomes clear that the so-called rigor of their algebra merely disguises the true condition of their theory: rigor mortis.
Native America: The Economics of Radioactive Colonization
Authors: La Duque Winona
Published: March 2007

Winona La Duke, the author of "Native America, the Economics of Radioactive Colonization, " is an Anishinaabe Indian currently living on the White Earth Reservation in Minnesota. Using as examples uranium development in the Navajo Nation and in the Laguna Pueblo of New Mexico. She shows how Native Americans have been forced into dependence on the mining companies. Rather than viable economic development of the reservations, the fruits of uranium mining have been lung cancer and radioactive contamination.
Nuclear Power in Argentina and Brazil
Authors: Torres Clivia M. Sotornayor , Rudig Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

Clivia Sotomayor Torres and Wolfgang Rudig compare nuclear development in the two Latin American countries most likely to develop nuclear weapons: Argentina & Brazil. They pose three main questions.

First, was nuclear energy necessary to meet energy needs? Here the answer is a clear no. Both countries have immense undeveloped hydropower resources and used inflated estimates offuture electricity demand in selecting the nuclear option.

Second, does either country have the capability to develop nuclear weapons? The authors present evidence that both countries are actively pursuing weapons programs. However, because of a better planned and more independent path to nuclear power and the choice of technologies more adaptable to weapons development, Argentina is in a better position than Brazil.

Third, has nuclear development led to new forms of dependence on those industrial countries acting as nuclear suppliers? Here again, Argentina's attempt at independent development has minimized its dependence while Brazil retains a close relation to Germany.
Reevaluating Economic Education: Principles of Economics Texts
Authors: Rider Christine
Published: March 2007

Principles of economics texts not only reveal the essential elements of orthodox economic theorizing, but they also contain an ideological message and are intended to explain economic reality. This paper summarizes major criticisms of such texts, showing that they are poorly equipped to explain reality. It concludes by suggesting a more meaningful approach.
Financial "Repression" and Financial "Liberalization" in the Third World: A Contribution to the Critique of Neoclassical Development Theory
Authors: Burkett Paul
Published: March 2007

Neoclassical economists suggest that the promotion of economic development requires deregulation of the financial sector, especially removal of the interest rate ceilings commonly enacted by the state in Third World countries. But this view ignores the relations between financial development, financial policy, and the development of the capitalist mode of production. Financially "repressive" interest rate policies are rooted in the attempts of Third World states to alter the international division of labor, and in the patronage relations which develop as a result of the absence of a strong domestic industrial bourgeoisie. The inability of actual experiments in financial "liberalization" to promote economic development reflects the limitations of externally oriented accumulation in the context of the unequal international division of labor.
Non-Produced Inputs, Differential Profit Rates and the Okishio Theorem
Authors: Schutz Eric
Published: March 2007

The foundation of the most recent critique of the Marxian falling profit-rate theory, the Okishio theorem, is inapplicable as a statement about the potential rate of accumulation of an economy with commoditized non-produced inputs, i.e., "land" and natural resources. Even in a perfectly competitive economy with no complications such as "pure joint products," etc. the theorem, while valid in its conclusion that the rate of return on investment rises with capitalist technical change, nonetheless yields no definite conclusions about the potential rate of economic growth unless extremely dubious assumptions are made about the rate of saving/reinvestment out of the surplus by "capitalists vs. rentiers." Using a fairly general multi-sector model of pricing and accumulation to elaborate that point, this article clarifies also the relevance of the issue of "perfect vs. imperfect competition" in the recent controversy, by focusing on the role of land in the profit-rate equalization process. The conclusion that the Okishio theorem is inapplicable to the concerns of accumulation theory holds whether perfect or imperfect competition is assumed; but while in the former case the theorem is at least valid as a statement about the rate of return on investment, in the latter case it is not. This is true, furthermore, even when adequate account is taken of the role of the "stock market" in determining the selection of capitalist technologies for adoption on the basis of their market profitabilities.
The Profit-Squeeze and Tax Policy: Can the State Actively Intervene?
Authors: Jankowski Richard
Published: March 2007

The argument that there will be an inevitable fall in the profit rate is most often made without reference to interventions by the state, which can use a myriad of instrument to offset a profit rate decline. In this paper I examine, by using intervention analysis techniques, the effects of changes in tax laws on the posttax profit rate in the United States. It is shown that changes in the tax laws thought to be favorable to capital did not have the desired effect of raising the posttax profit rates. Several explanations for this finding are suggested, all of which constrain the ability of the state to intervene in the market.
Internationalization of Capital and the Crisis of the Iranian Economy
Authors: Yaghmaian Behzad
Published: March 2007

The main focus of this paper is to study Iran's current socioeconomic crisis in relation to its role in the postwar international division of labor and the particular policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the 1980s. Iran's crisis is a product of the dialectical relationship between what I have called in this paper "the crisis of international division of labor" and the state policies to resolve and diffuse the crisis. In particular, I study the Iran-Iraq War and its effects on the intensification of the crisis in the past few years. The war has contributed to the escalation of the crisis and planted the seeds of an impending debt crisis in Iran.
On the Theory of 'Value"
Authors: Yamaguchi Kaoru
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a new concept of 'value" which is developed in the author's general equilibrium framework (1988a). A traditional concept of labor value and a relatively new concept of commodity value are uniformly shown from this "value" as its normalized forms. A so-called fundamental Marxian theorem is then generalized in the sense that it holds for any level of real wage rates determined in a joint-product market economy. These arguments, it is emphasized, are only meaningful at temporary and long run market equilibria. Finally, the paper briefly summarizes some criticisms of the labor theory of value presented by Morishima (1973, 1974), Steedman (1975, 1981) and Roemer (1981, 1982), and systematically criticizes them in light of the author's general equilibrium approach.
Women at Work and Economic Development: Who's Pushing What?
Authors: Cardoso Ana Rute
Published: March 2007

The Portuguese female labor force participation rate is one of the highest among European Union countries. This study seeks to explain why. After a brief look at the sharp contrast between the situation in the 1980s and that of the 1960s, it sets out to answer the question: What motivates women to participate, and why is the Portuguese economy so receptive to female participation?

An option and a necessity coexist, motivating women to produce for the market - higher levels of human capital generate a stronger will to join the labor market and facilitate integration, whereas the need to overcome poverty is a major constraint faced by some women.

On the demand side, support is found for the idea that the concentration of female employment in certain low-paid segments of the market constitutes an important foundation for international economic competitiveness. Also, women have been carrying most of the burden of the strategy of labor market flexibility, an issue central to the debate and economic policy regarding the labor market during the 1980s.
The Federal Reserve's Tight Monetary Policy During the 1973-75 Recession: A Survey of Possible Interpretations
Authors: Dickens Edwin
Published: March 2007

This paper uses a case study of the Federal Reserve's behavior during the 1973-75 recession to distinguish the radical political economic approach from the mainstream theories of monetary policy. Archival evidence is used to show that the mainstream theories fail to explain the Federal Reserve's behavior because of an implicit assumption that monetary policy is a technical means for stabilizing the economy at full employment with price stability. In contrast, the radical political economic approach is shown to account for the Federal Reserve's behavior as a political effort to redistribute income from labor to capital.
Projective Identification in Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Zender James F.
Published: March 2007

The concept of projective identification and its clinical utility are illustrated by material from long-term open-ended psychotherapy groups in a psychiatric day hospital programme. Projective identification is discussed in relationship to the impact of trauma, in an attempt to further clarify the roles of trauma and intense affects (particularly rage) in the regressive defensive activation of projective identifications within groups and individuals.
Transcultural Group Analysis I. Different Views of Maastricht and Heidelberg
Authors: Brown Dennis
Published: March 2007

Two accounts of the first two workshops of the European Association for Transcultural Group Analysis are compared. Differences in observations and emphases are related to the roles and backgrounds of the two observers. Questions are raised about how such factors influenced our observations, and how processes in a transcultural workshop can form paradigms of cultural trauma (such as migration).
Making Research a Part of Group Therapeutic Practice
Authors: Whitaker Dorothy Stock
Published: March 2007

This article argues that research — at least research of a particular kind — is compatible with practice. It is not about practitioners making use of the research results of others, but about their conducting research themselves on issues arising from their own practice experience. It is about own practice leading into research and own research feeding back into practice.
Training in Group Analysis: Institutional Dilemmas
Authors: Hearst Liesel , Behr Harold
Published: March 2007

This paper contributes to the current debate on the training of group analysts. In particular, it is a response to the view that the relationship between group analyst and trainee group analysand is negatively affected by institutional dynamics and by the inevitable interaction between the training institute, its trainers and its trainees. The paper puts forward the view that block training is a legitimate and well-established model of training alongside the continuous model.
Cotherapy and `Re-Parenting' in a Group for Disturbed Children
Authors: Westman Alison
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the experience of conducting an analytic group for severely disturbed children between the ages of 7 and 11 years, and explores the issues arising for cotherapists in this context. Emotionally deprived children remain ambivalently and intensely attached to the parent but have difficulty making other positive relationships. Cotherapy with a group of children who had faulty object relations was found to facilitate parental transference so that the children experienced an adult relationship based upon mutual support, congruence and understanding. Whilst cotherapy can give rise to complications in work with groups, these were outweighed by the many benefits. Of primary importance in such work is trust and honesty in the cotherapy partnership, careful pre-group planning and good supervision.
When Fear Blinds the Mind's Eye
Authors: Sandic Marijana
Published: March 2007

The dissolution of Yugoslavia had profound effects on the cultural matrix of Bosnia-Herzegovina, the most culturally diverse of the formerly federated republics. The author describes the consequent dynamics in a multi-cultural psychotherapeutic team during the period March-October 1991. All were overwhelmed by deep suffering, often reflected at the bodily level, but primitive defence mechanisms seemed especially prominent in a minority subgroup who identified with nationalistic parties.
A Transcultural Perspective on Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Addressing Internal and External Realities
Authors: Dalal Farhad
Published: March 2007

The paper suggests that just as skin colour plays a significant part in the structuring of society, it also plays a significant role in the structuring of the psyche. The argument is built on the hypothesis that the internal object world is colour-coded. The paper looks at how this might come about and explores its consequences. Therapists need to have worked through this area in their training and therapy, otherwise it will reappear as the therapist's transference to confound the therapy.
The Aetiological-Therapeutic Model of a Magus
Authors: Profita Gabriele
Published: March 2007

This work is part of a more extensive study which examines the therapy of a magus in comparison with analytic psychotherapy in order to determine, among other things, the reasons for the persistence of magi. This consideration is made within the larger framework of the problems in evaluating psychotherapy. Aetiological and therapeutic models of magi and their ideas of illness and health are compared, if only on a general basis, with models of analytic psychotherapy. Considerable differences between the two conceptions can be observed, but both maintain that a disturbed relational field is at the origin of disturbances and illnesses.
The First Stages in the Development of the Small Group: A Psychoanalytic Understanding
Authors: Agmon Shlomo , Schneider Stanley
Published: March 2007

Building upon the pioneering work of Saravay, this article describes the first stages in the development of a therapeutic small group. We follow the classic psychoanalytic theory of psychosexual stages as described by Freud with the modifications of Karl Abraham. We feel that this understanding will help us better conceptualize a dynamic understanding of small group process. In order to illustrate the theoretical formulations, examples are given from the process of a therapeutic group run along Group-analytic lines.
The Nuclear Group: A View of Smaller Group Dynamics
Authors: Brewer Paul
Published: March 2007

In this article, the dynamics of smaller groups are explored and contrasted with the standard sized therapy group. In the depleted group, the usual dynamic processes are suspended. Material from the author's outpatient group is used to illustrate the predominance of the themes of early development.
Group-Analytic Psychotherapy of Psychosis
Authors: Cañete María , Ezquerro Arturo
Published: March 2007

This article describes some ideas, both theoretical and clinical, related to the group-analytic treatment of psychosis, in the context of a Psychotherapy Day-Hospital that runs weekly in a multi-racial and deprived district in England. Clinical vignettes refer to different developmental stages in the life of a slow-open group. Strikingly, after certain initial misgivings, therapists and patients felt that the group experience increased their enthusiasm.
A psychological analysis of a psychological phenomenon: the dialogical construction of meaning
Authors: Josephs Ingrid E.
Published: March 2007

It is the task of psychologists to describe and explain psychological phenomena, though the meaning of both description and explanation varies widely. One way to deal with psychological phenomena is to transform them as soon as possible into data (by which is meant quantitative data), which then can be analysed by ready-made methods (by which is meant inferential statistics). An unfortunate result of this politically fortified procedure is that the availability of methods (for data “collection” and analysis) comes to dictate the whole research process, including the construction of the phenomenon and its operationalization. As a consequence, various opponents of this non-scientific procedure have challenged psychology with a new dogma: the need to replace quantitative methods by their qualitative counterparts. Recently appearing “new turns” in psychology (as the narrative, the hermeneutic, the discursive turn, etc.) in particular, define qualitative approaches as the via regia for psychological analyses. I argue that both “schools” are caught in the same trap: ready-made methods and belief in the superiority of one rather than the other dominate all other aspects of methodology and psychological inquiry in general. I suggest that it is the theoretically derived phenomenon that - depending on the specific research question under consideration - requires the construction (rather than the application) of an adequate method for its analysis - be it qualitative or quantitative. I give an extended example for a psychological analysis of a psychological phenomenon - the construction and reconstruction of meaning - with the help of a qualitative experimental approach.
Emotional experience is subject to social and technological change: extrapolating to the future
Authors: Scherer Klaus R.
Published: March 2007

While the emotion mechanism is generally considered to be evolutionarily continuous, suggesting a certain degree of universality of emotional responding, there is evidence that emotional experience may differ across cultures and historical periods. This article extrapolates potential changes in future emotional experiences that can be expected to be caused by rapid social and technological change. Specifically, four issues are discussed: (1) the effect of social change on emotions that are strongly tied to dominant values, norms, goals, and self-ideals, like shame, guilt, contempt, and anger; (2) the effects of the use of emotion by the mass media on emotional experience and emotion socialization; (3) the effects of information technology on emotion expression and regulation; and (4) the possibility of producing artificial emotions in autonomous agents (robots). Special emphasis is placed on the class of emotions, defined here as “commotions”, that are produced by observing affect in others.
De la condition historique du sociologue
Authors: Aron Raymond
Published: March 2007

La rédaction d'Information sur les sciences sociales a exprimé le désir de publier le texte de la Leçon inaugurale 'que j'ai prononcée au Collège de France le 1 er décembre 1970. Les lecteurs ne manqueront pas de remarquer avec surprise, et peut-être avec irritation, le ton personnel de certains passages. La leçon inaugurale appartient à un genre mal défini que chacun interprète à sa manière. La chaire porte le titre "Sociologie de la civilisation moderne": les pages sui vantes se bornent à suggérer quelques questions que je me pose sur la sociologie et sur la civilisation moderne - et aussi sur moi-même - et ne méritent peut- être pas l'honneur de paraître ici.
Synchronization from the point of view of the history of science
Authors: Bozzolato Giampiero
Published: March 2007

Time as defined in the context of individual lives cannot be measured or compared; it therefore needs to be particularized through processes of synchronization and desynchronization. Subjectivity is a notion that supports temporal objectivity only if the mode of production is not based on a concept of exchange but on simple appropriation. Time as identified with the life of the individual remains incommensurable. But the history of growth in the spatial dimensions of trade and the reduction in the amount of time needed to effect commercial exchanges is integral to and consequent on the development of science as a method of forecasting and planning. As trade grows, so does the role of science, to the point where it can be seen as pivotal to a society in which the practice of trade is becoming both universal and frequent. The growth of trade was the cause and the effect of both a need to consolidate and develop an increasingly complex system of forecasting, and the requirement for a science with the capacity to make the future less unpredictable.
Anthropology of Modernity: Projects and Contexts
Authors: Linkenbach Antje
Published: March 2007

The article takes up J. P. Arnason's basic theoretical assumption that the western trajectory to modernity marks only one possibility of the modern constellation and that modernity has to be pluralized. Arnason's differentiation between a civilizational paradigm and a civilizational horizon allows us to acknowledge the ambivalent perceptions of modernity prevalent in the colonial and postcolonial encounter and gives space for counter-paradigms of modernity. Through a brief discussion of Indian reflections on modernity (P. Chatterjee, J. Alam) I want to argue that the aspect of agency, marginalized in the philosophical and sociological debate on multiple modernities, has to be integrated into the theory. Examples from the Indian Himalayas should show how in everyday life as well as in the course of a social movement for regional autonomy `preferred futures' are negotiated on the basis of a reflexive balancing of `traditional' and `modern' elements which are articulated and joined in a self-made present. The article ends with a plaidoyer for an anthropology of modernity.
The German Welfare State: Principles, Performance and Prospects After Unification
Authors: Offe Claus
Published: March 2007

This article presents an overview of the institutional architecture and the organizing principles of the German welfare state, which is widely and rightly considered to be the model case of North West European Continental welfare states. The author's ambition is to be both systematic and historical in his presentation, emphasizing the process in which different layers of the historically evolved structure serve certain functions, such as poor relief, the protection of workers at work, the protection of workers outside of work, the determination of wages, and the level of employment. In the second part of the essay, the question under discussion is of what happens to this structure under the impact of German unification, European integration, economic `globalization', and lasting labor market disequilibrium. The third and final part outlines a policy proposal that aims at the strengthening of social citizenship rights which replace the `worker' as the reference unit of social protection with the `citizen'.