bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Respiration based steering for high intensity focused ultrasound liver ablation
Authors: Holbrook Andrew B. , Ghanouni Pejman , Santos Juan M. , Dumoulin Charles , Medan Yoav , Pauly Kim Butts
Published: March 2013

Purpose

Respiratory motion makes hepatic ablation using high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFO) challenging. Previous HIFU liver treatment had required apnea induced during general anesthesia. We describe and test a system that allows treatment of the liver in the presence of breathing motion.

Methods

Mapping a signal from an external respiratory bellow to treatment locations within the liver allows the ultrasound transducer to be steered in real time to the target location. Using a moving phantom, three metrics were used to compare static, steered, and unsteered sonications: the area of sonications once a temperature rise of 15°C was achieved, the energy deposition required to reach that temperature, and the average rate of temperature rise during the first 10 s of sonication. Steered HIFU in vivo ablations of the porcine liver were also performed and compared to breath‐hold ablations.

Results

For the last phantom metric, all groups were found to be statistically significantly different (P ≤ 0.003). However, in the other two metrics, the static and unsteered sonications were not statistically different (P > 0.9999). Steered in vivo HIFU ablations were not statistically significantly different from ablations during breath‐holding.

Conclusions

A system for performing HIFU steering during ablation of the liver with breathing motion is presented and shown to achieve results equivalent to ablation performed with breath‐holding. Magn Reson Med 71:797–806, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Single shot fast spin echo diffusion imaging with correction for non‐linear phase errors using tailored RF pulses
Authors: Nunes Rita G. , Malik Shaihan J. , Hajnal Joseph V.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The use of tailored RF excitation pulses for prospective correction of non‐linear motion‐induced phase patterns is shown to enable diffusion‐weighted (DW) fast spin echo (FSE) imaging in vivo. Echo‐planar imaging (EPI) remains the most used sequence for DW imaging. Despite being highly sensitive to field inhomogeneities, EPI is robust to motion‐induced phase shifts. FSE sequences are much less sensitive to field inhomogeneities, but require precise control of the transverse magnetization phase, which is hard to achieve with DW. Real time measurements and correction of phase ramps due to rigid‐body motion had been proposed, but performance remained unsatisfactory because of non‐linear phase patterns related to pulsatile motion.

Methods

Reproducible non‐linear phase components are calibrated using 2D‐EPI navigators and tailored RF excitation pulses designed. Real time correction of rigid‐body motion was not yet implemented.

Results

Phase correction was confirmed with full signal DW‐FSE images obtained on co‐operative subjects. Full diffusion tensor acquisitions were obtained and color‐coded maps displaying principal fiber directionality calculated. Results were consistent with corresponding EPI acquisitions except for absence of spatial distortions.

Conclusion

Combining the proposed method with real time compensation of rigid‐body motion has the potential to allow high quality, distortion free diffusion imaging throughout the brain. Magn Reson Med 71:691–701, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cross‐species analysis of nicotine‐induced proteomic alterations in pancreatic cells
Authors: Paulo Joao A. , Urrutia Raul , Kadiyala Vivek , Banks Peter , Conwell Darwin L. , Steen Hanno
Published: March 2013

Toxic compounds in tobacco, such as nicotine, may adversely affect pancreatic function. We aim to determine nicotine‐induced protein alterations in pancreatic cells, thereby revealing links between nicotine exposure and pancreatic disease. We compared the proteomic alterations induced by nicotine treatment in cultured pancreatic cells (mouse, rat, and human stellate cells and human duct cells) using MS‐based techniques, specifically SDS‐PAGE (gel) coupled with LC‐MS/MS and spectral counting. We identified thousands of proteins in pancreatic cells, hundreds of which were identified exclusively or in higher abundance in either nicotine‐treated or untreated cells. Interspecies comparisons of stellate cell proteins revealed several differentially abundant proteins (in nicotine treated versus untreated cells) common among the three species. Proteins appearing in all nicotine‐treated stellate cells include amyloid beta (A4), procollagen type VI alpha 1, integral membrane protein 2B, and toll‐interacting protein. Proteins that were differentially expressed upon nicotine treatment across cell lines were enriched in certain pathways, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, cytokine, and integrin signaling. At this analytical depth, we conclude that similar pathways are affected by nicotine, but alterations at the protein level among stellate cells of different species vary. Further interrogation of such pathways will lead to insights into the potential effect of nicotine on pancreatic cells at the biomolecular level and the extension of this concept to the effect of nicotine on pancreatic disease.
miR‐152 controls migration and invasive potential by targeting TGFα in prostate cancer cell lines
Authors: Zhu Chen , Li Jie , Ding Qi , Cheng Gong , Zhou Hai , Tao Liangjun , Cai Hongzhou , Li Pu , Cao Qiang , Ju Xiaobing , Meng Xiaoxin , Qin Chao , Hua Lixin , Shao Pengfei , Yin Changjun
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short non‐coding RNAs that function in diverse biological processes. Aberrant miR‐152 expression has been frequently reported in various malignant tumors. However, the mechanism of miR‐152 in prostate cancer (PCa) remains unclear. This study aims to determine the function of miR‐152 in PCa cells and identify the novel molecular targets regulated by miR‐152.

METHODS

The expression levels of transforming growth factor‐alpha (TGFα) were determined in three samples of PCa and adjacent non‐tumorous tissues by Western blot analysis. miR‐152 levels in 48 primary PCa and 15 non‐malignant tissue samples were measured by qRT‐PCR. The effects of forced miR‐152 expression or TGFα knockdown on PCa cells were evaluated by cell migration and invasion assays, as well as Western blot analysis. Dual‐luciferase reporter assay was used to identify binding sites between miR‐152 and TGFα 3′‐UTR.

RESULTS

TGFα was upregulated in PCa tissue samples compared with that in adjacent normal ones. miR‐152 expression was significantly decreased in primary PCa samples compared with that in non‐malignant samples. Patients with Gleason scores >7 exhibited lower miR‐152 levels than those with lower scores. Moreover, low miR‐152 expression is correlated with advanced pathological T‐stages. Forced miR‐152 expression or TGFα knockdown significantly reduced the migratory and invasive capabilities of PCa cells in vitro. TGFα is a direct target gene of miR‐152.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that miR‐152 can act as a tumor suppressor that targets TGFα. miR‐152 is a promising molecular target that inhibits PCa cell migration and invasion. Prostate 73: 1082–1089, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recoverable values for independent sets
Authors: Feige Uriel , Reichman Daniel
Published: March 2013

The notion of recoverable value was advocated in the work of Feige, Immorlica, Mirrokni and Nazerzadeh (APPROX 2009) as a measure of quality for approximation algorithms. There, this concept was applied to facility location problems. In the current work we apply a similar framework to the maximum independent set problem (MIS). We say that an approximation algorithm has recoverable factor ρ, if for every graph it recovers an independent set of size at least

urn:x-wiley:10429832:media:rsa20492:rsa20492-math-0001

where d(v) is the degree of vertex v, and I ranges over all independent sets in G. Hence, in a sense, from every vertex v in the maximum independent set the algorithm recovers a value of at least toward the solution. This quality measure is most effective in graphs in which the maximum independent set is composed of low degree vertices. A simple greedy algorithm achieves . We design a new randomized algorithm for MIS that ensures an expected recoverable factor of at least . In passing, we prove that approximating MIS in graphs with a given k‐coloring within a ratio larger than 2/ k is unique‐games hard. This rules out an alternative approach for obtaining . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 46, 142–159, 2015
Effects of Ar‐ and Ar/O2‐plasma‐treated amorphous and crystalline polymer surfaces revealed by ToF‐SIMS and principal component analysis
Authors: Ren Xianwen , Weng Lu‐Tao , Ng Kai‐Mo , Chan Chi‐Ming
Published: March 2013

The effects of argon (Ar) and a mixture of Ar and oxgyen(Ar/O2) plasmas on amorphous and semi‐crystalline poly(bisphenol A hexane ether) thin films were investigated by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF‐SIMS) and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA results of the ToF‐SIMS spectra indicate that an Ar/O2 plasma produced less physical sputtering and had a higher chemical reactivity than did an Ar plasma, regardless of whether an amorphous or a crystalline surface was involved. However, the chemical differences between the Ar‐ and Ar/O2‐plasma‐treated semi‐crystalline films were much smaller. The observed results can be explained by the higher resistance of the polymer crystalline regions to physical sputtering and chemical etching. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Hydrated and Dehydrated Crystalline Strontium Terephtalates
Authors: Scholz Gudrun , Emmerling Franziska , Dreger Maik , Kemnitz Erhard
Published: March 2013

A successful mechanochemical synthesis of strontium terephthalate trihydrate is described for the first time. The dehydration of Sr(C8H4O4)·3H2O occurs at about 100 °C and results in a well‐defined strontium terephtalate, Sr(C8H4O4), thermally stable up to 550 °C. Both compounds are not described so far in the literature. Their structures were solved by ab initio structure determination and subsequent Rietveld refinement of the powder diffraction data. Further methods like DTA‐TG, MAS NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopy, and BET measurements were used to characterize these compounds.
Structural Control on Landscape Development of Barak Valley, Northeast India
Authors: Laskar A. Alam , Phukon P.
Published: March 2013

The Barak Valley, comprising a contiguous region of three south Assam districts of Cachar, Hailakandi and Karimganj, represents a ridge and valley province with meridional to sub-meridional anticlinal hills and synclinal valleys. Thin skinned tectonics resulted in the deformation of Neogene clastics which is manifested in the form of a series of anticlines and synclines. These structural elements have profound control on the development of present-day landscape in Barak valley. Structurally controlled fluvial erosion produced a series of cuesta ridges and strike valleys which were further subjected to erosional dissection leading to development of numerous topographic highs. Along the northern part of Barak valley adjoining Barail range, three terrace levels stand out with topographic offsets of upto ~10 m. These terraces are linked to tectonic adjustments along Haflong-Disang Thrust that traverse along the Barail foothills. Numerous wetlands linked to fluvial activities and also isolated from the fluvial domain form a significant element of the Barak valley landscape. Some of these wetlands have their origin to tectonic activities of the region. While the trunk channel of the region follows a nearly E-W trend, all the major tributaries join it at nearly orthogonal position following the prevailing structural trend.
Three coins in a fountain
Authors: Moffatt H. K.
Published: March 2013

If, in a large expanse of fluid such as air or water, an object that is heavier than the fluid displaced is released from rest, it descends in a manner that can depend in a complex way on its geometry and density (relative to that of the fluid), and on the fluid viscosity, which, as in other fluid contexts, remains important no matter how small this viscosity may be. A major numerical attack on this problem for the case in which the object is a thin circular disc is presented by Auguste, Magnaudet & Fabre (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 719, 2013, pp. 388–405).
Competitive displacement between two invasive whiteflies: insecticide application and host plant effects
Authors: Sun Di-Bing , Liu Yin-Quan , Qin Li , Xu Jing , Li Fang-Fang , Liu Shu-Sheng
Published: March 2013

The cryptic species Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1), formerly referred to as ‘B biotype’, of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci complex entered China in the mid 1990s, and the Mediterranean (MED) cryptic species, formerly referred to as ‘Q biotype’, of the same whitefly complex entered China around 2003. Field surveys in China after 2003 indicate that in many regions MED has been replacing the earlier invader MEAM1. The factors underlying this displacement are unclear. We conducted laboratory experiments and field sampling to examine the effects of insecticide application on the competitive interactions between MEAM1 and MED. In the laboratory, on cotton, a plant showing similar levels of suitability to both whitefly species, MEAM1 displaced MED in five generations when initial populations of the two species were equal and no insecticide was applied. In contrast, MED displaced MEAM1 in seven and two generations, respectively, when 12.5 and 50.0 mg l−1 imidacloprid was applied to the plants via soil drench. Field sampling indicated that in a single season MED displaced MEAM1 on crops heavily sprayed with neonicotinoid insecticides but the relative abundance of the two species changed little on crops without insecticide spray. We also examined the effects of host plants on the competitive interactions between the two species in the laboratory. When cohorts with equal abundance of MEAM1 and MED were set up on different host plants, MEAM1 displaced MED on cabbage and tomato in five and seven generations, respectively, but MED displaced MEAM1 on pepper in two generations. As field populations of MED have lower susceptibility than those of MEAM1 to nearly all commonly used insecticides including imidacloprid, insecticide application seems to have played a major role in shifting the species competitive interaction effects in favour of MED in the field across China. Host plants may also shape competition between the two species depending on the relative levels of plant suitability.
Introduction
Authors: Green Nile
Published: March 2013

Compared to its neighboring countries, Afghanistan remains something of a blank on the historiographical map. Falling between Middle Eastern, South Asian, and Central Asian fields of expertise, it is in many respects the last great unclaimed territory of historical studies, not so much competed over as ignored by scholars trained in these areas. Despite a rich burst of scholarship in the 1960s, and the efforts of a small but distinguished cadre of scholars since then, Afghan history has neither truly developed as a historical field in its own right nor been successfully absorbed into the study of any of its adjacent regions. This is not to deny that Afghanistan has received some expert (and inexpert) attention since the U.S.-led intervention in late 2001: several important analytical works stand out among the shelves of other, more or less hastily written, books of the past decade. But anthropologists and political scientists have led the way; historians’ interventions in this burgeoning literature have been few. Of the three most significant books on Afghan history published since 2001, two deal with Afghanistan in relation to colonial India, and the other is a survey work written by an anthropologist (albeit benefiting from the analytical cross-fertilization).
Applicability of Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom in the West Bank
Authors: Ronen Yaël
Published: March 2013

This article examines the applicability of Israel's Basic Law: Human Dignity and Freedom in the West Bank in light of international law, in theory and practice. The first part of the article concerns the need for such applicability in light of alternative domestic and international legal regimes. The article then explores three bases for the extraterritorial application of the law, and examines relevant practice. Finally, the article addresses the consequences of the extraterritorial applicability of the Basic Law for Israel's compliance with its obligations under the law of occupation. It argues that the application of the Basic Law extraterritorially in the West Bank may result in violation of Israel's obligations under the law of occupation.
Insiders, thresholders, and outsiders in west European global justice networks: network positions and modes of coordination
Authors: Saunders Clare
Published: March 2013

Since the new millennium, scholars have acclaimed a vigorous global justice movement (GJM). Many accounts have stressed the tolerant identities of those involved in this movement, and/or the movement's horizontal decision-making structure. Consequently, formal organizations are often excluded from analysis, precluding the chance to assess systematically whether they are involved in social movement modes of coordination. The article uses deductive block modelling and inferential statistics on survey data of a broad sample of 208 western European global justice organizations to uncover their modes of coordination. I find that many organizations commonly considered integral to the GJM demonstrate organizational and coalitional modes of coordination, while formal organizations often engage in coalitional work. Organizations most densely networked, including some formal organizations,dohave social movement modes of coordination: they identify with the GJM, display continuity in attendance at international protests/events, and have contentious relations with political institutions. In addition, I raise methodological considerations for future studies of social movement modes of coordination.
Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen
Authors: Goldbeck Lutz , Petermann Franz
Published: March 2013

Kindheitstraumata gehören zu den Hauptursachen chronischer psychischer und körperlicher Störungen. Posttraumatische Belastungsstörungen können schon bei Kindern und Jugendlichen auftreten, oft mit einer entwicklungstypischen Ausgestaltung und begleitet von komorbiden Störungen. Die evidenzbasierte Diagnostik und Behandlung von betroffenen Kindern und Jugendlichen umfasst eine systematische Exploration möglicher traumatischer Lebenserfahrungen, eine gründliche klinische Diagnostik zur Abgrenzung der posttraumatischen Stresssymptome und anderer begleitender Störungen, sowie die Durchführung einer traumafokussierten Psychotherapie. Bislang unterversorgte Kinder und Jugendliche aus Risikogruppen, wie z. B. Heimkinder, Pflegekinder und lebensbedrohlich erkrankte und verletzte Kinder, könnten durch eine bessere interdisziplinäre Versorgung rechtzeitiger einer evidenzbasierten Traumatherapie zugeführt werden.
Inanspruchnahmeverhalten von Psychotherapie bei Jugendlichen aus Palästina mit und ohne Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung
Authors: Kowalski Jens T. , Gerber Wolf-Dieter , Niederberger Uwe , Petermann Franz
Published: March 2013

In mehreren Studien konnten in den letzten Jahren die Auswirkungen der politischen und militärischen Gewalt auf die Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung psychischer Störungen wie z. B. der Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen aus dem Nahen Osten gezeigt werden. In Palästina bleibt ein großer Teil dieser Betroffenen u. a. aufgrund der schwierigen Versorgungslage psychotherapeutisch unversorgt. Bisher wurde allerdings nicht betrachtet, was darüber hinaus die Inanspruchnahme professioneller psychotherapeutischer Hilfe nach Traumatisierung beeinflusst. Anhand einer Stichprobe von 110 Jugendlichen (Patienten und Gesunde) wird insbesondere untersucht, welche psychologischen Faktoren sich, neben den in dem etablierten Verhaltensmodell von Andersen beschriebenen Faktoren, auf die Inanspruchnahme auswirken.
Combined Transplantation of Human Neuronal and Mesenchymal Stem Cells following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Park D. Y. , Mayle R. E. , Smith R. L. , Corcoran-Schwartz I. , Kharazi A. I. , Cheng I.
Published: March 2013

Transplantation of human fetal neural stem cells (hNSCs) previously demonstrated significant functional recovery after spinal cord contusion in rats. Other studies indicated that human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) can home to areas of damage and cross the blood–brain barrier. The purpose of this article is to determine if combined administration of mesenchymal stem cells and neuronal stem cells improves functional outcomes in rats. The study design was a randomized controlled animal trial. Female adult Long-Evans hooded rats underwent laminectomy at T10 level. Moderate spinal cord contusion at T10 level was induced by the MASCIS Impactor. Four groups were identified. The MSC + NSC group received hMSCs intravenously (IV) immediately after spinal cord injury (acute) and returned 1 week later (subacute) for injection of hNSC directly at site of injury. The MSC-only group received hMSC IV acutely and cell media subacutely. The NSC-only group received cell media IV acutely and hNSC subacutely. The control group received cell media IV acutely and subacutely. Subjects were assessed for 6 weeks using Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Score. Twenty-four subjects were utilized, six subjects in each group. Statistically significant functional improvement was seen in the MSC + NSC group and the NSC-only group versus controls (p = 0.027, 0.042, respectively). The MSC-only group did not demonstrate a significant improvement over control (p = 0.145). Comparing the MSC + NSC group and the NSC-only group, there was no significant difference (p = 0.357). Subacute transplantation of hNSCs into contused spinal cord of rats led to significant functional recovery when injected either with or without acute IV administration of hMSCs. Neither hMSCs nor addition of hMSC to hNSC resulted in significant improvement.
Single polymer chains in poor solvent: Using the bond fluctuation method with explicit solvent
Authors: Jentzsch Christoph , Werner Marco , Sommer Jens-Uwe
Published: March 2013

We use the bond fluctuation model with explicit solvent to study single polymer chains under poor solvent conditions. Static and dynamic properties of the bond fluctuation model with explicit solvent are compared with the implicit solvent model, and the Θ-temperatures are determined for both solvent models. We show that even in the very poor solvent regime, dynamics is not frozen for the explicit solvent model. We investigate some aspects of the structure of a single collapsed globule and show that rather large chain lengths are necessary to reach the scaling regime of a dense sphere. The force-extension curve of a single polymer chain under poor solvent conditions in the fixed end-to-end distance ensemble is analyzed. We find that the transition of the tadpole conformation to the stretched chain conformation is rather smooth because of fluctuation effects, which is in agreement with recent experimental results.
Soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism study of valence and spin states in FeT2O4 (T = V, Cr) spinel oxides
Authors: Kang J.-S. , Hwang Jihoon , Kim D. H. , Lee Eunsook , Kim W. C. , Kim C. S. , Lee Han-Koo , Kim J.-Y. , Han S. W. , Hong S. C. , Kim Bongjae , Min B. I.
Published: March 2013

Electronic structures of spinel oxides FeT2O4 (T = V, Cr) have been investigated by employing soft x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) and soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). XAS reveals that Cr and V ions are trivalent, and that Fe ions are nearly divalent in FeT2O4 (T = V, Cr). Finite XMCD signals are observed in FeV2O4 at T = 80 K, while they are very weak in FeCr2O4. XMCD shows that Fe spins are antiparallel to V and Cr spins, with the V and Cr spins being canted from Fe spins, which suggests a Yafet-Kittel type triangular spin configuration in FeT2O4 (T = V, Cr).
In-plane anisotropic converse magnetoelectric coupling effect in FeGa/polyvinylidene fluoride heterostructure films
Authors: Zuo Zhenghu , Zhan Qingfeng , Dai Guohong , Chen Bin , Zhang Xiaoshan , Yang Huali , Liu Yiwei , Li Run-Wei
Published: March 2013

We investigated the converse magnetoelectric (CME) effect in the Fe81Ga19/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) heterostructure films. A weak in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy was observed in the as-deposited magnetostrictive FeGa films. When a positive (negative) electric field is applied on the ferroelectric PVDF substrates, both the coercivity and the squareness of magnetic hysteresis loops of FeGa films for the magnetic field parallel to the easy axis become larger (smaller), but for the magnetic field parallel to the hard axis the coercivity and the remanence get smaller (larger), indicating an anisotropic CME effect in FeGa/PVDF heterostructure films.
A flash-lamp based device for fluorescence detection and identification of individual pollen grains
Authors: Kiselev Denis , Bonacina Luigi , Wolf Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2013

We present a novel optical aerosol particle detector based on Xe flash lamp excitation and spectrally resolved fluorescence acquisition. We demonstrate its performances on three natural pollens acquiring in real-time scattering intensity at two wavelengths, sub-microsecond time-resolved scattering traces of the particles’ passage in the focus, and UV-excited fluorescence spectra. We show that the device gives access to a rather specific detection of the bioaerosol particles.
Fast and high resolution thermal detector based on an aluminum nitride piezoelectric microelectromechanical resonator with an integrated suspended heat absorbing element
Authors: Hui Yu , Rinaldi Matteo
Published: March 2013

This letter presents a miniaturized, fast, and high resolution thermal detector, in which a heat absorbing element and a temperature sensitive microelectromechanical system (MEMS) resonator are perfectly overlapped but separated by a microscale air gap. This unique design guarantees efficient and fast (∼10s μs) heat transfer from the absorbing element to the temperature sensitive device and enables high resolution thermal power detection (∼nW), thanks to the low noise performance of the high quality factor (Q = 2305) MEMS resonant thermal detector. A device prototype was fabricated, and its detection capabilities were experimentally characterized. A thermal power as low as 150 nW was experimentally measured, and a noise equivalent power of 6.5 nW/Hz1/2 was extracted. A device thermal time constant of only 350 μs was measured (smallest ever reported for MEMS resonant thermal detectors), indicating the great potential of the proposed technology for the implementation of ultra-fast and high resolution un-cooled resonant thermal detectors.
Magnetoresistivity of Ce1−xLaxNiAl4 compounds
Authors: Falkowski M. , Kowalczyk A.
Published: March 2013

The studies of the magnetoresistivity (MR) for Ce1−xLaxNiAl4 (x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) intermetallic alloys are reported. CeNiAl4 seems to represent a classical Kondo lattice. All other compounds (0.1 ≤ x ≤ 0.6) exhibit at low temperature a logarithmic increase in electrical resistivity with decrease of temperature as expected for Kondo systems. The low temperature resistivity of Ce1−xLaxNiAl4 is sensitive to the applied magnetic field. The amplitude of the MR is always negative and diminished with increasing temperature. The field dependence has been found to be similar to that obtained for other Kondo compounds. Results of the MR measurements for Ce1−xLaxNiAl4 compounds are analyzed based on the theory developed calculations by Schlottmann for single ions. The analysis yields the values of the Kondo temperature (TK) and effective moment of the Kondo ion (μK).
Spin ordering between sub-lattices in nasicon Li3Fe2(PO4)3 measured by Mössbauer spectroscopy
Authors: Kim Hee Seung , Kim Chul Sung
Published: March 2013

The chemical stability and conductivity of nasicon-structured α-Li3Fe2(PO4)3 make it a possible candidate for a cathode material in Li-battery. The x-ray diffraction pattern of Li3Fe2(PO4)3 showed the monoclinic structure with space group of P21/n. In the zero-field-cooled (ZFC) curve, the magnetization remained constant while the temperature was increased up to the splitting temperature (TS = 11 K) of two sub-lattices, indicating the antiferromagnetic behavior below TS. Magnetization curves of both ZFC and FC from 4.2 to 295 K showed ferrimagnetic behavior below the Néel temperature (TN = 29.5 K). We observed the change in the slope of the temperature-dependent Hhf curve at TS. These results suggest that the change in the spin ordering in Li3Fe2(PO4)3 is originated from the difference in hyperfine interactions between the localized Fe3+ magnetic ions at each of two sub-lattices. The spectra of Li3Fe2(PO4)3 under applied magnetic field of 5 T exhibit the magnetic phase transition around TS, indicating antiferromagnetic behavior below TS and ferrimagnetic behavior between TS and TN.
Magnetic and transport currents in thin film superconductors of arbitrary shape within the London approximation
Authors: Via Guillem , Navau Carles , Sanchez Alvaro
Published: March 2013

We present a numerical method to calculate the current distribution and the magnetic field in a superconducting thin plate within the London approximation. The superconductor can have any two-dimensional shape, including multiply connected ones. The modeling can take into account transport currents fed on the superconductor and externally applied fields, and is valid for any value of the London penetration depth λ. From this modeling, we present current and field distributions for several geometries of the superconductor (including corners, turns, and holes), comparing them with these of a straight strip and with previous results in some limits. We show how the current density accumulates in the inner corners of a turn and how this accumulation depends on λ. We also study how far the presence of a turn or hole in a straight strip modifies the current (and field) distribution observing significant differences depending on λ, on the geometry of the turns and on the external conditions to which the superconductor is subjected. All these results may have implications in the design of single photon detectors, superconducting based mass spectrometers, as well as in the ability of tuning magnetic traps using thin superconducting films, among other applications.
Realization of insulating massive Dirac fermion state in Bi2Te3 by co-substitution of magnetic and non-magnetic elements
Authors: Niu Chengwang , Dai Ying , Yu Lin , Huang Baibiao
Published: March 2013

The insulating massive Dirac fermion state is essential for many striking topological phenomena. Here, we theoretically reveal that co-substitution of magnetic and non-magnetic elements is a promising way to realize it, and Fe is the best candidate to achieve it in Bi2Te3 among M (M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, and Fe). Substitution of M for Bi introduces perpendicular magnetism, but some energy bands cross the Fermi level. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of Fe and O places the Dirac point inside the bulk band gap and opens a surface band gap at the Dirac point with the Fermi level inside it.
Compositional and gate tuning of the interfacial conductivity in LaAlO3/LaTiO3/SrTiO3 heterostructures
Authors: Hosoda Masayuki , Bell Christopher , Hikita Yasuyuki , Hwang Harold Y.
Published: March 2013

We investigate the effect of LaTiO3 insertion at the interface between LaAlO3 and TiO2 terminated {100} SrTiO3 for a series of LaAlO3 and LaTiO3 thicknesses. A clear increase of the carrier density was observed while the Hall mobility was largely unchanged. In structures with LaAlO3 thickness ∼3 unit cells, close to the critical thickness for conductivity, as little as 0.25 unit cells of LaTiO3 drives an insulator-to-metal transition. These samples show a strong dependence of the conductivity on voltage with electrostatic back-gating, which can be understood in a two-carrier picture, and dominated by the change in carrier density at the interface.
The physics and backward diode behavior of heavily doped single layer MoS2 based p-n junctions
Authors: Sun Qing-Qing , Li Yong-Jun , He Jin-Lan , Yang Wen , Zhou Peng , Lu Hong-Liang , Ding Shi-Jing , Wei Zhang David
Published: March 2013

The single layer MoS2 is attractive for the use in the next-generation low power nanoelectronic devices because of its intrinsic bandgap compared to graphene. In this work, we investigated the transport property of a p-n junction based on two-dimensional MoS2. The n-type and p-type doping are realized through substituting sulfur with chlorine and phosphorus. The device exhibited backward diode-like behavior with large rectifying ratios. We attribute the observed current-voltage characteristics to different heavy doping effect caused by chlorine and phosphorus. Our results may throw light on the electronic modulation of MoS2 and realizations of complemented logics devices based on MoS2.
Particle simulation of filamentary structure formation in dielectric barrier discharge
Authors: Fan Wei-Li , Sheng Zheng-Ming , Zhong Xiao-Xia , Wang Wei-Min , Li Yu-Tong , Zhang Jie
Published: March 2013

Filamentary discharges in dielectric barrier discharge operating in a glow regime are studied by use of two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation with Monte Carlo collisions included. The formation of multiple filaments and the involved electric fields, electric potentials, plasma densities, and particle temperatures are presented. It is found that the filaments are not ignited simultaneously, and they expire with the shift of the plasma sheaths. “Dark discharges”, which produce ion densities lower by one order of magnitude than a typical filamentary discharge, are observed while the filaments from earlier discharges are decaying.
Compensatory escape mechanism at low Reynolds number
Authors: Gemmell Brad J. , Sheng Jian , Buskey Edward J.
Published: March 2013

Despite high predation pressure, planktonic copepods remain one of the most abundant groups on the planet. Their escape response provides one of most effective mechanisms to maximize evolutionary fitness. Owing to their small size (100 µm) compared with their predators (>1 mm), increasing viscosity is believed to have detrimental effects on copepods’ fitness at lower temperature. Using high-speed digital holography we acquire 3D kinematics of the nauplius escape including both location and detailed appendage motion. By independently varying temperature and viscosity we demonstrate that at natural thermal extremes, contrary to conventional views, nauplii achieve equivalent escape distance while maintaining optimal velocity. Using experimental results and kinematic simulations from a resistive force theory propulsion model, we demonstrate that a shift in appendage timing creates an increase in power stroke duration relative to recovery stroke duration. This change allows the nauplius to limit losses in velocity and maintain distance during escapes at the lower bound of its natural thermal range. The shift in power stroke duration relative to recovery stroke duration is found to be regulated by the temperature dependence of swimming appendage muscle groups, not a dynamic response to viscosity change. These results show that copepod nauplii have natural adaptive mechanisms to compensate for viscosity variations with temperature but not in situations in which viscosity varies independent of temperature, such as in some phytoplankton blooms. Understanding the robustness of escapes in the wake of environmental changes such as temperature and viscosity has implications in assessing the future health of performance compensation.
Crucial role of the hydrophobic pocket region of Munc18 protein in mast cell degranulation
Authors: Bin Na-Ryum , Jung Chang Hun , Piggott Christopher , Sugita Shuzo
Published: March 2013

The function of the Munc18-1 protein hydrophobic pocket, which interacts with the syntaxin-1 N-terminal peptide, has been highly controversial in neurosecretion. Recent analysis of patients with familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 5 has identified the E132A mutation in the hydrophobic pocket of Munc18-2, prompting us to examine the role of this region in the context of immune cell secretion. Double knockdown of Munc18-1 and Munc18-2 in RBL-2H3 mast cells eliminates both IgE-dependent and ionomycin-induced degranulation and causes a significant reduction in syntaxin-11 without altering expressions of the other syntaxin isoforms examined. These phenotypes were effectively rescued on reexpression of wild-type Munc18-1 or Munc18-2 but not the mutants (F115E, E132A, and F115E/E132A) in the hydrophobic pocket of Munc18. In addition, these mutants show that they are unable to directly interact with syntaxin-11, as tested through protein interaction experiments. Our results demonstrate the crucial roles of the hydrophobic pocket of Munc18 in mast cell degranulation, which include the regulation of syntaxin-11. We also suggest that the functional importance of this region is significantly different between neuronal and immune cell exocytosis.
Assembly of complex cell microenvironments using geometrically docked hydrogel shapes
Authors: Eng George , Lee Benjamin W. , Parsa Hesam , Chin Curtis D. , Schneider Jesse , Linkov Gary , Sia Samuel K. , Vunjak-Novakovic Gordana
Published: March 2013

Cellular communities in living tissues act in concert to establish intricate microenvironments, with complexity difficult to recapitulate in vitro. We report a method for docking numerous cellularized hydrogel shapes (100–1,000 µm in size) into hydrogel templates to construct 3D cellular microenvironments. Each shape can be uniquely designed to contain customizable concentrations of cells and molecular species, and can be placed into any spatial configuration, providing extensive compositional and geometric tunability of shape-coded patterns using a highly biocompatible hydrogel material. Using precisely arranged hydrogel shapes, we investigated migratory patterns of human mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial cells. We then developed a finite element gradient model predicting chemotactic directions of cell migration in micropatterned cocultures that were validated by tracking ∼2,500 individual cell trajectories. This simple yet robust hydrogel platform provides a comprehensive approach to the assembly of 3D cell environments.
The interpreter’s glossary in simultaneous interpreting
Authors: Jiang Hong
Published: March 2013

The glossary is considered an important, if not indispensable, component in the professional practice of interpreting. However, insufficient attention has been given to it in interpreting studies. This research project aims to study the general practice of professional interpreters in relation to the glossary. Two surveys were conducted, in 2010: a pilot study, using a printed questionnaire distributed to interpreters at a UN conference, followed by a large-scale survey which was conducted through an online survey service and completed by nearly 500 interpreters (mostly AIIC members). Results of both surveys are discussed, and a comparison is made between staff and freelance interpreters. These findings should contribute to a better understanding of how professional interpreters prepare, manage and use glossaries. The study could also have useful implications for training, both for interpreting students and for qualified interpreters.
Adult second language acquisition
Authors: Slabakova Roumyana
Published: March 2013

This review article selects and elaborates on the important issues of adult second language acquisition research in the second decade of the twenty-first century. The fundamental question of whether adult second language acquisition and child first language acquisition are similar or different is addressed throughout the article. The issues of a critical period for acquisition, the importance of the linguistic input, and processing are discussed. Generative as well as usage-based perspectives are considered. Future research concerns and promising areas of investigation are proposed.
Third language acquisition
Authors: Jaensch Carol
Published: March 2013

Up until around ten years ago, third language acquisition (L3A) research was generally subsumed under the umbrella term of second language acquisition (L2A). In this short space of time, however, L3A has established itself as an independent strand of linguistic research, providing an invaluable source of information into language and language acquisition. This paper emphasises the crucial differences between L2A and L3A. It provides a snapshot of the current state of cognitive research into L3A, discussing studies in the domains of morphology, syntax, phonology and lexicon. Recently proposed (specific L3) generative models are discussed, such as Cumulative Enhancement Model (Flynn, Foley & Vinnitskaya, 2004), L2 Status Factor (Bardel & Falk, 2007) and Typological Primacy Model (Rothman, 2011) together with an alternative proposal (Contextual Complexity Hypothesis, Hawkins & Casillas, 2007). Finally this paper highlights the gaps in our knowledge and the direction for future research in this fast-growing area of research.
First language attrition
Authors: Schmid Monika S.
Published: March 2013

The overwhelming bias for investigations of bilingualism is to focus on the increase of knowledge and crosslinguistic traffic from the L1 to the L2. Developments which concern loss, deterioration or reduced accessibility of knowledge and traffic from the L2 to the L1 are much less well-studied and understood, and are usually treated as a somewhat marginal issue. The present contribution provides an overview of research in first language attrition and argues that changes to the first language system are part and parcel of the development of bilingual knowledge and processing. As such, they can help provide additional insight into controversial issues, such as questions about the existence of maturational constraints in L2 learning, and potentially help resolve these matters.
Is translated language more standardized than non-translated language?
Authors: Delaere Isabelle , Sutter Gert De , Plevoets Koen
Published: March 2013

With this article, we seek to support the law of growing standardization by showing that texts translated into Belgian Dutch make more use of standard language than non-translated Belgian Dutch texts. Additionally, we want to examine whether the use of standard vs. non-standard language can be attributed to the variables text type and source language. In order to achieve that goal, we gathered a diverse set of linguistic variables and used a 10-million-word corpus that is parallel, comparable and bidirectional (the Dutch Parallel Corpus;Macken et al. 2011). The frequency counts for each of the variables are used to determine the differences in standard language use by means of profile-based correspondence analysis (Plevoets 2008). The results of our analysis show that (i) in general, there is indeed a standardizing trend among translations and (ii) text types with a lot of editorial control (fiction, non-fiction and journalistic texts) contain more standard language than the less edited text types (administrative texts and external communication) which adds support for the idea that the differences between translated and non-translated texts are text type dependent.
Discourses of trans-ethnicnarodin postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Hromadžić Azra
Published: March 2013

The processes of peace-building and democratization in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) were instituted on 14 December 1995 by the Dayton Accords, which brought an end to the Bosnian War. While claiming their objectives to be reconciliation, democracy, and ethnic pluralism, the accords inscribed in law the ethnic partition between Bosnian Serbs, Croats, and Muslims by granting rights to “people” based on their identification as “ethnic collectivities.” This powerful tension at the heart of “democratization” efforts has been central to what has transpired over the past 16 years. My account uses ethnographic methods and anthropological analysis to document how the ethnic emphasis of the local nationalist projects and international integration policies is working in practice to flatten the multilayered discourses of nationhood in BiH. As a result of these processes, long-standing notions of trans-ethnic nationhood in BiH lost their political visibility and potency. In this article I explore how trans-ethnicnarodor nation(hood) — as a space of popular politics, cultural interconnectedness, morality, political critique, and economic victimhood — still lingers in the memories and practices of ordinary Bosnians and Herzegovinians, thus powerfully informing their political subjectivities.
The bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene-based ionic charge-transfer complex with 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone
Authors: Nakagawa Yuki , Takahashi Yukihiro , Harada Jun , Inabe Tamotsu
Published: March 2013

In the ionic charge-transfer (CT) complex composed of bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene (ET) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone (DDQ), C10H8S8·C8Cl2N2O2, the donor and acceptor molecules both form centrosymmetric dimers associated by strong face-to-face π–π interactions. The disordered DDQ molecules form a one-dimensional π-stacked column, while the ET molecules form a two-leg ladder through additional short S...S contacts between adjacent π–π-bonded dimers. The crystal structure of ET–DDQ revealed in this study will provide a valuable example of the two-leg spin ladder system, which has rarely been reported for ET-based CT complexes.
Betaine 0.77-perhydrate 0.23-hydrate and common structural motifs in crystals of amino acid perhydrates
Authors: Minkov Vasily S. , Kapustin Evgeny A. , Boldyreva Elena V.
Published: March 2013

The title compound, betaine 0.77-perhydrate 0.23-hydrate, (CH3)3N+CH2COO−·0.77H2O2·0.23H2O, crystallizes in the orthorhombic noncentrosymmetric space groupPca21. Chiral molecules of hydrogen peroxide are positionally disordered with water molecules in a ratio of 0.77:0.23. Betaine, 2-(trimethylazaniumyl)acetate, preserves its zwitterionic state, with a positively charged ammonium group and a negatively charged carboxylate group. The molecular conformation of betaine here differs from the conformations of both anhydrous betaine and its hydrate, mainly in the orientation of the carboxylate group with respect to the C—C—N skeleton. Hydrogen peroxide is linkedviatwo hydrogen bonds to carboxylate groups, forming infinite chains along the crystallographicaaxis, which are very similar to those in the crystal structure of betaine hydrate. The present work contributes to the understanding of the structure-forming factors for amino acid perhydrates, which are presently attracting much attention. A correlation is suggested between the ratio of amino acid zwitterions and hydrogen peroxide in the unit cell and the structural motifs present in the crystal structures of all currently known amino acids perhydrates. This can help to classify the crystal structures of amino acid perhydrates and to design new crystal structures.