bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an operational trap for collection, killing, and preservation of triatomines (Hemiptera: Reduviidae): the kissing bug kill trap
Authors: Hamer Gabriel L , Fimbres-Macias Juan P , Juarez Jose G , Downs Christopher H , Carbajal Ester , Melo Melinda , Garza Danya Y , Killets Keswick C , Wilkerson Gregory K , Carrera-Treviño Rogelio , Corona-Barrera Enrique , Tello-Campa Arturo Arabied , Rojas-Mesta Martha Rocío , Borden John H , Banfield Michael G , Hamer Sarah A
Published: July 2024

Surveillance of triatomines or kissing bugs (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae), the insect vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, a Chagas disease agent, is hindered by the lack of an effective trap. To develop a kissing bug trap, we made iterative improvements over 3 years on a basic design resulting in 7 trap prototypes deployed across field sites in Texas, United States and Northern Mexico, yielding the capture of 325 triatomines of 4 species (Triatoma gerstaeckeri [Stål], T. sanguisuga [LeConte], T. neotomae [Neiva], and T. rubida [Uhler]). We began in 2019 with vertical transparent tarpaulin panel traps illuminated with artificial light powered by AC current, which were successful in autonomous trapping of flying triatomines, but were expensive, labor-intensive, and fragile. In 2020, we switched to white LED lights powered by a solar cell. We tested a scaled-down version of the vertical panel traps, a commercial cross-vane trap, and a multiple-funnel trap. The multiple-funnel traps captured 2.6× more kissing bugs per trap-day than cross-vane traps and approached the performance of the vertical panel traps in number of triatomines captured, number of triatomines per trap-day and triatomines per arthropod bycatch. Multiple-funnel traps required the least labor, were more durable, and had the highest triatomines per day per cost. Propylene glycol in the collection cups effectively preserved captured triatomines allowing for molecular detection of T. cruzi. The trapping experiments established dispersal patterns for the captured species. We conclude that multiple-funnel traps with solar-powered LED lights should be considered for adoption as surveillance and potentially mass-trapping management tools for triatomines.
New report of Haemaphysalis longicornis (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in Mecklenburg County, Virginia from field collections
Authors: Adams Dayvion R , Barbarin Alexis M , Reiskind Michael H
Published: July 2024

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann) was first established in New Jersey and has rapidly spread across most of the eastern United States. This tick has the potential to infest a wide variety of hosts and can reproduce quickly via parthenogenesis, presenting a new threat to animal health. Here we report the first record of a single H. longicornis tick in Mecklenburg County, Virginia, from incidental field collections of ticks. In addition to H. longicornis, we collected 787 Amblyomma americanum, 25 Dermacentor variabilis, 6 Ixodes affinis, 1 Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, and 1 Amblyomma maculatum using standard dragging and flagging techniques. The expansion of H. longicornis will have economic consequences for livestock producers in south-central Virginia, who must now manage this species. Enhanced surveillance is needed to fully understand its growing geographic distribution in the United States and the subsequent consequences of its spread.
Network pharmacology prediction, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation-based strategy to explore the potential mechanism of Huashanshen dripping pill against asthma
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Ji Yansu , Jin Xin , Zhou Miaomiao , Wu Yujie , Xu Yanhong , Liu Rui , Feng Jihong
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation. Huashanshen dripping pills (HSS) are commonly utilized for relieving asthma, relieving cough, and expelling phlegm. At present, the molecular mechanism against airway inflammation remains unclear.

Methods

In this study, network pharmacology, molecular docking technology, and molecular dynamic simulation were used to predict the therapeutic pathways of HSS for asthma. The ovalbumin-induced mouse model was used to further validate the prediction by RT-qPCR, western blot, immunofluorescence, and related methods.

Key findings

The findings indicate that HSS improves lung function and relieves lung inflammation by reducing inflammatory cell infiltration around the bronchus and reducing eosinophilic counts in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, it lowers the levels of inflammatory cytokines and the expression levels of interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-13 mRNA. HSS also inhibits the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 protein.

Conclusions

All results suggested that HSS can decrease airway inflammation in asthmatic mice by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway. This finding will shed light on how it can be used to treat asthma.
Jerk (d(acceleration)/dt) as an operative variable in pneumatic tube transport (PTT)
Authors: Mattiello Christopher J , Stickle Douglas F
Published: July 2024

Background

Jerk, the rate of change of acceleration (d(acceleration)/dt), is a known operative variable in public transportation safety, but this term has never appeared in the literature regarding pneumatic tube transport (PTT) and specimen integrity. We investigated profiles of acceleration and jerk for 2 PTT routes within our hospital system.

Methods

Acceleration data were collected for PTT for 2 routes (A, B) using an accelerometer. Acceleration vectors (a) were analyzed in terms of distributions of jerk (da/dt), and distributions of θ, the angle between successive acceleration vectors.

Results

Routes A and B had transit times of approximately 300 s. Acceleration vectors (a) ranged in magnitude from 0 to 8 g. For B, a > 1.2 g comprised 29.0% of results, compared to 13.5% of results for A (ratio = 2.1). Jerk ranged from 0 to 94 g/s. For B, jerk > 0.5 g/s comprised 71.9% of results, compared to 32.5% of results for A (ratio = 2.2). θ ranged from 0 to 180 degrees. For B, θ > 5 degrees comprised 59.3% of results, compared to 26.6% of results for A (ratio = 2.2).

Conclusion

Differences in distribution in acceleration, jerk, and θ ran in parallel as variables for comparison between 2 PTT routes. Jerk and θ are likely to be operative variables in effects of PTT.
Development of novel species-specific and genus-specific primers for the detection of Babaco Mosaic Virus (BabMV)
Authors: Albuja-Quintana Martina , Armijos Carolina E , Montero-Oleas Andrea , Torres Maria de Lourdes
Published: July 2024

Babaco is a hybrid cultivar native to the Andean region of Ecuador and Colombia, commercially attractive for its fruit. Babaco production in Ecuador faces losses from plant pathogens like babaco mosaic virus (BabMV), an RNA virus that causes chlorosis, leaf mottling, and deformation. Phylogenetic studies link BabMV to papaya mosaic virus (PapMV), alternanthera mosaic virus, and senna mosaic virus. To address this threat, we developed novel species-specific primers to detect BabMV targeting a 165 bp region of the coat protein (CP). Genus-specific primers were designed to validate the species-specific primers and attest their ability to discriminate between BabMV and its closest relatives. These primers targeted a 175 bp fragment of the CP region. The most effective sets of primers were chosen for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and SYBR® Green-based quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in symptomatic and asymptomatic babaco plants. Among 28 plants tested, 25 were positive and 3 were negative for BabMV using species-specific and genus-specific primers in RT-PCR and RT-qPCR, while the PapMV positive control was detected with the genus-specific primers and was negative for the species-specific primers. These primers represent a valuable molecular tool for detecting BabMV, potentially enhancing crop management.
Experimental Evolution in a Warming World: The Omics Era
Authors: Santos Marta A , Carromeu-Santos Ana , Quina Ana S , Antunes Marta A , Kristensen Torsten N , Santos Mauro , Matos Margarida , Fragata Inês , Simões Pedro
Published: July 2024

A comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms that shape species responses to thermal variation is essential for more accurate predictions of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Experimental evolution with high-throughput resequencing approaches (evolve and resequence) is a highly effective tool that has been increasingly employed to elucidate the genetic basis of adaptation. The number of thermal evolve and resequence studies is rising, yet there is a dearth of efforts to integrate this new wealth of knowledge. Here, we review this literature showing how these studies have contributed to increase our understanding on the genetic basis of thermal adaptation. We identify two major trends: highly polygenic basis of thermal adaptation and general lack of consistency in candidate targets of selection between studies. These findings indicate that the adaptive responses to specific environments are rather independent. A review of the literature reveals several gaps in the existing research. Firstly, there is a paucity of studies done with organisms of diverse taxa. Secondly, there is a need to apply more dynamic and ecologically relevant thermal environments. Thirdly, there is a lack of studies that integrate genomic changes with changes in life history and behavioral traits. Addressing these issues would allow a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between genotype and phenotype. We highlight key methodological aspects that can address some of the limitations and omissions identified. These include the need for greater standardization of methodologies and the utilization of new technologies focusing on the integration of genomic and phenotypic variation in the context of thermal adaptation.
Business, Human Rights and Climate Change: The Gradual Expansion of the Duty of Care
Authors: Palombo Dalia
Published: July 2024

This article investigates how human rights considerations are increasingly shaping tort law by focusing on the gradual expansion of the duty of care in business and human rights cases. For decades, victims have attempted to hold parent companies to account for extraterritorial human rights abuses committed by their foreign subsidiaries. Recently, the Supreme Court ruled that UK courts have jurisdiction over such business and human rights cases. These cases are not only jurisdictional. They also contributed to developing the duty of care case law on parental liability. But how much can human rights considerations stretch the boundaries of tort law? The article analyses the case of climate change litigation to assess whether a further development in tort law jurisprudence would be necessary to hold corporations accountable for their contribution to climate change.
A late Pleistocene nest cave of Gymnogyps californianus (California Condor) in Texas: New radiocarbon and stable isotope analyses
Authors: Emslie Steven D
Published: July 2024

Fossil remains of Gymnogyps californianus (California Condor) from Mule Ears Peak Cave, Big Bend National Park, Texas, recovered in the 1930s were reexamined to determine a precise age for nesting condors in this region. Bones of at least 6 prefledged chicks account for most (15, or 65%) of the 23 skeletal elements from this cave and a new osteology collection of known-age condor chicks at the U.S. National Museum, Division of Birds, now allows accurate estimate of the age of death of these fossil condor chicks based on their bone development and porosity. Current and previous radiocarbon dates on juvenile and adult bones, respectively, indicate the presence of condors at this site beginning at ~15,000 calendar years before present (cal yrs BP), with definite nesting occurring at ~13,000 cal yrs BP. Stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N) of bone collagen on 2 bones of adult condors reflects a diet similar to other fossil condors previously analyzed from the inland western U.S. The δ13C values in the Mule Ears Peak condors indicate a diet of megafauna that subsisted on C4 plants in a desert grassland ecosystem. These results support the hypothesis that condors were extirpated from the inland west with the loss of megafauna at the end of the Pleistocene. Further, Big Bend National Park with its vast open space and cliffs and canyons for nesting condors should be considered as an additional release site for captive-reared condors as part of the current Condor Recovery Program.
Kashmir
Authors: Mishra Atul
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the process of the territorialization of Kashmir as carried out by India and Pakistan. It frames Kashmir as a geo-discursive package of sovereign contestation and sets out the key practices through which the region’s territorial transformation has been brought about. The territorial dynamic created by India’s efforts to circumscribe the scope of the Kashmir issue, and their opposition by Pakistan, is discussed. Four major practices, including the non-recognition of Kashmiri subjectivity, through which India has brought Kashmir within its logic of power and authority are outlined. The ways in which Pakistan controls and administers parts of the region and covets the Valley are mapped. Finally, the excess represented in their conflict over the Siachen Glacier is analysed. In tracing the processes that have increased the salience of the territorial over the popular as regards Kashmir, the chapter reveals the territorial dimensions of the two states’ sovereignty.
The Game of Musical Thrones
Authors: Sanjek Rick
Published: July 2024

The “Musical Thrones” were occupied by the top officers at the Big Six major label groups—Warner/Elektra/Atlantic, CBS, BMG, EMI, PolyGram, and MCA. Under their leadership the record business grew from $4.6 billion in 1985 to $12.3 billion in 1995. The top leadership regimes lasted from a few months to nine years. Fourteen individuals and one duo each sat on one of the six thrones as each learned that “you’re only as hot as your latest hit.” Each label group head reported to executives at the parent entertainment conglomerate. Only EMI had the same corporate ownership over the entire time period. The Big Six competed for Grammy Awards, multi-platinum albums, and “bullets” on the weekly charts determined by record sales and radio play. Also covered are the inner workings and financial practices of the record business and the basics of the record shipments, sales, and returns supply chain.
Records, Retail, Radio, and the Charts that Bind Them
Authors: Sanjek Rick
Published: July 2024

Record, retail, and radio were bound together by the Billboard charts. What records were shipped, played, and sold were reflected in the weekly chart positions, which in turn influenced what would be played, racked, and shipped in the following week. In 1992 Billboard introduced the point-of-purchase barcode-scanning SoundScan sales-tracking system and airplay-monitoring Broadcast Data Systems (BDS), replacing the pre-digital, decades-old reporting process subject to periodic payola and product shipment scandals with rumors of Mafia involvement. Greater access to detail, however, led to pricing disputes as labels, retailers, and wholesalers all strived to maximize profits. On the billion units sold in 1999, a dime per unit was $100 million. Meanwhile radio grew from $6.56 billion in revenue in 1985 to $11.47 billion in 1995. Congress loosened FCC restrictions on station ownership to allow for larger chains while advances in digital technology improved both the quality and profitability of their transmissions.
The Emergence of the Digital Consumer
Authors: Sanjek Rick
Published: July 2024

Advances in computer capacity, broadband transmission, file compression, and mobile devices allowed MP3s to offer access to music that was unavailable or too expensive at retail, to be simply free for the taking. What should have been the next industrywide sound carrier became a pariah the industry forced out of business. Nonetheless, vast libraries of digital tracks were soon stored on computers worldwide, available for P2P file-sharing. While the sales of recorded music declined, consumer spending on other forms of entertainment increased. Steve Jobs stepped forward to rescue the music business with Apple’s iPod and iTunes store for legal, royalty-generating downloads, which slowed the financial bleeding until the development of the smartphone would facilitate the rise of streaming. Digital piracy, the disruption wrought by Napster, MP3.com, the labels’ failure with their own initiatives, the rise of the mobile phone, and American Idol are all chronicled as part of this chapter.
Epilogue
Authors: Altilio Terry
Published: July 2024

I don’t know how I got here.
Border/Lines
Authors: Trujillo Juan Antonio
Published: July 2024

“Am I borderline?” he asked on one of his three-hour phone calls in the middle of the night.
LGBTQ Substance Abuse and Mental Health Issues
Authors: Ruggiero Joseph
Published: July 2024

I have been providing addiction-related services and educating professionals on LGBTQ-sensitive substance use treatment for over twenty years, and I have learned more than I can possibly sum up in one article. But I hope that this will serve as an introduction to what effective programming can look like and how I have gone about growing on personal and professional levels.
This Work Is About Digested Socks
Authors: Stein Gabrielle Jordan
Published: July 2024

Growing up with a dog whose favorite food was socks meant finding them partially digested and scattered around the house. As the youngest child, I was forced to clean them up. It left long-lasting stains on my memory as well as the oriental carpets. At nineteen, when I was diagnosed with Crohn’s disease, it was those partially digested socks that became my only reference for what was happening inside my body. My body digests itself, and, when functioning at its best, it’s still unable to survive on its own. Each pill and medical intervention makes me feel more and more removed from my body. And my discomfort in my own body dictates how I explore, experience, and articulate pain. I am a cyborg. Part human, part biologic intervention, and part sock.
Liberating The Big Pink Elephant in the Therapy Room
Authors: Mondragon Thomas
Published: July 2024

I have the privilege of teaching in a master’s level clinical psychology program devoted to the instruction of LGBTQ-affirmative psychotherapeutic theory and practice at Antioch University in Los Angeles. Graduate students are given the opportunity to explore, understand, and gain a lived experience of a much-needed therapeutic approach to working with LGBTQ individuals. Students are often surprised that this requires going beyond viewing commonalities among client populations with similar life challenges in the human search for meaning. Both as a professor and in my own private practice in West Hollywood, I am constantly reminded of the necessity of vital LGBTQ-affirmative psychotherapy. Tozur and McClanahan describe this delivery of mental health services as one that “celebrates and advocates the authenticity and integrity” (1999, p. 734) of LGBTQ clients toward greater ethical, compassionate, and life-enhancing clinical treatment.
Doctor Anonymous
Authors: Glass Guy Fredrick
Published: July 2024

I believe there is something to the idea of our being drawn to the mental health field as a result of our own issues. As a psychiatrist, I know that my own coming out felt like having a tremendous weight taken off my chest. Afterwards I experienced a sense of liberation that was so profound I knew I wanted to spend my life helping other people feel the same way. I was fortunate with my own psychoanalyst in that I found someone progressive and open-minded. However, as an older heterosexual man, he was not the role model for whom I was looking, and I lacked direction. Somehow, in the days before the internet, I managed to find out about the Association of Gay and Lesbian Psychiatrists, and I showed up at a meeting in San Francisco. It blew my mind to find dozens of young shrinks there just like myself. I became aware there was something new called “gay affirmative psychotherapy.” I then got permission to invite Richard Isay to address my residency class, and as a result Isay became a mentor who urged me to come to New York. My direction was clear: I hung out my shingle and
The Path to Jerusalem
Authors: Ostovar Afshon
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores Iran’s decades-long aspirations to export the Islamic Revolution to Iraq, and use Iraq as a springboard for transforming the Middle East—beginning with the liberation of Palestine and the destruction of Israel as a Jewish state. Although Iran failed to achieve that result in the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980s, Iran pursued a proxy war against the US-led occupation to that end, funding and training Iraqi militants, arming them with lethal explosively formed penetrators (EFPs), and orchestrating their boldest operations. Through that strategy, Iran emerged as a powerbroker in Iraq. In the midst of that effort, the IRGC supported Hezbollah’s political victory over Israel in the July 2006 war. Hezbollah’s success in that conflict presaged Iran’s rising regional power and eventual victory in Iraq, which it secured with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in December 2011.
Prison Management
Authors: Bernstein Alyssa G.
Published: July 2024

Changes in Israel’s prison management strategies, combined with the effects of the Oslo Accords, dramatically shrank spaces for collective resistance. The chapter first explains how these changes in prison administration are part of global trends towards improving material comfort in prison while also making imprisonment ‘tighter’ or more constricting. Specific strategies of IPS that have made collective resistance more challenging are strategic isolation and geographic dispersal, increasing material comforts and punishments, and institutionalizing rules and specialized units to suppress resistance. This chapter also explains the prison canteen system that supplements inadequate prison food and provides other material goods and personal items. The canteen is run for profit by an Israeli company but is funded by the Palestinian Authority, Palestinian political factions, and prisoners’ own families. The chapter theorizes about how the canteen itself has dampened prisoners’ resistance.
Issue Estoppel, Reasons for Awards and Transnational Arbitration
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter considers whether it would not be absurd for parties to relitigate issues in a different arbitration where those same issues have already been decided in the reasons for an earlier award between the same parties. For international commercial arbitration, the question has become important where parties face successive but different disputes raising similar issues of law and fact in different arbitrations. Johnny is sympathetic to the application of issue estoppel where the facts support it. He analyses two contemporary international arbitrations—the Aegis and CME cases—in which issue estoppel was at issue but it did not succeed.
Still More On Arbitral Deliberations
Authors: Wordsworth Sam , Veeder Marie
Published: July 2024

This chapter reviews the nature of deliberation among the members of a modern international arbitral tribunal. The key point of this discussion is that the chair of the tribunal should ensure that all the members of the tribunal are equally heard; but, if the tribunal is not unanimous, the dissenting arbitrator may not then be permitted to require unending deliberations, nor may they be entitled to participate in the drafting of the majority award. Reference is made to the judgment of the Svea Court of Appeal in the case of CME v. The Czech Republic in support of these conclusions.
Trade-offs
Authors: Stearns Stephen C. , Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: July 2024

This chapter analyses the concept of trade-offs. An evolutionary trade-off occurs when a change in one trait that increases reproductive success is linked—genetically, physiologically, energetically—to a change in another trait that decreases reproductive success. Allocations to growth, reproduction, and maintenance are controlled at the individual level in mammals by an endocrine system that responds to environmental and internal signals via sensors in the hypothalamus. At the population level, trade-offs can be measured as genetic correlations among traits and as correlated responses to selection in model organisms. Both types of evidence provide strong support for a view of the organism as a bundle of trade-offs, and when a symptom is involved in a trade-off, treatment can produce surprises, some of which may be unpleasant.
Spring 1942
Authors: Deák Dušan , Baldwin Rowenna
Published: July 2024

Visit to Sanchi; discussion of Buddhism with Taixu and Sir Firoz Khan; discussion of the war and India politics.
A Relationship-Based Account of Epistemic Blame
Authors: Boult Cameron
Published: July 2024

This chapter develops the idea that epistemic blame is a kind of relationship-modification. At the heart of the account is the notion of an epistemic relationship, a kind of relationship that people have with one another insofar as they are epistemic agents in an epistemic community. The chapter develops an account of what it is to modify one’s epistemic relationship with another person, and argues that certain ways of modifying one’s epistemic relationship with another amount to a kind of blame response. The relationship-based framework is the subject of controversy in the moral domain. In light of this, the chapter addresses some core challenges facing this framework in the moral domain. The primary aim is to motivate the claim that the framework can fruitfully be extended to the epistemic domain, setting the stage for a resolution of the puzzle of epistemic blame.
Depleting Futures
Authors: Rai Shirin M.
Published: July 2024

Children also care, but their care work is often framed in contradictory ways. On the one hand, it is seen to be a burden for children and therefore something to be discouraged —through national and international policy and legal framing. On the other hand, there is a celebration of children’s agency without due attention to how the children’s care work can affect their well-being. This can be in terms of schooling, education, and physical and mental health, as well as the rewards that children experience through care work. Based on a study on the care work of children in the Midlands in the United Kingdom, the chapter argues that although a focus on children’s agency is important, it is imperative that this is complemented by acknowledgment of the depletion that child carers may experience. The chapter addresses how we might identify the scale of this and develop strategies to address this.
Introduction
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

This chapter introduces the Jewish patriots who chose to make themselves Americans. American Jews fought for the American Revolution, served as officers and political leaders, and in some cases suffered for their patriot beliefs. Religious diversity was present at the outset of the American experiment. The American Revolution was not a Christian event, and Protestant beliefs were not a prerequisite for being an American in 1776. The United States was not established on Christian principles, because if that were the case, the Jews should have been denied citizenship. Unlike in Europe, American Jews did not need a specific act of emancipation because the American Revolution had accepted them. Indeed, American Jews founded a new, democratic synagogue in 1782 as many of the patriot Jews ended up in Philadelphia—becoming one of the first national American religions. The chapter shows that religious diversity was endemic to the American Revolution, which in turn is fundamental to the national consciousness, politics, culture, and style.
All Over the Map
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores the origins of American Jewish history. In medieval Spain, the crown forced Jews to convert to Christianity but still persecuted the converts for being Jewish; after 1492, some of these conversos fled to Mexico and New Mexico. The Inquisition was hunting for Jews in Mexico City long before Jews arrived in New York. Most of the twenty-three Jews who arrived in New York in 1654 were not seeking refuge from Europe but from Brazil where the Jewish community was being dismantled. The real center of Jewish life in the Americas was the Caribbean, where it was entwined with the enslavement and hierarchies of the imperial world. Jewish communities arrived in British North America rather late. They were small and their synagogues weak. Jews actually lost rights in the 1720s in New York and there was no reason in 1775 to assume that religious freedom was on its way. Religious liberty came out of the American Revolution but it did not precede the American Revolution.
The Converts
Authors: Jortner Adam
Published: July 2024

This chapter looks at the question of conversion in early US Jewish life. As American Jews embraced the freedom to make their own religious choices, some of them chose to leave the faith. Intermarriage rose after the war, leading to further questions of religious identity. The American Society for Meliorating the Condition of the Jews (ASMCJ) made the first direct effort to convert American Jews to Christianity, and in response, a new form of Jewish apologetics appeared that directly claimed that Judaism was true while Christianity was false. Jacob Mordecai and Isaac Harby led the way. As this effort unfolded, four distinct efforts to build a new Jewish colony rose and fell in the 1820s, each a response to Christian missions—Mordecai Manual Noah’s Ararat, Moses Levy’s Pilgrimage, the ASMCJ’s own project, and the Reformed Society of Israelites.
The Entertainer
Authors: Craft Elizabeth T.
Published: July 2024

Critics struggled to describe George M. Cohan’s inimitable style and resorted to simply adjectivizing his name: his songs, scripts, directorial and acting style, and dancing were “Cohanesque.” This chapter unpacks this term, exploring Cohan’s ideology of entertainment and the trademark characteristics that distinguished his work as a playwright, as a songwriter, and as a performer dramatizing the songs and shows he had written. To illustrate Cohan’s style and craftsmanship, the chapter examines a number of songs and dramatic works, while exploring Forty-Five Minutes from Broadway (1906) and Hello, Broadway! (1914) in some depth. It was his musical comedies, broadly defined, that made Cohan’s career, and he remained a “musical comedy man” at heart until the end. Cohan’s techniques as a songwriter, a musical dramatist, and a performer, joined with his American themes and style and widely broadcast doctrine of entertainment, not only marked his distinctive aesthetic but also helped shape the burgeoning genre of musical theater.
People, Power, Change
Authors: Ganz Marshall
Published: July 2024

People, Power, Change: Organizing for Democratic Renewal offers an introduction to the practices of leadership, organizing, and action that can make democracy work for all of us. It invites anyone who wants to create real, just, and sustainable change to learn, share, and put to work democratic practices that have been allowed to atrophy in reaction to the challenging political, economic, cultural, and technological changes of the last forty years. Marshall Ganz, one of the world’s leading authorities on the practice of organizing, weaves together the story of his own journey of organizing, learning, and teaching. People, Power, Change invites readers to learn, share, and put to work the core practices (values, concepts, skills) of relationship building, storytelling, strategizing, acting, and structuring that can enable effective democratic organizing—all of which can be put to work in one’s own culture, community, and organization.
Strategizing
Authors: Ganz Marshall
Published: July 2024

In this chapter the author introduces strategizing as a leadership practice: work of the head and how to turn what you have (resources) into what you need (power) to get what you want (change). A verb, rather than a noun, it is the ongoing adaptive practice of strategizing. Organizing strategy empowers people—a constituency—rooted in its own resources. As an example, the author draws on campaigns of the United Farm Workers (UFW) to illustrate ways strategic organizing can achieve its goals, strengthen the organization, and develop new leadership. Strategic organizing can link proximate local change with global structural change.
Implicit Musical Knowledge
Authors: Tymoczko Dmitri
Published: July 2024

This chapter argues that musical knowledge is often implicit, a matter of untheorized practical knowledge not available to conscious introspection. A central challenge of modern music theory is making this implicit knowledge explicit. Geometry, statistics, schema theory, and philosophy can all contribute to this effort. Statistical analysis can reveal schemas violating general grammatical principles; geometrical models can help us understand these schemas as responses to intrinsic features of musical space. What results is the concept of the quadruple hierarchy, in which surface voices move along chords that move along scales that move within a chromatic aggregate. This “thinking within the chord” requires treating chords as very small scales.
Why George Harrison?
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

The introduction to Within You Without You, “Why George Harrison?,” provides the reader with a summary of Harrison’s life and career within and without the Beatles. It looks at how the group came together and how Harrison became a member. It traces his role in the band, initially as lead guitarist and expanding over the years to become a full-fledged contributing artist and songwriter standing shoulder to shoulder with John Lennon and Paul McCartney. It looks at Harrison’s role in popular music as an innovative guitarist with an expansive ear for new musical styles and experimental recording techniques. It also discusses Harrison’s anxiety over the potential for violence he saw inherent in the mass adoration of the group in the form of “Beatlemania.”
The Reluctant Beatle
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 3 of Within You Without You explores how George Harrison was hired by John Lennon on the basis of his virtuosity on electric guitar. The chapter also examines how his primary role in the Beatles remained as lead guitarist, despite his occasional lead vocals, songwriting contributions, and assistance to the group on a variety of other instruments and as an uncredited cocomposer of many of the group’s best-known hooks and riffs. It was never Harrison’s aspiration or expectation to become a co-leader of the group. Nevertheless, Harrison’s talent and versatility did not go ignored by John Lennon and Paul McCartney. By the group’s final album, Abbey Road, Harrison was considered a coequal of the leading duo, especially as a songwriter, with two of the group’s greatest hits: “Something” and “Here Comes the Sun.”
Leave Me Alone
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 4 of Within You Without You explores how George Harrison was the most unlikely of rock stars: an introvert who quickly grew weary of life on the road during the years of Beatlemania and the insanity of fame. The first song he wrote for the Beatles, “Don’t Bother Me,” is an early manifesto capturing his personality and entire mindset about fame. This chapter takes a deep dive into “Don’t Bother Me.” It reveals how the song established a template for Harrison’s songwriting as well as a left turn for the Beatles at a time when most of their songs were still about teenage love. In the words of English rock singer-songwriter Robyn Hitchcock, “ ‘Don’t Bother Me’ was the chrysalis from which emerged rainbow Krishna George, a sensitive, quavering singer whose voice trembled at the onslaughts of the world.”
The Chord
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 6 of Within You Without You, “The Chord,” closely examines the Beatles song “A Hard Day’s Night.” While the number was written and sung by John Lennon, the contributions to the recording by George Harrison as a composer of the unique intro and outro as well as his guitar solo midway through the song were essential elements that made the song the quintessential Beatles hit. While all four of the Beatles plus producer George Martin contributed to the playing of the opening chord—perhaps the single most recognizable chord in all of rock music history—Harrison mainly constructed the opening kerrang. He also deconstructed that chord to provide the basic elements of his guitar solo and to end the song in notes from the opening blast. Harrison’s inestimable contributions to the song represented a new beginning for the Beatles, introducing a new sophistication to their musical arrangements and ambitions.
The Space Between Us All
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 11 of Within You Without You, “The Space Between Us All,” closely examines George Harrison’s song “Within You Without You,” his sole songwriting contribution to the Beatles’ Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band album. The recording of that album came during a period when Harrison was fully immersed in his studies of Indian music and philosophy, particularly the tenets of Hinduism, all of which found their way into “Within You Without You,” his most sophisticated Hindustani-pop fusion effort, with an arrangement for an ensemble of Hindustani musicians all worked out in advance. George Martin wrote an accompanying arrangement for Western classical musicians, making for a fully realized, successful fusion of Indian and Western classical music contained in the form of a Western pop song.
Could Be “Sugar Pie Honey Bunch”
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 26 of Within You Without You, “Could Be ‘Sugar Pie Honey Bunch,’ ” closely examines George Harrison’s 1976 album, Thirty Three & 1/3. It was the first to be released on his own Dark Horse label and picked up where Harrison had left off with Extra Texture in his excursion into American soul music, from the song “Pure Smokey,” which was a tribute to his soul-singing idol Smokey Robinson, to “This Song,” his satirical retelling of the “My Sweet Lord” plagiarism debacle, which openly flaunted its similarity to classic 1960s R&B songs. The pleasant, consistent pop album included love songs, novelty songs, and even a Cole Porter tune. Harrison’s subsequent album, 1979’s George Harrison, largely featured weaker material and was stylistically inconsistent, ironic given that it was Harrison’s first album since All Things Must Pass to hand over the producer’s chair to the successful, big-time professional Russ Titelman.
Everybody’s Got Somebody to Lean On
Authors: Rogovoy Seth
Published: July 2024

Chapter 31 of Within You Without You, “Everybody’s Got Somebody to Lean On,” recounts the unlikely formation of the Traveling Wilburys, a rock ’n’ roll supergroup George Harrison put together that included his friends Bob Dylan, Tom Petty, Roy Orbison, and Jeff Lynne. The casual nature of the 1988 project brought out the best in these musicians, who wrote and recorded their first album as something of a lark, only to see it spawn several big hits, including Harrison’s “Handle with Care.” Shortly after the first Traveling Wilburys album was released, Roy Orbison passed away. The follow-up album released by the group two years later had its fun moments, but without Orbison’s ethereal vocal contributions, it ultimately failed to ignite. In the end, the Traveling Wilburys were more a legend than a band.
Structural Violence
Authors: Ruíz Elena
Published: July 2024

Enduring social inequalities in settler colonial societies are not an accident. They are produced and maintained by the self-repairing structural features and dynastic character of systemic racism and its intersecting oppressions. Using methods from diverse anticolonial liberation movements and systems theory, Structural Violence theorizes the existence of adaptive and self-replicating historical formations that underwrite cultures of violence in settler colonial societies. What often go untracked, however, are the corresponding epistemic forces tied to profit and wealth accumulation for beneficiary groups. The account offered here argues that these epistemic forces play a central role in producing and maintaining massive health inequalities and the maldistribution of disease burdens—including those associated with sexual violence—for marginalized populations. It upends the widespread view that dismantling structural racism can be done without addressing gendered violence, and it advocates for a theory of change rooted in reparative action and models of structural competency that respond to the built-in design of structural violence and the ecosystems of impunity that allow it to thrive.
Structural Violence Is Historical
Authors: Ruíz Elena
Published: July 2024

Chapter 2 gives the example of testimony to show how settler colonial impunity is a historically and hermeneutically bone-deep phenomenon tied to the endurance of gender-based violence. Since the beginning of european colonization, sexual violence against racialized women in the Americas has persevered despite the enactment of sweeping social reforms associated with the rise of democratic nation-states. Administrative structures enable wide-scale impunity for sexual violence and allow its production by interlocking oppressions to continue unabated. The increasing impact and scope of sexual violence against racialized women since the start of european colonization is indicative of the structural automation of injustice produced by structurally invariant settler colonial systems. This chapter draws on legal case studies and a conceptual history of testimony in gender-based violence cases to illustrate how structural invariance sustains white dynastic formations through social transformations.
Fernando Pessoa
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: July 2024

Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935) is the quintessential philosophical outsider. Affiliated with no institution and associated with no traditional school, in his prose fiction and poetry Pessoa invents a new philosophy of the human subject. Writing both in Portuguese and English, Pessoa argues that imagination is key to human flourishing and human self-enrichment. Each of us, he claims, can use our powers of imagination to pluralize ourselves—that is to say, to live, simultaneously and in sequence, as a plurality of distinct subjects. Calling these artefact minds “heteronyms,” Pessoan synthetic selves are new ways to poetically experience the world. Pessoa’s new theory of the human subject is a radical departure from the history of Christian or Islamic thought. It is, on the other hand, deeply resonant with strands of thinking about the nature of self found in classical India. Reconstructing ourselves in imagination is a theme central to the great philosophical storybook of India, the Mokṣopāya or Yogavāsiṣṭha, a metaphysical tale of nested virtual realities and virtual selves. There are anticipations of Pessoa’s ideas too in the Mahābhārata. Fernando Pessoa, whose time in Durban briefly overlapped with that of Mahatma Gandhi, was well-read in Indian literature, having in his library the poetry of Rabindranath Tagore and books about Indian philosophy. He discusses the Upaniṣads and what he calls “the Indian ideal.” Indeed, from in of his more esoteric writings it is possible to identify a new variety of panpsychism in the spirit of Coleridge and Whitman.
Self-Estrangement
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: July 2024

Pessoa’s first published piece of creative writing, from 1913 and already announced as a trailer for his never-finished Book of Disquiet, is entitled “In the Forest of Estrangement.” The forest is for Pessoa a metaphor for an artificial reality, and the story contains a first intimation of the idea of heteronymy. A heteronym is another I; not merely another name for myself, my heteronym is another me, who is nevertheless not me. What are we to make of this bizarre-sounding, seemingly paradoxical idea? How can there be another me who is not me? This chapter shows that the idea is not, after all, paradoxical but makes good philosophical sense. One can imagine being another.
Artefact Minds
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: July 2024

If we look very carefully we can detect traces of heteronymy in Daniel F. Galouye’s 1964 cult science fiction classic Simulacron-3, a novel whose primary aim is to explore the consequences of discovering that one is nothing more than a simulation in a virtual environment created by an electronic machine (an early anticipation of the so-called simulation hypothesis). David Chalmers argues in his book about virtual reality, Reality+, that virtual reality is genuine reality and that simulated minds are genuine minds. He does not, however, consider the possibility that there can be virtual subjects immersed within virtual realities. The word “avatar” is one of those that has made it across from Sanskrit into English. This chapter demonstrates that in its original meaning an avatāra is not merely a virtual incarnation but has associations more resembling true heteronymy.
Greek Polis
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter discusses the Greek city-state, the polis, which had the imprint of a political philosophy: democracy and equality. There were three zones: private houses, places for worship (the acropolis), and public space (such as the agora, which was a place of assembly and a marketplace). Modern Greek cities like Athens have a few remaining remnants of the original polis, notably the Acropolis, but in smaller cities such as Argos it is possible to see the imprint of the ancient form. There are other meanings attached to the Greek city-state besides politics. For one, the polis is said to exemplify nature in the sense that the parts of the town were connected to the whole of the town. Greek cities mirrored an underlying social structure, and public spaces were the enablers of social life. It was a form that relied on an organized workforce. However, it is important to note that citizenship was selective and did not extend to women or slaves.
Wide Streets
Authors: Talen Emily
Published: July 2024

This chapter considers the significance of wide streets. It clarifies that wide streets were not created solely to accommodate wheeled traffic. The streets may have additional utilitarian purposes, but wide streets are often regarded as a thing of beauty. Ancient cities were laid out with wide, straight streets purposefully to allow greater airflow in the city. Meanwhile, wide streets imposed in places not at all accustomed to them have been interpreted as an act of oppression. The chapter mentions how the loss of relationship between property owner and street maintenance contributed to the modern city's love of the wide street.
The Die Is Cast
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: July 2024

In February 1797, Congress gathered to witness the certification of the Electoral College results of the 1796 Presidential Election. President George Washington, Vice President John Adams, the cabinet secretaries, local dignitaries, foreign minister, the House of Representatives and the Senate gathered at Congress Hall in Philadelphia to hear the results. Adams announced his own name. Over the next month, Adams then navigated the first transition. He selected a cabinet and established the foundation of his foreign policy. Adams also extended an olive branch to the vice president-elect, Thomas Jefferson, who had been the Republican candidate in the election.