bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Uncommon Reaction of Pyrrolo[2,1‐c][1,4]benzoxazine‐1,2,4‐trione with α‐Enaminoester.
Authors: Racheva N. L. , Aliev Z. G. , Maslivets A. N.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Minimizing Side Reactions in Classical Pyrazole Synthesis from β‐Oxonitriles: The Use of Acetylhydrazine.
Authors: Krasavin Mikhail , Konstantinov Igor O.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4,5‐Dichloro‐3‐cyanoisothiazole and Its Functional Derivatives.
Authors: Potkin V. I. , Zubenko Yu. S. , Nechai N. I. , Bykhovets A. I. , Kurman P. V.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Removal of Acyloxy in 1‐(Benzotriazole‐1‐yl)alkyl Esters and Its Application in the Preparation of β‐(Benzotriazole‐1‐yl)alcohols.
Authors: Wang Xiaoxia , Mao Hui , Xie Guanqun , Du Jingxing
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Spiroacetal‐Triazoles as Privileged Natural Product‐Like Scaffolds Using “Click Chemistry”.
Authors: Choi Ka Wai , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Reformatsky Reagent Prepared from Methyl 1‐Bromocyclohexanecarboxylate and Zinc with Substituted Chalcones
Authors: Kirillov N. F. , Gavrilov A. G.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6‐Aryltetrahydropyran‐2,4‐diones Containing a Hexamethylene Substituent in Positions 3 or 5 of Heterocycle.
Authors: Kirillov N. F. , Melekhin V. S. , Bogatyrev D. V.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Theory‐Guided Design of Broensted Acid‐Assisted Phosphine Catalysis: Synthesis of Dihydropyrones from Aldehydes and Allenoates.
Authors: Creech Gardner S. , Zhu Xue‐Feng , Fonovic Branden , Dudding Travis , Kwon Ohyun
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective [4 + 2] Annulation of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldehydes with Acyl Phosphonates.
Authors: Tanaka Ken , Tanaka Rie , Nishida Goushi , Noguchi Keiichi , Hirano Masao
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Uncatalyzed Addition of Indoles and N‐Methylpyrrole to 3‐Formylchromones: Synthesis and Some Reactions of (Chromon‐3‐yl)bis(indol‐3‐yl)methanes and E‐2‐Hydroxy‐3‐(1‐methylpyrrol‐2‐ylmethylene)chroman‐4‐ones.
Authors: Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Irgashev Roman A. , Levchenko Anna A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Probing the Structural Requirement of 7‐Azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene that Functions as Wip1 Inhibitor.
Authors: Kim Suhkmann , Pak Eun Sik , Jin Jong Sung , Won Mi Sook , Park Jang‐Su , Kwang Shin Won , Bang Jeong‐Kyu
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Easy Entry to Optically Active α‐Amino Phosphonic Acid Derivatives Using Phase‐Transfer Catalysis (PTC).
Authors: Fini Francesco , Micheletti Gabriele , Bernardi Luca , Pettersen Daniel , Fochi Mariafrancesca , Ricci Alfredo
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of Fosphenytoin: Anticonvulsant Prodrug.
Authors: Elati Chandrashekar R. , Gangula Srinivas , Naredla Anitha , Ashok S. , Bhattacharya Apurba , Bandichhor Rakeshwarar
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Thiophene Analogue (VII) of Confusarine.
Authors: Youte Jean‐Jacques , Barret Roland
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: anti‐HIV‐1 Activity of Phloroglucinol Derivative, 6,6′‐Bieckol, from Ecklonia cava.
Authors: Artan Murat , Li Yong , Karadeniz Fatih , Lee Sang‐Hoon , Kim Moon‐Moo , Kim Se‐Kwon
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of the Epoxy Isoprostane Phospholipid PEIPC and Its Reactivity with Amines.
Authors: Jung Michael E. , Berliner Judith A. , Koroniak Lukasz , Gugiu B. Gabriel , Watson Andrew D.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dihydropyran Subunit of (+)‐Sorangicin A Using RCM Reaction.
Authors: Park Su Ho , Lee Hyo Won
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activities of Jineol and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Cho Soon‐Chang , Sultan Md. Zakir , Moon Surk‐Sik
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of the Rocaglamide Skeleton (V) via a Silyl Vinylketene Formation/[4 + 1] Annulation Sequence.
Authors: Giese Matthew W. , Moser William H.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Determination of Montanacin D by Total Synthesis.
Authors: Takahashi Shunya , Hongo Yayoi , Tsukagoshi Yuki , Koshino Hiroyuki
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Method for the Transformation of High Fatty Acid Containing Vegetable Oils to Biodiesel Fuels.
Authors: Kotai Laszlo , Goemoery Agnes , Gacs Istvan , Holly late Sandor , Sajo Istvan E. , Tamics Ernoe , Aradi Tamas , Bihatsi Laszlo
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Magnetically Separable Mesoporous Fe2O3@SBA‐15 Nanocomposite with Fully Open Mesochannels for Protein Immobilization.
Authors: Lin Hsing‐An , Liu Chun‐Hsia , Huang Wei‐Chia , Liou Sz‐Chian , Chu Ming‐Wen , Chen Cheng‐Hsuan , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Yang Chia‐Min
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bent Donor Molecules and Their Charge‐Transfer Salts with Magnetic FeIII and CuII Ions
Authors: Sugimoto Toyonari
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Azinylferrocenes: Synthesis and Properties
Authors: Utepova Irina A. , Chupakhin Oleg N. , Charushin Valery N.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Approach for Complete Reversal of Enantioselectivity Using a Single Chiral Source
Authors: Tanaka Takanori , Hayashi Masahiko
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Wine Flavor: Chemistry in a Glass
Authors: Polaskova Pavla , Herszage Julian , Ebeler Susan E.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Discovery of Antiviral Agents: Ten Different Compounds, Ten Different Stories
Authors: De Clercq Erik
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Well‐Defined N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes—Palladium(II) Precatalysts for Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Marion Nicolas , Nolan Steven P.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Organosilanols and Their Salts: Practical Alternatives to Boron‐ and Tin‐Based Methods
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Regens Christopher S.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Surveying Sterically Demanding N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands with Restricted Flexibility for Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Wuertz Sebastian , Glorius Frank
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Halides with Grignard Reagents Catalyzed by Ni, Pd, or Cu Complexes with π‐Carbon Ligand(s)
Authors: Terao Jun , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Extending the Biosynthetic Repertoire in Ribosomal Peptide Assembly
Authors: Moore Bradley S.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lord Rutherford (1871‐1937): The Newton of the Atom and the Winner of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, 1908
Authors: Thomas John Meurig
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygen Isotopes in Asteroidal Materials
Authors: Franchi Ian A.
Published: January 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Impact of Distortion of Porphyrins on Axial Coordination in (Porphyrinato)zinc(II) Complexes with Aminopyridines as Axial Ligands
Authors: Kojima Takahiko , Nakanishi Tatsuaki , Honda Tatsuhiko , Harada Ryosuke , Shiro Motoo , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: January 2009

A series of (porphyrinato)zinc(II) compounds were synthesized with use of 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP), 2,3,5,10,12,13,15,20‐octaphenylporphyrin (H2OPP), and 2,3,5,7,8,10,12,13,15,17,18,20‐dodecaphenylporphyrin (H2DPP). Those compounds form complexes with aniline, pyridine, and 3‐ and 4‐aminopyridines as axial ligands. X‐ray crystallography was performed on the complexes with 3‐aminopyridine (3‐AP) and 4‐aminopyridine (4‐AP) as axial ligands. 3‐Aminopyridine was revealed to bind through the amino group to the Zn(OPP), exhibiting intermolecular π–π interaction between 3‐AP and one of the pyrrole rings and intermolecular NH–π interactions of the coordinated amino group with two β‐phenyl groups of an adjacent molecule. In solution, the aminopyridines form a single species at ambient temperature and are assumed to have pyridine coordination through the aromatic pyridine nitrogen atom. Variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy in CD2Cl2 indicates that two different species exist at lower temperatures, suggesting that amino‐bound complexes of 3‐AP can be formed as a metastable species in solution, which is stabilized in the crystal as a result of noncovalent interactions. The binding constants of aminopyridines to the three kinds of (porphyrinato)zinc complexes reveal enhancement of the axial ligation by virtue of the distortion of the porphyrin ring. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
An investigation on the volatile composition of some Artemisia species from Iran
Authors: Costa Rosaria , De Fina Maria Rosa , Valentino Maria Rita , Rustaiyan Abdolhossein , Dugo Paola , Dugo Giovanni , Mondello Luigi
Published: January 2009

The compositions of the essential oils of four species of Artemisia (A. kopetdaghensis Krasch ex. Poljakov, A. austriaca Jacq., A. oliveriana J. Gay ex. Besser, A. diffusa Krasch ex. Poljakov), endemic of Iran, were studied by means of GC–MS and GC–FID, using the internal standard method and relative response factors. Around 150 compounds were determined in total, representing 82.1 g/100 g in A. austriaca, 57.4 g/100 g in A. kopetdaghensis, 84.1 g/100 g in A. diffusa and 71.6 g/100 g in A. oliveriana, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of phorbol ester activation and reactive oxygen species scavengers on the macrophage‐mediated foreign body reaction to polyurethanes
Authors: McBane Joanne E. , Matheson Loren A. , Santerre J. Paul , Labow Rosalind S.
Published: January 2009

Phorbol myristate acetate, a protein kinase C activator, inhibited monocyte‐derived macrophage (MDM)‐mediated degradation of aliphatic (HDI) polycarbonate‐based polyurethanes but not degradation of the aromatic polycarbonate‐based polyurethane (MDI). The objectives of this study were to determine if reactive oxygen species are involved in the phorbol myristate acetate effect on esterase activity and MDM‐mediated polycarbonate‐based polyurethane degradation and to find a good marker of material‐initiated activation of MDM. The phorbol myristate acetate‐dependent effects of the material chemistry on cell activation and degradation were evaluated by adding reactive oxygen species scavengers, catalase plus superoxide dismutase to MDM and assaying possible markers of MDM activation: esterase activity, acid phosphatase activity, and high molecular weight group box 1 protein (HMGB1). All treatments reduced the esterase activity in MDM on HDI but not in MDM on MDI. Acid phosphatase was inhibited in MDM to varying degrees on all surfaces by phorbol myristate acetate or catalase plus superoxide dismutase either alone or together. Secretion of HMGB1 from MDM on HDI431 was higher than MDI; however only secretion from MDM on HDI was inhibited by phorbol myristate acetate. In MDM on HDI, catalase plus superoxide dismutase reduced intracellular HMGB1 levels ± phorbol myristate acetate; whereas, catalase, superoxide dismutase plus phorbol myristate acetate increased intracellular HMGB1 in MDM on MDI, suggesting that esterase and HMGB1 are more specific markers of activation than acid phosphatase. Manipulation of signaling pathways may provide insight surrounding the mechanism of activation for oxidative and/or hydrolytic degradative pathways in the MDM response to material surface chemistry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Nonwoven silk fibroin net/nano‐hydroxyapatite scaffold: Preparation and characterization
Authors: Zhao Yong , Chen Jing , Chou Alex H.K. , Li Gang , LeGeros Racquel Z.
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this study was to prepare and characterize a three‐dimensional scaffold consisting of porous nonwoven silk fibroin net/nano‐apatite composite. The silk fibroin net was mineralized with apatite by alternative soaking in calcium and phosphate solutions. The scaffold exhibited a porous microstructure with open porosity (70–78%), with an average pore size of about 163 ± 40.0 μm. The swelling ratio and water uptake were 4.55% and 81.93%, respectively, indicating excellent hydrophilicity. The nano‐sized hydroxyapatite crystals were needle like, with a length of approximately 100–300 nm and a diameter of approximately 20–60 nm. The results of in vitro cell culture study using rat osteoblast cells demonstrated that the nonwoven silk fibroin net/nano‐apatite composite showed excellent cytocompatibility for the growth of osteoblasts and had the capability to improve the viability of osteoblasts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Reconstruction of irradiated bone segmental defects with a biomaterial associating MBCP+®, microstructured collagen membrane and total bone marrow grafting: An experimental study in rabbits
Authors: Jégoux Franck , Goyenvalle Eric , Cognet Ronan , Malard Olivier , Moreau Francoise , Daculsi Guy , Aguado Eric
Published: January 2009

The bone tissue engineering models used today are still a long way from any oncologic application as immediate postimplantation irradiation would decrease their osteoinductive potential. The aim of this study was to reconstruct a segmental critical size defect in a weight‐bearing bone irradiated after implantation. Six white New Zealand rabbits were immediately implanted with a biomaterial associating resorbable collagen membrane EZ® filled and micro‐macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate granules (MBCP+®). After a daily schedule of radiation delivery, and within 4 weeks, a total autologous bone marrow (BM) graft was injected percutaneously into the center of the implant. All the animals were sacrificed at 16 weeks. Successful osseous colonization was found to have bridged the entire length of the defects. Identical distribution of bone ingrowth and residual ceramics at the different levels of the implant suggests that the BM graft plays an osteoinductive role in the center of the defect. Periosteum‐like formation was observed at the periphery, with the collagen membrane most likely playing a role. This model succeeded in bridging a large segmental defect in weight‐bearing bone with immediate postimplantation fractionated radiation delivery. This has significant implications for the bone tissue engineering approach to patients with cancer‐related bone defects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Benzylaminated dextran‐modified hydrogels: A long‐term bioactive TGF‐β1 carrier
Authors: Degat Marie‐Christelle , Dahri‐Correia Latifa , Lavigne Ferdinand , Meunier Alain , Sedel Laurent , Correia Jose , Petite Herve , Logeart‐Avramoglou Delphine
Published: January 2009

Highly porous dextran‐based hydrogels [in which various amounts (up to 16.6%, w/w) of a benzylaminated dextran (DMCB) exhibiting high affinity for TGFβ1 was immobilized] were developed to achieve long‐term retention of bioactive TGFβ1 in situ. Unmodified hydrogels rapidly desorbed 80–90% compared with only 40–60% of the preloaded TGFβ1 from the DMCB‐modified hydrogels during a period of 21 days in PBS in vitro. TGFβ1 release experiments (performed with high ionic strength solutions) indicated that formation of the complex between TGFβ1 and functionalized hydrogels was governed by different interactions, depending on the degree of conjugation with DMCB: ionic interactions in the case of weakly conjugated matrices and nonionic interactions in highly conjugated matrices. Using cells containing a TGFβ‐sensitive luciferase reporter gene, weakly DMCB‐modified hydrogels sequestered bioactive TGFβ1 in situ, giving much higher, long‐term signaling performance than highly functionalized hydrogels. Because these biocompatible functionalized hydrogels can provide long‐term bioactive TGFβ1, they could be used as scaffolds for cells to stimulate and regulate human tissue repair processes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Dealing with the cost of illness: The experience of four villages in Lao PDR
Authors: Patcharanarumol Walaiporn , Mills Anne , Tangcharoensathien Viroj
Published: January 2009

This paper analyses household coping strategies for illness in four Lao villages. The villagers dealt with health expenditure themselves, using coping mechanisms which drew mainly on social networks within the community. They strongly believed in the principle of paying user fees and did not consider exemption from fees an option. A total of 12 households (6 per cent of households) faced catastrophic expenditure arising from healthcare payments. The national policy on exemptions did not protect the poor and the study demonstrates that there is an urgent need for the government to improve the design and implementation of exemptions or reform the policy on subsidising health care. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tendon degeneration is not mediated by regulation of Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4 in human tenocytes
Authors: de Mos Marieke , Joosten Leo A.B. , Oppers‐Walgreen Birgitte , van Schie Johannes T.M. , Jahr Holger , van Osch Gerjo J.V.M. , Verhaar Jan A.N.
Published: January 2009

We hypothesized that expression of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 by tenocytes is involved in the catabolic processes of tendon degeneration. We investigated TLR2 and TLR4 expression by tenocytes in healthy and tendinotic Achilles tendons. We also investigated whether TLR2 and TLR4 could be upregulated in tendon explants using proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor alphpa (TNFα). Peroperatively harvested healthy (n = 5) and tendinotic (n = 13) Achilles tendon samples were examined by real‐time RT‐PCR and immunohistochemical staining for TLR2 and TLR4. In addition, the catabolic process in tendinopathy was analyzed by real‐time RT‐PCR for matrix metalloproteinases MMP1, MMP3, MMP9, and MMP13. Furthermore, healthy tendon explants were cultured in the presence of 20 ng/ml IL‐1β (n = 10) or 10 ng/mL TNFα (n = 8) for 4, 24, 48, and 72 h before analysis of TLR and MMP expression levels. Although mRNA levels for both TLR2 and TLR4 were detected in healthy and tendinotic Achilles tendons, we could not confirm expression of these receptors by immunohistochemical staining in either healthy or tendinotic tendon samples. Both receptors did not show significant transcriptional regulation in tendinopathy, although MMP3 was downregulated and MMP9 was upregulated in tendinopathy. In tendon explant cultures TLR2 mRNA was upregulated by TNFα (p < 0.05) and IL‐1β (not significant). TLR4 gene expression was not altered by addition of IL‐1β or TNFα. Tendon tissue can be stimulated to increase TLR2 gene expression by addition of catabolic factors TNFα or IL‐1β. However, the catabolic processes in Achilles tendinopathy cannot be attributed to regulation of TLR2 and TLR4 by tenocytes. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 1043–1047, 2009
Total knees designed for normal kinematics evaluated in an up‐and‐down crouching machine
Authors: Yildirim Gokce , Walker Peter S. , Boyer Jason
Published: January 2009

We constructed a crouching machine to study the motion of the knee joint, in which a motor was used to wind the quadriceps tendon so as to move the knee from high flexion to extension and back into flexion, while springs simulated hamstrings forces. Seven human cadaveric knees were tested intact and then after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) resection. Motions of the femur, tibia, and patella were recorded by an optical tracking system. We then inserted plastic models representing commonly used total condylar and posterior stabilized knee replacement designs. Femoral motion was described by successive positions of the transverse axis of the femur projected onto the tibial surface. In the knee replacements, motions were similar to that of an ACL‐deficient knee. We then tested two new designs with features intended to prevent anterior paradoxical sliding and to promote a medial pivot motion with femoral rollback primarily on the lateral side. The motion path more closely followed that of the normal intact knee. We concluded that motion guiding features in a total knee replacement could reproduce a normal neutral path that might result in functional improvements for the patient. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 1022–1027, 2009
Fixation of hydroxyapatite‐coated revision implants is improved by the surgical technique of cracking the sclerotic bone rim
Authors: Elmengaard Brian , Bechtold Joan E. , Chen Xinqian , Søballe Kjeld
Published: January 2009

Revision joint replacement has poorer outcomes that have been associated with poorer mechanical fixation. We investigate a new bone‐sparing surgical technique that locally cracks the sclerotic bone rim formed during aseptic loosening. We inserted 16 hydroxyapatite‐coated implants bilaterally in the distal femur of eight dogs, using a controlled weight‐bearing experimental model that replicates important features of a typical revision setting. At 8 weeks, a control revision procedure and a crack revision procedure were performed on contralateral implants. The crack procedure used a splined tool to perform a systematic local perforation of the sclerotic bone rim of the revision cavity. After 4 weeks, the hydroxyapatite‐coated implants were evaluated for mechanical fixation by a push‐out test and for tissue distribution by histomorphometry. The cracking revision procedure resulted in significantly improved mechanical fixation, significantly more bone ongrowth and bone volume in the gap, and reduced fibrous tissue compared to the control revision procedure. The study demonstrates that the sclerotic bone rim prevents bone ingrowth and promotes fixation by fibrous tissue. The effect of the cracking technique may be due to improved access to the vascular compartment of the bone. The cracking technique is a simple surgical method that potentially can improve the fixation of revision implants in sclerotic regions important for obtaining the fixation critical for overall implant stability. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 996–1001, 2009
The proximal hip joint capsule and the zona orbicularis contribute to hip joint stability in distraction
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Song Yongnam , Lindsey Derek P. , Safran Marc R. , Giori Nicholas J.
Published: January 2009

The structure and function of the proximal hip joint capsule and the zona orbicularis are poorly understood. We hypothesized that the zona orbicularis is an important contributor to hip stability in distraction. In seven cadaveric hip specimens from seven male donors we distracted the femur from the acetabulum in a direction parallel to the femoral shaft with the hip in the neutral position. Eight sequential conditions were assessed: (1) intact specimen (muscle and skin removed), (2) capsule vented, (3) incised iliofemoral ligament, (4) circumferentially incised capsule, (5) partially resected capsule (distal to the zona orbicularis), (6) completely resected capsule, (7) radially incised labrum, and (8) completely resected labrum. The reduction of the distraction load was greatest between the partially resected capsule phase and completely resected capsule phase at 1, 3, and 5 mm joint distraction (p = 0.018). The proximal to middle part of the capsule, which includes the zona orbicularis, appears grossly and biomechanically to act as a locking ring wrapping around the neck of the femur and is a key structure for hip stability in distraction. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 989–995, 2009
Binding Energetics of Lysozyme to Copolymers of N‐Isopropylacrylamide with Sodium Sulfonated Styrene
Authors: Burova Tatiana V. , Grinberg Natalia V. , Grinberg Valerij Ya. , Tang Yecang , Zhang Guangzhao , Khokhlov Alexei R.
Published: January 2009

Interpolyelectrolyte complexes of lysozyme with thermosensitive N‐isopropylacrylamide–sodium sulfonated styrene copolymers of different charge density were investigated by high‐sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry (HS‐DSC) at pH 4.6–7.2 and low ionic strength. A general property of the complexes for all copolymers investigated was a decrease in the conformational stability of the bound protein. This suggested the preferential binding of the unfolded protein to the polymer matrix. The isotherms of lysozyme binding to the copolymers were derived from the HS‐DSC data. They indicate that the binding is irreversible and charge stoichiometric.

magnified image
Liquid‐Glassy Polymer Interphases: Diffusion Kinetics in Conditions of Unlimited Liquid Supply
Authors: Tomba J. Pablo , Carella José M. , Pérez Claudio J. , Pastor José M.
Published: January 2009

We investigate evidences of diffusion controlled by mechanical relaxation of the glassy matrix, i.e. Case‐II mechanism, in a series of liquid/glassy interphases formed by PS and PPO as liquid and glassy components, respectively. Diffusion experiments were performed in conditions of unlimited supply of the liquid polymer, parallel to those in which Case‐II has been effectively verified. Interphase profiles were obtained via optical sectioning with confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM). We observed that interphase diffusion kinetics were markedly Fickean, in contrast with interpretations from other authors that invoke Case‐II to explain the mechanisms that rule interphase evolution in these systems.

magnified image
Metabolism of anandamide by COX‐2 is necessary for endocannabinoid‐induced cell death in tumorigenic keratinocytes
Authors: Van Dross Rukiyah T.
Published: January 2009

Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most prevalent cancer in the United States with ∼1.25 million new cases diagnosed each year. Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression is commonly elevated in these and other epithelial tumors. Cyclooxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid to prostaglandins, which promote growth and survival of tumor cells. COX‐2 also metabolizes endocannabinoids forming prostaglandin‐ethanolamides (PG‐EA); however, the role of these lipid molecules in tumor cell survival is unclear. The goal of this research is to determine if the metabolic products of COX‐2 contribute to endocannabinoid‐induced cell death. Anandamide [also known as arachidonyl ethanolamide (AEA)] induced cell death in the COX‐2 overexpressing squamous carcinoma cell line JWF2. In contrast, AEA did not initiate cell death in HaCaT keratinocytes, which express low basal levels of COX‐2. Resistance to AEA‐mediated cell death in HaCaT cells was reversed by overexpressing COX‐2 in these cells. Next, ELISA assays were carried out to identify prostaglandins involved in AEA‐mediated cell death. D‐type prostaglandins were predominantly formed in AEA‐exposed JWF2 cells although significant increases in E‐ and F‐type prostaglandins were also seen. Cells were then treated with various prostaglandins or PG‐EA to determine the contribution of each to AEA‐induced cell death. PGD2 and PGD2‐EA were found to be cytotoxic to JWF2 keratinocytes and the PGD2 dehydration products, PGJ2 and 15‐deoxy Δ12,14 PGJ2, were also potent inducers of cell death. These results suggest that AEA selectively induces cell death in tumorigenic keratinocytes due to COX‐2 overexpression and the resulting metabolism of AEA to cytotoxic prostaglandins. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of variants in the interleukin‐27 and interleukin‐12 gene with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Wei Ye‐Sheng , Lan Yan , Luo Bin , Lu Dong , Nong Hong‐Bing
Published: January 2009

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is multifactorial, and the genetic background may be a crucial etiologic factor. Interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) is a multifunctional cytokine that induces interferon (IFN)‐gamma secretion and plays an important role in antitumor immunity. Interleukin‐27 (IL‐27) is a novel IL‐12 family member, the present studies demonstrate that IL‐27 mediates potent antitumor activity. Variations in the DNA sequence in the IL‐12 and IL‐27 gene may lead to altered cytokines production and/or activity, and so this can modulate an individual's susceptibility to NPC. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship of IL‐12 and IL‐27 gene polymorphisms and NPC in a Chinese population. We analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL‐12 gene 16974 A/C and IL‐27 gene −964 A/G, 2905 T/G, 4730 T/C in 302 patients with NPC and 310 age‐ and sex‐matched controls, using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) and DNA sequencing methods. There were significant differences in the genotype and allele distribution of 16974 A/C polymorphism of the IL‐12 gene among cases and controls. The 16974 CC and AC genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of NPC as compared with the 16974 AA genotypes (OR = 2.225, 95% CI 1.395–3.549, P = 0.001 and OR = 1.834, 95% CI 1.239–2.716, P = 0.002, respectively). The 16974 C allele was associated with a significantly increased risk of NPC as compared with the 16974 A allele (OR = 1.334, 95% CI 1.065–1.670, P = 0.012). However, genotype and allele frequencies of the IL‐27 gene −964 A/G, 2905 T/G, 4730 T/C polymorphisms in NPC patients were not significantly different than that in healthy controls (P > 0.05). Our data suggest that IL‐12 gene may play a role in the development of NPC. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Legendre multiscaling functions for solving the one‐dimensional parabolic inverse problem
Authors: Yousefi S.A. , Dehghan Mehdi
Published: January 2009

An inverse problem concerning diffusion equation with a source control parameter is investigated. The approximation of the problem is based on the Legendre multiscaling basis. The properties of Legendre multiscaling functions are first presented. These properties together with Galerkin method are then utilized to reduce the inverse problem to the solution of algebraic equations. Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the new technique. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009
Relapses of optic pathway tumors after first‐line chemotherapy
Authors: de Haas Valérie , Grill Jacques , Raquin Marie‐Anne , Couanet Dominique , Habrand Jean‐Louis , Sainte‐Rose Christian , Laithier Véronique , Kieffer Virginie , Kalifa Chantal
Published: January 2009

Background

Chemotherapy is accepted as first‐line conservative treatment of optic pathway tumors in patients younger than 5. Limited data are available on the outcome of patients with recurrence/progression after initial chemotherapy.

Procedure

Data on 68 children with Optic Pathway Tumors (OPT) treated with first‐line Baby Brain (BBSFOP) chemotherapy at the Gustave Roussy Institute in Villejuif between 1990 and 2005 were reviewed.

Results

During a median follow‐up of 6 years, 44 (65%) patients were diagnosed with one or more relapses. Most of the relapses occurred during the first 6 years of life. Overall and progression‐free survival rates at 5 years after first relapse were 64% and 14%, respectively. First relapse was treated with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or surgery in 28, 9, and 6 patients, respectively. Best response to second‐line chemotherapy was partial response in 10, stable disease in 10, and progressive disease in 8 patients. Patients with objective radiologic response to first‐line chemotherapy, had a greater chance to respond again to second‐line chemotherapy (RR = 90% vs. 15%, P = 0.003). Median time to progression after first relapse was 1.7, 2.5, and 3.1 years after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, respectively. Finally, 25 (37%) patients received radiotherapy at a median age of 6.7 years.

Conclusions

Second‐line chemotherapy can be effective in the treatment of relapses after first‐line chemotherapy and delay further the need for RT, especially in patients whose tumor initially responded to chemotherapy. Despite the desire to avoid irradiation in treatment of young patients with OPT, radiotherapy was used for 37% of patients, usually before the age of 10. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:575–580. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tacrolimus as an alternative to cyclosporine in the maintenance phase of immunosuppressive therapy for severe aplastic anemia in children
Authors: Alsultan Abdulrahman , Goldenberg Neil A. , Kaiser Nicole , Graham Douglas K. , Hays Taru
Published: January 2009

Objective

Given the paucity of data on the use of agents other than cyclosporine (CsA) in the maintenance phase of immunosuppressive therapy (IST) for severe aplastic anemia (SAA) in children, we sought to describe our experience with tacrolimus in pediatric SAA, and to compare outcomes with a preceding series of patients who received CsA.

Methods

Eight patients with SAA diagnosed between 2003 and 2008 for whom no human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐matched sibling donor was identified underwent tacrolimus‐based IST. These children were compared with a previously described series of 13 patients who had undergone CsA‐based IST at our institution between 1990 and 2003. All patients initially received equine antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and corticosteroids.

Results

Complete response (CR) rate was 88% for tacrolimus and 85% for CsA. Median time to CR was approximately 7 months in both groups. Median follow‐up duration was 2.4 years for tacrolimus and 8.4 years for CsA. Among responders with de novo SAA, relapse rate was 25% (n = 1) at 2 years for tacrolimus and 0% at 2 years and 23% (n = 3) at 5 years for CsA; no significant difference in relapse‐free survival was detected between the two groups (P = 0.07). Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was seen in one patient on tacrolimus who had relapsed after CsA‐based IST. Tacrolimus‐based IST was well‐tolerated.

Conclusion

These data provide evidence that tacrolimus may be a suitable alternative to CsA as part of an IST regimen for SAA in children who lack an HLA‐matched sibling and may have a more favorable profile of side effects than CsA. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:626–630. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced risk of secondary leukemia with fewer cycles of dose‐intensive induction chemotherapy in patients with neuroblastoma
Authors: Kushner Brian H. , Kramer Kim , Modak Shakeel , Qin Li‐Xuan , Yataghena Karima , Jhanwar Suresh C. , Cheung Nai‐Kong V.
Published: January 2009

Background

We report a prospective study of secondary leukemia (SL)/myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) in neuroblastoma (NB) patients treated with ≥5 cycles of dose‐intensive chemotherapy.

Procedure

NB patients received induction with high‐dose cyclophosphamide (4,200 mg/m2)‐doxorubicin (75 mg/m2)‐vincristine (cycles 1, 2, 4, 6, 8), and high‐dose cisplatin (200 mg/m2)‐etoposide (600 mg/m2) (cycles 3, 5, 7). Bone marrow was examined every 1–3 months for ≥36 months, with inclusion of extensive chromosomal studies 1‐3 months post‐induction and 1–2×/year thereafter.

Results

One hundred eight four patients received 5 (n = 76), 6 (n = 45), 7 (n = 59), or 8 (n = 4) cycles. Eight patients developed SL/MDS (only one each in the 5‐ and 6‐cycle groups), at 12–50 months, including two cases detected in surveillance studies. Among 108 patients who received ≥6 cycles, the 5‐year cumulative incidence was 7.1% (95% CI: 2%, 12.2%), versus 0% among 54 patients who received 5 cycles without maintenance oral etoposide. Five‐year cumulative incidences were 1.46%, 2.28%, and 8.47% among patients in the 5‐, 6‐, and 7‐cycle groups, with fewer cycles having a significantly lower risk (P = 0.048). There was no significant association of risk with potentially leukemogenic consolidative treatments (targeted radiotherapy, myeloablative therapy, and oral etoposide).

Conclusions

Reducing the number of dose‐intensive cycles significantly decreases the risk of SL/MDS, yielding 5‐year rates matching the low range (0.4–2.2%) reported for moderate‐dose combination chemotherapy regimens used against other pediatric solid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;53:17–22. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of risk factors for elevated tricyclic antidepressant plasma concentrations
Authors: Billups Sarah J. , Delate Thomas , Dugan Daniel
Published: January 2009

Purpose

To quantify the effect of clinical and demographic factors on the risk of elevated and toxic tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) plasma concentrations (Cp) and to describe the rates of elevated and toxic TCA Cp.

Methods

This matched, case‐control study was conducted among adult patients enrolled in a group model HMO who had a TCA Cp laboratory measurement and purchased at least one TCA prescription for either amitriptyline or nortriptyline during the 70 days preceding the TCA Cp measurement. Predictive models of experiencing an elevated or toxic Cp were created using multivariate conditional logistic regression.

Results

At least one Cp was drawn in 1057 unique patients with a TCA purchase. Of these, 18.4% (194/1057) patients (cases) had an elevated TCA Cp and were matched to 716 non‐elevated Cp patients. Additionally, 27.3% (53/194) of the cases (matched to 196 controls) experienced a toxic TCA Cp. The best fitting model of an elevated TCA Cp included TCA dose category (daily doses ≥150 mg, OR = 4.08; doses of 50 to <100 mg, OR = 0.36; and doses <50 mg, OR = 0.18, p < 0.05 for all comparisons), female gender (OR = 1.78, p < 0.05) and concurrent use of fluoxetine or paroxetine (OR = 1.75, p < 0.05). The best fitting predictive model of a toxic TCA Cp included the same factors as for the predictive model of an elevated TCA Cp.

Conclusions

Recognizing and monitoring predictors of elevated or toxic TCA Cps, including increasing TCA dose, female gender, and concurrent use of fluoxetine or paroxetine, may reduce serious adverse drug reactions and deaths in the TCA‐receiving patient population. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.