bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Budgetary allocation to agriculture in South Africa: an empirical review from 1994 to 2014
Authors: B. Oluwatayo Isaac , M. Mantsho Stephen
Published: August 2016

The agricultural sector is no doubt one of the most important sectors in sub-Saharan Africa, considering its prime place as a livelihood source and employer of the vast majority of residents, especially those in rural areas. In South Africa, for instance, agriculture plays a very significant role despite its declining contributions to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for some years now. This dwindling share of agriculture in the country’s GDP could be attributed to a number of factors ranging from changing government policies, declining budgetary allocation to the sector, and aging infrastructure and population growth. It is against this backdrop that a review of the effect of this downward slide in budgetary allocation on the development of the country is considered to be important
Business characteristics of small and medium enterprises in rural areas: a case study on southern region of KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa
Authors: Mpele Lekhanya Lawrence
Published: August 2016

This paper reports on the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) business characteristics in rural places of Southern KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) province. It was intended to identify and discuss the various characteristics and the implications they have on the survival and growth of rural enterprises. The study was conducted in five areas (uMuziwabantu, Ubuhlebezwe, Sisonke, Zingolweni and uMzimkhulu) Southern Region of KZN province. The sample consisted of 127 SMEs owners/managers operating in the selected areas using a quota sampling method, with respondents completing a five-point Likert scale questionnaire with the assistance of an interviewer. The findings indicated that most employees within the business are unskilled; the business operations are run by using modern facilities; most of business investment strategies are hindered by a lack of finance; and the local market is very small in selling rural SMEs’ products. SPSS (23.0) version was used for data analysis. The findings presented in the figures and tables. Statistical analysis revealed that business characteristics of SMEs in rural were tested and found to be significant (P = .000*). The paper will be useful tool for the policy-makers, business financial support institutions, and business stakeholders, government policy agencies in underlining a new way to consider future growth of SMEs in rural places, to understand challenges properly and to adjust growth strategies for the remote and under-developed areas. Most work has been focusing on SMEs in the urban and metropolitans areas with less emphasis on the rural SMEs with specific reference to KZN. The findings are limited by the quantitative nature, small sample and exploratory study. Therefore, generalization of these results should be done with care and more research with larger samples extended to other provinces is highly recommended
Regeneración de Sedum praealtum A.DC (siempreviva) vía organogénesis
Authors: Ruvalcaba Ruiz Domingo
Published: August 2016

La siempreviva (Sedum praealtum A.DC) pertenece a la familia Crassulaceae, desde hace  mucho tiempo ha sido utilizada en la etnobotánica mexicana como un agente anti-inflamatorio y analgésico, en el tratamiento de dolor de dientes, amigdalitis, para enfermedades de los ojos, erupciones cutáneas y de regeneración de tejidos, recientemente se le descubrieron compuestos con actividad antioxidante que presentan  efectos hepatoprotector y anticancerígeno.Se estableció un protocolo eficiente de regeneración mediante organogénesis para Sedum praealtum a partir de hojas jóvenes de plantas provenientes de vivero. Fragmentos de hoja que contenían la parte media se cultivaron en medio Murashige y Skoog adicionado con bencilaminopurina (6-BAP) y 2,4-Diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D) en varias combinaciones. A los 90 días de haber iniciado el cultivo, el tratamiento suplementado con 0.5 mg/L de 6-BAP, 0.0 mg/L de 2,4-D mostró efectos significativos sobre el desarrollo de órganos por la vía indirecta, dando en promedio 13.0±0.3 brotes por explante. Los brotes se individualizaron y se transfirieron a medio MS suplementado con 2.0 mg/L de ácido indolacético (AIA) para su enraizamiento.
Mortgage and insurance market of the Russian Federation: trends of development
Authors: Gritsenko Sophia Yevgenyevna , Makarenko Aleksandra Olegovna
Published: August 2016

The article is focused on analysis of trends in the development of the mortgage and insurance market in the period from 2007 to 2014. The article presents the Russian and international approaches to define the essence of mortgage insurance, reveals goals of mortgage system functioning, analyzes key indicators of mortgage market development and identified factors influencing its development.
The development of rhythmic abilities among of secondary school age pupils
Authors: Ponomarenko Sergei Ivanovich
Published: August 2016

In modern Russian society there is no holistic, single view of social polarization. It is caused by a number of controversial compound of cultural traditions. There is no single relation to gender inequality. In these circumstances, the younger generations are trying to build a compensatory strategies of gender relations. These strategies are not always adequate, that becomes one of the family crisis factors.
Development of urban transport system of U.D. Samara
Authors: Pavlova Larisa Nikolaevna
Published: August 2016

In the article some problems related to development processes of urban transport system in general and in U.D. Samara are discussed. Problems arising during development process of urban transport system are presented. Main principles of development of Samara urban transport system are expounded. Development concepts of the road network of the urban district Samara are formulated.
Gender inequality in the context of russian community social polarization: youth aspect
Authors: Yakovlev Lev Sergeevich , Sirotenko Olesya Alexandrovna
Published: August 2016

In modern Russian society there is no holistic, single view of social polarization. It is caused by a number of controversial compound of cultural traditions. Ther is also no single relation to gender inequality. In these circumstances the younger generations are trying to build a compensatory strategies of gender relations. These strategies are not always adequate and this fact becomes one of of family crisis factors.
The issue of Chinese-Russian legal translation
Authors: Lee Shuan
Published: August 2016

With the development of cooperation between Russia and China, the legal relationship will become closer. Translation activities play an important role in this regard. Translators often face with typical translation difficulties, this article discusses various problems of the translation.
Playing educational activities as a condition of cooperation skills
Authors: Panfilova Alvina Pavlovna
Published: August 2016

The article made an analysis of the training playing activity from the point of view of its influence on the development of collaboration skills among the participants of game sessions, spelled out the conditions for achieving this goal and the necessary ingredients for the organization of effective interpersonal interaction in the process of learning game, based on the rules and ethical norms that do not allow to manipulate and interact correctly.
Phraseology as a means of moral values of Russian national personality reflection
Authors: Kovalenko Ekaterina Georgievna
Published: August 2016

The article deals with the peculiarities of linguistic personality; examines the ideographic groups of phraseological units, an integral semantics of which reflects the most important semantic dominants of the concept of Russian national personality; restores on the basis of phraseology of the moral sphere of human the positive type (portrait) of Russian national personality.
Prevention of environmental hazards of motor transport infrastructure
Authors: Alexeev Vladislav Alexeevich , Artemiev Victor Stepanovich , Fedorov Alexey Stepanovich
Published: August 2016

This article deals with the problem of ecological danger of road infrastructure objects. Road infrastructure includes bus stations, bus depots, car service centers and roadside cafes located throughout the highway system. With the implementation of mass-produced counterfeit water and food in the catering outlets and around the purification of them from all kinds of infections is relevant.
Effect of environmental factor on some litter traits of sows in the tropics Mexican
Authors: Ek M Jesús , Segura C José , Alzina L Alejandro
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the effect of environmental factors on litter traits at birth and weaning, and their repeatabilities in four farms in the sub-humid tropics of Mexico. Materials and methods. Data from 46.249 to 50.316 litters for litter size at birth (LSB), number of piglets born alive (NBA), litter weight at birth (LWB), number of piglets weaned (NPW) and litter weight at weaning (LWW) were used. The statistical model for LSB, NBA and LWB included the effects of farm, farrowing year, farrowing season, parity number, simple interactions, random effects of sow and the error term. NPW and LWW were analyzed using the previous model plus the linear and quadratic effects of lactation length (LL). Results. The means for LSB, NBA, LWB, NPW and LWW were 11.7 piglets, 11.0 piglets, 16.1 kg, 10.3 piglets and 61.3 kg, respectively. All effects in the model affected the litter traits. Farrowing year x season interaction was significant for NPW, LWB and LWW. The dry season had the highest LSB, NBA y NPW. First parity sows had higher LSB and NBA means than for second parity sows. Parity increase until parity 4 to decrease thereafter. LL had a quadratic effect on NPW and LWW. Repeatability estimates for LSB, NBA, and LWB were 0.12, 0.12 and 0.14, respectively. Conclusions. All traits studied were influenced by the environmental factors studied. Repeatabilities for LSB, NBA and LWB were low. RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de factores ambientales sobre características de la camada al nacer y al destete, y sus repetibilidades en cuatro granjas en el trópico sub-húmedo de México. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron los datos de 50.316 a 46.249 camadas para el total de lechones nacidos (LSB), lechones nacidos vivos (NBA) y peso de la camada al nacimiento (LWB), lechones destetados (NPW) y peso de la camada al destete (LWW). El modelo estadístico para LSB, NBA y LWB incluyen los efectos de granja, año, época, número de parto, interacciones simples, efecto aleatorio de cerda y error. El modelo para NPW y LWW incluyó los factores anteriores y además, los efectos lineal y cuadrático de largo de lactación (LL). Resultados. Las medias para LSB, NBA, LWB, NPW y LWW fueron 11.7 lechones, 11.0 lechones, 16.1 kg, 10.3 lechones y 61.3 kg, respectivamente. Todos los factores estudiados afectaron las características de la camada. La interacción de año x época fue significativa para NPW, LWB y LWW. La época seca presentó las mayores medias de LSB, NBA y NPW. Las cerdas primer parto obtuvieron medias de LSB y NBA superiores que las cerdas del segundo parto. Las medias por número de parto incrementaron hasta el cuarto, para después disminuir. La LL obtuvo un efecto cuadrático sobre NPW y LWW. Las repetibilidades estimadas para LSB, NBA, y LWW fueron 0.12, 0.12 y 0.14, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Todos los factores ambientales estudiados afectaron las características de la camada al nacer y al destete. Las repetibilidades estimadas fueron bajas.
Hematological parameters in shortnose guitarfish Zapteryx brevirostris Müller and Henle, 1841 (Chondrichthyes, Rhinobatidae)
Authors: Barreto B Nathalia , Ferrer MV Daniela , Baldassin Paula , Bobany M Denise
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT Objective. In view of the deficiency of information in the area of clinical pathology of elasmobranchs, mainly of the physiological parameters, the aim of this work was to study hematological parameters of the Zapteryx brevirostris species. Materials and methods. Four specimens apparently healthy of Zapteryx brevirostris; three females and a male were used. These animals are all pertaining ones to the Aquarium of Ubatuba, São Paulo (Brazil). Results. The obtained average of hematological values for the Zapteryx brevirostris were: Red Blood Cells were - 0.96 x 106/μL, Packed Cell Volume - 24.3% and White Blood Cells - 36.8 x 103/μL. Conclusion. Although the small N, which decreases the accuracy, this research has scientific value because the situation of vulnerability of Zapteryx brevirostris, suggesting other studies. RESUMENObjetivo. En vista de la carencia de información en el área de patología clínica de los elasmobranquios, especialmente en lo que respecta a los parámetros fisiopatológicos, el objetivo de este trabajo fue el de obtener parámetros de la hematología de la especie Zapteryx brevirostris. Materiales y método. Cuatro animales clínicamente saludables de Zapteryx brevirostris; tres hembras y un macho fueron utilizados, todos procedentes del Acuario de Ubatuba, S. P. Resultados. Los valores promedio de hematología para el Zapteryx brevirostris fueron: glóbulos rojos - 0.96 x 106/ μL, volumen de los hematíes - 24.3 % y glóbulos blancos 36.8 x 103/ μL. Conclusiones. A pesar de la pequeña N, que disminuye la precisión, la investigación tiene valor científico debido a que Zapteryx brevirostris es una especie vulnerable; sugiriendo otros estudios.
The efficacy of chloroquine treatment against naturally occuring Giardia duodenalis infection in lambs
Authors: Karademir Umit , Ural Kerem , Aysul Nuran , Ayan Adnan , Toplu Songul , Ortlek Onur , Balıkci Canberk , Kunyeli Ahmet , Erdogan Hasan
Published: August 2016

Objective. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of Chloroquine (Cq), an antimalarial medicine, administered at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg, orally, during 5 consecutive days, in Sakiz and Merino lambs naturally infected with Giardia duodenalis. Materials and methods. To this extent weaned 10 weeks of aged lambs were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups based on treatment (group C, n=18 lambs treated with Cq) and placebo (group P, n=8 untreated control animals). Diagnosis was based on detection of trophozoit and/or cysts on fecal flotation. Cyst count per gram feces (days 0, 3, 7 and 10) was analyzed among groups. Results. During the trial, regarding the efficacy of Cq on days 3., 7., and 10. There was significant (p<0.01) reduction in cyst excretion; whereas evaluation of mean geometric cyst excretion revealed 100% reduction. Conclusions. There was a very high (100%) reduction in cyst excretion in the Cq treatment group compared to the positive untreated control group on days 3, 7 and 10, resulting in a significant (p<0.001) reduction, making Cq, safety, and thus highly effective treatment option of lambs with naturally occuring giardiasis.Objetivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la eficacia de la cloroquina, un medicamento contra la malaria, administrado a una dosis de 2.5 mg/kg, por vía oral, durante 5 días consecutivos, en Corderos Sakiz y Merino infectados naturalmente con Giardia duodenalis. Materiales y metodos. En esta medida destetados 10 semanas de edad fueron incluidos y asignados al azar en dos grupos sobre la base del tratamiento (grupo C, n = 18 corderos tratados con cloroquina) y placebo (grupo P, n = 8 animales de control no tratados). El diagnóstico se basa en la detección de trophozoit y/o quistes en la flotación fecal. Quiste recuento por gramo de heces (día 0, 3, 7 y 10) se analizó entre los grupos. Resultados. Respecto a la eficacia de la cloroquina en los días 3, 7 y 10 existió una reducción significativa (p<0.01) en la excreción de quistes; mientras que la evaluación de la media de la excreción Rev.MVZ Córdoba 21(2):5328-5335, 2016. ISSN: 0122-0268 ORIGINAL 5329 de quistes reveló una reducción del 100%. Conclusiones. Durante el estudio hubo una reducción del 100% en la excreción de quistes en el grupo de tratamiento con cloroquina en comparación con el grupo control no tratado positivo en los días 3, 7 y 10, lo que resulta en una disminución significativa (p<0.001) por lo que la cloroquina razonablemente es una opción de tratamiento por el costo, seguridad, y por lo tanto muy eficaz de corderos infectados naturalmente con giardiasis.
Persepsi tentang Seks Pranikah pada Remaja Putri yang Bertempat Tinggal di Kos dan di Rumah di Kasihan, Bantul
Authors: Nur Isnaini Umi , Astiti Dewi , Pradnya Paramita Dyah
Published: August 2016

Premarital sex now already spread among adolescent, it makes adolescent not taboo anymore with sex. The results of recording by office of religious in Kasihan showed an increase in marriage among an early age, from 15 adolescent couples in January to October, 16 adolescent couples in November and 33 adolescent couples in December. The perception of premarital sex in adolescent should be known to raise awareness and to increase the high number of premarital sex in Yogyakarta. This study was aimed to know the perception of premarital sex in adolescent girls who live in rent room and home at Kasihan, Bantul. This study was used qualitative methode. Speakers were adolescent girls who lived in rent room and home at Kasihan, Bantul who had done premarital sex and who did not. Samples was obtained by purposive sampling with the triangulation. An instrument was used an interview guide of premarital sex perception, recorder sound and stationery. The results showed that adolescent only know about some of the definition premarital sex, it was also only know a part of impact because premarital sex and factors that encourage premarital sex. Factors that the most encourages adolescent premarital sex was because they had boyfriend. Attitudes of adolescent girls who did not hold premarital sex refuse and avoid premarital sex, while adolescent who had been doing premarital sex refuse premarital sex but still did it. The results of this study showed that there was no different perceptions about sex premarital in adolescent girls who live in rent room and home, but there was a differences perception of premarital sex and attitude of adolescent who had been doing premarital sex and who not doing premarital sex.
Kompres Air Hangat pada Daerah Aksila dan Dahi Terhadap Penurunan Suhu Tubuh pada Pasien Demam di PKU Muhammadiyah Kutoarjo
Authors: Inda Ayu Eny , Irwanti Winda , Mulyanti Mulyanti
Published: August 2016

Fever is a condition when body temperature 38°C and more. There are also restrictions that took more than 37.8°C, whereas when the body temperature of over 40°C is called a high fever/hyperpyrexia. Fever may be harmfull if you develop a high temperature. Fever or high body temperature can be derived in various ways. Warm compresses a method to lower the body temperature. Found in the fact that research in KRIPMD PKU Muhammadiyah Kutoarjo implementation compress as one independent action to deal with the fever is still often overlooked by patients and families. The purpose of this research was to know the differences between forehead and armpit compress in lowering body temperature among patients with fever at KRIPMD PKU Muhammadiyah Kutoarjo. The Methode of this study used true experimental designs: a two-group pre-post test design. The total population of patient were 40 respondents. The sampling technique was done by consecutive which consisted of 38 respondents. Temperature was measured by thermometer. Data analysis used the t test. T test analysis showed techniques giving a warm compress on the area of the axilla more effective to reduce body temperature than technique of giving a warm compress on the forehead (t=5.879, p=0.000). In conclusion, The technique giving a warm compress on the area of the axilla is more effective to lowering body temperature.
Efektivitas Mendengarkan Murotal Al-Qur’an terhadap Derajat Insomnia pada Lansia di Selter Dongkelsari Sleman Yogyakarta
Authors: Siti Fatimah Fatma , Noor Zulkhah
Published: August 2016

Merapi eruption in 2010 in Yogyakarta caused people losing their homes and triggering traumatic effect. Elderly is one of victims that vulnerable to psychological problem. The common psychological late respons due to disaster is insomnia. The impacts of insomnia are decrease the level of immunity, increase mortality and decrease quality of life, thus it needs to be solved. One of the solution is by listening murotal Al-Qur’an that will give relaxation effect. The study was aimed to know the effectiveness of listening murotal Al-Qur’an to the changing of elderly insomnia level in shelter Dongkelsari, Sleman, Yogyakarta.The design of study was a quasy experimental pre post test with control group. Technique of taking sample was probability sampling and it was found that there were 37 elderly who live in shelter Dongkelsari Sleman Yogyakarta that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Research instrument which was used to measure insomnia level is KSPBJ questionnaire rating scale and to listen for murotal Al-Qur’an (Ar-Rahmaan) was used laptop and speaker. The duration of listening murotal Al-Qur’an was 8 days with 12 minutes for each day. Data analysis was used paired samples t test and independent samples t test. The level of insomnia for control group pre test and post test is in moderate insomnia by the mean ± SD each of them is 9.3 ± 3.7 and 10.3 ± 3.4 (p>0.05) and for intervention group there was a changing from moderate insomnia to mild insomnia by the mean ± SD each of them is 10.9 ± 3.6 and 8.2 ± 4.2 (p<0.05). There was a significant differences between the intervention group and control group by the mean ± SD each of them is -2.8 ± 3.0 and 0.9 ± 3.5 (p<0.05). In conclusion, listening murotal Al-Qur’an was effective to reduce elderly insomnia level in shelter Dongkelsari Sleman Yogyakarta.
Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Konsep Diri Remaja di SMPN 13 Yogyakarta
Authors: Kania Saraswatia Gita , Zulpahiyana Zulpahiyana , Arifah Siti
Published: August 2016

Self-concept is weak disturbed in adolescent. Self-concept is not formed from hereditas factor, self-consept is formed and developed through experience and relationship with people. Adolescent with positive self-consept have low level of juvenile deliquency. Meanwhile, adolescent with negative self-concept high level of juvenile deliquency. The purpose of this study was to identify factors that influence the self-concept in adolescent. This study was used an observasional with cross sectional design. Samples was obtained by simple stratified random sampling which consisted of 162 people. Analysis was used kendal-tau test and logistic regression test. The results of kendal-tau test showed that there was a significan influence of parenting care (0.000), peer group (p=0.000), physical performance role (p=0.000), self-esteem role (p=0.000) on self-concept of adolescent. The results of logistic regression test showed that variabel with the most influencing to self concept in adolescent was peer group. In conclusion, there was a significant effect of parenting care, peer group, physical performance role and self-esteem role of self-concept adolescent. The factors that most affect self-concept of adolescent is peer group.
Peran Orang Tua Berhubungan dengan Perilaku Seksual Pra Nikah Remaja di SMKN 1 Sedayu
Authors: Haryani Diah Suci , Wahyuningsih Wahyuningsih , Haryani Kayat
Published: August 2016

Adolescent begins with puberty, that time of the occurrence of physical changes include and physiological functions such as the maturity of the sexual organs. The role of parents is very important to educate, supervise, give an idea how to solve the problem with being a role model and set a good example for adolescent, but it is rarely done by parents because of the background of the parents and the busyness of parents. The purpose of this study was to knowing relationship between role of parents with pre-marital behavior of adolescent in SMKN 1 Sedayu. This study was inductive quantitative using cross sectional design. Samples were students of class XII SMKN 1 Sedayu with 78 respondents. Sampling used simple random technique. Analyze used Kendal Tau. Kendal Tau analysis showed significant relationship between role of parents with pre-marital behavior in SMKN 1 Sedayu with p=0.000 (p<0.05) with the relationship weak r=0.399. In conclusion, there was a significant relationship between the roles of parents with pre-marital sexual behavior of adolescent in SMKN 1 Sedayu.
Tingkat Pengetahuan Tentang Faktor Risiko Persalinan dengan Tingkat Kecemasan dalam Menghadapi Persalinan pada Ibu Hamil Trimester III di Puskesmas Sleman Yogyakarta
Authors: Nurlailiyah Anisa , Machfoedz Ircham , Sari Desiana Pitta
Published: August 2016

According to the 2012 Demographic and Health Survey of Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) the number were 359/100.000 of live births. In DIY, MMR 2013 recorded 204/100.000 live births. In Sleman MMR were 19 cases. Maternal mortality is influenced by many factors one of which is anxiety that can affect the condition of fetus or mother. Results of baseline study of 13 respondents, 6 respondents in good knowledge, 7 respondents in enough knowled. However, all respondents are experiencing anxiety. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge level of risk factors delivery and anxiety level of facing delivery in pregnant women trimester III at Puskesmas Sleman, Yogyakarta. This study was used analytical with cross sectional design. Subjects of study was 120 third trimester pregnant women who checkups at Puskesmas Sleman Yogyakarta on March 4 to June 4, 2015. Samples were obtained by accidental sampling which consisted of 42 respondents. Data analysis used Pearson Product Moment. Results showed that most of respondents aged 20-35 years were 35 people (83.3%), as a House Wife were 18 respondents (42.9%), the level of knowledge in fair categories were 32 respondents (76.2%), the level of anxiety in worried categories were 27 respondents (64.3%), bivariate analysis r=0.091 and p-value=0.566. In conclusion, there was no significant relationship between knowledge level of risk factors delivery and anxiety level of facing delivery in the third trimester pregnant women in the health center in Yogyakarta Sleman.
Роль нарушений липидного обмена и эндотелиальной дисфункции в формировании вертебробазилярной недостаточности у лиц молодого возраста
Authors: Nekrasova N.O.
Published: August 2016

Актуальность. В патогенезе формирования сосудистой патологии мозга значимую роль играет не только внешний негативный (спондилогенный) фактор, но и дисбаланс различных эндогенных систем (эндотелиальной, липидной), влияющих на церебральную гемодинамику. Следовательно, актуальность изучения этих взаимосвязей имеет не только теоретическое, но и важное практическое значение.Целью исследования было изучение состояния липидного обмена и функции эндотелия у пациентов молодого возраста со спондилогенной вертебрально-базилярной недостаточностью. Материалы и методы. Нами было обследовано 98 пациентов (женщин — 56, мужчин — 42) с проявлениями вертебрально-базилярной недостаточности на фоне мышечно-рефлекторных, нейрососудистых и корешковых синдромов остеохондроза шейного отдела позвоночника. В исследование были включены больные от 18 до 40 лет (средний возраст 28,5 ± 3,8 года). Всем пациентам проводилась функциональная рентгенография шейного отдела позвоночника со сгибанием и разгибанием, МРТ шейного отдела позвоночника, а также ультразвуковое допплерографическое исследование сосудов шеи и магистральных артерий головы с применением функциональных нагрузок с ротацией головы, а также дуплексное сканирование сосудов шеи. Показатели липидного обмена в сыворотке крови определяли спектрофотометрическим методом, концентрацию эндотелина-1 в сыворотке крови — методом иммуноферментного анализа, cодержание S-NO — спектрофлюориметрическим методом.В результате проведенного исследования было выявлено, что спондилогенная вертебрально-базилярная недостаточность сопровождается нарушением обмена липидов, характеризующимся разнонаправленными сдвигами уровня холестерина, липопротеидов низкой плотности, липопротеидов очень низкой плотности и липопротеидов высокой плотности, свидетельствующим о сдвиге плазменных показателей липидтранспортной системы в сторону атерогенеза. Эндотелиальная дисфункция у данного контингента больных характеризуется увеличением концентрации эндотелина-1, являющегося вазоконстрикторным фактором на фоне уменьшения активного метаболита оксида азота — S-NO, обладающего вазодилатирующими свойствами.
Феномен эксайтотоксичности как объект фармакологического воздействия при деменциях
Authors: Burchynskyi S.H.
Published: August 2016

Статья посвящена вопросам терапии деменции. Подробно рассматривается место в лечении данной патологии препарата группы адамантанов мемантина — неконкурентного низкоаффинного антагониста NMDA-рецепторов. Подчеркивается, что мемантин занимает совершенно особое место не только в фармакотерапии деменций, но и в нейрофармакологии в целом, представляя собой уникальный регулятор всей системы глутаматергической медиации, своего рода «адаптоген» в отношении глутаматзависимых процессов в центральной нервной системе и «корректор» реакций эксайтотоксичности. Результаты исследований применения мемантина показывают его эффективность при различных формах и при всех стадиях деменции, комплексность воздействия на все основные клинические синдромы (когнитивный, поведенческий, психоэмоциональный), долгосрочность клинических эффектов, сочетаемость с другими лекарственными средствами в рамках комбинированной терапии, хорошую переносимость и безопасность.
Вплив стрес-реалізуючої системи на перебіг відновного періоду інфаркту головного мозку
Authors: Monastyrskyi V.A. , Sydelkovskyi A.L.
Published: August 2016

У статті розглянуто проблему стрес-відповіді нейроендокринної системи в ранній відновний період інфаркту головного мозку. Досліджено вміст кортизолу в плазмі крові хворих на ішемічний інсульт та вплив цього гормона на перебіг хвороби. Установлено, що кортизол негативним чином впливає на відновлення рухових та когнітивних функцій у пацієнтів. Відмічено обернений кореляційний зв’язок між плазмовими концентраціями кортизолу та сумарним балом за шкалами Бартел та MMSE у хворих на інфаркт головного мозку в ранній відновний період.
Этапное лечение расстройств аутистического спектра, ассоциированных с генетическим дефицитом фолатного цикла
Authors: Maltsev D.V.
Published: August 2016

В статье рассмотрено этапное лечение детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра, ассоциированными с генетическим дефицитом фолатного цикла, в свете новых открытий в патогенезе заболевания. Предложено разделить рекомендуемые терапевтические вмешательства на 3 последовательных этапа: противомикробное/противовирусное лечение, иммунотерапия при помощи в/в иммуноглобулина, нейрореабилитация с использованием инновационных медикаментозных средств и междисциплинарной немедикаментозной помощи. Особая форма аутистических расстройств, связанных с генетическим дефицитом фолатного цикла, в отличие от других генетических форм аутизма, является потенциально курабельной болезнью, и этапная стратификация терапевтических подходов позволяет добиться больших успехов в преодолении инвалидизирующих психических нарушений, которые ранее представлялись неизлечимыми.
MANUSIA SEBAGAI HOMO ECONOMICUS: REFLEKSI ATAS KASUS-KASUS KEJAHATAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Maharani Septiana Dwiputri
Published: August 2016

This research showed that First, ideally every man should act in a dual functions as individual beings as well as a social being. These dual functions of the real foundation for the building harmony in the life of a society. If lameness, especially the tendency of individuals includes positions as individual beings then building a life together can be as depicted in homo homini lupus, but building a harmonious society should be supported by common life, need, and give each other. Secondly, crimes in Indonesia are the fact how life in Indonesia has been overshadowed by very prominent self-interests. Personal interests which dominated by economic factors become a major influence in the crime trend. Indonesian human tendency their societies emphasize some aspects, but it turns out it's a proven fact that trend has begun to fade, although not all Indonesian people commit crimes. At least, homo economicus could be a tool to test the reality of Indonesian life. Third, Homo economicus is fully understood in an act that contradicts the notion homos socius. Homo economicus if not controlled will lead humanity in a situation of "war" as a Homo Homini Lupus.
KURIKULUM 2013 DALAM PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT PENDIDIKAN PROGRESSIVISME
Authors: Al Faris Fitri
Published: August 2016

The educational curriculum in Indonesia has grown recent times but the philosophical foundation used rarely explored. The philosophical foundation used became an interesting thing. Through the clear philosophical foundation, direction and purpose of education became clear too. This study found that the nature of the educational curriculum 2013 were increasing changes base towards attitudes, knowledge and skills of the learners themselves in order to create a good character education. The goal to be achieved through the curriculum 2013 were producing creative and innovative generations to minimize poverty, ignorance and backwardness civilization. It has an eclectic incorporative philosophical foundation which means taking elements from education philosophy ideologies integrated with the national educational system. Progressivism as one of the schools of philosophy of education has a dominant part in the curriculum 2013 proved through the education system that is much focused to the students as the subjects of education, the teacher as a facilitator and the integrated lessons in one unit. The curriculum 2013 shows that the students must be taught in accordance with the developmental era. It will prevent producing obsolete generations. There are three main competencies of the students should be assessed as a whole things (attitudes, knowledge and skills).
Study of decay characteristics of rectangular and elliptical supersonic jets
Authors: Mohanta Prasanta , Sridhar B.T.N.
Published: August 2016

Experiments were carried out to study the decay characteristics of non-circular supersonic jets issued from rectangular and elliptical nozzles, and results were compared with circular case. Numerical simulations and Schlieren image study were carried out to validate the experimental results obtained from total pressure data. The supersonic core lengths of the jets were found to be different for different exit shaped geometries and area ratio for those nozzles was same. To avoid the losses in divergent section, the shape of cross-section of throat was maintained same that of as the exit. The exit shape geometry played the important role to enhance the mixing of the jet with ambient air, without requiring secondary method to increase the mixing characteristics. The mixing with ambient air in case of non-circular jets was more intense when compared to that of circular jets, which resulted in reduction of supersonic core length. The behavior of supersonic core length had identical signature for both under-expanded and over-expanded operation. The supersonic core length was characterized by exit shape factor. In literature, the supersonic jet characterization and the related experimental correlation are available for optimum expansion conditions whereas for other expansion (under and over) conditions the experimental correlations are barely available. While investigating experimentally, a new empirical relation was obtained which was the improved form of earlier correlations for supersonic core length. The current results obtained from three different methods (total pressure data, schlieren image and numerical simulation) had shown the reasonable agreement with the experimentally obtained relation.
Application and testing of a new simple experimental set-up for thermal conductivity measurements of liquids
Authors: Stanimirovic Andrej , Zivkovic Emila , Milosevic Nenad , Kijevcanin Mirjana
Published: August 2016

Transient hot wire method is considered a reliable and precise technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of liquids. The present paper describes a new transient hot wire experimental set-up and its initial testing. The new apparatus was tested by performing thermal conductivity measurements on substances whose reference thermophysical properties data existed in literature, namely on pure toluene and double distilled deionized water. The values of thermal conductivity measured in the temperature range 25 to 45 ?C deviated +2.2% to +3% from the literature data, while the expanded measurement uncertainty was estimated to be ?4%.
Navier-Stokes-Fourier analytic solutions for non-isothermal Couette slip gas flow
Authors: Milicev Snezana , Stevanovic Nevena
Published: August 2016

The explicit and reliable analytical solutions for steady plane compressible
non-isothermal Couette gas flow are presented. These solutions for velocity
and temperature are developed by macroscopic approach from
Navier-Stokes-Fourier system of continuum equations and the velocity slip
and the temperature jump first order boundary conditions. Variability of the
viscosity and thermal conductivity with temperature is involved in the
model. The known result for the gas flow with constant and equal
temperatures of the walls (isothermal walls) is verified and a new solution
for the case of different temperature of the walls is obtained. Evan though
the solution for isothermal walls correspond to the gas flow of the Knudsen
number Kn?0.1, i.e. to the slip and continuum flow, it is shown that the gas
velocity and related shear stress are also valid for the whole range of the
Knudsen number. The deviation from numerical results for the same system is
less than 1%. The reliability of the solution is confirmed by comparing with
results of other authors which are obtained numerically by microscopic
approach. The advantage of the presented solution compared to previous is in
a very simple applicability along with high accuracy.
A novel determination of the minimal size of a probabilistic representative volume element for fiber-reinforced composites’ thermal analysis
Authors: Tu Zecan , Mao Junkui , Mao Junjun , Jiang Hua
Published: August 2016

In order to provide an accurate thermal analysis method of fiber-reinforced composites, a novel model based on a probabilistic representative volume element (RVE) is presented in this paper. Monte Carlo methods, probability analysis and finite element analysis have been applied together. The effective transverse thermal conductivity, heat flux field, and thermal gradient field of typical fiber-reinforced composites are examined. The criteria of RVE have been determined, and the minimal size for thermal analysis is obtained using the main statistics and the cross-entropy theory. At the same time, the fiber-to-matrix ratio of thermal conductivity and volume fraction have been changed to determine the influence on heat transfer inside fiber-reinforced composites. It is shown that different purposes of simulations lead to different minimal RVE sizes. The numerical results indicate that the non-dimensional minimal RVE sizes for calculating the effective thermal conductivity, heat flux, and thermal gradient are 30, 80, and 80, respectively. Compared with the volume fraction, the fiber-to-matrix ratio of the thermal conductivity has a more significant effect on minimal RVE size. When the thermal conductivity ratio increases, the minimal size of the RVE increases at first, then it remains almost unchanged.
Modelling analysis of multiple diesel injection strategies with one-dimensional simulation coupled with artificial neural networks
Authors: Ozener Orkun , Ozkan Muammer , Yuksek Levent
Published: August 2016

In the modern Diesel injection systems the phasing of injection in the same cycle gives a high flexibility to engineers from the perspective of engines performance and emission optimization. Basically, the injection is separated in to three phases: the pilot, main, and post injection phases. The focus of this study is based on pilot injection strategy implementation, which can be used for emission control effectively. In this work, reference main and pilot + main injection strategy experiments were realized in a modern Diesel engine. The logged data groups were used to model the engine at 1-D thermodynamic simulation AVL BOOST. In the second stage of this work, the engine operating points which are not realized at test bench are made run at BOOST programme. The new model parameters of simulation are identified with artificial neural network technique. The results showed that the implementation of appropriate mass of pilot injection at the appropriate injection advance will reduce the NOx emissions compared to reference main injection strategy. For reducing CO emissions the pilot injection mass should also be kept in the same range with higher injection pressure that can be achieved. Usage of 1-D simulation programme coupled with artificial neural network was found useful up to a certain extent especially for parametric analyses and optimization problems via with validation of calibration parameters at a huge experimental data.
An experimental study of the combusition and emission performances of 2,5-dimethylfuran diesel blends on a diesel engine
Authors: Xiao Helin , Zeng Pengfei , Zhao Liangrui , Li Zhongzhao , Fu Xiaowei
Published: August 2016

Experiments were carried out in a direct injection compression ignition engine fueled with diesel-dimethylfuran blends. The combustion and emission performances of diesel-dimethylfuran blends were investigated under various loads ranging from 0.13 to 1.13 MPa brake mean effective pressure, and a constant speed of 1800 rpm. Results indicate that diesel-dimethylfuran blends have different combustion performance and produce longer ignition delay and shorter combustion duration compared with pure diesel. Moreover, a slight increase of brake specific fuel consumption and brake thermal efficiency occurs when a Diesel engine operates with blended fuels, rather than diesel fuel. Diesel-dimethylfuran blends could lead to higher NOx emissions at medium and high engine loads. However, there is a significant reduction in soot emission when engines are fueled with diesel-dimethylfuran blends. Soot emissions under each operating conditions are similar and close to zero except for D40 at 0.13 MPa brake mean effective pressure. The total number and mean geometric diameter of emitted particles from diesel-dimethylfuran blends are lower than pure diesel. The tested fuels exhibit no significant difference in either CO or HC emissions at medium and high engine loads. Nevertheless, diesel fuel produces the lowest CO emission and higher HC emission at low loads of 0.13 to 0.38 MPa brake mean effective pressure.
Treatment cost on Visceral Leishmaniasis: Case study in endemic districts of Nepal
Authors: Baral Dharanidhar
Published: August 2016

Background & Objectives: Approximately six million people are at risk of infection from Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) in Eastern and middle plain region of Nepal. The disease affects the rural poor socio-economical community causing significant death among untreated patients (Per capita income of Nepal US $ 400.00). An effort was made to estimate treatment cost on clinically diagnosed VL patients in three VL endemic districts of Eastern development region of Nepal.Materials & Methods: During one and half year period in 2012/2013, approximately 500 cases were diagnosed as VL from three district hospitals; two zonal hospitals and one tertiary level hospital of Eastern Terai districts of Nepal. Total 172 cases were selected randomly from the three VL endemic districts of Eastern Nepal and interviewed at their homes. Results: On an average, cost for VL treatment during hospitalization was Nepali Rupees (NRS) 4032.67±313.47, where median (IQR) length of hospital stay was 17 (five to 35) days. The patients were  iagnosed symptomatically as VL after 45 ± 6 days of feeling illness. The treatment cost of patient before diagnosis was NRS 2379.93 ± 202.30. Patient reached the treatment center after 17 ± 2 days of diagnosis and referral from community level. Total 83.7% patients came for follow-up after average 30 ± 2 days of discharge with an average expense of RS 360.34 ± 49.88. The death rate of VL patients during treatment and within one month of discharge was 7.6%. It was found that the average funeral cost was NRs 9598.00 ± 1259.00. Conclusion: This study concludes that, average treatment cost for VL treatment during hospital stay was NRs 4032 and before treatment was around NRS 2380 and follow up cost was NRs 360. Early diagnosis and treatment in treatment center without significant delay can not only reduce the hospital stay and treatment cost, but also saves life of VL patients.JCMS Nepal. 2016;12(2):60-5
Synthetic Stream-Flow Generation with Deseasonalized ARMA Model
Authors: Mondal M. Shahjahan , Chowdhury Jahir Uddin
Published: August 2016

Time series models are used in river hydrology for synthetic generation. The development of such a model, namely deseasonalized Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA), for generation of decadal (10-day) flows of the Brahmaputra River in Bangladesh is described. The model was fitted following systematic stages of identification, estimation and diagnostic checking of model building. A negative power transformation for the Brahmaputra flow was found to be necessary for model construction. The seasonality of the flow was removed by Fourier analysis using 5 harmonics for decadal means and 13 harmonics for standard deviations. The fitted model was ARMA (1, 3) having one autoregressive parameter and three moving average parameters. The validation forecasts made with the model indicated that the deseasonalized ARMA model could capture the decadal variability of the Brahmaputra flow reasonably well. Two hundred synthetic flow sequences, each with a length of 50 years, were generated using this model to further validate and verify the model. The fitted ARMA model was found to be capable of preserving both short-term statistics (variance and autocorrelation) and long-term statistics (Hurst coefficient and rescaled adjusted range) of the historic Brahmaputra flow.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 8(1) p.32-46
Spatial analysis of water quality of the Karra River, Hetauda, Nepal
Authors: Pradhanang Sadhana
Published: August 2016

The assessment of water quality of Karra River in Hetauda, Nepal was carried out by determining the changes in the concentration levels of eight physico-chemical parameters (pH, Electric conductivity (EC), bicarbonate, dissolved oxygen (DO), silica, chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphate and nitrate). The samples were collected from upstream, industrial belt and downstream of the Karra River. The Karra River is the dumping ground for industrial effluents of Hetauda industrial district (HID). On analysis, the concentrations of most of the physico-chemicals parameters were found to be above the prescribed limits for industrial wastewater into inland surface waters. Dissolved Oxygen was found to be in the range of 0.49- 8.47 mg/L while COD, nitrate and phosphate were recorded in the range of 8.3-367 mg/L, 0.35- 78.22 mg/L and 0.01-1.64 mg/L, respectively. Concentrations of most of these parameters were within the prescribed limits in the samples collected from upstream and downstream, revealing the river still in good condition at these points indicating less human interference at the head water region and good self-purification capacity at downstream. However the concentrations of the pollutants’ parameters are higher at the sample points just after effluent discharge.Journal of Hydrology and Meteorology, Vol. 8(1) p.58-65