bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating ecological metrics for holistic conservation management in a biodiverse but information‐poor tropical region
Authors: Devenish Christian , Nuñez Cortez Elio , Buchanan Graeme , Smith Graham R. , Marsden Stuart J.
Published: December 2019

Conservation ecologists face the dual challenge of working with difficult‐to‐study species and providing ecological metrics that support conservation management at global, regional, and local levels. We present metrics identifying distributions, site‐level and global abundance, site‐contextualized habitat requirements, and threats for seven dry forest endemic birds (two threatened, one Near Threatened) in the globally important Tumbes region of Peru. Extents of occurrence ranged from 36,000 to 152,000 km2, and while broad distributions were generally congruent, nearly half of species overlapped <50% of their range with other species. Population sizes ranged from the low thousands in the threatened/Near Threatened taxa to >150,000. Site‐level population estimates varied hugely, reflecting size of site and extreme variation in local abundances. Large tree girths and dense low cover generally promoted bird abundance, but stem density acted in opposite directions for different species, implying the need for site‐ and species‐specific habitat management. Habitat quality varied across sites, further complicating management options at the local level (e.g., reduced grazing). We highlight the suitability of our methods in providing useful conservation metrics for data‐poor regions, and demonstrate their application. Importantly, we propose key sites and priority actions for the region, including extensions of existing protected areas.
Sex differences in head‐fixed voluntary running behavior in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Warner Emily J. , Padmanabhan Krishnan
Published: December 2019

Sex differences in running behaviors between female and male mice occur naturally in the wild. Recent experiments using head‐fixed mice on a voluntary running wheel have exploited analogous locomotor activity to gain insight into the neural underpinnings of a number of behaviors ranging from spatial navigation to decision‐making. It is however largely unknown if sex differences exist between females and males in a head‐fixed experimental paradigm. To address this, we characterized locomotor activity in head‐fixed female and male C57BL/6J mice on a voluntary running wheel. First, we found that over the initial 7‐day period, on average, animals increased both the velocity and the time spent running. Furthermore, we found that female mice habituated to running forward over the initial 2 days of encountering the wheel, while male mice took up to 4 days to habituate to running forward. Taken together, we characterized features of a sexually divergent behavior in head‐fixed running that should be considered in experiments employing female and male mice.
How enzyme promiscuity and horizontal gene transfer contribute to metabolic innovation
Authors: Glasner Margaret E. , Truong Dat P. , Morse Benjamin C.
Published: December 2019

Promiscuity is the coincidental ability of an enzyme to catalyze its native reaction and additional reactions that are not biological functions in the same active site. Promiscuity plays a central role in enzyme evolution and is thus a useful property for protein and metabolic engineering. This review examines enzyme evolution holistically, beginning with evaluating biochemical support for four enzyme evolution models. As expected, there is strong biochemical support for the subfunctionalization and innovation–amplification–divergence models, in which promiscuity is a central feature. In many cases, however, enzyme evolution is more complex than the models indicate, suggesting much is yet to be learned about selective pressures on enzyme function. A complete understanding of enzyme evolution must also explain the ability of metabolic networks to integrate new enzyme activities. Hidden within metabolic networks are underground metabolic pathways constructed from promiscuous activities. We discuss efforts to determine the diversity and pervasiveness of underground metabolism. Remarkably, several studies have discovered that some metabolic defects can be repaired via multiple underground routes. In prokaryotes, metabolic innovation is driven by connecting enzymes acquired by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) into the metabolic network. Thus, we end the review by discussing how the combination of promiscuity and HGT contribute to evolution of metabolism in prokaryotes. Future studies investigating the contribution of promiscuity to enzyme and metabolic evolution will need to integrate deeper probes into the influence of evolution on protein biophysics, enzymology, and metabolism with more complex and realistic evolutionary models.

Enzymes

lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), OSBS (EC 4.2.1.113), HisA (EC 5.3.1.16), TrpF, PriA (EC 5.3.1.24), R‐mandelonitrile lyase (EC 4.1.2.10), Maleylacetate reductase (EC 1.3.1.32).
Size of nested cities
Authors: Kung Fan‐chin
Published: December 2019

Models of cities based on conventional spatial market theory are unable to replicate a realistic size distribution. The stochastic process approach to size distribution, which assumes proportionate growth, does not provide an economic foundation for spatial trades. There is an apparent irreconcilability. We propose that since there is a continuum of equilibria in models of spatial markets with endogenous location, proportionate growth can work as equilibrium selection. We present computations for an urban configuration that has not been presented in the literature before. A small city locates inside a larger city's agricultural supply zone. This generates a larger variation in city size that may include a realistic size distribution.
Cellular mechanism for the improvement of multiple stress tolerance in brewer's yeast by potassium ion supplementation
Authors: Xu Yingchao , Yang Huirong , Brennan Charles S. , Coldea Teodora Emilia , Zhao Haifeng
Published: December 2019

The ethanol fermentation efficiency was affected by multiple stress tolerance of yeast during brewing and bioethanol industry. The effect of KCl on the multiple stress tolerance of yeast cells was examined. Results showed that KCl addition significantly enhanced the tolerance of yeast cells to osmotic and ethanol stress, which correlated with the decreased membrane permeability, the increased intracellular ergosterol and ATP content, and the improved activity of complex II and complex III in yeast cells. Biomass and viability of yeast cells under osmotic and ethanol stress were increased significantly by KCl addition. Supplementation of 4 and 10 g L−1 KCl exhibited the best promotion activity for yeast cells present in medium with 500 g L−1 sucrose and 10% (v v−1) ethanol, respectively. These results suggested that exogenous potassium addition might be an effective strategy to improve yeast tolerance and fermentation efficiency during industrial very‐high‐gravity (VHG) fermentation.
Are maternal mental disorders associated with children's oral health? A systematic review
Authors: Gomes Marcia Andreola Beber , Cademartori Mariana Gonzalez , Goettems Marília Leão , Azevedo Marina Sousa
Published: December 2019

Maternal mental problems may lead to a negative effect on children's oral health (COH). The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to answer the question: Are maternal mental disorders (MMD) associated with COH from zero to 12 years old? Electronic searches were performed in five databases with no language restriction. Cohort, case‐control, and cross‐sectional studies were included. A total of 1183 references were identified, and seven studies were included. In relation to MMD studies investigated: Common Mental Disorders (n = 2), Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) (n = 2), symptoms of depression (SD) (n = 3), Alcohol‐related diagnosis (n = 1), and symptoms of anxiety (n = 2). As outcome, the studies investigated dental caries (n = 5), gingivitis and periodontal diseases (n = 1), sleep bruxism (SB) (n = 1), and malocclusion (n = 1). Positive association was found between MDD and OH (SB and dental caries). There was no MMD associated with malocclusion. Alcohol‐related diagnosis showed a positive association with gingivitis and periodontal diseases and no association with dental caries; anxiety had a positive association with dental caries and no association with SB. The heterogeneity of the data precluded precise conclusions to be drawn, but MMD may have influence on COH.
Instillation negative pressure wound therapy: An effective approach for hardware salvage
Authors: Hehr Jason D. , Hodson Trevor S. , West Julie M. , Schulz Steven A. , Poteet Stephen J. , Chandawarkar Rajiv Y. , Valerio Ian L.
Published: December 2019

Wound infection involving hardware can be notoriously difficult to treat, often requiring the removal of the infected implant. The goal of this study was to determine the utility of instillation negative pressure wound therapy to help eradicate infection and allow for definitive wound closure in patients without removing the infected hardware. A retrospective review was performed on the outcomes of 28 patients who presented with open wounds with exposed or infected hardware and who were treated with a combination of surgical debridement and negative pressure wound therapy with instillation (NPWTi). Eleven patients were treated for infected spinal hardware, 12 for extremity, and 5 for sternal hardware. Twenty‐five of 28 (89%) patients had successful retention or replacement of hardware, with clearance of infection and healed wounds. Original hardware was maintained in 17 of 28 (61%) patients. In 11 patients, original hardware was removed, with subsequent replacement in eight of those patients after a clean wound was achieved. Average time to definitive closure was 12.6 days. Average follow‐up was 135 days. This series supports NPWTi as an effective adjunct therapy to help expeditiously eradicate hardware infection, allowing for hardware retention.
The Role of Inflation Target Adjustment in Stabilization Policy
Authors: EO YUNJONG , LIE DENNY
Published: December 2019

How and under what circumstances can adjusting the inflation target serve as a stabilization‐policy tool and contribute to welfare improvement? We answer these questions quantitatively with a standard New Keynesian model that includes cost‐push‐type shocks. Our proposed inflation target rule calls for the target to be adjusted in a persistent manner and in the opposite direction to the realization of a cost‐push shock, which is essentially a makeup strategy. The inflation target rule, combined with a Taylor‐type rule, significantly reduces inflation fluctuations originating from cost‐push shocks and mitigates the stabilization trade‐off, resulting in a similar level of welfare to that associated with the Ramsey optimal policy.
Positive impacts of changes to a tertiary hospital after‐hours endocrine and diabetes on‐call service
Authors: Biggin Andrew , Stewart Phoebe , Heels Kristine , Maguire Ann , Ambler Geoffrey R
Published: December 2019

Aim

To examine the impact of changes to the endocrine/diabetes after‐hours service model of care at a major tertiary children's hospital in Australia. The model aimed to enhance the independence of families and reduce dependency on after‐hours calls to health professionals.

Methods

The after‐hours activity was captured prospectively using an iPad with a customised FileMaker database. Data were collected for 9 months prior to and for 8 months after the implementation of a modified model of service. Questionnaires gathered information from endocrine junior medical officers (JMOs) and other hospital staff. Data on emergency department visits were analysed for presentations before and after the implementation of the service changes.

Results

Changes to the after‐hours service resulted in a significant reduction in median calls from 9 (range 0–39) to 2 (range 0–7) per shift. The number of shifts with no calls increased from 2 to 24% and the number of shifts with <3 calls increased from 8 to 60%. Disturbed nights (calls between 10 pm and 6 am) decreased from 75 to 29%. Junior medical officer experience was positive and there was no perceivable increase in workload from in‐hospital staff. The number of endocrine patients presenting to the emergency department did not change significantly following the implementation of the new after‐hours service.

Conclusion

This is the only Australian study to prospectively gather accurate on‐call data in order to elucidate the impact of changing a hospital's after‐hours endocrine/diabetes service to a model that enhanced family empowerment and independence. Historical 24‐h on‐call service models are not indispensable, and changes can improve sustainability without compromising patient care.
Hyperarousal captured in increased number of arousal events during pre‐REM periods in individuals with frequent nightmares
Authors: Blaskovich Borbála , Reicher Vivien , Gombos Ferenc , Spoormaker Victor I. , Simor Péter
Published: December 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate hyperarousal in individuals with frequent nightmares (NM participants) by calculating arousal events during nocturnal sleep. We hypothesized an increased number of arousals in NM participants compared with controls, especially during those periods where the probability of spontaneous arousal occurrence is already high, such as non‐rapid eye movement to rapid eye movement transitions (pre‐rapid eye movement periods). Twenty‐two NM participants and 23 control participants spent two consecutive nights in our sleep laboratory, monitored by polysomnography. Arousal number and arousal length were calculated only for the second night, for 10 min before rapid eye movement (pre‐rapid eye movement) and 10 min after rapid eye movement (post‐rapid eye movement) periods, as well as non‐rapid eye movement and rapid eye movement phases separately. Repeated‐measures ANOVA model testing revealed significant Group (NM participants, controls) × Phase (pre‐rapid eye movement, post‐rapid eye movement) interaction in case of the number of arousals. Furthermore, post hoc analysis showed a significantly increased number of arousals during pre‐rapid eye movement periods in NM participants, compared with controls, a difference that disappeared in post‐rapid eye movement periods. We propose that focusing the analyses of arousals specifically on state transitory periods offers a unique perspective into the fragile balance between the sleep‐promoting and arousal systems. This outlook revealed an increased number of arousals in NM participants, reflecting hyperarousal during pre‐rapid eye movement periods.
Spatio‐Temporal Dependence Measures for Bivariate AR(1) Models with α‐Stable Noise
Authors: Grzesiek Aleksandra , Sikora Grzegorz , Teuerle Marek , Wyłomańska Agnieszka
Published: December 2019

Many real phenomena exhibit non‐Gaussian behavior. The non‐Gaussianity is manifested by impulsive behavior of the real data that can be found in both one‐dimensional and multi‐dimensional cases. Especially the multi‐dimensional datasets with non‐Gaussian behavior pose substantial analysis challenges to scientists and statisticians. In this article, we analyze the bidimensional vector autoregressive (VAR) model based on general bidimensional α‐stable distribution. This time series can be applied in modeling bidimensional data with impulsive behavior. We focus on the description of the spatio‐temporal dependence for analyzed bidimensional time series which in the considered case cannot be expressed in the language of the classical cross‐covariance or cross‐correlation function. We propose a new cross measure based on the alternative measure of dependence adequate for infinite variance processes, namely cross‐covariation. This article is an extension of the authors' previous work where the cross‐codifference was considered as the spatio‐temporal measure of the components of VAR model based on sub‐Gaussian distribution. In this article, we demonstrate that cross‐codifference and cross‐covariation can give different information about the relationships between components of bidimensional VAR models.
Transcriptomic signatures of social experience during early development in a highly social cichlid fish
Authors: Nyman Cecilia , Hebert Francois Olivier , Bessert‐Nettelbeck Mathilde , Aubin‐Horth Nadia , Taborsky Barbara
Published: December 2019

The social environment encountered early during development can temporarily or permanently influence life history decisions and behaviour of individuals and correspondingly shape molecular pathways. In the highly social cichlid fish Neolamprologus pulcher, deprivation of brood care permanently affects social behaviour and alters the expression of stress axis genes in juveniles and adults. It is unclear when gene expression patterns change during early life depending on social experience, and which genes are involved. We compared brain gene expression of N. pulcher at two time points during the social experience phase when juveniles were reared either with or without brood care, and one time point shortly afterwards. We compared (a) whole transcriptomes and (b) expression of 79 genes related to stress regulation, in order to define a neurogenomic state of stress for each fish. At developmental day 75, that is, after the social experience phase, 43 genes were down‐regulated in fish having experienced social deprivation, while two genes involved in learning and memory and in post‐translational modifications of proteins (PTM), respectively, were up‐regulated. Down‐regulated genes were mainly associated with immunity, PTM and brain function. In contrast, during the experience phase no genes were differentially expressed when assessing the whole transcriptome. When focusing on the neurogenomic state associated with the stress response, we found that individuals from the two social treatments differed in how their brain gene expression profiles changed over developmental stages. Our results indicate that the early social environment influences the transcriptional activation in fish brains, both during and after an early social experience, possibly affecting plasticity, immune system function and stress axis regulation.
Biopsychosocial assessment and management of persistent orofacial pain
Authors: Penlington C. , Ohrbach R.
Published: December 2019

Persistent orofacial pain (OFP) presents as a range of conditions of complex aetiology which include interacting biological, psychological and social aspects. Biopsychosocial factors have an impact on the development, maintenance and severity of pain disorders as well as on their treatment. Since OFP is unlikely to be cured, given current knowledge, patients need to play an active role in using strategies to reduce their pain or the impact it has on their life. This is known as self‐management and provides a firm foundation for tailored medical management strategies. Biopsychosocial considerations have an important role in supporting successful self‐management. This review describes biopsychosocial factors that may be important to consider in routine care settings. Psychological factors that are known to affect outcome include anxiety and depression and, more specifically catastrophising and self‐efficacy. Research into pain management in other conditions also stresses the importance of psychological flexibility, the ability to respond in a helpful way even when this involves maintaining awareness of difficult feelings and thoughts. Patients' understanding of their pain, including beliefs about its meaning and how it should be managed is also important. Social factors include communication and relationship‐building in clinic, both of which are key. Outside the clinic, other social factors might compromise a patients’ ability to engage in treatment, and clinicians need to be alert to their possible presence. Suggestions are made for incorporating biopsychosocial principles into routine assessment and treatment and for deciding when specialist referral to psychology services might be required.
Dietary adaptations and palaeoecology of Lophialetidae (Mammalia, Tapiroidea) from the Eocene of the Erlian Basin, China: combined evidence from mesowear and stable isotope analyses
Authors: Gong Yanxin , Wang Yuanqing , Wang Yang , Mao Fangyuan , Bai Bin , Wang Haibing , Li Qian , Jin Xun , Wang Xu , Meng Jin
Published: December 2019

Lophialetidae is an extinct group of endemic Asiatic tapiroids that are widely distributed in the Eocene sediments of Asia. Schlosseria magister and Lophialetes expeditus are the most abundant species in this family. However, their dietary and ecological characteristics are largely unknown. For the first time, we reconstruct the palaeodiet and habitat of these two lophialetids using a combination of mesowear and stable carbon isotope analysis of fossil teeth excavated from the Erlian Basin, China. Mesowear analysis (n = 141) suggests that the dietary structure of S. magister and L. expeditus shifted from less to more abrasive diets from ~52 to ~42 Ma. Stable carbon isotope analysis (n = 137) suggests that the habitats of S. magister and L. expeditus became drier and/or more open through time. The dietary shifts of the two lophialetids are consistent with evident changes in habitat. The changes in the diet and habitat were probably related to global climate change during that time period. The gradual drop in global temperatures during the early–middle Eocene led to a drier and more open terrestrial ecosystem in the Erlian Basin, probably resulting in changes in floral composition of the environment inhabited by S. magister and L. expeditus. Hence, herbivores highly susceptible to vegetation modification had to develop new resource exploitation strategies to adapt to these changes. Schlosseria magister, considered to be the sister‐group of L. expeditus and with a low level of ecological flexibility, was unable to adapt to the habitat changes finally becoming extinct at ~45 Ma.
Age‐Related Absorption of the Human Lens in the Near‐Ultraviolet Range
Authors: Pajer Viktor , Rárosi Ferenc , Kolozsvári Lajos , Hopp Béla , Nógrádi Antal
Published: December 2019

The purpose of the present study was to determine the age dependence of the ultraviolet (UV) absorption of the different parts of the human crystalline lens. Cryostat sections of human cadaveric lenses (60 μm) were cut. The UV absorbance of nine samples, derived from different parts of the lens, was determined using a Shimadzu scanning spectrophotometer. The absorbance of the anterior and posterior lens capsules was measured separately. The absorption coefficients were calculated from the measured absorbance and values taken at 280 as well as at 360 nm were compared statistically. ANCOVA analysis of the values taken at 280 and at 360 nm wavelengths shows that correlation between the absorption coefficients and age can be found only in the case of the posterior layers. These results suggest a differential age‐dependent increase of the UV absorption of the posterior layers compared to the anterior ones and can be related to the differential protein expression in the anterior and posterior parts. Posterior crystalline lens capsules have higher absorption coefficients than the anterior ones regardless of age.
Mucinous lung adenocarcinoma, particularly referring to EGFR‐mutated mucinous adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wakejima Ryo , Inamura Kentaro , Ninomiya Hironori , Nagano Hiroko , Mun Mingyon , Okumura Sakae , Okubo Kenichi , Ishikawa Yuichi
Published: December 2019

The current 2015 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lung tumors does not adequately categorize mucinous lung adenocarcinoma. Thus far, only two variants of mucinous adenocarcinoma have been studied: invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma and colloid adenocarcinoma. Moreover, common types of invasive adenocarcinoma when they produce mucin are yet to be elucidated, particularly epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐mutated mucinous adenocarcinoma. In this study, we extracted mucinous adenocarcinoma of both the common types and the two variants. Further, we immunohistochemically and molecular‐biologically examined their clinicopathological characteristics, mutation patterns, and expressions of thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1), hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4 alpha (HNF‐4a) and mucins, particularly referring to EGFR‐mutated adenocarcinoma. Among 1159 surgically resected invasive adenocarcinomas, 189 mucinous adenocarcinomas (16%) were identified. Among these, 20%, 34% and 9.5% were EGFR mutated, KRAS mutated and ALK rearranged, respectively. Compared with EGFR‐mutated nonmucinous adenocarcinoma, EGFR‐mutated mucinous adenocarcinoma had no female predominance, lower grades of histological differentiation and lower TTF‐1 and higher HNF‐4a expressions. Moreover, for the first time, we indicated that mucin production was an independent prognostic factor for EGFR‐mutated adenocarcinomas and the mucin‐staining pattern of negative MUC5AC and positive MUC5B was characteristic in these adenocarcinomas. We suggest that EGFR‐mutated mucinous adenocarcinoma has a different tumorigenic pathway than nonmucinous EGFR‐mutated adenocarcinoma.
Abnormal functions of Leydig cells in crossbred cattle–yak showing infertility
Authors: Sato Yoko , Kuriwaki Ryota , Hagino Shiki , Shimazaki Megumi , Sambuu Rentsenkhand , Hirata Maki , Tanihara Fuminori , Takagi Mitsuhiro , Taniguchi Masayasu , Otoi Takeshige
Published: December 2019

In Mongolia, yak (Bos grunniens) are able to live in alpine areas and their products greatly influence the lives of the local people. Increased vigour in hybridized yak and cattle can offer benefits for livestock farmers. However, male hybrids show reproductive defects resulting from spermatogenesis arrest, affecting the conservation and maintenance of dominant traits in the next generation. The underlying mechanisms involved in hybrid cattle–yak infertility have recently been investigated; however, the genetic cause is still unclear. Androgens and androgen receptor (AR) signalling are required for spermatogenesis. We, therefore, evaluated the expression of AR, 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD) and 5α‐reductase 2 (SRD5A2) in Leydig cells to investigate their function in cattle–yak spermatogenesis. Testicular tissues from yaks (1–3 years old) and hybrids (F1–F3, 2 years old) were collected and subjected to immunohistochemistry and image analyses to investigate the expression of each parameter in the Leydig cells. After maturation at 2 years, the expression levels of AR increased and the levels of 3βHSD decreased, but the SRD5A2 levels remained constant in yak. However, the cattle–yak hybrid F2 showed immature testicular development and significantly different expression levels of AR and 3βHSD compared with mature yak. These results suggest that the decreased expression of AR and increased expression of 3βHSD in the Leydig cells of cattle–yak hybrid testes may represent one of the causes of infertility. Our study might help in solving the problem of infertility in crossbreeding.
The bilingual effects of linguistic distances on episodic memory and verbal fluency
Authors: Ljungberg Jessica K. , Elbe Pia , Sörman Daniel E.
Published: December 2019

The impact of linguistic distance or the relatedness between two languages, on bilinguals’ episodic memory performance and verbal fluency is an understudied area. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine if differences in linguistic distances have differential effects on these abilities. Measures of episodic recognition, categorical fluency, and global cognitive functioning were also considered in the analyses. Two matched samples with participants living and educated in Sweden were drawn from the Betula Prospective Cohort Study. Results showed that bilinguals who speak linguistically similar languages (Swedish and English), performed significantly better than monolinguals on both episodic memory recall and letter fluency, while bilinguals who speak two languages that are more distant (Swedish and Finnish), showed no advantages compared to their monolingual counterparts. For both tasks, however, a linear trend was observed indicative of better performance for the Swedish‐English group compared to the Finnish‐Swedish group, and for the Swedish‐Finnish group compared to the monolinguals group. As expected, no differences between groups were found in any of the other cognitive tasks. Overall, results suggest that the impact of linguistic distances should be explored in more detail in the future.
Prediction of Reynolds Number Effects on Low-Pressure Turbines Using a High-Order ILES Method
Authors: Bolinches-Gisbert M. , Robles David Cadrecha , Corral Roque , Gisbert Fernando
Published: December 2019

A comprehensive comparison between implicit large eddy simulations (ILES) and experimental results of a modern high-lift low-pressure turbine airfoil has been carried out for an array of Reynolds numbers (Re). Experimental data were obtained in a low-speed linear cascade at the Polytechnic University of Madrid using hot-wire anemometry and laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV). The numerical code is fourth-order accurate, both in time and space. The spatial discretization of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations is based on a high-order flux reconstruction approach while a fourth-order Runge–Kutta method is used to march in time the simulations. The losses, pressure coefficient distributions, and boundary layer and wake velocity profiles have been compared for an array of realistic Reynolds numbers. Moreover, boundary layer and wake velocity fluctuations are compared for the first time with experimental results. It is concluded that the accuracy of the numerical results is comparable to that of the experiments, especially for integral quantities such as the losses or exit angle. Turbulent fluctuations in the suction side boundary layer and the wakes are well predicted too. The elapsed time of the simulations is about 140 h on 40 graphics processor units. The numerical tool is integrated within an industrial design system and reuses pre- and post-processing tools previously developed for another kind of applications. The trend of the losses with the Reynolds number has a sub-critical regime, where the losses scale with Re−1, and a supercritical regime, where the losses scale with Re−1/2. This trend can be seen both in the simulations and in the experiments.
The Interaction of Frictional Slip and Adhesion for a Stiff Sphere on a Compliant Substrate
Authors: McMeeking R. M. , Ciavarella M. , Cricrì G. , Kim K.-S.
Published: December 2019

How friction affects adhesion is addressed. The problem is considered in the context of a very stiff sphere adhering to a compliant, isotropic, linear elastic substrate and experiencing adhesion and frictional slip relative to each other. The adhesion is considered to be driven by very large attractive tractions between the sphere and the substrate that can act only at very small distances between them. As a consequence, the adhesion behavior can be represented by the Johnson–Kendall–Roberts model, and this is assumed to prevail also when frictional slip is occurring. Frictional slip is considered to be resisted by a uniform, constant shear traction at the slipping interface, a model that is considered to be valid for small asperities and for compliant elastomers in contact with stiff material. A simple model for the interaction of friction and adhesion is utilized, in which some of the work done against frictional resistance is assumed to be stored reversibly. This behavior is considered to arise from surface microstructures associated with frictional slip such as interface dislocations, where these microstructures store some elastic strain energy in a reversible manner. When it is assumed that a fixed fraction of the work done against friction is stored reversibly, we obtain good agreement with data.
Plastic Strain Threshold Determination for White Layer Formation in Hard Turning of AISI 52100 Steel Using Micro-Grid Technique and Finite Element Simulations
Authors: Nie Guang-Chao , Zhang Ke , Outeiro Jose , Caruso Serafino , Umbrello Domenico , Ding Han , Zhang Xiao-Ming
Published: December 2019

White layer (WL) formation in metal cutting is generally found to have negative effects on the corrosion and fatigue life of machined components. Nowadays, the mechanism of the WL formation has not been understood very well, especially about the contribution of the thermal and mechanical loadings generated by the cutting process on WL formation. The relationship between subsurface plastic strain caused by mechanical loadings and the formation of WLs is of our concern. To address this issue, WL formation in hard turning of AISI 52100 under dry and cryogenic cooling conditions is investigated by subsurface plastic strain measurement using the micro-grid technique, observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Due to the considerable low temperature, WL is mainly generated by the mechanical effect rather than the thermal one, and this hypothesis is supported by physically based finite element method (FEM) simulations. From the investigations, we discover the existing plastic strain threshold, which governs the occurrence of WL in hard turning of AISI 52100 steel under cryogenic cooling conditions.
Repair/Replacement Activities for Nuclear Power Plant Items
Authors: Swayne Richard W.
Published: December 2019

This chapter addresses the requirements of IWA-4000 for repair/replacement (R/R) activities for nuclear power plant items. It examines the background of these R/R activities, notes some of the changes in R/R activity requirements since the original 1970 Edition, and reviews in detail the requirements in IWA-4000 in the 2015 Edition of Section XI of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The discussion of the scope and applicability of Section XI R/R activities is informative to both new and longtime users. The chapter discusses the alternative requirements for small items, which is described in IWA-4131.1 and covers the requirements for items that are rotated from stock and for those involving mechanical clamping devices. It describes the responsibilities of two organizations, identified in IWA-4000, that may perform R/R activities: the Owner and the R/R Organization. The chapter explains the content of the R/R program and the R/R plan and discusses three additional general requirements included in IWA-4000: verification of acceptability, inspection by an Authorized Inspection Agency, and documentation. The new provisions that have been added in IWA-4200, such as provisions for addition of new systems, and improved and expanded provisions for reconciliation of Construction Codes and Owner’s Requirements, are also described. The chapter includes numerous Code Interpretations and Code Cases to help clarify and implement R/R activities. It looks at the design provisions that were added in the new Subarticle IWA-4300. The chapter details the changes and addenda made to IWA-4400 in the area of welding, brazing, metal removal/defect removal, fabrication, and installation and explains the specific requirements of IWA-4400. It discusses the examination and pressure testing requirements provided by IWA-4500 as part of the R/R activity. The chapter also provides a general overview of the alternative, specialized welding methods mentioned in IWA-4600.
ASME Section III Division 4 Fusion Energy Devices Code Rules
Authors: Sowder William K.
Published: December 2019

The specific application of fusion for the future is power generation since, via appropriate plant design, fusion offers the potential to be a clean alternative to nuclear fission. This chapter provides insight into the current and new approaches for fusion energy being used today. These include experimental facilities, new fusion construction projects, and the next-generation fusion facilities. Within the ASME Section III organizational structure there is a Sub-Group “Fusion Energy Devices” (FED), whose charter is to develop the rules for the construction of fusion components. The fusion code rule development is focused on two basic Fusion Device Concepts: Magnetic Confinement Fusion (MCF) (the Tokamak) and Inertial Confinement Fusion, which is primarily laser fusion. The major systems that can make up a typical Tokamak system may include magnets (TF coils, PF coils, central solenoid coils, corrections coils, etc.), target chamber, vacuum vessel, in-vessel coil systems, in-vessel components (such as blanket, divertor, etc.), cryostat, vacuum vessel (VV) over-pressure suppression system, thermal shields, and machine support structure. In order to efficiently develop these new fusion code rules, a Division 4 Fusion Energy Device Roadmap was developed to guide in the development of these Fusion Energy Device Code Rules. This roadmap will help focus committee resources on all areas of the proposed new rules for development, as well as providing project management to this development effort. A phased approach is being used to develop the FED Codes Rules, which includes activities related to developing the direction and concepts for the new Section III, Division 4 Code Rules.
History, Philosophy, & Background of Section III, & Development of ASME Code Rules for Nuclear Vessels
Authors: Rao K. R.
Published: December 2019

The rules for the construction of Section III are based on the design and construction rules in Section VIII of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. This chapter identifies that the ASME Section III Nuclear Code is completely compatible with Sections I and VIII. Before the Nuclear Code was published, Code Cases for Sections I and VIII were written for the first nuclear plants in the early 1950s. In 1959, the Code Case book addressed nuclear installations as follows: General Requirements for Nuclear Vessels 1270N; Safety Devices 1271N; Containment and Intermediate Containment Vessels 1272N; Nuclear Reactor Vessels and Primary Vessels 1273N; and Special Material Requirements 1274N. The explanations of these original Code Cases are given in the chapter. The chapter briefly discusses the three types of pressure vessels addressed in Section III, namely, N-131 Class A Vessels, N-132 Class B Vessels, and N-133 Class C Vessels, covering the aspects of design, materials, and inspection, among others. It presents a brief note on the changes made to Section III in the 1971 edition. The chapter also presents an appendix providing information on the five Code Cases in the form of inquiries and replies. It covers the original Commentaries for Section III and Section VIII, Division 2, which is based on Section III reactor pressure vessel rules with the same design factor 3.
Section III: Subsections NC and ND—Class 2 and 3 Components
Authors: Basavaraju Chakrapani , Lambin Jason
Published: December 2019

This chapter addresses unique features of pressure vessels and atmospheric and 0–15 psi flat bottom storage tanks, as presented in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Components, Division 1, Subsections NC (Class 2) and ND (Class 3) Components. Emphasis is directed at discussing the generic design issues of flat bottom tanks. Subsections NC and ND are a combination of rules and requirements taken from Section III, Subsection NB and Section VIII. In addressing the Articles of Subsections NC and ND, the chapter presents comparisons, the most probable source of origin of the Code requirements, certain insights as well as contradictions that seem to exist, and the specific source document and some of the underlying theory. The chapter begins with a discussion on the material selection and qualification requirements as defined in NC-2000 AND ND-2000. It then describes the requirements for fabrication and installation, including forming, cutting, and aligning. In addition, the chapter outlines the requirements for nondestructive examination of NC for vessels and sidewall of tanks. It also discusses the requirements for hydrostatic testing and overpressure and vacuum protection of 0–15 psi tanks and atmospheric tanks. The rules governing nameplates, stamping, and data reports are then presented. Finally, the chapter provides a summary of changes made to the various editions of this Code.

History

John Hechmer was the original author of this chapter that was authored by Greg L. Hollinger for the second edition and David P. Jones for the third edition. The fourth edition is authored by David P. Jones and Chakrapani Basavaraju.

Chakrapani Basavaraju edited the fifth and sixth editions. The current online edition has been updated by Chakrapani Basavaraju and Jason Lambin.
Māori Indigeneity and the Ontological Turn in Ethnography
Authors: Webster Steven
Published: December 2019

This essay proposes an understanding of commodity fetishism that can mediate between divergent understandings of Māori indigeneity in a politically progressive way. To do this, an account of the Māori concept of whakapapa in terms of a recursive ontology is held up to a critique of such ontological turns in ethnography. The comparison shows that both approaches pursue ethnographic understanding in terms of a paradoxical relationship between creativity and politics. It is argued that the actual convergence of these apparently divergent ethnographic approaches places them, like postmodernist ethnographic forms developed since the 1980s, in the prolonged but still promising historical materialist critique of surrealism begun in the 1920s by the modernist avant-garde.
Understanding Pacific Island Well-Being Perspectives Through Samoan and Tongan Material Cultural Adaptations and Spatial Behaviour in Auckland and Brisbane
Authors: Faleolo Ruth
Published: December 2019

The aim of this paper is to discuss the tangible links that exist between Pacific Island well-being perspectives and their material culture. We can gain a better understanding of Pacific Island well-being perspectives through the analysis of Samoan and Tongan material cultural adaptations and how people interact with these via spatial behaviour, as observed in Auckland and Brisbane. This paper analyses a collection of images that capture evidence of six different types of material cultural adaptations that infer on, and reference spatial behaviours. Preliminary findings have been drawn from a wider-scale research project conducted during 2015–2018, that has explored Pacific Island TransTasman migrants’ perspectives of well-being. This inquiry process has revealed significant links between Pacific Island traditions and adaptations in Pacific diaspora contexts.
Precarity and Improvisation: Challenges and Strategies in Filipino Labour Migration
Authors: Lennox Amie L.
Published: December 2019

Migration is a dominant economic strategy in the Philippines, but migrants often struggle to overcome challenges and achieve the success that they hope for. Although much has been written about the precarity of migrant labour in the global economy, the struggles that migrants go through to access, maintain, and benefit from migrant labour has been less frequently explored. In the Philippines, the government’s active role in facilitating labour outmigration means that migration is legitimised but also regulated, where migration is actively encouraged but potential migrants must meet multiple criteria and demands to access overseas opportunities. The purpose of this article is to explore the difficulties that Filipino migrants face when trying to access, maintain and benefit from labour migration. As part of my fieldwork in Mindanao, the Philippines, I conducted life-narrative interviews with Filipinos who had worked overseas. In this article, I explore the migration process for two migrants and their families in the Philippines. The challenges that they have faced demonstrate where the moments of exclusion from the official migration process demand individual, improvised strategies to enter or re-enter the migrant labour structures. I argue that the ease and normality of migrants’ detachments from official migrant narratives demonstrate the precarity of Filipino migrants and their often-tenuous hold to the promise of successful labour migration.
Between Coercion and Improvisation: The Case of Irregularised Migrants in Transit Across Mexico
Authors: López Marín Bernardo , Lenti Gianmaria
Published: December 2019

People who emigrate from their home countries, in Central America and beyond, by venturing across Mexico in unauthorised journeys engage in a constant ‘improvisation of life’ characterised by violence, danger and uncertainty. Multiple and interconnected forces frequently coerce these people to leave their countries behind and embark on travel that excludes them from any possibility to migrate legally or to seek refugee status abroad.
When the migratory path begins, these individuals abandon their ordinary lifestyles and are compelled to improvise themselves as irregularised migrants, while they have to struggle for survival and endure the dangers and vicissitudes of the journey, in order to come closer to their goals and objectives. At the time of becoming ‘irregularised,’ transit migrants enter a terrain characterised by precariousness, which makes them even more vulnerable to abuse and adverse realities. Among the cases of violence that characterise the marginalised territories of trans-Mexican routes, migrants in transit keep on improvising life within the context of death, and by creating strategies that alleviate the journeys’ vicissitudes, they manage to endure the escalation of governmental oppression and withstand the social consequences which epitomise this humanitarian crisis.
Sanjha Punjab – United Punjab: Exploring Composite Culture in a New Zealand Punjabi Film Documentary
Authors: Brown Pulu Teena J , Mukhtar Asim , Singh Harminder
Published: December 2019

This paper examines the third author’s positionality as the researcher and storyteller of a PhD documentary film that will be shot in New Zealand, Pakistan, and North India. Adapting insights from writings on Punjab’s composite culture, the film will begin by framing the Christchurch massacre at two mosques on 15 March 2019 as an emotional trigger for bridging Punjabi migrant communities in South Auckland, prompting them to reimagine a pre-partition setting of “Sanjha Punjab” (United Punjab). Asim Mukhtar’s identity as a Punjabi Muslim from Pakistan connects him to the Punjabi Sikhs of North India. We use Asim’s words, experiences, and diary to explore how his insider role as a member of these communities positions him as the subject of his research. His subjectivity and identity then become sense-making tools for validating Sanjha Punjab as an enduring storyboard of Punjabi social memory and history that can be recorded in this documentary film.
Weaving Together: Aroha as Capacity and Work
Authors: Wardell Susan
Published: December 2019

This essay, pitched at a general (non-academic) audience, won the Maxim
Institute Essay Competition in July 2019. It responded to a brief asking entrants to address the role of aroha and manaakitanga as frameworks for New Zealand’s long-term policy and cultural response to the Christchurch Mosque attack. The essay is presented below, with added (theoretical, methodological, pedagogical, and applied) discussion questions for social anthropologists and cultural theorists to consider, at the end.