bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UPAYA PENGGUNAAN PERANGKAT MULTIMEDIA DALAM MENINGKATKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA-SISWI KELAS VIII PADA MATA PELAJARAN SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM DI MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH AL-MU’IN KOTA TANGERANG
Authors: Guntur Ajiz
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThe problem raised in this study is how to use multimedia tools to increase student motivation in class VIII MTs Al Mu'in Tangerang City in the subject of Islamic cultural history. While the purpose of this study is to find out how to use multimedia devices, choose multimedia devices, and assess the effectiveness of using multimedia devices in the learning process, related to school efforts in increasing the learning motivation of students in the classroom. The method used in this research is to use the observation method, interview method, and documentation method. Meanwhile, to analyze the results of this study, qualitative descriptive analysis is used which consists of three activities, namely data collection as well as data reduction, data presentation and conclusions or verification. It is known that the use of multimedia devices at Mts Al-Mu'in Tangerang City in increasing learning motivation is by means of teachers using and combining methods of lectures, discussions, and the use of multimedia devices in the form of projectors, videos, and visual media even though the use of multimedia devices at MTs Al -Mu'in at this point is not so significant because of the limitations of the multimedia device itself.
PROGRAM EMOTIONAL SPIRITUAL ACHIEVEMENT (ESA) DALAM MEMBENTUK POLA PIKIR SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI KOTA TANGERANG SELATAN
Authors: Kurniyati Ety , Basyit Abdul
Published: September 2021

This study aims to describe the implementation of the Emotional Spiritual Achievement (ESA) Program in shaping students' mindsets towards Islamic Religious Education. The results of this study are expected to provide solutions for schools, in realizing a good education with good morals and good character. This research was conducted using qualitative methods with observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. The data that has been collected is analyzed through data reduction, data display, data validity and conclusions. This study shows that: 1) The Emotional Spiritual Achievement (ESA) program is very important to be followed and implemented by schools. 2) The role of Islamic Religious Education teachers is very important for the development of emotional and spiritual intelligence of students in schools. 3) The role of Islamic Religious Education teachers in developing the Emotional Spiritual Achievement (ESA) Program has been very good so that it can produce good output and character.
POLÍTICA EDUCACIONAL NO ÂMBITO DA LEI 10639/2003/: CAMINHO PARA DESCONSTRUÇÃO DA INTOLERÂNCIA RELIGIOSA NO CURRICULO OFICIAL NA E.M.E.F CORONEL RAIMUNDO LEÃO NO MUNICÍPIO DE CAMETÁ-PARÁ
Authors: da Silva Barbosa Catiacilene
Published: September 2021

Este artigo analisa a importância da política educacional no âmbito da Lei nº 10639/2003. como caminho de desconstrução da intolerância religiosa no currículo escolar na Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Coronel Raimundo Leão no município de Cametá, cidade localizada na região nordeste do Estado do Pará. A pesquisa fez uso do método misto, com desenho delineamento sequencial transformador, tendo o enfoque Misto direcionado pelo alcance exploratório seguido do analítico. Neste contexto, faremos uma breve trajetória da Lei 10639/03, bem como sua adaptação no currículo escolar e por fim discutiremos sobre intolerância religiosa no espaço escolar. Os resultados da pesquisa apontam que a implementação da política pública educacional, lei 10639/2003, não ocorreu do modo satisfatório para a adaptação do currículo oficial, contribuindo com um resultado insignificativo para a desconstrução da intolerância religiosa na E.M.E.F Coronel Raimundo Leão no município de Cametá.
TUGAS RESUME PENGANTAR EKONOMI
Authors: hasbi Nur isbaeni
Published: September 2021

Tugas Resume Pengantar Ekonomi Isbaeni hasbi
Who is afraid of more women in politics, and why? An analysis of public opinion in 28 European countries
Authors: Toshkov Dimiter , Cretti Giulia
Published: September 2021

We study how individual and country-level variables interact in affecting political gender attitudes in Europe. Based on data from the 2017 Eurobarometer survey, we show that there are high levels of support for more women in politics and legal measures to achieve gender parity across the EU. In fact, more people, and women in particular, put higher trust in female compared to male political representatives than the other way round. We find that – at the individual level – gender, age and education have significant effects on political gender attitudes. Contrary to theory, however, the effect of gender is not mediated by beliefs about the proper role of women in politics and society. We also do not find support for the contextual effects of masculine culture and the religiosity of society, but we do uncover significant gaps in political gender attitudes between post-communist and other countries, especially for men. This gap is very significant in size and declines only marginally with the age of the respondent. Our study identifies men in post-communist countries as the group least likely to trust female politicians and support gender parity in politics in Europe. These attitudes are at least partly independent from stereotypes about gender roles.
resume materi konsep ilmu ekonomi
Authors: MEGA ANGGI JUMADILLA
Published: September 2021

resume konsep ilmu ekonomi
Farewell, Neuroinformatics!
Authors: Ascoli Giorgio , Kennedy David N. , De Schutter Erik
Published: September 2021

The founding Editors-in-Chief of the journal Neuroinformatics, which debuted in 2001, bid farewell to the Neuroinformatics community as the publisher seeks new directions and leadership. Some highlights of the past 20 years of the journal are highlighted.
Resume materi dan konsep ilmu ekonomi
Authors: Hastuti
Published: September 2021

Ilmu ekonomi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari bagaimana perilaku manusia dalam memanfaatkan SDM
resume materi konsep ilmu ekonomi
Authors: ismail.a eka fadilla silvia
Published: September 2021

tugas resume ilmu ekonomi
MEMAHAMI KONSEP EKONOMI BY MUHAMMAD ROYYAN
Authors: royyan muhammad
Published: September 2021

untuk apa mempelajari ilmu ekonomi tersebut?. Kita harus mempelajari ilmu ekonomi ini karena adanya “masalah” ilmu ekonomi lahir dari suatu masalah yang terjadi ditengah kehidupan masyarakat ini. Masalah itu adalah “kelangkaan” Kelangkaan yang dimaksud adalah dimana kebutuhan manusia itu tak terbatas sedangkan alat pemuasnya itu terbatas . seberapa banyak pun alat pemuas yang diciptakan itu tak akan bisa memenuhi 100% kebutuhan manusia yang tak terbatas itu. Dari kelangkaan inilah ilmu ekonomi hadir untuk mengatur kebutuhan guna mencapai kemakmuran manusia. Berikut adalah macam-macam jenis kebutuhan dan alat pemuas dalam kehidupan manusia.
KONSEP DASAR ILMU EKONOMI
Authors: Wahida Alfani
Published: September 2021

Seseorang baru dapat memperoleh sumber daya setelah mengeluarkan berbagai pengorbanan,
Resume Ilmu Ekonomi
Authors: Mubarik Urwal
Published: September 2021

Resume Ilmu Ekonomi _ Urwal mubarik
Trust in Institutions, Not in Political Leaders, Determines Covid-19 Public Health Compliance in Societies across the Globe
Authors: Badman Ryan , Wang Ace X. , Skrodzki Martin , Cho Hengchin , Aguilar-Lleyda David , Shiono Naoko , Yoo Seng Bum Michael , Chiang Yen-Sheng , Akaishi Rei
Published: September 2021

A core assumption often heard in public health discourse is that increasing trust in national political leaders is essential for securing public health compliance during crises like the Covid-19 pandemic (2019-ongoing). However, studies of national government trust typically are too coarse-grained to differentiate between trust in institutions versus more interpersonal trust in political leaders. Here, we present multiscale trust measurements for twelve countries and territories across the West, Oceania and East Asia. These trust results were used to identify which specific domains of government and social trust were most crucial for securing public health compliance (frequency of mask wearing and social distancing) and understanding the reasons for following the health measures (belief in effectiveness of public health measures). Through the use of linear regression and structural equation modeling, our cross-cultural survey-based analysis (N=3369 subjects) revealed that higher trust in national and local public health institutions were a universally consistent predictor of public health compliance, while trust in national political leaders was not predictive of compliance across cultures and geographical regions. Institutional trust was mediated by multiple types of transparency, including providing rationale, securing public feedback, and honestly expressing uncertainty. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing between components of government trust, to better understand which entities the public gives the most attention to during crises.
A cultural evolutionary behavior genetics will need a more sophisticated conceptualization of cultural traits
Authors: Syed Moin , Nguyen Phuong Linh Le
Published: September 2021

A framework that brings together cultural perspectives and behavior genetics has long been needed. To be successful, however, we need sophistication in the conceptualization of culture. Here, we highlight three imperatives to this end: the need for a clear definition of cultural traits, inclusion of the role of societal power, and recognizing the distinction between traits and characteristic adaptations.
Love vs. money: Understanding unique challenges in care workers’ labor organizing
Authors: Flores-Robles Grace , Gantman Ana P.
Published: September 2021

Care work pays less than it should, given the characteristics of the jobs and the qualifications of its workers (England et al., 2002). Care workers also face unique challenges as they organize for better working conditions, including better pay, because they do not want to threaten to withhold care from those in their charge (England, 2005). We propose that care workers face an additional challenge in organizing because, for some observers, it highlights that care workers are paid to care. To investigate this question, we examine how people respond to the organizing efforts of care workers through the lens of the Sacred Values Protection Model (SVPM; Tetlock et al., 2000). According to the SVPM, there are certain values that people assume to be sacred and unquestionable (e.g., love, justice). When we are forced to consider pitting a sacred value, like love, against a secular one, like money, the tradeoff is seen as taboo. As a result, people react with outrage, and the desire to see those who have engaged in the taboo tradeoff reaffirm the sacred value. In this chapter, we will argue that people’s opposition to care workers’ labor organizing can be partly explained by how much they view engaging in care work as trading love for money. For some, care work may be perceived as a taboo tradeoff, blurring the divide between activities performed out of love and those performed for pay. We suggest that labor organizing can inadvertently highlight this tension.
Psychometric validation of the Polish version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire
Authors: Gasiorowska Agata , Glomb Kaja , Kesebir Pelin
Published: September 2021

In five studies, we document the validity of the Polish version of the Emotional Style Questionnaire (ESQ)—a 24-item self-report measure that captures how people vary across six dimensions that make up a healthy emotional life. Study 1 provides support for the proposed factorial structure of the Polish version of the scale. Study 2 demonstrates the equivalence of the Polish and English versions of the scale. Study 3 confirms the adequacy of the factorial structure in another sample and shows that construct validity for each of the six subscales is similar to that of the original scale. In Study 4, we demonstrate excellent test-retest reliability of the scale across an interval of two months. In Study 5 we investigate measurement invariance across the Polish and American samples and demonstrate that Poles are characterized by lower scores on healthy emotionality and its dimensions than Americans. We conclude that the Polish version of ESQ is a psychometrically valid and easily implementable measurement tool that can be applied in clinical and research settings to measure healthy emotionality and its components.
The Limited Benefits of Using Virtual Reality 360-videos to Promote Empathy and Charitable Giving
Authors: Martingano Alison Jane , Konrath Sara , Brown Adam , Henrtize Evan
Published: September 2021

Nonprofits have embraced virtual reality (VR), however, scientific evidence supporting its effectiveness for social good often uses poor experimental methodology, and finds inconsistent results. We conduct a rigorous randomized control trial testing whether 360-degree video virtual reality increases empathy and charitable donations. Participants (N=155) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: 1) Classic VR: 360-degree footage of child refugees, 2) Boost VR: the same, but with perspective-taking instructions, 3) Audiobook: a control condition with the same information about child refugees but in text format, or 4) Waiting Room: another control condition with a 360-degree view of a waiting room. Although the Classic and Boost VR conditions increased emotional empathy compared to controls, they did not improve cognitive empathy more than the audiobook. Moreover, any empathic gains were mostly extinguished after 10 days. Critically, the Classic and Boost VR conditions did not influence charitable donations to a relevant charity (UNICEF).
Uncertainty makes me emotional: Uncertainty as an elicitor and modulator of emotional states
Authors: Morriss Jayne , Tupitsa Emma , Dodd Helen Frances , Hirsch Colette
Published: September 2021

Uncertainty and emotion are an inevitable part of everyday life and play a vital role in mental health. Yet, our understanding of how uncertainty and emotion interact is limited. Here, an online survey was conducted (n = 231) to examine whether uncertainty evokes and modulates a range of negative and positive emotions. The data show that uncertainty is predominantly associated with negative emotional states such as fear/anxiety. However, uncertainty was also found to modulate a variety of other negative (i.e. sadness/upset, anger/frustration, confusion) and positive (i.e. surprise/interest and excited/enthusiastic) emotional states, depending on the valence of an anticipated outcome (i.e. negative, positive) and the sub parameter of uncertainty (i.e. risk and ambiguity). Uncertainty increased the intensity of negative emotional states and decreased the intensity of positive emotional states. These findings support prior research suggesting that uncertainty is aversive and associated with negative emotional states such as fear and anxiety. However, the findings also revealed that uncertainty is involved in eliciting and modulating a wide array of emotional phenomena beyond fear and anxiety. This study highlights an opportunity for further study of how uncertainty and emotion interactions are conceptualised generally and in relation to mental health.
Abstraction in Archaeological Stratigraphy: a Pyrenean Lineage of Innovation (late 19th-early 21th century)
Authors: Plutniak Sébastien
Published: September 2021

Methodological innovations have a special status in disciplinary histories, because they can be widely adopted and anonymised. In the 1950s, this occurred to Georges Laplace’s innovative use of 3-dimensional metric Cartesian coordinate system to record the positions of archaeological objects. This paper proposes a conceptual and social history of this process, with a focus on its spatial context, the Pyrenean region (Spain, Basque Country, and France). Main results of this research based on archives, publications, and bibliometric data, include: 1) a critical discussion of the notions concerning authorship of such methodological innovations; 2) a presentation of the lesser-known aspects of Laplace’s method, showing its contribution to the abstraction and formalisation of archaeological observations and data recording; and 3) the identification of an international Pyrenean intellectual lineage of innovation regarding stratigraphy and excavation methods, from the late 19th century to the early 21th century.
Poprawne vs. właściwe użycia języka. Uwagi w kontekście Słownika właściwych użyć języka
Authors: Zdunkiewicz-Jedynak Dorota
Published: September 2021

The author proposes that the notion of correctness would be replaced with the notion of proper language use. In this approach, the linguistic element (meaning, form, structure) is assessed in a specific statement, in given communicative circumstances, and not in isolation – in an absolute manner. In practice, in ortho-epic dictionaries, this aspect is actually omitted or the decisions on this issue are sometimes arbitrary, and as a result, the assessment is universal (without being dependent on the context). In the light of the avail-able representative text samples, we are able today to precisely define the scope of possible limitations in the occurrence of words, their meanings, structures, forms and combinations. The role of a linguist who popu-larizes the culture of language is to describe the aforementioned limitations as precisely as possible, by build-ing their profile (stylistic, chronological, environmental, domain, politeness, etc.).
Morfoskładnia w Słowniku właściwych użyć języka
Authors: Gębka-Wolak Małgorzata , Moroz Andrzej
Published: September 2021

This article outlines the theoretical basis of describing morphosyntactic problems in The Dictionary of Proper Uses of Language. The main point was to 1) show the principles of the reference grammatical model and 2) to describe the main phases of the procedure of language facts evaluation. In the first case, we refer to the dependency syntax model, which reflects the relationships between the elements of syntactic structures through assigning them to a specific type of binding. In the second case, in contrast to the traditional nor-mative model, the importance of the frequency of the specific syntactic structures is much more underlined. Ultimately, the combination of prevalence and frequency of language elements allows for constructing an objective assessment procedure.
Norma językowa jako fakt społeczny fundowany na uzusie. Uwagi w kontekście Słownika właściwych użyć języka
Authors: Liberek Jarosław
Published: September 2021

The prescriptive approach has been prevalent in discussions about the linguistic norm for many decades. Many linguists question the primacy of social custom and make many arbitrary changes to establish the subjective form of the norm. In connection with the planned The Dictionary of Proper Uses of Languagethe author of the article presents the best structuralist traditions and calls for research on the linguistic norm which is based on descriptive methods. It is necessary to completely break away from all manifestations of arbitrariness and subjectivity in contemporary prescriptive linguistics. The fundamental premise that the linguistic norm is a fact based on usus must be reflected in relevant procedures aimed at analyzing corpora consisting of millions of words. Such an approach will make it possible to establish a model that comprises more than just individual language uses. As far as dictionary definitions are concerned, the most frequent, widespread and thus typical linguistic units should be primarily considered to be normative. Typicality, determined by frequency, as well as textual, social and territorial conditions, is the most important category.
Sosialisasi Program Seksi Ketentraman Dan Ketertiban Kepada Masyarakat Di Kecamatan Lubuk Pakam Kabupaten Deli Serdang Untuk Menunjang Program Pemerintah Daerah
Authors: Kurniaty Evi Yunita , Muda Indra , Batubara Bebby Masitho , Jamil Bahrum , Suharyanto Agung
Published: September 2021

Community service activities are one of the activities that aim to assist the government in realizing a stable condition of peace and order in society that will encourage the creation of national stability which will ensure the smooth running of governance and the implementation of national development. The problems raised in this service are: (1) How is the existence of the Peace and Order Section in supporting local government programs in the Lubuk Pakam District, Deli Serdang Regency, (2) What efforts are made by the Peace and Order Section in carrying out their duties? the main tasks and functions, (3) What are the obstacles and obstacles faced by the Section for Peace and Order and how to overcome them. The results of this service show that the main tasks and functions of the Section for Peace and Order play an important role in assisting the main tasks of the Camat and Regional Heads ( Regent) in enforcing and implementing local government programs in the field of public peace and order at the sub-district level. One of them is to carry out routine patrol activities from morning, afternoon, to evening alternately. The efforts made and the obstacles faced and how to overcome them are divided into several fields, namely: the field of institutions, the field of networking, the field of counseling, the field of operations, the field of action, and ending with the field of routine anticipation.
Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Untuk Meningkatkan Partisipasi Masyarakat dan Good governance Tingkat Desa Di Desa Aras Kabu Deli Serdang
Authors: Adam Adam , Siregar Nina Siti Salmaniah , Matondang Armansyah , Angelia Nina , Lubis Yurial Arief
Published: September 2021

Community service activities are one of the activities that aim to assist the government in improving Good Government. Community participation is still very low in implementing the principles of good government. Yet society is a very important part of these principles. Because the role of the community is still very low, community service is held in the form of counseling and socialization about the importance of community participation in improving good government. To realize a civil society, good governance is needed, both at the center and at the local level so that they can work well together so that the goals desired by the community are carried out, and this is not the task of the central government alone but the government under it starting from the village government and local government. that is what we know as the implications of village autonomy. The village community is expected to become a useful community, especially in the process of administering government (at the village level in particular). Because the participation of the village community is a real embodiment of Good governance. This kind of society will be solid and actively participate in determining various government policies. In addition, this kind of society will also carry out an effective supervisory function in the implementation of government administration. If the community is not yet effective in front of the government and there are still many social problems in it such as conflict and group anarchism, it is very unlikely that Good governance can be implemented.
Development of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Model Based on HOTS Problems for the Topic of Ratio
Authors: Rahmawati Rahmawati , Ranti Mayang Gadih
Published: September 2021

Learning using Realistic Mathematics Education is a breakthrough in mathematics learning. A difficulty in implementation of PMRI on learning is there are no adequate learning resources or learning media which facilitate PMRI Implementation on learning. This research is aim to develop a PMRI learning pack on ratio topic which consist of Model Book, Teacher’s Book, Student’s Book, Lesson Plan, Worksheets and Evaluation sheets. The product was developed using Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) problems to support students ability to solve problems and develop student’s thinking abillity. Development model used was Plomp Model. From research results we find that the product was valid, practice, and effective. Validation results show that the validation score was 4,19. The practically was obtained by the consistency of practically evaluation scores from expert and learning observation results. The effectiveness was obtained by four indicators, namely: 1) 80% of 35 students gain high or very high score, 2) percentage average of students and teachers activities gain ideal tolerance time, 3) 92,5 % of students give a positive response on learning, and 4) Teacher’s capability to manage to learn good category.

Keywords: development, Realistic mathematics education, ratio
Etnomathematics: Batik Activities In Tancep Batik
Authors: Wahyudi Heru , Widodo Sri Adi , Setiana Dafid Slamet , Irfan Muhammad
Published: September 2021

This study aims to examine the ethnomathematics of batik activity in the Batik Tancep Gunungkidul artwork as contextual mathematics learning. This research is a type of qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. The data was obtained in the form of qualitative data, research data sources obtained through observation, interviews, documentation. The instrument in this study was the researcher himself. Data collection is done by participant observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The validity of the data is done by triangulation of data collection techniques and then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. Data analysis is reduced based on Bishop's mathematical fundamental activities. The results of data analysis are then explored in mathematical aspects. The results of the study found mathematical aspects of the area of flat wake area, congruence and congruence of flat wake, comparison, translation, multiplication of count numbers, and volume of curved side space. The results of the study show that the batik activity in the Batik Tancep Gunungkidul artwork is one of the real events that can be raised into contextual mathematics learning.

Keywords: Ethnomatematics, Tancep Batik, Contextual Mathematics Learning
Developing A Learning Media on Limit of Algebraic Functions by Using Google Forms
Authors: Afiah Neni Rifatul , Pujiastuti Heni
Published: September 2021

The objective of the research is to develop a valid and practical learning media using google forms for material on the limit of algebraic functions. The type of research is Research and Development (R & D) using the ADDIE model in the process of developing a learning media. The ADDIE model development procedure is Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation in validation results of development research involved six students at SMAN 11 Pandeglang and six teachers who are media experts and material experts. The results of this study are (1) Produce mathematics learning media using google forms with good qualifications on the material limit of algebraic functions, (2) Media expert assessments of well-qualified learning media products, and (3) Average results of validation by students on media products with good qualifications.

Keywords: learning media, e-learning, google forms, limits of algebraic functions.
A Critical Analysis of Neurological Theories on Empathy in Healthcare
Authors: Gustafsson Ylva
Published: September 2021

Some employ neurological theories of empathy to train medical students and to explain why care work is emotionally exhausting. I argue, however, that these theories develop conceptual and methodological confusion that creates a reductive and misdirected focus in patient-centered care. Neurological theories on empathy do not help us understand patient-centered care, nor do they help us understand why care work can be exhausting. By discussing examples of care work, I argue that empathic attentiveness to patients is a dialogical ethical response to the whole person and takes place in daily care settings of working, helping, and responding to each other.
Chronic pain: The Canadian Armed Forces members and Veterans mental health follow-up survey
Authors: Perera Essence , Thompson James M. , Asmundson Gordon J.G. , El-Gabalawy Renée , Afifi Tracie O. , Sareen Jitender , Bolton Shay-Lee
Published: September 2021

LAY SUMMARY

Chronic pain is pain that has lasted three to six months or longer. Many people with back pain, migraines, arthritis, and gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, have chronic pain. The experience of chronic pain may have various negative effects on individuals. Pain may prevent a person from doing everyday tasks such as household chores. Chronic pain is an understudied area of research among military members and Veterans. Thus, the authors explored chronic pain in the Canadian military population. This study looked at the differences in chronic pain conditions among serving personnel and Veterans. The results show that a majority of serving members and Veterans experience chronic pain conditions. Veterans also reported experiencing more chronic pain than serving members.
The Effects of Secondary Phases on the Characteristics of Diffusion-Induced Functional Surface Treatments
Authors: Huang Yanjun , Ohta Makoto , Pederson Tara , Milligan Orit (Baron)
Published: September 2021

Secondary phases in the microstructure of cast alloys can greatly increase the complexity of functional film development, particularly when film growth is induced by diffusion. This paper examines the effect of secondary phases on the diffusion behaviors of aluminum, oxygen, and nitrogen, each of which plays an important role in the formation of functional films on cast aluminum and gray cast iron alloys. In general, a fine and evenly distributed phase morphology improves the uniformity of functional films regardless of whether the secondary phase accelerates or delays mass transfer during diffusion.
Advanced CFC Fixture Applications: Their Scientific Challenges and Economic Benefits
Authors: Demmel Jorg
Published: September 2021

Carbon fiber reinforced carbon is a high-tech ceramic matrix composite consisting of very strong carbon fibers in a carbon matrix. This paper discusses the capabilities of carbon-carbon composites and their potential for use in fixtures and racks that support workpieces during heat treating operations.
What You Need to Know About Industry 4.0 in Heat Treating—The Benefits and Challenges
Authors: Winter Karl-Michael
Published: September 2021

The concept and political initiatives in support of Industry 4.0 have been a hot topic on the agenda of major industry events for several years. And as a result, today we are seeing a range of products and services to meet these needs. But what is the hype about Industry 4.0? Do current available approaches deliver what they promise? What has lived on from the original hype of Industry 4.0 from its starting point in 2011?. As Industry 4.0 has evolved, so too has our understanding of it over time. In politics, digitization has become the measure of all things. However, in its application to the theory, some promises regarding the potential of the digital revolution have disappeared. In the manufacturing sector specifically, there is more uncertainty as to how Industry 4.0 can be truly implemented on the factory floor.
The Influence of Nitrogen versus Hydrogen Diluting Gas on the Compound Layer Phase Formation during Ammonia Gas Nitriding of Iron and Low Alloy Steel
Authors: Osterman Virginia M. , Jordan Donald F.
Published: September 2021

The Lehrer diagram often serves as a guide for selecting gas mixtures for nitriding alloy steels, but it is only accurate for ammonia gas nitriding processes when hydrogen is used as the diluting gas. This paper presents the results of a study showing that the use of pure nitrogen as a diluent has a marked effect on the phase boundary lines of the standard Lehrer diagram, essentially shifting them to the left. The paper also includes examples showing where the use of nitrogen is advantageous and where it is not.
Low Pressure Carbonitriding of Steel Alloys with Boron and Niobium Additions
Authors: Costa Larissa Vilela , Findley Kip O. , Lelong Vincent
Published: September 2021

Low pressure carbonitriding (LPCN) has the potential to improve the impact and fatigue strength of steel components through the enrichment of nitrogen and the effect of carburizing at higher temperatures. The work described in this paper investigates the influence of boron on the LPCN response of 20MnCr5 steel and the effect of niobium on that of 8620. LPCN treatments were developed to achieve a surface hardness of ~700 HV and case depth of 0.65-0.75 mm in four alloys: 20MnCr5, 20MnCr5 + B, 8620, and 8620 + Nb. The hardness and case microstructure of treated and quenched test samples are correlated with bending fatigue measured in Brugger fatigue specimens, which simulate the root of a gear tooth.
Investigation of Quenchants Based on Sodium Aqueous Ionic Solutions
Authors: Zordão Luis Henrique Pizetta , Canale Lauralice de C. F. , Totten George E.
Published: September 2021

This work investigates the cooling performance of different salt solutions and quench bath parameters. The results show that increasing quenchant temperature can stabilize the vapor film, while the presence of various additives and the use of agitation can hasten its collapse. Ionic solutions containing NaCl, Na2SO4, NaOH, and NaNO2 were found to inhibit the vapor blanket at 35°C and improve cooling power. Adding salt-forming solutions promoted a more homogeneous cooling with high values of heat flux over most of the cooling cycle.
Taguchi Design for Heat Treatment of Rene 65 Components
Authors: Katsari Christina Maria , Yue Stephen , Wessman Andrew
Published: September 2021

Rene 65 is a nickel-based superalloy used in aerospace components such as turbine blades and disks. The microstructure in the as-received condition of the superalloy consists of about 40% volume fraction of gamma prime precipitates, which is so strong that thermomechanical processing is problematic. The aim of this work is to find a heat treatment to reduce hardness for manufacturing purposes without changing grain size in the final application. For the design of the heat treatments, Taguchi’s L8 matrix is used and the factors that are examined include cooling rate, hold temperature, hold time, and cooling method to room temperature.
Optimization of Interfacial Energy for Langer-Schwartz Based Precipitation Simulations
Authors: Sarich Conner , Hope Adam , Rule Jim
Published: September 2021

The work presented in this paper addresses a data gap that continues to be a hinderance to users of precipitation modeling tools, particularly those based on Langer-Schwartz theory. Thermodynamic and kinetic data required for precipitation models can be obtained from CALPHAD databases, but interfacial energies between the bulk and precipitate phases are not available for many alloy systems. In this work, a number of matrix-precipitate interfacial energies have been determined for influential precipitates in alloys of industrial importance, for example, carbides in Grade 22 low-alloy steels, delta phase in Ni 625 and 718, S-phase in Al 2024, and Q’ and β’’ in Al 6111.
A Multi-Method Analysis of Carburized Materials: Accurately Measuring the Carbon Gradient and Comparisons to Physical Characteristics
Authors: Metz Allen C. , Coulston Dave B. , Storey Andrew P. , Allen Lloyd A.
Published: September 2021

Carburization is a common method of hardening steel surfaces to be wear-resistant for a wide range of mechanical processes. One critical characteristic of the carburization process is the increase in carbon content that leads to the formation of martensite in the surface layer. Combustion and spark-OES are two common methods for determination of carbon in steels. However, these techniques do not effectively separate carbon from near surface contaminants, carburized layers, and base material composition. Careful consideration of glow discharge spectroscopy as a method of precisely characterizing carbon concentration in surface layers as part of a production process should be evaluated in terms of how the resulting data align with other common analytical and metallurgical measurements. When used together, glow discharge spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and microhardness testing are all useful, complementary techniques for characterizing the elemental composition, visually observable changes in material composition, and changes in surface hardness throughout the hardened case, respectively. Close agreement between related measurements can be used to support the use of each of these techniques as part of a strong quality program for heat treatment facilities.
The Effects of Thermal History on Toughness of Ni-Based Corrosion Resistant Alloys During In-Situ Hydrogen Charging
Authors: Kent Michelle , Findley Kip
Published: September 2021

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility was investigated for Alloy 718 and Alloy 945X specimens heat treated to a set of conditions within the specifications of API Standard 6ACRA. Heat treatments were selected to simulate the potential variation in thermal history in thick sections of bar or forged products and produce various amounts of discontinuous grain boundary δ phase in Alloy 718 and M23C6 carbides in Alloy 945X, while maintaining a constant hardness in the range of 35-45 HRC for Alloy 718 and 34-42 HRC for Alloy 945X. Time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams and experimentation were used to select a set of heat treatments containing no δ phase, a small quantity of δ, and a larger quantity of δ in Alloy 718. The presence of δ phase has not been verified for the moderate condition. A similar approach was taken regarding M23C6 carbides in Alloy 945X. Incremental step loading (ISL) tests were conducted under in-situ cathodic charging on circular notch tensile (CNT) specimens in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution. During the test, the direct current potential drop (DCPD) was measured across the notch to determine the stress intensity associated with unstable crack growth. Results indicate that even very small quantities of δ phase in Alloy 718 are detrimental to HE resistance. Both Alloy 718 and Alloy 945X show decreases in HE resistance with aging, with a greater degradation in Alloy 718.
A Brief Review on Validation for Heat Treatment Simulation
Authors: Arimoto Kyozo
Published: September 2021

Heat treatment simulation has progressed to the point where commercial software is widely available, and validations of simulation functions using experimental results have played a big role in getting here. For this reason, the author presents a number of validation cases and explains what relatively simple experiments can reveal about the complex phenomena of heat treating. In the case of validating basic functions, such as heat transfer and phase transformation, the author uses experimental results of the inverse hardening of quenched steel cylinders. When validating software at the stage where stress and strain functions are added, the author uses measurement data corresponding to length and diameter changes and residual stress distributions in normally quenched steel cylinders. Other cases presented include the validation of curving in long specimens cooled unevenly and the validation of distortions and residual stresses in carburized and quenched, induction hardened and nitrided steels.
Optimizing Heat Treat Processes Through State-of-the-Art Metal Cleaning Capabilities
Authors: Lukowski Stefan , Onken Michael
Published: September 2021

Metal cleaning has the potential to make or break heat treat processes. However, many heat treat companies are struggling with common cleaning challenges, including residual contaminations leading to insufficient hardening/nitriding/brazing results; surface stains on the finished products; inconsistent cleaning process as well as high cleaning costs due to high consumption of cleaning agent. In addition, burned oil can cause increased maintenance costs of the equipment and contaminate the facilities. The decision for a cleaning agent or sustainable cleaning technology has become more and more important under the aspect of current legislative efforts by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the US. This paper discusses the underlying causes behind these challenges and explains key factors fundamental to ensuring high-quality metal cleaning in terms of consistency, reliability and sustainability. Furthermore, it will introduce legally compliant, state-of-the-art cleaning capabilities such as closed vacuum cleaning technology with solvent, also known as airless system, the combined (two-step) process of solvent and water in one machine; as well as a simple one-process step with two solvent based media. The theoretical principles will be further illustrated through a joint study with HEMO GmbH (HEMO), a manufacturer of cleaning machines, on cleaning trials based on different metals and contaminations.
Effect of Thermomechanical Rolling of the Induction Hardenability of a Micro-Alloyed 1045 Steel
Authors: Cryderman Robert , Bamrud Finn
Published: September 2021

A micro-alloyed 1045 steel was commercially rolled into 54 mm diameter bars by conventional hot rolling at 1000 °C and by lower temperature thermomechanical rolling at 800 °C. The lower rolling temperature refined the ferrite-pearlite microstructure and influenced the microstructural response to rapid heating at 200 °C·s-1, a rate that is commonly encountered during single shot induction heating for case hardening. Specimens of both materials were rapidly heated to increasing temperatures in a dilatometer to determine the Ac1 and Ac3 transformation temperatures. Microscopy was used to characterize the dissolution of ferrite and cementite. Continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams were developed for rapid austenitizing temperatures 25 °C above the Ac3 determined by dilatometry. Dilatometry and microstructure evaluation along with hardness tests showed that thermomechanical rolling reduced the austenite grain size and lowered the heating temperature needed to dissolve the ferrite. With complete austenitization at 25 °C above the Ac3 there was little effect on the CCT behavior.
Hydrogen Embrittlement Resistance of High Strength 9260 Bar Steel Heat Treated by Quenching and Partitioning
Authors: Hoyt E. , De Moor E. , Findley K.O.
Published: September 2021

The influence of microstructure on hydrogen embrittlement of high strength steels for fastener applications is explored in this study. Space limiting applications in areas such as the automotive or agricultural industries provide a need for higher strength fasteners. Albeit, hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility typically increases with strength. Using a 9260 steel alloy, the influence of retained austenite volume fraction in a martensitic matrix was evaluated with microstructures generated via quenching and partitioning. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess the influence of retained austenite in the matrix with different quenching parameters. The quench temperatures varied from 160 °C up to 220 °C, and a constant partitioning temperature of 290 °C was employed for all quench and partitioned conditions. The target hardness for all testing conditions was 52-54 HRC. Slow strain rate tensile testing was conducted with cathodic hydrogen pre-charging that introduced a hydrogen concentration of 1.0-1.5 ppm to evaluate hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of these various microstructures. The retained austenite volume fraction and carbon content varied with the initial quench temperature. Additionally, the lowest initial quench temperature employed, which had the highest austenite carbon content, had the greatest hydrogen embrittlement resistance for a hydrogen concentration level of 1.0-1.5 ppm.
Fatigue Performance of Low Pressure Carbonitrided 20MnCr5 and SAE 8620 Steel Alloys
Authors: Vilela Costa Larissa , Lelong Vincent , Beauchesne Dennis , Cryderman Robert L. , Findley Kip O.
Published: September 2021

Low pressure carbonitriding and pressurized gas quenching heat treatments were conducted on four steel alloys. Bending fatigue tests were performed, and the highest endurance limit was attained by 20MnCr5+B, followed by 20MnCr5, SAE 8620+Nb, and SAE 8620. The differences in fatigue endurance limit occurred despite similar case depths and surface hardness between alloys. Low magnitude tensile residual stresses were measured near the surface in all conditions. Additionally, nonmartensitic transformation products (NMTPs) were observed to various extents near the surface. However, there were no differences in retained austenite profiles, and retained austenite was mostly stable against deformation-induced transformation to martensite during fatigue testing, contrasting some studies on carburized steels. The results suggest that the observed difference in fatigue lives is due to differences in chemical composition and prior austenite grain size. Alloys containing B and Nb had refined prior austenite grain sizes compared to their counterparts in each alloy class.
Vacuum Carburizing in a Pit Furnace: A 21st Century Solution to Large Component Case Hardening
Authors: Marteeny Don , Korecki Maciej , Brewka-Stanulewicz Agnieszka
Published: September 2021

Low pressure carburizing (LPC) is a proven, robust case hardening process whose potential is only limited by the style and size of vacuum furnace. Today, LPC is typically used in horizontal vacuum furnaces where the opportunity to carburize large parts is limited. In this paper we present a new adaptation of the technology in large pit type vacuum furnaces, capable of opening to air at elevated temperature. This underscores the potential of LPC to carburize larger, more massive parts in a clean, effective and efficient process. The result is quality casehardened parts without the undesirable side effects of atmosphere gas carburizing such as the use of a flammable atmosphere, reduced CO and NOx emissions, no intergranular oxidation, and limited retort life. Another significant advantage is decreased process time. The case study presented here shows that eliminating furnace conditioning and increasing process temperature can significantly reduce cycle durations by nearly three times and cut utility costs in half. Under these conditions, a return on investment (ROI) is in the neighborhood of 1 – 2 years is possible, making LPC in a pit style furnace a cost-effective solution than traditional atmosphere gas carburizing technologies.
Inter-row plant spacing effects on grain and fodder yields, growth performance, digestibility and manure quality of sheep
Authors: Adda K.J. , Addah W. , Rahman N. Abdul , McAllister T.A.
Published: September 2021

In Ghana, peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) grain and fodder serve as important sources of protein for human and livestock nutrition, respectively. Experiments were conducted in four farming communities to determine the effects of planting annual peanut at four inter-row spacings of 30, 45, 65 and 75 cm on grain and fodder yields (experiment I), growth performance and manure quality (experiment II), and in situ digestibility (experiment III) of Djallonké sheep fed fodder from these plant spacings. Planting peanut at 30 cm inter-row spacing dually increased grain and fodder yields compared to planting at 60, and 75 cm. Peanut fodder from 30 cm inter-row spacing also had comparatively higher concentration of crude protein and lower concentrations of acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin, resulting in significant improvements in dry matter digestibility at 48 h and superior average daily weight gain of sheep. The concentration of N excreted in the manure of sheep fed the 30 cm fodder was greater than those fed peanut grown at 60, and 75 cm inter-row spacing. Planting peanut at an inter-row spacing of 30 cm therefore gave dual benefits of increasing grain and fodder yields as well as increasing the digestibility and growth performance of sheep fed peanut fodder as a supplementary diet to natural pasture for 70 days. Higher concentration of N in the manure of sheep fed 30 cm fodder could have additional benefits of improving soil fertility in smallholder farming systems where inorganic fertilizers are expensive and inaccessible to farmers.