bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XXV.—A Surface Integral and Symmetric Functions.
Authors: Jack Henry
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

In a previous paper (Jack 1970, § 5) the pre-zonal polynomials were defined by the surface integral (1) below. In that paper they were evaluated using a series of differential type operators acting on the sums of powers of the roots of a matrix.

The present paper, although it is a continuation of Jack (1970), is self-contained and consists of three parts. The first part, §§ 3–7, shows how the pre-zonal polynomials may be calculated, certainly for low degree, using only the first of the differential operators. The next part, §§ 8–11, is devoted to establishing various recurrence relations between the pre-zonal polynomials and to conjecturing similar recurrence relations between the zonal polynomials (James 1964, p. 478). In the final part, §§ 12–14 the pre-zonal polynomials are evaluated directly from the integral (1) below, in terms of the augmented monomial symmetric functions.
2.—The Proportional Counter as a Position-Sensitive Device.
Authors: Braid T. H.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The location of the trajectory of a charged nuclear particle can be determined by a number of devices whose operation depends on characteristics of gas counters operated in the region of proportional energy response. Such devices have advantages in precision, speed or available size over other types of position-sensitive counters. The events may be located by observing pulses on one of a set of closely spaced anode wires in a common gas volume, by measuring the drift time of primary electrons to a particular anode wire, or by determining the location of an electron avalanche along the length of a single anode. The operation of the different types of systems and the factors affecting their precision are described. Precision to less than 1 mm can be obtained in a number of ways,
4.—Search for Branching in the β+ Decay of the 42Sc Ground State
Authors: Burcham W. E. , Murray G. , Robinson D. C. , Freeman J. M. , Jenkin J. G.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A search was made for branching to the 1–84 MeV state of 42Ca in the 42Sc ground state decay. This was found to be less than 0·02 per cent. The branching has a negligible effect on the calculation of the vector coupling constant Gv for the weak interaction from the 42Sc decay.
8.—The Temperature Dependence of Localised Magnons
Authors: Cowley R. A.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The temperature dependence of the properties of magnetic crystals containing defects is calculated with a simple linear chain model. The model enables the spin deviations caused by the impurity to be treated throughout the whole crystal instead of being restricted to the neighbourhood of the defect as in other recent theories. The results are in qualitative agreement with experimental results and suggest that stable spin clusters may be found surrounding each defect above Tc. The approximations used in other theories are shown to be suspect above 0·5 Tc.
14.—Ground State Rotational Bands in 158Dy, 160Dy and 162Dy
Authors: Ewan G. T. , Andersson G. I.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Levels in the ground state bands of 158Dy, 160Dy and 162Dy have been populated by (α, 2n) reactions on metallic targets of separated 156Gd, 158Gd and 160Gd isotopes. Two Ge(Li) detectors were used to study singles gamma-ray spectra, gamma-ray angular distributions, gamma-gamma coincidence spectra and relative yields of gamma-rays for bombarding energies from 20 to 27 MeV. Transitions from all levels in the ground state bands up to the 12+ member were identified and the following level energies in keV established: 158Dy: 0 (0+), 99·0 (2+), 317·4 (4+), 637·9 (6+), 1044·1 (8+), 1520·1 (10+) and 2049·4 (12+); 160Dy: 0 (0+), 86·7 (2+), 283·7 (4+), 581·4 (6+), 967·4 (8+), 1429·0 (10+), 1951·7 (12+); 162Dy: 0 (0+), 80·7 (2+), 265·7 (4+), 548·5 (6+), 921·1 (8+), 1374·8 (10+) and 1901·0 (12+). There is weak evidence for the 14+ levels in 158Dy and 160Dy. The level energies are compared with calculated values using the variable moment of inertia model.
19.—Classical Electromagnetism—How should One Teach It Today?
Authors: Kemmer N.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The author maintains that a course in the classical theory of the electromagnetic field, with full exploitation of vector calculus methods, should be thought of as being as much of a basic essential in any physics honours course as is a course on classical mechanics. It is suggested that if the mathematical techniques are taught in a way that relates them directly to the central notions of field theory and avoids discussion of special techniques, the mathematical burden is sufficiently light to be borne by all physics students, not only those theoretically inclined. The course need not be of excessive length if it is understood as exclusively an introduction to field concepts and hence not to cover in any detail the electric and magnetic property of materials. A number of particular ideas arising from the author's teaching experience are discussed.
23.—Coincidence Studies of 144Pr with an X-ray Detector
Authors: Mishra R. K. , Richardson H. O. W. , Thomas R. N. , Thomas R. V.
Published: July 2016

Norman Feather was one of the first physicists to realise the power of the coincidence method for elucidating nuclear level schemes. He observed coincidences occurring during the sensitive time of a Wilson cloud chamber in the 1920s. This note reports an application of some recent advances in coincidence technique in an attempt to set upper limits to the intensities of some unconfirmed γ-rays of 144Pr, which are indicated by broken lines in text-fig. 1.
5.—Separation of Variables (An Abstract Approach)
Authors: Eldin Salah , Mohammed A.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

For a certain class of operators in the direct product of two Hilbert spaces, two problems are solved: the inhomogeneous operator equation, and the eigenvalue problem. Illustrative examples are given.
21.—Asymptotic Evaluation of Certain Integral Formulae for Ellipsoidal Wave Functions
Authors: Hargrave B. A. , Sleeman B. D.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Although integral equations and relations for ellipsoidal wave functions have been known for some time, it had previously been impossible to obtain asymptotic estimates for these integrals, with large wave parameter, as the available asymptotic expansions for the integrand were non-uniform. However, uniform asymptotic expansions have recently been calculated for the functions occurring in the integrand, and these expansions are now used to determine asymptotic expansions for ellipsoidal wave functions of the third kind. A different type of normalisation is proposed for ellipsoidal wave functions and this is compared with previous normalisations by evaluating asymptotically a double integral.
23.—Weak Continuity Properties of Mappings and Semigroups
Authors: Ball J. M.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The relationship between weak and sequential weak continuity for mappings between Banach spaces and semigroups on Banach space is studied.
II.—The Effect of Concentration on the Terminal Fall Velocity of Particles in Suspension
Authors: Thorpe Hugh Rankin
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The paper describes an investigation of the terminal velocity of uniformly dispersed particles of various shapes, sizes and densities falling through water.

It is concluded that for concentrations above 0–5 per cent by weight, the suspension as a whole behaves as though it were viscous even though the individual particles lie well outside the Stokes range. The shape of the particles has a significant effect only when the concentration is less than 0·5 per cent, and for concentrations between 0·5 and 7·0 per cent, the relative changes in velocity of descent are adequately described for a range of particle shapes from highly angular to spherical and for sizes at least up to 0·65 mm. nominal diameter, by the power series

in which U is the velocity of the suspension, U0 that of a single particle, d the nominal diameter (i.e. that of a sphere having the same volume) and s the mean spacing of the particles.

If the concentration is lower than 4 per cent, the equation may be assumed linear in (d/s) without serious error.
IV.—The Stress in the Vicinity of an Infinite Row of Collinear Cracks in an Elastic Body
Authors: Sneddon I. N. , Srivastav R. P.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The distribution of stress in the neighbourhood of an infinite row of collinear cracks in an elastic body is calculated for general distributions of internal pressure. The case in which each of the cracks is opened out by the same constant pressure is considered in detail; the variation with the ratio of the width of the crack to the distance between two cracks of quantities of physical interest is shown in a series of diagrams.
29.—Fine-structure in the Mass-yield Curve for Binary Fission—A Possible Secondary Effect
Authors: Feather N.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The recent suggestion (Feather 1974) that the short-range α-particles of fission are emitted predominantly from post-neutron-emission fragments in the mass-number range 140 to 145 is shown to have implications in relation to the fine-structure of the mass-yield curve. An examination of the mass-yield curves of Unik et al. (1973) discloses, in many of them, a fine-structure feature of the type predicted.
31.—Dubreil-Jacotin Inverse Semigroups.
Authors: Blyth T. S.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

In this paper we determine the structure of some new types of ordered inverse semigroup in which the ordering need not be the natural ordering. In particular, we generalise some results of McFadden and O'Carroll onF-inverse semigroups.
V.—On Certain Classes of Linear Algebras of Genus One
Authors: Patterson E. M.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A result proved elsewhere concerning the structure of linear algebras of genus one is used (i) to classify Jordan algebras of genus one, and (ii) to obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for an algebra of genus one to be simple. The class of simple Jordan algebras of genus one and dimension not less than 4 over an algebraically closed field is shown to coincide with the class of simple Jordan algebras of degree two.
4.—An Algorithm for the Construction of all Disconjugate Operators.
Authors: Zettl Anton
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A differential operator (1) Ly = y(n) + an-1(t)y(n-1) +…+ao(t)y is said to be disconjugate on an interval I if every non-trivial solution of Ly = 0 has less than n zeros on I, multiple zeros being counted according to their multiplicity. An algorithm for the construction of disconjugate operators of type (1) is given here. All such operators are obtained at least in the case when the interval I is open or compact.
3.—A Note on Projective Modules
Authors: Smith P. F.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

For various classes of right noetherian rings it is shown that projective right modules are either finitely generated or free.
XVI.—The Synthesis of 1, 6-Naphthyridine
Authors: Ferrier B. M. , Campbell Neil
Published: July 2016

The synthesis of 1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-1, 6-naphthyridine and 1, 6-naphthyridine is described and the ultra-violet spectra of these and related substances are discussed.
The evolution of general intelligence
Authors: Burkart Judith M. , Schubiger Michèle N. , van Schaik Carel P.
Published: July 2016

The presence of general intelligence poses a major evolutionary puzzle, which has led to increased interest in its presence in nonhuman animals. The aim of this review is to critically evaluate this question and to explore the implications for current theories about the evolution of cognition. We first review domain-general and domain-specific accounts of human cognition in order to situate attempts to identify general intelligence in nonhuman animals. Recent studies are consistent with the presence of general intelligence in mammals (rodents and primates). However, the interpretation of a psychometricgfactor as general intelligence needs to be validated, in particular in primates, and we propose a range of such tests. We then evaluate the implications of general intelligence in nonhuman animals for current theories about its evolution and find support for the cultural intelligence approach, which stresses the critical importance of social inputs during the ontogenetic construction of survival-relevant skills. The presence of general intelligence in nonhumans implies that modular abilities can arise in two ways, primarily through automatic development with fixed content and secondarily through learning and automatization with more variable content. The currently best-supported model, for humans and nonhuman vertebrates alike, thus construes the mind as a mix of skills based on primary and secondary modules. The relative importance of these two components is expected to vary widely among species, and we formulate tests to quantify their strength.
A Group of Political Tracts, 1621–1623, By Richard Verstegan
Authors: Allison A. F.
Published: July 2016

IN AN ARTICLE on Joseph Creswell S. J. published in this periodical in 1979,’ I referred, in the section dealing with Creswell's activities as editor of books intended for the English mission, to a group of anonymous tracts which I said were written by the Catholic layman, Richard Verstegan. As these tracts had never before been claimed for Verstegan, such a statement clearly required justification. The article had already grown very long, however, and the question of the authorship of the tracts was only incidental to my main theme. I decided to publish the evidence for Verstegan in a separate article rather than try to cram it into an extended note. My object now is to redeem the pledge made in Note 202 of my earlier article.
‘Incarnate Rogues and Vile Jacobites’: Silvertop V. Cotesworth, 1718–1723
Authors: Gooch L.
Published: July 2016

THE PERPETUAL Curate of Allendale, an active participant in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715 who later turned king's evidence, said of William, fourth Lord Widdrington, a leading rebel, ‘it had been happy for him, and so we thought would have been better for us, if he had stayed at home’.’ The comment referred both to Widdrington's military incompetence and to the ruin of his house consequent upon his attainder. For Widdrington was one of the wealthiest Northumbrian Catholics, with estates in Lincolnshire, Northumberland and Durham, none of which was heavily mortgaged or encumbered with major debt, as so many northern Catholic estates were. Moreover, his estates at Stella and Winlaton (in the north-west Durham parish of Ryton) incorporated coal-bearing lands which were ripe for development. The shallow coal seams in Whickham and Gateshead, east of Ryton, were virtually worked out and, in order to satisfy the increasingly demanding London market, northern coal-owners were about to extend operations. Widdrington's estate in north-west Durham lay in the middle of the expanding coalfield and would undoubtedly yield substantial profits. As a result of his involvement in the, ‘Fifteen, however, Widdrington forfeited what was described by an acquisitive coal-owning competitor as this ‘very improvable estate’, and, of course, any future profits its coal-mines might earn. Widdrington was fortunate, even so, in having agents in Durham who were prepared to do all in their power to ensure that he did not lose everything. Albert Silvertop and Joseph Dunn, fellow-Catholics and experienced colliery managers (or ‘viewers’), rightly supposed that whoever took over the Stella estate would work quickly to exhaust its coal reserves before the property could be restored, for the entailed estate would revert to Widdrington's heir at his death. Silvertop and Dunn therefore embarked on a remarkable campaign to deprive the new ownership of the benefits the estate promised. The struggle that ensued was long, and often bloody; it became a trial of strength between the powerful coal magnates and independent entrepreneurs, but it also developed into a contest between Protestants and Catholics in which the Catholics were conspicuous for their aggression in defence of their property and reckless in their defiance of possible repercussions under the penal laws.
Some remarks on a paper by W. N. Everitt
Authors: Daho K. , Langer H.
Published: July 2016

Everitt has shown [1[, that for α ∊ [0, π/2] the undernoted problem (1.1–2) with an indefinite weight function r can be represented by a selfadjoint operator in a suitable Hilbert space. This result is extended to arbitrary α ∊ [0, π), replacing the Hilbert space in some cases by a Pontrjagin space with index one. The problem is also treated in the Krein space generated by the weight function r.
Perfect Dubreil-Jacotin semigroups
Authors: Blyth T. S.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

We determine a set of conditions that are necessary and sufficient for an ordered regular semigroup to be a perfect Dubreil-Jacotin semigroup; and a necessary and sufficient condition for a perfect Dubreil-Jacotin semigroup to be orthodox.
The number of subgroups of given index in the modular group
Authors: Stothers W. W.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

A new formula is obtained for the number of subgroups of given index in the modular group. The formula is used to prove a recent conjecture on the parity of the number of subgroups.
An estimate of harmonic measure in Ṟd, d ≧ 2
Authors: Essén Matts
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Let D be an open connected subset of the open unit ball in Ṟd, d ≧ 2. We give an estimate of the harmonic measure of ∂D∩{|x| = 1} with respect to D. This estimate depends in a simple way on the geometry of D. An essential tool is a rearrangement theorem for differential inequalities. When d = 2, examples are given which illustrate the precision of the results.
5.—Qualitative Aspects of the Spatial Deformation of Non-linearly Elastic Rods.
Authors: Antman Stuart S. , Jordan Kathleen B.
Published: July 2016

In this article we examine the qualitative behaviour of non-planar equilibrium states ofnon-linearly elastic rods subject to terminal loads. In our geometrically exact theory, a rod is endowed with enough geometric structure for it to undergo flexure, torsion, axial extension, and shear. The constitutive equations give appropriate stress resultants and couples as non-linear functions of appropriate strains. These constitutive relations must meet minimal conditions ensuring that they be physically reasonable. It turns out that the equilibrium states of such a rod are governed by a boundary value problem for a quasilinear fifteenth-order system of ordinary differential equations.
14.—A Generalised Walsh-Lebesgue Theorem
Authors: O'Farrell A. G.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Let X be the boundary of a compact set which does not separate the plane, C. Let Φ and Ψ be homeomorphisms of C to C with opposite orientations. Then every continuous complex-valued function on X is the uniform limit on X of sums p(Φ)+q(ψ), where p and q are analytic polynomials.
10.—An Abstract Relation for Multiparameter Eigenvalue Problems
Authors: Källström A. , Sleeman B. D.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Consider the multiparameter system

where ut is an element of a separable Hilbert space Hi, i = 1, …, n. The operators Sij are assumed to be bounded symmetric operators in Hi and Ai is assumed self-adjoint. In addition consider the operator equation

where B is densely defined and closed in a separable Hilbert space H and Tj, j = 1, …, n is a bounded operator in H. The problem treated in this paper is to seek an expression for a solution v of (**) in terms of the eigenfunctions of the system (*).
17.—A New Class of Bessel Function Inequality useful for investigating the Roots of a Class of Transcendental Equation involving Bessel Functions
Authors: Rawlins A. D. , Jones D. S.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The paper derives some new Bessel function inequalities These are used to determine conditions for the absence of roots of the transcendental equation F(z)Zv(z)+Zv′(z) = 0, where Zv(z) is a Bessel function, in certain regions of the v and z-plane
22.—A Critical Class of Examples concerning the Integrable-square Classification of Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Everitt W. N. , Giertz M.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Let the coefficient q be real-valued on the half-line [0, ∞) and let q′ be locally absolutely continuous on [0, ∞). The ordinary symmetric differential expressions M and M2 are determined by

It has been shown in a previous paper by the authors that if for non-negative numbers k and X the coefficient q satisfies the condition

then M is limit-point and M2 is limit–2 at ∞.

This paper is concerned with showing that for powers of the independent variable x the condition (*) is best possible in order that both M and M2 should have the classification at ∞ given above.
Non-existence of eigenvalues of Schrödinger operators
Authors: Kalf H.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The paper provides conditions which enstlre that the Schrödinger operator

defined on an exterior domain has no eigenvalues on a certain half-ray. These conditions are in terms of weak local assumptions on

The proof uses Kato's ideas [16] in conjunction with the physicists' “commutator proof” of the quantum mechanical virial theorem.
12.—Rotation Properties of Adjoint Pairs of Differential Systems
Authors: Kreith Kurt
Published: July 2016

SYNOPSIS

A large class of self-adjoint fourth-order differential equations has the property that if one solution is oscillatory then all solutions are oscillatory. This paper establishes necessary and sufficient conditions for this property to hold for a corresponding class of non-self-adjoint differential equations.
13.—Some Integral Inequalities
Authors: Copson E. T.
Published: July 2016

SYNOPSIS

The theorems in this paper deal with the analogues for integrals of Hardy's Series Inequality and its generalisations.
The scattering of acoustic waves by a spherically stratified inhomogeneous medium
Authors: Colton David
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

Integral operators are used to solve the direct and inverse problems of the scattering of acoustic waves by a spherically stratified inhomogeneous medium of compact support. The results are valid for all values of the wave number and an arbitrarily large index of refraction. In the limiting case of small wave number or small inhomogeneities the results are in agreement with those of Rorres and Born.
Stieltjes transforms of generalised functions
Authors: Erdélyi A.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

The Stieltjes transformation is extended to generalised functions both by the direct approach and the method of adjoints, and the resulting extensions are correlated. Inversion formulae are developed, as is the application of fractional integration to these transforms. An integral transformation with a hypergeometric kernel is also briefly considered.
On two integral inequalities
Authors: Copson E. T.
Published: July 2016

Synopsis

In 1932, Hardy and Littlewood [1] proved the inequality

The constant 4 is best possible; equality occurs when f(x) = A Y(Bx), where

y(x) = e−½x sin (x sin y−y) (y = ⅓π), (x ≧ o)

and A and B (>0) are constants. In [2], three proofs are given. The inequality has also been discussed in [3, 4]. A very elementary proof in which the function Y(x) emerges naturally is given in this paper.
Large Electroencephalographic Responses and Their Relationship to Cleido-Cranial Dysplasia
Authors: Upton Adrian , Bundey Sarah , Sanders Susan
Published: July 2016

We have reported six individuals (five certain heterozygotes for cleido-cranial-dysostosis and one possible heterozygote) who have unusual EEG findings, consisting of very large responses to photic flash stimulation at very low stimulus rates.

Such visual responses are extremely rare and have not been seen before in the experience of an EEG department over 12 years and they were not seen in 98 control subjects. It is likely that these responses are an irregular mani-festation of the gene for cleido-cranial-dysplasia, and that the responses are independent of skull deformity. One importance of these responses is their demonstration in neurologically normal individuals for previously such large responses have only been reported in association with neurolipidosis. They may have neurophysiological significance in that they may reflect an unusual balance between inhibitory and excitatory mechanisms in the nervous system.
Giant Intracranial Dermoid Cyst: Case Report and Review of the Literature on Intracranial Dermoids and Epidermoids
Authors: Miller Neil R. , Epstein Melvin H.
Published: July 2016

A 45-year old man was referred to the Johns Hopkins Hospital with a seven-year history of repeated episodes of light-headedness, increasing irritability and forgetfulness. Examinations revealed a right superior, incongruous quadrantanopsia. EEG showed an abnormality in the left temporal lobe, and a cerebral angiogram outlined an avascular mass in the left cerebral hemisphere. At operation, the patient was found to have a giant dermoid cyst involving the left frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. Over the last 30 years we have encountered only 6 cases of intracranial epidermoids and 3 cases of intracranial dermoids. These cases are cited, and a discussion of the embryology, histology, clinical characteristics, and treatment of these lesions with a review of the literature is undertaken.
Compression of the Cauda Equina due to a Necrobiotic Granuloma of Ligamentum Flavum
Authors: Bilbao Juan M. , Horsey William , Gonsalves Charles , Chalvardjian Ara
Published: July 2016

A 56 year old woman developed symptoms of lumbar nerve root compression caused by a granuloma arising in the ligamentum flavum. The histological features of the lesion are discussed and the clinical and radiological findings of the patient are described.
Opening Remarks For The Symposium
Authors: Brooks V.B.
Published: July 2016

It is a great pleasure to welcome all participants and members of the audience on behalf of the Organizing Committee of this Symposium. John Girvin, Bob Lee and I hope that joint considerations of basic and clinical problems in Neuroscience will become a regular feature from now on at this Annual Canadian Congress of Neurological Sciences, with participation by members of the Society for Neuroscience.
Motor Responses to Sudden Limb Displacements in Primates with Specific CNS Lesions and in Human Patients with Motor System Disorders
Authors: Lee R.G. , Tatton W.G.
Published: July 2016

Central feedback pathways for motor control were studied by recording EMG responses to sudden upper limb displacements in humans and monkeys using a precision torque motor to generate step load changes. Normal human subjects showed three short-latency EMG responses (Ml, M2 and M3) which appear to correspond to those recorded from trained monkeys. The M2 and M3 components, thought to represent feedback in supraspinal pathways, were significantly increased when the subjects were instructed to actively compensate for the load changes.

Parkinsonian patients with rigidity showed evidence of markedly increased feedback over the interval for the M2 and M3 responses and appeared to have lost the ability to modulate feedback according to the motor task being performed. The results are discussed with reference to recent research on motor control mechanisms in primates and a tentative model for the basis of Parkinsonian rigidity is proposed.
Decorticate Spasticity: A Re-examination using Quantitative Assessment in the Primate
Authors: Tasker R.R. , Gentili R.R. , Sogabe K. , Shanlin M. , Hawrylyshyn P.
Published: July 2016

Decorticate spasticity in the squirrel monkey was chosen as a convenient laboratory model of spasticity capable of quantitative assessment upon which to evaluate various currently popular clinical spasmolytic measures. The effects of a wide variety of cortical lesions were studied involving primary and supplementary motor, premotor and parietal cortex unilaterally and bilaterally, measuring muscle tone with the evoked integrated E.M.G. technique. Measurable spasticity resulted only if primary motor cortex was ablated bilaterally usually but not always preferentially involving biceps brachii and quadriceps. Resulting postures were variable offering no justification for the term “decorticate posture”. The integrated evoked E.M.G. was proportional to rate of stretch and chiefly phasic in type as in hemiplegic man. Stereotactic dentatectomy resulted in profound ipsilateral reduction in this spasticity, but was without effect in intercollicular or anemic decerebrate cats. The mechanism of the spasticity and of the cerebellar effects are discussed.
Structural and Systems Approach to Central Representation of Motor Functions: Importance of State Dependent Reactions
Authors: Jasper Herbert H.
Published: July 2016

It was with considerable hesitation that I finally accepted the kind invitation of Vernon Brooks and the Organizing Committee of this Symposium to say a few words at the end giving some of my impressions of the presentations and discussion and reflections on the remarkable advances in our knowledge of motor systems that has occurred during recent years. I have been asked also if I would try to place some of these findings from experimental laboratories in the context of clinical experience with diseases and disorders of motor control. I would like to draw particular attention to the importance of state dependent reactions in which patterns of behavior are set up, even including spinal reflexes, by present programs depending on the general or directional reactive state of the organism.
A Model for the Future Care of Acute Spinal Cord Injuries
Authors: Botterell E.H. , Jousse A.T. , Kraus A.S. , Thompson M.G. , Wynne-Jones M. , Geisler W.O.
Published: July 2016

This is a review of the total care of those acute spinal cord injury patients in Ontario during the years 1969 and 1970, from extrication and transportation following the accident to death, or the completion of primary definitive rehabilitation.

Information was extracted from the available ambulance records, the patients and many of the responsible physicians were interviewed personally. The study was detailed and intensive and included a review of each patient's hospital records in each hospital up to discharge from the rehabilitation programme into the community, or to a chronic care unit. The data was compiled in accordance with a detailed and lengthy questionnaire developed for this study.

The incidence of acute cord injuries in Ontario in 1969 and 1970 amounted to 244; in 1969, 15.9 per million population and in 1970, 13.6 per million. As in other studies road accidents took first place, followed by falls from a height; sports injuries ranked third and 65.7% of these were caused by diving into shallow water. Age incidence, and incidence by month, day of week and time of day were identified. Fridays and Saturday afternoons in July and August are particularly hazardous.

The study continued to the end of 1974 by which time 34 deaths had been recorded. Peak incidence of death occurred within fourteen days of injury. The most common cause of death was respiratory in origin.

Geographical distribution was identified and the type of hospital treating the acutely injured patient.

Fourteen percent of persons with spinal column injury suffered progressive or sequential spinal cord damage both prior to and following medical contact. The incidence of pressure sores and genitourinary sepsis and calculosis was high in all types of hospitals. The effect of operative treatment was noted in the cases of complete quadriplegia and paraplegia.

Of the 133 survivors who undertook a rehabilitation program, 84% returned to their homes and 59% achieved gainful employment or ongoing education.

The cost was determined of general hospital services and rehabilitation programmes.

A new model for the care of the spinal cord injury patients in Ontario was proposed.
Does the Engram of Kindling Model the Engram of Normal Long Term Memory?
Authors: Goddard G.V. , Douglas R.M.
Published: July 2016

The kindling effect is a relatively permanent alteration in brain function which results from repeated electrical or chemical stimulation and culminates in the appearance of electrographic and behavioral convulsions whenever the original stimulus is reapplied. The effect results from tetanic activation in the anterior cortex, limbic system or associated areas of the adult mammalian brain, and the lasting alterations are transynaptic and quite widespread. They are based in part on synaptic facilitation, and they are accompanied by specific alterations in normal behavior. In these and other respects, kindling is analogous to normal learning. It is possible that the stored component (engram) of kindling involves the same physiological mechanism as the engram of normal long term memory. Morphological study of identified synapses has not provided conclusive evidence for an anatomical substrate of kindling, but physiological experiments demonstrate a lasting potentiation of the excitatory postsynaptic potential.
Primary and “Transfer” Seizure Development in the Kindled Rat
Authors: Burnham W. McIntyre
Published: July 2016

An investigation was made of both primary and “transfer” kindling as they occur in ipsilateral limbic sites. Primary kindling was found to involve progressive growth of afterdischarge (AD), propagation and convulsive behavior. It was noted that AD growth did not take place gradually but occurred in sudden, large increments. “Transfer” (a significant acceleration of secondary kindling) was found at every secondary limbic site. It was associated with the early appearance of full-blown AD's, super-normal propagation, and well-developed seizures. The post-transfer interference of primary site function previously reported by Goddard et al was also found, but it occurred in significant amounts only after transfer kindling of the amygdala. It is believed that the data offer some support for both of the hypothetical mechanisms of transfer which have been proposed.
Behavioral and Epileptic Determinants of Predatory Attack Behavior in the Cat
Authors: Adamec R.
Published: July 2016

This report presents studies which relate limbic epileptic excitability to behavioral measures of defensive suppression of predatory attack in cats. Correlated with heightened defensiveness to environmental stimuli among non-killer cats is a heightened amygdaloid epileptic excitability, as well as a heightened conduction of amygdaloid epileptic activity to thalamic and hypothalamic substrates of predatory response in the amygdala to the complex visual stimuli presented by rat prey. These neurosensory responses correlate well with measures of epileptic excitability. Brain and behavior measures appear related since enhancement of excitability in the amygdala and of projection of epileptic activity by repeated electrical stimulation of predatory attacks. Furthermore, the ventral hippocampus seems capable of antagonizing the behaviorally suppressive effects of heightened amygdaloid excitability perhaps at points of convergence of amygdaloid and hippocampal output.
Auditory Evoked Responses and Computerized Tomography in Central Pontine Myelinolysis
Authors: Yufe R.S. , Hyde M.L. , Terbrugge K.
Published: July 2016

We present the first case of central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) confirmed by high resolution computerized tomography (CT) in which auditory brainstem responses (A BR) revealed impaired conduction beyond the mid pons. The combined use of CT and A BR in the diagnosis of central pontine myelinolysis is discussed.
The Beta-Amino Acid Transport System in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Melançon S.B. , Grignon B. , Ledru E. , Geoffroy G. , Potier M. , Dallaire L. , Vanasse M.
Published: July 2016

Taurine and β-amino uptake in cultured skin fibroblasts proceeds through at least two distinct amino acid transport systems. The predominant Bamino acid uptake system which we refer to as the “Beta” system, incorporates taurine in a proportion of 95%, β-alanine in a proportion of 80% and does not incorporate β-amino-isobutyric acid. A second transport system for β-alanine seems to be operative in cultured skin fibroblasts and this system shares the characteristics of system “L” for branched-chain and ringside neutral amino acids. Results of ion depletion experiments, metabolic inhibition by drugs and blocking agents and previous kinetic studies of taurine and β-alanine uptake in cultured skin fibroblasts failed to disclose any major difference in β-amino acid transport between control individuals and patients with Friedreich's ataxia.
Gradient of Interference by Various Frequencies on 60 Hz Kindling Behavior
Authors: Gaito John
Published: July 2016

An experiment was tonducted to evaluate the effect of various frequencies of brain stimulation on kindling behavior induced by 60-Hz sine wave stimulation. The effective threshold intensity (ETI) to elicit a convulsion was determined on four separate occasions with 5 days of daily trials between determinations. On each day experimental rats were stimulated with current of a specific frequency on the first and third trials for 60 seconds duration and with 60-Hz current for 30 seconds on the second trial (one hour intertrial interval). There were five experimental groups, one each for I, 5, 10, 30, and 60-Hz stimulation. A sixth group received no stimulation on trials I and 3 and 60-Hz current on trial 2. Suppression of convulsive behavior induced by the 60-Hz stimulation trial was present for all ETI determinations with I-Hz and5- Hz stimulation; the mean ETI increased on each successive determination. Suppression was prominent also for the 10-Hz group until the ETI4 determination. Suppression was moderate for the 30-Hz and 60-Hz groups. Overall, it appeared that the interference effect gradually increased with remoteness from the 60-Hz point.
GABA and Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Enna S.J.
Published: July 2016

During the past decade a number of reports have appeared suggesting that alterations in GABAergic transmission may play a role in the symptoms of a variety of neurosychiatric disorders (Enna, 1980; Enna and Maggi, 1979). In the present communication, some of the evidence supporting this contention will be
briefly summarized and reviewed.
Further Light on the Tyramine Test in Depression
Authors: Sandler M. , Carter Susan Bonham , Reveley M.A. , Glover Vivette , Rein Glen
Published: July 2016

In studies of post-partum women, the oral tyramine loading test is shown to be of predictive value in
identifying those subjects with a lifetime history of depressive illness. The cause of the decreased output of conjugated tyramine, after tyramine ingestion, is still unclear. Some possible mechanisms have
been under scrutiny.
Herpes Zoster Mandibularis
Authors: Lewis Marcia E. , Warren Kenneth G.
Published: July 2016

A case of Herpes zoster of the mandibular nerve in an 80 year old man is reported. Herpes zoster infection affecting only the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve is rare, ft is proposed that the distribution of lesions is a consequence of a unique latent site of the virus within neurons of the gasserian ganglion innervating the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
Treatment of Parkinson's Disease with Sodium Valproate: Clinical, Pharmacological, and Biochemical Observations
Authors: Nutt John , Williams Adrian , Plotkin Charles , Eng Nancy , Ziegler Michael , Calne Donald B.
Published: July 2016

Because there is biochemical evidence of decreased GABAergic function in Parkinson's disease, sodium valproate, an inhibitor of GA BA catabolism, was administered to eight Parkinsonian patients. Valproate treatment did not significantly alter any Parkinsonian feature, but tended to increase the dyskinesia in the “on-off” patients. The increased dyskinesias were not a result of altered peripheral metabolism of L-dopa. Despite obtaining high plasma levels of valproate, no consistent alteration of CSF GABA levels could be demonstrated. Thus, in these patients, an effect of valproate on GABA metabolism is unproven, and in turn, the role of GABA in Parkinsonism and dyskinesia uncertain.
Goose Quills and Burr Holes
Authors: Turnbull Frank
Published: July 2016

One of the hazards of advancing age is the temptation to repeat old stories, but the worst that can happen is to forget.

“Happy moments come and go, our friends die, everything is in the end destroyed, but this could be endured if only a purer and sharper reflection were kept. If there is anything that we save and hoard up it is our memories. All the substance of our life is in them.” (Brennan, 1975).
Evaluation of an Automated Method for Analysing the Electromyogram
Authors: Sica R.E.P. , McComas A.J. , Ferreira J.C.D.
Published: July 2016

An automated system, incorporating the ANOPS-101 mini-computer, has been used to analyse the EMG. The
vastus medialis (VM) and biceps brachii (BB) muscles were studied in 28 controls, 16 patients with myopathies, and in 26 patients with denervating disorders. For each muscle mean values were computed for the durations and numbers of phases of muscle action potentials; the mean density and amplitude of the deflections in the interference pattern were also measured. A higher incidence of abnormalities could be detected in myopathic than in neuropathic disorders; for both conditions the incidence was significantly greater in BB than in VM. For the diagnosis of denervation the most useful measurement was that of potential duration; for the detection of myopathies amplitude determinations were also very useful. The present results have been compared with those of other published studies in which automatic EMG analysis has been employed.
Mucin Embolism to Cerebral Arteries: A Fatal Complication of Carcinoma of the Breast
Authors: Deck John H.N. , Lee Mary A.
Published: July 2016

The case is reported of a woman with a mucin producing lobular carcinoma of the breast with metastases to many bone sites, whose terminal neurological illness was the result, not of cerebral metastases, but of cerebral infarcts. These were caused by emboli of mucin and emulsified fat, originating in bone metastases.

The pathogenesis of this embolism is compared with that of traumatic fat embolism. Attention is drawn to this process because emboli of this type have never been reported and because this distant nonmetastatic effect of carcinoma may have been overlooked in other cases. It is suggested that this mechanism should be considered in the diagnosis of otherwise obscure cerebral infarction.
Multiple Sclerosis Treated with Antithymocyte Globulin — A Five Year Follow-Up
Authors: Kastrukoff L.F. , McLean D.R. , McPherson T.A.
Published: July 2016

Multiple sclerosis patients treated with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) were re-evaluated after five years. No long term benefit was found. Notably, the group of patients with an elevated gamma globulin to total protein ration in their C.S.F. and who did particularly well after treatment with ATG also failed to show any long term benefit. Few long term detrimental effects of ATG immunosuppression were identified. The implications of the results are discussed as they relate to the use of immunosuppression in multiple sclerosis.
Lumbo-Sacral Radiculopathy Induced by Radiation
Authors: Ashenhurst E. M. , Quartey G. R. C. , Starreveld A.
Published: July 2016

Two patients had lumbosacral radiculopathy following radiation treatment of cancer. Twenty previously reported cases were similar. The clinical picture is one of progressive motor and sensory loss in the legs, usually appearing within a year after radiation, but sometimes delayed up to several years. Experimental studies quoted indicate greater vulnerability of peripheral nerves to ionizing radiation than has been previously recognized. Lumbo-sacral radiculopathy is readily produced in the experimental animal (rat) and affords an experimental model closely resembling the human cases reported.
Transient Monocular Blindness
Authors: Ross R.T.
Published: July 2016

This paper is a review of the causes of intermittent monocular blindness. The nature of cholesterol and platelet retinal emboli is discussed. Their sources, the frequency with which they may cause transient or fixed blindness and the association between these emboli and pathology of the major cerebral vessels and other organs is discussed.

Consideration is given to the equally important abnormalities of platelet behavior and to some of the physiology of retinal blood flow and non-embolic blindness.

The current treatment of this symptom may be anticoagulation, surgical correction of a stenotic artery or both. The effect of treatment is unpredictable and in some situations the rationale is suspect.

This review may provide a summary on which to base future studies of the effectiveness of various therapeutic agents.
Friedreich's Ataxia: Observations with Q and G Banding of Human Chromosomes
Authors: Cadotte M. , Barbeau A. , Breton G.
Published: July 2016

No chromosomal anomaly was found in 15 cases of typical Friedreich’s ataxia and three cases of atypical recessive ataxia studied with Q and G banding techniques. No difference between frequency of chromosomes gaps or breakages was noted amongst patients with Friedreich’s ataxia and controls.
Cardiological Signs and Symptoms in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Cote M. , Davignon A. , Pecko-Drouin K. , Solignac A. , Geoffroy G. , Lemieux B. , Barbeau A.
Published: July 2016

The cardiovascular signs and symptoms were recorded in 36 patients with typical Friedreich's Ataxia (Group la, lb). Seventeen patients were asymptomatic and this did not correlate with the severity of the disease. No pathognomonic clinical constellation was found to reveal the underlying cardiomyopathy.
Cardiac Angiographic Findings in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Guerin R. , Elias G. , Davignon A. , Cote M. , Geoffroy G. , Lemieux B. , Barbeau A.
Published: July 2016

Angiograms of 12 patients with typical Friedreich's ataxia were analyzed. The results corroborate previous reports and justify the conclusion that the cardiomyopathy is of the hypertrophic type. In 10 of 12 cases, the hypertrophy is concentric, and non obstructive. Less frequently (2 cases), this hypertrophy is accompanied by diffuse hypokinesis and depressed ejection fraction.
Acute Ultrastructural Changes in the Middle Cerebral Artery Due to the Injury and Ischemia of Surgical Clamping
Authors: Dodson Ronald F. , Tagashira Yukio , Chu Lena W-F.
Published: July 2016

Ultrastructural changes in the zone of clamping of the middle cerebral artery of the squirrel monkey are described after application of a surgical clip. The experimental model utilized has been widely applied to the study of cerebral ischemia and possibly has relevance to clamps applied to the cerebral vessels during neurosurgical treatment of patients with cerebrovascular disorders.

The earliest changes within the arterial wall were found in the smooth muscle (media) and accompanying fasciculi of nerves. Changes within the nerve bundles were sufficiently advanced following 4 hours of vascular clipping to suggest temporary or permanent impairment of neurogenic innervation of the cerebral vessels distal to the trunk of the vessel clipped.
Vitamin A Induced Benign Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Vollbracht Robert , Gilroy John
Published: July 2016

A case of benign intracranial hypertension due to prolonged administration of a low dose of Vitamin A is described in a young male investigated as a brain tumor suspect. Computerized axial tomography showed small and symmetrical lateral ventricles which was consistent with the diagnosis. The syndrome of benign intracranial hypertension and its relationship to chronic Vitamin A toxicity is discussed.