bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representaciones esquemáticas de minorías étnicas en jóvenes universitarios
Authors: Alvídrez Salvador , Igartua Juan-José , Martínez-Rosón Mar
Published: October 2015

This study analyzes the cognitive representations of ethnic minorities in a sample of Spanish undergraduate students. As a general hypothesis it was predicted that perceived differences in social status shape these representations and expectations for contact. In consecutive group interviews, participants were quizzed about their knowledge, experiences and expectations associated with social interactions with people belonging to ethnic minority groups. The information obtained from the participants was analyzed by using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative techniques in order to discover underlying dimensions in their responses. The results confirmed our prediction by displaying different associations between different types of contact (e.g., positive, negative) and the representations of minorities according to their position in the perceived social hierarchy. Findings are discussed in terms of their potential implications for contact interventions.
Psychometric properties and Factor structure of the BRCS in an elderly Spanish sample
Authors: Moret-Tatay Carmen , Fernández-Muñoz Juan J. , Civera-Mollá Cristina , Navarro-Pardo Esperanza , Alcover-de-la-Hera Carlos
Published: October 2015

Successful resilience is a variable often related toan optimal aging process. However, literature is rather limited when dealingwith assessment instruments for the elderly in the Spanish language. Theobjective of this work is to validate the Brief Resilient Coping Scale(Sinclair & Wallston, 2004), a four item likert scale, in the Spanishelderly.  For this propose, the scale wasadministrated to a sample of 991 elderly Spanish participants, and the data setanalysed in terms of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, internalconsistency and criterion validity. The scale demonstrated good psychometricproperties.  Furthermore, the homogeneityindices were higher than the recently literature, reinforcing the dimensionalstructure of the scale.  These resultshave shown higher reliability from previous Spanish versions. Therefore, theBrief Resilient Coping Scale is a valuable assessment instrument that could bevery useful in the assessing of resilience in the Spanish-speaking elderly.
Social support during childhood cancer treatment enhances quality of life at survival [El apoyo social durante el cáncer infantil favorece la calidad de vida en periodo de supervivencia]
Authors: Castellano-Tejedor Carmina , Pérez-Campdepadrós Marta , Capdevila Lluis , Sábado-Álvarez Constantino , Blasco Blasco Tomás
Published: October 2015

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in cancer has been related to several protective and risk factors such as perceived social support (PSS) and coping. However, their effects on HRQoL once patients are in survivorship have not been fully described in pediatric samples.

Objective: To describe and explore the relationship between HRQoL in survivorship and some factors (PSS, coping) present while active treatment.

Methods: Cross-sectional study. Forty-one pediatric cancer survivors answered HRQoL measures referred to survivorship, as well as PSS and coping measures referred to treatment period.

Results: The discriminant function obtained succeeds to correctly classify 78% of the sample. Survivors who showed high HRQoL were those who, in the hardest moment while hospitalization, perceived satisfactory emotional support (from nurses) and did not deploy a wide range of active coping resources to cope with stressful events (only social action coping strategy showed a significant relationship with HRQoL).

Conclusions and implications: Considering these outcomes, educational and counseling interventions to strengthen patients’ social networks and supportive relationships are recommended, specially, among health providers (nurses). These results highlight the importance of not overlooking opportunities to address the emotional needs of patients while hospitalization, since a positive and endurable effect has been observed at survivorship.

 
Social Media Representation of Chronic Cerebrospinal Venous Insufficiency Intervention for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Ghahari Setareh , Forwell Susan J.
Published: October 2015

Background: We conducted a rigorous review of videos related to multiple sclerosis (MS) and chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) treatment posted by people with MS on one social media website (YouTube) that describe symptoms before and after the surgical procedure, as well as videos presented by health-care professionals (HCPs).

Methods: All relevant videos posted from December 2009 to July 2011 were downloaded, viewed, and systematically organized. Categorical data were classified, and dominant messages were gleaned.

Results: A total of 1789 videos were extracted. A total of 621 videos by people with MS and 238 by HCPs were included. Eighty-six percent of people with MS anecdotally reported experiencing some improvement in at least one symptom. The most common message was that “CCSVI is not a miracle but worth trying.” Most HCPs posting videos recommended the procedure but called for continued research.

Conclusions: Social media are conveying an anecdotal favorable message about CCSVI treatment for MS. The relative absence of videos offering a negative or more balanced perspective is a concern. Social persuasion through these videos creates a strong positive impression of CCSVI treatment, but the videos do not acknowledge the lack of supporting scientific evidence and the possible role of the placebo effect. Given the strong influence of social media on health-care decision making, researchers and clinicians should actively use social media to reach out to people with MS and describe the state of the evidence for MS treatments, both positive and negative.
Associations Between Fatigue and Disability, Functional Mobility, Depression, and Quality of Life in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Garg Hina , Bush Steffani , Gappmaier Eduard
Published: October 2015

Background: Fatigue is a common symptom in people with multiple sclerosis (MS), but its associations with disability, functional mobility, depression, and quality of life (QOL) remain unclear. We aimed to determine the associations between different levels of fatigue and disability, functional mobility, depression, and physical and mental QOL in people with MS.

Methods: Eighty-nine individuals with MS (mean [SD] disease duration = 13.6 [9.8] years, mean [SD] Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] score = 5.3 [1.5]) and no concurrent relapses were retrospectively analyzed. Participants were divided into two groups based on five-item Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS-5) scores: group LF (n = 32, MFIS-5 score ≤10 [low levels of fatigue]) and group HF (n = 57, MFIS-5 score >10 [high levels of fatigue]).

Results: Sixty-four percent of the sample reported high levels of fatigue. Compared with group LF, group HF demonstrated significantly (P < .05) greater impairments in the Timed Up and Go test, Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale, and 12-item Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale scores; depression; and QOL but not in the EDSS scores, which were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions: Fatigue was found to be a predominant symptom in the study participants. Individuals reporting higher levels of fatigue concomitantly exhibited greater impairments in functional mobility, depression, and physical and mental QOL. Disability was not found to be related to level of fatigue. These findings can be important for appropriate assessment and management of individuals with MS with fatigue.
Tim‐3 blocking rescue macrophage and T cell function against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV+ patients
Authors: Sada‐Ovalle Isabel , Ocaña‐Guzman Ranferi , Pérez‐Patrigeón Santiago , Chávez‐Galán Leslie , Sierra‐Madero Juan , Torre‐Bouscoulet Luis , Addo Marylyn M.
Published: October 2015

Introduction

T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain (Tim) 3 and programmed death 1 (PD‐1) are co‐inhibitory receptors involved in the so‐called T cell exhaustion, and in vivo blockade of these molecules restores T cell dysfunction. High expression of Tim‐3 and PD‐1 is induced after chronic antigen‐specific stimulation of T cells during HIV infection. We have previously demonstrated that the interaction of Tim‐3 with its ligand galectin‐9 induces macrophage activation and killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our aim in this study was to analyze the Tim‐3 expression profile before and after six months of antiretroviral therapy and the impact of Tim‐3 and PD‐1 blocking on immunity against M. tuberculosis.

Materials and methods

HIV+ patients naïve to anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) were followed up for six months. Peripheral immune‐cell phenotype (CD38/HLA‐DR/galectin‐9/Tim‐3 and PD‐1) was assessed by flow cytometry. Supernatants were analyzed with a multiplex cytokine detection system (human Th1/Th2 cytokine Cytometric Bead Array) by flow cytometry. Control of bacterial growth was evaluated by using an in vitro experimental model in which virulent M. tuberculosis‐infected macrophages were cultured with T cells in the presence or absence of Tim‐3 and PD‐1 blocking antibodies. Interleukin‐1 beta treatment of infected macrophages was evaluated by enumerating colony‐forming units.

Results

We showed that HIV+ patients had an increased expression of Tim‐3 in T cells and were able to control bacterial growth before ART administration. By blocking Tim‐3 and PD‐1, macrophages and T cells recovered their functionality and had a higher ability to control bacterial growth; this result was partially dependent on the restitution of cytokine production.

Conclusions

In this study, we demonstrated that increased Tim‐3 expression can limit the ability of the immune system to control the infection of intracellular bacteria such as M. tuberculosis. The use of ART and the in vitro manipulation of the Tim‐3 and PD‐1 molecules restored the functionality of T cells and macrophages to restrict bacterial growth. Our results provide a novel immune strategy that may be implemented in the near future in order to improve the immune responses in HIV+ patients.
Time-dependent sources identification for transmission lines problems
Authors: Benoit J. , Bonnet P. , Chauvière C. , Girard S.
Published: October 2015

This paper is devoted to introduce an extension to the Linear Combination of Configuration Fields (LCCF). This new numerical method was designed to compute the time profile of an electromagnetic source radiating a specified electromagnetic field in all or part of the computational domain, for a specified duration. Here, we extend this idea within the framework of a transmission lines network. The principle of the method is first validated numerically. Then we prospect the same ideas in a real-data experiment which shows that the method is ready for real-life investigations.
Experiences of mothers of premature infants in the context of spirituality
Authors: Vieira Juna Maria Fernandes , Farias Maria de Fátima , Santos José Lotero dos , Davim Rejane Marie Barbosa , Silva Richardson Augusto R da
Published: October 2015

OBJETIVO: compreender como mães de bebês prematuros percebem a relação entre saúde e espiritualidade e seus benefícios diante da gravidade do quadro de saúde de seus filhos. MÉTODO: pesquisa qualitativa com 32 mães, cujos filhos estavam internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal de uma Maternidade Escola, em Natal/RN/Brasil. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas em grupos focais no período de fevereiro a maio de 2012. Parecer favorável do Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da UFRN com CAAE 0336.0.051.000.1. Para análise dos dados optou-se pela técnica de análise temática. RESULTADOS: a relação entre saúde e espiritualidade desvelou-se no estudo como fenômeno positivo auxiliando as mães evitar desânimo e manter esperança no restabelecimento da saúde do filho na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva. CONCLUSÃO: sugere-se após os resultados, ações e projetos que promovam tecnologias leves, visando promoção e integralidade do cuidar em saúde.
The team's work guided by motivation of users in capsad: a phenomenological study
Authors: Nasi Cíntia , Oliveira Gustavo Costa de , Lacchini Annie Jeanninne Bisso , Camatta Marcio Wagner , Everling Eduardo Morais , Schneider Jacó Fernando
Published: October 2015

Objetivo: Compreender o trabalho da equipe de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e outras Drogas (CAPSad) orientado pelas motivações dos usuários na perspectiva da fenomenologia social de Alfred Schutz. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e fenomenológica, realizada de setembro de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014, com trabalhadores de saúde de um CAPSad no município de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A coleta das informações deu-se por meio de entrevista fenomenológica e a análise pela interpretação compreensiva. Resultados: Identificou-se a importância do CAPSad na consolidação de ações como: o cuidado junto ao usuário; ampliação do mundo da vida do usuário; e promoção da autonomia nestas ações. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou que se pode avançar no processo de consolidação de ações em saúde mental atreladas às necessidades dos usuários, permitindo que estes sejam protagonistas de processos de sua existência.
Physical activity, leisure and evaluation of health in the perspective of users in hemodialysis
Authors: Fritsch Francine Ribas , Dudel Mayer Barbara Letícia , Ubessi Liamara Denise , Kirchner Rosane Maria , Barbosa Dulce Aparecida , Fernandes Stumm Eniva Miladi'
Published: October 2015

Objetivo: Caracterizar usuários renais crônicos que hemodializam em uma Unidade Nefrológica de município da região noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul e relacionar atividades físicas e de lazer segundo percepções referentes à avaliação da sua saúde em geral. Metodologia: Pesquisa quantitativa, analítica, descritiva, transversal, com 77 usuários renais crônicos em programa hemodialitico. Dados coletados de abril a julho/2010, após aprovação do Comitê de Ética, Parecer 02780243000-09. Instrumentos: sociodemográficos, atividades físicas, lazer, avaliação da saúde - KDQOL-SFTM. Análise dos dados com estatística descritiva. Resultados: A maioria são homens, casados, 45,5% idosos, baixa escolaridade, 64,9% pratica atividade física, 61% de lazer, 37,7% necessitam ajuda para atividades cotidianas. No cruzamento das variáveis ‘lazer’ com ‘avaliação da saúde’, dos 61,0% que as realizam, 33,8% avalia saúde como “boa” e 24,7% “regular”. Conclusão: A realização de atividade física e/ou lazer contribui para qualidade de vida, subsídio para qualificação da assistência, prevenção e promoção da saúde.
Alarm of monitoring invasive of blood pressure: are we giving the attention required?
Authors: Pergher Adele Kuckartz , Da Silva Roberto Carlos Lyra
Published: October 2015

O elevado número de alarmes sem relevância nas UTIs podem resultar em um retardo no tempo de reposta a alarmes relevantes. Objetivos: Identificar porque soam os alarmes de pressão arterial invasiva (PAI) e o tempo de resposta da equipe, descrever as condutas estabelecidas para saná-los. Métodos: Pesquisa descritiva de abordagem quanti/qualitativa. A observação ocorreu em uma UTI adulto de um hospital militar no Rio de Janeiro. Foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (CAAE 03284612.4.3001.5250). Considerou-se fatigados alarmes não atendidos em 10 minutos, ou que paravam de soar antes de terem sidos atendidos. Resultados: Registraram-se 76 alarmes de PAI; 21 (28%) foram atendidos, em média em 2,45 min. 55 (72%) alarmes foram considerados fatigados. Conclusão: O elevado número de alarmes fatigados representam risco. É um desafio responder a todos os alarmes considerando a relação enfermeiro/ paciente imposta pela ANVISA.
San Andreas Fault dip, Peninsular Ranges mafic lower crust and partial melt in the Salton Trough, Southern California, from ambient‐noise tomography
Authors: Barak Shahar , Klemperer Simon L. , Lawrence Jesse F.
Published: October 2015

We use ambient‐noise tomography to improve CVM‐H11.9, a community velocity model of southern California. Our new 3‐D shear‐velocity model with
x
lateral and 1 km vertical blocks reveals new structure beneath the San Andreas Fault (SAF), Peninsular Ranges batholith (PRB), southern Sierra Nevada batholith (SNB), and the Salton Trough (ST). We use 4 years of data recorded on 849 broadband stations, vastly more than previous studies and including our own broadband Salton Seismic Imaging Project, a 40 station transect across the ST, as well as other campaign stations in both Mexico and the United States. Mean lower crust and upper mantle wave speeds (3.6 km/s at 20 km, 4.2 km/s at 40 km) are low by global standards. Across the SAF, southeast of San Gorgonio Pass, we observe vertical to steeply dipping lateral velocity contrasts that extend beneath the Moho. Beneath the western PRB and westernmost southern SNB, we observe relatively high shear velocities (
3.8 km/s) in the lower crust that we interpret as the mafic roots of the overlying arc. Relatively high‐velocity upper mantle (up to ∼4.5 km/s) may be part of the intact arc, or possibly a remnant of the Farallon plate. Beneath the ST, we observe zones of low shear‐velocity in the lower crust and upper mantle which permit up to ∼4.5% melt in the lower crust and up to ∼6% melt in the upper mantle, depending on the assumed composition and pore geometry. Our results preclude the existence of older continental crust beneath the ST and support the creation of new crust beneath the ST.
Using Lagrangian‐based process studies to test satellite algorithms of vertical carbon flux in the eastern North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Stukel M. R. , Kahru M. , Benitez‐Nelson C. R. , Décima M. , Goericke R. , Landry M. R. , Ohman M. D.
Published: October 2015

The biological carbon pump is responsible for the transport of ∼5–20 Pg C yr−1 from the surface into the deep ocean but its variability is poorly understood due to an incomplete mechanistic understanding of the complex underlying planktonic processes. In fact, algorithms designed to estimate carbon export from satellite products incorporate fundamentally different assumptions about the relationships between plankton biomass, productivity, and export efficiency. To test the alternate formulations of export efficiency in remote‐sensing algorithms formulated by Dunne et al. (2005), Laws et al. (2011), Henson et al. (2011), and Siegel et al. (2014), we have compiled in situ measurements (temperature, chlorophyll, primary production, phytoplankton biomass and size structure, grazing rates, net chlorophyll change, and carbon export) made during Lagrangian process studies on seven cruises in the California Current Ecosystem and Costa Rica Dome. A food‐web based approach formulated by Siegel et al. (2014) performs as well or better than other empirical formulations, while simultaneously providing reasonable estimates of protozoan and mesozooplankton grazing rates. By tuning the Siegel et al. (2014) algorithm to match in situ grazing rates more accurately, we also obtain better in situ carbon export measurements. Adequate representations of food‐web relationships and grazing dynamics are therefore crucial to improving the accuracy of export predictions made from satellite–derived products. Nevertheless, considerable unexplained variance in export remains and must be explored before we can reliably use remote sensing products to assess the impact of climate change on biologically mediated carbon sequestration.
Microwave hyperspectral measurements for temperature and humidity atmospheric profiling from satellite: The clear‐sky case
Authors: Aires Filipe , Prigent Catherine , Orlandi Emiliano , Milz Mathias , Eriksson Patrick , Crewell Susanne , Lin Chung‐Chi , Kangas Ville
Published: October 2015

This study investigates the benefits of a satellite HYperspectral Microwave Sensor (HYMS) for the retrieval of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles, in the context of numerical weather prediction (NWP). In the infrared, hyperspectral instruments have already improved the accuracy of NWP forecasts. Microwave instruments so far only provide observations for a limited number of carefully selected channels. An information content analysis is conducted here to assess the impact of hyperspectral microwave measurements on the retrieval of temperature and water vapor profiles under clear‐sky conditions. It uses radiative transfer simulations over a large variety of atmospheric situations. It accounts for realistic observation (instrument and radiative transfer) noise and for a priori information assumptions compatible with NWP practices. The estimated retrieval performance of the HYMS instrument is compared to those of the microwave instruments to be deployed on board the future generation of European operational meteorological satellites (MetOp‐SG). The results confirm the positive impact of a HYMS instrument on the atmospheric profiling capabilities compared to MetOp‐SG. Temperature retrieval uncertainty, compared to a priori information, is reduced by 2 to 10%, depending on the atmospheric height, and improvement rates are much higher than what will be obtained with MetOp‐SG. For humidity sounding these improvements can reach 30%, a significant benefit as compared to MetOp‐SG results especially below 250 hPa. The results are not very sensitive to the instrument noise, under our assumptions. The main impact provided by the hyperspectral information originates from the higher resolution in the O2 band around 60 GHz. The results are presented over ocean at nadir, but similar conclusions are obtained for other incidence angles and over land.
Precipitation and evapotranspiration controls on daily runoff variability in the contiguous United States and Puerto Rico
Authors: Rossi Matthew W. , Whipple Kelin X. , Vivoni Enrique R.
Published: October 2015

Daily runoff variability is an important driver of fluvial erosion but is difficult to incorporate into landscape evolution models due to limited observations and incomplete understanding of hydroclimatic controls on runoff distributions. Prior work in the contiguous U.S. showed how limitations can be overcome when mean runoff is correlated with the shape of the right tail of runoff distributions. However, which probability distribution functions best capture geomorphically important events and whether patterns in the contiguous U.S. transfer to other settings remain important open questions. Our analysis of large hydroclimatic data sets from the contiguous U.S. and Puerto Rico reveals that stretched exponential distributions provide a common probabilistic framework to evaluate daily rainfall and runoff variability. In both settings, daily runoff variability is correlated with the evapotranspiration ratio, aridity index, and the ratio of wet to dry days. Surprisingly, mean storm depth (estimated from average daily precipitation during wet days only) and storm depth variability are uncorrelated with daily runoff variability in either data set. These findings suggest that first‐order controls on runoff variability are processes that reduce runoff during intermediate frequency flows rather than processes that enhance the magnitude of rare floods. However, by normalizing local runoff variability by storm depth variability, some correlations collapse onto a single trend for the contiguous U.S. and Puerto Rico, suggesting a secondary role for rainfall variability on runoff variability. Taken together, this analysis provides a rationale for how hydroclimatic controls on runoff variability can be better incorporated into landscape evolution models from readily available data.
Nitrogen saturation, soil acidification, and ecological effects in a subtropical pine forest on acid soil in southwest China
Authors: Huang Yongmei , Kang Ronghua , Mulder Jan , Zhang Ting , Duan Lei
Published: October 2015

Elevated anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition has caused nitrate (NO3−) leaching, an indication of N saturation, in several temperate and boreal forests across the Northern Hemisphere. So far, the occurrence of N saturation in subtropical forests and its effects on the chemistry of the typically highly weathered soils, forest growth, and biodiversity have received little attention. Here we investigated N saturation and the effects of chronically high N inputs on soil and vegetation in a typical, subtropical Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) forest at Tieshanping, southwest China. Seven years of N flux data obtained in ambient conditions and in response to field manipulation, including a doubling of N input either as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) or as sodium nitrate (NaNO3) solution, resulted in a unique set of N balance data. Our data showed extreme N saturation with near‐quantitative leaching of NO3−, by far the dominant form of dissolved inorganic N in soil water. Even after 7 years, NH4+, added as NH4NO3, was nearly fully converted to NO3−, thus giving rise to a major acid input into the soil. Despite the large acid input, the decrease in soil pH was insignificant, due to pH buffering caused by Al3+ mobilization and enhanced SO42− adsorption. In response to the NH4NO3‐induced increase in soil acidification and N availability, ground vegetation showed significant reduction of abundance and diversity, while Masson pine growth further declined. By contrast, addition of NaNO3 did not cause soil acidification. The comparison of NH4NO3 treatment and NaNO3 treatment indicated that pine growth decline was mainly attributed to acidification‐induced nutrient imbalance, while the loss in abundance of major ground species was the combining effect of N saturation and acidification. Therefore, N emission control is of primary importance to curb further acidification and eutrophication of forest soils in much of subtropical south China.
Relationship of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with algae‐derived organic matter in sediment cores from a subtropical region
Authors: Duan Dandan , Huang Youda , Cheng Hefa , Ran Yong
Published: October 2015

The influence of algae‐derived organic matter (AOM) and climate warming on the historical record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the subtropical reservoir sediments was investigated. The profiles of PAH concentrations and AOM contents at the eutrophic and meso‐eutrophic reservoirs are significantly elevated and show good correlations with increasing mean air temperature during the past 60 years, suggesting that increasing temperature plays a significant role in increase of algal productivity and PAH deposition. Temperature‐mediated AOM is suggested to enhance the deposition and accumulation of pyrogenic PAHs in the sediment cores, also implying an inaccurate estimation on the historical record for atmospheric deposition of PAHs in eutrophic and meso‐eutrophic reservoirs. For an oligotrophic reservoir, PAHs decrease as the sediment depth decreases and are less significantly related to AOM. As the oligotrophic reservoir is phosphorus limited and its AOM is significantly oxidized, the effect of increasing temperature on AOM and PAHs is insignificant.
An improved hindcast approach for evaluation and diagnosis of physical processes in global climate models
Authors: Ma H.‐Y. , Chuang C. C. , Klein S. A. , Lo M.‐H. , Zhang Y. , Xie S. , Zheng X. , Ma P.‐L. , Zhang Y. , Phillips T. J.
Published: October 2015

We present an improved procedure of generating initial conditions (ICs) for climate model hindcast experiments with specified sea surface temperature and sea ice. The motivation is to minimize errors in the ICs and lead to a better evaluation of atmospheric parameterizations' performance in the hindcast mode. We apply state variables (horizontal velocities, temperature, and specific humidity) from the operational analysis/reanalysis for the atmospheric initial states. Without a data assimilation system, we apply a two‐step process to obtain other necessary variables to initialize both the atmospheric (e.g., aerosols and clouds) and land models (e.g., soil moisture). First, we nudge only the model horizontal velocities toward operational analysis/reanalysis values, given a 6 h relaxation time scale, to obtain all necessary variables. Compared to the original strategy in which horizontal velocities, temperature, and specific humidity are nudged, the revised approach produces a better representation of initial aerosols and cloud fields which are more consistent and closer to observations and model's preferred climatology. Second, we obtain land ICs from an off‐line land model simulation forced with observed precipitation, winds, and surface fluxes. This approach produces more realistic soil moisture in the land ICs. With this refined procedure, the simulated precipitation, clouds, radiation, and surface air temperature over land are improved in the Day 2 mean hindcasts. Following this procedure, we propose a “Core” integration suite which provides an easily repeatable test allowing model developers to rapidly assess the impacts of various parameterization changes on the fidelity of modeled cloud‐associated processes relative to observations.
Development and evaluation of a new soil moisture and runoff parameterization for the CABLE LSM including subgrid‐scale processes
Authors: Decker Mark
Published: October 2015

New conceptual parameterizations of subgrid‐scale soil moisture, runoff generation, and groundwater are developed and tested in the offline version of the Community Atmosphere and Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model. These developments are designed to address a known bias in CABLE: the excess simulation of mean evapotranspiration over most of the Northern Hemisphere and over most vegetation types at global scales. The inclusion of subgrid‐scale soil moisture parameterizations and runoff generation processes largely mitigates the overestimation of evapotranspiration, and simultaneously improves the simulation of mean runoff. There are also pronounced improvements in total water storage anomalies as compared to various observationally derived estimates. It is shown that surface and subsurface runoff generation resulting from subgrid‐scale soil moisture heterogeneity is necessary to accurately simulate the mean observed runoff and evapotranspiration. Surface runoff generation is largely responsible from reducing the mean evapotranspiration bias north of 30°N. We note that the inability of previous CABLE evaluation studies to demonstrate the need for subgrid‐scale heterogeneity is likely due to only testing at flux tower site scales. Evaluating land models at point scale and catchment scale across a large range of climate and vegetation types is necessary to evaluate the contributions of processes that influence the model at various spatial scales. Flux tower data are therefore a necessary but insufficient constraint on land surface models.
Ligand Controlled Regiodivergent C1 Insertion on Arynes for Construction of Phenanthridinone and Acridone Alkaloids
Authors: Feng Minghao , Tang Bingqing , Wang Nengzhong , Xu Hong‐Xi , Jiang Xuefeng
Published: October 2015

A palladium‐catalyzed regiodivergent C1 insertion multicomponent reaction involving aryne, CO, and 2‐iodoaniline is established to construct the scaffolds of phenanthridinone and acridone alkaloids. Regioselective control is achieved under the guidance of selective ligands. The phenanthridinones are solely obtained under ligand‐free condition. In comparison, application of the electron‐abundant bidentate ligand dppm afforded the acridones with high efficiency. The release rate of the aryne from the precursor assists the regioselectivity of insertion as well, which was revealed through interval NMR tracking. A plausible mechanism was suggested based on the control experiments. Representative natural products and two types of natural product analogues were synthesized divergently through this tunable method.
Ancient Human Bone Microstructure in MedievalEngland: Comparisons between Two Socio‐Economic Groups
Authors: Miszkiewicz Justyna J. , Mahoney Patrick
Published: October 2015

Understanding the links between bone microstructure and human lifestyle is critical for clinical and anthropological research into skeletal growth and adaptation. The present study is the first to report correspondence between socio‐economic status and variation in bone microstructure in ancient humans. Products of femoral cortical remodeling were assessed using histological methods in a large human medieval sample (N = 450) which represented two distinct socio‐economic groups. Osteonal parameters were recorded in posterior midshaft femoral sections from adult males (N = 233) and females (N = 217). Using univariate and multivariate statistics, intact, fragmentary, and osteon population densities, Haversian canal area and diameter, and osteon area were compared between the two groups, accounting for sex, age, and estimated femoral robusticity. The size of osteons and their Haversian canals, as well as osteon density, varied significantly between the socio‐economic groups, although minor inconsistencies were observed in females. Variation in microstructure was consistent with historical textual evidence that describes differences in mechanical loading and nutrition between the two groups. Results demonstrate that aspects of ancient human lifestyle can be inferred from bone microstructure. Anat Rec, 299:42–59, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prolonged auditory brainstem responses in infants with autism
Authors: Miron Oren , Ari‐Even Roth Daphne , Gabis Lidia V. , Henkin Yael , Shefer Shahar , Dinstein Ilan , Geva Ronny
Published: October 2015

Numerous studies have attempted to identify early physiological abnormalities in infants and toddlers who later develop autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One potential measure of early neurophysiology is the auditory brainstem response (ABR), which has been reported to exhibit prolonged latencies in children with ASD. We examined whether prolonged ABR latencies appear in infancy, before the onset of ASD symptoms, and irrespective of hearing thresholds. To determine how early in development these differences appear, we retrospectively examined clinical ABR recordings of infants who were later diagnosed with ASD. Of the 118 children in the participant pool, 48 were excluded due to elevated ABR thresholds, genetic aberrations, or old testing age, leaving a sample of 70 children: 30 of which were tested at 0–3 months, and 40 were tested at toddlerhood (1.5–3.5 years). In the infant group, the ABR wave‐V was significantly prolonged in those who later developed ASD as compared with case‐matched controls (n = 30). Classification of infants who later developed ASD and case‐matched controls using this measure enabled accurate identification of ASD infants with 80% specificity and 70% sensitivity. In the group of toddlers with ASD, absolute and interpeak latencies were prolonged compared to clinical norms. Findings indicate that ABR latencies are significantly prolonged in infants who are later diagnosed with ASD irrespective of their hearing thresholds; suggesting that abnormal responses might be detected soon after birth. Further research is needed to determine if ABR might be a valid marker for ASD risk. Autism Res 2016, 9: 689–695. © 2015 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research
Staying on‐track despite the odds: Factors that assist young people facing adversity to continue with their education
Authors: Sanders Jackie , Munford Robyn , Thimasarn‐Anwar Tewaporn
Published: October 2015

This article draws on the findings from a mixed‐methods New Zealand study of the experience of service use of 605 vulnerable young people (aged 13–17 years). Drawing on the survey data, it focuses on the factors that assisted young people to stay on‐track with their education. Key findings include: being able to stay at mainstream school was the strongest predictor of capacity to stay on‐track. Additional educational services did not appear to contribute directly to positive educational outcomes. There was a direct relationship between involvement with mental health services and the capacity of these vulnerable youths to stay on‐track. Better integration between educational, welfare, and justice providers may yield better educational outcomes for these youths. Relational resources from domains such as friendship, family and community activities enhance young people's capacities to stay engaged and achieving in education. However, not every positive relational resource produces a positive educational gain. For this reason, it is important that educational and other professionals carefully examine these domains (friends, family and community) to identify which of these has the potential to assist with educational engagement and then work to maximise the benefits for youths.
Contextual Control in Visuospatial Perspective‐Taking Skills in Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Falla Daniel , Alós Francisco J.
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study was to teach left/right (Experiment 1) and near/far (Experiment 2) discrimination with reference both to self and to another person. The procedures used involved teaching discrimination in expressive language (speaker behavior) and then testing the transfer of learning into receptive language (listener behavior). A total of six intellectually disabled adults took part in the study, four in Experiment 1 and two in Experiment 2. The results showed that the subjects learned the target behavior in expressive language and performed correctly in tests to confirm the transfer of learning to receptive language. Experiments to analyze the function of the stimuli involved in receptive language share a certain amount of common ground with research into conditional discrimination under contextual control. The procedures used in such experiments may additionally enhance the teaching of visuospatial perspective‐taking skills. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass: Bi‐functional enzyme complexes expressed in Pichia pastoris improve bioethanol production from Miscanthus sinensis
Authors: Shin Sang Kyu , Hyeon Jeong Eun , Kim Young In , Kang Dea Hee , Kim Seung Wook , Park Chulhwan , Han Sung Ok
Published: October 2015

Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant utilizable natural resource. In the process of bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass, an efficient hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose to release hexose and pentose is essential. We have developed a strain of Pichia pastoris that can produce ethanol via pentose and hexose using an assembly of enzyme complexes. The use of enzyme complexes is one of the strategies for effective lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysis. Xylanase XynB from Clostridium cellulovorans and a chimeric endoglucanase cCelE from Clostridium thermocellum were selected as enzyme subunits, and were bound to a recombinant scaffolding protein mini‐CbpA from C. cellulovorans to assemble the enzyme complexes. These complexes efficiently degraded xylan and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), producing approximately 1.18 and 1.07 g/L ethanol from each substrate, respectively, which is 2.3‐fold and 2.7‐fold higher than that of the free‐enzyme expressing strain. Miscanthus sinensis was investigated as the lignocellulosic biomass for producing bioethanol, and 1.08 g/L ethanol was produced using our recombinant P. pastoris strain, which is approximately 1.9‐fold higher than that of the wild‐type strain. In future research, construction of enzyme complexes containing various hydrolysis enzymes could be used to develop biocatalysts that can completely degrade lignocellulosic biomass into valuable products such as biofuels.
Natural isotope correction of MS/MS measurements for metabolomics and 13C fluxomics
Authors: Niedenführ Sebastian , ten Pierick Angela , van Dam Patricia T.N. , Suarez‐Mendez Camilo A. , Nöh Katharina , Wahl S. Aljoscha
Published: October 2015

Fluxomics and metabolomics are crucial tools for metabolic engineering and biomedical analysis to determine the in vivo cellular state. Especially, the application of 13C isotopes allows comprehensive insights into the functional operation of cellular metabolism. Compared to single MS, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) provides more detailed and accurate measurements of the metabolite enrichment patterns (tandem mass isotopomers), increasing the accuracy of metabolite concentration measurements and metabolic flux estimation. MS‐type data from isotope labeling experiments is biased by naturally occurring stable isotopes (C, H, N, O, etc.). In particular, GC–MS(/MS) requires derivatization for the usually non‐volatile intracellular metabolites introducing additional natural isotopes leading to measurements that do not directly represent the carbon labeling distribution. To make full useof LC‐ and GC–MS/MS mass isotopomer measurements, the influence of natural isotopes has to be eliminated (corrected). Our correction approach is analyzed for the two most common applications; 13C fluxomics and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) based metabolomics. Natural isotopes can have an impact on the calculated flux distribution which strongly depends on the substrate labeling and the actual flux distribution. Second, we show that in IDMS based metabolomics natural isotopes lead to underestimated concentrations that can and should be corrected with a nonlinear calibration. Our simulations indicate that the correction for natural abundance in isotope based fluxomics and quantitative metabolomics is essential for correct data interpretation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1137–1147. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inactivation of nitrate reductase alters metabolic branching of carbohydrate fermentation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002
Authors: Qian Xiao , Kumaraswamy G. Kenchappa , Zhang Shuyi , Gates Colin , Ananyev Gennady M. , Bryant Donald A. , Dismukes G. Charles
Published: October 2015

To produce cellular energy, cyanobacteria reduce nitrate as the preferred pathway over proton reduction (H2 evolution) by catabolizing glycogen under dark anaerobic conditions. This competition lowers H2 production by consuming a large fraction of the reducing equivalents (NADPH and NADH). To eliminate this competition, we constructed a knockout mutant of nitrate reductase, encoded by narB, in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. As expected, ΔnarB was able to take up intracellular nitrate but was unable to reduce it to nitrite or ammonia, and was unable to grow photoautotrophically on nitrate. During photoautotrophic growth on urea, ΔnarB significantly redirects biomass accumulation into glycogen at the expense of protein accumulation. During subsequent dark fermentation, metabolite concentrations—both the adenylate cellular energy charge (∼ATP) and the redox poise (NAD(P)H/NAD(P))—were independent of nitrate availability in ΔnarB, in contrast to the wild type (WT) control. The ΔnarB strain diverted more reducing equivalents from glycogen catabolism into reduced products, mainly H2 and d‐lactate, by 6‐fold (2.8% yield) and 2‐fold (82.3% yield), respectively, than WT. Continuous removal of H2 from the fermentation medium (milking) further boosted net H2 production by 7‐fold in ΔnarB, at the expense of less excreted lactate, resulting in a 49‐fold combined increase in the net H2 evolution rate during 2 days of fermentation compared to the WT. The absence of nitrate reductase eliminated the inductive effect of nitrate addition on rerouting carbohydrate catabolism from glycolysis to the oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP) pathway, indicating that intracellular redox poise and not nitrate itself acts as the control switch for carbon flux branching between pathways. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 979–988. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pseudomorphic Generation of Supported Catalysts for Glycerol Oxidation
Authors: Deng Xiaohui , Dodekatos Georgios , Pupovac Kristina , Weidenthaler Claudia , Schmidt Wolfgang N. , Schüth Ferdi , Tüysüz Harun
Published: October 2015

A catalyst consisting of copper nanoparticles (15–20 nm in size) supported on ordered mesoporous cobalt monoxide was synthesized by the one‐step reduction of ethanol from nanocast copper cobalt spinel oxides. The small‐angle X‐ray scattering patterns showed that the ordered mesostructure was maintained after post‐treatment, and the cross‐section scanning electron microscopy images showed that the Cu nanoparticles were distributed homogeneously throughout the mesoporous CoO framework. The materials were tested as noble‐metal‐free catalysts for the oxidation of glycerol under alkaline conditions. The catalytic data showed that the presence of Cu nanoparticles greatly enhanced the catalytic performance.
Production Rate‐Dependent Key Performance Indicators for a Systematic Design of Biochemical Downstream Processes
Authors: Brandt Katrin , Schembecker Gerhard
Published: October 2015

Key performance indicators have become a common tool in bioprocess development, as they allow an objective and independent rating and ranking of process alternatives screened. A disadvantage of all key performance indicators developed so far is their strong focus on costs, which makes them neglect the influence of the production rate on the profit of the process. But, since both production costs and production rate have an equally strong impact, both should be considered when decisions have to be made. Therefore, two new key performance indicators are introduced in this work, one for batch and one for continuous processing. They combine product yield, purity performance, variable manufacturing costs, and production rate to one objective. Thereby, misguided trade‐offs between these four individual measures can be replaced by one key performance indicator. This ensures a systematic development of biochemical downstream processes.
Heterogeneous Catalytic Polymerization of Ethylene in Microtubular Reactor Systems
Authors: Mahadevan Meera , Lee Sangyool , Dessiatoun Serguei V. , Ohadi Michael , Al Hajri Ebrahim , Choi Kyu Yong
Published: October 2015

The feasibility of using a microtubular reactor for heterogeneous polymerization of ethylene was investigated experimentally. Chemically inert polymer tubing of 800–2300 μm in inner diameter was fabricated and used as a polymerization reactor. Nonporous silica nanoparticles with a diameter of 400 nm were synthesized and used as support for the high‐activity rac‐ethylene(indenyl)2ZrCl2 catalyst with methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst and toluene as diluent. Large‐diameter microtubular reactors were also successfully used to conduct heterogeneous polymerization of ethylene in continuous reaction operations. High initial catalyst activity was obtained and the overall polymerization activity per volume or reactor length was quite high. No particle fragmentation occurred and the polymer particles were covered with small subgrains or nanofibrils with a diameter of 30 nm.