bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blowin’ in the wind: Dispersal, structure, and metacommunity dynamics of aeolian diatoms in the McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica
Authors: Schulte Nicholas O. , Khan Alia L. , Smith Emma W. , Zoumplis Angela , Kaul Drishti , Allen Andrew E. , Adams Byron J. , McKnight Diane M.
Published: November 2021

Diatom metacommunities are structured by environmental, historical, and spatial factors that are often attributed to organism dispersal. In the McMurdo Sound region (MSR) of Antarctica, wind connects aquatic habitats through delivery of inorganic and organic matter. We evaluated the dispersal of diatoms in aeolian material and its relation to the regional diatom metacommunity using light microscopy and 18S rRNA high‐throughput sequencing. The concentration of diatoms ranged from 0 to 8.76 * 106 valves · g−1 dry aeolian material. Up to 15% of whole cells contained visible protoplasm, indicating that up to 3.43 * 104 potentially viable individuals could be dispersed in a year to a single 2 ‐cm2 site. Diatom DNA and RNA was detected at each site, reinforcing the likelihood that we observed dispersal of viable diatoms. Of the 50 known morphospecies in the MSR, 72% were identified from aeolian material using microscopy. Aeolian community composition varied primarily by site. Meanwhile, each aeolian community was comprised of morphospecies found in aquatic communities from the same lake basin. These results suggest that aeolian diatom dispersal in the MSR is spatially structured, is predominantly local, and connects local aquatic habitats via a shared species pool. Nonetheless, aeolian community structure was distinct from that of aquatic communities, indicating that intrahabitat dispersal and environmental filtering also underlie diatom metacommunity dynamics. The present study confirms that a large number of diatoms are passively dispersed by wind across a landscape characterized by aeolian processes, integrating the regional flora and contributing to metacommunity structure and landscape connectivity.
A rapid detection of tomato yellow leaf curl virus using recombinase polymerase amplification-lateral flow dipstick assay
Authors: Zhou Y. , Zheng H.Y. , Jiang D.M. , Liu M. , Zhang W. , Yan J.Y.
Published: November 2021

Tomato yellow leaf curl disease which is caused by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is economically important and a widely spread tomato disease in China. Rapid and accurate detection methods are important in the control TYLCV. Here, a rapid method was developed to identify TYLCV on the basis of recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) that can be visualized in 5 min using lateral flow dipsticks. The sensitivity and the specificity of this method were evaluated. This method can detect 0·5 pg DNA after 30 min at 37°C without any expensive instrumentation. In addition, it showed higher sensitivity than a PCR method when purified DNA was used. Moreover, the TYLCV was specifically detected, whereas other viruses infecting tomato produced negative results. The crude tomato extracts used in this assay has potential application in minimally equipped plant clinic laboratories. This method will facilitate the early and rapid detection of TYLCV for the timely application of control measures.
A multi‐site, nurse‐coordinated hepatitis C model of care in primary care and community services in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Harney Brendan L. , Whitton Bradley , Paige Emma , Brereton Rebecca , Weiss Robert , Membrey Dean , Wade Amanda J. , Iser David , Kemp William , Roberts Stuart K. , Spelman Tim , Sacks‐Davis Rachel , Hellard Margaret E. , Doyle Joseph S.
Published: November 2021

Background

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment through primary care and community‐based services will be a critical component of HCV elimination. We evaluated a nurse‐coordinated programme providing care across eight sites and analysed progression through the HCV care cascade.

Methods

People‐accessing services from six primary care clinics, a homeless crisis accommodation provider and a mental health service were directly referred to nurses or engaged by nurses during regular clinic visits. Nurses supported HCV testing, treatment and follow‐up. The prescription was provided by affiliated clinicians. Logistic regression was used to examine factors associated with treatment commencement and sustained virological response (SVR) testing.

Results

Of 640 people referred to and/or engaged by the nurses from January 2017 to July 2019, 518 had an HCV RNA test of whom 381 (74%) were HCV RNA positive. Treatment was commenced by 281 (74%) people of whom 161 had an SVR test, 157 (97.5%) were cured. Opioid agonist therapy was associated with treatment commencement (aOR 2.68, 95% CI 1.48‐4.88). People who were homeless/unstably housed were less likely to commence treatment (aOR 0.45, 95% CI 0.23‐0.87). Treatment prescription from a specialist (aOR 2.39, 95% CI 1.20‐4.74) and recent injection drug use (<6 months) (aOR 2.15, 95% CI 1.07‐4.31) was associated with SVR testing.

Conclusion

A nurse‐coordinated model of care led to high levels of HCV treatment uptake and cure amongst people attending primary care and community services. More tailored models of care may be beneficial for people who are homeless or have unstable housing. These results support primary care and community‐based hepatitis C treatment.
Unpacking economic programme theory for supervision training: Preliminary steps towards realist economic evaluation
Authors: Rees Charlotte E. , Foo Jonathan , Nguyen Van N. B. , Edouard Vicki , Maloney Stephen , Ottrey Ella , Palermo Claire
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Cost studies are increasingly popular given resource constraints. While scholars stress the context‐dependent nature of cost, and the importance of theory, cost studies remain context‐blind and atheoretical. However, realist economic evaluation (REE) privileges context and the testing/refinement of economic programme theory. This preliminary REE serves to test and refine economic programme theory for supervision training programmes of different durations to better inform future programme design/implementation.

Methods

Our preliminary REE unpacked how short (half‐day) and extended (12 week) supervision training programmes in Victoria, Australia, produced costs and outcomes. We employed mixed methods: qualitative realist and quantitative cost methods. Economically optimised programme models were developed guided by identified cost‐sensitive mechanisms and contexts.

Results

As part of identified context‐mechanism‐outcome configurations (CMOCs) for both training programmes, we found a wider diversity of positive outcomes but greater costs for the extended programme (11 outcomes; AU$3069/learner) compared with the short programme (7 outcomes; $385/learner). We identified four shared cost‐sensitive mechanisms for both programmes (training duration, learner protected time, learner engagement, and facilitator competence) and one shared cost‐sensitive context (learners' supervisory experience). We developed two economically optimised programme models: (1) short programme for experienced supervisors facilitated by senior educators ($406/learner); and (2) extended programme for inexperienced supervisors facilitated by junior educators ($2104/learner).

Discussion

Our initial economic programme theory was somewhat supported, refuted and refined. Results were partly consistent with previous research, but also extended it through unpacking cost‐sensitive mechanisms and contexts. Although our preliminary REE fills a pressing gap in the methodology literature, conducting REE was challenging given our desire to integrate economic and realist analyses fully, and remain faithful to realist principles. Attention to training duration and experience levels of the facilitator–learner dyad may help to balance the cost and outcomes of training programmes.
Dysbiosis of skin mycobiome in atopic dermatitis
Authors: Tao Rong , Li Ruoyu , Wang Ruojun
Published: November 2021

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease with an increasing prevalence worldwide. The aetiology and pathogenesis of AD have not been fully elucidated. Previous studies have suggested the role of fungi as a triggering factor in the development AD. Here we conducted a systematic review to investigate the skin mycobiome profiles in AD and to address whether there is an association between fungal dysbiosis and AD. We searched Medline/PubMed, Embase and Web of Science for research studies published in English between January 1st, 2010 and April 21st, 2021. A total of 11 human studies and 3 animal studies were included in this analysis. Fungal dysbiosis was observed in AD lesions with a depleted amount of Malassezia and a higher abundance of filamentous fungi. A positive correlation between Candida and Staphylococcus was also demonstrated in AD. We supposed that specific species of Malassezia spp. and Candida spp. may play a role in the pathogenesis of AD by interacting with the pathogenic bacteria. Topical application of emollients could improve the skin barrier function and restore the skin fungal flora by increasing the amount of Malassezia. Further studies focusing on the complex interplay between specific skin fungi and the host can provide better insight into the role of microorganisms in the pathogenesis of AD.
Non‐coding regulatory elements: Potential roles in disease and the case of epilepsy
Authors: Pagni Susanna , Mills James D. , Frankish Adam , Mudge Jonathan M. , Sisodiya Sanjay M.
Published: November 2021

Non‐coding DNA (ncDNA) refers to the portion of the genome that does not code for proteins and accounts for the greatest physical proportion of the human genome. ncDNA includes sequences that are transcribed into RNA molecules, such as ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and un‐transcribed sequences that have regulatory functions, including gene promoters and enhancers. Variation in non‐coding regions of the genome have an established role in human disease, with growing evidence from many areas, including several cancers, Parkinson's disease and autism. Here, we review the features and functions of the regulatory elements that are present in the non‐coding genome and the role that these regions have in human disease. We then review the existing research in epilepsy and emphasise the potential value of further exploring non‐coding regulatory elements in epilepsy. In addition, we outline the most widely used techniques for recognising regulatory elements throughout the genome, current methodologies for investigating variation and the main challenges associated with research in the field of non‐coding DNA.
Alpha adaptins show isoform‐specific association with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Srinivasan Sukanya , Gal Jozsef , Bachstetter Adam , Nelson Peter T.
Published: November 2021

Aims

The heterotetrameric assembly protein complex 2 (AP‐2) is a central hub for clathrin‐dependent endocytosis. The AP‐2 α‐adaptin subunit has two major isoforms, encoded by two separate genes: AP2A1 and AP2A2. Endocytosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease, and recent studies linked α‐adaptins (gene variants, splicing defects and altered expression) with late‐onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) risk. Here, we used multiple antibodies to investigate α‐adaptin isoforms and their localization in human brains.

Methods

The specificities of 10 different α‐adaptin antibodies were evaluated using immunoblots after human AP2A1 and AP2A2 plasmid transfection in cultured cells. Additional immunoblot analyses were then performed on protein homogenates from control and LOAD subjects. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded brain sections from control and LOAD subjects were immunohistochemically stained, and immunofluorescence experiments were performed for quantitation of colocalisation with digital image analysis.

Results

Eight of the 10 evaluated antibodies recognised transfected α‐adaptin proteins on immunoblots. The α‐adaptin subspecies were relatively uniformly expressed in five different human brain regions. The α‐adaptins were present in the detergent‐insoluble fraction from cognitively impaired, but less so in control, brains. Immunohistochemical analyses showed colocalisation of AP2A1 with tau pathology in LOAD brains. By contrast, AP2A2 colocalised with microglial cells.

Conclusions

These observations provide evidence of isoform‐specific changes of α‐adaptins in the brains of LOAD subjects. Antibodies that were verified to recognise AP2A1, but not AP2A2, labelled neurofibrillary tangles of LOAD patients. The findings extend our understanding of AP‐2 proteins in the human brain in healthy and diseased states.
Showcasing Copleston and Lonergan
Authors: O'Collins Gerald
Published: November 2021

For twelve of the years during which he spent a semester lecturing as a visiting professor at the Gregorian University (Rome), Frederick Copleston enjoyed close contacts with Bernard Lonergan. He was one of the two ‘house’ censors of Insight. He also wrote a very positive review of the book for the Oxford-based Journal of Theological Studies, which was then co-edited by Henry Chadwick. The personal and professional contacts between Copleston and Lonergan have been widely neglected; they call for further study and evaluation.
Effect of methylphenidate at different doses on new bone formation with rapid maxillary expansion: A micro‐CT and histomorphometric study in rats
Authors: Dursun S. , Sezen Erhamza T. , Önder M. E. , Erdoğan Düzcü S.
Published: November 2021

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of systemically administered methylphenidate hydrochloride (MPH) on new bone formation in premaxillary suture after rapid maxillary expansion (RME).

Setting and Sample Population

Thirty‐three Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Group 1 (high dose, 30/60 mg/kg MPH), Group 2 (low dose, 4/10 mg/kg MPH), Group 3 (positive control) and Group 4 (negative control).

Methods

RME was applied on the 70th day of the study. A 5‐day RME period was followed by a 12‐day retention period. The experiment was terminated on the 87th day. Micro‐CT for radiological evaluation, haematoxylin‐eosin and Masson's trichrome staining methods were used for histomorphometric evaluation.

Results

Among experimental groups with RME, the lowest number of osteoblasts and capillaries in Group 1 (P < .05). New bone formation, fibrous callus formation, distal osteotomy line, proximal osteotomy union and cortex remodelling were observed to be lower in Group 1 and Group 2 than Group 3 (P < .05). There was a statistically significant difference between Group 4 and each of the other groups (P = .000) in the evaluation of the results for bone mineral density, bone volume, bone volume percentage, trabecular thickness and trabecular number.

Conclusions

MPH reduces cellular activity for new bone formation in suture in RME groups. Before performing rapid maxillary expansion in patients using MPH, the use of the drug should be postponed after a multidisciplinary decision process or clinical doses should be lowered.
Sun exposure and protection habits in transplant athletes: An international survey
Authors: Navarrete‐De Gálvez M , Ruiz Sánchez JM , Navarrete‐De Gálvez E , Aguilera J , Rivas‐Ruiz F , de Troya‐Martín M , Herrera‐Ceballos E , de Gálvez MV
Published: November 2021

Background

Transplant recipients are particularly prone to the development of skin cancer, and overexposure to UV radiation during outdoor activities increases the risk of carcinogenesis.

Objective

The aim of this study was to analyze sun‐related behaviors and knowledge in transplant athletes, examine the frequency of sunburns, and explore associations with a history of skin cancer.

Materials and methods

Cross‐sectional descriptive study. Participants (n = 170) in the XXI World Transplant Games from >50 countries completed a questionnaire on sun protection habits and knowledge, type of transplant, immunosuppressive therapy, and personal history of skin cancer.

Results

The most common transplanted organs were the kidney (n = 79), the liver (n = 33), and the heart (n = 31). Overall, 61.3% of athletes had been doing sport for >15 years and 79.5% spent >1–2 h a day outdoors. Fifteen % of athletes had a history of skin cancer. The prevalence of sunburn in the previous year was 28.9%, higher in athletes aged <50 years (37.2%); without a primary school education (58.3%), not taking cyclosporin (32.6%), and athletes who played basketball (75%). The main sun protection measures used were sunscreen (68.9%) and sunglasses (67.3%). Use of a hat or cap was the only measure significantly associated with a reduced prevalence of sunburn.

Conclusions

Despite high awareness that sun exposure increases the risk of skin cancer, sunburn was common in transplant athletes. Efforts should be made to strengthen multidisciplinary sun protection education strategies and ensure periodic dermatologic follow‐up to prevent sun‐induced skin cancer in this population.
Are Biopharma Firms Discontinuing Doomed Drug Discovery Projects Fast Enough?
Authors: Subramanian Annapoornima M. , Lévesque Moren , Van De Vrande Vareska
Published: November 2021

Annapoornima M. Subramanian, Moren Lévesque, and Vareska Van De Vrande were recognized as a runner up for the 2020 Ralph Gomory Best Industry Studies Paper Award.
Clostridioides difficile infection in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: A prospective multinational study
Authors: Blumberg Emily A. , Collins Gary , Young Jo‐Anne H. , Nguyen M. Hong , Michonneau David , Temesgen Zelelem , Origȕen Julia , Barcan Laura , Obeid Karam M. , Belloso Waldo H. , Gras Julien , Corbelli Giulio Maria , Neaton James D. , Lundgren Jens , Snydman David R. , Molina Jean‐Michel ,   for the INSIGHT Clostridioides difficile Study Group
Published: November 2021

Background

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in recipients of solid organ transplant (SOT) or hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). In retrospective single center analyses, severe disease and relapse are common. We undertook an international, prospective cohort study to estimate the response to physician determined antibiotic treatment for CDI in patients with SOT and HSCT.

Methods

Adults with a first episode of CDI within the first 2 years of SOT or HSCT were enrolled. Demographics, comorbidities, and medication history were collected, and over 90 days of follow‐up clinical cure, recurrences, and complications were assessed. Logistic regression was used to study associations of baseline predictors of clinical cure and recurrence. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are cited.

Results

A total of 132 patients, 81 SOT and 51 HSCT (32 allogeneic), were enrolled with a median age of 56 years; 82 (62%) were males and 128 (97%) were hospitalized at enrollment. One hundred and six (80.3%) were diagnosed by DNA assay. CDI occurred at a median of 20 days post‐transplant (interquartile range, IQR: 6–133). One hundred and eight patients (81.8%) were on proton pump inhibitors; 126 patients (95.5%) received antibiotics within the 6 weeks before CDI. The most common initial CDI treatments prescribed, on or shortly before enrollment, were oral vancomycin alone (50%) and metronidazole alone (36%). Eighty‐three percent (95% CI: 76, 89) of patients had clinical cure; 18% (95% CI: 12, 27) of patients had recurrent CDI; global clinical cure occurred in 65.2%. Of the 11 patients who died, two (1.5% of total) were related to CDI. In multivariable logistic regression analyses, the type of initial treatment was associated with clinical cure (p = .009) and recurrence (p = .014). A history of cytomegalovirus (CMV) after transplant was associated with increased risk of recurrence (44% with versus 13% without CMV history; OR: 5.7, 95% CI: 1.5, 21.3; p = .01).

Conclusions

Among adults who develop CDI after SOT or HSCT, despite their immunosuppressed state, the percentage with clinical cure was high and the percentage with recurrence was low. Clinical cure and recurrence varied by type of initial treatment, and CMV viremia/disease was associated with an increased risk of recurrence.
ATP‐sensitive potassium channels in zebrafish cardiac and vascular smooth muscle
Authors: Singareddy Soma S. , Roessler Helen I. , McClenaghan Conor , Ikle Jennifer M. , Tryon Robert C. , van Haaften Gijs , Nichols Colin G.
Published: November 2021

ATP‐sensitive potassium channels (KATP channels) are hetero‐octameric nucleotide‐gated ion channels that couple cellular metabolism to excitability in various tissues. In the heart, KATP channels are activated during ischaemia and potentially during adrenergic stimulation. In the vasculature, they are normally active at a low level, reducing vascular tone, but the ubiquitous nature of these channels leads to complex and poorly understood channelopathies as a result of gain‐ or loss‐of‐function mutations. Zebrafish (ZF) models of these channelopathies may provide insights to the link between molecular dysfunction and complex pathophysiology, but this requires understanding the tissue dependence of channel activity and subunit specificity. Thus far, direct analysis of ZF KATP expression and functional properties has only been performed in pancreatic β‐cells. Using a comprehensive combination of genetically modified fish, electrophysiology and gene expression analysis, we demonstrate that ZF cardiac myocytes (CM) and vascular smooth muscle (VSM) express functional KATP channels of similar subunit composition, structure and metabolic sensitivity to their mammalian counterparts. However, in contrast to mammalian cardiovascular KATP channels, ZF channels are insensitive to potassium channel opener drugs (pinacidil, minoxidil) in both chambers of the heart and in VSM. The results provide a first characterization of the molecular properties of fish KATP channels and validate the use of such genetically modified fish as models of human Cantú syndrome and ABCC9‐related Intellectual Disability and Myopathy syndrome.

Key points

Zebrafish cardiac myocytes (CM) and vascular smooth muscle (VSM) express functional KATP channels of similar subunit composition, structure and metabolic sensitivity to their mammalian counterparts.

In contrast to mammalian cardiovascular KATP channels, zebrafish channels are insensitive to potassium channel opener drugs (pinacidil, minoxidil) in both chambers of the heart and in VSM.

We provide a first characterization of the molecular properties of fish KATP channels and validate the use of such genetically modified fish as models of human Cantú syndrome and ABCC9‐related Intellectual Disability and Myopathy syndrome.
Determining the Influence of Casing Vibrational Behavior on Rotordynamics
Authors: Amer Mona , Paehr Martin , Scheidt Lars Panning-von , Seume Joerg R. , Schmied Joachim
Published: November 2021

Casings of machinery and support structures have an influence on the rotordynamic behavior, which is commonly considered by simplified models (e.g., one degree-of-freedom models). These are in many cases insufficient. Hence, more accurate modeling approaches are required, which can be used in the design process or the rotordynamic calculation to achieve a better representation of the overall vibrational behavior. To study the effects of casing and supporting structures on rotordynamics, the casing modal parameters of an axial compressor are determined by an experimental modal analysis. In parallel, a numerical model is established. As experimental data are rarely found in the literature, this work focuses on the parameter identification of the casing structure. The results are subsequently incorporated into a model updating strategy, in order to tune and improve the numerical model. Experimental and numerical data are compared to assess the quality of the data and the results gained. The ultimate objective is a reduced order model, which can be integrated in existing rotordynamic tools via an interface while keeping the calculation time low.
Gas Flow in Occluded Respiratory Tree: A New Matrix-Based Approach
Authors: Soni Bharat , Kumar Nayak Ameeya , Miguel Antonio F.
Published: November 2021

Studies suggest that both the size of airways and the number of bifurcations of the respiratory tree provide the best structural design to accomplish its function. However, constrictions and occlusions due to inflammation and pulmonary edema of the airways can inhibit normal air flowing through the respiratory tree, affecting gas exchange. It results in heterogeneity in gas exchange (and pulmonary perfusion) with adverse risk factors. In this study, we propose a methodology based on the airway tree admittance (reciprocal of impedance) to study this problem. This methodology is distinct from the traditional quantification, based on overall impedance using lump parameter models, and applies to a matrix formed by admittances of each airway of the entire conducting part of the bronchial tree. The generated system admittance matrix is highly sparse in nature, and thus to solve the same system, a modified block-based LU decomposition method is proposed to improve the space–time tradeoff. Our approach enables the determination of the local ventilation pattern and reduces the misevaluation, mainly in the cases that characterize the early-stage obstructive disorders. The key finding of the present study is to show that how the position and intensity of local obstruction in an airway can affect the overall as well as regional ventilation which can lead to impaired gas exchange.
Imaging findings of a metastatic myxopapillary ependymoma in the left inguinal region
Authors: Li Yunpeng , Wu Jiangfeng , Fang Qingqing , Jin Yun , Wang Peiwen
Published: November 2021

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Comment to: The utility of ultrasound examination in cubital tunnel syndrome caused by heterotopic ossification
Authors: Park Yei Heum , Oh Daeseok
Published: November 2021

Ultrasound (US) could visualize the pathological anatomy of HO and the enlargement site and compression location of the nerve in the cubital tunnel [1]. We read with great interest the article of Jačisko et al[2]. In addition, we report rare US images of HO in direct contact with the swollen ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel that was not detected by plain radiography. A 60-year-old female presented with a six-month history of elbow pain. Her pain was located at the medial side of the right elbow joint and accompanied by numbness of the fifth finger. She had a history of excessive manual labor due to her occupation as a gardener over the past few decades. The numbness began with the fifth finger initially and gradually extended toward the medial side of the elbow joint. US images showed hyperechoic masses causing acoustic shadowing, in direct contact with the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. The HO seems to be related to compression of the ulnar nerve. The ulnar nerve was swollen (Figure 1-a, b). The maximal cross-sectional-area was 0.10 cm2. Plain elbow radiographs demonstrated osteophyte formation in the coronoid process of the ulna, the coronoid fossa of the humerus, and in the radial head (Figure 1-c). Radiographic imaging showed no heterotopic bone formation in the soft tissues surrounding the medial side of the right elbow. We performed US-guided perineural injection with a mixture of 1 cc of 10 mg triamcinolone and 3 cc of 0.2 % ropivacaine. Her pain and numbness gradually diminished with no adverse effects. Her pain reduced by 70% after two weeks, with pain improvement sustained for 6 months after the injection. Jačisko et al[2]have presented some diagnostic US imaging on neuropathy caused by HO located close to the ulnar nerve in the cubital tunnel. Especially, this case showed definite heterotopic bone formation in the soft tissue surrounding the medial side of the elbow on plain radiography. The classic sonographic patterns of HO were defined by the presence of central hypoechoic area surrounded by foci of calcification [3, 4]. The distortion of normal soft tissue and the formation of hypoechoic areas, with or without foci of calcification can also be shown as early signs[3, 4]. The use of US for HO is highly sensitive and provides an earlier diagnosis compared with other radiologic modalities [3-5]. It can be an effective treatment strategy and may improve the prognosis of neuropathy. We highlight that US evaluation can provide early diagnostic information about ulnar nerve morphology and various HO formations even if plane radiographs did not show heterotopic bone formation in the soft tissues surrounding the medial side of the elbow.
Impact of Face Masks on Exercise Capacity and Lactate Thresholds in Healthy Young Adults
Authors: Rudi Wolf-Stephan , Maier Florian , Schüttler Dominik , Kellnar Antonia , Strüven Anna Katharina , Hamm Wolfgang , Brunner Stefan
Published: November 2021

Background:Although many countries have introduced strict guidelines regarding mouth and nose coverage in public to contain infection rates during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, more information is needed regarding the impact of wearing face masks on lactate thresholds (LT) and performance parameters during exercise.Methods:Ten healthy male and 10 healthy female subjects (age = 33.4 [10.26] y, body mass index = 23.52 [2.36] kg/m2) performed 3 incremental performance tests, wearing no mask (NM), surgical mask (SM), and filtering face piece mask class 2 (FFP2), with a cycle ergometer. The authors analyzed changes in the LT, in blood gas parameters, and in the rating of perceived exertion (RPE).Results:Performance at LT remained unchanged in subjects wearing SM or FFP2 in comparison with NM (162.5 [50.6] vs 167.2 [58.9] vs 162.2 [58.4] W with NM, SM, and FFP2, respectively,P = .24). However, the peak performance was significantly reduced wearing FFP2 compared with NM (213.8 [71.3] vs 230.5 [77.27] W, FFP2 vs NM, respectively,P < .001). Capillary pCO2 was increased while wearing SM as well as FFP2 compared with NM (29 [3.1] vs 33.3 [4] vs 35.8 [4.9] mmHg with NM, SM, and FFP2, respectively;P < .001), and pO2 decreased under maximum performance (84 [6.7] vs 79.1 [7.5] vs 77.3 [8.2] mmHg with NM, SM, and FFP2,P < .01). Importantly, rating of perceived exertion was significantly increased by wearing FFP2 compared with NM at LT according to Mader (16.7 [2.7] vs 15.3 [1.8] FFP2 vs NM, respectively,P < .01).Conclusion:Wearing face masks during exercise showed no effect on LT, limited maximum performance, and induced discrete changes in capillary pCO2 and pO2 within the physiologic range while increasing RPE at LT.
Community policing does not build citizen trust in police or reduce crime in the Global South
Authors: Blair Graeme , Weinstein Jeremy M. , Christia Fotini , Arias Eric , Badran Emile , Blair Robert A. , Cheema Ali , Farooqui Ahsan , Fetzer Thiemo , Grossman Guy , Haim Dotan , Hameed Zulfiqar , Hanson Rebecca , Hasanain Ali , Kronick Dorothy , Morse Benjamin S. , Muggah Robert , Nadeem Fatiq , Tsai Lily L. , Nanes Matthew , Slough Tara , Ravanilla Nico , Shapiro Jacob N. , Silva Barbara , Souza Pedro C. L. , Wilke Anna M.
Published: November 2021

Easier said than done

High-profile instances of police brutality in the last few years have brought attention to patterns of abuse that have existed since the inception of modern policing. There have been many calls for police reform, a process that in many countries has taken the form of increased police engagement with communities. Blair
et al
. report the results of a large-scale experiment testing the effectiveness of this approach across six countries in the Southern Hemisphere (see the Perspective by Tobon). They found that such community engagement did not increase trust in the police and it did not reduce crime. Improving relationships between police and community may require deeper structural changes before or in addition to approaches such as community policing. —SNV
The spectrum of inflammatory responses
Authors: Medzhitov Ruslan
Published: November 2021

Inflammation is an integral part of animal biology. It provides critical protection from adverse environmental factors by enforcing the defense of homeostasis and the functional and structural integrity of tissues and organs. Recent advances have uncovered a broad range of biological processes that involve inflammatory control, calling for a renewed framework of inflammation beyond its classical roles in defense from infection and injury. In this Review, new perspectives on inflammation biology are discussed and new research directions are suggested to address the fundamental gaps in our current understanding.
Orbiting resonances in formaldehyde reveal coupling of roaming, radical, and molecular channels
Authors: Foley Casey D. , Xie Changjian , Guo Hua , Suits Arthur G.
Published: November 2021

Quantum nature of roaming dynamics

Despite intense study, roaming systems have been generally treated classically and their dynamics have been assumed to be ergodic. Foley
et al
. provide a combined experimental and theoretical study of the photodissociation of formaldehyde near the threshold for radical production. Their observations revealed a strong dependence of the degree of roaming on the rotational state of the molecule that is excited, which is indicative of an important role for quantum orbiting resonances. This study demonstrates unexpected, non-ergodic roaming dynamics in the prototypical roaming system that does not fit into the conventional classical picture, subject to further studies in other systems. —YS
Stem cells remember insults
Authors: Hoste Esther
Published: November 2021

Wounding mobilizes stem cells that accumulate epigenetic memories and regenerate skin
Green with phenology
Authors: Meng Lin
Published: November 2021

Warmer and brighter cities trick trees into thinking that spring arrives earlier
Paediatric tic-like presentations during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Buts Sarah , Duncan Morvwen , Owen Tamsin , Martino Davide , Pringsheim Tamara , Byrne Susan , McWilliams Andrew , Murphy Tara , Malik Osman , Liang Holan , Heyman Isobel , Hedderly Tammy
Published: November 2021

Background and aim

Clinical centres have seen an increase in tic-like movements during the COVID-19 pandemic. A series of children and adolescents are described.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of 34 consecutive paediatric patients presenting with sudden onset tic-like movements, seen over 6 months.

Results

94% of patients were female, with an average age of sudden onset or increase of tic-like movements of 13.7 years. 44% had a previous diagnosis of tics, and 47% initially presented to an emergency department. Comorbid psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders were reported in 91% with 68% reporting anxiety.

Conclusion

We highlight a dramatic presentation of sudden onset functional tic-like movements in predominantly female adolescents to help inform identification and management. There is need to research the neurobiological underpinnings and environmental exacerbating factors leading to these presentations and to explore effective therapeutic strategies.
Effect of a neck collar on brain turgor: a potential role in preventing concussions?
Authors: Dinsmore Michael , Hajat Zakir , Brenna Connor TA , Fisher Joseph , Venkatraghavan Lashmi
Published: November 2021

Background

Mild internal jugular vein (IJV) compression, aimed at increasing intracranial fluid volume to prevent motion of the brain relative to the skull, has reduced brain injury markers in athletes suffering repeated traumatic brain injuries. However, an increase in intracranial volume with IJV compression has not been well demonstrated. This study used transorbital ultrasound to identify changes in optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) as a direct marker of accompanying changes in intracranial volume.

Methods

Nineteen young, healthy adult volunteers (13 males and 6 females) underwent IJV compression of 20 cm H2O low in the neck, while in upright posture. IJV cross-sectional area at the level of the cricoid cartilage, and the change in right ONSD 3 mm behind the papillary segment of the optic nerve, were measured by ultrasound. Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test with Bonferroni correction.

Results

Mean (SD) cross-sectional area for the right IJV before and after IJV compression was 0.10 (0.05) cm2and 0.57 (0.37) cm2, respectively (p=0.001). ONSD before and after IJV compression was 4.6 (0.5) mm and 4.9 (0.5) mm, respectively (p=0.001).

Conclusions

These data verify increased cerebral volume following IJV compression, supporting the potential for reduced brain ‘slosh’ as a mechanism connecting IJV compression to possibly reducing traumatic brain injury following head trauma.
Ambient heat and risks of emergency department visits among adults in the United States: time stratified case crossover study
Authors: Sun Shengzhi , Weinberger Kate R , Nori-Sarma Amruta , Spangler Keith R , Sun Yuantong , Dominici Francesca , Wellenius Gregory A
Published: November 2021

Objective

To quantify the association between ambient heat and visits to the emergency department (ED) for any cause and for cause specific conditions in the conterminous United States among adults with health insurance.

Design

Time stratified case crossover analyses with distributed lag non-linear models.

Setting

US nationwide administrative healthcare claims database.

Participants

All commercial and Medicare Advantage beneficiaries (74.2 million) aged 18 years and older between May and September 2010 to 2019.

Main outcome measures

Daily rates of ED visits for any cause, heat related illness, renal disease, cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and mental disorders based on discharge diagnosis codes.

Results

21 996 670 ED visits were recorded among adults with health insurance living in 2939 US counties. Days of extreme heat—defined as the 95th centile of the local warm season (May through September) temperature distribution (at 34.4°Cv14.9°C national average level)—were associated with a 7.8% (95% confidence interval 7.3% to 8.2%) excess relative risk of ED visits for any cause, 66.3% (60.2% to 72.7%) for heat related illness, 30.4% (23.4% to 37.8%) for renal disease, and 7.9% (5.2% to 10.7%) for mental disorders. Days of extreme heat were associated with an excess absolute risk of ED visits for heat related illness of 24.3 (95% confidence interval 22.9 to 25.7) per 100 000 people at risk per day. Heat was not associated with a higher risk of ED visits for cardiovascular or respiratory diseases. Associations were more pronounced among men and in counties in the north east of the US or with a continental climate.

Conclusions

Among both younger and older adults, days of extreme heat are associated with a higher risk of ED visits for any cause, heat related illness, renal disease, and mental disorders. These results suggest that the adverse health effects of extreme heat are not limited to older adults and carry important implications for the health of adults across the age spectrum.
Paralysis of the cytotoxic granule machinery is a new cancer immune evasion mechanism mediated by chitinase 3-like-1
Authors: Darwich Abbass , Silvestri Alessandra , Benmebarek Mohamed-Reda , Mouriès Juliette , Cadilha Bruno , Melacarne Alessia , Morelli Lapo , Supino Domenico , Taleb Alexandre , Obeck Hannah , Sustmann Claudio , Losurdo Agnese , Masci Giovanna , Curigliano Giuseppe , Kobold Sebastian , Penna Giuseppe , Rescigno Maria
Published: November 2021

Background

Natural killer (NK) cells require a functional lytic granule machinery to mediate effective antitumor responses. Evading the lytic cargo deployed at the immune synapse (IS) could be a critical step for cancer progression through yet unidentified mechanisms.

Methods

NK cell antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is a major determinant of the clinical efficacy of some therapeutic antibodies including the anti-HER2 Trastuzumab. Thus, we screened sera of Trastuzumab-resistant HER2 +patients with breast cancer for molecules that could inhibit NK cell ADCC. We validated our findings in vitro using cytotoxicity assays and confocal imaging of the lytic granule machinery and in vivo using syngeneic and xenograft murine models.

Results

We found that sera from Trastuzumab-refractory patients could inhibit healthy NK cell ADCC in vitro. These sera contained high levels of the inflammatory protein chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1) compared with sera from responders and healthy controls. We demonstrate that recombinant CHI3L1 inhibits both ADCC and innate NK cell cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, CHI3L1 prevents the correct polarization of the microtubule-organizing center along with the lytic granules to the IS by hindering the receptor of advanced glycation end-products and its downstream JNK signaling. In vivo, CHI3L1 administration drastically impairs the control of NK cell-sensitive tumors, while CHI3L1 blockade synergizes with ADCC to cure mice with HER2 +xenografts.

Conclusion

Our work highlights a new paradigm of tumor immune escape mediated by CHI3L1 which acts on the cytotoxic machinery and prevents granule polarization. Targeting CHI3L1 could mitigate immune escape and potentiate antibody and cell-based immunotherapies.
Framing the policy debate over tobacco control legislation and tobacco taxation in South Africa
Authors: Zatoński Mateusz Zygmunt , Egbe Catherine O , Robertson Lindsay , Gilmore Anna
Published: November 2021

Background

In 2018, South Africa opened public consultations on its newly proposed tobacco control bill, resulting in substantial public debate in which a range of arguments, either in favour of or against the Bill, was advanced. These were accompanied by the recurring discussions about the annual adjustments in tobacco taxation. This study uses the concept of framing to examine the public debate in South African print media on the potential effects of the legislation, as well as tobacco tax regulations, between their proponents and detractors.

Methods

A systematic search of news articles using multiple data sources identified 132 media articles published between January 2018 and September 2019 that met the inclusion criteria.

Results

Seven overarching frames were identified as characterising the media debate, with the three dominant frames beingEconomic, Harm reduction and vaping,andHealth. The leadingEconomicframe consisted primarily of arguments unsupportive of tobacco control legislation. Economic arguments were promoted by tobacco industry spokespeople, trade unions, organisations of retailers, media celebrities and think tanks—several of which have been identified as front groups or third-party lobbyists for the tobacco industry.

Conclusion

The dominance of economic arguments opposing tobacco control legislation risks undermining tobacco control progress. Local and global tobacco control advocates should seek to build relationships with media, as well as collate and disseminate effective counterarguments to those advanced by the industry.
Investigation into the crystallization of molecular sieve DNL-6
Authors: Goldman Maxwell , Huang Yining
Published: November 2021

Crystallization of DNL-6, a silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) based molecular sieve with the RHO topology, was investigated under both the hydrothermal synthesis (HTS) and dry-gel conversion (DGC) conditions. Crystallization of DNL-6 under the HTS conditions is rather fast. But a combination of crystallization under the DGC conditions and reducing reaction temperature slow down the reactions, allowing for intermediates to be captured. Under the DGC conditions, DNL-6 crystallizes through a semi-crystalline layered phase. The nature of this intermediate is aluminophosphate (AlPO) rather than SAPO with most P atoms having a local environment of P(–O–Al)3(OH). The surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium chloride) used for synthesis appears to be part of the layered intermediate. Si is directly incorporated in the DNL-6 framework via SM II mechanism when the semi-crystalline AlPO phase is transforming to DNL-6 with the assistance of a very small amount of water. Both the structure directing agent and the surfactant play a role in the formation of DNL-6, as they were found within the final synthesized products. SEM data show that hydrothermal synthesis produces a much more crystalline product. The facts that the semi-crystalline layered phase was also observed in the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of the solid samples obtained under the HTS conditions and that the evolution of the local structure around P and Al in the intermediate phases are similar imply that under the reaction conditions employed in the present study, the formation pathways of DNL-6 under the HTS and DGC conditions appear to have some similarities.
Effective exploitation of a geyser bubble-chamber equipment as a background-free fast neutron detector
Authors: Bertoni R. , Bruno G. , Burgio N. , Corcione M. , Cretara L. , Frullini M. , Fulgione W. , Palmerini G. , Quintino A. , Redaelli N. , Santagata A. , Sorrenti D. G. , Vallicelli E. A. , Zanotti L.
Published: November 2021

The MOSCAB equipment, a geyser-concept bubble-chamber originally thought for the search of dark matter in the form of WIMPs, is employed for the detection of fast neutrons. Once the background-free operating conditions are determined such that the detector is sensitive only to neutrons, which occurs when the neutron energy threshold required for nucleation is higher than approximately 2.5 MeV, the detector response to fast neutrons is investigated using a $${^{241}}$$

241

AmBe neutron source. Sets of detection efficiency functions are then produced via Monte Carlo simulations and post-processing, their validation being performed experimentally and discussed. Finally, the use of the detector to measure the fast neutron activity of very weak n-sources in low neutron background environments, as well as to monitor the cosmic ray variations through the neutron component of the Extensive Air Showers, is considered.
A lattice Boltzmann study of particle settling in a fluctuating multicomponent fluid under confinement
Authors: Xue Xiao , Biferale Luca , Sbragaglia Mauro , Toschi Federico
Published: November 2021

We present mesoscale numerical simulations based on the coupling of the fluctuating lattice Boltzmann method for multicomponent systems with a wetted finite-size particle model. This newly coupled methodologies are used to study the motion of a spherical particle driven by a constant body force in a confined channel with a fixed square cross section. The channel is filled with a mixture of two liquids under the effect of thermal fluctuations. After some validations steps in the absence of fluctuations, we study the fluctuations in the particle’s velocity at changing thermal energy, applied force, particle size, and particle wettability. The importance of fluctuations with respect to the mean settling velocity is quantitatively assessed, especially in comparison with unconfined situations. Results show that the expected effects of confinement are very well captured by the numerical simulations, wherein the confinement strongly enhances the importance of velocity fluctuations, which can be one order of magnitude larger than what expected in unconfined domains. The observed findings underscore the versatility of the proposed methodology in highlighting the effects of confinement on the motion of particles in the presence of thermal fluctuations.