bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic antiemetic therapy with granisetron‐dexamethasone combination in women undergoing breast surgery
Authors: Fujii Y. , Tanaka H. , Toyooka H.
Published: January 2009

Background: Dexamethasone decreases chemotherapy‐induced emesis when added to an antiemetic regimen. This study was undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of granisetron‐dexamethasone combination for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in female patients undergoing general anaesthesia for breast surgery.

Methods: In a randomized, double‐blind manner, 135 ASA I patients, aged 40–65 years, were assigned to receive placebo (saline), granisetron 40 μg · kg−1 or granisetron 40 μg · kg−1 plus dexamethasone 8 mg i.v. (n=45 of each) immediately before the induction of anaesthesia. A standard general anaesthetic technique and postoperative analgesia were used. The PONV and safety assessments were performed continuously during the first 3 h (0–3 h) and the next 21 h (3–24 h) after anaesthesia.

Results: A complete response, defined as no PONV and no administration of rescue antiemetic medication, during 0–3 h after anaesthesia was 51%, 82% and 96% in patients who had received placebo, granisetron and granisetron‐dexamethasone combination, respectively; the corresponding incidence during 3–24 h after anaesthesia was 56%, 84% and 98% (P<0.05; overall Fisher's exact probability test). No clinically important adverse events were observed in any of the groups.

Conclusion: Prophylactic use of granisetron‐dexamethasone combination is more effective than granisetron alone for the prevention of PONV after breast surgery.
Responses of respiratory drive and breathing pattern to inspiratory loading during nitrous oxide and isoflurane sedation
Authors: ÖStlund A. , Linnarsson D.
Published: January 2009

Background: Increased inspiratory resistance in combination with mild gas narcosis is common during recovery after a general anesthesia, but there are only few previous studies on inspiratory loading during subanesthetic gas narcosis.

Methods: Responses of respiratory drive (central inspiratory activity P0.1) and ventilatory pattern to an inspiratory threshold load of –6 cm H2O were studied in 16 healthy subjects during mild subanesthetic gas narcosis. One group (n=9) was exposed to 13, 26 and 39% nitrous oxide (N2O) and air control (Group N). Another group (n=7) was exposed to 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% isoflurane and air control (Group I). Measurements were done after 1 min adaptation to the load.

Results: Nitrous oxide and isoflurane had no effect on respiratory drive and VT either during unloaded breathing or during inspiratory threshold loading. Across all gas concentrations (including 0% control), inspiratory threshold loading resulted in significant P0.1 increases, amounting to 62% in group N and 38% in group I. At the same time VT decreased by 11 and 12%, respectively. A significantly increased end‐expired CO2 and decreased minute volume compared to air control was found during isoflurane inhalation but could be ascribed to normalization of the hyperventilation in the control situation.

Conclusions: It is concluded that the steady‐state ventilatory responses to loading, consisting of increased P0.1 and decreased VT, are maintained during inhalation of subanesthetic doses of N2O (0.13–0.38 MAC) and isoflurane (0.09–0.26 MAC).
Comparison of the haemodynamic actions of desflurane/N2O and isoflurane/N2O anaesthesia in vascular surgical patients
Authors: Zubicki A. , Gostin X. , Miclea D. , Rrou B. , Buy E. , Richer C. , Coriat P.
Published: January 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare heart rate and arterial blood pressure response to desflurane/N2O vs isoflurane/N2O anaesthesia in a randomised clinical trial performed in patients before vascular surgery.

Methods: To evaluate associated changes in the autonomic nervous system with maintenance of anaesthesia, we used power spectral analysis (PSA) of heart rate and blood pressure and measured plasma catecholamine concentrations. Twenty‐five patients whose trachea had been intubated after propofol induction were given either desflurane or isoflurane at 1 and 1.5 MAC in N2O (60%) in a random manner.

Results: At an anaesthetic depth of up to 1.5 MAC, arterial blood pressure, indices of sympathetic activity derived from PSA, decreased with both anaesthetics, while heart rate and plasma catecholamine concentrations did not significantly change. Plasma renin activity significantly increased at 1.5 MAC anaesthesia in both groups.

Conclusions: We conclude that sympathetic hyperactivity previously reported during desflurane anaesthesia in healthy volunteers is not frequent in clinical practice in elderly vascular surgical patients under desflurane/N2O anaesthesia, since it occurs at an anaesthetic depth which cannot be reached in these patients because of the lowering arterial blood pressure effects of desflurane, which are similar to those of isoflurane.
Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial
Authors: Natalini G. , Cavaliere S. , Vitacca M. , Amicucci G. , Ambrosino N. , Candiani A.
Published: January 2009

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV).

Methods: Thirty‐eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre‐and intra‐operative arterial blood gases and O2 flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions.

Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg−1· h−1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg−1· h−1), a lower O2 supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd̀/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO2 was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3).

Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non‐invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.
Postdural puncture headache and transient neurologic symptoms in children after spinal anaesthesia using cutting and pencil point paediatric spinal needles
Authors: Kokki H. , Hendolin H. , Turunen M.
Published: January 2009

Background: In the last decade the use of spinal anaesthesia (SA) in paediatric anaesthesia has increased. In adults, pencil point spinal needles are supposed to be less traumatic and hence to be superior compared with cutting point needles in respect of postpuncture complaints. In children, the use of spinal needles with a special tip design have not been compared. The aim of this study was to study the clinical utility and postpuncture characteristics of four newly designed spinal needles in paediatric surgery.

Methods: In this open‐randomised, parallel groups, prospective study we compared the puncture quality, success rate and post‐puncture characteristics in 200 children aged 2 to 128 months. Two cutting point needles; a 50‐mm‐long 25G Quincke and a 25‐mm‐long 26G Atraucan were compared with two pencil point needles; a 37‐mm‐long 27G Whitacre and a 35‐mm‐long 24G Sprotte. The children were premedicated with oral diazepam and those anxious or uncomfortable after premedication were sedated with i.v. thiopentone or propofol. Bupivacaine 5 mg ml−1 0.3–0.5 mg kg−1 was used for the SA.

Results: The spinal puncture was successful with one or two skin punctures in 96% of children. The cutting point needles were easier to insert through the skin and ligaments (P=0.001) but the pencil point needles gave a better (P=0.001) indication of the dural passage. The success rate of the SA was 91% without differences between the needles. Five patients were given general anaesthesia and 13 children a single dose of i.v. fentanyl/sedative. The spinal block was completed in less than 3 min in 96% of the cases without differences between the needles.

Seventeen children developed a headache, 10 of which were classified as a postdural puncture headache (PDPH), 3 with the Sprotte, 3 with the Quincke and 4 with the Atraucan needles. The youngest child developing PDPH was a 12‐month‐old boy. Eight of the PDPH were mild and 2 moderate. Ten children developed a low back pain, 2–3 in each study group. Three children in the pencil point groups developed signs of transient radicular irritation.

Conclusion: SA using bupivacaine and the study needles produced smooth and safe anaesthesia for paediatric surgery with a high success rate. PDPH after SA is as common in children (5%) as in adults although most often mild and short lasting. SA using bupivacaine can cause transient radicular irritation.
Unilateral spinal anaesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine
Authors: Esmaoĝlu A. , Boyaci A. , Ersoy Ö. , Güler G. , Talo R. , Tercan E.
Published: January 2009

Background: The dosage of local anaesthetic and the time the patient must be kept in the lateral decubitus position for a unilateral spinal anaesthesia is not known. The aim of this study was to determine the ideal dosage of hyperbaric bupivacaine and the time required for the lateral decubitus position for a unilateral spinal block.

Methods: Ninety patients who were scheduled to receive spinal block for surgery in the lower extremity were randomised into 9 groups (n=10). The spinal block was performed through the L4–L5 intervertebral space with the patient in the lateral decubitus position. Patients in groups Ia, Ib, Ic; IIa, IIb, IIc; IIIa, IIIb, IIIc received 1.5 ml of 0.5%, 2 ml of 0.5%, and 2.5 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine solutions, respectively. The patients were turned to the supine position for 5 min after the injection in groups Ia, IIa, IIIa, 10 min after the injection in groups Ib, IIb, IIIb, and 15 min after the injection in groups Ic, IIc, IIIc. The onset and regression of sensory and motor block were checked and compared between the dependent and non‐dependent sides in each group.

Results: The rate of block progression of the non‐dependent side was higher in the groups receiving 2.5 ml 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine solution than in the other groups; at the same time the level of block was higher and the duration of block was longer. The incidence of hypotension was 10–20% in these groups. In the 2 ml 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine solution groups, a satisfactory block level and duration of anaesthesia for surgery was obtained. The rate of block progression to non‐dependent side in the groups receiving 1.5 ml of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine solution was lower than the other groups, but the duration of block was shorter and the level of block was lower than the other groups.

Conclusion: For unilateral spinal anaesthesia in lower extremity operations, 2ml 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine solution for operations above the knee and 1.5 ml 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine solution for operations below the knee and keeping the patients for 10 min in the lateral decubitus position were found to be appropriate.
Spreading pattern of epidurally administered contrast medium in rabbits
Authors: Kim Y. C. , Lim Y. J. , Lee S. C.
Published: January 2009

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the precise spreading pattern of epidurally administered contrast medium with small increments of injection volume for determining both the exact volume of the dose required and the site of epidural injection according to different target segments of the spinal cord in a rabbit epidural model.

Method: Following pentobarbital anesthesia, the epidural puncture was done surgically with a round‐tipped blunt hook. The tip of the epidural catheter was located at either the mid‐portion of T7 (T7 group, n=7) or T12 (T12 group, n=8). Injection of the contrast medium was started at 0.1 ml/kg and increased by 0.1 ml/kg up to a maximum of 0.6 ml/kg.

Results: In both groups, the extent of spread increased continuously with increasing injected volume (T7 group: r2=0.91, P= 0.0001; T12 group: r2=0.86, P=0.0001) and the total spread of contrast medium was similar. However, the spread was not linearly volume dependent. The total number of segments (γ) through which the contrast medium spread during changes in its volume (χ) in the T7 and T12 groups was calculated as γ=4.0+41.8χ‐28.1χ2 and γ=0.2+57.7χ‐43.5χ2, respectively. The contrast medium spread in both rostral and caudal directions, equally from the catheter tip in the T7 group, whereas it spread rostrally about twice as far as it spread caudally in the T12 group (P<0.05).

Conclusion: In rabbits, it is recommended that at the lower thoracic or lumbar segments the tip of the epidural catheter should be located 1–3 segments below the target segment because of more rostral spread. In the case of mid‐thoracic segments, however, placement at the target segment is recommended. In addition, a small titration of volume to achieve a particular range of epidural spread should be required.
Bactericidal activity of preservative‐free bupivacaine on microorganisms in the human skin flora
Authors: Sakuragi T. , Ishino H. , Dan K.
Published: January 2009

Background: The rate at which the bactericidal activity of preservative‐free bupivacaine develops at body temperature and at room temperature is not known. We studied the bactericidal activity of preservative‐free bupivacaine on two strains of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), two strains of methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), and each of Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli.

Methods: The pathogen was exposed to 0.5% bupivacaine for 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h at 37°C and room temperature. In addition, each strain of MRSA, MSSA, and S. epidermidis was exposed to distilled water, and 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75% bupivacaine at 37°C. The inocula from the suspensions were cultured for 48 h at 37°C.

Results: The 1‐ through 24‐h exposures of 4 strains of S. aureus to 0.5% bupivacaine at room temperature reduced the colony count by 21.7%, 34.7%, 51.1%, 65.6%, and 81.1%, respectively, and the exposure at 37°C reduced the count by 34.1%, 50.8%, 66.3%, 94.5%, and 96.0%, respectively. The differences were significant at all exposure times (P<0.001, respectively). No organisms grew in the strain of E. coli after 24‐h exposure and in the strain of S. epidermidis after 12‐ and 24‐h exposures at 37°C. The percent change from controls in the strains of E. coli and S. epidermidis was significantly higher than that in the strains of S. aureus at all exposure times at room temperature and 37°C (P<0.0001, respectively). Higher concentrations of bupivacaine were associated with lower colony count.

Conclusion: Our results show that preservative‐free bupivacaine possesses a temperature‐ and concentration‐dependent bactericidal activity, and S. aureus is more resistant to the bactericidal activity of bupivacaine than are S. epidermidis and E. coli.
Remifentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil have no influence on the respiratory burst of human neutrophils in vitro
Authors: Jaeger K. , Scheinichen D. , Heine J. , André M. , Bund M. , Piepenbrock S. , Leuwer M.
Published: January 2009

Background: Anaesthetic agents inhibit certain functions of human neutrophils. The respiratory burst (RB) enzyme in the plasma membrane of neutrophils leads to the production of superoxide anion. The oxygen radicals are responsible for killing phagocytised micro‐organisms. We investigated the in vitro influence of remifentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil on the respiratory burst of human neutrophils.

Methods: For the flow‐cytometric evaluation, leukocytes were obtained as supernatant following sedimentation and were incubated with the tested drugs. The concentrations in vitro were adjusted to conform to the plasma concentrations reported for anaesthesia and also to 10‐fold higher concentrations. The RB was measured by intracellular oxidation of dihydrorhodamine to fluorescent rhodamine after induction of phorbol‐myristate‐acetate (PMA), Escherichia coli (E. coli) or priming by tumour necrosis factor alpha followed by stimulation of n‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (TNF‐α/FMLP). In order to exclude prestimulation of the neutrophil granulocytes, negative controls were carried out. Propidium iodide (PI) was added for viability discrimination immediately prior to flow cytometry measurement.

Results: Regardless of the triggering agents chosen (PMA, E. coli, TNF‐α/FMLP), remifentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil had no significant effect on the neutrophils' respiratory burst even in concentrations which were higher than those encountered during in vivo conditions.

Conclusion: With respect to peri‐ and postoperative risk of infection, anaesthetics and analgetics with no inhibiting effect on neutrophil function should be used. These results show that remifentanil, fentanyl, and alfentanil do not influence the neutrophils' respiratory burst in vitro.
Haemodynamic heterogeneity and treatment with the calcium channel blocker nicardipine during phaeochromocytoma surgery
Authors: Colson P. , Ryckwaert F. , Ribstein J. , Mann C. , Dareau S.
Published: January 2009

Background: Favourable outcome of phaeochromocytoma surgery requires that paroxysmal hypertension and arrhythmia be controlled, and that hypotension be prevented. Is nicardipine, a calcium channel blocking drug, always adequate?

Methods: Nineteen consecutive patients underwent surgery for phaeochromocytoma. Management was standardised with regards to anaesthesia and antihypertensive treatment. Nicardipine was used as a vasodilator and was given in order to maintain systemic vascular resistance lower than 1600 dyn · s · cm−5.

Results: Hypertension did not occur at any time during surgery in 6/19 patients. Blood pressure rose acutely in 3/19 patients at the time of tracheal intubation or surgical approach to the tumour, and was controlled by increased depth of anaesthesia. Hypertensive episodes occurred in 11/19 patients during tumour manipulation. Nicardipine always succeeded in maintaining low systemic vascular resistance but its dosage varied widely between patients (0.5 to 70 mg), a fact that may be accounted for by the striking intersubject variability of haemodynamic behaviour during surgery. In 7/11 patients, despite nicardipine treatment, sustained increase in blood pressure persisted with increased cardiac index, but low systemic vascular resistance. Following tumour removal, transient serious hypotension (MAP <60 mmHg) occurred in 4 patients, and was corrected by fluid volume expansion. Perioperative incidence of hypertension or hypotension was not related to preoperative clinical status.

Conclusion: Adequate management of patients operated upon for phaeochromocytoma requires invasive monitoring, since the mechanisms underlying hypertensive crises are heterogeneous with regards to systemic vascular resistance and not predictable from preoperative data. Nicardipine provides a good control of vasoconstriction during phaeochromocytoma surgery with limited risk of serious hypotension after tumour removal.
Severe pneumothorax after intercostal nerve blockade: A case report
Authors: Holzer A. , Kapral S. , Hellwagner K. , Eisenmenger‐Pelucha A. , Preis C.
Published: January 2009

Background: Intercostal nerve blockade is recognized as an efficient and safe regional anesthetic technique. Although an appropriate technique was applied, we report a severe pneumothorax associated with this type of regional anesthesia.

Methods: A 57‐year‐old female patient underwent block of intercostal nerves 3 to 8 for interstitial radiotherapy of the left breast in the sitting position. Calcified residual foci in the right upper lobe from a previous primary infection of tuberculosis were diagnosed by preoperative x‐ray. After completion of the blocks in the midline of the axilla, the patient complained of pain between the scapulas, developed severe dyspnea and panic, and felt as if her life was in jeopardy. A severe pneumothorax was diagnosed and a chest tube was placed. After the application of the chest tube, the patient recovered quickly.

Conclusion: Extra caution should be used in applying this procedure to patients with underlying chronic lung disease, especially on the opposite side. Our case demonstrates that in all patients undergoing intercostal nerve blockade preference should be given to the approach at the dorsal angulation of the rib in the lateral or prone position due to its lower risk of pneumothorax.
Ultramicrocells form by reductive division in macroscopic Pseudomonas aerial structures
Authors: Lee Kyoung , Veeranagouda Yaligara
Published: January 2009

Bacterial aerial growth with reductive cellular division and morphological development has not been reported from single‐cell bacteria. Here we show that within 1 month of incubation in vaporized p‐cresol, Pseudomonas sp. KL28 form shiny, highly branched specialized aerial structures of millimetre‐scale diameter. The developmental process displayed spatially and temporally distinct stages; an initial sphere stage was followed by ramification, which led to highly branched tip formation. In this morphogenesis process, the extracellular matrix (ECM) played an important role for maintaining the integrity of sectional populations and the boundaries between adjacent sectors. In addition, cellular division, lysis and migration within the aerial structures were also accompanied. During prolonged incubation, clusters of short‐rod cells covered by an outer layer of thick ECM underwent reductive transformation and then replicative reductive division to form oval ultramicrocells of < 0.4 μm in diameter. In addition, the aerial structures protected these rather fragile cells from desiccation and served as a selection pressure for wrinkly, spreading cell variants. The formation of aerial structures is affected positively and negatively by a GacA regulator and RpoS, respectively, and is linked to other phenotypes. Our results demonstrate that Pseudomonas has an ecological adaptation to form mushroom‐like aerial structures, which can be a tool for studying cell–cell interactions and bacterial development.
Breed predisposition to congenital alacrima in dogs
Authors: Westermeyer Hans D. , Ward Daniel A. , Abrams Kenneth
Published: January 2009

Objective  To evaluate the clinical characteristics and breed predisposition of congenital alacrima in dogs.

Animals studied  Dogs with congenital keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Procedures  A search of the medical records of the University of Tennessee Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1974–2005 and the University of California–Davis Veterinary Teaching Hospital from 1986–2006 for dogs under 1 year of age with a diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) was performed. These cases were further reviewed for dogs with a Schirmer's tear test I of ≤ 5 mm/min before 6 months of age, with no known causes for KCS, which did not respond to appropriate KCS therapy; these cases were considered to have congenital alacrima. These breeds were compared to all other breeds using the Fisher's exact test with correction for multiple comparisons.

Results  Congenital alacrima was identified in 19 dogs representing 11 breeds and mixed breeds. Yorkshire Terriers and Bedlington Terriers were statistically overrepresented compared to reference populations (P < 0.01 and P = 0.04, respectively).

Conclusions  Yorkshire terriers are significantly at risk for congenital alacrima compared to other breeds. The significance of the increase in congenital alacrima in Bedlington Terriers in this study may not be clinically relevant and may be due to the small total number of dogs of this breed that presented to the both hospitals. Based on the poor response to therapy in humans with congenital alacrima, it may be prudent to offer guarded prognoses for KCS in juvenile Yorkshire terriers.
Comparison of capsular opacification and refractive status after placement of three different intraocular lens implants following phacoemulsification and aspiration of cataracts in dogs
Authors: Gift Barrett W. , English Robert V. , Nadelstein Brad , Weigt Anne K. , Gilger Brian C.
Published: January 2009

Objective To evaluate the effect of lens design and biomaterial on formation of posterior capsular opacification (PCO) and refractive correction.

Animals studied Sixty dogs undergoing bilateral phacoemulsification for mature or diabetic cataracts.

Procedures One randomly selected eye received a rounded edge 41D polymethyl‐methacrylate (PMMA) intraocular replacement lens (IOL) and the contralateral eye received either a squared edge 41D hydrophilic acrylic IOL (n = 35) or a squared edge 40D hydrophobic acrylic IOL (n = 25). At the (mean = 79 day) reexamination period, PCO was graded using direct slit‐lamp observation and by masked observer evaluation of digital images of the IOLs. Streak retinoscopy and B‐mode ultrasound were performed at this period.

Results The PCO score via direct slit‐lamp was significantly lower for the hydrophilic acrylic IOL when compared to the PMMA IOL. Masked observer evaluation of digital images revealed that the acrylic IOLs had lower but generally not statistically significant PCO scores than the PMMA IOLs. Streak retinoscopy showed that the PMMA IOL was significantly closer to emmetropia (+0.44 D) when compared to either the hydrophilic acrylic (+0.96 D) or the hydrophobic acrylic (+1.2 D) IOLs. B‐mode ultrasonography revealed the center of the hydrophilic acrylic IOL is 0.31 mm closer to the retina and the center of the hydrophobic acrylic IOL is 0.63 mm further from the retina when compared to the center of the PMMA to retina distance.

Conclusions Square edged foldable acrylic IOLs show a predisposition towards generating slightly less PCO than round edged PMMA IOLs in the early postoperative period, however, both acrylic IOLs had greater persistent hyperopia than the PMMA IOLs.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of topical supernatant from human amniotic membrane cell culture on canine deep corneal ulcer after human amniotic membrane transplantation
Authors: Wichayacoop Tasavarin , Briksawan Pasakorn , Tuntivanich Pranee , Yibchok‐anun Sirintorn
Published: January 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of topically applied human amniotic epithelial cell (HAEC) culture supernatant on corneal inflammatory reaction in dogs. Twenty‐five dogs were randomly assigned into five groups. The control group consisted of five dogs with normal cornea. Inductions of corneal ulcers were performed using 0.45 cm trephine and human amniotic membrane was transplanted in 20 dogs. These 20 dogs were assigned into four treatment groups: topical antibiotic, topical corticosteroid, topical mock media and topical culture supernatant from HAEC, respectively. Administrations of the testing agents started at 24 h (h) after transplantation four times daily for nine consecutive days. Tears were collected before an operation 24 h after transplantation, but before application of the testing agents on consecutive odd days following transplantation. The concentrations of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and nitric oxide (NO) in tear fluid were measured using canine IL‐1β ELISA kit and Griess assay, respectively. Our analysis indicates that elevations of IL‐1β and NO concentrations are associated with inflammatory conditions in the eyes. Corticosteroid, a reference anti‐inflammatory drug, and the culture supernatant from HAEC significantly decreased IL‐1β and NO concentrations. In addition, the clinical signs such as conjunctivitis and neovascularization were decreased in both topical corticosteroid and supernatant from HAEC treated groups. Mock and antibiotic solutions failed to decrease NO and IL‐1β concentrations. In conclusion, topical application of the culture supernatant from HAEC alleviated inflammation in induced‐corneal ulcer of dogs, possibly via inhibition of IL‐1β and NO production.
Effect of bovine freeze‐dried amniotic membrane (Amnisite‐BA™) on uncomplicated canine corneal erosion
Authors: Kim Joon Young , Choi Young Min , Jeong Soon Wuk , Williams David L
Published: January 2009

Objective   To evaluate the effectiveness of bovine freeze‐dried amniotic membrane (FD‐AM) (Amnisite‐BA™) in the surgical treatment of corneal ulceration in dogs.

Animals studied   Eight normal Shih‐tzu dogs.

Procedures   The corneas of 16 eyes were scored with an 8.0‐mm trephine under general anesthetic and 100% ethanol was applied to remove a standardized button of corneal epithelium. The eyes were treated as described below and the corneas were evaluated 48 h later. The dogs were divided into four treatment groups: (i) control, (ii) amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT), (iii) nictitating membrane flap and (iv) contact lens. The proportion of the corneal wound that healed was calculated and all eyes were enucleated. Histological sections of cornea were assessed with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) assay.

Results   The proportion of corneas healed in the different treatment groups was (i) 38.02%, (ii) 89.15%, (iii) 52.31%, and (iv) 60.56%. Epithelial healing was significantly increased in the AMT group (ii) (P = 0.001) while groups (iii) and (iv) were not significantly different from the control group (P = 0.537 and P = 0.198, respectively). The number of PCNA positive cells was (i) 275.00, (ii) 740.50, (iii) 285.75 and (iv) 420.59, these varying compared with the control group with statistical significance of (ii) P = 0.002, (iii) P = 0.999, and (iv) P = 0.467. The greatest healing rate and epithelial cell proliferation was achieved with AMT compared to the other treatment regimes.

Conclusions  The results of this study show that FD‐AM transplantation is an effective treatment for enhancing canine corneal wound healing and suggest that the approach will provide superior results compared to conventional treatments for the condition.
Aspergillus flavuskeratomycosis in a cat treated with topical 1% voriconazole solution
Authors: Labelle Amber L. , Hamor Ralph E. , Barger Anne M. , Maddox Carol W. , Breaux Carrie B.
Published: January 2009

An 8‐year‐old male castrated Domestic Short‐haired cat was examined for a 1‐week history of blepharospasm and mucoid ocular discharge OS. Examination revealed ulcerative keratitis with stromal loss, stromal infiltrate, corneal edema, perilimbal vascularization and miosis. Cytology of the cornea revealed multiple dichotomously branching, septate fungal hyphae and severe, predominantly neutrophilic inflammation. PCR of the cytology samples confirmed the presence ofAspergillus flavuswhile fungal and bacterial cultures were negative. Treatment with topical 1% voriconazole solution was successful in resolving the keratomycosis.
Conjunctival xanthoma in a blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna)
Authors: Souza Marcy J. , Johnstone‐McLean Nancy S. , Ward Daniel , Newkirk Kimberly
Published: January 2009

A 17‐year‐old female blue and gold macaw (Ara ararauna) presented for evaluation of a discreet, conjunctival mass of the OD. No other abnormalities were found on ophthalmic or physical examination. A heterophilic leukocytosis was present on the complete blood count, and elevated aspartate aminotransferase activity, creatinine kinase activity and cholesterol were present on the plasma biochemistry panel. Surgical removal of the mass was complete and no recurrence has occurred by six months after excision. Reduction of dietary fats was recommended to reduce serum cholesterol levels and reduce the likelihood of future occurrence of xanthomas in this bird.
Keratoconjunctivitis associated withToxoplasma gondiiin a dog
Authors: Swinger Robert L. , Schmidt, Jr. Karl A. , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: January 2009

A 12‐year‐old Pug presented with a 3‐mm corneal mass OD. The dog was currently being treated for keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) and pigmentary keratitis OU. A superficial keratectomy followed by cryotherapy was performed OD. A histopathologic diagnosis of epithelial dysplasia and suppurative keratitis was made and the lesion resolved. Two months later, a yellow/tan conjunctival mass, diffuse chemosis and conjunctival thickening was discovered OD. Necrotizing conjunctivitis with protozoal parasites was diagnosed with histopathology. Complete blood count and a serum biochemistry panel were normal.Neospora caninumandToxoplasma gondiititers were negative. The conjunctivitis resolved after a 6‐week course of oral clindamycin. Two months later, the patient presented with a similar conjunctival mass OS.Toxoplasma gondiiwas confirmed as the etiologic agent with immunohistochemical staining. RepeatT. gondiititers were negative. Oral clindamycin was re‐instituted. The corneal biopsy was re‐reviewed and protozoal organisms were discovered. Three months later, a recurrence was suspected and oral ponazuril was initiated for 28 days. There has been no evidence of recurrence since this treatment. Ocular toxoplasmosis is rare in the dog but reports have included episcleritis, scleritis, retinitis, anterior uveitis, ciliary epithelium hyperplasia, optic neuritis and polymyositis. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of toxoplasmosis causing only corneal and conjunctival disease in the dog. We hypothesize that these localized lesions may be associated with topical immunomodulating therapy for KCS. Toxoplasmosis should be considered as a differential for canine conjunctivitis and corneal disease and has the potential to manifest in one or both eyes.
Genetic introgression, incomplete lineage sorting and faulty taxonomy create multiple cases of polyphyly in a montane clade of tyrant‐flycatchers (Elaenia, Tyrannidae)
Authors: Rheindt Frank E. , Christidis Les , Norman Janette A.
Published: January 2009

Species‐level paraphyly and polyphyly are pervasive phenomena in modern phylogenetic research and can be due to a number of factors. We explore a complicated pattern of nuclear and mitochondrial polyphyly in montane Neotropical Elaenia flycatchers. Using a combination of phylogenetic and population genetic methods, we demonstrate that no single factor is sufficient to account for this pattern of polyphyly, and that it is likely based on an interplay of three different factors: (i) faulty taxonomy which has led to the recognition of two polyphyletic species that are better classified as four biological species; (ii) a late Pleistocene hybridization event that resulted in two morphologically and ecologically distinct species sharing extremely similar mitochondrial DNA but distinct nuclear DNA profiles; and (iii) incomplete lineage sorting in a nuclear marker that results in a polyphyletic placement of species that are otherwise well‐differentiated in mitochondrial DNA, morphology and ecology. Additionally, we demonstrate that the two clades of montane Elaenia exhibit a reverse pattern of mitochondrial and nuclear diversity, with high mitochondrial and low nuclear genetic diversity in one clade and vice versa in the other clade. A possible cause for this pattern is differences in population histories, with large panmictic population structures being conducive to the retention of ancient nuclear polymorphisms in Elaenia albiceps chilensis.
Phylogenetic implications of gizzard morphology in scolopendromorph centipedes (Chilopoda)
Authors: Koch Markus , Pärschke Stefan , Edgecombe Gregory D.
Published: January 2009

Scolopendromorpha is unique among Chilopoda in the differentiation of a structurally complex gizzard at the posterior end of the foregut. Classical descriptions indicate major morphological differences between the gizzards of a few documented members of the main groups, Scolopendridae, Cryptopidae and Scolopocryptopidae. A survey of gizzard anatomy for 30 species by light and scanning electron microscopy introduces 13 characters of the foregut to a matrix including 67 additional morphological characters for inferring scolopendromorph interrelationships. A sieve‐type gizzard shared by Cryptopidae and Scolopocryptopidae supports a single origin of blindness in Scolopendromorpha; monophyly of blind lineages emerges as equally parsimonious to the paraphylyetic arrangement favoured by previous analysis without gizzard characters. Unique substructures of the sieve projections provide new support for the monophyly of Cryptopidae, Plutoniuminae, and the traditional grouping of Scolopocryptopidae. Comparison with the states in Scolopendridae favours a new homology assumption for parts of the foregut, which recognizes the sieve in blind scolopendromorphs as homologous to the posterior part of the gizzard in Scolopendridae that variably bears circlets of short lobes. The plicae in front of the sieve lack cuticular trichomes, whereas most scolopendrids show longitudinal rows of spines or spine‐bearing plates in the corresponding region. The basal resolution of Asanadini and Arrhabdotini within the Scolopendridae is reinforced by spiniferous scales on the gizzard's plicae that are uniquely shared by Otostigmini and Scolopendrini.
Third meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature: a report
Authors: Laurin Michel , Bryant Harold N.
Published: January 2009

The Third Meeting of the International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ISPN) convened at Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada, from 20 to 22 July 2008. In addition to contributed talks, the conference included a progress report on the PhyloCode ‘Companion Volume’, a discussion of how to complete this book in a timely fashion, a demonstration of the online registration data base (RegNum), plenary talks, and Council and business meetings. Topics discussed at the meeting include problems created by rank‐based nomenclature in various eukaryotic taxa, dealing with hybrids in rank‐based and phylogenetic nomenclature, phyloinformatics, the choice of names to use when the taxonomic content associated with available names varies, teaching phylogenetic nomenclature, and the application of phylogenetic nomenclature to specific taxa.
Contention and Ambiguity: Mining and the Possibilities of Development
Authors: Bebbington Anthony , Hinojosa Leonith , Bebbington Denise Humphreys , Burneo Maria Luisa , Warnaars Ximena
Published: January 2009

The last decade and a half has witnessed a dramatic growth in mining activity in many developing countries. This article reviews these recent trends and describes the debates and conflicts they have triggered. The authors review evidence regarding debates on the resource curse and the possibility of an extraction‐led pathway to development. They then describe the different types of resistance and social mobilization that have greeted mineral expansion at a range of geographical scales, and consider how far these protests have changed the relationships between mining and political economic change. The conclusions address how far such protests might contribute to an ‘escape’ from the resource curse, and consider implications for research and policy agendas.
Reflections on Latin American Rural Studies in the Neoliberal Globalization Period: A New Rurality?
Authors: Kay Cristóbal
Published: January 2009

This article explores the emergence over the last decade of a new approach to rural development studies in Latin America known as the ‘new rurality’. The various interpretations and ambiguities of this approach as well as the ensuing debates are discussed. Analysis focuses on four major transformations in the rural economy and society which are usually highlighted by the ‘new ruralists’. These changes are interpreted as arising from the region's neoliberal shift and its closer insertion into the global system. A novel distinction is made between reformist and communitarian proposals for a new rurality. The merits as well as the limitations of this new approach to rural studies are examined.
Transnational Labour Campaigns: Can the Logic of the Market Be Turned Against Itself?
Authors: Seidman Gay
Published: January 2009

Many discussions of how to improve working conditions around the world — especially in poor and developing regions — suggest that transnational activists could ‘name and shame’ employers, using independent monitors and the threat of consumer boycotts to push international brands to monitor conditions in their suppliers around the world. Drawing on a comparative study of independent monitoring in South Africa, India and Guatemala, this article suggests that ‘voluntary’ monitoring systems may have limited impact, as non‐governmental groups involved in monitoring discover they are dependent on employers for access to worksites and for funding. Further, in focusing on issues that will attract international consumer attention, independent monitoring schemes may weaken local workers' ability to bargain on their own behalf.
The Global Expansion of SRI: Facing Challenges, Meeting Potential
Authors: Umlas Elizabeth
Published: January 2009

Socially responsible investment (SRI) has long been a strategy for aligning values with investing, through the incorporation of environmental, social and corporate governance factors into investment decision making. Until recently, it has been considered a niche market, and is well developed in only a few countries. Yet SRI seems poised to expand greatly, as mainstream investors look to it with increasing interest, and investors in both the global north and south begin to apply SRI concepts in developing country markets. SRI is under significant pressure from these developments, which could dilute its strengths and hamper its ability to harness investment for social change. This article argues that there are several sources of relatively untapped potential that SRI can and must exploit, not only to survive these challenges and address its own weaknesses, but to succeed in changing corporate behaviour. Given growing concern about the impact of corporations on society in a globalizing world, and given SRI's potential role in influencing this impact, developing countries should be particularly interested in how SRI fares in the coming years.
Chronicle
Authors: Banks Robert F.
Published: January 2009

Chronicle
Root Metaphor in the Old and New Industrial Relations
Authors: Dunn Stephen
Published: January 2009

Why have academic concerns and priorities within the old industrial relations paradigm seemingly wilted before the ideas of a new, more business oriented paradigm? I suggest that the answer lies partly in the relative appeal of their respective root metaphors. The metaphor of the old tends to be closed, static and pessimistic — industrial relations as trench war. The new offers a more hopeful, essentially American pioneering metaphor that conveys challenge and progress and makes a fetish of change. However, while I accept the inevitability of metaphorical devices in disseminating and even generating ideas in social science, the article warns against being seduced by the attractiveness of the metaphor rather than the robustness of the idea.
Public Opinion, Trade Unions and Mrs Thatcher
Authors: Marsh David
Published: January 2009

This article builds upon the explanation of the rise in trade union popularity developed by P. K. Edwards and G. S. Bain in a previous volume of this journal. The Gallup Opinion Poll data indicate that, while the public have consistently thought unions to be a good thing, they have equally consistently opposed any political activity by unions and the unions' use of ‘unsavoury’ tactics. These are exactly the activities which the Thatcher trade union legislation has restricted. As such, it is suggested that the rise in popularity of unions in the second and third terms of the Thatcher government reflect, in part, the fact that the public thinks they have now got the type of unions they always wanted: unions with a constrained ability to bargain collectively with employers.
An Industrial Relations Approach to the Free Rider Problem: Young People and Trade Union Membership in the UK
Authors: Cregan Christina , Johnston Stewart
Published: January 2009

This is an investigation into the reasons for young people's union membership decisions in the UK. It is carried out by an examination of a survey of London sixteen‐year‐old school‐leavers (1979–80). The data are used in two ways. First, there is a comparative examination of a similar study based on the Bain‐Elsheikh propensity‐opportunity model. Second, the data are re‐examined to identify different and distinct strands of motivation or action, intrinsically and externally determined. These are related to formal theories from different disciplines which are linked together by the establishment of a definition of a trade union as a group, institution and social movement. The theory is extended to develop hypotheses about membership behaviour in general.
Institutional Aspects of Youth Employment and Training Policy in Britain
Authors: Marsden David , Ryan Paul
Published: January 2009

Public policy towards youth employment and training in Britain during the past decade has been dominated by two themes: the quest to reduce youth relative pay, as part of a wider deregulation of the labour market, in order to increase access to jobs and training: and the neglect of apprenticeship in favour of the Youth Training Scheme. This paper analyses these policies in an institutional framework informed by the results of a recent research project on youth activity in industry in major EC economies (Marsden and Ryan 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991).

The policy debate in Britain has tended to focus upon the effectiveness of lower youth pay at improving youth access to jobs and training (Wells 1983; Jones 1985; Junankar and Neale 1987). We accept the efficacy of lower youth pay but question its institutional viability. Youth employment and training policies must be well grounded in labour market institutions in order to achieve success. We argue that neglect of the institutional context accounts for the lopsided and partial success resulting from current policies in Britain, and that the revitalization of apprenticeship, either as such or in the equivalent form of a strongly upgraded public training scheme, has a great deal to offer.

We begin with an outline of the relevant institutions. We trace their implications for outcomes in the youth market, contrast the divergent institutional directions taken by West Germany and the UK, and finally assess contemporary British policy towards youth activity in general and apprenticeship in particular.
Trade Unions and Productivity: The German Evidence
Authors: Schnabel Claus
Published: January 2009

This paper provides a brief review of the empirical evidence on union productivity effects in Germany. The influence of trade unions on productivity is the net effect of conflicting forces which can lead to higher or lower productivity. Although the German dual system of workers' representation via unions and works councils is quite favourable to the existence of productivity‐enhancing ‘voice’ effects, various empirical studies have not been able to detect significant positive net effects of these institutions on productivity.