bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Lithiumhalosilylamide to Small and Large Ring Compounds, Iminosilenes and Iminosilanes
Authors: Klingebiel Uwe , Matthes Christoph
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Synthetic Strategies for the Preparation of Prostacyclin and Prostaglandin Analogues — Off the Beaten Track
Authors: Sheddan Neil A. , Czybowski Michael , Mulzer Johann
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cascading Pericyclic Reactions: Building Complex Carbon Frameworks for Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Arns Steve , Barriault Louis
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Halogen‐Substituted Benzo‐1,4‐quinones
Authors: Balci M. , Celik M. , Gultekin M. S.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of an O‐Acyl Isopeptide Method
Authors: Sohma Youhei , Yoshiya Taku , Taniguchi Atsuhiko , Kimura Tooru , Hayashi Yoshio , Kiso Yoshiaki
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium and Iridium in Organometallic Catalysis
Authors: Crabtree Robert H.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Advantages of Structural Similarities of Reactants in Optical Resolution
Authors: Faigl Ferenc , Schindler Jozsef , Fogassy Elemer
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cationic Cyclizations of Fluoro Alkenes: Fluorine as a Controller and an Activator
Authors: Ichikawa Junji
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses of Organofluorine Derivatives by a New Radical Process
Authors: Zard Samir Z.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
C‐Nitroso Compounds, Oximes, N‐Hydroxyguanidines and N‐Hydroxyureas
Authors: King S. Bruce
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organic Total Synthesis — Quo vadis?
Authors: Mulzer Johann
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Green Chemistry Considerations in Entropic Control of Materials and Processes
Authors: Trakhtenberg Sofia , Warner John C.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Toward Greener Nanosynthesis
Authors: Dahl Jennifer A. , Maddux Bettye L. S. , Hutchison James E.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Making Plastics from Carbon Dioxide: Salen Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Production of Polycarbonates from Epoxides and CO2
Authors: Darensbourg Donald J.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carbonic Anhydrases as Targets for Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Supuran Claudiu T. , Scozzafava Andrea
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Structure and Catalytic Mechanism of Heme Oxygenase
Authors: Unno Masaki , Matsui Toshitaka , Ikeda‐Saito Masao
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Spectroscopic Characterization of Heme Iron—Nitrosyl Species and Their Role in NO Reductase Mechanisms in Diiron Proteins
Authors: Moenne‐Loccoz Pierre
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Properties of an Unusual Heme Cofactor in PLP‐Dependent Cystathionine β‐Synthase
Authors: Singh Sangita , Madzelan Peter , Banerjee Ruma
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Superoxide Reductases
Authors: Pereira Alice S. , Tavares Pedro , Folgosa Filipe , Almeida Rui M. , Moura Isabel , Moura Jose J. G.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modeling NMR Chemical Shifts
Authors: Facelli Julio C.
Published: August 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microcalorimetric Studies on Gene Promoter Function of Cloned DNA Fragements from Halobacterium halobium J7 Plasmid pHH205 in Escherichia coli TG1
Authors: Lei Ke‐Lin , Hou Han‐Na , Liu Yi , Ye Xue‐Cheng , Shen Ping
Published: August 2007

Halobacterium halobium is a typical kind of extremely halophilic bacterium. Combined with the antibiotic resistance assay, the microcalorimetric method was used to study the promoter function of the cloned DNA fragments from Halobacterium halobium J7 plasmid pHH205 in Escherichia coli TG1. The promoter probe vector, plasmid pKK232‐8, was used to form the recombinants. The DNA fragment, which is the promoter for the chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) gene in plasmid pKK232‐8, is about 800 bp, and the chloramphenicol resistance level presented by IC50 is about 200 µg·mL−1, which suggests a high promoter activity. The conclusions show that there probably exist double‐function or trinary‐function gene promoters in Halobacterium halobium, and Archaea may contain rich genetic resources.
Detection of Radical Adducts with Small Molecular Weights by Matrix‐Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization with Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tian Yao‐Wei , Sun Shi‐Hao , Xie Jian‐Ping , Zong Yong‐Li , Nie Cong , Guo Yin‐Long
Published: August 2007

As an alternative method, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI‐FTMS) has been successfully used to detect and identify free radical adducts with small molecular weights of hydroxyl and 2‐cyano‐2‐propyl radicals trapped with 5,5‐dimethylpyrroline N‐oxide (DMPO). The detection and identification by MS/MS experiments using sustained offresonance irradiation collision‐induced dissociation (SORI‐CID) of [(DMPO+·OH–·H)+H+] (m/z 130.0868) and [DMPO+2 ·CH(CH3)2CN+H+] (m/z 250.1917) have demonstrated that MALDI‐FTMS could be an effective method for detection and identification of free radical adducts. Other radical adducts have been also detected and identified. The approach of MALDI‐FTMS is simple, fast, and sensitive which has potential for high‐throughput analysis.
Investigation of the Interaction between Isoflavonoids and Bovine Serum Albumin by Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Qu Ling‐Bo , Chen Xiao‐Lan , Yang Ran , Wang Ling , Zeng Hua‐Jin
Published: August 2007

The interactions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with three structurally related isoflavonoids, genistein, puerarin and daidzein, were studied under physiological conditions by fluorescence spectroscopic technique. The quenching mechanism of these compounds with BSA was suggested as static quenching and the binding constants were determined at different temperatures based on the fluorescence quenching results. The transfer efficiency of energy and distance between the acceptor and BSA were investigated on the basis of the mechanism of the Förster energy transference. According to the thermodynamic parameters it has been suggested that the acting force be mainly hydrophobic force. The comparison of binding potency of the three isoflavonoids to BSA showed that the substitution by 5‐OH and 8‐Glc could enhance the binding affinity. All these obtained in the work can make us better understand the mode of the action and pharmacological activities of the isoflavonoids.
Experimental multi‐level seismic performance assessment of 3D RC frame designed for damage avoidance
Authors: Bradley Brendon A. , Dhakal Rajesh P. , Mander John B. , Li Louman
Published: August 2007

This paper experimentally investigates the application of damage avoidance design (DAD) philosophy to moment‐resisting frames with particular emphasis on detailing of rocking interfaces. An 80% scale three‐dimensional rocking beam–column joint sub‐assembly designed and detailed based on damage avoidance principles is constructed and tested. Incremental dynamic analysis is used for selecting ground motion records to be applied to the sub‐assembly for conducting a multi‐level seismic performance assessment (MSPA). Analyses are conducted to obtain displacement demands due to the selected near‐ and medium‐field ground motions that represent different levels of seismic hazard. Thus, predicted displacement time histories are applied to the sub‐assembly for conducting quasi‐earthquake displacement tests. The sub‐assembly performed well reaching drifts up to 4.7% with only minor spalling occurring at rocking beam interfaces and minor flexural cracks in beams. Yielding of post‐tensioning threaded bars occurred, but the sub‐assembly did not collapse. The externally attached energy dissipators provided large hysteretic dissipation during large drift cycles. The sub‐assembly satisfied all three seismic performance requirements, thereby verifying the superior performance of the DAD philosophy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PVRL2 is translocated to the TRA@ locus in t(14;19)(q11;q13)‐positive peripheral T‐cell lymphomas
Authors: Almire Carole , Bertrand Philippe , Ruminy Philippe , Maingonnat Catherine , Wlodarska Iwona , Martín‐Subero José I. , Siebert Reiner , Tilly Hervé , Bastard Christian
Published: August 2007

Very few recurrent chromosomal abnormalities have been identified in T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas. These involve the TRA@/TRD@ gene at chromosome band 14q11 in up to 15% of cases. We recently reported a novel and recurrent translocation, t(14;19)(q11;q13), in peripheral T‐cell lymphoma (PTCL). Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis performed in three cases suggested an involvement of the TRA@/TRD@ locus at 14q11 and of a region telomeric to BCL3 on 19q13. We now report the molecular cloning of these translocations. Sequence analysis confirmed the involvement of the TRA@/TRD@ and indicated that the breakpoints were located mainly in the TRAJ region. On chromosome 19, our results revealed a new clustering of breakpoints outside the region involved in t(14;19)(q32;q13)‐positive B‐cell malignancies. Remarkably, all three breaks were located downstream or within the PVRL2 gene, in a small 10.3 kb interval, suggesting a nonrandom location of the breakpoints. For two patients, a high mRNA expression of both PVRL2 and BCL3 was found. In conclusion, we identified PVRL2 as a new recurrent partner gene of the TRA@ locus in PTCL. These results suggest that both BCL3 and PVRL2 may participate in the pathogenesis of these PTCLs, but further studies should be undertaken to investigate the precise role of these genes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The business case for sustainability
Authors: Freese Walt
Published: August 2007

The CEO of a leading corporate practitioner of sustainability describes how his company pursues sustainability, what it brings to an organization, and the critical role played by measurement.
Metrics and meaning for environmental sustainability
Authors: Thompson Gioia , Creighton Sarah Hammond
Published: August 2007

Indicators of environmental performance are complex, critical, and increasingly in demand. Colleges and universities will be best served by focusing on core indicators and collaboration between sustainability and institutional research offices.
Models and resources for advancing sustainable institutional and societal progress
Authors: Litten Larry H. , Terkla Dawn Geronimo
Published: August 2007

Institutional researchers can take advantage of a variety of resources for understanding sustainability issues and keeping abreast of developments on this front. Models exist both within and outside of higher education for analyzing and presenting data.
A numerical study of moisture build‐up and rainfall over West Africa
Authors: Omotosho J. 'Bayo , Abiodun Babatunde J.
Published: August 2007

Empirical studies have shown that a necessary condition for abundant rainfall in any year at Kano in Nigeria is a pre‐rainy season moisture build‐up for 6–8 weeks at the surface or below 800 hPa. The International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) regional climate model (RegCM3) is used to study the mechanism and variability of the inflow of this moisture over West Africa over a 21‐year period (1980–2000). The study focused on three dry (1983, 1989 and 1990) and three wet years (1980, 1988 and 1996) and uses rainfall and other surface data such as specific humidity, over Nigeria for the same years for model validation. Comparison of RegCM3 simulation of rainfall and moisture patterns over West Africa with both CRU and Nigerian stations observations shows that the model performed very well with respect to the observations over the region, particularly over the Sahel and Savana zones.

The composites of moisture inflow and wind anomalies for the wet years are found to be associated with areas of boundary layer moisture build‐up, overlain by relatively drier (but still moist) air driven by strong west to southwest wind vector anomalies at 700 hPa (African Easterly Jet, AEJ, level). These strong wind anomalies, which occur south of the AEJ between May and September and transport moisture towards it, seem unconnected with the boundary layer winds and are not found in the dry composites. In sharp contrast, the dry composites are characterized by negative moisture anomalies in the boundary layer overlain by drier than normal air associated with northerly to easterly wind anomalies at the AEJ level. Secondly, while the ITD reached the same northernmost limit of about 20°N in August during both dry and wet periods, the AEJ advanced faster across West Africa, reaching a mean position of 16.5°N in August during wet years but 15°N in dry years. Also, on a monthly and inter‐annual basis, moisture adequacy and variability analysis show that, for dry years, moisture build‐up is delayed but starts early and strongly during wet years. Furthermore, rainfall does not begin properly until about 2.5 months after the start of the moisture build‐up. Finally, RegCM3 predicted rainfall correlates very well (r ≥ 0.6) with observed rainfall for stations within Nigeria. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The extensive episode of derecho‐producing convective systems in the United States during May and June 1998: A multi‐scale analysis and review
Authors: Ashley Walker S. , Mote Thomas L. , Bentley Mace L.
Published: August 2007

A multi‐scale analysis is presented on widespread and long‐lived convectively generated windstorms, known as derechos. Analyses of the derecho‐producing environments during 15 May–30 June 1998 indicate that this exceptional episode of derechos and derecho groupings (or series) was supported by ingredients (i.e. moisture, instability, and wind shear) that were supplied by the large‐scale setting. In particular, the semi‐stagnant subtropical ridge and associated capping inversion across the southern tier of the U.S. were important in supplying amplified moisture and instability to derecho‐genesis regions through an underrunning process. Regions of preferred derecho formation appeared to correspond to shifts in the overall strength and position of the ridge, illustrating the importance of the ridge in focusing successive organized convection. Initiating mechanisms varied widely and were not restricted to warm‐air advection regimes along quasi‐stationary boundaries that forecasters often associate with warm‐season derecho environments. In several cases, derecho‐producing convective systems were generated by tropospheric features not consistent with common conceptual models of derecho environments such as closed lows and strong vorticity maxima. Further, three distinct series types were identified and classified based on their initiating mechanisms. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Chirped pulse control methods for imaging of biological structure and dynamics
Authors: Malinovskaya Svetlana
Published: August 2007

Advancements in coherent control of vibrational dynamics lie in the development of novel noninvasive imaging techniques that provide information about biological species with molecular specificity. Of particular interest is development of coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy that contains vibrational finger‐prints of molecules. CARS is a nonlinear optical process utilizing ultrafast laser pulses to generate strong, molecular‐specific signals. Biological imaging techniques based on CARS employ selective excitation of Raman transitions and involve ultrafast laser pulse manipulation. We show that linearly chirped femtosecond pulses may be efficiently used for vibrational mode selective excitation in stimulated Raman scattering. Chirped pulse adiabatic passage is demonstrated in two‐photon Raman transitions implementing a pump and Stokes pulses having opposite linear chirps before pulse amplitude reaches maximum, and same chirps after. This approach allows one to selectively excite molecular modes in a wide range of field parameters and with high chemical sensitivity. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Preparation of14C‐gossypol by incorporation of acetate‐1‐14C and acetate‐2‐14C by biosynthesis
Authors: Smith F. H.
Published: August 2007

Details for the germination of cotton seedlings and their utilization for incorporating14C‐labeled acetate into gossypol are presented. Methods for the isolation and purification of the biosynthesized gossypol are given. The specific activity of the gossypol obtained from root tissue and cotyledons had mean values for 8 preparations of 428.6×103 and 6.3×103 dpm/mg, respectively. Corresponding incorporations were 5.42 and 0.32%.
Evaluation of eight extraction methods and their effects upon total fat and gas liquid chromatographic fatty acid composition analyses of food products
Authors: Sheppard A. J. , Hubbard W. D. , Prosser A. R.
Published: August 2007

Samples of corn beef hash, frozen turkey pie, frozen beef pie, and beef stew were extracted by eight methods. Methyl esters of the fatty acids contained in the extracted fat residue were prepared with BF3‐methanol reagent and measured quantitatively by gas liquid chromatography. A 4N HCl digest followed by ethyl ether extraction was the most effective extraction method. Total lipid extracted, fatty acid distribution, and triglyceride recovery were the primary evaluation criteria. Recovery studies were carried out on eight different foods ranging from high meat content to pure vegetable shortening.
Surface‐active N‐acylglutamate: IV. Physicochemical properties of triethanolamine long chain N‐acylglutamates
Authors: Takehara Masahiro , Yoshimura Ippei , Yoshida Ryonosuke
Published: August 2007

The physicochemical properties of triethanolamine long chain N‐acylglutamates are described. The monotriethanolamine salts were less soluble in water and superior in surface activity, compared with the corresponding ditriethanolamine salts. The monotriethanolamine salt showed weak acidity in an aqueous solution. There were some differences between optically active and racemic N‐acylglutamates, especially in the values of critical micelle concentration.
Synergistic Behavior of a Triblock Copolymer with Anionic and Cationic Surfactants in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Azzam E. M. S. , Morsy S. M. I. , Saleh N. E. A.
Published: August 2007

The synergistic behavior of poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO) triblock copolymer in aqueous solution with the synthesized anionic surfactants [decyl sulfonate (A10), myristyl sulfonate (A14) and cetyl sulfonate (A16)] and cationic surfactants [decyl pyridinium bromide (C10), myristyl peridinium bromide (C14) and cetyl pyridinium bromide (C16)] was investigated using a surface tension technique at 25 °C. The results show that the CMC values of binary mixtures for anionic and cationic surfactants with the triblock copolymer are lower than that of single surfactants. The synergistic interaction between surfactant molecules and copolymer molecules in binary mixed solution enhance the adsorption of surfactant molecules at the interface. The micellar mole fractions (Xm) and the interaction parameter (β) of these surfactants in mixed micelles were determined.
Sleep and circadian rhythms: Key components in the regulation of energy metabolism
Authors: Laposky Aaron D. , Bass Joseph , Kohsaka Akira , Turek Fred W.
Published: August 2007

In this review, we present evidence from human and animal studies to evaluate the hypothesis that sleep and circadian rhythms have direct impacts on energy metabolism, and represent important mechanisms underlying the major health epidemics of obesity and diabetes. The first part of this review will focus on studies that support the idea that sleep loss and obesity are “interacting epidemics.” The second part will discuss recent evidence that the circadian clock system plays a fundamental role in energy metabolism at both the behavioral and molecular levels. These lines of research must be seen as in their infancy, but nevertheless, have provided a conceptual and experimental framework that potentially has great importance for understanding metabolic health and disease.
Bim mediates mitochondria‐regulated particulate matter‐induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Zhang J. , Ghio A.J. , Chang W. , Kamdar O. , Rosen G.D. , Upadhyay D.
Published: August 2007

We studied the role of Bim, a pro‐apoptotic BCL‐2 family member in Airborne particulate matter (PM 2.5 μm)‐induced apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells (AEC). PM induced AEC apoptosis by causing significant reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase in caspase‐9, caspase‐3 and PARP‐1 activation. PM upregulated pro‐apoptotic protein Bim and enhanced translocation of Bim to the mitochondria. ShRNABim blocked PM‐induced apoptosis by preventing activation of the mitochondrial death pathway suggesting a role of Bim in the regulation of mitochondrial pathway in AEC. Accordingly, we provide the evidence that Bim mediates PM‐induced apoptosis via mitochondrial pathway.
Recombinant Tol2 transposase with activity in Xenopus embryos
Authors: Shibano Takashi , Takeda Masatoshi , Suetake Isao , Kawakami Koichi , Asashima Makoto , Tajima Shoji , Taira Masanori
Published: August 2007

The Tol2 transposon system is a useful gene transduction technique, but the injection of mRNA is not sufficiently effective in Xenopus embryos to express Tol2 transposase (Tol2TP). To overcome this, we bacterially synthesized recombinant Tol2TP (rTol2TP) protein and showed that rTol2TP efficiently excised the Tol2 element from an injected donor plasmid in Xenopus embryos. Furthermore, injected embryos exhibited uniform and ubiquitous expression of an EGFP reporter gene placed within the Tol2 element. Importantly, size‐exclusion chromatography suggests that rTol2TP forms a tetramer, which differs from the reported hexamer formed by Hermes transposase, although both belong to the same hAT family. The use of rTol2TP may facilitate efficient gene transduction in Xenopus, and the biochemical characterization of Tol2TP.
Absence of 4‐1BB increases cell influx into the peritoneal cavity in response to LPS stimulation by decreasing macrophage IL‐10 levels
Authors: Shin Hyun-Hee , Lee Ji-Eun , Choi Hye-Seon
Published: August 2007

Peritoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and macrophages into the peritoneal cavity (PEC), with significantly higher cell numbers in the 4‐1BB‐deficient (KO) mice than in wild‐type (WT) mice. The peritoneal macrophages of KO mice contained less IL‐10 transcripts and protein than those of WT after LPS treatment, and immobilization of 4‐1BB‐Fc increased the level of IL‐10. Injection of IL‐10 resulted in lower cell numbers into the PEC of KO mice, suggesting that lower level of IL‐10 is responsible for stimulated cell influx in KO mice due to lack of 4‐1BB and 4‐1BBL interaction.
Major ice sheet response in eastern New England to a cold North Atlantic region, ca. 16–15 cal ka BP
Authors: Kaplan Michael R.
Published: August 2007

A large ice sheet still covered almost all of Maine and eastern New England until ca. 15 cal ka BP, reaching south of 45 °S, despite rising summer insolation intensity and major ice recession elsewhere outside the North Atlantic region. Furthermore, the well-studied moraine belt along eastern coastal Maine, including the prominent Pineo Ridge delta/moraine complex and Pond Ridge moraine, indicates repeated readvances and stillstands between ca. 16 and 15 cal ka BP. This moraine belt reflects a considerable ice sheet response over eastern North America during this time period, coeval with the latter half of the European Oldest Dryas period. Moraine deposition was concurrent with reduction or elimination of North Atlantic meridional overturning, starting with the earlier onset of peak IRD and Heinrich Event 1 (HE-1). The existing 14C chronology suggests that the coastal moraine belt and the persistence of the ice sheet until ∼ 15 cal ka BP was a response to the severe cooling of the North Atlantic region after ∼ 17 cal ka BP.
Use of sourdough lactobacilli and oat fibre to decrease the glycaemic index of white wheat bread
Authors: De Angelis Maria , Rizzello Carlo G. , Alfonsi Giuditta , Arnault Philip , Cappelle Stefan , Di Cagno Raffaella , Gobbetti Marco
Published: August 2007

This work was aimed at decreasing the glycaemic index (GI) of white wheat bread. Breads made with wheat flour (WF) or wholemeal flour (WMF) and fermented with baker's yeast had similar values of resistant starch (RS; 1·4–1·7 %, starch basis). Sourdough Lactobacillus plantarum P1 and Lactobacillus brevis P2 favoured the highest formation of RS (approximately 5 %) when fermented with WF and WMF. The mixture (1:1) of WF and WMF (WF/WMF) was selected. The effect of dietary fibres, chemical or sourdough acidification on the hydrolysis index (HI) of WF/WMF bread was determined. Among fibres, only the addition of oat fibre (5 %) decreased the HI to 90·84 %. Lactic acid determined the lowest HI, and the effect was related to the decrease of pH. For the same decrease of pH, breads fermented with L. plantarum P1 and L. brevis P2 (sourdough WF/WMF) showed values of HI lower than chemical acidification. The glucose response and GI of WF bread or sourdough WF/WMF bread enriched with oat fibre was determined by using fifteen healthy volunteers. Anhydrous glucose was used as reference. The area under the glucose response curve and the value of GI (72 %) of WF bread were significantly (P < 0·05) higher than sourdough WF/WMF bread enriched with oat fibre (GI = 53·7 %). The decrease of GI of the sourdough WF/WMF bread may be due to both fibre content and decreased pH. Compared to WMF bread, sourdough WF/WMF bread, enriched with oat fibre, had higher specific volume, better cell crumb structure and more appreciated acidulous smell, taste and aroma.
Reponses of sheep to a vaccination of entodinial or mixed rumen protozoal antigens to reduce rumen protozoal numbers
Authors: Williams Yvette J. , Rea Suzanne M. , Popovski Sam , Pimm Carolyn L. , Williams Andrew J. , Toovey Andrew F. , Skillman Lucy C. , Wright André-Denis G.
Published: August 2007

Two rumen protozoa vaccine formulations containing either whole fixedEntodiniumor mixed rumen protozoa cells were tested on Merino sheep with the aim of decreasing the number and/or activity of protozoa in the rumen. Negative control (no antigen) and positive control (Tetrahymena corlissiantigens) treatments were also included in the experiment. Blood and saliva were sampled to measure the specific immune response. Protozoal numbers in the rumen were monitored by microscopic counts. Vaccination with protozoal formulations resulted in the presence of specific IgG in plasma and saliva, but saliva titres were low. Titres after secondary vaccination were higher (P < 0·05) than after primary vaccination. There was a moderate (r20·556) relationship (P < 0·05) between plasma and saliva titres for the rumen protozoal vaccine formulations. Rumen protozoa were not decreased (P>0·05) by the vaccination and there was also no difference (P>0·05) between treatments in rumen fluid ammonia-N concentration or wool growth.In vitrostudies investigated the binding ability of the antibodies and estimated the amount of antibody required to reduce cell numbers in the rumen. The studies showed that the antibodies did bind to and reduced protozoa numbers, but the amount of antibody generated by vaccination was not enough to produce results in anin vivosystem. It is suggested that the vaccine could be improved if specific protozoal antigens are determined and isolated and that improved understanding of the actions of protozoa antibodies in rumen fluid and the relationships between levels of antibodies and numbers of protozoa in the rumen is needed.
Naturally occurring iodine in humic substances in drinking water in Denmark is bioavailable and determines population iodine intake
Authors: Andersen Stig , Pedersen Klaus M. , Iversen Finn , Terpling Steen , Gustenhoff Peter , Petersen Steffen B. , Laurberg Peter
Published: August 2007

Iodine intake is important for thyroid function. Iodine content of natural waters is high in some areas and occurs bound in humic substances. Tap water is a major dietary source but bioavailability of organically bound iodine may be impaired. The objective was to assess if naturally occurring iodine bound in humic substances is bioavailable. Tap water was collected at Randers and Skagen waterworks and spot urine samples were collected from 430 long-term Randers and Skagen dwellers, who filled in a questionnaire. Tap water contained 2 μg/l elemental iodine in Randers and 140 μg/l iodine bound in humic substances in Skagen. Median (25; 75 percentile) urinary iodine excretion among Randers and Skagen dwellers not using iodine-containing supplements was 50 (37; 83) μg/24 h and 177 (137; 219) μg/24 h respectively (P < 0·001). The fraction of samples with iodine below 100 μg/24 h was 85·0 % in Randers and 6·5 % in Skagen (P < 0·001). Use of iodine-containing supplements increased urinary iodine by 60 μg/24 h (P < 0·001). This decreased the number of samples with iodine below 100 μg/24 h to 67·3 % and 5·0 % respectively, but increased the number of samples with iodine above 300 μg/24 h to 2·4 % and 16·1 %. Bioavailability of iodine in humic substances in Skagen tap water was about 85 %. Iodine in natural waters may be elemental or found in humic substances. The fraction available suggests an importance of drinking water supply for population iodine intake, although this may not be adequate to estimate population iodine intake.
Responses of surrogate markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis to changes in cholesterol metabolism during various amounts of fat and cholesterol feeding among healthy men
Authors: Nissinen Markku J. , Gylling Helena , Miettinen Tatu A.
Published: August 2007

Serum ratios to cholesterol of lathosterol, and of cholestanol, campesterol and sitosterol measure respective relative cholesterol synthesis and absorption, but their clinical applicability is not known in evaluation of cholesterol metabolism under different dietary conditions. We compared relative synthesis and absorption of cholesterol to the respective absolute ones in healthy male volunteers (n29) on four subsequent diets: baseline home (HD), low-cholesterol low-fat (LCLF), high-cholesterol low-fat (HCLF) and low-cholesterol high-fat (LCHF). Serum lipids, lipoproteins, sterols, fractional cholesterol absorption and sterol synthesis were examined. HCLF and LCHF decreased fractional cholesterol absorption by approximately 23–27 % from baseline HD (P < 0·05) and increased the levels of total and LDL-cholesterol in serum from LCLF by approximately 9–14 % (P < 0·05). On HCLF, bile acid synthesis was high (P < 0·05 for each), and absolute cholesterol synthesis tended to be higher than on HD and LCHF (NS). Relative synthesis was positively associated with absolute cholesterol synthesis, but inversely with relative absorption during each diet (P < 0·05). The relative absorption markers were interrelated in each diet, and were also associated with fractional absorption of cholesterol in each diet but HD. In conclusion, relative markers of cholesterol absorption and synthesis reflect changes in cholesterol metabolism despite the amount of dietary fat and cholesterol consumed, but their validity with this respect is strengthened by controlled diets in metabolic studies. Additions of cholesterol and fat to a diet low in fat and cholesterol cause practically equal changes in the serum lipid profiles, whereas synthesis of cholesterol (NS) and bile acids (P < 0·05) were higher with the high-cholesterol feeding.
Intranasal lysine-aspirin administration decreases polyp volume in patients with aspirin-intolerant asthma
Authors: Ogata N , Darby Y , Scadding G
Published: August 2007

Introduction:

Nasal polyposis associated with aspirin-intolerant asthma tends to be difficult to control, with frequent recurrences. We examined the effect of intranasal lysine-aspirin administration on resistant nasal polyps of asthmatic, aspirin-intolerant patients, when used in addition to routine therapy.

Patients and methods:

Thirteen patients with asthma and intolerance to aspirin were recruited. All but one had undergone numerous polypectomies and were uncontrolled on standard therapy with intranasal corticosteroids, leukotriene receptor antagonists and nasal douching. Aspirin treatment involved one drop (100 µl) of 30 mg/ml lysine-aspirin solution to each nostril, initially daily, increased every two or three days up to a maximal of 18 drops (54 mg lysine-aspirin) a day. Nasal symptoms, nitric oxide level, nasal inspiratory peak flow rate, peak expiratory flow rate and nasendoscopic grading were assessed prior to therapy and three months later. We also compared the change in endoscopic polyp scores during three months of lysine-aspirin administration with the changes which had occurred during the three months prior to administration (during which time other therapies had been identical).

Results:

Nasal blockage symptoms tended to decrease; other nasal symptoms were unchanged. Significant changes were seen in nasal inspiratory peak flow rate (103.3 ± 18.9 and 140.0 ± 16.7 l/min before and after aspirin, respectively; p = 0.014), but not in peak expiratory flow rate (438.7 ± 33.4 and 440.0 ± 28.4 l/min before and after aspirin, respectively; p = 0.700). Nasal nitric oxide levels rose significantly (in both sides, p = 0.028). Expired chest nitric oxide levels did not change. Nasal polyp scores on nasendoscopic examination were significantly reduced (right side, p = 0.027; left side, p = 0.018). Compared with the preceding three months, adding intranasal lysine-aspirin application had the effect on decreasing nasal polyp volume (right side, p = 0.031; left side, p = 0.016).

Conclusion:

This open study suggests that intranasal lysine-aspirin administration reduces nasal polyp volume in aspirin-intolerant patients, without any adverse affect on concomitant asthma. This was a preliminary study and should be followed by a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial.
Regional influence on the occurrence of road slipperiness during winter precipitation events
Authors: Eriksson M.
Published: August 2007

There is a severe risk of road icing and slipperiness when rain or sleet falls on a frozen road surface. Traffic can be severely affected, with a higher frequency of road accidents. These conditions usually occur during warm frontal passages when cold weather and low road surface temperatures are replaced by warmer air and precipitation. Two case studies from southern Sweden show the spatial and temporal distribution of rain or sleet on a frozen road surface. The influence of regional‐scale characteristics is demonstrated. Air temperature governs the spatial distribution when temperatures around −10°C precede the event. Weather stations in an open environment experience slippery conditions first. If temperatures are just below zero before the front arrives, road surface temperature becomes the crucial factor. Weather stations in locations screened by forest or road cuts are the first to register this event. The methodology presented in this paper can be used to increase knowledge of the spatial and temporal patterns of road slipperiness in an area. As a result, forecasts and maintenance activities can be improved and there is a better understanding of the relationship between synoptic events and road slipperiness. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
An investigation of winter nocturnal air and road surface temperature variation in the West Midlands, UK under different synoptic conditions
Authors: Weller J , Thornes J E
Published: August 2007

This study considers night‐time urban air and road surface temperature variations under different synoptic weather conditions. Five years of winter weather data from a single weather station were classified into groups with similar air‐mass characteristics. Using a two‐stage process of principal components analysis followed by cluster analysis, the resulting clusters were used to sort paired air and road‐surface temperature observations recorded at 2100hr from the West Midlands road weather information network into days with similar meteorological controls. The six resulting clusters have good between‐group variation and feature a dominant wind direction. The results show that the difference between air and road surface temperatures is significant except during strong westerly conditions. Days featuring clear and anticyclonic weather showed the greatest between‐site variation and evidence of the urban heat island effect. Under these conditions, road surface temperatures were warmer than the air –the opposite of what one would normally expect in rural areas. Those days with wet and windy weather were found to have the least between‐site variation, excepting that due to altitude. The presence of a high vapour flux in the urban environment literally dampens the temperature response. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Objective pattern discrimination model for dust storm forecasting
Authors: Tao Gao , Jingtao Liu , Xiao Yu , Ling Kang , Yida Fan , Yinghua Hu
Published: August 2007

For forecasting strong dust storms in the central and western areas of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region an objective discrimination approach has been developed. The 37 strong dust‐storm events that occurred in this area during the last 40 years have been classified into four circulation patterns. Using the method suggested by Saaty (1996), a priority relationship matrix was set up and the discrimination function was then established. Depending on the function values, a judgement is then made about whether the real‐time situation belongs to any of the four patterns and, if so, to which one. If there is a match, then this typical event can be used as a basis for forecasting a strong dust storm. The successful application of this approach is demonstrated using results from 1998 and 2000. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
A link between microwave extinction length, firn thermal diffusivity, and accumulation rate in West Antarctica
Authors: Koenig Lora S. , Steig Eric J. , Winebrenner Dale P. , Shuman Christopher A.
Published: August 2007

The relationship between time series of physical surface temperature and microwave brightness temperature of polar firn depends both on the physical properties of the firn and the surface temperature history. In perennially dry firn this relationship is well characterized by a timescale, referred to as the extinction‐diffusion time, which is the ratio of the microwave extinction length squared to the firn thermal diffusivity. The extinction‐diffusion time is calculated over Antarctica from 1982 to 1999 by comparing thermal infrared observations of physical surface temperature from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) with passive microwave brightness temperatures measured by the scanning multichannel microwave radiometer (SMMR) and Special Senor Microwave Imager (SSM/I). Independent estimates of accumulation rate are derived both from ice cores and from spatially extensive ground and airborne radar echo sounding lines. The extinction‐diffusion time is found to vary linearly with accumulation rate from approximately 10 to 50 cm/yr ice equivalent over a large area in West Antarctica. Although this simple relationship does not appear to hold at very low or very high accumulation rates, these results suggest that the extinction‐diffusion time holds promise as a viable proxy for accumulation rate variability on polar ice sheets.
Stokes flow in a rectangular cavity by rotlet forcing
Authors: van der Woude D. , Clercx H. J. H. , van Heijst G. J. F. , Meleshko V. V.
Published: August 2007

The Stokes flow inside a two-dimensional rectangular cavity ∣x∣⩽a, ∣y∣⩽b is analyzed for a highly viscous, incompressible fluid flow, driven by a single rotlet placed at position (0,c). Specifically, a rigorous solution of the governing two-dimensional biharmonic equation for the stream function is constructed analytically by means of the superposition principle. With this solution, multicellular flow patterns can be described for narrow cavities, in which the number of flow cells is directly related to the value of the aspect ratio A=b∕a. The solution also shows that for a certain rotlet position (0,c0), which depends on a and b, the flow has a stagnation point (0,−c0) symmetrically placed inside the rectangle. As the flow would not be affected by placing a second (inactive) rotlet in this stagnation point, this allows us to construct a blinking rotlet model for the rectangular cavity, with the inactive rotlet in the stagnation point of the flow induced by the active rotlet. For rectangular cavities, it holds that more than one of these special rotlet positions can be found for cavities that are elongated to sufficiently large aspect ratios. The blinking rotlet model is applied to illustrate several aspects of stirring in a Stokes flow in a rectangular domain.
On the quantum nature of charge carriers in the pseudogap state of underdoped cuprate high-Tc superconductors
Authors: Sergeeva G. G. , Soroka A. A.
Published: August 2007

It is conjectured that in underdoped cuprate high-Tc superconductors in the pseudogap state at T⩽T*(psh) the transition of the CuO2 plane to metallic behavior with decreasing temperature is due to quantum diffusion, which was predicted for “defectons” by A. F. Andreev and I. M. Lifshitz in 1969. It is shown that the features of the pseudogap state are determined solely by the properties of the CuO2 plane and the doping concentration psh. When the temperature is decreased to T⩽TAL(psh), the joint magnetic phase diagram of states has a universal line TAL(psh)=815psh of transition of the CuO2 plane to a 2D vortex metal state with mobile charge carriers—2D vortices, which are compatible with antiferromagnetism of the CuO2 plane. A phase diagram of states, with the line TAL(psh)⩽T*(psh), is constructed for the underdoped single crystal YBaCu3Oy; it agrees with the known experimental data for other underdoped cuprate HTSCs.
Structural imperfections and magnetoresistive properties of the ceramic La0.6Sr0.2Mn1,2−xFexO3±δ
Authors: Pashchenko V. P. , Shemyakov A. A. , Pashchenko A. V. , Prokopenko V. K. , Revenko Yu. F. , Turchenko V. A. , Varyukhin V. N. , D’yakonov V. P. , Szymczak H.
Published: August 2007

The x-ray structural, resistive, magnetic, and Mn55 NMR methods are used to investigate the ceramic magnetoresistive lanthanum manganite perovskites La0.6Sr0.2Mn1,2−xFexO3 (x=0, 0.02, 0.05, and 0.1) annealed at 1170 and 1500°C. It is found that increasing the Fe content decreases the metal-semiconductor phase transition temperature Tms and the Curie temperature TC, and increases the peak of the magnetoresistive effect near these phase transitions and results in growth of the peak at low temperatures, where the magnetoresistive effect is due to tunneling transitions of carriers between crystallites. The wide asymmetric Mn55 NMR spectrum, whose resonance frequency shifts with increasing x to lower frequencies, confirms the high-frequency electron-hole exchange between the Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions and the high degree of lattice imperfections, including not only vacancies but also clusters. The hysteresis in the field dependences of the magnetization at 4.2K is due to a change in the fraction of low-spin Mn2+ in clusters, whose magnetism appears below 42K. The increase of the activation energy with increasing Fe content is explained by the influence of these ions on the structural defect density, the charge carrier concentration, and the electron-hole exchange between heterovalent manganese ions in B positions.
Experimental validation of the anomalies in the electron density of states in semiconductor iron-vanadium-aluminum alloys
Authors: Okulov V. I. , Arkhipov V. E. , Govorkova T. E. , Korolev A. V. , Okulova K. A. , Shreder E. I. , Marchenkov V. V. , Weber H. W.
Published: August 2007

The temperature dependences of the resistivity, Hall coefficient, and magnetic susceptibility of iron-vanadium-aluminum alloys have been investigated. It has been established that the alloy Fe1.9V1.1Al exhibits semiconductor behavior for the method used to obtain uniform alloys. It is shown that at temperatures below 30K the semiconductor alloy possesses the characteristic low-temperature scale of the dependences observed, which could be responsible for the appearance of a narrow pseudogap in the electron density of states. A simple theoretical description of the effects of a pseudogap is proposed. A consistent fit of the theoretical to the experimental relations made it possible to determine the effective width of the pseudogap (∼1MeV) and its relative depth (∼102).