bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalyst-free Diels–Alder reactions of vinylphosphonates with cyclopentadienones
Authors: Benmeddah Amel , Villemin Didier , Mostefa-Kara Bachir , Bar Nathalie , Legay Remi
Published: July 2017

The unprecedented thermal Diels–Alder reaction of the diethyl vinylphosphonate and diethyl styrylphosphonate with various cyclopentadienones is described. In these Diels–Alder reactions, catalysis was not required and the corresponding cycloadducts derivatives were obtained. The tetraethyl vinylidene-1,1-bis-phosphonate was found to be less reactive than monophosphonates with the same cyclopentadienones.
Heat acclimation has a protective effect on the central but not peripheral nervous system
Authors: Racinais Sebastien , Wilson Mathew G. , Gaoua Nadia , Périard Julien D.
Published: July 2017

This study aimed to clarify the pathway mediating hyperthermia-induced alterations in neural drive transmission and determine if heat acclimation protects voluntary muscle activation and cognitive function in hyperthermic humans. Electrically evoked potentials (H reflex and M wave), executive function (special planning and working memory), and maximal voluntary isometric contractions (120 s) were assessed in 14 participants in control conditions [CON, 24°C, 40% relative humidity (RH)] and in a hyperthermic state (HYP, 44–50°C, 50% RH) on consecutive days in a counterbalanced order. Thereafter, participants were passively heat acclimated for 11 days (1 h per day, 48–50°C, 50% RH) before repeating the initial assessments. Heat acclimation decreased rectal temperature in CON (−0.2°C, P < 0.05), but participants were maintained at ~39°C in HYP. Heat acclimation increased the time required to reach 39°C (+9 min), along with sweat rate (+0.7 l/h), and serum extracellular expression of heat shock protein 72 (eHSP72; +20%) in HYP ( P < 0.05). M-wave and H-reflex amplitudes were lower in HYP than CON ( P < 0.05) and were not protected by heat acclimation. Nerve conduction velocity was faster in HYP than CON ( P < 0.05) without being influenced by heat acclimation. These results suggest that peripheral neural drive transmission in the hyperthermic state is primarily affected by axonal conduction velocity rather than synaptic failure. Executive function, voluntary activation, and the ability to sustain torque were impaired in HYP ( P < 0.05). However, despite no perceptual changes ( P > 0.05), heat acclimation restored executive function, while protecting the ability to sustain voluntary activation and torque production during a prolonged contraction in hyperthermia ( P < 0.05). Ultimately, heat acclimation induces beneficial central but not peripheral neural adaptations.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Heat acclimation restores planning accuracy and working memory in hyperthermic humans, together with the supraspinal capacity to sustain motor drive during a sustained maximal voluntary contraction. Electrically evoked potential data (M wave, H reflex) indicate that heat acclimation does not protect against hyperthermia-induced impairments in peripheral neural drive transmission. Heat acclimation induces beneficial central but not peripheral neural adaptations.
Gene Therapy of Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Strategies for Improvement
Authors: Hossle Johann P. , Seger Reinhard A. , Steinhoff Dirk
Published: July 2017

Gene therapy of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is limited by low frequency of the target cells, their quiescent nature, poor engraftment of treated HSC, and lack of a selective growth advantage of genetically modified cells. Lentiviral vectors combined with positive selection strategies using conditional cell-growth switches should allow for improvement.
MAP Kinases: From Intracellular Signals to Physiology and Disease
Authors: Schramek Herbert
Published: July 2017

Although differentiated cells will usually maintain their specialized character, conversion of cellular specificities can be observed during adaptation or reparative regeneration. In pathological conditions, such as inflammation and carcinogenesis, even highly specialized cells can alter their properties, leading to a deranged control of cell differentiation and/or proliferation. Mitogen-activated protein kinases are central regulators of these processes.
Why Doesn't the Elephant Have a Pleural Space?
Authors: West John B.
Published: July 2017

The elephant is the only mammal whose pleural space is obliterated by connective tissue. This has been known for 300 years but never explained. The elephant is also the only animal that can snorkel at depth. The resulting pressure differences require changes in the pleural membranes and pleural space.
Lymphoproliferative Disorders of the Lung
Authors: Borie Raphaël , Wislez Marie , Antoine Martine , Cadranel Jacques
Published: July 2017

This review aims to describe some of the most frequent lymphoproliferative disorders arising from the lung: pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LG), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH). Primary pulmonary lymphoma is defined as a clonal lymphoproliferative disorder affecting one or both lungs, without extrapulmonary involvement 3 months after diagnosis, and includes pulmonary MALT lymphoma and LG. MALT lymphoma is the most common pulmonary lymphoma. The disease is slow growing, most often asymptomatic, and revealed by chronic alveolar opacity on radiography. The diagnosis should involve minimally invasive techniques, and the prognosis is typically excellent. LG is a rare B-cell lymphoma driven by Epstein-Barr virus infection. The disease may mimic pulmonary vasculitis, often revealed by systemic signs. The diagnosis usually requires surgical lung biopsy. Its evolution is unpredictable, but median survival is poor and chemotherapy is usually proposed. MCD and PEL are both driven by Human herpesvirus 8 infection. Patients with MCD present with fever and lymphadenopathy associated with interstitial lung disease. PEL provokes a febrile, lymphocytic-exudative pleural effusion, without any pleural mass on CT. Specific chemotherapy is urgent for both MCD and PEL. NLH is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder of the lung that is usually asymptomatic and revealed by a single nodular opacity. The prognosis is good, without recurrence after surgical resection.
Em narrativas amadianas, Exu: a boca que tudo come
Authors: Fernandes Alexandre de Oliveira
Published: July 2017

O presente artigo reconhece o ebó/sacrifício como sistema de restituição do poder das energias míticas do Culto aos orixás e, quem come primeiro é Exu, “a boca que tudo come”. Sabe-se que toda a dinâmica do sistema Nagô está centrada em torno do ebó, a oferenda ritual dedicada aos orixás. Nas casas de Culto, o sacrifício é sempre material: alimentos, bebidas, animais, minerais, plantas, por meio do que, evoca-se uma relação interpessoal e litúrgica, dinâmica e viva que movimenta o corpo e os níveis da personalidade dos adeptos. O sangue dos animais, a oferenda dos frutos, das ervas e dos minerais provoca a manutenção e o fortalecimento do axé. Trata-se de um sistema mítico de restituição que coloca as energias em ação, provocando o movimento e a Vida. Faltar com o ebó é incorrer em grave penalidade que interrompe o movimento (do axé), deprecia os laços entre deuses e humanos, permitindo o declínio da energia vital. Quem cobra a falta é Exu, parceiro do escritor baiano Jorge Amado. O “imortal” representou seu compadre das encruzilhadas em diversos de seus textos, nos quais, brinca, faz estripulias e se alimenta. A Exu, como se sabe, saúda-se: Laroyê!
Formação do cânone: ideologia ou qualidade estética?
Authors: Gomes Matheus Freitas
Published: July 2017

Tradução do artigo "Canon formation: ideology or aestitic quality", de Willie van Peers, que problematiza a discussão acerca da formação do cânone e da abordagem dos estudos culturais.
"L'estomac gouverne la cervelle" - Nourriture et morale dans les contes de Voltaire
Authors: Sicco Debora
Published: July 2017

Le but de cet article est d'analyser les images de la nourriture dans écrits narratifs de Voltaire afin de montrer que ces images sont un important instrument pour sa réflexion éthique. Je vais essayer de montrer comment, à travers la fiction, Voltaire expose son point de vue sur trois enjeux philosophiques i) l'interdépendance entre la dimension physique et la dimension morale; ii) l’opposition entre nature et culture (cet aspect trouve son exemple dans l'opposition entre le végétarisme et le alimentation carnovore) iii) les effets politiques de la convivialité.
A prosa gastronômica de Pellegrino Artusi: cultura, gosto e alteridade em um receituário oitocentista
Authors: Callia Isabella Magalhães
Published: July 2017

A presente reflexão é uma leitura interpretativa dos enunciados de três receitas do livro A Ciência na cozinha e a Arte de comer bem – Manual prático para as famílias, compilado por Pellegrino Artusi (1891), considerado o cânone histórico da culinária moderna italiana. Discorrendo sobre os conceitos de cultura, gosto e interculturalidade, o foco se encontra na relação entre a inovativa forma escrita da obra e a sua recepção por parte do público. A intenção é de evidenciar que a inclusão do outro nas narrativas das receitas - alternando-se como sujeito e objeto - foi um diferencial na escrita de Artusi, e seus aspectos interculturais.
Genetic Deletion of NADPH Oxidase 1 Rescues Microvascular Function in Mice With Metabolic Disease
Authors: Thompson Jennifer A. , Larion Sebastian , Mintz James D. , Belin de Chantemèle Eric J. , Fulton David J. , Stepp David W.
Published: July 2017

Rationale:

Early vascular changes in metabolic disease that precipitate the development of cardiovascular complications are largely driven by reactive oxygen species accumulation, yet the extent to which excess reactive oxygen species derive from specific NADPH oxidase isoforms remains ill defined.

Objective:

Identify the role of Nox1 in the development of microvascular dysfunction in metabolic disease.

Methods and Results:

Four genotypes were generated by breeding Nox1 knockout mice with
db/db
mice: lean (H
db
W
nox1
), lean Nox1 knockout (H
db
K
nox1
), obese (K
db
W
nox1
), and obese KK (K
db
K
nox1
). The degree of adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in KW mice was not influenced by Nox1 deletion as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, glucose tolerance tests, and plasma analyses. Endothelium-dependent responses to acetylcholine in pressurized mesenteric arteries were reduced in KW versus HW (
P
<0.01), whereas deletion of Nox1 in KW mice normalized dilation. Vasodilator responses after inhibition of NO synthase blunted acetylcholine responses in KK and lean controls, but had no impact in KW, attributing recovered dilatory capacity in KK to normalization of NO. Acetylcholine responses were improved (
P
<0.05) with Tempol, and histochemistry revealed oxidative stress in KW animals, whereas Tempol had no impact and reactive oxygen species staining was negligible in KK. Blunted dilatory responses to an NO donor and loss of myogenic tone in KW animals were also rescued with Nox1 deletion.

Conclusions:

Nox1 deletion reduces oxidant load and restores microvascular health in
db/db
mice without influencing the degree of metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, targeted Nox1 inhibition may be effective in the prevention of vascular complications.
Clarithromycin Plus Intravenous Immunoglobulin Therapy Can Reduce the Relapse Rate of Kawasaki Disease: A Phase 2, Open‐Label, Randomized Control Study
Authors: Nanishi Etsuro , Nishio Hisanori , Takada Hidetoshi , Yamamura Kenichiro , Fukazawa Mitsuharu , Furuno Kenji , Mizuno Yumi , Saigo Kenjiro , Kadoya Ryo , Ohbuchi Noriko , Onoe Yasuhiro , Yamashita Hironori , Nakayama Hideki , Hara Takuya , Ohno Takuro , Takahashi Yasuhiko , Hatae Ken , Harada Tatsuo , Shimose Takayuki , Kishimoto Junji , Ohga Shouichi , Hara Toshiro
Published: July 2017

Background

We previously reported that biofilms and innate immunity contribute to the pathogenesis of Kawasaki disease. Therefore, we aimed to assess the efficacy of clarithromycin, an antibiofilm agent, in patients with Kawasaki disease.

Methods and Results

We conducted an open‐label, multicenter, randomized, phase 2 trial at 8 hospitals in Japan. Eligible patients included children aged between 4 months and 5 years who were enrolled between days 4 and 8 of illness. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or IVIG plus clarithromycin. The primary end point was the duration of fever after the initiation of IVIG treatment. Eighty‐one eligible patients were randomized. The duration of the fever did not differ between the 2 groups (mean±SD, 34.3±32.4 and 31.1±31.1 hours in the IVIG plus clarithromycin group and the IVIG group, respectively [
P
=0.66]). The relapse rate of patients in the IVIG plus clarithromycin group was significantly lower than that in the IVIG group (12.5% versus 30.8%,
P
=0.046). No serious adverse events occurred during the study period. In a post hoc analysis, the patients in the IVIG plus clarithromycin group required significantly shorter mean lengths of hospital stays than those in the IVIG group (8.9 days versus 10.3 days,
P
=0.049).

Conclusions

Although IVIG plus clarithromycin therapy failed to shorten the duration of fever, it reduced the relapse rate and shortened the duration of hospitalization in patients with Kawasaki disease.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm
. Unique identifier: UMIN000015437.
Peer Review Practices for Evaluating Biomedical Research Grants: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Authors: Liaw Lucy , Freedman Jane E. , Becker Lance B. , Mehta Nehal N. , Liscum Laura
Published: July 2017

The biomedical research enterprise depends on the fair and objective peer review of research grants, leading to the distribution of resources through efficient and robust competitive methods. In the United States, federal funding agencies and foundations collectively distribute billions of dollars annually to support biomedical research. For the American Heart Association, a Peer Review Subcommittee is charged with establishing the highest standards for peer review. This scientific statement reviews the current literature on peer review practices, describes the current American Heart Association peer review process and those of other agencies, analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of American Heart Association peer review practices, and recommends best practices for the future.
What Constitutes Prudent Spending from Private College Endowments? Evidence from Underwater Funds
Authors: Anderson Drew M.
Published: July 2017

This study examines how private colleges and universities choose to spend versus reinvest resources in endowment funds that have suffered investment losses. The analysis takes advantage of a market downturn and public policy shift, which together revealed how colleges define prudent spending. Investment losses during the financial crisis of 2008 left many endowment gift funds below their original donated values, or “underwater.” Colleges in some states were legally required to cut spending from underwater funds. Other states had recently enacted the Uniform Prudent Management of Institutional Funds Act, which allows prudent spending from underwater funds. The act loosened financial constraints, and affected colleges responded by spending 22 percent more from their endowments in the fiscal year after the financial crisis. Constrained colleges did not increase spending from unrestricted parts of their endowments to offset reduced spending from underwater funds.
Using a Large-scale Neural Model of Cortical Object Processing to Investigate the Neural Substrate for Managing Multiple Items in Short-term Memory
Authors: Liu Qin , Ulloa Antonio , Horwitz Barry
Published: July 2017

Many cognitive and computational models have been proposed to help understand working memory. In this article, we present a simulation study of cortical processing of visual objects during several working memory tasks using an extended version of a previously constructed large-scale neural model [Tagamets, M. A., & Horwitz, B. Integrating electrophysiological and anatomical experimental data to create a large-scale model that simulates a delayed match-to-sample human brain imaging study. Cerebral Cortex, 8, 310–320, 1998]. The original model consisted of arrays of Wilson–Cowan type of neuronal populations representing primary and secondary visual cortices, inferotemporal (IT) cortex, and pFC. We added a module representing entorhinal cortex, which functions as a gating module. We successfully implemented multiple working memory tasks using the same model and produced neuronal patterns in visual cortex, IT cortex, and pFC that match experimental findings. These working memory tasks can include distractor stimuli or can require that multiple items be retained in mind during a delay period (Sternberg's task). Besides electrophysiology data and behavioral data, we also generated fMRI BOLD time series from our simulation. Our results support the involvement of IT cortex in working memory maintenance and suggest the cortical architecture underlying the neural mechanisms mediating particular working memory tasks. Furthermore, we noticed that, during simulations of memorizing a list of objects, the first and last items in the sequence were recalled best, which may implicate the neural mechanism behind this important psychological effect (i.e., the primacy and recency effect).
Dogs and Crime
Authors: Grooms Wes , Biddle DJ
Published: July 2017

Previous attempts to quantify the role that dogs play in mitigating household property crime rates have produced mixed results.gisand spatial analysis methods to conduct such an investigation are not well-represented in the anthrozoological academic press for an entire city. This study seeks to address these gaps using agis-based case study of dog license locations and reported property crime locations for land parcel data in the City of Milwaukee,wi, for 2011. We found that parcels with reported licensed dogs experienced property crime at rates of between 1.40 and 1.71 percentage points lower than the property crime rates for parcels that were zoned the same and did not have licensed dogs. This association between the presence of dogs and reduced property crime rates suggests dogs have a deterrent effect on property crime; more comprehensive analysis is encouraged to draw more concrete conclusions.
Emotion, Gender, and Greco-Roman Virtue in Joseph and Aseneth
Authors: Mermelstein Ari
Published: July 2017

Anger, courage, and philanthropia—three important elements of Greco-Roman civic life—figure prominently in the book of Joseph and Aseneth and help us uncover the book’s message. One view within Greco-Roman culture valorized manly anger—at least where appropriate—and manly courage, but, according to Joseph and Aseneth, Jews instead privileged the emotion of pity and the related virtue of philanthropia. The author strategically developed his plot around the experiences of a female convert, whose views on anger, courage, and philanthropia highlight both the distinctiveness and subversiveness of the Jewish position. His message served an important polemical goal, one which highlighted the premium that Jews place on philanthropia and challenged contemporary accusations of Jewish misanthropy.
Modern Industry and the Peasant Economy in China (中国近代工业与小农经济)
Authors: Lin (林刚) Gang
Published: July 2017

Since its early history, due to the various constraints in exchanging with other civilizations, China has relied mainly on domestic resources to satisfy the needs of its population for consumption and employment and to solve the challenges that confronted the state. Central to this solution is the combination of the agriculture of the peasant family with traditional industry and sidelines, a process that evolved over thousands of years of persistent experiments, in which the biggest challenge lay in the constant tension between population growth and the constraint of resources on the satisfaction of subsistence needs. The advent of Western influences in the late Qing period made available the products of mass-manufacturing by machines to Chinese peasants as raw materials of the family-based industry and sidelines, hence the addition of a new factor to the preexisting pattern of resource allocation. What emerged in modern China thus was an unprecedented “modern tripartite structure” that encompassed the new-style family economy, modern industrial economy, and traditional rural economy. Nevertheless, the loss of the country’s sovereign rights and the recurrence of war impeded the transformation of the traditional mode of production that entailed the intervention of the state; the same factors also explain the failure of spontaneous non-governmental forces in developing a national economy in which industry and agriculture grew in full coordination with each other.

由于国际交流环境的不利，中国自早期文明伊始，就只能主要依靠在领土范围内解决吃饭和就业等国计民生首要问题。这是靠小农家庭农业与工副业的结合，在数千年的不懈奋斗中完成的。农民家庭经济的最大问题是人口增加与谋生资源难以满足之间的压力。清末列强入侵后，农民紧紧抓住大机器产品作为家庭工副业的生产原料，为改进原有的资源配置增加了新因素。近代中国史无前例地出现了新式家庭经济、现代工业经济与传统农村经济的“近代三元结构”。但由于丧失国权、战乱频仍，需要国家之力介入的旧生产方式变革、工业与农业全方位协调发展的国民经济格局，未能由民间自发力量完成。(This article is in Chinese.)
Two new genera of Australian dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) with the description of six new species and transfer of six described species
Authors: GUNTER NICOLE L. , WEIR THOMAS A.
Published: July 2017

A complex of small scarabaeine dung beetles related to Lepanus Balthasar, 1966 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) is described, based on morphological and molecular characters. There are two new genera, six new species, and seven new combinations, including the transfer of one species to a pre-existing genus, as follows. Matthewsius Gunter & Weir new genus includes two new species, M. stricklandensis Gunter & Weir new species from central New South Wales, Australia and M. vanleeuweni Gunter & Weir new species from Pilbara region of Western Australia, Australia; two species formerly included within Aptenocanthon Matthews, 1974, M. rossi (Matthews, 1974) new combination and M. speewah (Storey & Monteith, 2000) new combination; and two species formerly included within Lepanus, M. illawarrensis (Matthews, 1974) new combination and M. penelopae (Matthews & Weir, 2002) new combination. Monteithocanthon Gunter & Weir new genus includes six species: Monteithocanthon elliotensis Gunter & Weir new species, Monteithocanthon koombooloomba Gunter & Weir new species, and Monteithocanthon paraarator Gunter & Weir new species from northern Queensland, Australia; Monteithocanthon peckorum Gunter & Weir new species from southwestern Western Australia; and two species formally included within Lepanus, Monteithocanthon arator (Matthews, 1974) new combination and Monteithocanthon glaber (Matthews, 1974) new combination. Sauvagesinella loftyensis (Matthews & Weir, 2002) new combination is transferred from Lepanus on the basis of genetic and morphological similarities.
Archebittacus exilis Riek—the oldest hangingfly (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae)
Authors: LAMBKIN KEVIN J.
Published: July 2017

The Bittacidae has a rich fossil history, especially in the Jurassic. The only pre-Jurassic species ascribed to the family has been Archebittacus exilis Riek, 1955, known from several forewing and hindwing fragments from the Late Triassic (Norian) Mount Crosby Formation of Queensland. A re-examination of Riek’s type series as well as an additional hindwing specimen has found that although A. exilis has a predominance of plesiomorphies, it exhibits the following apomorphies sufficient to justify its inclusion in the Bittacidae, albeit as one of its most plesiomorphic members: wing bases narrowed (but less so than in nearly all other bittacids); R4+5→R4 at least slightly arched in forewing, but with arching more pronounced in hindwing; R5 convex; the stem of CuA in the forewing fused with M for at least a short distance; forewing costal margin straight and costal space very narrow; 2A short and simple.
Comments on the current taxonomy of Brachycephalus (Anura: Brachycephalidae)
Authors: CONDEZ THAIS HELENA , MONTEIRO JULIANE PETRY DE CARLI , HADDAD CÉLIO FERNANDO BAPTISTA
Published: July 2017

Since the first, and simplest, description of a species of the genus Brachycephalus Fitzinger 1826, by Spix (1824), an increasing number of informative traits has been investigated to facilitate species diagnoses, including those dealing with osteology (Izecksohn 1971), sexual dimorphism in body size (Alves et al. 2006), hyperossification of the skull and skeleton (Haddad et al. 2010) and advertisement call (Garey et al. 2012), plus traits from molecular data (Condez et al. 2016). However, the recent descriptions of nine species of Brachycephalus (see Pie & Ribeiro 2015; Ribeiro et al. 2015; Bornschein et al. 2016) included inadequate diagnoses, which lacked indispensable information for any further comparisons among species. Herein, we intend to address the main flaws of these species descriptions and highlight the urgent need for a rigorous review of the genus Brachycephalus in order to assess the validity of these taxonomic proposals.
A taxonomic revision of the Cardiocondyla nuda group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: SEIFERT BERNHARD , OKITA ICHIRO , HEINZE JÜRGEN
Published: July 2017

A taxonomic revision of the Cardiocondyla nuda species group is presented based on methods of Numeric Morphology-Based Alpha-Taxonomy (NUMOBAT) and supplemented by analysis of mtDNA. A total of 258 samples with 571 worker individuals were investigated by the hierarchical and non-hierarchical exploratory data analyses NC-Ward and NC-K-Means clustering considering 16 NUMOBAT characters. Two species are described as new, increasing the number of species in the group to eight. We separate the group into two main clades: the C. mauritanica species complex, which is of Oriental and Indo-Australian origin and contains the cryptic species C. mauritanica Forel 1890, C. strigifrons Viehmeyer 1922, C. kagutsuchi Terayama 1999, and C. itsukii sp. nov. and the Australasian and Polynesian C. nuda species complex with the cryptic species C. nuda (Mayr 1866), C. atalanta Forel 1915, C. paranuda Seifert 2003, and C. compressa sp. nov. The mean error of the two NC-clustering methods relative to the controlling linear discriminant analysis was 0.4% in C. mauritanica, 2.2% in C. itsukii, 0% in C. strigifrons, 0% in C. kagutsuchi, 1.5% in C. nuda, 3.2% in C. atalanta and 3.2% in C. paranuda—all these data are below the 4% threshold recommended by the Pragmatic Species Concept. The morphologically determined species clusters were confirmed by mtDNA data with a rather strong sequence divergence among the cryptic species of the C. nuda complex of 5.6–7.9%. The mean mismatch of two different mtDNA analyses with NUMOBAT clustering was 5.4% in 54 samples of seven species of the C. nuda group for which mtDNA data were available. The mismatch thus is smaller than in many other studies of Eumetazoa in general or ants in particular and is probably explained by low frequencies of ancient hybridization and/or incomplete lineage sorting. Comments on zoogeography, colony demography and behavior are given in the species sections and determination keys are provided. Cardiocondyla ectopia Snelling 1974 and Leptothorax caparica Henin, Paiva & Collingwood 2002  (syn nov.) are synonymized under Cardiocondyla mauritanica. Cardiocondyla nuda sculptinodis is not a member of the C. nuda group and is moved to C. shuckardi sculptinodis, a revived combination.
Books, book reviews, anoles, and do we really know what we believe we know?
Authors: MCCRANIE JAMES R.
Published: July 2017

McCranie & Köhler (2015, hereafter M&K) recently published a book on the systematics, distribution, and conservation of the anoles (Squamata: Dactyloidae) of the Central American country of Honduras. Those authors included 39 species placed in two genera. Gray (2015; hereafter G) published a largely well-done review of that book. However, G made a few incorrect statements, some of which I feel need to be addressed. In addition, the anole systematics at the species, and especially at the generic level, are extremely contentious issues that affect anyone trying to publish any manuscript regarding anole systematics.
A new species of Dolichopoda (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae; Dolichopodainae) from Western Greece
Authors: RUSSO CLAUDIO DI , ALEXIOU SOTIRIS , RAMPINI MAURO
Published: July 2017

In this paper we report the description of a new species, Dolichopoda bakolitsasi, from a cave of Mount Thiamon in Aetolia-Acarnania (Western Greece). The new species shows some affinity with the geographically close D. giachinoi Rampini & Di Russo, 2008 and the other Southern Ionian species from which it differs mainly by the shape of the two lobes of the male tenth (X) tergite. This character, in fact, is very peculiar and unique in the whole genus, with the lobes being forceps-shaped distally, with the apex curved inwards. The new species has no morphological affinities with D. lustriae Rampini & Di Russo, 2008, a species inhabiting caves of the eastern slopes of the nearby Mount Valtou. The co-occurrence at the same area of two well separated, unrelated species, is discussed in relation to the present and past geographical scenario of this area of the Western Greece.
The Nexus between Sea Ice and Polar Emissions of Marine Biogenic Aerosols
Authors: Gabric Albert , Matrai Patricia , Jones Graham , Middleton Julia
Published: July 2017

Accurate estimation of the climate sensitivity requires a better understanding of the nexus between polar marine ecosystem responses to warming, changes in sea ice extent, and emissions of marine biogenic aerosol (MBA). Sea ice brine channels contain very high concentrations of MBA precursors that, once ventilated, have the potential to alter cloud microphysical properties, such as cloud droplet number, and the regional radiative energy balance. In contrast to temperate latitudes, where the pelagic phytoplankton are major sources of MBAs, the seasonal sea ice dynamic plays a key role in determining MBA concentration in both the Arctic and Antarctic. We review the current knowledge of MBA sources and the link between ice melt and emissions of aerosol precursors in the polar oceans. We illustrate the processes by examining decadal-scale time series in various satellite-derived parameters such as aerosol optical depth (AOD), sea ice extent, and phytoplankton biomass in the sea ice zones of both hemispheres. The sharpest gradients in aerosol indicators occur during the spring period of ice melt. In sea ice–covered waters, the peak in AOD occurs well before the annual maximum in biomass in both hemispheres. The results provide strong evidence that suggests seasonal changes in sea ice and ocean biology are key drivers of the polar aerosol cycle. The positive trend in annual-mean Antarctic sea ice extent is now almost one-third of the magnitude of the annual-mean decrease in Arctic sea ice, suggesting the potential for different patterns of aerosol emissions in the future.
Why Are Arctic Linkages to Extreme Weather Still up in the Air?
Authors: Francis Jennifer A.
Published: July 2017

Shifting weather patterns, particularly increasing extreme events, are observed in populous midlatitudes, and connections to climate change are becoming clearer. The specific roles of rapid Arctic warming and sea ice loss in this story are a topic of intense research and controversy. Instead of converging on answers however, the science seems as unsettled as ever. Many new studies find evidence supporting Arctic–midlatitude linkages, while others report no robust signals. This article presents my interpretation of recent literature to illuminate possible causes of this discrepancy, which include a low signal-to-noise ratio, shortcomings in experiment design, ill-suited metrics of circulation changes, and deficiencies in models used to simulate atmospheric responses to rapid Arctic warming.
Seasonality of Deep Cycle Turbulence in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Pham Hieu T. , Smyth William D. , Sarkar Sutanu , Moum James N.
Published: July 2017

The seasonal cycles of the various oceanic and atmospheric factors influencing the deep cycle of turbulence in the eastern Pacific cold tongue are explored. Moored observations at 140°W have shown seasonal variability in the stratification, velocity shear, and turbulence above the Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). In boreal spring, the thermocline and EUC shoal and turbulence decreases. Marginal instability (clustering of the local gradient Richardson number around the critical value of 1/4), evident throughout the rest of the year, has not been detected during spring. While the daily averaged turbulent energy dissipation in the EUC is weakest during the spring, it is not clear whether the diurnal fluctuations that define the deep cycle cease. Large-eddy simulations are performed using climatological initial and boundary conditions representative of January, April, July, and October. Deep cycle turbulence is evident in all cases; the mechanism remains the same, and the maximum turbulence levels are similar. In the April simulation, however, the deep cycle is confined to the uppermost ~30 m, explaining why it has not been detected in moored microstructure observations.
Is Facial or Head Pain Related to the Location of Lesions on Computed Tomography in Chronic Rhinosinusitis?
Authors: Yeo Nam-Kyung , Park Woo Joo , Ryu In Sun , Lim Hyun Woo , Song Yong Jin
Published: July 2017

Background:

Facial or head pain is not an infrequent symptom among patients diagnosed with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), but few reports have investigated the pain in CRS, including the relationship between pain and sites of CRS. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pain is related to the location of lesions on computed tomography (CT) in CRS.

Methods:

We analyzed 203 patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for 2 years. Patients were assessed using the questionnaires on pain, provided 1 day prior to the operation and 6 months post operation. Sites of CRS were evaluated using CT. We analyzed whether the degree of inflammation in each sinus had an effect on the location of pain.

Results:

Seventy-eight patients (38.4%) had preoperative facial or head pain. There was no difference in the sinus inflammation scores in CT findings, based on the presence of pain. Pain was most commonly located in the periorbital area, followed by the frontal, vertex, occipital, and facial areas. No significant correlation was found between the sinuses and the location of pain.

Conclusions:

This study indicates that in CRS patients, several sites of pain are involved, particularly in the periorbital area; these sites were not found to be related to the location of CRS.
Between Myth and Mythology: The Multiple Ulysses in Cesare Pavese's La luna e i falò
Authors: Viselli Antonio
Published: July 2017

The following article offers an intertextual and paradigmatic reading of the omnipresent figure of Ulysses in Cesare Pavese's final novel, La luna e i falò. By minutely regrouping as a collage the different facets of Ulysses/Odysseus as represented in literature — namely Homer's Odysseus, Dante's Ulysses and Joyce's Leopold Bloom — Pavese reconstitutes an impossible nostos or return home for his orphaned protagonist Anguilla, a character whose actions take on further meaning when analyzed alongside his paradigmatic counterparts. I argue that only once these intertexts are reconstituted and a vertical reading expounded, may the reader comprehend the minute textual intricacies of La luna e i falò and the manner in which Pavese — whose lurking autobiographical presence within the novel is also brought to light by intertextuality — aesthetically makes sense of a specific socio-political climate in which myth and mythology stand in contradistinction to the quotidian.
The Effect of Permanent Employment on Absenteeism: Evidence from Labor Reform in Spain
Authors: García Mainar Inmaculada , Green Colin P. , Navarro Paniagua María
Published: July 2017

Restrictive employment protection legislation has been highlighted as a key reason for lower labor productivity in Europe compared to the United States. Evidence in the literature has shown robust effects of employment protection on effort, though the effects appear too small to generate marked cross-country differences in labor productivity. The authors revisit this issue using representative data of private-sector workers in Spain. A range of legislative changes aimed at reducing the incidence of temporary employment are used to estimate the effect of permanent employment on one aspect of effort, absenteeism. Results suggest that being employed on a permanent contract increases the probability of being absent from work due to sickness by approximately 5.3 percentage points and the time absent by approximately 0.30 of a day per week. These results suggest that cross-country differences in employment protection have the potential to have a substantial impact on labor productivity.
Longevity of Anterior Composite Restorations in a General Dental Practice-Based Network
Authors: Collares K. , Opdam N.J.M. , Laske M. , Bronkhorst E.M. , Demarco F.F. , Correa M.B. , Huysmans M.C.D.N.J.M.
Published: July 2017

This practice-based study investigated the performance of a large set of anterior composite restorations placed by a group of 24 general practices. Based on data from electronic patient files, the longevity of 72,196 composite restorations was analyzed, as placed in 29,855 patients by 47 general dental practitioners between 1996 and 2011. Annual failure rates (AFRs) were calculated, and variables associated with failure were assessed by multivariate Cox regression analysis with shared frailty for 2 age groups (5 to 24 y and ≥25 y). The observation time of restorations varied from 2 wk to 13 y, with a mean of 4.8 y, resulting in a mean AFR of 4.6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 4.5% to 4.6%) at 5 y. Among dentists, a relevant variation in clinical performance of restorations was observed, with an AFR between 2% and 11%. The risk for restoration failure increased in individuals up to 12 y old, having a 17% higher risk for failure when compared with the age group of 18 to 25 y (hazard ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.34), and for the age group >65 y, having a 81% higher risk for failure when compared with 25 to 35 y (hazard ratio, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.66 to 1.98). In both multivariate models, there was a difference in longevity of restorations for different teeth in the arch, with fillings in central incisors being the most prone to failure and replacement. It was concluded that anterior composite restorations placed by general dental practitioners showed an adequate clinical performance, with a relevant difference in outcome among operators.
On Defining Juncture Pauses: A Note On Boomer's "Hesitation and Grammatical Encoding"
Authors: Barik Henri C.
Published: July 2017

The suggestion is made that, depending upon its duration, a pause occurring between two phonemic clauses may be interpreted as consisting of two components: a juncture pause component associated with the first clause and a hesitation pause component associated with the second clause. On that basis, Boomer's (1965) finding relating to the general locus of hesitation pauses at the beginning of phonemic clauses is further strengthened, but the position reversal which he notes is largely obliterated.
Effect of Forward and Backward Coarticulation on the Identification of Speech Sounds
Authors: Sharf Donald J. , Ostreicher Harvey
Published: July 2017

The perceptual effects of forward and backward coarticulation across syllable boundaries were investigated by having 37 female listeners identify: (1) Nasal consonants /m, n, η/ in initial syllables of utterances from which the second syllables were deleted for half of the presentations in noise and (2) Vowels /i, u/ in the deleted syllables when only the initial syllables were presented in quiet. For the deleted condition, post-nasal sounds were erased from the original utterances made up of the initial syllables /t m/, /t n/, /t n/ and second syllables made up only of the vowel /i/ or /u/, or with the intervening consonants /t/ or /st/. Findings included: (1) As the number of consonants separating the nasal consonant and the final vowel increased, there was a significant trend towards fewer correct consonant identifications in the undeleted condition and more correct identifications in the deleted vowel condition, (2) /m/ was identified significantly more often before /u/ than before /i/ while /n/ was identified significantly more often before /i/ than before /u/, (3) No error response pattern was found for the nasal consonant identifications, (4) The undeleted condition produced more correctly identified nasal consonants than the deleted condition, and (5) For the zero intervening-consonant condition, subjects correctly identified deleted second syllable vowels significantly better than chance when only the first syllable was presented. Findings indicate that identification of nasal consonants and vowels is influenced by forward and backward coarticulations but that the co-articulatory effects of bilabiality are only partly perceived.
Speech Imitation in Simulated Deafness, Using Visual Cues and Recoded' Auditory Information
Authors: Velmans Max
Published: July 2017

A technique for the simulation of deafness, and its alleviation by a new " frequency transposition " device are described. The effects of visual cues (provided by the experimenter's articulatory movements), and of 'recoded' auditory information provided by the " frequency transposer "), on subjects' ability to make a 'judged match' imitation response to spoken CVC nonsense syllables, were evaluated. The improved imitation when visual cues were provided, of both " manner " of articulation (p < 0.01), and " place " of articulation (p < 0.001) of certain fricative, sibilant and stop consonants, together with a highly significant improvement in overall imitation scores (p << 0.0005), supported the conclusion that normal hearing subjects, although untrained in lipreading, had a well developed ability to ' integrate' auditory and visual speech information. Further, the improved imitation of both " manner " of articulation (p < 0.025), and " place " of articulation (p < 0.025), of certain fricative, sibilant and stop consonants brought about by ' recoding ' the speech signal (without any experimentally guided articulation or discrimination training) supported the hypothesis that the recoding technique would produce a signal which was sufficiently ' speech-like' to be utilised with effect by the ear-brain system, and may therefore be of use in the rehabilitation of the " perceptively " deaf.
A Psycholinguistic Study of English Stress Assignment Rules
Authors: Baker Robert G. , Smith Philip T.
Published: July 2017

Two studies of stress assignment rules are reported. In both studies speakers found to base their pronunciations partly on general rules and partly on comparisons with particular English words: word length, syntactic category and position of primary stress all influenced performance. In the second study, the distinctions between pronounced polysyllabic nonsense words, and similarity to real English words, as well as phonemic and syntactic structure, was controlled. In the first study, speakers were lax and tense vowels, and strong and weak clusters, which are central to Chomsky and Halle's (1968) formulation of stress assignment rules, were found to influence performance, but not only in the ways predicted by Chomsky and Halle. A probabilistic performance model is proposed: part of this model incorporates Chomsky and Halle's rules, but other linguistic influences are also taken into account.
Distinctive Feature Use in Speech Perception of Children
Authors: Stewart James M. , Singh Sadanand , Hayden Mary Ellen
Published: July 2017

For adults, the time required to judge whether two phonemes are "same" or "different" has been shown to vary inversely with the number of features on which the phonemes contrast. The present study measured the choice reaction time (CRT) judgments involving all possible pairs of 12 selected English consonants by five-, six-, and seven-year-old children. The same inverse relationship between CRT and feature contrasts typical of adults was exhibited by the children as a group. However, feature profile differences were exhibited according to sex and age. In addition, a multidimensional analysis (INDSCAL) of the proximity judgments as reflected by the CRTs was performed to determine the specific dimensions used by the children. A six-dimensional solution revealed the following perceptual strategies as the bases of their judgments: sibilant frequency, continuancy, voicing, stop, place of articulation, and age of acquisition or markedness.
Digestion in the Rumen
Authors: Balch C. C.
Published: July 2017

Research in recent years has added much to our knowledge of the processes of digestion in ruminants, and this paper shows what has been achieved, with emphasis on physical aspects of rumen function and effects on the physiological economy of the cow. Study of the subject is the best approach to such problems as improved utilization of foods or control of metabolic disorders, and may lead to important advances in animal husbandry.
Controlled egg production in poultry
Authors: Sykes A. H.
Published: July 2017

The profitability of the poultry industry is dependent on control of the onset of egg-laying in the pullet, and the timing and duration of the first moult. Manipulation of the environment—more particularly day-length—and control of nutrition can induce egg-laying and moulting at the economically preferred time. A new material, methallibure, offers an alternative method with the possibility of more precise control.
Locusts: The threat has petered out again
Authors: Hemming C F
Published: July 2017

Satellite photography plays an increasing role in enabling the forecaster to identify areas favourable for locust breeding. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization now provides a central forecasting service and also obtains and distributes emergency funds to locust control organizations in times of need. There is a real danger, however, that shortage of funds and economies during a locust recession may lead to a state of unpreparedness when the next big upsurge occurs.
Progress in the development of no-tillage systems for maize and soya beans in the tropics
Authors: Hayward D M , Wiles T L , Watson G A
Published: July 2017

Although, in the tropics, maize is largely peasant-grown while soya is produced on large-scale mechanized farms, traditional growing methods have imposed limitations common to both. With the no-tillage techniques now being developed in W Africa and S America, however, benefits from reduced run-off and soil loss, lower soil temperatures and improved moisture retention have raised yields and, with new equipment, promise better returns from both small and large farms.
Urbanization, Agro-Ecological Zones and Food Production Sustainability
Authors: Simpson James R.
Published: July 2017

Human population in the world is projected to grow from about 5.2 billion in 1990 to around 8.0–8.5 billion 35 years hence in 2025. About 44% of the world's population lived in an urban setting in 1990 compared with 34% in 1960. By 2025 the proportion will have grown to 60%. These demographic shifts have had, and will continue to have, major implications for the way in which food is produced and in the sustainability of cropping systems and protection of ecological resources. Particular attention is required to the type of agro-ecological zone and the influence of urbanization.