bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic enhancements to blood ordering reduce component waste
Authors: Yazer Mark H. , Deandrade Diana S. , Triulzi Darrell J. , Wisniewski Mary Kay , Waters Jonathan H.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

The effect on component wastage after enhancing the clinician's ability to order blood products in the computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system was investigated in a multihospital network.

METHODS

A novel field was added to the CPOE of eight hospitals within a health care system allowing the physician to reserve a red blood cell (RBC) unit for transfusion at a later time. Simultaneously, an electronic means of communication with the blood bank was implemented requiring the nurse to ensure that the patient was prepared for the transfusion before a product could be issued. The wastage rates in the 12 months after these electronic enhancements (Phase 2) was compared to the preceding 19 months of a non–CPOE‐based waste reduction campaign (Phase 1) and to the 24 months before the campaign (baseline period).

RESULTS

There were significant reductions in platelet (PLT) waste between the baseline period and Phase 1 (p < 0.05) and between Phase 2 and both Phase 1 and the baseline period (p < 0.05). The annual systemwide cost savings in wasted PLTs between the baseline period and Phase 2 was approximately $123,300. RBC waste was significantly reduced between Phase 2 and both Phase 1 and the baseline period (p < 0.05). Cryoprecipitate waste was reduced between Phase 2 and the baseline period (p < 0.05), while plasma waste did not change between the three periods.

CONCLUSIONS

Implementing a multifaceted approach to waste reduction led to a significant reduction in wastage for RBCs, PLTs, and cryoprecipitate.
Incidence and duration of hepatitis E virus infection in Dutch blood donors
Authors: Hogema Boris M. , Molier Michel , Sjerps Margret , de Waal Mirjam , van Swieten Peter , van de Laar Thijs , Molenaar‐de Backer Marijke , Zaaijer Hans L.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND

The incidence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in the Netherlands is high. Blood donors are not routinely screened for HEV infection, but since January 2013, donations used for the production of solvent/detergent (S/D)‐treated plasma have been screened for HEV RNA.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Donations were screened for HEV RNA in pools of 96 and 192 donations. In addition, all donations made between 60 days before and after each HEV RNA‐positive donation were tested individually for HEV RNA and anti‐HEV immunoglobulin G.

RESULTS

The screening of 59,474 donations between January 2013 and December 2014 resulted in identification of 45 HEV RNA‐positive donations (0.076%) from 41 donors. HEV RNA loads ranged from 80 to 2.3 × 106 IU/mL. The number of positive donations increased significantly over time (p = 0.03). Thirty‐three of 90 donations made up to 60 days before or after HEV RNA‐positive donations were positive when tested individually, while they had not been detected in the pool screening. The mean duration of HEV viremia in the healthy blood donor is estimated to be 68 days.

CONCLUSION

The incidence of HEV infection in the Netherlands is high and increased during the study period. In 2013 and 2014, HEV RNA was detected in 1 per 762 donations intended for production of S/D plasma.
Effect of Geometrical Discontinuities on Strain Distribution for Orthotropic Laminates Under Biaxial Loading
Authors: Mateen M. A. , Ravi Shankar D. V. , Manzoor Hussain M.
Published: November 2015

The contemporary approach of utilizing uniaxial tests data for prediction of failure in composite materials, that are anisotropic and inhomogeneous under multi-axial loading has witnessed to be inadequate. Consequently, biaxial and multi-axial tests appeared obligatory to enhance our perceptive about the performance of these complex materials. The present paper is focused on selection of suitable geometry for the test coupons required under biaxial loading. The specimen with (1) uniform stress about the gauge section, (2) failure in the gauge section, and (3) preventing the undesired nonuniform strain distribution due to stress concentration is selected. Finite element analysis (FEA) is implemented on the cross shape (╬) specimen with different undercuts and holes with different stress ratios ranging from (σx:σy) = 1:1, 1:0.5, 1:0.75, 1:−0.25, 1:−0.5, and 1:−0.75 are applied on the four edges of the specimen for selection of suitable geometry.
Fabricating a high-resolution mask with improved line-edge roughness by using a nonchemically amplified resist and a postexposure bake
Authors: Miyoshi Hidetatsu , Taniguchi Jun
Published: November 2015

The authors have developed a high-resolution technique for fabricating photomasks at the 10-nm half-pitch logic nodes and beyond. Current mask-manufacturing techniques use a chemically amplified resist (CAR) that has a complex mechanism of acid generation, complicating the criteria for selecting the polymer and the quencher for industrial purposes. Thus, it is important to study fabricating masks with non-CARs. The authors exposed a non-CAR, diluted ZEP520A, to variable-shaped electron-beam lithography and used a postexposure bake (PEB) to modify the resist. Studying how the PEB temperature affected the non-CAR and resultant masks, the authors demonstrate that their technique can produce high-resolution structures. By measuring the critical dimensions (CDs), the authors show that the PEB shrunk, enlarged, and retained the size of 1:1 line-and-space, isolated space, and isolated line patterns, respectively. By optimizing the PEB temperature, the authors improved the line-edge roughness (LER) of the 1:1 line-and-space and isolated space CDs by ∼40%. To understand how the PEB affected the resultant structures, the authors measured the hardness of cured resists with and without a PEB at various temperatures. Optimizing the PEB temperature of the non-CAR increased the resist contrast, annealing the resist and improving the LER. As such, their technique is capable of high resolutions on the order of 20 nm. The insights the authors gained from optimizing the PEB might be useful when fabricating next-generation masks.
The Role of Sensorimotor Incongruence in Pain in Professional Dancers
Authors: Roussel Nathalie Anne , De Kooning Margot , Nijs Jo , Cras Patrick , Wouters Kristien , Daenen Liesbeth
Published: November 2015

This study evaluated whether dancers with pain experience more sensory changes during an experimentally induced sensorimotor incongruent task and explored the relationship between sensorimotor incongruence and self-reported measures (e.g., Short Form 36-questionnaire (SF-36), psychosocial variables and physical activity). Forty-four dancers were subjected to a bimanual coordination test simulating sensorimotor incongruence (i.e., performing congruent and incongruent arm movements while viewing a whiteboard or mirror) and completed standardized questionnaires. Significantly more dancers experienced sensory changes during the performance of incongruent movements while viewing a mirror (p < .01), but the intensity of the reported sensations was very low. No differences were observed between dancers with and without baseline pain, but significant negative associations were found between sensorimotor incongruence and subscores of the SF-36. Sensorimotor incongruence can provoke small sensory changes in dancers but appears unrelated to baseline pain symptoms. Sensorimotor incongruence appears to be related to quality of life.
Autologous Blood and Platelet-Rich Plasma Injections in the Treatment of Achilles Tendinopathy: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Sinnott Cori , White Hayley M. , Cuchna Jennifer W. , Van Lunen Bonnie L.
Published: November 2015

Clinical Scenario:

Achilles tendinopathy is a painful condition commonly affecting the general and athletic population. It presents with localized pain, stiffness, and swelling in the midportion of the Achilles tendon. The physical stress placed on the tendon results in microtrauma, which leads to subsequent inflammation and degeneration. While it is not surprising that this condition affects the physically active, nearly one-third of Achilles tendinopathy cases occur in sedentary individuals. Etiology for this condition stems from a change in loading patterns and/or overuse of the tendon, resulting in microscopic tearing and degenerative changes. There are numerous causes contributing to the maladaptive response in these patients, such as mechanical, age-related, genetic, and vascular factors. The treatment for these patients is typically load management and eccentric strengthening of the gastrocnemius–soleus complex. Unfortunately, conservative treatment can lead to surgical intervention in up to 45% of cases. A relatively new phenomenon in the treatment of this condition is the use of autologous blood injections (ABI) and platelet-rich plasma injections (PRPI). This need for a less invasive treatment fostered more investigation into ABI and PRPI to treat these nonresponsive patients. However, the evidence concerning the effectiveness of these treatments in patients with Achilles tendinopathy has not been synthesized.

Focused Clinical Question:

In patients with Achilles tendinopathy, how do variations of ABI and PRPI compared with a placebo and/or eccentric training affect pain and function?
Effect of Humeral-Elevation Angle on Electromyographic Activity in the Serratus Anterior During the Push-Up-Plus Exercise
Authors: Hwang Ui-jae , Kwon Oh-yun , Jeon In-cheol , Kim Si-hyun , Weon Jong-hyuck
Published: November 2015

Context:

The push-up-plus (PP) exercise has been recommended for strengthening of the serratus anterior (SA). Previous studies have investigated the effect of different stability properties of the base of support to adjust the difficulty level of SA muscle-strengthening exercises in the PP position. However, the optimal humeral-elevation angle (HEA) for selective activation and maximum contraction of the SA during PP has not been investigated.

Objectives:

To assess the effects of HEA during PP on electromyographic (EMG) activity in the SA, upper trapezius (UT), and pectoralis major (PM) and on the UT:SA and PM:SA activity ratios.

Design:

Comparative, repeated-measures design.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Participants:

29 healthy men.

Main Outcome Measures:

The subjects performed PP at 3 different HEAs (60°, 90°, and 120°); EMG activity in the SA, UT, and PM was measured, and the UT:SA and PM:SA activity ratios were calculated. Differences in muscle activity and ratios between the 60°, 90°, and 120° HEAs were assessed using 1-way repeated-measures analysis of variance; the Bonferroni correction was applied.

Results:

SA muscle activity was significantly increased, in order of magnitude, at the 120°, 90°, and 60° HEAs. UT:SA and PM:SA activity ratios were significantly greater during performance of the PP at an HEA of 60° than at HEAs of 120° and 90°.

Conclusion:

The results suggest that an HEA of 120° should be used during performance of the PP because it produces greater SA activation than HEAs of 60° and 90°.
Virtual typing by people with tetraplegia using a self-calibrating intracortical brain-computer interface
Authors: Jarosiewicz Beata , Sarma Anish A. , Bacher Daniel , Masse Nicolas Y. , Simeral John D. , Sorice Brittany , Oakley Erin M. , Blabe Christine , Pandarinath Chethan , Gilja Vikash , Cash Sydney S. , Eskandar Emad N. , Friehs Gerhard , Henderson Jaimie M. , Shenoy Krishna V. , Donoghue John P. , Hochberg Leigh R.
Published: November 2015

Individuals with tetraplegia are able to type self-paced for hours across multiple days using a self-calibrating point-and-click intracortical brain-computer interface.
Modeling pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis by epithelial deletion of the Npt2b sodium phosphate cotransporter reveals putative biomarkers and strategies for treatment
Authors: Saito Atsushi , Nikolaidis Nikolaos M. , Amlal Hassane , Uehara Yasuaki , Gardner Jason C. , LaSance Kathleen , Pitstick Lori B. , Bridges James P. , Wikenheiser-Brokamp Kathryn A. , McGraw Dennis W. , Woods Jason C. , Sabbagh Yves , Schiavi Susan C. , Altinişik Göksel , Jakopović Marko , Inoue Yoshikazu , McCormack Francis X.
Published: November 2015

Epithelial deletion of Npt2b results in a tractable mimic of pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis.
Regulatory decision-making meets the real world
Authors: Hohman Ryan , Shea Michael , Kozak Marina , Roberts Samantha , Allen Jeff , Sigal Ellen
Published: November 2015

As patient input in drug development increases and new data sources are tapped, regulators need to organize and ensure the quality of data to inform decision-making.
Hiding from the enemy
Authors: Behjati Sam
Published: November 2015

Tumor cells hide from immune attack by concealing their identity.
Hearing voices: FDA seeks advice from patients
Authors: Terry Sharon F. , Patrick-Lake Bray
Published: November 2015

A new patient-engagement committee will advise the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on the regulation and use of medical devices.
Symbiotic Human Gut Bacteria with Variable Metabolic Priorities for Host Mucosal Glycans
Authors: Pudlo Nicholas A. , Urs Karthik , Kumar Supriya Suresh , German J. Bruce , Mills David A. , Martens Eric C.
Published: November 2015

Many symbiotic gut bacteria possess the ability to degrade multiple polysaccharides, thereby providing nutritional advantages to their hosts. Like microorganisms adapted to other complex nutrient environments, gut symbionts give different metabolic priorities to substrates present in mixtures. We investigated the responses of
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
, a common human intestinal bacterium that metabolizes more than a dozen different polysaccharides, including the
O
-linked glycans that are abundant in secreted mucin. Experiments in which mucin glycans were presented simultaneously with other carbohydrates show that degradation of these host carbohydrates is consistently repressed in the presence of alternative substrates, even by
B. thetaiotaomicron
previously acclimated to growth in pure mucin glycans. Experiments with media containing systematically varied carbohydrate cues and genetic mutants reveal that transcriptional repression of genes involved in mucin glycan metabolism is imposed by simple sugars and, in one example that was tested, is mediated through a small intergenic region in a transcript-autonomous fashion. Repression of mucin glycan-responsive gene clusters in two other human gut bacteria,
Bacteroides massiliensis
and
Bacteroides fragilis
, exhibited variable and sometimes reciprocal responses compared to those of
B. thetaiotaomicron
, revealing that these symbionts vary in their preference for mucin glycans and that these differences occur at the level of controlling individual gene clusters. Our results reveal that sensing and metabolic triaging of glycans are complex processes that vary among species, underscoring the idea that these phenomena are likely to be hidden drivers of microbiota community dynamics and may dictate which microorganisms preferentially commit to various niches in a constantly changing nutritional environment.

IMPORTANCE
Human intestinal microorganisms impact many aspects of health and disease, including digestion and the propensity to develop disorders such as inflammation and colon cancer. Complex carbohydrates are a major component of the intestinal habitat, and numerous species have evolved and refined strategies to compete for these coveted nutrients. Our findings reveal that individual bacteria exhibit different preferences for carbohydrates emanating from host diet and mucosal secretions and that some of these prioritization strategies are opposite to one another. Thus, we reveal new aspects of how individual bacteria, some with otherwise similar metabolic potential, partition to “preferred niches” in the complex gut ecosystem, which has important and immediate implications for understanding and predicting the behavioral dynamics of this community.
Abnormal postural reflexes in a patient with pontine ischaemia
Authors: Cantello Roberto , Magistrelli Luca , Terazzi Emanuela , Grossini Elena
Published: November 2015

The control of body posture is a complex activity that needs a very close relationship between different structures, such as the vestibular system, and the muscle and joint receptors of the neck. Damage of even one of these structures can lead to abnormal postural reflexes. We describe a case of a woman with a left pontine ischaemia who developed a ‘dystonic’ extensor posture of the left limbs while turned on the right side. This clinical picture differs from previous reports on the subject, and may relate to ischaemic damage of a pontine structure involved in posture control, or of adjacent neural connections to be yet identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature. Clinical examples of an altered interplay between vestibular and neck receptors are rare.
Encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis: surgery, sustained drug therapy and treatment of recurrence at 1 year
Authors: Cho Robin , Ghag Danielle , Karim Mohamud Amirali , Lo Clifford
Published: November 2015

A 74-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease presented with clinical symptoms of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis 2 years after switching from peritoneal dialysis to haemodialysis. Imaging revealed a large cystic structure in her abdomen and her final diagnosis was made by exploratory laparotomy. A 10 cm×15 cm fibrous rind was excised from the peritoneum and the patient was subsequently started on tamoxifen 20 mg daily and prednisone 20 mg daily. Given her reduction in clinical symptoms and concerns about the long-term effects of corticosteroids, prednisone was tapered and she remained on tamoxifen monotherapy. 1 year postsurgery, she presented with symptoms of nausea, vomiting and anorexia. A repeat CT of the abdomen confirmed a recurrence of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis. Prednisone and tamoxifen were restarted at increased dosages of 25 and 40 mg daily, respectively. The patient's symptoms were ameliorated within 2 weeks of drug therapy modification.
Phenotypic extremes in liveborn monozygotic twins with mosaic Edwards syndrome
Authors: Bussmann Neidin , Cunningham Katie , Green Andrew , Ryan C Anthony
Published: November 2015

Mosaic trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome) in monozygotic diamniotic liveborn twins is rare. We describe such a case involving preterm male infants. Although both infants had a low percentage of trisomy 18 cells in peripheral blood leucocytes, their varied phenotypic presentation of mosaic trisomy 18 resulted in one twin surviving, with the other twin's demise at 1 month of age. Despite the presence of trisomy 18 in peripheral leucocytes, further analysis of a buccal smear and skin biopsy of the surviving twin did not show evidence of trisomy 18. Establishing such diagnoses in a timely manner is imperative for the child, parents and clinicians. The clinical course of these twins reflects the unpredictable prognosis associated with the diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 18, and emphasises the challenges that can be encountered when counselling parents.
Measurable effects of local alcohol licensing policies on population health in England
Authors: de Vocht F , Heron Jon , Angus Colin , Brennan Alan , Mooney John , Lock Karen , Campbell Rona , Hickman Matthew
Published: November 2015

Background

English alcohol policy is implemented at local government level, leading to variations in how it is put into practice. We evaluated whether differences in the presence or absence of cumulative impact zones and the ‘intensity’ of licensing enforcement—both aimed at regulating the availability of alcohol and modifying the drinking environment—were associated with harm as measured by alcohol-related hospital admissions.

Methods

Premises licensing data were obtained at lower tier local authority (LTLA) level from the Home Office Alcohol and Late Night Refreshment Licensing data for 2007–2012, and LTLAs were coded as ‘passive’, low, medium or highly active based on whether they made use of cumulative impact areas and/or whether any licences for new premises were declined. These data were linked to 2009–2015 alcohol-related hospital admission and alcohol-related crime rates obtained from the Local Alcohol Profiles for England. Population size and deprivation data were obtained from the Office of National Statistics. Changes in directly age-standardised rates of people admitted to hospital with alcohol-related conditions were analysed using hierarchical growth modelling.

Results

Stronger reductions in alcohol-related admission rates were observed in areas with more intense alcohol licensing policies, indicating an ‘exposure–response’ association, in the 2007–2015 period. Local areas with the most intensive licensing policies had an additional 5% reduction (p=0.006) in 2015 compared with what would have been expected had these local areas had no active licensing policy in place.

Conclusions

Local licensing policies appear to be associated with a reduction in alcohol-related hospital admissions in areas with more intense licensing policies.
Optimization of content of a new modifier type in bitumen intended for waterproofing products
Authors: Zieliński Krzysztof , Babiak Michał
Published: November 2015

Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) is currently the most popular bitumen modifier. Its weaknesses have become a strong incentive to search for new materials that could modify bitumen in a similar scope as SBS, but would be cheaper and easier to use. The article presents the results of studies of oleic imidazoline — a new generation bitumen modifier. The analysis of the results of laboratory tests allowed for the optimization of its content in bitumen. It has been demonstrated that the new type modifier developed by the authors of the article has a significant impact on physical characteristics of bitumen. Its use results in a significant increase of bitumen plasticity range, both before and after laboratory ageing, and a considerable improvement of bitumen resistance to ageing.
The influence of quaternary electron blocking layer on the performance characteristics of intracavity-contacted oxide-confined InGaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers
Authors: Goharrizi A. Zandi , Alahyarizadeh Gh. , Hassan Z. , Hassan H. Abu
Published: November 2015

The effect of electron blocking layer (EBL) on the performance characteristics of InGaN-based vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) was numerically investigated using an integrated system engineering technical computer aided design (ISE TCAD) simulation program. Simulation results indicated that the performance characteristics of InGaN quantum well VCSEL were improved by the ternary [Formula: see text] EBL. Better performance was also obtained when [Formula: see text] EBL was replaced by a polarization-matched [Formula: see text] EBL having the same energy bandgap. The quaternary EBL enhances the output power and differential quantum efficiency (DQE) as well as reduces the threshold current compared with the ternary EBL. Enhancement in the value of the optical intensity was also observed in the VCSEL structure with quaternary EBL. Furthermore, the effect of Al composition of AlInGaN EBL on the performance of InGaN-based VCSEL structure that uses the quaternary AlInGaN EBL was studied. In mole fraction was 0.115, Al mole fraction changed from 0.260 to 0.290 by step 0.005, and optimum performance was achieved in 0.275 Al mole fraction of AlInGaN EBL.
Structural behavior and Judd–Ofelt intensity parameter of Sr3B2O6:Eu3+ phosphor
Authors: Tuyen Ho Van , Son Nguyen Manh , Quang Vu Xuan
Published: November 2015

In this study, the [Formula: see text] phosphors were synthesized using combustion process and the annealing treatment. Structural behaviors of the prepared phosphor were explored by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectra analysis and optical characteristics were studied by excitation and photoluminescence spectra. The phonon sideband (PSB) spectrum associated with [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] excitation transition was used to estimate the electron–phonon coupling constant (g) and local structure of the [Formula: see text] ions with its surrounding ligands. Judd–Ofelt (J–O) intensity parameters obtained from emission spectra have been used to evaluate the local site symmetry around [Formula: see text] ions.
Transverse charge and magnetization densities based on Regge parameterization
Authors: Nikkhoo Negin Sattary , Shojaei Mohammad Reza
Published: November 2015

In this paper, we discuss the charge and magnetization densities for proton and neutron in the transverse plane, whereas there are links between the generalized parton distributions (GPDs) and elastic form factors by means of sum rules. We use the extended Regge parameterization for large momentum transfer region for calculating Dirac and Pauli form factors which have been described in the electromagnetic form factors data, so we want to calculate the charge and magnetization densities for proton and neutron in the transverse plane and we also calculate [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] quark charge and magnetization densities. The extracted results are compared with other previous parameterizations.
Vibration Reduction of a Double-Layer System Sandwiched with Elastic Medium
Authors: Wang Yi-Ren , Lin Ting-Yu
Published: November 2015

This study developed a passive vibration reduction method to provide the damping capability for precision manufacturing equipment in an economical manner. The structure of the damping device is simple, which does not require changes in the frequency of the external force. An elastic medium was sandwiched between the bottom of the main component and the underlying plate or membrane. This combination results in a damper capable of reducing vibrations in the precision manufacturing equipment. We analyzed the influence of the elastic modulus and geometry of the elastic medium in the plate–plate or plate–membrane system on the damping capability. Among the various dampers considered herein, the combinations that include stiffer foams and a flexible membrane provide the greatest damping capability, far exceeding that of the metal plates. The results also show that the damping capacity offered by a rectangular frame with a diagonal x-shaped elastic medium is close to that of a full sheet.
Analytical Inverse Kinematic Resolution of a Redundant Exoskeleton for Upper-Limb Rehabilitation
Authors: Wu Qing-Cong , Wang Xing-Song , Du Feng-Po
Published: November 2015

Robot-assisted therapy has played a significant role in helping the disabled patients to restore motor functions. In this paper, a redundant exoskeleton is developed for upper-limb rehabilitation. An analytical methodology for obtaining the inverse kinematic solution of the exoskeleton is presented to provide synchronized movement with patients and ensure natural human–robot interaction. To mathematically express the redundancy problem, the swivel angle of elbow is introduced as an additional parameter to specify the human arm congratulation with a predefined wrist location. A kinematic criterion is proposed to determine the swivel angle by imitating the natural reflexive reaction of human arm. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is experimentally evaluated via four representative types of upper-limb motion tasks. During the experiments, the actual kinematic data of human arm is collected by utilizing an articulated motion capture system integrated with inertial sensors and, after that, compared to the estimation results generated by the proposed redundancy resolution. The experimental results indicate that the kinematic criterion of swivel angle is suitable to describe the free reaching movement without additional constraints. Moreover, with the estimated swivel angles, the root mean square errors between the actual and calculated joint angles are normally less than 8[Formula: see text].
Spatial summation revealed in the earliest visual evoked component C1 and the effect of attention on its linearity
Authors: Chen Juan , Yu Qing , Zhu Ziyun , Peng Yujia , Fang Fang
Published: November 2015

In natural scenes, multiple objects are usually presented simultaneously. How do specific areas of the brain respond to multiple objects based on their responses to each individual object? Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have shown that the activity induced by a multiobject stimulus in the primary visual cortex (V1) can be predicted by the linear or nonlinear sum of the activities induced by its component objects. However, there has been little evidence from electroencephelogram (EEG) studies so far. Here we explored how V1 responded to multiple objects by comparing the EEG signals evoked by a three-grating stimulus with those evoked by its two components (the central grating and 2 flanking gratings). We focused on the earliest visual component C1 (onset latency of ∼50 ms) because it has been shown to reflect the feedforward responses of neurons in V1. We found that when the stimulus was unattended, the amplitude of the C1 evoked by the three-grating stimulus roughly equaled the sum of the amplitudes of the C1s evoked by its two components, regardless of the distances between these gratings. When the stimulus was attended, this linear spatial summation existed only when the three gratings were far apart from each other. When the three gratings were close to each other, the spatial summation became compressed. These results suggest that the earliest visual responses in V1 follow a linear summation rule when attention is not involved and that attention can affect the earliest interactions between multiple objects.
High-frequency modulation of rat spinal field potentials: effects of slowly conducting muscle vs. skin afferents
Authors: Zhang Juanjuan , Hoheisel Ulrich , Klein Thomas , Magerl Walter , Mense Siegfried , Treede Rolf-Detlef
Published: November 2015

Long-term potentiation (LTP) in rat spinal dorsal horn neurons was induced by electrical high-frequency stimulation (HFS) of afferent C fibers. LTP is generally assumed to be a key mechanism of spinal sensitization. To determine the contribution of skin and muscle afferents to LTP induction, the sural nerve (SU, pure skin nerve) or the gastrocnemius-soleus nerve (GS, pure muscle nerve) were stimulated individually. As a measure of spinal LTP, C-fiber-induced synaptic field potentials (SFPs) evoked by the GS and by the SU were recorded in the dorsal horn. HFS induced a sustained increase of SFPs of the same nerve for at least 3 h, indicating the elicitation of homosynaptic nociceptive spinal LTP. LTP after muscle nerve stimulation (HFS to GS) was more pronounced (increase to 248%, P < 0.05) compared with LTP after skin nerve stimulation (HFS applied to SU; increase to 151% of baseline, P < 0.05). HFS applied to GS also increased the SFPs of the unconditioned SU (heterosynaptic LTP) significantly, whereas HFS applied to SU had no significant impact on the SFP evoked by the GS. Collectively, the data indicate that HFS of a muscle or skin nerve evoked nociceptive spinal LTP with large effect sizes for homosynaptic LTP (Cohen's d of 0.8–1.9) and small to medium effect sizes for heterosynaptic LTP (Cohen's d of 0.4–0.65). The finding that homosynaptic and heterosynaptic LTP after HFS of the muscle nerve were more pronounced than those after HFS of a skin nerve suggests that muscle pain may be associated with more extensive LTP than cutaneous pain.
Heavy Metals inTerapon puta(Cuvier, 1829) from Karachi Coasts, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Quratulan , Bat Levent , Yousuf Farzana
Published: November 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the accumulation of Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Ni inTerapon putafrom Karachi Fish Harbor, Pakistan. There were no significant differences in the concentration of the metals except Mn inT. puta, which is obtained from the different seasons. The highest metal concentration is Fe followed by Mn. Cd, Pb, and Ni were measured relatively lower concentrations. The mean (± SD) Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, and Pb levels in the muscles tissues ofT. putawere25.5±13.71,6.07±3.58,0.47±0.29,0.46±0.27, and0.43±0.25 mg/kg dry wt., respectively, whereas the mean (± SD) Fe, Mn, Cd, Ni, and Pb levels in the liver tissues ofT. putawere562±105,18.62±11.86,1.06±0.47,1.20±0.53, and1.01±0.50 mg/kg dry wt., respectively. Cd and Pb levels exceeded the Commission Regulation of European Union maximum limit of 0.05 mg/kg and 0.30 mg/kg, respectively. However, the results of Estimated Weekly Intake and Estimated Daily Intake indicate that the heavy metal levels in the samples are generally within respective recommended guidelines. Thus, it would appear from this study that the heavy metal levels inT. putafrom Karachi coasts are low enough not to present a health hazard if the fish are consumed, although due attention should be paid to the maximum acceptable daily intake per kilogram body weight.
Use of Lateral Calcaneal Flap for Coverage of Hindfoot Defects: An Anatomical Appraisal
Authors: Zygouris Panagiotis , Michalinos Adamantios , Protogerou Vassilis , Kotsiomitis Evangelos , Mazarakis Antonios , Dimovelis Ioannis , Troupis Theodore
Published: November 2015

Lateral calcaneal flap is an established surgical option for coverage of lateral calcaneum and posterior heel defects. Lateral calcaneal flap vascularization and innervations are based on lateral calcaneal artery neurovascular bundle, that is, lateral calcaneal artery, small saphenous vein, and sural nerve. Anatomical research has allowed exploration of its many advantages but can also lead to its various modifications, permitting a wide variety of clinical applications. In this paper the authors report an anatomical and clinical study on lateral calcaneal artery course and lateral calcaneal flap clinical applications. Anatomic part of our study focused on lateral calcaneal artery course and optimization of surgical technique for flap harvesting. Data were used for design of lateral calcaneal flap in 5 patients. Our results were satisfactory in terms of coverage adequacy, perioperative morbidity, and functional and aesthetical outcome.
Multisensory Prediction Fusion of Nonlinear Functions of the State Vector in Discrete-Time Systems
Authors: Song Ha Ryong , Song Il Young , Shin Vladimir
Published: November 2015

We propose two new multisensory fusion predictors for an arbitrary nonlinear function of the state vector in a discrete-time linear dynamic system. Nonlinear function of the state (NFS) represents a nonlinear multivariate functional of state variables, which can indicate useful information of the target system for automatic control. To estimate the NFS using multisensory information, we propose centralized and decentralized predictors. For multivariate polynomial NFS, we propose an effective closed-form computation procedure for the predictor design. For general NFS, the most popular procedure for the predictor design is based on the unscented transformation. We demonstrate the effectiveness and estimation accuracy of the fusion predictors on theoretical and numerical examples in multisensory environment.
Augmented Superfield Approach to Nilpotent Symmetries of the Modified Version of 2D Proca Theory
Authors: Shukla A. , Krishna S. , Malik R. P.
Published: November 2015

We derive the complete set of off-shell nilpotent and absolutely anticommuting Becchi-Rouet-Stora-Tyutin (BRST), anti-BRST, and (anti-)co-BRST symmetry transformations forallthe fields of the modified version of two(1+1)-dimensional (2D) Proca theory by exploiting the “augmented” superfield formalism where the (dual-)horizontality conditions and (dual-)gauge invariant restrictions are exploitedtogether. We capture the (anti-)BRST and (anti-)co-BRST invariance of the Lagrangian density in the language of superfield approach. We also express the nilpotency and absolute anticommutativity of the (anti-)BRST and (anti-)co-BRST charges within the framework of augmented superfield formalism. This exercise leads to somenovelobservations which have, hitherto, not been pointed out in the literature within the framework of superfield approach to BRST formalism. For the sake of completeness, we also mention, very briefly, a unique bosonic symmetry, the ghost-scale symmetry, and discrete symmetries of the theory and show that the algebra of conserved charges provides a physical realization of the Hodge algebra (satisfied by the de Rham cohomological operators of differential geometry).
A Three-Phase Interleaved Floating Output Boost Converter
Authors: Farooq Ajmal , Malik Zeeshan , Qu Dongchang , Sun Zhaohui , Chen Guozhu
Published: November 2015

High step-up dc-dc converter is an essential part in several renewable energy systems. In this paper, a new topology of step-up dc-dc converter based on interleaved structure is proposed. The proposed converter uses three energy storing capacitors to achieve a high voltage gain. Besides the high voltage gain feature, the proposed converter also reduces the voltage stress across the semiconductor switches. This helps in using low rating switching devices which can reduce the overall size and cost of the converter. The operating principle of the proposed converter is discussed in detail and its principle waveforms are analyzed. An experiment is carried out on a 20 V input, 130 V output, and 21 W power prototype of the proposed converter in the laboratory to verify the performance of the proposed converter. An efficiency of 91.3% is achieved at the rated load.
Highlighting Photocatalytic H2-Production from Natural Seawater and the Utilization of Quasi-Photosynthetic Absorption as Two Ultimate Solutions for CO2Mitigation
Authors: Wang Wenfeng , Chen Xi , Zhang Heng , Jing Changqing , Zhang Yifan , Yan Bo
Published: November 2015

This paper reviews five potential solutions for CO2mitigation and theoretically analyzes related outstanding questions. Emission trading under the global mitigation objectives and policies is in dilemma because reducing emission while utilizing fossil fuels is a difficult balance. CO2capture and sequestration (CCS) technique offers a comprehensive solution, but it is risky and expensive. Analyses of the 100% renewable energy plan suggest hydrogen as a fuel of zero CO2emission. Photocatalytic splitting of natural seawater can be an ultimate scheme for the hydrogen production, providing that the associated technological constraints would be overcome. Soil CO2absorption in the arid regions (terms such absorption “quasi-photosynthetic absorption”) implies a potential solution, but the kinetics and overall importance are undetermined. Further investigations of these unresolved issues are strongly needed to realize the global CO2mitigation target. Comparing the five potential solutions, photocatalytic H2-production from natural seawater and the utilization of quasi-photosynthetic absorption are highlighted as two ultimate solutions.
A Survey on Operator Monotonicity, Operator Convexity, and Operator Means
Authors: Chansangiam Pattrawut
Published: November 2015

This paper is an expository devoted to an important class of real-valued functions introduced by Löwner, namely, operator monotone functions. This concept is closely related to operator convex/concave functions. Various characterizations for such functions are given from the viewpoint of differential analysis in terms of matrix of divided differences. From the viewpoint of operator inequalities, various characterizations and the relationship between operator monotonicity and operator convexity are given by Hansen and Pedersen. In the viewpoint of measure theory, operator monotone functions on the nonnegative reals admit meaningful integral representations with respect to Borel measures on the unit interval. Furthermore, Kubo-Ando theory asserts the correspondence between operator monotone functions and operator means.
Larvicidal Activity ofNerium oleanderagainst Larvae West Nile Vector MosquitoCulex pipiens(Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: El-Akhal Fouad , Guemmouh Raja , Ez Zoubi Yassine , El Ouali Lalami Abdelhakim
Published: November 2015

Background. Outbreaks of the West Nile virus infection were reported in Morocco in 1996, 2003, and 2010.Culex pipienswas strongly suspected as the vector responsible for transmission. In the North center of Morocco, this species has developed resistance to synthetic insecticides. There is an urgent need to find alternatives to the insecticides as natural biocides.Objective. In this work, the insecticidal activity of the extract of the local plantNerium oleander, which has never been tested before in the North center of Morocco, was studied on larval stages 3 and 4 ofCulex pipiens.Methods. Biological tests were realized according to a methodology inspired from standard World Health Organization protocol. The mortality values were determined after 24 h of exposure and LC50and LC90values were calculated.Results. The extract had toxic effects on the larvae of culicid mosquitoes. The ethanolic extract ofNerium oleanderapplied against the larvae ofCulex pipienshas given the lethal concentrations LC50and LC90in the order of 57.57 mg/mL and 166.35 mg/mL, respectively.Conclusion. This investigation indicates thatN. oleandercould serve as a potential larvicidal, effective natural biocide against mosquito larvae, particularlyCulex pipiens.
Imaging, Biodistribution, and Dosimetry of Radionuclide-Labeled PD-L1 Antibody in an Immunocompetent Mouse Model of Breast Cancer
Authors: Josefsson Anders , Nedrow Jessie R. , Park Sunju , Banerjee Sangeeta Ray , Rittenbach Andrew , Jammes Fabien , Tsui Benjamin , Sgouros George
Published: November 2015

The programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) participates in an immune checkpoint system involved in preventing autoimmunity. PD-L1 is expressed on tumor cells, tumor-associated macrophages, and other cells in the tumor microenvironment. Anti–PD-L1 antibodies are active against a variety of cancers, and combined anti–PD-L1 therapy with external beam radiotherapy has been shown to increase therapeutic efficacy. PD-L1 expression status is an important indicator of prognosis and therapy responsiveness, but methods to precisely capture the dynamics of PD-L1 expression in the tumor microenvironment are still limited. In this study, we developed a murine anti–PD-L1 antibody conjugated to the radionuclide Indium-111 (111In) for imaging and biodistribution studies in an immune-intact mouse model of breast cancer. The distribution of 111In-DTPA-anti-PD-L1 in tumors as well as the spleen, liver, thymus, heart, and lungs peaked 72 hours after injection. Coinjection of labeled and 100-fold unlabeled antibody significantly reduced spleen uptake at 24 hours, indicating that an excess of unlabeled antibody effectively blocked PD-L1 sites in the spleen, thus shifting the concentration of 111In-DTPA-anti-PD-L1 into the blood stream and potentially increasing tumor uptake. Clearance of 111In-DTPA-anti-PD-L1 from all organs occurred at 144 hours. Moreover, dosimetry calculations revealed that radionuclide-labeled anti–PD-L1 antibody yielded tolerable projected marrow doses, further supporting its use for radiopharmaceutical therapy. Taken together, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of using anti–PD-L1 antibody for radionuclide imaging and radioimmunotherapy and highlight a new opportunity to optimize and monitor the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibition therapy. Cancer Res; 76(2); 472–9. ©2015 AACR.
The Rexinoids LG100268 and LG101506 Inhibit Inflammation and Suppress Lung Carcinogenesis in A/J Mice
Authors: Cao Martine , Royce Darlene B. , Risingsong Renee , Williams Charlotte R. , Sporn Michael B. , Liby Karen T.
Published: November 2015

LG101506 was originally synthesized to overcome some of the undesirable side effects of rexinoids. We compared the anticarcinogenic action of LG101506 and LG100268 and for the first time showed that both drugs are useful for prevention of lung cancer in A/J mice. These molecules markedly reduced tumor number, tumor size, and total tumor burden, when chronically administered to A/J mice that had been initiated with the mutagenic carcinogen, vinyl carbamate. Moreover, LG100268 synergized with the histone deacetylase inhibitor, vorinostat, for prevention of experimental lung cancer and enhanced the effect of carboplatin/paclitaxel for treatment of experimental lung cancer. Both rexinoids diminished the percentage of high-grade, highly malignant adenocarcinomas found at autopsy. In cell culture studies, the rexinoids exhibited potent anti-inflammatory properties at nanoMolar concentrations. These drugs suppressed the ability of lipopolysaccharide to stimulate the synthesis and secretion of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, such as IL6, IL1β, CXCL2, and CSF3, in macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells. The present results suggest that LG100268, LG101506, or a related rexinoid may have useful clinical applications in the field of oncology. Cancer Prev Res; 9(1); 105–14. ©2015 AACR.
Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Induced by Amyloid-β Is Depressed by an Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Inhibitor
Authors: Matsui Asako , Kaneko Hiroki , Kachi Shu , Ye Fuxiang , Hwang Shiang-Jyi , Takayama Kei , Nagasaka Yosuke , Sugita Tadasu , Terasaki Hiroko
Published: November 2015

Purpose: Amyloid-β (Aβ) is a 36- to 43-amino-acid peptide that is a constituent of drusen, and it has been demonstrated to upregulate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression by retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. This study aimed to determine whether 4-phenylbutyl phosphonylacetate (PBA), a known endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inhibitor, can reduce Aβ-induced expression of VEGF in RPE cells. Methods: Aβ was added to the medium of regularly cultured or polarized ARPE-19 cells, a human RPE cell line, with or without PBA. The levels of VEGF and ER stress markers, namely GRP78/Bip, cleaved caspases 4 and 12 and GADD153/C-EBP homologous protein, were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay, immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Results: Exposure of ARPE-19 cells to Aβ induced GRP78/Bip expression and activated caspases 4 and 12; however, their expression was decreased by simultaneous exposure to PBA. Aβ increased the expression of VEGF both in regularly cultured and polarized ARPE-19 cells, but it was suppressed by PBA. PBA did not cause RPE cell apoptosis. Conclusion: Aβ has been suggested to be involved in the development of age-related macular degeneration; therefore, our findings suggest that drugs that target ER stress should be considered for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration.