bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanoscale-specific bioassimilation of sulfur: Time and coating specific modulation of transcriptomic and metabolomic pathways in diseased tomato
Authors: Wang Yi , Deng Chaoyi , Sharma Sudhir , Navarro Gilberto , LaReau Jacquelyn , Wang Zhengyang , Dimkpa Christian , Steven Blaire , Wang Zhenyu , Zhao Lijuan , Li Chunqiang , Dhankher Om , Xing Baoshan , Gardea-Torresdey Jorge , Elmer Wade , White Jason
Published: December 2021

Nanoscale sulfur was investigated as a multi-functional agricultural amendment to simultaneously enhance crop nutrition and suppress disease damage. Pristine (nS) and stearic acid coated (cS) sulfur nanoparticles were added to soil (0, 100, or 200 mg/L) that was planted with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and infested with the Fusarium wilt pathogen. Bulk sulfur (bS), ionic sulfate (iS), and healthy controls were included. In two greenhouse experiments, measured endpoints included time-dependent agronomic and photosynthetic parameters, disease severity/suppression, and a range of mechanistic biochemical and molecular endpoints, including the expression of 13 genes related to two S bioassimilation pathways and pathogenesis-response, and tissue-specific metabolomic profiles. The impact of treatment on the rhizosphere bacterial microbiome was also evaluated. Disease reduced tomato biomass by up to 87%, but amendment with nS and cS significantly reduced disease progress by 54 and 56%, respectively, compared to the infested controls. Increased S accumulation was evident in plant roots and leaves, independent of S type. Molecular analysis revealed particle size and coating-specific impacts on the plants. For nS and cS, two-photon microscopy and time-dependent gene expression data revealed a nanoscale specific elemental S bioassimilation pathway within the plant tissues. These findings correlated well with detailed metabolomic profiling of plant tissues at 4, 8, and 16 d, which exhibited increased disease resistance and plant immunity related metabolites with nanoscale treatment. The data also demonstrate a time-sensitive physiological window whereby nanoscale stimulation of plant immunity will be effective. An analysis of the rhizosphere soil bacterial community revealed minimal impacts from S soil treatments. These findings provide significant mechanistic insight into non-metal nanomaterial-based suppression of plant disease, and significantly advance efforts to develop sustainable nano-enabled agricultural strategies to increase food production.
Mnemonic-Opto-Synaptic Transistor for In-Sensor Vision System
Authors: Han Joon-Kyu , Chung Young-Woo , Sim Jaeho , Yu Ji-Man , Lee Geon-Beom , Kim Sang-Hyeon , Choi Yang-Kyu
Published: December 2021

A mnemonic-opto-synaptic transistor (MOST) that has triple functions is demonstrated for an in-sensor vision system. It memorizes a photoresponsivity that corresponds to a synaptic weight as a memory cell, senses light as a photodetector, and performs weight updates as a synapse for machine vision with an artificial neural network (ANN). Herein the memory function added to a previous photodetecting device combined with a photodetector and a synapse provides a technical breakthrough for realizing in-sensor processing that is able to perform image sensing and signal processing in a sensor. A charge trap layer (CTL) was intercalated to gate dielectrics of a vertical pillar-shaped transistor for the memory function. Weight memorized in the CTL makes photoresponsivity tunable for real-time multiplication of the image with a memorized photoresponsivity matrix. Therefore, these multi-faceted features can allow in-sensor processing without external memory for the in-sensor vision system. In particular, the in-sensor vision system can enhance speed and energy efficiency compared to a conventional vision system due to the simultaneous preprocessing of massive data at sensor nodes prior to ANN nodes. Recognition of a simple pattern was demonstrated with full sets of the fabricated MOSTs. Furthermore, recognition of complex hand-written digits in the MNIST database was also demonstrated with software simulations.
Identification of Allosteric Fingerprints of Alpha-Synuclein Aggregates in Matrix Metalloprotease-1 and Substrate-Specific Virtual Screening with Single Molecule Insights
Authors: Kamboj Sumaer , Harms Chase , Wright Derek , Nash Anthony , Kumar Lokender , Klein-Seetharaman Judith , Sarkar Susanta K.
Published: December 2021

Alpha-synuclein (aSyn) has implications in pathological protein aggregations in neurodegeneration. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are broad-spectrum proteases and cleave aSyn, leading to aggregation. Previously, we showed that allosteric communications between the two domains of MMP1 on collagen fibril and fibrin depend on substrates, activity, and ligands. Here we report quantification of allostery using single molecule measurements of MMP1 dynamics on aSyn-induced aggregates by calculating Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) between two dyes attached to the catalytic and hemopexin domains of MMP1. The two domains of MMP1 prefer open conformations that are inhibited by a single point mutation E219Q of MMP1 and tetracycline, an MMP inhibitor. A two-state Poisson process describes the interdomain dynamics, where the two states and kinetic rates of interconversion between them are obtained from histograms and autocorrelations of FRET values. Since a crystal structure of aSyn-bound MMP1 is not available, we performed molecular docking of MMP1 with aSyn using ClusPro. We simulated MMP1 dynamics using different docking poses and matched the experimental and simulated interdomain dynamics to identify an appropriate pose. We used experimentally validated simulations to define conformational changes at the catalytic site and identify allosteric residues in the hemopexin domain having strong correlations with the catalytic motif residues. We defined Shannon entropy to quantify MMP1 dynamics. We performed virtual screening against a site on selected aSyn-MMP1 binding poses and showed that lead molecules differ between free MMP1 and substrate-bound MMP1. Also, identifying aSyn-specific allosteric residues in MMP1 enabled further selection of lead molecules. In other words, virtual screening needs to take substrates into account for substrate-specific control of MMP1 activity. Molecular understanding of interactions between MMP1 and aSyn-induced aggregates may open up the possibility of degrading aggregates by targeting MMPs.
Spatiotemporal Stop-and-go Dynamics of the Mitochondrial TOM Core Complex Correlates With Three-state Channel Activity
Authors: Wang Shuo , Findeisen Lukas , Leptihn Sebastian , Wallace Mark , Hörning Marcel , Nussberger Stephan
Published: December 2021

Single-molecule studies can reveal phenomena that remain hidden in ensemble measurements. Here, we show the correlation between lateral protein diffusion and channel activity of the general protein import pore of mitochondria (TOM-CC) in membranes resting on ultrathin hydrogel films. Using electrode-free optical recordings of ion flux, we find that TOM-CC switches reversibly between three states of ion permeability associated with protein diffusion. Freely diffusing TOM-CC molecules are observed in a high permeability state, while non-moving molecules are in an intermediate and a low permeability state. We explain this behavior by the mechanical binding of the two protruding Tom22 subunits to the hydrogel and a concomitant combinatorial opening and closing of the two β-barrel pores of TOM-CC. TOM-CC could thus be the first β-barrel protein channel to exhibit membrane state-dependent mechanosensitive properties.
Predicting the Outcome of Open Type IIIC Tibial Fractures Regarding Union, Osteomyelitis, and Amputation
Authors: Chen Shih-Heng , Lien Po-Hao , Lan Ching-Yu , Hsu Chung-Cheng , Lin Cheng-Hung , Lin Yu-Te , Lin Chih-Hung , Yu Yi-Hsun
Published: December 2021

Backgrounds: This study aimed to assess factors that affect union time and complications in Gustilo IIIC tibial fractures.Methods: Patients who presented to our center with IIIC open tibial fractures from January 2000 to October 2020 were eligible for this retrospective analysis. Patient demographics, fracture characteristics, timing, numbers, and type of surgical intervention were documented. Outcomes of interest included union time, occurrence of osteomyelitis, and amputation. Results: Fifty-eight patients were enrolled and grouped by fracture type; eight union on time (13.8%); 27 late union (46.6%); eight delayed union (13.8%); three nonunion (5.2%); and 12 amputation (20.7%). Nine fractures (15.5%) were complicated by osteomyelitis. Union time was prolonged in cases of triple arterial injury, distal third fractures, multiple trauma with Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16 points, and increased length of bone defect. Additionally, a bone gap > 50 mm, diabetes mellitus, low body mass index, and triple arterial injury in the lower leg were significant risk factors for amputation. A time from injury to definitive soft tissue coverage of more than 22 days was the major risk factor for osteomyelitis. A scoring system to predict union time was devised and the predicted probability of union within two years was stratified based on this score. Conclusions: IIIC tibial fractures involving the distal third of the tibia, fractures with bone defects, triple arterial injury, and multiple trauma with ISS ≥ 16 points demonstrated delayed union, and an effective prediction system for union time was introduced in this study. Early soft tissue coverage can reduce the risk of osteomyelitis. Finally, diabetes and severe bone and soft tissue defects pose a higher risk of amputation.
Construction and Validation of a Prognostic Risk Model for Triple Negative Breast Cancer Based on Autophagy-Related Genes
Authors: Yan Cheng , Liu Qingling , Jia Ruoling
Published: December 2021

Background: Autophagy plays an important role in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). However, the prognostic value of autophagy-related genes (ARGs) in TNBC remains unknown. In this study, we established a survival model to evaluate the prognosis of TNBC patients using ARGs signature.Methods: A total of 222 autophagy-related genes were downloaded from The Human Autophagy Database. The RNA-sequencing data and corresponding clinical data of TNBC were obtained from the TCGA database. Differential gene expression of ARGs (DE-ARGs) between normal samples and TNBC samples was determined by the EdgeR software package. Then, univariate Cox, Lasso, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed. According to the Lasso regression results based on univariate Cox, we identified a prognostic signature for overall-survival (OS), which was further validated by using GEO cohort. We also found an independent prognostic marker that can predict the clinicopathological features of TNBC. Furthermore, a nomogram was drawn to predict the survival probability of TNBC patients, which could help in clinical decision for TNBC treatment. Finally, we validated the requirement of a ARG in our model for TNBC cell survival and metastasis.Results: There are 43 differentially expressed ARGs (DE-ARGs) were identified between normal and tumor samples. A risk model for OS using CDKN1A, CTSD, CTSL, EIF4EBP1, TMEM74 and VAMP3 by Lasso regression analysis was established based on univariate Cox regression analysis. Overall survival of TNBC patients was significantly shorter in the high-risk group than in the low-risk group for both the training and validation cohorts. Using the Kaplan-Meier curves and ROC curves, we demonstrated the accuracy of the prognostic model. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to verify risk score as independent predictor. Then a nomogram was proposed to predict 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival for TNBC patients. The calibration curves showed great accuracy of the model for survival prediction. Finally, we found that depletion of EIF4EBP1, one of ARGs in our model, significantly reduced cell proliferation and metastasis of TNBC cells. Conclusion: An autophagy-related prognosis model in TNBCs was constructed using ARGs signature containing CDKN1A, CTSD, CTSL, EIF4EBP1, TMEM74 and VAMP3. It could serve as an independent prognostic biomarker in TNBC.
The Effectiveness of Fear of Leprosy as a Mediator of the Relationship Between Resilience, Coping Resources, and Coping: A Correlation Study Through The Structural Equation Model in Patients with Leprosy
Authors: Prakoeswa Cita Rosita Sigit , Alinda Medhi Denisa , Kusumaputra Bagus Haryo , Nasir Abd. , Yusuf Ah , Listiawan Muhammad Yulianto
Published: December 2021

Background: Strengthening the argument for better problem solving can reduce excessive worry, so as to reduce fear due to leprosy disability, because the impact arising from leprosy disability can affect the chosen coping strategy. Methods: The purpose of this study was to test the model of the relationship between resilience, coping resources, and coping through structural equation modeling to identify the role of disability fear as a mediator. The leprosy disability fear scale, coping resources scale, and coping scale have been used to collect data, with 125 participants involved in this study through convenience sampling, consisting of women (33.60%), men 66.40 %. Structural equation model is used to test through cross-sectional design. Results: The results of the study report that there is a negative relationship between coping resources and fear of leprosy disability, and it is known that there is a positive relationship with coping. Meanwhile, The test results showed a negative relationship between resilience and fear of leprosy disability, and a positive relationship with coping. Furthermore, to coping, fear of leprosy disability shows a negative relationship. Conclusion: Coping in seeking health assistance is strongly influenced by resilience and coping resources, both directly and indirectly through the mediator of fear of leprosy disability. As a result, in seeking health assistance, individuals who have strong self-defense and have extensive coping resources, have adaptive coping, thereby reducing the fear of leprosy disability, and thus can maintain adaptive coping during the leprosy healing process.
Adiponectin Suppresses Tumor Growth of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Through Activating AMPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhang Zongmeng , Du Jinlin , Shi Hui , Wang Shuai , Yan Yunjing , Xu Qihua , Zhou Sujin , Zhao Zhenggang , Mu Yunping , Qian Chaonan , Zhao Allan Zijian , Cao Sumei , Li Fanghong
Published: December 2021

BackgroundAdiponectin is an adipocyte-secreted cytokine that enhances insulin sensitivity and attenuates inflammation. Although circulating adiponectin level is often inversely associated with several malignancies, its role in the development of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. Here, we investigated the clinical association between circulating adiponectin level and NPC, and examined the impact of adiponectin, as well as the underlying mechanisms, on NPC growth both in vitro and in vivo.MethodsThe association between circulating adiponectin level and the risk of developing NPC was assessed in two different cohorts, including a hospital-based case-control study with 152 cases and 132 controls, and a nested case-control study with 71 cases and 142 controls within a community-based NPC screening cohort. Tumor xenograft model, cell proliferation and cycle assays were applied to confirm the effects of adiponectin on NPC growth in cultured cells and in xenograft models. We also investigated the underlying signaling mechanisms with various specific pharmacological inhibitors and biochemistry analysis.ResultsHigh adiponectin levels were associated with a monotonic decreased trend of NPC risk among males in both the hospital-based case-control study and a nested case-control study. In vitro, adiponectin significantly inhibited NPC cell growth and arrested cell cycle, which were dependent on AMPK signaling pathway. The growth of xenograft of NPC tumor was sharply accelerated in the nude mice carrying genetic adiponectin deficiency. An adiponectin receptor agonist, AdipoRon, displayed strong anti-tumor activity in human xenograft models. ConclusionsThese findings demonstrated for the first time that circulating adiponectin is not only inversely associated with NPC, but also controls the development of NPC via AMPK signaling pathway. Stimulation of adiponectin function may become a novel therapeutic modality for NPC.
Using ZnCo2O4 Nanoparticles as the Hole Transport Layer to Improve Long-Term Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Jheng Bo-Rong , Chiu Pei-Ting , Yang Sheng-Hsiung , Tong Yung-Liang
Published: December 2021

Inorganic metal oxides with the merits of high carrier transport capability, low cost and superior chemical stability have largely served as the hole transport layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in recent years. Among them, ternary metal oxides gradually attract attention because of the wide tenability of the two inequivalent cations in the lattice sites that offer interesting physicochemical perperties. In this work, ZnCo2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by a chemical precipitation method and served as the HTL in inverted PSCs. The device based on the ZnCo2O4 NPs HTL showed better efficiency of 12.31% and negligible hysteresis compared with the one using PEDOT:PSS film as the HTL. Moreover, the device sustained 85% of its initial efficiency after 240 hours storage under a halogen lamps matrix exposure with an illumination intensity of 1000 W/m2, providing a powerful strategy to design long-term stable PSCs for future production.
Dissecting of the Deterioration in Eating Quality for Erect Panicle (Ep) Type High Yield Japonica Super Rice in Northest China
Authors: Chen Sibo , Chen Shuangjie , Jiang Yihui , Lu Qing , Liu Zhongyuan , Liu Wanying , Wang Xuhong , Shi Wenhua , Xu Quan , Sun Jian , Zhang Fan , Tang Liang
Published: December 2021

Ep type is an important morphological improvement (following dwarf breeding and ideal plant type) to adapt to super high yield breeding of rice, which shows a pleiotropic effect in increasing grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in rice. Nevertheless, it remains unclear whether Ep has adverse effects on eating quality and its regulatory of increasing nitrogen uptake and assimilation. In this study, we developed a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs) of dep1 (NIL-Ep, NIL-Non Ep) in the Liaogeng 5 (LG5) and Akihikari (AKI) backgrounds. Here, we report that rice plants NIL-Ep have more grain numbers per panicle in middle to bottom spike positions than plants NIL-non Ep. This part of increased grain not only is the key factor to increase the yield, but also is the reason to reduce the eating quality. The content of prolamin and glutelin in the grain increased significantly, which resulted in higher hardness and worse viscosity of rice after cooking. Additionally, the activity of several essential enzymes catalyzing nitrogen metabolism is higher in the NIL-Ep line than in NIL-non Ep line, especially from the mid to late grain filling stage. Based on these results, we conclude that Ep positively regulates grain protein accumulation primarily through enhance the activity of enzyme enroll nitrogen assimilation and redistribution during the mid to late grain-filling stage, resulting in excessive accumulation of grain protein and decreased the quality of eating.
A novel plasma membrane-phillic graphene oxide nanocarrier for neuropeptide delivery to generate tolerogenic dendritic cells in GVHD Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Sun Sujing , He Chulin , Li Chenyan , Bai Wenyuan , Zhang Yulong , He Minwei , Lv Liping , Dong Yanrong , Ma Ping , Zhou Qianqian , Zhan Linsheng
Published: December 2021

The prevention and the treatment of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a barrier to allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Tolerogenic dendritic cells (TDCs) have become a hotspot in GVHD prevention despite the poor induction efficiency. Herein, we designed a novel size-dependent platform of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets for neuropeptide delivery for the purpose of TDC generation. GO with a lateral size༞1 µm (L-GO) showed strong affinities to DC membrane, which effectively promoted the recognition between neuropeptide, urocortin (UCN) and its receptor CRHR2 and in turn benefited TDC generation through PKA C/CREB phosphorylation. Simultaneously, L-GO also elevated the expression of CCR7 and enhanced the migration ability of TDCs by mediating cytoskeleton reorganization. In vivo experiments offered direct evidence that TDCs inducted by UCN@L-GO exhibited efficient migration to lymph nodes, abundant generation of Treg, a significant decrease of proinflammatory cytokines and in turn excellent efficiency in GVHD relief. In the current study, we proposed an innovative GO nanosheets based cytomembrane-targeted platform for neuropeptide delivery and subsequent TDC generation. In the meantime, the promoted mobility of TDC pulsed by GOs ensured the high homing efficiency to secondary lymph nodes, attributing to GVHD treatment in vivo. Thus, such work provided a promising strategy that might be applicable more broadly to delivery systems for receptor-mediated drugs, and could meet the changing demand of nanotechnology-based immunotherapy.
Forensic Investigation Into Petroleum Products Consumption, Subsidisation and Fiscal Spending in Nigeria by C. E. Alozie (PhD)
Authors: Alozie Christopher Enyioma
Published: December 2021

This paper analytically investigated petroleum products procurement, volume of consumption, fiscal expenditure on consumption subsidies, the utilisation of domestic crude-oil allocations in local refining production in satisfying consumption, discipline in the approved subsidy expenditure budget. Ex-post ‘facto’ materials were employed. Numerical descriptive statistics on volume of locally produced-supplied to imported products volume ratios, budget deviation indexing for fiscal discipline; simulated ‘produce or import simulation of prior fiscal expenditures. Results indicate that local refining output of petroleum products were partly the major root cause of insufficient source of supply of products procurements which in turn compelled Nigeria to be reliant on importation in satisfying consumption requirements. Domestic crude allocation utilisation for refining production indicates that only about 33 percent of average aggregate expected minimum refined petroleum products yields of average aggregate volume consumption requirements were recorded. Budget discipline is lacking. Gross undersupply of electricity induced constant rise in the consumption of petroleum products. The paper concludes that lack of proper routine maintenance of extant local refineries, production inefficiencies as well as grossly mismanagement of the daily domestic crude-oil allocations were primarily responsible for the huge fiscal subsidies expenditure. Nigeria’s indulgence in fuels importation and negligence of local refineries is tantamount to creating employment in those other refined fuels producing countries and escalating unemployment in Nigeria. T Fiscal spending on subsidies would have funded proper routine TAM and build four new refineries which is financing option that ought to have guaranteed ‘pareto optimality’ in the economy.
ARG-ST on phrases
Authors: Przepiórkowski Adam
Published: December 2021

One of the major controversies in present-day HPSG is whether the information about a word's argument structure should also be available on this word's phrasal projections. Some works assume that ARG-ST is present on words only; this is the claim of, e.g., Pollard and Sag 1994, Miller and Sag 1997, Abeillé, Godard and Sag 1998, and Bouma, Malouf and Sag (to appear). The reason for this assumption is that it leads to more restrictive grammars: with this restriction, words cannot select their arguments on the basis of the argument structure of these arguments' heads (e.g., there seems to be no language in which a verb selects exactly VPs with an NP[dat] argument). On the other hand, various other works assume the presence of the complete information about a word's argument structure on this word's phrasal projections. This is the stance of, e.g., Grover 1995 (to formulate a fully nonconfigurational binding theory), Frank 1994 (to deal with verb second in German), Frank and Reyle 1995 (to account for the interactions between scope and word order in German), Calcagno and Pollard 1997 and Abeillé and Godard 2000 (to analyze French causatives), Baxter 1999 (in an account of purpose infinitives in English), and Meurers 1999 (to deal with case assignment in German verb clusters).

In this paper, I endeavor to make two kinds of linguistic contribution.

On the theory-internal side, I argue that the issue whether ARG-ST or any such attribute should be present at the level of possibly saturated phrases, in addition to its presence on words, is not an "all or nothing" issue. Although I show that there are some environments in Polish which do seem to require the presence of ARG-ST on phrases, I also link this presence to the common feature of such environments, namely, to their semantic vacuity (understood in the sense of Pollard and Yoo 1998). Although no formal proof can be given that this is the only possible analysis, I try to proceed carefully by examining a variety of possible alternatives and showing that all of them fail in one way or another.

Since semantically vacuous environments are extremely rare, the resulting grammar is not less restrictive than, say, a grammar which allows a verb to subcategorize for a lexical argument (and, hence, have access to this argument's ARG-ST), a possibility often taken advantage of in HPSG analyses of complex predicates in various languages.

On the empirical side, I look at two rarely considered and ill-understood constructions in Polish, namely, at "long raising" across a preposition, and at case agreement with predicative phrases. Neither of these constructions has been successfully analyzed so far. Although the analyses proposed in this paper may be perceived as less than satisfactory on the aesthetical side, they constitute the first formal and uniform account of these phenomena.
Hebrew relative clauses in HPSG
Authors: Vaillette Nathan
Published: December 2021

One kind of relative clause in Modern Hebrew is formed with a gap, as in (1a). However, in certain situations, the gap can be replaced by a resumptive pronoun, as in (1b):
          (1a)  ha-yeled she   ra'iti                   the-boy  that saw-1.SG
            (b)  ha-yeled she   ra'iti         'otoi                   the-boy  that saw-1.SG himi                   'the boy that I saw'
Some previous approaches, such as (Borer 1984) and (Sells 1984), have treated gaps and resumptives with different mechanisms. This paper examines several properties that Hebrew resumptive pronouns share with gaps, motivating a more unified treatment in HPSG using non-local feature propagation for both. This machinery is then used in the analysis a variety of Hebrew relative clause phenomena, including in situ resumptive pronouns, fronted resumptive pronouns, relative clauses lacking a complementizer, bare gap relatives, and subject-verb inversion.
 
References
Borer, Hagit (1984). "Restrictive relative clauses in Modern Hebrew." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 2:219-260.
Sells, Peter (1984). Syntax and Semantics of Resumptive Pronouns. Ph.D. Thesis, UMass Amherst.
morphosyntax of 2P pronouns in Tongan
Authors: Dukes Michael
Published: December 2021

A number of the languages of Polynesia, including Tongan and Samoan, display a process whereby a pronominal argument of the main predicate of a clause appears to be realized as a preverbal 'second position' (2P) pronoun. All other arguments, if overt, are realized postverbally, the languages being rigidly predicate-initial. This paper examines the characteristics of these pronouns in Tongan arguing that in most cases they are best treated as distinct words in their own right (though often phonologically deficient) while in a handful of cases they are affixal material composed morphologically with a preceding preverbal Tense/Aspect Marker (TAM). Despite the fact that Tongan preverbal pronouns clearly do not appear in a typical argument position, standard approaches to 2P pronominal elements (e.g. 'clitic climbing' and 'prosodic inversion') do not seem naturally applicable to the Tongan data. The relation-based analysis provided here exploits a natural consequence of various potential definitions of 'subjecthood' within HPSG, treating the preverbal pronouns as the (unique) instantation of the valence feature SUBJ and correctly blocking the possibility of the pronoun appearing in true second position above the TAM when a clause-initial conjunction is present, except in particular specified circumstances. Thus the Tongan pronouns are not strict '2P' elements despite the fact that they most often appear in second position in a clause.
Case matching in Bavarian relative clauses
Authors: Hinrichs Erhard W. , Nakazwa Tsuneko
Published: December 2021

Case-matching effects in in German VP coordination and German free relatives have received a fair amount of attention in recent syntactic theorizing and have been cited by Ingria (1990) as a potential challenge to constraint-based and unification-based approaches to syntax such as HPSG and LFG.

This paper considers another construction in question: case-matching phenomena in Bavarian relative clauses, for which Bayer (1983) develops an inherently derivational account. The present paper offers a purely declarative account of Bavarian relative clauses in HPSG and shows that the analytical tools provided by unification-based or constraint-based grammar formalisms completely suffice to provide a fully adequate and comprehensive analysis of the data.
A linearization-based theory of summative agreement in peripheral-node raising constructions
Authors: Yatabe Shûichi
Published: December 2021

The aim of this paper is to present a theory that explicitly characterizes patterns of summative agreement. The proposed theory builds on my own theory of PNR, presented in Yatabe 2001, and is based on the view that agreement results from a non-lexical constraint that regulates under what circumstances a domain object can be merged with other domain objects by the compaction operation.
linear approach to multiple clause embedding
Authors: Yoshimoto Kei
Published: December 2021

It is generally accepted among psycholinguists that real-time human sentence processing proceeds incrementally from left to right. Recently proposals have been made in the domain of syntax to reduce phenomena which have hitherto been accounted for in terms of linguistic performance to linear structures given at the level of competence. Keeping in line with this tendency in research, this paper tries to reestablish the much discussed relationship between the two aspects of language, competence and performance: the issue of processing difficulty dependent on sorts of multiple clause embedding is addressed by incorporating into HPSG a mechanism reflecting left-to-right processing and memory costs calculated at each processing step.
Korean resultative constructions
Authors: Lee Junkyu , Lee Chungmin
Published: December 2021

This paper aims to investigate the typology of resultative constructions (henceforth RC) in Korean, to provide their relevant constraints and finally to propose formal structures of RCs in a unified way.
A lexicon- and construction-based approach to coordinations
Authors: Abeillé Anne
Published: December 2021

Leaving aside elliptical coordinations, it is striking that no agreement
has been reached on the structure of basic coordinate constructions. We
propose that:

coordinate constructions are structurally asymmetric: the conjunction
makes a subconstituent with one of the conjuncts.
such constituents can have several functions: coordinate daughter,
adjunct daughter or main clause.

In order to show that some conjuncts should be analysed as adjuncts, we
focus on asymmetric cases of coordination, in which the order of the
conjuncts cannot be reversed, taking examples from French, Welsh and Korean.
We present an HPSG analysis which treats the coordinating conjunctions as
weak heads, with lexical subtypes, and coordinate phrases as multi-headed
constructions, with different subtypes.
Some empirical issues in the grammar of extraction
Authors: Levine Robert D. , Sag Ivan A.
Published: December 2021

This paper compares transformation-based and constraint-based treatments of
unbounded filler-gap dependencies, the latter specifically as articulated in
terms of HPSG, and argues, contrary to the commonly made allegations of
notational variance , that there is purely empirical evidence that is
consistent with only the constraint-based account. Recent proposals to deal
with parasitic gaps in terms of null pronominals and empty operators are unable
to account for the phenomenon of symbiotic gaps, the apparent case mismatches
found in parasitic gap constructions, or (in general) for the well-known
across-the-board effects within coordinate structures.
Noun incorporation and rule interaction in the lexicon
Authors: Runner Jeffrey T. , Aranovich Raul
Published: December 2021

Wasow (1977) argues that linguistic theory should recognize two qualitatively
distinct types of rules: syntactic rules, which can affect more "superficial"
grammatical function properties; and lexical rules, which affect deeper lexical
semantic properties of lexical items. However, lexicalist theories of grammar
have replaced syntactic rules with lexical rules leaving Wasow's dichotomy
potentially unexplained. Our goal in this paper is to recapture Wasow's insight
within a lexicalist framework such as HPSG. Building on Sag & Wasow's (1999)
distinction between lexeme and word, we claim that there is a contrast between
lexical rules that relate lexemes to lexemes (L-to-L rules) and lexical rules
that relate words to words (W-to-W rules) and that these differences follow
from the architecture of the grammar. In particular, we argue that syntactic
function features (ARGST, VALENCE, etc.) are not defined for lexemes, while
lexical semantic features (CONTENT) are. From this it follows that L-to-L rules
can affect lexical semantic features, and not syntactic function features. In
addition, since words are defined for syntactic function features, W-to-W rules
can change them. In this paper, we support this hypothesis by examining certain
differences between two types of Noun Incorporation construction, and their
relation to other rules in the grammar. We argue that Compounding Noun
Incorporation is an L-to-L type and that Classifier Noun Incorporation is a
W-to-W type; we base our argument on the interaction of Noun Incorporation and
Applicative Formation in the Paleo-Siberian language Chukchi and the isolate
language Ainu.
An analysis of depictive secondary predicates in German without discontinuous constituents
Authors: Müller Stefan
Published: December 2021

In Müller, 2005 I provide evidence that suggests that linearization approaches
that analyze German clause structure with discontinuous constituents
cannot account for the German clause structure in an insightful way.
In order to eliminate the very powerful concept of linearization
domains and discontinuous constituents from the grammar,
analyses of other phenomena which also rely on discontinuous constituents should therefore
be revised.

In this paper, I develop an analysis of German depictive secondary predicates
that differs from the one suggested in Müller, 2002 by assuming binary branching structures,
verb movment, and continuous constituents instead of a linearization approach. Some shortcomings of previous analyses are pointed
out and it is shown how linearization constraints regarding depictive predicate and antecedent
can be modeled.
An HPSG analysis of Persian relative clauses
Authors: Taghvaipour Mehran A.
Published: December 2021

Relative clauses (RCs) in Persian are head-modifying constituents, all
typically introduced by the invariant complementizer ke. Persian RCs are
Unbounded Dependency Constructions (UDCs), containing either a gap or a
resumptive pronoun (RP). In some positions only gaps are allowed, and in other
positions only RPs. There are also some positions where both gaps and RPs are
alternatively allowed. Illustrating the striking similarities between Persian
gaps and RPs, I will provide an HPSG unified approach to take care of the
dependency between the licensing structure and the gap/RP with a single
mechanism, using only the SLASH feature. Similar to Pollard and Sag s (1994)
approach to the bottom of the dependency, I will assume a special sign at the
bottom. However, my sign may have a nonempty PHON value. I will introduce a
feature called GAPTYPE which is a NONLOCAL feature whose value can be either
trace or rp. I will introduce two constraints to capture the pattern of
distribution of RPs and traces. At the top of the dependency, I will bind the
nonempty SLASH at the complementizer point. I will propose a lexical entry for
the complementizer ke that will account for the binding of SLASH by the feature
BIND, which has a nonempty set as value.
A treatment of directionals in two implemented HPSG grammars
Authors: Beermann Dorothee , Hellan Lars
Published: December 2021

This article proposes a semantics of directional expressions in Norwegian and
German, regarded as VP modifiers. The analysis uses Minimal Recursion
Semantics, as an integrated part of Matrix-based HPSG grammars. Directional
expressions are analyzed as modifying an individual, the 'mover'. Context
dependent directionals like here receive a decomposed analysis. Telicity values
reflecting various types of directional and locative expressions are computed.
Constraint-based RMRS construction from shallow grammars
Authors: Frank Anette , Spreyer Kathrin , Drożdżyński Witold , Krieger Hans-Ulrich , Schäfer Ulrich
Published: December 2021

We present a constraint-based syntax-semantics interface
for the construction of RMRS (Robust Minimal Recursion
Semantics) representations from shallow grammars. The
architecture is designed to allow modular interfaces to
existing shallow grammars of various depth - ranging
from chunk grammars to context-free stochastic grammars.
We define modular semantics construction principles in
a typed feature structure formalism that allow flexible
adaptation to alternative grammars and different languages.
Linking in constructions
Authors: Haugereid Petter
Published: December 2021

In this paper I will make an attempt to show how the linking normally done in
the lexicon also can be done in constructions. The motivation behind this is
the flexibility it gives the grammar writer in underspecifying lexical
entries. Being too rigid about linking in the lexicon may lead to unsatisfying
results such as multiple lexical entries for what one intuitively feels is just
one lexical entry, or alternatively, lexical rules which are not
morphologically motivated. The aim is to show that this can be avoided by
letting constructions introduce the linking information instead.
From "hand-written" to computationally implemented HPSG theories
Authors: Melnik Nurit
Published: December 2021

The process of turning a hand-written HPSG theory into a working computational grammar requires
complex considerations. Two leading platforms are available for implementing HPSG grammars:
The LKB and
TRALE.
These platforms are based on different approaches, distinct in their underlying logics and
implementation details. This paper adopts the perspective of a computational linguist whose goal is
to implement an HPSG theory. It focuses on ten different dimensions, relevant to HPSG grammar
implementation, and examines, compares, and evaluates the different means which the two approaches
provide for implementing them. The paper concludes that the approaches occupy opposite positions on
two axes: faithfulness to the hand-written theory and computational accessibility. The choice
between them depends largely on the grammar writer's preferences regarding those properties.
Adverb extraction and coordination: A reply to Levine
Authors: Sag Ivan A.
Published: December 2021

HPSG accounts of filler-gap dependencies hold considerable
potential for explaining the cross-linguistic variation in
unbounded dependency constructions (UDCs), specifically filler-gap
dependencies. This potential comes from the SLASH
specifications that are posited in all nodes along the extraction
path (the path between filler and gap). However, as Hukari and
Levine (1994, 1995, 1996) have observed, the HPSG analysis
presented by Pollard and Sag (1994) fails to embody the
generalizations required in order to explain key universal
properties of UDCs, in particular the ˋregistration' of such
dependencies in cases of subject- and adverb-extraction. This
demonstration led Bouma et al. (2001) to propose a revised UDC
analysis that avoids these difficulties by ˋthreading' the SLASH
specfications through all heads within an extraction
domain. However, Levine (2002) points out that this analysis
encounters a new difficulty concerning the interaction of
extraction and coordination. This paper revisits these issues,
arguing that a small modification of the BMS analysis provides a
solution to the important problem observed by Levine.
A head-driven treatment of asymmetric coordination and apposition
Authors: Van Eynde Frank
Published: December 2021

In Pollard & Sag (1994) and in Ginzburg & Sag (2000)
phrases are either headed or non-headed, and if they are
headed, there is a relation of selection between the daughters:
either the head daughter selects
its non-head sister(s), as in the phrases of type ˋhead-complements',
or the non-head daughter selects its head
sister, as in the phrases of type ˋhead-adjunct'.
In the non-headed phrases, by contrast, there is no
selection; in a coordinate structure, for instance, there is no relation of
selection, neither between the conjuncts nor between the conjunction and
the conjuncts. The central claim of this paper is that there
are also phrases which are headed but in which neither daughter
selects the other.
To model such phrases I propose a new type, called
ˋhead-independent'. Its properties are spelled out and its range
of application is illustrated with various examples,
including asymmetric coordination and apposition.
Phases and binding of reflexives and pronouns in English
Authors: Canac-Marquis Réjean
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a distinct approach to local binding effects for reflexives
and pronominals in English whereby the nature of local binding domains is a
by-product of the incremental interpretation of syntactic derivations
(Uriageraka 1999, Chomsky 2000, 2001), emphasizing the role of the
Conceptual /Intentional interface and the computational system (i.e. bare
output conditions) in shaping general principles of grammars. A significant
development of the Minimalist framework is the proposal that derivations
operate through phases or multiple spell outs, which allows to reduce the
strict cyclicity of derivations, and related locality effects of movement, to
interface (bare output) conditions and economy conditions. In this paper I
propose that incremental interpretation can further capture local binding
domains effects of conditions A and B of Chomsky's (1981, 1986) Binding
Theory. Basically, local binding domains are shown to correspond to
accessible phase domains. Our proposal hence contrasts with standard
analyses (e.g. Reinhart and Reuland 1993, Pollard and Sag 1992) that define
co-argumenthood as the core factor from which binding conditions are
developed. Our proposal also provides a new perspective on the core
contrasts between A-chain and A-bar chain w.r.t. binding and scope
reconstruction effects and argues that checking of the uninterpretable feature
Case is what defines potential phase domains.
Semantic composition in reflexivization
Authors: Noguchi Tohru
Published: December 2021

It has been commonly assumed since Chomsky (1981) that the distribution of reflexive
pronouns is subject to Binding Condition A. Reinhart and Reuland (1993) formulate
Condition A in terms of the notion of syntactic predicate. The proposal I will
develop in this paper is to factor out semantic and syntactic conditions on the occurrence
of reflexive pronouns and to reduce them to independently motivated semantic and
syntactic mechanisms. The semantic part is attributed to a theory of semantic composition
recently developed by Chung and Ladusaw (2004), while the syntactic residue falls into
the proper characterization of syntactic chains, as proposed by Reinhart and Reuland (1993)
and Reuland (2001). To the extent that this approach is successful, Binding Condition
A is rendered superfluous.
Remarks on Binding Theory
Authors: Pollard Carl
Published: December 2021

We propose some reformulations of binding principle A that build on recent
work by Pollard and Xue, and by Runner et al. We then turn to the
thorny issue of the status of indices, in connection with the seemingly
simpler Principle B. We conclude that the notion of index is fundamentally
incoherent, and suggest some possible approaches to eliminating
them as theoretical primitives. One possibility is to let logical variables
take up the explanatory burden borne by indices, but this turns out to
be fraught with difficulties. Another approach, which involves returning
to the idea that referentially dependent expressions denote identity functions
(as proposed, independently, by Pollard and Sag and by Jacobson)
seerms to hold more promise.
Syncretism in German: A unified approach to underspecification, indeterminacy, and likeness of case
Authors: Crysmann Berthold
Published: December 2021

In this paper I address the phenomenon of syncretism in German and
show how Flickinger (2000)'s approach to related issues in English can be
adapted to provide a compact, disjunction-free representation of German
nominal paradigms by means of combined case/number/gender type hierarchies.
In particular, I will discuss the issue of case identity constraints in
German coordinate structures, which has so far prevented successful application
of Flickinger's proposal to German, and show how likeness constraints
targetting individual inflectional dimensions of a combined type hierarchy
can be expressed by means of typed lists that abstract out the relevant dimension.

I further show that current type-based approaches to feature neutrality
are unable to combine the treatment of this phenomenon with the virtues of
underspecification. I will then propose a revised organisation of the
inflectional type hierarchies suggested by Daniels (2001), drawing on a systematic
distinction between inherent and external (case) requirements.
On non-canonical clause linkage
Authors: Holler Anke
Published: December 2021

The present paper investigates a certain subset of clause linkage
phenomena and develops a constraint-based account to the empirical
fact that clauses need to be distinguished with respect to their degree of
integratedness into a potential matrix clause. Considering as example
German, it is shown that the generally assumed twofold distinction
between main and subordinate clauses (or root and embedded clauses)
does not suffice to deal with the presented data. It is argued that
the discussed linkage phenomena originate from syntactic, semantic and
pragmatic properties of the clauses involved, and should hence be
encoded in grammar.
A unified approach to questions, quantifiers, and coordination in Japanese
Authors: Nakanishi Katsuaki
Published: December 2021

The Japanese language is one of the languages where universal and
existential quantification are expressed using wh-words with the
conjunctive and disjunctive particles, respectively. In this paper,
inspired by the syntactic and semantic parallelism found in Japanese
between quantification, coordination, and question, we seek to analyze
these constructions in a unified fashion. We investigate various
phenomena of these constructions and show how these three constructions
can be uniformly analyzed as cases where abstracted arguments are
questioned or quantified for verbs. We then present an HPSG
formalization of the analysis.