bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Salmonella Bacteriophages from Swine Effluent Lagoons
Authors: McLaughlin M. R. , Balaa M. F. , Sims J. , King R.
Published: February 2006

Bacteriophages (phages) associated with Salmonella were collected from nine swine manure lagoons in Mississippi. Phages were isolated by an enrichment protocol or directly from effluent. For enrichment, chloroform‐treated samples were filtered (0.22 μm) and selectively enriched by adding a cocktail of Salmonella strains in trypticase soy broth. After overnight incubation at 35°C, chloroform was added and samples stored at 5°C. Enriched samples were tested by double agar layer (DAL) plaque assay against individual Salmonella isolates. Phage titers of 2.9 × 108 to 2.1 × 109 plaque forming units (pfu) per mL were produced, but estimation of phage titers in lagoons was not possible. For direct isolation, effluent was clarified by centrifugation, filtered (0.22 μm), and used in DAL plaque assays to select single‐plaque isolates for 15 Salmonella strains. Plaque counts varied among Salmonella strains and lagoons. The most sensitive strain for direct phage recovery was ATCC 13311. Phage titers estimated by direct isolation with ATCC 13311 ranged among lagoons from 12 to 148 pfu per mL. In limited host range tests, 66 isolates recovered by the enrichment protocol produced plaques only on Enteritidis and Typhimurium strains of Salmonella and none produced plaques on lagoon isolates of Citrobacter, Escherichia, Proteus, Providencia, or Serratia Electron microscopy (EM) showed purified enrichment isolates had Podoviridae morphology (tailless 50‐nm icosahedral heads with tail spikes). Electron microscopy of clarified concentrated effluent showed 5.5:1 tailless to tailed phages. The isolated phages have potential as typing reagents, specific indicators, and biocontrol agents of Salmonella
Phosphorus Release from a Manure‐Impacted Spodosol: Effects of a Water Treatment Residual
Authors: Silveira M. L. , Miyittah M. K. , O'Connor G. A.
Published: February 2006

Long‐term depositions of animal manures affect P dynamics in soils and can pose environmental risks associated with P losses. Laboratory studies were done on P solubility characteristics in a manure‐impacted Immokalee soil (sandy, siliceous, hyperthermic Arenic Alaquod) and the effectiveness of water treatment residual (WTR) in controlling P leaching. Soil samples with contrasting initial total P concentrations were prepared by mixing samples of a manure‐impacted surface A horizon and a minimally P‐impacted E horizon. Effects of mixing various ratios of A and E horizons, WTR rates (0, 25, 50, and 100 g kg−1), and depths of WTR incorporation (mixed throughout the soil column or partially incorporated) on P leaching were determined. Between 62 and 77% of total P was released from the soil mixes by successive water extractions, suggesting a considerable buffering capacity of this manure‐impacted soil to resupply P into solution. Between 224 and 408 mg kg−1 P were leached during the 36‐wk leaching period in the absence of WTR. Mixing WTRs with soil reduced soluble P concentration in leachates by as much as 99.8% compared with samples without WTR. Thoroughly mixing WTR with the entire soil column (15 cm) was much more efficient than mixing WTR with only the top 7.5 cm of soil. Calcium‐ and Mg‐P forms appear to control P release in soils without WTR, whereas sorption–desorption reactions probably determine P leaching in WTR‐treated samples. Soil P distribution in various chemical forms was affected by WTR additions. Data suggest that WTR‐immobilized P is stable in the long term.
Distribution of Phosphorus in Manure Slurry and Its Infiltration after Application to Soils
Authors: Vadas Peter A.
Published: February 2006

Computer models help identify agricultural areas where P transport potential is high, but commonly used models do not simulate surface application of manures and P transport from manures to runoff. As part of an effort to model such P transport, we conducted manure slurry separation and soil infiltration experiments to determine how much slurry P infiltrates into soil after application but before rain, thus becoming less available to runoff. We applied dairy and swine slurry to soil columns and after both 24 and 96 h analyzed solids remaining on the soil surface for dry matter, total phosphorus (TP), and water‐extractable inorganic (WEIP) and organic (WEOP) phosphorus. We analyzed underlying soils for Mehlich‐3 and water‐extractable P. We also conducted slurry separation experiments by sieving, centrifuging, and suction‐filtering to determine which method could easily estimate slurry P infiltration into soils. About 20% of slurry solids and 40 to 65% of slurry TP and WEIP infiltrated into soil after application, rendering this P less available to transport in runoff. Slurry separation by suction‐filtering through a screen with 0.75‐mm‐diameter openings was the best method to estimate this slurry P infiltration. Measured quantities of manure WEOP changed too much during experiments to estimate WEOP infiltration into soil or what separation method can approximate infiltration. Applying slurries to soils always increased soil P in the top 0 to 1 cm of soil, frequently in the 1‐ to 2‐cm depth of soil, but rarely below 2 cm. Future research should use soils with coarser texture or large macropores, and slurry with low dry matter content (1–2%).
Does Calcite Encrustation in Chara Provide a Phosphorus Nutrient Sink?
Authors: Siong Kian , Asaeda Takashi
Published: February 2006

We studied the effect of calcite encrustation in stoneworts (Chara spp.) on P cycling in an aquatic ecosystem. Sequential fractionation was performed to quantify P fractions of the internodes of calcified (Ca‐CF) and uncalcified (UCa‐CF) Chara fibrosa Agardh ex Bruzelius. Our results showed that Ca‐CF was able to store more P and about 14 to 23% of total P in Ca‐CF was co‐precipitated with encrusted calcite, while only 2 to 3% was found in UCa‐CF. Furthermore, in Ca‐CF, an increased amount of total P did not result in a higher release of bioavailable water‐soluble and sodium hydroxide–extractable P. Extracellular calcification in Chara enhanced nutrient sink for P, provided a further bottom‐up control of phytoplankton, and should be regarded as a positive feedback in stabilizing Chara dominance in lakes.
Leaching of Carbonated Air Pollution Control Residues Using Compliance Leaching Tests
Authors: He Pin‐Jing , Zhang Hua , Shao Li‐Ming , Lee Duu‐Jong
Published: February 2006

The leaching characteristics of air pollution control (APC) residues collected in Shanghai, China, were compared by performing three compliance leaching tests. These were the standard Chinese method for determining the leaching toxicity of solid waste (GB 5086.1‐1997), the USEPA's Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), and the new European shake test (EN 12457‐3). In particular, behaviors of raw samples and samples that had been subjected to natural aging were compared. Both the leaching tests and natural aging substantially affected the leaching results concerning the APC residue samples. Most importantly, EN and GB tests classified the raw APC residues as hazardous, but the residues passed the TCLP test as nonhazardous. After it had been naturally aged for 720 h, however, the aged sample was classified as hazardous by the TCLP and EN tests, but as nonhazardous by the GB test. Metals that are thought to have been immobilized by carbonation were released at pH 6.3. Model calculations based on the geochemical thermodynamic equilibrium model MINTEQA2 revealed that the formation of metal carbonates did not correspond to the noted change in the leaching behaviors in the three leaching tests. Rather, the partial neutralization of alkaline ash by dissolved CO2 changing the final pH of the leachate dominated the leaching characteristics. The leaching results showed a change in leachate pH.
Risk Assessment Test for Lead Bioaccessibility to Waterfowl in Mine‐Impacted Soils
Authors: Furman Olha , Strawn Daniel G. , Heinz Gary H. , Williams Barbara
Published: February 2006

Due to variations in soil physicochemical properties, species physiology, and contaminant speciation, Pb toxicity is difficult to evaluate without conducting in vivo dose‐response studies. Such tests, however, are expensive and time consuming, making them impractical to use in assessment and management of contaminated environments. One possible alternative is to develop a physiologically based extraction test (PBET) that can be used to measure relative bioaccessibility. We developed and correlated a PBET designed to measure the bioaccessibility of Pb to waterfowl (W‐PBET) in mine‐impacted soils located in the Coeur d'Alene River Basin, Idaho. The W‐PBET was also used to evaluate the impact of P amendments on Pb bioavailability. The W‐PBET results were correlated to waterfowl‐tissue Pb levels from a mallard duck [Anas platyrhynchos (L.)] feeding study. The W‐PBET Pb concentrations were significantly less in the P‐amended soils than in the unamended soils. Results from this study show that the W‐PBET can be used to assess relative changes in Pb bioaccessibility to waterfowl in these mine‐impacted soils, and therefore will be a valuable test to help manage and remediate contaminated soils.
Compost and Manure Mediated Impacts on Soilborne Pathogens and Soil Quality
Authors: Darby Heather M. , Stone Alexandra G. , Dick Richard P.
Published: February 2006

Root rots of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) cause economic losses to farmers. This study was conducted to determine whether dairy manure amendments suppressed root diseases and to describe relationships between disease severity and soil characteristics. Field plots were amended with high or low rates of fresh or composted dairy manure solids in 2001 and 2002. Soils were collected at 2 and 12 mo after the first amendment and 2 and 6 mo after the second amendment. Greenhouse bioassays were conducted to assess severity of damping‐off (DO) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and root rots of bean and corn. Soils were analyzed for soil free (fPOM) and occluded (oPOM) particulate organic matter content, rate of hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA), arylsulfatase activity, microbial biomass C, and water‐stable aggregation (WSA). Two months after amendment, all amendments (except the low rate of manure) reduced the severity of DO 30%, bean root rot 29%, and corn root rot 67%. Twelve months after amendment, amended soils were no longer suppressive. All amendments were suppressive after re‐amendment the following year and no longer suppressive 6 mo later. In Year 1, significant suppression was observed across all diseases when fPOM content was ≥12.1 g cm−3, FDA activity was ≥2.88 μg FDA min−1 g−1 dry wt, and microbial biomass was ≥91.6 μg C g−1 dry wt, and these levels were proposed as suppressive thresholds. Only the FDA threshold held up over all sampling times.
Relationships between Extractable Soil Phosphorus and Phosphorus Saturation after Long‐Term Fertilizer or Manure Application
Authors: Allen Brett L. , Mallarino Antonio P.
Published: February 2006

Total soil P (TP), soil‐test P (STP), and the degree of soil P saturation are affected by long‐term P application but relationships between these measurements need to be established for grain production cropping systems to improve P management guidelines. This research studied these relationships from samples collected from 11 long‐term (4–23 yr) Iowa P trials. Mean soil clay content and pH (0‐ to 15‐cm depth) ranged from 171 to 375 g kg−1 and 6.1 to 6.8, respectively, and maximum cumulative P application was 192 to 1098 kg P ha−1 Soil was analyzed for Bray‐P1 (BP), Mehlich‐3 P (M3P), Olsen P (OP), TP, P sorption index (PSI), and P saturation by STP/PSI and Mehlich‐3 extractable P, Al, and Fe (M3sat) indices. Soil‐test P increased as P applied increased and declined when P was not applied. Total P increased linearly with increasing BP, M3P, and OP (r = 0.52–0.55), and increases were 1.8, 1.7, and 3.5 mg TP kg−1 per mg STP kg−1 for BP, M3P, and OP, respectively. Usually STP was linearly correlated to M3sat and STP/PSI (r = 0.80–0.94), and M3sat was linearly correlated to STP/PSI (r = 0.86–0.92). Results indicate that STP can approximately estimate long‐term effects of P application on TP, and soil P saturation for conditions similar to those in this study, but TP estimates are improved by grouping similar soil series. Further research for a wider range of soils and STP would be useful to better describe relationships between these measurements.
Short‐term Versus Continuous Chisel and No‐till Effects on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen
Authors: Omonode Rex A. , Gal Anita , Stott Diane E. , Abney T. Scott , Vyn Tony J.
Published: February 2006

For various reasons, North American crop farmers are more likely to practice limited‐duration no‐till than continuous no‐till (NT). Little is known about effects of short‐term no‐till (ST‐NT) on organic C and total N relative to NT and conventional‐till systems. A field experiment was initiated in 1980 to study the effects of NT, chisel plow (CP), and moldboard plow in continuous corn (CC; Zeamays L.) and soybean (Glycinemax L.)–corn (SC) rotations on dark prairie soil. In 1996, the moldboard treatments were split into a ST‐NT subplot and an intermittently chisel‐plowed (STI‐CP) subplot that was chiseled only before corn. In 2003, soil samples were taken incrementally to the 1.0‐m depth from NT, CP, ST‐NT, and STI‐CP plots. Soil C and N accumulation was unaffected by rotation system at any depth interval. Tillage treatments significantly affected soil C and N concentrations only in the upper 50 cm. On an equivalent soil mass basis, C storage to 1.0 m after 24 yr totaled 151 Mg ha−1 in continuous NT, but just 108 Mg ha−1 in continuous CP. Short‐term no‐till and STI‐CP systems resulted in 26 and 21 Mg ha−1, respectively, more soil C than CP. Total N storage was similar for NT and ST‐NT systems, but was significantly lower (4 Mg ha−1 less) with CP. Our results suggest that the combination of moldboard plowing (17 yr) followed by short‐term (6–7 yr) no‐till or intermittent chisel was generally superior to continuous chisel plowing (24 yr) in soil C and N contents.
Wildfire‐Produced Charcoal Directly Influences Nitrogen Cycling in Ponderosa Pine Forests
Authors: DeLuca T. H. , MacKenzie M. D. , Gundale M. J. , Holben W. E.
Published: February 2006

Fire is the primary form of disturbance in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems. However, our knowledge of the biochemical mechanisms by which fire stimulates forest N cycling is incomplete. Charcoal is a major byproduct of forest fires and is ubiquitous in soils of most forest ecosystems, yet the biological function of charcoal in soils of forest ecosystems has been greatly overlooked. We conducted a suite of laboratory experiments on soils from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws) forests to determine the influence of charcoal on soil N dynamics and in particular, nitrification. The addition of NH4+ to forest soils had absolutely no effect on nitrification demonstrating that this process is not substrate limited. The amendment of these soils with NH4+ and field collected charcoal (1% w/w) significantly increased the nitrification potential, net nitrification, gross nitrification, and decreased the solution concentrations of plant secondary compounds (phenolics). Charcoal had no effect on nitrification in soils (from a grassland site) that had naturally high rates of nitrifier activity. The increase in gross nitrification in forest soils and lack of effect on grassland soils suggests that charcoal may alleviate factors that otherwise inhibit the activity of the nitrifying microbial community in forest soils. These results reveal the biological importance of charcoal and advance our mechanistic understanding of how fire drives nutrient cycling in temperate and boreal ecosystems.
Moisture Controls on Trace Gas Fluxes in Semiarid Riparian Soils
Authors: McLain Jean E.T. , Martens Dean A.
Published: February 2006

Variability in seasonal soil moisture (SM) and temperature (T) can alter ecosystem/atmosphere exchange of the trace gases carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), and methane (CH4). This study reports the impact of year‐round SM status on trace gas fluxes in three semiarid vegetation zones, mesquite (30 g organic C kg−1 soil), open/forb (6 g organic C kg−1 soil), and sacaton (18 g organic C kg−1 soil) from July 2002–September 2003 in southeastern Arizona. Carbon dioxide and N2O emissions were highly dependent on available SM and T. During the heavy rains of the 2002 monsoon (238 mm total rainfall), large differences in soil C content did not correlate with variations in CO2 production, as efflux averaged 235.6 ± 39.5 mg CO2 m−2 h−1 over all sites. In 2003, limited monsoon rain (95 mm total rainfall) reduced CO2 emissions by 19% (mesquite), 40% (open), and 30% (sacaton), compared with 2002. Nitrous oxide emissions averaged 21.1 ± 13.4 (mesquite), 2.1 ± 4.4 (open), and 3.9 ± 5.2 μg N2O m−2 h−1 (sacaton) during the 2002 monsoon. Limited monsoon 2003 rainfall reduced N2O emissions by 47% in the mesquite, but N2O production increased in the open (55%) and sacaton (5%) sites. Following a dry winter and spring 2002 (15 mm total rainfall), premonsoon CH4 consumption at all sites was close to zero, but following monsoon moisture input, the CH4 sink averaged 26.1 ± 6.3 μg CH4 m−2 h−1 through April 2003. Laboratory incubations showed potentials for CH4 oxidation from 0 to 45 cm, suggesting that as the soil surface dried, CH4 oxidation activity shifted downward in the sandy soils. Predicted climate change shifts in annual precipitation from one dominated by summer monsoon rainfall to one with higher winter precipitation may reduce soil CO2 and N2O emissions while promoting CH4 oxidation rates in semiarid riparian soils of the Southwest, potentially acting as a negative feedback for future global warming.
Nitrogen Recovery and Partitioning with Different Rates and Methods of Sidedressed Manure
Authors: Ball Coelho B. R. , Roy R. C. , Bruin A. J.
Published: February 2006

Animal manure is an important source of N for crops in areas with intensive livestock production. Variable manure N availability can incite over‐application of manure or supplemental fertilizer leading to low N recovery and possible negative environmental and economic impacts. To improve manure N use efficiency, the effects of rate and method of sidedress application of liquid swine (Sus scrofa) manure (LSM) on N recovery by corn (Zea mays L.) were determined. We used in‐row injection (INJ) or topdressing (TD) to sidedress LSM from 1999 to 2002 at rates ranging from 0 to 93.5 m3 ha−1, and measured grain N uptake and NO3–N in drainage tile water, stalks, and topsoil postharvest. Apparent recovery of manure total N (LSM‐N) ranged from 0 to 57% and was greatest with injection of 37.4 m3 ha−1 (194 kg LSM‐N ha−1). Injection rate to achieve 95% of maximum grain yield averaged 216 kg LSM‐N ha−1 over 4 yr. Transport of LSM‐N to ground‐ and surface waters was minimized when sidedressed at or below rates for optimal yield. When injected N exceeded crop demand, NO3–N increased to over 10 mg kg−1 in topsoil, 20 mg L−1 in drainage water, and to excessive (3.6 g kg−1) levels in stalks. Due to greater LSM‐N recovery, injection (59%) is recommended rather than topdress (41%) for sidedress application of manure.
Management Effects on Soil Physical Properties in Long‐Term Tillage Studies in Kansas
Authors: McVay K. A. , Budde J. A. , Fabrizzi K. , Mikha M. M. , Rice C. W. , Schlegel A. J. , Peterson D. E. , Sweeney D. W. , Thompson C.
Published: February 2006

Five long‐term tillage studies in Kansas were evaluated for changes in soil properties including soil organic carbon (SOC), water holding capacity (WHC), bulk density, and aggregate stability. The average length of time these studies have been conducted was 23 yr. Soil properties were characterized in three depth increments to 30 cm, yet changes due to tillage, N fertility, or crop rotation were found primarily in the upper 0‐ to 5‐cm depth. Decreased tillage intensity, increased N fertilization, and crop rotations that included cereal crops had greater SOC in the 0‐ to 5‐cm soil depth. Only one of five sites had greater WHC, which occurred in the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth. Aggregate stability was highly correlated with SOC at all sites. No‐tillage (NT) had greater bulk density, but values remained below that considered root limiting. Soil organic C levels can be modified by management that can improve aggregate stability, but greater SOC did not result in greater WHC for the majority of soils evaluated in this study.
Human neuroscience at National Institute on Drug Abuse: Implications for genetics research
Authors: Gordon Harold W.
Published: February 2006

It is becoming clear that there is a genetic component to drug abuse. Family studies, adoption studies, and critical twin studies have all pointed to some genetic vulnerability or risk factors for an individual to abuse psychoactive drugs depending on certain psychopathologies in the biological parents and/or parents' own drug use. The question for the next generation of research at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is to apply the rapidly developing technology in molecular genetics in an effort to determine the candidate genes contributing to the risk. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic studies in alcohol research
Authors: Karp Robert W.
Published: February 2006

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) supports research to elucidate the specific genetic factors, now largely unknown, which underlie susceptibility to alcoholism and its medical complications (including fetal alcohol syndrome). Because of the genetic complexity and heterogeneity of alcoholism, identification of the multiple underlying factors will require the development of new study designs and methods of analysis of data from human families. While techniques of genetic analysis of animal behavioral traits (e.g., targeted gene disruption, quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping) are more powerful than those applicable to humans (e.g., linkage and allelic association studies), the validation of animal behaviors as models of aspects of human alcoholism has been problematic. Newly developed methods for mapping QTL influencing animal behavioral traits can not only permit analyses of human family data to be directly informed by the results of animal studies, but can also serve as a novel means of validating animal models of aspects of alcoholism. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article is a U.S. Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Research on neuropsychiatric genetics: Interests of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Authors: Small Judy A. , Sheridan Philip H.
Published: February 2006

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) supports research concerning the determinants of normal and pathological development of the nervous system, from the genetic to the environmental. NINDS also funds basic and clinical research concerning the etiology, diagnosis, treatment, consequences, and prevention of the spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders including neurobehavioral and neurodegenerative disorders (National Advisory Council Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 1989, 1992; Division of Convulsive, Developmental and Neuromuscular Disorders, NINDS, 1993). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What association analysis can and cannot tell us about the genetics of complex disease
Authors: Hodge Susan E.
Published: February 2006

Human genetics researchers have been intrigued for many years by weak‐to‐moderate associations between markers and diseases. However, in most cases of association, the cause of this phenomenon is still unknown. Recently, interest has grown in pursuing association studies for complex psychiatric diseases, either instead of or in addition to linkage studies. However, it is one thing to detect association; the next important step is to determine why. Here we consider what a disease‐marker association in the weak‐to‐moderate range (relative risk <5) can tell us about disease etiology. Two distinct models (not the only possibilities) which could explain such an association are formulated. One is a linkage disequilibrium or major disease gene model, involving tight linkage with a “necessary” major gene. The other is a pure association model, involving a “susceptibility” gene that has only a minor effect on disease state. It will be shown that association analysis cannot distinguish between these two models, and hence cannot elucidate the biological mechanism behind the association. (This statement holds for traditional population‐based association tests, as well as for more recent family‐based association tests.) The importance of drawing the distinction between these two genetic models and the implications for understanding the genetics of complex human disease will also be discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetics of blood‐injury fears and phobias: A population‐based twin study
Authors: Neale Michael C. , Walters Ellen E. , Eaves Lindon J. , Kessler Ron C. , Heath Andrew C. , Kendler Kenneth S.
Published: February 2006

Data on unreasonable fears of blood, needles, hospitals, and illness (BNHI) were collected by telephone interview from 541 MZ and 388 DZ pairs of female twins from the population‐based Virginia Twin Registry. BNHI phobia was defined as the presence of fear accompanied by interference. Age at onset of phobia was found to be very similar to that of situational phobias previously assessed in the sample. Using a multiple threshold model, we found no evidence for qualitative differences between BNHI fears and BNHI phobia. The familial aggregation of fears appears to be entirely due to additive genetic variance. The possible exception to this is fear of illness, which, like BNHI phobias, seems to aggregate within families because of shared environmental factors. Although power to discriminate between the causes of familial resemblance is low, results suggest that random traumatic events and some social learning may be responsible for the onset of BNHI phobias. About two‐thirds of variance is individual‐specific environmental, and could include genotype x environment interaction and measurement error. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is cholinergic sensitivity a genetic marker for the affective disorders?
Authors: Janowsky David S. , Overstreet David H. , Nurnberger John I.
Published: February 2006

The recent literature on the involvement of cholinergic muscarinic mechanisms and adrenergic/cholinergic balance in affective disorders is reviewed and integrated with the older literature. There is strong evidence supporting the presence of exaggerated responses (behavioral, neuro‐endocrine, sleep) to cholinergic agents in affective disorder patients relative to normal controls and certain other psychiatric patients. There is also some, albeit less, conclusive evidence that these exaggerated responses may occur in euthymic individuals with a history of affective disorders, or in children at risk for development of affective disorders. Despite these promising results, suggesting a role for acetylcholine in the genetics of the affective disorders, further work in biochemistry and genetics is needed to link specific muscarinic receptors or other cholinergic variables to affective illness. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of the possible association of HLA class II, CD4, and CD3 polymorphisms with schizophrenia
Authors: Zamani Mahdi Ghabanbasani , De Hert Marc , Spaepen Marijke , Hermans Mark , Marynen Peter , Cassiman Jean‐Jacques , Peuskens Jozef
Published: February 2006

In the present study the HLA‐DRB and DPB1 alleles as well as CD4 and CD3 polymorphisms were tested in 100 Belgian schizophrenic patients and 204 controls. Our results indicate a significant negative association of the DPB1 0101 allele with schizophrenia (relative risk [RR] = 0.27). Furthermore a significant positive and negative association could be noticed for the CD4 A4 allele and CD4 A7/A8 genotype, respectively (RR 1.79 and 0.47, respectively). These findings suggest that some contribution of HLA class II and CD4 genes to an autoimmune‐like pathogenesis in schizophrenia might exist. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theory and practice of psychopharmacogenetics
Authors: Tu Jun‐Bi
Published: February 2006

This article attempts to elucidate the theory and practice of psychopharmacogenetics. Eight working models were identified and characterized with a distinct view of risk factors in the host, the pathophysiology of disease, and the strategies for optimum therapy. The biochemical culprits related to adverse drug reaction in each case can be used to identify a risk and thus contribute to prevention research. Since the phenomenology of these uncommon conditions covers a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric manifestations, the insights they generated might presage a better understanding of the natural history of a wider range of mental disorders associated with genetic vulnerability. The emerging information suggests that psychopharmacogenetics could be defined from clinical perspectives as multidimensional analysis of genes, drugs, and behaviour for the treatment and prevention of psychiatric disorders. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage analysis of bipolar illness with X‐chromosome DNA markers: A susceptibility gene in Xq27‐q28 cannot be excluded
Authors: De Bruyn A. , Raeymaekers P. , Mendelbaum K. , Sandkuijl L. A. , Raes G. , Delvenne V. , Hirsch D. , Staner L. , Mendlewicz J. , Van Broeckhoven C.
Published: February 2006

Transmission studies have supported the presence of a susceptibility gene for bipolar (BP) illness on the X‐chromosome. Initial linkage studies with color blindness (CB), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency, and the blood coagulation factor IX (F9) have suggested that a gene for BP illness is located in the Xq27‐q28 region. We tested linkage with several DNA markers located in Xq27‐q28 in 2 families, MAD3 and MAD4, that previously were linked to F9 and 7 newly ascertained families of BP probands. Linkage was also examined with the gene encoding the α3 subunit of the gamma‐amino butyric acid receptor (GABRA3), a candidate gene for BP illness located in this region. The genetic data were analyzed with the LOD score method using age‐dependent penetrance of an autosomal dominant disease gene and narrow and broad clinical models. In MAD3 and MAD4 the multipoint LOD score data suggested a localization of a BPI gene again near F9. In the 7 new families the overall linkage data excluded the Xq27‐q28 region. However, if the families were grouped according to their proband's phenotype BPI or BPII, a susceptibility gene for BPI disorder at the DXS52‐F8 cluster could not be excluded. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of leptin in regulating appetite, neuroendocrine function, and bone remodeling
Authors: Cohen M. Michael
Published: February 2006

Leptin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, acts on the hypothalamus to regulate appetite and neuroendocrine function. In the hypothalamus, both the arcuate nucleus and the ventromedial nucleus express leptin receptors. Specific neurons in the arcuate nucleus regulate appetite and reproduction. In contrast, neurons in the ventromedial nucleus regulate bone mass. The melanocortin system is the downstream pathway for regulating appetite and neuroendocrine function. In contrast, the sympathetic nervous system is the downstream pathway for regulating bone mass. Leptin, in regulating food intake and body weight, acts, in part, by inhibiting the synthesis of neuropeptide Y and its release from the hypothalamus. The leptin and insulin pathways may interact and may be important in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sixth skull cap of Pithecanthropus erectus
Authors: Jacob Teuku
Published: February 2006

The sixth skull cap of Pithecanthropus erectus (or skull V, since the Modjokerto skull has not been given a number) was found in the upper layers of the Trinil beds of Sangiran (Central Java) in 1963, associated with fossils of the Sino‐Malayan fauna. No stone tools were discovered in direct association with the find.

The specimen consists of the occipital, both parietals, both temporals, sphenoid fragments, the frontal and the left zygomatic bone. We consider the skull to be a male in his early twenties. The occipital, parietal, frontal and temporal bones demonstrate definite pithecanthropine characteristics, and the cranial capacity is estimated to be 975 cm3.

Of the superstructures, the supraorbital torus is extraodinarily thick, approaching the condition in Australopithecus boisei and Rhodesian man. And the sagittal torus is certainly higher than in skulls I and II, but lower than in skull IV. In addition, the angle between the occipital and nuchal planes is larger than in the previous finds. As revealed by various features, the gap between the robustness of skull IV on one hand, and skulls I, II and III on the other, is bridged by the present find. There is no reasonable taxonomic need to ascribe this specimen to a new species, because it seems to be merely an intrapopulational variant of the same species.

Other skulls of P. erectus suggest that the bregmatic eminence, and hence the vertex, is invariably situated at bregma, but this new skull cap deviates from the pattern. Its pteric regions disclose the anthropoid X and I types. The middle meningeal groove pattern is similar to other Pithecanthropus skulls; however, it betrays a known anomaly in that the main stem is covered for a short distance by a bony plate. The mastoid process is fairly well developed, and is also well pneumatized as in P. pekinensis, with its air cells invading the pronounced supramastoid crest.

The zygomatic bone, the first one recovered of P. erectus, does not show characters of particular importance. In fact, its thickness is in the range of modern man.

We would like to stress that the absence of the cranial base does not necessarily indicate that the specimen must be a poor victim of cannibalism, since the morphology of the base renders it more susceptible to post‐mortem natural traumata.
Morphology of Liberian Negro deciduous teeth. II. Arch dimensions and occlusion
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Chase Patrica S.
Published: February 2006

Liberian Negro deciduous dentitions have arch dimensions which significantly exceed those of a variety of White populations. Winged incisors were present in 14.3% of the Negro population, again exceeding White values. No differences were noted in incisal overbite or overjet. Diastemal spaces were greater in the Negro dentitions than in the White, but the significance of this is as yet unknown. An exceptional finding was the absolute lack of Class II (distocclusion) in the Negro series. A discussion of functional occlusion stressed the necessity for the inclusion of such dynamic factors as dental abrasion, mesial migration and physiological rest position in future studies of comparative dental anthropology.
The ABO blood groups and ABH secretions in the Tibetans
Authors: Bhalla Vijender , Kaul Samvit S.
Published: February 2006

ABO Blood groups and ABH secretion factors were investigated among 62 Tibetans at Rahla (Kulu), India. The frequencies of the alleles “P,” “q” and “r” have been found to be 0.166, 0.187 and 0.647 respectively, which are quite comparable to the results obtained by Prince Peter et al. ('61) and Buchi ('52).

A high frequency of secretors is found among the Tibetans which favours Buchi's ('54) assumption that the true Mongoloids have a rather high secretor incidence. The frequencies for the two alleles “S” and “s” in the Tibetans have been recorded as 0.664 and 0.336 respectively.
Further observations on the osteometric discriminant function. The human clavicle
Authors: Steel F. L. D.
Published: February 2006

Linear discriminant functions of three terms have been calculated from the clavicular measurements published by F. G. Parsons. They have been applied to a known series of bones to assess their efficiency in sex‐determination.
Lead acetate as a vital marker for the analysis of bone growth
Authors: Schneider Bernard J.
Published: February 2006

The use of lead acetate as a vital stain adds another method for the study of periodic appositional patterns of hard tissues. The distinct advantage of this technique is that these tissues can be decalcified and examined histologically without loss of the marker.

The following method was used in preparation of the sections shown in the text. The rats received an intravenous injection of 4 mg lead acetate/kg body weight. After sacrifice, the tissues were decalcified in 1% HCL through which H2S was constantly bubbled. The action of the H2S gas is to convert the lead at sites of calcification to insoluble lead sulfide. Upon completion of decalcification the sections were embedded in 30% gelatin, and frozen sections at 15–20 μ were cut. The sections were then placed in a 0.1% solution of gold chloride for ten minutes. Next, they were placed in a 5% solution of sodium bisulphate for ten minutes. Subsequently they were washed in distilled water for 30 minutes and finally fixed in a 5% solution of sodium thiosulphate. No additional staining was used. The sections were then mounted with glycerine jelly. The resulting lead lines are sharp and therefore conducive to quantitative measurements. Because of the relatively thin sections cut, histologic details can be observed.
Growth and development of the Kaiapit children of the Markham Valley, New Guinea
Authors: Malcolm L. A.
Published: February 2006

The growth and development of Markham Valley children was studied by examining over 800 children of known age, ranging from birth to maturity. Although growth in height and weight is slower than that of European children, it is faster than that so far recorded for some New Guinea populations. This is associated with the tallest adult stature reported to date for New Guinea and supports the previous finding that adult height in a New Guinea society is proportional to the growth rate of children in that society. Skin fold thickness values for age are lower than both New Guinea Highland and European children, despite reasonable availability of food. Menarche occurs at a mean age of 15.6 years, which is much earlier than some other New Guinea figures. Dental eruption times, in keeping with other New Guinea and African figures, are earlier than those of Europeans. Parent/child correlations for height and weight do not differ significantly from those obtained for European children, suggesting that environmental factors have a minimal effect in frustrating the fulfilment of genetic growth potential.
Trait analysis of the dentition of the Tarahumara Indians and Mestizos of the Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico
Authors: Snyder Richard G. , Dahlberg Albert A. , Snow Clyde C. , Dahlberg Thelma
Published: February 2006

A new approach of trait analysis of the dentition is presented, based upon study of both deciduous and permanent dentitions of 114 Tarahumara Indians and 63 Mestizos of both sexes and ranging in age from 5 to 23 years. Molar cusp patterns and numbers, and odontometries were analyzed and compared, and penetrance, sexual dimorphism, and concordance were investigated.

To examine penetrance and expressivity of Carabelli's cusp and the protostylid, five categories of description of the surface upon which these cusps normally appear were made. Of particular importance was the finding that when expressivity of these traits is examined based upon a trait analysis scale which includes the entire range of expressions of the trait the frequency may be much higher than generally believed. Carabelli's cusp ranged from 95% for Mestizo males to 100% for Tarahumara males, although low frequency has been previously considered a Mongoloid trait. Current work is underway to re‐examine several previous American Indian dental collections utilizing this technique of more discrete trait analysis.
A chromosome arm number index and its application to the phylogeny and classification of lemurs
Authors: Eckhardt Robert B.
Published: February 2006

A method is described for assessing the degree to which chromosome evolution via centric fusion has occurred within a taxonomic group, using a numerical index which expresses the average number of major chromosome arms per chromosome in a diploid cell. Index values thus calculated agree with a previously proposed plan of prosimian phylogeny, and substantiate some recently suggested changes in taxonomic groups of the Lemurs, based on karyotypic evidence.
The frequency of isoniazid acetylase enzyme deficiency among Egyptians
Authors: Hashem Nemat , Khalifa Sami , Nour Assma
Published: February 2006

The frequency of isoniazid slow inactivators is very high among Eqyptians, 82% have more than 0.91 γ/ml of free INH in serum specimens obtained six hours after a single dose of 10 mgm/kgm. The incidence of the allele for INH acetylase enzyme deficiency is estimated at 0.9059 and that of the heterozygous carrier of this allele at 0.1705.
Bigeneric nomina: A proposal for modification of the rules of nomenclature
Authors: Tobias P. V.
Published: February 2006

It is difficult to name fossils which are intermediate between chronospecies or chronogenera in general paleontology. A possible solution is proposed for discussion: namely, to utilize bigeneric nomina to designate a group of fossils which are intermediate between two consecutive genera, and bispecific nomina to designate fossils which are intermediate between two consecutive species.
Adaptive behavior of baboons
Authors: Maples William R.
Published: February 2006

Baboons in Kenya were observed while engaged in crop raiding. Those troops that were confirmed crop raiders displayed adaptive behavior in changed troop organization and in highly specialized raiding techniques that were quite different from Kenya baboon behavior as described in the literature.
Partitioning the effects of secular trend and ageing on adult stature
Authors: Hertzog Keith P. , Garn Stanley M. , Hempy Harry O.
Published: February 2006

The problem of separating the effects of secular trend and age‐associated loss on adult stature was investigated by using tibia length as a reference. Anthropometric stature and radiogrammetric tibia measurements were made on 288 Southwestern Ohio adults. Estimated statural loss was calculated by use of regression equations for the age of maximum statural attainment and age specific tibia lengths. To test the validity of the approach, these results were then compared with actual longitudinally‐derived statural loss values for females in the same population. Measured and estimated loss values were in good agreement and it is suggested that the method proposed in this paper can be a useful tool in partitioning the statural variation due to secular trend and ageing in adult cross‐sectional surveys.
Hair patterns of the pinna of white and Negro males
Authors: Setty Laurel Raymond
Published: February 2006

Hair patterns that involve only the elevated areas of the pinna and those that involve only the depressed areas of the pinna are named and described. The age range and the incidence of the patterns are presented. The patterns of the elevated areas are correlated with those of the depressed areas, and the patterns of the elevated areas are correlated with the presence and the absence of tragal hair. All of the determinations were made for white and American Negro males.
Ponderal Index and height
Authors: Huber Neil M.
Published: February 2006

The Ponderal Index is generally treated, on theoretical grounds, as if it were independent of height. Associations between values of the index and height have been reported at least twice, however, and, substantiating these reports, highly significant, nearly linear, positive regressions of values of the index on height are now found among Princeton freshmen. Routinely collected data on 801 entering students were separated into three age groups: less than 18, 18 and more than 18 years. The correlations between Ponderal Index and height were 0.32, 0.32 and 0.45 in these age groups respectively. The findings suggest that, for studies which involve gauging linearity of physique, the parameters describing the relationship between Ponderal Index and height be estimated on the basis of appropriate data if the Index is to be employed, or that some technique more suited to the purpose than the Ponderal Index be devised.
Evidence for X‐linkage of tibial length and body length
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Hertzog Keith P. , Rohmann Christabel G.
Published: February 2006

Sister‐sister, brother‐brother and sister‐brother similarities in both tibial length and stature from one month through 10 years are in accord with the hypothesis of partial X‐linkage, they reject the hypothesis of selective inactivation of an X chromosome, and they indicate that the complex that is body length is suited to simplistic analysis.
The relationship of weathering cracks to split‐line orientation in bone
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: February 2006

The essential identity of weathering cracks and split‐lines is demonstrated experimentally. Innominate bones, left in the open to weather, developed cracks similar to the split‐line orientation typically observed in the same region. These bones were decalcified and intermittent split‐lines prepared along their course. The orientation of the split‐lines always corresponds to the weathering splits. The same results were obtained with bird and mammal bones collected in the field and showing weathering cracks. The same also applies to cracks in bones of a gorilla which had been partly defleshed and salted down for preservation. Apparently any process which shrinks bone will produce cracks with the same orientation as split‐lines. Possibilities for split‐line analysis of fossil and archeological bone are opened up by these experiments.
Cercopithecoid canine tooth honing mechanisms
Authors: Zingeser Maurice R.
Published: February 2006

The form of the unworn male Cercopithecoid maxillary canine tooth (C') is effectively adapted for stabbing and slashing. Its essential features are maintained by wear against the mandibular canine (C1) and first premolar (P3) teeth. The cusp tip of C1 is sharpened by reciprocal wear against C'. The distribution of apposing wear facets indicates that functional attrition results from honing activity largely distinct from mastication. Functional attrition also occurs in reduced form in females and is produced within the masticatory excursive range. The significance of the “sectorial” form of P3 is analyzed. Its elongated mesiobuccal surface serves the dual purpose of honing the distal cutting edge of C' and functioning as a cutting block against which vegetation is stabilized and shredded by the cervical third of the distal cutting edge of C'. Behavioral aspects of honing are correlated with field observations linking tooth grinding with aggression, tension release, and communication. Parallel human behavior is cited and the suggestion is made that human tooth grinding with its highly charged emotional overtones is largely relict behavior that once had high survival value in a canine tooth honing context.
A method for assessment of maximum long bone length and living stature from fragmentary long bones
Authors: Steele D. Gentry , McKern Thomas W.
Published: February 2006

The proper analysis of prehistoric skeletal populations includes estimated individual statures and this estimation usually depends on the presence of one or more complete long bones, a condition that is too often rare. Although a number of techniques have been devised to utilize fragmentary long bones for stature estimations, the results have not produced the desired accuracy. The present paper attempts to refine and expand Müller's method by applying more up‐to‐date statistical procedures as well as exercising stricter control of the sample.

Using a sample of 117 prehistoric Indians from various archeological sites in the southeastern United States, regression formulae were established for specified segments of the femur, humerus, and tibia to aid in the estimation of total long bone lengths from fragmentary remains. Once total length has been determined, it is possible to calculate living stature of the individual with a reasonable degree of accuracy.