bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
À quoi sert la conception institutionnelle de la corruption ?1
Authors: Néron Pierre-Yves
Published: April 2014

Mon objectif dans cet article est de mieux cerner les contours d’une conception institutionnelle de la corruption. Je tenterai de contribuer à ce programme de recherches sur la corruption institutionnelle d’une double façon. Premièrement, j’essaierai de clarifier le concept de « corruption institutionnelle » en mettant en lumière quatre de ses principales caractéristiques et certains de ses avantages. Deuxièmement, je tenterai d’exposer trois problèmes auxquels sont confrontés ses partisans : les problèmes de la portée, du faux-diagnostic et de l’essentialisme. Malgré la sympathie que j’ai pour cette approche, j’espère montrer qu’elle recèle certains points problématiques. Je tenterai essentiellement de montrer que les « institutionnalistes » risquent de faire de la corruption un concept normativement surchargé.
Corruption de la démocratie et enjeu environnemental : la « crise des ordures » napolitaine
Authors: Larroque Claire
Published: April 2014

Cet article se propose d’étudier la question de la corruption démocratique à partir d’un cas précis, celui de la crise du traitement des déchets à Naples, communément nommée « crise des ordures ». En analysant trois formes ou niveaux de corruption démocratique lors de cette crise, l’article souhaite souligner que le terme de corruption démocratique, loin de désigner un mécanisme précis, qualifie, au contraire, des actes, des pratiques et des phénomènes très divers.

La crise napolitaine est marquée, d’une part, par l’implication du réseau mafieux local – la Camorra – et, d’autre part, par de graves problèmes environnementaux. L’article analyse donc, dans un premier temps, le phénomène de corruption démocratique lié à la présence d’un réseau mafieux et s’attache ensuite à montrer que ce phénomène n’est pas uniquement lié à la présence de la Camorra. En montrant que la mise en place des commissariats extraordinaires est une réponse gouvernementale technocratique à la crise napolitaine, l’article met ensuite en exergue le lien peu évident existant entre corruption démocratique et environnement. Il démontre la difficulté pour nos démocraties libérales et représentatives de répondre démocratiquement à l’enjeu environnemental contemporain et soutient que cette difficulté relève d’une forme de corruption démocratique.
Targeted genome editing by lentiviral protein transduction of zinc-finger and TAL-effector nucleases
Authors: Cai Yujia , Bak Rasmus O , Mikkelsen Jacob Giehm
Published: April 2014

Future therapeutic use of engineered site-directed nucleases, like zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), relies on safe and effective means of delivering nucleases to cells. In this study, we adapt lentiviral vectors as carriers of designer nuclease proteins, providing efficient targeted gene disruption in vector-treated cell lines and primary cells. By co-packaging pairs of ZFN proteins with donor RNA in ‘all-in-one’ lentiviral particles, we co-deliver ZFN proteins and the donor template for homology-directed repair leading to targeted DNA insertion and gene correction. Comparative studies of ZFN activity in a predetermined target locus and a known nearby off-target locus demonstrate reduced off-target activity after ZFN protein transduction relative to conventional delivery approaches. Additionally, TALEN proteins are added to the repertoire of custom-designed nucleases that can be delivered by protein transduction. Altogether, our findings generate a new platform for genome engineering based on efficient and potentially safer delivery of programmable nucleases.
Midbrain dopamine neurons sustain inhibitory transmission using plasma membrane uptake of GABA, not synthesis
Authors: Tritsch Nicolas X , Oh Won-Jong , Gu Chenghua , Sabatini Bernardo L
Published: April 2014

Synaptic transmission between midbrain dopamine neurons and target neurons in the striatum is essential for the selection and reinforcement of movements. Recent evidence indicates that nigrostriatal dopamine neurons inhibit striatal projection neurons by releasing a neurotransmitter that activates GABAA receptors. Here, we demonstrate that this phenomenon extends to mesolimbic afferents, and confirm that the released neurotransmitter is GABA. However, the GABA synthetic enzymes GAD65 and GAD67 are not detected in midbrain dopamine neurons. Instead, these cells express the membrane GABA transporters mGAT1 (Slc6a1) and mGAT4 (Slc6a11) and inhibition of these transporters prevents GABA co-release. These findings therefore indicate that GABA co-release is a general feature of midbrain dopaminergic neurons that relies on GABA uptake from the extracellular milieu as opposed to de novo synthesis. This atypical mechanism may confer dopaminergic neurons the flexibility to differentially control GABAergic transmission in a target-dependent manner across their extensive axonal arbors.
APOBEC3A deaminates transiently exposed single-strand DNA during LINE-1 retrotransposition
Authors: Richardson Sandra R , Narvaiza Iñigo , Planegger Randy A , Weitzman Matthew D , Moran John V
Published: April 2014

Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1 or L1) retrotransposition poses a mutagenic threat to human genomes. Human cells have therefore evolved strategies to regulate L1 retrotransposition. The APOBEC3 (A3) gene family consists of seven enzymes that catalyze deamination of cytidine nucleotides to uridine nucleotides (C-to-U) in single-strand DNA substrates. Among these enzymes, APOBEC3A (A3A) is the most potent inhibitor of L1 retrotransposition in cultured cell assays. However, previous characterization of L1 retrotransposition events generated in the presence of A3A did not yield evidence of deamination. Thus, the molecular mechanism by which A3A inhibits L1 retrotransposition has remained enigmatic. Here, we have used in vitro and in vivo assays to demonstrate that A3A can inhibit L1 retrotransposition by deaminating transiently exposed single-strand DNA that arises during the process of L1 integration. These data provide a mechanistic explanation of how the A3A cytidine deaminase protein can inhibit L1 retrotransposition.
A micro-epidemiological analysis of febrile malaria in Coastal Kenya showing hotspots within hotspots
Authors: Bejon Philip , Williams Thomas N , Nyundo Christopher , Hay Simon I , Benz David , Gething Peter W , Otiende Mark , Peshu Judy , Bashraheil Mahfudh , Greenhouse Bryan , Bousema Teun , Bauni Evasius , Marsh Kevin , Smith David L , Borrmann Steffen
Published: April 2014

Malaria transmission is spatially heterogeneous. This reduces the efficacy of control strategies, but focusing control strategies on clusters or ‘hotspots’ of transmission may be highly effective. Among 1500 homesteads in coastal Kenya we calculated (a) the fraction of febrile children with positive malaria smears per homestead, and (b) the mean age of children with malaria per homestead. These two measures were inversely correlated, indicating that children in homesteads at higher transmission acquire immunity more rapidly. This inverse correlation increased gradually with increasing spatial scale of analysis, and hotspots of febrile malaria were identified at every scale. We found hotspots within hotspots, down to the level of an individual homestead. Febrile malaria hotspots were temporally unstable, but 4 km radius hotspots could be targeted for 1 month following 1 month periods of surveillance.
Precardiac deletion of Numb and Numblike reveals renewal of cardiac progenitors
Authors: Shenje Lincoln T , Andersen Peter , Uosaki Hideki , Fernandez Laviel , Rainer Peter P , Cho Gun-sik , Lee Dong-ik , Zhong Weimin , Harvey Richard P , Kass David A , Kwon Chulan
Published: April 2014

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) must control their number and fate to sustain the rapid heart growth during development, yet the intrinsic factors and environment governing these processes remain unclear. Here, we show that deletion of the ancient cell-fate regulator Numb (Nb) and its homologue Numblike (Nbl) depletes CPCs in second pharyngeal arches (PA2s) and is associated with an atrophic heart. With histological, flow cytometric and functional analyses, we find that CPCs remain undifferentiated and expansive in the PA2, but differentiate into cardiac cells as they exit the arch. Tracing of Nb- and Nbl-deficient CPCs by lineage-specific mosaicism reveals that the CPCs normally populate in the PA2, but lose their expansion potential in the PA2. These findings demonstrate that Nb and Nbl are intrinsic factors crucial for the renewal of CPCs in the PA2 and that the PA2 serves as a microenvironment for their expansion.
Fetal Imaging
Authors: Reddy Uma M. , Abuhamad Alfred Z. , Levine Deborah , Saade George R. ,   for the Fetal Imaging Workshop Invited Participants
Published: April 2014

Given that practice variation exists in the frequency and performance of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pregnancy, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development hosted a workshop to address indications for ultrasound and MRI in pregnancy, to discuss when and how often these studies should be performed, to consider recommendations for optimizing yield and cost effectiveness, and to identify research opportunities. This article is the executive summary of the workshop.
Prediction of Postnatal Outcomes in Fetuses With Isolated Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias Using Different Lung‐to‐Head Ratio Measurements
Authors: Kehl Sven , Siemer Jörn , Brunnemer Suna , Weiss Christel , Eckert Sven , Schaible Thomas , Sütterlin Marc
Published: April 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare different methods for measuring the fetal lung area‐to‐head circumference ratio and to investigate their prediction of postpartum survival and the need for neonatal extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy in fetuses with isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernias.

Methods

This prospective study included 118 fetuses of at least 20 weeks' gestation with isolated left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernias. The lung‐to‐head ratio was measured with 3 different methods (longest diameter, anteroposterior diameter, and tracing). To eliminate the influence of gestational age, the observed‐to‐expected lung‐to‐head ratio was calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for the statistical prediction of survival and need for ECMO therapy by the observed‐to‐expected lung‐to‐head ratio measured with the different methods.

Results

For survival and ECMO necessity 118 and 102 cases (16 neonates were not eligible for ECMO) were assessed, respectively. For prediction of postpartum survival and ECMO necessity, the areas under the ROC curves and 95% confidence intervals showed very similar results for the 3 methods for prediction of survival (tracing, 0.8445 [0.7553–0.9336]; longest diameter, 0.8248 [0.7360–0.9136]; and anteroposterior diameter, 0.8002 [0.7075–0.8928]) and for ECMO necessity (tracing, 0.7344 [0.6297–0.8391]; longest diameter, 0.7128 [0.6027–0.8228]; and anteroposterior diameter, 0.7212 [0.6142–0.8281]). Comparisons between the areas under the ROC curves showed that the tracing method was superior to the anteroposterior diameter method in predicting postpartum survival (P = .0300).

Conclusions

Lung‐to‐head ratio and observed‐to‐expected lung‐to‐head ratio measurements were shown to accurately predict postnatal survival and the need for ECMO therapy in fetuses with left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernias. Tracing the limits of the lungs seems to be the favorable method for calculating the fetal lung area.
Prediction of Postoperative Pancreatic Fistulas After Pancreatectomy
Authors: Lee Tae Kil , Kang Chang Moo , Park Mi-Suk , Choi Sung Hoon , Chung Yong-Eun , Choi Jin Young , Kim Myeong-Jin
Published: April 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this prospective study was to investigate the usefulness of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography of the pancreas for predicting postoperative pancreatic fistula occurrence after pancreatic resection.

Methods

Twenty‐five patients underwent ARFI elastography of the pancreas before pancreatic resection (11 men and 14 women; mean age, 59.1 years; range, 28–76 years). In each patient, 3 valid ARFI measurements (meters per second) were performed at the head of the pancreas, and the median values were calculated. Patients underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 18) or distal pancreatectomy (n = 7). Clinically relevant fistulas (grade B or higher) were determined according to the standard criteria used by the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula. Preoperative ARFI values were compared between the fistula and nonfistula groups (Mann‐Whitney test).

Results

Clinically relevant fistulas (grade B or higher) were observed in 8 patients (32%; fistula group), including 5 of 18 patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy (28%) and 3 of 7 patients with distal pancreatectomy (43%). The ARFI values in the fistula group (median, 1.45 m/s; range, 0.80–1.98 m/s) were lower than in the nonfistula group (median, 1.54 m/s; range, 0.98–3.40 m/s), but there was no statistical significance (P = .1374). When confining the results to only patients with pancreaticoduodenectomy, the ARFI values were significantly lower in the patients with fistulas (median, 0.98 m/s; range, 0.80–1.94 m/s) than in those without fistulas (median, 1.60 m/s; range, 1.08–3.40 m/s; P = .0460).

Conclusions

This preliminary study showed the potential feasibility of a clinical application of ARFI elastography in preoperatively predicting postoperative pancreatic fistulas after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Investigation of this method in larger studies is needed.
Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse Elastography of the Kidneys
Authors: Asano Kenichiro , Ogata Ai , Tanaka Keiko , Ide Yoko , Sankoda Akiko , Kawakita Chieko , Nishikawa Mana , Ohmori Kazuyoshi , Kinomura Masaru , Shimada Noriaki , Fukushima Masaki
Published: April 2014

Objectives

The aim of this study was to identify the main influencing factor of the shear wave velocity (SWV) of the kidneys measured by acoustic radiation force impulse elastography.

Methods

The SWV was measured in the kidneys of 14 healthy volunteers and 319 patients with chronic kidney disease. The estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by the serum creatinine concentration and age. As an indicator of arteriosclerosis of large vessels, the brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity was measured in 183 patients.

Results

Compared to the degree of interobserver and intraobserver deviation, a large variance of SWV values was observed in the kidneys of the patients with chronic kidney disease. Shear wave velocity values in the right and left kidneys of each patient correlated well, with high correlation coefficients (r = 0.580–0.732). The SWV decreased concurrently with a decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate. A low SWV was obtained in patients with a high brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity. Despite progression of renal fibrosis in the advanced stages of chronic kidney disease, these results were in contrast to findings for chronic liver disease, in which progression of hepatic fibrosis results in an increase in the SWV. Considering that a high brachial‐ankle pulse wave velocity represents the progression of arteriosclerosis in the large vessels, the reduction of elasticity succeeding diminution of blood flow was suspected to be the main influencing factor of the SWV in the kidneys.

Conclusions

This study indicates that diminution of blood flow may affect SWV values in the kidneys more than the progression of tissue fibrosis. Future studies for reducing data variance are needed for effective use of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Changes in the Diameter and Valve Closure Time of Leg Veins Across the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Asbeutah Akram M. , Al-Enezi Maitha , Al-Sharifi Noura M. , Almajran Abdullah , Cameron James D. , McGrath Barry P. , Asfar Sami K.
Published: April 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to determine the changes (if any) in the diameter and valve closure time of the lower limb veins in healthy young nulliparous women at different phases of the menstrual cycle.

Methods

Fifty‐three young nulliparous women were asked to undergo clinical evaluations and duplex ultrasound examinations of both lower limb veins to monitor changes in the vein diameter and valve closure time at different phases of their menstrual cycles. The vein diameter on B‐mode imaging and valve closure time on pulsed Doppler tracing were calculated at days 1 to 4, 14 to 16, and 25 to 28 of the menstrual cycle. Freidman and related samples Wilcoxon signed rank tests were used to determine time‐related changes in venous function.

Results

The volunteers' mean age ± SD was 20.60 ± 1.90 years, and their mean body mass index was 23.90 ± 4.90 kg/m2. There was a gradual increase in the vein diameter and valve closure time at the specified phases of the menstrual cycle. Friedman and related samples Wilcoxon signed rank tests for venous segment diameter and valve closure time changes between the different phases of the menstrual cycle were performed and showed statistical significance for each venous segment within each limb (P = .003–.025). Also, when adjusted for body mass index, statistical significance existed for the same venous segments in the same limbs (P =.001–.049). There was no statistical significance for the same venous segments at the same phase of the menstrual cycle between limbs (related samples Wilcoxon signed rank test: P =.079–.97).

Conclusions

During the menstrual cycle, the lower limb veins show an increase in their diameter and valve closure time. These changes are probably mediated by the female sex hormones.
Evaluation of Vertebral Artery Involvement by Doppler Sonography in Patients With Behçet Disease
Authors: Taşolar Sevgi , Doğan Metin , Taşolar Hakan , Kahraman Ayşegül , Kamışlı Suat , Doğan Adil , Yıldırım Okan , Kapıcıoğlu Yelda
Published: April 2014

Objectives

Neurologic lesions in Behçet disease are most frequently observed in areas supplied by the vertebrobasilar system. We aimed to evaluate possible vertebral artery involvement by Doppler sonography in patients with Behçet disease.

Methods

Forty‐five patients with Behçet disease and 29 healthy volunteers had Doppler sonography of the vertebral arteries. Patients were grouped according to neurologic examination and magnetic resonance imaging findings as follows: group 1, Behçet disease without neurologic involvement; group 2, neuro‐Behçet disease; and group 3, control. Results were assessed with a 95% confidence interval.

Results

The main findings of our study were as follows: (1) total vertebral artery volume flow was significantly lower in the patient groups than the control group (P< .05); (2) total volume flow was lower in group 2 than group 1, although the difference was not statistically significant; (3) peak systolic and end‐diastolic velocity values were significantly lower in the patient groups than the control group; (4) right and left mean volume values were lower in group 2; and (5) resistive and pulsatility index values for the left vertebral artery were significantly higher in group 2, but no statistically significant differences were found in the resistive and pulsatility index values for the right vertebral artery.

Conclusions

Doppler sonography of the vertebral arteries in Behçet disease shows alterations that may aid in the diagnosis and treatment of this condition.
Three‐Dimensional Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography in the Assessment of Breast Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Chen Man , Wang Wen-ping , Jia Wan-ru , Tang Lei , Wang Yi , Zhan Wei-wei , Fei Xiao-chun
Published: April 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to differentiate perfusion and vascular characteristics between benign and malignant breast lesions by 3‐dimensional contrast‐enhanced sonography and evaluate their correlation with microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression for further clinical exploration.

Methods

Three‐dimensional contrast‐enhanced sonography was performed in 183 patients with breast lesions, and sonographic characteristics were carefully observed for further analysis. The mean microvessel density and VEGF expression were measured by immunohistochemical analysis.

Results

Pathologic results showed 35 benign and 148 malignant cases. Malignancy and benignity differed significantly in peripheral vessel characteristics (number, distribution, course, degree of dilatation, and penetrating vessels), rim perfusion and coarseness degree, intratumoral perfusion type, and intratumoral vessel dilatation (P< .05) but not the presence of peripheral and intratumoral vessels and intratumoral perfusion (P > .05). The specificity of penetrating vessels was 88.6% for diagnosing malignancy. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of rim perfusion coarseness were 90.2%, 70.4%, and 85.3% respectively. The sensitivity of the intratumoral perfusion type was 77.8%, whereas the specificity of intratumoral vessel dilatation was 88.9%. Microvessel density and VEGF expression were significantly correlated with perfusion and vascular characteristics (P < .05), except the presence of peripheral vessels, rim perfusion, and intratumoral perfusion (P> .05). The presence of intratumoral vessels was related to VEGF (P< .05) but not microvessel density (P > .05).

Conclusions

Three‐dimensional contrast‐enhanced sonographic characteristics were statistically different between benign and malignant breast lesions. Some of them also correlated significantly with microvessel density and VEGF expression and therefore have potential for objective evaluation of tumor angiogenesis.
Three‐Dimensional Doppler Sonography in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Women After Medical Termination of Pregnancy
Authors: Napolitano Raffaele , Ghosh Madhu , Gillott David J. , Ojha Kamal
Published: April 2014

Objectives

To characterize the 3D Doppler sonographic appearance of the uterine cavity in asymptomatic and symptomatic women after administration of mifepristone and misoprostol for medical termination of pregnancy.

Methods

A prospective observational study was performed. Women admitted for medical termination of pregnancy underwent transvaginal sonography 15 days after the procedure. Volumes were acquired, and offline analyses of the 3D vascularization indices were performed. Outcomes were collected at the follow‐up scan and by telephone after the termination. Women were subclassified as asymptomatic or symptomatic according to the presence/absence of fever, vaginal bleeding, abdominal/pelvic pain, and infections. Spotting was defined as any episodic vaginal bleeding that was less than an expected menstruation and not regarded as a symptom.

Results

A total of 104 women who underwent medical termination of pregnancy between 6 and 9 weeks' gestation were enrolled in the study. The termination procedure was successful in 98% of cases; among them, 9 women (8.6%) were symptomatic due to bleeding. Two asymptomatic women required surgery; 1 had sonographic evidence of suspected retained products of conception (endometrial thickness ≥15 mm or power Doppler vascularization presence). Fifty‐seven women (55%) presented with retained products of conception. All the women with suspected retained products regained normal menses; of these, 3 symptomatic women with retained products (2.9%) underwent a 1‐month sonographic follow‐up. The symptomatic status was not associated with endometrial thickness, 3D intrauterine mass volume, or 2‐dimensional (2D) and 3D power Doppler appearances.

Conclusions

The necessity of surgery after medical termination of pregnancy cannot be predicted by sonography. In cases with sonographic evidence of suspected retained products of conception, endometrial thickness, 2D Doppler findings, and the 3D vascularization indices correlated poorly with bleeding symptoms. Long‐term follow‐up should be considered in symptomatic women, and it can avoid any unnecessary surgical intervention.
Transient Elastography and Sonography for Prediction of Liver Fibrosis in Infants With Biliary Atresia
Authors: Shin Na-Young , Kim Myung-Joon , Lee Mi-Jung , Han Seok Joo , Koh Hong , Namgung Ran , Park Young Nyun
Published: April 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of transient elastography and sonography for noninvasive evaluation of liver fibrosis in infants with biliary atresia.

Methods

Forty‐seven infants with biliary atresia who underwent both transient elastography and sonography before surgery were included in this study. Two types of transient elastographic probes were used: an M probe, which is used for the general adult population; and an S probe, which is specific to children. Transient elastographic measurements and sonographic findings such as triangular cord thickness and hepatic artery and portal vein diameters were compared with the METAVIR histopathologic fibrosis scoring system.

Results

Only transient elastography (ρ = 0.63; P < .001) was significantly correlated with METAVIR fibrosis stages. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for transient elastography were 0.86 and 0.96 for diagnosis of severe fibrosis and cirrhosis, respectively. The cutoff value of transient elastography for diagnosis of severe fibrosis was greater than 9.6 kPa, with sensitivity of 89.5% and specificity of 75%. The cutoff value of transient elastography for diagnosis of cirrhosis was greater than 18.1 kPa, with sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 90.5%. The success rate for the S probe (100%) was significantly higher than that for the M probe (77%; P < .001).

Conclusions

Transient elastography may be a useful noninvasive method for diagnosis of severe fibrosis and cirrhosis and may help predict outcomes before surgery or invasive liver biopsy in infants with biliary atresia. The success rate of transient elastography in infants was improved by using the S probe.
Low‐Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Induces Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Through Activation of Bone Morphogenetic Protein–Smad Signaling
Authors: Yang Zun , Ren Leixi , Deng Feng , Wang Zhibiao , Song Jinlin
Published: April 2014

Objectives

Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound (US) can accelerate fracture healing and osteogenic differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the osteogenic effect of low‐intensity pulsed US on human periodontal ligament cells and to determine whether bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐Smad signaling was involved.

Methods

Human periodontal ligament cells were exposed to low‐intensity pulsed US at a frequency of 1.5 MHz and intensity of 90 mW/cm2 for 20 min/d. Osteogenic differentiation was determined by assaying alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and calcium deposition. Expression of BMP‐2, BMP‐6, and BMP‐9 was detected by real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis. Phosphorylated Smad was detected by western blotting; Smad in the cells was labeled by an immunofluorescent antibody and observed by laser‐scanning confocal microscopy.

Results

The optical density of ALP stimulated by US at 1.5 MHz and 90 mW/cm2 for 20 min/d was significantly higher than in other groups (P < .01); therefore, this dosage was considered optimal for promoting osteogenic differentiation. After 13 days of US exposure, ALP increased gradually after 5 days, peaked at 11 days, and decreased at 13 days, with a significant difference compared with the control group (P < .05). Osteocalcin production increased from 9 to 13 days and peaked at 15 days, with a significant difference compared with the control group (P < .05). BMP‐2 and BMP‐6 increased dynamically after exposure for 13 days. BMP‐2 increased 6.07‐fold at 3 days, 6.39‐fold at 11 days, and 5.97‐fold at 13 days. BMP‐6 expression increased 6.82‐fold at 1 day and 51.5‐fold at 3 days and decreased thereafter. BMP‐9 was not expressed. Phospho‐Smad1/5/8 expression was significantly increased after exposure (P< .05) and transferred from the cytoplasm into the nuclei.

Conclusions

Low‐intensity pulsed US effectively induced osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament cells, and the BMP‐Smad signaling pathway was involved in the mechanism.
Assessment of Left Ventricular Myocardial Systolic Acceleration in Diabetic Rats Using Velocity Vector Imaging
Authors: Zhang Haibin , Wei Zhangrui , Zhu Xiaoxing , Li Hongling , Yu Ming , Duan Yunyan , Zhu Ting , Zhang Jun , Zhou Xiaodong , Zhu Miaozhang
Published: April 2014

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction changed in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by using velocity vector imaging.

Methods

Velocity vector imaging was performed in 12 control rats and 15 rats with streptozotocin‐induced diabetic cardiomyopathy 12 weeks after streptozotocin injection. The segmental radial displacement, velocity, acceleration, and percent wall thickening were measured at the mid–left ventricular (LV) level.

Results

Compared to control rats, rats with cardiomyopathy had a significant decrease in the peak radial acceleration during isovolumic contraction in most segments of the LV wall (including the anterior, anterolateral, inferolateral, and inferior segments; P < .05) but a similar LVEF, fractional shortening, and segmental displacement. Rats with cardiomyopathy also had a significant increase in LV end‐diastolic and end‐systolic diameters when corrected for body mass (P < .001; P = .003, respectively) and a significant decrease in the radial peak systolic velocities of the inferolateral and inferior wall segments (P < .05). In addition, rats with cardiomyopathy had a significant decrease in the peak radial diastolic acceleration in most segments of the LV wall (except for the anterolateral one; P< .05) but similar peak radial diastolic velocities in all LV wall segments compared to controls. Pathologic examination in rats with cardiomyopathy revealed ultrastructural impairment of the capillary and cardiocyte without any atherosclerotic lesion in the coronary artery compared to control rats.

Conclusions

Myocardial acceleration during isovolumic contraction decreases in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy and a preserved LVEF, suggesting the presence of regional LV systolic dysfunction.
Imaging and Differential Diagnosis of Suprarenal Masses in the Fetus
Authors: Maki Erik , Oh Karen , Rogers Sarah , Sohaey Roya
Published: April 2014

Prenatal sonography and magnetic resonance imaging of suprarenal fetal masses is presented, along with clinical information and follow‐up. Imaging pearls and differential considerations for each diagnosis will be discussed. Fetal suprarenal mass diagnoses include neuroblastoma, extralobar pulmonary sequestration, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, partial multicystic dysplastic kidney, renal duplication, urinoma, gastric duplication cyst, and splenic cyst. Recognizing the range of malignant and benign suprarenal fetal masses that can present on prenatal imaging can help guide patient counseling and management.
Application of Echogenic Technology for Catheters Used in Ultrasound‐Guided Continuous Peripheral Nerve Blocks
Authors: Mariano Edward R. , Yun Romy Dju Hiee , Kim T. Edward , Carvalho Brendan
Published: April 2014

Limited data exist regarding the echogenicity of perineural catheters, but visualization is crucial to ensure accurate placement and efficacy of the subsequent local anesthetic infusion. The objective of this study was to determine the comparative echogenicity of various regional anesthesia catheters. In an in vitro porcine‐bovine model, we compared the echogenic qualities of 3 commercially available regional anesthesia catheters and 1 catheter under development to optimize echogenicity. Outcomes included visual echogenicity ranking, image quality, and scanning time, as assessed by 2 blinded investigators. The experimental catheter was found to be more echogenic than 2 of the 3 comparators.
Self-Managed Abortion Attempts Before vs After Changes in Federal Abortion Protections in the US
Authors: Ralph Lauren , Schroeder Rosalyn , Kaller Shelly , Grossman Daniel , Biggs M. Antonia
Published: July 2024

Importance

With decreasing access to facility-based abortion in the US, an increase in self-managed abortion (SMA) using various methods is anticipated. To date, no studies have examined changes in SMA in the shifting policy landscape.

Objective

To estimate changes in SMA prevalence among the general US population from before to after the Supreme Court’s June 2022 decision overturning federal abortion protections.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Serial cross-sectional surveys were administered throughout the US from December 10, 2021, to January 11, 2022, and June 14 to July 7, 2023. Participants included online panel members assigned female sex at birth, ages 18 to 49 years (or ages 15-17 years if a household member), who were English- or Spanish-speaking.

Exposure

Year of the survey (2021-2022 vs 2023).

Main Outcome and Measures

Participants were asked whether they had “ever taken or done something on their own, without medical assistance, to try to end a pregnancy” and, if so, details of their experience. Changes in the weighted SMA prevalence between survey years were examined, factors associated with SMA experience were identified, and projected lifetime SMA prevalence was calculated using discrete-time event history models, accounting for abortion underreporting.

Results

Median age of the participants was 32.5 (IQR, 25-41) years in 2021-2022 (n = 7016) and 32.0 (IQR, 24-40) in 2023 (n = 7148). Across both years, approximately 14% were non-Hispanic Black, 21% were Hispanic, and 54% were non-Hispanic White. The weighted adjusted proportion that ever attempted SMA was 2.4% (95% CI, 1.9%-3.0%) in 2021-2022 and 3.4% (95% CI, 2.8%-4.0%) in 2023—an increase of 1.0% (95% CI, 0.2%-1.7%; P = .03). Projected lifetime SMA prevalence accounting for abortion underreporting was 10.7% (95% CI, 8.6%-12.8%). In adjusted analyses, SMA experience was higher among non-Hispanic Black (4.3%; 95% CI, 2.8%-5.8%) vs other racial and ethnic (2.7%; 95% CI, 2.2%-3.1%) groups (P = .04) and sexual and gender minority (5.0%; 95% CI, 3.4%-6.6%) vs heterosexual or cisgender (2.5%; 95% CI, 2.0%-2.9%) participants (P < .001). Approximately 4 in 10 (45.3% in 2021 and 39.0% in 2023) SMA attempts occurred before age 20 years. The methods used included herbs (29.8% [2021-2022] vs 25.9% [2023]), physical methods (28.6% [2021-2022] vs 29.7% [2023]), or alcohol or other substances (17.9% [2021-2022] vs 18.6% [2023]). Few participants (7.1% [2021-2022] vs 4.7% [2023]) sought emergency care for a complication.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this serial nationally representative survey study, increased SMA was observed following the loss of federal abortion protections. The findings revealed increased SMA use among marginalized groups, most often with ineffective methods. These findings suggest the need to expand access to alternative models of safe and effective abortion care and ensure those seeking health care post-SMA do not face legal risks.
Regulation of Dihedral Angle on Molecular Engineering for Enhancing Triboelectric Performance
Authors: Zhou Siqian , Tao Xinglin , Liu Zhaoqi , Wu Han , Guan Zhengxin , Liu Liqiang , Li Jun , Chen Xiangyu , Ou‐Yang Wei
Published: July 2024

The performance of triboelectric polymers relies on their molecular structure. Therefore, investigating how to construct high‐performance molecular structures of triboelectric polymers becomes imperative, yet the relationship between microscopic structural parameters and triboelectric performance remains unclear. In this study, the relationship is studied between dihedral angles of adjacent conjugated planes and triboelectric performance. Various polyimide monomers are synthesized to manipulate the conjugated dihedral angles within the molecular chains. Introducing larger dihedral angles in polyimides (PIs) reduces the conjugation between molecular chains, suppressing the formation of charge transfer complexes (CTCs), and widening the energy gap between molecular orbitals. With the increase in dihedral angles, the output performance improved by 100%. The surface charge density of 335 µC·m−2 is achieved through the synergistic effect of the high charge retention capability of the PI film and the high triboelectric properties of the corona‐polarized fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP). A large dihedral angle can form numerous deep traps and effectively prevent charge escaping while ensuring stable output. This study provides a feasible strategy for investigating the construction of high triboelectric performance molecular structures, enriching the understanding of how molecular structures influence the triboelectric properties of polymer materials and promote high‐performance fluorine‐free and environmentally friendly polymers.
On the Emergence of Ferromagnetism in LaCoO3 Ultrathin Films
Authors: Li Yan , Zhou Hua , Liu Yang , Tung I‐Cheng , Yan Xi , Wrobel Friederike , Wang Huan‐Hua , Welp Ulrich , Hong Hawoong , Freeland John W. , Fong Dillon D.
Published: July 2024

It is well known that the properties of a crystal evolve as it increases in size from a single atomic plane to that of the bulk. Such size‐dependent transitions can stem from many different origins and depend on minute changes to crystal bonding and composition. A model example is that of LaCoO3, which is non‐magnetic in the bulk but can display ferromagnetism at the nanoscale. Here, the evolution of structure‐property relationships is studied in the LaCoO3−δ/SrTiO3 (001) system as the thickness of LaCoO3−δ is increased from a single plane to 10 unit cells. In situ synchrotron X‐ray studies are performed during and post‐deposition to probe changes in the interactions between structure, stoichiometry, and magnetic behavior. Structural quantification indicates that the oxygen octahedral rotation pattern evolves with thickness, due to inherent differences in crystal symmetry between the film and substrate. The change in rotation modifies the required energy barrier for the spin state transition via the Co–O bond length and Co–O–Co bond angle, affecting the appearance of ferromagnetism. Our results highlight the contributions of high spin Co2+ and/or high spin Co3+ to respective weak and robust ferromagnetism and the evolution of properties with size in ultrathin LaCoO3−δ heterostructures.
Optoelectronic Neuromorphic Logic Memory Device Based on Ga2O3/MoS2 Van der Waals Heterostructure with High Rectification and On/Off Ratios
Authors: Zhang Yao , Liu Wei , Liu Kai , Wang Runzhi , Yu Jiaqi , Liu Zeyu , Gao Junjie , Liu Yujia , Zhang Yingli , Xu Hua , Gan Xuetao
Published: July 2024

It is crucial to develop advanced optoelectronic devices that incorporate multiple functions, including sensing, storage, and computing, which is considered at the forefront of semiconductor optoelectronics to meet emerging functional diversification. In this study, by stacking the n‐type Ga2O3 with the n‐type MoS2 flakes, a Ga2O3/MoS2 heterostructure optoelectronic device with high rectification ratio of ≈105 and on/off ratio of ≈108 is fabricated, which achieves high detectivity of 1.34 × 109 Jones and high responsivity of 28.92 mA/W. More importantly, the Ga2O3/MoS2 heterostructure device shows potential ability to integrate sensing and memorizing, simultaneously, which can be used as artificial neuromorphic synaptic. The device exhibits excellent photo‐induced synaptic functions including short‐term plasticity, long‐term plasticity, and paired‐pulse facilitation, realizing the ability to couple light and electrical signals by Pavlovian associative learning. At last, the device also demonstrates the information processing ability to act as optoelectronic logic gate AND by synergistically regulating the light on/off states and gate voltage. The research introduces an innovative strategy for the development of next‐generation optoelectronic devices which are highly integrated with sensing, memory, and logic processing functions, demonstrating great application prospects in constructing an efficient artificial neuromorphic visual and logic systems.
Polar Alternating Cations Intercalated Hybrid Perovskite with Iodine‐Substituted Spacers Toward Efficient Passive X‐Ray Detection
Authors: Zhu Zeng‐Kui , Wu Jianbo , Yu Panpan , Zeng Ying , Li Ruiqing , Guan Qianwen , Dai Hongliang , Chen Guirong , Yang Huawei , Liu Xitao , Li Lina , Ji Chengmin , Luo Junhua
Published: July 2024

2D hybrid perovskites, with their high X‐ray absorption and extended carrier transport, present excellent promise for efficient direct X‐ray detection. However, most of the current devices require external bias voltage, which results in the need for significant energy consumption and severe ion migration, therefore, it is urgent to develop new types of materials for achieving efficient passive X‐ray detection. Herein, two novel chiral polar alternating cations intercalation (ACI)‐type hybrid perovskite materials, named (R/S‐PPA)(IEA)PbBr4 (1‐R/S, (R/S)‐PPA = R/S‐1‐phenylpropylamine; IEA = iodoethylamine), are constructed by integrating the chiral aromatic spacer R/S‐PPA and the iodine‐substituted spacer IEA. Various intermolecular interactions, such as I···I, C─H···I, π···π interactions, are introduced due to the introduction of I‐substituted chain amines, which effectively suppresses ion migration and thus lead to improved operational stability. The device constructed along the polar axis displays superior X‐ray detection performance, such as relatively high sensitivity and an ultra‐low limit of detection (LoD) of 3.0 nGy s−1, making it the first chiral ACI‐type perovskite material for realizing efficient passive X‐ray detection. Furthermore, 1‐R also presents low dark current drift and exceptional irradiation stability. This work provides new thought for using novel ACI‐type polar perovskite for high‐performance passive direct X‐ray detection.
Single‐Atom Catalyst Induced Amorphous Li2O2 Layer Enduring Lithium–Oxygen Batteries with High Capacity
Authors: Mohamed Zeinab , Zhou Quan , Zhu Kefu , Zhang Guoliang , Xu Wenjie , Chimtali Peter Joseph , Cao Yuyang , Xu HanChen , Yan Ziwei , Wang Yixiu , Akhtar Hassan , Al‐Mahgari Aad , Wu Xiaojun , Wang Changda , Song Li
Published: July 2024

Aprotic lithium–oxygen batteries (LOBs) may deliver exceptionally high energy density but struggle to attain rapid reversibility and substantial capacity simultaneously, due to typical surface or solution‐formed insulating solid Li2O2. Tuning the structure of Li2O2 to create a large‐area amorphous layer on the cathode is predicted to overcome the multiperformance limitations. Here, an isolated nickel single atom to nitrogen‐doped graphene as a cathode catalyst (Ni─NG SAC) for LOBs is presented via a green click‐trapping strategy. Derived from the maximized exposure of atomic active sites of the cathode, the formation/decomposition mechanisms of Li2O2 are tailored, and a large area of thin Li2O2 amorphous film is achieved. The structure and functions of Ni─NG SAC are explored by theoretical computation and synchrotron radiational investigation. Consequently, the abundant Ni─N4 sites enhance redox kinetics and stand out to deliver an impressive specific discharge/charge capacity of 24 248/17 656 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1, together with a long cycle life of over 500 cycles. This study contributes helpful insights to achieve high‐capacity LOBs with long lifespans, by constructing unique single‐atom catalysts to optimize the formation of amorphous discharge Li2O2 products.
Physicochemically Interlocked Selenium for High Performing Aqueous Zinc–Selenium Batteries
Authors: Anjan Apurva , Mahato Manmatha , Bhimani Kevin , Kushwaha Anoop K. , Mahajani Varad , Yoo Hyunjoon , Panchal Reena A. , Manoj Rohit M. , Ha Jawon , Nayak Saroj K. , Keblinkski Pawel , Oh Il‐Kwon , Koratkar Nikhil
Published: July 2024

A conversion‐chemistry‐based zinc–selenium aqueous battery is reported that delivers high specific capacity, good rate capability, and excellent cycle life. In this work, an electronically conjugated covalent triazine framework is used to physicochemically lock selenium (Se8) clusters. As a control sample, the traditional melt‐diffusion approach is used to physically lock Se8. While the melt‐diffused selenium cathode exhibited a precipitous drop in capacity with cycling, the physicochemically locked selenium cathode can be cycled in a stable manner and delivered a specific capacity of ≈600 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention of ≈70% after 1000 continuous charge/discharge steps. Ab initio density functional theory calculations and various structural and morphological characterizations indicate that the superiority of the physicochemically locked selenium cathode stems from its ability to suppress the polyselenide shuttle phenomenon and thus prevent loss of active material during cycling. This work opens the door toward the development of conversion chemistries for high performing, non‐flammable, and low‐cost zinc‐based rechargeable batteries.
Controlled Chemical‐Patterning of Textile to Accelerate Anti‐Gravity Water Flow
Authors: Kumar Saurav , Borbora Angana , Chakraborty Pritha , Sarma Hrisikesh , Bandyopadhyay Ashutosh , Bose Akash , Mandal Biman B. , Tenjimbayashi Mizuki , Manna Uttam
Published: July 2024

Bio‐inspired unidirectional flow of tiny aqueous droplets across the fibrous substrate paved the way for the emergence of various advanced materials. In the past, textiles decorated with noncontact‐based wettability‐patterns enabled unidirectional water flow—without flooding the top surface by the transferred water. However, such approaches mostly suffer from a low (≈0.176 µL mm−2 s−1) flow rate and are likely to delay the overall liquid ejection process. Here, a chemically reactive coating capable of tailoring water wettability (121.3° ± 2.4° to 153.3° ± 1.8°) is introduced on commercially available textiles to develop chemically modulated wettability‐pattern for achieving a rapid (2.57 ± 0.28 µL mm−2 s−1) flow rate of water against the gravity with an ability to roll the accumulated liquids on the top surface. The spatially selected and controlled chemical modification with hydrophilic and hydrophobic small molecules through a 1, 4‐conjugate addition reaction yielded a 3D channel with a customized wettability gradient. The pinning and depinning of invaded water through such chemically decorated channels enabled unidirectional and fast penetration of liquid, where the water penetration resistance largely depends on the water penetration direction and dimension of the chemically modulated channels.
Edge‐Effect Modulated Noble Metal Electrocatalysts for Efficient and pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Qiqi , Deng Zhuo , Tao Dingfeng , Pan Jinyue , Xu Wenli , Zhang Zhixuan , Zhong Hongwei , Gao Yinhong , Shang Qing , Ni Yongqiang , Li Xuanke , Chen Yongting , Zhang Qin
Published: July 2024

The catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles is closely pertinent to the substrate, while the influence of the support on the catalytic activity is acquainted scarcely. Herein, the edge selective decoration of noble metal nanoparticles into an edge‐rich carbon foam (CF) matrix for efficient pH‐universal hydrogen evolution (HER) reaction is reported. The highly localized density of states of the graphene edges enables increased reactivity to noble metal nanoparticles and tunes their electronic states. As expected, the Pt nanoparticles decorated on CF (Pt NPs@CF) exhibit low overpotentials (η10) of only 35, 49, and 53 mV under acidic, alkaline, and neutral conditions, respectively. Moreover, it can deliver the ampere‐level current density of 1000 mA cm−2 with an overpotential of 97 mV in acidic solutions. Above all, the other noble metal NPs decorated on CF also possess efficient pH‐universal HER performance. This work presents a new avenue for developing high‐activity electrocatalysts via support engineering.