bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Diffusion of Innovations in Respect of the High Speed Train
Authors: Lancaster G.A. , Taylor C.T.
Published: September 2004

A transport innovation has been examined through canvassing opinion from a large sample of long distance travellers. The findings proved that there was no evidence to support adopter categories in respect of the high speed train. Respondents rated the attribute “relative advantage” as being extremely relevant, whilst “trialability”, “compatibility”, “observability” and “complexity” were not particularly relevant.
Marketing Education: Present Needs and Future Challenges
Authors: Hansen Sten‐Olof , Carlsson Christopher , Walden Pirkko
Published: September 2004

Marketing education today is rather isolationist — marketing students are taught too many specialities, and they are given to sharp a profile in marketing particulars. The interaction of the marketing function with other key functions of a corporation is forgotten. In this article we outline the functional requirements on marketing professionals, link these requirements to marketing theory and propose and new technology of computer‐based expert systems to be instrumental for making marketing theory operational and educating marketing professionals.
Consumer Demand or Customer Satisfaction?
Authors: Bernard Kenneth
Published: September 2004

In many circles, the study of industrial marketing has been segregated from that of consumer marketing, as if inherently different. This article highlights the significance of the organisational purchaser in all segments of the market. Whilst acknowledging the importance of the views of consumer and end‐users, the article suggests that in focusing on the needs of the organisational customer in the first instance, a degree of unity can be achieved between “industrial” and “consumer disciplines”, at both academic and practitioner level.
A Comparative History of Advertising Self‐regulation in the UK and the USA
Authors: Miracle Gordon E. , Nevett Terence
Published: September 2004

Until the late 19th century, the controls on advertising in Britain and the US depended on complying with laws relating to defamation and on the ethical values of advertisers and media proprietors. During the 20th century, concerns about public safety from dangerous products or services, recognition of the need to safeguard people from misleading or untrue claims, and attempts to strike a balance in the interests of fair trading have led to movements for both self‐regulation, as well as some legal restrictions on marketing and advertising practices. Differences in British and American practices have arisen from the nature of the legal systems and the cultural mores of the respective societies.
“Serve America Now” — Advertising Bus Travel in the US during the Second World War
Authors: Walsh Margaret
Published: September 2004

Commercial self‐interest and patriotism came together in various parts of the American business scene during the Second World War. The history of the pressures on advertisers from Government and from the physical shortages which warfare entailed had a sharp focus in the history of public transport, especially over long distances. Examples from the advertising of bus companies illustrate how the operating companies coped with the demands on the system for travel and, at the same time, sought to keep public support for travel by bus in the economically restrictive circumstances of the time.
Towards Effective Product Management
Authors: Reid David M.
Published: September 2004

Few companies derive the potential benefits from product management. This is because insufficient foundational work is devoted to integrate the product management system into an organisational framework where the functions may work effectively. Four companies are examined and steps to ease the difficulties frequently encountered are proposed.
Towards Improved Agricultural Products Marketing Strategy
Authors: Offiongodon Aloysius M.
Published: September 2004

The study examines the marketing of cocoa in Nigeria as a pilot study to formulating new strategies for the marketing of agricultural commodities. Three interrelated and interdependent approaches have been developed namely, institutional, functional and market structure strategies. These reveal how exchange, physical and facilitating functions can be effectively utilised to expedite the distribution of cocoa through the marketing system. However, methods in use by the cocoa farmers are not efficient due to problems of shortages and the policies of the Marketing Boards and the commodity boards. Improved methods of cocoa cultivation and the removal of impediments on granting credit facilities are recommended.
Developing an Axiological Method to Measure Company Values
Authors: Mattsson Jan
Published: September 2004

Based on Hartman's value theory (axiology), the article outlines and tests a forced rank order method to measure the company value pattern perceived by its employees. Pattern characteristics of the ranking orders include: presented mean as a measure of over‐ or under‐valuation; precision as an estimation of agreement on position; and consistency as the degree of reliability in valuing. Using two separate 18‐item scales, one for the “present” and one for the “desired” state of the company, respondents were asked to rank order according to their “ideal” company. Results showed a very good resemblance to the reference order used and only a few items were subject to modification.
The Peevish Penmen: Direct Mail and US Elections
Authors: O’Shaughnessy Nicholas J.
Published: September 2004

The use of direct mail in American political campaigns is examined. Direct mail has the capacity to attract and retain the loyalty of targeted groups, more so than other mediums. The planning of a direct mail campaign and deficiencies in current direct mail strategies are also examined.
Where Advertising Decisions Are Really Made
Authors: Michell Paul
Published: September 2004

Interorganisational decision making on creativity appears to have similar characteristics to those of the conventional organisational buying process. The composition of decision‐making units correlates closely with the costs and risks involved in decisions on new campaigns, extended campaigns and routine creativity. Decisions are taken at high levels, with chief executive officers active at key periods. Top management involvement is high when perceived outcomes are high in cost, high in risk, and highly visible. Product managers' authority levels appear to reflect their past performance record, the number of decision tiers, and the degree of communications openness.
Consumption Symbolism and Meaning in Works of Art: A Paradigmatic Case
Authors: Holbrook Morris B.
Published: September 2004

This article examines the relevance of marketing and consumption phenomena to the interpretation of meaning in works of art. It suggests that, in general, consumption symbolism can contribute to the meaning of an artwork and that, in particular, consumer behaviour does work in this manner in at least one paradigmatic case example — namely, Painting Churches by Tina Howe. After tracing the symbolic use of consumption in that illustrative play, the paper concludes that this focus represents a potentially fertile area of enquiry and that, in this spirit, we should “Ask not what Art can do for Marketing and Consumer Research, but what they can do for Art.”
The Contingency Approach: Its Foundations and Relevance to Theory Building and Research in Marketing
Authors: Zeithaml Valarie A. , “Rajan” Varadarajan P. , Zeithaml Carl P.
Published: September 2004

The contingency approach and its relevance to theory building and research in marketing is described. The approach is delineated and its theoretical foundations traced. Several established contingency theories within the management discipline are outlined and the research they have stimulated on related topics in marketing are highlighted. An assessment of the current state of the contingency approach in marketing literature is then provided.
Keeping Advertising from Going Down in History — Unfairly
Authors: Pollay Richard W.
Published: September 2004

The history of advertising seems destined to be very negative in its judgement about its social and cultural consequences. The regrets and fears of many prominent scholars about the commercialisation and marketisation of cultures are summarised. A method for measuring and monitoring the cultural character of advertising, the cultural values expressed and endorsed, is also presented. US data for 1900–1980 print and 1970's television advertisements are provided, showing some stability in the hierarchy of values promoted by advertising.
The Positioning of Good News: The Christian Gospels as Marketing Communications
Authors: Walle A. H.
Published: September 2004

A close reading of the Gospels of The New Testament reveal that the various authors were clearly aware of certain key principles of marketing and advertising which we have rediscovered in the twentieth century. Specifically, the pros and cons of “global” vs. “local” marketing and copywriting were understood and the authors made conscious choices to cater to various target markets. In addition, the basic techniques of public relations and lobbying were clearly understood and consciously applied. The examples presented are not isolated analogies quoted out of context; the various authors clearly comprehended the basic principles of marketing and overtly orchestrated them in thoughtful and coherent ways. A study of The New Testament, therefore, reveals the significant degree to which ancient people were aware of advertising and marketing techniques. How marketing, as a discipline, can help other scholars interpret the events they study is described.
Dorland: Its Origins and Growth to 1939
Authors: Hennessy Elizabeth , Keil Ian
Published: September 2004

Dorland began in the USA as an agency specialising in selling holiday resorts, especially on the East Coast. Its direction under Walter Edge became more general and opportunities in the international economy led to a European base in London. London was run by George Kettle, and in time Dorland in Britain became independent and a very successful firm. It had overseas offices, but it also had a specialist interest in financial advertising. By 1939, the flair of its designers and its policy of seeking new business made it one of the largest agencies in the UK.
Consumer Risk Perception in the UK Wine Market
Authors: Mitchell Vincent‐Wayne , Greatorex Mike
Published: September 2004

With the growing urgency to reduce Europe's swelling “wine lake”, further growth in underdeveloped markets is being hampered, in part, by the risks involved in purchasing wine. Perceived risk is a factor which affects consumers' decision making when they are considering a new product choice or a choice in which the “stake” is high. The article considers the importance of various risks, for example, social, financial, functional and physical, to consumers in the UK wine market. The most important perceived risk was the taste of the wine, the least important being the risk of hangover. The group discussions elaborated several other points. Knowing the exact risks people perceive about a product, marketers can set about altering the product in an attempt to reduce those risks thus increasing the competitive differential of the product.
Marketing and Information Technology
Authors: Martell Deborah
Published: September 2004

The changes to be expected in the marketing field as information technology becomes a more widely accepted phenomenon are highlighted. Specifically, attention is focused on the observable, invisible and evolutionary effects such developments have on the marketing scenario. The analysis incorporates a set of recommendations.
An Analysis of Choice Criteria Using Conjoint Analysis
Authors: Fletcher Keith
Published: September 2004

The trade‐off consumers make when acquiring a video recorder is investigated in both rental and buying situations. Out of five factors, product features were consistently rated as being of least importance when compared with format, price, brand and appearance. In general, the dangers of a product orientation are evident, and manufacturers are recommended to consider the study's implications in other product areas and to assess the consumer's perception of the total product offering, rather than focusing narrowly on product attributes.
Marketing the Political Product
Authors: Reid David M.
Published: September 2004

That the business of vote winning is essentially a marketing problem is illustrated, and how knowledge of consumer behaviour can be interrelated with the principles of persuasion and thus utilised in the formulation of political marketing strategies is highlighted.
Different Approaches to Foreign Market Entry between Users and Non‐Users of Trade Missions
Authors: Rolf Seringhaus F.H. , Mayer Charles S.
Published: September 2004

Off‐shore market entry approaches of firms using trade missions and those who do not are investigated and found to differ. Comparative results of a sample of Canadian industrial manufacturing firms point to different marketing management styles in terms of greater planning orientation, a more systematic approach, and greater sensitivity toward market and knowledge problems among trade mission users. Trade missions are widely available in many exporting countries and, as exporters face similar challenges when entering new foreign markets, it is concluded that such missions are a potentially useful export marketing tool, however, their use seems contingent upon management style. Implications for export marketing management and public policy are discussed.
Marketing‐Mix Standardisation: An Integrated Approach in Global Marketing
Authors: Kreutzer Ralf Thomas
Published: September 2004

This article shows the importance of marketing‐mix standardisation within a global marketing concept. A frame of analysis is described that can aid enterprises to decide whether global marketing can support their company in working out competitive advantages. The first analysis step is concerned with the question of whether marketing‐mix standardisation is important for the branch or the market of the company in question. This is oriented to strategic factors of success. The aim of the second analysis step is to find out in which ways marketing‐mix standardisation can be practised by one specific company. In this context a standardisation‐oriented segmentation concept is discussed.
The Internationalisation of Importing Companies
Authors: Reichel Jürgen
Published: September 2004

Importers make use of two strategies in seeking new suppliers: namely an incremental strategy and an evolutionary strategy. In using an incremental strategy the importers look for new suppliers in the existing buying region in which they are working, although in no way are they confined to this region. In the case of an evolutionary strategy, they seek suppliers within a totally new geographical and cultural region. Importers try as far as is possible to apply an incremental strategy and only when this is no longer viable do they switch to using an evolutionary strategy. Five factors govern the choice of which strategy to employ: responsibility, product prices, knowledge about the buying area, transport system and product quantity.
Common Factors Underlying Incentive to Export: Studies in the European Forest Products Industry
Authors: Sullivan Daniel , Bauerschmidt Alan
Published: September 2004

This article identifies a comprehensive set of factors that cluster the beliefs of European forest products managers about the importance of incentives to export. Each of the identified factors has received some attention in the theoretical literature concerning international business activity. The ten factors of belief that were identified, however, are not equally salient in those discussions. The revealed incentive factors underscore the importance of the life‐cycle concept, with respect to the product, firm, and industry, to assessing the issue of export initiation. In addition, the results caution for more sharply delineating between strategic versus tactical motivations for understanding the involvement of a firm in export.
On the simple welfare economics of network externalities
Authors: Yannelis Demetrius
Published: September 2004

Network externalities are analysed in the telecommunications sector and the public good character of the network is stressed. It is examined whether the presence of network externalities justifies a subscribership subsidy usually reflected in a low connection charge. The answer is, in general, positive unless network externalities are infra‐marginal, a case that exists at high penetration rates. In this case the argument for the achievement of universal service by invoking the presence of network externalities fails. This argument becomes even weaker as the expansion of the network through the provision of new goods and services creates externalities that affect all subscribers equally.
Socio‐political structures as determinants of global success
Authors: McLarney Carolan , Dastrala Ramakrishna
Published: September 2004

Especially over the past decade, there have been numerous changes in the global marketplace which indicate that change is the only constant fact of life. These changes have increased not only opportunities but also uncertainty for organizations. The dynamic environment provides organizations with continuous feedback, to which they need to adapt. Past success masks the multinational corporation’s ability to perceive and respond to these changes. The key to survival in such a setting is culturally sensitive organizational learning. Strategic planning is necessary to cope with different levels of uncertainty encountered in foreign markets and to fully tap the new resources. Organizational effectiveness is directly influenced by the firm’s ability to achieve a “close‐fit” between the internal dynamics and the socio‐political structures. This, in turn, is possible through management practices sensitive to the local core cultural values. The Enron Power Project at Dabhol (Maharashtra, India) brings to light various socio‐political factors that have a direct impact on the organizational effectiveness, its survival and its long‐term success.
Characterizing specific phage–protein interactions by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Bahns John T. , Liu Chin‐Mei , Chen Liaohai
Published: September 2004

The interactions of several affinity reagent displayed T7 and M13 phage particles with their corresponding target molecules were examined using Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS). Diffusion times, relative fractions of each component in the recognition reactions at the equilibrium state, and ultimately the dissociation constants were deduced from analyzing the fluorescence autocorrelation curves. Although the sample preparation and FCS characterization of icosahedral T7‐related systems were relatively straight forward, procedures with filamentous M13‐related systems were complicated by the physical size of M13 and its aggregate formation. Methods that accommodate the FCS measurement of the M13 phage via changing confocal optics, fitting procedures, and aggregate discrimination are presented and discussed.
Comparison of TFII‐I gene family members deleted in Williams‐Beuren syndrome
Authors: Hinsley Timothy A. , Cunliffe Pamela , Tipney Hannah J. , Brass Andrew , Tassabehji May
Published: September 2004

Williams‐Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a neurological disorder resulting from a microdeletion, typically 1.5 megabases in size, at 7q11.23. Atypical patients implicate genes at the telomeric end of this multigene deletion as the main candidates for the pathology of WBS in particular the unequal cognitive profile associated with the condition. We recently identified a gene (GTF2IRD2) that shares homology with other members of a unique family of transcription factors (TFII‐I family), which reside in the critical telomeric region. Using bioinformatics tools this study focuses on the detailed assessment of this gene family, concentrating on their characteristic structural components such as the leucine zipper (LZ) and I‐repeat elements, in an attempt to identify features that could aid functional predictions. Phylogenetic analysis identified distinct I‐repeat clades shared between family members. Linking functional data to one such clade has implicated them in DNA binding. The identification of PEST, synergy control motifs, and sumoylation sites common to all family members suggest a shared mechanism regulating the stability and transcriptional activity of these factors. In addition, the identification/isolation of short truncated isoforms for each TFII‐I family member implies a mode of self‐regulation. The exceptionally high identity shared between GTF2I and GTF2IRD2, suggests that heterodimers as well as homodimers are possible, and indicates overlapping functions between their respective short isoforms. Such cross‐reactivity between GTF2I and GTF2IRD2 short isoforms might have been the evolutionary driving force for the 7q11.23 chromosomal rearrangement not present in the syntenic region in mice.
In silico protein design by combinatorial assembly of protein building blocks
Authors: Tsai Hui‐Hsu (Gavin) , Tsai Chung‐Jung , Ma Buyong , Nussinov Ruth
Published: September 2004

Utilizing concepts of protein building blocks, we propose a de novo computational algorithm that is similar to combinatorial shuffling experiments. Our goal is to engineer new naturally occurring folds with low homology to existing proteins. A selected protein is first partitioned into its building blocks based on their compactness, degree of isolation from the rest of the structure, and hydrophobicity. Next, the protein building blocks are substituted by fragments taken from other proteins with overall low sequence identity, but with a similar hydrophobic/hydrophilic pattern and a high structural similarity. These criteria ensure that the designed protein has a similar fold, low sequence identity, and a good hydrophobic core compared with its native counterpart. Here, we have selected two proteins for engineering, protein G B1 domain and ubiquitin. The two engineered proteins share ∼20% and ∼25% amino acid sequence identities with their native counterparts, respectively. The stabilities of the engineered proteins are tested by explicit water molecular dynamics simulations. The algorithm implements a strategy of designing a protein using relatively stable fragments, with a high population time. Here, we have selected the fragments by searching for local minima along the polypeptide chain using the protein building block model. Such an approach provides a new method for engineering new proteins with similar folds and low homology.
Apo‐azurin folds via an intermediate that resembles the molten‐globule
Authors: Sandberg Anders , Leckner Johan , Karlsson B. Göran
Published: September 2004

The folding of Pseudomonas aeruginosa apo‐azurin was investigated with the intent of identifying putative intermediates. Two apo‐mutants were constructed by replacing the main metal‐binding ligand C112 with a serine (C112S) and an alanine (C112A). The guanidinium‐induced unfolding free energies (ΔGU−NH2O) of the C112S and C112A mutants were measured to 36.8 ± 1 kJ mole−1 and 26.1 ± 1 kJ mole−1, respectively, and the m‐value of the transition to 23.5 ± 0.7 kJ mole−1 M−1. The difference in folding free energy (ΔΔGU−NH2O) is largely attributed to the intramolecular hydrogen bonding properties of the serine Oγ in the C112S mutant, which is lacking in the C112A structure. Furthermore, only the unfolding rates differ between the two mutants, thus pointing to the energy of the native state as the source of the observed Δ ΔGU−NH2O. This also indicates that the formation of the hydrogen bonds present in C112S but absent in C112A is a late event in the folding of the apo‐protein, thus suggesting that formation of the metal‐binding site occurs after the rate‐limiting formation of the transition state. In both mutants we also noted a burst‐phase intermediate. Because this intermediate was capable of binding 1‐anilinonaphtalene‐8‐sulfonate (ANS), as were an acid‐induced species at pH 2.6, we ascribe it molten globule‐like status. However, despite the presence of an intermediate, the folding of apo‐azurin C112S is well approximated by a two‐state kinetic mechanism.
Design, expression, and purification of a Flaviviridae polymerase using a high‐throughput approach to facilitate crystal structure determination
Authors: Choi Kyung H. , Groarke James M. , Young Dorothy C. , Rossmann Michael G. , Pevear Daniel C. , Kuhn Richard J. , Smith Janet L.
Published: September 2004

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) nonstructural protein 5B is an RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase, essential for viral replication. Initial attempts to crystallize a soluble form of the 695‐residue BVDV polymerase did not produce any crystals. Limited proteolysis, homology modeling, and mutagenesis data were used to aid the design of polymerase constructs that might crystallize more readily. Limited proteolysis of the polymerase with trypsin identified a domain boundary within the protein. Homology modeling of the polymerase, based on the structure of hepatitis C virus polymerase, indicated that the two polymerases share a 23% identical “core,” although overall sequence identity is low. Eighty‐four expression clones of the BVDV polymerase were designed by fine‐sampling of chain termini at the boundaries of domain and of active truncated forms of the polymerase. The resulting constructs were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using high‐throughput methods. Soluble truncated proteins were subjected to crystallization trials in a 96‐well format, and two of these proteins were successfully crystallized.
A united residue force‐field for calcium–protein interactions
Authors: Khalili Mey , Saunders Jeffrey A. , Liwo Adam , Ołdziej Stanislaw , Scheraga Harold A.
Published: September 2004

United‐residue potentials are derived for interactions of the calcium cation with polypeptide chains in energy‐based prediction of protein structure with a united‐residue (UNRES) force‐field. Specific potentials were derived for the interaction of the calcium cation with the Asp, Glu, Asn, and Gln side chains and the peptide group. The analytical expressions for the interaction energies for each of these amino acids were obtained by averaging the electrostatic interaction energy, expressed by a multipole series over the dihedral angles not considered in the united‐residue model, that is, the side‐chain dihedral angles χ and the dihedral angles λ for the rotation of peptide groups about the Cα•••Cα virtual‐bond axes. For the side‐chains that do not interact favorably with calcium, simple excluded‐volume potentials were introduced. The parameters of the potentials were obtained from ab initio quantum mechanical calculations of model systems at the Restricted Hartree‐Fock (RHF) level with the 6–31G(d,p) basis set. The energy surfaces of pairs consisting of Ca2+‐acetate, Ca2+‐propionate, Ca2+‐acetamide, Ca2+‐propionamide, and Ca2+‐N‐methylacetamide systems (modeling the Ca2+‐Asp−, Ca2+‐Glu−, Ca2+‐Asn, Ca2+‐Gln, and Ca2+‐peptide group interactions) at different distances and orientations were calculated. For each pair, the restricted free energy (RFE) surfaces were calculated by numerical integration over the degrees of freedom lost when switching from the all‐atom model to the united‐residue model. Finally, the analytical expressions for each pair were fitted to the RFE surfaces. This force‐field was able to distinguish the EF‐hand motif from all potential binding sites in the crystal structures of bovine α‐lactalbumin, whiting parvalbumin, calbindin D9K, and apo‐calbindin D9K.
High‐pressure refolding of bikunin: Efficacy and thermodynamics
Authors: Seefeldt Matthew B. , Ouyang Jun , Froland Wayne A. , Carpenter John F. , Randolph Theodore W.
Published: September 2004

Bikunin is a glycosylated protein that aggregates extensively during mammalian cell culture, resulting in loss of activity, loss of native secondary structure, and the formation of nonnative disulfide bonds. We investigated the use of high hydrostatic pressure (1000–3000 bar) for the refolding of bikunin aggregates. The refolding yield obtained with pressure‐modulated refolding at 2000 bar was 70 (±5%) by reverse‐phase chromatography (RP‐HPLC), significantly higher than the value of 55 (±6%) (RP‐HPLC) obtained with traditional guanidine HCl “dilution‐refolding.” In addition, we determined the thermodynamics of pressure‐modulated refolding. The change in volume for the transition of aggregate to monomer ΔVrefolding was calculated to be −28 (±5) mL/mole. Refolding was accompanied by a loss of hydrophobic exposure, resulting in a positive contribution to the ΔVrefolding. These findings suggest that the disruption of electro‐static interactions or the differences in size of solvent‐free cavities between the aggregate and the monomer are the prevailing contributions to the negative ΔVrefolding.
The C terminus of the nuclear protein NuMA: Phylogenetic distribution and structure
Authors: Abad Patricia C. , Mian I. Saira , Plachot Cedric , Nelpurackal Aniysha , Bator‐Kelly Carol , Lelièvre Sophie A.
Published: September 2004

The C terminus of the nuclear protein NuMA, NuMA‐CT, has a well‐known function in mitosis via its proximal segment, but it seems also involved in the control of differentiation. To further investigate the structure and function of NuMA, we exploited established computational techniques and tools to collate and characterize proteins with regions similar to the distal portion of NuMA‐CT (NuMA‐CTDP). The phylogenetic distribution of NuMA‐CTDP was examined by PSI‐BLAST‐ and TBLASTN‐based analysis of genome and protein sequence databases. Proteins and open reading frames with a NuMA‐CTDP‐like region were found in a diverse set of vertebrate species including mammals, birds, amphibia, and early teleost fish. The potential structure of NuMA‐CTDP was investigated by searching a database of protein sequences of known three‐dimensional structure with a hidden Markov model (HMM) estimated using representative (human, frog, chicken, and pufferfish) sequences. The two highest scoring sequences that aligned to the HMM were the extracellular domains of β3‐integrin and Her2, suggesting that NuMA‐CTDP may have a primarily β fold structure. These data indicate that NuMA‐CTDP may represent an important functional sequence conserved in vertebrates, where it may act as a receptor to coordinate cellular events.
Arm–domain interactions can provide high binding cooperativity
Authors: Schleif Robert , Wolberger Cynthia
Published: September 2004

Peptidyl arms extending from one protein domain to another protein domain mediate many important interactions in biology. A well‐studied example of this type of protein–protein interaction occurs between the yeast homeodomain proteins, MAT α2 and MAT a1, which form a high‐affinity heterodimer on DNA. The carboxyl‐terminal arm extending from MAT α2 to MAT a1 has been proposed to produce an allosteric conformational change in the a1 protein that generates a very large increase in the DNA binding affinity of a1. Although early studies lent some support to this model, a more recent crystal structure determination of the free a1 protein argues against any allosteric change. This note presents a thermodynamic argument that accounts for the proteins' binding behavior, so that allosteric conformational changes are not required to explain the large affinity increase. The analysis presented here should be useful in analyzing binding behavior in other systems involving arm interactions.
The reaction of α‐crystallin with the cross‐linker 3,3′‐dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate) demonstrates close proximity of the C termini of αA and αB in the native assembly
Authors: Swaim Catherine L. , Smith David L. , Smith Jean B.
Published: September 2004

The chaperone‐like activity of human lens α‐crystallin in inhibiting the aggregation of denatured proteins suggests a role for α‐crystallin in cataract prevention. Although a variety of techniques have generated structural information relevant to its chaperone‐like activity, the size and heterogeneity of α‐crystallin have prevented determination of its crystal structure. Even though synthetic cross‐linkers have provided considerable information about protein structures, they have not previously been used to study the proximity and orientation of subunits within human α‐crystallin. Cross‐linkers provide structural insight into proteins by binding the side chains of amino acids within close proximity. To identify the cross‐linked residues, the modified protein is digested and the resulting peptides are analyzed by mass spectrometry. Analysis of products from the reaction of α‐crystallin with 3,3′dithiobis(sulfosuccinimidyl propionate), DTSSP, identified several modifications to both αA and αB. The most structurally informative of these modifications was a cross‐link between lysine 166 of αA and lysine 175 of αB. This cross‐link provides experimental evidence supporting theoretical structural models that place the C termini of αA and αB within close proximity in the native aggregate.
Urinary complications and sexual function after the tension‐free vaginal tape procedure
Authors: Mazouni Chafika , Karsenty Gilles , Bretelle Florence , Bladou Franck , Gamerre Marc , Serment Gerard
Published: September 2004

Objective.  The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate urinary and sexual function after the tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT) support procedure for stress urinary incontinence (SUI).

Methods.  Between January 1999 and July 2002 a total of 71 patients underwent comprehensive examination including urodynamics and a mailed self‐administered questionnaire for assessment of voiding and sexual function before and after treatment of SUI by TVT.

Results.  Based on objective findings TVT was considered as curative in 48 patients (87.3%). Comparison of preoperative and postoperative urodynamic evidence demonstrated a significant outflow obstruction (<12 ml/s) in 19 patients (34.5%). A significant decrease in peak urinary flow during voiding (p < 0.001) was also observed. Of the 55 women (78.5%) who responded to the questionnaire before and after TVT, 42 (76.3%) reported satisfaction with the outcome. Postoperatively, 60% of patients reported voiding difficulty, 47.2% complained of urgency, and 32.7% of frequency. Regarding sexual function 20% reported impairment after surgery including dyspareunia in 14.5% (none preoperatively vs. eight postoperatively, <0.01) and loss of libido in 5.4%.

Conclusion.  The TVT procedure is an effective treatment for SUI. However, it can lead to postoperative voiding and sexual impairment.
A systematic review of the effects of estrogens for symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder
Authors: Cardozo Linda , Lose Gunnar , McClish Donna , Versi Eboo
Published: September 2004

Objective.  To perform a systematic review of the effects of estrogen therapy on symptoms suggestive of overactive bladder (OAB) in postmenopausal women.

Materials and methods.  This analysis involved a literature review of Medline, Excerpta Medica, and the Science Citation Index and a manual search of popular urology, gynecology, gerontology, and primary care medicine journals from January 1969 to December 1999. Articles had to include estrogen and placebo treatment groups, published or original data presented at a scientific meeting and report symptoms suggestive of OAB. This search identified 11 randomized trials and included a total of 430 subjects. Thirty‐six subjects who participated in two crossover studies received both estrogen and placebo and thus are counted twice, therefore 236 received estrogen therapy and 230 were placebo controls. Estrogen was administered systemically or locally as estriol, estradiol, conjugated estrogen, or estradiol and estriol. A meta‐analysis of these studies was performed for all estrogen therapies and then separately for systemic and local therapies.

Results.  Overall, estrogen therapies were associated with statistically significant improvements in all outcome variables: diurnal frequency (P = 0.0011), nocturnal frequency (P = 0.0371), urgency (P = 0.0425), number of incontinence episodes (P = 0.0002), first sensation to void (P = 0.0001), and bladder capacity (P = 0.0018). Local therapies had statistically significant beneficial effects on all outcome variables. However, systemic therapies were only associated with significant improvements in incontinence episodes and first sensation to void while nocturnal frequency actually worsened.

Conclusion.  Estrogen therapy may be effective in alleviating the symptoms suggestive of OAB. Local administration may be the most beneficial route of administration.
Cities of God? Medieval urban forms and their Christian symbolism
Authors: Lilley Keith D
Published: September 2004

Situated in the context of recent geographical engagements with ‘landscape’, this paper combines ‘morphological’ and ‘iconographic’ landscape interpretations to examine how urban forms were perceived in late medieval Europe. To date, morphological studies have mapped the medieval city either by classifying urban layouts according to particular types, or by analysing plan forms of particular towns and cities to reveal their spatial evolution. This paper outlines a third way, an ‘iconographic’ approach, which shows how urban forms in the Middle Ages conveyed Christian symbolism. Three such ‘mappings’ explore this thesis: the first uses textual and visual representations which show that the city was understood as a scaled‐down world – a microcosm – linking city and cosmos in the medieval mind; the second ‘mapping’ develops this theme further and suggests that urban landscapes were inscribed with symbolic form through their layout on the ground; while the third looks at how Christian symbolism of urban forms was performed through the urban landscape in perennial religious processions. Each of these ‘mappings’ points to the symbolic, mystical significance urban form had in the Middle Ages, based on religious faith, and they thus offer a deepened appreciation of how urban landscapes were represented, constructed and experienced at the time.
Adjustment or renewal in regional clusters? A study of diversification amongst SMEs in the Aberdeen oil complex
Authors: Chapman Keith , MacKinnon Danny , Cumbers Andrew
Published: September 2004

A renewed interest in the spatial clustering or agglomeration of economic activity is evident within economic geography and related fields. This paper considers processes of change within ‘mature’ regional clusters, developing a conceptual framework which links firm‐level strategies to development scenarios at the cluster level through a set of intervening mechanisms. Whange, enabling the cluster to sustain its prosperity, and adjustment which is associated with stagnation and gradual decline. This conceptual framework is applied to an analysis of one key mechanism of change, diversification, as pursued by small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the Aberdeen oil cluster. Our analysis indicates that some diversification is occurring, with the implications for the cluster lying midway between adjustment and renewal. In conclusion, we emphasize the need to assess and ‘unpack’ the clusters concept and suggest that research should focus on the relationships between proximity, learning and evolution.
Locating processes of identification: studying the precipitates of re‐memory through artefacts in the British Asian home
Authors: Tolia‐Kelly Divya
Published: September 2004

Memory has been figured as an important process of placing and locating people and communities, both geographically and socially. Memory has also been significant in research on people who are not part of a formal record of history. This memory work includes a focus on black identity, especially in the work of Toni Morrison and Paul Gilroy. This paper seeks to examine the relevance of memory and re‐memory for the social geographies of the South Asian population in Britain. In the first section I examine visual and material cultures as mechanisms for memory, especially their role in figuring diasporic positioning, and identity politics. These memories are in the form of testimonies and biographical narratives. In the paper I have argued for the relevance and value of re‐memory in understanding the narratives of British Asian heritage in the everyday domestic environment. Re‐memory is an alternative social narrative to memory as it is a form of memory that is not an individual linear, biographical narrative. Re‐memory is a conceptualization of encounters with memories, stimulated through scents, sounds and textures in the everyday. ‘Home possessions’ constitute precipitates of re‐memories and narrated histories. These are souvenirs from the traversed landscapes of the journey, signifiers of ‘other’ narrations of the past not directly experienced but which incorporate narrations of other's oral histories or social histories that are part of the diasporic community's re‐memories. Collectively, visual and material cultures are identified as precipitates of these re‐memories in the form of historical artefacts of heritage and tradition.
Territoriality, social justice and gendered revolutions in the speeches of Malcolm X
Authors: Tyner James A
Published: September 2004

Geographers have, in recent years, attempted to develop an anti‐racist research and teaching agenda. Critical to this endeavour has been an engagement directly with the theories and philosophies of key activists and scholars, such as W. E. B. DuBois and Richard Wright. Contributing to this effort, I provide a study of Malcolm X. As an activist and outspoken member of the African American Civil Rights Movement during the 1950s and 1960s, Malcolm X re‐articulated Black radical thought in significant ways. In particular, Malcolm X placed a territorial dimension at the heart of the Civil Rights Movement and in so doing re‐conceptualized the theoretical and practical linkages between the African American movement and other ‘Third World’ movements. The immediate purpose of this paper therefore is to delineate the territorial dimensions of the revolutionary thought of Malcolm X. Heuristically, this paper is situated within four broad areas of inquiry: revolutions and social movements; the thinking of space; anti‐racist geographies; and the imbrication of gender and revolutionary thought. More broadly, however, this paper reiterates the call for a more sustained engagement by geographers on the theories and philosophies of Black radical intellectuals.
Rivers of dreams: on the gulf between theoretical and practical aspects of an upland river restoration
Authors: McDonald Adrian , Lane Stuart N , Haycock Nick E , Chalk E A
Published: September 2004

This paper is concerned with development and application of a conceptual model of the river restoration process and, through a specific case study, a demonstration of the challenges that arise when combining ecological and geomorphological principles with social and economic issues. Thus, it demonstrates the difference between the ideal goals of river restoration and the practical determinants of the nature of a river restoration that derive from individual and community goals. It begins by exploring theoretically what a river restoration project might involve. It then introduces the options developed for restoration of a particular case study river and the associated decisionmaking process. As a result of strong community involvement, institutional and financial regulations, the location of the restoration site in a National Park, and the influence of governmental and non‐governmental organizations, the actual decisionmaking process resulted in a practical river restoration that departed significantly from the idealized goals of a restoration defined in purely scientific terms. It is argued that these practical limitations are likely to remain the dominant influence upon the nature and scope of river restoration projects.
Complexity science and human geography
Authors: O'Sullivan David
Published: September 2004

Complexity science has attracted considerable attention in a number of disciplines. However, this perspective on scientific understanding remains ill defined. In this paper, ideas and approaches from complexity science are reviewed. It appears that complexity science fundamentally is driven by ontological decisions on the part of the investigator. This is a result of the epistemological approach fundamental to complexity as it is currently studied, which is based on the construction of computer simulation models of reality. This methodology requires that researchers decide what exists and is important enough to represent in a simulation, and also what to leave out. Although this points to serious difficulties with complexity science, it is argued that the approach nevertheless has much to offer human geography. Drawing on complexity science, renewed engagements between physical and human geography, and between both and geographical information science seem possible, based on clearly shared concerns with the representation of geographical phenomena. In conclusion, it is suggested that seeing models as a source of geographical narratives may be a useful way to promote constructive engagement between different perspectives in the discipline.
Consuming narratives: the political ecology of ‘alternative’ consumption
Authors: Bryant Raymond L , Goodman Michael K
Published: September 2004

This paper examines how political ecology themes of tropical conservation and social justice become representational practices underpinning ‘alternative’ consumption in the North. The notion of commodity culture is adopted to understand the ambiguous rationalities and ethical assumptions of two sets of consumption practices. The first case considers Edenic myth‐making used to assimilate concerns over tropical deforestation in the South to consumption‐intensive if conservation‐minded lifestyles in the North. The second case looks at fair trade and how concern about social injustice and unfair labour practices in the South is harnessed to solidarity‐seeking consumption constitutive of ‘radical’ lifestyles. The paper suggests these contrasting commodity cultures broadly conform to divergent positions in red–green debates. It argues that both are weakened as a form of social and political ‘caring at a distance’ due to an uncritical acceptance of consumption as the primary basis of action.
Knowledge, uncertainty and physical geography: towards the development of methodologies for questioning belief
Authors: Brown James D
Published: September 2004

Although it is widely acknowledged that our understanding of environmental systems cannot be reduced to single predictions and unique explanations, determinism remains a common strategy in physical geography. This paper argues for explicit assessments of uncertainty in environmental data and models as a necessary, although not a sufficient, condition for balancing uncertain scientific arguments against uncertain social, ethical, moral and legal arguments in managing environmental systems. In particular, this paper aims to: (1) demonstrate the importance of assessing uncertainty within a realist research framework; (2) consider the nature of scientific uncertainty as the basis for developing methodologies that question belief; and (3) explore some important aspects of a methodology for evaluating uncertainties in environmental research.