bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure to Household Air Pollution from Biomass Cookstoves and Levels of Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) among Honduran Women
Authors: Benka-Coker Megan L. , Clark Maggie L. , Rajkumar Sarah , Young Bonnie N. , Bachand Annette M. , Balmes John R. , Brook Robert , Nelson Tracy L. , Volckens John , Reynolds Steve J. , Wilson Ander , L’Orange Christian , Good Nicholas , Quinn Casey , Koehler Kirsten , Africano Sebastian , Osorto Pinel Anibal , Peel Jennifer L.
Published: November 2018

Household air pollution is estimated to be responsible for nearly three million premature deaths annually. Measuring fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) may improve the limited understanding of the association of household air pollution and airway inflammation. We evaluated the cross-sectional association of FeNO with exposure to household air pollution (24-h average kitchen and personal fine particulate matter and black carbon; stove type) among 139 women in rural Honduras using traditional stoves or cleaner-burning Justa stoves. We additionally evaluated interaction by age. Results were generally consistent with a null association; we did not observe a consistent pattern for interaction by age. Evidence from ambient and household air pollution regarding FeNO is inconsistent, and may be attributable to differing study populations, exposures, and FeNO measurement procedures (e.g., the flow rate used to measure FeNO).
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Zika among a University Community Located in an Endemic Zone in Mexico
Authors: Argüelles-Nava Vianey G. , Alvarez-Bañuelos María T. , Córdoba-Suárez Daniel , Sampieri Clara L. , Ortiz-León María C. , Riande-Juárez Gabriel , Montero Hilda
Published: November 2018

To assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices about the Zika virus in both students and workers at the University of Veracruz, an online survey was conducted. The participants were divided into two groups: one according to sex, the other according to whether they were workers or students. Their answers were classified into knowledge, attitudes, and practices and they were rated as low, medium, and high. The results showed that knowledge about Zika prevailing among the university population is considered as medium in 79.4% of the study population. Most respondents know that the mosquito spreads the Zika virus (98.8%) and the clinical characteristics, while sexual transmission by the virus is little known (36.85%). Both the univariate analysis (OR (CI5) 0.227 (0.070–0.735), p = 0.013] and multivariate analysis (OR (CI95) 0.234 (0.071–778), p = 0.018] showed that belonging to the health sciences area is related to having a greater knowledge about Zika. Despite the existing knowledge, a low level of prevention practices prevails in the whole community (55%). A medium level of knowledge about Zika prevailed, while proper implementation of preventive measures for Zika is low, despite the fact that the state of Veracruz—the place where the University is located—is an endemic area.
RETRACTED: Yang et al. miR-126 Functions as a Tumor Suppressor in Osteosarcoma by Targeting Sox2. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2014, 15, 423–437
Authors: Yang Chenglin , Hou Chunying , Zhang Hepeng , Wang Dewei , Ma Yan , Zhang Yunqi , Xu Xiaoyan , Bi Zhenggang , Geng Shuo ,   International Journal of Molecular Sciences Editorial Office
Published: November 2018

Experimental results from [...]
Triadic Structures in Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Burgin Mark
Published: November 2018

Communication, which is information exchange between systems, is one of the basic information processes. To better understand communication and develop more efficient communication tools, it is important to have adequate and concise, static and dynamic, structured models of communication. The principal goal of this paper is explication of the communication structures, formation of their adequate mathematical models and description of their dynamic interaction. Exploring communication in the context of structures and structural dynamics, we utilize the most fundamental structure in mathematics, nature and cognition, which is called a named set or a fundamental triad because this structure has been useful in a variety of areas including networks and networking, physics, information theory, mathematics, logic, database theory and practice, artificial intelligence, mathematical linguistics, epistemology and methodology of science, to mention but a few. In this paper, we apply the theory of named sets (fundamental triads) for description and analysis of interpersonal communication. As a result, we explicate and describe of various structural regularities of communication, many of which are triadic by their nature allowing more advanced and efficient organization of interpersonal communication.
Risk Stratification of Sudden Cardiac Death in Patients with Heart Failure: An update
Authors: Masarone Daniele , Limongelli Giuseppe , Ammendola Ernesto , Verrengia Marina , Gravino Rita , Pacileo Giuseppe
Published: November 2018

Heart failure (HF) is a complex clinical syndrome in which structural/functional myocardial abnormalities result in symptoms and signs of hypoperfusion and/or pulmonary or systemic congestion at rest or during exercise. More than 80% of deaths in patients with HF recognize a cardiovascular cause, with most being either sudden cardiac death (SCD) or death caused by progressive pump failure. Risk stratification of SCD in patients with HF and preserved (HFpEF) or reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) represents a clinical challenge. This review will give an update of current strategies for SCD risk stratification in both HFrEF and HFpEF.
Algorithms for 3D Particles Characterization Using X-Ray Microtomography in Proppant Crush Test
Authors: Safonov Ilia , Yakimchuk Ivan , Abashkin Vladimir
Published: November 2018

We present image processing algorithms for a new technique of ceramic proppant crush resistance characterization. To obtain the images of the proppant material before and after the test we used X-ray microtomography. We propose a watershed-based unsupervised algorithm for segmentation of proppant particles, as well as a set of parameters for the characterization of 3D particle size, shape, and porosity. An effective approach based on central geometric moments is described. The approach is used for calculation of particles’ form factor, compactness, equivalent ellipsoid axes lengths, and lengths of projections to these axes. Obtained grain size distribution and crush resistance fit the results of conventional test measured by sieves. However, our technique has a remarkable advantage over traditional laboratory method since it allows to trace the destruction at the level of individual particles and their fragments; it grants to analyze morphological features of fines. We also provide an example describing how the approach can be used for verification of statistical hypotheses about the correlation between particles’ parameters and their crushing under load.
Experimental Study of Rubberized Concrete Stress-Strain Behavior for Improving Constitutive Models
Authors: Strukar Kristina , Kalman Šipoš Tanja , Dokšanović Tihomir , Rodrigues Hugo
Published: November 2018

Inclusion of rubber into concrete changes its behavior and the established shape of its stress-strain curve. Existing constitutive stress-strain models for concrete are not valid in case of rubberized concrete, and currently available modified models require additional validation on a larger database of experimental results, with a wider set of influential parameters. By executing uniaxial compressive tests on concrete with rubber substituting 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% of aggregate, it was possible to study and evaluate the influence of rubber content on its mechanical behavior. The stress-strain curve was investigated in its entirety, including compressive strength, elastic modulus, strains at significant levels of stress, and failure patterns. Experimental results indicated that increase of rubber content linearly decreases compressive strength and elastic modulus, but increases ductility. By comparing experimental stress-strain curves with those plotted using available constitutive stress-strain models it was concluded that they are inadequate for rubberized concrete with high rubber content. Based on determined deviations an improvement of an existing model was proposed, which provides better agreement with experimental curves. Obtained research results enabled important insights into correlations between rubber content and changes of the stress-strain curve required when utilizing nonlinear material properties.
Synthesis of Ge1−xSnx Alloy Thin Films by Rapid Thermal Annealing of Sputtered Ge/Sn/Ge Layers on Si Substrates
Authors: Mahmodi Hadi , Hashim Md Roslan , Soga Tetsuo , Alrokayan Salman , Khan Haseeb A. , Rusop Mohamad
Published: November 2018

In this work, nanocrystalline Ge1−xSnx alloy formation from a rapid thermal annealed Ge/Sn/Ge multilayer has been presented. The multilayer was magnetron sputtered onto the Silicon substrate. This was followed by annealing the layers by rapid thermal annealing, at temperatures of 300 °C, 350 °C, 400 °C, and 450 °C, for 10 s. Then, the effect of thermal annealing on the morphological, structural, and optical characteristics of the synthesized Ge1−xSnx alloys were investigated. The nanocrystalline Ge1−xSnx formation was revealed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) measurements, which showed the orientation of (111). Raman results showed that phonon intensities of the Ge-Ge vibrations were improved with an increase in the annealing temperature. The results evidently showed that raising the annealing temperature led to improvements in the crystalline quality of the layers. It was demonstrated that Ge-Sn solid-phase mixing had occurred at a low temperature of 400 °C, which led to the creation of a Ge1−xSnx alloy. In addition, spectral photo-responsivity of a fabricated Ge1−xSnx metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetector exhibited its extending wavelength into the near-infrared region (820 nm).
Simultaneous Second-Harmonic, Sum-Frequency Generation and Stimulated Raman Scattering in MgO:PPLN
Authors: Choge Dismas K. , Chen Huaixi , Guo Lei , Li Guangwei , Liang Wanguo
Published: November 2018

In this study, simultaneous second-harmonic generation (SHG), sum frequency generation (SFG), and Raman conversion based on MgO-doped periodically poled lithium niobate (MgO:PPLN) for multi-wavelength generation is demonstrated. The approach used is based on a single MgO:PPLN crystal poled with a uniform period of 10.2 µm that phase matches SHG and SFG, simultaneously. Using a simplified double-pass geometry, up to 0.8 W of blue light at 487 nm is achieved by a frequency-doubling 974 nm laser diode pump, and 0.5 W of orange light at 598 nm is generated by frequency mixing 974 nm pump with C-band (1527–1565 nm) tunable laser source. At high pump powers of the 974 nm laser source, other unexpected peaks at 437, 536, 756, 815 and 1038 nm were observed, of which the 1038 nm line is due to Stimulated Raman Scattering within the MgO:PPLN crystal. The resulting multi-wavelength light source may find a wide range of applications in biomedicine and basic research.
Chaotic Manifold Analysis of Four-Screw Extruders Based on Lagrangian Coherent Structures
Authors: Zhu Xiang Zhe , Tong Ying , Hu Yue Xin
Published: November 2018

The four-screw extruder (FSE) is a novel equipment for polymer processing. In this paper, from a new viewpoint of Lagrangian coherent structures (LCS), two-dimensional fluid transport and chaotic mixing characteristics within three kinds of novel industrial FSEs are explored based on LCS to better understand the flow and mixing natures in the FSEs. Firstly, based on the finite-time invariant manifold theory, the finite-time Lyapunov exponent (FTLE) and LCS of FSEs are calculated by considering the different initial time. Hyperbolic LCSs from the FTLE maps are adopted to identify chaotic mixing manifolds in FSEs. Moreover, particle tracking and Poincaré sections are used to illustrate the different fluid motions in the above three isolated regions. Finally, the effects of relative rotating directions and layout of four screws on the chaotic manifolds in FESs are discussed in order to enhance local mixing performance. Furthermore, quantitative mixing measures, such as the segregation scale, logarithmic of stretching, and mean-time mixing efficiency are employed to compare the mixing efficiencies in three kinds of FSEs. The results show that the relative rotating directions and positions of four screws can change the chaotic manifolds and increase mixing performance in local poor mixing regions. FTLE and LCS analysis are helpful to better understand the chaotic mixing nature in the novel screw extruders.
Evolution of Dislocation Loops Induced by Different Hydrogen Irradiation Conditions in Reduced-Activation Martensitic Steel
Authors: Zhang Weiping , Guo Liping , Shen Zhenyu , Xin Jingping , Huang Qunying , Wei Yaxia , Long Yunxiang , Zhou Xiong , Chen Cheng
Published: November 2018

Hydrogen can be induced in various ways into reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels when they are used as structural materials for advanced nuclear systems. However, because of the fast diffusion of hydrogen in metals, the effect of hydrogen on the evolution of irradiation-induced defects was almost neglected. In the present work, the effect of hydrogen on the evolution of dislocation loops was investigated using a transmission electron microscope. Specimens of reduced-activation ferritic/martensitic (RAFM) steels were irradiated with hydrogen ions to 5 × 1020 H+ • m−2 at 523–823 K, and to 1 × 1020 H+ • m−2 − 5 × 1020 H+ • m−2 at 723 K. The experimental results reveal that there is an optimum temperature for dislocation loop growth, which is ~723 K, and it is greater than the reported values for neutron irradiations. Surprisingly, the sizes of the loops produced by hydrogen ions, namely, 93 nm and 286 nm for the mean and maximum value, respectively, at the peak dose of 0.16 dpa under 723 K, are much larger than that produced by neutrons and heavy ions at the same damage level and temperature. The results indicate that hydrogen could enhance the growth of loops. Moreover, 47.3% 1 2   a0 <111> and 52.7% a0 <100> loops were observed at 523 K, but 1 2   a0 <111> loops disappeared and only a0 <100> loops existed above 623 K. Compared with the neutron and ion irradiations, the presence of hydrogen promoted the formation of a0 <100> loops.
Magnetic Characterization in the Rayleigh Region of Nanocrystalline Magnetic Cores
Authors: Osinalde Mikel , Infante Pablo , Domínguez Lurdes , Blanco Juan Mari , Chizhik Alexander , Zhukova Valentina , Zhukov Arcady , González Julian
Published: November 2018

We report on the structural and magnetic characterization of two nanocrystalline Finemet-type magnetic cores. The nanocrystalline structure developed after annealing the amorphous precursor alloy at 550 °C for 30 and 60 min of annealing time. Structural analysis carried out by means of X-ray diffraction providing useful information on the grain size mean and partial volume of the nanocrystalline phase. The magnetic characterization was focused mainly in the Rayleigh region which, influenced by the intergranular coupling, was found to be more efficient in the sample treated for a longer time with a finer nanocrystalline structure.
Rapid Simultaneous Determination of Paraquat and Creatinine in Human Serum Using a Piece of Paper
Authors: Chang Tsui-Hsuan , Tung Kuo-Hao , Gu Po-Wen , Yen Tzung-Hai , Cheng Chao-Min
Published: November 2018

Paraquat intoxication is characterized by acute kidney injury and multi-organ failure, causing substantial mortality and morbidity. This study aims to develop a 2-in-1 paper-based analytical device to detect the concentrations of paraquat and creatinine in human serum, which can help clinicians diagnose patients with paraquat poisoning in a more rapid and geographically unrestricted manner. The procedure involves fabrication of a paper-based analytical device, i.e., printing of design on a filter paper, heating of wax-printed micro zone plates so as molten wax diffusing into and completely through the paper to the other side, forming hydrophobic boundaries that could act as detection zones for the paraquat colorimetric assay, and finally analysis using ImageJ software. The paper employed a colorimetric sodium dithionite assay to indicate the paraquat level in a buffer or human serum system in less than 10 min. In this study, colorimetric changes into blue color could be observed by the naked eye. By curve fitting models of sodium dithionite in normal human serum, we evaluated the serum paraquat levels for five paraquat patients. In the sodium dithionate assay, the measured serum paraquat concentrations in patients 1–5 were 22.59, 5.99, 26.52, 35.19 and 25.00 ppm, respectively. On the other hand, by curve fitting models of the creatinine assay in normal human serum, the measured serum creatinine concentrations were 16.10, 12.92, 13.82, 13.58 and 12.20 ppm, respectively. We found that the analytical performance of this device can compete with the standard of Clinical Laboratory of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, with a less complicated sample preparation process and more rapid results. In conclusion, this 2-in-1 paper-based analytical device has the advantage of being simple and cheap, enabling rapid detection of paraquat intoxication as well as assessment of renal prognosis.
Self-Lubricanting Slippery Surface with Wettability Gradients for Anti-Sticking of Electrosurgical Scalpel
Authors: Liu Guang , Zhang Pengfei , Liu Yang , Zhang Deyuan , Chen Huawei
Published: November 2018

Soft tissue sticking on electrosurgical scalpels in minimally invasive surgery can increase the difficulty of operation and easily lead to medical malpractice. It is significant to develop new methods for anti-sticking of soft tissue on electrosurgical scalpels. Based on the characteristics of biomimetic ultra-slippery surface, a self-lubricating slippery surface with wettability gradients on electrosurgical scalpel was designed and fabricated. Non-uniformly distributed cylindrical micro pillars, which constitute the wettability gradients, were prepared by an electrolytic etching process and the theoretic of the spontaneous liquid spreading process was analyzed. The silicophilic property of wettability gradients surface was modified by octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) self-assembling coat with biocompatible liquid lubricant dimethyl silicone oil. The contact angle of gradient’s surface at different temperatures was measured. The transportation behaviors of both water and dimethyl silicone oil on the wettability gradient’s surface were investigated; the results illustrate that the wettability gradient’s slippery surface can successfully self-lubricate from regions with low pillar density to regions with high pillar density, ascribed to the unbalanced Young’s force. The anti-sticking capability of the electrosurgical scalpel with self-lubricating slippery surface was tested. Both the adhesion force and adhesion mass under different cycles were calculated. The results suggest that the as-prepared slippery surface has excellent anti-sticking ability associated with better durability.
Cell Density Detector Based on Light Beam Focusing
Authors: Jian Aoqun , Li Huiming , Zhang Yixia , Duan Qianqian , Zhang Qianwu , Sang Shengbo
Published: November 2018

Although the lab-on-a-chip system has been successfully applied in a wide variety of fields, the goal of achieving a cell counter with simple operation, low cost, and high accuracy still attracts continuous research efforts. In this paper, the authors explore a cell counter based on light beam focusing to measure the density of adherent cells. In this sensor, the light emitted from the optical fibers is collimated by the collimating lens formed in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The uniformly attached adherent cells act as a convex lens, focusing the collimated light propagated through them. The intensity of the focused light indicates the density of the adherent cells. For Hela cells, a detection limit of 8.3 × 104 cells/mL with a detection range from 0.1 × 106 cells/mL to 1.0 × 106 cells/mL is achieved. This sensor is particularly useful for drug screening, cell pathology analysis, and cancer pre-diagnosis.
Diabetes in Pregnancy and MicroRNAs: Promises and Limitations in Their Clinical Application
Authors: Ibarra Adriana , Vega-Guedes Begoña , Brito-Casillas Yeray , Wägner Ana M.
Published: November 2018

Maternal diabetes is associated with an increased risk of complications for the mother and her offspring. The latter have an increased risk of foetal macrosomia, hypoglycaemia, respiratory distress syndrome, preterm delivery, malformations and mortality but also of life-long development of obesity and diabetes. Epigenetics have been proposed as an explanation for this long-term risk, and microRNAs (miRNAs) may play a role, both in short- and long-term outcomes. Gestation is associated with increasing maternal insulin resistance, as well as β-cell expansion, to account for the increased insulin needs and studies performed in pregnant rats support a role of miRNAs in this expansion. Furthermore, several miRNAs are involved in pancreatic embryonic development. On the other hand, maternal diabetes is associated with changes in miRNA both in maternal and in foetal tissues. This review aims to summarise the existing knowledge on miRNAs in gestational and pre-gestational diabetes, both as diagnostic biomarkers and as mechanistic players, in the development of gestational diabetes itself and also of short- and long-term complications for the mother and her offspring.
Putative Receptors Underpinning l-Lactate Signalling in Locus Coeruleus
Authors: Mosienko Valentina , Rasooli-Nejad Seyed , Kishi Kasumi , De Both Matt , Jane David , Huentelman Matt J. , Kasparov Sergey , Teschemacher Anja G.
Published: November 2018

The importance of astrocytic l-lactate (LL) for normal functioning of neural circuits such as those regulating learning/memory, sleep/wake state, autonomic homeostasis, or emotional behaviour is being increasingly recognised. l-Lactate can act on neurones as a metabolic or redox substrate, but transmembrane receptor targets are also emerging. A comparative review of the hydroxy-carboxylic acid receptor (HCA1, formerly known as GPR81), Olfactory Receptor Family 51 Subfamily E Member 2 (OR51E2), and orphan receptor GPR4 highlights differences in their LL sensitivity, pharmacology, intracellular coupling, and localisation in the brain. In addition, a putative Gs-coupled receptor on noradrenergic neurones, LLRx, which we previously postulated, remains to be identified. Next-generation sequencing revealed several orphan receptors expressed in locus coeruleus neurones. Screening of a selection of these suggests additional LL-sensitive receptors: GPR180 which inhibits and GPR137 which activates intracellular cyclic AMP signalling in response to LL in a heterologous expression system. To further characterise binding of LL at LLRx, we carried out a structure–activity relationship study which demonstrates that carboxyl and 2-hydroxyl moieties of LL are essential for triggering d-lactate-sensitive noradrenaline release in locus coeruleus, and that the size of the LL binding pocket is limited towards the methyl group position. The evidence accumulating to date suggests that LL acts via multiple receptor targets to modulate distinct brain functions.
Chokeberry Extract and Its Active Polyphenols Suppress Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes and Modulates Fat Accumulation and Insulin Resistance in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Kim Na-Hyun , Jegal Jonghwan , Kim Yun Na , Heo Jeong-Doo , Rho Jung-Rae , Yang Min Hye , Jeong Eun Ju
Published: November 2018

Berries of Aronia melanocarpa (chokeberry) are known to be a rich source of biologically active polyphenols. In the present study, the effects of seven anti-adipogenic polyphenolic phytochemicals isolated from A. melanocarpa methanol extract on adipogenic transcription factors were investigated. Amygdalin and prunasin were found to inhibit 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation by suppressing the expressions of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ), C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α), SREBP1c (sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c), FAS (fatty acid synthase), and aP2 (adipocyte fatty-acid–binding protein). A. melanocarpa extract-treated (100 or 200 mg/kg/day on body weight) high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice showed significant decreases in body weight, serum triglyceride (TG), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels and improved insulin sensitivity as compared with HFD controls. This research shows A. melanocarpa extract is potentially beneficial for the suppression of HFD-induced obesity.
Association of Muscular Fitness and Body Fatness with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: The FUPRECOL Study
Authors: Correa-Rodríguez María , Ramírez-Vélez Robinson , Correa-Bautista Jorge Enrique , Castellanos-Vega Rocío del Pilar , Arias-Coronel Florencio , González-Ruíz Katherine , Alejandro Carrillo Hugo , Schmidt-RioValle Jacqueline , González-Jiménez Emilio
Published: November 2018

This study investigated the associations of muscular fitness and various indicators of body fatness with cardio-metabolic risk factors and determined the muscular strength and body fatness thresholds for detecting a high risk of cardio-metabolic dysfunction in young adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1798 collegiate students (61.5% females, mean age 20.5 years). Muscular fitness was determined by using a handgrip strength test and normalized grip strength (NGS = handgrip (kg)/body mass (kg)). Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), percentage of fat mass (BF%), fat-mass index (FMI), and waist-to-height ratio (WHR) were also included as body fatness measurements. A high cardio-metabolic risk cluster was derived by assessing triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, and blood pressure. Logistic regression models showed that men and women with lower NGS had an increased cardio-metabolic risk odds ratio (OR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 2.9, p = 0.006, and OR = 1.6, 95% CI 1.0 to 2.5, p = 0.036, respectively). In both sexes, higher levels of all fatness parameters were also associated with increased cardio-metabolic risk (p < 0.001). In both men and women, high FMI had the highest OR for clustered risk (OR = 4.7, 95% CI 2.6 to 8.4, and OR = 7.3, 95% CI 3.4 to 9.7, p < 0.001, respectively). Combined analysis showed that unfitness (lower NGS) and high fat had the highest OR for WC and FMI in men and women, respectively (OR = 5.5, 95% CI 2.6 to 11.4, OR = 7.7, 95% CI 2.3 to 15.8, p < 0.01). Muscular strength and body fatness are independently and jointly associated with increased cardiometabolic risk in young adults, which suggests that both are predictor variables for this.
An Investigation of the Clinical Utility of the Proposed ICD-11 and DSM-5 Diagnostic Schemes for Eating Disorders Characterized by Recurrent Binge Eating in People with a High BMI
Authors: Amorim Palavras Marly , Hay Phillipa , Claudino Angélica
Published: November 2018

The aims of this paper were to compare (1) the proportion of participants diagnosed with threshold or subthreshold Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and Binge Eating Disorder (BED) (clinical utility), and (2) the severity of participants’ clinical features and mental Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) (convergent validity), when diagnosed according to either the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—5th edition (DSM-5) or the proposed International Classification of Diseases 11th edition (ICD-11) schemes. One hundred and seven adult men and women, with a high Body Mass Index (BMI) were evaluated by interview to confirm their eating disorder diagnoses. All participants completed self-report assessments of current symptoms and mental HRQoL. The majority of participants in either diagnostic scheme were included in the main categories of BN or BED (102/107, 95% in the ICD-11 and 85/107, 79% in the DSM-5). Fewer individuals received a subthreshold other or unspecified diagnosis with the ICD-11 compared to the DSM-5 scheme (5% vs. 21%). No significant differences in demographic, clinical features or mental HRQoL of participants with complete or partial BN or BED were found between diagnostic categories. Compared to the DSM-5, the proposed ICD-11 was not over inclusive, i.e., it did not appear to include people with less severe and potentially less clinically relevant symptoms. These results support the greater clinical utility of the ICD-11 whilst both schemes showed convergent validity.
Sulforaphane from Cruciferous Vegetables: Recent Advances to Improve Glioblastoma Treatment
Authors: Sita Giulia , Hrelia Patrizia , Graziosi Agnese , Morroni Fabiana
Published: November 2018

Sulforaphane (SFN), an isothiocyanate (ITC) derived from cruciferous vegetables, particularly broccoli and broccoli sprouts, has been widely investigated due to its promising health-promoting properties in disease, and low toxicity in normal tissue. Although not yet fully understood, many mechanisms of anticancer activity at each step of cancer development have been attributed to this ITC. Given the promising data available regarding SFN, this review aimed to provide an overview on the potential activities of SFN related to the cellular mechanisms involved in glioblastoma (GBM) progression. GBM is the most frequent malignant brain tumor among adults and is currently an incurable disease due mostly to its highly invasive phenotype, and the poor efficacy of the available therapies. Despite all efforts, the median overall survival of GBM patients remains approximately 1.5 years under therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to provide support for translating the progress in understanding the molecular background of GBM into more complex, but promising therapeutic strategies, in which SFN may find a leading role.
Cross-Sectional Analysis of Overall Dietary Intake and Mediterranean Dietary Pattern in Patients with Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Taylor Lorian , Almutairdi Abdulelah , Shommu Nusrat , Fedorak Richard , Ghosh Subrata , Reimer Raylene A. , Panaccione Remo , Raman Maitreyi
Published: November 2018

The primary objective of this study was to explore the macro- and micro-nutrient intakes and dietary patterns of patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Secondary objectives were to (a) compare the micronutrient intakes of CD patients with a representative sample of individuals, (b) describe the macro- and micronutrient intakes of male and female CD patients, and (c) describe Mediterranean diet scores (P-MDS) of male and female CD patients in remission that were recruited from an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinic in Calgary, AB. Consecutive patients with ileal and/or colonic CD in endoscopic remission were recruited for participation in this cross-sectional study. Sixty-seven patients were enrolled with a mean age of 45, and a Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 25. Compared with the representative sample, patients with CD had similar energy, protein, carbohydrate, and total fat intake. However, polyunsaturated fats (PUFA), omega-6 and 3, and monounsaturated fats (MUFA) were lower in CD patients and dietary fiber intake was higher (p < 0.05). Vitamins C, D, thiamin, niacin, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc, and potassium were all significantly lower in all CD patients when compared to the representative sample (p < 0.05). Few patients with CD met the P-MDS criteria and overall scores were low (mean 4.5, Standard Deviation (SD) = 1.1 in males and 4.7, SD = 1.8 in females). The CD patients in this study had suboptimal dietary intakes and patterns and these data may be used to inform future dietary interventions in this population to improve intake.
Cisplatin Loaded Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Induce Resistance in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Badea Madalina Andreea , Prodana Mariana , Dinischiotu Anca , Crihana Carmen , Ionita Daniela , Balas Mihaela
Published: November 2018

In this paper we developed a method for multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) use as carriers for a drug based on platinum in breast cancer therapy. The method of functionalization involves the carboxyl functionalization of nanotubes and encapsulation of cisplatin (CDDP) into MWCNTs. The biological properties of MWCNTs loaded with CDDP (MWCNT-COOH-CDDP) and of individual components MWCNT-COOH and free CDDP were evaluated on MDA-MB-231 cells. Various concentrations of CDDP (0.316–2.52 µg/mL) and MWCNTs (0.5–4 µg/mL) were applied on cells for 24 and 48 h. Only at high doses of CDDP (1.26 and 2.52 µg/mL) and MWCNT-COOH-CDDP (2 and 4 µg/mL) cell morphological changes were observed. The cellular viability decreased only with approx. 40% after 48 h of exposure to 2.52 µg/mL CDDP and 4 µg/mL MWCNT-COOH-CDDP despite the high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by MWCNTs starting with 24 h. After 48 h, ROS level dropped as a result of the antioxidant defence activation. We also found a significant decrease of caspase-3 and p53 expression after 48 h, accompanied by a down-regulation of NF-κB in cells exposed to MWCNT-COOH-CDDP system which promotes apoptosis escape and thus failing to overcome the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells resistance.
Exploring Structure–Property Relationships in Aromatic Polybenzoxazines Through Molecular Simulation
Authors: Thompson Scott , Stone Corinne A. , Howlin Brendan J. , Hamerton Ian
Published: November 2018

A series of commercial difunctional benzoxazine monomers are characterized using thermal and thermo-mechanical techniques before constructing representative polymer networks using molecular simulation techniques. Good agreement is obtained between replicate analyses and for the kinetic parameters obtained from differential scanning calorimetry data (and determined using the methods of Kissinger and Ozawa). Activation energies range from 85 to 108 kJ/mol (Kissinger) and 89 to 110 kJ/mol (Ozawa) for the uncatalyzed thermal polymerization reactions, which achieve conversions of between 85% and 97%. Glass transition temperatures determined from differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis are comparable, ranging from BA-a (151 °C, crosslink density 3.6 × 10−3 mol cm−3) containing the bisphenol A moiety to BP-a, based on a phenolphthalein bridge (239 to 256 °C, crosslink density 5.5 to 18.4 × 10−3 mol cm−3, depending on formulation). Molecular dynamics simulations of the polybenzoxazines generally agree well with empirical data, indicating that representative networks have been modelled.
Synthesis, Characterization and Cytotoxicity of Novel Thermoresponsive Star Copolymers of N,N′-Dimethylaminoethyl Methacrylate and Hydroxyl-Bearing Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Methacrylate
Authors: Mendrek Barbara , Fus Agnieszka , Klarzyńska Katarzyna , Sieroń Aleksander L. , Smet Mario , Kowalczuk Agnieszka , Dworak Andrzej
Published: November 2018

Novel, nontoxic star copolymers of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and hydroxyl-bearing oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (OEGMA-OH) were synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using hyperbranched poly(arylene oxindole) as the macroinitiator. Stars with molar masses from 100,000 g/mol to 257,000 g/mol and with various amounts of OEGMA-OH in the arms were prepared. As these polymers can find applications, e.g., as carriers of nucleic acids, drugs or antibacterial or antifouling agents, in this work, much attention has been devoted to exploring their solution behavior and their stimuli-responsive properties. The behavior of the stars was studied in aqueous solutions under various pH and temperature conditions, as well as in PBS buffer, in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) and in organic solvents for comparison. The results indicated that increasing the content of hydrophilic OEGMA-OH units in the arms up to 10 mol% increased the cloud point temperature. For the stars with an OEGMA-OH content of 10 mol%, the thermo- and pH-responsivity was switched off. Since cytotoxicity experiments have shown that the obtained stars are less toxic than homopolymer DMAEMA stars, the presented studies confirmed that the prepared polymers are great candidates for the design of various nanosystems for biomedical applications.
Novel Multifunctional Luminescent Electrospun Fluorescent Nanofiber Chemosensor-Filters and Their Versatile Sensing of pH, Temperature, and Metal Ions
Authors: Chen Bo-Yu , Lung Yen-Chen , Kuo Chi-Ching , Liang Fang-Cheng , Tsai Tien-Liang , Jiang Dai-Hua , Satoh Toshifumi , Jeng Ru-Jong
Published: November 2018

Novel multifunctional fluorescent chemosensors composed of electrospun (ES) nanofibers with high sensitivity toward pH, mercury ions (Hg2+), and temperature were prepared from poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide-co-N-methylolacrylamide-co-rhodamine derivative) (poly(NIPAAm-co-NMA-co-RhBN2AM)) by employing an electrospinning process. NIPAAm and NMA moieties provide hydrophilic and thermo-responsive properties (absorption of Hg2+ in aqueous solutions), and chemical cross-linking sites (stabilization of the fibrous structure in aqueous solutions), respectively. The fluorescent probe, RhBN2AM is highly sensitive toward pH and Hg2+. The synthesis of poly(NIPAAm-co-NMA-co-RhBN2AM) with different compositions was carried on via free-radical polymerization. ES nanofibers prepared from sensory copolymers with a 71.1:28.4:0.5 NIPAAm:NMA:RhBN2AM ratio (P3 ES nanofibers) exhibited significant color change from non-fluorescent to red fluorescence while sensing pH (the λPL, max exhibited a 4.8-fold enhancement) or Hg2+ (at a constant Hg2+ concentration (10−3 M), the λPL, max of P3-fibers exhibited 4.7-fold enhancement), and high reversibility of on/off switchable fluorescence emission at least five times when Hg2+ and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were sequentially added. The P3 ES nanofibrous membranes had a higher surface-to-volume ratio to enhance their performance than did the corresponding thin films. In addition, the fluorescence emission of P3 ES nanofibrous membranes exhibited second enhancement above the lower critical solution temperature. Thus, the ES nanofibrous membranes prepared from P3 with on/off switchable capacity and thermo-responsive characteristics can be used as a multifunctional sensory device for specific heavy transition metal (HTM) in aqueous solutions.
In Situ Coherent X-ray Diffraction during Three-Point Bending of a Au Nanowire: Visualization and Quantification
Authors: Davydok Anton , Cornelius Thomas W. , Ren Zhe , Leclere Cedric , Chahine Gilbert , Schülli Tobias , Lauraux Florian , Richter Gunther , Thomas Olivier
Published: November 2018

The three-point bending behavior of a single Au nanowire deformed by an atomic force microscope was monitored by coherent X-ray diffraction using a sub-micrometer sized hard X-ray beam. Three-dimensional reciprocal-space maps were recorded before and after deformation by standard rocking curves and were measured by scanning the energy of the incident X-ray beam during deformation at different loading stages. The mechanical behavior of the nanowire was visualized in reciprocal space and a complex deformation mechanism is described. In addition to the expected bending of the nanowire, torsion was detected. Bending and torsion angles were quantified from the high-resolution diffraction data.
Overview of Applications of Laser-Driven Particle Acceleration (Editors Paul R. Bolton, Katia Parodi, and Jörg Schreiber) by CRC Press (Taylor and Francis Group) ISBN 9781498766418—5 June 2018
Authors: Bolton Paul R. , Parodi Katia , Schreiber Jörg
Published: November 2018

We briefly describe the new book, Applications of Laser-Driven Particle Acceleration, which was published in June of 2018 by CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group. Written by the book editors, this article is appropriately an overview. The rationale for developing a book about applications for laser-driven energetic particle and photon sources is given and the content of its two parts (Parts I and II) is described. Part I addresses the current understanding of physical mechanisms and capabilities for acceleration of electrons and ions, as well as for associated generation of energetic photons and neutrons. Part II brings the focus back to potential applications in which the laser-driven source is distinguished from the more fully developed integrated laser-driven accelerator system. For applications of laser-driven sources and systems, a uniqueness strategy is recommended that particularly emphasizes what conventional (not laser-driven) accelerators cannot do. In the context of overall accelerator advancement, this strategy for the laser case highlights the potential for offering new beam configurations and research options that can uniquely augment accelerator capability in the future.
Characterization and Leachability Behaviour of Geopolymer Cement Synthesised from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Fly Ash and Volcanic Ash Blends
Authors: Tome Sylvain , Etoh Marie-Annie , Etame Jacques , Sanjay Kumar
Published: November 2018

Municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash (MSWI-FA) was used synergistically with volcanic ash (VA) to synthesize Geopolymer cement. The effects of the incorporation of 0%, 30%, and 50% of VA and the alkalinity of activating solution on the structure and properties were studied by using the X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), field emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), and mechanical testing. The encapsulation efficiency of the cements was carried out by using a toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The geopolymerization of MSWI-FA promoted the formation of new minerals such as Thernadite (Na2SO4), Hydrocalumite (Ca4Al2O6(CO3)0.67(SO3)0.33), C-S-H, and Faujasite-Na(Na2Ca)0.075(Al0.3Si0.7)O2(H2O)0.22. The Geopolymer cement synthesized with the addition of 50% of VA at 6M NaOH concentration, which exhibited the most compact microstructure. This was the highest strength with the best encapsulation ability. The microstructure analysis of the MSWI-FA-VA system revealed the coexistence of C-S-H and N-A-S-H phases as the main cementitious binders. The TCLP results of cement vis a vis raw MSWI-FA showed the leaching of metals reduced to a great extent. This was much lower than the permissible limit fixed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) for the toxicity characteristic. Furthermore, an attempt was made to correlate the microstructure with mechanical properties.
Nomenclature for Healthcare Waste in the Healthcare Sector and Its Alignment with the Provisions Made by The World Health Organization’s Manual for Healthcare Waste Management: A Scoping Review
Authors: Hangulu Lydia
Published: November 2018

There is lack of uniform nomenclature for healthcare waste (HCW) globally, which could undermine efforts to develop and implement appropriate policies relating to healthcare waste management (HCWM) in developing countries. This study sought to understand the terminologies used to describe HCW, including their definitions, categories, classification, and how they align with those that are provided by the World Health Organization (WHO)’s global manual for HCWM from healthcare facilities. The study first identified terms from the existing literature; then, it conceptually mapped the literature, and identified gaps and areas of further inquiry. Six electronic databases—EBSCOhost, Open Access, ProQuest, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were used to search for literature. A total of 112 studies were included in the study. Despite having various nomenclature for HCW globally that align with those provided by the WHO manual, the use of varying nomenclature could create confusion among healthcare workers in the quest of managing HCW properly, especially in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Further studies must be conducted to determine how these terminologies are interpreted and implemented in practice by healthcare workers. This will help to understand how their implementation aligns with the recommendations provided by the WHO manual.
Saint Hildegard’s Vegetal Psycho-Physio-Theology
Authors: Marder Michael
Published: November 2018

Besides a series of psycho-physiological correspondences between parts of the soul and physical processes, one finds in Hildegard’s corpus an entire hagiography and a theography mapped onto parts of plants in a sort of spiritual botany. The analogies mixed together with the non-analogical emanations of viriditas are complex, insofar as they involve particular species of plants or plant organs, psychic faculties, and chief actors in the Judeo-Christian theological drama.
National Culture and Corporate Rating Migrations
Authors: Dang Huong Dieu
Published: November 2018

The informal constraints that arise from the national culture in which a firm resides have a pervasive impact on managerial decision making and corporate credit risk, which in turn impacts on corporate ratings and rating changes. In some cultures, firms are naturally predisposed to rating changes in a particular direction (downgrade or upgrade) while, in other cultures, firms are more likely to migrate from the current rating in either direction. This study employs a survival analysis framework to examine the effect of national culture on the probability of rating transitions of 5360 firms across 50 countries over the period 1985–2010. Firms located in long-term oriented cultures are less likely to be downgraded and, in some cases, more likely to be upgraded. Downgrades occur more often in strong uncertainty-avoiding countries and less often in large power distance (hierarchy) and embeddedness countries. There is some evidence that masculinity predisposes firms to more rating transitions. Studying culture helps enrich our understanding of corporate rating migrations, and helps develop predictive models of corporate rating changes across countries.
Sexbots: Customizing Them to Suit Us versus an Ethical Duty to Created Sentient Beings to Minimize Suffering
Authors: Mackenzie Robin
Published: November 2018

Sex robot scholarship typically focuses on customizable simulacra, lacking sentience and self-awareness but able to simulate and stimulate human affection. This paper argues that future humans will want more: sex robots customized to possess sentience and self-awareness [henceforth, sexbots], capable of mutuality in sexual and intimate relationships. Adopting a transdisciplinary critical methodology focused on the legal, ethical and design implications of sexbots, it assesses implications of sexbots’ non-mammalian subjectivity, balancing designed-in autonomy and control, decision-making capacity and consent, sexual preferences and desire, legal and moral status, vulnerability and contrasts between mammalian and non-mammalian moral decision-making. It explores theoretical, ethical, and pragmatic aspects of the tensions involved in creating sentient beings for utilitarian purposes, concluding that sexbots, customized manufactured humanlike entities with the capacity for thought and suffering, have a consequent claim to be considered moral and legal persons, and may become the first conscious robots. Customizing sexbots thus exemplifies many profound ethical, legal and design issues. The contradictions inherent in their inconsistent ethical and legal status as both manufactured things and sentient, self-aware entities who are customized to be our intimate partners augments existing human/animal scholars’ call for a new theoretical framework which supersedes current person/thing dichotomies governing human responsibilities to other sentient beings. The paper concludes that the ethical limits and legal implications of customizable humanlike robots must be addressed urgently, proposing a duty on humans as creators to safeguard the interests and minimize the suffering of created sentient beings before technological advances pre-empt this possibility.