bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Motivations for Voluntary Environmental Management
Authors: Khanna Madhu , Koss Patricia , Jones Cody , Ervin David
Published: September 2010

This article examines the motivations for firms to participate in voluntary environmental programs and to adopt environmental management practices using data gathered from a survey conducted in 2005 of facilities located in Oregon operating in six industrial sectors. It is one of the first studies of voluntary environmental management to include small‐, medium‐, and large‐sized facilities as well as to include both privately and publicly owned facilities. In particular, we examine the effects of both external factors such as regulatory, consumer, and investor pressures, and internal factors such as technical and resource capacity, in influencing voluntary environmental behavior. The intent is to describe potential influences that have implications for designing and implementing private and public policies that foster effective voluntary environmental management by firms. We find that larger facilities are more likely to participate in more voluntary environmental programs, but are likely to adopt more environmental management practices only if environmental issues are of significant concern to them. Presence of an R&D department stimulates the adoption of more environmental management practices, particularly if environmental issues are of significant concern to the facility, but does not have a statistically significant impact on participation in voluntary programs. We also find that while regulatory pressures are significant in motivating participation in voluntary programs and adoption of environmental management practices, competitive pressures are only important in motivating the former. Pressure from final good consumers or from investors in publicly traded facilities is not found to have a significant influence on voluntary environmental behavior of facilities in this study.
Survival with short‐daily hemodialysis: Association of time, site, and dose of dialysis
Authors: KJELLSTRAND Carl , BUONCRISTIANI Umberto , TING George , TRAEGER Jules , PICCOLI Giorgina B. , SIBAI‐GALLAND Roula , YOUNG Bessie A. , BLAGG Christopher R.
Published: September 2010

In thrice‐weekly hemodialysis, survival correlates with the length of time (t) of each dialysis and the dose (Kt/V), and deaths occur most frequently on Mondays and Tuesdays. We studied the influence of t and Kt/V on survival in 262 patients on short‐daily hemodialysis (SDHD) and also noted death rate by weekday. Contingency tables, Kaplan‐Meier analysis, regression analysis, and stepwise Cox proportional hazard analysis were used to study the associations of clinical variables with survival. Patients had been on SDHD for a mean of 2.1 (range 0.1–11) years. Mean dialysis time was 12.9 ± 2.3 h/wk and mean weekly stdKt/V was 2.7 ± 0.5. Fifty‐two of the patients died (20%) and 8‐year survival was 54 ± 5%. In an analysis of 4 groups by weekly dialysis time, 5‐year survival continuously increased from 45 ± 8% in those dialyzing <12 hours to 100% in those dialyzing >15 hours without any apparent threshold. There was no association between Kt/V and survival. In Cox proportional hazard analysis, 4 factors were independently associated with survival: age in years Hazard Ratio (HR)=1.05, weekly dialysis hours HR=0.84, home dialysis HR=0.50, and secondary renal disease HR=2.30. Unlike conventional HD, no pattern of excessive death occurred early in the week during SDHD. With SDHD, longer time and dialysis at home were independently associated with improved survival, while Kt/V was not. Homedialysis and dialysis 15+ h/wk appear to maximize survival in SDHD.
Modulation of the Antigenic Phenotype of Human Melanoma Cells by Differentiation‐inducing and Growth‐suppressing Agents
Authors: Guarini Ludovico , Graham Gray M. , Jiang Hongping , Ferrone Soldano , Zucker Shoshanna , Fisher Paul B.
Published: September 2010

Tumor cells often display alterations in their normal program of cellular differentiation. A promising approach for the treatment of cancer involves the induction of terminal differentiation and a loss of proliferative capacity in cancer cells. In human melanoma cells, the combination of mezerein (MEZ) and fibroblast interferon (IFN‐β), results in a rapid and irreversible suppression of cell growth with a concomitant increase in the synthesis of melanin. The induction of terminal differentiation is associated with alterations in the expression of several cellular genes, including fibronectin, ISG‐15 and ISG‐54, and changes in the expression of specific cell surface antigens, including intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and HLA Class I antigens. In the HO‐1 human melanoma cell line, induction of terminal differentiation by MEZ plus IFN‐β results in an induction and/or increased expression of ICAM‐1. HLA Class I antigens and HLA Class II antigens. IFN‐β and MEZ alone can modulate expression of these antigens to a lower extent than does the combination of compounds. Induction of terminal differentiation and the irreversible suppression of cell growth is not a prerequisite for antigenic modulation in HO‐1 cells. This is indicated by the inability of immune interferon (IFN‐γ), a strong inducer of ICAM‐1, HLA Class I antigens and HLA Class II antigens synthesis, or the combination of IFN‐β plus IFN‐γ which synergistically but reversibly suppresses HO‐1 growth. to induce melanin synthesis or terminal differentiation in HO‐1 cells. The inhibitor of protein kinase C, H‐7, only marginally alters 72 hr growth suppression induced by MEZ or the interferons, used alone or in combination. In several experiments, H‐7 only partially and variably inhibited the enhanced expression of ICAM‐1, HLA Class I antigens and HLA Class II antigens in HO‐1 cells treated with MEZ. IFN‐β or IFN‐γ, used alone or in various combinations. This model system will be useful in defining the biochemical, genomic and antigenic changes associated with the chemical induction of terminal differentiation and the loss of proliferative capacity in human melanoma cells.
Neurogenic dysregulation, oxidative stress, autoimmunity, and melanocytorrhagy in vitiligo: can they be interconnected?
Authors: Namazi M. R.
Published: September 2010

Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain vitiligo, including the neural theory, impaired redux status, autoimmunity, and more recently melanocytorrhagy arising from defective cell‐cell adhesion. It is most likely that the loss of melanocytes in vitiligo arises through a combination of pathogenic mechanisms that act in concert. Here, we discuss the potential interconnection of several mechanisms that are likely to operate. These include the alteration of melanocyte‐specific factors by reactive oxygen species to produce neo‐antigens and the role of hypoxia and oxidative stress in antigen presentation and the auto‐immune destruction of melanocytes.
Raising the Speed Limits for 4D Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Hammond Adam T. , Glick Benjamin S.
Published: September 2010

Three‐dimensional time‐lapse (4D) fluorescence microscopy is becoming a routine experimental tool. This article summarizes current technologies, and describes a new method for speeding image acquisition during 4D confocal microscopy.
Rab3A and Rab3D Control the Total Granule Number and the Fraction of Granules Docked at the Plasma Membrane in PC12 Cells
Authors: Martelli Alberto M. , Baldini Giovanna , Tabellini Giovanna , Koticha Darshan , Bareggi Renato , Baldini Giulia
Published: September 2010

Rab proteins are Ras‐like GTPases that regulate traffic along the secretory or endocytic pathways. Within the Rab family, Rab3 proteins are expressed at high levels in neurons and endocrine cells where they regulate release of dense core granules and synaptic vesicles. Immuno‐electron microscopy shows that Rab3A and Rab3D can coexist on the same granule before and after docking. Using electron microscopy of transfected PC12 cells, we report that expression of wild‐type Rab3A (or Rab3D) increases the total number of granules and the percentage that is docked at the plasma membrane. Mutated Rab3A N135I (or Rab3D N135I) decreases the total granule number and the fraction of granules docked to the plasma membrane. These data show that at least one of the functions of Rab3A and Rab3D proteins is to control the number of granules docked at the plasma membrane.
HIV‐1 Replication in Dendritic Cells Occurs Through a Tetraspanin‐Containing Compartment Enriched in AP‐3
Authors: Garcia Eduardo , Nikolic Damjan S. , Piguet Vincent
Published: September 2010

Dendritic cells (DC) are crucial components of the early events of HIV infection. Dendritic cells capture and internalize HIV at mucosal surfaces and efficiently transfer the virus to CD4+ T cells in trans through infectious synapses (trans‐infection pathway). Alternatively, HIV‐1 replicates in DC (R5‐HIV‐1) (cis‐infection pathway). Here, we analyzed HIV trafficking in DC during the trans‐infection pathway as well as the cis‐infection pathway. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that after capture by DC, R5‐HIV‐1 and HIV‐1 pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus protein G colocalized in a viral compartment enriched in tetraspanins including CD81, CD82 and CD9, although at different levels, indicating a role of the viral envelope in targeting to the tetraspanin‐rich compartment. Replication of R5‐HIV‐1 in DC (cis‐infection pathway) also led to the accumulation, in an envelope‐independent manner, of mature viral particles in a tetraspanin‐rich compartment. A fraction of the HIV‐1‐containing compartments appeared directly accessible from the cell surface. In sharp contrast with the trans‐infection pathway, the δ‐subunit of the adaptor protein 3 (AP‐3) complex was enriched on the HIV‐1‐containing compartment during R5‐HIV‐1 replication in DC (cis‐infection pathway). Downregulation of AP‐3 δ‐adaptin reduced significantly viral particle release from HIV‐1‐infected DC. Together, these studies demonstrate a role for AP‐3 in HIV replication in a tetraspanin‐rich compartment in DC and contribute to the elucidation of the trafficking pathways required for DC–T cell transfer of HIV‐1 infection, a critical step during the early events of HIV infection.
Phosphorylated ITIMs Enable Ubiquitylation of an Inhibitory Cell Surface Receptor
Authors: Walter Roland B. , Häusermann Peter , Raden Brian W. , Teckchandani Anjali M. , Kamikura Darren M. , Bernstein Irwin D. , Cooper Jonathan A.
Published: September 2010

Immune responses are modulated by activating and inhibitory receptors that traffic to and from the cell surface. Ligands that bind to inhibitory receptors induce phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tails, followed by recruitment of inhibitory signaling molecules. Mechanisms that control the surface levels of inhibitory receptors are largely unexplored. Here, we show, using CD33/sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectin (Siglec)‐3 as a paradigm, that ITIMs can bind to the ubiquitin ligase Cbl and that ITIMs are ubiquitylated following Src family kinase‐mediated tyrosine phosphorylation. Ubiquitylation is a known signal for endocytosis. Accordingly, cells expressing CD33 mutants that cannot become ubiquitylated show significantly increased cell surface expression of CD33 and have impaired CD33 internalization, whereas in‐frame fusion of ubiquitin to CD33 reverses this phenotype. Our results identify a novel function of ITIMs and demonstrate that phosphorylation‐dependent ubiquitylation regulates cell surface expression and internalization, and thus possibly function, of CD33/Siglec‐3, suggesting an important role of ubiquitin in endocytosis of ITIM‐bearing inhibitory immunoreceptors.
Role of Ubiquitination in Endocytic Trafficking of G‐Protein‐Coupled Receptors
Authors: Hislop James N. , von Zastrow Mark
Published: September 2010

Lysyl ubiquitination has long been known to target cytoplasmic proteins for proteasomal degradation, and there is now extensive evidence that ubiquitination functions in vacuolar/lysosomal targeting of membrane proteins from both the biosynthetic and endocytic pathways. G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest and most diverse family of membrane proteins, whose function is of fundamental importance both physiologically and therapeutically. In this review, we discuss the role of ubiquitination in the vacuolar/lysosomal downregulation of GPCRs through the endocytic pathway, with a primary focus on lysosomal trafficking in mammalian cells. We will summarize evidence indicating that mammalian GPCRs are regulated by ubiquitin‐dependent mechanisms conserved in budding yeast, and then consider evidence for additional ubiquitin‐dependent and ‐independent regulation that may be specific to animal cells.
Couple Relationship Status and Patterns in Early Parenting Practices
Authors: Guzzo Karen Benjamin , Lee Helen
Published: September 2010

Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 3,003), we examine the role of parental relationship status at birth on maternal adherence to current recommendations regarding breastfeeding, corporal punishment, and well‐child visits. At the bivariate level, parents’ union status is almost linearly related to adherence to recommendations. Multivariate models, however, reveal that much of the association stems from the selection of more advantaged individuals into more serious relationships. The results suggest that, although relationship status may be an accurate indicator of parents who are at risk of not adhering to recommended parenting behaviors, the underlying causes of nonadherence are more complex.
Parenting Practices and Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Bersamin Melina , Todd Michael , Fisher Deborah A. , Hill Douglas L. , Grube Joel W. , Walker Samantha
Published: September 2010

The effects of parental attitudes, practices, and television mediation on adolescent sexual behaviors were investigated in a study of adolescent sexuality and media (N = 887). Confirmatory factor analyses supported an eight‐factor parenting model with television mediation factors as constructs distinct from general parenting practices. Logistic regressions indicated that adolescents reporting greater parental disapproval and limits on viewing at Wave 1 were less likely to initiate oral sex between Waves 1 and 2. Adolescents who reported more sexual communication with parents were more likely to initiate oral sex. Results for vaginal intercourse were similar to those for oral sex. Coviewing was a significant negative predictor of initiation of sexual behavior. Parental attitudes and television mediation can delay potentially risky adolescent sexual behaviors.
Stable Postdivorce Family Structures During Late Adolescence and Socioeconomic Consequences in Adulthood
Authors: Sun Yongmin , Li Yuanzhang
Published: September 2010

Using four waves of panel data from 6,954 American young adults in the National Education Longitudinal Study, we compare the long‐term socioeconomic consequences of growing up in two types of divorced families. Our findings show that the negative socioeconomic consequences of growing up in unstable postdivorce families are at least twice as large as those of staying in a stabilized postdivorce family environment through late adolescence. The study also finds that variations in parental resources during late adolescence partially explain the divorce effects on most attainment indicators. Further, parental divorce appears to affect the socioeconomic attainment of male and female offspring alike. Overall, the study underlines the importance of including postdivorce family dynamics in studying the effect of parental divorce.
Intergenerational Contact and the Life Course Status of Young Adult Children
Authors: Bucx Freek , Van Wel Frits , Knijn Trudie , Hagendoorn Louk
Published: September 2010

This study examined how the life course status of young adults—whether they have a romantic partner and whether they have children—is related to how often they have contact with their parents. Hypotheses were tested using recent data from the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study. The main sample included 1,911 young adults between the ages of 18 and 34. Results suggest that young adults’ entrance into cohabitation and marriage is associated with less face‐to‐face contact with parents. Young adults with children of their own tend to see their parents more frequently than young adults without offspring. Findings are congruent with the family life course perspective, contending that family relationships are related to the life course status of individual family members.
Psychological Implications of Motherhood and Fatherhood in Midlife: Evidence From Sibling Models
Authors: Pudrovska Tetyana
Published: September 2010

Using data from 4,744 full, twin, half‐, adopted, and stepsiblings in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, I examine psychological consequences of motherhood and fatherhood in midlife. My analysis includes between‐family models that compare individuals across families and within‐family models comparing siblings from the same family to account for unobserved genetic and environmental endowments that may confound the relationship between parenthood and mental health. Further, I examine whether the psychological effect of parenthood varies among different types of sibling dyads. The findings reveal that parenthood has similar psychological implications for middle‐aged mothers and fathers. Main differences arise from specific configurations of the parental role. The association between parenthood and mental health partly reflects genetic influences but not shared early‐life environment.
College Student Perceptions of the Content of Father Stereotypes
Authors: Troilo Jessica , Coleman Marilyn
Published: September 2010

This study used a three‐step procedure to examine 663 Midwestern university students' perceptions of the content of social stereotypes related to seven types of fathers. Married and adoptive fathers were the most positively stereotyped groups, and divorced residential fathers were also viewed quite positively. There were relatively neutral views of stepfathers and gay fathers, whereas divorced nonresidential and never‐married fathers were the most negatively stereotyped groups. Our results empirically supported the notion that younger adults' stereotypes of fathers depend on the father’s marital status, parental status, and sexual orientation.
Equality and Illusion: Gender and Tenure in Art History Careers
Authors: Rudd Elizabeth , Morrison Emory , Sadrozinski Renate , Nerad Maresi , Cerny Joseph
Published: September 2010

Using a national survey of 508 art history Ph.D.s including data on graduate school performance and careers 10 – 15 years post‐Ph.D., this study investigates gender, family, and academic tenure in art history, the humanities field with the highest proportion of women. Alternative hypotheses derived from three perspectives—termed here clockwork, two‐body, and synergy—are evaluated with multivariate logistic regression. Analysis finds that marriage increases men’s tenure odds and decreases women’s, but that some types of marriages do not decrease women’s odds, and some types dramatically increase men’s. This study calls attention to male advantage in female‐dominated academic disciplines and demonstrates the potential to better understand the interactions of gender, marriage, and careers by conceptualizing different types of marriages.
Early Marriage in the United States
Authors: Uecker Jeremy E. , Stokes Charles E.
Published: September 2010

Despite drastic changes in the American family, a significant minority of Americans marry early. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N= 14,165), this study evaluates the prevalence and antecedents of early marriage in the United States. The results indicate 25% of women and 16% of men marry before age 23, and early marriage varies widely across a number of characteristics. Individuals who marry earlier are more likely to be from disadvantaged families, from conservative Protestant or Mormon families, to value their religious faith more highly, to have a high‐school diploma but a lower educational trajectory, and to cohabit before marriage. Scholars and policymakers interested in marriage should pay adequate attention to understanding and supporting these individuals’ marriages.
Divorce, Race, and Military Service: More Than Equal Pay and Equal Opportunity
Authors: Teachman Jay D. , Tedrow Lucky
Published: September 2010

Several researchers have suggested that the persistently higher rate of divorce among Blacks may be due to hard‐to‐measure concepts such as culture or norms. To attack this problem, we use data from the NLSY‐79 to examine the risk of divorce among enlisted active‐duty military servicemen where economic differences and the negative effects of discrimination are minimized. Our results indicate that military service reduces the likelihood of marital dissolution among Blacks serving in the Army and that this finding is not likely the result of unobserved selectivity. We attribute the latter finding to the fact that the Army has a well‐defined career ladder for Blacks that fully integrates them into leadership positions providing role models and positive work environments that reduce stress associated with discrimination and promote stable marriages.
REPRESENTATION DISPARITIES AND IMPARTIALITY: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF PARTY PERCEPTION OF FEAR, PREPARATION, AND SATISFACTION IN DIVORCE MEDIATION WHEN ONLY ONE PARTY HAS COUNSEL
Authors: Pettersen Michael M. , Ballard Robin H. , Putz John W. , Holtzworth‐Munroe Amy
Published: September 2010

While other authors have regarded both the presence and the absence of attorneys in family law mediation as cause for concern, little attention has been given to the questions raised when one party is represented and the other is pro se. This article presents data on mediating parties' premediation concerns, fears, and feelings of preparedness, as well as their postmediation satisfaction with the mediation process. The mediating parties are grouped based on each couple's representation status, for example, both represented by attorneys, both pro se, or one attorney‐represented party and one pro se party (mixed representation cases). The data show that mixed representation cases are the most likely to report concern, fear, and unpreparedness. Mixed‐representation cases also reported the lowest levels of satisfaction after the mediation. Some implications for mediation practice are discussed, as are suggestions for future research.
THE SELF‐REPRESENTED LITIGANT: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE BENCH AND BAR
Authors: Shepard Randall T.
Published: September 2010

It is widely accepted that the number of self‐represented litigants has skyrocketed nationwide, especially in family law cases. Although nationwide comprehensive data on the number of self‐represented litigants do not exist, anecdotal evidence supports the belief that self‐representation is increasing. The challenge for courts and the entire legal profession is how to respond. Most observers in Indiana would agree that the traditional model of family law litigation—both spouses represented by lawyers settling their disputes before a judge—is no longer the norm in family law cases. Judges face a dilemma: assisting a self‐represented litigant to level the playing field against a represented party is seen by many as violating impartiality, even if the assistance is rendered to create a just result. In an effort to address the situation, the Indiana Supreme Court created the Pro Se Advisory Committee in April 2001. This article explores the long‐range implications of the issue of self‐represented litigants on Indiana's court system in hope that it will provide some insight for other jurisdictions. The first part of the article addresses the numbers of self‐represented litigants by tracking growth or declines in self‐represented cases and assessing whether there are any pockets of self‐represented litigants geographically or in certain case types. The second part of the article puts Indiana into context with the rest of the nation and reviews national trends. The third section reviews Indiana's response to self‐represented litigants over the last decade. The fourth section reviews current and ongoing projects in Indiana. The article concludes that the issue of self‐represented litigants will not fade away and that the challenge that guides the legal profession is how we provide equal access to justice for all who enter our courthouses.
UNBUNDLING THE ETHICAL ISSUES OF PRO BONO ADVOCACY: ARTICULATING THE GOALS OF LIMITED‐SCOPE PRO BONO ADVOCACY FOR LIMITED LEGAL SERVICES PROGRAMS
Authors: Anderson Elliot A.
Published: September 2010

This article seeks to articulate the practical goal of unbundled legal services for the pro bono family law sector as it applies to limited legal services programs (also known as brief advice clinics), through the use of a goal spectrum, derived from the theoretical goal of access to justice. This article briefly discusses the status of the Indiana Rules of Professional Conduct, as they pertain to the ethics of unbundling. This article then focuses extensively on some practical considerations within the ethical issues of both the scope of representation and attorney competence in order to articulate an appropriate goal for unbundled legal services. Finally, the article concludes that service providers in limited legal services programs should explicitly identify and then perform an essential, discrete service that the client needs to have performed in order to help the client meet his or her ultimate objectives. The service provider and the client could then gauge the success of the limited scope representation based on whether and how well the specific service has been provided.
SMS. OMG! LOL! TTYL: TRANSLATING THE LAW TO ACCOMMODATE TODAY'S TEENS AND THE EVOLUTION FROM TEXTING TO SEXTING
Authors: Ostrager Bryn
Published: September 2010

Around the country some teenagers are using their cell phones to distribute nude or seminude pictures of themselves through text messages. An alarming number of these teenagers who are caught possessing or distributing the pictures face criminal charges as a child pornographer. Some face the possibility of jail time; others must register as a sex offender. Such harsh punishments are the product of laws that have not caught up with technology's advancements. This Note suggests that child pornography laws be restructured to include a category for juvenile “sexters” so these teenagers are not prosecuted as adults or forced to register as sex offenders. The laws should recognize different categories of sexters and provide rehabilitation programs suited to respond to the level of risk each sexter presents.
DETERMINING JOB GROUPS: APPLICATION OF HIERARCHICAL AGGLOMERATIVE CLUSTER ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENT JOB ANALYSIS SITUATIONS
Authors: GARWOOD MARCIA K. , ANDERSON LANCE E. , GREENGART BARRY J.
Published: September 2010

The present study showed that researchers must consider underlying data structure when using hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis to group jobs. Five cluster procedures were applied to four simulated data sets constructed to reflect common job analysis situations. The structures contained jobs varying in degree of task overlap, number of tasks performed, and relative number of people doing the jobs. Average linkage/distance was the most accurate procedure when jobs had highly positively correlated task profiles, a situation characteristic of jobs within a career family over a restricted range of levels. Average linkage/correlation was the most accurate for three other structures containing jobs whose profiles were not highly positively correlated. Such are characteristically found when analyzing (a) jobs in different functional units, (b) jobs over a wide range of hierarchical levels such as entry to advanced, and (c) jobs differing markedly in the number of incumbents.
OUTLIER DETECTION AND TREATMENT IN I/O PSYCHOLOGY: A SURVEY OF RESEARCHER BELIEFS AND AN EMPIRICAL ILLUSTRATION
Authors: ORR JOHN M. , SACKETT PAUL R. , DUBOIS CATHY L. Z.
Published: September 2010

Extreme data points, or outliers, can have a disproportionate influence on the conclusions drawn from a set of bivariate correlational data. This paper addresses two aspects of outlier detection. The results of a survey regarding how published researchers prefer to deal with outliers are presented, and a set of 183 test validity studies is examined to document the effects of different approaches to the detection and exclusion of outliers on effect size measures. The study indicates that: (a) there is disagreement among researchers as to the appropriateness of deleting data points from a study; (b) researchers report greater use of visual examination of data than of numeric diagnostic techniques for detecting outliers; and (c) while outlier removal influenced effect size measures in individual studies, outlying data points were not found to be a substantial source of variance in a large test validity data set.
THE IMPORTANCE OF RECRUITMENT IN JOB CHOICE: A DIFFERENT WAY OF LOOKING
Authors: RYNES SARA L. , BRETZ ROBERT D. , GERHART BARRY
Published: September 2010

Recent literature reviews have called into question the impact of recruitment activities on applicants’job choices. However, most previous findings have been based on cross‐sectional ratings obtained immediately after initial screening interviews, thus raising questions about the degree to which prior conclusions are bound to that particular methodology. In contrast, the present study used longitudinal structured interviews to let job seekers explain, in their own words, how they made critical job search and choice decisions. Interview transcripts revealed that recruitment practices played a variety of roles in job seeker decisions. For example, consistent with signaling theory, subjects interpreted a wide variety of recruitment experiences (recruiter competence, sex composition of interview panels, recruitment delays) as symbolic of broader organizational characteristics. In addition, a number of “contingency” variables emerged that seemed to affect the perceived signaling value of recruitment experiences (e.g., prior knowledge of the company, functional area of the recruiter). Also notable were the strongly negative effects of recruitment delays, particularly among male students with higher grade point averages and greater job search success. Finally, our results suggest that certain applicant reactions may be systematically related to sex, work experience, grade point average, and search success. The article concludes with practical and research implications.
EVALUATING CLASSIFICATIONS OF JOB BEHAVIOR: A CONSTRUCT VALIDATION OF THE ABILITY REQUIREMENT SCALES
Authors: FLEISHMAN EDWIN A. , MUMFORD MICHAEL D.
Published: September 2010

This article discusses the major inferential issues arising in the development of behavioral classification systems. Subsequently, we discuss the implications of these inferential issues for evaluating the construct validity of systems designed to assess the requirements of human task performance. Fleishman's (1975b, 1982) ability requirement taxonomy and its associated job analysis system, the Manual for the Ability Requirement Scales (MARS), were then evaluated with respect to these criteria. In particular, a variety of criteria relevant to internal and external validity was reviewed. It was found that the ability requirement taxonomy and the associated measurement system provides a meaningful description of job activities with respect to these criteria. It was argued that application of these construct validity principles might contribute much to our understanding of human performance.
A COMPARISON OF VALIDATION CRITERIA: OBJECTIVE VERSUS SUBJECTIVE PERFORMANCE MEASURES AND SELF‐ VERSUS SUPERVISOR RATINGS
Authors: HOFFMAN CALVIN C. , NATHAN BARRY R. , HOLDEN LISA M.
Published: September 2010

This study compared four criteria–two objective (production quantity and production quality) and two subjective (supervisor and self‐ratings)–for their predictability in a criterion‐related validity study. Results from this sample of 212 maintenance, mechanic, and field service workers replicated previous meta‐analytic results with clerical workers (Nathan & Alexander, 1988); supervisor ratings and objective productivity indices provided similar and significant validity coefficients with a unit‐weighted composite of five cognitive ability tests. The objective quality index and employee self‐ratings resulted in near zero correlations with the same predictor battery. Additional productivity and quality objective criterion data were available for 2 years since the original validation study; no change in validity was found.
LOWER BACK DISABILITY IN OCCUPATIONAL SETTINGS: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE FROM A HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT VIEW
Authors: HOLLENBECK JOHN R. , ILGEN DANIEL R. , CRAMPTON SUZANNE M.
Published: September 2010

Lower back disability (LBD) is a widespread phenomenon that has dramatic impacts on individuals' lives, as well as employers' costs. Despite this fact, specialists in the area of human resources have paid little attention to this critical, work‐related outcome. The need for human resource professionals to learn more about LBD has become even more urgent due to the recent passage of the Americans With Disabilities Act. Although the treatment of lower back pain falls within the domain of physicians, this paper adopts a bio‐psycho‐social approach and reviews the existing empirical literature on variables related to LBD at the preventative and rehabilitation stages. We identify five avenues (job design, selection, training, compensation, and organizational climate) through which human resource researchers and practitioners can influence lower back disability.
MICROCOMPUTER USAGE AS AN OPPORTUNITY: THE INFLUENCE OF CONTEXT IN EMPLOYEE TRAINING
Authors: MARTOCCHIO JOSEPH J.
Published: September 2010

This study presents a test of the influence of social context on training outcomes. Specifically, the effects of labeling microcomputer usage as an opportunity were examined on computer anxiety, computer efficacy beliefs, and learning. Nonacademic university employees enrolled in an introductory microcomputer training class were assigned to a session in which microcomputer usage was randomly established as an opportunity or neutral. Two studies were conducted. Study 1 (N= 84) identified the issue characteristics of opportunities and threats as a basis to establish context. Study 2 (N= 79) reported the results of the training. Results indicated that, after controlling for pretraining expectations about microcomputer usage, trainees in the opportunity condition exhibited higher computer efficacy and learning, as well as lower computer anxiety, than trainees in the neutral condition. These findings suggest that labeling the context can be a relatively powerful training intervention. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF LAYOFF SEVERITY ON POSTLAYOFF UNION COMMITMENT AMONG SURVIVORS: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF THE PERCEIVED LEGITIMACY OF A LAYOFF ACCOUNT
Authors: MELLOR STEVEN
Published: September 2010

This study used a moderated cross‐level design to predict union commitment among 355 union survivors after layoffs. Survivors experiencing varying degrees of layoffs at 15 job sites judged the legitimacy of the company's layoff explanation. In each case, the account implicated the union as the agent responsible for the layoff decision. Company records were used to aggregate layoff severity within job site. Survey measures were used to assess retrospective belief in the account and commitment to the union after the layoff event. Based on interactional justice theory, a significant interaction was predicted between layoff severity and belief in the account as related to postlayoff union commitment. Survivors with higher levels of belief in the account were expected to be less committed to the union than those with moderate or lower levels of belief under more severe layoffs. Moderated regression analyses of overall commitment supported the expected interaction. Regression analyses of commitment components revealed that only willingness to work for the union was affected by the interaction. Additional analyses, in which the willingness to work component was regressed onto layoff severity within high to low belief subgroups, were also consistent with the prediction. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings for company and union officials in managing union survivors are discussed.
THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PERSONNEL SELECTION OF APPARENT DECLINES IN PREDICTIVE VALIDITIES OVER TIME: A CRITIQUE OF HULIN, HENRY, AND NOON
Authors: BARRETT GERALD V. , ALEXANDER RALPH A. , DOVERSPIKE DENNIS
Published: September 2010

Hulin, Henry, and Noon (1990) reviewed evidence from a number of studies which supported, in their view, the position that predictive validities decreased over time. If correct, their results would have significant implications for personnel selection practice and research. However, further analysis of their evidence suggested that their results may have only limited generalizability. More specifically, few of the studies they used to support their claim of decreasing predictive validities were field studies of prediction‐criterion pairs. Furthermore^ reported data on lagged intercorrelations were of limited relevance to the question of decreasing validities. Finally, a large body of data relevant to the issue of time‐lagged validities in a personnel selection context were omitted because the data did not meet Hulin et al.'s restrictive criteria.
AN INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS EXPECTED TO AFFECT FEEDBACK SEEKING: A LONGITUDINAL FIELD STUDY
Authors: FEDOR DONALD B. , RENSVOLD ROGER B. , ADAMS SUSAN M.
Published: September 2010

This study of 137 helicopter pilot trainees investigated individual strategies used to obtain performance feedback during two consecutive phases of their training. Individual and situational factors cited in previous research were investigated as predictors of two feedback seeking behaviors: eliciting (asking directly for feedback) and monitoring (using indirect techniques, such as observing, to gain additional feedback). Both individual and situational factors were significant predictors of feedback seeking behaviors. Feedback seeking costs and the student pilots’external propensity (an individual difference measure assessing their desire for external feedback) were found to be the most consistent predictors of feedback eliciting and monitoring, both within and across the two training phases. In addition, the results point to higher feedback eliciting when performance was rated as low. The implications of this research are discussed, especially with respect to training.
ORGANIZATIONAL SOCIALIZATION AS A LEARNING PROCESS: THE ROLE OF INFORMATION ACQUISITION
Authors: OSTROFF CHERI , KOZLOWSKI STEVE W. J.
Published: September 2010

This study investigated newcomers’information acquisition about organizational contextual domains from different sources, the relationship between information acquisition and knowledge of domains, relationships between information acquisition from sources, knowledge of domains and socialization outcomes, and shifts in these processes over time. Questionnaires assessing information acquisition strategies, knowledge and socialization outcomes were completed by 151 new organizational members across a variety of organizations, after an average of 17 weeks on the job and again several months later. Results of the study indicated that newcomers differentially relied on sources to gather information, that different sources were of varying importance for gaining knowledge, and that supervisors, coworkers, task and role mastery were related to the assimilation process of new employees. Research and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
INDIVIDUAL AND SITUATIONAL INFLUENCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF‐EFFICACY: IMPLICATIONS FOR TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: MATHIEU JOHN E. , MARTINEAU JENNIFER W. , TANNENBAUM SCOTT I.
Published: September 2010

We proposed a model that included individual and situational antecedents of self‐efficacy development during training. Initial performance and self‐efficacy levels, achievement motivation, and choice were examined as individual variables. Constraints, operationalized at both the individual and aggregate levels of analysis, were examined as situational influences. Mid‐course efficacy was hypothesized to have positive linear relationships with training reactions and subsequent performance, and an interactive relationship with performance when training reactions were considered as a moderator. Survey data were gathered at two points in time from 215 students enrolled in 15 eight‐week long university bowling classes. All of the hypothesized antecedents of mid‐course self‐efficacy were significant except aggregate and individual situational constraints, although both constraints related negatively to training reactions. Time 2 self‐efficacy exhibited significant positive influences on training reactions and subsequent performance, but the hypothesized moderated relationship was not supported.
EVIDENTIARY STANDARDS IN EMPLOYMENT DISCRIMINATION: A VIEW TOWARD THE FUTURE
Authors: VARCA PHILIP E. , PATTISON PATRICIA
Published: September 2010

This article reviews recent changes in evidentiary standards in employment discrimination litigation as they relate to disparate impact theory. Precedents established in Watson v. Fort Worth Bank and Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio, altering the employee's and the employer's responsibilities in discrimination cases are analyzed. In reaction to these and other Supreme Court rulings, Congress introduced a civil rights bill which was eventually signed into law after numerous compromises. The debate surrounding the development of the 1991 Civil Rights Act and the legislation itself are reviewed. With respect to disparate impact, the Act addresses the criteria for establishing a prima facie case (causation), burden of proof standards, and a definition of business necessity. However, a close reading of the Act and a review of recent disparate impact cases suggest the causation and business necessity issues are not fully resolved. Potential implications for managing personnel decision systems in this new environment are discussed.
FURTHER EXPLORING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JOB SEARCH AND VOLUNTARY INDIVIDUAL TURNOVER
Authors: BLAU GARY
Published: September 2010

This study tested the usefulness of a new job search behavior measure to account for voluntary turnover beyond more frequently tested work attitude and withdrawal cognition variables. Using two samples, 339 registered nurses and 234 insurance company employees, three measures of job search were distinguished: preparatory job search behavior, active job search behavior, and general effort job search. Active job search behavior had a stronger relationship to voluntary turnover than preparatory job search behavior or general effort job search, and it accounted for significant additional turnover variance beyond work attitude and withdrawal cognition variables. Stronger results were found when unavoidable leavers were deleted from the turnover subsample.
Lanthanum Chromite‐Based Interconnects as Key Materials for SOFC Stack Development
Authors: Sakai Natsuko , Yokokawa Harumi , Horita Teruhisa , Yamaji Katsuhiko
Published: September 2010

The historical investigations on the physicochemical and transport properties of lanthanum chromite‐based perovskite oxides are reviewed to evaluate the compatibility as interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells. These materials improve sinterability in air. This has led to investigations on other physicochemical properties of these materials, such as thermal expansion, mechanical strength, and chemical stability. Lanthanum and chromium ion can be substituted by alkaline earths or transition metals, and this translates into a large flexibility in physicochemical properties. However, the formation of oxygen vacancies in a reducing atmosphere can result in an undesirable isothermal expansion or oxygen permeation. The chemical stability of these materials is governed by the fast cation diffusion at the grain boundary of the polycrystals.
Manufacturing Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for the Sulzer Hexis Stationary System
Authors: Voisard Cyril
Published: September 2010

Concomitantly to its main objective of cost reduction per electrical kilowatt of stationary fuel cell stacks, Sulzer Hexis Ltd. (Switzerland) is developing the first commercial cogeneration solid oxide fuel cell system (SOFC) available on the market. This will be possible by fine technology optimization combined with using mass‐production compatible equipment. After several years of R&D in ceramic processing techniques, Sulzer Hexis is now able to manufacture solid oxide fuel cells with competitive production costs. Moreover, these costs will be further reduced thanks to scale effect given by large production volumes. The tight collaboration with both raw material and equipment suppliers has enabled Sulzer Hexis to significantly improve both the cell performance and productivity.
Carbothermal Synthesis of Al‐O‐N Coatings Increasing Strength of SiC Fibers
Authors: Chen Linlin , Gogotsi Yury
Published: September 2010

Non‐bridging Al‐O‐N coatings have been synthesized on the surface of Tyranno ZMI SiC fibers by a low‐cost carbothermal nitridation method. First, a nanoporous carbide‐derived carbon (CDC) layer is produced on the surface of SiC fiber by the extraction of Si with chlorine; the CDC layer on the fiber is then infiltrated by AlCl3 solution, and finally nitrided in ammonia at atmospheric pressure to produce the coating. The intermediate carbon layer acts as a template for the coating, facilitates the formation of aluminum oxynitride, and helps to build a strong bonding between the fiber and coating. Optimization of the process parameters led to a more than 65% improvement in the tensile strength (up to ∼5.1 GPa) and a three‐time increase in the Weibull modulus for the fiber with 200 nm coating compared to the as‐received fibers. The coated fiber exceeds the strength of all other small‐diameter SiC fibers reported in the literature. Al‐O‐N coating may also provide oxidation protection for the fibers in high‐temperature applications.
Uniformly Porous Composites with 3‐D Network Structure (UPC‐3D) for High‐Temperature Filter Applications
Authors: Suzuki Yoshikazu , Kondo Naoki , Ohji Tatsuki , Morgan Peter E. D.
Published: September 2010

Uniformly porous composites with 3‐D network structure (UPC‐3D) have been recently developed via a pyrolytic reactive sintering process, which takes advantage of the evolved CO2 gas from a decomposing carbonate source (e.g., dolomite, CaMg(CO3)2) and does not require any additional pore‐forming agent nor long‐time burning‐out process. Through liquid formation via LiF doping, strong necks are formed between constituent particles before completion of the pyrolysis of carbonate, resulting in the formation of a strong 3‐D network structure. The pore size distribution is very narrow (with typical pore size: ∼1 μm), and the porosity was controllable (∼30–60%) by changing the sintering temperature. This article presents the development details of UPC‐3D, and reports the recent findings in CaZrO3/MgAl2O4 system, which will be one of the more promising systems for practical applications.
Transparent Nano‐Composites Ceramics by Annealing of Amorphous Phase in the HfO2‐Al2O3‐GdAlO3 System
Authors: Araki Shunji , Yoshimura Masahiro
Published: September 2010

We have succeeded in fabricating transparent nano‐structured ceramics by annealing of the amorphous phase obtained by the solidification of the eutectic melt in the ternary system HfO2− Al2O3− GdAlO3. The ceramics annealed at 1273 K for 6 hr contained 5‐10‐nm cubic hafnia grains, and those annealed at 1273 K for 72 hr contained both cubic hafnia and gadolinium aluminum garnet grains 5‐10 nm in size. They showed high transparency. Annealing at 1473 K, however, resulted in grain growths that brought about non‐transparency.