bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibody-coupled monolithic silica microtips for highthroughput molecular profiling of circulating exosomes
Authors: Ueda Koji , Ishikawa Nobuhisa , Tatsuguchi Ayako , Saichi Naomi , Fujii Risa , Nakagawa Hidewaki
Published: August 2014

Exosome-mediated signal transportation plays a variety of critical roles in cancer progression and metastasis. From the aspect of cancer diagnosis, circulating exosomes are ideal resources of biomarkers because molecular features of tumor cells are transcribed on them. However, isolating pure exosomes from body fluids is time-consuming and still major challenge to be addressed for comprehensive profiling of exosomal proteins and miRNAs. Here we constructed anti-CD9 antibody-coupled highly porous monolithic silica microtips which allowed automated rapid and reproducible exosome extraction from multiple clinical samples. We applied these tips to explore lung cancer biomarker proteins on exosomes by analyzing 46 serum samples. The mass spectrometric quantification of 1,369 exosomal proteins identified CD91 as a lung adenocarcinoma specific antigen on exosomes, which was further validated with CD9-CD91 exosome sandwich ELISA measuring 212 samples. Our simple device can promote not only biomarker discovery studies but also wide range of omics researches about exosomes.
Autocatalytic amplified detection of DNA based on a CdSe quantum dot/folic acid electrochemiluminescence energy transfer system
Authors: Jie Guifen , Qin Yingqiang , Meng Qingmin , Wang Jialin
Published: August 2014

Electrochemiluminescence energy transfer from CdSe QDs to folic acid was applied for the first time for amplified detection of DNA by a DNAzyme autocatalytic system.
Simultaneous detection of parathion and imidacloprid using broad-specificity polyclonal antibody in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Zhang Lening , Wang Zhanfeng , Wen Yubin , Shi Jingwei , Wang Jincheng
Published: August 2014

A heterologous indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the gross determination of parathion and imidacloprid residues was developed.
Selective determination of sulphide based on photoluminescence quenching of MPA-capped CdTe nanocrystals by exploiting a gas-diffusion multi-pumping flow method
Authors: Rodrigues S. Sofia M. , Oleksiak Zuzanna , Ribeiro David S. M. , Poboży Ewa , Trojanowicz Marek , Prior João A. V. , Santos João L. M.
Published: August 2014

The selective determination of S2-based on photoluminescence quenching of CdTe nanocrystals following gaseous diffusion within a pulsed flow system.
Hollow iron oxide nanoshells are active and selective catalysts for the partial oxidation of styrene with molecular oxygen
Authors: Rak Monika Joanna , Lerro Michael , Moores Audrey
Published: August 2014

Well defined hollow iron oxide nanoshells are active, selective and recyclable catalysts for the oxidation of styrene into benzaldehyde using difficult-to-activate molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant.
Epitaxial antiperovskite superconducting CuNNi3 thin films synthesized by chemical solution deposition
Authors: Hui Zhenzhen , Tang Xianwu , Shao Dingfu , Lei Hechang , Yang Jie , Song Wenhai , Luo Hongmei , Zhu Xuebin , Sun Yuping
Published: August 2014

Epitaxial superconducting antiperovskite CuNNi3 films with a Tc of 3.2 K were synthesized by chemical solution deposition.
Improved electrocatalytic activity for ethanol oxidation by Pd@N-doped carbon from biomass
Authors: Jin Haiyan , Xiong Tianyi , Li Yi , Xu Xuan , Li Mingming , Wang Yong
Published: August 2014

The incorporation of nitrogen makes Pd@CN exhibit superior catalytic activity towards ethanol oxidation to Pd@AC and Pd@HC.
Configurational and energy study of the (100) and (110) surfaces of the MgAl2O4spinel by means of quantum mechanical and empirical techniques
Authors: Massaro Francesco Roberto , Bruno Marco , Nestola Fabrizio
Published: August 2014

A detailed configurational analysis of the {100} and {110} crystallographic forms of the spinelsensu strictoMgAl2O4has been performed.
SERS spectroscopic evidence for the integrity of surface-deposited self-assembled coordination cages
Authors: Frank Marina , Funke Sebastian , Wackerbarth Hainer , Clever Guido H.
Published: August 2014

A series of self-assembled coordination cages was examined by Raman spectroscopy in solution and Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) on a nanostructured Au surface.
Competitive direct vs. indirect photochromism dynamics of constrained inverse dithienylethene molecules
Authors: Lietard Aude , Piani Giovanni , Poisson Lionel , Soep Benoît , Mestdagh Jean-Michel , Aloïse Stéphane , Perrier Aurélie , Jacquemin Denis , Takeshita Michinori
Published: August 2014

Relaxation observed through several parallel pathways from the first excited state to the ground-state in inverse dithienylethene molecules.
Hydrophobic interactions leading to a complex interplay between bioelectrocatalytic properties and multilayer meso-organization in layer-by-layer assemblies
Authors: Lorena Cortez M. , De Matteis Nicolás , Ceolín Marcelo , Knoll Wolfgang , Battaglini Fernando , Azzaroni Omar
Published: August 2014

Integration of mesomorphic structure-directing agents as structural units in layer-by-layer assemblies can lead to strong enhancement of ensemble properties.
On the structure of Ce-containing silicophosphate glasses: a core–shell molecular dynamics investigation
Authors: Gambuzzi Elisa , Pedone Alfonso
Published: August 2014

New Ce3+–O and Ce4+–O parameters for a force-field based on the core–shell model were developed and applied to get insights into the structure of five silicophosphate glasses with increasing Ce2O3 and P2O5 content.
Three-dimensional superdiffusive chemical waves in a precipitation system
Authors: Ayass M. M. , Lagzi I. , Al-Ghoul M.
Published: August 2014

We report and characterize new three-dimensional precipitation circular targets and spiral waves with superdiffusive dynamics.
Introducing asymmetry in tetradentate azadipyrromethene chromophores: a systematic study of the impact on electronic and photophysical properties
Authors: Bessette André , Cibian Mihaela , Bélanger Francis , Désilets Denis , Hanan Garry S.
Published: August 2014

As analogues of the porphyrinoid and dipyrromethene families of dye, azadipyrromethene (ADPM) derivatives exhibit exciting photophysical properties.
Orientation of a dielectric rod near a planar electrode
Authors: Kwaadgras Bas W. , Besseling Thijs H. , Coopmans Tim J. , Kuijk Anke , Imhof Arnout , Blaaderen Alfons van , Dijkstra Marjolein , Roij René van
Published: August 2014

We present experimental and theoretical results on suspensions of silica rods in DMSO–water, subjected to an applied electric field, in particular on the interaction exhibited between the rods and the electrode used for generating the electric field.
Ag nanoparticles–anchored reduced graphene oxide catalyst for oxygen electrode reaction in aqueous electrolytes and also a non-aqueous electrolyte for Li–O2 cells
Authors: Kumar Surender , Selvaraj C. , Scanlon L. G. , Munichandraiah N.
Published: August 2014

Silver nanoparticles–anchored reduced graphene oxide (Ag–RGO) is prepared by simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide and Ag+ ions in an aqueous medium by ethylene glycol as the reducing agent.
Photoinduced reversible shape conversion of silver nanoparticles assisted by TiO2
Authors: Tang Bin , Zhang Mingwen , Yao Ya , Sun Lu , Li Jingliang , Xu Shuping , Chen Wu , Xu Weiqing , Wang Xungai
Published: August 2014

Titanium dioxide quantum dots promote shape transformation of silver nanoparticles from nanoprisms to nanodecahedra upon ultraviolet light irradiation. The obtained silver nanodecahedra are reconverted to silver nanoprisms under sodium lamp.
A first-principles study of gas adsorption on germanene
Authors: Xia Wenqi , Hu Wei , Li Zhenyu , Yang Jinlong
Published: August 2014

The adsorption of common gas molecules (N2, CO, CO2, H2O, NH3, NO, NO2, and O2) on germanene is studied with density functional theory.
Selective staining of Brønsted acidity in zeolite ZSM-5-based catalyst extrudates using thiophene as a probe
Authors: Whiting Gareth T. , Meirer Florian , Valencia Diego , Mertens Machteld M. , Bons Anton-Jan , Weiss Brian M. , Stevens Paul A. , de Smit Emiel , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: August 2014

Brønsted acid site density dictates the reaction pathway in ZSM-5-based extrudates during thiophene oligomerization, visualized non-invasively in 3D using micro-spectroscopy.
A study on the selective hydrogenation of nitroaromatics to N-arylhydroxylamines using a supported Pt nanoparticle catalyst
Authors: Boymans Evert H. , Witte P. T. , Vogt D.
Published: August 2014

Selective hydrogenation of nitroarenes to N-arylhydroxylamines at high rates over supported Pt-NPs.
Synthesis of tetra-substituted imidazoles and 2-imidazolines by Ni(0)-catalyzed dehydrogenation of benzylic-type imines
Authors: Tlahuext-Aca Adrian , Hernández-Fajardo Oscar , Arévalo Alma , García Juventino J.
Published: August 2014

A one pot methodology using simple imines allowed the formation of N-substituted imidazoles and imidazolines.
A wide-bandwidth power amplifier for frequency-selective insulator-based dielectrophoresis
Authors: Farmehini Vahid , Rohani Ali , Su Yi-Hsuan , Swami Nathan S.
Published: August 2014

To enable contact-less dielectrophoretic manipulation of biosystems in the MHz range, we present the design principles for a wideband power amplifier that eliminates parasitic DC and harmonic distortions.
A new series of cyanide-bridged heterobimetallic FeIII–FeIII/MnIII/CuII one-dimensional complexes: synthesis, crystal structures, and magnetic properties
Authors: Zhang Daopeng , Zhuo Shuping , Wang Ping , Chen Xia , Jiang Jianzhuang
Published: August 2014

Four new cyanide-bridged FeIII–FeIII/MnIII/CuII one-dimensional complexes have been assembled using K[Fe(bpdBrb)(CN)2]·2H2O (1) as building blocks, and structurally characterized and magnetically investigated.
Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon hollow spheres as a novel carbon support for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Hsu Chun-Han , Jan Jhan-Yi , Lin Hong-Ping , Kuo Ping-Lin
Published: August 2014

The Pt/NMC catalyst has better catalytic activity than that of Pt/MC, EG–Pt/XC-72 and the commercial Pt/C catalyst.
Short and efficient synthesis of fluorinated δ-lactams
Authors: Cogswell Thomas J. , Donald Craig S. , Long De-Liang , Marquez Rodolfo
Published: August 2014

The diastereoselective synthesis of fluorinated δ-lactams.
Improve the photovoltaic performance of new quinoxaline-based conjugated polymers from the view of conjugated length and steric hindrance
Authors: Ouyang Dan , Xiao Manjun , Zhu Dangqiang , Zhu Weiguo , Du Zhengkun , Wang Ning , Zhou Yuanhang , Bao Xichang , Yang Renqiang
Published: August 2014

An improved photovoltaic performance of quinoxaline-based polymer solar cells was obtained from the view of conjugated length and steric hindrance.
Theoretical challenges in understanding the inhibition mechanism of copper corrosion in acid media in the presence of three triazole derivatives
Authors: Guo Lei , Dong Weipeng , Zhang Shengtao
Published: August 2014

Using quantum chemical and molecular dynamics approaches, we investigated the corrosion inhibition mechanism of the Cu/HNO3system in the presence of three triazole derivatives.
Direct comparison on the structural and optical properties of metal-catalytic and self-catalytic assisted gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Purushothaman V. , Venkatesh P. Sundara , Navamathavan R. , Jeganathan K.
Published: August 2014

The structural and optical properties of GaN nanowires (NWs) grown by catalytic and self-catalytic-assisted vapor liquid solid approach using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) are reported.
Studies on the effect of bio-ionic liquid structures on the spontaneous reduction and dispersion stability of graphene oxide in aqueous media
Authors: Sharma Mukesh , Mondal Dibyendu , Mukesh Chandrakant , Prasad Kamalesh
Published: August 2014

Surface functionalization of graphene oxide (GO) by choline bicarbonate, choline hydroxide, choline formate and choline caproate resulted formation of partially reduced GO.
Pd–Pt nanostructures on carbon nanofibers as an oxygen reduction electrocatalyst
Authors: Godinez-Garcia Andres , Gervasio Dominic F.
Published: August 2014

A new oxygen reduction catalyst is made of Pd and Pt nanostructures (Pd–Pt) supported on a herring-bone arrangement of carbon nanofibers (NFs) and is synthesized in one pot by the sequential reduction of Pd2+and Pt4+in aqueous chloride solution with ethylene glycol and then adding the carbon NF to precipitate the catalyst.
Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic triblock Copolymers with Identical compositions but different block sequences
Authors: Lu Chengjiao , Chen Lingdi , Huang Kun , Wang Guowei
Published: August 2014

The amphiphilic triblock copolymers PAA-b-PS-b-PAA and PS-b-PAA-b-PS were synthesized by a combination of an atom transfer radical polymerization mechanism and a nitroxide radical coupling reaction or copper-catalyzed azide/alkyne click chemistry.
Molecular packing, crystal to crystal transformation, electron transfer behaviour, and photochromic and fluorescent properties of three hydrogen-bonded supramolecular complexes containing benzenecarboxylate donors and viologen acceptors
Authors: Chen Hengjun , Li Min , Zheng Guiming , Wang Yifang , Song Yang , Han Conghui , Fu Zhiyong , Liao Shijun , Dai Jingcao
Published: August 2014

Structures of three D–A supramolecular systems and their photoresponsive characteristics are investigated.
Photo and electronic excitation for low temperature catalysis over metal nanoparticles using an organic semiconductor
Authors: Zheng Weiran , Jones Simon , Hong Xinlin , Tsang Shik Chi Edman
Published: August 2014

Simple supported metal catalysts are active for the destruction of a wide range of hazardous chemicals of environmental concerns, including CO, N2O and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in air at elevated temperatures.
Enhanced photovoltaic performance with co-sensitization of quantum dots and an organic dye in dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Lelii Camilla , Bawendi Moungi G. , Biagini Paolo , Chen Po-Yen , Crucianelli Marcello , D'Arcy Julio M. , De Angelis Francesco , Hammond Paula T. , Po Riccardo
Published: August 2014

CdSe QDs of two different sizes have been combined with organic and organometallic sensitizers. The enhancement of the efficiency in QDDSSCs depends on the size of the QD and on the nature of the dye.
Bioinspired design of a photoresponsive superhydrophobic/oleophilic surface with underwater superoleophobic efficacy
Authors: Palamà I. E. , D'Amone S. , Biasiucci M. , Gigli G. , Cortese B.
Published: August 2014

Surfaces with underwater superoleophobic efficacy and superhydrophobic/oleophilic property in air were created with ZnO nanostructures on PDMS microstructures.
Fabrication of a novel biomaterial with enhanced mechanical and conducting properties
Authors: Khandelwal Pranav C. , Agrawal Suchi S. , Namboothiry Manoj A. G. , Gundiah Namrata
Published: August 2014

Conducting polymers have combined advantages of metal conductivity with ease in processing and biocompatibility, making them extremely versatile for biosensor and tissue engineering applications.
Stiff, strong, and tough hydrogels with good chemical stability
Authors: Li Jianyu , Suo Zhigang , Vlassak Joost J.
Published: August 2014

A hybrid hydrogel, consisting of hydrophilic and crystalline polymer networks, achieves high stiffness, high strength, and high toughness, while maintaining physical integrity in concentrated electrolyte solutions.
Simple, common but functional: biocompatible and luminescent rare-earth doped magnesium and calcium hydroxides from miniemulsion
Authors: Butturini Erika , Dolcet Paolo , Casarin Maurizio , Speghini Adolfo , Pedroni Marco , Benetti Filippo , Motta Antonella , Badocco Denis , Pastore Paolo , Diodati Stefano , Pandolfo Luciano , Gross Silvia
Published: August 2014

Highly luminescent Ca(OH)2:Ln and Mg(OH)2:Ln (Ln = EuIII, SmIII, TbIII, Mg(Ca)/Ln = 20 : 1) nanostructures were obtained in inverse miniemulsion by exploiting the droplets to spatially confine the hydroxide precipitation in basic environment.
Electrochemical synthesis of flat-[Ga13−xInx(μ3-OH)6(μ-OH)18(H2O)24(NO3)15] clusters as aqueous precursors for solution-processed semiconductors
Authors: Carnes Matthew E. , Knutson Christopher C. , Nadarajah Athavan , Jackson Milton N. , Oliveri Anna F. , Norelli Kevin M. , Crockett Brandon M. , Bauers Sage R. , Moreno-Luna Hidekel A. , Taber Benjamen N. , Pacheco Daniel. J. , Olson Jarred Z. , Brevick Kaylena R. , Sheehan Claire E. , Johnson Darren W. , Boettcher Shannon W.
Published: August 2014

Electrochemical reduction is used to synthesize indium-gallium-hydroxide-nitrate nanoclusters which are shown to be promising precursors for thin-film transistors.
A highly conductive, flexible, transparent composite electrode based on the lamination of silver nanowires and polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: He Xin , He Ruihui , Liu A'lei , Chen Xiangyuan , Zhao Zhilong , Feng Sheng , Chen Ning , Zhang Mei
Published: August 2014

A highly conductive, transparent electrode composed of the Ag NW network and the PVA film was fabricated using a mechanical lamination technique. The connections of the nanowires were fused together after laminating, and electrical networks were established.
Power quality improvements in a zeta converter for brushless DC motor drives
Authors: Singh Bhim , Bist Vashist
Published: August 2014

This study deals with a reduced sensor configuration of a power factor correction (PFC) based zeta converter for brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive for low power applications. The speed of the BLDC motor is controlled by varying the dc‐link voltage of the voltage source inverter (VSI) feeding BLDC motor drive. A low‐frequency switching of the VSI is used for achieving the electronic commutation of BLDC motor for reduced switching losses. The PFC‐based zeta converter is designed to operate in discontinuous inductor current mode; thus utilising a voltage follower approach which requires a single voltage sensor for dc‐link voltage control and PFC operation. The proposed drive is designed to operate over a wide range of speed control with improved power quality at ac mains. The performance of the proposed drive is validated with experimental results obtained on a developed prototype of PFC converter.
Load demand profile for a large charging station of a fleet of all‐electric plug‐in buses
Authors: Rios Mario A. , Peña Nestor M. , Ramos Gustavo A. , Muñoz Luis E. , Botero Andres Felipe , Puentes Maria Paula
Published: August 2014

This study proposes a general procedure to compute the load demand profile from a parking lot where a fleet of buses with electric propulsion mechanisms are charged. Such procedure is divided in three different stages, the first one models the daily energy utilisation of the batteries based on Monte Carlo simulations and route characteristics. The second one models the process in the charging station based on discrete event simulation of queues of buses served by a lot of available chargers. The third step computes the final demand profile in the parking lot because of the charging process based on the power consumption of batteries’ chargers and the utilisation of the available charges. The proposed procedure allows the computation of the number of required batteries’ chargers to be installed in a charging station placed at a parking lot in order to satisfy and ensure the operation of the fleet, the computation of the power demand profile and the peak load and the computation of the general characteristics of electrical infrastructure to supply the power to the station.
Pre‐design and life cycle cost analysis of a hybrid power system for rural and remote communities in Afghanistan
Authors: Danish Mir Sayed Shah , Yona Atsushi , Senjyu Tomonobu
Published: August 2014

In view of the present situation of the Afghanistan electricity sector, the photovoltaic and diesel generator stand‐alone hybrid power system is increasingly attractive for application in rural and remote communities. Thousands of rural communities in Afghanistan depend solely on traditional kerosene for illumination and rarely have access to electricity sources such as DC battery for radio and other small appliances. This study is conducted to offer real‐life solution to this problem. The hybrid system is investigated to meet the domestic load demand that is estimated based on the communities’ electricity consumption culture. At first, customary pre‐design is pursued. Afterwards, the break‐even point and net present value algorithms are applied for economic analysis. That makes this study differ from the previous academic literature. The concepts developed in this study are targeted for a cost‐effective hybrid system, which is appropriate for rural and remote residents’ lifestyle change and improvement. Based on the academic research methods, overall analysis procedures can fit as an analogy, especially for developing countries.
Structural characterization of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 as a function of temperature using neutron powder diffraction and extended X-ray absorption fine structure techniques
Authors: Mansour A. N. , Wong-Ng W. , Huang Q. , Tang W. , Thompson A. , Sharp J.
Published: August 2014

The structure of Bi2Te3 (Seebeck coefficient Standard Reference Material (SRM™ 3451)) and the related phase Sb2Te3 have been characterized as a function of temperature using the neutron powder diffraction (NPD) and the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques. The neutron structural studies were carried out from 20 K to 300 K for Bi2Te3 and from 10 K to 298 K for Sb2Te3. The EXAFS technique for studying the local structure of the two compounds was conducted from 19 K to 298 K. Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 are isostructural, with a space group of R3¯m. The structure consists of repeated quintuple layers of atoms, Te2-M-Te1-M-Te2 (where M = Bi or Sb) stacking along the c-axis of the unit cell. EXAFS was used to examine the bond distances and static and thermal disorders for the first three shells of Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3 as a function of temperature. The temperature dependencies of thermal disorders were analyzed using the Debye and Einstein models for lattice vibrations. The Debye and Einstein temperatures for the first two shells of Bi2Te3 are similar to those of Sb2Te3 within the uncertainty in the data. However, the Debye and Einstein temperatures for the third shell of Bi-Bi are significantly lower than those of the third shell of Sb-Sb. The Einstein temperature for the third shell is consistent with a soft phonon mode in both Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3. The lower Einstein temperature of Bi-Bi relative to Sb-Sb is consistent with the lower value of thermal conductivity of Bi2Te3 relative to Sb2Te3.
An optical sensor for detecting the contact location of a gas-liquid interface on a body
Authors: Belden Jesse , Jandron Michael
Published: August 2014

An optical sensor for detecting the dynamic contact location of a gas-liquid interface along the length of a body is described. The sensor is developed in the context of applications to supercavitating bodies requiring measurement of the dynamic cavity contact location; however, the sensing method is extendable to other applications as well. The optical principle of total internal reflection is exploited to detect changes in refractive index of the medium contacting the body at discrete locations along its length. The derived theoretical operation of the sensor predicts a signal attenuation of 18 dB when a sensed location changes from air-contacting to water-contacting. Theory also shows that spatial resolution (d) scales linearly with sensor length (Ls) and a resolution of 0.01Ls can be achieved. A prototype sensor is constructed from simple components and response characteristics are quantified for different ambient light conditions as well as partial wetting states. Three methods of sensor calibration are described and a signal processing framework is developed that allows for robust detection of the gas-liquid contact location. In a tank draining experiment, the prototype sensor resolves the water level with accuracy limited only by the spatial resolution, which is constrained by the experimental setup. A more representative experiment is performed in which the prototype sensor accurately measures the dynamic contact location of a gas cavity on a water tunnel wall.
In-line phase-contrast imaging based on Tsinghua Thomson scattering x-ray source
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Du Yingchao , Yan Lixin , Hua Jianfei , Yang Jin , Xiao Yongshun , Huang Wenhui , Chen Huaibi , Tang Chuanxiang
Published: August 2014

Thomson scattering x-ray sources can produce ultrashort, energy tunable x-ray pulses characterized by high brightness, quasi-monochromatic, and high spatial coherence, which make it an ideal source for in-line phase-contrast imaging. We demonstrate the capacity of in-line phase-contrast imaging based on Tsinghua Thomson scattering X-ray source. Clear edge enhancement effect has been observed in the experiment.
Heterogeneous metasurface for high temperature selective emission
Authors: Woolf D. , Hensley J. , Cederberg J. G. , Bethke D. T. , Grine A. D. , Shaner E. A.
Published: August 2014

We demonstrate selective emission from a heterogeneous metasurface that can survive repeated temperature cycling at 1300 K. Simulations, fabrication, and characterization were performed for a cross-over-a-backplane metasurface consisting of platinum and alumina layers on a sapphire substrate. The structure was stabilized for high temperature operation by an encapsulating alumina layer. The geometry was optimized for integration into a thermophotovoltaic (TPV) system, and was designed to have its emissivity matched to the external quantum efficiency spectrum of 0.6 eV InGaAs TPV material. We present spectral measurements of the metasurface that result in a predicted 22% optical-to-electrical power conversion efficiency in a simplified model at 1300 K. Furthermore, this broadly adaptable selective emitter design can be easily integrated into full-scale TPV systems.
A comprehensible low-order model for wall turbulence dynamics
Authors: Lagha Maher
Published: August 2014

Streamwise vortices play an important role in the sustainment of wall turbulence. They are associated with regions with strong Reynolds shear stress production. In turbulent plane Couette flow at low Reynolds numbers, these streamwise vortices fill the whole gap between the plates. Using a low-order model obtained from the Navier-Stokes equations through a two-step Galerkin projection, the dynamics of these streamwise vortices is shown to be similar to the dynamics observed in the near-wall region of turbulent boundary layers [M. Lagha, J. Kim, J. D. Eldredge, and X. Zhong, “Near-wall dynamics of compressible boundary layer,” Phys. Fluids 23, 065109 (2011)]. A spanwise vortex filling the whole gap between the plates and with vorticity opposite in sign to that of the base flow, is tilted in the streamwise direction by the spanwise shear of the streaks. The resultant vortex has a crescent shape and its legs are two streamwise vortices. They regenerate the streaks by the lift-up effect. Through its ability to generate periodic spatio-temporal flow patterns, this model is shown to provide an ideal tool for studying the different mechanisms at work.
High energy gain in three-dimensional simulations of light sail acceleration
Authors: Sgattoni A. , Sinigardi S. , Macchi A.
Published: August 2014

The dynamics of radiation pressure acceleration in the relativistic light sail regime are analysed by means of large scale, three-dimensional (3D) particle-in-cell simulations. Differently to other mechanisms, the 3D dynamics leads to faster and higher energy gain than in 1D or 2D geometry. This effect is caused by the local decrease of the target density due to transverse expansion leading to a “lighter sail.” However, the rarefaction of the target leads to an earlier transition to transparency limiting the energy gain. A transverse instability leads to a structured and inhomogeneous ion distribution.
Short wavelength limits of current shot noise suppression
Authors: Nause Ariel , Dyunin Egor , Gover Avraham
Published: August 2014

Shot noise in electron beam was assumed to be one of the features beyond control of accelerator physics. Current results attained in experiments at Accelerator Test Facility in Brookhaven and Linac Coherent Light Source in Stanford suggest that the control of the shot noise in electron beam (and therefore of spontaneous radiation and Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission of Free Electron Lasers) is feasible at least in the visible range of the spectrum. Here, we present a general linear formulation for collective micro-dynamics of e-beam noise and its control. Specifically, we compare two schemes for current noise suppression: a quarter plasma wavelength drift section and a combined drift/dispersive (transverse magnetic field) section. We examine and compare their limits of applicability at short wavelengths via considerations of electron phase-spread and the related Landau damping effect.
Air-gap gating of MgZnO/ZnO heterostructures
Authors: Tambo T. , Falson J. , Maryenko D. , Kozuka Y. , Tsukazaki A. , Kawasaki M.
Published: August 2014

The adaptation of “air-gap” dielectric based field-effect transistor technology to controlling the MgZnO/ZnO heterointerface confined two-dimensional electron system (2DES) is reported. We find it possible to tune the charge density of the 2DES via a gate electrode spatially separated from the heterostructure surface by a distance of 5 μm. Under static gating, the observation of the quantum Hall effect suggests that the charge carrier density remains homogeneous, with the 2DES in the 3 mm square sample the sole conductor. The availability of this technology enables the exploration of the charge carrier density degree of freedom in the pristine sample limit.
Theoretical analysis of conditions for observation of plasma oscillations in semiconductors from pulsed terahertz emission
Authors: Reklaitis Antanas
Published: August 2014

Oscillations of electron-hole plasma generated by femtosecond optical pulse in freestanding semiconductor are studied using hydrodynamic model and Monte Carlo simulations. The conditions required for the observation of coherent plasma oscillations in THz emission from semiconductor are determined. It is shown that several conditions have to be fulfilled in order to observe coherent plasma oscillations. First, the intensity of the optical pulse must exceed some threshold value. Second, the optical absorption depth must exceed the thickness of the built-in electric field region. Third, the generation of electron-hole pairs with uniform illumination is required, i.e., the laser beam with the flattop intensity profile has to be used. It is found that the duration of the optical pulse does not play a vital role in the development of plasma oscillations.
Numerical study of effect of secondary electron emission on discharge characteristics in low pressure capacitive RF argon discharge
Authors: Liu Qian , Liu Yue , Samir Tagra , Ma Zhaoshuai
Published: August 2014

Based on the drift and diffusion approximation theory, a 1D fluid model on capacitively coupled RF argon glow discharge at low pressure is established to study the effect of secondary electron emission (SEE) on the discharge characteristics. The model is numerically solved by using a finite difference method and the numerical results are obtained. The numerical results indicate that when the SEE coefficient is larger, the plasma density is higher and the time of reaching steady state is longer. It is also found that the cycle-averaged electric field, electric potential, and electron temperature change a little as the SEE coefficient is increased. Moreover, the discharge characteristics in some nonequilibrium discharge processes with different SEE coefficients have been compared. The analysis shows that when the SEE coefficient is varied from 0.01 to 0.3, the cycle-averaged electron net power absorption, electron heating rate, thermal convective term, electron energy dissipation, and ionization all have different degrees of growth. While the electron energy dissipation and ionization are quite special, there appear two peaks near each sheath region in the discharge with a relatively larger SEE coefficient. In this case, the discharge is certainly operated in a hybrid α-γ-mode.
A thermal conductivity model of nanofluids based on particle size distribution analysis
Authors: Zhou Dengqing , Wu Huiying
Published: August 2014

A model for predicting the thermal conductivity of nanofluids is proposed, in which the influence of nanoparticle clusters has been considered through the analysis of particle size distribution (PSD). The relation between PSD and thermal conductivity of nanofluids is established under the assumption that the nanoparticles in clusters aggregate with each other closely. A good agreement is achieved between the present model predictions and the experimental results in the literature.
Large current modulation in exfoliated-graphene/MoS2/metal vertical heterostructures
Authors: Moriya Rai , Yamaguchi Takehiro , Inoue Yoshihisa , Morikawa Sei , Sata Yohta , Masubuchi Satoru , Machida Tomoki
Published: August 2014

Graphene-based vertical field effect transistors have attracted considerable attention in the light of realizing high-speed switching devices; however, the functionality of such devices has been limited by either their small ON-OFF current ratios or ON current densities. We fabricate a graphene/MoS2/metal vertical heterostructure by using mechanical exfoliation and dry transfer of graphene and MoS2 layers. The van der Waals interface between graphene and MoS2 exhibits a Schottky barrier, thus enabling the possibility of well-defined current rectification. The height of the Schottky barrier can be strongly modulated by an external gate electric field owing to the small density of states of graphene. We obtain large current modulation exceeding 105 simultaneously with a large current density of ∼104 A/cm2, thereby demonstrating the superior performance of the exfoliated-graphene/MoS2/metal vertical field effect transistor.
Lattice vibrational modes and Raman scattering spectra of strained phosphorene
Authors: Fei Ruixiang , Yang Li
Published: August 2014

Strain is prominent in fabricated samples and it also serves as an exploitable tool for engineering their properties. However, quantifying strain and characterizing its spatially inhomogeneous distribution are challenging tasks. Here, we report the lattice vibrational modes and corresponding Raman spectra of strained monolayer black phosphorus (phosphorene) by first-principles simulations. We show that frequencies of vibrational modes of phosphorene and their Raman scattering peaks exhibit substantial and distinct shifts according to the types and size of strain. Combined with high spatial-resolution Raman scattering measurements, our calculated results can quantify arbitrary strain distributions in phosphorene.
Ultrasensitive detection of Hg2+ using oligonucleotide-functionalized AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor
Authors: Cheng Junjie , Li Jiadong , Miao Bin , Wang Jine , Wu Zhengyan , Wu Dongmin , Pei Renjun
Published: August 2014

An oligonucleotide-functionalized ion sensitive AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) was fabricated to detect trace amounts of Hg2+. The advantages of ion sensitive AlGaN/GaN HEMT and highly specific binding interaction between Hg2+ and thymines were combined. The current response of this Hg2+ ultrasensitive transistor was characterized. The current increased due to the accumulation of Hg2+ ions on the surface by the highly specific thymine-Hg2+-thymine recognition. The dynamic linear range for Hg2+ detection has been determined in the concentrations from 10−14 to 10−8 M and a detection limit below 10−14 M level was estimated, which is the best result of AlGaN/GaN HEMT biosensors for Hg2+ detection till now.
Light-induced degradation and metastable-state recovery with reaction kinetics modeling in boron-doped Czochralski silicon solar cells
Authors: Kim Soo Min , Chun Seungju , Bae Suhyun , Park Seungeun , Kang Min Gu , Song Hee-eun , Kang Yoonmook , Lee Hae-seok , Kim Donghwan
Published: August 2014

Solar cells fabricated from boron-doped p-type Czochralski silicon suffer from light-induced degradation that can lower the conversion efficiency by up to 10% relative. When solar cells are exposed to temperatures between 100 °C and 200 °C under illumination, regeneration, in which the minority carrier lifetime is gradually recovered, occurs after the initial light-induced degradation. We studied the light-induced degradation and regeneration process using carrier injection within a design chamber and observed open-circuit voltage trends at various sample temperatures. We proposed a cyclic reaction kinetics model to more precisely analyze the degradation and recovery phenomenon. Our model incorporated the reaction paths that were not counted in the original model between the three states (annealed, degradation, and regeneration). We calculated a rate constant for each reaction path based on the proposed model, extracted an activation energy for each reaction using these rate constants at various temperatures, and calculated activation energies of redegradation and the stabilization reaction.
High gain, low noise, fully complementary logic inverter based on bi-layer WSe2 field effect transistors
Authors: Das Saptarshi , Dubey Madan , Roelofs Andreas
Published: August 2014

In this article, first, we show that by contact work function engineering, electrostatic doping and proper scaling of both the oxide thickness and the flake thickness, high performance p- and n-type WSe2 field effect transistors (FETs) can be realized. We report record high drive current of 98 μA/μm for the electron conduction and 110 μA/μm for the hole conduction in Schottky barrier WSe2 FETs. Then, we combine high performance WSe2 PFET with WSe2 NFET in double gated transistor geometry to demonstrate a fully complementary logic inverter. We also show that by adjusting the threshold voltages for the NFET and the PFET, the gain and the noise margin of the inverter can be significantly enhanced. The maximum gain of our chemical doping free WSe2 inverter was found to be ∼25 and the noise margin was close to its ideal value of ∼2.5 V for a supply voltage of VDD = 5.0 V.
Two-dimensional interpreter for field-reversed configurations
Authors: Steinhauer Loren
Published: August 2014

An interpretive method is developed for extracting details of the fully two-dimensional (2D) “internal” structure of field-reversed configurations (FRC) from common diagnostics. The challenge is that only external and “gross” diagnostics are routinely available in FRC experiments. Inferring such critical quantities as the poloidal flux and the particle inventory has commonly relied on a theoretical construct based on a quasi-one-dimensional approximation. Such inferences sometimes differ markedly from the more accurate, fully 2D reconstructions of equilibria. An interpreter based on a fully 2D reconstruction is needed to enable realistic within-the-shot tracking of evolving equilibrium properties. Presented here is a flexible equilibrium reconstruction with which an extensive data base of equilibria was constructed. An automated interpreter then uses this data base as a look-up table to extract evolving properties. This tool is applied to data from the FRC facility at Tri Alpha Energy. It yields surprising results at several points, such as the inferences that the local β (plasma pressure/external magnetic pressure) of the plasma climbs well above unity and the poloidal flux loss time is somewhat longer than previously thought, both of which arise from full two-dimensionality of FRCs.
The Evolution of Singlish: Beyond Phase 5?
Authors: Wee Lionel
Published: August 2014

This paper focuses on the development of Singlish and shows that the study of Singlish provides us with useful information about how the development of (varieties of) English is related to issues of language, identity and culture in a rapidly globalizing world. As such, it raises the important question of how the issue of global mobility (of people as well as cultural – including linguistic – products) can be linked to Schneider’s Dynamic Model. The basic assumptions of the Dynamic Model, the paper argues, will need to be reconsidered if it is to keep pace with the sociolinguistic implications of globalization.
Emergence of “new varieties” in speech as a complex system
Authors: Kretzschmar William A.
Published: August 2014

The properties of complex systems engage nicely with the framework for “new varieties” of English suggested by Edgar Schneider, which highlights perceptual qualities and describes the progress of emergence of postcolonial varieties from early settlement to mature nation states. In order to explain the coexistence of multiple varieties of a language and the emergence of new subvarieties, we require a process for variety formation that does not inexorably lead to a single new variety but instead explicitly allows for linguistic systems to exist in the same place. Complexity science shows that variation in English has the property of scaling that begins in small groups that form the basis for broad and interacting regional and social continua of speech.
The evolution of English(es)
Authors: Hackert Stephanie
Published: August 2014

Many of the central tenets of modern linguistics – and thus also of the study of World Englishes – have a history which goes back to the nineteenth century. This article focuses on the idea of the evolution of language(s). I will employ a discourse-historical approach to show that evolution was generally taken to imply not only progress but also hierarchization, and that English and its standard variety – as well as their speakers – were inevitably seen as the most progressive and placed at the top of any linguistic hierarchy. Of course, crude nationalist and racist thinking are no longer current in academic linguistics today; nevertheless, this article will claim that in order to fully comprehend contemporary ideologies of language, we need to understand the historical origins of the assumptions and beliefs upon which they rest.
At the crossroads of variation studies and corpus linguistics
Authors: Ramisch Heinrich
Published: August 2014

Past tense and past participle forms of the type learned / learnt or burned / burnt have been studied both in variationist and corpus linguistics. As the variation is based on a phonological difference in the spoken language, it is rather important to ascertain whether the forms analysed in the different corpora reliably represent the pronunciation of the verb-forms. It will therefore be a major aim of this contribution to explore the relationship between the written verb-forms and their actual pronunciation in the spoken language. A variety of sources are used, namely pronouncing dictionaries, some traditional descriptions of the verb-forms and dialectological studies on both British and American varieties. Finally, the results of a pilot-study with a group of American students are presented in detail.
Compounding and Suffixation in World Englishes
Authors: Biermeier Thomas
Published: August 2014

This paper investigates compounding and suffixation across twelve varieties of English. First, I will show that second language varieties in Asia and Africa use the same frequency patterns as first language varieties. Especially Asian Englishes display a wide range of different types, in many cases even wider than the native varieties. African varieties often feature a reduced set of types, although those types yield high token numbers. On a qualitative level, the ample collection of new coinages found in the International Corpus of English attests to the new varieties’ lexical creativity. In addition, the vocabulary of Asian and African Englishes is continually expanded through hybridization. Finally, I will demonstrate that the lexical trends outlined here are indicative of independent developments.
When did Southern American English really begin?
Authors: Montgomery Michael , Ellis Michael , Cooper Brandon
Published: August 2014

This paper uses the Corpus of American Civil War Letters, comprising several thousand documents written by minimally literate privates in the conflict, to analyze grammatical features such as you-all and fixing to. The authors respond to the proposal of Bailey (1997) that white Southern American English shifted rapidly and radically in waning decades of the 19th century, and show that the shift was not as rapid, but may have been quite as radical, as Bailey argues. That is, the grammar of white SAE had more continuity between the antebellum and post-bellum periods than Bailey posits, but began becoming distinct from the English of the northern U.S. earlier. The paper concludes that white SAE “began” prior to 1850.
The English origins of African American Vernacular English
Authors: Mufwene Salikoko S.
Published: August 2014

This chapter shows how the English-origins hypothesis on the emergence of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) seems to prevail against the creole-origins alternative. My arguments are embedded in the socioeconomic history of contacts between African slaves and European colonists (mostly farmers and indentured servants) on the tobacco and cotton plantations of the American Southeast, where Southern English emerged before the institutionalized race segregation in the late 19th century. I submit that Jim Crow fostered AAVE indirectly in triggering the Great Migration of African Americans to segregated northern and western cities, where they relocated in separate ethnic ghettos, and their otherwise regional vernacular was ethnicized. I make allowance for African and creole substrate influence, which I distinguish from the creole-origins hypothesis.
The evolution of Brunei English
Authors: Deterding David
Published: August 2014

Brunei English is changing in ways that seem to reflect global trends in World Englishes, including the occurrence of spelling pronunciation, avoidance of vowel reduction, and use of plurals such as equipments. However, some developments in Brunei English may not be so widely shared, including the increasing occurrence of rhoticity and the meaning of words such as send. Finally, some features are idiosyncratic, such as the adoption of Malay terms. We can therefore see that Brunei English is participating in the worldwide evolution of English while simultaneously establishing its own identity as a distinct variety. This article describes the ways that Brunei English is changing and discusses how it fits into the model of change proposed by Schneider (2007).