bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased ratio of galactolipid MGDG : DGDG induces jasmonic acid overproduction and changes chloroplast shape
Authors: Yu Chun‐Wei , Lin Yang‐Tsung , Li Hsou‐min
Published: June 2020

Galactolipids monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyl diacylglycerol (DGDG) constitute c. 50% and c. 30% of chloroplast membrane lipids, respectively. They are important for photosynthesis and stress tolerance. Mutations in DGD1, the major DGDG‐synthesizing enzyme, severely reduce DGDG content and induce jasmonic acid (JA) overproduction, resulting in stunted growth. However, how DGDG reduction leads to JA overproduction is unknown.

We introduced an inducible microRNA (ami‐MGD1) into an Arabidopsis dgd1 mutant to reduce MGDG synthesis, thereby further diminishing galactolipid content, but partially restoring the MGDG : DGDG ratio. Galactolipid and Chl contents, expression of JA‐biosynthesis and JA‐responsive genes, photosystem II (PSII) maximum quantum efficiency, and chloroplast shape were investigated.

Expression of JA‐biosynthesis and JA‐responsive genes were reduced in amiR‐MGD1‐transformed dgd1 plants. Stunted growth caused by JA overproduction was also partially rescued, but Chl reduction and PSII impairment remained similar to the original dgd1 mutant. Altered chloroplast shape, which is another defect observed in dgd1 but is not caused by JA overproduction, was also partially rescued.

Our results reveal that an increased MGDG : DGDG ratio is the primary cause of JA overproduction. The ratio is also important for determining chloroplast shapes, whereas reduced Chl and photosynthesis are most likely a direct consequence of insufficient DGDG.
Spatial and temporal distributions in the Norwegian cod fishery
Authors: Alizadeh Ashrafi Tannaz , Eide Arne , Hermansen Øystein
Published: June 2020

Fisheries are characterized by variations in space and time. This study investigates the characteristics of seasonality in cod trawl fisheries in two distinct areas: the coast along the northern Norway and the high sea area of the Barents Sea. Catch per unit effort (CPUE) is used to proxy variation in stock abundance. A CPUE function has been estimated in the frequency‐domain framework, to detect the presence of seasonality. Our analysis reveals that seasonality in stock abundance is only present in the northern coast of Norway. We conclude that as a consequence of seasonality in stock aggregation during the first quarter of the fishing year, possible economic losses caused by reduced prices—stemming from a large supply of cod—are larger than the economic benefits from cost reduction per unit of harvest. We speculate that declined price and consequently potential economic losses encourage trawlers to substitute cod by other high‐value fisheries during the winter months. As the price of cod starts to rise after the first quarter, trawlers begin to target cod in the high sea areas, a region with less seasonality.
Heideggerian phenomenological hermeneutics: Working with the data
Authors: Smythe Elizabeth , Spence Deb
Published: June 2020

It is one thing to read about the methodology and methods of Heideggerian hermeneutic phenomenological research, the ontic description. It is quite another thing to be faced with an interview transcript. This article draws on a study that asked doctoral students about their experience of doing such research. How did they become “phenomenological/hermeneutic” in their thinking and writing? What helped them to find their way? We offer this article as a means of letting others learn from our own experiences. We support our insights with the writings of Heidegger and Gadamer to show the methodological congruence that is essential to Heideggerian phenomenological hermeneutic research.
Should patients with obesity be more afraid of COVID‐19?
Authors: Rychter Anna Maria , Zawada Agnieszka , Ratajczak Alicja Ewa , Dobrowolska Agnieszka , Krela‐Kaźmierczak Iwona
Published: June 2020

COVID‐19 crisis has lasted since the late 2019 to the present day. The severity of the disease is positively correlated with several factors, such as age and coexisting diseases. Furthermore, obesity is increasingly considered as a yet another risk factor, particularly, because it has been observed that people suffering from excessive body weight may experience a more severe course of COVID‐19 infection. On the basis of current research, in our nonsystematic review, we have investigated the extent to which obesity can affect the SARS‐CoV‐2 course and identify the potential mechanisms of the disease. We have also described the role of proper nutrition, physical activity and other aspects relevant to the management of obesity.
Torque expression by active and passive self‐ligating brackets in patients with four premolar extractions: A retrospective study
Authors: Ren Xinyi , Li Jiao , Zhao Yunhe , Li Houxuan , Lei Lang
Published: June 2020

Objective

Appropriate torque expression contributes to ideal treatment outcomes both clinically and aesthetically. Whether active and passive self‐ligating brackets (SLBs) have different torque‐control capability in vivo has never been reported. The purpose of present study was to explore whether there was difference in torque expression in active and passive SLBs.

Setting and Sample Population

In this retrospective study, 225 patients with four first premolar extractions were enrolled. For each patient, the digital lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken before and after treatment.

Materials and Methods

The study consisted of 2 groups: 111 subjects were treated with passive SLBs (Damon Q, Ormco) and 114 subjects with active SLBs (Empower 2, American Orthodontics). Measurements to determine skeletal changes and incisor inclination were obtained from cephalometric tracings using Dolphin software (version 11.8, USA). Comparisons in both groups and intergroups were compared using t tests and chi‐square test.

Results

Significant differences in the variation of U1‐SN(°), U1‐NA(°), L1‐NB(°) and L1‐FH(°) were found between two groups. More labially inclined maxillary incisors were found in active SLB group, while more labially inclined mandibular incisors were observed in passive SLB group.

Conclusions

With the present prescription set in the two brackets, active SLBs achieved more proclined maxillary incisors and retroclined mandibular incisors. Clinicians should take torque expression of brackets into consideration during orthodontic treatment.
Antifungal activity of Punicalagin–nystatin combinations against Candida albicans
Authors: da Silva Rafaela Alves , Ishikiriama Bella Luna Colombini , Ribeiro Lopes Marcelo Milanda , de Castro Ricardo Dias , Garcia Cindy Ruiz , Porto Vinicius Carvalho , Santos Carlos Ferreira , Neppelenbroek Karin Hermana , Lara Vanessa Soares
Published: June 2020

Objectives

Oral candidiasis is the most common opportunistic fungal infection of oral mucosa and results from an overgrowth of Candida, especially Candida albicans. The potential anti‐C. albicans and cytotoxicity of punicalagin (PCG), isolated from Punica granatum, alone or with nystatin (NYS) were evaluated.

Methods

Activity of compounds alone or in combinations was determined against two C. albicans strains (ATCC 90028 and SC5314). Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)‐50 and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) were assessed by XTT assay and CFU counts, respectively. For combinations, determination of fractional inhibitory concentration index was performed. Ergosterol pathway was investigated as a possible PCG antifungal mechanism. Cytotoxicity assays were undertaken on human primary oral keratinocytes and gingival fibroblasts incubated with antifungal concentrations of PCG and/or NYS for 24 hr.

Results

Combination of NYS and PCG increased antifungal efficacy, compared with compounds tested alone. Combinations 4 (PCG‐6.25 μg/ml; NYS‐3.9 μg/ml) and 5 (PCG‐12.5 μg/ml; NYS‐1.95 μg/ml) were more effective since they reduced the MIC‐50 of PCG (50 μg/ml) by 8 and 4 times, respectively, increased the candidal inhibition and nullified the PCG cytotoxicity for keratinocytes. PCG antifungal mechanism did not involve ergosterol biosynthesis pathway.

Conclusions

The favorable outcomes for combination of PCG and NYS encourage further testing this therapeutic strategy against C. albicans.
Percutaneous Transforaminal Endoscopic Discectomy and Fenestration Discectomy to Treat Posterior Ring Apophyseal Fractures: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Wang Yao‐bin , Chen Shu‐lian , Cao Chen , Zhang Kai , Liu Li‐min , Gao Yan‐zheng
Published: June 2020

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED) and fenestration discectomy (FD) for posterior ring apophyseal fractures (PRAF).

Methods

This study was a retrospective cohort control study. A total of 96 patients with lumbar PRAF who underwent surgical treatment at the Henan Provincial People's Hospital of Henan University from September 2013 to December 2017 were retrospectively examined, of which 51 were treated by PTED and 45 by FD. The average age of those in the PTED group was 28.24 years, including 38 males and 13 females. The average age of those in the FD group was 28.07 years, with 33 males and 12 females. Operation time, total blood loss, hospitalization days, preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS), and Oswestry disability index (ODI) scores were evaluated. Modified MacNab criteria were used to evaluate the clinical effect at the last follow‐up.

Results

Both operations were successful and no serious complications occurred. All patients were followed up for 12–30 (average 16.7 ± 3.2) months, and no patients were lost to follow‐up. No statistically significant difference was found in the mean age and gender between the PTED group and the FD group (P < 0.05). Operation time, total blood loss, and length of hospital stay were significantly lower in the PTED group (87.65 ± 13.15 min, 12.78 ± 4.95 mL, and 6.80 ± 1.67 days, respectively) than in the FD group (114.11 ± 14.39 min, 30.89 ± 7.09 mL, and 11.71 ± 1.98 days, respectively) (P < 0.05). The VAS and ODI scores of the two groups at postoperative day 1 (PTED: 3.82 ± 0.97, 37.73% ± 3.72%; FD: 3.62 ± 1.09, 36.62% ± 3.05%), and at 3 months (PTED: 2.90 ± 1.08, 26.02% ± 2.90%; FD: 3.07 ± 0.99, 27.16% ± 4.02%), 6 months (PTED: 2.31 ± 0.88, 22.53% ± 2.67%; FD: 2.36 ± 0.77, 21.18% ± 3.35%), and the last follow‐up (PTED: 1.90 ± 0.83, 19.88% ± 3.01%; FD: 1.89 ± 0.86, 18.22% ± 3.03%) were significantly different from the preoperative scores (PTED: 6.53 ± 1.00, 55.24% ± 4.54%; FD: 6.78 ± 1.31, 53.56% ± 5.73%) (P < 0.05). The VAS and ODI scores at 3 months postoperatively, 6 months postoperatively, and the last follow up were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). In the PTED group, 2 patients developed a transient nerve stimulation symptom within 1 day after surgery and 1 patient had recurrence at 3 months after surgery. In the FD group, 2 patients had severe dural ruptures due to adhesion during surgery, 1 patient developed infection complications, and 2 patients relapsed at 2 and 3 months after surgery. At the last follow‐up, the modified MacNab criteria for clinical effect were 93.3% and 94.1% in the FD and PTED groups, respectively.

Conclusion

While PTED has the same efficacy as FD for treating PRAF, it is associated with shorter operation time, less trauma, and quicker recovery.
Phospholipase Dα1 mediates the high‐Mg2+ stress response partially through regulation of K+ homeostasis
Authors: Kocourková Daniela , Krčková Zuzana , Pejchar Přemysl , Kroumanová Kristýna , Podmanická Tereza , Daněk Michal , Martinec Jan
Published: June 2020

Intracellular levels of Mg2+ are tightly regulated, as Mg2+ deficiency or excess affects normal plant growth and development. In Arabidopsis, we determined that phospholipase Dα1 (PLDα1) is involved in the stress response to high‐magnesium conditions. The T‐DNA insertion mutant pldα1 is hypersensitive to increased concentrations of magnesium, exhibiting reduced primary root length and fresh weight. PLDα1 activity increases rapidly after high‐Mg2+ treatment, and this increase was found to be dose dependent. Two lines harbouring mutations in the HKD motif, which is essential for PLDα1 activity, displayed the same high‐Mg2+ hypersensitivity of pldα1 plants. Moreover, we show that high concentrations of Mg2+ disrupt K+ homeostasis, and that transcription of K+ homeostasis‐related genes CIPK9 and HAK5 is impaired in pldα1. Additionally, we found that the akt1, hak5 double mutant is hypersensitive to high‐Mg2+. We conclude that in Arabidopsis, the enzyme activity of PLDα1 is vital in the response to high‐Mg2+ conditions, and that PLDα1 mediates this response partially through regulation of K+ homeostasis.
When leader–member exchange differentiation improves work group functioning: The combined roles of differentiation bases and reward interdependence
Authors: Han Joo Hun , Liao Hui , Han Jian , Li Alex Ning
Published: June 2020

Drawing on social hierarchy theory, we develop a contingency model of leader–member exchange (LMX) differentiation in which LMX differentiation is positively and negatively related to group cooperation and group social undermining, respectively, when it is based on the group members’ performance, but the relations are reversed (i.e., negative and positive, respectively) when it stems from a leader's personal liking of the members. In addition, we propose that the moderating effects of the performance and personal liking bases of LMX differentiation are magnified by the levels of reward interdependence. Specifically, under a high (vs. low) level of reward interdependence, LMX differentiation based on performance more strongly relates to high group cooperation and low group social undermining, whereas LMX differentiation with a personal liking basis is more likely to decrease group cooperation and increase group social undermining. Group cooperation and social undermining are then hypothesized to convey the three‐way interactive effects of LMX differentiation, its two bases, and reward interdependence on subsequent group performance. Analyses of data from 328 sales groups of a large retailer support the core part of our contingency model of LMX differentiation.
A Sharp Jump in Photocatalytic Activity of Elemental Sulfur for Dye Degradation in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Peyman Vahideh Alvandi , Azizian Saeid
Published: June 2020

Elemental sulfur is a low‐cost and abundant substance as one of the largest by‐products of the oil industry which was widely used in many industrial activities. Cyclo‐octasulfur (S8) is one of the sulfur allotropes that is a very stable substance in standard conditions. In this study, we report a low‐cost and fast method for the degradation of methyl violet in water under visible light and also sunlight by using elemental sulfur (S8). The results show that sulfur is a good photocatalyst which operates under visible light and can be utilized for degradation of methyl violet. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl violet in acidic, neutral, and alkaline media was investigated, and it was found that the photocatalytic efficiency increases dramatically in alkaline solution. The effects of the initial concentration of the dye, photocatalyst dosage, solution pH, and photocatalyst reusability were investigated. The kinetics of the reaction were studied in detail, and the photocatalytic rate equation was presented.
The Coordination‐Information Bubble in Humanitarian Response: Theoretical Foundations and Empirical Investigations
Authors: Comes Tina , Van de Walle Bartel , Van Wassenhove Luk
Published: June 2020

Humanitarian disasters are highly dynamic and uncertain. The shifting situation, volatility of information, and the emergence of decision processes and coordination structures require humanitarian organizations to continuously adapt their operations. In this study, we aim to make headway in understanding adaptive decision‐making in a dynamic interplay between changing situation, volatile information, and emerging coordination structures. Starting from theories of sensemaking, coordination, and decision‐making, we present two case studies that represent the response to two different humanitarian disasters: Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines, and the Syria Crisis, one of the most prominent ongoing conflicts. For both, we highlight how volatile information and the urge to respond via sensemaking lead to fragmentation and misalignment of emergent coordination structures and decisions, which, in turn, slow down adaptation. Based on the case studies, we derive propositions and the need to continuously align laterally between different regions and hierarchically between operational and strategic levels to avoid persistence of coordination‐information bubbles. We discuss the implications of our findings for the development of methods and theory to ensure that humanitarian operations management captures the critical role of information as a driver of emergent coordination and adaptive decisions.
SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 originated in Parastagonospora nodorum in the Fertile Crescent
Authors: Ghaderi Fariba , Sharifnabi Bahram , Javan‐Nikkhah Mohammad , Brunner Patrick C. , McDonald Bruce A.
Published: June 2020

The centre of origin of the globally distributed wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum has remained uncertain because only a small number of isolates from the Fertile Crescent were included in earlier population genetic and phylogeographic studies. We isolated and genetically analysed 193 P. nodorum strains from three naturally infected wheat fields distributed across Iran using 11 neutral microsatellite loci. Compared to previous studies that included populations from North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, and China, the populations from Iran had the highest genetic diversity globally and also exhibited greater population structure over smaller spatial scales, patterns typically associated with the centre of origin of a species. Genes encoding the necrotrophic effectors SnToxA, SnTox1, and SnTox3 were found at a high frequency in the Iranian population. By sequencing 96 randomly chosen Iranian strains, we detected new alleles for all three effector genes. Analysis of allele diversity showed that all three effector genes had higher diversity in Iran than in any population included in previous studies, with Iran acting as a hub for the effector diversity that was found in other global populations. Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that P. nodorum originated either within or nearby the Fertile Crescent with a genome that already encoded all three necrotrophic effectors during its emergence as a pathogen on wheat. Our findings also suggest that P. nodorum was the original source of the ToxA genes discovered in the wheat pathogens Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. tritici 1, Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis, and Bipolaris sorokiniana.
Caries among adult patients with controlled celiac disease: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Khalaf Mai E. , Akbar Aqdar , Alkhubaizi Qoot , Qudeimat Muawia
Published: June 2020

Introduction

Celiac disease (CD) is one of the most common chronic gastrointestinal disorders in the world. Currently, the literature about the dental profiles of patients with celiac disease is sparse and no studies have reported on the oral conditions and caries status of CD patients in Kuwait.

Objective

This study investigated the association between CD and caries experience.

Methods

Two groups were examined; study and control. The study group consisted of controlled celiac disease patients. The control group consisted of subjects who were matched for age and gender to the study group participants. Both groups received clinical and radiographic examinations of their oral cavity. Parameters recorded for the study purposes were—dental caries index (decayed, missing, and filled teeth), salivary flow rates (stimulated and unstimulated), salivary buffering capacity and Lactobacilli and mutans Streptococci bacterial counts.

Results

Patients with CD had statistically significant fewer missing teeth than the controls. There were no other significant differences. Measured stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates and salivary buffering capacity showed no statistical differences. Bacterial counts revealed no significant differences.

Conclusion

Adult patients with controlled CD showed fewer missing teeth than their counterparts. Other caries and salivary parameters showed no statistical differences between the two groups.
Ultrasound features of the subungual glomus tumor and squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Sechi Andrea , Alessandrini Aurora , Patrizi Annalisa , Starace Michela , Caposiena Caro Raffaele Dante , Vara Giulio , Brandi Nicolò , Golfieri Rita , Piraccini Bianca Maria
Published: June 2020

Background

Nail tumors often pose a significant challenge for the clinician, as they are burdened by a high delay in diagnosis and paucity of clinical signs in the early stage. In most cases, the onset of pain or nail plate dystrophy leads to imaging investigations such as plain radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonography (US) when surgery is pending.

Material and Methods

A 2‐year monocentric study evaluated the histologically confirmed cases of subungual glomus tumor (GT) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with a pre‐surgical US assessment, and reviewed their sonography features. A total of 7 digital GTs and 6 SCCs of the nail were collected.

Results

GT and SCC are easily distinguishable on US. Compared to SCC, GT was positively associated with an ovoid shape, well‐defined borders, bone cup‐scalloping without cortical erosion, and a rich intralesional vascular pattern (P < 0.05). Vice versa, SCC was significantly correlated with irregular shape, ill‐circumscribed margins, an infiltrative growth pattern with peripheral hypoechoic foci, posterior acoustic shadow, cortical erosion, and a highly vascular multipolar peripheral pattern (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The rapid assessment of GT and SCC sonographic features may contribute to reduce diagnostic delay, expedite management, and decrease the risk of surgical relapse.
Evaluation of diagnostic criteria of actinic keratosis through reflectance confocal microscopy
Authors: Nascimento Cavalleiro Macedo Mota Amanda , Piñeiro‐Maceira Juan Manuel , Baptista Barcaui Carlos
Published: June 2020

Background

The diagnosis of actinic keratosis (AK) is based on clinical evaluation and confirmed by histopathological analysis (HA). The challenge is to establish the correct diagnosis with a minimally invasive assessment. The aim of this study is to validate the analysis of AK by reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), a cellular resolution, noninvasive imaging method and to determine the relevant parameters for diagnosis, compared to HA, by calculating the sensitivity (S), specificity (E), positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of each criterion.

Materials and methods

Through clinical examination, 25 AKs were selected for dermoscopy and RCM evaluation followed by shaving excision for HA. Statistical analysis was done by hypothesis tests (McNemar for binary and Wilcoxon for continuous variables).

Results

There was no significant difference between RCM and HA for 5 of the 6 parameters analyzed. The criteria that were statistically relevant were as follows: parakeratosis (p‐value 0.449690; S 90%; PPV 78.26%), hyperkeratosis (p‐value 0.248213; S 87.5%; E 100%; PPV 100%; NPV 25%), dyskeratosis (p‐value 0.617075; S 85.71%; E 75%; PPV 94.74%; NPV 50%), spinous layer keratinocyte atypia classified as mild, moderate or severe (P‐value 0.145032) and inflammation in epidermis (P‐value 1.000000; S 75%; E 20%; PPV 78.95%; NPV 16.67%). RCM could not adequately measure inflammation in dermis (P‐value 0.013328), despite good sensitivity (68%) and PPV (100%).

Conclusion

RCM proved to be an effective method for the diagnosis of AK, contributing to the selection of the most appropriate treatment option.
In vivo Raman spectroscopy study on the stimulation mechanism of surfactant
Authors: He Yifan , Wu Wenhai , Li Jing , Liu Youting , Qu Zhaohui , Liu Yuhong
Published: June 2020

Background

Surfactant is widely used in skin care products and cleansers, while it may cause physical discomfort. In this study, in vivo Raman spectroscopy was used to explore surfactant irritation mechanism on skin, which was not found in literature.

Methods

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was chosen to represent surfactant. Research on the negative effect of SDS was undertaken by scanning the two states of the skin (without and with the contact of SDS), respectively, on six volunteers, by means of Raman technique and skin magnifier.

Results

The damage to the surface of normal skin by SDS was visible from the photographs taken by skin magnifier, and the apparent damage matched the damage that was happening underneath the skin elucidated by Raman spectra. Compared to the normal skin, the inter‐cellular lipids (ICL) lateral packing order of the damaged skin was significantly reduced in 2‐12 μm of skin depth (P < 0.05), deeper than 12 μm was not detected. The skin depth of 0‐2 μm could not be determined due to strong interference of SDS. Significant change in the secondary and tertiary structures of keratin was not found.
Association between the kinetics of cytomegalovirus reactivation evaluated in terms of the area under the curve of cytomegalovirus antigenemia and invasive mold infection during the post‐engraftment phase after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Kimura Shun‐ichi , Takeshita Junko , Kawamura Masakatsu , Kawamura Shunto , Yoshino Nozomu , Misaki Yukiko , Yoshimura Kazuki , Matsumi Shimpei , Gomyo Ayumi , Akahoshi Yu , Tamaki Masaharu , Kusuda Machiko , Kameda Kazuaki , Wada Hidenori , Kawamura Koji , Sato Miki , Terasako‐Saito Kiriko , Tanihara Aki , Nakasone Hideki , Kako Shinichi , Kanda Yoshinobu
Published: June 2020

Background

We evaluated the clinical impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation calculated in terms of the area under the curve of CMV antigenemia (CMV‐AUC) on the development of invasive mold infection (IMI) in the post‐engraftment phase after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Methods

Among 394 consecutive patients who underwent their first allogeneic HSCT at our center between 2007 and 2018, 335 were included after excluding patients with a past history of invasive fungal disease (IFD), the development of IFD before engraftment, engraftment failure, or early death within 30 days. CMV antigenemia (CMV‐AG) was monitored weekly after engraftment and 3 or more cells/2 slides were regarded as positive. CMV‐AUC was calculated by the trapezoidal method using the number of CMV‐AG after logarithmic transformation and the duration in weeks and was added until negative conversion. Patients with CMV reactivation were divided into low and high CMV‐AUC groups using the median value of CMV‐AUC as a threshold.

Results

There were 17 proven/probable IMIs including one mucormycosis and 16 probable invasive aspergillosis, and the 2‐year cumulative incidence was 1.0% in the negative CMV‐AUC group (n = 136), 3.3% in the low CMV‐AUC group (n = 98) and 13.8% in the high CMV‐AUC group (n = 101) (P = .001). In a multivariate analysis, grade II‐IV acute GVHD (HR 3.74) and CMV‐AUC (HR low 1.25, high 5.91) were identified as independent significant factors associated with a higher incidence of IMI.

Conclusions

Cytomegalovirus kinetics evaluated in terms of CMV‐AUC were significantly associated with the development of IMI in the post‐engraftment phase after allogeneic HSCT.
Red cell exchange for patients with sickle cell disease: an international survey of current practices
Authors: Karafin Matthew S. , Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Kim Haewon C. , Kuliya‐Gwarzo Aisha , Pagano Monica B. , Perumbeti Ajay , Shi Patricia A. , Tanhehco Yvette C. , Webb Jennifer , Wong Edward , Eichbaum Quentin
Published: June 2020

INTRODUCTION

Red cell exchange (RCE) therapy is increasingly used to treat patients with acute or chronic manifestations of sickle cell disease (SCD). However, little is known regarding the most safe and effective practice parameters associated with this particular therapy.

METHODS

A SCD subcommittee of members of the American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) developed a 122‐question survey and administered it via email to other ASFA members. The survey inquired about clinical indications for treatment, practice patterns, and transfusion policies for RCE when used for patients with SCD.

RESULTS

Ninety‐nine distinct institutions completed the survey. Twenty‐one (21%) were from outside of the US. Twenty‐two (22%) provided chronic transfusion therapy to >10 patients, and both adult (25%) and pediatric‐focused services (20%) were represented. Common acute indications for RCE included acute chest syndrome, acute ischemic stroke, and pre‐surgical prophylaxis. Common chronic indications included primary stroke prophylaxis, secondary stroke prophylaxis, and recurrent acute chest syndrome. Respondents most commonly set a post‐RCE treatment target of 30% for the hematocrit and hemoglobin S levels, regardless of the therapeutic indication. Units for RCE were phenotypically matched in 95% of cases. About 40% of respondents reported using isovolemic hemodilution.

CONCLUSIONS

This survey solicited the current practice variations in RCE from a diverse range of practice sites. Many sites reported similar practice patterns and challenges but some variations emerged. To our knowledge, this survey represents the largest and most in‐depth investigation of the use of RCE for patients with SCD, and could inform future studies in the field.
Blood transfusion utilization in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Barriteau Christina M. , Bochey Patricia , Lindholm Paul F. , Hartman Karyn , Sumugod Ricardo , Ramsey Glenn
Published: June 2020

Background

The acute respiratory illness designated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and caused a worldwide pandemic. Concerns arose about the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on blood donations and potential significant blood transfusion needs in severely ill COVID‐19 patients. Data on blood usage in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients are scarce.

Study Design and Methods

We performed a retrospective observational study of blood component transfusions in the first 4 weeks of COVID‐19 ward admissions. The study period began 14 days before the first COVID‐19 cohort wards opened in our hospital in March 2020 and ended 28 days afterward. The number of patients and blood components transfused in the COVID‐19 wards was tabulated. Transfusion rates of each blood component were compared in COVID‐19 wards versus all other inpatient wards.

Results

COVID‐19 wards opened with seven suspected patients and after 4 weeks had 305 cumulative COVID‐19 admissions. Forty‐one of 305 hospitalized COVID‐19 patients (13.4%) received transfusions with 11.1% receiving red blood cells (RBCs), 1.6% platelets (PLTs), 1.0% plasma, and 1.0% cryoprecipitate (cryo). COVID‐19 wards had significantly lower transfusion rates compared to non‐COVID wards for RBCs (0.03 vs 0.08 units/patient‐day), PLTs (0.003 vs 0.033), and plasma (0.002 vs 0.018; all p < 0.0001). Cryo rates were similar (0.008 vs 0.009, p = 0.6).

Conclusions

Hospitalized COVID‐19 patients required many fewer blood transfusions than other hospitalized patients. COVID‐19 transfusion data will inform planning and preparation of blood resource utilization during the pandemic.
Successful tracheoscopy‐assisted reconstruction of traumatic tracheal avulsion in a cat
Authors: Joffe Michelle R. , Tan Christopher J. , Boland Lara A. , Pilton Joanna L. , Hickey Mara C.
Published: June 2020

Objective

To outline the clinical findings, surgical management, complications, and outcomes in a case of intrathoracic, traumatic, tracheal avulsion.

Case Summary

A 2‐year‐old domestic shorthair cat presented with respiratory distress 18 days after a motor vehicle accident. A tracheal avulsion was diagnosed and treated by surgical anastomosis. The initial anastomosis failed. The subsequent tracheoscopic‐assisted tracheal anastomosis was successful. The cat had no further episodes of respiratory distress following the second surgery in a 9‐month follow‐up period.

Unique Information Provided

This communication describes a complication of intrathoracic, traumatic, tracheal avulsion repair that has not previously been described and the use of tracheoscopy during the subsequent surgical procedure to ensure accurate suture placement.
The influence of packed cell volume versus plasma proteins on thromboelastographic variables in canine blood
Authors: Lynch Alex M. , Ruterbories Laura , Jack John , Motsinger‐Reif Alison A. , Hanel Rita
Published: June 2020

Objective

Determine the correlation between kaolin‐activated thromboelastography (TEG) variables (R, K, angle, and maximum amplitude [MA]) and PCV, fibrinogen concentration (FC), and total fibrinogen (TF) in an ex vivo model.

Animals

Two healthy adult mixed‐breed dogs.

Procedures

Citrated whole blood was obtained and separated into packed red cells, platelet rich plasma, and platelet poor plasma (PPP). An aliquot of PPP was heated to denature heat labile proteins (fibrinogen, factor V, factor VIII). Blood components were recombined for analyses of 6 physiological scenarios: anemia with low fibrinogen; anemia with moderate fibrinogen; anemia with normal fibrinogen; anemia with normal saline; normal PCV and normal fibrinogen; and normal PCV and low fibrinogen. A Kruskal–Wallis test, along with linear regressions on pairwise combinations of TEG variables, was used to determine the correlation between TEG variables and PCV, FC, and TF.

Results

Maximum amplitude correlated with FC (R20.60,P < 0.001) and TF (R20.57,P < 0.001) but not PCV (R20.003,P = 0.7). Angle and K time were moderately correlated with FC ([angle:R20.53,P < 0.001]; [K:R20.55,P < 0.001]) and TF ([alpha angle:R20.52,P < 0.001]; [K:R20.51,P < 0.001]) but not PCV. The R time was weakly correlated with PCV (R20.15,P < 0.009) but not FC or TF.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

In an ex vivo model, plasma proteins but not PCV impacted TEG variables. This suggests that TEG changes noted with anemia are imparted by changes in available fibrinogen in a fixed microenvironment rather than artifact of anemia.
Gastrointestinal obstruction secondary to activated charcoal granule impaction in a dog
Authors: Farrell Kate S. , Burkitt‐Creedon Jamie M. , Osborne Laura G. , Gibson Erin A. , Massie Anna M.
Published: June 2020

Objective

To describe a serious adverse event of gastrointestinal obstruction requiring surgery following routine administration of multiple doses of activated charcoal (AC) granules, which were prescribed for carprofen toxicosis.

Case Summary

A 2‐year‐old female neutered Airedale Terrier presented for ingestion of 207 mg/kg of carprofen. Decontamination was initiated with apomorphine to induce emesis. Along with additional supportive care, the dog received an initial dose of 75 mL of AC suspension containing sorbitol by mouth (15.6 g of AC, or 0.6 g/kg), followed by 50 g of AC granules every 8 hours for 4 additional doses. While hospitalized, the dog experienced clinical signs, including vomiting and black diarrhea, as well as bloodwork changes including mild to moderate elevations in kidney and liver enzymes. Given clinical improvement after 72 hours of hospitalization, the patient was discharged for monitoring and ongoing care at home. Two days later, the patient presented again for nausea, dark diarrhea with frank blood, and panting. Abdominal ultrasound showed findings suspicious for partially obstructive foreign material or atypical impacted fecal material partially occluding the distal ileum. Despite medical management overnight, recheck ultrasound the following day demonstrated persistent obstruction with ileal foreign material. Exploratory laparotomy and enterotomy revealed moderate distension and obstruction of the distal ileum with black granular foreign material consistent with charcoal granules. The patient remained in hospital for supportive care for 4 days following the procedure, and all clinical signs were resolved at the time of discharge.

New or Unique Information Provided

This report documents a serious adverse event of gastrointestinal obstruction associated with routine multidose AC administration, which has been occasionally reported in people but not in dogs. The potential for this complication should be taken into account when prescribing multiple doses of AC granules.
Seed retention of ten common weed species at oat harvest reveals the potential for harvest weed seed control
Authors: Bitarafan Zahra , Andreasen Christian
Published: June 2020

We assessed the seed production and shedding pattern of 10 common weed species in two oat fields in Denmark. The aim was to evaluate the possibility of harvesting retained seeds on weeds at crop harvest by a combine harvester based on estimation of weed seed retention. Before flowering, ten plants of each weed species were selected and surrounded by a seed trap comprising of a porous net. When the plants started shedding seeds, the seeds were collected from the traps and counted weekly until oat harvest. Just before oat harvest, the retained seeds on the plants were counted and the ratio of harvestable seeds and shed seeds during the growing season was determined. The seed production and shedding patterns varied between the 2 years. Across both years, Anagallis arvensis L., Capsella bursa‐pastoris L. Medik, Chenopodium album L., Geranium molle L., Persicaria maculosa Gray, Polygonum aviculare L., Silene noctiflora L., Sonchus arvensis L., Veronica persica Poir. and Viola arvensis Murray retained on average 61.6%, 52.7%, 67.2%, 58.4%, 32.05%, 59.5%, 95.7%, 23.5%, 51.7% and 33.9%, respectively, of their produced seeds at crop harvest. Silene noctiflora was classified as a good target for harvest weed seed control; C. bursa‐pastoris, C. album, G. molle, P. maculosa, S. arvensis and V. arvensis were classified as intermediate targets; and A. arvensis, P. aviculare and V. persica were classified as poor targets.
Addressing Healthcare Professional Burnout: A Quality Improvement Intervention
Authors: Green Sarah , Markaki Adelais , Baird Jennifer , Murray Paula , Edwards Rebecca
Published: June 2020

Background

Burnout is a substantial phenomenon across healthcare settings, affecting more than half of healthcare professionals and leading to negative patient and health system outcomes. Infusion center professionals (ICPs) are at increased risk of burnout attributed to high patient volume and acuity levels. Strategies to address burnout have been developed and prioritized by the American Medical Association (AMA), the World Health Organization, and other organizations.

Aims

This quality improvement project aimed to address perceived burnout, job‐related stress, and job satisfaction among nurses, physician assistants, and medical assistants at a large pediatric hospital through integration of two infusion center (IC)‐based staff engagement interventions.

Methods

A pre‐ and post‐test study design was used. Existing team huddles in the IC were modified based on the AMA STEPS Forward program recommendations to incorporate appreciative inquiry and recognition into team and department events. Peer recognition was tailored toward institutional core values. The Mini‐Z Burnout survey was administered before and 3 months after implementation of both interventions.

Findings

Pre‐ to post‐intervention responses revealed a higher percentage of staff reporting no burnout (57.7% vs. 75%), low levels of job‐related stress (58.8% vs. 65.5%), and satisfaction with current job (70.6% vs. 82.8%). Most participants agreed or strongly agreed that structured huddles (69%) and recognition events (82.8%) were beneficial and recommended continuation (65.5% and 82.8%, respectively). Open‐ended responses regarding workplace stressors focused heavily on staffing and patient acuity.

Linking Evidence to Action

Project outcomes support the integration of tailored interventions to reduce burnout among pediatric ICPs. Organizational commitment to addressing burnout can provide incentive to scale up institution‐wide staff engagement interventions. Further study is needed to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of such tailored interventions across diverse settings.
The final obstacle to successful pre‐clinical xenotransplantation?
Authors: Yamamoto Takayuki , Hara Hidetaka , Iwase Hayato , Jagdale Abhijit , Bikhet Mohamed H. , Morsi Mahmoud.A. , Cui Yehua , Nguyen Huy Q. , Wang Zheng‐Yu , Anderson Douglas J. , Foote Jeremy , Schuurman Henk‐Jan , Ayares David , Eckhoff Devin E. , Cooper David K. C.
Published: June 2020

Genetically engineered pigs are now available for xenotransplantation in which all three known carbohydrate xenoantigens, against which humans have natural antibodies, have been deleted (triple‐knockout [TKO] pigs). Furthermore, multiple human transgenes have been expressed in the TKO pigs, all of which are aimed at protecting the cells from the human immune response. Many human sera demonstrate no or minimal antibody binding to, and little or no cytotoxicity of, cells from these pigs, and this is associated with a relatively low T‐cell proliferative response. Unfortunately, baboons and other Old World NHPs have antibodies against TKO pig cells, apparently directed to a fourth xenoantigen that appears to be exposed after TKO. In our experience, most, if not all, humans do not have natural antibodies against this fourth xenoantigen. This discrepancy between NHPs and humans is providing a hurdle to successful translation of pig organ transplantation into the clinic, and making it difficult to provide pre‐clinical data that support initiation of a clinical trial. The potential methods by which this obstacle might be overcome are discussed. We conclude that, whatever currently available genetically engineered pig is selected for the final pre‐clinical studies, this may not be the optimal pig for clinical trials.
How humans discriminate acoustically among bottlenose dolphin signature whistles with and without masking by boat noise
Authors: Morrison Evan L. , DeLong Caroline M. , Wilcox Kenneth Tyler
Published: June 2020

Anthropogenic noise in the world's oceans is known to impede many species' ability to perceive acoustic signals, but little research has addressed how this noise affects the perception of bioacoustic signals used for communication in marine mammals. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) use signature whistles containing identification information. Past studies have used human participants to gain insight into dolphin perception, but most previous research investigated echolocation. In Experiment 1, human participants were tested on their ability to discriminate among signature whistles from three dolphins. Participants' performance was nearly errorless. In Experiment 2, participants identified signature whistles masked by five different samples of boat noise utilizing different signal-to-noise ratios. Lower signal-to-noise ratio and proximity in frequency between the whistle and noise both significantly decreased performance. Like dolphins, human participants primarily identified whistles using frequency contour. Participants reported greater use of amplitude in noise-present vs noise-absent trials, but otherwise did not vary cue usage. These findings can be used to generate hypotheses about dolphins' performance and auditory cue use for future research. This study may provide insight into how specific characteristics of boat noise affect dolphin whistle perception and may have implications for conservation and regulations.
The Quiet Eye and Expertise: Sustained Fixations Do Not Transfer to Unpracticed Throws Among Expert Dart Players
Authors: Flindall Jason , Sinnett Scott , Kingstone Alan
Published: June 2020

The length of the last visual fixation before the critical final phase of a movement—the quiet eye (QE) fixation—is positively correlated with expertise and success. The present study tested the potential for intraskill transfer of QE durations in order to determine whether it is intrinsically linked to expertise development or is a separable skill that may be employed to improve performance under novel circumstances. The authors tracked highly skilled dart throwers’ gazes while they executed familiar (highly practiced) and familiar yet novel (distance/effector-modified) sport-specific actions. QE duration was significantly reduced when performing in unfamiliar conditions, suggesting that QE does not transfer to atypical conditions and may therefore be a result of—rather than a contributor to—expertise development. These results imply that intraskill transfer of QE is limited and, consistent with the inhibition hypothesis of QE development, argue against the value of teaching QE as an independent means of improving performance.
Exploring whole-genome duplicate gene retention with complex genetic interaction analysis
Authors: Kuzmin Elena , VanderSluis Benjamin , Nguyen Ba Alex N. , Wang Wen , Koch Elizabeth N. , Usaj Matej , Khmelinskii Anton , Usaj Mojca Mattiazzi , van Leeuwen Jolanda , Kraus Oren , Tresenrider Amy , Pryszlak Michael , Hu Ming-Che , Varriano Brenda , Costanzo Michael , Knop Michael , Moses Alan , Myers Chad L. , Andrews Brenda J. , Boone Charles
Published: June 2020

The fate of genes after duplication

Gene duplication within an organism is a relatively common event during evolution. However, we cannot predict the fate of the duplicated genes: Will they be lost, evolve, or overlap in function within an organismal lineage or species? Kuzmin
et al.
explored the fate of duplicated gene function within the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
(see the Perspective by Ehrenreich). They examined how experimental deletions of one or two duplicated genes (paralogs) affected yeast fitness and were able to determine which genes have likely evolved new essential functions and which retained functional overlap, a condition the authors refer to as entanglement. On the basis of these results, they propose how entanglement affects the evolutionary trajectory of gene duplications.

Science
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; see also p.
1424
Micelle-directed chiral seeded growth on anisotropic gold nanocrystals
Authors: González-Rubio Guillermo , Mosquera Jesús , Kumar Vished , Pedrazo-Tardajos Adrián , Llombart Pablo , Solís Diego M. , Lobato Ivan , Noya Eva G. , Guerrero-Martínez Andrés , Taboada José M. , Obelleiro Fernando , MacDowell Luis G. , Bals Sara , Liz-Marzán Luis M.
Published: June 2020

Groovy chiral gold particles

Although plasmonic optical activity can arise from chiral assemblies of gold and silver nanoparticles, there are few examples of gold nanoparticles with intrinsic chirality and high optical activity. González-Rubio
et al.
show that morphological chirality can be induced during the seeded growth of gold nanoparticles, particularly for highly anisotropic nanorods. Chiral additives as cosurfactants formed helical micelles that directed the seeded growth to create grooves that maintained a chiral morphology. The resulting particles displayed high-intensity circular dichroism with anisotropy factors near 0.2 at near-infrared wavelengths.

Science
, this issue p.
1472
Flexible recruitment of memory-based choice representations by the human medial frontal cortex
Authors: Minxha Juri , Adolphs Ralph , Fusi Stefano , Mamelak Adam N. , Rutishauser Ueli
Published: June 2020

The adaptive human frontal cortex

Flexibly switching between different tasks is a fundamental human cognitive ability that allows us to make selective use of only the information needed for a given decision. Minxha
et al.
used single-neuron recordings from patients to understand how the human brain retrieves memories on demand when needed for making a decision and how retrieved memories are dynamically routed in the brain from the temporal to the frontal lobe. When memory was not needed, only medial frontal cortex neural activity was correlated with the task. However, when outcome choices required memory retrieval, frontal cortex neurons were phase-locked to field potentials recorded in the medial temporal lobe. Therefore, depending on demands of the task, neurons in different regions can flexibly engage and disengage their activity patterns.

Science
, this issue p.
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