bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Landslide tsunamis in lakes
Authors: Couston Louis-Alexandre , Mei Chiang C. , Alam Mohammad-Reza
Published: July 2015

Landslides plunging into lakes and reservoirs can result in extreme wave runup at the shores. This phenomenon has claimed lives and caused damage to near-shore properties. Landslide tsunamis in lakes are different from typical earthquake tsunamis in the open ocean in that (i) the affected areas are usually within the near field of the source, (ii) the highest runup occurs within the time period of the geophysical event, and (iii) the enclosed geometry of a lake does not let the tsunami energy escape. To address the problem of transient landslide tsunami runup and to predict the resulting inundation, we utilize a nonlinear model equation in the Lagrangian frame of reference. The motivation for using such a scheme lies in the fact that the runup on an inclined boundary is directly and readily computed in the Lagrangian framework without the need to resort to approximations. In this work, we investigate the inundation patterns due to landslide tsunamis in a lake. We show by numerical computations that Airy’s approximation of an irrotational theory using Lagrangian coordinates can legitimately predict runup of large amplitude. We also demonstrate that in a lake of finite size the highest runup may be magnified by constructive interference between edge waves that are trapped along the shore and multiple reflections of outgoing waves from opposite shores, and may occur somewhat after the first inundation.
Simple and efficient representations for the fundamental solutions of Stokes flow in a half-space
Authors: Gimbutas Z. , Greengard L. , Veerapaneni S.
Published: July 2015

We derive new formulae for the fundamental solutions of slow viscous flow, governed by the Stokes equations, in a half-space. They are simpler than the classical representations obtained by Blake and collaborators, and can be efficiently implemented using existing fast solver libraries. We show, for example, that the velocity field induced by a Stokeslet can be annihilated on the boundary (to establish a zero-slip condition) using a single reflected Stokeslet combined with a single Papkovich–Neuber potential that involves only a scalar harmonic function. The new representation has a physically intuitive interpretation.
Large-scale mean patterns in turbulent convection
Authors: Emran Mohammad S. , Schumacher Jörg
Published: July 2015

Large-scale patterns, which are well-known from the spiral defect chaos (SDC) regime of thermal convection at Rayleigh numbers $\mathit{Ra}<10^{4}$, continue to exist in three-dimensional numerical simulations of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection in extended cylindrical cells with an aspect ratio ${\it\Gamma}=50$ and $\mathit{Ra}>10^{5}$. They are revealed when the turbulent fields are averaged in time and turbulent fluctuations are thus removed. We apply the Boussinesq closure to estimate turbulent viscosities and diffusivities, respectively. The resulting turbulent Rayleigh number $\mathit{Ra}_{\ast }$, that describes the convection of the mean patterns, is indeed in the SDC range. The turbulent Prandtl numbers are smaller than one, with $0.2\leqslant \mathit{Pr}_{\ast }\leqslant 0.4$ for Prandtl numbers $0.7\leqslant \mathit{Pr}\leqslant 10$. Finally, we demonstrate that these mean flow patterns are robust to an additional finite-amplitude sidewall forcing when the level of turbulent fluctuations in the flow is sufficiently high.
Echinoderms from the lower Silurian Brassfield Formation of east-central Kentucky
Authors: Ausich William I. , Peter Mark E. , Ettensohn Frank R.
Published: July 2015

A new echinoderm fauna is reported from the Brassfield Formation (Rhuddanian, Silurian) of Bath County, Kentucky. The Brassfield Formation was the first extensive marine unit to be deposited following the end-Ordovician glaciation and extinctions and represents several shallow, open-marine facies. These facies supported a diverse pelmatozoan fauna. This report not only extends the geographic distribution of this fauna, but also the temporal range of the fauna back to Rhuddanian time. Six pelmatozoans are reported, including the crinoidsBrowerocrinus arthrikosn. gen. n. sp.,Temnocrinus americanusn. sp.,Stereoastersp., andDendrocrinussp.; and the glyptocystitidsBrockocystis nodosariusFoerste, 1919, andAnartiocystis whiteiSumrall, 2002. In addition, the asteroidGordonaster brassfieldensisBlake and Ettensohn, 2009, was reported previously from this locality.Browerocrinusincreases the diverse calceocrinid fauna from the Brassfield Formation;Temnocrinuswas previously only known from the Homerian (Silurian) of England; and this is the first known occurrence ofStereoasterbeyond the greater Dayton, Ohio, region. Furthermore, this is the first Brassfield locality known with two glyptocystitid taxa.
FAILURES OF THE SILVER DICHOTOMY IN THE GENERALIZED BAIRE SPACE
Authors: FRIEDMAN SY-DAVID , KULIKOV VADIM
Published: July 2015

We prove results that falsify Silver’s dichotomy for Borel equivalence relations on the generalized Baire space under the assumptionV=L.
UNCOUNTABLE REAL CLOSED FIELDS WITH PA INTEGER PARTS
Authors: MARKER DAVID , SCHMERL JAMES H. , STEINHORN CHARLES
Published: July 2015

D’Aquino, Knight, and Starchenko classified the countable real closed fields with integer parts that are nonstandard models of Peano Arithmetic. We rule out some possibilities for extending their results to the uncountable and study real closures of ɷ1-like models of PA.
PRESBURGER ARITHMETIC, RATIONAL GENERATING FUNCTIONS, AND QUASI-POLYNOMIALS
Authors: WOODS KEVIN
Published: July 2015

Presburger arithmetic is the first-order theory of the natural numbers with addition (but no multiplication). We characterize sets that can be defined by a Presburger formula as exactly the sets whose characteristic functions can be represented by rational generating functions; a geometric characterization of such sets is also given. In addition, ifp= (p1, . . . ,pn) are a subset of the free variables in a Presburger formula, we can define a counting functiong(p) to be the number of solutions to the formula, for a givenp. We show that every counting function obtained in this way may be represented as, equivalently, either a piecewise quasi-polynomial or a rational generating function. Finally, we translate known computational complexity results into this setting and discuss open directions.
Reality Bites: The Limits of Framing Effects for Salient and Contested Policy Issues
Authors: Bechtel Michael M. , Hainmueller Jens , Hangartner Dominik , Helbling Marc
Published: July 2015

A large literature argues that public opinion is vulnerable to various types of framing and cue effects. However, we lack evidence on whether existing findings, which are typically based on lab experiments involving low-salience issues, travel to salient and contentious political issues in real-world voting situations. We examine the relative importance of issue frames, partisan cues, and their interaction for opinion formation using a survey experiment conducted around a highly politicized referendum on immigration policy in Switzerland. We find that voters responded to frames and cues, regardless of their direction, by increasing support for the position that is in line with their pre-existing partisan attachment. This reinforcement effect was most visible among low knowledgeable voters that identified with the party that owned the issue. These results support some of the previous findings in the political communication literature, but at the same time also point toward possible limits to framing effects in the context of salient and contested policy issues.
Rationalist Experiments on War
Authors: Quek Kai
Published: July 2015

Private information and the commitment problem are central to the rationalist theory of war, but causal evidence is scarce, as rationalist explanations for war are difficult to test with observational data. I design laboratory experiments to isolate the effects of private information and the commitment problem on the risk of conflict. I find that the commitment problem sharply increases the incidence of conflict, but there is no significant difference in conflict incidence with or without private information in the shadow of shifting power. I also investigate the realism of the positive experimental results with a case study of Japan’s decisionmaking on the eve of the Pacific War. The permutation of formal, experimental and historical methods applies the strength of one method to compensate for the weakness of another. Convergent results from the different methods strengthen the causal inference.
Mode Matters: Evaluating Response Comparability in a Mixed-Mode Survey
Authors: Bowyer Benjamin T. , Rogowski Jon C.
Published: July 2015

This paper examines the effects of survey mode on patterns of survey response, paying special attention to the conditions under which mode effects are more or less consequential. We use the Youth Participatory Politics survey, a study administered either online or over the phone to 2920 young people. Our results provide consistent evidence of mode effects. The internet sample exhibits higher rates of item non-response and “no opinion” responses, and considerably lower levels of differentiation in the use of rating scales. These differences remain even after accounting for how respondents selected into the mode of survey administration. We demonstrate the substantive implications of mode effects in the context of items measuring political knowledge and racial attitudes. We conclude by discussing the implications of our results for comparing data obtained from surveys conducted with different modes, and for the design and analysis of multi-mode surveys.
A morphological and taxonomic appraisal of the oldest anomalocaridid from the Lower Cambrian of Poland
Authors: DALEY ALLISON C. , LEGG DAVID A.
Published: July 2015

Material previously referred to as Cassubia infercambriensis was re-examined and found to represent a composite fossil of a Peytoia-like anomalocaridid frontal appendage and an arthropod of uncertain affinities comparable to some bivalved arthropod taxa. The frontal appendage is referred to the genus Peytoia based on the presence of elongated ventral spines bearing a single row of auxiliary spines. As well as representing the oldest example of an anomalocaridid in the fossil record (Series 2, Stage 3), Peytoia infercambriensis is also the only record of this group from the East European Craton, therefore extending both the temporal and geographic range of the anomalocaridid family Hurdiidae.
Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder with Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome: challenges in hearing rehabilitation
Authors: Chandran R , Alexander M , Naina P , Balraj A
Published: July 2015

Background:

Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome is a rare neurological disorder characterised by pontobulbar palsy and sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing rehabilitation continues to be a challenge because the exact lesion site is unknown.

Case report:

We examined the clinical and audiological profiles of a case series comprising four siblings with Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome who had decreased hearing and poor speech discrimination. Audiological investigations revealed normal otoacoustic emissions with absent auditory brainstem responses and middle-ear reflexes in sensorineural hearing loss, suggestive of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder.

Conclusion:

The sensorineural hearing loss in Brown–Vialetto–Van Laere syndrome patients is a retrocochlear pathology resembling auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, with the lesion being most probably of post-synaptic origin. Early cochlear implantation along with high-dose riboflavin represents a possible rehabilitation therapy. However, further research is needed to confirm this. This report emphasises the need for a thorough neurological evaluation of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder patients.
Comparative study of the efficacy of topical steroid and antibiotic combination therapy versus oral antibiotic alone when treating acute rhinosinusitis
Authors: El-Hennawi D M , Ahmed M R , Farid A M , Murtadah A M Al
Published: July 2015

Background:

Acute rhinosinusitis arises as a consequence of viral rhinitis, and bacterial infection can subsequently occur. Intranasal antibiotics as an adjunct to corticosteroids usually demonstrate the greatest symptom relief.

Aim:

We wanted to clinically evaluate the effects of a topical antibiotic and steroid combination administered intranasally, versus an oral antibiotic alone when treating acute rhinosinusitis.

Method:

Forty patients with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis were divided into two groups. Group A received an antibiotic and steroid combination (ofloxacin 0.26 per cent and dexamethasone 0.053 per cent nasal drops) for 10 days, administered intranasally (5 drops in each nostril/8 hours). Group B, the control group, received an oral antibiotic alone (amoxicillin 90 mg/kg).

Results:

Eight hours after commencing treatment, facial pain was more severe in group B and nasal obstruction was reduced in both groups. Ten days after commencing treatment, anterior nasal discharge was 0.15 per cent in group A and absent in group B.

Conclusion:

The application of a topical antibiotic and steroid combination into the nasal cavity is an effective way of treating uncomplicated, acute bacterial rhinosinusitis with the theoretical advantages of easy administration, high local drug concentration and minimal systemic adverse effects.
Laryngeal dysplasia: an evidence-based flowchart to guide management and follow up
Authors: Cosway B , Paleri V
Published: July 2015

Background:

Laryngeal dysplasia is an important pre-malignant lesion. In 2010, a consensus statement by ENT surgeons and pathologists was published outlining the management and follow up of patients with laryngeal dysplasia.

Objective:

After reviewing these guidelines, we noted the need for a flowchart for laryngologists to improve efficiency in managing dysplasia and encourage adherence to evidence-based protocols.

Result:

A diagram has been produced to aid other ENT units around the country.
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with severe tinnitus: prospective, controlled clinical study
Authors: Ozbay I , Kahraman C , Balikci H H , Kucur C , Kahraman N K , Ozkaya D P , Oghan F
Published: July 2015

Objective:

To determine the relationship between severe tinnitus and inflammation using the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a marker of stress.

Methods:

A total of 107 patients who had been suffering with severe tinnitus (tinnitus handicap inventory scale grades of 3–5) for at least 2 weeks were recruited. Patients underwent detailed ENT examinations and audiometric tests to exclude a relevant pathological cause of the tinnitus. Patients with systemic diseases, malignancy or inflammatory diseases that could alter neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were excluded. A total of 107 age- and sex-matched healthy control participants were also recruited. Routine laboratory test results and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio were compared between the patients and controls.

Results:

Lipid profile, liver function, white blood cell count, haemoglobin level, mean corpuscular volume, and vitamin B12 and folate levels were similar among the patients and controls. However, mean neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly higher among the patients than the controls (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The findings of this novel study suggest that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio should be considered during the evaluation of tinnitus patients as a potential clinical marker of tinnitus. Further studies are required to verify the findings.
Enhanced recovery programmes in head and neck surgery: systematic review
Authors: Bannister M , Ah-See K W
Published: July 2015

Objective:

To review the literature on enhanced recovery programmes in head and neck surgery.

Method:

A systematic review was performed in May 2013.

Results:

Thirteen articles discussing enhanced recovery after laryngectomy, neck dissection, major ablative surgery and microvascular reconstruction were identified. Articles on general pre-operative preparation and post-operative care were also reviewed.

Conclusion:

Considerable evidence is available supporting enhanced recovery in head and neck surgery that could be of benefit to patients and which surgeons should be aware of.
Value of sialendoscopy-assisted transoral sublingual gland resection for a plunging ranula: case report and review
Authors: Truong K , Guerin L A , Hoffman H
Published: July 2015

Objective:

To highlight the value of sialendoscopy during transoral resection of the sublingual gland for a plunging ranula to prevent iatrogenic injury to the submandibular duct.

Method and results:

The clinical course of a 20-year-old male with a plunging ranula was analysed. The patient underwent transoral resection of the affected sublingual gland and pseudocyst. Sialendoscopy was used to confirm patency of the submandibular duct with placement of a Marchal dilator to aid in preservation of the duct during sublingual gland dissection. The sublingual gland was successfully removed, with no injury to the submandibular duct or lingual nerve. During follow up, the patient had slight numbness to the tip of the tongue, which resolved after 2–3 days. Post-operative examination showed the submandibular duct to be intact and there was no swelling of the submandibular area.

Conclusion:

Sialendoscopy-assisted transoral sublingual gland resection for a plunging ranula is a safe and effective technique. Sialendoscopy aids in skeletonisation and preservation of the submandibular duct.
Value of intra-operative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in total thyroidectomy for benign goitre
Authors: Page C , Cuvelier P , Biet A , Strunski V
Published: July 2015

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of intra-operative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during total thyroidectomy for benign goitre.

Methods:

A single-centre retrospective study using historical controls was conducted for a 10-year period, comprising a series of 767 patients treated by total thyroidectomy for benign goitre. Of these, 306 had intra-operative neuromonitoring of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and 461 did not. Post-operative laryngeal mobility was assessed in all patients by direct laryngoscopy before hospital discharge and at post-operative follow-up visits.

Results:

In all, 6 out of 461 patients (1.30 per cent) in the control group and 6 out of 306 patients (1.96 per cent) in the intra-operative neuromonitoring group developed permanent recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. No statistically significant difference was observed between the two patient groups.

Conclusion:

Intra-operative neuromonitoring does not appear to affect the post-operative recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy rate or to reliably predict post-operative recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy. However, it can accurately predict good nerve function after thyroidectomy.
The Politics of Life Extension in Francis Bacon's Wisdom of the Ancients
Authors: Elliot Natalie
Published: July 2015

The extension of human life is one of the central goals that Francis Bacon posits for science, and this goal shapes his political thought significantly. Bacon's interest in life extension appears throughout his corpus, but the Wisdom of the Ancients contains his most extensive treatment of its political and philosophical consequences. Here, I interpret a series of myths in the Wisdom of the Ancients and argue, first, that through them Bacon presents key political strategies for promoting life extension and tending to its hazards; and, second, as he does so, he sketches a new portrait of philosophy, which directs some of its energies to understanding what makes longer life worth living. My reading addresses a profound and neglected subject at the heart of Bacon's politico-scientific project, and advances the growing literature on Bacon that turns to the Wisdom of the Ancients to explain unexamined goals of his science.
London Sinfonietta: ‘Spectrum of Sound’ at Southbank Centre and White Cube Gallery residency, February/March 2015
Authors: Graham Cameron
Published: July 2015

How important is it for ensembles and orchestras to engage in performances outside of the typical concert environment? With a seemingly endless number of works commissioned and premiered every year, one could continue to experience new music without ever straying from the concert halls. Although cross-artistic endeavours between music and arts institutions are creating new and exciting performance environments, more often than not collaborative endeavours fail in their ability to communicate the relationship between mediums clearly and faithfully. Uniting different art forms into a single artistic experience is often seized as an opportunity to take music out of the concert hall and into more unorthodox performance spaces: do we need to see reputable music ensembles engage in projects with other art forms, or should organisations be created with this type of practice at the heart of their work?
Brett Dean round-up, BBCSO, Barbican Centre, London
Authors: Stein Robert
Published: July 2015

Brett Dean's interests in writing his new cantata The Last Days of Socrates were both political and sonic. Coming across an old edition of philosophical dialogues by Plato with this title, the composer was taken particularly by The Apology in which Socrates's trial on a charge of ‘being a menace to society’ is dramatically recounted. Following his condemnation to death by the 501-person jury, the last dialogue in the collection Phaedo revisits Socrates in prison awaiting execution. Dean certainly has form both as a politically motivated composer – his Pastoral Symphony (2000) was a protest against the soullessness of modern living – and one with an interest in blending ancient and modern. One of his breakthrough pieces, Carlo (1997), pits sampled Gesualdo against strings to wonderful effect.
Unsuk Chin Alice in Wonderland, Barbican Centre, London
Authors: Anderson Martin
Published: July 2015

Unsuk Chin's opera Alice in Wonderland is that rare thing: a wholly satisfying artistic event, its multiplicity of meanings resonating in the mind long after the ceaselessly inventive music itself comes to a stop. Most adaptations of such wide-ranging texts focus on one or two aspects of the original, and Chin and her librettist, the playwright David Henry Hwang, sacrifice much of Carroll's playfulness to darken and deepen his message. Their Wonderland retains his virtuosic whimsy, of necessity, but ultimately becomes a fierce, unforgiving, savagely dysfunctional place, as if sieved through Beckett's absurdist nihilism; the humour tiptoes along the edge of an abyss, glancing down nervously.
Borealis Festival, 11–15 March 2015
Authors: Just Travis
Published: July 2015

At a seminar on Monday morning, when everything was over at Borealis, Christian Wolff said (I'm paraphrasing), ‘it was easier in the '50s. If you did anything besides follow Stravinsky or Schoenberg, you were beyond the pale. Composers starting now, I don't know what you should do. Everything has been done’.
“This migrants’ babble is not a German dialect!”: The interaction of standard language ideology and ‘us’/‘them’ dichotomies in the public discourse on a multiethnolect
Authors: Wiese Heike
Published: July 2015

This article investigates a public debate in Germany that put a special spotlight on the interaction of standard language ideologies with social dichotomies, centering on the question of whetherKiezdeutsch, a new way of speaking in multilingual urban neighbourhoods, is a legitimate German dialect. Based on a corpus of emails and postings to media websites, I analyse central topoi in this debate and an underlying narrative on language and identity. Central elements of this narrative are claims of cultural elevation and cultural unity for an idealised standard language ‘High German’, a view of German dialects as part of a national folk culture, and the construction of an exclusive in-group of ‘German’ speakers who own this language and its dialects. The narrative provides a potent conceptual frame for the Othering of Kiezdeutsch and its speakers, and for the projection of social and sometimes racist deliminations onto the linguistic plane. (Standard language ideology, Kiezdeutsch, dialect, public discourse, Othering, racism by proxy)*
Ideologies of language and race in US media discourse about the Trayvon Martin shooting
Authors: Hodges Adam
Published: July 2015

This article examines the discourse about race and racism that ensued in the US media after the shooting death of an African American youth, Trayvon Martin, by a neighborhood watch volunteer, George Zimmerman, in February 2012. The analysis examines news programs from the three major cable television channels in the United States: CNN, Fox News, and MSNBC. The theoretical framework builds upon Hill's (2008) discussion of the ‘folk theory of race and racism’ in contrast to critical race theory, and asks, to what extent does the mainstream media's discourse about race remain embedded in folk ideas and to what extent (if at all) does the conversation move beyond those ideas? The paper aims to unpack the ideologies of race and language that underpin talk about race and racism in an effort to expose the hidden assumptions in the discourse that hinder more productive dialogue on the topic. (Critical race theory, folk theory of race and racism, George Zimmerman, ideology, language ideology, media discourse, race, race talk, racism, slurs, Trayvon Martin)*
A New Fragment of Diocletian's Currency Regulation from Aphrodisias
Authors: Chaniotis Angelos , Fujii Takashi
Published: July 2015

An inscription found in Aphrodisias in 2014 is recognized as a fragment of a dossier concerning Diocletian's currency regulation. This dossier, probably consisting of two edicts and a letter, was inscribed on two blocks of the civic basilica wall. The new fragment belongs to the letter that accompanied the edicts. The reference to the diocese suggests that the letter was addressed to therationalisof the diocese of Asia. The new fragment belongs to the bottom right corner of the upper block. Thus, it provides new possibilities for the reconstruction of the fragments of the upper block.
Google Flu Trends in Canada: a comparison of digital disease surveillance data with physician consultations and respiratory virus surveillance data, 2010–2014
Authors: MARTIN L. J. , LEE B. E. , YASUI Y.
Published: July 2015

The value of Google Flu Trends (GFT) remains unclear after it overestimated the proportion of physician visits related to influenza-like illness (ILI) in the United States in 2012–2013. However, GFT estimates (%GFT) have not been examined nationally in Canada nor compared with positivity for respiratory viruses other than influenza. For 2010–2014, we compared %GFT for Canada to Public Health Agency of Canada ILI consultation rates (%PHAC) and to positivity for influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and rhinoviruses. %GFT correlated well with %PHAC (ρ= 0·77–0·90) and influenza A positivity (ρ= 0·64–0·96) and overestimated the 2012–2013 %PHAC peak by 0·99 percentage points. %GFT peaks corresponded temporally with peaks in positivity for influenza A and rhinoviruses (all seasons) and RSV and hMPV when their peaks preceded influenza peaks. In Canada, %GFT represented traditional surveillance data and corresponded temporally with patterns in circulating respiratory viruses.
L'évolution sémantique des verbes modaux: hypothèses à partir des emplois dedevoiretpouvoiren français moderne et médiéval
Authors: BARBET CÉCILE
Published: July 2015

Cet article propose une analyse des emplois des verbes modauxdevoiretpouvoiren français moderne et en français médiéval. L’examen des emplois attestés à ces deux époques différentes permet de valider pour le français certaines hypothèses émises dans le cadre de la théorie de la grammaticalisation concernant l'évolution sémantique des modaux. Nous attirons néanmoins l’attention sur le fait quepouvoir, même en français moderne, n’a peut-être pas développé l’emploi épistémique subjectif qu’on lui prête. De plus, l’emploi aléthique (ou logique) des modaux, souvent ignoré dans la théorie de la grammaticalisation ou la littérature linguistique en générale, a certainement un rôle à jouer dans le développement du sens épistémique.
Motivation and Social Cognition in Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Fervaha Gagan , Siddiqui Ishraq , Foussias George , Agid Ofer , Remington Gary
Published: July 2015

Social cognition, referring to one’s ability to perceive and process social cues, is an important domain in schizophrenia. Numerous studies have demonstrated that patients with schizophrenia have poorer performance on tests assessing social cognition relative to healthy comparison participants. However, whether variables such as motivation are related to performance on these tests in patients with schizophrenia is unclear. One thousand three-hundred and seventy-eight patients with schizophrenia completed the Facial Emotion Discrimination Task as a measure of emotional processing, a key facet of social cognition. Level of motivation was also evaluated in these patients using a derived measure from the Quality of Life Scale. The relationship between motivation and task performance was examined using bivariate correlations and logistic regression modeling, controlling for the impact of age and overall severity of psychopathology, the latter evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Motivation was positively related to performance on the social cognition test, and this relationship remained significant after controlling for potential confounding variables such as age and illness severity. Social cognition was also related to functioning, and the relationship was mediated by level of motivation. The present study found a significant relationship between motivation and performance on a test of social cognition in a large sample of patients with schizophrenia. These findings suggest that amotivation undermines task performance, or alternatively that poor social cognitive ability impedes motivation. Future studies evaluating social cognition in patients with schizophrenia should concurrently assess for variables such as effort and motivation. (JINS, 2015, 21, 436–443)
TECHNOLOGY, TRADE, AND GROWTH: THE ROLE OF EDUCATION
Authors: Prettner Klaus , Strulik Holger
Published: July 2015

We generalize a trade model with firm-specific heterogeneity and R&D-based growth to allow for endogenous education and fertility. The framework is able to explain cross-country differences in living standards and trade intensities by the differential pace of human capital accumulation among industrialized countries. Consistent with the empirical evidence, scale matters for relative economic prosperity as long as countries are closed, whereas scale does not matter in a fully globalized world. The average human capital of a country, by contrast, influences its relative economic prosperity irrespective of trade-openness.
Estimating bisphenol A exposure levels using a questionnaire targeting known sources of exposure
Authors: Nomura Sarah Oppeneer , Harnack Lisa , Robien Kim
Published: July 2015

Objective

To develop a BPA Exposure Assessment Module (BEAM) for use in large observational studies and to evaluate the ability of the BEAM to estimate bisphenol A (BPA) exposure levels.

Design

The BEAM was designed by modifying an FFQ with questions targeting known sources of BPA exposure. Frequency of intake of known dietary sources of BPA was assessed using the BEAM and three 24 h food records as a reference diet measurement tool. Urinary BPA (uBPA) levels were measured as the criterion tool in a pooled urine sample (nine spot samples per participant). Spearman correlations, linear regression and weighted kappa analysis were used to evaluate the ability of the BEAM and food records to estimate BPA exposure levels.

Setting

Minneapolis/Saint Paul, MN, USA.

Subjects

Sixty-eight healthy adult (20–59 years) volunteers.

Results

Dietary BPA intake assessed by the BEAM was not associated with uBPA levels and was unable to predict participants’ rank by uBPA levels. BEAM models with alla prioripredictors explained 25 % of the variability in uBPA levels. Canned food intake assessed by food records was associated with uBPA levels, but was unable to rank participants by uBPA levels. Multivariable-adjusted food record models witha prioripredictors explained 41 % of the variability in uBPA levels.

Conclusions

Known dietary sources of BPA exposure explained less than half the variability in uBPA levels, regardless of diet assessment method. Findings suggest that a questionnaire approach may be insufficient for ranking BPA exposure level and additional important sources of BPA exposure likely exist.
A POISSON–PARETO MODEL OF CHLOROPHYLL-A FLUORESCENCE SIGNALS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: WOODCOCK S. , MANOJLOVIC B. , BAIRD M. E. , RALPH P. J.
Published: July 2015

Because of its central role in the global carbon cycle, quantifying the biomass of photosynthetic microalgae in the oceans is crucial to our ability to estimate the oceans’ carbon drawdown. Many traditional methods of primary production assessment have proven to be extremely time consuming and, consequently, have handled only very small sample sizes. The recent advent of in situ bio-optical sensors, such as the water quality monitor (WQM), is now providing lower cost and higher throughput data on these crucial biological communities. These WQMs, however, only quantify the total fluorescence of all individual cells within their optical sample windows, irrespective of size. In this paper, we further develop an established model, based on Pareto random variables, of the size structure of the microalgae community to understand the effect of the WQMs’ sampling and data pooling on their estimates of algal biomass. Unfortunately, evaluating sums of Pareto variables is a notoriously difficult problem. Here, we utilize an approximation for the right-tail of the resulting distribution to derive parameter estimates for the underlying size structure of the microalgae community.
CBCT-guided radiotherapy for locally advanced head and cancer: dosimetric impact of weight loss on VMAT and IMRT plans for selected organs at risk structures (OARs)
Authors: Moallim Mahmud , Maungwe Peter , Chamunyonga Crispen
Published: July 2015

Purpose

It is common for head and neck patients to be affected by time trend errors as a result of weight loss during a course of radiation treatment. The objective of this planning study was to investigate the impact of weight loss on volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) as well as intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for locally advanced head and neck cancer using automatic co-registration of the cone beam computed tomography.

Materials and methods

A retrospective analysis of previously treated IMRT plans for ten patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer was done. A VMAT plan was also produced for all patients. We calculated the dose–volume histograms (DVH) indices for spinal cord planning at risk volumes (PRVs), the brainstem PRVs (SC+0·5 cm and BS+0·5 cm, respectively) as well as mean dose to the parotid glands.

Results

The results show that the mean difference in dose to the SC+0·5 cm was 1·03% and 1·27% for the IMRT and VMAT plans, respectively. As for dose to the BS+0·5, the percentage difference was 0·63% for the IMRT plans and 0·61% for the VMAT plans. The analysis of the parotid gland doses shows that the percentage change in mean dose to left parotid was −8·0% whereas that of the right parotid was −6·4% for the IMRT treatment plans. In the VMAT plans, the percentages change for the left and the right parotid glands were −6·6 and −6·7% respectively.

Conclusions

This study shows a clinically significant impact of weight loss on DVH indices analysed in head and neck organs at risk. It highlights the importance of adaptive radiotherapy in head and neck patients if organ at risk sparing is to be maintained.
Grammatical Gender in Norwegian: Language Acquisition and Language Change
Authors: Rodina Yulia , Westergaard Marit
Published: July 2015

Based on data from two experimental studies, this paper investigates the production of gender in a Norwegian dialect (Tromsø) by several groups of child and adult speakers. The findings show that gender is late acquired (around age 7) and, furthermore, that there are considerable differences between the groups, indicating an ongoing historical change that involves the loss of feminine gender agreement. However, the feminine declensional endings, such as the suffixal definite article, are retained. While there are sociolinguistic factors causing this change, we argue that the nature of the change can be explained by the process of language acquisition.*
The Conjoined Twin Sisters Helen and Judith (1701–1723) and Their Pictorial Impact in Later 18th-Century Science
Authors: van der Weiden Robin M. F. , Clausberg Karl
Published: July 2015

Given the uniqueness of the Hungarian conjoined twin sisters Helen and Judith (1701–1723) and their lasting influence as an anatomical showcase if not model for mental or social deviant states, we present here a closer scrutiny of their introduction into the scientific literature of the later 18th century by analyzing depictions of the twins from 1707 onwards.
Elektronische Zigaretten: Lifestyle-Gadget oder Hilfsmittel zum Rauchstopp?
Authors: Schuurmans Macé M.
Published: July 2015

Elektronische Zigaretten (E-Zigaretten) sind Verdampfer von Flüssigkeiten, die oft Nikotin enthalten. Das inhalierte Aerosol enthält Feinstaub, Metallpartikel und kanzerogene Substanzen in der Regel in deutlich geringerer Konzentration als im Tabakzigarettenrauch. Aufgrund dieser Tatsache erwartet man eine gesundheitliche Schadensreduktion bei deren Anwendung. Dies ist jedoch nicht belegt, ebenso ist die mittel- und langfristige Sicherheit nicht untersucht. Die kurzfristige Anwendung führt zu Atemwegsirritationen und diastolischer Blutdrucksteigerung. Lediglich zwei randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien untersuchten bisher die Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit als Rauchstopphilfsmittel, wobei die Ergebnisse keine Überlegenheit im Vergleich zu bisherigen medikamentösen Rauchstoppmethoden belegen konnten. Aufgrund der bescheidenen Evidenzlage können E-Zigaretten nicht als Rauchstopphilfe empfohlen werden. Eines der Hauptprobleme ist die fehlende Regulierung und Standardisierung der E-Zigarettenkomponenten, sodass Verallgemeinerungen zu diesem Produkt praktisch unmöglich sind.
Evidence for holistic episodic recollection via hippocampal pattern completion
Authors: Horner Aidan J. , Bisby James A. , Bush Daniel , Lin Wen-Jing , Burgess Neil
Published: July 2015

Recollection is thought to be the hallmark of episodic memory. Here we provide evidence that the hippocampus binds together the diverse elements forming an event, allowing holistic recollection via pattern completion of all elements. Participants learn complex ‘events’ from multiple overlapping pairs of elements, and are tested on all pairwise associations. At encoding, element ‘types’ (locations, people and objects/animals) produce activation in distinct neocortical regions, while hippocampal activity predicts memory performance for all within-event pairs. When retrieving a pairwise association, neocortical activity corresponding to all event elements is reinstated, including those incidental to the task. Participant’s degree of incidental reinstatement correlates with their hippocampal activity. Our results suggest that event elements, represented in distinct neocortical regions, are bound into coherent ‘event engrams’ in the hippocampus that enable episodic recollection—the re-experiencing or holistic retrieval of all aspects of an event—via a process of hippocampal pattern completion and neocortical reinstatement.
Cryo-EM reveals the conformation of a substrate analogue in the human 20S proteasome core
Authors: da Fonseca Paula C.A. , Morris Edward P.
Published: July 2015

The proteasome is a highly regulated protease complex fundamental for cell homeostasis and controlled cell cycle progression. It functions by removing a wide range of specifically tagged proteins, including key cellular regulators. Here we present the structure of the human 20S proteasome core bound to a substrate analogue inhibitor molecule, determined by electron cryo-microscopy (cryo-EM) and single-particle analysis at a resolution of around 3.5 Å. Our map allows the building of protein coordinates as well as defining the location and conformation of the inhibitor at the different active sites. These results open new prospects to tackle the proteasome functional mechanisms. Moreover, they also further demonstrate that cryo-EM is emerging as a realistic approach for general structural studies of protein–ligand interactions.
Crystallographic structure of a small molecule SIRT1 activator-enzyme complex
Authors: Dai Han , Case April W. , Riera Thomas V. , Considine Thomas , Lee Jessica E. , Hamuro Yoshitomo , Zhao Huizhen , Jiang Yong , Sweitzer Sharon M. , Pietrak Beth , Schwartz Benjamin , Blum Charles A. , Disch Jeremy S. , Caldwell Richard , Szczepankiewicz Bruce , Oalmann Christopher , Yee Ng Pui , White Brian H. , Casaubon Rebecca , Narayan Radha , Koppetsch Karsten , Bourbonais Francis , Wu Bo , Wang Junfeng , Qian Dongming , Jiang Fan , Mao Cheney , Wang Minghui , Hu Erding , Wu Joe C. , Perni Robert B. , Vlasuk George P. , Ellis James L.
Published: July 2015

SIRT1, the founding member of the mammalian family of seven NAD+-dependent sirtuins, is composed of 747 amino acids forming a catalytic domain and extended N- and C-terminal regions. We report the design and characterization of an engineered human SIRT1 construct (mini-hSIRT1) containing the minimal structural elements required for lysine deacetylation and catalytic activation by small molecule sirtuin-activating compounds (STACs). Using this construct, we solved the crystal structure of a mini-hSIRT1-STAC complex, which revealed the STAC-binding site within the N-terminal domain of hSIRT1. Together with hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) and site-directed mutagenesis using full-length hSIRT1, these data establish a specific STAC-binding site and identify key intermolecular interactions with hSIRT1. The determination of the interface governing the binding of STACs with human SIRT1 facilitates greater understanding of STAC activation of this enzyme, which holds significant promise as a therapeutic target for multiple human diseases.
Identification of Alp1U and Lom6 as epoxy hydrolases and implications for kinamycin and lomaiviticin biosynthesis
Authors: Wang Bin , Guo Fang , Ren Jinwei , Ai Guomin , Aigle Bertrand , Fan Keqiang , Yang Keqian
Published: July 2015

The naturally occurring diazobenzofluorenes, kinamycins, fluostatins and lomaiviticins, possess highly oxygenated A-rings, via which the last forms a dimeric pharmacophore. However, neither the A-ring transformation nor the dimerization mechanisms have been explored thus far. Here we propose a unified biosynthetic logic for the three types of antibiotics and verify one key reaction via detailed genetic and enzymatic experiments. Alp1U and Lom6 from the kinamycin and lomaiviticin biosynthesis, respectively, are shown to catalyse epoxy hydrolysis on a substrate that is obtained by chemical deacetylation of a kinamycin-pathway-derived intermediate. Thus, our study provides the first evidence for the existence of an epoxy intermediate in lomaiviticin biosynthesis. Furthermore, our results suggest that the dimerization in the lomaiviticin biosynthesis proceeds after dehydration of a product generated by Lom6.
HIV burden in men who have sex with men: a prospective cohort study 2007–2012
Authors: Jia Zhongwei , Huang Xiaojie , Wu Hao , Zhang Tong , Li Ning , Ding Peipei , Sun Yixuan , Liu Zhiying , Wei Feili , Zhang Hongwei , Jiao Yanmei , Ji Yunxia , Zhang Yonghong , Guo Caiping , Li Wei , Mou Danlei , Xia Wei , Li Zhen , Chen Dexi , Yan Huiping , Chen Xinyue , Zhao Jinkou , Meyers Kathrine , Cohen Ted , Mayer Kenneth , Salomon Joshua A , Lu Zuhong , Dye Christopher
Published: July 2015

We conducted a prospective cohort study among HIV-negative MSM aged 18 years or older between 2007 and 2012 in Beijing, China to measure the rates of incident HIV and identify risk factors for infection. Among 5,800 participants evaluated at enrollment, we identified 486 prevalent cases of HIV (8.4%). Among the 3,625 enrollees who were HIV-negative at enrollment and completed at least one follow-up interview, we identified 440 incident cases of HIV in the follow up period: this constituted an HIV incidence rate of 7.1 per 100 person-years (95% CI: 6.4–7.7). Early treatment of syphilis may have significantly reduced risk of HIV infection (RR: 1.45, 95% CI: 1.11–1.93), while MSM presenting perfect compliance in the cohort did not show reduction in HIV infection. Our study suggested that HIV incidence has been remained high in this sample of Chinese MSM during the intensive preventive intervention, suggesting that we need to find new strategies to prevent HIV infection in this population.
Cortisol and testosterone increase financial risk taking and may destabilize markets
Authors: Cueva Carlos , Roberts R. Edward , Spencer Tom , Rani Nisha , Tempest Michelle , Tobler Philippe N. , Herbert Joe , Rustichini Aldo
Published: July 2015

It is widely known that financial markets can become dangerously unstable, yet it is unclear why. Recent research has highlighted the possibility that endogenous hormones, in particular testosterone and cortisol, may critically influence traders’ financial decision making. Here we show that cortisol, a hormone that modulates the response to physical or psychological stress, predicts instability in financial markets. Specifically, we recorded salivary levels of cortisol and testosterone in people participating in an experimental asset market (N = 142) and found that individual and aggregate levels of endogenous cortisol predict subsequent risk-taking and price instability. We then administered either cortisol (single oral dose of 100 mg hydrocortisone, N = 34) or testosterone (three doses of 10 g transdermal 1% testosterone gel over 48 hours, N = 41) to young males before they played an asset trading game. We found that both cortisol and testosterone shifted investment towards riskier assets. Cortisol appears to affect risk preferences directly, whereas testosterone operates by inducing increased optimism about future price changes. Our results suggest that changes in both cortisol and testosterone could play a destabilizing role in financial markets through increased risk taking behaviour, acting via different behavioural pathways.