bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiopulmonary effects of positive end-expiratory pressure during one-lung ventilation in anesthetized dogs with a closed thoracic cavity
Authors: Riquelme Miriam , Monnet Eric , Kudnig Simon T. , Gaynor James S. , Wagner Ann E. , Corliss Denise , Salman M. D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effects on oxygen delivery
(DO2) of 2.5 and 5 cm H2O of positive end-expiratory
pressure (PEEP) applied to the dependent lung
during one-lung ventilation (OLV) in anesthetized dogs
with a closed thoracic cavity.

Animals—7 clinically normal adult Walker Hound
dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized, and catheters
were inserted in a dorsal pedal artery and the pulmonary
artery. Dogs were positioned in right lateral
recumbency, and data were collected during OLV
(baseline), after application of 2.5 cm H2O of PEEP for
15 minutes during OLV, and after application of 5 cm
H2O of PEEP for 15 minutes during OLV.
Hemodynamic and respiratory variables were analyzed
and calculations performed to obtain DO2, and
values were compared among the various time points
by use of an ANOVA for repeated measures.

Results—PEEP induced a significant decrease in
shunt fraction that resulted in a significant increase in
arterial oxygen saturation. However, it failed to significantly
affect arterial oxygen content (CaO2) or cardiac
output. Thus, DO2 was not affected in healthy normoxemic
dogs as a net result of the application of
PEEP.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The use of
PEEP during OLV in anesthetized dogs with a closed
thoracic cavity did not affect DO2. Use of PEEP during
OLV in dogs with a closed thoracic cavity is recommended
because it does not affect cardiac output and
any gain in CaO2 will be beneficial for DO2 in critically
ill patients. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:978–983)
Evaluation of hyaluronidase activity in equine and bovine sera and equine synovial fluid samples by use of enzyme zymography
Authors: Williams Jennifer M. , Stokes Jessica M. , MacDonald Melinda H. , Benton Hilary P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate the activities of hyaluronidases in equine sera and synovial fluid samples and sera from fetal and adult bovids and evaluate the extent to which the degradation of hyaluronan is influenced by chondrocytes.

Sample Population—Commercial and noncommercial samples of equine (n = 6) and bovine (6) sera and 16 synovial fluid samples from horses.

Procedure—Hyaluronidase activities in sera and synovial fluid samples were assessed via enzyme zymography (performed at pH 4, 5, 6, or 7). Chondrocytes were isolated from equine cartilage and cultured with or without hyaluronan (1 mg/mL); the degradation of hyaluronan was assessed via agarose gel electrophoresis.

Results—Hyaluronidase activity was detected in equine sera and synovial fluid samples at pH 4, but not at pH 7, and in bovine sera at both pH values. In all samples at pH 4, a major band of activity (molecular weight, approx 60 kd) and some additional higher molecular weight bands were detected; high- and low-molecular-weight activities were detected in bovine sera at pH 7. Hyaluronan in tissue culture medium with or without fetal calf serum was degraded in the presence, but not the absence, of equine chondrocytes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hyaluronidase activity was detected in equine sera and synovial fluid at pH 4 and in bovine sera at pH 4 and 7. Primary chondrocytes in monolayer culture can degrade exogenous hyaluronan. Modulating native hyaluronidase activity may offer a new approach to improve the quantity and quality of hyaluronan in articular joints. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:984–990)
Efficacy of oxytetracycline for treatment of papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions on various anatomic locations in dairy cows
Authors: Hernandez Jorge , Shearer Jan K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate efficacy of topical treatment with oxytetracycline solution among dairy cows with papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) lesions on the interdigital cleft, heels, or dewclaw.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—70 dairy cows from a single herd.

Procedure—On the basis of anatomic location of PDD lesions, cows were allocated into 1 of 3 groups (interdigital cleft [n = 14], heels [30], or dewclaw [26]) and treated topically with oxytetracycline solution. Cows were examined 14 and 30 days after initial treatment. During each examination, pain and lesion size scores were recorded.

Results—On the basis of pain and lesion size scores, oxytetracycline appeared significantly less effective among cows with lesions on the interdigital cleft than for cows with lesions on the heels or the dewclaw. Number of cows with signs of pain or visible lesions after treatment was significantly higher for cows with lesions on the interdigital cleft than for cows with lesions on heels or the dewclaw.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Anatomic location of PDD lesions has an effect on the efficacy of topical treatment with oxytetracycline solution in dairy cows affected with PDD. Cows with lesions on the interdigital cleft were less likely to respond to treatment, compared with cows with lesions on the heels or the dewclaw. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1288–1290)
Effects of diet on pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in healthy dogs
Authors: Maguire Peter J. , Fettman Martin J. , Smith Mary O. , Greco Deborah S. , Turner A. Simon , Walton Judy A. , Ogilvie Gregory K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of various diets on the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital and the interactive effects of changes in body composition and metabolic rate.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—27 healthy sexually intact adult female Beagles.

Procedure—Pharmacokinetic studies of phenobarbital were performed before and 2 months after dogs were fed 1 of 3 diets (group 1, maintenance diet; group 2, protein-restricted diet; group 3, fat- and protein-restricted diet) and treated with phenobarbital (approx 3 mg/kg [1.4 mg/lb] of body weight, PO, q 12 h). Pharmacokinetic studies involved administering phenobarbital (15 mg/kg [6.8 mg/lb], IV) and collecting blood samples at specific intervals for 240 hours. Effects of diet and time were determined by repeated-measures ANOVA.

Results—Volume of distribution, mean residence time, and half-life (t1/2) of phenobarbital significantly decreased, whereas clearance rate and elimination rate significantly increased with time in all groups. Dietary protein or fat restriction induced significantly greater changes: t1/2(hours) was lower in groups 2 (mean ± SD; 25.9 ± 6.10 hours) and 3 (24.0 ± 4.70) than in group 1 (32.9 ± 5.20). Phenobarbital clearance rate (ml/kg/min) was significantly higher in group 3 (0.22 ± 0.05 ml/kg/min) than in groups 1 (0.17 ± 0.03) or 2 (0.18 ± 0.03). Induction of serum alkaline phosphatase activity (U/L) was greater in groups 2 (192.4 ± 47.5 U/L) and 3 (202.0 ± 98.2) than in group 1 (125.0 ± 47.5).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinically important differences between diet groups were observed regarding pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital, changes in CBC and serum biochemical variables, and body composition. Drug dosage must be reevaluated if a dog's diet, body weight, or body composition changes during treatment. Changes in blood variables that may indicate liver toxicosis caused by phenobarbital may be amplified by diet-drug interactions. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:847–852)
Evaluation of dietary and environmental risk factors for hyperthyroidism in cats
Authors: Martin Krista M. , Rossing Mary Anne , Ryland Lennox M. , DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Freitag William A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify dietary and environmental risk factors for hyperthyroidism in cats.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—100 cats with hyperthyroidism and 163 control cats.

Procedure—Medical records were examined, and owners completed a mailed questionnaire. Data collected included information regarding demographic variables, environmental exposures, and diet, including preferred flavors of canned cat food.

Results—Case cats were significantly less likely to have been born recently than control cats. Housing; exposure to fertilizers, herbicides, or plant pesticides; regular use of flea products; and presence of a smoker in the home were not significantly associated with an increased risk of disease, but cats that preferred fish or liver and giblets flavors of canned cat food had an increased risk.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that cats that prefer to eat certain flavors of canned cat food may have a significantly increased risk of hyperthyroidism. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000; 217:853–856)
Evidence of point-source exposure to Neospora caninum and protective immunity in a herd of beef cows
Authors: McAllister Milton M. , Björkman Camilla , Anderson-Sprecher Richard , Rogers Douglas G.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether cows with evidence of previous infection withNeospora caninumwere less likely to abort or give birth prematurely during an outbreak of neosporosis, compared with herdmates with evidence of primary infection.

Design—Cohort study.

Animals—208 pregnant beef cows.

Procedure—Aborted fetuses and calves born prematurely were examined during an outbreak of neosporosis in a herd of beef cows. Sera were collected from all cows during the outbreak and again 71 days later. Cows were classified into groups on the basis of normal and abnormal reproductive outcomes. Sera were examined, using an avidity ELISA procedure forN caninum, and results were compared between groups and among time points.

Results—Antibody concentrations decreased significantly and IgG avidity values increased significantly over time. During the outbreak, cows with normal reproductive outcomes were significantly more likely to have high IgG avidity values than cows with abnormal reproductive outcomes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The herd had numerous abortions and premature births with evidence of recent point-source exposure toN caninum. Therefore, to reduce risk of transmission ofN caninumto cattle, attempts should be made to prevent canine feces from contaminating feed, especially feedstuffs used to prepare mixed rations for cattle. Cows with evidence of previous exposure toN caninumwere less likely to abort or give birth prematurely during the outbreak than cows with primary infections withN caninum; this finding suggests development of protective immunity in previously infected cows. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;217:881–887)
Causes of urine marking in cats and effects of environmental management on frequency of marking
Authors: Pryor Patricia A. , Hart Benjamin L. , Bain Melissa J. , Cliff Kelly D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of environmental management alone on marking frequency in cats with urine marking and to obtain demographic data on cats with urine marking and data on owner-perceived factors that contributed to urine marking behavior.

Design—Single-intervention study.

Animals—40 neutered male and 7 spayed female cats.

Procedure—During a 2-week baseline phase, owners maintained a daily record of the number of urine marks. This phase was followed by a 2-week environmental management phase during which owners cleaned recently deposited urine marks daily, scooped waste from the litter box daily, and changed the litter and cleaned the litter box weekly while continuing to record urine marks.

Results—Male cats and cats from multicat households were significantly overrepresented, compared with the general pet cat population in California. The most commonly mentioned causative factors for urine marking were agonistic interactions with other cats outside or inside the home. Environmental management procedures resulted in an overall reduction in urine marking frequency. Among cats that marked ≥ 6 times during the baseline phase, females were significantly more likely to respond to treatment (≥ 50% reduction in marking frequency) than were males.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that male cats and cats from multicat households are more likely to exhibit urine marking behavior than females and cats from single-cat households. Results also suggest that attention to environmental and litter box hygiene can reduce marking frequency in cats, regardless of sex or household status of the cats, and may come close to resolving the marking problem in some cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:1709–1713)
Capnographic monitoring of anesthetized African grey parrots receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation
Authors: Edling Thomas M. , Degernes Laurel A. , Flammer Keven , Horne William A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PETCO2) correlated with PaCO2in isoflurane-anesthetized African grey parrots receiving intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV).

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—14 healthy mature African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus timnus).

Procedure—Each bird was anesthetized via mask with isoflurane, intubated, and connected to a pressure-limited intermittent-flow ventilator. Respiratory rate was altered while holding peak inspiratory pressure constant (5 cm H2O) to achieve a PETCO2in 1 of 3 ranges: < 30 mm Hg, 30 to 40 mm Hg, and > 40 mm Hg. Blood was collected from the superficial ulnar artery of each bird at least once during each of the 3 ranges. Arterial blood samples were collected for blood gas analysis while PETCO2was recorded simultaneously.

Results—A strong correlation between PETCO2and PaCO2was detected over a wide range of partial pressures, although PETCO2consistently overestimated PaCO2by approximately 5 mm Hg. End-tidal partial pressure of CO2and PaCO2also correlated well with arterial blood pH, and the acute response of the bicarbonate buffer system to changes in ventilation was similar to that of mammals.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that PETCO2reliably estimates PaCO2in isofluraneanesthetized African grey parrots receiving IPPV and suggest that IPPV combined with capnography is a viable option for anesthetic maintenance in avian anesthesia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:1714–1718)
Evaluation of risk factors for degenerative joint disease associated with hip dysplasia in German Shepherd Dogs, Golden Retrievers, Labrador Retrievers, and Rottweilers
Authors: Smith Gail K. , Mayhew Philipp D. , Kapatkin Amy S. , McKelvie Pamela J. , Shofer Frances S. , Gregor Thomas P.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether age, breed, sex, weight, or distraction index (DI) was associated with the risk that dogs of 4 common breeds (German Shepherd Dog, Golden Retriever, Labrador Retriever, Rottweiler) would have radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD) associated with hip dysplasia.

Design—Cross-sectional prevalence study.

Animals—15,742 dogs.

Procedure—Hips of dogs were evaluated radiographically by use of the ventrodorsal hip-extended view, the compression view, and the distraction view. The ventrodorsal hip-extended view was examined to determine whether dogs had DJD. For each breed, a multiple logistic regression model incorporating age, sex, weight, and DI was created. For each breed, disease-susceptibility curves were produced, using all dogs, regardless of age, and dogs grouped on the basis of age.

Results—Weight and DI were significant risk factors for DJD in all breeds. For German Shepherd Dogs, the risk of having DJD was 4.95 times the risk for dogs of the other 3 breeds combined. In all breeds, the probability of having DJD increased with age.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the probability of having hip DJD increased with hip joint laxity as measured by use of DI. This association was breed-specific, indicating that breedspecific information on disease susceptibility should be incorporated when making breeding decisions and when deciding on possible surgical treatment of hip dysplasia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:1719–1724)
Health and performance of young dairy calves vaccinated with a modified-live Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida vaccine
Authors: Aubry Pascale , Warnick Lorin D. , Guard Chuck L. , Hill Bruce W. , Witt Michael F.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the health and performance of young dairy calves vaccinated with a commercialMannheimia haemolyticaandPasteurella multocidavaccine.

Design—Randomized clinical trial.

Animals—358 Holstein dairy calves between 14 and 20 days of age on 8 farms.

Procedure—Calves were randomly assigned to a control or vaccinated group. The vaccine used was a commercial modified-liveM haemolyticaandP multocidavaccine that was administered on days 0 and 14. Calf weight was measured on day 0 and monthly for 3 months. Farmers were asked to record any treatment given to the calves and the reason for treatment during the 4 months of the study. Blood was collected from all calves on days 0 and 28, and titers of antibodies toM haemolyticaweredetermined by means of direct bacterial agglutination.

Results—Mean daily gain was not significantly different between vaccinated and control calves. Vaccinated calves had a significantly greater increase in antibody titers (5.3-fold increase), compared with control calves (3.6-fold increase). There was no significant difference between vaccinated and control calves for any of the treatment outcomes (number and duration of treatments and age at first and last treatments).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that theM haemolyticaandP multocidavaccine, given twice 2 weeks apart, was effective in increasing titers of antibodies againstM haemolyticain young dairy calves but did not improve calf performance or health. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;219:1739–1742)
Herbicide exposure and the risk of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in Scottish Terriers
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , Raghavan Malathi , Knapp Deborah W. , Bonney Patty L. , Dawson Marcia H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether exposure to lawn
or garden chemicals was associated with an increased
risk of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary
bladder in Scottish Terriers.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—83 Scottish Terriers with TCC (cases) and
83 Scottish Terriers with other health-related conditions
(controls).

Procedure—Owners of study dogs completed a written
questionnaire pertaining to exposure to lawn or
garden chemicals during the year prior to diagnosis of
TCC for case dogs and during a comparable period for
control dogs.

Results—The risk of TCC was significantly increased
among dogs exposed to lawns or gardens treated
with both herbicides and insecticides (odds ratio [OR],
7.19) or with herbicides alone (OR, 3.62), but not
among dogs exposed to lawns or gardens treated
with insecticides alone (OR, 1.62), compared with
dogs exposed to untreated lawns. Exposure to lawns
or gardens treated with phenoxy herbicides (OR,
4.42) was associated with an increased risk of TCC,
compared with exposure to untreated lawns or gardens,
but exposure to lawns or gardens treated with
nonphenoxy herbicides (OR, 3.49) was not significantly
associated with risk of TCC.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that exposure to lawns or gardens treated with
herbicides was associated with an increased risk of
TCC in Scottish Terriers. Until additional studies are
performed to prove or disprove a cause-and-effect
relationship, owners of Scottish Terriers should minimize
their dogs' access to lawns or gardens treated
with phenoxy herbicides. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;
24:1290–1297)
Outcome and complications associated with treatment of pemphigus foliaceus in dogs: 43 cases (1994–2000)
Authors: Gomez Sheila M. , Morris Daniel O. , Rosenbaum Michele R. , Goldschmidt Michael H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify factors affecting prognosis, outcome, and complications associated with pemphigus foliaceus in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—43 dogs with pemphigus foliaceus.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, age at diagnosis, duration to diagnosis, body area affected, initial immunosuppressive regimens and concurrent use of antimicrobials and sucralfate or histamine receptor 2 blocking agent, adverse effects of treatment, duration of treatment, number of visits for follow-up care, cause of death, and credentials of the veterinarians responsible for continued care.

Results—The case fatality rate was 60.5%. Factors significantly correlated with survival time included concurrent use of antimicrobials during initiation of immunosuppressive treatment and a lower number of adverse effects to treatment. Treatment times lasting more than 10 months from diagnosis correlated significantly with survival.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment with or prophylactic use of antimicrobials may be warranted during initial immunosuppressive treatment. The inverse correlation between survival time and number of adverse treatment effects was not unexpected because it was reflective of the owners' decision to euthanatize their dogs and of corticosteroid-related secondary diseases. Survival beyond the tenth month of treatment predicted long-term survival, which suggests that dogs require careful management during the early months of treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:1312–1316)
Effects of racing and nontraining on plasma thyroid hormone concentrations in sled dogs
Authors: Lee Justine A. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Piercy Richard J. , Schmidt Karin E. , Nelson Stuart
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effects of racing and nontraining on plasma thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroglobulin autoantibody (TgAA) concentrations in sled dogs and compare results with reference ranges established for dogs of other breeds.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—122 sled dogs.

Procedure—Plasma thyroid hormone concentrations were measured before dogs began and after they finished or were removed from the Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race in Alaska and approximately 3 months after the race.

Results—Concentrations of T4and fT4before the race were less than the reference range for nonsled dogs in 26% and 18% of sled dogs, respectively. Immediately after racing, 92% of sled dogs had plasma T4concentrations less than the reference range. Three months after the race, 25% of sled dogs had plasma T4concentrations less than the reference range. For T4, fT4, TSH, and TgAA, significant differences were not detected in samples collected before the race versus 3 months later.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plasma T4, fT4, and TSH concentrations decreased in dogs that complete a long distance sled dog race. Many clinically normal sled dogs have plasma T4and fT4values that are lower than the reference range for nonsled dogs. We suggest that the reference ranges for sled dogs are 5.3 to 40.3 nmol/L and 3.0 to 24.0 pmol/L for plasma T4and fT4concentrations, respectively, and 8.0 to 37.0 mU/L for TSH. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:226–231)
Case-control study of blood type, breed, sex, and bacteremia in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
Authors: Miller Sybille A. , Hohenhaus Ann E. , Hale Anne S.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether blood type, breed, or sex were risk factors for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) in dogs and whether bacteremia was common in dogs with IMHA.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—33 dogs with IMHA, 1,014 dogs without IMHA for which blood type (dog erythrocyte antigens 1.1, 1.2, 3, 4, 5, and 7) was known, 15,668 dogs without IMHA for which breed was known, and 15,589 dogs without IMHA for which sex was known.

Procedure—Blood type, breed, and sex distribution of dogs with IMHA were compared with data for control dogs with Fisher exact tests and by calculating odds ratios (ORs). Results of bacterial culture of blood samples were documented for dogs with IMHA, when available.

Results—Dog erythrocyte antigen 7 was associated with a significant protective effect (OR, 0.1) in Cocker Spaniels with IMHA (n = 10), compared with control dogs. Cocker Spaniels, Bichon Frise, Miniature Pinschers, Rough-coated Collies, and Finnish Spitz had a significantly increased risk of IMHA, as did female dogs (OR, 2.1). Blood samples from 12 dogs with IMHA were submitted for bacterial culture, and none had bacteremia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that blood type, breed, and sex may play a role in IMHA in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:232–235)
Evaluation of surgical margins required for complete excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs
Authors: Simpson Amelia M. , Ludwig Lori L. , Newman Shelley J. , Bergman Philip J. , Hottinger Heidi A. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether neoplastic mast cells extended into tissue 1, 2, or 3 cm laterally or deeper than 1 fascial plane from the visible edge of cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—21 client-owned dogs with ≥ 1 cutaneous MCT.

Procedures—After preparation for surgery, each dog's skin was marked 1, 2, and 3 cm from the tumor edge at 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°. At each 3-cm mark, deep fascia was exposed and sutured to the skin; the tumor was excised in routine fashion and fixed in formalin. Tumors were graded; margins were examined histologically for neoplastic mast cells.

Results—23 cutaneous MCTs in 21 dogs were included in this study. Fifteen (65%) tumors were located on the trunk, 5 (22%) on the hind limbs, and 3 (13%) on the head and neck. There were 3 (13%) grade-I and 20 (87%) grade-II tumors. All grade-I tumors were completely excised at all margins. Seventy-five percent of the grade-II tumors were completely excised at the 1- cm margin, and 100% were completely excised at the 2-cm margin. Two grade-II MCTs located on the hind limbs of dogs were excised with a complete but close (within 1 mm) deep margin.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that a 2-cm lateral margin and a deep margin of 1 fascial plane appear to be adequate for complete excision of grade-I and -II MCTs in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:236–240)
An outbreak of virulent systemic feline calicivirus disease
Authors: Hurley Kate F. , Pesavento Patricia A. , Pedersen Niels C. , Poland Amy M. , Wilson Erin , Foley Janet E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe clinical and epidemiologic
features of an outbreak of feline calicivirus (FCV) infection
caused by a unique strain of FCV and associated
with a high mortality rate and systemic signs of disease,
including edema of the face or limbs.

Design—Observational study.

Animals—54 cats naturally infected with a highly virulent
strain of FCV.

Procedure—Information was collected on outbreak
history, clinical signs, and characteristics of infected
and exposed cats.

Results—A novel strain of FCV (FCV-Kaos) was identified.
Transmission occurred readily via fomites. Signs
included edema and sores of the face and feet.
Mortality rate was 40%, and adults were more likely
than kittens to have severe disease (odds ratio, 9.56).
Eleven (20%) cats had only mild or no clinical signs.
Many affected cats had been vaccinated against FCV.
Viral shedding was documented at least 16 weeks
after clinical recovery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Outbreaks of
highly virulent FCV disease are increasingly common.
Strains causing such outbreaks have been genetically
distinct from one another but caused similar disease
signs and were resistant to vaccination. All cats with
suspicious signs (including upper respiratory tract
infection) should be handled with strict hygienic precautions.
Sodium hypochlorite solution should be
used for disinfection following suspected contamination.
All exposed cats should be isolated until negative
viral status is confirmed. Chronic viral shedding is
possible but may not be clinically important. This and
similar outbreaks have been described as being
caused by hemorrhagic fever-like caliciviruses, but
hemorrhage is uncommonly reported. Virulent systemic
FCV infection is suggested as an alternative
description. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004:224:241–249)
Management of comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses: 64 cases (1983–2001)
Authors: Kraus Beth M. , Richardson Dean W. , Nunamaker David M. , Ross Michael W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To report the outcome of surgical treatment of comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—64 horses.

Procedure—Medical records and radiographs were reviewed to obtain information regarding signalment, fracture classification, and treatment. Follow-up information was obtained by telephone conversation or evaluation of production records.

Results—Thirty-eight horses had moderately comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx. Two horses were euthanatized immediately. Fractures of the proximal phalanx in 36 horses were repaired with open reduction and internal fixation with a successful outcome in 33 (92%) horses. Reconstruction of the fracture was performed in most horses by use of a long curved incision, transection of the collateral ligament of the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint, and open exposure of the proximal articular surface of the proximal phalanx. Twenty-six horses had severely comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx. Six horses were euthanatized immediately. One horse was euthanatized after 9 days of treatment with a cast alone. Severely comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx in 13 horses were treated with an external skeletal fixation device, and fractures healed in 8 of those horses. Six horses with severely comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx were treated with transfixation pins incorporated into a fiberglass cast, and fractures healed in 4 horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Moderately comminuted fractures of the proximal phalanx can be successfully repaired; however, fractures that are too severe to permit accurate reconstruction of the fragments remain difficult to treat and horses have only a fair prognosis for survival. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004; 224:254–263)
Outcome and subsequent fertility of sheep and goats undergoing cesarean section because of dystocia: 110 cases (1981–2001)
Authors: Brounts Sabrina H. , Hawkins Jan F. , Baird A. N. , Glickman Lawrence T.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the outcome and subsequent
fertility of sheep and goats undergoing a
cesarean section because of dystocia.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—85 sheep and 25 goats.

Procedure—Medical records were reviewed, and information
was obtained on signalment, history, physical
examination findings, anesthesia protocol, surgical technique,
number of lambs or kids delivered, pre- and postoperative
treatments, duration of hospitalization, and
postoperative complications. Follow-up information was
obtained through telephone conversations with owners.

Results—The proportion of sheep admitted to the
veterinary teaching hospital during the study period
that underwent a cesarean section (4.4%) was significantly
higher than the proportion of goats that did
(2.2%). Pygmy goats were overrepresented, compared
with the hospital population. The most common
reason for cesarean section was inadequate dilatation
of the cervix. The most common surgical approach
was via the left paralumbar fossa. Two hundred one
lambs and kids were delivered, of which 116 were
dead at delivery or died shortly afterward. Forty-two
of the 65 dams with 1 or more dead fetuses had been
in stage-2 labor for > 6 hours, and fetal death was significantly
associated with a prolonged duration of dystocia.
The most common complication following
surgery was retained placenta (n = 49). Use of antimicrobials
was associated with a lower rate of complications.
All 16 dams that were rebred became pregnant
and had no problems with dystocia.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that cesarean section is an effective method of
resolving dystocia in sheep and goats and does not
adversely affect subsequent fertility. (J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2004;224:275–279)
Evaluation of cisplatin combined with piroxicam for the treatment of oral malignant melanoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma in dogs
Authors: Boria Pedro A. , Murry Daryl J. , Bennett Peter F. , Glickman Nita W. , Snyder Paul W. , Merkel Brenna L. , Schlittler Deborah L. , Mutsaers Anthony J. , Thomas Rose M. , Knapp Deborah W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of cisplatin administered with piroxicam, the antitumor activity and toxicity of cisplatin combined with piroxicam in dogs with oral malignant melanoma (OMM) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and the effects of piroxicam on the pharmacokinetics of cisplatin in dogs with tumors.

Design—Prospective nonrandomized clinical trial.

Animals—25 dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were treated with a combination of cisplatin (escalating dose with 6 hours of diuresis with saline [0.9% NaCl] solution) and piroxicam (0.3 mg/kg [0.14 mg/lb], PO, q 24 h). The initial cisplatin dose (50 mg/m2) was increased by 5 mg/m2 until the MTD was reached. Tumor stage and size were determined at 6-week intervals during treatment. The pharmacokinetics of cisplatin were determined in dogs receiving a combination of cisplatin and piroxicam during the clinical trial and dogs that were treated with cisplatin alone.

Results—11 dogs with OMM and 9 dogs with SCC were included in the clinical trial. The MTD of cisplatin when administered in combination with piroxicam was 50 mg/m2. Tumor remission occurred in 5 of 9 dogs with SCC and 2 of 11 dogs with OMM. The most common abnormality observed was renal toxicosis. Clearance of cisplatin in dogs that were treated with cisplatin alone was not significantly different from that in dogs treated with a combination of cisplatin and piroxicam.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cisplatin administered in combination with piroxicam had antitumor activity against OMM and SCC. The level of toxicity was acceptable, although renal function must be monitored carefully. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:388–394)
Ultrasonographic assessment of hemodynamic changes in the portal vein during surgical attenuation of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs
Authors: Szatmári Viktor , Sluijs Frederik J. van , Rothuizen Jan , Voorhout George
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine portal hemodynamic changes associated with surgical shunt ligation and establish ultrasonographic criteria for determining the optimal degree of shunt narrowing and predicting outcome.

Design—Case series.

Animals—17 dogs, each with a single congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt.

Procedure—Pre- and postligation flow velocities and flow directions were determined by Doppler ultrasonography intraoperatively in the shunt and in the portal vein cranial and caudal to the shunt origin. Outcome was evaluated 1 month after surgery by measuring blood ammonia concentration and performing abdominal ultrasonography.

Results—Hepatofugal flow was detected in 9 of 17 dogs before shunt attenuation in the portal segment that was between the shunt origin and the entering point of the gastroduodenal vein. If hepatofugal flow became hepatopetal after shunt ligation, hyperammonemia resolved. Hepatofugal portal flow was caused by blood that flowed from the gastroduodenal vein toward the shunt. Shunt attenuation converted hepatofugal flow to hepatopetal in the shunt in 12 of 17 dogs. Chronic portal hypertension developed or perioperative death occurred when the portal congestion index caudal to the shunt origin increased by > 3.6 times.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—After hepatopetal flow in the cranial portal vein and the shunt is established, further shunt narrowing is contraindicated. Increase of the portal congestion index caudal to the shunt > 3.5 times should be avoided. Poor outcome because of severe hypoplasia of the portal branches can be expected if the flow direction remains hepatofugal after shunt occlusion cranial to the shunt origin. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:395–402)
Concurrence between clinical and pathologic diagnoses in a veterinary medical teaching hospital: 623 cases (1989 and 1999)
Authors: Kent Michael S. , Lucroy Michael D. , Dank Gillian , Lehenbauer Terry W. , Madewell Bruce R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether there was a
decline in the percentage of dogs undergoing necropsies
and whether there was substantial agreement or
disagreement between clinical and pathologic diagnoses.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—623 dogs.

Procedure—Medical records of hospitalized dogs
that died or were euthanatized and necropsied at a
veterinary teaching hospital in 1989 and 1999 were
reviewed. Clinical and pathologic diagnoses were
recorded and compared.

Results—There was a significant decline in the
necropsy rate of hospitalized dogs that died or were
euthanatized in 1999, compared with 1989. In both
1989 and 1999, there was disagreement between the
clinical and pathologic diagnoses in approximately a
third of the cases.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Despite
improved diagnostic methods, the accuracy of diagnosis
did not improve significantly in 1999, compared
with 1989. Necropsy is the best method to assess
overall diagnostic accuracy. Increased availability of
teaching funds may promote efforts to have necropsies
performed in veterinary teaching hospitals. ( J Am
Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:403–406)
Use of magnetic resonance imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in horses: 11 cases (1999–2003)
Authors: Zubrod Chad J. , Schneider Robert K. , Tucker Russell L. , Gavin Patrick R. , Ragle Claude A. , Farnsworth Kelly D.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess the use of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for identifying subchondral bone damage in the distal limbs of horses.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—11 horses.

Procedure—Medical records of horses with lameness and subsequent evidence of subchondral bone damage as determined by MR imaging were reviewed. Severity and duration of lameness, results of diagnostic local anesthesia and diagnostic testing, surgical and necropsy findings, and treatment were recorded. Outcome was determined by follow-up information obtained from the owner or referring veterinarian.

Results—Lameness was localized by physical examination and diagnostic local anesthesia. Lameness was localized to the metacarpophalangeal or metatarsophalangeal joint in 4 horses, distal interphalangeal joint in 5 horses, and tarsocrural joint in 2 horses. The duration of lameness ranged from 2 weeks to 20 months. Magnetic resonance imaging of the affected joints revealed abnormal fluid accumulation within the subchondral bone. None of the abnormalities observed by MR imaging were detected by radiography. Subchondral bone damage was diagnosed in all horses. Arthroscopy of the affected joint was performed in 4 horses. Communication with the articular surface of the affected bone was suspected on the basis of results of MR imaging in 4 horses and was confirmed by arthroscopy in 1 horse and by necropsy in 1 horse.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Magnetic resonance imaging was useful for providing a diagnosis when other imaging techniques did not definitively identify the cause of lameness. Subchondral bone damage was clearly identified by MR imaging and should be considered as a cause of lameness in horses in which radiographic findings are unremarkable. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:411–418)
Use of somatic cell counts and California mastitis test results from individual quarter milk samples to detect subclinical intramammary infection in dairy cattle from a herd with a high bulk tank somatic cell count
Authors: Middleton John R. , Hardin David , Steevens Barry , Randle Richard , Tyler Jeff W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether somatic cell
counts (SCCs) or California mastitis test (CMT) scores
for individual quarter milk samples could be used to
detect subclinical intramammary infection among
dairy cattle in a herd with a high bulk tank SCC.

Design—Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—278 Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle from a
single herd.

Procedure—Individual quarter milk samples were collected
and submitted for bacterial culture, California
mastitis testing, and determination of SCC. Additional
milk samples were collected 34 days later and submitted
for bacterial culture.

Results—During the initial visit to the herd, milk samples
were collected from all 278 cows. However,
because of blind mammary quarters or missing data,
results for 1,057 quarter milk samples were included.
Bacterial culture did not yield any growth for 622
(58.8%) of these samples. Regardless of the cutoff
that was used, sensitivity of the CMT score was ≤ 0.50
and sensitivity of the SCC linear score (SCS) was
≤ 0.60. For 497 mammary quarters, results of bacterial
culture of samples collected 34 days apart were concordant;
bacterial culture did not yield any growth for
342 (68.8%) of these quarters. Regardless of the cutoff
that was used, sensitivity of the CMT score was
≤ 0.61 and sensitivity of the SCS was ≤ 0.76 for mammary
quarters with concordant bacterial culture results.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that neither CMT score nor SCC is sensitive
enough to be useful as a screening test for identifying
infected mammary quarters among dairy cattle in a
herd with high bulk tank SCC. ( J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:419–423)
Assessment of heart rate variability in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
Authors: Spier Alan W. , Meurs Kathryn M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To assess heart rate variability (HRV) in Boxers with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), assess the ability of HRV analysis to identify differences in Boxers on the basis of severity of their arrhythmia, and evaluate the use of HRV to determine whether persistently high sympathetic tone is present in these dogs.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—24 Boxers with ARVC and 10 clinically normal non-Boxer dogs.

Procedure—Boxers were categorized as dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF), dogs with ≤ 2 ventricular premature complexes (VPCs)/24 h (designated unaffected), or dogs with > 1,000 VPCs/24 h (designated affected). Ambulatory electrocardiography (24 hours) was performed in each dog. Recordings were analyzed for HRV variables at a commercial laboratory; differences in HRV variables among groups were compared with 1-way ANOVA.

Results—Compared with control non-Boxer dogs and Boxers without CHF (affected and unaffected Boxers), HRV was reduced in Boxers with CHF. No differences in HRV variables were detected between affected and unaffected Boxers. Inconsistent differences were identified between the control dogs and Boxers without CHF that had various degrees of arrhythmias.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that persistently high sympathetic tone is not a consistent feature of ARVC. Differences in some HRV variables between Boxers without CHF and control dogs suggest that Boxers may have different autonomic control of heart rate, compared with that of clinically normal non-Boxer dogs. The usefulness of HRV analysis appears limited to Boxers with ARVC that have systolic dysfunction and CHF. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:534–537)
Comparison of two radiographic techniques for evaluation of hip joint laxity in 10 breeds of dogs
Authors: Kapatkin Amy S. , Gregor Thomas P. , Hearon Kendra , Richardson Robert W. , McKelvie Pamela J. , Fordyce Hilary H. , Smith Gail K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate hip joint laxity in 10 breeds of dogs via 2 radiographic techniques.

Animals—500 clinically normal dogs.

Design—Prospective study.

Procedure—Radiographs obtained via routine hip joint evaluations performed in sedated dogs of 10 popular breeds were randomly selected from a database. Measurements of distraction index (DI) and hipextended index (HEI) on 1 hip joint radiograph randomly chosen from each dog were made.

Results—Mean age of dogs was 20.7 months. Mean HEI was 0.17 (range, 0.0 to 0.72) and mean DI was 0.44 (range, 0.07 to 0.96). Borzois had uniformly tight hip joints as judged by use of both methods and were considered the gold standard by which hip joint laxity was judged (all Borzois had DI ≤ 0.32). Overall, DI was significantly greater than HEI. Within each breed, mean DI was always greater than mean HEI. Significant differences were detected among breeds for HEI; however, compared with DI, the magnitude of differences among breeds was less.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Distraction radiography detected the greatest range and magnitude of passive hip laxity in the 10 breeds of dogs. The difference in values between breeds known to have high prevalence of canine hip dysplasia and those in Borzois was greater for DI than for HEI. Breeds must be evaluated individually because of inherent differences in hip joint laxity. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004; 224:542–546)
Duration of serologic response to five viral antigens in dogs
Authors: Mouzin Douglas E. , Lorenzen Marianne J. , Haworth John D. , King Vickie L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether vaccinated dogs either remained seropositive or responded serologically to revaccination for 5 key viral antigens after extended periods since their last vaccination.

Design—Serologic survey.

Animals—322 healthy client-owned dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were ≥ 2 years old and vaccinated against canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus-1 (CAV-1), canine adenovirus-2 (CAV-2), canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV), and canine parvovirus (CPV). On day 0, dogs were revaccinated with a vaccine from the same vaccine line as they had historically received. Antibody titers were measured in sera collected at day 0 (prevaccination titer) and 5 to 7 days later (postvaccination titer). Dogs were considered to have responded serologically if they had a day-0 serum neutralization titer to CDV ≥ 1:32; a serum neutralization titer to CAV-1, CAV-2, or CPIV ≥ 1:16; a hemagglutination inhibition titer to CPV ≥ 1:80; or a ≥ 4-fold increase in antibody titer after revaccination.

Results—The percentage of dogs that had titers at or greater than the threshold values or responded to revaccination with a ≥ 4-fold increase in titer was 98.1% for CDV, 98.4% for CAV-1, 99.0% for CAV-2, 100% for CPIV, and 98.1% for CPV.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In most dogs, vaccination induced a response that lasted up to and beyond 48 months for all 5 antigens. Although not equivalent to challenge-of-immunity studies as a demonstration of efficacy, results suggest that revaccination with the same vaccine provides adequate protection even when given less frequently than the traditional 1-year interval. The study provides valuable information for clinicians to help determine appropriate revaccination intervals. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:55–60)
Association between cribbing and entrapment of the small intestine in the epiploic foramen in horses: 68 cases (1991–2002)
Authors: Archer Debra C. , Freeman David E. , Doyle Aimie J. , Proudman Christopher J. , Edwards G. Barrie
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether there was an association between a history of cribbing and epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE) of the small intestine in horses.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—68 horses examined at the University of Illinois or the University of Liverpool veterinary teaching hospitals.

Procedure—For horses examined at the University of Illinois that underwent surgery because of strangulating small intestine lesions, information about cribbing was obtained through telephone calls with owners. For horses examined at the University of Liverpool that underwent surgery for colic for any reason, information about cribbing was obtained through a preoperative questionnaire.

Results—13 of 19 (68%) horses with EFE examined at the University of Illinois had a history of cribbing, compared with only 2 of 34 (6%) horses with other strangulating small intestine lesions (odds ratio, 34.7; 95% confidence interval, 6.2 to 194.6). Similarly, 24 of 49 (49%) horses with EFE examined at the University of Liverpool had a history of cribbing, compared with 72 of 687 (10.5%) horses with colic caused by other lesions (odds ratio, 8.2; 95% confidence interval, 4.5 to 15.1).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that there may be an association between cribbing and EFE in horses, with horses with a history of cribbing more likely to have EFE than horses without such a history. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:562–564)