bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Martini 3 coarse-grain model for the simulation of the photopolymerizable organic phase in dental composites
Authors: Hochwallner Alexander , Stampfl Jürgen
Published: April 2022

A coarse grain model of Bis-GMA and TEGDMA is presented and used to study aspects relevant to dental composites. It was found that the simulated polymerization shrinkage and double bond conversions are in good agreement with experimental data.
The restricted adhesion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells by stepped structures on surfaces of hydroxyapatite
Authors: Chen Jin , Huang Zhuo , Wang Fang , Gong Min , Zhang Xueli , Wang Yajing , Hu Zuquan , Zeng Zhu , Wang Yun
Published: April 2022

Stepped structures largely exposed on surfaces of HA significantly restrict the adhesion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
Directing group assisted rhodium catalyzed meta-C–H alkynylation of arenes
Authors: Sasmal Sheuli , Prakash Gaurav , Dutta Uttam , Laskar Ranjini , Lahiri Goutam Kumar , Maiti Debabrata
Published: April 2022

An unprecedented report on Rh-catalyzed meta-C–H alkynylation of arenes, aided by a weakly coordinating cyano-based directing template, was developed using bromoalkynes as the coupling partner.
Highly efficient and stable deep-blue OLEDs based on narrowband emitters featuring an orthogonal spiro-configured indolo[3,2,1-de]acridine structure
Authors: Meng Guoyun , Zhang Dongdong , Wei Jinbei , Zhang Yuewei , Huang Tianyu , Liu Ziyang , Yin Chen , Hong Xiangchen , Wang Xiang , Zeng Xuan , Yang Dezhi , Ma Dongge , Li Guomeng , Duan Lian
Published: April 2022

An advanced concept of using ultra-narrowband emitters to improve the stability of deep-blue OLEDs is proposed and two proof-of-concept deep-blue emitters are developed.
The catalysis of (de)lithiation in a nerve-cell-like anode of Li-ion battery
Authors: Lu Bing , Qu Min , He Qian , Xie Zhenyang , Liu Lihan , Huang Xun , Li Jing , Li Li , Ding Wei , Wei Zidong
Published: April 2022

The Li2O intermedium generated in SnO2-based anode materials can increase the Li adsorption energy in lithiation, and it amorphizes the Li–Sn alloy that accelerates delithiation.
Unraveling the relationships between chemical bonding and thermoelectric properties: n-type ABO3 perovskites
Authors: Cao Yan , Zhu Zhenyu , Li Xin , Xi Jinyang , Singh David J. , Xi Lili , Yang Jiong , Zhang Wenqing
Published: April 2022

Using the high-throughput method, 46 n-type cubic ABO3 were classified into four types based on their different conduction band minima and chemical bondings, and 13 of them were proposed with potentially good thermoelectric performance.
15.8% efficiency all-small-molecule solar cells enabled by a combination of side-chain engineering and polymer additive
Authors: Liang Haiyan , Wang Yang , Guo Xia , Yang Ding , Xia Xinxin , Wang Jianqiu , Zhang Liu , Shi Yu , Lu Xinhui , Zhang Maojie
Published: April 2022

BTR-SCl:Y6 devices achieved an impressive PCE of 15.8% with a high Voc of 0.88 eV.
Developing a three-dimensional co-continuous phase network structure via enhanced inter-component affinity for high-performance flexible organic radical electrodes
Authors: Chen Yaoguang , Liu Xiu , Lao Zhengqi , Yang Kang , Li Fuzhen , Chen Ling , Mai Kancheng , Zhang Zishou
Published: April 2022

Inspired by molecular dynamics simulation results, a self-supporting binary PETM/SWNT electrode was proposed and exhibited remarkable electrochemical performance.
In situ growth of WO3/BiVO4 nanoflowers onto cellulose fibers to construct photoelectrochemical/colorimetric lab-on-paper devices for the ultrasensitive detection of AFP
Authors: Li Xu , Cui Kang , Xiu Mingzhen , Zhou Chenxi , Li Li , Zhang Jing , Hao Shiji , Zhang Lina , Ge Shenguang , Huang Yizhong , Yu Jinghua
Published: April 2022

A dual-mode lab-on-paper device for sensitive photoelectrochemical/colorimetric sensing of AFP based on in situ grown WO3/BiVO4 heterojunctions onto cellulose fibers.
Circularly polarised luminescence in an RNA-based homochiral, self-repairing, coordination polymer hydrogel
Authors: El-Zubir Osama , Martinez Pablo Rojas , Dura Gema , Al-Mahamad Lamia L.G. , Pope Thomas , Penfold Thomas J. , Mackenzie Lewis E. , Pal Robert , Mosely Jackie , Cucinotta Fabio , McGarry Liam F. , Horrocks Benjamin R. , Houlton Andrew
Published: April 2022

The aqueous equimolar reaction of Ag(i) ions with the thionucleoside enantiomer (−)6-thioguanosine, ((−)6tGH), yields a one-dimensional coordination polymer {Ag(−)tG}n, the self-assembly of which generates left-handed helical chains that display CPL.
Aided Language Measures: Establishing Observer Agreement for Communicators in Early Language Phases
Authors: Lee Jisun P. , Binger Cathy , Harrington Nancy , Evelyn Seana , Kent-Walsh Jennifer , Gevarter Cindy , Richardson Jessica , Hahs-Vaughn Debbie
Published: April 2022

Purpose:

Although many valid, reliable, and developmentally sensitive measures exist to monitor the language gains of children who rely on spoken language to communicate, the same is not true for graphic symbol communicators. This study is a first step in developing such measures by examining the interobserver agreement (IOA) and within-observer agreement of 13 measures designed to monitor the language progress of children who use aided augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). These measures are based on the Graphic Symbol Utterance and Sentence Development Framework (Binger et al., 2020) and are hypothesized to capture various phases of graphic symbol communication.

Method:

Four graduate student observers coded 13 measures across 57 different play-based sessions of children with Down syndrome ages 3;0–5;11 (years;months). For IOA, sessions were coded by two different observers. For within-observer agreement, all sessions were recoded by the same coders. Corpus-level analyses were completed to characterize the nature of the samples (e.g., average mean length of utterance for the samples). IOA and within-observer agreement were examined for each utterance.

Results:

Across all observers and measures, acceptable levels of IOA and within-observer agreement were achieved, with most measures yielding relatively high levels of agreement. Some differences were noted across measures, with the less experienced coders demonstrating less agreement on select measures.

Conclusions:

Results provide initial evidence that many measures based on the Graphic Symbol Utterance and Sentence Development Framework can be reliably coded. These findings are a first step in developing psychometrically sound measures to monitor the expressive language progress of children who use AAC.

Supplemental Material:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.19601551
BCSM: Blockchain‐based cooperative spectrum management system for 5G NR‐U and WiFi coexistence in the unlicensed band
Authors: Al‐Sahan Lina , Lasla Noureddine , Abdallah Mohamed , Wang Bo
Published: April 2022

The licensed band is crowded and suffers from immense mobile data traffic growth, which exceeded 58 exabytes per month in 5 years. Meanwhile, a significant portion of the unlicensed band is underutilized and not coordinated efficiently. Experiments in some urban areas of the world have shown that only 5% of the unlicensed 5 GHz band is being used. 5G NR‐U technology supports 5G networks in the unlicensed band to alleviate the traffic congestion and boosts 5G networks capacity. Different heterogeneous network access technologies already use the unlicensed band. Consequently, 5G NR‐U networks will operate in the proximity of the other coexisting networks, such as WiFi networks in the 5 GHz and 6 GHz bands. In such environments, assessing the shared spectrum becomes challenging and necessitates adequate protocols to identify idle slots for successful transmissions. Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) improves the spectrum assessment process, as the decision about the spectrum state is rendered based on the local decisions of multiple sensing nodes. CSS is exploited by integrating it with Blockchain technology to design a decentralized cooperative spectrum management system called: Blockchain‐Based Cooperative Spectrum Management (BCSM). The system is attributed to ameliorating 5G NR‐U awareness about the neighboring WiFi networks traffic in the unlicensed band. An algorithm is designed for performing distributed cooperative spectrum assessment between the 5G NR‐U base stations to profile the WiFi networks traffic in their proximity. To ensure fairness based on the effort expended in assessing the spectrum, a priority‐based algorithm is designed for spectrum access scheduling. A proof‐of‐concept is implemented using private Ethereum Blockchain and NS3 simulator. Finally, the system's accuracy is evaluated empirically along with theoretical security analysis.
Supporting availability evaluation of a smart building monitoring system aided by fog computing
Authors: Silva Francisco Airton , Fé Iure , Brito Carlos , Araújo Gabriel , Feitosa Leonel , Choi Eunmi , Min Dugki , Nguyen Tuan Anh
Published: April 2022

Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly present in people's lives, mainly to provide security and well‐being. In homes and buildings, IoT sensors can monitor various factors such as temperature and the smoke presence. In case of danger, some action can be activated. However, a sensor network is a complex and fault‐prone architecture. Evaluating an IoT architecture in this context is essential. Thus, the objective of this paper is twofold: (i) suggest a continuous time Markov chain (CTMC) model for a smart building monitoring system as a starting point; (ii) based on the results of a sensitivity analysis, an expanded CTMC with improved system availability and shorter outage periods is proposed. The proposed solution reduced the downtime by 98% compared with the baseline architecture. Systems administrators can use our models to evaluate their solutions.
Local earthquake magnitude estimation using ridge regression model
Authors: Ahn Hyeongki , Lee Kyunghyun , Kim Hyunchang , Hu Mingyuan , You Kwanho
Published: April 2022

In this paper, a local magnitude estimation model using ridge regression is proposed for the accurate determination of the local magnitude of earthquakes. To increase its accuracy, an estimation model was derived from the hypocentral distance correction term and peak amplitude using ridge regression. The improved performance of the proposed estimation model was evaluated via the mean squared error. It was compared with the least squares model to confirm its superiority in predicting the real magnitude.
Analytic theory for the tangential YORP produced by the asteroid regolith
Authors: Golubov O. , Lipatova V.
Published: April 2022

Context. The tangential YORP effect is a radiation pressure torque produced by asymmetric thermal emission by structures on the asteroid surface. Previous works considered these structures to be boulders of different shapes lying on the surface of the asteroid.

Aims. We study the tangential YORP produced by the rough interface of the asteroid's regolith.

Methods. We created an approximate analytic theory of heat conduction on a slightly non-flat sinusoidal surface. We analyzed the published data on the small-scale shape of the asteroid (162173) Ryugu and estimated its tangential YORP due to the surface roughness.

Results. We derive an analytic formula that expresses the tangential YORP of a sinusoidal surface in terms of its geometric and thermal properties. The tangential YORP is highest at the thermal parameter on the order of unity and for shape irregularities on the order of the thermal wavelength. Application of this equation to Ryugu predicts a tangential YORP that is 5-70 times greater than its normal YORP effect.

Conclusions. The contribution of the small-scale regolith roughness to the YORP effect of the asteroid can be comparable to the normal YORP and the tangential YORP produced by boulders. The same theory can describe the roughness of the asteroid boulders, thus adding a new term to the previously considered the tangential YORP created by boulders.
Intégrer la notion de service écosystémique dans les politiques et les pratiques agricoles des pays du Sud
Authors: Méral Philippe , Andriamahefazafy Fano , Castella Jean-Christophe , Neang Malyne , Serpantié Georges , Tittonell Pablo
Published: April 2022

La notion de service écosystémique est devenue incontournable dans les discours institutionnels et académiques en dépit des controverses et des critiques. Initialement portée par les acteurs de la conservation de la biodiversité, elle connaît depuis plusieurs années un déploiement dans les milieux agricoles. Si l’idée selon laquelle les fonctionnalités des écosystèmes sont déterminantes dans la production agricole n’est pas nouvelle, cette notion permet de mettre en évidence les nouveaux enjeux liés aux changements climatiques et aux besoins alimentaires croissants. Ces enjeux étant particulièrement importants dans les pays du Sud, la plupart des pays dits à faible revenus ou à revenus intermédiaires, il est alors pertinent de s’interroger sur l’intérêt de cette notion sur le plan des pratiques et des politiques agricoles menées dans ces pays. Cet article, introductif au numéro thématique des Cahiers Agricultures « Agriculture et services écosystémiques dans les pays du Sud », retrace l’émergence de cette notion, discute de son importance dans une logique d’intensification écologique des agricultures, avant de présenter les articles qui composent ce numéro thématique. Tout en adoptant une posture critique vis-à-vis de la notion, notamment lorsqu’elle est adossée à des mécanismes de paiement, il insiste sur l’importance de la co-construction avec les paysans des référentiels d’action à adopter.
„Es fuhr ein Kahn im Mondenschein …
Authors: Seyhan Harun , Blömker Frank , Paries Cornelia , Zander Andrea
Published: April 2022

… im Dreieck um das Erbsenbein. Vieleck groß, Vieleck klein, der
Kopf, der muss am Haken sein.“
Be-Up: Geburt aktiv – warum die Studie für Hebammen
bedeutsam ist
Authors: Ayerle Gertrud M.
Published: April 2022

Welchen Effekt hat die Geburtsumgebung auf den Geburtsmodus und auf das
Wohlbefinden von Frauen am Geburtstermin? Dieser Frage ging „Be-Up:
Geburt aktiv“ nach, eine randomisiert kontrollierte Studie zur
Förderung der natürlichen Geburt in Kliniken. Dr. Gertrud Ayerle
stellt auf dem Forum Geburtshilfe vom 18. bis 19. November in Mainz das
Potenzial der Ergebnisse für positive Veränderungen in der
Geburtshilfe vor.
Die dorsoposteriore Lage und geburtshilfliche
Interventionen
Authors: Reitter Anke
Published: April 2022

Durch die Ausrichtung des kindlichen Rückens und des kindlichen Kopfes
kommt es bei der dorsoposterioren Lage zu einer ungünstigen
Führungslinie. Handgriffe wie die digitale oder manuelle Rotation bieten
eine Chance, die Lage zu korrigieren. Gelingt das Manöver, lassen sich
möglicherweise eine vaginal-operative Geburt oder ein Kaiserschnitt
vermeiden.
Die Uterusruptur sub partu – eine
Einzelfallbeschreibung
Authors: Koch Marlene , Moll Carla
Published: April 2022

Der vorliegende Fallbericht beschreibt das Erkennen und das Management einer
Uterusruptur während der vaginalen Geburt bei einer Gebärenden
mit Zustand nach Sectio Caesarea. Der Fokus liegt auf Analgesieform, Geburtsmodi
und Hauptsymptomatik. Der authentische Fall vermittelt anschaulich die Relevanz
des frühzeitigen Erkennens, bietet Informationen zur
Risikostratifizierung und Entscheidungshilfen für ein daraus
resultierendes rasches und professionelles Handeln.
Therapie mit dem „Yellow-Head Back“ – ein
Erfahrungsbericht
Authors: Zander Andrea
Published: April 2022

Das Yellow-Head Back ist ein von Physiotherapeuten und Orthopäden
entwickeltes Dehnungskissen für den Rumpf. Es verspricht eine
Bewegungsverbesserung der Brustwirbelsäulengelenke und Dehnung der
ventralen Schulter- und Rumpfmuskulatur. Lesen Sie, auf welche Weise und mit
welcher Zielsetzung Therapeut*innen es einsetzen können.
Transition bei Jugendlichen mit Mukoviszidose
Authors: Jungbauer Johannes , Orf Joana , Heidemann Kristina
Published: April 2022

Für Jugendliche mit Mukoviszidose ist die Transition von der Kinder- und Jugendmedizin zur erwachsenenmedizinischen Betreuung oft ein sehr großer Schritt. Nicht selten treten dabei Probleme auf, die sich ungünstig auf ihre Therapie und ihren Gesundheitszustand auswirken. In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse einer explorativen Studie vorgestellt, in der medizinische und therapeutische Fachkräfte zu ihren Erfahrungen mit der Transition von jungen Mukoviszidosepatienten befragt wurden. Als hinderlich für die Transition wurden insbesondere unterschiedliche Behandlungsansätze in Jugend- und Erwachsenenmedizin beschrieben, ferner Ängste und Vorbehalte, ein schlechter Gesundheitszustand des Patienten, Compliance-Probleme sowie eine unzureichende Kooperation der Behandler aufgrund limitierter Kapazitäten. Als Gelingensfaktoren wurde eine frühzeitige Vorbereitung der Transition genannt, ferner ein klarer Schnitt bei Volljährigkeit, kontinuierliche Ansprechpartner, multidisziplinäre Kooperation, psychosoziale Beratung zu Themen des Erwachsenwerdens sowie ein systemischer, ressourcenorientierter Ansatz.
Effect of Interstimulus Interval on Subjective Categorical Loudness Judgments
Authors: Ruscetta Melissa N. , Palmer Catherine V.
Published: April 2022

The Independent Hearing Aid Fitting Forum uses the visual input/output locator algorithm and the Contour Test of Loudness Perception to achieve the goal of restoring normal loudness perception with amplification. This method presupposes that subjective categorical loudness judgments are valid and reliable when using the procedure outlined by the test developers. There is no indication in the instructions of the Contour Test of a specific duration for interstimulus interval (ISI). The effect of ISI on loudness perception is important to establish because of potential time-error effects. Time-error refers to the extent to which the judged magnitude of a second stimulus varies with the time interval by which it follows the first stimulus. Past research has indicated that judgments of a second stimulus are shifted in the direction of the intensity of the preceding stimulus and that this effect intensifies with shorter ISIs. The current experiment was designed to examine whether a change in ISI produced a change in the loudness rating of the subsequent stimulus for subjective categorical loudness judgment testing. A trend toward lower, median dB values for ratings 2 to 5 at 500 Hz in a group of subjects with normal hearing was noted when 1–sec intervals were used in comparison with longer ISIs. No trends for the effect of ISI were noted at 3000 Hz. The findings provide ISI recommendations for loudness judgment test administration.

Abbreviations: DAT = digital audiotape, IHAFF = Independent Hearing Aid Fitting Forum, ISI = interstimulus interval, KEMAR = Knowles Electronics' Mannikin for Auditory Research, VIOLA = visual input/output locator algorithm, WDRC = wide dynamic range compression
Patientenlogistik im Zeitalter des Servicegedankens: Patient Journey - mit Wohlfühlcharakter zu mehr Effizienz?
Authors: Johow Lars
Published: April 2022

Patienten sollen vor allem gesund werden – dieser Satz gilt heute wie vor 100 Jahren. Doch wird die Patientenversorgung in allen Bereichen zunehmend anspruchsvoller, aus Sicht der Patienten und der Krankenhäuser. Was eine gelungene Patient Journey bewirkt und was die Krankenhauslogistik beitragen kann.
Prozessinovation: Krankenhaus als Robotic Living Lab
Authors: Kriegel Johannes
Published: April 2022

Die Patientenversorgung im Krankenhaus steht hinsichtlich Patientenverhalten, Mitarbeitermotivation und Ressourcenverfügbarkeit verstärkt unter Druck. Bisherige Lösungsansätze erreichen Effizienz- und Effektivitätsgrenzen. Eine zukünftige Erschließung zusätzlicher Leistungspotenziale verspricht die innovative Kollaboration von Entwicklern und Anwendern über Innovationen durch Hospital Robotic Living Labs.
Erfassung von Reinigungs- und Hygieneleistungen: Automatisierte Dokumentation erlaubt lückenlosen Leistungsnachweis
Authors: Ritter Herbert
Published: April 2022

Das verlangte Leistungspensum in der Gebäudereinigung macht es erforderlich, dass sich Reinigungskräfte auf das Wesentliche konzentrieren können: das Reinigen. Die Dokumentation von Reinigungsleistungen sowohl für den Kunden als auch für den Dienstleister selbst bleibt dennoch eine Notwendigkeit. Automatisierte Prozesse erlauben künftig, bisherige Lücken in der Erfassung von Leistungen zu schließen.
Versorgungssicherheit in Krisenzeiten: Herausforderungen bei der Organisation eines Pandemielagers
Authors: Lewerenz Erik , Jaeger Thomas
Published: April 2022

Welche Anforderungen hat ein Krankenhauseinkauf in der Vergangenheit und auch für die Zukunft zu bewältigen, um die Versorgung in Pandemiezeiten mit Schutzausrüstungen für seine Kliniken jederzeit zu gewährleisten und wie kann ein externer Logistik-Dienstleister diese Herausforderungen mit unterstützen.
Betriebsorganisation: Logistik und Masterplanung für den Bau
Authors: Moll Beate , Raida Andrea
Published: April 2022

Bei einem Krankenhausneu- und -umbau ist es von großer Bedeutung, die strategischen Rahmenparameter der Logistik innerhalb der Masterplanung zu entwickeln. Dabei spielt insbesondere das Zusammenspiel mit der Betriebsorganisation eine große Rolle, um eine anforderungsgerechte Objektplanung zu forcieren.
Vergabe: Der Weg zum papierlosen Krankenhaus
Authors: Schellenberg Martin
Published: April 2022

Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Einblick in den Markt der Multifunktionssysteme, die üblichen Vertragsmodelle und zeigt einen Weg zur effizienten Beschaffung entsprechender Leistungen auf.
Beyond safety: mapping the ethical debate on heritable genome editing interventions
Authors: Almeida Mara , Ranisch Robert
Published: April 2022

Genetic engineering has provided humans the ability to transform organisms by direct manipulation of genomes within a broad range of applications including agriculture (e.g., GM crops), and the pharmaceutical industry (e.g., insulin production). Developments within the last 10 years have produced new tools for genome editing (e.g., CRISPR/Cas9) that can achieve much greater precision than previous forms of genetic engineering. Moreover, these tools could offer the potential for interventions on humans and for both clinical and non-clinical purposes, resulting in a broad scope of applicability. However, their promising abilities and potential uses (including their applicability in humans for either somatic or heritable genome editing interventions) greatly increase their potential societal impacts and, as such, have brought an urgency to ethical and regulatory discussions about the application of such technology in our society. In this article, we explore different arguments (pragmatic, sociopolitical and categorical) that have been made in support of or in opposition to the new technologies of genome editing and their impact on the debate of the permissibility or otherwise of human heritable genome editing interventions in the future. For this purpose, reference is made to discussions on genetic engineering that have taken place in the field of bioethics since the 1980s. Our analysis shows that the dominance of categorical arguments has been reversed in favour of pragmatic arguments such as safety concerns. However, when it comes to involving the public in ethical discourse, we consider it crucial widening the debate beyond such pragmatic considerations. In this article, we explore some of the key categorical as well sociopolitical considerations raised by the potential uses of heritable genome editing interventions, as these considerations underline many of the societal concerns and values crucial for public engagement. We also highlight how pragmatic considerations, despite their increasing importance in the work of recent authoritative sources, are unlikely to be the result of progress on outstanding categorical issues, but rather reflect the limited progress on these aspects and/or pressures in regulating the use of the technology.
Attitudes to animal use of named species for different purposes: effects of speciesism, individualising morality, likeability and demographic factors
Authors: Marriott Sara , Cassaday Helen J.
Published: April 2022

Attitudes to animals and their use are becoming increasingly important for the success of conservation and environmental initiatives. Beliefs about animals, their perceived emotional appeal, as well as individuals’ moral capacities are all likely drivers of attitudes to animal use. In the present study, 320 participants completed an online survey containing the animal purpose questionnaire (APQ), the likeability and the speciesism scales, along with subscales of the moral foundations questionnaire and some demographic items. The results suggest that participants were least agreeable towards the use of pet species, but more neutral towards the use of profit and pest species. Individuals with a stronger liking for animals, greater individualising moral values and fewer speciesist attitudes were more likely to challenge animal use. In addition, individuals who identified as young female and non-meat-eating displayed heightened concern about animal use. Individualising morality and speciesism, along with personal factors such as eating orientation were significant predictors of attitudes to animal use as measured by the APQ. Speciesism was the strongest individual predictor of APQ totals, accounting for the highest proportion of the variance in the hierarchical regression. Overall the findings suggest that human versus non-human animal and pet versus non-pet are the key speciesism prejudices at work. Moreover, a general measure of human respect for the rights of other humans also predicted respect for the rights of animals. Thus the findings also suggest some similarity in the psychological mechanisms underpinning human–human and human–animal relations.
Design and CFD modeling of gasifier stove combined with heat exchanger for water heating application
Authors: Nega Tayachew , Tesfaye Assefa , Paramasivam Prabhu
Published: April 2022

Manufacturing industries use a huge amount of power to heat water. The ability to control pollutant gas species released from the company by improving the efficiency of combustion reduces global warming and energy bills associated with water heating. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) thermal analysis of a biomass gasifier and heat exchanger combined system has been used to study the effect of the concentration of species, such as CH4, CO2, and CO, on the gasification temperature. The power consumed by boilers for water heating in industries, hotels, restaurants, and other domestic hot water heating is, to some extent, to substitute by a combined system. The model and syngas energy analysis of the integrated system was investigated by assuming a eucalyptus wood chip as fuel from the literature with 5%wb ultimate and 10% proximate values to analyze the gasification performance. The reactor was designed to supply syngas gas energy through the pipe. The gasification system was investigated at temperatures ranging from 298 to 990 K. This range of temperature in the gasifier is enough for water heating applications. The CFD model is developed and validated with the experimental results obtained in the literature. Several parameters, such as syngas molar composition and mass fraction, lower heating value of biomass, gasifier efficiency (67.3%), biomass energy, product gas energy, energy gain by the heat exchanger, and hot water outlet temperature, were examined by varying temperature. As the result shows, the species concentrations in the gasifier vary with temperature and gasifying agent. To optimize the transfer of heat from the heat exchanger tube to cold water, the syngas circulation time inside the inner tube should be increased by making the inner tube-shaped zigzag.
Radial oscillation of intense relativistic electron beam in low-magnetic-field foil-less diode
Authors: Zhang Guangshuai , Sun Jun , Wu Ping , Zhu Meng , Song Zhimin , Chen Changhua
Published: April 2022

The radial oscillation of an intense relativistic electron beam possesses two main features of the spatial period and the radial oscillation amplitude in a low-magnetic-field foil-less diode, and the large radial oscillation extremely limits the beam–wave conversion efficiency and stability of a high-power microwave device. Thus, the formation mechanism of the radial oscillation is analyzed in detail. The results show that the radial oscillation of an electron beam consists of a great number of electrons with different Larmor radii and guiding centers, and the large radial oscillation is mainly caused by the strong radial electric field and the directional difference between the electric field and the magnetic field in the anode–cathode gap. A low diode voltage or a proper large anode radius is beneficial to improve the beam quality. Considering that cathode plasmas have a dominant effect on the spatial distribution of electrons, the explosive emission model was improved with cathode plasmas, and the consistency between simulation and experimental results becomes better.
Target erosion process during broad ion beam sputtering using 3D modeling of ion trajectories
Authors: Sakiew Wjatscheslaw , Klocke Eileen , Ristau Detlev
Published: April 2022

Understanding the distribution of particles sputtered from a target requires an appreciation of how ions impinge on the target. In pursuit of this goal, a fully three-dimensional model of the ion trajectories in a broad ion beam, assuming full space charge compensation, Gaussian emission characteristics of the beamlets, and beamlet deflection, was constructed. The modeled ion trajectories were used to simulate target erosion, enabling a comparison between the modeled erosion and the experimental erosion. The focus was on Ar and Xe ion species at ion energies in the range of 1.4–1.9 keV and on target materials, Si, Ta, and SiO2. Conclusions were drawn on the erosion process, the potential radial inhomogeneity of the plasma in the discharge chamber of the ion source, and on the opening angle of the emission characteristics of the beamlets. For the investigated process and an applied target tilt angle of 55°, the model verified that material-specific and angle-dependent ion–solid interaction mechanisms at the atomic level played only a minor role in the target’s macroscopic surface modification in the context of the qualitative distribution of the erosion profile. In contrast, the applied sputtering geometry played a significant role.
The reaction rate and residual value in southern New South Wales of 12 commercial liming materials from around Australia
Authors: Conyers M. K. , Scott B. J. , Whitten M. G. , Poile G. J.
Published: April 2022

Context Farmers and consultants are faced with selecting from amongst competing liming materials. Aim We sought to establish guidelines for the efficient use of competing liming materials. Method The effectiveness of 12 commercial liming materials from around Australia in increasing soil pH, their rate of movement below the depth of incorporation and their residual value to grain yield were measured in our field study. Key results Chemical composition (equivalent CaCO3 content) was a major determinant of effectiveness over the longer term. There appeared to be no value to grain yield in the provision of additional Mg above what was already in the soil at this site. Finer commercial products were more effective in the short term and no less effective in the longer term, indicating that fineness also remains a major determinant of effectiveness. The effect of the source of the liming product was a minor determinant of effectiveness. As previously found, there was a tardiness in the reaction rate of dolomites and a slight advantage in the reaction rate of softer limestones but as with fineness, the data for different sources tended to converge over 6–7 years. Conclusion All liming materials provided a benefit to grain yield over the 7 years and that benefit was proportional to the material’s chemical purity and fineness. Implication Growers and advisers can select the best value for cost amongst the commercially available products at a given geographical location. The quantitative assessment of chemical composition and particle size remains the best means of assessment over both the short and longer terms.
Management of soil fertility through application of fertilizers.
Authors: Kihara Job , Bekunda Mateete , Chimonyo Vimbayi , Kimaro Anthony , Kotu Bekele , Lyimo Stephen , Mhango Wezi
Published: April 2022

This chapter presents technologies for replacing the nutrients lost from cropped fields with external fertilizer sources in a manner that minimizes the consequences of too little or too much application. The technology of using industrial fertilizers, organic fertilizers, and application of farmyard manure and compost alone or in combination with industrial fertilizers are discussed in detail.
Soil and water conservation for climate-resilient agriculture.
Authors: Kizito Fred , Chikowo Regis , Kimaro Anthony , Swai Elirehema
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes soil and water conservation measures for climate-resilient agriculture. It presents three interventions that can be used separately or in combination, depending on the context of the region: (1) integrating strips of forage grasses and legumes; (2) rainwater harvesting through tied ridges and ripping techniques; (3) constructing banks and ditches as part of an agroforestry system. The description of each technology, its benefits and application are discussed.
Nickel Aluminide intermetallic composites fabricated by various processing routes – a review
Authors: Azhagarsamy P. , Sekar K. , Murali K. P.
Published: April 2022

Nickel Aluminide intermetallic is a distinctive material for high-temperature applications with remarkable properties. This review article discusses the Nickel Aluminide intermetallic fabricated by various processing techniques like hot pressing, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, spark plasma sintering, and additive manufacturing. Generally, Nickel Aluminide is blended mostly with chromium, molybdenum, and hafnium reinforcements. These elements increase the tensile property of the base alloy. Mechanical alloying produces nanoparticles with homogeneous distribution for attaining composites with better properties. Nickel Aluminide intermetallic has low ductility and fracture toughness. However, hot pressing improves the ductility and fracture toughness as sintering promotes strengthening mechanisms. In recent years, additive manufacturing has been preferred to build different intermetallic materials.
Lena Ho: Micropeptides under the spotlight
Authors: Morgado-Palacin Lucia
Published: April 2022

Lena Ho studies small ORF-encoded peptides (SEPs; also known as micropeptides), with a particular focus on mitochondrial SEPs, and their role in vascular biology and immunometabolism.
Experimental study of radio frequency waves resonant transmission through a semiconductor plasma sheet with supercritical electron density
Authors: Bogatskaya A V , Klenov N V , Popov A M , Schegolev A E , Titovets P A , Tereshonok M V
Published: April 2022

We present an experimental study of the effect of resonant tunnelling of radio frequency signals through a silicon semiconductor plasma sheet with supercritical electron density. The resonance effect appears when a dielectric plate is placed behind the plasma sheet and is determined by the dielectric parameters. The numerical modelling of the effect under the experimental conditions was implemented and compared with the experimental data. The features of the wave resonant tunnelling effect in the case of a high-collisional semiconductor plasma were analyzed. This study confirms the proposed earlier method of overcoming the radiocommunication blackout problem.
Giant magneto-impedance effect adjusted by electrolytic polishing and thinning of Co-based amorphous ribbons
Authors: Ma Lei , Zhao Chenbo , Ji Wentao , Liu Qingfang , Wang Jianbo
Published: April 2022

The giant magneto-impedance (GMI) effect of Co-based ribbons treated by using electrochemical polishing method has been investigated. The initial susceptibility (χi
) and the longitudinal GMI ratio (L-GMI) as a function of the polishing time (t
poli) were measured and discussed. The L-GMI firstly increases and then decreases with the increasing of t
poli. At t
poli = 30 s, the maximum GMI of ∼270% is obtained. This L-GMI trend as a function of t
poli is mainly attributed to the variation of effective magnetic anisotropy (H
k,eff). The variation of H
k,eff comes from the optimization of surface qualities as well as the thinning of the thickness. The thinning of the Co-based ribbons results in the changing of demagnetization effect and, more importantly, the variation in the residual stress distributions. The latter effect will strongly affect the magnetization conditions for the samples with longer t
poli: stress variation here is dominant over the influence of surface qualities in the final GMI effect. Furthermore, another factor that may influence GMI is the current density variation related to thickness decrease. At the same time, reducing of stray fields, closely related to surface qualities, is the dominant factor affecting GMI for the samples with shorter t
poli.
Determination of the site preference on the structure, magnetism and mechanical anisotropy properties of Mo-containing alloy carbide M6C (M = Fe, Mo)
Authors: Zheng Peng , Hou Tingping , Zhang Dong , Liang Xuan , Lin Hengfu , Jiang Gengping , Li Yu , Wu Kaiming
Published: April 2022

First-principles calculations are used to study the structure, magnetism and mechanical anisotropy properties of M6C (M = Fe, Mo) carbides. The stability of alloy carbide M6C can be improved when Mo atoms occupy the 48f Wyckoff position. Fe3Mo3C with Mo atoms occupying 48f position and Fe atoms occupying 16d and 32e positions has the best structural stability. The magnetic moment is triggered when the Fe content is approximately 0.5, suggesting that there exists a critical value between the paramagnetic nature and ferromagnetism. Carbides with Fe content above 0.5 have stronger magnetism. Higher Fe content corresponds to the stronger chemical bonding of carbides, resulting in improved elastic properties when Mo atoms are held in 48f position. The special carbides Fe4Mo2C and Fe3Mo3C (Fe at 48f site, Mo at 16d and 32e sites) correspond to the excellent mechanical properties. These results are helpful in providing a theoretical foundation of the possible direction for the advances of the excellent physical properties in Mo-containing steel.
Structural modification enhances the optoelectronic properties of defect blue phosphorene thin films
Authors: Dang M T , Duy N V A , Zaccone A , Schall P , Dinh V A
Published: April 2022

Active enhancement of the optical absorption coefficient to improve the light converting efficiency of thin-film solar cell materials is crucial to develop the next-generation solar cell devices. Here we report first-principles calculations with generalized gradient approximation to study the optoelectronic properties of pristine and divacancy (DV) blue phosphorene (BlueP) thin films under structural deformation. We show that instead of forming sp-like covalent bonds as in the pristine BlueP layer, a DV introduces two particular dangling bonds between the voids. Using a microscopic (non-) affine deformation model, we reveal that the orbital hybridization of these dangling bonds is strongly modified in both the velocity and vorticity directions depending on the type of deformation, creating an effective light trap to enhance the material absorption efficiency. Furthermore, this successful light trap is complemented by a clear signature of σ + π plasmon when a DV BlueP layer is slightly compressive. These results demonstrate a practical approach to tailor the optoelectronic properties of low-dimensional materials and to pave a novel strategy to design functionalized solar cell devices from the bottom-up with selective defects.
An experimental protocol for measuring aerosol deposition in industrial-sized ventilation ducts
Authors: Costa Delphine , Malet Jeanne , Géhin Evelyne
Published: April 2022

In the literature, studies on aerosol deposition in ventilation ducts mainly focus on ventilation ducts with a hydraulic diameter (Dh) of around 15–25 cm and with circular or square cross-sections. However, to the best of our knowledge, common industrial-sized ventilation ducts (Dh∼50 cm) with rectangular cross-sections have not been studied. As a result, experimental aerosol deposition measurement protocols relative to smaller ventilation ducts are not suitable for measurements in industrial-sized ducts. Therefore, a new experimental protocol is proposed here, which can be used without destruction of the surface or addition of a substrate onto the duct surface and which could be applied in industrial ventilation networks if certain conditions are met. In this paper, we present an experimental protocol developed to measure aerosol deposition in large-scale ventilation ducts. First, the collection and measurement technique, the type of aerosol and the injection method are chosen. Second, an experimental protocol relative to the collection of aerosols deposited on duct surfaces is developed, based on a so-called ‘wiping’ technique. Many verifications are presented to ensure repeatable and reproducible measurements. Third, a repeatability study is conducted as well as a validation process. In the last section of this paper, we present some results on aerosol deposition obtained at a test facility compared to two other studies.
Remote neural regulation mediated by nanomaterials
Authors: Zou Liang , Xu Ke , Tian Huihui , Fang Ying
Published: April 2022

Neural regulation techniques play an essential role in the functional dissection of neural circuits and also the treatment of neurological diseases. Recently, a series of nanomaterials, including upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), and silicon nanomaterials (SNMs) that are responsive to remote optical or magnetic stimulation, have been applied as transducers to facilitate localized control of neural activities. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in nanomaterial-mediated neural regulation, especially in a remote and minimally invasive manner. We first give an overview of existing neural stimulation techniques, including electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, chemogenetics, and optogenetics, with an emphasis on their current limitations. Then we focus on recent developments in nanomaterial-mediated neural regulation, including UCNP-mediated fiberless optogenetics, MNP-mediated magnetic neural regulation, and SNM-mediated non-genetic neural regulation. Finally, we discuss the possibilities and challenges for nanomaterial-mediated neural regulation.
Preparation of CeO2@C nanomaterials by adsorption of metal ions on microbial waste
Authors: Fan Wei , Feng Ningning , Xu Gangting , Zhang Xin , Zhao Xiang , Xu Gang , Wu Haiyan , Qiu Guanzhou , Xie Jianping
Published: April 2022

The use of microbial adsorption for metal ions to prepare novel carbon-supported metal nanomaterials has attracted growing research attention. However, the relationship between the adsorbed metal content and catalytic performance of the resulting nanomaterials is unclear. In this work, Pichia pastoris residues was utilized to adsorb Ce(Ⅲ) at different metal ion concentrations, and then CeO2@C nanomaterials were prepared by pyrolysis. The effects of solution pH and adsorption behavior were investigated. The prepared nanostructures were characterized using electron microscopy and different spectroscopy methods, and their catalytic performances in the removal of salicylic acid from solution by catalytic ozonation were invested. The microbial residue had a metal uptake of 172.00 ± 2.82 mg· g−1 at pH 6. In addition, the efficiency of total organic carbon (TOC) removal increased from 21.54% to 34.10% with an increase in metal content in the catalysts from 0 mg· g−1 to 170.05 mg· g−1. After pyrolysis, the absorbed Ce(Ⅲ) metal transformed to CeO2 metal nanoparticles embedded in a carbon matrix and had a core–shell CeO2@C structure. Therefore, this work not only reveals a relationship between metal content and catalytic performance, but also provides an approach for studying performance of materials with different metal contents loaded on various carriers.
Magnetic implosion of thin aluminum foil liners
Authors: Sorokin S A
Published: April 2022

Metal liner implosions driven by a pulsed current generator are used in research on inertial confinement fusion, generation of soft x-ray pulses and megagauss magnetic fields. The energy density in the plasma column formed during the liner stagnation is largely determined by the initial radius and the radial convergence of the liner. When the liner implosion time is close to the current rise time, the liner initial radius is proportional to the current rise time. The paper presents the results of experiments on the fast implosion of cylindrical liners on the MIG generator (2 MA, 80 ns) at the Institute of High Current Electronics, Tomsk, Russia. Liners 0.7–1.0 mm in diameter were made from a 1.8 to 2.5 μm thick aluminum foil. A low-density plasma was pre-injected into the liner area. As the Lorentz force sweeps away the pre-injected plasma, the current switches to the liner in 1–3 ns. Then the liner is imploded in 3–7 ns by a current close to the peak generator current. The stagnation radius measured via time-integrated pinhole camera images was found to be not more than 25 µm. Such a radius of the stagnated plasma assumes that the plasma mass density is several times higher than the solid aluminum density.
Relevance of E × B drifts for particle and heat transport in divertors
Authors: Tsui C K , Boedo J A , Février O , Reimerdes H , Colandrea C , Gorno S
Published: April 2022

Radial electric fields up to ∼4 kV m−1 are observed in the boundary between the private flux region (PFR) and the scrape-off layer (SOL) driving E × B drifts between the inner and outer targets at speeds up to 2.8 km s−1 in the Tokamak à configuration variable divertor. The resulting E × B fluxes, located in a narrow region (

Δ

ρ
Ψ

<
0.012

in normalized radius or

Δ

R − R
sep <4 mm mapped to the outer midplane) are equivalent to around 20% of the total heat and particle flux to the divertor targets (inner + outer). At the peak E
r, the E × B poloidal transport is equivalent to parallel flows with M
∥ ∼ 3. In the snowflake divertor with a second X-point in the outer SOL, the drifts in the PFR-SOL boundary were equivalent to around 30% of the total heat and particle flux to the divertor targets and cover a region ∼50% wider than in the single null (

Δ

ρ
Ψ

∼ 0.018,

Δ

R − R
sep ∼ 6 mm). The location of the PFR-SOL boundary drift shifts radially in the E
∥ × B direction when reversing the toroidal field direction. Peaks in density and electron pressure have been identified near the primary X-point along with large gradients in density, temperature, and potential, the latter resulting in a local electric field ∼2.7 kV m−1 which drives a drift (1.9 km s−1) upwards towards the closed flux surfaces. Floating potential (V
f) magnitudes up to 75 V (∼2 kTe) were measured, indicating that V
f and parallel currents should not be neglected when estimating plasma potential.