bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HEMOLYSIS BY INDOL IN DOGS FED DEFICIENT DIETS
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Barker W. Halsey , Miller D. K.
Published: June 2004

1. Indol is more hemolytic in the presence of a deficiency complex than when a normal diet is fed.

2. The hemolytic effect can be abolished by supplementing the deficient diet with liver extract curative of pernicious anemia in man.

3. The hemolysis affects all hemoglobin-containing cells, including reticulocytes.

4. The repair of the anemia resulting from the administration of indol in the presence of a deficiency represents the cessation of a hemolytic process.

5. An abnormally low rate of production of erythrocytes may well be a factor in the production of the anemia.
THE SPARING EFFECT OF CANINE DISTEMPER ON POLIOMYELITIS IN MACACA MULATTA
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Douglass Margaret , Robinson H. E.
Published: June 2004

1. Rhesus monkeys inoculated with canine distemper are relatively or completely immune to experimental poliomyelitis during the first 2 weeks of the distemper.

2. Monkeys convalescent from distemper are not resistant to experimental poliomyelitis.

3. Two monkeys vaccinated with distemper virus responded to poliomyelitis in a modified manner.

4. Distemper antiserum did not influence the course of experimental poliomyelitis in rhesus monkeys.

5. Equine encephalomyelitis and vaccinia encephalitis showed no sparing effect on the course of experimental poliomyelitis.

6. The concurrence of distemper and poliomyelitis in monkeys seems to represent a new immunity mechanism in the virus field.
A GROWTH INHIBITORY SUBSTANCE FOR THE INFLUENZA GROUP OF ORGANISMS IN THE BLOOD OF VARIOUS ANIMAL SPECIES
Authors: Krumwiede Elma , Kuttner Ann G.
Published: June 2004

1. 5 per cent sheep blood agar is a selective medium for beta hemolytic streptococci in throat cultures since sheep blood inhibits the growth of bacillus X (H. hemolyticus) and B. parainfluenzae hemolyticus. The growth of H. influenzae is also inhibited by sheep blood.

2. The inhibitory action of sheep blood resides in the erythrocytes and is thermolabile. Disruption of the cell by laking has no effect upon the inhibitor.

3. The bloods of animals closely related to the sheep, such as the goat and the cow, have a similar inhibitory action on the growth of hemolytic and non-hemolytic members of the influenza group, while human blood contains a similar but less powerful inhibitor for these organisms.

4. Members of the influenza group grow well on unheated rodent blood: rabbit, guinea pig, and rat.

5. These organisms also grow fairly well on unheated horse blood.
HEPATIC DYSFUNCTION IN DOGS FED DIETS CAUSATIVE OF BLACK TONGUE
Authors: Rhoads C. P. , Miller D. K.
Published: June 2004

1. The feeding to dogs of a diet lacking the vitamin B2 (G) complex results in a lowered capacity of the liver to excrete intravenously injected bilirubin.

2. Normal function can be partly restored by supplementing the diet with liver extract.

3. Normal function can be completely restored by feeding a normal diet.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION PRODUCED BY CONSTRICTION OF THE RENAL ARTERY
Authors: Child Charles G.
Published: June 2004

The clinical histories and pathological findings of six animals dying within a few days following bilateral constriction of the renal arteries have been presented. No explanation for the rise in blood pressure was found.

The clinical histories and pathological findings of twelve animals with a sustained hypertension have been considered together with the detailed account of one of these in which a marked degree of arterial disease was found. It has been suggested from the study of this group that, though no cause for the initiation of the hypertension was found, the induced arterial disease might account for its maintenance.
EVIDENCE OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS OBTAINED BY THE INTRANASAL ROUTE IN MACACUS RHESUS
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Grossman L. H. , Parker G. C.
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported above indicate that the intranasal instillations of pituitrin S and adrephine, alter susceptibility in the rhesus monkey. One-half to two-thirds of the treated animals resisted intranasal infection, and, moreover, most of the resistant animals which had received combined treatment and virus developed active immunity, as indicated by the presence of neutralizing substance in their serums and by their ability to resist intracerebral infection. We have, it appears, not alone modified in some fashion the usual reaction of this animal to intranasal infection, but we have also successfully vaccinated these animals by the nasal route, so that the response in animals more nearly approaches what we believe to be the response in human beings.

We have no knowledge of the mechanism by means of which pituitrin S and adrephine produce this apparent alteration in susceptibility, but since the outcome of continued exposure to virus in most of the animals treated with these substances results in immunity, we believe that this offers a more hopeful approach toward the control of the disease.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: June 2004

1. The quantitative, absolute method of agglutinin estimation is extended to the reaction between Types I and II pneumococcus R (S) suspensions prepared in various ways and antisera from rabbits injected with these cells.

2. Quantitative estimations of the amount of antibody to pneumococcus C substance are also given.

3. The significance of the data is discussed.
A STUDY OF THE MACROPHAGE REACTION IN THE PULMONARY LESIONS OF DOGS WITH EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Robertson O. H. , Loosli Clayton G.
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the occurrence of the macrophage reaction in the pulmonary lesions of dogs sacrificed during the course of experimentally induced pneumococcus lobar pneumonia or dying as a result of the infection. This characteristic transformation of the fixed tissue cells of the lung was found as a constant accompaniment of recovery. It was also present in varying degrees in the great majority of fatal instances provided the animal lived more than 40 hours. In general the longer the animal survived, the more pronounced the macrophage reaction observed in the lung lesions at autopsy. The numbers of pneumococci in the lesions diminished progressively with the evolution of the cellular change which terminated in resolution of the pneumonic exudate. Some dogs surviving for 4 days or more showed practically complete clearing of the pulmonary lesions but succumbed with an overwhelming bacteremia or empyema or both. On the other hand, several animals dying with a sterile blood, exhibited lesions characterized by little or no macrophage response and the presence of many pneumococci. These findings suggest that recovery from experimental lobar pneumonia in the dog depends on a dual mechanism consisting of a generalized process which prevents or controls invasion of the blood stream and a local one by which the lesion is finally freed from the invading microorganisms. The nature of these two processes is discussed.
JAPANESE B ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS: ITS DIFFERENTIATION FROM ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND RELATIONSHIP TO LOUPING ILL VIRUS
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

1. Japanese B encephalitis virus, obtained from Japanese investigators, has proved virulent for mice and monkeys, confirming the reports from Japan. It has also been found virulent for monkeys when instilled intranasally and for sheep when introduced intracerebrally or intranasally.

2. Japanese B encephalitis virus has been differentiated from St. Louis virus and found similar to louping ill virus according to its reactions in animal species. Serologically, however, it is distinct.

3. Japanese B encephalitis and its related group of primary virus encephalitides of man have been discussed with regard to their differentiation and mode of spread.
THE EFFECTS OF ACIDITY UPON THE GROWTH OF PNEUMOCOCCUS IN CULTURE MEDIA CONTAINING PROTEINS
Authors: Kelley William H.
Published: June 2004

In the presence of animal fluids or their protein constituents, Type I Pneumococcus survived and multiplied at acid hydrogen ion concentrations which in the plain broth were bactericidal for these organisms. Minimal numbers of these cells readily produced pneumococcus growth in serum broth when adjusted at hydrogen ion concentration as great as pH 5.5 with hydrochloric, or to pH 6.5 with acetic acid. Growth of the pneumococci could be demonstrated in serum broth adjusted to pH 5.0 with hydrochloric, or to pH 5.5 with acetic acid although at these hydrogen ion concentrations, large amounts of inoculum were necessary. Similar results were obtained with broth to which certain animal proteins were added and in serum broth which was previously heated by autoclave at 20 pounds pressure for 20 minutes.

Pneumococcus growth proceeded at a more rapid rate in serum dextrose broth at pH 6.5 than in dextrose broth alone at the optimal hydrogen ion concentration of pH 7.8. At pH 6.0 large numbers of pneumococci failed to produce the same amount of growth in serum dextrose broth as at pH 6.5 or in dextrose broth alone at pH 7.8. It is of interest that in serum dextrose broth cultures, the stationary and decline phases of pneumococcus growth were prolonged and cell death delayed in comparison with cultures in dextrose broth alone.
ON CROSS REACTIONS OF IMMUNE SERA TO AZOPROTEINS
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J.
Published: June 2004

Azoproteins have been prepared with azocomponents possessing two serologically active groups. On immunization with such antigens immune sera were obtained containing two separate, unrelated antibodies, each specific for one of the two groups and separable by absorption. In other cases one of the two structures was dominant, in that antibodies were formed only towards this and not towards the other grouping. The specificity of the antibodies was in general found to be influenced to some extent by the presence of a second group in the antigen. The relevancy of these observations for antibodies directed against natural antigens has been noted.
STATISTICAL STUDIES OF THE NATURE OF THE INFECTIOUS UNIT OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Parker Robert F.
Published: June 2004

A method has been described by which it is possible to estimate the number of particles of vaccine virus which are required to cause infection in the rabbit skin. The method consists essentially in performing a series of intradermal inoculations in rabbits of suitably diluted virus suspensions. The percentage of inoculations at each dilution giving rise to lesions is observed, and the data are subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Several strains of vaccine virus, differing in their characteristics, have been studied with the following results. Infection with the New York City Board of Health virus appears to follow the injection of a single particle of virus. The same is true for the strain derived from it but cultured in a chick embryo-Tyrode solution medium for a prolonged period. This strain, as has been noted, has largely lost its ability to cause extensive necrosis in the rabbit skin, and causes generalized infection only exceptionally. From the results here reported, it appears that other factors are responsible for the altered character of the lesion than the ability of the virus to establish a foothold in the animal organism. In this respect the cultured appears to be the equal of the original passage virus. Similarly the Noguchi strain of virus is apparently capable of infecting, if a single virus particle is properly introduced.
THE EXCRETION OF CYANOL, AZOFUCHSIN I AND WATER BY THE KIDNEYS OF RABBITS
Authors: Ehrich William E. , Bartol George M. , Wolf Richard E.
Published: June 2004

1. The excretion of water has been studied in a large number of experiments on rabbits. After the ingestion of 100 cc. of water, the day before the experiment and as part of the experiment, the average diuresis amounted to 0.6 cc. per minute during a half hour period. The highest individual rate was 1.5 cc. per minute.

2. The excretion of cyanol and of azofuchsin I has also been studied. It has been shown that the cyanol excretion curve closely parallels the inulin excretion curve of Kaplan and Smith. Evidence is presented that cyanol is disposed of entirely or mainly by filtration.

3. The excretion of azofuchsin I is not only very different from that of cyanol or inulin, but almost identical with that of phenol red. Evidence is presented that at low plasma concentration azofuchsin is, in the main, secreted.
IMMUNIZATION OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS WITH A SOLUBLE ANTIGEN EXTRACTED FROM PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Dubos René J.
Published: June 2004

Pneumococci killed by acetic acid at pH 4.2, then allowed to become Gram-negative at pH 7.0, under conditions such that no cellular disintegration takes place, release in solution small amounts of a substance which is precipitable by acetic acid, and soluble at neutral reaction.

This soluble fraction injected into rabbits by the intravenous route causes the production of antibodies which afford definite protection to mice infected with virulent pneumococci of Types I, II, and III. Other types were not tried.

White mice immunized with this soluble antigen exhibit some active immunity to virulent pneumococci, but the results have been very irregular so far.

Soluble fractions, similar in properties and with apparently the same immunizing action, have been obtained from both virulent (S) and avirulent (R) cells of pneumococci.
WHITE CELL MORPHOLOGY IN RABBITS WITH INDUCED PERITONEAL EXUDATES
Authors: Ponder Eric , MacLeod John
Published: June 2004

1. When peritoneal exudates are produced in the rabbit by the injection of a large volume of isotonic saline, nearly all the cells in the exudate are polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and the number contained in a single exudate may exceed the entire number originally present in the circulation.

2. The migration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes from the blood stream into the exudate is followed by a stimulation of the marrow, so that the blood stream is filled with young cells, many of which also pass into the exudate. This marrow stimulation, with the resultant shift of the polynuclear count to the left, is probably produced by the absorption of breakdown products of the cells which first appear in the exudate.

3. If exudates are produced repeatedly at intervals of from 4 to 10 days, the marrow responds by throwing younger and younger cells into the circulation, so that the blood stream becomes full of very young polymorphonuclear leucocytes of class I, or even metamyelocytes. If 4 or 5 exudates are produced in rapid succession, the polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the circulation are all replaced by metamyelocytes and myelocytes.
STUDIES ON AN UNCOMPLICATED CORYZA OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Coccobacilliform bodies were regularly demonstrable, in addition to H. gallinarum, in exudate from birds infected with a passage strain of the coryza of rapid onset and long duration (type III). Both agents were present throughout the entire course of the disease.

The characteristics of type III coryza were reproduced by injecting a mixture of the two agents. The behavior of each component was altered by the association, indicative of a synergistic relation.

Evidence that the coccobacilliform bodies might occasionally develop in birds infected with H. gallinarum following transfer by indirect contact was also obtained.

The combined action of the two infective agents adequately accounts for the etiology of this particular strain of type III coryza.
THE AGGLUTINATION OF PLASMODIUM KNOWLESI BY IMMUNE SERUM
Authors: Eaton Monroe D.
Published: June 2004

A specific agglutination of Plasmodium knowlesi detectable both by macroscopic and by microscopic methods is described.

Agglutinins for Plasmodium knowlesi appear in the sera of monkeys between 15 and 45 days after the onset of the infection and become progressively stronger as the malarial infection gradually subsides.

Agglutinins persist in the sera of chronically infected animals for a year or longer. The sera of animals which have been repeatedly superinfected agglutinate parasites at dilutions as high as 1:1,000.

Sera from normal monkeys, from monkeys acutely ill with malaria, and from monkeys chronically infected with a different species of malarial parasite (Plasmodium inui) do not agglutinate Plasmodium knowlesi.

Immune serum agglutinates mature intracellular or extracellular parasites but does not agglutinate unparasitized cells or cells containing immature parasites.

The relation of these observations to the mechanism of active and passive immunity in monkey malaria is discussed.
A MENINGO-ENCEPHALITIS IN CHICKS PRODUCED BY THE INTRACEREBRAL INJECTION OF FOWL POX VIRUS
Authors: Buddingh G. John
Published: June 2004

1. Intracerebral inoculation of fowl pox virus in young chicks produces a disease characterized by the development of drowsiness and somnolence 4 to 5 days after inoculation. This is followed by spastic paralysis and convulsions on the 6th and 7th day. The majority of inoculated chicks die on the 7th or 8th day.

2. The pathological lesions are found chiefly in the meninges, perivascular structures, the choroid plexus, paranasal sinuses, mastoid cells, the bone marrow of the cranial bones, and the orbital tissues. No affinity for nervous tissue per se develops.

3. In this environment the virus has a high virulence for the choroidal plexus epithelium and acquires the capacity for infecting cells of mesodermal origin. All infected cells of whatever origin undergo a similar structural change. Fowl pox inclusions can be demonstrated within them and they become spherical in shape and detached from each other.

4. The virus has been carried through 14 successive intracerebral passages. The symptoms and lesions in the chicks inoculated with the 14th passage showed no marked difference from those of the first passage. No enhancement of the changes brought about in the virus by the intracerebral environment seems to take place upon repeated passage.
VITAL STAINING OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES
Authors: King Lester S.
Published: June 2004

Trypan blue injected intravenously is bound almost at once by the intercellular connective tissue elements all over the body,—by collagen, reticulin, and elastic fibers.

This union of dye and tissue elements is the factor responsible for the early macroscopic blue color and is antecedent to cellular colloidopexic action.

Different examples of connective tissue differ among themselves in their ability to hold the dye.

Diffuse staining of elastic fibers noted by previous observers is merely a special case of the general affinity of connective tissue for the dye.

The evidence suggests that the histiocytes are cells specialized to segregate noxae that become diffusely bound to the intercellular connective tissue matrix.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF BRUCELLA PRECIPITIN SYSTEMS
Authors: Pennell R. B. , Huddleson I. F.
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that the precipitation by the endoantigens of the three species of brucella of their homologous antibodies may be described by equations developed from the law of mass action.

The endoantigens may be used for the accurate calibration of brucella antisera.

The nitrogen-containing constituent of the endoantigens does not always seem to be intimately connected with the ability to precipitate the specific antibodies.
THE EFFECT OF CORTICOSTERONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS ON THE RENAL EXCRETION OF ELECTROLYTES
Authors: Thorn George W. , Engel Lewis L. , Eisenberg Harry
Published: June 2004

The sodium and chloride retaining effect of suprarenal cortical extracts and of crystalline compounds derived from the suprarenal cortex parallels their effectiveness in maintaining suprarenalectomized dogs. All of the active compounds thus far studied produce a potassium diuresis when injected into normal dogs. The injection of a synthetic compound, desoxy-corticosterone acetate, produced in normal dogs a very marked sodium and chloride retention and a potassium diuresis. In a suprarenalectomized dog desoxy-corticosterone acetate was substituted successfully for suprarenal cortical extract.
INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRACEREBRAL ROUTES IN SERUM PROTECTION TESTS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Harford Carl G.
Published: June 2004

Young (12 to 15 day old) mice are approximately as susceptible to the virus of equine encephalomyelitis, Eastern or Western strain, when it is given intraperitoneally as are adult mice when the virus is injected intracerebrally. With this susceptibility by the intraperitoneal route as a basis, the injection of immune serum-virus mixtures intraperitoneally was found to result in protection in dilutions which give rise to infection after intracerebral inoculation.

The difference of protective power by the two indicated routes was shown not to depend on the amount of inoculum nor on the age of the intracerebrally injected mice. Incubation at 37°C. for 2½ hours neither increases nor diminishes the protective action of immune serum when the intraperitoneal method is employed.

The phenomenon of selective protection in different tissues is elicited by the sera of hyperimmunized mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits and by sera derived from horses infected with the disease in nature or exposed to it by contact. Of four horses recovered from the malady, all showed antibody in their sera; of others exposed by contact, four of nine animals revealed antiviral bodies, when the intraperitoneal technique was employed. These tests on horse sera have pointed to the potential value of this procedure for epidemiological studies.

Finally, the reaction itself has significance through its bearing on the mechanism of immunity.
RELATION BETWEEN DEGREE OF IMMUNITY OF MICE FOLLOWING VACCINATION WITH ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS AND THE TITRE OF THE PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES OF THE SERUM
Authors: Hodes H. L. , Webster L. T.
Published: June 2004

Vaccination of susceptible mice with St. Louis encephalitis virus induced an acquired immunity to intracerebral inoculation which appeared within 1 week. When first demonstrable this immunity was at a very high level and it remained so for about 6 weeks, after which time it declined and disappeared completely between the 12th and 20th week after vaccination.

Humoral antibodies of significant titre could not be demonstrated during the first 6 weeks after vaccination when actual immunity to intracerebral inoculation was at its highest level. Antibodies were first detected 8 weeks after vaccination, when immunity was decreasing. The humoral antibody titre reached its peak at 23 weeks, at which time immunity had completely disappeared. A high level of circulating antibody was still present 37 weeks after vaccination.

The evidence presented leads to the conclusion that humoral antibodies do not play a major part in the immunity acquired by susceptible mice after vaccination against St. Louis encephalitis virus.
THE EFFECT OF SEX HORMONES ON THE RENAL EXCRETION OF ELECTROLYTES
Authors: Thorn George W. , Engel Lewis L.
Published: June 2004

In normal male dogs subcutaneous injections of progesterone, estrone, α-estradiol or testosterone propionate were followed by a decreased renal excretion of sodium and chloride. The compounds differed markedly in their potency and in the duration of the effect following a single subcutaneous injection. The injection of estrone, α-estradiol or testosterone propionate was followed by a decreased renal excretion of inorganic phosphorus and total nitrogen. On the day of injection a slight increase in the renal excretion of potassium frequently followed administration of progesterone, estrone, α-estradiol or testosterone propionate. Experiments on suprarenalectomized dogs indicated that the effect of the sex hormones on the renal excretion of electrolytes was not necessarily mediated through the suprarenal gland. With the possible exception of progesterone none of the compounds studied was effective in prolonging the life of suprarenalectomized male dogs.
PROPAGATION OF THE VIRUS OF HUMAN INFLUENZA IN THE GUINEA PIG FETUS
Authors: Woolpert Oram C. , Gallagher Fred W. , Rubinstein Leona , Hudson N. Paul
Published: June 2004

The PR8 strain of human influenza virus was found to proliferate and disseminate widely in the tissues of fetal guinea pigs inoculated in utero. Large quantities of virus free of bacteria were recovered from lung, liver, and placenta, and smaller quantities from blood and brain, after incubation periods ranging from 2 to 6 days. Although the fetuses proved to constitute an excellent medium for the propagation of influenza virus, they evinced little gross reaction to the infection.

Several series of passages from fetus to fetus were accomplished; one consisted of 10 transfers, another of 16. For serial passage the virus was inoculated intracerebrally into half-grown fetuses and the fetal lungs were harvested 48 hours later as a source of virus for subinoculation. It is concluded that multiplication of the virus occurred particularly in the lungs, which may be considered a significant reaffirmation of the pneumotropic tendencies of this virus.

Following passage in series the virus was found, on the basis of cross-immunity and cross-neutralization tests, to be immunologically identical with the mouse passage virus from which it was derived. Other properties also appeared to be unaltered by passage of the virus under these conditions.
ALTERED CUTANEOUS CONDITIONS IN THE SKIN OF TUBERCULOUS GUINEA PIGS AS DEMONSTRATED WITH A VITAL DYE
Authors: Joyner A. L. , Sabin F. R.
Published: June 2004

1. In the skin of the tuberculous guinea pig while it is allergic, the spread of a vital dye, pontamine sky blue, and the drainage of the dye into the vascular system take place much more slowly than in the normal animal.

2. In the skin of moribund tuberculous guinea pigs, animals no longer allergic, dye spreads more rapidly than in the normal animal.

3. The spread of dye is somewhat restricted in the skin of guinea pigs infected with a hemolytic Streptococcus. The animals were allergic.

4. The findings suggest that the dye method may disclose altered tissue conditions in the allergic state.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF SOME MAMMALIAN SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude , Chambers Leslie A.
Published: June 2004

1. A method has been described for separation of heads and tails of mammalian spermatozoa.

2. By means of absorption technique applied to homologous spermatozoal sera, head-specific and tail-specific antigens could be demonstrated. Both are heat-labile.

3. A heat-stable antigen was found to be common to both heads and tails. This substance is species-specific.

4. Antibodies against the head- and tail-specific antigens led to two different types of agglutination as shown by the slide method.

5. Using heterologous antisera against spermatozoa three different cross-reacting antigens could be observed, two in the heads, one in the tails.

6. One of the head-antigens is not active in the native cell; it comes to action only after breaking the cell. Antibodies against this substance were not found in antisera against native bull spermatozoa but were formed when vibrated spermatozoa or heads were injected into rabbits.

7. The cross-reactions can be removed from an antiserum leaving the head- as well as the tail-specific reaction intact.
THE EFFECT OF THE PULSE ON THE SPREAD OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH TISSUES
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Parsons Robert J.
Published: June 2004

The pulsation of blood vessels in the ear of the rabbit greatly increases the rate of the spread of dye introduced into the subcutaneous tissue.

The appearance of edema in tissues perfused at a constant pressure leads to very little increase in the rate of dye spread. By contrast, a rapid interstitial spread of dye occurs in tissues becoming edematous while perfused with a pulsatile flow of blood.

The significance of these facts is discussed.
THE CARCINOGENIC EFFECT OF A PAPILLOMA VIRUS ON THE TARRED SKIN OF RABBITS
Authors: Kidd John G. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

A considerable variety of tumors, both benign and malignant, result from the localization of the rabbit papilloma virus in skin which has been prepared by repeated tarrings. They appear only in individuals highly susceptible to the action of the virus, and are more likely to be engendered by highly pathogenic inocula. No evidence has been found that differences in the potentialities of the virus entities are responsible for the diversity of the growths. This is referable to changes in the epidermal cells; and much more preliminary tarring is required to produce these changes than suffices to cause localization of the virus out of the blood stream with a resulting papillomatosis of the ordinary sort. The character of the individual anomalous tumors depends in some degree upon the extent of the preparatory changes in the cells, malignant growths being more frequent when the epidermis has been tarred for a relatively long period. All are focal or punctate in origin, and they exhibit their peculiar characters from the first, none being due to secondary alterations in ordinary papillomas. Tarring after the virus has localized in the epidermis does not significantly increase their number. They are the outcome of the state of the cells at the time of virus infection.

Tarring exerts important influences in addition to changing the cells in such a way that unusual tumors result from the action of the virus. The procedure is notably effective in determining localization of the virus out of the blood stream; enables it to produce growths when otherwise it would not do so though present in the tarred skin; stimulates the proliferation of the tumors engendered; makes them disorderly and aggressive; and hastens the anaplasia of such of them as are malignant. It has similar effects upon the tar tumors, as will be demonstrated in a subsequent paper.
INTRAPERITONEAL AND INTRACEREBRAL ROUTES IN SERUM PROTECTION TESTS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Harford Carl G.
Published: June 2004

Earlier experiments had shown that the sera of animals immunized with active virus have much greater protective potency when serum-virus mixtures are injected intraperitoneally into 12 to 15 day old mice than when given intracerebrally. The present work was concerned with similar tests on sera derived from guinea pigs immunized by vaccines in which the virus had been inactivated by formalin.

In comparing the content of antiviral body by means of intracerebral and by intraperitoneal inoculation, it was found that both sera show about the same low degree of neutralizing capacity by the former method. By intraperitoneal inoculation, on the other hand, serum collected from guinea pigs immunized by means of active virus reveals high protective power, while that from animals receiving formolized, inactive virus exhibits lower neutralization titers which approach those obtained by the intracerebral method. The significance of this unexpected finding is discussed.
STUDIES ON THE NASAL HISTOLOGY OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS INFECTION IN THE FERRET
Authors: Stuart-Harris C. H. , Francis Thomas
Published: June 2004

Because of the marked morphological abnormality of the nasal respiratory epithelium in ferrets recovering from epidemic influenza virus infection, attempts were made to determine whether the anatomical changes were associated with functional changes in the epithelial cells. It was found that on the 7th or 8th day after infection, at which time an immature transitional type of epithelium covers the respiratory area, the cells are resistant not only to reinfection with influenza virus but to a severe physicochemical stimulus supplied by iontophoresis or prolonged irrigation with zinc sulfate. Later, as the ciliated columnar cells return, susceptibility to physicochemical injury returns although resistance to influenza virus persists. The ciliated columnar cells are the ones which are damaged by the physicochemical agent while the deeper cells in the regenerating area remain unaffected. 5 weeks after infection the epithelium is anatomically normal but tissue resistance to zinc sulfate is still present to some degree as evidenced by foci of undamaged cells remaining after ionization.

The olfactory epithelium which is undamaged by the PR8 strain of epidemic influenza virus also becomes resistant to ionization after infection. As soon as the respiratory epithelium exhibits any loss of resistance to zinc sulfate the chemical produces complete necrosis of the olfactory area.

The refractory state to physicochemical agents exhibited by the regenerating nasal mucosa of the ferret after influenza virus infection is thought to be a non-specific resistant state, significant for a time at least, in the mechanism of immunity to influenza virus.
PLASMA PROTHROMBIN: EFFECT OF PARTIAL HEPATECTOMY
Authors: Warner E. D.
Published: June 2004

Extirpation of a large portion of the liver in rats results in a marked decrease in the plasma prothrombin. The plasma prothrombin level gradually returns to normal during the period required for restoration of the liver to its normal weight. The decrease in prothrombin incident to partial hepatectomy supports the thesis that the liver is concerned in the manufacture of plasma prothrombin.
NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SPREAD OF A VITAL DYE IN THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Parsons Robert J. , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

A method has been devised to measure the spread of vital dyes in the skin of mice. Spread is greatly influenced by physiological and pathological changes which add fluid to the tissue or abstract it.

Spread is greater in the quiet, living ear than in the ear of an animal just killed. It is equally considerable in the frankly edematous ears of living and dead animals, and not greater in either case than in normal, quiet tissues. During the early stages of edema formation on the other hand, dye spread is notably rapid. It is still greater in the ears of normal animals actively moving about, and is greatest in tissues subjected to very gently intermittent changes in external pressure.

The significance of these findings is discussed.
THE LYMPHATIC PATHWAY FROM THE NOSE AND PHARYNX
Authors: Yoffey Joseph M. , Sullivan Eugene R. , Drinker Cecil K.
Published: June 2004

1. In a number of cats, dogs, monkeys, and in a rabbit, the cervical lymph ducts were cannulated and protein solutions dropped into the nose, and the lymph was examined afterwards for the presence of the protein employed.

2. Egg albumin was found in the lymph in all cases with one exception. Horse serum was never detected. Serum albumin did not come through in the cats, but did in a rabbit.

3. With a 1 per cent solution of T-1824 in horse serum no dye appeared in the lymph. This is regarded as confirming Gregersen and Gibson's (2) view that T-1824 combines with the serum proteins.
A PRECIPITINOGEN IN THE SERUM PRIOR TO THE ONSET OF ACUTE RHEUMATISM
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H.
Published: June 2004

1. A precipitin reaction occurs between sera taken just before and shortly after the onset of acute rheumatism.

2. It recurs with repeated rheumatic cycles.

3. Certain properties of the precipitinogen and the precipitin are described.
INFECTIOUS MYXOMATOSIS OF RABBITS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Ward S. M. , Smadel Joseph E.
Published: June 2004

The soluble antigen of myxoma is a heat-labile protein which has an isoelectric point near pH 4.5 and is precipitated from half saturated solutions of ammonium sulfate. It can be partially purified by methods of differential precipitation based on variations in the pH and electrolyte concentration.

Rabbits receiving the labile, soluble substance of myxoma develop homologous precipitins and their serum agglutinates elementary bodies of myxoma, provided the dermal pulp from which the bodies are obtained contains the soluble substance; neutralizing antibodies do not appear, however, and the animals are not resistant to infection with the virus of myxoma.

Elementary bodies of myxoma appear to have a heat-stable agglutinogen that operates when brought in contact with serum from animals recovered from myxoma, but little, if at all, when in contact with anti-soluble substance serum.
DETECTION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN THE NOSE AND THROAT AND GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND MONKEYS
Authors: Kramer S. D. , Hoskwith B. , Grossman L. H.
Published: June 2004

Five strains of virus were recovered from nasal washings and feces. Four strains were of human origin, the fifth strain came from a monkey sacrificed at the height of the disease. Of the four human strains the first was isolated from the feces of a 14 year old child 7 days after the onset of illness. The second strain was from the nasal washings of a 6½ year old child, 5 days after the onset of illness. The third and fourth strains were recovered from the same patient, a 2½ year old child, 9 days after the onset of illness. One of these strains was obtained from nasopharyngeal washings and the other from the feces. The single monkey strain was isolated from the upper intestinal segment and appears to be the only instance of its isolation from this source in the literature.

We believe that the detection of the virus in the nasal washings of two additional patients during convalescence lends further support to the belief that the virus of poliomyelitis is spread by human contact.

Furthermore, the recovery of the virus from the gastro-intestinal tract with as great or greater frequency as from the upper respiratory tract, need not, it appears to us, alter our concept of the mode of entrance of the virus into the body, namely, by way of the upper respiratory tract. If the presence of the virus is conceded, then a consideration of the physiologic passage of nasal and oral secretions into the gastro-intestinal tract by reflex swallowing would serve to explain adequately the presence of the virus in those organs. It might even be further predicated that since the gastro-intestinal tract functions as a temporary reservoir for secretions from the upper respiratory tract, the gut should, after a time, contain the virus in higher concentration than any single sample of secretion obtained from the upper respiratory tract by nasal washing. It appears to us that failures to detect the virus in the gastro-intestinal tract are perhaps more indicative of inadequate procedures for its detection than of its absence.

The recovery of the virus from the feces 7 and 9 days after the onset of illness takes on added significance. It indicates first, that the virus withstands the gastric acidity which under normal physiological conditions tends to keep gastric contents relatively free of bacteria. It further suggests that improper disposal of feces from patients with poliomyelitis may have serious public health consequences, particularly in smaller communities where inadequate sewage disposal may result in contamination of surrounding beaches or even local water systems.
MIXED MOLECULES OF HEMOCYANINS FROM TWO DIFFERENT SPECIES
Authors: Tiselius Arne , Horsfall Frank L.
Published: June 2004

By means of the improved electrophoretic technique it has been possible to study the association products which are formed when mixed and dissociated hemocyanins from two different species are reassociated. Both the dissociation and the reassociation of the hemocyanins have been produced simply by altering the pH of the solutions. Scale method electrophoretic diagrams have been used throughout this investigation. This method has adequately demonstrated its advantages and has permitted exact calculations of the mobility, concentration, and homogeneity of components which were either present in too small an amount or were too nearly similar electrochemically to have been defined by other methods.

Evidence has been presented which indicates that a number of mixed hemocyanins have been produced. These mixed hemocyanin molecules contain fractions of the dissociated hemocyanins from two different species.
GROWTH OF THE FOWL CORYZA BODIES IN TISSUE CULTURE AND IN BLOOD AGAR
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented that the growth capacity of chick embryo tissue for the fowl coryza bodies is conditioned by a diffusible cellular component which is essential for their multiplication. This growth factor is inactivated at pH 6, but withstands a temperature of 100°C. for 60 minutes. An amount sufficient to promote a normal growth of the specific bodies may be present in tissue culture supernatants long after its content in the tissue is exhausted.

Postembryonic tissue (liver and spleen) contains a variable amount of growth factor and is not a satisfactory substitute for the chick embryo. Multiplication of recently isolated fowl coryza bodies is not demonstrable in nutrient media enriched with blood. Experiments with one strain, however, indicate that an adaptation to fluid blood in an agar medium may take place after many generations in tissue culture.

The probable bacterial nature of the fowl coryza bodies is discussed on the basis of their cultural requirements.
DIFFERENCES IN IMMUNIZATION AND SENSITIZATION IN RABBITS INJECTED WITH RELATIVELY AVIRULENT OR HIGHLY VIRULENT CULTURES OF THE SAME STRAIN (H) OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Angevine D. Murray
Published: June 2004

1. When a relatively avirulent strain of hemolytic streptococcus was injected into the skin of rabbits a considerable amount of skin sensitivity to streptococcus filtrate developed, and there was scant demonstrable immunity.

2. When the same strain of streptococcus was made highly virulent by repeated passages through rabbits, little sensitization and considerable immunity was produced.

3. Rabbits injected with a virulent culture of hemolytic streptococcus developed agglutinins and precipitins earlier and in larger amounts than animals injected with the avirulent form of the same organism.

4. Increase in virulence of hemolytic streptococci enhances the ability to protect against local infection and increases antibody formation but diminishes the production of sensitization. Avirulent and virulent strains of this microorganism have similar relations.
QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE IMMUNIZING DOSE OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS AND THE RESULTANT IMMUNITY
Authors: Francis Thomas
Published: June 2004

A direct proportion exists between the concentration of epidemic influenza virus used for intraperitoneal immunization of mice and the degree of immunity to intranasal infection which develops. Mice vaccinated with virus of a given strength resist infection with virus of the same concentration but not more. An irreducible minimum exists since mice vaccinated with less than ten intranasal lethal doses do not develop sufficient immunity to overcome intranasal infection with virus of the same strength. The fact that there exists a limiting threshold for the degree of immunity which a certain strength of virus will induce indicates that the virus does not multiply after intraperitoneal inoculations.

In ferrets a state of partial immunity is induced as a result of subcutaneous vaccination with active influenza virus. Vaccination with doses containing 100 or more intranasal infectious units is required for the production of circulating antibodies, protection of the animals from pulmonary involvement, and modification of the severity of the disease. On the other hand, intranasal inoculation with one infectious unit results in a firm, immediate immunity, although the duration of immunity may bear a relation to the severity of the original infection and consequently to the size of the infecting dose.

Ferrets in a state of partial immunity resulting from subcutaneous vaccination, or from the waning of a firm immunity following infection, respond to intranasal inoculation of influenza virus with an accelerated production of neutralizing antibodies. The antibody titer under these conditions reaches a much higher level than occurs following a primary infection. Fully immune animals, however, show no further antibody response to a second inoculation.
HEREDITARY BRACHYDACTYLIA AND ALLIED ABNORMALITIES IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. , Saxton John A.
Published: June 2004

A series of deformities in the rabbit ranging from brachydactylia to acheiropodia have been described. Experimental breeding demonstrated that the occurrence of the deformities was determined by simple recessive hereditary factors and that the various types were genetically related and were not distinct hereditary entities.

Embryological investigation showed the first abnormal change was a dilatation of blood vessels in affected buds. This was followed by hemorrhage and necrosis of the parts involved. Sloughing subsequently occurred, and the deformity was completely expressed by the 25th day of fetal life.
A VIRUS DISEASE OF CATS, PRINCIPALLY CHARACTERIZED BY ALEUCOCYTOSIS, ENTERIC LESIONS AND THE PRESENCE OF INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSION BODIES
Authors: Hammon William D. , Enders John F.
Published: June 2004

An acute, highly fatal epizootic disease of cats is described, which can be recognized by a fulminating and extreme leucopenia involving all types of white blood cells, aplasia of the bone marrow, including both the granulocytic and the erythrocytic series and occasionally the megakaryocytes, aplasia of lymphoid tissue, and characteristic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the cells of the intestinal mucosa and in certain cells of the spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow.

The infection has been induced in healthy cats by means of bacteria-free filtrates of emulsions of the spleen of infected animals. Collateral evidence supports the conclusion that the disease is due to a virus. The pathogenicity of the infectious agent has proved thus far to be strictly limited to the natural host.
ARTIFICIAL MAINTENANCE MEDIA FOR CELL AND ORGAN CULTIVATION
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

Several media designed for maintaining the life of cells and organs outside the body have been described. Cultures from a pure strain of fibroblasts have been maintained in these media in vital condition and with little or no proliferation for periods varying from 43 to 56 days. One of these media is very simple, inexpensive, and easy to prepare; and one is serumless.
ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES OF THE TYPE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE DERIVED FROM GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Hirst George K. , Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

1. A substance extracted from group A hemolytic streptococcus is described, which induces active immunity in mice, and in rabbits gives rise to precipitins and to protective antibodies passively transferable to mice.

2. The active immunity in mice is principally type-specific, but some degree of non-type-specific immunity is also developed. The passively transferable protective antibodies are type-specific with only a slight suggestion of non-type specificity. In the precipitin test, the rabbit immune sera give both type-specific and non-type-specific reactions which have not been fully analyzed serologically.

3. Substances contained in the extract absorb the protective antibodies from the serum of rabbits immunized with whole hemolytic streptococci.

4. The most satisfactory method of extraction so far developed is fully described. Chemical tests on the material are consistent with the presence of protein and nucleic acid.

5. The type-specific M substance, prepared as previously described, was compared in some of its antigenic properties with the above mentioned substance. It was found capable of inducing active immunity in mice and of absorbing protective antibody from anti-bacterial immune serum in a manner qualitatively similar to that obtained with the preparations made by the newer methods.