bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standard test method to determine the performance of tiled roofs to wind-driven rain
Authors: Marín Andrés F. , Sánchez de Rojas M. I.
Published: October 2008

The extent to which roof coverings can resist water penetration from the combination of wind and rain, commonly referred to as wind driven rain, is important for the design of roofs. A new project of European Standard prEN 15601 (1) specifies a method of test to determine the performance of the roof covering against wind driven rain. The combined action of wind and rain varies considerably with geographical location of a building and the associated differences in the rain and wind climate. Three windrain conditions and one deluge condition covering Northern Europe Coastal, Central Europe and Southern Europe are specified in the project standard, each subdivided into four wind-speeds and rainfall rates to be applied to the test. The project does not contain information on the level of acceptable performance.
Acoustic properties of aluminium foams
Authors: Navacerrada M. A. , Díaz C. , Pedrero A. , García L. E.
Published: October 2008

The article discusses normal incidence sound absorption by aluminium foam manufactured with powder metallurgy technology. Aluminium foams with different surface morphologies were obtained by varying the type of precursor and adding filler materials during the foaming process. The sound absorption coefficients found for these aluminium foams were compared to the coefficient for commercial foams marketed under the name ALPORAS. The effect of foam thickness on the absorption coefficient was studied for each sample prepared. The combination of good acoustic and mechanical properties makes aluminium foams particularly attractive products. The study included an analysis of the effect of 2-, 5- and 10-cm air gaps on the sound absorption coefficient. The results showed that such gaps, which are routinely used in construction to reduce the reverberation period in indoor premises, raised the low frequency absorption coefficient significantly. This increase was found to depend on aluminium foam density and thickness and the depth of the air gap. In this same line, we have investigated the absorption coefficient of the aluminium foams combined with a mineral fiber panel.
Synthesis and Resolution of Racemic
Trans
‐2‐(

N

‐Benzyl)Amino‐1‐Cyclohexanol: Enantiomer Separation by Sequential Use of (

R

)‐ and (

S

)‐Mandelic Acid
Authors: Schiffers Ingo , Bolm Carsten
Published: October 2008

Cyclohexene oxide

Benzylamine

(
S
)‐(+)‐Mandelic acid

(
R
)‐(−)‐Mandelic acid

(
S
)‐Mandelic salt of (1
R
,
2R)‐trans‐
(
N‐
benzyl)amino‐1‐cyclohexanol

(
R
)‐Mandelic salt of (1
S
,
2S)‐trans‐
(
N‐
benzyl)amino‐1‐cyclohexanol

(1
R,2R
)‐
trans
‐2‐(
N
‐Benzyl)amino‐1‐cyclohexanol

(1
S,2S
)‐
trans
‐2‐(
N
‐Benzyl)amino‐1‐cyclohexanol
Regioselective Synthesis of 1,3,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrazoles by the Reaction of

n

‐Monosubstituted Hydrazones with Nitroolefins
Authors: Deng Xiaohu , Mani Neelakandha S.
Published: October 2008

4‐Chlorobenzaldehyde

Methylhydrazine

Benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride

(
E
)‐3,4‐Methylendioxy‐beta‐nitrostyrene

Trans‐p‐
Methyl‐beta‐nitrostyrene

5‐Benzo[1,3]dioxol‐5‐yl‐3‐(4‐chloro‐phenyl)‐1‐methyl

1‐Benzyl‐3‐(4‐chloro‐phenyl‐5‐
p
‐tolyl‐1
H
‐pyrazole
(R)‐3‐Methyl‐3‐Phenyl‐1‐PenteneViaCatalytic Asymmetric Hydrovinylation
Authors: Smith Craig R. , Zhang Aibin , Mans Daniel J. , RajanBabu T. V.
Published: October 2008

Benzophenone

Iodine

3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)bromobenzene

Sodium tetrafluoroborate

Bis[1,2:5,6‐eta‐(1,5‐cycloocatadiene)nickel

Allyl bromide

Ethylene

n‐Butyllithium

Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide

Triphenylphsophine oxide

Sodium tetrakis[(3,5‐trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate

Di‐(mu‐bromo)bis(eta‐allyl)nickel(II)

2‐Phenyl‐1‐butene

(R)‐3‐Methyl‐3‐phenylpentene
Viability of introducing milk futures contracts in Brazil: a multiple criteria decision analysis
Authors: Siqueira Kennya B. , da Silva Carlos Arthur B. , Aguiar Danilo R.D.
Published: October 2008

The viability of introducing milk futures contracts in Brazil was assessed through a combination of multiple criteria decision analysis and the application of traditional principles from the theory of success and failure of futures trading. Commodity‐specific attributes and market‐related aspects were analyzed for chilled raw milk, ultra high temperature (UHT) milk, and milk powder. The analytic hierarchy process methodology was used to rank the commodities in terms of their feasibility prospects. Among them, it was ascertained that chilled raw milk is the most suitable for futures trading. Major reasons for this result are the product's high price volatility, the competitive nature of its markets, the absence of competing risk‐management tools, and the impossibility of cross‐hedging. Complementing the analysis, interviews were conducted with the 100 largest milk producers in the country to assess their perceptions regarding futures trading. Approximately 92% of these farmers expressed an interest in adopting milk futures contracts as price risk management tools. In conclusion, the analysis indicated that the introduction of a milk futures contract in Brazil has a high probability of success. [EconLit citations: Q130, C610, 0220]. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Splenic infarction, splenic sequestration, and functional hyposplenism in hemoglobin S‐C disease
Authors: Sears David A. , Udden Mark M.
Published: October 2008

Splenic atrophy or evidence of hyposplenism occurs in as many as one third of all patients with S‐C hemoglobinopathy. Yet there are few reports in the literature of clinically apparent splenic infarction in this disease. We describe four instances of acute splenic infarction in three patients with hemoglobin S‐C disease which illustrate a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and severity. Of particular interest were the observations of coincident occurrences of splenic sequestration and functional hyposplenism with splenic infarction, suggesting a close pathophysiological relationship among these syndromes.
Strong linkage disequilibrium for the frequent GJB2 35delG mutation in the Greek population
Authors: Kokotas Haris , Van Laer Lut , Grigoriadou Maria , Iliadou Vassiliki , Economides John , Pomoni Stella , Pampanos Andreas , Eleftheriades Nikos , Ferekidou Elisabeth , Korres Stavros , Giannoulia‐Karantana Aglaia , Van Camp Guy , Petersen Michael B.
Published: October 2008

Approximately one in 1,000 children is affected by severe or profound hearing loss at birth or during early childhood (prelingual deafness). Up to 40% of congenital, autosomal recessive, severe to profound hearing impairment cases result from mutations in a single gene, GJB2, that encodes the connexin 26 protein. One specific mutation in this gene, 35delG, accounts for the majority of GJB2 mutations detected in Caucasian populations. Some previous studies have assumed that the high frequency of the 35delG mutation reflects the presence of a mutational hot spot, while other studies support the theory of a common founder. Greece is among the countries with the highest carrier frequency of the 35delG mutation (3.5%), and a recent study raised the hypothesis of the origin of this mutation in ancient Greece. We genotyped 60 Greek deafness patients homozygous for the 35delG mutation for six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two microsatellite markers inside or flanking the GJB2 gene. The allele distribution in the patients was compared to 60 Greek normal hearing controls. A strong linkage disequilibrium was found between the 35delG mutation and markers inside or flanking the GJB2 gene. Furthermore, we found a common haplotype with a previous study, suggesting a common founder for the 35delG mutation. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A short history of the initial discovery of the Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
Authors: Hirschhorn Kurt
Published: October 2008

Deletion of the short arm of chromosome 4 (4p‐) was first described in 1961 [Hirschhorn and Cooper, 1961], and the second case of 4p‐ was published in 1965 [Hirschhorn et al., 1965]. This short history describes the original case and the sequence of events leading to the publications. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct utilization of ethanol on ceria‐based anodes for solid oxide fuel cells
Authors: Cimenti Massimiliano , Hill Josephine M.
Published: October 2008

The direct utilization of ethanol was investigated in CuCeO2, CuZr0.35Ce0.65O2 (ZDC) and Cu/RuZr0.35Ce0.65O2 anodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The anodes were prepared by impregnation with nitrate precursors on a porous layer of yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) obtained by tape casting, while (La0.8Sr0.2MnO3−δ) LSM cathodes were screen‐printed. The cells were tested in both hydrogen and ethanol. The outlet gas composition was monitored with a gas chromatograph, which showed that almost all the ethanol was decomposed, mainly to H2, CH4, CO, H2O and C2H4. The maximum power outputs obtained in ethanol were 0.075 and 0.400 W/cm2 on CuCeO2|YSZ|LSM and CuZDC|YSZ|LSM, respectively. All cells were more active in alcohol than in hydrogen with the peak performance occurring after approximately 4 h. That is, the power density initially increased, peaked and then decreased. This behavior was likely a consequence of carbon deposition that initially results in an improvement of the electronic conductivity in the anode but later results in the blocking of the active sites. Zirconia doping (in the ZDC anodes) resulted in better stability and, in addition, the initial activity of the ZDC anodes could be recovered after approximately 1 h of exposure to humidified hydrogen, whereas the initial activity of the ceria anodes could not be recovered. The addition of ruthenium (<0.5 wt%) further improved the stability by delaying the onset of carbon formation. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of a novel β‐nucleating agent on the structure, morphology, and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Xiao Wenchang , Wu Peiyi , Feng Jiachun , Yao Riyuan
Published: October 2008

The crystalline structure, morphology, and nonisothermal crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with and without a novel rare earth‐containing β‐nucleating agent (WBG) were investigated with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, polar optical microscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. WBG could induce the formation of the β form, and a higher proportion of the β form could be obtained by the combined effect of the optimum WBG concentration and a lower cooling rate. The content of the β form could reach more than 0.90 in a 0.08 wt % WBG nucleated sample at cooling rates lower than 5°C/min. Polar optical microscopy showed that WBG led to substantial changes in both the morphological development and crystallization process of iPP. At all the studied cooling rates, the temperature at which the maximum rate of crystallization occurred was increased by 8–11°C in the presence of the nucleating agent. An analysis of the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics also revealed that the introduction of WBG significantly shortened both the apparent incubation period for crystallization and the overall crystallization time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Electroless copper plating on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene material surfaces without chromic acid etching and a palladium catalyst
Authors: Inagaki Norihiro , Kimura Hajime
Published: October 2008

Hydrolysis modification of nitrile groups on acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plate surfaces into carboxylic acid groups was investigated to find a new recipe for electroless copper plating of ABS plate surfaces without etching reactions using chromic acid and also without a palladium catalyst. Hydrolysis modification of nitrile groups was successfully conducted in an aqueous sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution (70 wt %) at 80°C for more than 72 h, and nitrile groups were modified into carboxylic acid groups. The hydrolysis modification was accelerated by the addition of dioxane as a supplement to the aqueous NaOH solution. The modification, when an aqueous mixture solution of NaOH (35 wt %) and dioxane (10 wt %) was used as a reagent, was accomplished at 65°C in 30 min. The hydrolyzed ABS plate surfaces were successfully metalized by electroless copper plating. A silver catalyst, instead of a palladium catalyst, was usable in the electroless copper‐plating process. Adhesion between the deposited copper metal and ABS plate surface was perfect for the Scotch tape test. Consequently, we propose a new recipe for an electroless copper‐plating process without an etching process using chromic acid and without a palladium catalyst. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Approximate Simultaneous Confidence Intervals for Multiple Contrasts of Binomial Proportions
Authors: Schaarschmidt Frank , Sill Martin , Hothorn Ludwig A.
Published: October 2008

Simultaneous confidence intervals for contrasts of means in a one‐way layout with several independent samples are well established for Gaussian distributed data. Procedures addressing different hypotheses are available, such as all pairwise comparisons or comparisons to control, comparison with average, or different tests for order‐restricted alternatives. However, if the distribution of the response is not Gaussian, corresponding methods are usually not available or not implemented in software. For the case of comparisons among several binomial proportions, we extended recently proposed confidence interval methods for the difference of two proportions or single contrasts to multiple contrasts by using quantiles of the multivariate normal distribution, taking the correlation into account. The small sample performance of the proposed methods was investigated in simulation studies. The simple adjustment of adding 2 pseudo‐observations to each sample estimate leads to reasonable coverage probabilities. The methods are illustrated by the evaluation of real data examples of a clinical trial and a toxicological study. The proposed methods and examples are available in the R package MCPAN. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bayesian Classification and Non‐Bayesian Label Estimation via EM Algorithm to Identify Differentially Expressed Genes: a Comparative Study
Authors: Antunes Marília , Sousa Lisete
Published: October 2008

Gene classification problem is studied considering the ratio of gene expression levels, X, in two‐channel microarrays and a non‐observed categorical variable indicating how differentially expressed the gene is: non differentially expressed, down‐regulated or up‐regulated. Supposing X from a mixture of Gamma distributions, two methods are proposed and results are compared. The first method is based on an hierarchical Bayesian model. The conditional predictive probability of a gene to belong to each group is calculated and the gene is assigned to the group for which this conditional probability is higher. The second method uses EM algorithm to estimate the most likely group label for each gene, that is, to assign the gene to the group which contains it with the higher estimated probability. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Improved podophyllotoxin production by transformed cultures of Linum album
Authors: Baldi Ashish , Srivastava Ashok K. , Bisaria Virendra S.
Published: October 2008

Various cell and hairy root cultures of L. album were developed and analyzed for podophyllotoxin content. Transformed callus and hairy root cultures developed from infection of stem portions of in vitro‐germinated L. album plant with Agrobacterium rhizogenes NCIM 5140 strain were selected on the basis of high podophyllotoxin content and growth. Based on the integration of Ri TL‐DNA and TR‐DNA, integration of only the ags and not the rol gene in transformed cell culture indicated fragmented integration pattern. The effect of different cultivation media and carbon source on growth and podophyllotoxin production were studied in shake‐flask suspension cultures. Detailed batch growth and production kinetics with sugar consumption profile were also established. Maximum volumetric productivity of 4.40 and 2.75 mg/L per day was obtained in cell suspension and hairy root cultures, respectively.
A multicenter phase 2 study of risk‐adjusted salvage chemotherapy incorporating vinorelbine and gemcitabine for relapsed and refractory lymphoma
Authors: Pasricha Sant‐Rayn , Grigg Andrew , Catalano John , Leahy Michael , Underhill Craig , Arthur Chris , D'Rozario James , Lowenthal Ray , Reed Kate , Spencer Andrew
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND.

Administration of salvage chemotherapy to patients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma is associated with significant toxicity. Vinorelbine and gemcitabine are novel chemotherapeutic agents with minimal overlapping toxicity. We present a phase 2 study of vinorelbine and gemcitabine with or without ifosfamide administered in an ambulatory care setting for relapsed or refractory lymphoma.

METHODS.

Ninety patients were enrolled. Group 1 comprised patients with “good” risk disease, Group 2 comprised patients with “high” risk disease, and Group 3 comprised patients relapsing after prior stem cell transplant. Patients in Group 1 and Group 3 received vinorelbine and gemcitabine with filgrastim support (VGF); those in Group 2 received the above regimen with ifosfamide (FGIV). We incorporated a standardized interim evaluation with dose escalation for patients with suboptimal response after 2 cycles.

RESULTS.

Toxicities were acceptable. Febrile neutropenia was uncommon: 7% after VGF (7 of 107 cycles) and 19% for FGIV (26 of 148 cycles). Unplanned admissions occurred in 23 of 107 cycles (21%) after VGF and 50 of 148 (34%) after FGIV. Overall response for Groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively was 76%, 39% and 50%, with median overall survival of 28, 9 and 30 months.

CONCLUSIONS.

Vinorelbine‐based and gemcitabine‐based chemotherapy is effective in the salvage setting against lymphoma and can be administered in an ambulatory setting. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Incidence of cutaneous sebaceous carcinoma and risk of associated neoplasms
Authors: Dores Graça M. , Curtis Rochelle E. , Toro Jorge R. , Devesa Susan S. , Fraumeni Joseph F.
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND.

Sebaceous tumors of the skin occurring in association with an internal malignancy characterize Muir‐Torre syndrome (MTS), a variant of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome). To the authors' knowledge, only limited information exists regarding incidence patterns of sebaceous carcinoma (SC), and no prior study has quantified risks of associated cancers.

METHODS.

The authors calculated cutaneous SC incidence rates (IRs) and IR ratios in 9 US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program registries (1973‐2003). Indirectly standardized incidence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated for subsequent cancers among 2‐month survivors of SC and for subsequent SC after other primary cancers.

RESULTS.

Among 664 cases of cutaneous SC, nearly 90% were diagnosed among whites (IR, 0.11 per 100,000 person‐years), with significantly lower IR noted among blacks (IR, 0.04). Whereas eyelid SC IRs demonstrated no sex differences and stabilized in recent years, IRs of noneyelid SC predominated in men and rose steadily over time. Survivors of SC had a 43% (95% CI, 15%‐76%) increased risk of subsequent cancer, and risk of SC was elevated by 52% (95% CI, 24%‐84%) among survivors of other cancers. Whether before or after SC, the significant excesses of other primary cancers were limited to noneyelid SC. Patterns suggestive of genetic predisposition included >20‐fold risks for early‐onset (diagnosed in patients aged <50 years) SC associated with colon, pancreatic, ovarian, or uterine corpus cancers, whereas late‐onset SC (diagnosed in patients aged ≥50 years) predisposed to ureter cancer.

CONCLUSIONS.

This population‐based study of cutaneous SC revealed an association with a spectrum of early‐onset cancers consistent with MTS. Etiologic heterogeneity was suggested by differences between eyelid and noneyelid SC in incidence patterns and associated cancer risks. Cancer 2008. Published 2008 by the American Cancer Society.
Ion‐Responsive Behavior of Ionic‐Liquid Surfactant Aggregates with Applications in Controlled Release and Emulsification
Authors: Shen Yanfei , Zhang Yuanjian , Kuehner Daniel , Yang Guifu , Yuan Fuyu , Niu Li
Published: October 2008

We propose a simple but efficient, rapid, and quantitative ion‐responsive micelle system based on counter‐anion exchange of a surfactant with an imidazolium unit. The ion‐exchange reaction results in the amphiphilic‐to‐hydrophobic transition of the imidazolium salt, leading to the destruction of the micelles, which has been successfully applied to controlled release and emulsification. The proposed design offers a novel alternative stimulus to control these smart physical aggregates besides pH, temperature and light—with extra advantages. Our finding greatly benefits both fundamental research and industry.
DISWall – Entwicklung innovativer Systeme für bewehrtes Mauerwerk
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Hannawald Joachim , Uebachs Stefan , Zilch Konrad , Schermer Detleff , Meyer Udo , Beer Ingo , Scheufler Wolfgang , Bohnemann Carsten , Schmidt Ulf
Published: October 2008

Das Ziel des europäischen Forschungsprojektes DISWall war die Weiterentwicklung des bewehrten Mauerwerks insbesondere in Erdbebengebieten. Die Arbeiten der deutschen Partner, über die in diesem Beitrag berichtet wird, konzentrierten sich auf die Bauweise mit Schalungsziegeln. Das Projekt umfasste die System‐ und Produktentwicklung, numerische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zum Verbundtragverhalten, die Durchführung von Druck‐ und Schubversuchen an geschosshohen Wänden sowie die Erarbeitung von Bemessungsansätzen.
The Transformation of Core/Shell Aluminium/Alumina Nanoparticles into Nanowires
Authors: Veith Michael , Sow Eve , Werner Ulf , Petersen Christian , Aktas Oral Cenk
Published: October 2008

Core/shell nanowires of Al/Al2O3 are obtained by decomposition of tert‐butoxyalane on metal, silicon or glass substrates heated up to 650 °C without use of a noble metal seed. These biphasic nanowires are characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high‐resolution TEM. They have uniform diameters of about 20–30 nm, are composed of an inner aluminium wire, wrapped up by aluminium oxide at a constant molar ratio, and have lengths of several micrometers. As the temperatures approach the melting point of Al (660.4 °C), we propose a growth mechanism for the nanowires which resembles to vapour‐liquid‐solid (VLS) growth of ceramic nanowires with a liquid metal phase catalyst seed which in this case is aluminium. The biphasic nature of the wires is due to the disproportionation of aluminium in the transient “AlO” and to Ostwald ripening.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Expressing sand supply limitation using a modified Owen saltation equation
Authors: Gillette Dale A. , Ono Duane
Published: October 2008

An analysis of saltation data led us to modify the theory of P. R. Owen using a soil‐related parameter ‘A’ that gave us the possibility of expressing limitation of sand grains of saltation‐size in the underlying soil. The value of ‘A’ was set equal to the ratio of the horizontal flux of saltating particles to Owen's function of wind, times air density divided by gravitational acceleration. Values of A can be used to: (1) characterize the efficiency of the wind to move sand by saltation for different soil textures and aggregations; and (2) to make practical predictions of sand movement based on the condition of the surface soil. Values for A in a range from 1 to 10 are usually associated with supply‐unlimited saltation and are usually associated with loose, sandy‐textured soils. Values for A in a range from 0·25 to 1 are associated with finer soils that contain more silt and clay. The range of A values between 0 and 0·25 usually reflects finer textured soils that are packed, aggregated, or crusted. A decrease of A to a smaller value is a sign of supply limitation and usually to the soil changing from a looser state to a more aggregated state or more depleted state. Likewise, an increase of A usually corresponds to soil changing from an aggregated state to a looser state. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of polyethylene tibial insert damage from in vivo function and in vitro wear simulation
Authors: Harman Melinda K. , DesJardins John , Benson Lisa , Banks Scott A. , LaBerge Martine , Hodge W. Andrew
Published: October 2008

Function and wear of total knee arthroplasties were compared by analysis of damage patterns on polyethylene tibial inserts retrieved from patients (Group R) with inserts obtained after in vitro force‐controlled knee joint wear simulation. Two simulator input profiles were evaluated, including standard walking (Group W), and combined walking and stair descent (Group W + S), simulating varied activities and a more severe physiological environment. Damage regions on all inserts were quantitatively assessed. On average, inserts in all groups had internally rotated damage patterns and the greatest articular deformation in the lateral compartment. These patterns were more pronounced in Group W + S compared to Group W. Deformation rates of simulated inserts were analogous to about six years of physiologic function. However, both groups of simulated inserts generally underestimated the magnitude of damage area and extent observed on retrieved inserts, consistent with differences in the simulator's tibiofemoral contact mechanics and those known to occur in patients during functional activities. Modification of simulator inputs, such as the increased anteroposterior excursion and more severe loading conditions in Group W + S, can generate greater wear volume, larger damage areas, and increased surface deformation rates compared to standard inputs. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 540–548, 2009
What is breast cancer doing before we can detect it?
Authors: Spratt John S. , Spratt John A.
Published: October 2008

Breast cancer is a cellular disease and the cellular kinetic events in the predetectable period are of great clinical significance. Such events include rate of replication, angiogenesis with distant metastasis, rate of cell death, and the number of cells needed to produce a detectable and later a symptomatic mass of neoplasm. A consideration of these events and their interrelatedness is reported using data from The Breast Cancer Detection and Demonstration Projects and significant reports in the literature. Growth rates in the predetectable period are estimated to be much faster than those that occur with grossly measurable breast cancers in keeping with the prediction of Gompertzian growth.
Lectin histochemical study of cholagiocarcinoma arising from stone‐bearing intrahepatic bile duct
Authors: Lee King‐Teh , Sheen Pai‐Ching
Published: October 2008

With the purpose of studying changes in the expression of glycoconjugate structures in cholangiocarcinoma and the nonneoplastic epithelium of stone‐bearing intraheptic bile ducts, a panel of 12 biotinylated lectins were used on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue sections from 13 patients who had undergone surgical resection of cholangiocarcinoma and on nonneoplastic stone‐bearing intrahepatic bile ducts from 10 patients. Of the 13 patients with cholangiocarcinoma 10 had hepatolithiasis and 3 did not.

Among the 12 lectins, only wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) stained the cholangiocarcinoma and nonneoplastic epithelium of the stone‐bearing intrahepatic bile duct. all nonneoplastic epithelia of stone‐bearing intrahepatic bile ducts were stained heavily and homogenously by WGA, the GlcNAC‐specific lectin. The high columnar epithelium of both intramural and extramural glands was stained in the supranuclear region, while the low columnar epithelium of serous acini was stained in the whole cytoplasm. In the well‐differentiated cholangiocarcinoma, the WGA weakly stained the neoplastic cells in the supranuclear region, while it stained the luminal cytoplasmic membrane heavily. In the poorly‐differentiated chollangiocarcinoma, about 50% of cancer cells were stained with WGA. The carcinoma was moderately stained in the cytoplasm. Less reactivity and a lower percentage of cells stained with lectin were found in cholangiocarcinomas when compared to nonneoplastic epithelial. This led us to conclude that there is a dramatic decrease in lectin‐binding carbohydrate structures associated with cholangiocarcinoma progression.
Abnormal DNA methylation of the Oct‐4 enhancer region in cloned mouse embryos
Authors: Kawasumi Miyuri , Unno Yuichi , Matsuoka Toshiki , Nishiwaki Megumi , Anzai Masayuki , Amano Tomoko , Mitani Tasuku , Kato Hiromi , Saeki Kazuhiro , Hosoi Yoshihiko , Iritani Akira , Kishigami Satoshi , Matsumoto Kazuya
Published: October 2008

Oct‐4 is essential for normal embryonic development, and abnormal Oct‐4 expression in cloned embryos contributes to cloning inefficiency. However, the causes of abnormal Oct‐4 expression in cloned embryos are not well understood. As DNA methylation in regulatory regions is known to control transcriptional activity, we investigated the methylation status of three transcriptional regulatory regions of the Oct‐4 gene in cloned mouse embryos—the distal enhancer (DE), the proximal enhancer (PE), and the promoter regions. We also investigated the level of Oct‐4 gene expression in cloned embryos. Immunochemistry revealed that 85% of cloned blastocysts expressed Oct‐4 in both trophectoderm and inner cell mass cells. DNA methylation analysis revealed that the PE region methylation was greater in cloned morulae than in normal morulae. However, the same region was less methylated in cloned blastocysts than in normal blastocysts. We found abnormal expression of de novo methyltransferase 3b in cloned blastocysts. These results indicate that cloned embryos have aberrant DNA methylation in the CpG sites of the PE region of Oct‐4, and this may contribute directly to abnormal expression of this gene in cloned embryos. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 342–350, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of the p110α isoform of PI3K in early development of mouse embryos
Authors: Xu Xiao‐yan , Zhang Zhe , Su Wen‐hui , Zhang Yang , Feng Chen , Zhao Hong‐mei , Zong Zhi‐hong , Cui Cheng , Yu Bing‐zhi
Published: October 2008

Class I of phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3Ks) is characterized as a group of intracellular signal proteins possessing both protein and lipid kinase activities. Recent studies implicate class I of PI3Ks acts as indispensable mediators in early development of mouse embryos, but the molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. In this paper, mouse one‐cell embryos were used to investigate a possible contribution of the catalytic subunit of PI3K, p110α, to cell cycle progression. The expression level of p110α was determined in four phases of one‐cell embryos. Silencing of p110α by microinjection of p110α shRNA into one‐cell embryos resulted in a G2/M arrest and prevented the activation of Akt and M‐phase promoting factor (MPF). Further, microinjection of the synthesized mRNA coding for a constitutively active p110α into one‐cell embryos induced cell cleavage more effectively than microinjection of wild‐type p110α mRNA, whereas microinjection of mRNA of kinase‐deficient p110α delayed the first mitotic cleavage. Taken together, this study demonstrates that p110α is significant for G2/M transition of mouse one‐cell embryos and further emphasizes the importance of Akt in PI3K pathway. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 76: 389–398, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
National addictions vigilance intervention and prevention program (NAVIPPRO™): a real‐time, product‐specific, public health surveillance system for monitoring prescription drug abuse
Authors: Butler Stephen F. , Budman Simon H. , Licari Andrea , Cassidy Theresa A. , Lioy Katherine , Dickinson James , Brownstein John S. , Benneyan James C. , Green Traci Craig , Katz Nathaniel
Published: October 2008

Purpose

The National Addictions Vigilance Intervention and Prevention Program (NAVIPPRO™) is a scientific, comprehensive risk management program for scheduled therapeutics. NAVIPPRO™ provides post‐marketing surveillance, signal detection, signal verification and prevention and intervention programs. Here we focus on one component of NAVIPPRO™ surveillance, the Addiction Severity Index‐Multimedia Version® (ASI‐MV®) Connect, a continuous, real‐time, national data stream that assesses pharmaceutical abuse by patients entering substance abuse treatment by collecting product‐specific, geographically‐detailed information.

Methods

We evaluate population characteristics for data collected through the ASI‐MV® Connect in 2007 and 2008 and assess the representativeness, geographic coverage, and timeliness of report of the data. Analyses based on 41 923 admissions to 265 treatment centers in 29 states were conducted on product‐specific opioid abuse rates, source of drug, and route of administration.

Results

ASI‐MV® Connect data revealed that 11.5% of patients reported abuse of at least one opioid analgesic product in the 30 days prior to entering substance abuse treatment; differences were observed among sub‐populations of prescription opioid abusers, among products, and also within various geographic locations.

Conclusions

The ASI‐MV® Connect component of NAVIPPRO™ represents a potentially valuable data stream for post‐marketing surveillance of prescription drugs. Analyses conducted with data obtained from the ASI‐MV® Connect allow for the characterization of product‐specific and geospatial differences for drug abuse and can serve as a tool to monitor responses of the abuse population to newly developed “abuse deterrent” drug formulations. Additional data, evaluation, and comparison to other systems are important next steps in establishing NAVIPPRO™ as a comprehensive, post‐marketing surveillance system for prescription drugs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Generalized Fermi‐Dirac Integrals
Authors: Zawadzki W. , Kowalczyk R. , Kolodziejczak J.
Published: October 2008

An application of the generalized Fermi‐Dirac integrals

to the description of the thermodynamic, magnetic, and transport properties of carriers in nonparabole energy bands is briefly indicated. Relationships to other functions, and complete expansions, are developed which enable the integrals of all orders to be calculated without recourse to numerical integration. Numerical values are reported for 49 of the integrals with −5 ≦ η ≦ 20 and 0 ≦ β ≦ 1.
Some observations of the optical properties of clouds. II: Cirrus
Authors: Foot J. S.
Published: October 2008

Aircraft measurements of broad‐band infrared and solar irradiances together with radiance measurements at discrete angles and wavelengths are used, combined with microphysical observations, to investigate the optical properties of cirrus cloud.

Results are found to be consistent with approximations appropriate to large particles with strong absorption in the thermal infrared. The observed angular scattering pattern is compared with other limited observational results and found to be consistent with them. Implications for predicting cloud albedo are discussed. An effective radius for the ice particles is also defined to enable solar absorption within the cloud to be predicted. Observations in the near‐infrared are shown to be consistent with this definition although the agreement is dependent on a number of assumptions.
Recent large fluctuations in total ozone
Authors: Newell Reginald E. , Selkirk Henry B.
Published: October 2008

Total ozone changes have been examined for the past 29 years at 32 stations selected from the 70 surface stations in the global ozone network. Recent changes have been dominated by negative anomalies of two general types: reductions in the antarctic since 1980 in spring and deficits since late 1982 primarily in middle latitudes and centred on winter and spring. When significant anomalies from the 1963–1979 monthly means are tabulated world‐wide, it is found that positive anomalies were substantially in excess in 1970 only, whereas negative anomalies have dominated in each of the years 1983 to 1986. Springtime correlations between ozone and temperature at the south pole for the period 1963–1979 are used in linear regression models to predict ozone from temperature for the period since 1980. Recent observed ozone values are consistently lower than values predicted by these models. A potential contributor to the antarctic springtime deficits is reduced planetary wave transport of ozone from the middle latitudes into the lower polar stratosphere accompanying a change in the atmospheric general circulation pattern that is also manifested in global sea surface temperature patterns. Northern hemisphere middle latitude deficits are thought to be related to trace substances ejected by the El Chichon volcanic eruption in April 1982, although equatorward of 45°N negative anomalies are accentuated by the quasi‐biennial oscillation.
Mean and turbulence structure of the summertime Arctic cloudy boundary layer
Authors: Curry J. A. , Ebert E. E. , Herman G. F.
Published: October 2008

The structure of the summertime Arctic planetary boundary layer in the presence of a stratus cloud cover is described using the data from a series of aircraft observations made during 1975 and 1980 over the Beaufort Sea. The cloudy boundary layers that were studied can be classified into three groups: (1) a stable boundary layer with thin, patchy clouds that may occur in numerous layers; (2) a stable boundary layer, frequently containing a fog, that is surmounted by a cloud‐topped mixed layer; and (3) a cloud‐topped mixed layer that extends from the surface. Several existing models of the cloudy boundary layer that have been applied to the Arctic are discussed in light of the aircraft observations.

Two cases with relatively high wind velocity signals have been chosen for detailed analysis of the mean and turbulence characteristics. The observed mean budgets of equivalent potential temperature were generally dominated by the radiative and advective terms, while the moisture budgets were dominated by advection and the turbulent fluxes. The processes that act to produce and destroy turbulence kinetic energy in the summertime Arctic cloudy boundary layer are also examined. The dominant mode of turbulence kinetic energy production in the Arctic cloudy boundary layer is the buoyancy produced within the cloud due to the cloud diabatic processes. This paper focuses particularly on the role of diabatic processes (radiative and condensational heating) associated with the cloud in modifying the turbulence structure of the boundary layer. A comparison is made of these two cases with the marine stratocumulus layers previously described in the literature.
Stability properties of and scaling laws for a dry radiative‐convective atmosphere
Authors: Larson Vincent E.
Published: October 2008

This work is a theoretical and numerical study of the stability properties and scaling laws associated with an idealized radiative‐convective model. We find that the linear‐stability threshold in the model can be described by a radiative Rayleigh number, a parameter that incorporates radiative effects but otherwise resembles the classical Rayleigh number. The energy method is used to find a nonlinear‐stability threshold below which all perturbations, whether infinitesimal or finite‐amplitude, decay. The model behaviour when weakly nonlinear convection occurs is studied via the mean‐field equations. We find that changing the values of viscosity, thermal diffusivity, and radiative damping has only weak effects on the vertical convective heat flux, in contrast to the case for weakly nonlinear Rayleigh‐Bénard convection. Finally, we propose scaling laws for the vertical convective heat flux, vertical velocity, and temperature perturbations.
Solid Phase Preparation of 1,3‐Disubstituted Indazole derivatives
Authors: de la Figuera Natalia , Fiol Sandra , Fernández Joan‐Carles , Forns Pilar , Eastwood Paul , Albericio Fernando
Published: October 2008

The immobilization and reactions of indazol‐3‐carboxylic acid on the solid phase is described. These reactions are of importance since many biologically active compounds contain an indazole core. Here, indazole 3‐carboxylic acid was efficiently anchored onto the solid phase via a protecting group strategy. The indazolic NH was then derivatized to sulfonamides, ureas, amides, carbamates, and amines. Depending on compound class yield and purity varied but was generally high.
Information processing and misperceptions of the implications of feedback in dynamic decision making
Authors: Kleinmuntz Don N.
Published: October 2008

Two themes have emerged from research on individuals' decision behavior in dynamic tasks. First, dynamic decision‐making situations have features that permit effective decision performance by rather simple decision rules. Second, the existence of simple but effective decision rules does not guarantee that decision makers will use those rules. In fact, decision makers exhibit systematically ineffective performance, apparently because they misperceive the implications of feedback structures for their decision making. Other interpretations of such decision behavior are that it is a rational allocation of cognitive effort, that it reflects the incomplete generation of decision rules, and that it results from faulty mental models of the environment. The discussion emphasizes the importance of studying individuals' information processing behavior in dynamic settings.
Distinct isocomplexes of the TRAPP trafficking factor coexist inside human cells
Authors: Kümmel Daniel , Oeckinghaus Andrea , Wang Chengcheng , Krappmann Daniel , Heinemann Udo
Published: October 2008

MINT‐6784845:

Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Trs33B (uniprotkb:Q86SZ2) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)

MINT‐6785053:

Trs33B (uniprotkb:Q86SZ2) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) and Sedl (uniprotkb:O14582) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)

MINT‐6784856:

Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Trs33A2 (uniprotkb:O75865‐2) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)

MINT‐6785038:

Trs33A1 (uniprotkb:O75865‐2) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Sedl (uniprotkb:O14582) and Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)

MINT‐6784879:

Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) physically interacts (MI:0218) with NIBP (uniprotkb:Q96Q05) by tandem affinity purification (MI:0676)

MINT‐6785068:

Trs33B (uniprotkb:Q86SZ2), Trs33A2 (uniprotkb:O75865‐2) and Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) colocalize (MI:0403) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)

MINT‐6785415:

Bet3 (uniprotkb:O43617) physically interacts (MI:0218) with Trs33A1 (uniprotkb:O75865) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
Robustness analysis of cellular memory in an autoactivating positive feedback system
Authors: Cheng Zhang , Liu Feng , Zhang Xiao-Peng , Wang Wei
Published: October 2008

Cellular memory is a ubiquitous phenomenon in cell biology. Using numerical simulation and theoretical analysis, we explored the robustness of cellular memory to intrinsic noise in a transcriptional positive feedback system. Without noise, the system could create two stable steady states and function as a memory module. Memory robustness index and mean first‐passage time were used to quantify the robustness of memory. Large cell size and strong cooperativity in binding enhanced memory storage remarkably. Adding a second positive feedback loop improved persistent memory significantly, whereas including a negative one destabilized memory storage. These are consistent with experimental observations. We interpret why positive feedback loops are actively involved in epigenetic memory from a dynamical systems perspective.
Inhibitory effects of gallic acid and quercetin on UDP‐glucose dehydrogenase activity
Authors: Hwang Eun Young , Huh Jae-Wan , Choi Myung-Min , Choi Soo Young , Hong Hea-Nam , Cho Sung-Woo
Published: October 2008

We have examined polyphenols as potential inhibitors of UDP‐glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) activity. Gallic acid and quercetin decreased specific activities of UGDH and inhibited the proliferation of MCF‐7 human breast cancer cells. Western blot analysis showed that gallic acid and quercetin did not affect UGDH protein expression, suggesting that UGDH activity is inhibited by polyphenols at the post‐translational level. Kinetics studies using human UGDH revealed that gallic acid was a non‐competitive inhibitor with respect to UDP‐glucose and NAD+. In contrast, quercetin showed a competitive inhibition and a mixed‐type inhibition with respect to UDP‐glucose and NAD+, respectively. These results indicate that gallic acid and quercetin are effective inhibitors of UGDH that exert strong antiproliferative activity in breast cancer cells.
Potential and limitation of mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy for real time analysis of raw milk in milking lines
Authors: Linker Raphael , Etzion Yael
Published: October 2008

Real-time information about milk composition would be very useful for managing the milking process. Mid-infrared spectroscopy, which relies on fundamental modes of molecular vibrations, is routinely used for off-line analysis of milk and the purpose of the present study was to investigate the potential of attenuated total reflectance mid-infrared spectroscopy for real-time analysis of milk in milking lines. The study was conducted with 189 samples from over 70 cows that were collected during an 18 months period. Principal component analysis, wavelets and neural networks were used to develop various models for predicting protein and fat concentration. Although reasonable protein models were obtained for some seasonal sub-datasets (determination errors <~0·15% protein), the models lacked robustness and it was not possible to develop a model suitable for all the data. Determination of fat concentration proved even more problematic and the determination errors remained unacceptably large regardless of the sub-dataset analyzed or of the spectral intervals used. These poor results can be explained by the limited penetration depth of the mid-infrared radiation that causes the spectra to be very sensitive to the presence of fat globules or fat biofilms in the boundary layer that forms at the interface between the milk and the crystal that serves both as radiation waveguide and sensing element. Since manipulations such as homogenisation are not permissible for in-line analysis, these results show that the potential of mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy for in-line milk analysis is indeed quite limited.