bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Corporate Governance in an MBA Class: An Academic Note*
Authors: Khemakhem Hanen , Fontaine Richard , Bégin Christian
Published: January 2021

Corporate governance is a new and emerging discipline in academia. The discipline of corporate governance has increased in importance, driven mostly by multiple financial scandals. These scandals have motivated regulators and the business community to require business professionals who are properly trained in various aspects of corporate governance. The problem, however, is that corporate governance covers many different subjects, such as finance, strategy, and law. This problem of multidimensionality of corporate governance is coupled with the fact that it is a field of study that has rapidly changed to keep up with changing regulations and the changing needs of the business community. These problems make the task of teaching corporate governance challenging for educators. Notwithstanding these challenges, business programs for MBA and CPA students are incorporating corporate governance into their programs. Therefore, our objective is to provide reflections on our three‐year experience of teaching corporate governance. We highlight the challenges that we experienced, such as the diversity of the clientele and the multidisciplinarity of corporate governance, and we discuss how we addressed these challenges. We also identity opportunities we used to develop our teaching approach, such as team teaching and using data from real companies. We present our reflections with the help of education frameworks that should help the community of educators if faced with challenges similar to ours.
Transition of the Chinese Economy in the Face of Deep Greenhouse Gas Emissions Cuts in the Future
Authors: Kejun Jiang , Chenmin He , Weiyi Jiang , Sha Chen , Chunyan Dai , Jia Liu , Pianpian Xiang
Published: January 2021

China joined the Paris Agreement, and the global 2°C and 1.5°C warming targets will be supported by China. In order to achieve these targets, China's CO2 emissions need to be cut deeply by 2050. The present paper presents studies from the integrated policy assessment model for China (IPAC) team about the impact on China's economic development of deep cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, in order to realize the Paris climate change targets. With the requirement of deep cuts in GHG emissions in China, China's economic development will also be impacted in moving toward a low‐carbon or zero‐carbon emission‐based economy by 2050. This means the Chinese economy needs a strong transition over the next three decades, a relatively short time. All sectors in the economy need to seek ways to reduce GHG emissions, and this could change activities, industry processes and technologies in order to make the deep cuts in GHG emissions happen. This is the meaning of the economic transition toward to a low‐carbon economy. The findings of the present paper include: a significant transition in the energy supply sector; a high rate of electrification in all end‐use sectors; and a technology transition in the transport sector. Transitions will also occur in the traditional industrial sectors, including steel making, cement manufacture, and the chemical sector. The availability of low‐cost renewable energy could change the allocation of industries, which could potentially have a strong impact on regional economic development. Deep cuts in CO2 emissions in China need not be a burden for economic development, as the IPAC results show there will be a more than 1.5% increase of gross domestic product by 2050 in the deep cut scenario compared with the baseline scenario.
Identification of new genes and quantitative trait locis associated with growth curve parameters in F2 chicken population using genome‐wide association study
Authors: Seifi Moroudi R. , Ansari Mahyari S. , Vaez Torshizi R. , Lanjanian H. , Masoudi‐Nejad A.
Published: January 2021

The markers which are correlated with the growth curve parameters help in understanding the characteristics of individual growth during the rearing of livestock. This study aimed to identify a set of biomarkers through a GWAS for growth curve parameters in crossbred chickens using the Illumnia 60K chicken SNP Beadchip. Growth data were collected from a total of 301 birds from cross of a broiler line and native chickens. Using the Gompertz–Laird model, two growth curve parameters, the instantaneous growth rate per day (L) and the coefficient of relative growth or maturing index (k), were estimated. The L and k were used to estimate five derived parameters, namely asymptotic (mature) body weight, body weight at inflection point, age at the inflection point, average growth rate and maximum growth rate. These parameters were considered as phenotypic values in the GWAS based on generalized linear models. The results of the GWAS indicated 21 significant markers, which were located near or within 46 genes. A number of these genes, such as GH, RET, GRB14, FTSJ3 and CCK, are important for growth and meat quality in chickens, and some of them are growth related in other species such as sheep and cattle (GPI, XIRP2, GALNTL6, BMS1, THSD4, TRHDE, SHISA9, ACSL6 and DYNC1LI2). The other genes are associated with developmental biological pathways. These genes are particuarly related to body weight, average daily gain and growth QTL. The results of this study can shed light on the genetic mechanism of biological functions of growth factors in broiler chickens, which is useful for developing management practices and accelerating genetic progress in breeding programs.
Demand for animal‐derived food in selected Asian countries: A system‐wide analysis
Authors: Rathnayaka Shashika D. , Selvanathan Saroja , Selvanathan E. A.
Published: January 2021

Food consumption patterns in Asia show a trend away from staples toward high protein food derived from animal and dairy products, fruit and vegetables, fats and oils. Such changes in food consumption patterns are due to rising incomes, urbanization, globalization, and modernization of marketing infrastructure. In this article, we analyze the demand for the animal‐derived food group comprising meat (chicken, beef, pork, and mutton), eggs and fish, and derive income and price elasticities in seven Asian countries using the system‐wide approach. Demand homogeneity and Slutsky symmetry properties were tested and found to be compatible with the data. Our findings reveal that animal‐derived food as a group is a necessity (except in Taiwan) and its demand is price inelastic (except in Taiwan and Sri Lanka). The implied unconditional demand elasticities reveal that, in all countries (except beef in Japan and Taiwan), chicken, beef, pork, mutton, eggs and fish (except in Taiwan) are all necessities and the demand for all types of animal‐derived food in all seven countries are mostly price inelastic. The cross‐price elasticity estimates are mostly found to be positive, meaning that there is a higher degree of substitutability between chicken, beef, pork, mutton, eggs, and fish.
HOW Collaborative position paper on the management of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy
Authors: Eslick Renee , Cutts Briony , Merriman Eileen , McLintock Claire , McDonnell Nolan , Shand Antonia , Clarke Lisa , Ng Sara , Kando Ian , Curnow Jennifer
Published: January 2021

Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy is a common occurrence, affecting up to 10% of women by the time of birth. These recommendations aim to provide pragmatic guidance on the investigation, diagnosis and management of thrombocytopenia in pregnancy; including safety of neuraxial anaesthesia and precautions required for birth. Management of neonatal thrombocytopenia is also addressed. The authors are clinicians representing haematology, obstetric medicine, maternal‐fetal medicine, and anaesthesia. Each author conducted a detailed literature review then worked collaboratively to produce a series of unanimous recommendations. The recommendation strength is limited by the lack of high‐quality clinical trial data, and represents level C evidence.
Low carbon readiness in social context: Introducing the social context of environmental identity model
Authors: Kashima Yoshihisa , O’Brien Léan , McNeill Ilona , Ambrose Michael , Bruce Gordana , Critchley Christine R. , Dudgeon Paul , Newton Peter , Robins Garry
Published: January 2021

Low carbon readiness (LCR) is an aspect of environmental identity, an individual citizen’s willingness to reduce carbon emissions and transition to low carbon lifestyle as a personal striving. Nevertheless, individuals’ personal strivings are strongly influenced by the social context in which they are situated. We propose the social context of environmental identity model, which postulates that social contexts for LCR have a nested structure. The micro‐level Home is linked with other households through social networks at the meso‐level Community, which are further embedded in a macro‐level Society. These contexts are likely to influence LCR through different mechanisms. Home can exert direct influences by monitoring and reminding each other of the need to engage in low carbon behaviours. Community affects individuals’ readiness by providing social capital. The macro‐level Society exerts social influence through societal norms not only its current descriptive norm but also through its dynamic norms about the changing trends into the future. We have tested and found support for these propositions in three national cross‐sectional data sets from Australia. Our discussions will centre around a need to investigate social and cultural processes involved in climate change mitigation, and to link these insights to public policies.
Regional anaesthesia for labour, operative vaginal delivery and caesarean delivery: a narrative review
Authors: Sultan P. , Sultan E. , Carvalho B.
Published: January 2021

This narrative review discusses recent evidence surrounding the use of regional anaesthesia in the obstetric setting, including intrapartum techniques for labour and operative vaginal delivery, and caesarean delivery. Pudendal nerve blockade, ideally administered by an obstetrician, should be considered for operative vaginal delivery if neuraxial analgesia is contraindicated. Regional techniques are increasingly utilised in clinical practice for caesarean delivery to minimise opioid consumption, reduce pain, improve postpartum recovery and facilitate earlier discharge as part of enhanced recovery protocols. The evidence surrounding transversus abdominis plane and quadratus lumborum blockade supports their use when: long‐acting neuraxial opioids cannot be administered due to contraindications; if emergency delivery necessitates general anaesthesia; or as a postoperative rescue technique. Current data suggest quadratus lumborum blockade is no more effective than transversus abdominis plane blockade after caesarean delivery. Transversus abdominis plane blockade, wound catheter insertion and single shot wound infiltration are all effective techniques for reducing postoperative opioid consumption, with transversus abdominis plane blockade favoured, followed by wound catheters and then wound infiltration. Ilio‐inguinal and iliohypogastric, erector spinae plane and rectus sheath blockade all require further studies to determine their efficacy for caesarean delivery in the presence or absence of long‐acting neuraxial opioids. Future studies are needed to: compare approaches for individual techniques; determine which combinations of techniques and dosing regimens result in optimal analgesic and recovery outcomes following delivery; and elucidate the populations that benefit most from regional anaesthesia in the obstetric setting.
The quality of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses assessing the treatment and management of male infertility
Authors: Bhambhvani Hriday P. , Greenberg Daniel R. , Eisenberg Michael L.
Published: January 2021

Background

Male factor infertility (MFI) is a common medical condition which requires high‐quality research to guide clinical practice; however, systematic reviews (SRs) and meta‐analyses (MAs) often vary in quality, raising concerns regarding the validity of their results. We sought to perform an objective analysis of SRs and MAs in MFI treatment and management and to report on the quality of published literature.

Methods

A comprehensive search in PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase was used to identify relevant publications. Primary search terms were male infertility, male sterility, and male subfertility. Two authors independently performed searches, screened citations for eligibility, extracted data for analysis, and graded methodological quality using the validated AMSTAR (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews) instrument, a validated tool used in the critical appraisal of SRs/MAs.

Results

Of 27 publications met inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. Mean AMSTAR score (± SD) among all publications was 7.4 (1.9) out of 11, reflecting “fair to good” quality. Non‐pharmacological medical treatment for MFI was the most commonly assessed intervention (n = 13, 48.1%). No publications met all AMSTAR criteria. While the number of SRs/MAs has increased over time (P = 0.037), the quality of publications has not significantly changed (P = 0.72). SRs/MAs of the Cochrane Library had higher AMSTAR score than non‐Cochrane SRs/MAs (8.5 vs 6.3, P = 0.002).

Conclusions

The methodological quality of SRs/MAs should be assessed to ensure high‐quality evidence for clinical practice guidelines in MFI treatment and management. This review highlights a need for increased effort to publish high‐quality studies in MFI treatment and management.
Adrenocortical tumours in children: a review of surgical management at a tertiary care centre
Authors: Ardicli Burak , User Idil R. , Ciftci Arbay O. , Akyuz Canan , Kutluk Mustafa T. , Yalcin Bilgehan , Gonc Nazli , Ozon Zeynep A. , Alikasifoglu Ayfer , Oguz Berna , Haliloglu Mithat , Orhan Diclehan , Tanyel Feridun C. , Karnak Ibrahim , Ekinci Saniye
Published: January 2021

Background

Adrenocortical tumours (ACT) are rare tumours of childhood usually presenting with endocrine dysfunction. This retrospective study is designed to review our institutional experience in surgical management.

Methods

Records of children treated for ACT between 1999 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively.

Results

The median age of 24 children was 78 months. Fourteen patients had adrenocortical carcinoma, nine had adrenocortical adenoma and one had neuroendocrine differentiation of ACT. Endocrine dysfunction was noted in 79% of the patients. Five patients had preoperative chemotherapy but none had a decrease in tumour size. Transabdominal approach was used in all but two patients who had thoracoabdominal incision for excision of giant tumours and ipsilateral lung metastases. Two patients had visceral excision to achieve R0 resection. Five patients, four of whom had spillage and one with partial resection died of widespread disease. Two patients with stage 4 adrenocortical carcinoma are still on chemotherapy. All patients with stage I–III disease who had total excision without spillage (n = 17) are disease‐free for 2–170 months.

Conclusions

Our results show the importance of excision in ACT without spillage for survival. However, multicentre prospective studies should enhance the knowledge of children about ACT and develop alternative therapies for stage III and IV cases.
The role of Pap smear in the diagnostics of endocervical adenocarcinoma
Authors: Pulkkinen Johanna , Huhtala Heini , Kholová Ivana
Published: January 2021

In the high‐income countries, the amount of cervical adenocarcinomas is on the rise. The pap smear sampling has a low sensitivity and a low specificity for endocervical malignancies, and there are only a few cytomorphological features, that are specifically associated with glandular atypia. In this study, 298 pap smears of 60 patients with endocervical adenocarcinoma or adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and 30 patients with high‐grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in histology were reviewed. The pap smear type (screening/clinical), the HPV status and the time from sampling to the histological confirmation of diagnosis were recorded for each case. Despite that no cytomorphological features could be associated with adenocarcinoma statistically, 70% of the pap smears were initially correctly diagnosed as an endocervical glandular lesion. Palisading cell borders, nuclear pleomorphism and the lack of single atypical cells present simultaneously were found to be associated with adenocarcinoma and AIS with the corresponding ORs of 5.89 (95% CI 1.96–17.70), 3.71 (95% CI 1.14–12.02) and 10.76 (95% CI 1.20–59.50). This combination of features was seen in smears taken up to 5 years before the histological diagnosis. Of all our screening samples, 10.9% were HPV‐positive. There were no HPV‐negative samples among patients with adenocarcinoma.
Exploring urban verticality during the 2011 flood in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Tuitjer Leonie
Published: January 2021

Geographers have a long‐established research interest in the ways infrastructures shape urban flood vulnerability and how urbanites cope with urban flooding. In this paper, I contribute to this literature by exploring the three‐dimensional city during an urban flooding situation. Within a case study (based on interviews and ethnographic observations), I attend to ad hoc coping practices of a diverse city population during the 2011 flood in Bangkok. I foreground the vertical direction of these strategies and the affordances of the urban built environment and urban infrastructures that enabled such coping. The paper thus stages a conversation between established literature on urban flood vulnerability and coping with an emerging interest in vertical urbanism literature. Through this conversation between the two literatures, research on urban verticality is probed to consider verticality as a crucial dimension of urbanism during times of flood disasters.
Successful treatment of a potentially fatal eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) envenomation in a dog with tiger‐brown snake antivenom with serial quantification of venom antigen and antivenom concentrations in serum and urine
Authors: Grose V , Padula AM , Leister EM
Published: January 2021

Case report

A successfully treated case of eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) envenomation in a Jack Russel Terrier dog is described with measurement of venom and antivenom concentration pre‐ and post‐treatment. Early presentation, prompt administration of tiger‐brown snake antivenom, hospitalisation and critical care monitoring lead to low morbidity and rapid recovery from a potentially fatal envenomation. Retrospective measurement of urine and serum venom and antivenom provided insight into the potential severity of the case and rapid efficacy of antivenom.

Clinical significance

Potentially fatal brown snakebite cases may initially present with only mild clinical signs despite having high concentrations of venom and potential for fatal outcome. Prompt treatment with antivenom is essential to prevent the development of progressive and fatal coagulopathy and paralysis.
A new Keynesian model with unemployment: The effect of on‐the‐job search
Authors: Kantur Zeynep , Keskin Kerim
Published: January 2021

Although new Keynesian models with labor market frictions report an increase in unemployment and a decrease in labor market tightness in response to a positive technology shock, which appears to be in line with recent empirical findings, the volatilities of these variables are not as high as their empirical counterparts. This calls for the introduction of new modeling tools to amplify the volatilities of the unemployment rate and labor market tightness. Along this line, this paper contributes to the theoretical literature by studying the effect of employment‐to‐employment flow in a new Keynesian model with labor market frictions. We consider two types of firms that offer different wage levels, which incentivize low‐paid agents to search on the job. Differently from the existing literature, the main source of wage dispersion is the difference between firms' bargaining powers. The proposed model generates a higher volatility of unemployment and labor market tightness in response to a positive technology shock compared to the model without on‐the‐job search, without causing a significant change in the responses of other variables.
Are central banks to blame? Monetary policy and bank lending behavior
Authors: Michail Nektarios A. , Savva Christos S. , Koursaros Demetris
Published: January 2021

This paper tests the conjecture that easy money policies of central banks, that is setting low rates for long, are responsible for the excess risk‐taking behavior that led to the global financial crisis. If the conjecture holds then policy rate shocks should have persistent effects on bank behavior either through the bank lending or the risk‐taking channel. Using data for the period prior to the global financial crisis, and a shock persistence methodology, we find that the policy rate has only limited idiosyncratic effects on bank lending growth and no effect on credit risk.
Households saving and financial spillovers in the Euro area
Authors: Badarau Cristina , Huart Florence , Sangaré Ibrahima
Published: January 2021

The aim of this paper is to study the consequences of a preference shock resulting in an increase in household savings in one country of a monetary union such as the Euro area. We study the macroeconomic effects of such a shock by developing a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model which describes a two‐country monetary union open to the rest of the world. A key feature of the model deals with one specific dimension of financial integration, namely cross‐border bank holdings of government bonds. We show that a negative preference shock in one country can have salient spillover effects on the rest of the union. Spillovers come not only from the financial markets opening‐up, but also from the intensity of intra‐union trade, and the response of macroeconomic (monetary and fiscal) policies.
ZHX3 promotes the progression of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder via repressing of RGS2 and is a novel substrate of TRIM21
Authors: Deng Minhua , Wei Wensu , Duan Jinling , Chen Rixin , Wang Ning , He Leye , Peng Yulu , Ma Xiaodan , Wu Zeshen , Liu Jianye , Li Zhiyong , Zhang Zhiling , Jiang Lijuan , Zhou Fangjian , Xie Dan
Published: January 2021

Clinically, patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) with tumor metastasis are incurable. To find new therapeutic strategies, the mechanisms underlying UCB invasion and metastasis should be further investigated. In this study, zinc finger and homeobox 3 (ZHX3) was first screened as a critical oncogenic factor associated with poor prognosis in a UCB dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). These results were also confirmed in a large cohort of clinical UCB clinical samples. Next, we found that ZHX3 could promote the migration and invasion capacities of UCB cells both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, coimmunoprecipitation (coIP) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis indicated that ZHX3 was a target of tripartite motif 21 (TRIM21), which mediates its ubiquitination, and subsequent degradation. Notably, RNA‐seq analysis showed that ZHX3 repressed the expression of regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2). Generally, our results suggest that ZHX3 plays an oncogenic role in UCB pathogenesis and might serve as a novel therapeutic target for UCB.
Risk and Protective Factors for Frequent Electronic Device Use of Online Technologies
Authors: Morgan Paul L. , Wang Yangyang , Woods Adrienne D.
Published: January 2021

A sample of 10,460 U.S. elementary schoolchildren was analyzed to identify early predictors of frequent use of online technologies (i.e., messaging, online gaming, and social networking). Children (Mage = 67.44 months) at greater risk displayed more externalizing problem behaviors in kindergarten (messaging OR = 1.11; online gaming OR = 1.21; social networking OR = 1.12) or were Black (messaging OR = 1.65; online gaming OR = 1.64; social networking OR = 1.68). Children from higher‐income families were at lower risk (online gaming OR = 0.89; social networking OR = 0.89). Boys were more frequent users of online gaming (OR = 3.35) but less frequent users of messaging (OR = 0.62) and social networking (OR = 0.80). Protective factors included specific parenting behaviors.
Secondary ocular malignancies: A review
Authors: Yeung Aaron M. , Wells Jill R. , Grossniklaus Hans E.
Published: January 2021

Secondary ocular malignancies most commonly spread to the choroid. Previously, the prognosis was poor however, with newer treatments including immunotherapy, patient's life expectancy have increased. It is therefore, important that ophthalmologists diagnose this condition in a timely manner and offer treatment to maximize visual potential and refer them on to oncology colleagues in order to optimize their systemic treatment for their primary cancer.
Risk factors for symptomatic anastomotic postoperative recurrence following ileo‐colic resection in Crohn’s disease
Authors: Navaratne Lalin , Hurndall Katherine‐Helen , Richardson Daniel M. , Stephenson Robert , Power Niall , Gillott Holly , Ruiz Sánchez Susana , Khodatars Kuresh , Chan Christopher L. H.
Published: January 2021

Aim

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by alternating periods of exacerbation and remission. Surgical resection is not curative and postoperative recurrence (POR) remains a challenge in these patients. The aim of this study was to identify clinical variables that influence the risk of symptomatic anastomotic POR in patients with ileo‐colonic Crohn's disease.

Method

A retrospective study of Crohn's disease patients who had undergone ileo‐colic resection between January 2014 and December 2018 was performed. For each patient, data including demographic information, Crohn's disease clinical setting, preoperative radiological data, operative and histological data, pre‐ and postoperative medication history and postoperative clinical course, including recurrence of disease, were extracted. Symptomatic anastomotic POR was defined as symptoms of Crohn's disease in the presence of confirmed anastomotic POR (endoscopic and/or radiological POR).

Results

For the study period, 104 patients were eligible and included for analysis. The cumulative probability of symptomatic anastomotic POR was 14%, 30%, 42%, 50% and 50% at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years, respectively. Two clinical variables on multivariate analysis were associated with increased risk of symptomatic anastomotic POR, namely age <17 years at diagnosis [hazard ratio (HR) 2.17, p = 0.019] and gastrointestinal involvement (extent) >30 cm (HR 1.85, p = 0.048).

Conclusion

This study describes the natural history of POR after ileo‐colic resection for Crohn's disease, as defined by endoscopic, radiological and clinical outcomes. Age <17 years at diagnosis and gastrointestinal involvement (extent) >30 cm were independent risk factors for symptomatic anastomotic POR.
Visual and Affective Multimodal Models of Word Meaning in Language and Mind
Authors: De Deyne Simon , Navarro Danielle J. , Collell Guillem , Perfors Andrew
Published: January 2021

One of the main limitations of natural language‐based approaches to meaning is that they do not incorporate multimodal representations the way humans do. In this study, we evaluate how well different kinds of models account for people's representations of both concrete and abstract concepts. The models we compare include unimodal distributional linguistic models as well as multimodal models which combine linguistic with perceptual or affective information. There are two types of linguistic models: those based on text corpora and those derived from word association data. We present two new studies and a reanalysis of a series of previous studies. The studies demonstrate that both visual and affective multimodal models better capture behavior that reflects human representations than unimodal linguistic models. The size of the multimodal advantage depends on the nature of semantic representations involved, and it is especially pronounced for basic‐level concepts that belong to the same superordinate category. Additional visual and affective features improve the accuracy of linguistic models based on text corpora more than those based on word associations; this suggests systematic qualitative differences between what information is encoded in natural language versus what information is reflected in word associations. Altogether, our work presents new evidence that multimodal information is important for capturing both abstract and concrete words and that fully representing word meaning requires more than purely linguistic information. Implications for both embodied and distributional views of semantic representation are discussed.
Temporal distribution modelling reveals upstream habitat drying and downstream non‐native introgression are squeezing out an imperiled headwater fish
Authors: Parker Stephanie D. , Perkin Joshuah S. , Bean Megan G. , Lutz‐Carrillo Dijar , Acre Matthew R.
Published: January 2021

Aim

To review the conservation status of Headwater catfish Ictalurus lupus (Girard,1859) in the United States, including quantifying environmental correlates with range contraction and hybridization and introgression with Channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque, 1818) to inform conservation prioritization.

Location

Texas and New Mexico, USA.

Methods

We used random forest models to construct species distribution models (SDMs) based on historical (1980–1999) and contemporary (2000–2019) data and 13 classes of remotely sensed stream network data. We measured hybridization and introgression with the widely introduced Channel catfish using external morphology, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and a nuclear gene (RAG2).

Results

Species distribution models illustrated temporal reduction in suitability for Headwater catfish among the species’ namesake headwater streams, including streams with steeper slopes, faster velocities, and higher elevations. Modelling also revealed reduced suitability of larger streams greater distances from groundwater springs, the same streams frequently occupied by non‐native Channel catfish. A general pattern of increased use of streams draining watersheds with altered or developed land uses was apparent. Assessment of introgression and hybridization with non‐native channel catfish at nine locations showed evidence of ongoing or past hybridization at six locations. Persistence of potentially non‐introgressed populations were found at three locations with smaller sample sizes.

Main conclusions

Modelling temporal changes in Headwater catfish distribution provided critical insight into the types and locations of streams that should be targeted for habitat preservation or restoration. Conservation and management of Headwater catfish will require priority decisions based on existing levels of introgression and the practicality of preventing further contact with Channel catfish. Maintaining Headwater catfish populations in springs that are also heavily used by humans will be critical for conservation of the species in the United States.
Skills and human capital in eighteenth‐century Spain: wages and working lives in the construction of the Royal Palace of Madrid (1737–1805)†
Authors: García‐Zúñiga Mario , LóPEZ LOSA Ernesto
Published: January 2021

Using a database of about 375,000 individual observations, which represent over two million days worked, this article studies building workers’ remunerations and how labour markets functioned in eighteenth‐century Madrid. We present new wage series that correct and improve the evidence existing in the literature and provide an explanation for the long‐run wage stickiness found in the city. Economic factors, rather than customs or guild regulations, explain why wage rates remained unaltered for about 100 years. The reconstruction of the working lives of 100 of the workers who took part in the construction of the Royal Palace of Madrid provides the first evidence of wage profiles for pre‐industrial times. They demonstrate that every wage rate was attached to a certain level of skill. Craftsmen's wages increased as they gained abilities, as human capital theory predicts, while returns to age or experience were negligible in the case of unskilled workers. This points to the existence of segmented labour markets in the building sector in early modern Spain.
Influence of codebook patterns on writer recognition: An experimental study
Authors: Djeddi Chawki , Siddiqi Imran , Gattal Abdeljalil , Al‐Maadeed Somaya , Ennaji Abdellatif
Published: January 2021

Codebook‐based writer characterization is an effective technique that has been investigated in a number of recent studies on identification and verification of writers. These methods divide a set of writing samples into small units (fragments or graphemes) and cluster these patterns to produce a codebook. Writer of a handwritten sample is then characterized by the probability (distribution) of producing the codebook patterns. In most cases, a small subset of the database under study is employed to produce the codebook while the rest of the database is used in evaluations. This work aims to validate the hypothesis that the codebook simply serves as a representation space to compare different writings and, in most cases, the patterns in the codebook do not significantly influence the identification and verification performance. The hypothesis is validated by generating a number of codebooks using Greek, Arabic and Chinese handwritten samples. Moreover, codebooks using fragments of handwritten music scores, printed text and synthetic data are also investigated. Evaluations on three well‐known handwriting databases (CVL, BFL and IAM) validate the idea that, in general, the codebook patterns do not have a significant impact on characterizing writer from handwriting.
TET3 dioxygenase modulates gene conversion at the avian immunoglobulin variable region via demethylation of non‐CpG sites in pseudogene templates
Authors: Takamura Natsuki , Seo Hidetaka , Ohta Kunihiro
Published: January 2021

Diversification of the avian primary immunoglobulin (Ig) repertoire is achieved in developing B cells by somatic hypermutation (SHM) and gene conversion (GCV). GCV is a type of homologous recombination that unidirectionally transfers segments of Ig pseudogenes to Ig variable domains. It is regulated by epigenetic mechanisms like histone modifications, but the role of DNA methylation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the chicken B‐cell line DT40 lacking TET3, a member of the TET (Ten‐eleven translocation) family dioxygenases that facilitate DNA demethylation, exhibited a marked reduction in GCV activity in Ig variable regions. This was accompanied by a drop in the bulk levels of 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine, an oxidized derivative of 5‐methylcytosine, whereas TET1‐deficient or TET2‐deficient DT40 strains did not exhibit such effects. Deletion of TET3 caused little effects on the expression of proteins required for SHM and GCV, but induced hypermethylation in some Ig pseudogene templates. Notably, the enhanced methylation occurred preferably on non‐CpG cytosines. Disruption of both TET1 and TET3 significantly inhibited the expression of activation‐induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an essential player in Ig diversification. These results uncover unique roles of TET proteins in avian Ig diversification, highlighting the potential importance of TET3 in maintaining hypomethylation In Ig pseudogenes.
The COVID‐19 Pandemic: What can we learn from past research in organizations and management?
Authors: Bailey Katie , Breslin Dermot
Published: January 2021

The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic is having a profound impact on organizations across the world, as businesses and societies face their greatest challenges for many decades. Over the past 20 years, the International Journal of Management Reviews (IJMR) has published many reviews of research that bring together the key findings across important bodies of research relevant to understanding how organizations might confront grand challenges such as these. Reflecting on this work, we have chosen a number of recent reviews published in the journal which have relevance both for practitioners and scholars in the current crisis. We invited the authors of these papers to offer some comments, which we have drawn from in the discussion below.
Clinical outcomes after laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy for pelvic organ prolapse: A 3‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Sawada Yugo , Kitagawa Yasuhide , Hayashi Tokumasa , Tokiwa Shino , Nagae Mika , Cortes Auran Rosanne , Nomura Masayoshi
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the mid‐range subjective and objective success rate of laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy.

Methods

Of the 317 women with pelvic organ prolapse who underwent laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy surgery at the same center between January 2013 and March 2015, we assessed 233 patients who were followed up for >3 years. We carried out urogynecological examinations and used questionnaires for the postoperative assessment of the patients. Scoring 0 points on question 3 of the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory‐20 was considered to show subjective success. Objective success was defined as stage 0 or 1 on the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification.

Results

The subjective and objective success rates in the third year after surgery were 89.7% (209/233) and 90.6% (211/233), respectively, and those in the first year were 90.6% (211/233) and 91.0% (212/233), respectively. Perioperative complications included bladder injury (0.4%) in one case and vaginal wall injury (0.4%) in one case. Postoperative complications included the incidence of chronic pain (mesh retraction) in one case, which was the only case requiring re‐operation due to complications (0.4%); vaginal suture exposure (0.4%) in one case; port‐site hernia (0.4%) in one case; and subileus (0.4%) in one case. The complications associated with voiding function included de novo stress urinary incontinence (20.6%) in 48 cases, out of which there were 12 cases of de novo overactive bladder (5.2%) and eight cases required midurethral sling procedures.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy provides a good outcome with a low rate of subjective and objective recurrence and surgical complications.
Sweet talk: Metabolic conversations between host and microbe during infection
Authors: Amiel Eyal , Perona‐Wright Georgia
Published: January 2021

In this issue, we introduce the second part of a series of reviews focusing on how immunometabolism influences host and pathogen interactions during infection. This part of the collection addresses the interface between metabolism and specific types of infection, including immunometabolism in macrophages during helminth infection, the role of metabolism in T‐cell exhaustion during chronic viral infections and host immunometabolism in the defence against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. These reviews, together with the four articles published in part 1 of the series in November 2020, offer new insights into the complex interactions between mammalian hosts and microbial pathogens through the lens of cellular metabolic regulation.
Nursing and health policy perspectives 2020 – a year to remember or one to forget?
Authors: Catton Howard
Published: January 2021

2020 has certainly been a year of challenges for nurses and healthcare workers around the world with the relentless spread of COVID‐19. These challenges are many, including countries and health systems not being prepared for a pandemic, shortages of personal protective equipment and acute shortages of nurses, poor communication from governments and the lack of accurate data regarding COVID‐19 morbidity and mortality among nurses and health workers. Nurses are suffering from psychological distress and are exhausted and burntout as the pandemic’s second wave moves around the world. Many have been subjected to violence and aggression from people in their communities. Against this backdrop, nurses’ contributions have been vital in saving lives and the profession has learnt many powerful lessons that will resonate in nursing practice for the future. But governments must do more, including ensuring nurses receive vaccinations early to protect them when a successful vaccine becomes available.
Using Remote Sensing to Discover Historic Context of Human‐Environmental Water Resource Dynamics
Authors: Brecheisen Zach , Hamp‐Adams Nicholas , Tomasek Abigail , Foster Erika J. , Filley Timothy , Soto Martín Villalta , Reynoso Lucia Zuniga , de Lima Moraes Andre , Schulze Darrell G.
Published: January 2021

Analysis of historic and contemporary high‐resolution imagery can help to fill knowledge gaps in land cover and management history in locations where documentation is non‐existent or records are difficult to access. Historic imagery dating back to the 1960s can be used to structure quantitative investigation and mapping of land use and land cover change across space and time to enhance earth science, policy, and social science research. Imagery can further inform municipal planning and implementation in areas of natural resource allocation, infrastructure, and hazard mitigation. For management and public education, historic imagery can help people to understand environmental processes and the impacts of human activity in the local environment. Here we emphasize the value of high‐resolution historic satellite imagery from the Corona and Keyhole satellite programs to inform environmental research, public education, and environmental management. Within the Region of Arequipa in southern Peru we highlight examples of urban development, agricultural expansion, river channelization, and glacial retreat via comparison of historic and modern satellite imagery. By incorporating these types of historic imagery data in formats accessible to non‐professionals, public engagement as well as research into human‐environmental investigations will be greatly enhanced.
Self‐reported competences of public health nurses for developing needs‐oriented local healthcare plans: A nationwide cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Yoshioka‐Maeda Kyoko , Shiomi Misa , Katayama Takafumi , Hosoya Noriko , Fujii Hitoshi , Mayama Tatsushi
Published: January 2021

Aim

To identify self‐reported competencies of public health nurses for reflecting community healthcare needs in local healthcare plans.

Design

We conducted a nationwide cross‐sectional survey in Japan from October 7‐November 30, 2019.

Methods

We sent 2,185 self‐reported questionnaires to public health nurses in Japan who had developed a local healthcare plan since 2013. Self‐reported questionnaires included questions regarding demographic data and the reflection of community healthcare needs in local healthcare plans, and the involvement in local healthcare planning.

Results

We analysed 1,042 questionnaires: 651 (62.5%) were from public health nurses who reported that they elicited and shared community views to be reflected for purposes of local healthcare planning (the reflecting group), and 391 (37.5%) of the remaining public health nurses who reported that they did not do so (the non‐reflecting group). The logistic regression analysis revealed that public health nurses in the reflecting group were more likely to be in a managerial position, have colleagues who played an active role in healthcare planning, conduct a questionnaire survey, engage in group work, participate in a municipal healthcare planning committee with community‐dwelling people, and identify the opinions of the professional organizations.

Conclusions

Identifying community healthcare needs through collaboration with community‐dwelling people and professional organizations should be essential competencies for public health nurses (the reflecting group) in developing needs‐oriented local healthcare plans.

Impact

Identification of their related competencies for developing a needs‐oriented local healthcare plan as an upstream strategy to mitigate the prevalence of health inequities in each community.
The use of acupuncture for advanced cancer care: Protocol for a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jiang Zhi , Wei Yueliao , Cao Lixing , Chen Qicheng , Yang Huimin , Lin Zhanhong , Jiang Lixia , Mei Zubing , Liu Zhongqiu , Chen Zhiqiang
Published: January 2021

Aim

To assess the up‐to‐date evidence of acupuncture for the management of cancer‐related and cancer treatment‐related outcomes among people with advanced cancer.

Design

Systematic review with meta‐analyses involving multidimensional outcomes.

Methods

The protocol of this systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO with the registration number CRD42020212982. Six databases (including Pubmed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, ClinicalTrials.gov and Chinese Clinical Trial Registry) will be searched from inception through November 2020 to identify relevant interventional trials examining acupuncture management on multidimensional outcomes in patients with advanced cancer. Main outcomes will include cancer and treatment‐related symptoms, quality of life, sleep quality and adverse events. DerSimonian & Laird random‐effects meta‐analysis will be applied to calculate pooled relative risks for binary data and pooled weighted mean differences (WMDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) for continuous data. Trial quality ratings and risk of bias will be evaluated using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

Discussion

The efficacy of acupuncture on advanced cancer care and outcomes has not yet been determined. Palliative care for patients with advanced cancer may involve multiple challenges that include physical and mental health care. This systematic review will offer updated and comprehensive evidence of acupuncture on specific outcomes induced by advanced cancer and cancer‐related treatment, which can give high level clinical recommendations to improve patient care and clinical outcomes.
Women's tenacity following traumatic brain injury: Qualitative insights
Authors: O'Reilly Kate , Wilson Nathan J. , Kwok Cannas , Peters Kath
Published: January 2021

Aim

To explore perspectives of Australian women who had sustained a traumatic brain injury to develop a gendered understanding of their experiences.

Design

Qualitative findings from a concurrent mixed methods study.

Methods

Australian women who had sustained a traumatic brain injury participated in conversational interviews. Data were collected from June 2017 ‐ May 2018. Women's narratives were listened to in various ways (Anderson & Jack, Learning to listen: Interview techniques and analyses, 1991) and analysed using thematic analysis (Braun & Clark, Thematic analysis, 2016).

Results

Two overarching themes Loss—A life once lived and Realigning Self—A new way of being were identified. Women discussed many losses due to injury, loss of income and potential earnings, loss in relationships and loss of identity. These all took time to reconfigure in their lives, as they adjusted to a range of ongoing impairments from the traumatic brain injury.

Conclusion

Socially constructed gendered norms continue to at times negatively inform delivery of health care for women following traumatic brain injury. Loss associated with the injury is felt for decades and regardless of time since injury realigning of self, requires remarkable tenacity. Readjustment often continues without end; therefore, individualized health and rehabilitation services must be offered across women's lifespans.

Impact

There is limited research into women's experiences of traumatic brain injury which suggests experiences will be the same for men and women. This research highlights biological sex differences and socialized gendered roles are important factors to consider for women following traumatic brain injury. Differences are influenced by sociocultural factors and they relate to sexual and reproductive health and gendered roles such as caring for children, caring for ageing parents, employment and projected earnings. These findings should be used to inform the development of individualized health and rehabilitation services which women in this study have identified and must be offered across their lifespans.