bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can timolol maleate reduce the progression of myopia?
Authors: Goldschmidt E. , Jensen H. , Marushak D. , Østergaard E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A survey was presented at the Meeting of Nordic Ophthalmologists in 1981 of present theories regarding myopia; this included a reference to studies on the effect of atropine treatment and the use of bifocal glasses on the progression of myopia. We have now concluded a pilot study, in which 10 children (7–12 years) with severe progressive myopia were treated for 12 months with timolol maleate 0.25% eye drops twice daily, with the object of recording an eventual effect on the progression of the myopia and also to study possible side‐effects in a group of children.

All the children were examined by a paediatrician prior to entering the study, and at intervals of three months throughout the period of investigation. No serious side‐effects were observed. No significant change was seen in the majority of children in the intraocular tension during treatment. However, there was a tendency for the children, who did achieve a reduction in pressure during treatment, to obtain a certain reduction in the progression of the myopia.

A more comprehensive investigation on a representative material and including a control group has been commenced.
Senile macular degeneration. Results of laser treatment
Authors: Lund‐Andersen Henrik , Larsen Hans‐Walther , Andersen S. Rud , Eisgart Finn , Henning Vibeke
Published: May 2009

Abstract A preliminary report on laser treatment of senile macular degeneration is presented. Over a one year period 234 patients with symptoms and signs of macular degeneration were examined with flourescein angiography. 32 patients (14%) showed neovascular membranes accessible to treatment with blue/green argon laser. At the end of the observation period (mean 8.7 months) one half of the treated group had unchanged or better visual acuity, whereas the other half showed deterioration of the visual acuity. It is not known whether this result differs from the average spontaneous course. A controlled trial is necessary in order to evaluate the possible beneficial effect of laser treatment of senile macular degeneration in our population.
Treatment of senile macular degeneration by laser photocoagulation
Authors: Nielsen Niels Vesti , Frost‐Larsen Kim , Gregersen Eilif , Scherfig Erik
Published: May 2009

Abstract 117 eyes of 103 patients among 476 patients with senile macular degeneration fulfilled a criterion for treatment with blue‐green Argon (n = 20 eyes), green Argon (n = 15 eyes) Krypton‐red (n = 58 eyes) and combined treatment (24 eyes). In 50 consecutive treated eyes (= 50 patients) with an observation time exceeding one year a visual acuity 6/18 was preserved in 34 eyes. This post‐laser course differs from the spontaneous course of the disease reported in literature indicating that about 70% of eyes with perifoveal neovascular lesion will develop legal blindness within 2 years. Even though the spontaneous course in this material is unknown, and the comparability to patient material in literature is questionable, it might be concluded that a considerable part of the patients with senile macular degeneration with neovascular lesions might benefit from laser‐treatment.
Sequelae of intravitreal phagocytic activity in response to microparticles
Authors: Algvere Peep , Martini Björn
Published: May 2009

Abstract Cynomolgus monkeys were injected intravitreally with a colloidal suspension of carbon microparticles (size 20–70 nm) under aseptic surgical conditions. An intravitreal cellular proliferation occurred, inducing retinal detachment and neovascularization that started from the optic nerve head, ciliary body and ora serrata.

Transmission electron microscopy revealed the features of the intravitreal cellular response to be inflammatory cells, mononuclear phagocytes (the predominant cell type), and fibroblasts. Newly‐formed collagen fibrils (banding 70 nm) were found in the vitreous. The newly‐formed vasculature generally showed continuous endothelial lining, but some vessels exhibited multiple endothelial fenestrations. The intravitreal cellular proliferation is primarily a macrophagic response. We suggest that mononuclear phagocytes play a major role by triggering the collagen formation and neovascularization in the vitreous.
The light streak on retinal vessels
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen Olaf , Engvold O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract A new microdensitometric technique applied to fundus photographs has made it possible to measure both width (Wr) and intensity profiles of the central light reflex seen on blood vessels in the human retina. The results of measurements from normal vessels (published elsewhere) are used in this study to present a theoretical analysis of the physical behaviour of this reflex. The reflection from the blood vessels is treated as a problem of geometric optics, and we show that Wr is influenced by the caliber of the blood column, the axial length of the eye, the size of the pupil and by the roughness of the reflecting surface. The results from the calculations are discussed on a background of previously measured widths of the reflex and sought related to microcirculatory dynamics of flow.
The light streak on retinal vessels
Authors: Brinchmann‐Hansen Olaf , Engvold O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract By ophthalmoscopy, a bright light streak is seen in the center of retinal vessels, and the intensity of this reflection (Ir) is found to be different for arteries and veins. Various physical parameters affect this reflection, and the present study analyses, on a theoretical basis, possible explanations of the variability of the light streak on different types of vessels. Parameters found to influence Ir are the roughness of the surface of the blood column, the indices of refraction of erythrocytes and plasma, the size of the pupil, the axial length of the eye and the tilt of the blood vessel relative to the direction of incident light. Numerical analysis of a simplified model of retinal vessel geometry and blood flow enable us to present relations between relative intensity and the various parameters.
Glaucoma of institutionalized geriatric patients
Authors: Peräsalo Ritva , Raitta Christina
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 362 glaucomatous eyes of 213 institutionalized geriatric patients 66–100 year of age (83.9 ± 6.9 year) were studied. Of the eyes with open angle glaucoma (77%, 279/362) 51% had capsular glaucoma (CG). Of the secondary glaucomas (9%) half were neovascular glaucomas. The visual acuity (VA) of 13 patients could not be determined. More than half of the patients (114/200) were visually handicapped (VA in the better eye <0.3). 55 out of 114 patients were considered blind (VA <0.05 in the better eye). In the glaucomatous eyes the mean VA was 0.17, binocular VA for near was 0.28. 28 out of 110 eyes had Bjerrum scotoma, 21 eyes had complete arcuate scotoma and 41 eyes had a residual field in the temporal periphery. In the present study, the causes of blindness were distributed as follows: glaucoma was the only cause in 25%; cataract was one of the causes in 66% and macular degeneration in 24%. Because glaucoma is a major cause of visual impairment in the elderly population, and it is frequently discovered by chance, attention should be paid to this condition in persons over 65 years of age.
The prevalence of pseudoexfoliation in three separate municipalities of Middle‐Norway. A preliminary report
Authors: Ringvold A. , Blika S. , Elsås T. , Guldahl J. , Brevik T. , Hesstvedt P. , Hoff K. , Høisen H. , Kjørsvik S. , Rossvoll I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract  An epidemiological eye study has been performed in three separate municipalities in the county of SouthTrøndelag, Norway. The prevalence of pseudoexfoliation syndrome turned out to be 10.2%, 21.0%, and 19.6% in the respective areas, stating beyond doubt that there are considerable geographic variations in the distribution of this syndrome.
Posterior chamber lens implantation in capsular glaucoma
Authors: Raitta Christina , Tarkkanen Ahti
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The outcome of ECCE and posterior chamber lens implantation is described in 30 eyes with capsular glaucoma (CG). All eyes had glaucomatous visual field defects. 16 eyes had had preoperative argon laser trabeculoplasty, 5 glaucoma filtering surgery. The mean preoperative IOP was 17.7 mmHg and mean postoperative IOP 16.1 mmHg. Postoperative visual acuity was 0.5‐1.0 in 57 per cent of the eyes, 0.2‐0.4 in 36 per cent and 0.1 or less in 7 per cent. Six eyes showed macular degeneration. Primary change of strategy into ICCE due to subluxation of the lens was made in two eyes. In four eyes ECCE and vitrectomy had to be performed due to zonular rupture. In 16 eyes iridectomies, radial iridotomy and/or sphincterotomies were needed to facilitate the operation. Sodium hyaluronate was routinely employed.
Visual field prognosis in advanced glaucoma
Authors: Odberg Tor
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 79 eyes in 71 patients with advanced glaucomatous damage (loss of at least half the visual field) have been followed for 5–18 years. At the first visit 42 eyes had an intraocular pressure of 40 mmHg or higher. During the follow‐up the visual field defect was stable in 23 eyes (29%) and progressed in 56 eyes (71%). Deterioration of the field was not dependent on the initial degree of defect. Central vision was lost in 27 eyes, and 16 eyes became amaurotic. The visual field was unchanged in 36% of the operated eyes, as against 20% of the medically treated eyes. In no case was central vision lost as as consequence of surgery. Obviously, the prognosis was better in eyes with intraocular pressures below 15 mmHg during the follow‐up (58% stable visual fields) than in the eyes with pressures higher than 15 mmHg (15% stable fields). Most of the eyes with pressures below 15 mmHg had been operated.
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty—5 years experience from a local eye department
Authors: Anmarkrud Nils , Bergaust Bjørn , Bulie Tore , Sand Anton B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT) have been used in the treatment of open angle glaucoma since 1982. During a five‐year period, 1982–1986, the annual rate of glaucoma filtering operations has decreased steadily from 65 to 8. The pressure reducing effect is good both in simple and capsular glaucoma. In secondary glaucoma ALT failed to control the intraocular pressure in about 50%. Simple and capsular glaucoma respond well to repeated ALT, but in secondary glaucoma repeated ALT seems to be useless.
Function of meibomian glands and tear pH
Authors: Norn Mogens
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Each of ten persons had ten meibomian orifices studied by triple‐vital‐staining. Activity was disclosed in 43%, these being stained by lipid‐specific Sudan III power. 5% were stained by lissamine green (obstructed by a plug of degenerate cells), 1% also by fluorescein (damaged epithelium). After one week 6% of the meibomian glands became inactive, while 5% gained activity, showing a cyclic function.

In 38 subjects expression of meibomian secretion effected a significant fall of the tear pH value, from 6.91 ± 0.24 to 6.64 ± 0.26 (mean ± SD). The meibomian secretion alters the tear pH towards higher acidity. The importance of this fact is discussed.
Human Epidermal Growth Factor—the influence on the healing of surgically closed corneal wounds
Authors: Calel Bertil , Fagerholm Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract  The influence of topically applied human EGF on corneal wound healing was evaluated in surgically closed corneal wounds. In one group the corneal wound tensile strength was assesed after one week. No significant difference was found compared control. In another group, treated for 4 weeks, both eyes received steroids topically and one eye was treated with EGF. The tensile strength of the EGF treated wounds were significantly increased compared to control. The tensile strength after 4 weeks using steroids had not increased compared to the non steroid treated group after 1 week.
Groenouw's Granular Corneal Dystrophy I
Authors: Møller Hans Ulrik
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This paper deals with the preliminary results from a Danish study of 80 now‐living patients with Groenouw's corneal granular dystrophy I. They are investigated biochemically, clinically and histologically, and a gene linkage analysis is planned. The differential diagnosis to Reis‐Bückler's corneal dystrophy is mentioned.
Epikeratophakia for treatment of Keratoconus
Authors: Lehtosalo Juha , Uusitalo Risto J. , Mianowizc Jerzy
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Epikeratophakia has been applied for the correction of aphakia in children and adults as well as for the treatment of keratoconus to correct the refractive errors accompanied by these conditions. In this paper we present preliminary results of the outcome of ten consecutive keratoconus patients who were subjected to epikeratophakia. The patients suffered from advanced keratoconus without any major haziness in the optic area of the cornea, and they had become unable to tolerate contact lenses. Follow‐up period varied form 1 to 4 months. Two minor complications were verified (one erosion and one partly detached lenticule) but these were managed and furter healing was without problems. The keratometry values were markedly changed by the operation. The improval of the visual acuity after the operation was accompanied by the postoperative increase in the transparency of the lenticule. Epikeratophakia seems to be a safe and relatively simple method for the treatment of keratoconus.
Cortisone, heparin and argon laser in the treatment of corneal neovascularization
Authors: Tommila Petri , Summanen Paula , Tervo Timo
Published: May 2009

Abstract  Chemical burns and contact lenses can induce corneal neovascularization. The pathogenic mechanisms of angiogenesis are not well understood. A heparin‐cortisone combination has been shown to inhibit traumatic angiogenesis and argon laser photocoagulation has been useful in the treatment of corneal graft neovascularization.

We describe three patients treated for corneal neovascularization with these methods. Tear fluid plasmin levels were also monitored. The corneal neovascularization was caused by contact lens use in two patients, and by a severe chemical burn in one patient. Subconjunctival cortisone injections proved to be efficient in the treatment of the contact lens induced corneal neovascularization. Corneal argon laser photocoagulation seemed to have an additional effect. The role of topical heparin remained unclear. The tear fluid plasmin levels were not significantly elevated.
Corneal endothelial protection by heparin and sodium hyaluronate surface coating of PMMA intraocular lenses
Authors: Fagerholm Per , Koul Sunendha , Trocmé Stefan
Published: May 2009

Abstract  Protective effect on corneal endothelium from surface modification of PMMA intraocular lenses were evaluated. Sodium hyaluronate, heparin or both were covalently bound to the PMMA surface rendering it hydrophilic. Endothelial damage was evaluated by placing the intraocular lens optics on the endothelial surface of excised rabbit corneas. The type and extent of endothelial cell damage was evaluated by light microscopy after alizarine red/trypan blue staining and by scanning electron microscopy. The number of endothelial cells attached to the intraocular lens surface was counted in the light microscope after staining with haematoxylin—eosine.

Significantly less damage (p < 0.05) to the endothelium was caused by the surface modified hydrophilic intraocular lenses. There was no difference between the various types of surface coatings studied in this investigation.
The effect of indomethacin 1% ophthalmic suspension in preventing surgically induced miosis at extracapsular cataract surgery
Authors: Nielsen Per Julius , Gregersen Per , Mortensen Kelvin Kamp , Kalstrup Niels
Published: May 2009

Abstract  27 patients who underwent extracapsular cataract surgery (ECCE) were randomized in two groups with 12 patients in Group 1 treated with standard preoperative dilation regime and 15 patients in Group 2 receiving in addition Indomethacin 1% ophthalmic solution, one drop the evennig before surgery and one drop 45 minutes before surgery.

Horizontal pupillary diameter measurements were taken at the beginning of the operation before retrobulbar anesthesia, before capsulotomy, and before lens implantation.

A significant decrease in pupillary diameter and area was seen in both groups (P>0,001; t‐test) from before capsulotomy until before lens implantation. No significant change was seen from start until before capsulotomy.

A significant lesser pupillary constriction expressed as mean calculated pupillary area differences from start until before lens implantation was seen in Group 2 treated with indomethacin (17.70±6.68(mm)2), than in Group 1 without indomethacine (29.06.±8.82(mm)2); (P>0,05; t‐test).

It is concluded that local use preoperatively of the antiprostaglandin drug indomethacin in 1% opthalmic solution (Indocid, MSD) is able to reduce surgically induced miosis during ECCE, thereby facilitating the operative procedure and probably minimizing complications.
Clinical experiences with the new anterior chamber lens «Symflex 350 B»
Authors: Anmarkrud Nils , Bergaust Bjørn , Bulie Tore , Sand Anton Bratberg
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 90 anterior chamber lenses, “Symflex 350 B”, were implanted in a prospective study. This preliminary report shows favourable visual results and relatively non‐serious complications in rather low frequency. Gonioscopy shows that the haptic of the lens is uniformly and exactly positioned in the chamber angle.
Ophthalmia neonatorum and prophylaxis
Authors: Klemetti Anneli
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Out of 156 newborn infants with purulent conjunctivitis reported to the registry of hospital infections, 24 cases received Crede's 1 per cent silver nitrate prophyhlaxis and 55 neonates 0,05 per cent chlorhexidin prophylaxis. 77 infants received no prophylaxis at all. The most frequently isolated bacteria was staphylococcus aureus with an incidence ranging from 49,4% in the group of infants without prophylaxis to 83,3% in the Crede's prophylaxis group. No cases of gonococcal ophthalmia neonatorum were found. The mean age at diagnosis of conjunctivitis was 6.0 days in the Crede's prophylaxis group, 5,5 days in the group of infants without prophylaxis and 6,1 days in the chlorhexidin group. Delivery by caesarean section had taken place in 9 cases (37,5%) of the Crede's prophylaxis group, in 26 cases (33,8%) of the group without prophylaxis and in 26 cases (47,3%) of the chlorhexidin group although the average frequency of caesarean section at this hospipital was about 20 per cent. The results refer to hospital infection. The need of prophylaxis is discussed.
Strabismus in young diabetics
Authors: Erkkilä Heikki , Summanen Paula , Schlenzka Anna
Published: May 2009

Abstract  As a part of general ophthalmological evaluation, strabismological examination was performed on 100 young diabetics born and living in the district of Helsinki City at the time of onset of diabetes before the age of 16 years during the period of 1968–1978. The mean age of the diabetics at the time of the examination was 20.7 years (range 8–30 years). The mean duration of diabetes was 11.3 years.

Heterotropia was found in 10 diabetics: 7 exotropias, 2 esotropias, and one vertical deviation. No paretic strabismus was detected. Strabismic amblyopia (visual acuity < 0.8) was found in one eye.

Heterophoria (exophoria ≥ 8 prism diopters or esophoria ≥ 6 prism diopters) was found in 21 diabetics. Isolated convergence insufficiency (near point further than 7 cm) was found in 2 diabetics. In addition, 19 others had fusional reserves 15°.

Diabetic retinopathy was found in 30, among them 4 had heterotropia. There was no statistically significant association between diabetic retinopathy and heterotropia or heterophoria. Neither was there any statistically significant difference in the frequencies of the strabismus between the diabetics studied and the control group.
Non‐Ocular Cancer in Retinoblastoma Survivors
Authors: Winther Jens , Olsen Jørgen H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The risk of non‐ocular cancer has been investigated in 150 surviving Danish patients with retinoblastoma diagnosed in the period 1943–1984. None of the patients had been treated with chemotherapeutic drugs. The overall relative risk of non‐ocular cancer was 4.2 (95% confidence limits, 1.1–11.5). In the subgroups of hereditary retinoblastoma, the relative risk was 15.4 (95% confidence limits, 2.6–50.8), and in the subgroups of non‐hereditary retinoblastoma the relative risk was 1.7 (95% confidence limits (0.1–8.5). The risk of cancer among 267 parents of retinoblastoma children was not different from that of the general population.
Estimation of tumour height and follow‐up of radiation response in uveal malignant melanoma by ultrasonography
Authors: Mianowicz Jerzy , Laatikainen Leila
Published: May 2009

Abstract. For local radiation therapy and follow‐up of uveal malignant melanoma estimation of the tumour height is essential. The height values received by ophthalmoscopy were found to be inaccurate and lower (mean 86%) than those measured directly on the tumour after enucleation. The ultrasonographic height estimation exceeded the histopathologic height by 9–20%, which may be partly due to shrinkage of the tumour during fixation. By ultrasonography, the response of tumour to radiation was seen in decreased tumour height and increased reflectivity within the tumour.
Secondary retinal detachment interpreted as a part of uveal melanoma by CT‐scan
Authors: Eide Nils , Nakstad Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract  Four patients with histologically verified uveal melanomas were examined with computed tomography (CT) scan. Ophthalmoscopy revealed a sharply deliminated tumour surrounded by a secondary retinal detachment. The clinically calculated size of the tumours corresponded well with the histological specimens. The CT‐scan indicated a greater size of the tumours. The discrepancies were due to difficulties in differentiation between the tumour tissue and the subretinal fluid which have almost identical CT‐numbers. By combining axial and coronal views it was possible to distinguish the tumour from the secondary retinal detachment.
Fluorophotometric evaluation of ocular barriers and of the vitreous body in the aphakic eye
Authors: Ring K. , Larsen M. , Dalgaard P. , Andersen H. Lund
Published: May 2009

Abstract  8 aphakic patients were studied with fluorophotometry and 3‐mirror examination of the vitreous body one month after cataract extraction. 4 were extracapsular with posterior chamber pseudophakos (ECCE) and 4 were intracapsular with anterior chamber pseudophakos (ICCE). A mathematical model is used to calculate blood‐ocular fluorescein permeability (P) and vitreous diffusion coefficient (D) from fluorophotometric scans. All 30‐minutes scans in the ECCE group and 2 in the ICCE showed a profile resembling that in phakic eyes, and P‐ and D‐values were calculated. In the remaining two patients from the ICCE group scans showed rapid filling of the vitreous cavity with fluoroscein and calculations could no be made.

Clinical examination showed vitreous detachment in these two eyes whereas the others had a normal vitreous structure evaluated by 3‐mirror examination. It is shown that fluorophotometric readings can be made in both intra‐ and extracapsularly operated eyes. Rapid mixing of the dye in the vitreous cavity is seen in relation to vitreous detachment.
LIGHT MICROSCOPY OF THE EXFOLIATION SYNDROME
Authors: Morrison John C. , Green W. Richard
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The exfoliation syndrome affects all structures of the ocular anterior segment, as well as the conjunctiva and occasionally, nonocular structures. The exfoliative material has been shown by a series of light microscopic and gross anatomic studies to be only loosely adherent to the anterior lens capsule, zonules and anterior vitreous face, and firmly adherent to the equatorial lens capsule and posterior epithelium of the iris and the nonpigmented ciliary epithelium. Electron microscopy demonstrates that, in these latter regions, exfoliation material consisting of characteristic, cross‐banded fibrils embedded in an amorphous matrix, is present both within the epithelial cells and associated with a disorganized, reduplicated basement membrane. These findings suggest that the material arises from the epithelium of the lens, iris and ciliary body, possibly the result of an underlying metabolic disorder. From these areas, the material enters the aqueous humor and later deposits on the anterior lens capsule, zonules, vitreous face, anterior surface of the iris, and trabecular meshwork.

Histochemical studies demonstrate the presence of glycosaminoglycans, which may comprise the interfibrillar portion of the exfoliative material. Other studies demonstrate histochemical similarities between exfoliative material and zonules and are supported by recent work suggesting that the exfoliative fibrils are related to the microfibrillar portion of elastin. Although some reports suggest similarities between exfoliative material and amyloid, a majority of histochemical studies do not support this possibility.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE EXFOLIATION SYNDROME
Authors: Seland Johan H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Exfoliation fibrils have a characteristic ultramicroscopi appearance. They are 20–30 nm thick with 10 nm subunits and may be 800 or 900 nm long. They sometimes have a characteristic banding periodicity of about 50 nm. The fibrils have been located in the lens capsule, zonular threads, iris, ciliary body and trabecular meshwork. Extraocular locations have also been found in conjunctival vessels and retroorbital tissue.
INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN EXFOLIATION SYNDROME
Authors: Klemetti Anneli
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A retrospective follow‐up study of 206 eyes with exfoliation in 164 patients was carried out. At the time exfoliation (EX) was initially diagnosed, there were 97 patients with unilateral and 42 patients (84 eyes) with bilateral exfoliation. In 25 patients the exfoliation was connected with hypertension or glaucoma in the fellow eye.

The average age of the patients with unilateral EX was 66.3 years and that of the patients with bilateral EX 68.0 years. The initial mean IOP (±SD) of 17.9 (±2.9) mmHg in 97 unilateral EX eyes was statistically significantly higher (2p < 0.001) than in the normal fellow eye 16.1 (±2.5) mmHg.

Of the 97 eyes with unilateral EX, 45.3 % with an initial mean IOP of 17.4 mmHg remained unchanged. The mean follow‐up time was 5.0 years. Conversion of unilateral to bilateral EX was observed in 14.4 % of cases. The mean time of conversion was 4.5 years. Of the 84 bilateral EX eyes with an initial mean IOP of 17.0 mmHg, 66.7 % remained unchanged.

Of the total sample of 206 EX eyes, 65.5 % remained normotensive and 34.5 % developed hypertension or glaucoma during the follow‐up period. The initial mean IOP of those eyes which remained normotensive was statistically significantly lower than that of those which later on developed hypertension or glaucoma (2p < 0.001).
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FLUOROANGIOGRAPHIC ASPECT OF THE OPTIC DISK AND THE VISUAL FIELD IN PATIENTS WITH THE EXFOLIATION SYNDROME WITH AND WITHOUT INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: Cambiaggi A. , Marras A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. 95 eyes of patients with bilateral exfoliation syndrome (ES) were examined with fluoroangiography. The visual field and the intraocular pressure were tested in the same eyes. The relationship between visual field defects, fluoroangiographic changes of the optic disk and intraocular hypertension is discussed. The results show that when hypertension and defects of perfusion are present in the same eye the visual field defect is always present and it is more severe.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FLUOROANGIOGRAPHIC ASPECT OF THE OPTIC DISK AND THE VISUAL FIELD IN PATIENTS WITH THE EXFOLIATION SYNDROME WITH AND WITHOUT INTRAOCULAR HYPERTENSION
Authors: Cambiaggi A. , Marras A. , Ermini D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Patients with monolateral exfoliation syndrome were examined to elucidate the differences between the eye with the exfoliation and the fellow eye and to explain the damage of the visual field of the eyes with or without exfoliation.

The greatest difference between the two groups of eyes is represented by an increased pigmentation of the anterior chamber angle. The visual field, as in bilateral cases, showes the greates damage when exfoliation and hypertension are present together in the same eye. An hypothesis is put forward to explain the supposed mechanism of action of these two factors.
EXFOLIATION SYNDROME PREVALENCE IN THE GLAUCOMA POPULATION OF SOUTH LOUISIANA
Authors: Ball Stuart F.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A prospective study was performed to determine the prevalence of exfoliation syndrome in a glaucoma population of South Louisiana. Five hundred consecutive open angle glaucoma patients over 50 years of age (median age 70.6 years) from both indigent clinic and private referral sources were examined for the presence of exfoliation material on the lens capsule. The prevalence in caucasian patients was 2.7 %, blacks 0.4 %, combined 1.4 %. This compares with a reported prevalence of exfoliation syndrome among patients with open angle glaucoma in the United States of 3 % to 28 %, Denmark of 26 %, Ireland of 66 %, and Sweden of 75 %. This low prevalence may be a reflection of the ethnic origin of the population, but other explanations are considered.
PREVALENCE OF EXFOLIATION SYNDROME IN THE JAPANESE
Authors: Shimizu K. , Kimura Y. , Aoki K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We evaluated the prevalence of exfoliation syndrome (ES) with or without glaucoma seen in our Department over a 32‐month period. We could identify a total of 59 patients with ES, 30 males and 29 females. All the cases were aged 50 years or more except one case, with the peak in the 8th decade. The ages of the cases averaged 70.0±8.34 years. ES was present unilaterally in 47 cases (85%) and bilaterally in 12 (15%). Glaucoma was associated in 37 out of the 59 cases of ES (63%). Males with ES seemed to be more prone to develop glaucoma than females.

We observed 96 non‐ES cases with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) during the same period. The ages of the cases averaged 59.6±15.4 years.

Our survey indicates that ES is not an uncommon occurrence among the Japanese population served by our Department. The incidence of ES as a whole approximates three‐fifths of that of POAG.
PREVALENCE OF SIMPLE AND CAPSULAR GLAUCOMA IN THE CENTRAL HOSPITAL DISTRICT OF KOTKA
Authors: Valle O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The observed total prevalences of simple and capsular glaucoma, based on hospital records in a district with a population of about 190 000 are presented. All open‐angle glaucoma patients receiving glaucoma medication are included. The total combined prevalence of simple and capsular glaucoma in the population was 0.60. The prevalences of both simple and capsular glaucoma were almost the same, 0.32 and 0.28, respectively. 47% of the open‐angle glaucoma patients had exfoliation syndrome. The prevalences are age‐dependent with a maximum of 4.5% combined (2.1% simple, 2.4% capsular) in the age group of 75 to 84 years. The mean annual increase in the prevalence of open‐angle glaucoma was nearly linear in the age groups 65 to 84 years (0.19%), being higher in the exfoliation syndrome group (0.11%) than in the simple glaucoma group (0.08%). The results are compared to some previous population surveys.
PREVALENCE OF EXFOLIATION SYNDROME IN FINLAND
Authors: Krause U. , Alanko H. I. , Kärnä J. , Miettinen R. , Larmi T. , Jaanio E. , Ollila O‐I. , Takala J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Three separate investigations are reported, covering a total of 795 patients from different parts of Finland, two of them consisting of inmates of old people's homes in two towns (N = 205 and 262) and one a randomly selected population from a rural commune (N = 328). They show the mean prevalence of exfoliation syndrome (PS) to be 14.2% in age group 60 ≤69 years, 21.9% in age group 70–79 and 34.7% in age group ≥80. The prevalence increases statistically significantly with age. The mean prevalence of PS in all three groups was 22.4%. No isolate‐like accumulation of PS could be demonstrated. The figures seem representative of the hole country.
OUR EXPERIENCES IN PLANNED EXTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION IN THE EXFOLIATION SYNDROMA
Authors: Goder G. J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We noticed a tenfold higher incidence of zonular rupture during planned extracapsular cataract extraction (e.c.c.e.) in patients with exfoliation syndrome compared to patients without this disease. The exfoliation glaucoma is an especially bad precondition for e.c.c.e. The postoperative complication rate (toxic lens syndroma, iridocyclitis) is remarkably high when there is an increased fluorescein leakage of the iris vessels before the operation. Also changes of the vitreous as shown by biomicroscopy or ultrasonography in the case of hazy optical media of the eye are a bad precondition. An intracapsular cataract extraction without lens implantation should be considered in cases of two or more worsening preoperative conditions.
Myopia in Melanesian school children in Vanuatu
Authors: Grosvenor T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Visual acuity, refraction, and the components of refraction were measured in 788 Melanesian children in the South Pacific island nation of Vanuatu. of the 788 children, 97.2% were found to have uncorrected visual acuity of 6/6, 96.8% were found to have a spherical equivalent refraction between ‐0.25 and +1.00 D, 2.9% were found to have myopia of 0.50 or more, 0.25% were found to have hyperopia of 1.25 D or more, and 0.25% were found to have refractive astigmatism of 1.25 D or more. The low prevalence of ametropia may be considered to be due mainly to genetic factors; however, the possibility of environmental factors cannot be ruled out.
Progressive myopia and intraocular pressure: what is the linkage?: A literature review
Authors: Pruett Ronald C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Progressive myopia may result from an inherited biomechanical weakness of the sclera that allows it to stretch (creep) in response to stress. Increased intraocular pressure could be the mediator of stress produced by the inclined head position and the accommodation/convergence aspects of near work. This paper reviews data that relate to this hypothesis including work on sclera, intraocular pressure, animal models of myopia, and attempts at human treatment. Although the weight of evidence appears to support the proposed notion, no firm conclusion can be drawn due to imperfections in the design of prior studies. A future research agenda is proposed, including a controlled clinical trial of pharmacologically sustained ocular hypotension in young progressive myopes.
Spectacle‐use, bifocals and prevention of myopic progression: The two‐years results of a randomized trial among schoolchildren
Authors: Pärssinen Olavi , Hemminki Elina
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This paper gives the two‐year follow‐up results of a randomized trial of three different types of corrective lenses: 1) minus lenses with full correction for continuous use (the Reference group); 2) minus lenses with full correction to be used for distant vision only; and 3) bifocal lenses. A total of 240 9–11‐years old mildly myopic schoolchildren were randomly allocated to the three different treatment groups to be followed up for 3 years. After 2‐years follow‐up the change in the spherical equivalent was greatest in the distant use group. There were no significant postive correlations between changes in refraction and accommodation or refraction and convergence.
Ocular and retinal blood flow
Authors: Hill D. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract This paper discusses the interrelationship between retinal and choroidal blood flow, citing particularly the circulatory changes in light and dark adaptation, and the response vessels to hypoxia. The problems of diabetic retinopathy are also considered.
Ocular blood flow changes with increased vascular resistance external and internal to the eye
Authors: Schilder Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract Precise instantaneous digital measurement of intraocular pressure done non‐invasively is a clinical window to the vascular physiology of the eye. This technique has been used to study the pulse amplitude/intraocular pressure curve in 2 distinct clinical entities. The first is amaurosis fugax before and after carotid endarterectomy. This demonstrates the effects of high vascular resistance external to the eye on the ocular blood flow. The second is a patient with long‐standing arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease. This is an illustration of increased vascular resistance within the eye.
Estimation of pulsatile ocular blood flow from intraocular pressure
Authors: Silver David M. , Farrell Richard A. , Langham Maurice E. , O'Brien Vivian , Schilder Peter
Published: May 2009

Abstract A relationship has been derived between intraocular pressure and pulsatile blood flow in the eye. Measurements of intraocular pressure show a time variation that is associated with the pulsatile component of arterial pressure. Experimental results provide a means of transforming intraocular pressure changes into ocular volume changes. The eye is represented by a chamber with elastic walls, a pulsatile incoming flow of incompressible fluid (blood), and a steady outgoing flow of blood. Under these conditions, the rate of pulsatile blood flow through the eye can be approximated from the instantaneous intraocular pressure measurements. Data from a healthy human eye are used to illustrate the analysis.
Disc haemorrhages and the etiology of glaucoma
Authors: Krakau Torsten
Published: May 2009

Abstract As a consequence of the hypothesis that all open angle glaucomas at some time exhibit a disc haemorrhage, it is proposed that both low and high tension glaucomas have the same etiology. That the primary lesion should be sought in the small vessels of the optic disc seems to be a reasonable suggestion.
Johan Lorenz Odhelius and Cataract extraction in Sweden
Authors: Dohlman Carin , Albert Daniel M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In 1775, Johan Lorenz Odhelius presented a lecture to the Royal Academy of Science at Stockholm describing his preferred operation for cataract. Odhelius generally endorsed the technique described by Daviel (1753) 22 years earlier, but included additional observations and modifications based on his own experience. This address was published in Swedish (Odhelius 1775) in the same year and is one of the earliest ophthalmological monographs by a Swedish author. Odhelius' publication is now translated into English and put into its historical perspective.
Long‐term survival of large diameter penetrating keratoplasties for keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration
Authors: Speaker Mark G. , Arentsen Juan J , Laibson Peter R.
Published: May 2009

Corneal transplantation in eyes with keratoconus is known to have an excellent prognosis for graft survival. The favorable prognosis for penetrating keratoplasty in these eyes is in large part attributed to the lack of corneal vascularization or ocular inflammation in this disorder (Arentsen 1983). In some patients with keratoconus, and in patients with pellucid marginal degeneration, which is presumed to be a related disorder (Krachmer et al. 1984), severe stromal thinning extends into the corneal periphery. Penetrating keratoplasty with standard diameter recipient beds of 7.5–8.5 mm in these patients may result in graft‐host tissue disparity, wound leaks, and high post‐keratoplasty astigmatism. Corneal grafts employing a larger than standard diameter recipient bed allows more peripheral placement of the graft‐host interface where the host cornea is less severely thinned. Placement of the graft in closer proximity to the limbal vasculature is, however, thought to increase the probability of allograft rejection reactions (Cherry et al. 1979). In this report, we present our experience with large diameter grafts for keratoconus and pellucid marginal degeneration.
Distribution of collagenase and cell types in sterile ulceration of human corneal grafts
Authors: Wagoner Michael D. , Kenyon Kenneth R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Extensive clinical and experimental evidence has suggested a role for corneal epithelium, keratocytes, and acute inflammatory cells in sterile corneal ulceration, although the precise role of these cell types in stromal matrix degradation has not been elucidated. We studied two corneal buttons and two whole corneas from 4 patients with corneal grafts and sterile stromal ulceration. Each cornea was divided into several sections and examined morphologically, while adjacent sections were placed in tissue culture and assayed for collagenase activity against type I collagen. In each case, collagenase activity was present in tissue from ulcerating and nonulcerating areas and, in most regions assayed, exceeded collagenase activity in normal control peripheral donor corneas. Collagenase levels were not always greatest in areas of most advanced ulceration. Although polymorphonuclear leukocytes were extensively present histologically in two cases, one case had a mixed inflammatory cell population at the site of ulceration, and another had only keratocytes (fibroblasts) present in the entire cornea. We conclude that regional differences in collagen degradation are due not only to the presence of collagenase, but also to cellular and humoral activators and inhibitors that determine collagenolytic activity.
Repair of the corneal epithelial adhesion structures following keratectomy wounds in diabetic rabbits
Authors: Azar Dimitri T. , Gipson Ilene K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In corneal tissue from a diabetic patient 15 months after delayed epithelial healing following vitrectomy surgery, electron microscopy revealed a discontinuous basement membrane; immunohistochemically, fibronectin was present in the basement membrane zone. To determine whether alterations in repair of the basement membrane, anchoring fibrils and hemidesmo‐somes occur in wounds in diabetics, we studied the pattern of histochemical localization of bullous pemphigoid antigen (the intracellular hemidesmosome plaque component), laminin and type VII collagen (the anchoring fibril collagen) in alloxan‐induced diabetic rabbits following superficial keratectomy. Ultrastructural studies of basal laminae and hemidesmosomes also were performed. Epithelial wound closure was complete by 66–72 h after 7‐mm superficial keratectomies. Type VII collagen localized at the base of the epithelium at the wound periphery by 66 h, appearing as a beaded line underlying the epithelium; at 1 week, as in control rabbits, the localization zone extended across the wound bed. Polyclonal antibodies to laminin and bullous pemphigoid antigen showed similar localization. Small segments of basal laminae were noted by electron microscopy of the wound periphery as early as 66 h post‐kera‐tectomy. By 2 weeks, an increase in hemidesmosomes associated with segments of discontinuous basal lamina was apparent. No obvious differences in the time or pattern of re‐appearance of the adhesion complex in keratectomy wounds could be discerned between normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rabbits. Thus, healing defects in diabetics may be due to factors other than reassembly of adhesion structures.
The role of the limbus in ocular surface maintenance and repair
Authors: Thoft Richard A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Since Claes Dohlman's original treatise on the corneal epithelium, a great deal has been learned about the biology of that layer. Its maintenance depends in part on centripetal movement of cells from the periphery toward the center. To some degree the supply of these peripheral cells appears to be dependent on the proliferation of cells at the limbus, from so‐called ‘stem cells’. Studies of stem cell replication and differentiation of their progeny will lead undoubtedly to new insights into the the machanisms responsible for many of the chronic abnormalities of the central corneal surface.
Surface cell morphology of the anesthetic human cornea: A color specular microscopic study
Authors: Lemp Michael A. , Mathers William D. , Gold Joseph B.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The technique of color specular microscopy has been utilized to study the surface cell morphology of the human cornea in 6 subjects with profound corneal anesthesia from diverse causes. In an analysis of cell area, perimeter, and shape, anesthetic corneas showed a statistically significant increase in cell size and perimeter. In addition, there was a loss of cellular outlines and overall increase in rose bengal staining of cells. We believe that these cellular microscopic changes reflect profound changes in epithelial cell turnover related to a decrease in neurohumoral transmitters known to be necessary for maintenance of normal corneal morphology and function.
Keratopathy of the rabbit cornea following complete eyelid closure
Authors: Koch Jörg M. , Refojo Miguel F. , Leong Fee‐Lai , Kenyon Kenneth R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The corneal response to a complete tarsorrhaphy was studied in 46 rabbits for time periods up to 21 days. During the first 7 days of complete eyelid closure corneal thickness increased up to 18.4%, glycogen decreased 32.2%, and lactate rose 27.2%. A steep increase in corneal thickness to 89.8% appeared after 14 days, followed by decreasing values at 21 days, which was concomitant with the formation of extensive vascularized pannus. These results confirm previous findings that the partial pressure of O2 under closed eye conditions is substantially below physiologic requirements, affects endothelial pump capability, and results in major corneal swelling. When silicone contact lenses were fitted immediately before eyelid closure, corneal swelling 2 days after lid closure did not differ from that in eyes without lenses.
Extraneuronal herpetic latency: animal and human corneal studies
Authors: Pavan‐Langston Deborah , Rong Bing‐Lan , Dunkel Edmund C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract HSV DNA has been previously detected by both in situ and dot blot hybridization in neuronal tissues latently infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV), but not in extraneuronal tissues. The present study, using dot blot hybridization with a cloned full‐length HSV DNA probe and subtractive hybridization assays for detecting HSV RNA, reveals both the presence and activity of the HSV genome in 100% of HSV latently infected rabbit corneas tested. Studies on human herpetic corneas taken at keratoplasty using slot blot hybridization with a cloned full‐lenght HSV DNA probe demonstrated positive binding (hybridization) to the probe in 50% of samples tested but no binding to normal human control DNA. These studies confirm earlier, less sensitive virus recovery assays and implicate the cornea as an extraneuronal site of HSV latency and reactivation.