bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applications of immersive technologies in education : A systematic literature review
Authors: Rezaei Ali R.
Published: July 2024

Although advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) have been available since the 1950s, many educators still wonder how they can apply them in their practice. Before the release of Open AI and ChatGPT in 2022, no widespread applications of AI were reported in the literature, and after this breakthrough, most educators are focusing exclusively on this particular technology. There is a need to consider other types and other applications of AI. This paper reviews the evolution of the so-called immersive technologies and the status of their applications in education. This study aims to fill this gap by investigating the literature to identify current applications of AI and VR in education, focusing on real-life examples of how these technologies are currently being utilised. Besides, the paper provides a list of best practices in the utilisation of immersive technologies, and special attention is given to this new tool. It offers new and inspiring research topics and innovative research strategies for researchers in the field. The literature review not only sheds light on the types of journals publishing articles on AI and VR applications but also elucidates the nature of these articles. In the conclusion section of this paper, the limitations of prior studies are discussed and recommendations for future research are offered.
Renovating more, better and more effectively: Lessons learned from the Danish ‘Renovation on the Agenda’ initiative
Authors: Axelsen Lars , Bang Henrik L. , Uhd Thomas
Published: July 2024

In Denmark, as in many other countries, new construction has taken centre stage at the expense of building renovation. By measures of production value as well as in terms of public interest and status, new construction is in first place. Building renovation, in contrast, is of lesser importance and considered by many a dull necessity. Over the last two decades, the level of new construction activity has declined, and currently half the turnover in the building business relates to renovation — a trend that is expected to continue. Although building renovation is large in volume now, focus and interest has not changed accordingly. ‘Renovation on the Agenda’ is a cross-sector initiative whose ambition is to set the renovation agenda in Denmark in the building sector in the wider public and politically, in order to be able to renovate more, better and more efficiently.
Knowledge, the new currency in regeneration
Authors: Burrage Hilary
Published: July 2024

Knowledge is a neglected commodity in regeneration. It can be seen as the 'new currency' — the element in modern society which very largely distinguishes the empowered from the disempowered. But while much attention is paid to developing sustainable communities in contemporary settings, very little is paid to the flow and accumulation/acquisition of knowledge or knowledges which might inform and empower them. If knowledge could be said to be like water, it is as though one is content to leave it unchannelled, and its course uncharted. Policy-makers and regeneration practitioners need to ask questions such as whether Big Science public investment decisions are too important to be left to scientific researchers, and whether technologies, professional skills and expertise of all sorts need to be seen as a resource in themselves within sustainable development frameworks for national, regional and local economies. This paper makes the case that knowledge is the new currency, and examines some ways in which understandings of knowledge as a commodity might become a constructive aspect of regenerational good practice.
TSA construction project: Eugene Airport case study
Authors: Stockton Kevin
Published: July 2024

Airport terminal construction projects face the usual pitfalls of standard construction, but also include added concerns derived from the need to maintain airline operations and passenger security throughout the process. The Eugene Airport checked baggage inspection system project exemplifies the importance of coordination among the design team, owner, stakeholders and contractor in order to ensure successful completion.
From inside to out: Reinventing a brand globally and locally
Authors: Felton Louise
Published: July 2024

Two years ago, Intel was at a crossroads. As the leader in personal computer chip technology, Intel had built its business and brand through the persistent focus on ‘Intel Inside’. With the personal computer market softening, perceptions of the company as relevant and innovative were weakening. Third-party brand studies had dramatically reduced Intel's brand ranking. Proprietary brand research underscored the declining state of the brand. As technology rapidly evolved, with more and more brands entering the market, Intel's role, brand visibility and relevance had become overshadowed. With future growth expected to come from categories fuelled by the data centre, the Internet of Things, wearable technology, drones, virtual reality and other innovations, Intel needed to redefine the brand, connect people to the experiences that Intel makes possible, expand the brand domain, and increase relevance in order to be a vital, vibrant and leading brand for the future. A bold goal was established: to reinvent, revitalise and transform the Intel brand, connecting Intel's equity as the power inside to the amazing experiences enabled outside. This paper tells the story of that brand transformation and how localisation of a global strategy drove meaningful impact on Intel's relevance and brand value around the world.
Brands as publishers: Using content and paid media to fuel a brand transformation
Authors: Basney Barbara
Published: July 2024

Wearing the hat of publisher is a major shift in the way advertisers traditionally approach marketing and communication. Xerox's use of content marketing has enabled it to reposition the brand from its legacy perception as ‘the copier company’ to its current business as a global provider of business process services and solutions. According to Xerox, essential guidelines for content marketing include integrating paid, owned and earned content, appropriately employing sponsored native advertising, working closely with media partners to experiment with new formats and messages and being relevant to the target audience.
Unleashing women's philanthropy
Authors: Campbell Cannie , Clifford Sean
Published: July 2024

Women are gaining power and prominence in almost every corner of society, and philanthropy is no exception. As women's philanthropy continues to grow in all areas such as healthcare, education and humanitarian work, the need for advancement shops to pay particular attention to this phenomenon is critical. At James Madison University (JMU), Women for Madison (WFM), a women-led initiative, was formed in 2013 with a mission to promote investment in the future of JMU. In the last few years, JMU has embarked on a bold initiative to engage its women donors to become a visible and leading force in philanthropy. That effort eventually led WFM to create a women's giving society, the Amethyst Circle. The Amethyst Circle is the first-of-its-kind giving society at JMU. Together,  JMU and WFM are harnessing the collective power of women's philanthropy to raise US$1m every two years through 200 women donors. Members will help open doors to high-achieving students who need scholarships to attend the university. This paper highlights what JMU has sought to achieve, and how other institutions of higher education might be inspired to make gender equality a focus of their giving.
Digital and crypto-assets: Tracking global adoption rates and impacts on securities services
Authors: Harwood-Jones Margaret
Published: July 2024

As we move into an age of digital transformation, digital assets in their various forms are at the forefront of many conversations. This paper explores the various forms of digital assets available today, and the impact these assets are having on securities services providers. The terms ‘digital assets’ and ‘crypto-assets’ cover a broad range of different definitions — we explore the definitions available today and how these vary depending on the defining authority. Tokenisation and the technology that enables tokenisation offers an opportunity for releasing trapped liquidity and the opening up of markets for untradeable asset classes. This process and the subsequent digital assets present an additional set of challenges for securities services providers and their clients. To address these challenges, the industry needs to come to agreement on a standardisation of processes, roles, regulations and definitions for digital assets to succeed as an asset class. Through the tokenisation proof of concept (POC) Standard Chartered recently completed, we explore the potential blockchain technology affords and some of the potential use cases of this technology, as well as the role a securities services provider can play. The impact of digital assets on securities service providers is inevitable. The skills and knowledge that exist today will remain relevant, but the roles and the way this knowledge is applied will change. In order to keep pace with this evolution, securities services providers must ensure they stay abreast of changes in technology and the opportunities this affords in order to adapt to these new opportunities and roles.
Space allocation for commercial activities in low-cost airport terminals: Soekarno-Hatta International Airport
Authors: Saraswati Batari , Hanaoka Shinya
Published: July 2024

This study discusses space allocation for concessions in a low-cost terminal. An optimisation model is utilised to allocate space for each concession in a given location based on the concept of potential buyers. The model considers low-cost carrier passenger characteristics, specifically their concession preferences and dwelling time patterns. In this study, Terminal 3 in Soekarno-Hatta International Airport is used as a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the model. Food and beverages are found to be the most preferable and profitable concession. Concession sales from the airside account for a greater proportion of revenue, due to the greater number of potential buyers and higher penetration rate.
Benefits of public–private cooperation: The case study of Seve Ballesteros-Santander Airport in Spain
Authors: Gundelfinger Javier
Published: July 2024

Seve Ballesteros-Santander Airport (SDR/LEXJ) is a success story among Europe’s small regional airports. This success is due, among other factors, to: 1) the commitment to the promotion of connectivity and tourism by the successive regional governments of Cantabria, one of the 17 regions making up Spain; 2) the management of the infrastructure carried out by Aena, with intense modernisation and expansion of the airport; and 3) the commitment of the airlines to Cantabria through the development of a large network of air routes, especially Ryanair, but also Air Nostrum, Vueling, Iberia, Volotea, Wizz Air and Binter. In the last 20 years, the airport’s traffic volume has quadrupled from 250.000 passengers to one million. The number of destinations has increased from just a few frequencies to Madrid and Barcelona to 30 destinations covering the whole of Spain and providing connectivity to the main European capitals and major cities. This paper will analyse some of the factors, including supply and demand, that have given rise to this success. It will also discuss the economic impact of the airport on the region and some of the main opportunities and challenges it will face throughout the coming years.
Montijo: Best practices in waterfront renewal
Authors: Almeida Diana
Published: July 2024

The concern with waterfronts as public spaces has been playing an increasing role in medium-sized cities in Portugal. Urban renewal needed for the life of the city has started to include abandoned and redundant waterfront areas, turning them into vibrant places for residents and visitors. Montijo’s waterfront renewal plan started in 2006, with environmental concerns about the Tagus river water quality and the creation of green corridors in order to link the city and the waterfront. Old port structures and warehouses were regenerated, allowing retail and services to move near to the water. Water mill renewal allowed significant changes in the waterfront uses, creating a cultural niche that anchors this intervention.
How financial inclusion is evolving to make payments easier for all
Authors: Bedarkar Vijay , Conway Alison
Published: July 2024

This paper looks at how financial inclusion impacts marginalised communities, focusing on Africa and Asia predominantly, and how the evolution of digital financial services has helped advance the progression of financial inclusion. The paper considers the lessons learned from previous financial inclusion initiatives and provides examples of where some of the risks associated with these initiatives have been mitigated through the use of Big Data to access underserved rural communities or overcome obstacles such as gender bias when designing financial products and services. The paper will also look at options for future activity that could help to overcome some of the challenges created by financial exclusion. The paper will look at specific case studies from mobile money in Africa to female empowerment initiatives globally, including how the COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated existing problems for vulnerable communities but also acted as a catalyst for new and appropriately responsive activity. From working in collaboration, to improved regulation, the need for increased equality across access to digital financial services and the relevant literacy training required, this paper seeks to review what the previous landscape of financial inclusion technology looked like and how it can evolve.
UK banks face huge investments to comply with Bank of England stress test
Authors: Thun Christian
Published: July 2024

The paper identifies the key challenges UK banks are facing in light of the Bank of England stress test. Improvements in data management, data consumption, model development and IT infrastructure will require significant investment. However, the new UK stress-testing regulatory requirements are an important step in improving market transparency and confidence in the UK banking sector. Moody's Analytics has developed a Seven Steps Model to help banks implement stress-testing best practices across their various business divisions.
Monitoring of a low-energy home in New Zealand : A case study of a Christchurch superhome
Authors: Armiento Bramantino , Chawynski Gregory , Phipps Robyn , Mandin Corinne , Rasheed Eziaku
Published: July 2024

Solar power is a critical component of New Zealand’s energy supply by providing direct and complimentary energy to more people within the built environment and building resilience and sustainability into communities. A key factor in the successful uptake of solar onsite generation will be using solar with advanced technologies and home design practices. This will enable better built, healthier homes that save energy and create healthier environments during the coldest parts of the year. This paper provides a background to what is happening in New Zealand in comparison with Australia and the UK with regard to the uptake of solar PV and insulation. It documents a case study of a high-performance home in New Zealand, designed and built above the minimum Building Code of New Zealand requirements.
Preventing cybercrime: A framework for understanding the role of human vulnerabilities
Authors: Kayser Christopher S. , Ellen Mastrorilli Mary , Cadigan Robert
Published: July 2024

Cybercrime is the fastest growing form of crime in the world today. Currently, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) cannot accurately predict how humans will respond to cyberattacks, particularly those that incorporate social engineering (SEing) into their design. Cybercriminals have learned to utilise SEing as an effective means to dupe users of technology (UoT) to into being victimised by capitalising on known vulnerabilities related to human nature and human curiosity, which the authors collectively refer to as the human dimension. This paper introduces a new theory, Required Elements for a Social Engineered Cyber Attack Theory (RESCAT), which provides a more complete understanding of how social engineers (SEs) design cyberattacks, based upon these elements, to increase the probability of a successful cyberattack. RESCAT applies and expands upon routine activities theory (RAT) in an effort to better understand cyber deviance in cyberspace. The paper argues that an expanded approach drawing on criminological theory can reduce the incidence rates of such crimes and propose that incorporating the concepts of RESCAT as a complement to current technology solutions will decrease the risks of being victimised by a cyberattack.
Climate resiliency: A unique multi-hazard mitigation approach
Authors: Baja Kristin
Published: July 2024

Baltimore’s unique combination of shocks and stresses cuts across social, economic and environmental factors. Like many other post-industrial cities, over the past several decades, Baltimore has experienced a decline in its population — resulting in a lower tax base. These trends have had deleterious effects on the city’s ability to attend to much needed infrastructure improvements and human and social services. In addition to considerable social and economic issues, the city has begun to experience negative impacts due to climate change. The compounding nature of these trends has put Baltimore, like other post-industrial cities, in the position of having to do more with fewer available resources. Rather than wait for disaster to strike, Baltimore took a proactive approach to planning for shocks and stresses by determining unique ways to pre-emptively plan for and adapt to effects from climate change and incorporating these into the City’s All Hazard Mitigation Plan. Since adopting the plan in 2013, Baltimore has been moving forward with various projects aimed at improving systems, enhancing adaptive capacity and building a more resilient and sustainable city. This paper describes the basis for the city’s approach and offers a portrait of its efforts in order to broaden foundational knowledge of the emerging ways that cities are recasting the role of planning in light of unprecedented circumstances that demand complex solutions that draw on few resources.
The validation of machine-learning models for the stress testing of credit risk
Authors: Jacobs, Michael
Published: July 2024

Banking supervisors need to know the amount of capital resources required by an institution to support the risks taken. Traditional approaches, such as regulatory capital ratios, have proven inadequate, giving rise to stress-testing as a primary tool. The macroeconomic variables that supervisors provide to institutions for exercises such as the Comprehensive Capital Analysis and Review (CCAR) programme represent a critical input into this. A common approach to segment-level modelling is statistical regression, like vector autoregression (VAR), to exploit the dependency structure between macroeconomic drivers and modelling segments. However, linear models such as VAR are unable to model distributions that deviate from normality. This paper proposes a challenger approach in the machine-learning class of models, widely used in the academic literature, but not commonly employed in practice: the multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) model. The study empirically tests these models using Fed Y-9 filings and macroeconomic data, released by the regulators for CCAR purposes. The champion MARS model is validated through a rigorous comparison against the VAR model, and is found to exhibit greater accuracy and superior out-of-sample performance, according to various metrics across all modelling segments. The MARS model also produces more reasonable forecasts according to quality and conservatism.
Neighbourhood regeneration: Routes out of disappointment
Authors: Davies Trevor
Published: July 2024

There is a sense in Scotland that the substantial effort in regeneration is simply not producing the results on the ground in terms of measurable outcomes. There is reason to think that this may be the result of the nature of that effort. The large regeneration agency, with its substantial funding, its single-minded focus on defined and quantified 'outcomes', its network of partners all working towards the same ends seems like the very model of impressive modern efficiency. But it may be that, by not creating the conditions in which new local work can arise from innovation, trial and error and the occasional failure, it is proving counterproductive to the recovery of a self-generating and diverse local economy. Eight policy areas where local, as distinct from central, government should act are proposed.
Implementing a centralised digital strategy across multiple countries
Authors: Barbesino Paolo
Published: July 2024

Online behaviours are becoming increasingly similar across territories and cultures as a result of the several forces at play that fall under the broader label of digitisation and globalisation. Whereas localisation is an important pillar in the digital strategy of global internet companies inasmuch as it allows them to mould an overarching customer experience (CX) to local specificities, many global banking groups fall short in leveraging a structured approach to cross-country CX design and sport a highly fragmented CX across their digital touchpoints. This paper explores the advantage of the standardisation of the digital customer experience in banking, moving from the plurality of local perspectives to a global digital service design approach that allows banks to improve the way they traditionally tackle digital customer interaction.
Augmented locality: The utilisation of urban screens in public places as new networks of the city
Authors: Cheshmehzangi Ali , Ornsby Paul
Published: July 2024

Augmented space is a contemporary — but debatable — topic in urban design. As a concept, augmented space is considered more than just a visual and is utilised in various ways in the public realm. We can refer to it as the digital realm of the public place. One major application of digital realm in urban design is the utilisation of urban screens in public place, which is studied in this paper. However, there are pros and cons from the utilisation of urban screens in the public place. This paper first explores the concept of augmented space and introduces three different models of utilising urban screens in the public place. Each model is supported by a case study. This study does not necessarily support the increasing usage of urban screens in the public place but rather argues about methods of utilising them through a careful design consideration. Through examples of three models, this paper addresses two aspects of: (a) various ways of implementing urban screens in the public place and (b) potentials and threats for the use of augmented space in the public place. Although augmented space in the public place can be both effective and harmful to the urban setting, it should not necessarily be neglected in the process of public place design. It should rather be considered as an added layer in the public place, and should not be merely utilised for the purpose of commercialisation, advertisement, misinformation, public discourse and political process that may lead to its false or excessive usage. Finally, this study offers a list of possibilities for designers as place making strategies.
How the Legal Entity Identifier supports the digitisation of business transactions
Authors: Wolf Stephan
Published: July 2024

This paper reviews the global market conditions together with the commercial and technical drivers that have created the need for a globally interoperable form of digital identity for legal entities. It recounts the role the Global Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) System is already playing in enabling the clear and unambiguous identification of legal entities for all stakeholders globally, and presents examples of how the LEI is already being leveraged by public authorities in payments use cases around the world. The paper also explores the technical model underpinning the Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation’s new form of digital organisational identity — the verifiable LEI — before exploring how this can bring new value to the payments industry globally.
Maximising a remote Revenue Cycle Management (RCM) workforce through technology and transparency
Authors: Zimmerman Michele
Published: July 2024

The onset of COVID-19 in 2020 forced revenue cycle management organisations to ride the work-from-home trend. As the pandemic’s ‘stay-at-home’ mandates continued, these organisations began to experience the benefits of a remote workforce — improved work-life balance, employee satisfaction and productivity among others. When the restrictions of the pandemic lessened, the desire to maintain a flexible work environment remained strong. Organisations must now find ways to optimise their remote workforce without the comfort of walking the floors for real-time observation and feedback. They must now replace previous best practices of an in-person work environment with technology that provides real-time visibility into day-to-day activities, performance improvement opportunities, centralised workflow, advanced account segmentation strategies and modern payment options. By implementing technologies to amplify their workforce from within flexible workplace environments, organisations will reap the benefits of improved productivity performance. They will also create a work environment that boosts morale and reduces staff turnover by setting up their staff for success and investing in tools that remove barriers to achieving their goals and enhancing their experience.
Career resilience tips for business continuity practitioners
Authors: Marling Cheyene
Published: July 2024

Business continuity practitioners looking to ensure the resilience of their career must dedicate time to understanding the profession, developing a career strategy, investing in professional development, and finding creative ways to leverage their personal uniqueness. This paper provides tips on how to do just this.
Housing renewal in England: Where do we go from here?
Authors: Couch Chris , Cocks Matthew
Published: July 2024

This paper discusses options for the future of housing renewal in England. In March 2011, the Government cut short the Housing Market Renewal (HMR) initiative which began in 2003 and was due to finish in 2018. This move left local authorities with uncompleted schemes, and a number of uncertainties as to how to proceed. While there have been immediate decisions to be made, there are also questions to be asked about how to continue housing renewal in the medium term in the context of much reduced public funding availability and an ongoing economic crisis. This paper discusses the HMR programme’s activities to date, and then presents the results of a Delphi study with a group of experts based in the Liverpool conurbation. The Delphi technique involves a series of questionnaires and feedback, in order to gain expert opinion on a particular topic. Experts were asked for their views on the future of housing renewal in the conurbation. While establishing a consensus was not necessary an aim of the exercise, a degree of consensus was nevertheless arrived at on a potential future strategy. It was concluded that a piecemeal approach is necessary in the current climate. Strong planning policies remain important in supporting neighbourhood regeneration, which should be holistic and community led, rather than undertaken through imposing top-down attempts at housing market restructuring.
Editorial: Austerity era regeneration: Conceptual issues and practical challenges, Part 1
Authors: Pugalis Lee , Liddle Joyce
Published: July 2024

This special issue investigates the challenges posed by an era of austerity affecting the activities of those immersed in the regeneration of places. The Great Recession of the 21st century provides a critical juncture, but also significant are contextual factors, political strategies and positions taken by key authors. This special issue brings together a diverse mixture of agents of regeneration, including: those who have led large public-sector organisations; those who have initiated regeneration ventures; those who are steeped in partnership working; those specialising in private-sector consultancy; state and non-state policy makers and policy shapers; community advisers acting in various voluntary, philanthropic and professional capacities; local government officers; policy analysts and commentators; bloggers; researchers; scholars; and those who have had several different careers related to regeneration. Engaging with conceptual issues and practical challenges, this special issue is located in the fertile terrain between policy, implementation and academia. It does not seek to provide any magic formulas for those confronted with the challenges facing regeneration in an era of austerity, but, where possible, pragmatic lessons are identified, new dilemmas are raised and broader implications teased out.
A glimpse into the future of facility and maintenance management: A case study of augmented reality
Authors: May Michael , Clauss Michael , Salzmann Philipp
Published: July 2024

Many tasks in facility management (FM) and maintenance management (MM) require informed decisions in real time on-site. This is particularly true when action is to be taken during an emergency, disaster or damage. Very often relevant documents, images and instructions are not available or not up to date, resulting in unnecessary effort and cost and sometimes wrong decisions. Augmented reality (AR) is the technology that can be exploited in some of those cases. With AR being an essential digitisation technology, 3D virtual objects can be integrated into a 3D real environment in real time. This paper gives an overview of AR technology and applications and points out possible utilisations in FM and MM. The paper describes the approach and results of the research project FMstar (Facility Management by semantic technologies and augmented reality) supported by the German Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy. The project, which was undertaken by a consortium of three universities and four SMEs, considers the application of AR to maintenance and commissioning of technical equipment. The focus is not only on AR but also on the modelling of virtual objects with building information modelling (BIM) technology and the representation of relevant knowledge related to the equipment by means of semantic networks. The paper is intended to encourage the stakeholders in real estate and facility management to adapt AR as an important enabling technology for the near future.
Cyber as NATO’s newest operational domain: The pathway to implementation
Authors: Athanasiadis Christos , Ali Rizwan
Published: July 2024

NATO has made significant progress over the past decade incorporating cyber defense principles into its political and military processes. Its recognition of cyberspace as a domain of operations in 2016 was a major milestone, but NATO will need to further incorporate cyber into more operational processes, much as the domains of air, land and sea are treated currently. This paper provides a background on how NATO came to the decision of declaring cyber as a domain of operations and some recommendations on how to implement this decision. This implementation work needs to be closely coordinated between the NATO’s political and military experts to ensure a rapid adoption.
Does sports marketing work? How is it measured?
Authors: Horowitz Scott
Published: July 2024

This paper uses real-world examples of businesses using hospitality and events to engage with clients, and to further the burgeoning culture of reciprocity in order to ensure a continuing business relationship. All companies measure the effectiveness of sports marketing differently, and this paper explores different ways the effectiveness of sports marketing can be measured. How does synergy between brands and companies affect consumers’ interaction with those brands and companies, and how can this be accurately measured? Moreover, how much can a sponsor require companies’ to deliver metrics about how interaction between brands and business influences the effectiveness of sports marketing?
Assessing the KING IV Corporate Governance Report in relation to business continuity and resilience
Authors: Ferguson Clifford S.
Published: July 2024

Within South Africa and on the African continent, the various reports of the KING Committees on Corporate Governance have become guiding principles for organisations in both the public and private sector. This paper focuses on the KING IV report and discusses its relevance to the different but interrelated fields of business continuity, organisational resilience and risk management. The paper suggests that organisations seeking to comply with KING IV will need to familiarise themselves with ISO 22301 and the BCI Good Practice Guidelines, as well as ISO 31000.
Determining the appropriate strategies for emergency planning through AHP-SWOT
Authors: Kalatpour Omid
Published: July 2024

During an unexpected incident, companies should demonstrate appropriate behaviour based on predetermined and rehearsed emergency strategies. This paper describes how to select the proper strategies for emergency situations via means of the AHP-SWOT tool, where the initial SWOT analysis is conducted for the emergency management system, and the final strategies are selected via the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Alternative response strategies comprise internal, shared and external responses. Most of the scenarios investigated for this study demanded a shared response. These findings highlight the importance of mutual aid agreements, cooperative exercises and the improvement of communication systems. Organisations can take advantage of integrated approaches to select the best strategies and tactics for normal situations in general and emergency situations in particular.
Undergraduate engagement is the engine that drives fund-raising
Authors: Pinion Tyson L.
Published: July 2024

This study used undergraduate alumni information from three private, Ohio-based universities over a ten-year period, 1995–2005, to determine what impact, if any, alumni demographics, fields of study and experiences in on-campus academic, social and athletic pursuits have on alumni donations. Information gathered from alumni included giving history, demographic information and undergraduate involvements. Astin’s theory of student involvement1 served as the study’s framework, and the study is believed to be the first application of this theory to alumni donation patterns. A significant finding from this study is that involvement in more than one on-campus academic, social or athletic pursuit was the greatest predictor of alumnus total donations, the study’s criterion variable. Future researchers may identify even more opportunities to target philanthropic opportunities among alumni — and to seed a philanthropic mind-set among current students — to ensure more effective donor campaigns and fund-raising initiatives.
Urban transformation: Effects of large housing investments on nearby property values in Atasehir Istanbul
Authors: Topçu Ümran
Published: July 2024

Rapid growth and land use development stimulates urban transformation and results in changes in real estate prices in developing countries. In addition, since the mid-1990s there has been a shift in the governance of urban land and large housing markets in Turkey in the direction of neoliberal policies. As urban space becomes the most profitable source of investment and as cities adopt aggressive place marketing strategies, it is becoming difficult for average urbanites to own their living space because of increased real estate values. Large housing investments are seen as mechanisms through which neoliberal policies are implemented in urban areas. This study investigates the effect of large housing projects on nearby property values in Istanbul. The changes in average land prices in the nearby neighbourhoods of a large housing investment are investigated throughout different time periods. These changes signal a shift to the neoliberal policy that extends market forces to all domains of social life. Urban transformation can be viewed either as detrimental to the overall quality of urban life or as a positive force in cities today. Either view is usually dependent on what socio-economic group is chosen. What has taken place around Atasehir might also be termed as gentrification. A comparison of the changes in land prices in the nearby neighbourhoods and other neighbourhoods in better locations illustrates that the difference in the nearby neighbourhoods is higher than in the other neighbourhoods. The results of the study can be useful for urban planners, investors and policy makers.
How to implement counterparty credit risk requirements under Basel III: The challenges
Authors: Ouamar Diana
Published: July 2024

To manage counterparty credit risk (CCR), it is fundamental to have in place models that efficiently measure the firm future CCR exposures as a function of the relevant underlying market factors. Basel II has revealed numerous loopholes in accurately managing CCR during the financial crisis. As a result, Basel III addresses several shortcomings and ambiguities present in the previous capital accord such as enhancing capital for counterparty default risks inherent in structured financing transactions and over the counter (OTC) contracts and/or securitisation transactions. Banking regulation is no longer a secondary concern but is now a primary trigger in determining strategic direction and long term positioning of the bank. This time, choosing ‘the minimum compliance’ option for implementing the new CCR requirements, will not be enough to sustain an optimal risk-management structure nor a long-term business growth. Only the implementation of a sound riskmanagement structure can enable any banks to get to that highly developed stage.
Understanding the scope and impact of the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018
Authors: Harding Elizabeth (Liz) , Vanto Jarno J. , Clark Reece , Hannah Ji L. , Ainsworth Sara C.
Published: July 2024

The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (CCPA or the Act) marks a groundbreaking development in US privacy law. While the CCPA ostensibly regulates business practices involving the personal information of Californian consumers, the size, population and economic importance of California means the CCPA will be felt by businesses far beyond California’s borders. Just as Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) required many multinationals to conform their personal information processing to Europe’s high standards in data privacy, the CCPA is poised to have a similar effect in the USA when it goes into effect in 2020. Large companies and businesses that rely on the collection and dissemination of personal information from Californian consumers will need to begin evaluating their exposure now so as to move their operations into compliance. As a result, the CCPA will begin to have a noticeable effect on the personal information collection and disclosure practices of certain dataintensive industries. Moreover, the CCPA is likely to serve as a testing ground and catalyst for other laws pertaining to personal information and data privacy concerns. Thus, it is important to understand the impact of the CCPA in California, in the USA and globally. This paper discusses the scope and impact of the CCPA and critically evaluates the CCPA’s anticipated impact on businesses across select industries. Next, this paper contextualises the CCPA with the GDPR, identifying key similarities and differences between the two regimes. Finally, this paper looks ahead at how the CCPA may affect state and federal law on privacy and personal information protection.
Securities market automation from standards to self-learning machines: Current state and future perspectives
Authors: Ehrenfeld Jonathan
Published: July 2024

Over the last two decades, key aspects of the financial industry have been automated to a substantial degree. While most progress in automation has come from traditional technologies, recent advances in machine learning, artificial intelligence and robotics are likely to accelerate the pace. In such a context, Distributed Ledger Technologies, Robo-Advisors and cognitive tools are creating a foundation for solving major problems faced by the industry. This paper provides an overview of the capabilities and limitations of these technologies and the challenges that await market participants who want to embrace and implement them. It draws attention to the importance of collaboration, governance, standards and market practice harmonisation in order to successfully deploy these technologies in a multi-party, globalised network environment.
Waco Regional Airport: A case study for strategic airport business planning
Authors: Rankin William B.
Published: July 2024

Case studies help airport professionals prepare for real-world problems, situations and crises by providing an approximation of various professional environments. One way to study airport issues is through the use of strategic planning case studies. Strategic planning is the process of developing a method to identify what products are to be provided to which customers, where they will be provided, and at what price. Strategic planning in the airport environment summarises the basic operational tasks, goals, objectives, strategies and tactics based on the vision and mission statements previously developed by the airport organisation. This paper studies strategic planning at Waco Regional Airport and provides a suggested model for the development of future airport case studies to be used in the airport management training environment.
Fundamentals of market discipline and custody risk management
Authors: Coskun Yener
Published: July 2024

The importance of market discipline has been rapidly growing at both the
regulatory and market levels in recent decades. However, firm/system-wide
financial failures during the global financial crisis supported the idea of
more regulation. The result has been, in the author’s view, excessive or
over-regulation at the expense of market discipline and its proven insights.
This paper asks whether market discipline could provide an effective tool for
firm/system-wide risk management. As an extension of the existing market
discipline literature, the paper also attempts to analyse connections between
market discipline, disclosure and management of custody risks.
Are financial institutions’ counter-terrorist financing controls fit for today’s challenges?
Authors: Wall Richard
Published: July 2024

This paper aims to provide insights into the latest developments of terrorist financing and the challenges faced by financial institutions in trying to counter this. Proposing the case for a greater use of social media and more agile monitoring systems, currently not espoused by industry best practice within the UK financial sector, the author shares insights of counterterrorist financing (CTF) typologies and hypothesises how a combination of both could strengthen current terrorist financing system and controls.
Traditional retail at the crossroads of inclusive payment services: How serving the needs of the traditional retail sector can accelerate financial inclusion—examples from Indonesia
Authors: Mortimer-Schutts Ivan
Published: July 2024

Traditional retailers should be incorporated in efforts to expand payment and financial services to under-banked markets. Traditional retailers and their suppliers constitute a significant portion of developing countries’ payment flows and yet have limited access to financial and payment services. They also sit at the crossroads of the cash economy, conducting a large volume of repeat transactions with suppliers as well as unbanked consumers. While incentives for end consumers to pay retailers electronically instead of in cash remain weak, suppliers to these retailers are better equipped and under more pressure to transition to electronic payments. Suppliers’ incentives can be harnessed to expand adoption of digital payments. Electronic payments can bring greater value to retailers and their suppliers if they are integrated with solutions that unlock gains in operations, sales and inventory finance. Because suppliers are generally already banked, only one party to the transaction, the retailer, needs to be persuaded to transition away from cash. If retailers pay suppliers electronically, their own incentive to accept electronic value, instead of cash, from consumers increases. This can help to reach the tipping point at which the switch from cash to electronic begins to be pushed not just for remote but also face-to-face transactions. Non-bank payments and supply chain services for this segment of the economy can help to unlock these economies of scale. Operational and business links between new payment networks and banking services can be mutually beneficial. Mobile and e-money providers have advantages in reaching small retailers, some of which act as agents. Meanwhile banks and supply chain integrators reach suppliers and distributors serving these retailers. Policy makers should encourage these actors to align to serve the needs of the retail industry in a manner that will boost overall payment service uptake and usage.
What if your bakery behaved like a bank? Case study of Deutsche Bank
Authors: Mouchbahani Carla
Published: July 2024

Using a case study from Deutsche Bank Belgium, this paper describes how, by telling a true story and telling it well, it is possible to acquire customers through a YouTube campaign.
Principles for effective automation in post-trade processing - Part 1: Beware the ‘bot’ army
Authors: Walker Martin
Published: July 2024

Each generation in operations management seems to rediscover ‘automation’ as a new solution to the challenges of cost, control and customer service. While the set of technologies available to automate post-trades processing changes over time (not always in positive ways), the fundamental set of principles for successful automation have been largely established since the 19th century. This paper reviews the historical evolution of automation in both manufacturing and services to identify the principles for successful automation. It then looks more specifically at the progress of automation of post-trade processing in capital markets over the last 50 years — something that has brought vast improvements in efficiency. Trying to increase automation in the post-trade world without understanding how complex the environment has become can lead to the misdirection of investment, use of inappropriate tools for automation and potentially make infrastructure and business processes worse. Drawing on the lessons learnt in the operations department of a major global bank, this paper describes how understanding the basic principles of automation can help ensure investment in automation is focused on the areas where it is most likely to be successful. It also describes the tools and techniques for gathering the data required to apply those principles correctly. While the lessons described are hopefully clear, the paper also explains why the relevant decision makers need to also understand the fundamental nature of operational processing, how to cost effectively acquire the right data, and how to ask the right questions of technology providers. Ultimately, any automation program, no matter how good the technology or how well funded, can fail without understanding the business context and asking the right questions. This is the first of a two-part series. Part 2, to be published in issue 13.1 of this journal, will focus on how using the right levers for increasing automation depends as much on human factors as the technology options.