bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐Stable Isotopes in Archaeology
Authors: Stos‐Gale Zofia Anna
Published: November 2018

Some elements in the Earth's crust have naturally occurring non‐stable isotopes that produce stable radiogenic daughter isotopes at a constant rate. Under certain conditions during ore‐ and rock‐forming processes, the parent and daughter isotopes are separated, and from that time no more daughter isotopes are added to the newly formed minerals. Therefore, the amount of these stable radiogenic daughter isotopes in geographically different ore deposits is varied and depends to the first degree on the time of their formation. Two such elements, lead (Pb) and strontium (Sr) have stable isotopes that have varied compositions in different locations. In geology, these Pb and Sr isotopes are used for dating the ores and rocks, but in archaeological research they have been used as “fingerprints” of their geographical origin. The provenance of the archaeological material can be deduced by comparisons with large databases of isotopic ratios of naturally occurring ores and rocks, and combining these results with other scientific data and with archaeological information. The methodology of lead isotope provenancing has been extensively used in the research leading to the recreation of the metal trade patterns in Bronze Age Europe. Strontium isotope analyses are currently used to trace ancient human migrations and reconstruct ancient human mobility at the individual level.
Optically Stimulated Luminescence
Authors: Theodorakopoulou Katerina
Published: November 2018

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating takes advantage of the emission of light from naturally occurring minerals in sedimentary deposits or artifacts when they are stimulated by artificial light. In archaeological contexts, OSL is used to date sedimentary layers or archaeological structures. This entry aims to introduce the reader to the physical background of OSL dating, the field and laboratory practices, the measurement equipment, and data analysis. The limitations of OSL dating are also discussed. Finally, a summary of the most celebrated case studies is provided.
Terrestrial Excavation
Authors: Roskams Steve
Published: November 2018

Archaeological excavation has developed in many ways over time, both technically and organizationally, and now takes different forms around the world. Its most significant change came in responding to threats to heritage from the late‐twentieth‐century economic boom, which saw the creation of a fieldwork profession and drew excavation into the planning process. More recent commercialization of parts of that profession poses a series of challenges, most of which have yet to be met.
Textiles
Authors: Gleba Margarita
Published: November 2018

Textiles are among the commonest objects of material culture used throughout the human past, although due to their organic nature they rarely survive in archaeological contexts. Their preservation is dependent on conditions such as extreme aridity, waterlogging, charring, or mineralization. A range of analytical techniques is used to investigate textiles, in order to characterize, date, and provenance them, and reveal various aspects of their history and use. The results of these analyses allow us to learn about the culture, technology, economy, and trade of past societies, as well as to reconstruct the appearance of the individual people in space and time.
Thermography
Authors: Cool Autumn C.
Published: November 2018

Aerial thermography is one of the least utilized archaeological survey and prospection methods, yet it has great potential for detecting anthropogenic anomalies. Thermal infrared radiation is absorbed and reemitted at varying rates by all objects on and within the ground, depending upon their density, composition, and moisture content. If an archaeological site is recorded by a thermal camera during a period of temperature fluctuation, the locations of archaeological features may be identified and mapped based solely upon the thermal anomalies they create.
Trauma
Authors: Harrod Ryan P.
Published: November 2018

The analysis of trauma in archaeological sciences requires a background in human osteology, paleopathology, and forensic anthropology, along with an understanding of the biomechanics of skeletal anatomy. This base knowledge is required to identify morphological changes to bone that were the result of an injury and differentiate them from pathological conditions and the taphonomic processes that can mimic or hide traumatic injuries. Once an injury is identified, several other key pieces of information are needed, including when the trauma occurred, what the mechanism of injury should be classified as, and whether the cause was likely due to an accident or a violent encounter.
Urban Environments
Authors: Latałowa Małgorzata
Published: November 2018

To understand the processes involved in the establishment of past urban areas, living conditions for the inhabitants, and the causes of decline of some cities, environmental factors should be taken into account. Densely populated and intensively built‐up land influences local climate, and hydrological and biogeochemical cycles in different ways, and results in air and water pollution; it also supports specific flora and fauna. Urban centers were dependent on a ready supply of raw materials and rural food production and thus have a multidirectional impact on the surrounding land. Different paleoecological disciplines (archaeobotany, zooarchaeology) and geoarchaeological methods (micromorphology, geochemistry) are used to study past urban environments. The results obtained depend on both the preservation of urban strata and the taphonomy of subfossil assemblages of different groups of organisms. Multiproxy studies are the best means of diminishing the negative effects of loss of information on past environments due to the fragmentary preservation of the subfossil assemblages and selectiveness of the particular data types.
Value or Significance
Authors: Clark Kate
Published: November 2018

Ideas about value and significance underpin cultural resource management, conservation, and heritage management. There are three broad kinds of value used in heritage practice: the values that underpin site protection and management; the wider social, economic, and environmental benefits that accrue from caring for heritage; and the values and ethics adopted by individuals and organizations who work with heritage. Concepts of value are informed by a wide range of academic disciplines, including archaeology, architectural and landscape history, historical geography, environmental psychology, economics, and social anthropology, as well as informing on the knowledge, traditions, and beliefs of diverse communities associated with heritage sites. The discipline of critical heritage studies provides new perspectives on how values inform heritage practice.
Vegetation Modeling Using Pollen Data
Authors: Farrell Michelle , Bunting M. Jane
Published: November 2018

Pollen analysis is one of the most common methods for reconstructing the environmental context of archaeological sites, yet traditional interpretations of palynological data tend to focus on descriptive accounts of changes in past land‐cover rather than on hypothesis testing and assessment of uncertainty. This entry describes a range of approaches that can be employed to translate pollen assemblages into quantitative estimates and/or maps of former land‐cover. We discuss the advantages and limitations of whole‐assemblage techniques such as the modern analog technique, biomization and pseudobiomization, and of methods that employ algebraic models of the pollen–vegetation relationship to quantify past land‐cover, namely the landscape reconstruction algorithm and the multiple scenario approach. We also briefly discuss integrating these approaches with other forms of environmental proxy data, and the use of dynamic vegetation models to explore how vegetation communities may have responded to past environmental changes.
Virtual Reality Modeling
Authors: Forte Maurizio
Published: November 2018

Virtual reality modeling (VRM) is an essential part of archaeological research in the digital era. In fact, virtual reality models can be created directly on site by digital mediated tools (laser scanners, remote sensing technology, drones, digital photogrammetry and the like) or in digital labs by 3D modeling software and displayed by immersive systems. This involves the use of VRM datasets collected in the field and the use of VRM for reconstructions and digital communication. Archaeological models can be experienced in real time through virtual immersive systems and/or portable devices.
Visualization of Ground‐Penetrating Radar Data
Authors: Green Ashely
Published: November 2018

Since the 1970s, ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely applied to archaeological investigations. Post‐acquisition data processing is a vital phase in the investigation as it allows for the visualization and interpretation of spatially accurate data. The visualization and interpretation of GPR data is an ever‐changing aspect of geophysical survey due to technological advancements and shifts in survey guidelines. Post‐processing rendering methods are one of the key aspects in interpreting archaeological survey data—where the data formats and survey parameters can potentially affect the interpretability of a dataset irrespective of the surveyors' knowledge base. Certain rendering methods such as isosurface extraction and geophysical dataset integration have offered improved data interpretability in recent decades. With expected advances in computing, new methods for improved data visualization and interpretation are due to become an integral step in GPR surveys in the near future.
Tender Joint Count and Inflammatory Activity in Patients With Established Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From a Longitudinal Study
Authors: Hammer Hilde B. , Michelsen Brigitte , Provan Sella A. , Sexton Joe , Lampa Jon , Uhlig Tillmann , Kvien Tore K.
Published: November 2018

Objective

The tender joint count (TJC) is included in composite disease activity scores (CDAS) (the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints, the Clinical Disease Activity Index, and the Simplified Disease Activity Index). The impact of having predominantly tender joints was explored by use of the Tender‐Swollen Joint Count Difference (TSJD), and ultrasound (US) provided a measure of joint inflammation. The current study aimed to explore the cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between the TSJD and a spectrum of outcome measures, including US scores in patients with established rheumatoid arthritis (RA) during follow‐up and while receiving treatment with biologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs).

Methods

This was an observational study of 209 patients with established RA consecutively included upon initiation of bDMARD treatment and followed‐up with clinical, laboratory, and comprehensive US examinations at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: those with predominantly tender joints (TSJD >0) and those with predominantly swollen joints (TSJD ≤0). Statistical analyses included Pearson's correlation coefficient, an independent samples t‐test, and regression analyses.

Results

The TJC had high correlations only with patient‐reported outcomes (PROMs) (P < 0.001). Levels from CDAS and PROMs were significantly higher (P < 0.001) at all visits in patients with TSJD >0 compared to those with TSJD <0. Laboratory markers and assessor's global visual analog scale scores were similar, and US sum scores were significantly lower (P < 0.001–0.03). The baseline TSJD positively predicted levels of all CDAS at 6 months (P < 0.001–0.019) but was a negative predictor of US sum scores (gray‐scale and power Doppler) at 6 and 12 months (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Patients with predominantly tender joints had higher CDAS but lower levels of inflammation as defined by US. These findings indicate that inclusion of the TJC in the CDAS may contribute to misleading information about inflammatory activity.
Physical Fitness in Patients With Oligoarticular and Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Diagnosed in the Era of Biologics: A Controlled Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Risum Kristine , Edvardsen Elisabeth , Godang Kristin , Selvaag Anne M. , Hansen Bjørge H. , Molberg Øyvind , Bollerslev Jens , Holm Inger , Dagfinrud Hanne , Sanner Helga
Published: November 2018

Objective

To perform a comprehensive evaluation of and identify correlates for physical fitness in consecutive patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) who have been diagnosed in the era of biologics and to compare the results with those obtained in healthy controls.

Methods

The study cohort included 60 patients with JIA (50 girls) ages 10–16 years and 60 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. The JIA group included 30 patients with persistent oligoarticular JIA and 30 patients with extended oligoarticular or polyarticular disease. Measures of physical fitness included cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) by peak oxygen uptake (Vo2peak) during a continuous graded treadmill exercise test, muscle strength by isokinetic and isometric knee and hand grip evaluations, and bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Physical activity was assessed by accelerometry.

Results

Forty‐two percent of the patients were being treated with biologic drugs. Patients with JIA demonstrated lower muscle strength and total body BMD compared to controls, but there were no differences in CRF and body composition. Physical fitness was comparable between the persistent oligoarticular and extended oligoarticular/polyarticular‐JIA groups. In patients with JIA, we identified associations between higher vigorous physical activity and higher CRF and muscle strength, but did not find any association between physical fitness and disease variables.

Conclusion

In this cohort of patients with JIA, we found suboptimal muscle strength and BMD compared to controls, but no differences in CRF and body composition. Vigorous physical activities appeared important for optimizing muscle strength and CRF in patients with JIA; the importance of such activities should be highlighted in patient education.
Fabrication Process, Tensile, and Gamma Rays Shielding Properties of Newly Developed Fiber Metal Laminates Based on an Al–Li Alloy and Carbon Fibers‐Tungsten Carbide Nanoparticles Reinforced Phthalonitrile Resin Composite
Authors: Medjahed Aboubakr , Derradji Mehdi , Zegaoui Abdeldjalil , Wu Ruizhi , Li Bingcheng , Wang Yang , Hou Legan , Zhang Jinghuai , Zhang Milin
Published: November 2018

In the present study, new fiber‐metal laminates (FMLs) are manufactured from the lay‐up process of the carbon fibers‐tungsten carbide nanoparticles/phthalonitrile (CFs‐WC/PN) composite and the Al–Li alloy. The properties of the developed hybrids are analyzed and compared with those of the monolithic alloy. Generally speaking, the results indicate that the amount of the fiber considerably affects the tensile properties. The mechanical properties of the FMLs show enhancements over both the Al–Li alloy and the CFs/PN composite individually. When the number of the composite layers varies from 4 to 12, the ultimate tensile strength of the prepared FMLs increase from 335.3 to 690.5 MPa. The FMLs present a ductile behavior (up to a failure strain of 20%), which can be attributed to the ductile fracture morphology of the Al–Li alloy. These improvements are the result of the synergistic combination of the high strength of composites and the superior ductility of metals. In the meantime, the gamma rays (γ‐rays) shielding test reveals that increasing the weight amount of the tungsten carbide (WC) nanoparticles in the composite noticeably improves the screening ratio, reaching the exceptional value of 46% for the hybrid containing 20 wt% of WC.
Micro‐Embossing Formability of a Superlight Dual‐Phase Mg–Li Alloy Processed by High‐Pressure Torsion
Authors: Xu Jie , Su Qian , Wang Chenxi , Wang Xinwei , Shan Debin , Guo Bin , Langdon Terence G.
Published: November 2018

Micro‐embossing tests are performed on a coarse‐grained (CG) and an ultrafine‐grained (UFG) dual‐phase Mg–Li alloy processed by high‐pressure torsion (HPT) using different widths of the female die at ambient temperature under a force of 9 kN. The surface topography, rib profiles, and microstructures of the cross‐sections are measured by scanning electron microscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy, and optical microscopy, respectively. The interactive effects of the cavity widths of the female die and dual phases on the formability of micro‐embossing are analyzed. Numerical simulations are performed to study the effects of the dual‐phases on the filling behavior of the CG and UFG alloys. The results show that a UFG Mg–Li alloy reduces the adverse effects of dual phases on the formability of micro‐embossing. Micro‐channel arrays with channel widths ranging from 50 to 200 µm are fabricated with good geometrical accuracy using a UFG dual‐phase alloy at ambient temperature, thereby establishing the excellent potential for using UFG dual‐phase Mg–Li alloys processed by HPT for applications in micro‐forming.
Multifunctional Delivery Nanosystems Formed by Degradable Antibacterial Poly(Aspartic Acid) Derivatives for Infected Skin Defect Therapy
Authors: Song Hai‐Qing , Shao Mei‐Yu , Li Yang , Ding Xue‐Jia , Xu Fu‐Jian
Published: November 2018

Nucleic acid (NA)‐based therapy is promising for tissue repair, such as skin and bone defect therapy. However, bacterial infections often occur in the process of tissue healing. The ideal treatment of tissue repair requires both anti‐infection and simultaneous tissue healing. The epidermal growth factor (EGF) plays an important role in wound healing processes. In this work, degradable antibacterial gene vectors based on tobramycin (clinically relevant antibiotic) conjugated poly(aspartic acid) (TPT) are proposed as multifunctional delivery nanosystems of plasmid encoding EGF (pEGF) to realize the antibacterial therapy and tissue healing of infected skin defects. TPT has low cytotoxicity and good degradability, which is helpful in the NA delivery process. TPT demonstrates good transfection performances and hemocompatibility, as well as excellent antibacterial activities in vitro. The outstanding pEGF delivery ability of TPT and the bioactivity of expressed EGF facilitate the proliferation of fibroblast cells. The effective in vivo infected skin defect therapy is also demonstrated with TPT/pEGF nanocomplexes, where skin tissue healing is promoted. The present work opens new avenues for the design of multifunctional delivery nanosystems with antibacterial ability to treat infected tissue defect.
In Vivo Tumor Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy Based on Supra‐(Carbon Nanodots)
Authors: Xu Guiying , Bao Xin , Chen Jingqin , Zhang Bohan , Li Di , Zhou Ding , Wang Xiaoyun , Liu Chengbo , Wang Yingli , Qu Songnan
Published: November 2018

Carbon nanodots (CNDs) with high photothermal conversion efficiency are considered as emerging nanomaterials for advanced biomedical applications attributing to their high biocompatibility, low‐cost, and unique photophysical properties. In previous work, supra‐CNDs are synthesized exhibiting high absorption in the near‐infrared (NIR) region and good NIR photothermal conversion performance. In this work, supra‐CNDs are explored as a photothermal agent for photothermal therapy (PTT) and a contrast agent for photoacoustic (PA) imaging, respectively. As a result, in vivo tumor PTT is realized under 655 nm laser irradiation via intratumor injecting supra‐CNDs. In vivo PA imaging reveals that supra‐CNDs can accumulate in the tumor tissue via the blood circulation after intravenous injection. Moreover, in vivo PTT is conducted after intravenous injection and subsequent tumor accumulation of supra‐CNDs, and the lives of mice are prolonged due to the tumor growth inhibition after PTT. These attractive properties indicate that the supra‐CNDs can be used as biomedical agents for PA imaging and tumor therapy.
Paper Microfluidics for Cell Analysis
Authors: Ma Jun , Yan Shiqiang , Miao Chunyue , Li Linmei , Shi Weiwei , Liu Xianming , Luo Yong , Liu Tingjiao , Lin Bingcheng , Wu Wenming , Lu Yao
Published: November 2018

Paper microfluidics has attracted much attention since its first introduction around one decade ago due to the merits such as low cost, ease of fabrication and operation, portability, and facile integration with other devices. The dominant application for paper microfluidics still lies in point‐of‐care testing (POCT), which holds great promise to provide diagnostic tools to meet the ASSURED criteria. With micro/nanostructures inside, paper substrates provide a natural 3D scaffold to mimic native cellular microenvironments and create excellent biointerfaces for cell analysis applications, such as long‐term 3D cell culture, cell capture/phenotyping, and cell‐related biochemical analysis (small molecules, protein DNA, etc.). This review summarizes cell‐related applications based on various engineered paper microdevices and provides some perspectives for paper microfluidics‐based cell analysis.
The Remote Light Emission Modulated by Local Surface Plasmon Resonance for the CdSe NW–Au NP Hybrid Structure
Authors: He Jingru , Li Jing , Xia Jing , Tian Lifeng , Jin Binbin , Zhou Shaomin , Sun Mengtao , Meng Xiangmin
Published: November 2018

CdSe nanowire (NW)–Au nanoparticle (NP) compounds are synthesized successfully using the method of physical vapor deposition, and the modulated remote emission is realized in the hybrid structure with strong metal–semiconductor coupling. The well‐crystallized, uniform morphology, smooth surface CdSe NW is attached with an Au NP on the terminal, which forms the integration structure with direct plasmon–exciton coupling of semiconductor–metal hybrid system. When the CdSe terminal or Au NP terminal of the hybrid structure is excited by the laser with wavelength of 633 nm, the remote light emission at another terminal is greatly modulated. To reveal the physical mechanism of energy conviction between plasmon and exciton, finite‐difference time‐domain simulations are performed for the CdSe NW–Au NP hybrid structures. The calculated results confirm that the modulation of remote light emission is attributed to the competing of the quench of photoluminescence and the electric field enhancement of local surface plasmon resonance. These works can provide deeper understanding of physical mechanism of plasmon and exciton coupling, and open up new application for the remote light sensing and detection.
Conformal Conducting Polymer Shells on V2O5 Nanosheet Arrays as a High‐Rate and Stable Zinc‐Ion Battery Cathode
Authors: Xu Dongming , Wang Huanwen , Li Fuyun , Guan Zhecun , Wang Rui , He Beibei , Gong Yansheng , Hu Xianluo
Published: November 2018

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have become research focus because of their cost‐effectiveness, high safety, and eco‐friendliness. Unfortunately, sluggish Zn2+ diffusion kinetics and the poor cycling stability in cathode materials impede their large‐scale application. Herein, V2O5@poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) hybrid nanosheet arrays are uniformly deposited on carbon cloth (CC) as a superior ZIB cathode. The as‐fabricated V2O5@PEDOT/CC electrode displays a maximum capacity of 360 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. Meanwhile, this hybrid array electrode also shows high rate capability with a specific capacity of 232 mAh g−1 even at a large current density of 20 A g−1, and excellent cycling life (97% retention after 600 cycles at 1 A g−1 and 89% retention after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1). The largely increased Zn‐storage performance of the V2O5@PEDOT nanosheet arrays results from the synergistic effects of the two components: the V2O5 nanosheet arrays provide enough Zn‐storage active sites, while the PEDOT coating shell increases zinc ion/electron transport kinetics and further acts as a protective layer to restrain structural collapse during cycling.
Semi‐supervised dynamic latent variable modeling: I/O probabilistic slow feature analysis approach
Authors: Fan Lei , Kodamana Hariprasad , Huang Biao
Published: November 2018

Modeling of high dimensional dynamic data is a challenging task. The high dimensionality problem in process data is usually accounted for using latent variable models. Probabilistic slow feature analysis (PSFA) is an example of such an approach that accounts for high dimensionality while simultaneously capturing the process dynamics. However, PSFA also suffers from a drawback that it cannot use output information when determining the latent slow features. To address this lacunae, extension of the PSFA by incorporating outputs, resulting in Input‐Output PSFA (IOPSFA) is proposed. IOPSFA can use both input and output information for extracting latent variables. Hence, inferential models based on IOPSFA are expected to have better predictive ability. The efficacy of the proposed approach with an industrial and a laboratory scale soft sensing case studies that have both complete and incomplete output measurements is evaluated, respectively. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 964–979, 2019
The accuracy of computer‐based diagnostic tools for the identification of concurrent genetic disorders
Authors: Wadhwa Raoul R. , Park Deborah Y. , Natowicz Marvin R.
Published: November 2018

The increasing use of next‐generation sequencing, especially clinical exome sequencing, has revealed that individuals having two coexisting genetic conditions are not uncommon occurrences. This pilot study evaluates the efficacy of two methodologically distinct computational differential diagnosis generating tools—FindZebra and SimulConsult—in identifying multiple genetic conditions in a single patient. Clinical query terms were generated for each of 15 monogenic disorders that were effective in resulting in the top 10 list of differential diagnoses for each of the 15 monogenic conditions when entered into these bioinformatics tools. Then, the terms of over 125 pairings of these conditions were entered using each tool and the resulting list of diagnoses evaluated to determine how often both diagnoses of a pair were represented in that list. Neither tool was successful in identifying both members of a pair of conditions in greater than 40% of test cases. Disorder detection sensitivity was not homogeneous within a tool, with each tool favoring the identification of a subset of genetic conditions. In view of recent exome sequencing data showing an unexpectedly high prevalence of coexistent monogenic conditions, the results from this pilot study highlight a need for the development of computational tools designed to effectively generate differential diagnoses with consideration of the possibility of coexisting conditions.
Gain‐of‐function variants in the ODC1 gene cause a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder associated with macrocephaly, alopecia, dysmorphic features, and neuroimaging abnormalities
Authors: Rodan Lance H. , Anyane‐Yeboa Kwame , Chong Karen , Klein Wassink‐Ruiter Jolien S. , Wilson Ashley , Smith Lacey , Kothare Sanjeev V. , Rajabi Farrah , Blaser Susan , Ni Min , DeBerardinis Ralph J. , Poduri Annapurna , Berry Gerard T.
Published: November 2018

Polyamines serve a number of vital functions in humans, including regulation of cellular proliferation, intracellular signaling, and modulation of ion channels. Ornithine decarboxylase 1 (ODC1) is the rate‐limiting enzyme in endogenous polyamine synthesis. In this report, we present four patients with a distinct neurometabolic disorder associated with de novo heterozygous, gain‐of‐function variants in the ODC1 gene. This disorder presents with global developmental delay, ectodermal abnormalities including alopecia, absolute or relative macrocephaly, and characteristic facial dysmorphisms. Neuroimaging variably demonstrates white matter abnormalities, prominent Virchow–Robin spaces, periventricular cysts, and abnormalities of the corpus callosum. Plasma clinical metabolomics analysis demonstrates elevation of N‐acetylputrescine, the acetylated form of putrescine, with otherwise normal polyamine levels. Therapies aimed at reducing putrescine levels, including ODC1 inhibitors, dietary interventions, and antibiotics to reduce polyamine production by gastrointestinal flora could be considered as disease‐modifying therapies. As the ODC1 gene has been implicated in neoplasia, cancer surveillance may be important in this disorder.
Are nanoclay‐containing polymer composites safe for food packaging applications?—An overview
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Jayita , Ray Suprakas Sinha
Published: November 2018

The growth in polymer‐based innovative packaging technology has brought about a revolution in extending the shelf life of many food and aquatic products. One of the emerging areas in this field is polymer nanocomposite (PNC) technology, which involves the incorporation of various chemicals and nanoadditives into polymers to improve their inherent properties or to add required functionality. Because the nanoparticles may interact with food components during processing, storage, or distribution and may migrate into food, PNC‐based packaging materials require awareness and understanding of their potential impact on human health and the environment. Interest in migration and cytotoxic analysis of PNC has gained considerable momentum in recent years. The focus of this article is on clay‐containing PNCs because the global trend in PNCs shows that 50% of all nanofillers constitute nanoclays of either natural or synthetic origin. This article presents a summary of perspectives on international regulations on test parameters and migration of chemicals from materials that come into contact with food, followed by a critical review of (1) complaints concerning the polymers, compatibilizers, and adhesive tie layers used in polymeric packages, (2) migration of constituents from PNC‐based films/articles, and (3) toxicity evaluation of nanoclays and migration of nanoclays from PNCs. Finally, we believe a review article of this nature will help academic and industrial researchers who want to bring advanced PNC‐based products into the market for food packaging applications. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47214.
Anatomical Variation in Maxillary Sinus Ostium Positioning: Implications for Nasal‐Sinus Disease
Authors: Butaric Lauren N. , Wadle Michael , Gascon Jemuel ,   Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition and Genetics Study
Published: November 2018

Among humans, superiorly located maxillary sinus ostia (MSO) result in drainage complications and maxillary sinus (MS) disease. While previous studies investigate maxillary sinusitis frequency or MSO‐position relative to specific nasal landmarks, few explore MSO‐position to overall MS dimensions. This study investigates whether MSO‐position relates to MS size/shape and if sex‐based differences exist. Twenty‐nine landmarks, placed on magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of 109 individuals (males = 57; females = 52), captured maximum dimensions of the cranium, MS, nasal cavity, and MSO‐position relative to the MS floor (MSO_MSF) and nasal floor (MSO_NCF). Landmark coordinates were used to calculate centroid sizes and 13 linear distances; distances were size standardized by cranial centroid‐size. Principal components analysis (PCA) on 3D‐coordinates indicates that variation in MSO‐position relates to superior–inferior MS positioning within the face (PC1 22% variance) and MS height (PC2 12% variance). Regression analyses indicate that MS size (r2 = 0.502; P < 0.001) and height (r2 = 0.589; P < 0.0001) strongly contribute to MSO_MSF: larger, taller MSs exhibit greater MSO_MSFs. Sex‐based differences were not evident in PC shape‐analyses nor among size‐standardized dimensions. However, Mann–Whitney U‐tests indicate females have absolutely smaller MSs (P = 0.001) and MSO_MSF distances (P = 0.001). Further, regressions indicate females exhibit lower MSO_MSFs for a similar MS height. Overall, MSOs superiorly placed relative to the MS floor correlate with larger, taller MSs and/or sinuses positioned inferiorly within the face. While craniofacial surgeons/clinicians should be aware of potential sex‐based differences in MS size and MSO position, this study does not suggest that higher incidences of female‐reported sinusitis relate to sex‐based differences in MS anatomy. Anat Rec, 302:917–930, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic Opioid Use in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Prevalence and Predictors
Authors: Lee Yvonne C. , Kremer Joel , Guan Hongshu , Greenberg Jeffrey , Solomon Daniel H.
Published: November 2018

Objective

The opioid epidemic is a major public health concern. However, little is known about opioid use among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. We undertook this study to examine trends in chronic opioid use in RA patients in 2002–2015 and to identify clinical predictors.

Methods

RA patients were identified from the Corrona registry. Opioid use was ascertained from surveys obtained at clinical visits as often as every 3 months. Chronic opioid use was defined as any opioid use reported during ≥2 consecutive study visits. Annual prevalence of chronic opioid use was calculated using data from 33,739 RA patients with information on opioid use from ≥2 visits. Among the 26,288 individuals who were not taking opioids at baseline, Cox proportional hazards models identified associations between patient characteristics and incident chronic opioid use. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated.

Results

Chronic opioid use increased from 7.4% in 2002 to 16.9% in 2015. Severe pain (HR 2.53 [95% CI 2.19–2.92]) and antidepressant use (HR 1.79 [95% CI 1.64–1.92]) were associated with an increased risk of chronic opioid use. High disease activity (HR 1.55 [95% CI 1.30–1.84]) and a high level of disability (HR 1.45 [95% CI 1.27–1.65]) were also associated with chronic opioid use, whereas Asian ethnicity (HR 0.49 [95% CI 0.36–0.68]) was associated with a decreased risk of chronic opioid use.

Conclusion

Among RA patients, chronic opioid use doubled from 2002 to 2015. Pain and antidepressant use were the strongest predictors of chronic opioid use. To curb the rise in chronic opioid use, strategies for stringent control of RA disease activity and management of pain and depression should be research priorities.
A Fluorescent Probe with Aggregation‐Induced Emission for Detecting Alkaline Phosphatase and Cell Imaging
Authors: Lin Mingang , Huang Jing , Zeng Fang , Wu Shuizhu
Published: November 2018

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is associated with many diseases, and its accurate detection is of great significance. Fluorescent compounds with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) feature show beneficial advantages for serving as fluorescent probes. Herein, an AIE‐active “turn on” probe for ALP detection was synthesized through incorporating a strong electron‐withdrawing group (cyano) in the middle and the recognition moiety phosphate group at the end, thereby rendering a D–A–D structure with a relatively high conjugation degree and good water solubility. It was found that the probe TPE‐CN‐pho is highly sensitive to ALP in aqueous solution. In the presence of ALP, the hydrophilic phosphate group on the probe is rapidly removed, resulting in a decrease in water solubility and subsequent formation of aggregates, thereby achieving aggregation‐induced emission. Moreover, the probe TPE‐CN‐pho has also been successfully applied to imaging ALP in living cells.
Molecular Radical Chain Initiators for Ambient‐ to Low‐Temperature Applications
Authors: Székely Anna , Klussmann Martin
Published: November 2018

An overview of methods for the initiation of radical chain reactions by specific initiator compounds, which generate radicals, is given. These can be utilized to initiate any kind of radical chain reaction by transforming substrates into the desired radical intermediates. Azo initiators, peroxides, nitroxides, trialkylboranes, dialkyl zinc compounds, and type I photoinitiators are discussed, as well as methods of redox‐ and sonochemical initiation. Methods of direct radical formation from the substrates, such as photoredox catalysis or high‐energy irradiation, are not included. The focus of this review lies on rather “low” temperatures in the range of 50 °C down to −78 °C, which can be useful to achieve more selective reactions. Illustrative applications of such radical chain initiators in a variety of reactions are discussed, including stereoselective ones and polymerizations.
Behavioral inhibition and activation as a modifier process in autism spectrum disorder: Examination of self‐reported BIS/BAS and alpha EEG asymmetry
Authors: Schiltz Hillary K. , McVey Alana J. , Barrington Alexander , Haendel Angela D. , Dolan Bridget K. , Willar Kirsten S. , Pleiss Sheryl , Karst Jeffrey S. , Vogt Elisabeth , Murphy Christina C. , Gonring Kelsey , Van Hecke Amy Vaughan
Published: November 2018

The Modifier Model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests that phenotypic variability within ASD is rooted in modifier processes, such as the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral activation system (BAS). Among a sample of 53 adolescents with ASD, this study examined associations between (a) self‐reported BIS/BAS and frontal and parietal alpha electroencephalogram asymmetry and whether these indices related to (b) ASD severity (via the Autism Quotient), and/or (c) co‐occurring anxiety and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (via Youth Self Report and Child Behavior Checklist). Findings showed that alpha asymmetry was associated with self‐reported BAS scores, such that greater BAS was related to greater right‐frontal hemisphere activation and relatively greater left‐parietal hemisphere activation. Additionally, associations emerged between ASD severity and self‐reported BAS and alpha asymmetry, and between anxiety symptoms and self‐reported BIS and alpha asymmetry. Furthermore, mediation analyses revealed that BAS mediated the association between asymmetry and autism severity. Therefore, alpha asymmetry and BIS/BAS activity may provide insight into how ASD presents in adolescence as well as who might be at greater risk for developing co‐occurring psychopathologies. This study highlights the importance of considering motivational systems to elucidate individual differences among youth with ASD and working toward the longer term goal of better understanding differential responses to treatment. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1653–1666. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Differences in the likelihood to avoid (behavioral inhibition system; BIS) or approach (behavioral activation system; BAS) situations are thought to relate to patterns of brain activity (via electroencephalogram asymmetry asymmetry). This study revealed that these tendencies may influence the presentation of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and symptoms of anxiety in adolescents with ASD.
Aberrant functional connectivity of neural circuits associated with social and sensorimotor deficits in young children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chen Heng , Wang Jia , Uddin Lucina Q. , Wang Xiaomin , Guo Xiaonan , Lu Fengmei , Duan Xujun , Wu Lijie , Chen Huafu
Published: November 2018

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by atypical functional integration of brain regions. The vast majority of neuroimaging studies of ASD have focused on older children, adolescents, and adults with the disorder. Very little work has explored whole‐brain functional connectivity of young children with ASD. Here, we collected resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data from 58 young children (mean age 4.98 years; 29 with ASD; 29 matched healthy controls [HC]). All children were under sedation during scanning. A functional “connectedness” method was first used to seek for brain regions showing atypical functional connectivity (FC) in children with ASD. Then, a recurrent‐seek strategy was applied to reveal atypical FC circuits in ASD children. FC matrices between regions‐of‐interest (ROIs) were compared between ASD and HC. Finally, a support vector regression (SVR) method was used to assess the relationship between the FC circuits and ASD symptom severity. Two atypical FC circuits comprising 23 ROIs in ASD were revealed: one predominantly comprised brain regions involved with social cognition showing under‐connectivity in ASD; the other predominantly comprised sensory‐motor and visual brain regions showing over‐connectivity in ASD. The SVR analysis showed that the two FC circuits were separately related to social deficits and restricted behavior scores. These findings indicate disrupted FC of neural circuits involved in the social and sensorimotor processes in young children with ASD. The finding of the atypical FC patterns in young children with ASD underscores the utility of studying younger children with the disorder, and highlights nuanced patterns of brain connectivity underlying behavior closer to disorder onset. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1643–1652. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is an early‐onset neurodevelopmental disorder. Understanding brain functional alterations at early ages is important for understanding biological mechanisms of ASD. Here, we found two atypical brain functional circuits in young children with ASD that were related to social and sensorimotor function. These results show how atypical patterns of brain functional connectivity in young children with of ASD may underlie core symptoms of the disorder.
Lipid nanoparticles silence tumor necrosis factor α to improve wound healing in diabetic mice
Authors: Kasiewicz Lisa N. , Whitehead Kathryn A.
Published: November 2018

Diabetes mellitus is a mounting concern in the United States, as are the mortality and morbidity that result from its complications. Of particular concern, diabetes patients frequently suffer from impaired wound healing and resultant nonhealing diabetic foot ulcers. These ulcers overproduce tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which reduces wound bed cell migration and proliferation while encouraging apoptosis. Herein, we describe the use of siRNA‐loaded lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as a potential wound treatment to combat an overzealous immune response and facilitate wound closure. LNPs were formulated with an ionizable, degradable lipidoid and siRNA specific for TNFα. Topical application of nanoparticles reduced TNFα mRNA expression in the wound by 40–55% in diabetic and nondiabetic mice. In diabetic mice, this TNFα knockdown accelerated wound healing compared to untreated controls. Together, these results serve as proof‐of‐concept that RNA interference therapy using LNPs can reduce the severity and duration of chronic diabetic wounds.
Gradient variability in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: New insights from computer‐assisted, high fidelity, rest and exercise hemodynamic analysis
Authors: Bauch Terry D. , Smith Alexandra J. , Murgo Joseph P. , Watts James A. , Rubal Bernard J.
Published: November 2018

Objectives

This study examines the intrapatient variability in peak instantaneous left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients and aortic pulse pressures during rest, exercise, and after ventricular ectopy.

Background

Although the variability in LVOT gradients in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is well known, the predictors of such variation are not. We hypothesized that quantitative invasive analysis of gradient variation could identify useful predictors of maximal gradients.

Methods

Variability in continuously recorded, high‐fidelity left ventricular and aortic pressure waveforms were evaluated by computer‐assisted analysis in the resting state (N = 659 beats) and during supine exercise (N = 379 beats) in a symptomatic patient with a resting LVOT gradient >30 mmHg and frequent ventricular ectopy.

Results

At rest, the peak left ventricular and aortic pressures at the time of the peak instantaneous LVOT gradient for all sinus and postectopic beats followed consistent regression slopes characterizing the potential energy loss between the LV cavity and aorta. During exercise, similar regression slopes were identified, and these converged with the resting slopes at the point of the maximal measured LVOT gradient. Component analysis of the LVOT gradient suggests that resting beat‐to‐beat variability provides information similar to post‐ectopic pressures for predicting maximal gradients in obstructive‐variant HCM.

Conclusions

Our study suggests that computer‐assisted analysis of hemodynamic variability in HCM may prove useful in characterizing the severity of obstruction. Further study is warranted to confirm the reproducibility and utility of this finding in a population with clinically significant exercise‐induced gradients.
Recurrent hydrothorax in a child on peritoneal dialysis: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Alhasan Khalid A.
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical Message

Hydrothorax is a serious complication of peritoneal dialysis, and it may be resolved by deferring dialysis or decreasing dialysate volumes. Repeat thoracentesis is not well tolerated in children. Therefore, if conservative measures fail, thoracotomy or thoracoscopy with endoscopic repair of associated diaphragmatic eventration should be considered before reinstating peritoneal dialysis.
Mesoporous CoS/N‐doped Carbon as HER and ORR Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Water Electrolyzers and Zinc‐Air Batteries
Authors: Ding Jieting , Ji Shan , Wang Hui , Pollet Bruno G. , Wang Rongfang
Published: November 2018

Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are two critical electrocatalytic reactions, involved in many sustainable and green electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies. Transition metal‐based compound combined with carbon materials have been found to be effective catalysts toward the HER and ORR with great potential to replace conventional precious metal‐based catalysts. Herein, a low‐cost method is described for the fabrication and testing of sulfide (CoS)/carbon compound with high specific surface area and mesoporous structure by using peptone as raw material and NaCl as template. The obtained materials showed open structures composed of interconnected thin carbon nanosheets with transition metal‐based nanoparticles wrapped inside the carbon matrix. These as‐prepared materials were used as HER and ORR bifunctional catalysts for water electrolysis and Zn‐air battery. In the alkaline media, the optimized catalysts exhibited highly efficient electrocatalysis toward the HER. They also showed an outstanding ORR activity and durability which was found to be superior to commercial Pt/C catalysts. In an assembled primary Zn‐air cell containing the optimized sample, the open circuit voltage (OCV) was 1.44 V, higher than the value for Zn‐air cell containing Pt/C. The assembled Zn‐air cell delivered a power density of 119 mW cm−2 at 150 mA cm−2, higher than the Pt/C cell (97 mW cm−2 at 150 mA cm−2).