bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Survey of Equine Oral Pathology
Authors: Anthony James , Waldner Cheryl , Grier Candace , Laycock Amanda R.
Published: April 2016

Dental abnormalities in horses can lead to weight-loss, poor performance, pain, behavioral abnormalities, and illness. Despite this impact, the occurrence and type of dental disease in horse populations is infrequently reported in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this cross-sectional survey of horses presented for slaughter at a processing plant in Western Canada was to measure the prevalence of equine oral abnormalities, examine associations between the most common abnormalities, and consider the relationship between the age of horse and types of abnormalities observed. The horses used in this research consisted of a variety of ages, breeds, body conditions, and origins. Horses ranged in age from 18-months to 30-years (median = 11-years). The most common oral pathologies included sharp edges, buccal abrasions, calculus, lingual ulcers, gingival recession, periodontal pockets, ramps, and waves. Several types of pathology were strongly associated with other dental disorders. The prevalence of periodontal pockets, gingival recession, and waves was highest in older horses.
Surgical Extractions for Periodontal Disease in a Western Lowland Gorilla
Authors: Huff John F.
Published: April 2016

This case report describes the surgical extraction of multiple premolar and molar teeth in a Western Lowland gorilla. Postoperative photographs and radiographs indicated complete healing of the extraction sites. This case report includes a review of gorilla dental anatomy, oral disease in primates, pathogenesis of periodontal disease, predisposing factors to periodontal disease, and principles of surgical tooth extraction.
Bilateral Iatrogenic Maxillary Fractures after Dental Treatment in Two Aged Horses
Authors: Widmer A. , Fürst A. , Bettschart R. , Makara M. , Geyer H. , Kummer M.
Published: April 2016

This clinical report describes two horses with bilateral maxillary fractures following dental treatment. The fractures occurred during dental treatment by a veterinarian, and both had rostral, transverse, and complete bilateral maxillary fractures with instability and minimal displacement. The fractures were repaired using bilateral intraoral wiring with the patients under general anesthesia. The postoperative period was without complications and the fractures healed as expected. Maxillary fractures during or after routine dental treatment are rare, but can occur, especially in older horses. Appropriate sedation and, if necessary, regional nerve blocks might reduce the risk of iatrogenic fractures of the maxilla. General anesthesia must be considered for tooth extraction in horses that are difficult to restrain.
Finite Element Modeling for Development and Optimization of a Bone Plate for Mandibular Fracture in Dogs
Authors: Freitas Elisângela P. , Rahal Sheila C. , Gioso Marco Antonio , Vulcano Luiz Carlos , Shimano Antonio Carlos , da Silva Jorge Vicente Lopes , Noritomi Pedro Y. , Warrak Alexander O. El
Published: April 2016

This study aimed to develop a plate to treat fractures of the mandibular body in dogs and to validate the project using finite elements and biomechanical essays. Mandible prototypes were produced with 10 oblique ventrorostral fractures (favorable) and 10 oblique ventrocaudal fractures (unfavorable). Three groups were established for each fracture type. Osteosynthesis with a pure titanium plate of double-arch geometry and blocked monocortical screws of free angulation were used. The mechanical resistance of the prototype with unfavorable fracture was lower than that of the favorable fracture. In both fractures, the deflection increased and the relative stiffness decreased proportionally to the diminishing screw number. The finite element analysis validated this plate study, since the maximum tension concentration observed on the plate was lower than the resistance limit tension admitted by the titanium. In conclusion, the double-arch geometry plate fixed with blocked monocortical screws has sufficient resistance to stabilize oblique fractures, without compromising mandibular dental or neurovascular structures.
Lip Avulsion and Mandibular Symphyseal Separation Repair in an Immature Cat
Authors: White Tammy L.
Published: April 2016

A 12-week-old kitten was presented for symphyseal separation, comminuted rostral fractures of the mandibles, avulsion of the mandibular lip, and fractured teeth. Oral examination and intraoral dental radiographs demonstrated a mandibular symphyseal separation and the presence of developing tooth buds. Cerclage wire was placed circumferentially around the mandibles for 2-weeks to provide stabilization of the mandibular symphyseal separation. Clinical examination 9.5-months following surgery demonstrated normal occlusion with enamel hypoplasia affecting the mandibular canine teeth. Intraoral dental radiographs showed a partial bony union of the mandibular symphysis and vital, developing mandibular canine teeth.
Intraosseous Maxillary Hemangioma in an Immature Bassett Hound
Authors: Hansen Donnell , Goldstein Gary , Crews Laura , Snyder Laura , Speltz Molly C.
Published: April 2016

A 6-month-old Bassett Hound dog presented for evaluation of recurrent oral bleeding and a right maxillary swelling. Oral examination revealed right maxillary enlargement extending from the level of the right maxillary canine tooth to the area of the second and third premolar teeth. A discolored persistent right maxillary deciduous canine tooth and gingival inflammation was noted. Biopsies taken at the time of extraction of the persistent deciduous canine tooth resulted in significant hemorrhage and a biopsy report of reactive bone. The right maxillary enlargement did not resolve following the extraction procedure and empirical antimicrobial therapy. The owner elected euthanasia and post-mortem evaluation. Histopathologic assessment provided a diagnosis of maxillary hemangioma.
Dental Eruption Chronology in Degus (Octodon Degus)
Authors: Jekl Vladimir , Hauptman Karel , Jeklova Edita , Knotek Zdenek
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study was to gain information concerning chronology of postnatal dental eruption in degus (Octodon degu). Specific findings pertain to the estimation of postnatal age at tooth emergence through the gingiva and to the age when a particular tooth is in functional occlusion. Fifty newborn degu pups were included in this study. The oral cavity endoscopy was carried out under isoflurane anesthesia in all animals 3 to 4 and 24-hours after birth, then at 1-day intervals until the age of 40-days, and subsequently at 2-day intervals until 75-days of age. Tooth emergence was considered to have occurred when any portion of the crown had penetrated the gingiva. The stage when the teeth come into occlusion was defined as the functional occlusion. The degus were born with completely erupted permanent incisors that were already in functional occlusion. All the premolar teeth and all the first molar teeth erupted on days 2–3 and 4–5 of life, respectively. The first signs of functional occlusion of all the first 2 cheek teeth were observed on days 9–11. Maxillary and mandibular second molar teeth emerged between days 17–19 and 18–20, respectively. First signs of functional occlusion were observed on days 30–31 and 31–33 for maxillary and mandibular second molar teeth, respectively. Maxillary third molar teeth emerged on days 38–44 and erupted into occlusion on days 48–58. Mandibular third molar teeth emerged on days 39–46 and erupted into occlusion on days 58–72.
Nasopharyngeal Tooth Foreign Body in a Dog
Authors: Kang Min-Hee , Lim Chae-Young , Park Hee-Myung
Published: April 2016

An 8-year-old Shih-tzu dog was presented with a 2-week history of cough and nasal discharge. Upon presentation, the dog had constant open-mouth breathing with stertor and blood-tinged mucopurulent nasal discharge. Oral examination revealed a missing right mandibular second premolar tooth and severe periodontal disease. Computed tomography showed a radiodense, retropharyngeal foreign body. The foreign body was removed using caudal rhinoscopy. The foreign body was the right mandibular second premolar covered by thick calculus.
Lingual Lesions in the Dog and Cat: Recognition, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Buelow Mary E. , Marretta Sandra Manfra , Barger Anne , Lichtensteiger Carol
Published: April 2016

The tongue plays many vital roles in the oral cavity of the dog and cat. Consequently, lingual lesions can have devastating effects on an animal's overall health. This article provides a review of tongue anatomy as well as a review of the etiology, gross appearance, and diagnostic procedures indicated for a wide variety of lingual lesions. Lingual pathologic conditions that are reviewed include traumatic, metabolic, idiopathic, infectious, immune-mediated, hereditary, and neoplastic lesions. This article also describes current concepts in the medical management of lingual lesions.
Use of an Autogenous Cortical Graft in Combination with Guided Tissue Regeneration for Treatment of an Infrabony Defect
Authors: Rice C.A. , Snyder Christopher J. , Soukup Jason W.
Published: April 2016

Infrabony periodontal defects are common findings encountered during complete oral examinations. Treatment options for infrabony lesions are aimed at meeting client demands as well as patient needs. Deciding on how to treat these lesions depends on the nature and degree of disease present as well as having the materials available to improve the chances of achieving the greatest clinical success. Bone grafting of an infrabony defect of the left mandibular first molar tooth of a dog using an autogenous cortical graft harvested with a reusable bone grafter in combination with guided tissue regeneration is described.
Comparison of Standard Radiography and Computed Tomography in 21 Dogs with Maxillary Masses
Authors: Ghirelli Carolina O. , Villamizar Lenin A. , Pinto Ana Carolina B.C. Fonseca
Published: April 2016

Imaging of patients with oral cancer is required to determine tumor extension in order to assist in prognosis and surgical planning. Conventional screen-film radiography (SFR) used to be the most common method for oral assessment, but computed tomography (CT) has become more available and is being used for obtaining complementary information. CT examinations eliminate superimposition by acquiring cross-sectional images of the region of interest. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of SFR compared with CT examinations for evaluation of oral masses in dogs. Twenty-one dogs received head and thorax SFR, and pre- and post-contrast head CT. Bony changes were observed in 80.9 % and 95.2 % of the cases in SFR and CT studies, respectively. Invasion of adjacent structures (i.e. nasal cavity, frontal and sphenoidal sinuses, orbit, maxillary recess, nasopharynx) was observed in only 30 % of cases with SFR while CT showed 90.4 % involvement. CT is an important preoperative examination modality and is more effective in identifying bone changes and tumor invasion of adjacent structures compared with SFR.
Risk Assessment of Feline Tooth Resorption: A Portuguese Clinical Case Control Study
Authors: Mestrinho Lisa A. , Runhau Jens , Bragança Mauro , Niza Maria M.R.E.
Published: April 2016

Tooth resorption (TR) is one of the most common dental diseases in cats. Determination of risk factors has not yet been fully assessed and, to the best knowledge of the authors, this disease has never been studied in Portuguese cats. The objective of this case-control study was to determine type and distribution of TR lesions, evaluate risk factors, and establish relationships between variables in this disease. The study included data from 71 cats admitted for general anesthesia for various reasons. The cats were randomly selected. The inclusion criteria were availability of clinical history and owner permission. Cats with known oral disease were not excluded from the study. All cats received ultrasonic scaling and polishing of the teeth, a thorough oral examination, and full-mouth radiographs. A strong statistical relation was found between age and TR. The age group of 10 to 15-years showed an increased risk of 6.56 times for TR occurrence compared with the group 0 to 4-years of age. Presence of gingivitis in all index levels was related to an increased risk for TR. No relation was found between age or gingivitis index and lesion type. Mandibular third premolar and molar teeth were most commonly affected by TR, especially for type 1 lesions. Canine teeth were statistically more likely to have type 2 lesions. The trend for the canine teeth to be more affected with type 2 lesions needs further verification.
Oral Health Benefits of a Daily Dental Chew in Dogs
Authors: Quest Bradley W.
Published: April 2016

An independent study was conducted to determine and quantify the oral care benefits of a daily edible dental chew in dogs as measured by plaque and calculus control, gingival indices, and oral malodor. A “clean mouth” test model was used comparing a commercial dry diet and a commercial dry diet plus one dental chew per day. The dental chew tested was representative of a retail canine dental chew. The test dental chew was a green-colored dental dog chew with a flexible texture that can be readily chewed by dogs. They are made with a knuckle bone shape on one end and a toothbrush shape on the other end. Sixty adult dogs were allocated in either control or test groups based on plaque stratification and studied for 28-days. The test group (30 dogs) received a dry diet and 1 dental chew each day. The control group (30 dogs) received the same dry diet only. At the end of the study, measurements of plaque and calculus accumulation and evaluations of oral malodor and gingival heath were performed. Adding a dental chew to the diet resulted in statistically significant reductions in plaque and calculus accumulation, and oral malodor while improving gingival indices.
Parotid Salivary Duct Stenosis following Caudal Maxillectomy
Authors: Mestrinho Lisa A. , Faísca Pedro B. , Niza Maria MRE
Published: April 2016

Parotid salivary duct dilation was diagnosed in a 9-year-old male dog. The dog had undergone caudal maxillectomy on the ipsilateral side 2-years prior to presentation. Treatment consisted of parotid salivary duct excision and superficial parotidectomy that lead to the resolution of clinical signs. Transient facial neuropraxia was observed immediately after surgery and resolved spontaneously after 2-weeks. Parotid salivary duct dilation should be considered as a chronic postoperative complication following caudal maxillectomy.
The Negative Effects of Volatile Sulphur Compounds
Authors: Milella Lisa
Published: April 2016

Oral malodor has been studied extensively in humans but not necessarily to the same degree in our veterinary patients where malodor constitutes a significant problem. Breath malodor may originate from the mouth, or from an extra oral source, originating from other organ systems such as gastrointestinal, respiratory, or even systemic disease. Oral malodor is a result of microbial metabolism of exogenous and endogenous proteinaceous substrates leading to the production of compounds such as indole, skatole, tyramine, cadaverine, puterescine, mercaptans, and sulphides. Volatile sulphur compounds have been shown to be the main cause of oral malodor. Although most clients perceive oral malodor to be primarily a cosmetic problem, there is an increasing volume of evidence in human dental literature demonstrating that volatile sulphur compounds produced by bacteria, even at low concentrations, are toxic to tissues and play a role in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This article reviews the current available literature in human dentistry looking at these negative effects. No veterinary studies have been conducted looking at the negative effects of volatile sulphur compounds specifically, but as this article highlights, we should be aware of the potential negative effects of volatile sulphur compounds and consider this an area of future research.
Endodontic Treatment Including Apexification in a Chow Chow with a Necrotic Immature Mandibular Canine Tooth
Authors: Hennet Ph.
Published: April 2016

A necrotic immature mandibular, canine tooth in a two year-old, male, intact Chow Chow was endodontically treated. This tooth had an open apex, wide root canal, thin dentinal walls, and there was periapical bone resorption. An apexification procedure was used to induce apical closure by calcified tissue formation, with resolution of the periapical inflammation.
Benefits of a ‘Dental Hygiene Chew’ on the Periodontal Health of Cats
Authors: Gorrel C. , Inskeep G. , Inskeep T.
Published: April 2016

A study was undertaken to determine the clinical efficacy of a chew designed to improve dental hygiene in the cat. The accumulation of dental deposits (plaque and calculus) and the effect on gingival inflammation were assessed in 15 client-owned cats while on two different regimens. In the first leg of the study, the cats were fed a nutritionally complete dry diet supplemented with one dental hygiene chew. In the second leg of the study, the same cats were fed only the nutritionally complete diet. This study demonstrated that the daily addition of the chew to the dry diet resulted in significantly less plaque and calculus accumulation on tooth surfaces. It was our experience that daily feeding of the chew helped maintain dental hygiene in cats; however, regular professional therapy is still indicated.
Studies of Oral Malodor in the Dog
Authors: Rawlings John M. , Culham Neil
Published: April 2016

We compared currently used methods for assessing oral malodor and found a significant, positive correlation between the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in breath and the human perception of malodor, but only within a limited range of VSC production. Daily tooth-brushing from an early age maintains a low and consistent level of oral malodor that does not differ significantly throughout the day. In contrast, dogs with elevated concentrations of VSC production suffer from the highest level of malodor early in the morning, prior to feeding and daily activities. Even in older dogs, periodontal therapy can result in a substantial reduction of oral malodor that remains significantly below pre-treatment values for up to 3 months after treatment.
Treatment of Asymptomatic Internal Resorption of a Maxillary Premolar Tooth in a Military Working Dog
Authors: Eikenberg Steven , Loheide Heidi , Arens F. Charles
Published: April 2016

An asymptomatic pink discoloration of a maxillary right fourth premolar tooth was discovered during a routine oral examination on a 9 year-old Belgian Malinois dog. A radiolucent lesion was seen in the pulpal chamber on radiographic examination. The lesion had perforated the mesiobuccal root of the tooth. The primary differential diagnosis was idiopathic internal resorption. The tooth was treated by partial resection (removal of the mesiobuccal root and associated crown). A vital pulpotomy and amalgam restoration was performed on the remaining tooth structure. A follow-up 1 year later demonstrated a successful treatment outcome. The animal was asymptomatic and able to perform military duties. Clinical and radiographic signs of healing were evident and the tooth was functional.
Synthesis and characterization of soluble copoly(arylene ether ketone sulfone)s bearing xanthene moiety in the main chain
Authors: Zhu Lu , Hu Na , Yu La-Mei , Huang Zhen-Zhong , Sheng Shou-Ri
Published: April 2016

Several new poly(arylene ether ketone sulfone) (PEKS) copolymers containing xanthene moiety in the main chain were prepared by direct solution polycondensation reaction of 1,4-bis(4-fluorobenzoyl)benzene with varying mole ratios of 9,9-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)xanthene and 4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol using sulfolane as solvent in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate. The introduction of xanthene and sulfone groups into the polymer chain resulted in an improvement in solubility of the polymers in common organic solvents such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N, N-dimethyl acetamide, sulfolane, pyridine, chloroform, and tetrahydrofuran. Thermal analysis revealed that the copolymers exhibited high glass transition temperatures ( Tgs) of 208–221°C and excellent thermal stability associated with 5% weight loss temperatures ranging from 490°C to 521°C and 62–66% residual weight at 650°C under nitrogen atmosphere. All copolymers were amorphous and their solubility increased with an increase of sulfone content in the polymer backbone, while the Tgs and overall thermal stability appeared to decrease slightly. This new kind of xanthene-containing PEKS copolymers may be considered a good candidate for using as high-performance structural materials.
Distributed sliding-mode tracking control for multiple mechanical systems
Authors: Ma Guangfu , Sun Yanchao , Wang Jun , Li Chuanjiang
Published: April 2016

Based on the sliding-mode and adaptive control theories, the distributed consensus tracking problem under directed topology is investigated for multiple mechanical systems in the presence of general disturbances. We consider that only a subset of the follower mechanical systems can get the information from the dynamic leader mechanical system. First, with the upper bounds of the general disturbances and the leader’s acceleration, a distributed sliding-mode tracking scheme is proposed. Then, when considering the high conservation of sliding-mode control, an improved algorithm with adaptation laws for the upper bounds is developed. Both the proposed algorithms can make tracking errors for each follower mechanical system asymptotically stable. Numerical examples and comparisons are provided to show the effectiveness and the performance of the proposed control strategies.
Back to the poorhouse? Social protection and social control of unauthorised immigrants in the shadow of the welfare state
Authors: Leerkes Arjen
Published: April 2016

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, De Swaan, a historical sociologist, speculated that heightened global interconnectedness, and the resulting increased potential for international migration, would lead to transnational social policies. In this view, states of richer countries would increasingly perceive an interest in financing social policies in poorer countries in an effort to reduce the need for the distant poor to migrate. By and large, such transnational social policies have not materialised. In this article, which focuses on ‘the Dutch case’, it is argued that international migration, and the desire by states to selectively limit international migration, is nonetheless leading to new forms of poor relief and poverty control, not in countries of origin but in countries of destination. In the shadow of the Western welfare states, we now find elementary and, in many cases, rather archaic practices of poor relief and anti-pauperism measures for certain categories of unauthorised immigrants. Scholarship on migration and citizenship indicates that the rights of immigrants increasingly resemble the rights of citizens, especially in comprehensive welfare states. This trend seems to be complemented, however, by a growing differentiation of social citizenship between those formally admitted (both citizens and residence permit holders) and those officially considered ‘illegal’ non-members.
The question of EU legitimacy in the Social OMC peer review process
Authors: Curry Dion
Published: April 2016

This article examines the interplay between relational and structural factors in establishing the legitimacy of social governance processes at the European Union (EU) level, specifically the peer review process in the Social Open Method of Coordination (OMC). Through a multi-level governance lens, the article uses network analysis to evaluate the roles of different actors within the Social OMC governance structure and links that with the ideas of input and throughput legitimacy. The findings suggest that the peer reviews have limited capacity in improving input or throughput legitimacy. Input legitimacy has improved somewhat to include non-traditional actors, but the governance structures in place do not provide a clear role for these new actors and it remains a mostly government-driven process. While the Social OMC does open up new avenues for transparency, information sharing and improving procedural throughputs, the process does not have a clear vision in how to translate this transparency into significant increases in legitimacy.
Ethno-Cultural Considerations in Cardiac Patients’ Medication Adherence
Authors: King-Shier K. M. , Singh S. , Khan N. A. , LeBlanc P. , Lowe J. C. , Mather C. M. , Chong E. , Quan H.
Published: April 2016

We aimed to develop an in-depth understanding about factors that influence cardiac medication adherence among South Asian, Chinese, and European White cardiac patients. Sixty-four patients were purposively sampled from an ongoing study cohort. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for analyses. Physicians’ culturally sensitive communication and patients’ motivation to live a symptom-free and longer life enhanced adherence. European Whites were motivated to enhance personal well-being and enjoy family life. South Asians’ medication adherence was influenced by the desire to fulfill the will of God and family responsibilities. The Chinese were motivated to avoid pain, illness, and death, and to obey a health care provider. The South Asians and Chinese wanted to ultimately reduce medication use. Previous positive experiences, family support, and establishing a routine also influenced medication adherence. Deterrents to adherence were essentially the reverse of the motivators/facilitators. This analysis represents an essential first step forward in developing ethno-culturally tailored interventions to optimize adherence.
Multi-objective optimization of mechanism design using a bi-level game theoretic formulation
Authors: Ghotbi Ehsan
Published: April 2016

This article considers the design of a high-speed mechanism as a multi-objective optimization problem wherein the kinematic and dynamic criteria are optimized simultaneously. The kinematic criteria include minimization of the structural error and a minimization of deviation of the transmission angle from its ideal value. The dynamic criterion used is minimization of the peak torque required to drive the input link over a cycle. A Stackelberg (leader–follower) game theoretic approach is proposed to solve the multi-objective problem. Three variants, wherein both the kinematic and the dynamic criteria are treated as the leader, are considered. The design variables are the mechanism dimensions. A computational procedure using sensitivity information is proposed for approximating rational reaction sets needed for capturing exchange of information between the leader and the follower problems. A numerical example dealing with the design of a path generating four-bar mechanism is presented. It is shown that significant improvement in both kinematic and dynamic performance measures is simultaneously achieved using the proposed approach.
Visceral States Call for Visceral Measures: Verbal Overshadowing of Hunger Ratings Across Assessment Modalities
Authors: Creswell Kasey G. , Sayette Michael A. , Schooler Jonathan W. , Wright Aidan G. C. , Pacilio Laura E.
Published: April 2016

We introduce a nonverbal “visceral” measure of hunger (i.e., squeezing a handheld dynamometer) and provide the first evidence of verbal overshadowing effects in this visceral domain. We presented 106 participants with popcorn and recorded their hunger levels in one of three conditions: (1) first report hunger using a traditional self-report rating scale (i.e., verbal measure) and then indicate hunger by squeezing a dynamometer (i.e., nonverbal measure), (2) first indicate hunger nonverbally and then indicate hunger verbally, or (3) indicate hunger only nonverbally. As hypothesized, nonverbal measures of hunger predicted subsequent eating behavior when they were uncontaminated by verbal measures—either because they preceded verbal measures of hunger or because they were the sole measure of hunger. Moreover, nonverbal measures of hunger were a better predictor of eating behavior than verbal measures. Implications of the study for communicating embodied experiences in a way that escapes the confines of symbolic representations are discussed.
Insights Into Intimate Partner Violence in Pregnancy
Authors: Ansari Umaira , Cobham Bassy , Etim Egbai Moses , Ahamad Hauwa Mohammad , Owan Nchajeno Otabai , Tijani Yaya , Cockcroft Anne , Andersson Neil
Published: April 2016

A household survey and focus group discussions examined the frequency and risk factors for physical intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy in two Nigerian states. Some 22% of women in Cross River and 9% in Bauchi reported IPV in their last pregnancy. The risk was higher in communities where more women reported IPV in the past year and lower among less poor women with more educated partners. Women were more likely to experience IPV in pregnancy if they had an income and decided how to spend it. Efforts to reduce IPV in pregnancy should involve communities as well as individuals.
‘I Wouldn’t Have What It Takes’
Authors: Sveningsson Malin
Published: April 2016

Research on young people and citizenship has often depicted those who do not participate in manifest political contexts as ‘passive’. However, the space between ‘active’ and ‘passive’ is complex and hosts a number of different positions. Using a qualitative mixed methods approach, this article provides insights into how a group of young people, who can be described as ‘standby citizens’ (Amnå & Ekman, 2014), perceive political participation, and ultimately, why they, despite a strong interest in politics, are reluctant to describe themselves as ‘politically engaged’.

Eight themes were identified and grouped into three categories focusing on different aspects: What forms engagement should take in order to count as such, what characteristics engaged persons were perceived to have and what political engagement was perceived to be about. All three contributed towards making the position ‘politically engaged’ difficult to claim, but also somewhat undesirable, for the participants.
Staging jazz pasts within commercial European jazz festivals: The case of the North Sea Jazz Festival
Authors: McGee Kristin
Published: April 2016

This article examines the North Sea Jazz Festival in order to highlight the growing influence of both ‘convergence culture’ (Jenkins) and prevailing jazz mythologies upon the reception and organization of contemporary European jazz festivals. In particular, the European jazz festival is examined within the context of increasing commercialization and digital mediation of the live music field. To stake my claim, I first sketch the context within which European jazz festivals arose, especially as initially driven by curators/aficionados, whose longing for ‘authentic’ jazz within natural (resort) surroundings provided the basis for our current European jazz mythology. Next, drawing from both secondary sources and journalistic reviews, I trace how the North Sea Jazz Festival transitioned from an independently curated event to a highly professionalized media festival in Rotterdam, northern Europe’s most modern, post-industrial jazz city. Finally, my close reading of the recent North Sea Jazz Festival’s headlining, crossover Dutch jazz artist, Caro Emerald, reveals how this transformation encouraged associations with the so-called European jazz myth, one which privileged Europeans’ connections to past American aesthetics and promoted New York–based jazz ‘heroes’ alongside crossover European jazz acts. My research draws from the fields of cultural studies, historiography, ethnomusicology and media studies to postulate a multidisciplinary theoretical perspective for examining jazz ideologies in light of large-scale transformations of festival culture.
Joint strength of Ag–9Pd–9Ga brazed interconnect and anode-supported electrolyte for solid-oxide fuel cell applications
Authors: Chao Chih-Long , Chu Chun-Lin , Fuh Yiin-Kuen , Hsu Ray-Quen , Lee Shyong , Cheng Yung-Neng
Published: April 2016

A newly developed Ag–9Pd–9Ga active filler was vacuum brazed, and the mechanical properties between the metallic interconnects (SS430, Crofer22 APU, Crofer22 H) and a Ni–yttria-stabilized zirconia cermet anode were systematically investigated. The results indicate that the bonding between metal and cermet is well established and that the interface is smooth. The joint strength evaluated at both 25 ℃ and 800 ℃ under shear and tensile loading conditions confirmed that the brazed Ag–9Pd–9Ga sealant compared favorably with its commercially available glass-ceramic GC-9 counterpart.
Large-Eddy Simulation of turbulent, cavitating fuel flow inside a 9-hole Diesel injector including needle movement
Authors: Örley Felix , Hickel Stefan , Schmidt Steffen J , Adams Nikolaus A
Published: April 2016

We investigate the turbulent multiphase flow inside a nine-hole common rail Diesel injector during a full injection cycle of ISO 4113 diesel fuel into air by implicit large-eddy simulation (LES). The simulation includes a prescribed needle movement obtained from a one-dimensional multi-domain simulation. The injector geometry is represented by a conservative cut-element-based immersed boundary method with subcell resolution, which has been developed for the application in the context of cavitating liquid flows. We employ a barotropic two-phase two-fluid model, where all components (i.e. air, liquid diesel, gaseous diesel) are represented by a homogenous mixture approach. The cavitation model is based on a thermodynamic equilibrium assumption. Compressibility of all phases enables full resolution of collapse-induced pressure wave dynamics. The analysis of the turbulent flow field reveals that the opening and closing phase are dominated by small-scale turbulence, while in the main injection phase large vortical structures are formed in the needle volume and reach into the nozzle holes. Violent collapse events of cavitation structures are detected during the closing phase in the nozzle holes and after closing in the sac hole region. A comparison with LES results with a fixed injector needle at different lift positions shows a good agreement for large needle lifts, while the needle movement has significant effects on important flow features at low needle lifts.
Fructose-rich diet induces gender-specific changes in expression of the renin–angiotensin system in rat heart and upregulates the ACE/AT1R axis in the male rat aorta
Authors: Bundalo Maja M , Zivkovic Maja D , Romic Snjezana Dj , Tepavcevic Snezana N , Koricanac Goran B , Djuric Tamara M , Stankovic Aleksandra D
Published: April 2016

Introduction:

The cardiovascular renin–angiotensin system (RAS) could be affected by gender and dietary regime. We hypothesized that male rats will be more susceptible to activation of RAS in the heart and aorta, as a response to a fructose-rich diet (FRD).

Materials and methods:

Both male and female Wistar rats were given a 10% (w/v) fructose solution for 9 weeks. We measured the biochemical parameters, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate. We used Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to quantify protein and gene expression.

Results:

In the male rats, the FRD elevated BP and expression of cardiac angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), while the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and angiotensin II Type 2 receptor (AT2R) were significantly decreased. In female rats, there were no changes in cardiac RAS expression due to FRD. Furthermore, the ACE/AT1R axis was overexpressed in the FRD male rats’ aortae, while only AT1R was upregulated in the FRD female rats’ aortae. ACE2 expression remained unchanged in the aortae of both genders receiving the FRD.

Conclusions:

The FRD induced gender-specific changes in the expression of the RAS in the heart and aortae of male rats. Further investigations are required in order to get a comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms of gender-specific fructose-induced cardiovascular pathologies.
A lightweight shoulder prosthesis with antagonistic impact-absorbing hybrid actuation for bimanual activities of daily living
Authors: Sekine Masashi , Shiota Kouki , Kita Kahori , Namiki Akio , Yu Wenwei
Published: April 2016

In developing a shoulder prosthesis, in addition to appropriate payload and range of motion under the constraints of weight and shape, impact absorption is very important for safe use. Hybridization of two different actuators (pneumatic elastic actuators with the features of lightness and intrinsic visco-elasticity, and servo motors that have stable torque and a large range of motion in combination with an antagonistic mechanism) was employed to achieve the development of the shoulder prosthesis. A two-link, two-degree-of-freedom arm was used to test the different hybridization configurations in order to investigate the impact absorption. A dynamic simulation platform based on four bimanual activities of daily living was established to obtain the required range of motion and torque for joints of a two-link, four-degree-of-freedom arm. The number of pneumatic elastic actuators required and the dimension of the antagonistic mechanism mechanical structures were optimized using the dynamic simulation platform. The best configuration of the two types of actuators was determined using the dynamic simulation based on the impact absorption results and other criteria. Moreover, a simplified prototype driven by hybrid actuation was made. It was shown that the pneumatic elastic actuator joint could improve impact absorption, and the actuator configuration of shoulder prostheses is activity of daily living dependent. The prototype could reproduce a certain activity of daily living motion, indicating its feasibility in daily living.
Aldosterone is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Feniman De Stefano Greicy Mara Mengue , Zanati-Basan Silméia Garcia , De Stefano Laercio Martins , Silva Viviana Rugolo Oliveira e , Xavier Patrícia Santi , Barretti Pasqual , da Silva Franco Roberto Jorge , Caramori Jacqueline Costa Teixeira , Martin Luis Cuadrado
Published: April 2016

Objectives:

Patients with chronic kidney disease present a higher degree of left ventricular hypertrophy than expected for hypertension levels. In chronic kidney disease the plot between the quotient extracellular water/total body water and aldosterone is shifted up and to the right. There are few studies that verified the role of aldosterone in cardiac remodeling in this set of patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between serum aldosterone and left ventricular mass index in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.

Methods:

The patients were submitted to clinical and laboratory evaluation, bioelectrical impedance, echocardiography and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The 27 patients included were divided into two groups according to aldosterone level and compared with each other.

Results:

The group of patients with higher aldosterone levels had higher left ventricular mass index. These groups were heterogeneous with regard to ambulatory systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and aldosterone levels and homogeneous with regard to the quotient extracellular water/total body water, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system blockers, beta blocker use and other clinical characteristics. The association between aldosterone levels and left ventricular mass index was adjusted to confounding variables by a multiple linear regression analysis in which aldosterone was independently associated with left ventricular mass index.

Conclusion:

The data presented are consistent with a pathogenic role of aldosterone in left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic kidney dialysis in dialysis patients.

Trial registration:

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01128101.
Shoulder injuries in adolescent rugby players
Authors: Hodhody Ghazal , Mackenzie Tanya A , Funk Lennard
Published: April 2016

Background

Rugby is a high-intensity contact sport, frequently causing shoulder injuries. Between the ages of 12 years to 18 years, academy and county level players are being selected for professional contracts, making this is a critical stage of their career. The present study aimed to describe the patterns of injury in adolescent rugby players with shoulder injuries.

Methods

Academy and county level rugby players in the target age group, over a 7-year period, were included in the present study. Data collected included the mechanism of injury, position and level of play, radiology and surgical findings, and recurrence rate at a minimum of 2 years post-surgery.

Results

One hundred and sixty-nine cases adhered to the inclusion criteria, with most cases involving two or more pathologies in the shoulder (54%). Forwards sustained more shoulder injuries than backs, incurring more labral injuries. By contrast, backs had a higher incidence of bony pathology. The mechanism of injury frequently correlated with player positions. There was a 21% injury recurrence rate, with forwards (7%) and higher level academy players (11%) most likely to suffer a recurrence.

Conclusions

Shoulder injury patterns in this important group of adolescent contact athletes are complex, with recurrence rates being higher than those in older rugby players.
Linking Social Capital to Small-Worlds: A Look at Local and Network-Level Processes and Structure
Authors: Prell Christina
Published: April 2016

In the past decade, two topics have generated much interest in the idea of social networks and network analysis. These are social capital, popularised by Robert Putnam, and small-worlds, popularised by Duncan Watts and Albert-László Barabási. Social capital highlights local processes and network structures, theorizing the ways in which relations and their patterns link individuals and groups to resources and beneficial outcomes. Small-worlds emphasizes global network structures, describing how large, heterogeneous networks can nonetheless appear small to individual actors, largely as a result of the high clustering and weak, bridging ties that make up these networks' structure. Although social capital and small-worlds share social networks as a common basis, they emphasize different sides of a spectrum: social capital focuses on the local and small-worlds on the global. In addition, both focus on seemingly different social phenomena: social capital emphasizes access to resources, whereas small-worlds emphasize the tension of actors living in a social world that is simultaneously large and small. In spite of these differences, the literature points towards overlaps in the ways in which network structure is described: both social capital and small-worlds discuss structures of openness and closure, and these structural overlaps provide a means by which to start exploring, on a theoretical level, additional ways in which to bring about a synthesis of the two bodies of literature. In this paper, I situate social capital as an explanatory framework for the emergence of small-worlds. I do this through three phases: first, I discuss how each topic describes and theorizes opennenss and closure. Next, I develop a series of propositions that show how social capital can be linked to small-worlds in a coherent framework. Finally, I offer an empirical illustration of these propositions through the use of p*, one of the models from the larger family of exponential random graph models (ERGMs), which allow analysts to test the probability of certain local structural tendencies in a given network.
Brokerage Roles between Cliques: A Secondary Clique Analysis
Authors: Bellotti Elisa
Published: April 2016

A common goal when analyzing a social network is to try and determine the cohesive subgroup structure of the network. Some techniques result in complex overlapping structures such as cliques or k-plexes whereas others either partition the network or place actors into unique groups, for example factions or components. A standard method implemented in Ucinet uses the overlapping structure to construct a proximity matrix which can be submitted to a clustering routine to find non-overlapping groups. Once the groups have been determined many analysts relate these to observations they have made involving their data. There are few techniques that take the groups as a starting point for additional analysis with the exception of Krachardt's work on Simelian ties. In this paper I examine the roles the actors play in the cohesive structure using the brokerage ideas of Gould and Fernandez. The method is demonstrated on an original dataset that was collected in 2006 on 100 social services based in a suburb area of Milan, Italy. The dataset is composed of a matrix that contains directed data collected by asking the spokesperson of every social service if he/she knows the other services listed (the list of services having been previously compiled using several sources), together with attribute information. The matrix is analyzed using the clique analysis techniques in the Ucinet software package to find non-overlapping groups. The results are submitted to Ucinet's brokerage routine and visualized using the Netdraw software package. This analysis offers a new insight into the data, as it is possible to identify what actors play important roles (and which kind of role) in bridging the gaps between the cohesive subgroups.
The Effects of the Initial Mode of Contact on the Response Rate and Data Quality in an Internet-Based College Satisfaction Survey
Authors: Wiseman Frederick
Published: April 2016

This paper reports on the results of an experiment that investigated the response rate and data quality effects of two alternative methods for making initial contact with potential respondents in a sample survey. The study was conducted in a university setting and selected students were initially contacted about their participation in the survey either thru an e-mail message or thru their own customised university portal. Survey findings revealed that the e-mail alternative resulted in a significantly higher overall response rate. However, the findings also revealed that there were significant differences in the responses of the two groups with respect to the evaluations given by students regarding their academic and social well-being at the university. Specifically, sample members in the portal group gave significantly more positive evaluations regarding their academic and social well-being than did members of the e-mail group. However, there were no significant differences between the responses of the two groups in terms of their evaluations of either the university's food court or the campus recreational centre. Additionally, despite efforts within both groups to achieve a high response rate and a representative sample, neither alternative was able to produce a sample that had a high response rate or a sample that was representative of the population in terms of either students' gender or grade point average. Implications of these findings for conducting surveys, especially those of student populations, are also discussed.
Value in the Visual: On Public Injecting, Visual Methods and Their Potential for Informing Policy (and Change)
Authors: Parkin Stephen , Coomber Ross
Published: April 2016

This paper concerns the application of visual methods within qualitative research and the ways in which they can be developed and applied to a range of settings for applied health (and other policy) purposes. Traditionally visual methods have been used as adjunct means to record data and representations of individuals, groups and cultures. Having emerged from a research tradition deeply rooted within the field of social/cultural anthropology they have been largely understated in more policy-orientated research or that with more practical benefits. Visual research however has potential to be utilised in this way, particularly in behavioural and other health areas, in which ‘added-value’ to ‘traditional’ text-based research findings can be provided. This paper seeks to demonstrate this potential and provide examples of ‘added-value’ with specific reference to a study of public environments appropriated by injecting drug users in an urban location.