bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting Endothelial Cell-Specific Molecule 1 Protein in Cancer: A Promising Therapeutic Approach
Authors: Zhang He , Shen Yi-Wen , Zhang Li-Jun , Chen Jin-Jiao , Bian Hui-Ting , Gu Wen-Jie , Zhang Hong , Chen Hong-Zhuan , Zhang Wei-Dong , Luan Xin
Published: May 2021

Despite the dramatic advances in cancer research in the past few years, effective therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Endothelial cell-specific molecule 1 (ESM-1), a soluble dermatan sulfate proteoglycan, also known as endocan, serves as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator due to its aberrant expression under pathological conditions, including cancer, sepsis, kidney diseases, and cardiovascular disease. Significantly, ESM-1 can promote cancer progression and metastasis through the regulation of tumor cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistant. In addition, ESM-1 is involved in the tumor microenvironment, containing inflammation, angiogenesis, and lymph angiogenesis. This article reviews the molecular and biological characteristics of ESM-1 in cancer, the underlying mechanisms, the currently clinical and pre-clinical applications, and potential therapeutic strategies. Herein, we propose that ESM-1 is a new therapeutic target for cancer therapy.
Pharmacokinetics-Based Chronoefficacy of Semen Strychni and Tripterygium Glycoside Tablet Against Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Lin Jingpan , Gao Lu , Lin Yanke , Wang Shuai , Yang Zemin , Ren Shujing , Chen Min , Wu Baojian
Published: May 2021

Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and bone destruction. Identifying drugs with time-varying efficacy and toxicity, and elucidating the mechanisms would help to improve treatment efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Here, we aimed to determine the chronoefficacy of semen strychni (SS) and tripterygium glycoside tablet (TGT) against rheumatoid arthritis in mice, and to investigate a potential role of circadian pharmacokinetics in generating chronoefficacy. SS extract and TGT suspension were prepared with ultrasonication. Effects of SS and TGT on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) were evaluated by measuring TNF-α and IL-6 levels. SS dosed at ZT18 was more effective in protecting against CIA than drug dosed at ZT6 (i.e., lower levels of key inflammatory factors at ZT18 than at ZT6). This was accompanied by higher systemic exposure levels of strychnine and brucine (two main putative active ingredients of SS) in ZT18-treated than in ZT6-treated CIA mice. TGT dosing at ZT2 showed a better efficacy against CIA as compared to herb doing at ZT14. Consistently, ZT2 dosing generated a higher exposure of triptolide (a main putative active ingredient of TGT) as compared to ZT14 dosing in CIA mice. Moreover, strychnine, brucine, and triptolide significantly inhibited the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, and reduced the production of TNF-α and IL-6 and the mRNAs of TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, and iNOS, suggesting that they possessed an anti-arthritis activity. In conclusion, SS and TGT display chronoefficacy against rheumatoid arthritis in mice, that is attributed to circadian pharmacokinetics of main active ingredients. Our findings have implications for improving treatment outcomes of SS and TGT via timed delivery.
Autism Case Report: Cause and Treatment of “High Opioid Tone” Autism
Authors: Anugu Vishal , Ringhisen John , Johnson Brian
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Neurobiological systems engineering models are useful for treating patients. We show a model of “high opioid tone” autism and present a hypothesis about how autism is caused by administration of opioids during childbirth.

Main Symptoms: Clinical diagnosis of autism in a 25 year old man was confirmed by a Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) self-rating of 79, severe, and a Social Communications Questionnaire (SCQ-2) by the patient's father scoring 27. Cold pressor time (CPT) was 190 seconds—unusually long, consonant with the high pain tolerance of autism.

Therapeutic Intervention and Outcomes: At naltrexone 50 mg/day SRS fell to 54 and SCQ-−2–9; both non-significant. CPT fell to 28, repeat 39 s. Improved relatedness was experienced ambivalently, understood as feelings never before experienced—causing pain. Non-compliance with naltrexone was followed by cutting open his palm and drinking alcoholically. Transference focused psychotherapy has helped him remain naltrexone—compliant while he works on issues of identity and relatedness.

Conclusion: The model suggests studies that could be conducted to both prevent and treat this form of autism.
Young Adults’ Experience of Loneliness in London’s Most Deprived Areas
Authors: Fardghassemi Sam , Joffe Helene
Published: May 2021

Young adults (16–24 years old) are currently the loneliest group in Western countries. In particular, young adults of lower socio-economic status (SES) living in the most deprived areas are loneliest in the United Kingdom. This mixed-methods study explored the experience of loneliness among this under-explored demographic in London. Using a novel free association technique, the experience of loneliness was found to be characterized by: a sense of isolation, negative emotions and thoughts, coping and a positive orientation to aloneness. An exploration of these themes revealed that: one can feel isolated or excluded even when surrounded by people; the experience of loneliness is accompanied by a set of interrelated feelings and thoughts like rumination; and technological and/or non-technological outlets can be used to cope. Social media play both a positive and negative role in loneliness, and loneliness is not always experienced negatively. The quantitative data indicated that this sample was lonely. By providing insight into young adults’ loneliness, the findings indicate what types of interventions are likely to diminish it.
Parental Beliefs and Knowledge, Children’s Home Language Experiences, and School Readiness: The Dual Language Perspective
Authors: Luo Rufan , Song Lulu , Villacis Carla , Santiago-Bonilla Gloria
Published: May 2021

Parental beliefs and knowledge about child development affect how they construct children’s home learning experiences, which in turn impact children’s developmental outcomes. A rapidly growing population of dual language learners (DLLs) highlights the need for a better understanding of parents’ beliefs and knowledge about dual language development and practices to support DLLs. The current study examined the dual language beliefs and knowledge of parents of Spanish-English preschool DLLs (n= 32). We further asked how socioeconomic and sociocultural factors were associated with parental beliefs and knowledge, and how parental beliefs and knowledge related to DLLs’ home dual language experiences and school readiness skills as rated by their teachers. Results suggested both strengths and opportunities for growth in parental beliefs and knowledge. Moreover, parents from higher-SES backgrounds reported beliefs and knowledge that were more consistent with scientific evidence. Furthermore, parental beliefs and knowledge was positively related to relative Spanish input at home and negatively related to the frequency of English language and literacy activities. However, parental beliefs and knowledge were not associated with children’s dual language output at home or the frequency of Spanish language and literacy activities. Finally, parental beliefs and knowledge were associated with children’s school readiness skills in Spanish but not in English. Together, these findings highlight the need for culturally responsive interventions and parent education programs, which must recognize both the strengths and areas of improvement in parents of DLLs and support parents to transform knowledge into high-quality language and literacy experiences that benefit DLLs.
Influence of Resilience and Optimism on Distress and Intention to Self-Isolate: Contrasting Lower and Higher COVID-19 Illness Risk Samples From an Extended Health Belief Model
Authors: Cervera-Torres Sergio , Ruiz-Fernández Susana , Godbersen Hendrik , Massó Lena , Martínez-Rubio David , Pintado-Cucarella Sheila , Baños Rosa M.
Published: May 2021

The study investigated the influence of resilience and dispositional optimism on, first, emotional distress and, second, the intention to self-isolate, experienced by people with a lower and higher illness risk, during the lockdown imposed in Spain during the first COVID-19 wave. These effects were investigated against the background of the Health Belief Model (HBM). A convenience sample of N = 325 participants completed an online survey including an ad-hoc questionnaire measuring the HBM core factors: Perceived health threat (susceptibility and severity of getting infected), and perceived quarantine benefits and costs. Self-efficacy and perceived social pressure were also measured. Based on reviews regarding pandemic outbreaks, quarantine benefits were conceptualized as the perceived effectiveness and solidary contribution of self-isolating in line with the quarantine protocols. Quarantine “psychosocial” costs were conceptualized as a composite of perceived boredom, loneliness, and economic concerns. Findings revealed an asymmetrical pattern of results so that (i) people at higher risk were more distressed by the perceived severity of getting infected whereas people at lower risk were more distressed by the psychosocial costs. Moreover, (ii) resilience and optimism were more “protective” against distress within the lower and higher risk groups, respectively. In addition, (iii) quarantine benefits and self-efficacy promoted the intention to self-isolate within both groups. However, (iv) optimism hindered such intention. This finding is discussed in the light of links between dispositional optimism and optimistic bias; the underestimation of experiencing negative events, which can relax the perceived health risk. Based on these findings, communication campaigns should prioritize information about the effectiveness of the implemented preventive behaviors rather than the costs of not implementing them, and be cautionary in encouraging excessive optimism.
An Improved Parameter-Estimating Method in Bayesian Networks Applied for Cognitive Diagnosis Assessment
Authors: Wang Ling Ling , Xin Tao , Yanlou Liu
Published: May 2021

Bayesian networks (BNs) can be employed to cognitive diagnostic assessment (CDA). Most of the existing researches on the BNs for CDA utilized the MCMC algorithm to estimate parameters of BNs. When EM algorithm and gradient descending (GD) learning method are adopted to estimate the parameters of BNs, some challenges may emerge in educational assessment due to the monotonic constraints (greater skill should lead to better item performance) cannot be satisfied in the above two methods. This paper proposed to train the BN first based on the ideal response pattern data contained in every CDA and continue to estimate the parameters of BN based on the EM or the GD algorithm regarding the parameters based on the IRP training method as informative priors. Both the simulation study and realistic data analysis demonstrated the validity and feasibility of the new method. The BN based on the new parameter estimating method exhibits promising statistical classification performance and even outperforms the G-DINA model in some conditions.
Broad Dataset and Methods for Counting and Localization of On-Ear Corn Kernels
Authors: Hobbs Jennifer , Khachatryan Vachik , Anandan Barathwaj S. , Hovhannisyan Harutyun , Wilson David
Published: May 2021

Crop monitoring and yield prediction are central to management decisions for farmers. One key task is counting the number of kernels on an ear of corn to estimate yield in a field. As ears of corn can easily have 400–900 kernels, manual counting is unrealistic; traditionally, growers have approximated the number of kernels on an ear of corn through a mixture of counting and estimation. With the success of deep learning, these human estimates can now be replaced with more accurate machine learning models, many of which are efficient enough to run on a mobile device. Although a conceptually simple task, the counting and localization of hundreds of instances in an image is challenging for many image detection algorithms which struggle when objects are small in size and large in number. We compare different detection-based frameworks, Faster R-CNN, YOLO, and density-estimation approaches for on-ear corn kernel counting and localization. In addition to the YOLOv5 model which is accurate and edge-deployable, our density-estimation approach produces high-quality results, is lightweight enough for edge deployment, and maintains its computational efficiency independent of the number of kernels in the image. Additionally, we seek to standardize and broaden this line of work through the release of a challenging dataset with high-quality, multi-class segmentation masks. This dataset firstly enables quantitative comparison of approaches within the kernel counting application space and secondly promotes further research in transfer learning and domain adaptation, large count segmentation methods, and edge deployment methods.
How Do We Find the Source of Foodborne Superbug Outbreaks?
Authors: Scaria Joy , Menon Shruti , Rovai Maristela
Published: May 2021

Lately, there have been more foodborne “superbug” outbreaks than ever before, which creates a problem because superbugs are antibiotic-resistant bacteria that are difficult to treat. To reduce such outbreaks, better ways of finding the source of the infection are needed. Superbugs, such as Salmonella are often transmitted through food. The world’s food supply system has become so complex that it is often difficult to find the source of an outbreak with older testing methods. A new method called whole genome sequencing (WGS) has now been developed to track superbug infections. Using WGS, it is now possible to identify the source of an outbreak in one country that may be transmitted through food imported from the opposite side of the world. Good outbreak tracing methods help scientists make better predictions about outbreaks. Finding the source of an outbreak early on can lead to better containment and lower costs.
An Optimization Design of Adaptive Cruise Control System Based on MPC and ADRC
Authors: Yang Zengfu , Wang Zengcai , Yan Ming
Published: May 2021

In this paper, a novel adaptive cruise control (ACC) algorithm based on model predictive control (MPC) and active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) is proposed. This paper uses an MPC algorithm for the upper controller of the ACC system. Through comprehensive considerations, the upper controller will output desired acceleration to the lower controller. In addition, to increase the accuracy of the predictive model in the MPC controller and to address fluctuations in the vehicle’s acceleration, an MPC aided by predictive estimation of acceleration is proposed. Due to the uncertainties of vehicle parameters and the road environment, it is difficult to establish an accurate vehicle dynamic model for the lower-level controller to control the throttle and brake actuators. Therefore, feed-forward control based on a vehicle dynamic model (VDM) and compensatory control based on ADRC is used to enhance the control precision and to suppress the influence of internal or external disturbance. Finally, the proposed optimal design of the ACC system was validated in road tests. The results show that ACC with APE can accurately control the tracking of the host vehicle with less acceleration fluctuation than that of the traditional ACC controller. Moreover, when the mass of the vehicle and the slope of the road is changed, the ACC–APE–ADRC controller is still able to control the vehicle to quickly and accurately track the desired acceleration.
Adaptation and Agronomic Performance of Domesticated Moroccan Oat (Avena magna ssp. domestica) Lines under Subsistence Farming Conditions at Multiple Locations in Morocco
Authors: Jellen Eric N. , Jackson Eric W. , Elhadji Thiam , Young Lauren K. , El Mouttaqi Ayoub , Al Halfa Ilyass , El Fartassi Imane , Sanata Katile Liouba , Linchangco Richard , Klassen Kevin , Agard Tiffany , Nelson Mark , Rogers Will , Gustafson Gweneth , Taylor Jacob , Maughan Peter J. , Jarvis David E. , Soukrat Sakina , Benlhabib Ouafae
Published: May 2021

Common hexaploid oat (Avena sativa L.) is an important global cereal crop. A Moroccan tetraploid sister species, A. magna Murphy et Terrel, was exclusively a wild species until recently. The goal of domestication was to exploit its superior groat-protein content and climatic tolerances. We set up replicated trials of 41 domesticated A. magna lines on eight Moroccan farms during the 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons. Twenty traits were measured and analyses of variance detected significant differences among lines. The highest grain yield was at Berrechid in 2017–2018 (63.56 q/ha), with an average annual yield across sites of 43.50 q/ha, the site factor explaining 82% and the genotype-environment interaction explaining 15% of the variability. In the second year, El Kebab recorded the highest yield at 20.03 q/ha over the annual average of 14.78 q/ha. In this second year, the site factor was highly significant, explaining 42.25% of the variation, with the genotype-environment interaction explaining 26.61% of the variability. An additional main effect and multiplicative interaction analysis of the eight two-year trials identified several accessions with good yield stability. Twelve lines exhibited a ASVs ≤ 1.50, with five accessions (A34, A40, A23, A05, A04) exceeding the overall average yield of 29.53 and A34 having the greatest mean grain yield and stability. The versatility and stability of A. magna can provide a sustainable protein source and an economic resource for farmers seeking products that are resilient to climatic instability.
Variance Components and Correlations between Doubled Haploid Lines from Two European Flint Landraces and Their Corresponding Testcrosses for Gibberella Ear Rot Resistance, Silking Time, and Plant Height in Maize
Authors: Akohoue Félicien , Gaikpa David Sewordor , Kessel Bettina , Presterl Thomas , Miedaner Thomas
Published: May 2021

Predicting the resistance of hybrids from lines is a relevant approach for accelerating the improvement of disease resistance in hybrid breeding. In this study, genetic variation and covariation among 76 DH lines from two flint landraces, Kemater (KE) and Petkuser (PE), and their corresponding testcrosses (TC) were estimated for the first time for this material for Gibberella ear rot (GER), days to silking (DS), and plant height (PHT). Lines and TC were evaluated in four and two environments, respectively, under artificial infection with GER. TC were, on average, 42% less GER infected than their lines. TC matured 3–4 days earlier and were about 110 cm taller than the lines. GER resistance was 10% higher in KE lines and TC than PE lines and TC. Significant (p < 0.001) genotypic and genotype-by-environment interaction variances were found for all traits. Genotypic variances were generally smaller among TC than lines. Broad-sense heritability estimates were moderate to high for GER severity (0.56–0.82) and high for DS (0.78–0.88) and PHT (0.86–0.94) with higher values always observed in lines. Significant, moderate correlations between TC and line per se performance were found for GER resistance in both KE and PE (r = 0.37 and 0.55, respectively). For the two agronomic traits, correlations were higher (r = 0.59–0.76) than for GER resistance. Genomic prediction accuracies were moderate to high for GER resistance (r = 0.49–0.63) and generally higher for DS and PHT. In conclusion, a pre-selection of DH lines for GER resistance should be feasible; however, TC should be additionally tested on a later selection stage to aim for GER-resistant hybrid cultivars.
Regulated Salinity Eustress in a Floating Hydroponic Module of Sequentially Harvested Lettuce Modulates Phytochemical Constitution, Plant Resilience, and Post-Harvest Nutraceutical Quality
Authors: Carillo Petronia , Soteriou Georgios A. , Kyriacou Marios C. , Giordano Maria , Raimondi Giampaolo , Napolitano Francesco , Di Stasio Emilio , Mola Ida Di , Mori Mauro , Rouphael Youssef
Published: May 2021

A mild salinity stress (eustress) may modulate the induction of the plant defense system in horticultural crops and the synthesis of phytochemical components able to enhance plant resilience, post-harvest performance, and the nutraceutical quality of produce. However, the choice of the correct eustress type and dose to induce the synthesis of these protective phytochemicals is pivotal to avoid potential interference with plant growth and productivity. In order to study how green and red lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants equilibrate the nutritional and nutraceutical components of quality with yield components, we applied iso-osmotic concentrations of three different salts (20 mM NaCl, 20 mM KCl, and 13.3 mM CaCl2, with a final total ionic concentration of 40 mM) in combination with two successive harvests in a floating raft system. The biometric parameters, mineral composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activity of both cultivars were analyzed. The green cultivar had a superior response concerning biometric traits and productivity compared to the red one during the first cut but lower phytochemical content (e.g., ascorbic acid). The effect of cut order, independently of cultivar and salinity treatments, demonstrated that at the first harvest plants could redirect metabolism by increasing the lipophilic antioxidant content (LAA) at the expense of plant yield, therefore increasing plant resilience and post-harvest nutraceutical quality; whereas, at the second harvest, plants reverted principally to tissue expansion. The treatments with iso-osmotic salt concentrations did not affect K and Mg ion contents but further increased LAA and resulted only in a moderate decrease of fresh yield. The lettuce nitrate content was reduced during the second cut only when lettuce plants were treated with NaCl and especially CaCl2.
Energy Cane x Sugarcane Microregion Interaction in the State of Pernambuco: Sugarcane for Production of Bioenergy and Renewable Fuels
Authors: Dutra Filho João de Andrade , Gomes-Silva Frank , Souto Lauter Silva , Souza Anielson dos Santos , de Luna Rômulo Gil , Moreira Guilherme Rocha , Filho Moacyr Cunha , Silva Marcelo Cleon de Castro , Fiuza Porto Andréa Chaves , de Brito Cícero Carlos Ramos , da Costa Mária Lindomárcia Leonardo , de Oliveira Odair Honorato , Pereira Silva Amaro Epifânio , Cavalcante Silva Fabiana Aparecida , Pinto dos Santos André Luiz , Júnior Tercilio Calsa
Published: May 2021

Assessing the differential behavior of a group of genotypes in various environments is fundamentally important in any breeding program. As sugarcane is the most important crop in the state of Pernambuco, it is of great relevance to study its performance in different cultivation sites to assist in the recommendation of new cultivars that increase the productivity of the cane fields. In view of the new demand from the sugar-energy sector for cultivars with high energy potential, this work aimed to select and recommend new genotypes with high fiber and sucrose percentage in the sugarcane microregions of the state of Pernambuco. The methodologies used to classify genotypes for adaptability and stability were as follows: simple linear regression, the modified centroid method, additive main effects, multiplicative interaction analysis, and linear mixed models. Genotypes with higher productivity and specific adaptability to the tested microregions were identified. The methodologies applied were efficient and complementary in recommending genotypes with favorable prospects for increasing sugar productivity, cogeneration of electric energy and the production of renewable fuels. Genotypes 6, 7, 9, 14, 16, and 18 stand out in terms of the productivity of sugar and fiber, with high potential to be released as commercial cultivars.
Valorization of Nutritional Potential and Specialized Metabolites of Basil Cultivars Depending on Cultivation Method
Authors: Žlabur Jana Šic , Opačić Nevena , Žutić Ivanka , Voća Sandra , Poštek Magdalena , Radman Sanja , Benko Božidar , Uher Sanja Fabek
Published: May 2021

In addition to its distinct aroma and flavor, because of which it is often used in various foods and dishes, basil has recently become increasingly popular because of its rich and beneficial nutritional composition. The presence of several varieties and cultivars makes it a species rich in many specific phytochemicals, which is why it is increasingly used in phytotherapy. The aim of this study was to analyze and valorize the nutrient composition and morphological characteristics of three different basil cultivars (‘Genovese’, ‘Dark Opal’, ‘Minimum’) under two growing methods, conventional in open field and floating hydropon. The results of morphological and chemical characteristics showed a significant influence of cultivar in both growing methods. The cultivar ‘Genovese’ obtained the highest yield in floating hydropon (4.02 kg/m2), followed by cultivars ‘Minimum’ and ‘Dark Opal’ (2.03 and 1.83 kg/m2, respectively), which were 31%, 97%, and 16% higher compared to soil cultivation. Based on the analyzed physicochemical parameters, the highest values of dry matter, total acids, vitamin C, total phenols, and antioxidant capacity were generally determined in all analyzes basil cultivars grown in the open field compared to those grown in floating. Significantly higher values of the analyzed pigment compounds were found for all hydroponically grown basil cultivars.
Optimizing Weed Management for the New Super-Forage Moringa oleifera
Authors: Shulner Itai , Asaf Evyatar , Ben-Simhon Zohar , Cohen-Zinder Miri , Shabtay Ariel , Peleg Zvi , Lati Ran Nisim
Published: May 2021

Moringa oleifera Lam. (moringa hereafter) is cultivated as a new summer super-forage field crop in Israel, yet no weed control protocol has been developed for it. The objective of the study was to develop an integrated weed management (IWM) practice for the moringa agro-system in arid and semi-arid regions like the Mediterranean basin. We tested various herbicides applied pre (PRE) and post (POST) crop emergence and cultivation methods for weed control, with an emphasis on crop safety. The PRE herbicides were the most effective and safe control mean. Their application resulted in minor (<5%) crop fresh weight reductions and weed cover area, compared with the control. The POST herbicides were also effective, yet their crop safety level was lower and non-consistent in some treatments. Generally, the finger weeder was less effective than the herbicide treatments and caused higher fresh weight reduction. However, this means was more effective when applied at earlier stages. Management and environmental conditions had a high impact on the moringa growth; hence, these aspects should be considered. Our results show the potential use of different herbicides and non-chemical tools and set the basis for a future IWM protocol for moringa. The wide range of options offered here can ensure economic and environmentally viable solutions for this new crop.
1-Methylcyclopropene Improves Postharvest Performances and Sensorial Attributes of Annurca-Type Apples Exposed to the Traditional Reddening in Open-Field Melaio
Authors: Lisanti Maria Tiziana , Mataffo Alessandro , Scognamiglio Pasquale , Teobaldelli Maurizio , Iovane Maurizio , Piombino Paola , Rouphael Youssef , Kyriacou Marios C. , Corrado Giandomenico , Basile Boris
Published: May 2021

The Annurca type is an historical Italian apple fruit probably native to the Campania region. These fruits are harvested before a full maturity stage and go through an open-field reddening process. Products based on 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) are widely used in postharvest to improve apple quality and avoid disorders in controlled atmosphere. In this work, we tested the impact of 1-MCP in the traditional reddening system of Annurca type by analyzing three postharvest strategies, namely, fruits exposed for ten days to the traditional reddening and then cold-stored (RDG treatment); fruits treated in postharvest with 1-MCP and then cold-stored (MCP treatment); fruits treated in postharvest with 1-MCP, exposed for ten days to the open-field reddening and then cold-stored (MCP + RDG treatment). Using a full factorial design, we measured main physical and compositional traits and described the properties of the products by consumer testing at two storage times. The MCP + RDG treatment provided the most valuable results, by positively affecting fruit flesh firmness and several sensorial attributes (e.g., hardness, crunchiness, juiciness, sweetness), including a reduction of the mealiness. At the end of the cold-storage, MCP + RDG apples scored a higher consumer’s overall liking. The work demonstrated that the 1-MCP technology can be integrated into a traditional open-field postharvest process to improve fruit quality and, potentially, to extend the shelf life of Annurca apples.
Hemisynthesis and Biological Evaluation of Cinnamylated, Benzylated, and Prenylated Dihydrochalcones from a Common Bio-Sourced Precursor
Authors: Ardaillou Anne , Alsarraf Jérôme , Legault Jean , Simard François , Pichette André
Published: May 2021

Several families of naturally occurring C-alkylated dihydrochalcones display a broad range of biological activities, including antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties, depending on their alkylation sidechain. The catalytic Friedel–Crafts alkylation of the readily available aglycon moiety of neohesperidin dihydrochalcone was performed using cinnamyl, benzyl, and isoprenyl alcohols. This procedure provided a straightforward access to a series of derivatives that were structurally related to natural balsacones, uvaretin, and erioschalcones, respectively. The antibacterial and cytotoxic potential of these novel analogs was evaluated in vitro and highlighted some relations between the structure and the pharmacological properties of alkylated dihydrochalcones.
An Overview of Antimicrobial Compounds from African Edible Insects and Their Associated Microbiota
Authors: Mudalungu Cynthia M. , Tanga Chrysantus M. , Kelemu Segenet , Torto Baldwyn
Published: May 2021

The need for easily biodegradable and less toxic chemicals in drug development and pest control continues to fuel the exploration and discovery of new natural molecules. Like certain plants, some insects can also respond rapidly to microbial infections by producing a plethora of immune-induced molecules that include antibacterial and antifungal peptides/polypeptides (AMPs), among other structurally diverse small molecules. The recent recognition that new natural product-derived scaffolds are urgently needed to tackle life-threatening pathogenic infections has been prompted by the health threats posed by multidrug resistance. Although many researchers have concentrated on the discovery of AMPs, surprisingly, edible insect-produced AMPs/small molecules have received little attention. This review will discuss the recent advances in the identification and bioactivity analysis of insect AMPs, with a focus on small molecules associated with the microbiota of selected African edible insects. These molecules could be used as templates for developing next-generation drugs to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Keap1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Sykiotis Gerasimos P.
Published: May 2021

Nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like transcription factor 2 (Nrf2) and its cytoplasmic inhibitor, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), comprise a redox-responsive endogenous antioxidant defense module that orchestrates the expression of cytoprotective genes to maintain homeostasis [...]
Random-Forest Machine Learning Approach for High-Speed Railway Track Slab Deformation Identification Using Track-Side Vibration Monitoring
Authors: Guo Gaoran , Cui Xuhao , Du Bowen
Published: May 2021

High-speed railways (HSRs) are established all over the world owing to their advantages of high speed, ride comfort, and low vibration and noise. A ballastless track slab is a crucial part of the HSR, and its working condition directly affects the safe operation of the train. With increasing train operation time, track slabs suffer from various defects such as track slab warping and arching as well as interlayer disengagement defect. These defects will eventually lead to the deformation of track slabs and thus jeopardize safe train operation. Therefore, it is important to monitor the condition of ballastless track slabs and identify their defects. This paper proposes a method for monitoring track slab deformation using fiber optic sensing technology and an intelligent method for identifying track slab deformation using the random-forest model. The results show that track-side monitoring can effectively capture the vibration signals caused by train vibration, track slab deformation, noise, and environmental vibration. The proposed intelligent algorithm can identify track slab deformation effectively, and the recognition rate can reach 96.09%. This paper provides new methods for track slab deformation monitoring and intelligent identification.
Effect of Sucrose on Physicochemical Properties of High-Protein Meringues Obtained from Whey Protein Isolate
Authors: Nastaj Maciej , Mleko Stanisław , Terpiłowski Konrad , Tomczyńska-Mleko Marta
Published: May 2021

This study reports the possibility of obtaining the WPI-based meringues with the small sucrose content (0–15%). The whey protein isolate (WPI) solution (20%, w/v) was whipped and sucrose was added to foam at the concentrations of 5, 10 and 15%. The surface tension, viscosity, zeta potential of the pre-foam solutions, foam overrun, foam stability and their rheological properties (G′, G″ and tan (δ)) were evaluated. To produce meringues, liquid foams were solidified at 130 °C for 2 h. The surface properties (roughness, contact angles, apparent free surface energy) as well as microstructural ones were determined for the solid foams (meringues). The 15% sugar concentration was detrimental for overrun, stability and rheological properties of liquid foams. The meringue production without sugar was infeasible. The addition of the smallest amount of sucrose (5%) enabled preservation of the aerated structure of the liquid foam during solidification. The 10% sugar concentration increased the stability of liquid foam, its rheology and it was the most effective for air bubbles stabilization during the foam solidification, however, its largest addition (15%) resulted in an increase in the final meringue volume. Larger sucrose concentrations produced a smoothing effect on the meringue surfaces.
Design of an On-Grid Microinverter Control Technique for Managing Active and Reactive Power in a Microgrid
Authors: Burbano-Benavides Donovan Steven , Ortiz-Sotelo Oscar David , Revelo-Fuelagán Javier , Candelo-Becerra John E.
Published: May 2021

This paper presents the design and implementation of an on-grid microinverter control technique for managing active and reactive power based on a dq transformation. The system was implemented in a solar microinverter development kit (Texas Instruments—TMDSSOLARUINVKIT). This microinverter has two stages: DC-DC and DC-AC. The DC-DC stage contains an active clamp flyback converter, where the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of the solar panel is obtained with a current-based incremental conductance algorithm. The DC-AC stage comprises a dual-buck inverter in which voltage-, current-, and phase-tracking control loops are implemented to control the active and reactive power. These techniques were simulated in MATLAB using the proposed mathematical model and experimentally validated in the solar development kit. The results show that the simulated model behaved similarly to the real system, and the control techniques presented good performance. The maximum power point (MPP) of the solar panel was monitored in the DC-DC stage using a current reference provided by the incremental conductance MPPT algorithm and was regulated by a 2P2Z control. The algorithm is robust against continuous changes in irradiance, as it quickly follows the ideal power and continually operates at a point close to the MPP. In addition, the active and reactive power control in the DC-AC stage enables the microinverter to supply the maximum active power. Moreover, the microinverter supplies reactive power according to a defined reference and within the established limits. The proposed mathematical model of the microinverter can be used to design new control techniques and other microinverter topologies. In addition, this active and reactive power-control technique can be implemented in low-power and low-cost microinverters to successfully maintain power quality in small microgrids.
Efficient Implementation of PRESENT and GIFT on Quantum Computers
Authors: Jang Kyungbae , Song Gyeongju , Kim Hyunjun , Kwon Hyeokdong , Kim Hyunji , Seo Hwajeong
Published: May 2021

Grover search algorithm is the most representative quantum attack method that threatens the security of symmetric key cryptography. If the Grover search algorithm is applied to symmetric key cryptography, the security level of target symmetric key cryptography can be lowered from n-bit to n2-bit. When applying Grover’s search algorithm to the block cipher that is the target of potential quantum attacks, the target block cipher must be implemented as quantum circuits. Starting with the AES block cipher, a number of works have been conducted to optimize and implement target block ciphers into quantum circuits. Recently, many studies have been published to implement lightweight block ciphers as quantum circuits. In this paper, we present optimal quantum circuit designs of symmetric key cryptography, including PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers. The proposed method optimized PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers by minimizing qubits, quantum gates, and circuit depth. We compare proposed PRESENT and GIFT quantum circuits with other results of lightweight block cipher implementations in quantum circuits. Finally, quantum resources of PRESENT and GIFT block ciphers required for the oracle of the Grover search algorithm were estimated.
Recent Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Rodríguez-Ramos Ruth , Santana-Mayor Álvaro , Socas-Rodríguez Bárbara , Rodríguez-Delgado Miguel Ángel
Published: May 2021

The incessant generation of toxic waste and the growing concern over the environment have led the scientific community to delve into the search for more sustainable systems. In this regard, the application of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) has become one of the main strategies in green chemistry. These solvents have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional toxic solvents and even to the well-known ionic liquids. Their unique properties, components availability, and easy preparation, among others, have led to a new trend within the scientific community and industry, based on the use of these up-and-coming solvents not only in science but also in quotidian life. Among the areas that have benefited from the advantages of DESs is analytical chemistry, in which they have been largely used for sample preparation, including the extraction and determination of organic and inorganic compounds from environmental samples. The considerable number of applications developed in the last year in this field and the increasing generation of new data necessitate the continuous updating of the literature. This review pretends to compile the most relevant applications of DESs in environmental analysis and critically discuss them to provide a global vision about the advantages and drawbacks/limitations of these neoteric solvents in the area of environmental analysis.
Improvement of Traveling Salesman Problem Solution Using Hybrid Algorithm Based on Best-Worst Ant System and Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Qamar Muhammad Salman , Tu Shanshan , Ali Farman , Armghan Ammar , Munir Muhammad Fahad , Alenezi Fayadh , Muhammad Fazal , Ali Asar , Alnaim Norah
Published: May 2021

This work presents a novel Best-Worst Ant System (BWAS) based algorithm to settle the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). The researchers has been involved in ordinary Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique for TSP due to its versatile and easily adaptable nature. However, additional potential improvement in the arrangement way decrease is yet possible in this approach. In this paper BWAS based incorporated arrangement as a high level type of ACO to upgrade the exhibition of the TSP arrangement is proposed. In addition, a novel approach, based on hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and ACO (BWAS) has also been introduced in this work. The presentation measurements of arrangement quality and assembly time have been utilized in this work and proposed algorithm is tried against various standard test sets to examine the upgrade in search capacity. The outcomes for TSP arrangement show that initial trail setup for the best particle can result in shortening the accumulated process of the optimization by a considerable amount. The exhibition of the mathematical test shows the viability of the proposed calculation over regular ACO and PSO-ACO based strategies.
Comparison of Two Approaches to GNSS Positioning Using Code Pseudoranges Generated by Smartphone Device
Authors: Pepe Massimiliano , Costantino Domenica , Vozza Gabriele , Alfio Vincenzo Saverio
Published: May 2021

The release of Android 7.0 has made raw GNSS positioning data available on smartphones and, as a result, this has allowed many experiments to be developed to evaluate the quality of GNSS positioning using mobile devices. This paper investigates the best positioning, using pseudorange measurement in the Differential Global Navigation Satellite System (DGNSS) and Single Point Positioning (SPP), obtained by smartphones. The experimental results show that SPP can be comparable to the DGNSS solution and can generally achieve an accuracy of one meter in planimetric positioning; in some conditions, an accuracy of less than one meter was achieved in the Easting coordinate. As far as altimetric positioning is concerned, it has been demonstrated that DGNSS is largely preferable to SPP. The aim of the research is to introduce a statistical method to evaluate the accuracy and precision of smartphone positioning that can be applied to any device since it is based only on the pseudoranges of the code. In order to improve the accuracy of positioning from mobile devices, two methods (Tukey and K-means) were used and applied, as they can detect and eliminate outliers in the data. Finally, the paper shows a case study on how the implementation of SPP on GIS applications for smartphones could improve citizen science experiments.
Variation in Growth, Physiology, Yield, and Quality of Wheat under the Application of Different Zinc Coated Formulations
Authors: Nazir Qudsia , Wang Xiukang , Hussain Azhar , Ditta Allah , Aimen Ayesha , Saleem Ifra , Naveed Muhammad , Aziz Tariq , Mustafa Adnan , Panpluem Nalun
Published: May 2021

Zinc (Zn) is critical for the activity of many enzymes including involved photosynthetic CO2 fixation and indirectly involved in the production of growth hormones and internode elongation in crop plants. In this regard, a field experiment was conducted to investigate the comparative effectiveness of the Zn blended, Zn coated and bio-activated Zn coated urea on the growth, physiological, yield, and quality of wheat. Three types of urea were prepared including bio-activated Zn coated, Zn coated and Zn blended urea. The bio-activated Zn coated urea was prepared by inoculating the powdered organic material with Zn solubilizing bacterium (Bacillus sp. AZ6) and then this material was mixed with ZnO. This bioactive Zn was coated on urea at the rate to formulate 1.5% bio-activated Zn coated urea. Moreover, Zn blended urea was prepared by mixing powder ZnO with urea while Zn coated urea with 1.5% Zn was prepared by mixing ZnO and urea under proper moisture conditions to ensure proper coating. In results, growth parameters were significantly increased with the application of bio-activated Zn coated urea as compared to other urea formulations and the control. The same treatment caused the maximum increase in quality parameters like oil contents (55%), protein (30%), and N concentration (30%) as compared to the control. In conclusion, the application of 1.5% bio-activated Zn coated urea was highly effective in enhancing the growth, physiological, yield, and quality parameters of wheat.
A Self-Adjoint Coupled System of Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations with Nonlocal Multi-Point Boundary Conditions on an Arbitrary Domain
Authors: Srivastava Hari Mohan , Ntouyas Sotiris K. , Alsulami Mona , Alsaedi Ahmed , Ahmad Bashir
Published: May 2021

The main object of this paper is to investigate the existence of solutions for a self-adjoint coupled system of nonlinear second-order ordinary differential equations equipped with nonlocal multi-point coupled boundary conditions on an arbitrary domain. We apply the Leray–Schauder alternative, the Schauder fixed point theorem and the Banach contraction mapping principle in order to derive the main results, which are then well-illustrated with the aid of several examples. Some potential directions for related further researches are also indicated.
Damage Evaluation in Tempered Vacuum Glazing via Multivariate Statistical Methods
Authors: Xi Xiaobo , Xu Jiawen , Yuan Jingyun , Zhang Yifu , Zhang Baofeng , Zhang Ruihong
Published: May 2021

The performance of tempered vacuum glazing (TVG) strongly depends on the structural parameters and degree of damage of the products. In this paper, attention was paid to six performance indicators which had a major influence on the damage of TVG, and new evaluation parameters were derived from them using principal component analysis (PCA). In particular, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) based on Euclidean distance measurement enabled TVG products to be classified into three kinds. Considering the results of PCA, product quality classification was established according to the degree of damage. The evaluation method proposed in this work was found to be simple and reliable to provide references for damage detection of TVG.
Simulating and Comparing Different Vertical Greenery Systems Grouped into Categories Using EnergyPlus
Authors: Arenghi Alberto , Perra Camilla , Caffi Marco
Published: May 2021

The use of vegetation for the energy efficiency of buildings is an increasingly widespread practice; therefore, the possibility of representing these systems correctly with the use of simulation software is essential. VGS performances have been widely studied, but currently, the lack of a unique simulation method to assess the efficiency of different types of VGS and the absence of studies evaluating the performances of all the systems available, proposing simulation models for each of them, leads to an incomplete energy representation. The aim of this study is to achieve a consistent and complete simulation method, comparing the different systems’ performances. The research is made up of five main steps. Firstly, a classification to group these systems into specific categories was proposed; secondly an in-depth analysis of existing literature was worked out to establish the methods used for different types of VGS. The study of plant physiology allowed the definition of an energy balance, which is valid for all vegetated surfaces; then, each category was associated to a mathematical formula and finally integrated into the EnergyPlus software. The results achieved for each model were compared evaluating two important parameters for the termohygrometric conditions control: outside walls face temperatures and operative temperatures.