bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thomas C. Mann
Authors: Allcock Thomas Tunstall
Published: May 2019

When launching the Alliance for Progress in 1961, John F. Kennedy promised that this new development program would transform Latin America into a community of modern, prosperous, and politically stable allies. Yet, when Richard Nixon ended the program ten years later, there was more evidence of broken promises, political coups, and covert military operations than of transformative cooperation. Sandwiched between Kennedy’s and Nixon’s presidencies, Lyndon Johnson’s marked a transformative era in inter-American relations as Johnson and his chief inter-American aide, Thomas C. Mann, struggled to deliver on their predecessors’ bold promises while grappling with the demands of Cold War national security. In this first in-depth study of Johnson, Mann, and Latin America in the 1960s, Thomas Tunstall Allcock provides a nuanced and balanced assessment of two often maligned yet hugely influential policy makers during this vital period. In demonstrating that Johnson and Mann were New Dealers, keen to operate as good neighbors and support Latin American development and regional integration, Tunstall Allcock illuminates the difficulties faced by US modernization efforts. Ranging from domestic challenges from both right and left to a series of military and political crises including riots in the Panama Canal Zone and the threat of “another Cuba” in the Dominican Republic, these difficulties would be handled with wildly varying degrees of success. In Tunstall Allcock’s account, Johnson and Mann emerge as complex, rounded figures struggling to overcome a host of challenges and their own limitations even as the flaws and shortcomings of US policy are laid bare.
Introduction
Authors: Allcock Thomas Tunstall
Published: May 2019

We have problems everywhere.

—Thomas Mann to Lyndon Johnson, June 1964

On 11 April 1967, President Lyndon Baines Johnson made a rare foray outside the United States to spend three days in Punta del Este, Uruguay, attending a conference of American presidents. Six years previously, that same coastal resort town had been the location from which John F. Kennedy’s ambitious cooperative aid program, the Alliance for Progress, had been launched, yet Johnson hoped the meeting could be more than a celebration of his predecessor’s achievements. Having played a leading role in organizing the hemispheric summit, he pushed his aides to draft a wide-ranging series of proposals intended to launch a renewed and reinvigorated Alliance for Progress, focusing on regional economic integration through a common market and cooperative infrastructure projects. His public dedication to renewed efforts at hemispheric development would result in a rewarding trip, with constructive private and public meetings followed by a joint declaration that incorporated all his key proposals. The United States, he told the gathered presidents, was committed “by history, by national interest, and by simple friendship to the cause of progress in Latin America.”...
Conclusion
Authors: Allcock Thomas Tunstall
Published: May 2019

If Lyndon Johnson’s administration witnessed a dwindling of the energy and optimism of the early days of John F. Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress, then his successor would preside over its disappearance. Johnson’s attempts to promote regional integration were the last significant effort of an era characterized by the belief that the United States could further its own interests by encouraging Latin American modernization and economic development through various forms of aid and assistance. Johnson’s successor, Richard Nixon, whose experiences during his ill-fated tour of 1958 had helped prompt the Eisenhower administration’s belated interest in Latin America, would abandon the idea of hemispheric development almost entirely. Despite some claims to the contrary during the 1968 election campaign, the region did not play a significant role in the strategic vision of global affairs of Nixon and his chief foreign policy adviser, Henry Kissinger, and the Alliance was not part of their plans. As Nixon stated bluntly: “Latin America doesn’t matter.” To an even greater degree for the new administration than for its predecessors, stability was the key; few promises of economic assistance were forthcoming, and repressive governments would be embraced even more readily than in the Kennedy-Johnson era. “So unambitious as to be embarrassing,” was the stark assessment of Nixon’s regional agenda in the ...
Capital Gains
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter follows Gloria Richardson’s ongoing intellectual development at Howard University in Washington, DC. Under the tutelage of intellectual giants such as E. Franklin Frazier, Rayford Logan, and Sterling Brown, Richardson broadened and sharpened her social, economic, and political philosophies. Through her sociology courses, Richardson obtained the knowledge and research skills that would provecritical to her leadership of the Cambridge movement. It was also during her time at Howard that Richardson participated in her first organized protest against racism.
Dreams Deferred
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter covers Richardson’s life after she graduated from Howard University in 1942. During the next fifteen years, she made a number of decisions that reflected her family’s and society’s gender socialization, which included getting married, having children, and staying married when she would have preferred not to. Eventually, she rejected these gender expectations and divorced her husband. It was during this time that Richardson began routine race service through her activities in the Second Ward Recreational League, which worked to improve black residents’ quality of life in Cambridge’s segregated society. She also publicly raised concerns about the city’s racially segregated school system. These activities gave Richardson valuable organizing experience and prepared her for civil rights activism. Her community advocacy work telegraphed her leadership style, which captivated the nation a few years later.
“You Will Not Be Able to Stay Home, [Sister]”
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

The chapter starts by describing Gloria Richardson’s new life in New York City, but the story quickly moves back to Cambridge, Maryland. There, in the summer of 1967, she facilitated Black Power activist H. Rap Brown’s visit to speak to black residents who were continuing their freedom struggle. A massive fire in the city’s black community on the night of Brown’s visit was caused by arson and not, as is popularly believed, by black people rioting. That summer also saw the first gathering of Black Power advocates from around the country at the National Conference on Black Power in Newark, New Jersey. Richardson attended this event and was excited about Black Power’s potential to push the freedom struggle forward. Finally, the chapter covers her assessment of Black Power, specifically, its emphasis on black consciousness, and Stokely Carmichael’s and other Black Nationalists’ political strategies for achieving black liberation.
Water: A Common Treasury
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind , Clarke Alison
Published: May 2019

In this chapter we argue that, because of its unique physical qualities and its importance to life and the environment, water is what Gerard Winstanley in 1649 would have characterised as a common treasury – a resource to be used in common by all. We examine the notion of water as a common treasury, and the implications that this characterisation of water has for property rights in water. We argue that a property rights system centred on neoliberal conceptions of absolute private ownership, allowing private dominion over water and its commodification, is inappropriate for water and subverts its role as a common treasury. To enable water to function effectively as a common treasury, we argue, a more appropriate property model is one that emphasises and facilitates collaboration and cooperation rather than competition – in other words, a property rights system which acknowledges and promotes communal property in its many forms.
The Myth of Pelagianism
Authors: Bonner Ali
Published: May 2019

Pelagius is the first known British author, important because of his persuasive advocacy of two ideas: that human nature was inclined to goodness, and that man had free will. After a campaign to vilify him, he was excommunicated in AD 418 for allegedly inventing a new heresy, and his name was made synonymous with arrogance. This book shows that Pelagius defended the contemporary ascetic account of Christianity and that, far from being the leader of a separatist group, he was one of many propagandists for the ascetic movement which swept through Christianity at this time and generated medieval monasticism. Textual analysis proves that Pelagius did not teach the ideas attributed to him or propose anything new. It is impossible to differentiate between Pelagius’ writings and other ascetic literature, and there was no separate group of ‘Pelagians’. This book also examines how and why the myth was created, setting this process in its historical context and in the context of scholarship on the function of heresy in religion and sociological analysis of the creation of deviance. Finally, manuscript evidence supports the argument that ‘Pelagianism’ was a deliberately created myth. Travelling under false attributions, Pelagius’ writings were staples of monastic book collections because they contained the same ideas as other texts promoting the ascetic version of Christianity. In the fourteenth century, when Christians once more sought a confident anthropology, it was Pelagius’ works to which they turned. This book presents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the history of Christianity in the West.
The Caricature of Pelagius’ Teaching and its Disjunction from the Reality of Texts Written by Pelagius
Authors: Bonner Ali
Published: May 2019

This chapter is a review of the teachings attributed to Pelagius, examining each tenet in Augustine of Hippo’s list of 14 to see whether or not Pelagius taught it. It offers a discussion of the range of meanings of the word grace (gratia) in contemporary literature and an analysis of his opponents’ characterisation of Pelagius’ writings as arrogant and deceitful, and of the purpose of the 14 tenets. It also discusses Augustine’s statements that he did not care whether or not Pelagius taught the ideas he attributed to him.
Pelagius did not Invent Anything: All the Teachings in His Writings Had Already Been Widely Disseminated in Ascetic Paraenesis (Part I)
Authors: Bonner Ali
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 examines Athanasius of Alexandria’s Life of Antony and the two Latin translations of it, showing how all three versions stressed that human nature was innately inclined to goodness and that man had free will; they also presented a co-operative (synergistic) model of the relationship between divine and human agency in the creation of human virtue. The chapter also provides an analysis of the use of the word grace in these texts, showing that it referred to God’s gifts and not to an absolute form of prevenient grace: there is evidence showing that all three versions of the Life of Antony stated that grace was given in accord with merit, which was one of the ideas labelled ‘Pelagian’ and heretical by Augustine of Hippo.
No Organised Movement Existed, and No Individual Held the Collection of Views Attributed to ‘Pelagianism’
Authors: Bonner Ali
Published: May 2019

Evidence shows that there was too much variation of ideas within the group identified as ‘Pelagians’ for the idea of a separate, organised group to be tenable. On issues alleged to define ‘Pelagianism’ there is no agreement in texts identified as ‘Pelagian’. Analysis shows that Pelagius’ opponents created the myth of a discrete and dangerous group by asserting links between individuals, and that what actually existed was the ascetic movement, which was very broad and unorganised. The chapter presents an accurate historical analysis of the enthusiasm for asceticism that swept through Christianity, and the cultural factors that generated so much ascetic literature, amongst it Pelagius’ writings..
Systemic Problems of Definition and Classification
Authors: Bonner Ali
Published: May 2019

This chapter is a survey of attempts to define ‘Pelagianism’ and attempts to produce criteria by which a ‘Pelagian’ text can be identified, showing that all of them have failed. It examines the circular reasoning that has propped up the notion of ‘Pelagianism’ and discusses two anonymous ascetic texts that are test cases for the notion of ‘Pelagianism’ and which reveal its incoherence, showing that Pelagius’ writings are not differentiable from other ascetic literature. .
The Invention of ‘Pelagianism’: Motive and Means
Authors: Bonner Ali
Published: May 2019

The motive for the invention of ‘Pelagianism’ was to install as dogma the doctrines of original sin, an absolute account of prevenient grace, and predestination interpreted as preordainment. The means by which this was attempted included the official condemnation of Pelagius, which attached a label of heresy to him, destroying his reputation, and was achieved by political means. The chapter offers discussion of relevant insights from interactionist theory, and both individual case studies of heresy accusations as well as broad comparative studies of heresy. Further, it analyses how the myth of ‘Pelagianism’ gained traction, examining the political and ecclesiastical crises that enabled the myth to take root.
The Manuscript Evidence and its Implications
Authors: Bonner Ali
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents data on the numbers of surviving manuscript copies of Pelagius’ works. The large number of surviving manuscript copies shows that, travelling under false attributions, Pelagius’ writings were widely available throughout the Middle Ages. The chapter offers an analysis of the manuscript evidence and its significance, showing that without an external authority identifying a work as by Pelagius, his works passed as orthodox and did not attract comment. It also discusses the evidence of marginalia, showing that readers could not see a difference between Pelagius’ letters and Jerome’s; a discussion of further myths about Pelagius—that his works were dangerous to Christianity, that they were expelled from Christian teaching, and that questions over the Biblical account of human nature and how salvation was determined were ever resolved in western Christianity.
Transnational Networking and Elite Self-Empowerment
Authors: Parau Cristina E.
Published: May 2019

Studies of the fate of Judiciaries in post-Communist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) have been rare and attempts at causal explanation rarer. This study found that interlocked transnational networking empowered a minority of elite Judiciary revisionists to entrench their institutional template in Eastern European constitutions, setting these transitional democracies on a trajectory toward a global trend of the judicialization of politics. The first, crucial step in that process is traced: the formal disempowerment of democracy through Judiciary revisions that ordinary people and politicians in Central and Eastern Europe little heeded. The causal nexus converging on this outcome is explained. Why it matters is because the revisionist template reorients that most venerable of non-majoritarian institutions beyond adjudication of the guilt or innocence of subjects of state power under legal certainty – the classical role of modern courts – toward the improvisation of public policy, with or without the consent of the majority of the governed, by ‘finding’ it in constitutions; the unique legitimacy of which derives from the prior ratification of a supermajority. The question of who shall have the final disposition of contested constitutional meaning – the Executive, Legislature, Judiciary, the People, or All of these – implicates sovereignty itself and whom it shall rest on: the last word is sovereign for practical purposes. The interdisciplinarity of this study will appeal to a wide audience: scholars of law and politics and socio-legal studies, social scientists researching elite transnationalism and European integration beyond the EU, even institutional design practitioners.
Introduction: Argument and methods
Authors: Parau Cristina E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter defines the monograph's scope of inquiry – to elucidate the origins of Judiciary branch institutions in the newly democratizing countries of Central and Eastern Europe – and sets out its research puzzles: how came the institutional design of the Judiciary to be patterned on always the same transnational template which happens to maximize judicial empowerment to the exclusion of alternatives? And why was it accepted so uniformly across the whole region, despite its obvious drawbacks for the self-interest of the national parliaments called on to ratify it? The thesis of the book is then outlined. Judicial empowerment is explained as the empowerment, in fact, of a new social class, a transnational community networked around elite legal professionals. A literature review critiques some of the most pertinent works in the fields of law, political science, international law, and socio-legal studies, showing the connections between their findings and the instant thesis. The complex methodological approach used herein is finally outlined, consisting of multi-modal research strategies, sources of data, and forms of reasoning: case study and process tracing, Grounded Theory, comparative historical analysis, and logic triangulation.
Identity and solidarity
Authors: Parau Cristina E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter identifies the Network’s definite boundaries in the sharing of collective identities amongst legal professionals and transnational elites, together with its culture of consensus; all of which serve to keep out interlopers, dampen internal conflict and the impact of veto players, and consolidate power to move the outside world. These identities consist in the solidarity of like-minded, thus transnationally networked, legal professional elites who coalesce in order to build world peace, first through international law and latterly through the supranational organs of European integration. Shared identity and solidarity are necessary for elite collective agency, without which the Network Community can cause nothing to happen in public affairs.
The Network Community in action
Authors: Parau Cristina E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates the Network Community in action effecting its common agenda, the empowerment of the Judiciary and correlative disempowerment of the elected branches of democratic governments. A mainstay of the Network’s modus operandi is the precept ‘personnel is policy’. Its members are discovered to coordinate each other through a deliberate cultivation of mutual interdependence which renders the Community as a whole politically more successful than if its members acted separately. This phalanx-like solidarity in action in turn empowers the Network to advance a common agenda on the internally divided nation-states of Europe, both East and West. Nations that have submitted to it have found it more difficult than anticipated to escape, once the agenda proved detrimental to their interests.
Thesis and antithesis: To check or not to check the Judiciary
Authors: Parau Cristina E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyses Network Community discourses in order to better expose the causal role of its hegemonic norms. Key assumptions held by the Community about the qualities of their agenda are brought to light. Classical Anglo-Saxon conceptions of the separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial independence, and the rule of law, the utility of which has stood the test of time, are compared to the theory and practice of the Network Community’s Judiciary institutional design Template. The Network conceives of the separation of powers, checks and balances, judicial independence, and the rule of law as emanating from the autonomy and supremacy of a Judiciary so empowered as invariably to subordinate all other contestants in case of conflict with itself over constitutional meaning. The chapter ends with a systematic catalogue and critical examination of those few acts of state which the Network Community conceive as legitimate checks and balances on their Judiciary design.
Conclusions
Authors: Parau Cristina E.
Published: May 2019

This chapter concludes the volume. In normative terms, the Judiciary revisions imposed on CEE since 1989 (and now the West) exhibit an unmistakable pattern: they transfer political power away from majoritarian institutions to non-majoritarian ones, from elected officials to judges; exclude the ‘sovereignty people’ from a voice in the Judiciary’s make-up; and insulate judges from accountability and liability to democratic boundaries. This Template amounts to the Americanization of the European Judiciary, and reflects the Network Community’s ambition to rule through the Judiciary (in Europe, but perhaps globally). In causal terms, a nexus was discovered explaining the Template’s puzzling ubiquity: the agency of a class of transnational elites sharing a collective identity and solidarity; their paradigmatic assumptions about the Judiciary’s role in democracy, and the coerciveness of their hegemonic discourses, which the public is unable to fathom or negotiate. The Network’s motivation is not solely the aspiration to solve mankind’s problems, but the all-too-human will to the power to arbitrate between all other political actors. A crucial but ‘invisible’ causal factor was the omission by the main veto players, elected representatives in parliaments, to forestall their own disempowerment.
Sovereignty, Devolution and the English Constitution
Authors: Paun Akash
Published: May 2019

This chapter argues that the UK territorial constitution rests upon a profound ambiguity about its central principles. Parliamentary sovereignty remains at the core of how the English understand their constitution. Yet in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, alternative doctrines have flourished, especially since devolution, which conceded the right of each nation to determine its own form of government (popular sovereignty) and established a non-majoritarian system of power-sharing and cross-border governance in (Northern) Ireland. These developments imply that the UK is a voluntary ‘family of nations’ not a unitary state. Yet Westminster has never formally conceded this point and devolution could in theory be reversed by a simple parliamentary majority. Constructive ambiguity has been retained. However, the historic tendency to allow constitutional theory and practice to diverge may be unsustainable in the light of the EU referendum result and the wider mood of English political disaffection that Brexit has tapped into.
Labour and the Governance of England
Authors: Denham John
Published: May 2019

The 1997–2010 Labour Government introduced wide-ranging constitutional reforms, creating new democratically elected bodies and rights for UK citizens. However, the governance of England was left largely unchanged. With the exception of the Greater London Authority, no new democratic bodies were created for England, nor were any significant powers granted to local government. An extensive system of regional administration was created but then swiftly swept away by the incoming Coalition Government in 2010. England became the only part of the union whose domestic policy was determined by the UK Government. This chapter argues that this outcome was rooted in Labour’s traditions of political thought: its assumption of a unitary state, its centralist instincts, its distrust of local government and its reluctance to consider England’s identity and constitutional position within the union. It finds some evidence Labour is now taking the English Question more seriously, but old attitudes retain significant weight.
Territory and Power in England: The Political Economy of Manchester and Beyond
Authors: Moran Mick , Tomaney John , Williams Karel
Published: May 2019

Bulpitt’s conception of a ‘dual polity’ is updated in this chapter to make sense of modern changes in central–local relations, notably the spate of ‘devolution’ deals, including for the Greater Manchester city region. ‘Devo Manc’ is the product of a deal between symbiotically entwined elites in Whitehall and Manchester City Council, both dominated by systems of ‘coterie politics’. But this attempt to recreate a new, settled duality is riddled with contradictions and is therefore chronically unstable. The problems arise from the different ambitions of key groups: the economic interests that have captured the process of economic change in the city; the institutional interests that divide key actors within the Manchester system; and the strategic interests of a central state that is desperate to offload the painful decisions created by austerity politics.
London within England: A City State?
Authors: Travers Tony
Published: May 2019

London, by virtue of its large population, has long been the dominant city within the UK. It has had a number of forms of government since the mid-19th century including, most recently, the creation of a mayor and assembly (the Greater London Authority (GLA)). This post-2000 system created a form of devolution within England, albeit a more limited one than in Scotland and Wales. The office of Mayor of London is now well established and has delivered a number of significant policy changes since inception. On occasion, the mayor has proved sufficiently powerful to prevail over the Government. London’s difference and economic success has led people in other parts of the country to feel that perhaps the capital is over-dominant and problematic. Londoners themselves feel a sense of difference, begging the question of how far the city could move towards further devolution or even to become a separate ‘city state’.
England in a Changing Fiscal Union
Authors: McLean Iain
Published: May 2019

The UK has formal arrangements for tax transfers to Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, but not for transfers within England. Nor can we judge whether public expenditure per head is ‘fair’ to all regions of the UK, nor yet what relationship should exist between tax yield per head and public expenditure per head for each part of the UK. The chapter discusses the ‘Barnett’ formula to allocate expenditure to the three non-English territories and explains why it is not an appropriate tool. Some suggestions for an allocation mechanism are made. Such a mechanism must balance fairness with the preservation of incentives to grow a region’s economy and its tax base. Any new fiscal mechanism for England must also work both for those parts of England that have ‘devolution deals’ across a region or city region, such as Greater Manchester and Tees Valley, and for the rest of the country.
Efecto e impacto de las prácticas curriculares de los Grados de Educación Infantil y Primaria: la perspectiva de estudiantes, tutores y coordinadores
Authors: Gairín Sallán Joaquín , Díaz-Vicario Anna , Del Arco Bravo Isabel , Flores Alarcia Oscar
Published: May 2019

El presente artículo analiza el efecto e impacto que las prácticas curriculares (Practicum) de los Grados de Educación Infantil y Primaria generan en las personas y en las instituciones implicadas (escuelas y Facultades de educación) en opinión de responsables institucionales, tutores y estudiantes. Desde una perspectiva cualitativa y descriptiva, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio de casos múltiple en 16 centros educativos que acogen estudiantes en prácticas de tercero y cuarto curso de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona y de la Universitat de Lleida en los ya mencionados casos. La recogida de datos ha contemplado la realización de entrevistas semiestructuradas (N = 102) a coordinadores, estudiantes y tutores de centro y facultad de ambos grados, el análisis de 28 memorias de prácticas y la celebración de 2 grupos de discusión para contrastar y analizar los hallazgos. El enfoque mixto de codificación y categorización ha sido empleado para el análisis de datos. Los resultados informan que el Practicum contribuye al desarrollo de competencias de los estudiantes e impacta positivamente en el desarrollo profesional de los tutores de escuela y de facultad que tutorizan estudiantes en prácticas. Por el contrario, el impacto que podría generar el Practicum a nivel de las instituciones implicadas es menor del que cabría esperar. El Practicum genera dinámicas de trabajo que impactan principalmente en un aula, pero no en el centro; en las facultades, genera un impacto indirecto a través de los tutores de facultad, siempre y cuando éstos actualicen los contenidos que imparten; y se generan pocas sinergias entre escuelas y facultades en el contexto de las relaciones establecidas entre profesionales de ambas instituciones.
La percepción del docente universitario ante el uso y valor de los datos abiertos
Authors: Rivas-Rebaque Begoña , Gértrudix-Barrio Felipe , De Cisneros de Britto Julio César
Published: May 2019

El avance de la conciencia democrática en la sociedad junto con el aumento de población, incrementa exponencialmente la necesidad de ofrecer a la ciudadanía datos que los propios gobiernos se obligan legalmente y que los ciudadanos necesitan cada vez más. Muchos de estos datos son ofrecidos en modo abierto; son los denominados datos abiertos, Open Data en inglés (en adelante OD), y que son actualidad, futuro, apertura, transparencia, conocimiento, eficiencia, ahorro de tiempo, profundidad en la investigación, desarrollo en la educación, precisión en los análisis y por tanto en las patologías y diagnósticos de cualquier ámbito de nuestra vida que interese estudiar. No obstante, de poco o nada sirve conocer todo sobre los mismos si no sabemos qué hacer con ellos ni tenemos la capacidad para explotarlos. En este contexto, y ante las escasas iniciativas en el entorno educativo, se presenta el siguiente trabajo que tiene como objeto de estudio los datos abiertos dentro del ámbito de las facultades de educación españolas, intentando dar respuesta a si se pueden aprovechar en la enseñanza superior como recurso docente. Como objetivo principal se plantea conocer qué tipo de percepción poseen los docentes universitarios ante el uso y el valor de los datos abiertos para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. La muestra ha sido de 192 docentes, con un margen de error máximo aplicable a datos globales no segmentados con un nivel de confianza del 95,5%, que en el caso más desfavorable (p=q=50%), es de ±7,2%. Para ello, se ha elaborado un diseño de investigación no experimental, de tipo exploratorio, utilizando el instrumento del cuestionario para la recogida de información. Los resultados demuestran que el uso de datos abiertos en Educación Superior obliga a una mejora de las políticas educativas que impulse la alfabetización digital, fomentando con ello el empoderamiento educativo.
Percepciones sobre el uso de recursos TIC y «MASS-MEDIA» Para la enseñanza de la historia. Un estudio comparativo en futuros docentes de España-Inglaterra
Authors: Miralles Martínez Pedro , Gómez Carrasco Cosme J. , Monteagudo Fernández José
Published: May 2019

El uso de las TIC y los mass-media se ha convertido en una de las principales líneas de investigación sobre el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje y la innovación educativa. El objetivo de ese artículo es conocer la opinión del futuro profesorado de ciencias sociales en España e Inglaterra sobre el empleo de diferentes recursos para la enseñanza de la historia en Educación Secundaria. Para ello se ha llevado a cabo una investigación de tipo cuantitativo no experimental a través de un cuestionario con una escala de valoración cerrada tipo Likert (1-5) en 22 universidades de España e Inglaterra con una amplia representación territorial, y con una muestra de 504 cuestionarios. Se han detallado los resultados descriptivos de uno de los ítems del cuestionario relacionado con el objetivo de este trabajo, y se ha realizado la descripción de algunos de los factores a través del análisis de componentes principales con rotación varimax. Los datos extraídos muestran algunas diferencias significativas entre el futuro profesorado español e inglés en lo que al uso de las TIC y los «mass-media» se refiere. Unas diferencias que muestran una percepción sobre el uso de estos recursos más motivacional en el caso español y más procedimental en el caso inglés. Se hace necesario mejorar la formación docente en España, tanto inicial como permanente, en vista a conseguir unas clases de historia más dinámicas a través del uso de las TIC y los «mass-media» como recursos que permiten replicar el trabajo del historiador en clase, mejorar las actividades de tipo experiencial en la formación histórica del alumnado, y no meramente como un elemento lúdico
Idea moderna de universidad: de la torre de marfil al capitalismo académico
Authors: Brunner José Joaquín , Labraña Vargas Julio Roberto , Ganga Francisco , Rodríguez-Ponce Emilio
Published: May 2019

El presente artículo analiza la evolución de los discursos acerca de la universidad moderna a partir de la revisión reflexiva de textos clásicos y actuales sobre el tránsito desde la universidad como torre de marfil a la universidad emprendedora, examinando las tensiones que esta evolución genera en términos de principios formativos y organización del conocimiento. Para ello, este ensayo comienza argumentando que la universidad se hace parte de la Ilustración y accede a la modernidad cuando la Facultad de filosofía deja de ser conceptualizada como sierva de la Facultad de Teología y cuando deja, por lo tanto, de llevar su cola (philosophia theologiae ancilla), según ironiza Kant, para pasar en cambio a comprenderse como responsable de iluminar con una antorcha su camino. En las décadas siguientes el nuevo rol que asume la filosofía en la división del trabajo académico transforma las relaciones de la institución universitaria con el poder político y el poder religioso, abriendo las puertas, al mismo tiempo, hacia el Estado nacional y, más adelante, hacia la subordinación de sus actividades al capitalismo global. Consecuencia de lo anterior, los referentes normativos tradicionales de la universidad propiciados por Kant y Humboldt como responsable de la evolución de la sociedad moderna pierden plausibilidad y son sometidos a la crítica de las ideologías. El artículo concluye examinando futuras tendencias de la educación e investigación realizadas en las universidades contemporáneas y argumenta que la crisis de la idea moderna de la universidad es, de hecho, expresión de su carácter moderno que ahora se vuelve contra la misma institución.
Procesos de Aprendizaje en Aprendizaje-Servicio Universitario: Una Revisión Teórica
Authors: García Romero David , Lalueza José Luis
Published: May 2019

El Aprendizaje-Servicio (ApS) ha extendido su alcance en la educación superior en las últimas décadas, incrementando el número de programas implementados y de centros que los sustentan. Este proceso ha sido acompañado por un despegue de la investigación, con la aparición de sociedades académicas y revistas dedicadas al ámbito. Pero estos encuentros científicos han evidenciados divergencias en la forma de entender el ApS en cuestiones fundamentales. En este trabajo analizamos una de esas divergencias: la diversidad de modelos conceptuales acerca de los procesos de aprendizaje propios del ApS y sus correspondientes líneas de investigación. Proponemos una discusión crítica sobre este tema que ayude a fundamentar un marco teórico sólido para el ApS.Para ello realizamos una búsqueda bibliográfica en torno a los temas “procesos de aprendizaje” e “identidad” en Aprendizaje-Servicio, utilizando la base de datos ERIC. De los artículos encontrados, procedimos a una selección para su lectura en profundidad, en aras de encontrar las principales líneas de investigación en ApS y construir una discusión alrededor de los procesos de aprendizaje e identidad en los que se fundamenta la investigación actual.Examinamos las similitudes y diferencias de tres perspectivas teóricas que identificamos como centrales en la investigación, el aprendizaje experiencial, el aprendizaje transformativo y las teorías críticas, y una cuarta emergente, el enfoque histórico-cultural, elaborando nuestra discusión en dos bloques: procesos de aprendizaje y procesos de identidad.Nuestro análisis permite identificar diferentes procesos de aprendizaje e identidad presentes en los modelos teóricos analizados, que a nuestro juicio permiten definir los modelos de aprendizaje propios del ApS: reflexión a partir de la experiencia, transformación de la identidad a través de la alteridad, asunción de la agencia a través de la toma de conciencia social e implicación en una comunidad de prácticas a través de la construcción de significados y metas compartidos.
RELEASING OF ACETYL HEXAPEPTIDE-3 USING A LECITHIN BASED LIQUID CRYSTAL SYSTEM
Authors: Sautina Natalya V. , Miftahova Enzhe M. , Silakhina Kseniya V. , Galyametdinov Yuryi G.
Published: May 2019

One of the promising areas of application of liquid crystal systems for medicine and cosmetics is the development of matrices for drug delivery. A relatively new technology for this is the use of lecithin-based liquid crystal systems, in which the smallest droplets of the aqueous phase are stabilized not by ordinary emulsifiers, but by a network of bilayers of surfactants, like those that make up the lipid barrier. In this regard, the lecithin / water / propylene glycol /vaseline oil system, which is non-toxic and biodegradable, was obtained and investigated. By finding the minimum interfacial tension of lecithin at the boundary of the water-propylene glycol mixture / mineral oil, the necessary concentrations of the components of the aqueous phase were selected. Phase diagram was received. The liquid crystal region was studied by the method of polarization-optical microscopy. It was determined that in this area the system self-organizes with the formation of a lamellar mesophase. The results of the study of the phase behavior of lyotropic liquid-crystal systems with incorporated substances contribute to an understanding of the processes of their delivery and to solving the problem of release, since the supermolecular structure is destroyed during the phase transition and the active substance is released. In this regard, acetyl hexapeptide-3, which is an analogue of botulinum toxin and widely used in cosmetics and medicines, was introduced into the system, and UV spectra of the peptide were obtained. With the use of the Franz diffusion cell, the release of acetylhexapeptide-3 through a cellophane membrane was investigated. The quantitative characteristics of the introduction of the peptide into the complex were established. Its prolonged action is shown when passing through the membrane. This system can be used as a basis for the transport of peptides into skin cells.
PLASMACHEMICAL GENERATION OF NITRIC OXIDES IN AIR PLASMAS FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Vasilets Victor N.
Published: May 2019

Nitric oxide is well known as a poly functional regulator of different physiological processes in human body and therefore could be used for therapeutic purposes in different medical applications. In this review mechanism of nitric oxide generation in gas plasma and biological mechanisms of nitric oxide containing plasma gas treatment of tissues are described. In addition to nitric oxide the other biologically active species like hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen dioxide are formed in air plasma at atmospheric pressure. Synergetic action of molecules NO/H2O2 и NO/O2, generated in plasma gas results to manifold increase of sterilization activity of plasma mixture to bacteria and at the same time the toxicity of these species to living cells is low. Plasma gas exhibits therapeutic action on human tissues. On the one hand plasma gas contains molecules Н2О2, NO and NO2 acting as a antimicrobial agents and promoting sterilization, on the other hand the presence of significant concentration of NO leads to effective regeneration of damaged tissue. These processes are complementary and finally result to effective healing of diabetic trophic ulcer and other diseases in the oncology, ophthalmology, dentistry, purulent surgery, battlefield surgery and so on. Peculiarities of different discharges which could be used for generation of nitric oxide, like arc discharge, gliding arc discharge, microwave discharge, radiofrequency and pulsed discharges are discussed. The production of nitric oxide depending on type of discharge and plasma parameters like discharge power, gas flow rate and electrode configuration are analyzed. The efficacy of nitric oxide generation in different discharges is compared.
SPECTRAL INVESTIGATIONS OF COBALT PORPHYRINATES INTERACTION WITH RADICAL POLYMERIZATION INITIATORS
Authors: Glazkova Maria Е. , Аgeeva Тatiana А. , Rodina Yuliya S. , Koifman Oscar I.
Published: May 2019

The article presents the results of the kinetics study of the cobalt porphyrins interaction with radical polymerization initiators – benzoyl peroxide and lauryl peroxide – in solution by the spectrophotometric method. From disparate literature data, it is known that some metalloporphyrins can interact with benzoyl peroxide to form the tautomers of porphyrins – isoporphyrins. These compounds have a number of specific properties, for example, it can be catalysts of various processes. Perhaps the isoporphyrins formation is the reason for high activity of the initiating systems “cobalt porphyrin – benzoyl peroxide” in the polymerization of vinyl monomers. Cobalt(II)complexes of tetraphenylporphyrin, tetra-para-methoxyphenylporphyrin, 5,15-bis(4´-tert-butylphenyl)-3,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,8,12,18-tetra-p-butylporphyrin were selected as the objects of this study. The influence of the porphyrin ligand structure on the formation of cobalt isoporphyrins was estimated. The interaction of cobalt (II) tetraphenylporphyrin and cobalt (II) tetra-para-methoxyphenylporphyrin with peroxides showed changes in the electronic absorption spectra of metalloporphyrins: deformation of the Soret band, reduction of the absorption band in the visible region, and the appearance of absorption bands in the near IR region. These changes are characteristic for metalloisoporphyrins. Data on the interaction of cobalt porphyrins with lauryl peroxide were obtained for the first time. The formation of isoporphyrins is possible with the different ratio of concentrations of reagents: with a lack of peroxide, with equimolar ratio, and also with a significant (100-fold) excess of peroxide. When 5,15-bis (4´-tert-butylphenyl)-3,7,13,17-tetramethyl-2,8,12,18-tetra-p-butylporphyrinate cobalt (II) reacted with peroxides, no isoporphyrinates were observed. The article presents the effective reaction rate constants of the cobalt isoporphyrinates formation at 25 °C. It is shown that the structure of both cobalt porphyrinates and organic peroxides affects the possibility and rate of isoporphyrins formation.
dinosaur that lost its head: A contribution to a framework using Learning Analytics in Learning Design
Authors: Christiansen René Boyer , Gynther Karsten , Jørnø Rasmus
Published: May 2019

This paper presents an approach to the meaningful use of learning analytics as a tool for teachers to improve the robustness of their learning designs. The approach is based on examining how participants act within a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) format through learning analytics. We show that a teacher/designer can gain knowledge about his or her intended, implemented and attained learning design; about how MOOC participants act in response to these and about how students are able to develop ‘study efficiency’ when participating in a MOOC. The learning analytics approach makes it possible to follow certain MOOC students and their study behaviour (e.g. the participants who pass the MOOC by earning enough achievement badges) and to examine the role of the moderator in MOOCs, showing that scaffolding plays a central role in studying and learning processes in an educational format such as a MOOC.

Key words: MOOCs, Massive Open Online Courses, data-saturated, learning analytics, learning design, educational design research, LMS.
Étude de la performance du milieu filtrant constitué d’une couche de chènevotte sur une couche de grignons d'olives dans le traitement des eaux usées domestiques : du pilote à l’échelle industrielle
Authors: Garcia Jesús Villalobos , Vialle Claire , Sablayrolles Caroline , Montrejaud-Vignoles Mireille , Amalric Jean-Philippe , Desmolles Matthias , Vignoles Christian , Gallien Patrice , Albasi Claire
Published: May 2019

Deux matériaux, sous-produits agro-industriels, ont été étudiés en biofiltration à l'échelle pilote : la chènevotte en tant que « couche active », sur des grignons d'olives en tant que « couche de support ». L'objectif était d'étudier la capacité de ces deux matériaux travaillant ensemble comme un seul milieu filtrant poreux. L'impact de la hauteur de la couche active sur la performance du biofiltre a été étudié expérimentalement grâce à deux biofiltres, un premier présentant une répartition des matériaux en deux hauteurs égales, l’autre avec 80 % de couche active sur 20 % de hauteur de couche support. Les deux pilotes ont été alimentés à raison de 75 L·j‑1·EH‑1 (EH : équivalent-habitant) avec des eaux usées domestiques synthétiques. Les résultats ont montré une réduction de la demande biochimique en oxygène en cinq jours (DBO5) et des matières en suspension (MES) de plus de 90 % après dix semaines de fonctionnement. Cette performance s'est maintenue après plus de 30 semaines de fonctionnement continu. Par ailleurs, six prototypes de biofiltres ont été installés pour traiter les eaux usées domestiques de résidences unifamiliales dans des conditions réelles. Les objectifs de cette étude sont de caractériser l'efficacité du traitement de ces prototypes sur plusieurs années dans des conditions réelles, de déterminer l'entretien requis par une telle technologie et d'étudier l'influence de paramètres tels que la hauteur du biofiltre, l'aération et le nombre d'habitants. L'efficacité de traitement à long terme de l'un des biofiltres, qui fonctionne depuis près de quatre ans, est remarquable. Les pourcentages moyens de réduction de la demande chimique en oxygène (DCO), de la DBO5 et de MES sont respectivement de plus de 83 %, 97 % et 96 %, laissant espérer des résultats prometteurs pour les cinq autres.
Gaston Defferre’s Loi-Cadre and its application, 1956/57: last chance for a French African ‘empire-state’ or blueprint for decolonisation?
Authors: Shipway Martin
Published: May 2019

The decolonization process in itself was very much characterized by personal decisions and networks between individuals, which in a way can be understood as precursors to the Franco-African links of the post-1960 period. Martin Shipway focuses on these links with regard to the elaboration of the Loi-cadre (or framework law) of 1956 that provided semi-autonomy for France’s African territories and was a milestone on the road to decolonization. Leading colonial officials, such as Governor-General Robert Delavignette and the high commissioners at Dakar and Brazzaville, were involved in this project, while the support of most leading African politicians, such as Léopold Sédar Senghor, was based on certain key conditions. However, according to Shipway, the reform process was most strongly driven by the pragmatism and political dynamism of the Law’s principal architects: Minister of Overseas France and mayor of Marseille, Gaston Defferre, and Ivorian political leader and French Minister of State, Félix Houphouët-Boigny. It shows the political agency of the colonized in a process mediated through the participation of individual actors.