bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined retrosigmoid-paramedian supracerebellar transtentorial approach as an alternative to classical transtemporal approaches: A technical note
Authors: Altay Tamer , Akkurt Cem
Published: June 2016

Epidermoid tumors are rare benign neoplasms. They commonly occur in the parasellar region and the cerebellopontine angle but may sometimes present in the so-called petroclival region, or beyond the boundaries of this location. For those that are localized in multiple compartments, staged surgeries, extensive transtemporal approaches, or somewhat limited extended middle fossa approach are generally performed. Although a good resection can be achieved by these approaches, they carry relatively high morbidity and mortality. We report a case of epidermoid tumor with infra- and supratentorial extensions, and propose a combined retrosigmoid-paramedian supracerebellar transtentorial approach as an alternative to classical transtemporal approaches.
De novo Craniopharyngioma of the fourth ventricle: Case report and review of literature
Authors: Algahtani Abdulhadi , Algahtani Hussein , Jamjoom Abdulhakim , Samkari Alaa , Marzuk Yousef
Published: June 2016

Craniopharyngiomas usually involve the sella and suprasellar space. Their occurrence in the posterior fossa without extension to the suprasellar region is uncommon with only 16 cases reported in the literature. We report a case of a primary posterior fossa craniopharyngioma that was managed by complete excision with a good recovery. Our case was unique in that the craniopharyngioma occurred in the fourth ventricle and extended downward to the level of C1, a manifestation that was reported only twice in the past. The literature on the topic is reviewed.
Ectopic choroid plexus papilloma
Authors: Khade Shalaka , Shenoy Asha
Published: June 2016

Choroid plexus papilloma is a rare intracranial neoplasm. These lesions most commonly present in the fourth ventricle in adults and lateral ventricle in children. Herein, we report a case of a 57-year-old male with complaint of backache of few weeks duration. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an intradural and extramedullary space occupying lesion at D8 level. Histology showed multiple free-floating papillae with a central fibrovascular core. The cells showed immunoreactivity for vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein, synaptophysin, S-100 protein, and cytokeratins (CK, CK7).
A systematic review about the position-related complications of acoustic neuroma surgery via suboccipital retrosigmoid approach: Sitting versus lateral
Authors: Safdarian Mahdi , Safdarian Manouchehr , Chou Roger , Hashemi Seyed , Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa
Published: June 2016

This systematic review wasdesigned to compare the complications of acoustic neuroma surgery via the suboccipital retrosigmoid approach in the sitting versus lateral positions. Searches for randomized trials and observational studies about the complications of acoustic neuroma surgery were performed in five medical databases (though October 2015) including PubMed, MEDLINE (In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations), EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and PsycINFO. Primary outcomes in this study were venous air emboli, neuropsychological defects, CSF leak, facial and abducens nerves palsy, postoperative deafness, hydrocephalus and mortality. Secondary outcomes were total tumor removal, facial and cochlear nerves preservation and ataxia. 843 abstracts and titles were reviewed and 10 studies (two non-randomized comparative studies and 8 non-comparative case series) were included for data extraction. Because of the heterogeneity of the studies, small number of participants and methodological shortcomings, findings were evaluated qualitatively. No impressive advantage was found in surgical or neurological outcomes for use of the sitting or lateral positions in patients with acoustic neuroma surgery. According to the available evidence, it seems that both sitting and lateral positions can be used with an equivalent safety for acoustic neuroma surgery via the retrosigmoid suboccipital approach. There seems a clear need for comparative studies to compare harms and other outcomes for these two positions.
Venous air embolism during endoscopic third ventriculostomy
Authors: Bala Renu , Pandia Mihir
Published: June 2016

Neuroendoscopic procedures are increasingly performed nowadays due to the significant technological improvement of endoscopic instrumentation. It carries various advantages such as speed, simplicity, avoidance of implants, and no brain dissection or retraction. Although considered to be safe, it is associated with a host of complications. We hereby report a case of venous air embolism in an infant who was undergoing endoscopic third ventriculostomy. The complication occurred at the completion of surgery when surgeons were withdrawing the endoscope. The successful management of this uncommon event is being discussed.
Prepared for Practice? Interns’ Experiences of Undergraduate Clinical Skills Training in Ireland
Authors: Morris M. , O'Neill A. , Gillis A. , Charania S. , Fitzpatrick J. , Redmond A. , Rosli S. , Ridgway P.F.
Published: June 2016

Background

Many previous studies on internship have reported a lack of preparedness for the role. More recently in Ireland, medical schools have introduced formal clinical skills training programmes. This study sought to evaluate the impact, if any, of formal skills training in the medical training on intern's preparedness for practice.

Methods

The study utilized a survey approach followed by focus group discussions. The aim was to identify the skills that were taught and assessed in medical training and the skills that were actually required in their intern year.

Results

Most interns had received skills training in designated skills laboratories. No intern had received training in all skills advised in the European guidelines. Skills taught to all interns were intravenous cannulation, basic life support, and basic suture. Skills required from all interns were intravenous cannulation, phlebotomy, and arterial blood sampling. Removal of peripherally inserted central line (PICC) lines, central lines, and chest drains were commonly requested but not taught. Senior staff underestimated skill abilities and expected failure.

Conclusion

These findings identify discordance between the skills taught and the skills required in the job. There is a need for standardization in the clinical skills training to ensure that all interns enter practice with equal competencies. Consideration should be given to experiential learning opportunities such as subintern programmes to consolidate learning and improve preparedness. Improvement in communications with senior clinicians is indicated to ensure that expectations are realistic and reflective of actual training.
Allongement de l’intervalle QT causé par des médicaments chez l’enfant : comment vont les enfants?
Authors: Tisdale James E
Published: June 2016

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Intoxication à la morphine en pédiatrie : un cas clinique
Authors: Rivard Julie , Yu Lavina , Tremblay Stéphanie , Lebel Denis
Published: June 2016

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Pharmacy Practice and the Health Care System in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-jedai Ahmed , Qaisi Shrouq , Al-meman Ahmed
Published: June 2016

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Should Entry-to-Practice Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) Curricula Have at Least One Mandatory Experiential Internship Focusing on Cultural Awareness Training?
Authors: Changela Jayesh , Schmidt Madison , Caixeiro Carly , Wilby Kyle J , Bogle Darren , Glatt Kayla , Kwan Trevor , Paiva Maria
Published: June 2016

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Zika Virus: Facts, Prevention Strategies, and an Informed Tourist Perspective
Authors: Wilby Kyle J , Nasr Ziad G
Published: June 2016

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Nataša Cigoj Krstulović: History, Remembrance, Heritage: The Glasbena matica Ljubljana Music Society up to the End of the Second World War
Authors: Nagode Aleš
Published: June 2016

At the publication of a new scientific monograph on the activities of the Glasbena matica music society in Ljubljana up to 1945, an inattentive observer of Slovenian musical-historical literature might wonder: why another scientific work on this topic? The central national, Slovenian-declared music society has to this day been the subject of numerous observations. Many of them have touched on specific segments of its diverse activities, while others have focused solely on narrower periods that are most characteristic of its historical role.
Organs and Organ Music in Slovene Cultural History until the Cecilian Movement
Authors: Trček Katarina
Published: June 2016

The doctoral thesis entitled Organs and Organ Music in Slovene Cultural History until the Cecilian Movement explores the history of organ building in Slovenia from the beginning of the first half of the 15th century to the second half of the 19th century, when organs became a mandatory instrument in every parish church. The upper time line of the discussion is set in the year 1877, when the Slovene Cecilian Movement was founded, taking up the leading role in overseeing the planning of church music. The aim of this dissertation is to present the spreading of organ instruments in Slovene history and to evaluate this process from the standpoint of Slovene musical and cultural history.
Efeito do extrato húmico solúvel em água e biofertilizante sobre o desenvolvimento de mudas de Callophyllum brasiliense
Authors: Busato Jader Galba , Zandonadi Daniel Basílio , Sousa Izadora Mendes de , Marinho Eduardo Barros , Dobbss Leonardo Barros , Mól Alan Ribeiro
Published: June 2016

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de extrato húmico solúvel em água (EHSA), biofertilizante Hortbio® (HORT) e a combinação dos dois produtos sobre o crescimento vegetativo, indicador fisiológico (medida do teor de clorofila) e a capacidade de absorção de nutrientes em mudas de guanandi (Callophyllum brasiliense). A adição isolada ou em conjunto de EHSA e HORT não alterou a altura das mudas, o número de folhas, a matéria seca foliar e radicular e a área radicular e foliar durante a fase inicial de crescimento em viveiro. Entretanto, os teores de clorofila e N total aumentaram significativamente nas mudas que receberam os tratamentos HORT e EHSA+HORT. Além disso, a adição de HORT resultou em maiores teores de S, Zn, B, Mg, Mn e Cu nas plantas, enquanto a aplicação do ESHA aumentou os teores de K, Mg, S e B. Os teores de P e Ca não tiveram seus teores alterados pela aplicação dos tratamentos, mas a adição do EHSA e ESHA+HORT reduziram significativamente a absorção de Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn.Effects of water-soluble humic extract and biofertilizer on development of Callophyllum brasiliense seedlingsThe objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of water-soluble humic extract (EHSA), Hortbio® biofertilizer (HORT) and both compounds combination (EHSA+HORT) on vegetative growth, nutrient absorption and chlorophyll levels in guanandi (Callophyllum brasiliense) seedlings. Isolated and combined additions of EHSA and HORT did not affect seedlings height, number of leaves, leaf and root dry matter and leaf area during early stages of seedling growth. However, HORT and EHSA+HORT treatments increased chlorophyll levels and total N content. Addition of HORT resulted in S, Zn, Mg, Mn and Cu increases in the seedlings leaves, while ESHA application increased K, Mg, S and B. P and Ca levels were not altered by the treatments, however, addition of EHSA and EHSA+HORT reduced significantly the absorption of Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn.Index terms: Forestry production; Guanandi; Vegetative growth
Padrão espacial de espécies madeireiras da Amazônia pelo método de coordenadas cartesianas e espaciais
Authors: Condé Tiago Monteiro , Tonini Helio , Silva Fernando Da , Barni Paulo Eduardo , Souza Celes Carlos Henrique , Araujo Raquel Fernandes De , Assis Campos Moacir Alberto , Carneiro de Miranda Dirceu Lucio
Published: June 2016

A utilização de sistemas de informação geográfica (SIG) no planejamento florestal possibilita a análise e o reconhecimento de padrões espaciais das espécies florestais em perfil bidimensional e tridimensional. O objetivo deste estudo foi demonstrar a eficiência do método de coordenadas cartesianas e espaciais (MCCE), método de correção da localização das coordenadas UTM das árvores em concordância com a localização de campo ou cartesianas (X,Y), aliado ao cálculo do índice do vizinho natural (ANND) no reconhecimento e análise de padrões espaciais de quatro espécies comerciais madeireiras em área de manejo florestal em Caracaraí, RR, Brasil. O ANND pressupõe completa aleatoriedade espacial.Simulações foram realizadas em 9 ha, subdivididos em 100 subparcelas de 100 m2 cada. Foram coletados: o diâmetro (DAP > 10 cm), alturas comercial e total, volume comercial e as coordenadas cartesianas (X,Y) e espaciais (UTM). Foram observados padrões espaciais aleatórios para Eschweilera bracteosa e Manilkara huberi. Os padrões espaciais dispersos e raros foram mais observados em Cedrelinga cateniformis e Dinizia excelsa. O MCCE demonstrou ser um método eficiente para o reconhecimento e análise de padrões espaciais de espécies nativas da floresta tropical amazônica, facilitando o planejamento florestal mediante simulações 2D e 3D da floresta.Spatial pattern of Amazonian timber species using cartesian and spatial coordinates methodGeographic information system (GIS) applied to forest analysis permit the recognition and analysis of spatial patterns of species in two and three dimensional. The aim of this study to demonstrate the efficiency of cartesian and spatial coordinates method (MCCE), method of correcting UTM coordinates of trees location in accordance with the location of field or Cartesian (X ,Y), combined with natural neighbor index (ANND) in recognition and analysis of spatial distribution patterns of four commercial timber species in forest management in Caracaraí, Roraima State, Brazil. Simulations were performed on 9 ha, divided into 100 plots of 100 m2 each. Collected data were DBH > 10 cm, commercial and total heights, cartesian coordinates (X,Y) and spatial coordinates (UTM). Random spatial patterns were observed in Eschweilera bracteosa and Manilkara huberi. The dispersed and rare spatial patterns were observed in Dinizia excelsa and Cedrelinga cateniformis. MCCE proved to be an efficient method in the recognition and analysis of spatial patterns of native species from Amazon rain forest, as forest planning becomes easier by 2D and 3D simulations.Index terms: Geographic information system; Forest management; Natural neighbor index
Impacts of the Denver Cyclone on Regional Air Quality and Aerosol Formation in the Colorado Front Range during FRAPPÉ 2014
Authors: Vu Kennedy T. , Dingle Justin H. , Bahreini Roya , Reddy Patrick  J. , Campos Teresa L. , Diskin Glenn  S. , Fried Alan , Herndon Scott  C. , Hornbrook Rebecca  S. , Huey Greg , Kaser Lisa , Montzka Denise  D. , Nowak John B. , Richter Dirk , Roscioli Joseph R. , Shertz Stephen , Stell Meghan , Tanner David , Tyndall Geoff , Walega James , Weibring Peter , Weinheimer Andrew  J. , Pfister Gabriele , Flocke Frank
Published: June 2016

Abstract. We present airborne measurements made in the Colorado Front Range aboard the NSF C-130 aircraft during the 2014 Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment (FRAPPÉ) project. Data on trace gases, non-refractory sub-micron aerosol chemical constituents, and aerosol optical extinction (βext) at λ = 632 nm in the presence and absence of a surface mesoscale circulation pattern, called the Denver Cyclone, were analyzed in three study regions of the Front Range: In-Flow, Northern Front Range (NFR), and Denver Metropolitan (DM). Pronounced increases in mass concentrations of organics, nitrate, and sulfate in NFR and DM were observed during the cyclone episodes (27–28 July) compared to the non-cyclonic days (26 July, 02–03 August). Organics (OA) dominated the mass concentrations on all evaluated days, with a 45 % increase in OA on cyclone days across all three regions while the increase during the cyclone episode was up to ~ 80 % for DM, from 3.78 ± 1.55 µg sm−3 to 6.78 ± 1.78 µg sm−3, where sm−3 is the STP unit of volume of air. Average nitrate mass concentrations were 0.26 ± 0.27 µg sm−3 vs. 1.03 ± 0.74 µg sm−3 followed by sulfate with an average of 0.58 ± 0.23 µg sm−3 vs. 1.08 ± 0.73 µg sm−3 on non-cyclone vs. cyclonic days, respectively. In the most aged air masses (NOx/NOy
Interannual surface evolution of an Antarctic blue-ice moraine using multi-temporal DEMs
Authors: Westoby Matthew J. , Dunning Stuart A. , Woodward John , Hein Andrew S. , Marrero Shasta M. , Winter Kate , Sugden David E.
Published: June 2016

Abstract. Multi-temporal and fine-resolution topographic data products are increasingly used to quantify surface elevation change in glacial environments. In this study, we employ 3-D digital elevation model (DEM) differencing to quantify the topographic evolution of a blue-ice moraine complex in front of Patriot Hills, Heritage Range, Antarctica. Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was used to acquire multiple topographic datasets of the moraine surface at the beginning and end of the austral summer season in 2012/2013 and during a resurvey field campaign in 2014. A complementary topographic dataset was acquired at the end of season 1 through the application of structure from motion with multi-view stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry to a set of aerial photographs acquired from an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Three-dimensional cloud-to-cloud differencing was undertaken using the Multiscale Model to Model Cloud Comparison (M3C2) algorithm. DEM differencing revealed net uplift and lateral movement of the moraine crests within season 1 (mean uplift  ~ 0.10 m) and surface lowering of a similar magnitude in some inter-moraine depressions and close to the current ice margin, although we are unable to validate the latter. Our results indicate net uplift across the site between seasons 1 and 2 (mean 0.07 m). This research demonstrates that it is possible to detect dynamic surface topographical change across glacial moraines over short (annual to intra-annual) timescales through the acquisition and differencing of fine-resolution topographic datasets. Such data offer new opportunities to understand the process linkages between surface ablation, ice flow and debris supply within moraine ice.
Contribution of storms to shoreline changes in mesotidal dissipative beaches. Case study in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain)
Authors: Puig María , Del Río Laura , Plomaritis Theocharis A. , Benavente Javier
Published: June 2016

Abstract. In this study an analysis of storminess and rates of shoreline change is performed and discussed jointly in four geomorphological units of the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain), for the period 1956–2010. For this purpose, storm events are identified based on the following characteristics: wave height above 2.5 m, a minimum duration of 12 h and events with calm periods of less than 24 h were considered as a single event. Subsequently, energy parameters are determined in order to characterize storm-induced impacts. On the other hand, GIS tools are used to measure shoreline changes on aerial photographs and orthophotographs of each site, selecting the high water line as shoreline proxy. Each geomorphological unit is divided into different behavioural patterns according to recorded coastal changes, so that each one shows a particular behaviour. In general the variability of shoreline changes that is explained by storms and the relation between storm parameters and coastal changes present better results in exposed areas (Cadiz and Vistahermosa) than in sheltered areas (Valdelagrana spit barrier), as the former are more sensitive to storm impacts. On the contrary, in areas where there is no relation between coastal changes and storm parameters (Valdelagrana and Sancti Petri sand spit), it is suggested that anthropogenic factors are the main forcing agents determining shoreline behaviour. However, in these areas the storminess also modulates coastline recession by increasing erosion when the number of storms is high.
Ionospheric influence on the seismo-telluric current related to electromagnetic signals observed before the Wenchuan MS = 8.0 earthquake
Authors: Li Mei , Tan Handong , Cao Meng
Published: June 2016

Abstract. A three-layer (Earth-air-ionosphere) physical model, as well as a two-layer (Earth-air) model, is employed in this paper to investigate the ionospheric effect on the wave fields for a finite length dipole current source co-located with the main fault of an earthquake when the transmitter-receiver distance is up to one thousand kilometers or even more. The results show that all electrical fields are free of the ionospheric effect for different frequencies in a relative short range, e.g., ~ 300 km for f = 1 Hz, implying the ionospheric influence on electromagnetic fields can be neglected within this range that becomes smaller as the frequency increases. However, the ionosphere can give a constructive interference to the waves passed through and make them decay slowly when an observation is out of this range and the ionosperic effect can be up to 1–2 magnitudes of the electrical fields. For an observed 1.3 mV/m signal at 1,440 km away for the Wenchuan MS = 8.0 earthquake, the expected seismo-telluric current magnitude for the Earth-air-ionosphere model is of 5.0 × 104 kA , which is of one magnitude smaller than the current value of 3.7 × 105 kA obtained by the Earth-air model free of ionospheric effect. This indicates that the ionosphere facilitates the electromagnetic wave propagation, as if the detectability of the system is improved effectively and it is easier to record a signal even for stations located at distances beyond their detectability threshold.
PRIVATIZING PEACE: How Private Sector Investment Can Address the West Bank Water Crisis and Wash Away Oslo II
Authors: Zweifach Benjamin
Published: June 2016

None
Estudios
Authors: Braga Erika
Published: June 2016

Crítica literaria
THE "LEGAL EPIDEMIOLOGY" OF THE TEEN SEXTING EPIDEMIC: HOW THE MEDIA INFLUENCED A LEGISLATIVE OUTBREAK
Authors: Podlas Kimberlianne
Published: June 2016

This article considers the media‟s impact on the “legal epidemiology” of the teen sexting epidemic.  Here, “teen sexting epidemic” refers to two things: (1) the belief that sext messaging by teens is rampant and spreading, hence, is an epidemic; and (2) the process by which a piece of information spreads like a virus, came to be understood as a pathogen infecting teens, resulted in a rash of child pornography prosecutions, and erupted into an outbreak of sexting legislation, hence, the epidemiology of the legal issue.  This article argues that the media was both a carrier of this virus, in that it communicated the information and conceptual frameworks that formed the public‟s knowledge base of sexting and its legal implications, and a host environment in which forces interacted and transformed.  To better understand the media‟s role, this article includes an empirical analysis of the past five years of media coverage of teen sexting, and identifying both its temporal and topical trends.  With this quantitative and qualitative base, the article then analyzes the relationship between coverage and the progression of the teen sexting epidemic from a social issue to a legal issue and, ultimately, to an outbreak of “curative” legislation.  In doing so, it focuses on the child pornography prosecutions of teen sexters, the media‟s criticism of that course of action, the reincarnated stories of sext-related suicides, and the nation‟s recent sext-related legislation.
TAXING VIRTUAL WORLDS: CAN THE IRS PWN YOU?
Authors: Roscoe Eric G.
Published: June 2016

This article examines whether the transactions between players of online virtual world games can give rise to taxable events. It also compares two earlier articles on the same topic, and argues that the intellectually pure conclusion is that every transaction in virtual worlds creates a taxable event. While the article concludes that the events are taxable, it argues that similar to frequent flier miles, the income from a virtual transaction should not be taxed until it is converted to real world currency. The IRS has implemented Section 6050W designed to require companies like PayPal to report the transactions of their biggest customers. The rules are applicable to virtual world players, but do not perform a sufficient function of ensuring reporting compliance because the number of transactions required to trigger a report are far too high.
CODING FOR LIFE - SHOULD ANY ENTITY HAVE THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO USE AND SELL ISOLATED DNA?
Authors: Rogers Douglas L.
Published: June 2016

Myriad Genetics, Inc. ("Myriad") obtained patents in the 1990s on two "isolated" human breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes ("BRCA").  Myriad did not list all the isolated sequences it claims to have a right to monopolize, but instead claims a patent on the physical phenomena itself  -- all DNA segments that code for the BRCA1 polypeptide, even the sequences Myriad has not identified and even those someone else in the future creates or isolates the sequences of through a method or methods not contemplated by Myriad. An impressive array of non-profit medical societies, doctors and patients sued to have the Myriad patents declared invalid.  In 2010, the District Court for the Southern District of New York held in Association for Molecular Pathology v. United States Patent and Trademark Office that the claimed product patents for isolated DNA segments constituted unpatentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. §101.  On July 29, 2011, a divided panel of the Federal Circuit reversed the District Court and held that the isolated DNA segments constituted patentable subject matter.  Of the three member panel, Judge Lourie concluded that the isolated DNA was markedly different than the native DNA, so constituted patentable subject matter.  Although Judge Moore agreed that certain DNA segments constituted patentable subject matter, she believed that the longer isolated DNA segments probably did not constitute patentable subject matter.  However, primarily in light of the fact that the US Patent and Trademark Office has been granting patents for isolated DNA  for years, Judge Moore concurred in the judgment of Judge Lourie.  Judge Bryson concurred on one of the product claims  (for synthetic cDNA) but dissented on claims pertaining to the isolated DNA segments on the grounds that isolated DNA did not differ markedly from the native DNA and that the function of the isolated DNA was identical to the function of the native DNA.The Supreme Court stated that "Congress may not authorize the issuance of patents whose effects are to remove existent knowledge from the  public domain, or to restrict free access to materials already available."  This article argues that the Federal Circuit - not Congress - has done just that and has given Myriad a wall to restrict free access to materials that have literally been in humans for centuries.  The isolated DNA segments of claim 1 do exactly the same coding as do the native segments--nothing more; nothing less.  The segments of claim 1 do not act as primers or probes, so they do not have markedly different characteristics or utility than native DNA, which the Supreme Court has ruled courts must consider.  Moreover, the functioning of the sequence of the nucleotide bases is a physical phenomenon that Myriad has not created but has captured in its claim.  Judges Lourie and Moore disregarded Supreme Court precedent and the fundamental principle that physical phenomena are not patentable subject matter.
DIMINISHING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF TROLLING: THE IMPACTS OF RECENT JUDICIAL ACTIVITY ON NON-PRACTICING ENTITIES
Authors: Forsberg Holly
Published: June 2016

The United States patent system has increasingly been faced with complications presented by a type of non-practicing entity known as ‗patent trolls‘—patent owner entities that do not actively innovate, develop or manufacture patented material but instead seek to profit from patent ownership through licensing agreements and litigation.  This article explores arguments on both sides of the non-practicing entity debate and evaluates perceptions of this activity as both an accessible secondary commodities market and a litigation-based business model.
MOBILE REMITTANCES AND DODD-FRANK: REVIEWING THE EFFECTS OF THE CFPB REGULATIONS
Authors: Richard Colin C.
Published: June 2016

International remittances provide $325 billion in capital each year to developing countries and serve as an essential tool for international economic development. The growth of mobile money and mobile banking around the world will significantly increase access to remittance services and reduce costs for senders and recipients, but policy changes could irreparably deter the use of mobile phones for remittances. In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act proposed for the first time substantive federal regulation of international remittances and required the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to develop certain rules for the industry. This article analyzes the CFPB's February 2012 rule in the context of mobile remittances.
GasFrac: A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing with Liquified Petroleum Gas Gel
Authors: Wilson B. Tyler
Published: June 2016

None
Migración ecuatoriana y estrategias familiares de movilidad social: la relación dialéctica entre el capital financiero y emocional
Authors: Oso Laura
Published: June 2016

El texto aborda las estrategias transnacionales de movilidad social de los hogares migrantes ecuatorianos en España. Para ello aplicamos el modelo de acumulación de capitales (Moser, 2009). El principal objetivo del artículo es, más allá de pensar en términos de acumulación y de stock de capitales, profundizar en la dinámica de los diferentes capitales en sí, en cómo interactúan entre ellos en el marco de las estrategias de movilidad social de las personas migrantes y sus familias. Sacamos a la luz cómo los hogares adoptan decisiones de inversión en capitales que no suponen siempre una suma o ganancia en todos ellos, sino que centrar las fuerzas en la acumulación de un determinado tipo de capital puede suponer un retroceso en otro. Nos centraremos fundamentalmente en analizar la dinámica entre el capital financiero, físico y el capital social y emocional, sacando a la luz las tensiones que se producen entre estas formas de activos. Y poniendo de manifiesto cómo los hogares negocian las estrategias familiares de movilidad social en el espacio transnacional. Nos basamos en el material empírico obtenido tras la realización de un trabajo de campo cualitativo (entrevistas en profundidad) con familias de migrantes en el barrio urbano de Turubamba Bajo (sur de Quito) y en Madrid. Se seleccionaron una serie de hogares con los cuales se llevaron a cabo entrevistas, tanto en el país de origen como en el contexto de inmigración, con los distintos miembros de la familia, analizando las estrategias económicas y sociales transnacionales de familias de personas migrantes. En Quito se entrevistó, tanto a familiares de migrantes asentados en España, como a informantes clave del barrio (maestras de escuela, personal de la guardería, etc.). La investigación se enmarcó dentro de los proyectos “El impacto de la migración en el desarrollo: género y transnacionalismo”, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (SEJ2007/63179) (Oso dir. 2007-2010) y “Género, transnacionalismo y estrategias intergeneracionales de movilidad social Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FEM2011/26210) (Oso dir., 2011-2015). Así como en el proyecto de reciente aprobación “Genero, movilidades cruzadas y dinámicas transnacionales”, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (FEM2015-67164)
Los efectos de género del derecho de inmigración por razones familiares: interpretación en contexto como posible remedio judicial
Authors: Staiano Fulvia
Published: June 2016

El marco normativo sobre inmigración por razones familiares pueden afectar de manera desproporcionada y negativa a las mujeres inmigrantes y a sus derechos, produciendo efectos de género. En algunos casos, estos efectos están conectados con la imposición  legislativa y judicial de modelos de familia que son muy  difíciles de satisfacer  (por ejemplo, el modelo de ‘buena madre’, el de proveedor  único, o el basado en una rígida distinción entre el trabajo productivo y el reproductivo). En otros casos, dichos efectos se deben a la subestimación de las dificultades y necesidades específicas de las mujeres inmigrantes, en sus familias y en el más amplio contexto normativo y social del país de acogida. Para revelar y corregir eficazmente estos efectos de discriminación indirecta, en este artículo propongo una visión alternativa del derecho a la vida familiar de la mujer inmigrante, como conjunto de derechos y titularidades más que como derecho mono-dimensional. Como enfoque teórico, esta construcción permite poner de manifiesto, de manera eficaz, las complejas experiencias de las mujeres inmigrantes en el espacio jurídico europeo. También posibilita desvelar los efectos de género que no se derivan de normas individuales, sino que son producto de la interacción de normas tradicionalmente atribuidas a diferentes ámbitos del derecho (como por ejemplo el derecho  migratorio y el derecho penal). Como estrategia judicial, esta visión posibilita que los tribunales supranacionales y nacionales se aproximen a las mujeres inmigrantes como sujetos en contexto, y nosólo como personas aisladas. Esta interpretación judicial, atenta al contexto familiar, social, y normativo en el que viven las mujeres inmigrantes, se puede definir como interpretación contextualizada. Ella tiene un gran potencial para neutralizar los efectos de género de carácter negativo derivados de ciertas normas  que regulan la inmigración por razones familiares. Para ilustrar estos extremos, este artículo analiza distintos ejemplos judiciales significativos ofrecidos por el Tribunal Europeo de los Derechos Humanos (TEDH) y por las jurisdicciones nacionales de países con una incidencia particularmente alta de mujeres inmigrantes (Italia y España).
¿A quién le importa? Las familias transnacionales en los debates sobre la migración y el desarrollo
Authors: Nyberg Sorensen Ninna , Vammen Ida Marie
Published: June 2016

La migración internacional pone en marcha una serie de procesos transnacionales significativos que conectan países y personas. Desde el inicio del nuevo milenio, el modo en como la migración interactúa con el desarrollo, y cómo las políticas públicas pueden promover y enriquecer tales interacciones, han captado la atención de la agenda internacional. Forma parte de este debate reconocer que las prácticas transnacionales conectan a los migrantes y a sus familias a través de sociedades que envían y reciben personas. Sin embargo, siguen sin explorarse las maneras por medio de las cuales el debate político utiliza y comprende esos lazos familiares transnacionales. Este artículo pretende aproximarse a la comprensión de estas familias situándolas en dos debates, frecuentemente entremezclados, relacionados con las interacciones transnacionales. El primero remite al discurso estatal y político sobre los beneficios potenciales de la migración en el desarrollo económico. El segundo se refiere a las familias transnacionales, y se centra en los cuidados y en las micro-políticas de género y generacionales, cuestiones estas a las que se ha dedicado una gran literatura académica. Focalizando la atención en la relación entre las diversas dinámicas de desarrollo migratorio y las posiciones familiares específicas, nos preguntamos, más concretamente, si la elección de un punto de partida analítico con respecto a la maternidad, la paternidad o la niñez transnacionales puede vincularse con el énfasis en un determinado tipo de resultados. Concluimos, haciendo una descripción de distintas inclusiones o exclusiones de los asuntos familiares en el discurso político, y sugerimos formas para integrar de una manera más adecuada la perspectiva de la familia transnacional en las políticas públicas de migración y desarrollo a nivel global.
El rol del medialab en la Educación Artística Superior pública ecuatoriana: primeras experiencias en arte, ciencia y tecnología
Authors: Ruiz Martín José M.
Published: June 2016

La educación artística universitaria pública en el Ecuador adolece de materias ligadas al estudio del espacio convergente actual entre arte, ciencia y tecnología y sus respectivas prácticas creativas. Ante esta situación, que denota cierto anquilosamiento bajo técnicas y perfiles tradicionales, son los nuevos medialabs creados en los últimos años en el contexto de las Facultades de Arte de la Universidad de Cuenca y de la Universidad Central del Ecuador (Quito), los que vienen implementando las primeras prácticas en este sentido, cubriendo así las carencias curriculares de dichas carreras en lo que a cultura digital, arte y nuevos medios se refiere. Este estudio analiza las características de estos centros y la metodología seguida para introducir el arte y las nuevas tecnologías de forma pionera en el país.
Digitizing dissent: cyborg politics and fluid networks in contemporary Cuban activism
Authors: Kellogg Samuel
Published: June 2016

Communication technologies shape how political activist networks are produced and maintain themselves. In Cuba, despite ideologically and physically oppressive practices by the state, a severe lack of Internet access, and extensive government surveillance, a small network of bloggers and cyberactivists has achieved international visibility and recognition for its critiques of the Cuban government. This qualitative study examines the blogger collective known as Voces Cubanas in Havana, Cuba in 2012, advancing a new approach to the study of transnational activism and the role of technology in the construction of political narrative. Voces Cubanas is analyzed as a network of connections between human and non-human actors that produces and sustains powerful political alliances. Voces Cubanas and its allies work collectively to co-produce contentious political discourses, confronting the dominant ideologies and knowledges produced by the Cuban state. Transnational alliances, the act of translation, and a host of unexpected and improvised technologies play central roles in the production of these narratives, indicating new breed of cyborg sociopolitical action reliant upon fluid and flexible networks and the act of writing.
Blogueros latinoamericanos, los creativos culturales de inicios del siglo XXI
Authors: Mena Farrera Ramón A. , Basail Rodríguez Alain
Published: June 2016

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo explorar la producción textual, la identidad blog y las prácticas sociales a partir de la sistematización de relatos escritos por bloggers latinoamericanos desde una perspectiva de la fenomenología tecnológica. Planteamos una discusión sobre la comprensión de prácticas sociotécnicas y significados de las experiencias humanas que bloggers latinoamericanos debaten a partir de sus posicionamientos políticos, económicos, éticos, sociales y culturales. Son “Creativos Culturales” del siglo XXI, debido a que escriben desde sus contextos, reflexionan las experiencias y cotidianidades de sus sociedades desde la red como ejercicio para la comprender el presente de Latinoamericana y su lugar en el mundo global.
La ética hacker frente al capitalismo netárquíco: software libre y peer production en las iniciativas de Economía Colaborativa en Andalucía
Authors: Fernández García Manuel , Del Moral Espín Lucia
Published: June 2016

En los últimos años el término Economía Colaborativa se ha popularizado sin que, hasta el momento, haya sido definido de manera inequívoca. Bajo esta denominación se engloban experiencias tan diversas como bancos de tiempo, huertos urbanos, startups o grandes plataformas digitales. La proliferación de este tipo de iniciativas puede relacionarse con una multiplicidad de factores tales como el desarrollo tecnológico, la recesión económica y otras crisis superpuestas (medioambiental, de cuidados, de valores, de lo político) y un cierto cambio en los valores sociales. Entre 2014-2015 se han realizado dos investigaciones en Andalucía de manera casi paralela y con una metodología similar. La primera de ellas pretendía identificar prácticas de Economía Colaborativa en el entorno universitario. La segunda investigación identificaba experiencias de emprendimiento a nivel autonómico. A luz de los resultados obtenidos se plantea la siguiente cuestión sobre la naturaleza misma de la Economía Colaborativa: ¿nos encontramos ante prácticas postcapitalistas que abren el camino a una sociedad más justa e igualitaria o, más bien, estamos ante una respuesta del capital para, una vez más, seguir extrayendo de manera privada el valor que se genera socialmente? Este artículo, partiendo del análisis del conjunto de iniciativas detentadas en Andalucía, se centra en aquellas basadas en el software libre y la producción digital concluyendo cómo, gracias a la incorporación de ciertos aspectos de la ética hacker y las lógicas del conocimiento abierto, éstas pueden situarse dentro de un escenario de fomento de los comunes globales frente a las lógicas imperantes del capitalismo netárquico.
Theory as Noir: a cartoon version of an academic article
Authors: Gray Chris H.
Published: June 2016

Expanding on the growing movement to take academic and other erudite subjugated knowledges and distill them into some graphic form, this “cartoon” is a recounting of the author’s 2014 article,  “Big Data, Actionable Information, Scientific Knowledge and the Goal of Control,” Teknokultura, Vol. 11/no. 3, pp. 529-54.  It is an analysis of the idea of Big Data and an argument that its power relies on its instrumentalist specificity and not its extent. Mind control research in general and optogenetics in particular are the case study. Noir seems an appropriate aesthetic for this analysis, so direct quotes from the article are illustrated by publically available screen shots from iconic and unknown films of the 20th century. The only addition to the original article is a framing insight from the admirable activist network CrimethInc.
Resistance is futile: the borg, the hive, and corporate hegemony
Authors: Coulter Steve
Published: June 2016

The Borg, a collective of humanoid cyborgs linked together in a hive-mind and modeled on the earthly superorganisms of ant colonies and beehives, has been the most feared alien race in the Star Trek universe. The formidable success of the Borg in assimilating their foes corresponds to the astounding success of superorganisms in our own biosphere. Yet the Borg also serves as a metaphor for another collective of biological entities known as the corporation. In the Anthropocene epoch, corporations have become the most powerful force on the planet; their influence on the social world and the environment exceeds any government and may determine the continued sustainability of human life. Corporations have been described as people and as machines, but neither metaphor accurately describes their essence or contributes to an understanding that might resist their power. This paper reframes our understanding of the corporation by examining the metaphors that are used to describe it, and by suggesting an entirely new metaphor viewing the Borg and the corporation through the lens of sociobiology. I will argue that the corporation is a new form of superorganism that has become the dominant species on the planet and that the immense, intractable power of a globalized, corporate hive-mind has become the principal obstacle to addressing the planetary emergency of climate change. Reframing our metaphoric understanding of corporations as biological entities in the planetary biosphere may enable us to imagine ways to resist their increasing dominance and create a sustainable future.
Unashamed: Negative Affect and Shaw's Psychology of Money
Authors: Watt Stephen
Published: June 2016

In his “Preface to Major Barbara,” Shaw engages with a topic that he spent much of his life refining: the various importance of money. In this preface, he adds texture to his meditations by citing examples of the far-reaching influence of capital: its imbrication in “our social conscience” and its complicity in causing poverty. Understanding money's pervasive effects, however, as Shaw lamented in his 1905 preface to The Irrational Knot (1880), was beyond his power: “[A]s I had no money, I had to blind myself to its enormous importance” (“Preface,” xxx). Under capitalism, this “enormous importance” often extends to an assessment of people but of oneself as well. Writing in 1921 to introduce Immaturity, a novel written over forty years earlier, Shaw suggests the connection between materiality and human subjectivity, suggesting money's relationship to intensity of feeling, especially negative feeling or affect. In short, the same writer who in this preface deprecates psychoanalysis as a “craze” (xviii) formulates over his career what his contemporary Georg Simmel initially embarked upon as a scholar and expanded into a philosophy: namely, a psychology of money. This essay delineates the terms of this psychology.
GBS as Philanthropist and Social Entrepreneur: Bridging Nineteenth-Century Charity and Twenty-First-Century Social Innovation
Authors: Lyons Al
Published: June 2016

Bernard Shaw is not generally known for philanthropic theories and practices. In his dramatic and political writings, Shaw believed that isolated acts of charity could not address social ills and encourage progress. He sought meaningful social impact through political solutions, highlighted by his involvement in the Fabian Society, but also recognized the social role of private actions of generous visionaries. Shaw's ideas on these private acts were influenced by the rise of early twentieth-century scientific philanthropy and anticipated twenty-first-century social entrepreneurs. His “revolutionists,” depicted in plays such as Man and Superman, Widowers' Houses, Major Barbara, The Devil's Disciple, and Saint Joan, laid the groundwork for modern social activists.
Control social y territorial del norte de Mali por el yihadismo en un contexto de crisis
Authors: Nievas Bullejos David , Sangaré Boukary
Published: June 2016

Este trabajo analiza el control del norte de Mali que ejercieron grupos armados yihadistas entre 2012 y 2013. Para ello, en primer lugar, se exploran los factores que crearon la situación de crisis previa a la ocupación que facilitó el estallido de la rebelión tuareg y el posterior triunfo de las huestes yihadistas. En segundo lugar, se hace un repaso al conflicto tuareg y a las principales características de la miríada de grupos yihadistas que se instalaron en el norte de Mali durante los últimos años. A continuación, se analiza la toma del control del territorio del norte de Mali y de las poblaciones por los yihadistas hasta la intervención militar francesa que los expulsó. Para ilustrar la vida bajo el yugo yihadista se toma el caso de una región concreta en el norte de Mali y se incluyen testimonios de personas que vivieron la imposición de las leyes que los yihadistas aplicaron para hacer realidad un supuesto Estado islámico en el corazón de África Occidental. Para concluir, se aborda la respuesta local y estatal a la crisis y la situación actual del norte de Mali.