bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Material Evidence: caring for adult vulnerabilities
Authors: Spikins Penny
Published: August 2022

What can archaeological evidence contribute to our understanding of the origins of human empathy, compassion and generosity? We have seen in Chapter 1 that our human capacity for compassion and our tendencies to help others have an important evolved biological basis. Here, we focus on what the preserved material evidence of early humans and their behaviours can contribute to our understanding of how our emotional motivations to help others emerged. We particularly consider often-overlooked archaeological evidence for care for adults made vulnerable by illness or injury. This evidence demonstrates a deep past to human emotional motivations to help those around them. Furthermore, changing emotional motivations are a response to wider context and selective pressures, similar to those also seen in some other social mammals. A critical appraisal of evidence for responses to illness and injury suggest that significant changes in helping behaviour and responses to vulnerability may have taken place around 2 million to 1.5 million years ago – around the time of key ecological changes and a transition to a new hunting niche. Responses to vulnerability and motivations to help may have been a central element to cognitive-emotional changes that set humans on a track that is distinctive and much more interdependent than that of other apes. Considering the archaeological evidence for care allows us to add a time depth and an explanation for the model of changes in cognitive and affective empathy outlined in Chapter 1. An understanding of the potential significance of care prompts further questions, such as around different evolutionary pathways in emotional motivations, the relationship between biology and culture in care for illness and injury, the extent of human dependence on such care, and its significance in terms of extended lifespans. Nonetheless, it is clear that an extension of human empathy, compassion and generosity from at least 2 million years ago played a much more significant role in our evolutionary origins than is usually accepted, prompting us to reconsider the driving factors leading to human evolutionary success. Following on from the significance of interdependence, we consider the formation of relationships based on emotional commitments and trust, and the increasing importance of social reputation, in Chapter 3.
The Evolutionary Basis for Human Tolerance – Physiological Responses
Authors: Spikins Penny
Published: August 2022

For most animals, unfamiliar members of other groups present more of a threat than an opportunity, and are best avoided or even attacked. In contrast, our attitudes are markedly different. There is no denying that we are capable of being hostile to people we do not know, particularly if we feel anxious or threatened. However, compared to other animals, we are unusually open to new relationships, and form strong bonds with individuals outside our family group. Although we tend to focus on the ‘thinking’ part of our minds, or our cognitive appraisal of social situations, our physiological responses and emotional reactions play a central role in how we build and maintain relationships. Subtle changes in ‘gut feelings’ can have an important influence on our attitudes to people around us, particularly to unfamiliar outsiders or people we have not seen for some time. An understanding of how different hormones affect social behaviour in other species, as well as in humans, provides insights into the type of changes that led to increasing human ‘friendliness’. Genetic and anatomical evidence documents subtle changes in neuroendocrine function in recent human evolution after 300,000 years ago that appear to have played an important role in increasing tolerance of unfamiliarity, and abilities to forge new external bonds. Being able to make external connections, and form new relationships based on give and take despite lengthy periods apart, seems to have been important to our success as a species. Friends in distant communities may often have been important to survival by providing resources or help that could buffer the effects of crises and resource shortfalls. We find that it is genuine emotional commitments to distant friends, rather than strategic alliances, that allow modern hunter-gatherers to survive in times of crisis. Changes in emotional dispositions towards being less aggressive and more tolerant of unfamiliar individuals might seem to be progress, but we should be cautious in thinking in these terms. Increased ‘friendliness’ is not without its disadvantages. It also brings downsides in terms of social sensitivities and emotional vulnerabilities that influence much of human behaviour.
Die epistemische Ambiguität der Verwundbarkeit
Authors: Teixeira Mariana
Published: August 2022

Angesichts der angeblichen axiologischen Neutralität des Wissens, die in Teilen der Wissenschaft proklamiert wird, bieten seit langem mehrere philosophische Strömungen verschiedene Darstellungen der internen Verbindung zwischen Wissen und Machtverhältnissen. Diese reiche Geschichte umfasst Beiträge u. a. aus dem Poststrukturalismus, dem Marxismus, der Kritischen Theorie, den Decolonial und Critical Race Studies, dem Feminismus und den Theorien der epistemischen Ungerechtigkeit. Trotz ihrer vielen theoretischen Divergenzen stimmen sie alle mit der grundlegenden diagnostischen Prämisse überein, dass Machtungleichheiten eine bedeutsame Rolle bei der Definition dessen spielen, was als „Wissen“ zählt, und dass infolgedessen sozial und politisch unterdrückte Gruppen dazu neigen, auch im Bereich der epistemischen Praktiken wie der Systematisierung, Legitimierung und Übertragung von Wissen unterdrückt zu werden. Diese Kritiker:innen einer positivistischen Objektivität des Wissens haben jedoch sehr unterschiedliche Ansichten über die Wurzeln, die Auswirkungen und das Funktionieren der Verbindung zwischen epistemischen Praktiken und Machtungleichheiten. In diesem Beitrag wird eine dieser Differenzen untersucht, nämlich in Bezug auf die Frage: Bedeutet soziale und politische Unterdrückung notwendigerweise, dass die betroffenen Subjekte im Vergleich zu privilegierten Gruppen in einer schlechteren Position sind, um ihre Unterdrückung zu verstehen und ihr Widerstand zu leisten? Zwei möglichen Antworten auf diese Frage werden hier unter Rekurs auf eine Gegenüberstellung von Miranda Frickers Theorie der epistemischen Ungerechtigkeit einerseits und der feministischen Standpunkttheorie von Dorothy Smith andererseits untersucht. Während der erstgenannte Ansatz Unterdrückung vor allem als epistemisch und politisch schwächend ansieht, betrachtet der letztere die einzigartige Position der Unterdrückten als potenzielle Quelle von Wissen und politischem Handeln. Diese Gegenüberstellung wird eine Kritik einseitiger Darstellungen der Erfahrung von Unterdrückung ermöglichen. Eine Vermittlung zwischen den Polen dieses Gegensatzes wird anschließend durch das Konzept der Verwundbarkeit versucht. Um angesichts der Mehrdeutigkeit des Konzepts genauer zu bestimmen, was mit „Verwundbarkeit“ gemeint ist, wird eine analytische Unterscheidung zwischen Verwundbarkeit als einerseits konstitutiv und andererseits kontingent getroffen. Die Hypothese ist, dass ein vielschichtiges Verständnis von Verwundbarkeit – zeitgleich als kontingentes Risiko der Unterwerfung unter die Fremdheit und als konstitutive Öffnung zum Anderssein – ein wichtiges konzeptionelles Instrument sein kann, um die epistemischen und politischen Ambiguitäten sozialer Ungerechtigkeiten zu erfassen.
Intuition, intuitives Wissen und epistemische Ungerechtigkeit
Authors: Jung Eva-Maria
Published: August 2022

Dieser Aufsatz untersucht einige Zusammenhänge zwischen der Zuschreibung von Intuitionen und intuitivem Wissen einerseits und epistemischen Ungerechtigkeiten andererseits. Der Aufsatz gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Ausgangspunkt ist im ersten Teil Frickers Theorie der epistemischen Ungerechtigkeit. Ich zeige auf, dass dem Verweis auf die „weibliche Intuition“ eine Schlüsselrolle in der Etablierung der Konzepte der testimonialen und hermeneutischen Ungerechtigkeit zukommt, da in ihm systematische Vorurteile über gender-codierte Denkmuster und Verhaltensweisen kulminieren, die paradigmatisch für strukturelle epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten sind. Allerdings gilt es zu betonen, dass der Begriff der Intuition nicht nur im Sinne einer epistemischen Abwertung, sondern auch im Sinne einer Aufwertung höchst problematisch ist. Hierdurch wird eine Schwachstelle in Frickers Theorie deutlich, da diese durch die Annahme einer grundlegenden Asymmetrie zwischen Glaubwürdigkeitsdefiziten und -exzessen ihre Perspektive auf epistemische Ungerechtigkeiten zu weit einschränkt. Im zweiten Teil werde ich anhand zweier ausgewählter metaphilosophischer Debatten einige Verbindungen zwischen dem Intuitionsbegriff in der analytischen Philosophie und Fragen nach epistemischen Ungerechtigkeiten aufdecken. Hierbei werde ich in Bezug auf die Debatte um die sog. Expertise-Verteidigung dafür argumentieren, dass diese nicht auf epistemische Fragestellungen begrenzt werden kann, sondern auch auf eine ethische Dimension verweist. Mit Blick auf die Debatte um die Gender-Lücke in der akademischen Philosophie werde ich aufzeigen dass hier zwar epistemische und ethische Perspektiven zusammengeführt werden, dass bestimmte Argumentationsmuster aber so angelegt sind, dass sie sich implizit an eine problematische, dualistische Vorstellung von Intuition binden.
Digital Divide Decoded: Can E-Commerce and Remote Workforces Enhance Enterprise Resilience in the Covid-19 Era?
Authors: Hai Vo Long , Le Thai-Ha , Park Donghyun
Published: August 2022

Using a sample of more than 12,000 firms in 32 countries, this paper empirically examines the impact of digital technology on the resilience of enterprises during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. After controlling for firm characteristics, macroeconomic conditions, and pandemic prevalence, the paper finds that digital technology had a significant and positive effect on firm performance during the pandemic. The evidence suggests that key channels of resilience are electronic commerce and remote work.
The Transition from a Compensatory Increase to a Decrease in C-peptide During the Progression to Type 1 Diabetes and Its Relation to Risk
Authors: Ismail Heba M , Cuthbertson David , Gitelman Stephen E. , Skyler Jay S. , Steck Andrea K. , Rodriguez Henry , Atkinson Mark , Nathan Brandon M. , Redondo Maria J. , Herold Kevan C , Evans-Molina Carmella , DiMeglio Linda A , Sosenko Jay
Published: August 2022

  

Objective

To define the relationship between glucose and C-peptide during the progression to type 1 diabetes.

Research Design and Methods

We longitudinally studied glucose and C-peptide response curves (GCRCs), area under curve (AUC) glucose and AUC C-peptide from oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), and Index60 (which integrates OGTT glucose and C-peptide values) in Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 (DPT-1; n=72) and TrialNet Pathway to Prevention (TNPTP; n=82) participants who had OGTTs at baseline and follow-up timepoints before diagnosis. 

Results

Similar evolutions of GCRC configurations were evident between DPT-1 and TNPTP from baseline to 0.5 years pre-diagnosis. Whereas AUC glucose increased throughout from baseline to 0.5 years pre-diagnosis, AUC C-peptide increased from baseline until 1.5 years pre-diagnosis (DPT-1: p=0.004; TNPTP: p=0.012) and then decreased from 1.5 years to 0.5 years pre-diagnosis (DPT-1: p=0.017; TNPTP: p=0.093). This change was mostly attributable to change in the late AUC C-peptide response (i.e., 60-to-120-minute AUC C-peptide). Median Index60 values of  DPT-1 (1.44) and TNPTP (1.05) progressors to type 1 diabetes 1.5 years pre-diagnosis (time of transition from increasing to decreasing AUC C-peptide) were used as thresholds to identify individuals at high risk for type 1 diabetes in the full cohort at baseline (5-year risk of 0.75-0.88 for those above thresholds). Conclusions

A transition from an increase to a decrease in AUC C-peptide approximately 1.5 years pre-diagnosis was validated in two independent cohorts. The median Index60 value at that timepoint can be used as a pathophysiologic-based threshold for identifying individuals at high risk for type 1 diabetes.
Nontargeted and targeted metabolomic profiling reveals novel metabolite biomarkers of incident diabetes in African Americans
Authors: Chen Zsu-Zsu , Pacheco Julian Avila , Gao Yan , Deng Shuliang , Peterson Bennet , Shi Xu , Zheng Shuning , Tahir Usman A. , Katz Daniel H. , Cruz Daniel E. , Ngo Debby , Benson Mark D. , Robbins Jeremy M. , Guo Xiuqing , Gonzalez Magdalena del Rocio Sevilla , Manning Alisa , Correa Adolfo , Meigs James B. , Taylor Kent D. , Rich Stephen S. , Goodarzi Mark O. , Rotter Jerome I. , Wilson James G. , Clish Clary B. , Gerszten Robert E.
Published: August 2022

Nontargeted metabolomics methods have increased potential to identify new disease biomarkers, but assessments of the additive information provided in large human cohorts by these less biased techniques are limited. To diversify our knowledge of diabetes associated metabolites, we leveraged a method that measures 305 targeted or “known” and 2,342 nontargeted or “unknown” compounds in fasting plasma samples from 2,750 participants (315 incident cases) in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS)—a community cohort of self-identified African Americans (AAs), who are underrepresented in omics studies. We found 307 unique compounds (82 known) associated with diabetes after adjusting for age and sex at a false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05 and 124 compounds (35 known, including 11 not previously associated) after further adjustments for BMI and fasting plasma glucose (FPG). Of these, 144 and 68 associations, respectively, replicated in a multi-ethnic cohort. Among these is an apparently novel isomer of the 1-deoxyceramide Cer(m18:1/24:0) with functional geonomics and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Overall, known and unknown metabolites provided complementary information (median correlation ρ=0.29) and their inclusion with clinical risk factors improved diabetes prediction modeling. Our findings highlight the importance of including nontargeted metabolomics methods to provide new insights into diabetes development in ethnically diverse cohorts.
Economic Environment of the Agricultural Sector in Crisis Times: Case Study of Turkey
Authors: ES Miassi Yann
Published: August 2022

Straddling Europe and Asia, Turkey is considered as an emerging economic power (MAAF, 2015). As a member of several organizations such as the OECD, NATO and the G20, Turkey plays a major role in the region to which it belongs.
Determinants of Farmers’ Investments in Soil Fertility Management and Conservation Innovations in the Potato Cropping Systems in the Highlands of South-Western Uganda
Authors: Muzira Robert
Published: August 2022

An allied project “Enabling Rural Innovations – ERI” was introduced in the potato farming systems in the highlands of south-western Uganda with the objective to empower farmers to invest in soil fertility management and conservation through enhanced knowledge in soil management attributes and profitable market linkages. The objective of this paper was to assess the determinants of farm households' decision to adopt soil fertility management and conservation innovations in potato-grown fields. Household surveys were conducted on 104 households that had consistently grown and sold potato in urban and non-urban markets in five consecutive years. It was revealed that enhancements of farmers’ knowledge in soil fertility management and market linkages did not influence farmers’ investments in soil fertility improving innovations. Nonetheless, enhancements influenced farmers’ adoption of trenches and woodlots as mechanisms of controlling soil erosion and surface runoff within and outside potato-grown fields, respectively. Adoption of soil fertility management and conservation innovations in potato-grown fields was influenced by household characteristics other than the age of the household head. Number of soil fertility management and conservation innovations adopted by households was significantly influenced by household wealth category, number of potato fields owned, household size and education level of the household head.
Gasification in Georgian Agriculture Sector
Authors: Chomakhidze Demur
Published: August 2022

The article provides a brief retrospective analysis of the level and dynamics of Georgia's gasification from the beginning of the processup to today. It is said thatthe production and consumption of gasper inhabitant throughout the country reached its maximum in 1989. As for these indicators in agriculture, it is far worse. However, it is noteworthy that in the last years of the country's independence the situation has been improved. The research has been provided throughout the country as well as in agriculture. The article provides suggestions for improvement of the situation. Namely to increase the level of gasification.
Performance of Different Mulberry/ Morus Sp/ Genotypes and their Effect on Mulberry Silkworm, Bombyx Mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae)
Authors: Terefe Metasebia
Published: August 2022

Mulberry /Morus sp / is the primary feed plant for Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). The studies were conducted in field and laboratory conditions with the objectives to evaluate the agronomic and their rearing performance of different genotypes of mulberry on silkworms. About 6 genotypes of mulberry namely, Nekemte, Jimma, M-4, K-2, S-13 and Local were evaluated in the field and laboratory. The treatments were arranged with RCBD in the field and CRD for laboratory experiments in three replications. Significant differences were observed in agronomic and rearing performances of genotypes of mulberry. In field, maximum leaf production per plant (371.3 and 373.1 kg/ha), fresh leaf weight (26,503 and 26,333 kg/ha) and dry leaf weight (8027 and 8268 kg/ha) were recorded from S-13 and K-2, respectively. However, minimum leaf weight (9435kg/ha) was recorded from local genotype. In addition, there were significant differences in rearing performances of silkworms fed on different genotypes of mulberry. Among different genotypes, silkworms fed on leaf of S-13 and K-2 gave better results such as cocoon weight (1.11g and 1.03g), pupal weight (0.924g and 0.864g), shell weight (0.187g and 0.168g), silk ratio (16.82% and 16.35%), as compared to other genotypes. In general, S-13 and K-2 showed better results in agronomic performances as well as in rearing performance of silkworms for improving silk production as compared to other genotypes.
Postharvest Control of Strawberry Fruit Soft Rot by Laminaria Digitata Extracts
Authors: U De Corato
Published: August 2022

The aim of this work was to assess the potential suppression of extracts of Laminaria digitata for controlling postharvest soft rot of strawberries by Rhizopus stolonifer. The antifungal activity of raw extract and fractionated by hexane, ethanol and water was in vitro measured at a concentration range. The activity of the raw extract was in vivo assessed at the same concentration range in comparison to fungicide Fenhexamid. Observations by scanning electron microscopy of R. stolonifer were performed. The peroxidase activity in L. digitata-treated inoculated strawberries was assessed. A significant inhibition of mycelia growth (until 80% after 5 days of incubation) and suppression of sporangia germination (up to 95% after 24 hours) were found applying 30 g L-1 raw extract. Only extracts fractionated by hexane and ethanol were suppressive against mycelia (until 71% and 67% respectively) and sporangia (up to 82% and 69% respectively). Fruit decay inhibition on the R. stolonifer/strawberries pathosystem increased up to 75% after 3 days of incubation in preventive treatment after application of increasing doses of the extracts. Efficacy of the treatments was related to dose of extract in all the trials. The increased peroxidase activity (up to 7.04 ΔOD420 g −1 min−1) observed in fruit tissue after oneday from application of 30 g L-1 raw extract suggests that suppression could also be due to activation of systemic acquired resistance in artificially infected strawberry fruit.
Enhancing Maize Productivity through Nitrogen Application Methods and Timing in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Junaid
Published: August 2022

Agriculture sector plays an important role in the economy of Pakistan and is one of the major determinants of the economic growth and well-being. It contributes about 21% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employs 45% of labor force. Majority of the population i.e-62% belongs to rural areas, and their livelihood directly or indirectly depends on agriculture. Poor nutrient management is one of the key factors contributing to decline in the productivity of maize in Pakistan. This review article is mainly focus on role of nitrogen and its application methods in growth, development, and production of the maize. Despite the fact that maize productivity is relatively better than other major cereal crops, its current maize productivity is still far below its potential productivity. The rate, time and method of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application are among the major abiotic factors limiting the productivity of the crop and are strongly related to growth, development, and yield of the crop. Nitrogen affects various physiological and biochemical processes in plant cells that ultimately affect the growth and development of the plant. Crop yield increases up to certain limit and declines if applied in an excess amount of nitrogen. Proper nitrogen application at proper growth stages and sufficient amount are need to be necessary for higher grain yield of maize. This review will serves for maize researchers to enhance maize productivity through nitrogen application timing and methods.
Technical vs Ideological Manipulation of MENA Political Narratives via Subtitling
Authors:   , Belhaj Haani M.
Published: August 2022

MENA political conflicts have inculcated controversial narratives, giving rise to deep-seated political tensions and combat, locally and globally. Political media can accentuate or contest such narratives and, sometimes, even create new ones. Narratives dwell in their source text until they are relocated to the target text through the translation process, in which they can often be subject to multi-level manipulation in proportion to the ideological constraints of translators and their institutions. Subtitling, in particular, also has its own technical constraints that can require textual manipulation. This variation of constraints motivated the study to investigate whether manipulation is technically necessitated or ideologically driven. The ultimate purpose is to raise awareness of the commonly unrecognised role of ideology in manipulating the subtitling of political narratives under the pretext of technicality. Focusing on the Arabic–English subtitling of MENA political narratives produced by Monitor Mideast, Palestinian Media Watch, and Middle East Media Research Institute, the investigation starts with the first phase, where a micro-analysis drawing on Gottlieb’s (1992) subtitling strategies differentiates between the subtitlers’ technical and ideological choices. The second phase of the investigation comprises of a macro-analysis (comprehensive framework) drawing on Baker’s (2006a) narrative account, which interprets the subtitlers’ ideological choices for the text in association with broader patterns of manipulation in the paratext and context. The study discussed concrete examples where ideology—rather than a technicality—manifested in textual choices. Coherently woven, furthermore, the narrative distortion shown was not only limited to the text but also included the paratext and context. Besides paratextual verbal manipulation (e.g., using different titles), there were also higher-level patterns of non-verbal manipulation that included reconfiguring the original narrative features. These multi-level manipulation patterns have ultimately led to the source text narratives being reframed in the target text.
Educación a distancia en tiempos de la covid-19, condiciones de infraestructura académica
Authors: García Lozano Rodolfo Zolá , Morales Ramírez Alejandra , Amador Reyes Juan de Jesús , Hidalgo Cortés Cuauhtémoc
Published: August 2022

En esta investigación se consideró relevante presentar un estudio cuantitativo, transversal y exploratorio-descriptivo sobre las barreras de infraestructura y los problemas que enfrentaron los jóvenes en su formación académica durante el periodo de educación a distancia por la pandemia de covid-19. Específicamente, se analizaron las condiciones de infraestructura tecnológica disponibles en los hogares. La información se obtuvo por medio un cuestionario de 23 preguntas aplicado a 152 estudiantes de una universidad pública del Estado de México. Los resultados muestran que 3 % de la comunidad estudiantil no contaba con equipo de cómputo, mientras que 70 % compartía el equipo con algún miembro de su familia. A pesar de que solo 7 % no contaba con conexión a internet, el resto de los participantes indicaron tener problemas frecuentes con este servicio (bajo ancho de banda, intermitencia o falla con el suministro eléctrico). Aunado a lo anterior, los estudiantes externaron haber tenido problemas frecuentes con las características de sus equipos de cómputo, con los canales de comunicación, el incumplir los horarios establecidos de clases y la actitud de los docentes, así como con el exceso de actividades académicas y el poco tiempo para realizarlas. En conclusión, se establece que la aplicación de la educación a distancia requiere un análisis multidimensional de la problemática de implementación, a fin de asegurar que los estudiantes reciban una educación de calidad.
التحكيم في منازعات الاستثمار في مشاريع الطاقة المتجددة
Authors: Dhaher Omer Z.
Published: August 2022

إن الخلافات الناشئة في قطاع الطاقة موضوعًا للمقاضاة، ومع زيادة الطلب العالمي على انتاج الطاقة من مصادرها المتجددة، اتجهت الاستثمارات لسماح باستكشاف مصادر الطاقة المتجددة وتطويرها في الدول التي ربما تفتقر في هذا المجال، ولتشجيع الاستثمار والمستثمرين أصبح من الضروري وجود إطار تشريعي مستقر يوفر حماية ملزمة للمستثمرين لتسوية المنازعات على النحو المنصوص عليها في القوانين المحلية والمعاهدات الاستثمار الثنائية والمتعددة الأطراف، واصبحت الحاجة المآسة لتطوير آلية التحكيم كونه وسيلة فعالة للرجوع إليه في حسم أي خلافات ناشئة بين الأطراف المتعاقدة، وضمانة مهمة لجذب المستثمرين الى الدولة المضيفة للاستثمار، وعليه ان عقد الإستثمار في مصادر الطاقة المتجددة الذي ينعقد بين المستثمر والدولة المضيفة للإستثمار أو أحد أجهزتها، يتضمن مجموعة من المواضيع المتشابكة، والتي يمكن ان تحصل بشأنها خلافات ومنازعات بين الطرفين، ولذلك يجب البحث عن وسائل ملائمة لتسوية مثل هذه المنازعات بما يضمن استمرارية المشاريع الاستثمارية في مجال الطاقة من مصادرها المتجددة وبما يحفظ حقوق الطرفين أيضاً، فلهذا أصبح التحكيم يشكل موضوعاً مهماً في مجال عقود الإستثمار بصورة عامة، وزادت أهمية هذه الوسيلة بعد إزدهار التجارة الدولية بحيث أصبح على شكل منظمات وهيئات ومراكز دولية.
تسوية منازعات العقد الألكتروني الدولي عن طريق تحديد ‏الإختصاص القضائي الدولي للنظر فيها وفقاً للقانون العراقي
Authors: Ali Younis S.
Published: August 2022

إن الاختصاص القضائي الدولي هو ولاية المحاكم الوطنية في نظر المنازعات ذات العنصر الأجنبي. وقواعد الاختصاص القضائي الدولي للمحاكم العراقية هي مجموعة القواعد القانونية التي تحدد ولاية المحاكم الوطنية في نظر المنازعات ذات العنصر الأجنبي، تجاه غيرها من المحاكم الأجنبية للدول الأخرى، وتستند على مجموعة من الضوابط تعرف بضوابط الإختصاص القضائي الدولي للمحاكم العراقية. وجدير بالذكر فإن العقد الإلكتروني هو إتفاق يتلاقى فيه الإيجاب بالقبول على شبكة دولية مفتوحة للإتصال عن بعد وذلك بوسيلة مسموعة مرئية وبفضل التفاعل بين الموجب والقابل. ويتحدد  الإختصاص القضائي الدولي لتسوية المنازعات المتعلقة به في القانون العراقي بضابط الإختصاص القضائي الدولي التقليدي الذي ينعقد به الإختصاص للمحاكم العراقية بمقتضى الفقرة (ج) من المادة (15) من القانون المدني العراقي. على الرغم من أننا حاولنا في هذه الدراسة أن نسند الإختصاص القضائي الدولي للمحاكم العراقية للنظر في تسوية منازعات العقد الإلكتروني الدولي إلى بعض الضوابط التي نص عليها قانون التوقيع الإلكتروني والمعاملات الإلكترونية رقم (78) لسنة 2012
Route Discovery Development for Multiple Destination Using Artificial Ant Colony
Authors: Ismail Reem J. , Shukur Mohammed H. , Ismael Samar J.
Published: August 2022

Smart cities need a smart applications for the citizen, not just digital devices. Smart applications will provide a decision-making to users by using artificial intelligence. Many real-world services for online shopping and delivery systems were used and attracted customers, especially after the Covid-19 pandemics when people prefer to keep social distance and minimize social places visiting. These services need to discover the shortest path for the delivery driver to visit multiple destinations and serve the customers. The aim of this research is to develop the route discovery for multiple-destination by using ACO Algorithm for Multiple destination route planning. ACO Algorithm for Multiple destination route planning develops the Google MAP application to optimize the route when it is used for multiple destinations and when the route is updated with a new destination. The results show improvement in the multiple destination route discovery when the shortest path and the sequence order of cities are found. In conclusion, the ACO Algorithm for Multiple destination route planning simulation results could be used with the Google Map application and provide an artificial decision for the citizen of Erbil city.  Finally, we discuss our vision for future development.
Detecting Denial of Service Attacks in Internet of Things Using Software-Defined Networking and Ensemble Learning
Authors: Mohammed Adil H. , Rashidi Shima , Salih Yusra A.
Published: August 2022

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a novel approach to automate connections between smart devices without involving humans. The utilization of this structure is growing, and its application range is continually expanding. We confront additional issues as the usage of these networks grows, such as the presence of attackers and combating their attacks. These networks' performance may be improved, and their development can be accelerated, with new solutions to these difficulties. A new method for improving IoT security is proposed in this research, which is based on software-based network and collaborative learning. The suggested solution divides the network domain into numerous subdomains, each with its own controller for exchanging security rules with other subdomains. All of a subnet's node traffic is routed through the subnet's control node in this topology. As a result, each controller node employs an integrated learning model to continually evaluate network traffic data and detect assaults. This learning model incorporates an artificial neural network, a decision tree, and a New Biz model that uses statistical information gathered from each data stream to identify the likely existence of assaults. NSL-KDD database data was utilised to assess the proposed method's performance, and its accuracy in identifying denial of service attacks was compared to earlier approaches.
Práticas de sustentabilidade em escolas estaduais de Guarapuava (PR)
Authors: Stora Fernando , Luis Dias Doliveira Sérgio , Marçal Gonzaga Carlos Alberto , Massuga Flavia
Published: August 2022

Devido ao importante papel que desempenham na formação de cidadania dos indivíduos e de suas comunidades, a atuação das instituições educacionais tem a incumbência de disseminar boas práticas de responsabilidade socioambiental e estratégias de desenvolvimento sustentável. Este artigo apresenta o resultado de um estudo de caso que teve como objetivo identificar as práticas de sustentabilidade na gestão de escolas estaduais de Guarapuava, Paraná (PR). Os parâmetros basearam-se na Planilha-Modelo de Sustentabilidade Socioambiental – Agenda Ambiental na Administração Pública (A3P). A amostragem para a pesquisa, de natureza quanti-qualitativa, constituiu-se de 17 colégios públicos estaduais, localizados no município investigado. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de questionários e entrevistas semiestruturadas com os diretores das instituições. Os resultados indicam que os colégios executam boas práticas de sustentabilidade, alinhadas com os parâmetros da Planilha A3P, embora elas sejam pontuais e não contínuas. Uma das dificuldades identificadas para essas práticas está na defasagem da formação dos diretores para que possam liderar suas instituições em compasso com as complexas transformações ambientais, sociais e econômicas da contemporaneidade.
As políticas de desenvolvimento profissional do docente universitário em cinco universidades federais do Sul do Brasil: concepções e desafios
Authors: Trindade Silva Selbach Paula , Luce Maria Beatriz
Published: August 2022

As políticas de desenvolvimento profissional do docente universitário constituem-se em uma das possibilidades de construir uma pedagogia que melhor corresponda aos desafios assumidos pelas universidades públicas em nosso País. Nesse sentido, buscamos compreender as concepções que sustentam as políticas de desenvolvimento profissional docente de cinco universidades do Sul do Brasil. Para tal, destacamos as principais similaridades e diferenças entre as propostas institucionais com relação aos seus objetivos e público-alvo, anotando possíveis desafios a serem enfrentados para a consolidação dessas propostas. A metodologia empreendida foi o estudo de casos múltiplos. Inicialmente, foi realizada a análise dos documentos que regulamentam a organização e o funcionamento dessas políticas e, em seguida, os dados foram complementados com a realização de oito entrevistas com gestores e servidores responsáveispor planejar as ações dessas políticas. É possível afirmar que todas as instituições que fizeram parte deste estudo compreendem que o processo de desenvolvimento profissional docente não pode ser dissociado do desenvolvimento da própria universidade. Os principais desafios referem-se ao envolvimento dos docentes estáveis com essas políticas e a articulação entre instâncias estruturais da organização e do trabalho docente como cursos e departamentos.
The main criteria for distinguishing between the public law and private law
Authors: Daraganova Nina
Published: August 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of issues concerning the distinction between the public law and private law. It is established that most scholars agree with the expediency of dividing the law into two subsystems – private law and public law. It was found that the main criteria for distinguishing between the public law and private law, such as: 1) the nature of the dominant interest; 2) the difference in the subjects of legal relations; 3) the difference in the method of legal regulation.

Thus, the criterion of the nature of the dominant interest, allows to distinguish public law, which protects the general, state, public interests, public goods, important not for the individual but for the society, country as a whole. Instead, in private law, the personality interests of the individual (persons) are dominant. The difference in the subjects of legal relations is manifested in the fact that in public law the subject is a person who joins them to exercise their public authority, instead, in private law, a person can exercise the right to enter into legal relations at his own discretion, and the change or termination of private law relations, as a rule, depends entirely on the will of their participants. The difference in the method of legal regulation is manifested in the fact that public law tends to obligations, and private law tends to permits.

It is proved that public and private law are two sides of the same coin, which exist in inseparable unity and interdependence, and a clear example of this is the area of labor protection, where legal regulation is both private and public.
Civil Law Institute for the Emancipation of Minors: Doctrinal Approaches to Understanding the Essence
Authors: Pavliuk N.M.
Published: August 2022

The article considers one of the problems of legal capacity of minors - emancipation. Emancipation is a complex civil law institution that has become a novelty for Ukrainian civil law, which needs to be comprehensively studied and improved. The formation of this institution is due to several objective reasons: the rapid growth of modern youth, both psychologically and physically; developed market relations that involve minors; mass media that promote the dissemination of information. Given the above, at the legislative level, this institution was introduced into the Civil Code of Ukraine. In foreign law, the institution of emancipation has become quite widespread and is seen as the declaration of minors fully capable of reaching adulthood, the actual receipt of the person the opportunity to acquire rights and responsibilities. The nature of different types of emancipation is determined both by the grounds for its occurrence and the scope of those rights and responsibilities that a minor may acquire. Emancipation has a sectoral nature and does not apply to the full capacity of an individual, ie an emancipated person is deprived of a set of certain rights to reach adulthood. In other words, emancipation can be complete or partial. The institute of emancipation has been studied in detail by modern scientists since its introduction, but is ambiguously evaluated by them. Some scholars believe that it contributes to the acquisition of economic independence by minors, the development of their abilities in employment, that giving minors a real opportunity to exercise civil rights in full - an area that claims special relevance in the implementation of state legal policy to protect the rights of minors, others - that such a procedure can be resorted to only in exceptional cases.
Employees’ performance-based remuneration (Korean and Chinese practices)
Authors: Lutsenko Olena
Published: August 2022

In world practice, tariff-free and flexible remuneration systems are used. Remuneration systems based on the results of employee performance evaluation are becoming especially relevant. The author has believed that such an experience would be useful for Ukraine, as there is an unfair distribution of the salary fund at domestic enterprises.

The author has argued that the basis of remuneration should be based on the labour results of employees, their achievements and high qualifications and professionalism. It has long been necessary to move away from “equalization” in remuneration, because everyone performs the same duties differently, and therefore remuneration should be different. That is why I turned to the experience of Japan and China, because it is in these countries that such an approach has always been used, and therefore their practice can be useful for Ukraine. 

In Japan and China remuneration has been based on the results of employee performance appraisals for a long time. These countries have developed special methods of calculating wages, which take into account many indicators.

Raising flexibility of compensation system is emerging as a big social issue.

 Korea is facing rapidly aging population and deteriorating corporate competitiveness. Companies in Korea attempted to improve the pay structure by increasing the performance-based factors within the existing pay structure, the best example being the “annual salary system.” For individual companies, converting the current automatic pay raise scheme into a performance-based scheme will help ease the rigidity of the current pay structure. The prerequisite is that fairness must be ensured when evaluating performance. Responsibilities should also be allocated appropriately to allow equal opportunities for all individuals to make the best use of their skills and talents and adequate investment should be made to develop necessary human resources. Improvement in the overall work system should precede the move toward broader implementation of the performance-based pay structure.

Pay for performance programs in China are compensation plans that pay employees on the basis of some performance measure. This performance measures might include such things as individual productivity, team or work group productivity, department productivity, or the overall organization’s profits for a given period. Performance measure and management is essential for implementing performance-based compensation system effectively and efficiently.
Principles of land law of Ukraine
Authors: Dolynska M. S.
Published: August 2022

This article is devoted to topical issues of legal regulation of land relations in the state.

One of the central issues of land relations in Ukraine - the issue of principles of land law - is studied.

The purpose of the study is: analysis of the principles of land law of Ukraine, definition of the principles of land law, classification of the basic principles of land law.

The author considers the main criteria for classifying the principles of land law.

The concept of principles of land law is defined.

Principles of land law are the basic guiding principles, significant ideas, postulates, which are reflected in the laws and regulations of the state and which follow from the content of legal norms, legal doctrine and case law.

The author draws attention to the fact that the principles of land law are legally enshrined in both the Constitution of Ukraine and the Land Code. The scientist notes that the above principles are embodied in the basic legal norms and institutions of land law.

The importance of the principles of land law is subject not only to the legal regulation of land relations, but in some cases serves as a means of overcoming gaps in land law.

The most common qualifications of the principles of land law are studied.

One of the new and extremely important principles of land law was the principle of digitalization.

All subjects of land relations must adhere to the principles of land law.

The principles of land law are designed to provide ideological guidance for the improvement and development of land law.

In particular, they encourage the implementation of progressive ideas in the new land legislation by amending numerous legal acts, and as a result, contribute to the improvement of judicial practice in resolving land disputes.

The author claims that the principles of land law are being changed and clarified in accordance with changes in state policy in the field of land relations.

Based on the analysis of normative-legal and legislative acts, scientific literature, the author has developed and substantiated the conclusions of the research.
Law enforcement agencies as subjects of cybersecurity in the information space of Ukraine
Authors: Koroshchenko K.R. , Ilchenko O.V.
Published: August 2022

Information security in Ukraine is an important area for securing space from internal and external threats. It is worth noting that information and state security is a wide field for analysis by both scholars and legislation. After all, attempts to manipulate the public consciousness do not stop, in particular, by disseminating inaccurate, incomplete or biased information. Ukraine's position in the information field is a reflection of the state's ability to defend itself at all possible levels. Cybersecurity of the state is a very important part of information security. This area is much narrower for regulation. In recent years, Ukraine has launched reforms and modernization processes in this area. It is important to emphasize that all processes are closely linked to European integration measures, which can be confirmed by significant financial and information assistance from partners.

Indeed, possible cyber threats have revolutionized the state system, as well as the citizens to whom the effects of cyber attacks and cybercrime may extend. Therefore, cybersecurity issues are becoming increasingly important, becoming an integral part of national security and as a result of information security, and measures to combat cyber threats are being developed and implemented at the state level. In our country, for these purposes, the Law of Ukraine "On the Fundamentals of Cyber Security of Ukraine" was adopted, which, in particular, regulates the issues of cyber security and identifies the main directions and objectives of law enforcement agencies. The state mechanism for the implementation of certain tasks is necessarily a well-established system of bodies that would implement and perform certain functions in the legal field.

Empowered law enforcement agencies aim to effectively exercise their powers, which did not matter, the need for coordination and cooperation with each other is becoming more and more acute.

The importance of law enforcement research on the functioning of cybersecurity is due to the effectiveness of these entities in carrying out tasks. Also, the practical definition of the activities of law enforcement agencies may reveal accompanying problems.
Administrative responsibility for violation of rules regarding quarantine of people
Authors: Krakovska A.Ye. , Prokopova A.V.
Published: August 2022

The article is devoted to the study of administrative responsibility for violating the rules on quarantine of people in Ukraine. The issue of studying the historical formation of administrative responsibility for violating the rules of quarantine in general, and the quarantine of people in particular is covered. The normative-legal acts regulating relations in the field of protection of the population against infectious diseases and health care on the territory of Ukraine are researched. Special attention is given to Article 44-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Violations (CUAV) «Violation of the rules on quarantine of people». The changes that this article has undergone in the content and in the jurisdiction of this category of cases of administrative violation are analyzed. The statistical data and the practice of consideration of cases on bringing persons to administrative responsibility for committing violations under Article 44-3 of the CUAV by courts in modern conditions are considered. It is concluded that the introduction of Article 44-3 of the CUAV contains both positive and negative aspects. Deficiencies in the content of the norm and in the practice of its application are revealed. It is proposed to resolve the issue of: blanketness of the first part of Article 44-3 of the CUAV; compliance of this article with the principle of legal certainty and the principle of conformity of guilt and punishment; humanization of responsibility for violating the rules of quarantine of people. It is also proposed to introduce balanced quarantine rules in combination with sanctions that will comply with them and to make appropriate changes to Article 44-3 of the CUAV «Violation of the rules on quarantine of people».