bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the Impact of Perceived Interaction on User Stickiness in the Context of Tiktok E-commerce Live Broadcast -- The Mediating Role Based on Emotional Attachment
Authors: Yue Xinran , Yang Yi , Gu Xinyan , Wang Qiuxue , Chen Shiyi
Published: May 2023

COVID-19 has been recurrent for the last three years, the competition in the e-commerce live broadcast market of ‘more, faster, better and more economical’ is becoming increasingly fierce. The Tiktok app as a typical e-commerce live broadcast platform that urgently needs to improve user stickiness to stabilize traffic. Based on the survey of users, this paper explores the influencing factors of user stickiness of e-commerce live broad-cast platform according to CAC theory, and uses SPSS software to test the obtained data. Studies have shown that perceived interaction positively affects emotional attachment, and emotional attachment positively affects user stickiness, perceived interaction can be divided into user control, connectedness, responsiveness, and entertainment, emotional attachment can be divided into platform identity and platform affection. Based on the research conclusions, reasonable suggestions are put forward for e-commerce live broadcast platform.
The impact of green credit policies on debt financing for heavily polluting enterprises
Authors: Zeng Lingling , Zhang Lin , Jing Qianwei
Published: May 2023

On October 16, 2022, in the report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China’s dual carbon goal was once again emphasized, and China would actively and steadily promote carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. This paper selects the heavy polluting enterprises of A-share listed companies(2007-2021) as the research samples, using the non-heavy polluting enterprises as the control group, and applying the double difference model to explore the effect of green credit policy on the debt financing scale and debt financing cost of heavy polluting enterprises. Empirical tests show that, on the one hand, the promulgation of the Green Credit Guidelines significantly reduces the financing scale of heavily polluting enterprises and increases the financing cost of their liabilities. On the other hand, compared with non-stateowned enterprises, the green credit policy has a greater impact on the financing cost of state-owned enterprises’ liabilities.
Rosa Puppe und blaues Auto? – Spielzeug und Gender
Authors: Bachofen Isabella , Murbacher Sabine
Published: May 2023

Spielen ist die primäre Betätigung von Kindern, die maßgebend zu ihrer Entwicklung beiträgt. Jungen und Mädchen sind häufig schon im Säuglingsalter von geschlechtstypischen Spielzeugen und Farben umgeben. Dies wirkt sich auf die Entwicklung des Spiels, der Geschlechtsidentität sowie von Fähig- und Fertigkeiten aus. Ergotherapeut*innen sollten ihre eigene Materialauswahl deshalb in ihrem professionellen Reasoning reflektieren.
Impact of probe-induced abdominal compression on two-dimensional shear wave elastography measurement of split liver transplants in children
Authors: Groth Michael , Fischer Lutz , Herden Uta , Brinkert Florian , Beime Jan , Deindl Philipp , Adam Gerhard , Herrmann Jochen
Published: May 2023

Purpose To evaluate the effect of probe-induced abdominal compression of split liver transplants (SLT) in children on 2D-shear wave elastography (SWE) values.

Materials and Methods Data from 11 children (4.7 ± 4.8 years) who had undergone SLT and SWE were evaluated retrospectively. Elastograms were obtained with probes placed in an epigastric, midline position on the abdominal wall, with no and slight compression, using convex and linear transducers. For each identically positioned probe and condition, 12 serial elastograms were obtained and the SLT diameter was measured. Liver stiffness and degree of SLT compression were compared.

Results Slight probe pressure resulted in SLT compression, with a shorter distance between the cutis and the posterior margin of the liver transplant than in the measurement with no pressure (curved array, 5.0 ± 1.1 vs. 5.9 ± 1.3 cm, mean compression 15 %± 8 %; linear array, 4.7 ± 0.9 vs. 5.3 ± 1.0 cm, mean compression 12 %± 8 %; both p < 0.0001). The median liver stiffness was significantly greater with slight pressure than with no pressure (curved transducer, 13.38 ± 3.0 vs. 7.02 ± 1.7 kPa, p < 0.0001; linear transducer, 18.53 ± 7.1 vs. 9.03 ± 1.5 kPa, p = 0.0003).

Conclusion Slight abdominal compression can significantly increase SWE values in children with left-lateral SLT. To obtain meaningful results and reduce operator dependency in free-hand examinations, probe pressure must be controlled carefully.

Key points: 

Citation Format
Importance and potential of simulation training in interventional radiology
Authors: Kreiser Kornelia , Sollmann Nico , Renz Martin
Published: May 2023

Background Simulation training is a common method in many medical disciplines and is used to teach content knowledge, manual skills, and team skills without potential patient danger.

Methods Simulation models and methods in interventional radiology are explained. Strengths and weaknesses of both simulators for non-vascular and vascular radiological interventions are highlighted and necessary future developments are addressed.

Results Both custom-made and commercially available phantoms are available for non-vascular interventions. Interventions are performed under ultrasound guidance, with computed tomography assistance, or using mixed-reality methods. The wear and tear of physical phantoms can be countered with in-house production of 3D-printed models. Vascular interventions can be trained on silicone models or hightech simulators. Increasingly, patient-specific anatomies are replicated and simulated pre-intervention. The level of evidence of all procedures is low.

Conclusion Numerous simulation methods are available in interventional radiology. Training on silicone models and hightech simulators for vascular interventions has the potential to reduce procedural time. This is associated with reduced radiation dose for both patient and physician, which can also contribute to improved patient outcome, at least in endovascular stroke treatment. Although a higher level of evidence should be achieved, simulation training should already be integrated into the guidelines of the professional societies and accordingly into the curricula of the radiology departments.

Key Points: 

Citation Format
Synthesis and Evaluation of Fluorous-Tagged and Polystyrene-Supported Precursors for Fluoro-benziodoxole
Authors: Valliant John F. , Murphy Graham K. , Racicot Léanne
Published: May 2023

Fluoro-benziodoxole, a fluorinated hypervalent iodine (HVI) reagent, has been prepared by fluoride exchange with fluorous- or polystyrene-based sulfonyloxy-benziodoxole precursors. Key to this strategy was the facile O-sulfonylation of a common hydroxy-benziodoxole precursor with sulfonyl chlorides, which enabled the easy synthesis and evaluation of previously unknown fluorous- or polystyrene-based fluoride exchange precursors. Fluorination of a fluorous-tagged iodane led to fluoro-benziodoxole in 67% yield in 10 minutes with TBAF, whereas fluoride exchange on the polystyrene-supported iodane led to the fluoro-benziodoxole in 82 ± 5% yield upon reacting with TBAF for 10 minutes.
Endoscopic resection of early esophageal tumors in patients with cirrhosis or portal hypertension: a multicenter observational study
Authors: Simonnot Mathilde , Deprez Pierre H. , Pioche Mathieu , Albuisson Eliane , Wallenhorst Timothée , Caillol Fabrice , Koch Stéphane , Coron Emmanuel , Archambeaud Isabelle , Jacques Jérémie , Basile Paul , Caillo Ludovic , Degand Thibault , Lepilliez Vincent , Grandval Philippe , Culetto Adrian , Vanbiervliet Geoffroy , Camus Duboc Marine , Gronier Olivier , Leal Carina , Albouys Jérémie , Chevaux Jean-Baptiste , Barret Maximilien , Schaefer Marion
Published: May 2023

Background Liver cirrhosis and esophageal cancer share several risk factors, such as alcohol intake and excess weight. Endoscopic resection is the gold standard treatment for superficial tumors. Portal hypertension and coagulopathy may increase the bleeding risk in these patients. This study aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of endoscopic resection for early esophageal neoplasia in patients with cirrhosis or portal hypertension.

Methods This retrospective multicenter international study included consecutive patients with cirrhosis or portal hypertension who underwent endoscopic resection in the esophagus from January 2005 to March 2021.

Results 134 lesions in 112 patients were treated, including by endoscopic submucosal dissection in 101 cases (75 %). Most lesions (128/134, 96 %) were in patients with liver cirrhosis, with esophageal varices in 71 procedures. To prevent bleeding, 7 patients received a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, 8 underwent endoscopic band ligation (EBL) before resection, 15 received vasoactive drugs, 8 received platelet transfusion, and 9 underwent EBL during the resection procedure. Rates of complete macroscopic resection, en bloc resection, and curative resection were 92 %, 86 %, and 63 %, respectively. Adverse events included 3 perforations, 8 delayed bleedings, 8 sepsis, 6 cirrhosis decompensations within 30 days, and 22 esophageal strictures; none required surgery. In univariate analysis, cap-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection was associated with delayed bleeding (P = 0.01).

Conclusions In patients with liver cirrhosis or portal hypertension, endoscopic resection of early esophageal neoplasia appeared to be effective and should be considered in expert centers with choice of resection technique, following European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guidelines to avoid undertreatment.
ortho-Heterobimetallic Arylene Complex: A New Platform for Regioselective Difunctionalization
Authors: Duan Xin-Fang , Wei Yi-Ming , Ma Xiao-Di
Published: May 2023

Regioselective ortho difunctionalization of arenes is highly desirable yet challenging in organic synthesis. Here, we briefly discuss various methods for ortho difunctionalization of arenes and highlight a novel ortho-heterobimetallic arylene complex enabled by heterobimetallic synergism, which shows great potential in regioselective ortho difunctionalizations.

1 Introduction

2 Distinct Reactivity of C–Fe and C–Ti Bonds

3 E/E′ ODFs by Fe/Ti-Heterobimetallic Intermediate

4 Nu/E ODFs by Fe/Ti -Heterobimetallic Intermediate

5 Summary and Outlook
Hierarchical Supramolecular Nanostructures of Cyclic Hydrogen-Bonding Catemers in Dibenzo[a,c]phenazinecarboxylic Acid Discotic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Ong Chi Wi , Lee Shern-Long , Chen Yi-Ru , Zhang Yong-Yun , Yeh Ming-Che , Ye Kai-shiang , Hsieh Shu-Chen , Cheng Kum-Yi , Chen Chun-hsien
Published: May 2023

The hydrogen-bonding motif of dibenzo[a,c]phenazinecarboxylic acids can be enforced to form hierarchical cyclic hydrogen-bonded trimers for creating a 3D Colh assembly at the mesophase, as demonstrated by X-ray diffraction. Scanning tunneling microscopy was used to characterize the formation of the cyclic trimers. Atomic force microscopy revealed the formation of nanopillars on a hydrophilized silica surface upon annealing from isotropic to room temperature.
Synthetic Studies toward the Myrioneuron Alkaloids
Authors: Smith Myles W. , Aquilina Jake M.
Published: May 2023

The Myrioneuron alkaloids are a relatively small family of plant-derived alkaloids that present an intriguing array of structural intricacy and biological properties. As such, these natural products have drawn interest from the synthetic community, resulting in creative total syntheses of several family members. This review showcases recent synthetic efforts towards these polycyclic alkaloids.

1 Introduction

1.1 Biological Activity

1.2 Proposed Biosynthesis

2 Synthetic Studies toward the Myrioneuron Alkaloids

2.1 Total Synthesis of Myrioxazines A and B

2.2 Total Synthesis of Myrionine, Myrionidine, and Schoberine

2.3 Total Synthesis of Myrifabrals A and B

2.4 Total Synthesis of Myrioneurinol

3 Conclusions and Outlook
Safety of Drainless Donor Closure in DIEP Flap-Based Breast Reconstruction: A Prospective Analysis Using Ultrasound
Authors: Kim Jina , Lee Kyeong-Tae , Mun Goo-Hyun
Published: May 2023

Background Although drainless donor closure with progressive tension suture (PTS) technique has been attempted to further reduce donor morbidity in deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap-based breast reconstruction, its clinical safety has not yet been fully elucidated. This study prospectively investigated donor morbidity after DIEP flap elevation and drain-free donor closure.

Methods A prospective cohort study was performed on 125 patients who underwent DIEP flap-based breast reconstruction and drainless donor closure. Postoperatively, the donor site was evaluated repetitively using ultrasonography. Development of donor complications, including any fluid accumulation and seroma (defined as detection of fluid accumulation after postoperative one month), was prospectively noted, and independent predictors for the adverse events were evaluated.

Results On ultrasound examination conducted within postoperative 2 weeks, 48 patients were detected to have fluid accumulation at the donor site, which were more frequently detected in cases of delayed reconstruction and those with lesser number of PTS conducted. The majority of those events (95.8%) were resolved with one- or two-times ultrasound-guided aspirations. Five patients (4.0%) showed persistent fluid accumulation after postoperative 1 month, which were successfully treated with repetitive aspiration without requiring reoperation. No other abdominal complications developed except for three of delayed wound healing. On multivariable analyses, harvesting larger-sized flap and conducting lesser number of PTS were independent predictors for the development of fluid accumulation.

Conclusion The results of this prospective study suggest that drainless donor closure of the DIEP flap with meticulous placement of PTS followed by postoperative ultrasound surveillance appears to be safe and effective.
Interplay of electron partial degeneracy and ion collisions for muon desticking from He
μ

+ in dense plasmas
Authors: Deutsch Claude
Published: May 2023

It is herein demonstrated by implementing the Jackson–Rafelski ratio that a full muon desticking from the hydrogenic ion Heμ+ can occur during its slowing down in sufficiently dense plasmas, including in warm dense matter (WDM) and inertially confined fusion (ICF) ones.
Multicomponent magnetic spinels: From complexity of crystal chemistry to coupled magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Authors: Nandwana Vikas , Dravid Vinayak P.
Published: May 2023

Spinels have a rich history that spans complexities of their structures to multitude of useful properties and intriguing phenomena. Herein, we demonstrate the versatility and elegance of ferrite-spinel based magnetic nanostructures (MNSs) as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We show that the magnetic properties of the inverse spinel Fe3O4 MNS can be enhanced by tuning their crystal chemistry. After doping with Mn2+ and Zn2+ into Fe3O4 MNS at a right stoichiometry, high saturation magnetization and magnetic anisotropy were observed due to rearrangement and specific positions of Mn2+, Zn2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ cations in the inverse spinel AB2O4 crystal lattice. The improved magnetic properties were leveraged to develop T1-weighted MRI contrast agent that are more biocompatible and efficient than currently used Gd-based complexes. This work underscores the rich opportunities in magnetic spinels for not only unusual applications as in MRI contrast enhancement but also the complexity and versatility of its crystal chemistry that forms the basis for its diverse properties.
Prediction of surface reconstructions using MAGUS
Authors: Han Yu , Wang Junjie , Ding Chi , Gao Hao , Pan Shuning , Jia Qiuhan , Sun Jian
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we present a new module to predict the potential surface reconstruction configurations of given surface structures in the framework of our machine learning and graph theory assisted universal structure searcher. In addition to random structures generated with specific lattice symmetry, we made full use of bulk materials to obtain a better distribution of population energy, namely, randomly appending atoms to a surface cleaved from bulk structures or moving/removing some of the atoms on the surface, which is inspired by natural surface reconstruction processes. In addition, we borrowed ideas from cluster predictions to spread structures better between different compositions, considering that surface models of different atom numbers usually have some building blocks in common. To validate this newly developed module, we tested it with studies on the surface reconstructions of Si (100), Si (111), and 4H–SiC(11̄02)−c(2×2), respectively. We successfully gave the known ground states, as well as a new SiC surface model, in an extremely Si-rich environment.
Coexistence of Rashba effect and spin–valley coupling in TiX2 (X = Te, S, and Se) based heterostructures
Authors: Bano Amreen , Major Dan Thomas
Published: May 2023

Spin–orbit coupling (SOC) combined with broken inversion symmetry plays a key role in inducing Rashba effect. The combined spontaneous polarization and Rashba effect enables controlling a material's spin degrees of freedom electrically. In this work, we investigated an electronic band structure for several combinations of TiX2 monolayers (X = Te, S, and Se): TiTe2/TiSe2, TiTe2/TiS2, and TiSe2/TiS2. Based on the observed orbital hybridization between the different monolayers in these heterostructures (HSs), we conclude that the most significant Rashba splitting occurs in TiSe2/TiS2. Subsequently, we used fluorine (F) as an adatom over the surface of TiSe2/TiS2 at hollow and top sites of the surface to enhance the Rashba intensity, as the F adatom induces polarization due to the difference in charge distribution. Furthermore, by increasing the number of F atoms on the surface, we reinforced the band splitting, i.e., we observe Rashba splitting accompanied by Zeeman splitting at the valence-band edge states. Berry curvatures at K and K′ with equal and opposite nature confirm the existence of valley polarization. The computationally observed properties suggest that these HSs are promising candidates for spin–valley Hall effect devices and other spintronic applications.
Analytical approximation to the local softness and hypersoftness and to their applications as reactivity indicators
Authors: Ordon Piotr , Zaklika Jarosław , Hładyszowski Jerzy , Komorowski Ludwik
Published: May 2023

Local density functional theory derivatives of the electron density have been calculated analytically for the set of canonical hydrogenic orbitals; original solutions have been obtained using the novel density gradient theorem. Results for the first and second derivatives of electron density over N (number of electrons) and over μ (chemical potential) have been demonstrated. Calculations of the state functions ΔN, ΔE, and Δμ disturbed by an external potential Δv(r) have been obtained via the concept of alchemical derivatives. The local softness s(r) and local hypersoftness [ds(r)/dN]v have been proved to provide crucial chemical information on the sensitivity of orbital density to the disturbance of the external potential Δv(r), leading to electron exchange ΔN and the corresponding changes of the state functions ΔE, Δμ. The results are fully compatible with the well-understood character of atomic orbitals in chemistry and open a perspective to applications to atoms, free or bonded.
Launching phenomenon of a centimeter-scale solid object using explosive boiling due to electrical discharge in water
Authors: Sugioka Hideyuki , Murata Katsuaki , Arai Yuki
Published: May 2023

Technology to launch objects into the air is essential for various applications. In this study, we propose a solid object launcher that pushes the object of centimeter-scale by the rapid liquid motion resulting from explosive vaporization due to electric discharge in water. In particular, by using the electric discharge in a trapezoid-shaped chamber, we demonstrate that a centimeter-scale L-shaped piece of paper with 0.92 mg mass can be launched with an initial velocity ∼4 m/s in the direction of an elevation angle of ∼50°, while a centimeter-scale paper airplane with 29.6 mg mass can be launched with the maximum velocity ∼2 m/s along a glass slide runway with an elevation angle of ∼45°. In addition, to clarify the mechanism of solid launching phenomena, we systematically carried out vertical launching experiments of the centimeter-scale solid object of 60–340 mg. Moreover, as a central design concept peculiar to the solid launching device, we demonstrate the importance of water-repellent treatment of the solid surface. In the future, our device might be used to provide object-shooting technology for hybrid manufacturing technology or to protect orchards from birds.
Bismuth induced enhancement of Rashba spin–orbit interaction in GaAsBi/GaAs heterostructures
Authors: Kunihashi Yoji , Shinohara Yasushi , Hasegawa Sho , Nishinaka Hiroyuki , Yoshimoto Masahiro , Oguri Katsuya , Gotoh Hideki , Kohda Makoto , Nitta Junsaku , Sanada Haruki
Published: May 2023

The incorporation of heavy atoms into semiconductor heterostructures is a promising way to enhance the spin–orbit interaction of carriers moving in two-dimensional channels. We investigated the strength of spin–orbit interaction in a sample containing an epitaxially grown GaAsBi channel. Time- and spatially resolved Kerr rotation measurements revealed the existence of Rashba-type spin–orbit effective magnetic fields experienced by the photo-injected spins diffusing in the GaAsBi layer. The spin–orbit interaction parameters deduced from both experiments and theory suggest that, as a result of an increase in the spin–orbit split-off energy due to Bi, the offset energies of the valence band and spin split-off band at the GaAsBi/GaAs interface work constructively to enhance the Rashba spin–orbit interaction parameter, which is one order of magnitude larger than those arising from conventional GaAs/AlGaAs and InGaAs/GaAs interfaces.
A priori assessment of nonlocal data-driven wall modeling in large eddy simulation
Authors: Tabe Jamaat Golsa
Published: May 2023

In the present study, a priori assessment is performed on the ability of the convolutional neural network (CNN) for wall-modeling in large eddy simulation. The data used for the training process are provided by the direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the turbulent channel flow. Initially, a study is carried out on the input choices of CNN, and the effect of different flow parameters on establishing a wall model is investigated. Then, the influence of the wall-normal distance on the established data-driven wall model is studied by choosing the CNN input data from two regions of the inner layer (y+>10,y/δ<0.1) and the logarithmic layer. The performance of the obtained CNN wall models based on the inputs from the two regions is further investigated by feeding the network with the data outside the training range. In the next step, the models are tested under various conditions, including a different grid size and a higher Reynolds number. The results show that the models using the inner layer (excluding y+≤10) data as the CNN input have better accuracy in establishing a wall model compared to the models based on the input data in the logarithmic layer, especially when implemented outside the training range. After optimizing the hyperparameters of CNN, a high correlation coefficient of 0.9324 is achieved between the wall shear stress calculated using the filtered DNS data and predicted by the best CNN wall model, which is trained using the data in the inner layer, excluding y+≤10. The performance of the CNN wall model is also compared with the existing wall-stress models, and it is shown that the CNN wall model has better accuracy in establishing a wall model. Additionally, the CNN wall model is shown to have good performance when applied to a different grid size or a higher Reynolds number.
Sinusoidal RF simulations for optimized electroporation protocols
Authors: Milestone W. , Hu Q. , Garner A. L. , Joshi R. P.
Published: May 2023

Protocols surrounding electroporation have long been based on trapezoidal (or near rectangular) pulsing of biological cells. Here, we revisit cellular electroporation for biomedical applications, including tumor treatment, based on a self-consistent electro-thermal analysis with sinusoidal RF excitation. Predictions for the evolution of pores and their surface angular distribution, as well as potential heating and temperature increases, are given. Our results show an optimum frequency range from 5 to 7 MHz to achieve increased mass transport without detrimental heating in Jurkat cells. Through parametrized frequency sweeps, this work establishes potential optimized regimes that could guide experimental and clinical protocols. More significantly, a possible frequency for porating healthy B-cells is predicted to be ∼2.5 MHz, with almost no poration at 7 MHz. This opens up the exciting possibility for treating malignant tissue with a well-tuned frequency range for bioeffects while minimizing deleterious effects on healthy cells and tissues.
Theoretical upper limits of the thermal conductivity of Si3N4
Authors: Zhou Hao , Feng Tianli
Published: May 2023

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) is a promising substrate for high-power electronics due to its superior mechanical properties and potential outstanding thermal conductivity (κ). As experiments keep pushing the upper limit of κ of Si3N4, it is believed that it can reach 450 W/mK, similar to SiC, based on classical models and molecular dynamics simulations. In this work, we reveal from first principles that the theoretical κ upper limits of β-Si3N4 are only 169 and 57 W/mK along the c and a axes at room temperature, respectively. Those of α-Si3N4 are about 116 and 87 W/mK, respectively. The predicted temperature-dependent κ matches well with the highest available experimental data, which supports the accuracy of our calculations, and suggests that the κ upper limit of Si3N4 has already been reached in the experiment. Compared to other promising semiconductors (e.g., SiC, AlN, and GaN), Si3N4 has a much lower κ than expected even though the chemical bonding and mechanical strengths are close or even stronger. We find the underlying reason is that Si3N4 has much lower phonon lifetimes and mean free paths (<0.5 μm) due to the larger three-phonon scattering phase space and stronger anharmonicity. Interestingly, we find that the larger unit cell (with more basis atoms) that leads to a smaller fraction of acoustic phonons is not the reason for lower κ. Grain size-dependent κ indicates that the grain boundary scattering plays a negligible role in most experimental samples. This work clarifies the theoretical κ upper limits of Si3N4 and can guide experimental research.
Higher-Level Thinking in Advanced Physics Laboratories
Authors: Baker Blane
Published: May 2023

The advanced physics laboratory is a stimulating environment for cultivating creativity and investigating scientific questions. To encourage students to develop higher-level thinking skills in this context, several projects ranging from designing and building an amplifier to implementing a circuit to measure solar insolation are proposed. As students engage in these projects, they expand their skills in designing experiments, building and troubleshooting apparatus, and modeling and interpreting data.
Higher-Level Thinking in Scholarship
Authors: Baker Blane
Published: May 2023

Students’ engagement in scholarship provides meaningful and challenging opportunities for the development of critical thoughts. As students pursue new questions, they practice higher-level thinking skills centered around analysis, evaluation, and creation. This chapter discusses a traditional model for engaging students in scholarship, along with suggested modifications based on student performance and feedback. In response, a second model proposes a more student-centered approach characterized by effective feedback, student development, and focus on higher-level thinking.
Writing in the Physics Curriculum: Recommendations, Examples, and Phrases to Avoid
Authors: Baker Blane
Published: May 2023

Critical thinking hinges on the ability to articulate careful arguments and critique others’ work. Thus, writing is an invaluable skill for physics students to develop—both for their scientific careers and for their roles as engaged citizens. This chapter discusses recommendations for effective writing and presents several examples. The purpose is to model competent writing and provide resources for students to improve their writing abilities.
Activation of excitatory glycine NMDA receptors: At the mercy of a whimsical GluN1 subunit
Authors: He Miaomiao , Wollmuth Lonnie P.
Published: May 2023

Glycine-gated NMDA receptors contribute to brain functions and disorders. Rouzbeh et al. shed light on their odd pharmacology.
Direct measurement of charge trap depth in polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Suzuki Haruto , Kubo Yugo , Sekiguchi Yoitsu , Kobayashi Masaki , Kumada Akiko , Sato Masahiro
Published: May 2023

Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) exhibit excellent electrical properties owing to charge trapping provided by nanofillers. However, the role of nanofillers in trap formation at the microscopic level is poorly understood. In this study, we propose a method to determine the charge trap depth of nanofillers in PNCs using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and first-principles calculations. The low-density polyethylene (PE)/TiO2 nanocomposite is selected as the measurement target as it was previously reported the charges are trapped by TiO2 loading to PE. We observe TiO2 can serve as a trap for holes, and the trap depth is determined to be 0.9 eV. Furthermore, the computed charge trap depth calculated by G
0
W
0 calculation, which reproduce the experimental band gap, is comparable to the XPS result, which strongly supports the validity of our method. In addition, owing to the quantitative evaluation of the electronic structure, it was shown that the charge trap depth of the nanofiller can be controlled by tuning the surface dipole with surface modification of the nanofiller. The approach proposed in this study to determine the charge trap depth of nanofillers provides the prospect of designing PNCs with desirable properties from the atomic or molecular level.
Thickness-dependent optical characteristics of WS2 flakes prepared by Au- and Ag-assisted exfoliation
Authors: Cho Eunseo , Nguyen Anh Thi , Lim Seoyeong , Cho Jungyoon , Song Jungeun , Kwon Soyeong , Kim Dong-Wook
Published: May 2023

WS2 flakes with a number of layers (N
WS2) ranging from 1 to 10 are exfoliated on ultraflat template-stripped Au and Ag layers. The apparent colors of WS2/Au and WS2/Ag strongly depend on the underlying metal layers as well as N
WS2. The measured and calculated optical reflectance spectra are in good agreement, confirming the identification of N
WS2 for each flake. The absorption in the WS2 flake for WS2/Au (A
WS2–Au) and WS2/Ag (A
WS2–Ag) is calculated: the maximum value of A
WS2–Ag for N
WS2 = 10 (∼0.93) is much larger than that of A
WS2–Au (∼0.5). As expected, the local maxima of A
WS2–Au and A
WS2–Ag for each N
WS2 are found near the exciton resonance wavelengths of WS2. The largest peak of A
WS2–Ag is located close to the C exciton resonance wavelength, and the peak position shows a redshift with increasing N
WS2. Despite the extremely small flake thickness, the optical resonant modes can appear in WS2/Au and WS2/Ag, according to the anticipated phase shifts of light. These resonant modes can explain how N
WS2 and the metal layer affect the optical characteristics of the WS2/metal structures.
Non-equivalent nature of acetylenic bonds in typical square graphynes and intricate negative differential resistance characteristics
Authors: Nath Subhadip , Sekhar Mondal Niladri , Bandyopadhyay Arka , Mondal Rajkumar , Jana Debnarayan
Published: May 2023

The role of acetylenic linkage in determining the exotic band structures of 4, 12, 2- and 4, 12, 4- graphynes is reported. The Dirac bands, as confirmed by both density functional theory and tight-binding calculations, are robust and stable over a wide range of hopping parameters between

s
p

-

s
p

-hybridized carbon atoms. The shifting of the crossing points of the Dirac bands along the k-path of these two square graphynes is found to be in opposite direction with the hopping along with the acetylenic bond. A real space decimation scheme has also been adopted for understanding this interesting behavior of the band structure of these two graphynes. The condition for the appearance of a nodal ring in the band structure has been explored and critically tested by appropriate Boron-Nitrogen doping. Moreover, both the graphynes exhibit negative differential resistance in their current–voltage characteristics, with 4, 12, 2- graphynes showing superiority.
Optical properties of liquid pure copper by density functional theory
Authors: Kato Susumu , Ono Shota , Sunahara Atsushi , Sato Yuji , Tsukamoto Masahiro
Published: May 2023

The optical properties of pure liquid copper were investigated using density functional theory with the Quantum ESPRESSO package. The effects of structural changes were investigated by comparing the electron density of states and imaginary part of the dielectric function between the crystalline and liquid states with densities near the melting point. The results indicated that the effect of interband transitions remains in the structural changes near the melting point.
A highly sensitive sensor for carcinoembryonic antigen based on AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors
Authors: Huang WeiSun , Hu Shengjie , Jiang Xuecheng , Weng Yuyan , Liu Yu , Tang Xue , Yang Guofeng , Wang Xun , Lu Naiyan
Published: May 2023

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a well-known biomarker and validated serum biomarker for lung cancer. We introduce a simple label-free method for CEA detection. Specific recognition of CEA was made possible by immobilizing CEA antibodies in the sensing region of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors. The biosensors have a detection limit of 1 fg ml−1 in phosphate buffer solution. This approach has advantages of integration, miniaturization, low cost, and rapid detection compared to other testing methods for lung cancer and could be used in future medical diagnostics.
Visible light driven CZTS QDs/α-Fe2O3-graphene p–n heterojunction for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Ikram Ashi , Zulfequar Mohammad
Published: May 2023

This work investigates the implication of graphene and Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) quantum dots (QDs) incorporation in the hematite thin film for its use in a photoelectrochemical cell. The thin film has been prepared by decorating the CZTS QDs over graphene-hematite composite by simple chemical approach. In Comparison to graphene modification and CZTS QDs modification separately over hematite thin film, the combination of both has produced more photocurrent. The photocurrent density obtained for CZTS QDs and graphene modified hematite thin film is 1.82 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V/RHE, which is 1.75 higher than pristine hematite. The presence of CZTS QDs over hematite-graphene composite enhances the absorption properties of composite along with creating the p–n junction heterostructure which aids the transportation of the charge carriers. The thin films have been characterized using x-ray diffractometer, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and diffuse reflectance UV–vis spectroscopy for phase, morphology and optical properties analysis. The enhancement in photoresponse has been justified by Mott-Schottky and transient open circuit potential analysis.
GeAs as an emerging p-type van der Waals semiconductor and its application in p–n photodiodes
Authors: Kim Jung Ho , Han Gang Hee , Moon Byoung Hee
Published: May 2023

van der Waals (vdW) layered materials have shown great potential for future optoelectronic applications owing to their unique and variable properties. In particular, two-dimensional layered materials enable the creation of various circuital building blocks via vertical stacking, e.g. the vertical p–n junction as a key one. While numerous stable n-type layered materials have been discovered, p-type materials remain relatively scarce. Here, we report on the study of multilayer germanium arsenide (GeAs), another emerging p-type vdW layered material. We first verify the efficient hole transport in a multilayer GeAs field-effect transistor with Pt electrodes, which establish low contact potential barriers. Subsequently, we demonstrate a p–n photodiode featuring a vertical heterojunction of a multilayer GeAs and n-type MoS2 monolayer, exhibiting a photovoltaic response. This study promotes that 2D GeAs is a promising candidate for p-type material in vdW optoelectronic devices.
A modified CVD method for the synthesis of monolayer MoS2 and photoelectric improvement by HfO2 passivation
Authors: Ai Zikang , Bao Lingjie , Xiao Bohan , Yuan Jintao , Li Wenfeng , Lin Weiyi , Li Cheng , Cheng Qijin
Published: May 2023

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is an emerging class of new materials with a wide range of potential practical applications. However, the uncontrollability of monolayer MoS2 synthesized by traditional chemical vapor deposition method and the low responsivity of MoS2 photodetectors limit its further development in the field of photoelectric detection. To achieve controlled growth of monolayer MoS2 and construct MoS2 photodetectors with a high responsivity, we propose a novel single crystal growth strategy of high-quality MoS2 by controlling the Mo to S vapor ratio near the substrate, and deposit a layer of hafnium oxide (HfO2) on the surface of MoS2 to enhance the performance of the pristine metal-semiconductor-metal structure photodetector. At a reverse bias of 8 V, the HfO2 passivated MoS2 photodetector features an extremely high responsivity of

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a response time of around 0.5 s, and a detectivity of

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Meanwhile, we deeply investigate the effect of the HfO2 layer on the performance of the fabricated MoS2 photodetector and propose a physical mechanism to interpret the obtained experiment results. These results might facilitate a better understanding on the performance modulation of the MoS2 photodetectors and accelerate the development of MoS2-based optoelectronic devices.
Designed and synthesized de novo ANTPABA-PDI nanomaterial as an acceptor in inverted solar cell at ambient atmosphere
Authors: Mitra Soumyadeep , Ray Sudipta , Ghosh Narendra Nath , Hota Poulami , Mukherjee Arnab , Bagui Anirban , Maiti Dilip K
Published: May 2023

In this work, a novel soluble and air-stable electron acceptor containing perylenediimide moiety named ANTPABA-PDI was designed and synthesized with band gap 1.78eV and that was used as non-fullerene acceptor material. ANTPABA-PDI possess not only good solubility but also much lower LUMO (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) energy level. Furthermore, its excellent electron acceptor capability also supported by density functional theory calculation which validates the experimental observations. Inverted organic solar cell has been fabricated using ANTPABA-PDI along with P3HT as standard donor material in ambient atmosphere. The device, after characterization in open air, exhibited a power conversion efficiency of 1.70%. This is the first ever PDI based organic solar cell that has been fabricated completely in ambient atmosphere. The characterizations of the device have also been performed in ambient atmosphere. This kind of stable organic material can easily be used in fabricating organic solar cell and therefore it can be used as the best alternative as non-fullerene acceptor materials.
Uncertainty estimation for deep learning-based pectoral muscle segmentation via Monte Carlo dropout
Authors: Klanecek Zan , Wagner Tobias , Wang Yao-Kuan , Cockmartin Lesley , Marshall Nicholas , Schott Brayden , Deatsch Ali , Studen Andrej , Hertl Kristijana , Jarm Katja , Krajc Mateja , Vrhovec Miloš , Bosmans Hilde , Jeraj Robert
Published: May 2023

Objective. Deep Learning models are often susceptible to failures after deployment. Knowing when your model is producing inadequate predictions is crucial. In this work, we investigate the utility of Monte Carlo (MC) dropout and the efficacy of the proposed uncertainty metric (UM) for flagging of unacceptable pectoral muscle segmentations in mammograms. Approach. Segmentation of pectoral muscle was performed with modified ResNet18 convolutional neural network. MC dropout layers were kept unlocked at inference time. For each mammogram, 50 pectoral muscle segmentations were generated. The mean was used to produce the final segmentation and the standard deviation was applied for the estimation of uncertainty. From each pectoral muscle uncertainty map, the overall UM was calculated. To validate the UM, a correlation between the dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and UM was used. The UM was first validated in a training set (200 mammograms) and finally tested in an independent dataset (300 mammograms). ROC-AUC analysis was performed to test the discriminatory power of the proposed UM for flagging unacceptable segmentations. Main results. The introduction of dropout layers in the model improved segmentation performance (DSC = 0.95 ± 0.07 versus DSC = 0.93 ± 0.10). Strong anti-correlation (r = −0.76, p < 0.001) between the proposed UM and DSC was observed. A high AUC of 0.98 (97% specificity at 100% sensitivity) was obtained for the discrimination of unacceptable segmentations. Qualitative inspection by the radiologist revealed that images with high UM are difficult to segment. Significance. The use of MC dropout at inference time in combination with the proposed UM enables flagging of unacceptable pectoral muscle segmentations from mammograms with excellent discriminatory power.
Strategy to implement a convolutional neural network based ideal model observer via transfer learning for multi-slice simulated breast CT images
Authors: Kim Gihun , Han Minah , Baek Jongduk
Published: May 2023

Objective. In this work, we propose a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based multi-slice ideal model observer using transfer learning (TL-CNN) to reduce the required number of training samples. Approach. To train model observers, we generate simulated breast CT image volumes that are reconstructed using the FeldkampDavisKress algorithm with a ramp and Hanning-weighted ramp filter. The observer performance is evaluated on the background-known-statistically (BKS)/signal-known-exactly task with a spherical signal, and the BKS/signal-known-statistically task with random signal generated by the stochastic grown method. We compare the detectability of the CNN-based model observer with that of conventional linear model observers for multi-slice images (i.e. a multi-slice channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) and volumetric CHO). We also analyze the detectability of the TL-CNN for different numbers of training samples to examine its performance robustness to a limited number of training samples. To further analyze the effectiveness of transfer learning, we calculate the correlation coefficients of filter weights in the CNN-based multi-slice model observer. Main results. When using transfer learning for the CNN-based multi-slice ideal model observer, the TL-CNN provides the same performance with a 91.7% reduction in the number of training samples compared to that when transfer learning is not used. Moreover, compared to the conventional linear model observer, the proposed CNN-based multi-slice model observers achieve 45% higher detectability in the signal-known-statistically detection tasks and 13% higher detectability in the SKE detection tasks. In correlation coefficient analysis, it is observed that the filters in most of the layers are highly correlated, demonstrating the effectiveness of the transfer learning for multi-slice model observer training. Significance. Deep learning-based model observers require large numbers of training samples, and the required number of training samples increases as the dimensions of the image (i.e. the number of slices) increase. With applying transfer learning, the required number of training samples is significantly reduced without performance drop.
Segmentation of retinal detachment and retinoschisis in OCT images based on complementary multi-class segmentation networks
Authors: Shi Fei , Yang Changqing , Jiang Qingxin , Zhu Weifang , Xu Xun , Chen Xinjian , Fan Ying
Published: May 2023

Retinal detachment (RD) and retinoschisis (RS) are the main complications leading to vision loss in high myopia. Accurate segmentation of RD and RS, including its subcategories (outer, middle, and inner retinoschisis) in optical coherence tomography images is of great clinical significance in the diagnosis and management of high myopia. For this multi-class segmentation task, we propose a novel framework named complementary multi-class segmentation networks. Based on domain knowledge, a three-class segmentation path (TSP) and a five-class segmentation path (FSP) are designed, and their outputs are integrated through additional decision fusion layers to achieve improved segmentation in a complementary manner. In TSP, a cross-fusion global feature module is adopted to achieve global receptive field. In FSP, a novel three-dimensional contextual information perception module is proposed to capture long-range contexts, and a classification branch is designed to provide useful features for segmentation. A new category loss is also proposed in FSP to help better identify the lesion categories. Experiment results show that the proposed method achieves superior performance for joint segmentation of RD and the three subcategories of RS, with an average Dice coefficient of 84.83%.
Constrained CycleGAN for effective generation of ultrasound sector images of improved spatial resolution
Authors: Sun Xiaofei , Li He , Lee Wei-Ning
Published: May 2023

Objective. A phased or a curvilinear array produces ultrasound (US) images with a sector field of view, which inherently exhibits spatially-varying image resolution with inferior quality in the far zone and towards the two sides azimuthally. Sector US images with improved spatial resolutions are favorable for accurate quantitative analysis of large and dynamic organs, such as the heart. Therefore, this study aims to translate US images with spatially-varying resolution to ones with less spatially-varying resolution. CycleGAN has been a prominent choice for unpaired medical image translation; however, it neither guarantees structural consistency nor preserves backscattering patterns between input and generated images for unpaired US images. Approach. To circumvent this limitation, we propose a constrained CycleGAN (CCycleGAN), which directly performs US image generation with unpaired images acquired by different ultrasound array probes. In addition to conventional adversarial and cycle-consistency losses of CycleGAN, CCycleGAN introduces an identical loss and a correlation coefficient loss based on intrinsic US backscattered signal properties to constrain structural consistency and backscattering patterns, respectively. Instead of post-processed B-mode images, CCycleGAN uses envelope data directly obtained from beamformed radio-frequency signals without any other nonlinear postprocessing. Main results. In vitro phantom results demonstrate that CCycleGAN successfully generates images with improved spatial resolution as well as higher peak signal-to-noise ratio and structural similarity compared with benchmarks. Significance. CCycleGAN-generated US images of the in vivo human beating heart further facilitate higher quality heart wall motion estimation than benchmarks-generated ones, particularly in deep regions. The codes are available at https://github.com/xfsun99/CCycleGAN-TF2