bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Approaches and perspectives in social and environmental accounting: an overview of the conceptual landscape
Authors: Brown Judy , Fraser Michael
Published: March 2006

In recent years there has been a marked resurgence of interest in the areas of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and social and environmental accounting (SEA) among business, governments, public policymakers, investors, unions, environmentalists and others. While at one level there appears to be widespread agreement that CSR and SEA are worthy topics of attention, different groups have very different understandings of these fields. This article provides an analysis of these differences by comparing three broad approaches to SEA: the business case, stakeholder‐accountability and critical theory approaches. It also responds to concerns a number of commentators have expressed regarding the current dominance of ‘business case’ perspectives. While not seeking to impose on readers a ‘correct’ way of viewing SEA and CSR, exposure to competing perspectives is viewed as one way of challenging us to think more reflectively about the frames available to us and their implications for the social realities we construct, embed or seek to change. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Monitoring in Real Time with a Microelectrode the Release of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species by a Single Macrophage Stimulated by its Membrane Mechanical Depolarization
Authors: Amatore Christian , Arbault Stéphane , Bouton Cécile , Coffi Karen , Drapier Jean‐Claude , Ghandour Hala , Tong Yuehong
Published: February 2006

Macrophages are key cells of the immune system. During phagocytosis, the macrophage engulfs a foreign bacterium, virus, or particle into a vacuole, the phagosome, wherein oxidants are produced to neutralize and decompose the threatening element. These oxidants derive from in situ production of superoxide and nitric oxide by specific enzymes. However, the chemical nature and sequence of release of these compounds is far from being completely determined. The aim of the present work was to study the fundamental mechanism of oxidant release by macrophages at the level of a single cell, in real time and quantitatively. The tip of a microelectrode was positioned at a micrometric distance from a macrophage in a culture to measure oxidative‐burst release by the cell when it was submitted to physical stimulation. The ensuing release of electroactive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species was detected by amperometry and the exact nature of the compounds was characterized through comparison with in vitro electrochemical oxidation of H2O2, ONOO−, NO., and NO2− solutions. These results enabled the calculation of time variations of emission flux for each species and the reconstruction of the original flux of production of primary species, O2.− and NO., by the macrophage.
Cover Picture: Neutron and X‐ray Diffraction and Spectroscopic Investigations of Intramolecular [CH⋅⋅⋅FC] Contacts in Post‐Metallocene Polyolefin Catalysts: Modeling Weak Attractive Polymer–Ligand Interactions (Chem. Eur. J. 9/2006)
Authors: Chan Michael C. W. , Kui Steven C. F. , Cole Jacqueline M. , McIntyre Garry J. , Matsui Shigekazu , Zhu Nianyong , Tam Ka‐Ho
Published: March 2006

The Tsing Ma Bridge in Hong Kong is the world's longest road‐and‐rail suspension bridge. The CH⋅⋅⋅FC interaction or ‘hydrogen bridge’ is one of the weakest and most controversial hydrogen bonds to be proposed. As described in their Full Paper on page 2607 ff., M. C. W. Chan, J. M. Cole et al. have investigated the CH⋅⋅⋅FC contacts in a post‐metallocene catalyst by means of a neutron diffraction study, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, and DFT calculations. Excellent activities and high co‐monomer incorporations for olefin polymerization have been observed.
Nutzung nachwachsender Rohstoffe in der industriellen Stoffproduktion
Authors: Busch R. , Hirth T. , Liese A. , Nordhoff S. , Puls J. , Pulz O. , Sell D. , Syldatk C. , Ulber R.
Published: March 2006

Nachwachsende Rohstoffe werden in der Zukunft auch in der chemischen Industrie immer größere Bedeutung erlangen. Im Kontext der Weißen Biotechnologie stellen sie den Schnittpunkt zwischen der Landwirtschaft und der chemischen Industrie dar. Durch die Verknappung und durch die damit verbundene Verteuerung der fossilen Rohstoffe stellen die nachwachsenden Rohstoffe eine interessante Alternative dar. Betrachtet man die Produktion von Bulk‐Chemikalien, so wird deutlich, dass für diesen Bereich neben den C‐Quellen Zucker und Stärke neue Rohstoffquellen erschlossen werden müssen. Hier bietet sich die Nutzung von Lignocellulose an. Verbunden mit der stofflichen sollte es aber auch eine energetische Nutzung geben. In diesem Beitrag werden diese interessanten Zukunftsfelder diskutiert – insbesondere auch aus der Sicht der Industrie.
Biokonversion mit nachwachsenden Rohstoffen
Authors: Paul N. , Peters D.
Published: March 2006

Im Jahr 2003 schrieb die Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) im Rahmen ihrer Förderaktivitäten zur Weißen Biotechnologie den Förderschwerpunkt „Biokonversion von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen”︁ aus. Von den daraufhin eingereichten Projektvorschlägen wurden von zwölf Konsortien 24 Vorhaben ausgewählt. Abgeschlossen werden die Projekte im Jahr 2007, dann erfolgt auch die Veröffentlichung der Ergebnisse. Zwei Projekte aus dem Förderschwerpunkt – eine fermentative und eine enzymatische Biokonversion – sollen an dieser Stelle exemplarisch ausführlich vorgestellt werden.
Systematic review of systemic adjuvant therapy for patients at high risk for recurrent melanoma
Authors: Verma Shailendra , Quirt Ian , McCready David , Bak Kate , Charette Manya , Iscoe Neill ,   Melanoma Disease Site Group of Cancer Care Ontario's Program in Evidence‐Based Care
Published: March 2006

The authors examined the role of systemic adjuvant therapy in patients with high‐risk, resected, primary melanoma. Outcomes of interest included overall survival, disease‐free survival, adverse effects, and quality of life. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to locate randomized controlled trials, practice guidelines, meta‐analyses, and reviews published between 1980 and 2004. Thirty‐seven randomized controlled trials, 2 meta‐analyses, and 1 systematic review were identified that investigated interferon, levamisole, vaccine, or chemotherapy as adjuvant therapy. For high‐dose interferon‐α, the results from 3 randomized trials conducted by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group were pooled, and a meta‐analysis of 2‐year death rates yielded a risk ratio of 0.85 (95% confidence interval, 0.73–0.99; P = .03). Five randomized trials comparing low‐dose interferon‐α with observation only after surgery did not detect a statistically significant improvement in overall survival. A meta‐analysis of 4 levamisole trials did not demonstrate a significant survival benefit for levamisole over control; similarly, no survival benefit was demonstrated by data from randomized controlled trials with vaccines (9 trials) or with chemotherapy (10 trials). In this review of the available literature, no systemic adjuvant therapy was identified that conferred a significant overall survival benefit in patients with high‐risk, resected, primary melanoma. However, high‐dose interferon should be considered in the treatment of these patients, because such therapy is associated with a significant improvement in disease‐free survival and a reduction in 2‐year mortality. Until the results of ongoing trials are available, the authors could not state with confidence whether such therapy benefits patients with microscopically detected, sentinel lymph node‐positive disease. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Nighttime eating: A descriptive study
Authors: de Zwaan Martina , Roerig Deborah B. , Crosby Ross D. , Karaz Samy , Mitchell James E.
Published: March 2006

Objective

The definition of night eating syndrome (NES) is inconsistent across various studies and literatures. The goal of the current descriptive study was to collect data on participants who were selected using broad criteria for nighttime eating. Researchers have cogently argued for consideration of wide ranges including “subsyndromal” cases before reifying diagnostic constructs prematurely.

Method

One‐hundred six participants with broadly defined nighttime eating problems were recruited through newspaper advertisements and were interviewed over the phone. The following instruments were administered: the Night Eating Questionnaire, the Night Eating Syndrome History and Inventory, the Eating Disorder Questionnaire, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV diagnoses and a Sleep Disorder Questionnaire.

Results

Thirty‐one (29.2%) participants met the original criteria described by Stunkard et al. (Am J Med 1955;19:78) and only 14 (13.2%) participants met all of the most recent proposed criteria for NES (Birketvedt et al., JAMA 1999;282:657). The overlap between binge eating disorder (BED) and nighttime eating problems was modest in our sample with only 9 particiants meeting current BED criteria. One half of our sample was obese. Regular nocturnal eating was reported by 57.5% of the participants. Dieting was not a frequent precursor or antecedent of nocturnal eating. However, self‐reported current parasomnias were quite frequent in our sample.

Conclusion

Our descriptive study confirms some of the observations made by other researchers. Nevertheless, nighttime eating is still an evolving concept that requires close collaboration between eating and sleep researchers. © 2006 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Int J Eat Disord, 2006
The UV/Vis Spectrum of Potassium Heptacyanovanadate(III): A Theoretical Multi‐Reference Configuration Interaction Study Combined with Low‐Temperature Experiments
Authors: Schmid Volker , Linder Rolf , Marian Christel M.
Published: March 2006

The electronic spectrum of K4[V(CN)7] has been calculated by means of a combined quantum chemical density functional and multi‐reference configuration interaction scheme. In addition to the states known so far, our calculations predict the existence of two low‐lying triplet electronic states with excitation energies of 13600 and 13700 cm–1, respectively. Both result from d → d excitations in the slightly distorted pentagonal‐bipyramidal ligand field. To validate these theoretical results we measured a UV/Vis spectrum at low temperatures. In the wavelength range between 800 and 500 nm we observed a broad band with vibrational substructure (peak positions: 13661, 14450, 15243, 16051, and 16807 cm–1). The origin transition at 13661 cm–1 is in excellent agreement with our theoretical predictions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Fe3GeTe2 and Ni3GeTe2 – Two New Layered Transition‐Metal Compounds: Crystal Structures, HRTEM Investigations, and Magnetic and Electrical Properties
Authors: Deiseroth Hans‐Jörg , Aleksandrov Krasimir , Reiner Christof , Kienle Lorenz , Kremer Reinhard K.
Published: March 2006

Fe3GeTe2 and Ni3GeTe2 are two new air‐stable, black‐metallic solids. They were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and preliminary magnetic measurements. Both compounds crystallize in the hexagonal system [P63/mmc, Z = 2; Fe3GeTe2: a = 399.1(1) pm, c = 1633(3) pm;Ni3GeTe2: a = 391.1(1) pm, c = 1602.0(3) pm], and represent a new structure type with a pronounced macroscopic and microscopic layer character. They show close structural relationships to iron/nickel germanium alloys. Each layer in the title compounds represents a sandwich structure with two layers of tellurium atoms covering a triple‐layer Fe3Ge (Ni3Ge) substructure on both sides. Assuming full occupancies for the Fe and Ni sites, a mixed‐valence formulation for the transition‐metal atoms according to (M2+)(M3+)2(Ge4–)(Te2–)2 (M = Fe, Ni) may be concluded. A slightly reduced occupancy for one Fe/Ni position, however, indicates a more complicated local structural situation. This is confirmed by weak residual electron density in the van der Waals gap and by the results of detailed HRTEM and electron‐diffraction experiments for Ni3GeTe2. The latter results show variations in the arrangement of Ni atoms, as well as vacancies and a misfit of in‐plane disordered hexagonal layers. Fe3GeTe2 shows Curie–Weiss behavior above and ferromagnetism below 230 K, while Ni3GeTe2 exhibits temperature‐independent paramagnetism in the measured temperature range and a metallic behavior of the electrical resistance. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
FISH studies identify the i(20q−) anomaly as a der(20)del(20)(q11q13)idic(20)(p11)
Authors: Li Tianyu , Xue Yongquan , Wu Yafang , Pan Jinlan
Published: February 2006

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analyses were performed on six of seven patients who had been reported in 2004 to have an i(20q−) anomaly expressed as ider(20)(q10)del(20)(q11q13). The i(20q−) was investigated with a series of probes: a centromere‐specific probe for chromosome 20, two paint probes for 20p and 20q, and a panel of locus‐specific probes prepared from BAC/PAC clones mapped to 20p. The results showed that: (1) i(20q−) was a dicentric chromosome; (2) both of its arms comprised a deleted 20q and a small part of 20p near the centromere of chromosome 20; and (3) the breakpoints and reunion sites of i(20q−) differed, residing in the region 20p11.21–20p11.22 delineated by BAC/PAC clones RP11‐96L6 and RP13‐401N8. Thus, i(20q−) could be more precisely described as a der(20)del(20)(q11q13)idic(20)(p11). © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of the supraglacial snowpack in mediating meltwater delivery to the glacier system as inferred from dye tracer investigations
Authors: Campbell Fay M. A. , Nienow Peter W. , Purves Ross S.
Published: February 2006

The supraglacial snowpack plays an important role in mediating the delivery of meltwater produced at the snowpack surface to the rest of the glacier system, with potential implications for both proglacial hydrograph form and the timing and magnitude of glacier movement induced by changes in subglacial water pressure. However, there remain few field observations of the hydrological behaviour of supraglacial snowpacks and its seasonal evolution during the melt season. Data collected during the 2004 melt season at Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Valais, Switzerland, uses both qualitative and quantitative dye tracing techniques to enhance our understanding of supraglacial snowpack hydrology. Observations of the movement of dye‐stained water show the complexity of flow patterns and the influence of ice layers and preferential flow zones in controlling percolation through the snowpack, and fluorometric techniques yield average flow rates for percolation through the snowpack of between 0·13 and 0·49 m h−1. The changing form of dye‐return curves and increasing percolation rates reflect an increase over the course of the melt season in the efficiency with which the snowpack transmits meltwater. Snowpack permeability was found to be significantly lower (1·67 × 10−10 m2 on average) than that assumed in previous modelling studies of glacial hydrology, showing the need for improved information about snowpack hydrology if its importance in controlling runoff is to be fully appreciated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SNOTEL representativeness in the Rio Grande headwaters on the basis of physiographics and remotely sensed snow cover persistence
Authors: Molotch Noah P. , Bales Roger C.
Published: February 2006

In this study we identify the physiographic and snowpack conditions currently represented by snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) stations in the Rio Grande headwaters. Based on 8 years of advanced very high‐resolution radiometer data (1995–2002) a snow cover persistence index was derived. Snow cover persistence values at the seven SNOTEL sites ranged from 3·9 to 4·75, with an average 14% greater than the mean persistence of the watershed. Using elevation, western barrier distance, and vegetation density, a 32‐node binary classification tree model explained 75% of the variability in average snow cover persistence. Terrain classes encompassing the Lily Pond, Middle Creek, and Slumgullion SNOTEL sites represented 4·1%, 6·4%, and 4·0% of the watershed area respectively. SNOTEL stations do not exist in the spatially extensive (e.g. 11% of the watershed) terrain classes located in the upper elevations above the timberline. The results and techniques presented here will be useful for spatially distributed hydrologic analyses, in that we have identified the physiographic conditions currently represented by SNOTEL stations (i.e. the snowpack regimes at which snow water equivalent estimation uncertainty can be determined). Further, we outlined a statistically unbiased approach for designing future observation networks tailored for spatially distributed applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular genetic evidence that endometriosis is a precursor of ovarian cancer
Authors: Prowse Amanda H. , Manek Sanjiv , Varma Rajesh , Liu Jinsong , Godwin Andrew K. , Maher Eamonn R. , Tomlinson Ian P.M. , Kennedy Stephen H.
Published: February 2006

Histopathology and epidemiology studies have consistently demonstrated a strong link between endometriosis and endometriosis‐associated ovarian cancers (EAOCs)—in particular, the endometrioid and clear cell subtypes. However, it is still unclear whether endometriosis is a precursor to EAOCs, or whether there is an indirect link because similar factors predispose to both diseases. In order to search for evidence of clonal progression, we analyzed 10 EAOCs (endometrioid = 4; clear cell = 6) with coexisting endometriosis for common molecular genetic alterations in both the carcinoma and corresponding endometriosis. We used 82 microsatellite markers spanning the genome to examine loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the coexisting carcinoma and endometriosis samples. A total of 63 LOH events were detected in the carcinoma samples; twenty two of these were also detected in the corresponding endometriosis samples. In each case, the same allele was lost in the endometriosis and cancer samples. Interestingly, no marker showed LOH in the endometriosis alone. These data provide evidence that endometriosis is a precursor to EAOCs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative study into the robustness of compartmental modeling and model‐free analysis in DCE‐MRI studies
Authors: Roberts Caleb , Issa Basma , Stone Andrew , Jackson Alan , Waterton John C. , Parker Geoffrey J.M.
Published: February 2006

Purpose

To evaluate and compare the reproducibility of the preferred phenomenological parameter IAUC60 (initial area under the time‐concentration curve [IAUC] defined over the first 60 seconds postenhancement) with the preferred modeling parameter (Ktrans), as derived using two simple models, in abdominal and cerebral data collected in typical Phase I clinical trial conditions.

Materials and Methods

Dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) time series were acquired at two imaging centers from a group of patients with abdominal tumors and a group with gliomas. At both imaging centers, precontrast T1 was calculated using a variable flip angle three‐dimensional spoiled gradient echo acquisition that was used to quantify tissue contrast agent concentration, allowing voxelwise definition of summary DCE‐MRI parameters.

Results

A comparison of reproducibility showed that there was no statistically significant difference in reproducibility between IAUC60 and Ktrans, although there was a trend towards better reproducibility for Ktrans (P = 0.0782). The 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for individual changes showed that for IAUC60 and Ktrans, changes in excess of 47% and 31%, respectively, are outside the range of normal variability.

Conclusion

Although modeling is more complex and more computationally intensive than an IAUC parameterization, our data suggest this approach to be preferable to a model‐free approach since it provides greater physiological insight without a reduction in statistical power for Phase I/II clinical drug trials. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erythropoietin protects CA1 neurons against global cerebral ischemia in rat: Potential signaling mechanisms
Authors: Zhang Feng , Signore Armando P. , Zhou Zhigang , Wang Suping , Cao Guodong , Chen Jun
Published: March 2006

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that is neuroprotective in models of neurodegenerative diseases. This study examined whether EPO can protect against neuronal death in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus following global cerebral ischemia. Recombinant human EPO was infused into the intracerebral ventricle either before or after the induction of ischemia produced by using the four‐vessel‐occlusion model in rat. Hippocampal CA1 neuron damage was ameliorated by infusion of 50 U EPO. Administration of EPO was neuroprotective if given 20 hr before or 20 min after ischemia, but not 1 hr following ischemia. Coinjection of the phosphoinositide 3 kinase inhibitor LY294002 with EPO inhibited the protective effects of EPO. Treatment with EPO induced phosphorylation of both AKT and its substrate, glycogen synthase kinase‐3β, in the CA1 region. EPO also enhanced the CA1 level of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. Finally, we determined that ERK activation played minor roles in EPO‐mediated neuroprotection. These studies demonstrate that a single injection of EPO ICV up to 20 min after global ischemia is an effective neuroprotective agent and suggest that EPO is a viable candidate for treating global ischemic brain injury. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time course of aquaporin expression after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice
Authors: de Castro Ribeiro Marlise , Hirt Lorenz , Bogousslavsky Julien , Regli Luca , Badaut Jérôme
Published: March 2006

Cerebral edema contributes to morbidity and mortality in stroke. Aquaporins (AQPs)‐1, ‐4, and ‐9 have been identified as the three main water channels in the brain. To clarify their role in water movement, we have compared their expression patterns with brain swelling after transient focal brain ischemia. There were two peaks of maximal hemispheric swelling at 1 hr and at 48 hr after ischemia, coinciding with two peaks of AQP4 expression. At 1 hr after occlusion, AQP4 expression was significantly increased on astrocyte endfeet in the core and in the border of the lesion. At 48 hr, AQP4 expression was increased in astrocytes in the border of the lesion over the whole cell. AQP9 showed a significant induction at 24 hr that increased gradually with time, without correlation with the swelling. The expression of AQP1 remained unchanged. These results suggest that AQP4, but not AQP1 or AQP9, may play an important role in water movement associated with the pathophysiology of edema after transient cerebral ischemia in the mouse. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐galloylated and galloylated proanthocyanidin oligomers in grape seeds from Vitus vinifera L. cv. Graciano, Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon
Authors: Núñez Verónica , Gómez‐Cordovés Carmen , Bartolomé Begoña , Hong Yun‐Jeong , Mitchell Alyson E.
Published: March 2006

Non‐galloylated and galloylated flavan‐3‐ol composition in seeds from Vitis vinifera L. var. Graciano, Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon grapes harvested in 2000, 2001 and 2002 at the same geographical area were determined using normal‐phase HPLC coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS) detection. Non‐galloylated and monogalloylated flavan‐3‐ols up to octamers, and di‐, and trigalloylated flavan‐3‐ols up to heptamers were identified in all grape seeds. Comparisons of the flavan‐3‐ol composition in three grape varieties harvested in three different years indicate that levels of non‐galloylated flavan‐3‐ols decrease as the degree of polymerization increased, whereas the monogalloylated dimers were present in the highest levels in all varieties and vintages. The levels of other monogalloylated flavan‐3‐ols varied in different vintages. Tempranillo contained the lowest levels of non‐galloylated and monogalloylated flavan‐3‐ols, whereas Graciano contained the highest levels, with the exception of non‐galloylated flavan‐3‐ols in vintage 2001, and non‐galloylated monomers in vintages 2000 and 2002. Grape seeds from vintage 2000 contained the highest levels of both non‐galloylated and galloylated structures. Statistical analyses indicate that the distribution of the flavan‐3‐ols is primarily determined by genetic factors and is also strongly influenced by climate conditions. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical and sensory stability of roasted high‐oleic peanuts from Argentina
Authors: Nepote Valeria , Mestrallet Marta G , Accietto Ricardo H , Galizzi Melina , Grosso Nelson R
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this work was to determine the chemical and sensory stability of roasted peanuts prepared with a high‐oleic cultivar, Granoleico (GO‐RP), in comparison to a regular cultivar, Tegua (T‐RP), from Argentina. Consumer test of fresh products, oxidative stability estimated by chemical indicators (peroxide and p‐anisidine values, conjugated dienes and trienes) and descriptive analyses during storage (at 23 and 40 °C) were performed on the roasted peanuts. GO‐RP did not differ from T‐RP as regards consumer acceptance. Chemical indicator values and oxidized and cardboard flavors showed lower increments for GO‐RP than T‐RP during storage. Roasted peanutty flavor decreased for both samples at 23 and 40 °C. Using prediction equations, roasted peanuts prepared with kernels of high‐oleic contents had shelf lives of 25 (at 23 °C) and 10 (at 40 °C) times longer than those elaborated with normal peanuts. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Multi‐dimensional HPLC/MS of the nucleolar proteome using HPLC‐chip/MS
Authors: Vollmer Martin , Hörth Patric , Rozing Gerard , Couté Yohann , Grimm Rudi , Hochstrasser Denis , Sanchez Jean‐Charles
Published: March 2006

The proteome of the human nucleolus was investigated in a single analysis using off‐line strong cation exchange chromatography and microfraction collection combined with HPLC‐chip/MS. The analysis was conducted either as a 1‐D workflow with HPLC‐chip alone or as a 2‐D workflow. Two hundred and six unique proteins were identified in the International Protein Index human database corresponding to 2024 unique tryptic peptides identified in the 2‐D analysis. In contrast, only 34 proteins and 151 corresponding tryptic peptides were found by applying a 1‐D separation strategy. This clearly indicated that the complexity of the samples required the combination of more than one orthogonal separation technique. Stringent database search criteria, including reversal of sequences and therefore better exclusion of false‐positive identifications, were applied for reliable protein identification.
Towards a comprehensive 2‐D‐LC–MS separation
Authors: Venkatramani Cadapakam J. , Patel Anurag
Published: March 2006

A comprehensive 2‐D‐LC–MS method has been developed by coupling columns of different selectivity. The primary column eluate is alternately trapped and sampled onto the secondary columns through a guard column interface. When one guard column traps the eluate, the other injects the previously trapped components onto a secondary column. This cycle is repeated throughout the chromatogram. The use of dual secondary columns provides the secondary columns with additional time to generate high‐speed chromatograms. Each secondary column generates alternate chromatograms which when combined generate the entire chromatogram. The primary column separation is comparable to conventional HPLC, whereas the secondary column separation is fast. With both the columns operating in reverse phase mode, one would expect strong correlation in the two‐dimensional retention and hence inefficiency in separation. However, differences in column operation modes, interaction mechanisms, and vendor silica result in a complementary separation. The system was evaluated by comparing it to one‐dimensional counterparts and coupled column chromatography. Although some correlations were observed in 2‐D‐LC–MS, peaks do show two‐dimensional distribution with superior UV and MS data as co‐elution is minimized. Also, the ease of converting conventional systems to 2‐D‐LC–MS is discussed.
Fractionation and separation of human salivary proteins by pH‐gradient ion exchange and reversed phase chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
Authors: Pepaj Milaim , Holm Anders , Fleckenstein Burkhard , Lundanes Elsa , Greibrokk Tyge
Published: March 2006

In the present work, a 2‐D capillary liquid chromatography method for fractionation and separation of human salivary proteins is demonstrated. Fractionation of proteins according to their pI values was performed in the 1‐D employing a strong anion exchange (SAX) column subjected to a wide‐range descending pH gradient. Polystyrene‐divinylbenzene (PS‐DVB) RP columns were used for focusing and subsequent separation of the proteins in the 2‐D. The SAX column was presaturated with a high pH buffer (A) consisting of 10 mM amine buffering species, pH 9.0, and elution was performed with a low pH elution buffer (B) having the same buffer composition and concentration as buffer A, but pH 3.5. Isoelectric point fractions eluting from the 1‐D column were trapped on PS‐DVB trap columns prior to back‐flushed elution onto the PS‐DVB analytical column for separation of the proteins. The 1‐D fraction eluting at pH 9.0–8.7 was chosen for further analysis. After separation on the RP analytical column, nine RP protein fractions were collected and tryptic digested for subsequent analyses by MALDI TOF MS and column switching capillary LC coupled to ESI TOF MS and ESI QTOF MS. Eight proteins and two peptides were identified in the pH 9.0–8.7 fraction using peptide mass fingerprinting and uninterpreted MS/MS data.
Considerations on the possibilities and limitations of comprehensive normal phase–reversed phase liquid chromatography (NPLC×RPLC)
Authors: François Isabelle , de Villiers André , Sandra Pat
Published: March 2006

A comprehensive normal phase system LC‐reversed phase LC (NPLC× RPLC) was evaluated for the separation of a pharmaceutical mixture and citrus oil extracts. NPLC was performed on a 25 cm×1 mm ID×5 μm dp diol phase. In the second dimension, an RP 18 monolithic column (10 cm L×4.6 mm ID×2 μm macropore size) and an octadecyl silicagel‐packed column (5 cm L×4.6 mm ID×3.5 μm dp) were applied for the analyses of the pharmaceutical sample and the citrus oil extracts, respectively. A two‐position/ten‐port switching valve was used as interface. Under optimised LC conditions, the high degree of orthogonality between NP and RP resulted in peak capacities of 300 for the pharmaceutical sample and of 450 for the citrus oil extract composed of lemon and orange oil. Despite the features of NPLC×RPLC, several shortcomings related with the solvent incompatibility between the two LC modes were identified and the practical consequences were discussed.
Influence of Solvents on the Formation of Honeycomb Films by Water Droplets Templating
Authors: Tian Ye , Ding Huaiyu , Jiao Qingze , Shi Yanqiao
Published: March 2006

Summary: Several solvents were utilized to investigate their influence on the formation of honeycomb patterns. The polymers PPO, PLGA and PLLGA were dissolved in different solvents or mixed solvents to form porous membranes. It was found that a good compatibility between the polymers and their solvents, and an appropriate volatility of the solvent were beneficial for the formation of regular structures. Moreover, C2HCl3 and CH2Cl2, neither of whose PPO solutions could form regular structures at 30 °C, were mixed at different volume ratios to dissolve PPO and fabricate porous structures. The result showed that a regular pattern was achieved when the volume ratio of C2HCl3:CH2Cl2 was 90:10 and that a special structure with big pores surrounded by small pores was obtained when the volume ratio of C2HCl3:CH2Cl2 was 10:90. Based on these phenomena, possible reasons were also proposed.

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Free Volume, Glass Transition and Degree of Branching in Ethylene/α‐Olefin Copolymers: Positron Lifetime, Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Wide‐Angle X‐Ray Scattering, and Density Studies
Authors: Bamford David , Dlubek Günter , Lüpke Thomas , Kilburn Duncan , Stejny Jarda , Menke Tammo J. , Alam M. Ashraf
Published: March 2006

Summary: Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and density measurements were used to systematically study the variation of the glass transition temperature Tg and the mean size vh of holes (local free volumes) in n‐alkyl branched polyethylenes. The samples were commercial ethylene‐rich copolymers with 1‐propene, 1‐butene, and 1‐octene comonomers. From the total specific volume V and the crystallinity Xc the specific volume of the amorphous phase Va was estimated and used to calculate the specific hole‐free volume Vf. It was found that Tg and Xc decrease and V, Va, Vf, and vh increase with increasing weight fraction of comonomers. Both the real crystalline and amorphous specific volumes decrease with increasing crystallinity Xc. For not too high contents of comonomers, Tg decreases and vh increases linearly with the number and with the length of n‐alkyl branches. This behavior was attributed to an increased segmental mobility caused by branching. Both Tg and vh follow linear master curves as a function of the degree of branching if this is defined as the fractional number of carbon atoms in the side chains compared with the total number of carbon atoms. A method for estimating Tg from vh measured at room temperature is shown. The number density of holes Nh shows a slight variation from 0.6 to 0.8 (±0.1) nm−3 with increasing branching.

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Expulsion of Unimers from Polystyrene‐block‐poly(acrylic acid) Micelles
Authors: Gao Lichao , Shi Linqi , Zhang Wangqing , An Yingli , Jiang Xiaowei
Published: March 2006

Summary: The pH response of the micelles of polystyrene‐block‐poly(acrylic acid) (PS200‐b‐PAA78) in water is studied using a combination of techniques: static light scattering (SLS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The structure of the micelles in dilute aqueous solution is dependent on pH. At pH values <2.5, the micelles precipitate. At pH values from 2.5 to 3.5, the micelles associate to form micellar clusters. At pH values ranging from 3.5 to 8.0, the micelles are dynamically frozen. At pH > 8.1, some PS200‐b‐PAA78 unimers gradually escape from the micelles and subsequently re‐associate to form smaller micelles.

The pH‐responsive behavior of the PS200‐b‐PAA78 micelles in solution.

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The pH‐responsive behavior of the PS200‐b‐PAA78 micelles in solution.
Modeling of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization with Bifunctional Initiators: Diffusion Effects and Case Studies
Authors: Al‐Harthi Mamdouh , Soares João B. P. , Simon Leonardo C.
Published: March 2006

Summary: A mathematical model for atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with bifunctional initiators was developed. The model was validated with three case studies in bulk and solution polymerization. We used only polymer yield data to estimate some of the model parameters, while others were obtained from the literature. The model fits the polymer yield data and also predicts weight‐average molecular weights and polydispersities very well. The free volume theory was also incorporated to the model to study the effect of diffusion‐controlled reactions. The adjustable parameters in the free volume theory for the termination, propagation, activation, and deactivation reactions were varied to show the effect on monomer conversion, polymer chain length, and polydispersity. The model shows that diffusion‐limited termination reactions produce polymer with smaller polydispersities, while diffusion‐limited propagation reactions have the opposite effect. Both models, considering and neglecting diffusion effects on the kinetic rate constants, were compared with experimental data. Even though the model predictions for monomer conversion, number‐average molecular weight, and polydispersity are good in both cases, the simulations indicate that diffusion‐controlled reactions can be ignored for the cases studied in the three case studies described in this paper.

Comparison between model predictions and experimental data for BA polymerization of number‐average molecular weight in bulk at 90 °C.

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Comparison between model predictions and experimental data for BA polymerization of number‐average molecular weight in bulk at 90 °C.
Incomplete emptying and urinary retention in multiple‐system atrophy: When does it occur and how do we manage it?
Authors: Ito Takashi , Sakakibara Ryuji , Yasuda Kosaku , Yamamoto Tatsuya , Uchiyama Tomoyuki , Liu Zhi , Yamanishi Tomonori , Awa Yusuke , Yamamoto Kaori , Hattori Takamichi
Published: March 2006

Neurogenic urinary retention can be a major cause of morbidity in multiple‐system atrophy (MSA). However, the timing of its appearance has not been entirely clear, and neither have the medical and surgical modalities for managing patients. We present the data obtained from our uroneurological assessment and therapeutic interventions at various stages of MSA. We recruited 245 patients with probable MSA. We measured postvoid residuals (PVR) and performed EMG cystometry in all patients. The grand average volume of PVR was 140 mL (range, 0–760) in our patients. The average PVR volume was 71 mL in the first year, increasing to 129 mL in the second year and 170 mL by the fifth year. The percentages of patients with complete urinary retention, acontractile detrusor, and detrusor–sphincter dyssynergia (DSD) also increased. The increase in PVR resulted in a decrease in functional bladder capacity, together with an increase in detrusor overactivity and neurogenic sphincter EMG. Clean intermittent self‐catheterization (CISC) was introduced in most patients. Bladder‐oriented therapy (cholinergic agents) had a limited value, whereas urethra‐oriented therapy benefited patients with DSD (surgery) for up to 2 years, but syncope occurred in a subset of patients (α‐blockers). MSA patients present with large PVR by the second year of illness, and that large PVR secondarily causes urinary frequency. CISC is the recommended treatment for most patients. Urethra‐oriented medication and surgery benefit patients who would have difficulty performing CISC, although careful consideration of the short‐term efficacy and potential adverse effects of these alternatives is mandatory. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
In vivo localized 1H MR spectroscopy of rat testes: Stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) combined with short TI inversion recovery (STIR) improves the detection of metabolite signals
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayuki , Mitsumori Fumiyuki , Watanabe Hidehiro , Takaya Nobuhiro , Minami Manabu
Published: February 2006

A noninvasive NMR technique for evaluating testicular function was explored in this study. Localized in vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy was performed on rat testes using a stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) sequence with a short echo time (TE). In the 1H spectra, large lipid signals dominated the chemical shift range of 0.89–2.78 ppm, which prevented the observation of metabolite signals in this region. To suppress these lipid signals, short inversion time (TI) inversion recovery (STIR) was combined with STEAM (STIR‐STEAM). The optimal TI was typically 320 ms. STIR‐STEAM with a TE of 15 ms allowed successful suppression of the lipid signals and the sensitive detection of several new metabolite signals. In normal testes, choline, creatine, glutamate, and glycine signals were identified. In addition to these metabolites, a lactate signal was observed in ischemic testes. To our knowledge, the signals of glutamate, glycine, and lactate have not been previously assigned in 1H MR spectra of testes in vivo. Lipid suppression by STIR aided in the detection of these metabolites, which would otherwise have been masked by the lipid signals. Magn Reson Med, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High disease activity scores predict the need for additional health services in patients over 60 with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Martin Lynda J. , Griffith Siân M.
Published: March 2006

Objective: To determine whether we meet perceived need, in terms of appropriate supportive health services (physiotherapy, occupational therapy, chiropody and footwear, surgery, education and information), of patients aged 60 years and over with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Design: A cross‐sectional survey.

Participants: 123 patients attending rheumatology outpatient clinics.

Results: The response rate was 82% (99/123). Of the respondents 78% had one or more perceived needs. Respondents were more likely to express a need for chiropody or footwear (46%), education about RA (29%), or physiotherapy (22%) than for occupational therapy (7%) or surgery (6%). Further analysis compared this group with the ‘non‐needy’ group. There was a correlation between high disease activity scores and high anxiety scores and greater perceived need for additional health services.

Conclusion: There was significant unmet demand for chiropody and footwear, education about RA, physiotherapy, occupational therapy and surgery. It is possible that strategies to reduce anxiety and improve control of active inflammatory disease may reduce demand for supportive services in certain patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Well‐defined thermosensitive, water‐soluble polyacrylates and polystyrenics with short pendant oligo(ethylene glycol) groups synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization
Authors: Hua Fengjun , Jiang Xueguang , Li Dejin , Zhao Bin
Published: March 2006

We report the synthesis and thermosensitive properties of well‐defined water‐soluble polyacrylates and polystyrenics with short pendant oligo(ethylene glycol) groups. Four monomers, methoxydi(ethylene glycol) acrylate (DEGMA), methoxytri(ethylene glycol) acrylate (TEGMA), α‐hydro‐ω‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)tris(oxyethylene) (HTEGSt), and α‐hydro‐ω‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)tetrakis(oxyethylene) (HTrEGSt), were prepared and polymerized by nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization with 2,2,5‐trimethyl‐3‐(1‐phenylethoxy)‐4‐phenyl‐3‐azahexane as an initiator. Kinetics and gel permeation chromatography analysis showed that the polymerizations were controlled processes yielding polymers with controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersities. All polymers could be dissolved in water, forming transparent solutions, and undergo phase transitions when the temperature was above a critical point. The thermosensitive properties were studied by turbidimetry and variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy. The cloud points of the polymers of DEGMA, TEGMA, HTEGSt, and HTrEGSt were around 38, 58, 13, and 64 °C, respectively. For all four polymers, the cloud point increased with decreasing concentration and increasing molecular weight in the studied molecular weight range of 5000–30,000 g/mol. The removal of the nitroxide group from the polymer chain end resulted in a higher cloud point. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2454–2467, 2006
Silole‐containing poly(diphenylacetylene): Synthesis, characterization, and light emission
Authors: Chen Junwu , Kwok Hoi Sing , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: March 2006

A disubstituted polyacetylene consisting of a poly(diphenylacetylene) backbone and a 1,2,3,4,5‐pentaphenylsilole (SiC4Ph5) pendant, that is, {(C6H5) CC [C6H4O(CH2)3CCSiC4Ph5]}n (PS3DPA), was synthesized, and its light emission from both the backbone and the pendant was evaluated. The polymerization of C6H5CCC6H4O(CH2)3CCSiC4Ph5 with two ethynyl groups was effected with WCl6–Ph4Sn as the catalyst. The structure and properties of PS3DPA were characterized and evaluated by IR, UV, NMR, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, photoluminescence, and electroluminescence analyses. The ethynyl group of the diphenylacetylene moiety was polymerized exclusively, giving a soluble PS3DPA. The chloroform solution of PS3DPA showed a backbone emission that peaked at 522 nm, whereas the silole pendant was nonradiative at room temperature. The polymer did not show the aggregation‐induced emission phenomenon, probably because the silole clusters were difficult to form when the polymer chains aggregated because of the very high rigidity of the main chain. Intramolecular rotations of the phenyl groups of the silole moieties were responsible for the nonradiative decay of the silole chromophore. The intramolecular rotations, however, could be largely restricted in a cooling process of the polymer solution, showing cooling‐enhanced emission. The silole emission became dominant at lower temperatures. A multilayer electroluminescence device based on PS3DPA emitted a green light that peaked at 512 nm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2487–2498, 2006
Combination of conventional geophysical methods for sounding the composition of rock glaciers in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Ikeda Atsushi
Published: February 2006

The composition of rock glaciers was sounded by a combination of conventional geophysical methods near the lower limit of mountain permafrost in the Swiss Alps. P‐wave velocity, direct current (DC) resistivity and year‐round ground surface temperatures were measured on 32 talus‐derived rock glaciers. Subsurface P‐wave velocities differ significantly between non‐vegetated (probably active/inactive) rock glaciers and vegetated (probably relict) rock glaciers. DC resistivities reflect structural differences in the rock glaciers (e.g. bouldery or pebbly, ice‐cemented or highly ice‐rich) rather than thermal differences (i.e. frozen or unfrozen). The combination of these methods provides reliable thermal and structural information on subsurface deposits. In addition, mean annual ground surface temperatures are equally good indicators of the distribution of permafrost as bottom temperatures of snow. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial segregation, segregation indices and the geographical perspective
Authors: Brown Lawrence A. , Chung Su‐Yeul
Published: March 2006

What could be more inherently geographical than segregation? However, the richness of the spatial variations in segregation is seldom captured by the dominant genre of empirical research. Returning the ‘geography’ to segregation research, we argue that local areas need to be given considerably more attention, using measures that explicitly reveal the spatial fabric of residential clustering along racial/ethnic lines. We first critique global measures such as the Dissimilarity Index and its spatial counterparts. Attention then turns to local measures such as the Location Quotient and Local Moran's I, applying them to Franklin County, Ohio, the core of Columbus MSA (Metropolitan Statistical Area). Our interpretation of the findings also employs local knowledge concerning neighbourhood characteristics, ongoing urban processes, historical occurrences, and the like. Thus, while local indices based on secondary data expose the terrain of clustering/segregation, follow‐up fieldwork and/or secondary data analysis in a mixed‐methods framework provides a better understanding of the ground‐level reality of clustering/segregation. Tangible evidence of the gain from this approach is provided by our evaluation of conventional frameworks for understanding racial/ethnic aspects of residential patterning – assimilation, stratification and resurgent ethnicity – and in our proposal for a new framework, ‘market‐led pluralism’, which focuses on market makers who represent the supply side of housing. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.