bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Procedural Outcomes With Femoral, Radial, Distal Radial, and Ulnar Access for Coronary Angiography: A Network Meta-Analysis
Authors: Maqsood M. Haisum , Yong Celina M. , Rao Sunil V. , Cohen Mauricio G. , Pancholy Samir , Bangalore Sripal
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

Radial artery access for coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) reduces the risk of death, bleeding, and vascular complications and is preferred over femoral artery access, leading to a class 1 indication by clinical practice guidelines. However, alternate upper extremity access such as distal radial and ulnar access are not mentioned in the guidelines despite randomized trials. We aimed to evaluate procedural outcomes with femoral, radial, distal radial, and ulnar access sites in patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI.

METHODS:

PubMed, EMBASE, and
clinicaltrials.gov
databases were searched for randomized clinical trials that compared at least 2 of the 4 access sites in patients undergoing PCI or angiography. Primary outcomes were major bleeding and access site hematoma. Intention-to-treat mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis was performed.

RESULTS:

From 47 randomized clinical trials that randomized 38 924 patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI, when compared with femoral access, there was a lower risk of major bleeding with radial access (odds ratio [OR], 0.46 [95% CI, 0.35–0.59]) and lower risk of access site hematoma with radial (OR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.24–0.48]), distal radial (OR, 0.33 [95% CI, 0.20–0.56]), and ulnar (OR, 0.50 [95% CI, 0.31–0.83]) access. However, when compared with radial access, there was higher risk of hematoma with ulnar access (OR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.03–2.14]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Data from randomized trials support guideline recommendation of class 1 for the preference of radial access over femoral access in patients undergoing coronary angiography or PCI. Moreover, distal radial and ulnar access can be considered as a default secondary access site before considering femoral access.

REGISTRATION:

URL:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/
; Unique identifier: 42024512365.
Meaning Beyond Lexicality: Capturing Pseudoword Definitions with Language Models
Authors: de Varda Andrea Gregor , Gatti Daniele , Marelli Marco , Günther Fritz
Published: July 2024

Pseudowords such as “knackets” or “spechy”—letter strings that are consistent with the orthotactical rules of a language but do not appear in its lexicon—are traditionally considered to be meaningless, and used as such in empirical studies. However, recent studies that show specific semantic patterns associated with these words as well as semantic effects on human pseudoword processing have cast doubt on this view. While these studies suggest that pseudowords have meanings, they provide only extremely limited insight as to whether humans are able to ascribe explicit and declarative semantic content to unfamiliar word forms. In the present study, we utilized an exploratory-confirmatory study design to examine this question. In a first exploratory study, we started from a pre-existing dataset of words and pseudowords alongside human-generated definitions for these items. Using 18 different language models, we showed that the definitions actually produced for (pseudo)words were closer to their respective (pseudo)words than the definitions for the other items. Based on these initial results, we conducted a second, pre-registered, high-powered confirmatory study collecting a new, controlled set of (pseudo)word interpretations. This second study confirmed the results of the first one. Taken together, these findings support the idea that meaning construction is supported by a flexible form-to-meaning mapping system based on statistical regularities in the language environment that can accommodate novel lexical entries as soon as they are encountered.
The Avoidance of Strong Ties
Authors: Small Mario L. , Brant Kristina , Fekete Maleah
Published: July 2024

Theorists have proposed that a value of close friends and family—strong ties—is the ability to confide in them when facing difficult issues. But close relationships are complicated, and recent studies report that people sometimes avoid strong ties when facing personal issues. How common is such avoidance? The question speaks to theoretical debates over the nature of “closeness” and practical concerns over social isolation. We develop an approach and test it on new, nationally representative data. We find that, when facing personal difficulties, adult Americans are as likely to avoid as to talk to close friends and family. Most avoidance is not actively reflected on but passively enacted, and, contrary to common belief, is not limited to either specific network members or particular topics, depending instead on the conjunction of member and topic. Building on Simmel, we propose that a theory of the fundamental need to conceal and reveal helps account for the findings. We suggest that there is no more empirical justification for labeling strong ties as those who are trusted than for labeling them as those who are avoided. In turn, isolation might be less a matter of having no intimates than of having repeatedly to avoid them.
Evaluating the Accuracy of ChatGPT in Common Patient Questions Regarding HPV+ Oropharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Bellamkonda Nikhil , Farlow Janice L. , Haring Catherine T. , Sim Michael W. , Seim Nolan B. , Cannon Richard B. , Monroe Marcus M. , Agrawal Amit , Rocco James W. , McCrary Hilary C.
Published: July 2024

Objectives:

Large language model (LLM)-based chatbots such as ChatGPT have been publicly available and increasingly utilized by the general public since late 2022. This study sought to investigate ChatGPT responses to common patient questions regarding Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) positive oropharyngeal cancer (OPC).

Methods:

This was a prospective, multi-institutional study, with data collected from high volume institutions that perform >50 transoral robotic surgery cases per year. The 100 most recent discussion threads including the term “HPV” on the American Cancer Society’s Cancer Survivors Network’s Head and Neck Cancer public discussion board were reviewed. The 11 most common questions were serially queried to ChatGPT 3.5; answers were recorded. A survey was distributed to fellowship trained head and neck oncologic surgeons at 3 institutions to evaluate the responses.

Results:

A total of 8 surgeons participated in the study. For questions regarding HPV contraction and transmission, ChatGPT answers were scored as clinically accurate and aligned with consensus in the head and neck surgical oncology community 84.4% and 90.6% of the time, respectively. For questions involving treatment of HPV+ OPC, ChatGPT was clinically accurate and aligned with consensus 87.5% and 91.7% of the time, respectively. For questions regarding the HPV vaccine, ChatGPT was clinically accurate and aligned with consensus 62.5% and 75% of the time, respectively. When asked about circulating tumor DNA testing, only 12.5% of surgeons thought responses were accurate or consistent with consensus.

Conclusion:

ChatGPT 3.5 performed poorly with questions involving evolving therapies and diagnostics—thus, caution should be used when using a platform like ChatGPT 3.5 to assess use of advanced technology. Patients should be counseled on the importance of consulting their surgeons to receive accurate and up to date recommendations, and use LLM’s to augment their understanding of these important health-related topics.
Enhancing trauma evaluation: Comparative analysis of post-mortem computed tomography and autopsy findings in abdominal stab wounds
Authors: Galoria Darshan , Shukla Srushti , Dave Shridhar , Tiwari Preeti , Rastogi Prateek , Rana Pradeep , Goswami Dhara , Datta Arijit
Published: July 2024

In cases of traumatic deaths, accurate assessment of injuries is essential for both legal and medical purposes. This case report compares the findings of post-mortem computed tomography with conventional autopsy methods in assessing abdominal stab wounds. A 34-year-old woman with multiple stab wounds in the abdomen underwent post-mortem examination, including computed tomography imaging. Computed tomography revealed specific breaches in the skin's continuity and internal injuries, including perforation of the stomach. A conventional autopsy confirmed the presence of multiple stab wounds and associated injuries to internal structures. However, additional injuries to major blood vessels, such as the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava, were only detected during manual exploration of the peritoneal cavity. This case highlights the complementary roles of post-mortem computed tomography and conventional autopsy in evaluating traumatic injuries. While computed tomography imaging offers non-invasive visualisation of injuries, manual examination remains essential for identifying certain injuries, particularly those affecting major blood vessels. The integration of computed tomography imaging with traditional autopsy methods enhances the accuracy and reliability of forensic assessments in cases of traumatic deaths, particularly in complex cases involving multiple injuries. Understanding the strengths and limitations of these techniques is crucial for improving forensic investigations and ultimately enhancing medico-legal outcomes.
Populist Attitudes, Conspiracy Beliefs and the Justification of Political Violence at the US 2020 Elections
Authors: Jungkunz Sebastian , Fahey Robert A , Hino Airo
Published: July 2024

The months around the US 2020 presidential election were characterized by polarization, populism, conspiracy theories, and violent acts, far exceeding usual out-party animosity in western democracies. Using an original two-wave panel survey fielded before the election in November 2020 (n = 3111) and after the inauguration in January 2021 (n = 3384), supported with data from the American National Election Study (ANES, n = 3080), we investigate the dynamics of political violence justification and its connection with populist attitudes and conspiracy beliefs. While we find that conspiracy beliefs are associated with higher justification of violence, the relationship with populist attitudes is mixed, and mostly depends on whether people believe in conspiracy theories or not—with populist attitudes being associated with greater political violence justification among those who believe conspiracy theories, while having no or even a negative correlation among those who do not. Finally, results from fixed-effects models provide some evidence for a temporal interpretation of the relationships, indicating that an increase in conspiracy beliefs is strongly and consistently associated with an increased willingness to justify violence.
Perceiving Others Through a Screen: Are First Impressions of Personality Accurate and Normative via Videoconferencing?
Authors: Mignault Marie-Catherine , Tissera Hasagani , Cecere Jamie , Fargnoli-Brown Zoe , Human Lauren
Published: July 2024

The use of videoconferencing platforms has globally risen to facilitate face-to-face communication since the onset of COVID-19. But how do our first impressions of people we meet on Zoom compare to in-person interactions? Specifically, do we view others’ personalities as accurately (in line with their unique personality) and normatively (in line with the average, desirable personality) as in-person? Across two Zoom first-impression round-robin studies (exploratory study: N = 567, Dyads = 3,053; preregistered replication: N = 371, Dyads = 1,961), which we compared to an in-person round-robin study ( N = 306; Dyads = 1,682), people viewed others’ personalities as accurately and as normatively on Zoom as in-person. Moreover, people better liked interaction partners they viewed more accurately and normatively. However, in interactions of poorer audio-video quality, people viewed others less accurately, less normatively, and liked them less. Overall, through a screen, our impressions of others are as accurate and normative as face-to-face, but it depends on the quality of that screen.
Spring coil displacement after interventional embolization of severe pelvic fracture: a case report
Authors: Cao Lijun , Shen Guoping , Wu Renyan , Shen Xuning , Xu Jun , Sun Hui , Xiang Xianhua
Published: July 2024

Haemorrhagic shock, which arises as a complication of pelvic fracture subsequent to severe trauma, represents a perilous state. The utilization of interventional endovascular haemostasis assumes a pivotal role in the management of patients with vascular injury following pelvic fracture. This article reports the treatment of a patient with pelvic fracture caused by a serious work-related vehicle accident. Despite the implementation of timely blood and fluid transfusion to combat shock, the application of aortic balloon obstruction, and interventional iliac artery embolization for haemostasis, the patient’s condition failed to display any discernible improvement. Repeat angiography further revealed a displacement of the interventional embolization material, and the patient subsequently died of multiple organ failure. The occurrence of spring coil displacement is infrequent, but the consequences thereof are considered grave, necessitating meticulous discernment in the selection of haemostatic materials for this type of patient. The diagnostic and therapeutic processes encompassing the particular case described here were analysed and are discussed with the objective of augmenting the efficacy and success rate of treatment modalities for patients in similar circumstances.
Influence of Nano-Activated CaCO3-Metakaolin on Early Strength and Microstructure of Cement
Authors: Li Qingfu , Wang Hailong , Xue Huijun
Published: July 2024

The early strength, microstructure, and structure of cement mortar under low-temperature curing conditions were investigated through compressive strength tests, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, synchronous thermal analysis (thermogravimetric analysis coupled with differential scanning calorimetry), and nuclear magnetic resonance tests. The study focused on the impact of the single addition of nano-activated CaCO3 (NAC) and the simultaneous addition of metakaolin (MK) on cement mortar. The results indicate that the addition of NAC accelerated the early hydration of cement. At a 1% dosage, the compressive strength increased by 6.84%, 14.77%, and 18.58% at 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days, respectively. When 5% MK was co-added, the compressive strength increased by 15.16%, 27.85%, and 21.66% at 1 day, 3 days, and 7 days, respectively. The combination of NAC and MK accelerated the hydration of cement, refined the products, reduced the porosity, improved the microstructure, and enhanced the early compressive strength of cement-based materials.
Community Public Mobility Using On-Demand, Low-Speed Electric Vehicles: A Case Study in Downtown St. Louis, Missouri
Authors: Esteban Johnny , Grahn Rick , Powell Bonnie , Young Stanley E.
Published: July 2024

Legacy fixed-route transit systems designed to serve commuters struggle to provide efficient and effective service for short neighborhood trips and for population groups unable to access and egress transit stops using active modes (e.g., elderly, disabled). Neighborhood on-demand transit (ODT) services using low-speed electric vehicles (LSEVs) are an innovative technological solution that could help fill this gap in service (e.g., short, high-frequency trips) for diverse populations and trip types. This study evaluated user characteristics and travel behavior for a neighborhood ODT service (using LSEVs) in downtown St. Louis, MO, using responses from a community survey ( n = 244), ridership data, and vehicle trajectory information. A comparative analysis between neighborhood ODT, fixed-route transit, and transportation network companies (TNCs) was also conducted from the perspectives of total travel time, cost, and greenhouse gas emissions. Ultimately, the goal of the analysis was to motivate and inform holistic public mobility systems where different services are optimized to meet specific community needs. Findings indicate that the neighborhood ODT was effective at reaching diverse populations (elderly [20%], lower income [27%], and households with limited access to private vehicles [34%]). ODT reduced total travel time by 32% compared with fixed-route transit, produced 2.4 to 4.3 times less greenhouse gas emissions per passenger mile (compared with transit and TNCs), and was more affordable (free to users) than alternative options ($1 for transit, $10 to $12 for TNCs). Overall satisfaction rates were high, with 80% of respondents rating the service a 4 or 5 out of 5.
Construction of Hub Location Model Based on Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Hu Liqin , Liu Hong , Ying Cao
Published: July 2024

This paper conducts an analysis of the cost composition of the China Railway Express train operation system, taking into account the choice of exit ports and the time value cost of goods during the operation of trains by China Railway Express. A site selection optimization model is then established with the objective of minimizing the total cost of the China Railway Express service network. A genetic algorithm is designed to solve the optimization model. The location model is then addressed using the designed algorithm, leading to the determination of the site selection plan for the central hub. The optimization results of the site selection plan are subsequently verified under different conditions. The node cities of the China Railway Express in China and the source cities of the freight trains are used as the objects of analysis during the process of solving the location model. The findings indicate that selecting Xi’an as the central hub and Chengdu as the sub-hub could result in an 18.1% reduction in the system cost of China Railway Express, while maintaining the advantage of logistics costs, particularly in scenarios where the freight subsidy is canceled. Furthermore, this choice ensures the stability of the logistics cost of the entire system, even in the event of serious congestion.
Sodium alginate hydrogel encapsulating microglia cell lysate subjected to serum starvation for mitigating glioma cells
Authors: Luo Shenzhong , Wang Jilong , Gao Meng
Published: July 2024

Glioma is the most common malignant tumor in the brain, accounting for over 80% of all primary intracranial tumors. The current clinical treatment has shown certain limitations. Although M1 type microglia can secrete various pro-inflammatory cytokines and are expected to be used for glioma treatment, direct use of microglia may lead to overactivation and trigger immune storms. Therefore, we first found that serum starvation can stimulate the transformation of microglia into M1 type. Subsequently, we found through comparative experiments that the inhibitory effect of microglial cell lysis medium on glioma cells was stronger than that of microglial cell culture medium. Finally, we successfully prepared sodium alginate hydrogel loaded with microglia lysis solution to achieve sustained inhibitory effect on the growth of glioma and avoid its proliferation.
Tracking Census Online Self-Completion Using Twitter Posts
Authors: Li Mao , Conrad Frederick
Published: July 2024

From the start of data collection for the 2020 US Census, official and celebrity users tweeted about the importance of everyone being counted in the Census and urged followers to complete the questionnaire (so-called social media campaign.) At the same time, social media posts expressing skepticism about the Census became increasingly common. This study distinguishes between different prototypical Twitter user groups and investigates their possible impact on (online) self-completion rate for the 2020 Census, according to Census Bureau data. Using a network analysis method, Community Detection, and a clustering algorithm, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), three prototypical user groups were identified: “Official Government Agency,” “Census Advocate,” and “Census Skeptic.” The prototypical Census Skeptic user was motivated by events about which an influential person had tweeted (e.g., “Republicans in Congress signal Census cannot take extra time to count”). This group became the largest one over the study period. The prototypical Census Advocate was motivated more by official tweets and was more active than the prototypical Census Skeptic. The Official Government Agency user group was the smallest of the three, but their messages—primarily promoting completion of the Census—seemed to have been amplified by Census Advocate, especially celebrities and politicians. We found that the daily size of the Census Advocate user group—but not the other two—predicted the 2020 Census online self-completion rate within five days after a tweet was posted. This finding suggests that the Census social media campaign was successful in promoting completion, apparently due to the help of Census Advocate users who encouraged people to fill out the Census and amplified official tweets. This finding demonstrates that a social media campaign can positively affect public behavior regarding an essential national project like the Decennial Census.
Experimental, numerical, and theoretical analysis of tapered belleville spring
Authors: Singh Umesh , Trikha Manish , Simha K.R.Y , Ghosal Ashitava
Published: July 2024

Uniform thickness belleville springs(UBS) are a suitable replacement for coil springs in many applications due to their ability to take higher loads and their relatively small and compact size. This paper presents an experimental, numerical and theoretical analysis of the taper belleville spring(TBS). Experimental results on a normal taper belleville spring (NTBS), fabricated from stainless steel alloy (SS304), are presented. Non linear elastic-plastic finite element simulations support the experimental behaviour reasonably well. A correction factor based on Timoshenko’s theory of plates, to match the finite element analysis(FEA) results for NTBS, is presented. Reverse taper belleville spring (RTBS) analysis shows that it can store more elastic strain energy than UBS and NTBS. An optimisation study on TBS geometrical parameters is performed to attain maximum energy absorption for the null stiffness region.
Machine learning-based real time identification of driver posture during driving
Authors: Cetin Ahmet Emre , Akdogan Erhan , Battal Suden , Ibolar Ceyhun
Published: July 2024

The detection of driver distractions is exceptionally important for driving safety. Driver distraction can originate from various sources such as external tasks (e.g., texting or eating) or mental states (e.g., sleepiness, tiredness, anger, and tension). To detect these conditions, most of the previous studies were based on vision-based techniques. These techniques are affected by environmental factors (e.g., day, night, and facial accessories such as glasses and hats). However, the steering wheel is an interface that provides a direct relationship between the driver and vehicle. The driver’s interaction can effectively reflect this behavior and mental state. This study introduced a new method for detecting driver distractions by utilizing force/torque (F/T) sensor data extracted from the steering wheel. An experimental setup was designed and developed to measure the accuracy of the proposed method. To validate the strategy, a machine learning-based algorithm was developed. It demonstrated remarkable performance in determining the position of the driver’s hand on the steering wheel and in inferring with high precision the hand the driver uses to operate the vehicle. The method produced accurate results in all the grip ranges that could be held by the driver within the range of 0°–360°. The support vector machine (SVM) method was used in machine learning. It predicted with a 91.1% accuracy rate.
Between the democratization of housing and the neoliberal responsibilization of citizens: The proliferation of co-housing in Viennese city planning
Authors: Butzlaff Felix , Bärnthaler Alina , Bleiker Leonie , Deflorian Michael , Mock Mirijam , Stoisser Luise
Published: July 2024

In contemporary city planning, self-organized collaborative forms of housing are flourishing. However, in the literature, the increasing incorporation of citizens in housing and planning has been interpreted in very different ways. The research on urban planning has understood the proliferation of co-housing groups as indicating changing participatory demands of citizens on one hand, and as an effort to organize social change on an everyday level on the other. In contrast, critical social researchers have interpreted the rise of collaborative housing not as a democratization, but as a shift of urban governance towards the responsibilization of citizens. In this article, we use these two theoretical perspectives for making sense of the political values that are present in the contemporary proliferation of co-housing groups in Viennese urban planning. The empirical base of our endeavor is a series of qualitative interviews with different stakeholders (city planners, administrators, architects, developers, and neighbors) and members of co-housing groups in the city development area Wildgarten in the South of the city. We conclude that in the Wildgarten, the self-empowerment of citizens goes hand-in-hand with an increasing top-down steering by a neoliberal entrepreneurial city. Furthermore, we found that the co-housing groups tend to willingly accept the hierarchy between planning bodies and themselves, which contradicts the political marketing strategies of social transformation and democratization attached to Wildgarten. Simultaneously, possibly as a consequence from top-down citizen responsibilization, our findings show that co-housing groups often focus more on a democratized group interior than on transforming society at large.
Expanding the Dual-Process Theory of Career Decision Making: Ambiguity Management Under Environmental Adversity
Authors: Xu Hui , Allan Blake A.
Published: July 2024

The dual-process theory of career decision making (DTC) offers unique insights into how people’s responses to inevitable decision ambiguity affect career choice and outcomes as well as how to cope with such ambiguity. While the DTC advances career decision research by incorporating key findings from decision science, it remains largely focused on people’s psychological processes; consequently, how contextual challenges influence the ambiguity management process remains unclear. To enhance the DTC’s utility in explaining career choice and outcomes and to be more inclusive of marginalized populations, the present conceptual article draws on the science of environmental adversity to articulate mechanisms through which environmental adversity affects career choice and attained career, particularly with respect to career pursuits that facilitate resource accumulation and upward mobility. The discussion features ambiguity management as a key explanatory mechanism, given the inherent ambiguity about the outcomes of pursuing careers outside of socially prescribed norms. Seven propositions are offered centering on how environmental adversity influences career choice and attained career through ambiguity management. In general, the current article holds that environmental adversity could thwart resource accumulation through inducing ambiguity about the goodness of resource-accumulating careers and activating a need to prioritize short-term goals. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
An Unusual Cause of Lymphadenopathy: Rosai Dorfman Disease in a 7-Year-Old Female Zambian Child: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: M’hango Hellen , Chirwa Uzima , Muhimba Zoran , Chilufya Rose , Mulopwe Juliet , Mumba Chibamba , Mpabalwani Evans
Published: July 2024

Rosai Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare non-Langerhans histiocytic disorder, which belongs to the R group of the 2016 revised histiocytic classification. It’s characterized by the accumulation of activated histiocytes in the sinusoids of lymph nodes and/or extranodal tissues. Herein, we report a 7-year-old female who was initially suspected to have a lymphoma but was later identified as having RDD. She presented with a history of fever, night sweats, and weight loss, and on physical examination had bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy. Histologic examination of the biopsied cervical lymph nodes showed distended sinuses with S100 and CD68 immunoreactive histiocytes demonstrating emperipolesis, confirming a diagnosis of RDD. The condition is known to be self-limiting. However, evidence from literature and our case management shows that medical therapy can hasten remission in pediatric cases.
The experience of self-compassion training among NHS healthcare professionals
Authors: Wason Sarah , Sims Ceri
Published: July 2024

Self-compassion in healthcare professionals (HCPs) is under-researched and undervalued. Promoting self-compassion within healthcare could have far-reaching benefits. This research study explores the experience of four NHS HCPs receiving a single short self-compassion training, with recommended at-home practices completed over 4 weeks. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews gathered information about their experience, resultant wellbeing and any impact on colleagues and patients. The main themes emerging from analysis of the interviews were motivation, permission and prioritisation. The motivation to practise self-compassion, and share this learning resulted from improved understanding of its potential benefits. Permission ties in with the notion of common humanity in self-compassion and its impact on negative self-talk and negative attitudes to self-compassion in a workplace. Prioritisation acknowledges the challenges for HCPs of investing time in self-compassion practice despite overstretched HCP workloads. Further consideration of these themes may help to better target any future research into strategies for enabling self-compassion among HCPs.
The reciprocal relationship between prosocial behaviour and self-perceived physical health: The role of positive affect and openness to experience
Authors: Yang Xiaojun , Sun Peng , Yao Xiaonan , Kou Yu
Published: July 2024

The present study used a cross-lagged design to explore the bidirectional relationship between adolescents’ prosocial behaviour and self-perceived physical health and to explore the mediating role of positive affect and the moderating role of openness to experience. A total of 1525 middle school students ( Mage = 12.41, 47% male) in northern China were surveyed for 3 years. The results showed the following: (1) prosocial behaviour at T1 positively predicted self-perceived physical health at T3; and vice versa; and (2) this observed relation between prosocial behaviour and self-perceived physical health was explained by positive affect; (3) the mediating role of positive affect on the path from prosocial behaviour at T1 to self-perceived physical health at T3 was observed only among adolescents with high openness traits. This finding verified the protective effect of prosocial behaviour on the healthy development of the actor.
The psychology of volunteer moderators: Tradeoffs between participation, belonging, and norms in online community governance
Authors: Bulat Beril , Wang Hannah , Fujimoto Stephen , Frey Seth
Published: July 2024

Online communities rely on effective governance for success, and volunteer moderators are crucial for ensuring such governance. Despite their significance, much remains to be explored in understanding the relationship between community governance processes and moderators’ psychological experiences. To bridge this gap, we conducted an online survey with over 600 moderators from Reddit communities, exploring the link between different governance strategies and moderators’ needs and motivations. Our investigation reveals a contrast to conventional views on democratic governance within online communities. While participatory processes are associated with higher levels of perceived fairness, they are also linked with reduced feelings of community belonging and lower levels of institutional acceptance among moderators. Our findings challenge the assumption that greater democratic involvement unequivocally leads to positive community outcomes, suggesting instead that more centralized governance approaches can also positively affect moderators’ psychological well-being and, by extension, community cohesion and effectiveness.
Faking, optimising and conceding to power: Social movement understandings of social media power
Authors: Blum Irene , Uldam Julie
Published: July 2024

This article examines how social movement actors understand the role of social media in their activism. Concerns about commercialisation, individualisation and surveillance have replaced much optimism about the potential of social media for progressive activism. Therefore, we examine social movement actors’ theories and assumptions about social media, focusing on climate activism and criticism of unsustainable corporate practices. Theoretically, we draw on social imaginaries to develop the concept of media practices to consist of three dimensions: doing, knowing and assuming. Empirically, we draw on interviews with media and communication managers from the climate movement, including Greenpeace, Extinction Rebellion and the World Wildlife Foundation. We show that social movement actors’ media practices are characterised by theories of faking power, optimising power and conceding to power, which are underpinned by a social media imaginary of commercial logics.
A survey exploring the needs, preferences, and challenges of the key stakeholders for participating in and developing pulmonary rehabilitation in Pune, India
Authors: Sahasrabudhe Shruti D , Orme Mark W , Borade Suryakant , Bhakare Meenakshi , Modi Mahavir , Pina Ilaria , Ahmed Zahira , Padhye Rashmi , Barton Andy , Steiner Michael C , Salvi Sundeep , Singh Sally J
Published: July 2024

Considering a huge burden of chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) in India, there is a need for locally relevant Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) services. This cross-sectional survey was aimed to explore the interest, needs and challenges among various stakeholders for PR in Pune city, India. At the outpatient respiratory medicine department of a multi-speciality hospital in Pune, India, 403 eligible people with CRDs were invited to participate in the survey, of which 370 (92%) responded and agreed to participate. (220 males, mean ± SD age 56 ± 15 years). Out of the 370, 323 (87%) people with CRDs were keen to attend PR. In a multiple selection question, there was inclination towards paper-based manuals home-based (70%) and web-based (84%) programs. 207 healthcare providers (HCPs), including physicians, pulmonologists and physiotherapists involved in the care of people living with CRDs across Pune city were invited to participate in the survey. Out of the 207, (80%) of the HCPs believed that PR was an effective management strategy and highlighted the lack of information on PR and need for better understanding of PR (48%) and its referral process. The surveyed stakeholders are ready to take up PR, identifying specific needs around further knowledge of PR, modes of delivery, and referral processes, that could potentially feed the development of relevant PR programs in the Indian healthcare settings.
Silenced Survivors: A Systematic Review of the Barriers to Reporting, Investigating, Prosecuting, and Sentencing of Adult Female Rape and Sexual Assault
Authors: Wieberneit Michelle , Thal Sascha , Clare Joseph , Notebaert Lies , Tubex Hilde
Published: July 2024

Sexual victimization of adult women remains an underreported crime. This systematic review identified and synthesized the barriers to reporting, investigating, prosecuting, and sentencing cases of sexual assault and rape against adult women in Western countries. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, a comprehensive search was conducted on August 3, 2023, across databases including PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, ProQuest Central, Web of Science, MedNar, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria provided relevant information on the decision not to formally disclose, investigate, prosecute, or convict incidents of sexual assault and rape of adult women. We included 28 studies and identified 70 barriers in total. Identified barriers were most prevalent to reporting, followed by investigating, prosecuting, and, lastly, sentencing. Key themes in the barriers included lack of trust in the criminal justice system, internal reactions, rape myths and societal norms, and perpetrator characteristics. The identified barriers emphasize an urgent need for reform of the criminal justice system’s response to sexual assault and rape. Prioritizing victim-survivors’ needs, enhancing transparency of the criminal justice system, and addressing attrition rates are crucial. Future studies need to engage with diverse population to address all victim-survivors’ needs and provide further insights into the challenges across all stages of the criminal justice system to enhance the outcome of rape and sexual assault cases.
Combining Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation With Non-Invasive Interventions for Chronic Primary Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lyra de Brito Aranha Renata Emanuela , Nascimento José Diego Sales do , Sampaio Danielle Dorand Amorim , Torro-Alves Nelson
Published: July 2024

Background

A growing number of studies has combined transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with other non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies (NINPT) to enhance effects in pain reduction. However, the efficacy of these combined approaches in treating chronic primary pain (CPP) warrants thorough investigation.

Objective

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of tDCS in conjunction with other NINPT in alleviating pain severity among CPP patients.

Methods

We conducted a systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of tDCS combined with NINPT against control treatments in adult CPP patients. The search spanned multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL.

Results

Our systematic review included 11 RCTs with a total of 449 participants. In our meta-analysis, which comprised 228 participants receiving active-tDCS and 221 receiving sham-tDCS, we found a significant reduction in pain intensity (Standard Mean Difference = −0.73; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = −1.18 to −0.27; P = .002) with the use of active-tDCS combined with NINPT.

Conclusion

These findings substantiate the therapeutic potential of combining tDCS with other NINPT, highlighting it as an effective treatment modality for reducing pain intensity in CPP patients.
The Time Course of Changes in Prefrontal Cortex Activity During Walking in People With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Silva-Batista Carla , Liu William , Vitorio Rodrigo , Stuart Samuel , Quinn Joseph F. , Mancini Martina
Published: July 2024

Background

Walking abnormalities in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are characterized by a shift in locomotor control from healthy automaticity to compensatory, executive control, mainly located in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although PFC activity during walking increases in people with PD, the time course of PFC activity during walking and its relationship to clinical or gait characteristics is unknown.

Objective

To identify the time course of PFC activity during walking in people with PD. To investigate whether clinical or gait variables would explain the PFC activity changes.

Methods

Thirty-eight people with PD tested OFF medication wore a portable, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) system to record relative PFC activity while walking. Wearable inertial sensors recorded spatiotemporal gait characteristics. Based on the PFC activity (fNIRS) in the late phase of the walking task (final 40 seconds), compared to the early phase (initial 40 seconds), participants were separated into 2 groups: reduced or sustained PFC activity.

Results

People with PD who reduced PFC activity during walking had less impaired gait (eg, faster gait speed) than those who had a sustained increase in PFC activity ( P < .05). Cognitive set-shifting ability explained 18% of the PFC activation in the group with a sustained increase in PFC activity ( P = .033).

Conclusions

The time course of reduction in PFC activity corresponds to less impaired gait performance in people with PD, while a sustained increase in PFC activity is related to worse cognitive flexibility. Reduction in PFC activity while walking may indicate a less impaired, automatic control of walking.
Defining estimand for the win ratio: Separate the true effect from censoring
Authors: Mao Lu
Published: July 2024

The win ratio has been increasingly used in trials with hierarchical composite endpoints. While the outcomes involved and the rule for their comparisons vary with the application, there is invariably little attention to the estimand of the resulting statistic, causing difficulties in interpretation and cross-trial comparison. We make the case for articulating the estimand as a first step to win ratio analysis and establish that the root cause for its elusiveness is its intrinsic dependency on the time frame of comparison, which, if left unspecified, is set haphazardly by trial-specific censoring. From the statistical literature, we summarize two general approaches to overcome this uncertainty—a nonparametric one that pre-specifies the time frame for all comparisons, and a semiparametric one that posits a constant win ratio across all times—each with publicly available software and real examples. Finally, we discuss unsolved challenges, such as estimand construction and inference in the presence of intercurrent events.
Meteorological factors and risk of ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage: A time-stratified case-crossover study
Authors: Chen Sheng-Jen , Lee Meng , Wu Bing-Chen , Muo Chih-Hsin , Sung Fung-Chang , Chen Pei-Chun
Published: July 2024

Background:

Stroke risks associated with rapid climate change remain controversial due to a paucity of evidence.

Aims:

To examine the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), and ischemic stroke (IS) associated with meteorological parameters.

Methods:

In this time-stratified case-crossover study, adult patients hospitalized for their first stroke between 2011 and 2020 from the insurance claims data in Taiwan were identified. The hospitalization day was designated as the case period, and three or four control periods were matched by the same day of the week and month of each case period. Daily mean and 24-h variations in ambient temperature, relative humidity, air pressure, and apparent temperature were measured. Conditional logistic regression models were applied to assess the risk of stroke associated with exposure to weather variables, using the third quintile as a reference, controlling for air pollutant levels.

Results:

There were 7161 patients with SAH, 40,426 patients with ICH, and 107,550 patients with IS. There was an inverse linear relationship between mean daily temperature and apparent temperature with ICH. Elevated mean daily atmospheric pressure was associated with an increased risk of ICH. A greater decrease in apparent temperature over a 24-h period was associated with increased risk of ICH but decreased risk of IS (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for the first vs. third quintile of changes in apparent temperature, 1.141 (1.053–1.237) and 0.946 (0.899–0.996), respectively).

Conclusions:

There were considerable differences in short-term associations between meteorological parameters and three main pathological types of strokes.

Data access statement:

The authors have no permission to share the data.
Architecture as a Mode of Existence. The Hamburg Case of Rebuilding the Bornplatz Synagogue
Authors: Krasmann Susanne
Published: July 2024

The filigree ground mosaic is placed at the heart of the Grindel neighbourhood in Hamburg, Germany. Tracing the footprint of the former synagogue that once stood there, proudly, it demarcates an absence. It is a reminder of what the Nazis destroyed and sought to extinguish. The fact that the synagogue will finally be rebuilt, in the same place, with the support of the Federal government and the city, is anything but a matter of course. This will be the first reconstruction project of a synagogue of this size in Germany since the Second World War. Yet the project has been controversial in some respects. The two main concerns expressed in the public debate about the form of reconstruction and whether and how to integrate the Synagogue Monument at first sight appeared to be in irreconcilable competition: the importance of maintaining a culture of remembrance, and the legitimate claim of the Jewish Community to recover and rebuild its former place of worship. This would not merely be, as is often said, a sign of Jewish belonging, of identity and representation, in the urban society. Rather, it is about modes of existence that the architecture itself, in the materiality of its form and its presence, embodies and makes possible. To the people, architecture is what makes the difference. It thus shapes the political landscape.
Latinization Projects in Karaite and Jewish Linguistic Environment in 20th Century Poland and Lithuania
Authors: Troskovaitė Dovilė
Published: July 2024

The rise of nationalism and modernization encouraged the emergence of a range of language reforms within different ethnic groups. One of the most widespread was the idea of Latinization, which emerged in Ottoman Empire, Caucasus, and Jewish groups in Europe in the beginning of the 20th century. The reform swept through those regions and effected many linguistic communities in different countries. The article aims to discuss the Latinization projects in Karaite and Jewish Rabbanite communities and the impact of other Latinization reforms for these communities. The implemented research has shown that Latinization projects in Jewish communities were a part of a bigger movement. And, despite of different motivations, that drove these reforms in Karaite and Jewish Rabbanite communities, we can trace the impact of the Turkish language reforms in both projects.
Free Flap Perfusion in Microvascular Head and Neck Reconstruction: Influence of the Number of Ischemia Intervals and Ischemia Duration—A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ooms Mark , Winnand Philipp , Heitzer Marius , Peters Florian , Katz Marie Sophie , Bickenbach Johannes , Hölzle Frank , Modabber Ali
Published: July 2024

Background

In microvascular head and neck reconstruction, ischemia of the free flap tissue is inevitable during microsurgical anastomosis and may affect microvascular free flap perfusion, which is a prerequisite for flap viability and a parameter commonly used for flap monitoring. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the number of ischemia intervals and ischemia duration on flap perfusion.

Methods

Intraoperative and postoperative flap blood flow, hemoglobin concentration, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation at 2 and 8 mm tissue depths, as measured with the O2C tissue oxygen analysis system, were retrospectively analyzed for 330 patients who underwent microvascular head and neck reconstruction between 2011 and 2020. Perfusion values were compared between patients without (control patients) and with a second ischemia interval (early or late) and examined with regard to ischemia duration.

Results

Intraoperative and postoperative flap blood flow at 8 mm tissue depth were lower in patients with early second ischemia intervals than in control patients [102.0 arbitrary units (AU) vs 122.0 AU, P = .030; 107.0 AU vs 128.0 AU, P = .023]. Both differences persisted in multivariable analysis. Intraoperative and postoperative flap blood flow at 8 mm tissue depth correlated weakly negatively with ischemia duration in control patients ( r = −.145, P = .020; r = −.124, P = .048). Both associations did not persist in multivariable analysis.

Conclusions

The observed decrease in microvascular flap blood flow after early second ischemia intervals may reflect ischemia-related vascular flap tissue damage and should be considered as a confounding variable in flap perfusion monitoring.