bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
South African consumers' perceptions of and attitudes towards a Jamaican restaurant : country of origin effect
Authors:   , Neshehe-Mukhithi Fhelani
Published: July 2022

This study is aimed to explore the perceptions and attitudes of South African towards products or services of foreign origin, in particular a Jamaican restaurant in Pretoria. The study objectives were to explore that perceptions and attitudes of South Africans toward products and services of foreign origin, investigating the various factors influencing the consumer buyer behaviour towards products including foreign products and services, and to make recommendations regarding the marketing of foreign products and services. A literature review was conducted which detailed the factors influencing consumer buyer behaviour and the various components of the country of origin effect that has consequences on the marketing of products of foreign origin. The study was a quantitative study where a sample of 231 participants between 18 and 65 years of age were selected using availability sampling at a shopping mall in Pretoria. Questionnaires were given to selected participants who completed and returned the completed questionnaire to the researcher. All the selected participants completely filled the questionnaires. The data from the questionnaires was collated using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets. The data was then presented as pie and bar charts generated from the frequency tables. Data was analysed using simple descriptive statistics, interpreting the meaning of the data and discussing the data in line with the findings of the literature review. The results showed that the participants’ responses displayed significant phenomena that relates to the perceptions and attitudes of citizens towards foreign products and services. The results demonstrated that many of the participants displayed a significant degree of animosity against foreign products, with ethnocentrism and patriotism. There was also a display of a degree of protectionism of the local industry from the influx of foreign products and services. A significant number of participants also stated that foreign goods must be regulated through higher taxation to protect the local manufacturing industry and prevent further unemployment. However, the results also showed that a significant number of participants do not display animosity towards foreign goods, and neither do they feel bound by ethnocentrism and patriotism, hence they perceive that buying foreign goods is an option. Participants also noted that they consider the country of origin of the products so as to determine the perceived quality, price and utility, often from the perceived country image.
The influence of customer service on consumer buying behaviour at selected supermarkets in the greater Durban area
Authors:   , Musasa Tinashe
Published: July 2022

Customer service has been identified as a crucial aspect of the retail mix that can pose great significance in the creation of a store image. The modern retail sector has become highly competitive, with consumers demanding exceptional service that surpasses the expectations of service such that, comprehensive service strategies remain crucial for retailers to succeed (Timm, 2008:110). Furthermore, the increasing sameness of merchandise among supermarkets has induced retail giants in South Africa to rely on offering high quality service to remain competitive and build some source of differentiation (Beneke et al., 2012:173). Comprehensive service strategies are a requirement for retailers to remain competitive as they positively influence consumer perception of service that ultimately creates a store image (Harris 2010:17). Failure of service delivered to meet or exceed consumer expectation results in negative perception among consumers and customers end up deserting that particular retailer in search of better service elsewhere (Johnston and Marshall 2010:173). The main aim of this study was to determine the influence of customer service on consumer buying behaviour at selected supermarkets within the greater Durban area. To accomplish the objectives of this study, a quantitative study was conducted in the form of a descriptive survey. A sample of 400 respondents was questioned. Self- administered questionnaires were distributed amongst participants. Non-probability sampling was used in selecting respondents in the greater Durban area. Reviewed literature and findings of the study made the basis for conclusions and recommendations of this study. Results of this study indicate the following: • There is a positive perception towards service delivery in most Durban supermarkets and the majority of respondents indicated their willingness to continue visiting specific stores and recommend them to others. • There is a relationship between customer service and consumer buying behaviour. It is therefore recommended that supermarket management continue to uphold service quality as it not only ensures customer retention but also generates positive attitudes towards the stores.
Learning opportunities offered to office management and technology students during work integrated learning and the implications for the curriculum
Authors:   , Mkhize Thobekile Octavia
Published: July 2022

The secretarial/administrative profession is faced with the challenge of rapid advancement in office technology, organisational restructuring and changes in the global economy. This challenge does not only affect employees who are already working as secretaries/administrative staff in the workplace, it also affects institutions of higher education and students who are studying towards an administrative profession. This requires both the institutions of higher education and industry to better prepare students to meet the requirements of the workplace. Given this background, this study examines the current status of the Office Management and Technology curriculum to discover whether it meets the demands of the workplace. The study also investigates learning opportunities offered to Office Management & Technology (OMT) students during Work-integrated Learning (WIL) and the implications for the curriculum, with the aim of improving both classroom learning and workplace learning, and to suggest improvements in the OMT curriculum in Universities of Technology (UoTs). This study investigates and provides information on the skills, attributes and competencies OMT graduates are required to possess in the 21st century world of work. It therefore provides the departments of office technology in UoT’s with an in-depth study of the strengths and weaknesses of their current curriculum so that improvement can be implemented wherever necessary. This study is a case study that involves Mangosuthu University of Technology (MUT) and Durban University of Technology (DUT). The method used was very largely a quantitative method because it was based purely on questionnaires, however, there was a small qualitative element which grew up on the open ended questions. The qualitative questions were used to provide participants with an opportunity to express their own opinions and to clarify the quantitative data within the questionnaire. The study utilised two sets of questionnaires which were distributed to two different groups within the targeted population – to industry supervisors who supervise OMT students at DUT and MUT, and to third year OMT students from MUT who underwent work integrated learning in 2015. The study shows that the current OMT curriculum is reasonably well in line with core industry needs. However, there was evidence that improvement is needed in both classroom learning and in workplace learning. The study also revealed new skills and attributes that need to be incorporated in OMT curriculum in order to be more responsive and relevant in the 21st century world of work. The study recommends that the Office Management and Technology curriculum should be reviewed regularly and that both university and industry should play a significant role in better preparing students to meet the requirements of the workplace.
The formulation of an exploratory human capital development model aligned to performance management system of administrative employees at the Durban University of Technology
Authors:   , Rajlal Ashnee
Published: July 2022

The proposed contribution of this empirical study was the formulation of an exploratory human capital development model aligned to performance management for administrative employees at the Durban University of Technology (DUT). The human capital development model comprised of elements that encapsulated the link between performance improvement aided with human capital development strategies and the positive outcomes that stems from improved performance. In the context of the study, there is no standardised human capital development model for administrative employee at DUT. Hence, the study seeks to develop a human capital development model for administrative employees. The objective of the study was to develop a model that integrates the procedures of managing institutional performance with the development of its employees. The research design adopted a quantitative paradigm, using a self- administered questionnaire that was mailed to a sample 254 administrative employees. A significant response rate of 68.1% was obtained as 173 respondents returned the questionnaire. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 24 for Windows. There were some significant findings that emerged from this study. It was indicated that 99.4% of respondents were not subjected to a performance evaluation, while 74% of the respondents showed that human capital development improved performance. A further 87.7% of the respondents reported that human capital development influence promotional opportunities, while 74.5% of the respondents responded to human capital development being linked to succession planning. A further 61.85% of the respondents also indicated that management commitment was imperative for the effective implementation of performance management systems. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin and the Barlett’s Test of Sphercity indicated the factorability of the measuring instrument. Correlation analysis was conducted to determine the relation between the variables that formulated the human capital development model. Eight of the ten analysis showed that there was a relationship between the variables. The Pearsons Chi-Square test showed a significant correlation for the hypothesis that tested the variables of the study. One of the recommendations suggested is for top management to buy-in to performance management so that their leadership can encourage supervisors to commit to the process. Effective feedback, training, development, mentoring and coaching are recommended to improve the performance of administrative employee. Recommendations suggested the development of a succession planning and career advancement policy for the institution. The study concluded with suggestions for future research.
The effectiveness of restorative justice in preventing children's participation in armed conflict in North Kivu Province, the Democratic Republic of Congo : a participatory action research
Authors:   , Kiyala Jean Chrysostome Kimbuku
Published: July 2022

While children used as soldiers are primarily perceived as victims under internal human rights law and international humanitarian rights law, they also commit war atrocities. In the aftermath of war, the mainstream justice system internationally targets warlords, who abduct and enrol children as combatants, leaving child perpetrators without accounting for their gross, human rights violations. Attempts to prosecute child soldiers through the mainstream justice system have resulted in child rights abuses. Where no accountability measures have been taken, former child soldiers have experienced rejection by their communities. Eventually, some have returned to armed conflict. In other contexts, locally based restorative transitional justice has yielded positive outcomes, such as reconciliation, satisfaction expressed by victims and reintegration into the community. This inquiry used restorative justice peacemaking circles (RJPCs), as a model of transitional justice for former child soldiers. Restorative justice evaluation was based on its outcomes. The intervention was efficient as observed: (1) the greater majority of children below the age of 18 (97.2 %) exposed to RJPCs, who intended to join armed groups before, changed their mind and never joined or re-joined armed groups after seven months; (2) apologies by former child soldiers were accepted and they were forgiven, and (3) support for prosecution of child soldiers dropped after RJPCs. In addition, Baraza emerged as an existing model of accountability, conflict resolution and prevention and reconciliation. Unfortunately, it was not exploited to its fullest capacity. Finally healing former child soldiers was a critical step towards change of identity, the transition from soldiering to civilian life, necessary for meaningful reintegration into society. That implied addressing these child soldiers’ psychosocial well-being and creating an environment where peace prevails and adequate accountability measures are in place and effective. The overall results reveal that RJPC yielded empathy, vicarious justice, forgiveness, reconciliation, and deterrence of child soldiers.
An exploratory survey of competency frameworked managerial talent for service delivery in local government
Authors:   , Fuchs Jody
Published: July 2022

Competent governance is an imperative driver of great organizations. However it appears that in South Africa, incompetent governance is making a significant contribution to social fragmentation and economic decline. This study builds a new theory for competent governance using a competency-based positivist theoretical paradigm. The ubiquitous competency theory was first postulated by the illustrious Harvard Psychologist David McClelland in 1973. Contemporary management sciences use competency-based management for strategic configuration. Competency-based strategic configuration promotes effective and superior governance by aligning human resources to the business strategy. The case study design utilizes a quantitative methodology to collect data from a theoretically selected sample of middle and executive managers at the eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The conceptual domain for competent governance is identified in the literature review chapter. An electronic survey with seventy-nine items was conducted on a sample of middle and executive managers in the municipality. Two criterion referenced correlation matrices indicated satisfactory predictive validity. Factor analysis with Promax Rotation in IBM’s SPSS version 24 yielded a new theory for competent governance. Cronbach Alpha reliability testing indicated that the results were dependable. Fuchs’s Competent Governance Theory makes the assumption that competent governance has two criterion-referenced constructual frameworks, five conceptual frameworks, and a dictionary of competencies that measure superior- and effective-governance.
A study of equal pay for work of equal value through job evaluation in the KwaZulu-Natal Department of Arts and Culture
Authors:   , Monakali Lindiwe Constance
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study is to analyse the perception of employees of KwaZulu­ Natal Department of Arts and Culture about job evaluation. The study was aimed at collecting and comparing employees' views and opinions regarding process of evaluating posts, and the functioning of job evaluation committees within the Department. The questionnaire was the primary tool that was used to collect data which was then analysed using SPSS version 24.0. The study findings identified a high number of employees who do not understand job evaluation. The summary of the research findings statistics indicated that 66% of the people who participated in the study do not understand job evaluation, and this was not influenced by gender, age, race, and occupation of the respondents. Over and above that, employees are not really convinced that job evaluation promotes equal pay for work of equal value since there are existing inconsistencies in terms of salary levels, where the same jobs requiring similar set of skill are graded differently. It was therefore recommended that, based on the study findings which revealed that 82% of the study population suggested that job evaluation process must be simplified and improved, this is probably one of the reasons why 66% of the study population indicated that they do not understand job evaluation. It is then recommended that, KwaZulu-Natal Department of Arts and Culture Management and Organisational Development and Design unit analyse the proposed improved job evaluation process, and, if possible implement the process with the aim of improving the efficiency when delivering services. It is also recommended that training/workshops be facilitated to educate all KwaZulu-Natal Department of Arts and Culture staff about job evaluation
Tarihsel Yorum Bağlamında Solomon Schechter’in Muhafazakâr Yahudiliğe Etkisi
Authors: ŞAHİN Mustafa , SALİHOĞLU Mahmut
Published: July 2022

19. yüzyıl sonları ve 20. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren Amerika merkezli olmak üzere kurumsal bir yapıya evrilmeye başlayan Muhafazakâr Yahudilik tarihinde iz bırakmış isimlerin başında kuşkusuz Solomon Schechter (1849-1915) gelir. Onun, Amerika’da modern Yahudi cemaatlere hitap edecek din adamı yetiştirme amacıyla kurulan Jewish Theological Seminary (1886) ve kendi mirası olan United Synagogue of America (1913) aracılığıyla Muhafazakâr Yahudiliğe yapmış olduğu kurumsal katkıları tartışmasız öneme sahiptir. Bunun yanı sıra hareketin günümüzde de benimsemeyi sürdürdüğü dinî yaklaşımın arka planında, yine Schechter’in düşüncelerinin izlerini bulmak mümkündür. Makalede Muhafazakâr harekete Amerika’daki erken döneminde aktif olarak katılan Schechter’in, Tanah, gelenek ve halahaya dair görüşleri ile Katolik İsrail prensibi bağlamında dinde otorite ve değişim meselesine bakışı ve bunun harekete yansıması incelenecektir. Çalışmada, Reformist ve Ortodoks duruşa yaklaşımı bağlamında Schechter’in hareketin temel ideolojisine yaptığı etki ve ortaya koymaya çalıştığı Muhafazakâr kimliğin mahiyeti tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır.
Pengembangan E-LKPD Berbasis Guided Dicovery Learning untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Siswa
Authors: Habsyi Rusdi , R. M. Saleh Rusmin , Isman M. Nur
Published: July 2022

Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi Guru pada materi persamaan lingkaran adalah belum adanya bahan ajar yang dapat menfasilitasi peserta didik dalam kegiatan-kegiatan terstruktur seperti Lembar Kegiatan Peserta Didik (LKPD). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan e-LKPD persamaan lingkaran berbasis Guided Discovery Learning untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan menggunakan model ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). Kami menggunakan instrumen lembar validasi, respon peserta didik, observasi, wawancara, dan pre-test dan post-test.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa: (1) produk e-LKPD untuk materi dan media  dikategorikan sangat valid; (2) siswa memberikan respon sangat baik; (3) e-LKPD dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis siswa. Hasil penelitian ini juga menyarankan bahwa ditemukan beberapa kendala saat menggunakan aplikasi tersebut, sehingga perlu dilakukan pengembangan lebih lanjut.
Analisis Komparasi Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa SMP saat Pembelajaran Daring dan Luring Terbatas
Authors: Mela Pratika Mela Pratika , Wahyuni Sri
Published: July 2022

Kondisi pandemi covid-19 saat ini, tentunya mengakibatkan elemen pendidikan mengalami perubahan dalam sistem pelaksanaan pembelajaran, yaitu peralihan pembelajaran dari tatap muka (luring) menjadi online (daring). Seiring berjalannya waktu, pembelajaran daring dirasa kurang maksimal membuat pemerintah mengeluarkan keputusan untuk membuka sekolah-sekolah di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan hasil belajar dan pelaksanaan pembelajaran matematika secara daring dan luring terbatas di SMP Krida Utama. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian mix-method. Sampel dalam penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas VIII tahun pelajaran 2020/2021 yang telah menjadi kelas IX tahun pelajaran 2021/2022 SMP Krida Utama yang berjumlah 24 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu dokumentasi dan wawancara. Bentuk instrumen yang digunakan adalah pedoman wawancara yang sudah diuji validitasnya. Pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan uji paired sampel t-tes. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan pembelajaran di SMP Krida Utama meliputi tiga tahapan yaitu persiapan, pelaksanaan, dan evaluasi. Melalui tiga tahapan tersebut pembelajaran belum efektif dengan beberapa kendala yang dialami guru dan siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar matematika siswa saat pembelajaran daring lebih baik daripada hasil belajar matematika siswa saat pembelajaran luring terbatas.
AI Faculty Shortages: Are U.S. Universities Meeting the Growing Demand for AI Skills?
Authors: Zwetsloot Remco , Corrigan Jack
Published: July 2022

Universities are the engines that power the AI talent pipeline, but mounting evidence suggests that U.S. computer science departments do not have enough faculty to meet growing student interest. This paper explores the potential mismatch between supply and demand in AI education, discusses possible causes and consequences, and offers recommendations for increasing teaching capacity at U.S. universities.
Social Elements: A Summary of Social Science Research on Rare Earth Industry in Baotou
Authors:   Asia Social Science Academy, Suo Yinbu
Published: July 2022

Rare earth is not only a global strategic resource, but also can affect the local economy, society and culture for areas with abundant reserves. Baotou City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China is the region with the richest rare earth reserves in the world. The rare earth industry here not only drives the local economic development, but also provides necessary conditions for the vigorous development of related industries. Based on this reality, this paper collected and classified the social science research of rare earth industry in Baotou, and summarized and analyzed these data.
Daif Hadith in Islamic Law Issues according to Abu Hanifah
Authors: Evendi Erpin
Published: July 2022

Hadis sebagai sumber ajaran Islam kedua (the second texts) muatannya berisikan tentang doktrin, perintah, larangan, etika dan tuntunan kehidupan manusia. Semua itu terangkum dalam matan atau redaksi hadis. Agar isi teks sebuah hadis benar-benar dapat dipertanggungjawabkan sebagai argumentasi hukum maka sanad hadis yang menjadi barometernya. Kesahihan matan tidak mesti berbanding lurus dengan kesahihan sanad, keduanya tidak dapat dipisahkan, ibarat dua sisi mata uang kalau dihilangkan sisi satunya, maka uang tidak ada nilainya
The Urgency of Early Childhood Education In The Qur'an And Hadith And Its Relevance With Life In Modern Times
Authors: Saihu Muhammad
Published: July 2022

This study aims to understand the urgency of early childhood education in the Qur'an and hadith and their relevance to life in modern times. With library research, data is collected using the method of documenting the data found in various literature in accordance with the research theme that the author examines. The results of this study found that Islamic education aims to foster and shape the character, behavior, or morals of students by increasing students' faith, understanding, appreciation, and practice of Islamic teachings both in their circumstances and with many people. Al-Qur'an and hadith should be books that are guided by mankind in general without being limited by ethnicity and religion. Al-Qur'an is present as the key to success in both this world and the hereafter. Therefore, in the Qur'an, there are various solutions to every problem that humans face, including solutions in the teaching and learning process. In addition, there are also several methods offered by the Qur'an and hadith in fostering early childhood education. First, an educator must instruct his students on things that have positive values. Second, an educator in addition to being able to provide teaching must also be able to be a good role model. Because God is very angry with them (educators who can only theory without being able to apply it to everyday life. Third, the habituation method must be applied from an early age because the more accustomed to doing good things, the students will be more independent. Fourth, by telling the story students will easily remember the contents of the lesson, but what should be told is not fictitious things, because fictional stories do not contain historical value. Fifth, dialogue theory in addition to mental training also strengthens students in literacy
Objek Dan Ruang Lingkup Kajian Hadis Masa Klasik Dan Kontemporer
Authors: Anshori Muhammad
Published: July 2022

This paper seeks to map and format new typologies in the study of hadith, ranging from the classical period to the present. As the second source or teaching of Islam after the Qur'an, hadith has an important position in the lives of Muslims. From time to time, traditions continue to be studied with a variety of methods and approaches. The hadith which was originally shaped "the sunnah of the Prophet (living traditions)" began to be studied massively at the beginning of the second century of hijriah, and reached its peak in the 3rd century hijriah. This happened after there was official instruction from the eighth Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty, namely ‘Umar bin‘ Abdul ‘Azīz (d. 101 H), to several state officials and local hadith scholars. In addition to carrying out the codification (tadwīn) of hadith, previous scholars also wrote literature related to the traditions of hadith. There are two forms or models of the study of hadith science, namely the science of hadith riwāyah and hadith science dirāyah. As time goes by, dirāyah hadith or what is commonly called the science of muṣṭalaḥ al-ḥadīṡ, receives enormous attention from the scholars of hadith. From these two branches of the science of hadith, scholars develop their studies more broadly. The object of the study of hadith which initially consisted of sanad and matan, is now beginning to be studied in a more interesting form after the emergence of thinkers from the Western world or among orientalists. Even including Muslim scholars who are critical of the study of hadith. There are at least four objects and the scope of the hadith study that needs to be studied further, namely the Sanad/Figure Study, Text/Matan Study, Hadith Book Study, and Regional Study. Of the four things, it certainly can be expanded into several separate and detailed studies.
Issues in Statistical Modelling of Human Capital and Economic Growth Nexus
Authors: Salman Verda , H. Khan Aliya , Qureshi Madeeha Gohar
Published: July 2022

The human capital and growth relationship has been subject to considerable debate in economic literature. The empirical growth models are beset with problems ranging from theoretical frameworks and statistical modelling to estimation procedures. Due to non-availability of precise human capital variable, theoretical knowledge fails when pitched against empirical data. This paper endeavors to answer four main questions that have been figured out prominently in this debate: Is there a direct interplay between human capital and growth? Are parametric techniques incapable of capturing non-linear aspects of human capital-growth relationship as compared to semi-parametric techniques? Are estimates of human capital sensitive to proxy of human capital variables? Are estimates of human capital sensitive to estimation techniques? Our findings reveal that human capital has a well-established role in accelerating growth through both its ‘level effects’ and ‘rate effects’. The results are not sensitive to definition of education variable but are rather technique dependent. The semi-parametric model provides sufficient evidence for non-linearity in human capital-growth relationship contrary to parametric models.
An Analysis of the Darkest Part of the Forest by Holy Black in Light of Wendy B. Faris’ Model of Narrative Techniques in Magical Realism
Authors: Munawar Bushra , Rafique Hina , Amin Huma
Published: July 2022

This research study focuses on the analysis of the narrative techniques of the text The Darkest Part of the Forest by Holy Black, an American novelist, in light of Wendy. B. Faris’ theory of narrative techniques in magical realism proposed in Ordinary Enchantment: Magical Realism and the Remystification of Narrative (2004) that serves as theoretical framework. In this context, the present research is a post-modernist analysis of the text since magical realism is mode of writing under Post Modernism. The study negotiates that text appears as a magical realist text because it shows several instances, settings, plot and characters which present it more than a fantasy. The plot revolves around the horned boy, a faerie prince, faeries, their encounter with human beings, magic, spell, and pastoral settings. The analysis of juxtaposition of realistic elements with fantasy or unrealistic happenings is the focus of this research. Wendy B. Faris has proposed five primary elements as the narrative building blocks of the binary opposition between realism and fantasy: the irreducible element, unsettling doubts, the phenomenal world, merging realms and, the distortion of time, space and identity. The researchers’ aim is to investigate whether Faris’ five elements may be successfully applied to the text under analysis. The findings of this research study amplify that this text is a post-modernist piece of writing and it truly exhibits the amalgamation of fantasy and real word occurrences. By discerning narrative elements in the text through discussion and textual references, the researchers have negotiated how these narrative elements served as building blocks of magical realism in the selected text. This research is qualitative and descriptive and adds to the body of Fantasy, American and Post-Modernist literature.
Estimating the Impact of Technical Barriers to Trade in WTO Regime: The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Mustafa Amir , Padda Ihtsham Ul Haq , Safdar Sadia
Published: July 2022

Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) forwarded by World Trade Organisation (WTO) has obstructed world trade patterns; generally, it is conceptualized as non-tariff barrier which impedes trade. In this study, impact of TBT on imports of Pakistan has been estimated. This paper explores how TBT affects import of Pakistan from its trade partner using PPML estimation method to handle zero trade flows and overdispersion of data of Pakistan’s import, based on gravity model. The findings depict that GDP of Pakistan and partners, exchange rate, tariff, distance, and contiguity are vital factors; along with TBT cases initiated by Pakistan have also impacted import from WTO members. The results suggest that Pakistan-initiated TBT and tariff have experienced lower import volume, hence they can be used to administer its ever-increasing trade deficit. The study also presents comparative analysis of TBT and tariff impacts on imports from high income, upper middle, lower middle, and lower income countries as classified by the World Bank.
Government’s Brand Image Destroyer: Examining the Driving Factors behind Global Human Trafficking
Authors: Waseem Ansar , Rashid Yasir
Published: July 2022

Human trafficking is fundamentally a human rights issue. Authors have looked at this menace from the perspectives of sociology, economics, education, globalization, criminology, governance, legislation, and racial discrimination. However, most of these models are limited to a conceptual level and little empirical work is done to test the claims made by various theorists. In order to fill the said gap, data of most cited variables in the literature of trafficking are obtained. Results indicate that social progress and response of government against enslavement are negatively related to vulnerability to enslavement, while corruption and population growth rates are positively associated with the outcome.
PENGARUH KEPEMIMPINAN TRANSFORMASIONAL TERHADAP ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Khairuddin Khairuddin
Published: July 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap organizational citizenship behavior. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah pegawai honorer di PPPPTK BBL Medan. Adapun jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini sebanyak 51 pegawai honorer dari populasi sebanyak 51 orang. Metode pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan teknik total sampling. Kepemimpinan transformasional diukur dengan menggunakan skala kepemimpinan transformasional dengan reliabilitas (α = 0,870), sedangkan skala organizational citizenship behavior dengan reliabilitas (α = 0,773). Tenik analisis data menggunakan regresi linier sederhana yang di olah dengan Program SPSS. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan koefisien determinan r2=0,203 dengan signifikansi p = 0,004. Hasil tersebut menunjukan bahwa ada pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasional terhadap organizational citizenship behavior. Nilai koefisien determinan menunjukan kepemimpinan transformasional berpengaruh sebesar 20,3% terhadap organizational citizenship behavior.
IMPLEMENTASI PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL DALAM MEMPERSIAPKAN SUMBER DAYA MANUSIA BERKARAKTER CERDAS DI ERA REVOLUSI INSDUSTRI 4.0
Authors: Novita Eryanti , Nafeesa Nafeesa , Simangunsong Alfauzan Ramadhanny , Sabrina Annisa , Zhafira Dina
Published: July 2022

Industrial revolution 4.0 is a change that is happening so fast in the fabric of society and social life, one of which is in the world of education. This change affects the lifestyle, character, and mindset of students. In addition, the industrial revolution 4.0 requires intelligent human resources in responding to changes that occur in society through the educational process. Lately, the character that exists in students is very alarming when viewed in terms of morale because the culture of respecting differences is no longer ignored. This study aims to prepare human resources who are intelligent in using information media and technology as part of the industrial revolution 4.0, which is often used to divide unity and unity among the people. This research uses descriptive qualitative method through interviews in schools that have different cultural bases, namely Sultan Iskandar Muda High School, Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 2 Model Medan, and SMA Santo Thomas 1 Medan. This study shows the condition of students who still do not understand technological advances that have an impact on changing the character of themselves and their surroundings. This shows that they are not smart enough to use information and communication tools properly, for example they often believe hoaxes, use applications that do not educate, use mass media to tease each other and break up unity, online games and even pornography. This research offers a solution, namely the implementation of multicultural education in preparing human resources who are intelligent in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0.
A RECICLAGEM COMO FERRAMENTA DE ENSINO
Authors: Santana Eliana André , Silva Cylly Viviane da , Sousa Luciene Gercy Rodrigues , Miranda Lucelia Félix de , Flanofa Joanise Domingas , Sousa Rosangela Maria Ferreira de
Published: July 2022

O presente artigo tem por objetivo fazer uma análise das contribuições que o lixo reciclável oferece para o desenvolvimento a ser utilizado na área de ensino aprendizagem. As experiências lúdicas e práticas se bem utilizadas podem se transformar em estratégias significativas que facilitam o trabalho pedagógico e contribuem para a construção do conhecimento. Diante da nova concepção de educação, o educador é um interlocutor, mediador da relação da criança com o conhecimento, um colocador de limites, apoiador afetivo em inúmeras ocasiões, organizador do espaço físico e de muitas atividades que despertem o interesse do aluno e que o leve a enfrentar desafios que contribuirão para o processo de construção do seu conhecimento. Para atingir essa finalidade, é preciso que os educadores repensem o conteúdo e sua prática pedagógica substituindo a rigidez, a passividade pela alegria, pelo entusiasmo de aprender, pela maneira de ver, pensar, compreender e reconstruir o conhecimento.
Underestimation of brown carbon absorption based on the methanol extraction method and its impacts on source analysis
Authors: Xu Zhenqi , Feng Wei , Wang Yicheng , Ye Haoran , Wang Yuhang , Liao Hong , Xie Mingjie
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The methanol extraction method was widely applied to isolate organic carbon (OC) from ambient aerosols, followed by measurements of brown carbon (BrC) absorption. However, undissolved OC fractions will lead to underestimated BrC absorption. In this work, water, methanol (MeOH), MeOH/dichloromethane (MeOH/DCM, 1:1, v/v), MeOH/DCM (1:2, v/v), tetrahydrofuran (THF), and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) were tested for extraction efficiencies of ambient OC, and the light absorption of individual solvent extracts was determined. Among the five solvents and solvent mixtures, DMF dissolved the highest fractions of ambient OC (up to ~95 %), followed by MeOH and MeOH/DCM mixtures (< 90 %), and the DMF extracts had significant (p < 0.05) higher light absorption than other solvent extracts. This is because the OC fractions evaporating at higher temperatures (> 280 °C) are less soluble in MeOH (~80 %) than in DMF (~90 %) and contain stronger light-absorbing chromophores. Moreover, the light absorption of DMF and MeOH extracts of collocated aerosol samples in Nanjing showed distinct time series. Source apportionment results indicated that the MeOH insoluble OC mainly came from unburned fossil fuels and polymerization processes of aerosol organics. These results highlight the necessity of replacing MeOH with DMF for further investigations on structures and light absorption of low-volatile BrC.
Carbon-rich icy moons and dwarf planets
Authors: Reynard Bruno , Sotin Christophe
Published: July 2022

Internal structure models of dwarf planets and giant planets’ moons previously assumed essentially Earth-like silicate-metal cores surrounded by ice. Inner density models of the rocky cores of differentiated Ganymede and Titan, the largest icy moons in the solar system indicate the presence of a low-density component in addition to silicates and metal sulfide. Carbonaceous matter akin to coal formed from abundant organic matter in the outer solar system is a likely low-density component. Progressive gas release from coal may sustain up to present-day the replenishment of ice-oceanic layers in organics and volatiles. This accounts for widespread observation of nitrogen as well as light hydrocarbons to complex organic molecules at the surface, in the atmospheres, or in plumes emanating from moons and dwarf planets. Analysis of available density of rocky cores of other icy moons and dwarf planets also suggests the presence of a low-density carbonaceous component. We tested this hypothesis and found that rocky core densities in dwarf planets and icy moons are consistent with a mixture of chondritic silicate-sulfide rocks and a rock-free precursor composed of ices and carbonaceous matter in near-solar proportions. Thermal models taking into account the presence of carbonaceous matter is performed to evaluate its effects on the present-day structure of icy moons and dwarf planets.
Evidence of planetary carbon and oxygen ions in the outer flank of Venus magnetosheath
Authors: Hadid Lina ,   MSA, MIA, MEA and MAG teams
Published: July 2022

On August 10, 2021, the Mercury-bound BepiColombo spacecraft flew for the second time by Venus for a Gravitationally Assist Maneuver. During this second flyby of Venus, a limited number of instruments were turned on, allowing unique observations of the planet and its environment. Among these instruments, the Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA) that is part of the particle analyzer consortium onboard the magnetospheric orbiter (Mio) was able to acquire its first ion composition measurements in space. As a matter of fact, during a limited time interval upon approach of the planet, substantial ion populations were recorded by MSA, with characteristic energies ranging from about 20 eV up to a few hundreds of eVs. Most notably, comparison of the measured Time-Of-Flight spectra with calibration data reveals that these populations are of planetary origin, containing both Oxygen and Carbon ions. The Oxygen observations are to some extent consistent with previous in situ measurements from the ion mass composition sensor onboard Venus Express and Pioneer Venus Orbiter. As for Carbon, we report here the first ever in situ evidences of such an ion species in the near-Venus environment from around 6 planetary radii. Relative to the predominant O+, we show that the abundance of C+ is about ~30%. Furthermore, changes in the orientation of the magnetic field suggest that these planetary ions are located in the distant magnetosheath flank in the immediate vicinity of the bow-shock region.
Active Asteroid P/2020 O1: Constraining the Ice Line in the Main Asteroid Belt
Authors: Kim Yoonyoung , Jewitt David , Agarwal Jessica , Mutchler Max , Li Jing , Weaver Harold
Published: July 2022

Active asteroid P/2020 O1 has an orbit in the middle asteroid belt (a = 2.647 AU) that may define the innermost extent of the asteroid belt where objects retaining water ice can be found, or the "ice line". Beyond the ice line, many asteroids may contain subsurface ice, including main-belt comets, which orbit in the asteroid belt but exhibit comet-like sublimation-driven dust emission.

We present Hubble Space Telescope observations of P/2020 O1 taken to examine its development for a year after perihelion. We find that the mass loss peaks at ~0.5 kg s-1 in 2020 August and then declines to nearly zero over four months. The protracted nature of the mass loss (continuous over 180 days), its onset near perihelion, its termination at true anomaly ~60°, and the dust velocity proportional to the inverse square root of the particle size are compatible with a sublimation origin. Time-series photometry provides tentative evidence for extremely rapid rotation of the small nucleus (effective radius ~420 m). Ejection velocities of 0.1 mm particles are comparable to the 0.3 m s-1 gravitational escape speed of the nucleus, while larger particles are released at speeds less than the gravitational escape velocity. These properties are consistent with the sublimation of near-surface ice aided by centrifugal forces.

While sublimation provides the most plausible explanation for the activity, we need additional observations to demonstrate the expected recurrence of activity at subsequent perihelia. P/2020 O1 will next reach perihelion in 2024 August. If the activity is repetitive near perihelion and water ice sublimation is thus confirmed, P/2020 O1 would be the icy asteroid with the smallest known semimajor axis (highest temperature), setting new bounds on the distribution of ice in the asteroid belt. This would allow us to extend the ice line inward by ~0.12 AU, increasing the number of main-belt asteroids with potentially surviving ice content by a factor of 1.4.
The CESAR educational special events: live coverage of solar events for public engagement
Authors: Pérez-Ayúcar Miguel , Benitez Herrera Sandra , Gonzalez David , Zender Joe
Published: July 2022

CESAR (Cooperation through Education in Science and Astronomy Research) is an educational ESA (European Space Agency) initiative whose main objective is to engage school students with the wonders of astronomy and, more generally, science and technology. Through CESAR, students (supported by their teachers) have access to telescopes, tools, and the expertise of ESA scientists to make real astronomical observations, collect scientific data and analyze the results, applying the same methodology used in real life by professional scientists.

As part of CESAR educational activities, the project has been covering since 2012 special astronomical events related to space objects transits (Venus transit 2012, live Sun transmissions, Total Solar Eclipses 2017 and 2019, Mercury Transit 2016, and ISS transits). Solar transits are rare astronomical events of profound historical importance and with an enormous potential to engage nowadays students and general public into Planetary Sciences and Space. Mercury transits occur only about every 13-14 times per century. Total solar eclipses occur around 18 months apart somewhere on Earth, but they reoccur only every 3-4 centuries on the same location. Although its historic scientific relevance (examples, to measure the distances in the solar system, to observe the solar corona) has diminished since humanity roams our solar system with robotic spacecrafts, transits remain a spectacular astronomical event that is used very effectively to engage general public and students to Science and Space in general.

The driving activity during these engaging educational and outreach events is a live interactive hangout, connecting students and general public around the globe (Europe, Chile, USA, …), with the remote observing teams and the scientists/engineers at ESAC (European Space Astronomy Center). Presentations and lectures by experts in the field are scheduled with live connections to the observing sites. Questions and answers sessions allow world-wide audience to interact with the scientists and engineers. Live images are acquired with CESAR instrumentation and broadcast live in streaming, and archived for offline access. CESAR has collaborated for these activities with multiple institutions: Spanish schools/universities, ESA Education and ESA Communications offices, worl-class observatories (Teide, Cerro Paranal, La Silla) and ESA projects (Venus Express, Bepicolombo and Solar Orbiter).

In this paper we explain how these public educational and outreach events are planned, created and executed, what activities they comprise, and the follow up activities expected for future events.
An update on MAROON-X
Authors: Luque Rafael ,   MAROON-X instrument team
Published: July 2022

MAROON-X is a red optical EPRV spectrograph on the 8m Gemini North telescope that has been in regular science operations for the last two years. Depending on the amount of time available and the interests of the organizers, I could report on the current performance of the instrument, science results, future plans, and/or lessons learned. In terms of performance, the instrument continues to deliver radial velocity precision at the sub 30 cm/s level. We have found that many field M dwarfs have activity levels well below 1 m/s on short timescales, thus opening up the possibility of detecting very small planets on orbits out to the distance of the circumstellar habitable zone with intensive observational campaigns. I will report science results from a large, homogeneous follow-up program for TESS's M dwarfs, a blind search for planets around the nearest M dwarfs, and a selection of results from community use of the instrument. We will be upgrading the instrument with a laser frequency comb to improve the long-term calibration later this year. We also have the approval to install a solar telescope feed for the instrument. A key lesson learned is the importance of continual assessment and adjustment of the calibration (i.e., don't "set it and forget it") in the EPRV regime.