bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chronic daily opioid exposure is associated with dysphagia, esophageal outflow obstruction, and disordered peristalsis
Authors: Babaei Arash , Szabo Aniko , Shad Sadaf , Massey Benson T.
Published: April 2019

Background

Opioid receptors are present in the esophagus, and chronic opioid therapy may be associated with esophageal dysfunction. Given the current opioid epidemic in the United States, the potential contribution of opioids to esophageal dysmotility is important from both public health and patient care perspectives. Therefore our aim is to investigate the potential contribution of opioids to dysphagia and the prevalence of major motor disorders in patients undergoing manometric evaluation.

Methods

The anonymized electronic medical records of patients linked to their de‐identified high‐resolution manometry (HRM) studies were reviewed. The patients were grouped based on their opioid exposure history at the time of HRM: opioid‐naïve and chronic daily users. The oral morphine milligram equivalent daily dose (MMED) of opioids was computed.

Key Results

10% of patients referred for esophageal HRM were taking opioid analgesics on a chronic daily basis, and they had a significantly higher prevalence of dysphagia than their opioid‐naïve counterparts. The chronic daily opioid users displayed a significantly higher prevalence of achalasia type 3 (ACH3) and esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) motility phenotypes. The MMED of opioids was a significant predictor of esophageal pressure metrics and motility diagnoses (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Chronic daily opioid intake is associated with impaired deglutitive LES relaxation and disorganized peristaltic sequence. While a minority of patients on chronic daily opioid therapy present with major esophageal motor disorders, they comprise nearly half of ACH3 and a third of EGJOO motility phenotypes.
Intercellular delivery of small RNAs in plant gametes
Authors: Wu Wenye , Zheng Binglian
Published: April 2019

Small RNAs are 20–24 nucleotides in length. In plants, small RNAs are classified into microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), based on their biogenesis and molecular features. In contrast to the extensive knowledge of the roles of small RNAs in sporophytic tissues, the distribution and function of small RNAs in gametophytic cells have been less well studied. However, with the improvement of single‐cell sorting and RNA sequencing technologies, the distribution of small RNAs, especially siRNAs, between sperm cells and the vegetative cell, as well as the function of sperm‐delivered small RNAs during early seed development have been elucidated. This review summarizes work from the past 5 years regarding small RNAs in male gametes, emphasizing the intercellular communication and biological significance of small RNAs in Arabidopsis.
RNA stabilization in hyperthermophilic archaea
Authors: Gomes‐Filho José Vicente , Randau Lennart
Published: April 2019

Analyses of the RNA metabolism of hyperthermophilic archaea highlight the efficiency of regulatory RNAs and RNA‐guided processes at extreme temperatures. These organisms must overcome the intrinsic thermolability of RNAs. Elevated levels of RNA modifications and structured GC‐rich regions are observed for many universal noncoding RNA families. Guide RNAs are often protected from degradation by their presence within ribonucleoprotein complexes. Modification and ligation of RNA termini can be employed to impair exonucleolytic degradation. Finally, antisense strand transcription promotes the formation of RNA duplexes and can be used to stabilize RNA regions. In our review, we provide examples of these RNA stabilization mechanisms that have been observed in hyperthermophilic archaeal model organisms.
Maternal hemoglobin concentrations across pregnancy and maternal and child health: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Young Melissa F. , Oaks Brietta M. , Tandon Sonia , Martorell Reynaldo , Dewey Kathryn G. , Wendt Amanda S.
Published: April 2019

Maternal anemia is a well‐recognized global health problem; however, there remain questions on specific hemoglobin (Hb) thresholds that predict health risk or protection for mother and child. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine the associations of maternal Hb concentrations with a range of maternal and infant health outcomes, accounting for the timing of measurement (preconception, and first, second, and third trimesters), etiology of anemia, and cutoff category. The systematic review included 272 studies and the meta‐analysis included 95 studies. Low maternal Hb (<110 g/L) was associated with poor birth outcomes (low birth weight, preterm birth, small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA), stillbirth, and perinatal and neonatal mortality) and adverse maternal outcomes (postpartum hemorrhage, preeclampsia, and blood transfusion). High maternal Hb (>130 g/L) was associated with increased odds of SGA, stillbirth, preeclampsia, and gestational diabetes. Relationships varied by the timing of measurement and cutoff category (stronger associations with lower cutoffs); limited data were available on anemia etiology. There were insufficient data for other maternal outcomes and long‐term child health outcomes. Current data are insufficient for determining if revisions to current Hb cutoffs are required. Pooled high‐quality individual‐level data analyses, as well as prospective cohort studies, would be valuable to inform the reevaluation of Hb cutoffs.
Psychological disorders and quality of life in oral lichen planus patients and a control group
Authors: Vilar‐Villanueva Marta , Gándara‐Vila Pilar , Blanco-Aguilera Elena , Otero-Rey Eva María , Rodríguez-Lado Luis , García‐García Abel , Blanco-Carrión Andrés
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a common disease whose aetiopathogenesis is linked to psychological disorders. This study aims to determine the influence of anxiety and depression in OLP patients, define the perception of quality of life in these patients and check for potential differences between atrophic/ ulcerative and reticular lesions.

Materials and Methods

A group of 48 OLP patients and a control group of 40 patients were selected. In order to assess anxiety, depression and quality of life, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Oral Health Impact Profile 14 (OHIP‐14) tests were completed.

Results

OLP patients showed higher scores on HADS (anxiety p < 0.01, depression p < 0.05) and OHIP‐14 (physical pain p < 0.05, psychological discomfort p = 0.001). Patients with reticular lesions obtained higher scores in HADS (anxiety p = 0.001, depression p < 0.001), whereas patients with atrophic/ ulcerative lesions obtained higher scores in OHIP‐14 (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Psychological disorders play an important role as a trigger for OLP and are responsible for many relapses. Psychological support would be advisable in order to improve their mental health, as this would have a positive impact on their quality of life and would lead to a better progression of the disease.
Validity of the +1.50 plus lens screening test as a predictor of uncorrected moderate hyperopia
Authors: Hopkins Shelley , Black Alex A , White Sonia L , Wood Joanne M
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Screening for uncorrected hyperopia in school children is important given its association with poorer visual function and academic performance. However, standard distance visual acuity screening may not detect low to moderate hyperopia. The plus lens test is used to screen for hyperopia in many school screening protocols, but has not been well validated. The current study investigated the effectiveness of the plus lens test to identify hyperopia in school children.

Methods

Participants included Grade 2 school children. Monocular distance visual acuity (logMAR letter chart) was measured unaided, and then through a +1.50D lens, known as the plus lens test. Cycloplegic refraction was undertaken to classify moderate hyperopia (≥+2.00D). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated for commonly used cut‐offs for the plus lens test: 6/6, 6/9 and less than two lines difference between unaided acuity and acuity through the plus lens test.

Results

The sample included 59 children (mean age 7.2 ± 0.4 years). Fourteen (24%) children were classified as having uncorrected hyperopia. The sensitivity and specificity of the +1.50 plus lens test for identifying hyperopia were 0% and 98% respectively for a 6/6 cut‐off, 29% and 91% for 6/9 cut‐off, and 50% and 76% for a <2 line reduction between unaided acuity and acuity through the plus lens test. Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis revealed area under curves of 0.69 based on acuity through the plus lens test, and 0.65 for a reduction in acuity through the plus lens test.

Conclusions

The plus lens test has low sensitivity for detecting uncorrected hyperopia using traditional cut‐offs of 6/9 or better. This raises questions about the role of the plus lens test in school screening batteries.
Afro‐Catholicism in Latin America
Authors: Selka Stephen
Published: April 2019

This article provides a historical and ethnographic overview of Afro‐Catholicism in Latin America. For the purposes of this article, ”Afro‐Catholicism” encompasses the wide variety of ways that people of African descent have practiced or engaged with Catholicism. Much of the article focuses on Brazil, but it also draws on the literature on Afro‐Catholicism in Haiti and Cuba both to highlight similarities and differences throughout Latin America and to foreground the necessarily transnational scope of this topic.
Human capital and the re‐employment of retrenchment labor in urban China
Authors: Liang Yunling , Yu Li
Published: April 2019

The inefficiency of state‐owned enterprises, followed by the economic reform in urban China, resulted in large‐scale retrenchment during the late1990s. The laid‐off workers were middle‐aged, not well educated and had accumulated a lot of firm‐specific human capital that was unlikely to be of value in the product market. In this study, we investigate how differently human capital affects laid‐off workers’ occupation choices: self‐employment, re‐employment and remaining unemployed. Using 2002 Chinese Household Income Project and 2009 Urban Household Survey datasets, we find that although general human capital measured by education is positively related to the probability of finding a job, it is negatively associated with the probability of self‐employment. Displaced workers with more sector‐specific work experience are more likely to be self‐employed than to be employed by others. Government‐sponsored training significantly increases the likelihood of finding a job. Health is positively associated with re‐employment.
Development and validation of a hemangiosarcoma likelihood prediction model in dogs presenting with spontaneous hemoabdomen: The HeLP score
Authors: Schick Ashley R. , Hayes Galina M. , Singh Ameet , Mathews Kyle G. , Higginbotham Mary Lynn , Sherwood J. Matthew
Published: April 2019

Objective

To calculate a risk prediction model for hemangiosarcoma (HSA) diagnosis in dogs presenting with nontraumatic hemoabdomen.

Design

Retrospective multicenter observational cohort study enrolling dogs presented 2003–2016.

Setting

Five academic veterinary medical centers.

Animals

A total of 406 dogs with nontraumatic hemoabdomen as the presenting complaint that underwent surgical exploration or necropsy and received a histological diagnosis. Overall, 219 dogs from 3 centers provided the data for model construction, and 187 dogs from 2 centers provided the population for external validation.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

The risk score was modeled on 4 predictors: bodyweight (P = 0.01), total plasma protein (P < 0.01), platelet count (P < 0.01), and thoracic radiograph findings (P = 0.02). The incidence of HSA diagnosis was 36%, 76%, and 96% in the low risk (≤40), medium risk (41–55), and high risk (>55) score groups, respectively. The risk score AUROC was 0.85 (95% CI 0.79–0.90) on the construction population, and 0.77 (95% CI 0.70–0.84) on the validation population.

Conclusions

The risk of HSA diagnosis in dogs presenting with nontraumatic hemoabdomen could be predicted using a simple risk score, which could aid in identification and treatment of dogs at lower risk for this diagnosis.
Numerical Analysis of Flat Plate Solar Air Heater Integrated With an Array of Pin Fins on Absorber Plate for Enhancement in Thermal Performance
Authors: Manjunath M. S. , Vasudeva Karanth K. , Yagnesh Sharma N.
Published: April 2019

This paper presents a three-dimensional numerical analysis of a flat plate solar air heater in the presence of a pin fin array using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software tool ansys fluent 16.2. The effect of geometric parameters of pin fins as well as the flow Reynolds number (4000–24,000) on the effective efficiency is evaluated. The longitudinal pitch (PL) of pin fin array is varied as 30 mm, 40 mm, and 50 mm and the diameter (Dw) is varied as 1.0 mm, 1.6 mm, and 2.2 mm. The results show that the presence of pin fins generate considerable enhancement in fluid turbulence as well as heat transfer area to a maximum extent of about 53.8%. The maximum average increase in instantaneous thermal efficiency is found to be about 14.2% higher as compared with the base model for the fin diameter of 2.2 mm and a longitudinal pitch value of 30 mm. In terms of effective efficiency, the pin fin array exhibits significant enhancement, especially at lower flow rate conditions. Finally, the effective efficiency of the pin fin array is compared with the previous work of authors involving spherical turbulators and sinewave corrugations on the absorber plate. The results show that the pin fin array exhibits a relatively superior effective efficiency to a maximum extent of about 73% for lower flow rate conditions.
The Suv420h histone methyltransferases regulate PPAR-γ and energy expenditure in response to environmental stimuli
Authors: Pedrotti Simona , Caccia Roberta , Neguembor Maria Victoria , Garcia-Manteiga Jose Manuel , Ferri Giulia , de Palma Clara , Canu Tamara , Giovarelli Matteo , Marra Paolo , Fiocchi Amleto , Molineris Ivan , Raso Michele , Sanvito Francesca , Doglioni Claudio , Esposito Antonio , Clementi Emilio , Gabellini Davide
Published: April 2019

Suv420h proteins regulate PPAR-γ and the pathways controlling metabolism and weight balance in response to environmental stimuli.
Media exposure to mass violence events can fuel a cycle of distress
Authors: Thompson Rebecca R. , Jones Nickolas M. , Holman E. Alison , Silver Roxane Cohen
Published: April 2019

A 3-year longitudinal study of a U.S. national sample shows that media exposure to mass violence can fuel a cycle of distress.
A 192-heme electron transfer network in the hydrazine dehydrogenase complex
Authors: Akram M. , Dietl A. , Mersdorf U. , Prinz S. , Maalcke W. , Keltjens J. , Ferousi C. , de Almeida N. M. , Reimann J. , Kartal B. , Jetten M. S. M. , Parey K. , Barends T. R. M.
Published: April 2019

A protein complex key to the global nitrogen cycle has an unprecedented electron transport network of 192 heme groups.
Regulation of Human Cytomegalovirus Secondary Envelopment by a C-Terminal Tetralysine Motif in pUL71
Authors: Read Clarissa , Schauflinger Martin , Nikolaenko Dimitri , Walther Paul , von Einem Jens
Published: April 2019

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is an important human pathogen that causes severe symptoms, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Furthermore, congenital HCMV infection is the leading viral cause of severe birth defects. Development of antiviral drugs to prevent the production of infectious virus progeny is challenging due to a complex and multistep virion morphogenesis. The mechanism of secondary envelopment is still not fully understood; nevertheless, it represents a potential target for antiviral drugs. Our identification of the role of a positively charged motif in the pUL71 C terminus for efficient HCMV secondary envelopment underlines the importance of pUL71 and, especially, its C terminus for this process. It furthermore shows how cell-associated spread and virion release depend on secondary envelopment. Ultrastructural analyses of different stages of envelopment contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the process of secondary envelopment. This may bring us closer to the development of novel concepts to treat HCMV infections.
Towards equitable surgical systems: development and outcomes of a national surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia plan in Tanzania
Authors: Citron Isabelle , Jumbam Desmond , Dahm James , Mukhopadhyay Swagoto , Nyberger Karolina , Iverson Katherine , Akoko Larry , Lugazia Edwin , D"Mello Brenda , Maongezi Sarah , Nguhuni Boniface , Kapologwe Ntuli , Hellar Augustino , Maina Erastus , Kisakye Steve , Mwai Patrick , Reynolds Cheri , Varghese Asha , Barash David , Steer Michael , Meara John , Ulisubisya Mpoki
Published: April 2019

Despite emergency and essential surgery and anaesthesia care being recognised as a part of Universal Health Coverage, 5 billion people worldwide lack access to safe, timely and affordable surgery and anaesthesia care. In Tanzania, 19% of all deaths and 17 % of disability-adjusted life years are attributable to conditions amenable to surgery. It is recommended that countries develop and implement National Surgical, Obstetric and Anesthesia Plans (NSOAPs) to systematically improve quality and access to surgical, obstetric and anaesthesia (SOA) care across six domains of the health system including (1) service delivery, (2) infrastructure, including equipment and supplies, (3) workforce, (4) information management, (5) finance and (6) Governance. This paper describes the NSOAP development, recommendations and lessons learnt from undertaking NSOAP development in Tanzania.

The NSOAP development driven by the Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children involved broad consultation with over 200 stakeholders from across government, professional associations, clinicians, ancillary staff, civil society and patient organisations. The NSOAP describes time-bound, costed strategic objectives, outputs, activities and targets to improve each domain of the SOA system. The final NSOAP is ambitious but attainable, reflects on-the-ground priorities, aligns with existing health policy and costs an additional 3% of current healthcare expenditure.

Tanzania is the third country to complete such a plan and the first to report on the NSOAP development in such detail. The NSOAP development in Tanzania provides a roadmap for other countries wishing to undertake a similar NSOAP development to strengthen their SOA system.
Development of MRC Centre MRI calf muscle fat fraction protocol as a sensitive outcome measure in Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy Type 1
Authors: Kugathasan Umaiyal , Evans Matthew R B , Morrow Jasper M , Sinclair Christopher D J , Thornton John S , Yousry Tarek A , Hornemann Thorsten , Suriyanarayanan Saranya , Owusu-Ansah Khadijah , Lauria Giuseppe , Lombardi Raffaella , Polke James M , Wilson Emma , Bennett David L H , Houlden Henry , Hanna Michael G , Blake Julian C , Laura Matilde , Reilly Mary M
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Hereditary sensory neuropathy type 1 (HSN1) is a rare, slowly progressive neuropathy causing profound sensory deficits and often severe motor loss. L-serine supplementation is a possible candidate therapy but the lack of responsive outcome measures is a barrier for undertaking clinical trials in HSN1. We performed a 12-month natural history study to characterise the phenotype of HSN1 and to identify responsive outcome measures.

Methods

Assessments included Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy Score version 2 (CMTNSv2), CMTNSv2-Rasch modified, nerve conduction studies, quantitative sensory testing, intraepidermal nerve fibre density (thigh), computerised myometry (lower limbs), plasma 1-deoxysphingolipid levels, calf-level intramuscular fat accumulation by MRI and patient-based questionnaires (Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory and 36-Short Form Health Survey version 2 [SF-36v2]).

Results

35 patients with HSN1 were recruited. There was marked heterogeneity in the phenotype mainly due to differences between the sexes: males generally more severely affected. The outcome measures that significantly changed over 1 year and correlated with CMTNSv2, SF-36v2-physical component and disease duration were MRI determined calf intramuscular fat accumulation (mean change in overall calf fat fraction 2.36%, 95% CI 1.16 to 3.55, p=0.0004), pressure pain threshold on the hand (mean change 40 kPa, 95% CI 0.7 to 80, p=0.046) and myometric measurements of ankle plantar flexion (median change −0.5 Nm, IQR −9.5 to 0, p=0.0007), ankle inversion (mean change −0.89 Nm, 95% CI −1.66 to −0.12, p=0.03) and eversion (mean change −1.61 Nm, 95% CI −2.72 to −0.51, p=0.006). Intramuscular calf fat fraction was the most responsive outcome measure.

Conclusion

MRI determined calf muscle fat fraction shows validity and high responsiveness over 12 months and will be useful in HSN1 clinical trials.
Congenital bilateral laryngeal paralysis in a 10‐month‐old English springer spaniel
Authors: Zurita Maria , Dempsey Lara
Published: April 2019

This report describes a 10‐month‐old female, English springer spaniel that was referred to the surgical department for investigation of progressive exercise intolerance and stridor. After performing a complete blood test, thorough examination of the airway under a light plane of anaesthesia and CT of the head and thorax under general anaesthesia, bilateral laryngeal paralysis was diagnosed. Due to the dog’s age and the absence of other aetiologies and neurological abnormalities, a diagnosis of congenital laryngeal paralysis was reached.

Unilateral arytenoid lateralisation was performed with cricoarytenoid and thyroarytenoid sutures. The dog had an uneventful recovery and was successfully discharged the day following surgery with no recurrent respiratory signs for six months postoperatively (at the time this case report was written). This is the first case report that describes congenital bilateral laryngeal paralysis in an English springer spaniel.
Assessment of individual kidney function in a dog with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract
Authors: Heier Evelyn , Urban Christine , Abdellatif Ahmed , Thiel Cetina , Neiger Reto
Published: April 2019

A 21‐month‐old entire female labrador retriever was presented for polyuria, pollakiuria, haematuria and intermittent urinary incontinence. Clinical signs were absent during antibiotic treatment but reoccurred shortly after completion of a treatment course. Investigations detected bilaterally dilated ureters, right renal hypoplasia, left extramural ectopic ureter and right intramural ectopic ureter forming an ureterocoele. Blood tests revealed moderate renal azotaemia.99mTc‐DMSA (technetium‐99m‐dimercaptosuccinic acid) scintigraphy was used to quantify individual kidney function to carefully consider nephrectomy. The right kidney contributed to less than 2 per cent of the total kidney function. Individual kidney function assessed by99mTc‐DMSA scintigraphy was compared with CT‐based renal parenchyma volume as an equivalent to kidney function. In this case both diagnostic imaging techniques resulted in similar individual kidney function percentages. A right‐sided nephroureterectomy and a left‐sided neoureterocystostomy were performed. Surgical treatment successfully resolved the clinical signs. After surgery the dog’s chronic kidney disease remained stable at International Renal Interest Society chronic kidney disease stage 3.
Sexual differentiation in juvenile American lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Comeau Michel , Benhalima Kadra
Published: April 2019

American lobsters (Homarus americanus H. Milne Edwards, 1837) settling to the bottom after their pelagic larval stage are sexually undifferentiated. Based on stereomicroscope observations, the female’s gonopore first appeared for lobsters about 13 mm carapace length (CL) and the dimorphism of the first pair of male pleopods was first observed at about 15 mm CL. Based on histological observations, the internal reproductive system for both males and females began differentiating at sizes ≥20 mm CL. The vasa deferentia were observed for males >30 mm CL indicating that the male reproductive system is fully formed. For females, the ovaries were observed at sizes ≥20 mm CL, but the oviducts were not detected in animals <36 mm CL. The male reproductive system is morphologically complete at a substantially smaller CL than for females.
AMPK-mediated activation of Akt protects renal tubular cells from stress-induced apoptosis in vitro and ameliorates ischemic AKI in vivo
Authors: Lieberthal Wilfred , Tang Meiyi , Abate Mersema , Lusco Mark , Levine Jerrold S.
Published: April 2019

We have reported that preconditioning renal tubular cells (RTCs) with A-769662 [a pharmacological activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)] reduces apoptosis of RTCs induced by subsequent stress and ameliorates the severity of ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI) in mice. In the present study, we examined the role of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in mediating these effects. Using shRNA, we developed knockdown (KD) RTCs to confirm that any novel effects of A-769662 are mediated specifically by AMPK. We reduced expression of the total β-domain of AMPK in KD RTCs by >80%. Control RTCs were transfected with “scrambled” shRNA. Preconditioning control RTCs with A-769662 increased both the phosphorylation (activity) of AMPK and survival of these cells when exposed to subsequent stress, but neither effect was observed in KD cells. These data demonstrate that activation of AMPK by A-769662 is profoundly impaired in KD cells. A-769662 activated PI3K and Akt in control but not KD RTCs. These data provide novel evidence that activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway by A-769662 is mediated specifically through activation of AMPK and not by a nonspecific mechanism. We also demonstrate that, in control RTCs, Akt plays a role in mediating the antiapoptotic effects of A-769662. In addition, we provide evidence that AMPK ameliorates the severity of ischemic AKI in mice and that this effect is also partially mediated by Akt. Finally, we provide evidence that AMPK activates PI3K by inhibiting mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 and preventing mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1-mediated inhibition of insulin receptor substrate-1-associated activation of PI3K.
A Rare Cause of Abdominal Pain: Scar Endometriosis
Authors: Karapolat Banu , Kucuk Hatice
Published: April 2019

Introduction. Scar endometriosis (SE) is a rare pathology that develops in the scar tissue formed on the anterior abdominal wall usually after a cesarean section. There have been instances of women presenting to emergency or general surgery clinics with abdominal pain due to SE. Materials and Methods. This study retrospectively reviews 19 patients who were operated on in our clinic between January 2010 and January 2017 with a prediagnosis of SE and were reported to have SE based on their pathology results. Results. The mean age of the patients was 30.8 years (range: 20-49 years). The body mass indexes of 12 (63.2%) patients were ≥ 25. All patients had a history of cesarean section and 9 (47.4%) patients had undergone cesarean section once. With the exception of one patient who had her SE localized in her inguinal region, all patients had a mass localized on their anterior abdominal wall neighboring the incision and complained about cyclic pain starting in their premenstrual periods. The complaints began 2 years after their cesarean section in 10 (52.6%) patients. Mostly abdominal ultrasonography was used for diagnostic purposes. The lesions were totally excised and the SE diagnosis was made through a histopathological examination in all patients. No postoperative complications or recurrences were seen in any of the patients. Conclusion. Suspicion of SE is essential in women of reproductive age who have a history of cesarean section and complaints of an anterior abdominal wall mass and a pain at the scar site that is associated with their menstrual cycle. An accurate and early diagnosis can be established in such patients through a careful history and a good physical examination and possible morbidities can be prevented with an appropriate surgical intervention.
Methylglyoxal-Induced Retinal Angiogenesis in Zebrafish Embryo: A Potential Animal Model of Neovascular Retinopathy
Authors: Li Ying , Zhao Yantao , Sang Shengmin , Leung TinChung
Published: April 2019

Methylglyoxal (MG) is an intermediate of glucose metabolism and the precursor of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) found in high levels in blood or tissue of diabetic patients. MG and AGEs are thought to play a major role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. In order to determine if zebrafish is valuable to help us understand more about retinopathy, we evaluate if MG induces abnormal vascular change and angiogenesis in zebrafish in a short incubation period. We also used an inhibitor of VEGFR (PTK787) to explore the mechanistic role of VEGF in MG-induced pathogenesis. A transgenicTg(flk1:GFP)zebrafish line was used, and the embryos were incubated with MG solution and in combination with glucose (to mimic hyperglycemia). Retinal vascular structure visible with fluorescence signal was imaged using fluorescence microscopy. The percentage of vascular area was calculated and found elevated in the MG treatment groups than that in the control group (p<0.01) which indicated increased angiogenesis induced by MG treatment. PTK787 blocked the proangiogenic effects of MG treatment. This study suggests that MG has a potential proangiogenic effect via VEGF signaling in the retina of zebrafish embryos. Therefore, this zebrafish model may be used to study neovascular retinopathy.
Cul4a as a New Interaction Protein of PARP1 Inhibits Oxidative Stress-Induced H9c2 Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Ye Ning , Zhang Naijin , Zhang Ying , Qian Hao , Wu Boquan , Sun Yingxian
Published: April 2019

Oxidative stress plays a major part in myocardial reperfusion injury. Cul4a is the core protein of CRLs E3 ubiquitin ligase complex; while it is known that Cul4a is responsible for various cancers, its role in cardiac function remains unclear. Hence, we have shown the protective function of Cul4a and its protection mechanism in oxidative stress-induced H9c2 cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Here, oxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were used to analyze cell viability and apoptosis rate, western blot and immunofluorescence were used to quantitatively analyze the expression of protein, ROS fluorescence kit was used to detect reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and coimmunoprecipitation was used to identify protein interaction. In the results, it was found that Cul4a was involved in oxidative stress-induced H9c2 cell apoptosis and could inhibit H2O2-induced ROS generation and H9c2 cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we identified that when combining with PARP1, Cul4a could reduce its expression, and the interaction was enhanced under oxidative stress. In conclusion, our results indicate that Cul4a is a new protective factor involved in oxidative stress-induced cardiomyocyte injury and functions by tying and decreasing overactivated PARP1.
Rare Differential Diagnosis of Dyspnea: Extramedullary Plasmocytoma (EMP) of the Larynx—Case Report and Review of the Latest Literature of Laryngeal EMP and Laryngeal Involvement of Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Steinke Kim Vanessa , Schneider Barbara Karoline , Welkoborsky Hans Jürgen
Published: April 2019

Multiple myeloma (MM) of the larynx is extremely rare. It can be either a laryngeal manifestation of a general multiple myeloma or it can occur as a primary laryngeal mass, which is then called extramedullary plasmocytoma (EMP). We present the case of an 81-year-old male patient who was admitted for dyspnea. He had a history of multiple myeloma but was in complete remission since some years. Histological and immunohistological examination of tissue samples revealed an EMP. The patient was first treated by laser surgery in order to reduce the tumor mass and secure the airway. Afterwards, he was systematically treated by radiation therapy with 60 Gy, which achieved a good response and complete remission proven by control laryngoscopy and histological examination of tissue samples taken from the former tumor area three months after laser excision. The latest literature in the field is reviewed. There were only ten cases of EMP in the larynx or laryngeal involvement of MM published within the last five years (Pubmed was searched for “larynx,” “laryngeal” and “EMP,” “Extramedullary Myeloma,” “Multiple Myeloma,” and “MM”). Due to its rarity, there are currently no evidence-based therapeutic guidelines available. For their development, multicenter studies are required.
Percutaneous Aspiration of a Mobile Infected Thrombus from the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract Using the AngioVac System
Authors: Ugwu Justin , Hussein Umbreen , Alliu Sampson , Gurujal Ravi
Published: April 2019

The AngioVac system was invented in 2012 and was originally designed for the removal of thrombi from the venous system. It has been successfully used in the management of iliocaval and right endocardial thrombi but is reportedly less effective in the management of pulmonary emboli (PE). Since its advent, there has been interest in its application towards other medical situations. One of the most revolutionary uses thus far has been for percutaneous debridement of valvular and cardiac electronic device-associated vegetations. In most instances, the AngioVac device has been used to obviate the need for surgery in high-risk patients. Here, we describe a novel use of this device in the successful retrieval of a large, mobile, infected thrombus from the right ventricular outflow tract in a high surgical-risk patient.
MLN4924 Exerts a Neuroprotective Effect against Oxidative Stress via Sirt1 in Spinal Cord Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Yu Sifei , Xie Lei , Liu Zhuochao , Li Changwei , Liang Yu
Published: April 2019

Oxidative stress is a leading contributor to spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion (SCIR) injury. Recently, MLN4924, a potent and selective inhibitor of the NEDD8-activating enzyme, was shown to exert a neuroprotective effect against oxidative stress in vitro. However, it is unknown whether MLN4924 plays a protective role against SCIR injury. In the present study, we found that MLN4924 treatment significantly attenuated oxidative stress and neuronal cell death induced by H2O2 in SH-SY-5Y neural cells and during rat SCIR injury. Furthermore, MLN4924 administration restored neurological and motor functions in rats with SCIR injury. Mechanistically, we found that MLN4924 protects against H2O2- and SCIR injury-induced neurodegeneration by regulating sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) expression. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the neuroprotective role of MLN4924 against oxidative stress in SCIR injury via Sirt1.
IL17A Blockade Successfully Treated Psoriasiform Dermatologic Toxicity from Immunotherapy
Authors: Johnson Daniel , Patel Anisha B. , Uemura Marc I. , Trinh Van A. , Jackson Natalie , Zobniw Chrystia M. , Tetzlaff Michael T. , Hwu Patrick , Curry Jonathan L. , Diab Adi
Published: April 2019

Dermatologic toxicities are the most common immune-related adverse events (irAE) secondary to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). First-line treatment for grade 3 or 4 skin irAEs is high-dose corticosteroids, which have their own side effects. Prolonged treatment with corticosteroids may abrogate antitumor ICI activity. The cellular causes of these dermatologic toxicities, which can manifest as a variety of clinical presentations, remain unclear. Beyond steroids, recommended treatment options are limited. We report a case of psoriasiform dermatologic toxicity, induced by inhibition of PD-1 with the mAb pembrolizumab, which resolved after treatment with systemic interleukin IL17A blockade. Introduction of IL17A blockade did not alter the patient's melanoma response to pembrolizumab. This case suggests a possible pathogenic role of Th17 cells the irAE of the skin in this metastatic melanoma patient.
Is There Still a Role for Endocrine Therapy Alone in HR+/HER2– Advanced Breast Cancer Patients? Results from the Analysis of Two Data Sets of Patients Treated with High-Dose Fulvestrant as First-Line Therapy in the Real-World Setting: The EVA and GIM-13 AMBRA Studies
Authors: Cazzaniga Marina Elena , Verusio Claudio , Ciccarese Mariangela , Fumagalli Alberto , Sartori Donata , Valerio Maria Rosaria , Airoldi Mario , Moretti Gabriella , Ficorella Corrado , Gianni Lorenzo , Michelotti Andrea , Zambelli Alberto , Febbraro Antonio , Generali Daniele , Pistelli Mirco , Garrone Ornella , Musolino Antonino , Vici Patrizia , Maur Michela , Mentuccia Lucia , La Verde Nicla , Bianchi Giulia Valeria , Artale Salvatore , Blasi Livio , De Laurentiis Michelino , Atzori Francesco , Turletti Anna , Porpiglia Mauro , Santini Daniele , Fabi Alessandra , Gebbia Vittorio , Schirone Alessio , Palumbo Raffaella , Ferzi Antonella , Frassoldati Antonio , Scavelli Claudio , Clivio Luca , Giordano Monica , Donadio Michela , Biganzoli Laura , Del Mastro Lucia , Bisagni Giancarlo , Livi Lorenzo , Natoli Clara , Montemurro Filippo , Riccardi Ferdinando , Romagnoli Emanuela , Marchetti Paolo , Torri Valter , Pronzato Paolo , Mustacchi Giorgio ,   EVA Study Group,   GIM-13 AMBRA Study Group
Published: April 2019

Background: Different studies suggest that fulvestrant 500 mg every 28 days (HD-FUL) could be an active treatment in HR+ advanced breast cancer (ABC) patients even treated with aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant setting. The aim of this analysis is to describe the outcome of ABC patients treated with HD-FUL as first-line treatment in terms of median duration of treatment and the overall response rate in a real-world setting. Methods: For the purpose of the present analysis, we considered two data sets of HR+ ABC patients collected in Italy between 2012 and 2015 (EVA and GIM-13 AMBRA studies). Results: Eighty-one and 91 patients have been identified from the two data sets. The median age was 63 years (range 35–82) for the EVA and 57.8 years (range 35.0–82.3) for the AMBRA patients. ORRs were 23.5 and 24.3% in the whole population, 26.9% in the patients with bone only, and 21.8 and 21.4% in those with visceral metastases. The median duration of HD-FUL was 11.6 months (range 1–48) and 12.4 months (range 2.9–70.0) in the two data sets, respectively. Conclusion: These data suggest that HD-FUL should still continue to play a significant role as first-line therapy in HR+ ABC patients.
Survival Advantage of African American Dialysis Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Causes Related to APOL1
Authors: Lertdumrongluk Paungpaga , Streja Elani , Rhee Connie M. , Moradi Hamid , Chang Yongen , Reddy Uttam , Tantisattamo Ekamol , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Kopp Jeffrey B.
Published: April 2019

Background: Observational studies show that African American (AA) dialysis patients have longer survival than European Americans. We hypothesized that apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) genetic variation, associated with nephropathy in AAs, contributes to the survival advantage in AA dialysis patients. Methods: We examined the association between race and mortality among 37,097 adult dialysis patients, including 54% AAs and 46% European Americans from a large dialysis organization (entry period from July 2001 to June 2006, follow-up through June 2007), within each cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) category associated with APOL1 renal risk variants using Cox proportional hazard models. Results: AA dialysis patients had numerically lower mortality than their European American counterparts for all causes of ESRD. The mortality reduction among AAs compared to European Americans was statistically significant in patients with ESRD attributed to diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and APOL1-enriched glomerulonephritis (GN) (HR [95% CI]: 0.69 [0.66–0.72], 0.73 [0.68–0.79], and 0.89 [0.79–0.99], respectively); these are conditions in which APOL1 variants promote kidney disease. By contrast, the significant survival advantage of AA dialysis patients was not observed in patients with ESRD attributed to other kidney disease (including polycystic kidney disease, interstitial nephritis, and pyelonephritis) and other GN, which are not associated with APOL1 variants. Conclusions: These data suggest the hypothesis that the relative survival advantage of AA dialysis patients may be related to APOL1 variation. Further large population-based genetic studies are required to test this hypothesis.
Development and Validation of Molecular Assays for Limited Tissue Samples
Authors: Sussman Robyn , Rosenbaum Jason N.
Published: April 2019

As the value of molecular testing of cancer specimens increases, the number of tests imposed on tumor specimens also increases, often in tension with the amount of tumor material available. To develop and validate molecular assays for limited specimens, there are specific concerns that must be addressed, including DNA quality, quantity, and abundance; the number of targets/ability to multiplex; and the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the assay itself. Ultimately, weighing these considerations during assay validation in the overall context of clinical utility and laboratory workflow is critical for delivering the highest level of personalized care to patients.
Radiotherapy Late Effects and Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Dos and Don’ts in Clinical Practice
Authors: Lodeweges Joyce E. , van Dijk Fleur S. , Verhoeff Joost J.C.
Published: April 2019

In radiation oncology, little is known about possible difficulties in patients with Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI). Because radiotherapy can cause various side-effects including bone, soft tissue and cardiovascular toxicities, we foresee that patients with OI may experience even more acute and late side-effects due to pre-existing problems. We present two cases of radiotherapy in patients with OI, measured the effects of radiation on their bone mineral density and provide clinical recommendations for patient tailored radiotherapy strategies in patients with OI.
Cognitive Science Honors the Memory of Jeffrey Elman
Authors: Aslin Richard N. , Levy Roger P.
Published: April 2019

Jeff Elman (1/22/1948–6/28/2018) was a major and much beloved figure in cognitive science, best known for his work on the TRACE model of speech perception, simple recurrent network models of the temporal dynamics of language processing, and his coauthored monograph, Rethinking Innateness. Beyond his individual and collaborative research, he is widely recognized for his lasting contributions to building our scientific community. Here we celebrate his contributions by briefly recounting his life’s work and sharing commentaries and reminiscences from a number of his closest colleagues over the years.
Defense mechanisms of termites affect their consumption rate by lizards
Authors: Souza Heitor Bruno de Araujo , Vieira Washington Luiz Silva , Costa Gabriel Corrêa , Vasconcellos Alexandre
Published: April 2019

The present study sought to determine whether the defense mechanisms of termites influence the rate of consumption by lizards, and if that pattern differs between lizard species. Termites with different defense mechanisms (mechanical and chemical) were offered to two species of lizards from different lineages (Tropiduridae and Teiidae). We found that termites that used defensive chemicals were less likely to be eaten by lizards of both lineages. Our results indicate that lizards from both lineages are capable of selecting termites based on their defense mechanisms. As a result, there is no apparent direct link between the rate of termite consumption and their abundance in the ecosystem. Therefore, the use of stomach contents as a proxy to measure prey availability may render a bias estimation of termite abundance in the environment.
Antipredation behavior covaries with body size in Neotropical snakes
Authors: Delaney David M.
Published: April 2019

The use of defensive behaviors to avoid predation increases the likelihood of survival. Snake species have evolved numerous and diverse antipredatory behaviors to fit a variety of natural histories. Understanding how snakes react to simulated predation events can help us understand their ecology. I conducted behavioral trials on 11 colubrid and dipsadid species ( individuals) in the Republic of Panama to examine patterns of antipredation behavior. The level of aggression and number of antipredatory behaviors exhibited during simulated predation was positively correlated with body size. To complement these results, data from previously published studies were used to assess these patterns with a larger sample of Neotropical colubrids and dipsadids ( species). Indeed, the level of aggression and number of antipredatory behaviors known for each species was positively correlated with body size. However, the positive association between the number of antipredatory behaviors known for a species and body size was driven largely by colubrids and not dipsadids. Larger snakes may be more intimidating to potential predators, therefore making aggressive defensive behaviors more likely to be successful. Larger snakes also may encounter a higher diversity of predators and may benefit from the ability to choose from a suite of defensive behaviors specific to certain contexts. Although this study suggests two interesting patterns in the defensive behaviors of Neotropical colubrids and dipsadids, comparative studies of the interactions between snakes and their predators are needed to better understand the pressures driving variation in snake antipredation behavior.
As clear as day: nocturnal activity differs from diurnal activity in a temporally constrained capital breeder
Authors: Fraser Zoe L. , Culloch Ross M. , Twiss Sean D.
Published: April 2019

Time-activity budgets are fundamental to behavioural studies, allowing examination of how individuals allocate their time, and potentially energy, and how these patterns vary spatially and temporally and in relation to habitat, individual identity, sex, social status and levels of anthropogenic disturbance. Direct observations of animal behaviour, especially in the wild, are often limited to daylight hours; therefore, many activity budgets relate to diurnal activity only, or assumptions are made about nocturnal activity. Activity budgets have been a key component of many behavioural and energetics studies of breeding grey seals (Halichoerus grypus, Fabricius, 1791), and yet very little is known about nocturnal activity of grey seals, and a general, implicit assumption of no significant change from day to night seems to pervade the literature. Here we use a combination of high resolution digital video and thermal imaging video camera to follow known individual grey seal mothers from day into night to examine activity patterns during lactation. We show distinct differences in nocturnal activity budgets relative to diurnal activity budgets. Mothers spent significantly more time resting with a reduction of time spent in the alert and comfort move behavioural categories during nocturnal periods. It is clear that diurnal time-activity patterns of breeding female grey seals cannot be extrapolated to represent activity across a 24-hour cycle. These considerations are particularly critical in studies that aim to use time-activity budgets as proxies for energy budgets.