bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Birth Weight And Growth Rate In Friesian X Bunaji Calves
Authors: Ehoche O. W. , Malau-aduli A. E. O. , Abubakar B. Y.
Published: March 2021

Calving records from 1984 - 1989 were studied to determine the influence of rearing method, sex of calf, season of birth, dam breed and year of birth on body weight at birth, 3,6 and 12 months of age in Friesian x Bunaji calves. The mean weights of calves at birth, 3, 6 and 12 months of age were 22.0, 68.2, 96.7 and 137.4 kg, respectively. Sex of calf had a significant effect, with male calves being heavier than the females by 1.2, 5.9 and 9.7 kg at birth, 3 and 6 months of age respectively. The effect of season of birth on calf body weights was not significant except at 6 months of age, when calves born during the wet season were heavier (P<0.01) than those born in the harmattan period by 9.5 kg. Year of birth had a highly significant effect (P<0.01) on calf weights from birth to yearling. Method of rearing and dam breed had no significant influence on all the weights. The results suggest the need to develop correction factors for standardisation of weight records when comparing dams on the basis of body weights of their calves.
Preliminary Observations On The Use Of Dry Urea Treatment And Toasting For Improving The Nutritive Value Of Jackbean
Authors: Udedibie A. B. I. , Obaji C. N.
Published: March 2021

Raw unprocessed jackbean contains 28 - 30% crude protein but also contains toxic elements that limit its use as feed ingredient for monogastric animals. A 21-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of dry urea treatment prior to toasting on its nutritive value for young broiler chicks. One of two batches of raw jackbean was mixed with 2.5% of its weight of crushed urea and allowed to stand for 10 days and then toasted. The other batch was toasted without urea application. The two treated jackbean meals were used to compound broiler starter diets at 10 and 20% dietary levels, respectively, and along with control diet fed to groups of 40 young broiler chicks for 21 days. Hydrolysis of urea by the urease of the jackbean was completed in six days. Urea treatment/toasting slightly reduced crude protein content of jackbean, but diets containing it at both 10% and 20% compared favourably with the control. Raw toasted jackbean significantly (P<0.05) depressed performance of the young broiler chicks at 20% dietary level.
Drought: Malnutrition and Parasitism
Authors: Veen TJ. Schilhorn V.
Published: March 2021

The relation between nutrition and parasitism is discussed in short, after which some general observations are given on the drought problem in the Zaria area. Sedentary herds were most severely affected, mainly by secondary effects of the drought, i.e. the breakdown of resistance to parasitic infections.  Cattle and sheep from the drought-affected areas showed high prevalence of helminth infections at the end of dry season.  Some suggestions are given on the prevention of helminthiasis during drought periods, especially in relation to sedentary herds.
Preference Of Laying Hens For Different Protein Sources In A Cafeteria Type Feeding System
Authors: Atteh J. O. , Ajakaiye A.
Published: March 2021

Laying hens (29-wk old) had access to a basal diet and one of full-fat soybeans, fish meal or blood meal during a 6-week trial to investigate their preference for different protein sources. 
There was no effect of the dietary treatment on egg production, egg weight or mortality rate (P>0.05). However, weight loss was different (P<0.05) among the treatments with the largest body weight loss observed in birds offered blood meal.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING PALM KERNEL MEAL ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF PIGS
Authors: Aduku A. O. , Jegede J. O. , Tegbe T. S. B. , Olorunju S. A. S.
Published: March 2021

Thirty two (32) crossbred (Large white llampshire) boars and gilts of average initial weight of 41.55 kg were fed diets containing graded levels of palm kernel mcal (PKM). Pigs were randomly assigned to pens based on initial weight and sex and there were 2 pigs per pen. Palm kernel meal was fed at (a), (b) 21). 55 (c) (d) 61,65% of the diet to replace maize offal and full-fat soya-bean in the 16% crude protein diet for treatments 1 to 4. At the end of the 64-day trial, sixteen pigs (8 boars and 8 gilts) were used for carcass evaluation. Final weight of pigs decreased linearly (P<0.05) as the level of PKM increased in the diet. A quadratic response (P<0.05) was obtained for total gain and average daily gain, Average daily feed intake was not significantly allected by level of PKM fed but feed: gain increased linearly (P<0.05) as the level of PKM increased in the diet. Feed cost per kilogramme gain decreased significantly (P<0.05) as level of PKM increased but feed costs for the control and 20.55% PKM diets were similar. The feeding of PKM had no significant effect on dressing %, percentages of lam, shoulder, loin, belly, loin-eye area and backfat thickness. Organ weights (empty stomach, lungs, heart, kidneys and spleen) were not affected by dietary treatment. However, Weight of the liver increased linearly (P<0.05) as level of PKM inclusion increased in the diet. Boars had better gain (P<0.05) and better feed: gain ratio (P<0.01) compared to gilts.
EFFECTS OF BERENIL ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS IN Trypanosoma brucei INFECTED RATS
Authors: Rabo J. S. , Wakil A. B. , Maduka H. C. C.
Published: March 2021

Ten Albino rats were each infected intraperitoneally with 0.5 million Trypanosoma strain 8/18 organisms. Cerebral lesions were absent in all rats and mice injected with brain tissue and choroid plexus homogenates from group A rats were aparasitaemic over anobservation period of 30 days. However, infected rats developed intermittent (parasitaemia, lost weight progressively and became anaemic with death intervening in one case. We conclude that T. bricci strain 8/18 infection in rats produces moderate to severe disease which may lead to death; but the organism is is not pushed across the blood-brainbarrier by berenil treatment in the acute stage.
RESEARCH NOTE PREVALENCE OF BOVINE TRYPANOSOME INFECTIONS IN DAMBOA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA BORNO STATE
Authors: Ahmed M. I. , Osiyemi T. I. O. , Ardo M. B.
Published: March 2021

African animal trypanosomiasis is a disease complex caused by pathogenic trypanosomes which are cyclically transmitted by tsetse-fly or mechanically by other biting flies to domestic animals. The disease has for long been a limiting factor to livestock production in tsetse-fly  infested regions of Africa (Anosa, 1983; Trail et al., 1985; Dwinger et al., 1986). It is now assuming significance in the tsetse-free vegetational zones (Nawathe et al., 1988) probably due to transhumance and ecological upset in favour of increasing insect population and activity in the area. The study was undertaken to ascertain the prevalence of bovine trypansome infection in the area and hoped that it will provide information on the epidemiology of the disease. A total of 151 blood samples were collected from 11 sedentary herds of cattle in Damboa Local Government Area between February to April, 1992. About 3ml of blood was collected from each animal inbijou bottle containing anticoagulant (Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid). The sex, age and breed of each animal were noted during blood collection. The blood samples were transported to the Laboratory on ice and examined using wet-film, stained thin smears, haematocrit centrifuge technique (Woo, 1969) and dark ground buffy coat. The packed cell volume was also recorded for each animal using Hawksley's haematocrit reader.
EVALUATION OF PURE AND CROSSBRED PARENT STOCK PULLETS
Authors: ADENOWO J. A. , OMEJE S. S. I. , DIM N. I.
Published: March 2021

The relationships between egg weight, body weight and sexual maturity and their inheritance were studied in the F1 of two grandparent strains of laying birds. Each strain had two lines. Data used for analyses comprised body weight at first egg, 30 weeks and 40 weeks of age (BFE, B30 and B40); weight of first egg (WFE), weight of egg at 30 weeks and 40 weeks (W30, W40) and age of birds at first egg (AFE). Phenotypic correlations between AFE and BFE, AFE and WFE and between WFE and BFE were 0.45 and 0.40; 0.96 and 0.11, 0.65 and 0.85 for male and female lines respectively. While AFE generally showed additive inheritance which was sire influenced, BFE and WFE were line dependent. The crossbred groups however, appeared to be at advantage over the purebreds in respect of these three traits.
MILK PRODUCTION POTENTIALS OF HOLSTEIN-FRIESIAN CATTLE IN THE DERIVED-SAVANNAH ZONE
Authors: ONWUKA C. F. I. , EGBE D. W. , UMOH B. I. , OKON B. I.
Published: March 2021

Some 78 Holstein-Friesian cattle in a private commercial farm in the derived savanna zone of Northern Cross River State were used in the study that reported the milk production potentials of Friesian cattle in the tropics. The Cows were stall-fed with supplementary concentrates and forage within the 306-day study period. Their milk records showed production levels ranging from 0.00 to 14.92£0.83 kg milk per cow per day. Individual cow milk yield as high as 15.77 kg/day (P<0.05) was obtained in June. Production dwindled with the onset of the dry season while milk production levels decreased significantly (P<0.05) as lactation progressed. During the period, the environmental temperature varied between 23.08 -1.90oC and 38.35 0.75°C while the average relative humidity was between 26% and 95%. The main disease problem encountered was mastitis. Lactation levels were still fair up to 214th day of Lactation.
GROSS MARGIN ESTIMATION OF RURAL POULTRY PRODUCTION IN OSUN STATE, NIGERIA.
Authors: OBI O. O. , SONAIYA E. B.
Published: March 2021

A Survey was conducted to obtain information on profitability of rural poultry production In Osun State. Two villages each from līve Local Government Areas were studied. One hundred poultry keepers served as the respondents to a structured questionnaire. Numerical data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Average flock size was 17 birds and average feed supplementation cost per bird per fronth was N 7.70. Basket coops were the common type of Overnight housing provided and the depreciated cost was about N0.103 per bird per month. The average price of a mature cock was N79, hens and growers cost N29, respectively. The farmers were willing to pay N4.30 per bird for vaccination against Newcastle disease and N6.70 per kilogram of compounded feed. Gross margin estimation shows that the farmer realised a positive margin of N4.50 from the sale of growers at 3 months of age and N9.00 and N30.00 on hens and cocks, respectively, when sold at 6 months of age.
INCIDENCE OF PREWEANING MORTALITY IN WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOATS AND THEIR RED SOKOTO HALFBREDS
Authors: EBOZOJE M. O. , NGERE L. O.
Published: March 2021

Preweaning mortality in West African dwarf (WAD) and West African dwarf X Red Sokoto (RS) half bred goats was studied alongside Appropriate management systems aimed at improving survivability. The overall mortality rate at the end of the experiments was 25% (28.9% among WAD kids and 23% among WADXRS kids). Mortality rate was significantly affected by breed genotype (P<0.01), Sex (P<0.01), season of birth (P<0.01), birth weights (P <0.01) and birth type (P<0.05). Kids with birth weights lower than the population mean had higher mortality rate than kids with birth weights higher than the population mean. The Interaction effect between sex and birth type significantly influenced mortality rate (P<0.01). Mortality was due mainly to infectious diseases such as peste de petite ruminante (PPR), Pneumonia, diarrhoea, and mycoplasmosis. Kids vaccinated against PPR and maintained under regular heat supply survived better than kids allowed access to either heat supply, vaccination against PPR or neither of the treatments.
REPLACEMENT OF MAIZE WITH CASSAVA ROOT MEAL EITHER ALONE OR MIXED WITH BREWERS YEAST SLURRY IN DIETS FOR GROWING-FINISHING PIGS
Authors: Ikurior S. A. , Achadu G. O.
Published: March 2021

Twenty four (24) crossbred grower pigs of Large White, Landrace, Hampshire and Duroc breeds, which averaged 43.96kg liveweight, were allocated in groups of4 pigs and two replicates, to each of 3 diets. Diet I was a maize-based control while in diets II and III, cassava root meal (CRM) solely, or its mixture with brewers yeast slurry (CRM-BYS) replaced all of the maize in the control. The pigs were group - housed in concrete floor pens where they were fed the test diets to appetite, and had water ad libitum over a 30-day period. Performance parameters were measured during this period, and at the end of it, 4 pigs from each treatment were slaughtered and their carcasses characterized. Average daily feed (ADF), average daily gain (ADG), feed/gain ratio for diets I, II and III were 2.08, 2.07, and 2.01 kg; 0.63, 0.60 and 0.64 kg; 331, 3.48 and 3.15 respectively. The differences were not significant (P >.05). Feed cost/kg liveweight gain was significantly (P< .05) reduced from N19.43 to N14.65 and N11.28 when dietary maize was replaced by CRM and CRM/BYS respectively. Linear and jointed carcass measures, and organ weight did not differ significantly (P>.05) in the different diets. These data show a net advantage of replacing dietary maize with cassava root meal or its mixture with brewers yeast slurry for growing-finishing pigs under the defined conditions.
INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SIZE, STORAGE METHOD AND DURATION ON QUALITY AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TABLE EGGS
Authors: KEMBI S. O. , OSOKOMAIYA A. A.
Published: March 2021

A total of 252 fresh table eggs sorted into standard, large and extra-large sizes were but.either refrigerated or held at room temperature and used to study their weekly weight losses (WL), specific gravity (SG), egg index (EI), yolk index (YI) and albumen height (AH) over a six week period. The results showed that among  room-stored eggs there were declines (P<0.01) AH, YI, SG and El but an increase in WL with increased egg size. Similar trends in response  to long storage were observed except that EI not affected (P>0.05). The depressive influences of long storage and larger sizes on egg quality observed in the room stored eggs diminished with refrigeration. The general patterns of quality deterioration show that,  irrespective of egg size, six-week refrigerated eggs had better quality indices than one-week room-stored eggs. There was no significant (P>0.05) influence of egg size on quality changes during storage Based on the result it was included  that in the absence of refrigeration and when eggs are sold in assorted sizes, table eggs should be consumed within 2 weeks of lay and larger eggs should be used first.
EFFECT OF COWPEA SEED PROCESSING ON INTESTINAL MICROFLORAL POPULATION OF RATS
Authors: OKE D. B. , TEWE O. O. , FETUGA B. L.
Published: March 2021

Five cowpea varieties were subjected to autoclaving, cooking, germination and soaking. Soaked samples gave the highest intestinal microfloral population with autoclaved and cooked cowpea seeds having intermediate microbial count values aithough cooking was more effective than autoclaving in reducing microbial population. Germinated samples gave very little microbial population. Intestinal microfloral population was positively correlated (r=0.85; P<0.001) to oligosaccharide concentrations, in the raw cowpea varieties, good nuniber of the antinutritional factors worked complementarily depending on the processing method with the oligosaccharides and thus hai significant effects in promoting microhial growth. Varietal and processing methoris greatly influenced microbial population (P<0.001).
EFFECTS OF UREA - AMMONIATION AND COTTON SEED CAKE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE UTILIZATION OF SORGHUM STOVER BY SHEEP
Authors: ADAMU A. M. , ADU I. F. , OLORUNJU S. A .S. , ALAWA C. B. I. , LAMIDI O. S.
Published: March 2021

The effects cotton seed cake (CSC) supplementation and urea-ammoniation on utilization of sorghum stover by Yankasa sheep was studied. Chopped sorghum stover was ensiled with fertilizer grade urea at 4% urea (w/w), the urea being dissolved in water to reconstitute the silage to 50% DM. The experiment was a 2x3 factorial design of unammoniated and ammoniated sorghum stover and three levels of CSC supplementation (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of the sheep body weight). The growth trial was conducted with 24 yearling sheep, averaging 18.2 kg liveweight and lasted for 60 days. Intake of sorghum stover by sheep was Improved (P<0.05) by urea-ammoniation, not significant (P>0.05). Increasing the level of supplementation with CSC improved (P>0.05) stover intake by sheep fed the ammoniation of unammonlated stover, but resulted in decreased (P>0.05) intake of ammonlated by sheep. Sheep liveweight gains were improved by ammoniation and supplementation (P<0.01). The interaction between urea-ammoniation of stover and supplementation resulted in better (P<0.05) live weight going in sheep. Twelve Yankasa ruang averaging 16.9 kg liveweight were Ammoniation and supplementation did not affect DM, NDF and ADF digestibilities (P>.05), but resulted in increase (P<0.05) in cellulose and hemicellulose digestion. Ammoniation and supplementation resulted in N-balance of the sheep. Ammoniation resulted in marked Increases (P <0.01) in rumen ammonia concentrations, but increasing 50% DM. The material was epsiled above the level of supplementation did not appreciably(P<0.05) silled rumen ammonia concentrate
REPLACEMENT VALUE OF POULTRY VISCERAL OFFAL MEAL FOR FISH MEAL IN LAYERS’ DIETS.
Authors: Salami R. I.
Published: March 2021

The effect of replacing imported fish meal (FM) with poultry visceral offal meal (PVOM) in the diets of 200 Isa brown laying hens on their performance characteristics and economy of egg production during 22 to 38 weeks of age were examined. PVOM replaced FM on an equal proteins basis at the grade levels of 1.18, 2.37, 3.55 and 4.73% of diet B,C,D and E respectively. The control diet A contained 4% fm as the sole source of animal protein. All diet contained ca 16% crude protein while their calculated metabolisable energy was ca 2600 kcal/kg diet. Observations were made at interval of 4 weeks and entire 16 weeks period. Neither feed intake or egg weight was affected (P>0.05) by dietary treatment during the 4, 28-day and entire 16- weeks periods. The result of feed intake: egg weight ratios on the respective diets for each 28-day period and entire study period showed significant difference (P<0.05) and similarity in the values of the parameter between some dietary treatment but the effect of PVOM inclusion level on this parameter did not follow any consistent trend to undermine the result of other parameters. Mean daily egg production was higher (P<0.05) on diet a than the rest diets during 22 to 26 week of age but these difference gradually disappeared towards 38 week of age. Daily egg yield per 10 birds on diets D and E were similar but lower (P<0.05) than on the rest of the diet whose egg yields were also similar for the entire 4-month period. The performance data for the 4-month period on mean daily feed in take (g/bird) stood at 78.81 (A), 80.32 (B), 85.31 (C), 81.70 (D) and 75.88 (E) while the feed intake: egg weight ratios were 1.46 (A), 1.51 (B), 1.58 (C) 1.52(D), and 1.41 (E). Mean daily egg yield 6.85, 6.88, 6.73, 6.25 and 6.14 for diets A,B,C,D and E respectively while mean (g) were 54.15(A), 53.23 (B), 54.00 (C), 53.75(D), and 53.88 (E) for some period. PVOM could not replace FM beyond 59.25% of it proportion in the control diet without detrimental effect feed intake and egg size but could further reduce feed cost.
HELMINTHIASIS OF PIGS IN DELTA AREA OF NIGERIA
Authors: Guobadia E. E.
Published: March 2021

A survey of the helminth parasites of pigs in the Delta area of Nigeria was carried out. Faecal samples obtained from the rectum of the pigs were examined for helminth ova by using the sedimentation method. Structured questionnaires were also used to get information on some epizootiological factors from pig farmers. Of the 1,140 faecal samples examined, 3.8% was positive for trematode infection while 47.5% was positive for nematode infection. Among the nematode parasite identified, Ascaris suum was found to predominate (43.8% of the total). Poor sanitation was found to be the major factor predisposing pigs to helminth infections in the area. It was therefore concluded that since pig is an important livestock to the inhabitants of the area, there is the need to regularly organize programmes that will educate the farmers on the proper keeping of the animal for maximum productivity.
Improvement in Livestock Production: Nutrition and Feeds
Authors: Jakonda S. Z.
Published: March 2021

No abstract
Least Cost Ration Formulation for Pig Production
Authors: Ogunfowora O. , Fetuga B. L.
Published: March 2021

STANDARD linear programming techniques have been used to formulate least cost rations for weaner and rowing fattening pigs using analytical data mailable for a wide range of local feed materials, also considering cost per unit of ingredients, nutrient requirements for these two classes of pigs and weight of final mix. The effects of increasing protein levels exclusion of soyabean and cassava from the basic solution, inclusion of two levels of fish meal as well as the changing cost of ingredients on the composition and cost of weaners rations were also examined Based on the technique described weaners’ and growing fattening rations were obtained at the least cost of ₦127.5 and ₦94.8 per tonne respectively. Increasing protein level from 20.26 to 22.26%, resulted in a price increase of ₦8.90 per tonne which represents a 6.98% price increase for a 9.87% change in dietary protein level. Exclusion of cassava and soyabean meal from a 20% protein diet resulted in a negligible price increase, while similar exclusion from a 22% protein diet incurred an additional cost of ₦72 per tonne This increased cost was related to an increased inclusion of the more expensive maize and skim milk powder. Inclusion of 3 and 5% fish meal in the original solution resulted in a 6.75 and 15.5% increase in ration cost, increases which could only be justified under practical conditions by improved animal performance It is concluded that the linear programming techniques may offer a wider scope for considering different alternatives in ration formulation than conventional and currently used methods and may prove more useful in improving profit margins in livestock production enterprises.
A Better Approach To The Estimation Of Testicular Size In Live Boars
Authors: Egbunike G. N. , Steinbach J.
Published: March 2021

A MODIFIED approach in testicular biometry in boars is described. Twelve mature Large White pigs were used for this study. Half the major axis of the testis (a) and the square of half the minor axis [b2] were highly significantly correlated with both testicular weight and testicular volume. The multiple correlations between a and b2 and the testis weight and testis volume were respectively 0.94 and 0.96 and equally highly significant. 

The testicular weights and volumes calculated with the multiple regression equations obtained in this study accounted for 99% and 97% of the actual values respectively.
Effects of Age and Sex on Liveweight and Body Composition of the West African Dwarf Sheep
Authors: Adeleye I. O. A. , Oguntona E.
Published: March 2021

SIXTEEN animals selected from the sheep flock of the University were divided into four age-groups [4, 30, 150-180 and 360-420 days) with each group consisting of two males and two females. They were weighed just before slaughter to obtain their live-weights. Weights of drainable blood, head, hot carcass, trotters, intestinal and stomach contents, liver, kidney, heart, spleen and lungs were recorded and expressed as percentage of the ingesta-free body or empty body weight [E.B.W.]. 

All body components measured increased in weight with increasing age, but when expressed as percentage of the E.B.W., showed a progressive decrease with advancing age, except the stomach and intestinal contents. The percent moisture content of the visceral organs decreased with advancing age while the percent crude protein and ether extracts increased with age. 

Sex effects on live-weight and weights of some body components were not apparent at the early age-groups. At maturity however, the males generally had higher values for the various body components. Similarly, the chemical composition of the visceral organs showed very little sex differ ences before maturity; after this stage the males consistently had higher moisture and crude protein values and lower either extracts values than the females.
Production of Meat from Ruminant Animals
Authors: Olubajo F. O.
Published: March 2021

No abstract
THE EFFECT OF VARYING CONCENTRATE: GRASS HAY RATIOS ON FEED INTAKE AND NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY BY GROWING WEST AFRICAN FOREST SHEEP
Authors: Adeleye I. O. A. , Ikhatua U. J.
Published: March 2021

Twelve ram lambs of the West African Forest type of between 15.7 and 24.6 kg were divided into four groups of 3 animals each. A group was assigned to one of four diets consisting of the following concentrate: grass hay ratios - 20 : 80 (A), 40 : 60 (B), 60 : 40 (C) and 80 : 20 (D). Feed intake, nutrient digestibilities and efficiency of feed utilization were measured. As the level of concentrate increased, the contents of crude protein ether extract, nitrogen-free extract (NFE) and gross energy of the diets increased, while the crude fibre and ash contents decreased almost linearly. Voluntary feed intake increased with increasing levels of concentrate, with diet C having a significantly higher (P 0.01) Relative Intake (RI) value than the other diets. Both the Nutritive Value Index (NVI) and Digestible Energy (DE) intake values were significantly higher (P. 0.01) in diets C and D than the other diets. Generally, the digestion coefficients for the gross energy, crude protein, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract increased with increasing levels of concentrate, the values being significantly higher (P 0.01) in diets C and D, while diet A showed a significantly lower (P 0.05) dry matter digestion coefficient value when compared with either diets. Although a similar trend was observed in the digestion coefficient for ether extract, the differences were not significant (P 0.05). With the exception of animals on diet C which had the highest daily weight gains, average daily weight gains and efficiency of feed utilization increased with successive substitution of concentrate for grass hay.
IMPLICATION OF CALCINOGENIC PLANTS IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Authors: Kasali O. B.
Published: March 2021

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AERIAL SURVEYS IN THE STUDY OF ANIMAL POPULATIONS AND RANGE CONDITIONS
Authors: Milligan K. R. N. , Ajayi S. S. , Afolayan T. A. , Kio P. R. O.
Published: March 2021

For the past decade, low altitude aerial surveys have been used for counting large mammals, especially wildlife, over extensive areas of land in East Africa. The facilities and methods suitable in East African conditions are not directly applicable to West Africa because of the dense savanna wood land vegetation, which limits the visibility of the animals, and the Harmattan dust, which makes accurate navigation difficult. The Department of Forest Resources Management, University of Ibadan, has been engaged in a pioneering project of censusing large mammals from the air in Lake Kainji National Park. A high wing, single engine, four seater aircraft was used to overfly the 4,000 sq. km. reserve. The aircraft cruised at 159 kph at a height of 120 meters. Large mammals were counted and the vegetation types and range conditions were also recorded. This rapid and relatively low cost technique could suitably be applied to the study of free ranging cattle in the savanna areas of Nigeria. Such a survey would yield information on the total number of animals, their distribution patterns and their habitat utilization.
SPERM PRODUCTION RATES OF EUROPEAN BOARS RAISED AND MAINTAINED IN THE HUMID TROPICS WITH A NOTE ON SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE ACTIVITY AS AN INDEX OF SPERMATOGENESIS
Authors: Egbunike G. N.
Published: March 2021

Paired tests weight of twelve adult Large White boars (x = 18.5months)ranged from 424.90g to 705.90g while volumen percent of round spermatid nuclei in the testes was 3.63 ± 0.16. Mean daily sperm production and daily sperm production per gram testicular parenchyma were respectively 19.47 ± 0.78 x 109 and 33.47 ± 1.29 x 106 . In the second study the sorbitol dehydrogenase activity per gram deproteinised testicular parenchyma was negatively and not significantly correlated (r = 0.2)with the daily sperm produced per gram testis parenchyma
INFLUENCE OF CYANOGENIC GLUCOSIDE FRACTION OF CASSAVA ON PERFORMANCE, THIOCYANATE CONCENTRATION AND RHODANESE ACTIVITY OF RATS DURING GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION
Authors: Tewe O. O. , Maner J. H. , Gomez G.
Published: March 2021

FEEDING of fresh and dried cassava (CMC 84 variety) containing 172.6 and 90.6mg FICN/Kg fresh material respectively caused a non-significant (P > 0.05) increase in daily feed intake as com­pared to a corn starch control diet. Growth rate of suckling rats was least on the fresh cassava diet and intermediate on the dried cassava diet. Post weaning feed consumption, growth rate and feed utilization were also considerably reduced by the cassava diets .The fresh cassava diet caused a significant (P < 0.01) increase in serum thiocyanate of Weaning Rats. At the end of the post-weaning growth study period, serum thiocyanate was significantly (P < 0.01) higher on both the fresh and dried cassava diets. Rhodanese activity changes did not show any consistent treatment effect.
PUBERAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE NIGERIAN DWARF SHEEP
Authors: Orji B. I. , Steinbach J.
Published: March 2021

Eleven ram lambs, all born between June and July (rainy season) were slaughtered at four age groups — 75, 100, 125 and 150 days. The body weights of animals prior to slaughter, the weights of the testes, the epididymis, the vesicular glands, the ampullae, the adrenals, the thyroids and the pituitary glands were determined and subjected to a step-wise multiple regression analysis using age or body weight as the independent variable. The weights of the reproductive organs – testes, epididymides, ampullae, vesicular glands - showed significantly higher correlation with the body weight than with the age, thus emphasizing the greater importance of the physiological age over the chronological age in the development of the body organs. The highest growth rate of the organs of the reproductive tract occurred during puberty and thus coincided with the enhanced endocrine function observed in ram lambs at this stage.
RECENT ADVANCES IN THE DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL OF MAJOR DISEASES OF LIVESTOCK IN NIGERIA
Authors: Lamorde A. G.
Published: March 2021

For quicker and specific laboratory diagnosis there is a trend towards processing of specimens by sophisticated procedures like electron microscopy, immuno-electro-Osmo-phoresis, Fluorescent antibody and enzyme linked-immunosorbent tests. Specimens must, therefore, be collected as early as possible and transported on ice, without which the chances for diagnosis will be much reduced. Evolving disease resistant animals and birds has not met with success. The best means of preventing disease are by following strict measures of hygiene, sanitation, quarantine and segregation, including compulsory slaughter of the infected and the 'incontact animals'. When this is not possible, such as, for enzootic diseases and for those affecting many species of animals, vaccination is the only alternative. The quality of the vaccine and the manner in which it is administered will ultimately decide the outcome of immune response. Use of cell culture technology and genetic engineering have paved the way for modern technology of vaccine production. It is hoped that, in future, vaccines will be available to control diseases against which there are none at present.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY INORGANIC CYANIDE (KCN) ON PLACENTAL THIOCYANATE TRANSFER, TISSUE RIIODANESE ACTIVITY AND PERFORMANCE OF RATS DURING GESTATION
Authors: Tewe O. Q. , Maner J. H.
Published: March 2021

Thirty two bred rats were allotted to two diets to investigate the influence of non-addition or addition of 1000 ppm KCN to cassava — soybean diets on thiocyanate concentrations, tissue rhodanese activity and performance parameters. KCN caus­ed a non-significant (P>0.05) depres­sion in body weight gain but had no effect on weights of liver, kidney and placenta, nor on number and weight of 19 day old foetus. High (1000 ppm) KCN level caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in urinary thiocyanate excretion of thiocyanate. It however had no marked effect on serum protein bound 'iodine, ammiotic fluid thiocyanitte, rhodanese activity of foetal and material tissues nor on foetal thio­cyanate concentration.
TOKSISITAS LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI BATIK TERHADAP MORFOLOGI SISIK IKAN NILA GIFT (Oreochomis nilotocus)
Authors: Andriani Riska , _ Hartini
Published: March 2021

The development of batik industry has increased along with the increasing of society requirement of textile material. Colored liquid in the batik industry has the potential to pollute the environment, so it is necessary research that aims to determine the toxicity of batik industrial waste to morphology of Nila Gift fish (Oreochromis niloticus). The test results of COD content contained in the batik industrial liquid waste is 4951,75 mg/L , analysis of TSS content of batik wastewater showed 448 mg/L, while chromium (Cr) content was 7.0 mg/L, and pH was 6,9. The value of LC-50 96 hours of batik industrial liquid waste is 0.73%, so that the treatment concentration is 0%; 0.37%; 0.46%; 0.55%; 0.64%; and 0.73%. The results showed that the scales exposed directly to batik liquid waste occurred attachment of different substances in each treatment. Treatment with the highest concentration of 0.73% shows the result of attachment of foreign substances that meet the cross section of Nila Gift fish seed scales.
Sustainable Manufacturing Practices and Sustainability Performance: A Conceptual Framework for Manufacturing SMEs
Authors: LIM WEI QI , NADARAJAH DEVIKA , WAHAB SAZALI ABD
Published: March 2021

In the Sustainable Development Goals Summit in September 2019, world leaders addressed current and future sustainability challenges faced by the world, including poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice. However, the Covid-19 pandemic has shocked and dampened global sustainable development efforts. Malaysian manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are not exempt from this tragedy, as they have suffered economically, socially, and environmentally. The goal of this paper is to establish sustainable manufacturing practices (SMPs) as a dynamic internal strategic action for manufacturing firms that transforms firm capabilities into sustainability performance. The authors conducted an extensive literature search to explore global sustainability issues and narrowed the scope to issues encountered by Malaysian manufacturing firms. The most commonly used terminologies of sustainability, sustainable practices, and sustainability performance were subsequently analyzed to conceptually develop a holistic framework for future studies. Specifically, the authors proposed an explanatory quantitative study to comprehend the link between firm capabilities and multidimensional sustainability performance with the integration of SMPs as a mediator. The results of the analysis would provide useful recommendations for the manufacturing sector and directions for future studies. Additionally, this paper enriches the theory of the Dynamic Capability View by bringing in the sustainability model to explain the development process of sustainability performance among Malaysian manufacturing SMEs. This article does not just inform firms and authorities on the importance of SMPs for superior performance but also guides firms towards understanding and improving their current SMPs. Managers in the manufacturing sector would benefit from this paper by learning and implementing effective sustainable strategies in their operations management to improve sustainability-related outcomes.
The Short-Term Impact of COVID-19 on Global Stock Market Indices
Authors: Singh Gurmeet , Shaik Muneer
Published: March 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic, declared on March 11, 2020 by the World Health Organisation (WHO), has had a severe economic and financial impact on every economy around the world. This paper aims to analyze the short-term impact of COVID-19 on global financial stock market indices. We study the impact of six different WHO announcements regarding COVID-19 on five different sectors (Pharma, Healthcare, Information Technology, Hotel & Airline) based on the indices of three different economies (World, Developed and Emerging economy). We also study the movement of stock prices and volume of nine different global stock market indices (classified as developed & emerging) based on the number of new cases and deaths due to COVID-19. The study’s findings suggest that there is a significant effect of COVID-19 on global financial stock markets. However, the effect is varied for developed and emerging economies.
Presentación
Authors: San Martín Javier
Published: March 2021

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El Seminario de Ortega y Gasset
Authors: San Martín Javier
Published: March 2021

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Open government, open data, big data y transparencia: la información como nexo de unión
Authors: Garcia Alsina Montserrat
Published: March 2021

En los últimos años se habla mucho de open data y big data asociados al ámbito científico. En el caso del big data este se considera también una herramienta a disposición de las empresas para explotar la información y generar ventaja competitiva. En comparación con estos dos ámbitos, poco se ha hablado de la relación de estos dos conceptos con el open government. ¿Cuál es la vinculación entre open government, open data y big data, y cuáles pueden ser los beneficios?
Benarkah anak prasekolah sudah mampu mengambil perspektif dalam perilaku prososial?
Authors: Permatasari Putri Arlanda , Agustiani Hendriati , Bachtiar Amir Sjarif
Published: March 2021

Previous studies suggested that preschoolers have already behaved prosocially. However,there is a possibility that such insight cannot be generalized since there is a conflictingassumption between different theoretical perspectives. The research aimed to explorewhether pre-schoolers’ perspective-taking in the context of prosocial behavior had developed.Our participants were 25 preschoolers who were 5-6 years old. The result showed that fromthe three types of perspective-taking, which were perceptual, cognitive, and affectiveperspective-taking, affective perspective-taking was undeveloped optimally among themajority of pre-schoolers. They had difficulty when identified others’ emotions in the context,especially in prosocial situations. For cognitive perspective-taking, preschoolers understoodother people’s thoughts, intentions, and motives, but only when the environmental cues weresimple. When the situation was more complex, their efforts to understand other people’sthoughts, intentions, or motives resulting in different understanding about the situations.Preschoolers’ ability to do perceptual perspective-taking had developed. They could shift theirperceptual perspective-taking from themselves to other perceptual perspective-taking. Theresults can be used as a reference for developing intervention programs to improveperspective-taking skills in contexts of prosocial behavior in preschool children.
Functional specialization within the inferior parietal lobes across cognitive domains
Authors: Numssen Ole , Bzdok Danilo , Hartwigsen Gesa
Published: March 2021

The inferior parietal lobe (IPL) is a key neural substrate underlying diverse mental processes, from basic attention to language and social cognition, that define human interactions. Its putative domain-global role appears to tie into poorly understood differences between cognitive domains in both hemispheres. Across attentional, semantic, and social cognitive tasks, our study explored functional specialization within the IPL. The task specificity of IPL subregion activity was substantiated by distinct predictive signatures identified by multivariate pattern-learning algorithms. Moreover, the left and right IPL exerted domain-specific modulation of effective connectivity among their subregions. Task-evoked functional interactions of the anterior and posterior IPL subregions involved recruitment of distributed cortical partners. While anterior IPL subregions were engaged in strongly lateralized coupling links, both posterior subregions showed more symmetric coupling patterns across hemispheres. Our collective results shed light on how under-appreciated hemispheric specialization in the IPL supports some of the most distinctive human mental capacities.
In vivo reconstitution finds multivalent RNA–RNA interactions as drivers of mesh-like condensates
Authors: Ma Weirui , Zhen Gang , Xie Wei , Mayr Christine
Published: March 2021

Liquid-like condensates have been thought to be sphere-like. Recently, various condensates with filamentous morphology have been observed in cells. One such condensate is the TIS granule network that shares a large surface area with the rough endoplasmic reticulum and is important for membrane protein trafficking. It has been unclear how condensates with mesh-like shapes but dynamic protein components are formed. In vitro and in vivo reconstitution experiments revealed that the minimal components are a multivalent RNA-binding protein that concentrates RNAs that are able to form extensive intermolecular mRNA–mRNA interactions. mRNAs with large unstructured regions have a high propensity to form a pervasive intermolecular interaction network that acts as condensate skeleton. The underlying RNA matrix prevents full fusion of spherical liquid-like condensates, thus driving the formation of irregularly shaped membraneless organelles. The resulting large surface area may promote interactions at the condensate surface and at the interface with other organelles.
Trophic niche differentiation and utilisation of food resources in Collembola is altered by rainforest conversion to plantation systems
Authors: Susanti Winda Ika , Widyastuti Rahayu , Scheu Stefan , Potapov Anton
Published: March 2021

Intensively managed monoculture plantations are increasingly replacing natural forests across the tropics resulting in changes in ecological niches of species and communities, and in ecosystem functioning. Collembola are among the most abundant arthropods inhabiting the belowground system sensitively responding to changes in vegetation and soil conditions. However, most studies on the response of Collembola to land-use change were conducted in temperate ecosystems and focused on shifts in community composition or morphological traits, while parameters more closely linked to ecosystem functioning, such as trophic niches, received little attention. Here, we used stable isotope analysis (13C and15N) to investigate changes in the trophic structure and use of food resources by Collembola in Jambi province (Sumatra, Indonesia), a region that experienced strong deforestation in the last decades. Isotopic values of Collembola from 32 sites representing four land-use systems were analyzed (rainforest, rubber agroforest, rubber (Hevea brasiliansis) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) monoculture plantations). Across Collembola species Δ13C values were highest in rainforest suggesting more pronounced processing of litter resources by microorganisms and consumption of these microorganisms by Collembola in this system. Lower Δ13C values, but high Δ13C variation in Collembola in oil palm plantations indicated that Collembola shifted towards herbivory and used more variable resources in this system. Small range in Δ15N values in Collembola species in monoculture plantations in comparison to rainforest indicated that conversion of rainforest into plantations is associated with simplification in the trophic structure of Collembola communities. This was further confirmed by generally lower isotopic niche differentiation among species in plantations. Across the studied ecosystems, atmobiotic species (Symphypleona and Paronellidae) occupied the lowest, whereas euedaphic Collembola species occupied the highest trophic position, resembling patterns in temperate forests. Some species of Paronellidae in rainforest and jungle rubber had Δ15N values below those of leaf litter suggesting algivory (Salinasp.1,Callyntrurasp.1 andLepidonellasp.1), while a dominant species,Pseudosinellasp.1, had the highest Δ15N values in most of the land-use systems suggesting that this species at least in part lives as predator or scavenger. Overall, the results suggest that rainforest conversion into plantation systems is associated with marked shifts in the structure of trophic niches in soil and litter Collembola with potential consequences for ecosystem functioning and food-web stability.
Influencia de la “diplomacia militar” en las fuerzas armadas chilenas durante la temprana guerra fría 1942-1952
Authors: Garay Vera Cristian Eduardo , Troncoso Zúñiga Valeska Tamara
Published: March 2021

Los autores caracterizan un periodo de las relaciones civiles-militares en Chile anterior a la crisis de 1973. Es el periodo comprendido entre los años 1942 y 1952 para aplicar un concepto de "diplomacia militar" y describir las relaciones profesionales autónomas entre las fuerzas armadas de Chile y Estados Unidos. Esto nos permite verificar el modelo del profesionalismo de Huntington, pues si bien estos contactos entre las Fuerzas Armadas se relacionan en un nivel profesional, mediante la asistencia militar estadounidense, en el marco de cooperación panamericana, se produce una concordancia entre la perspectiva estratégica chilena y la estadounidense. Todo dentro de una subordinación formal en términos de relaciones civiles-militares. Esto les permite a los mandos militares chilenos comunicar a nivel de la conducción política y del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Chile sus propuestas concordadas con mandos militares de EE.UU.
El aislamiento social de la conservación de la naturaleza en el bosque templado del sur de Chile. Caso de estudio: Parque Nacional Alerce Andino y Reserva Nacional Llanquihue
Authors: Mardones Rivera Gonzalo
Published: March 2021

La exclusión por acción u omisión de las comunidades locales en el manejo de las áreas protegidas, conocida como ‘conservación fortaleza’, es una práctica que persiste a pesar del amplio consenso teórico que promueve una mayor integración de la población local en la conservación de la biodiversidad. Este artículo presenta el caso de estudio de dos áreas protegidas en el bosque templado del sur de Chile en donde, a través del mapeo de actores y el análisis de redes sociales, se ha indagado sobre el grado de vinculación social entre múltiples actores con interés y/o influencia en el área protegida y su zona de amortiguación. Los resultados muestran una baja densidad de relaciones sociales, alta fragmentación de la red social en torno a intereses sectoriales (agricultura, pesca, turismo, entre otras), así como un significativo nivel de aislamiento social del área protegida. Este aislamiento es explicado, en parte, por la existencia de un modelo de manejo del área protegida que no ha incorporado, principalmente por omisión, la participación activa de la amplia variedad de actores locales y regionales, en especial de las comunidades. Esta omisión ha generado un escenario territorial adverso para la gobernanza del área protegida y su zona de amortiguación, creando una situación de riesgo al polarizar la conservación y el desarrollo en el territorio.