bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Condition of the rectal closure system in ostomy patients
Authors: Ilkanich A. Y. , Voronin Y. S. , Butiaikin A. V.
Published: December 2023

Aim of the study. The main idea of the study is to study changes in the functional activity of the rectum closure system in patients with intestinal stomas.

Materials and methods. A single-center retrospective and prospective analysis of the results of changes in the function of the rectum closure system in 83 patients before reconstructive operation was performed. For the period from 2016-2018, 42 (50.6 %) men and 41 (49.4 %) women were examined, the average age in the group was 51.8 ± 12.6 years. A statistical analysis of the influence of various factors on the functional state of the obturator apparatus of the rectum was performed.

Results and discussion. In all the examined patients, before the intervention, a decrease was found in the indicators characterizing the functional state of the anal closure system: average (ARP) rest anal pressure and maximum squeezing anal pressure (MSP). A statistically significant direct relationship was found between high degree of tightness between the degree of impaired function of the rectum closure system and the age of the patient (Rxy = 0.76, p = 0.005), and the duration of wearing the stoma (Rxy = 0.82, p = 0,0072). The mathematical model of the dependence of the degree of insufficiency of the anal sphincter on the age of patients and the duration of stoma wearing is characterized by a correlation coefficient Rxy = 0.72, a significance coefficient p <0.001.

Conclusions. The results of analysis make it possible to assess the condition of the rectal closure system before reconstructive intervention and identify factors affecting it.
The role of a nurse in the care of patients after kidney transplantation
Authors: Suleimenova B. Ye. , Kusainova A. K. , Galimova G. Z. , Yablonskaya V. Yu. , Voronova S. G. , Kispayeva T. T.
Published: December 2023

This work is devoted to studying the role of the nurse in the postoperative period in accompanying patients who were kidney recipients. Over the past decade, more than 200 successful donor kidney transplant operations have been performed in the Republic of Kazakhstan, articles describing operation statistics, medical tactics and clinical cases have been published, but there are no studies on the importance of postoperative care and the role of nurses in this process. Nursing care used after kidney transplantation should not be limited; nursing staff, in the modern development of nursing services, independently conducts nursing diagnostics, provides nursing support and is an important component of the team on which the successful outcome of the operation depends.
Economics of mustard (Brassica juncea)-based crop sequences
Authors: M. L. SHARMA  , G. S. BHARADWN ANDY. S. CHAUHAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1989--90 and 1990--91 on the Inceptisol soil of Gwalior, to study the economics of mustard [Brassica jurrcea (L.) Czernj. & Cossonl-based crop sequences. ?he crop sequence of blackgram (Plraseolus rr~urrgo L.)--mustard gave the maxinlum net returns of Rs 14,646ha. followed by fodder sorghum [Sorghu~~i bicolor (L.) Moenchl-mustard (Rs 13,627ha) and fodder pearlmillet [Peru~iseturtr ghucurrr (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntzl-mustard (Rs 13.585ha).
Effect of ammonium polyphosphate on the yield of soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: S. C. JAIN  , S. S. KUSHWAHA
Published: December 2023

- A field experiment was conducted during the rainy seasons of 1987 and 1988 at Indore to determine the effect of ammonium polyphosphate and orthophosphate sources on soybean [Glycine ma* (L.) Merr.]. Liquid fertilizer ammonium plyphosphate showed an edge over the conventional P sources, single superphosphate, diamnionium phosphate and NPK complex. as increase in soybean yield was 9.6-13.096. The enhancement in yield due to ammonium plyphosphate was accompanied by a conspicuous . improvement in pod-bearing and seed quality of soybean. Increase in level of P,O, application increased in the soybean production in both years under rainfed conditions.
Effect of irrigation and moisture-conservation practice on growth, yield and quality of cotton (Gossypium species) as summer and rainy-season crops in central Uttar Pradesh
Authors: R. P. SINGHAM) SURAJ RHAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment conducted during 1987 and 1988 showed possibility for cultivation of cotton (Gossypium sp.) as summer crop and as a ratoon crop (second flush) during the rainy season, with an average productivity of 24.4 qha (12.8 qha from summer crop and 11.6 qha from ratoon crop). The summer crop required 10 irrigations administered at 80 mm cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) for optimum production. However, use of mulch along with, application of jalshakti @ 5 kgha in furrows considerably reduced the irrigation requirement of summer crop. From an overall consideration of yield, return, water economy, water-use efficiency, easy availability of mulching material, 6 irrigations at 120 mm CPE may be provided to summer crop of Vikas cotton superimposed with maize-stover mulch in between the crop rows.
Chemical weed control in fodder sorghum (Sorghunt bicolor)
Authors: R. S. BALYAN  , R. K. MALlKANDR. S. PANWAR
Published: December 2023

Of the many production constraints, constituting 94% of the total weed flora. presellce and coi~~petition from weeds seem Other weeds were latiithuria [Digera Mart.; syn., D. arvensis Forssk], to be of parmount importince in rainy- ntrrricata (L) seilson crops. Weeds culminate forage or nut grass (Cyperus rotlrndus L.) and inakra dry-matter yield reduction to an extent of [Dactyloctenium aegypticunz (L.) Willd.]. 1554% (Singh, 1988; Raghuvanshi el Visual toxicity of atrazine was significantly u1.,1990). Acceptabilily of atrazine by higher with higher doses on both the weeds. famier scan be more if its post-emergence Atrazine @ 0.25 or 0.5 kglha applied 7 or 14. -~- application is effective. days after sowing showed higher toxicity on i The field experi~nc~~t was conducted at both weeds than its pre-emergence and late Hisar during Ulc rainy seasons of 1990 and post-emergence (21 days after sowing) 1991 to study the chemical control of weeds application. 2, 4-D sodium salt @ 0.25 kg/ha in fodder sorghum [Sorglnrt~~. bicolor (L.) gave 80-95% control of carpet weed when Moench]. The field soil was sandy loam in applied 7-21 days after sowing, but failed to tcxture, medium in organic carbon. and control the barnyard grass. All the herbicide feitility: and was slightly alkaline in reaction treatments significantly reduced the total (PI-I 8.1). Sorghun~ JS 20 was sown on 26 weed weight compared with the unweeded July 1990 arid 5 June 1991. The 10 and 13 control. Atrazine @ 0.5 kg/l~a significantly weed-control treatments (Table 1) were reduced the weed weight than atrazine @ ...- replicated 3 times in randomized block 0.25 kg/ha at all h e stages of application design wid1 a plot size of 4.5 m x 3.15 m. except 21 days after sowing in both the Visual toxicity of weed-control treatments seasons. Average date of 2 seasoils revealed on weeds was recorded 45 days after sowing that atrazine application at 7 or 14 days after using a.scale of 0 to 100, where 0, 110control sowing proved either equally effective or and 100, complete control. The dry weight better in minimizing weed weight than its . of weeds was recorded 45 days after sowing early recommendation (as per-emergence). and fodder yield of crop at 70 days after The 2,4-D was only specifically effective on sowing. Fodder yield in 1990 could not be broad-leaf weeds. recorded due to heavy rains. Fodder yield of crop clearly revealed no - .- Major weeds of the experimental field toxicity on crop as well as superiority of wcre carpet weed (Trianthertta atrazine applicatio~~ on 7 and 14 days after porrl4luca,str~rt,1 L. and ban1 yardgrass sowing at both the rates compared with ils [Echitzochlau colotzr411~ (L). Link] pre-emergence or late pos t-emergence (21
Response of summer sesame (Sesamum indicum) to irrigation and nitrogen in calcareous soil
Authors: ASHOK KUMAR  , T. N. PRASAD
Published: December 2023

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). has been translocation of nutrients as well as recently introduced as summer crop in north maintenance of proper hydration for proper Bihar. Therefore its agronomic parameters functioning of biochemical reactions. Like are required to be standardized for realizing irrigation, N also favourably influenced its full yield potential. Keeping this in view, sesame yield. The maximum seed yield was a field experiment with 5 irrigations and 4 recorded at 90 kg Nha and each successive nitrogen levels (Table 1) was conducted increase in N over no N resulted in during summer 1990 at Pusa. significant increase in yield. The yield in The experiment was conducted in general was low due to high pH and high randomized block design with 3 replications. CaCO, in soil. The soil was sandy loam with pH 8.5 and Response to irrigation (Y =LO19 + 0.063X) free CaCO, 25.4%. The soil had organic and nitrogen (Y = 1.32 + 0.01 X) was linear. carbon 0.43%, P,O, 11.9 kg and q O 109 kg/ The highest oil content in seed was ha. The field capacity and permanent wilting observed at an IW : CPW ratio of 0.5 point were 21.5 and 8.2 in 0-30 cm soil (46.03), being on a par with similar number layer respectively, whereas bulk density in of irrigation 30 and 60 days after sowing the same layer was 1.45 glcc. The (46.01%) and significantly higher than no experiment was sown on 21 February 1990 irrigation and other soil-moisture regimes. and harvested on 5 June 1990. Entire N was The highest oil content was obtained at 30 applied at sowing as per treatment. A depth kg- Nha compared with no N and higher of 6 cm was applied in each irrigation. The levels of 60 and 90 kg Nha. water-table depth was always below 4 m and Number of capsules/plant, number of therefore did not contribute in water supply seeds/capsule and 1,000-seed weight to root zone. increased significantly up to 3 irrigations. The maximum yield was recorded at an Number of capsules/plant and 1,000-grain irrigation water depth : cumulative pan weight increased up to 30 kg Nha, whereas evaporation (IW : CPE) ratio of 0.7 with 3 number of seedslcapsule increased up to 90 imgations, followed by 2 irrigations at 30 kg Nha. and 60 days after sowing (Table l).The In the present investigation, 3 irrigations results confum the findings of Ghosh and based on IW : CPE ratio of 0.7 were Biswas (1984) and Rai et al. (1984). Higher economically superior to ali other irrigation yield with 3 irrigations was due to proper levels (Table I). The highest net income was moisture in the root zone which helped in recorded up to 90 kglba, however it was on
Stability and economics of crop sequences under assured water supply .
Authors: N. K. UMRANI  , A. C. JOSHI  , S. M. KAREPPA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during 1981.-1986 to study the stability and economics of the multiple-crop sequences under assured water supply. The sequences included cereals, pulses, oilseed and forage crops. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor 6.) Moenchl-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Pao1.)-groundnut (Arachir hypogaea L.) was the most stable sequence, giving the maximum net returns. Inclusion of summer groundnut in the sequence increased the net returns. Short-duration pulses and ra- tooning of sorghum were highly unstable over period of time. Sorghum-gram (Cicer anerinu;n L.)-pearlmillet [Pennirehrrn glnucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz] (for fodder) was also productive and stable crop sequences. Judged from calories productivity sorghum-gram-pearlmillet (fodder) was the best sequence. Based on the protein productivity cowpea (fodder)-sorghum-groundnul was found to be the best sequence.
Production gotearatid and energy-use eff~neiency of rice (OVZQ sativa)-based croppinag systems
Authors: P. JAYAPAUL  , S. PURUSHOTHAMAN  , V. VEERABADRAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1986-88 at Madurai with 5 diierent rice ( O w sntiva L.)- based cropping systems. 2 fertilizer levels and 2 irrigation regimes. Ihe production potential in terms of rice-yield equivalent was more in groutidnut (ArachL hypogaea L.) + blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.) - rice - sesame (Sesamum udicum L.) sequence. Irrigating the rice crop to 5 cm depth on the day of &is- appearance of ponded water and irrigating the rainy-season and summer crops at 0.75 and 0.60 irrigation water depth .gni(llative pan evaporation (lW : CPE) ratios respectively gave highest rice-grain yield equivalence. Recommended level of irrigation and fertilizer NPK based on soil test enabled higher utili- zation of solar energy.
Production potential and economic feasibility of different rice (Oryza saliva)-based cropping sequences
Authors: S.L. JADHAO  , M.L. JOSHI
Published: December 2023

A 3-year (1988-91) experiment having 7 rice (Oryza sativa L.)-baszd crop sequences. viz. rice-fallow-rice, rice-fallow-groundnut (A~.achis hypogaea L.), rice-French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)-groundnut, rice-wheat (Triticum kstivum L. emend. Fiori & Pao1.)-greengram (P. radiatus L.), rice-gram (Cicer arietinum L.)-sunflower (Helianihus annuus L.), rice-sunflower-cowpea [ V i g ~ unguicularn 6.) showed that the rice-French bean-groundnut Walp.] and rice-groundnut-greengram, recorded the maximum grain productivity, gross returns, rice-grain equivalent, net returns (Rs 29,464ha) and land-utilization efficiency, follo~ed by rice-fallow-groundnut (Rs 24,932ha). Rice- wheat-greengram sequence also showed more grain productivity, gross and net returns than rice-fallow-rice, a traditional sequence.
Intercropping in castor (Ricinus communis) under dryland condition in Rajasthan
Authors: I. N. GUPTA  , S. S. RATHORE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1987-88 to 199C-91 on silty-loam soil to select a suitable rainy-season crop for intercropping with castor (Ricinus commu~~is L.). The highest mean castor- equivalent seed yield (25.16 qha), land-equivalent ratio (1.43). net return (Rs 12,995ha) and monetary advantage (Rs 39.07ha) were obtained by intercropping 2 rows of greengram (Phareolus rudiafus L.) in between the castor crop sown at 1 m row spacing. This was followed by castor + blackgram (P. mungo L.) (2 rows) and castor + groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (2 rows).
Performance of summer rice (Oryza sativa) to varying levels of nitrogen
Authors: R.B. THAKUR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 1987 and 1988 to evaluate the performance of 7 varieties of rice ( O m sdiva L.) in response to nitrogen levels. A marked increase in all the growth the yield-attributing characters was observed with increase in N levels. Among the varieties tested, ET 6148 showed superiority to other varieties in 1987 and it was similar to ET 3279, Saket 4, ET 6263 and IET7617 in 1988, but showed superiority to ET 7613 only.
Effect of enriched farmyard manure and fertility level on yield of Japanese barnyard. millet (Echinochloa fmmentacea) under rainfed condition
Authors: V. SINGH  , M. P. S. ARYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during tbe rainy (khanj) seasons of 1989 and 1990 under rainfed condition to study the effect of enriched farmyard manure and N, P and K fertilizer on yield of Japanese barnyard mllet (Echinochloa frumenfucea Link), with, 3 levels of fapyard manure [O, 5 and 0.75 P K 5 20 (enriched) tonnesha] and 4 fertility levels ( N : : @ 10 : : 5.20 : 10 : 10,30 : 15 : 15 and 40 : : 20 kgha). The maximum grain (16.4 qha) and straw (88.1 qha) yields were obtained with 5 tonnes farmyard manureha. The grain yield (16.5 qha) increased with the increasing fertility levels up to 30 kg N : 15 kg P,O, : 15 kg $Oha. There was a significant and positive relationship between yield- contributing characters and yield.|| Japanese barnyard millet (Echinochloa levels of farmyard manure [O,. 5 and 0.75 frumentacea Link) is an important food and (enriched) tonneslha] and 4 . fertility levels fodder crop of Uttar Pradesh hills. Since it is (10 : 5 : 5,20 : 10 : 10,30 : 15 : 15 and 40 : grown under rainfed conditiov with limited 20 : IT- ant! K/ha respectively)
Evaluation of new field pea (Pisum sativum) genotypes in relation to plant density
Authors: R. C. SINGH  , MEHAR SD{GH  , R. KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field study carried oilt at Hisar during the winter seasons of 1989-90 and 1990-91 showed that Apama and HFP 8712. being at par with DMR 4 and KPFD 1 field pea (Pisum sativum L. sensu lato), gave significantly more yield than HFP 8710 and Pant P 9. The Pant P 9 pea was found significantly poor yielder. Genotypes also varied significantly in yield attributes, i.e. pods/plant, 100-seed weight and plant height HFP 8712 performed better (31.77 qha) with 500.000 plantstha in 20 cm X 10 cm plant geomehy and DMR 4 responded 330,000 planma only with 30 cm x 10 cm geomehy.
Contribution of production factors in growth, yield and economics of blackgram (Phaseolus mungo)
Authors: G. P. SRIVASTAVA  , V. C. SRIVASTAVA
Published: December 2023

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Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum) genotypes to nitrogen and phosphorus
Authors: T. SINGH  , K. N. SINGH  , AMARJIT S. BALI  , G. N. BHATT
Published: December 2023

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Integrated nitrogen-supply system for finger millet (Eleusine coracana)
Authors: A. ALWAR ARUNACHALAM  , V. VEERABADRAN  , A. MUTHUSANKARANARAYANAN
Published: December 2023

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Chemical and cultural weed control in irrigated soybean (Glycine max )
Authors: K. RAMAMOORTHY  , M. RAMASAMY  , K. VAIRAVAN
Published: December 2023

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Response of desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum) to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilization in western Uttar Pradesh
Authors: S. K. TOMAR ANDB. P. DHYANI
Published: December 2023

Three different trials with nitrogen, phos- 1,521 kglha. However, increase in flower phorus and potassium were conducted on initiation and plant height decreased the Lohit desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum seed-cotton yield considerably. These results L.) during the rainy (kharif) season of 1987, are partly in accordance with the findings 1988 and 1989 at Bulandshahr. The soil was reported3by Brar et al. (1992). sandy loam in texture with pH 7.5, organic Application of 60 kg Pha gave the high- carbon 0.57%, cation-exchange capacity 9.6 est seed-cotton yield, which differed signifi- meq1100 g, available P 12.4 kglha and K cantly from 0, 20 and 80 kg Pha. However, 208 kg/ha. The treatments comprising com- it did not show any significant difference binations of 6 levels of N and 5 levels each from 40 kg Pha for seed-cotton yield. On an of P and K (Table 1) were tried in random- average, the increase in seed-cotton yield ized block design with 5 replications for ni- with 40 and 60 kg Pha over 0, 20 and 80 kg trogen and 6 replications for P and K trials. Pha was 16.64 and 18.46, 14.46 and 16.19 The P and K were applied as basal dose and and 17.63 and 19.46% respectively. Appli- N in 2 splits (half as basal and rest half top- cation of P up to 30 kglha i n c r ~ dthe - dressed at flowering). The crop was sown seed-cotton yield significantly over the con- during the second fortnight of May in each trol. Shama et al. (1988) also reported in- ear. The pooled data of 3 years were creased seed-cotton yield with P. The sig- , kdysed statistically. nificant increase in yield of seed-cotton due The variation in seed-cotton yield due to to P is attributed to flower initiation, number different levels of N was significant .and the of bolls and boll weight. No significant re- maximum seed-cotton yield was obtained sponse was observed with the application of with 60 kg Nha (Table 1). There was an in- potassium. crease owing to 60 kg Nha in seed-cotton The N and P curvilinear regression of or- yield by 65.6, 34.6,4.6, 27 and 77.9% over thogonal polynomial was significant. The 0, 30, 90, 120 and 150 kgha respectively. functiona1,relationships between seed-cotton The results confirm the findings of yield and N and P were best fitted by the Bharadwaj et al. (1988). The significant in-u equations (Table 2). crease in yield-contributing characters, viz. The yield response was 1,438.32 kglha at number of bolls and boll weight, with 60 kg the economic optimum rate of 74.44 kglha Nlha application resulted in yield up to for N and 1,634.84 kglha at the optimum
Yield and nutrient uptake by fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) as influenced by nitrogen, phosphorus and potash
Authors: I H. J. DETROJA  , N. M. SUKHADIA  , D. D. MALAVIA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the randomized block design with 3 replica- winter season of 1991-92 at Instructional tions. The soil was clayey in texture having Farm, Janagadh, to work out nitrogen, phos- pH 7.8, organic carbon 0.6%, total N 0.06%, phorus and potassium requirement of available P,O, 28.1 kglha and K,O 126.4 fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). kg/ha. Half the dose of N and full dose of P Eighteen treatment comlbinations compris- and K were applied basal in the form of ing 3 levels each of N (0, 30 and 60 kgha) wea,single superphosphate and muriate of and P (0, 60 and 120 kglha) and 2 levels of potash respectively. The remaining N was :- K (0 and 30 kglha) were tried in a factorial top-dressed 45 days after sowing. \ Table 1. Influence of NPK fertilization on seed and straw yields and nutrient uptake by fenugreek crop
Nitrogen requirement of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) + pulse intercropping systems
Authors: P. R. V. SINGH  , M. S. ARYA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy seasons of 1990-92 to study nitrogen need of barnyard millet [Echinochloafrumentacea(L.)Link]+ pulse intercropping system. Three levels of nitrogen (50.75 and 160% of recommended dose) were tested in barnyard millet intercropped with each of hotsegram [Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verd.], rice bean [Vigna umbellata (Thumb.) Ohwi & Ohasi] and Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The highest barnyard millet-yield equivalent (30.11 qtha) was obtained in barnyard millet + ricebean intercropping with 75% of recommended N. The land-equivalent -- ratio (1.40) was also found higher in thesamk treatment compared with other treatments.
Effect of seeding method and herbicide on weeds, and growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: A. K. GOGOI  , H. KALITA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the wlnter seasons of 1988-83 and 1989-90 at Jorhat, to evaluate effectual method of seeding and herbicide for controlling weeds and increasing yield of wheat (Triticum oestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol). Line-sowing and cross-sowing showed equal advantage over broadcast method for higher grain yield. Isoproturon @ 0.75 kgha and 2,4-D @ 0.8 kgha were equally effective in controlling weeds and improving the growth and yield components as well as grain yield of wheat, which were comparable with hand-weeding system.
Integrated nitrogen management in Bhagyalakshmi chewing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Authors: P. SUBBIAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1990-91 to 1991-92 to evaluate integrated nitrogen man- agement in Bhagyalakshmi chewing tobacco (Nicotim tabacwn L.). Substituting 50% N with any one of the organic sources, viz. poultry manure, farmyard manure, enriched coir pith and nwm-cake, and ap- plying the remaining 50% N as urea recorded higher green- and cured-leaf yields over application of 100% recommended dose of N as urea alone. Azospirillurn with 75% recommended dose of N as urea and soil application of 50% recommended dose of N as urea along with foliar spray of the remaining 50% N as 2% urea were also found better Nmanapement practices than soil application of 100 of recommended dose of N as urea alone.
Sustainable yield of rainy-season oilseed crops in Satpura plateau zone of Madhya Pradesh
Authors: S. K. PANNASE  , N. S. THAKUR  , S. D. SAWARKAR
Published: December 2023

New agricultural technology increased and K @ 20, 26.2 and 16.66 kgha; 30, 13.1 the production of oilseeds by 1.5-3.0 times and 8.3 kgha; 20, 8.73 and 0 kglha; 20, in recent years. The higher productivity can 26.2 and 16.16 kgha; and 40, 17.46 and 0 be achieved with soil and water conserva- kgha respectively were applied for soybean, tion, use of input-responsive varieties, mod- sesame, niger, groundnut and castor. In soy- erate dose of fertilizer and pest control. All bean and groundnut, fertilizer was dressed such practices guarantee sustained produc- basal whereas in sesame and niger P and K tivity over a wide range of environments in were applied basal and nitrogen was given different yeas at the same location. in 2 splits- two-thirds at sowing and one- A field experiment was conducted during third at 30 days after sowing in standing the rainy seasons of 1988-90 on farmers crog. In castor half dose of N was applied fields to study sustainable yield of oilseed basal, one-fourth N nt 30 days and the re- crops in soil ranging from low to medium in maining at 60 days. Inter-culture operations fertility. The soil texture vaied from sandy and insect-control measures were under- clay to loamy clay and clayey. The available taken as per the crop need. The control in- N was 200-240, P 6-12.5 and K 480-620 cluded desi varieties with less fertilizer dose kgha, with pH 7.1-7.6. Oilseed crops, viz. and no insect-control measures. Soybean, soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], sesame groundnut, and sesame crops were harvested (Sesamum indicum L.), niger [Guizotia at maturity in October; nigher in November; abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.], groundnut (Arachis and castor in December. Yield data were hypogaea L.) and castor (Ricinus communis statistically analysed (Singh et al., 1990) for L.), were grown rainfed during the rainy computation of sustainable-yield index. season. Improved seeds of soybean varieties A total of 846, 606 and 1,022 mm rains JS 72-44 and JS 75-46, sesame N 32 were recorded in 65,41 and 55 days respec- and JT 7, niger Ootacmund and IGP tively during 1988, 1989 and 1990. The 76, groundnut JL 24 and Gangapuri, minimum yield was achieved in niger and castor Aruna and 48-1 were tested. Seeds the maximum in soybean compared with of all crops after inoculation (soybean and sesame (Table 1). Yields recorded in treat- groundnut) and after treatment with fungi- ments were 2-3 times higher with high sus- cide were sown in June at the onset of mon- tainable yield index than the control. The soon except niger which was sown in second control yield showed minimum of 1.61 qlha fortnight of July. Full fertilizer doses of N; P in niger and maximum of 16.15 qlha in soy-
Influence of irrigation and nitrogen on safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)
Authors: GAJENDRA GIRI
Published: December 2023

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is sown at the distance of 45 cm on 6 and 11 one of the most suitable oilseed crops for November and harvested on 9 and 4 May in drylands owing to its deep root-system and respective years. In the 2 years, first irriga- spiny nature of leaves. However, high-yield- tion was applied on 21 December and 7 ing, spineless varieties of safflower have January, i.e. 45 and 57 days after sowing, re- been developed to make this crop widely spectively. In the respective seasons second adaptable. Since most of the information irrigation was applied on 19 and 25 March, available on imgation and nutrient manage- i.e. 133 and 134 days. During 2 respective ment aspects of safflower pertains to spiny seasons a total rainfall of 99.3 mm in 7 varieties, it becomes imperative to study the splits and 59.5 mrn in 5 splits was recorded. effect of imgation and doses and time of ni- Safflower responded to irrigation and trogen application on recently developed showed improvement in seed yield (Table spineless varieties of safflower. 1). However, results were significant during An experiment was conducted during the winter season (rabi) of 1990-91 and Table 1. Effect of irrigation and doses and time of N application on seed yield of safflower 1991-92 at New Delhi. The soil was sandy loam, low in organic carbon (0.42%) and Treatment Seed yield (qtha) medium in available phosphorus (18.0 kg PI ha) and potassium (213 kg Wha), with pH 7.8. Bulk density, field capacity and wilting Irrigation point of soil up to 30 cm depth was 1.51 gl No irrigation 14.1 cc, 19 and 7% respectively. 1 irrigation (rosette 14.0 The treatments comprising 4 levels of ir- termination) rigation (no imgation, 1 imgation at rosette 1 irrigation (flowering) 15.6 termination, 1 at flowering and 2 irriga- 2 irrigations 1 each 14.9 at rossette termination + tions, 1 each at resette termination and flow- flowering ering stages) formed the main plots. Five CD (P = 0.05) NS treatments of nitrogen, viz. 2 doses (40 and 80 kgtha) in combination with 2 stages of its N application application (sole at sowing and half at sow- 0 12.1 ing + half at first irrigation) along with 1 40 kglha, sole 13.7 absolute control, were assigned to snbplots. 80 kglha, sole 15.8 Thus 20 treatment combinations were tested 40 kglha, split 15.6 in split-plot design, replicated 3 times. 80 kglha, split 16.2 Spineless variety JSI 7 of safflower was CD (P = 0.05) 1.5
Pearlmillet (Penniseturn g2uucum)-based crop mixtures under rainfed conditions
Authors: B. L. SHARMA  , P. K. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A Field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Durgapura, during the rainy (kharifi season of 1992 and 1993 to work out most remunerative mixed or intercropping system of pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz] and legumes compared with solid pearlmillet under rainfed condition. Sowing with mixture of 75% of the recommended seed rate of pearlmillet+ 25% of the recommended seed rate each of greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.), cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and clusterbean [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taubert] gave the highest economic return (Rs 9,67l/ha), followed by mixture of 50% of the recommended seed rate of pearlmillet + 25% of the recom- mended seed rate each of greengram, cowpea and clusterbean (Rs 9,338/ha), which was 19 and 14.9% higher than that of solid pearlmillet. The solid pearlmillet gave an economic r e m of Rs 8,125ha
Effect of fertilizer, weed control and row spacing on summer blackgram (Phaseolus mungo)
Authors: M. MISHRA  , A. MISRAZ
Published: December 2023

A field experiment conducted in 1989 and 1990 showed thrit there was no significant influence of fertil- ity levels (50,100 and 150%) on the grain yield of summer blackgram (Phaseolus mungo L.), though 50% recommended dose produced max~mum net profit (Rs 886ha) and net profit per rupee (0.28). Weed-free condition resulted in the maximum grain yield (7.37 qha), followed by chemical + mechanical method (6.77 qha) and farmers practice (5.50 qlha). However, the net profit (Rs 1,50O/ha) and the net retum per rupee invested (0.46) were the highest with chemical + mechanical method. Though no significant differ- ence existed with varying row spacings, the net profit (Rs 1,000) and the net retum per rupee invested (0.33) were higher with 30 cm row spacing.
Integrated weed management and nitrogen in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) and their residual effect on succeeding greengram (Phaseolus radiatus)
Authors: B. B. KANERIA  , Z G. PATEL
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted on Vertisol of Navasari during 1989--90 and 1990-91 to study the effect of weed-control practices and nitrogen in Indian mustrard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] and their residual effect on succeeding greengram (Phareolus radiatus L.). Ten weed-management treatments were laid out in split-plot design with 3 replications. The greengram cmp was superimposed in summer with 2 levels of nitrogen in split-split-plot design. Though higher yield was obtained with weed-free condition, comparable yield was recorded with 2 hand-weedings, pendimethalin alone or supplemented with hand- weeding owing to effective weed control. Higher yield was also obtained with 90 kg Nlha but remained at par with 75 kg Nha, indicating better utilization of applied N. Higher uptake of nutrients (NPK) was recorded with weed-free condition and graded doses of N. Like- wise, higher oil yield was obtained with these treatments. The weed-minagement practices as well as nitro- gen application followed in preceding Indian mustard crop did not leave any residue to affect the yield of succeeding crop of greengram adversely or favourably. However, the seed yield of greengram was signifi- cantly increased with 20 kg Nlha.
Effect of sand application on rainfed groundnut (~rachis hypogaea) in arid tropics
Authors: V. MUNASWAMY  , G. I. LAZARUS  , T. YELLAMANDA REDDY  , K. VENKAT RAJU
Published: December 2023

The field experiment as well as verification trial were conducted to study the direct and cumulative ef- fect of sand application to Alfisols on soil physical properties and productivity of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in arid tropics. The treatments for the field experiernent were 5 levels of sand, viz. 0, 10.20, 30 and 40 tonnesha, and for verification trial 3 doses of sand (0,20 and 40 tonnesha) and continuous ap- plication for 2,3 and 4 years of above doses. Sand was applied at the time of preparatory cultivation. The soil infiltration rate increased by 77.8% with sand @ 30 tonnesha over the control (25.1 mmlhr). Crust strength of top 2-5 cm layer decreased by 17.7-39.65% during first year of sand application (40 tonnest ha) over no sand application. Higher percentage of mature pods to total pods was.observed with sand appli- cation due to less soil mechanical resistance in the pod zone (top 2-5 cm of soil). Pod yield increased with increase in sand application over the control, which ranged from 13.2 to 57.1% over years. The cumulative effect of sand application was also observed up to 4 years. Harvest index was improved by 5.7% with sand application compared with no sand application.
Evaluation of different cropping systems under 3 irrigated upland conditions
Authors: K. S. GANGWAR  , S. K. SHARMA AM) R. K. TOMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during emend. Fiori & Paol.), Pant G 114 gram rainy and winter seasons of 1990-91 and (Cicer arietinum L.) and Varuna Indian 1991-92 at Modipuram, to evaluate mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & productivity and profitability of different Cosson] in the winter were tested in cropping systems under irrigated upland randomized block design with 3 conditions of western Uttar Pradesh. replications. Respective recommended The soil of experimental field was sandy package of practices were followed in each loam having organic carbon 0.47%. crop. available P,O, 19 kglha and available &O Yield of rainy-season and winter-season 238 kgha with slightly alkaline reaction. crops and total productivity of different Six cropping systems involving Saket 4 cropping systems in terms of wheat rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Ganga Safed 2 equivalent showed a perceptible variation maize (Zea mays L.) in rainy season and (Table 1) and recorded significantly higher HD 2329 wheat (Triticum aestivum L. total productivity (1 17.7 qha) in rice-wheat
Productivity and economics of chilli (Capsicum annuurn)-based intercropping systems under different fertility levels
Authors: B. MALLANGOUDA  , G. S. SULIKERI  , B. G. MURTHY  , N. C. PRATHIBHA
Published: December 2023

Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) is a pre- size of 4.5 m x 4.5 m. The common spacing dominant crop of the transitional belt of of 30 cm x 7.5 cm was followed for garlic, Dharwad in Karnataka. However, a single- onion and coriander, but for chilli it was 90 crop system can be converted into double-or cm x 45 cm. Six-week-old seedlings of chilli multiple-crop system under rainfed condi- were transplanted 1 month after sowing of tion. Hence the present study was under- companion crops. taken to increase the cropping intensity by The highest gross return was obtained in selecting the suitable companion crop in chilli + garlic companion cropping with rec- chilli and to find out suitable economic fer- ommended dose of fertilizer + FYM, fol- tilizers level for both crops. lowed by chilli + coriander with recomended The study was conducted at Dharwad dose of fertilizer + FYM (Table 1). It may be during the rainy season of 1989 and 1990 on due to higher yield of main crop of chilli. medium deep-black soil. The soil had avail- However, this trend was not true with chilli able nitrogen 0.064%, available phosphorus + onion with recommended dose of fertiliz- 0.008% and available &O 0.014%, with pH ers + FYM, wherein the maxium contribu- 7.6. The treatments consisted of 3 cropping tion to gross return was from the companion systems, viz. chilli + garlic ~Allium sativum crop (onion) rather than from main crop. L.), chilli + onion (Allium cepa L.), and The least gross return was recorded in chilli chilli + coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), + garlic system without fertilizer + FYM and 5 fertilizer levels, viz. recommended (control). This may be due to the lower yield dose of NPK alone for both crops, recom- levels of both main crop as well as compan- mended dose of NPK + farmyard ion crops (Table 1). manure(FYM) for both crops, 50% of rec- The net return was also higher in chilli + ommended dose of NPK +FYM for both garlic with recommended dose of fertilizer + crops, FYM alone for both crops, and the FYM. It may be due to higher economic control. The recommended dose of fertiliz- yield and good market prices for the main ers for garlic, onion and coriander were 125, crop, though cost of cultivation was highest. 62.5 and 62.5 kgtha, 125, 50 and 125 kgha But chilli + coriander system with recom- and 37.5, 37.5 and 37.5 kglha of N, P and K mended dose of fertilizer + FYM was the respectively. The recommended dose of next best treatment for net returns. This was FYM was 25,000 kglha to each crop. The due to lowest cost qf cultivation (Table 1). treatments were replicated 4 times in facto- The least net return was obtained under chilli rial randomized block design with a plot + garlic without fertilizer and FYM (control).
Performance of greengram (Phaseolus radiatus) and blackgram (P. mango) genotypes to dates of planting during summer
Authors: V. P. JAISWAL
Published: December 2023

Recently high-yielding varieties suitable design keeping planting dates in main plot for spring or summer cultivation have been and genotypes in subplots and replicated 4 evolved, requiring their evaluation under times. Sowing was done in rows at 30 cm different agro-ecological regions. The per- apart using 30 kg seed rateha. A basal dose of formance of greengram genotypes varies as 10 kg>N/ha and 40 kg P20,ka through urea per their specific photo-thermal requirement and single superphosphate respectively was (Faroda et al., 1983; Ali and Meena, 1986; applied. Sowing was done after a pre-sowing Saini and Jaiswal, 1991). Since information irrigation and first post-sowing irrigation was on these aspects is scanty on some released given at 20 days after sowing. Weather was genotypes of greengram and blackgram for almost similar in the last week of March north-western plains, an attempt was made during both the years. Thereafter fluctuations to evaluate the performance of genotypes on in temperature and relative humidity varied different dates of planting in summer. more during 1990 than during 1991. Relative The field experiment was conducted humidity was minimum (22-32%) from during summers of 1990 and 1991 at second week of May to first weak of June Central Potato Research Station, Jalandhar. during 1991 and from first week of May to last The experimental soil was sandy loam in week of May (2630%) during 1990. texture having pH 7.8. The soil had low Analysis of pooled data showed that 25 available N (176 kgtha), medium available March gave the highest grain yield (14.7 q/ phosphorus (25.8 kg P20,/ha) and rich ha) (Table 1). Further delay in sowing available potassium (418 kg qO/ha). The significantly reduced the yield. In 1990, field capacity and wilting point of sowing on 15 March and 5 April reduced expermental field were 17.5% and 9.45% the grain yield by 22 and 37% compared respectively. Treatments comprised with sowing on 25 March. April-sown crop combination of planting dates, viz. 15 reduced the yield drastically, might be due March, 25 March, 5 April, and 2 genotypes to rains at the time of maturity. During the of each greengram (SML 32 and PDM second year, first date of sowing, i.e.15 11) and blackgram (Mash 218 and PDU March, was deleted due to heavy rains. 1). The experiment was laid out in split-plot However, grain yields among 2 dates of
Influence of pre-season crops on productivity of rice (Oryza sativa)-sunflower (Helianthus annuus) sequences and soil- fertility status
Authors: SHARANAPPA  , B. SHIVARAJ
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1989-90 and 1990-91 at Bangalore. Fodder maize (Zen tncrys L.) and green-manure crops, viz. Sesbnnin rostrntcr, sunnhemp (Crotnlorin juncen L.) and soybean [Glycine mrrr (L.) Mill.], were grown as sole crops and as intercrops, viz, maize + sunnhemp, maize + S. rostrtrtcl and maize + soybean in I : I proportion, preceding rainy-season rice (Oryzn sntivn L.). There was a preceding fallow treatment. Green-manures were incorporated into the soil before planting rainy-season rice. Their effects on yield of rice, sunflower and soil-fertility status was studied. Pre-season green-manure crops, viz. S. rostrntn and sunnhemp, improved the nitrogen, phosphorus and potash contents of the soil under rice-sunflower sequence. The biomass yield and the total productivity of rice and sunflower was maximum with S. rostrntn green-manure, followed by sunnhemp green-manure. Incorporation of the green- manure crops grown as intercrop with maize + sunnhemp, maize + S. rostrnm and maize + soybean or sole soybean did not improve the yield significantly. The organic carbon, available N, P and K contents of the soil improved on inclusion of sunnhemp or S. rostrntn in the sequence. Biomass yield and economic yield of nce and sunflower wCre highest with 100 kg Nlha.
Production potential, economics and fertility status of soil as influenced by wheat (Triticum aestivum)-based cropping system
Authors: E. N. PATIL  , S. M. JAWALE  , M. S. MAHAJAN
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted to study the comparative production potential, economics and fertility sta- tus of soil as influenced by wheat (Triticurn nestivurn L. emend. Fiori & Paol.)-based cropping systems, under different fertility levels and addition of organic manures during 1988-89 to 1991-92. The gross as well as net monetary returns of pigeonpea [Cnjmus cnjm (L.) Millsp.1-wheat sequence with recommended dose of fertilizer to both the crops were found remunerative and beneficial than other sequences tried. This crop sequence recorded more land-use efficiency and production efficiency over the others. Fertility status of the soil was also improved by adoption of pigeonpea-wheat sequence, but reduced by cereal--cereal se- quence. The recycling of organic waste was found beneficial in saving the applied as well as efficient in enriching the soil health. Amongst the recycled organic manures, farmyard manure was more efficient and followed by wheat straw.
Carry-over effect of imazethapyr applied to soybean (Glycine m a ) on wheat (Triticum aestivum) + pea (Pisum sativum) cropping system
Authors: N. N. ANGIRAS  , M. C. RANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1990-91 and 1991-92 to study the residual effect of imazethapyr applied to soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] at different doses and times on wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) and pea (Pisum sativum L. sensu lato) cropping system. Residues of imazehtapyr 200 g/ha (pre-emergence) reduced the population and dry matter of weeds in wheat + pea system significantly. The combined effect of residues of imazethapyr 200 glha and of hand-weeding and isoproturon applied to wheat + pea resulted in weed-control efficiency of 72.1-81.6%. The residues of imazethapyr at different doses did not show phytotoxic effect on the growth, development and yield of wheat and pea crops during both the years. The direct effect of isoproturon and hand-weeding twice in wheat + pea cropping system being statistically at par increased the growth of both the crops and grain yield of wheat sig- nificantly over the unweeded check. But the seed yield of pea and wheat-equivalent yield were significantly higher with hand-weeding twice over isoproturon.
Effect of fertilizers, manure and lime on soybean (Glycine max) grown in mid-hills of Sikkim
Authors: A. SINGHI  , R. P. AWASHTI  , R. D. SINGH
Published: December 2023

An expenment was conducted during rainy season (kharifi of I990 and 1991 to study the effect of graded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, farmyard manure (FYM) and lime and their combinations -. on the yield and yield-attributing characters of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Application of lime 1 . tonneha + FYM 15 tonnesha + full dose of NPK gave significantly higher seed and straw yields of 15.9 and 45.9 qha of soybean respectively over the control.
Effect of biofertilizers, and nitrogen on growth and yield of raya (Brassica juncea)
Authors: D. R; CHAUHAN  , SHASHI PARODA  , D. P. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A 2-year field experiment was conducted at Gurgaon (Haryana) on sandy-loam soil analysing low in or- ganic carbon and available N to evaluate the response of biofertilizers, gypsum and nitrogen fertilizer in raya [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. Results showed that seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Azospirillum significantly increased the seed yield in both the seasons, the mean increase (%) over the sea- sons being 8.2 and 10.9 respectively over no inoculation. Plant height, pod length, podslplant and seedslpod were markedly affected in one out of the two seasons where Azospirillum only recorded higher values of these attributes over no inoculation. Seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Azospirillum recorded bolder seeds in both the seasons. Application of 125 kg gypsumlha favoured the development of yield attributes, viz. podslplant, pod length ind 1,000-seed weight, and consequently increased the seed yield. Gypsum ap- plication also resulted in increased oil content. Higher level of 80 kg Nha recorded highervalues of growth and yield attributes and seed yield over 60 kg Nha. Oil content was, however, adversely affected at the higher level of N.
Effect of weed control and fertilizer placement on weeds, yield components and seed yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: A. K. GOGO  , H.  KALlTA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 1988-89 and 1989-90 at Jorhat, to find out effective method of weed control and fertilizer application to minimize weed interference for higher yield of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. Wheel-hoeing twice at 20 and 40 days af- ter seeding registered 50.3% weed-control efficiency and resulted in the highest seed yield (9.07,qha) by im- proving the yield components. This ww on a par with 2 hand-weedings. Furrow placement of fertilizer sig- nificantly reduced the weed-biomass production by 17.1%, which resulted in a significant increase of 15.2% in crop yield over broadcasting method of fertilizer application.
Effect of Azotobacter and Azospirillum inoculation under graded levels of nitrogen on growth and yield of sugarcane (Saccharum oflcinarum)
Authors: A. M. NAVALEI  , D. B. SHINDE  , B. R. VAIDYA  , S. B. JADHAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment conducted during 1990-91 to 1992-93 with sugarcane (Sacchnrum officinarum L.) indicated that application.of graded levels of nitrogen along with inoculation of 2cultures increased the cane and sugar yields to the extent of 7.30 and 0.78 m tonsha respectively compared with the uninoculated control. The gemination. tillering, number of millable canes, girth and cane height were also improved due to Azotobacter and Azospirillum culture combination. Maximum response was observed in Azotobncter + Azospirillum culture with nitrogen. There was a saving of fertilizer N to the extent of 25-50 kgha and im- provement in soil properties.