bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ices with Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Acid Phosphate for Fish Preservation
Authors: Tarr H. L. A. , Sunderland P. A.
Published: April 2011

Ice containing sodium nitrite plus sodium acid phosphate inhibits bacterial spoilage of dressed chum salmon to approximately the same extent as sodium nitrite ice alone. Intensity of red colour in the cooked muscle of this fish is normally intensified by sodium nitrite.
The Influence of Temperature and Salinity on the Condition of Oysters (Ostrea virginica)
Authors: Medcof J. C. , Needler A. W. H.
Published: April 2011

Below 5 °C. oysters do not change in fatness, as judged by the ratio, dry weight to space between the valves. Between 5 and 15° they get thin. Between 15 and 20° they fatten. Above 20° they may fatten slightly but spawning makes them thin. When the salinity drops below 20‰ no fattening takes place even at temperatures between 15 and 20°.
Sex Reversal In Individual Oysters
Authors: Needler Alfreda Berkeley
Published: April 2011

Among 57 individual oysters (Ostrea virginica) followed from 1932 to 1936, almost every variation occurs from no change in sex to change almost every year. High proportion of unchanging males suggests these as genetically males and the others with apparently random sex determination as hermaphrodites.
The Waters of the Scotian Shelf
Authors: Hachey H. B.
Published: April 2011

In the waters of the Scotian shelf there are: An "upper" layer with temperature in summer above and in winter below 5 °C., and with salinities always less than 32‰; an "intermediate" layer with temperature generally below 5° and with salinities between 32 and 33.5‰; and a "bottom" layer with temperature above 5° and salinities above 33.5‰.From 1934 to 1939, 1934 was the warmest and 1935 the coldest year in these waters. The submarine physiography of the shelf is important in preventing interchange between the deeper waters at the northeast and the remainder.
Surface non-tidal currents in the approaches to Juan de Fuca strait
Authors: Tully John P.
Published: April 2011

The nature of the surface non-tidal circulation in the sea in the approaches to Juan de Fuca strait, latitude 48°30′N., longitude 125°00′W., is interpreted from stream line diagrams, four of which are reproduced. It is shown that the system represents a balance between a wake stream flow from Juan de Fuca strait, which is directly related to the volume of land drainage, and the independent wind-driven currents, which are due to one of the two prevailing coastwise winds in the area.
Death of Salmon and Trout with High Temperature
Authors: Huntsman A. G.
Published: April 2011

Deaths in Moser river, N.S., in 1939 were at time of day, on days, and in locality with highest water temperature. Symptoms were loss of sensitivity to light and very rapid breathing with recovery therefrom in cool water; otherwise followed by loss of equilibrium and cessation of breathing with death. Freshly run grilse died at about 29.5 °C. and acclimated grilse at about 30.5°. Large salmon died first and parr survived. In experiment, the latter died between 32.9 and 33.8°, the smallest at the highest point. Death is considered due directly to temperature.Rainfall after long period of drought brought the salmon from the sea into the river to die where water was shallowest and without cascades, therefore warmest. The very high temperatures and deaths occurred in afternoon from sun's heat and at ends of periods of days with moist air from the ocean and mounting water temperatures, dew point temperatures and mimimal air temperatures.Prevention is seen possible by bringing fish in early with artificial freshets, by constructing low dams to create deep pools and cascades, by making a deep channel or by raising level at critical periods with stored water.
Life History of Lepeophtheirus salmonis
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

Heavy infestations of this copepod in various developmental stages occur on Salmo salar and Salvelinus fontinalis at Moser River, N.S. Males and females occur in about equal numbers. Metanauplius and chalimus stages were present on the fins of the hosts. The male and four of the developmental stages are described and figures given. The parasite feeds on the skin of its host.
Peculiar Variants of the Agonid Fish Odontopyxis trispinosus
Authors: Hubbs Carl L.
Published: April 2011

Two agonid fish from British Columbia are regarded as aberrant, perhaps mutant examples of Odontopyxis trispinosus. Their chief distinctive feature is the fusion, at some point before the dorsal fin, of the dorsal shields and keels, which are normally paired in this region. In this respect only, they approach Bothragonus swanii. The variants show a tendency toward aberrancy in some other characters, but in most respects are typical of Odontopyxis trispinosus.
Atlantic Salmon Redds and Artificial Spawning Beds
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

Atlantic salmon select as redd sites places where the current is accelerating. Eggs in the redd are in definite pockets associated with large gravel and stones, and are not scattered through the redd. The completed redd is figured. In Moser river, Nova Scotia, the spawning beds are poor and few. Eggs are smothered in some redds. Artificial spawning beds were prepared and were promptly used by the salmon. These provide a means of extending the area for successful natural spawning.
Fish Oils.: IX. Certain Fish Oils as Sources of Nutritionally Essential Fatty Acids.
Authors: Bailey B. E.
Published: April 2011

Pilchard oil and two fractions of salmon egg oil, despite their greater unsaturation, proved less effective than methyl linoleate in curing rats suffering from essential fatty acid deficiency. Herring oil, less unsaturated, was even less effective.
Water, Microorganisms and Volatile Bases in Dehydrated Fish
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

The relations of relative humidity (R.H.) to water content in precooked, air-dehydrated fish were determined with reference to the mould, bacterial and volatile-base content of stored samples. In general it was found that visible mould developed only in samples stored at 80% or higher R.H., while bacteria increased only at 85% or higher R.H. Viable bacteria and moulds decreased slowly in samples stored at R.H. too low to support their active multiplication. Total volatile bases and trimethylamine increased in samples stored at R. H. too low for growth of either bacteria or moulds.
Counts of Gill Rakers and Pyloric Caeca in Pink Salmon
Authors: Pritchard A. L.
Published: April 2011

Counts of gill rakers and pyloric caeca on pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) from different rivers in British Columbia overlap in range to such an extent that it would be impossible with any degree of accuracy to assign isolated individuals from an ocean population to a distinct "breeding group" on the basis of these characters. While the comparison of the averages of each character demonstrates significant differences between separate rivers in the same year in some cases, in others no such difference is noticeable. The averages for the characters do not consistently show differences between populations of two succeeding years which are known to be distinct, e.g. those of 1940 and 1941.
Effect of Salting and Smoking on Survival and Growth of Clostridium in Fish.
Authors: Castell C. H. , Anderson G. W.
Published: April 2011

The amount of salt necessary to inhibit the growth of Clostridium in fish increases with the size of inoculum. No growth occurred when 10 per cent salt was added.Salting and smoking destroy the vegetative cells, but not the spores of Cl. sporogenes. The spores in the brine or on the surface of salted fish remain dormant, but viable, for long periods.
Estimation of Corrosion in Canned Herring
Authors: Hollett Andrew
Published: April 2011

Metallic odour and flavour of canned herring in plain cans was found to be proportional to the concentration of extractable iron. There was also a rise in pH with increase of corrosion. No relation was found between the tin content and corrosion, metallic odour and flavour being due largely, if not entirely, to the iron dissolved from the steel base plate.
Observations on the Lake Trout of Great Bear Lake
Authors: Miller R. B. , Kennedy W. A.
Published: April 2011

The lake trout (Cristivomer namaycush) is the principal fish of Great Bear lake. The largest populations were found in semi-isolated bays, with smaller populations in the open lake on one hand and in river mouths and marshy areas on the other. The trout grow very slowly; by three years they are just over three inches (7.6 cm.) long and weigh one ounce (28 g.). A weight of one pound (0.45 kg.) is achieved in their ninth year and two pounds in their fourteenth year. Maturity is reached in from 13 to 17 years; the rate of growth in weight increases after maturity. Mature fish appear to spawn only every second or third year. Spawning begins about the middle of August. The young trout spend their first four summers in shallow water near shore. The adults feed on all food sources in the lake,—plankton, bottom organisms, fish and terrestrial insects. Fish preparing to spawn have pale flesh; others have orange to red flesh. There is some evidence of two morphologically distinct groups, probably resulting from environmental differences. A list of the parasites of the trout is given. A detailed analysis of the incidence of cysts of Triaenophorus crassus indicates that adult trout remain in one locality throughout life.
Efficiency of Natural Propagation of the Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in McClinton Creek, Masset Inlet, B.C.
Authors: Pritchard A. L.
Published: April 2011

Through the medium of specially-designed counting fences, records have been maintained of the adult pink salmon, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, spawning in McClinton creek, Masset inlet, B.C. from 1930 to 1942, of the eggs available for deposition each season and of the fry resulting from these eggs. A loss of 76.2 to 93.1 per cent of the potential egg deposition occurs between the time of upstream spawning migration and the egress of the fry to sea. This mortality is assigned to a number of factors, some of which are briefly discussed. Within certain limits and under reasonably uniform climatic conditions smaller egg depositions provide greater efficiencies of hatch (percentage relationship of numbers of fry migrants to potential egg deposition). There thus appears a tendency toward rebuilding the run, herein termed "resilience," and believed to be closely bound up with the relationship between the fish and its physical and biological environment.
Control of Rancidity in Fish Flesh: II. Physical and Chemical Methods
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Storage of frozen fish in high partial pressures of carbon dioxide or nitrogen effectively prevented fat oxidation and organoleptically detectable rancidity. Carbon dioxide stored fish developed an undesirable flavour not observed in that stored in nitrogen. Ice glazes formed from water or ethyl gallate solutions were about equally effective in delaying fat oxidation in frozen salmon steaks or fillets, but considerably less effective than 1-ascorbic acid or sodium 1-ascorbate glazes. Immersing salmon steaks or fillets in 1-ascorbic acid or sodium 1-ascorbate solutions strongly inhibited fat oxidation. 1-Ascorbic acid and closely related compounds were as effective, or more effective, than ethyl gallate or several other gallic acid derivatives for frozen fish. When 1-ascorbic acid was added to fish flesh its concentration fell rapidly at first, and then very slowly in the frozen fish.
Étude sur la Purification de l'Huile de Loup-Marin
Authors: Dugal L.-C. , Cardin A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning and Goniaulax tamarensis.
Authors: Needler Alfreda Berkeley
Published: April 2011

It is believed that the periodic paralytic poisoning produced by molluscs in certain parts of the bay of Fundy area is caused by Goniaulax tamarensis in the food of the molluscs. The abundance of G. tamarensis is shown to be principally affected by water temperature, by the abundance of Favella ehrenbergii and possibly by the diatom population.
Some Observations Relating to an Unidentified Growth Factor for Young Salmonoid Fishes. I.
Authors: Cooke Norman E. , Tomlinson R. V.
Published: April 2011

The four major components of salmon viscera were tested as food for young trout. It was found that there is a growth-promoting factor in the roe and the milt which is not contained appreciably in beef liver, salmon liver, or salmon digestive tract. It was found also that this factor could be extracted from the roe both by water and by methyl alcohol, but not by petroleum ether.
Changes in Body Chloride, Density, and Water Content of Chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and Coho (O. kisutch) Salmon Fry when Transferred from Fresh Water to Sea Water
Authors: Black Virginia Safford
Published: April 2011

Changes in body chloride, density and water content of chum and coho salmon fry were measured when these fish were transferred from fresh water to sea water, and the reverse. Both species tolerated 50% sea water (8–9‰ Cl). Chum fry survived direct transfer from fresh water to sea water (15–17‰ Cl), but showed a marked increase in body chloride during the first 12 hours, followed by a return to the normal range between 12 and 24 hours. Coho, however, died within the first 36 hours, after a 60% increase in chloride. Coho fry lost more water than chum fry after introduction to sea water. The density of both species approximated that of the water within an hour of transfer to the new medium. When returned to fresh water after 12 hours in sea water the body chloride, density, and water content of both species regained normal levels within 10 hours. Chum salmon go to sea as fry, whereas cohos remain in fresh water a year or more. Although coho fry seem capable of some adjustment to sea water after a preliminary period in 50% sea water, permanent acclimatization could not be demonstrated under the experimental conditions.
On the Planning of Experiments for the Estimation of Fish Populations
Authors: DeLury D. B.
Published: April 2011

Part I contains a discussion of tagging estimates and the errors associated with these estimates. It includes a general formula that covers all types of tagging plan from which are derived the formulae for the Peterson and Schnabel types. Methods of estimating precision are summarized and some simple approximate formulae are presented which should be useful in the planning of tagging experiments.Part II is concerned with population estimates based on catch-effort data. Earlier results are summarized with some simplification of the derivations and some slight extensions.Part III discusses briefly some possibilities when both tagging data and catch-effort records are available.Part IV presents the results of some experimental sampling, using beads of different colours to represent tagged and untagged fish.
The Lake Whitefish in Kerr Lake, New Brunswick
Authors: Smith M. W.
Published: April 2011

Coregonus clupeaformis was taken in a small lake of southern New Brunswick. Although the species had not been known to occur in this region, this population is evidently indigenous. Fish of ages III–V were taken, the largest being 252 mm. in fork length.
The Effects of Tagging upon a Pacific Coast Flounder, Parophrys vetulus
Authors: Manzer J. I.
Published: April 2011

Controlled experiments carried out over a three month period on lemon sole (Parophrys vetulus) show that tagging, using the Petersen type of tag, causes significantly more deaths among females than would normally occur, and it is suggested that this is true also for males. The rate of tagging mortality without competition from other types of mortality, extrapolated over a period of one year, was computed to be 41 and 49 per cent for males and females respectively. In neither sex did fish of different sizes die differentially as regards either the number of deaths or the rate at which they occurred. By affixing tags according to three degrees of looseness (0.76 mm., 1.52 mm., and 2.28 mm.) and to different positions on the fish (the nape, below the dorsal fin at the widest dorso-ventral position, and on the caudal peduncle) it was shown that the loosest attachment, and application below the dorsal fin, caused least injury to the fish, as well as the least number of deaths.
The Relative Toxicity of Certain Metals to Lobsters
Authors: Wilder D. G.
Published: April 2011

Lobsters held in wooden tanks floored with sheets of copper, monel metal, zinc and lead died within 1, 6, 9 and 20 days respectively. Iron, aluminum and stainless steel were non-toxic.
The Importance of Flavobacterium in Fish Spoilage
Authors: Castell C. H. , Mapplebeck E. G.
Published: April 2011

Two hundred and forty-five cultures of Flavobacterium were isolated from fish; 16 per cent reduced trimethylamine oxide; 25 per cent reduced sodium nitrate; 50 per cent were proteolytic; 70 per cent grew at 2 °C. None fermented dextrose or hydrolysed fat.Many of the cultures produced a yellow discoloration but no offensive spoilage odours on fish muscle. Other strongly proteolytic cultures produced putrid odours at 5 to 8 days on fish stored at 3 °C.Under commercial conditions they are not as important in the development of spoilage as the more active achromogenic rods which rapidly outgrow the Flavobacterium on stored fish.
Vertical Temperature Distribution in the Great Lakes
Authors: Hachey H. B.
Published: April 2011

On the basis of temperature observations made in the Great Lakes in the summer months it has been shown that: (a) the maximum depth of the thermocline does not exceed 50 feet, (b) the temperature gradient within the thermocline may be as much as 26 degrees Fahrenheit in 10 feet, (c) the thickness of the surface layer varies considerably with time and position, and can under certain circumstances be entirely removed from an area, and (d) the temperature of the deeper waters approximates to that of the maximum density of fresh water.
Seasonal Variation of Temperature and Salinity of Surface Waters of the British Columbia Coast
Authors: Pickard G. L. , McLeod D. C.
Published: April 2011

Grand monthly means of daily observations of surface sea-water temperature and salinity from twelve light stations along the British Columbia coast during the 13 years 1935 to 1948 have been analysed. In general the temperatures reach a minimum of 45°F. ± 1° (7.2 °C. ± 0.5°) in January and February. The maximum varies from 50° to 64°F. (10° to 18 °C.) in August. The warmest waters occur in bays protected from wind action, and the coldest waters occur in regions of turbulent mixing due to wind or strong currents. The salinity along the mainland coast is a minimum in early summer, associated with the maximum run-off from melting snow. Along the west coast of Vancouver Island the minimum occurs in mid-winter, associated with maximum precipitation which is not stored as snow in this region. At the southern and northern tip of the Queen Charlotte Islands there is little or no variation of salinity because there is no land drainage of consequence in the vicinity.In passes between Georgia Strait and the sea where the waters are mixed to homogeneity by strong tidal currents the annual variation of temperature and salinity is reduced, and in some cases entirely suppressed.On the west coast of Vancouver Island it is shown that the annual cycle is affected by the dominant winds and upwelling of deep ocean waters.
The Slope Water off the Scotian Shelf
Authors: McLellan H. J. , Lauzier L. , Bailey W. B.
Published: April 2011

The slope water off the Scotian Shelf forms a well-defined band between the coastal waters and the Gulf Stream. Its boundaries fluctuate widely with no apparent systematics, sometimes transgressing upon the Shelf.A survey in November 1951 indicates the presence of alternate bands of cold and warm water in the slope water and suggests that these are the direct result of instability in the northern edge of the Gulf Stream. Observed velocities support such a hypothesis. Temperature-salinity relationships indicate that the slope water is formed of waters from the surface layers of the Gulf Stream, surface coastal waters, Labrador waters and deep Atlantic waters which have upwelled under the Gulf Stream.
Certain Aspects of Oceanography in the Coastal Waters of Labrador
Authors: Nutt David C.
Published: April 2011

Oceanographic study of six inlets along the Labrador coast shows that their water comes primarily from the cold Labrador current. Below 50 meters, temperatures are characteristically below zero, and salinities usually between 32 and 33‰. The principal exception is Lake Melville, which, although below zero, is very slightly warmer and freshened to 26–29‰. In summer there is some freshening and warming of the upper layers of all inlets and in the coastal waters; this being detectable down to about 40 meters, or exceptionally to 100 meters. None of the inlets contained stagnant bottom water, although all but one were much deeper inside than at the "threshold". Comparison of 1926 and 1949 observations in similar adjacent inlets gives no indication of warming of the bottom waters over that period.
The Growth Rate of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Wilder D. G.
Published: April 2011

Carapace measurements of lobster larvae caught in the western part of Northumberland Strait showed that in this area the natural growth in length per moult is 34.4 per cent from stage 1 to stage 2, 31.8 per cent from stage 2 to 3, and 30.3 per cent from stage 3 to 4. The seasonal distribution of the first four larval stages was determined from plankton tows made continuously from mid-June to late September each year from 1948 to 1952. To determine natural annual growth, lobsters of 15 to 25 cm., total length, were sorted into five or six size groups and were distinctively marked by means of holes punched through the tail fan. These were liberated on six widely separated fishing grounds in the Maritime Provinces. Recoveries of these marked lobsters four to twelve months after release showed that in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, 15- to 20-cm. lobsters grew 8 to 9 mm. (13 to 15 per cent) in carapace length, 22 to 25 mm. (13 to 14 per cent) in total length and 80 to 95 grams (45 to 53 per cent) in weight. In southern Nova Scotia and Grand Manan 20- to 25-cm. lobsters grew 10 to 12 mm. (13 to 15 per cent) in carapace length, 27 to 34 mm. (12 to 15 per cent) in total length and 170 to 220 grams (43 to 54 per cent) in weight. From the carapace length of 4th-stage larvae and straight-line equations relating carapace length before moulting and carapace length after moulting, the average carapace lengths of lobsters in stages 5 to 20 were calculated. From observations and calculations on the growth per moult and moulting frequency, it is estimated that in the Northumberland Strait area lobsters reach a length of 14 cm. (51/2 in.) at the end of the fifth growing season (41/4 years old) and 24 cm. (91/2 in.) at the end of the ninth growing season (81/4 years).
The Bottom Fauna of Great Slave Lake
Authors: Rawson D. S.
Published: April 2011

THE macroscopic bottom organisms of Great Slave Lake were sampled with more than 600 dredgings in the summers of 1944 to 1947. Additional ecological information was obtained from qualitative collections and from the examination of stomach contents of fish. The large area (10,500 sq. mi.) and extreme depth (2,000 ft.) of the lake necessitated special equipment and sampling procedures which are described.The bottom fauna of Great Slave Lake is typical oligotrophic, dominated by the amphipod Pontoporeia affinis and including several species of sphaeriids (Pisidium), oligochaete worms and chironomid larvae (mostly Spaniotoma). In these respects the bottom population resembles those of Lakes Athabaska, Reindeer, Winnipeg and Michigan. In the extreme depths, 200–600 metres, of Great Slave Lake the bottom fauna is made up of single species of amphipod, ostracod, nematode, oligochaete, sphaeriid and chironomid. Attention is drawn to the contrast between this restricted fauna of a recent glacial lake and the great numbers of species found in ancient lakes such as Baikal and Tanganyika.The average bottom population for the whole lake is 1,603 organisms per square metre and 3.7 kg. dry weight per hectare. However, in Yellowknife Bay the population is double this general average, while in McLeod Bay, of the east arm, it drops to one-quarter. Edaphic, climatic and morphometric factors are discussed in explaining these differences between areas. The bottom population of the upper 50 metres is fairly heavy. It declines rather rapidly from 50 to 150 metres, but is relatively constant from 200 to 600 metres.The heavily silted area off the Slave River Delta has a bottom population heavier than that at similar depths elsewhere in the main lake. Oligochaetes and nematodes are more numerous in the silted area while molluscs and ostracods are much reduced. Bottom organisms provide about 40 per cent of the food of the main fish in the lake. Two species of whitefish and two species of suckers obtain more than 90 per cent of their food from bottom organisms.The average weight of bottom organisms in ten large lakes has been compared and found to show an inverse relation to mean depth. A formula has been derived and a curve drawn to describe this relationship. The implication is that productivity is dominated by morphometric conditions in these large, deep lakes.
Responses of Coho and Chum Salmon Fry to Current
Authors: MacKinnon Dixon , Hoar William S.
Published: April 2011

Chum and coho salmon fry respond positively to changes in water flow by swimming against the current. The magnitude of the response varies with the intensity of the current. Currents eliciting optimum response differ for the two species. Both species respond to the stronger of two parallel laminar currents but, after a time, coho fail to discriminate between small differences while the chums move continuously into the greater flow. No evidence of adaptation is apparent in a two-hour period with rapid complex turbulences. In turbulent water coho fry make a sharper initial response than chum fry but do not seem to maintain the peak response over as wide a range of turbulences.
Experiments with the Harbour Seal, Phoca vitulina, a Definitive Host of a Marine Nematode, Porrocaecum decipiens
Authors: Scott D. M.
Published: April 2011

Infestation experiments carried out in 1947 and 1948 showed that the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) was a definitive host of a larval nematode found in the flesh of the Atlantic cod (Gadus callarias), smelt (Osmerus mordax), Canadian plaice (Hippoglossoides platessoides) and eelpout (Macrozoarces americanus). Adult worms recovered from experimentally infested seals were identified as Porrocaecum decipiens. Some larval Porrocaecum in the four species of fishes studied were P. decipiens.The worms lost their larval characteristics by moulting between the third and sixth day following introduction into the seal. Sexual maturation proceeded rapidly after the eleventh day and some males and females matured before the twentieth day. Maturation was accompanied by a distinct increase in size.
Tidal Current Observations in Hecate Strait
Authors: Mackay Bruce S.
Published: April 2011

Five short series of surface and bottom current measurements were made at one position in Hecate Strait during July 1952. The surface currents were dextro-rotary, while the bottom currents were laevo-rotary and the dominant flows were parallel to the nearby coast-line. At the surface there was evidence of a steady southerly flow of about one-third knot.
The Presence of Androgens in Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum)
Authors: Potter Gilbert D. , Hoar William S.
Published: April 2011

Testes of mature chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta Walbaum) were examined histologically for interstitial cells and extracts of testes assayed biologically for the presence of androgens. The histological examination showed numerous interstitial cells similar to those described in some other fish and in mammals. The bioassay established the presence of androgenic substance (probably testosterone). The amount present in salmon testes was calculated to be roughly equivalent to the amount present in mammalian testes.
A Comparative Study of the Yellowtail Flounder from Three Atlantic Fishing Areas
Authors: Scott D. M.
Published: April 2011

Yellowtail flounders, Limanda ferruginea, from two Nova Scotian fishing areas, Middle Ground and Western Bank, and a southern region near Cape Cod were compared in 1946 with reference to rate of growth, sexual maturity, age and size composition, otolith growth, relative growth of three body parts, and meristic characters. The oldest and slowest-growing fish occurred on Middle Ground, the youngest and fastest-growing fish in the Cape Cod area. Cape Cod yellowtails matured sexually at a much younger age and smaller size than yellowtails from the other regions. Old large fish predominated in commercial catches from Middle Ground and Western Bank; commercial catches from the Cape Cod area were largely composed of young small fish. The 1943 year-class was dominant among the young age-groups on Western Bank; this year-class was scarce in the Cape Cod sample. The yellowtails of each area showed distinctive patterns of otolith growth. Otoliths of Cape Cod yellowtails differed from those of Middle Ground and Western Bank in the relative amount of growth in different years. Cape Cod fish had smaller heads and pectoral fins and larger otoliths than specimens from the other areas. Mean values of dorsal and anal fin-ray numbers were highest in Middle Ground and lowest in Cape Cod fish. Significant differences existed between the numbers of dorsal and anal fin-rays in Cape Cod yellowtails and each of the other samples; Middle Ground and Western Bank samples were not significantly different. Cape Cod yellowtails differed in all respects from either Middle Ground or Western Bank fish and it was concluded that in 1946 the Cape Cod yellowtails formed a distinct population.Western Bank fish, although closely resembling those of Middle Ground, differed from them in some characteristics. It was suggested that the yellowtails of the two regions formed a large population possessing clines of characters.Water temperatures appeared to be important in contributing to the differences between the populations.
Notes on the Life-History of the Polychaete, Dodecaceria fewkesi (nom. n.)
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: April 2011

Dodecaceria fewkesi (Fewkes) is a new name for the cirratulid polychaete formerly known as D. pacifica. It builds colonies of calcareous tubes on rock faces in suitable localities on the east and west coasts of Vancouver Island between tide-marks. A sexual reproduction by autotomy followed by regeneration is common and colonies seem to result from a single individual by a repeated operation of this process. Individuals in a given colony are invariably of one sex. Fertile eggs could not be obtained either by mixing ripe oocytes and sperms or by adding sperms to water containing female colonies. They did result from keeping male and female colonies together, provided the colonies had been recently removed from their natural habitat. The early stages of development are described and figured.
On the Relation of Adult Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Returns to Known Smolt Seaward Migrations
Authors: Foerster R. E.
Published: April 2011

Data were obtained from Cultus Lake giving (a) the number of seaward migrating smolts each year from 1927 to 1944, (b) their mean length and weight, and (c) the number of adults from each smolt migration which returned in the spawning escapement to the lake. These indicate a negative correlation –.5;24, (P < 0.05) between number of smolts and percentage return of adults. By multiple regression this is shown to be related almost wholly to the size of the smolts. With an increase in average weight of smolts from 4 to 10 grams, their average percentage survival is tripled.Smolt size and numbers together account for about 60 per cent of the variation in actual number of adult salmon which arrive at the lake. The residual variability could not be definitely related to available qualitative indices of fishing intensity or duration.
A Survey of the Parasites of Freshwater Fishes from the Mainland of British Columbia
Authors: Bangham Ralph V. , Adams James R.
Published: April 2011

Examination of 5,456 fish of 36 different species during 1951 and 1952 showed 4,925 or 90 per cent to be infected with at least one species of parasite. Records include fish from many lakes and streams of the Columbia and Fraser drainages and from a few localities in the Skeena, Peace, Liard and Skagit drainages. Parasites are recorded for each species of fish from each locality. The incidence of parasitism in the fish was comparable with that found by other surveys in eastern Canada and the United States. No major differences were found in the parasite faunas of the different river systems. Most of the common parasites were forms of circumpolar or general North American distribution. Several species of parasites described only from the Pacific coast area were common in certain hosts. Introduced species of fish showed very light infections with but few species of their normal parasites. The parasite fauna of fishes of this area appears to be less varied than in eastern and southern parts of the continent.
The Anomaly of Mean Sea Level in Seymour Narrows, B.C.
Authors: LaCroix G. Wilfred , Tully John P.
Published: April 2011

During surveys of the tides and tidal currents in Seymour Narrows (1945 to 1950) the Canadian Hydrographic Service noted that there was a depression of mean sea level of the order of half a foot. There is a considerable fall of sea level along the Narrows and the square of the velocity of the current is proportional to this hydraulic head. The anomaly is a necessary consequence of the velocity, and it can be predicted from either the tidal or the tidal-current data. The annual net transport of water through the Narrows is seaward and is about five times as great as the discharge of the Fraser River.
Notes on the Geographical Distribution and the Hosts of the Cestode Genus Triaenophorus in North America
Authors: Lawler G. H. , Scott W. B.
Published: April 2011

The known range of the genus Triaenophorus in North America lies between 42°N. latitude (Indiana, U.S.A.), northward to 67°N. latitude (Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada), and from the lower St. Lawrence River northwesterly to Alaska. The southern limit of distribution of the genus appears to be closely related to the 70° July isotherm. An hypothesis of the origin and dispersal of the genus is given. From published records and personal communications, the genus is reported to occur in 32 species of fish.
Studies of the Trematode Stephanostomum baccatum (Nicoll, 1907): II. Biology, with Special Reference to the Stages Affecting the Winter Flounder
Authors: Wolfgang R. W.
Published: April 2011

Stephanostomum baccatum, an acanthocolpid trematode, has the following host succession in eastern Canadian waters: Buccinum undatum and Neptunea decemcostatum (Gastropoda), primary intermediate hosts; the six common species of pleuronenctids, second intermediate hosts; Hemitripterus americanus and Hippoglossus hippoglossus, common definitive hosts. Infection of flatfish is by penetration of the integument of the host by an atypical Ophthalmoxiphidiocercous cercaria.The infection of the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus, as investigated in Passamaquoddy Bay, N.B., shows the following characteristics:1. The infection in inshore waters is greater near open water than on shoal grounds.2. For any given location deeper water samples show a higher incidence of infection than shoal samples.3. Larger fish have heavier infections than small ones.4. The growth of the flounder is not impeded by heavy cyst infections.5. No marked seasonal variation of infection can be demonstrated. Control is impractical.
Histological Studies on Albacore (Thunnus alalunga) Gonads from the Eastern Pacific
Authors: Partlo J. M.
Published: April 2011

Sections of testes and ovaries from 44 fish showed maturing individuals in age-groups V and VI, but none in IV. There was no evidence of previous spawning.
The Chaetognaths of Western Canadian Coastal Waters
Authors: Lea Helen E.
Published: April 2011

Four species of chaetognaths were found in samples from 11 representative areas along the coastline of western Canada. Sagitta elegans was the most abundant and widely distributed species, occurring, at least in small numbers, in all the areas sampled. It was characteristic of the mixed coastal waters over the continental shelf and of the inland waters. Eukrohnia hamata, an oceanic form, occurred in most regions in small numbers as an immigrant, and was abundant toward the edge of the continental shelf. Sagitta lyra, strictly a deep sea species, was found only in the open waters along the outer coasts, and a few specimens of Sagitta decipiens, another oceanic form, were also taken in deep hauls from areas exposed to open ocean influence. The outer limit of Sagitta elegans corresponded with the inner limits of all three oceanic forms, though Eukrohnia hamata invaded the inland waters to some extent.
The Trout Population of a Nova Scotia Lake as Affected by Habitable Water, Poisoning of the Shallows and Stocking
Authors: Hayes F. R. , Livingstone D. A.
Published: April 2011

A stocking, partial-poisoning and creel census experiment was carried out on a stratified lake in an effort to increase the crop of speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Except for a single year in which adult trout were planted, a negligible proportion of the introduced trout was recaptured. Application annually for five years of about one-half part per million of derris dust to the three-meter zone of the lake during summer stratification produced a heavy kill of coarse fish without harming the trout. Shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, perch, Perca flavescens and chub, Semotilus atromaculatus were eliminated from the lake. Sucker, Catostomus commersoni, was drastically reduced. Killifish, Fundulus diaphanus, and eel, Anguilla bostoniensis, were not appreciably reduced, despite large annual kills. Smelt, Osmerus mordax, stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, and trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, were killed in very small numbers during one or more poisoning years.Three independent estimates of the effect of the experiment upon the trout production of the lake are put forward: (a) The decrease in mass of the fish competing with trout for food, when calculated from the annual kills, amounts to 40 kg. The pre-poisoning mass of trout was 85 kg., calculated from a capture-recapture census. Thus if trout replaced its competitors quantitatively, the standing crop of trout would be increased to 150%. (b) The volume-time of water (i.e. percentage of the lake volume multiplied by the fraction of a year) which would be made available to trout by removing competitors from the part of the lake where summer temperature conditions would limit trout to between 50 and 100% of their full activity is calculated. If trout occupied this volume-time at the same density as they did the more favourable water, the standing crop of trout would be increased to 240%. (c) The total yield of the lake to anglers showed a steady increase following poisoning, to about 230% of the control value, or from less than one pound per acre to nearly two pounds per acre. These three estimates agree very well, considering the errors inherent in the method.
Echinoderms of Ungava Bay, Hudson Strait, Frobisher Bay and Cumberland Sound
Authors: Grainger E. H.
Published: April 2011

A collection of 26 species of echinoderms, collected between 1947 and 1952 by the Calanus expeditions in Ungava Bay, eastern Hudson Strait, Frobisher Bay and Cumberland Sound, is described. Included are one crinoid, 10 asteroids, 9 ophiurans, one echinoid and 5 holothurians; of which 6 asteroids, 5 ophiurans and 4 holothurians are new records for the collection areas.
Station List of the "Calanus" Expeditions, 1953–4
Authors: Grainger E. H. , Dunbar M. J.
Published: April 2011

A list is given of 89 stations where biological or oceanographic observations or collections were made by the Calanus in Hudson Bay, western Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, during the 1953 and 1954 seasons.
Atlantic Salmon Tagged in East Coast Newfoundland Waters at Bonavista
Authors: Blair A. A.
Published: April 2011

In 1940, from June 8 to June 28, 68 salmon and 386 grilse were tagged at Bonavista on the east coast of Newfoundland. The fish used were caught by commercial fishermen in salmon traps set along the coast within 3¼ miles of the lighthouse at Bonavista.The proportion of tagged salmon recaptured during the year of tagging was 41.2%, and 1.5% in the following year. The 28 tagged salmon recaptured in 1940 were distributed as follows: Newfoundland 57.1%, mainland of Canada 39.3%, and Labrador 3.6%. The greatest distance travelled was 785 miles, and the fastest apparent rate of travel was 26.2 miles per day.The tagged grilse returns were 36.3% in 1940 (year of tagging), 2.6% in 1941, and 0.3% in 1942. The 140 tagged grilse recaptured in 1940 were distributed as follows: Newfoundland 92.9%, and mainland 7.1%. The greatest distance travelled by recaptured grilse was 792 miles, and the fastest apparent rate of travel was 32.5 miles per day, both exceeding the highest values for salmon. The average interval between tagging and recapture (during the same year) for the grilse taken commercially on the east coast of Newfoundland was 14.3 days, on the south coast 20.2 days, and on the mainland 28.8 days.
On the Origin of Deep Baffin Bay Water
Authors: Bailey W. B.
Published: April 2011

A comparison of the temperature–salinity relationships of waters found in the Arctic Ocean, Baffin Bay and Smith Sound shows that the deep Baffin Bay water originates in the Arctic Ocean rather than through an influx of a mixture of Labrador Sea deep water and Baffin Bay surface water, the salinity of which has been increased sufficiently by freezing to cause the water to sink, as suggested previously by other investigators.
On the Specific Identity of the Larval Porrocaecum (Nematoda) in Atlantic Cod
Authors: Scott D. M.
Published: April 2011

Larval Porrocaecum sp. commonly infect Atlantic cod (Gadus callarias) in Canadian waters. Some of these larvae are known to be young stages of P. decipiens, but this is not proof that only one species of Porrocaecum parasitizes cod.The distribution of 13 marine species of adult Porrocaecum is reviewed. Only one species, P. decipiens, is known from Canadian Atlantic waters; its distribution is consistent with the distribution of infected cod.The frequency distribution of the lengths of about 875 larval Porrocaecum from cod was examined, as was that of the lengths of the oesophagus, ventriculus, and intestinal caecum of about 200 larvae. These suggest that only one species is present in the samples.Body proportions of larval Porrocaecum from cod agree more closely with those of adult P. decipiens than with those of 10 other marine species of adult Porrocaecum.It is concluded that the larval Porrocaecum in cod are probably conspecific.
Climatic Trends and Fluctuations in Yield of Marine Fisheries of the Northeast Pacific
Authors: Ketchen K. S.
Published: April 2011

Mean annual air temperature at San Francisco, California, New Westminster and Masset, British Columbia, all had a rising trend from 1920 to 1940, then declined to 1950. Amplitude was greatest at Masset, least at San Francisco. The 20-years' rise is similar to the story in the North Atlantic ocean, but the recent decline has no parallel there. Prior to 1920 there were considerable differences among the above three stations. Mean annual ocean temperature at Nanaimo, B.C., is similar to air temperature at New Westminster since 1915. "Winter" ocean temperatures (February–April) show similar but not identical trends, and are thought to best represent conditions at the time eggs and larvae of most commercial bottom fishes are in the water.Suggestive short-term correlations have been observed as follows: 1. a positive correlation between winter temperature and abundance of brill 6 years later; 2. a negative correlation between winter temperature and rock sole abundance 5 years later; 3. a negative correlation between winter temperature and strength of year-classes in lemon sole. Over a longer period, there is much resemblance between the temperature history since 1910 and the abundance of halibut broods, as indicated by catch per unit effort 10 years later (southern grounds) or 12 years later (Western grounds). The relationship is positive, and for western grounds is similar even in details. Over a somewhat shorter period, blackcod abundance has varied inversely with winter temperature. Marked changes in abundance and distribution of true (grey) cod since about 1900 cannot be related to temperature series available.
Currents and Transport in Cabot Strait
Authors: MacGregor D. G.
Published: April 2011

Currents and transport of volume and salt have been calculated by dynamical methods for Cabot Strait in the section extending from Cape North (Lat. 47°02′N., Long. 60°23′W.), Cape Breton Island, to Cape Ray (Lat. 47°37′N., Long. 59°18′W.), Newfoundland. A depth of 400 m. was assumed to be a level of horizontal isobars and zero motion. Five hydrographic stations were occupied in the section, providing data for current and transport calculations for four divisions of the section. Eight crossings of the section were made, observing spring, summer and autumn conditions through the years 1950–54. Features of the current distribution noted are: much variation from cruise to cruise, strongest currents in August and least in April and May, currents outward on the Cape Breton side, and most often inward on the Newfoundland side, and reversals with depth with no fixed pattern.Inward and outward transports through the section were found to be of the order of 106 cu. m. per second and to vary considerably. Zero net transport was found in each instance to be attained by a small velocity adjustment comparable with errors inherent in the method of calculation. Salt balance calculations confirm these velocity adjustments.
Parasitic Helminths and Arthropods from Pinnipedia of the Canadian Pacific Coast
Authors: Margolis Leo
Published: April 2011

From Phoca vitulina richardi the following parasites are recorded: Corynosoma strumosum (Acanthocephala); Terranova decipiens and Contracaecum osculatum (Nematoda); Halarachne sp. (Acarina); Echinophthirius horridus (Anoplura). From Eumetopias jubata are recorded Diphyllobothrium pacificum, Diplogonoporus tetrapterus and Abothrium gadi (Cestoda); T. decipiens, C. osculatum and Parafilaroides sp. (Nematoda); Corynosoma villosum (Acanthocephala); Orthohalarachne diminuata (Acarina): Antarctophthirus microchir (Anoplura). E. jubata is probably not a true host of A. gadi, the parasite apparently being introduced by ingestion of infected fishes of the family Gadidae, the normal definitive hosts. Notes on host and geographical distribution, nomenclature and morphology of the parasites are included. Diphyllobothrium pacificum is a new combination for Adenocephalus pacificus. E. jubata is a new host record for D. pacificum, D. tetrapterus and O. diminuata. Several new geographical records are reported. The occurrence of larval stages of T. decipiens and C. strumosum in fishes is noted.