bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family-of-Origin Factors and Partner Violence in the Intimate Relationships of Gay Men Who Are HIV Positive
Authors: Craft Shonda M. , Serovich Julianne M.
Published: May 2005

This exploratory study examined the prevalence of intimate partner violence in a sample of gay men who are HIV positive. The concept of intergenerational transmission of violence, from family systems theory, provided the basis of this examination. It was hypothesized that men who had witnessed or experienced violence in their families of origin would be more likely to perpetrate or experience violence in their intimate relationships. Perpetration and receipt of abuse were assessed to provide a more comprehensive examination of these relationships. The results of this study indicated that psychological abuse was the most commonly reported form of violence in these relationships. The results also provided partial support for the hypothesized relationship between family-of-origin violence and subsequent violence in an intimate relationship. Implications for future research and intervention are discussed.
Does Executive Dysfunction Affect Treatment Outcome in Late-Life Mood and Anxiety Disorders?
Authors: Mohlman Jan
Published: May 2005

Rates of treatment response among the elderly are typically lower than those found in younger samples. This article discusses specific biological and psychological aspects of aging that may impact the effectiveness of treatments for late-life mood and anxiety disorders. Although empirical evidence for the role of executive skills in treatment outcome is currently quite limited, the small number of existing studies suggest that some older adults with deficits in executive skills may respond poorly to popular treatments for depression and anxiety compared with those with intact executive functions. However, there are likely to be additional mediating factors. This article provides a definition and description of executive functions, including a summary of popular assessment tools. The literature on treatment outcome is reviewed, and future directions are discussed.
Interaction of Sleep Disturbances and Anxiety in Later Life: Perspectives and Recommendations for Future Research
Authors: Spira Adam P. , Friedman Leah , Flint Alistair , Sheikh Javaid I.
Published: May 2005

Both sleep disturbances and anxiety are quite common in older adults. Although increasing research efforts have investigated sleep disturbances and anxiety in older adults, little has been written concerning the relation between sleep disturbances and anxiety in this population. This article reviews the epidemiological and clinical literature concerning the overall prevalence of sleep disturbances and relations between sleep and anxiety in later life. The article begins with a discussion of the prevalence of sleep and anxiety problems in older individuals, continues with a clinical review of the complex interrelationship between sleep and anxiety in older adults, and briefly considers possible neurobiological underpinnings of this interrelationship. This is followed by a brief discussion of the impact of medical illness on both anxiety and sleep disturbances. The article ends with a summary of findings from this review and provides recommendations for future research.
Somatic Symptoms in Late-Life Anxiety: Treatment Issues
Authors: Lenze Eric J. , Karp Jordan F. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Blank Stephen , Shear M. Katherine , Houck Patricia R. , Reynolds Charles F.
Published: May 2005

Understanding and addressing somatic symptoms are complex in older adults, who have more comorbid medical illnesses. This article describes a systematic review of the literature on somatic symptoms in older patients with anxiety disorders. Additionally, the hypothesis was tested that somatic symptoms would respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment in 30 anxious patients aged 60 years and older who participated in a 32-week trial of citalopram. The literature review showed few original data articles about somatic symptoms in older patients with anxiety disorders. These articles suggest that such a relationship is common and that treatment of anxiety, or anxious depression, is associated with a reduction in somatic symptoms. In the analysis, citalopram treatment was associated with a significant decrease in several somatic symptoms from pretreatment baseline. It is concluded that somatic symptoms in older adults with anxiety disorders or anxious depression often improve with successful antidepressant treatment. However, additional treatment and integrated approaches are likely to be necessary for many such individuals.
Environmental Goods and Services in the World Trade Organization
Authors: Carpentier Chantal Line , Gallagher Kevin P. , Vaughan Scott
Published: May 2005

As part of the current round of global trade negotiations underthe World Trade Organization (WTO), nations will be negotiating the liberalization of environmental goods and services (EGS). The EGS negotiations constitute a new and proactive approach to reconciling trade and environment concerns, providing an arena in which concrete progress can be made in environment and development. Although the negotiations show strong promise for sustainable development, this promise will only be realized if the liberalization takes into account existing market asymmetries and the needs of developing countries. This article examines the potential benefits and adverse impacts of EGS liberalization, the challenge of defining and classifying EGS in the WTO, and some policy suggestions for ensuring that EGS negotiations work toward sustainable development in the world economy.
Field Reliability of Comprehensive System Scoring in an Adolescent Inpatient Sample
Authors: McGrath Robert E. , Pogge David L. , Stokes John M. , Cragnolino Ana , Zaccario Michele , Hayman Judy , Piacentini Teresa , Wayland-Smith Douglas
Published: May 2005

The extent to which the Comprehensive System for the Rorschach is reliably scored has been a topic of some controversy. Although several studies have concluded it can be scored reliably in research settings, little is known about its reliability in field settings. This study evaluated the reliability of both response-level codes and protocol-level scores among 84 adolescent psychiatric inpatients in a clinical setting. Rorschachs were originally administered and scored for clinical purposes. Among response codes, 87% demonstrated acceptable reliability(> .60), and most coefficients exceeded .80. Results were similar for protocol-level scores, with only one score demonstrating less than adequate reliability. The findings are consistent with previous evidence, indicating reliable scoring is possible even in field settings.
Principal Components Analyses of the MMPI-2 PSY-5 Scales
Authors: Arnau Randolph C. , Handel Richard W. , Archer Robert P.
Published: May 2005

The Personality Psychopathology Five (PSY-5) is a five-factor personality trait model designed for assessing personality pathology using quantitative dimensions. Harkness, McNulty, and Ben-Porath developed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) scales based on the PSY-5 model, and these scales were recently added to the standard MMPI-2 profile. Although the PSY-5 constructs are multidimensional in definition, explicit subscales for the broader PSY-5 scales have not been developed. The primary goals of this study were to empirically derive subscales for the MMPI-2 PSY-5 scales using principal components analysis (PCA) and to replicate these subscales with an independent sample. Individual PSY-5 scales were analyzed using PCA with an initial sample of 4,325 MMPI-2 protocols, and the component structure was replicated with a second sample of 4,277 MMPI-2 protocols. A third sample of 4,327 protocols was used to further evaluate the internal consistency reliabilities of the resulting facet subscales. Overall, replicable facet subscales were identified with content areas that are largely congruent with Harkness and McNulty’s model.
Validation of Acceptance of Coercive Sexual Behavior (ACSB)
Authors: Teten Andra L. , Hall Gordon C. Nagayama , Pacifici Caesar
Published: May 2005

The psychometric properties of the Acceptance of Coercive Sexual Behavior (ACSB), a multimedia measure of adolescent dating attitudes, were examined. The ACSB is an interactive instrument that uses video vignettes to depict adolescent dating situations. Analyses of the measure’s factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and validity were conducted with separate samples of male (n = 106) and female (n = 114) high school students. Validity was evaluated in relation to subscales on the Sexual Attitudes Survey and self-reports of dating and sexual experiences. Factor analyses on the ACSB yielded two factors, Coercion and Consent. The ACSB demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties. Advantages of using a multimedia assessment of sexually coercive attitudes with adolescents are discussed.
Utility of the Trauma Symptom Inventory’s Atypical Response Scale in Detecting Malingered Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Elhai Jon D. , Gray Matthew J. , Naifeh James A. , Butcher Jimmie J. , Davis Joanne L. , Falsetti Sherry A. , Best Connie L.
Published: May 2005

The authors examined the Trauma Symptom Inventory’s (TSI) ability to discriminate 88 student post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) simulators screened for genuine PTSD from 48 clinical PTSD-diagnosed outpatients. Results demonstrated between-group differences on several TSI clinical scales and the Atypical Response (ATR) validity scale. Discriminant function analysis using ATR revealed 75% correct patient classification but only 48% correct simulator classification, with an overall correct classification rate of 59% (positive predictive power [PPP] = .71; negative predictive power [NPP] = .51). Individual ATR cutoff scores did not yield impressive classification results, with the optimal cutoff (T score = 61) correctly classifying only 61% of simulators and patients (PPP = .66, NPP = .54). Although ATR was not developed as a malingered PTSD screen, instead serving as a general validity screen, caution is recommended in its current clinical use for detecting malingered PTSD.
The Impact of Cognitive and Psychiatric Impairment of Psychotic Disorders on the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM)
Authors: Duncan Alexander
Published: May 2005

The author analyzes the scores of inpatient psychiatric patients with varying degrees of cognitive impairment who met criteria for a psychotic disorder on the following tests: the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM), the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition, Conner’s Continuous Performance Test-Second Edition, and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Expanded Version. Group 1 consisted of psychotic-disordered patients with significant concentration problems (concentration impersistence = 29). Group 2 consisted of psychotic disordered patients without significant concentration problems (no concentration impairment = 21). Although psychotic patients with concentration problems showed greater variability across TOMM trials, both groups obtained mean scores above 45 on Trial 2 and the retention trial on the TOMM. These findings indicate that cognitive impairment associated with psychosis generally does not negatively impair TOMM performance to such a level that would produce a false positive on the TOMM. Implications for forensic assessment, study limitations, and future directions are discussed.
Ethnic Identification Biases Responses to the Padua Inventory for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Williams Monnica T. , Turkheimer Eric , Schmidt Karen M. , Oltmanns Thomas F.
Published: May 2005

The authors report differential item functioning (DIF) between Black and White participants completing the 60-item Padua Inventory (PI) for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The authors use an Internet-generated sample that included 105 Blacks, 67 Hispanics, 582 Whites, and 136 additional participants reporting an OCD diagnosis. Factor analysis replicated prior work indicating the PI consists of four factors: contamination fears, checking behaviors, impaired control over thoughts, and fear of losing control over impulses. On the contamination subscale, nonclinical Black and Hispanic mean scores were as high as the OCD group. Comparing Blacks to Whites, the authors applied an item response theory, DIF-graded response model to each factor and found significant DIF on eight items, with biased items in each factor. Results suggest that extraneous factors contribute to racial differences on scores. Cultural practices and fear of being negatively stereotyped may contribute to item bias.
The Cerebellum: Synaptic Changes and Fear Conditioning
Authors: Sacchetti Benedetto , Scelfo Bibiana , Strata Piergiorgio
Published: May 2005

In addition to coordinating movement, the cerebellum participates in motor learning, emotional behavior, and fear memory. Fear learning is reflected in a change of autonomic and somatic responses, such as heart rate and freezing, elicited by a neutral stimulus that has been previously paired with a painful one. Manipulation of the vermis affects these responses, and its reversible inactivation during the consolidation period impairs fear memory. The neural correlate of cerebellar involvement in fear consolidation is provided by a behaviorally induced long-term increase of synaptic efficacy between parallel fibers and a Purkinje cell. Similar synaptic changes after fear conditioning are well documented in the amygdala and hippocampus, providing a link between emotional experiences and changes in neural activity. In addition, in hotfoot mice, with a primary deficiency of parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse, short- and long-term fear memories are affected. All these data support the idea that the cerebellum participates in fear learning. The functional interconnection of the vermis with hypothalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus suggests a more complex role of the cerebellum as part of an integrated network regulating emotional behavior.
“Pop Quizzes” on the Campaign Trail
Authors: Roth Andrew L.
Published: May 2005

What are the “parameters of the permissible” when journalists interview political candidates? This article examines one form of hostile questioning that journalists use during election campaigns to interview select candidates. Journalists employ “pop quizzes”—on the names of international leaders, for example—in attempts to discredit candidates. These questions propose that the candidate should know some matter of fact, and they aim to expose that the candidate lacks definite knowledge of that matter. The article examines the interactional organization of pop quiz questioning, including some practices that candidates use to resist it. This analysis explains the controversial character of this interviewing practice. The concluding discussion situates the findings in terms of prior work on degradation ceremonies, explaining why pop quiz questions seem to do more harm to the reputations of journalists than of candidates.
Orwell Meets Nixon
Authors: Nolan Martin F.
Published: May 2005

In the early 1970s, reporters in Washington started getting bigger salaries, better reputations, and bigger egos. This prospect bothered one critic, Richard Nixon. Nixon was a longtime student of the press, radio, and television. He disliked them all. Saying he wished to “discredit” them, he sought to change their name. He succeeded because reporters, in their rise to social prominence, did not pay attention to the deterioration of the most important journalistic tool of all, the English language. George Orwell, the British writer who wrote Animal Farm and 1984, laid down rules for clear writing that influenced many writers. His essay,“Politics and the English Language,” was recommended reading in newspaper city rooms. The glare of television, which influenced news-gathering habits in the 1960s and 1970s, distracted some reporters from the vigilance required against what Orwell warned about. In most political writing, Orwell wrote, the corruption of thought and the corruption of language were evident in “dying metaphors” and “pretentious diction.” Some in the press fell victim to both. Others were beguiled by the theories of Marshall McLuhan. Together, these trends helped Nixon change “the press” into “the media” and helped make “media” a singular noun.
From Hard to Soft News Standards?
Authors: Plasser Fritz
Published: May 2005

Recent surveys of American journalists highlight a growing uneasiness regarding professional roles and quality standards. Similar concerns are also reflected in the data of a recent survey of leading Austrian political journalists. To find out whether the quality standards actually changed and how American journalists as well as—from a comparative perspective—Austrian political journalists evaluate the quality development of journalism, explorative interviews were conducted with thirty-one leading American print journalists, and assessments were compared with the patterns found in a recent survey of Austrian political journalists. Comparing the results of the American and Austrian studies, striking similarities were found. The convergence of problems as seen by journalists operating in fundamentally different media systems and communication cultures seems to confirm a kind of “homogenization” of journalistic cultures—beyond divergent institutional and market constraints within given media systems. Some of the demonstrated findings seem to point out that not only are market pressures and hypercommercialization responsible for the quality problems of political journalism but also that the quality of interaction between journalists and politicians has changed substantially. This in turn had direct effects upon the quality of reporting.
Foot Infections
Authors: Ansari M. A. , Shukla V. K.
Published: May 2005

Infections of the foot are very variable, some being complex in nature, causing pain, morbidity, and even mortality. In patients with diabetes mellitus, foot infections are common, ranging from chronic bacterial or fungal infections to serious limb-threatening ones. To manage infections, a sound knowledge of anatomy is essential. This article reviews the problems with respect to recent evidence and provides pathways to management and suggestions of changes with potential to wound healing.
Cancer Outcomes at the Hufeland (Complementary/Alternative Medicine) Klinik: A Best-Case Series Review
Authors: Jacobson Judith S. , Grann Victor R. , Gnatt Michael A. , Hibshoosh Hanina , Austin John H.M. , Millar William S. , Neugut Alfred I.
Published: May 2005

Purpose: A best-case series review is an efficient tool with which to screen complex complementary and alternative treatments for cancer as candidates for further study. Study Design: The National Cancer Institute and other agencies have adopted the best-case series method to evaluate cancer treatments involving complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for further study. The authors conducted a best-case series review of the Hufeland Klinik. Established in 1985 in Bad Mergentheim, Germany, this facility treats more than 500 cancer patients per year. Hufeland treatment includes dietary modification, injections, ozone therapy, active fever therapy, psychotherapy, and sometimes hormone therapy and/or low-dose chemotherapy. The goal of the treatment is to prolong survival and to maintain good quality of life. Methods: The clinic provided summaries of 27 cases in which patients with longer than expected survival had agreed to make their medical records available for review. The review involved pathologic confirmation of disease and radiologic confirmation of complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) not attributable to conventional treatment. Results: Based on the summaries and an exhaustive 2-year search for medical records, slides, and imaging data, 12 of 27 cases were selected for full review, and 5 (3 CRs and 2 PRs) were judged best cases. Conclusion: Most patients with common cancers receive conventional treatment before coming to Hufeland, and many are treated with chemotherapy and/or hormonal therapy while there. Hence, only a few could be considered for review. With 5 of 12 patients showing a treatment response, the authors conclude that the Hufeland treatment merits further study. They also recommend the development of criteria with which to evaluate best-case series reviews of complex CAM treatments for patients with advanced cancer.
Coleridge and Preaching a Theological Imagination
Authors: Edmondson Stephen
Published: May 2005

This article explores Coleridge's understanding of imagination, Scripture, the spirituality of the world, and our reality as the image of God. I begin with Coleridge's understanding of the inspiration of Scripture and the interpretive process. By locating the imagination in this interaction among writer, reader, and God, I surface Coleridge's more significant description of imaginative thinking as a spiritual act that calls us into the truth of our being and of the world's reality. Implicit in Coleridge's vision is a correlation between human imaginative creativity and the creative being of God as a dimension of our reality as the image of God. Thus, I claim that imaginative preaching, when seen through Coleridge's lens, renews that image within us, awakening us to our reality as spiritual, free beings, but only when we enact our freedom within the context of God's freedom and action which we know through our reading of Scripture.
Industrial scale manufactured superlattice hard PVD coatings
Authors:   Münz W.-D., Lewis D.B. , Hovsepian P.E. , Schönjahn C. , Ehiasarian A. , Smith I.J.
Published: May 2005

Superlattice hard PVD coatings exhibit high hardness values up to 60 GPa, wear resistance, and excellent protection against corrosion depending on the choice of the material partners involved. TiAlN/CrN, TiAlN/VN, TiAlYN/VN, TiAlN/ZrN, and CrN/NbN superlattice coatings with typical periods λ of 3–4 nm have been produced economically under production conditions in industrial sized coating equipment. Some of the coatings are characterised by high compressive stresses up to 10 GPa. In such cases the utilisation of the combined cathodic arc/unbalanced magnetron deposition method (arc bond sputtering technology) in combination with the introduction of a lower stressed monolithically grown base layer provides a sufficiently high bonding strength at the interface. The major deposition steps are: (1) pump down and preheating; (2) bombardment of the substrate surface with multi-ionised metal ions generated in a steered cathodic arc discharge; (3) deposition of a base layer (0·1–0·2 μm) using the unbalanced magnetron; (4) deposition of the superlattice coating with simultaneously operated unbalanced magnetrons or a combination of simultaneously operated unbalanced magnetrons and steered cathodic arc sources.
Stress state of TiN/TiAlN PVD multilayers
Authors: Zoestbergen E. , Carvalho N.J.M. , de Hosson J.T.M.
Published: May 2005

A multilayer system consisting of TiN and TiAlN layers is deposited by means of a PVD process onto stainless and tool steel substrates. The study is aimed at determining the microstructure and the macrostresses in these layers with X-ray diffraction. The multilayer system is composed of a relative thick TiAlN layer (∼150 nm) and a set of smaller alternating TiN/TiAlN layers of approximately 15–20 nm each with a total thickness of 150 nm. This basic building block of the structure is repeated throughout the coating and is sandwiched between two thicker layers: a TiN layer (400 nm) to achieve good adhesion with the substrate, and a top layer of TiAlN (400 nm). The total thickness of the coating is approximately 4·4 μm. From X-ray diffraction it is concluded that the layers are only slightly textured and there is a weak (311) texture. The strain measurements show a difference in strain for the layers on stainless and tool steels, which is owing to a difference in the linear expansion coefficient for the two substrates. It is possible to determine the unstrained lattice spacing of the TiN and the TiAlN sublayers and to calculate Poisson's ratio for both materials. Furthermore, the residual stresses in the different sublayers could be derived and it was found that they were much higher in the TiN than in the TiAlN. This may be explained by the thermal origin of the residual stress in the TiAlN sublayers, whereas in the TiN sublayers the atomic peening process during deposition introduces an additional residual stress.
Hrtem Investigation of Pzt–c60 Thin Films
Authors: Miyazawa K.
Published: May 2005

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT, Zr/Ti = 52 : 48) thin films with added C60 were prepared by firing at 400°C in air. The films were then examined by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Analysis of the lattice constants and HRTEM images suggested that C60 prepcipiates retained in the films were polymerised. Perovskite PZT crystals were observed in contact with the C60 precipitates, indicating that the C60 precipitates acted as nucleation sites for the pervoskite phase of PZT.
Effects of boronising on fatigue life of plain carbon and low alloy Cr–Mo steels
Authors: Golozar M.A.
Published: May 2005

In the present paper the hardness profiles, stress versus number of cycles to failure (S–N curves), and fatigue threshold stresses of thermochemically boronised plain carbon and low alloy Cr–Mo steels have been investigated. A comparison has been made with the fatigue behaviour of the steel without any surface treatment. In addition, X-ray diffraction has been employed to determine the boride phases formed. Optical and scanning electron microscopy have been used to examine the microstructure and fracture surfaces of all boronised and fatigue tested specimens. The results obtained revealed a boronised layer with a thickness of about 100 μm, for both types of steel. In comparison with untreated specimens, a 50% increase and a 20% decrease in fatigue resistance for boronised plain carbon and Cr–Mo steel specimens, respectively, was observed. In addition, it was found that hardening and tempering the boronising specimens of both grades of steel decreased the fatigue strength, however, the fatigue strength of the boronised plain carbon steel was still greater than that of the as received plain carbon steel.
Carbon Nitride Thin Films and Nanofibres Synthesised by Hot Filament CVD
Authors: Karimi A. , Kurt R.
Published: May 2005

A hot filament chemical vapour deposition (HFCVD) process was used to grow carbon nitride materials from a gas phase reaction involving the decomposition of methane (CH4) in a mixture of ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen (N2) containing a variable quantity of hydrogen. Structural and compositional analysis of the deposited films by high resolution scanning and transmission electron microscopy equipped with electron energy loss spectroscopy revealed the occurrence of amorphous, crystalline, and tubular structures. The spatial distribution of the planar, spherical, and tubular compounds on the substrate surface depends on the lateral distance from the hot filament. The higher temperatures around the filament and the short distance to the substrate result in higher deposition rates below the filament and favour the formation of cauliflower and wormlike structures. The fullerenelike products and C : N nanobeads appear at intermediate distances usually between 3–5 times the vertical distance. In regions at an even greater distance, the localised and random growth of tubular structures has been observed, where their diameter decreases with the lateral distance from the filament. In addition, the formation mechanisms of the tubules change from interconnection of nanobeads to wormlike fibres, and then to one-dimensional smooth growth along the same lateral distance. The presence of ammonia decreases the deposition rate and leads to finer structures. In contrast, addition of hydrogen to the inlet gas was not found to be beneficial for the formation of carbon nitride materials.
Joint Second Prize Significance of Y and Cr in TiAlN Hard Coatings for Dry High Speed Cutting
Authors: Lembke M.I. , Lewis D.B. ,   Münz W.-D., Titchmarsh J.M.
Published: May 2005

High speed cutting of die steels (A2, HRC58, 15 000 rev min-1, 385 m min-1) demands high wear and oxidation resistant and extremely well adherent coatings. PVD is the preferred deposition technique to tailor a coating for this application. With the development of TiAlN based hard coatings, an important step in the direction of improved cutting performance has been achieved. TiAlCrYN is a state of the art coating, which has proven to be very successful in demanding dry high speed cutting operations. A special feature of this coating is a double layered overcoat consisting of a lower fine multilayered TiAlYN/CrN with a periodicity of 1·6 nm graded into an upper glassy amorphous TiAlY oxynitride. The incorporation of Y leads to an enhanced oxidation resistance, whereas the most important effect of the double layered overcoat is the reduction of the friction coefficient. To confirm the beneficial effects of Y and Cr, sophisticated TEM has been employed with an X-ray resolution of approxi mately 3 nm. Segregation of Y and other elements in this system (tool/coating) were detected along the column boundaries in the TiAlCrYN coating at 900°C. Y is acting like a ‘plug’ against both inward and outward diffusion of foreign elements. The oxidation behaviour has been further quantified using highly sensitive thermogravimetric analysis and glancing angle X-ray diffraction. The successful impact of the incorporation of Y into TiAlCrN and the use of a Cr containing nanostructured oxynitride sputter deposited overcoat is shown by coated two flute ball nosed solid carbide cutters at a cutting speed of 385 m min-1.
Nanoindentation Study of PVD WC/C Coatings Supported by Cross-Sectional Electron Microscopy Observations
Authors: Carvalho N.J.M. , de Hosson J.T.M.
Published: May 2005

Coatings consisting of multilayer tungsten carbide/carbon (WC/C) were deposited by physical vapour deposition (PVD) onto steel substrates. The goal of this investigation was to probe the outcome of coatings dissimilarities as well as the substrate employed on the mechanical properties of the system by nanoindentation techniques. The coatings investigated are mainly composed of a chromium columnar interlayer to improve the adhesion to the substrate, an inter-multilayer of WC and carbon, and an interlaminar amorphous WC/C multilayer structure. The mechanical properties were assessed by nanoindentation techniques. The hysteresis loops were analysed and discussed in terms of the method developed by Oliver and Pharr. Moreover, a new technique for cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy of the nanoindentations has been developed, and the information obtained was correlated with the load–displacement data from a nanoindentation cycle to clarify the extent of any delamination fracture.
Correlations between Surface Modification and Tribological Performance of Brake Pads
Authors: Österle W. , Urban I. , Severin D. , Trepte S.
Published: May 2005

The formation of a third body layer on a conventional friction material during braking tests was studied in some detail using TEM, SEM, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Plate shaped micro-contact areas representing a compositional mix of all components of the tribocouple and exhibiting a nanocry stalline microstructure were identified after a run-in period.
Physicochemical and Mechanical Approaches to Dentine/Resin Adhesive Interface
Authors: Leforestier E. , Costini J.M. , Darque-Ceretti E. , Muller M. , Bolla M.
Published: May 2005

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of different characteristic parameters of the human dentine surface on the interaction between dentine and adhesive resin. The dentine surface of 21 freshly extracted teeth (from patients between the ages of 13 and 77 years old) was treated with Total Etch (Vivadent etching gel) and characterised by three methods: Vickers microhardness (for mechanical characterisation); wettability (in order to characterise the dentine and adhesive interactions using the drop angle); optical and electron microscopy with image analysis (for microstructural characterisation). The average number and diameter of the tubules on the surfaces were calculated. Then 21 stubs of Z100 restorative (3M dental products) were bonded on the dentine substrate of these teeth using Syntac Sprint (Vivadent). The shear bond strength (Instron universal testing machine) at a crosshead speed of 0·5 mm s-1 was determined. Shear bond strength and microhardness increases with the age of the tooth. The shear bond strength decreases with the per cent surface area, and average number of tubules. The wettability angle increases with the number of tubules and the per cent surface area of tubules. The results were analysed with the use of Spearman Rank. The explanation of the wettability behaviour is very complicated and it is necessary to take into account the evolution of the resin adhesive viscosity over time. The originality in this work is that the physicochemical characterisation and mechanical study were carried out on the same tooth. The fact that no significant statistical correlation is found between dentine, its specific parameters, and the shear bond strength can be explained by the observation of fracture surfaces using SEM in combination with EDX analysis. This shows some very heterogeneous fractures, from adhesive resin interfacial fracture to cohesive fractures in the adhesive resin or restorative composite resin. This work demonstrates that the dentine resin adhesive interface is highly complex. It depends not only on the superficial parameters of the dentine but also on the physicochemistry of the resin and the adherence test parameters.
First Prize Mechanical Properties of Thin Films Quantified Via Instrumented Indentation
Authors: van Vliet K.J. , Gouldstone A.
Published: May 2005

Metallic coatings are primarily designed to enhance surface properties such as corrosion resistance, thermal protection, and tribological behaviour of a particular component in service. However, the deposition of such coatings inherently modifies the microstructure of the coating, resulting in mechanical properties of the coating that may differ significantly from those of the starting material from which the coating was produced. In addition, residual stresses are often present in the coating, and are strongly dependent upon deposition method and coating thickness. These stresses can lead to failure of the component owing to through-thickness cracking or interface delamination. Thus, it is clear that in order to maximise coating performance, the mechanical properties and stress state of the coating must be well characterised. Instrumented depth sensing indentation provides a means of quantifying the mechanical behaviour of the coated component on various size scales, depending on the maximum depth of the indentation. In addition, once mechanical properties have been ascertained via indentation, this method can also serve as a non-destructive quality control test during production. In the present work experimental and computational studies of micro- and nanoindentation on monolithic and coated metallic systems, including structural engineering alloys and microelectronic thin films, are described. The effects of material anisotropy, crystallographic orientation, and film thickness on the indentation response are consid ered, and these are correlated with the mechanical properties and residual stress state of the various systems.
Monitoring Nitride Layer Growth Using Magnetic Sensor
Authors: Ratajski J.
Published: May 2005

This paper presents a method of direct in-process control of the formation and growth of the nitride layer, based on changes in electromagnetic properties of the nitrided material brought about by diffusion and phase transformations. The main component of the measuring system is a magnetic sensor, placed inside the furnace retort. The changes in the voltage signal induced in the magnetic sensor during the process are unequivocally representative of the actual stage of formation and growth of the layer. The system described here is, on one hand, a convenient research tool for the analysis of nucleation and growth of the nitride layer, and on the other hand, it could be utilised in industry to test and select optimum nitriding atmospheres, composed of different combination of ammonia, dissociated ammonia, and nitrogen, which would ensure the best kinetics of the process for a given application.
Alchemy and Surface Treatments in Antiquity
Authors: Giumlia-Mair A.
Published: May 2005

Ancient artisans were able to confer special colourings to their artefacts by applying particular techniques and treatments, which were lost in later centuries. They were also able to give copper based alloys the appearance of precious metals. Some of these special methods have been discovered and identified on ancient objects. The most famous of these alloys in Roman times was certainly Corinthian bronze, a copper alloy containing small amounts of precious metals, which acquired a purple-black or blue-black patination after a chemical bath. Several ancient texts, in particular Pliny and the alchemists, mention this precious material and give information on how it was produced. However, besides Corinthian bronze there were also other patinated alloys, which imitated the more precious version, and other colouring techniques, which could be achieved in different ways. The present paper reports on the author's latest research on special alloys in antiquity; several ancient examples of coloured metals and alloys are identified by scientific methods (ICP, AAS, XRD, SEM/EDX), and the problem of recognising the various surface treatments on archaeological objects is discussed.
Plasma Treatment of Artefacts
Authors: Normand-Chave C. , Leprince P. , Dussère F.
Published: May 2005

Corrosion products on ferrous artefacts generally consist of iron oxides and hydroxides. After excavation of the artefact, chlorinated products included between the object and its surface become very active owing to the oxygen and water vapour in ambient air. Therefore, the elimination of these chlorinated products is very important in order to preserve the excavated object. Chemical treatments are usually applied to these objects, such as alkaline sulphite baths, but this method takes a long time (a few months), and is also quite high maintenance. In the 1980s, it was shown by Veprek et al, at Zürich University, that plasma treatment of these artefacts could be of interest, mainly by using hydrogen plasma, which allows reduction of chlorinated products as well as oxides. Another reason for interest in this new method was that the treatment is much shorter: a few tens of hours compared to a few months for conventional chemical treatments. In this paper, a new type of large plasma reactor (approximately 200 L) for treatment of artefacts is presented, which is used at the Archaeological Museum of Val d'Oise. The reactor is described in terms of the high frequency power and plasma creation. The plasma itself is also analysed using optical analysis of the active species with and without an artefact inside the vacuum chamber. The operating conditions are also described. Results of plasma treatments on artefacts are presented with details of the treatment time and the restoration of the object after the plasma treatment. The potential extension of the use of this kind of plasma reactor is investigated for industrial applications such as fine cleaning or surface oxide reduction on metallic objects.
Formation and Bonding Mechanism of Solution Derived α-Al2O3 Coating on Carbide Substrate
Authors:   Chen Y.-C.,   Huang C.-Z., Al X. ,   Wang B.-Y.
Published: May 2005

Ceramic coated cemented carbide cutting tools were prepared from an aluminium alkoxide solution and carbide substrates by a sol–gel route. Having been preprocessed, carbide substrates were coated with boehmite sol by a dip coating process and dried to produce the gel film. After heat treatment at 1200°C, a coating with a thickness of more than 6 µm could be obtained without any macroscopic defects. The coated cutting tools showed good performance in turning steel and hence the sol–gel route presents a novel and promising coating method for cutting tools. To determine the heat treatment schedule, boehmite gel was characterised by differential thermal analysis. The coating morphology was examined with the aid of scanning electron microscopy. The compositions of the coating and interface layer, as well as the crystal structure were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The elemental distribution near the interlayer was analysed by electron probe microanalysis. Cobalt was found to diffuse into the coating thus enhancing the bonding strength between the substrate and the coating.
Laser Ultrasonic Testing for Estimation of Adhesion of Al2O3 Plasma Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Rosa G. , Psyllaki P. , Oltra R. , Montesin T. , Coddet C. , Costil S.
Published: May 2005

The aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility of using a laser ultrasonic technique for the estimation of the adhesion of ceramic coatings, deposited onto metallic substrates by thermal spraying techniques. For this purpose, a pulsed Nd : YAG laser (λ = 1064 nm, 14 ns) was used to irradiate Al2O3 coatings, of different thickness (30–350 µm), deposited onto stainless steel substrates by atmospheric plasma spraying. The laser generated ultrasonic waves were in situ recorded at the epicentre using a laser heterodyne interferometer. The acoustic waveforms were correlated with the interaction between the pulsed laser radiation and the coated metal, taking into account the physical properties and the geometry of both the coating and the substrate, as well as the porosity of the coating. For the critical value of laser beam energy for which debonding just occurred, the stress field, owing to the combined thermal and acoustic effects of laser radiation, was calculated. The obtained values of the stress intensity factor KIC and the strain energy release rate GIC were correlated with previous relative data concerning the three-point bending test, and were found to be in very good agreement, demonstrating the potential of the proposed technique for the estimation of the adhesion strength of transparent ceramic coatings deposited on metallic substrates by thermal spraying techniques.
Conditions for Codeposition of Al and Cr on Ni Base Superalloys by Pack Cementation Process
Authors: Xiang Z.D. , Burnell-Gray J.S. , Datta P.K.
Published: May 2005

Both theoretical and experimental studies were carried out to identify pack powder compositions and coating conditions suitable for codeposition of Al and Cr by the pack cementation process. It has been demonstrated that for pack powders containing chloride salts as activators and elemental Al and Cr as source materials, codeposition of Al and Cr occurs when the partial pressures PAlCl and PCrCl are comparable or when PAlCl /PCrCl is close to one. But, only Al or Cr may be deposited when PAlCl /PCrCl is much larger or smaller than one. Pack powder compositions suitable for codeposition of Al and Cr depend very much on the type of activators used. For pack powders containing 25 wt-% of source elements of Al and Cr, codeposition of Al and Cr may occur when the Al content is within the range 1·25–1·90 wt-% for the packs activated by 3 wt-%NH4 Cl, and 1·85–1·95 wt-% for the pack activated by 4 wt-%CrCl3. 6H2O. However, codeposition of Al and Cr may be not achievable with pack powders activated by NaCl and CrCl3. Elemental Al and Cr may be used as source materials for codeposition purposes instead of Cr–Al master alloys as conventionally recommended. The coatings formed by codeposition at 1100°C showed a complex structure consisting of three or four major distinctive layers depending on the pack powder composition and coating conditions used, suggesting that the coatings were formed by a sequential deposition mechanism. Both Al and Cr were deposited in the initial and interim stages. However, only Cr was deposited in the final stage, producing a Cr rich top surface layer.
Sliding and Pitting Wear Resistance of Plasma and Pulse Plasma Nitrided Steel
Authors: Podgornik B. , Vižintin J.
Published: May 2005

In the present paper, the wear resistance of dc plasma and pulse plasma nitrided AISI 4140 steel has been evaluated under lubricated sliding and pitting wear conditions. Quench hardened specimens were used as a reference. The nitrided specimens were characterised using metallographic, microhardness, residual stress, and surface examination techniques. After surface treatment, lubricated sliding wear tests were performed on a pin on disc machine in which surface treated pins were loaded against hardened ball bearing steel discs. Pitting wear tests were performed on a standard FZG machine. Experimental results indicate that the wear resistance of AISI 4140 steel, especially pitting wear resistance, can be greatly improved by means of plasma and pulse plasma nitriding. However, plasma and pulse plasma nitrided AISI 4140 steel showed very similar sliding and pitting wear resistance.
Effect of Humidity and Aging on Adhesion and Removal of Glass Particles from FPD Glass
Authors:   Feng J.-W., Busnaina A.A. , Ryszytiwskyj W.P.
Published: May 2005

Surface cleaning is an essential process in the manufacturing of flat panel displays (FPDs). This paper introduces recent results that show the effect of humidity on the adhesion and removal of glass particles from flat panel displays. Glass particles were deposited on FPD glass samples and aged in 95% relative humidity for one to six weeks. The glass samples were then cleaned using a megasonic cleaning technique. The results show that the particle removal efficiency decreases with aging time. Complete removal of particles can be achieved under certain cleaning conditions. The results also show that particle imprints were left on the glass surface after megasonic cleaning. The formation mechanism of these imprints is not quite clear, but these imprints yield a high adhesion between glass particles and the FPD glass surface.
Surface Hardening of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Using Combined Electroless Ni–B Plating and Diffusion Treatments
Authors: Dabalà M. , Variola A. , Magrini M.
Published: May 2005

The electroless plating process allows the production of a nickel–boron coating on the surface of a Ti–6Al–4V alloy, by immersion in a nickel chloride aqueous solution using dimethylamine borane (DMAB) as a reducing agent. A series of diffusion treatments was carried out at temperatures ranging from 400 to 900°C in order to achieve deep case hardening. The characterisation of both the electroless coating and the diffusion treated alloy was performed using XRD, SEM, EDS, and glow discharge optical spectrometry (GDOS). Microhardness and compositional profiles were carried out in order to reveal the hardening effect and the nickel and boron penetration. The results showed that a significant improvement in the hardness can be achieved by choosing the correct treatment parameters. Surface hardnesses up to 850 HV and a depth of hardening larger than 500 µm were achieved at 900°C in an inert atmosphere.
Oxide in Ni–Cr Coatings Produced by Thermal Spraying in Air
Authors: Murakami K. , Fujita N. , Hanatate Y. , Adachi S. , Nakajima H.
Published: May 2005

A Ni–19·0 wt-%Cr alloy powder was plasma sprayed and flame sprayed in air onto a mirror polished nickel substrate and a grit blasted steel substrate. Chromium oxide was hardly detected by electron probe microanalysis at the splashed splat/cold nickel substrate interface and the sprayed deposit/steel substrate interface, and was often present at the disc shaped splat/hot nickel substrate interface. The deposits were composed of alternate lamellae of alloy and chromium oxide. The alloy/oxide interface in the as sprayed deposits was smooth. On heat treating the deposits at 1073 K, the interface becomes wavy, and at higher temperatures the oxide layer granulates. A mechanism is proposed for this granulation, which takes into account the balance of the interfacial tensions at the triple point at which a grain boundary in the oxide layer or the metal layer meets the alloy/oxide interface.