bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of case definitions on epidemiological estimates of periodontitis prevalence and its associations with smoking and OHRQoL
Authors: Ke Linbei , Nogueira Getulio , Thomson William Murray
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To compare periodontitis prevalence estimates obtained using the new classification system with those generated using other case definitions from the literature, examine the strength of the association between tobacco smoking and periodontitis (and that between periodontitis and its impact on oral‐health‐related quality of life; OHRQoL) using those definitions.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the 2009 New Zealand Oral Health Survey, a cross‐sectional dental examination survey of a representative sample of people aged 18 or over. We identified cases using 10 different periodontitis case definitions and then compared weighted prevalence estimates across those. The associations between smoking and periodontitis, and between periodontitis and short‐form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) scores, were then compared across the various case definitions.

Results

There was considerable variation in periodontitis prevalence estimates (range 3% to 59%). All definitions (but one) showed a higher prevalence of periodontitis in smokers than in non‐smokers. The new classification stage III definition showed the strongest association, with an adjusted prevalence ratio of 1.99 (95%CI: 1.35, 2.91). All case definitions (but one) had a higher mean OHIP‐14 score among people with periodontitis.

Conclusions

Periodontitis prevalence estimates are greatly influenced by case definition choice. The new classification system may be more accurate than any other used to date, but questions remain about its utility for periodontal epidemiology.
Association between allergic sensitization and intestinal parasite infection in schoolchildren in Gqeberha, South Africa
Authors: Brandt Oliver , Wegenstein Benjamin , Müller Ivan , Smith Danielle , Nqweniso Siphesihle , Adams Larissa , Müller Simon , du Randt Rosa , Pühse Uwe , Gerber Markus , Navarini Alexander A. , Utzinger Jürg , Labhardt Niklaus D. , Schindler Christian , Walter Cheryl
Published: January 2022

Background

Inconsistent data exist regarding the influence of parasitic infection on the prevalence of allergic sensitization and disorders.

Objective

To investigate the impact of geohelminth and protozoan infections on sensitization patterns and allergic symptoms of children living in low‐income communities in Gqeberha, South Africa.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, 587 schoolchildren aged 8–12 years were recruited in June 2016 and screened for reactivity to common allergens by skin prick tests (SPTs) and for parasitic infections by stool examination. Additionally, questionnaires were completed to record allergic symptoms the children may have experienced.

Results

Positive SPTs were found in 237/587 children (40.4%), and about one‐third of whom were polysensitized. Sensitizations were most frequently detected against the house dust mites (HDM) Dermatophagoides spp. (31.9%) and Blomia tropicalis (21.0%). Infections with geohelminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura) were found in 26.8% and protozoan infections (Giardia intestinalis, Cryptosporidia spp.) in 13.9% of study participants. Mixed logistic regression analyses revealed negative associations between parasite infection and sensitization to Blomia tropicalis (OR: 0.54, 95% CI 0.33–0.89) and to Dermatophagoides spp. (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.43–0.96), and between protozoan infection and allergic sensitization to any aeroallergen, although these associations were not significant when adjusted for false discovery. Geohelminth infection and intensity of geohelminth infection were both associated with reduced risk of polysensitization (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21–0.86), and this association remained significant with adjustment for false discovery. Reported respiratory symptoms were associated with HDM sensitization (ORs from 1.54 to 2.48), but not with parasite infection.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Our data suggest that geohelminth infection and high geohelminth infection intensity are associated with a reduced risk of polysensitization.
Translating the 10 golden rules of reforestation for coral reef restoration
Authors: Quigley Kate M. , Hein Margaux , Suggett David J.
Published: January 2022

Efforts are accelerating to protect and restore ecosystems globally. With trillions of dollars in ecosystem services at stake, no clear framework exists for developing or prioritizing approaches to restore coral reefs even as efforts and investment opportunities to do so grow worldwide. Restoration may buy time for climate change mitigation, but it lacks rigorous guidance to meet objectives of scalability and effectiveness. Lessons from restoration of terrestrial ecosystems can and should be rapidly adopted for coral reef restoration. We propose how the 10 golden rules of effective forest restoration can be translated to accelerate efforts to restore coral reefs based on established principles of resilience, management, and local stewardship. We summarize steps to undertake reef restoration as a management strategy in the context of the diverse ecosystem service values that coral reefs provide. Outlining a clear blueprint is timely as more stakeholders seek to undertake restoration as the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration begins.
Implications of wildlife trafficking on the health and conservation efforts of an endangered turtle species in Colombia
Authors: Castro Cortés Andrés Alejandro , Brieva Claudia , Witte Carmel
Published: January 2022

The Colombian slider turtle (Trachemys venusta callirostris) is an endangered species, and one of the most common reptiles admitted to wildlife facilities in Colombia due to wildlife trafficking. To identify the most common diseases at admission and identify factors affecting rehabilitation and translocation, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 567 individuals admitted to a wildlife facility in Bogotá, Colombia (2005–2009). In total, 70% of turtles had at least one clinical problem identified at admission, with metabolic bone disease (MBD) (40.8%), ulcerative shell disease (USD) (29%), and dysecdysis (23.9%) being the most reported. Only 44% (249/560; 7 turtles with unknown disposition were excluded) were translocated while the remaining 56% (311/560) died. We used a multivariable logistic regression and found that factors significantly associated (p <.05) with successful rehabilitation included life stage and health status at admission. Adult and juvenile turtles were 3.0 and 2.4 times more likely to be successfully rehabilitated for translocation, respectively, than hatchlings. Individuals identified as healthy at admission were 3.3 times more likely to be rehabilitated than individuals with medical problems. Most medical problems diagnosed at admission are the result of inadequate husbandry from private ownership, and this negatively impacts rehabilitation and eventual translocation of individuals back to their natural habitats. We highlight important considerations for wildlife facilities in the conservation efforts of this endangered species.
Detection of non‐haematolymphoid malignancies in bronchoalveolar lavages–A cancer centre’s 10 year experience
Authors: Velez‐Perez Anneliese , Abuharb Banan , Bammert Catherine E. , Landon Gene , Gan Qiong
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Fibreoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (FOB‐BAL) is often performed in immunocompromised and cancer patients to investigate possible infectious and non‐infectious causes of clinical and radiological respiratory abnormalities. Knowledge of the incidence and distribution of non‐haematolymphoid malignancies (NHLM) detected by FOB‐BAL in this population is limited.

Method

Our pathology electronic database was searched from July 1, 2008 to June 30, 2018 for BAL specimens with diagnoses of “malignant” and a review of the pathology report and electronic medical record was performed. Statistical analyses were performed to determine the incidence, distribution of NHLM, and demographics of patients in these BALs.

Results

A total of 209 (1.92%) out of 11 035 BAL cases were reported in the “malignant” category. After exclusion of 22 cases with haematolymphoid malignancies, 187 cases were included in this study. The average patient age was 58 years (ranging from 9 to 83 years). The most common NHLM identified were from lung/thoracic primaries (n = 103; 55.1%) with adenocarcinoma being the most common type of lung primary (n = 91; 88%). Other tumours detected included carcinomas from breast (n = 34; 18.2%), gastrointestinal tract (n = 17; 9.1%), genitourinary tract (n = 13; 7%), Müllerian origin (n = 8; 4.3%), and head and neck (n = 6; 3.2%). Rarer NHLM encompassed 3.2% of BALs (n = 6).

Conclusion

FOB‐BAL is a useful tool for evaluating various pulmonary abnormalities in our cancer institute's patient population and a valuable method for detecting NHLM, which is critical to guide appropriate subsequent therapies.
The novel left atrial strain parameters in diagnosing of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Ma Chang‐Sheng , Liao Yu‐Ping , Fan Jia‐Li , Zhao Xin , Su Bo , Zhou Bing‐Yuan
Published: January 2022

Objectives

We sought to evaluate the ability of the novel LA strain parameters to discriminate patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) from individuals with risk factors of HFpEF.

Methods and results

A total of n = 389 patients with risk factors for HFpEF finally was prospectively enrolled into the study, 66 of them were diagnosed with HFpEF by the 2021 ESC HF guidelines. Fifty‐five patients were undergone left ventricular catheterization and simultaneous transthoracic echocardiography was performed, 35 of them with elevated left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure (LVEDP). Left atrial reservoir strain (LASr) was measured in all patients. LA filling index was defined as the ratio of mitral E and LASr and LA stiffness index was calculated as E/e′/LASr. Compared with the patients in the normal LVEDP subgroup, those in the elevated LVEDP subgroup showed significantly higher LA filling index, LA stiffness index, and LAVI/LASr. The receiver‐operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed LASr (area under curve [AUC] .840), LA filling index (AUC .843), LA stiffness index (AUC .766), and LAVI/LASr (AUC .755) had good diagnostic accuracy for elevated LVEDP. Inter‐technique agreement analysis showed the novel algorithms with LA strain parameters had good agreement with the invasive LVEDP measurement, better than the 2016 ASE/SCAI algorithms (kappa .711 vs. .101). Furthermore, compared with patients without HFpEF, LASr was lower in HFpEF, LA filling index, LA stiffness index, and LAVI/LASr was higher in patients with HFpEF. ROC analysis showed the novel LA strain parameters with good accuracy (AUC .756 to .821) non‐inferior to conventional echocardiographic parameters could identify HFpEF, and LA stiffness index (AUC .821) was the best one.

Conclusion

The novel LA strain parameters could be of potential usefulness in estimating LVEDP and incorporated into the 2016 EACVI/ASE criteria would improve the diagnostic efficiency. The novel LA strain parameters with good accuracy non‐inferior to conventional echocardiographic parameters could discriminate HFpEF from patients with risk factors of HFpEF.
The relationship between local and regional extinction rates depends on species distribution patterns
Authors: Yan Chuan , He Fangliang , He Jinxing , Zhang Zhibin
Published: January 2022

The rapid loss of biodiversity poses a great threat to ecosystem functions and services. Credible estimation of species extinction rates is essential for understanding the magnitude of biodiversity loss and for informing conservation, but this has been a challenge because estimated extinctions are unverifiable due to the lack of data. In this study, we investigated the relationship between local and regional extinctions and assessed the effects of range size, spatial segregation and patchiness of species distribution on this local–regional extinction relationship. We found that regional extinction rates had a convex relationship with local extinction rates, that is, the regional extinction rate was most likely to be lower than the average local rate. The regional rates deviated from local rates as the sampling area decreased. The difference between local and regional extinction rates (local–regional extinction difference) became larger if a higher number of species had larger range sizes and patchiness. We also detected that there were interactive effects among these factors. Species segregation had a weak positive relationship with the local–regional extinction difference if more species had relatively large range sizes. As the sampling areas increased, the range size showed smaller positive effects on local–regional differences, but patchiness showed larger positive effects. The local–regional extinction relationship of this study provides insights into the spatial scaling of biodiversity loss and offers some important cues for estimating regional extinctions from local data in future studies.
Food web structure and community composition: a comparison across space and time in the North Sea
Authors: Frelat Romain , Kortsch Susanne , Kröncke Ingrid , Neumann Hermann , Nordström Marie C. , Olivier Pierre E. N. , Sell Anne F.
Published: January 2022

Ecological communities are constantly changing as a response to environmental and anthropogenic pressures. Yet, how changes in community composition influence the structure of food webs over time and space remains elusive. Using ecological network analysis, we assessed how food web structure changed across six distinct areas of the North Sea over a sixteen‐year time‐period. We used multivariate analyses to disentangle and compare spatio‐temporal dynamics in community composition (i.e. changes in species abundances) and food web structure (i.e. changes in network properties). Specifically, we assessed how changes in community composition were reflected in food web structure. Our results revealed a strong spatial coupling between community composition and food web structure along a south–north gradient. However, the temporal covariation between community composition and food web structure depended on the spatial scale. We observed a temporal mismatch at regional scale, but a strong coupling at local scale. In particular, we found that community composition can be influenced by hydro‐climatic events over large areas, with diverse effects manifesting in local food web structure. Our proposed methodological framework quantified and compared spatio‐temporal changes in community composition and food web structure, providing key information to support effective management strategies aimed at conserving the structure and functioning of ecological communities in times of environmental change.
Freedom‐amelioration, transformative change, and emancipatory orders
Authors: Schmid Lukas
Published: January 2022

“Freedom” is a fundamental political concept: contestations or endorsements of freedom‐conceptions concern the fundamental normative orientation of sociopolitical orders. Focusing on “freedom,” this article argues that the project of bringing about emancipatory sociopolitical orders is both aided by efforts at engineering fundamental political concepts as well as required by such ameliorative ambitions. I first argue that since the absence of ideology is a constituent feature of emancipatory orders, any attempt at bringing about emancipation should leverage genealogical approaches in order to debunk existing ideological freedom‐concepts, which can occur only by exposing the discursive functions these have come to serve for the (re‐)production of dominant power relations. I then suggest that establishing and sustaining an alternative, ideology‐free conception of “freedom” is a steeper task. Ensuring widespread uptake of any ameliorated concept is contingent on effective change in the relevant social environment. Where fundamental political concepts such as “freedom” are concerned, effective intervention in the relevant social environment requires radical sociopolitical change. But if such change can be brought about and enables the widespread uptake of an “improved” freedom‐concept, the concept's content comes to reflect changed social facts, thereby stabilizing the particular emancipatory sociopolitical order which has newly arisen.
Analysis ofFmsyin light of life‐history traits—Effects on its proxies and length‐based indicators
Authors: Horbowy Jan , Hommik Kristiina
Published: January 2022

Equilibrium yields and biomasses in relation to fishing mortality were generated for a wide range of life‐history traits (LHTs), which included growth parameters, natural mortality, maturity, selectivity and steepness of the Beverton and Holt stock–recruitment relationship. For each combination of LHTs, the fishing mortality expected to produce maximum sustainable yield (Fmsy), its selected proxies (F0.1,F40%,F40%SSBandFmax) and mean length atFmsy(Lmsy) were estimated. Next, linear models combining the estimatedFmsyandLmsywith the traits were fitted (R2 > .95). Almost all of the LHTs were statistically significant, and the largest effect onFmsywas from steepness, while natural mortality and growth rate had smaller effects. In the case ofLmsy, however, the largest effect in the fitted model was from the growth rate, while steepness influencedLmsyonly slightly. TheFmsyproxies were evaluated, andF40%SSBappeared to be a generally conservativeFmsyproxy, whileFmaxalways overestimatedFmsy, generally to a large extent.F0.1andF40%may be used asFmsyproxies or conservative proxies mainly for steepness values of 0.6 and higher; for lower steepness, they may markedly overestimateFmsy. The ratio of biomass atFmsyto virgin biomass was on average 0.34, and for a steepness of 0.9, some values were lower than 0.2. The analysis indicates that the use of the mean length of a catch in relation toLmsyfor evaluating stock status should be done with caution, especially for species with a high growth rate.
Active fires show an increasing elevation trend in the tropical highlands
Authors: Xiao Chiwei , Feng Zhiming , Li Peng
Published: January 2022

As an inherent element of the Earth's ecosystem, forest, and vegetation fires are one of the key contributors to and direct consequences of climate change. Given that topography is one of the key drivers of forest landscapes and fire behavior, it is important to clarify what the topographical characteristics and trends of global fire events are, particularly in the tropics. Here, we have investigated the variations in elevation of active fires at the continental to a global scale, including the tropics, the extra‐tropics, the lowlands, and the highlands (greater than 200 m above sea level [asl]), using the available MODIS Collection 6 active fire products (2001–2019). The main conclusions are: (1) the annual totality (average of 4.5 million) of global active fire events decreased and over 97% of them occurred frequently below 1500 m asl. (2) The tropics and the highlands accounted for ~74% (±3%) and 71% (±2%) of global active fires, respectively, and 77% (±2%) were observed in the tropical highlands. (3) From the beginning of the 21st century, active fires in the highlands displayed an upward elevational trend, particularly in the tropics, while the opposite trend was observed for the lowlands. More importantly, the rate of the increasing elevation in the highlands had a greater magnitude than that of decreasing elevation in the lowlands. (4) Finally, the United Nations collaborative program on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN‐REDD) in Developing Countries seemed to slow down or even result in a reversal of the upward elevational trend of fire occurrences in the tropics for the partner countries, especially in the lowlands. In the context of global climate change and rampant fires, the trend of rising elevation for active fire occurrences, particularly in the tropical highlands, indicates that more vegetation burning events occur or will occur in hilly to mountainous areas, thus posing further threats to tropical forests and some important biodiversity refuges. More sustained efforts should be made by governments and the scientific community to instigate enhanced fire management practices and to conduct in‐depth research programs.
Parasite species richness and host range are not spatially conserved
Authors: Dallas Tad A. , Jordano Pedro
Published: January 2022

Aim

Interactor richness in host–parasite networks, corresponding to either parasite species richness for host species or host range for parasite species, can be a function of taxonomic or trait constraints. Species appearing in multiple networks can have similar interactor richness in each network owing to these taxonomic and trait constraints, resulting in a spatially conserved mean interactor richness and lower variation in interaction richness relative to a null expectation. Here, we used a global database of host–helminth interactions to examine the variability in interactor richness across a spatially explicit collection of 299 host–helminth networks.

Location

Global.

Time period

1800–2003.

Major taxa studied

Helminth parasite species and their host species.

Methods

We used randomization tests to examine spatial conservation of species interactions for both host and helminth species.

Results

We failed to detect a signal of interactor richness conservation for > 95% of host and helminth parasite species relative to a set of three null models, where both the mean number of interactions per species and the variation in the number of interactions per species did not differ from a random draw. Furthermore, we detected a significant taxonomic signal in divergence in parasite species richness from a null model for host species, indicating that slight departures from null expectations are related to host phylogenetic relationships.

Main conclusions

Overall, this indicates that interactor richness can vary widely for the same species and that host and helminth parasite species can play very different functional roles in interaction networks across spatial or environmental gradients.
Response Evaluation Criteria in Cancer of the liver version 6 (Response Evaluation Criteria in Cancer of the Liver 2021 revised version)
Authors: Kudo Masatoshi , Ikeda Masafumi , Ueshima Kazuomi , Sakamoto Michiie , Shiina Shuichiro , Tateishi Ryosuke , Nouso Kazuhiro , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Furuse Junji , Miyayama Shiro , Murakami Takamichi , Yamashita Tatsuya , Kokudo Norihiro
Published: January 2022

Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) is inappropriate to assess the direct effects of treatment on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by locoregional therapies, such as radiofrequency ablation or transarterial chemoembolization. Therefore, establishment of response evaluation criteria solely devoted to HCC is needed in clinical practice, as well as in clinical trials of HCC treatment, such as systemic therapies, which cause necrosis of the tumor. Response Evaluation Criteria in Cancer of the Liver (RECICL) was revised in 2021 by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan based on the 2019 version of RECICL, which was commonly used in Japan. The major revised points of the RECICL 2021 is inclusion of RECIST version 1.1 and modified RECIST as response evaluation criteria in systemic therapy for HCC. We hope this new treatment response criteria, RECICL, proposed by the Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan will benefit the HCC treatment response evaluation in the setting of daily clinical practice and clinical trials as well, not only in Japan, but also internationally.
Power, recovery and doing something worthwhile: A thematic analysis of expert patient perspectives in psychiatry education
Authors: Ward Katie , Stanyon Miriam , Ryan Karl , Dave Subodh
Published: January 2022

Background

Patient involvement in psychiatry education is required by policy and has many benefits for students. Little research has focused on the impact on expert patients (EPs).

Objective

This study aimed to explore the impact of involvement in psychiatry education on mental health patients.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study using semistructured interviews was conducted in a psychiatry teaching unit in the East Midlands, UK. A purposive sample of 20 EPs involved in teaching was interviewed about the social and psychological impacts of involvement. Transcripts were analysed thematically and a coding scheme was developed.

Results

Five themes were identified: shaping the doctors of the future—something worthwhile, challenging assumptions about mental health, recovery and transformation, vulnerability and support and expertise and power.

Conclusion

These EPs benefitted from their experience of teaching. Involvement in psychiatry teaching may require putting oneself in a vulnerable position, but a supportive and open faculty team may mitigate this challenge. The Expert Patient Programme was seen as a way of helping to reduce the power difference between patients and doctors in the future. There is a need to examine the language that we use to talk about patient involvement as this may have implications for this power dynamic. The context and mechanisms that lead to the benefits described by participants should be studied so that these benefits may be generalized to other contexts.

Patient Contribution

An EP was involved in the planning and ethical approval application process of the project and the drafting and approval of this manuscript.
Producing speed on demand: Reconfiguration of space and time in food delivery platform work
Authors: Zheng Yingqin , Wu Philip Fei
Published: January 2022

Existing IS research on platform work has narrowly focused on the managerial operations of algorithmic management or its business implications. Limited research has paid attention to the scalar effects and societal implications of platform work. In this study, we address the phenomenon of ‘speed’ in the on‐demand economy through a qualitative study of Chinese food delivery workers. We construct a performative view of spatiotemporality to illustrate the reconfiguration of multiple spatiotemporal orders. The paper thus broadens the theorisation of time and space in IS research and provides a more nuanced and critical understanding of platform work against the backdrop of structural inequality in platform capitalism.
Inverse attribute‐based optimization with an application in assortment optimization
Authors: Iraj Elaheh H. , Terekhov Daria
Published: January 2022

Many applications of inverse optimization (IO) arise in settings where the goal is to predict the future actions of an optimizing agent (e.g., an optimizing customer's future purchases). The majority of papers in this area implicitly assume an alternative‐based modeling approach: The forward model finds an optimal set of actions (decisions) from among a given set of alternatives, while the inverse model imputes objective function coefficients corresponding to these alternatives. Since the imputed weights correspond only to alternatives existing in the training set, alternative‐based modeling is limited to applications where the set of options does not change when a prediction is needed. In this paper, we apply an attribute‐based perspective, which allows IO to impute the weights of attributes that lead to an optimal decision instead of imputing the weight of the decision itself. This perspective expands the range of IO applicability; we demonstrate that it facilitates the application of IO in assortment optimization, where changing product selections is a defining feature and accurate predictions of demand are important. We compare inverse attribute‐based optimization with rank‐based and machine learning methods. We show that since IO encodes the utility optimizing behavior of the consumer into the preference learning process, it results in lower assortment regret for the store and a lower utility gap for the consumers.
Bear presence attracts avian predators but does not impact lesser snow goose daily nest attendance
Authors: Barnas Andrew F. , Darby Brian J. , Iles David T. , Koons David N. , Rockwell Robert F. , Semeniuk Christina A. D. , Ellis‐Felege Susan N.
Published: January 2022

The presence of foraging bears in Arctic breeding bird colonies has been increasingly reported in the literature, and these may constitute disturbance events which cause incubating birds to leave their nest. Avian predators may associate with bears during such events, likely to capitalize on unattended nests in the presence of bears. Here, we estimated changes in daily nest attendance of lesser snow geeseAnser caerulescens caerulescensin the presence of foraging bears, and estimated the association between foraging bears and avian predators. We predicted decreased nest attendance by geese on days with bears, and close associations between avian predators and bears. We monitored snow goose nests with cameras from 2013 to 2018 to assess nest attendance behaviours on days when bears were in the colony compared to control days without bears. When bears were present in colonies, we estimated the probability of avian predator occurrence compared to control periods. When controlling for day of incubation and camera placement types, we found no significant effects of bears on daily nest attendance behaviours of snow geese (n = 85). We found a significantly higher probability of observing avian predators when bears were present (0.72) compared to control periods without bears (0.11). We show that snow geese do not alter daily nest attendance in the presence of foraging bears, and suggest this is due to the presence of avian predators.
Do liquid assets lure managers? Evidence from corporate misconduct
Authors: Zaman Rashid , Atawnah Nader , Nadeem Muhammad , Bahadar Stephen , Shakri Irfan Haider
Published: January 2022

We examine the effect of asset redeployability on corporate misconduct and find a significant positive relationship. Utilizing a large sample of public US firms for the period of 2001 to 2015, we find that a one standard deviation (SD) increase in the proportion of redeployable assets leads to a 7.2% increase in corporate fines. We also find that the positive association between asset redeployability and corporate misconduct varies across types of misconduct and industrial heterogeneity. In our channel analysis, we find that managerial risk‐taking is a potential mechanism through which asset redeployability is associated with misconduct. Additional tests reveal that corporate misconduct associated with asset redeployability leads to lower firm value. Our results remained robust in a series of sensitivity tests and continue to hold after accounting for potential endogeneity concerns. Our paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on the costs and benefits of asset redeployability.
Misinformedness about the European Union and the Preference to Vote to Leave or Remain
Authors: Partheymüller Julia , Kritzinger Sylvia , Plescia Carolina
Published: January 2022

European politicians have become increasingly concerned about the possible distorting effects of citizens not only being uninformed, but systematically misinformed about the European Union (EU). Against this background, this study assesses the role of EU knowledge in shaping the preference to vote to leave or remain in a (hypothetical) referendum on EU membership using cross‐national survey data that were collected simultaneously in eight EU countries during the run‐up to the 2019 EP elections. The surveys included a newly designed item battery of EU knowledge capturing both the accuracy as well as confidence in knowledge of the respondents. The results show that misinformedness is associated with a preference to leave the EU, the uninformed citizens tend to be undecided or not intending to vote, while the well‐informed prefer to remain. Overall, our findings contribute to the ongoing debates about the role of misinformation in politics.
EU Sport Diplomacy: An Idea Whose Time Has Nearly Come
Authors: Parrish Richard
Published: January 2022

The EU is often characterized as an economic giant but a political dwarf. In recognition of the need to develop its diplomatic persona, it is increasingly deploying soft power. Since the adoption of the sports competence in the Lisbon Treaty, the EU has considered the potential of sport to assist with the amplification of foreign policy messages. However, unlike many nation‐states, it has not yet developed a sport diplomacy strategy, although the adoption of one is being discussed at ministerial level. Employing Kingdon's multiple streams framework, this article explains how solutions have become joined to problems and that increasingly favourable political forces have opened a policy window through which the first ever EU sport diplomacy strategy should pass. However, the article also urges caution on policy entrepreneurs by advising on the circumstances in which Kingdon's three streams will couple and a strategy emerge.
Can slowing the rate of water temperature decline be utilized to reduce the impacts of cold water pollution from dam releases on fish physiology and performance?
Authors: Parisi Monique A. , Franklin Craig E. , Cramp Rebecca L.
Published: January 2022

Cold water pollution (CWP) is caused by releases of unseasonably cold water from large, thermally stratified dams. Rapid and prolonged decreases in water temperature can have depressive effects on the metabolism, growth and swimming performance of fish. However, it is unknown if reducing the rate of temperature decrease could mitigate these negative effects by allowing thermal acclimation/acclimatization to occur. This study investigated the rate of temperature decrease as a potential CWP mitigation strategy in juvenile Murray cod Maccullochella peelii. M. peelii were exposed to a gradual, intermediate or rapid temperature decrease from 24 to 14°C. Energetic costs, locomotor performance, growth and survival were measured to determine if the initial thermal regime affected the thermal acclimation capacity of M. peelii. Cold exposure had significant acute and lasting depressive effects regardless of the rate of temperature decrease, although M. peelii showed varying degrees of thermal compensation in swimming performance and metabolism after 8 weeks of exposure to low temperatures. The short‐term effects of CWP‐like reductions in temperature are significant, but over time M. peelii can offset some of the depressive effects of CWP through thermal plasticity. This study highlights the importance of understanding physiological responses of fish to inform management and conservation. We conclude that rate of water temperature decline cannot be used to mitigate the sublethal effects of CWP on juvenile M. peelii but may still be useful for managing the negative effects in other native Australian fish species.
Are firms motivated to greenwash by financial constraints? Evidence from global firms' data
Authors: Zhang Dongyang
Published: January 2022

Corporate social responsibility is the balance between a firm's economic outcomes and environmental protection. However, investors face increasing difficulties in selecting assets with suitable environmental, social, and governance (ESG) policies because companies may “greenwash” their activities by, for example, make misleading ESG disclosures. Here, we investigate the determinants that lead to companies engaging in ESG greenwashing. By analyzing international large‐cap companies across 47 countries and territories, we create a peer‐relative greenwashing score to measure the magnitude of ESG greenwashing by companies. First, we measure and evaluate the greenwashing by analyzing ESG disclosures and creating peer‐relative performance scores that consider the level of disclosure and the real ESG performance. Second, we show that companies' greenwashing decisions are motivated by financial constraints and thus the financial environment is a determinant of greenwashing behavior. Third, we describe how intermediation can alleviate financial constraints and decrease greenwashing behavior. Moreover, highly leveraged companies may have increased financial pressure and thus may enhance their greenwashing behavior. Our findings are robust according to several different measurements of financial constraint indicators.
Real‐time monitoring of carbonation of hardened cement pastes using Raman microscopy
Authors: Zhang Kai , Yio Marcus , Wong Hong , Buenfeld Nick
Published: January 2022

This study investigated the feasibility of Raman microscopy for monitoring early surface carbonation of hardened cement pastes in real time for up to 7 days. Samples were exposed to natural carbonation (440 ppm CO2) and accelerated carbonation (4% CO2), and the evolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) polymorphs, portlandite, ettringite, C‐S‐H gel and unreacted cement particles was followed. Results showed that calcite is the main polymorph formed under both natural and accelerated carbonation. Under accelerated carbonation, the formation of calcite on the sample surface completed within 1 day whereas under natural carbonation, the formation of calcite is expected to continue beyond 7 days. The contents of portlandite and ettringite decreased rapidly under accelerated carbonation but much more gradually under natural carbonation. However, calcium silicate minerals in unreacted cement particles remained unchanged throughout the carbonation processes. Overall, this study demonstrated that Raman microscopy is a valuable tool for non‐destructive real‐time imaging of surface carbonation in cement‐based materials.
Association of Inpatient Postpartum Opioid Use with Bedside Nurse
Authors: Badreldin Nevert , Grobman William A. , Niznik Charlotte M. , Yee Lynn M.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Our objective was to assess the association between the nurse providing bedside care and women's postpartum opioid use.

Methods

Retrospective study of all women who birthed at a single center (December 2015 to November 2016). Patient, prescriber, and clinical data were abstracted. The postpartum nurse and total opioid use during the first 12‐hour postpartum shift after birth were determined. A high amount of opioid use was defined as morphine milligram equivalents greater than or equal to 90% for this population (stratified by vaginal and cesarean births). A logistic regression model was fit with covariates entered in a step‐wise manner to identify the extent to which individual nurses were associated with a greater likelihood of high opioid use by establishing one model in which the only covariate was nurse (model 1) and assessing whether the addition of patient (model 2), birth (model 3), and prescriber factors (model 4) altered the association. Kendall rank correlation assessed rank changes between models.

Results

Of the 8376 and 2957 women who had vaginal and cesarean births, 17.9% and 10.2%, respectively, had high opioid use. In the vaginal cohort, women cared for by 46 of 200 nurses were significantly less likely to have high opioid use. Following adjustment, patients cared for by 53 of 200 bedside nurses (model 4) had significantly lower odds of having high opioid use. The rank order of nurses, with respect to the likelihood of opioid use, remained similar after adjustment for patient, birth, and prescriber factors (Τ = 0.84). Findings were similar for the cesarean cohort: 35 of 113 nurses were associated with a significantly lower likelihood of their patients having high opioid use, and the rank order remained similar after covariate adjustment (Τ = 0.78).

Discussion

There is significant variation in postpartum women's opioid use based on the nurse that is not explained by patient, birth, or prescriber factors.
The phenomenon of caring for older patients who are dying from traumatic injuries in the emergency department: An interpretive phenomenological study
Authors: Ryan Kimberley , Windsor Carol , Jack Leanne
Published: January 2022

Purpose

To gain greater understanding of what it means to care for older patients dying from traumatic injuries in the emergency department.

Design

A Heideggerian phenomenological design using the methods of Van Manen.

Methods

In‐depth, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted with five emergency nurses who worked in an emergency department in Australia. Interview data were interpreted using a Heideggerian hermeneutic approach and guided by Van Manen’s lifeworld analysis focusing on the experiential aspects of lived time (temporality) and lived space (spatiality) in the phenomenon.

Findings

The older patient reflects the passage of chronological time. This temporal aspect shaped the participant experience as there was a sudden awareness of the impact of the injuries sustained on the fragile physical condition of the patients. There was an unexpectedness and unpreparedness which was related to a precognitive assumption that the older patient would die from an age‐related comorbid condition. Also of significance was the sacred liminal space in which the nurses worked to facilitate the dying patient transition from life to death.

Conclusions

The existential dimensions of temporality and spatiality revealed new insights into what it means to care for elderly patients dying from traumatic injuries. Temporal aspects were shaped by the longevity of the lives of patients and spatiality explored the liminal space where participants were morally guided to deliver end of life care with dignity and respect for a long‐lived life taken by trauma.

Clinical relevance

The findings may contribute to further understanding of what shapes the experience for emergency nurses delivering EOL care in the ED, with specific relevance and focus on the older patient with traumatic injuries. Hermeneutic research may also encourage clinicians to explore phenomena to reveal new understandings that will inform further dialogue and future research.
Effect of a game‐based intervention on preoperative pain and anxiety in children: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Suleiman‐Martos Nora , García‐Lara Rubén A. , Membrive‐Jiménez María J. , Pradas‐Hernández Laura , Romero‐Béjar José L. , Dominguez‐Vías Germán , Gómez‐Urquiza José L.
Published: January 2022

Background

Games are increasingly being used as a means of alleviating pain and anxiety in paediatric patients, in the view that this form of distraction is effective, non‐invasive and non‐pharmacological.

Aims

To determine whether a game‐based intervention (via gamification or virtual reality) during the induction of anaesthesia reduces preoperative pain and anxiety in paediatric patients.

Methods

A systematic review with meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) guidelines and using RevMan software. The review was based on a search of the EMBASE, CINAHL, Medline, SciELO and Scopus databases, conducted in July 2021. No restriction was placed on the year of publication.

Results

26 studies were found, with a total study population of 2525 children. Regarding pain reduction, no significant differences were reported. For anxiety during anaesthesia induction, however, a mean difference of −10.62 (95% CI −13.85, −7.39) on the Modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale, in favour of game‐based intervention, was recorded.

Conclusions

Game‐based interventions alleviate preoperative anxiety during the induction of anaesthesia in children. This innovative and pleasurable approach can be helpful in the care of paediatric surgical patients.

Relevance to clinical practice

In children, preoperative management is a challenging task for healthcare professionals, and game‐based strategies could enhance results, improving patients’ emotional health and boosting post‐surgery recovery. Distractive games‐based procedures should be considered for incorporation in the pre‐surgery clinical workflow in order to optimise healthcare.
Reducing informational asymmetry impacts choices and improves safety: An evaluation of automobile crash tests
Authors: Sheehan‐Connor Damien
Published: January 2022

Vehicle crash tests mitigate an informational market failure and provide substantial benefits to consumers. Consumers cannot accurately assess vehicle safety leading automakers to provide it suboptimally. Crash tests performed by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety represent an attempt to mitigate this market failure. This paper presents evidence that automakers responded by producing safer vehicles and that consumers increased purchases of highly rated vehicles. A novel identification strategy using the year of vehicle redesign is used to evaluate the tests' safety impact. A lower‐bound estimate of program benefits is $3000 per vehicle resulting in an annual reduction of 1650 fatalities.
Hepatitis D‐associated hospitalizations in the United States: 2010–2018
Authors: Wasuwanich Paul , Striley Catherine W. , Kamili Saleem , Teshale Eyasu H. , Seaberg Eric C. , Karnsakul Wikrom
Published: January 2022

In the United States, hepatitis D is not a reportable condition, leading to gaps in epidemiological and clinical knowledge. We aim to estimate the incidence of hepatitis D‐associated hospitalizations in the United States and describe the clinical, demographic and geographic characteristics of those hospitalizations. We utilized hospitalization data from the 2010–2018 National Inpatient Sample from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project. Hepatitis D and hepatitis B only (HBV only) hospitalizations were identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD‐10) codes. We identified 3825 hepatitis D‐associated hospitalizations. The hospitalization rate of hepatitis D was between 6.9 and 20.7 per 10,000,000 but did not change significantly over time. Compared to HBV only, the hepatitis D cohort had a greater proportion of males, Hispanics, hospitalizations in the Northeast region. The hepatitis D‐associated hospitalizations also had significantly greater frequencies of liver failure, non‐alcoholic cirrhosis, portal hypertension, ascites and thrombocytopenia. While mortality in hepatitis D was similar to that of HBV only, age >65 years (odds ratio [OR] = 3.79; p = .020) and having a diagnosis of alcoholic cirrhosis (OR = 3.37; p = .044) increased the odds of mortality within the hepatitis D cohort. Although the hepatitis D‐associated hospitalizations were relatively uncommon, they were associated with severe complications.