bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kesepakatan Antarnegara terkait Pelanggaran Pelecehan oleh Pasukan Perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di Wilayah Konflik
Authors: Yunissa Ade Arya
Published: October 2022

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization formed with the mission to maintain world peace. The United Nations was formed in the hope of avoiding the possibility of aworld war such as the first world war and the second world war. One of the efforts made by The United Nations in carrying out its missoon is to place UN Peacekeepin Forces in conflict areasor countries. In placing peacekeepers, The United Nations has regulations that regulate the rights and obligations of UN Peacekeepers stationed in the territory of countries experincing conflict. With the regulations governing the rights and obligations of UN peacekeepers, all form of actions taken by these troops have been regulated based on an agreement between the sending country and the receiving country. But often, these regulations are one sided and tend to protect all troop actions, whether right aor wrong.Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) merupakan organisasi internasional yang dibentuk dengan misi untuk menjaga perdamaian dunia. PBB dibentuk dengan harapan menghindari kemungkinan terjadinya perang dunia seperti perang dunia pertama dan perang dunia kedua. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan PBB dalam menjalankan misinya adalah dengan menempatkan Pasukan Perdamaian PBB di wilayah atau negara yang berkonflik. Dalam menempatkan pasukan perdamaian, PBB memiliki regulasi yang mengatur hak dan kewajiban pasukan perdamaian PBB yang ditempatkan di wilayah negara yang sedang mengalami konflik. Dengan adanya regulasi yang mengatur hak dan kewajiban pasukan perdamaian PBB, segala bentuk tindakan yang dilakukan oleh pasukan tersebut telah diatur berdasarkan kesepakatan antara negara pengirim dengan negara penerima. Namun seringkali, regulasi tersebut bersifat berat sebelah dan cenderung melindungi segala tindakan pasukan baik benar ataupun salah.
KEKEJAMAN KKB PAPUA YANG MELANGGAR HAM
Authors: Septiadi Muhammad Andi , Sofa Nazzira Gahitsya , Syarah Siti , Shakira Wanda
Published: October 2022

The number of cases of violations of Human Rights (HAM) committed by a group of terrorists in Papua (KKB) is certainly a cause of fear for Papuans and other Indonesians. If it is not stopped, there will be more casualties caused by this group. The case of human rights violations committed by the Papuan KKB is still a topic of discussion among the wider community. We know that the role of the Government, TNI and Polri is very important in overcoming this conflict. Here we will discuss about the cruelty of the Papuan KKB which violates human rights. The reason is none other than to provide input to the party who is obliged to resolve this case.Banyaknya  kasus pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) yang dilakukan oleh sekelompok teroris di Papua (KKB) ini tentunya membuat ketakutan tersendiri bagi warga  Papua dan masyarakat Indonesia lainnya. Jika tidak dihentikan maka akan semakin banyak korban jiwa  yang diakibatkan oleh sekelompok tersebut. Kasus pelanggaran HAM yang dilakukan KKB Papua ini masih saja menjadi perbincangan dikalangan masyarakat luas. Kita tahu bahwasannya peran Pemerintah, TNI dan Polri  sangat penting dalam menanggulangi konflik ini. Disini kami akan membahas mengenai Kekejaman KKB Papua Yang Melanggar HAM. Adapun alasannya tidak lain  untuk memberi masukan kepada pihak yang berkewajiban untuk menyelesaikan kasus ini.
PENGARUH BRAND AMBASSADOR DAN BRAND IMAGE TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN PRODUK SCARLETT WHITENING PADA MAHASISWA ADMINISTRASI BISNIS UNIVERSITAS MALIKUSSALEH
Authors: Syarifuddin Nayami , Maisyura Maisyura
Published: October 2022

This study aims to determine the influence of brand ambassadors and brand image on the purchasing decision of Scarlett Whitening products on Malikussaleh University Business Administration students. This research was conducted at the Business Administration Study Program of Malikussaleh Lhokseumawe University. This study used primary data in the form of questionnaires that were distributed to students of the Business Administration Study Program at Malikussaleh University as many as 67 respondents. The data analysis methods used are instrument tests and classical assumption tests as well as multiple linear regression tests using the help of SPSS software version 26. The test results showed that the brand ambassador variable did not have a significant effect on scarlett Whitening's product purchase decisions in Malikussaleh University Business Administration students, while the brand image variable had a positive and significant effect on Scarlett Whitening's product purchase decisions in Malikussaleh University Business Administration students. Meanwhile, the simultaneous test results showed that the brand ambassador and brand image together influenced the purchasing decision of Scarlett Whitening products in Malikussaleh University Business Administration students.
PENGARUH PERCEIVED OF RISK (PERSEPSI RISIKO) TERHADAP MINAT BELI ONLINE
Authors: Nadia Nadia , Ritonga Nursakinah
Published: October 2022

This study aims to examine the influence of perceived of risk on the online buying interest of  the people of Dusun 1 Tambon Tunong Village, Dewantara District, North Aceh Regency. This research was conducted in Hamlet 1 of Tambon Tunong Village, Dewantara District, North Aceh Regency. This study used primary data in the form of questionnaires that were distributed to the people of Dusun 1 Tambon Tunong Village, Dewantara District, North Aceh Regency who made online purchases. The data analysis methods used are instrument tests and classical assumption tests as well as simple linear regression tests using the help of SPSS version 26 software. The results of the partial test showed that the perceived of risk had a positive and significant effect on the online buying interest of  the people of Dusun 1 Tambon Tunong Village, Dewantara District, North Aceh Regency.
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MANIPUR PAINTINGS IN PRE AND POST INDIA INDEPENDENCE
Authors: Meinam Irikhomba Meetei
Published: October 2022

Painting is considered as one of the oldest art forms. Every civilization has its own history of painting. Painting deals with the pigment which is used to apply on the surface by using a binder. During the early period, man used to communicate through pictographic forms by depicting drawings and paintings on the wall surfaces. From the course of time drawing and painting have been a major part of transforming our human civilization. Manipur was one of the princely kingdoms in the earlier time. The people of this state were very talented and skillful. They used to practice art activities based on their livelihood and the official purposes of the royal court. Visual art has taken a very important role in the formation of Manipur tradition and culture. After the Vaishnavite religion introduced in Manipur, two types of painting styles were visible in the state before the India got independence. Formal art education was started lately after the British introduce in Manipur. The trend and development of Visual Art activities in the state were closely associated with the art development in the mainland states. The paper attempt to analyzed and narrate the art practice that happen in two decades of Manipur history i.e., Art trend before India Independent and post Indian Independent.
CHILDHOOD EXPERIENCES IN PAINTINGS: EXPRESSIONS BY CONTEMPORARY INDIAN ARTISTS
Authors: Sharma Tarun Kumar , Parvez Shahid
Published: October 2022

The present paper is an attempt to understand the relationship between the childhood experiences and its expression in visual art mediums such as painting, sculptures, and installations. Visual art is an important medium by which the subconscious mind finds its way for expression. In this research, some Indian contemporary artists have been studied on two parameters: first on their artwork and second on their childhood experiences. An attempt is being made to find out how the childhood experiences made an impact on their work. Both positive and negative experiences in childhood lead to creative pathways in an artist. The childhood experiences of these artists range from early demise of mother resulting in missing visage in paintings, to expression of darkness and death due to witnessing riots. The work of some artists who were abandoned ‘pink’ color due to dark complexion resulting in series of artwork titled ‘I hate pink’ or having positive experiences such as time spent with family being expressed in the form of family gathering paintings, are also elaborated in this paper. Psychologists have been finding ways to reach to the core of people’s mind to gain insight about the mental health issues and its causes or origins for an individual. The understanding of an individual’s artwork can be a way of identifying and understanding the expressions and reflections of that individual in drawings, paintings, and other visual art mediums.
Analisis Urban Sprawl sebagai Rekomendasi Pengendalian Pemanfaatan Ruang untuk Pengembangan Lahan Pertanian di Kabupaten Karawang
Authors: Andari Masyitah Tri , Pravitasari Andrea Emma , Anwar Syaiful
Published: October 2022

The increasing conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land is the central issue in Karawang Regency. It is caused by the increasing population, urbanization, industrialization, urban expansion, and its position in the Jakarta Bandung Mega Urban Region (JBMUR) corridor. The increasing need for space in urban areas encourages the development to the city’s outskirts (urban sprawl). Urban sprawl is the biggest challenge in Karawang Regency’s spatial planning. The purpose of this study is to identify the spatial pattern of urban sprawl conditions formed from 2009 until 2018 and projecting urban sprawl in 2018 until 2031 as a recommendation for controlling space use for agricultural land development. The method used is urban sprawl analysis with related research, Moran index autocorrelation analysis and Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA), analysis of land use alignment and spatial patterns of spatial plan, and overlays. The results of this study indicate that the spatial distribution of urban sprawl occurs along the Cikampek, Telukjambe Barat, Telukjambe Timur, Pangkalan, and Tegalwaru toll roads. The urban sprawl that occurred in 2009 until 2018 has the type of leapfrog development. There was a change to the kind of urban sprawl to kind of ribbon development and an increase in the urban sprawl of 67.14 km2 in the projected urban sprawl in 2018 until 2031. Land use with conformity is much broader than land use that is not aligned with spatial planning. Therefore, first priority recommendation for agricultural land development still dominates in Karawang Regency.
FISIOPATOLOGIA E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DAS SÍNDROMESCORONARIANAS AGUDAS
Authors:   Centro Cor. São José dos Campos, Costa Magalhães Carlos
Published: October 2022

A descoberta do papel decisivo do endotélio na manutenção do equilíbrio vascular permitiu constatar que, em algumas condições específicas consideradas de risco para o desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, como a dislipidemia, hipertensão, diabetes ou a presen-ça de tabagismo, a função endotelial pode estar significativamente prejudicada. Além de interferir em processos crônicos, a disfunção endotelial pode induzir modificações agudas no equilíbrio vascular, facilitando os fenômenos de vasoespasmos ou mesmo de trombose intravascular. Este papel regulatório parece fundamental na circulação coronária, que fre-quentemente é acometida pela aterosclerose. Múltiplas evidências experimentais apontam a inflamação como processo regulatório chave em todos os estágios do desenvolvimento da aterosclerose. Como estratégia para orientação do tratamento das síndromes coronarianas agudas, classificamos os pacientes portadores de desconforto ou dor precordial que se apresentam nas unidades de emergência com novas elevações do segmento ST em duas ou mais derivações contínuas ou num novo bloqueio de ramo esquerdo no traçado eletro-cardiográfico, como um portador de infarto do miocárdio (IM) com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (IMcSST). Em contraste, pacientes sem elevação do segmento ST nas derivações eletrocardiográficas são considerados portadores de infarto do miocárdio sem supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (IMsSST). Em associação a essas duas categorias de IM, podem ser classificados vários outros tipos, com base em diferenças patológicas, clínicas e prognósticas que apresentam diferentes formas de tratamento.
TERAPIA ANTITROMBÓTICA NA SCA: QUAL, QUANDO E POR QUANTO TEMPO?
Authors:   Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Gonçalves de Mateo Fernanda , Mantovani Resende José Augusto ,   Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Ordones Baptista de Oliveira Costa Barbara ,   Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Bringel Landim Felipe ,   Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Rocha Corrêa Veiga Giraldez Roberto ,   Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo
Published: October 2022

A terapia antitrombótica constitui a base do tratamento farmacológico das síndro-mes ccoronárias agudas (SCA), independente da sua forma clínica de apresentação. Atualmente, existem múltiplas medicações antitrombóticas disponíveis, antiplaquetárias e anticoagulantes, com diferentes mecanismos de ação e potência variável, tornando a sua combinação altamente complexa. A escolha da terapia antitrombótica mais ade-quada, assim como o seu tempo de administração, deve ser individualizada de modo a contemplar o delicado equilíbrio entre o risco de trombose e de sangramento.
SÍNDROME CORONÁRIA AGUDA COM SUPRADESNÍVEL DE ST: ESTRATÉGIAS DE REPERFUSÃO
Authors:   HCor. Programa Clínico IAM, S. Piegas Leopoldo ,   Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Cirilo Fernandes Lucas ,   HCor. São Paulo,   Hospital Samaritano Paulista
Published: October 2022

Há pouco mais de 40 anos foi elucidado em definitivo a relação entre o infarto agudo do miocárdio com supra de ST (IAMCSST) e a oclusão da artéria coronária. Passou-se a perseguir a desobstrução da artéria responsável como o tratamento de escolha. O tratamento com diferentes fármacos fibrinolíticos, inicialmente injetados na artéria respon-sável e depois pela via intravenosa foram os tratamentos iniciais implementados. Depois, passou-se a empregar a desobstrução mecânica, inicialmente apenas com balão e pos-teriormente com o uso de stents. A intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) efetuada em tempo hábil no IAMCSST melhora a sobrevida em hospitais aparelhados com resultados superiores aos obtidos com reperfusão farmacológica. Avanços tecnológicos nos stents coronários permitiram que as indicações se tornassem mais abrangentes. Com esses avanços, obtiveram-se maior tempo livre de eventos cardiovasculares, menores taxas de reestenose coronária e de complicações. O presente artigo irá descrever a evolução das estratégias de reperfusão neste cenário, sob a luz das evidências científicas desde o surgimento da fibrinólise até a última geração dos stents coronários.
TRATAMENTO COMPLETO X ARTÉRIA CULPADA –O QUE FAZER?
Authors:   Unidade Clínica de Coronariopatia Aguda doInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, Moreira Baracioli Luciano ,   Cardiologia Crítica do Hospital Sírio Libanês, Santana Ribeiro André ,   Unidade Clínica de Coronariopatia Aguda doInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP,   Cardiologia Crítica do Hospital Sírio Libanês, Nicolau José Carlos ,   Unidade Clínica de Coronariopatia Aguda doInstituto do Coração (InCor) do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP
Published: October 2022

Uma proporção significativa de pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) tem doença multiarterial que, por sua vez, têm pior evolução clínica e aumento de mortalidade em comparação a pacientes com doença uniarterial. O momento ideal e a melhor estratégia para revascularização completa de lesões não culpadas permanecem controversos, mas as evidências científicas são crescentes. Em pacientes com SCA, a revascularização com-pleta das lesões não culpadas deve ser a estratégia de escolha, seja durante a internação índice ou logo após a alta hospitalar, dependendo do perfil de risco de cada paciente. Já em pacientes com choque cardiogênico, a intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) deve ser limitada à lesão culpada durante o cenário de emergência aguda, eventualmente completando a revascularização após a estabilização clínica.
ACOMPANHAMENTO FARMACOTERAPÊUTICO EM PACIENTES COM SÍNDROME CORONARIANA AGUDA: O PAPEL DO FARMACÊUTICO
Authors:   Hospital Hcor. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.Universidade de São Paulo, Veiga Barbosa das Dores Amanda ,   Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Cardoso Nunes Marinho Janaina ,   Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, Paiva Faria Fingola Caio ,   Hospital Hcor. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.Universidade de São Paulo
Published: October 2022

A síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) é caracterizada pela redução de suprimento de oxigênio para o coração decorrente da obstrução aguda do fluxo sanguíneo de uma artéria coronária. Estão inclusos em sua classificação o infarto do miocárdio com elevação do segmento ST (IAMCSST), infarto do miocárdio sem elevação do segmento ST (IAMSSST) e angina instável (AI). O principal mecanismo de obstrução da artéria coronária decorre da instabilidade da placa aterosclerótica que se rompe e forma um trombo, podendo causar danos ao coração. A classificação em AI, IAMSSST e IAMCSST depende da extensão da obstrução da artéria coronariana. O tratamento de SCA consiste em mudanças no estilo de vida e uso de medicamentos antitrombóticos, hipolipemiantes e anti-isquêmicos.O farmacêutico é responsável por promover o uso racional de medicamentos. No con-texto da SCA, esse profissional participa da equipe multidisciplinar e realiza intervenções relacionadas à otimização da terapia e orientações em saúde garantindo as melhores práticas do cuidado e adesão ao tratamento.
Comparison of Stress Relaxation Cracking Susceptibility of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors:   American Welding Society, LEE HAN-SANG , KIM BUM-SHIN , HONG SUN IG
Published: October 2022

Coal-fired power plants often have welded joints made up of 347H stainless steel. However, this alloy is known to fail because of stress relaxation cracking. Thus, quantitative evaluation methods are needed as screening measures. In this study, a Gleeble® thermomechanical simulator was implemented in 347H and Super 304H alloy heat- affected zone (HAZ) simulation and stress relaxation testing. In the case of 347H, carbide dissolution in the HAZ reduced the hardness value and promoted grain growth. Alternatively, the respective extent of precipitate dissolution and hardness reduction in the nitrogen-containing Super 304H was relatively small. The stress relaxation tests were performed at a temperature of 700°C (1292°F), which was maintained for up to 70 h. Consequently, all 347H specimens fractured within 32 h. Furthermore, the time to rupture substantially decreased as the strain was increased from 5 to 10% and then to 15%. Additionally, the hardness near the fractured surface increased, and the plastic deformation primarily occurred near the grain boundaries. Conversely, the Super 304H specimens did not fracture during the 70-h testing period, at which time their hardness distribution was observed to still be relatively uniform. These results demonstrate that the susceptibility of stress relaxation cracking can be quantitatively determined according to the material and strain.
Effect of Carbon on Stress-Relief Cracking Susceptibility of T23 Steel
Authors:   American Welding Society, WANG XUE , ZHANG DONGDONG , LI YONG , LAI XIANHONG , ZHANG WEI
Published: October 2022

The coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) samples were prepared from T23 steel with three different carbon contents on a thermal simulator, then isothermal slow strain rate tensile tests were carried out at 500° ~ 750°C, and the effect of carbon content on the stress-relief cracking (SRC) sensitivity of T23 steel was evaluated according to fracture ductility. The microstructure evolution of the CGHAZs in the process of SRC was observed by optical microscopy, structural equation modeling energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy energy-dispersive spectroscopy/selected area electron diffraction to reveal the mechanism of SRC. Finally, the feasibility of adjusting carbon content to prevent SRC was discussed. The results showed the classical theory of intragranular precipitation hardening cannot explain the cause of SRC, and a new viewpoint was put forward that the precipitation of M23C6 at the grain boundary was the main reason for SRC. The precipitation of M23C6 carbide cannot only provide a preferred site for void nucleation but also leads to the depletion of alloy elements in the matrix near the grain boundary. The interaction of these two aspects leads to the direct weakening of grain boundaries. Moreover, the SRC of T23 steel could be inhibited when the carbon content was determined to be close to the ASME standard lower limit of 0.04 wt-%. In summary, reducing the carbon content can inhibit the SRC sensitivity of T23 steel, which is not due to reducing the relative weakening of the grain boundary by reducing the precipitation hardening in the grain interior but to inhibiting the direct weakening of the grain boundary by reducing the precipitation of M23C6 at the grain boundary.
Validation of Porosity of NMR Cuttings
Authors:   Green Imaging Technologies, Dick Michael J. , Veselinovic Dragan ,   Green Imaging Technologies, Kenney Taylor ,   Green Imaging Technologies, Green Derrick ,   Green Imaging Technologies
Published: October 2022

Drill cuttings are ubiquitous in oil and gas well drilling operations, but beyond mud logging, cuttings are often discarded without analysis. Recently, there has been an up-tick in employing nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) rock core analysis techniques to cuttings to unlock more information about oil and gas wells. Deriving porosity of drill cuttings via NMR T2-pore size distribution can be significantly influenced by surface fluid on the cuttings, acquired either during saturation of the cuttings in the lab or from cutting fluid at the well site, which can easily be misinterpreted as pore volume. Previous attempts to eliminate the surface fluid signal employed a cutoff to the pore size distribution curve to distinguish fluid in the pores (below the cutoff) from fluid on the surface (above the cutoff). Unfortunately, the use of cutoffs is prone to error as the position of the cutoff is difficult to determine accurately as signal from fluids in the pores can easily overlap with signal from fluids on the surface of the cuttings. In recent years, we have developed a technique which eliminates signal from fluid on the surface of the cuttings removing the need to apply a cutoff. In this paper, we present a validation of this technique for determining porosity of cuttings based on NMR T2 distribution measurements. A survey of hundreds of samples has been completed validating this technique for the porosity determination of cuttings. The paper will also include a discussion on the utility of the method on various rock types and reservoirs as well as an investigation of the advantages and limitations of the method. Specifically, the NMR porosity of cuttings measurement (applied to both polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) and non-PDC cuttings) has shown porosities within 5% of the NMR porosities obtained from rock core plugs and logging data. In addition to deriving the porosity, the T2 distributions (related to pore size distributions) can unlock a whole new suite of parameters which can be derived from cuttings including the relative size of the pores and the bound vs. free fluid content in a well. Results will be shown that validate the T2 distribution measured from cuttings in comparison with the T2 distribution measured from core plugs. Most recently, work has focused on extending this NMR cuttings measurement with other techniques commonly found in NMR rock core analysis and NMR well logging. T1-T2 NMR in traditional measurements has been used for fluid typing and organic content characterization.
Unconventional Drill Cuttings Analysis Using 23 MHZ 2-D NMR T1-T2 Mapping Techniques
Authors:   Core Laboratories LP, Xie Z. Harry , Reffell Omar ,   Core Laboratories LP
Published: October 2022

Although the ultra-low permeability of unconventional tight rocks negatively influences production, such a petrophysical property leads to reduced probabilities that drilling cuttings are invaded by drilling fluids before drill cuttings are collected at wellsite. In this study, higher frequency (HF, 23MHz) NMR 2-D T1-T2 mapping techniques are used for the first time to study fresh drill cuttings to evaluate influences of the drilling mud, and changes of the liquids inside drill cuttings. Results are compared to that of core samples to ensure the validity of the drill cuttings analysis. Selected fresh drilling cuttings of four different depths of a Permian basin well were analyzed using a 23MHz NMR instrument. The 2-D NMR T1-T2 mapping techniques with an echo spacing time of 0.07 ms and 61 T1 wait steps were used. NMR maps were taken on the “as received” drilling cuttings samples weighing in broad range of 17 to 50g to cover practically available ranges of sample volumes. The sizes of the cuttings are between 5 to 10 mm of any dimension. The initial samples were surface cleaned by wiping off visible mud, then mapped several times during a period of 5 weeks. Each NMR measurement took 15 to 30 minutes. NMR 2-D Maps of unconventional cuttings can provide total liquid porosity and saturations reliably when performed in conjunction with a Boyle’s law gas-filled porosity. The results are comparable to that of core samples. No significant differences were observed between “as received” and surface cleaned samples suggesting liquids in the drilling mud evaporated when samples arrived in the lab. It further suggests that the analysis at wellsite would enable us to work with cutting samples that are less contaminated or altered. All T1-T2 maps of drilling cuttings samples over the period of 5 weeks show liquid losses but at a relatively slow rate. The results indicate that the speeds of the oil and water evaporation from the samples depend on pore sizes of samples from different depths.
An Optimized NMR-Based Workflow for Accurate Porosity and Density Measurement of Drill Cuttings
Authors:   Aramco Americas, Chen Jin-Hong , Althaus Stacey M. ,   Aramco Americas, Broyles J. David ,   Aramco Americas, Boudjatit Mohammed ,   Saudi Aramco
Published: October 2022

The majority of petrophysical data has been gained from downhole logging and laboratory core measurement. Drill cuttings are easily available for all drilled wells and can provide reservoir data throughout all phases of field development. They can also provide continuous petrophysical measurements for both vertical and horizontal wells. Many different rock properties can be extracted from drill cuttings; however, quantitative petrophysical measurements from source rock drill cuttings remain a challenge. This paper presents an optimized NMR-based workflow to measure the porosities and densities of drill cuttings from unconventional source rock reservoirs. The workflow includes sample cleaning, particle size selection, saturation, NMR, and mass measurements. We will also discuss some inherent problems in petrophysical measurement of drill cuttings generated by the PDC drill bit. In this workflow, the first crucial step in obtaining quantitative data from drill cuttings is to clean the cuttings of mud contamination. We found that simultaneous ultrasonic bathing and shaking of the samples in a mesh basket submerged in diesel was very efficient to remove drilling mud additives. The process also automatically sieved to select the desired particle size for analysis, which was essential for accurate results. The sonication process saturated the drill cuttings to a certain degree. Further saturation was carried out using pressure. Saturated samples were then subjected to a series of mass and NMR measurements. For unconventional source rocks, NMR allows for separation of liquid signals from inside and outside the drill cutting particles. In combination with mass measurements, both in air and in diesel, the NMR technique provided accurate porosity and density data of the drill cuttings samples. The workflow measured porosity and density of real drill cuttings and crushed particulate samples. The results on crushed samples were in good agreement with other accepted lab techniques. Measurement errors on drill cuttings generated by the PDC drill bits were investigated. The workflow was applied to drill cuttings from a horizontal source rock well. The measured porosity from the cuttings changes significantly along the measured depth of the tested horizontal well, indicating that the studied horizontal well was drilled through a very heterogeneous formation. The result is consistent with the large formation heterogeneity measured on acquired whole cores from the same reservoir.
A Comparative Study for Machine-Learning-Based Methods for Log Prediction
Authors:   Schlumberger, Simoes Vanessa , Maniar Hiren ,   Schlumberger, Zhao Tao ,   Schlumberger, Abubakar Aria ,   Schlumberger, Akkurt Ridvan ,   Schlumberger
Published: October 2022

To automate log interpretation at field scale, computational methods used to predict partially or entirely missing logs can be valuable. Such approaches could be potentially useful for correcting intervals of low-quality data, as well as predicting intervals outside the reservoir region where measured data are sparse. Furthermore, these capabilities may be useful as preconditioning for downstream analysis; e.g., to improve the class balance of different formation types during the log-seismic integration. The objective of this study is to compare the performance of several promising machine-learning (ML) methods for predicting missing logs. We include the following methods in the comparison: the window-based convolutional neural network autoencoder (WAE), the pointwise fully connected autoencoder (PAE), and the tree-based pointwise eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost). We also discuss the underlying assumptions and advantages of each method. With ML applications becoming increasingly popular among geoscientists, this study helps us understand the advantages and limitations of different regression methods used for log prediction and helps us better evaluate such ML approaches against traditional methods. For the various methods under consideration, we compare the computational complexity, model complexity (or model capacity), convergence rate during training, prediction error [root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE)], and the analysis of both high- and low-scale feature reconstruction. We also note the unique aspects of each method. The study is conducted on well log data from multiple fields, and each field poses a variety of challenges, including the presence of coal, gas, radioactive sandstones, and highly rugose boreholes. We use the above-mentioned methods to predict one of the following logs: density, neutron porosity, gamma ray, or compressional slowness. We assume only one missing log at a given interval. Sequence-based methods can capture serial context information that allows for prediction in zones with depth-shifted logs, as well as using the information learned from nearby data to predict missing intervals. However, depending on the network capacity and the amount of training data, it can result in poor reconstruction of the short-scale features. On the other hand, while pointwise methods are less affected by nearby low-quality data, they may be challenged when the context information is important because of ambiguity in the logs.
Automatic Badlog Detection – A Key to Successful Digitalization in Subsurface
Authors:   Aker BP, Westeng Kjetil , Dias Casagrande Flávia ,   Inmeta, Asadi Saghar ,   Inmeta, Aursa Peder ,   Aker BP, Aarseth Nils André ,   Aker BP, Kontsedal Tanya ,   Aker BP, Simonsen Håvard Kvåle ,   Aker BP
Published: October 2022

Qualification of good and badlog data is essential for both single well and multi-well interpretation and workflows. We use a combination of machine learning methods, each using single or multiple input curves to identify sections or samples of bad data. To automatically identify samples or sections with bad data, using rule-based and/or statistical methods can be powerful but not sufficient. The human brain can recognize patterns in curves or curve relationships that are difficult and perhaps impossible to identify by rules alone. Machine learning can be used to mimic human strategies in a way that can potentially match and even exceed the human brain in accuracy but with the efficiency of computer processing. In this work we have focused on identification of badlogs in three types of well logs - bulk density, compressional slowness, and shear slowness. The motivation behind this selection is that these logs usually undergo a detailed manual quality control over the full coverage of the logs in the process of generating continuous logs for geophysical studies. The objective has been to let the machine learn from and mimic this manual quality control in order to assist petrophysicists in this process. What is good enough data might vary between different companies, measurements, workflows, petrophysicists and lithostratigraphic units. Different strategies can be used to apply the result of quality control. One can remove the section with bad data, one can mark the section with a BadHoleFlag, or flag the individual logs with BadLogFlag and leave the data untouched. We find the BadLogFlag to be far superior to the other options as it is non-destructive, easily modifiable, transparent, creates little extra data and it enables one to choose different strategies for how to handle these data in the next step. Our badlog flagging solution is a combination of several unsupervised machine learning methods, addressing several reasons why a sample is anomalous. These methods can be divided into two groups based on the algorithms they use: heuristic methods and anomaly detection methods. The former tries to reproduce what a human interpreter would do in applying thresholds based on combinations of curves. The latter applies several machine learning outlier detection techniques using different combinations of input curves. These are thereafter combined through a voting process to flag a sample as anomalous, where a vote constitutes a score of abnormality of each sample.
A New Uranium Imaging Technique Based on Four-Detector LWD Natural Gamma Ray Spectrometry Logging Apparatus
Authors:   China University of Petroleum – East China, Liu Zhiyuan , Zhang Feng ,   China University of Petroleum – East China, Liang Qixuan ,   China University of Petroleum – East China, Fan Jilin ,   China University of Petroleum – East China, Yang Zhen ,   SINOPEC Matrix Corporation
Published: October 2022

The past decades have witnessed an outstanding growth in the volume of unconventional wells worldwide, while the rapid exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbon requires specialist techniques like logging-while-drilling (LWD). Being able to provide both total gamma rays and thorium, uranium and potassium element concentrations in different directions, the LWD azimuthal natural gamma ray spectrometry technology is helpful in evaluating reservoir geological characteristics and real-time drilling geosteering. Elemental imaging is one key breakthrough of this technology to make more sensible decisions in changing wellbore trajectory and complex strata. The key challenge of natural gamma ray spectrum imaging logging while drilling is to obtain accurate element content from low count rate natural gamma ray spectra measured while drilling. In this paper, a more precise full spectrum maximum likelihood inversion method was used instead of conventional least square analysis to calculate element content. In order to verify its superiority and universal applicability, the azimuthal gamma ray simulation spectra of formations with different radioactivity levels and element content, including high potassium, high uranium, high thorium and mixed layers of high and low radioactivity, were obtained by Monte-Carlo simulation to compare the accuracy of element content by different methods. The results showed that the new method is of statistically higher accuracy than conventional ones, especially for uranium, which has errors less than 1.5 ppm in most cases. Based on reliable spectral analysis results and a four-detector LWD azimuthal natural gamma ray spectrometer model, the accurate imaging of uranium was realized, and experimental comparison examples were obtained by simulating the process of detectors passing through two sets of different radioactive inclined strata models. Furthermore, our research further studied the influence of barite in mud for deep drilling. As the barite content in the mud increased, the error in potassium and thorium calculations increased as well, while the error in uranium results was surprisingly low and stable. As a whole, we succeeded in validating a new uranium imaging technique based on a four-detector LWD natural gamma ray spectrometry logging apparatus model and maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) spectral analysis method, the superiority of which in solving low count rate natural gamma ray spectra has been confirmed by comparative experiments in this paper.
A Novel Gamma-Thermal Neutron Evaluating Gas Saturation Method Using Pulsed Neutron Logging Tool With Dual-CLYC
Authors:   China University of Petroleum – East China, Liang Qixuan , Zhang Feng ,   China University of Petroleum – East China, Fan Junting ,   China University of Petroleum – East China, Zhang Hui ,   China University of Petroleum – East China, Shang Weizheng ,   China University of Petroleum – East China
Published: October 2022

In our previous research which has published in 62th SPWLA symposium, a numerical simulation method was proposed which about the double particle detector CLYC (Cs2LiYCl6:CE) to get the response of thermal neutron and gamma ray. It is feasible to use CLYC detector in pulsed neutron well logging in theory by simulating relationship between the ratio of inelastic gamma ray and thermal neutron from extra spacing and gas saturation. The well completion method of multi-string combination and borehole size will influence the gas saturation interpretation accuracy in pulsed neutron logging, which limited by the information from single extra far CLYC detector. Besides, the lower counts of extra far detector will enhance the gas saturation evaluation lower limit of porosity. Therefore, a new pulsed neutron system, which consisted of double CLYC detectors and a D-T neutron source, has been proposed for solving the problem about the lower evaluation accuracy and borehole environment influences. The new pulsed neutron system can provide multiple information for formation evaluation while simplifying the structure of the instrument. The CLYC well logging response which including the fast neutron, thermal neutron and gamma ray, is simulated under the different situation of lithology, porosity, water salinity, gas saturation and borehole size. The field distribution of inelastic gamma ray and thermal neutron will mainly influenced by the hydrogen index and the spacing can reflect the counts contribution of borehole and formation. Based on the numerical simulation result and theoretical analysis, a novel gas saturation evaluation parameter called RIT21 (the ratio of inelastic gamma ray and thermal neutron from far spacing minus the ratio of inelastic gamma ray and thermal neutron from near spacing) has been proposed. The parameter RIT21 is positively related to the porosity and limestone content, negatively related to the gas saturation. Its evaluation sensitivity can reach 124% under 8% porosity conditions, which is eight times of the conventional RCP12. Finally, a simulation model is proposed to verify the availability under the condition of 8% porosity limestone content formation which absolute error of gas saturation is less than 5%. In summary, using a capability that can simultaneously detect the neutron and gamma ray of the CLYC detector, this novel pulsed-neutron system can provide more information about field distribution of gamma ray and neutron to achieve higher evaluation sensitivity, giving it broad prospects.
An Efficient and Effective Algorithm for Mapping Reservoir Boundaries
Authors:   China National Logging Corporation, Chen Peng , Wang Jun ,   China National Logging Corporation, You Jiaqi ,   China National Logging Corporation, Chen Shijia ,   China National Logging Corporation, Li Shanjun ,   Maxwell Dynamics, Inc., Zhou John ,   Maxwell Dynamics, Inc.
Published: October 2022

An efficient and effective algorithm is developed for real-time inversion interpretation for bed-boundary mapping in proactive geosteering. The algorithm is tailor-made for an electromagnetic tool to detect reservoir boundaries of up to ten meters from wellbore and at the same time also to account for the presence of thin beds in the volume of investigation. The algorithm focuses on three main objectives, namely, to delineate a remote target location and the boundaries between the tool and the target, to perform the processing in real-time anywhere on a portable computer, and most critically to achieve a reliable solution. The consideration of thin-beds is especially important to the oilfields where reservoir bed-thickness is in the range of less than one meter to several meters. The tool-configuration is designed with optimized coil-spacings, coil-orientations and a range of operating frequencies. The multitude of operating frequencies is designed to cover the entire range of distance with minimal number of coils and tool length to lower the burden on the tool’s hardware design. The data inversion algorithm performs the computation at a speed required by the fastest drilling applications on a laptop computer. Geologic constraints on inversion parameters are also built into the inversion process. Another critical feature is to maintain the interpretation reliability by synthesizing an integrated cross-sectional display to account for potential multi-solution scenarios. To achieve computational efficiency, the first step is to cast the mathematic formulation into an efficient expression by computing simultaneously all coil-combinations. The second step accomplishes algorithm-parallelization over various operating-frequencies and on all sampling points in each inversion segment. The third significant speed-up is from developing a hybrid Jacobian matrix evaluation, integrating the derivative computation with the Broyden method. The hybrid approach offers acceptable Jacobian accuracy while saving large amount of computation. The fourth scientific contribution made is the selection of inversion seeds for simultaneous inversion on models of varying complexity. The fast inversion algorithm generates formation resistivity profile above and below the borehole. As resistivity is related to lithology and fluid types, a geosteering engineer can intuitively carry out quantitative steering task and can optimize drilling trajectory based on the inverted curtain-section together with other measurements. The developed fast and robust inversion algorithm enables mapping correctly the bed-boundaries around the wellbore.
Shale Stability Modeling in Horizontal Section Using Synthetic Compressional and Shear Slowness: A Case Study From Duva, North Sea
Authors:   Schlumberger Norge AS, Kumar Devendra , Aleixo Renee ,   Neptune Energy Norge, Van der Vliet Rutger ,   Neptune Energy Norge, Clerc Sylvain ,   Neptune Energy Norge, Castagnoli Joao Paulo ,   Schlumberger Norge AS, Munoz Sanchez Diego ,   Schlumberger Norge AS, Hassan Khalil ,   Schlumberger Norge AS
Published: October 2022

On the Norwegian continental shelf (NCS), shale instability is a well-known challenge in the Rødby and Sola formations of Early Cretaceous, leading to significant non-productive time (NPT) for well construction operations. Therefore, the Duva field development campaign utilized real-time drilling geomechanics (RTDG) support to assess wellbore stability while drilling. The challenges for planning RTDG, including limited offset well log data from the Agat reservoir section, a long horizontal section through imprecisely located depths of the interbedded shales, and acoustic anisotropy added to the uncertainty borehole stability model forecasts. The paper demonstrates RTDG methodology for horizontal wells in the absence of logging-while-drilling (LWD) sonic logs considering a petrophysics based approach using gamma ray, resistivity, and density logs. During execution of the RTDG the gamma ray (GR) was used to compute the angle of internal friction of rocks, and to distinguish between grain supported and clay supported lithologies (sand-shale). Drilling geomechanics support using the LWD data successfully updated the wellbore stability model, validated by the LWD (ultra-sonic and density) caliper log, capturing the onset of shear failure in real-time. The updated model indicated a slightly higher shear failure trend (1.24 to 1.26 SG) in shale intervals compared with sandy intervals, in-line with the traces of cavings observed while drilling. To prevent the wellbore from failure in the interbedded shales within Agat formation a mud density of 1.26 SG was forecasted in the horizontal section compared to 1.20 SG from vertical wells. The updated model guided the correct mud weight, which gradually increased to 1.30 SG for optimizing drilling operations in horizontal sections and enabled the drilling team to achieve well construction objectives.
Implementing Curriculum Adjustment for Christian Education and Theology Study Programs Based on Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka
Authors: Sihombing Lince
Published: October 2022

In Indonesia, even though its demography is noted as the fourth largest population in the world, its significant number does not give a positive effect on graduates of Christian Institutions. It is so since Christian inhabitants in Indonesia are a minority while the institution run by these Christian and Theology Study Programs are abundant. It causes graduates from these institutions over the capacity for schools and churches can use. In order to increase the opportunity for taking jobs for graduates of Theological Institutions, there must be innovative ways taken. This research was conducted by qualitative method with phenomenological approach. The research’s object was students and graduates of Institut Agama Kristen Negeri (IAKN) Tarutung since 2016. The research’s result showed that Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) could be good solution for the problem. MBKM can help students gain experience outside of their study program, which will be needed when they graduate and start to seek for a job.