bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the seed-assisted synthesis of zeolites without organic structure-directing agents: insights from the CHA case
Authors: Kadja Grandprix T. M. , Kadir Iftitah R. , Fajar Adroit T. N. , Suendo Veinardi , Mukti Rino R.
Published: February 2020

Herein, the crystallization behaviour of the CHA zeolite synthesized via the seed-assisted method and in the absence of an organic structure-directing agent has been revisited.
Catalyst screening for the oxidative coupling of methane: from isothermal to adiabatic operation via microkinetic simulations
Authors: Pirro Laura , Mendes Pedro S. F. , Vandegehuchte Bart D. , Marin Guy B. , Thybaut Joris W.
Published: January 2020

OCM catalysts underperforming in typical isothermal conditions could result in above average performances in adiabatically-relevant operating conditions.
Thermal degradation related to the PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer and back electrode of the flexible inverted organic photovoltaic module
Authors: Son Hyung Jin , Park Hong-Kwan , Moon Ji Yeon , Ju Byeong-Kwon , Kim Sung Hyun
Published: February 2020

The hole transport layer (HTL) and back electrode play a significant role in the stability of the flexible organic photovoltaic (OPV) module.
In situ-generated Co embedded in N-doped carbon hybrids as robust catalysts for the upgrading of levulinic acid in aqueous phase
Authors: Li Wenxiu , Geng Weijie , Liu Lin , Shang Qianqian , Liu Liying , Kong Xiangjin
Published: February 2020

Facile assembly of Co@N-doped carbon as a robust catalyst for the upgrading of levulinic acid in the aqueous phase.
Elastocapillarity and rolling dynamics of solid nanoparticles on soft elastic substrates
Authors: Tian Yuan , Liang Heyi , Dobrynin Andrey V.
Published: January 2020

The motion of nanoparticles on soft surfaces is the result of interplay between capillary, elastic and friction forces.
Anisotropic phase-separated morphology of polymer blends directed by electrically pre-oriented clay platelets
Authors: Yook Sungho , Isik Tugba , Ortalan Volkan , Cakmak Mukerrem
Published: January 2020

We describe a general pathway to prepare an anisotropic phase-separated blend morphology by using electrically pre-orientated clay platelets.
Defect chemistry of disordered solid-state electrolyte Li10GeP2S12
Authors: Gorai Prashun , Long Hai , Jones Eric , Santhanagopalan Shriram , Stevanović Vladan
Published: January 2020

Most solid-state electrolytes exhibit significant structural disorder, which requires careful consideration when modeling the defect energetics. Here, we model the native defect chemistry of a disordered solid electrolyte, Li10GeP2S12.
Strategies for inhibiting anode dendrite growth in lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Luo Yaqiu , Guo Linli , Xiao Min , Wang Shuanjin , Ren Shan , Han Dongmei , Meng Yuezhong
Published: January 2020

Recently, lithium–sulfur batteries have attracted considerable attention due to their high theoretical specific capacity and high energy density. In this paper, we summarize the strategies of lithium anode improvement formulated in recent years.
Electrostatic self-assembly of a AgI/Bi2Ga4O9 p–n junction photocatalyst for boosting superoxide radical generation
Authors: Liu Jin , Zhang Xingcai , Zhong Qian , Li Jun , Wu Hongzhang , Zhang Bo , Jin Lin , Tao Hua Bing , Liu Bin
Published: January 2020

A novel AgI/Bi2Ga4O9 p–n junction photocatalyst was synthesized by an electrostatic self-assembly approach. Characterization and DFT calculations show that the formation of the p–n junction greatly boosts the generation of superoxide radicals.
WS2 nanosheets functionalized by biomimetic lipids with enhanced dispersibility for photothermal and chemo combination therapy
Authors: Xie Meng , Yang Mei , Sun Xuan , Yang Na , Deng Tongtong , Li Yeping , Shen Haijun
Published: February 2020

A WS2-lipid nanocarrier with enhanced stability and intratumoral accumulation was synthesized for photothermal-chemo combination therapy
Controlled polymerization for the development of bioconjugate polymers and materials
Authors: Miura Yoshiko
Published: February 2020

Conjugates of various biopolymers with synthetic polymers were preparedvialiving radical polymerization. The conjugates have precise structures and potential for novel biofunctional materials.
A natural polysaccharide mediated MOF-based Ce6 delivery system with improved biological properties for photodynamic therapy
Authors: Fu Xinwei , Yang Zhangyou , Deng Tao , Chen Jun , Wen Yilin , Fu Xiaoxue , Zhou Li , Zhu Zhaojing , Yu Chao
Published: January 2020

The hyaluronic acid mediated zeolitic imidazolate framework-8-based Chlorin e6 theranostic agent used for tumor photodynamic therapy.
Synergistically optimizing electrocaloric effects and temperature span in KNN-based ceramics utilizing a relaxor multiphase boundary
Authors: Yang Junlin , Zhao Ye , Lou Xiaojie , Wu Jiagang , Hao Xihong
Published: January 2020

Enhanced ΔT and widened Tspan simultaneously utilizing a relaxor multiphase boundary in KNN-based ceramics.
Straightforward access to novel indolo[2,3-b]indoles via aerobic copper-catalyzed [3+2] annulation of diarylamines and indoles
Authors: Liang Taoyuan , Gong Lingzhen , Zhao He , Jiang Huanfeng , Zhang Min
Published: January 2020

Unprecedented direct access to novel 2-diarylaminoindolo[2,3-b]indoles via aerobic copper-catalyzed [3+2] annulation of diarylamines and indoles is demonstrated.
Mechanistic studies on millerite chlorination with ammonium chloride
Authors: Xiong Xiaolu , Li Guangshi , Lu Xionggang , Cheng Hongwei , Xu Qian , Li Shenggang
Published: January 2020

Density functional theory calculations show that chlorination of millerite by NH4Cl can occur via multiple pathways involving molecular O2 and/or Cl2.
Functional transformation of four-bladed rylene propellers utilizing non-metal and d8 metal core shifting strategy: significant impact on photovoltaic performance and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity
Authors: Han Jianhua , Shi Wenwen , Wang Xunchang , Cai Jingwen , Hao Xinyu , Shi Jingying , Bao Xichang , Yang Renqiang
Published: January 2020

Six four-bladed rylene propellers with d8 metal and non-metal core are synthesized. By utilizing core transformations, both highly efficient organic solar cell and electrochemical water splitting for H2 evolution are achieved for PDI propellers.
Detection of CRISPR adaptation
Authors: Shiriaeva Anna , Fedorov Ivan , Vyhovskyi Danylo , Severinov Konstantin
Published: February 2020

Prokaryotic adaptive immunity is built when short DNA fragments called spacers are acquired into CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) arrays. CRISPR adaptation is a multistep process which comprises selection, generation, and incorporation of prespacers into arrays. Once adapted, spacers provide immunity through the recognition of complementary nucleic acid sequences, channeling them for destruction. To prevent deleterious autoimmunity, CRISPR adaptation must therefore be a highly regulated and infrequent process, at least in the absence of genetic invaders. Over the years, ingenious methods to study CRISPR adaptation have been developed. In this paper, we discuss and compare methods that detect CRISPR adaptation and its intermediates in vivo and propose suppressing PCR as a simple modification of a popular assay to monitor spacer acquisition with increased sensitivity.
Coverage analysis of dynamic TDD‐based downlink mmWave network with shadowed fading and BS heights
Authors: PraveenKumar Korrai , MuraliKrishna P.V. , DeerghaRao Korrai
Published: February 2020

In this study, the authors analyse the downlink (DL) performance of dynamic‐time division duplexing (D‐TDD) enabled millimetre‐wave (mmWave) network with different base station (BS) heights using a channel model that incorporates the effect of shadowed fading. Modelling the combined effect of small and large (shadowing) scale fadings with shadowed fading, they provide a general framework based on stochastic geometry that comprehensively includes the smallest path loss BS association with either a line‐of‐sight (LoS) path or a non‐LoS (NLoS) path. For the precise analysis of the network, they further consider different PL distributions for NLoS and LoS links which are associated with the 3D distance, blockage model that includes outage, and directional beamforming at the transmitter and the receiver. Specifically, they assume the directional beamforming at the transmitter and the receiver using scanning angle and number of antennas. Through simulation results, they first illustrate the performance efficiency of D‐TDD over the static‐TDD for DL mmWave networks. Later, they show the impact of shadowed fading parameters on the network performance under the both LoS and NLoS propagations, and only NLoS propagation. Next, the effect of BS heights on the coverage of the network is investigated to provide more insights on the performance in more realistic scenarios. Finally, the coverage of the network is analysed using the varying number of transmitting antennas, scanning angle and BS heights.
Alternate hybrid precoding algorithm for wideband millimetre wave massive MIMO systems
Authors: Zhang Ran , Zou Weixia , Wang Ye , Cui Mingyang , Sun Xuebin
Published: February 2020

Hybrid precoding, combining the digital and analogue precoding, is a key enabler to reach a compromise between system performance and hardware complexity in millimetre wave (mmWave) massive multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) systems. Most previous studies on hybrid precoding considered narrowband channels. However, mmWave systems are expected to operate on wideband channels with frequency selectivity. In this study, the authors focus on the hybrid precoding design in mmWave massive MIMO systems using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). By transforming the hybrid precoding problem into a series of sub‐problems, they propose a low‐complexity algorithm to design the digital precoder and analogue precoder alternately. In particular, a phase pursuit method is introduced to seek this solution of analogue precoding matrix with the constant amplitude constraint. Simulation results and complexity evaluations reveal that the proposed algorithm can obtain better performance and lower complexity than some existing solutions in mmWave OFDM systems.
Location‐based data delivery between vehicles and infrastructure
Authors: Khan Farhan , Nguang Sing Kiong
Published: February 2020

Multi‐hop routing in vehicular ad‐hoc networks (VANETs) and wireless sensor networks has attracted significant interest of researchers in the wireless ad‐hoc networks community. Most multi‐hop routing protocols in VANET are based around the idea of choosing the next destination, which will provide the shortest‐delay to reach a destination. To ensure better monitoring and reporting of road condition information, this study proposes location‐based data forwarding through roadside sensors using k ‐shortest path routing combined with Q‐learning. Q‐learning is used for exploration of the sensing field to determine those sensors which have a higher queuing delay during peak hours as well as those which have comparatively lower delays. The use of Q‐learning for exploration (sans routing) enables faster convergence for the sensors as compared to those techniques which utilise naive Q‐learning for shortest path routing. Secondly, multi‐hop routing is being combined with source coding (Huffman and Arithmetic coding) to compress the data payload of packets. This has shown some promising results for the VANETs employing dedicated short‐range communication.
Large‐scale road safety evaluation using extreme value theory
Authors: Orsini Federico , Gecchele Gregorio , Gastaldi Massimiliano , Rossi Riccardo
Published: February 2020

Emerging international transportation system (ITS) and sensing technologies allow collecting of large amounts of high‐quality traffic data in highways, which can be used for road safety analysis. With this kind of data, it is possible to apply extreme value theory (EVT), which is gaining interest in the field of road safety, thanks to its ability to produce quick and reliable safety evaluations. EVT can estimate the probability of extreme events (i.e. road crashes) from relatively short observation periods, using surrogate measures of safety in place of crash data. In this work, EVT is applied for a large‐scale case study in two motorways, located in north‐eastern Italy. Vehicle‐by‐vehicle information was collected using microwave radars in 19 motorways cross‐sections for one year, and time‐to‐collision was calculated for each pair of consecutive vehicles. A six‐year crash database of the toll road was used to validate model results. For each cross‐section, two traditional approaches, block‐maxima and peak‐over‐threshold, were applied to estimate EVT parameters. Both approaches produced reliable predictions of annual rear‐end collisions; in particular, in about 90% of the cross‐sections, the observed number of crashes fell within the 95% confidence interval of the predicted number of crashes.
Model predictive coordinated control of heavy‐duty vehicle using non‐linear three‐directional coupled model
Authors: Zhao Junwu , Li Shaohua , Fan Haoyang
Published: February 2020

This study proposes a coordinated control strategy to improve the safety, handling stability, riding comfort of the heavy‐duty vehicle. The strategy is based on the coordination of direct yaw moment control (DYC) and anti‐lock braking system. The model predictive control (MPC) method for DYC considering sideslip angle and yaw rate is presented. The sideslip angle and yaw rate are adopted to be the indicators for handling stability, constraints considering the maximal force of actuator are implemented in the MPC. The control scheme is examined on a non‐linear three‐directional coupled model in the environment of MATLAB/Simulink and TruckSim. The relationship between yaw moment and wheel slip ratio is obtained by the Dugoff model, which can be easily implemented in hardware‐in‐loop (HIL) tests. HIL tests are conducted to verify the improvement introduced by the coordinated control with MPC. Vehicle responses under various speeds and turning radii are analysed by comparison of proportional–integral control and MPC. The results specify that the proposed coordinated control scheme with MPC could obtain better lateral stability.
Isolation enhanced MIMO PIFA system with multiple reconfiguration techniques
Authors: Asadallah Fatima A. , Costantine Joseph , Tawk Youssef
Published: January 2020

In this study, a reconfigurable, two‐element, multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) printed inverted‐F antenna (PIFA) is presented with an enhanced isolation ability. The MIMO antenna system is designed using three different reconfiguration techniques that are based on positive‐intrinsic‐negative diodes, radio frequency micro‐electromechanical switches and varactors. Their impact on the performance of the PIFA and the MIMO system is evaluated in terms of radiation characteristics, gain, power dissipated, radiation efficiency, linearity, biasing requirements and MIMO performance. Isolation between the two MIMO antenna elements is enhanced by integrating a reconfigurable band‐reject filter within the ground plane between the radiating elements. The band‐reject filter is reconfigured simultaneously with the radiating elements, hence resulting in less coupling and better isolation. The MIMO system along its various components is fabricated for the three different reconfiguration techniques and the comparison with predicted data shows great agreement.
Novel space vector PWM technology with lower common‐mode voltage for dual three‐phase PMSM
Authors: Zhang Zhaoyu , Jin Shi , Zhang Zhifeng , Zhang Fengge , Li Baolai
Published: February 2020

Pulse width modulation (PWM) converters generate switching common‐mode voltages (CMV) across the load terminals. These voltages cause common mode currents, leading to bearing failure in motor loads and electromagnetic interference problems. This study proposes a novel space vector PWM strategy to reduce the CMV in the dual three‐phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) driven by two‐level six‐phase inverter. The novel space vector PWM algorithm discards the use of zero vectors. Firstly, the two largest voltage vectors of each sector are selected as main vectors to synthesise reference vector. Then, three groups voltage vector, which are opposite to the main vectors, have been selected as auxiliary vectors. Appropriate auxiliary vector selected is based on the length of zero voltage vector working time. Next, zero vector working time is distributed to the main and selected auxiliary vectors based on voltage‐second principle. In addition, CMV and the harmonic component in z1z2 subspace of the proposed space vector PWM are analysed in detail. Finally, the expected CMV reduction to one‐sixth of DC voltage and change rate of CMV in each cycle promised by the proposed novel space vector PWM are demonstrated with simulation and experimental results.
AGN jets versus accretion as reionization sources
Authors: Torres-Albà Núria , Bosch-Ramon Valentí , Iwasawa Kazushi
Published: February 2020

Context. Cosmic reionization put an end to the dark ages that came after the recombination era. Observations seem to favor the scenario of massive-star photons generated in low-mass galaxies being responsible for the bulk of reionization and, whereas a possible contribution from AGN accretion disks has been widely considered, they are currently thought to have had a minor role in reionization.

Aims. We aim to study the possibility of AGN having contributed to reionization not only through their accretion disks, but also through ionizing photons coming from the AGN jets interacting with the intergalactic medium.

Methods. We adopt an empirically derived AGN luminosity function at z ≃ 6, use X-ray observations to correct it for the presence of obscured sources, and estimate the density of jetted AGN. We then use analytical calculations to derive the fraction of jet energy that goes into ionizing photons. Finally, we compute the contribution of AGN jets to the H II volume filling factor at redshifts z ≃ 15−5.

Results. We show that the contribution of the AGN jet lobes to the reionization of the Universe at z ∼ 6 might have been as high as ≳10% of that of star-forming galaxies, under the most favorable conditions of jetted and obscuration fraction.

Conclusions. The contribution of AGN to the reionization, while most likely not dominant, could have been higher than previously assumed, thanks to the radiation originated in the jet lobes.
The Sun at millimeter wavelengths
Authors: Wedemeyer Sven , Szydlarski Mikolaj , Jafarzadeh Shahin , Eklund Henrik , Guevara Gomez Juan Camilo , Bastian Tim , Fleck Bernhard , de la Cruz Rodriguez Jaime , Rodger Andrew , Carlsson Mats
Published: February 2020

Context. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) started regular observations of the Sun in 2016, first offering receiver Band 3 at wavelengths near 3 mm (100 GHz) and Band 6 at wavelengths around 1.25 mm (239 GHz).

Aims. Here we present an initial study of one of the first ALMA Band 3 observations of the Sun. Our aim is to characterise the diagnostic potential of brightness temperatures measured with ALMA on the Sun.

Methods. The observation covers a duration of 48 min at a cadence of 2 s targeting a quiet Sun region at disc-centre. Corresponding time series of brightness temperature maps are constructed with the first version of the Solar ALMA Pipeline and compared to simultaneous observations with the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO).

Results. The angular resolution of the observations is set by the synthesised beam, an elliptical Gaussian that is approximately 1.4″ × 2.1″ in size. The ALMA maps exhibit network patches, internetwork regions, and elongated thin features that are connected to large-scale magnetic loops, as confirmed by a comparison with SDO maps. The ALMA Band 3 maps correlate best with the SDO/AIA 171 Å, 131 Å, and 304 Å channels in that they exhibit network features and, although very weak in the ALMA maps, imprints of large-scale loops. A group of compact magnetic loops is very clearly visible in ALMA Band 3. The brightness temperatures in the loop tops reach values of about 8000−9000 K and in extreme moments up to 10 000 K.

Conclusions. ALMA Band 3 interferometric observations from early observing cycles already reveal temperature differences in the solar chromosphere. The weak imprint of magnetic loops and the correlation with the 171, 131, and 304 SDO channels suggests, however, that the radiation mapped in ALMA Band 3 might have contributions from a wider range of atmospheric heights than previously assumed, but the exact formation height of Band 3 needs to be investigated in more detail. The absolute brightness temperature scale as set by total power measurements remains less certain and must be improved in the future. Despite these complications and the limited angular resolution, ALMA Band 3 observations have a large potential for quantitative studies of the small-scale structure and dynamics of the solar chromosphere.
The cosmic-ray content of the Orion-Eridanus superbubble
Authors: Joubaud T. , Grenier I. A. , Casandjian J. M. , Tolksdorf T. , Schlickeiser R.
Published: January 2020

Aims.The nearby Orion-Eridanus superbubble, which was blown by multiple supernovae several million years ago, has likely produced cosmic rays. Its turbulent medium is still energised by massive stellar winds and it can impact cosmic-ray transport locally. Theγradiation produced in interactions between cosmic rays and interstellar gas can be used to compare the cosmic-ray spectrum in the superbubble and in other regions near the Sun. It can reveal spectral changes induced in GeV to TeV cosmic rays by the past and present stellar activity in the superbubble.

Methods.We used ten years of data from theFermiLarge Area Telescope (LAT) in the 0.25–63 GeV energy range to study the closer (Eridanus) end of the superbubble at low Galactic latitudes. We modelled the spatial and spectral distributions of theγrays produced in the different gas phases (atomic, molecular, dark, and ionised) of the clouds found in this direction. The model included other non-gaseous components to match the data.

Results.We found that theγ-ray emissivity spectrum of the gas along the outer rim and in a shell inside the superbubble is consistent with the average spectrum measured in the solar neighbourhood. It is also consistent with the cosmic-ray spectrum directly measured in the Solar System. This homogeneity calls for a detailed assessment of the recent supernova rate and current census of massive stellar winds in the superbubble in order to estimate the epoch and rate of cosmic-ray production and to constrain the transport conditions that can lead to such homogeneity and little re-acceleration. We also found significant evidence that a diffuse atomic cloud lying outside the superbubble, at a height of 200–250 pc below the Galactic plane, is pervaded by a 34% lower cosmic-ray flux, but with the same particle energy distribution as the local one. Super-GeV cosmic rays should freely cross such a light and diffuse cirrus cloud without significant loss or spectral distorsion. We tentatively propose that the cosmic-ray loss relates to the orientation of the magnetic field lines threading the cirrus, which point towards the halo according to the dust polarisation data fromPlanck. Finally, we gathered the present emissivity measurements with previous estimates obtained around the Sun to show how the local cosmic-ray flux decreases with Galactic height and to compare this trend with model predictions.
Stochastic Linear Quadratic Stackelberg Differential Game with Overlapping Information
Authors: Shi Jingtao , Wang Guangchen , Xiong Jie
Published: February 2020

This paper is concerned with the stochastic linear quadratic Stackelberg differential game with overlapping information, where the diffusion terms contain the control and state variables. Here the term “overlapping” means that there are common part between the follower’s and the leader’s information, while they have no inclusion relation. Optimal controls of the follower and the leader are obtained by the stochastic maximum principle, the direct calculation of the derivative of the cost functional and stochastic filtering. A new system of Riccati equations is introduced to give the state estimate feedback representation of the Stackelberg equilibrium strategy, while its solvability is a rather difficult open problem. A special case is then studied and is applied to the continuous-time principal-agent problem.
ANC experiments for nuclear astrophysics
Authors: D’Agata G. , Burjan V. , Mrázek J. , Glagolev V. , Kilic A. I. , Kroha V. , La Cognata M. , Lamia L. , Palmerini S. , Piskoř Š. , Pizzone R. G. , Rapisarda G. G. , Romano S. , Siváĉek I. , Spitaleri C. , Spartá R. , Tumino A.
Published: January 2020

Among the indirect methods to determine nuclear cross-section present in literature, the so-called Asymptotic Normalization Coefficient (ANC) has proven to be useful in retrieving the direct part of a radiative capture cross-section in reactions of interest for astrophysics. In this work, the method will be presented, and some results obtained in collaboration between NPI CAS and INFN-LNS will be presented.
Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among elderly population in Chennai: a survey
Authors: Rohini S. , Sherlin Herald J. , Jayaraj Gifrina
Published: February 2020

Introduction: The oral mucosa serves as a protective barrier against trauma, pathogens and carcinogenic agents. It can be affected by a wide variety of lesions and conditions, some of which may be harmless or with serious complications. Identification and institution of proper treatment of these lesions are an important part of total oral health care. Knowledge of clinical characteristics of oral mucosal lesions such as morphology, location, and duration helps in proper diagnosis and in identifying the type of oral mucosal lesion. The present study was designed to analyze prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in elderly population. Materials and methods: A descriptive pro forma-based study was conducted among the elderly patients visiting the Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Elderly patients within the age 55–90 years were considered as subjects in this study. The pro forma contained basic details of patients such as name, age, sex, occupation, chief complaint, past medical and dental history, family history and personal habits (oral hygiene habits and oral habits). On intra oral examination the characteristic features of oral mucosal lesions were recorded. Result: Seventy five subjects participated in the study. In 75 subjects, there were 55 males and 20 females. The patients ranged from 55 to 90 years old and were categorised into four age groups: 55–60 years, 60–70 years, 70–80 years and 80–90 years. The most common lesions were oral submucous fibrosis (21.33%), smoker's palate (20%), leukoplakia (14.66%) and tobacco pouch keratosis (10.66%). Conclusion: The prevalence of oral habits related lesions in elderly population are more in Indian population because of more exposure to tobacco products in old age and the prevalence of non oral habits related lesions are because of vitamin, dietary deficiency and stress. Hence, proper support and care of aged individuals will help the dentist in proper diagnosis and treatment planning programs.
Efficacy and Safety of Psychostimulants for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kishi Taro , Sakuma Kenji , Iwata Nakao
Published: January 2020

Introduction Several reports of the effectiveness of the use of psychostimulants for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are available.

Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted including double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Outcomes were the improvement of apathy scales score (primary), mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score, activities of daily living scale score, Zarit burden interview score, all-cause discontinuation, discontinuation due to adverse events, and incidence of at least 1 adverse event.

Results Three methylphenidate studies and 1 modaﬁnil study were identified (n=156). Results from combined psychostimulants were superior to placebo in the improvement of apathy scales score (standardized mean differences [SMD]=−0.63 (−1.22, −0.04), p=0.04, all studies) and the MMSE score (SMD=−0.58 (−1.14, −0.02), p=0.04, 3 methylphenidate studies). The modaﬁnil study was excluded from the meta-analysis for the improvement of apathy scales score; therefore, the effect size increased (SMD=−0.82 (−1.43, −0.20), p=0.009). However, no significant differences were observed in terms of other outcomes, including safety outcomes between the treatment groups.

Discussion Methylphenidate would be effective in treating apathy and cognitive impairment in AD patients.
Antifungal Therapy: New and Evolving Therapies
Authors: Nivoix Yasmine , Ledoux Marie-Pierre , Herbrecht Raoul
Published: January 2020

Invasive fungal diseases primarily occur in immunocompromised patients. Immunosuppression has become more prevalent due to novel treatments, and this has led to a rise in the incidence of invasive fungal diseases. The antifungal armamentarium has long been insufficient and has taken quite some time to become diverse. Antifungal spectrum, tolerability, and toxicity are critical issues. Amphotericin B and its lipid formulations still have the widest spectrum, but, in spite of the better tolerance of the lipid formulations, toxicity remains a drawback, mostly with regard to renal function. Azoles constitute a heterogeneous antifungal class, in which newer molecules have an improved spectrum of activity. The main concern for the clinician when using azoles relates to the management of their many potential drug–drug interactions in an often fragile patient population. Echinocandins are better tolerated but possess a narrower antifungal spectrum and lack an oral route of administration. Still, their fungicidal activity makes them a weapon of first choice against Candida species. For certain uncommon fungal infections, antifungals such as flucytosine and terbinafine can also be useful. This article will give an overview of the mechanisms of action of currently used antifungals, as well as their spectrum of activity, clinically relevant pharmacological features, drug–drug interactions, and frequent side effects, all of which should drive the clinician's choice of agent when managing invasive fungal infections.
Phaeohyphomycosis
Authors: Arcobello Jonathan T. , Revankar Sanjay G.
Published: January 2020

Phaeohyphomycosis refers to infections due to a large group of heterogenous organisms called “dematiaceous” or “melanized” fungi. These fungi are distinguished by the predominance of melanin in their cell walls, which likely acts as a virulence factor. Virtually, everyone is exposed to dematiaceous fungi through inhalation, as they are ubiquitous in the environment, although the development of infection is extremely uncommon. Invasive disease is rare but remains important due to the ability to cause serious disease in immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts, unlike other fungal infections such as aspergillosis. A large variety of invasive manifestations can be caused by these organisms, including deep local infections, pulmonary infection, cerebral infection, and disseminated disease, which is associated with high mortality. While advances in molecular techniques are promising, they have still not replaced histology and culture as the primary diagnostic tools. Therapy is not standardized and is based primarily on clinical experience from descriptive case reports.
“Nine Syndrome”: A Rare Neuroophthalmological Syndrome Associated with HIV Vasculopathy
Authors: Tiwari Nikhlesh , Sharma Suryanarayan , K. Madhusudan B. , Mathad Veeresh U.
Published: January 2020

There are many named brainstem syndromic variants of medullary infarcts among which “eight-and-a-half” syndrome is a rare condition that involves ipsilateral abducens nucleus or paramedian pontine reticular formation, ipsilateral medial longitudinal fasciculus, and adjacent facial colliculus/facial nerve. Here, we describe a new variant of brainstem syndrome, which includes the clinical features of “eight-and-a-half syndrome” with associated hemiparesis. This patient is a known case of HIV illness since 6 years on antiretroviral therapy, presented with features of “Nine” syndrome.
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Authors: Ledoux Marie-Pierre , Guffroy Blandine , Nivoix Yasmine , Simand Célestine , Herbrecht Raoul
Published: January 2020

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) remains difficult to diagnose and to treat. Most common risk factors are prolonged neutropenia, hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation, inherited or acquired immunodeficiency, administration of steroids or other immunosuppressive agents including monoclonal antibodies and new small molecules used for cancer therapy. Critically ill patients are also at high risk of IPA. Clinical signs are unspecific. Early computed tomography (CT)-scan identifies the two main aspects, angioinvasive and airway invasive aspergillosis. Although CT-scan findings are not fully specific they usually allow early initiation of therapy before mycological confirmation of the diagnosis. Role of 18F-fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) is discussed. Confirmation is based on microscopy and culture of respiratory samples, histopathology in case of biopsy, and importantly by detection of Aspergillus galactomannan using an immunoassay in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Deoxyribonucleic acid detection by polymerase chain reaction is now standardized and increases the diagnosis yield. Two point of care tests detecting an Aspergillus glycoprotein using a lateral flow assay are also available. Mycological results allow classification into proven (irrespective of underlying condition), probable or possible (for cancer and severely immunosuppressed patients) or putative (for critically ill patients) IPA. New antifungal agents have been developed over the last 2 decades: new azoles (voriconazole, posaconazole, isavuconazole), lipid formulations of amphotericin B (liposomal amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid complex), echinocandins (caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin). Results of main trials assessing these agents in monotherapy or in combination are presented as well as the recommendations for their use according to international guidelines. New agents are under development.
Impact analysis of cavity length on transfer cavity frequency locking system for atomic inertial measurement device
Authors: Li Xiufei , Xu Zitong , Zhai Yueyang , Yin Yan , Ning Xiaolin , Quan Wei
Published: January 2020

In this work, an efficient method for frequency stabilization of a highly off-resonant laser in a spin-exchange relaxation-free atomic inertial sensor is proposed. This was accomplished via the use of an optical resonator that transferred the stability of an atomic energy level to the laser frequency. The pump laser frequency was stabilized via saturation absorption spectroscopy and was used as a reference to lock the large-detuned probe laser with a double transmission Fabry–Pérot (FP) cavity. The frequency stability and bandwidth of the entire transfer cavity frequency locking system were investigated, and the results were used to elucidate the effect of cavity length on stability. The frequency stability of the system approached 1.66 × 10−11 when the FP cavity length was 30 mm. This method can be applied to a variety of ultrasensitive atomic physics experiments, such as for precision spectroscopy and laser cooling.
Extended Hamilton–Jacobi theory, contact manifolds, and integrability by quadratures
Authors: Grillo Sergio , Padrón Edith
Published: January 2020

A Hamilton–Jacobi theory for general dynamical systems, defined on fibered phase spaces, has been recently developed. In this paper, we shall apply such a theory to contact Hamiltonian systems, as those appearing in thermodynamics and on geodesic flows in fluid mechanics. We first study the partial and complete solutions of the Hamilton–Jacobi equation related to these systems. Then, we show that, for a given contact system, the knowledge of what we have called a complete pseudo-isotropic solution ensures the integrability by quadratures of its equations of motion. This extends to contact manifolds a recent result obtained in the context of general symplectic and Poisson manifolds.
Low-temperature MnBi alloys: Electronic and magnetic properties, constitution, morphology and fabrication (Review article)
Authors: Antonov V. N. , Antropov V. P.
Published: January 2020

The article reviews the rich phenomena of physical properties of MnBi. The diverse phenomena include strong spin-orbit interaction, anomalous temperature dependence of the coercivity and the magneto-crystalline anisotropy field, unique magneto-optical properties. Issues addressed include the nature of the electronic ground states of MnBi, the electronic and magnetic structures, Fermi surface, magneto-crystalline anisotropy, x-ray magnetic dichroism. The discussion includes key experiments, such as optical and magneto-optical spectroscopic measurements, de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) measurements, x-ray photoemission and x-ray absorption spectroscopy measurements as well as x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The effect of the spin-orbit (SO) interaction and Coulomb repulsion U were found to be crucial for the Fermi surface, cyclotron masses, magneto-optical properties, and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism. The microscopic origin of unique magneto-crystalline anisotropy and giant Kerr effect in MnBi is analyzed in detail. The huge Kerr effect in MnBi is caused by the combination of a sizable magnetic moment on manganese, the large spin-orbit coupling of bismuth, and a strong hybridization between the manganese 3d and the bismuth 6p states. The magneto-optically active states are mainly the 6p states of Bi. We show that the observed temperature dependence of the magneto-crystalline anisotropy can be explained taking into account the spin-orbit interaction together with strong Coulomb electron-electron interaction. The SO coupling of Bi is equally responsible for the large magneto-crystalline anisotropy energy as is the exchange splitting of Mn. The fabrication, morphology, and constitution of low-temperature MnBi alloys in bulk, thin films, and nanoparticles are discussed. The nanocomposite permanent magnetic materials based on MnBi, (Co, Fe) and Nd2Fe14B are also discussed.
Flight speed as an indicator of Zebu cattle growth performance and suitability to the feedlot environment
Authors: Gellatly Désirée , Cyrillo Joslaine N. S. G. , Sant'Anna Aline C. , Valente Tiago S. , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen , Paranhos da Costa Mateus J. R.
Published: February 2020

Context
Studies assessing the relationship between cattle reactivity and growth performance, as well as suitability to the feedlot, in Zebu cattle are limited. Based on previous studies using Bos Taurus cattle, it is expected that reactivity measured at weaning could be used as a predictor of feedlot performance, and that cattle with greater flight speed (FS) would have reduced average daily gain (ADG).

Aims
The aims of this study were to (1) determine if FS (m/s) measured before entry into the feedlot could be used as a predictor of cattle performance, (2) evaluate the consistency of FS over time, and (3) determine when FS should be measured to best predict animal suitability to the feedlot.

Methods
A total of 54 Nellore and 40 Guzerat calves were assessed by using FS, which was collected at the time of (FS0) and 1 week after weaning (FS1), as well as on Day 28 (FS28), 56 (FS56) and 168 (FS168) after entry into the feedlot, and a FS average was calculated using FS28, FS56 and FS168 (FS28–168). Performance using ADG (kg/calf.day) was calculated for each animal over three periods: ADG1–28, ADG28–168 and ADG1–168. Bunk attendance (min/calf.day) was recorded over a 173-day feeding period.

Key results
The ADG28–168 was reduced by 0.14 kg/calf.day for each unit increase in FS0 (P < 0.05). Both ADG28–168 and ADG1–168 were reduced by 0.02 kg/calf.day for each unit increase in FS1 (P ≤ 0.01), but neither FS0 nor FS1 was associated with ADG1–28 (P > 0.10). A significant increase was observed between FS1 and FS28 (P < 0.01), followed by a reduction in FS56 (P < 0.01) and FS168 (P < 0.01).

Conclusion
FS measured at or within 1 week of weaning has the potential to be used as an indicator of feedlot growth performance in Nellore and Guzerat cattle.

Implications
Although our results do not indicate the efficacy of FS as a predictor of early suitability of cattle to the feedlot, it does have the potential to support its recommendation as an indicator of overall feedlot growth performance in Nellore and Guzerat breeds.
The Conformations of Virginiamycin M1 Diacetate, an Inhibitor of Guinea Pig Brain CCK-B Receptors, in Selected Solvents
Authors: Walsworth Kevin , Bender Anastasiya , Separovic Frances , Bergdahl B. Mikael , Metzger Robert P.
Published: January 2020

The Virginiamycin M1 derivative Virginiamycin-14,16-diacetate (VM1-diAc) is not naturally occurring and must be synthesised by those wishing to study its properties. It possesses very little if any of the antibiotic capabilities of its parent compound, Virginiamycin M1. However, VM1-diAc has been reported to bind competitively to guinea pig brain cholecystokinin (CCK-B) receptors at concentrations very near that of CCK-B itself. CCK-B may bind to the CCK-B receptor as an octa- or a tetrapeptide, suggesting that a portion of the VM1-diAc molecule has a conformation very similar to the binding site of the CCKB peptide. Since the conformations of the VM1-diAc are constrained by its cyclic structure, studies of its binding to the CCK-B receptor might provide useful information about the CCK-B peptide receptor binding. To begin such a project, we report herein results of a study of the conformations of VM1-diAc dissolved in chloroform and methanol, two solvents of different polarities.
Diverse symbiont bleaching responses are evident from 2-degree heating week bleaching conditions as thermal stress intensifies in coral
Authors: Gierz Sarah , Ainsworth Tracy D. , Leggat William
Published: February 2020

Coral bleaching is the dysfunction of the coral–algal endosymbiosis and is characterised as a loss of Symbiodiniaceae cells from host tissues or the loss of photosynthetic pigments. This breakdown of symbiosis occurs as a result of elevated temperature beyond the organism’s thermal threshold. The thermal tipping points within the symbiosis have not yet been well resolved, and the mechanisms underlying the various cellular processes of the corals bleaching response remain unknown. This study characterised the cellular responses of the symbiont Cladocopium sp. (syn. clade C3) within the host coral Acropora aspera during exposure to thermal stress. Exposure to temperatures between 2 and 3°C below the bleaching threshold, equating to 2-degree heating weeks (DHWs), results in changes to the symbiont cell morphology and cell division rates. Once corals were exposed to 4 DHWs, over 90% of the symbiont cells showed signs of degradation. Although sub-bleaching thermal stress is not sufficient to trigger bleaching alerts at an ecological scale, this stressor substantially affects the coral symbiosis. It is therefore vital that we begin to quantify how sub-bleaching thermal stress affects the fitness of Symbiodiniacea populations, their coral hosts and subsequently reefs worldwide.
Applying skin-size limits for management of trade in Asian reptile skins
Authors: Natusch Daniel J. D. , Lyons Jessica A. , Mumpuni  , Riyanto Awal , Khadiejah Syarifah
Published: January 2020

Abstract ContextEach year, millions of reptile skins are commercially exported from Southeast Asia for exotic leathers. Quotas are commonly used to regulate this trade, but quotas are sometimes exceeded and do little to ensure harvest sustainability. AimsTo explore the relationship between the size of live pythons and their skins, and to assess whether skin measurements can be used to enforce the application of limits on the size of harvested snakes. MethodsWe measured the body size of three heavily harvested python species (Malayopython reticulatus, Python breitensteini and Python brongersmai) in Indonesia and Malaysia and examined the relationship with skin length, skin width, the size of the ventral scale and its adjacent dorsal scale. Key resultsMeasurements of 2261 pythons showed strong relationships between the size of live pythons and measurements made on their skins. Skins can be stretched 30% longer than the body length of snakes from which they came and inter-facility and country differences in stretching technique result in different relationships between the sizes of live snakes and the measurements made on their skins. Male and female Malayopython reticulatus differed in their skin dimensions relative to the size of the live snake, but these differences were minor. ConclusionsDespite variations in stretching techniques, in functional terms, this variation is minor (maximum 3.5% relative to each mean measurement) and does not limit application of skin sizes for regulating trade within an acceptable level of error. However, differences in the stretched length of Indonesian and Malaysian skins were much greater (5.9% of the mean length of skins), and, thus, each country should apply its own limits and predictive tools. ImplicationsThe strong relationship between the skin size and the size of the live snake offers great potential for regulating trade by using skin-size limits. Inspection of the size of skins can be used to enforce harvest-size limits and focus harvesting away from sexes and life stages most critical for population persistence. This management tool has numerous advantages over current regulatory practices (quotas) and should be considered for management of trade in Asian reptile skins.
Insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of acid-sensing ion channel 3 gating by stomatin
Authors: Klipp Robert C. , Cullinan Megan M. , Bankston John R.
Published: February 2020

Stomatin (STOM) is a monotopic integral membrane protein found in all classes of life that has been shown to regulate members of the acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC) family. However, the mechanism by which STOM alters ASIC function is not known. Using chimeric channels, we combined patch-clamp electrophysiology and FRET to search for regions of ASIC3 critical for binding to and regulation by STOM. With this approach, we found that regulation requires two distinct sites on ASIC3: the distal C-terminus and the first transmembrane domain (TM1). The C-terminal site is critical for formation of the STOM–ASIC3 complex, while TM1 is required only for the regulatory effect. We then looked at the mechanism of STOM-dependent regulation of ASIC3 and found that STOM does not alter surface expression of ASIC3 or shift the pH dependence of channel activation. However, a point mutation (Q269G) that prevents channel desensitization also prevents STOM regulation, suggesting that STOM may alter ASIC3 currents by stabilizing the desensitized state of the channel. Based on these findings, we propose a model whereby STOM is anchored to the channel via a site on the distal C-terminus and stabilizes the desensitized state of the channel via an interaction with TM1.