bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing musculoskeletal education programs for physicians and the general public: Findings from a needs assessment
Authors: Robbins Laura , Levy Richard , Lee Susan , Leuchter Judith , O'Brasky Martha
Published: February 2007

Objective. To assess the educational needs and learning preferences of primary care physicians and the general public in receiving musculoskeletal health education.

Methods. Prospective surveys were mailed simultaneously to 2,250 primary care physicians and 2,250 members of the general public. The surveys included questions about demographics, motivation for attending programs, and preferred education program formats.

Results. The 68 responding physicians attend continuing medical education programs mainly based on topics, speakers, and timing. They prefer lectures and find question and answer sessions least helpful in supporting learning. The 96 responding members of the general public attend programs mainly based on topics, speakers, and fees. The general public stated that question and answer sessions best support learning in programs. A large percentage of responding physicians provide health education to their patients, but a small percentage of the general public respondents stated that they receive health education from physicians.

Discussion. Responses from physicians and the general public were generally not surprising but revealed interesting contrasts between learning preferences. While physicians and the general public both value speakers and topics, the physicians want to increase their knowledge about disease, whereas the general public wants practical information. Physicians and the general public also appear to take different approaches to learning. The contrast between availability and provision of health education is also striking. We cannot generalize our results with absolute confidence because the return rates for the surveys were so low. Nonetheless, we support the need to educate physicians and the general public in ways that match their preferred learning methods and educational needs.
Preoperative education for total hip and knee replacement patients
Authors: Daltroy Lawren H. , Morlino Catherine I. , Eaton Holley M. , Poss Robert , Liang Matthew H.
Published: February 2007

Objective.Psychoeducational preparation is known to improve postoperative outcome. We tested two common psychoeducational procedures in elderly orthopedic patients, examining how best to match interventions to patients by psychological type.

Methods.Two hundred twenty‐two elderly patients undergoing total hip or knee replacement were randomly assigned to (1) a slide‐tape with information on the postoperative, in‐hospital rehabilitation experience, or (2) training in Benson's Relaxation Response with a bedside audiotape, in a 2 × 2 factorial design.

Results.The relaxation response did not influence postoperative outcomes. The educational intervention reduced length of stay and pain medication use for patients who exhibited most denial (tendency to avoid thinking about unpleasant events), and reduced postoperative anxiety and cognitive errors on the Mini‐Mental State Exam for patients with most baseline anxiety. There was no effect on postoperative pain.

Conclusions.The importance of attending to the patient's psychological state and level of preparation before orthopedic surgery is reinforced. Patients who exhibit most denial and highest anxiety may benefit from educational interventions, but patients' directly expressing desire for information may be a poor guide in deciding which patients would benefit, compared with more formal psychological testing for denial and anxiety.
Ion Exchange Reactions of NaSbO3 and Morphotropic Series MSbO3.
Authors: Nalbandyan Vladimir Babkenovich , Avdeev Maxim , Pospelov Andrey Aleksandrovich
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Generated Template Pathway to High‐Surface‐Area Zinc Aluminate Spinel with Mesopore Network from a Single‐Source Inorganic Precursor.
Authors: Zou Lu , Li Feng , Xiang Xu , Evans David G. , Duan Xue
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rare Earth Oxyfluorosulfides: A New Class of Compounds with Modulated Structure.
Authors: Pauwels Damien , Weill Francois , Tressaud Alain , Demourgues Alain
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Three Silver Indium Double Phosphates.
Authors: Strelkov M. A. , Zhizhin M. G. , Komissarova L. N.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure Determination and Antiproliferative Evaluation of Novel Benzazoyl Benzamides.
Authors: Starcevic Kristina , Caleta Irena , Cincic Dominik , Kaitner Branko , Kralj Marijeta , Ester Katja , Karminski‐Zamola Grace
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile Strategy to a New Fluorous‐Tagged, Immobilized TEMPO Catalyst Using a Click Reaction, and Its Catalytic Activity.
Authors: Gheorghe Alexandru , Cuevas‐Yanez Erick , Horn Joachim , Bannwarth Willi , Narsaiah Banda , Reiser Oliver
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Solvent‐Free, Heterogeneous Photooxygenation of Hydrocarbons by Hyflon® Membranes Embedding a Fluorous‐Tagged Decatungstate.
Authors: Carraro Mauro , Gardan Martino , Scorrano Gianfranco , Drioli Enrico , Fontananova Enrica , Bonchio Marcella
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidative Regeneration of Carbonyl Compounds from Their Oximes Using in situ Generated Superoxide.
Authors: Singh K. N. , Pandey Jyotsna , Singh Manorama
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective 1,3‐Dimethylallylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Yuan Yu , Lai Amy J. , Kraml Christian M. , Lee Chulbom
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Electrophile‐Induced Ether Transfer: A New Approach to Polyketide Structural Units.
Authors: Liu Kai , Taylor Richard E. , Kartika Rendy
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Iron Porphyrins Catalyze the Synthesis of Non‐Protected Amino Acid Ester from Ammonia and Diazoacetates.
Authors: Aviv Iris , Gross Zeev
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of (E)‐1‐Aryl Alk‐1‐en‐3‐ones by Tetraphosphine/Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck Reactions of Alk‐1‐en‐3‐one with Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Lemhadri Mhamed , Doucet Henri , Santelli Maurice
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
How Flexible Are Poly(paraphenyleneethynylene)s?
Authors: Godt Adelheid , Schulte Miriam , Zimmermann Herbert , Jeschke Gunnar
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Allyl and Benzyl Iodides by the Anomalous Action of Iodotrimethylsilane.
Authors: Zhu Qing , Tremblay Matthew S.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
On Water: An Efficient Knoevenagel Condensation Using 12‐Tungstophosphoric Acid as a Reusable Green Catalyst.
Authors: Oskooie Hossien A. , Heravi Majid M. , Derikvand Fatemeh , Khorasani Marzieh , Bamoharram Fatemeh F.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
ortho‐Arylation of Benzamides.
Authors: Shabashov Dmitry , Daugulis Olafs
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ring Carbon Functionalization of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand with Ester Groups. Electronic Effect of Ester Groups on Coordination Properties.
Authors: Hara Kenji , Kanamori Yoshikazu , Sawamura Masaya
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2‐Acyl‐3‐arylnaphthalenes by Dual Catalysis of Sodium Tetrachloroaurate Toward Alkyne‐Propargylic Acetates.
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Kim Ahyun , Park Wooram , Park Dai In , Kim Nakjoong
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First peri‐Amino Ketone of the Acenaphthylene Series.
Authors: Antonov A. N. , Tyurin R. V. , Minyaeva L. G. , Mezheritskii V. V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of Novel N‐Aryl‐phenanthren‐o‐iminoquinones.
Authors: Abakumov Gleb A. , Cherkasov Vladimir K. , Druzhkov Nikolai O. , Kurskii Yury A. , Fukin Georgii K. , Abakumova Ludmila G. , Kocherova Tatiana N.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective β‐Lactone Formation from Ketene and Aldehydes Catalyzed by a Chiral Oxazaborolidine.
Authors: Gnanadesikan Vijay , Corey E. J.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
General and Highly Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Alkylideneazetidines and β‐Lactams via Copper‐Catalyzed Intramolecular N‐Vinylation.
Authors: Lu Hongjian , Li Chaozhong
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Conditions for the Synthesis of Thiophenes via the Knoevenagel/Gewald Reaction Sequence. Application to the Synthesis of a Multitargeted Kinase Inhibitor (X).
Authors: Barnes David M. , Haight Anthony R. , Hameury Thomas , McLaughlin Maureen A. , Mei Jianzhang , Tedrow Jason S. , Toma Joan Dalla Riva
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Cyclic Enehydrazides by Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Lebrun Stephane , Couture Axel , Deniau Eric , Grandclaudon Pierre
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
TiCl4/t‐BuNH2‐Promoted Hydroamination/Annulation of δ‐Keto‐acetylenes: Synthesis of Novel Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indol‐2‐carbaldehydes.
Authors: Abbiati Giorgio , Casoni Alessandro , Canevari Valentina , Nava Donatella , Rossi Elisabetta
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Carboxylic Acid Catalyzed Three‐Component Aza‐Friedel—Crafts Reactions in Water for the Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Indoles.
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Kobayashi Shu
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Energetic Bicyclic Azolium Salts.
Authors: Gao Ye , Ye Chengfeng , Twamley Brendan , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thieno[3,4‐c]quinoline‐4‐yl‐amines — Synthesis and Investigation of Activity Against Malaria.
Authors: Goerlitzer K. , Gabriel B. , Jomaa H. , Wiesner J.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Data on the Alkylation of Cyclic Thioureas with α‐Halocarboxylic Acids Their Esters. Part 3. Alkylation of Butylenethioureas.
Authors: Kushakova P. M. , Ramsh S. M. , Lifontova V. V. , Garabadgiu A. V. , Belobrzhetskaja Kosta L. N.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antifungal Activity of Novel Chiral α‐Aminophosphonates Containing Fluorine Moiety.
Authors: Song Bao‐An , et al. et al.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Polystachyne F, a 5,10‐seco‐Neoclerodane from Salvia polystachya.
Authors: Ortega Alfredo , Bautista Elihu , Maldonado Emma
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bazzanane Sesquiterpenoids from the New Zealand Liverwort Frullania falciloba.
Authors: Nagashima Fumihiro , Toyota Masao , Asakawa Yoshinori
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of the Putative Structure of the Novel Triquinane‐Based Sesquiterpenoid Natural Product Dichomitol.
Authors: Mehta Goverdhan , Pallavi Kotapalli
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Cyclic Acetals Related to Ambergris and Their Olfactory Evaluation.
Authors: Benites Julio , Armstrong Veronica , Cortes Manuel
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Use of Allylic Strain to Enforce Stereochemistry. Direct Syntheses of 7,8‐Dihydroxycalamenene (IX) and Mansonone C (X).
Authors: Kraus George A. , Jeon Insik
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Naphthylpropargyl Ether Group: A Readily Cleaved and Sterically Minimal Protecting System for Stereoselective Glycosylation.
Authors: Crich David , Wu Baolin
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Synthesis of a Water‐Soluble α‐Cyclodextrin/C60 Supramolecular Complex Using Anionic C60 as a Building Block.
Authors: Zhang Yi , Liu Wei , Gao Xiang , Zhao Yanling , Zheng Min , Li Fangfang , Ye Daoli
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Montamine, a Unique Dimeric Indole Alkaloid, from the Seeds of Centaurea montana (Asteraceae), and Its in vitro Cytotoxic Activity Against the CaCo2 Colon Cancer Cells.
Authors: Shoeb Mohammad , MacManus Stephen M. , Jaspars Marcel , Trevidu Jioji , Nahar Lutfun , Kong‐Thoo‐Lin Paul , Sarker Satyajit D.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Dihydroxanthenone from a Plant‐Associated Strain of the Fungus Chaetomium globosum Demonstrates Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Wijeratne E. M. Kithsiri , Turbyville Thomas J. , Fritz Anne , Whitesell Luke , Gunatilaka A. A. Leslie
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The First Total Synthesis of Sporiolide A.
Authors: Du Yuguo , Chen Qi , Linhardt Robert J.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Al—Hf—Ni (Aluminum—Hafnium—Nickel)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thermochemistry of Cyclobutane and Its Derivatives
Authors: Liebman Joel F.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Photochemistry of Cyclobutanes: Synthesis and Reactivity
Authors: Horspool William M.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supported Palladium Catalysts in Heck Coupling Reactions ‐ Problems, Potential and Recent Advances
Authors: Koehler K. , Proeckl S. S. , Kleist W.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwaves in Chemistry: The Success Story Goes on
Authors: Wiesbrock Frank , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Improved Catalytic Performances of Supported Catalysts
Authors: Song Choong Eui , Park Yil Sung
Published: February 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Maspin controls mammary tumor cell migration through inhibiting Rac1 and Cdc42, but not the RhoA GTPase
Authors: Shi Heidi Y. , Stafford Lewis Joe , Liu Zhisheng , Liu Mingyao , Zhang Ming
Published: February 2007

Rac1 and Cdc42 are members of the Rho family of small GTPases that play essential roles in diverse cellular functions, including cell migration. The activities of these Rho family proteins are controlled by growth factor receptor activation and cell‐ECM interactions. Here, we show that maspin, a well‐documented tumor suppressor gene, also controls cell motility through inhibiting Rac1/Cdc42 activity. Using the GST‐PAK and GST‐Rho binding protein pull‐down assays for GTP‐bound Rac1, Cdc42, and RhoA, we showed that treatment of MDA‐MB‐231 tumor cells with recombinant maspin for a short time period significantly inhibited the activity of Rac1 and Cdc42, but not RhoA. The reactive site loop (RSL) within maspin protein is the functional domain involved in the inhibition. Maspin mutants with the RSL deleted or a point mutation in the RSL region lost their inhibitory activity. We further examined the ability of maspin to inhibit Rac1‐ and Cdc42‐mediated signaling pathways and transcription factors. Treatment of MDA‐MB‐231 cells with maspin led to the inhibition of JNK kinase activity as assayed by immuno‐kinase assays. In addition, the AP‐1 transcription activity downstream of JNK kinase pathway was also reduced. Together, we have identified Rac1 and Cdc42 as the downstream targets that mediate the inhibition of mammary tumor cell migration by maspin. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Task constraints on preschool children's grip configurations during drawing
Authors: Braswell Gregory S. , Rosengren Karl S. , Pierroutsakos Sophia L.
Published: February 2007

Traditional accounts of motor development have described the development of grip configurations in terms of a global maturational change from immature to mature grips. We present data that demonstrate that the grip configurations of preschool‐aged children are greatly influenced by task demands and are more variable than previous research has suggested. Grip configurations were most variable during free drawing. Three‐ to 4‐year‐olds with highly variable grips produced poorer quality drawings in a shape copying task than children with relatively stable grips. It is argued that the study of the development of drawing skills may best be captured by an approach which emphasizes the role of task requirements and various external and internal constraints which shape variability in grip configurations. ©2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 216–225, 2007.
Intergenerational transmission of maternal behavior in rhesus macaques and its underlying mechanisms
Authors: Maestripieri Dario , Lindell Stephen G. , Higley J. Dee
Published: February 2007

Thirteen group‐living rhesus macaque females that were crossfostered shortly after birth were followed longitudinally until they gave birth for the first time. Their maternal behavior was compared to the behavior of both their foster and their biological mothers, and analyzed in relation to the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine metabolites (5‐HIAA, HVA, and MHPG) measured in their second year of life. Crossfostered females were similar to their foster mothers in their rates of maternal rejection and grooming, whereas their contact‐making behavior was more similar to that of their biological mothers. Crossfostered females with lower CSF concentrations of 5‐HIAA exhibited higher rates of maternal rejection than females with higher CSF 5‐HIAA. In a related article (Maestripieri et al., 2006), we reported that rhesus infants reared by highly rejecting mothers had lower CSF 5‐HIAA in their first 3 years of life. Taken together, these findings suggest that early social experience and experience‐related long‐term changes in serotonergic function may play a role in the intergenerational transmission of maternal rejection from mothers to daughters. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 165–171, 2007.
Robust coupling of body movement and gaze in young infants
Authors: Robertson Steven S. , Johnson Sarah L. , Masnick Amy M. , Weiss Scott L.
Published: February 2007

In the first few months after birth, rapid bursts of body movement precede and possibly facilitate shifts of gaze during free looking, with potential consequences for perception and cognition. Here we report that the characteristic features of movement–gaze coupling found during free looking are preserved when attention is perturbed by a salient change in the visual environment. Twenty‐four 3‐month‐olds looked at two attractive 3‐dimensional objects while body movement and corneal reflections of the objects were recorded. Lateral head movement was measured offline. After approximately 2 s of looking at one stimulus, the nonfixated stimulus either began to rotate back and forth (distracter events) or remained motionless (control events). In distracter events, the motion of the nonfixated stimulus triggered substantial motor quieting, shortened the duration of the look, and shortened the time to reorient gaze compared to control events. Abbreviated motor quieting and small increases in lateral head movement occurred during control events at the same time in the look as the protracted motor quieting and increased head movement in distracter events. Despite these perturbations, the characteristic bursts of body movement that precede shifts of gaze during free looking occurred in both distracter and control events. The results demonstrate the robust nature of early movement–gaze coupling, raise questions about the specific role of attention in the dynamic links between body movement and gaze, and highlight the potential short and long term functional significance of movement‐gaze–attention coupling. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 208–215, 2007.
The “smellscape” of mother's breast: Effects of odor masking and selective unmasking on neonatal arousal, oral, and visual responses
Authors: Doucet Sébastien , Soussignan Robert , Sagot Paul , Schaal Benoist
Published: February 2007

Lactating women emit odor cues that release activity in newborns. Such cues may be carried in various substrates, including milk or areolar secretions. The present study aimed to examine the responses of infants facing their mother's breast and to sort out the source(s) of active volatile compounds emitted by the lactating breast. Infants (aged 3–4 days) were presented their mother's breast in two consecutive trials of 90 s each: a scentless condition (breast entirely covered with a transparent film) paired with one of four odorous conditions (fully exposed breast: n = 15; nipple only exposed: 15; areola only exposed: 13; and milk exposed: 12). The infants were more orally activated when facing any of the odorous breast conditions than when facing the scentless breast. They cried earlier and longer, and opened their eyes less, when facing the scentless breast. Nipple, Areola, and Milk odors appeared to be equivalent to the whole breast odor in stimulating oral activity and in delaying crying onset. This study shows that volatile compounds originating in areolar secretions or milk release mouthing, stimulate eye opening, and delay and reduce crying in newborns. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 129–138, 2007.
Intrinsic B cell hypo‐responsiveness in mice prematurely expressing human CR2/CD21 during B cell development
Authors: Kulik Liudmila , Marchbank Kevin J. , Lyubchenko Taras , Kuhn Kristine A. , Liubchenko Ganna A. , Haluszczak Catherine , Gibson Matthew G. , Boackle Susan A. , Holers V. Michael
Published: February 2007

We previously reported that human CR2 (hCR2) prematurely expressed under a murine Vλ2 promoter/Vλ2–4 enhancer minigene during the CD43+CD25– late pro‐B cell stage of development results in peripheral B cells with impaired responses to immunization with T‐dependent antigens. Herein, we show that hCR2 transgenic (Tg) mice also demonstrate a severe defect in T‐independent antigen responses and are substantially protected from clinical arthritis, synovitis and cartilage/bone destruction in a collagen‐induced arthritis model. This outcome is found despite the apparently normal development of autoreactive T cells with equivalent cytokine and proliferative responses to antigen when compared to non‐Tg control mice. These data suggest the presence of an intrinsic B cell defect in the hCR2 Tg mice. We also show that an hCR2‐dependent Ca2+ influx can be generated in both developing and mature Tg B cells, but with different rates of decay as compared to control wild‐type (WT) mice. In addition, although analysis of tyrosine‐phosphorylated proteins in WT and Tg B cells following B cell receptor (BCR)‐induced activation revealed the presence of distinctly different phosphorylation patterns, no differences were identified in several candidate protein targets. Overall, these data suggest that premature hCR2 expression and the consequences thereof during B cell development intrinsically alters the way mature B cells develop and subsequently respond to antigen through the BCR signaling complex.
The target tissue in autoimmunity – an influential niche
Authors: Hill Natasha J. , Hultcrantz Monica , Sarvetnick Nora , Flodström‐Tullberg Malin
Published: February 2007

Central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms were for a long time the only regulatory circuits known in autoimmunity. It is now becoming clear that the target tissue itself may have the capacity to control its own destiny. Here we review mechanisms by which the target tissue regulates local inflammation, and the way this could influence progression to overt autoimmunity. Moreover, we discuss recent data showing that physiological properties of the target tissue can determine the organ specificity of autoimmune disease. These recent discoveries and ideas concerning the regulatory potential of the target tissue may, in the future, add a new dimension to our concept of regulatory circuits in autoimmunity.
Allelic expression patterns of KIR3DS1 and 3DL1 using the Z27 and DX9 antibodies
Authors: Trundley Anita , Frebel Helge , Jones Des , Chang Chiwen , Trowsdale John
Published: February 2007

KIR3DL1 is one of the best‐characterised inhibitory NK cell receptors. Unusually, one common allele at the 3DL1 locus encodes an activating receptor known as 3DS1. There is genetic evidence for a protective role of 3DS1 in certain viral diseases, but there has been uncertainty about expression of the 3DS1 protein. Using transfection, we show that surface expression of 3DS1 is reliant on the adaptor protein DNAX‐activating protein 12 (DAP12). KIR3DS1 was recognised by the antibody Z27, a reagent that also detects KIR3DL1 but no other killer immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) molecule. Z27 stained 3DS1 on the surface of fresh circulating NK cells from 3DS1/3DS1 homozygotes. By double‐staining with Z27 and DX9, an antibody specific for 3DL1, we obtained evidence that in 3DS1/3DL1 heterozygous donors significant numbers of NK cells express 3DS1 without co‐expressing 3DL1 and that NK cells expressing both alleles are difficult to detect.
Fixation of heavy contaminants of a dirty bomb attack: Studies with uranium and metal simulants
Authors: McGehee Thomas L. , Medina Victor F. , Martino Rochelle M. , Bednar Anthony J. , Weiss Charles A. , Abraham David
Published: February 2007

Asphalt emulsions were evaluated as a means to immobilize radiological contaminants deposited on urban surfaces after a dirty bomb attack. Contaminated surfaces would be sprayed with thin coatings of asphalt emulsion to encapsulate the radioactive particles until the site can be safely remediated. This research investigated applications of an asphalt emulsion (Topein C, Encapco Technologies, LLC, Napa, CA) to treat (zero‐valent) iron, lead, and uranium powders on various building material surfaces. Initial studies found that some of the building materials (limestone, concrete, and metal) reacted with the emulsion producing gas bubbles, which formed 0.001 to 1 cm vesicles in the cured asphalt emulsion. These vesicles, however, did not expose the building material surface, and the reaction appeared to aid in the setting of the emulsion. Powdered lead did not react with the asphalt emulsion, but iron powder and uranium did. Iron powder and the emulsion formed vesicles up to 0.5 mm (but not exposing the building material surface), while the uranium (U3O8) had a moderate reaction when compared with to the lead and iron powders. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the lead powder formed nonreactive layers adjacent to the concrete surface while iron particles were evenly distributed in the asphalt matrix due to the reaction with the asphalt, indicating that the physical and chemical reactions between the iron metal particles, asphalt, and concrete affected particle distribution in the asphalt matrix. A vertical operation sediment tube was used to determine the flowing shear stress durability of the asphalt/metal/substrate complex. The asphalt treatment with iron had no loss at the shear range tested (0.1–2.5 Pa), while the asphalt stabilized powdered lead lost 8% asphalt and lead at 2.5 Pa mean shear stress applied for 5 h. The chemical reaction between asphalt emulsion and iron increased the resistance of the asphalt/metal/substrate complex to shear when compared with lead. Some hydrogen was formed in reactions with iron, but the amount formed was well below the lower flammability limit. Treatment of uranium indicated that the emulsion was effective at reducing leaching of the uranium 10 fold. These experiments indicate that asphalt emulsions may be a viable means for containing metallic or dense radiological contaminants on common building materials. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog 26:94–103, 2007
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX) in Alzheimer's disease: validation of a behavioral rating scale to assess dysexecutive symptoms in Japanese patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Shinagawa Yoshihiro , Nakaaki Shutaro , Hongo Jin , Murata Yoshie , Sato Junko , Matsui Teruo , Tatsumi Hiroshi , Akechi Tatsuo , Furukawa Toshiaki A.
Published: February 2007

Background

Both executive cognitive dysfunction and behavioral problems contribute to dysexecutive symptoms in daily life. The aim of the present study was to develop a behavior rating scale for assessing dysexecutive symptoms in Japanese patients with AD.

Method

The Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX), devised by Burgess et al. (1998), was used to evaluate 122 Japanese patients with AD. The factor structure, internal consistency, test‐retest reliability, and construct validity of the Japanese version of the DEX were then examined.

Results

The Japanese version of the DEX demonstrated a good internal reliability and a good test–retest reliability. Factor analysis revealed three factors that were named ‘apathy’, ‘hyperactivity’ and ‘planning and monitoring process of the purposive action’. The ‘apathy’ factor of the DEX was significantly correlated with the ‘apathy’ score of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), while ‘planning and monitoring process’ factor of the DEX was significantly correlated with the total score of the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and the ‘hyperactivity’ factor of the DEX was significantly correlated with the ‘aggression’, ‘euphoria’ and ‘disinhibition’ scores of the NPI.

Conclusions

The Japanese DEX is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing executive dysfunction conveniently in real life situations of AD patients. While two factors, ‘apathy’ and ‘hyperactivity’, were associated with emotional and behavioral changes, the ‘planning and monitoring process’ was associated with the cognitive executive function in the patients with AD. These findings suggest that both a neuropsychiatric syndrome and cognitive function contribute to the dysexecutive symptoms experienced by AD patients in daily life. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of the Zarit scale for assessing caregiver burden and collapse in caregiving at home in dementias
Authors: Gort Ana M. , Mingot Maria , Gomez Xavier , Soler Teodoro , Torres Gerard , Sacristán Oscar , Miguelsanz Santiago , Nicolas Francisco , Perez Ana , de Miguel Mariano , Cabau Jacinto
Published: February 2007

Objectives

The main objective was to analyse the Zarit scale's (ZS) ability to identify signs of caregiver collapse amongst people looking after patients suffering from dementia. We also evaluated the dimensions most affected by the ZS and risk factors associated with caregiver burden and collapse.

Methods

We administered the ZS and semi‐structured interviews to identify signs of caregiver collapse amongst 66 people looking after patients suffering from dementia. We evaluated the risk factors associated with the patient: age, sex, type of dementia, place of residence, length of illness, behavioural disorders, incontinence, the Barthel index (IB), the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), Folstein's Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the use of day‐care centres and also risk factors associated with the caregiver: age, sex, relationship with the patient, help received with caring, the patient's illness, other family responsibilities and other work outside the home.

Results

There was a large degree of agreement between the findings from the interview and the ZS (Kappa = 0.545; p < 0.001). With regard to the risk factors evaluated in this study, there was a statistically significant relationship between behavioural disorders and both burden (p < 0.27) and collapse (p < 0.17) and between caregiver collapse and the caregiver and patient not living at the same home (p < 0.27).

Conclusion

The ZS is not only useful for identifying caregiver burden, but also for predicting main caregiver collapse. Behavioural disorders and not living with the patient are the main causes of caregiver burden and collapse. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival in the community of the very old depressed, discharged from medical inpatient care
Authors: Wilson Kenneth , Mottram Patricia , Hussain Maryyum
Published: February 2007

Objectives

To examine the prevalence and associated risk factors of depression in older patients discharged home from acute medical care and their influence on duration of survival in the community.

Design

A cross‐sectional, prevalence study of depression in recently discharged patients and a prospective, case‐controlled study of depressed and psychiatrically asymptomatic sub groups, exploring the relationship between depression, associated risk factors, and duration of survival in the community.

Setting

A community study of patients aged 75 and older discharged from the Countess of Chester Hospital and Wirral Hospitals Trust serving Wirral and West Cheshire, England.

Participants

Three hundred and eleven patients were entered into the prevalence study. One hundred and fifty‐eight patients (54 depressed and 104 asymptomatic) were entered into the prospective case controlled study and followed up for up to two years.

Measurements

Depression was defined by GMS/AGECAT criteria. Demographic details, handicap, pain, forced expiratory volume and social network were measured as dependent variables in the prevalence study and included in the analysis of risk factors potentially associated with duration of survival in the community.

Results

A depression prevalence rate of 17.4% was found. Age (p = 0.049, CI; 0.813, 0.999), forced expiratory volume (p = 0.034, CI; 0.991, 1.000) and handicap (p = 0.000, CI; 1.268, 1.723) were associated with depression but depression (p = 0.040, CI; 1.039, 4.915) was the only base‐line variable associated with reduced survival in the community as defined by mortality and re‐admission.

Conclusions

Depression is common in older people discharged from acute medical care and is a major risk factor for reduced duration of community survival. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bilateral vestibular deafferentation impairs performance in a spatial forced alternation task in rats
Authors: Zheng Yiwen , Goddard Matthew , Darlington Cynthia L. , Smith Paul F.
Published: February 2007

Converging behavioral, electrophysiological, and neurochemical data suggest that lesions to the peripheral vestibular system result in impairment of the hippocampus. Nonetheless, relatively few studies have examined the hippocampus or behavior related to it, over a long period of time following the lesion, to determine if any recovery takes place. Here we used the spatial forced alternation task in a T maze, which is sensitive to the integrity of the hippocampus, to evaluate learning and memory in rats at 3 weeks, 3 months, and 5 months following bilateral vestibular deafferentation (BVD) or sham surgery. BVD rats made significantly fewer correct choices at all time points when compared with the sham controls. However, the percentage correct choice for BVD rats was at chance level at 3 weeks postop, and was significantly above chance at 5 months postop. These results add to the evidence that BVD causes a long‐term impairment of hippocampal function and spatial learning and memory, but suggest that some recovery of function might take place over the long term. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Groundwater recharge and discharge in a hyperarid alluvial plain (Akesu, Taklimakan Desert, China)
Authors: Tang Qiuhong , Hu Heping , Oki Taikan
Published: February 2007

Groundwater recharge and discharge in the Akesu alluvial plain were estimated using a water balance method. The Akesu alluvial plain (4842 km2) is an oasis located in the hyperarid Tarim River basin of central Asia. The land along the Akesu River has a long history of agricultural development and the irrigation area is highly dependent on water withdrawals from the river. We present a water balance methodology to describe (a) surface water and groundwater interaction and (b) groundwater interaction between irrigated and non‐irrigated areas. Groundwater is recharged from the irrigation system and discharged in the non‐irrigated area. Uncultivated vegetation and wetlands are supplied from groundwater in the hyperarid environment. Results show that about 90% of groundwater recharge came from canal loss and field infiltration. The groundwater flow from irrigated to non‐irrigated areas was about 70% of non‐irrigated area recharge and acted as subsurface drainage for the irrigation area. This desalinated the irrigation area and supplied water to the non‐irrigated area. Salt moved to the non‐irrigation area following subsurface drainage. We conclude that the flooding of the Akesu River is a supplemental groundwater replenishment mechanism: the river desalinates the alluvial plain by recharging fresh water in summer and draining saline regeneration water in winter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemical and ultrastructural alterations in the rat ventral prostate due to repetitive alcohol drinking
Authors: Gómez M. I. Díaz , de Castro C. Rodríguez , Fanelli S. L. , Quintans L. N. , Costantini M. H. , Castro J. A. , Castro G. D.
Published: February 2007

Previous studies showed that cytosolic and microsomal fractions from rat ventral prostate are able to biotransform ethanol to acetaldehyde and 1‐hydroxyethyl radicals via xanthine oxidase and a non P450 dependent pathway respectively. Sprague Dawley male rats were fed with a Lieber and De Carli diet containing ethanol for 28 days and compared against adequately pair‐fed controls. Prostate microsomal fractions were found to exhibit CYP2E1‐mediated hydroxylase activity significantly lower than in the liver and it was induced by repetitive ethanol drinking. Ethanol drinking led to an increased susceptibility of prostatic lipids to oxidation, as detected by t‐butylhydroperoxide‐promoted chemiluminiscence emission and increased levels of lipid hydroperoxides (xylenol orange method). Ultrastructural alterations in the epithelial cells were observed. They consisted of marked condensation of chromatin around the perinuclear membrane, moderate dilatation of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increased number of epithelial cells undergoing apoptosis.

The prostatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the stock rats was 4.84 times lower than that in the liver and aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in their microsomal, cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions was either not detectable or significantly less intense than in the liver. A single dose of ethanol led to significant acetaldehyde accumulation in the prostate. The results suggest that acetaldehyde accumulation in prostate tissue might result from both acetaldehyde produced in situ but also because of its low aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and its poor ability to metabolize acetaldehyde arriving via the blood. Acetaldehyde, 1‐hydroxyethyl radical and the oxidative stress produced may lead to epithelial cell injury. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of blood cholinesterases following intoxication with VX and its derivatives
Authors: Bajgar J. , Kuca K. , Fusek J. , Karasova J. , Kassa J. , Cabal J. , Jun D. , Blaha V.
Published: February 2007

Nerve agents can be divided into G‐agents (sarin, soman, tabun, cyclosarin etc.) and V‐agents. The studies dealing with V‐agents (O‐alkyl S‐2‐dialkylaminoethyl methyl phosphonothiolates) are limited to one or two representatives only (VX, Russian VX). Anticholinesterase properties of 11 V‐agents were studied in rats in vivo.

Following intoxication with these agents in doses of 1 × LD50 (intramuscular administration), activities of cholinesterases in the blood were continuously monitored and half‐lives (t0.5) of inhibition were determined. These values varied from 3 min (VX and some other agents) to 10–14 min (derivatives substituted on the phosphorus head by O‐ethyl‐ or O‐isopropyl‐, and by dimethyl‐, diethyl‐ and dibutyl‐ on the nitrogen). Acetylcholinesterase activities in selected parts of the brain and diaphragm (30 min after the intoxication) were also detected. A correlation between toxicities and rates of inhibition of the blood enzymes was demonstrated. A similar relationship between acetylcholinesterase inhibition in vitro (from literature data) and half‐lives of the blood cholinesterases was also observed. Though the chemical similarity of V compounds is evident, marked differences were observed among different derivatives; however, all agents examined had high inhibition potency corresponding to their toxicities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.