bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cervical Plexus
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Cervical Plexus is formed from the ventral rami of the C1–C4 spinal nerves and provides motor and sensory coverage to the head and neck and also helps activate the diaphragm. Cervical roots exit their respective cervical foramina underneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle and emerge into the anterior and posterior cervical triangles. We will group the motor nerves that emanate from the cervical plexus based on whether they enter the anterior or posterior cervical triangle, so let’s first demonstrate the anatomical boundaries of these triangles.
Sensory Maps of the Body
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The 1953 edition of Woodhall and Haymaker’s book, Peripheral Nerve Injuries, contains two separate sensory maps: one based on Keegan and Garrett’s 1948 work and the other based on sensory maps from O. Foerster’s 1933 Brain publication. Now, no neurologist is clear about which map to follow. Both maps work well, though, so we will use elements of both of them in this chapter. We also include Keegan and Garrett’s 1948 dermatomal maps for reference, here.
Cerebellum
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we will learn the gross structure and functional pathways of the cerebellum. Amazingly, the cerebellum is packed with more neurons than the cerebrum and yet it is able to fit into the compact posterior fossa because of its unique crystalline structure. To learn the anatomy of the cerebellum, we will begin with a mid-sagittal section; then we will create a coronal view of the anterior cerebellum in its folded state; then of the posterior cerebellum in its unfolded state; and afterward, we will learn the cerebellar somatotopic map. Let’s now draw the mid-sagittal section of the cerebellum. First, draw the triangular-shaped fourth ventricle, and around it, draw the oval-shaped cerebellum. Next, create a small fissure along the rostral-posterior surface of the cerebellum; label it as the primary fissure. The primary fissure divides the majority of the cerebellum into anterior and posterior lobes. Label the anterior-superior cerebellum as the anterior lobe and the posterior-inferior cerebellum as the posterior lobe.
Basal Ganglia
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Basal Ganglia lie deep within the brain and surround the diencephalon, which comprises the thalamic structures. They were classically considered a solely motor area, but are now understood to play an intrinsic role in neurobehavioral activities, as well. Basal ganglia motor disorders are commonly divided into hypokinetic (slow, rigid movement) versus hyperkinetic (fast, chaotic movement) disorders. Parkinson’s disease is the classic hypokinetic disorder and Huntington’s disease is the classic hyperkinetic disorder. Perhaps the most disabling features of these two disease states, however, are their neurobehavioral dysfunctions—cognitive slowing/dementia and psychosis, and it is important to think about them in the management of movement disorders patients.
Arterial Supply To The Central Nervous System
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we will diagram both the arterial vessel pattern and the vascular territories of the central nervous system. Our goal is to learn the course of each vessel and the major region it supplies. Fluoroscopic cerebral arteriography and non-invasive imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), give us excellent views of arterial circulation and bolster our knowledge of vascular territories. From these technologies, and a long history of pathologic studies, we know that the central nervous system vascular territories are highly variable. Therefore, when we review an MRI of a stroke (aka infarct), we should look at the central area of injury to determine the infarcted vessel and avoid temptation to determine the vessel territory by reviewing its borders. In this chapter, we will specifically focus on the central region each vessel supplies and try to neglect the vessel borders.
Eye Movements
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

There Are Many different classes of eye movements dedicated to keeping the visual world in focus; two main categories are those that keep the world steady on the retina and those that keep the object of focus in the center of vision, in the fovea. Different areas of the nervous system initiate different eye movements but they all share the same final brainstem pathways. One brainstem pathway is for conjugate eye movements, which drive the eyes in the same direction (horizontally or vertically), and the other is for vergence eye movements, which drive the eyes in opposite directions (inward or outward). Let’s start with a discussion of the different types of eye movements and then learn their anatomy.
Memory
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Study Of Memory overlaps neuropsychology with other areas of cognitive neuroscience. To learn the neuroanatomy of memory, we need to define the forms of memory content and steps in memory processing as well as the different memory time spans.
Problems That May Surface during the First Few Years of Levodopa Treatment
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

The first years on levodopa therapy usually go relatively smoothly. In contrast to drugs such as narcotics that require progressively higher doses, the individual carbidopa/levodopa dose usually remains relatively constant over subsequent years, provided that doses were initially optimized (chapter 12). Patients who have carefully titrated their initial dosage will probably still be taking approximately the same amount of levodopa per dose years later; note, this is per dose, not per day.
Adjunctive Drugs for Motor Fluctuations and Dyskinesias
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Levodopa adjustments are the quickest and simplest means of treating fluctuations or dyskinesias, as discussed in the previous chapter. However, when motor fluctuations with short-duration levodopa responses become problematic, adjunctive medications can be very helpful. Dopamine agonists with longer half-lives or adjunctive drugs that prolong levodopa action tend to stabilize fluctuations, although rarely completely. The pharmacologies of all of these drugs were discussed in chapter 10, whereas in this chapter, we will apply that knowledge to treatment of levodopa fluctuations.
Hallucinations, Delusions, and Pathologic Behaviors
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

Hallucinations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are usually visual, that is, seeing things that are not there. Auditory hallucinations do occur, but very infrequently. Although hallucinations are common in advanced Parkinson’s disease, they may also surface in early PD after medications are introduced.1, 2 They are central clinical features in PD dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), but drug-induced hallucinations may occur without dementia.
Exercise, Physical Therapy, and an Active Lifestyle
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

The goal of symptomatic Parkinson’s disease (PD) treatment is to maintain patients in the mainstreams of their lives. Optimizing PD medications is obviously crucial. Undertreatment translates into declining engagement in life activities.
Future Parkinson’s Disease Treatment: Directing Resources and Counseling Patients
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

We can effectively treat many Parkinson’s disease (PD) symptoms but obviously fall short in important areas. Moreover, we have no specific treatment for slowing PD progression or attacking the underlying cause. These are areas that demand progress and patients typically want to know what the medical community is doing to accomplish this. Obviously, major scientific advances cannot be predicted; often the unexpected discovery of a crucial missing piece to the medical puzzle leads to a cascade of subsequent medical breakthroughs. In this chapter, several issues are highlighted that bear on future PD treatment, including research avenues that can be exploited, and reasons to be optimistic. For success, however, we collectively need to be intellectually flexible, learning from past experience and redirecting resources where good science takes us.
Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, often progressive, and potentially disabling disease of the central nervous system. Onset of the disease is usually between the ages of 15 and 50, with the incidence nearly twice as high in women. While the cause of MS is still unknown, the predominant theory is that it is an autoimmune disease, triggered by an unknown environmental factor that results in both loss of central nervous system myelin and degeneration of axons and neurons. Although there have been a number of publications addressing different aspects of MS treatment in the neurological literature, there is a dearth of material on MS designed for internists and primary care physicians, who are often the first to see patients presenting symptons of MS. Therefore, this concise, clinically focused volume will serve as a valuable resource tailored to the specific needs of internists and primary care physicians. Part of the Oxford Neurology Library, this highly practical pocketbook covers current approaches and new developments in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of MS, including both early and advanced stages of the disease. The book offers in-depth coverage of special populations, as well as the more unusual manifestations of MS, which are less familiar to the internal medicine audience. It will also address the role of imaging studies in the diagnosis, differential diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of MS. In addition to providing up-to-date information on pharmacological therapies for MS, the book also describes an array of non-pharmacological treatment options.
Introduction
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

Many books have been written on the pathology, immunology, diagnosis, and treatment of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS). Most of these have been directed at neurologists and other specialists in the field, with details commensurate with the expertise of these readers. This book has a different purpose. Its goal is to present a practical and reasonable approach to the diagnosis and treatment of MS to those health professionals most likely to first see persons with MS, namely primary care physicians and clinical nurse specialists. The long-term care of persons with MS often is dependent on the expertise of such non-neurologists, but with the multitude of other illnesses cared for by primary care health professionals, providing a compendium of all known information about MS is not useful. Rather, I hope that this book will provide an algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of persons with MS, as well as providing a foundation for more detailed readings on the subject.
A Brief History of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

It is not possible to define the historical onset of a disease characterized not only by a particular clinical course but also by particular changes in the central nervous system (CNS; brain and spinal cord), since the technology necessary to look at changes in the CNS was not available until the late 19th century. However, by interpreting biographies and diaries of persons with symptoms suggestive of MS, it is possible that MS occurred as early as the 14th century. In a biography of St. Lidwina of Schiedam, symptoms suggestive of a fluctuating, multifocal neurologic illness are described that started in the year 1396 after ice skating. Her subsequent course of increased walking difficulties, with episodes that may have been remissions, suggests that she may have had MS, though this is far from certain. St. Lidwina was canonized in 1890 and is now the patron saint of skaters. A more robust description of symptoms strongly suggestive of MS is found in the diary of Sir Augustus Frederick d’Este (1794–1848), a grandson of England’s King George III. In it he describes exacerbating remitting symptoms suggestive of optic neuritis with double vision, leg weakness, and bowel and bladder difficulties, followed over the years by gradually progressive weakness and spasms that left him bed-bound by the end of his life.
The Patterns and Pathophysiology of MS
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

The only invariable thing that can be said about the course of MS is that it is variable. There are, however, certain general patterns of disease that must be identified, since they imply certain pathophysiologic processes and indicate the use of particular disease-modifying therapies. Patterns of disease are based almost exclusively on the recollections of the individual with MS and the skills of the neurologic examiner. Thus, the following categories are not crisp and clean and often overlap. The clinical patterns of MS tell only part of the story in terms of identifying disease activity. As will be discussed in Chapter 4, disease processes, with associated tissue destruction, often are clinically silent. Thus, individuals may appear to be doing well clinically at a particular point, yet their disease may still be biologically active, increasing the chances of subsequent disability. The most common clinical pattern in persons with MS is one of relapsingremitting, or partially remitting, episodes of neurologic dysfunction. The onset of neurologic changes can be rapid, appearing over several hours, or more indolent, appearing over days to weeks. Often the onset is focal and then spreads to involve additional body regions.
Imaging of the Central Nervous System in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

The diagnosis of MS is made almost exclusively on clinical grounds (see Chapter 5). There are no laboratory tests uniquely abnormal in MS, and using a test result to make such a diagnosis can lead to serious errors. However, laboratory tests, in particular imaging of the CNS, if interpreted in the context of the clinical picture, play an important role not only in supporting a diagnosis of MS but also in helping to determine a person’s response to disease-modifying therapy. Multiple imaging techniques are available. Their value, in order of increasing diagnostic importance, is discussed below. The main value of standard x-ray imaging of the skull is to detect metallic objects in the facial tissues, eyes, or skull or intracranially before magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Metal objects, in particular those containing iron, can be moved and become hot during MRI, potentially causing severe damage and even death. Metal objects also can result in severe distortion of MRI signals, making interpretation difficult. While not a routine in my practice, if there is concern about the presence of metals in areas to be imaged with MRI, standard x-rays of those areas should be obtained and MRI either withheld or modified, as indicated.
Making a Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

This chapter will recapitulate, review, and attempt to consolidate the information presented in Chapters 2 through 4 with the intent of allowing the reader to have an algorithm for diagnosing MS. Despite the advent of sensitive imaging techniques such as MRI and the value of spinal fluid analyses, the diagnosis of MS remains based on clinical criteria. By that I mean there must be symptoms and signs suggestive of multifocal CNS dysfunction. Symptoms alone are insufficient to make the diagnosis, nor is the presence of “typical” changes on MRI or in cerebrospinal fluid sufficient. There should be a confluence of clinical and laboratory data supporting the presence of a chronic, progressive, inflammatory CNS disease, not caused by other more defined infectious, metabolic, vascular, neoplastic, or genetically defined illnesses.
Complications and Comorbidities of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

MS is primarily a disease of the CNS, but as a result of the disease process other organs are often affected. Such changes are often the result of increasing disability and the consequences of this disability. The most important complications and comorbidities are noted below. Loss of bone density is a common complication of persons with MS. It correlates with a loss in the ability to ambulate and bear weight, but occurs to a greater extent even in individuals still able to walk.1–4 With decreased ability to walk comes a greatly increased risk of falling, and as bone mineral density decreases, so does the risk of fractures. Such fractures often heal poorly and contribute to further disability and increased morbidity and mortality, often requiring expensive surgical procedures and hospitalizations.
Relapses of Multiple Sclerosis and Their Treatment
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

Biologically, an MS relapse (flare, exacerbation, attack) is defined as a clinical worsening due to a new or expanding area of CNS inflammation. Clinically, the change in neurologic symptoms and signs should persist for more than 48 hours. Only two conditions have been persuasively linked to an increased risk of relapses. These are the period 2 to 6 months postpartum, when a woman’s immune system readjusts to normal,1–4 and the period 1 to 5 weeks following an infection, usually a viral infection.5,6 The reason for the latter phenomenon is not known but is believed to result from a stimulation of the immune system following its response to the infectious agent. Making the diagnosis of an MS relapse can be difficult. Many factors can contribute to a worsening of symptoms and signs in persons with MS that are not the result of new CNS inflammation. Worsening of signs and symptoms resulting from non–MS-related disease processes is called a “pseudorelapse” or “pseudo-exacerbation.” These phenomena should always be considered before diagnosing a true MS attack. Some of the most common and important non-MS causes of increased symptoms and signs are noted in Table 7.1.
Resources
Authors: Birnbaum Gary
Published: November 2023

Many of the patient advocacy organizations noted above have large numbers of books, pamphlets, and videos available for persons with MS and their families.
A Tree Grows In Queens: 147 Stephen Jay Gould And Ecology
Authors: Allmon Warren D , Morris, Paul J , Ivany Linda C
Published: November 2023

Our interests and fascinations can be much more than just our idle diversions; they can affect what we do with our lives. If you like the color red, or playing the oboe, or driving a car, for example, these passions might lead your career in those directions. If your personal interest is popular or economically valuable, you may succeed in applying it vocationally. If it isn’t, but you’re a virtuoso, you may still succeed. But what if you’re a scientist and your interests must be put against an independent separate reality? The answer is that it’s not much different. Scientists largely pursue what they are interested in. Yet what if you set out to answer a scientific question and you’re just not interested in and/or not technically able to do what turns out to be what is necessary to find the solution? It doesn’t matter how good you are if you’re wrong.
Top-Tier: Stephen Jay Gould And Mass Extinctions
Authors: Kendrick David C
Published: November 2023

Only thirty-six pages out of 1,343, about 2.7 percent of the total, in The Structure of Evolutionary Theory (Gould 2002c) are explicitly devoted to mass extinction and the role it plays in shaping the history of life. That’s thirty-six pages in a book that Steve Gould worked on for twenty years, a book that detailed how Darwin’s theory “has been transformed, along his [Darwin’s] original lines, into something far different, far richer, and far more adequate to guide our understanding of nature” (2002c, 24), a book so unabashedly a product of Steve’s prodigiously intelligent, thoughtful, and idiosyncratic self that it will likely remain one of those unread tomes that populate people’s shelves.1 In fact, the section on mass extinction in Structure is so short that it could even be viewed as his greatest extended footnote. It seems almost paradoxical—so little space for what has become the focus of so much intense interest, debate, and controversy in the fields of paleontology and evolutionary biology. The casual reader might therefore equate the amount of space devoted to mass extinction in Structure with mass extinction’s importance in Steve’s evolutionary worldview (i.e., small, thus unimportant). That, however, would be wrong—the brevity of this section belies the import Steve attributed to mass extinctions, not only as the operator effecting the boldest-scale patterns in life’s history but also as the ultimate example of the quirky contingency recorded in that history and the ultimate foil for natural selection as the primary agent of evolutionary pattern at the scale of geologic time.
Stephen Jay Gould: The Scientist As Educator
Authors: Ross Robert M
Published: November 2023

In Steve Gould’s reply after receiving the National Association of Geoscience Teacher’s Neil Miner Award for teaching in 1984, he started his article: “I have never understood how people can read newspapers and drink coffee, never gazing out of the window, as they fly over the folded Appalachians. We must make our students unable ever again to commit such a sin against nature’s beauty and their own intellects” (1984g). This, in fact, was the same example that Steve often used with his teaching assistants to explain what he wanted undergraduate students to get out of his popular Harvard course. Twenty years later, long after they’d forgotten all the factual details of the course, he hoped they would be more likely to look out their plane window with wonder and inquire about the origin of the sights below. This, at least he so claimed, summarized his most basic view of science education for the nonscientist done well.
Gould’s Odyssey: Form May Follow Function, or Former Function, and All Species Are Equal (Especially Bacteria), but History Is Trumps
Authors: Thomas D K
Published: November 2023

Few scientists in our time have had such fervent admirers and such virulent detractors as did Steve Gould. In part, this reflects contrasting elements of his strong personality. In part, it reflects his intellectual style, which was by turns magisterial, warmly humane, richly synthetic, and aggressively combative. It also reflects the fact that, for all its legitimate claims to intellectual rigor, his scientific work was intensely personal. The nature of his engagement with paleontology which he dearly loved, with evolutionary theory which he aspired to remake in his own mold, and with life, which he treasured all the more having almost lost it, is admirably illustrated by the trajectory of his thinking on the classic theme of form and function.
The Chest, Breasts, and Respiratory System
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

Many disease states can be diagnosed by simply looking at the chest. Sometimes it is difficult to do more than observe a hyperactive or crying patient. The order of examination of the chest in a child depends on the attitude of the child; some physicians find it easier to listen to the chest first, before a young child starts to cry, and then to proceed with the other parts of the examination; others observe and palpate first and use the stethoscope later.
The Eye
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Ophthalmology both recommend that infants and young children have periodic vision screening to detect amblyopia, glaucoma, astigmatism, and other conditions that can lead to vision loss if not treated. Newborns should have an eye examination performed by a pediatrician or other primary care provider and all children should be evaluated by 6 months of age for visual behavior and ocular alignment. Specific screening for visual acuity should be performed by 3½ years and repeated annually until age 10 years. Accurate, thorough screening for amblyopia and visual acuity can be difficult and time consuming, especially in preschool children. Several new technologies and a new nationwide screening program may help improve the vision screening rate among young children.
Examination of the Newborn
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

The Infant IS a complete individual. The question you want answered is: “Is the infant normal?” Even minor abnormalities should be explained to the parents to allay their fears. In the apparently well infant, a second physical examination should be completed after the infant has adjusted to the new environment, since some physical abnormalities may become apparent after several days of life. However, at the first examination you are restricted to assessing gross physical anomalies. Conduct a more thorough examination 1– 4 hours later. You should have an exact idea of what you want to know, proceed with the examination expeditiously, and write it up if even on a check sheet. Keep the baby warm, even preferably unclothed. If the baby is not crying, listen to the chest first. Otherwise, proceed to examine the infant systematically from the head downward. In general, the first examination of the infant consists chiefly of observation of orifices and of masses, bulges, or anomalies, but the method of examination is similar to that already described in older children.
Adolescence
Authors: Barness Lewis A , Gilbert-Barness Enid , Fauber Dean
Published: November 2023

By age 16 years, 97% of females reach menarche, 98% of them by 18 years. The average age of menarche in American adolescent females is 12.7 years (10 –16 years). Menarche normally occurs within 1 year of the age at which the girl’s siblings or mother experienced menarche.
101 Albums that Changed Popular Music
Authors: Smith Chris
Published: November 2023

Chris Smith’s 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music tells the fascinating stories behind the most groundbreaking, influential, and often controversial albums ever recorded, ranging from The Anthology of American Folk Music (1952) to Elephant (2003) by The White Stripes. Organized chronologically to capture the flow of culture from one album to the next, this volume illuminates how these classic recordings reflected--and sometimes changed--the political, social, and economic culture of their eras. Among the featured albums are releases from the hard-blues explosion of the ‘60s, including Robert Johnson’s King of the Delta Blues Singers, a landmark collection whose songs were later covered by the likes of Cream, Led Zeppelin, and the Rolling Stones. Punk made its mark in the ‘70s with Patti Smith’s Horses and the Clash’s London Calling. In the ‘80s Michael Jackson’s blockbuster LP, Thriller, not only topped the charts, it became the best-selling record of all time. Diversity defined the ‘90s, with the most influential albums ranging from Garth Brooks’ No Fences, which made country one of the hottest musical genres of the decade, to Dr. Dre’s debut, The Chronic, a multi-platinum smash hit that brought West Coast hip hop into the mainstream. For each album, the book lists the basic publication information, including release date, label, and producer. More important, Chris Smith sheds light on the history of these albums, revealing the inspiration behind their creation, and why they continue to stand the test of time. Selected on the basis of their popular appeal and influence on later genres, the albums included represent a wide variety of genres, such as blues, jazz, rock, reggae, rockabilly, folk, soul, hip-hop, and country. A timeline of important events, a selected bibliography for further reading, and an appendix of albums that almost made the cut round out this volume, making it a gold mine of information for everyone who loves popular music.
The Preventive History and Wellness
Authors: DeMyer William E
Published: November 2023

Why the patient comes to the physician Patients usually visit physicians because of an emergency, because of an overt feeling of illness, or to get a routine medical checkup, rather than specifically to anticipate and prevent future health problems (Baker, 1993; Kottke et al., 1993; Masterson, 1998; Wender and Nevin, 2002). Although third-party payers offer little incentive for it, prevention, as part of the overall management plan, constitutes one of the cornerstones of the medical model (see Fig. 4–1). Patients welcome inquiries into their overall functioning and well-being (Schor et al., 1995). Components of a prevention plan The regular history provides much of the information for a preventive program. Sox (1994) argues that preventive measures against disease should not depend primarily on exhaustive histories and head-to-toe physical examination. Instead, the physician should focus on selective screening for frequent or high-risk diseases. However, the person with a rare disease has as much right to a diagnosis and treatment as one with a common disease. Utilization of population statistics need not diminish the traditional emphasis on maximal benefit for each individual and the respect for each individual’s health. When ill, none of us wants to be regarded as a population statistic. Unfortunately, even the early discovery of some serious illness may not lead to effective intervention (Welch, 1996).
The History, Appropriate Management, Informed Consent, and Patient Autonomy
Authors: DeMyer William E
Published: November 2023

Summary of the techniques for the clinical history Thus far, the text has presented the best techniques for obtaining an optimal clinical history. These techniques consist of Programming every action or circumstance for the patient’s benefit Appropriate demeanor and dress Use of open questions Privacy and confidentiality Nonjudgmental acceptance of every patient Respect for the patient’s autonomy, goals, and values and avoidance of imposing personal beliefs and proselytizing Monitoring of the transference–countertransference interactions Critical factors in informed consent and patient autonomy Conveniently enough, the best techniques for eliciting the basic clinical history and the mental status also serve best to explore whether the patient has the basis for autonomy and informed consent.
The phenomenon of Raymond D. Adams
Authors: Laureno Robert
Published: November 2023

In science, it has long been said that proper method is more important than genius. Accordingly, Raymond Adams’ accomplishment derived as much from his systematic approach to studying disease as from his brilliance. A third factor, industry, was equally responsible for his success. After studying this man, I came to understand that Adams’ career exemplifies William Osler’s dictum: “the master-word is Work.”
Major Original Contributors
Authors: Laureno Robert
Published: November 2023

Reticulum cell sarcoma of brain. First series of cases reported. Adams pointed out that this tumor was mistakenly viewed as microglioma and that it did not arise from cells resident in the brain. Instead, he argued, it was a hematologic type malignancy. Dorothy Russell, the great English neuropathologist, did not agree with Adams. (See: Russell DS et al. Microgliomatosis: A Form of Reticulosis Affecting the Brain. Brain V71, part (1), pp 1–15, 1948.) Adams’ analysis has prevailed. By the terminology of that day Adams called it reticulum cell sarcoma. Today this tumor is classified as a high-grade form of primary brain lymphoma, non-Hodgkin’s in type.
Accomplishment and Legacy of Raymond Adams
Authors: Laureno Robert
Published: November 2023

Raymond Adams built institutions, discovered new diseases and phenomena, and made classic descriptions of previously known diseases. His systematic studies contributed to our knowledge of most of the categories of neurologic disease. He transformed internal medicine by his writings about alcoholism, the commonly seen metabolic encephalopathies and the nutritional and infectious disease of the nervous system. As much as any other individual, he expanded the frontiers of neurology to include muscle disease, stroke, pediatric neurology, and mental retardation. He educated innumerable leaders in neurology. Through his neurology sections of Principles of Internal Medicine and Principles of Neurology, he educated doctors of internal medicine and neurology around the world. Through his psychiatry sections in Principles of Internal Medicine, he defended the medical approach to psychiatry during decades, when the psychoanalytic approach was dominant at American medical colleges.
Pater’s New Republics
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: November 2023

If the Great Exhibition marked the arrival of Britain’s age of kitsch, that profusion of factory-produced wares would seem to inhabit a very different world than the rarified one of the British aesthetes who flourished in its wake. Yet the same economic conditions that enabled the production of inexpensive art also helped to inspire the knots of artists and writers who rebelled against those conditions. The Great Exhibition indicated a trend toward the democratization of culture in Britain, as members of the lower-middle and working classes attended the spectacle in unprecedented numbers. As Victorian art displays drew a larger and more varied audience, however, one inevitable result was the increasing commodification of the art experience.
Primitives and Post-Impressionists
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: November 2023

Historians have often acknowledged the relation of the Bloomsbury Group to its Victorian predecessors. The Omega workshops, for example, which produced avant-garde household wares between 1910 and 1914, had obvious roots in the Arts and Crafts movement of the previous century. Roger Fry, Bloomsbury’s eminent art critic, wrote essays on “Art and Socialism” and dwelled on the ethics of art spectatorship in a manner familiar from Victorian meditations. Yet the dominant move in contemporary scholarship, especially in the study of British art movements, has been to underline a break between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In many ways, the narrative of that break was scripted by modernists themselves—as when Virginia Woolf memorably quipped that “on or about December 1910 human nature changed.” Woolf’s selection of this seemingly random date in fact refers to what is perhaps the most controversial art show ever held in Britain: the 1910 exhibition of post-impressionist paintings at the Grafton Gallery in London. Here the British public was introduced to—and scandalized by—the modern French paintings of Cézanne, Gauguin, and Matisse.
The Second Creation
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

In the Summer of 2002 , in northern Italy, a group of three scientists and a philosopher agreed to create a new form of life. The four were old friends, buddies, and during the course of an annual reunion they realized that at this precise stage of their respective careers each of them wanted to be working on some important, ambitious, and challenging new project.

So they decided they would create life. Not a simulation of life. Not an imitation of life. Not fake life. Rather, real life, a genuinely new living entity, albeit one not based on biology and not made out of the customary biological ingredients: no DNA, no conventional biomolecules, no cell membrane of the ordinary type, no nucleus, no mitochondria, no endoplasmic reticulum or any of the other innumerable vital trappings of normal, orthodox biological cells.
The Spandrels of San Marco
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

Unlike The Question of life’ s origins, which was a scientific free-for-all, the problem of how life evolved, once it arose, had a single, relatively well-defined, largely understood, and factually well-established solution. Indeed, the theory of evolution by natural selection was one of the most successful and unassailable explanatory schemas in the history of science, perhaps even in the history of thought. This was all the more surprising considering what the theory was designed to explain, which was, basically, all of life. If there was anything that was immediately obvious about life, it was that it existed in great profusion and almost infinite variety. There were plants, animals, microorganisms. Reptiles, mammals, amphibians, fishes. Insects, worms, algae, mosses, molds, and mushrooms.
The Twilight Zone
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

It Became Apparent in the last few decades that what unaided nature could achieve over aeons through evolution by natural selection, scientists could accomplish at a much faster rate by manipulating the genes themselves. There were two quite distinct ways of doing this, however: an indirect, “natural” method and a direct, “artificial” one. The “natural” method, employed throughout most of human history, including the present, operated on whole organisms and was practiced in the barnyard, greenhouse, farm, or vineyards— wherever people crossbred animals or plants for specific desired traits. That kind of indirect genetic modification had been going on for such a long period on such a vast scale and was performed on such a wide variety of plants and animals, including dogs, horses, cows, flowers, vegetables, fruits, and other flora and fauna, that few people ever gave it a second thought.
The Synthetic Cell Turing Test
Authors: Regis ED
Published: November 2023

By May 2006, a year after my visits to ProtoLife s.r.l. at Parco Vega in Marghera, the ECLT at the Palazzo Giovanelli in Venice, and the Fraunhofer Institute Schloss Birlinghoven near Bonn, a few changes had taken place across the protocell landscapes of Europe and America.

John McCaskill, the leader of the PACE consortium, who had been at the Fraunhofer Institute since 2003, had moved back to the Ruhr University Bochum. Some two years after he’ d arrived in Bonn, the Schloss Birlinghoven branch of the Fraunhofer Institute had modified its institutional orientation to focus more on applied, maturing technologies, whereas McCaskill’ s project was decidedly still in the basic, pureresearch mode, and so there was no longer a strict consanguinity of interests between the two more prestigious science grants to emerge from the European Union in recent years.
Research and Education in Integrative Pediatrics
Authors: Vohra Sunita , Dryden Trish
Published: November 2023

Research and education opportunities in pediatric integrative medicine abound. Collaboration between complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and conventional providers, researchers, and educators may yield the greatest potential to ensure public safety, improve health, and increase the availability of qualified and knowledgeable CAM and conventional health care practitioners in pediatric integrative medicine.
A Pediatric Perspective on Energy Therapies
Authors: Ott Mary Jane , Bossi Larraine , Colbath Jeanne
Published: November 2023

Fe National Center of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) lists energy healing as one of the five major “domains” (categories) of complementary and alternative therapies. Fe ability to learn and use energy healing is a natural human potential that can be actualized by anyone who has the desire and intent to learn and practice it.
A Pediatric Perspective on Exercise Medicine
Authors: Kelly Amanda K Weiss , Briskin Susannah M
Published: November 2023

Exercise should be considered as an essential component of treatment for many chronic diseases including obesity, hypertension, diabetes, low bone mineral density, and depression. Athletes’ performance may be improved by incorporating integrative techniques, such as imagery and biofeedback, into their preparatory routines.
A Pediatric Perspective on Osteopathic Medicine
Authors: Carine Ali , Mills Miriam , Frymann Viola
Published: November 2023

Osteopathic medicine, as founded by A.T. Still, has developed into a comprehensive, integrative approach to medicine. Doctors of osteopathic medicine (DO) apply the principles of osteopathy across all medical specialties. Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, and the interrelationship of structure and function.
Integrative Adolescent Medicine
Authors: Breuner Cora Collette
Published: November 2023

Adolescents and their families turn to many forms of alternative therapies. Herbs, vitamins, and supplements are the most common sources of CAM remedies for many teens. Reasons for herbal use including performance enhancement, increased energy, and immune function support.
Integrative Developmental/Behavioral Pediatrics
Authors: Newmark Sanford
Published: November 2023

Integrative therapies play an increasingly important role for children with common bio behavioral challenges such as ADHD, autism, and sleep disorders. The prevalence of the use of CAM therapies by families, both in ADHD and autism is extremely high.
Integrative Pediatric Gastroenterology
Authors: Banez Gerard A , Steffen Rita
Published: November 2023

Pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are increasingly conceptualized from a bio psychosocial perspective, which acknowledges the reciprocal influences of multiple physiological, psychological, and environmental factors and their interactions along the central nervous system/enteric nervous system or “brain-gut” axis.
Integrative Pediatric Intensive Care
Authors: Steinhorn David M , Wang Sheila
Published: November 2023

Care on pediatric intensive care units (PICU) has evolved based upon two overarching principles: (i) the best care is provided by a multidisciplinary team incorporating the expertise of many allied medical arts in an open and mutually respectful manner and (ii) the focus of care is the patient (child) and his/her family with the assumption that the family will be the child’s greatest source of strength and support.
Integrative Pediatric Primary Care
Authors: Rosen Lawrence D
Published: November 2023

Primary care is collaboration between healthcare providers and families. Communication is key to success. Fe medical home paradigm provides a framework for integrative primary care. Primary care should focus on the promotion of wellness. Common problems during infancy, like colic, atopy, and ear infections, are best addressed from an evidence-guided integrative perspective and offer opportunities to promote wellness and healing concepts.
Sex/Gender Transitions and Life-Changing Aspirations
Authors: Overall Christine
Published: November 2023

The issue in which I am interested is a broad metaphysical one: how to understand the metaphysics of changing from woman to man or man to woman. Who or what is changed, and who or what remains the same? How, if at all, do these changes affect personal identity? In this essay, I use the general term “trans” to refer to individuals who go through changes from man to woman or woman to man, deliberately glossing over the differences among transgendered and transsexual individuals. Here I am indebted to the work of Bobby Noble, who writes, “The pedantic distinction between ‘transgender’ and ‘transsexual’ cannot hold, especially for female to male transsexual men for whom surgeries are always already incomplete.” Noble therefore uses “the prefix ‘trans-’ to signify subjectivities where bodies are at odds with gender presentation, regardless of whether that mis-alignment is self-evident in conventional ways or not” (Noble 2006, 102 n. 2).
Artifice and Authenticity Gender Technology and Agency in Two Jenny Saville Portraits
Authors: Meyers Diana Tietjens
Published: November 2023

Taking this deft self-description as a point of departure, I reflect as a feminist philosopher on feminist artist Jenny Saville’s portrait of its author, Del LaGrace Volcano, together with a Saville self-portrait as a cosmetic surgery patient.1 In this study of Matrix (1999, oil on canvas, seven feet by ten feet) and Plan (1993, oil on canvas, nine feet by seven feet), I analyze how Saville’s artistic practice conveys differential agency in these two paintings and draws out the implications of these findings for the philosophy of personal identity and action.
About Chaos
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Bacteriology developed primarily as an applied science in relation to pathology, public hygiene, agriculture, veterinary science, sanitary engineering, and industry. In 1899, the Society of American Bacteriologists was founded, and according to T.W. Sedgwick, its first president, bacteriology was hardly heard of in the United States before 1885.
Grappling with a Worldwide Web
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Deep concerns were raised anew before the turn of the century. Were the phylogenetic patterns discerned by 16S RNA reflections of the one true course of organismal evolution? Were the three domains and the taxonomy of the universal tree of life discoveries of natural kinds? Or were they merely artifacts of the techniques used to discern them, and prejudices in the interpretation thereof? These doubts arose in the context of genomics with evidence indicating that lateral gene transfer (LGT) among bacteria was far more extensive than phylogeneticists had generally imagined.
The Rationality of Aesthetic Value Judgments
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

Philosophers, aestheticians, and others have often wondered whether one can ever make reasonable or objective aesthetic, or other, value judgments. Many have thought that one could, but many others have believed that in the fine arts (at least) de gustibus non est disputandum, have believed that when one judges a work of art— whether of poetry, music, literature, or sculpture—to be beautiful (good, subtle, or masterful) or to be more beautiful (good, subtle, or masterful) than some other work of art, one is not saying anything that can be objectively confirmed, verified, or supported in the way that claims in science and mathematics are. And, of course, such people have also held that similar judgments about or comparisons between artists, authors, composers, etc., are equally incapable of rational or objective support or confirmation.
Morality and Ignorance
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

In this essay, I shall attempt to establish a philosophically interesting connection between obligation and valid morality, on the one hand, and (not) acting out of ignorance, on the other.* Consider the following formal principle:

The above principle expresses, in a rough way, the particular connection between morality and ignorance that I shall argue for. I believe that it constitutes a valid formal condition on the validity (or truth) of a certain class of moral principles, and is in part constitutive of our common sense of morality.
Introduction
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: November 2023

This volume collects ten essays, written over a period of nearly three decades, on some of the most fundamental issues concerning justice and health care. Although they deal with a wide range of topics, from the nature of the right to health care to the role of physicians in health-care systems, there is a surprising degree of unity among the essays, resulting from the author’s growing awareness of the need to move from a consideration of abstract theories of justice to a more empirically informed ethical analysis that takes seriously the fact that health care is complex institutionalized activity.
Specifying The Content of The Human Right to Health Care
Authors: Hessler Kristen , Buchanan Allen
Published: November 2023

Recent writing on the human right to health care is characterized by two trends. First, human rights scholars and health professionals emphasize that health is a complex good, promoted and protected by much more than services provided by medical professionals. This has prompted recognition that the human right to health care is not confined to entitlements to medical care alone. Second, and relatedly, some writers have attempted to delineate a universal, determinate standard defining the precise scope and content of the human right to health care (Toebes 1999). We argue in this chapter that, whereas the first trend is an important step forward, the second is misguided.