bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coverage Criteria for State-Based Testing
Authors: Pradhan Sonali , Ray Mitrabinda , Patnaik Srikanta
Published: September 2018

State-based testing (SBT) is known as deriving test cases from state machines and examining the dynamic behaviour of the system. It helps to identify various types of state-based faults within a system under test (SUT). For SBT, test cases are generated from state chart diagrams based on various coverage criteria such as All Transition, Round Trip Path, All Transition Pair, All Transition Pair with length 2, All Transition Pair with length 3, All Transition Pair of length 4 and Full Predicate. This article discuses a number of coverage criteria at the design level to find out various types of state-based faults in SBT. First, the intermediate graph is generated from a state chart diagram using an XML parser. The graph is traversed based on the given coverage criteria to generate a sequence of test cases. Then, mutation testing and sneak-path testing are applied on the generated test cases to check the effectiveness of the generated test suite. These two are common methods for checking the effectiveness of test cases. Mutation testing helps in the number of seeded errors covered whereas sneak-path testing basically helps to examine the unspecified behavior of the system. In round trip path (RTP), it is not possible to cover all paths. All transition is not an adequate level of fault detection with more execution time compared to all transition pair (ATP) with length 4 (LN4). In the discussion, ATP with LN4 is the best among all coverage criteria. SBT can able to detect various state-based faults-incorrect transition, missing transition, missing or incorrect event, missing or incorrect action, extra missing or corrupt state, which are difficult to detect in code-based testing. Most of these state-based faults can be avoided, if the testing is conducted at the early phase of design.
The Viable System Model for Diagnosing and Handling IT-Project Interdependencies in Large Portfolios
Authors: Bathallath Sameer , Smedberg Åsa , Kjellin Harald
Published: September 2018

Adequately considering project interdependencies has shown to be a determinant of how successful IT/IS project portfolios are managed. However, this can be especially troublesome since there is no universal way to handle many project interdependencies that continue to change over time due to environmental uncertainty or unexpected decisions. This can seriously disrupt portfolio performance. In this article, the authors used the systems perspective to address the problem of managing multiple IT-project interdependencies in complex IT/IS portfolio environment. In particular, the authors propose using the cybernetic model Viable System Model to facilitate thinking and reasoning concerning the difficulty of managing IT-project interdependencies. To validate their approach and to ensure the appropriateness of it, the authors used real-world problem situations drawn from multiple case studies conducted in four leading organizations in Saudi Arabia. The findings support that the Viable System Model can be applied to assist in diagnosing and handling of IT-project interdependencies.
Role of Library Professional Association in Enhancing Information Literacy Programme
Authors: Devi Keisham Sangeeta
Published: September 2018

It has been agreed that information is key to developments in the 21st century. Thus, information serves as one of the fundamental resources and indispensable in all spheres of life of the civilized society. Information is considered as an important factor for the development of any society. Today in this age of information society, it is essential part of Library and Information Professionals to take active role in imparting information literacy to the citizen at large to keep them up-to-date in their life and continue lifelong learning. Information literacy and lifelong learning have a strategic, mutually reinforcing relationship with each other that is critical to the success of every individual, organization, and nation-state in the global information society. In this regard, the present article is an attempt to highlight that Library Professionals association should take a unique role in gathering, organizing, and coordinating access to the best available information for the organization, understanding the critical need of turning that information into usable knowledge.
Introduction to Econophysics
Authors: Mimkes Juergen
Published: September 2018

The future contains terms (V) that are valid at all times, and terms (U) that are presently unknown. In economics, (V) and (U) correspond to ex ante and ex post, in physics to conservative and not conservative, in calculus, to exact and not exact differential forms or to Riemann and Stokes integrals, and to linear or non-linear equations, in statistics to real and probable terms. Apparently, the authors may represent the (V) and (U) structure in economics and physics by calculus, probability theory, by non-linearity, and chaos theory. The present paper applies Stokes integrals to double entry accounting. The resulting laws replace neoclassical theory and correspond to the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Economics and physics have the same structure, leading to the name econophysics. Production is a two level cycle with cheap production, expensive sales, corresponding to the Carnot cycle of a motor with cold air and hot exhaust. In a running motor, efficiency, the difference between hot and cold, becomes always higher. In an economy the gap between rich and poor always rises.
Securing Stored Biometric Template Using Cryptographic Algorithm
Authors: Lakhera Manmohan , Rauthan Manmohan Singh
Published: September 2018

The biometric template protection technique provides the security in many authentication applications. Authentication based on biometrics has more advantages over traditional methods such as password and token-based authentication methods. The advantage of any biometric-based authentication system over a traditional one is that the person must physically be present at that place while recognizing him. So, it is essential to secure these biometrics by combining these with cryptography. In the proposed algorithm, the AES algorithm is used for securing the stored and transmitted biometric templates using helping data. The helping data is a variable type of data which is changed at every attempt for registration. The final symmetric key AES algorithm is a combination of helping data and actual symmetric keys of the AES algorithm. The experimental analysis shows that a brute force attack takes a long time to recover the original biometric template from cipher biometric template. So, the proposed technique provides sufficient security to stored biometric templates.
Correlating Formal Assessment with Social Network Activity within a Personal Learning Environment
Authors: Koulocheri Eleni , Xenos Michalis
Published: September 2018

Social networks have undoubtedly penetrated into our daily life, in such a degree that educational life could not avoid this effect, as proven by the many education-oriented social networks that have emerged. The education-oriented social network environment named HOU2LEARN, used by the Hellenic Open University, is one of these networks, providing a valuable source of data about students' networking behavior and their tensions. This article aims at contributing to the investigation of possible linkages between social network behavior and student performance as assessed within a formal learning environment. The article is focused on analyzing data and performing statistical correlations from two consecutive and recent academic years in a computer science course, attempting to reach robust conclusions. Although the research question remains the same: Is there a relationship between grades and social activity within the social network? This article is supported by increased sampling and data, providing concrete and intriguing answers, thus setting the pillars for further research goals regarding contemporary and smart learning environments.
Automated Test Paper Generation Using Utility Based Agent and Shuffling Algorithm
Authors: El-Rahman Sahar Abd , Zolait Ali Hussein
Published: September 2018

This article describes how with the advent of computer-based technology, there is movement from manual to automated systems for different aspects of the education system. Testing is an essential part of teaching process that helps academics in classifying the level of students and evaluating the outcomes of their teaching process. The testing process requires a large amount of attention and professionalism. Automated Test Paper Generation is a system applying the shuffling algorithm in designing different sets of questions without repetition and duplication. It helps the faculty in developing and designing exams with a particular level of difficulty required in evaluating the students by using the utility-based agent. The system includes a knowledge base of many questions' types that are linked to a test engine where the faculty can specify the type and the difficulty level of the exam and then the system will assemble the exam and produce the output as electronic or paper-based. Questions will be picked randomly from the knowledge database. This automated system provides cost saving and time efficient solutions.
Measuring CRM Effectiveness in Indian Stock Broking Services
Authors: Agrawal Shiv Ratan , Mittal Divya
Published: September 2018

The article tried to develop a multi-item scale for analyzing CRM effectiveness (CRME) from the customer perspective in the Indian stock broking context. The results revealed that customer satisfaction could be improved through to build customer trust and customer involvement substantially by focusing on the CRM system which further influences customer retention and ultimately, customer loyalty within stockbroking services. The findings of the article will help stockbrokers and their managers for a tactical decision making of CRM system implementation and practices for customer perspective. Despite the huge investment in CRM systems by the stockbrokers, critics have remained unconvinced about the effectiveness of CRM for meeting desired business outcomes. The reason being that broking firms often perceive CRM systems as a specific technology solution rather than integrating customer needs with the firm's strategy, people and business process which generates a parallel need to develop a scale to measures CRM effectiveness in Indian stock broking services from the customer perspective.
Basophils Are Dispensable for the Control of a Filarial Infection
Authors: Hartmann Wiebke , Linnemann Lara Christine , Reitz Martina , Specht Sabine , Voehringer David , Breloer Minka
Published: September 2018

Basophils are innate effector cells that contribute to allergic reactions and provide protection against parasites. Using basophil-deficient Mcpt8-cre mice, we have previously shown that these granulocytes contributed to the immune mediated early control of the gastrointestinal helminth Strongyloides ratti in mice. In this study, we analyze the impact of basophils on the immune response and defense against the tissue-dwelling filarial helminth parasite Litomosoides sigmodontis. Although basophils and IgE increased at the site of infection, the absence of basophils did not change the outcome of L. sigmodontis infection. Worm burden in the thoracic cavity and microfilaremiae in the peripheral blood were alike in L. sigmodontis–infected Mcpt8-cre mice compared with Mcpt8 wild type littermates during the entire course of infection. Analysis of the cytokine and Ab response to L. sigmodontis revealed no consistent alterations in the absence of basophils. Furthermore, basophil-deficient and -competent mice were protected to the same extent during a secondary infection with L. sigmodontis. In summary, our findings suggest that basophils are dispensable for the initiation of the appropriate immune response and host defense against L. sigmodontis infection in mice.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor–δ Supports the Metabolic Requirements of Cell Growth in TCRβ-Selected Thymocytes and Peripheral CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Zhao Fei Linda , Ahn Jeeyoon Jennifer , Chen Edward L. Y. , Yi Tae Joon , Stickle Natalie H. , Spaner David , Zúñiga-Pflücker Juan Carlos , Dunn Shannon E.
Published: September 2018

During T cell development, progenitor thymocytes undergo a large proliferative burst immediately following successful TCRβ rearrangement, and defects in genes that regulate this proliferation have a profound effect on thymus cellularity and output. Although the signaling pathways that initiate cell cycling and nutrient uptake after TCRβ selection are understood, less is known about the transcriptional programs that regulate the metabolic machinery to promote biomass accumulation during this process. In this article, we report that mice with whole body deficiency in the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor–δ (PPARδmut) exhibit a reduction in spleen and thymus cellularity, with a decrease in thymocyte cell number starting at the double-negative 4 stage of thymocyte development. Although in vivo DNA synthesis was normal in PPARδmut thymocytes, studies in the OP9–delta-like 4 in vitro system of differentiation revealed that PPARδmut double-negative 3 cells underwent fewer cell divisions. Naive CD4+ T cells from PPARδmut mice also exhibited reduced proliferation upon TCR and CD28 stimulation in vitro. Growth defects in PPAR-δ–deficient thymocytes and peripheral CD4+ T cells correlated with decreases in extracellular acidification rate, mitochondrial reserve, and expression of a host of genes involved in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and lipogenesis. By contrast, mice with T cell–restricted deficiency of Ppard starting at the double-positive stage of thymocyte development, although exhibiting defective CD4+ T cell growth, possessed a normal T cell compartment, pointing to developmental defects as a cause of peripheral T cell lymphopenia in PPARδmut mice. These findings implicate PPAR-δ as a regulator of the metabolic program during thymocyte and T cell growth.
WDFY4 Is Involved in Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Modulating B Cell Fate via Noncanonical Autophagy
Authors: Yuan Qianqian , Li Yan , Li Jiangxia , Bian Xianli , Long Feng , Duan Ruonan , Ma Xiaochun , Gao Fei , Gao Shang , Wei Shijun , Li Xi , Sun Wenjie , Liu Qiji
Published: September 2018

Genome-wide association studies have recently illuminated that WDFY4 is genetically associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) susceptibility in various ethnic groups. Despite strong genetic evidence suggesting a role of WDFY4 in SLE pathogenesis, its functional relevance is largely unknown. In this study, we generated Wdfy4 B lymphocyte conditional knockout (Wdfy4-CKO) mice and found that loss of Wdfy4 led to a decrease in number of total B cells and several subpopulations of B cells in the periphery and a defect in the transition from the pro– to pre–B cell stage in bone marrow. Also, Wdfy4-CKO mice showed impaired Ab responses as compared with controls when challenged with Ag. SLE phenotypes were effectively alleviated in Wdfy4-CKO mice, with significantly diminished pristane-elicited production of autoantibodies and glomerulonephritis. Genetic silencing of WDFY4 in B cells increased lipidation of LC3 independent of p62 and Beclin1, which are essential proteins of canonical autophagy. Our in vivo and in vitro data suggest that WDFY4 facilitates noncanonical autophagic activity. Our findings provide a novel functional link underlying the mechanism of SLE in which WDFY4 influences B cell fate via noncanonical autophagy.
Ecology and conservation of the Mediterranean trout in the central Apennines (Italy)
Authors: Lorenzoni Massimo , Carosi Antonella , Giovannotti Massimo , La Porta Gianandrea , Splendiani Andrea , Caputo Barucchi Vincenzo
Published: September 2018

The Mediterranean brown trout (Salmo trutta complex) is one of the freshwater fish species complex at greater risk of extinction in the Mediterranean area. The introduction of alien invasive species and their interaction with the native fauna represent some of the major threats to the survival of this species. Currently, the genetic variability of the Mediterranean trout (Salmo trutta complex) is being compromised by the introgressive hybridization with the Atlantic trout (Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758). Therefore, it is necessary to gain further knowledge on genetic and demographic characteristics of Mediterranean trout populations, that, combined with environmental and angling data, will allow to undertake sound conservation strategies. The aims of the present study were to analyze: i) the demographic characteristics of the Mediterranean trout in seven central Apennine river basins where native populations are threatened by stocking with the domestic trout of north Atlantic origin; ii) the influence of both environmental parameters and different fishery management strategies on the status of native trout populations. The project focuses on 14 sites included in the Natura 2000 EU wide network of nature protection areas, established under the 1992 Habitat Directive. A total of 25 watercourses were investigated for a total of 32 sampling sites. A census of the fish fauna was carried out by electrofishing at each sampling location. Fish and environmental data were collected in spring and autumn 2014. The results obtained in the present research allowed us to detect the presence of three residual Mediterranean trout populations with a high degree of genetic integrity in the study area. The native trout populations were characterized by higher abundances and higher adult density values. Well-structured native populations with higher legal-size specimens density and poor body conditions in terms of relative weight were observed in the no-fishing areas, probably due to the presence of intraspecific competition phenomena. The environmental analysis confirmed the key role played by the geological characteristics of the central Apennines in shaping the introgression levels observed in the wild trout populations, while the recovery of the water quality appears decisive in the development of management strategies aimed at their conservation.
Community-based maternal and newborn care: A concept analysis
Authors: Guta Yonas R. , Risenga Patrone R. , Moleki Mary M. , Alemu Merertu T.
Published: September 2018

Background: Community-based care can serve as a valuable programme in the provision of essential maternal and newborn care, specifically in communities in low-income countries. However, its application in maternal and newborn care is not clearly documented in relation to the rendering of services by skilled birth attendants.Objectives: The purpose of the analysis was to clarify the meaning of the concept ‘community-based maternal and newborn care and its relationship to maternal and newborn health’.Method: Walker and Avant’s and Rodgers and Knafl’s as well as Chin and Kramer’s approaches to concept analysis were followed to analyse community-based maternal and newborn care.Results: The attributes of community-based care in maternal and newborn health include (1) the provision of home- and/or community-level skilled care, (2) linkages of health services and (3) community participation and mobilisation. These attributes are influenced by antecedents as well as consequences.Conclusion: The provision of good maternal and newborn care to all clients is a crucial aspect in provision of maternal and newborn services. In order for low-income countries to promote maternal and newborn health, community-based care services are the best option to follow.
Об одном эллиптическом дифференциально-разностном уравнении
с несимметричным оператором сдвигов
Authors: Solonukha Olesya Vladimirovna
Published: September 2018

Рассматривается существенно нелинейное уравнение,
содержащее произведение $p$-лапласиана и
несимметричного разностного оператора.
Получены достаточные условия, гарантирующие коэрцитивность и
псевдомонотонность соответствующего нелинейного
дифференциально-разностного оператора. Доказано существование
обобщенного решения задачи Дирихле
для рассматриваемого нелинейного уравнения.
Библиография: 12 названий.
Простые асимптотики обобщенного волнового уравнения
с вырождающейся скоростью и их приложения в линейной задаче о
набеге длинных волн на берег
Authors: Anikin Anatolii Yur'evich , Dobrokhotov Sergey Yur'evich , Nazaikinskii Vladimir Evgen'evich
Published: September 2018

Асимптотические решения вырождающегося на границе области волнового
уравнения (в котором скорость распространения волн обращается на
границе в нуль как корень квадратный из расстояния до границы)
могут быть представлены с помощью модифицированного канонического
оператора на инвариантном относительно гамильтонова векторного поля
лагранжевом подмногообразии нестандартного фазового пространства,
построенного авторами в предшествующих работах. В данной работе
получены простые выражения в окрестности границы области для
функций, представимых таким каноническим оператором и, в частности,
для решения задачи Коши для вырождающегося волнового уравнения с
начальными данными, локализованными вблизи внутренней точки
области.
Библиография: 30 названий.
О следах интегральных операторов Фурье на подмногообразиях
Authors: Sipailo Pavel Andreevich
Published: September 2018

Для гладкого вложения многообразий и интегрального оператора Фурье
на объемлющем многообразии рассматривается след этого оператора
на подмногообразии (т.е. его композиция с граничным и
кограничным операторами, дающая оператор на подмногообразии).
Мы устанавливаем условия, при которых такой след также является
интегральным оператором Фурье, и вычисляем его амплитуду
в локальных канонических координатах. Полученные результаты
применяются к квантованным каноническим преобразованиям.
Библиография: 16 названий.
Коммутаторы дробного максимального оператора
на пространствах Орлича
Authors: Guliev Vagif Sabir ogly , Deringoz Fatih , Hasanov S G
Published: September 2018

В этой статье мы приводим необходимые и достаточные условия
для ограниченности коммутаторов дробного максимального оператора
на пространствах Орлича. Основное достижение по сравнению
с существующими результатами заключается в том, что нам удалось
получить условия для ограниченности не в интегральных терминах,
а в менее ограничивающих терминах супремальных операторов.
Библиография: 14 названий.
О представлении в виде ряда интегральных ядер
операторов преобразования для возмущенных уравнений Бесселя
Authors: Kravchenko Vladislav V , Shishkina Elina Leonidovna , Torba S M
Published: September 2018

Представление ядра оператора преобразования,
связывающего возмущенное уравнение Бесселя
с невозмущенным уравнением, получено в виде
функционального ряда, коэффициенты которого
вычисляются рекуррентно. Обнаружены новые
свойства интегрального ядра. Дано новое
представление регулярного решения возмущенного
уравнения Бесселя, которое имеет равномерную
оценку погрешности относительно спектрального
параметра для частичных сумм ряда. Приводится
численный пример,
иллюстрирующий применение полученного результата для решения
спектральных задач Дирихле.
Библиография: 19 названий.
ECONOMIA COMPORTAMENTAL E DIREITO: A RACIONALIDADE EM MUDANÇA
Authors: Pereira Ribeiro Marcia Carla , Domingues Victor Hugo
Published: September 2018

O artigo busca demonstrar a mudança de paradigma do conceito de racionalidade econômica a partir da Economia Comportamental e como a ocorrência desse fenômeno alterou a formulação de políticas públicas e o seu conjunto de proposições normativas. Para isso apresenta-se a trajetória histórica do pensamento econômico, que transitou de um conceito de racionalidade forte, para o qual o indivíduo tem preferências completas e estáveis, para um conceito de racionalidade fraca, no qual o indivíduo não apresenta condições de realizar as melhores escolhas, uma vez que condicionado por vieses psicológicos que afetam suas preferências e, por via reflexa, sua condição de bem-estar social. Em seguida, a partir das descobertas da Teoria da Prospecção de Amos Tversky e Daniel Kahneman, demonstrou-se como as políticas públicas foram influenciadas pelos mecanismos de Economia Comportamental, mediante aplicação de um novo desenho de incentivos, especialmente de natureza normativa. Concluiu-se que que a mudança da concepção do conceito de racionalidade foi determinante para a adoção de novos formatos de políticas públicas. Da mesma forma, foi possível concluir que a Economia Comportamental, quando aplicada às políticas públicas, amplia a interferência do Estado regulador em ambientes antes reservados à autonomia privada. Finalmente, propõe-se a ampliação de um debate que ainda não foi realizado no Brasil, sobre os limites e perspectivas de aplicação de ferramentas da Economia Comportamental às políticas públicas.
PRISÃO CAUTELAR DE GESTANTES: ANÁLISE DO FUNDAMENTO FILOSÓFICO DA DECISÃO DO HABEAS CORPUS N. 143.641
Authors: Souza Artur César , Tatibana de Souza Giovania
Published: September 2018

O Supremo Tribunal Federal, em 21 de fevereiro de 2018, ao proferir decisão no Habeas Corpus n. 143.611, em favor das mulheres presas preventivamente e que ostentam a condição de gestantes, de puérperas ou de mães de crianças sob sua responsabilidade, deixou de certa forma evidenciado quais seriam os fundamentos da dogmática jurídica penal, constitucional, criminológica, sociológica e do direito das gentes que serviram de base para a proteção coletiva das pacientes. O objetivo do presente trabalho, porém, é encontrar nas entrelinhas da referida decisão judicial um fundamento ético filosófico que possa se compatibilizar com o resultado do julgamento. Para tanto, utilizando-se de um método analítico dedutivo, realiza-se um diálogo interdisciplinar entre a ciência jurídica e a ética filosófica, para ao final tentar demonstrar-se que em todos os discursos linguísticos, ainda que jurídicos, há um fundamento ético filosófico que contribui ativamente para o resultado a ser alcançado.
CIÊNCIA DO DIREITO TRIBUTÁRIO, ECONOMIA COMPORTAMENTAL E EXTRAFISCALIDADE
Authors: Machado Segundo Hugo De Brito
Published: September 2018

Desde meados do Século XX, o estudo do Direito Tributário no Brasil desenvolveu-se a partir da premissa segundo a qual, para ser científico, seria necessário limitar-se à descrição de seu objeto, as normas vigentes sobre tributação. Essa visão, que subsiste em parcela dos que se ocupam desse ramo do conhecimento jurídico, é equivocada do ponto de vista epistemológico, pois a mera descrição de uma segmentação da realidade não é o que caracteriza conhecimento como científico, tornando, pelo contrário, o estudo incapaz de compreender o seu objeto. No campo da tributação extrafiscal, essa deficiência se mostra clara na incapacidade de os juristas lidarem com seus aspectos substanciais. Neste artigo se demonstra que, quanto ao uso de ônus e bônus econômicos, gênero do qual a tributação extrafiscal é espécie, constatações da neurociência e da economia comportamental revelam que, dependendo da forma como são concedidos, alguns incentivos podem conduzir a resultado contrário ao pretendido, sendo importante descobrir as razões disso, algo somente possível dada a interdisciplinariedade que caracteriza essas novas formas de conhecimento. Partindo de uma análise bibliográfica do tema, que veicula o resultado de pesquisas feitas nessas áreas, demonstra-se que a compreensão de tais fenômenos é inafastável ao jurista, pois não se pode estudar a correção no uso de um remédio sem se conhecerem os seus efeitos. A compreensão dos efeitos dos incentivos sobre o comportamento humano pode alterar significativamente a forma como se utiliza o tributo com função extrafiscal, tornando-a mais eficiente e isonômica.
A COMPOSIÇÃO DO ÓRGÃO COLEGIADO E SEUS EFEITOS NA TOMADA DE DECISÃO
Authors: Valadares André Garcia Leão Reis
Published: September 2018

O presente artigo pretende analisar, a partir do conceito de colegialidade e de deliberação, os efeitos gerados pela composição do órgão colegiado no processo de tomada de decisão em um Tribunal. Tomando-se como base pesquisas empíricas realizadas no país e no exterior, o trabalho examina como a diversidade (ou a sua ausência) afeta a forma como os casos são julgados e o comportamento dos julgadores em órgãos colegiados. Ao final, conclui-se que a diversidade pode afetar o grau de deliberatividade entre os seus membros, seja mitigando diferenças em prol da unanimidade, seja polarizando o grupo em direção a posições extremas.
NUDGES COMO POLÍTICA PÚBLICA PARA AUMENTAR O ESCASSO NÚMERO DE DOADORES DE ÓRGÃOS PARA TRANSPLANTE
Authors: Cioatto Roberta Marina , Pinheiro Adriana De Alencar Gomes
Published: September 2018

Existe uma escassez de órgãos humanos para transplantes. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a utilização de nudges como política pública para aumentar o escasso número de doadores. Primeiro, expõe-se a problemática em um contexto mundial e, mais especificamente, no Brasil. Em seguida, explana-se a noção de nudges relacionando-se sua definição com os sistemas de consentimento para doação. Por fim, conceituam-se políticas públicas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, descritiva, e, de certo modo, aplicada. Quanto aos dados quantitativos, mesmo que a título de ilustração, a pesquisa foi limitada no acesso a informações disponíveis online sobre transplantes e, no que pertine à fundamentação teórica, à dificuldade de aquisição de literatura a respeito. Como resultado, sugere-se – dentre outras “cutucadas”– a implantação da doação presumida de órgãos como forma de incrementar o número de doadores. Como consequência, conclui-se que nudges podem ser utilizados como política pública para aumentar o número de doadores de órgãos para transplantes. Com o presente artigo pretende-se contribuir para a discussão sobre a implementação de políticas públicas para o aumento do número de doadores de órgãos para transplantação. Portanto, seu resultado tem implicações práticas, sociais e econômicas, uma vez que os transplantes salvam vidas além de reduzir o custo com saúde. Certamente, não se esgotou a matéria. Estudos semelhantes são exigidos à medida que a população envelhece e a pressão por ampliar a oferta intensifica-se. O artigo é original, e é o terceiro de uma série de estudos que vêm sendo realizados no grupo de pesquisa.
VIESES COGNITIVOS E DESENHO DE POLÍTICAS PÚBLICAS
Authors: Tabak Benjamin Miranda , Rincon Amaral Pedro Henrique
Published: September 2018

A identificação e consideração de vieses cognitivos nos indivíduos cujos comportamentos são regulados pelo Estado pode aumentar a efetividade do processo de formulação das políticas públicas. O combate aos vieses cognitivos decisórios observados nos formuladores de políticas públicas é fundamental para garantir que a intervenção estatal não incorra em regulamentações ineficientes e tendenciosas em decorrência da racionalidade humana limitada. O presente artigo busca identificar os vieses mais comuns a que reguladores e regulados estão sujeitos, proporcionar aos formuladores de políticas públicas uma melhor percepção de falhas que ameaçam o alcance dos objetivos propostos pela política pública e incentivar a melhoria do processo regulatório.
LIBET, DETERMINISMO E CONSUMO: AS INFLUÊNCIAS DO MARKETING E A RELEVÂNCIA DA DELIBERAÇÃO CONSCIENTE NA SUPERAÇÃO CONDICIONAL DE HÁBITOS DE CONSUMO PERIGOSOS
Authors: Reis Émilien Vilas Boas , Gusmão Leonardo Cordeiro de
Published: September 2018

Este artigo investiga se os indivíduos são capazes, mediante ato volitivo, de superar hábitos de consumo que colocam em risco o direito fundamental à segurança, inclusive aqueles formados por influências ao seu inconsciente, exercidas por estímulos aos sentidos e/ou emoções, promovidos pelo marketing na intenção de induzir o indivíduo a um comportamento orientado pelos interesses de mercado de seu patrocinador. Sob tal propósito, utiliza-se do método de raciocínio dedutivo com pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e explicativa, mediante uma análise bibliográfica e documental. Após as verificações dos estudos de Benjamin Libet e das respectivas interpretações, faz-se uma breve abordagem a partir das reflexões filosóficas de Martin Heidegger, levando à compreensão de que o ser humano não é completamente determinado, sendo suas escolhas resultado tanto de processos mentais inconscientes quanto de atos volitivos. Depois, destaca-se a vulnerabilidade do consumidor diante de estímulos ao seu inconsciente, promovidos pelo marketing na intenção de induzi-lo a um comportamento que se repetido no tempo, em condições estáveis, transformar-se-á em hábito de consumo. Ao final, conclui-se que os indivíduos estão aptos a superar, mediante deliberação consciente, hábitos de consumo perigosos, até mesmo aqueles formados em razão de estímulos promovidos pelo marketing, desde que tenham acesso às informações sobre os riscos relacionados aos produtos comercializados e, intencionalmente, em razão de motivações pessoais, modifiquem as circunstâncias ambientais que sustentam o hábito que desejam evitar. A originalidade do estudo reside na constatação da possibilidade do indivíduo exercer certa autonomia perante ações de marketing, por meio de deliberação consciente.
PATERNALISMO LIBERTÁRIO E PROTEÇÃO JURÍDICA DO AMBIENTE: PORQUE PROTEGER O AMBIENTE DEVE SER, ANTES DE TUDO, NÃO ELIMINAR AS LIBERDADES
Authors: Ayala Patryck De Araujo , Victor Coelho Mariana Carvalho
Published: September 2018

O cenário de riscos globais e ameaças sociais e ecológicas identificado pela era geológica do Antropoceno alerta para a necessidade de transformações nas estruturas política e jurídica, se se espera do Direito uma resposta adequada para o enfrentamento dos problemas ambientais. Para além dos tradicionais imperativos ecológicos de comando e controle aplicados por meio de políticas públicas estatais, a consideração de um princípio estruturante de sustentabilidade pelo Estado de Direito contemporâneo suscita novas formas de juridicidade ambiental em vista de um compromisso com a proteção do ambiente. O objetivo do presente artigo, portanto, consiste na compreensão de como um modelo da teoria econômica comportamental de nudge se relaciona com as orientações de um Direito de sustentabilidade e mesmo assim mantém uma de suas principais características: o paternalismo libertário. Neste contexto, o texto propõe, fazendo-se o uso do método indutivo e de pesquisa essencialmente bibliográfica, que em uma abordagem de nudge, proteger o ambiente, deve ser, antes de tudo, não eliminar as liberdades individuais. Diante dessa análise, se suscita como problema de pesquisa o de até que ponto a influência estatal exercida para um objetivo de sustentabilidade é considerada ética e, portanto, preserva o exercício de liberdade dos indivíduos.
MODELOS DE MORALIDADE
Authors: Crokett Molly
Published: September 2018

Os dilemas morais geram conflitos entre duas tradições: a consequencialista, que avalia ações baseadas em seus resultados, e a deontológica, que avalia as ações em si. Elas se assemelham de forma marcante a duas distintas estruturas de decisão: um sistema baseado em modelos que seleciona ações fundadas em inferências acerca de suas consequências; e um sistema livre de modelos que seleciona ações com base em seu histórico de incentivos. Aqui, considero como esses sistemas, juntamente com um sistema pavloviano que responde reflexivamente a recompensas e punições, podem iluminar enigmas na psicologia moral.
INTEGRA DA REVISTA
Authors: Perrone Mello Campos Patrícia , Nojiri (Editores Especiais) Sérgio , Dias Varella Marcelo , Esis Villarroel (Editores) Ivette
Published: September 2018

Integra da Revista Brasileira de Políticas Públicas

No. 2, Vol. 8, 2018
The vertical distribution of biomass burning pollution over tropical South America from aircraft in situ measurements during SAMBBA
Authors: Darbyshire Eoghan , Morgan William T. , Allan James D. , Liu Dantong , Flynn Michael J. , Dorsey James R. , O'Shea Sebastian J. , Lowe Douglas , Szpek Kate , Marenco Franco , Johnson Ben T. , Bauguitte Stephane , Haywood Jim M. , Brito Joel F. , Artaxo Paulo , Longo Karla M. , Coe Hugh
Published: September 2018

Abstract. To reduce the uncertainties in processes driving the vertical distribution of biomass burning pollutants, and thus impacts on regional weather and climate, we present an integrated analysis of vertical profiles of pollutants and meteorological parameters measured on flights during the 2012 South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) field experiment. During the dry season there were significant contrasts in the composition and vertical distribution of haze between western and eastern regions of tropical South America. Owing to an active or residual convective mixing layer, the aerosol burden was similar from the surface to ~ 1.5 km in the west and ~ 3 km in the east. Black carbon mass loadings were double in the east (1.7 µg cm−3) than west (0.85 µg cm−3) but aerosol scattering coefficients at 550 nm were similar (~ 120 Mm−1), as too were CO surface concentrations (310–340 ppb). We attribute these contrasts to the more flaming combustion of Cerrado fires in the east and more smouldering combustion of deforestation and pasture fires in the west. Horizontal wind shear was important in inhibiting mixed layer growth and plume rise, in addition to advecting pollutants from the Cerrado regions into the remote tropical forest of central Amazonia. Optically thin layers above the mixing layer indicates roles for both plume injection and shallow moist convection in delivering pollution to the lower free troposphere. However, detrainment of large smoke plumes into the upper free troposphere was very infrequently observed. Our results reiterate that thermodynamics control the pollutant vertical distribution and thus point to the need for correct model representation so the spatial distribution and vertical structure of biomass burning smoke is captured. Our observations of relatively large concentrations of aerosol aloft and of CO near surface suggest that there is a greater contribution of pollutants from more complete combustion with altitude. Release of appropriate emissions from the initial more flaming and later residual smouldering phases of a fire at appropriate altitudes may be especially important to ensure models can accurately predict aerosol-radiation, aerosol-cloud and air quality impacts.
SALSA2.0: The sectional aerosol module of the aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM6.3.0-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0
Authors: Kokkola Harri , Kühn Thomas , Laakso Anton , Bergman Tommi , Lehtinen Kari E. J. , Mielonen Tero , Arola Antti , Stadtler Scarlet , Korhonen Hannele , Ferrachat Sylvaine , Lohmann Ulrike , Neubauer David , Tegen Ina , Siegenthaler-Le Drian Colombe , Schultz Martin G. , Bey Isabelle , Stier Philip , Daskalakis Nikos , Heald Colette L. , Romakkaniemi Sami
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In this paper, we present the implementation and evaluation of the
aerosol microphysics module SALSA2.0 in the framework of the
aerosol–chemistry–climate model ECHAM-HAMMOZ. It is an alternative
microphysics module to the default modal microphysics scheme M7 in
ECHAM-HAMMOZ. The SALSA2.0 implementation within ECHAM-HAMMOZ is evaluated
against observations of aerosol optical properties, aerosol mass, and size
distributions, comparing also to the skill of the M7 implementation. The
largest differences between the implementation of SALSA2.0 and M7 are in the
methods used for calculating microphysical processes, i.e., nucleation,
condensation, coagulation, and hydration. These differences in the
microphysics are reflected in the results so that the largest differences
between SALSA2.0 and M7 are evident over regions where the aerosol size
distribution is heavily modified by the microphysical processing of aerosol
particles. Such regions are, for example, highly polluted regions and regions
strongly affected by biomass burning. In addition, in a simulation of the
1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption in which a stratospheric sulfate plume was formed,
the global burden and the effective radii of the stratospheric aerosol are
very different in SALSA2.0 and M7. While SALSA2.0 was able to reproduce the
observed time evolution of the global burden of sulfate and the effective
radii of stratospheric aerosol, M7 strongly overestimates the removal of
coarse stratospheric particles and thus underestimates the effective radius
of stratospheric aerosol. As the mode widths of M7 have been optimized for
the troposphere and were not designed to represent stratospheric aerosol, the
ability of M7 to simulate the volcano plume was improved by modifying the
mode widths, decreasing the standard deviations of the accumulation and coarse
modes from 1.59 and 2.0, respectively, to 1.2 similar to what was observed
after the Mt. Pinatubo eruption. Overall, SALSA2.0 shows promise in improving
the aerosol description of ECHAM-HAMMOZ and can be further improved by
implementing methods for aerosol processes that are more suitable for the
sectional method, e.g., size-dependent emissions for aerosol species and size-resolved wet deposition.
Geomatics & Participation Summer School 2016 – Developing mobile mapping apps to encourage citizen participation in nature conservation
Authors: Schaab Gertrud , Coetzee Serena , Stern Christian , Rautenbach Victoria
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Geospatial tools in a Web 2.0 environment can encourage citizens to engage with and influence their environment through online participation. In the field of geomatics, today’s students have to develop competencies in current technologies and learn how to adapt to continuously and rapidly changing technologies and applications. At the same time, we live in a globalized world where we increasingly deal with people from different backgrounds or have to commute to unknown places and environments for work. In this paper, we report about the experiences of students and lecturer participants from Germany and South Africa in a summer school on geomatics and participation, held in Karlsruhe, Germany, in July 2016. The starting point was to learn about nature conservation in Germany, particularly about the Rhine floodplains close to Rastatt. Mobile mapping apps were developed for this area with the aim of supporting conservation efforts. Confronting the participants with a new geographic area, a software development environment unknown to them and group work with participants from both universities has led to interesting insights beyond getting to know the partner university. From an evaluation of the summer school by participants, it was evident that the summer school succeeded in raising interest for participation in the student exchange programme and that participants expect clear guidance on the objectives of different activities. The balance between socializing and work provides a unique atmosphere for effective teaching and working, making a summer school such an enjoyable experience for students and lecturers.
FEASIBILITY INVESTIGATION ON SINGLE PHOTON LIDAR BASED WATER SURFACE MAPPING
Authors: Mandlburger G. , Jutzi B.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The recent advent of single photon sensitive airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) sensors has enabled higher areal coverage performance at the price of an increased outlier rate and a lower ranging accuracy compared to conventional Multi-Photon LiDAR. Single Photon LiDAR, in particular, uses green laser light capable of penetrating clear shallow water. Although primarily designed for large area topographic mapping, the technique can also be used for mapping the water surface and shallow water bathymetry. In this contribution we investigate the capability of Single Photon LiDAR for large area mapping of water surface heights. While interface returns from conventional green-only bathymetric sensors generally suffer from water level underestimation due to the water penetration capabilities of green laser radiation, the specific questions are, if Single Photon LiDAR (i) is less affected by this well known effect due to the high receiver sensitivity and (ii) consequently delivers a higher number of water surface echoes. The topic is addressed empirically in a case study by comparing the water surface responses of Single Photon LiDAR (Navarra, Spain) and Multi-Photon Topo-Bathymetric LiDAR (Neubacher Au, Austria) for selected water bodies with a horizontal water surface (reservoirs, ponds). Although flown at different altitudes, both datasets are well comparable as they exhibit the same strip point density of ca. 14 points/m2. The expected superiority of Single Photon LiDAR over conventional green-only bathymetric LiDAR for mapping water surfaces could not be verified in this investigation. While both datasets show good agreement compared to a reference water level when aggregating points into cells of 10 × 10 m2 (mean deviations < 5 cm), higher resolution Single Photon LiDAR based water surface models (grid size 1–5 m) show a systematic water level underestimation of 5–20 cm. However, independently measured ground truth observations and simultaneous data acquisition of the same area with both techniques are necessary to verify the results.
THE SEN1-2 DATASET FOR DEEP LEARNING IN SAR-OPTICAL DATA FUSION
Authors: Schmitt M. , Hughes L. H. , Zhu X. X.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. While deep learning techniques have an increasing impact on many technical fields, gathering sufficient amounts of training data is a challenging problem in remote sensing. In particular, this holds for applications involving data from multiple sensors with heterogeneous characteristics. One example for that is the fusion of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data and optical imagery. With this paper, we publish the SEN1-2 dataset to foster deep learning research in SAR-optical data fusion. SEN1-2 comprises 282;384 pairs of corresponding image patches, collected from across the globe and throughout all meteorological seasons. Besides a detailed description of the dataset, we show exemplary results for several possible applications, such as SAR image colorization, SAR-optical image matching, and creation of artificial optical images from SAR input data. Since SEN1-2 is the first large open dataset of this kind, we believe it will support further developments in the field of deep learning for remote sensing as well as multi-sensor data fusion.
A STUDY OF USING FULLY CONVOLUTIONAL NETWORK FOR TREETOP DETECTION ON REMOTE SENSING DATA
Authors: Xiao C. , Qin R. , Huang X. , Li J.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Individual tree detection and counting are critical for the forest inventory management. In almost all of these methods that based on remote sensing data, the treetop detection is the most important and essential part. However, due to the diversities of the tree attributes, such as crown size and branch distribution, it is hard to find a universal treetop detector and most of the current detectors need to be carefully designed based on the heuristic or prior knowledge. Hence, to find an efficient and versatile detector, we apply deep neural network to extract and learn the high-level semantic treetop features. In contrast to using manually labelled training data, we innovatively train the network with the pseudo ones that come from the result of the conventional non-supervised treetop detectors which may be not robust in different scenarios. In this study, we use multi-view high-resolution satellite imagery derived DSM (Digital Surface Model) and multispectral orthophoto as data and apply the top-hat by reconstruction (THR) operation to find treetops as the pseudo labels. The FCN (fully convolutional network) is adopted as a pixel-level classification network to segment the input image into treetops and non-treetops pixels. Our experiments show that the FCN based treetop detector is able to achieve a detection accuracy of 99.7 % at the prairie area and 66.3 % at the complicated town area which shows better performance than THR in the various scenarios. This study demonstrates that without manual labels, the FCN treetop detector can be trained by the pseudo labels that generated using the non-supervised detector and achieve better and robust results in different scenarios.