bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language attitudes in Algeria
Authors: Belmihoub Kamal
Published: June 2018

This article examines language attitudes among Algerian first and second year engineering students at an Algerian university. A sample of 101 participants responded to a 51-item questionnaire. The results of the questionnaire showed a strong preference of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA), English, and French by native speakers of Algerian Arabic (Derja). Native speakers of Tamazight (a Berber language) preferred MSA, English, French, and Tamazight. Participants were divided on many questions regarding MSA and Tamazight. It was also found that respondents favored English as a useful vehicle of economic opportunity and knowledge transfer. An overwhelming majority of respondents viewed multilingualism in Algeria positively. Interestingly, both Derja and Tamazight native speakers unanimously rejected promoting Derja to an official political status, and they indicated support for the teaching of English and French in school. Possible motives behind the attitudes are discussed and implications are suggested.
Official development assistance and the factors impeding its effectiveness in Africa
Authors: Momah Ifeoma Ifeyinwa
Published: June 2018

In 1970, the DAC members accepted the 0.70% ODA/GNI target for official development assistance. Most African countries are recipients of ODA. The sustainability and effectiveness of the aid given by donors to Africa is called into question. Bad governance, mismanagement of domestic resources and corruption are identified as the major factors hindering the effectiveness of aid and sustainable development in Africa.

Africans have subconciously become dependent on aid, and it is gradually becoming a vicious cycle. A more sustainable solution has to be found because regardless of the good intentions donors have, they will never be able to do it all. Africans are the ones inside and know exactly “where the shoe pinches”. Donors are limited as to what they can see from outside. It also seems as though the quest for aid effectiveness is more donor driven. Aid should complement what is already being done by the African governments, and should be used as leverage. A lot depends on the government and the people. Good governance is key. African leaders have to realize that they must have regard for the people they are leading. They must respect them because they have put their trust in them, and are looking up to them to chart a course for economic development. They need to realize that they are accountable to the people and must be as transparent as possible. Financing sustainability and Education for Sustainable Development are some possible ways of ensuring effectiveness of aid in Africa.
From “Incentive Furie” to “Incentives to Efficiency,” or the Movement of “Incentive” in Neoclassical Thought
Authors: McDonald Robert
Published: June 2018

Incentives, economists remind us, are foundational to any economy: They include strategies to induce consumers to purchase products, motivate employees to work harder, or invite businesses to new localities. This textbook term, however, has not always been yoked to economic activity per se. This essay traces the history of the term “incentive” in two phases, first, from its origin in the Latin term “incentivum,” referring to “the thing that sets the tune,” and second, from its uptake and concretization by neoclassical economic thought through Jeremy Bentham, Alfred Marshall, and Paul Samuelson. In neoclassical economics, incentives “set the tune” of behavior by compelling rational economic action through the postulates of methodological individualism, equilibration, and utility-maximization. The terminological shift of “incentive” from its poetic origins into economic thought entails that “incentives” become an objective, univocal “thing” that embeds an argument about the dangers of actions that contravene market logics.
Beyond the Dialectic Between Wall Street and Main Street: A Materialist Analysis ofThe Big Short
Authors: Hanan Joshua S. , St. Onge Jeff
Published: June 2018

In this essay, we provide a materialist analysis of Adam McKay’s 2015 film The Big Short. We contend that while, on one level, the film appears to be a celebration of several idiosyncratic traders on Wall Street who use rhetorical invention to outwit the industry, on another level, the film can be read as a genealogically informed account of the biopolitical relationship between the oikos and the polis and Main Street and Wall Street. We conclude by advocating for an account of the 2008 financial crisis that is sensitive to the historically overdetermined relationship among rhetoric, politics, and economic power.
Trumponomics, Neoliberal Branding, and the Rhetorical Circulation of Affect
Authors: Chaput Catherine
Published: June 2018

This article studies Trumponomics as a brand that derives its economic and political purchase from the patterns of affective circulation opened up by the contemporary political economy. Because neoliberalism enables branding to both extract surplus wealth and appropriate surplus affect directly from consumers, it changes the rhetorical terrain. In this new landscape, Trump’s incoherent economic policies fade into the background as the production of his economic brand occupies the foreground. My argument theorizes affect within the labor theory of value, analyzes the Trump brand within that framework, and explores the implications of including affective value within the rhetorical toolbox.
Trim33 mediates the proinflammatory function of Th17 cells
Authors: Tanaka Shinya , Jiang Yu , Martinez Gustavo J. , Tanaka Kentaro , Yan Xiaowei , Kurosaki Tomohiro , Kaartinen Vesa , Feng Xin-Hua , Tian Qiang , Wang Xiaohu , Dong Chen
Published: June 2018

Transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) regulates reciprocal regulatory T cell (T reg) and T helper 17 (Th17) differentiation, the underlying mechanism of which is still not understood. Here, we report that tripartite motif-containing 33 (Trim33), a modulator of TGF-β signaling that associates with Smad2, regulates the proinflammatory function of Th17 cells. Trim33 deficiency in T cells ameliorated an autoimmune disease in vivo. Trim33 was required for induction in vitro of Th17, but not T reg cells. Moreover, Smad4 and Trim33 play contrasting roles in the regulation of IL-10 expression; loss of Trim33 enhanced IL-10 production. Furthermore, Trim33 was recruited to the Il17a and Il10 gene loci, dependent on Smad2, and mediated their chromatin remodeling during Th17 differentiation. Trim33 thus promotes the proinflammatory function of Th17 cells by inducing IL-17 and suppressing IL-10 expression.
CCM.V-K3: CCM Key Comparison of Viscosity
Authors: Fujita Y , Zubler T , Mastropierro J , Trujillo S , Cekiel I , Malta D , Lorefice S , Ballereau P , Meury P A , Zhang Z , Wolf H , Trochta D , Sakarya O , Andel I Van , Buchner C , Spohr I , Furtado A , Lugadiru B , Mekawy M , Jonker D , Kumar A , Anuar Z
Published: June 2018

This report describes the third CCM key comparison in capillary viscometry at twelve National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), which was carried out between October 2012 and February 2013. Seven NMIs, which do not maintain an independent viscosity scale, also took part in this comparison. Three samples of Newtonian liquids with nominal kinematic viscosities of 6 mm²/s at 15 °C and 5 mm²/s at 20 °C, 2000 mm²/s at 20 °C and 500 mm²/s at 40 °C, and 160000 mm²/s at 20 °C and 25000 mm²/s at 40 °C prepared by NMIJ were provided to each of the NMIs. For each of these liquids at two temperatures, total number of 98 measurements was carried out and from the results of viscosity measurements, the key comparison reference values (KCRVs) for six data sets were determined. The degrees of equivalences was evaluated by difference from the KCRV and, with a few exceptions, these differences were almost equal to or less than expanded uncertainties, showing a good equivalencies of capabilities at the participating NMIs for the viscosity measurements in wide range of viscosities covered from 5 mm²/s to 160000 mm²/s.

KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Probing cellular mechanics with acoustic force spectroscopy
Authors: Sorkin Raya , Bergamaschi Giulia , Kamsma Douwe , Brand Guy , Dekel Elya , Ofir-Birin Yifat , Rudik Ariel , Gironella Marta , Ritort Felix , Regev-Rudzki Neta , Roos Wouter H. , Wuite Gijs J. L.
Published: June 2018

A large number of studies demonstrate that cell mechanics and pathology are intimately linked. In particular, deformability of red blood cells (RBCs) is key to their function and is dramatically altered in the time course of diseases such as anemia and malaria. Due to the physiological importance of cell mechanics, many methods for cell mechanical probing have been developed. While single-cell methods provide very valuable information, they are often technically challenging and lack the high data throughput needed to distinguish differences in heterogeneous populations, while fluid-flow high-throughput methods miss the accuracy to detect subtle differences. Here we present a new method for multiplexed single-cell mechanical probing using acoustic force spectroscopy (AFS). We demonstrate that mechanical differences induced by chemical treatments of known effect can be measured and quantified. Furthermore, we explore the effect of extracellular vesicles (EVs) uptake on RBC mechanics and demonstrate that EVs uptake increases RBC deformability. Our findings demonstrate the ability of AFS to manipulate cells with high stability and precision and pave the way to further new insights into cellular mechanics and mechanobiology in health and disease, as well as potential biomedical applications.
Temporal regulation of morphogenetic events inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Lai Helen , Chiou Jian-Geng , Zhurikhina Anastasia , Zyla Trevin R. , Tsygankov Denis , Lew Daniel J.
Published: June 2018

Tip growth in fungi involves highly polarized secretion and modification of the cell wall at the growing tip. The genetic requirements for initiating polarized growth are perhaps best understood for the model budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Once the cell is committed to enter the cell cycle by activation of G1 cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes, the polarity regulator Cdc42 becomes concentrated at the presumptive bud site, actin cables are oriented toward that site, and septin filaments assemble into a ring around the polarity site. Several minutes later, the bud emerges. Here, we investigated the mechanisms that regulate the timing of these events at the single-cell level. Septin recruitment was delayed relative to polarity establishment, and our findings suggest that a CDK-dependent septin “priming” facilitates septin recruitment by Cdc42. Bud emergence was delayed relative to the initiation of polarized secretion, and our findings suggest that the delay reflects the time needed to weaken the cell wall sufficiently for the cell to bud. Rho1 activation by Rom2 occurred at around the time of bud emergence, perhaps in response to local cell-wall weakening. This report reveals regulatory mechanisms underlying the morphogenetic events in the budding yeast.
Efficacy of Biofeedback Therapy in Clinical Practice for the Management of Chronic Constipation and Fecal Incontinence
Authors: Parker Colleen H , Henry Stanley , Liu Louis W C
Published: June 2018

Background

Chronic constipation (CC) and fecal incontinence (FI) are often secondary to pelvic floor neuromuscular sensory or motor dysfunction. Biofeedback therapy (BFT) uses visual and verbal feedback to improve anorectal coordination, strength and sensation. In clinical trials, BFT demonstrated response rates between 70% and 80%. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of BFT in clinical practice.

Methods

In this retrospective observational cohort study, the charts of all patients who completed BFT at our centre were reviewed. A positive response to BFT was defined as improvement in ARM profile from baseline or subjective symptom improvement or both. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data.

Results

One hundred thirty patients with an average age of 57.5 ± 16.4 years and 79.2% female were included. Of all patients, 43.1% were referred for CC, 37.7% for FI, 16.9% for alternating CC and FI, and 2.3% for rectal pain. The overall response rate to BFT was 76.2% (n=99). Of those that responded, 64.6% (n=64) demonstrated both ARM and symptom improvement, 27.3% (n=27) had ARM improvement but no symptom improvement, and 8.1% (n=8) had symptom improvement but no ARM improvement. In patients with FI, the overall response rate was 79.6% (n=39) with symptom improvement in 67.3% (n=33). In those with CC with dyssynergic defecation (n=53), the overall response rate was 69.8% (n=37); however, only 45.3% (n=24) had symptomatic improvement.

Conclusion

In our clinical practice, although overall response rates to BFT are similar to published reports, patients with CC with dyssynergic defecation are less likely to have symptomatic response compared with those with FI.
Problematizing Hatred in Democratic States
Authors: Yanay Niza
Published: June 2018

This chapter develops the argument that hatred is motivated by the fear of love. It is thus important to understand not only what hatred says but also what it denies and hides. Based on Freudian/Lacanian theory and sociological constructionism, I argue that hatred represents an assemblage of conscious and unconscious motives. The chapter particularly underscores the dread of the other in proximity (immigrants, refugees, minority others), who is like me yet not me, whom I desire and loathe simultaneously. When love (but also attachment and dependency) is too threatening to the self, when the anxiety of mimetic similarity takes over, the ideology of hatred protects the self (individual or collective) from ambivalent identifications. It is, however, the responsibility of the democratic state to instigate a discourse as well as actions which suspend hatred in order for love to become possible.
Criminalizing Hate?
Authors: Duff R A , Marshall S E
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the role that criminal law might play in combating “hatred,” in particular whether and why we might appropriately criminalize “hatred.” After sketching some salient features of a liberal, democratic republic (as the kind of polity in which we can aspire to live, and whose citizens can be expected to be committed to combating “hatred”), we explain why a certain kind of “hatred” should concern members of such a polity, as a distinctive civic vice manifested in a distinctive kind of civic wrong. We then discuss the limited but significant role that criminal law can play, in principle, in responding to such hatred, and say a little about the difficulties involved in turning “in principle” into “in practice,” particularly those concerning offense definitions.
Food
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers food as a basic good that satisfies critical basic human needs for both calories and other important nutrients. It considers the widespread nature of food deprivation and challenges to addressing this deprivation, including climate change, water shortages, and increased population growth. The chapter examines the subsistence right to food and the role of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It also examines ways to increase agricultural yields, both through biotechnology and agro-ecology, paying particular attention to Africa where emerging food security issues appear to be the most pressing. It considers issues of infrastructure and waste and the roles of fisheries and livestock in food security. It concludes with a consideration of demand-side issues and food provisioning processes.
Water
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers water as a basic good that satisfies critical basic human needs for drinking, hygiene, and food preparation. It considers the widespread nature of water deprivation and the challenges of addressing this deprivation, including climate change, water shortages, and increased population growth. The chapter examines the subsistence right to water and the role of this right within the United Nations system of human rights. It also examines the relationship of water to food security and the industrial ecology of water. It takes up the issues of nanotechnology and desalination in helping to provide water as well as the critical issue of water storage. It concludes with a consideration of demand-side issues and water provisioning processes.
The Frustrated Activist
Authors: Ansari Emily Abrams
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents an account of the composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein, who, although constrained significantly by the ideological climate of the 1950s, refused to silence himself politically. Beginning in the last years of the decade, he became increasingly vocal in his support for New Left causes, including the antiwar, antinuclear, and civil rights movements. On State Department–funded conducting tours with the New York Philharmonic, he tried to use music, particularly the Americanist tradition, to challenge US foreign policy. In his compositions, he remained true to musical Americanism, striving earnestly in his art music to continue Copland’s prewar approach. He found a fruitful outlet for his political commitments in his works for musical theater, but his art music compositions present a much more complex and fraught picture. Bernstein was attempting to resist and undermine political nationalism, while simultaneously advancing cultural nationalism. But in the binarized climate of Cold War America, this would not prove easy.
Globalization and Benedict XVI’s Caritas in Veritate
Authors: Shadle Matthew A.
Published: June 2018

In recent years the economy has become globalized. Globalization is the increased flow of goods, services, capital, people, and culture facilitated by innovations in transportation and communication technologies. This chapter examines the phenomenon of globalization and its impact on Catholic social teaching. It looks, in particular, at Pope Benedict XVI’s encyclical Caritas in Veritate. Pope Benedict criticizes how the current global economy exploits and excludes vulnerable populations around the world. Caritas in Veritate further develops the communio framework initiated by John Paul II and proposes that the communion of the three Persons of the Trinity provides a model for the shape globalization should take, recognizing unity in the midst of diversity. The chapter also looks at how Catholic social thought itself is globalizing, examining in particular the work of Mary Mee-Yin Yuen from Hong Kong and Stan Chu Ilo from Nigeria.
Rich Russians and the West
Authors: Schimpfössl Elisabeth
Published: June 2018

Chapter 8 provides a new perspective on familiar debates about deteriorating relations between Russia and the West, which have all too often overlooked the crucial internal development in Russia that this study has identified. The Russian bourgeoisie have largely endorsed Putin’s nostalgic conservatism and patriotism, especially since the Russian annexation of the Crimea. However, other, more long-term factors are also at play. Wealthy Russians in the 1990s had an inferiority complex in relation to the West after decades of Cold War isolation. Their subsequent exposure to Western life has not led to closer political ties but, paradoxically, to feelings of disillusionment with the West and, in an echo of nineteenth-century Slavophile views, a growing sense of the Russian elite’s own superiority. This final chapter discusses the settlement of rich Russians in London; the city favored by émigrés; Russia’s difficult relationship with the West; and why many elite Russians think their culture is morally superior.
The Swine Flu of 1976
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

Early in 1976, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention proposed and President Gerald Ford approved a plan to vaccinate the country against swine influenza, a new infection that had only recently appeared on a New Jersey army base. While agency leaders imagined themselves rising to the challenge of a crisis, mismanagement and poor communication led to a debacle for public health. Problems included logistical difficulties in manufacturing the vaccine, disputes with Congress, and the inability to revise the vaccination goal in light of the fact that the disease never returned. When people who were vaccinated fell ill with neurological complications, the vaccine effort ended, but not before causing grave damage to confidence in public health agencies.
HIV
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

The emergence of AIDS in the early 1980s caused a profound crisis for federal health agencies, particularly the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Activists in ACT UP, charging that these agencies were failing patients with AIDS, initiated a series of escalating protests. NIH officials, led by Dr. Anthony Fauci, began to talk with the advocates and make major changes in the research process. However, over at the FDA, a protest involving the arrest of hundreds of AIDS activists undermined the agency’s public health image. Eventually, under a new commissioner, the FDA earned back the trust of activists.
Reading Politics with Machiavelli
Authors: Schmidt, Jr Ronald J.
Published: June 2018

Reading Politics with Machiavelli is an anachronistic reading of certain key concepts in Machiavelli’s The Prince and The Discourses (as well as some of his correspondence). In 1513, soon after the Medici returned to power in Florence, Machiavelli lost his position as First Secretary to the Republic, and he was exiled. On his family farm, he began a self-consciously anachronistic reading of great political figures of antiquity, and, in combination with his own experience as a diplomat, crafted a unique perspective on the political crises of his time. At our own moment of democratic crisis, as the democratic imagination, as well as democratic habits and institutions face multiple attacks from neoliberalism, white nationalism, and authoritarianism, I argue that a similar method, in which we read Machiavelli’s work as he read Livy’s and Plutarch’s, can help us see the contingency, and the increasingly forgotten radical potential, of our politics. Louis Althusser argued that Machiavelli functions for us as an uncanny authority, one whose apparent familiarity is dispelled as we examine his epistolary yet opaque account of history, politics, and authority. This makes his readings a potentially rich resource for a time of democratic crisis. With that challenge in mind, we will examine the problems of conspiracy, prophecy, torture, and exile and use a close reading of Machiavelli’s work to make out new perspectives on the politics of our time.
Development as Self-Interest
Authors: Bermeo Sarah Blodgett
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces the role of development as a self-interested policy pursued by industrialized states in an increasingly connected world. As such, it is differentiated from traditional geopolitical accounts of interactions between industrialized and developing states as well as from assertions that the increased focus on development stems from altruistic motivations. The concept of targeted development—pursuing development abroad when and where it serves the interests of the policymaking states—is introduced and defined. The issue areas covered in the book—foreign aid, trade agreements between industrialized and developing countries, and finance for climate change adaptation and mitigation—are introduced. The preference for bilateral, rather than multilateral, action is discussed.
Goals and Methodology
Authors: Mendelovici Angela
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces the goals that will structure much subsequent discussion, as well as two theory-independent ways of knowing about intentionality. The overall goal of the book is to provide a theory of intentionality, which is a theory that describes the deep nature of intentionality—i.e., what it really is, metaphysically speaking. However, much of the discussion in later chapters is structured around the more modest goal of providing a theory that specifies what gives rise to actual instances of original intentionality. In order to meet this goal, it is helpful to have a theory-independent way of testing the predictions of competing theories of intentionality. This chapter proposes two such ways: (1) introspection and (2) consideration of psychological role. Importantly, these methods tell us which contents we represent, not what they consists of. In other words, they tell us about the superficial character of intentional states and contents, not their deep natures.
Intention, Belief, Practical, Theoretical
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

This essay argues against an approach—one I call cognitivism—that tries to understand synchronic plan rationality as, at bottom a matter of theoretical rationality of belief. This approach is taken by, among others, Gilbert Harman, J. David Velleman, and R. Jay Wallace. I explain several problems for such cognitivism: there are problems posed by the possibility of false beliefs about what one intends; and there are problems posed by the need to distinguish intended means from expected side effects. In response to a challenge from Velleman, I sketch an alternative approach, one that sees these planning norms as fundamentally practical norms and that notes a parallel with Peter Strawson’s treatment of the framework of reactive attitudes.
A Planning Agent’s Self-Governance Over Time
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: June 2018

This essay develops a model of a planning agent’s self-governance over time. Such diachronic self-governance involves planned temporally extended activity, synchronic self-governance at times along the way, appropriate cross-temporal interconnections across relevant attitudes along the way, and standpoints that involve an end of one’s diachronic self-governance. This end helps support coordination between relevant synchronic self-governance and relevant cross-temporal continuities in plan. The explanation of the relevant cross-temporal interconnections appeals to a parallel between a single planning agent’s self-governance over time and several planning agents acting together in shared intentional ways: in such self-governance one is, so to speak, “acting together” with oneself over time. Finally, the relevant planned temporally extended activity implicitly specifies a temporal footprint within which anticipated future regret can play a role in determining whether there is diachronic self-governance. This helps explain why drinking the toxin in Kavka’s puzzle will normally not be a case of diachronic self-governance.
A Typology of Moral Progress
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter identifies a number of developments that are candidates for moral progress: abolition of the Atlantic chattel slavery, improvements in civil rights for minorities, equal rights for women, better treatment of (some) non-human animals, and abolition of the cruellest punishments in most parts of the world. This bottom-up approach is then used to construct a typology of moral progress, including improvements in moral reasoning, recognition of the moral standing or equal basic moral status of beings formerly thought to lack them, improvements in understandings of the domain of justice, the recognition that some behaviors formerly thought to be morally impermissible (such as premarital sex, masturbation, lending money at interest, and refusal to die “for king and country”) can be morally permissible, and improvements in understandings of morality itself. Finally, a distinction is made between improvements from a moral point of view and moral progress in the fullest sense.
Content
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides the broadest evidence on behalf of my power asymmetry argument. It begins by discussing my index of presidential powers (the dependent variable), which draws heavily from Shugart and Carey and other scholars. It then creates a measure of power asymmetry (the main independent variable): the difference between the share of seats held by Incumbent versus Opposition forces at the constituent assembly. I call this “table asymmetry.” Finally, it compares all the new constitutions to those replaced. Evidence is provided that variations in outcome are strongly correlated with variations in power asymmetry. The chapter also shows how changes in constitutions contributed to changes in regime conditions (liberal democracy declined in cases where constitutions granted presidents more power).
Modeling Perfection
Authors: Wasdin Katherine
Published: June 2018

This chapter shows how three heroic paradigms (Helen, Achilles, and the couple Peleus and Thetis) function in wedding and love poetry. The flexibility of their myths allows for both positive and negative presentations in different contexts. Helen, as the most beautiful woman, serves as a model for both brides and mistresses. Her ability to arouse desire and her willingness to follow her longings make her a complicated ideal. Achilles is equally complex as an archetypal young warrior, albeit one without a stable union who often brings death to his paramours. Peleus and Thetis, the parents of Achilles, are famed for their glorious wedding, yet do not go on to become devoted husband and wife. Weddings glamorize fleeting moments of excellence, but the discourse of love poetry shows how fragile these models can be.
Time’s Arrow, Time’s Bow
Authors: Tweedie James
Published: June 2018

This chapter frames Gilles Deleuze’s cinema books as a late twentieth-century phenomenon, engaging with many of the period’s key concerns, including history, memory, and belatedness. Deleuze recognizes his status as a latecomer to philosophy and film theory and develops a theory based on the rediscovery of radical thought in the modern past, as in his study of Leibniz, the fold, and the baroque. His cinema books adopt a similar approach to film history and theory by framing the medium as an art that opens onto the totality of time. If nostalgia in the late twentieth century viewed a “golden age” as the proper destination of historical inquiry, Deleuze radicalizes the concepts of return and memory by reimagining them through the cinema’s lens. One key lesson drawn from the century of cinema is that any moment in time, including the neglected or potentially revolutionary, is accessible from any other point in history.
Diminishing Returns at Work
Authors: Pencavel John H.
Published: June 2018

This book concerns working hours - in the past and in the present, in America and in Britain. The focus is on the relationship between working hours and outcome , such as production and health. Proportional increases in working hours are shown to result in smaller proportional increases in production, and the benefits in output of long working hours may not offset the consequences of long hours for the health and quality of life of workers. A distinction is made between nominal hours (those that individuals are observed to be working) and effective hours (those that are effective in producing goods and that are compatible with good health). The meaning of the link between hours and average hourly earnings receives particular attention. Firms are encouraged to experiment with different hours..
A Brief History of Working Hours
Authors: Pencavel John H.
Published: June 2018

Why did the length of the work day and work week decline in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? In this chapter, the author explores possible explanations for these declines, contrasting events and trends in Britain and America, including the activities of trade unions, employers, statutory legislation, and the workings of labor markets. Classical economists tended to support the position taken by many employers which was to resist both legislation on hours and the efforts of trade unions to reduce hours. In the few instances in which the Classical economists provided precise reasons for their view, they made assumptions about the manner in which hours enter a firm’s production function. These assumptions can be tested which is the subject of the subsequent chapter.
Notes on Insertion in Distributed Morphology and Nanosyntax
Authors: Caha Pavel
Published: June 2018

This chapter considers two questions that many people ask themselves (or should ask themselves). What is actually the difference between Nanosyntax (NS, Starke, 2009) and Distributed Morphology (DM, Halle and Marantz, 1993)? And which one of them is right? These questions remain as important now as they were some 15 years ago, when Michal Starke introduced the basics of the NS theory. Despite the fact that several written sources on NS have been available since 2007, there is still a lot of confusion about what NS actually is, and how NS and DM compare to each other. The present paper is an attempt to clear things up.
Spanning versus Constituent Lexicalization
Authors: Taraldsen Knut Tarald
Published: June 2018

This chapter seeks to evaluate the relative merits of two competing views of how lexical insertion should work in a nanosyntactic framework. One view holds that a sequence of heads meeting certain conditions, a “span,” can be replaced by a single morpheme even when those heads do not form a constituent in the input tree. The other view allows lexical insertion only to target constituents. The article focuses on certain properties of portmanteau prefixes identified by investigating the nominal class prefixes in Bantu languages. Accounting for portmanteau prefixes looks like a serious challenge to the theory restricting lexical insertion to constituents. They can be accommodated by positing only a richer syntactic structure than is usual. However, various empirical arguments show that the richer syntactic structure is in fact needed in an analysis of the nominal class prefixes in Bantu and that this conclusion extends to class prefixes in other languages.
Syncretisms and the Morphosyntax of Negation
Authors: De Clercq Karen
Published: June 2018

This chapter illustrates how syncretisms can be used as a tool to diagnose hidden structure inside what is usually considered an indivisible unit, i.e. a negative marker. Based on semantic, scopal, stacking, and functional properties of negative markers, it is proposed that negative markers can be classified in four groups: scalar quantity markers, classifier markers, focus markers, and tense markers. A study of these four different types of markers in a typological sample shows that meaningful syncretism patterns can be detected. If the markers are ordered in such a way that syncretic markers are contiguous and that no ABA patterns arise, then the derived sequence reflects the natural semantic scope of negation, i.e. from wide to narrow scope or from narrow to wide. This result leads to a decomposition of a negative marker into five syntactico-semantic features, i.e. Neg, Q, Class, Foc, and T.
Word Order and Nanosyntax
Authors: Fábregas Antonio
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores how the size of stored exponents can account for word order facts in the nanosyntactic framework. Three Spanish varieties are considered; these varieties differ in the availability of preverbal subjects in interrogative sentences. The most restrictive one, European Spanish, disallows them all; Mérida (Venezuela) Spanish allows some under restrictive conditions, whereas Dominican Spanish allows them all. It is argued that the differences follow from the size of the subject agreement exponent and, crucially, whether it is the element that spells out the interrogative force of the sentence: The smaller the stored exponent is, the more available preverbal subjects in interrogative sentences are.
The Feature Structure of Pronouns
Authors: Wyngaerd Guido Vanden
Published: June 2018

This paper examines multidimensional paradigms, i.e. paradigms involving more than one feature dimension. I examine the concrete case of pronominal paradigms, which involve (at least) the dimensions of person and number. The problem that arises in such paradigms is that syncretisms may be observed in each dimension, i.e. they may occur both vertically (cross-person) and horizontally (cross-number). While classical nanosyntax embodies a theory of syncretism that can account for one dimension, it requires an extension to account for syncretisms in the other dimension(s). I discuss two such extensions, one making use of pointers, and another in terms of a revision of the Superset Principle. I show that both approaches make subtly different empirical predictions.
The Ti-Yong 體用 Model and Its Discontents
Authors: Ziporyn Brook A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides compelling perspective on Zhu Xi’s repurposing of Buddhist ideas to develop his own philosophical thought. The focus is the ti-yong (inherent reality-function) conceptual polarity—one of the core concepts in Chinese philosophy. The author shows that although Tiantai Buddhists, Huayan Buddhists, and Zhu Xi all deploy the ti-yong model as a crucial component of their metaphysics, in certain key places they deploy it for different ends, leading to subtle structural differences that amounted to large philosophical consequences for these different groups. The author first develops a detailed comparison of these models in the Huayan and Tiantai schools, and then shows how analogous structures to each of these are adapted to form parts of Zhu Xi’s metaphysics. In doing so, he presents an entirely new way to understand Zhu Xi’s philosophical inventiveness and its profound debt to Buddhist thought.
Support and Skepticism Regarding Women’s Ordination
Authors: Knoll and Benjamin R. , Bolin Cammie Jo
Published: June 2018

This chapter focuses on why some people support women’s ordination while others oppose it. It takes a deep dive into face-to-face personal narrative interviews to uncover the common themes and patterns of explanations that people give to justify their positions. It uncovers a few key themes that are common to individuals in a variety of religious traditions, including scriptural authority, personal experiences, and gender stereotypes about the gifts and talents that men and women possess. It is striking that despite interviewees’ reasons for supporting or opposing women’s ordination, many indicated they would gladly change their position if their congregation changed its policy. Middle-aged and older women, however, seem to have the most difficulty overall accepting women as pastors.
Clergywomen and Young Girls
Authors: Knoll and Benjamin R. , Bolin Cammie Jo
Published: June 2018

This chapter begins to explore the second research question of the book: what effect do female clergy have on those in the pews? More specifically, it examines whether female clergy can serve as positive and influential role models for children and adolescents in ways that enhance their levels of personal and societal empowerment as adults. The results show that girls and young women are indeed affected by both the regularity of female clergy in their youth as well as the presence of influential female religious leaders in their lives such that their levels of psychological, economic, and religious empowerment as adults are improved. In particular, the presence of a female religious leader during a girl’s childhood adds approximately one year of education compared to girls whose primary religious leader in childhood was a man.
The Will to Punish
Authors: Fassin Didier
Published: June 2018

Over the past few decades, most societies have become more repressive, their laws more relentless, their magistrates more inflexible, independently of the evolution of crime. In this book, using an approach both genealogical and ethnographic, distinguished anthropologist Didier Fassin addresses the major issues raised by this punitive moment through an inquiry into the very foundations of punishment. What is punishment? Why punish? Who is punished? With these three questions he initiates a critical dialogue with moral philosophy and legal theory on the definition, justification, and distribution of punishment. Going against the triumphing penal populism, this investigation, based on ten years of empirical research on police, justice, and prison systems, proposes a salutary revision of the presuppositions that nourish the passion for punishing and invites readers to rethink the place of punishment in the contemporary world. The theses developed in the volume are discussed by the criminologist David Garland, the historian Rebecca McLennan, and the sociologist Bruce Western, to whom Fassin responds in a short essay, asking, What is a critique of punishment?
Introduction
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

Standard economic analysis of law is based on rational choice theory. In recent decades, numerous experimental and empirical findings have established prevalent and systematic deviations from the assumptions of economic rationality. These findings have been gradually integrated into mainstream economic analysis, including economic analysis of law, to form behavioral law and economics. The introduction highlights the important contributions of behavioral studies to economic analysis of law and to legal analysis more generally. It describes the scope of the book and outlines its structure. It also mentions legal spheres in which the existing scholarship does not yet lend itself to systematic synthesis.
An Overview of Behavioral Law and Economics
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

The chapter introduces behavioral law and economics. It is divided into three sections. The first section describes the history of behavioral law and economics since the late 1970s. The second section discusses the methodologies used in this sphere, including the emergence of empirical legal studies. Empirical legal studies include lab-experimental, observational, and field-experimental studies—the last category comprising randomized field experiments and natural experiments. Finally, the chapter analyzes the challenges facing this emerging, cross-disciplinary perspective. These challenges include critiques of the psychological studies that form the basis of behavioural law and economics, such as the issues of external validity of laboratory experiments. They also include difficulties in integrating behavioural insights into economic analysis of law.
Normative Implications
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the normative implications of the psychological findings documenting deviations from rationality, with particular focus on fundamental issues that cut across different legal fields. It first outlines the contribution of happiness studies and heuristics-and-biases research to theories of human welfare and the formulation of normative theories. The chapter then focuses on the normative significance of prevailing moral judgments (as studied by moral psychologists) for legal policymaking. Moving on to more pragmatic issues of lawmaking, the chapter examines two major implications of behavioral studies for setting the goals of legal norms: preventing the exploitation of people’s cognitive biases by others, and protecting people from their own fallibility. Finally, turning from goals to means, the discussion highlights the contribution of behavioral studies to the design of disclosure duties and behaviorally informed regulation (nudges).
Property Law
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

The chapter critically analyzes the contribution of behavioral findings to property law and theory. It starts with studies of basic notions, such as psychological ownership and the endowment effect; and moves on to discuss two major fields: constitutional property law and intellectual property. With regard to the former, the analysis shows how behavioral insights illuminate the distinction between governmental taking and giving of property, between physical and nonphysical takings, and between the taking of homes and other properties. With regard to intellectual property, the chapter deals, among other things, with inventors’ behavior and judicial decision-making in matters of intellectual property. Finally, the chapter discusses the broader issue of protecting entitlements through property rules versus liability rules.
Litigants’ Behavior
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

This chapter begins with a brief overview of the standard economic analysis of litigation and settlement. It then analyzes a series of behavioral impediments to settlement. These include self-serving biases, overoptimism, non-pecuniary motivations, biases stemming from the adversarial nature of litigation, reference-dependence in assessing settlement offers, and the framing of litigation outcomes. The chapter then points to two behavioral phenomena—regret avoidance and loss aversion—that strongly encourage settlements. The chapter looks at behavioral explanations for the relatively limited use of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. It also takes a closer look at the role of lawyers and client-lawyer relationships. Finally, it highlights the behavioral contribution to the understanding of plea bargaining in criminal proceedings.
Evidence Law
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

This chapter consists of three main parts. It first discusses the effect of various cognitive limitations, heuristics, and biases on the actual and perceived credibility of various types of evidence—including eyewitness testimonies, probabilistic data, and circumstantial evidence. It further examines the extent to which the use of expert testimonies can overcome such heuristics and biases. The second part analyzes behavioral aspects of burden-of-proof rules, such as the justification for placing the burden on the plaintiff, and the actual meaning of the standard of proof in civil and criminal proceedings. Finally, the third part argues that while people’s bounded rationality creates obstacles for judicial truth-finding, it also makes it much harder for interested parties, litigants and witnesses, to hide the truth—thus facilitating accurate fact-finding.
Imagining the Past
Authors: Hopkins Robert
Published: June 2018

What kind of mental state is episodic memory? This chapter defends the claim that it is, in key part, imagining the past, where the imagining in question is experiential imagining. To remember a past episode is to experientially imagine how things were, in a way controlled by one’s past experience of that episode. This view is motivated by appeal both to patterns of compatibilities and incompatibilities between various states, and to phenomenology. The bulk of the chapter defends the account against four objections. Imagining and remembering seem to differ in whether they are active or passive, in the forms of singular content they involve, in their relations to observation, and in their relations to belief. The chapter argues that these differences can be accommodated, and some even explained, once we flesh out what else is involved in episodic memory, in addition to imagining the past.