bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lepidesthes howsei sp. nov., a Carboniferous Echinoid from Northumberland
Authors: Jackson Robert Tracy
Published: May 2009

Echini from the Palaeozoic formations are rare, and rarer still is it to find a new form of one of the more specialized genera in good condition of preservation. It was a keen pleasure to me, therefore, when my friend Dr. F. A. Bather, of the British Museum, recently gave me the privilege of studying and reporting on the specimen here described. It proves to be a species of the highly specialized genus Lepidesthes from the Lower Carboniferous, and was sent to Dr. Bather for study by the authorities of the Hancock Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Classification and Age of the Analcite-bearing Igneous Rocks of Scotland
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

The Midland Valley region of Scotland contains the world's largest known development of igneous rocks carrying primary analcite. These rocks have been described in several publications during the last fifteen years, and some new rock-types have been defined.
The Desert Shores of the Chalk Seas
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

1.The comparatively shallow Chalk Seas of the Northern Hemisphere owed much of their clarity to their situation in a geographical belt where matured desert figured as the typical associated continental form.
Notes on the Glaciation of tbe Coniston Fells
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

I have for several years paid attention to glacial phenomena near Coniston, and some of my observations seem to be worth recording.
On the West Cumberland Brockram and its Associated Rocks
Authors: Smith Bernard
Published: May 2009

For many years the breccia of Western Cumberland has been known locally as “ The Conglomerate ”, under which name it figures largely in hundreds of records of borings put down in search of haematite or coal. Since, however, its components consist in general of angular and subangular rather than rounded fragments, the term “ conglomerate ” is misleading; hence the deposit is here referred to as “ Brockram ” (broken rock), a descriptive lithological term applied to rocks of similar origin in the Vale of Eden and of definite significance to British geologists.
The High Plateau of Brazil.
Authors: Walls Robert R.
Published: May 2009

The High Plateau is a rather ill-defined region occupying the south-eastern portion of Brazil. It rises abruptly from the south-east coast but slopes off very gradually to the north and west. In consequence the rivers flowing north and west are of great length and importance in navigation. Those flowing south are useless for navigation though of great importance for water power. An interesting exceptional river is the Parahyba flowing east and parallel to the south-east coast-line curve. The geology of the whole region is essentially granite and gneiss with curiously metamorphosed quartzites and schists. The accompanying map was made by the writer during some explorations carried out over this region in 1919, and as some of the points studied and already published (1), (2) were new and surprising to geological science, the following general description is added.
Submarine Erosion off the Holderness Coast.
Authors: Thompson C.
Published: May 2009

1. Submarine erosion off Holderness is a fact, as pointed out by Winn.

2. The rate is greatest between H. and L.W.M.'s.

3. Between L.W. and 20 feet it is much less rapid.

4. Below 20 feet it still further diminishes to the 30-ft. line; outside which it apparently dies away.

5. Groynes—taking the long view—are unfortunately only a temporary safeguard for this district of easily eroded clay.

The writer's sincere thanks are due to Mr. G. W. Lamplugh, F.R.S., for his very kind and keen interest in the work.
The Base of the Devonian, with special reference to the Welsh Borderland.
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

The classification set forth in this paper is founded essentially on an examination of the junction-beds between the Silurian and the Devonian in the field. All the localities described have been studied personally by the writer, and in most cases the actual junction has been mapped on the 6-inch scale. The names of localities are taken from the 6-inch Ordnance Survey maps, the sheet number being quoted in each case.
A Further Note on Chlorophaeite and Palagonite
Authors: Fermor L. Leigh
Published: May 2009

I have read with very great interest Dr. Peacock's paper on the distinction between palagonite and chlorophaeite in the GeologicalMagazine, for April, 1930. On p. 170 thereof, Dr. Peacock gives a brief summary of my conclusions upon the nomenclature of chlorophaeite and palagonite as given in my paper on the same subject. Briefly, my conclusions are that as far as can be judged from existing analyses, the hydrous glassy material forming a portion of the rocks originally called palagonite has a composition that brings it within the range of composition exhibited by various specimens of chlorophaeite, and that, therefore, the term palagonite should be reserved for the impure rock, and the term chlorophaeite used for this hydrous glassy material. It was also recommended by me that the process by which in the case of the basaltic tuffs the primary glass becomes hydrated should be termed palagonitization and that the same term should be applied to the process by which the interstitial glass of basaltic lava flows is altered with production of chlorophaeite. The fact that olivine, if present, a portion of the augite, and occasionally some of the felspar, may also suffer similar alteration or be replaced, is not regarded by me as pointing to an essential difference in the two processes.
A New Record of Boudinage-structure from Scotland
Authors: Walls Robert
Published: May 2009

The peculiar tectonic structure called “boudinage” by Lohest (5, pp. 471–2), has recently been found in Unst, Shetland Islands, by Professor H. H. Read (8, pp. 134–8), who has also noted its occurrence in tie Durn Hill quartzites of Banffshire (9, p. 471).What would now be termed boudinage-structure was seen by Ramsay in North Wales, and was described in 1866 in these words (6, and. fig. 18): “In the great quarry west of the Ffestiniog and Trawsfynydd fault the cleavage dips from 45° to 50° north-west, the inclination of the beds being about 35° in the same direction, and a greenstone dyke runs through them between the cleavage-planes…, bulging and thinning off in a rapid succession of oval-shaped masses of 3 or 4 feet in length. Associated with it are quartz veins ccurring principally at the points between the separate bulgings of the greenstone.”
Reverse and Oscillatory Zoning in Plagioclase Felspars
Authors: Hills Edwin Sherbon
Published: May 2009

The importance of accurate knowledge concerning the causes of composition zoning in plagioclases lies in the possibility that such zoning may throw light on the magmatic history of the rock of which the zoned felspar is a component. The interpretation of plagioclase zoning has been the subject of much speculation among petrologists, Phemister having recently contributed (1934) a valuable discussion of earlier work, together with certain new suggestions as to the probable causes of the reverse and oscillatory types. My own attention was drawn to oscillatory zoning while studying the Upper Devonian igneous complex of Marysville, Victoria (Hills, 1932, pp. 152, 153), and I found the hypotheses suggested by Phemister and by Harloff (1927) to explain this enlightening. Nevertheless, it seems to me that the real significance of some of the processes postulated by both these workers has not been correctly indicated, and that the mechanism proposed by Phemister to account for oscillatory-normal zoning is not theoretically possible. Since it is important that the physico-chemical basis of such hypotheses be sound, a discussion of Phemister's and Harloff's theories, and certain other possible causes of reverse zoning is given below.
The Tertiary Dykes of the Craignish Area, Argyll
Authors: Allison Archibald
Published: May 2009

For our present purpose the Craignish Area is considered to include the peninsula of Craignish and its adjoining parts, as shown in the sketch-map, Text-fig. 1.
The Base of the Devonian, with special reference to the Welsh Borderland
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

The main thesis of this paper is to show that the Ludlow Bone-bed forms the true base of the Devonian System. This is urged on several grounds.

(a) Priority. It was the limit originally used by Murchison. Although subsequently altered by him, one finds if one attempts to use his later limit:—

(i) That the Old Red Sandstone was not re-defined accordingly.

(ii) That Dumont's Rhénan (Devonian) System, defined in 1845, has priority over Murchison's later definition (1848).

(iii) That the later limit adopted by Murchison does not form a true horizon and has been very differently interpreted by later writers.

(b) Palæontology.

(i) There is a marked faunal change at the Ludlow Bone-bed. The Bone-bed marks the first appearance of fossil fishes, and thus the Devonian marks the dawn of an age of vertebrates. There is only one old record of a pre-Devonian fish in the British Isles; one doubtful one in Gotland, and an anomalous one in the Ordovician of America. The Shropshire succession forms a standard of comparison for all areas of the Old Red Sandstone type of deposit.

(ii) The limit adopted after a detailed study by other writers of an uninterrupted marine series is on the same horizon. The succession at Liévin (Northern France) forms a standard for comparison of all areas of the Devonian (marine) type of deposit.

(c) Stratigraphical. In England the Ludlow Bone-bed marks also a change in physical conditions, more noticeable elsewhere as an unconformity. Physical breaks or unconformities on the same horizon occur in Scotland, Belgium, Brittany (slight), Norway, Sweden, and Spitsbergen.

(d) Practical Considerations. The Downtonian rocks, i.e. the strata from the Ludlow Bone-bed horizon upwards, form a stratigraphical and palæontological entity, incapable of broad or even of rough separation below the Dittonian. The Ludlow Bone-bed, on the other hand, forms an horizon which can be recognized and mapped all over North-Western Europe. In England there appears to be a slight faunal break between the Downtonian and Dittonian, but this is less marked elsewhere.
The Connemara Serpentine Rocks
Authors: Cronshaw H. B.
Published: May 2009

The serpentine rocks belonging to the metamorphic region of Connemara, West of Ireland, fall into two classes, the ophicalcites and the serpentinized basic igneous rocks.

The existence of exceptionally beautiful pale green and yellow serpentine and variegated ophicalcites is well known. At one time these deposits were quarried at several points, notably at the Lissoughter Quarry near Recess, the Derryclare Quarry on the eastern shores of Derryclare Lough, the Barnaoran Quarry near the head of the Owenglin River which flows into Clifden Bay, and at the Streamstown Quarry situated at the head of Streamstown Bay. There are, however, a number of other localities scattered through the region where small occurrences of ophicalcites and serpentinized igneous rocks are to be found.
Storm Waves and Shore-forms of South-Western Scotland
Authors: Ting S.
Published: May 2009

The effect of waves on a shore depends largely on the angle of approach, for the energy of the advancing waves tends to erode the headlands and drift the products of erosion into the bays. Wave refraction applies to waves approaching the shore in any direction, but is only ideally developed in ordinary weather conditions or by approaching waves caused by distant storms. Locally developed storm waves usually approach the shore at an oblique angle to its general trend, owing to the failure of wave refraction and are the most effective where locally they meet the shore at right angles. Beach drifting will be in operation along the section of the shore which happens to be at an angle oblique to the direction of the approaching waves.
The Zonal Position of the Elsworth Rock and its Alleged Equivalent at Upware
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

(1) The Elsworth Rock of Elsworth and St. Ives is a condensed deposit belonging to the plicatilis zone.

(2) There is no evidence that it contains any ammonites derived from earlier zones. Statements that it does are based on misidentifications.

(3) The Elsworth Rock at Elsworth overlies at least 8½ feet of ironshot clays with thin bands and nodules of limestone, the clays containing abundant ammonites of the cordatus zone and no others.

(4) The so-called Elsworth Rock at Upware is the equivalent of the ironshot cordatus zone developed below the Elsworth Rock at Elsworth.

(5) The true Elsworth Rock (plicatilis zone) is represented at Upware by the Coralline Oolite and Lower Coral Rag.

(6) For convenience in stratigraphical nomenclature it is desirable to group together the condensed ironshot cordatus and plicatilis beds of Elsworth as the Elsworth Series.

(7) The Elsworth Series, as defined in 6, corresponds with the Oolithe ferrugineuse and the greater part of the Oolithe de Trouville on the Normandy coast. At Trouville the plicatilis zone to some extent combines the developments at Elsworth and Upware.

(8) The ironshot cordatus zone was proved in the Upware well to rest directly upon normal clays of the mariae zone, and the same zone was proved in the vale below Elsworth in the Fen Stanton brewery boring.

I am greatly indebted to Mr. E. E. L. Dixon and Mr. A. G. Brighton for criticisms and suggestions, and especially to Mr. Brighton for the trouble he has taken in sending me all the fossils on loan and supplying the relevant information.
Quaternary Conditions in Malta
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

To compare a rising island (Barbados) with one supposed to be sinking (Malta) two visits were paid to Malta and Gozo in 1933 and 1936 of four and six weeks’ duration. One is soon convinced that a good deal is yet to be learnt about these islands, especially as regards the later deposits. The Pleistocene beds of the Maltese islands occur as a number of separated deposits and can be classified into:—
The Floor of the Arabian Sea
Authors: Wiseman John D. H. , Sewell R. B. Seymour
Published: May 2009

During the course of the John Murray Expedition some 22,000 miles of the floor of the Arabian Sea and the neighbouring areas of the Indian Ocean were mapped by means of the Echosounding apparatus. The region between India and Africa was crossed four times, namely:

(i) from Aden to Karachi,

(ii) from Bombay to Mombasa,

(iii) from Zanzibar to Colombo, and

(iv) from Colombo to Aden,

while more detailed surveys were carried out in the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Oman, and the region off Zanzibar.
The Interglacial Problem and the Glacial and Post glacial Sequence in Northumberland and Durham
Authors: Woolacott David
Published: May 2009

THE features of the Glacial deposits and associated phenomena just discussed are in general so clear that most observers would arrive at the same conclusion regarding them, but there are some other features about which, either due to their controversial nature or the conflicting character of the evidence, there is not yet such general agreement. These are (a) the evidence for interglacial Periods in the Drift of these counties, (b) the raised beaches of East Durham, (c) the origin of the leafy clays, (d) the explanation of the distribution of fragments of certain rocks —Flint, Chalk, Magnesian Limestone—in the Superficial Deposits.
Founders of Seismology.—I. John Michell
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

To the earthquake that ruined Lisbon on November 1, 1755, we may trace the great interest in the study of earthquakes which marks the middle of the eighteenth century, though valuable accounts of previous earthquakes had already appeared in the pages of the Philosophical Transactions. During the following year the Royal Society paid the same close attention to this earthquake that it did more than a century later to those of the eruption of Krakatoa. In 1757 an anonymous editor published The History and Philosophy of Earthquakes, in which he gave abstracts of ten memoirs by the “best writers on the subject”—Hooke, Woodward, Buffon, and Stukeley among them—followed by a summary of the observations on the Lisbon earthquake that had been communicated to the Royal Society. These are the principal sources on which Michell depended when he wrote his memoir on the cause and phenomena of earthquakes.
Founders of Seismology.—II. Robert Mallet
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

WHILE Michell's interest in geology lasted until at least 1788, he made no further known contribution to the study of earthquakes. He must have been aware of the disastrous Calabrian earthquakes of 1783, but he would no doubt regard them as timely illustrations of his theory. The eighty years which followed 1760 were, indeed, somewhat barren as regards the progress of seismology. Among the more important contributions during this period were Dolomieu's report on the Calabrian earthquakes of 1783, Darwin's memoir on the connexion of certain volcanic phenomena in South America (1838), and the well-known chapters in Lyell's Principles of Geology (1830).
Founders of Seismology, IV
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

In the GeologicalMagazine for 1921 (LVIII, pp. 98–107, 241–250, 385–396), three papers were published on founders of seismology, of English birth—John Michell, Robert Mallet, and John Milne. The series was afterwards continued so as to include similar workers in other countries, France, Italy, Central Europe, the United States, and Japan, and the accounts were included in a volume of The Founders of Seismology, published in 1927. Within the last two years, we have lost three men whose work entitles them to places among the founders—Bunjiro Koto, Mario Baratta, and Richard Dixon Oldham—and I propose in the present paper to give a brief account of the life and work of each.
The Uplift of Barbados
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

The coral capped or fringed islands of the tropics afford many problems for students of the later formations. In the West Indies each island differs from another in structure. Barbados stands alone among them in its seaward position, the general Iniformity of its covering of coral rock and the height, 1,100 feet o which the coral rock has been raised. The formation of this oral rock, which reaches 240 feet in thickness, its uplift, the denudation of it off the Scotland area, and the deep ravining and erosion of both it and the Bissex Hill beds, Oceanic chalks, and Scotland Seeds is entirely so far as one can ascertain a feature of Pleistocene time.
Outline of the Geological History of the N’Changa District, Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Jackson G. C. A.
Published: May 2009

The geological succession of the rocks of the N’Changa District is so typical of that of the Northern Rhodesia Copper Belt as a whole, and indeed of much of the Colony of Northern Rhodesia, that it is felt that a summary of the sequence of events which together make up the geological history of the district may serve as a contribution to the geological literature of the general Northern Rhodesian field. For a fuller account of the details of the petrography and mineragraphy of the rocks and ores of the N’Changa District reference should be made to Bancroft and Pelletier (1929), and Jackson (1932).
The Tectonics of the Purbeck and Ridgeway Faults in Dorset
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

The Ridgeway Fault may begin along the north margin of the Chaldon Anticline as mapped by Bristow (1855), but its existence there was doubted by Strahan. From the “bridge” at Holworth it certainly continues along the north margin of the Poxwell-Sutton Poyntz Anticline to Greenhill. Here it turns a double corner, the exact nature of which is problematical, and runs thence obliquely across and later along and parallel to the north limb of the Upwey Syncline to a point ½ mile west of Portisham, where it dies out in Kimeridge Clay. The total length from near Chaldon is 13 miles.
A Section of Rhaetic and Associated Strata at Chipping Sodbury, Glos.
Authors: Reynolds S. H.
Published: May 2009

In 1904 the late Dr. Arthur Vaughan, in collaboration with the writer, described1 the Rhaetic rocks exposed in constructing the South Wales direct branch of the Great Western Railway between Stoke Gifford and Chipping Sodbury. During the last few years, extension of the big quarry in Carboniferous Limestone at Chipping Sodbury has exposed a fine section of Rhaetic, the description of which and of the field relations of the associated rocks is the object of the present paper.
Petrological Studies in the Harlech Grit Series of Merionethshire. II: The Petrography and Petrology of some of the Grits
Authors: Woodland Austin William
Published: May 2009

The grits which occur intercalated among the Harlech Grit Series have very similar lithological characters throughout. In the field the individual grits are very persistent laterally and can be traced over large areas. During the course of work on the man-ganiferous members of this Series one such grit horizon, which has been termed the “Bluestone Grit”, and which occurs about 5–6 ft.
An Exploratory Boring in the Lower Carboniferous of the Skipton Anticline
Authors: Hudson R. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Recent work on the succession and structure of the Skipton Anticline1 has proved strata about 6,000 feet thick. These beds are of Dinantian age ranging from γ to P2 and are in great contrast to the strata of the Askrigg massif, 8 miles to the north, where the Dinantian is of S1 to P2 age and is only 800 feet thick.
Fossils from the Northern Range of Trinidad
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

The question of the age of the Northern Schist Range of Trinidad, or the Caribbean group of Messrs. Wall and Sawkins, is an important one in Antillean geology. Wall and Sawkins 3 state that “Calcareous rocks are represented by two varieties in this series, viz., crystalline limestones contained in the slates and alternating with them; and compact limestones, either quite unconnected with the schistose group, or only associated with its upper strata”. Further “The compact limestones form a portion of the LaventiUe Hills, and several islands of the gulf. Some beds to the east, situated at the base of the range, such as those of Laurel Hill, and inter-stratified in the slates, are supposed to belong to this variety; but the sections in general are not such as to indicate the precise relations of the compact limestones to the micaceous series”.
A Triassic Crinoid from Brazil
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

In “Faunas Triassicas do Brasil”, by F. R. Cowper Reed (Monogr. Serv. Geol. Brasil, ix, 1929), there occurs on pp. 84, 85, a note by me on an obscure crinoid. This should have been accompanied by an illustration, but the drawing supplied was not reproduced. It has recently been returned to me by Dr. Cowper Reed, who concurs in my suggestion that it should now be published since the occurrence is certainly interesting and is liable to be overlooked among the wealth of lamellibranchs described by him, and beautifully figured on his plates by E. T. Talbot.
The Mountsorrel Granodiorite and Associated Igneous Rocks
Authors: Taylor James H.
Published: May 2009

The igneous rocks of the Mountsorrel area, by reason of their accessibility and economic value, have attracted the attention of geologists since the middle of last century. The latest and most comprehensive account of the district is that of E. E. Lowe (1) and at the end of the paper a useful bibliography of earlier publications is given. Additional notes are to be found in the pamphlet published for the visit of the Geologists' Association to Charnwood Forest in 1928, including a structural study of the Mountsorrel “granite” by F. Jones (2).
Rift Valley Impressions
Authors: Shand S. J.
Published: May 2009

“Geologists should think to scale”; so Professor Daly has urged in one of his illuminating writings. Returning from a visit to the Rift Valley country, I realize that in the past I have failed to picture these remarkable valleys to scale. Perhaps I received a wrong impression in the beginning from the rather extravagant language used by some of the earlier writers: “a yawning abyss,” says one; “walls as steep and abrupt as those of a grave,” says another; “in many parts the walls are so precipitous that not even the most expert of cragsmen could scale them,” says a third. Then the well-known drawings of the arch and the sunken keystone, and the rival diagram of the great ramps with a depressed block between them—although I knew that these were only diagrams, not scale drawings, I fear they played their part in perpetuating the early, extravagant impression. So it came to pass that when I stood at last between the walls of the great depression, the glow of satisfaction brought on by the realization of a long-cherished wish was chilled by a rather childish disappointment. Mine was not the case of the man who was shown a giraffe and said “I don't believe it!;”; I believed in the giraffe, but it didn't come up to expectation!
The Pleistocene Chronology of Central Europe
Authors: Zeuner Friedrich E.
Published: May 2009

During the last twenty years the Pleistocene of Central Europe was investigated by a great number of geologists. As a result it is now possible to establish a detailed stratigraphy which proves to be generally applicable. When employed in conjunction with certain astronomical results it enables horizons, fossils, and implements of many localitiesto be dated in thousands of years.
A Suggested Interpretation of the Scottish Caledonide Structure
Authors: Suess Franz E.
Published: May 2009

I venture to present before the Section a new interpretation of the Scottish Caledonide structure. This essay is based partly on the impressions that I got on a short visit to the Northern Highlands and on a most instructive excursion to Ballachulish under Mr. E. B. Bailey's inspiring guidance; partly on my own experience of the tectonics of Central European crystalline regions; but of course, above all, on the work of many Scottish geologists.
The Dykes of the Ards Peninsula, Co. Down
Authors: Reynolds D. L.
Published: May 2009

The Ards peninsula, which forms the eastern part of Co. Down, is about 20 miles long and varies from 3 to 5 miles in breadth. On the west it is separated from the mainland by Strangford Lough, the east coast facing the Irish Sea.
Pleistocene Mammalia from Nyasaland and Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Hopwood A. Tindell
Published: May 2009

Among the recent additions to the collections of the Geological Department of the British Museum are two small consignments of fragmentary bones and teeth from the Directors of the Geological Surveys of Nyasaland and Tanganyika Territory. They are badly weathered, but, even though generic identification is alone possible, remains of fossil mammals from these areas reach Europe so seldom that the genera represented are worth placing on record.
The Geology of the Farsan Islands, Gizan and Kamaran Island, Red Sea
Authors: Brighton A. G.
Published: May 2009

The classification and nomenclature here adopted is that of Clark (1925), which should be consulted for the early literature; only those references which give recognizable figures are here quoted, although an attempt has been made to interpret the identifications given by Fourtau. The investigation has been facilitated by the collection of recent echinoids made by Dr. Macfadyen in the Farsan Islands; and my thanks are also due to Mr. C. C. A. Monro for permission to examine material in the British Museum (Natural History).
Orbicular Rocks in the Channel Islands
Authors: Mourant A. E.
Published: May 2009

THE publication by Mr. S. R. Nockolds (8) of a description of an orbicular diorite from Alderney prompts the writer to publish forthwith an account of a similar rock from that island, which he has examined.
Structural Features of the Alston Block
Authors: Dunham K. C.
Published: May 2009

The Northumbrian Fault-block, forming the central part of the Pennine Chain, is a region of gently tilted Carboniferous sediments, bounded on the north, west, and south by major faultlines. It is divided naturally into two structurally complementary areas, symmetrically disposed to the north and south of the syncline of Stainmore. The present paper is concerned exclusively with the northern area, named by F. M. Trotter and S. E. Hollingworth the “Alston Block” (1928) and by H. G. A. Hickling the “Cross Fell Block” (1930). The first-named authors, who have recently completed a revision of the Geological Survey sheet covering the north-west corner of the block, have discussed in detail the structure of that district and have described the broad outlines of the tectonic history of the block (1928, 1932).
Graptolite Assemblages and the Doctrine of Trends
Authors: Elles G. L.
Published: May 2009

Viewed in the light of the Doctrine of Trends some interesting facts seem to emerge from the consideration of the graptolites characteristic of some of the zones or successive assemblages of these fossils. These seem to illustrate so clearly one of the fundamental tenets of the doctrine—namely, the necessity for a large degree of independence in the different characters—that they may be worth placing on record.
Throopella typa, a new Devonian Scaphopod
Authors: Greger D. K.
Published: May 2009

Scaphopods are of rare occurrence in the Paleozoic of North America. Dentalium and Plagioglypta have been recorded from formations as old as Middle Devonian; however, their occurrence is always sporadic and it is only in the Upper Carboniferous rocks that they are met with in any number. The form here described is the first Devonian occurrence of the Class that has come to the writer’s notice throughout a period of thirty-five years’ active collecting in the Devonian of the Mississippi Valley.
The Petrology of the Hecla Hook Formation in Central Spitsbergen
Authors: Fairbairn P. E.
Published: May 2009

The rock specimens described in this paper were collected by N. W. Pirie on the Cambridge Spitsbergen Expedition of 1930,1 and by the writer on the second and larger expedition of 1932. They represent an area forming the “neck” of Central Spitsbergen between Klaas Billen Bay to the south and Wijde Bay to the north, together with an area to the east and north-east of the Mittag-Leffler Glacier, extending northwards to the upper portion of the Lomme Bay Glacier, thus including the Stubendorff Mountains to the east of Wijde Bay and the western flanks of the Chydenius Range. The 1930 expedition started from the mouth of Ebba Valley in Petunia Bay and reached Wijde Bay by way of the Ebba and Mittag-Leffler Glaciers; after reconnoitring part of the Stubendorff Glacier they returned over the Mittag-Leffler and Ragnar Glaciers, passing to the north-west of Mount Hult. Most of the ground was again covered by the 1932 expedition, but in addition a sledge party reached the highland ice of Garwood Land at the head of the Ebba Glacier, turned north along the eastern margin of the Mittag-Leffler Glacier system and passing to the west of the Newton-Chernishev massif succeeded in carrying out topographical and geological observations on the Lomme Bay Glacier, though these were much curtailed by bad weather. On the return journey the party made their way down the “Vallee de Martin Conway”, crossed the divide between the Mittag-Leffler and Ebba Glaciers, and reached Petunia Bay by the same route that they had followed on the way up.
On the Occurrence of Marine Miocene in Palestine
Authors: Blake G. S.
Published: May 2009

SOME years ago, hard limestones containing corals were discovered cropping out in the railway cutting at Km. 65 near Tulkarem. These contain various coral types, but it was found impossible to determine their age. Since that time, reef limestones with abundant calcareous algae (Lithothamnium) and Hydrocorallines of the Millepora group have been found in various localities and are the first Miocene rocks to be recorded from Palestine.
A Xenolithic Pegmatite in the Dalbeattie “Granite”
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

A pegmatite cutting granodiorite contains abundant xenoliths which are in various stages of assimilation. Assimilation involved the conversion by the process of “reciprocal reaction” of the minerals of the xenoliths into species which were in equilibrium under the prevailing magmatic conditions, and the subsequent “mechanical disintegration” of the xenoliths with the strewing of their minerals in the pegmatite. Solution of xenolithic material was not important, probably only affecting potash-felspar. The fact that the active magma was a pegmatite suggests that high temperatures were not available, and its assimilating power must be attributed to its large volatile content. The xenoliths were probably derived from the walls of the pegmatite vein both in the granodiorite and in the country-rocks.
The Age of the Igneous Series of Slieve Gallion, Northern Ireland
Authors: Hartley J. J.
Published: May 2009

In 1933 the present writer described and mapped an igneous complex in the counties of Tyrone and Derry in Northern Ireland, to which he gave the name of the Tyrone Igneous Series.
On the Heavy Mineral Assemblages of the Great Chalky Boulder-clay and Cannon-shot Gravels of East Anglia, and their Significance
Authors: Solomon J. D.
Published: May 2009

IN the course of a general survey of the Glacial deposits of East Anglia it has been found necessary to investigate the mineral content of a large number of samples of the well-known “Chalky Boulder-clay” over a considerable area of Norfolk and Suffolk.
A Note on the Gneiss of the Ufipa Plateau, Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

DURING a residence of nine months on the Ufipa Plateau, the writer had opportunity for examining the gneissose rocks and associated schists near the village of Namwele, locally well known as the centre of coal-bearing beds, with results summarized in the following note. The position—about 7° 50′ S. lat. and 31° 30′ E. long.—is S.E. of the central part of Lake Tanganyika, and not far from the western edge of the Rukwa Trough.
Some Problems of the Pleistocene Hydrography of Kharga Oasis, Egypt
Authors: Gardner Elinor W.
Published: May 2009

FOR the past two winters it has been the author’s good fortune to undertake the geological work for Miss Caton-Thompson’s investigations into the prehistory of Kharga Oasis. This necessarily involved a close consideration of the water supply in Pleistocene times, the results of which disclosed some interesting new facts and raised climatic questions of more than local interest.
Petrology and the Western Rift of Central Africa
Authors: Groves A. W.
Published: May 2009

IN the course of several journeys between Masindi and Butiaba, and one from Butiaba to Hoima (via Waki Camp), specimens of the various gneisses were collected from roadside exposures. Thin sections of these were subsequently studied by the writer in England with the result that they were found to yield evidence of tectonic significance. In addition, the writer has, during the last three years, examined petrographically a large number of other rocks from those parts of Uganda bordering the Lake Albert Depression. In particular he has made a special study of the Charnockite Series, which are widely spread over the northern half of the Protectorate, with the result that it has been possible to observe the effects of the rift valley movements on these rocks in the regions adjacent to Lake Albert. It is hoped to publish a petrological and geochemical study of the Charnockite Series of Uganda in the near future. In the following pages it is proposed in Part I to present petrological evidence from the basement rocks of various districts in the hinterland of the Lake Albert scarps and then in Part II to point out the tectonic significance of this evidence in the light of the various theories of rift valley formation. In Part III the relation between the petrological characters of the volcanic rocks and the rift valley tectonics will be briefly reviewed. In the case of the basement rocks the remarks will be confined to the Lake Albert Depression, but in the case of the volcanic rocks the discussion will extend also to Lakes George and Edward and the Birunga volcanic field.
The Petrography of Some Kainozoic Igneous Rocks, and of the Cape Parry Alkaline Complex, East Greenland
Authors: Tyrrell G. W.
Published: May 2009

IN this paper it is proposed to give a brief account of the petrography of the Kainozoic igneous rocks collected by Mr. J. M. Wordie during the Cambridge Expedition to East Greenland led by him in 1926. A small collection of alkaline igneous rocks, but of less certain age, was also made from Cape Parry, and is briefly dealt with in this paper. As Mr. Wordie has written a short note on the geology of the Tertiary igneous rocks in his geographical paper, and as Dr. H. G. Backlund intends shortly to publish a much more comprehensive account of Tertiary igneous activity and rocks in East Greenland than is possible on the basis of the materials collected by the Cambridge Expedition, this paper aims only at making a brief record of the petrographical characters of the collection, and especially at recording three new chemical analyses, two of the Kainozoic basalts, and one of a riebeckitetrachyte from the Cape Parry alkaline complex. For the most recent account of the general geology of East Greenland, and for a connected summary of the Kainozoic igneous rocks collected by other expeditions, the reader is referred to memoirs by L. Koch and H. G. Backlund.
Tertiary Orbitoids from North-Western Peru
Authors: Todd J. U. , Barker E. Wright
Published: May 2009

THE material to be described was collected by one of us while in the service of Lobitos Oilfields, Ltd., and was presented to the British Museum (Natural History). We owe our thanks to the Directors for allowing us to examine and report on the specimens, all of which were obtained from the neighbourhood of Lobitos.
The Geology of the Lower Shire–Zambezi Area
Authors: Dixey F.
Published: May 2009

The area lying between the Lower Zambezi and its northern tributary the Lower Shire forms a relatively small salient between the better-known parts of Portuguese East Africa lying to the north and to the south, and a study of its geology in relation to that of the larger territory has yielded interesting results. The area described includes the southern end of the Nyasaland Protectorate and that part of Portuguese East Africa lying between it and the Zambezi.
New Light on Sedimentation and Tectonics
Authors: Bailey E. B.
Published: May 2009

1. The Loch Awe Nappe succession was correctly stated in 1922.

2. The Iltay Nappe succession was correctly stated in 1922.

3. The Ballappel Foundation succession was wrongly stated in 1922.

4. The recumbent-fold structure of the Ballachulish district is due to rotation of middle limbs by drag from above or from below.

5. Graded bedding is as important as current bedding in marking a facies group among sandstones. It often indicates accumulation in rather deep water, to which sandy material has penetrated, perhaps as a result of seaquakes.
The Murchison (New Zealand) Earthquake, 17th June, 1929
Authors: Ferrar H. T.
Published: May 2009

At 10.17 a.m. on the 17th June a severe earthquake shook Wellington and dislodged the mirrors of the Milne-Shaw seismographs at the Dominion Observatory. As soon as the instruments were readjusted, the after-shocks indicated the epicentre was in the northern part of the South Island; and telegrams from all parts of the Dominion showed that Murchison village had suffered more damage than any other locality. Accordingly a number of Government Officers from several technical departments visited those areas where great damage was reported and on their return to Wellington a round-table conference was held on 26th June, in the room of the Hon. The Minister for Scientific and Industrial Research. In addition to investigations that would normally follow the earthquake, several other pieces of work were suggested at the conference or were subsequently undertaken.
The Manchioneal Beds of Jamaica
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

One of the first features that will probably strike a geological observer in Jamaica is the extent and thickness of the great covering series of White Limestones. This series, which as Sawkins wrote in 1865, cannot be less than 2,000 feet in thickness, impresses one with the evident magnitude of the duration of the Tertiary period; especially when one reflects that it represents only a portion of the Tertiary, probably inclusively from the Upper Eocene to the Lower Miocene. Equally formidable though less conspicuous thicknesses of early Tertiary beds which underlie the White Limestones, namely, the Yellow Limestones and the Richmond beds or Carbonaceous Shale, represent the middle and basal Eocene.
Contributions to the Geology of Cyprus
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The Tertiary beds cover the greater part of the island of Cyprus and their general distribution is shown in Bellamy's map published in 1905, while their characters and relations have been described with a certain amount of detail in Bellamy and Jukes-Browne's memoir on The Geology of Cyprus (1). Since then Philippson (37) has given a useful summary of our knowledge of the geology of the island with references to the literature up to the year 1918, and Cullis and Edge (38), though principally concerned with the igneous rocks, have more recently published a revised map with a summary of the Tertiary beds. But much work is still required before an adequate knowledge of them is obtained. The division into Eocene (Lapithos beds), Kythrean (Oligocene?), Idalian (Miocene) and Pliocene + Pleistocene Series as adopted in Bellamy's memoir, is convenient for a rough local classification of the beds. But the grouping of the Pliocene with the Pleistocene was obviously done owing to insufficient knowledge, and further subdivision of the series is undoubtedly necessary. Bellamy followed Gaudry (3) in regarding the Pliocene beds of the Carpas as representing an older stage than those of the central and southern districts. Russell (2) had previously recognized a lower series in the central valley which he called the Nicosia beds containing very abundant fossils, and an upper series which he termed the Kerynia Rock, comprising a yellow calcareous sandstone which furnishes most of the building stone in the island.
The Ontogeny of Certain Arietidan Oxycones
Authors: George T. Neville
Published: May 2009

The compressed angustumbilicate oxycones of the Deiran and Raasayan stages of the Lower Lias are generally assumed to be “homoeomorphous terminals of different lineages” of the Arietidae. But while the characters of the adult sutures of these forms link them with that family, there is comparatively little evidence as to the details of the ontogenetic developments of the various genera hitherto recognized. It is the purpose of this paper to repair this deficiency in some slight measure. The two forms selected, partially for convenience, are of considerably different ages: Victoriceras is a Raasayan form, while Oxynoticeras oxynotum occurs at a considerably lower horizon in the Deiran.
Notes on the Graptolite Faunas of the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian
Authors: Davies K. A.
Published: May 2009

Work by the author on the rocks of the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian in Central Wales has led to a comparison with deposits of similar horizons in other areas. Several points of interest have arisen out of the investigation and may be of value in delimiting the zones of the Upper Ordovician and also in indicating the best workable definition of the base for the Silurian.
The Caves of Bermuda
Authors: Swinnerton A. C.
Published: May 2009

In August, 1928, the writer made a study of the freshwater solution caverns of Bermuda, and their relation to the general geology of the islands has been productive of some observations and conclusions. Various kinds of obligations have been incurred in connection with this study; since it is intended that more complete publication will follow none of these obligations will be acknowledged here. The work was carried on by financial support. extended through the Division of Geology of Harvard University.
Metasomatism in the Whin Sill of the North of England. Part I: Metasomatism by Lead Vein Solutions
Authors: Wager L. R.
Published: May 2009

The products of the metasomatism of igneous rocks are found for the most part only in small quantities since diffusion through a solid rock of the solutions responsible for metasomatic changes is a slow process. In the Whin Sill there are two types of metasomatic alteration product which though insignificant in total amount are nevertheless widely distributed. The first type, which was formed along the walls of an early joint system by the action of juvenile solutions, is part of the history of the cooling down of the Whin Sill and will be described in a subsequent paper. The second type was produced by the action of lead vein solutions. Although unconnected with any stage in the cooling down of the Whin Sill, this type has an important bearing on the general mechanism of replacement and especially on the part played by diffusion, whose effects may be seen in both types as an extended transition between altered and unaltered dolerite.
On a Raised Beach on the North Coast of Scotland
Authors: Reid D. M.
Published: May 2009

Although raised beaches are common enough round the British coasts, the presence of such a beach on the north coast of Scotland merits description, were it only to put on record the occurrence of what is, I believe, the first undoubted example of its kind in this locality.
Carboniferous Fossils from Siam
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

IN 1899 the Cambridge Exploring Expedition to the Malay Provinces of Lower Siam collected a few fossils and many rock-specimens at a place named Kuan Lin Soh, in the Patalung district. A small broken image of Buddha from the temple of Bah Nah containing some similar fossils was considered to have been quarried from the same beds, and it was believed that these specimens represented strata of Cretaceous age.
Note on the Determination of the Limit between the Silurian and Devonian Systems
Authors: Stamp L. Dudley
Published: May 2009

IN a recently published paper on the “Highest Silurian Rocks of the Clun Forest District, Shropshire” the present writer gave an account of an area where the series of “passage-beds”, marking a gradual transition from Silurian to Old Red Sandstone conditions, is well seen. The succession there is practically identical with that established by Miss Elles and Miss Slater in the Ludlow District. From November, 1918, to October, 1919, whilst engaged in a study of Belgian Tertiary rocks, I have had an opportunity of visiting some of the more important sections of the Gedinnian in the Ardennes and also of examining the palæontological collections at Brussels, Lille, and elsewhere. This work has thrown very considerable light on the English succession, and it seems desirable to give here a resumé of the conclusions reached.
Carboniferous Fossils from Siam
Authors: Cowper Reed F. R.
Published: May 2009

One internal cast of the pedicle-valve of a species of Athyris seems indistinguishable from A. subtilita Hall which occurs in the Carboniferous of Belgium, and has recently been recorded from Eastern Yunnan. The general shape and narrow median sulcus, the concentric sublamellose growth-ridges, and small, parallel dental plates, are well seen in our specimen.