bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Regulation of Internal Experience
Authors: Andrews-Hanna Jessica R. , Christoff Kalina , O’Connor Mary-Frances
Published: March 2020

Psychotherapy holds great promise for bringing about therapeutic change, yet a major challenge lies in translating short-term change into change that endures over extended time scales. This chapter tackles the “how-tos” of therapeutic change through the lens of an emerging field of research on internally guided experience, encapsulating thoughts and feelings. The authors first synthesize basic science and clinical research on functional and dysfunctional internal thought, highlighting the importance of alterations in content, processes and corresponding patterns of functional activity and connectivity of the brain’s default network. Next, they introduce a neurocognitive model highlighting spontaneous processes, deliberate processes, and automatic affective processes that promote and inhibit the dynamics of thought. They apply this dynamic framework to understanding mechanisms of change associated with common psychotherapies and review preliminary effects of therapy on brain activity and connectivity within and between large-scale brain networks. Throughout the chapter, the authors note many points of convergence with the integrated memory model, which inspired the edited volume to which this chapter belongs.
A Computational Neuroscience Perspective on the Change Process in Psychotherapy
Authors: Smith Ryan , Lane Richard D. , Nadel Lynn , Moutoussis Michael
Published: March 2020

The application of computational neuroscience models to mental disorders has given rise to the emerging field of computational psychiatry. To date, however, there has been limited application of this approach to understanding the change process in psychotherapy. This chapter reviews leading approaches in computational neuroscience: predictive coding, active inference, and reinforcement learning. We then provide examples of how these complimentary approaches can be used to model a range of clinical phenomena and associated clinical interventions, including those associated with emotional awareness, specific phobia, maladaptive self-related beliefs, maladaptive repetitive behavior patterns, and the role of re-experiencing negative affect in the therapeutic process. The authors illustrate how this perspective can provide additional insights into the nature of the types of memories (cast as parameters in computational models) that maintain psychopathology, how they may be instantiated in the brain, and how new experiences in psychotherapy can alter/update these memories in a manner that can be quantitatively modeled. The authors conclude that the computational perspective represents a unique level of description that compliments that of the integrated memory model in a synergistic and informative manner.
Moral Talk Is Not Magic
Authors: Tosi Justin , Warmke Brandon
Published: March 2020

Moral talk is our primary means of bringing morality to bear on practical problems. It is an incredibly valuable tool for making the world a better place. Moral talk can be used well, but it can also be abused. Instead of using moral talk for morally worthy aims, many use it to humiliate, intimidate, and threaten people they dislike, impress their friends, feel better about themselves, and make people less suspicious of their own misconduct. This chapter introduces one common way of abusing moral talk: moral grandstanding, the use of moral talk for self-promotion.
Breaking the Two-Party Doom Loop
Authors: Drutman Lee
Published: March 2020

This book argues that the United States now has, for the first time in American history, a genuine two-party system, with two fully-sorted, truly national parties, divided over the character of the nation. And it is a disaster. It is a party system fundamentally at odds with our anti-majoritarian, compromise-oriented governing institutions. It threatens the very foundations of fairness and shared values on which democracy in the United States depends. The book tells the story of how American politics became so toxic and why the country is now trapped in a doom loop of escalating two-party warfare from which there is only one escape: increase the number of parties through electoral reform. As it shows, American politics was once stable because the two parties held within them multiple factions, which made it possible to assemble flexible majorities and kept the climate of political combat from overheating. But as conservative Southern Democrats and liberal Northeastern Republicans disappeared, partisan conflict flattened and pulled apart. Once the parties became fully nationalized—a long-germinating process that culminated in 2010—toxic partisanship took over completely. With the two parties divided over competing visions of national identity, Democrats and Republicans no longer see each other as opponents, but as enemies. And the more the conflict escalates, the shakier America’s democracy feels.
Introduction
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel
Published: March 2020

Analysts have pronounced the end of American leadership since at least the 1970s. In the 1980s, some confidently proclaimed that the United States was in decline and Japan was on the rise. But in 1989, Moscow allowed its satellite regimes in Eastern Europe to collapse; in 1991 the Soviet Union fell apart under the pressure of nationalist movements. The resulting American “unipolar moment” was marked by three critical factors: the lack of any great powers both willing and able to challenge US hegemony; the existence of a “patronage monopoly” centered around the United States and its liberal democratic allies; and the development of a transnational civil society composed of liberal nongovernment organizations, international institutions, and activist networks. However, great powers and regional players now challenge US power; Washington has lost its patronage monopoly; and illiberal transnational movements are on the offensive against a retreating liberal international civil society.
Exit from Below
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel
Published: March 2020

The rise of states interesting in altering international order, or with little interest in promoting domestic liberal institutions, broke the post–Cold War “patronage monopoly” enjoyed by the United States and its democratic allies. The emergence of new patrons—including not just Russia and China but also regional powers—allows recipients of international aid to push back against, and attempt to loosen, many of the kinds of conditions and principles demanded by democratic donors. In turn, the possibility of alternative patrons has assisted the rise of illiberal, populist leaders, including within the “core” of the American system. This chapter examines these dynamics regionally, including in Africa and Central America, and in specific countries such as Hungary, the Philippines, Venezuela, and Turkey.
Exit from Within
Authors: Cooley Alexander , Nexon Daniel
Published: March 2020

Right-wing illiberal movements have enjoyed a run of political success. This manifests in Trump’s capture of the Republican Party and subsequent election; the number of illiberal, right-wing parties that hold or share power in Europe; and the largely right-wing coalition that successfully pushed for the UK to trigger withdrawal from the European Union—and thus sent one of the most stalwart, stable great-power supporters of liberal order and the American system into political chaos. This chapter explores how right-wing populism has emerged as a significant counter-order movement, and how the Kremlin has sought to position itself as a broker among wings of the transnational right. These movements also benefit from highly polarized societies, and piggyback on media environments that cultivate polarization. Because counter-order movements within the core are a major way that hegemonic systems collapse or international orders change, these developments matter to the fate of the American system.
Archetypes of Comedy
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

Who are the people we laugh at or with in movie comedies? What kinds of individuals are the most frequent targets or perpetrators of cinematic mirth? Chapter 3 focuses on three of the world’s most popular figures of fun—the clown, the trickster, and the comic duo—revealing through the movies how these comic archetypes cross national boundaries by adopting local customs and traditions. Among the world’s most famous cinematic clowns are Britain’s Charlie Chaplin, America’s Lucille Ball, France’s Fernandel, Italy’s Roberto Benigni, and China’s Jackie Chan. The modern-day mischief of trickster figures like Denmark’s Lars von Trier and Hong Kong’s Stephen Chow can be traced back to the pranks of the Old Norse god Loki, to the wily animal heroes of Africa’s oral tradition, and to Japan’s spiritual folklore. The odd-couple comedy of Laurel and Hardy has its counterparts in Argentina’s Olmedo and Porcel and Taiwan’s Brother Wang and Brother Liu.
Technique and Style
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 5 delves into the practical side of comedy. It sifts through the many how-to books for comedy writers and performers as well as the advice of comedy practitioners for insights into the art and craft of making people laugh. Comedy is viewed here as a literary device, a social barometer, a clue to psychological understanding, a career, and a big business. The chapter begins by analyzing a scene from Waking Ned Divine to raise questions about cinematic jokes and concludes with a recent Belgium comedy, demonstrating how many of the academic descriptions and professional prescriptions can be applied to an actual film.
French Film Comedy
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

Why do the French love Jerry Lewis? The question implies a seeming contradiction between the Gallic reputation for high-toned, intellectual wit and the slapstick high jinx of Jacques Tati. This chapter examines the French taste for witty repartee (Ridicule, The Dinner Game), broad farce (René Clair, Jean Renoir), talky romances (Marcel Pagnol, Eric Rohmer), and social satire (Mr. Hulot’s Holiday, La cage aux folles). It also asks why one French hit (The Intouchables) can cross national borders successfully while another (The Visitors) does not, concluding with a comparative analysis of The Dinner Game (Le Dîner de cons) and its Hollywood remake, Dinner for Schmucks.
Italian Film Comedy
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

From Dante’s Divine Comedy to the more human forms of commedia all’italiana, the varieties of humor in Italian movies follow the fortunes and misfortunes of the Italian people. This chapter considers why so much Italian comedy, like Italian food, appeals to global audiences with its consistent focus on marriage, sexual politics, and the little guy trying to get by with a touch of larceny. It also explores Italy’s preoccupation with its unique regional stereotypes and the darker regions of the human comedy. Throughout their long history, and especially on the screen, Italians have always been ready to laugh at their own flaws and root for the trickster.
Film Comedy in South America
Authors: Costanzo William V.
Published: March 2020

From Brazil’s Hello, Hello, Carnival! to Argentina’s Wild Tales, films from south of the US border have both adapted and defied Hollywood conventions for performing memorable comedy. Along the way, they have explored the region’s varied landscape and inhabitants through comic road movies (The Voyage, Rolling Family), satirical experiments in social consciousness (How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman, Stadium Coup), scheme-and-swindler flicks (Nine Queens, A Cab for Three), ironic commentaries on aging (The Last Train, Whisky), and sexy spoofs (Captain Pantoja and the Special Services, Destiny Has No Favorites), adding their own brand to the global stock of movie comedy.
A New ‘Wild West’ of Projection
Authors: Pigott Michael , Wallace Richard
Published: March 2020

This chapter will examine some of the possibilities that digital projection technologies have opened up with regard to the spaces of cinema exhibition. The authors argue that the process of projecting moving images—whether from a film print, a digital file, or another medium—has been significantly altered in the digital age due to the portability and affordability of digital projectors, which have permitted the widespread exhibition of projected moving images beyond the cinema auditorium. By outlining a tentative topography of three trends in digital cinema exhibition—‘forest cinema’, Bring Your Own Beamer events, and VJing—they argue that the current moment of digital cinema exhibition has much in common with the earliest years of cinema exhibition in the period before institutionalization. In this respect the current moment of variety in digital cinema exhibition offers a return to cinema’s ‘Wild West’.
Film Projection and the Sacred Geography of Site-Specific Cinema in Contemporary Thailand
Authors: MacDonald Richard L.
Published: March 2020

This chapter is about outdoor projectionists in Thailand and draws on in-depth interviews with four individuals running outdoor projection businesses and fieldwork observations of their work and that of others at different locations around the country: in the northeastern provinces of Khon Kaen and Udonthani, the central province of Samut Prakhan, and the suburbs of Bangkok. The chapter examines a widespread form of projection practice that is not embedded within institutions of commercial entertainment, but which thrives within a ritual economy of transactions between humans and a complex cosmology of supernatural personages. The chapter contributes to an expanded historiography of film projection and presentation that would include a wider range of locations and a more complex understanding of the diversity of projection and display technologies and practice. In particular it takes up Brian Larkin’s invitation to ‘take the religious field seriously as a determinant of the evolution of what cinema does’.
Silence
Authors: Bohlman Andrea F.
Published: March 2020

This chapter offers a history of martial law (1981–84) in Poland to argue that music was a mode of civil resilience as well as a crucial means of conveying information and writing histories from below. The declaration of martial law brought about economic hardship and the curtailment of civil liberties, but also stimulated music making in three zones: public streets, church sanctuaries and private homes, and internment camps/prisons. This chapter revisits oral histories and diaries from the time to rehear the interplay between singing and military sounds during protests against the declaration. Experimental scores, concert programs, and observational songs played in domestic salons complicate the assumption that martial law effected a cultural hold—a metaphorical silence. The material culture of music in detention reveals that song—religious hymns, ballads, and legion songs—provided internees and prisoners the opportunity to reclaim authorship over their own histories.
The Political Consequences of Distrust
Authors: Walker Hannah L.
Published: March 2020

Over 50% of Blacks and Latinos and nearly 30% of Whites have proximal contact with the criminal justice system. This group of people experience the consequences of the carceral state vicariously via a loved one, but do not face such extraordinary resource and efficacy barriers to civic and political engagement as do their custodial counterparts. Diminished trust in government that results from negative proximal encounters with the carceral state can be leveraged into increased political action. This is true for all three racial subgroups, but race structures the narratives by which individuals make sense of their experiences with injustice. Chapter 2 defines personal and proximal contact, identifies the social consequences of contact, and develops a theory by which contact can politically mobilize.
Injustice in Black and White
Authors: Walker Hannah L.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 4 examines the divergent narratives leveraged by White and Black Americans to make sense of their carceral experiences. In-depth interviews suggest that Whites arrive at a sense of injustice through the lens of class, whereas Blacks centralize race, layered with classed undertones. Data from the Harvard-Kaiser Foundation African American Men’s Survey (AAMS 2006) supports this perspective. Yet, when they view their experiences through the lens of injustice, both groups translate their systemic analyses into political action. Findings from the NCPS suggest that the mobilizing effect is most pronounced among those with proximal contact and is particularly important for the participation of Black Americans, since among this group absent injustice proximal contact is negatively associated with participation.
“All Prisoners Are Political”
Authors: Walker Hannah L.
Published: March 2020

Chapter 6 draws out the implications of the finding that personal and proximal contact can catalyze political action. The theory of mobilization does not try to minimize the deeply negative consequences experienced by custodial citizens, their families, and their communities. Instead, as a concept, a sense of systemic injustice attempts to reconcile that duality and offer a theoretical framework that accurately speaks to the present political moment. When taken together, findings from several datasets and numerous interviews all point in a direction supportive of the argument that when individuals externalize their negative experiences with the system, they are mobilized. Chapter 6 situates the book in the literature overall—highlighting contributions to policy feedbacks, social movements, and research on racial and ethnic politics—and identifies areas for future research.
Full Blooded Entitlement
Authors: Smith Martin
Published: March 2020

Entitlement is defined as a sort of epistemic justification that one can possess by default—a sort of epistemic justification that does not need to be earned or acquired. Epistemologists who accept the existence of entitlement generally have a certain anti-sceptical role in mind for it—entitlement is intended to help us resist what would otherwise be compelling radical sceptical arguments. But this role leaves various details unspecified and, thus, leaves scope for a number of different potential conceptions of entitlement. At one extreme there are conceptions that portray entitlement as a weak, attenuated epistemic status and, at the other, we have conceptions that portray entitlement as something potent and strong. Certain intermediate conceptions are also possible. This chapter argues that the weak and moderate conceptions of entitlement do not survive careful scrutiny. The stronger conceptions—while they do, in a way, strain credulity—are the only conceptions ultimately viable.
Descriptive Names and Singular Thought
Authors: Reimer Marga
Published: March 2020

This chapter is concerned with an apparent disagreement between Gareth Evans (1982) and David Kaplan (1989) with regard to the capacities of names introduced into the language by describing their referents. The question at issue is whether such expressions are potential sources of novel singular thought. While Evans’ response is an emphatic “no,” Kaplan’s response is an equally emphatic “yes.” The chapter attempts to resolve (or rather dissolve) this apparent dispute by suggesting that the two philosophers have importantly different phenomena in mind when they talk of “thoughts”—including (and in particular) singular thoughts. Whereas Evans construes thoughts as mental states, Kaplan construes them as semantic contents. Before concluding, it argues for the superiority of the proposed resolution of the Evans/Kaplan debate over that of Francois Recanati (2012), who invokes his Mental File Framework in an attempt to reconcile the seemingly contrary views of Evans and Kaplan.
Singular Thoughts
Authors: Perry John
Published: March 2020

There seem to be good reasons for recognizing singular thought: thoughts that are about particular objects. It seems that singular propositions capture the truth-conditions of such thoughts; that is, propositions individuated by objects and not senses, intensions, descriptions, or even names. But then how do we handle cases where a person regards “Cicero was an orator” as true but regards “Tully was an orator” as false? She seems to believe and disbelieve the same singular proposition. The chapter argues that we need to “unburden” propositions. Beliefs are episodes that have truth-conditions that can be captured by a variety of propositions, and the propositions that “that” clauses refer to don’t capture everything relevant to understanding the belief. I provide some concepts and terminology for implementing these lower expectations for propositions.
The Transcendental Deduction Gets Underway
Authors: Laywine Alison
Published: March 2020

This chapter is in three parts. The first part considers the aim of Kant’s Transcendental Deduction, as presented in the second edition of the Critique. It claims programmatically that the aim of §15 to §20 is to disclose the necessary conditions of thinking, while that of the remaining sections—culminating in §26—is to show that these conditions make thinking possible insofar as they lay the foundation of a cosmology of experience. The second part of the chapter opens a two-chapter long study of Kant’s account of thinking and its conditions in the B-Deduction. It examines §15 and §16 of the B-Deduction and attempts to clarify Kant’s statement of the supreme principle of all human knowledge: the manifold of given representations must be brought under the synthetic unity of pure apperception. The third part of the chapter focuses on §17 and Kant’s conception of the relation between knowledge and its object. It compares and contrasts this conception with its counterpart in the Duisburg Nachlaß. It argues that §17 of the B-Deduction tries to correct the dubious idealism implied by the counterpart conception of the Duisburg Nachlaß.
Receivers and Deceivers
Authors: Muessig Carolyn
Published: March 2020

Chapter 5 considers the religious trajectories of female stigmatics in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Some holy women met with opposition but nonetheless succeeded in their religious lives, while others who claimed stigmatic status had their reputations destroyed. Theologians like Johannes Nider (d. 1438) doubted and criticized the idea of women as bearers of Christ’s wounds. Despite the hostile positions put forward by Nider and other-like minded theologians, renowned female stigmatics such as Magdalena Beutler (d. 1458) and Osanna of Mantua (d. 1505) navigated their religious careers effectively through precarious waters. However, stigmatics like Chiara Bugni (d. 1514) and Lucia Brocadelli (d. 1544) were not able to maintain their influential positions as bearers of Christ’s wounds.
Stigmata in an Age of Religious Change
Authors: Muessig Carolyn
Published: March 2020

Chapter 6 turns to the competing views of holiness and religion held by Reforming theologians including Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Theodore Beza, as well as Catholic thinkers like John Fisher, Laurentius Surius, and Louis of Granada. It assesses the shifting sands of the sixteenth century when well-established holy women like Magdalena de la Cruz (d. 1560) were imprisoned as sham stigmatics. It demonstrates that some Catholic and Protestants diverged and at times converged in commenting on Galatians 6:17, revealing a range of responses toward stigmatization, some less predictable than others. Far from disappearing from religious discourse, in the sixteenth century assessments of stigmatics and stigmatization took on renewed energy.
Clasped Hands and Clear Complexions
Authors: Hanna Erika
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 explores the portrait studio, which defined many Irish people’s experience of family photography for much of the twentieth century. Familial milestones were commemorated by photographs of people in their Sunday best posing stiltedly in front of painted backdrops depicting domestic anywhere-spaces. In particular, it examines two studio portraitists in Waterford in the mid-twentieth century, run by the Poole family and Annie Brophy. Poole catered to the wealthier rural elite, while Brophy’s clientele were predominantly the shop owners of Waterford and small farmers of the district. These photographers were united in how they recorded the rhythms of town and country in a way which remained markedly consistent, through these portraits creating an image of a respectability—that profoundly visual quality—in rural Ireland. The repeated patterned similarities between images, in particular, the recurrence of objects and clothes, shows how portraitists kept props, and how those within the frame participated in the restaging of their lives in front of the lens for display both within the home and to circulate amongst extended family. Moreover, close examination of the marks on the negative reveals how blemishes were removed, hair was thickened, and skin was smoothed, and shows how the photography was manipulated in order to create appropriate families for display and viewing. An exploration of the construction of the studio portrait provides a way to explore how social norms were understood, and how the families sitting for these photographs aspired to reach these standards.
Conclusion
Authors: Hanna Erika
Published: March 2020

Snapshot Stories concludes as the twentieth century ends, and paper photographs and analogue cameras are replaced by digital images and new technologies. However, the final chapter provides an examination of how some of the themes explored throughout the earlier chapters have adapted since the close of the century. Indeed, it is arguable that the themes addressed throughout this book have only become of greater relevance in the twenty-first century, as the visual has increasingly played a more pressing role in everyday life and political culture. Photograph albums have now been deposed by photographs on social media as a forum for displaying and curating identity. The photographers who stood with their cheap cameras on top of Derry tower blocks in 1969 today seem to be the ancestors of activists who record police violence on smartphones. However, just as the shift to the digital is producing an image saturated culture which seems to offer new modes of political participation and personal self-fashioning, it also poses fundamental questions for the historian. Online databases of images open up newly accessible source bases, but they also require new methods to work in them, while the certainties of cutting, pasting, and annotating of photograph albums and framed photographs have now disappeared in the new image-culture of the twenty-first century. The final pages of the book bring all these themes together by briefly examining photo culture in modern Ireland, scrutinizing how archival practices are changing, historical questions are being reshaped, and looking ahead to the challenges and potentials for the future of work on photography.
Staging Issues
Authors: Griffiths Emma M.
Published: March 2020

This chapter examines the arguments for the use of child actors on the fifth-century Athenian stage, and concludes that textual evidence indicates that children were indeed used in the original productions. The embodied identity of children is central to their role in drama, as the identities of ‘child actor’ and ‘child character’ are more closely aligned than the identities of adult actor/character. Once the presence of children onstage is established, the chapter proceeds to evaluate questions such as the use of masks and the use of dolls. The use of child speech and song is discussed in relation to socio-historical contexts, concluding that children have more of a prominent role than we would expect.
Potential
Authors: Griffiths Emma M.
Published: March 2020

This chapter proposes a new paradigm for understanding children, combining ancient and modern ideas about potential. Aristotle developed a complex idea of action and potential which can be aligned with his other comments about children. Extending this argument, we can see that modern theory linked to quantum mechanics suggests a mechanism by which the silent, passive child figures of tragedy have a paradoxically significant role in drama. Children are framed in temporal and socio-historical settings. Then the theatrical and philosophical issues are considered. The chapter concludes by examining imagery used in tragedy, and suggests that analogies from quantum physics may be useful to explain the peculiar strength of child roles. A parallel is drawn with ancient theatrical ghosts.
A Second-Order Observation of Organizational Deviance
Authors: Fried Andrea , Singhal Arvind
Published: March 2020

In this chapter, Andrea Fried and Arvind Singhal highlight which novel research questions break ground when taking a second-order perspective on organizational deviance. The concept of the ‘second-order observer’ for researchers leaves the assessment of organizational deviance explicitly to the empirical field, and brings organizations and their members as describers, as assessors, and as sanctioners of organizational deviance into the discussion. The chapter strengthens social agency in deviations from standards to counteract the view that deviants are a ‘passive non-entity’. Fried and Singhal describe how organizational deviance has three dimensions and can analytically be distinguished as a descriptive, a normative, and a sanctioning aspect. The chapter concludes with six assignments for developing a concept of organizational deviance.
Healing the State with Violence
Authors: Walters Brian
Published: March 2020

Chapter 2 examines imagery of medicine and disease in late-republican oratory and their use as a means of conceptualizing disorder and persuading and justifying a range of actions. After a brief overview of medical imagery in republican politics, including in earlier periods, the chapter turns to a consideration of Roman preconceptions about medical knowledge and practice. Republic images of disease are also distinguished from similar Greek imagery. Commonplace appeals to salus rei publicae, “the health or wellbeing of the state,” as justifications for violent interventions are also read through the lens of medical necessity. It is argued that imagery involving medicine was useful in part for its capacity to characterize disparate courses of action, no matter what they actually were, as salutary for the republic, while enabling the interests of one’s political enemies to be written off as causes of harmful disease. A close reading of the arguments of Cicero and his opponents in the Pro Sestio shows these tendencies in action.
Roman Water-Power
Authors: Wilson Andrew
Published: March 2020

This chapter summarizes the archaeological evidence currently known for Roman water-mills, tracing the development and spread of water-powered grain milling over time across the Roman Empire. Problems of quantification and evidence bias, both documentary and archaeological, are addressed. In particular, it is argued that large discoidal millstones, formerly thought to derive either from animal-powered or water-powered mills, must come from water-mills, and that the idea of Roman animal-driven mills with discoidal millstones is a myth. This dramatically increases the amount of evidence available for water-powered grain milling, although very unevenly spread across the empire, and heavily dependent on the intensity of research in particular regions—good for Britain, parts of France, and Switzerland; poor everywhere else. The chapter also summarizes the state of knowledge on other applications of water-power—for ore-crushing machines at hard-rock gold and silver mines (by the first century AD), trip-hammers, tanning and fulling mills, and marble sawing (by the third century AD). The picture is fast-changing and the body of evidence continues to grow with new archaeological discoveries. The chapter ends with some thoughts about the place of water-power in the overall economy of the Roman world, and on the transmission of water-powered technologies between the Roman and medieval periods.
Impensae, operae, and the pastio villatica
Authors: Stringer Mick
Published: March 2020

The chapter explores how our understanding of financial decision-making in the Roman world might be expanded by an exploration of the linguistic and accounting frameworks which landowners employed. By analysing some of the key terms used in the agricultural treatises of Cato, Varro and Columella, which were written at different points in the Roman era, it traces progressions in the use of the terms used to describe income, expenditure, labour, and profit, and suggests that these might demonstrate changes in how investments in the supplementary income streams offered by the pastio villatica were viewed as against the returns available from the core crops of grain oil and wine. The agronomists’ understanding of distinctions between investment and consumption is illustrated by examples of their use of sumptus and impensae, whilst a discussion of fructus quaestus and reditus illuminates shifts in how income and profit were conceptualized. Labour was a key factor of production and it is argued that, whether provided by hired hands or slaves, the use of the opera as a unit of measurement may mean that it was seen as a store of value to be allocated as part of the investment evaluation process. Finally, an analysis of the employment of utilis and expedit suggests that different value-systems might have been applied to core crops and supplementary products, possibly providing a cognitive impediment to the efficient allocation of investment resources.
A Story of Land and Water
Authors: Marzano Annalisa
Published: March 2020

The chapter examines the exploitation of the sea, coastal lagoons, and lakes, particularly in respect to large- and medium-scale fishing and fish processing. The first part focuses on the mechanisms by which landowners, social elites, and collective entities such as sanctuaries situated in favourable geographic locations tried to secure the exploitation of natural resources. Case studies of disputes involving a town (Histria) and a sanctuary (Artemision in Ephesus) illustrate the strategies used to protect the rights to the exploitation of nearby lagoons against claims by the publicani. The second half of the chapter turns to the question of capital availability, ownership, and organization in large- and medium-scale fishing operations. It argues that voluntary collectives (societates, collegia) offered an important solution to the problem of capital availability, since they allowed individuals to pool resources and, through patronage, to widen their social networks.
Invention, Tinkering, or Transfer?
Authors: Lewit Tamara
Published: March 2020

The production of wine and olive oil was a major activity within the Roman economy, and therefore innovations to the press mechanisms used are of great importance. Historical discussions have focused on the introduction of a screw, and have assumed that presses throughout the Roman Empire were transformed, with the aim of increasing efficiency, by this single ‘invention’ in the first century BC to first century AD. However, recent archaeological evidence reveals a wider range of innovations, not always involving the use of a screw, and over a much broader period, and shows that press types evolved within regional patterns, rather than uniformly. These innovations can only be understood by considering who initiated and spread them, how, and why. Factors such as the physical weight and durability of press parts, access to skills for ongoing maintenance and repairs, the absence of printed treatises and drawn diagrams, the military and communications networks of the empire, and the social context of ownership and local settlement structures all influenced innovation and its diffusion. A drive to increase production cannot fully explain the patterns of change, and some innovations served other purposes, improving safety or ease of use. Innovations seem to have been developed not by an educated ‘inventor’, but at least partly through day-to-day ‘tinkering’ by local artisans and farmers.
Second-Generation European Data Protection and Professional Journalism
Authors: Erdos David
Published: March 2020

Drawing on the results of an extensive questionnaire of European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs), this chapter explores these regulators’ substantive orientation and detailed approach to standard-setting in the area of professional journalism under the Data Protection Directive. As regards news production, a large majority of DPAs accepted that the special expressive purposes derogation was engaged. Notwithstanding a greater emphasis on an internal balancing of rights within default data protection norms, this also remained the plurality view also as regards news archives. Detailed standard-setting was explored through hypothetical scenarios relating to undercover investigative journalism and data subject access demands made of journalists. It was found that, notwithstanding conflicts in many cases with statutory transparency and sensitive data provisions, all DPAs accepted the essential legitimacy of undercover journalism and over one-third only required that such activity conform to a permissive public interest test that didn’t explicitly incorporate a necessity threshold. In contrast, a much stricter approach was taken to the articulation of standards relating to subject access, with over one-third arguing that, aside from protecting information relating to sources, journalists would be obliged to comply with the default rules here in full. This difference may be linked to the divergent treatment of these issues within self-regulatory media codes: whilst almost all set down general ‘ethical’ norms applicable to undercover journalism, almost none did so as regards subject access. Despite the general tendency to ‘read down’ statutory provisions relating to undercover journalism, the severity of a DPAs’ approach to each scenario remained strongly correlated with the stringency of local law applicable to journalism.
European Data Protection Regulation and ‘Non-Journalistic’ Traditional Publishers
Authors: Erdos David
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores both the statutory law applicable and the regulatory approach taken to the activity of professional artists and writers outside journalism under European data protection as it developed until the end of the Data Protection Directive (DPD) era. It is found that no pan-European data protection instrument prior to the DPD addressed this interface and such a lacuna was also reflected in the majority of first-generation data protection laws adopted at State-level. In contrast, the DPD provides special (but not absolute) derogations not just for ‘journalistic purposes’ but also for ‘literary and artistic expression’ and this was reflected in the second-generation laws of approximately two-thirds of European Economic Area (EEA) States. Despite falling within data protection’s scope, Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) have generally avoided addressing these actors’ positions. In the early period, the Swedish DPA proved a partial exception to this by publishing guidance on media created on CD-ROMs and even attempted to set license conditions for the use of a computer to produce a book manuscript. Under second-generation data protection, both the Italian and Maltese DPAs issued some specific guidance and the Italian and Slovenian engaged in concrete enforcement. These interventions pointed to a lack of consistency as regards applicable norms. Thus, whilst the Italian DPA crafted a deferential approach based on contextual rights balancing, the Maltese and Slovenian DPAs developed a much more peremptory and restrictive perspective at least as regards photographic images.
European Data Protection Regulation and Academic Publishers
Authors: Erdos David
Published: March 2020

This chapter explores the interface between European data protection and academic social science and humanities publishers until the end of the Data Protection Directive (DPD) era. It begins by summarizing the ‘knowledge facilitation’ provisions which target activities such as scientific research and have been set out in formal data protection instruments at both pan-European and State level over many decades. It is found that, in contrast to most freedom of expression derogations, these restrictive provisions only established very limited exemptions from default data protection norms. The chapter then looks at Data Protection Authorities (DPA) guidance and finds that, subject to a few exceptions, this has indicated that academic expression should comply with the ‘knowledge facilitation’ restrictions. However, much of this guidance has remained very generic or has focused on discrete issues such as the use of confidential datasets provided on safeguarded terms. The chapter reports results from a DPA questionnaire on the regulation of publicly interested covert social science research, finding that many regulators construed the law here very differently to undercover journalism; half even saw this activity as being ipso facto illegal. Turning to enforcement, the chapter details the fairly extensive efforts of many regulators in this area prior to the Data Protection Directive (DPD). Under the DPD, the DPA questionnaire responses suggested that approximately 40 per cent of regulators had taken action against social scientists. However, published examples of action remained limited and, furthermore, these efforts were largely and increasingly focused on specific issues related especially to confidential datasets.
‘A Reminder of God’—a Summons to Speak
Authors: Barnes, SJ Michael
Published: March 2020

According to Abraham Joshua Heschel, the prophet is inexorably drawn into the pathos of God—sensing something of God’s own desire to enter deeply into the inner consciousness of suffering human beings. In keeping faith with her own ‘dangerous memory’, Edith Stein witnesses to the prophetic effort to respond to the Word of God by forever seeking more imaginative ways of keeping alive the hope of a new creation. This raises the possibility that it is the figure of the prophet who provides Jews and Christians with a strand of interpretation with which to trace the continuities between ‘Old’ and ‘New’. As a creative force within the community of faith the prophet feels most deeply experiences of tragedy, loss, and crisis, responding with words of praise and lament, thanks and complaint, hope and repentance that are forever interacting with the wider world.
Encountering Eve's Afterlives
Authors: Morse Holly
Published: March 2020

Encountering Eve’s Afterlives: A New Reception Critical Approach to Genesis 2-4 aims to destabilise the persistently pessimistic framing of Eve as a highly negative symbol of femininity within Western culture by engaging with marginal, and even heretical, interpretations that focus on more positive aspects of her character. In doing so it questions the myth that orthodox, popular readings represent the ‘true’ meaning of the first woman’s story, and explores the possibility that previously ignored or muted rewritings of Eve are in fact equally ‘valid’ interpretations of the biblical text.By staging encounters between the biblical Eve and re-writings of her story, particularly those that help to challenge the interpretative status quo, this book re-frames the first woman using three key themes from her story: sin, knowledge, and life. Thus, it considers how and why the image of Eve as a dangerous temptress has gained considerably more cultural currency than the equally viable pictures of her as a subversive wise woman or as a mourning mother.The book offers a re-evaluation of the meanings and the myths of Eve, deconstructing the dominance of her cultural incarnation as a predominantly flawed female, and reconstructing a more nuanced presentation of the first woman’s role in the Bible and her afterlives.
Gallery Five Everywoman Eve
Authors: Morse Holly
Published: March 2020

In the final chapter the reader is provided with a space to reflect on their various encounters with Eve’s afterlives throughout the book. Here they have the opportunity to think anew about the image of the Bible’s first woman, and, as they depart from the book, to challenge the dominant traditional framing of Eve as femme fatale. Instead the book encourages the reader to consider a more complex figure of Eve the Everywoman: transgressor, knowledge bearer and bringer of life.
Boundaries
Authors: Scholz Luca
Published: March 2020

Although boundaries feature prominently on our maps of the Empire, this chapter argues that they did not pose a particular obstacle to most travellers until the mid-eighteenth century. One circumstance in which territorial borders became relevant were safe-conduct processions. Neighbouring rulers had to agree on the boundaries at which their escorts handed over travellers, creating an opportunity to confirm, challenge, and negotiate territorial boundaries. Using manuscript drawings and paintings from Mühldorf in Bavaria, this chapter discusses the importance of visual records and the material setting in these situations. However, concerning everyday forms of mobility, borders only played a subordinate role. Self-designed maps show that tolls were not usually levied at territorial boundaries, but at toll stations along important thoroughfares. Before the mid-eighteenth century, the geography of governed mobility is therefore more appropriately understood in terms of channels and corridors than through territories and boundaries, a quality the Empire shared with other polities outside Europe.
Emergent Chance
Authors: Wilson Alastair
Published: March 2020

This chapter offers a theory of objective chance in the Everettian context, often seen as the main challenge facing EQM. By supplementing diverging EQM with quantum modal realist bridge principles connecting the physics of quantum mechanics with the metaphysics of modality, we obtain a package deal: Indexicalism. Indexicalist objective chance is an essentially self-locating phenomenon: chances are chances of self-location within the multiverse. I provide three arguments for Indexicalism: it establishes the right qualitative connections between chance and possibility, it establishes the right quantitative connection between chance and prediction, and it establishes the right epistemological story about how quantum mechanics is confirmed by empirical evidence. The resulting theory of chance is naturalistic and reductive; fundamental reality is deterministic, but chance arises at the non-fundamental level of Everett-worldbound perspectives. The theory provides unique resources for motivating an Everettian version of Lewis’s Principal Principle, helping to clarify at last the persistently mysterious connection between chance and rational credence.
Laws of Nature
Authors: Wilson Alastair
Published: March 2020

One of the most attractive features of quantum modal realism is the unified and explanatory theory of laws of nature which it enables. Quantum modal realism incorporates a layered model of laws which share a common underlying structure; the model includes Fundamental laws of the multiverse, fundamental laws of Everett worlds, as well as a variety of types of non-fundamental laws of Everett worlds. This layered model of laws allows for a hitherto unexpected reconciliation of the Humean and anti-Humean conceptions of lawhood, and the model also enables powerful explanations both of why laws matter to us and of how we can come to know them. This chapter sets out the new quantum modal realist theory of laws, defends it from some objections, and draws out its most important consequences.