bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eshnunna law - The first Sami law before Hammurabi law- (The legal study)
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Al-Rubai'e Professor. Dr. Rasheed M. Mohammed
Published: May 2023

The Law of Eshnunna is regarded the first Sami laws in ancient IRAQ, For it had preceded the Hammurabi Law, and being one of its sources. The Eshnunna law had not been searched, in detail, in the Arabic language, particularly, Form its legal aspects, ther fore intended to search it through a descriptive approach including analysis and comparison. The following are the primary contents, characteristics and conclusions of the Eshnunna law: It lackes clearly a general theory, legal formulation, and subject unity as all ancient Laws. It was adopted writing as an evidence instrument, and not as element in contract. Also, had adopted the principles of consent and pacta sunt sevanda. It has mixed between criminal responsibility and civil responsibility as in amercement. It has included the discrimination between society classes. It has determinated the prices and wages that were not existed in other ancient laws. It has stated some contracts (Sale, lease, loan, deposit, …..) also, it has stated the following crimes with its punishments (negligence, larcency, trespass, treason, kidnapping, …).
Al-Esteshab
Authors:   University of Gadara – Jordan, Hatamlah Assistant Professor Dr. Habis M. Khalifa
Published: May 2023

I have studied in this research Al-Estishab; which os probable judgement with theremain of a thing in presence. Because it has been provef previously being denial or proof and because it is suspected being uchanged. I have also spoken about Al-Estishab syntactically and semantically. And its pillars, conditions, types and degree of its evidence. Moreover, scientists' doctrines their evidence and Al-Estishab in the modernized issues such as "Brain death". Islamic Shariah is valid in all places and times and it accommodates all developments that arise in human life. The researcher has concluded some results; the most important is the Estishab one of the Shri3ah evidence that aims for the realistic application for the Shari3ah totals and purposes on the partial new development events in light of the surrounding conditions. And Al-Estishab is used when there is no other evidence. The study recommended that more studies be undertaken to understand the reality of contemporary applications of Al-Estishab.
Philological Rules Regulated the Certain Provisions with Contemporary Applications
Authors:   College of Islamic Sciences-University of Diyala, Atshaan Aliwi Assistant Professor Dr. Mohammed , Abbas Ali Lecturer. Dr. Baker ,   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq
Published: May 2023

The research is divided into an introduction and three sections and a conclusion stated in the introduction the importance of the rules of jurisprudence and my plan in the search and the difficulties that I faced in writing Search In Section I knew the rules and wordy relevant evidence and the importance of the rules of jurisprudence, and the second section, speaking for al-Qaida mother in verdicts certainties ((certainty not disappears doubt with applications contemporary)) In the third topic: the rules of jurisprudence certainties sub and applications of contemporary. has used the principle of induction and rooting in the writing of research where Astqri books of fiqh rules and Ataatbaha to set and adjust the fork of them judgments certainties and its response to the assets that were unearthed them and to branches and drawn Scientists them with male contemporary applications as much as possible and gave the maximum my best and that the destination more important when writing Find. Valttabiqat are contemporary branches of doctrinal fall under the rules of jurisprudence and mentioning renewed jurisprudence increasingly suit and splendor in light of economic developments and informatics, technical and other taking place in the world, and these developments and incidents must have from the provisions of doctrinal devised scholars of every era of the sources of Islamic jurisprudence original and dependency . And this jurisprudence fall under the rules of jurisprudence, therefore they have to be renewed studies of jurisprudence in every age and this makes the Islamic jurisprudence richer and more accurate and more sophisticated with the development of jurisprudence evolving jurisprudence Judgements jurisprudential supply the rules of fiqh verdicts to keep the rules of jurisprudence manholes for scholars and students of forensic science and the basis for the culture of Muslims in every place and time . to abounded jurisprudence colorful became necessary to classify and count to make it easier for owners of jurisdiction reviewed and the science students take advantage of them and the muftis reliable.
Policy of Justice and Development Turkish Party (AKP) towards United States of America
Authors:   Researcher, Dawod Saloom Dr. Salmaan
Published: May 2023

After the victory of Justice and Development Turkish Party (AK) in the legislative elections taken place in 2002, the U.S. administration, headed by George W. Bush, the son, hastened, two months prior to the party assumption of the government headed by Recep Tayyip Erdogan, to contact the European leaders on the sidelines of the Brussels summit, urging them to give Turkey an appointment to start its accession to the European Union, while the Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan emphasized in return, in more than one occasion, that the United States is a natural partner for Turkey in its quest to achieve its strategic objectives and to have the support of Turkey on combating terrorism in its true sense. Besides, playing an important role in the development of energy resources of Caspian basin and its developed relationship with various countries of the Balkan Peninsula, has made itself a key to the establishment of cooperation in the region. And so, the U.S. President, Barack Obama, does when he called for the admission of the Turkey in EU's membership on the sidelines of the top twenty meetings of 2009 which reveals that Turkey has no longer been just a bridge between the East and the West, but also it has become a pivotal state due to the policy of the Justice and Development Party, that earned this strategic importance in American policy . In light of this policy pursued by the Justice and Development Party , the subject matter will be dealt with according to two axes , the first discusses the dimensions of Turkish - U.S. relationship, while the other focuses on the perception of variables and strengthening the common between them. In addition to the conclusion and the most important results.
Judicial Immunity for a Diplomatic Envoy
Authors:   College of Law - University of Al-Qadsya, Ali Wali Lecturer. Baydaa
Published: May 2023

It is an obvious matter that the Judicial immunity of diplomatic envoy is very important for providing a space of freedom to get to know serenely and being away from the intervention of the state to which he is delegated. International Custom is set to grant the envoy an immunity and is being confirmed by relevant international agreements. But, this advantage has been misused to escape from submission to justice. Some countries intended to hide this advantage from their citizens who commit crimes so they fail court appearance. However , the international community was aware of this, so it states Article 27 of the Statute of the International Criminal Court that not to counting on the official capacity to undergo the court's jurisdiction, and thus diplomatic status will no longer be a barrier from being subject to the jurisdiction of International Criminal Court if the diplomatic envoy committed the crimes set in the Statute of the international Criminal Court.
Concept of IT Crime (Cybercrime) and Computer Role for its being Committed
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Taleb Wehaeeb Assistant. Lecturer. Mushtaaq
Published: May 2023

The information crimes are considered of more prevalent topics on the international, regional and local levels currently. This crime has taken, as result of the negative using of technology and technics related, significant space of interesting in that side, because the magnitude of effects resulting from this modern phenomenon in all areas of life to some extent. In the time that these crimes found resonance with people who are interested in fighting them, we haven’t found that they have agreement or semi-agreement on specific term or definition or classification determined to refer to the non-social and illegal actives which could fall under the title of this crime. So, determining points mentioned above and issues related which can be arisen in the light of that term, such as determining the role played by a computer and technic systems and their relationship to the human factor, represents the fundamentals of the establishment of a legal strategy for combatting these crimes. In this study we have examined concept of the information crime which contains: defining of the information crime, determining characteristics of the information crime and clarifying types and features of cybercriminal. While the second part of this study has contained: determining accurate and clear classification of the information crime, displaying the relationship and the role of the information technologies and a computer in committing the crime. And a need of that technique to the human factor in fulfilling these illegal behaviors.
US arms industry and The global financial crisis
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Abbas Abd Assistant professor. Dr. Khawther
Published: May 2023

US policies, especially in military and economic aspects put many questions, first and foremost is the question of who is supporting whom? Is it the strong economy, which lay is behind the strengthening of the US military pillars of the state, or that the United States take advantage of the superior military capabilities in the perpetuation of global economic leadership, opening the way for it to obtain economic gains through the use of military force? The facts confirm that the United States as the largest arms exporting countries, are used not only to expand its political influence, but also to be a substitute for direct foreign military presence foreign military sales. Despite the high cost of American-made equipment, but the market share is expanding year after year, sales of weapons and even in the past few years when the arms market shrunk at the international level, the standing of the United States of America made international continues to rise. Military industries in the United States offers a unique model for relations of reciprocity between the executive and legislative institutions and the military, as the evolution of the arms industry, accompanied by developments in other fields, particularly at the level of the development of strategic plans and studies, as well as stimulating research and development, technical and various science fields, and in finding wide job opportunities and economic development. The financial crisis in the United States military has provided an opportunity for industries to save the economy and provide opportunities to address the crisis, not only by increasing military spending, but through the expansion of the US arms market and find new outlets for marketing and production development.
Precedence diplomatic niceties of international relations
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Thyab Khalil Assistant Lecturer. Ismail
Published: May 2023

Diplomacy is regarded as a significant tool for managing the international relations. Accordingly, the diplomatic activities must be characterized by stabile and respectable principles in order to make this tool more effective and successful. Precedency and diplomatic compliments are among the principles needed for an influential diplomacy. The aim of this research is to deal with the role of these principles in the diplomatic relations amongst the world’s states. The research assumes that the principles of precedency and diplomatic compliments are related to the national pride and dignity. That is why, following these principles could ensure a mutual respect among the states, and increase their cooperation. In contrast, the violation of these principles could lead to dislike and inactive relationships among them.
Ethnic conflicts in Africa and ways to manage
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Mohammed Khamis Assistant professor. Dr. Kholoud
Published: May 2023

If the ethnic pluralism management strategies representing the general framework from which the ruling regimes in dealing with the demands of the ethnic groups, and if the political institutions as buildings which are made through interaction with and respond to the demands of the group’s operations. Systems are ruling employ as tools of public policies to achieve many of the purposes or objectives and without the system's ability to utilize public resources and use them in maintaining stability, it will not be able to him to maintain continuity in the light of what posed the alternative elites of the demands and challenges of the practices of the system and the foundations upon which the matter. On the other hand we see that the effectiveness of the group's demands depends on the size of the ethnic group and the aspirations of its elite and the degree of cohesion and regional concentration observed territory of wealth and poverty, where we can say that there is a direct correlation between each of these elements and the effectiveness of the demands of the ethnic group.
Iraq's role in the change strategy in the Middle East
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Hafidh W. Assistant professor. Dr. Hussein
Published: May 2023

With the beginning of the Arab revolutions at the end of 2010 and the fall of many of the regimes in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and Yemen, it seemed clear that the entire Arab region on the verge of big changes. These changes reach the level of geopolitical turning points on the sense of split states to each other and the emergence of new political entities. The revolutions in some countries have been evolved to stage of political instability, such as Syria, which has turned into a stage of civil war and Libya as well as well as Yemen, who lives several years ago an internal split that could lead to fragmentation into several states. That critical stage in the life of the Arab political systems open the door to questions about the potential role that Iraq could play in light of these changes, which seem to be the external factor was an active by virtue of the Arab region is a strategic attraction point for international intersections area. The questions revolves around the potential and opportunities for Iraq in which he can play a regional role, or turned into an arena for regional and international conflicting roles in the region.
The Influence of Repentance on Punishments and Penalties
Authors:   College of Islamic Sciences -University of Diyala, Ahmed Idwan Assistant Professor Dr. AbdulAdhim
Published: May 2023

As a kind of His mercy and justice, Allah paves the way for the criminals and aggressors to come back to the right path through repentance. Thus, in addition to forgiveness in the Hereafter, repentance has a significant effect on changing, dilution and, in some cases, canceling the sentences issued against the sinful people in this world. However, because the wide spread of crimes and guilt in the contemporary Islamic societies, many people think that there is no more room for repentance. Due to the fact that this subject is of a high significance, the aim of this research is to clarify the influence of repentance on the punishments and penalties posed by the Islamic law against the sinful and criminals. The research is divided into two main parts: 1. the meaning of repentance, and 2. its effect on the Islamic penal law. Finally, it is concluded that: 1.The real repentance can uproot crimes so long the ultimate end of punishment is to correct the behavior of people, and that is because the repentance is stimulated by an internal motivation based on trust in Allah’s mercy. 2.Repentance could lead to modifying or canceling the sentences issued against criminals and guilty people.
International organization In Islamic political thought case study : Jamal AL-Den AL-Afghany
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Salih Ali Lecturer.Dr. Ra'ad
Published: May 2023

The international organization in Islamic political thought designated the goals aiming to put an end of armed conflicts and wars ,In order to establish a new world based on cooperation, solidarity and welfare for all human beings. By many rules set out in Wholly Quran and Al-Sunnah , in addition to other sources including Al-Ejtehad and consent to organize international relations based on union among Islamic nations against intervention and aggression . This is what the Islamic league called for by Jamal al-den Al-Afghany, in order to develop Arab Islamic countries, and cooperate to confronting European intervention to achieve freedom, independence and comprehensive development. The study Hypothesis : The Islamic political thought organizing the international relations base many rules : peace, security, equality which its practice draw the political thought of Al-Afghany.
The American Existence in the African Continent after the Cold War and the Futurist China Challenge
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, K. Ali Lecturer Dr. Seelim
Published: May 2023

The changes in the international system since the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union, is a matter made the decision-makers in the United States re-evaluate America’s national interests and priorities. In spite of the difference in opinions, there is one fact that the role of the United States should be reinforced all over the world. Hence, the United States has started new steps towards Africa like expanding its domination, influence and interests in this vital region as well as trying to involve the continent in the world economic system. It also seeks to change Africa’s ideologies towards liberalism. On the other hand, China starts to expand its domination all over the world, including the African continent, and that was the result of its economic development during last years. Therefore, China starts to look forward and transcends its national borders searching for raw materials needed for its developed industries and finding markets to sell its products. China’s economic, military, and cultural domination in Africa considered as a form of competition to the growing U.S. domination in the continent.
Iraqi African Relations: foreseeing future
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Kareem Majeed Lecturer Dr. Iyad Abdul
Published: May 2023

In light of events in the Iraqi political arena after 2003. Iraq's foreign relations has become one of the most prominent challenges facing the Iraqi political decision-maker. Among the most prominent of these relations is the (Iraqi-African relations) and that have been affected, and dramatically. Those changes were faced many cracks in different time stages at a time when Iraq began to restore diplomatic relations and the obstacles that hit those relationships. Has started to clear that Africa has not given enough attention by the Iraqi political decision-maker after 2003, because of the nature of the circumstances and events through which Iraq. As well as the priorities of the Iraqi political system at the present time is the order of the internal staff of the House and the Iraqi countries strengthen their relations and regional and international parties, which are of great influence on the future of Iraq, like the United States and Iran, the USA, Europe and others.
The legal framework for the parallel education under Iraqi law
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Alwan Kareem Assistant Lecturer. Muntaser
Published: May 2023

The term parallel education as a proposed method of study is used in the Iraqi Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research institutions against wages collected from students studying. However, there are some types of study in Iraqi universities and institutes, such as the evening study and private study students which are for wages collected from students. To determine the position of the Iraqi legislation from free in charge education and of paid education, the extent of its compulsory for educational institutions, and the suitableness of parallel education idea for both types of educations. The researcher addresses the topic through two sections each of them ensure two demands by means of which he, the researcher, shows the attitude of all Iraqi legislation including the constitutions and rules organized the subject matter of free education and non free as well as the overlap of both ideas with the concept of parallel education.
Recent trends in the Israeli strategy towards China Geographical analysis of political
Authors:   College of Education for Human Sciences-University of Diyala, Ameer A. Abd Professor. Dr. Abdul , Yassin Abdullah Lecturer. Ali ,   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq
Published: May 2023

The regional environment of states is considered as the most important factor affecting their survival and strength. That is why, most of the states, which do not enjoy a regional acceptance face the dilemma of choosing one of two strategies. The first one is to make a serious effort to integrate with the regional political system through diplomatic, economic, military, and other kinds of relationship aimed at consolidating their security and development. The second is to ignore the regional partners and rely on international great powers. That is what Israel have always done by allying with the United Kingdom, United States, France and other global powers. Based on this strategy, today’s Israel is attempting to deepen its relations with China, which is among the most powerful military and economic actors in Asia and the entire world. Through strong links with China, the Israelis are going to ensure the support of one of the great, if not the greatest, powers in the current century. This support is inevitable for the Jewish state to survive and face the threats posed by its Arab neighbors.
Rules of Re- appointment In Iraqi law - comparative study
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Mohammed Assistant Lecturer. Shahlaa Suleiman
Published: May 2023

Re appointed is including; allowing for official to assume with a job at administrative offices according to public sack and actually need in sight of that the administration has unlimited estimated authority in case of it does not use its authority in badly way according to the logical conditions. Furthermore, the causes of re appointed are connected with economic, social and political condition. The official could enjoy with his rights like any official who has appointed for the first time, as well as he could retain his pervious seniority before his appointed. Reappointed should have logical act from administration which came out though its single wish, doing all its procedures and including all its aspects, As a result of that the reappointed official would back to be as a public official can start his connection with administration again.
Individual Status in The Public International law
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Ghnaui Alwan Assistant Lecturer. Basim
Published: May 2023

Individual, nowadays, holds a considerable number of International Law provisions. Whereas this law admitted a set of rights for that individual, bound him to a set of obligations and imposed upon him an international liability in case of breaching such provisions. Since the international law addresses the individual directly by granting such rights and obligations, could we say that the individual became a subject of public international law? In spite of the jurisprudential Controversy this issue raised between pros and cons. Though, international action could not settle this issue. That the individual is having a set of rights, being obliged with a set of obligations and is bearing the international liability especially upon breaching rules of human rights making us recognize the legal international personality for that individual. However, when we compare this character with the personalities of public international law such as states and international organizations, we clearly view the extent of individual insufficiency against those personalities. Still, the growth that the international law witnessed and the extent of its overlapping with the national law lessened the borders between them. In future, international law may witness a distinguished position for the individual in the public international law and the present time could not be its proper time.
Pull the hand and its effects on the legal status of employees
Authors:   Directorate-General for Education in the province of Diyala - Iraq, Sharif Al-Mukhtar Assistant Lecturer. Talal Jamil
Published: May 2023

Resolution of pulling out the hand of an official is a precautionary procedure the administrations take for legal considerations, or for the needs of public interest or for the favor of an administrative investigation. If it is found that the official's remain in his \ her position affects the safety of investigation and its neutrality.Iraqi legislator has authorized the presidential authority, represented by competent minister or the director of the authority the official belongs to, to issue a resolution of a temporary job termination for the official. The director board has the power of forcible holding up if the official has been arrested by an authority (security authorities, army formations or competent judicial bodies). It shall be obliged to issue such resolution, without any estimation power, in case that there are justified conditions stated in the regulations of public service. The Board's resolution will be as a revealer for the official status but not as a source for it. While if the holding up is a voluntary, then the Board shall have an estimated power of issuing such resolution or not according to diligence of the administration or the investigation interest. Such resolution must be as a source of the official status but not a revealer. It is preferable to put standards identifying the notion of the public interest justified the powers of the Board in holding up the official for the serious consequences on the official's material and moral aspects. The resolution of holding up the official is an exceptional procedure has the consequence of hindering an official from conducting his job and his job term is being terminated for a temporary period. Half of his salary is being banned which is the most serious consequences of the resolution of holding up for its association with livelihood of the family. The other half of the salary shall be determined in accordance with the disciplinary amended Act of public sector No. 14 of 1991 in addition to its impact on promotion and upgrading.
Speculative nature of banking
Authors:   College of Law and Political Science - Al-Iraqia University - Iraq, Hammou Ibrahim Al-Hamdany Prof. Dr. Nusseibeh , AbdulJabbar Assistant Lecturer. Russell Abdul Sattar ,   College of Law and Political Science - Al-Iraqia University - Iraq
Published: May 2023

The banking speculative is one of the investment experience banking financial institutions form, along with formulas investment other financial because of its great importance to trade, it is a process of Islamic banking is based on the Lord of the money (Islamic Bank) to hand over money to the rackets (client) to trafficked to divide what being the resulting profit, that bears the lord money alone loss unless proven wrong speculator, and multiple images speculative banking multiple type of investment being done by the banking institution may be the bilateral or trilateral parties, committed based on the capital owner (depositor) the obligations of the kit is its commitment to deliver the capital of the bank and its commitment to the conditions laid down by the bank in return for receiving a percentage of the profits earned while committed speculator (investor) to carry out the work shop speculative banking and media bank conduct speculative banking and recordkeeping related to speculative banking versus the agreed ratio of profit as the Bank is committed to investigate the status of the investor material and moral support for his administration and his administrative and economic feasibility study of the investment process and to ensure that the money deposited with him at a loss and return the money to the applicant at the expiration of the speculative banking versus receiving a share of the profits earned.
Understanding of military doctrine Algerian bilateral: Setting the operational environment and religion in counter-terrorism operations
Authors:   University Ali Lounici / Blida (Algeria), Nacim Assistant Professor Dr.. Belhoul
Published: May 2023

The developments and crises experienced by the Algerian security Being in the last decade of the twentieth century has shown clearly the serious security challenges experienced by the security system Algerian similar to the rest of the security systems of the Third World countries during the period of transition from the Cold War to the post-war, and so where construction and ways to draw closer ones. The midwife to discuss and debate the point is that the only challenge facing the Algerian security system along the lines of the global system is the threats posed by modern terrorism. Will not carefully examine the impact of the capacity of the ground force and Investigation on the effectiveness of the rules and control center of the Algerian military guidance and strategy. This will not reflect any judgment on this point and the core of the central concept of the real, which cannot be denied. On the contrary, the discussion of this point would be useless in the case of our desire for access to the basic principles of the concept of these rules to guide the central Algerian military in counter-terrorism operations.
Employees’ Compulsory Attendance in the Official Working Hours And the Consequences of Non-Observance
Authors:   Koya University, Rashid Ali Assistant Professor Dr. Khalid
Published: May 2023

Public institutions utilize public employees to accomplish their activities represented by the provision of public service in order to meet the needs of public interests. The public employee’s non-commitment in carrying out their duties will be negatively reflected on the general performance of that public institution and may lead to material damage that will affect the individuals, the users of these facilities. That is why public service legislation is so keen to define the public officials’ duties to ensure functionality and continuation of public service provision. The employee’s breach of or negligence of attendance at the official working hours, both non-presence entirely, or partly by early leave of work, before the end of the official working hours, will cause confusion in the performance of the institution, and will make the application of absence case possible, if he has no legitimate excuse justified.The Federal Public administrations and their counterparts in Kurdistan Region keep tackling illegal absence through the issuance of administrative legislations and decisions affecting employees' salaries, without any investigative committee to investigate or even question that case. These administrative decisions issued in this regard are decisions meant to punish the employee from a disciplinary perspective, which are illegal decisions because they violate the procedures and affect public employees and the public sector Act No. 14 of 1991, amended, and then pose a risk to legal centers for public officials, and a departure from the principle of legality .
Russian-Arab relations (1991 2013) and its future prospects
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Khamis Assistant professor. Dr. Kholoud Mohammed
Published: May 2023

I have set up the issue of Russian-Arab relations of the most important core with Darcy issues and analysts Arab relations and the regional and international levels, especially since research in such topics may need to many evidences to prove the march of those relations and the formula or method and even the tools used by the Russian sides The Arab order to demonstrate its good performance in those relationships, Vmarova Russia current (the former Soviet Union through phases difficult after the collapse that has plagued the great empire, the collapse of which included economic and military structures of the country, which led thereby to seek to forge a new foreign policy for dealing with regional and international Oceans.
Legal system Of a stock Company purchasing its own Shares - A comparative study
Authors:   College of Law - Mustansiriya University, Hussain Ibrahim Lecturer Dr. Murtada
Published: May 2023

This study included an important issue not addressed in the current Iraqi legislator in the Companies Act and the former, which represents the subject matter (the legal system for the purchase of the company's contribution of its shares) comparative study. The who we are through the task of Notes believe it poses a lack of legislation in force the Companies Act No. 21 of 1997 and put the necessary proposals that we believe the introduction of the urgent need to address the legislative deficiencies which have been touched upon through three sections was the first of which looks at the concept of the process of buying the company's contribution of its shares and its causes . While the second section has been dedicated to the study of the process of buying the company's shares between the ban and permitted. We looked at the scope of the principle of the ban, and Pena exceptions to the principle of the ban. The inductor third and last we studied the most important effects of the process of buying the company for their shares in the event of a reduction in the company's capital and the failure of the company to reduce its capital. The conclusion of this study we finished our show in the results and proposals. Walt pointed it began.
United States attempts to deal with humanitarian right to intervention for disseminations
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Hamza Othman Assistant Professor Dr. Adel
Published: May 2023

Human rights and combating terrorism they became device, however, some major countries actors in the international system, use it when find that it serves its interests and its strategic objectives. This duplication also pulled on some international organizations and non-governmental organizations dealing with human rights have been politicized and biased to certain countries and the interests of the humanitarian principles of the service account , And with the end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty first century was recorded serious declines in the field of human rights widely the name of combating terrorism, the occupation of Iraq and Afghanistan, and to achieve the strategic objectives of the United States dominance of the payment status of many international conventions on combating terrorism and protecting human rights the United States interests are served. The United States behavior put the development of the international law future in front of a big risk and caused its rules and procedures and structures serious damage needs to be repaired decades, So that the protection of human rights and combating terrorism they became a device of intervention and control in the path of international relations and that many international organizations have become politicized and influenced by American intervention, and this dilemma is worth looking at ., So the study reviews the development of the concept of human rights and combating terrorism and the role of international organizations in the protection of human rights and its effect on international pressures and who made some of them as a tool to serve the interests and political objectives.
Liability for the Maritime collision in both Jordanian and Saudi Legislations (Comparative Jurisprudence Study)
Authors:   Former judge of Appealing Court Amman - Jordan, Al-Lsasamh Dr. Hassan Harb
Published: May 2023

Maritime is one of the marine accidents subjected to a definition, a reality and a classification representing pillars of Maritime collision and marine accidents. In general, Maritime collision means : a direct friction or a contact between any two floating objects at sea one of them is a ship. These accidents are due to human mistakes committed by the crew or to other causes not by the crew or to technical or regulatory mistakes. Accordingly, the accidents happen among ships because of force majeure, of suspected error, of one of ships and of a mutual mistake. The international rules should be applied to prevent such collision. If the collision happens, the liability is determined on the basis of counterpart liability and single liability as appropriate . In the Islamic Jurisprudence the liability for willful collision ,on purpose, is determined according to the type of collision so if one of the two ships are parked, the liability is for the moving one, but if both ships are moving the liability will be according to Moslem scholars, whether the willful collision was because of one or both of them. In willful collision, the liability shall be for the damage caused by such collision. The provisions of willful collision have been addressed by Islamic Jurisprudence, Jordanian Marine Trade Act and by system of Saudi Trade Court.
Political change in Egypt: A Study in U.S.A's position
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Maolood Sabea'a Assistant Professor Dr. Sudad
Published: May 2023

Egypt acquired a distinctive outcome from the so-called "Arab Spring", where many has been led to discuss and study the nature of this change and its phases. In addition to the internal and external pressures that the great powers exposed on the political scene of Egypt. Not forgetting the real reason for this Change, some studies indicate that it was by an external motive which was planned for. The aim of that plan is there-for motion of the Middle East according to the American vision. Due to the nature of the distinctive relationship binding the United States with Egypt, it was necessary for the U.S.A position to be present in the transformations witnessed by Egypt since 25 / January up till now. The U.S.A position was being divided from within at the first transition phase and the second one, or what has become known as the two revolutions as well. This division explains the confusion in the administration of the United States for the Egyptian crisis. However, the election of President Abdel Fattah al- Sisi in the mid of 2014, and the support of Saudi Arabia for this change made the American administration accept those changes, especially after the relative stability that the current government has been able to achieve.
The Geographical location of Turkey and its Importance in the Middle East: Geopolitical Study
Authors:   College of Education and Human Sciences -University of Diyala, Abd Al-Hayali Professor. Dr. Abdul Ameer A. , Inam Alkakaia Assistant Lecturer. Waheed ,   College of Education and Human Sciences -University of Diyala
Published: May 2023

Throughout history, there were few nations have succeeded in taking advantage of its geographical position, "such as Turkey". On its territory, a number of human civilizations was succeeded. Istanbul was as a center for three of the most powerful empires in the world (Romania, Byzantine, and Ottoman). Turkey occupies a unique status in the Middle East, because it is an important part that cannot be separated from this area geographically, historically and culturally. Turkey has geo-political and geo-economic given facts that political decision makers could exploit and thus transform Turkey into a strong regional contributor and a geopolitical balance factor in the Middle East.Turkey also occupies a central position in transferring energy resources from the Middle East into European markets boosting its strategic rank in the area. Turkey is a political, economical, and social model in the Middle East by means of the "soft power" that have been able to express through economic interactions and the practice of mediation roles in the geographical neighborhood .
The legal status for the corporations' founders at both stages, before and after, of incorporation - Comparative study
Authors:   University of Diyala - College of Law and Political Science - Iraq, Mohammed Ismail Assistant Lecturer. Fadia
Published: May 2023

The legal status for the dealings of the corporations' founders at both stages, before and after, of incorporation. This status represents the bases adopted by those founders, in making their dealings before incorporation. Depending on their personal names or, by conditional stipulation, for others' interest. Or on the basis of a pledge on behalf of another i.e. by proxy or that those dealings be based on the suspense condition which is the establishment of the company or revoked condition which is not establishing this company. Law shall be the company's commitment for founders' dealings , in both stages. Others shall not object to contracting with the company, during the early stages of incorporation, claiming invalidity of the company for any reason, especially if the other, third party, was acting in good faith. At the second stage, after incorporation, represented by the issuance of the company's incorporation certificate This certificate gives the company a legal personality and makes it eligible for exercising its business, acquiring rights and assuming obligations.
Concept of Job Placement (Submission) for Public employees
Authors:   Koya University, Rashid Ali Assistant Professor Dr. Khalid
Published: May 2023

Government employees undergo, or are subject to, different positions in the course of their jobs. This comes as a result of working in a public utility governed by the legislations, rules, and principles. The most important of which is guarantee the regularity of service and the employee’s quick response to various kind of development. As the employee occupies a legal status rather than a contractual status. Internal placement (Submission) is one of other job statues such as reassignment, delegation, deputation and promotion, etc. The meaning of a placement (Submission) is that the employee performs the same work and function in a similar level and degree but at another public administration for a specified period of time while remaining nominated to the cadre of his original institution. The research aims to disambiguate the confusion, interference and overlapping in this career status and the similar ones. Because of the practical problems arisen due to the failure of Iraqi legislator to regulate bases and legislations for this kind of issue as well as practice its provision in the Civil Service Act, and the application of similar rules of functional status upon the employee and vice versa. On the basis of this research, we have come to the conclusion that the Iraqi legislator did not use this term properly. Accordingly, the Iraqi legislator needs to regulate the rules of this career status and its provisions due to the large number of employees undergoing such condition. As well as its prevalence which cause a confusion in public administrations. The enactment of provisions in the civil service legislation may disambiguate its status and empower the submitted employee to get its rights and to do its duties and hold them the responsibility when there is a duty breach. We also call for the Iraqi legislator to change the term "internal placement" into "internal delegation" as the linguistic term of placement is not consistent with its terminological concept.
Analysis of the negative and positive elements in the strategic reality of Iraq
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Hafedh Wahaib Assistant Professor Dr. Hussain
Published: May 2023

The geographical and human vulnerability factors are fundamental weakness point in Iraq. They constitute effective pressure elements on makers of foreign policy. As this point of weakness could be used effectively by geographical neighboring countries such as Turkey and Iran, which would give a high probability of escalation of external interference levels whenever social or political crises are happened. The first weakness factors that characterize the strategic reality of Iraq lies in its geographical location, which can be diagnosed through the quality of the long borders and the lack of strategic depth as well as lacking of marine views represented the knot in the Iraqi foreign policy. Iraq's dependence on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flowing outside its territory. Moreover, their tributaries will make Iraq vulnerable to bargains on the use of waters of these rivers, which affected the agricultural reality as an economic power. This means that the geographic weakness would have an influence upon the decline in the economic power. Since the power of the state is measured through a comprehensive analysis of its all elements, the manpower is also considering the study of geographical strengths. Especially, t many of the elements of economic strength depends on the human quantum and kind for Iraq. We find that the ethnic, sectarian and religious diversity of a society is often a weak element affecting the power of the state, especially that this diversity was as a bridge neighboring countries crossed by to intervene in the affairs of Iraqi politics.
French Policy toward the Syrian crisis and its reflections upon France interests in the Middle East
Authors:   Center for Strategic and International Studies- Baghdad University, Kamel Ahmed Assistant Professor. Amer
Published: May 2023

Since the beginning of the protests in Syria the French government criticizes bitterly the policy of president Bashar al-Assad. Though relation between both countries was very good before the Syrian crisis. As France plays a very important role by encouraging the government to establish the Syrian Opposition National Council led by Borhan Galeon and it is the first western country to acknowledge it as a representative for the Syrian opposition. In the midst of the criticisms from the French government to the Syrian government, the French minister of foreign affairs, Alain Juppe, announced after two months of the beginning of the protests that the Syrian government lost its legitimacy. However, French government was disappointed by the opposition split as it could not unify its courses in spite of the conferences held . In spite of all fiery statements of French officials against the Syrian government, these statements were backed off with the oncoming of presidential elections on may of 2012. Fearing of being immersed in the crisis which may affect negatively the popularity of Sarkozy . When François Hollande became the president of France , France kept on supporting Syrian opposition. But, French attitude became more severe against Syrian government by accusing it using chemical weapon in Ghota region on 21/august/ 2013. Hollande called for the necessity of using the military forces to topple the Regime. France will be one of the participant countries. Still, there was a retreating attitude for France due to the America-Russian agreement on destroying the chemical weapons. The future of the French interests whether in Syria or in the Middle East will be at risk if the violence continues, especially in Lebanon and Syria as they are France gate into the region .