Assessment of pediatric surgical needs, health seeking behaviors and health systems in the rural district of Tando Mohammad Khan Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Qazi Saqib Hamid , Meerza Syed Saqlain Ali , Groen Reinou S. , Dogar Sohail Asghar , Mirani Mushtaq , Jamali Muhammad Khan , Khan Zahid Ali , Padhani Zahra Ali , Bux Rasool , Chahudary Imran Ahmed , Rizvi Arjumand , Islam Saleem , Khan Sadaf , Ur Rashid Rizwan Haroon , Abbas Syed Akbar , Memon Abdul Sami , Tabassum Sadia , Dilawar Bukhtawar , Das Jai K 
Published: June 2022

Background

Surgical conditions are responsible for up to 15% of total DALY lost globally. Worldwide estimates have found that approximately 4.8 billion people have no access to surgical care. Within South Asia, greater than 95% of the population does not have access to care for conditions that require surgical management. Considering that greater than 50% of the population in the least developed regions worldwide is children, the surgical burden amongst children in LMICs is immense. In this study we use the SOSAS and PediPIPES in TMK district to assess the surgical needs of children under-5, quality of health facilities, and care seeking behavior in the community.

Material and Methods

The research was reviewed and approved by the Aga Khan University (AKU) Ethical Review Committee (ERC) and the National Bioethics Committee (NBC). Confidentiality of all collected data was assigned high priority at each stage of data handling. Data was collected through the SOSAS and PediPIPES survey tools between November 2019 and February 2020 from a total of 3,643 households in the TMK, Sindh, Pakistan. The SOSAS survey was conducted by research associates trained for data collection. Household mothers provided information about their children and data was recorded electronically. Health facilities were assessed using PediPIPES survey form. Information was collected on hard copies from all 39 health care facilities in the district, including RHCs, BHUs, DCDs, and DHQ. Data was collected by core team and entered onto an excel sheet.

Results

A total of 3,643 households participated and information of 6,371 children was collected. A total of 1,794 children were identified to have 3,072 lesions that required surgical attention. We categorized the lesions requiring surgical care according to six regions of the body. Head and neck accounted for the greatest number of lesions (n = 1,697) and the most significant unmet surgical need (16.6%). The chest region had 102 lesions and the least unmet surgical need of 5.9%. The back accounted for 87 lesions with an unmet surgical need of 6.9%. The abdomen had 493 lesions and an unmet surgical need of 13.4%. A total of 169 lesions were found on buttocks/groin/genitalia region with an unmet surgical need of 14.8%, while extremities presented with 296 lesions amounting to 11.8% unmet surgical need.

A total of 39 health facilities, consisting of one DHQ, three RHCs, 14 BHUs and 21 DCDs, were surveyed. Trained staff were only present at the DHQ. Basic procedures such as suturing, wound debridement, I&D were performed more commonly than the more complex procedures. Most hospitals were found to have a good availability of equipment and supplies. PediPIPES scores and indices were calculated for the 39 health facilities in the area. The DHQ was found to have the highest score.

Conclusions

This study holds great significance for evaluation of pediatric surgical burden in Pakistan. It provides important insight into the burden of children’s operative disease in Pakistan’s rural district of TMK. The results show a significant need for provision of surgical care and has important implications for the global operative community as well as for strengthening the local health system in Pakistan. This data is useful preliminary evidence that emphasizes the need to further evaluate interventions for strengthening surgical systems in rural Pakistan.