bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel laparoscopic assisted mediastinal dissection with gastric tube inversion technique for gastric tube cancer reconstructed through a retrosternal route
Authors: Abe Tetsuya , Numata Yoshihisa , Higaki Eiji , Hosoi Takahiro , Shimizu Yasuhiro
Published: May 2021

A median sternotomy is often performed in patients with gastric tube cancer reconstructed through the retrosternal route; however, this procedure is invasive and has the risk of severe infectious complications. To overcome these problems, we created a novel method to perform the reconstructed gastric tube resection using a gastric tube inversion technique combined with a laparoscopic mediastinal approach. After the duodenum was divided, the oral side of the cut end was sutured with silken threads for traction. The gastric tube was dissected from the caudal side under a laparoscopic mediastinal approach, whereas the cervical esophagus was taped. After the adhesion between the middle side of the posterior sternum and the reconstructed gastric tube was dissected to the cervix, the gastric tube was inverted by guiding and pulling the thread toward the cervical side. Sharp dissection was facilitated between the inverted gastric tube and the surrounding organs under moderate traction and a favorable surgical view. We have performed this procedure and evaluated the short‐term outcomes in six cases. The laparoscopic mediastinal approach was completed without a median sternotomy in all six cases. Restorable intraoperative lung injury was observed in one case and no major vessel injuries were observed. The postoperative course was satisfactory with a 29.5‐day median length of hospital stay (range, 16‐60 days). The gastric tube inversion technique combined with the laparoscopic mediastinal approach for patients with retrosternal‐reconstructed gastric tube cancer was shown to be safe and less invasive and should be considered in resection of the reconstructed gastric tube.
The Role of Non‐Covalent Interactions on Cluster Formation: Pentamer, Hexamers and Heptamer of Difluoromethane
Authors: Calabrese Camilla , Temelso Berhane , Usabiaga Imanol , Seifert Nathan A. , Basterretxea Francisco J. , Prampolini Giacomo , Shields George C. , Pate Brooks H. , Evangelisti Luca , Cocinero Emilio J.
Published: May 2021

The role of non‐covalent interactions (NCIs) has broadened with the inclusion of new types of interactions and aplethoraof weak donor/acceptor partners. This work illustrates the potential of chirped‐pulse Fourier transform microwave technique, which has revolutionized the field of rotational spectroscopy. In particular, it has been exploited to reveal the role of NCIs’ in the molecular self‐aggregation of difluoromethane where a pentamer, two hexamers and a heptamer were detected. The development of a new automated assignment program and a sophisticated computational screening protocol was essential for identifying the homoclusters in conditions of spectral congestion. The major role of dispersion forces leads to less directional interactions and more distorted structures than those found in polar clusters, although a detailed analysis demonstrates that the dominant interaction energy is the pairwise interaction. The tetramer cluster is identified as a structural unit in larger clusters, representing the maximum expression of bond between dimers.
Regulation of SEI Formation by Anion Receptors to Achieve Ultra‐Stable Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Huang Kangsheng , Bi Sheng , Kurt Barış , Xu Chengyang , Wu Langyuan , Li Zhiwei , Feng Guang , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: May 2021

Despite high specific capacity (3860 mAh g−1), the utilization of Li‐metal anodes in rechargeable batteries are still hampered due to their insufficient cyclability. Herein, we report an anion‐receptor‐mediated carbonate electrolyte with improved performance and can ameliorate the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) composition comparing to the blank electrolyte. It demonstrates a high average Coulombic efficiency (97.94 %) over 500 cycles in the Li/Cu cell at a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2. Raman spectrum and molecular modelling further clarify the screening effects of the anion receptor on the Li+‐PF6− ion coupling that results in the enhanced ion dynamics. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) distinguishes the disparities in the SEI components of the developed electrolyte and the blank one, which is rationalized by the molecular insights of the Li‐metal/electrolyte interface. Thus, we prepare a 2.5 Ah prototype pouch cell, exhibiting a high energy density (357 Wh kg−1) with 90.90 % capacity retention over 50 cycles.
Ultralight Electrolyte for High‐Energy Lithium–Sulfur Pouch Cells
Authors: Liu Tao , Li Huajun , Yue Jinming , Feng Jingnan , Mao Minglei , Zhu Xiangzhen , Hu Yong‐sheng , Li Hong , Huang Xuejie , Chen Liquan , Suo Liumin
Published: May 2021

The high weight fraction of the electrolyte in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) full cell is the primary reason its specific energy is much below expectations. Thus far, it is still a challenge to reduce the electrolyte volume of Li–S batteries owing to their high cathode porosity and electrolyte depletion from the Li metal anode. Herein, we propose an ultralight electrolyte (0.83 g mL−1) by introducing a weakly‐coordinating and Li‐compatible monoether, which greatly reduces the weight fraction of electrolyte within the whole cell and also enables Li–S pouch cell functionality under lean‐electrolyte conditions. Compared to Li–S batteries using conventional counterparts (≈1.2 g mL−1), the Li–S pouch cells equipped with our ultralight electrolyte could achieve an ultralow electrolyte weight/capacity ratio (E/C) of 2.2 g Ah−1 and realize a 19.2 % improvement in specific energy (from 329.9 to 393.4 Wh kg−1) under E/S=3.0 μL mg−1. Moreover, more than 20 % improvement in specific energy could be achieved using our ultralight electrolyte at various E/S ratios.
Neuropsychiatric Events in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Predictors of Occurrence and Resolution in a Longitudinal Analysis of an International Inception Cohort
Authors: Hanly John G. , Gordon Caroline , Bae Sang‐Cheol , Romero‐Diaz Juanita , Sanchez‐Guerrero Jorge , Bernatsky Sasha , Clarke Ann E. , Wallace Daniel J. , Isenberg David A. , Rahman Anisur , Merrill Joan T. , Fortin Paul R. , Gladman Dafna D. , Urowitz Murray B. , Bruce Ian N. , Petri Michelle , Ginzler Ellen M. , Dooley M. A. , Ramsey‐Goldman Rosalind , Manzi Susan , Jonsen Andreas , Alarcón Graciela S. , van Vollenhoven Ronald F. , Aranow Cynthia , Mackay Meggan , Ruiz‐Irastorza Guillermo , Lim S. Sam , Inanc Murat , Kalunian Kenneth C. , Jacobsen Soren , Peschken Christine A. , Kamen Diane L. , Askanase Anca , Farewell Vernon
Published: May 2021

Objective

To determine predictors of change in neuropsychiatric (NP) event status in a large, prospective, international inception cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Upon enrollment and annually thereafter, NP events attributed to SLE and non‐SLE causes and physician‐determined resolution were documented. Factors potentially associated with the onset and resolution of NP events were determined by time‐to‐event analysis using a multistate modeling structure.

Results

NP events occurred in 955 (52.3%) of 1,827 patients, and 593 (31.0%) of 1,910 unique events were attributed to SLE. For SLE‐associated NP (SLE NP) events, multivariate analysis revealed a positive association with male sex (P = 0.028), concurrent non‐SLE NP events excluding headache (P < 0.001), active SLE (P = 0.012), and glucocorticoid use (P = 0.008). There was a negative association with Asian race (P = 0.002), postsecondary education (P = 0.001), and treatment with immunosuppressive drugs (P = 0.019) or antimalarial drugs (P = 0.056). For non‐SLE NP events excluding headache, there was a positive association with concurrent SLE NP events (P < 0.001) and a negative association with African race (P = 0.012) and Asian race (P < 0.001). NP events attributed to SLE had a higher resolution rate than non‐SLE NP events, with the exception of headache, which had comparable resolution rates. For SLE NP events, multivariate analysis revealed that resolution was more common in patients of Asian race (P = 0.006) and for central/focal NP events (P < 0.001). For non‐SLE NP events, resolution was more common in patients of African race (P = 0.017) and less common in patients who were older at SLE diagnosis (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

In a large and long‐term study of the occurrence and resolution of NP events in SLE, we identified subgroups with better and worse prognosis. The course of NP events differs greatly depending on their nature and attribution.
Evaluation of anti‐EGFR potential of quinazoline derivatives using molecular docking: An in silico approach
Authors: Tanveer Fariha , Anwar Muhammad Faraz , Siraj Bushra , Zarina Shamshad
Published: May 2021

Overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is commonly reported in epithelial malignancies such as oral squamous cell carcinoma. Inhibition of EGFR is, therefore, considered a potential therapeutic strategy. Among various anti‐EGFR drugs, quinazoline‐based tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have gained increasing attention. Present study focused to investigate anti‐EGFR potential of quinazoline‐based compounds using in silico approach. Two widely used docking programs GOLD and AutoDock Vina were used for the study. Four drugs were docked on the X‐ray crystallographic EGFR structure (1XKK). GOLD and AutoDock Vina produced results in terms of fitness score and binding affinity, respectively. GOLD prioritized varlitinib and AutoDock Vina preferred imatinib over other drugs. To reach the consensus from both software, all four drugs coupled with EGFR were studied rigorously. GOLD demonstrated varlitinib to be the best inhibitor with highest fitness score of 109, whereas AutoDock Vina revealed imatinib as the potent ligand with least binding energy of −10.9 kcal/mol. Most stable hydrogen bonds observed by GOLD and maximum number of hydrophobic contacts along with strong ionic interaction exhibited by varlitinib through both software have led us to conclude varlitinib as the most potent EGFR inhibitor in the studied group.
Development of an unfolding model of procedures for programming learning of novice programmers
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Lee Minjeong
Published: May 2021

This study reduces the difficulties experienced by novice computer programmers when establishing a procedure for problem‐solving in a computing environment. It also provides guidelines to detail the work process. For this purpose, we developed an “unfolding model of procedures” consisting of the recognition of input and output, decomposition of operation, and expansion of branching based on its condition in work. To identify the effect of applying the unfolding model of procedures on the programming learning curve, we conducted an experiment with 110 college freshers randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. The unfolding model was applied to the experimental group; however, both groups received introductory programming classes for 5 weeks. The experimental group showed a trend of significant improvement in deriving the input and output processes and expanded their judgment on conditions. The evaluation of flowcharts for the same task conveyed that the experimental group was more competent than the control group, and further analysis by sex revealed no difference between the sexes in the achievement of learning within either group. The experimental group showed an advantage over the control group irrespective of sex. In conclusion, we expect that the unfolding model of procedures developed in this study could be used as a tool for novice programmers to derive work procedures completely and systematically when interpreting human work in a computing environment at the early stages of learning to program.
AFF‐Dehazing: Attention‐based feature fusion network for low‐light image Dehazing
Authors: Zhou Yu , Chen Zhihua , Sheng Bin , Li Ping , Kim Jinman , Wu Enhua
Published: May 2021

Images captured in haze conditions, especially at nighttime with low light, often suffer from degraded visibility, contrasts, and vividness, which makes it difficult to carry out the following vision tasks. In this article, we propose an attention‐based feature fusion network (AFF‐Dehazing) for low‐light image dehazing. Our method decomposes the low‐light image dehazing into two task‐independent streams containing four modules: image dehazing module, low‐light feature extractor module, feature fusion module, and image restoration module. The basic block of these modules is the proposed attention‐based residual dense block. Since the dual‐branch are used, AFF‐Dehazing can avoid learning the mixed degradation all‐in‐one and enhance the details of low‐light haze images. Extensive experiments show that our method surpasses previous state‐of‐the‐art image dehazing methods and low‐light enhancement methods by a very large margin both quantitatively and qualitatively.
The potential effect of metabolic alkalosis on insulin sensitivity in an adolescent with new‐onset type 1 diabetes
Authors: Novotny William E. , Fiordalisi Irma , Keel Cynthia P. , Harris Glenn D.
Published: May 2021

Metabolic alkalosis induced by ingestion of alkaline water may enhance insulin sensitivity in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Mandibular osteonecrosis following herpes zoster infection: Report of a rare case with a literature review
Authors: Faure Emilie , Engels‐Deutsch Marc , Paraschiv Elena‐Adinisia , Gérard Eric , Curien Rémi
Published: May 2021

Any patient with a herpes zoster infection of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve should benefit from early oral monitoring, especially in elderly population where traumatic dental prostheses are common, because osteonecrosis can occur.
New disease and old threats: A case series of COVID‐19 and tuberculosis coinfection in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shabrawishi Mohammed , AlQarni Abdullmoin , Ghazawi Maher , Melibari Baraa , Baljoon Tebra , Alwafi Hassan , Samannodi Mohammed
Published: May 2021

COVID‐19 and TB coinfection are not common and may occur more in TB endemic countries. However, patients with pre‐COVID‐19 chronic respiratory symptoms should be screened for TB as well.
Cloacal type defect of the anal canal following an obstetric anal sphincter trauma
Authors: Stavros Sofoklis , Papapanagiotou Ioannis K. , Zacharakis Dimitrios , Migklis Kyriaki , Mantzioros Rafail , Domali Ekaterini , Chatzipapas Ioannis , Drakakis Peter , Rodolakis Alexandros
Published: May 2021

Neglected severe obstetric anal sphincter injuries may result in fecal incontinence. It is of paramount importance to identify such injuries at the time of vaginal delivery and have appropriate surgical training for optimal anatomical restoration of the perineal structures.
Grey Turner’s sign in severe acute pancreatitis
Authors: Wong Enoch , Sayed‐Hassen Akhtar
Published: May 2021

Grey Turner's sign is a well described butrarely seen sign usually indicating severe intra‐abdominal pathology. Classically it is associated with severe acute pancreatitis but can beassociated with a number of other severe intra‐abdominal conditions.
Lipomatosis of the ileocecal valve: A not to miss diagnosis when performing magnetic resonance enterography
Authors: Cicero Giuseppe , Pallio Socrate , D’Angelo Tommaso , Mazziotti Silvio
Published: May 2021

Lipomatosis of ileocecal valve is a rare condition that can be missed using the standard protocol of Magnetic Resonance Enterography. Additional T1‐weighted scans without fat saturation can be helpful when adipose lesions of the bowel are suspected.
A Tailored Heptazine‐Based Porous Polymeric Network as a Versatile Heterogeneous (Photo)catalyst
Authors: Sharma Neha , Kumar Sunil , Battula Venugopala R. , Kumari Anu , Giri Arkaprabha , Patra Abhijit , Kailasam Kamalakannan
Published: May 2021

A heptazine‐based microporous polymeric network, HMP‐TAPA was synthesised by direct coupling of trichloroheptazine and tris(4‐aminophenyl)amine (TAPA). A high surface area of 424 m2/g was achieved, which is the highest surface area among heptazine‐based polymeric networks (HMPs). The tailored electron‐donor and ‐acceptor units in HMP‐TAPA give broad visible‐light absorption. HMP‐TAPA was employed as metal‐free photocatalyst for oxidative coupling of amines to imines under visible light irradiation with 98 % selectivity. Furthermore, the surface basicity of HMP‐TAPA was used to achieve metal‐free heterogeneous base catalysis for Knoevenagel condensation under base‐free conditions with >99 % conversion. In addition, HMP‐TAPA showed extreme robustness over a wide pH range (1–14). The versatility and flexibility of the current material design is beneficial for understanding its photoactivity and surface basicity so as to design dual active (photo)catalyst materials for specific applications.
Doc, I feel tired… oh really, so how‘s your mucositis?
Authors: Kober Kord M. , Yom Sue S.
Published: May 2021

Cancer‐related fatigue is common in patients with head and neck cancer. This complex, multidimensional, patient‐reported outcome has quality‐of‐life and cancer treatment implications.
The International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Cytopathology showed improved diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Marabi Monalyn , Aphivatanasiri Chaiwat , Jamidi Shirley K. , Wang Chao , Li Joshua J. , Hung Esther H. , Poon Ivan K. , Tsang Julia Y. , Tse Gary M.
Published: May 2021

Background

The aim of the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytopathology is to improve cytology practice. This study assessed cytologic diagnoses made with the system and its efficacy when it was applied by pathologists with different levels of experience.

Methods

In all, 1080 cases of breast fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) over a period of 16 years were reviewed and reclassified with the system. The category distribution and the diagnostic performance were compared with the original diagnoses. The concordance rates for diagnoses from pathologists with different levels of experience were also determined.

Results

The distribution of cytologic diagnoses made with the system was as follows: 11.7% were insufficient, 56.6% were benign, 20.1% were atypical, 6.1% were suspicious for malignancy, and 5.6% were malignant. The rates for the insufficient and atypical categories were lower than the original diagnosis rates (13.1% and 23.8%, respectively). Overall, 120 cases (11.1%) were recategorized. Among those recategorized as benign, suspicious, or malignant with follow‐up data, 96.7% were correctly reclassified. A significant improvement in diagnostic performance was found with the system (P < .001). Such improvement was also seen in problematic breast lesions, including fibroepithelial lesions, papillary lesions, and low‐grade carcinomas. Pathologists with intermediate experience showed a higher concordance with an expert pathologist in the diagnoses than those with short experience (κ, 0.838 vs 0.634).

Conclusions

The system effectively categorized the diagnoses, and the diagnostic performance of FNAB reporting was improved. The structured reporting also enhanced the reproducibility of reporting by pathologists with intermediate experience and, to some extent, those with short experience.
Orchestrated sandboxed containers, unikernels, and virtual machines for isolation‐enhanced multitenant workloads and serverless computing in cloud
Authors: Mavridis Ilias , Karatza Helen
Published: May 2021

Containers emerge as the prevalent virtualization technology in cloud computing. Containers are more light‐weight and agile compared to traditional virtual machines (VMs), since they provide virtualization at the operating system level. There are specific factors driving the container adoption in cloud, however, the main disadvantage of container‐based virtualization technologies is poor isolation. To address isolation and security‐related issues, new container runtimes appeared. In this study we present and evaluate the most common security‐oriented runtimes, Kata, gVisor and Nabla, running with Docker, Containerd, and CRI‐O. We deploy containers for all the aforementioned container solutions, as well as the default Kubernetes runtime runc, on a Kubernetes cluster and additionally on a Docker node. Moreover, in a similar way to containers, we deploy and evaluate unikernels and security‐oriented lightweight Linux‐based VMs running on Kubernetes cluster. To evaluate container runtimes, we take under consideration Firecracker microVM too. To automate the deployment of high isolated containers and VMs on Kubernetes clusters, we have developed our own tool. Finally, we recognize the increasing interest on Function‐as‐a‐Service and other serverless architectures. In the same direction with these emerging cloud computing services, we have extended the Kubeless serverless framework to support security‐oriented container runtimes.
Problem complexity and narratives in Moscow's waste controversy
Authors: Schlaufer Caroline , Khaynatskaya Tatiana , Pilkina Marina , Loseva Victoria , Rajhans Sanjay Kumar
Published: May 2021

Public problems are not complex per se but are defined as such. This article explores how problem definition in terms of complexity is strategically used in narratives to expand or contain a policy conflict. We draw on the Narrative Policy Framework (NPF) to examine how actors use narratives to define problems and link these problems to solutions and characters. Empirically, we examine narratives used in the Moscow waste management debate by drawing on content analysis of online texts and interviews. The results show that government actors seek to contain conflict by assigning less complexity to the waste problem than nongovernmental actors, who expand conflict by defining the waste problem as politically complex. Narratives with high problem complexity include many victims and villains and propose multifaceted and institutional solutions, while narratives with low problem complexity focus on technocratic solutions. Implications for the Russian waste controversy and the NPF are discussed.
Education and austerity in the European Union from an autism perspective: Policy mapping in Ireland, Portugal, Italy, and Greece
Authors: van Kessel Robin , Siepmann Ines , Capucha Luis , Paschalis Apostolos Kavaliotis , Brayne Carol , Baron‐Cohen Simon , Czabanowska Katarzyna , Roman‐Urrestarazu Andres
Published: May 2021

This study explores how autism and education policy are affected by austerity measures in Ireland, Portugal, Italy, and Greece by using a path dependence analysis. The implementation of mixed mainstream classrooms and improvements to infrastructure coincided with the ratification of inclusive education policy. Austerity measures appeared temporally associated with furthering of integration and inclusion policy for all countries under study, potentially due to the economic incentives of an integrated system. This trend is especially visible in Ireland, Portugal, and Greece, whereas lesser so in Italy. Even though the initial focus of this analysis was autism, the findings are applicable to the general area of special education needs due to the non‐specific nature of national policies.
Elucidating the reactivity and nature of active sites for tin phthalocyanine during CO2 reduction
Authors: Acharjya Subrato , Chen Jiacheng , Zhu Minghui , Peng Chong
Published: May 2021

Immobilized tin phthalocyanine dichloride (SnPcCl2) was prepared by refluxing SnPcCl2 and hydroxyl‐functionalized carbon nanotubes in DMF with the addition of triethylamine, which exhibited minimal aggregation and approximately 2–3 folds improvement in activity towards CO2 electroreduction compared to the physically mixed SnPcCl2/CNT hybrid. Cyclic voltammetry analysis and in situ UV‐vis spectra revealed that metallic tin is the active site for CO2 electroreduction, and the redox behavior of Sn0 is affected by the adjacent demetallized macrocycles. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of bone‐modifying agents in myeloma bone disease
Authors: Lu Huifang , Pundole Xerxes , Lee Hans C.
Published: May 2021

Bone disease is common in patients with multiple myeloma (MM), which manifests as bone pain and skeletal‐related events (SREs) such as pathological fractures and spinal cord compression. Myeloma bone disease (MBD) can adversely affect the quality of life of patients and have negative effects on morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of MBD is complex, and several factors are involved in the dysregulation of bone metabolism and uncoupling of bone remodeling, which result in net bone loss and devastating SREs. Broadly speaking, elevated osteoclast activity, suppressed osteoblast activity, and an aberrant marrow microenvironment play a role in MBD. Interaction of MM cells with the main bone cell osteocytes also promote further bone destruction. This review focuses on the role of bone‐modifying agents in the prevention and treatment of MBD. The mainstay of MBD prevention are antiresorptive agents, bisphosphonates and denosumab. However, these agents do not play a direct role in bone formation and repair of existing MBD. Newer agents with anabolic effects such as anti‐sclerostin antibodies, parathyroid hormone, anti‐Dickkopf‐1 antibodies, and others have shown potential in repair of MBD lesions. With the development of several new agents, the treatment landscape of MBD is likely to evolve in the coming years. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Evasive subspaces
Authors: Bartoli Daniele , Csajbók Bence , Marino Giuseppe , Trombetti Rocco
Published: May 2021

Let denote an ‐dimensional vector space over , the finite field of elements. Then is also an ‐dimension vector space over . An ‐subspace of is ‐evasive if it meets the ‐dimensional ‐subspaces of in ‐subspaces of dimension at most . The ‐evasive subspaces are known as scattered and they have been intensively studied in finite geometry, their maximum size has been proved to be when is even or . We investigate the maximum size of ‐evasive subspaces, study two duality relations among them and provide various constructions. In particular, we present the first examples, for infinitely many values of , of maximum scattered subspaces when and . We obtain these examples in characteristics 2, 3 and 5.
Prospective cohort study on the incidence and risk factors of emergency home visits among Japanese home care patients
Authors: Kato Koki , Tomita Masaya , Kato Moe , Goto Takaaki , Nishizono Kyukei
Published: May 2021

Background

Population aging requires more physician home visits, and various measures need to be taken to reduce the burden on visiting physicians. However, the incidence and associated factors of burdensome emergency home visits remain unclear. We aimed to reveal the incidences of emergency home visits among cancer and noncancer patients and examine how visiting nurses affect those.

Methods

We performed a prospective cohort study across three clinics in Japan and enrolled the patients receiving home visits within a 3‐month study period. We calculated the incidence rates using person‐time at risk and conducted a Cox regression in the analysis of risks for emergency home visits.

Results

A total of 278 patients were analyzed. The incidences of emergency home visits among the overall, the cancer, and the noncancer home care patients were 1.61, 7.23, and 1.37 per 10 person‐months, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratios of a cancer‐bearing state and visiting nurse service use were 4.71 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.60–8.52) and 1.85 (95% CI, 1.77–1.94), respectively.

Conclusions

The incidence of emergency home visits among cancer patients was around five times greater than noncancer patients. Our study did not demonstrate that visiting nurses prevent emergency home visits. Further studies are needed to clarify how visiting nurses reduce physicians' burden.
The influence of mechanical characteristics on the performance of optical laminating materials in automotive applications
Authors: Lee Seung‐A , Kim Young Jun
Published: May 2021

To enhance display performance in automotive applications subjected to harsh conditions, silicone polymer was used to address crucial interfacial issues such as touch mura and yellow mura in optical stack design. Mura refers to luminance non‐uniformity of a display device. Five different siloxane polymer compositions were prepared as optical laminating materials with different mechanical characteristics, such as hardness, shear modulus, and damping factor. The structures of the polymers were adjusted by varying the H/vinyl ratio, hydrogen source ratio between crosslinks, and terminal‐group reaction. To investigate the influence of mechanical properties on the performance of the polymers as laminating materials for displays, they were used as a lamination layer between a touch screen panel and liquid crystal display (LCD) module. The devices' capacity to handle thermal stress under thermal shock conditions and degree of luminance non‐uniformity associated with touch action were assessed.
Universal Strain‐Life Curve Exponents for Thermoplastics and Elastomers under Tension‐Tension and Torsion
Authors: Hirschberg Valerian , Faust Lorenz , Wilhelm Manfred , Rodrigue Denis
Published: May 2021

The fatigue behavior of 28 amorphous and semi‐crystalline thermoplastic polymers and elastomers is tested under strain controlled sinusoidal tension‐tension (TT) and torsion (T) at room temperature and analyzed via strain‐life (total strain amplitude versus fatigue lifetime) and crack propagation rate versus total strain amplitude curves, analogous to Paris’ law. Investigating fatigue is extremely time‐ and resources consuming, so universal relationships between the exponents of the strain‐life power‐law and material properties are of high importance. For a brittle failure mechanism (I), the strain‐life curves are found to have fixed exponents of BTT,I = −0.27 and BT,I = −0.22, respectively, while the crack propagation versus strain amplitude in TT has an exponent of mda/dN,I = 4. For ductile failure (II), fixed strain‐life curve exponents in TT of BTT,II = −0.35 and in torsion of BT,II = −0.48 with mda/dN,II = 2.8 are obtained. In torsion, most semi‐crystalline polymers show brittle and ductile failure depending on the applied strain amplitude, so the strain‐life curve exponent changes accordingly. The universal exponents for strain‐life and crack growth‐strain amplitude curves offer a significant simplification to rapidly estimate, predict, and simulate the fatigue behavior of polymers.
Modeling the influence of the composition of refractory elements on the heat resistance of nickel alloys by a deep learning artificial neural network
Authors: Tarasov Dmitry A. , Milder Oleg B. , Tiagunov Andrei G.
Published: May 2021

Nickel alloys are widely used in the manufacture of gas turbine parts. The alloys show resistance to mechanical and chemical degradation under prolonged loads and high temperatures. The properties of an alloy are determined by its composition and are subject to careful modeling. A set of basic refractory elements makes a special contribution to the parameters of the alloy. One of the main mechanical properties of the alloys is the high‐temperature tensile strength. Determining the influence of certain elements on certain properties of an alloy is a complex scientific and engineering problem that affects the time and cost of developing new materials. Simulation is a great chance to cut costs. In this article, we predict high temperature strength based on the composition of refractory elements in alloys using a specially designed deep learning artificial neural network. We build the model based on prior knowledge of alloy composition, information on the role of alloying elements, type of crystallization, test temperature and time, and tensile strength. Successful simulation results show the applicability of this method in practice.
The Triple Health Threat of Diabetes, Obesity, and Cancer—Epidemiology, Disparities, Mechanisms, and Interventions
Authors: Brown Justin C. , Carson Tiffany L. , Thompson Henry J. , Agurs‐Collins Tanya
Published: May 2021

Obesity and type 2 diabetes are both chronic, relapsing, progressive diseases that are recognized as risk factors for the development of multiple types of cancer. In a recent symposium titled “Hitting A Triple—Diabetes, Obesity, and the Emerging Links to Cancer Risk,” convened by The Obesity Society during ObesityWeek 2019, experts in the field presented the current science and highlighted existing research gaps. Topics included (1) the epidemiology of obesity and diabetes and their links to cancer risk; (2) racial and ethnic differences in obesity, diabetes, and cancer risk; (3) biological mechanisms common to obesity and diabetes that may increase cancer risk; and (4) innovative interventions that can be used to prevent the development of cancers related to obesity and diabetes. This report provides an overview of the symposium and describes key research gaps and pressing questions in need of answers to advance the field. The collective burden of obesity, diabetes, and cancer represents one of the largest public health challenges of the century. Although the symposium was titled “hitting a triple,” it was recognized that being able to disrupt the linkages among obesity, diabetes, and cancer would be a “grand slam” for public health and medicine.
Shoulder pain and ultrasound findings: A comparison study of wheelchair athletes, nonathletic wheelchair users, and nonwheelchair users
Authors: Soo Hoo Jennifer A. , Kim Hyungtaek , Fram Julia , Lin Yen‐Sheng , Page Christopher , Easthausen Imaani , Jayabalan Prakash
Published: May 2021

Background

Shoulder pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal concerns in manual wheelchair users including among athletes. However, there is a paucity of research characterizing both shoulder pain and shoulder pathology in this population.

Objective

To characterize and compare the prevalence of current shoulder pain and ultrasound metrics of shoulder pathology between wheelchair athletes, nonathletic wheelchair users, and nonwheelchair users.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

Chicago‐area adaptive sport teams/programs and musculoskeletal clinics.

Participants

Thirty‐four wheelchair athletes, six nonathletic wheelchair users, and 12 nonwheelchair users.

Methods

Self‐reported shoulder pain was assessed by questionnaire and Wheelchair User Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Shoulder physiology and pathology were assessed by physical and ultrasound evaluation of both shoulders by a sports medicine physician.

Main Outcome Measures

Questionnaire outcomes: Prevalence of current shoulder pain, total WUSPI score. Physical examination outcomes: total Physical Examination of Shoulder Scale (PESS) score. Sonographic outcomes: Acromiohumeral distance (AHD) and presence of shoulder pathology.

Results

The majority of wheelchair athletes (68%) and nonathletic wheelchair users (67%) experienced shoulder pain since using a manual wheelchair. Wheelchair basketball players had a mean WUPSI score of 17.2 (SD = 21.8), and athletes participating in handcycling, sled hockey, and quad rugby had mean scores of 4.91 (SD = 8.32), 7.76 (SD = 13.1), and 4.29 (SD = 7.75), respectively. Shoulder pathology was observed in 14 of 31 (45%) wheelchair athletes and 4 of 6 (67%) nonathletic wheelchair users (p = .41).

Conclusions

Although wheelchair use is a risk factor for shoulder pain, participation in amateur wheelchair sports may not be associated with increased risk of shoulder pain. It is possible that overhead sports such as wheelchair basketball may define a unique high‐risk group. Further study is needed to examine this relationship and to determine whether there are differences between specific wheelchair sports.
Prediction of the kinetic stability of N‐alkyl‐X‐pyridinium ions in dichloromethane
Authors: Matić Mirela , Denegri Bernard
Published: May 2021

Geometries of 20 N‐[4,4′‐bis (dimethylamino)benzhydryl]‐X‐pyridinium ions (DMABh‐X‐pyridinium ions) and of corresponding heterolytic transition structures have been optimized at the M06‐2X/6‐311+G(2d,p) level of theory in the presence of the IEFPCM model with dichloromethane as a solvent. Using the optimized geometries, free energies of activation (∆G‡model) for the model heterolysis of the DMABh‐X‐pyridinium ions in dichloromethane at 20°C have been obtained. A very good correlation between ∆G‡model values for the model heterolysis of five reference DMABh‐X‐pyridinium ions and literature ∆G‡ values for the heterolysis of the same ions in dichloromethane (r = 0.992) validates the procedure for predicting experimental reactivities of the ions (∆G‡calc) in dichloromethane. Accordingly, the correlation has been employed to obtain predicted free energies of activation (∆G‡calc) for heterolyses of other 15 DMABh‐X‐pyridinium ions in dichloromethane from corresponding ∆G‡model values. The high quality of the whole set of the predicted reactivities is confirmed by a very good correlation plot of log kcalc (obtained from ∆G‡calc) versus σ (r = 0.995). Using the previously established correlation equation log k = sf (Ef + Nf), predicted nucleofugality parameters (Nfcalc), which quantitatively describe leaving group abilities, have been determined for various X‐pyridines in dichloromethane, and now can be used not only for comparing leaving group abilities of X‐pyridines with those of other leaving groups on the existing nucleofugality (Nf) scale but also for estimating the reactivity, that is, the kinetic stability, of diverse N‐alkyl‐X‐pyridinium ions in dichloromethane at 20°C.
The Sensitivity of PBX 9502 to Drilling Operations
Authors: Clark Raimi M. , Brinkman Jacob , Neuber Andreas A.
Published: May 2021

Polymer‐bonded explosive (PBX) 9502 (95 % TATB, 5 % Kel F‐800 by weight) is dry‐drilled on a CNC milling machine and its thermomechanical response to varying feed rates, drilling speeds, and peck depths with 4 mm and 5 mm diameter drill bits is investigated. The tested samples are affixed to a force sensor that enables recording temporally resolved cutting forces and torques, and a drill‐embedded thermocouple yields local temperature data. From the data, an empirical relationship between temperature changes and feed per revolution is developed, which reveals reduced temperatures in higher feed per revolution regimes for PBX 9502. The observed relationship allows extrapolating to temperatures for other hole diameters, indicating increased temperature for smaller diameter drilling across the board. Additional testing was performed with PBX 9501 (95 % HMX, 2.5 % Estane®, 2.5 % BDNPA/BDNPF by weight), albeit over a reduced parameter space, which revealed the opposite behavior for the feed per revolution temperature dependence. It is concluded that both PBX 9502 and PBX 9501 can be dry‐drilled efficiently beyond the limits of presently applicable US‐DOE standards, where cutting interface temperatures remain far below material critical temperatures. Finally, data reveals that coolant usage in the drilling process for these materials provides a wide safety margin.
Filgotinib for treating moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: May 2021

Filgotinib (Jyseleca) is a new oral janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor that has recently been approved by NICE for moderate or severe rheumatoid arthritis after failure of other disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). This article discusses its efficacy, side‐effects and place in therapy.
Review on Colloidal Quantum Dots Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Kim Andrew , Hosseinmardi Alireza , Annamalai Pratheep K. , Kumar Pawan , Patel Rajkumar
Published: May 2021

Luminescent solar concentrators (LSCs) have recently gained popularity as an effective solution to increase solar energy conversion. Utilizing LSCs together with solar cells can generate more energy at a lower cost than using only solar cells. LSCs operate by utilizing luminophores, molecules that absorb incident solar irradiation and re‐emit photons, and waveguides that redirect emitted photons to the edges of a glass or polymer slab at high concentrations. Many quantum dots (QDs) have been the focus of much research as luminophores for LSCs, owing to their high quantum yields (QYs), controllable absorption/emission spectra, good stability, and ease of synthesis. Various QDs, such as CdSe, PbS, CdS, AgInS2, Si, and C, have been modified to enhance their optical performances in LSCs, often measured by their optical efficiencies, internal/external quantum efficiencies, and power conversion efficiencies. This review appraises the latest developments in colloidal QDs—basic QDs, doped QDs, core/shell QDs, hybrid QDs, and Si‐based QD—for their applications in LSCs. Other factors that enhance an LSC's efficiency, such as altering the polymer matrix and using distributed Bragg reflectors, are discussed. The development of highly efficient, QD‐based LSCs will be essential for increasing solar energy production worldwide.
The role of small extracellular vesicles in cerebral and myocardial ischemia—Molecular signals, treatment targets, and future clinical translation
Authors: Zheng Xuan , Hermann Dirk M. , Bähr Mathias , Doeppner Thorsten R.
Published: May 2021

The heart and the brain mutually interact with each other, forming a functional axis that is disturbed under conditions of ischemia. Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) show great potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Due to heart-brain interactions, therapeutic actions of EVs in the brain and the heart cannot be regarded in an isolated way. Effects in each of the two organs reciprocally influence the outcome of the other. Stem cell-derived EVs modulate a large number of signaling pathways in both tissues. Upon ischemia, EVs prevent delayed injury, promote angiogenesis, enhance parenchymal remodeling, and enable functional tissue recovery. The therapeutic effects greatly depend on EV cargos, among which are noncoding RNAs like microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins, which modulate cell signaling in a differential way that not always corresponds to each other in the two tissues. Interestingly, the same miRNA or protein localized in EVs can modulate different signaling pathways in the ischemic heart and brain, which may have diverse consequences for disease outcomes. Paying careful attention to unveiling these underlying mechanisms may provide new insights into tissue remodeling processes and identify targets for ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction therapies. Some of these mechanisms are discussed in this concise review, and consequences for the clinical translation of EVs are presented.
Potential applications of deep learning in single-cell RNA sequencing analysis for cell therapy and regenerative medicine
Authors: Yan Ruojin , Fan Chunmei , Yin Zi , Wang Tingzhang , Chen Xiao
Published: May 2021

When used in cell therapy and regenerative medicine strategies, stem cells have potential to treat many previously incurable diseases. However, current application methods using stem cells are underdeveloped, as these cells are used directly regardless of their culture medium and subgroup. For example, when using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in cell therapy, researchers do not consider their source and culture method nor their application angle and function (soft tissue regeneration, hard tissue regeneration, suppression of immune function, or promotion of immune function). By combining machine learning methods (such as deep learning) with data sets obtained through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology, we can discover the hidden structure of these cells, predict their effects more accurately, and effectively use subpopulations with differentiation potential for stem cell therapy. scRNA-seq technology has changed the study of transcription, because it can express single-cell genes with single-cell anatomical resolution. However, this powerful technology is sensitive to biological and technical noise. The subsequent data analysis can be computationally difficult for a variety of reasons, such as denoising single cell data, reducing dimensionality, imputing missing values, and accounting for the zero-inflated nature. In this review, we discussed how deep learning methods combined with scRNA-seq data for research, how to interpret scRNA-seq data in more depth, improve the follow-up analysis of stem cells, identify potential subgroups, and promote the implementation of cell therapy and regenerative medicine measures.
(Z)‐Selective Hydrosilylation and Hydroboration of Terminal Alkynes Enabled by Ruthenium Complexes with an N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligand
Authors: Mutoh Yuichiro , Yamamoto Kensuke , Mohara Yusei , Saito Shinichi
Published: May 2021

Metal‐catalyzed trans‐1,2‐hydrosilylations and hydroborations of terminal alkynes that generate synthetically valuable (Z)‐alkenylsilanes and (Z)‐alkenylboranes remain challenging due to the (E)‐selective nature of the reactions and the formation of the thermodynamically unfavorable (Z)‐isomer. The development of new, efficient catalytic systems for the (Z)‐selective hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes is thus highly desirable from a fundamental perspective as it would deepen our understanding of the metal‐catalyzed (Z)‐selective hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes. This personal account describes our research for developing a ruthenium complex that can efficiently catalyze the hydrosilylation and hydroboration of terminal alkynes, and for exploring the factors controlling (Z)‐selectivity of the reactions. Our effort into the activation of B‐protected boronic acids, R−B(dan) (dan=naphthalene‐1,8‐diaminato), that was believed not to participate in Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling, is also discussed.
Self‐Promoted Stereoselective Glycosylations – Past, Present, Future
Authors: Videcrantz Faurschou Natasha , Marcus Pedersen Christian
Published: May 2021

Self‐promoted glycosylations have generally not received much attention, despite having the advantages of being easy to perform and often highly stereoselective. This account covers the work done in this field and the mechanistic aspects of self‐promoted glycosylations are discussed, with a main focus on the stereoselectivity of the reactions. Most self‐promoted glycosylations utilize trichloroacetimidate donors, but examples of self‐promoted reactions with other donors have been described and will be discussed. Self‐promoted glycosylation strategies can provide a basis for new stereoselective glycosylation methodologies.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction via Benzylpalladium Intermediate
Authors: Zhang Sheng , Feng Xiujuan , Bao Ming
Published: May 2021

Transition‐metal catalyzed multi‐component reactions have captured the attention of researchers in organic synthesis and drug synthesis due to their advantages of simple operation, easy availability of raw materials and without separation of intermediates. Among the multi‐component reactions, the three‐component processes have been developed into effective organic procedures. This personal account reviews our and other group's studies on the development of three‐component coupling reaction for the rapid construction of two new chemical bonds simultaneously via benzylpalladium intermediates. Catalyst‐switched three‐component reactions of benzyl halides, activated olefins, and allyltributylstannane were successfully conducted to produce the corresponding benzylallylation products. Activation and conversion of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide via π‐benzylpalladium intermediates provide access to a wide range of unsaturated ketones and esters with excellent functional group tolerance. Meanwhile, other methods to produce benzylpalladium intermediates, including Heck insertion of alkenes into arylpalladium complexes, the oxidative addition of benzyl carbonate to palladium complexes and palladium−carbene migratory insertion, were also highlighted.