bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eurojihad
Authors: Rabasa Angel , Benard Cheryl
Published: November 2014

Throughout history, factors of radicalization have involved social and economic conditions and issues of identity. Patterns of Islamist radicalization in Europe reflect the historical experience of European Muslim communities, particularly their links to their home countries, the prevalence of militant groups there, and the extent to which factors of radicalization in Muslim countries transfer to European Muslim diasporas. Eurojihad examines the sources of radicalization in Muslim communities in Europe and the responses of European governments and societies. In an effort to understand the scope and dynamics of Islamist extremism and terrorism in Europe, this book takes into account recent developments, in particular the emergence of Syria as a major destination of European jihadists. Angel Rabasa and Cheryl Benard describe the history, methods and evolution of jihadist networks in Europe with particular nuance, providing a useful primer for the layperson and a sophisticated analysis for the expert.
Fred Sanger - Double Nobel Laureate
Authors: Brownlee George G. , Southern Edwin
Published: November 2014

Considered 'the father of genomics', Fred Sanger (1918–2013) paved the way for the modern revolution in our understanding of biology. His pioneering methods for sequencing proteins, RNA and, eventually, DNA earned him two Nobel Prizes. He remains one of only four scientists (and the only British scientist) ever to have achieved that distinction. In this, the first full biography of Fred Sanger to be published, Brownlee traces Sanger's life from his birth in rural Gloucestershire to his retirement in 1983 from the Medical Research Council's Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge. Along the way, he highlights the remarkable extent of Sanger's scientific achievements and provides a real portrait of the modest man behind them. Including an extensive transcript of a rare interview of Sanger by the author, this biography also considers the wider legacy of Sanger's work, including his impact on the Human Genome Project and beyond.
God vs. the Gavel
Authors: Hamilton Marci A.
Published: November 2014

Clergy sex abuse, polygamy, children dying from faith healing, companies that refuse to do business with same-sex couples, and residential neighborhoods forced to host homeless shelters - what do all of these have in common? They are all examples of religious believers harming others and demanding religious liberty regardless of the harm. This book unmasks those responsible, explains how this new set of rights is not derived from the First Amendment and argues for a return to common-sense religious liberty. In straightforward, readable prose, God vs. the Gavel: The Perils of Extreme Religious Liberty sets the record straight about the United States' move toward extreme religious liberty. More than half of this thoroughly revised second edition is new content, featuring a new introduction and epilogue and contemporary stories. All Americans need to read this book, before they or their friends and family are harmed by religious believers exercising their newfound rights.
Medicinal Marijuana for Epilepsy: A Case Series Study
Authors: Ladino Lady Diana , Hernández-Ronquillo Lizbeth , Téllez-Zenteno José Francisco
Published: November 2014

Objective:To describe the social, clinical and use-patterns characteristics of medicinal marijuana use among patients with epilepsy (PWEs).Methods:Eighteen PWEs with prescriptions for medicinal marijuana from a Canadian adult-epilepsy clinic were included in this study.Results:Eighteen patients had a prescription of medicinal marijuana from a total population of 800 PWEs in our center (2.2%). Mean age of patients was 30±7.4 (19-50) years. Twelve (67%) patients were males. Eleven (61%) patients had drug-resistant epilepsy. Eleven (61%) patients suffered a psychiatric comorbidity and reported the use of illicit substances or heavy alcohol or tobacco consumption. Only two (11%) patients were married; the rest of patients (89%) were single or divorced. The drug use pattern was similar among patients. All patients asked for marijuana permission in the epilepsy clinic. Most (83%) had a previous history of marijuana smoking, with a mean of 6.6±3 (1-15) years. The mean consumption dose was 2.05±1.8 (0.5-8) grams per day. Ten (56%) patients reported withdrawal seizure exacerbation when they stopped the marijuana. Only two patients (11%) reported side effects, and all patients found medicinal marijuana very helpful for seizure control and improvement of mood disorder.Conclusions:PWEs using medicinal marijuana have a common profile. They are usually young single men with drug-resistant epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity. Most used marijuana before formal prescription and all believe the drug was effective on their seizure control. Because of the concurrent use of other antiseizure medications, it is complex to estimate the actual effect of marijuana.
A non-singular transformation whose spectrum has Lebesgue component of multiplicity one
Authors: EL ABDALAOUI E. H. , NADKARNI M. G.
Published: November 2014

In this note we give an example of an ergodic non-singular map whose unitary operator admits a Lebesgue component of multiplicity one in its spectrum.
Algebraic geometry of the center-focus problem for Abel differential equations
Authors: BRISKIN M. , PAKOVICH F. , YOMDIN Y.
Published: November 2014

The Abel differential equation $y^{\prime }=p(x)y^{3}+q(x)y^{2}$ with polynomial coefficients $p,q$ is said to have a center on $[a,b]$ if all its solutions, with the initial value $y(a)$ small enough, satisfy the condition $y(a)=y(b)$. The problem of giving conditions on $(p,q,a,b)$ implying a center for the Abel equation is analogous to the classical Poincaré center-focus problem for plane vector fields. Center conditions are provided by an infinite system of ‘center equations’. During the last two decades, important new information on these equations has been obtained via a detailed analysis of two related structures: composition algebra and moment equations (first-order approximation of the center ones). Recently, one of the basic open questions in this direction—the ‘polynomial moments problem’—has been completely settled in Pakovich and Muzychuk [Solution of the polynomial moment problem. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3)99(3) (2009), 633–657] and Pakovich [Generalized ‘second Ritt theorem’ and explicit solution of the polynomial moment problem. Compositio Math.149 (2013), 705–728]. In this paper, we present a progress in the following two main directions: first, we translate the results of Pakovich and Muzychuk [Solution of the polynomial moment problem. Proc. Lond. Math. Soc. (3)99(3) (2009), 633–657] and Pakovich [Generalized ‘second Ritt theorem’ and explicit solution of the polynomial moment problem. Compositio Math.149 (2013), 705–728] into the language of algebraic geometry of the center equations. Applying these new tools, we show that the center conditions can be described in terms of composition algebra, up to a ‘small’ correction. In particular, we significantly extend the results of Briskin, Roytvarf and Yomdin [Center conditions at infinity for Abel differential equations. Ann. of Math. (2)172(1) (2010), 437–483]. Second, applying these tools in combination with explicit computations, we start in this paper the study of the ‘second Melnikov coefficients’ (second-order approximation of the center equations), showing that in many cases vanishing of the moments and of these coefficients is sufficient in order to completely characterize centers.
Against Strong Cognitivism: An Argument from Caring
Authors: JACOBSON HILLA
Published: November 2014

According to ‘strong cognitivism’, all reasons for action are rooted in normative features that the motivated subject (explicitly or implicitly) takes objects to have (or lack) independently of her attitudes towards these objects. My main concern in this paper is to argue against strong cognitivism, that is, to establish the view that conative attitudes do provide subjects with reasons for action. My central argument to this effect is a top-down one that proceeds by an analysis of the complex phenomenon of caring and derives a conclusion regarding the (motivational and normative) nature of more basic mental phenomena—particular desires.
International law for survival: teaching international law in the late Ottoman Empire (1859–1922)
Authors: Palabıyık Mustafa Serdar
Published: November 2014

This article analyses the teaching of international law in the late Ottoman Empire. It argues that the Ottomans were interested in teaching European international law to equip Ottoman bureaucrats with the skills necessary for evaluating and regulating the complex interrelation between the Ottoman Empire and the European states, to defend the vital interests of the Empire against European legal penetration via extraterritoriality, and to understand the legal basis of the European system of which the Empire had officially been accepted as a part by the European Great Powers since the conclusion of the Treaty of Paris in 1856. The article focuses on the courses, scholars and textbooks in the field of international law in the Ottoman Empire during three periods. The preliminary period (1859–76), witnessed the emergence of the first courses, scholars and literature on international law; in the Hamidian period (1876–1908) these courses were stabilized and systematized in line with higher education reforms in the Ottoman Empire; and finally, in the post-Hamidian period, the opening of new schools of law in the countryside and the reformation of existing schools allowed the teaching and literature of international law to flourish.
Measuring productivity diachronically: nominal suffixes in English letters, 1400–1600
Authors: PALMER CHRIS C.
Published: November 2014

Much scholarship on morphological productivity has focused on measures such ashapax legomena, single occurrences of derivatives in large corpora, to compare and contrast the varying productivities of English affixes. But the small size of historical corpora has often limited the usefulness of such measures in diachronic analysis. Examining letters from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries in the Corpus of Early English Correspondence, this article advances a multifaceted approach to assessing historical changes in nominal suffixation in English. It adapts methodologies from work on morphological productivity in contemporary language – in particular, measures of base and derivative ratios from Hay & Baayen (2002) – to provide quantitative and qualitative descriptions of changes in the productivity of native -nessand borrowed -ity, -cion, -ageand -mentin Early Modern English. Ultimately, the study argues that diachronic productivity is best evaluated with a multifactor analysis, including measures of suffixal decomposability, aggregation of new derivatives and evidence of hybridization. It also suggests that increased use of neologisms with borrowed suffixes in Early Modern English might be explained by the increasing transparency of these suffixes in derivatives during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
Nutrition labelling of pre-packaged foods in Belgrade, Serbia: current situation
Authors: Davidović Dragana B , Tomić Dragan V , Paunović Katarina Ž , Vasiljević Nadja D , Jorga Jagoda B
Published: November 2014

Objective

To determine the presence of nutrition labels on pre-packaged food products, as well as to analyse the types of presentation.

Design

This was a descriptive study. The following characteristics were analysed: (i) presence and placement of the nutrition declaration (either as front-of-pack (FOP) or back-of-pack (BOP)); (ii) content of the presented information; (iii) presence of nutrition and health claims; and (iv) legibility of the written information.

Settings

Three different types of retailers in Belgrade, Serbia.

Subjects

A total of 2138 pre-packaged food products from ten categories.

Results

A nutrition declaration was found on 65·9 % of all tested products. It was displayed on the back of the packaging of 62·7 % of products and on the front of the packaging of 19·1 % of products. BOP was the most commonly observed in breakfast cereals, soft drinks, milk and instant soups (in total over 90 %), and the least common in meat products (21·5 %). FOP was predominantly displayed on breakfast cereals (65·0 %) and the least frequently on milk products (2·4 %). The ‘Big 4’ (energy value, protein, carbohydrate and fat contents) and the ‘Big 4 with additional information’ figured on 40·9 % of products. The ‘Big 8’ (‘Big 4’ plus sugar, saturated fat, fibre and sodium contents) and the ‘Big 8 with additional information’ were present less frequently (20·5 %). Nutrition claims and health claims appeared on very few products (6·6 % and 6·3 %, respectively). The proportion of products with insufficient legibility was 31·5 %.

Conclusions

Nutrition labelling in Belgrade, Serbia is not satisfactory. Mandatory regulations may be the best way to improve the current situation.
CDK1 plays an important role in the maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability in human pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Neganova I , Tilgner K , Buskin A , Paraskevopoulou I , Atkinson S P , Peberdy D , Passos J F , Lako M
Published: November 2014

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) are characterised by an unusual and tightly regulated cell cycle that has been shown to be important for the maintenance of a pluripotent phenotype. Cyclin-dependant kinase 1 (CDK1) is a key player in cell cycle regulation and particularly mitosis; however, its role has not been studied previously in hESC and hiPSC. To investigate the impacts of CDK1 downregulation, we performed RNA interference studies which in addition to expected mitotic deficiencies revealed a large range of additional phenotypes related to maintenance of pluripotency, ability to repair double strand breaks (DSBs) and commitment to apoptosis. Downregulation of CDK1 led to the loss of typical pluripotent stem cell morphology, downregulation of pluripotency markers and upregulation of a large number of differentiation markers. In addition, human pluripotent stem cells with reduced CDK1 expression accumulated a higher number of DSBs were unable to activate CHK2 expression and could not maintain G2/M arrest upon exposure to ionising radiation. CDK1 downregulation led to the accumulation of cells with abnormal numbers of mitotic organelles, multiple chromosomal abnormalities and polyploidy. Furthermore, such cells demonstrated an inability to execute apoptosis under normal culture conditions, despite a significant increase in the expression of active PARP1, resulting in tolerance and very likely further propagation of genomic instabilities and ensuing of differentiation process. On the contrary, apoptosis but not differentiation, was the preferred route for such cells when they were subjected to ionising radiation. Together these data suggest that CDK1 regulates multiple events in human pluripotent stem cells ranging from regulation of mitosis, G2/M checkpoint maintenance, execution of apoptosis, maintenance of pluripotency and genomic stability.
Bortezomib enhances cancer cell death by blocking the autophagic flux through stimulating ERK phosphorylation
Authors: Kao C , Chao A , Tsai C-L , Chuang W-C , Huang W-P , Chen G-C , Lin C-Y , Wang T-H , Wang H-S , Lai C-H
Published: November 2014

The antitumor activity of an inhibitor of 26S proteasome bortezomib (Velcade) has been observed in various malignancies, including colon cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer. Bortezomib has been proposed to stimulate autophagy, but scientific observations did not always support this. Interactions between ERK activity and autophagy are complex and not completely clear. Autophagy proteins have recently been shown to regulate the functions of ERK, and ERK activation has been found to induce autophagy. On the other hand, sustained activation of ERK has also been shown to inhibit the maturation step of the autophagy process. In this study, we sought to identify the mechanism of autophagy regulation in cancer cells treated with bortezomib. Our results indicate that bortezomib blocked the autophagic flux without inhibiting the fusion of the autophagosome and lysosome. In ovarian cancer, as well as endometrial cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma cells, bortezomib inhibited protein degradation in lysosomes by suppressing cathepsins, which requires the participation of ERK phosphorylation, but not JNK or p38. Our findings that ERK phosphorylation reduced cathepsins further explain how ERK phosphorylation inhibits the autophagic flux. In conclusion, bortezomib may induce ERK phosphorylation to suppress cathepsin B and inhibit the catalytic process of autophagy in ovarian cancer and other solid tumors. The inhibition of cisplatin-induced autophagy by bortezomib can enhance chemotherapy efficacy in ovarian cancer. As we also found that bortezomib blocks the autophagic flux in other cancers, the synergistic cytotoxic effect of bortezomib by abolishing chemotherapy-related autophagy may help us develop strategies of combination therapies for multiple cancers.
Cancer cell death induced by novel small molecules degrading the TACC3 protein via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway
Authors: Ohoka N , Nagai K , Hattori T , Okuhira K , Shibata N , Cho N , Naito M
Published: November 2014

The selective degradation of target proteins with small molecules is a novel approach to the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. We have developed a protein knockdown system with a series of hybrid small compounds that induce the selective degradation of target proteins via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. In this study, we designed and synthesized novel small molecules called SNIPER(TACC3)s, which target the spindle regulatory protein transforming acidic coiled-coil-3 (TACC3). SNIPER(TACC3)s induce poly-ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of TACC3 and reduce the TACC3 protein level in cells. Mechanistic analysis indicated that the ubiquitin ligase APC/CCDH1 mediates the SNIPER(TACC3)-induced degradation of TACC3. Intriguingly, SNIPER(TACC3) selectively induced cell death in cancer cells expressing a larger amount of TACC3 protein than normal cells. These results suggest that protein knockdown of TACC3 by SNIPER(TACC3) is a potential strategy for treating cancers overexpressing the TACC3 protein.
Rectified directional sensing in long-range cell migration
Authors: Nakajima Akihiko , Ishihara Shuji , Imoto Daisuke , Sawai Satoshi
Published: November 2014

How spatial and temporal information are integrated to determine the direction of cell migration remains poorly understood. Here, by precise microfluidics emulation of dynamic chemoattractant waves, we demonstrate that, in Dictyostelium, directional movement as well as activation of small guanosine triphosphatase Ras at the leading edge is suppressed when the chemoattractant concentration is decreasing over time. This ‘rectification’ of directional sensing occurs only at an intermediate range of wave speed and does not require phosphoinositide-3-kinase or F-actin. From modelling analysis, we show that rectification arises naturally in a single-layered incoherent feedforward circuit with zero-order ultrasensitivity. The required stimulus time-window predicts ~5 s transient for directional sensing response close to Ras activation and inhibitor diffusion typical for protein in the cytosol. We suggest that the ability of Dictyostelium cells to move only in the wavefront is closely associated with rectification of adaptive response combined with local activation and global inhibition.
Nitrogen acquisition in Agave tequilana from degradation of endophytic bacteria
Authors: Beltran-Garcia Miguel J. , White, James F. , Prado Fernanda M. , Prieto Katia R. , Yamaguchi Lydia F. , Torres Monica S. , Kato Massuo J. , Medeiros Marisa H. G. , Di Mascio Paolo
Published: November 2014

Plants form symbiotic associations with endophytic bacteria within tissues of leaves, stems and roots. It is unclear whether or how plants obtain nitrogen from these endophytic bacteria. Here we present evidence showing nitrogen flow from endophytic bacteria to plants in a process that appears to involve oxidative degradation of bacteria. In our experiments we employed Agave tequilana and its seed-transmitted endophyte Bacillus tequilensis to elucidate organic nitrogen transfer from 15N-labeled bacteria to plants. Bacillus tequilensis cells grown in a minimal medium with 15NH4Cl as the nitrogen source were watered onto plants growing in sand. We traced incorporation of 15N into tryptophan, deoxynucleosides and pheophytin derived from chlorophyll a. Probes for hydrogen peroxide show its presence during degradation of bacteria in plant tissues, supporting involvement of reactive oxygen in the degradation process. In another experiment to assess nitrogen absorbed as a result of endophytic colonization of plants we demonstrated that endophytic bacteria potentially transfer more nitrogen to plants and stimulate greater biomass in plants than heat-killed bacteria that do not colonize plants but instead degrade in the soil. Findings presented here support the hypothesis that some plants under nutrient limitation may degrade and obtain nitrogen from endophytic microbes.
Determination of isoniazid content via cysteic acid/graphene modified glassy carbon electrode
Authors: Si Xiaojing , Jiang Lin , Wang Xinyue , Ding Yaping , Luo Liqiang
Published: November 2014

The electrodeposited graphene (EGR) and cysteic acid (CA) composite (CA/EGR) was fabricated through an electrochemical method for the modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The obtained detection linearity of isoniazid at the CA/EGR/GCE ranged from 0.1 to 200 μM with the detection limit of 0.03 μM (S/N= 3).
[Me2C{SnCH(SiMe3)2}2]2. A μ-Me2C-bridged tetrastanna tetrahedrane
Authors: Wagner Michael , Lutter Michael , Zobel Bernhard , Hiller Wolf , Prosenc Marc H. , Jurkschat Klaus
Published: November 2014

A spacer-bridged bis(organostannylene) was obtained adopting the structure of a doubly capped tetrahedron in the solid state. Its reaction with elemental oxygen provided organotin suboxides.
Synthesis of vinyl germylenes
Authors: Walewska Małgorzata , Baumgartner Judith , Marschner Christoph
Published: November 2014

Reaction of a disilylated germylene phosphane adduct with phenylacetylene unexpectedly occurs stereo- and regioselectively as insertion into the Si–Ge bond.
Diethylenetriamine-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of dodecahedral α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals with enhanced and stable photoelectrochemical activity
Authors: Xu Rui , Xu You , Huang Yi , Shi Yanmei , Zhang Bin
Published: November 2014

A facile diethylenetriamine-assisted protocol is developed to prepare dodecahedral α-Fe2O3 nanocrystals, which exhibit efficient photoelectrocatalytic water splitting activity.
Size dependent biodistribution and toxicokinetics of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles in mice
Authors: Yang Lin , Kuang Huijuan , Zhang Wanyi , Aguilar Zoraida P. , Xiong Yonghua , Lai Weihua , Xu Hengyi , Wei Hua
Published: November 2014

In spite of the immense benefits from iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMNs), there is scanty information regarding their metabolic activities and toxicity in vivo.
NGF-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles promote differentiation and outgrowth of PC12 cells
Authors: Marcus M. , Skaat H. , Alon N. , Margel S. , Shefi O.
Published: November 2014

The search for regenerative agents that promote neuronal differentiation and repair is of great importance.
Precise one-pot synthesis of fully conjugated end-functionalized star polymers containing poly(fluorene-2,7-vinylene) (PFV) arms
Authors: Nomura Kotohiro , Haque Tahmina , Miwata Tomohiro , Inagaki Akiko , Takamizu Kenji
Published: November 2014

A facile one-pot synthesis of end-functionalized star polymers consisting of PFVs has been achieved by olefin metathesis and Wittig-type coupling.
Synthesis and characterization of biocompatible gymnemic acid–gold nanoparticles: a study on glucose uptake stimulatory effect in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Authors: Rajarajeshwari T. , Shivashri C. , Rajasekar P.
Published: November 2014

An enhancedin vitroglucose utilization action of the biosynthesized GA–AuNPs.
Study of captopril pharmacokinetics in rabbit blood with microdialysis based on online generated Au nanoclusters and pepsin–captopril interaction in luminol chemiluminescence
Authors: Luo Kai , Nie Fei , Yan Yumei , Wang Shixiang , Zheng Xiaohui , Song Zhenghua
Published: November 2014

A luminol–HAuCl4–pepsin (Pep) flow injection-chemiluminescence system was explored to determine captopril (CAP) based on the CL intensity inhibition effect and applied to study CAP pharmacokinetics in rabbits with microdialysis.
A convenient method to prepare a novel alkali metal sodium doped carbon nitride photocatalyst with a tunable band structure
Authors: Zhang Jian , Hu Shaozheng , Wang Yanjuan
Published: November 2014

Sodium doped into a g-C3N4 crystal lattice can tune the position of CB and VB potentials, influence the structural and optical properties, and thus improve the Rhodamine B photodegradation and mineralization performances.
Effect of dispersed colloidal gold nanoparticles on the electrical properties of a columnar discotic liquid crystal
Authors: Mishra Mukesh , Kumar Sandeep , Dhar Ravindra
Published: November 2014

A dispersion of colloidal gold nanoparticles in 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexabutyloxytriphenylene possessing a hexatic plastic columnar phase has been studied by DSC, PLM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, SAXS diffraction and dielectric spectroscopy.
The effect of case-based instruction on 10th grade students' understanding of gas concepts
Authors: Yalçınkaya Eylem , Boz Yezdan
Published: November 2014

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of case-based instruction on remedying 10th grade students' alternative conceptions related to gas concepts. 128 tenth grade students from two high schools participated in this study. In each school, one of the classes was randomly assigned as the experimental group and the other class, instructed by the same chemistry teacher, was assigned as the control group. The students in the experimental groups were instructed by case-based instruction based on conceptual change conditions while the control group students received traditionally designed chemistry instruction. As pre-tests, the science process skills test, the attitude and motivation towards chemistry and the gas concept test were applied to both groups of students. As a post-test, the gas concept test was administered to both groups of students to determine their alternative conceptions and understanding of gas concepts. One-way ANOVA was used to assess the effect of case-based instruction on students' understanding of gas concepts. The results revealed that case-based instruction was an effective method for overcoming students' alternative conceptions about the gas concepts.
In vivo analysis of the size- and time-dependent uptake of NaYF4:Yb,Er upconversion nanocrystals by pumpkin seedlings
Authors: Nordmann J. , Buczka S. , Voss B. , Haase M. , Mummenhoff K.
Published: November 2014

We have investigated the kinetics of the uptake and the translocation of nanoparticles of different size in plants.
The structure of CO2 hydrate between 0.7 and 1.0 GPa
Authors: Tulk C. A. , Machida S. , Klug D. D. , Lu H. , Guthrie M. , Molaison J. J.
Published: November 2014

A deuterated sample of CO2 structure I (sI) clathrate hydrate (CO2·8.3 D2O) has been formed and neutron diffraction experiments up to 1.0 GPa at 240 K were performed. The sI CO2 hydrate transformed at 0.7 GPa into the high pressure phase that had been observed previously by Hirai et al. [J. Phys. Chem. 133, 124511 (2010)] and Bollengier et al. [Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 119, 322 (2013)], but which had not been structurally identified. The current neutron diffraction data were successfully fitted to a filled ice structure with CO2 molecules filling the water channels. This CO2+water system has also been investigated using classical molecular dynamics and density functional ab initio methods to provide additional characterization of the high pressure structure. Both models indicate the water network adapts a MH-III “like” filled ice structure with considerable disorder of the orientations of the CO2 molecule. Furthermore, the disorder appears to be a direct result of the level of proton disorder in the water network. In contrast to the conclusions of Bollengier et al., our neutron diffraction data show that the filled ice phase can be recovered to ambient pressure (0.1 MPa) at 96 K, and recrystallization to sI hydrate occurs upon subsequent heating to 150 K, possibly by first forming low density amorphous ice. Unlike other clathrate hydrate systems, which transform from the sI or sII structure to the hexagonal structure (sH) then to the filled ice structure, CO2 hydrate transforms directly from the sI form to the filled ice structure.
In situ synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy study of the oxidation of the Ge(100)-2 × 1 surface by supersonic molecular oxygen beams
Authors: Yoshigoe Akitaka , Teraoka Yuden , Okada Ryuta , Yamada Yoichi , Sasaki Masahiro
Published: November 2014

In situ synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy was performed during the oxidation of the Ge(100)-2 × 1 surface induced by a molecular oxygen beam with various incident energies up to 2.2 eV from the initial to saturation coverage of surface oxides. The saturation coverage of oxygen on the clean Ge(100) surface was much lower than one monolayer and the oxidation state of Ge was +2 at most. This indicates that the Ge(100) surface is so inert toward oxidation that complete oxidation cannot be achieved with only pure oxygen (O2) gas, which is in strong contrast to Si surfaces. Two types of dissociative adsorption, trapping-mediated and direct dissociation, were confirmed by oxygen uptake measurements depending on the incident energy of O2. The direct adsorption process can be activated by increasing the translational energy, resulting in an increased population of Ge2+ and a higher final oxygen coverage. We demonstrated that hyperthermal O2 beams remarkably promote the room-temperature oxidation with novel atomic configurations of oxides at the Ge(100) surface. Our findings will contribute to the fundamental understanding of oxygen adsorption processes at 300 K from the initial stages to saturated oxidation.
Stereo-selective partitioning of translation-to-internal energy conversion in gas ensembles
Authors: McCaffery Anthony J.
Published: November 2014

A recent computational study of translation-to-internal energy transfer to H2 (v = 0,j = 0), hereinafter denoted H2 (0;0), in a bath of H atoms [A. J. McCaffery and R. J. Marsh, J. Chem. Phys. 139, 234310 (2013)] revealed an unexpected energy partitioning in which the H2 vibrational temperature greatly exceeds that of rotation. This occurs despite rotation and vibration distributions being close to Boltzmann from early in ensemble evolution. In this work, the study is extended to include H2 (0;0), O2 (0;0), and HF (0;0) in a wide range of atomic bath gases comprising some 22 ensembles in all. Translation-to-internal energy conversion in the systems studied was found to be relatively inefficient, falling approximately with (√μ′)−1 as bath gas mass increases, where μ′ is the reduced mass of the diatomic–bath gas pair. In all 22 systems studied, Tv exceeds Tr – by a factor > 4 for some pairs. Analysis of the constraints that influence (0;0) → (1;j) excitation for each diatomic–atom pair in momentum–angular momentum space demonstrates that a vibrational preference results from energy constraints that limit permitted collision trajectories to those of low effective impact parameter, i.e., to those that are axial or near axial on impact with the Newton surface. This implies that a steric constraint is an inherent feature of vibration-rotation excitation and arises because momentum and energy barriers must be overcome before rotational states may be populated in the higher vibrational level.
Fluorescence lifetime plate reader: Resolution and precision meet high-throughput
Authors: Petersen Karl J. , Peterson Kurt C. , Muretta Joseph M. , Higgins Sutton E. , Gillispie Gregory D. , Thomas David D.
Published: November 2014

We describe a nanosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectrometer that acquires fluorescence decay waveforms from each well of a 384-well microplate in 3 min with signal-to-noise exceeding 400 using direct waveform recording. The instrument combines high-energy pulsed laser sources (5–10 kHz repetition rate) with a photomultiplier and high-speed digitizer (1 GHz) to record a fluorescence decay waveform after each pulse. Waveforms acquired from rhodamine or 5-((2-aminoethyl)amino) naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid dyes in a 384-well plate gave lifetime measurements 5- to 25-fold more precise than the simultaneous intensity measurements. Lifetimes as short as 0.04 ns were acquired by interleaving with an effective sample rate of 5 GHz. Lifetime measurements resolved mixtures of single-exponential dyes with better than 1% accuracy. The fluorescence lifetime plate reader enables multiple-well fluorescence lifetime measurements with an acquisition time of 0.5 s per well, suitable for high-throughput fluorescence lifetime screening applications.
New one-pot poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(tetrahydrofuran) memory material for facile fabrication of memory organic electrochemical transistors
Authors: Winther-Jensen Bjorn , Kolodziejczyk Bartlomiej , Winther-Jensen Orawan
Published: November 2014

The discovery of a new poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) composite with unique memory characteristics has led to the demonstration of durable Organic ElectroChemical Transistors (OECT) based memory devices. The composites of PEDOT with polytetrahydrofuran undergo a structural collapse during electrochemical reduction that requires approximately 800 mV overpotential to re-open and is thus hindering the re-oxidation of the composite. This effect causes the composite at intermediate potentials to be able to have two different oxidation states and thereby resistances, depending on the “on” or “off” switching potential applied prior to the intermediate potential. Notably, this hysteresis is lasting over time and no drift has been observed. Impedance spectroscopy, in-situ UV-Vis spectroscopy, conductivity measurement, in-situ electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to confirm and explain the switching memory phenomena. The OECT platform was used to validate the PEDOT:PTHF as a one-pot memory source-drain material where a threefold increase in drain current was observed between “off” and “on” mode of the transistor after modulation of the Ag/AgCl gate.
Photocatalytic and magnetic behaviors of BiFeO3 thin films deposited on different substrates
Authors: Xu Hao-Min , Wang Huan-Chun , Shen Yang , Lin Yuan-Hua , Nan Ce-Wen
Published: November 2014

Single phase polycrystalline BiFeO3 thin films were grown on three different substrates via chemical solution deposition. Our results indicate that the band gap of as-prepared BiFeO3 films can be tuned (2.02–2.67 eV) by the grain size effects caused by the substrates. These BiFeO3 films show good photocatalytic properties by the degradation of Congo red solution under visible-light irradiation (λ > 400 nm). Additionally, weak ferromagnetic behaviors can be observed at room temperature in all the films, which should be correlated to the destruction of the incommensurate cycloid spin structure of BiFeO3 phase and the coexistence of Fe3+ and Fe2+ as confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
A hydrogel capsule as gate dielectric in flexible organic field-effect transistors
Authors: Dumitru L. M. , Manoli K. , Magliulo M. , Ligonzo T. , Palazzo G. , Torsi L.
Published: November 2014

A jellified alginate based capsule serves as biocompatible and biodegradable electrolyte system to gate an organic field-effect transistor fabricated on a flexible substrate. Such a system allows operating thiophene based polymer transistors below 0.5 V through an electrical double layer formed across an ion-permeable polymeric electrolyte. Moreover, biological macro-molecules such as glucose-oxidase and streptavidin can enter into the gating capsules that serve also as delivery system. An enzymatic bio-reaction is shown to take place in the capsule and preliminary results on the measurement of the electronic responses promise for low-cost, low-power, flexible electronic bio-sensing applications using capsule-gated organic field-effect transistors.
Effect of Mn substitution on the transport properties of co-sputtered Fe3−xMnxSi epilayers
Authors: Tang M. , Jin C. , Bai H. L.
Published: November 2014

Motivated by the theoretical calculations that Fe3−xMnxSi can simultaneously exhibit a high spin polarization with a high Curie temperature to be applied in spintronic devices, and in order to further study the effect of Mn contents on the physical properties of Fe3−xMnxSi, we have investigated the effect of Mn substitution on the transport properties of epitaxial Fe3−xMnxSi (0≤x≤1) films systematically. The Fe3−xMnxSi films were epitaxially grown on MgO(001) plane with 45° rotation. The magnetization for various x shows enhanced irreversibility, implying the antiferromagnetic ordering induced by the substitution of Mn. A metal-semiconductor crossover was observed due to the enhanced disorders of interactions and the local lowering of symmetry induced by the substitution of Mn. The single-domain state in the Fe3−xMnxSi films leads to twofold symmetric curves of the anisotropic magnetoresistance and planar Hall resistivity.
The Alien in the Forest OR When Temporal Context Dominates Perception
Authors: Kornmeier Jürgen , Mayer Gerhard
Published: November 2014

Some German hunters came up with pictures taken from a wildlife camera and showing a strange humanoid-like object of about 10 cm size. Its puzzling appearance and a remarkable absence of wildlife in that area after its occurrence triggered paranormal explanations. After reexamination of the pictures, we found a more plausible conventional explanation. This case study serves as an interesting real-world example for the constructive nature of human perception. We discuss how the perceptual system uses spatial and temporal/memory factors to disambiguate ambiguous and restricted sensory information.
Microstructure of the otoliths of the glacier lanternfish, Benthosema glaciale
Authors: García-Seoane E. , Meneses I. , Silva A.
Published: November 2014

Ageing using otolith microstructure is based on the assumption that growth increments are deposited daily. Individuals of the glacier lanternfish (Benthosema glaciale) were collected in the Flemish Cap (north-west Atlantic) during June–July 2010. A total of 44 individuals (ranging from 28 to 49mm standard length; <2 years old) were selected to analyse otolith microstructure using light microscopy in order to assess the reliability of the use of microincrements to infer the true age of this species. Three distinct zones were distinguished: the larval zone, the postlarval zone and the postmetamorphic zone. The otolith core was, on average, 8±0.7μm. The mean microincrement number in the larval zone was 42±7.5 within a radius of 0.095±0.010mm whereas in the postlarval zone it was 25±3.0 within a segment of 0.104±0.015mm. SEM examinations in a subsample of otoliths showed that the resolution power of the light microscope was sufficient to study both the larval and the postlarval zones. Back-calculation from the time of capture suggests a hatching period from mid-June to mid-December with a peak in September. The spawning time and daily deposition of the microincrements in B. glaciale are discussed.
Safer sex and condom use: findings from the Second Australian Study of Health and Relationships
Authors: de Visser Richard O. , Badcock Paul B. , Rissel Chris , Richters Juliet , Smith Anthony M. A. , Grulich Andrew E. , Simpson Judy M.
Published: November 2014

Background It is important to have current and reliable estimates of the frequency and correlates of condom use among Australian adults. Methods: A representative sample of 20 094 men and women aged 16–69 years, from all states and territories, completed computer-assisted telephone interviews. The overall participation rate among eligible people was 66.2%. Results: Although most respondents had used a condom at some time in their lives, fewer than half of those who were sexually active in the year before being interviewed had used a condom in that year. Condom use in the last year was associated with youth, speaking a language other than English at home, bisexual identity, greater education, residence in major cities, lower income and having multiple sexual partners in the last year. One-quarter of respondents used a condom the last time they had vaginal intercourse and one-sixth of these were put on after genital contact. Condom use during most recent vaginal sex was associated with youth, lower income, having sex with a non-regular partner and not using another form of contraception. Condom use appears to have increased between 2001–02 and 2012–13. Conclusion: Consistent with other research, this study showed that condom use was strongly associated with partner type and use of other contraception. There may be a need to highlight among people with multiple sexual partners the fact that non-barrier methods of contraception do not offer protection against sexually transmissible infections. The finding that many condoms were applied after genital contact suggests a need to promote both use and correct use of condoms.
Interaction between tacit and codified knowledge in socio-spatial context
Authors: Cohendet Patrick
Published: November 2014

Patrick Cohendet was previously dean of the Faculty of Economics at Strasbourg University (1982–1985), vice president of the University of Strasbourg (1991–1992), member of the Conseil des Applications de l’Académie des Sciences in Paris (1994–2002), and chairman of the International Business Department at HEC Montréal (2007–2008). He was also visiting professor at the University of Virginia, and the University of Tokyo. His research interests include the theory of the firm, economics of innovation, economics of knowledge, economics of creativity and knowledge management.
Pulmonary Hypertension and the Right Ventricle—Thinking outside the Box (Third International Right Heart Failure Summit, Part 1)
Authors: Rich Jonathan D.
Published: November 2014

The Third International Right Heart Failure Summit (Boston, MA) convened a group of international clinical and scientific experts in pulmonary vascular disease and right heart disease to explore cutting‐edge developments in the mechanisms and clinical management of right‐sided cardiovascular disease. The symposium was organized into three distinct sessions, the first of which was titled “Pulmonary Hypertension and the Right Ventricle—Thinking outside the Box” and will be the focus of this review. Three internationally renowned experts in pulmonary hypertension and right heart disease—Drs. Stuart Rich, Sean Gaine, and Harm Bogaard—each delivered provocative lectures. The first lecture, by Dr. Rich, was titled “Current Classification for Pulmonary Hypertension—Why Are We Ignoring the Structural Basis of the Disease?” Rich focused on the current classification system of pulmonary hypertension and provided a unique historical perspective. He also addressed the need to evolve the prevailing conceptual framework of our approach to pulmonary vascular diseases and right ventricular dysfunction, including the future design of pulmonary hypertension clinical trials. Dr. Gaine delivered the second lecture, titled “Treatment Algorithm for Pulmonary Hypertension: Tunnel Vision of our Current Approach.” Gaine emphasized the tripartite model of pulmonary hypertension management, namely, supportive measures, pharmacologic therapy, and rescue therapy. Specifically, he detailed how each of these entities is changing as our understanding of the unmet needs in the field of pulmonary hypertension is becoming increasingly apparent. Finally, Dr. Bogaard provided a lecture titled “Treating Right Heart Failure: Why Does the Art of Medicine Lead the Science?” Bogaard provided a stimulating review of cutting‐edge translational research of right ventricular function and dysfunction. In particular, he described a variety of molecular and cellular changes that occur in the hypertrophied right ventricle and contrasted those changes that may be adaptive from those that are maladaptive and may be potential therapeutic targets.
Multiplicity of solutions for resonant Neumann problems with an indefinite and unbounded potential
Authors: Papageorgiou Nikolaos , Rădulescu Vicenţiu
Published: November 2014

We examine semilinear Neumann problems driven by the Laplacian plus an unbounded and indefinite potential. The reaction is a Carathéodory function which exhibits linear growth near

±
∞

\pm \infty

. We allow for resonance to occur with respect to a nonprincipal nonnegative eigenvalue, and we prove several multiplicity results. Our approach uses critical point theory, Morse theory and the reduction method (the Lyapunov-Schmidt method).
Heuristics and Biases
Authors: Baron Jonathan
Published: November 2014

The field of judgment and decision-making is characterized by three types of “models”: normative, prescriptive, and descriptive. Normative models provide standards for evaluation of judgments and decisions. Descriptive models are psychological accounts of how people either conform or depart from these models systematically (i.e., have biases). Prescriptive models suggest ways of helping people come closer to the normative models. This chapter reviews the main categories of descriptive models, including the major categories heuristics, such as the ideas of isolation effect, attribute substitution, and two-systems theory. It also discusses alternative approaches such as naive theories. It also describes a general approach to prescription, the idea of actively open-minded thinking, which can reduce some of the biases.
Trunk orientation causes asymmetries in leg function in small bird terrestrial locomotion
Authors: Andrada Emanuel , Rode Christian , Sutedja Yefta , Nyakatura John A. , Blickhan Reinhard
Published: November 2014

In contrast to the upright trunk in humans, trunk orientation in most birds is almost horizontal (pronograde). It is conceivable that the orientation of the heavy trunk strongly influences the dynamics of bipedal terrestrial locomotion. Here, we analyse for the first time the effects of a pronograde trunk orientation on leg function and stability during bipedal locomotion. For this, we first inferred the leg function and trunk control strategy applied by a generalized small bird during terrestrial locomotion by analysing synchronously recorded kinematic (three-dimensional X-ray videography) and kinetic (three-dimensional force measurement) quail locomotion data. Then, by simulating quail gaits using a simplistic bioinspired numerical model which made use of parameters obtained inin vivoexperiments with real quail, we show that the observed asymmetric leg function (left-skewed ground reaction force and longer leg at touchdown than at lift-off) is necessary for pronograde steady-state locomotion. In addition, steady-state locomotion becomes stable for specific morphological parameters. For quail-like parameters, the most common stable solution is grounded running, a gait preferred by quail and most of the other small birds. We hypothesize that stability of bipedal locomotion is a functional demand that, depending on trunk orientation and centre of mass location, constrains basic hind limb morphology and function, such as leg length, leg stiffness and leg damping.