bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic signatures of germline gene expression
Authors: McVicker Graham , Green Phil
Published: August 2010

Transcribed regions in the human genome differ from adjacent intergenic regions in transposable element density, crossover rates, and asymmetric substitution and sequence composition patterns. We tested whether these differences reflect selection or are instead a byproduct of germline transcription, using publicly available gene expression data from a variety of germline and somatic tissues. Crossover rate shows a strong negative correlation with gene expression in meiotic tissues, suggesting that crossover is inhibited by transcription. Strand-biased composition (G+T content) and A → G versus T → C substitution asymmetry are both positively correlated with germline gene expression. We find no evidence for a strand bias in allele frequency data, implying that the substitution asymmetry reflects a mutation rather than a fixation bias. The density of transposable elements is positively correlated with germline expression, suggesting that such elements preferentially insert into regions that are actively transcribed. For each of the features examined, our analyses favor a nonselective explanation for the observed trends and point to the role of germline gene expression in shaping the mammalian genome.
Families in court—guilty or guilty?
Authors: SMITH PETER M.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. The case for the introduction of family courts in England and Wales rests on the unsuitability of the present court systems to the effective and efficient resolution of family problems

Last year the Socio‐Legal Centre for Family Studies of the University of Bristol, published an important study by Mervyn Murch and colleagues, The Overlapping Family Jurisdiction of the Magistrates' Courts and County Courts (1987), which describes the views of the court‐users of their experience in court. The research discovered that families find court attendance frightening and that the present court arrangements are insensitive to the needs of families. This article brings these findings to a wider audience and comments on their significance
The ‘unobjectionable’ service: A legislative history of childminding
Authors: OWEN SUE
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This paper is a survey of state involvement in childminding, the legislation which has arisen from it and the legislative changes for which child care workers are now campaigning. After a century of legislation to protect young children, day care is still seen as no more than ‘unobjectionable’ with the major reforms of the 1987 White Paper omitted from the current Children Bill. A review of legislative discussions alerts us to contradictions which have caused problems for the registration and support of childminders to date. The debate on new law can he informed by the organised experiences and opinions of childminders themselves.
Carers of Children: A Comparative Study of the Practices of Residential and Foster Carers
Authors: Colton Matthew
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY. This article takes further the themes outlined in Children & Society, Volume 3(1) of examining the practices of special foster and residential caregivers in terms of the management of daily and other recurrent social events, and the methods used by caregivers to control children. Data are also presented on the role activities of caregivers and their interactions with children. Care practice in the special foster homes was generally found to be significantly more child‐oriented than in the children's homes, and possible explanations for this are considered. Evidence is presented which serves to counter the tendency, in the wake of recent controversy surrounding children's homes, to scapegoat caregivers and children for shortcomings in residential care. The article has important implications for residential caregivers and foster care workers; and also for administrators and other child welfare professionals such as |field social workers, educational psychologists and psychiatrists.
Talking to Strangers: an Overview of an Independent Representation Project in Northern Ireland
Authors: McConaghy Geraldine
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: In 1990 the Northern Ireland Association for the Care and Resettlement of Offenders (NIACRO) launched a new initiative designed to complement the various support mechanisms currently available to those young people involved in the juvenile justice and child care systems in Northern Ireland. The Independent Representation Project involves young people in secure accommodation ‘talking to strangers’, that is, people who are independent of the institution, about any concerns they may have. This article describes this initiative and in particular reflects on its development since the appointment of the author as Project Coordinator.
Bullying Behaviour in Children and Adolescents in Ireland
Authors: O'Moore Astrid Mona
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY: This article comprises an overview of bullying behaviour of Irish children. Data from Irish studies are compared with international findings. Results in relation to personality factors of children involved in bullying behaviour are published for the first time. There are also some preliminary results from the author's recent nationwide study of bullying behaviour.
Qualitative Health Research with Children
Authors: Ireland Lorraine , Holloway Immy
Published: August 2010

The authors of this article identify and discuss some of the practical and ethical issues of qualitative research with children. The problems are illustrated through a research study about children's experience of asthma, and the way in which they perceive and interpret their condition. It is shown that social research with children has inherent difficulties relating to access, ethical and developmental issues. Researchers do not only have to gain parental permission but also want the child to enter the research voluntarily. Because of the children's stage of development and the asymmetrical relationship between researcher and informants, adequate safeguards and awareness of these problems are essential.
Enhancing Educational Support: Towards Holistic, Responsive and Strength‐based Services for Young Refugees and Asylum‐seekers
Authors: Hughes Nathan , Beirens Hanne
Published: August 2010

The importance of early school experiences in the personal and social development of young refugees and asylum‐seekers has been documented by researchers and enshrined in practice guidelines. The capacity of schools to implement these guidelines is, however, limited, in terms of the availability of appropriate knowledge and skills, financial resources and long‐term planning. In this article we draw upon case studies of six school or education‐based services funded by the Children's Fund. We explore the various ways in which these have enhanced the ability of schools to address multiple and interrelated family‐ and community‐level factors impacting on the educational attendance and achievement of this group. In conclusion, we consider the challenges to scale up and sustain these services.
Reconstructing Adolescence after Displacement: Experience from Eastern Africa
Authors: Tefferi Hirut
Published: August 2010

In this article I am concerned to explore the ways in which war and forced migration have impacted on traditional ideas and practices surrounding adolescence and, as a consequence, influenced actual lives. A particular focus is given to the roles and responsibilities of adolescents, for whom a tension often exists between the pressures to achieve social adulthood and to gain assistance through presenting themselves as children. Their quest to achieve adulthood is often hampered by the abandonment of initiation practices due to the conditions of conflict and displacement. At the same time military mobilisation and the work of international humanitarian organisations provide new avenues for the possible enhancement of their social status. This article provides examples from across the region that illustrate the ways in which adolescence itself is being reconfigured as a result of these changes.
On Childhood and the Logic of Difference: Some Empirical Examples
Authors: Dahlbeck Johan
Published: August 2010

This article argues that universal documents on children’s rights can provide illustrative examples as to how childhood is identified as a unity using difference as an instrument. Using Gille Deleuze’s theorising on difference and sameness as a framework, the article seeks to relate the children’s rights project with a critique of representation. It seeks to illustrate how the children’s rights project seems to be promoting an image of childhood that is sharply contrasted by adulthood in a dichotomised sense, as well as how, in these documents, the fate of the child is being intertwined with the fate of the state.
Prealbumin locus in chickens
Authors: Stratil A.
Published: August 2010

Three different phenotypes of a weakly staining prealbumin migrating near the borate line during starch gel electrophoresis were found in chicken sera and egg yolks. It is shown that the synthesis of these phenotypes is determined by one autosomal locus with two alleles, PaA and PaB.

The paper also presents the results of partial isolation of polymorphic prealbumins from cock sera. Rivanol®– ammonium sulphate precipitation and chromatography on Sephadex G‐200® were used for this purpose.
The freezing and preservation of bovine erythrocytes in liquid nitrogen
Authors: Zink G. L. , Hines H. C.
Published: August 2010

Bovine erythrocytes can be preserved for long periods of time by freezing and storing in liquid nitrogen. Blood group determinations, titrations, and isoimmunizations indicated that there were no detectable alterations in antigenic reactivities of preserved erythrocytes when compared with fresh samples of blood from the same animal. In addition, consistent percentages of recovery within a frozen mixture could be obtained, indicating that the deterioration of erythrocytes with time was not significant. Variations in the percentage of recovery of erythrocytes with different concentrations of sucrose (the cryoprotective agent) were significant at the 0.01 level of probability. The highest average percentages of recovery of erythrocytes from whole blood and the cellular fraction of blood (blood from which plasma was removed before freezing) were obtained with 45 and 40% sucrose, respectively. Results also indicated that whole blood gave a slightly higher percentage of recovery, than the cellular fraction. The individual donor effect, storage time in liquid nitrogen, and various saline concentrations of the thawing and washing solutions had no significant effects upon percentage of recovery.
A comparison of occurrence of A, Na and Nb substances in the blood, milk and saliva of sows
Authors: Hojny J. , Glasnák V.
Published: August 2010

The soluble A‐substance has been found in the serum, milk and saliva of all A‐positive sows with the exception of one serum from a sow of Ap phenotype. A‐substance inhibition activity has been measured. High titres were found in the saliva of the Ac group and in Ap phenotypes.

In addition to the previously described presence of soluble Na and Nb substances in the serum, both these substances were also found in nearly the same level in the milk of sows of appropriate phenotypes.

The saliva of pigs does not contain soluble Na or Nb substances.
A study on genetic linkage in chickens comprising six loci for polymorphic proteins and three othei gene pairs
Authors: Stratil A.
Published: August 2010

Genetic linkage of six loci for polymorphic proteins in chickens (Alb, Tf, Pa, Ov, G3 and G2) and three loci for somatic markers (W/w, P/p and I/i) was investigated. The existence of close linkage was proved between Ov and G3. No sign of linkage was detected between the other loci.
Genetic control of cholinesterase activity in horse serum
Authors: Gahne B. , Bengtsson S. , Sandberg K.
Published: August 2010

The cholinesterase activity in horse serum was shown to be controlled by four co‐dominant autosomal alleles, ChA, ChB, Chc and ChD. The respective alleles controlled an activity of approximately 40, 76, 126 and 155 units. Nine phenotypes with different enzyme levels were distinguished. Family data with 11 stallions, 108 mares and 128 offspring were consistent with the genetic theory. The gene frequencies in the North Swedish horse breed were 0.32, 0.42, 0.13 and 0.13, respectively.
Foetal and neonatal transferrins in cattle
Authors: Spooner R. L. , Land R. B. , Oliver R. A. , Stratil A.
Published: August 2010

Homozygous transferrins of adult cattle are made up of two strong pairs and one weak pair of protein bands on starch gel electrophoresis. Foetal transferrins have only the slower band of each pair with the fastest band of the three being much stronger than in the adult type. Before term the second band of each pair begins to develop and at the same time the fastest pair becomes weaker – attaining the adult type by term or soon after. The ai protein, which is present in early foetal life and almost disappears by 250 days of embryonic development, shows individual variation. Its relationship to fetuin is discussed.
Relationship between blood or milk polymorphisms and size measures of Holstein heifers1
Authors: Brum E. W. , Hines H. C. , Ludwick T. M. , Rader E. R.
Published: August 2010

Polymorphisms of Holstein heifers from ten state‐owned dairy herds were compared with their birth weights and four measures of body size taken at 3, 6, and 12 months of age, and three months after first calving. The eleven polymorphic systems included the A, B, FV, J, L, S and Z blood group systems, the serum transferrins, and the β‐lactoglobulin, αs1‐casein, and β‐casein milk protein systems. Possible effects of polymorphisms on body measurements were investigated by analysis of variance. The numbers of animals included in the analyses ranged from 2600 in one analysis to about 100 heifers with precalving measurements and identified polymorphism types for the systems studied. Most of the analysis involved over 1000 animals. No meaningful evidence of relationship between polymorphism type and single measurement, type of measurement or measurements taken at the same age was observed. Enumeration of the probabilities that the F values could have resulted from chance alone indicated that, as a whole and generally for various groupings, fewer F values associated with low probabilities were observed than expected.
Antibodies to sheep haemoglobins
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth M. , Pearce Cheryl
Published: August 2010

Precipitating antibodies specific for sheep haemoglobins A, B, C and F have been made in rabbits.
Phosphohexose isomerase polymorphism of pigs
Authors: Kúbek A. , Dinklage H.
Published: August 2010

Using starch gel electrophoresis, polymorphism of phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) was found in haemolysed swine erythrocytes.

Three different phenotypes A, AB and B were observed. They are determined by two autosomal codominant alleles A and B. Homozygous types have three fractions; a strong middle band flanked by two weaker ones. The heterozygous types have five fractions, three strong bands in the middle with weaker anodic and catodic bands.

Segregation data in the family material support this hypothesis. The age does not influence the pattern of the PHI types.
The distribution of transferrin and hemoglobin types in families of Suffolk and Targhee sheep1
Authors: Fésüs L. , Rasmusen B. A.
Published: August 2010

Transferrin and hemoglobin types were determined for 2133 sheep (Suffolks, Targhees, and Suffolk × Targhee crossbreds) and gene frequencies were calculated. Analysis of ratios of hemoglobin types revealed a significant excess of lambs of hemoglobin B/B type in some matings. For transferrins, there was a deficiency of homozygotes for TfB in offspring of matings of TfB heterozygotes inter se.
Serum amylase isozyme in three Austrian cattle breeds
Authors: Schleger W.
Published: August 2010

Serum amylase phenotypes were determined for 1227 animals from three Austrian cattle breeds, Tyrolean Grey, Carinthian Blondvieh and Waldviertler Blondvieh. The phenotypes were determined for 450 offspring from families where both sire and dam were typed. The distribution of the 450 progeny phenotypes in which 30 of the 36 possible mating combinations occur is compatible with the hypothesis of three autosomal co‐dominant alleles.

All six possible phenotypes were found in all three breed groups. Gene frequencies of amylase alleles as well as the probability of excluding wrong parentage were estimated for all three breeds.
Iso‐antibodies to red cell antigens in pigs' sera. 1. Iso‐immunisation of pregnancy in sows
Authors: Linklater K. A.
Published: August 2010

It has been demonstrated that iso‐immunisation of sows by foetal red cell antigens can occur. Four sows were shown to produce iso‐antibodies to the blood group factors Ea and Kb, after giving birth to Ea‐positive and Kb‐positive piglets, respectively. They did not produce the antibodies after giving birth to only Ea‐negative and Kb‐negative piglets, respectively.

Two Ea‐negative gilts and a further Ea‐negative sow, all of which had no evidence of red cell iso‐antibodies in their sera were mated to an Ea‐positive boar. Anti‐Ea was detected in the sera of two of them for the first time after the subsequent parturition; the third remained negative.

Complete and reliable life histories of all these animals were available. There were no previous injections of pig red cells in any form.
Electrophoretic investigation of plasma and red cell proteins and enzymes of Macquarie Island elephant seals
Authors: McDermid E. M. , Ananthakrishnan R. , Agar N. S.
Published: August 2010

Electrophoretic investigations of the protein and enzyme groups of 8 plasma and of 11 red cell systems have been carried out on 42 samples of seals of the species Mirounga leonina (L.) from Macquarie Island.

Variation was demonstrated in the following 5 systems: phosphoglucomutase, red cell acid phosphatase, phosphohexose isomerase, albumin and pre‐albumin.
Genetic variation of tetrazolium oxidase in the fat‐tailed dunnart Sminthopsis crassicaudata Gould (Marsupialia)
Authors: Hope R. M.
Published: August 2010

Electrophoretic variation in red blood cell tetrazolium oxidase has been detected in a laboratory colony of the fat‐tailed dunnart, Sminthopsis crassicaudata. Evidence from family data suggest that this variation is determined by a pair of co‐dominant autosomal alleles, ToA and ToB, heterozygotes possessing enzymatically active hybrid protein.
The preservation of bovine erythrocytes frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at ‐170°C for up to five years
Authors: Zink G. L. , Hines H. C.
Published: August 2010

Bovine erythrocytes were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at —170°C for five years. Every criterion investigated revealed that no significant deterioration had occurred over the long storage period.
The failure of induced anemia to affect changes in hemoglobin and chimerism in cattle1
Authors: Niece R. L. , Bendely Stephanie , Caulton Joan , Bacon J. , Cragle R. G. , Stone W. H.
Published: August 2010

In contrast to sheep and goats, chronic and acute anemia induced by bleeding does not appear to alter hemoglobin types in cattle. Three adult cattle twins of type A and two non‐twin calves of type AB sustained anemias with hemoglobin levels of 80 % and 50 % of normal without the appearance of a new type. In addition, no changes in the chimeric red cell mixtures were observed in the twins.
Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) of bovine erythrocytes: genetic control of electrophoretic variants
Authors: Ansay M. , Hanset R.
Published: August 2010

A genetic polymorphism of the purine nucleoside phosphorylase is described in red cells of cattle. Electrophoresis distinguishes two types, one associated with a high activity (H), the other with a low activity (L). Breeding tests suggest the segregation of two alleles: a dominant allele for high activity (H) and a recessive allele for low activity (L). On the basis of quantitative estimation of enzyme activity, the individuals of the H phenotype can be separated in two classes, the enzyme activity in one class being twice as high as the activity in the other class. It is suggested that the class with the highest enzymatic activity corresponds to the homozygote for the H allele, the other class to the heterozygote. In fact, an A.I. bull (H phenotype and with the highest enzymatic activity) mated with cows of the L phenotype, gave offspring of the H phenotype, only. The decline of activity, with age, is stressed. Four breeds have been typed. The Charolais breed is characterized by a high frequency of the H allele.
Preliminary studies on allotypes in cattle1
Authors: Wegrzyn J.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents evidence of five isoimmune sera, which identified five antigens of cattle blood serum. These antigens were examined by means of staining, immuno‐electrophoresis and Sephadex G 200 column chromatography.

It was established that the BA‐2, BA‐3, BA‐4 and BA‐4′ antigens were proteins, whilst the BA‐1 antigen was a lipoprotein.

The BA‐3 antigen migrated in the γ‐globulin position; the remaining four antigens migrated in the α‐globulin region.

The antigens under examination were already present in the blood serum during the first few days of life and appeared to be of a stable character.

The results of genetic analysis suggest that these antigens were transmitted according to Mendelism.
Phosphohexose isomerase polymorphism in horse erythrocytes
Authors: Sandberg Kaj
Published: August 2010

Four individual patterns of phosphohexose isomerase (PHI) from horse red cells were found by starch gel electrophoresis. Population and family data of two Swedish horse breeds were consistent with the theory that the PHI types were controlled by three codominant, autosomal alleles designated PHIF, PHIIand PHIS(F,IandS).
The reactivity of canine red cells with heterophile agglutinins having anti‐A activity*
Authors: Bowdler A. J. , Uhlenbruck G. , Dries C. , Bull R. W.
Published: August 2010

Heterophile A‐reactive agglutinins, obtained from the seeds of Dolichos biflorus and from the snails Helix aspersa, Helix pomatia and Cepaea nemoralis, were tested for reactivity with the saliva and red cells of a random series of dogs. Saliva from dogs with the A‐like Tr red cell antigen inhibited the agglutination of human A red cells by each of the reagents. However, none of the heterophile agglutinins distinguished Tr+ from Tr— red cells: the Dolichos agglutinin was non‐reactive, while all of the snail reagents agglutinated both Tr+ and Tr— cells. It is concluded that the canine red cell bears a series of heterophile receptors which mask reactivity with the canine homologue of the red cell A‐antigen, and that the restricted size of the binding sites of the agglutinins limits the informational significance of cross‐reactivity obtained with these reagents.
The evidence of erythrocyte acid phosphatase by starch gel electrophoresis in the pig
Authors: Meyer J. N. , Verhorst D.
Published: August 2010

Up to now no polymorphism of acid phosphatase in pigs has been reported. According to the method of Radam & Strauch (1971) 3 phenotypes of acid phosphatase, A, AB and B, were identified in haemolysates from 284 German Landrace boars. The corresponding gene frequencies1 were found: 0.74 for PA and 0.26 for PB.
Electrophoretic variation of adductor muscle protein and tetrazolium oxidase in the smooth Washington clam, Saxidomus giganteus (Deshayes 1839)
Authors: Johnson Allyn G. , Utter Fred M.
Published: August 2010

Two electrophoretic polymorphisms (muscle protein 2 alleles and tetrazolium oxidase 3 alleles) were found in Saxidomus giganteus. The muscle protein system showed significant differences between collections from different locations, while the tetrazolium oxidase system showed variation in allele frequency suggestive of a north‐south cline.
Studies on serum antigens in carp1
Authors: Stota Ewa
Published: August 2010

Three antigens of carp blood serum are described. It is suggested that the antigen Lpf‐1 which had been previously detected by the use of heteroimmune serum seems to depend somehow upon the sexual maturity of carp.

The other antigen, Af‐1, is of low frequency and belongs to the albumins.

The frequency and inheritance of the previously detected antigen Pf‐1 is also reported.
Blood group gene frequency differences between European and Asian pigs and their hybrids
Authors: Tikhonov V. N. , Ratiany Dj.
Published: August 2010

Most contemporary pig breeds have been constructed with a contribution of pigs of Asian origin (Volkopjalov et al., 1934; Tikhonov, 1967). At present, the closest relatives of the latter are the Vietnamese black and spotted pigs (Tikhonov, 1972a, 1972b). Immunogenetic characterization of Vietnamese pigs and hybrids between Vietnamese and European pigs may be of interst for the phylogenesis of the now existing pig breeds and the widening use of miniature laboratory pigs. Vietnamese
Lymphocytotoxic antibodies against cattle J antigen
Authors: Hruban V. , Simon M.
Published: August 2010

The J substance is unique compared to all other known red cell antigenic characters of cattle blood because it is detected by naturally occurring antibodies and occurs dissolved in body fluids. Also it could be demonstrated by absorption techniques on the lymphocytes and platelets of the J‐positive animals (Eyquem et al., 1956). The presence of the J antigen on these tissues raises the question whether cytotoxic antibodies exist against it. This question has been studied and the first results are presented.
Genetic control of urea resistant esterase of liver extracts in chicken
Authors: Ueda Junji , Hachinohe Yoshio
Published: August 2010

Starch gel electrophoresis according to Okada & Sasaki (1970) revealed six regions of esterase activity designated I to VI. Further genetic variation was found in esterase region III in this study. Two phenotypes, A and O, were observed by means of urea denaturation of chicken liver extracts. These were genetically controlled by an autosomal locus, designated as Es‐9, with a completely dominant (Es‐9A) and a completely recessive (Es‐9°) alleles.

Es‐9
A was the most frequent allele in White Plymouth Rock, New Hampshire and Australorp strains and rare in White Leghorn strains.
Heat stability of the precipitin reactants in normal chicken sera
Authors: Petrovský M. Reyes. E. , Carbonell G.
Published: August 2010

The heat stability of the precipitin reactants of normal chicken sera was determined. Type A sera were found to be more resistant to heating than those of type B. This difference may be used for an easy and reliable classification of both types of chicken sera.
Bovine plasma alkaline phosphatase activity in relation to age, J substance and β‐lactoglobulin phenotypes
Authors: Agergaard N. , Larsen B.
Published: August 2010

In Jersey cattle the plasma alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity was found to be markedly age‐dependent. Among animals grouped with regard to age a marked decrease in the average plasma AP activity was shown to take place until an age of 21/2 to 3 years. For the J substance and β‐lactoglobulin phenotypes a dependency of age was not observed in the material studied.

Excluding animals less than 3 years old and thus eliminating variation in AP activity due to age, a significant association (P<0.01) between AP activity and J phenotypes was observed among 91 animals. The Jcs phenotype was associated with low AP activity and the ja phenotype with high AP activity. On the average the J substance phenotypes, Jcs, Js and ja, exhibit an increasing plasma AP activity of 3.6, 4.2 and 6.8 King Armstrong Units, respectively, and a corresponding decrease in J substance.

In a similar comparison of the β‐lactoglobulin phenotypes and plasma AP activity involving 82 lactating cows, an excess of the β‐lactoglobulin BB phenotypes with high AP activity just at P = 0.05 was observed.
Serological techniques for the detection of antibodies to porcine thrombocytes. 1. The agglutination, fluorescent antibody and immunodiffusion techniques
Authors: Linklater K. A. , Imlah P.
Published: August 2010

Attempts were made to detect porcine thrombocyte antibodies by three techniques. No antibodies were detected by immunodiffusion; hetero‐antibodies were detected by both the fluorescent antibody and thrombo‐agglutination techniques; but iso‐antibodies were only detected by thrombo‐agglutination. With the latter, however, there were ill‐defined end‐points which made the interpretation of negative results difficult. It was therefore suitable only for positive reactions of strong avidity.
Deficiency of a carbonic anhydrase (CAI) isoenzyme in the chinchilla
Authors: Carter N. D.
Published: August 2010

1. A marked deficiency of the low activity carbonic anhydrase isoenzyme (CAI) has been found in chinchillas, resulting in a 90% reduction in CAI.

2. The trace of CAI found in deficient animals exhibits a similar immunological reaction and electrophoretic migration to the usual CAI (+).
Removal of blood group determinants from bovine erythrocyte membranes. 1. Action of proteolytic enzymes on ghosts1
Authors: Zink G. L. , Hines H. C.
Published: August 2010

Thirty‐nine blood group antigens were detected by hemolytic inhibition tests on erythrocyte ghosts prior to enzyme digestion. The ghosts, produced from erythrocytes collected from six different cattle, were digested with the proteolytic enzymes papain, protease, ficin, chymotrypsin and trypsin. Of the 39 antigens, 30 were removed from the membranes and detected in the soluble fraction resulting from the digestions. Some antigens were consistently removed by all enzymes digesting all ghosts possessing them, while the degree to which many other antigenic determinants were removed varied according to the ghosts being digested and the enzymes employed. Of the 9 remaining determinants never removed from the ghosts, some were detected in the insoluble fraction while others were not detected at all. These latter antigens were presumably destroyed by the enzyme digestion.
The relationship between the S system of blood groups and potassium levels in red blood cells of cattle
Authors: Rasmusen B. A. , Tucker Elizabeth M. , Ellory J. C. , Spooner R. L.
Published: August 2010

Red cell potassium concentrations were determined in 5 breeds of cattle. Most cattle had red cells with less than 50 mmol K/litre and although a few Hereford and Friesian cows had levels approaching 70 mmol K/litre, it was only in the Jersey breed that values above this were found. Attempts were made to correlate potassium levels with serological specificity using cattle S system and sheep M system blood typing reagents. Red cells negative for cattle factors S, H‘, and S were never positive for sheep L; cells positive for H’ were usually positive for M, and those positive for S were always positive for L. No obvious relationship was found between potassium levels and serological type, although some consistent trends were noted in Friesians and Herefords. Limited family data indicated that a major difference in potassium levels of red cells in cattle may be controlled by two codomi‐nant alleles.
Further studies on the genetic control of the blood group system C of cattle1
Authors: Bouw J. , Buys C. , Schreuder Ieke
Published: August 2010

In a comparative study of blood group genotypes of 16 000 cattle with those of both parents, 43 cases of irregular inheritance of blood groups of the system C were observed.

These cases are used for the establishment of a linear model for the genes controlling the separate parts of the blood groups.
Polymorphism of adenosine deaminase in the pig: allelic variation in erythrocytes
Authors: Widar J. , Ansay M. , Hanset R.
Published: August 2010

Within the frame of our investigations on genetic variation of pig red cell enzymes, by means of enzymo‐electrophoresis and spectrophotometric measurements, four kinds of adenosine deaminase phenotypic patterns were identified in haemolysates from 542 Belgian Landrace and 502 Pietrain pigs. Segregation data are consistent with the hypothesis that these phenotypes are determined by two codominant alleles ADAA and ADAB and a recessive silent allele ADAO, at an autosomal locus. Differences in gene frequencies between the two breeds are highly significant.
Linkage between the K blood group locus and the 6‐PGD locus in horses
Authors: Sandberg Kaj
Published: August 2010

Linkage between the K blood group locus and the 6‐PGD locus in horses was demonstrated by means of segregation data from 21 sire families representing a total number of 584 matings. The recombination frequency was estimated at 0.24 ± 0.02.
Histocompatibility studies in pigs from outbred and semi‐inbred families
Authors: Hruban V. , Simon M. , Hradecký J.
Published: August 2010

Skin graft experiments with pig siblings from semi‐inbred and outbred families confirmed the existence of a pig main histocompatibility system (MHS). Grafts exchanged between serological (lymphocytotoxicity) MHS incompatible siblings from outbred matings survived 5.6 days and between compatible animals 9.8 days. In compatible pairs from semi‐inbred matings they survived 22.4 days and in incompatible individuals 6.1 days. Skin grafts exchanged between individuals with E blood group compatibility led to the formation of haemagglutinating and lym‐phocytotoxic antibodies reacting with some E antigens. The results indicate that the survival of skin grafts in semi‐inbred pigs is apparently influenced also by differences in the E system.
Agglutinability of cattle red cells. 1. Agglutination by lectins of enzyme‐treated red cells
Authors: Sellei J.
Published: August 2010

Pronase‐treated cattle red cells (CRC) from different monozygous (MZ) twin pairs could be classified as weakly (titre 1: 2, 1: 4) or strongly (titre 1: 1024, 1: 4096) agglutinable when Phytohemagglutinin‐M (Phy‐M) was used as agglutinin. In the presence of concavalin‐A (Con‐A), the CRC from different MZ pairs treated with pronase, A‐chymotrypsin or trypsin showed a gradation from low (titre 1: 32) to high (titre 1: 256 000) agglutinability. The trypsin‐treated CRC which had A1, A2 blood factors usually had a titre of 1: 8000 or higher with Con‐A. Both the intact CRC and the CRC treated with proteolytic enzymes were capable of absorbing the Phy‐M or Con‐A lectins.
Genetic polymorphism of leucine aminopeptidase in canine plasma
Authors: Tanabe Yuichi , Sugiura Shuji , Asanoma Masaharu , Ota Katuaki
Published: August 2010

Genetic polymorphism was found in the isozymes of leucine aminopeptidase in the canine plasma. Analysis of parentage records of the dogs examined revealed that the phenotypic variation of leucine aminopeptidase isozymes was controlled by one autosomal locus, designated Lap, with two codominant gene alleles, LapA and LapB, though individuals of homozygous B type were not found in the specimen used. The gene frequencies were 0.97 for LapA and 0.03 for LapB in most of the dog breeds examined. Higher frequencies for LapB (0.11–0.25) were obtained in breeds such as Pointer, Doberman pinscher, Boxer, Borzoi and San'in‐Shiba (a Japanese native breed), while in German shepherd, Collie, and two of the Japanese native breeds, Akita and Kishu, phenotype of the isozyme seemed to be fixed to homozygous A (LapA/LapA).
Genetical control of phosphoglucose isomerase isozymes in the Japanese quail erythrocytes
Authors: Juneja R. K. , Wilhelmsson M.
Published: August 2010

Three phenotypes of phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) from the Japanese quail erythrocytes were observed by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Population and family data from one laboratory population of quail was consistent with the theory that PGI polymorphism was controlled by two codominant, autosomal alleles designated PGIF and PGIS with gene frequency values 0.25 and 0.75, respectively. The study supported the earlier view that the Japanese quail is highly polymorphic with regard to biochemical variation.
Relationship of B blood group locus to skin allograft in chickens
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshio
Published: August 2010

Skin grafts were exchanged among 21 genotypic pairs of B blood group locus in the non‐inbred chicks of White Leghorn at 5–7 days of age. The mean percentages of B locus compatible pairs were 94.7, 84.2 and 56.8 at the 11th, 15th and 19th days after grafting, respectively. These percentages of survival grafts were significantly higher than those of incompatible pairs. The effects of three B alleles were investigated but the the differences of effects of them were not found in this experiment. Two of the prolonged survival grafts survived for 35 days after grafting and all of the incompatible grafts were rejected the 20th day after grafting. The results of skin graft provided evidence that the B blood group locus was a histocompatibility locus or closely linked to such a locus.
Myoglobin polymorphism in the pollan (Osteichthyes: Coregoninae)
Authors: Ferguson A.
Published: August 2010

Three electrophoretically separable phenotypes of heart and lateral line muscle myoglobin were found in the Irish pollan (Coregonus pollan). This polymorphism appears to be under the control of two co‐dominant alleles. The allele frequencies were found to be virtually identical in samples from two lakes which have probably been isolated since the close of the last Ice Age. A significant excess of hetero‐zygotes was found in samples from both lakes. This myoglobin polymorphism appears to be balanced, maintained due to heterozygote superiority.
Gene dosage and antigenic expression on the cell surface of bovine erythrocytes1
Authors: Ostrand‐Rosenberg Suzanne
Published: August 2010

Electron microscopic and serological techniques have been used to study the relationship between cell surface expression of bovine erythrocyte antigens and the genes coding for these antigens. Using cells which are genetically and serologically defined for their zygosity with respect to the Z allele, it was found that homozygous (Z/Z) cells have approximately twice as much surface Z antigen as heterozygous (Z/‐) cells. Cells labeled for the J antigen, a soluble serum substance which secondarily adsorbs to the erythrocyte surface, display a quantity of antigen which is directly related to the J titer of the cells. A new antigen is described which is independent of the J antigen, and which is detectable by EM labeling and by indirect agglutination, but not by hemolysis.
Adenosine deaminase in the pig: tissue‐specific patterns and expression of the silent ADA0 allele in nucleated cells
Authors: Widar J. , Ansay M.
Published: August 2010

By means of polyacrylamide gel and cellulose acetate enzymo‐electrophoresis, die authors have studied tissue‐specific isozymes of adenosine deaminase in the pig; these have been correlated to the erythrocytic ABO‐like polymorphism. The enzyme product of the ADA0 gene was detected in nucleated cells; the absence of the ADA0 gene product in erythrocytes was tentatively accounted for by an increased in vivo lability.
Note on a third allele in the erythrocytic NP system of cattle
Authors: Ansay M.
Published: August 2010

A bull (‘Mercure’) with an erythrocytic NP (nucleoside phosphorylase), phenotype showing a slightly higher anodal mobility has been found. His progeny data generally support the hypothesis of a third F allele in addition to the more common S and the L alleles, resulting in an ABO‐like system.
Further studies on the genetic control of chicken plasma alkaline phosphatase isozyme
Authors: Tamaki Yoshinori
Published: August 2010

The effects of neuraminidase treatment on the electrophoretic pattern of alkaline phosphatase (AP) isozymes and AP activity were investigated in chicken plasma. AP comprised three isozymes. The zymogram of an individual chicken plasma had two bands, either the faster (F) or the slower (S) moving band by isozyme types and the B band irrespective of isozyme types. Mobility of the S band and AP activity in chicken plasma were not affected by neuraminidase treatment. The treatment has a reduced migration rate of the F band equal to that of the S band and the B band of both types closer to the origin. The genetic control of these bands is discussed.
Blood groups and serum protein polymorphisms in the Pitman‐Moore and Ohmini strains of miniature pigs
Authors: Oishi Takao , Tomita Takeshi
Published: August 2010

The variations of blood groups and biochemical polymorphisms in the populations of the two miniature pig strains reared in Japan were investigated in this report. The variations in eight blood group systems were investigated by using serological techniques, and five serum protein systems by using starch gel electrophoresis. The Pitman‐Moore strain showed no variations in K, O, Tf, Cp and Am systems, but showed plymorphisms in A, E, F, G, H, L, Pa and Hpx systems. The Ohmini strain showed no or little variations in E, F, G, Tf, Pa and Cp systems, but showed polymorphisms in A, H, K, L, O, Hpx and Am systems. From the results of investigation of genetic similarities among nine pig populations including various breeds, it was made clear that the two miniature pig strains were very different genetically, and the Pitman‐Moore strain was genetically closer to European large pig breeds than to East Asian native pigs, while the Ohmini strain was close to Thai and Philippine natives.
Genetic variation of pancreatic esterase isozyme in Japanese quail
Authors: Hashiguchi Tsutomu , Bean Loh Soo , Maeda Yoshizane , Taketomi Manjiro
Published: August 2010

A genetic variation was found in pancreatic esterases of Japanese quail which appeared to be arylesterase. It was found on the cathode side in the agar gel electrophoresis. Three phenotypes, A, B and AB, were observed. These phenotypes were shown to be controlled by one autosomal locus, designated as Es‐4, with co‐dominant alleles Es‐4A and Es‐4B.

Es‐4 esterase isozymes were detected in all the individuals from about 4 days of age, but the activity was very weak. However, it gradually increased to reach a level almost the same as that of a mature quail from about 15 days of age.
Interaction of genes controlling two allotypes in chickens1
Authors: Janicka‐Mazur Wieslawa , Wegrzyn Jan , Duniec Marian
Published: August 2010

This paper presents the results of the investigations of the newly detected antigen of chicken blood serum, called K2. It was established that the K2 antigen which was identified with isoimmune serum was a β‐globulin with the molecular weight over 200 000.

The results of the genetic analysis based on sire‐dam‐offspring combinations seemed to indicate that the antigen under examination was controlled by a gene hypostatic to the gene controlling the previously described Kl allotype.
Polymorphism of phosphoglucomutase in a German breed cattle
Authors: Ananthakrishnan R. , Schneider P.
Published: August 2010

Haemolysates from cattle belonging to the Hochfleckvieh breed (N = 42), were studied for electrophoretic variation of phosphoglucomutase. Three phenotypes were observed which could be explained on the basis of two alleles PGMiA and PGMiB. The PGM'B frequency of 0.7325 is comparatively lower than in other breeds.
Immunogenetic polymorphism of lipoproteins in swine. 1. Four additional serum β‐lipoprotein allotypes (Lpp2, Lpp4, Lpp5 and Lpp15) in the Lpp system1
Authors: Rapacz J. , Hasler‐Rapacz Judith , Kuo W. H. , Li D.
Published: August 2010

Four additional swine serum lipoprotein allotypes are described. Specific anti‐allotype reagents were obtained from alloimmune precipitating sera produced in lipoprotein‐defined‐type recipients immunized with normal sera and subsequently with lipoprotein fractions. Identification studies indicate that the four serologically defined low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) variants, designated Lpp2, Lpp4, Lpp5 and Lpp15, are members of a previously described Lpp system. The individual specificities, Lpp2, Lpp4 and Lpp5, are determined by three co‐dominant autosomal genes, Lpp2, Lpp4 and Lpp5, respectively, whereas the common specificity, Lpp 15, is controlled by a complex of genetic information of the Lpp‐ and Lpp* genes, and by the two previously described alleles, Lpp1 and Lpp3; Lpp15 occurs on the same molecule with respective individual specificity. The Lpp5 and Lpp15 antigens behave as a pair of alternative allotypic specificities. The double immunodiffusion test in agar was employed to demonstrate independent phenotypic expression of each allelic gene in the Lpp heterozygous animals, for the analysis of the immune sera, and for lipoprotein testing of 3305 sera. Marked differences in gene frequencies were found between the swine breeds tested. As a result of characteristic frequencies, only nine of 15 possible Lpp genotypes were found in the breeding herds tested; the remaining six genotypes were obtained from testcross matings.
Some physiological aspects of genetic variation in the blood of sheep1
Authors: Tucker Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2010

The principal genetic variants in sheep red cells and plasma are listed. Current hypotheses as to how the L blood group antigen affects active potassium transport across the red cell membrane are summarized. Recent work on an inherited defect in amino acid transport which results in a red cell GSH deficiency is also described.
Studies on red cell carbonic anhydrase types in Korean cattle
Authors: Han Sang Kee , Suzuki Shozo
Published: August 2010

Red cell carbonic anhydrase types in Korean cattle were investigated by means of starch gel electrophoresis.

A carbonic anhydrase zone (X) located ahead zone F was found in 12 out of 502 Korean cattle.

The distribution of CA phenotypes in 490 Korean cattle was CA FS type 92 and CA SS type 398. The CA FF type has not yet been recognized in Korean cattle. The gene frequencies were CAF– 0.094 and CAF= 0.906. No statistically significant differences were observed between gene frequencies in cattle from six different Korea provinces.
Inheritance studies of glucose phosphate isomerase, transferrin and esterases in the Australian hopping mice Notomys alexis, N. cervinus, N. mitchellii and N. fuscus (Rodentia: Muridae)
Authors: Baverstock P. R. , Watts C. H. S. , Cole S. R.
Published: August 2010

Electrophoretic variation in glucose phosphate isomerase was found in N. alexis, N. cervinus and N. fuscus. Inheritance was apparently Mendelian with two co‐dominant alleles; heterozygotes possessed a triple‐banded phenotype. High intra‐specific electrophoretic variability was found in all species for transferrin. Most of the variation was attributable to variation in the number of attached moieties, probably sialic acid. In N. alexis however, a second pattern of transferrin variation was found that followed a Mendelian pattern of codominant inheritance. In all four species, considerable variability was found in three zones of esterase activity, but the pattern of inheritance was not elucidated.
A survey of biochemical variants found in groundfish stocks from the North Pacific and Bering Sea
Authors: Johnson Allyn G.
Published: August 2010

This report provides information on biochemical variants found in 17 species. These variants may be useful in answering some of the questions facing fisheries agencies concerning stock separation, hybridization, and life histories. Further studies should provide useful information in the areas of population biology of fishes in Alaskan waters.
Polymorphism of 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the leucocytes of cattle
Authors: Probeck H.‐D. , Geldermann H.
Published: August 2010

By means of starch gel electrophoresis the polymorphism of the 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) has been found in cattle leucocytes. The phenotypes (A, AB and B) and allele frequencies (6PGDA= 0.425; 6PGDB= 0.575) are demonstrated in families of German Friesian cattle.