bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching with Heart and Soul
Authors: Palmer Parker J.
Published: October 2003

This article revolves around two questions: Is there a “spiritual” dimension to good teaching? If so, do spiritual considerations have a place in teacher education? Defining spirituality as “the eternal human yearning to be connected with something larger than our own egos,” the author answers both questions in the affirmative, and he explores the implications of these answers for teacher education. The article pays special attention to a “pedagogy of the soul” that respects both cultural diversity and the separation of church and state and is relevant to institutional and social change as well as personal transformation. The article is not rooted in empirical research (though a recent study is featured in it) but is a reflective piece that grows out of the author’s three decades of exploring, writing about, and working with educators on the spiritual dimensions of K-12 and higher education.
Challenging Current Notions of “Highly Qualified Teachers” through Work in a Teachers’ Inquiry Group
Authors: Nieto Sonia
Published: October 2003

A small group of Boston Public School teachers met for a year to explore the question of what keeps teachers going, a question that bears asking because of the precarious situation of public education today. In this article, I describe the work of the What Keeps Teachers Going? inquiry group as a way to challenge current notions of what it means to be a “highly qualified teacher” as defined in the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001. Rather than “best practices” or prescribed pedagogy, we found that a combination of interrelated conditions and values keep excellent teachers going, including love, autobiography, hope, anger, intellectual work, and the ability to shape the future. This article ends with implications for professional development and a call for new national priorities in public education.
Multidestination Pleasure Travel Patterns: Empirical Evidence from the American Travel Survey
Authors: Hwang Yeong-Hyeon , Fesenmaier Daniel R.
Published: October 2003

This study explores multidestination travel patterns within the context of domestic travel in the United States based on the 1995 American Travel Survey household data. The results of a series of analyses show that a relatively high proportion of pleasure travel in the United States includes visits to multiple destinations; further analyses identify various patterns of multidestination travel. The findings indicate that destination marketing organizations need to identify specific destinations that can be strategically bundled to improve their marketing efforts.
Statistical Testing in Forecasting Model Selection
Authors: Witt Stephen F. , Song Haiyan , Louvieris Panos
Published: October 2003

The ability of various econometric and univariate time-series models to generate accurate forecasts of international tourism demand is evaluated. Accuracy is assessed in terms of error magnitude and also directional change error. Statistical testing for both forecasting bias and directional change forecasting performance is introduced. The empirical results show that for 1-year-ahead forecasting, the time-varying parameter model performs consistently well. However, for 2- and 3-years-ahead forecasting, the best model varies according to the forecasting error criterion under consideration. This highlights the importance (for longer term forecasts) of selecting a forecasting method that is appropriate for the particular objective of the forecast user.
Distance Decay and the Impact of Effective Tourism Exclusion Zones on International Travel Flows
Authors: Mckercher Bob , Lew Alan A.
Published: October 2003

This article examines the decaying effect of distance decay in outbound air travel from Hong Kong. Distance decay theory predicts that demand will peak at some distance relatively close to a source market and then decline exponentially as distance increases. The standard distance decay relationship is predicated on the assumption of a uniform distribution of tourism products over space. However, as discussed in the article, supply is not distributed evenly, with large areas representing Effective Tourism Exclusion Zones (ETEZ). The effect of these tourism exclusion zones is to distort the standard distance decay curve, accelerating decay rates between the source markets and the inner boundary of the ETEZ and producing a concentration of higher demand at points beyond its outer boundary. In addition, for the Hong Kong market, the ETEZ formed a behavioral barrier between short haul and long travel behavior patterns.
A Demographic Perspective on U.S. Consumers’ Out-of-Town Vacationing and Commercial Lodging Usage while on Vacation
Authors: Peterson Mark , Lambert Sheri L.
Published: October 2003

This study reports on a 24-month series of national measurements of usage for out-of-town vacations and vacation commercial lodging services. The portion of consumers who reported taking an out-of-town vacation in the past 12 months was 59.4%. Of these out-of-town vacationers,59.6% reported using commercial lodging while on vacation. Logistic regression modeling offered insights into demographic patterns characterizing out-of-town vacation usage and vacation commercial lodging usage across demographic groups in the United States. The income variable was the most influential independent variable in each model.
The Convention Industry in Australia and the United Kingdom: Key Issues and Competitive Forces
Authors: Weber Karin , Ladkin Adele
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this article is to examine key issues and competitive forces that will affect the conventions and meetings industry in two key markets, Australia and the United Kingdom, in the next 5 years. Using the Delphi technique, the study seeks to explore key issues that the industry in the two countries has to address to ensure its continued growth and competitiveness, as well as major competitive forces that may challenge their respective positions. The results of the Delphi surveys indicate that Australia and the United Kingdom face a number of similar issues relating to marketing, investment/infrastructure, human resources, and service quality. The competitive forces identified relate to specific countries: in the case of Australia, this was the Asian countries, specifically Singapore and Hong Kong; and for the United Kingdom, European destinations and specifically Ireland. Similarities and differences between the two markets are discussed, and a number of conclusions drawn.
Online Travel Products Shopping: Differences between Shoppers and Nonshoppers
Authors: Card Jaclyn A. , Chen Ching-Yi , Cole Shu Tian
Published: October 2003

This article was conducted to clarify differences between online travel product shoppers and nonshoppers using the Engel, Black, and Miniard (EBM) consumer decision process model as the theoretical framework. Using 6 store characteristics and 10 personal characteristics, findings suggested that shoppers and nonshoppers were similar in how they viewed differences between Internet shopping and shopping at traditional stores (store characteristics). However, shoppers and nonshoppers differed on personal characteristics. Findings provided evidence for the usefulness of the EBM model when determining personal characteristic differences between shoppers and nonshoppers but not for store characteristics.
Product and Process Orientations to Tourism Shopping
Authors: Yu Hong , Littrell Mary Ann
Published: October 2003

Tourists’ shopping behaviors for craft souvenirs were modeled and empirically tested in this study. A self-administered mail questionnaire booklet and a single-page written description of two craft retail stores were mailed to a sample of adults who shop during their travels. A total of 182 surveys was included in data analyses. Path analysis was used to examine the relationships between travel activities, beliefs about authenticity of crafts and about craft product features, attitude toward shopping experiences, and intention to purchase at product-and process-oriented shopping venues. Results provided support for linkages between spectator/recreational and socially engaged approaches to tourism and the shopping venues proposed by the researchers. Travel activities positively influenced tourists’ beliefs about authenticity of crafts and about craft product features. Beliefs about craft product features had a positive effect on attitude toward shopping experiences, which in turn affected purchase intention. Implications for tourism retailers are provided.
Hedonic Pricing and Willingness to Pay for Bed and Breakfast Amenities in Southeast Wisconsin
Authors: Monty Ben , Skidmore Mark
Published: October 2003

While the hedonic price model has been used to evaluate willingness to pay in a variety of markets, its use in the tourism industry is limited. This research note highlights the usefulness of the hedonic price technique in this industry by evaluating willingness to pay for specific characteristics of bed and breakfast accommodations. Heterogeneity in price and amenities offered by bed and breakfast accommodations enables us to generate estimates of willingness to pay for specific characteristics. Using data on price and amenities collected from bed and breakfast accommodations in Southeast Wisconsin, the findings show a willingness to pay for specific characteristics such as a hot tub, a private bath, and a larger room. However, fireplaces, themes, scenic views, and room service were not statistically significant determinants of price. Location characteristics, day of week, and time of year are also found to be important.
Sequence Similarity
Authors: Elzinga Cees H.
Published: October 2003

This article reviews objections to optimal-matching (OM) algorithms in sequence analysis and reformulates the concept of sequence similarity in terms of a binary precedence relation. This precedence relation is then used to develop a new quantification of sequence similarity. The new measure is used to reanalyze the life history data that were previously discussed by Dijkstra and Taris (1995). The reanalysis demonstrates the new measure to be superior to the OM algorithm and the alternatives proposed by Dijkstra and Taris. A new algorithm is presented to enumerate matching k-tuples from pairs of sequences in polynomial time.
Modeling Count Data with Excess Zeroes
Authors: Chin Hoong Chor , Quddus Mohammed Abdul
Published: October 2003

There are many studies in social sciences, such as traffic accident analysis, in which the event counts may be characterized by a large number of zero observations. In this article, a proposed model that takes into account both the zero-count state and the nonzero-count state is used to describe the traffic accident phenomenon. The probability of the zero-count state (p) and the mean number of event counts (µ) in the non-zero-count state may depend on the covariates. Sometimes, p and µ are unrelated, while at other times, p may assume a simple function of µ.In proposing the model, different types of traffic accidents at signalized intersections in Singapore were investigated. The results demonstrate that the zero-altered probability process is an appropriate technique for modeling specific types of accidents in which the data contain many zero counts.
Bayesian Inference for Heterogeneous Event Counts
Authors: Martin Andrew D.
Published: October 2003

This article presents an integrated set of Bayesian tools one can use to model heterogeneous event counts. While models for event count cross sections are now widely used, little has been written about how to model counts when contextual factors introduce heterogeneity. The author begins with a discussion of Bayesian cross-sectional count models and discusses an alternative model for counts with overdispersion. To illustrate the Bayesian framework, the author fits the model to the number of women’s rights cosponsorships for each member of the 83rd to 102nd House of Representatives. The model is generalized to allow for contextual heterogeneity. The hierarchical model allows one to explicitly model contextual factors and test alternative contextual explanations, even with a small number of contextual units. The author compares the estimates from this model with traditional approaches and discusses software one can use to easily implement these Bayesian models with little start-up cost.
Sudden Transitions in Attitudes
Authors: van der Maas Han L. J. , Kolstein Rogier , van der Pligt Joop
Published: October 2003

Both the dynamic approach and catastrophe modeling have been warmly welcomed in research on attitudes and opinions. In this article, the authors discuss a general methodology for testing catastrophe models and apply it to the dynamics of attitude formation and change. First, by making use of the so-called catastrophe flags, converging support for the catastrophe model can be attained. Each flag relates to a specific hypothesis about attitudinal change. Second, fitting stochastic catastrophe models to data enables one to carry out a direct test of catastrophe models. Results of analyzing large data sets on political attitudes support the validity of the general catastrophe model of attitude change in which transitions in attitudes are a function of involvement and information. Present results suggest that in the case of political attitudes, involvement might well be correlated with attitude. A more refined approach to the measurement of information and involvement is suggested.
Finite Sampling Properties of the Point Estimates and Confidence Intervals of the RMSEA
Authors: Curran Patrick J. , Bollen Kenneth A. , Chen Feinian , Paxton Pamela , Kirby James B.
Published: October 2003

A key advantage of the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) is that under certain assumptions, the sample estimate has a known sampling distribution that allows for the computation of confidence intervals. However, little is known about the finite sampling behaviors of this measure under violations of these ideal asymptotic conditions. This information is critical for developing optimal criteria for using the RMSEA to evaluate model fit in practice. Using data generated from a computer simulation study, the authors empirically tested a set of theoretically generated research hypotheses about the sampling characteristics of the RMSEA under conditions commonly encountered in applied social science research. The results suggest that both the sample estimates and confidence intervals are accurate for sample sizes of n = 200 and higher, but caution is warranted in the use of these measures at smaller sample sizes, at least for the types of models considered here.
Two Conceptions of Black Nationalism
Authors: Shelby Tommie
Published: October 2003

The essay provides both an interpretation and a theoretical reconstruction of the political philosophy of Martin Delany, a mid-nineteenth-century radical abolitionist and one of the founders of the doctrine of black nationalism. It identifies two competing strands in Delany's social thought, “classical” nationalism and “pragmatic” nationalism, where each underwrites a different conception of the analytical and normative underpinnings of black political solidarity. It is argued that the pragmatic variant is the more cogent of the two and the one to which Delany is most committed. It is also suggested that pragmatic nationalism can still serve usefully as a theoretical schema through which African Americans can understand and carry out their current political projects.
Commercial Society and Republican Government in the Latin Middle Ages
Authors: Nederman Cary J.
Published: October 2003

The mid-thirteenth-century theorist and rhetorician Brunetto Latini proposed a vigorous republican account of the art of government and the nature of community in his encyclopedic treatise, Li Livres dou Tresor . The interpretation of Latini's republicanism has been heavily based on its literary sensibilities, its attachment to rhetoric, and its praise for classical civic virtues. But Latini deserves to be classified as a republican insofar as he founds social and political order upon commercial principles—the production and exchange of material goods for profit—and consequent economic defense of republican government. Hence, the example of Latini challenges one of the principal remaining barriers that supposedly separates medieval defenses of republicanism from Renaissance versions. The essay contends that Latini holds that self-governing institutions depend upon and are especially well suited to sustain a society whose conception of the common good includes the creation and exchange of those material necessities required for physical welfare and comfort.
Thermal Degradation of Polyurethane Elastomers: Determination of Kinetic Parameters
Authors: Bajsić E. Govorčin , Rek V. , Agić A.
Published: October 2003

The objective of this study is determining the kinetic parameters of thermal degradation of polyurethane elastomers before and after UV irradiation. To determine the kinetic parameters of elastomeric polyurethane (PUR) decomposition the Freeman-Carroll method of calculation is applied. The effect of soft segment and hard segment type, soft segment molecular weight and hard segment content on the kinetic parameters of the degradation process were measured. Polyurethane elastomers were obtained from poly(oxytetramethylene) glycol, PTMO, of 1000 and 2000 molecular weight and polycaprolactone glycol of 1250 molecular weight (PCL), 4,40diphenylmethan diisocyanate (MDI) and 4,40-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate (H12MDI) and 1,4-butanediol as chain extender. The activation energy values obtained for PUR elastomers based on polyester soft segment were higher than those based on polyether soft segment.The PUR elastomers based on aromatic type of diisocyanate have lower activation energy values than those based on cycloaliphatic type of diisocyanate.
An Approach of Frictional Characterization for Elastomers and Elastomeric Composites
Authors: Scherbakov Maya , Gurvich Mark R.
Published: October 2003

A hybrid experimental-computational approach is proposed for frictional characterization of elastomers and elastomeric composites. An axisymmetric indentor is pressed into a thick slab of elastomer and resistance to the indentor's axial torsion is experimentally measured. Similar numerical analysis is performed based on FEA to predict the same torsional resistance due to friction at contact surface. Finally, unknown frictional properties are statistically evaluated by matching the corresponding experimental and numerical predictions of the torque under different levels of compression, angular speed, etc. Implementation of the approach is shown for representative elastomeric materials, where coefficient of friction (COF) is analyzed as a nonlinear function of contact pressure and approximated by a polynomial series. The effect of angular speed on frictional properties is experimentally observed and quantified in a simple form. The generalization of the approach, accounting for the effect of friction on contact pressure, is proposed in the form of an iterative procedure. The sensitivity of COF on contact pressure is experimentally observed.
Macro- and Microfillers as Reinforcing Agents for Polyurethane Elastomers
Authors: Bharadwaj-Somaskandan S. , Krishnamurthi B. , Sergeeva T. , Shutov F.
Published: October 2003

The main goals of the research were to develop the new types of inexpensive reinforced polyurethane (PUR) elastomers and to study the effect of different commercial fillers on the density and mechanical properties of the developed materials. Two types of inexpensive commercial fillers based on synthetic and natural polymers have been studied: expandable polystyrene beads (macrofillers) of size 0.254-2.54 mm, and wood flour and starch (microfillers) of size 0.212-0.425 mm. The quantitative relationships between the filler nature, size, content, density, and various mechanical properties have been developed.

For both fillers it was found that PUR elastomers produced with less filler content (up to 5-10%) showed improved mechanical properties over the composites made with higher filler content (up to 10-30%). Regardless of the filler content, all filled elastomers demonstrated improvement of tensile properties over unfilled elastomers. The maximal improvement of tensile properties has been found as 10% for macrofillers, and 5% for microfillers. All developed materials are based on commercial formulations and mixing, metering, and pouring equipment. Thus, these materials are easy to commercialize. The developed reinforced cold-curing PUR composites have been recommended as inexpensive materials for structural, thermal insulation, and packaging applications, especially for in situ production.
An Approach for Finite Strains and Rotations of Shells of Revolution with Application to a Spherical Shell Under a Uniformly Distributed Pressure
Authors: Erdölen Ayse , Yükseler R. Faruk
Published: October 2003

A theoretical and numerical analysis of rubber-like shells of revolution undergoing finite strains and finite rotations with the application to the problem of a spherical shell subject to a uniformly distributed internal pressure is presented. The comparison of the results corresponding to two different definitions proposed for the reference surface of deformed rubber-like shells, an asymptotical solution, and the membrane solution is presented, as well.
Blends of Unsaturated Polyester Resin with Functional Elastomers
Authors: Cherian A. Benny , Thachil Eby Thomas
Published: October 2003

Unsaturated polyester resins are widely used in the fiber-reinforced plastic industry. The fracture toughness and impact resistance of rigid unsaturated polyester can be improved by blending with elastomers bearing reactive functional groups. In this study, blends of unsaturated polyesters are prepared with functional rubbers such as hydroxy terminated polybutadiene, epoxidized natural rubber, hydroxy terminated natural rubber, and maleated nitrile rubber. The mechanical properties of the cured blends are compared with the control resin. The elastomers bearing reactive functional groups show better compatibility with the resin and improve the toughness and impact resistance of the cured resin substantially, compared to unmodified elastomers. The performance of maleic anhydride-grafted-nitrile rubber is found to be far superior to all other rubbers considered in this investigation. An improvement in toughness, impact resistance, and tensile strength has been achieved without seriously affecting any other property.
Transformational Leadership
Authors: Allix Nicholas M.
Published: October 2003

Much contemporary theorizing in leadership studies incorporates ideas and concepts that, in one form or another, derive from James MacGregor Burns’s conceptualization of transforming leadership, which overhauled many traditional assumptions about the phenomenon. In particular, his formulation emphasized the moral and educative nature of the relationship between leaders and followers, which Burns believed was consistent with contemporary democratic norms. However, from the standpoint of a coherentist epistemological framework, critical examination of Burns’s account uncovers philosophical and technical difficulties with some of his central claims, including those upholding the theory’s democratic and educational credentials. Thus, to the extent that current formulations of leadership look to Burns’s theory as a source of ideas, similar problems are likely to carry over and manifest themselves in these accounts too, with implications for administrative practice, and its further development.
An Evaluation of the Teacher Training Agency Headteacher Leadership and Management Programme (HEADLAMP)
Authors: Blandford Sonia , Squire Linda
Published: October 2003

The Headteacher Leadership and Management Programme (HEADLAMP) was introduced by the Teacher Training Agency (TTA) in 1995, providing access to an open market of induction and management development opportunities for newly appointed headteachers who would each have an entitlement of £2500 for the purchase of training within two years of their appointment. This paper reviews HEADLAMP provision from the headteachers’ perspective based on a cohort study that investigated attitudes towards issues such as management of the programme, sources of needs assessment, role of LEAs, funding and quality. There was a positive response to HEADLAMP, but questions were raised regarding management of the programme. Recommendations for the future development of HEADLAMP are offered.
Towards an Understanding of the Concept of Non-Decision Making and its Manifestation in the School Sector
Authors: McCalla-Chen Doreen
Published: October 2003

Drawing on research from an Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) project on ‘Benign and Malign Definitions of Conflictual Power in School Sector Decision Making: Theory and Practice’, the paper will examine the nature of non-decision making, how it is empirically operationalized and its practical realization in the school sector. Current research on school sector decision making concentrates almost exclusively on the role of decision makers and activities performed in formal decisionmaking arenas. These studies fail to consider an integral element of decision making, that is, the conscious or unconscious decision to exclude certain issues from formal locations of decision and from relevant decision makers. Reasons for non-decision making and the kind of issues which do not enter the political arena will be the focus of this paper. The impact of market forces on school decision making will also be considered.
Workload and the Professional Culture of Teachers
Authors: Timperley Helen , Robinson Viviane
Published: October 2003

An increase in teacher workload and stress has been identified as an undesirable consequence of sitebased school management. We argue that this increase can be attributed, in part, to the ways in which teachers organize themselves. Organizing principles developed to meet the challenges of managing single-cell classrooms, such as autonomy, collegiality and strong subject department identity, may impede the systemic thinking required for developing coherent school-wide initiatives. We illustrate this argument with a school-based case study in which a group of teachers undertook an initiative to improve the achievement of a minority student group. This group of busy teachers unintentionally created workload pressures by developing parallel structures to solve similar problems, by relying on volunteers with high workloads to undertake key tasks and by uncritically accepting all suggestions for how the students might be assisted. Engagement in systemic reform in ways that do not unreasonably increase workloads may require teachers to adopt different organizing principles from those developed for managing their single-cell classrooms.
Managing Change in Small Scottish Primary Schools
Authors: Wilson Valerie , McPake Joanna
Published: October 2003

This article reports the findings from a Scottish Office funded two-year study of the management of change in small primary schools undertaken by the Scottish Council for Research in Education. Although 38 percent of primary schools in Scotland are small, it is also an issue affecting numerous other countries with sparsely populated areas, such as Wales, Ireland, Norway, New Zealand and Australia. The objectives of the paper are twofold: first, to identify the management activities and strategies used by the 863 heads of small schools in Scotland to implement four major national initiatives (5–14 Curricular Guidelines, School Development Planning, Staff Development and Appraisal and Devolved School Management) launched by the Scottish Office during the past 10 years; and, second, to pose the question: is there a particular small school management style which is more than simply school management ‘writ small’?
Women Managing/Managing Women
Authors: Sherman Ann
Published: October 2003

Research has identified many barriers to female advancement in the field of educational administration and styles of leadership different from the traditional masculine model have been identified. A difficulty arises, not in the identification of difference, but in the recognition, legitimization and implementation of preferred modes of leadership for women in current administrative practice. This investigation focused on verbal accounts of the experiences of 21 female administrators in a rural Nova Scotia school district. This article presents the preliminary findings of these women’s own responses, resistances and initiatives in their attempt to legitimize and implement their preferred ways of providing leadership in this very rural setting.
Essentials of Female Management
Authors: Reay Diane , Ball Stephen J
Published: October 2003

A growing number of feminist accounts assert that gender matters when we examine leadership styles in schools and other educational establishments. We argue that gendered identities are in context more fluid and shifting than often depicted in such texts. There are many different femininities and the form they take is powerfully shaped by the roles women undertake, the context within which they perform these roles and the amount of power they have access to. We draw on a small case study of female headteachers to exemplify a number of the problems involved in depicting female management as essentially different from ‘male’ ways of managing.
Churches and the Governing of Schools in Northern Ireland
Authors: Donnelly Caitlin
Published: October 2003

This paper presents findings of research into the role of church nominees on school governing bodies. The data is drawn mainly from a wider study of school ethos and school governance undertaken in Northern Ireland in the period 1994 to 1997. The paper raises the question of the future roles and responsibilities of church nominees after legislative changes to the composition and responsibilities of school governing bodies. It also considers recent social and attitudinal change and explains how the combination of these factors have created a situation whereby the power of the churches in the individual school governing body is no longer guaranteed.
A Valuable Role?
Authors: Thody Angela , Punter Anne
Published: October 2003

This article reports an experiment in which 35 senior executives from private and public sector businesses volunteered to be governors in English secondary schools. The research monitored and evaluated their progress over one year. These governors’ skills, objectivity and appreciation of the governance/management distinction were found to be valued by heads and chairs of governing bodies. Many of these governors accepted significant posts of responsibility during the year of their governorships, including chairmanships of subcommittees and one of the whole governing body. They were found to contribute so significantly because of their seniority, their personal qualities and skills, the quality time they committed to governorship and the effective way they managed their time despite the difficulties. The article concludes with implications of these findings for the future of business representation on school governing bodies.
Monitoring, Managing or Meddling?
Authors: Earley Peter
Published: October 2003

This paper reports upon some initial findings of a small scale research project which is investigating how governing bodies contribute to school improvement. In particular, it examines the extent to which governors are taking on responsibility for monitoring and evaluating the curriculum and school performance. It concludes by discussing the possible tensions created by a lay body undertaking what might be seen as the activities of educational professionals.
Allocating Resources for Learning Support
Authors: Sharp Stephen
Published: October 2003

This study concerns the ways in which learning support resources are allocated to secondary schools. It draws on data supplied by an urban education authority. The measures available were school roll; a socioeconomic variable based on free schools meals entitlement; a direct audit of cognitive learning needs; a direct audit of behavioural/emotional difficulties. The relationship between these variables are examined, this found the last three correlate fairly well at school level, though only the socioeconomic has a significant relationship with school size. The policy implications of these results are discussed. It is argued that, while a rationale allocating resources on the basis of socioeconomic indices can be constructed, it is preferable to base such decisions on a combination of standardized test of attainment and direct audits of types of special needs.
Governing the Ungovernable
Authors: Field John
Published: October 2003

Lifelong learning occupies a leading place in policy discourse, but specific measures of any substance are relatively rare. The article argues thatthis is not simply a product of political bad faith, a lack of resources, or the weak lobbying power of the relevant vested interests. It is also associated with the nature of lifelong learning as a policy issue, aggravated by changes in the nature of government. Lifelong learning is an amorphous phenomenon which relies upon the behaviour of a range of actors, and not solely or even primarily that of governments. In so far as it involves governments, unlike schools or higher education, it is diffused across a range of policy areas with different ministerial structures and interests. Shifts away from welfarist models of service provision particularly affect areas suchas lifelong learning, which are defined by the requirement for active engagement with and of citizens and other non-governmental actors. As a result, policy initiatives have usually been limited to prolongation of initial education or reform of vocational training. This has serious consequences for those involved in managing and delivering learning programmes.
Recognizing the Pedagogy of Voice in a Learning Community
Authors: Ranson Stewart
Published: October 2003

The challenge of regeneration—of rebuilding urban communities by tackling the intractable collective action problems of the environment, education, transport and health—defies simple solutions. Individuals, if they are to flourish in a risk society, will need to learn throughout theirlives to develop their capabilities. In particular, the qualities of learning communities (reflexive, dialogic, cooperative) will be the condition for addressing these predicaments of our time. If this process is to be inclusive, ‘voice’ will be the distinctive capability which schools should encourage young people to acquire if all are to become active citizens in a just, learning democracy at the turn of a new century.
Schools in a Learning Society
Authors: Strain Michael
Published: October 2003

What role are schools to have in the establishment of a learning society? Limitations and exclusions left unexamined in much public debate about the development of lifelong learning are identified and discussed. Emerging social and economic changes are characterized in relation to their possible educational consequences. Some emerging social implications of ‘risk’ and ‘individualization’ are explored and their impact upon learning discussed. Learning, it is argued, should be construed as a ‘biographical’ project, a journey, during which the learner autonomously constructs a lifeworld. Professional commitment should be redefined in terms of an orientation to enhance learners’ self-esteem and capability to participate in communities of practice, to enrichment of sociality.
A New Professionalism for a Collaborative Culture of Organizational Learning in Contemporary Society
Authors: Quicke John
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this article is critically to evaluate the notion of professionalism in the contemporary context and to suggest a way forward which will enhance the ‘learning capability’ of institutions in whicheducational professionals work. The characteristics of what are shown to be‘new times’ will be briefly summarized and a case made for a particular reinterpretation of professionalism in the light of these new circumstances. Crucial to the practice of a new professionalism will be an emphasis in institutions on democratic collaborationas a basis for rational communication in the context of uncertainty which characterizes ‘new times’. The discussion focuses on bureaucraticconstraints on such a collaborative model and on the operation of disciplinary power(Foucault) in institutions. Reformswhich aim to foster collaborative cultures, such as the National Curriculumand the school effectiveness/school improvement movement, often conceal theextent to which disciplinary power remains dominant. Professionals need to be more sensitive towards the role of power in the construction of selves and in their understanding of their own expertise in this regard.
Distributed Properties
Authors: Gronn Peter
Published: October 2003

This article argues for a reconceptualization of leadership. Possible substitutes for leadership are reviewed along with a number of existing dualisms. These are rejected in favour of the claim that the leadership of organizations is most appropriately understood as a distributed, rather thanas a focused, phenomenon. Various attributes, dimensions and applications of distribution are then considered, and a revised approach to action and influence in organizations centred on conjointly performed activities is thenproposed. For this new formulation a summary is provided of the core concepts of, and recent developments in, activity theory. It is shown that two particular advantages of this approach include the helpful model it provides for contextual analysis—an aspect sorely neglected by the field of leadership—and its focus on the evolving division of labour in organizations, the prime mover for tracking emerging patterns of distributed leadership.
Leading the Learning Society
Authors: Wilkins Raphael
Published: October 2003

Debate about the future of local education authorities (LEAs) needs to embrace wider issues than the merits of particular management structures. How will LEAs be able to add most value in the future circumstances in which they will be operating? This article explores from first principles the issue of local educational leadership, and suggests three broad purposes to which LEAs can make a positive contribution: the provision of high-quality education, the development of a learning society and the building of capacity at institutional level. The article concludes that local educational leadership is itself essentially an educational process.
Learning Beyond the Classroom
Authors: Bentley Tom
Published: October 2003

Education has become a concern bordering on an obsession in most of the industralized world. Its centrality to competitiveness, social inclusion and wellbeing are now widely recognized. But most efforts at reform still divide between efforts to boost the output of an increasingly worn institutional infrastructure, and hype-ridden strategies based on untested use of new technology. This article sets out the major challenges facing education systems, questions their fundamental purpose and then explores avenues to the reinvention of whole systems of learning and teaching.
The Role of the Headteacher in Developing Children Holistically
Authors: Johnson Helen , McCreery Enlaine , Castelli Mike
Published: October 2003

Voluntary church schools have long been a part of the state schooling system in England and Wales. It would seem that one of their purposes is to encourage the holistic development of their pupils in the context of certain moral codes and faith traditions. In the face of an increasingly secularized, even post-traditional society, these voluntary schools (in the main, Church of England and Roman Catholic ones) remain popular with parents. This article reports on a small-scale study that sought to examine how the heads of Church of England and Roman Catholic schools see their own roles as builders of school cultures that support and encourage the spiritual and moral development of their pupils. Differences of approaches within the two types of schools were identified: the Church of England school approach incorporates a willingness to adapt to its changing context and so display both an openness and ambivalence; and the approach of the Catholic school reflected a central determination, producing a commonality that perhaps underestimates the emphasis on individuality and choice current in today’s society.
Charismatic Leadership and its After-Effects in a Catholic School
Authors: Morris Andrew
Published: October 2003

The importance of high-quality leadership for generating and sustaining school effectiveness is well established. Concerns about the demands of a head teacher’s crucial role may lead governors towards a belief that strong minded, clear thinking, dynamic and charismatic individuals are essential for the long-term well being of their school. However, there may be dangers in following such assumptions, both during the stewardship of such potentially dominant figures and, more likely, at the point of transition when a successor is appointed. This article is a case study illustrating some unintended consequences resulting from such archetypal leadership of a Catholic secondary school following the retirement of its most effective head teacher.
New College Hierarchies?
Authors: Harper Harriet
Published: October 2003

This article reports on the findings of a research project aimed at establishing what form of organisational structures have been adopted within Further Education (FE) colleges in England and Wales five years after incorporation and their removal from local education authority control. Colleges, like other public sector organisations, have been adapting to their new and changing external environment and to the demands for greater efficiency and higher standards of service. The article describes the new type of organisational structure and discusses the influences that have contributed to its development. It draws on the organisational development models of markets, hierarchies and clans, widely associated with the work of William Ouchi, as a framework with which to examine the dominant structure within the sector.
Management Training Without Social Defences
Authors: Martin Terry
Published: October 2003

In this article the author describes and reflects upon a ‘clinical seminar’ attended by midcareer professionals working in various branches of education. The challenge he set himself was to run management training which did not reinforce those defences which lie at the heart of the problems the participants were most anxious to solve. Each participant was required to prepare and present a case study of a particular management issue or problem of real concern to them in their institution. The rest of the group worked with them on the issue, and it is this mode of working which lies at the heart of the course, relying as it does on psychoanalytic insights and understandings. The process is illustrated by one of the cases presented to the group.
‘Really Good Ideas’?
Authors: Leva.ci¥c Rosalind , Glatter Ron
Published: October 2003

This article examines the potential for evidence-informed policy and practice (EIPP), in relation to educational leadership and management. We begin by considering what may be meant by the term, setting out a model of EIPP and discussing some issues to which it gives rise. We then look at some factors promoting and inhibiting the development of EIPP in educational leadership and management. Our general stance is that we see considerable potential in this approach, which is why in this article we go beyond a conceptual discussion to present a set of proposals for developing EIPP in educational leadership and management, including some ideas about the possible role of BEMAS in supporting an EIPP agenda.
The Role of the Special Services Coordinator in Dutch Primary Schools
Authors: Imants Jeroen , Van der Aalsvoort Geerdina M. , De Brabander Cornelis J. , Ruijssenaars Aloysius J.G.M.
Published: October 2003

The focus of this study is the role of the special services coordinator in Dutch primary schools, whose function is to act as a consultant for colleagues regarding students with special needs, and to coordinate the delivery of special services in the school. The question is how the new role is interpreted in primary schools, and whether this interpretation will provoke counterproductive effects. This question is answered by means of an exploratory study in 12 primary schools. The study consists of a survey and interviews with special service coordinators, principals and teachers of Grade 3. Findings suggest that the interpretation of this new role promotes the development of a separated system of special education within the regular school. The delivery of services for students with special needs remains the exclusive task of specialists, and classroom teacher’s learning is not promoted. To promote inclusive education the professional aspects of the special service coordinator’s role as a consultant should be strengthened, and the middle management aspects of the role should be kept in the background.
Comprehensive School Governance and Special Educational Needs Provision
Authors: Wilson Michael
Published: October 2003

This article assesses the impact of recent legislation designed to enhance the role and responsibilities of governing bodies for SEN, with particular reference to comprehensive schools. The first phase of the research investigation—a questionnaire survey—challenges the findings of some earlier studies, concluding that headteachers and governing bodies are working collaboratively and responding positively to the challenge. A number of priorities for the policy makers, including the future training needs of governors, are also identified. The second phase of the research inquiry—an in-depth case study—is an illustration of good practice, highlighting both the cardinal features of effective governance for SEN, as well as the managerial processes behind their creation.
Confronting Assumptions about the Benefits of Small Schools
Authors: Leonard Lawrence , Leonard Pauline , Sackney Larry
Published: October 2003

Although small schools, particularly those situated in rural settings, are often seen to be in positions of disadvantage in comparison to larger schools, they are also commonly considered to exhibit characteristics that make them more predisposed to be schools of quality. This article addresses those desirable effectiveness attributes often considered to be difficult to attain in large schools, yet seen as routinely endemic to smaller institutions. School effectiveness reviews were conducted in three small K-12 schools in western Canada with particular emphasis upon the elements of school climate, shared purpose, professional community and student and parent involvement. The results indicated that the mere opportunity for building authentic ‘communities for learning’ did not mean such capacity was being realized. The authors recommend that to foster effectiveness small schools should make deliberate and concerted efforts to take full advantage of their potentialities or, otherwise, run the risk of mediocrity.
Who Controls the Teachers?
Authors: Eden Devorah
Published: October 2003

This article explores how principals maintain control in school when faced with demands for teacher autonomy and professionalism on the one hand, and with increased environmental involvement on the other. Through interviews with 22 teachers and principals, an elementary and a secondary school were compared. Four main control mechanisms were found: principal’s direct control, principal’s indirect control through teachers’ teamwork, teachers’ self-control and client involvement. The comparison revealed that within the elementary school the principal’s domination was achieved by direct, top–down control. In the secondary school domination was maintained more through teachers and by clients.