Women in Libya
Authors: Langhi Zahra' 
Published: August 2024

Libyan women have played significant roles throughout history, although their contributions are often overlooked in written records. In ancient times, figures like the Amazigh goddess Libya and philosopher Arete of Cyrene symbolized feminine strength and wisdom. Throughout the Muslim era, including the time of the Fatimids, women continued to play important roles. The Fatimid dynasty, named after Fatima al-Zahra', the daughter of Prophet Muhammad who is highly revered in Islamic tradition, was just one example of how women’s influence persisted in various forms during the Islamic period in North Africa. Libyan heritage is rich with stories and anecdotes of female mystics, saints, and shaykhas who have been celebrated throughout Islamic history and continue to be revered today. Despite these historical influences, the written record often neglects the presence and contributions of Libyan women.

In modern history, Libya has undergone three main phases: colonial rule, independence and post-colonial, and Muammar Gaddafi’s regime. During these periods, Libyan women’s presence remained strong but was often marginalized in official narratives. During colonial rule, Libyan women broke social norms by engaging in resistance against Italian occupation. Some joined the military efforts to liberate their homeland, defying prescribed gender roles. In doing so, they began expanding their traditional societal positions. Involvement in combat roles catalyzed gradual societal transformation regarding women’s participation and empowerment. The anti-colonial struggle witnessed early signs of women asserting nationalistic agency and pushing back against patriarchal limits through frontline resistance. Their defiance helped initiate evolving views on women’s place in public life.

Independence from Italy and the post-colonial period ushered in changes to Libyan society, including women’s rights and roles. Advances such as greater access to education and employment opportunities emerged, although patriarchal norms still predominantly shaped societal frameworks. Under Gaddafi’s authoritarian rule, Libyan women experienced both improvements and restrictions. Further progress occurred through expanding access to education and employment prospects. Some new laws also aimed to strengthen legal protections for women. However, the repressive political environment simultaneously curtailed women’s ability to participate meaningfully in decision-making and public spheres. While opportunities grew in some arenas, the regime maintained patronizing control that marginalized independent political engagement by women. Overall, periods of socioeconomic openness for women coexisted with persistent limitations imposed by the autocratic system discouraging autonomous women’s empowerment. Libyan society experienced uneven transitions toward gender equity within continually evolving yet still male-dominated parameters.

The 2011 uprising began as women, including mothers, sisters, and widows of political prisoners, initiated nonviolent protests calling for truth and justice, catalyzing broader participation. Nationally, women organized and influenced the February 2011 revolution and transition through logistical support of demonstrations, mediation, and political representation. However, they became targets of political violence post-revolution. Several prominent women including Salwa Bughaighis and Fariha Berkawi, were assassinated for their peace activism. Despite challenges, Libyan women continued their efforts, launching initiatives to restore peace and quell conflicts while advocating for inclusive politics and gender equality.

To uncover the untold stories of Libyan women and debunk myths about their absence, subordination, and oppression, primary sources and non-conventional sources like oral history are essential. These sources can provide insights into the lives, experiences, and contributions of Libyan women throughout history, helping to paint a more nuanced picture of their roles in society. When these stories are highlighted, Libyan women can be recognized for their resilience, agency, and impact on shaping Libyan history and culture.