bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate change alters the trophic niche of a declining apex marine predator
Authors: Bond Alexander L. , Lavers Jennifer L.
Published: February 2014

Changes in the world's oceans have altered nutrient flow, and affected the viability of predator populations when prey species become unavailable. These changes are integrated into the tissues of apex predators over space and time and can be quantified using stable isotopes in the inert feathers of historical and contemporary avian specimens. We measured δ13C and δ15N values in Flesh‐footed Shearwaters (Puffinus carneipes) from Western and South Australia from 1936–2011. The Flesh‐footed Shearwaters more than doubled their trophic niche (from 3.91 ± 1.37 ‰2 to 10.00 ± 1.79 ‰2), and dropped an entire trophic level in 75 years (predicted δ15N decreased from +16.9 ‰ to + 13.5 ‰, and δ13C from −16.9 ‰ to −17.9 ‰) – the largest change in δ15N yet reported in any marine bird, suggesting a relatively rapid shift in the composition of the Indian Ocean food web, or changes in baseline δ13C and δ15N values. A stronger El Niño‐Southern Oscillation results in a weaker Leeuwin Current in Western Australia, and decreased Flesh‐footed Shearwater δ13C and δ15N. Current climate forecasts predict this trend to continue, leading to increased oceanic ‘tropicalization' and potentially competition between Flesh‐footed Shearwaters and more tropical sympatric species with expanding ranges. Flesh‐footed Shearwater populations are declining, and current conservation measures aimed primarily at bycatch mitigation are not restoring populations. Widespread shifts in foraging, as shown here, may explain some of the reported decline. An improved understanding and ability to mitigate the impacts of global climactic changes is therefore critical to the long‐term sustainability of this declining species.
Retrospective study of oral and maxillofacial lesions in older Taiwanese patients
Authors: Lei Frank , Chen Jing‐Yi , Wang Wen‐Chen , Lin Li‐Min , Huang Hsien‐Cheng , Ho Kun‐Yen , Chen Yuk‐Kwan
Published: February 2014

Objective

The aim was to provide information regarding oral and maxillofacial (OMF) lesions in an older Taiwanese population.

Background

The rate of increase of older people in Taiwan is expected to be rapid. OMF lesions are very frequent in the older population, but no studies have been performed on these lesions in Taiwan.

Materials and methods

OMF cases (between 2000 and 2011) in geriatric patients (≥60 years of age) with records of age, sex and histological diagnoses were retrieved from the Oral Pathology Department of our institution. These lesions were classified into four main categories: tumour/tumour‐like reactive lesions, cystic/pseudocystic lesions, inflammatory/infective lesions and other miscellaneous lesions.

Results

Six thousand seven hundred and twenty‐six lesions were collected from a total of 39 503 OMF lesions in older Taiwanese patients in this study. Most of these lesions were distributed in the inflammatory/infective group, followed by tumour/tumour‐like reactive lesions. Squamous cell carcinoma was the most common lesion, and, additionally, there was a high frequency of oral potentially malignant disorders.

Conclusions

The present study showed trends similar to previous reports from other countries. However, some detailed information was different, perhaps due to the different criteria and different geographic distribution. Worthy of note, our results indicated that screening for oral potentially malignant disorder and oral malignancy in the older population is essential.
Younger age at presentation of acquired haemophilia A in Asian countries: a single‐centre study and systematic review
Authors: Chai‐Adisaksopha C. , Rattarittamrong E. , Norasetthada L. , Tantiworawit A. , Nawarawong W.
Published: February 2014

Acquired haemophilia A is a rare bleeding disorder caused by autoantibodies against factor VIII (FVIII). There is a scarcity of acquired haemophilia A studies from Asian countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical characteristics and outcomes of acquired haemophilia A among Asian populations. Data were collected from a retrospective case series and combined with a systematic review. The case series included all patients with acquired haemophilia A from 1999 to 2012 at Chiang Mai University Hospital. The systematic review searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for relevant keywords. A total of 111 patients were reviewed in this study (including 26 patients from the present series). There were 56 male (50.5%) and 55 female (49.5%) patients. We compared the demographic data with ECAH2 and UKHCDO studies. The weighted mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 58.10 (16.96) years compared with 75.70 (14.47) years in the European series (absolute difference 17.6 years, 95% confidence interval [CI] 14.20–20.99, P = 0.025). The mean (SD) FVIII activity was 2.97 (3.81) IU dL−1 and the mean (SD) FVIII inhibitor titre was 26.35 (399.16) BU mL−1. Fifty‐six per cent of the patients underwent immunosuppression with steroids alone. The pool complete remission rate was comparable to the European studies, at 67.2% vs. 66.6% respectively (absolute difference 0.7, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.22, P = 0.99). This study reveals a novel finding of younger age at diagnosis of acquired haemophilia A among Asian patients.
Enhanced expression of hemoglobin scavenger receptor and heme oxygenase‐1 is associated with aortic valve stenosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis
Authors: Inaba Mayumi , Sugioka Kenichi , Naruko Takahiko , Yunoki Kei , Kato Yasuyuki , Shibata Toshihiko , Inoue Takeshi , Ohsawa Masahiko , Yoshiyama Minoru , Ueda Makiko
Published: February 2014

A high prevalence and a rapid progression of aortic valve stenosis (AS) in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) has been reported. In these circumstances, intraleaflet hemorrhage of aortic valve may be related to the development of AS in HD patients. We immunohistochemically examined the relationship among intraleaflet hemorrhage, neovascularization, hemoglobin scavenger receptor (CD163), and heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) using surgically resected aortic valve specimens from AS patients undergoing HD. The study population consisted of 26 HD patients and 25 non‐HD patients with severe AS who had undergone aortic valve replacement. Frozen aortic valve samples surgically obtained from AS patients were stained immunohistochemically with antibodies against smooth muscle cells, macrophages, glycophorin‐A (a protein specific to erythrocyte membranes), CD31, CD163, and HO‐1. Morphometric analysis demonstrated that the CD163‐positive macrophage score, the number of CD31‐positive microvessels, and the percentage of glycophorin‐A and HO‐1‐positive area were significantly higher in HD patients than in non‐HD patients (CD163‐positive macrophage score, P < 0.0001; CD31‐positive microvessels, P < 0.0001; glycophorin‐A, P < 0.0001; HO‐1, P < 0.0001). Double immunostaining for CD163 or HO‐1 and macrophages revealed that the majority of CD163‐ or HO‐1‐positive cells were macrophages. Furthermore, CD163‐positive macrophage score was positively correlated with glycophorin‐A, HO‐1‐positive area, and the number of CD31‐positive microvessels (glycophorin‐A, R = 0.66, P < 0.0001; HO‐1, R = 0.50, P < 0.0005; microvessels, R = 0.38, P < 0.01). These findings suggest a positive association among intraleaflet hemorrhage, neovascularization, and enhanced expression of CD163 and HO‐1 as a response to intraleaflet hemorrhage in stenotic aortic valves in AS patients undergoing HD.
Hemodialysis‐induced changes in the blood composition affect function of the endothelium
Authors: Oleśkowska‐Florek Weronika , Połubinska Alicja , Baum Ewa , Matecka Monika , Pyda Małgorzata , Pawlaczyk Krzysztof , Bręborowicz Andrzej
Published: February 2014

Hemodialysis induces oxidative stress causing intravascular inflammation, which may cause endothelial dysfunction. We evaluated how hemodialysis‐induced changes in blood affect the function of endothelial cells in in vitro culture. Serum samples were collected from 42 uremic patients treated with hemodialysis, one before the start of dialysis and the other one at the end of session. All patients were dialysed with polysulfone dialyzer. Concentrations of the inflammatory molecules carbonyl protein and metabolites of NO synthesis were measured in blood. Additionally, the effect of the serum obtained before and after dialysis on the function of endothelial cells in in vitro culture was studied. Hemodialysis caused increase of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 (+17%), hepatocyte growth factor (+91%), and pentraxin‐3 (+30%) concentration in serum. Concentration of carbonyl protein was decreased by 30%. Decrease of blood level of asymmetric dimethylarginine (−25%) and nitrate/nitrites (−62%) was observed. Serum obtained after hemodialysis stimulated proliferation of endothelial cells (+10%) and synthesis of MCP‐1(+11%) in these cells. Hemodialysis‐induced intravascular inflammation changes the function of endothelial cells, which may lead to acceleration of atherosclerosis.
Transcriptional changes in organoculture of full‐thickness human skin following topical application of all‐trans retinoic acid
Authors: Gillbro J. M. , Al‐Bader T. , Westman M. , Olsson M. J. , Mavon A.
Published: February 2014

Synopsis

Objective

Retinoids are used as therapeutic agents for numerous skin diseases, for example, psoriasis, acne and keratinization disorders. The same substances have also been recognized in the treatment for hyperpigmentation disorders such as melasma.

Other studies on photo‐damaged skin have shown that retinoids reduce wrinkles, surface roughness, mottled pigmentation, and visual skin appearance as a whole. We tested the hypothesis that an organoculture of full‐thickness human skin could be used as a preclinical model to investigate the retinoid transcriptional profile in human skin in vitro.

Methods

Full‐thickness skin explants were exposed to topically applied all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) for 24 h. The gene expression profile was analysed using oligonucleotide microarrays, and data were validated with real‐time (RT) PCR.

Results

We showed that the expression of 93 genes was significantly altered more than twofold. Several of the altered genes, for example, KRT4, CYP26 and LCN2, have previously been shown to be affected by RA in keratinocyte monocultures, reconstructed epidermis and skin biopsies from patients treated topically or orally with RA. In addition, genes, such as SCEL, NRIP1, DGAT2, RDH12 EfnB2, MAPK14, SAMD9 and CEACAM6 not previously reported to be affected by RA in human skin, were identified for the first time in this study.

Conclusion

The results in the present study show that full‐thickness human explants represent a valuable pre‐clinical model for studying the effects of retinoids in skin.
Techniques for restoring enlarged canals: an evaluation of fracture resistance and bond strength
Authors: Latempa A. M. A. , Almeida S. A. , Nunes N. F. , da Silva E. M. , Guimarães J. G. A. , Poskus L. T.
Published: February 2014

Aim

To verify the influence of fibreglass post diameter, as well as use of accessory posts on fracture resistance and bond strength, when used for restoring enlarged root canals.

Methodology

One hundred maxillary single‐rooted canine human teeth were decoronated and root canals were prepared using a No.4 drill (White Post, FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil). The roots were assigned to five groups: (EC1) post No.1 (Exacto Cônico, Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil); (EC2) post No.2 (Exacto Cônico, Angelus); (EC3) post No.3 (Exacto Cônico, Angelus); (ECA) post No.1 (Exacto Cônico, Angelus) plus two accessory posts (Reforpin, Angelus); (WP) post No.4 (White Post, FGM). Posts 1–4 have a crescent diameter. Posts were luted (Rely X‐Arc, 3M ESPE, USA) and composite resin filling cores were prepared for the fracture resistance test (n = 10). For the push‐out test (n = 10), roots were sectioned into 1 mm thick slices. Both tests were performed in a universal testing machine. Data were analysed using anova and Tukey's test.

Results

Groups WP and EC3 had higher fracture resistance than the other groups (P < 0.05), which were statistically similar. Root fractures occurred in 14% of the specimens. Groups EC1 and EC2 had lower bond strength values than Groups EC3 and ECA which were lower than the WP Group (P < 0.05). Bond strength was lower in the apical and middle third than in the cervical third of root canals (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Thicker posts were associated with higher resistance to fracture and bond strength to root canals. Using a post plus two accessory posts improved the bond strength but not the fracture resistance.
Preparation of Cu2O‐Cu Cermets by In Situ Reduction Method
Authors: Feng Lichao , Yu Xuemei , Zhang Yuanliang
Published: February 2014

Cu2O‐Cu cermets were prepared with sintering the mixture of graphite and Cu2O powders. The sintering process, microstructures, mechanical property, and sintering kinetics were investigated. The results show that the Cu was mainly derived from the graphite reduced Cu2O. Meanwhile, small amount of polyvinyl butyral addition will lead to a higher Cu content than calculated value. The sintering parameters were optimized with temperature of 1050°C and soaking for 5 h. The relative density and compressive strength of the cermets increase with increasing Cu content because of the lubricating effect of graphite and high temperature plastic deformation of Cu.
Comparison of physicochemical properties, antioxidant and metal‐chelating activities of protein hydrolysates from Phaseolus lunatus and hard‐to‐cook Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Guzmán‐Méndez Beatriz , Jaramillo‐Flores Maria Eugenia , Chel‐Guerrero Luis , Betancur‐Ancona David
Published: February 2014

Limited and extensive hydrolysates were obtained from Phaseolus lunatus (LHl and EHl) and hard‐to‐cook Phaseolus vulgaris (LHv and EHv) using the enzymes Flavourzyme®, Alcalase®, Pancreatin® and a sequential Pepsin®–Pancreatin® system. Degrees of hydrolysis varied from 8.32% to 31.60%. SDS‐PAGE of extensive hydrolysates showed molecular weights smaller than limited hydrolysates. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis of LHl and EHl revealed the presence of two endothermic transitions; LHv and EHv had only one. LHv presented a higher content of hydrophobic amino acids whose surface hydrophobicity was 12.17. Functional properties such as nitrogen solubility, foaming capacity and emulsifying activity index in LHv were better than LHl at different pH evaluated. However, the latter showed better foaming stabilities. Amino acids such as His, Tyr, Trp and Arg were observed in greater amounts in both extensive hydrolysates. 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical‐scavenging and metal‐chelating activities in EHv and EHl increased significantly compared to the source material.
‘In a perfect world it would be great if they didn't exist’: How Australians experience payday loans
Authors: Banks Marcus , Marston Gregory , Russell Roslyn , Karger Howard
Published: February 2014

In the last few decades, payday lending has mushroomed in many developed countries. The arguments for and against an industry which provides small, short‐term loans at very high interest rates have also blossomed. This article presents findings from an Australian study to contribute to the international policy and practice debate about a sector which orients to those on a low income. At the heart of this debate lies a conundrum: Borrowing from payday lenders exacerbates poverty, yet many low‐income households rely on these loans. We argue that the key problem is the restricted framework within which the debate currently oscillates.

Key Practitioner Message: ● Framing payday borrowing as a problem of market failure leads to one‐sided and ineffective regulatory responses; ● Until governments instigate real alternatives for cheap and readily available credit, and broader anti‐poverty measures, curbing access to payday lenders can have the perverse effect of increasing privation; ● For practitioners seeking to abolish payday lending, campaigns for higher wages and a liveable social welfare income are central.
Buccal mucosal graft in reconstructive urology: Uses beyond urethral stricture
Authors: Pandey Abhishek , Dican Razvan , Beier Jörn , Keller Hansjörg
Published: February 2014

The use of buccal mucosal grafts for the reconstruction of urethral strictures is an established procedure. Because of its robustness, the buccal mucosal graft could also potentially provide an alternative for other indications in reconstructive urology. We report here six consecutive patients who received a buccal mucosal graft for ureteral strictures, glans reconstruction and stoma stenosis. The follow up for all patients ranged from 26 to 50 months. The buccal mucosal graft showed excellent functional results for the ureteral strictures and stenosis from ureterocutaneostomy. For glans reconstructions, the buccal mucosal grafts delivered excellent cosmetic and functional results without causing meatal stenosis. We conclude the buccal mucosal graft can be used in reconstructive surgery beyond the reconstruction of urethral strictures.
Flows of People and Knowledge between Italy and Australia
Authors: Tani Massimiliano
Published: February 2014

This article analyses 20 years of bilateral peoples' flows between Italy and Australia using a unique set of data collected by Australia's Department of Immigration and Citizenship. This period has witnessed substantial changes in the composition of migration between the two countries. Against a historical background where migration is mostly composed of unskilled Italians relocating to Australia, the past two decades have seen a progressive increase in the arrival of young and highly skilled/qualified Italians on a short‐term basis. Conversely, there has been an increase in older Australians moving to or visiting Italy for work. Such changes have affected the bilateral skill flows, whose relevance has increased as globalization forces have made international transport easier and cheaper. Australia remains a “magnet” for Italians, and, unlike the historical origin of Italy's early immigrants, it now enjoys a net inflow of highly skilled labour.
Smoking behaviours of adolescents, influenced by smoking of teachers, family and friends
Authors: Huang H.‐W. , Lu C.‐C. , Yang Y.‐H. , Huang C.‐L.
Published: February 2014

Background

Smoking tobacco is a global health problem, and this study highlights adolescent smoking in Taiwan. Smoking was completely banned on campuses under the Tobacco Hazards Prevention Act and School Health Regulations. Few have investigated the association between personnel smoking/school smoking policies and adolescent smoking in Taiwan. The smoking rate has gradually increased for senior high school students in Taiwan from 10.7% in 1994 to 14.7% in 2011.

Aim

This study examined the influence of family and friends' smoking on the association between the presence of teachers smoking and each stage of adolescents' smoking behaviour.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted in nine high schools (n = 921). Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between smoking stage, father smoking, mother smoking, sibling smoking, friends smoking and the presence of smoking teachers.

Results

After adjusting for gender, school type and grade, fathers', siblings' and friends' smoking were significantly associated with adolescents' ever and current smoking behaviours, but mothers' smoking was only associated with adolescents' current smoking behaviours. Friends' smoking was strongly associated with being a smoker. While there was an interaction between friends' smoking and the presence of smoking teachers on current smoking behaviours indicating the effect of the presence of smoking teachers was increased when friends did not smoke.

Discussion

The results suggest that teachers smoking on school may increase the likelihood of being a current smoker as their friends do not smoke. Family and friends smoking are associated with adolescent smoking.

Conclusion

The Taiwanese government has regulated a comprehensive smoking ban in schools to prohibit both student and staff smoking on all school premises. To achieve this, schools should make tobacco control communication efforts. Nurses could address the combined influence of family and friends as well as the effect of school smoking restrictions to help prevent adolescents from smoking.
Numerical Maximisation of Likelihood: A Neglected Alternative to EM?
Authors: MacDonald Iain L.
Published: February 2014

There is by now a long tradition of using the EM algorithm to find maximum‐likelihood estimates (MLEs) when the data are incomplete in any of a wide range of ways, even when the observed‐data likelihood can easily be evaluated and numerical maximisation of that likelihood is available as a conceptually simple route to the MLEs. It is rare in the literature to see numerical maximisation employed if EM is possible. But with excellent general‐purpose numerical optimisers now available free, there is no longer any reason, as a matter of course, to avoid direct numerical maximisation of likelihood. In this tutorial, I present seven examples of models in which numerical maximisation of likelihood appears to have some advantages over the use of EM as a route to MLEs. The mathematical and coding effort is minimal, as there is no need to derive and code the E and M steps, only a likelihood evaluator. In all the examples, the unconstrained optimiser nlm available in R is used, and transformations are used to impose constraints on parameters.

I suggest therefore that the following question be asked of proposed new applications of EM: Can the MLEs be found more simply and directly by using a general‐purpose numerical optimiser?
Recent accomplishments in wound healing
Authors: Mudge Elizabeth J
Published: February 2014

The challenge to balance limited resources with infinite demand has encouraged an evolution in the way health care services are managed and operated. Chronic wound management is complex and prolonged, and places a considerable financial burden on health services. A typical driver of cost includes the necessity to change dressings on a regular basis. Over the last few decades, several scientific and biological advances have furthered the development of wound care products and facilitated wound management. This article investigates some of the major advancements that have occurred within the wound‐care arena during the last 5 years and how these advancements are being translated to provide better delivery of clinical care to patients.
Penile reconstruction with dermal template and vacuum therapy in severe skin and soft tissue defects caused by Fournier's gangrene and hidradenitis suppurativa
Authors: Ludolph Ingo , Titel Torsten , Beier Justus P. , Dragu Adrian , Schmitz Marweh , Wullich Bernd , Horch Raymund E.
Published: February 2014

The aim of this article is to improve the treatment of patients with complete skin loss of the penile shaft after Fournier's gangrene or hidradenitis suppurativa using modern biomatrices and topical negative pressure therapy.

From January 2010 to December 2011, three patients with Fournier's gangrene or hidradenitis suppurativa were treated. After initial radical debridements, topical negative pressure therapy was applied for wound stabilisation. After that dermal templates (acellular dermal matrix) were used to achieve early healing and topical negative pressure‐dressing in a special setting or a special foam compression bandage was used together with a urinary catheter. After integration of the dermal template, a split‐thickness skin graft is used for coverage and again secured with a circular total negative pressure‐dressing.

In all cases, the split‐thickness skin grafts healed very well applying this therapy concept. The patients were very satisfied with the functional as well as with the aesthetic outcome.

We suggest a new method of staged reconstruction to successfully preserve the functionality of the penis after complete loss of the skin and soft tissue of the penile shaft using modern biomatrices and topical negative pressure therapy.
Cost‐effectiveness of treating vascular leg ulcers withUrgoStart®andUrgoCell®Contact
Authors: Augustin Matthias , Herberger Katharina , Kroeger Knut , Muenter Karl C. , Goepel Lisa , Rychlik Reinhard
Published: February 2014

Although chronic wounds have a high socio‐economic impact, data on comparative effectiveness of treatments are rare.UrgoStart®is a hydroactive dressing containing a nano‐oligosaccharide factor (NOSF). This study aimed at evaluating the cost‐effectiveness of this NOSF‐containing wound dressing in vascular leg ulcers compared with a similar neutral foam dressing (UrgoCell®Contact) without NOSF.

Cost‐effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the German statutory health care system was performed using a decision tree model for a period of 8 weeks. Cost and outcome data were derived from the clinical study ‘Challenge’ suggesting a response rate (≥40% wound size reduction) ofUrgoStart®of 65·6% versus 39·4% for the comparator.

In the treatment model, effect‐adjusted costs of €849·86 were generated after 8 weeks for treatment withUrgoStart®versus €1335·51 for the comparator resulting in an effect‐adjusted cost advantage of €485·64 forUrgoStart®. In linear sensitivity analyses, the outcomes were stable for varying assumptions on prices and response rates.

In an 8‐week period of treatment for vascular leg ulcers,UrgoStart®shows superior cost‐effectiveness when compared with the similar neutral foam dressing without any active component (NOSF). As demonstrated within a randomised, double‐blind clinical trial,UrgoStart®is also more effective in wound area reduction than the neutral foam dressing. Wound healing was not addressed in this clinical trial. Follow‐up data of 12 months to allow for reulceration assessment were not generated.
Floral vasculature and ontogeny in Canna indica
Authors: Miao Ming‐Zhi , Liu Huan‐Fang , Kuang Yan‐Feng , Zou Pu , Liao Jing‐Ping
Published: February 2014

The identity of the labellum is a hot point in Zingiberales, which has long been discussed by many authors. In this study, floral vasculature and ontogeny of Canna indica (Cannaceae) was observed by LM and SEM in order to ascertain the identity of the labellum and the functional stamen of this species and provide evidence for the homologies of the floral organs in Zingiberales. The results indicate that the labellum of C. indica have incorporated two androecial members from both outer and inner whorls, rather than three, one or half member, as previously suggested by morphologists of Cannaceae flowers. The two labellum traces are here interpreted as: one from the outer androecial whorl (diverging from the carpellary dorsal bundle), while the other from the inner androecial whorl (diverging from the parietal bundle). The functional stamen also incorporates two androecial bundles, the same as the labellum: one trace from the carpellary dorsal bundle, and the other (the petaloid appendage) from the parietal bundle. In addition, the origin of the vascular system in the androecium of Zingiberales and its systematic significance are discussed.
Electric Fatigue of Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Materials
Authors: Glaum Julia , Hoffman Mark
Published: February 2014

A considerable body of knowledge now exists from studies involving the development of lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics and a number of high potential alternatives to current lead‐based materials have been identified. Stability under cyclic electric fields is an important property of piezoelectric materials. Here, we review the research to date which shows that fatigue under cyclic electrical loading is prevalent in many lead‐free piezoelectric ceramic compositions. However, the variety of compositions and mechanisms for piezoelectric behavior in these materials corresponds to significant variances in the nature of fatigue degradation and the likely mechanisms thereof, which do not directly parallel those of well‐studied lead‐based materials. In particular, the use of field‐induced phase changes as an actuation mechanism provides distinctive fatigue behaviors. Particular attention is given to fatigue of ferroelectric and relaxor (ergodic and nonergodic) structures and their dependence upon temperature and electric field and the potential design of materials with high fatigue resistance.
A Novel Glass‐Ceramic with Ultra‐Low Sintering Temperature for LTCC Application
Authors: Yu Hongtao , Ju Kui , Wang Keming
Published: February 2014

In this paper, the phase compositions and the dielectric properties of 3ZnO–2B2O3 glass‐ceramic prepared by solid‐state method were investigated. The X‐ray diffraction patterns show that all sintered samples consist of Zn3B2O6 and α‐Zn(BO2)2. The dielectric properties changed significantly with the sintering temperature. After sintering at 650°C for 30 min, the glass‐ceramic exhibits optimum dielectric properties: a dielectric constant of 7.5 and a dielectric loss of 0.6 × 10−3 at 10 MHz. The chemical compatibility with Ag electrode under the co‐fired process illustrates a potential application in low temperature co‐fired ceramic field for the glass‐ceramic.
Origin of Violet‐Blue Emission in Ti‐Doped Gahnite
Authors: Dereń Przemysław J. , Stefańska Dagmara , Ptak Maciej , Mączka Mirosław , Walerczyk Wiktoria , Banach Grzegorz
Published: February 2014

ZnAl2O4 doped with Ti4+ (2%) was synthesized by the hydrothermal method at 220°C at pressure of 25 bars. An average grain size of the as‐prepared sample was 3 nm, the samples with biggest grain size were obtained after annealing at 300°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, and 900°C, diameter of the latter was about 33 nm. IR spectroscopy indicated that ZnAl2O4 was partially inverted. The degree of the inversion decreases with increase in the annealing temperature but increases with increasing Ti4+ content. Absorption and emission spectra as well as emission decay profiles were recorded at 300 and 77 K. The observed spectra are due to charge‐transfer O2−↔Ti4+ transitions. Color of the emission depends on the nanocrystal size and with increase in its diameter changes from violet to blue, accordingly the absorption bands exhibit redshift. The calculations based on Density Functional Theory confirmed the experimental results. 3d electrons of titanium ions form the bottom of the ZnAl2O4:Ti4+ conduction band, oxygen, aluminum or zinc vacancies create additional levels in the gahnite energy band gap. It was also found that in ZnAl2O4 aluminum or zinc vacancy induces magnetism with relatively high magnetic moment close to 1 μB per vacancy.
Insider Trading and Firm Performance Following Open Market Share Repurchase Announcements
Authors: Chen Hsuan‐Chi , Chen Sheng‐Syan , Huang Chia‐Wei , Schatzberg John D.
Published: February 2014

The long‐run performance of equity securities subsequent to announcements of open market repurchases (OMR) remains a contentious topic. In this paper we propose the “dichotomous expectations hypothesis” which posits that insider trading following share repurchase announcements reveals private information concerning the future operating performance of announcing firms. In particular, insider abnormal purchases (abnormal sales) should predict an improvement (decline) in operating performance that leads to higher (lower) long‐run stock returns. Our hypothesis offers a credible economic link between insider trading and subsequent long‐run stock performance through the intervening variable of operating performance. The empirical results show consistency with this linkage.
Phylogenetic and ecomorphological structure of assemblages of breeding leaf warblers (Phylloscopidae) along Himalayan elevational gradients
Authors: Ghosh‐Harihar Mousumi
Published: February 2014

Aim

To understand the relative importance of ecological and biogeographical processes structuring assemblages of Himalayan leaf warblers (family Phylloscopidae), through an evaluation of (1) the patterns of species richness and phylogenetic community structure, (2) their environmental determinants, and (3) dispersion of morphological traits within communities.

Location

Elevational gradients across the east and the west Himalayas, India.

Methods

Species presences were assessed at 16 sites along eight elevational gradients. Phylogenetic conservatism was assessed in three functional morphological traits (body size, tarsus length, beak shape) and phylogenetic structure in terms of the net relatedness index (NRI) was quantified using a published phylogenetic tree. Site‐specific species richness and NRI were related to climatic variables and arthropod abundance. Morphological trait metrics were also calculated and the observed trait dispersion related to patterns of species richness and phylogenetic structure of the assemblages.

Results

The 16 assemblages, composed of two to eight species, ran the entire spectrum of significance in terms of their phylogenetic structure, resulting in many clustered assemblages at low elevations and a few overdispersed assemblages at higher elevations. Phylogenetic structure was not significantly correlated with species richness, although variation in both was largely explained by maximum temperature and arthropod abundance. At the regional scale, both trait filtering (beak shape) and trait convergence (tarsus length) seem to influence the distribution of species along the elevational gradients. Dispersion of body size metrics suggested filtering and competition as predicted by phylogenetic structure, while beak shape metrics suggested competitive interactions even in phylogenetically clustered assemblages.

Main conclusions

The interaction of multiple assembly processes (competition, filtering and history) appears to structure the Himalayan leaf warbler assemblages. Phylogenetic community structure largely reflected the biogeographical history of species accumulation into the Himalayas, while processes structuring local assemblages were better explained by the dispersion of traits.
One‐year follow‐up of zoster‐associated pain in 764 immunocompetent patients with acute herpes zoster treated with famciclovir (FAMILIAR study)
Authors: Imafuku S. , Nakayama J. , Higa K. , Furue M. , Takahara M. , Katayama I. , Tani M.
Published: February 2014

Background

Herpes zoster (HZ), a reactivation of varicella zoster virus manifested by skin blisters and neuralgia, can lead to postherpetic neuralgia in 10–20% of affected subjects.

Method

In this study, a cohort of 764 patients with HZ was treated with 1500 mg/day of famciclovir for 7 days, and zoster‐associated pain (ZAP) was monitored monthly thereafter for up to 12 months until pain resolution was achieved. Patients were questioned monthly by telephone, and pain was recorded using a numerical rating scale (NRS, 0–10).

Key results

A total of 751 of 764 (98.3%) patients completed follow‐up. The percentage of patients with ZAP was 12.4% at day 90, 7.1% at 6 months and 4.0% at 1 year. After the third month, the NRS were 3 or less in most of the remaining patients with ZAP. Stratified analysis revealed significant persistence of ZAP in patients aged ≥50 years and in those aged ≥65 years, and in patients with either moderate‐to‐severe skin symptoms or severe pain at the initial consultation. Stratified analyses unexpectedly showed patients who commenced famciclovir at 0–2 days after onset of the eruption had a higher prevalence of ZAP at day 90 than those treated at 3–5 days or ≥6 days after rash onset (P = 0.0164, log‐rank test). On further analysis, a higher proportion of patients (45.4%) treated at 0–2 days had moderate to severe symptoms compared with those treated at 3–5 days (40.5%) or ≥6 days (37.0%) (P = 0.0987, Cochran‐Armitage test).

Conclusion & Inference

This study, with an exceptionally high follow‐up rate, revealed several new findings, including the influence of disease severity on the delay between the onset of symptoms and seeking medical attention. Six adverse drug reactions were reported in five of 721 patients in the safety analysis, including two severe cases of vomiting and convulsions.
Effect of antihistamine as an adjuvant treatment of isotretinoin in acne: a randomized, controlled comparative study
Authors: Lee H.E. , Chang I.K. , Lee Y. , Kim C.D. , Seo Y.J. , Lee J.H. , Im M.
Published: February 2014

Background

Isotretinoin has been frequently used for acne therapy. However, it has limitation in acceptance because of its adverse effects. Although antihistamine recently revealed to decrease the lipogenesis, evidence is lacking regarding the clinical relevance of antihistamine in the treatment of acne.

Objectives

To evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of antihistamine as an adjuvant treatment of isotretinoin.

Methods

Forty patients with moderate acne were included in this randomized, controlled comparative study. Twenty patients were treated with isotretinoin and 20 patients were treated with additional antihistamine, desloratadine. Assessment was made at baseline, after 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks of treatment.

Results

At week 12, compared with isotretinoin only group, isotretinoin with additional antihistamine group showed more statistically significant decrease in acne lesion counts (non‐inflammatory lesions: 44.8% vs. 17.8%; inflammatory lesions: 55.8% vs. 22.9%; total lesions: 45.6% vs. 18.7%; all P < 0.05). Significant decrease was also observed in the score of global acne grading system and the measured value of sebum and erythema. Moreover, acne flare during the treatment occurred less frequently and adverse events of isotretinoin were more tolerable in additional antihistamine group.

Conclusions

This results provide early evidence that antihistamine has a synergic effect with minimizing the side‐effect of isotretinoin, and may be used as an adjuvant treatment of moderate acne.
Sex change in plants and animals: a unified perspective
Authors: Vega‐Frutis R. , Macías‐Ordóñez R. , Guevara R. , Fromhage L.
Published: February 2014

The capacity of organisms to change their sex has evolved independently in several plant and animal lineages. Sex change has been widely studied, but research approaches have differed for plants and animals, and conclusions have often been taxon‐specific. Although sex allocation theory provides a unifying framework for the study of sex change, this unity has not always been appreciated, especially in the botanical literature. Here, we review sex change with regard to its representation in relation to taxonomy and other sexual systems, with regard to its suggested adaptive benefits, and to the role of taxon‐specific body architecture, such as modularity and gonadal structure. We highlight differences and similarities between plants and animals and suggest promising lines of future research.
The role of sex chromosomes in sexual dimorphism: discordance between molecular and phenotypic data
Authors: Dean R. , Mank J. E.
Published: February 2014

In addition to initial sex determination, genes on the sex chromosomes are theorized to play a particularly important role in phenotypic differences between males and females. Sex chromosomes in many species display molecular signatures consistent with these theoretical predictions, particularly through sex‐specific gene expression. However, the phenotypic implications of this molecular signature are unresolved, and the role of the sex chromosomes in quantitative genetic studies of phenotypic sex differences is largely equivocal. In this article, we examine molecular and phenotypic data in the light of theoretical predictions about masculinization and feminization of the sex chromosomes. Additionally, we discuss the role of genetic and regulatory complexities in the genome–phenotype relationship, and ultimately how these affect the overall role of the sex chromosomes in sex differences.
Cryptic Sex in Symbiodinium (Alveolata, Dinoflagellata) is Supported by an Inventory of Meiotic Genes
Authors: Chi Jingyun , Parrow Matthew W. , Dunthorn Micah
Published: February 2014

Symbiodinium encompasses a diverse clade of dinoflagellates that are ecologically important as symbionts of corals and other marine organisms. Despite decades of study, cytological evidence of sex (karyogamy and meiosis) has not been demonstrated in Symbiodinium, although molecular population genetic patterns support the occurrence of sexual recombination. Here, we provide additional support for sex in Symbiodinium by uncovering six meiosis‐specific and 25 meiosis‐related genes in three published genomes. Cryptic sex may be occurring in Symbiodinium's seldom‐seen free‐living state while being inactive in the symbiotic state.
Annualised risk analysis approach to recommend appropriate level of flood control: application to Swannanoa river watershed
Authors: Kalyanapu A.J. , Judi D.R. , McPherson T.N. , Burian S.J.
Published: February 2014

This study presents an analysis approach using an existing Monte Carlo (MC) flood risk framework to compare annualised risk reductions from flood control alternatives targeting various recurrence interval events. The annualised risk approach is demonstrated by analysing the relative flood risk mitigation benefits of flood proofing in Swannanoa watershed, North Carolina. Using the MC framework, 54 design flows are sampled from the flow distribution and used to drive a graphics card based two‐dimensional flood model. The computed flood depths are used to create flood damage frequency and annualised risk curves. It was hypothesised that flood proofing for a higher probability event would result in a greater relative level of damage reduction for lower cost compared with the traditional use of a 1% annual exceedance flood event. The MC framework was used to test the hypothesis by producing a distribution of annualised risk over various return periods. Confirming the hypothesis, the 12% flood event was found to have the highest annualised risk for the case study in this paper. Simulations were executed to determine the relative costs and benefits of the 12% flood proofing (alternate case) and 1% flood proofing (base case) alternatives. The results showed that the base case reduced the expected annual damage (EAD) by 98.9% compared with the status quo. The alternate case reduced the EAD by 80.4% compared with the status quo. Comparing estimated annual implementation cost with flood damage reductions, annually, for every dollar spent on flood proofing, the 12% design resulted in twice the reduction in flood damages compared with the 1% design. This preliminary study thus confirms the potential of an alternative analysis approach that may be applied for identifying desired flood control level based on flood risk mitigation potential.
One‐step transfistula large versus conventional balloon dilation following precut fistulotomy in difficult biliary cannulation for the removal of biliary stones: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Jun Baek Gyu , Lee Tae Hoon , Jeong Seok , Hwang Jae Chul , Yang Min Jae , Song Tae Jun , Choi Hyun Jong , Moon Jong Ho , Park Sang‐Heum
Published: February 2014

Background and Aim

After selective biliary access following precut fistulotomy in difficult biliary cannulations (DBC), there are several methods of completely opening the remaining papillary roof for the removal of biliary stones. We evaluated the efficacy of one‐step transfistula balloon dilation following fistulotomy in DBC for the removal of biliary stones.

Methods

This retrospective multicenter study was performed in four tertiary referral centers. Patients who underwent fistulotomy due to DBC were enrolled. Precut fistulotomy followed by conventional (≤ 10 mm) or large balloon (≥ 12 mm) dilation through the fistulotomy tract was performed to remove biliary stones. The main outcome measures were technical success and transfistula balloon dilation‐related complications.

Results

A total of 154 patients were enrolled. Large balloon and conventional balloon dilation were performed in 57 and 97 patients, respectively. The primary technical success of stone removal was 100% (57/57) for large balloon dilation and 96.9% (94/97) for conventional balloon dilation (P = 0.296). The mean procedure time from biliary access to removal of stones was 29.3 min in large balloon and 22.2 min in conventional balloon dilation (P = 0.042), and the mean numbers of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography sessions were 1.4 and 1.3, respectively (P = 0.175). Transfistula balloon dilation‐related complications were not different between the two groups (10.5% in large balloon dilation vs 16.5% in conventional balloon dilation, P = 0.307).

Conclusions

One‐step transfistula balloon dilation following precut fistulotomy in DBC may be safe and effective for the removal of biliary stones. There were no differences in therapeutic outcomes and complications between large and conventional balloon dilation.
Entecavir plus adefovir versus adefovir plus lamivudine in hepatitis B virus e antigen‐positive, lamivudine‐resistant chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Heo Jeong , Ahn Sang Hoon , Kweon Young‐Oh , Kim Byung‐Ho , Chan Henry L Y , Horban Andrzej , Wongcharatrawee Suchat , Llamoso Cyril , Lee Kwan Sik
Published: February 2014

Background and Aim

In areas of the world where tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not marketed, adefovir (ADV) + lamivudine (LAM) is recommended and widely used for LAM‐resistant chronic hepatitis B (CHB). This study hypothesizes that entecavir (ETV) + ADV, where both components are active against LAM‐resistant hepatitis B virus (HBV), will provide greater antiviral potency than ADV + LAM where only ADV is active.

Methods

Open‐label, randomized trial in hepatitis B virus e antigen‐positive LAM‐experienced CHB patients with LAM resistance treated with ETV 1 mg + ADV 10 mg (n = 138), ADV + LAM 100 mg (n = 137), or ETV (n = 140).

Results

At week 48, there was no significant difference in the primary endpoint of HBV‐DNA < 50 IU/mL between the treatment groups (25.4% [ETV + ADV] vs 19.7% [ADV + LAM], P = 0.2619; vs 16.4% [ETV], P = 0.1336). However, at week 96, rates of HBV‐DNA < 50 IU/mL were significantly greater with ETV + ADV than with ADV + LAM (43.5% vs 28.5%; P = 0.0095). Rates of virologic breakthrough and resistance to ETV or ADV were low through week 96 with both combinations. The delayed benefit of ETV + ADV is likely related to the high baseline viremia in this cohort relating to continued LAM exposure after treatment failure. All three therapies had favorable safety profiles.

Conclusions

In patients with LAM‐resistant HBV, ETV + ADV demonstrated greater antiviral efficacy than ADV + LAM and comparable safety over 2 years, and may therefore be a preferable treatment option for LAM‐resistant CHB, especially in regions where alternative rescue therapies are not available. In highly viremic patients, the benefit of ETV + ADV became apparent after a longer treatment duration.