bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VII.—The Nature and Fabric of the Pearl
Authors: Schofield William Henry
Published: February 2007

At the request of my friend Dr. Brown, who in the preceding article has cast so much light on the character of the author of The Pearl, I have undertaken to state in print certain heterodox opinions, which I have long held, concerning the nature and fabric of that beautiful poem.

Briefly, to indicate my main thesis at the outset, I would maintain that The Pearl is not in the least elegiac or autobiographical, as hitherto regularly regarded by scholars and critics, and that the conclusions as to the author's life and domestic sorrows frequently drawn from it are wholly without foundation.
The Prologue to the Legend of Good Women Considered in Its Chronological Relations
Authors: Lowes John Livingston
Published: February 2007

The following discussion of the actual dates of the composition and revision of the Prologue to the Legend of Good Women takes up the question at the point where it was left in a previous article on the Prologue as related to its French and Italian sources and models. The attempt was there made to show, on the basis of such relations, that B. was the original version and A. the revision. Assuming the soundness of such a conclusion, is it possible to fix at all definitely the date of each? The present paper essays an answer to that question and includes as a corollary a discussion of the chronology of certain of Chaucer's other works specifically named in one or both forms of the Prologue itself.
XIII.—Notes on Canadian French.
Authors: Hills E. C.
Published: February 2007

These notes embody the result of a study of a Canadian French dialect spoken in Clayton, N. Y. There is in this village a colony of seven or eight hundred French Canadians, most of whom have come from the District of Montreal during the past fifty years. The older generation, as a rule, is illiterate; the younger generation reads and writes English, but not French. These colonists, therefore, have kept their French free from the leveling-down process of the schoolmaster.
XVI.—Ideas on Rhetoric in the Sixteenth Century.
Authors: Hale Edward E.
Published: February 2007

To distinguish between the course of rhetorical ideas, and the growth of style on the one hand, and of systematic rhetoric on the other, is perhaps to endeavor after too nice a distinction. Yet when we read sixteenth-century English, we may see, between the general effort to use prose with effect and the rather arid sequence of treatises on formal rhetoric, certain definite ideas on prose expression, certain views as to the best vocabulary, certain views on sentence-structure or figures of speech. The frank, vigorous prose of Latimer has style of a sort, the slight treatise of Cox has system. Neither the one thing nor the other is the opinion pro and con as to inkhorn words, for example. The following paper notes in the direction of the vocabulary only, a conscious effort to determine some fundamental principles which should obtain in the use of English as a means of literary expression.
The Duration of the Canterbury Pilgrimage
Authors: Tatlock John S. P.
Published: February 2007

The question as to how many days Chaucer conceived his Canterbury pilgrimage as occupying is of interest for a number of reasons. The consideration of it takes us more familiarly into the time and place where we may behold

“the nine and twenty ride Through those dim aisles their deathless pilgrimage, Lady and monk and rascal laugh and chide, Living and loving on the enchanted page.”
William of Malmesbury on the Antiquity of Glastonbury With Especial Reference to the Equation of Glastonbury and Avalon
Authors: Newell William Wells
Published: February 2007

In Gesta Pontificum (A. D. 1125), and also in the first recension of Gesta Regum Anglorum (same year), William of Malmesbury attributed the foundation of Glastonbury to Ini (in his spelling Ina), acting under advice of Aldhelm (patron saint of Malmesbury). By the time of writing a Life of Dunstan (date uncertain), William had obtained further information; he blames Osbern, biographer of Dunstan, for making that saint first abbot of Glastonbury, which, as he says, had passed under ecclesiastical authority long before the time of St. Patrick. From another passage of the same book we perceive that William had in contemplation a work in defence of the antiquity of Glastonbury. By a mention in the second book of the Life of Dunstan it appears that William, at the time resident in Glastonbury, had completed the promised apology. De Antiquitate, therefore, must have been completed in Glastonbury, at a time intermediate between the two books on Dunstan.
The Texts Most Used in the Teaching of Old French
Authors: Weeks Raymond
Published: February 2007

An inquiry into the texts most in use for the teaching of Old French in the best universities cannot help having a certain pedagogical interest. The value of such an inquiry would be greater, if we possessed a similar investigation made fifteen or twenty years ago. Although no such investigation is recorded, it is nonetheless fitting and important to set down here the results of a recent inquiry into this question.
The Old French Versified Apocalypse of the Kerr Manuscript
Authors: Todd H. A.
Published: February 2007

The subject of the mediaeval French versions of the Apocalypse or Revelation of Saint John the Divine, which closes the canon of Sacred Scripture, has recently been brought prominently to the attention of scholars by two important publications of the Société des Anciens Textes Français, both appearing in the year 1901. The first of these is entitled L'Apocalypse en français au xiiie esiècle, published by Léopold Delisle and Paul Meyer. The portion contributed by M. Delisle consists of an extensive study of the manuscript and tapestry illustrations to the Apocalypse which were produced with such elaborateness in the Middle Ages, and of a disquisition upon the various mediaeval commentaries on the Apocalypse; while the portion due to Professor Meyer is devoted to a treatise on the French prose versions of the Apocalypse, together with an edition of the prose translation contained in the MS. of the National Library in Paris quoted as fr. 403 (the best MS. of the prose version), accompanied by the Latin version in parallel columns, and by a detailed commentary in Old French.
Three “Lapland Songs”
Authors: Farley Frank Edgar
Published: February 2007

The second antistrophe of The Progress of Poesy opens, it will be recalled, with a rather striking allusion to the beneficent visitations of the Muse in the far North:

In climes beyond the solar road,Where shaggy forms o'er ice-built mountains roam,The Muse has broke the twilight-gloomTo chear the shiv'ring Native's dull abode.
The English Fabliau
Authors: Canby Henry Seidel
Published: February 2007

One feels inclined, like Bédier in Les Fabliaux, to apologize, at the beginning of this discussion, for dealing heavily with a light subject. Andrew Lang, to be sure, has spun the fabric of primitive imagination out of story threads from our simplest fairy tales. But there are no remnants of primitive thought to be discovered in the fabliaux, and few vestiges of ancient myth discernible in their narratives. One's only justification for approaching these contes à rire with anything but laughter must be a desire to search into the qualities which make “lewed peple loven tales olde,” and especially the nature of the humor which preserves those called fabliaux from age to age. But a brief consideration of the nature and origin of the fabliau must precede an attempt to discover the characteristic quality of the English contribution to this literary form.
Italian Fables in Verse
Authors: McKenzie Kenneth
Published: February 2007

Before the revival of Greek learning in the fifteenth century, the Æsopic fables of classical antiquity were known in Europe through Latin collections derived from Phædrus. Two of these collections were particularly well known; one which goes under the name of Romulus, written in prose in the tenth century; and a metrical version of the larger part of Romulus, written in the twelfth century. This metrical collection, called in the Middle Ages Esopus, is now ascribed to Walter of England, but is often called Anonymus Neveleti. Another metrical version of Romulus was made a little later by Alexander Neckam, and the fables of Avianus, also, were known to some extent. These collections, with numerous recensions and derivatives in Latin, and translations into many different languages, form a body of written fable-literature whose development can for the most part be clearly traced. At the same time, beast-fables were extensively employed in school and pulpit, and were continually repeated for entertainment as well as for instruction. Thus there was current all over Europe a great mass of fable-literature in oral tradition. The oral versions came in part from the written fable-books; others originated as folk-tales in medieval Europe; others had descended orally from ancient Greece, or had been brought from the Orient. Many are still current among the people in all parts of Europe, and beyond. From this mass of traditional material, heterogeneous collections of popular stories, including beast-fables, were reduced to writing in Latin and in other languages. An example of this process is found in the Esope of Marie de France, the earliest known fable-book in a modern vernacular, which was translated into French in the twelfth century from an English work which is now lost. Forty of Marie's fables, less than two-fifths of the whole number, came from a recension of the original Romulus called Romulus Nilantii; the others from popular stories of various kinds. Similarly, the important Æsop of Heinrich Steinhöwel contains the Romulus fables in four books, followed by seventeen fables called Extravagantes, others from the recently published Latin version of the Greek fables, from Avianus, from the Disciplina Clericalis of Petrus Alphonsus, and from Poggio,—in all, nine books, printed in Latin with a German translation about 1480, and speedily translated into many languages (including English, by Caxton in 1484, from the French version). The Extravagantes, like other collections, and like the episodes of the beast-epic (little known in Italy), came from popular tradition. Many writers show by incidental references that they were familiar with fables, although they may not have regarded them as worthy of serious attention,—writers like Dante, and his commentator Benvenuto da Imola. Moreover, the animal-lore of the bestiaries and of works like the Fiore di Virtù is closely akin to that of the fables. It is evident, then, that the collections descended from Phædrus, important though they were, represented but a fraction of the fable-literature that was current in the Middle Ages.
Palæmon and Arcyte, Progne, Marcus Geminus, and the Theatre in Which They Were Acted, as Described by John Bereblock (1566)
Authors: Durand W. Y.
Published: February 2007

In 1887 Mr. Charles Plummer in his Elizabethan Oxford reprinted from various sources several records of Queen Elizabeth's visit to Oxford in 1566. This visit was a great event for town and university, especially since Oxford wished to outdo the welcome which Cambridge had given the Queen on a similar occasion two years before. Consequently the various ceremonies, stage-plays, and disputations of her five days' stay at Oxford were carefully chronicled. The most enthusiastic of the chroniclers was a certain John Bereblock, whose Latin Commentarii is a most detailed and valuable record. In the course of this commentary Bereblock makes large and interesting additions to our knowledge of three lost plays, Marcus Geminus, the Palæmon and Arcyte of Richard Edwards, and the Progne of Dr. James Calfhill, all of which were acted during the Queen's visit. He also gives an important description of the manner in which plays were staged at the universities.
The Hermit and the Saint
Authors: Gerould Gordon Hall
Published: February 2007

In the progress of Oriental stories westward, a movement which has been, to say the least, far from uncommon, the means and methods of transportation are usually extraordinarily difficult to ascertain. When analogues of tales well-known in the folk and formal literatures of Europe are found in the East, it is easy enough to assume that the parent form of the type was Asiatic in origin; but it is no light task to show the successive stages by which the material passed from the one continent to the other. In cases where the story was adopted by the Christian church at an early date for the moral or religious instruction of its adherents, there is perhaps less difficulty than elsewhere in believing that it was actually transplanted from the East, since the lives of the hermits of the desert, those reservoirs of Christian example, were strongly tinged by Oriental thought.
The Relation of the Heroic Play to the Romances of Beaumont and Fletcher
Authors: Tupper James W.
Published: February 2007

In the study of the heroic play it has been rather generally assumed that Dryden and his fellow-playwrights went direct to France for their models and established in England a form of drama distinct from anything that had preceded them. The French romance and the French drama, because they had an influence on the Restoration drama, have been regarded as its sole progenitors. The position of D'Avenant as the connecting link between the earlier and the later drama has been recognized; Dryden himself acknowledges his indebtedness to the author of The Siege of Rhodes. But very little has been done to show that a stream of influence percolates from the Jacobean drama through D'Avenant to the heroic play. Of course, it is easy to exaggerate resemblances, to imagine similarities of capital importance, and to proclaim a paramount influence; but, nevertheless, a prion reasons are in favor of an influence, and a comparison of the two types of drama will, it seems to me, undoubtedly show a connection between them which is more than casual.
Doubts Concerning the British History Attributed to Nennius
Authors: Newell William Wells
Published: February 2007

This treatise, which contains the earliest notice of Arthur, deserves a place in the history of literature as foundation of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae.
Gower's Use of the Enlarged Roman de Troie
Authors: Hamilton George L.
Published: February 2007

Joly's edition of the Roman de Troie represents substantially the text of the poem as it was written by the author and followed by Guido delle Colonne in his Historia Trojana. But a number of other translations were not made from the original text, inasmuch as the work offered great opportunities for interpolations, added by scribes who did not confine their activities to the duties of a mere copier. In 1888, E. T. Granz, in a Leipzig dissertation, Über die Quellengemeinschaft des mittelenglischen Gedichtes Seege oder Batayle of Troye und des mittelhochdeutschen Gedichtes vom trojanischen Kriege des Konrad von Würzburg, from a careful comparison of Konrad von Würzburg's Trojanerkrieg and the Middle English Seege of Troye, postulated, as the common source of the English and German poems, a redaction of the French work, containing episodes common to them, but differing in details from the text of the published work of Benoit. This thesis was further developed by C. H. Wager, who in the introduction to his edition of the Seege of Troye, contributed further to the problem by an examination of the relations of the three manuscripts to each other, and to their original.
The Round Table
Authors: Mott Lewis F.
Published: February 2007

In the Arthurian romances the term Round Table is employed in three significations. Most commonly it denotes a brotherhood of knights; very rarely—though of course this is the primary meaning—it is used actually for the table itself; and finally it designates a courtly festival celebrated by Arthur on some great feast day, usually Pentecost. This last meaning of the expression is the one with which the present paper is especially concerned.
Parke Godwin and the Translation of Zschokke's Tales
Authors: Hoskins John Preston
Published: February 2007

Within the last decade students of German in America have been brought to a fuller consciousness of the great debt which American culture owes to the German Fatherland. On this side of the water the Americana Germanica and its successor, the German American Annals, edited by Prof. Learned, have not only thrown much light on the linguistic, literary and cultural relations of the two countries in the past, but have also served as a stimulus in calling the attention of scholars to many points of contact hitherto overlooked. On the other side of the ocean, Ludwig Viereck, in his book Zwei Jahrhunderte deutschen Unterrichts in den Vereinigten Staaten, has given German scholars a clear historical account of the part which German instruction has played and is still playing in American education.
The Detection of Personality in Literature
Authors: Morley S. Griswold
Published: February 2007

Most literary productions are definitely accepted as the work of certain men, whose personality is associated with, and in a measure fixed by, their writings. Cases are not uncommon, however, in which the originality of a book is dubious, or its authorship uncertain; and students of literature are then called upon to decide whether a work, or a passage in a work, is the product of one man's brain, or of another's. In other words, they must determine the personality back of the written words.
Sources of the Lay of Yonec
Authors: Johnston Oliver M.
Published: February 2007

The lay of Yonec is composed of 562 lines of eight syllables, riming in couplets. The substance of this charming lay of Marie de France is as follows:—

There lived in Britain an old knight, who was so jealous of his young wife's beauty that he confined her in a tower and placed her under the care of his sister, an aged widow. The knight passed his time in the chase, while his young wife had no solace but in her tears. One morning in April, after he had set off on his usual occupation, the fair lady began her lamentations as she was wont to do. She execrated the hour when she was born, and the avarice of her parents, who had married her to an old jealous tyrant.
Repetition and Parallelism in the Earlier Elizabethan Drama
Authors: Hubbard F. G.
Published: February 2007

The main object of this study is to call attention to certain characteristics of style that may serve as evidence in determining questions of authorship and relation of plays within the period treated; to develop a small and, perhaps, rather rough instrument of research, which will hardly rise to the dignity of a “test,” but may serve as a useful auxiliary to more significant criteria. No attempt has been made to complete the study on the rhetorical side; attention has been given generally only to such matters as seemed important for the main purpose. A simple but sufficiently precise terminology has been used, and it has not been thought worth while to discuss its relation to the formal terminology of ancient or modern rhetorical treatises. All the forms here discussed are found in contemporary poetry other than the drama, especially in the work of the sonneteers.
III.—The Development of John Dryden's Literary Criticism
Authors: Bohn Wm. E.
Published: February 2007

From the very first Dryden's critical essays have called forth widely divergent opinions. Written, as many of them were, in the heat of literary conflict, they served during their author's life, on the one hand, as a statement of faith to be expounded and defended, on the other, as a series of vulnerable points of attack. And even since they have held an assured place among English critical works—at first as authoritative judgments and later as historical documents of the very first importance—there has been no orthodox view as to their nature or value. Some historians have always been led by Dryden's popular, rambling style to deny them solid worth; others have found in them a vitality, a genuine insight, worth more than logic. According to Dean Swift they were “merely writ at first for filling, to raise the author's price a shilling;” Doctor Johnson, on the contrary, speaks of them as “the criticism of a poet; not a dull collection of theorems, nor a rude detection of faults, which perhaps the censor was not able to have committed; but a gay and vigorous dissertation, where delight is mingled with instruction.”
English Doublets
Authors: Allen Edward A.
Published: February 2007

The list of doublets in the appendix of Skeat's Etymological Dictionary is the most complete collection so far published, the list in Maetzner's Englische Grammatik being hardly worthy of mention. Professor Skeat's definition of doublets, however, is so broad as to include cognates from the Aryan mother tongue—pairs referable to the same Aryan base, such as beef and cow. brother and friar, cell and hall, chief and head, cool and gelid, cone and hone, core and heart, corn (1) and grain, corn (2) and horn, fell and pell, foremost and prime, genus and kin, guest and host (2), name and noun, two and deuce, verb and word, the list of which might be extended. Professor Skeat would probably now exclude chief and head, for it is doubtful (see Brugmann), tho the consonants agree, whether Lat. caput and A.-S. hëafod are cognates. His definition of doublets is as follows: “Doublets are words which, tho apparently differing in form, are nevertheless, from an etymological point of view, one and the same, or only differ in some unimportant suffix.”
The Undergraduate Curriculum in English Literature
Authors: Hubbard Frank G.
Published: February 2007

To propose to consider the construction of an ideal or standard undergraduate curriculum, even to the extent only of tentative approach, must seem, at first thought, rather rash and even a bit foolish; the attainment of any satisfactory result seems extremely difficult, and the result promises to be useless when attained. Yet when we consider in connection with the undergraduate years the vast number of the works of English literature and the great body of knowledge concerning them, the question must inevitably arise, What out of all this great mass of material should be presented to the undergraduate? in what order, and by what methods should it be presented? Again, when we consider that the undergraduate years are but a single stage in the educational life, with distinct limitations, with other stages before and after, and that the curricula of these other stages, especially the secondary school period, have recently been the subject of much discussion having for its aim the construction of a standard or ideal curriculum, it does not seem impossible that some profit may come from such a discussion as that proposed. If it be true that that which has not been treated ought to be treated, then there is ample justification for the choice of this subject. If one may trust the evidence of pedagogical literature this particular subject has not been treated to any great extent. A somewhat careful examination of pedagogical bibliography has failed to disclose a single title bearing directly upon it, and my pedagogical colleagues are unable to refer me to any. To rush in where even pedagogic angels fear to tread surely gives promise of folly; the rashness of the attempt may pardon the folly. With a full appreciation, then, of the difficulties in the way, but with confidence that there are among us idealists to maintain that what is theoretically true must be practicable, provided the means can be found, I venture upon some consideration of the question, What material out of the great field of English literature, including works of literature, history of literature, and criticism, can best be given to the college student in the several years of his undergraduate life?
Coördination and the Comma
Authors: Miller Raymond D.
Published: February 2007

Those who consider punctuation ‘largely a matter of taste’ and look upon the so-called ‘sentence-sense’ as a kind of sixth sense that comes only from generations of gentle breeding, will regard with small favor the attempt to formulate any very definite principles governing the structure of the sentence; but those who have little faith in the subjective conclusions of capricious taste will welcome any systematic presentation of facts that may enable them to settle points of disputed usage for themselves. It is with this conviction that I offer the following contribution to the study of the sentence, not without hope that it may incite others to a more thoro investigation of related problems of English usage.
The Staging of The Court Drama to 1595
Authors: Helmholtz-Phelan Anna Augusta
Published: February 2007

It has usually been assumed by historians of the drama that amusements of a dramatic kind at court kept pace with those of the country in general. The entries of 1348 in the Record Books of the Great Wardrobe, which belong to the reign of Edward III, and which concern tunics and visors used in a Christmas celebration, have been interpreted as referring to dramatic entertainments (Collier, i, 15, 22; Warton, ii, 72; Brotanek; Ward, i, 148). This view, however, has recently been called into question in the researches of Professor Arthur Beatty, of the University of Wisconsin, who has pointed out that tunics and visors were also necessities of the tournament, that “It is antecedently improbable that Edward III should have had dramatic entertainments on important occasions,” and that therefore these important entries do not prove the existence of dramatic entertainments at this early date.
Some Disputed Questions in Beowulf–Criticism
Authors: Lawrence William Witherle
Published: February 2007

The Scandinavian analogues to the adventures of Beowulf are of considerable interest to students of the Anglo-Saxon epic. Stories of this type, occasionally affording striking resemblances in detail, appear in distant countries,—among the Japanese and the North American Indians, for example,—but these are clearly of little significance for the evolution of the tale on Germanic soil. And we need hardly attach more weight to the feats of the Celtic hero Cuchulinn, nearer neighbor though he be, than to those of Tsuna in Japan. The case is different with parallels in märchen and saga found among the very peoples by whose kinsfolk the deeds in the epic must have been celebrated. In two instances the story is told of heroes of later times. Grettir the Strong, who subdues two trolls, one in a hall and the other in a cave under a waterfall, was a historical character of the eleventh century, and Orm Storolfsson, whose struggles with a demon cat and a giant recall in many ways the deeds of Beowulf, flourished some two centuries later. The validity of a third parallel, in the Saga of Hrolf Kraki, is by no means clear. Here the problem is complicated in various ways. The saga itself is late, hardly older than the time of Chaucer in its present shape, and possibly dating from the early part of the fifteenth century.
Reiz Ist Schönheit in Bewegung
Authors: Howard William Guild
Published: February 2007

Among the most characteristic and most positive propositions in Lessing's Laokoon are these from chapter xxi: “Ein anderer Weg, auf welchem die Poesie die Kunst in Schilderung körperlicher Schönheit wiederum einholet, ist dieser, dass sie Schönheit in Reitz verwandelt. Reitz ist Schönheit in Bewegung.” F. T. Vischer said with reference to this chapter, “Lessing hatte zuerst die Anmuth (er sagt: Reiz, wovon nachher) als Schönheit in der Bewegung definiert.” Commenting on the same chapter, G. E. Guhrauer wrote, “Reiz ist Schönheit in Bewegung, und eben darum für den Maler weniger als den Dichter bequem. Dieser Begriff, eine glückliche Bereicherung der Ästhetik, von welcher Schiller späterhin in dem Aufsatz über Anmuth und Würde einen so sinnreichen und fruchtbaren Gebrauch machte, findet sich vor Lessing schon bei Home, welchen er bei seiner Vertrautheit mit den schottischen Philosophen unstreitig gekannt hat. Insofern ist es nicht ganz genau, wenn Vischer … von Lessing sagt, dass der Begriff der Anmuth bei ihm zuerst gefunden werde.” H. Blümner rushed to the defence of Lessing and Vischer. Grace, he admitted, is associated with motion not only by Home, but also by Webb (Inquiry into the Beauties of Painting, 1764), and by Hagedorn (Betrachtungen über die Mahlerey, 1762), —“dennoch durfte Vischer mit vollem Rechte Lessing als den Vater dieses Begriffes bezeichnen, da er durch ihn erst entwickelt und in die Ästhetik eingeführt worden ist.” On a previous page (31) Blümner had pointed out that Webb's idea of grace was not his own, but went back to Home.
XIV.—The New Constructive Criticism
Authors: Wernaer Robert M.
Published: February 2007

There is a restlessness in the world of criticism to-day. Its leading exponents, the impressionistic, appreciative, and scientific critics, do not enjoy any longer the unalloyed confidence of former years. Each has a large body of adherents; but there is a disquieting undercurrent set into motion by not a few, asking for something the criticism of to-day cannot give them. They may value the best of the fruitage each has to offer, but they miss something, forcing itself upon them with ever-increasing conviction,—a standard, a criterion, a code of laws or principles, which should form a basis for critical judgments. There is an urgent demand far judicial criticism.
XVI.—L'Art Dans Les Contes Dévots de Gautier de Coincy
Authors: Schinz Albert
Published: February 2007

Gautier de Coincy, ou Quency, ou Comsy, ou Coinsy, ou Coigny, est, on le sait, ce moine bénédictin, Prieur de Vic-sur Aisne, puis de Saint Médard près de Soissons, qui au début de la relativement brillante période littéraire du XIIIe siècle, écrivit en français la collection la plus importante qui nous soit parvenue des Miracles de Notre Dame. Son œuvre entière, dont la plus grande partie de beaucoup consiste en ces contes rimés, comprend 30 à 40,000 vers. Il a été parfois étudié par les savants, mais les hommes de lettres, considérant un poète du point de vue de sa valeur intrinsèque et artistique, n'ont pas encore été tentés fortement. Pourtant son œuvre est importante. Les hommes qui connaissent le mieux leur Moyen-Age s'en rendent compte et appellent de leurs vœux depuis longtemps le Romaniste dévoué qui mettra la main à une édition scientifique de notre auteur. Plusieurs travailleurs, comme Mussafia et Paul Meyer, ont posé les premiers jalons.
XVIII.—The Character of Criseyde
Authors: Cook Albert S.
Published: February 2007

The main view which I shall here present was formulated about the time of the last meeting of this Association in New Haven, when Professor Price, of Columbia University, read his paper before the Association on Troilus and Criseyde. In that year, 1895—6, I was giving an undergraduate course in Chaucer, and found, on coming to Troilus and Criseyde, that a majority of the men in the course felt that a great change for the worse had come over Criseyde's character after her departure for Troy. This led me to look with more care into the poem, both to see how far there might be a basis for such a view, and to discover items of evidence tending to modify this impression. The opinion which I then came to entertain was communicated to my graduate seminary in Chaucer in the academic year 1899–1900, and in various other years. In the present paper, this view is supported by some additional considerations.
XIX.—Four Obscure Allusions in Herder
Authors: Howard William Guild
Published: February 2007

Concerning Homer, Lessing makes in the twelfth chapter of Laokoon the rash generalization, “Unsichtbar seyn, ist der natürliche Zustand seiner Götter.” Herder, in chapter xiii of his Erstes kritisches Wäldchen, has an easy task to disprove this proposition; but he cites in support of his case some witnesses of exceedingly doubtful credibility. The story of Pallas and Tiresias, which he tells after Callimachus, is good evidence that gods can be surprised by mortals. Having given, however, only the vague reference, “Callim. hymn, in Pallad. Dianam &c.,” Herder goes on to say:—“Wie der Pallas: so gieng es auch der badenden keuschen Diana. Kalydon sah sie, ebenfalls wider seinen und der Göttin Willen, und ward zu Steine. So gieng es selbst dem Jupiter, da er in seinem liebsten Vergnügen einmal seine Wolke vergessen hatte. Er ward, da er bei der Rhea schlief, von Haliakmon, wider Willen seiner, und seiner geliebten Beischläferin, und seines Überraschers, in seiner Schäferstunde gestört—wie das? wenn ‘unsichtbar seyn, der natürliche Zustand der Götter wäre.‘ —Ich will solche gestörte Schäferstunden der Götter und Göttinnen nicht aufzälen. Meine Muse ist diesmal nicht so, wie die Schwester des Amors, die

.... wie die Mädchen alle thun,

Verliebte gern beschleichet.”
Legends of Cain, Especially in Old and Middle English
Authors: Emerson Oliver F.
Published: February 2007

An examination, some time since, of scattered notes on allusions to Cain in our literature showed that there was still room for a somewhat more thorough investigation of the subject. The results of such leisure as could be given from time to time are here presented. They cover, it is hoped, the main features of the Cain story, though not unlikely some allusions have been missed. Many more references might also be given to notes on various phases of the subject, but I have preferred not to overload the footnotes with comparatively unimportant ones. In general I have intended to give the more important, preferring earlier to later, and original to derived sources when possible. Lack of time to pursue the matter further at present is the excuse for publishing the paper in this form.
Goethe's Essay, Über Laokoon
Authors: Howard William Guild
Published: February 2007

During the year 1906 the four hundredth anniversary of the finding of the marble group of Laocoön and his sons in Rome—“opus omnibus et picturae et statuariae artis praeferendum”—has been duly celebrated. The most conspicuous act in this celebration was undoubtedly Dr. Ludwig Pollak's announcement at a meeting of the German Archeological Institute that he had discovered an ancient copy of the missing right arm of Laocoön, bent backward so that the hand must have been near the head, as has long been supposed. Hardly less noteworthy, however, was the effect of recent additional discoveries of inscriptions in Rhodes that seem to fix the date of the sculptors in the middle of the first century b. c., and Richard Foerster's comprehensive article in the Jahrbuch des archäologischen Instituts—the latest and most authoritative exposition of facts and expression of opinions about the statue.
Parataxis in Provençal
Authors: Shepard William Pierce
Published: February 2007

Comparative philologists have long since recognized that the logical relation of mental concepts need not find expression by means of words. Viewed from the standpoint of pure logic a sentence like “I think he will come” contains a subordination; but the student of historical grammar rightly regards it as exhibiting two independent, if not unrelated, sentences. It is altogether likely that such a method of juxtaposing concepts was the only one that prevailed in remote antiquity and that in the course of time such a loosely connected sequence of clauses developed into one organic whole. The fact of parataxis is now established for all branches of the Indo-European family, and Hermann has proved that grammatical subordination was unknown in the “Ursprache,” being developed in the daughter tongues by means of the specific determinants of the originally independent sentence. Notwithstanding these results, there is still a plentiful lack of agreement among scholars in regard to the definition of the term parataxis and to the degree of extension to be ascribed to it.
The History of Ai and Ei in French before the Dental, Labial, and Palatal Nasals
Authors: Matzke John E.
Published: February 2007

In the following pages the history of the pronunciation in French of accented ai and ei before n, m and ń is to be investigated in detail. The subject naturally falls into two divisions. On the one hand we have ai and ei before n or m, and on the other we have the words in which these diphthongs are followed by ń. Both divisions are closely allied and the development of the one is often identical with that of the other. Yet for the better control of the material it will be advisable to separate the history of ain or aim and ein or eim from that of aign and eign.
New–Mexican Spanish
Authors: Hills E. C.
Published: February 2007

This article is merely a contribution toward a record of popular New-Mexican Spanish. It is incomplete and fragmentary; and, doubtless, it has many errors, since most of the words and expressions it contains were received through the ear. By New-Mexican Spanish is here meant the popular Spanish speech of southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. This region is only a small part of the southwestern States and Territories where Spanish is spoken, and yet it is as large as Italy. Its population may be roughly estimated at 125,000 Spanish-speaking persons, of whom some 40,000 or 50,000 are in Colorado and the remainder in northern New Mexico.
Spenser's Daphnaïda, and Chaucer's Book of Tee Duchess
Authors: Nadal Thomas William
Published: February 2007

No editor of Spenser has failed to remark on certain poems and passages which reflect the influence of Chaucer. Attention has not hitherto been called, however, to what not only seems to be the most marked example of this influence, but to what is also an unusually clear case of literary borrowing. The purpose of this study is to show that in Daphnaïda, Spenser has followed Chaucer's Booh of the Duchess, in general form and outline, in manner of treatment, and in style and subject matter; that he has taken from the Duchess certain stanzas almost entire, has borrowed from it whole sections of eulogistic ideas and elegiac conceits, and has adopted Chaucer's phraseology itself, with a freedom at once both striking and convincing.
The Middle English Vox and Wolf
Authors: McKnight G. H.
Published: February 2007

It is a well known fact that long before the day of the modern nature-fakir, animal story played an important part in the history of fiction. In medieval literature there were three sets of works that dealt with animals. There were the bestiaries, in which the medieval symbolists attempted to give a moral interpretation to the habits of beasts; there were the fables, in which beast tales were told for the sake of the lesson they taught; and third, there was the distinctively medieval set of stories, told because of their own intrinsic power of affording amusement, to which is generally given the name ‘beast epic.‘
A Recently Discovered Fragment of an Old French MS. of The Faits Des Romains
Authors: Todd H. A.
Published: February 2007

Some time since, Mr. Paul Radin, a student of Ethnology in Columbia University, happened upon the discovery, in a second-hand book store in New York, of an early edition of the works of Lucan. On investigation, the two stout wooden boards with which the volume was bound were found to be lined with two manuscript sheets of an admirably written parchment codex (150 x 195 mm.) which Mr. Radin brought to the present writer for examination. It is by Mr. Radin's kindness that opportunity has been given to make the following communication.
Source and Analogues of How A Man May Choose A Good Wife From A Bad
Authors: Baskervill C. R.
Published: February 2007

From Langbaine's time it has been usual to consider the play How a Man May Choose a Good Wife from a Bad as drawn directly from Cinthio's Hecatommithi, book III, novel 5. But Riche had translated this novel and made it the sixth history of his Farewell to Military Profession some years before the drama appeared, and, as Riche's translation was no doubt easily accessible, the author of the play is more likely to have used his version than the Italian. It would be hard to decide which is the immediate source, however, for the double reason that Riche usually follows his original almost phrase by phrase, occasionally enlarging a compressed Italian expression into what amounts to an explanation or illustration of the original, and that, where the author of How a Man May Choose has followed his source closely, he is so far from copying the language that his phrasing may as well be his own translation as his adaptation of Riche's. But the slight evidence is all in favor of his borrowing from Riche. For instance, where Cinthio reads, “Aselgia … indusse un suo drudo a riuelare a di Agata, che il marito auelenata l'hauena,” we find in Riche:

“Wherefore she reveiled his speeches unto a ribalde of hers, such a one as supplied her want of that which Gonsales alone, nor ten suche as he were able to satisfie her withall, and induced hym to appeache hym for that facte. … This companion accused Gonsales upon his owne wordes unto the freendes of Agatha,” etc.
The Bleeding Lance
Authors: Brown Arthur C. L.
Published: February 2007

Of monographs and studies on the Grail there is no end but as yet an article dealing primarily with the Bleeding Lance scarcely exists. In the following pages the lance will be kept in the foreground, and the object will be to approach the grail problem from this novel point of attack.
Spenser's “Lost” Works and Their Probable Relation to His Faerie Queene
Authors: Sandison Helen E.
Published: February 2007

The vexed problem of Spenser's missing works, incapable as it inevitably is of absolutely certain solution, has nevertheless been treated, in a recent article by Mr. Philo M. Buck, Jr., with results that are interesting and on the whole satisfactory, though marked, as it seems at least to the present writer, by certain faults of method. Mr. Buck believes, as do various critics, that the greater number of the so-called lost works are to be found in Spenser's extant writings. He contends further that the poet, as a measure of political prudence, voluntarily suppressed them in 1580, only to draw them forth about 1591, when he was wrathful at royal neglect, and eager to level their satire at his enemy, Burghley; and most of them, Mr. Buck argues, were published in the Complaints (1591) and in the Faerie Queene. In our consideration of the article, after the inaccuracy of method has been noted, and certain minor phases of the argument have been questioned, it will remain for us to emphasize the probability of the main contention, and the wider significance it has for Spenser's method of composition, especially as regards the Faerie Queene.
Landericus and Wacherius
Authors: Spalding Mary Caroline
Published: February 2007

In the Gemma Ecclesiastica of Giraldus Cambrensis there is an allusion to two songs which were evidently current among minstrels of the twelfth century, though they are unknown to us at the present time. The passage is found in the Second Book, where the author is attacking the practice of simony then common among the clergy. Of priests who read the mass twice or oftener upon the same day for the sake of donations additional to the one which it was customary for them to receive upon these occasions, he says:

“Hi etiam et similes sunt cantantibus fabulas et gesta, qui videntes cantilenam de Landerico non piacere auditoribus, statim incipit cantare de Wacherio; quod si non placuerit de alio.”
Chaucer's Legend of Medea
Authors: Root Robert K.
Published: February 2007

In the Prologue to the Man of Law's Tale we are told that any one who will read Chaucer's Legend of Good Women may see—

The crueltee of thee, queen Medea,Thy litel children hanging by the halsFor thy Jason, that was of love so fals;

but when one turns to the Legend of Medea, one looks in vain for the promised bit of sensationalism. In the closely related Legend of Hypsipyle, to he sure, the unhappy Lemnian queen prophetically prays—

That she, that had his herte yrafte her fro,Moste finden him to her untrewe also,And that she moste bothe her children spille.
VII.—The Story of Grisandole: A Study in the Legend of Merlin
Authors: Paton Lucy Allen
Published: February 2007

One of the less widely known episodes connected with the enchanter Merlin in romantic material is the Story of Grisandole, which is contained in the French and in the English prose Merlin, and also in the Livre d'Artus, P. It is apparently so trivial in character, and contains such unattractive elements that it would scarcely merit careful study, were it not that a detailed examination brings to light an early and important form of the Merlin legend, which otherwise would remain unknown, and which as yet has not attracted attention.
VIII.—On the Conservatism of Language in a New Country
Authors: Bryant Frank Egbert
Published: February 2007

I cannot begin this discussion more appropriately than by quoting a well known paragraph from Ellis's Early English Pronunciation. In Part I, page 19, he says:—

“The results of emigration and immigration are curious and important. By emigration is here specially meant the separation of a considerable body of the inhabitants of a country from the main mass, without incorporating itself with another nation. Thus the English in America have not mixed with the natives, and the Norse in Iceland had no natives to mix with. In this case there is a kind of arrest of development, the language of the emigrants remains for a long time in the stage at which it was when emigration took place, and alters more slowly than the mother tongue, and in a different direction. Practically the speech of the American English is archaic with respect to that of the British English, and while the Icelandic scarcely differs from the old Norse, the latter has, since the colonization of Iceland, split up on the mainland into two distinct literary tongues, the Danish and Swedish. Nay, even the Irish English exhibits in many points the peculiarities of the pronunciation of the xviith century.”
XII.—Chateaubriand's America
Authors: Armstrong Emma Kate
Published: February 2007

One or two generations ago, when every novel was in two volumes and serious works filled a shelf or so, our fathers or grandfathers may have read Chateaubriand. To-day the Americans who read French works usually confine themselves to writers earlier or later than he. Yet Chateaubriand was the first European author to make America the scene, and the Indian the subject of his romances. Moreover, he claims to have seen a large part of the territory east of the Mississippi; he asserts that he lived in the huts of the savages; and he describes the aborigines, flora, and fauna of the country from Niagara to Natchez.
The Family of Maurice Scève
Authors: Gerig John L.
Published: February 2007

One of the earliest members of the important Scève family at Lyons was Henri Scève, great-grandfather of Maurice Scève, the leading poet of the Lyonnese renaissance. Henri, who was still living in 1471, seems to have had two sons, François and Léonard. Of François, the younger of these sons, we learn that about 1480 he suffered considerable damage à la barre du pont du Rosne tant pour la mortalité, gens d'armes, que pour les grans eaues.

In 1493, he possessed des prés et des terres labourables in the parish of Vaise. Ten years later (1503), he and his son were proprietors of the inn Ste-Catherine, which, however, was maloustru et mal prouffitant.