bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cameras replace human observers in multi‐species aerial counts in Murchison Falls, Uganda
Authors: Lamprey Richard , Ochanda David , Brett Rob , Tumwesigye Charles , Douglas‐Hamilton Iain
Published: March 2020

Wildlife counts in Africa and elsewhere are often implemented using light aircraft with ‘rear‐seat‐observer’ (RSO) counting crews. Previous research has indicated thatRSOs often fail to detect animals, and that population estimates are therefore biased. We conducted aerial wildlife surveys in Murchison Falls Protected Area, Uganda, in which we replacedRSOs with high‐definition ‘oblique camera count’ (OCC) systems. The survey area comprises forests, woodlands and grasslands. Four counts were conducted in 2015–2016 using a systematic‐reconnaissance‐flight (SRF) strip‐transect design. Camera inclination angles, focal lengths, altitude and frame interval were calibrated to provide imaged strips of known sample size on the left and right sides of the aircraft. Using digital cameras, 24 000 high‐definition images were acquired for each count, which were visually interpreted by four airphoto interpreters. We used the standard JollyII SRFanalysis to derive population estimates. OurOCCestimates of the antelopes – hartebeest, Uganda kob, waterbuck and oribi – were, respectively, 25%, 103%, 97% and 2100% higher than in the most recentRSOcount conducted in 2014. TheOCCsurveys doubled the 2014RSOestimate of 58 000 Uganda kob to over 118 000. Population size estimates of elephants and giraffes did not differ significantly. Although all fourOCCbuffalo estimates were higher than theRSOestimates – in one count by 60% – these differences were not significant due to the clumped distribution and high variation in herd sizes, resulting in imprecise estimation by sampling. We conclude thatRSOwildlife counts in Murchison have been effective in enumerating elephants and giraffe, but that many smaller species have not been well detected. We emphasize the importance of 60 years ofRSO‐based surveys across Africa, but suggest that new imaging technologies are embraced to improve accuracy.
Distribution of soil nutrients and enzyme activities in different aggregates under two sieving methods
Authors: Lu Guannan , Tian Haixia , Tan Xiangping , Megharaj Mallavarapu , He Yike , He Wenxiang
Published: March 2020

Soil aggregates are the basic units of soil structure. Dry and wet sieving are two conventional methods used for isolating aggregates. However, different methods can cause variation in the distribution of enzymes and nutrients. For better understanding the influence of water on soil aggregate stability and building the relationship between soil nutrients and the enzyme activity of aggregates, three soil samples with different organic matter (OM) content were selected: Qiyang, Hunan (HN); Hailun, Heilongjiang (HLJ); and Changshu, Jiangsu (JS). In this study, we measured the enzyme activity of invertase (INV), urease (URE), phosphatase (PHO), and arylsulfatase (ARY) together the OM, total N (TN), available N (AN), available P, and available K of dry and wet sieved aggregates. The results showed that wet sieving caused 34.0, 66.8, and 35.1% decreases in the soil mean weight diameter for HN, HLJ, and JS, respectively. The TN content of wet sieved aggregates decreased to various degrees (19.9–47.7%) compared with dry sieving. The activity of INV, PHO, and ARY decreased sharply after wet sieving especially for microaggregates (reached 70% in <0.1‐mm particles of JS). Enzyme activities were mainly located in microaggregates under dry isolation but changed to macroaggregates after wet sieving. The geometric mean (GMean) index of <0.1‐mm particles were 1.54, 1.01 and 1.36 times higher than that of >2‐mm aggregates under dry sieving. Furthermore, the GMean index showed a significant positive relationship with soil OM, TN, and AN under both dry and wet sieving methods.
Field test for identifying problematic red parent materials
Authors: Rabenhorst Martin , Buchanan Anna , Morozov Edward , Shay Jonathan , Mack Sara
Published: March 2020

Wetlands are valuable ecosystems protected under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act, and accurate delineation of wetlands is thus important for their continued preservation. The standard method for wetland delineation includes identifying hydric soils based on their distinctive hydromorphology, which often includes gley colors. However, in some cases soil colors can be misleading. One example is hydric soils derived from problematic red parent material (PRPM), which fail to exhibit the dominantly gray colors commonly observed in soils formed under hydric conditions. Recently, the widespread distribution of soils derived from PRPM was tied to red‐bed formations of Mesozoic or Paleozoic age, with deep red colors associated with large hematite crystals. The color change propensity index currently used to test (in the laboratory) for PRPM soils takes many hours and requires specialized expensive equipment, which may substantially delay assessment. The objective of this study was to develop a rapid field test that could be used to recognize soils formed from PRPM. The proposed field test and calculated One Hour Color Index can be used to determine if soils are derived from PRPM with 90% accuracy, using easily accessible chemicals and equipment (sodium dithionite, sodium chloride, distilled water, plastic test tubes) and a Munsell color book.
Lagged encoding for image‐based time series classification using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Jastrzebska Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Time series classification is a thriving area of research in machine learning. Among many applications, it is frequently applied to human activity analysis. Time series describing a human in motion are ubiquitously collected via omnipresent mobile devices and can be subjected to further processing. In this paper, we propose a novel, deep learning approach to time series classification. It is based on a lagged time series representation stored as images and Convolutional Neural Network used to image classification. We present a comparative study on different variants of lagged time series representation and we evaluate their effectiveness in a series of empirical experiments. We show that the developed method provides satisfying classification accuracy. The proposed image‐based time series encoding is less resource‐consuming than encodings used in other image‐based approaches to time series classification. It is worth to emphasize that the proposed time series encoding conceals original time series values. Images are saved without scales and the order of observations cannot be reconstructed. Thus, the method is particularly suitable for systems that need to store sensitive information.
Production of starch aerogel in form of monoliths and microparticles
Authors: Baudron Victor , Taboada Martha , Gurikov Pavel , Smirnova Irina , Whitehouse Steve
Published: March 2020

Pea and amylomaize starches were used to produce aerogel in form of monoliths and microparticles. The formation of starch gel was investigated, and we showed that each starch needed a different pasting temperature for its complete dissolution. The gelation kinetics was investigated with oscillatory rheometry for both systems as a function of the starch concentration. The gelation and retrogradation temperature of the starch gel were varied and its impact on the final aerogel evaluated. The emulsion gelation was carried out batch wise in a stirred vessel with different impeller geometries, concentrations of surfactant (Span80 and PGPR) and stirring rates. A particle size prediction approach based on idealized flow (Couette, 2D hyperbolic and turbulent) during the emulsification was proposed. A semi-continuous set-up for the emulsion gelation was developed in which the emulsification occurs in a single pass through a colloid mill and the gelation is triggered in-line with a counter-current heat exchanger.
Mikrofluidisches Microarray für die Einzelzellanalyse
Authors: Rothbauer Mario , Schuller Patrick , Afkhami Reza , Wanzenboeck Heinz D. , Ertl Peter , Zirath Helene
Published: March 2020

In diesem Artikel stellen wir die Entwicklung eines mikrofluidischen Microarray zum Immobilisieren und Analysieren einzelner Zellen vor. Das System besteht aus einem Hybridchip aus Polydimethylsiloxan und Glas mit einem mikrofluidischen Kanalnetz, welches mit hydrodynamischen Fallen ausgestattet ist. Der Mikrofluidik-Chip wurde mit MEMS-Technologie hergestellt und anschließend durch experimentelle Strömungsvisualisierung mit fluoreszierenden Partikeln charakterisiert. Die Fähigkeit zum Einfangen einzelner Zellen und die Performance des Systems werden mit zwei verschiedenen Zelltypen demonstriert und die Leistung für toxikologische Studien bewertet. Das entwickelte System konnte erfolgreich zum Einfangen, Aufrechterhalten und zum toxikologischen Screening einzelner Zellen eingesetzt werden, wobei ein Experiment nur wenige Stunden (< 3 h) in Anspruch nimmt.
Partial liquidation under reference-dependent preferences
Authors: Henderson Vicky , Muscat Jonathan
Published: March 2020

We propose a multiple optimal stopping model where an investor can sell a divisible asset position at times of her choosing. Investors have $S$S-shaped reference-dependent preferences, whereby utility is defined over gains and losses relative to a reference level and is concave over gains and convex over losses. For a price process following a time-homogeneous diffusion, we employ the constructive potential-theoretic solution method developed by Dayanik and Karatzas (Stoch. Process. Appl. 107:173–212, 2003). As an example, we revisit the single optimal stopping model of Kyle et al. (J. Econ. Theory 129:273–288, 2006) to allow partial liquidation. In contrast to the extant literature, we find that the investor may partially liquidate the asset at distinct price thresholds above the reference level. Under other parameter combinations, the investor sells the asset in a block, either at or above the reference level.
Willingness to pay for an early warning system for infectious diseases
Authors: Himmler Sebastian , van Exel Job , Perry-Duxbury Meg , Brouwer Werner
Published: March 2020

Early warning systems for infectious diseases and foodborne outbreaks are designed with the aim of increasing the health safety of citizens. As a first step to determine whether investing in such a system offers value for money, this study used contingent valuation to estimate people’s willingness to pay for such an early warning system in six European countries. The contingent valuation experiment was conducted through online questionnaires administered in February to March 2018 to cross-sectional, representative samples in the UK, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Italy, and The Netherlands, yielding a total sample size of 3140. Mean willingness to pay for an early warning system was €21.80 (median €10.00) per household per month. Pooled regression results indicate that willingness to pay increased with household income and risk aversion, while they decreased with age. Overall, our results indicate that approximately 80–90% of people would be willing to pay for an increase in health safety in the form of an early warning system for infectious diseases and food-borne outbreaks. However, our results have to be interpreted in light of the usual drawbacks of willingness to pay experiments.
Transforming discrete choice experiment latent scale values for EQ-5D-3L using the visual analogue scale
Authors: Webb Edward J. D. , O’Dwyer John , Meads David , Kind Paul , Wright Penny
Published: March 2020

Background

Discrete choice experiments (DCEs) are widely used to elicit health state preferences. However, additional information is required to transform values to a scale with dead valued at 0 and full health valued at 1. This paper presents DCE-VAS, an understandable and easy anchoring method with low participant burden based on the visual analogue scale (VAS).

Methods

Responses from 1450 members of the UK general public to a discrete choice experiment (DCE) were analysed using mixed logit models. Latent scale valuations were anchored to a full health = 1, dead = 0 scale using participants’ VAS ratings of three states including the dead. The robustness of results was examined. This included a filtering procedure with the influence each individual respondent had on valuation being calculated, and those whose influence was more than two standard deviations away from the mean excluded.

Results

Coefficients in all models were in the expected direction and statistically significant. Excluding respondents who self-reported not understanding the VAS task did not significantly influence valuation, but excluding a small number who valued 33333 extremely low did. However, after eight respondents were removed via the filtering procedure, valuations were robust to removing other participants.

Conclusion

DCE-VAS is a feasible way of anchoring DCE results to a 0–1 anchored scale with low additional respondent burden.
A Scoping Review of Arts-Based Mindfulness Interventions for Children and Youth
Authors: Coholic Diana , Schwabe Nicholas , Lander Kenneth
Published: March 2020

Mindfulness-Based Interventions (MBIs) hold promise for building resilience in children/youth. We were interested in understanding why some MBIs incorporate arts-based methods, and what key findings were identified from the study of these MBIs. We used a scoping review to address our research questions. Scoping reviews can help us better understand how different types of evidence can inform practice, policy, and research. Steps include identifying research questions and relevant studies, selecting studies for analysis, charting data, and summarizing results. We identified 27 research articles for analysis. MBIs included the use of drawing, painting, sculpting, drama, music, poetry, and karate. Rationales included both the characteristics of children/youth, and the benefits of the methods. Arts-based MBIs may be more relevant and engaging especially for youth with serious challenges. Specific focus should be paid to better understanding the development and benefits of these MBIs.
Slot Theory and Slotite Theory
Authors: Effingham Nikk
Published: March 2020

‘Instantiation-directed slot theorists’ believe that properties/relations have slots which are filled by their instances/relata e.g., where Abigail is taller than Bronia, there are two slots in the relationTaller Thansuch that Abigail fills the first slot and Bronia fills the second. This crude statement of the theory runs into ‘The Problem of Filling’, whereby a natural understanding of the relation between slots, filling, and instantiation leads to absurd results. This paper examines a variety of solutions to that problem, one of which is an extension of slot theory that adds an additional category of entities, ‘slotites’.
High-Temperature Interaction of Molten Gray Cast Iron with Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2 Ceramic
Authors: Sobczak N. , Sobczak J. J. , Kolev M. , Drenchev L. , Turalska P. , Homa M. , Kudyba A. , Bruzda G.
Published: March 2020

High-temperature interaction between molten conventional gray cast iron (wt.%: 4.1 C; 1 Si; 0.20 Mn; 0.03 S; 0.04 P, the rest—Fe) and multiphase Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2ceramic substrate (wt.%: 51.5 Al2O3, 33.8 ZrO2, 13.3 SiO2, ~ 1 NaO2, 0.15 Fe2O3 + TiO2 + CaO) was examined at a temperature of 1450 °C for 15 min under inert flowing gas atmosphere (Ar, 850-900 hPa) using a sessile drop method coupled with contact heating procedure. Melting, wetting behavior and solidification of gray cast iron sample were continuously recorded with a high-speed high-resolution CCD camera. Under conditions of this study, selected gray cast iron alloy does not wet the Al2O3-ZrO2-SiO2ceramic forming the final contact angle with average value of θf ~ 135°. The wetting kinetic curve was not smooth and its shape suggests the effect of substrate chemical heterogeneity due to multiphase composition of the substrate material. After the sessile drop test, the solidified drop was easily detached from the ceramic substrate along the drop-side interface showing a lack of bonding between the drop and the substrate. Structural characterization of the drop/substrate couple evidenced the nucleation and growth of graphite at the drop surface and at the drop/substrate interface taken place during solidification and resulting into the formation of discontinuous interfacial graphite layer.
A Modified Electrochemical Nanoindentation Setup for Probing Hydrogen-Material Interaction Demonstrated on a Nickel-Based Alloy
Authors: Ebner Anna Sophie , Brinckmann Steffen , Plesiutschnig Ernst , Clemens Helmut , Pippan Reinhard , Maier-Kiener Verena
Published: March 2020

An electrochemical charging setup was implemented in a nanoindentation system to evaluate the sensitivity of technically relevant materials to hydrogen embrittlement. Corresponding changes in the nanomechanical properties such as the hardness, Young’s modulus and pop-in load can be measured and interpreted. A nickel-based alloy was examined in solution-annealed and aged condition. A hydrogen-induced hardness increase of 15% was measured for the solution-annealed sample. Aging the alloy leads to a reduced influence of hydrogen, lowering the hardness increase to 5%. For the solution-annealed sample, hydrogen charging-induced surface steps were observed and characterized with laser confocal microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction to reveal plastic deformation.
Transforming Scientists’ Understanding of Science–Society Relations. Stimulating Double-Loop Learning when Teaching RRI
Authors: Hesjedal Maria Bårdsen , Åm Heidrun , Sørensen Knut H. , Strand Roger
Published: March 2020

The problem of developing research and innovation in accordance with society’s general needs and values has received increasing attention in research policy. In the last 7 years, the concept of “Responsible Research and Innovation” (RRI) has gained prominence in this regard, along with the resulting question of how best to integrate awareness about science–society relations into daily practices in research and higher education. In this context, post-graduate training has been seen as a promising entrance point, but tool-kit approaches more frequently have been used. In this paper, we present and analyze an experiment—in the format of a Ph.D. course for early-career researchers—deploying an alternative approach. Drawing on Argyris and Schön’s (1974) framing of reflective practice, and their distinctions between espoused theories and theories-in-use, the analyzed course endeavored to stimulate double-loop learning. Focusing on dislocatory moments, this paper analyses how the course tried to teach participants to reflect upon their own practices, values, and ontologies, and whether this provided them with the resources necessary to reflect on their theories-in-use in their daily practices.
Head and neck injury potential during water sports falls: examining the effects of helmets
Authors: Scher Irving S. , Stepan Lenka L. , Hoover Ryan W.
Published: March 2020

Head and neck injuries sustained during water skiing and wakeboarding occur as a result of falls in water and collisions with obstacles, equipment, or people. Though water sports helmets are designed to reduce injury likelihood from head impacts with hard objects, some believe that helmets increase head and neck injury rates for falls into water (with no impact to a solid object). The effect of water sports helmets on head kinematics and neck loads during simulated falls into water was evaluated using a custom-made pendulum system with a Hybrid-III anthropometric testing device. Two water entry configurations were evaluated: head-first and pelvis-first water impacts with a water entry speed of 8.8 ± 0.1 m/s. Head and neck injury metrics were compared to injury assessment reference values and the likelihoods of brain injury were determined from head kinematics. Water sport helmets did not increase the likelihood of mild traumatic brain injury compared to a non-helmeted condition for both water entry configurations. Though helmets did increase injury metrics (such as head acceleration, HIC, and cervical spine compression) in some test configurations, the metrics remained below injury assessment reference values and the likelihoods of injury remained below 1%. Using the effective drag coefficients, the lowest water impact speed needed to produce cervical spine injury was estimated to be 15 m/s. The testing does not support the supposition that water sports helmets increase the likelihood of head or neck injury in a typical fall into water during water sports.
The potential to quantify polypharmacy in older adult hospital inpatients using electronic prescribing software: a feasibility study
Authors: Connor Nick , Woodward Simon , Norwood Mark , Sturrock Nigel , Woodard James , Skelly Rob , Butterfield Richard , Lewis Sarah , Fogarty Andrew
Published: March 2020

Polypharmacy in older adults is a growing problem, as some drugs may be either unnecessary or even harmful. Admission to hospital under a Medicine for the Elderly specialist physicians represents an opportunity to review patients’ medication. The recent introduction of electronic prescribing to some hospitals in the United Kingdom allows the development of tools to measure polypharmacy in in-patients, and subsequently to assess the efficacy of interventions that aim to optimize medication prescribing. We tested the feasibility of developing an Excel-based software code that measured the number of medications a group of patients were taking at admission and how many of these were still prescribed on discharge. Electronic prescribing data was obtained from the Royal Derby Hospital, over a period of 52 weeks from April 2017 to March 2018 for all patients over the age of 65 years who were admitted onto the medicine for the elderly wards and subsequently discharged. On admission, the median number of eligible medications was 11 (interquartile range IQR 8 to 15). At the time of discharge, the median number of eligible medications retained since admission was 9 (IQR 6 to 12). This represents a median number of medications that have been removed from the current medication regimen of 2 (IQR 1 to 3, p < 0.001). Electronic prescribing software in hospitals allows the development of tools to measure the burden of medications, and to examine the efficacy of future interventions that are developed to optimize drug prescribing in older adults.
Absence of FGFR3–TACC3 rearrangement in hematological malignancies with numerical chromosomal alteration
Authors: Banella C. , Ginevrino M. , Catalano G. , Fabiani E. , Falconi G. , Divona M. , Curzi P. , Panetta P. , Voso M.T. , Noguera N.I.
Published: March 2020

FGFR-TACC, found in different tumor types, is characterized by the fusion of a member of fibroblast grown factor receptor (FGFR) tyrosine kinase (TK) family to a member of the transforming acidic coiled-coil (TACC) proteins. Because chromosome numerical alterations, hallmarks of FGFR–TACC fusions are present in many hematological disorders and there are no data on the prevalence, we studied a series of patients with acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome who presented numerical alterations using cytogenetic traditional analysis. None of the analyzed samples showed FGFR3–TACC3 gene fusion, so screening for this mutation at diagnosis is not recommended.
The CAnadian High-Resolution Traumatic Brain Injury (CAHR-TBI) Research Collaborative
Authors: Bernard Francis , Gallagher Clare , Griesdale Donald , Kramer Andreas , Sekhon Mypinder , Zeiler Frederick A.
Published: March 2020

In traumatic brain injury (TBI), future integration of multimodal monitoring of cerebral physiology and high-frequency signal processing techniques, with advanced neuroimaging, proteomic and genomic analysis, provides an opportunity to explore the molecular pathways involved in various aspects of cerebral physiologic dysfunctionin vivo. The main issue with early and rapid discovery in this field of personalized medicine is the expertise and complexity of data involved. This brief communication highlights the CAnadian High-Resolution Traumatic Brain Injury (CAHR-TBI) Research Collaborative, which has been formed from centers with specific expertise in the area of high-frequency physiologic monitoring/processing, and outlines its objectives.
Produce, Repair, Reuse, Adapt, and Recycle: The Multiple Biographies of a Roman Barrel
Authors: Sands Rob , Marlière Elise
Published: March 2020

By the time the Roman empire reached its greatest extent, in the early decades of the second century ad, wooden barrels were a key part of a trade network that supported a complex extended economy. These objects do not, however, routinely survive in the archaeological record and very few sites have yielded large, multi-phase, assemblages for study. Although relatively rare, individual finds and assemblages have been found sufficiently regularly to allow us to consider barrel production and use during the Roman period. These objects can have complex cultural biographies from their original production to their final deposition. Current and previous research at Vindolanda, a Roman fort in northern Britain at the edge of the Roman empire, provides a context for reflection on these objects and their biographies. Emphasis is given to whether this material demonstrates repeated, possibly habituated, practices of adaption and recycling.
Introduction: Digital History in African Studies
Authors: Hart Jennifer
Published: March 2020

This brief introduction to a special section on Digital History in African Studies situates three articles on recent digital humanities initiatives among African historians within the broader histories of the use of digital methodologies in the study of Africa. In particular, it highlights the way that Africanist digital scholarship sits at the intersection of digital historical representation, community engagement, and academic research. While Africanist digital history builds on the work of a much broader digital humanities community, historians of Africa also draw on their discipline’s long history of methodological innovation to raise important questions about the potential contributions and limitations of digital technologies in academic research.
Risk, Property Rights, and Antidiscrimination Law in Rental Housing: Toward a Property-in-Action Framework
Authors: Brydolf-Horwitz Marco
Published: March 2020

Landlords’ decisions significantly shape the housing outcomes of poor and stigmatized renters. Despite this important gatekeeping role, studies of antidiscrimination law have not thoroughly examined how private market actors respond to reform efforts or how private property rights potentially enable them to evade regulation. This study draws on ethnographic data gathered between late 2015 and early 2018 to examine how and why Seattle landlords opposed an ordinance regulating the use of criminal records in rental housing. The findings indicate that landlords’ opposition stems from their expectation that property protects owners’ ability to control their exposure to risk. Yet conceptions of property and risk perception alone cannot explain how landlords can evade regulation. Toward this end, I show how private property rights facilitate adaptation by which landlords can legally circumvent the intent of the law. The study highlights the value of a sociolegal framework of property in action, which incorporates cultural notions of ownership, legal rights, and the regulatory and market environments that shape owners’ discretion. I suggest that greater attention to risk discourse and property rights will deepen our understanding of the limits of antidiscrimination law and the ability of private market actors to adapt to, and resist, legal reform efforts.
Exchanging fluids
Authors: Cabeza de Baca Tomás , Figueredo Aurelio José , Fernandes Heitor , Smith-Castro Vanessa
Published: March 2020

Knowledge of evolutionary influences on patterns of human mating, social interactions, and differential health is increasing, yet these insights have rarely been applied to historical analyses of human population dynamics. The genetic and evolutionary forces behind biases in interethnic mating and in the health of individuals of different ethnic groups in Latin America and the Caribbean since the European colonization of America are still largely ignored. We discuss how historical and contemporary sociocultural interactions and practices are strongly influenced by population-level evolutionary forces. Specifically, we discuss the historical implications of functional (de facto) polygyny, sex-biased admixture, and assortative mating in Latin America. We propose that these three evolutionary mechanisms influenced mating patterns, shaping the genetic and cultural landscape across Latin America and the Caribbean. Further, we discuss how genetic differences between the original populations that migrated at different times into Latin America contributed to their accommodation to and survival in the different local ecologies and interethnic interactions. Relevant medical and social implications follow from the genetic and cultural changes reviewed.
Single-Year German oak and Californian Bristlecone Pine 14C Data at the Beginning of the Hallstatt Plateau from 856 BC to 626 BC
Authors: Fahrni Simon M , Southon John , Fuller Benjamin T , Park Junghun , Friedrich Michael , Muscheler Raimund , Wacker Lukas , Taylor R E
Published: March 2020

As part of the ongoing effort to improve the Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon (14C) calibration curve, this study investigates the period of 856 BC to 626 BC (2805–2575 yr BP) with a total of 403 single-year 14C measurements. In this age range, IntCal13 was constructed largely from German and Irish oak as well as Californian bristlecone pine 14C dates, with most samples measured with a 10-yr resolution. The new data presented here is the first atmospheric 14C single-year record of the older end of the Hallstatt plateau based on an absolutely dated tree-ring chronology. The data helped reveal a major solar proton event (SPE) which caused a spike in the production rate of cosmogenic radionuclides around 2610/2609 BP. This production event is thought to have reached a magnitude similar to the 774/775 AD production event but has remained undetected due to averaging effects in the decadal calibration data. The record leading up to the 2610/2609 BP event reveals a 11-yr solar cycle with varying cyclicity. Features of the new data and the benefits of higher resolution calibration are discussed.
Raphael'sParnassusand Renaissance Afterlives of Homer
Authors: Foley Adam T.
Published: March 2020

The figure of Homer in Raphael's “Parnassus” is singular for the combination of blindness, divine inspiration, improvisational song, and an amanuensis to immortalize the performance. This article examines humanist biographies of Homer to identify the pre-text of Raphael's Homer and to determine if it reflects the political influence of Julius II. Though no one source can be asked to bear such responsibility, the article gestures to the doctrine of divine madness in Laurentian Florence, in which vatic authority derives from Apollo. Raphael may have therefore conceived of Homer as Apollo's priest to give visual endorsement to Julius's Apollinian ideology.
How does a simplified recipe collection procedure in dietary assessment tools affect the food group and nutrient intake distributions of the population
Authors: Zhang Liangzi , Boshuizen Hendriek , Ocké Marga
Published: March 2020

Technology advancements have driven the use of self-administered dietary assessment methods in large-scale dietary surveys. Interviewer-assisted methods generally have a complicated recipe recording procedure enabling the adjustment from a standard recipe. In order to decide if this functionality can be omitted for self-administered dietary assessment, this study aimed to assess the extent of standard recipe modifications in the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey and measure the impact on the food group and nutrient intake distributions of the population when the modifications were disregarded. A two-scenario simulation analysis was conducted. Firstly, the individual recipe scenario omitted the full modifications to the standard recipes made by people who knew their recipes. Secondly, the modified recipe scenario omitted the modifications made by those who partially modified the standard recipe due to their limited knowledge. The weighted percentage differences for the nutrient and food group intake distributions between the scenarios and the original data set were calculated. The highest percentage of energy consumed through mixed dishes was 10 % for females aged 19–79 years. Comparing the combined scenario and the original data set, the average of the absolute percentage difference for the population mean intakes was 1·6 % across all food groups and 0·6 % for nutrients. The soup group (−6·6 %) and DHA (−2·3 %) showed the largest percentage difference. The recipe simplification caused a slight underestimation of the consumed amount of both foods (−0·2 %) and nutrients (−0·4 %). These results are promising for developing self-administered 24-hour recalls or food diary applications without complex recipe function.
An invincible memory: what surname analysis tells us about history, health and population medical genetics in the Brazilian Northeast
Authors: Cardoso-dos-Santos Augusto César , Ramallo Virginia , Zagonel-Oliveira Marcelo , Veronez Maurício Roberto , Navarro Pablo , Monlleó Isabella L. , Valiati Victor Hugo , Dipierri José Edgardo , Schuler-Faccini Lavinia
Published: March 2020

Several studies have shown that the Brazilian Northeast is a region with high rates of inbreeding as well as a high incidence of autosomal recessive diseases. The elaboration of public health policies focused on the epidemiological surveillance of congenital anomalies and rare genetic diseases in this region is urgently needed. However, the vast territory, socio-demographic heterogeneity, economic difficulties and low number of professionals with expertise in medical genetics make strategic planning a challenging task. Surnames can be compared to a genetic system with multiple neutral alleles and allow some approximation of population structure. Here, surname analysis of more than 37 million people was combined with health and socio-demographic indicators covering all 1794 municipalities of the nine states of the region. The data distribution showed a heterogeneous spatial pattern (Global Moran Index, GMI = 0.58; p < 0.001), with higher isonymy rates in the east of the region and the highest rates in the Quilombo dos Palmares region – the largest conglomerate of escaped slaves in Latin America. A positive correlation was found between the isonymy index and the frequency of live births with congenital anomalies (r = 0.268; p < 0.001), and the two indicators were spatially correlated (GMI = 0.50; p < 0.001). With this approach, quantitative information on the genetic structure of the Brazilian Northeast population was obtained, which may represent an economical and useful tool for decision-making in the medical field.
Safety of tympanoplasty and ossiculoplasty performed by otorhinolaryngology trainees
Authors: Alzhrani F , Aldueb R , Alosaimi K , Islam T , Almuhawas F , Alsanosi A
Published: March 2020

Objective

This study aimed to examine the impact of trainee involvement in performing tympanoplasty or tympano-ossiculoplasty on outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was performed of a prospective database of all patients undergoing tympanoplasty and tympano-ossiculoplasty in a single centre during a three-year period. Patients were divided into three primary surgeon groups: consultants, fellows and residents. The outcomes of operative time, surgical complications, length of hospital stay, and air–bone gap improvement were compared among the groups.

Results

The study included 398 tympanoplasty and tympano-ossiculoplasty surgical procedures, 71 per cent of which were performed by junior trainees (residents). The junior trainee group was associated with a significantly longer surgical time, without adverse impact on outcomes.

Conclusion

Trainee participation in tympanoplasty and tympano-ossiculoplasty surgery was associated with longer surgical time, but did not negatively affect the peri-operative course or hearing outcome. Therefore, resident involvement in these types of surgery is safe.
Efficacy of small-volume gastrografin videofluoroscopic screening for detecting pharyngeal leaks following total laryngectomy
Authors: Narayan M , Limbachiya S , Balasubramanian D , Subramaniam N , Thankappan K , Iyer S
Published: March 2020

Objectives

Pharyngocutaneous fistulae are dreaded complications following total laryngectomy. This paper presents our experience using 3–5 ml gastrografin to detect pharyngeal leaks following total laryngectomy, and compares post-operative videofluoroscopy with clinical follow-up findings in the detection of pharyngocutaneous fistulae.

Methods

A retrospective case–control study was conducted of total laryngectomy patients. The control group (n = 85) was assessed clinically for development of pharyngocutaneous fistulae, while the study group (n = 52) underwent small-volume (3–5 ml) post-operative gastrografin videofluoroscopy.

Results

In the control group, 24 of 85 patients (28 per cent) developed pharyngocutaneous fistulae, with 6 requiring surgical correction. In the study group, 24 of 52 patients (46 per cent) had videofluoroscopy-detected pharyngeal leaks; 4 patients (8 per cent) developed pharyngocutaneous fistulae, but all cases resolved following non-surgical management. Patients who underwent videofluoroscopy had a significantly lower risk of developing pharyngocutaneous fistulae; sensitivity and specificity in the detection of pharyngocutaneous fistulae were 58 per cent and 100 per cent respectively.

Conclusion

Small-volume gastrografin videofluoroscopy reliably identified small pharyngeal leaks. Routine use in total laryngectomy combined with withholding feeds in cases of early leaks may prevent the development of pharyngocutaneous fistulae.
Neurocognitive correlates of working memory and emotional processing in postpartum psychosis: an fMRI study
Authors: Kowalczyk Olivia S. , Pauls Astrid M. , Fusté Montserrat , Williams Steven C.R. , Hazelgrove Katie , Vecchio Costanza , Seneviratne Gertrude , Pariante Carmine M. , Dazzan Paola , Mehta Mitul A.
Published: March 2020

Background

Postpartum psychosis (PP) is a severe postpartum disorder. While working memory and emotional processing-related brain function are consistently impaired in psychoses unrelated to the puerperium, no studies have investigated them in PP.

Methods

Twenty-four women at risk of developing PP (11 developed an episode – PE; 13 remained well – NPE) and 20 healthy postpartum women completed two functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks within a year of delivery: working memory (n-back) and emotional face recognition (fearful faces). We compared women at-risk of PP to controls, as well as NPE, PE, and controls to test for potential effects of a PP episode occurrence.

Results

Women at-risk of PP and PE showed hyperactivation of lateral visual areas, precuneus, and posterior cingulate during then-back task. The at-risk group as a whole, as well as the PE and NPE groups, showed hyperconnectivity of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with various parieto-occipito-temporo-cerebellar regions compared to controls during severaln-back conditions. Increases in connectivity between the right DLPFC and ipsilateral middle temporal gyrus were observed in the PE group compared to NPE during 2-back. During the fearful faces task, at-risk women as a group showed hyperactivation of fronto-cingulo-subcortical regions, and hypoconnectivity between the left amygdala and ipsilateral occipito-parietal regions compared to controls. No significant performance differences were observed.

Conclusions

These results present preliminary evidence of a differential nature of functional brain abnormalities in PP compared to the typically observed reduced connectivity with the DLPFC in psychoses unrelated to puerperium, such as bipolar disorder.
The Role of Monetary and Non-Monetary Job Quality Components in Determining Welfare Exit
Authors: ACHDUT NETTA , STIER HAYA
Published: March 2020

Contemporary welfare policies in many Western countries limit means tested public assistance for the long-term unemployed and spur rapid movement into the labor market. Studies on welfare use determinants that traced these policy changes focused on individuals’ characteristics, economic condition, and various policy components. Little attention was paid to welfare recipients’ job quality or its role in determining welfare exit. The present study examined the contribution of various job quality aspects, beyond wages, to welfare exit among welfare recipients in Israel. We considered the use of workers’ own skills and occupation, existence of standard employment contract (versus temporary), irregular work schedule, and application of mandatory and non-mandatory non-wage compensation attributes. The data derive from a national panel survey of 2,800 single-mother recipients of welfare in 2003. The results indicate the importance of these job components for welfare exit, above and beyond wages. Implications for policy are discussed.
Staging mental discursive processes and reactions: The construction of direct reported thought (DRT) in conversational storytelling
Authors: Ferreira Virginia Acuña
Published: March 2020

This article approaches the construction of reported thought in everyday conversation by analysing instances of direct reported thought (DRT), taken from storytelling sequences. It is argued that DRT is used by narrators as a device to portray, in a dynamic sense, the ways in which they experience the story world in their mind, as discursive processes and reactions around an external event that clash with their expectations or initial perception of the situation. More specifically, the analysis shows that DRT is employed to stage a ‘first wrong thought’ (Jefferson 2004) that is shaped in a range of ways, as a process of worrying, deliberating, lamenting, and blaming or accusing someone in the situation, as well as shocked and indignant reactions that are constructed as exclamations and a process of reproaching and planning a future revenge action. (Direct reported thought, conversational storytelling, mental discursive processes, mental reactions, first wrong thought, silent shock, inner experience, direct reported speech)
Prosody and grammar of other-repetitions in French: The interplay of position and composition
Authors: Persson Rasmus
Published: March 2020

This study contributes to the body of cross-linguistic research on repetition, repair, and action-formation more generally. Using conversation-analytic and interactional-linguistic methods to analyse both position and composition in the formation of actions accomplished by other-repetitions in French, the study underscores the interplay between linguistic design, sequential organisation, and territories of knowledge and accountability in interaction. The actions conveyed by other-repetitions, and the responses made relevant, are affected by both (i) the design of the repetition turn itself—involving various features of prosody (e.g. intonation contour type and pitch span), grammar, and lexis—and (ii) the sequential location of the repetition, including the particulars of the talk that gets repeated and the relevancies set up by that previous talk. The study concludes with a discussion of its significance for research on action-formation as well as for research on the pragmatics of intonation. (Repair-initiation, surprise, acceptability, registering, intonation, epistemics, agency)*
Anglophilia and Sensibility in Late Eighteenth-Century Vienna: Prince Charles Antoine de Ligne's Testament and theIndissolubles
Authors: Gates-Coon Rebecca
Published: March 2020

Prince Charles Antoine de Ligne, son of Prince Charles Joseph de Ligne, died fighting French revolutionary forces at Croix-au-Bois in the Argonne region on 14 September 1792. He left behind a last will and testament (a copy is held in the Kriegsarchiv in Vienna) that evoked the memory of his small circle of aristocratic Viennese friends called “les Indissolubles.” Each member received a personal legacy, and Charles directed that a “temple of friendship” be established in his rooms at Beloeil featuring portraits of group members and a bust of himself. This poignant document, in combination with Charles's correspondence with close friend and group member Prince Joseph Poniatowski (preserved in the Polish Academy library in Cracow), confirms in striking manner the group's affinity for two popular European trends: Anglophilia and sensibility. Although Charles's will was not published at the time of his death he could assume that, as with any final testament, his statements would become known to, and honored by, a limited “public” of their own.
Reinforcement learning-based collision avoidance: impact of reward function and knowledge transfer
Authors: Liu Xiongqing , Jin Yan
Published: March 2020

Collision avoidance for robots and vehicles in unpredictable environments is a challenging task. Various control strategies have been developed for the agent (i.e., robots or vehicles) to sense the environment, assess the situation, and select the optimal actions to avoid collision and accomplish its mission. In our research on autonomous ships, we take a machine learning approach to collision avoidance. The lack of available ship steering data of human ship masters has made it necessary to acquire collision avoidance knowledge through reinforcement learning (RL). Given that the learned neural network tends to be a black box, it is desirable that a method is available which can be used to design an agent's behavior so that the desired knowledge can be captured. Furthermore, RL with complex tasks can be either time consuming or unfeasible. A multi-stage learning method is needed in which agents can learn from simple tasks and then transfer their learned knowledge to closely related but more complex tasks. In this paper, we explore the ways of designing agent behaviors through tuning reward functions and devise a transfer RL method for multi-stage knowledge acquisition. The computer simulation-based agent training results have shown that it is important to understand the roles of each component in a reward function and the various design parameters in transfer RL. The settings of these parameters are all dependent on the complexity of the tasks and the similarities between them.
Modeling Language Change in the St. Louis Corridor
Authors: Kodner Jordan
Published: March 2020

The St. Louis Corridor extending from Chicago, Illinois to St. Louis, Missouri has been described as a “breach” through the Midlands dialect region because of the presence of Inland North features there. Most notably, features associated with the Northern Cities Shift suddenly appeared in Corridor cities in the mid-twentieth century, but they have since largely retreated. Friedman's (2014) population study has uncovered complex relationships between the Corridor's geography and this pattern of advance and retreat, and this work elaborates on that investigation through computational simulations of the Corridor's population structure. Implementing a new network-analytic population model (Kodner & Cerezo Falco, 2018), I find support for Friedman's original hypothesis that migration into cities along Route 66 imported Inland North features into the Corridor first before it spread outward to communities farther away from the route and uncover questions about the Corridor's population that merit further study.