bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A two‐entropies analysis to identify functional positions in the transmembrane region of class A G protein‐coupled receptors
Authors: Ye Kai , Lameijer Eric‐Wubbo M. , Beukers Margot W. , IJzerman Adriaan P.
Published: March 2006

Residues in the transmembrane region of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important for ligand binding and activation, but the function of individual positions is poorly understood. Using a sequence alignment of class A GPCRs (grouped in subfamilies), we propose a so‐called “two‐entropies analysis” to determine the potential role of individual positions in the transmembrane region of class A GPCRs. In our approach, such positions appear scattered, while largely clustered according to their biological function. Our method appears superior when compared to other bioinformatics approaches, such as the evolutionary trace method, entropy–variability plot, and correlated mutation analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Arctium lappa as a phytotherapeutic agent used in intracanal dressings
Authors: Gentil Marcelo , Pereira Juliana Vianna , Sousa Yara T Corrêa Silva , Pietro Rosimeire , Neto Manoel D. Sousa , Vansan Luiz Pascoal , de Castro França Suzelei
Published: March 2006

The discovery of natural biocomponents from plants with antibacterial activity on endodontic microbiota may lead to new therapies. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of a phytotherapeutic agent prepared from an ethyl acetate fraction (AcOEt) extracted from Arctium lappa. This agent was compared with calcium hydroxide as an intracanal dressing. Twenty‐seven maxillary canines were instrumented, sterilized and inoculated with a mixed bacterial suspension of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans. The teeth were divided into three groups and their canals filled with: group 1, calcium hydroxide and propylene glycol; group 2, a paste containing AcOEt fraction of A. lappa and propylene glycol; group 3, propylene glycol (control). At 7, 14 and 30 days, three teeth from each group were opened and a paper point was placed in the root canal for 5 min. The paper points were transferred to Petri dishes with Brain Heart Infusion (BHI). The bacterial growth was classified. Mild bacterial growth was found in group 1 at all time intervals; in group 2 there was severe growth at 7 days, but no growth at 14 and 30 days. The phytotherapeutic agent extracted from an AcOEt fraction of A. lappa inhibited the growth of all the microorganisms in this study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition activities of natural products on serine proteases
Authors: Jedinák Andrej , Maliar Tibor , Grančai Daniel , Nagy Milan
Published: March 2006

Proteases play a key role in a variety of pathologies, including cancer, pancreatitis and thrombosis. Low molecular inhibitors can act as drugs to combat these pathologies. Twelve natural phenolic compounds and one alkaloid were evaluated. Quercetin was used as a standard in the in vitro tests on serine proteases (trypsin, thrombin and urokinase). Salicin showed a highly selective effect with a value of IC50 = 11.4 µm for thrombin, suggesting it may be a suitable lead structure for developing thrombin inhibitors and thus for perspective thrombolytics. Interesting results were also observed for hyperoside with IC50 = 8.3 µm for urokinase. The flavonoid skeleton seems to be a suitable structure for investigating urokinase inhibitors as prospective drugs for cancer therapy. A very high inhibitory activity on trypsin was observed for the flavonoid silybin (IC50 = 3.7 µm), indicating a prospective structure on which to base possible polyphenolic trypsin inhibitors. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of traditional antidiabetic medicinal plants of mauritius for possible α‐amylase inhibitory effects in vitro
Authors: Kotowaroo M. I. , Mahomoodally M. F. , Gurib‐Fakim A. , Subratty A. H.
Published: March 2006

In this study, seven exotic/indigenous medicinal plants of Mauritius, namely Coix lacryma‐jobi (Poaceae), Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae), Artocarpus heterophyllus (Moraceae), Vangueria madagascariensis (Rubiaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Eriobotrya japonica (Rosaceae) and Syzigium cumini (Myrtaceae) were studied for possible effects on starch breakdown by α‐amylase in vitro. The results showed that only Artocarpus heterophyllus significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited α‐amylase activity in vitro. To confirm the observed effects, a further biochemical assay was undertaken to investigate the effects of Artocarpus heterophyllus on α‐amylase activity using rat plasma in vitro. It was found that the aqueous leaf extract significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited α‐amylase activity in rat plasma. The highest inhibitory activity (27.20 ± 5.00%) was observed at a concentration of 1000 µg/mL. However, in both cases dose dependency was not observed. Enzyme kinetic studies using the Michaelis‐Menten and Lineweaver‐Burk equations were performed to establish the type of inhibition involved. In the presence of the plant extract the maximal velocity (Vmax) remained constant (1/150 g / L/s) whereas the Michaelis‐Menten constant (Km) increased by 5.79 g / L, indicating that the aqueous leaf extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus behaved as a competitive inhibitor. Results from the present study tend to indicate that Artocarpus heterophyllus could act as a ‘starch blocker’ thereby reducing post‐prandial glucose peaks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pycnogenol® alleviates pain associated with pregnancy
Authors: Kohama Takafumi , Inoue Masaki
Published: March 2006

The effect of Pycnogenol® was studied in women in the third trimester of pregnancy, complaining of lower back pain, hip joint pain, pelvic pain (pain in the inguinal region), pain due to varices or calf cramps. The women were supplemented with Pycnogenol® at a dose of 30 mg/day without any other therapy. Alleviation of pain was evaluated by pain scores until delivery. A significant reduction of pain could be obtained compared with the control group, where no decrease in pain scores in any symptoms was reported. No unwanted effects were observed in the Pycnogenol® group. These results indicate the potential of Pycnogenol® to reduce pain associated with pregnancy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A privacy‐enhanced access control
Authors: Saito Takamichi , Umesawa Kentaro , Okuno Hiroshi G.
Published: March 2006

It is sometimes necessary to access a server anonymously when the Internet or an electronic commerce application is used. In the present paper, for this need there is proposed a new system that uses an SPKI (Simple Public Key Infrastructure) framework in order to provide service with an emphasis on privacy. The proposed system does not require ID information and other personal information to be presented to the server. In short, only the information relating to the corresponding service is included in the certificate submitted to the server for utilization of the service, and not the ID information of the client. However, even though this is a system of anonymous access, it is not a framework that allows unlimited access, such as anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol). The SPKI framework itself only determines the format of the certificate, and does not provide a methodology for selecting or managing users. Therefore, in this paper, a new framework is proposed, and controlled anonymous access is shown to be obtainable by this framework. This paper will also discuss advantages of the proposed system, its anonymity, management, security, and the processing for certificate revocation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(5): 77–86, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10214
Development of surgical simulator with high‐quality visualization based on finite‐element method and deformable volume rendering
Authors: Inoue Yusuke , Masutani Yoshitaka , Ishii Koichi , Kumai Nori , Kimura Fumihiko , Sakuma Ichiro
Published: March 2006

There have been many research reports on the development of surgical simulation systems for soft organs, such as the liver, which is deformed in the course of surgery. When a fine structure must be displayed in such a system, fine meshes must be generated in the finite‐element method. Thus, either a fast, large‐scale computer that can handle a large‐capacity mesh data, or a simplified deformation technique is needed. We applied deformable volume rendering and developed a surgical simulator running on a PC workstation, which can realize both the display of fine structure, such as small vessels in an organ, and fast deformation computations using a finite‐element method based on relatively coarse meshes. The system was applied to surgical simulation, and the results are reported in this paper. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(5): 67–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20180
Quantitative analysis of a stand of Pinus densiflora undergoing succession to Quercus mongolica ssp. crispula: 1. A 31‐year record of growth and population dynamics of the canopy trees
Authors: Kato Jun , Hayashi Ichiroku
Published: March 2006

We describe the population dynamics, growth of dominant species and plant biomass production in an ecosystem undergoing succession from Pinus densiflora dominance to Quercus mongolica ssp. crispula dominance. The diameter at breast height (DBH) was recorded for a period of 31 years. As DBH increased, the tree density decreased. We estimated the net biomass production of the canopy trees, the biomass of the understory and the average amount of litter. These results suggest that the biomass production of an ecosystem depends on its species’ composition. In order to estimate future ecosystem productivity, it is necessary to predict temporal changes in species’ composition.
Township/Village Administration from the Late Qing to the Warlord Period
Authors: Guangqi Wei , Haixiu Ding
Published: March 2006

In ancient China, formal government institutions stretched to the county level. This system witnessed a radical transformation during the late Qing and the Warlord period, with various types of township/village administrations mushrooming in many places across the country to meet the requirements of institutional reform and the demands for modernization in local regions. These township/village administrations can be divided into two types: one is the newborn township/village administration in the late Qing dynasty, and the other is the township/village or quasi-administration that evolved from the old localized Xiangdi (local administrative system). Functionally, the former can be further divided into two kinds, the monofunctional township/village administration, which might include education, or police and security, and the multifunctional administration. The latter falls into three categories: some were new-model administrations directly translated from the old rural Xiangdi system; some were subdivisions of the neonatal administration composed of the old local Xiangdi system; and still, others basically reserved the intrinsic property and function of the old Xiangdi system. As political entities, township/village administrations of this era can be further differentiated into those bordering on “self-government” and those lingering under “the official system.” Township/village administration at this time mostly consisted of a standing body, with their personnel, who enjoyed the status of professional civil servants, set up by legal proceedings. Government outlay was sponsored by public finance or tax income, and it assumed all kinds of modern administrative functions, basically of a modern character. Meanwhile, of course, it retained much of its traditional flavor in actual operation. All in all, the birth of this form of township/village administration constituted an important dimension of the modernization of China’s local administration system.
Establishing the Public Sphere and Abolishing the Private Domain: The Rise of a Doctrine and Its Social Significance in the Spring and Autumn Period
Authors: Zehua Liu
Published: March 2006

The dominant views regarding the concepts of “the public” (gong) and “the private” (si) took shape in the Spring and Autumn period and matured in the succeeding years of the Warring States period. This paper is an attempt to trace both the growth of the vocabulary containing “gong” and “si” and the development of philosophical views regarding issues that center on the relation between the individual and the larger social/communal/political body, of which that individual is a member; it also touches on issues related to the proper handling of public affairs and the relation between state, sovereign, and the individual. The era is often characterized as “The Contention of the Hundred Schools of Thought,” notwithstanding it ended with but one view that is universally accepted by thinkers of diverse persuasion, namely, si is the source of all social evil and, therefore, should be condemned. This is the doctrine known as ligong miesi (abolishing si so gong may be established), which contributed to the orthodox for that era and the millennium to come. By extolling gong and condemning si, it painted a portrait of the pair as two irreconcilable norms or forces in social and political life; it provided a justification for the then emerging new social arrangement and ways of distribution of power and resources, and it also led to acute conflicts between the sovereign and the state, the ruled and the ruler, the state and the subject, as well as the public sphere and the private domain.
Synchronism of Holocene East Asian monsoon variations and North Atlantic drift-ice tracers
Authors: Porter Stephen C. , Weijian Zhou
Published: March 2006

Eighteen radiocarbon-dated eolian and paleosol profiles within a 1500-km-long belt along the arid to semi-arid transition zone of north-central China record variations in the extent and strength of the East Asian summer monsoon during the Holocene. Dated paleosols and peat layers represent intervals when the zone was dominated by a mild, moist summer monsoon climate that favored pedogenesis and peat accumulation. Brief intervals of enhanced eolian activity that resulted in the deposition of loess and eolian sand were times when strengthened winter monsoon conditions produced a colder, drier climate. The monsoon variations correlate closely with variations in North Atlantic drift-ice tracers that represent episodic advection of drift ice and cold polar surface water southward and eastward into warmer subpolar water. The correspondence of these records over the full span of Holocene time implies a close relationship between North Atlantic climate and the monsoon climate of central China.
The Assessment of Digital Vessel Disease By Dynamic Hand Scanning
Authors: Ernst D. , Hurlow R. A. , Strachan C. J. L. , Chandler S. T.
Published: March 2006

A method of assessing hand and digital vessel perfusion is described. It involves an intravenous injection of Tc99m pertechnetate with monitoring of the isotope uptake in the hands and fingers by a gamma camera equipped with a small computer. The technique allows visual evaluation of the arterial supply and a means of quantifying digital perfusion. An evaluation of the technique in normal hands, in patients with digital vessel disease from vibration trauma, Raynaud's and embolism from an ulnar artery aneurysm is described. The potential of the technique in quantifying response to treatment is illustrated by sequential isotope hand scans in a patient treated for obliterative disease of the fingers.
Observations on the Joints of the Hand
Authors: Smith Stephen A. , Kuczynski K.
Published: March 2006

Thirty-two hands (sixty-eighty years) were dissected to study configuration and spatial setting of the articular surfaces of the joints of the thumb in order to note the features which are associated with deviation, torsion and rotatory movements. Four varieties of the trapezial surface were encountered in the carpometacarpal joint: saddle-shaped, triangular, ovoid and semicylindrical. The last exhibited marked osteoarthrosis with formation of osteophytes.
Simultaneous Double Toe Transfer for Severely Disabled Hands
Authors: O'brien B. Mcc. , Brennen M. D. , Macleod A. M.
Published: March 2006

Two cases are presented in which a severely damaged hand was reconstructed by the simultaneous transfer of two toes using microvascular techniques. A two year evaluation of the functional result is made in both cases. Conventional reconstructive methods have little place in the reconstruction of these severe disabilities.
Repair of the Established Post Traumatic Boutonniére Deformity
Authors: Rothwell Alastair G.
Published: March 2006

A technique is described for the repair of the chronic, post traumatic, uncomplicated boutonnière deformity which has given consistently good results. The fundamental steps are: Mobilisation and reefing of the lengthened middle slip; Kirschner wire fixation of the proximal joint in full extension and Replacement of the mobilised lateral slips with the distal joint flexed approximately 45°.
The A.O. Small Fragment Set in Hand Fractures
Authors: Steel W. M.
Published: March 2006

The use of the A.O. small fragment set in fractures of the hand is discussed. Problems in phalangeal fractures have been encountered but the equipment has been valuable in certain diaphyseal and articular fractures of the metacarpals. The advantages and disadvantages have been weighed.
A Two Stage Cross Arm Flap For Severe Multiple Degloving Injury of the Hand
Authors: Karev Avner , Hirshowitz Bernard
Published: March 2006

The resurfacing of three severely degloved fingers, by a two stage cross arm flap operation, to maintain length and function is described.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Due to Carpal Osteophyte
Authors: Engel J. , Zinneman H. , Tsur H. , Farin I.
Published: March 2006

An unusual case of carpal tunnel syndrome is presented in which the excessive pressure in the tunnel was caused by an osteophyte. The importance of axial x-ray views of the tunnel in diagnosing such cases is stressed.
Maffucci's Syndrome
Authors: Chen Vernon T. , Harrison David A.
Published: March 2006

A case is reported of Marrucci's Syndrome with multiple enchondromata involving the left ring finger and subcutaneous haemangiomata in the left thenar eminence, treated by surgical excision.
Epithelioid Sarcoma of Hand and Forearm
Authors: Boyes James G. , Marroum Marie Claire
Published: March 2006

A case report is of value only when related to the total context of an issue. The issue presented here is the need for adequate surgical ablation of this lethal tumour.
Adenoid Basal Cell Epithelioma Involving a Finger
Authors: Enna Carl D.
Published: March 2006

A case report of an adenoid basal cell epithelioma, a relatively rare condition in the hand, illustrating the need for early diagnosis by biopsy.
MEASURES OF REPEATABILITY OF GENOTYPE BY LOCATION INTERACTIONS USING DATA FROM BARLEY TRIALS IN NORTHERN SYRIA
Authors: SINGH M. , GRANDO S. , CECCARELLI S.
Published: March 2006

Genotype × environment interaction plays an important role in the identification of genotypes with high and stable yields. The environmental components of such interaction can be attributed to location (spatial) and year (temporal) factors. This study considers a specific aspect of the location factor, i.e. that locations not geographically close to each other are likely to vary in terms of the conditions that determine the effect of the year factor, even during the same calendar year. In these situations, the year effects are considered to be random variables within each location. This study addresses the question of whether genotype × location interactions are consistent (or repeatable) over time: a question which is crucial when defining the target environments in a plant breeding programme and when deciding the optimum environment for selection. Using three sets of data from field experiments, various computation methods were developed to estimate variance components; the methods and estimates are presented here. Using the bootstrapping procedure to sample one year from each location within a given calendar year, we obtained bootstrap replicated values of genotype × location interaction and their summary statistics, including the coefficient of variation (CV). We suggest that the CV can be used to measure the repeatability of genotype × location interactions. A Genstat program that can be used to perform the required computations is available from the authors upon request.
Variation in yield, N uptake and N use efficiency of medium and late duration rice varieties
Authors: SWAIN DILLIP KUMAR , BHASKAR BURLA CHANDRA , KRISHNAN PRAMILA , RAO KURKURI SRINIVASA , NAYAK SANGRAM KESHARI , DASH RABINDRA NATH
Published: March 2006

Field experiments were conducted at the village Kasiadihi, Dhenkanal district, Orissa, India during wet seasons 2001, 2002 and 2003 under non water-stressed conditions (0–25 cm standing water) to assess variability in N uptake and utilization by medium and late duration rice varieties. The N rates were 0, 40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha applied as urea in four equal splits at transplanting, active tiller initiation, panicle initiation and flowering stages. The grain yield response was up to 80 kg N/ha. The optimum grain yield attainable by the efficient medium duration varieties was 4·5 t/ha. The N efficient late duration varieties produced optimum grain yield of 5·8 t/ha. The relationship for total dry matter and grain yield production between N fertilized (40, 80 and 120 kg N/ha) and non-fertilized treatments were all significant, suggesting cultivar selection under optimum N fertilized conditions. The difference in optimum yield of the medium and late duration varieties was due to the differences in the amount of N uptake and its use efficiency by the plant for grain production. There was a curvilinear relationship between grain yield and N use efficiency for grain production. The relationship between N use efficiency for grain production and N contents of leaf, stem and grain at maturity was quadratic. The optimum plant N use efficiency of medium duration varieties was 49 kg grain/kg N uptake, achieved with leaf, stem and grain N contents of 10, 8 and 14 g/kg, respectively, at maturity. For late duration varieties, the optimum plant N use efficiency was 68 kg grain/kg N uptake and it was maintained with leaf and stem N content of 4·0 g/kg each and grain N content of 9·0 g/kg at maturity. The N content in plant organs could be the selection guide used to obtain efficient rice varieties.
Selective behaviour in cattle grazing pastures of strips of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover. 1. The effects of relative sward area
Authors: POLI C. H. E. C. , HODGSON J. , COSGROVE G. P. , ARNOLD G. C.
Published: March 2006

Alternate 2·4 m wide strips of a mixture of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) with white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (BW), and of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (RC) were offered in the proportions (by area) of 0·80[ratio ]0·20, 0·67[ratio ]0·33, 0·33[ratio ]0·67 and 0·20[ratio ]0·80 to yearling heifers in groups of three for periods of 3 days over four replicates in time, balanced for effects of previous treatments. Observations on the distribution of grazing activity and biting rate were made over 3 h periods each evening, and on the morning of Day 2. Biting rates were consistently higher on BW than RC (52·3 v. 46·3±0·59 bites/min, P<0·001). Initially the animals showed a strong tendency to concentrate grazing on the sward of smaller proportional area, but the selection coefficient (log θ) changed from positive to negative with time as herbage on minority strips was depleted. These results are discussed in the context of concepts of partial grazing preference.
Selective behaviour in cattle grazing pastures of strips of birdsfoot trefoil and red clover. 2. The effects of sward maturity and structure
Authors: POLI C. H. E. C. , HODGSON J. , COSGROVE G. P. , ARNOLD G. C.
Published: March 2006

The effects of manipulation of sward maturity on ingestive behaviour and diet selection of grazing cattle were tested in two experiments using legumes which are equally preferred by cattle. Yearling heifers, in groups of three, grazed plots formed by alternate 2·4 m wide strips of a mixture of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (BW) and strips of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) (RC). The treatments comprised four combinations of each of the two swards at two contrasting levels of maturity/height replicated over four successive 3-day periods, in an order which balanced the effect of previous treatments. Observations of the distribution of grazing activity and biting rate were made over 3-hour periods each evening and in the morning of Day 2.

Rate of biting was generally greater on immature than mature swards, and on BW than on RC, with little evidence of interactions between these effects. The animals demonstrated partial preference throughout the two studies, the proportion of grazing time devoted to BW being 0·40±0·010 in Expt 1 and 0·47±0·017 in Expt 2. The distribution of grazing time between sward type and maturity combinations was influenced progressively by herbage mass and height contrasts as strips were grazed down. An overall analysis using the results from these studies and a companion experiment indicated differences between studies in partial preference for BW and RC which appeared to be related to variations in sward morphology.
Image analysis of wheat grains developed in different environments and its implications for identification
Authors: SAINIS J. K. , SHOUCHE S. P. , BHAGWAT S. G.
Published: March 2006

Varietal identification is an important aspect of crop research and utilization. Identification using computer-based image analysis could be an alternative to visual identification. However, the effectiveness of image analysis systems needs to be established under various real conditions. Three wheat varieties were sown on three different dates. Variation in the grain size and shape of these varieties, brought about by changes in the environmental conditions, was measured using Comprehensive Image Processing Software (CIPS). Some parameters showed considerable grain-to-grain variation, which was either inherent or due to environmental changes during grain filling. Euclidean distances were calculated using either means of all the parameters (ED1), or using only those parameters that did not show a high coefficient of variation (ED2). For samples of the same variety sown at different times, Euclidean distances were smaller compared with samples of different varieties, indicating that grains of the same variety resembled one another. By using the criterion of minimum Euclidean distance it was possible to distinguish between varieties, in spite of variation in grain shape and size due to environmental conditions. It was possible to identify correctly an unknown sample, taken as a test case.
Releasing incisions of the tympanic membrane in type III tympanoplasty
Authors: Kumar M , Puttasiddaiah P
Published: March 2006

Myringostapediopexy may be used as part of tympanoplasty following mastoid operations. We describe a technique of placing releasing incisions on the tympanic membrane to ensure good contact between it and the stapes head.
Dreaming Scientists and Scientific Dreamers: Freud as a Reader of French Dream Literature
Authors: Carroy Jacqueline
Published: March 2006

Argument

The argument of this paper is to situate The Interpretation of Dreams within an historical context. It is, therefore, impossible to believe Freud entirely when he staged himself in his letters to Fliess as a mere discoverer. In reality Freud also felt he belonged to a learned community of dream specialists, whom I call “dreaming scientists” and “scientific dreamers.” Instead of speaking, as Ellenberger does, in terms of influence, I will be offering as an example a portrait of Freud as a reader of two French authors, Maury, and indirectly, Hervey de Saint-Denys. I will analyze how Freud staged himself as replacing Maury and dreaming sometimes like Hervey de Saint-Denys. My premise in this work is that we must forget Freud, in order to adventure into a learned dream culture peculiar to the nineteenth century. Only afterwards can we come back to Freud and place him in this context as a creative heir.
Film and the Construction of Memory in Psychoanalysis, 1940–1960
Authors: Winter Alison
Published: March 2006

Argument

This paper explores the relationship between the medium of motion-picture film and the representation of autobiographical memory during the middle decades of the twentieth century. The paper argues that a reciprocal relationship developed between film and memory, in which film was understood as an externalized form of memory, and memory an internalized record of personal experience similar in many respects to film. Memory was often represented as an object-like entity, preserved in stable form within the body, and able to be extracted by the right stimulus or trigger. A particularly important community in which this representation was developed was psychotherapeutic practitioners with psychoanalytic orientations, particularly during and shortly after the Second World War. In special circumstances, therapists and others claimed, records of past life events could be projected, film-like, onto the screen of an individual's conscious, replaying previous experiences in real time. The paper develops a social historical account of this relationship, and reflects on its significance for the history of selfhood in the twentieth century.
Image and Trauma
Authors: Leys Ruth
Published: March 2006

Argument

In 1980, when the diagnosis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) was introduced into the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), survivor guilt – a symptom long associated with trauma of the Holocaust and other extreme experiences – was included in the list of symptom criteria. But in the revised edition of the manual of 1987 (DSM-IIIR), survivor guilt was demoted to the status of merely an “associated feature” of the condition. Now that survivor guilt has disappeared from the official lexicon of trauma, shame has come to take its place as the emotion that most defines the traumatic state. This paper examines the rationale for the shift from survivor guilt to shame in the context of the American Psychiatric Association's revisions. It argues that the shift can be understood as yet another manifestation of the oscillation between mimetic and antimimetic theories of trauma that, I have argued in my book Trauma: A Genealogy (2000), has structured the understanding of trauma from the start.
Borderline Histories: Psychoanalysis Inside and Out
Authors: Lunbeck Elizabeth
Published: March 2006

Argument

Sociologists and historians have long favored externalist over internalist accounts of practices in the clinical disciplines. This has been particularly true in the case of the so-called new patient or borderline personality, which a range of commentators have located in culturally resonant narratives of decline. I argue here that these narratives, while pleasing, do not hold up as history; most problematic is their assumption that the appearance of the borderline portends the emergence of altogether novel forms of modal personhood. Internalist accounts of the category's consolidation are equally problematic in asserting a coherence and a stable referent that repeatedly proves elusive. In the end, I suggest that a complex account of disciplinary practice that attends to knowledge production in the clinical encounter supports the conclusion that the new patient was new to psychoanalysis. Whether or not he was altogether new cannot be established, undermining the critics' certitude and prophecies of decline.
Understanding the Holocaust: The Past and Future of Holocaust Studies
Authors: WEEKS GREGORY
Published: March 2006

Omer Bartov Germany's War and the Holocaust: Disputed Histories (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2003), 248 pp., (pb), ISBN 0801486815.

Doris L. Bergen War and Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust (Lanham, MD, and Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003), 280 pp., $17.95 (pb), ISBN 0847696316.

Inga Clendinnen Reading the Holocaust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 238 pp., $15 (pb), ISBN 0521012694.

Debórah Dwork ed., Voices & Views. A History of the Holocaust (New York: Jewish Foundation for the Righteous, 2002), 687 pp., $44.95 (pb), ISBN 0970060211.

Cornelia Hecht Deutsche Juden und Antisemitismus in der Weimarer Republik (Bonn: Dietz 2003), 432 pp., €32.00 (hb), ISBN 3801241378.

Dan Stone Constructing the Holocaust: A Study in Historiography (London and Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell Publishers, 2003), 308 pp., $49.50 (hb), ISBN 0853034907.

Sue Vice Representing the Holocaust (London and Portland, OR: Vallentine Mitchell Publishers), 280 pp., £17.50 (pb), £42.50 (hb), ISBN 0853034966.
Visualization of the Microtubules of Glutaraldehyde-Fixed Cells by Reflection-Enhanced Backscatter Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Keith Charles H. , Farmer Mark A.
Published: March 2006

Performing reflection-mode (backscatter-mode) confocal microscopy on cells growing on reflective substrates gives images that have improved contrast and are more easily interpreted than standard reflection-mode confocal micrographs (Keith et al., 1998). However, a number of factors degrade the quality of images taken with the highest-resolution microscope objectives in this technique. We here describe modifications to reflection-enhanced backscatter confocal microscopy that (partially) overcome these factors. With these modifications of the technique, it is possible to visualize structures the size—and refractility—of individual microtubules in intact cells. Additionally, we demonstrate that this technique, in common with fluorescence techniques such as standing wave widefield fluorescence microscopy and 4-Pi confocal microscopy, offers improved resolution in the Z-direction.
Measuring Electrostatic Potential Profiles across Amorphous Intergranular Films by Electron Diffraction
Authors: Koch Christoph T. , Bhattacharyya Somnath , Rühle Manfred , Satet Raphaëlle L. , Hoffmann Michael J.
Published: March 2006

Amorphous 1–2-nm-wide intergranular films in ceramics dictate many of their properties. The detailed investigation of structure and chemistry of these films pushes the limits of today's transmission electron microscopy. We report on the reconstruction of the one-dimensional potential profile across the film from an experimentally acquired tilt series of energy-filtered electron diffraction patterns. Along with the potential profile, the specimen thickness, film orientation with respect to the grain lattice and specimen surface, and the absolute specimen orientation with respect to the laboratory frame of reference are retrieved.
DNA-damage response pathways triggered by viral replication
Authors: Sinclair Alison , Yarranton Sarah , Schelcher Celine
Published: March 2006

Many viruses, with distinct replication strategies, activate DNA-damage response pathways, including the lentivirus human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the DNA viruses Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus 1, adenovirus and SV40. DNA-damage response pathways involving DNA-dependent protein kinase, ataxia-telengiectasia mutated (ATM) and ‘ataxia-telengiectasia and Rad3-related’ (ATR) have all been implicated. This review focuses on the effects of HIV and EBV replication on DNA repair pathways. It has been suggested that activation of cellular DNA repair and recombination enzymes is beneficial for viral replication, as illustrated by the ability of suppressors of the ATM and ATR family to inhibit HIV replication. However, activation of DNA-damage response pathways can also promote apoptosis. Viruses can tailor the cellular response by suppressing downstream signalling from DNA-damage sensors, as exemplified by EBV. New small-molecule inhibitors of the DNA-damage response pathways could therefore be of value to treat viral infections.
Alcohol drinking and breast cancer
Authors: Tan Duan-Jun , Barber Julie S. , Shields Peter G.
Published: March 2006

Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease that is triggered by gene–environment interactions. Epidemiological research has identified alcohol consumption as a significant non-hormonal-related and consistent risk factor, and is thus a preventable cause of breast cancer. The reasons why alcohol drinking increase breast cancer risk are unclear, and several hypotheses exist. The perturbation of estrogen metabolism and response appears to one mechanism underlying the association. Alcohol consumption also increases breast density in postmenopausal women and affects sex steroid levels. Other plausible mechanisms include: (1) mutagenesis by acetaldehyde, which is a metabolite of ethanol; (2) by enhancing the susceptibility of the mammary gland to carcinogenesis by affecting DNA repair, stimulating cell proliferation or altering mammary gland structural development; (3) influencing the disposition and function of essential nutrients or dietary factors considered cancer protective (e.g. affecting folate and one-carbon metabolism pathways); (4) inducing genome instability and DNA damage; and (5) inducing oxidative damage via ethanol or estrogen metabolism. To better understand the etiological nature of the effect of alcohol on breast carcinogenesis, further studies at the cellular and molecular levels on the interaction between ethanol and other risk factors, estrogen, carcinogens are needed.
Dynamics of thermochemical plumes: 2. Complexity of plume structures and its implications for mapping mantle plumes
Authors: Lin Shu‐Chuan , van Keken Peter E.
Published: March 2006

The mantle plume hypothesis provides explanations for several major observations of surface volcanism. The dynamics of plumes with purely thermal origin has been well established, but our understanding of the role of compositional variations in the Earth's mantle on plume formation is still incomplete. In this study we explore the structures of plumes originating from a thermochemical boundary layer at the base of the mantle in an attempt to complement fluid dynamical studies of purely thermal plumes. Our numerical experiments reveal diverse characteristics of thermochemical plumes that frequently deviate from the classic features of plumes. In addition, owing to the interplay between the thermal and compositional buoyancy forces, the morphology, temperature, and flow fields in both the plume head and plume conduit are strongly time‐dependent. The entrainment of the dense layer and secondary instabilities developed in the boundary layer contribute to lateral heterogeneities and enhance stirring processes in the plume head. Our models show that substantial topography of the compositional layer can develop simultaneously with the plumes. In addition, plumes may be present in the lower mantle for more than 70 million years. These features may contribute to the large low seismic velocity provinces beneath the south central Pacific, the southern Atlantic Ocean, and Africa. Our model results support the idea that the dynamics of mantle plumes is much more complicated than conventional thinking based on studies of purely thermal plumes. The widely used criteria for mapping mantle plumes, such as a vertically continuous low seismic velocity signature and strong surface topography swell, may not be universally applicable. We propose that the intrinsic density contrast of the distinct composition may reduce the associated topography of some large igneous provinces such as Ontong Java.
Is there a persistent control of monsoon winds by precipitation during the late Holocene?
Authors: Tiwari Manish , Ramesh R. , Yadava M. G. , Somayajulu B. L. K. , Jull A. J. T. , Burr G. S.
Published: March 2006

Past variations in the south Asian summer monsoon (Southwest Monsoon, SWM) have been inferred earlier mainly using wind proxies in marine sediment cores from the upwelling‐dominated western Arabian Sea. Here we report precipitation proxies, i.e., high‐resolution stable oxygen isotope variations, of two different species of planktonic foraminifera, namely, Gs. sacculifer and Gs. ruber, in an AMS 14C dated sediment core from the monsoon‐runoff‐dominated eastern Arabian Sea. The above data sets reveal that during the past ∼1800 years (and perhaps up to ∼2800 years; resolution of the wind record is too low for comparison) reductions in monsoon wind strength in the western Arabian Sea appear to be persistently accompanied by aridity over India. It clarifies that past fluctuations in SWM precipitation over the Indian subcontinent followed the wind intensity records from the western Arabian Sea on centennial time scales. We further provide the first paleoclimatic evidence for the control exerted by SWM precipitation over the SWM wind strength via latent heat release.
Field‐aligned electrons at the lobe/plasma sheet boundary in the mid‐to‐distant magnetotail and their association with reconnection
Authors: Manapat Michael , Øieroset Marit , Phan Tai D. , Lin Robert P. , Fujimoto Masaki
Published: March 2006

We have surveyed field‐aligned electrons at the lobe/plasma sheet boundary and their association with reconnection in the distant magnetotail where reconnection is quasi‐steady and large scale. Asymmetric (in energy) counterstreaming electrons are detected in ∼30% of the boundary crossings when high‐speed flows are present in the plasma sheet. In 98% of the electron beam cases the low‐energy electrons are directed toward and the higher‐energy electrons directed away from the X‐line. The well‐organized (by the signs of Bx and Vx) quadrupolar pattern of the electrons indicates that these electrons are associated with reconnection. The low‐energy electrons could be the outer part of the Hall current loop, similar to previous reports in the near‐Earth region. The mean electron energy in the distant tail is a factor of ten lower than in the near‐Earth tail. Our observations suggest that the Hall effect can be detected even at large distances from the diffusion region.
Simulation of solar‐cycle modulation of the Southern Annular Mode using a chemistry‐climate model
Authors: Kuroda Yuhji , Shibata Kiyotaka
Published: March 2006

Using a coupled chemistry‐climate model, we simulated the structural modulation of the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) caused by the change in ultraviolet radiation (UV) associated with the 11‐year solar cycle. In an enhanced UV run, the SAM signal in late winter extended to the upper stratosphere and persisted until the following autumn. In a reduced UV run, the signal was mostly confined to the troposphere and disappeared very quickly during the following summer. This greater persistence in an enhanced UV run is connected to the formation of an ozone anomaly in the polar lower stratosphere, produced by the modulation of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation in late winter.
Predicting the strength of solar cycle 24 using a flux‐transport dynamo‐based tool
Authors: Dikpati Mausumi , de Toma Giuliana , Gilman Peter A.
Published: March 2006

We construct a solar cycle strength prediction tool by modifying a calibrated flux‐transport dynamo model, and make predictions of the amplitude of upcoming solar cycle 24. We predict that cycle 24 will have a 30–50% higher peak than cycle 23, in contrast to recent predictions by Svalgaard et al. and Schatten, who used a precursor method to forecast that cycle 24 will be considerably smaller than 23. The skill of our approach is supported by the flux transport dynamo model's ability to correctly 'forecast' the relative peaks of cycles 16–23 using sunspot area data from previous cycles.
A model assessment of satellite observed trends in polar sea ice extents
Authors: Vinnikov Konstantin Y. , Cavalieri Donald J. , Parkinson Claire L.
Published: March 2006

For more than three decades now, satellite passive microwave observations have been used to monitor polar sea ice. Here we utilize sea ice extent trends determined from satellite data for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres for the period 1972(73)–2004, and assess and interpret them using results from simulations by eleven climate models. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), observations show a statistically significant decrease of sea ice extent and an acceleration of sea ice retreat during the past three decades. However, from the modeled natural variability of sea ice extents in control simulations, we conclude that the acceleration is not statistically significant and should not be extrapolated into the future. Most of the models, like the observations, show an absence of a prominent seasonal cycle in the trend values. Both observations and model simulations show that climate variability in sea ice extent in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) is much larger than in the NH and that the SH sea ice extent trends are not statistically significant.
Global two‐fluid stability of bifurcated current sheets
Authors: Mok Chinook , Ryu Chang‐Mo , Yoon Peter H. , Lui Anthony T. Y.
Published: March 2006

Electromagnetic stability of modified Harris model, featuring a bifurcated current density profile, against lower‐hybrid drift perturbation is investigated. The bifurcated current sheet is characterized by temperature and cross‐field flow velocity profiles on different spatial scales across the current sheet. It is found that the eigenmodes of unstable solutions are mainly confined to the inner slopes of the bifurcated current sheet. That is, the fluctuations are trapped within the two current layers. This finding shows that the source of anomalous resistivity is focused near the neutral sheet, thus indicating that the excitation of electromagnetic lower‐hybrid drift instability in a bifurcated current sheet may be a major cause of magnetic reconnection onset.
Nonlinear thermoporoelastic effects on dynamic earthquake rupture
Authors: Suzuki Takehito , Yamashita Teruo
Published: March 2006

In this study we theoretically examine thermohydraulic effects on dynamic earthquake rupture. We first derive the system of governing equations assuming a thermoporoelastic medium and then conduct numerical calculations based on these equations. Nonlinear feedback between changes in temperature, fluid pressure, and fault slip are shown to play an important role in rupture dynamics. For example, these feedbacks produce a longer duration of fault slip than that predicted by the classical Griffith crack model assumed in an elastic medium; deviation of our results from those of the Griffith crack model increases with increased thickness of the heated fault zone. The feedback effects also produce slip‐weakening behavior and gradual slip onset. The slip‐weakening distance increases with increased rate of fluid outflow from the heated fault zone. Our simulations demonstrate that smaller events record smaller static stress drops, consistent with seismological observations. This relationship occurs because ongoing fault slip tends to result in increased fluid pressure. Our simulations also indicate that scaling relationships between small and large earthquakes are complicated by thermohydraulic effects.