bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil base deformation features of the pile foundations on loess and landsliding territories at static and dynamic loadings
Authors: Areshkovych O.  , Boyko I.  , Kornienko M.  , Sakharov V.  , Dyptan T.  , Zhuk V.
Published: February 2025

The features of interaction between the pile foundations (stress strain state) and the soil base deformation, depending on the type of soil (loess soil, sliding zones, seismic zones), typical of Ukraine, are analyzed. Authors suggest to search the form and the place of a potential slip surface by fixing the localization of zones of plastic deformations in the soil massif. The experimental results of parameters' definition of loess thickness at static and dynamic loading impact are shown. Features of pile interaction in a soil massif, which depends on their sizes and their location under the building, are revealed. The differences of the stress strain state formation, which result from combinations of various loadings, either static or dynamic, in the elements of « soil basis – foundation – building » system, are exposed, depending on the chosen simulation model (soil massif, coefficient of rigidity).
Rapid load field tests interpreted with the new Guideline
Authors: Hölscher P.  , Brassinga H.E.  , van Tol A.F.  , Middendorp P.  , Revoort E.
Published: February 2025

In order to evaluate the draft Guideline for the interpretation of a Rapid Load Test, a field test was carried out. Two instrumented piles were driven and then subjected to both a Static Load Test and a Rapid Load Test. The strain in the piles and the excess pore water pressures during a Rapid Load Test were measured and the results were compared. The draft version of a recently developed Guideline was then used for the interpretation of the Rapid Load Test data. It was concluded that the Rapid Load Test offers good insight in the static behavior of the pile. The application of several methods mentioned in the Guideline on this practical case gives information on the applicability of the methods. The test data also seem to show that the rate factor in sand is defined by the dilatational behavior and the generation of excess pore water pressure during a Rapid Load Test.
Plugging mechanism of open-ended piles
Authors: Kikuchi Y.  , Morikawa Y.  , Sato T.
Published: February 2025

For the past 50 years, the pile foundations of port facilities in Japan have been constructed by means of driving steel pipe piles. Although the pile diameter and length have been modified over the years, the design method has hardly changed, and it has always been difficult to evaluate the bearing capacity at the pile base. This paper introduces the changes adopted for pile foundations used in Japan's port facilities and presents the latest studies on the bearing capacity at the base of open-ended piles. Important facts on the plugging phenomena of open-ended piles are presented and the plugging mechanism of open-ended piles is discussed.
Earth Pressures Acting on a Vertical Shaft in Multi-layered c−φ Soils
Authors: Lee I.M.  , Kim D.H.  , Kim K.Y.  , Lee Y.H.  , Moon H.P.
Published: February 2025

It is one of the important tasks to evaluate the earth pressure acting on a vertical shaft when designing underground structures. The earth pressure acting on a vertical circular shaft is less than that of a retaining wall in plain strain condition due to three dimensional arching effect. Several researchers have suggested equations to estimate the earth pressure on the vertical circular shaft and verified them by conducting model tests. However, each of estimations shows different results and is not applicable to the vertical shaft in multi-layered soils and/or c−φ soils. In this study, a new equation for estimating the earth pressure acting on the vertical shaft in c−φ soils is proposed by modifying the equations suggested by other researchers. A parametric study is performed to investigate the significance of the cohesion when estimating earth pressures in vertical shafts. A method which can estimate the earth pressure on vertical shafts in layered soils is also proposed by assuming a failure surface in layered soils and using the modified equation. To verify the proposed methods, measured data were collected from three in-situ vertical shafts constructed in multi-layered c−φ soils and compared with analytical solutions.
LRFD pullout resistance calibration of coherent gravity method for steel reinforced MSE walls
Authors: Hegazy Y.A.  , Withiam J.L.  , Gladstone R.A.  , Anderson P.L.
Published: February 2025

The current AASHTO LRFD Specifications require that the maximum load in reinforcements be calculated using the simplified method. Although alternative methods are permitted, they may be used only if calibrated resistance factors for the method developed. This paper describes the calibration of resistance factors for the internal stability design of metallically reinforced mechanically stabilized earth walls using the Coherent Gravity Method (CGM). The CGM is a common method used for allowable stress design, but it is not included in the current AASHTO LRFD specifications. Calibration of the CGM is conducted using Monte Carlo simulation of selected worldwide, well-documented case studies of full-scale, metallically reinforced earth (MSE) walls. Calibration was performed for the pullout resistance of steel reinforcements. Calibration was performed for conditions at the end of wall construction, and at the end of the design service life of the wall considering corrosion. Reliability indices (β) of 2.38 and 2.60 were calculated for pullout resistance of steel strips and steel grids, respectively.
Three dimensional probabilistic slope stability analysis by RFEM
Authors: Griffiths D.V.  , Huang J.  , Fenton G.A.
Published: February 2025

The paper investigates the probability of failure of 2-d and 3-d slopes using the Random Finite Element Method (RFEM). RFEM combines elastoplasticity with random field theory in a Monte-Carlo framework. It is found that 2-d probabilistic analysis, by implicitly assuming perfect spatial correlation in the third direction, may underestimate the probability of failure of slopes.
Strength parameters of asphalt concrete used in core zone of earth dams
Authors: Jafarzadeh Fardin  , Yousefpour Negin
Published: February 2025

Strength parameters of asphalt concrete used in earth fill dams' core were studied by conducting cyclic and monotonic triaxial tests on asphalt concrete samples. Results obtained from more than 120 cyclic tests showed that asphalt concrete behaves properly under cyclic loading and specimens stay intact after applying 5000 cycles. Results of monotonic and post-cyclic loading proved that strength parameters of asphalt concrete samples does not change significantly after being subjected to seismic loads.
Temperature monitoring of a geosynthetic-reinforced embankment in a seismic area
Authors: Moraci Nicola  , Mandaglio Maria Clorinda  , Gioffrè Domenico  , Cardile Giuseppe  , Cazzuffi Daniele  , Recalcati Piergiorgio  , Starrantino Carmelo
Published: February 2025

Field data on reinforced embankments are of upmost importance for improving knowledge on their long behaviour. In Valdina, Sicily, Italy, following a landslide that involved a slope in clay soils, a reinforced embankment has been constructed. Valdina is a small village in the Eastern Sicily that displays a high frequency of landslides since clay soils outcrop extensively. In 2006, the reinforced embankment constructed on a clay slope was instrumented and the results of the following 2 years of reinforced embankment monitoring are presented together with an analysis of the collected data of temperatures. The equipment installed allows the measurement of the weather parameters (rainfall, wind, air humidity and air temperature), of the loads and deformations of the reinforced embankment, and of the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes. To estimate the trend of deformations, temperature, humidity and loads along the geogrids used to reinforce the structure, measurement instruments were installed within the structure at different depths.
Stiffness anisotropy of Boom clay
Authors: Piriyakul K.  , Haegeman W.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents an investigation on the anisotropic stiffness behavior of the overconsolidated Boom clay sampled at the research site Sint-Katelijne-Waver in Belgium. Triaxial tests with multi-directional bender element technique are preformed consolidating undisturbed and reconstituted Boom clay samples under isotropic and anisotropic stress conditions (K = 2) for the purpose of investigating the stress-induced, the strain-induced and the inherent anisotropy. The stress-induced anisotropic parameters of the undisturbed Boom clay are consistent with results from six Italian clays. The inherent anisotropy resulting only from the current structure and fabric of the undisturbed soil, is significantly pronounced for the undisturbed Boom clay while results from reconstituted samples show a cross-anisotropic material.
Off-road mobility assessment based on seismic bearing capacity
Authors: Cinicioglu O.  , Cagbayir C.
Published: February 2025

In the events that require rapid mobilization of off-road vehicles, it is crucial to have a method that would allow the quick evaluation of the possibility of vehicle mobility in off-road conditions. Accordingly, this paper proposes a method that is based on the limit equilibrium of soil under the loading conditions imposed by an accelerating vehicle. The goal is to reduce the problem to the familiar bearing capacity problem and to introduce mobilization factors that are based on the vehicle, soil, topography and motion variables. This is achieved by adapting seismic bearing capacity equations to vehicle-soil interaction problems.
Three dimensional stability analysis of reinforced slopes
Authors: Askari F.  , Farzaneh O.  , Mohamadzadeh H.
Published: February 2025

The kinematic limit analysis approach is applied to study the three dimensional stability of the reinforced slopes. The amount of reinforcement necessary to prevent collapse of a slope is determined based on a collapse mechanism including simultaneous failure of whole reinforcements. The transitional failure mechanism consists of several hexagonal blocks and a pentagonal one at the base of mechanism. All planes between blocks are supposed to be horizontal. In this paper, the 3D stability of slopes with geosynthetic layers is analyzed. Each block consists of one reinforcement layers intersecting by back and lateral planes of the block. The geosynthetics are supposed to collapse in these intersections when the mechanism begins to be unstable. The reinforcement is uniformly distributed through the height of the slope. Based on these assumptions, calculations were performed and several results were gained that some of them are presented in order to illustrate the influence of different parameters such as three dimensional parameters and soil characteristics on reinforced slope stability.
Increase of slope stability with time by drilled drains
Authors: Gjetvaj V.  , Znidarčić D.  , Nossan A.S.  , Popović N.
Published: February 2025

Drilled drains are installed in cases when the unfavorable groundwater regime is one of the main causes of slope instability. The time required for achieving the satisfactory factor of safety has to be calculated for effective application of drilled drains. The analysis of performance and effectiveness of drilled drains requires the application of 3D seepage models. The application of 3D models is, however, not practical due to their complexity in defining spatial relations in the slope and they are rarely used. As opposed to 3D models, 2D models can incorporate geometrical and material heterogeneities in vertical planes and they are relatively simple to use and apply. The research on this topic has examined the possibility of the application of 2D models in cases of slopes with installed drilled drains. The applicability of this solution for the calculation of the increase of slope stability with time was also examined. The research results enabled us to define a procedure for analyzing the influence of drilled drains on the increase of slope stability with time with the use of 2D models with the appropriate selection of equivalent drain permeability.
Effect of surface and sub-surface infiltration on the behaviour of loose fill slopes
Authors: Zhou Y.D.  , Cheuk C.Y.  , Xu K.  , Tham L.G.
Published: February 2025

Based on a field test on a purposely-built loose fill slope, a two-dimensional finite element model is established for coupled hydro-mechanical analyses of slope performance under controlled infiltration conditions. This paper presents a series of parametric study for investigation into the effect of wetting by surface and sub-surface infiltration on the initiation and growth of slope movement as well as the failure mechanism. The simulation results demonstrate that different infiltration schemes can lead to different deformation patterns and in turn influence the onset and propagation of failure. More evidence in the form of cracks development was also observed in the field slope during the controlled wetting test.
Prediction of ground settlement during tunnelling in water bearing ground
Authors: Yoo C.  , Kim S.B.  , Jung H.S.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents an artificial neural network approach for prediction of tunnelling-induced ground groundwater drawdown and associated settlement during tunneling in water bearing ground. A parametric study using a calibrated 2D stress-pore pressure coupled finite element analysis was conducted to form a database concerning the settlement and groundwater drawdown during tunneling in groundwater drawdown environment. An artificial neural network (ANN) was then developed based on the database to establish underlying relationships between tunneling and its consequence. The developed ANN exhibited excellent performance in predicting the magnitude of settlement and groundwater drawdown for tunneling conditions considered in this study, confirming that a generalized ANN can be deployed in practical use. Also examined the relative importance of influencing factors on the settlement and groundwater drawdown during tunneling based on the ANN results.
Back analysis for a deep excavation in Taipei MRT Underground Station
Authors: Chen C.H.  , Tsai Y.C.  , Wen T.R.
Published: February 2025

A deep excavation for the underground structure of St. Ignatius High School Station of the Taipei Mass Rapid Transit System has been chosen for case study. This project used the bottom-up construction techniques with an excavation depth of 31.65 m in 11 stages. At the final stage of excavation, an accident of water and soils burst-in occurred in one section and induced a very large diaphragm deflection, some ground settlement and some minor damages of adjacent buildings. The complete record of diaphragm deflection was retrieved herein and back analysis was performed to simulate the field situations. Results obtained showed the significant changes of soil properties due to the influence of various constructional works.
Monitoring Displacement vs. Depth in Lateral Pile Load Tests Using Shape Accelerometer Arrays
Authors: Rollins K.  , Gerber T.  , Cummins C.  , Herbst M.
Published: February 2025

Shape accelerometer arrays provide an alternative to inclinometer probes for determining horizontal displacement versus depth profiles during lateral pile load tests. These arrays typically consist of triaxial chip-based accelerometers located at 0.3 m intervals within flexible waterproof tubing. These shape arrays can provide a continuous readout of displacement, velocity, acceleration, and rotation at each accelerometer location. Because the shape arrays are relatively new and have not been used for this application, their performance was evaluated relative to conventional inclinometer probes during a full-scale lateral pile load test. The test results indicate that the shape arrays can provide accuracy comparable to that from an inclinometer for static loadings, although some problems were noted in coupling the array to the installation pipe which could hinder dynamic measurements.
Equivalent granular state parameter and undrained responses for sand with fines
Authors: Rahman M.M.  , Lo S.R.
Published: February 2025

Recent publication reported that void ratio is not a good state variable for sand with fines. Thus, equivalent granular void ratio, e*has been proposed to resolve this problem. The Steady State data points in the e*−log(p′) space can be described by a single trend irrespective of fines content, fc, provided fc≤TFC. This single trend line is referred to equivalent granular steady state line, EG-SSL. However, whether the EG-SSL can be used within the context of critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) for predicting undrained behaviour has to be investigated. An equivalent granular state parameter, ψ*, defined using EG-SSL as the reference is proposed in this paper. It is found that ψ*can successfully predict undrained responses of sand with fines in undrained shearing.
Experiences from the installation of geotechnical instruments in dams
Authors: Papachatzaki Z.R.  , Anastasopoulos K.  , Oikonomidis C.  , Siachou S.  , Dounias G.
Published: February 2025

The paper presents experience gained with geotechnical instruments installed in several Greek dams that were built during the last few decades. The encountered problems and the applied practices are addressed. A list of many issues faced during installation and operation, according to the instrument type, is presented. Proposals are made in order to improve instrumentation practice.
Renforcement du sol support d'une voie ferroviaire existante par des colonnes de sol-ciment
Authors: Le Kouby A.  , Bourgeois E.  , Rocher-Lacoste F.
Published: February 2025

Dans le cadre du projet de recherche européen INNOTRACK, une expérimentation en vraie grandeur a été effectuée en collaboration entre la SNCF, la société SOLETANCHE-BACHY et le LCPC. Le site se trouve sur une voie de garage de la ligne TGV Nord. L'expérimentation avait pour but de montrer la faisabilité de la technique de renforcement des sols par des colonnes de sol-ciment ne remontant pas plus haut que la base de la couche de forme. Cette technique a l'avantage de limiter les durées de travaux de maintenance et par conséquent les interruptions de trafic. De plus, elle permet d'utiliser le sol en place, de limiter l'apport de matériau et de limiter la pollution du ballast. Elle constitue également une technique de renforcement alternative qui limiterait la formation de points durs préjudiciables à la couche de ballast.
Investigation the performance and limitations of fracture grouting in sand
Authors: El-Ashaal A.A.  , Abdel-Fattah A.  , Fayed A.L.  , Younes M.F.
Published: February 2025

Grouting was increasingly used as a remedial measure for handling the undesirable behaviour of problematic soils. The grouting acts as a soil improvement technique. Developing of new urban areas and utilizing several underground structures leads to introduce grouting techniques as a remedial tool. Although grouting has many different applications, but until now there is no agreement on specific guidelines for using it. In the present work; Fracture grouting process has been investigated in a laboratory model test. Twenty six tests had been performed in a sand mould of internal dimensions 1.40 m width, 1.60 m breadth and 0.70 m height. Various parameters were tested. Results showed that grouting efficiency was highly affected by soil density and as well as grout Rheology.
Control of groundwater aggression on an Egyptian temple
Authors: El Nimr A.  , Gabr A.
Published: February 2025

The city of Esna in Upper Egypt is built over a thick highly permeable fill layer. In the past decade, a new barrage was built across the River Nile leaving the city directly in the upstream side of the barrage. In the city center, a unique, of its architectural design, Pharos temple exists. The Temple stands about 12.00m below the ground level of the surrounding urbanized area. The increase of water level in the barrage upstream caused an increase in the groundwater level in the whole city. Due to the low level of the temple, a considerable amount of water continued to percolate towards the temple area and its surroundings causing rapidly increasing impacts on the temple walls. In order to diagnose the problem and recommend the solution, an intensive geotechnical study was undertaken. The soil in the top 30 meters was classified into three main layers. The top layer is a heterogeneous fill with very high hydraulic conductivity. This layer is followed by a silt layer with an almost uniform thickness of 10m. The silt layer rests on a sandy layer that extends till the end of executed borings. Two finite element programs were developed to study the groundwater condition in the present time as well as through the next 30 years. The outcome indicated that severe deterioration of the situation is foreseen. Alternative remedy scenarios were introduced. A conservative solution had to be recommended in order to preserve the high value temple.
Reinforcing effect of face bolts for tunneling -Application of X-ray CT and centrifuge model test-
Authors: Takano D.  , Otani J.  , Mukunoki T.  , Date K.  , Yokota Y.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this paper is firstly to simulate the tunnel face failure in laboratory with four cases of model tests by pulling out tunnel model from a sandy ground that are without using auxiliary method nor face bolting and using face bolting with three different lengths of bolts, and secondary, to investigate the behavior of model ground using X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner to visualize the failure zone in three dimensions. In addition to those results, a series of centrifuge model tests are conducted to confirm the results of X-ray CT test and also to discuss the ground behavior under full scale stress level. Finally, the effect of face bolting method is evaluated based on all the test results.
Microseismic monitoring and early warning of geohazards along railway lines in Norway
Authors: Cleave R.  , Myrvoll F.  , Nålsund R.
Published: February 2025

A section of Norway's northern railway network has for the last four years been used as a pilot site for a microseismic monitoring and early warning system. The 500 metre long section is vulnerable to ice and rock falls, and the early warning system has been designed to distinguish between passing trains, maintenance vehicles, low energy rock falls, electrical noise, and ice and rock falls of different categories. These categories correlate with the mass and position of the slide, based on data from both controlled and natural events. If a high energy ice or rock fall is recognised the train operator is warned. This work presents this test site as a case study, and examines several techniques that have been applied in recognising potentially harmful rock falls. These techniques include among others Page-Hinkley stopping rules, velocity mapping and time shifting, and analysis of spectral signatures. The practical challenges involved in implementing and maintaining such an early warning system are also discussed. The techniques examined here are assessed in terms of their applicability to other sites and other natural hazards.
Permanent ground deformations induced by reverse fault: evaluation of mitigation
Authors: Elsoud S.A.  , Rackwitz F.  , Savidis S.A.
Published: February 2025

Soil formations situated above a fault are often deformed by fault rupture propagation due to large earthquakes. This faulting often causes damage to underground lifelines, such as tunnels and pipelines, located in the shear zone formed by the fault movement. The paper studies the deformation behavior of the overburden soils and its influence on the buried structures by means of 2D FE simulations. The numerical model is validated using a case history from the literature, a tunnel cross section in Greece. A buried pipeline is modeled based on that validation. The effect of fault rupture on the movement of the free ground surface is studied first. The fault rupture – soil – pipeline interaction with and without mitigation measures is simulated afterwards. Based on the identified mechanisms, the application of all-around low density backfill or/and geogrid reinforcement beneath the buried pipeline is discussed. Results for various horizontal distances between the center of the pipeline and the fault tip are presented.
Vulnerability assessment to liquefaction hazard induced global climate change by using geo-information database
Authors: Murakami S.  , Yasuhara K.
Published: February 2025

The present study shows a procedure for liquefaction hazard mapping in consideration of global climate change has been proposed and its application of the method to vulnerability assessment to seismic geo-hazard induced by global climate change in a coastal region has been described. The objective region in this study is lowland that lies between the Tama river and Tsurumi river in Yokohama and Kawasaki city, Japan. There are approximately 700 locations of site investigations in the geo-information database. These data have been used for the groundwater flow analysis and liquefaction hazard. Finally, Vulnerability to liquefaction hazard in the objective region has been assessed by comparison of liquefaction hazard maps in the present situation and the future affected by global climate change.
The education of geotechnical engineers should incorporate risk management
Authors: van Tol A.F.  , Korff M.  , van Staveren M.Th.
Published: February 2025

The authors analysed about 50 deep excavations in the Netherlands, with failures in different degrees, ranging from very severe with large impact on the structure it self or on the surrounding, to only relatively small damage to the work or the built environment. The analyses show that in more than 60% the failures were not caused by lack of knowledge but simply by not (correctly) applying existing knowledge. Therefore, the challenge for the education of geotechnical engineering is to not only teach a good theoretical base, but also to learn the students to apply risk management during the entire design process. The paper shows how geotechnical risk management is taught at the Section of Geo-Engineering of the Delft University of Technology.
Bringing international practice to the geotechnical engineering classroom using video-conferencing
Authors: Hanson J.L.  , Kuraoka S.
Published: February 2025

This investigation was conducted to incorporate video-conferencing technology to permit international professional practitioner involvement into geotechnical engineering courses. The study was conducted as a collaboration between California Polytechnic State University (U.S.A.) and Nippon Koei Co., Ltd. (Japan). The initiative was originally established for the undergraduate Geotechnical Engineering Laboratory course and was expanded to include graduate level geotechnical engineering courses. Video conferencing was conducted between Nippon Koei offices and the classroom. The conferencing activities included a tour of laboratory facilities at the company and discussion of specific current geotechnical engineering projects. A laboratory and/or class assignment was developed for which Nippon Koei served as an external client. Students were required to submit their work to both the professor and the practitioner for review. Cross-cultural discussions at a professional level provided appreciation for standardized testing methods; the importance of research in civil engineering practice; inclusion of large-scale current case studies into classroom discussions; and differences in approaching design problems in different countries. The new teaching methodologies described in this paper (global video-conferencing with an international practitioner and practitioner review of assignments) are well suited for developing students' broad communication skills and providing global context for engineering problems. In addition, the methods have served well to expand technical content of courses related to analysis methodologies and instrumentation. Student evaluations indicated a high level of enjoyment and enhanced learning. Experiences, challenges, and opportunities associated with these teaching methodologies are described in the paper. Guidance is provided for successful implementation of such initiatives.
Geotechnical characterization of an unsaturated residual soil of granite from Pernambuco, Brazil
Authors: Silva M.M.  , Coutinho R.Q.
Published: February 2025

This work presents results of the geotechnical characterization of an unsaturated residual mature soil of granite involved in a landslide which occurred in the city of Camaragibe situated in Pernambuco, Brazil. The geotechnical characterization of this material was performed including physical characterization, soil-water characteristic curve and shear strength (saturated and unsaturated condition). The soil-water characteristic curve was obtained through filter paper method, Haines Funnel and Richards pressure Chamber. The shear strength parameters were determined using direct shear tests (saturated condition) and direct shear tests with controlled suction, with suction varying from 0 - 500kPa (unsaturated condition). The results were discussed and compared with literature presenting satisfactory values.
Performance of large diameter storage tank foundations on clay shale
Authors: Moore T.  , Sobkowicz J.  , Sission R.
Published: February 2025

Canadian Natural Resources Ltd. (CNRL) has constructed storage tanks up to 20 m high and 60 m in diameter over weak soils at their new Horizon Oil Sands Plant near Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada. A full-scale load test was performed to obtain physical data on soil behaviour in the area in which the tanks were to be constructed. The results of the load test were used to calibrate a finite difference model and to obtain realistic engineering parameters for the foundation soils. This model was then used during detailed design to predict foundation performance and to optimize the foundation design. The actual foundation performance was measured during hydro-testing of the tanks and compared to predicted behaviour.
TC5 – Environmental Geotechnics: activities in the period 2005–2009
Authors: Manassero M.  , Fratalocchi E.
Published: February 2025

This report gives details of the TC5 terms of reference, members and activities over the past 4 years, including information regarding conferences, symposia or workshops planned for the future. The report gives also details of the new chapters of the TC5 special publication, arising directly out of the work of TC5 during the last years. The publication deals with the main themes related to environmental geotechnics: waste disposal by landfills, remediation of contaminated soils and underwater geoenvironmental issues.
ISSMGE TC 33. Geotechnics of Soil Erosion
Authors: Briaud Jean-Louis
Published: February 2025

This is the report of activities from 2005 to 2009 for the Technical Committee number 33 (TC33) of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) entitled \ll Geotechnics of Soil Erosion \gg. This committee was created in 1997. From 2005 to 2009, TC33 hosted 2 international conferences: in 2006 in Amsterdam and in 2008 in Tokyo. A set of proceedings is available for each conference which are named International Conferences on Scour and Erosion (ICSE) and occur every two years. The 2010 conference (ICSE-5) will be in San Francisco, USA and the 2012 conference (ICSE-6) in Paris, France. The committe met in 2006 in Amsterdam and in 2008 in Tokyo. A series of short courses were also offered during the 2005-2009 period. The web site captures most of the activities of the committee at http://ceprofs.civil.tamu.edu/briaud/Scour-tc33
Three-dimensional desiccation modeling of very soft soils
Authors: Pak A.  , Samimi S.
Published: February 2025

Self-weight consolidation and desiccation phenomena of ultra soft soils and slurries have important implications in mining, coastal, and environmental engineering. Disposal of mine tailings behind tailings impoundments, transportation of dredged materials and land reclamation, and disposing of sludge in water/wastewater treatment facilities are some of the engineering applications where self-weight consolidation and desiccation of slurries are of concern. Numerical modeling of desiccation phenomenon is a relatively new subject that enables geotechnical engineers to better manage the large volume of mine tailings, dredged materials, and other slurries that are disposed in confined disposal facilities (CDFs). Sedimentation, consolidation, and desiccation are the consecutive processes that take place in CDFs and lead to considerable reduction in the volume of slurries. In this article, a developed finite difference code for modeling the desiccation phenomenon of very soft soils is described. In addition to simulating the volume change due to surface drying, the cracking process and the water loss from crack side-walls during three-dimensional desiccation has been taken into account. To do this, a new concept has been introduced and implemented into Abu-Hejleh and Znidarcic (1995) desiccation theory. By using this concept the need for direct in-situ measurements to obtain the model parameters can be eliminated. The results of the program have been verified against a number of experimental measurements.
Seismic analyses of shallow tunnels by dynamic centrifuge tests and finite elements
Authors: Bilotta Emilio  , Lanzano Giovanni  , Russo Gianpiero  , Silvestri Francesco  , Madabhushi Gopal
Published: February 2025

The increments of internal forces induced in a tunnel lining during earthquakes can be assessed with several procedures at different levels of complexity. However, the substantial lack of well-documented case histories still represents a difficulty in order to validate any of the methods proposed in literature. To bridge this gap, centrifuge model tests were carried out on a circular aluminium tunnel located at two different depths in dense and loose dry sand. Each model has been instrumented for measuring soil motion and internal loads in the lining and tested under several dynamic input signals. The tests performed represented an experimental benchmark to calibrate dynamic analyses with different approaches to account for soil-tunnel kinematic interaction.
Three-dimensional Large-scale test of soil-structure interface
Authors: Hou W.J.  , Feng D.K.  , Zhang G.  , Zhang J.M.
Published: February 2025

A large-scale test apparatus was designed and developed to investigate three-dimensional monotonic and cyclic behavior of soil-structure interfaces. Hydraulic servo controlled loading system can apply three-dimensional high loadings on soil-structure interfaces. A measurement system was also accommodated. The effectiveness and reliability of this apparatus was verified by a group of tests of the interface behavior between gravel and a steel plate.
Physical and numerical modeling of shear band formation
Authors: Katzenbach R.  , Bachmann G.  , Gutberlet C.
Published: February 2025

Failure in soils is directly coupled to the formation of shear bands disconnecting the evolving failure body from the remaining soil continuum. For the scientific examination of shear band formation concerning earth pressure, base and slope failure several series of model tests are carried out at the Institute and Laboratory of Geotechnics of Technische Universität Darmstadt. The basics of these model tests and evaluation techniques are presented as well as a selection of test and numerical results.
Effect evaluation of freeze-thaw action on hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated granular materials
Authors: Ishikawa T.  , Miura S.  , Tokoro T.
Published: February 2025

This paper proposes new testing methods for evaluating the effects of freeze-thaw action on the deformation-strength characteristics and water retention-permeability characteristics of granular materials in unsaturated conditions. A triaxial and a permeability apparatus, which have a cooling system to control the temperature of the soil specimen, were developed in order to examine the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils subjected to freeze-thaw sequence similar to that experienced by in-site soil in cold regions. Results indicate that the proposed testing methods with the newly developed test apparatuses are highly useful in the evaluation of the effects of the freeze-thaw action on the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated soils.
The evolution of grain-size distribution of sands under 1-D compression
Authors: Valore C.  , Ziccarelli M.
Published: February 2025

Results of a laboratory research programme on the crushing of dry sands compressed under one-dimensional conditions, at vertical effective stresses σ′vup to 120 MPa, are reported in the paper. Tests have been carried out on calcareous bioclastic and on quartz sands, with initial coefficient of uniformity Curanging from 1.10 to 1.42. The crushing of bioclastic sand particles is considerable even at low stresses, whilst for quartz sands it becomes appreciable for stresses higher than 10 MPa. It is shown that the evolution of the grain-size distribution of a given sand can be effectively represented by the following relation between the absolute value of the decrement of the generic characteristic diameter ΔDiand σ′v:ΔDi=h/(K(1+Ce−hlgσ′)), where C, h, K are parameters depending upon the nature and the initial grain-size distribution of the sand. This Verhulst type relation properly accounts for the existence of an upper limit to ΔDi. The analysis of published data shows that this type of relation also applies for other, quite different, sands.
Natural weathering of geosynthetics in Portugal
Authors: Carneiro J.R.  , Almeida P.J.  , Lopes M.L.
Published: February 2025

This paper reports research about the resistance of geosynthetics against weathering. Several geotextiles, geonets and geomembranes were exposed to natural weathering conditions in Portugal. The degradation suffered by the geosynthetics was evaluated by tensile tests and by scanning electron microscopy.
Pull-out behavior of an innovative Grid-Anchor system
Authors: Hataf N.  , Sadr A.
Published: February 2025

With increasing use of geosynthetics in earth structures the need to develop more efficient reinforcement elements becomes evident. In this paper an innovative geogrid system is introduced and tested. The pull-out test has been used to highlight the capabilities of the product. Experimental investigation along with numerical studies using a finite element computer code was carried out. It was found that the ultimate pull-out resistance of Grid-Anchor is more than that for ordinary geogrid. Analytical study has been performed and the effect of anchor group on the ultimate resistance of geogrid was investigated.
An Aspect-Oriented Approach for Software Security Hardening: from Design to Implementation
Authors: Mouheb Djedjiga  , Talhi Chamseddine  , Mourad Azzam  , Lima Vitor  , Debbabi Mourad  , Wang Lingyu  , Pourzandi Makan
Published: February 2025

Security is a very challenging task in software engineering. Enforcing security policies should be taken care of during the early phases of the software development life cycle to prevent security breaches in the final product. Since security is a crosscutting concern that pervades the entire software, integrating security solutions at the software design level may result in scattering and tangling security features throughout the entire design. To address this issue, we propose in this paper an aspect-oriented approach for specifying and enforcing security hardening solutions. This approach provides software designers with UML-based capabilities to perform security hardening in a clear and organized way, at the UML design level, without the need to be security experts. We also present the SHP profile, a UML-based security hardening language to describe and specify security hardening solutions at the UML design level. Finally, we explore the efficiency and the relevance of our approach by applying it to a real world case study and present the experimental results.
A Formal Verification Approach of Conversations in Composite Web Services Using NuSMV
Authors: Kova Melissa  , Bentahar Jamal  , Maamar Zakaria  , Yahyaoui Hamdi
Published: February 2025

Web service composition is currently a very focused-on topic of research, with many studies being proposed by academic and industrial research groups. This paper discusses the design and verification of behavior of composite Web services. We model composite Web services based on two behaviors, namely control and operational. These behaviors communicate through conversation messages. We use state charts to model composite Web services and verify the synchronization of the conversations among them using symbolic model checking with NuSMV.
mWater: a Sandbox for Agreement Technologies
Authors: Garrido Antonio  , Giret Adriana  , Noriega Pablo
Published: February 2025

The management of natural resources is an intricate and consequential task. In particular, water management is at the forefront of public policy priorities in many countries because of its growing scarcity and its considerable economic and social implications. At the core of water policy is the need to foster a more rational use of the resource, and one way of fostering efficiency might be the creation of an agile market of water rights. However, the design and operation of such a market is not an easy endeavor because it needs to coexist in a complex social and legal framework that has evolved to address the different and often conflicting objectives of the many stakeholders involved. We are approaching this problem by building an open multi-agent system, mWater, that is designed as a regulated environment where autonomous agents trade rights for the use of water in a closed basin. mWater is intended as a sophisticated simulator of the demand component of a basin for the design and testing of water management policies, as a test case for a potential actual market and as a sandbox for the development of agreement technologies. This paper outlines the aims of the mWater system, describes its core institutional components and indicates its potential use for the development and testing of technologies involved in the processes of reaching and fulfilling agreements.
Connected arrays of dipoles for telecom and radar applications: the solution for the common mode problem
Authors: Gerini Giampiero  , Cavallo Daniele  , Neto Andrea  , van den Bogaart Frank
Published: February 2025

The constantly increasing demand of advanced sensors and communications systems aboard of military platforms (ships, UAVs, aircraft, land vehicles, etc.) requires a high number of antennas, covering a very wide frequency spectrum. At the same time, the new platform concepts, dictated by an Integrated Topside Design approach, impose a very high level of structural integration of the antenna systems. The overall platform is designed keeping into account many different parameters including Radar Cross Section (RCS), Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), vulnerability etc. From an antenna system point of view, this translates into the necessity of developing antennas easy to be structurally integrated into different platforms and capable of combining more RF functions into the same aperture. In other words: wide-band active electronically scanned array antennas, preferably in planar printed technology which allows low weight, low profile and low costs. In this contribution, the development of a 6–9 GHz prototype array of dual-polarized connected dipoles is presented and discussed in detail. An analysis of spurious common-mode excitation is carried out and a novel design of a resonance-free connected array is presented.
Sunflower antenna: synthesis of sparse planar arrays for satellite applications
Authors: Viganò Maria C.  , Mangenot Cyril  , Toso Giovanni  , Caille Gerard  , Roederer Antoine G.  , Lager Ioan E.  , Ligthart Leo P.
Published: February 2025

This paper gives an overview of recent advancements on the design of an innovative sparse array for multibeam satellite applications. Just using a non-uniform placement of the radiators, without resorting to any excitation taper, an array antenna able to satisfy stringent requirements in terms of sidelobe level and beamwidth has been designed. In order to reduced the number of active controls, differently sized sub-arrays, composed of 1, 2 or 3 elementary square array tiles, are used in the design.
The relativity of bandwidth – the pursuit of truly ultra wideband radiators
Authors: Tran Dani P.  , Coman Cristian  , Tanyer-Tigrek Fatma M.  , Szilagyi Andrei  , Simeoni Massimiliano  , Lager Ioan E.  , Ligthart Leo P.  , van Genderen Piet
Published: February 2025

An overview on the design of increasingly wider bandwidth radiators that are amenable to being integrated in array configurations is presented. The initial step is represented by moderate bandwidth radiator of the cavity backed patch antennas. The bandwidth characteristics are then substantially increased by combining coplanar waveguide (CPW) feedings and profiled dipoles, the result being radiators with unprecedented performances. This type of radiators are further refined for improving their time-domain adequacy or for ensuring intrinsic filtering properties.
DEM analysis of geotextile-soil interaction under wheel loading
Authors: Bhandari A.  , Han J.  , Parsons R.L.
Published: February 2025

The use of geosynthetic above subgrade or within base course has demonstrated their success on reducing rut depth and prolonging pavement life. Experimental studies showed that geosynthetics can minimize the movement of particles in the base course. A new performance-based method was developed by the authors to modify an Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) that measures the rut depth of the geosynthetic-reinforced base for a desired number of wheel passes to evaluate geosynthetic-soil interaction. In this study, numerical software-Particle Flow Code (PFC) 2D, which is based on discrete element modeling (DEM) of micromechanics, was used to simulate this performance-based test to investigate the geotextile-soil interaction. The analysis was focused on the effect of geotextile location and packing density of particles on the rut depth of geotextile-reinforced bases. A similar approach can be used to evaluate geogrid-soil interaction. The results and phenomena from the numerical analysis are discussed and compared with experimental data. The behavior of unreinforced and geotextile-reinforced bases is captured qualitatively by DEM for medium dense particle assembly as compared with the experimental data. It is observed that the geotextile helped distribute contact forces to a wider area.
Land Cover and Coast Line Change Detection by Using Object Oriented Image Processing in Alaçatı, Turkey
Authors: Güçlüer Dolunay  , Bayram Bülent  , Maktav Derya
Published: February 2025

The chosen study area Alaçatı is one of the most significant tourist regions in Turkey. Due to its natural and geographical characteristics it faces different threats, such as coastline changes by moving solid matter or formation of filled areas caused by anthropogenic effects. The detection of the coastline and land cover changes in Alaçatı has been investigated by using multitemporal satellite images, such as CORONA of 1963, LANDSAT of 1987 and 2000, and ASTER of 2007. Object oriented remote sensing software was used. This software is preferred due to its capability of generating fuzzy segmentation and classification by using both texture and reflection attributes of images and also for different types of data. Thus, the purpose of this study was to establish a basis for planning of preventing Alaçatı region.