bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of a Broad-Spectrum PCR Assay for Human Papillomaviruses in Screening Benign Lesions of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract
Authors: Fischer Markus
Published: November 2005

Background: A variety of different human papillomavirus (HPV) types can be found in benign and malignant lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract. Therefore a broad-spectrum assay is needed for screening reasons. Methods: A PCR system with degenerate consensus primers originating from a very conserved region (e.g. L1) of the HPV genome was applied. The sensitivity level was improved by combining PCR and nested PCR. Results: A total of 27 biopsies from laryngeal papillomas (9), exophytic (3) and inverted (6) papillomas of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses, papillomas of the uvula or soft palate (5), leukoplakias of the larynx (2), seborrheic keratosis (1) and granulation tumor of the tongue (1) were analyzed by the broad-spectrum PCR system. Sixteen cases showed a positive result in either PCR or nested PCR or both. Conclusions: It was shown that the applied broad-spectrum PCR system is a reliable tool in the detection of HPV DNA in benign lesions of the upper aerodigestive tract.
Hemispheric Difference in Activation Patterns of Human Auditory-Associated Cortex: An fMRI Study
Authors: Hwang Juen-Haur , Wu Chang-Wei , Chou Pao-Hsuan , Liu Tien-Chen , Chen Jyr-Horng
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate interhemispheric differences in activation patterns of the auditory-associated cortex elicited by a series of sounds. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed while different sounds were presented binaurally to 10 healthy subjects with normal hearing. Characteristic activation patterns were elicited although variability was shown between subjects. The activation number was significantly higher on the right than on the left side for non-speech (but not for speech) stimulations. As stimulation increased in complexity (from a pure tone to white noise to ocean wave sounds to classical music), the activation pattern of the superior temporal lobe became more pronounced in both hemispheres while that of the auditory cortex tended to become more sustained and concentrated on the right rather than on the left side. No hemispheric differences in activation pattern were seen in response to speech.
Conversion of Mild Cognitive Impairment to Dementia: Predictive Role of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes and Vascular Risk Factors
Authors: Ravaglia Giovanni , Forti Paola , Maioli Fabiola , Martelli Mabel , Servadei Lucia , Brunetti Nicoletta , Pantieri Gaia , Mariani Erminia
Published: November 2005

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is regarded as a precursor to dementia, but not all patients with MCI develop dementia. We followed up 165 elderly outpatients with MCI for a mean of 3 years. The aims were (1) to investigate the risk of conversion to dementia for different MCI subtypes diagnosed according to standardized criteria (amnestic; impairment of memory plus other cognitive domains; nonamnestic); (2) to assess whether the risk of conversion was affected by several established and emerging vascular risk factors. Forty-eight subjects (29%) converted to dementia, and the risk of conversion was doubled for amnestic MCI with respect to the other subtypes. Independently of MCI subtype, risk of conversion was associated with atrial fibrillation and low serum folate levels. Our results show that current diagnostic criteria for MCI define heterogeneous populations, but some potentially treatable vascular risk factors may be of help in predicting conversion to dementia.
Early-Onset Dementia: Frequency and Causes Compared to Late-Onset Dementia
Authors: McMurtray Aaron , Clark David G. , Christine Dianne , Mendez Mario F.
Published: November 2005

Background: Research on the epidemiology of dementia has focused on the elderly. Few investigations have studied differences in etiologic frequencies between early-onset dementia (EOD), with onset at an age of less than 65 years old, and the more common late-onset disorder. Objectives: To determine relative frequencies and characteristics of EOD versus late-onset dementia (LOD; age of onset ≧65 years) diagnosed in a large memory disorders program over a 4-year period. Methods: We reviewed medical records, including an extensive neurobehavioral and neurological evaluation, of all patients seen at a large Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center Memory Disorders clinic between 2001 and 2004 and assessed demographic variables, final diagnoses, presence of dementia, and differential diagnosis of dementing illnesses. Results: Among 1,683 patients presenting for evaluation of an acquired decline in memory or cognition, 948 (56%) met established clinical criteria for a dementing illness. About 30% (n = 278) of these had an age of onset of <65 years, compared to 670 with LOD. Patients were predominantly male (98%). Compared to the late-onset group, the EOD patients were less severely impaired on presentation, but they did not differ in gender distribution or educational background. The EOD group had significantly more dementia attributed to traumatic brain injury, alcohol, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and frontotemporal lobar degeneration compared to the LOD patients. In contrast, the LOD group had significantly more Alzheimer’s disease compared to the EOD group. Conclusions: This study, conducted at a Veterans Affairs Hospital, is the largest series to date on EOD, and found a previously unexpectedly large number of patients below the age of 65 with cognitive deficits and impaired functioning consequent to head trauma, alcohol abuse, and HIV. These findings highlight the differential distribution and importance of preventable causes of dementia in the young.
Age-Related Changes in Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity of Male C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Dalm Sergiu , Enthoven Leo , Meijer Onno C. , van der Mark Maaike H. , Karssen Adriaan M. , de Kloet E. Ron , Oitzl Melly S.
Published: November 2005

As there is little known about age-related changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis of mice, we determined the daily patterns of corticosterone secretion every 2 h, together with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release and central HPA axis markers in the morning and evening of 3-, 9- and 16-month-old male C57BL/6J mice. We observed that: (i) corticosterone secretion showed a distinct age-related circadian pattern. During the light period this was expressed by relative hypercorticism in 9-month-old mice and relative hypocorticism in 16-month-old mice. ACTH was elevated at 16 months of age; (ii) mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) mRNA expression in the hippocampus was significantly decreased in 9-month-old mice, whereas in 16-month-old mice, expression was similar to young animals. Circadian variation was modest in all age groups; (iii) the parvocellular hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) expressed very high vasopressin mRNA, which was subject to circadian variation in 3- and 9-month-old mice. Furthermore, significant levels of MR mRNA were expressed in the PVN. In conclusion, basal HPA axis activity and expression of its central regulatory markers are age-dependent in mice. This suggests that the capacity to adjust to environmental demands is either a function of age, or depends on different dynamics of the HPA axis.
Management of Benign Stenoses of the Large Airways in the University Hospital in Prague, Czech Republic, in 1998–2003
Authors: Marel Miloslav , Pekarek Zdenek , Spasova Irena , Pafko Pavel , Schutzner Jan , Betka Jan , Pospisil Ronald
Published: November 2005

Background: Clinically significant benign stenoses of the large airways develop in about 1% of patients after intubation. The management of benign stenoses is not unified around the world, nor are there any accepted methods for their screening. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to describe and compare results of interventional bronchoscopy and surgical therapy of benign stenoses as well as to propose an algorithm for the management of this airways disorder. Methods: Prospective study on 80 consecutive patients with benign stenoses of the large airways admitted to the Pulmonary Department of the University Hospital of Prague-Motol. Results: Sixty-two patients developed stenoses after endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy, in 18 patients the stenosis was caused by other diseases or pathological situations. Thirty-eight patients were sent for surgical resection of the stenotic part of the airways. 2 surgically treated patients developed recurrence of the stenosis and had to be reoperated on. Narrowing of the trachea at the site of end-to-end anastomosis developed in 6 other patients and was cured by interventional bronchoscopy. The remaining 42 patients were treated by interventional bronchoscopy (Nd-YAG laser, electrocautery, stent) which was curative in 35 patients. Sixty-five patients were alive at the time of evaluation, 15 patients died. Five of them died between 3 and 14 (median 4) months after surgery from a disease other than airway stenosis. Ten nonresected patients also died, with 1 exception, due to a disease other than airway stenosis; the median survival was 9 months. Conclusions: We recommend to assess the patient for surgery after the initial diagnosis and therapeutic bronchoscopy with dilatation of the stenosis. If the patient is not a suitable candidate for resection, interventional bronchoscopy is an appropriate alternative for the management of benign stenoses of the large airways.
Vascular-Specific Growth Factor mRNA Levels in the Human Diaphragm
Authors: Alexopoulou Christina , Mitrouska Ioanna , Arvanitis Dimitrios , Tzanakis Nikolaos , Chalkiadakis George , Melissas John , Zervou Maria , Siafakas Nikolaos
Published: November 2005

Backround: Angiogenesis is an adaptation mechanism of skeletal muscles to increased load. Animal data have shown increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) mRNA levels in the diaphragm as a result of increased minute ventilation, but there are no data concerning the human diaphragm. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the VEGF, bFGF, TGF-β1 mRNA levels in the human diaphragm of normal subjects and patients with altered respiratory mechanics. Methods: We studied 9 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 4 obese patients and 12 controls. We performed multiplex semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to determine the VEGF, bFGF and TGF-β1 mRNA levels in specimens taken from their diaphragm. Results: VEGF mRNA levels were 18% higher in COPD patients compared with controls (p = 0.04), while for the obese patients, these levels were not statistically significantly different. bFGF and TGF-β1 mRNA levels in COPD patients or obese individuals compared with controls did not differ significantly either. Conclusions: The results of our study showed that TGF-β1, VEGF and bFGF mRNA was detected in the human diaphragm. The VEGF levels were higher in COPD patients than in normal subjects. This upregulation of VEGF may suggest an enhancement of angiogenesis in the diaphragm in COPD patients.
Two Full-Term Pregnancies in a Patient with Mitochondrial Myopathy and Chronic Ventilatory Insufficiency
Authors: Díaz-Lobato Salvador , Gómez Mendieta Maria A. , Moreno García María S. , Mayoralas-Alises Sagrario , Arpa Gutierrez Francisco J.
Published: November 2005

Mitochondrial myopathies are a group of diseases characterized by metabolic defects at the mitochondrial respiratory chain level which result in impaired oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. As with other neuromuscular diseases, respiratory muscles can be affected and ventilatory failure may occur. There have been isolated case reports of pregnant patients with ventilatory failure due to neuromuscular diseases such as polio and spinal muscular atrophy. We describe the case of a 34-year-old patient with mitochondrial myopathy and ventilatory failure requiring non-invasive ventilation who carried two pregnancies to term with no complications. We have not found a similar case in the literature.
ASEAN After the Bali Summit 2003: From Paralysis to New Life?
Authors: Freistein Katja
Published: November 2005

The question whether ASEAN has managed to recover from the Asian crisis has received much interest over the last years. The present contribution to the debate is made through an analysis of the prospects for change after the Bali Summit in 2003, with a focus on attempts to enforce stronger regional cohesion. In a joint effort to revive Southeast and East Asian regionalism, the ASEAN states proclaimed the goal to become an 'Economic and Security Community'. While the indicated reforms concentrate mainly on the economic and, secondarily, on the security sectors, the papers argues that matters of social cohesion are also a relevant factor in the making of a regional community. After a short introduction on post-crisis politics, the article examines the concrete measures proposed in the Bali Declaration and their potential to reform ASEAN. The main argument is that regional co-operation can only be successful if internal divides are mitigated and if a stronger normative consensus can be found so as to create a collective identity among the member states.
Bilateral Free Trade Agreements: Boon or Bane for Regionalism in East Asia and the Asia-pacific?
Authors: Dent Christopher
Published: November 2005

Since the late 1990s there has been a rapid proliferation of bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) projects in East Asia and the Asia-Pacific, regions previously largely devoid of FTA activity by comparison to others. As this trend has intensified, so have discussions on whether it will help advance regional co-operation and integration. This paper examines the nature of FTAs themselves and the main causes of East Asia and Asia-Pacific FTAs. The 'lattice regionalism' hypothesis is considered: whether dense economic bilateralism provides a sub-structural foundation on which economic regionalism (i.e. co-operation and integration) can build. Closely related is the issue of competing FTA models and modalities in the Asia-Pacific, and special attention is afforded to the 'asymmetric neoliberal' FTA model of the United States and the 'developmental–industrial' FTA model championed by Japan. It is argued that the contrasts between these make the emergence of an Asia-Pacific FTA unlikely in even the distant future. Japan's FTA model is also considered relative to perhaps East Asia's most important FTA project, the ASEAN–China FTA (ACFTA), and we discuss how bilateral FTA developments in the region more generally may or may not lead to enhanced regional economic co-operation and integration in East Asia.
Directive Versus Participative Leadership: Two Complementary Approaches to Managing School Effectiveness
Authors: Somech Anit
Published: November 2005

Purpose: The educational literature reflects the widely shared belief that participative leadership has an overwhelming advantage over the contrasting style of directive leadership in organizational and team effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to examine the relative effect of a directive leadership approach as compared with a participative leadership approach on school-staff teams’ motivational mechanisms (empowerment and organizational commitment) and effectiveness (team in-role performance and team innovation).

Method: Data, which were obtained through a survey, were collected from 140 teams selected from 140 different elementary schools in northern Israel.

Results: The results of the Structural Equation Model indicated a positive relation between directive leadership and organizational commitment, as well as a positive relation between directive leadership and school-staff team in-role performance. In addition, organizational commitment served as a mediator in the directive leadership-performance relationship. With respect to participative leadership, the results indicated a positive relation between participative leadership and teachers’ empowerment, and a positive relation between participative leadership and school-staff team innovation, and empowerment served as a mediator in the participative leadership-innovation relationship.

Implications: These results suggested that managing tensions between directive and participative activities, bottom-up and top-down processes, and flexibility and discipline may provide a key to teachers’ high performance.
Community development across borders
Authors: Dominelli Lena
Published: November 2005

Community development (CD) has a long tradition of crossing borders through initiatives that transfer lessons across them. Some of these have been mutually bene.cial. Others have not. In this article this transposition of CD models is problematized, together with a consideration of how such exchanges might avoid becoming exploitative and/or disrespectful of local needs.

French

Le dé veloppement communautaire (DC) a une longue tradition de traversé e des frontiè res par l'entremise d'initiatives visant à transfé rer certains apprentissages d'un lieu à un autre. Certaines de ces initiatives ont é té mutuellement bé né fiques d'autres pas. Cet article problé matise ces transpositions de modè les de dé veloppement communautaire et examine comment de tels é changes peuvent é viter l'exploitation et le manque de respect des besoins locaux.

Spanish

El desarrollo comunitario (DC) tiene una enorme tradición en las fronteras a travé s de iniciativas que transfieren lecciones a travé s de é l. Algunas de estas han sido mutuamente bené ficas. Otras no lo han sido. Aquí, se problematiza esta transposición de los modelos de desarrollo comunitario y se considera cómo puede evitarse que estos intercambios se conviertan en expoliativos y/o irrespetuosos con las necesidades locales.
The evaluation of a social work program in a hospital-based family practice unit in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Crighton Eric J. , Creighton Elizabeth , Drummond Neil
Published: November 2005

English

This article explores clients' perceptions of a family practice-based social work program as a step towards better understanding the feasibility of social work as an integral part of primary care. Results revealed that the program was effective in helping clients to deal with their situation, and overall a high level of satisfaction with the service was reported. These results highlight the potential bene.ts of family practice-based social work programs.

French

Cette é tude explore les perceptions des clients quant à un programme de travail social en pratique familiale. Il s'agit d'un pas en avant dans une compré hension de la faisabilité d'inté grer, à part entiè re, le travail social au aux soins primaires. Les ré sultats ré vè lent l'efficacité de l'aide apporté e aux clients pour faire face à leur situation dans le cadre d'un tel programme inté gré . Un haut niveau de satisfaction des services offerts a é té rapporté . Ces ré sultats mettent en valeur les bé né fices potentiels d'un programme de travail social axé sur une pratique familiale.

Spanish

Se exploraron las percepciones de los clientes de un programa de trabajo social basado en una clínica de medicina familiar, con el objetivo de entender mejor la viabilidad del trabajo social como parte integral del cuidado primario. Los resultados revelaron que el programa era efectivo en ayudar a los clientes a bregar con su situación. Revelaron tambié n un alto nivel de satisfacción con los servicios. Los resultados iluminan los beneficios potenciales de programas de trabajo social basados en clínicas de medicina familiar.
Guatemalan perceptions of adoption
Authors: Wilson Samantha L. , Gibbons Judith L.
Published: November 2005

Twenty-three Guatemalan adults were interviewed concerning their attitudes towards adoption. It was found that a majority saw adoption as generally positive. Regarding adoptions by US couples, Guatemalan respondents expressed concern about adoptees experiencing a loss of culture. Barriers to within-country adoptions included 'machismo' and the extensive legal work required.

French

Vingt-trois adultes guaté maliens é taient interviewé concernant leurs attitudes face à l'adoption. La recherche ré vè le que la majorité perc¸ oivent l'adoption de fac¸ on gé né ralement positive. Ils expriment toutefois des ré serves quant à l'adoption de guaté maliens par des couples amé ricains, les enfants adopté s risquant de perdre leur culture. Les barriè res à l'adoption à l'inté rieur du pays incluent le 'machisme' et un travail lé gal considé rable.

Spanish

Entrevistamos a 23 adultos guatemaltecos respecto a sus actitudes hacia la adopcio´ n. Hallamos que la mayoría percibe la adopción como positiva. Respecto a la adopción por parte de parejas estadounidenses, los guatemaltecos expresaron preocupación de que los adoptados perdieran su cultura. Dentro del mismo país, la adopción se enfrenta con barreras de tipo 'machista' y de tipo burocrá tico-legal.
Interventions for street children
Authors: Dybicz Phillip
Published: November 2005

Three perspectives concerning interventions for street children are examined: consumers, professional wisdom and research. Most professional literature to date has concentrated solely on describing this population. Consequently, the knowledge base on intervention strategies for street children remains at a nascent stage of development.

French

Cet article examine trois perspectives concernant les interventions auprè s des enfants de la rue: les usagers, le savoir-faire professionnel et la recherche. Jusqu'à ce jour, la litté rature professionnelle s'est essentiellement borné e á dé crire ce groupe-cible. Il en ré sulte que le savoir sur les straté gies d'intervention auprè s des enfants de la rue n'en est encore qu'à l'é tape du dé veloppement.

Spanish

Se examinan tres perspectivas concernientes a las intervenciones en el problema de los ninños de la calle: la de los consumidores, la de la sabiduría profesional, y la de la investigación. Hasta ahora la mayor parte de la literatura profesional se ha limitado a describir esta población. Consecuentemente, el conocimiento base respecto a estrategias de intervención en este problema está naciendo todavía.
A reanalysis of the IASSW World Census 2000
Authors: Barretta-Herman Angeline
Published: November 2005

English

This reanalysis by region pro.les social work education in 392 programs worldwide. The data veri.ed the .rm base of social work education at universities; demonstrated remarkable consistency across all regions in curriculum structure, pedagogy and content; and con.rmed a strong international perspective through multiple faculty and program exchanges.

French

Cette nouvelle analyse, par ré gion, trace le profil de l'enseignement en travail social dispensé par 392 programmes à l'é chelle mondiale. Les donné es corroborent que les programmes d'enseignement en travail social sont bien é tablis au niveau universitaire; elles dé montrent é galement une remarquable homogé né ité à travers les ré gions tant du point de vue de la structure des programmes, de la pé dagogie que du contenu; et confirment en outre qu'il existe de ré elles perspectives internationales par l'entremise des nombreux é changes entre programmes et faculté s.

Spanish

Se examina la educación del trabajo social en 392 programas a travé s de todo el mundo. Los datos verificaron la firme base que tiene el trabajo social en las universidades; demostraron asimismo, a travé s de todas las regiones, una gran coherencia de estructura curricular, pedagogía, y contenido; tambié n se confirmóuna fuerte perspectiva internacional a travé s de mu´ ltiples intercambios de programas y profesorado.
Schools of social work and the nature of their foreign collaborations
Authors: Cornelius Llewellyn J. , Greif Geoffrey L.
Published: November 2005

English

US schools of social work were surveyed to determine the extent of their collaborations with social work programs outside the US. One school of social work's experiences with collaborations with a school in India and a school in Ghana are described. Recommendations for future collaborations are given.

French

Nous avons passé en revue les é coles de travail social é tats-uniennes afin de dé terminer la porté e de leur collaboration avec des programmes de travail social hors frontiè res. Nous dé crivons par la suite les expé riences de collaboration de une é cole de travail social avec une é cole en Inde et une au Ghana. Des recommandations pour des projets de collaborations futurs sont donné es.

Spanish

Investigamos escuelas de trabajo social en los Estados Unidos para determinar los alcances de sus colaboraciones con programas de trabajo social fuera de los Estados Unidos. Despué s, se describen las experiencias de una escuela de trabajo social con colaboraciones con una escuela en India y otra en Ghana. Ademá s se ofrecen recomendaciones para futuras colaboraciones.
A model for using videoconferencing technology to support international social work field practicum students
Authors: Panos Patrick T.
Published: November 2005

English

Around one in .ve US accredited schools of social work are currently placing students in international .eld placements. Providing adequate supervision strains these programs. This study proposes a triad model of videoconferencing supervision and reports the responses of students in international placements, their agencies and university supervisors.

French

Environ un cinquiè me des é coles de travail social accré dité es aux Etats-Unis offrent des stages internationaux à leurs é tudiants. Fournir la supervision approprié e met de la stresse sur ces programmes. Cet article propose un modè le de supervision par vidé oconfé rence (triad) et discute les opinions sur ce modè le des é tudiants en stages, de leurs agences, et des superviseurs des université s.

Sapanish

Aproximadamente una de cada cinco escuelas de trabajo social, acreditada en los Estados Unidos, ubican estudiantes en campos internacionales. Mediante una adecuada supervisión se pueden filtrar estos programas. Este estudio propone un modelo tríada de supervisión mediante videoconferencia y reportes de los estudiantes ubicados en campos internacionales, sus agencias y los supervisores universitarios.
How Do Commercial Institutions Promote Peace?
Authors: Bearce David H. , Omori Sawa
Published: November 2005

The commercial institutional peace research program has provided empirical evidence that such regional institutions help reduce the incidence of militarized interstate conflict. But it remains unclear how regional commercial institutions produce their observed pacific effect. This article examines three different causal arguments to explain the commercial institutional peace. First, commercial institutions simply increase the economic opportunity costs of war for the state. Second, some commercial institutions provide information to member-states about the military capabilities of other institutional participants, which may make their bargaining for peace more efficient. Third, many commercial institutions bring high-level state leaders together on a regular basis, building trust to overcome certain commitment problems in international bargaining. The statistical results show empirical support for only the third explanation. Commercial institutions with more organs for high-level state leaders demonstrate a substantively strong and statistically significant effect in reducing the outbreak of military conflict. But commercial institutions with deeper economic integration and nested military–security structures are not associated with less military conflict. Together, these results suggest that the observed commercial institutional peace does not stem from economic integration per se, but rather from certain institutional structures that often accompany the regional integration process. Thus, the commercial institutional peace appears more related to the third leg of the Kantian tripod (international organizations) than to the second leg (international commerce).
Insurgency and the Opening of Peace Processes
Authors: Bapat Navin A.
Published: November 2005

One of the most striking features of insurgency is how infrequently the two sides attempt peaceful negotiation. Very often, the government refuses to grant the insurgents legitimacy as a bargaining partner. Yet, some conflicts do reach a point at which the two sides open negotiation. This article seeks to develop an explanation of the timing of negotiation during insurgency. Using a game theoretic model, this article concludes that for negotiation to take place, the insurgents must be able to survive their initial vulnerability. In the early stages of the insurgency, the government is likely to use all of its resources to repress the group. In most cases, such efforts will be successful. However, if the insurgency persists, the insurgents' capability will grow with time. By continuing to fight the government, the insurgents will begin adapting to government tactics. If the insurgents survive a certain period of fighting, a window for negotiation is likely to emerge. If the government fails to repress the insurgents early, it may be forced to negotiate under less favorable circumstances later in the conflict. However, if negotiations fail, the window will close, owing to the increasing power of the insurgents. If the insurgents develop a belief of invulnerability, the group will no longer believe it needs to negotiate with the government. These predictions are tested using duration analysis on a set of insurgencies from the State Failure Data from 1955 to 2001.
Reparations After Identity Politics
Authors: Balfour Lawrie
Published: November 2005

The end of the twentieth century witnessed a resurgence of demands for reparations for slavery and segregation in the United States. At the same time, a chorus of prominent political theorists warned against the threat “identity politics” poses for democratic politics. This essay considers whether it is possible to construct an argument for reparations that responds to these concerns, particularly as they are articulated by Wendy Brown. To do so, I explore how Brown’s analysis of the dangers of political organizing around“wounded identities” and of appealing to the state for redress might inform and be informed by arguments for black reparations.
“A Monkish Kind of Virtue”? For and Against Humility
Authors: Button Mark
Published: November 2005

Over the past several decades, scholars of liberal and democratic theory have shown a heightened interest in the role that various virtues might play in promoting the good/free society. Yet within this recent “return” to the virtues, one quality that has been almost entirely left out of the discussion is humility. In this essay, I critically address this lacuna and offer a defense of a particular form of humility, what I call democratic humility. After considering a range of moral and political objections to the concept of humility, I provide an account that seeks to address some of these long-standing difficulties while arguing that the idea of humility, recuperated as an ethos of civic attentiveness, may be one of the most important virtues for late-modern societies marked by ethical and cultural pluralism.
Predictors of Perceived Health Status of Tuberculosis-Infected Homeless
Authors: Nyamathi Adeline , Berg Jill , Jones Tonia , Leake Barbara
Published: November 2005

This study examines the predictors of perceived health status among homeless adults with latent tuberculosis (TB) in Los Angeles, especially in relation to gender differences. Total, 415 men and women enrolled in a TB-adherence trial completed baseline assessments concerning health status. Results indicated that women were more likely than men to report being in fair or poor health and to have experienced health problems. More women than men self-reported daily drug use and poor mental health. Homeless women were also more likely than their male counterparts to receive support from non–drug-users. Homeless adults who reported fair or poor health were also more likely than those who reported better health to have used injection drugs, to report experiencing depressive symptoms and poor mental health, and to have been homeless more than 3 years. Predictors of fair or poor health included being female and experiencing more depressive symptoms.
The Phenomenology of Deciding About Hemodialysis Among Taiwanese
Authors: Lin Chiu-Chu , Lee Bih-O , Hicks Frank D.
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe the experience of making hemodialysis choices among Taiwanese with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method, 12 ESRD patients provided in-depth, audiotaped interviews that were then transcribed and analyzed. The results of the data analysis revealed three broad categories and ten themes. The first category, confronting the dialysis treatment, included four themes: fear caused by false beliefs, a sense of threat to life, concern about the impairment of self-concept, and fear of physical limitations. The second category, seeking further information, included three themes: getting opinions of family members, seeking professional confirmation, and exploring alternative treatments. The third category, living with dialysis, included three themes: worsening symptoms, support of the family, and law of causation. These categories and themes revealed the difficulties that ESRD patients dealt with and the influence these difficulties and their culture had on the treatment choice.
African American Women’s Coping with Health Care Prejudice
Authors: Benkert Ramona , Peters Rosalind M.
Published: November 2005

African American clients have reported racism and prejudice in health care; yet there is limited documentation of the strategies used to cope with these experiences. This study describes African American women’s perceptions of prejudice in health care and the strategies used to cope with the experiences. This qualitative study used the constructivist perspective of interpretive interactionism for paradigmatic and methodological guidance. Participants were 20 women ranging from age 26 to 74 years with 50% having a high school education. Individual interviews consisting of five areas were conducted with three instruments measuring ethnic identity, socioeconomic status, and general demographics. The analyses provide two themes: experience with the “White health care system” and strategies for coping with the prejudice, which included getting angry, learning to unlearn, being assertive, and walking away. Consistent with the discussions of race in the United States, racism in health care has become a subtle entity that infuses health care relationships.
Practice of Health-Promoting Behaviors by Nursing Home Residents
Authors: McCabe Barbara Wharton , Hertzog Melody , Grasser Carol M. , Walker Susan Noble
Published: November 2005

The decade of the '90s witnessed the emergence of health promotion as a national priority for all age groups. Despite the fact that Healthy People 2010 identified objectives for the nursing home population, little is known about factors that promote the practice of health-promoting behaviors by nursing home residents. This study examined the separate and combined contributions of personal and contextual influences on the practice of health-promoting behaviors by nursing home residents. One hundred eighty-four residents and 90 staff members from six nursing homes participated in this study. Using a modified version of contextual regression analysis, 57.8% of the variance in health-promoting lifestyle (HPL) behaviors was explained when all variables were entered into the equation. Personal influences explained a significant amount of variation (53.5%) in current HPL behaviors. These findings underscore the importance of looking at ways to support the efforts of nursing home residents to engage in the practice of health-promoting behaviors.
Strength Factors Among Women of Mexican Descent
Authors: Heilemann MarySue V. , Lee Kathryn A. , Kury Felix Salvador
Published: November 2005

Whereas few studies with Latina samples include strength factors (resilience, mastery, life satisfaction, and perceived energy level) as variables, even fewer include strength factors together with acculturation in the same study. As part of a larger study, the purpose of this analysis is to describe and examine the relationships between strength factors, risk factors such as acculturation and substance use, resource factors including financial adequacy and education, and the health and illness factor of perceived health status among a convenience sample of 315 lowincome women of Mexican descent, ages 21 to 40. Cross-sectional survey data were collected and analyzed. Results show intragroup differences related to the well-being of women of Mexican descent living with low incomes in urban settings.
Hiring the Right People and Management of Research Staff
Authors: Kang Duck-Hee , Davis Linda , Habermann Barbara , Rice Marti , Broome Marion
Published: November 2005

Research grant or project management requires substantial skills and experiences of the principal investigator and the investigative team. Hiring the right people for appropriate positions and ongoing staff training and management are critical keys to successful conduct of the research projects. Necessary activities include the clear identification of positions and qualifications, recruiting the best, and hiring, training, and retaining the right staff. Tips and strategies for problem solving during each step are included.
Medication and Dietary Compliance Beliefs in Heart Failure
Authors: Bennett Susan J. , Lane Kathleen A. , Welch Janet , Perkins Susan M. , Brater D. Craig , Murray Michael D.
Published: November 2005

Patients with heart failure are required to comply with a medication regimen and dietary sodium restrictions. The objectives of this study were to determine the most frequently perceived benefits of and barriers to compliance with medication and dietary sodium restrictions and evaluate the relevancy of these scale items for testing in tailored intervention studies. Data were collected as part of two studies that evaluated the psychometric properties of two questionnaires. The most frequently identified benefit of medication compliance was decreasing the chance of being hospitalized, and the most commonly reported barrier was disruption of sleep. Patients were knowledgeable about the benefits of compliance with dietary sodium restrictions, and the poor taste of food on the low sodium diet was the most common barrier. Heart failure patients perceive benefits of and barriers to compliance with therapeutic regimens that are likely to be amenable to tailored interventions designed to enhance compliance.
Mental disorder and violent crime: A problematic relationship
Authors: Prins Herschel
Published: November 2005

This article discusses the problems inherent in demonstrating the relationships between mentally-disordered states and crimes of violence. Particular mental states are selected, somewhat arbitrarily, for this purpose. The article argues that such relationships also need to be considered against current social concerns with public protection and risk prevention in the light of media influences. Practice concerns are addressed throughout the article.
Night-time leisure and violence in the breakdown of the pseudo-pacification process
Authors: Hall Steve , Winlow Simon
Published: November 2005

A stubbornly high level of interpersonal violence in town and city centres across Britain every weekend is gradually being recognized as a key aspect of the general problem of crime. In this article we want to explore some of the important criminological outcomes of night-time leisure in a culture dominated by hedonism and the logical needs of the free-market consumer economy. Our ongoing research into the night-time economy in its broader social and economic contexts suggests that alcohol-related violence is emblematic of British society at this point in its history; a point we have conceptualized as the ‘breakdown of the pseudo-pacification process’. Since the 1980s, the altering cultural norms accompanying Britain’s enthusiastic adoption of the free-market consumer economy seem to have opened the door for specific types of interpersonal violence, the containment of which is proving very difficult for traditional-informal techniques of control and state-centred agencies alike.
Bullying, victimization and safer prisons
Authors: Edgar Kimmett
Published: November 2005

This article explores prisoner-versus-prisoner conflicts as a means of clarifying the links and contrasts between victimization and bullying. The author argues that a defining feature of bullying is a power imbalance between the parties, and that most prison victimization - including insults, theft, threats and fights - lacks a power imbalance. The research shows that the majority of prison violence arises, not from bullying, but from victimization. He concludes that tackling victimization, as the Prison Service Violence Reduction strategy recommends, is likely to be more effective in preventing violence than attempts to identify and punish bullies.
Sexual violence against women: A psychological approach to the assessment and management of rapists in the community
Authors: Craissati Jackie
Published: November 2005

Sexual violence against women is known to be a crime which is grossly under-reported, and when perpetrators have been convicted, their characteristics appear to comprise a heterogeneous profile which has been poorly researched. This paper aims to collate and present the evidence base to date on sexual offenders with adult victims, including reference to background characteristics, typologies, risk assessment measures, treatment and personality functioning. A framework for community management decisions is described.
The link between a history of maltreatment and subsequent offending behaviour
Authors: Falshaw Louise
Published: November 2005

There is a substantial evidence base to suggest that victimization during childhood, whether that be abuse within the family home or criminal victimization outside it, increases the propensity towards offending behaviour. Despite the lack of research evidence to identify a definitive pathway from victimization to offending, this article presents some of the more persuasive theories as to why this relationship exists. Some of the most recent US and UK empirical evidence in support of this relationship is also presented. The consequences for offender treatment are considered.
Enacted Metaphor
Authors: Anderson Alistair R.
Published: November 2005

The article proposes the value of theatricality as an additional conceptual tool to aid analysis and understanding of the entrepreneurial process. It explores the application of dramatism and dramaturgy and argues that such application is a useful addition to our repertoire. In particular, the ideas of spanning the boundaries of space and time and of truth and fiction, and the liminality of entrepreneurship lend themselves to such theatrical analysis. This allows a fuller appreciation of the entrepreneurial act in the duality of the concepts of the world as stage and the world as staged. The metaphors of theatricality offer an alternative medium for understanding.
E-business Development
Authors: Fillis Ian , Wagner Beverly
Published: November 2005

Drawing on existing research on e-business and the small firm, this article presents a review of the literature and the formulation of a conceptual framework of e-business development. Macro-level, industry sector, firm and managerial factors are examined, together with attitudes towards e-business and the benefits of and the barriers to its development. The research is positioned within a framework that adopts the Marketing/Entrepreneurship interface paradigm as an aid to understanding how combinations of formal and informal competencies contribute to competitive advantage. A series of in-depth interviews with company managers was carried out in Central Scotland. Results indicate that industry factors, customer influences, the degree of entrepreneurial orientation of the key decision maker and the level of competency development within the organization play important roles in the level of e-business development achieved. Also, some small firms only embrace e-business to a certain level and even revert to more conventional business practices.
The application of animal signaling theory to human phenomena: some thoughts and clarifications
Authors: Cronk Lee
Published: November 2005

Animal signaling theory has recently become popular among anthropologists as a way to study human communication. One aspect of animal signaling theory, often known as costly signaling or handicap theory, has been used particularly often. This article makes four points regarding these developments: (1) signaling theory is broader than existing studies may make it seem; (2) costly signaling theory has roots in the social as well as the biological sciences; (3) not all honest signals are costly and not all costs borne by signalers serve to ensure honesty; and (4) hard-to-fake signals are favored when the interests of broad categories of signalers and receivers conflict but the interests of individual signalers and receivers converge.
What are emotions? And how can they be measured?
Authors: Scherer Klaus R.
Published: November 2005

Defining “emotion” is a notorious problem. Without consensual conceptualization and operationalization of exactly what phenomenon is to be studied, progress in theory and research is difficult to achieve and fruitless debates are likely to proliferate. A particularly unfortunate example is William James’s asking the question “What is an emotion?” when he really meant “feeling”, a misnomer that started a debate which is still ongoing, more than a century later. This contribution attempts to sensitize researchers in the social and behavioral sciences to the importance of definitional issues and their consequences for distinguishing related but fundamentally different affective processes, states, and traits. Links between scientific and folk concepts of emotion are explored and ways to measure emotion and its components are discussed.
Evolution of a Length Polymorphism in the Human PER3 Gene, a Component of the Circadian System
Authors: Nadkarni Nachiket A. , Weale Michael E. , von Schantz Malcolm , Thomas Mark G.
Published: November 2005

Period homologue 3 ( PER3) is a component of the mammalian circa-dian system, although its precise role is unknown. A biallelic variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism exists in human PER3, consisting of 4 or 5 repeats of a 54-bp sequence in a region encoding a putative phosphorylation domain. This polymorphism has previously been reported to associate with diurnal preference (“morningness” and “eveningness”) and delayed sleep-phase syndrome. We have investigated the global allele frequencies of this variant in ethnically distinct indigenous populations. All populations were polymorphic, with the shorter (4-repeat) allele ranging in frequency from 0.19 (Papua New Guinea) to 0.89 (Mongolia). To investigate if allele frequency has been influenced by natural selection, the authors 1) tested for a correlation with latitude and mean annual insolation (incident sunlight energy), using classical markers to correct for historical population differentiation; and they 2) compared allele-frequency difference between European American, African American, and East Asian populations, as measured using FST, to an empirical null distribution of FSTvalues based on a genome-wide dataset of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of presumed neutral loci that were previously typed by The SNP Consortium. The variation in allele frequencies between indigenous populations did not show a pattern that would indicate selective pressure on PER3resulting from day-length variation or mean annual insolation, and the allele-frequency difference between European Americans, African Americans, and East Asians was not an outlier when compared to the distribution for presumed neutral SNPs. We therefore find no evidence for differential or balancing selection in the contemporary pattern of global PER3allele frequencies.