bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of the patients with delaminated rotator cuff tear
Authors: Iwashita Satoshi , Hashiguchi Hiroshi , Okubo Atsushi , Yoneda Minoru , Takai Shinro
Published: July 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze factors relating to delamination in full-thickness rotator cuff tears.

Methods: 126 patients with full-thickness rotator cuff tears treated by arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were the subjects of this study. There were 52 females and 74 males whose average age was 64.2 years. Fifty-three patients had history of trauma. The average duration of disorder was 29.5 weeks. Nineteen patients were diagnosed with diabetes. On types of the tears, small tear was observed in 59 patients, medium tear in 47 patients, large tear in 6 patients, and massive tear in 14 patients. The average size of tear was 1.98 cm. Delamination of the torn cuff was observed in 45 patients. Factors compared between the patients without delamination and those with delamination were as follows: gender and age of the patients, history of trauma, duration of disorder, diabetes, smoking, size and number of rotator cuff tears.

Results: The delamination rate of the smoking patients was significantly higher than non-smoking patients. The delamination rate of patients with more than two tendon tears was significantly higher than those with only one tendon tear. The average size of tear with delamination was significantly larger than that of tear without delamination. The other factors were not related to delamination.

Conclusions: This study suggests that smoking, size of tear and number of torn cuffs are associated with delamination. The progression of torn cuff, anatomical features and nicotine of smoking affect the causes of delaminated tear of rotator cuff.
Prävention und Behandlung von Antipsychotika-induzierten tardiven Dyskinesien
Authors: Erbe Sebastian
Published: July 2018

Tardive Dyskinesien (TD) sind immer noch häufige Langzeitfolgen einer Behandlung mit Antipsychotika. Sie sind meist irreversibel, mit einer geringeren Lebensqualität und kognitiven Defiziten assoziiert und ein Risikofaktor für erhöhte Sterblichkeit. Auch führen sie häufig zu einer weiteren Stigmatisierung der betroffenen Patienten. In der Behandlung von schweren psychiatrischen Krankheitsbildern sind Antipsychotika aber weiterhin nicht entbehrlich. Deshalb ist das Wissen insbesondere über die Prävention und die Risikofaktoren aber auch über die Behandlung von TD bei der Verordnung von Antipsychotika sehr wichtig. Die Behandlung von TD besteht in der Optimierung der antipsychotischen Pharmakotherapie. Des Weiteren können gezielte medikamentöse Behandlungen erfolgen. Hierbei kommt den sogenannten VMAT-2-Inhibitoren eine besondere Rolle zu. Die neuen VMAT-2-Inhibitoren sind in Deutschland noch nicht zugelassen. Weitere Medikamente zur Behandlung der TD sind unter anderem Clonazepam und Gingko biloba. Dieser Übersichtsartikel fasst die gegenwärtige Evidenz für die Behandlung von TD zusammen und versucht klinische Empfehlungen zur Prävention und Behandlung von TD zu formulieren.
Die ELDERLY-Studie: Design und Stichprobe einer Untersuchung zur ambulanten Psychotherapie von Alkoholkonsumstörungen bei älteren Erwachsenen
Authors: Behrendt Silke , Braun Barbara , Bühringer Gerhard
Published: July 2018

Ziel Über die ELDERLY-Studie zur Erprobung zweier ambulanter Kurzinterventionen (Einzelsetting) für Menschen im Alter 60+ mit DSM-5 Alkoholkonsumstörung (AKS) in Deutschland zu informieren.

Methoden Eine internationale, multizentrische, randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie ohne Medikamentengabe, mit einer Eingangs- und 4 Folgeuntersuchungen. Studienteilnehmer wurden zufallsbasiert einer Behandlungsvariante zugewiesen: 4 Sitzungen Motivierende Gesprächsführung (MET) oder 12 Sitzungen MET und Community Reinforcement Approach for Seniors (CRAS).

Ergebnisse N=203 Personen nahmen in Deutschland an der Studie teil (47,8% Frauen, Durchschnittsalter: 66,5 Jahre). Alle Schweregrade einer DSM-5 AKS waren vertreten (schwergradig: 32,5%). Die Intervention wurde von den Teilnehmern überwiegend positiv bewertet.

Schlussfolgerungen Ältere Menschen mit AKS sind einer ambulanten Kurzintervention gegenüber aufgeschlossen. Sie weisen nicht zwingend nur leichtgradige AKS auf.
Inherited Prethrombotic Disorders and Infectious Purpura
Authors: Westendorp Rudi G J , Reitsma Pieter H , Bertina Rogier M
Published: July 2018

Patients with severe meningococcal infection are characterized by extensive microvascular thrombosis, consumption coagulopathy and secondary hemorrhages. The contribution of the inherited prethrombotic disorders to the severity of the disease course is not established yet. Here, we report on the levels of protein C, protein S, antithrombin and the presence of the factor V Leiden mutation (R506Q) in 50 patients with meningococcal disease, as determined 6 to 58 months after hospital discharge. In addition, we recalled the parents of 16 deceased patients to screen for the mutation in factor V, an abnormality which results in resistance to activated protein C. Among the patients, the prevalence of the genetic risk factors for thrombosis was not higher than expected on the basis of their prevalence in the general population. Moreover, the prevalence of the factor V Leiden mutation was not increased among the parents of the deceased patients. The individual plasma levels of protein C, protein S, and antithrombin did not differ between the patients with or without severe purpura. The present data constitute circumstantial evidence that primary defects in the natural anticoagulant systems do not play a major role in the severity of the disease course. Screening of patients with infectious purpura for inherited thrombotic risk factors is therefore not indicated.
Cloning of the Rat Tissue Factor cDNA and Promoter: Identification of a Serum-response Region
Authors: Taby Olivier , Rosenfield Claire-Lise , Bogdanov Vladimir , Nemerson Yale , Taubman Mark B
Published: July 2018

Tissue factor (TF) initiates coagulation and its expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) likely plays a role in the propagation of arterial thrombosis. We report cloning the cDNA and proximal promoter region of the rat TF gene. While maintaining the general structure and organization of the TF molecule, there is a surprising divergence (≈ 18%) between the derived amino acid sequences of the rat and mouse TF. In contrast, there is striking similarity (90%) in the 5’ untranslated regions. High levels of basal promoter activity were seen in rat VSMC with constructs containing 106 bp of sequence downstream from the putative transcription start site and 426 to 103 bp of upstream sequence. Deletion of the sequence from −103 to −79, containing a single SP1 site, removed virtually all of the basal and serum-induced activity. Removal of the NFkB site or two additional upstream SP1 sites had little effect on serum responsiveness. Removal of the 5’ untranslated region abolished most of the basal activity of the TF promoter, suggesting that its high degree of conservation may be due to the presence of transcriptional elements critical for TF expression in rodent VSMC.
Platelet Anti-Aggregating Activity and Tolerance of Clopidogrel in Atherosclerotic Patients
Authors: Boneu B , Destelle G ,   on behalf of the Study Group
Published: July 2018

The anti-aggregating activity of five rising doses of clopidogrel has been compared to that of ticlopidine in atherosclerotic patients. The aim of this study was to determine the dose of clopidogrel which should be tested in a large scale clinical trial of secondary prevention of ischemic events in patients suffering from vascular manifestations of atherosclerosis [CAPRIE (Clopidogrel vs Aspirin in Patients at Risk of Ischemic Events) trial]. A multicenter study involving 9 haematological laboratories and 29 clinical centers was set up. One hundred and fifty ambulatory patients were randomized into one of the seven following groups: clopidogrel at doses of 10, 25, 50,75 or 100 mg OD, ticlopidine 250 mg BID or placebo. ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation tests were performed before starting treatment and after 7 and 28 days. Bleeding time was performed on days 0 and 28. Patients were seen on days 0, 7 and 28 to check the clinical and biological tolerability of the treatment. Clopidogrel exerted a dose-related inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation and bleeding time prolongation. In the presence of ADP (5 \lM) this inhibition ranged between 29% and 44% in comparison to pretreatment values. The bleeding times were prolonged by 1.5 to 1.7 times. These effects were non significantly different from those produced by ticlopidine. The clinical tolerability was good or fair in 97.5% of the patients. No haematological adverse events were recorded. These results allowed the selection of 75 mg once a day to evaluate and compare the antithrombotic activity of clopidogrel to that of aspirin in the CAPRIE trial.
Dietary Vitamin and Stability of Oral Anticoagulation: Proposal of a Diet with Constant Vitamin K1 Content
Authors: Booth Sarah L , Charnley Jacqueline M , Sadowski James A , Saltzman Edward , Bovill Edwin G , Cushman Mary
Published: July 2018

Case reports cited in Medline or Biological Abstracts (1966-1996) were reviewed to evaluate the impact of vitamin K1 dietary intake on the stability of anticoagulant control in patients using coumarin derivatives. Reported nutrient-drug interactions cannot always be explained by the vitamin K1 content of the food items. However, metabolic data indicate that a consistent dietary intake of vitamin K is important to attain a daily equilibrium in vitamin K status. We report a diet that provides a stable intake of vitamin K1, equivalent to the current U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance, using food composition data derived from high-performance liquid chromatography. Inconsistencies in the published literature indicate that prospective clinical studies should be undertaken to clarify the putative dietary vitamin K1-coumarin interaction. The dietary guidelines reported here may be used in such studies.
The Risk of Recurrent Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with and without Factor V Leiden
Authors: Eichinger Sabine , Pabinger Ingrid , Stümpfien Andreas , Hirschl Mirko , Bialonczyk Christine , Schneider Barbara , Mannhalter Christine , Minar Erich , Lechner Klaus , Kyrle Paul A
Published: July 2018

Thromboprophylaxis with oral anticoagulants up to six months is established in patients after a first venous thromboembolic event (VTE). The risk of recurrent VTE is still considerable thereafter, and it is uncertain whether some patients might benefit from extended anticoagulation. We performed a prospective, multicenter trial (4 thrombosis centers) and evaluated in 380 patients with a first or recurrent VTE (patients with a deficiency of antithrombin, protein C, protein S or plasminogen; cancer; or an antiphospholipid antibody syndrome were excluded) the risk of recurrence after discontinuation of secondary thromboprophylaxis with oral anticoagulants. It was the aim of the study to evaluate whether patients with factor V Leiden are at an increased risk of recurrent VTE. 112 (29.5%) patients were carriers of factor V Leiden (26.9% heterozygous, 2.6% homozygous). After a median observation time of 19.3 months the overall recurrence rate of VTE was 9.9%. Recurrent deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism occurred in 26 of 268 patients without factor V Leiden (9.7%) and in 10 of 112 patients with factor V Leiden (8.9%). The probability of recurrent VTE two years after discontinuation of oral anticoagulants was 12.4% (95% Cl 7.8-17) in patients without factor V Leiden and was 10.6% (95% Cl 3.8-17.4) in carriers of the mutation. This difference was statistically not significant. Patients with factor V Leiden are not at a higher risk of recurrent VTE within two years after discontinuation of oral anticoagulants than patients without factor V Leiden. Balancing the risk of recurrent VTE and bleeding from oral. anticoagulants, patients with factor V Leiden are not likely to benefit from oral anticoagulant therapy extended beyond six months.
Molecular Weight Measurements of Low Molecular Weight Heparins by Gel Permeation Chromatography
Authors: Mulloy B , Gee C , Wheeler S F , Wait R , Gray E , Barrowcliffe T W
Published: July 2018

The molecular weight profiles of low molecular weight heparin samples have been measured by high-performance gel permeation chromatography using as calibrant the heparinase-degraded material (90/686) now established as the 1st International Reference Preparation (IRP) Low Molecular Weight Heparin for Molecular Weight Calibration. Use of the calibrant as a broad molecular weight standard is described and a calibration table provided based on data collected over several years in one laboratory.

In order to confirm the assignment of degree of polymerisation to resolved oligosaccharide peaks in the calibrant, molecular weights of oligosaccharides fractionated from the 1st IRP were independently determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS).

The molecular weight distributions of commercial low molecular weight heparins have been characterized. Measurements of molecular weight parameters of heparin molecular weight standards from several sources provide comparisons between the molecular weight scales of this and other studies.
The Dietary Pigment Curcumin Reduces Endothelial Tissue Factor Gene Expression by Inhibiting Binding of AP-1 to the DNA and Activation of NF-κB
Authors: Bierhaus Angelika , Zhang Youming , Quehenberger Peter , Luther Thomas , Haase Michael , Müller Martin , Mackman Nigel , Ziegler Reinhard , Nawroth Peter P
Published: July 2018

The natural occurring pigment curcumin, a major component of the spice tumeric, has been described to have antioxidative, antitumorpro moting, anti-thrombotic and anti-inflammatory properties. It appears, that the pleiotropic effects of curcumin are at least partly due to inhibi tion of the transcription factors NF-κB and AP-1. This study investi gates the effect of curcumin on the TNFa induced expression of endo thelial Tissue Factor (TF), the central mediator of coagulation known to be controlled by AP-1 and NF-κ When bovine aortic endothelial cells (B AEC) were preincubated in the presence of curcumin, TNFα induced TF gene transcription and expression were reduced. Transient transfec tion studies with TF-promoter plasmids revealed that both, NF-κ and AP-1 dependent TF expression, were reduced by curcumin action. The observed inhibitions were due to distinct mechanisms. Curcumininhib ited TNFa induced kBa degradation and the nuclear import of NF-κB. In contrast, inhibition of AP-1 was due to a direct interaction of curcu min with AP-1-binding to its DNA binding motif. Thus, curcumin inhibits NF-κB and AP-1 by two different mechanisms and reduces expression of endothelial genes controlled by both transcription factors in vitro.
Factor V Leiden Is Associated with Repeated and Recurrent Unexplained Fetal Losses
Authors: Grandone Elvira , Margaglione Maurizio , Colaizzo Donatella , d'Addedda Marina , Cappucci Giuseppe , Vecchione Gennaro , Sciannamé Natale , Pavone G , Di Minno G
Published: July 2018

Activated protein C resistance (APCR) is responsible for most cases of familial thrombosis. The factor V missense mutation Arg506>Gln (FV Leiden) has been recognized as the commonest cause of this condition. Recently, it has been suggested that APCR is associated with second trimester fetal loss. We investigated the distribution of FV Leiden in a sample (n = 43) of Caucasian women with a history of two or more unexplained fetal losses. A group (n = 118) of parous women with uneventful pregnancies from the same ethnical background served as control. We found the mutation in 7 cases (16.28%) and 5 controls (4.24%; p = 0.011). A statistically significant difference between women with only early fetal loss vs those with late events (p = 0.04) was observed. Our data demonstrate a strong association between FV Leiden and fetal loss. Furthermore, they indicate that late events are more common in these patients.
High Prevalence of Elevated Factor VIII Levels in Patients Referred for Thrombophilia Screening: Role of Increased Synthesis and Relationship to the Acute Phase Reaction
Authors: O’Donnell J , Tuddenham E G D , Manning R , Kemball-Cook G , Johnson D , Laffan M
Published: July 2018

A recent report from the Leiden Thrombophilia Survey identified high factor VIII activity levels as an independent risk factor for venous thromboembolism in a population survey. As the study measure for factor VIII was a one-stage coagulation assay, and since markers for the acute phase reaction were not assessed, it remained uncertain whether the increase was due to a constitutional increased rate of synthesis, to circulating activated factor VIII, or to an acute phase response.

We added factor VIII activity assay (FVIII:C), factor VIII antigen (FVIILAg), vWF antigen (vWF:Ag), ABO blood group, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein to our routine thrombophilia screen of patients referred because of unexplained thromboembolism.

Elevated FVIILC (>1.5 iu/ml) emerged as the single commonest abnormality detected in 25.4% of a group of 260 such patients.

FVIILC and FVIILAg were highly correlated (p = 0.003), showing that this represented a true increase in FVIII. In 4 of 46 patients this was clearly attributable to an acute phase reaction. Eleven others showed minor elevation of ESR and one of CRP. Neither FVIILC or FVIII:Ag showed significant correlation with fibrinogen, ESR or C-reactive protein by non parametric analysis.

Although there was an excess of patients with B blood group (known to be associated with FVIILC levels which are -15% higher than those in blood group 0), this could not account for the marked elevation of factor VIII observed in these patients.

We conclude that factor VIII activity assay should be a routine part of thrombophilia screening. We are investigating the cause of the increased synthesis, initially by means of family studies and linkage analysis with polymorphic markers of the FVIII locus. We postulate that it may be constitutive in some cases and in others an abnormal or exaggerated response to inflammatory stimuli.
Effect of Fixed Minidose Warfarin, Conventional Dose Warfarin and Aspirin on INR and Prothrombin Fragment 1 + 2 in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Koefoed B G , Feddersen C , Gulløv A L , Petersen P
Published: July 2018

The efficacy of conventional dose adjusted oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation is well- documented but not considered ideal as primary antithrombotic treatment in elderly patients. The antithrombotic effect of fixed minidose warfarin 1.25 mg/day alone or in combination with aspirin 300 mg/day, of conventional dose adjusted warfarin (INR 2.0-3.0), and of aspirin 300 mg/day have been investigated in outpatients with chronic nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the second Copenhagen Atrial Fibrillation, Aspirin and Anticoagulant Therapy Study (AFASAK 2). In order to investigate the effect on the coagulation system of the treatments, the International Normalized Ratio of the prothrombin time (INR) and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F1 +2) were monitored at baseline and after three months of treatment in 100 patients consecutively included in the trial. At baseline no differences in INR and F1+2 between the four treatment groups were present. After three months of therapy the level of INR increased significantly from baseline in patients receiving warfarin in any dose and the level of F1+2 decreased significantly by combined minidose warfarin-aspirin and by dose adjusted warfarin. When comparing the changes over time in FI +2 (three-month value minus baseline value) during therapy with fixed minidose warfarin, combined minidose warfarin-aspirin and aspirin alone no significant difference between the groups was found. In conclusion, INR was changed by all three warfarin regimens but only dose adjusted warfarin (INR 2.0-3.0) had a marked effect on F1+2.
Autoantibodies to Phospholipids and to the Coagulation Proteins in AIDS
Authors: Abuaf N , Laperche S , Rajoely B , Carsique R , Deschamps A , Rouquette A M , Barthet C , Khaled Z , Marbot C , Saab N , Rozen J , Girard P M , Rozenbaum W
Published: July 2018

In HIV-1 infection, an increased prevalence of anticardiolipin autoantibodies (aCL) and lupus anticoagulant (LA) has been described. In order to see if these antibodies are isolated or, like in autoimmune diseases, associated with hematological disorders and with antibodies to other phospholipids and to proteins of coagulation, we investigated 3 groups of patients: 1. 342 HIV-1 infected patients, 2. 145 control patients including 61 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, 58 patients with a connective tissue disease, 15 patients with stroke, 11 patients with syphilis and 3.100 blood donors. In HIV-1 infection antiprothrombin (aPrT) antibodies were present in 25% of patients, the prevalence of antiphosphatidylcholine antibodies (aPC) (50%) was almost as high as aCL (64%), and 39% had both antibodies. Absorption on liposomes of the latter revealed an heterogeneous mixture of aCL and aPC or cross-reacting antibodies. In contrast with SLE, anti-β2-glycoprotein I (4%), LA (1%), biological false positive test for syphilis (0.3%), thrombosis (p <0.001) were uncommon. In HIV-1 infection, antiphospholipid antibodies do not associate with features linked to them in SLE or syphilis.
Fibrinogen Heterogeneity in Homozygous Plasminogen Deficiency Type I: Further Evidence that Plasmin Is not Involved in Formation of LMW- and LMW’-Fibrinogen
Authors: Dempfle Carl-Erik , Pfitzner Susanne A , Schott Dorothee , Niessen Karl-Heinz , Heene Dieter L
Published: July 2018

Human plasma fibrinogen is heterogeneous in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and other methods for separation of proteins by molecular size. A high molecular weight fraction (HMW-fibrinogen, 340 kD) contributes approximately 50% of total fibrinogen antigen. Low molecular weight fibrinogen (LMW-fibrinogen, 300 kD) adds another 40%. The residual amount is LMW’-fibrinogen with a molecular weight of 280 kD, and a small amount of very high molecular weight fibrinogen (Fib420), the product of alternative splicing of the Aa-chain genetic information, resulting in an extended A?-chain C-terminus. Fibrinogen was detected by specific immunostaining of nonreduced SDS-PAGE gel immunoblots with antibodies against fibrinopeptide A. Using densitometric scans of the immunoblots we found a ratio of HMW-, LMW- and LMW’-fibrinogen in a patient with homozygous plasminogen deficiency that was similar to the ratio found in immunoblots of plasma from healthy blood donors. Treatment with plasminogen concentrate resulted in a slight decrease of the proportion of HMW-fibrinogen, followed by an increase to 78%. The LMW’- fibrinogen band gained intensity initially, increasing to 11.9% of fibrinogen antigen 6 h after starting plasminogen infusion, but then dropped to levels below detection limit of the immunoblotting assay. LMW-fibrinogen remained constant during the initial 72 h of plasminogen treatment, then dropping to values in the range of 22-25% afterwards. The proportion of HMW-, LMW-, and LMW’-fibrinogen.again reached the initial levels two weeks after starting treatment with plasminogen concentrate. We conclude that plasminogen is not involved in the limited proteolysis leading to formation of LMW-fibrinogen and LMW’-fibrinogen in the absence of a generalized fibrinolytic condition. Fibrinolytic activation may lead to the formation of fibrinogen degradation product X, which appears in a similar position as LMW’- fibrinogen in SDS-PAGE.
Tridegin, a Novel Peptidic Inhibitor of Factor XIIIa from the Leech, Haementeria ghilianii, Enhances Fibrinolysis In Vitro
Authors: Seale Lisa , Finney Sarah , Sawyer Roy T , Wallis Robert B
Published: July 2018

Tridegin is a potent inhibitor of factor Xllla from the leech, Haementeria ghilianii, which inhibits protein cross-linking. It modifies plasmin-mediated fibrin degradation as shown by the absence of D-dimer and approximately halves the time for fibrinolysis. Plasma clots formed in the presence of Tridegin lyse more rapidly when either streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activator or hementin is added 2 h after clot formation. The effect of Tridegin is markedly increased if clots are formed from platelet-rich plasma. Platelet-rich plasma clots are lysed much more slowly by the fibrinolytic enzymes used and if Tridegin is present, the rate of lysis returns almost to that of platelet- free clots. These studies indicate the important role of platelets in conferring resistance to commonly used fibrinolytic enzymes and suggest that protein cross-linking is an important step in this effect. Moreover they indicate that Tridegin, a small polypeptide, may have potential as an adjunct to thrombolytic therapy.
Oxidative Stress and Polymorphism in MTHFR SNPs (677 and 1298) in Paternal Sperm DNA is Associated with an Increased Risk of Retinoblastoma in Their Children: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Bisht Shilpa , Chawla Bhavna , Dada Rima
Published: July 2018

Sperm DNA is considered as the most vulnerable to oxidative stress-induced damage that also impairs global sperm DNA methylation leading to sperm-associated pathologies. C677T and A1298C polymorphisms of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene affect MTHFR enzyme activity. This study was planned as a case–control study to determine the MTHFR gene polymorphisms in the fathers of children affected with sporadic nonfamilial heritable retinoblastoma in an Indian population. MTHFR polymorphisms for single nucleotide polymorphisms 677 and 1298 were also determined in sporadic nonfamilial heritable retinoblastoma patients to estimate the risk for retinoblastoma development and to evaluate the role of MTHFR in retinoblastoma pathogenesis.
Evaluation of GaAsSb/AlGaAs strained superlattice photocathodes
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Yiqiao , Moy Aaron , Poelker Matthew , Stutzman Marcy , Zhang Shukui
Published: July 2018

GaAs-class strained superlattice (SSL) photocathodes can provide electron beams with electron spin polarization (ESP) exceeding the theoretical maximum 50% of bulk GaAs. In this paper, we describe the evaluation of a SSL structure composed of GaAsSb/AlGaAs and grown on a GaAs substrate. Theoretical analysis and numerical calculations show GaAsSb/AlGaAs SSL structures have the largest heavy-hole and light-hole energy splitting of all existing GaAs-class SSL structures, which should lead to the highest initial ESP. Five GaAsSb/AlGaAs SSL photocathode samples with different constituent species concentrations, number of layer pairs, and layer thicknesses were fabricated and evaluated. The highest ESP was ∼77% obtained from a photocathode based on the GaAsSb0.15/Al0.38GaAs (1.55/4.1 nm ×15 layer pairs) SSL structure.
A geometric invariant of 6-dimensional subspaces of 4×4 matrices
Authors: Chirvasitu Alex , Smith S. , Vancliff Michaela
Published: July 2018

Let

R
R

denote a 6-dimensional subspace of the ring

M
4

(
k
)

M_4(\Bbbk )

of

4
×
4

4 \times 4

matrices over an algebraically closed field 

k
\Bbbk

. Fix a vector space isomorphism

M
4

(
k
)
≅

k
4

⊗

k
4

M_4(\Bbbk ) \cong \Bbbk ^4 \otimes \Bbbk ^4

. We associate to 

R
R

a closed subscheme 

X

R

{\mathbf X}_R

of the Grassmannian of 2-dimensional subspaces of 

k
4

\Bbbk ^4

, where the reduced subscheme of

X

R

{\mathbf X}_R

is the set of 2-dimensional subspaces

Q
⊆

k
4

Q \subseteq \Bbbk ^4

such that

(
Q
⊗

k
4

)
∩
R
≠
{
0
}

(Q \otimes \Bbbk ^4) \cap R \ne \{ 0\}

. Our main result is that if

X

R

{\mathbf X}_R

has minimal dimension (namely, one), then its degree is 20 when it is viewed as a subscheme of 

P

5

\mathbb {P}^5

via the Plücker embedding.

We present several examples of

X

R

\mathbf X_R

that illustrate the wide range of possibilities for it; there are reduced and non-reduced examples. Two examples involve elliptic curves: in one case,

X

R

{\mathbf X}_R

is a

P

1

\mathbb {P}^1

-bundle over an elliptic curve the second symmetric power of the curve; in the other, it is a curve having seven irreducible components, three of which are quartic elliptic space curves, and four of which are smooth plane conics. These two examples arise naturally from a problem having its roots in quantum statistical mechanics.

The scheme 

X

R

\mathbf X_R

appears in non-commutative algebraic geometry: under appropriate hypotheses, it is isomorphic to the line scheme

L

\mathcal {L}

of a certain graded algebra determined by 

R
R

. In that context, it has been an open question for several years to describe such 

L

\mathcal {L}

of minimal dimension, i.e., those 

L

\mathcal {L}

of dimension one. Our main result implies that if

dim
⁡
(

L

)
=
1

\dim (\mathcal {L}) = 1

, then, as a subscheme of 

P

5

\mathbb {P}^5

under the Plücker embedding,

deg
⁡
(

L

)
=
20

\deg (\mathcal {L}) = 20

.
ATP6AP2 functions as a V-ATPase assembly factor in the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Guida Maria Clara , Hermle Tobias , Graham Laurie A. , Hauser Virginie , Ryan Margret , Stevens Tom H. , Simons Matias
Published: July 2018

ATP6AP2 (also known as the [pro]renin receptor) is a type I transmembrane protein that can be cleaved into two fragments in the Golgi apparatus. While in Drosophila ATP6AP2 functions in the planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway, recent human genetic studies have suggested that ATP6AP2 could participate in the assembly of the V-ATPase in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Using a yeast model, we show here that the V-ATPase assembly factor Voa1 can functionally be replaced by Drosophila ATP6AP2. This rescue is even more efficient when coexpressing its binding partner ATP6AP1, indicating that these two proteins together fulfill Voa1 functions in higher organisms. Structure–function analyses in both yeast and Drosophila show that proteolytic cleavage is dispensable, while C-terminus-dependent ER retrieval is required for ATP6AP2 function. Accordingly, we demonstrate that both overexpression and lack of ATP6AP2 causes ER stress in Drosophila wing cells and that the induction of ER stress is sufficient to cause PCP phenotypes. In summary, our results suggest that full-length ATP6AP2 contributes to the assembly of the V-ATPase proton pore and that impairment of this function affects ER homeostasis and PCP signaling.
Whole genome and transcriptome maps of the entirely black native Korean chicken breed Yeonsan Ogye
Authors: Sohn Jang-il , Nam Kyoungwoo , Hong Hyosun , Kim Jun-Mo , Lim Dajeong , Lee Kyung-Tai , Do Yoon Jung , Cho Chang Yeon , Kim Namshin , Chai Han-Ha , Nam Jin-Wu
Published: July 2018

Background

Yeonsan Ogye (YO), an indigenous Korean chicken breed (Gallus gallus domesticus), has entirely black external features and internal organs. In this study, the draft genome of YO was assembled using a hybrid de novo assembly method that takes advantage of high-depth Illumina short reads (376.6X) and low-depth Pacific Biosciences (PacBio) long reads (9.7X).

Findings

The contig and scaffold NG50s of the hybrid de novo assembly were 362.3 Kbp and 16.8 Mbp, respectively. The completeness (97.6%) of the draft genome (Ogye_1.1) was evaluated with single-copy orthologous genes using Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs and found to be comparable to the current chicken reference genome (galGal5; 97.4%; contigs were assembled with high-depth PacBio long reads (50X) and scaffolded with short reads) and superior to other avian genomes (92%–93%; assembled with short read-only or hybrid methods). Compared to galGal4 and galGal5, the draft genome included 551 structural variations including the fibromelanosis (FM) locus duplication, related to hyperpigmentation. To comprehensively reconstruct transcriptome maps, RNA sequencing and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing data were analyzed from 20 tissues, including 4 black tissues (skin, shank, comb, and fascia). The maps included 15,766 protein-coding and 6,900 long noncoding RNA genes, many of which were tissue-specifically expressed and displayed tissue-specific DNA methylation patterns in the promoter regions.

Conclusions

We expect that the resulting genome sequence and transcriptome maps will be valuable resources for studying domestic chicken breeds, including black-skinned chickens, as well as for understanding genomic differences between breeds and the evolution of hyperpigmented chickens and functional elements related to hyperpigmentation.
Language and Sexual Normativity
Authors: Motschenbacher Heiko
Published: July 2018

This chapter highlights the role of the concept of normativity in language and sexuality studies. It is argued that normativity has played a central role in this field, even if as a largely undertheorized concept. The theoretical discussion of normativity is advanced by conceptualizing norms as discursive formations and by distinguishing prescriptive from descriptive norms as well as normative mechanisms on the social micro-level from those on the social macro-level. Central patterns that are involved in the discursive construction of various sexual normativity types are outlined, namely heteronormativity (i.e., the notion that a particular version of heterosexuality is natural or preferable), homonormativity (i.e., normative notions of how gay men and lesbian women are supposed to be), and other sexual normativities. The concluding section discusses potential agendas for language and sexuality scholars in terms of changes in sexual normativities.
Deaf-Blindness and the Institutionalization of Special Education in Nineteenth-Century Europe
Authors: Vierestraete Pieter , Söderfeldt Ylva
Published: July 2018

Careful analysis of underexplored and neglected case studies demonstrates how an initial interest in the behavior and constitution of early-nineteenth-century deaf-blind persons gradually made possible a professional and impersonal approach. The deaf-blind person in the early nineteenth century had been a creature of mostly unrefined, but therefore authentic, sensory experience, whose reduction to the supposedly simpler senses of smell, touch, and taste made the basic nature of humankind appear more clearly. In contrast, the educated deaf-blind person later in the century was a vessel for the display of pedagogic expertise. The institutionalization of special education for deaf-blind persons in western Europe thus can be characterized by a shift from listening to the “sound” of deaf-blind persons to a mere repetition of the discursive “noise” of professionals.
Madness, Transnationalism, and Emotions in Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century New Zealand
Authors: McCarthy Angela
Published: July 2018

As is evident in studies of medical thought, publications, personnel, and legislation, transnationalism has been little utilized to examine the migration histories of patients and their ties to “home.” Historians of the asylum instead focus on connections in patients’ new homelands. Likewise, scholars have largely overlooked the emotional lives of patients, which is surprising in light of various emotions said to cause patient confinement. It is therefore important to examine the existence (and absence) of emotional connections between relatives who were separated by oceans and the actions and emotional language that patients, their families, and medical doctors deployed for purposes of reassurance, material support, and negotiation of return migration. Overall, despite individual experiences of emotions, emotional life within and beyond the asylum took place in a broad social context and involved diverse historical actors.
Polio and Disability in Cold War Hungary
Authors: Vargha Dora
Published: July 2018

Concerns over children’s physical health and ability were shared experiences across post–World War II societies, and the figure of the child was often used as a tool to reach over the Iron Curtain. However, key differences in how children with polio were perceived, and as a result treated, followed Cold War fault lines. Concepts of an individual’s role in society shaped medical treatment and views of disability, which contributed to the celebrated polio child in one environment and her invisibility in another. Thus, through the lens of disability, new perspectives have emerged on the history of the Cold War, polio, and childhood.
The Disability Rights Movement in the United States
Authors: Patterson Lindsey
Published: July 2018

Contrary to the traditional notion that disability rights in the United States were the by-product of the tumultuous 1960s, the disability rights movement actually dates back to the late nineteenth century. Over the years, ordinary citizens and local, national, and international organizations combined in promoting the citizenship rights of disabled people. Excluded from most aspects of public life, people with disabilities championed self-determination through deinstitutionalization, the independent living movement, and access to education, employment, and public transportation. This examination of local, state, and national efforts by people with disabilities to achieve full participation in civic life will help expand our understanding of civil rights movements in modern U.S. history.
Music and Movement
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: July 2018

Music and movement go together in every human society: “music to my feet,” as it were. The human condition, particularly human emotional expression, is linked to music. Indeed, movement and a sense of time are intimately connected, and the brain is prepared to detect movement, both familiar and unfamiliar. Our sense of self is tied to movement. Aesthetic sense is a feature of the way we come prepared to interpret the world. Such aesthetics are historically variable and rich when the ecological conditions are suitable. Aesthetic judgment reflects our cognitive flexibility, and our extension and use of specific cognitive mechanisms to widen domains of human expression. Music evolved in the context of social contact and meaning. Music continues to allow us to reach out to others and expand our human experience toward and with others. This process began with sounds and expanded into song and instrumental music.
Music and the Body in the History of Medicine
Authors: Kennaway James
Published: July 2018

This chapter sets out the ways that changing medical ideas of listening have influenced thinking on music, in ways that go much deeper than the sometimes-marginalized phenomenon of music therapy. After setting out the role of medicine and the body in the cosmological speculation and humoral conceptions of the body from antiquity until the seventeenth century, it examines the way that medical ideas of listening as nervous stimulation have been used to explain the aesthetic, emotional, moral, therapeutic, and even pathological power of music. It then considers how these ideas developed in the nineteenth century in the context of idealist aesthetics and positivist science, including not only anatomy and psychiatry but also gynecology, phrenology, and “scientific racism.” Finally, it looks at changing thinking on music, the body, and the mind from Sigmund Freud to contemporary neuroscience.
An Orphan’s Life: 1809-1831
Authors: Hutchisson James M.
Published: July 2018

Poe’s early life and early verse were intertwined, his chief subjects being trauma, grief, mourning, and the desire to establish a concrete identity that would enable him to move beyond his own uncertain upbringing. An orphan, Poe was raised in Richmond by the Allan family, but bitter quarrels with his adoptive father led him to rebel and eventually wander far away. During this time Poe completed three volumes of poetry, but he gained little recognition for his work. After a brief stint as an enlisted soldier in the Army and then at West Point, Poe eventually formed an alliance with the Clemm family in Baltimore, relatives on his father’s side, and in Baltimore he began to write short fiction.
Undying Enigmas in “Ligeia”
Authors: Urakova Alexandra
Published: July 2018

Poe’s 1838 tale “Ligeia” epitomizes the stylistic effects and themes we usually recognize as Poesque: from the Gothic setting to daydreaming, from the poeticized vocabulary to the dense materiality of hallucinatory descriptions, from the narrator’s unreliability to the dramatic and collapsing ending. Considering major interpretations of “Ligeia” that discuss its language and style as well as its racial, queer, and colonial implications, this chapter seeks to demonstrate what makes “Ligeia” a paradigmatic tale in the Poe canon. Specifically, by modernizing Gothic conventions and by pushing the Romantic sublime to the limits of sensational prose, “Ligeia” invents a new sensibility that makes the tale strikingly modern, despite its often archaic and odd vocabulary. To argue this point, the chapter focuses on two contextual frameworks that have hitherto received lesser critical attention: the tale’s embeddedness in contemporary print culture, the first venue of its publication in particular; and the function of the Medusa myth and Medusa-inspired imagery in “Ligeia.”
A Life in Print
Authors: Peeples Scott
Published: July 2018

From 1831, when he joined the Baltimore household of his aunt Maria Clemm, to his death in 1849, Poe’s life and career were inextricable from the print culture in which he immersed himself. He worked as an editor or assistant for five different periodicals, and throughout his career he sought control of his own monthly magazine, but the closest he came was the brief ownership of a fast-failing weekly, The Broadway Journal. He published ingenious fiction and poetry as well as acerbic reviews and editorial filler, won fame for “The Raven,” and became infamous for his skirmishes with other writers. Meanwhile, he struggled with poverty, alcoholism, and the illness and death of his wife Virginia.
Poe and the Sciences of the Brain
Authors: Gilmore Paul
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines Poe’s exploration of how the human brain functions in his critical essays and tales. It locates his ideas concerning the brain’s functions within mid-nineteenth-century theories about the mind and the brain, specifically phrenology, and alongside his description of intuition as an alternative or supplement to a scientific epistemology based purely in induction and deduction. After doing so, it theorizes how his views might intersect with recent developments in neuroscience and the cognitive sciences, especially as applied to aesthetics. Like many other Romantic authors, Poe approached scientific pursuits and methods, especially those regarding human mental faculties and functions, with both skepticism and a great deal of interest. Ranging over a number of Poe’s works, from Eureka to “The Imp of the Perverse,” “Murders in the Rue Morgue” to “Philosophy of Composition,” the chapter argues that Poe’s celebration and critique of human rationality and the limits of scientific methods, especially in regards to the human brain, provide a valuable template for thinking through the application of developments in brain science to literary-aesthetic questions in the twenty-first century.
Poe and Science Fiction
Authors: Grimstad Paul
Published: July 2018

This essay traces a literary history from Poe’s tales and essays in which imaginative speculation and rationalist explanation are fused to create an effect of verisimilitude. Poe’s pioneering prose techniques had a decisive influence on the emerging history of science fiction as a genre, which this essay considers in relation to Jules Verne, Raymond Roussel, the pulp magazine Amazing Stories, Isaac Asimov, Alan Turing, and the emerging philosophy of artificial intelligence, Philip K. Dick, and the filmmaker Ridley Scott.
Repatriating an Egyptian Modernity
Authors: Ramzy Carolyn M.
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines Coptic Orthodox music culture through a gendered lens. Specifically, it investigates how the repatriation of Coptic music transcriptions has facilitated women’s song activism in male-dominated contexts. Yet, as women increasingly sound their presence in the Coptic church, they are often complicit in some of the Church’s moral narratives in containing women’s bodies, voices, and comportment in the Orthodox community. While the use of Coptic music transcriptions impart expertise status to the women who use them, this chapter argues that transcription’s colonialist genealogies and accompanying discourses of modernity also reinscribe Coptic gender hierarchies within a specific ethnoreligious nationalism that closely mirrors that of the Egyptian state. In the end, the case study of Monika Kyrillos, one of the most popular Coptic singers in Egypt, illustrates how her performances both subscribe to and also challenge Orthodox gender subjectivities through her music activism.
Rethinking Repatriation and Curation in Newfoundland
Authors: Diamond Beverly , Tulk Janice Esther
Published: July 2018

Since 2004, “Back on Track” has been produced by the Research Centre for Music, Media, and Place at Memorial University, partly in response to public requests for access to the university’s archival collections. It aims to recover historically and culturally significant documents for public use; augment cultural content in the schools; promote and disseminate the culture of the province and beyond to local, national, and international audiences; stimulate new artistic work that builds on earlier traditions; and contribute to policy development relating to cultural diversity. This chapter considers processes of collaboration, strategies of representation, and the construction of present and future relationships to the past through music. Specifically in relation to Indigenous content in the series, the chapter demonstrates how curated collections, when produced in collaboration with communities and individuals, not only repatriate audio recordings, but also amplify local histories and both personal and collective memories.
Archives, Repatriation, and the Challenges Ahead
Authors: Seeger Anthony
Published: July 2018

For decades, ethnomusicologists, folklorists, anthropologists, and a variety of cultural institutions such as audiovisual archives and museums have been returning parts of their collections to the communities from which they were originally obtained. Starting with a definition of repatriation, this chapter describes some of the attributes of successful repatriation projects. They usually require a highly motivated individual or group within the community, an intermediary to help locate and obtain the recordings, and a funding agency for the effective return of the music to circulation within the community. Different kinds of repatriation are described using examples from the author’s research in Brazil and projects in Australia, India, and the United States. Projects to return music to local circulation have been greatly facilitated by changes in communications technologies and digital recording, and by profound changes in research ethics and the relations between researchers and documentarians and the communities in which they work. Despite these improvements, challenges remain.
Internal Ribosome Entry Site-Mediated Translation in Neuronal Protein Synthesis
Authors: Holcik Martin
Published: July 2018

While the majority of cellular mRNAs are translated by a cap-dependent mechanism, a subset of mRNAs can use an alternative mode of translation that, instead of cap, relies on discreet RNA elements that help to recruit the ribosome. This mode of translation, termed Internal Ribosome Entry Site (IRES)–dependent translation, is particularly important during conditions of compromised global protein synthesis or for a local, precisely timed translation of specific mRNAs. This latter purpose is of considerable importance in cells of the CNS for their normal function. Recently, the disruption of the IRES-mediated translation has also been linked to pathological processes, suggesting that full understanding and targeting of this peculiar mechanism could be used for therapeutic intervention.