bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Oligotrophy to the UlTra-oligotrophy PACific Experiment
(OUTPACE cruise, Feb. 18 to Apr. 3, 2015)
Authors: Moutin Thierry , Doglioli Andrea , De Verneil Alain , Bonnet Sophie
Published: February 2017

Abstract. The overall goal of OUTPACE (Oligotrophy to UlTra-oligotrophy PACific Experiment) was to obtain a successful representation of the interactions between planktonic organisms and the cycle of biogenic elements in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean across trophic and N2 fixation gradients. Within the context of climate change, it is necessary to better quantify the ability of the oligotrophic ocean to sequester carbon through biological processes. OUTPACE was organized around three main objectives which were: (1) To perform a zonal characterization of the biogeochemistry and biological diversity of the western tropical South Pacific during austral summer conditions, (2) To study the production and fate of organic matter (including carbon export) on three contrasting trophic regimes (increasing oligotrophy) with a particular emphasis on the role of dinitrogen fixation, and (3) to obtain a representation of the main biogeochemical fluxes and dynamics of the planktonic trophic network. The international OUTPACE cruise took place between 18 February and 3 April 2015 aboard the RV L'Atalante and involved 60 scientists (30 onboard). The west-east transect covered ~ 4 000 km from the western part of the Melanesian Archipelago (New Caledonia) to the western boundary of the South Pacific gyre (French Polynesia). Following an adaptive strategy, the transect initially designed along the 19° S parallel was adapted along-route to incorporate information coming from satellite measurements of sea surface temperature, chlorophyll a concentration, currents, and diazotrophs quantification. After providing a general context and describing previous work done in this area, this introductory paper elucidates the objectives of OUTPACE, the implementation plan of the cruise, water mass and climatological characteristics, and concludes with a general overview of the other papers that will be published in this special issue.
Atmospheric gas records from Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, reveal
ancient ice with ages spanning the entire last glacial cycle
Authors: Baggenstos Daniel , Bauska Thomas K. , Severinghaus Jeffrey P. , Lee James E. , Schaefer Hinrich , Buizert Christo , Brook Edward J. , Shackleton Sarah , Petrenko Vasilii V.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Old ice for paleo-environmental studies, traditionally accessed through deep core drilling on domes and ridges on the large ice sheets, can also be retrieved at the surface from ice sheet margins and blue ice areas. The practically unlimited amount of ice available at these sites satisfies a need in the community for studies of trace components requiring large sample volumes. For margin sites to be useful as ancient ice archives, the ice stratigraphy needs to be understood and age models need to be established. We present measurements of trapped gases in ice from Taylor Glacier, Antarctica, to date the ice and assess the completeness of the stratigraphic section. Using δ18O of O2 and methane concentrations, we unambiguously identify ice from the last glacial cycle, covering every climate interval from the early Holocene to the penultimate interglacial. A high-resolution transect reveals the last deglaciation and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) in detail. We observe large-scale deformation in the form of folding, but individual stratigraphic layers do not appear to have undergone irregular thinning. Rather, it appears that the entire LGM-deglaciation sequence has been transported from the interior of the ice sheet to the surface of Taylor Glacier relatively undisturbed. We present an age model that builds the foundation for gas studies on Taylor Glacier. A comparison with the Taylor Dome ice core confirms that the section we studied on Taylor Glacier is better suited for paleo-climate reconstructions of the LGM due to higher accumulation rates.
The ACER pollen and charcoal database: a global resource to document vegetation and fire response to abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period
Authors: Sánchez Goñi Maria Fernanda , Desprat Stéphanie , Daniau Anne-Laure , Bassinot Franck C. , Polanco-Martínez Josué M. , Harrison Sandy P. , Allen Judy R. M. , Anderson R. Scott , Behling Hermann , Bonnefille Raymonde , Burjachs Francesc , Carrión José S. , Cheddadi Rachid , Clark James S. , Combourieu-Nebout Nathalie , Courtney-Mustaphi Colin J. , Debusk George H. , Dupont Lydie M. , Finch Jemma M. , Fletcher William J. , Giardini Marco , González Catalina , Gosling William D. , Grigg Laurie D. , Grimm Eric C. , Hayashi Ryoma , Helmens Karin , Heusser Linda E. , Hill Trevor , Hope Geoffrey , Huntley Brian , Igarashi Yaeko , Irino Tomohisa , Jacobs Bonnie , Jiménez-Moreno Gonzalo , Kawai Sayuri , Kershaw Peter , Kumon Fujio , Lawson Ian T. , Ledru Marie-Pierre , Lézine Anne-Marie , Liew Ping Mei , Magri Donatella , Marchant Robert , Margari Vasiliki , Mayle Francis E. , McKenzie Merna , Moss Patrick , Müller Stefanie , Müller Ulrich C. , Naughton Filipa , Newnham Rewi M. , Oba Tadamichi , Pérez-Obiol Ramón , Pini Roberta , Ravazzi Cesare , Roucoux Katy H. , Rucina Stephen M. , Scott Louis , Takahara Hikaru , Tzedakis Polichronis C. , Urrego Dunia H. , van Geel Bas , Valencia B. Guido , Vandergoes Marcus J. , Vincens Annie , Whitlock Cathy L. , Willard Debra A. , Yamamoto Masanobu
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Quaternary records provide an opportunity to examine the nature of the vegetation and fire responses to rapid past climate changes comparable in velocity and magnitude to those expected in the 21st century. The best documented examples of rapid climate change in the past are the warming events associated with the Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles during the last glacial period, which were sufficiently large to have had a potential feedback through changes in albedo and greenhouse gas emissions on climate. Previous reconstructions of vegetation and fire changes during the D-O cycles used independently constructed age models, making it difficult to compare the changes between different sites and regions. Here we present the ACER (Abrupt Climate Changes and Environmental Responses) global database which includes 93 pollen records from the last glacial period (73–15 ka) with a temporal resolution better than 1,000 years, 32 of which also provide charcoal records. A harmonized and consistent chronology based on radiometric dating (14C, 234U/230Th, OSL, 40Ar/39Ar dated tephra layers) has been constructed for 86 of these records, although in some cases additional information was derived using common control points based on event stratigraphy. The ACER database compiles metadata including geospatial and dating information, pollen and charcoal counts and pollen percentages of the characteristic biomes, and is archived in Microsoft AccessTM at doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.870867.
River profile response to normal fault growth and linkage: an example from the Hellenic forearc of south-central Crete, Greece
Authors: Gallen Sean F. , Wegmann Karl W.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Topography is a reflection of the tectonic and geodynamic processes that act to uplift the Earth's surface and the erosional processes that work to return it to base level. Numerous studies have shown that topography is a sensitive recorder of tectonic signals. A quasi-physical understanding of the relationship between river incision and rock uplift has made the analysis of fluvial topography a popular technique for deciphering relative, and some argue absolute, histories of rock uplift. Here we present results from a study of the fluvial topography from south-central Crete, demonstrating that river longitudinal profiles indeed record the relative history of uplift, but several other processes make it difficult to recover quantitative uplift histories. Prior research demonstrates that the south-central coastline of Crete is bound by a large ( ∼  100 km long) E–W striking composite normal fault system. Marine terraces reveal that it is uplifting between 0.1 and 1.0 mm yr−1. These studies suggest that two normal fault systems, the offshore Ptolemy and onshore South-Central Crete faults, linked together in the recent geologic past (ca. 0.4–1 My BP). Fault mechanics predict that when adjacent faults link into a single fault the uplift rate in footwalls of the linkage zone will increase rapidly. We use this natural experiment to assess the response of river profiles to a temporal jump in uplift rate and to assess the applicability of the stream power incision model to this setting. Using river profile analysis we show that rivers in south-central Crete record the relative uplift history of fault growth and linkage as theory predicts that they should. Calibration of the commonly used stream power incision model shows that the slope exponent, n, is  ∼  0.5, contrary to most studies that find n  ≥  1. Analysis of fluvial knickpoints shows that migration distances are not proportional to upstream contributing drainage area, as predicted by the stream power incision model. Maps of the transformed stream distance variable, χ, indicate that drainage basin instability, drainage divide migration, and river capture events complicate river profile analysis in south-central Crete. Waterfalls are observed in southern Crete and appear to operate under less efficient and different incision mechanics than assumed by the stream power incision model. Drainage area exchange and waterfall formation are argued to obscure linkages between empirically derived metrics and quasi-physical descriptions of river incision, making it difficult to quantitatively interpret rock uplift histories from river profiles in this setting. Karst hydrology, break down of assumed drainage area discharge scaling, and chemical weathering might also contribute to the failure of the stream power incision model to adequately predict the behavior of the fluvial system in south-central Crete.
Wave-ice interactions in the neXtSIM sea-ice model
Authors: Williams Timothy D. , Rampal Pierre , Bouillon Sylvain
Published: February 2017

Abstract. In this paper we describe a waves-in-ice model which calculates ice breakage and the wave radiation stress (WRS) that is coupled to the new sea ice model neXtSIM, which is based on the Elasto-Brittle (EB) rheology. We highlight some numerical issues involved in the coupling, and investigate the impact of the WRS, and of modifying the EB to lower the stiffness of the ice in the area where the ice has broken up (the marginal ice zone, or MIZ). In experiments in the absence of wind, we find that wind waves can produce noticeable movement in loose ice (concentration around 70 %) – up to 36 km, depending on the material parameters of the ice that are used, and the dynamical model used for the broken ice. Swell waves do not produce any movement, as they are attenuated too little to induce a very large WRS. In the presence of wind, we find that the wind stress dominates the WRS, which while large near the ice edge, decays exponentially away from it. This is in contrast to the wind stress which is applied over a much larger ice area. In this case (when wind is present) the dynamical model for the MIZ has more impact than the WRS, although that effect too is relatively modest. When the stiffness in the MIZ is lowered due to ice breakage, we find that on-ice winds produce more compression in the MIZ than in the pack, while off-ice winds can cause the MIZ to be separated from the pack ice.
Dialogue Analysis Using a Text Mining Approach: Case Study of Hirono Town
Authors: Chosokabe Madoka , Sakamoto Maiko , Nakayama Mikiyasu
Published: February 2017

This case study examined public participation regarding reconstruction of the disaster-affected areas in the Fukushima Prefecture of Japan following the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011. The study aimed at (i) identifying the topics discussed and shared by the residents, and (ii) revealing the contribution of the media to ensuring information transparency in the regional planning process. We applied text mining—in particular, correspondence analysis—to (a) the text data from dialogue sessions with local residents and (b) newspaper articles that appeared in a nation-wide newspaper in order to identify the similarities and differences between the topics discussed by session participants and those that appeared in newspaper articles. It turned out that the newspaper articles did not adequately address some important topics discussed in the dialogues. This implies that the coverage by the mass media has much room for improvement in the transparency of the information it provides and supporting the development and implementation of administrative agendas involving citizens and municipalities.
Complete heart block in pregnancy
Authors: Fiser Wesley , Hayes Kevin , Paydak Hakan
Published: February 2017

A pregnant woman presented with increasing exertional dyspnea and was found to have complete heart block with a junctional escape rhythm. The complete heart block did not resolve with exercise testing, suggesting infranodal disease. A presumptive diagnosis of mild viral myocarditis was made, having been exposed to her toddler with a viral exanthem days before. After giving steroids to preemptively accelerate fetal lung maturity and several days of close observation, the AV block resolved. She was discharged in stable condition without need for temporary or permanent pacing and later delivered a healthy infant.
Younger Customers' Outlooks when Selecting and Changing a Financial Services Provider: The Case of Maltese Students
Authors: Camilleri Silvio John , Ellul Denise
Published: February 2017

In order for banks to supplement their market share, it is crucial for them to entice new customers such as students who are expected to join the workforce at a subsequent stage. The main aim of this paper is to survey the banks' tactics in this regard, the response of students to such schemes, and the aspects which such customers consider when selecting a particular service provider or when switching to another one. We conduct interviews with bank representatives and distribute questionnaires to first year university students in order to gauge whether particular factors are more important than others in the selection of a financial services provider. We find that there are various aspects which banks may leverage upon to entice potential customers to switch away from competing service providers, especially due to the fact that switchers tend to respond differently to given characteristics in their decision making process.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 1
Authors: Lee Joan
Published: February 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environment and Natural Resources Research, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2017
Investigating Changing In Social Studies Textbooks of Public Review (Basic Fourth and Fifth) Based on the Emphasis on Critical Thinking Skills Facione in the Last Three Decades
Authors: Aghababaeian Parinaz , Moghaddam Shams Aldin Hashemi , Nateghi Faezeh , Faghihi Alireza
Published: February 2017

This study investigated the changes in public school social studies textbooks in general period of Iran (fourth and fifth grades) based on the emphasis on Facione critical thinking skills in the past three decades. In this study, content analysis of qualitative and quantitative methods was used to evaluate changes in textbook. For this purpose, the unit of analysis was sentence.Due to the limited population that includes all social studies textbooks from the years 1984-1985 to 2014-2015of fourth and fifth grades (a total of 9 books) sampling and sample of the population selected for the study had not been made. The data gathering instruments were self-made content analysis checklist based on Facione elements and validity was determined by experts of education science. As well as the reliability of the instrument was calculated by the Ali Delaware formula showed 85% agreement coefficient.Overall, findings indicate that the social studies books in fourth and fifth grades of primary school, in terms of attention to other critical thinking skills were written in the last three decades is very weak. 90 new books written especially given the changes in the national curriculum document and document fundamental change was not anticipated and expected. Meanwhile fifth grade social studies book in terms of attention to other critical thinking skills (0%) compared to the fourth grade social studies books had poorer conditions.
The Study Elements and Indicators of Risk Management System for Secondary Schools in Thailand
Authors: Wandee Methenan , Sirisuthi Chaiyuth , Leamvijarn Subunn
Published: February 2017

The purposes of this research aimed 1) to study the elements and indicators of risk management system for secondary schools in Thailand. 2) to study suitable the elements and indicators of the risk management system for secondary schools in Thailand. 3) to study the results of CFA (Confirmatory Factors Analysis) risk management process of risk management system for secondary schools in Thailand. There were four steps as follows: Stage 1 to study theories and concepts from the documents and research. Stage 2 to synthesize the study of concepts, principles and theories involved in this research from the stage 1. Stage 3 to evaluate and confirm the suitability of the elements and indicators of risk management system for secondary schools in Thailand by 9 experts. And Stage 4 to analyze the elements and indicators of risk management process of risk management system for secondary schools in Thailand by CFA (Confirmatory Factor Analysis). There were 350 samples in this study. The instruments used in this study were questionnaire for 9 experts and questionnaire for CFA. The statistics used for data analysis were mean, standard deviation, Chi-square, GFI, AGFI, SRMR, RMSEA. The findings found that the risk management system for secondary schools in Thailand had four main elements as follows: 1) Input consisted of 5 sub-factors, 13 indicators, 2) Process had 2 dimensions: 2.1) Dimension of the risk management process consisted of 8 sub- elements, 31 indicators, 2.2) Dimension of school burdens consisted of 4 sub-elements, 72 indicators, 3) Outputs and Outcomes consisted of 2 sub-elements, 6 indicators and 4) Feedback consisted of 2 indicators. The results of evaluation and confirmatory the suitability the elements and indicators of risk management system for secondary schools in Thailand by 9 experts found that it was suitable in every items. And the results analyze CFA of the elements and indicators risk management process of risk management system for secondary schools in Thailand revealed that the model is harmonious with empirical data and in ‘good’ level.
The Implementation and Results of the Academic Administration System in the Center for Education Quality Development Network under the Jurisdiction of the Office of the Basic Education Commission of Thailand
Authors: Ruanglae Phumiphat , Sirisuthi Chaiyuth , Weangsamoot Visoot
Published: February 2017

This purpose of this study was twofold. The researcher aimed to investigate the implementation results of the academic administration system in the Center for Education Quality Development Network under the jurisdiction of the Office of the Basic Education Commission of Thailand and to design the Actions Research which can be effectively utilized in academic administration. The system involved 5 steps including: 1) investigating the current situation, problems and development needs; 2) creating development guidelines; 3) identifying success indicators; 4) identifying development procedures; and 5) reflecting performance. When the system had been implemented in the 6th Center for Education Quality Development Network with 16 schools in Nahaew district, it was found that the result of key success indicator assessment had the overall average at the moderate level. When each aspect being considered individually, it was found that the part with respect to students had most of the success indicators followed by the part pertaining to the internal quality assurance. The part with fewest success indicators was the participatory administration. Regarding the assessment of user’s satisfaction after the system implementation, it was rated, as a whole, at the high level.
A Platform for Development and Optimum Use of Land Capacity
Authors: Mehrasa Jamshid , Kainiya Mohammad
Published: February 2017

Cadaster refers to a system involving comprehensive geometric data on real estate across a country along with full details of properties, owners and respective rights. It can provide a dynamic administration of real estate datasets so that tasks are carried out at maximum efficiency and quality. From the legal point of view, a cadaster survey seeks to specify 4 essential characteristics concerning immovable property, including owner, ownership transfer practices, geographic location, dimensions (area) based on primary and secondary registration numbers, quality and quantity of properties. By determining these parameters and registering them in single-sheet cadastral deeds as well as an online database, a great step can be taken to mitigate the rate of violations and crimes related to property registration, and subsequently reduce the lawsuits. Nowadays, it is critical to implement a land and real estate registration system in any country, since it can facilitate the sustainable development of the central government, provide security of tenure and property ownership rights, facilitate investment in the real estate market and the transactions, guarantee a transparent, efficient property evaluation and ultimately set the groundwork for planning and utilizing lands and achieving sustainable development. It is crucial to emphasize the fact that the Iranian economic and industrial development has posed numerous new obstacles against authorities in charge of the cadaster survey and registration of land ownership, since they have to take caution about the potential demand and dynamism of the cadaster expansion in the future. As a result, the cadaster expansion should be constantly monitored to ensure its compliance and support for adopting appropriate decisions, optimally managing the lands, minimizing the detrimental consequences of environmental changes and their consistency with the current and upcoming requirements. The continuous development of cadaster systems and their capability to cooperate with other national databases is vital for ensuring all needs are met in various economic sectors and providing reliable data update on real estate.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 10, No. 2
Authors: Sheng Vivian
Published: February 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for Journal of Politics and Law, Vol. 10, No. 2, 2017.
China Town Magazine and Indonesian-Chinese Identity
Authors: Effendi Tonny Dian , Abubakar Mohd Zaini
Published: February 2017

The new democratic political system in Indonesia recognizes Indonesian-Chinese as part of the national building. In the post-Suharto era, they are enjoying their cultural identity including freedom of press and freely to use their mother language. In fact, they were still develop their identity inside Indonesia as the multi-cultural country. The magazine called China Town is one of the Indonesian-Chinese Community Magazine. The magazine is not merely as the media which periodically reporting Indonesian-Chinese activities and opinions, but also as the representation of their existence and also identity. This article attempts to measure the role of the magazine particularly concerning on the identity issues. Specifically, this research will examine to what extent the China Town magazine achieve the objectives in terms of media coverage in order to develop and strengthen their identity? This is a qualitative study with content analysis. The empirical data found that, the China Town magazine have attempted tries to convince that Indonesian-Chinese is part of the Indonesian nation, as the Indonesian identity, and they are not exclusive as well as homogenous community. However, the magazine have also expressed and emphasized that Indonesian-Chinese were part of Chinese diaspora. It portrays that the magazine gave a balance information between Indonesian mainstream media and Chinese news.
Mentale rum og kohærens
Authors: Knoth Tine Woergaard , Bernhardt Lise
Published: February 2017

This article sets out to describe the relationship between mental spaces and text coherence. When a reader interprets a text he mentally divides it into smaller parts, so-called mental spaces. The question is how texts cohere in spite of the fact that the mental spaces in principle work against text coherence because of their dividing function.The article will show that text reference helps to establish text coherence but only the macro level makes the text fully cohere.
Making friends with your Money? - A semiotic analysis of relationship communication strategies in the financial sector
Authors: Andersen Poul Houman , Nielsen Anne Ellerup
Published: February 2017

Hand in hand with the increased competition in the financial sector, relationship marketing has become an important part of general bank marketing. Relationship marketing is concerned with the initiation and management of long-term customer relationships through the development of loyalty programmes. However, so far little focus has been on the communication of the marketing brand, with respect to the bank's communicative starting point for pursueing such strategies. This paper addresses the communicative platform of banks as pursuers of relationship marketing strategies. Using a semiotic mapping approach, we analyse the brand positions of two Danish banks in terms of brand values and marketing communication strategies. We conclude the paper by pointing to research and policy implications for academia and management.
Genomic analysis of ST88 community-acquired methicillin resistantStaphylococcus aureusin Ghana
Authors: Kpeli Grace , Buultjens Andrew H. , Giulieri Stefano , Owusu-Mireku Evelyn , Aboagye Samuel Y. , Baines Sarah L. , Seemann Torsten , Bulach Dieter , Gonçalves da Silva Anders , Monk Ian R. , Howden Benjamin P. , Pluschke Gerd , Yeboah-Manu Dorothy , Stinear Timothy
Published: February 2017

Background

The emergence and evolution of community-acquired methicillin resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA) strains in Africa is poorly understood. However, one particular MRSA lineage called ST88, appears to be rapidly establishing itself as an “African” CA-MRSA clone. In this study, we employed whole genome sequencing to provide more information on the genetic background of ST88 CA-MRSA isolates from Ghana and to describe in detail ST88 CA-MRSA isolates in comparison with other MRSA lineages worldwide.

Methods

We first established a complete ST88 reference genome (AUS0325) using PacBio SMRT sequencing. We then used comparative genomics to assess relatedness among 17 ST88 CA-MRSA isolates recovered from patients attending Buruli ulcer treatment centres in Ghana, three non-African ST88s and 15 other MRSA lineages.

Results

We show that Ghanaian ST88 forms a discrete MRSA lineage (harbouring SCCmec-IV [2B]). Gene content analysis identified five distinct genomic regions enriched among ST88 isolates compared with the otherS. aureuslineages. The Ghanaian ST88 isolates had only 658 core genome SNPs and there was no correlation between phylogeny and geography, suggesting the recent spread of this clone. The lineage was also resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics includingβ-lactams, tetracycline and chloramphenicol.

Discussion

This study reveals thatS. aureusST88-IV is a recently emerging and rapidly spreading CA-MRSA clone in Ghana. The study highlights the capacity of small snapshot genomic studies to provide actionable public health information in resource limited settings. To our knowledge this is the first genomic assessment of the ST88 CA-MRSA clone.
Advances in Subcritical Hydro‐/Solvothermal Processing of Graphene Materials
Authors: Sasikala Suchithra Padmajan , Poulin Philippe , Aymonier Cyril
Published: February 2017

Many promising graphene‐based materials are kept away from mainstream applications due to problems of scalability and environmental concerns in their processing. Hydro‐/solvothermal techniques overwhelmingly satisfy both the aforementioned criteria, and have matured as alternatives to wet‐chemical methods with advances made over the past few decades. The insolubility of graphene in many solvents poses considerable difficulties in their processing. In this context hydro‐/solvothermal techniques present an ideal opportunity for processing of graphenic materials with their versatility in manipulating the physical and thermodynamic properties of the solvent. The flexibility in hydro‐/solvothermal techniques for manipulation of solvent composition, temperature and pressure provides numerous handles to manipulate graphene‐based materials during synthesis. This review provides a comprehensive look at the subcritical hydro‐/solvothermal synthesis of graphene‐based functional materials and their applications. Several key synthetic strategies governing the morphology and properties of the products such as temperature, pressure, and solvent effects are elaborated. Advances in the synthesis, doping, and functionalization of graphene in hydro‐/solvothermal media are highlighted together with our perspectives in the field.
Rapid and continuous synthesis of methacrolein with high selectivity by condensation of propanal with formaldehyde in laboratory
Authors: Lei Liang , Tao Ran , Shi Jianming , Jing Xin , Ma Haihong
Published: February 2017

An experimental device with a micro‐tubular reactor for continuous reaction process was designed and constructed based on the reaction mechanisms and characteristics of condensation of propanal with formaldehyde, a short mean residence time (a few seconds) for the reactive mixture was acquired to increase selectivity to methacrolein (MAL) by reducing the side reactions. Diethylamine and acetic acid aqueous solution was used as catalysts for the reaction. The reactor temperature ranged between 100 and 210 °C. The reactor pressure was set at 4.5–6.0 MPa to make sure that the reaction can be carried out in liquid phase. The results indicated that the reaction rate was heavily influenced by the concentration of the catalysts and the feed preheating temperature. When the feed preheating temperature was about 132 °C, the mass concentration of diethylamine was about 6 %, the reaction pressure was 4.5–5.0 MPa, and the mean residence time varied from 4.5 to 5.5 s, high conversion of propanal (99.9 %) and high selectivity to MAL (98.7 %) were acquired. High catalytic activity and high selectivity were maintained after the catalysts had been recycled six times.
Fragmented QRS complex predicts contrast‐induced nephropathy and in‐hospital mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Kurtul Alparslan , Duran Mustafa
Published: February 2017

Background

Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with increased mortality after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Recently, fragmented QRS complex (fQRS) on 12‐lead electrocardiography has been introduced as a marker of cardiovascular disease and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality.

Hypothesis

fQRS on ECG is associated with CIN and in‐hospital mortality after primary PCI in patients with STEMI.

Methods

Eight hundred ninety‐five patients with first STEMI treated by primary PCI were enrolled in the study. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of fQRS as shown by 12‐lead electrocardiography in the first 24 hours. fQRS was defined by presence of an additional R wave (R″), or notching of the S wave, or >1 R′ in 2 contiguous leads. Patients were then reallocated to 2 groups according to presence or absence of postprocedural CIN, which was defined as a rise in serum creatinine of 0.5 mg/dL or a 25% increase from baseline value within 72 hours after the procedure.

Results

Patients with a fQRS were older and had significantly lower left ventricular ejection fraction. CIN occurred in 77 (8.6%) patients. The prevalence of CIN and in‐hospital mortality was significantly higher in the fQRS(+) group. In multivariate analysis, fQRS was found to be an independent predictor of CIN (odds ratio: 3.125, P = 0.029) and in‐hospital mortality (odds ratio: 9.062, P = 0.009).

Conclusions

The fQRS is an independent predictor of postprocedural CIN and in‐hospital mortality in STEMI patients.
Design of a portable gas chromatography with a conducting polymer nanocomposite detector device and a method to analyze a gas mixture
Authors: Pirsa Sajad
Published: February 2017

A portable chromatography device and a method were developed to analyze a gas mixture. The device comprises a chromatographic column for separating components of a sample of the gas mixture. It has an air pump coupled to the inlet of a chromatographic column for pumping air and an injector coupled to the inlet of chromatographic column for feeding the sample using the air as a carrier gas. A detector is arranged downstream from and coupled to the outlet of the chromatographic column. The detector is a nanostructure semiconductive microfiber. The device further comprises an evaluation unit arranged and configured to evaluate each detected component to determine the concentration. The designed portable system was used for simultaneous detection of amines. The possibility of applying dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the determination of analytes in trace levels is demonstrated. The reproducibility of this method is acceptable, and good standard deviations were obtained. The relative standard deviation value is less than 6% for all analytes. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the extraction and determination of analytes in water samples.
Comparison of Performance of Fast‐Reacting Nanothermites and Primary Explosives
Authors: Khasainov Boris , Comet Marc , Veyssiere Bernard , Spitzer Denis
Published: February 2017

The main features of nano‐sized thermites are reviewed with the purpose to compare the performance of most reactive nanothermites showing high combustion front velocities of up to 2500 m s−1 with that of primary explosives. Because these regimes do propagate only at very low relative density of nano‐thermites and as convective burning waves rather than detonations, the initiating capacity of these nanocompositions, compared to promises, is yet much lower than that of the primary explosives. Hybrid mixtures of nanothermite with high explosive offer practically interesting triggering potential and present a more promising way for substituting lead‐based “not green” primary explosives. A threshold size of nanothermite particles is evaluated above which the dynamics of flame propagation in nanothermites can be reasonably described based on the principles of continuum mechanics and classical thermodynamics.
Effective ways of supporting patients to stop smoking
Authors: Pang Elizabeth , Stern Myra
Published: February 2017

Smoking cessation is the most cost‐effective intervention for the prevention and treatment of smoking‐related diseases. This article discusses the treatments available to support smokers to stop smoking and their efficacy.
Recent advances in the management of chronic pain
Authors: Stewart Kate
Published: February 2017

Current treatments for chronic pain are often ineffective and are associated with some problematic side‐effects. This article discusses some new approaches that may offer better treatment options for patients with chronic pain in the future.
Pneumonic‐type mucinous lung adenocarcinoma diagnosed by transbronchial cryobiopsy
Authors: Balestra Rick , Selvaraju Akilan , Benzaquen Sadia , Zander Dani S.
Published: February 2017

Primary lung adenocarcinoma with lepidic growth can mimic diffuse pulmonary parenchymal processes like infectious pneumonia or idiopathic inflammatory pneumonitis. We report a case of subacute pneumonitis refractory to antibiotic therapy and empirical corticosteroids, proven to be diffuse mucinous adenocarcinoma with lepidic growth on transbronchial cryobiopsy.
Just the “Typical College Diet”: How College Students Use Life Stages to Account for Unhealthy Eating
Authors: Harris Deborah A.
Published: February 2017

I performed a qualitative content analysis of 136 college students' food diary reflection papers to examine the accounts used when explaining dietary failures. In addition to common justifications (denials of injury, appeals to higher loyalties, and condemning the condemners) and excuses (denials of responsibility and postponement), diarists referred to their status as a college student and the “typical college student lifestyle” as the major reason for eating an unhealthy diet. Exploring how students use life stages to neutralize stigma adds a new temporal and context‐focused dimension to studies of accounts and provides direction for potential health interventions.
Predicting mild cognitive impairment from spontaneous spoken utterances
Authors: Asgari Meysam , Kaye Jeffrey , Dodge Hiroko
Published: February 2017

Introduction

Trials in Alzheimer's disease are increasingly focusing on prevention in asymptomatic individuals. We hypothesized that indicators of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) may be present in the content of spoken language in older adults and be useful in distinguishing those with MCI from those who are cognitively intact. To test this hypothesis, we performed linguistic analyses of spoken words in participants with MCI and those with intact cognition participating in a clinical trial.

Methods

Data came from a randomized controlled behavioral clinical trial to examine the effect of unstructured conversation on cognitive function among older adults with either normal cognition or MCI (ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT01571427). Unstructured conversations (but with standardized preselected topics across subjects) were recorded between interviewers and interviewees during the intervention sessions of the trial from 14 MCI and 27 cognitively intact participants. From the transcription of interviewees recordings, we grouped spoken words using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), a structured table of words, which categorizes 2500 words into 68 different word subcategories such as positive and negative words, fillers, and physical states. The number of words in each LIWC word subcategory constructed a vector of 68 dimensions representing the linguistic features of each subject. We used support vector machine and random forest classifiers to distinguish MCI from cognitively intact participants.

Results

MCI participants were distinguished from those with intact cognition using linguistic features obtained by LIWC with 84% classification accuracy which is well above chance 60%.

Discussion

Linguistic analyses of spoken language may be a powerful tool in distinguishing MCI subjects from those with intact cognition. Further studies to assess whether spoken language derived measures could detect changes in cognitive functions in clinical trials are warrented.
The Problem of Unilateralism in Agency Theory: Towards a Bilateral Formulation
Authors: Pouryousefi Sareh , Frooman Jeff
Published: February 2017

Some business ethicists view agency theory as a cautionary tale—a proof that it is impossible to carry out successful economic interactions in the absence of ethical behaviour. The cautionary-tale view presents a nuanced normative characterisation of agency, but itsunilateralfocus betrays a limited understanding of the structure of social interaction. This article moves beyond unilateralism by presenting a descriptive and normative argument for abilateralcautionary-tale view. Specifically, we discuss hat swaps and role dualism in asymmetric-information principal-agent relationships and argue that the norm of reciprocity can function as a moral solution to agency risks in adverse-selection and moral-hazard problems. Our bilateral cautionary-tale formulation extends the normative boundaries of agency theory, while leaving the fundamental economic assumptions of agency theory intact.
A retrospective study of lymphatic transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous/deep inferior epigastric perforator flaps for breast cancer treatment-induced upper-limb lymphoedema
Authors: Yang Zhuangqing , Huang Sheng , Wang Jiankui , Xi Yan , Yang Xiaojuan , Tang Qi , Du Juan , Nie Jianyun , Zou Tianning , Zhou Shaoqing , Tang Xueliang , Chen Dedian
Published: February 2017

Breast cancer-related lymphoedema (BCRL) is a common and intractable complication. To evaluate the possible complications of using lymphatic transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous/deep inferior epigastric perforator (TRAM/DIEP) flaps for breast reconstruction and BCRL treatment, 20 patients with moderate or severe BCRL were retrospectively enrolled between November 2012 and October 2014. 10 patients had undergone lymphatic TRAM/DIEP flap surgery were assigned to the surgery group. 10 patients unwilling to undergo reconstruction were assigned to the physiotherapy group treated with traditional physical therapy. Upper-limb movement and circumference were measured and patients’ subjective assessment was assessed using a questionnaire. In the surgery group, all flaps were successfully transferred. BCRL in 8 patients was improved by one level. The upper-limb circumference returned to normal in 1 case, and only 1 patient did not improve. In the physiotherapy group, a slight improvement was noted in 6 patients and unchanged in four cases. From the questionnaires, patients underwent lymphatic TRAM/DIEP flap surgery reported a significantly greater improvement in the affected limb (p < 0.05). In the physiotherapy group, the limb subjective did not improve as well as in the surgery group. Lymphatic TRAM/DIEP is a safe and effective option for patients who suffer from post-mastectomy lymphoedema.
Correction: Probing the nano-scale architecture of diamond-patterned electrospun fibre mats by synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering
Authors: Sui Tan , Titov Kirill , Ying Siqi , Zhang Hongjia , Dolbnya Igor P. , Tan Jin-Chong , Korsunsky Alexander M.
Published: February 2017

Correction for ‘Probing the nano-scale architecture of diamond-patterned electrospun fibre mats by synchrotron small angle X-ray scattering’ by Tan Sui et al., RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 8200–8204.
Correction: An efficient and rapid intramolecular cyclization of a quadruple Mannich reaction for one-pot synthesis of pentaazaphenalenes and their antimicrobial activities
Authors: EL-Mahdy Ahmed F. M. , EL-Sherief Hassan A. H.
Published: February 2017

Correction for ‘An efficient and rapid intramolecular cyclization of a quadruple Mannich reaction for one-pot synthesis of pentaazaphenalenes and their antimicrobial activities’ by Ahmed F. M. EL-Mahdy et al., RSC Adv., 2016, 6, 92134–92143.
Application of Saccharin as an Acidic Partner in the Ugi Reaction for the One-Pot Synthesis of 3-Iminosaccharins
Authors: Ramezanpour Sorour , Bigdeli Zahra , Alavijeh Nahid , Rominger Frank
Published: February 2017

The use of saccharin as a replacement for the carboxylic acid component in an Ugi multicomponent condensation leading to [(1,1-dioxido-1,2-benzisothiazol-3-yl)amino]acetamide (3-iminosaccharin) derivatives is described for the first time.
Partial-occupancy binders identified by the Pan-Dataset Density Analysis method offer new chemical opportunities and reveal cryptic binding sites
Authors: Pearce Nicholas M. , Bradley Anthony R. , Krojer Tobias , Marsden Brian D. , Deane Charlotte M. , von Delft Frank
Published: February 2017

Crystallographic fragment screening uses low molecular weight compounds to probe the protein surface and although individual protein-fragment interactions are high quality, fragments commonly bind at low occupancy, historically making identification difficult. However, our new Pan-Dataset Density Analysis method readily identifies binders missed by conventional analysis: for fragment screening data of lysine-specific demethylase 4D (KDM4D), the hit rate increased from 0.9% to 10.6%. Previously unidentified fragments reveal multiple binding sites and demonstrate: the versatility of crystallographic fragment screening; that surprisingly large conformational changes are possible in crystals; and that low crystallographic occupancy does not by itself reflect a protein-ligand complex's significance.
Steve Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement
Authors: Hadfield Leslie Anne
Published: February 2017

The Black Consciousness movement of South Africa instigated a social, cultural, and political awakening in the country in the 1970s. By the mid-1960s, major anti-apartheid organizations in South Africa such as the African National Congress and Pan-Africanist Congress had been virtually silenced by government repression. In 1969, Steve Biko and other black students frustrated with white leadership in multi-racial student organizations formed an exclusively black association. Out of the South African Students’ Organization (SASO) came what was termed Black Consciousness. This philosophy redefined “black” as an inclusive, positive identity and taught that black South Africans could make meaningful change in their society if “conscientized” or awakened to their self-worth and the need for activism. The movement emboldened youth, contributed to the development of Black Theology and cultural movements, and led to the formation of new community and political organizations such as the Black Community Programs organization and the Black People’s Convention. Black Consciousness adherents also formed groups in exile and sought to join the armed struggle.

Articulate and charismatic, Steve Biko was one of the movement’s foremost instigators and prolific writers. When the South African government understood the threat Black Consciousness posed to apartheid, it worked to silence the movement and its leaders. Biko was banished to his home district in the Eastern Cape, where he continued to build community development programs and have a strong political influence. His death at the hands of security police in September 1977 revealed the brutality of South African security forces and the extent to which the state would go to maintain white supremacy. After Biko’s death, the state declared Black Consciousness–related organizations illegal. Activists formed the Azanian People’s Organization (AZAPO) in 1978 to carry on Black Consciousness ideals, though the movement in general waned after Biko’s death. Since then, Biko has loomed over the history of the Black Consciousness movement as a powerful icon and celebrated hero while others have looked to Black Consciousness in forging a new black future for South Africa.