bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Gur-Arye Miriam
Published: May 2019

This issue of the Israel Law Review is devoted to a written academic symposium on the Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Methods of Investigation of the General Security Service (GSS) Regarding Hostile Terrorist Activity (the “Landau Report”). The Commission was established in May, 1987 to investigate GSS interrogation practices and to reach legal conclusions concerning them. The need to establish the Commission followed revelations of activity within the GSS which was prima facie unlawful.

The Report discusses a dilemma fundamental to any democratic state forced to cope with hostile terrorist activity (HTA): the dilemma “between the vital need to preserve the very existence of the State and its citizens, and [the need] to maintain its character as a law-abiding State which believes in basic moral principles” (R., 77). The only solution to that dilemma, according to the Report, requires that the “law itself … ensure a proper framework for the activity of the GSS regarding Hostile Terrorist Activity” (R., 79).
Not Actual “Necessity” But Possible “Justification”; Not “Moderate” Pressure, But Either “Unlimited” or “None At All”
Authors: Feller S.Z.
Published: May 2019

1. It is not too late, even now, to welcome the appointment of the statutory commission of inquiry, headed by former President of the Supreme Court Moshe Landau, to examine the methods employed by the General Security Service (GSS) in investigating “hostile terrorist activity” (HTA). The Landau Commission Report treats a broad spectrum of subjects, and the ordinary reader, such as myself, must bear in mind that he encounters only the first part of the Report, while there is also a second, confidential part which doubtless comprises discussions, conclusions and recommendations that cast additional light upon the first part and make for its fuller understanding.

Even Part One of the Report, with its references to Part Two, constitutes in and of itself a major contribution to the effort to crystallize clear legal models of conduct for the special governmental organs involved in the sensitive area of the investigation of HTA cases. Raising the subject on the public agenda, the revelation of the facts involved, and examination of the attendant problems by a commission of such standing constitute an important step toward finding appropriate solutions. Although the Commission's approach is open to dispute on some points, dispute precedes all progress, at least the dispute between the new course and its predecessor.
Torture and the Balance of Evils
Authors: Moore Michael S.
Published: May 2019

This article explores the questions raised by the issuance of the Landau Commission Report: What is the legal and moral status of torture of terrorist suspects and others, when that torture is engaged in by the Investigation Unit of the General Security Service (GSS) of the State of Israel for the purpose of extracting information potentially saving many Israeli lives? More specifically, was the Commission right in itsretrospectiveconclusion that “the methods of interrogation … employed [in the past by the GSS] … are largely to be defended, both morally and legally …” (R., 4)? Was the Commission right in itsprospectiveconclusion that no new legislation is needed to deal with the methods of interrogation of the GSS because “the GSS can turn a new leaf … within the framework of the existing law …” (R., 82)?
Torture, The State and the Individual
Authors: Kadish Sanford H.
Published: May 2019

The Report of the Landau Commission puts a painful question for public debate: can it ever be morally acceptable in a liberal democracy for the state to use cruel measures against a person to compel him to reveal information needed to prevent grave harms, such as the loss of lives? The question, of course, belongs to a class of questions that has baffled and divided people for generations. Are some actions inherently and intrinsically wrong, so that they may not be redeemed by the net good consequences they produce on balance? Even if this is the case in general, can it be true regardless of the enormity of the consequences? Battle lines in moral philosophy are drawn in terms of how these questions are answered. For consequentialists the morality of all actions is solely determined by their consequences, near and long term. For deontologists the morality of all actions is always determined, at least in part, by their intrinsic wrongness, so that if they are wrong they are not made right by their desirable consequences. Each side has, so it seems, an unanswerable objection to the position of the other. Deontologists ask: then you mean you are ready to declare, for example, that punishment of innocent persons may be morally justified if it is necessary to prevent crime? And consequentialists (without answering) ask in turn: then you mean that even if the life of thousands and the preservation of the basic freedoms of a democratic community depend on it, you would regard it as morally prohibited to use any force against a single innocent person?

These questions are among the hardest of all hard questions. But they become even harder when they are asked in the context of a public debate over how a government should act in some immediate crisis.
Coercion and the Judicial Ascertainment of Truth
Authors: Zuckerman Adrian A. S.
Published: May 2019

The Commission of Inquiry into the Methods of Investigation of the General Security Service regarding Hostile Terrorist Activity dealt with the investigation methods which were practiced by the General Security Service (GSS) and which impinged on the rights of suspects.

Suspects under interrogation have a number of rights: the right not to be physically or mentally injured or otherwise mistreated, the privilege against self-incrimination and a number of ancillary procedural rights, such as the right to consult a lawyer. The Commission concluded that the interests of combatting terrorism justify the suspension of these rights in whole or in part. It thought that the privilege against self-incrimination need not be accorded to terrorist suspects and, furthermore, that psychological and physical forms of pressure may be exerted on suspects in order to overcome their resistance to interrogation. The Commission accepted that a civilised criminal procedure has to reflect minimal standards of respect for the integrity of individuals. However, it found justification for the departure from normal procedures in an analogy to the doctrines of necessity and self-defence.
Human Rights and National Security
Authors: Zamir Itzhak
Published: May 2019

The State of Israel came into being forty years ago. Its Declaration of Independence proclaimed that the State “shall guarantee complete equal social and political rights to all its citizens without regard to religion, race or sex”. At the time there was a war being waged for Israel's independence, a war which is not yet over. The threat to Israel's security, both from within and without, is still very real. The struggle for security has been going on, unabated, for forty years, and it exacts a price. Among other things, it exacts a price in human rights. Freedom of expression, for example, is subject to military censorship. As a British judge once remarked, war is not waged in accord with the principles of the Magna Carta.
Raymond Cecil Moore (1892–1974): Memorial and Bibliography (In Celebration of the 100th Anniversary of the Kansas Geological Survey)
Authors: Maples Christopher G. , Buchanan Rex
Published: May 2019

This year (1989) marks the 100th anniversary of the Kansas Geological Survey's location at the University of Kansas. Perhaps no single name is as closely associated with the Survey as Raymond Cecil Moore, director of the Survey and state geologist of Kansas from 1916 to 1954 (Figure 1). Moore was, without doubt, the principal influence on the Survey's character and direction in the first half of the twentieth century, and he continued to be involved in the Survey and its research until his death in 1974. In spite of Moore's seminal influence at the Kansas Geological Survey and the University of Kansas, a formal memorial for Moore was never published and a bibliography of Moore's written works never compiled. Thus, the following memorial and bibliography are published to commemorate Moore, 100 years after the founding of the organization that he affected most significantly and to which he devoted so much of his time and talent, the Kansas Geological Survey.
Investigating over-dispersion; Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) and rats
Authors: Cromptom D. W. T. , Keymer A. E. , Arnold S. E.
Published: May 2019

An analysis of the frequency distribution of numbers of Moniliformis dubius in rats of an outbred strain of Wistar origin (CFHB) and feeding ad libitum on Oxoid 41B diet, showed that over-dispersion occurred regardless of the age and sex of the rats and the infective dose given (12, 20 or 40 cystacanths/rat). Over-dispersion was also shown to be independent of variability in the age and sex of the cystacanths given. The analysis demonstrated that the over-dispersion declined as the course of the infection proceeded. As expected, parasite survival was found to be age-dependent with female worms living longer, on average, than males, and both male and female worms living longer in rats given 12 as opposed to 20 cystacanths. Possible mechanisms for generating the over-dispersion observed during this work are discussed and a tentative hypothesis, invoking host heterogeneity with regard to carbohydrate availability in the small intestine, is proposed for further experimental investigation.
Triphasic locomotor response of a plant-parasitic nematode to avermectin: inhibition by the GABA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin
Authors: Wright D. J. , Birtle A. J. , Roberts I. T. J.
Published: May 2019

The response of the plant parasitic nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (J2 stage) to avermectin B2a-23-one is triphasic, comprising an initial loss of locomotor activity where the juveniles remain sensitive to touch, a recovery phase and a final loss of activity where the juveniles are relatively insensitive to touch. In contrast, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, oxamyl, causes initial hyperactivity of juveniles followed by a progressive decline in movement. The addition of bicuculline and to a lesser extent picrotoxin, both antagonists of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), blocks the action of avermectin on M. incognita.
Lack of Cross-Resistance of Paraquat-Resistant Hairy Fleabane (Conyza bonariensis) to Other Toxic Oxygen Generators Indicates Enzymatic Protection is Not the Resistance Mechanism
Authors: Vaughn Kevin C. , Vaughan Martin A. , Camilleri Patrick
Published: May 2019

Cross-resistance of the paraquat-resistant (R) hairy fleabane to other compounds that accept electrons from photosystem I (PSI) or produce toxic oxygen species was determined by chlorophyll loss, electron microscopy, and chlorophyll fluorescence suppression. Although the R bioype is approximately 100 x more resistant to paraquat than the susceptible (S) biotype based upon the assays for tissue damage, little or no cross-resistance was observed to a number of other PSI electron acceptors, including the bipyridilium herbicide morfamquat. A low level of resistance (approximately 10-fold) was noted to diquat and the singlet oxygen generator rose bengal. As measured by chlorophyll fluorescence suppression, the R biotype was about 100-fold resistant to paraquat, but only 10-fold resistant to diquat, and exhibited no resistance to morfamquat. Because differences observed with this protocol are direct measures of the ability of the herbicide to reach the active site and the results correlate with the level of resistance observed by chlorophyll bleaching or electron microscopy, these data suggest that compartmentalization is the major factor in paraquat resistance in hairy fleabane.
Effects of Glyphosate Combinations by 2,4-D or Dicamba on Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)
Authors: Flint Jerry L. , Barrett Michael
Published: May 2019

Applications of isopropylamine glyphosate at 0.28, 0.56, 0.84, and 1.12 kg ae/ha in combination with the dimethylamine salts of 2,4-D or dicamba at 0.14, 0.28, 0.42, and 0.56 kg ae/ha produced additive or synergistic field bindweed control compared to the herbicides applied alone. Leaf and root growth was inhibited more from herbicide combinations than would be predicted from the effects of the chemicals applied alone at the same rate. The uptake of14C from glyphosate into the treated leaf and its accumulation in roots increased when 2,4-D or dicamba was combined with the 0.28 kg/ha rate of14C-glyphosate. The combination of 2,4-D or dicamba with a higher (0.84 kg/ha)14C-glyphosate rate did not change total absorption of14C from glyphosate. However, compared to 0.84 kg/ha of14C-glyphosate applied alone, less14C accumulated above the treated leaf and more accumulated in the roots when 2,4-D was added to the glyphosate. The combination of glyphosate with 2,4-D or dicamba generally resulted in both increased uptake of14C from 2,4-D or dicamba and greater accumulation in the roots. The additive or synergistic field bindweed control observed from mixtures of glyphosate with 2,4-D or dicamba appeared to be due to greater accumulation of the herbicides in the roots.
Effects of Carbon Dioxide Enrichment on the Expansion and Size of Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) Leaves
Authors: Sasek Thomas W. , Strain Boyd R.
Published: May 2019

Seedlings of kudzu were grown at 350, 675, or 1000 μl/L CO2in controlled-environment chambers. At elevated CO2concentrations, maximum leaf expansion rates were approximately 40% greater, leaves were fully expanded several days sooner, fully expanded leaves were larger at each leaf position, and leaf production rates were increased 12%. Peak starch accumulation was much greater in plants grown at elevated CO2concentrations. Total xylem water potentials were higher (less negative) at full hydration, and osmotic potentials were decreased (more negative) by CO2enrichment. At 1000 μl/L CO2, leaf turgor pressure was twice that at 350 μl/L CO2. Results suggest that leaf expansion rates and leaf expansivity may have been increased due to higher turgor pressure at the higher CO2concentrations. The potential for successful seedling establishment may be enhanced as the atmospheric CO2concentration continues to rise, increasing kudzu invasiveness.
Chlorimuron Absorption by Excised Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Roots
Authors: Nandihalli Ujjanagouda B. , Bhowmik Prasanta C.
Published: May 2019

Absorption of ethyl ester of chlorimuron by excised velvetleaf root tissue was investigated. Chlorimuron uptake increased rapidly, reaching a maximum after 2 h. After 4 h, however, a portion of the previously absorbed herbicide was lost to the external solution. The temperature coefficient (Q10) for chlorimuron absorption between 15 and 25 C was 1.9. The herbicide uptake was severely inhibited by metabolic inhibitors, DNP and KCN, and by anaerobic conditions (anoxia). Results of permeation experiments indicated that chlorimuron did not accumulate in the root tissue against a concentration gradient, and Ci/Coreached 1.0 after a 2-h permeation period. Chlorimuron efflux was continuous and after 2 h of washing the tissue in a herbicide-free solution, 90% of the previously absorbed herbicide was removed, suggesting that its accumulation in the tissue was reversible.
Reduction of Imazaquin Injury to Corn (Zea mays) and Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) by Antidotes
Authors: Barrett Michael
Published: May 2019

Antidotes were evaluated for their ability to prevent corn and sorghum injury caused by imazaquin. Plant injury was reduced in both preemergence and early postemergence imazaquin applications. Naphthalic anhydride (NA) seed treatment was the most consistent compound in reducing the imazaquin injury. Seed treatment with CGA 92194 or flurazole also gave injury protection to corn and sorghum, while soil treatment with dichlormid provided the least protection from imazaquin injury. Treatment with the antidotes did not affect the acetolactate synthase (ALS) (EC4.1.3.18) activity in corn or sorghum tissues. Imazaquin treatments decreased extractable ALS activity but this decrease was eliminated, partially or totally, by the most effective antidotes. Antidote treatments had little effect on absorption and distribution of14C in plants growing in soil treated with14C-imazaquin. Antidote treatments increased the metabolism of14C-imazaquin to both soluble and unextractable14C after 24 h of exposure. The increased rate of imazaquin conversion to less toxic metabolites when antidotes were used resulted in a reduction in imazaquin injury to corn and sorghum.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Sulfometuron in Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides) and Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum)
Authors: Baird James H. , Wilcut John W. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Dickens Ray , Sharpe Sam
Published: May 2019

Sulfometuron, when applied as a foliar and/or soil application, prevented regrowth of bahiagrass. Sulfometuron application did not reduce regrowth of centipedegrass regardless of method of application. Sulfometuron was absorbed by the roots and foliage of centipedegrass and bahiagrass. Symplasmic translocation of the herbicide was evident in both species. Translocation of foliar-applied sulfometuron increased from approximately 1% at 48 h after application to 23% at 72 h in bahiagrass. Metabolism of sulfometuron was greater in centipedegrass (69% of foliar-applied, 10% of root-applied) at 72 h after application than in bahiagrass (30% of foliar-applied and 4% of root-applied). Tolerance of centipedegrass to sulfometuron appeared to be related to a high degree of herbicide metabolism in this species.
Big Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) Seed Production
Authors: Young James A. , Evans Raymond A. , Palmquist Debra E.
Published: May 2019

Establishment of seedlings of big sagebrush subsequent to range weed control treatments limits the economic feasibility of such treatments for increased forage production. This study investigated the dynamics of seed production by this species as one step in understanding seedling establishment. Studies were conducted on five different ecological sites along the arid extremity of big sagebrush distribution in western Nevada. Demography, physical dimensional parameters, biomass, and community structure were determined for each site and related to seed production over a 4-yr period. In addition, seeds harvested from each site were used to grow plants that were transplanted to establish reciprocal gardens at all sites. Seeds were subsequently harvested from the plants in these gardens. The average stand studied was capable of producing about 50 million seeds/ha annually. The plant characteristics most closely correlated with seed production were leaf weight, canopy density, and root crown diameter. The stand that consistently had the highest average seed production had the lowest woody biomass accumulation rate. In reciprocal gardens, plants grown from this stand had the highest average seed production. Seed production of big sagebrush plants appears to be related to site characteristics, shrub biomass characteristics, and inherent genetic potential of the plants in a given collection.
Adaptation and Differentiation of Golf Course Populations of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua)
Authors: Lush W. Mary
Published: May 2019

Morphological and physiological variation among annual bluegrass populations from the green, fairway, and rough were measured to determine the role annual bluegrass infestations outside the green play in maintaining the population in the green. Annual bluegrass populations from the fairway and the rough were similar to each other but differed from that of the green in habit, dry mass production, flowering, seed size, and germination. Seeds from each population established best in the type of turf from which they originated. It is concluded that, since few genotypes were common to the green and its surroundings, the populations in the fairway and rough played little or no role in maintaining the population of the green. The same is likely to be true wherever the management of greens and their surroundings differs sufficiently for marked population differentiation to occur. This finding does not preclude the possibility that some genotypes adapted to the green persist in the surroundings, and that these genotypes serve as sources of seeds for the colonization or reinfestation of annual bluegrass-free greens.
A Capeweed (Arctotheca calendula) Biotype in Australia Resistant to Bipyridyl Herbicides
Authors: Powles Stephen B. , Tucker Edwin S. , Morgan Tom R.
Published: May 2019

Paraquat and diquat were used from 1963 until 1986 to control capeweed and other annual weeds on an alfalfa field at Elmhurst, Victoria, Australia. From 1983, control of capeweed with these bipyridyl herbicides was no longer satisfactory. In experiments conducted on this field in 1986 and 1987, 800 g ai/ha of diquat was required to equal the control of capeweed obtained by 100 g/ha diquat in an adjacent pasture field with no history of herbicide use. There were substantial numbers of a diquat-resistant biotype within the population in the alfalfa field. It is concluded that the diquat-resistant biotype of capeweed became dominant due to the strong selection pressure provided by over 20 yr of use of the bipyridyl herbicides.
Germination and Emergence of Longspine Sandbur (Cenchrus longispinus)
Authors: Boydston Rick A.
Published: May 2019

Longspine sandbur germinated readily after 3 months of storage at 0 to 4 C. Germination was 15 to 82 and 10 to 76% for seed retained by or that passed through a 1.7-mm-mesh screen, respectively, and was greatest in complete darkness near 30 C. Light inhibited seed germination at most of the temperatures tested. Incubating imbibed seed at 40 C and 40/10 C for 3 weeks reduced the viability of seed that did not germinate by more than 50%. Primary seed within the bur germinated 77% and secondary seed germinated 35% during 2 weeks at 35/10 C (16 light/8 dark h). Primary seed placed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions ranging from −0.5 to −1.5 kPa water potential germinated as much or greater than seed placed in water, while secondary seed germination was inhibited by similar osmotic potentials. Seedlings emerged from depths to 11 cm but emerged most readily from 1- to 3-cm depths.
Effect of Depth and Duration of Seed Burial on Ripgut Brome (Bromus rigidus)
Authors: Gleichsner Jean A. , Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

The influence of depth (0 to 30 cm) and duration (1 to 24 months) of burial on the deterioration, germination, and viability of ripgut brome seed was studied in the field. Both surface-sown and buried ripgut brome seed were depleted within 15 months. Persistence of surface-sown seed declined relatively slowly during the first year, falling from 83 to 62 to 23% after 1, 9, and 12 months, respectively. Seed covered by soil, however, germinated more rapidly, with less than 10% of the initial population ungerminated after 1 month at all depths. The mode of seed disappearance was closely related to whether or not the seed was covered with soil. Seed loss at depths of 1 to 30 cm was primarily due to germination in situ, with little effect from viability loss or enforced or induced dormancy. In contrast, the persistence of surface-sown seed was due primarily to induced dormancy for up to 12 months, with viability loss and enforced dormancy becoming important thereafter. Tillage practices aimed at providing favorable germination conditions may reduce ripgut brome seed survival in the soil. Because seed is relatively short lived, seed supply in soil may be reduced by short-term rotation to a crop that allows for effective control of ripgut brome.
Annual Grass Interference in Container-Grown Bush Cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa)
Authors: Walker Kandy L. , Williams David J.
Published: May 2019

Experiments conducted for two consecutive years indicated that barnyardgrass, large crabgrass, and giant foxtail interfered with the growth and development of container-grown ‘Gold Drop’ bush cinquefoil. Grass weed densities ranging from one to six weeds per container reduced Gold Drop bush cinquefoil growth. Bush cinquefoil shoot dry weight, averaged over all grass weeds, was decreased as much as 75% after 83 days of interference. The reduction of cinquefoil growth was independent of the number of grass weeds in the container.
The Influence of Soil Water Content on Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Interference in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Mortensen David A. , Coble Harold D.
Published: May 2019

Field studies were conducted in 1985 and 1986 to evaluate the stability of reciprocal interference relationships between common cocklebur and soybean under high and low soil moisture conditions. A significant soil moisture differential was established with portable rain exclusion shelters. Well-watered and drought-stressed common cocklebur reduced soybean yield 29 and 12%, respectively. Drought-stressed common cocklebur interfered with soybean over a shorter distance and the magnitude of the effect at a given distance was reduced. The reduced common cocklebur interference in drier soils was attributed to both common cocklebur and soybean growth responses to moisture stress. First, moisture stress caused greater reductions in common cocklebur canopy diameter, stem diameter, node number, and plant height than in soybean. Second, the soybean yield potential was reduced by moisture stress. The reduction in yield potential decreased the effect of the weed interference. Third, soybean canopy development was slowed, and canopy closure that occurred in about 12 weeks in well-watered soybeans never occurred in the moisture-stressed soybeans. This reduced the degree of light interference between both the common cocklebur and soybean and among the soybean plants. The results of this study indicate that the reciprocal interference relationships between common cocklebur and soybean are not stable across soil moisture conditions. The implications of unstable competitive parameters must be considered as threshold models are developed for various field crops.
Competition and Canopy Architecture as Affected by Soybean (Glycine max) Row Width and Density of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
Authors: Légère Anne , Schreiber Marvin M.
Published: May 2019

The effects of soybean row width and redroot pigweed density on growth of crop and weed were studied in field trials in 1983, 1984, and Structural relationships within the canopies of soybean and redroot pigweed in relation to row width and weed density were studied in 1984 and 1985 to assess canopy geometry in relation to intra- and interspecific competition. Early in the growing season, soybean biomass was reduced in the presence of both high and low densities of pigweed. Pigweed biomass was also reduced in the presence of soybeans, especially when grown in narrow rows (25 cm). By midseason, pigweed's contribution to total biomass had reached 43% in wide-row (76-cm) stands and 24% in narrow rows. Soybean produced two to four times more leaf area than pigweed during the first half of the growth season. Narrow-row planting favored soybean leaf area production. Soybean LAI values from weedy stands were reduced compared to those from weed-free stands. Pigweed's contribution to total leaf area averaged 29% in wide-row spacing and 15% in narrow rows. Pigweed leaf area was concentrated in the upper strata of the canopy and thus reduced light available to soybean leaves lower in the canopy. Leaf area distribution patterns suggested that soybean and pigweed were competing for light even though soybean had produced more leaf area than pigweed. These relations were consistent from year to year in spite of variable water conditions.
Responses of Redroot Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) and Witchgrass (Panicum capillare) Seeds to Anesthetics
Authors: Taylorson Ray B.
Published: May 2019

Substances having anesthetic-like properties were examined for stimulation of redroot pigweed and witchgrass seed germination. Chemicals included the n-alcohols through C-5, 2-propanol, benzyl alcohol, diethyl ether, chloroform, and 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethanol. Redroot pigweed seeds required the far-red absorbing form of phytochrome (Pfr) for an anesthetic substance to increase germination, but in witchgrass seeds the active anesthetic substances stimulated germination without added Pfr. The correlation coefficient comparing relative activity (RA) versus the membrane/buffer partition coefficient (M/B) of the active substances was very poor (−0.37) for pigweed seeds but was −0.91 for witchgrass. Leakage of cellular materials, including electrolytes, substances absorbing at 280 nm, and amino acids from seeds treated with either active or inactive anesthetics, was not particularly indicative of effects on germination in both species. Application of increased pressure (0.965 MPa) during anesthetic treatment, which in animals prevents anesthesia, was found to act oppositely and increase seed response to ethanol in redroot pigweed seeds, but in witchgrass seeds pressure suppressed the stimulatory action of ethanol. In both species, pressure appeared to have an action of its own, but for this action to be expressed the presence of a stimulatory anesthetic was also required. The results do not appear to support a good relationship of anesthetic activity with seed membrane lipophilic components in redroot pigweed seeds, but the relationship seems likely for witchgrass seeds.
Cell Membrane Permeability and Ultrastructural Effects of Difenzoquat on Wild Oats (Avena fatua)
Authors: Thai Kiet M. , Jana Sakti , Fowke Larry C.
Published: May 2019

Effects of difenzoquat on wild oats grown under controlled environmental conditions were studied. Seedling height and fresh weight were significantly reduced 5 days after postemergence treatment. Dose-dependent increase in cell membrane permeability was detected after a 12-h exposure to the herbicide. Scanning electron micrographs showed normal leaf hairs and cuticular wax but swollen guard cells 10 days after treatment. Ultrastructural changes occurred before the visible symptoms. The primary effect of difenzoquat appears to be the disruption of the tonoplast and plasmalemma. The tonoplast showed greater damage than the plasmalemma. Secondary effects included damage to mitochondria and chloroplasts. Mitochondria were swollen and often ruptured, but the effect did not increase with the duration of exposure. Chloroplasts became spherical in shape, and their contents were also affected. The changes included: accumulation and then disappearance of starch granules, swelling of frets, fusion of granal thylakoids, detachment and then rupture of the outer membrane of the envelope, and clumping of ribosomes. By contrast, natural senescence caused greater injury of the plasmalemma than the tonoplast, a marked increase in size of plastoglobuli, and loss of starch grains without early accumulation.
Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Biotype Response to Sethoxydim and Haloxyfop
Authors: Alcantara Elifas N. , Wyse Donald L. , Spitzmueller Joseph M.
Published: May 2019

Crown bud, tiller, and rhizome development was studied in 10 quackgrass biotypes at two stages (three-to four- and seven- to eight-leaf stages) of development to determine if differential development of these structures influenced control with sethoxydim and haloxyfop. There was a differential response among the 10 biotypes to both sethoxydim and haloxyfop at both stages of development. The biotypes differed in the number of crown buds, tillers, and rhizomes that formed at both stages of development. In the three- to four-leaf stage, the biotypes with the greatest number of crown buds were the most difficult to control. These results suggest that in the susceptible stage (three-to four-leaf) the quackgrass biotypes with the least number of crown buds will be the easiest to control; however, by the time all the biotypes reach the seven- to eight-leaf stage even the biotypes with the lowest number of crown buds have enough crown buds that they become difficult to control with either sethoxydim or haloxyfop.
Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) Control in Soft Red Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Schroeder Jill
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted at two locations in Georgia to evaluate wild radish control and soft red winter wheat tolerance of herbicides applied February 1 (one- to five-tiller stage) or March 1 (three- to seven-tiller stage). Bromoxynil controlled wild radish with no wheat grain or forage yield reductions in any experiment. Thiameturon controlled wild radish when applied at rates >0.02 kg/ha on March 1. Metribuzin, dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D, and dimethylamine salt of MCPA provided late-season control of wild radish. February 1 treatments of metribuzin reduced wheat stands at Plains. The difference was attributed to environmental conditions, wheat tiller number at application, and possibly to differences in soil fertility at planting. Metribuzin, thiameturon, dimethylamine salt of dicamba, MCPA, and 2,4-D reduced wheat forage yield at Tifton. Dicamba did not control wild radish and reduced grain yield when applied at a rate of 0.3 kg ai/ha on March 1.
Movement of Tebuthiuron Applied to Wet and Dry Rangeland Soils
Authors: Morton Howard L. , Johnsen Thomas N. , Simanton J. Roger
Published: May 2019

Tebuthiuron was applied at 1 kg ai/ha to wet and dry Hathaway gravelly, sandy loam soil in the spring and fall to determine the amount of tebuthiuron removed in runoff water and the depth to which it would move within the soil profile by simulated rainfall. When pellets containing 20% ai of tebuthiuron were broadcast onto dry soil in the spring, the first simulated rainfall event, 37 mm, removed 5% of the applied tebuthiuron in runoff water and sediment. The second and third simulated rainfall events, 22 and 21 mm, respectively, removed an additional 2%. When tebuthiuron was applied to wet soil in the spring, the initial simulated rainfall events, totaling 42 mm, removed 15% of the tebuthiuron. When tebuthiuron was applied to wet soil in the fall, the initial rainfall events, totaling 40 mm, removed a total of 48% of the tebuthiuron in runoff water and sediment. No significant differences were found in the total amount of tebuthiuron within the soil profile after application to dry and wet soils. More than half of the tebuthiuron had moved into the surface 7 cm 1 day after application. Tebuthiuron was not detected below 90 cm after 165 mm of simulated rainfall and 270 mm of natural rainfall.
Path Analysis of Growth Differences Between Weed and Nonweed Populations of Poorjoe (Diodia teres) in Competition by Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Jordan Nicholas
Published: May 2019

Growth of an agricultural weed population and a coastal nonweed population of poorjoe was compared in a competition experiment with soybean and when grown alone. Mean aboveground biomass production of the weed population was roughly twice that of the nonweed population, whether grown alone or with soybean. A path-coefficient model of growth was fitted to the data in order to compare the populations with respect to five independent measurements of weed growth: establishment rate, early and later growth rates, growth form, and final growth rate. These measurements indicated plant growth over successive intervals of the growing season by statistically equating the size of all plants at the beginning of an interval of growth using analysis of covariance. In general, growth measurements were positively associated with aboveground biomass production. The weed population of poorjoe had a greater establishment rate and a greater early aboveground growth rate compared to the nonweed population; however, the final growth rates of the two populations were similar whether soybean was present or absent. Genetic changes leading to earlier establishment and faster early growth, but not increasing tolerance of soybean and intraspecific competition, may have occurred in the adaptation of poorjoe to an agricultural ecosystem.
The Response of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) Water Relations to Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) Competition
Authors: Stuart Bryan L. , Harrison Steven K. , Abernathy John R. , Krieg Daniel R. , Wendt Charles W.
Published: May 2019

Field tests in 1980 and 1981 indicated that smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.) competition affected cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘GSA 71′) water relations by reducing plant water status early in the season and by shading late in the season. Early in the growing season, cotton leaf water potential and turgor pressure reductions as great as 0.53 and 0.21 MPa, respectively, were measured at a smooth pigweed density of 2.5 plants m-2. Late in the 1981 growing season, smooth pigweed reduced the photon flux density reaching the cotton canopy by 90% at midday. The shaded conditions resulted in increased cotton water potential under low soil water conditions, but the inability to reduce solute potential lowered the turgor pressure of cotton, irrespective of soil water level. Comparisons of smooth pigweed and cotton water relations indicated that smooth pigweed had the capacity to maintain higher water potential and turgor pressure than cotton. The more favorable water status of smooth pigweed resulted in part from increased water extraction at lower depths in the soil profile and higher diffusive resistance, thereby reducing transpirational water loss.
Wild Oat (Avena fatua) andAvena sterilisMorphological Characteristics and Response to Herbicides
Authors: Somody Carol N. , Nalewaja John D. , Miller Stephen D.
Published: May 2019

Wild oat (Avena fatuaL. ♯3AVEFA) andAvena sterilisL. ♯ AVEST accessions from the United States were screened for tolerance to diallate [S-(2,3-dichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate], triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl) diisopropylthiocarbamate], barban (4-chloro-2-butynylm-chlorocarbanilate), diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenoxy] propanoic acid}, difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium), flamprop [N-benzoyl-N-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-DL-alanine], and MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate). Some accessions were tolerant to more than one herbicide but none were tolerant to all herbicides. Tolerance to a herbicide was not restricted to certain areas of origin of the accessions, and tolerant accessions occurred even in locations that had not been treated previously with the herbicide. In general, accessions from Southern California and Arizona were shorter, produced more tillers, and required the least number of days to panicle emergence. However, accessions from within individual areas were nearly as variable in these characteristics as the entire 1200 accessions. Tolerance of accessions to flamprop, difenzoquat, MSMA, and diclofop was not due to low leaf surface area, since the tolerant accessions usually had the most leaf surface area. All the accessions tolerant to difenzoquat, MSMA, and flamprop, and three of the four accessions tolerant to diclofop, tillered less than the susceptible accessions.
Degradation of Pendimethalin in Soil
Authors: Zimdahl Robert L. , Catizone Pietro , Butcher Ann C.
Published: May 2019

Pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] degradation in three soils did not follow first-order kinetics but could be described by a quadratic model. Degradation increased as soil temperature increased in the order 10, 20, 35, and 30C. The rate was the same as 75 and 100% field capacity but slower at 50%. At the same temperature and soil moisture the influence of soil type was small. Based on chemical analysis of soil from field and laboratory studies, the half-life was approximately 47 days. Based on biological analyses of soil, the half-life was 78 to 111 days.
Predicting Recovery of Tanoak (Lithocarpus densiflorus) and Pacific Madrone (Arbutus menziesii) after Cutting or Burning
Authors: Tappeiner John C. , Harrington Timothy B. , Walstad John D.
Published: May 2019

The development of 157 tanoak [Lithocarpus densiflorus(Hook. and Am.) Rehd.] and 130 Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesiiPursh) sprout-clumps 1 to 6 yr after cutting or burning was studied on a range of sites in southwest Oregon. The width and area of sprout-clumps originating from trees ≥ 2-cm stem diameter at 1.4-m height of both species was related to the size of the parent stem and time since cutting (tanoak, r2= 0.77 and 0.75; Pacific madrone, r2= 0.84 and 0.83). The sprouting capacity of tanoak develops slowly, and 5 to 6 yr after cutting, sprout-clumps produced by small tanoak 40 to 50 yr old averaged only 37 cm in diameter. Prediction equations, along with stem-diameter distributions of these species in forest stands, can be used to estimate hardwood foliar cover up to 6 yr after cutting.
Effect ofPuccinia cardui-pycnocephalion Slender Thistles (Carduus pycnocephalusandC. tenuiflorus)
Authors: Olivieri Isabelle
Published: May 2019

The effect of repeated inoculations of the rustPuccinia cardui-pycnocephaliSydow (Uredinae) on growing rosettes of Mediterranean specimens of slenderflower thistle (Carduus tenuiflorusCurt. ♯3CRUTE) and Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalusL. ♯ CRUPY), and Australian specimens of Italian thistle was investigated, using a Mediterranean strain of the rust collected mainly on Italian thistle. Growth of slenderflower thistle was not affected, but growth of both specimens of Italian thistle was decreased significantly when inoculated with the rust. This decrease was significantly higher on Australian specimens.
Distribution and Biology of Two Nightshades (Solanumspp.) in Minnesota
Authors: Quakenbush Laura S. , Andersen Robert N.
Published: May 2019

Two species of annual nightshades were commonly found as agronomic weeds in Minnesota. Eastern black nightshade (Solanum ptycanthumDun.), the most common species, was found throughout the southern half of the state. Hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoidesSendt. ♯3SOLSA) was found only in a few scattered locations. Eastern black nightshade seedling emergence began in mid-April or early May, and more than 80% of the total yearly emergence occurred before June. Hairy nightshade emergence began in May, but less than 70% of its total yearly emergence occurred before June. Eastern black nightshade berries first contained viable seeds 4 to 5 weeks after flowering of the plants and a week or more before the berries began to turn black. Hairy nightshade generally required a week longer than eastern black nightshade for viable seed production after flowering.
Relative Tolerance of Desert Saltgrass (Distichlis stricta) and Reed Canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) to Boron
Authors: Marquis Louis Y. , Comes Richard D. , Yang Ching-Pa
Published: May 2019

Desert saltgrass [Distichlis stricta(Torr.) Rydb. ♯3DISST] tolerated extremely high concentrations of boron in nutrient solution and was far more tolerant of this micro-nutrient than was reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceaL. ♯ TYPAR). Boron concentrations in nutrient solution necessary to reduce growth of desert saltgrass shoots and roots by approximately 50% after 28 days of exposure were 500 and 600 ppm, respectively. In contrast, shoot and root growth of reed canarygrass was decreased approximately 50% by boron concentrations of 82 and 29 ppm, respectively. After 28 days, reed canarygrass shoots contained approximately four times as much boron as desert saltgrass shoots. Reed canarygrass has a higher transpiration rate than desert saltgrass, but this difference did not appear to cause the differential boron concentrations in the shoot tissues of the two species.
Genetic Uniformity in an Introduced Population of Witchweed (Striga asiatica) in the United States
Authors: Werth Charles R. , Riopel James L. , Gillespie Nan W.
Published: May 2019

Witchweed, [Striga asiatica(L.) Kuntze5STRLU], an important parasitic weed throughout much of the old world, occurs as a recent (30 yr) introduction in a limited region in North and South Carolina. Reproduction in this population has been shown to occur primarily through self-pollination of flowers. Genetic diversity in two populations from this region was assessed, utilizing starch gel electrophoresis and staining of enzymes. An average of 64 individuals was observed to be monomorphic at an estimated minimum of 32 genetic loci coding 18 enzyme systems. This lack of polymorphism is attributable to the probable founding of the population by one or a few individuals coupled with the predominantly autogamous breeding system.
Morphological and Histological Effects of Sethoxydim on Corn (Zea mays) Seedlings
Authors: Hosaka Hideo , Inaba Hideo , Satoh Atsushi , Ishikawa Hisao
Published: May 2019

The herbicidal action of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} on corn (Zea maysL. ‘Goldencrossbantam’) was investigated in preemergence and postemergence experiments and hydroponic culture. Soil-applied sethoxydim did not inhibit corn germination. Leaves failed to emerge through the coleoptile with a high herbicide rate (1.6 kg ai/ha), but chlorotic leaves emerged at a lower rate (0.8 kg ai/ha). Growth of corn seedlings treated with a foliar application of 0.2 kg ai/ha was inhibited within 1 day after treatment, but at a lower application rate (0.05 kg ai/ha) growth continued with chlorotic zones on newly expanding leaves. Over the concentration range 3 × 10-5to 1 × 10-6M, sethoxydim inhibited the growth of primary roots of corn in hydroponic culture within 24 h. Cytological investigation showed that sethoxydim inhibited cell division but did not interfere with mitosis.
Absorption, Translocation, and Degradation of Tebuthiuron and Hexazinone in Woody Species
Authors: McNeil Wayne K. , Stritzke Jimmy F. , Basler Eddie
Published: May 2019

Seedlings of winged elm (Ulmus dataMichx.), bur oak (Quercus macrocarpaMichx.), black walnut (Juglans nigraL.), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginianaL.), and loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) were treated in nutrient solution with ring-labeled14C-tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} or14C-hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione]. Four hours later,14C was detected in all sections of winged elm treated with14C-tebuthiuron and14C-hexazinone. Root absorption of the tebuthiuron label by the other species occurred in the order: loblolly pine > bur oak > black walnut = eastern redcedar. The sequence of14C-hexazinone absorption was: loblolly pine > black walnut ≥ bur oak = eastern redcedar. Foliar accumulation of the tebuthiuron label occurred in the order: bur oak > loblolly pine > eastern redcedar = black walnut, whereas the sequence with hexazinone was loblolly pine > bur oak > black walnut = eastern redcedar. The presence of the three metabolites of hexazinone in loblolly pine suggests that it may be resistant to hexazinone as a result of its ability to degrade hexazinone rather than its ability to limit uptake.
Adsorption-Desorption Equilibria of Herbicides in Soil: A Thermodynamic Perspective
Authors: Wauchope R. Don , Koskinen William C.
Published: May 2019

Because adsorption is a major factor controlling herbicide persistence, activity, and mobility in soils, an extensive literature exists on the measurement of this process. The adsorption data are usually fitted to the Freundlich equation, but attempts to interpret this equation theoretically have had only limited success. A meaningful thermodynamic interpretation of the Freundlich equation can be developed using a proposed standard state for adsorbed herbicide, which assumes that soil organic matter forms a solid solution with the herbicide. When herbicide vapor pressures and aqueous solubilities are taken into account, the losses in free energy of different herbicides, on adsorption onto wetted soil surfaces, are shown to be similar to each other and are slightly less than the loss on absorption to the solid herbicides themselves. The Freundlich exponent is related in a simple way to the decreasing energy of available soil sites as the amount of herbicide adsorbed increases, but this change is relatively small over the range of concentrations used in adsorption experiments. Sample results are given for six triazine, three urea, and one uracil herbicides.