bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative randomized study on the efficaciousness of endoscopic bipolar prostate resection versus monopolar resection technique. 3 year follow-up
Authors: Giulianelli Roberto , Albanesi Luca , Attisani Francesco , Gentile Barbara Cristina , Vincenti Giorgio , Pisanti Francesco , Shestani Teuta , Mavilla Luca , Granata David , Schettini Manlio
Published: June 2013

Objective: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the current optimal thera- py for the relief of bladder outflow obstruction, with subjective and objective success rate of 85 to 90%. Aim of this study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of Plasmakinetic ener- gy (Gyrus electro surgical system), which produces vaporization of tissue immersed in isotonic saline against standard monopolar transurethral resection of the prostate. Methods: From January 2002 to April 2002, 160 consecutive patients, who had low urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were enrolled in this study. Patients were randomised to undergo bipolar TURP (80 patients) or monopolar TURP (80 patients). Preoperative work-up was assessed by administering IPSS, IIEF-5 and Qol questionnaires. All patients were submitted to uroflowmetry, transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), post-voidal residual urine measurement and PSA determination. In the two groups, IPSS, IIEF-5 and Qol, uroflowme- try, TRUS, post-voidal residual urine measurement, PSA determination and number of reopera- tions were evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 and 36 months follow up, and then every year. Furthermore, in both groups operative time, resected tissue weight and perioperative complica- tions were analysed. Total postoperative catheter time, total post-operative hospital stay, haemo- globin loss were also recorded in the two groups. Results: Comparative data on IPSS symptom score, IIEF-5, Qol, PSA, peak urinary flow rate and post-void residual urine volume were similar in the two groups but showed a significant improve- ment respect to baseline values. The postoperative haemoglobin levels, postoperative catheteri- zation time, hospital stay and 3-year overall surgical re-treatment-free rate were significantly better in the bipolar group. Conclusions: Bipolar TURP has a comparable outcome to standard monopolar TURP at short and medium term regard to subjective and objective outcome measurements. Its impact on blad- der outlet function is also similar to that of monopolar TURP. Improvement in IPSS, Qol index, IIEF-5, Qmax and post-void residual urine volume were comparable in both group denoting sim- ilar efficacy of the techniques.
A case of eosinophilic cystitis in patients with abdominal pain, dysuria, genital skin hyperemia and slight toxocariasis
Authors: Cerruto Maria Angela , D’Elia Carolina , Artibani Walter
Published: June 2013

Eosinophilic cystitis is a rare inflammatory disease with controversial aetiology and treatment. We report the case of a 61-year-old man presented with lower quadrant abdominal pain and lower urinary tract symptoms, non responsive to antibiotics and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Physical examination was substantially negative, such as laboratory parameters, microscopic, bacteriological and serological evaluations. Cystoscopy revealed red areas involving the mucosa of the bladder and transurethral biopsies revealed infiltrating eosinophils. The patient was treated with corticosteroids and montelukast sodium with improving of the symptoms, and at 5 weeks postoperative pain score was reduced. After discontinuing corticosteroids dysuria recurred with the development of hyperemia at the genital skin; the specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect antibodies against several parasites was slightly positive for Toxocara species. Montelukast sodium was discontinued and corticosteroid therapy was started together with albendazole, with improving of patient’s symptoms and pain decreasing after one week.
Using Empirically Constructed Lexical Resources for Named Entity Recognition
Authors: Jonnalagadda Siddhartha , Cohen Trevor , Wu Stephen , Liu Hongfang , Gonzalez Graciela
Published: June 2013

Because of privacy concerns and the expense involved in creating an annotated corpus, the existing small-annotated corpora might not have sufficient examples for learning to statistically extract all the named-entities precisely. In this work, we evaluate what value may lie in automatically generated features based on distributional semantics when using machine-learning named entity recognition (NER). The features we generated and experimented with include n-nearest words, support vector machine (SVM)-regions, and term clustering, all of which are considered distributional semantic features. The addition of the n-nearest words feature resulted in a greater increase in F-score than by using a manually constructed lexicon to a baseline system. Although the need for relatively small-annotated corpora for retraining is not obviated, lexicons empirically derived from unannotated text can not only supplement manually created lexicons, but also replace them. This phenomenon is observed in extracting concepts from both biomedical literature and clinical notes.
Association of Oral Health and Systemic Diseases in the Elderly
Authors: Sachdev Atul , Talwar Manjit , Malik Gaurav , Sharma Suresh
Published: June 2013

Introduction

Oral health may have an impact on general health with clinical implications.

Objective

To assess association of oral health with systemic diseases in the elderly.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted in 232 elderly subjects (above 50 years) who visited the geriatric medicine OPD at Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh. Oral examination was conducted using the WHO Oral Assessment Form (1997). Written informed consent was taken. Patients were grouped according to their systemic health into six groups: Healthy elderly (group 1), hypertension and coronary artery disease (group 2), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (group 3), diabetes (group 4), diabetes and hypertension (group 5) and hypertension (group 6).

Results

Average DMFT for coronal caries in the six groups was 23.8, 21.24, 22.15, 22.58, 17.83, 22.22 respectively and root caries 22.04, 18.05, 19.46, 14.90, 14.75, 18.62. Periodontal status was assessed by recording the CPI score and attachment loss. Chi-square test was applied, a significantly (p < 0.05) higher CPI score was recorded for groups 2, 3, 6 compared to group 1 while attachment loss was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in diabetics (group 4) compared to group 1. Applying the Z-test for proportions a significantly (p < 0.05) higher number of group 1 edentulous subjects were using upper/lower complete dentures as compared to groups 4 and 5.

Conclusion

Findings of this study indicate an inverse relationship of periodontal health with systemic diseases in the selected sample but further research is needed with larger sample to authenticate the results.

How to cite this article

Talwar M, Malik G, Sharma S, Sachdev A, Chaudhry K. Association of Oral Health and Systemic Diseases in the Elderly. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(1): 9-13.
Knowledge of Biomedical Waste Management among the Students of Rural Dental College, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Pithon Matheus Melo , Singh Hardev K , Popoff Daniela Veloso
Published: June 2013

Objectives

To determine the current knowledge and awareness of undergraduate dental students of Rural Dental College regarding the biomedical waste management.

Materials and methods

This cross-sectional observational study was conducted on students of Rural Dental College, Maharashtra, India. They were asked to fulfill a predesigned questionnaire. The variables assessed were their knowledge and awareness toward biomedical waste management.

Results

A total of 150 students participated. The male to female ratio was 1:2; mean age of respondents was 20.66 ± 1.01. On an average, 59.23% are correct and 40.67% are incorrect for knowledge about biomedical waste management. 81.55% are correct and 18.45% are incorrect for their awareness about the same.

Conclusion

Results indicate that students had good awareness and perception level about awareness of biomedical waste management.

How to cite this article

Saini R, Pithon MM, Singh HK, Popoff DV. Knowledge of Biomedical Waste Management among the Students of Rural Dental College, Maharashtra, India. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2013;2(1):24-26.
Systematic Review of Occupational Therapy Interventions to Improve Cognitive Development in Children Ages Birth–5 Years
Authors: Frolek Clark Gloria J. , Schlabach Theresa L.
Published: June 2013

This systematic review examined the research evidence for interventions used by occupational therapists to improve cognitive development in children from birth to age 5. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed by three teams of two people. From the selected articles, which described Level I and IV studies, two general categories emerged: (1) developmental interventions and (2) joint attention interventions. Developmental interventions occurred in neonatal intensive care units, home, child care centers, and preschools. Synthesis of the articles indicates that developmental interventions result in gains in early cognitive development (e.g., infant and preschool age) with inconclusive evidence for gains through school age. Educating parents of preterm infants to be more sensitive to their child’s needs and more responsive in interactions increased cognitive outcomes and joint attention. Interventions using joint attention enhanced generalization to novel situations and increased play, language, and social interactions in preschoolers with autism. Further studies that describe intervention strategies used to enhance cognitive functioning to promote preliteracy skills such as joint attention, imitation, memory, problem solving, and decision making and are conducted by occupational therapists are needed.
Interinstrument Reliability of the Jamar Electronic Dynamometer and Pinch Gauge Compared With the Jamar Hydraulic Dynamometer and B&L Engineering Mechanical Pinch Gauge
Authors: King Theodore I.
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE. This study sought to determine interinstrument reliability of the Jamar electronic dynamometer and pinch gauge compared with the commonly used Jamar hydraulic dynamometer and B&L Engineering mechanical pinch gauge.

METHOD. Twenty men and 20 women were tested for grip strength with the two different dynamometers, and 17 men and 25 women were tested for lateral pinch strength with the two different pinch gauges.

RESULTS. Grip strength measurements were approximately 10% higher with the hydraulic dynamometer, and lateral pinch strength measurements were approximately 18% higher with the mechanical pinch gauge. Paired t tests and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used for statistical analyses. The two-tailed p value was <.0001, and the ICC indicated poor to moderate reliability.

CONCLUSION. When retesting patients, it is recommended that occupational therapists use the same instrument to measure hand strength because interinstrument reliability may be lacking.
Multiple Errands Test–Revised (MET–R): A Performance-Based Measure of Executive Function in People With Mild Cerebrovascular Accident
Authors: Morrison M. Tracy , Giles Gordon Muir , Ryan Jennifer D. , Baum Carolyn M. , Dromerick Alexander W. , Polatajko Helene J. , Edwards Dorothy F.
Published: June 2013

OBJECTIVE. This article describes a performance-based measure of executive function, the Multiple Errands Test–Revised (MET–R), and examines its ability to discriminate between people with mild cerebrovascular accident (mCVA) and control participants.

METHOD. We compared the MET–R scores and measures of CVA outcome of 25 participants 6 mo post-mCVA and 21 matched control participants.

RESULTS. Participants with mCVA showed no to minimal impairment on measures of executive function at hospital discharge but reported difficulty with community integration at 6 mo. The MET–R discriminated between participants with and without mCVA (p ≤ .002).

CONCLUSION. The MET–R is a valid and reliable measure of executive functions appropriate for the evaluation of clients with mild executive function deficits who need occupational therapy to fully participate in community living.
P4 Medicine and Pediatric Occupational Therapy
Authors: Persch Andrew C. , Braveman Brent H. , Metzler Christina A.
Published: June 2013

Pediatric occupational therapy practitioners face a complex and ever-changing health care environment, creating many challenges and opportunities. P4 medicine is a systems approach to health care that emphasizes proactive wellness over reactive acute care disease management. The four Ps of P4 medicine stand for predictive, personalized, preventive, and participatory, concepts that align well with the practice of pediatric occupational therapy. P4 medicine offers a model for pediatric occupational therapy practitioners to demonstrate the value of occupational therapy services.
Autofluorescence of atmospheric bioaerosols – spectral fingerprints and taxonomic trends of native pollen
Authors: Pöhlker C. , Huffman J. A. , Förster J.-D. , Pöschl U.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP) are important factors in atmospheric cycling, climate, and public health. Pollen is a major fraction of PBAP and is receiving increasing attention due to its high allergenic potential and the associated severe impacts on personal life quality and economy. Recently, autofluorescence-based techniques have proven to be valuable tools for real-time, in-situ quantification and classification of PBAP. First studies suggest that the autofluorescence of pollen may be sufficiently selective to be utilized for an automated and real-time monitoring of pollen in ambient air. However, the degree of selectivity autofluorescence can provide is still in question and actively debated. This study addresses the origin, properties, and selectivity of autofluorescence from native pollen (undamaged and chemically untreated) by providing fluorescence microscopy and spectroscopy measurements along with a systematic synthesis of related literature. We show that dry, native pollen reveals characteristic and reproducible autofluorescence signatures which are shaped by cell wall associated fluorophores, such as phenolic compounds and carotenoid pigments. In addition, fluorescence signals from proteins and chlorophyll a were observed occasionally. The abundance and intensity of the individual fluorescence signals show certain taxonomic trends and allow systematic differentiation from bacteria and fungal spores due to the lack of protein fluorescence from the grain surface. Principal component analysis was used to explore the discrimination potential of pollen autofluorescence and revealed a differentiation of pollen on family level. Our results help explore the levels of selectivity that autofluorescence-based techniques can provide to PBAP analysis and will support the development and application of autofluorescence-based detectors for monitoring of allergenic pollen in the atmosphere.
Dynamic diatom response to changing climate 0–1.2 Ma at Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russian Arctic
Authors: Snyder J. A. , Cherepanova M. V. , Bryan A.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. The Lake El'gygytgyn sediment record contains an abundant diatom flora through most intervals of the lake's history, providing a means to create and test hypotheses concerning the lake's response to changing climates. The 0–1.2 Ma core interval is characterized by shifts in the dominant planktonic genera and events of exceptional concentration and diversity. Warm interglacial intervals have enhanced concentration and diversity of the plankton. This response is most extreme during exceptional events corresponding to marine isotope stages (MIS) 11 and 31. Diatom concentration and diversity also increase during some cold intervals (e.g., MIS 2), suggesting conditions of lake circulation and nutrient cycling promoting diatom production during these events. Short intervals of low plankton concentration accompanied by shifts in the dominant genus of the lake suggest conditions during certain cold events generate a severe impact on plankton production. The absence of these events during extended intervals of low summer insolation variability suggests a muted cold-event response of the lake system linked to regional climate.
Water consumption from hydropower plants – review of published estimates and an assessment of the concept
Authors: Bakken T. H. , Killingtveit Å. , Engeland K. , Alfredsen K. , Harby A.
Published: June 2013

Abstract. Since the report from IPCC on renewable energy (IPCC, 2012) was published; more studies on water consumption from hydropower have become available. The newly published studies do not, however, contribute to a more consistent picture on what the "true" water consumption from hydropower plants is. The dominant calculation method is the gross evaporation from the reservoirs divided by the annual power production, which appears to be an over-simplistic calculation method that possibly produces a biased picture of the water consumption of hydropower plants. This review paper shows that the water footprint of hydropower is used synonymously to water consumption, based on gross evaporation rates. This paper also documents and discusses several methodological problems when applying this simplified approach (gross evaporation divided by annual power production) for the estimation of water consumption from hydropower projects. A number of short-comings are identified, including the lack of clarity regarding the setting of proper system boundaries in space and time. The methodology of attributing the water losses to the various uses in multi-purpose reservoirs is not developed. Furthermore, a correct and fair methodology for handling water consumption in reservoirs based on natural lakes is needed, as it appears meaningless that all the evaporation losses from a close to natural lake should be attributed to the hydropower production. It also appears problematic that the concept is not related to the impact the water consumption will have on the local water resources, as high water consumption values might not be problematic per se. Finally, it appears to be a paradox that a reservoir might be accorded a very high water consumption/footprint and still be the most feasible measure to improve the availability of water in a region. We argue that reservoirs are not always the problem; rather they may contribute to the solution of the problems of water scarcity. The authors consider that an improved conceptual framework is needed in order to calculate the water footprint from hydropower projects in a more reasonable way.
Agricultural Sustainability and Food Security of Jhum Systems in Nagaland, NE India
Authors: Krug Maike , Schlecht Eva , Buerkert Andreas
Published: June 2013

Little is known about agricultural productivity and rural communities' food security in Nagaland (NE India), where high population growth leads to increasingly shorter fallow periods and a reported decline in soil productivity. This problem is particularly severe in the Mon district, where 93% of the population depend on shifting cultivation and the duration of fallow has reduced from more than fifteen to five years. This study was carried out in two villages, Hongphoy and Minyakshu, to quantify the gap between local farmers' food demand in cereals and the amounts harvested from their slash-and-burn fields. The data are based on interviews to determine household size, food consumption, crop yields, duration of fallow periods and field sizes over a two-year period. The results indicate that per capita field size for cultivation averaged 1,800 m2 in Hongphoy and 1,100 m2 in Minyakshu. Adult daily calorific intake in 2004–05 from harvested cereals such as rice, millet and maize was 9,100 kJ and 7,300 kJ in Hongphoy. In Minyakshu, the equivalent values were 6,800 and 6,400 kJ. On average, the 2005 harvests provided feed for an average household for around nine months, meaning that cereals were purchased to supplement a shortage of 130 t of rice in Hongphoy and 480 t in Minyakshu.
The Changing Politics of Agronomy Research
Authors: Sumberg James , Thompson John , Woodhouse Philip
Published: June 2013

The context in which agronomy research takes place has changed fundamentally over the last 40 years, with important implications for the discipline. Systematic study of the new politics of agronomy is particularly important in an era when the whole basis of global and sustainable food security is under question. One critical challenge is to analyse the forces driving claims on the universality of technology and approaches.
Soil Water Balance Modelling Using SWAP
Authors: Martínez-Ferri E. , Muriel-Fernández J.L. , Díaz J.A. Rodríguez
Published: June 2013

The physically based agro-hydrological Soil, Water, Atmosphere and Plant (SWAP) model was applied in Andalucía (southern Spain) to simulate the water balance components in an irrigated citrus orchard. Direct measurements of soil water status using a frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) probe were used to calibrate the soil hydraulic functions using PEST, a parameter estimation package, and for crop coefficient (Kc) estimation. Model calibration and evaluation were carried out in 2008 using data from a citrus orchard considered representative of the typical agricultural practices in Andalucía. The SWAP model outputs agreed well with corresponding measured values in simulating soil water dynamics in-field. The model can be used in support of developing appropriate irrigation strategies for sustainable water management. An illustrative application using SWAP to assess the impacts of climate change on citrus production suggested increases in irrigation requirement of +6% to +16% for selected emissions scenarios for the 2050s and 2080s.
Changing Rice Cropping Patterns: Evidence from the Yangtze River Valley, China
Authors: Fengbo Chen , Pandey Sushil , Shijun Ding
Published: June 2013

The shift from double-season rice (DSR) to single-season rice (SSR) in the Yangtze River Valley in China has led to a decrease in the area of rice sown since the early 1980s and a decline in output since 1997. In this paper, changes in rice cropping patterns are described and a neoclassical household model is used to analyse differences in rice cropping patterns. The authors use the Probit model to analyse the impact on rice cropping patterns in the physical characteristics of plots, household economic characteristics and regional factors. They find that, in addition to the physical characteristics of plots, non-farm wage rates, land/labour ratios and ownership of labour-saving machinery all have significant impacts on rice cropping. Higher non-farm wages and higher land/labour ratios are associated with SSR; conversely, ownership of labour-saving machinery is associated with DSR. The policy implications are discussed.
Measuring the Technical Efficiency of Cotton Farms in Turkey Using Stochastic Frontier and Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Cobanoglu Ferit
Published: June 2013

The determination of technical efficiency for cotton farms can be invaluable in estimating optimum farming practices and in identifying strategic options for the industry. This paper investigates the productive efficiency of a sample of farmers in Turkey's Aegean region by estimating a stochastic frontier production function (SFA), constant returns to scale (CRS) and variable returns to scale (VRS) using output-oriented data envelopment analysis (DEA). Data were obtained from 198 cotton farms using structured questionnaire interviews. The estimates of technical efficiency based on these two frontier methods were compared. While efficiency scores for cotton farms differed between the SFA and the DEA models, the mean efficiency scores are quite low for the CRS DEA model compared with the VRS DEA and SFA approaches. The mean efficiency measure (0.91) obtained from the stochastic frontier was higher than that calculated from the VRS DEA (0.77) and CRS DEA (0.25). This study suggests that more efficient political instruments need to be adopted to review current subsidies because of increasing outlays for diesel oil used in cotton farming.
Tourism's Contribution to Economic Growth: A Global Analysis for the First Decade of the Millennium
Authors: Ivanov Stanislav H. , Webster Craig
Published: June 2013

The paper reviews the various methods and tourism development proxy variables used to measure the impact of tourism on economic growth. The growth decomposition methodology is employed with data for 174 countries covering 2000 to 2010 to measure the impact of tourism on a country-by-country basis. Tourism's contribution to economic growth is highest in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean. It is slightly negative in Europe, North America and Oceania. The paper also investigates the factors that influence tourism's contribution to growth. The results show that this contribution is higher in those economies where tourism accounts for a higher share of gross domestic product (GDP). The implications and limitations of the growth decomposition methodology are also discussed.
An Endogenous Growth Model of International Tourism
Authors: Pina Isabel P. A lbaladejo , Martínez-García María Pilar
Published: June 2013

This paper investigates the relationship between tourism and economic growth in a dynamic model of international trade. Tourism is viewed as a twofold channel for promoting long-term growth. It finances the imports of foreign capital, but also allows non-traded goods to be consumed by tourists. The authors study both channels jointly in a decentralized two-production sector model, in which four different economic agents interact in a dynamic setting: tourists; domestic consumers; competitive firms in the tourism sector; and firms in the non-traded goods sector. The result is an endogenous growth model in which tourism is the growth engine and balanced growth is assured thanks to the quality of tourist services being kept constant. Although tourists' preferences do not affect the long-run growth of the economy, they can determine the sectoral composition of the economy receiving the tourists.
Research Note: State Attributes and Destination Choice by Freshwater Anglers — An Analysis of Southeast USA
Authors: Majumdar Suman , Zhang Yaoqi , Hite Diane
Published: June 2013

This paper examines the influence of state attributes on the destination choice of anglers who travel either within their own state of residence or to other states for recreational fishing. The values that anglers place on states' social, infrastructural and environmental characteristics are estimated using revealed preference data on US anglers who participated in freshwater fishing in 12 southeast states in 2006. Estimated mixed logit models suggest that anglers do not prefer freshwater fishing in states where toxic releases to surface water and air, crime rates and the extent of urbanization are high. Conversely, anglers prefer states with more sunshine and greater recreational and forest acreages. Male, urbanite and higher-income anglers place higher values on state attributes.
The Liquidity Crisis: Evidence from the US Hospitality Industry
Authors: Dewally Michaël , Shao Yingying , Singer Dan
Published: June 2013

This study examines the stock performance of firms in the hospitality industry from 2000 to 2010, focusing on the sector's performance surrounding the liquidity crisis of 2008. In addition, the authors investigate the impact of the liquidity crisis on the firms' capital structure. They find that the sector performed well compared to Standard & Poor's S&P 500 index over the entire period but most notably during expansion sub-periods, and that the restaurant subsector performed better than the casino or hotel sub-sectors during the crisis. They further find that capital-intensive hospitality firms responded to the liquidity crisis by increasing their financial leverage and depleting their cash holdings.
Identifying the Financial Characteristics of Cash-Rich and Cash-Poor Restaurant Firms: A Logistic Regression Analysis
Authors: Kim Jiyoung , Woods David , Kim Hyunjoon
Published: June 2013

This study identifies the financial characteristics that tend to distinguish cash-rich from cash-poor publicly traded US restaurant firms operating in the 1999–2010 period. The resulting logistic regression model, developed from a forward stepwise selection procedure, is able to classify sampled firm-year observations into cash-poor and cash-rich groups with a 73.4% accuracy rate. The authors find that cash-rich restaurant firms tend to have greater investment opportunities, which make cash in hand appealing. However, cash-poor restaurants are more likely to be larger, to hold more liquid-asset substitutes, to make greater capital expenditures and to display more robust cash flows – characteristics that enhance borrowing power and/or reduce the need to hoard funds. Hence, the findings suggest a prominent role for the precautionary and transaction motives in restaurant cash-holding decision making.
Daily Expenses of Foreign Tourists, Length of Stay and Activities: Evidence from Spain
Authors: García-Sánchez Antonio , Fernández-Rubio Ester , Collado M. Dolores
Published: June 2013

One of the most salient topics in tourism studies is the analysis of factors driving tourist expenditure decisions, given their impact on destinations and the consequences for marketing strategies. Tourist expenditure in a given destination is the result of considering both the length of stay and the daily expenditure. The objective of this research is to analyse daily tourist expenditure determinants using a survey of foreign tourists visiting one leading destination in Southern Europe: the Spanish Mediterranean coast. It focuses on two aspects: how the length of stay influences daily expenditure and how the different activities of tourists during their stay affect tourist expenditure. The research employs a dataset of nearly 184,000 observations covering 2004–2009 and includes tourist socio-economic characteristics and elements related to the trip. The results confirm that tourist expenditure is explained by a set of tourist-related social and economic factors and these factors shed light on the consequences of strategies to extend the length of stay of tourists. Finally, the effect on the daily expenditure of tourists' activities helps to determine the complementary supply (health, culture, gastronomy, etc) that must accompany mature sun-and-sand destinations.
Research Note: Strategic Behaviour in Multiple Purpose Data Collection — A Travel Cost Application to Barcelona Zoo
Authors: Farreras Verónica , Riera Pere
Published: June 2013

Some tourism and recreational values are estimated by the travel cost method (TCM) using secondary data. The purpose of the primary collection could suffer from incentive compatibility problems. This being the case, the TCM value estimates may be biased, and extra care should be taken. This article provides theoretical background and illustrates the problem with a case study of visitors to Spain's Barcelona Zoo.
Tourism in Cape Verde: An Analysis from the Perspective of Demand
Authors: López-Guzmán Tomás , Borges Osvaldo , Hernández-Merino Mayte , Cerezo José María
Published: June 2013

In the last few years the economic model of the islands of Cape Verde has undergone a significant change. This paper analyses Cape Verde's economic transformation over the last decade, which is mainly attributable to tourism. For this analysis, the results of fieldwork carried out in the three islands in the archipelago are presented, in which foreign tourists' perceptions and opinions are examined. The results show the high level of tourist satisfaction, the need to reinforce links between the tourism sector and the local community and tourists' high evaluation of the beaches, restaurants and hospitality.
Neospora caninumand Wildlife
Authors: Almería Sonia
Published: June 2013

Bovine neosporosis caused byNeospora caninumis among the main causes of abortion in cattle nowadays. At present there is no effective treatment or vaccine. Serological evidence in domestic, wild, and zoo animals indicates that many species have been exposed to this parasite. However, many aspects of the life cycle ofN. caninumare unknown and the role of wildlife in the life cycle ofN. caninumis still not completely elucidated. In North America, there are data consistent with a sylvatic cycle involving white tailed-deer and canids and in Australia a plausible sylvatic cycle could be occurring between wild dogs and their macropod preys. In Europe, a similar sylvatic cycle has not been established but is very likely. The present review is a comprehensive and up to date summary of the current knowledge on the sylvatic cycle ofN. caninum, species affected and their geographical distribution. These findings could have important implications in both sylvatic and domestic cycles since infected wildlife may influence the prevalence of infection in cattle farms in the same areas. Wildlife will need to be taken into account in the control measures to reduce the economical losses associated with this important disease in cattle farms.
Um método para detectar a aceitação ou rejeição de hipóteses ou teorias: Morgan e a Teoria Cromossômica (1903-1911)
Authors: Al-Chueyr Pereira Martins Lilian , Brzezinski Prestes Maria Elice
Published: June 2013

Filósofos e historiadores da ciência oferecem explicações para cientistas aceitarem ou rejeitaremuma dada hipótese ou teoria, mas, de um modo geral, não apresentam critérios que permitamdeterminar de maneira clara o que seja aceitação e o que seja rejeição. Com o intuitode contribuir para elucidar este problema, foi proposto um método de análise em Martinse Martins (1999), exemplificado pelo posicionamento do naturalista inglês William Bateson (1861-1926) diante da teoria cromossômica, no período compreendido entre 1902 e 1926.O objetivo deste artigo é aplicar o método de análise acima mencionado para esclarecer aposição adotada pelo zoólogo Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866-1945) diante da hipótese/teoriacromossômica, no período compreendido entre 1903 e 1910-1911. Nossa análise mostraque Morgan rejeitou a teoria cromossômica no período considerado e que sua mudançarepentina de opinião se deveu a uma estratégia profissional.
El concepto de presión selectiva y la dicotomía próximo-remoto
Authors: Caponi Gustavo
Published: June 2013

Las presiones selectivas no son factores ambientales que existan independientemente de los linajes por ellas afectados. Su existencia y su configuración siempre dependen de las alternativas de evolución que el propio linaje genera y acepta; y dicha configuración, necesariamente, se va alterando conforme el propio linaje evoluciona. Aclarar eso es muy importante para desestimar algunas reticencias generadas por la dicotomía próximo-remoto. Esta polaridad continúa siendo un recurso conceptual válido e insustituible para entender la especificidad de la Biología Evolucionaria. Enmendar algunos equívocos generados por Mayr en su caracterización del concepto de causa remota es una alternativa mejor que la de pensar en abandonar o en relativizar esa distinción.
Dretske e o problema dos qualia
Authors: De Moraes João Antonio , Quilici Gonzalez Maria Eunice
Published: June 2013

Este artigo tem por objetivo apresentar e discutir a sugestão de Fred Dretske (1995) para analisar o problema dos qualia. Tal problema, caro à Filosofia da Mente, ficou conhecido pela discussão desenvolvida por Thomas Nagel em seu clássico artigo What is it like to be a bat. Nesse artigo, Nagel (1974) postulou a impossibilidade de se conhecer, em perspectiva de terceira-pessoa, os aspectos da experiência humana. Ele considera que, mesmo após as descrições objetivas da experiência de um sujeito, escapariam ainda aspectos qualitativos, fundamentais para se caracterizar os qualia. A partir de sua Tese Representacionista da mente, Dretske argumenta que seria possível dissolver esse problema se admitirmos que a mente é a face representacional do cérebro, a natureza dos qualia seria, assim, representacional. Nesse contexto, os fatos mentais relacionados às experiências seriam fatos representacionais: se conhecermos a natureza desses fatos representacionais conheceremos também a experiência do sistema que a representa. Diante de tal entendimento, discutimos em que medida a proposta dretskeana constitui (ou não) uma alternativa ao problema dos qualia.
Arabidopsis plants perform arithmetic division to prevent starvation at night
Authors: Scialdone Antonio , Mugford Sam T , Feike Doreen , Skeffington Alastair , Borrill Philippa , Graf Alexander , Smith Alison M , Howard Martin
Published: June 2013

Photosynthetic starch reserves that accumulate in Arabidopsis leaves during the day decrease approximately linearly with time at night to support metabolism and growth. We find that the rate of decrease is adjusted to accommodate variation in the time of onset of darkness and starch content, such that reserves last almost precisely until dawn. Generation of these dynamics therefore requires an arithmetic division computation between the starch content and expected time to dawn. We introduce two novel chemical kinetic models capable of implementing analog arithmetic division. Predictions from the models are successfully tested in plants perturbed by a night-time light period or by mutations in starch degradation pathways. Our experiments indicate which components of the starch degradation apparatus may be important for appropriate arithmetic division. Our results are potentially relevant for any biological system dependent on a food reserve for survival over a predictable time period.
Direct Observation of Domain Wall Motion in Co/Pt Wire under Gate Electric Field
Authors: Kakizakai Haruka , Yamada Kihiro , Kawaguchi Masashi , Shimamura Kazutoshi , Fukami Shunsuke , Ishiwata Nobuyuki , Chiba Daichi , Ono Teruo
Published: June 2013

In this study, we have investigated magnetic domain wall motion under gate electric fields in a perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pt wire. The motion under a transparent gate electrode was directly monitored using a magneto-optical Kerr effect microscope. The domain wall velocity was determined as a function of temperature and gate voltage. It was found that this velocity could be modulated by up to two orders of magnitude by changing the gate voltage.
Optical Properties of ZnO/GaN/InGaN Core–Shell Nanorods
Authors: Tischer Ingo , Hocker Matthias , Fikry Mohamed , Madel Manfred , Schied Monika , Ren Zhe , Scholz Ferdinand , Thonke Klaus
Published: June 2013

Upright ZnO/GaN/InGaN core–shell nanorods arrayed in a well defined pattern are very good candidates for sensing applications. In our approach, we grew single ZnO nanopillars on top of ordered GaN pyramids, which were subsequently overgrown with GaN and a single InGaN quantum well, followed by a final GaN barrier layer. Spatially and spectrally resolved low temperature cathodoluminescence was used to investigate the optical properties of the rods. We found the dominant quantum well luminescence to be well defined and homogeneously distributed, with a maximum intensity at the edges of the pillars. Although the hydrogen atmosphere during the nitride growth together with the elevated growth temperature should lead to complete desorption of the initial ZnO pillar template, we found evidence for ZnO relicts on the pillar surface, and for incorporation of Zn in GaN at the tips of the rods. Furthermore, we were able to distinguish between the luminescence contributions from the quantum well, Zn-doped GaN, and possible structural defects.
Infrared Spectra of Cyanoacetaldehyde (NCCH2CHO): A Potential Prebiotic Compound of Astrochemical Interest
Authors: Benidar Abdessamad , Georges Robert , Guillemin Jean‐Claude , Mó Otilia , Yáñez Manuel
Published: June 2013

Cyanoacetaldehyde (NCCH2CHO) and its isomer, cyanovinylalcohol (NCCHCHOH), as possible components of the interstellar medium, comets, or planetary atmospheres, exist in equilibrium in the gas phase, although the latter compound is very much in the minority (2 %). The recording and analysis of the gas‐phase infrared spectrum of the former compound within the 4000–500 cm−1 spectroscopic range and the potential presence of the latter isomer, which could be vital for their detection in these media, are reported. CCSD(T) and G4 high‐level ab initio methods, as well as density functional theory calculations, predict the existence of two stable rotamers of cyanoacetaldehyde. The global minimum has a structure with an unusual O‐C‐C‐C dihedral angle (150°) that falls between the antiperiplanar (180°) and anticlinal forms (120°). The second rotamer, which is about 4.0 kJ mol−1 less stable in terms of free energy, has a planar structure that corresponds to the synperiplanar form (O‐C‐C‐C dihedral angle: 0°). The absorption vibrational bands of the two aldehyde rotamers that are present in the mixture lead to a spectrum with a very complex structure in the region of deformation movements, in which several low‐intensity bands overlap. A complete and unambiguous assignment of the experimental spectrum has been achieved by using the calculated harmonic and anharmonic vibrational frequencies.
Neuroimaging of lipid storage disorders
Authors: Rieger Deborah , Auerbach Sarah , Robinson Paul , Gropman Andrea
Published: June 2013

Lipid storage diseases, also known as the lipidoses, are a group of inherited metabolic disorders in which there is lipid accumulation in various cell types, including the central nervous system, because of the deficiency of a variety of enzymes. Over time, excessive storage can cause permanent cellular and tissue damage. The brain is particularly sensitive to lipid storage as the contents of the central nervous system must occupy uniform volume, and any increases in fluids or deposits will lead to pressure changes and interference with normal neurological function. In addition to primary lipid storage diseases, lysosomal storage diseases include the mucolipidoses (in which excessive amounts of lipids and carbohydrates are stored in the cells and tissues) and the mucopolysaccharidoses (in which abnormal glycosylated proteins cannot be broken down because of enzyme deficiency). Neurological dysfunction can be a manifestation of these conditions due to substrate deposition as well. This review will explore the modalities of neuroimaging that may have particular relevance to the study of the lipid storage disorder and their impact on elucidating aspects of brain function. First, the techniques will be reviewed. Next, the neuropathology of a few selected lipid storage disorders will be reviewed and the use of neuroimaging to define disease characteristics discussed in further detail. Examples of studies using these techniques will be discussed in the text. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2013;17:269–282.
Introduction: Neurodevelopmental issues in inborn errors of metabolism
Authors: Arnold Georgianne L. , Vockley Jerry
Published: June 2013

© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Disabil Res Rev 2013; 17:185–186.
A reciprocal translocation dissects roles of Pax6 alternative promoters and upstream regulatory elements in the development of pancreas, brain, and eye
Authors: Elso Colleen , Lu Xiaochen , Weisner Patricia A. , Thompson Heather L. , Skinner Andrea , Carver Ethan , Stubbs Lisa
Published: June 2013

Pax6 encodes a transcription factor with key roles in the development of the pancreas, central nervous system, and eye. Gene expression is orchestrated by several alternative promoters and enhancer elements that are distributed over several hundred kilobases. Here, we describe a reciprocal translocation, called 1Gso, which disrupts the integrity of transcripts arising from the 5′‐most promoter, P0, and separates downstream promoters from enhancers active in pancreas and eye. Despite this fact, 1Gso animals exhibit none of the dominant Pax6 phenotypes, and the translocation complements recessive brain and craniofacial phenotypes. However, 1Gso fails to complement Pax6 recessive effects in lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, lens, and pancreas. The 1Gso animals also express a corneal phenotype that is related to but distinct from that expressed by Pax6 null mutants, and an abnormal density and organization of retinal ganglion cell axons; these phenotypes may be related to a modest upregulation of Pax6 expression from downstream promoters that we observed during development. Our investigation maps the activities of Pax6 alternative promoters including a novel one in developing tissues, confirms the phenotypic consequences of upstream enhancer disruption, and limits the likely effects of the P0 transcript null mutation to recessive abnormalities in the pancreas and specific structures of the eye. genesis 51:630–646. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
S&P 500 Index‐Futures Price Jumps and Macroeconomic News
Authors: Miao Hong , Ramchander Sanjay , Zumwalt J. Kenton
Published: June 2013

This study examines the influence of macroeconomic news on price discontinuities in the S&P 500 index futures. Results document a strong association between macro news and price jumps. Over three‐fourths of the price jumps between 8:30 am and 8:35 am and over three‐fifths of the jumps between 10:00 am and 10:05 am are related to news released at 8:30 am and 10:30 am, respectively. Notably, among several types of news releases considered, Non‐farm Payroll and Consumer Confidence are found to be significantly related to price jumps. Our findings also provide insights into the speed of news absorption and the influence of alternative trading platforms on the jump return behavior. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 34:980–1001, 2014
Synthesis of Fluorinated Cyclobutenes Based on β‑Polyfluoroalkyl β‐Keto Sulfones, Sulfamides, and Phosphonates
Authors: Timoshenko Vadim M. , Markitanov Yuriy M. , Shermolovich Yuriy G.
Published: June 2013

β‐Polyfluoroalkyl β‐keto sulfones, sulfamides, and phosphonates react under mild conditions with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and triphenyl phosphine to yield via the intramolecular Wittig reaction, correspondingly, 4‐sulfonyl‐ (4‐sul‐famoyl‐) (4‐phosphonyl‐) 3‐(polyfluoroalkyl)cyclobut‐2‐ene‐1,2‐dicarboxylates.
INCOME AND THE USE OF PRESCRIPTION DRUGS FOR NEAR RETIREMENT INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Leth‐Petersen SØren , Skipper Niels
Published: June 2013

In this paper, we estimate how demand for prescription drugs varies with income for a sample of near retirement individuals. The analysis is based on a novel panel data set with information about the purchase of prescription drugs for a large number of Danish individuals over the period 1995–2003. Our preferred model performs better in an external validation test than models that can be estimated on cross section data. Results indicate that demand does respond to variations in income and that reforms affecting income will therefore affect the use of prescription drugs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.