bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potentials of Cultivated Varieties and Wild Yam Seeds as Efficient Alternative Plant Genetic Resources for Resistant Genotypes against Yam Mosaic Virus (YMV) in Togo
Authors: Ayisah Kwasi Dzola , Mawussi Gbénonchi , Tchaniley Larounga , Aziadekey Mawuli Kossivi
Published: August 2020

In Togo, cultivated yams are severely infected by Yam Mosaic Virus (YMV). In order to find an efficient method for researching genotypes resistant to the virus, this study aims to screen plants obtained from yam seeds. As such, 640 yam seedlings were produced from seeds collected on 20 plants (accessions) of wild yams, D. praehensilis (10) and D. abyssinica (10) and on 12 plants of the complex D. cayenensis-rotundata. The yam seeds were collected during prospections carried out in october 2018, covering 14 districts in Central and Plateaux regions of Togo. Then, 20 yam seedlings (ten plants in two replicates) per accession, were inoculated with YMV isolate M9-30 using mechanical inoculation. Leaf samples taken from the inoculated seedlings, were analyzed by RT-PCR to detect the YMV, using QiAgen one step RT-PCR Kit and a pair of primers YMV1 & YMV2 (196 pb) . Data was analyzed using GenStat 12.1 and SPSS 20.  Following the observations and molecular analyzes, it appears that 46.5% of the seedlings inoculated in D. praehensilis, were resistant, while 27.08% of resistant plants and 0.47% of tolerant plants were obtained in  D. cayenensis-rotundata  complex and 17% resistant plants obtained in D. abyssinica. Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between among accessions of D. praehensilis and those of D. abyssinica at P≤0.05. The high rate of 30% of resistant plants provided in total, and specifically, the results obtained in D. cayenensis-rotundata compared to those provided in 2012 using clonal selection, i.e. 8.33%, suggest that, screening of seedlings from yam seeds, is efficient and could be used for researching yam genotypes resistant to YMV. Results of D. abyssinica and of some accessions of D. cayenensis-rotundata, would be influenced by the proximity of other yam species. The yam seeds production environment would, therefore, be an important factor to take into account.
Coordination of Multilayered Signalling Pathways on Vascular Cambium Activity
Authors: Wang Sining , Wang Huanzhong
Published: August 2020

Secondary growth depends on the activity of cambial stem cells, which proliferate, and then descendant cells differentiate into the transport tissues, secondary phloem, and secondary xylem. The proliferation of cambial stem cells is regulated by various signals, including long‐distance hormonal signalling from apical meristems, and short‐range peptide signals from surrounding tissues. These long‐ and short‐distance signalling pathways interact and coordinately modulate cambium activity. Furthermore, a large number of transcription factors, often in gene families, regulate cambium cell division. In this article, we discuss the coordination of the aforementioned multilayered signalling pathways and highlight the new discoveries on the control of cambial activity.
TME‐Responsive Polyprodrug Micelles for Multistage Delivery of Doxorubicin with Improved Cancer Therapeutic Efficacy in Rodents
Authors: Zhang Shuguang , Zhu Peiyao , He Jiayuan , Dong Siyuan , Li Peiwen , Zhang Can Yang , Ma Teng
Published: August 2020

It is of great significance to develop multifunctional biomaterials to effectively deliver anticancer drug to tumor cells for cancer therapy. Here, inspired by the specific tumor microenvironment (TME) cues, a unique multistage pH/redox‐responsive polyprodrug composed of amphiphilic pH‐sensitive diblock copolymer poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether‐b‐poly(β‐amino esters) conjugated with doxorubicin (DOX) via redox‐sensitive disulfide bonds (mPEG‐b‐PAE‐ss‐DOX) is designed and developed. This polyprodrug can self‐assemble into micelles (DOX‐ss@PMs) at low concentration with high serum stability, indicating that DOX‐ss@PMs have prolonged circulation time. The dual pH/redox‐responsiveness of the multistage platform is thoroughly evaluated. In vitro results demonstrate that DOX‐ss@PMs can highly accumulate at tumor site, followed by responding to the acidity for disassembly and effectively penetrating into the tumor cells. DOX is released from the platform due to the cleavage of disulfide bonds induced by high glutathione (GSH) concentration, thereby inducing the apoptosis of tumor cells. In vivo studies further reveal that multistage DOX‐ss@PMs can more efficiently inhibit the growth of tumors and improve the survival of tumor‐bearing mice in comparison to the free drug and control. These results imply that multistage delivery system might be a potential and effective strategy for drug delivery and DOX‐ss@PMs could be a promising nanomedicine for cancer chemotherapy.
Surface Engineering of Cardiovascular Devices for Improved Hemocompatibility and Rapid Endothelialization
Authors: Zhao Jing , Feng Yakai
Published: August 2020

Cardiovascular devices have been widely applied in the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases. However, poor hemocompatibility and slow endothelialization on their surface still exist. Numerous surface engineering strategies have mainly sought to modify the device surface through physical, chemical, and biological approaches to improve surface hemocompatibility and endothelialization. The alteration of physical characteristics and pattern topographies brings some hopeful outcomes and plays a notable role in this respect. The chemical and biological approaches can provide potential signs of success in the endothelialization of vascular device surfaces. They usually involve therapeutic drugs, specific peptides, adhesive proteins, antibodies, growth factors and nitric oxide (NO) donors. The gene engineering can enhance the proliferation, growth, and migration of vascular cells, thus boosting the endothelialization. In this review, the surface engineering strategies are highlighted and summarized to improve hemocompatibility and rapid endothelialization on the cardiovascular devices. The potential outlook is also briefly discussed to help guide endothelialization strategies and inspire further innovations. It is hoped that this review can assist with the surface engineering of cardiovascular devices and promote future advancements in this emerging research field.
Venetoclax and hypomethylating agents in acute myeloid leukemia: Mayo Clinic series on 86 patients
Authors: Morsia Erika , McCullough Kristen , Joshi Maansi , Cook Joselle , Alkhateeb Hassan B. , Al‐Kali Aref , Begna Kebede , Elliott Michelle , Hogan William , Litzow Mark , Shah Mithun , Pardanani Animesh , Patnaik Mrinal , Tefferi Ayalew , Gangat Naseema
Published: August 2020

Venetoclax and hypomethylating agent (HMA) combination therapy is FDA‐approved for elderly or unfit acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients unable to withstand intensive chemotherapy. The primary objective of the current study was to impart our institutional experience with the above regimen, outlining response, survival outcomes, and its determinants amongst 86 treatment‐ naïve and relapsed/refractory AML patients. A total of 44 treatment‐naïve AML patients, median age 73.5 years, enriched with secondary, therapy related and ELN adverse risk disease (n = 27) were studied. The CR/CRi rates of 50% (22 of 44 patients) were superior to 23% in a matched AML cohort treated with HMA alone (P = .005). Response rates were similar with TP53, FLT3, NPM1 and IDH mutations (P = .31). Moreover, CEPBA mutations (P = .03) and neutropenia (P = .05) emerged as predictors of complete response. Survivalwas prolonged in patients achieving CR/CRi (17 vs 3 months without CR/CRi, P < .001; conversely adverse ELN risk portended inferior survival. Amongst 42 relapsed/refractory AML patients, half received ≥2 prior therapies excluding transplant, and 15 (35.7%) had received HMA. A group of 14 patients (33.3%) attained CR/CRi; age > 65 years, AML with myelodysplasia, JAK2, DNMT3A, and BCOR mutations predicted complete response. Survival distinctions were based on CR/CRi (median survival 15 vs 3 months with/without CR/CRi; P < .001), and TP53 mutation status (P = .04). In summary, we corroborate existing reports demonstrating superior response and prolonged survival with venetoclax and HMA in treatment ‐naïve and relapsed/refractory AML patients regardless of genotype. Additionally, we identify unique predictors of response to therapy which require validation.
Isolation and Synthesis of Glycophospholipids from the extremophile Chthonomonas calidirosea
Authors: Compton Benjamin J. , Lagutin Kirill , Dyer Blake S. , Ryan Jason , MacKenzie Andrew , Stott Matthew B. , Nekrasov Eduard V. , Painter Gavin F. , Vyssotski Mikhail
Published: August 2020

An interesting set of ten phospholipids including eight previously unreported compounds have been isolated from the extremophile Chthonomonas calidirosea (strain T49T). Common within these metabolites is the phosphatidylglyceroylalkylamine core unit with the newly identified compounds containing α‐linked glucosyl, xylosyl or N‐alanylglucosaminyl monosaccharides. The previously reported N‐acetylglucosaminyl and aglycone derivatives were also identified in extracts from this bacterium. All metabolites were accompanied by a structural isomer which was shown to contain an extra hydroxyl group within the alkylamine chain. The absolute regio‐ and stereochemistries of the major phospholipids were confirmed by total synthesis.
Rutheniumethynyl‐Triarylamine Organic−Inorganic Mixed‐Valence Systems: Regulating Ru‐N Electronic Coupling by Different Aryl Bridge Cores
Authors: Ou Ya‐Ping , Zhang Jing , Wang Aihui , Yuan Ande , Yin Chuang , Liu Sheng Hua
Published: August 2020

Four rutheniumethynyl‐triarylamine complexes 1–4 with different aryl bridge cores were prepared. The solid structures of complexes 2–4 were fully confirmed by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction analysis. Two consecutive one‐electron oxidation processes of complexes 1–4 were attributed to the ruthenium and nitrogen centers, as revealed by cyclic voltammetry and square‐wave voltammogram. Results also showed decreasing potential difference ΔE of complexes 1, 3, and 4, with the largest value for 2. Upon chemical oxidation of complexes 1–4 by 1.0 eq oxidation reagents FcPF6 or AgSbF6, the mixed‐valence complexes, except for 2+, show characteristic broad NIR absorptions in the UV‐vis‐NIR spectroscopic experiments. NIR multiple absorptions were assigned to NAr2→RuCp*(dppe) intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) and metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer transitions by TDDFT calculations. Coupling parameter (Hab) from Hush theory revealed that increasing electronic communication in 1+, 3+, and 4+. Electron density distribution of the HOMO for neutral molecules (1, 3, and 4) and spin density distribution of the corresponding single‐oxidized states (1+, 3+, and 4+) increases progressively on the bridge as the size of the aromatic system increases, proving incremental contributions from bridge cores during oxidation.
Thermoluminescence characteristics of lithium borosilicate glass doped with Sm2O3
Authors: Abdelmonem A. , Alazab Huda A. , Salama E. , Saudi H.A. , Elhosany H.
Published: August 2020

Lithium borosilicate glass composite (SiO2–Li2CO3–H3BO3) doped with various concentrations of Sm2O3 (0–0.7 mole %) was prepared using the melt quenching method. The investigated thermoluminescence (TL) characteristics of the prepared system revealed that the highest TL response was obtained for this glass composite at 0.05 mol% Sm2O3. In this study, the 0.05 mol% Sm2O3‐doped lithium borosilicate glass composite was subjected to detailed dosimetric investigation in terms of its annealing condition, dose–response, and minimum detectable dose. The reproducibility of the response, thermal characteristics, and optical fading were also studied. The obtained results showed that the prepared glass composite had a linear dose–response over the wide gamma dose range 2Gy to 2 kGy, as well as reasonable thermal fading and excellent reproducibility. These attributes render the composite under investigation promising for utilization in radiation detection.
Application of achiral–chiral two‐dimensional HPLC for separation of phenylalanine and tryptophan enantiomers in dietary supplement
Authors: Lomenova Anna , Hroboňová Katarína
Published: August 2020

This study developed a two‐dimensional heart‐cutting LC method for the separation of amino acid enantiomers. Two approaches for achiral separation of amino acids, phenylalanine and tryptophan, were selected. Amino acids were separated on C18 or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns in first dimension after their enantiomer separation on a teicoplanin chiral column in second dimension. Mobile phases for both separation systems were optimized by testing different types of organic modifiers, concentrations of ion‐pair agent (sodium 1‐octanesulfonate), and ionic modifier (ammonium acetate). The resolution of enantiomers higher than 1.5 for both amino acids was achieved using a C18–teicoplanin coupled column separation system with mobile phases methanol/2 mM sodium 1‐octanesulfonate (10:90 and 75:25, step gradient between achiral and chiral columns, respectively). The lower resolution of amino acid enantiomers (RS ˃ 0.9), but higher column efficiency, was achieved on a HILIC–teicoplanin separation system with mobile phases acetonitrile/50 mM ammonium acetate (90:10 and 80:20, step gradient between achiral and chiral columns, respectively). The developed heart‐cutting 2D‐LC methods were validated in terms of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, and accuracy. The results suggested that the developed methods were applicable for the simultaneous determination of amino acid enantiomers in the dietary supplement. The sample contained l‐phenylalanine and l‐tryptophan.
An improved fabric‐phase sorptive extraction protocol for the determination of seven parabens in human urine by HPLC–DAD
Authors: Rigkos Georgios , Alampanos Vasileios , Kabir Abuzar , Furton Kenneth G. , Roje Željka , Vrček Ivana Vinković , Panderi Irene , Samanidou Victoria
Published: August 2020

An improved fabric‐phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) protocol has been developed and validated herein for the simple, fast, sensitive and green determination of seven parabens—methyl paraben, ethyl paraben, propyl paraben, butyl paraben, isopropyl paraben, isobutyl paraben and benzyl paraben—in human urine samples by HPLC–DAD. The mobile phase consisted of ammonium acetate (0.05 m) and acetonitrile, while total analysis time was 13.2 min. Sol–gel poly (tetrahydrofuran) coated FPSE membrane resulted in optimum extraction sensitivity for the seven parabens. The novel FPSE medium as well as the improved and faster sample preparation procedure resulted in lower limit of detection and quantitation values in comparison with previously reported methods. The separation was carried out using an RP‐HPLC method with a Spherisorb C18 column and a flow rate of 1.4 ml/min. The validation of the analytical method was carried out by means of linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity, sensitivity and robustness. For all seven parabens, the limits of detection and quantitation were 0.003 and 0.01 μg/ml, respectively. Relative recovery rates were between 86.3 and 104%, while RSD values were <12.6 and 19.3% for within‐ and between‐day repeatability, respectively. The method was subsequently applied to real human urine samples.
Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and glucose anaplerosis support maintenance of mitochondrial NADPH pool under mitochondrial oxidative stress
Authors: Moon Sun Jin , Dong Wentao , Stephanopoulos Gregory N. , Sikes Hadley D.
Published: August 2020

Mitochondrial NADPH protects cells against mitochondrial oxidative stress by serving as an electron donor to antioxidant defense systems. However, due to technical challenges, it still remains unknown as to the pool size of mitochondrial NADPH, its dynamics, and NADPH/NADP+ ratio. Here, we have systemically modulated production rates of H2O2 in mitochondria and assessed mitochondrial NADPH metabolism using iNap sensors, 13C glucose isotopic tracers, and a mathematical model. Using sensors, we observed decreases in mitochondrial NADPH caused by excessive generation of mitochondrial H2O2, whereas the cytosolic NADPH was maintained upon perturbation. We further quantified the extent of mitochondrial NADPH/NADP+ based on the mathematical analysis. Utilizing 13C glucose isotopic tracers, we found increased activity in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) accompanied small decreases in the mitochondrial NADPH pool, whereas larger decreases induced both PPP activity and glucose anaplerosis. Thus, our integrative and quantitative approach provides insight into mitochondrial NADPH metabolism during mitochondrial oxidative stress.
The role of Shh signalling pathway in central nervous system development and related diseases
Authors: Li Xiaoying , Li Yunxiao , Li Shuanqing , Li Han , Yang Ciqing , Lin Juntang
Published: August 2020

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) plays important roles in developmental of vertebrate animal central nervous system (CNS), and Gli is its downstream signal molecule. Shh signalling is essential for pattern formation, cell‐fate specification, axon guidance, proliferation, survival and differentiation of neurons in CNS development. The abnormal signalling pathway of Shh leads to the occurrence of many nervous system diseases. The mechanism of Shh signalling is complex and remains incompletely understood. Nevertheless, studies have revealed that Shh signalling pathway is classified into canonical and non‐canonical pathways. Here we review the role of the Shh signalling pathway and its impact in CNS development and related diseases. Specifically, we discuss the role of Shh in the spinal cord and brain development, cell differentiation and proliferation in CNS and related diseases such as brain tumour, Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, autism, depression and traumatic brain injury. We also highlight future directions of research that could help to clarify the mechanisms and consequences of Shh signalling in the process of CNS development and related diseases.

Significance of the study

This review summarized the role of Shh signalling pathway in CNS development and related diseases such as brain tumour, Parkinson's diseases, epilepsy, autism, depression and traumatic brain injury. It also presented the author's opinions on the future research direction of Shh signalling pathway.
Hot topics in interventional cardiology: Proceedings from the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions 2020 think tank
Authors: Naidu Srihari S. , Coylewright Megan , Hawkins Beau M. , Meraj Perwaiz , Morray Brian H. , Devireddy Chandan , Ing Frank , Klein Andrew J. , Seto Arnold H. , Grines Cindy L. , Henry Timothy D. , Rao Sunil V. , Duffy Peter L. , Amin Zahid , Aronow Herbert D. , Box Lyndon C. , Caputo Ronald P. , Cigarroa Joaquin E. , Cox David A. , Daniels Matthew J. , Elmariah Sammy , Fagan Thomas E. , Feldman Dmitriy N. , Forbes Thomas J. , Hermiller James B. , Herrmann Howard C. , Hijazi Ziyad M. , Jeremias Allen , Kavinsky Clifford J. , Latif Faisal , Parikh Sahil A. , Reilly John , Rosenfield Kenneth , Swaminathan Rajesh V. , Szerlip Molly , Yakubov Steve J. , Zahn Evan M. , Mahmud Ehtisham ,   SCAI 2020 Think Tank Consortium: David Baker, Bhavsar Sonya S. , Blumenthal Tico , Boutin Ellie , Camp Callie A. , Cromer Ashlie E. , Dineen Declan , Dunham Dustin , Emanuele Susan , Ferguson Robert , Govender Devi , Haaf Joel , Hite Denise , Hughes Thomas , Laschinger John , Leigh Scotti‐Marie , Lombardi Lois , McCoy Patrick , McLean Frankie , Meikle Joie , Nicolosi Mary , O'Brien James , Palmer Ryan J. , Patarca Roberto , Pierce Valerie , Polk Bucky , Prince Brett , Rangwala Novena , Roman Dana , Ryder Ken , Tolve Mercy H. , Vang Eric , Venditto John , Verderber Paula , Watson Nancy , White Shinikequa , Williams David M.
Published: August 2020

The society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions (SCAI) think tank is a collaborative venture that brings together interventional cardiologists, administrative partners, and select members of the cardiovascular industry community for high‐level field‐wide discussions. The 2020 think tank was organized into four parallel sessions reflective of the field of interventional cardiology: (a) coronary intervention, (b) endovascular medicine, (c) structural heart disease, and (d) congenital heart disease (CHD). Each session was moderated by a senior content expert and co‐moderated by a member of SCAI's emerging leader mentorship program. This document presents the proceedings to the wider cardiovascular community in order to enhance participation in this discussion, create additional dialogue from a broader base, and thereby aid SCAI and the industry community in developing specific action items to move these areas forward.
Emerging catalysis in biomass valorisation: simple Zn(II) catalysts for fatty acids esterification and transesterification
Authors: Esposito Roberto , Melchiorre Massimo , Annunziata Alfonso , Cucciolito Maria Elena , Ruffo Francesco
Published: August 2020

The growing concern about global warming and the consumption of fossil fuels has driven in recent decades the use of biomass as a renewable feedstock. In this context, vegetable oils, the corresponding fatty acids (FAs) and esters (FAEs) have primary importance: their esterification and transesterification lead to innovative products, that find application in several sectors, from biofuels to solvents, from surfactants to cosmetic ingredients and plasticizers. Lewis acid catalysis represents the most accredited methodology for developing processes of esterification and transesterification in line with sustainability requirements. The results available so far reveal the prevalent catalytic role of Zn(II) salts and coordination compounds, due to their beneficial eco‐toxicological profile, combined with an appropriate acidity, finely tunable through selective functionalization. This review provides a picture of the state of the art in this important sector of biomass valorization.
Iridium/Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative C−H/O−H Annulation of Benzoic Acids with Saturated Ketones for Accessing 3‐Substituted Phthalides
Authors: Wang Rui , Xu Hongyan , Li Tingting , Zhang Ying , Wang Shoufeng , Chen Guozhu , Li Cuncheng , Zhao Huaiqing
Published: August 2020

A catalytic annulation cascade is achieved that affords an efficient access to phthalides from readily available benzoic acids and saturated ketones. The reaction is catalyzed by a bimetallic Ir/Cu system and proceeds via the combination of Cu‐catalyzed dehydrogenation of ketones and Ir‐catalyzed direct C−H functionalization under the assistance of the weakly coordinating carboxyl followed by the β−H elimination and intramolecular Michael addition. This method shows a broad scope of substrates and good functional group tolerance. The protocol furnishes an alternative strategy for the construction of diverse 3‐substituted phthalides.
Was macht Düngemittel in 18 km Höhe?
Authors: Höpfner Michael , Borrmann Stephan , Ungermann Jörn , Wagner Robert
Published: August 2020

Ammoniak (NH3) ist das wichtigste basische Spurengas in der Atmosphäre. Durch die enormen Steigerungen seiner Produktion in den letzten gut 100 Jahren greift es zunehmend in den Stickstoffkreislauf des Erdsystems ein. NH3 bildet in der Atmosphäre Ammoniumnitrat (AN) und Ammoniumsulfat (AS) in Form von Aerosolpartikeln. Bisher waren diese nur als wichtige Komponente von Feinstaub in den unteren Atmosphärenschichten bekannt. Wir konnten durch Satelliten‐ und Flugzeugmessungen zeigen, dass NH3 und AN‐Partikel während des asiatischen Monsuns bis in Höhen von 18 km vom östlichen Mittelmeer bis zum westlichen Pazifik zu finden sind. Landwirtschaftliche Aktivitäten in Gebieten von Nordindien und Pakistan führen zu hohen bodennahen Konzentrationen von NH3, welches durch mächtige Gewitterwolken während des Monsuns bis in große Höhen verfrachtet wird und zur Bildung von AN beiträgt. Zusammen mit Labormessungen konnten wir nachweisen, dass entgegen bisheriger Annahmen die AN‐Partikel als feste Salzkristalle statt als wässrige Lösungströpfchen vorliegen. Um diese Kristallisation hervorzurufen, waren leichte Verunreinigungen mit AS notwendig. Im Vergleich zu flüssigen Tröpfchen sind feste AN‐Partikel viel bessere Nukleationskeime für Eisteilchen bei Temperaturen unterhalb von 230 K. Hierdurch können sie erheblichen Einfluss auf die Bildung von Zirruswolken und deren mikrophysikalische Eigenschaften haben und somit für den Strahlungshaushalt der Atmosphäre von großer Bedeutung sein.
Synthesis of α‐Ketoamide‐Based Stereoselective Calpain‐1 Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents
Authors: Jastaniah Ammar , Gaisina Irina N. , Knopp Rachel C. , Thatcher Gregory R. J.
Published: August 2020

Calpain inhibitors have been proposed as drug candidates for neurodegenerative disorders, with ABT‐957 entering clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. The structure of ABT‐957 was very recently disclosed, and trials were terminated owing to inadequate CNS concentrations to obtain a pharmacodynamic effect. The multistep synthesis of an α‐ketoamide peptidomimetic inhibitor series potentially including ABT‐957 was optimized to yield diastereomerically pure compounds that are potent and selective for calpain‐1 over papain and cathepsins B and K. As the final oxidation step, with its optimized synthesis protocol, does not alter the configuration of the substrate, the synthesis of the diastereomeric pair (R)‐1‐benzyl‐N‐((S)‐4‐((4‐fluorobenzyl)amino)‐3,4‐dioxo‐1‐phenylbutan‐2‐yl)‐5‐oxopyrrolidine‐2‐carboxamide (1 c) and (R)‐1‐benzyl‐N‐((R)‐4‐((4‐fluorobenzyl)amino)‐3,4‐dioxo‐1‐phenylbutan‐2‐yl)‐5‐oxopyrrolidine‐2‐carboxamide (1 g) was feasible. This allowed the exploration of stereoselective inhibition of calpain‐1, with 1 c (IC50=78 nM) being significantly more potent than 1 g. Moreover, inhibitor 1 c restored cognitive function in amnestic mice.
Acrylic Polymers Containing a Nickel Salphen Complex: An Approach to Supramolecular and Macromolecular Systems
Authors: Zelada‐Guillén Gustavo A. , Hernández‐Pacheco Paulina , Romero‐Ávila Margarita , Cañas‐Alonso Roberto Carlos , Flores‐Álamo Marcos , Escárcega‐Bobadilla Martha V.
Published: August 2020

The synthesis, characterization and crystallographic analysis is reported of a new Nickel Salphen complex and its radical copolymerization with n‐butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate to produce novel host macromolecules with tunable association against guest anions. Spectrophotometric titrations of the complex and of the polymers revealed that a supramolecular regulation of guest‐binding accessibility was enabled by the number of Ni‐Salphen units per chain. The latter content in turn, determined the chain size and molecular weight uniformity upon polymerization, and likely increased the strength in interchain/intrachain non‐covalent interactions over the nickel center and the acrylic domains. The study also showed that incorporation of the monomer into the acrylic polymer backbone opened the possibility for the nickel binding site to gain access to host:guest stoichiometric discrimination, switching from 1 : 1 (major) and 1 : 2 (minor) both coexisting for the host when in the free form, to mostly 1 : 2 when in the polymerized version.
ARMS TaqMan real‐time PCR for genotyping factor V Leiden mutation in Han Chinese
Authors: Yu Pan , Dai Yibei , Dong Jiantao , Zhang Luyan , Ping Ying , Wang Xuchu , Wang Danhua , Tao Zhihua
Published: August 2020

Factor V Leiden (FVLeiden) is a missense mutation of 1691 position (G1691A) in exon 10 of FV gene, and being a genetic risk for venous thrombosis. Currently, there are several PCR‐based methods for detecting FVLeiden mutation; however, these methods have disadvantages such as time‐consuming, cumbersome steps and potentially hazardous gels. The aims of present study were to develop a simple, time‐saving, accurate, and gel‐free method, called amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) TaqMan real‐time PCR, for detecting FVLeiden mutation. We severally designed two specific reverse primers for mutant and wild‐type through intentional introduction of mismatched nucleotide at the penultimate 3′ position. Although target amplicon amplification efficiency is reduced, but another corresponding amplicon is almost completely inhibited. Then, specific TaqMan‐probe was designed to detect target amplicon. Established method was used to detect 500 unselected samples in Han Chinese, the results showed 499 cases of wild‐type and one heterozygote. Afterward, 50 randomly picked wild‐type cases and one heterozygote were reexamined by bidirectional DNA sequencing, which is considered as “Gold standard method.” Exhilaratingly, the results detected by the two methods were completely consistent. At last, allelic frequency of FVLeiden was calculated the in Han Chinese. Given the above results, A FVLeiden heterozygote has been found in 500 random samples in Han Chinese, and the allelic frequency was 0.1%. In conclusion, the ARMS TaqMan real‐time PCR is an ideal detecting system for genotyping FVLeiden mutation in clinical application, and FVLeiden mutation exists in Han Chinese despite extremely low prevalence.
Outpatient therapy for adult anorexia nervosa: Early weight gain trajectories and outcome
Authors: Wade Tracey D. , Allen Karina , Crosby Ross D. , Fursland Anthea , Hay Phillipa , McIntosh Virginia , Touyz Stephen , Schmidt Ulrike , Treasure Janet , Byrne Susan
Published: August 2020

Objective

The purpose of the study was to identify latent classes of trajectory of change in body mass index (BMI) between the initial and thirteenth session of outpatient treatment for adult anorexia nervosa and identify the association with outcome.

Method

Participants (n = 120) were randomised to one of three outpatient therapies.

Results

Four latent classes were identified; two classes (higher, rapid and higher, moderate) had BMI > 17 kg/m2 at initial assessment, and both gained significantly more weight over the 13 sessions compared to the other two classes. The third and fourth classes (middle, stable and low, stable) had an initial BMI of 16.44 and 15.31, respectively, and neither gained weight over the first 13 sessions. Compared to the other three classes, the higher, rapid class (N = 19, 16%) showed a significantly greater BMI increase over the first 13 sessions of therapy and a significantly higher rate of remission at end of treatment and 12‐month follow‐up (18–22 months post‐randomisation).

Conclusions

The group with the greatest early weight gain had significantly higher levels of remission. Higher BMI at baseline without substantial early weight gain was insufficient to produce higher levels of remission than those with lower weight at baseline.
Amphitheatre‐headed canyons of Southern Utah: Stratigraphic control of canyon morphology
Authors: Ryan Andrew J. , Whipple Kelin X.
Published: August 2020

Amphitheatre‐headed canyons are common on Earth and Mars and researchers have long sought to draw inferences about canyon‐forming processes from the morphology of canyon heads and associated knickpoints, often suggesting that amphitheatre heads indicate erosion by groundwater seepage erosion. However, the conditions and processes that lead to amphitheatre‐headed canyon formation have been debated for many years. We consider two hypotheses that attribute the amphitheatre‐headed canyon formation to fluvial erosion of strong‐over‐weak stratigraphy or, alternatively, groundwater spring discharge and seepage erosion. A spatial analysis of canyon‐form distribution with respect to local stratigraphy along the Escalante River and on Tarantula Mesa, Utah indicates that canyon form is most closely related to variations in local sedimentary rock strata, rather than inferred groundwater spring intensity. Lateral facies variations that affect the continuity of strong layers can induce or disrupt the formation of amphitheatres. Furthermore, we find that amphitheatre retreat rate is dictated by the interaction of fluvial processes downstream of the amphitheatre headwalls and stratigraphy, rather than waterfall and groundwater processes that likely importantly influence headwall form. We conclude that fluvial erosion of strong‐over‐weak stratigraphic layering alone is sufficient to form amphitheatres at knickpoints and canyon heads. Thus, we re‐affirm that formation process should not be inferred from canyon‐head morphology, particularly where a strong‐over‐weak layering is known or plausible. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing Trace Element Bioaccumulation and Depuration in Snails and Mayfly Nymphs at a Coal Ash–Contaminated Site
Authors: Pouil Simon , Jones Nikki J. , Smith John G. , Mandal Shovon , Griffiths Natalie A. , Mathews Teresa J.
Published: August 2020

We examined the bioaccumulation of essential (Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn) and nonessential (As and Hg) trace elements in 2 aquatic invertebrate species (adult snails and mayfly nymphs) with different feeding habits at the site of a coal ash spill. Differences in food web pathway, exposure concentrations, and biological processing affected bioaccumulation patterns in these species. Mayflies had higher body burdens, but snails had higher retention of most elements studied. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2437–2449. © 2020 SETAC

Abstract

Trace element bioaccumulation and depuration rates in mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia bilineata) and adult silty horn snails (Pleurocera canaliculatum) collected from upstream (reference) and downstream (ash-affected) from the site of the Tennessee Valley Authority's coal ash spill in Kingston, Tennessee, USA.
Consumers preferences on nutritional attributes of dairy‐alternative beverages: hedonic pricing models
Authors: Yang Tingyi , Dharmasena Senarath
Published: August 2020

Dairy products, especially milk play a crucial role in assuring dietary quality for U.S. households. However, due to taste, nutrition, health and environmental concerns, households increasingly prefer to consume dairy alternative beverages instead of conventional milk in the U.S. This work is motivated by the need to take into consideration of intrinsic characteristics and differences of such characteristics when analyzing the changes of consumers' purchasing behavior of and willingness to pay for dairy alternative beverages and conventional milk products. After aggregating and organizing the purchase data of Nielsen Homescan and first‐hand nutrition data, this study estimates both linear and semi‐log hedonic pricing models. The results show that consumers exert the highest weights and assign highest evaluation on such qualitative characteristic as nutritional attributes which include calories, protein, fat, vitamin A and vitamin D in which protein is the most valued attribute and other characteristics such as package size, multi pack and brand. The hedonic pricing order and value of these qualitative characteristic are indicative of consumers' purchasing behavior and thus provide essential information for manufacturers to better differentiated their products and develop products catering to consumer's preferred attributes.
Frequency‐dependent functional connectivity in resting state networks
Authors: Samogin Jessica , Marino Marco , Porcaro Camillo , Wenderoth Nicole , Dupont Patrick , Swinnen Stephan P. , Mantini Dante
Published: August 2020

Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have documented the resting human brain to be functionally organized in multiple large‐scale networks, called resting‐state networks (RSNs). Other brain imaging techniques, such as electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG), have been used for investigating the electrophysiological basis of RSNs. To date, it is largely unclear how neural oscillations measured with EEG and MEG are related to functional connectivity in the resting state. In addition, it remains to be elucidated whether and how the observed neural oscillations are related to the spatial distribution of the network nodes over the cortex. To address these questions, we examined frequency‐dependent functional connectivity between the main nodes of several RSNs, spanning large part of the cortex. We estimated connectivity using band‐limited power correlations from high‐density EEG data collected in healthy participants. We observed that functional interactions within RSNs are characterized by a specific combination of neuronal oscillations in the alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (13–30 Hz), and gamma (30–80 Hz) bands, which highly depend on the position of the network nodes. This finding may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms through which neural oscillations support functional connectivity in the brain.
The American Joint Committee on Cancer staging for metastatic head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A multi‐institutional study of within‐stage heterogeneity and impact on prognostic performance
Authors: Ebrahimi Ardalan , Luk Peter P. , Low Hubert , McDowell Lachlan , Magarey Matthew J. R. , Smith Paul N. , Perriman Diana M. , Shadbolt Bruce , Veness Michael , Gupta Ruta , Clark Jonathan R.
Published: August 2020

Background

The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging for head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC) stratifies risk poorly. We hypothesized that this results from prognostic heterogeneity within N and TNM groups.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of disease‐specific survival (DSS) in a multicenter study of 1146 patients with nodal metastases from HNcSCC.

Results

The majority of patients were classified as pN2a or pN3b (83.1%) and TNM stage IV (90.6%). On multivariate analysis, there was statistically significant prognostic heterogeneity within these groups based on the number and size of nodal metastases, immunosuppression, and perineural invasion. When stage IV patients were categorized into low, moderate, and high‐risk groups based on adverse features, there was wide variation in prognosis with 5‐year DSS ranging from 90% to 60% (P < .001).

Conclusions

The AJCC staging system stratifies risk poorly in HNcSCC due to significant prognostic heterogeneity within pN2a, pN3b, and stage IV groups.
Predictors of falls in patients during the first year after total hip arthroplasty: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Ninomiya Kazunari , Takahira Naonobu , Ikeda Takashi , Suzuki Koji , Sato Ryoji , Hirakawa Kazuo
Published: August 2020

Background and Purpose

Since falls after total hip arthroplasty (THA) cause severe complications such as dislocation and fractures around the femoral stem, it is important to investigate what factors predict of falls. Thus, investigating predictors of falls in patients waiting for THA would be valuable as it lead to more strategic interventions to prevent these problems. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the predictors of falls in patients during the first year after THA.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study. A total of 157 patients who underwent THA for unilateral hip osteoarthritis were analyzed. The incidence of falls during the first year after THA was monitored, and patients were classified into a “faller” and “non‐faller” group. The following factors were compared between the two groups: demographic data (age, sex, body mass index, leg length discrepancy, length of hospital stay, and history of falling), preoperative hip abductor muscle strength, functional performance (single leg stance and maximum walking speed), pain during walking, and physical activity.

Results

On multivariate logistic regression analysis, preoperative hip abductor muscle strength on the affected side and a history of falling were predictors of falls during the first year after THA. On subsequent receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, preoperative hip abductor muscle strength on the affected side was retained as a significant predictor, with a cut‐off strength of 0.46 Nm/kg differentiating the faller and non‐faller groups with a specificity of 73.6%, specificity of 50.0%, and area under the curve of 70.2%.

Conclusions

Finding from the present study suggested that clinicians should focus on low preoperative hip abductor muscle strength on the affected side and a history of falling to prevent falls during the first year after THA.
Attributing motives to others: Children's and adults' explanations of interpersonal events
Authors: Pillow Bradford H. , Lovett Suzanne B.
Published: August 2020

Two experiments examined first, third, and fifth graders, (seventh graders in Experiment 2), and adults' ratings of an actor's mood, instrumental, social, and a variety of simple and complex psychological goals as explanations of an actor's positive or negative behaviour toward a recipient in the absence (Experiment 1) or presence of bystanders (Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, for positive stories, third graders to adults rated psychological as more likely than instrumental goals; for negative stories, all age groups rated instrumental goals as most likely. In Experiment 2, for positive stories, first graders to adults favoured direct psychological goals (recipient's emotion); for negative stories, third graders to adults favoured indirect psychological goals (bystander's thought about actor or actor's emotional state). By early elementary school, children differentiate among specific goals when explaining actions. Older children and adults recognize that behaviour may be motivated by indirect as well as direct goals.

Highlights

Do children recognize the plausibility of goal explanations, particularly psychological‐goal explanations, when explaining interpersonal actions?

In Experiment 1, using a rating‐scale approach, even third graders preferred psychological and social goals as explanations for positive interpersonal behaviour but all ages preferred instrumental‐goal explanations for negative interpersonal actions. In Experiment 2, all age groups recognized the plausibility of direct psychological‐goal explanations, but only seventh graders and adults also recognized indirect‐psychological‐goal explanations.

Even early elementary school children recognize the plausibility of explanations involving psychological goals but only older children and adults recognize higher‐order mental‐state explanations that span multiple people or roles.
Sociospatial ties and postdisaster reconstruction: An analysis of the assemblage in the mega‐fire of Valparaíso
Authors: Berroeta Héctor , Pinto de Carvalho Laís , Castillo‐Sepúlveda Jorge , Opazo Luis
Published: August 2020

Disasters affect sociospatial links in a dynamic and unstable meshwork of aspects that are reconfigured. In this sense, accounting for this complexity is central to analyze the transformation of the sociospatial linkage of the affected people and communities. Addressing from community environmental psychology, we propose the concept of assemblage to guide a situated reading of subjective, material, and community aspects present in a reconstruction process after a disaster. Following a qualitative methodology, using spatially referenced narrative interviews (n = 16) and thematic analysis, it is described how these links are presented in a community that lived the mega‐fire of a part of the city of Valparaíso in Chile. The results describe that the experience of being a community is a variable flow within a process defined by an ever‐emerging configuration of spatial, technological, personal, social, and sensory characteristics. We conclude by pointing out the qualities of the communities when considered from an assemblage perspective.
Development and validation of an HPLC‐DAD method for determination of oleuropein and other bioactive compounds in olive leaf by‐products
Authors: Martínez‐Navarro Esther M , Cebrián‐Tarancón Cristina , Moratalla‐López Natalia , Lorenzo Cándida , Alonso Gonzalo L , Salinas Rosario M
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

Oil mills could benefit by preparing their own aqueous extracts from olive leaves. Accordingly, the present study aimed to measure the bioactive compounds richness of such extracts, especially oleuropein. A water‐based microwave extraction procedure was developed and a selective and precise high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC‐DAD) method was validated for the determination of oleuropein and others bioactive compounds from olive leaves.

RESULTS

The water solubility of oleuropein was determined to be 9.5 g L−1. The extraction procedure was optimized in terms of power, olive leaf weight/water volume ratio and time of extraction, and the results revealed that 2 mg mL−1 and a microwave irradiation at 800 W for 30 s resulted in the greatest efficiency. Oleuropein was determined by the new validation method, which showed good linearity (r2 = 0.996), precision (% relative standard deviation < 10%), recovery (118.6%), and limits of detection (17.48 mg L−1) and quantification (21.54 mg L−1). Good correlation (r2 = 0.979) was obtained between oleuropein of the olive leaf extracts determined by HPLC‐DAD and by UV‐visible spectrophotometry.

CONCLUSION

A simple extraction method was developed and validated to obtain aqueous extract from olive leaves by microwave extraction, determining for the first time oleuropein water solubility. Validation of the method showed that oleuropein in olive leaves could be quantified when it is at least 1% of dry weight by means of HPLC‐DAD. UV‐visible spectrophotometry can be useful in oil mills because it enables the content of oleuropein and other bioactive compounds content to be determined in situ in such leaf aqueous extracts. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonoelastographic Assessment of the Uterine Cervix in the Prediction of Imminent Delivery in Singleton Nulliparous Women Near Term
Authors: Rizzo Giuseppe , Pietrolucci Maria Elena , Mappa Ilenia , Bitsadze Victoria , Khizroeva Jamilya , Makatsariya Alexander , D'Antonio Francesco
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To explore the role of newly developed software to assess cervical sonoelastography in predicting the onset of spontaneous delivery in singleton pregnancies at term and to compare its diagnostic performance with that provided by the cervical length (CL) and posterior cervical angle (PCA).

Methods

This work was a prospective study including nulliparous singleton pregnancies at gestational ages of 37 weeks to 38 weeks 6 days. The CL, PCA, hardness ratio (HR), and mean strain from the internal os and external os were obtained by a transvaginal ultrasound approach using semiautomatic software (E‐Cervix; Samsung Medison Co, Ltd, Seoul, Korea). Multivariate logistic regression and area under the curve analyses were used to test the strength of the association and the diagnostic performance of the variables considered in predicting delivery within 7 days.

Results

A total of 398 women were included, and 24.6% delivered within 7 days. The CL was shorter (19.5 versus 2 7 mm; P = .0001), PCA narrower (99° versus 102°; P = .02) HR lower (35.3 versus 40.7; P = .0001), mean strain from the external os higher (0.41 versus 0.35; P = .0001), and mean strain from the internal os higher (0.38 versus 0.33; P = .0001) higher in women who delivered within 7 days from the assessment. At the multivariable logistic regression analysis, the CL (adjusted odds ratio, 1.307) and HR (adjusted odds ratio, 1.227) were the only variables independently associated with delivery within 1 week. A model combining the CL and HR showed an area under the curve of 0.873 in predicting delivery within 7 days, higher than that obtained by using the CL and HR singularly (P ≤ .0001).

Conclusions

The HR assessed by sonoelastography improves the efficacy of the CL in predicting imminent delivery in nulliparous women close to term.