bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Changing Values of Children and Preferences Regarding Family Size in South Africa
Authors: Sam David Lackland , Peltzer Karl , Mayer Boris
Published: July 2005

Cette recherche élargit à un contexte africain avec la problématique suivante les études en cours sur les relations entre les générations et les valeurs attribuées aux enfants: dans quelle mesure la structure des valeurs projetées sur les enfants (VOC) repérée dans des études antérieures peut‐elle être retrouvée en Afrique du Sud et quelles sont les préférences des femmes concernant la taille des familles petite, nombreuse et idéale. L’échantillon était constitué de trois cohortes de femmes noires sud‐africaines originaires de la province de Limpopo. Des analyses factorielles ont montré que les dimensions de la VOC apparue en Afrique du Sud étaient un agrégat de différentes valeurs. Ont été isolées comme dimensions relatives au désir d’enfants Social/Emotionnel et Traditionnel/Utilitaire. Pour ce qui est des motifs expliquant le choix de ne pas avoir d’enfants sont apparus l’enfant comme source de contraintes et les contraintes que constitue le fait d’avoir un enfant. Les comparaisons entre les générations montrent des variations dans l’importance des dimensions des valeurs accordées aux enfants et dans les préférences concernant la taille de la famille. Les valeurs dont les enfants sont porteurs pour les jeunes mères étaient liées au nombre d’enfants que ces femmes avaient et à leurs préférences relatives à la taille de la famille. La discussion sur les résultats tient compte de l’évolution du contexte sociopolitique de l’Afrique du Sud.

This study extends the ongoing studies on values of children and intergenerational relations into an African context with the following key questions: To what extent can the structure of values of children (VOC) identified in previous studies be found in South Africa and what are women's preferences regarding the size of small, large, and ideal families? The sample consisted of three cohorts of Black South African women from the Limpopo Province. Factor analyses showed that the dimensions of VOC found in South Africa are a conglomeration of different values. Identified dimensions were Social/Emotional and Traditional/Utilitarian with respect to reasons for wanting children. Regarding reasons for not wanting children, Child as Source of Constraints and Constraints to Have a Child were identified. Intergenerational comparisons showed variations in the importance of value of children dimensions and in preferences regarding family size. Values of children of younger mothers were related to the number of children these women had and to their preferences regarding family size. The findings are discussed within the changing socio‐political context of South Africa.
Adult Parent–Child Relationships: Relationship Quality, Support, and Reciprocity
Authors: Schwarz Beate , Trommsdorff Gisela , Albert Isabelle , Mayer Boris
Published: July 2005

A partir du modèle de la solidarité intergénérationnelle de Bengston (Bengston & Roberts, 1991), on a étudié, chez 265 femmes entre deux âges vivant en Allemagne, les interrelations entre leurs valeurs familiales, leur perception de qualité de la relation avec leurs parents, le soutien qu’elles disent leur apporter et recevoir de leur part, ainsi que leur appréhension de l’entraide entre les générations. On s’est aussi demandé si l’aide apporté aux parents et la réciprocité perçu étaient en rapport avec la charge que les filles ressentaient suite au soutien accordé. Les données des diverses rubriques, fournies par les sujets, ont été traitées avec des analyses de régression logistiques multiple et multinomiale. Les analyses ont débouché sur des liaisons positives entre les valeurs familiales, la qualité des relations et le soutien aux parents. La réciprocité perçue était reliée aux aides mutuelles entre les générations et un soutien déséquilibré avait des effets négatifs sur la qualité de la relation. La charge ressentie pouvait ­être prédite à partir de la réciprocité perçue et de l’importance de l’aide. Cependant, sont apparus des modèles corrélationnels spécifiques dépendant à la fois du type d’aide et du niveau d’importance relatif du père et de la mère. Les résultats sont discutés dans le contexte du sens de la réciprocité et des obligations familiales dans une culture occidentale.

In accordance with Bengtson's model of intergenerational solidarity (e.g. Bengtson & Roberts, 1991), the interrelations between adult daughters’ family values, their perception of the relationship quality with their parents, the support they reported to give to and to receive from their parents, and their perception of reciprocity in intergenerational support exchange were investigated for N= 265 middle‐aged women in Germany. It was also asked whether the support given to parents and perceived reciprocity are related to daughters’ felt burden as a result of their support. Cross‐sectional, self‐report data were examined with multiple and multinomial logistic regression analyses. The analyses revealed positive relations between family values, relationship quality, and support to parents. Perceived reciprocity was associated with the exchange of intergenerational support, and imbalance in support had negative effects on the relationship quality. Felt burden was predicted by the extent of support and the perceived reciprocity. However, specific correlational patterns depending on the kind of support as well as differences in the importance of mother and father occurred. The findings are discussed against the background of the meaning of family obligations and reciprocity in a Western culture.
The Differential Role of Comprehension and Production Practice
Authors: DeKeyser Robert M. , Sokalski Karl J.
Published: July 2005

In the last 10 years, the ideas that second language learning requires a certain amount of focus on form, and that form should to some extent be learned explicitly, have been steadily gaining ground (see, e.g., Doughty & Williams, 1998; Norris & Ortega, 2000). What exact instructional activities this implies, however, remains the subject of considerable controversy.

In the early 199Os, VanPatten and his collaborators published several studies suggesting that a type of form‐focused input activities called processing instruction were all that was necessary, and that form‐focused output activities were not useful, given that students who had had either input or output practice performed similarly on subsequent production tasks, whereas students used to input practice performed better on comprehension tasks than the output practice group. In a study published around the same time as the present one, VanPatten and Oikkenon (1996) even argued that not only output practice but even grammar explanation is not necessary provided students receive processing instruction.

The vast majority of studies carried out by VanPatten and his collaborators, however, including the (1996) study just mentioned, dealt with the problem of learning the morphology and word order of Spanish clitic pronouns by English speakers. In our (1996) article we argued‐and we still do‐that the results of studies by VanPatten and collaborators are to some extent due t o this choice of structure and therefore not generalizable.

Our results with 82 first‐year students of Spanish as a second language indicated that the relative effectiveness of production versus comprehension practice depended on the morphosyntactic complexity of the structure in question as well as on the delay between practice and testing. The findings basically reflected the predictions of skill acquisition theory that input practice is better for comprehension skills, and output practice for production skills, but these patterns were obscured when both testing time and the morphosyntactic nature of the structure in question favored one skill or the other.

Not much research has been published since 1996 that addresses these specific issues empirically. Allen (2000), however, in a study on the learning of causative structures in French, reached the same conclusion we had in 1996. In that study, traditional instruction was found as effective as processing instruction in enabling learners to comprehend and more effective than processing instruction in enabling learners to produce the French causative. It appears again, then, that which kind of instructional activity is most effective at bringing about comprehension or production skill depends on the morphosyntactic nature of the structure at issue, and that the advantage of (specific forms of) input practice over output practice for learning Spanish clitic pronouns cannot be generalized to other structures.
Does Type of Instruction Make a Difference? Substantive Findings From a Meta‐analytic Review
Authors: Norris John M. , Ortega Lourdes
Published: July 2005

This study employed systematic procedures for research synthesis and meta‐analysis to summarize findings from experimental and quasi‐experimental investigations into the effectiveness of L2 instruction published between 1980 and 1998. Comparisons of average effect sizes from 49 unique sample studies reporting sufficient data indicated that focused L2 instruction results in large target‐oriented gains, that explicit types of instruction are more effective than implicit types, and that Focus on Form and Focus on Forms interventions result in equivalent and large effects. Further findings suggest that the effectiveness of L2 instruction is durable and that the type of outcome measures used in individual studies likely affects the magnitude of observed instructional effectiveness. Generalizability of these findings is limited because the L2 type‐of‐instruction domain has yet to engage in rigorous empirical operationalization and replication of its central research constructs.
Negotiation of Form, Recasts, and Explicit Correction in Relation to Error Types and Learner Repair in Immersion Classrooms
Authors: Lyster Roy
Published: July 2005

This study investigated specific patterns of a reactive approach to form‐focused instruction: namely, corrective feedback and its relationship to error types and immediate learner repair. The database is drawn from transcripts of audio recordings made in four French immersion class‐rooms at the elementary level, totaling 18.3 hours and including 921 error sequences. The 921 learner errors were coded as grammatical, lexical, or phonological, or as unsolicited uses of L1. Corrective feedback moves were coded as explicit correction, recast, or negotiation of form (i.e., elicitation, metalinguistic clues, clarification requests, or repetition of error).

In contrast with previous studies of error treatment in L2 classrooms, which showed that teachers' use of corrective feedback was relatively unsystematic, this study revealed a certain degree of systematicity in the teachers' treatment of specific types of oral errors. First, the proportion of error types receiving corrective feedback from the teachers reflected the rate at which these various error types actually occurred. Second, the teachers tended to provide feedback on phonological and lexical errors with a certain amount of consistency (at rates of 70% and 80%, respectively); grammatical errors received corrective feedback at a lower rate, but accounted for the highest number of corrective feedback moves in the database nonetheless. Third, the teachers tended to select feedback types in accordance with error types: namely, recasts after grammatical and phonological errors and negotiation of form after lexical errors.

Overall, the negotiation of form proved to be more effective at leading to immediate repair than recasts or explicit correction, particularly in the case of lexical errors and also in the case of grammatical errors and unsolicited uses of L1, but not in the case of phonological errors; the latter clearly benefit from recasts. This pattern suggests (a) that the teachers were on the right track in their decisions to recast phonological errors and to negotiate lexical errors and (b) that perhaps teachers could draw more frequently on the negotiation of form in response to grammatical errors, because almost two thirds of all grammatical repairs resulted from this type of feedback. A preference for providing feedback in this way is supported by de Bot's (1996) argument that language learners are likely to benefit more from being “pushed” (Swain, 1995) to retrieve target language forms than from merely hearing the forms in the input, because the retrieval and subsequent production stimulate the development of connections in memory.
Learner‐Generated Attention to Form
Authors: Williams Jessica
Published: July 2005

Results of recent studies, some of which appear in this volume, suggest that the incorporation of some degree of focus on form (FonF) into meaning‐centered instruction can lead to improved performance in processing input and increased accuracy in production. Long (1983) originally defined FonF as a brief turning of attention to some formal feature while the overriding focus of the interaction remains on meaning. Ideally, this focus should arise incidentally, in response to some problem in comprehension or production. The incidental nature of the interaction would be more likely to result in focus on a form to which the learner is attending and is ready to notice.

However, to ascertain the effect of such a focus in an experimental setting, it becomes necessary to manipulate the situation somewhat, in particular, to predetermine the formal focus and to ensure that it will occur. As a result, in most studies the focus is provided by the researcher and delivered intentionally, and usually extensively, through the teacher or special materials. Thus, the focus no longer arises incidentally, potentially vitiating the effectiveness of the intervention.

This study differs from previous studies in two ways. First, it is set in intact classrooms, so all episodes involving focus on form arise incidentally. Second, it examines only such episodes as are initiated by learners. The justification for this is an extension of the argument for incidental FonF. If the effectiveness of FonF is ultimately determined by learner need, then it is essential to examine the episodes in which the learners themselves choose to focus on formal aspects of language.

The study addresses the following research questions: Do learners initiate attention to form, as requests for assistance, feedback on error, modeling, or fine tuning, that is, repetitions, recasts, and requests for clarification? If so, on what kinds of forms do they choose to focus? The results suggest that learners can and do attend to form, though relatively infrequently. The most frequent way that they do this is t o request assistance from their teachers. Learner‐generated attention to form increases considerably with rising proficiency and during specific activities. In general, the likelihood of learner‐generated attention to form seems to be linked to learners' perception of the goals of the activity. In addition, as learners' proficiency increases, they are less likely to rely on their teachers for help. Finally, episodes that involve learners‐generated attention to form revolve largely around lexis. More than anything else, learners want to know about words.
ON THE DISTRIBUTIONAL CONSEQUENCES OF CHILD LABOR LEGISLATION*
Authors: Krueger Dirk , Donohue Jessica Tjornhom
Published: July 2005

This article studies the effects of child labor legislation on human capital accumulation and the distribution of wealth and welfare. We calibrate our model to U.S. data circa 1880 and find that the consequences of restricting child labor or providing tax‐financed education depend on the main source of individual household income. Households with significant financial assets unambiguously lose from government intervention, whereas high‐wage workers benefit most from a child labor ban, and low‐wage workers benefit most from free education. Introducing free education results in substantial welfare gains, whereas a child labor ban induces small welfare losses.
ENDOGENOUS GROWTH CYCLES*
Authors: Wälde Klaus
Published: July 2005

Current explanations for why a growing economy necessarily goes through periods of high and low growth predict countercyclical R&D investment. As this is very controversial from an empirical perspective, a stochastic Poisson model of endogenous growth cycles is presented where the determinants of the cyclical behavior of R&D investment are analytically studied. Providing an explicit expression for the expected length of a cycle shows that high‐frequency fluctuations can indeed be understood by this approach. It is also shown how small technological improvements translate into large aggregate fluctuations.
CONTROL ALLOCATION, REVENUE SHARING, AND JOINT OWNERSHIP*
Authors: Wang Susheng , Zhu Tian
Published: July 2005

This article develops a two‐period double moral hazard model with incomplete contracting to explore the implication of a possible adverse effect of unilateral control on the optimal revenue sharing and control allocation in a joint venture. We identify conditions under which joint ownership and control become optimal when unilateral control gives the controlling party opportunities to inefficiently extract private benefits at the expense of the joint revenue. Moreover, this adverse consequence of control may also lead to the separation of share ownership and control, i.e., it may be optimal for the minority owner to have the control rights.
WHY DOES IT MATTER THAT BELIEFS AND VALUATIONS BE CORRECTLY REPRESENTED?*
Authors: Grant Simon , Karni Edi
Published: July 2005

This article contains an analysis of a simple principal–agent problem illustrating possible problems that may arise when the prinicpal ascribes to the agent subjective probabilities and utilities that are implied by the subjective expected utility model but do not represent the agent's beliefs and valuations. In particular, it is possible that an incentive contract designed by the principal induces the agent to choose an action that is not in the principal's best interest.
COMMUNITY MEMBERSHIP ASPIRATIONS: THE LINK BETWEEN INEQUALITY AND REDISTRIBUTION REVISITED*
Authors: Desdoigts Alain , Moizeau Fabien
Published: July 2005

This article studies how distributional tensions can act in many different ways depending on the social affinity between the different economic classes and their prospect of upward or downward mobility. We consider that socioeconomic group membership through its implied social interactions and peer effects is an important determinant of an individual's outcome. Agents, while voting on a social contract, take into account the consequences of their choice over their ex post belonging to a particular community. Thus, the endogenous sorting of the population into clusters may lead to a nonmonotonic relationship between inequality and the pressure for redistributive policies.
REVERSE DISCRIMINATION AND EFFICIENCY IN EDUCATION*
Authors: De Fraja Gianni
Published: July 2005

This article shows that reverse discrimination policies can find a justification purely on efficiency grounds. We study the optimal provision of education when households belong to different groups, differing in the distribution of the potential to benefit from education among individuals, which is private information. The main result is that high‐potential individuals from groups with relatively few high‐potential individuals should receive more education than otherwise identical individuals from groups with a more favorable distribution of these benefits.
ECONOMIES OF SCALE AND SCOPE AND THE ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CHINA'S AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM*
Authors: Jin Songqing , Rozelle Scott , Alston Julian , Huang Jikun
Published: July 2005

This article investigates economies of scale and scope and other potential sources of improvements in the economic efficiency of China's crop breeding, an industry at the heart of the nation's food economy. Using data covering 46 wheat‐ and maize‐breeding institutes from 1981 to 2000, we estimate cost functions for the production of new varieties at China's wheat‐ and maize‐breeding institutes. Our results indicate strong economies of scale, along with small to moderate economies of scope related to the joint production of new wheat and maize varieties. Cost efficiency increases significantly with increases in the breeders' educational status and with increases in access to genetic materials from outside the institute.
A NOTE ON CHAMBERS'S “LONG MEMORY AND AGGREGATION IN MACROECONOMIC TIME SERIES”*
Authors: Souza Leonardo Rocha
Published: July 2005

This note reviews some results on aggregating discrete‐time long memory processes, providing a formula for the spectrum of the aggregates that considers the aliasing effect.
The evolutionary ecology of myco‐heterotrophy
Authors: Bidartondo Martin I.
Published: July 2005

Nonphotosynthetic mycorrhizal plants have long attracted the curiosity of botanists and mycologists, and they have been a target for unabated controversy and speculation. In fact, these puzzling plants dominated the very beginnings of the field of mycorrhizal biology. However, only recently has the mycorrhizal biology of this diverse group of plants begun to be systematically unravelled, largely following a landmark Tansley review a decade ago and crucial developments in the field of molecular ecology. Here I explore our knowledge of these evolutionarily and ecologically diverse plant–fungal symbioses, highlighting areas where there has been significant progress. The focus is on what is arguably the best understood example, the monotropoid mycorrhizal symbiosis, and the overarching goal is to lay out the questions that remain to be answered about the biology of myco‐heterotrophy and epiparasitism.

Contents

Summary
335

I.
Introduction
335

II.
Monotropa: over 180 years of controversy
337

III.
Do all epiparasites evolve from photosynthetic mycorrhizal ancestors?
339

IV.
What is unique about the monotrope radiation?
342

V.
Potential sources of exceptional myco‐heterotrophy
344

VI.
What form of carbon moves from fungus to plant?
344

VII.
Mycorrhizas vs reproduction?
345

VIII.
What fungal signal triggers symbiotic seed germination?
346

IX.
Conclusions
348

Acknowledgements
348

References
348
The effect of the Term Breech Trial on medical intervention behaviour and neonatal outcome in The Netherlands: an analysis of 35,453 term breech infants
Authors: Rietberg Christine C.Th. , Elferink‐Stinkens Patty M. , Visser Gerard H.A.
Published: July 2005

Objective  To examine the effects of the Term Breech Trial on the medical behaviour of Dutch obstetricians and on neonatal outcomes.

Design  Retrospective observational study.

Setting  The Netherlands.

Population  Infants born at term in breech presentation in the Netherlands between 1998 and 2002, with birthweights ≤4000 g (n= 33,024) and >4000 g (n= 2429), respectively. Multiple pregnancies, antenatal death and major congenital malformations were excluded.

Methods  Data derived from the Dutch Perinatal Database were used to compare modes of delivery and neonatal outcome of infants born in breech position in the 33 months preceding publication of the Term Breech Trial and in the 25 months thereafter.

Main outcome measures  Incidence of planned and emergency caesarean section, vaginal breech delivery, perinatal death, 5‐minute Apgar score and birth trauma.

Results  Within two months after publication of the Term Breech Trial, the overall caesarean rate increased from 50% to 80% and has remained stable thereafter. In the group of infants ≤4000 g, this was associated with a significant decrease of perinatal mortality from 0.35% to 0.18%, a decrease of the incidence of a 5‐minute Apgar score <7 from 2.4% to 1.1% and a decrease of birth trauma from 0.29% to 0.08%. In the (small) group of infants >4000 g, a similar trend was observed.

Conclusions  The Term Breech Trial has resulted in an exceptionally rapid change in medical behaviour by Dutch obstetricians. This change was followed by improved neonatal outcome.
The effectiveness of live lactobacilli in combination with low dose oestriol (Gynoflor) to restore the vaginal flora after treatment of vaginal infections
Authors: Ozkinay Erdinc , Terek Mustafa Cosan , Yayci Murat , Kaiser Renato , Grob Philipp , Tuncay Gungor
Published: July 2005

Objective  To evaluate the effectiveness of live lactobacilli in combination with low dose oestriol for restoration of the vaginal flora after anti‐infective treatment.

Design  The study was designed as a single centre, randomised, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial.

Setting  University Hospital.

Sample  Three hundred and sixty women out of 1750 were randomised.

Methods  Three hundred and sixty women with the complaints of vaginal infections (bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis, trichomoniasis or fluor vaginalis) were randomly assigned two to seven days after the end of the anti‐infective therapy, to therapy with live lactobacilli in combination with low dose oestriol (study group, n= 240) or placebo (n= 120). The follow up visits occurred three to seven days and four to six weeks after the end of the restoration therapy.

Main outcome measures  The Normal Flora Index (NFI), which consists of numbers of lactobacilli, pathogenic microorganisms, leucocytes and vaginal pH, was used as the primary outcome of the study. Secondary outcomes included the total symptoms score, the degree of purity of the vaginal flora and the global assessment of the treatment by the investigator and the women.

Results  During restoration therapy, the NFI increased significantly more in the study group than in the control group in both first and second control visits (P= 0.002 and P= 0.006, respectively). The degree of purity of the vaginal flora also increased significantly more in the study group compared with the control group (P < 0.0001 and P= 0.001, respectively). No serious adverse event was reported during restoration therapy.

Conclusion  Restoration of the vaginal flora can be significantly enhanced by the administration of live lactobacilli in combination with low dose oestriol.
Targeted genomic detection of biosynthetic pathways: anaerobic production of hopanoid biomarkers by a common sedimentary microbe
Authors: FISCHER W. W. , SUMMONS R. E. , PEARSON A.
Published: July 2005

The lipid biomarker principle requires that preservable molecules (molecular fossils) carry specific taxonomic, metabolic, or environmental information. Historically, an empirical approach was used to link specific taxa with the compounds they produce. The lipids extracted from numerous, but randomly cultured species provided the basis for the interpretation of biomarkers in both modern environments and in the geological record. Now, with the rapid sequencing of hundreds of microbial genomes, a more focused genomic approach can be taken to test phylogenetic patterns and hypotheses about the origins of biomarkers. Candidate organisms can be selected for study on the basis of genes that encode proteins fundamental to the synthesis of biomarker compounds. Hopanoids, a class of pentacyclic triterpenoid lipid biomarkers, provide an illustrative example. For many years, interpretations of biomarker data were made with the assumption that hopanoids are produced only by aerobic organisms. However, the recent discovery of 13C‐depleted hopanoids in environments undergoing anaerobic methane oxidation and in enrichment cultures of anammox planctomycetes indicates that some hopanoids are produced anaerobically. To further examine the potential distribution of hopanoid biosynthesis by anaerobes, we searched publicly available genomic databases for the presence of squalene‐hopene cyclase genes in known obligate or facultative anaerobes. Here we present evidence that Geobacter sulfurreducens, Geobacter metallireducens, and Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum, all bacteria common in anoxic environments, have the appropriate genes for hopanoid biosynthesis. We further show that these data accurately predict that G. sulfurreducens does produce a variety of complex hopanoids under strictly anaerobic conditions in pure culture.
The experimental silicification of Aquificales and their role in hot spring sinter formation
Authors: LALONDE STEFAN V. , KONHAUSER KURT O. , REYSENBACH ANNA‐LOUISE , FERRIS F. GRANT
Published: July 2005

Archean microfossils provide some of the earliest physical evidence for life on Earth, yet there remains a great deal of uncertainty regarding which micro‐organisms were actually preserved. Because of the limited cellular detail remaining, interpretation of those microfossils has been based solely on size and morphology. This has led to significant controversy surrounding the presence or absence of cyanobacteria as early as 3.5 billion years. Accordingly, there has been an experimental bias towards studying their silicification. Here we report the very first findings on thermophilic bacteria–silica interactions, and investigate how Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense, a representative of the Aquificales often found as prominent members of modern hot spring vent communities, interacts with highly siliceous hydrothermal fluids. We show that adsorption of silica is limited to silica polymers and colloids, and that the magnitude of silica adsorption is dependent on its chemolithoautotrophic pathway. Intriguingly, when S. azorense is grown as a H2‐oxidizer, it responds to increasing silica concentrations by producing a protein‐rich biofilm that may afford the cells protection against cell wall silicification. Although the biofilms of Aquificales could potentially contribute to or accelerate siliceous sinter formation under certain growth conditions, the cells themselves show a low preservation potential and are unlikely to have been preserved in the ancient rock record, despite phylogenetic analyses suggesting that they represent one of the most primordial life forms.
Beyond the impasse: the power of political ecology in Third World environmental research
Authors: Bryant Raymond L
Published: July 2005

Summary
In the context of a deepening impasse in Third World environmental research, this paper suggests that researchers should adopt a political ecology perspective to ensure that research addresses the political and economic issues that underlie the Third World's environmental problems. Since an understanding of unequal power relations is central to political ecology, the paper considers how questions of power influence human‐environmental interaction, before assessing briefly how research of this kind might contribute to a resolution of the Third World's environmental problems.
An auto‐biographical approach to understanding migration: the case of Hong Kong emigrants
Authors: Findlay A M , Li F L N
Published: July 2005

Summary
This paper seeks to make a methodological contribution by evaluating the autobiographical approach and its application to migration research. The migration act is seen as a manifestation of an individual's identity. This is moulded by many social influences over an individual's lifecourse. The paper explores the realm of practical consciousness (Giddens 1984) using a biographical approach in an attempt to identify the values underpinning the intentions of professional emigrants from Hong Kong.
The shifting territory of government: some insights from the Rural White Paper
Authors: Murdoch Jonathan
Published: July 2005

Summary
In this paper it is proposed that the territory of governance is currently being reconfigured by the state. The state is pulling back from a universalist, welfare role, which entailed comprehensive governance of the whole national territory. Now a much more selective form of government is coming into being, concerned with ‘community’, ‘diversity’ and ‘locality’. This is not, however, simply a belated recognition by the state that these are ever more important features of socio‐spatial life: rather, it is part of the reconfiguration of the territory of government as the state invokes these characteristics in order to modify its ways of governing. Using Foucault's concept of governmentality–that is the means used by the state to ‘problematise’ life within its territorial borders and then act on the basis of these problematisations—the recent case of the Rural White Paper is examined. It is proposed that this is a very clear example of a governmental retreat from a comprehensive role in the governance of rural areas and shows how the state now seeks to govern ‘through communities’.
Victimisation beyond the metropolis: an Australian case study
Authors: Duncan C J
Published: July 2005

Summary
Victimisation surveys have revealed that high crime rate areas not only have a high rate of victim prevalence, but that a small proportion of the victims may experience more than half of the crime reported. This paper examines how the prevalence and concentration of victimisation influence the incidence rate in a low crime rate area.
Putting Japanese investment in Europe in its place
Authors: Dicken Peter , Tickell Adam , Yeung Henry
Published: July 2005

Summary
Research on Japanese economic activity in Europe concentrates almost exclusively on investment in manufacturing. However, this paper demonstrates that this emphasis both underestimates the longevity of Japanese direct investment in Europe and also grossly underdefines the importance of services. Not only does Japanese direct investment have a much longer history in Europe than is usually recognized but also—and perhaps more significantly—the bulk of that investment is not in manufacturing production per se but in a variety of circulation services. Using establishment‐level data, this paper shows that the spatial manifestation of these circulation services is very different from that of manufacturing production.
Think global, then think again—economic globalization in context
Authors: Allen John , Thompson Grahame
Published: July 2005

SummaryThose who lament the absence of an agreed, secure definition of globalization are likely to remain in a state of despondency. In this paper, it is argued that the meaning of the term ‘economic globalization’ is context‐bound and that, depending upon the referent chosen to fix the term, the geographies of either manufacturing or service enterprises move into focus in what is, to till intents and purposes, a ‘home‐region’ affair.
Crime risk in urban neighbourhoods: the use of insurance data to analyse changing spatial forms
Authors: Wong Cecilia
Published: July 2005

Summary
The recent British Crime Surveys have confirmed that there are significant spatial variations in the distribution of crime risk. However, it is notoriously difficult to represent the spatial patterns in Britain convincingly, owing to the statistical inadequacy of the official crime data. This paper discusses the use of home contents insurance data as a proxy measure of crime risk, and examines the changing spatial distribution of crime risk in the two Northern conurbations of Merseyside and Greater Manchester. The analysis provides an explicit urban focus in order to establish links between the spatial distribution of crime risk and other patterns of deprivation or inequality in the urban environment. Since insurance data is used as a proxy measure of crime risk in the Department of the Environment's Index of Local Conditions, this analysis serves as an interesting basis for both academic and policy discussion.
Some reflections on World Heritage
Authors: Pocock Douglas
Published: July 2005

Summary
This paper presents some initial reflections on the emergence of the World Heritage Convention in 1972, the significance of the appellation ‘world’ and the interpretation of ‘heritage’. The dichotomous definition of heritage has found decreasing support in practice and occasioned changes in the original Operational Guidelines for implementing the Convention.
Working at leisure: critical geographies of ageing
Authors: Mansvelt Juliana
Published: July 2005

Summary
Though the usefulness of ‘leisure’ as an analytical category is in itself problematic, exploring individual experiences of leisure may demonstrate how representations of ageing are embodied and emplaced. Qualitative interviews with 21 residents (over 60 years of age) of a provincial city in New Zealand/Aotearoa illustrate that constructions of ageing as idleness, dependency, inactivity and infirmity may be contested through engaging in leisure activities. Though leisure discourses are associated with notions of freedom, resistance to ageing and ageism may be constrained by constructions of leisure as work.
From ethnic minority niche to assimilation: Turkish restaurants in Brussels1
Authors: Kesteloot Christian , Mistiaen Pascale
Published: July 2005

Summary
A 25‐year observation of Turkish restaurants in the heart of the Turkish neighbourhood of Brussels shows considerable changes in the characteristics of the restaurants and in their location. Both dimensions of change are interrelated and are explained on the one hand by strategies of ethnic minority entrepreneurship and on the other by the Hotelling effect.
The ‘blurring of boundaries’ between ‘work’ and ‘home’: perspectives from case studies in the East Midlands
Authors: Hardill I , Green A E , Dudleston A C
Published: July 2005

Summary
This article seeks to contribute to the debate surrounding the temporal and spatial ‘blurring of boundaries’ between ‘home’ and ‘work’ by presenting selected results from an empirical study of dual career households in the East Midlands relating to the ‘temporal’ and ‘spatial’ strategies adopted by individuals and households for managing the demands of ‘paid work careers’ and ‘household careers’.
Language reproduction: reflections on the Welsh example
Authors: Aitchison John , Carter Harold
Published: July 2005

Summary
Recent changes in the distribution of the Welsh language are related to a process of empowerment of a Welsh‐speaking elite that has come into being as a consequence of economic change, especially deindustrialization. This situation is examined against theories of language shift, and the specific new routes along which language reproduction is directed are considered.
Scale as relation: musical metaphors of geographical scale
Authors: Howitt Richard
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe concept of geographical scale, despite being one of geography's foundational concepts, has been undertheorized compared to other core concepts such as environment, space and place. Two aspects of the concept of geographical scale (size and level) are relatively well recognized. A third aspect (scale as relation) is not. In this exploratory paper, the implications of the metaphors conventionally used to think and write about scale are considered, and some musical metaphors of geographical scale are used to sketch out the importance of scale as a relation.
Industrial innovation diffusion: the extent of use and disuse of process technologies in engineering
Authors: Alderman Neil
Published: July 2005

Summary
This paper addresses two important issues in the study of industrial innovation diffusion: the extent of use of an innovation throughout the production process, and the disuse of innovations. Evidence for the spatial patterns of use and disuse from a longitudinal survey of British engineering establishments is presented. The extent of use of technology is not found to be spatially differentiated, but reinvestment in newer technologies may be more prevalent in the core regions of the country. Rejection of technology owing to unsuitability or problems in the adoption process is found to reflect establishment‐level rather than locational characteristics.
The forest transition: a theoretical basis
Authors: Mather A S , Needle C L
Published: July 2005

Summary
A theoretical basis for the forest transition (the change from contraction to expansion of national forest area) is suggested in terms of increasing agricultural adjustment to land quality. This adjustment, operating through a process of learning by farmers, results in the concentration of agricultural production in smaller areas of better land, and the agricultural abandonment of larger areas of poorer land, which are then available for reforestation through natural regeneration or planting.
Financial engine or glorified back office? Dublin's International Financial Services Centre going global
Authors: Murphy Laurence
Published: July 2005

SummaryConsiderable geographical analysis has been directed towards understanding the emergence and development of ‘world cities’ and their role in the coordination of the global economy. In particular, there has been an emphasis on exploring the character and nature of financial services located in these centres. In examining global centres,‘other’ places are often implicitly constructed as peripheries. Yet these ‘peripheries’ have been experiencing significant transformations in the nature of their integration into the global economy. In this paper, I chart the rise of Dublin's International Financial Services Centre as an example of a regulated site that has emerged as a niche centre in international corporate and financial transactions.
Gender, science and physical geography in nineteenth‐century Britain
Authors: McEwan Cheryl
Published: July 2005

Summary
This paper considers the gendered construction of science and scientific geography in Britain during the nineteenth century. It explores the general exclusion of women from public, institutionalized science and their location in amateur, domestic pursuits, whilst simultaneously problematizing this binary construction. Finally, the paper speculates on the legacy of the past on the gendering of contemporary physical geography.
Reconciling feminist theory and gendered resource management in Indonesia
Authors: Elmhirst Rebecca
Published: July 2005

Summary
This paper considers the difficulties in reconciling a fluid and ambiguous conceptualization of gender difference with policy‐based efforts to define women as ‘target groups’ in development interventions. The issue is explored with reference to gender issues in a transmigration resettlement area in Indonesia, where the instability of gender identities is particularly marked, and where gendered resource use and control are particularly blurred.
An elusive agenda: the development of a middle ground in Northern Ireland
Authors: Graham Brian , Shirlow Peter
Published: July 2005

Summary
Any potential resolution to the conflict in Northern Ireland depends on the deconstruction of the stereotypical ethnic distinction between Catholic/Nationalist/ Republican and Protestant/Unionist/British and associated notions of zero‐sum territorialty. This paper discusses some of the evidence for more diverse, pluralist and inclusive conceptualizations of identity, which might be reflected in accommodationist political alignments. Particular attention is given to the influence of class and to the fracturing of identity into its constituents of political allegiance, citizenship, cultural or ethnic nationalism and constitutional preference, all of which are not necessarily expressed coherently or consistently within any one individual's socio‐political behaviour. The paper concludes that there are indications–albeit very diverse–of accommodationism, but that these are not yet reflected in any coherent political form.
Diasporic connections: case studies of Asian women in business
Authors: Hardill Irene , Raghuram Parvati
Published: July 2005

Summary
In this paper, we use a case‐study approach in order to explore the ways in which diasporic connections are being used by four Asian1 businesswomen who serve an emerging niche market for clothing, which is defined by class and gender.
Landscape: a wasted legacy
Authors: Muir Richard
Published: July 2005

SummaryThis paper explores the way in which the rehabilitation within geography of ‘landscape’ has been partial and unbalanced. Landscape history, arguably the most geographically relevant aspect of landscape study, has been marginalized–though it has demonstrated a remarkable capacity to flourish in an interdisciplinary context. It is argued that the neglect of landscape history is not in the best interests of geography, and that its reintegration would allow a more balanced perspective on landscape to be developed.
Putting the census on the web: lessons from two case studies
Authors: Martin David , Harris James , Sadlert Jason , Tate Nicholas J
Published: July 2005

Summary
This paper addresses the digital dissemination of geographically referenced census information in the UK. A number of important weaknesses in the 1991 model of data access are identified, and the possibility of future access to census information via the World Wide Web is then addressed in detail. Two case studies demonstrate the potential to overcome some fundamental weaknesses in earlier access models, including the provision of integrated data and metadata, graphical interfaces to geographical datasets, and an integrated interface and analysis environment.
‘She lets me go out once a week’: mothers' strategies for obtaining ‘personal’ time and space
Authors: Holloway S L
Published: July 2005

Summary
This paper focuses on the need for relief care and its provision through babysitting and crèches in Sheffield. The analysis demonstrates the importance of this previously neglected form of care, and highlights the role played by women's networks in shaping a class‐differentiated geography of relief care.
Trends in commuting in England and Wales–becoming less sustainable?
Authors: Banister Chris , Gallent Nick
Published: July 2005

Summary
It is widely accepted that the nature and extent of commuting patterns worldwide represent a large slice of the overall environmental problems associated with transport use. There has been a long‐standing concern over the ‘congestion peaks’ derived from daily travel‐to‐work patterns, and a preoccupation with the ways in which greener modes of commuting might contribute to a more environmentally benign transport system. This article uses Census data to focus on commuting patterns in England and Wales, concluding that, despite recent moves towards promoting a more integrated and sustainable transport system, worrying trends persist that would seem to undermine this strategy. On a more positive note, the Census data also suggest that many shorter trips might potentially be converted to ‘greener modes’ walking or cycling–with substantial environmental benefits.
The spatial distribution of occupational prestige in metropolitan Tel Aviv
Authors: Blumen Orna
Published: July 2005

SummaryOccupational prestige is the social value attributed to occupation, and in most instances indicates socio‐economic status. It is obtained at the workplace and manifested in one's lifestyle in a specific place of residence, and its spatial distribution therefore follows the repetitive flow of commuters. The geography of such prestige has not previously been studied; this study uses the 1983 census to examine the spatial distribution of occupational prestige in metropolitan Tel Aviv, Israel. It was found that most workers use short, local commuting routes, which point to relatively closed secondary spatial labour markets. Common generalizations in research regarding commuting length and occupational status reflect the social composition of the entire workforce, with workers of higher occupational status tending towards longer commutes. Yet, this study shows that such commuting is also undertaken by workers of lower occupational status, while short commuting is also undertaken by workers of higher status. In addition, the results show that such generalizations are spatially differentiated.
‘Anarchy doesn't work unless you think about it’:1 intellectual interpretation and DlY culture
Authors: Halfacree Keith
Published: July 2005

Summary
The relationship of theory to a key strand of current radical social and environmental movements—‐DlY culture—is highly problematic, with the latter tending to reject the former in favour of its own immediacy. This paper argues that, in contrast,‘theory and practice’ should be regarded as complementary. Action on the ground can learn from theories of DIY culture, and theories of DIY culture cannot ignore action on the ground. By way of illustration, specific attention is given to the 1996 occupation of some derelict land in London by the group The Land Is Ours.