bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theories, Sites, Toposes
Authors: Caramello Olivia
Published: March 2018

This book is devoted to a general study of geometric theories from a topos-theoretic perspective. After recalling the necessary topos-theoretic preliminaries, it presents the main methodology it uses to extract ‘concrete’ information on theories from properties of their classifying toposes—the ‘bridge’ technique. As a first implementation of this methodology, a duality is established between the subtoposes of the classifying topos of a geometric theory and the geometric theory extensions (also called ‘quotients’) of the theory. Many concepts of elementary topos theory which apply to the lattice of subtoposes of a given topos are then transferred via this duality into the context of geometric theories. A second very general implementation of the ‘bridge’ technique is the investigation of the class of theories of presheaf type (i.e. classified by a presheaf topos). After establishing a number of preliminary results on flat functors in relation to classifying toposes, the book carries out a systematic investigation of this class resulting in a number of general results and a characterization theorem allowing one to test whether a given theory is of presheaf type by considering its models in arbitrary Grothendieck toposes. Expansions of geometric theories and faithful interpretations of theories of presheaf type are also investigated. As geometric theories can always be written (in many ways) as quotients of presheaf type theories, the study of quotients of a given theory of presheaf type is undertaken. Lastly, the book presents a number of applications in different fields of mathematics of the theory it develops.
Some Applications
Authors: Caramello Olivia
Published: March 2018

This chapter describes some applications of the theory developed in the previous chapters in a variety of different mathematical contexts. The main methodology used to generate such applications is the ‘bridge technique’ presented in Chapter 2. The discussed topics include restrictions of Morita equivalences to quotients of the two theories involved, give a solution to a prozblem of Lawvere concerning the boundary operator on subtoposes, establish syntax-semantics ‘bridges’ for quotients of theories of presheaf type, present topos-theoretic interpretations and generalizations of Fraïssé’s theorem in model theory on countably categorical theories and of topological Galois theory, develop a notion of maximal spectrum of a commutative ring with unit and investigate compactness conditions for geometric theories allowing one to identify theories lying in smaller fragments of geometric logic.
Ideology
Authors: McCrudden Christopher
Published: March 2018

This chapter attempts to explain the phenomenon of religious litigation in the human rights context, by considering why this phenomenon has arisen, and its growth. Three ideological developments are of particular importance in accounting for the growth of religious litigation. First, there have been significant developments in human rights doctrine that have resulted in religious practices coming more into conflict with human rights. Second, there have been significant developments within particular religions that have resulted in more ‘fundamentalist’ approaches to doctrine being adopted. Third, religious issues have increasingly become of renewed geopolitical significance, in some ways replacing, in other ways exacerbating other ideological tensions. When these ‘ideological factors’ are set in a political context of significant migrations between countries of one religion and countries of another religion (or none), the stage is set for increased tensions and conflicts, including conflicts between religions and human rights.
Institutions
Authors: McCrudden Christopher
Published: March 2018

This chapter focuses on why courts have come to be seen as attractive forums in which to address tensions between religion and secular human rights. There are several reasons. One reason is the greater availability of courts with a human rights jurisdiction. A second factor is the growth of secular NGOs, and parallel changes in organized religions’ organizational forms and political organization, both of which have contributed to the increased prevalence of religious litigation domestically and transnationally. A third contributing development is the growth of intra-religious factionalism, involving claims that one group’s doctrinal position is the more authentic or authoritative expression of a particular organized religion than that of another group within the same religion. State authorities are then put in the position of having to decide which group to engage with as the true representative of the organized religion, and the courts are called in to adjudicate.
Diet analysis
Authors: Taberlet Pierre , Bonin Aurélie , Zinger Lucie , Coissac Eric
Published: March 2018

Chapter 17 “Diet analysis” focuses on the specificities of DNA metabarcoding in the context of diet analyses. It presents the proof-of-concept study, which examined the diet of several herbivore species using next-generation sequencing for the first time. Chapter 17 reports how DNA-based analysis of bison diet helped evaluate the effect of conservation policies in a protected area. The different strategies aiming at disentangling predator and prey sequences in carnivorous diets are reviewed, including the use of a blocking oligonucleotide. Using bear diet as a study case, the issues associated with omnivorous diets are discussed, particularly that of integrating several diet components. Finally, Chapter 17 develops several important methodological and experimental factors to consider in eDNA-based diet analyses. These comprise the source of eDNA, the quantitative aspects, and the use of diet as a proxy of surrounding biodiversity (e.g., as in the case of invertebrate samplers).
Introduction
Authors: Yona Sergio
Published: March 2018

The introduction serves to explain the general thesis of the book and its place in the scholarship tradition by providing a brief review of literature in connection with Horace’s Satires. Of particular importance are the contributions of scholars who regard persona theory as a useful tool for understanding and better appreciating these poems, as well as the views of those who consider the question of Horace’s audience. The introduction also defines the present study’s position with regard to both of these issues, which is then followed by a rationale behind the order in which individual poems are examined and an outline of the content of the chapters to follow.
Horace’s Epicurean Moral Credentials in Satires 1.4 and 1.6
Authors: Yona Sergio
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the reasons underlying Horace’s justification, as he explains in the Satires, for his role as critic of others’ vices and imperfections. This begins with the poet’s consideration of his version of satire in contrast with that of his predecessor Lucilius, who censured everyone, and proceeds to look more closely at his own approach to criticism, which has everything to do with his upbringing. Horace’s father’s pedagogical method, which, according to Horace, heavily emphasizes the pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain as communicated through healthy frankness, is essentially an expression of Epicurean ethics as Philodemus explains in his treatises On Choices and Avoidances and On Frankness. This method results in Horace’s virtuous disposition, which in turn leads to his successful encounter with his patron Maecenas and incorporation into his circle of friends.
Deficient Wealth, Excessive Frankness
Authors: Yona Sergio
Published: March 2018

The final chapter involves Horace’s description of the contrast between Epicurean moderation and Stoic excess through a series of portraits. The first is that of a rustic farmer, whose advice on meager fare and contentment even in the face of a financial crisis is the perfect embodiment of Epicurean teachings on the loss of wealth and the acceptance of poverty, as explained by Epicurus and Philodemus. The farmer’s sermon on how to deal with the vicissitudes of life with equanimity is followed by a humorous, long-winded, and ultimately ineffectual criticism from a lightweight Stoic, whose advice nevertheless connects in various ways with Epicurean ethics. The final consideration is a similar attack by yet another lightweight Stoic, who, as in the previous satire, employs frankness ineffectually. In the end both portrayals serve to legitimize Horace’s more gentle and compassionate approach to criticism, which owes much to Philodemus’ observations in On Frankness.
The Eloquence of Publius Sulpicius Rufus and Gaius Aurelius Cotta in Cicero’sBrutus
Authors: Casamento Alfredo
Published: March 2018

The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the personalities of Publius Sulpicius Rufus and Gaius Aurelius Cotta, which illustrate Roman eloquence at the beginning of the first century bc. Particular regard is given to the wide section of the Ciceronian Brutus, the treatise in which Rufus and Cotta are protagonists of an intense confrontation, in order to reflect on different styles of eloquence. At the same time, a survey on the characteristics of their eloquence, conducted in the absence of direct evidence that might provide objective information about their oratorical qualities, also makes it possible to analyse the importance (and in some cases the indispensability) of Cicero’s opinion.
Netting the Wolf-Fish
Authors: Dugan John
Published: March 2018

This chapter offers a close reading of a single oratorical fragment, a passage ascribed to the second-century bc orator C. Titius quoted by Macrobius (Sat. 3.16.15‒16). The chapter explores the range of contexts we can use as readers to try to make sense of the passage, suggesting that quotation practices can illuminate aspects of the quoted text we miss if we concentrate simply on the testimonia to Titius’ activity as an orator as traditionally understood. In this particular case, attention to Macrobius’ concern with luxury and consumption, and the emblematic wolf-fish, also points towards a more general understanding of the use of fragments in antiquity as material for the quoting author to digest and transform.
Gaius Titius,OratorandPoeta.(Cic.Brut.167 and Macrob.Sat.3.16.4–16)
Authors: Cavarzere Alberto
Published: March 2018

Starting with an analysis of a section of Cicero’s history of Roman oratory,Brutus (167). the intention of this chapter is to throw new light on the biography and oratorical activity of C. Titius, who was active in the second century bc. First of all, the chapter aims to delineate the chronological contours of Titius’ life through the evidence gained from an examination of an extract from the Saturnalia by fifth-century ad writer Macrobius (3.16.15 s.), in which a broad fragment of Titius’ suasio legis Fanniae is presented. In the second place, the chapter offers some hypothesis on the activity of Titius as a dramatic poet.
Traces ofActioin Fragmentary Roman Orators
Authors: Balbo Andrea
Published: March 2018

Collecting references to the actio of fragmentary orators, this chapter explores the theoretical aspects of using the whole body (including both the speaker’s vocal delivery and his body language,) in public speaking. The evidence, despite its fragmentary nature, is contextualized using the advice given by the ancient rhetorical handbooks of Cicero and Quintilian on oratorical delivery, and related to modern theories of communication. The lack of a precise theoretical framework for actio in antiquity is argued to have allowed ancient theoreticians and practitioners considerable freedom for the representation and adoption of various elements of non-vocal delivery in their treatises and speeches.
I Said, He Said
Authors: Rosillo-López Cristina
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyses Republican fragments of informal conversations. Elite informal conversations (frequently defined as sermo by the sources) were an everyday event in politics. Informal exchanges framed the way in which political deals were made, opinions were tentatively questioned, news circulated, and Roman senators looked for information. They constituted part of public speech and of political communication, although just at their limits and in a grey zone. There were no parties in Rome, and no stable political agreements either, but short-term alliances. Therefore, senators had to be constantly looking for new allies. In this context, informal conversations were crucial. This necessity of contacts was based on socialization, which provided the opportunity for meetings that allowed time to discuss politics. Therefore, the analysis of fragments of informal conversations illuminates the use of rhetoric in unofficial settings and moments, but also exposes how such informal meetings defined late Republican politics.
Ontology
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

What is there? Brentano’s formal answer is simply: that in which it is fitting to believe. But in what is it fitting to believe? Brentano’s considered answer to that question is decidedly nominalist, accepting only concrete particulars, such as Socrates, Beyoncé, and the Eiffel Tower in his ontology. However, Brentano’s specific version of nominalism is very different from versions familiar from current-day debates, and involves also very unusual concrete particulars, such as wise-Socrates, famous-Beyoncé, and tall-Eiffel-Tower. The purpose of this chapter is to try to make the contemporary reader see what kind of ontology Brentano had in mind and what drew him to it. It will not quite defend Brentano’s ontology, but it will argue that it is considerably more attractive than may initially appear.
Metaethics
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: March 2018

Chap. 5 showed how Brentano develops a metaontology based on his account of judgment. This chapter shows that Brentano also develops a structurally analogous metaethic on the basis of his account of interest phenomena (will, emotion, and pleasure/pain). The chapter presents, develops, and tries to defend Brentano’s account. It lays out a logical geography within which Brentano’s theory can be usefully placed, presents Brentano’s theory and his master argument for it, and discusses a number of objections. This will lead to a discussion of Brentano’s theory of beauty, or aesthetic value, toward the end of the chapter.
Thomas Fuller
Authors: Patterson W. B.
Published: March 2018

Long considered a distinctive English writer, Thomas Fuller (1608–1661) has not been recognized as the important historian he was. Fuller’s The Church-History of Britain (1655) was the first history of Christianity from its planting in ancient Britain to the mid-seventeenth century. Fuller’s History of the Worthies of England (1662) was, moreover, the first biographical dictionary in England. It seeks to represent noteworthy individuals in the context of their native counties. This book, Thomas Fuller: Discovering England’s Religious Past, highlights the fact that Fuller was a major contributor to the flowering of historical writing in early modern England. It provides a biography of Thomas Fuller, an account of the tumultuous times in which he lived, and a critical assessment of the origins, growth, and achievements of a new kind of history, a genre to which he made significant and lasting contributions. Memory is a central theme. Widely known for his own memory, Fuller sought to revive the memory of the English people concerning their religious and political past. By means of historical research involving records, books, personal interviews, and travels, he sought to discover his country’s religious past and to bring it to the attention of his fellow English men and women, who might thereby be enabled to rebuild their shattered Church and nation.
Contentious Codes
Authors: Bartley Tim
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines codes of conduct and factory certification in the Indonesian apparel and footwear industry. With democratization, independent unions, and relatively progressive law on the books, Indonesia seemed poised for the growth of responsible factories. And yet certification to the leading standard (SA8000) proved rare. Unions and labor NGOs engaged in bottom-up monitoring of codes of conduct, using the reputations of Nike, Adidas, and other brands as leverage. But the modest improvements that followed were overshadowed by the loss of orders and the migration of the industry within and across national borders. Ironically, while factory-centered labor standards have been fairly weak, the Indonesian labor movement has proven stronger than expected in other arenas. Using qualitative and quantitative evidence, this chapter reveals the muted significance of codes of conduct, the ways in which activists sought to amplify them, and the reasons for their limited success.
Success and Failure in Human Development, 1980–2014
Authors: Stewart Frances , Ranis Gustav , Samman Emma
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyses performance in human development over a thirty-five-year period, identifying the most and least successful countries in the main developing regions, on the basis of the classifications put forward in Chapter 3. The chapter finds that there are no unique patterns leading to success or failure; rather, there are alternative paths to either positive or negative outcomes, with varying combinations of economic growth, inequality, and social expenditures. However, successful countries on improvement in basic human development tended to have higher secondary enrolments and better female/male ratios in secondary enrolment. Successful countries on basic human development did worse on environment than the weak performers. The failure countries mostly had poor economic growth and had often suffered conflict. Looking at dimensions beyond health, education, and incomes, the chapter finds no strong correlation between success in basic human development and other dimensions of human development, notably political freedoms, security, or inequality.
Human Development
Authors: Stewart Frances , Ranis Gustav , Samman Emma
Published: March 2018

Human development is often identified with the Human Development Index (HDI), and this is how the empirical work in previous chapters has proceeded. But this is a very reductionist approach to human development. This chapter identifies eleven dimensions that form part of human development, beyond the three incorporated in the HDI, by drawing on the work of philosophers and others. It then explores empirically how far the HDI represents these other dimensions in cross-country comparisons, selecting several indicators for each dimension. It shows that the HDI is not a good measure of a broader concept of human development. Using the indicators adopted and excluding those with strong correlations with each other, or with the HDI, left an additional thirty-one indicators to get a comprehensive measure of human development. To get a comprehensive measure of human development requires many indicators besides the HDI.
It is all about process
Authors: Tisserand David
Published: March 2018

This chapter points out the key benefits of a well-designed process in Games User Research. For example, the creation of templates and question databases can ensure that information is collected in a comprehensive, shareable manner. Maintaining this documentation can facilitate future optimization for increased research efficiency.
Designing a Games User Research lab from scratch
Authors: Long Sebastian
Published: March 2018

Towards informing the development of new playtesting labs, this chapter outlines the process we used at Player Research for setting up our labs. Setting up a functional lab environment requires a range of considerations—across floor plans, materials selection, technology choices, testing strategies, and more—and in this chapter we describe some of the key lessons we learned along the way.
Observing the player experience
Authors: Sangin Mirweis
Published: March 2018

This chapter covers the applied methods to uncover usability problems and the concrete guidelines on how to plan for capturing usability events. And overview of tools and processes that can help to document and analyse observations made by the researchers is also presented.
A short guide to user testing for simulation sickness in Virtual Reality
Authors: Lewis-Evans Ben
Published: March 2018

The increased interest in virtual reality (VR) has yielded a lot of studies and development in both research and game design. Simulation sickness is an issue experienced by a significant subset of players in VR. This chapter focuses on the challenges this issue poses for user research, and suggests practical considerations for researchers to minimize legal and ethical risks.
Testimony, Error, and Reasonable Belief in Medieval Religious Epistemology
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: March 2018

Aquinas generally adopts a fallibilist epistemology, according to which it is often impossible to have good internalist justification for a belief. In line with this, he adopts a fully externalist account of the reasonableness of divine faith. Faith is justified if and only if it is caused in the believer by God. Scotus is more optimistic about the prospects for internalist justification generally. Hence, he believes that it is possible to have justified belief even on the basis of merely human testimony. The views that the two thinkers adopt on the theological question are thus wholly parasitic on prior epistemological commitments.
Reasoning with Plenitude
Authors: White Roger
Published: March 2018

There is a wide variety of religious opinion in the world. Given the way these views conflict, at most only some fraction can be true. Some see this as raising a skeptical problem for religious belief: How can you tell that you are among the lucky few whose religious views are right? Now perhaps, as some scientists insist, our universe is infinite. In an infinite universe we can expect infinite variety. That includes an infinite variety of opinion on every matter under the sun. Take any crazy view you like and in an infinite universe we can expect there to be very smart people out there somewhere—indeed infinitely many of them—who hold that very view. What impact does this have on the epistemological problem of religious diversity? Answer: not much. But most of the fun lies on the route to this deflationary conclusion.
‘The most beautiful of wars’
Authors: Scheipers Sibylle
Published: March 2018

Clausewitz’s writings from the reform period combine themes that were central to his thought from his earliest texts and his correspondence, such as the value of the individual as the primary political agent. At the same time, they reflect a thorough engagement with the intellectual context of his time. In the Bekenntnisdenkschrift he presented a notion of war that emphasized its existential and emancipatory qualities. Clausewitz formulated his notion of war in its existential form against the backdrop of contemporary intellectual, political, and cultural discourses in Prussia and Germany more broadly. After the experience of the French Revolution’s descent into terror, the key question facing Clausewitz and his contemporaries was how to advance the liberation of the individual and society more broadly from traditional forms of political authority without risking a degeneration of all political institutions.
The Julian Calendar and the Problem of the Equinoxes in the Early Middle Ages
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter familiarizes readers with the ancient back-story of the Julian calendar and describes how one of the central problems inherent in this calendar—the drift of the equinoxes and solstices caused by an overestimation of the length of the tropical year—manifested itself in medieval literature until the end of the eleventh century. It also explores how the development of the computus genre in seventh-century Ireland was instrumental in preserving knowledge of the Western calendar’s Roman-pagan roots. The final two sections show how the existence of diverging traditions for the dates of the equinoxes and solstices in the Julian calendar created an important context for the practice of solar astronomy in early medieval Europe, which included the use of observational methods.
Astronomers and the Calendar, 1290–1500
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter identifies three important developments in the field of late medieval computational astronomy and discusses their influence on the calendar-reform debate. First on is the evolution of astronomically ‘enhanced’ calendars and related lunar tables or almanacs, whose dissemination in a variety of forms and different languages became a central feature of astronomical culture between 1290 and 1500. Next in line are some new departures in observational and mathematical astronomy in the 1290s, which led Latin Christian authors to reconsider key questions such as the length and long-term variability of the solar year. Finally, there is the introduction of the Alfonsine Tables in 1320s Paris, which laid the basis for the gradual formation of a European-wide standard for computational astronomy, but also fostered continuing doubts about the accuracy of individual parameters and the Alfonsine theory of precession.
Church Councils and the Question of Easter in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Nothaft C. Philipp E.
Published: March 2018

This chapter begins with an account of the calendar-reform initiative spearheaded in 1411–17 by Cardinal Pierre d’Ailly at the Councils of Rome and Constance, followed by an in-depth look at the repeated efforts towards a new calendrical legislation made at the Council of Basel in the years 1434–40, which saw the matter debated by a specially created commission or task force. The final part continues the story into the second half of the fifteenth century, highlighting in particular the role of print technology in the dissemination of calendrical and astronomical knowledge. Special attention is given to the activities of the astronomer Johannes Regiomontanus, whose premature death in 1476 prevented him from assisting Pope Sixtus IV in preparing a reform of the ecclesiastical calendar.
Introduction
Authors: Bi Xiaojun , Howes Andrew , Kristensson Per Ola , Oulasvirta Antti , Williamson John
Published: March 2018

This chapter introduces the field of computational interaction, and explains its long tradition of research on human interaction with technology that applies to human factors engineering, cognitive modelling, artificial intelligence and machine learning, design optimization, formal methods, and control theory. It discusses how the book as a whole is part of an argument that, embedded in an iterative design process, computational interaction design has the potential to complement human strengths and provide a means to generate inspiring and elegant designs without refuting the part played by the complicated, and uncertain behaviour of humans. The chapters in this book manifest intellectual progress in the study of computational principles of interaction, demonstrated in diverse and challenging applications areas such as input methods, interaction techniques, graphical user interfaces, information retrieval, information visualization, and graphic design.
Statistical Language Processing for Text Entry
Authors: Ola Kristensson Per
Published: March 2018

In this chapter we explain how methods from statistical language processing serve as a foundation for the design of probabilistic text entry methods and error correction methods. We review concepts from information theory and language modelling and explain how to design a statistical decoder for text entry—a generative probabilistic model based on the token-passing paradigm. We then present five example applications of statistical language processing for text entry: correcting typing mistakes, enabling fast typing on a smartwatch, improving prediction in augmentative and alternative communication, enabling dwell-free eye-typing and intelligently supporting error correction of probabilistic text entry. We then discuss the limitations of the models presented in this chapter and highlight the importance of establishing solution principles based on engineering science and empirical research in order to guide the design of probabilistic text entry.
Performance Evaluation of Interactive Systems with Interactive Cooperative Objects Models
Authors: Martinie Célia , Palanque Philippe , Fayollas Camille
Published: March 2018

Arguments to support validity of most contributions in the field of human–computer interaction are based on detailed results of empirical studies involving cohorts of tested users confronted with a set of tasks performed on a prototype version of an interactive system. This chapter presents how the Interactive Cooperative Objects (ICO) formal models of the entire interactive system can support predictive and summative performance evaluation activities by exploiting the models. Predictive performance evaluation is supported by ICO formal models of interactive systems enriched with perceptive, cognitive, and motoric information about the users. Summative usability evaluation is addressed at the level of the software system, which is able to exhaustively log all the user actions performed on the interactive system The articulation of these two evaluation approaches is demonstrated on a case study from the avionics domain with a step-by-step tutorial on how to apply the approach.
Computational Models of User Multitasking
Authors: Brumby Duncan P. , Janssen Christian P. , Kujala Tuomo , Salvucci Dario D.
Published: March 2018

When users interact with computers and technology ‘in the wild’, multitasking is a practically ubiquitous part of their interactions. Human-computer interaction (HCI) researchers and practitioners have increasingly used computational models to better understand these multitasking behaviours and to build new interactive technologies that facilitate interaction and/or mitigate the problems that arise from multitasking and distraction. This chapter outlines three approaches for modelling: cognitive architectures, cognitive constraint modelling, and uncertainty modelling. These approaches are some of the most common and powerful approaches to computational models of user multitasking, and have complementary strengths. It draws on examples from several domains for which multitasking is a central component, giving a particular focus to in-car multitasking and driver distraction.
‘A Hot-Arsed Queen’
Authors: Oates Rosamund
Published: March 2018

This chapter shows how Matthew drew on the resources of the Church and laity to pursue his vision of conforming Puritanism. Puritanism was a communal faith, and this chapter demonstrates how important the local community was in supporting godly reform and culture, including preaching exercises and fasts. Matthew’s experience in Durham reveals how extended networks, strengthened by marriage, sustained the political and spiritual identity of Puritanism outside London and the universities. This chapter explores Matthew’s domestic life and its importance for his career. His wife, Frances Barlow, was part of a powerful clerical dynasty, but while she developed a model of the ideal clerical wife, there were, however, problems in the Matthews’ marriage. This chapter also explores Tobie Matthew’s attempts to reform Durham chapter and redirect the resources of the cathedral to pursue his vision of godly reform.
Climate Change and Implications for Security and Justice
Authors: Huntjens Patrick , Zhang Ting , Nachbar Katharina
Published: March 2018

This chapter examines state-of-the art research and thinking on the implications of climate change for security and justice, clarifying the linkages between them and identifying key governance challenges. Climate justice is about protecting the rights of the most vulnerable and sharing the burdens and benefits of climate change and responses to it equitably and fairly, at the state level as well as beyond the state, while safeguarding the rights of future generations. Broader conceptions of climate security as human security have prevailed, and no trend toward greater militarization of climate action is evident, but successful mitigation and adaptation strategies will be critical components of future peacebuilding work. The chapter ends with recommendations that provide potential pathways for policy and governance reform at multiple levels, both to make multilevel climate governance more fit for purpose, and to better anticipate and address the predicted security and justice implications of climate change.
Natural Resources, the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, and Global Governance
Authors: Lehmann Volker
Published: March 2018

This chapter analyzes the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) as a global governance tool to curb adverse effects of non-renewable natural resource extraction and commodification, and its interlocking challenges for environment, security, and justice. EITI’s premise that transparency in state resource revenues will foster broader societal transformations so far seems illusory. EITI lacks sanctioning mechanisms vis-à-vis participating companies that hinder full transparency, for example by evading the payment of taxes through tax loopholes. Such problems cannot be solved by resource-rich countries alone, but require political intervention by states that host global financial hubs as well as the most powerful multinational resource extraction companies. Going forward, an “EITI Plus” should also include environmental sustainability standards, so it may strengthen, not contradict broader global agreements such as the UN’s Agenda 2030 for sustainable development and the Paris Climate Accord.
First Among Equals? The Role of the State in Facilitating Internet Access and Protecting the Freedom of Expression Online in the Global South
Authors: Abraham Sunil
Published: March 2018

This chapter addresses the twin challenges of facilitating access to the Internet and protecting freedom of expression online, in the Global South. Thus far, Internet regulation has been a multi-stakeholder enterprise, driven primarily by the private sector in the Global North. But this chapter contends that states exert considerable influence over whether and how the Internet is leveraged for the provision of security and justice, especially in the Global South, where the state may retain a monopoly over information flows. The chapter seeks to delineate the appropriate scope of state involvement in facilitating access to the Internet and protecting freedom of expression online in the Global South, finding that states play an important role, in concert with the private sector, regarding access and a preponderant role with respect to protecting the freedom of expression online.
The Case for a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly as a Means of Promoting Just Security
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: March 2018

This chapter explores the case for a more formalized United Nations parliamentary assembly, including the potential oversight, accountability, and (ultimately) co-decision roles that such a body could play alongside the UN General Assembly. Given difficulties in expecting national parliamentarians to perform such functions continuously, a UN assembly is found to hold greater potential for promoting key UN system aims in the areas of security, justice, and democratic accountability, even as the existing Inter-Parliamentary Union continued to play some important complementary roles. Learning from relevant global and regional parliamentary bodies, the chapter outlines concrete steps toward developing a parliamentary assembly over time, including the creation of a more informal UN network of UN-focused national parliamentarians in the near term.
Acting Liturgically
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

Participation in religious liturgies and rituals is a pervasive and remarkably complex form of human activity; this book opens with a discussion of the nature of liturgical activity and then explores various dimensions of such activity. Over the past four or five decades there has been a remarkable surge of interest, within the analytic tradition of philosophy, in philosophy of religion. Most of what has been written by participants in this movement deals with one or another aspect of religious belief. Yet for most adherents of most religions, participation in the liturgies and rituals of their religion is at least as important as what they believe. One of the aims of this book is to call the attention of philosophers of religion to the importance of religious practice and to demonstrate how rich a topic this is for philosophical reflection. Insofar as philosophers have written about liturgy, they have focused almost exclusively on its formative and expressive functions. This book focuses instead on what liturgical agents do. What they do is basic; it is what they do that functions formatively or expressively.
Does God know what we say to God?
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

When Christians address God in the course of enacting some liturgy, they take for granted that God can listen to what they say to God—that is, that God can grasp what they say. This chapter addresses the question whether the claim that God can listen is compatible with a central component of traditional philosophical theology, namely, that God is a se. Of all the classical theologians, it was Aquinas who worked hardest at explaining how God’s aseity is compatible with God’s knowledge of “singulars.” After an extended discussion of Aquinas’s proposal, the conclusion is drawn that the doctrine of divine aseity is not in fact compatible with the claim that God can listen to what we say to God. One has to choose between a central claim of traditional philosophical theology and what is taken for granted when liturgical participants address God.
Justice and injustice in Christian liturgies
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas
Published: March 2018

The chapter begins by briefly taking note of various ways in which Christian liturgical enactments are related to the doing of justice. Attention then turns to the fact that at the heart of the biblical story is an appalling case of the perversion of justice. Christians worship one who was unjustly crucified. The chapter employs The Cross and the Lynching Tree, by the African-American theologian James Cone, to bring to light some of the implications of this fact. Cone notes that Christ’s crucifixion is central in African-American preaching and hymnody, and that the pain and injustice of the crucifixion are highlighted rather than concealed because African-Americans identify with Jesus in his pain and as a victim of injustice. After noting that the pain and injustice of Christ’s crucifixion are veiled in most liturgies, the chapter concludes by asking whether they should not instead be highlighted.
Conclusions
Authors: Krzywdzinski Martin
Published: March 2018

This chapter summarizes the findings of the study. It takes the empirical results of Chapter 3 as its point of departure; although the institutional environment in Russia formally provides better possibilities for the workforce to articulate its demands than is the case in China, at the same time, the Russian automobile plants have significantly greater problems with the generation of consent. This chapter reveals a somewhat surprising face of factory regimes in the Chinese plants, one that combines controlled employee voice, extensive socialization activities, and at the same time, a strong competitive orientation. By contrast, the findings on the Russian plants show the consequences of a system that, while formally accepting employee voice, also creates a culture shaped by corruption, mistrust, and punishment-oriented leadership styles. The chapter concludes with a look ahead and discusses what the consent-generating micromechanisms analyzed here reveal about the functioning of the two societies and economies.
Introduction
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

Chapter 1 contrasts dynamical explanation in the mechanical universe (Wilczek’s “ant’s-eye view of physical reality”) with adynamical explanation in the block universe (Wilczek’s “God’s-eye view of physical reality”). In the dynamical universe, explanation resides in fundamental laws that evolve initial states in time. Accordingly, the present is explained by the past alone. In the adynamical block universe, explanation resides in adynamical global constraints over spacetime such as the least action principle. Accordingly, the past and future are equally important in explaining the present. After introducing the impasse of theoretical physics and foundations of physics, the blame for that impasse is placed squarely with the ant’s-eye view. The chapter concludes with a brief preview of how the God’s-eye view can resolve the impasse of theoretical physics and foundations of physics created by the ant’s-eye view, including the mystery of time as experienced and how that experience relates to the block universe.
Relational Blockworld Approach to Unification and Quantum Gravity
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

The main thread of chapter 6 prompts the need for quantum gravity (QG) and introduces the RBW approach to QG, unification in particle physics, dark matter, and dark energy. The details of RBW’s modified Regge calculus and modified lattice gauge theory approaches are conveyed conceptually in the main thread. The RBW fits of galactic rotation curves, galactic cluster mass profiles, the angular power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background, and the Union2.1 supernova data associated with dark matter and dark energy are in Foundational Physics for Chapter 6. In Philosophy of Physics for Chapter 6, RBW’s taxonomic location with respect to other discrete approaches to QG is detailed and it is argued that the search for QG is stymied by the dynamical paradigm across the board. Further, it is maintained that an adynamical global constraint as the basis for QG in the block universe provides a self-vindicating unification of physics.
Relational Blockworld: Experience, Time, and Space Reintegrated
Authors: Silberstein Michael , Stuckey W.M. , McDevitt Timothy
Published: March 2018

Chapter 8 argues that the Relational Blockworld (RBW) account naturally admits a kind of neutral monism that simultaneously deflates the generation/hard problem and explains time as experienced. Thus, the claim that the block universe is incompatible with time as experienced is refuted. The first section sets the stage, the second focuses on the Passage of time, and the third focuses on the Direction of time. Section four argues that embodied, embedded, and extended cognitive science and phenomenology support the neutral monism of RBW. The fifth section focuses on freedom, spontaneity, and creativity in RBW. Objections to the block universe picture based on free will in human action and creativity and spontaneity in the universe writ large are refuted. It is shown that RBW has all the freedom, creativity, and spontaneity anyone could reasonably hope for. Section six characterizes Presence in detail, and its relation to time as experienced is discussed.
In memoriam Philip Sidney
Authors: Hartmann Anna-Maria
Published: March 2018

Abraham Fraunce’s Amintas Dale (1591) is a generic hybrid, half mythography and half mythological poetry. The mythographical elements likely date back to a draft mythography that Fraunce had begun at some point before 1588, and which he later drew on to create a work celebrating the fifth anniversary of Sir Philip Sidney’s death. Drawing on symbol theory, France conceives of fables as free-ranging poetic metaphors, which thinly veil their meaning, but are accessible to any intelligent reader. As part of a living tradition of poetry, fables are a form of communication that contemporary writers can draw on and contribute to. In Amintas Dale, Fraunce does just that, by extending Ovid’s Metamorphoses to the late sixteenth century, and weaving Sir Philip Sidney into the mythological narrative.
Dissenting Readings
Authors: Hofreiter Christian
Published: March 2018

This chapter presents and discusses criticisms of the Jewish Scriptures by Marcion and the Marcionites, by Ptolemy, Celsus, and other pagan critics of Christianity, and by the authors of the Didascalia Apostolorum and Pseudo-Clementines. The criticisms demonstrate that violent, warlike texts in the Old Testament were seen as problematic by a number of authors in late antiquity. Some of the critics attempted to address the hermeneutical challenge either by positing two different gods (Marcion) or by denying that the Old Testament is true in its entirety (Ptolemy, the Didascalia Apostolorum, the Pseudo-Clementines); others did not attempt to solve the hermeneutical dilemma but rather sought to highlight it, in an attempt to discredit Christianity altogether. Some of these later pagan critics raised pertinent moral concerns; however, as far as we can tell, none of them did so specifically with respect to herem, apart from Celsus.
Violent Readings
Authors: Hofreiter Christian
Published: March 2018

The chapter addresses the question in how far herem texts have inspired and shaped war and violent behaviour in the real world. It briefly reviews passages in Ambrose and Augustine that arguably constitute patristic antecedents to later violent readings. This review is followed by a detailed treatment of the reception of herem texts during the medieval crusades, which draws on crusading chronicles, songs, poems, epics, and sermons; then by briefer sections on the medieval inquisition, the Spanish conquest of the New World, the ‘Christian holy war’ in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century authors, and colonial wars in North America. The chapter demonstrates that the OT generally and herem texts specifically provided narratives, categories, and labels by which Christians understood themselves and their ‘enemies’. Herem texts were sometimes used to justify massacres ex post facto; at the same time, it cannot be demonstrated that they shaped the planning or execution of mass slaughters.
Class, Politics, and the Decline of Deference in England, 1968-2000
Authors: Sutcliffe-Braithwaite Florence
Published: March 2018

This book examines class identities and politics in late twentieth-century England. Class remained important to ‘ordinary’ people’s identities and their narratives about social change in this period, but in changing ways. Using self-narratives drawn from a wide range of sources, the book shows that many people felt that once-clear class boundaries had blurred since 1945. By the end of the period, ‘working-class’ was often seen as a historical identity, related to background and heritage. The middle classes became more heterogeneous, and class snobberies ‘went underground’, as people from all backgrounds began to assert the importance of authenticity, individuality, and ordinariness. The book argues that it is more useful to understand the cultural changes of these years through the lens of the decline of deference, which transformed people’s attitudes towards class, and towards politics. The final two chapters examine the claim that Thatcher and New Labour wrote class out of politics. This simple—and highly political—narrative misses important points of distinction. Thatcher was driven by political ideology and necessity to dismiss the importance of class, while the New Labour project was good at listening to voters—particularly swing voters in marginal seats—and echoing back what they were increasingly saying about the blurring of class lines and the importance of ordinariness. But this did not add up to an abandonment of a majoritarian project, as New Labour reoriented socialism to emphasize using collective action to empower the individual.