bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Design of Side-Inlet/Side-Outlet Expansion Mufflers with Open-Ended Perforated Tubes Using Simulated Annealing
Authors: Chiu M.-C. , Chang Y.-C.
Published: December 2011

Research on new techniques of multi-chamber mufflers equipped with a side inlet and internal nonperforated intruding tubes has been discussed in recent literature; however, the research work of multichamber mufflers in conjunction with side inlet and open-ended perforated intruding tubes which may efficiently increase the acoustical performance has been neglected. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to optimize the best design shape of multi-chamber side mufflers with open-ended perforated intruding tubes within a limited space.

In this paper, the four-pole system matrix in evaluating the acoustic performance is also deduced in conjunction with a simulated algorithm (SA). Results reveal that the maximum sound transmission loss (STL) is precisely located at the desired target tone. In addition, the acoustical performance of mufflers conjugated with perforated intruding tubes is superior to those equipped with non-perforated tubes. Additionally, the noise reduction ability for a three-chamber side muffler with a non-perforated intruding tube and a two-chamber side muffler with perforated intruding tubes are equivalent. Moreover, mufflers with more chambers will increase the acoustic performance for both pure tone and broadband noise.
Simulation Methodology on Analyzing Clamping Mode for Single Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Authors: Wen C.-Y. , Chang H.-T. , Luo T.-W.
Published: December 2011

In proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), a low interfacial pressure between the bipolar plates and the membrane exchange assembly (MEA) results in a high contact resistance. Conversely, an excessive interfacial pressure reduces the porosity of the gas diffusion layer (GDLs) and may damage the proton exchange membrane (PEM). Consequently, the performance of a PEMFC is critically dependent upon the clamping method. Accordingly, this study emphasizes the development of a numerical methodology for analyzing clamping of a PEMFC and constructs a detailed three-dimensional (3D) full-scale finite element (FE) model of a PEMFC with the traditional and most popular point-load design as an example. The numerical method is first validated by experiments. A series of simulations are then performed on the example cases (i.e. 2-bolt, 4-bolt or 6-bolt) to analyze their behaviors on the contact pressure between the bipolar plates and the MEA and the corresponding effects on the GDL porosity and the contact resistance, under the constraints that the membrane and gaskets remain within their respective elastic limits and the porosity of the GDL has a value higher than 0.5. Overall, to complete the analysis procedures proposed in this paper, the results show that the six-bolt clamping mode with a tightening torque of 16 N-m achieves a uniform pressure distribution and a high interfacial pressure, and therefore represents the optimal clamping mode for the performed example cases.
An Analytical Method for the Inverse Cauchy Problem of Laplace Equation in a Rectangular Plate
Authors: Liu C.-S.
Published: December 2011

The present paper reveals an analytically computational method for the inverse Cauchy problem of Laplace equation. For the sake of analyticity, and also for the frequent use of rectangular plate in engineering structure, we only consider the analytical solution in a two-dimensional rectangular domain, wherein a missing boundary condition is recovered from a partial measurement of the Neumann data on an accessible boundary. The Fourier series is used to formulate a first-kind Fredholm integral equation for the unknown function of data. Then, we consider a Lavrentiev regularization amended to a second-kind Fredholm integral equation. The termwise separable property of kernel function allows us to obtain a closed-form solution of the regularization type. The uniform convergence and error estimation of the regularization solution are proven. The numerical examples show the effectiveness and robustness of the new method.
Lucy Philip Mair, 1901–86
Authors: Middleton John
Published: December 2011

Lucy Philip Mair was born in London in 1901 and died in London on 1 April 1986. She was a social anthropologist of international reputation and known particularly for her work on Africa.
The International Institute of African Languages and Cultures: A memory of its Beginnings
Authors: Ward W. E. F.
Published: December 2011

I went out to the Gold Coast as a teacher on the staff of the newly established Achimota College in October 1924, and a few weeks before I came back for my first leave, in April 1926, there came to the college a distinguished visitor, Major Hanns Vischer (later Sir Harms), the educational adviser to the Colonial Office in London. It was Major Vischer who told me about the project to establish an International African Institute.

Vischer was a remarkable and delightful character. I was told that he was of Swedish descent, which was why he spelt his name Harms instead of in the German form Hans. He had served in the British army through the First World War, but before the war he had served in Nigeria as a missionary for the Church Missionary Society. He spoke fluent Hausa, and (I was told) some other languages. He was certainly a skilled linguist, for he seemed equally at home in English, French and German. He spoke English with a slight foreign accent, which made it easy to believe in his Scandinavian origin; it was not a German accent. He stayed at Achimota for a week or so, and went on from the Gold Coast to visit Sierra Leone. He joined my homeward-bound steamer at Freetown; he remembered having met me at Accra, and told me about the projected institute. Whoever may have been responsible for starting the scheme, it was Vischer who was the driving force in organising its inaugural meeting.
The Africa Bibliography: change of editor
Authors: Last Murray
Published: December 2011

The current issue of the Africa Bibliography–listing works published in 1990–is the last to be edited by Dr Hector Blackhurst, of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester. It is the seventh volume in the series, a series whose format and production he created. I should like to thank him here on behalf of subscribers, members of the Institute and users of the bibliography who like myself have found it each year an invaluable, reliable work of reference. I wish to thank too the John Rylands University Library and the university authorities at Manchester for their help in the making of Dr Blackhurst's bibliography.
Lives in many Hands: The Medical Landscape in Lancashire, 1700–1820
Authors: King Steven , Weaver Alan
Published: December 2011

Medical historians over the last two decades have provided a basic overview of the development of the medical market-place, doctoring, diagnosis and treatment, doctor-patient relationships, and the nature and longevity of alternative medical practices. They have suggested that doctors were almost always the last port of call for most families confronting everyday illness, either because of cost, availability, or preference in the light of the limitations of medical diagnosis and treatment. Equally, it has been suggested that self-medication was common among middling and other families in the past, that “old wives” and irregular practitioners had a considerable longevity in the medical patchwork, and that “quackery” exploded in urban areas in particular during the later eighteenth century. The struggle by doctors to distance themselves both from their own patients (through new medical language and forms of diagnosis) and from other parts of the calling, such as apothecaries, has been well documented. So has the long-running conflict, in the spheres of diagnosis and treatment, between established medical theory on the one hand and empiricism on the other.
Madness, Suicide and the Victorian Asylum: Attempted Self-Murder in the Age of Non-Restraint
Authors: Shepherd Anne , Wright David
Published: December 2011

On 20 July 1870, Catherine Tyrrell found herself transferred to another asylum. The 32-year-old nurse suffering from melancholia had previously been a private patient in Bethlem Hospital; but, having had her twelve months expire at that institution, she was conveyed across the metropolis and into the bucolic countryside and county asylum of Buckinghamshire. Up to this point, Catherine had had a long and sad history of suicide attempts and food refusal. Indeed, when she was transferred the following year, this time from Buckinghamshire to the Surrey County Asylum at Wandsworth, she was listed as “very suicidally disposed”. Now diagnosed as suffering from “mania”, she managed only three months before arriving at her fourth institution in as many years—the Surrey County Asylum at Brookwood. On admission, the medical superintendent described, with transparent disapproval, the precautionary clothing that held her suicidal impulses in check:

She was brought in a canvas garment which fitted her person even down to her ankles, the arms however not going through the sleeves, but being folded across her chest close to her skin, the hands being locked in leather gloves. The jacket or whatever it is called being [fastened] at the back by 5 locks. All this complicated arrangement was immediately removed. There was no clothing of ordinary kind under it.
The Government of Israel and the Health Care of the Negev Bedouin under Military Government, 1948–1966
Authors: Shvarts Shifra , Borkan Jefrey , Morad Mohamad , Sherf Michael
Published: December 2011

Bedouin Arabs in Israel are a Muslim society undergoing dramatic social change. The Bedouin have lived in the Negev desert since the sixth century, having migrated there from the Arabian Peninsula. In the course of the last five decades this traditionally nomadic/semi-nomadic population has undergone rapid modernization and urbanization, and today approximately 120,000 Bedouin Arabs live in the Negev. Traditionally herders and farmers, only about 5 per cent of the Negev Bedouin are still semi-nomadic tent dwellers. Most families are sedentary, living in sub-tribal groups in shacks and houses. The Negev Bedouin population has the lowest socio-economic rating of all localities and social groups in Israeli society.
The Attempt to Understand Puerperal Fever in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: The Influence of Inflammation Theory
Authors: Hallett Christine
Published: December 2011

Puerperal fever was a devastating disease. It affected women within the first three days after childbirth and progressed rapidly, causing acute symptoms of severe abdominal pain, fever and debility. Although it had been recognized from as early as the time of the Hippocratic corpus that women in childbed were prone to fevers, the distinct name, “puerperal fever” appears in the historical record only in the early eighteenth century.
“A Fifth Freedom” or “Hideous Atheistic Expediency”? The Medical Community and Abortion Law Reform in Scotland, c.1960–1975
Authors: Davis Gayle , Davidson Roger
Published: December 2011

The purpose of the Medical Termination of Pregnancy Bill, published on 15 June 1966, was to amend and clarify the law relating to termination of pregnancy by a registered medical practitioner. When David Steel, a young Liberal MP from the Scottish Borders, put this bill forward, some suggested that a Scottish politician had no need to introduce abortion reform since Scots law was already satisfactory in this regard. Certainly, abortion law in Scotland was more flexible than its English counterpart, and the number of prosecutions few. The line between criminal and non-criminal abortion was, however, just as indistinct, with great medical uncertainty in this area. On becoming law, the 1967 Abortion Act was the first piece of abortion-related legislation to cover Scotland, England and Wales collectively. None the less, for a variety of legal and moral reasons, abortion policy and practice continued to differ on either side of the Border.
The Era of Biomedicine: Science, Medicine, and Public Health in Britain and France after the Second World War
Authors: Quirke Viviane , Gaudillière Jean-Paul
Published: December 2011

The relationship between medicine and the study of life is as old as medicine itself. Nevertheless, historians have highlighted the great transformation that took place in the nineteenth century when first physiology and then bacteriology became important resources for the classification, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases. In that period, significant links developed between the sites specializing in biological experimentation (i.e. laboratories) on the one hand, and the places of healing (i.e. hospitals, dispensaries) and public health offices on the other. Together, they helped to fashion modern, professional medicine. However, many historical studies have also argued that this mobilization of biological knowledge exerted a limited impact on medical practice in general, and clinical practice in particular.
“Divine Stramonium”: The Rise and Fall of Smoking for Asthma
Authors: Jackson Mark
Published: December 2011

On the evening of Saturday 31 August 1901, the celebrated French novelist Marcel Proust wrote to his mother with characteristic intimacy, recounting his struggle to quell a severe attack of asthma the previous day. Having suffered from periodic attacks of asthma since the age of nine, Proust was familiar with the range of contemporary treatments for the condition: over the years, he had been prescribed opium, caffeine, iodine, and morphine (which had once been injected by his father, Dr Adrien Proust), his nose had been cauterized numerous times, he had adopted a milk diet, and he had occasionally attempted to relieve both his asthma and his hay fever by visiting health resorts, such as Evian-les-Bains, on the shores of Lake Geneva. However, as his note to his mother suggests, Proust's favoured remedy involved the inhalation of smoke from anti-asthma cigarettes or powders:
The Outer Hebrides: where genes and geography meet
Authors: Berry R. J.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The Outer Hebridean fauna is almost entirely the result of the chance characteristics of opportunist colonizers modified by subsequent adaptation and sometimes later immigrants. A few primitive relicts may persist (e.g. possibly, the mothNyssia zonarid), but the fauna is certainly not largely composed of early post-glacial invaders. These, traditional theory argues, are likely to have been eliminated on the mainland by later arrivals but to have been able to persist on the islands by the timely breaking of hypothetical land-bridges.

The influence of the original island colonizers is discernible through the persistence of similar traits in both ancestral and descendant populations despite massive genetical differences produced by stochastic sampling, and often by an apparently random pattern of differentiation between islands (e.g. field mice, cats, men, wrens). Adaptation is difficult to detect in the presence of unmeasurable founder effects, but is shown by large-scale clines (such as bridling in guillemots or colour phase frequencies in arctic skuas), by the existence of similar local races in different species (notably by melanism in Lepidoptera, especiallyTriphaena comes; but also possibly in bumble-bees and dragonflies), and by evidence of local selection (e.g.Cochlicella acuta).

In the light of these many pressures, simple equilibrium theories of island biogeography are woefully inadequate; every species has to be considered on its merits. This can be done for terrestrial vertebrates, and virtually all but the Pygmy Shrew prove to have been introduced by man.
Some oceanographic features of Hebridean waters
Authors: Ellett D. J.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

South of St Kilda, Atlantic water reaches the edge of the Continental Shelf west of the Hebrides from the eastern side of the Rockall Channel, whereas the main north-east going current from the western side of the channel probably lies close to the shelf-edge to the north of St Kilda. On the shelf, Atlantic water mixes with Clyde and Irish Sea water to the south-west of the Small Isles, and the mixed water so formed diverges to flow partly northward through the Little Minch and partly southward to Barra Head, then northward along the western coasts of the Outer Hebrides. On the outer shelf, dense winter-formed bottom water persists into the autumn, implying that advection is weak in this region in summer.

Data of temperature and salinity are sparse around the Outer Hebrides. Annual temperature cycles at depth on the shelf can be explained in terms of the cycle of wind mixing. A non-divergent Continental Shelf wave gives rise to strong diurnal components in the tidal streams upon the outer shelf and in the Sound of Harris, but causes no perceptible disturbance to the semi-diurnal rise and fall.
A statistical approach to the geomorphology of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Halstead Cyril A.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The results of measurements of contour areas at 1:63,360 scale allow a quantitative elaboration of the geomorphoiogical regions identified by Professor Alain Godard. Appropriate graphical techniques clearly indicate the sharp altitudinal breaks between the elements of these regions and show how they vary from island to island. Sample slope measurements are compared with clinographic estimates from the contour areas and suggestions made about relative rates of erosive processes in the different regions. It is hoped that some light is thrown on the relative importance of rock type, differential uplift and of Tertiary and glacial processes in the geomorphoiogical differentiation of the area.
Machair development and chronology in the Uists and adjacent islands
Authors: Ritchie W.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Several types of machair landforms are found in the Uists (Outer Hebrides) but the most distinctive are low altitude plains. Morphological and stratigraphical evidence suggests that both erosional and depositional processes, operating over a long period of time, have produced these sand plains and other landforms. A vast but relatively finite (partly shell-derived) sand supply was swept landwards across the gentle offshore rock platform assisted by a rising sea level to provide the initial pre-machair coastal accumulation. Phases of development can be dated using archaeological evidence, and 14C dating of offshore peat suggests that initiation probably took place before 5700 BP. Although the evidence is fragmentary, machair development appears to have consisted of long periods of stability, interrupted by episodes of major environmental disturbances. There is also evidence of coastal erosion and associated physiographic changes.
The macrofauna of intertidal sand in the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Angus I. Stewart
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The abundance and composition of the macrofauna of Outer Hebridean beaches is determined mainly by the degree of exposure to wave action. Most of the beaches are on the western seaboard, many without any form of shelter, and thus receive the full force of the Atlantic swell.

Twenty principal sites in Lewis and Harris were sampled for intertidal macrofauna.

Beaches of open aspect are populated by amphipods and Eurydice pulchra with very low densities of polychaetes. The sands of the Minch coast and some of the western beaches which are sheltered by islands or headlands usually have a Tellina–Nephtys association, with a tendency for Tellina tenuis to be replaced by Donax vittatus with increasing shelter. Very sheltered inlets and the fords of the Uists have a well-developed Cerastoderma-Macoma association, while Traigh Mhor in Barra, dominated by Cerastoderma edule, has the richest fauna of any beach in the Outer Hebrides.
Mollusca of rocky shores: Lewis and Harris, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Smith Shelagh M.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The history of previous molluscan work in the Outer Hebrides shows that most work has been done offshore, and that the littoral zone of Lewis and Harris has been neglected. In the present paper mollusc populations of different macro- and micro-habitats are examined empirically, and compared and contrasted with each other. Habitats have been chosen to exhibit as wide a variety of environment as possible, from the wave-lashed exposed rocks facing the Atlantic to the very sheltered sea lochs opening into the Minch. The richness and diversity of the fauna is noted.
The vegetation of the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Currie Andrew
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The paper reviews four topics in relation to the vegetation of the Outer Hebrides: (a)history and flora, (b) environment and habitat, (c) geographical relationship, and (d) conservation. The preliminary flora edited by J. W. Heslop Harrison in 1941 remains the best published list, and there is need for a modern flora. A provisional checklist is presented, based upon recently published data, especially theAtlas of the Bristish Flora(Perring and Walters 1962) and theCritical Supplement(Perring 1968) Miss M. S. Campbell has been responsible for a great deal of recent recording. Geology and climate are critical factors, and soils are mainly peat, except in the extensive machair areas. Significant habitals are coastland, wetland, peatland, moorland and upland. woodland is scarce, though there are good amenity woodlands. Each habitat is reviewed in relation to the floristic lists in theNature Conservation Review(Ratcliffe 1977b). There has been no phytosociological study of the vegetation overall, though particular localities such as St Kilda have been described. The geographical elements are listed, and related to those of Skye, Shetland and Faeroe. The flora is more restricted than that of the mainland. Important categories recognized are (a) species of localized distribution, (b) southern species reaching their northern limits and (c) ‘Atlantic’ species. The origin of the flora is discussed, and it is concluded that the facts have not yet been clearly demonstrated. Eight potential threats are identified as fire, changing agricultural practice including drainage, large-scale peat, sand and gravel extraction, the oil industry, wave-energy generation and tourism.
The macrofauna of brackish and fresh waters of the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve and its neighbourhood, South Uist
Authors: Waterston A. R. , Lyster I. H. J.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Three main types of Hebridean freshwater lochs occur in the Loch Druidibeg National Nature Reserve; eutrophic calcareous machair lochs near the Atlantic coast, mesotrophic lochs on the edge of the moor and oligotrophic lochs on the peatlands. Chloride/calcium concentrations, highest in lochs near the sea, fall away rapidly inland and are lowest in the moor lochs. The fauna of eutrophic and mesotrophic lochs includes a few euryhaline brackish-water species Potamopyrgus jenkinsi, Diaptomus wierzejskii, Neomysis integer and Gammarus duebeni. G. duebeni alone penetrates the oligotrophic lochs. Freshwater sponges are widespread but are absent from the machair lochs and there are no triclad planarians. The fauna of fast and slow stream segments is described. Loch Bee, a man-made lagoon, unlike the open brackish lochs of North Uist, is an unstable habitat and its fauna has changed considerably since it was investigated in 1933. The fauna consists mainly of brackish-water species and a few stenohaline marine species which are confined to its seaward ends. The sequence of faunistic change in the Howmore estuary, Lochs Roag and Fada, a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), is described; the brackish-water fauna is reduced by the volume of fresh water passing through the system. A brief account is given of the unusual dominance of Hyalinella punctata and Potamopyrgus jenkinsi in Loch Ardvule (SSSI), South Uist.
The fishes of inland waters in the Outer Hebrides
Authors: Campbell R. N. , Williamson R. B.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Only euryhaline fishes were able to recolonize Outer Hebridean fresh waters after the last glaciation so that inland waters now contain only six indigenous, truly freshwater species; salmon, trout, charr, three- and ten-spined stickleback and the freshwater eel. Parts of some lochs are invaded by the sea at stages in the tidal cycle and some 20 species of marine fish may be found at times in inland waters.

Both salmon and sea trout occur in all the larger freshwater systems and sea trout are also found in many of the minor ones.

The original sea trout gave rise to sedentary brown trout populations similar to those of the mainland.

Fluctuations in the Hebridean salmon catch suggest that the stock is affected by the same factors as those affecting Scottish west coast stocks generally: the vast-majority return to fresh water as grilse, while sea trout stocks have been declining over the last 25 years.

Brown trout and eels are almost ubiquitous. Charr occur in Lewis and parts of North Uist but have not been reported from Harris or South Uist and are now only present as sedentary forms. The three-spined stickleback is more widely distributed than the ten-spined.

Outer Hebridean lochs in general have special scientific value because, unlike many Scottish mainland lochs, they have not been affected by the introduction of alien species and some are still in an unexploited state.
Survey of the invertebrate fauna of sand dune and machair sites in the Outer Hebrides during 1976
Authors: Welch R. C.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

During June and July 1976 the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology carried out a limited invertebrate survey on 18 sites in the Outer Hebrides.

Portable battery-operated UV light traps were installed at each site and left to operate for eight nights. Bad weather in June greatly reduced the numbers of Lepidoptera caught. During July moths were trapped at 16 of the sites. Details of the combined catches are given. Pitfall traps were also installed at all sites and all beetles, spiders, harvestmen, snails, millipedes, centipedes and woodlice have been identified. In addition a list of species of littoral Coleoptera recorded from 24 Hebridean localities is given.

This survey was part of a much wider project around the coasts of Scotland, commissioned by the Nature Conservancy Council, to whom a full report will be submitted when identification and analysis of the results has been completed.
Birds of the Outer Hebrides: terrestial birds and raptors
Authors: Cunningham W. A. J.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

A description is given of the birds of the major terrestrial habitats of the Outer Hebrides: woodland, moorland, croftland and farmland. Changes in these habitats have affected the status and distribution of species. Most important of these changes is the growth of plantations, particularly those in Stornoway Castle grounds, Lewis, which have caused the colonization of the comparatively treeless islands with many woodland species previously absent from the Outer Hebrides. Landuse, particularly sheep husbandry and muirburn, has had a great effect on birds of the moorland including such predatory species as the golden eagle, peregrine, kestrel, merlin, hen harrier and short-eared owl.

An account is given of the breeding land birds of the outlying islands (except St Kilda) and a check list is provided for all species of birds in the Outer Hebrides.
Birds of the Outer Hebrides: the waders
Authors: Fuller R. J. , Wilson J. R. , Coxon P.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The wading bird communities of four major habitat zones are described. Shore habitats support few breeding birds but hold significant numbers of migrant and wintering waders. Oystercatcher, ringed plover, bar-tailed godwit and dunlin are the most numerous species on the sand flats; the Atlantic beaches are particularly important to turnstones, purple sandpipers and sanderling. The wintering sanderling population is of national significance. Densities of breeding waders on the machair are greater than elsewhere in Britain. The dominant species are oystercatcher, ringed plover, lapwing and dunlin. The machair is nationally outstanding for breeding ringed plovers and the Outer Hebrides supports 14% of the British and Irish population. The machair is also unique in Britain for its concentration of coastal breeding dunlin. At other times of the year flocks of lapwings, golden plovers and curlew feed on the machair. Rough grazing (blackland) inland from the machair supports high densities of breeding snipe and redshank. Large numbers of grassland plovers and snipe feed here in winter. Seven species breed on the uplands and peatlands: golden plover, snipe, curlew, whimbrel, common sandpiper, greenshank and dunlin. Most of these species are more abundant north of the Sound of Harris and the north Lewis moors hold relatively high densities of golden plovers and dunlin.
Birds of the Outer Hebrides: waterfowl
Authors: Hopkins P. G. , Coxon P.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Waterfowl habitats are briefly described. These consist of nutrient-poor moorland with peaty lochs and bogs; nutrient-rich machair wetland with calcareous lochs and marshes; brackish water and marine habitats of estuary, shore and off-shore islands. The breeding waterfowl populations for moorlands, machair wetlands (including the Balranald Reserve) and the off-shore islands are described by species. Migrating and wintering assemblies of waterfowl are described by species: divers and grebes, sea-ducks, geese and swans, ducks on machair wetlands. The paper concludes with a review of the factors of land use most affecting waterfowl: traditional crofting practice, reseeding and fertilizing of moorland and grassland, drainage, wildfowling, sheep husbandry, dumping of rubbish and human disturbance relative to predators such as the hooded crow and the herring gull. Such factors constitute a serious threat to the wellbeing of stocks of waterfowl in the Outer Hebrides which is not overcome by present conservation measures.
Land use in the Uists since 1800
Authors: Caird J. B.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Land use and land tenure in the Uists has evolved over the past two centuries fashioned by the possibilities offered by the varying qualities of soils and terrain and by economic circumstances, estate and government policies. At the end of the 18th century, estate surveys and plans provide a detailed account of the patterns of tenure and land use. The crofting system, created between 1814 and 1818, with the aim of improving agricultural standards and as a means of maintaining a labour force to manufacture kelp, led to an expansion of the cultivated area. In the middle of the 19th century, large farms displaced much of the population and resulted in congestion in the remaining crofting townships and very intensive use of the available land. Government intervention led to the settlement of crofters on the majority of the farms after 1890. Since the ‘agricultural revolution’ of the 1950s, if the number of active crofters and croft units and the area of cropped land has declined, the size of the effective croft units and their cattle stocks has increased, particularly in the more recently formed townships. Cereal cropping is now virtually confined to the machairs and most of the crofts are under permanent grass.
Environmental science, planning and resource management in the Outer Hebrides: a synthesis
Authors: Goodier R. , Boyd J. Morton
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

This, the concluding paper of the Symposium, reviews the main issues in the Outer Hebrides concerning the interaction between the constituent parts of the environment and man's use of them, seeking to identify the existing impacts on the natural environment and speculating upon the character of possible future impacts. It aims to demonstrate how the findings of the environmental sciences, as exemplified by the information in the symposium papers, are relevant to the understanding and resolution of these issues and to identify important gaps in knowledge.

The relationship between land use planning and development control is discussed, particularly as it is reflected in the present system of Regional Reports, Structure Plans, Local Plans and the recently published National Planning Guidelines, and as it affects options for influencing future use of environmental resources in the Outer Hebrides.

Developments need management and, in some cases, monitoring. Both these activities require a contribution from the environmental sciences through an effective institutional framework.

The closing discussion examines some of the more general social issues, relating to the potential conflict between utilization of the environmental resource and conservation of the natural environment, which characterize isolated rural areas.
Pliocene shortening direction in Nankai Trough off Kumano, southwest Japan, Sites IODP C0001 and C0002, Expedition 315: Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility analysis for paleostress
Authors: Kanamatsu Toshiya , Parés Josep M. , Kitamura Yujin
Published: December 2011

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 315 recovered cores from accretionary units, which are overlain by cover sequences, at a site on the hanging wall of the mega‐splay fault (C0001), and at a seaward margin of a forearc basin (C0002) in Nankai Trough off Kumano, Japan. In order to investigate the amount and the style of deformation and shortening direction of the accretionary prism units, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of cored samples were measured. AMS of the late Pliocene to late Miocene accretionary prism at C0001 reveals a deformed magnetic ellipsoid (prolate type), and a restored direction of the AMS orientation indicates northwest–southeast shortening which is the same as the present‐day stress field measured by borehole breakout. The older Miocene accretionary prism cored beneath the forearc basin at C0002 does not show a typical prolate type but more oblate feature in parallel to plunged bedding planes. This type can be interpreted as an intermediate type between prolate and oblate types, by indicatives of AMS parameters, which was formed under a bedding vertical loading and a relatively weakly lateral compaction. The restored AMS orientation of the accretionary prism beneath the forearc basin also indicates the northwest‐southeast shortening which is different from the present‐day principal horizontal stress orientations at C0002. It is supposed that the shortening direction had been recorded in Pliocene time probably when the sequence was sited in the outer wedge. The northwest–southeast directions of AMS in the Pliocene time agree with the past subducting direction of the Philippine Sea Plate since the Pliocene.
Correlation between changes in groundwater levels and surface deformation from GPS measurements in the San Gabriel Valley, California
Authors: Ji Kang Hyeun , Herring Thomas A.
Published: December 2011

Changes in groundwater levels cause water‐bearing basins to deform. Here we provide a detailed history of horizontal surface displacements in the San Gabriel Valley, California, which we show are highly correlated with the water level changes measured at a nearby well: correlation coefficient of 0.96 ± 0.01. We use the surface response from a one year period during which water level change in the nearby well was over 16 m, to monitor the deformations over a 14 year period from 1998 to 2011. The water level changes lead surface deformation by 21 days, but the significance of the offset is only weakly supported (p‐value = 0.129). The projection method can be used as a real‐time monitoring or detection system for deformation caused by a variety of mechanisms such as fluid injection and removal (groundwater development, oil production, carbon sequestration), and by seismic and volcanic activity.
The structure of the Sumatran Fault revealed by local seismicity
Authors: Weller O. , Lange D. , Tilmann F. , Natawidjaja D. , Rietbrock A. , Collings R. , Gregory L.
Published: December 2011

The combination of the Sunda megathrust and the (strike‐slip) Sumatran Fault (SF) represents a type example of slip‐partitioning. However, superimposed on the SF are geometrical irregularities that disrupt the local strain field. The largest such feature is in central Sumatra where the SF splits into two fault strands up to 35 km apart. A dense local network was installed along a 350 km section around this bifurcation, registering 1016 crustal events between April 2008 and February 2009. 528 of these events, with magnitudes between 1.1 and 6.0, were located using the double‐difference relative location method. These relative hypocentre locations reveal several new features about the crustal structure of the SF. Northwest and southeast of the bifurcation, where the SF has only one fault strand, seismicity is strongly focused below the surface trace, indicating a vertical fault that is seismogenic to ∼15 km depth. By contrast intense seismicity is observed within the bifurcation, displaying streaks in plan and cross‐section that indicate a complex system of faults bisecting the bifurcation. In combination with analysis of topography and focal mechanisms, we propose that the bifurcation is a strike‐slip duplex system with complex faulting between the two main fault branches.
Processes setting the characteristics of sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones
Authors: Vincent Emmanuel M. , Lengaigne Matthieu , Madec Gurvan , Vialard Jérôme , Samson Guillaume , Jourdain Nicolas C. , Menkes Christophe E. , Jullien Swen
Published: December 2011

A 1/2° resolution global ocean general circulation model is used to investigate the processes controlling sea surface cooling in the wake of tropical cyclones (TCs). Wind forcing related to more than 3000 TCs occurring during the 1978–2007 period is blended with the CORE II interannual forcing, using an idealized TC wind pattern with observed magnitude and track. The amplitude and spatial characteristics of the TC‐induced cooling are consistent with satellite observations, with an average cooling of ∼1°C that typically extends over 5 radii of maximum wind. A Wind power index (WPi) is used to discriminate cooling processes under TCs with high‐energy transfer to the upper ocean (strong and/or slow cyclones) from the others (weak and/or fast cyclones). Surface heat fluxes contribute to ∼50 to 80% of the cooling for weak WPi as well as away from the cyclone track. Within 200 km of the track, mixing‐induced cooling increases linearly with WPi, explaining ∼30% of the cooling for weak WPis and up to ∼80% for large ones. Mixing‐induced cooling is strongly modulated by pre‐storm oceanic conditions. For a given WPi, vertical processes can induce up to 8 times more cooling for shallow mixed layer and steep temperature stratification than for a deep mixed layer. Vertical mixing is the main source of rightward bias of the cold wake for weak and moderate WPi, but along‐track advection becomes the main contributor to the asymmetry for the largest WPis.
Shortwave radiation parameterization scheme for subgrid topography
Authors: Helbig N. , Löwe H.
Published: December 2011

Topography is well known to alter the shortwave radiation balance at the surface. A detailed radiation balance is therefore required in mountainous terrain. In order to maintain the computational performance of large‐scale models while at the same time increasing grid resolutions, subgrid parameterizations are gaining more importance. A complete radiation parameterization scheme for subgrid topography accounting for shading, limited sky view, and terrain reflections is presented. Each radiative flux is parameterized individually as a function of sky view factor, slope and sun elevation angle, and albedo. We validated the parameterization with domain‐averaged values computed from a distributed radiation model which includes a detailed shortwave radiation balance. Furthermore, we quantify the individual topographic impacts on the shortwave radiation balance. Rather than using a limited set of real topographies we used a large ensemble of simulated topographies with a wide range of typical terrain characteristics to study all topographic influences on the radiation balance. To this end slopes and partial derivatives of seven real topographies from Switzerland and the United States were analyzed and Gaussian statistics were found to best approximate real topographies. Parameterized direct beam radiation presented previously compared well with modeled values over the entire range of slope angles. The approximation of multiple, anisotropic terrain reflections with single, isotropic terrain reflections was confirmed as long as domain‐averaged values are considered. The validation of all parameterized radiative fluxes showed that it is indeed not necessary to compute subgrid fluxes in order to account for all topographic influences in large grid sizes.
Soil O2 controls denitrification rates and N2O yield in a riparian wetland
Authors: Burgin Amy J. , Groffman Peter M.
Published: December 2011

Wetland soil oxygen (O2) is rarely measured, which limits our understanding of a key regulator of nitrogen loss through denitrification. We asked: (1) How does soil [O2] vary in riparian wetlands? (2) How does this [O2] variation affect denitrification rates and end products? and (3) How does [O2] variation and previous exposure to O2affect trace gas fluxes? We collected a continuous seven‐month record of [O2] dynamics in a “wet” and “dry” riparian zone. In April 2009, soil [O2] ranged from 0 to 13% and consistently increased with increasing distance from the stream. [O2] gradually declined in all sensors until all sensors went anoxic in early September 2009. In mid‐fall, a dropping water table increased soil [O2] to 15–20% within a 2–3 day period. We measured denitrification using the Nitrogen‐Free Air Recirculation Method (N‐FARM), a direct measurement of N2 production against a helium background. Denitrification rates were significantly higher in the wetter areas, which correlated to lower O2 conditions. Denitrification rates in the drier areas correlated with [O2] in the early spring and summer, but significantly decreased in late summer despite decreasing O2 concentrations. Increasing [O2] significantly increased core N2O production, and therefore may be an important control on nitrous oxide yield. Field N2O fluxes, however, were highly variable, ranging from 0 to 800 ug N m−2 hr−1 with no differences between the wet and dry sites. Future research should focus on understanding the biotic and abiotic controls on O2 dynamics, and O2 dynamics should be included in models of soil N cycling and trace gas fluxes.
Paleomagnetic constraints on Cenozoic deformation along the northwest margin of the Pacific‐Australian plate boundary zone through New Zealand
Authors: Turner Gillian M. , Michalk Daniel M. , Little Timothy A.
Published: December 2011

New Zealand straddles the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates, a zone of oblique continental convergence and transform motion. The actively deforming region offers a unique opportunity to study the dynamics of deformation, including vertical‐axis rotation of rigid blocks within a transcurrent plate boundary zone. We present and interpret paleomagnetic data from three new and three previously published sites from the NW part of the South Island (NW Nelson region), where sedimentary strata dated between 36 and 10 Ma overlie the crystalline Paleozoic basement assemblages of the Gondwana margin. Compared with reference directions from the Australian apparent polar wander path, none of the results provide evidence of post‐Eocene vertical‐axis rotation. This suggests that for the past 36 Myr NW Nelson has remained a strong, coherent block that has moved as a contiguous part of the Australian plate. This is in marked contrast to the strongly rotated nature of more outboard accreted terranes to the east. For example, the Hikurangi Margin in the North Island (NW of the Alpine Fault) and the Marlborough region in the NE of the South Island (SE of the Alpine Fault), have both undergone diverse clockwise rotations of up to 140° since the early Paleogene. The NW tip of the South Island seems to have acted as a rigid backstop relative to these more complex oroclinal deformations. We infer that, because of its relatively stiff bulk rheology, it has not been drawn into the distributed plate boundary rotational deformation associated with the New Zealand Orocline.
The contorted New England Orogen (eastern Australia): New evidence from U‐Pb geochronology of early Permian granitoids
Authors: Rosenbaum Gideon , Li Pengfei , Rubatto Daniela
Published: December 2011

A series of sharp bends (oroclines) are recognized in the Paleozoic to early Mesozoic New England Orogen of eastern Australia. The exact geometry and origin of these bends is obscured by voluminous magmatism and is still debated. Here we present zircon U‐Pb ages that confirm the lateral continuation of early Permian (296–288 Ma) granitoids and shed new light on the oroclinal structure. Orogenic curvature is defined by the alignment of early Permian granitoids parallel to the structural grain of the orogen, as well as the curved geometry of sub‐vertical deformation fabrics, forearc basin terranes, and serpentinite outcrops. Alternative geometrical interpretations may involve two bends (Texas and Coffs Harbour Oroclines), three bends (+Manning Orocline), or even four bends (+Nambucca Orocline). We argue that the model involving four bends is most consistent with available data, although further kinematic constraints are required to confirm the existence of the Manning and Nambucca Oroclines. A subsequent phase of younger magmatism (<260 Ma) cuts across the curved structural grain, providing a minimum age constraint for orocline development. Assuming a structure of four oroclines, we suggest a tentative tectonic model that involves an early stage of subduction curvature during slab rollback at 300–285 Ma, followed by bending associated with dextral transpression. A final tightening of the curved structures was possibly obtained by E‐W shortening during the late Permian to Triassic (265–230 Ma) Hunter‐Bowen orogeny.
Remote sensing of suspended sediment concentration during turbid flood conditions on the Feather River, California—A modeling approach
Authors: Kilham Nina E. , Roberts Dar , Singer Michael B.
Published: December 2011

Direct measurements of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) in rivers are surprisingly sparse. We present an approach for measuring these concentrations from space, tailored to fit rivers with limited records of flood‐level SSC. Our approach requires knowledge of a typical particle‐size distribution of sediment suspended during floods, the dominant mineralogy, and a calibration consisting of above‐water reflectance field spectra with known SSC. Surface SSC values were derived for two Landsat images covering 70 km of the Feather and portions of the Sacramento, Yuba, and Bear Rivers in California in order to capture conditions during a large flood event. Using optical theory and radiative transfer modeling we modeled remote‐sensing reflectance (Rrs) for a number of three‐component mixtures composed of color dissolved organic matter (CDOM), water, and montmorillonite particles. We then iteratively estimated CDOM by fitting modeled spectra for a range of absorption coefficients to field‐measured spectra collected from the Sacramento River and matched to measured SSC values. Spectral mixture analysis with a two‐end‐member model yielded end‐member fractions and SSC via a look‐up table specific to the Landsat sensor. Model closure was within the error of measured SSC values, suggesting that this approach is promising for deriving SSC on rivers during flood conditions when empirical relationships established between low SSC values and Rrs are no longer valid.