bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and Evidence-Based Guidelines on the Treatment of Pediatric Hydrocephalus: Update of the 2014 Guidelines
Authors: Bauer David F , Baird Lissa C , Klimo Paul , Mazzola Catherine A , Nikas Dimitrios C , Tamber Mandeep S , Flannery Ann Marie
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

The Congress of Neurological Surgeons reviews its guidelines according to the Institute of Medicine's recommended best practice of reviewing guidelines every 5 yrs. The authors performed a planned 5-yr review of the medical literature used to develop the “Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines” and determined the need for an update to the original guideline based on new available evidence.

OBJECTIVE

To perform an update to include the current medical literature for the “Pediatric hydrocephalus: systematic literature review and evidence-based guidelines”, originally published in 2014.

METHODS

The Guidelines Task Force used the search terms and strategies consistent with the original guidelines to search PubMed and Cochrane Central for relevant literature published between March 2012 and November 2019. The same inclusion/exclusion criteria were also used to screen abstracts and to perform the full-text review. Full text articles were then reviewed and when appropriate, included as evidence and recommendations were added or changed accordingly.

RESULTS

A total of 41 studies yielded by the updated search met inclusion criteria and were included in this update.

CONCLUSION

New literature resulting from the update yielded a new recommendation in Part 2, which states that neuro-endoscopic lavage is a feasible and safe option for the removal of intraventricular clots and may lower the rate of shunt placement (Level III). Additionally a recommendation in part 7 of the guideline now states that antibiotic-impregnated shunt tubing reduces the risk of shunt infection compared with conventional silicone hardware and should be used for children who require placement of a shunt (Level I). 
Natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis and its application in the study of diet and metabolism
Authors: Lacombe R J Scott , Bazinet Richard P
Published: September 2020

Due to differences in carbon assimilation pathways between plants, there are subtle but distinct variations in the carbon isotope ratios of foods and animal products throughout the food supply. Although it is well understood that the carbon isotope ratio composition of the diet influences that of the consumers’ tissues, the application of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis in nutrition has long been underappreciated. Over the past decade, however, several studies have investigated the utility of carbon isotope ratio analysis for evaluation of nutritional biomarker status, primarily focusing on its application as an objective indicator of sugar and animal protein intake. More recently, research investigating the application of natural abundance measurements has been extended to study fatty acid metabolism and has yielded encouraging results. Collectively, data from large-scale observational studies and experimental animal studies highlight the potential for carbon isotope ratio analysis as an additional and effective tool to study diet and metabolism. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of natural abundance carbon isotope ratio analysis, its application to studying nutrition, and an update of the research in the field.
Building Faith
Authors: Brenneman Robert , Miller Brian J.
Published: September 2020

Religious buildings are all around us. From Wall Street to Main Street, from sublime and historic cathedrals to humble converted storefronts, these buildings shape the global religious landscape, “building faith” among those who worship in them while providing a testament to the faith of those who built them and those who maintain them. Building Faith explores the social impact of religious buildings in places as diverse as a Chicago suburb and a Guatemalan indigenous Mayan village, all the while asking the questions, “How does space shape community?” and “How do communities shape the spaces that speak for them?” The social sciences have mostly ignored the role of physical buildings in shaping the social fabric of communities and groups. Although the emerging field of the sociology of architecture has started to pay attention to physical structures, Brenneman and Miller are the first to combine the light of sociological theory and the empirical method in order to understand the impact of physical structures on religious groups that build, transform, and maintain them. Religious buildings not only reflect the groups that build them or use them; they shape and change those who gather and worship there.
Linkages between Security and Economics in Japan
Authors: Iida Keisuke
Published: September 2020

The linkages between security and economics are complex and have been discussed in the literature of various fields, thus defying simple classification and integration. This chapter presents a taxonomy that divides various topics into two sets of policies: policies pertaining to military power and those related to bargaining power. For example, defense spending and burden sharing in alliance, which are standard topics in the economics of defense, are categorized under the first set of policies. Export controls, which are usually discussed in entirely different contexts, are also categorized under this set. On the other hand, economic sanctions, which are a standard fare in international relations, are categorized under the second set of policies. This chapter presents the argument that security crises and dual-use technologies tie both sets of policies together. By seeking greater autonomy, Japan is engaging in a severe trade-off between strengthening their military forces and bargaining power and other foreign and economic policy objectives.
Remilitarization in Japan
Authors: Hughes Christopher W.
Published: September 2020

This chapter revaluates the utility of militarization as a framework for comprehending Japan’s changing military stance, and to challenge many current analyses that portray Japan’s security trajectory as one of essential continuity. The concept of militarization assists in identifying those military components—institutional and ideological in nature—present in all societies, including Japan, which are subject to contestation and alteration and open the way to substantive change in military security policy. The first section of the chapter outlines Japan’s self-declared and self-imposed constraints on its military posture in the immediate postwar and Cold War periods to establish the baselines against which any shifts toward remilitarization can be evaluated. The sections thereafter systematically assess these baselines and the degree of subsequent shift in the post–Cold War and contemporary periods—in terms of legal and constitutional constraints on military power, procurement of new military capabilities, increases in defense budgets, civil-military relations, the export of military technologies, and external and alliance military commitments. The concluding section, in assessing the overall trajectory of Japan’s military posture, and arguing that there has been substantial change rather than continuity, then considers the interrelationship with and challenges for the quality of Japanese democracy.
Japan-Russia Relations
Authors: Bukh Alexander
Published: September 2020

Focusing mostly on the territorial dispute over the “Northern Territories” this chapter explores the relationship between public preferences and policymaking in Japan’s relations with the USSR and Russia. The chapter is divided into four sections. The introductory section provides a brief overview of the history of the territorial dispute and related negotiations between Japan and the USSR/Russia. The second section explores the dynamics in the Japanese public opinion related to the dispute, the factors that shaped it, and its relationship with state policy. The third section examines the role of the dispute in other areas of bilateral relations. The concluding section summarizes the arguments made in this chapter and offers some observations regarding the factors that explain the relationship between public opinion and policymaking in the case of the Northern Territories dispute. The main argument of this chapter is that public preferences played a rather limited role in shaping Japan’s Northern Territories–related policy. This can be attributed to a number of factors, including the relatively small size of the issue public, voting behavior, the centrality of bureaucracy in policymaking, and the minimal impact of the territorial dispute on other areas of bilateral relations.
Evidence-Based Practice for Career Development
Authors: Robertson Peter J.
Published: September 2020

Evidence is essential to enable practitioners and services to best meet the needs of their service users. The concept of evidence-based practice has been imported to career development, but its implicit medical model is problematic to apply to the social nature of the field. Evaluating the effectiveness of career development interventions presents formidable methodological challenges, not least the conceptual and definitional issues raised by the selection of outcome measures. The use of research evidence in policy and practice requires the synthesis and communication of findings to practitioners and stakeholders. Both policymaking and practice are political processes and research evidence is necessary but not sufficient to influence decision-making. Knowledge generated from research can rarely be applied to career development practice without attention to multilevel contextual factors. To best inform practice, research evidence should be combined with local knowledge, practitioner experience, and input from service users. A simple integrated model of evidence-based practice for career development interventions is presented. This model is suitable for adoption by reflective practitioners.
The Aims of Career Development Policy: Towards a Comprehensive Framework
Authors: Robertson Peter J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores and questions the aims of public policy for career development. In the early years of the 21st century, an international consensus emerged in the literature describing the intentions of governments when they seek to intervene in the careers of their citizens. A case is made for a broader conception of the socially desirable outcomes from career interventions. Drawing on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, a systematic framework of six types of policy goal for career development services is proposed: (i) labour market goals, (ii) educational goals, (iii) social equity goals, (iv) health and well-being goals, (v) environmental goals, and (vi) peace and justice goals. The latter three categories represent new or relatively neglected areas of focus. Cross-cutting themes of social justice, sustainability, and societal change are highlighted.
Phantoms at the Opéra
Authors: Willson Flora
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that the reputation of Giacomo Meyerbeer went through a process of “de-canonization” after his death in 1868. More than those of other opera composers powerful in that time, views about his rise and eventual decline became firmly established by the fin-de-siècle. By re-examining the discourse surrounding this dominant figure, the chapter reveals larger tendencies of operatic canonicity in nineteenth-century Paris, illustrating the volatility of reputation and the peculiarly operatic ways of measuring canonic status. From Meyerbeer’s death, a gradual process took place by which his works either were dropped from repertories or discredited, long before Les Huguenots finally bowed out at the Paris Opéra in the 1930s. This chapter is paired with William Gibbons’s “The uses and disadvantages of opera history: Unhistorical thinking in fin-de-siècle Paris.”
The Uses and Disadvantages of Opera History
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: September 2020

This chapter poses a revisionist approach by positing the “unhistorical thinking” by which revival of Christoph Willibald Gluck’s works was defined. When the composer’s works began to be revived from around 1900, after only a few performances since 1837, they might have been interpreted in common with the music-historical approach proposed by the composer and pedagogue Vincent d’Indy. But the fascination with Gluck’s operas is seen here within the persistence of a canonizing rhetoric predicated on universality, indeed often on atemporality, which complicates the historicism that was active in the art world generally from about 1870 to 1920 and that became the dominant ideology in Parisian operatic culture. This chapter is paired with Flora Willson’s “Phantoms at the Opéra: Meyerbeer and de-canonization.”
International Opera in Nineteenth-century New York
Authors: Ahlquist Karen
Published: September 2020

This chapter charts how canonic repertories evolved in very different forms in New York City during the nineteenth century. The unstable succession of entrepreneurial touring troupes that visited the city adapted both repertory and individual pieces to the audience’s taste, from which there emerged a major theater, the Metropolitan Opera, offering a mix of German, Italian, and French works. The stable repertory in place there by 1910 resembles to a considerable extent that performed in the same theater today. Indeed, all of the twenty-five operas most often performed between 1883 and 2015 at the Metropolitan Opera were written before World War I. The repertory may seem haphazard in its diversity, but that very condition proved to be its strength in the long term. This chapter is paired with Benjamin Walton’s “Canons of real and imagined opera: Buenos Aires and Montevideo, 1810–1860.”
Italian Opera and the Concept of “Canon” in the Late Eighteenth Century
Authors: Piperno Franco
Published: September 2020

This essay shows that in Italy for much of the eighteenth century, canonic recognition was granted to the librettist of a famous opera but not to the composer, who was seen as an artisan rather than an intellectual. But the unique long-term popularity of Pergolesi’s La serva padrona (1733) led to the honoring of composers in subsequent generations both in musical and in dramatic terms. Even though a stable authorial canon of opera composers failed to establish itself in Italy prior to the triumph of Rossini, strong respect emerged for composers such as Niccolò Jommelli, Niccolò Piccinni, and Giovanni Paisiello, which, together with the rising fame of leading singers, laid the groundwork for the Italian operatic canon of the nineteenth century. This chapter is paired with Michel Noiray’s “The practical and symbolic functions of pre-Rameau opera at the Paris Opéra before Gluck.”
National and International Canons of Opera in Tsarist Russia
Authors: Helmers Rutger
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the tension between national and international operatic repertories in the case of nineteenth-century Russia. It discusses conceptual problems associated with the notion of a national canon, which is frequently conceived of in a binary opposition to an international or universal one. The discussion of Russian musical life charts the reception of foreign repertories as well as the canonization of Mikhail Glinka’s operas Zhizn’ za tsarya (A life for the tsar, 1836) and Ruslan i Lyudmila (Ruslan and Lyudmila, 1842), and concludes by showing how the tensions between foreign and domestic works played out differently in critical and historical writing from the way they did in the performing repertory. This chapter is paired with William Weber’s “The survival of English opera in nineteenth-century concert life.”
General Introduction
Authors: Newark Cormac , Weber William
Published: September 2020

Despite increasing interest in canonic discourses in the arts, relatively little attention has been given to opera. Reasons include its close relationship with commerce and the relative fluidity of its texts. But it is also an inherently problematic sort of canon, one that evolved very differently from that of concert music: current issues include the increasing restriction of its core, even while the viable repertory is arguably broadening, and especially the fact that the most revered works are all more than a century old. The financial difficulties being experienced by opera houses around the world, even some of the most famous, seem connected to these issues. This introduction explores some of the different meanings of operatic canonicity and the associated terminology, the methods by which it is determined, and, through a survey of some of the main arguments advanced in the ensuing chapters, the historical forces that shaped it.
Repertory Opera and Canonic Sensibility
Authors: Hall-Witt Jennifer
Published: September 2020

This essay explains how “repertory opera” as a dominant programming structure was established at the King’s Theatre in London from the late 1820s. With many of the same operas repeated from season to season, and with especially dramatic moments often staged as separate items, the audience developed an unprecedented familiarity and emotional connection with this repertory. What emerged as a result—a sense of the most popular operas as canonic—can be thought of as a “canonic sensibility” that was different from the more intellectual notion of “canon.” This chapter draws attention to that difference and argues that this sensibility may be seen as an intermediary step in the historical trajectory from repertory to canon, even as it developed in dynamic tension with the canonic values embraced by many music critics of the early to mid-Victorian period. This chapter is paired with Michael Burden’s “From recycled performances to repertory at the King’s Theatre in London, 1705–1820.”
Timbre: Alternative Histories and Possible Futures for the Study of Music
Authors: Dolan Emily I. , Rehding Alexander
Published: September 2020

Timbre has always been a central element of music and sound, but it is only now emerging as a central dimension in musical thought. Aided by the burgeoning fields of sound studies and critical organology, music studies are taking the “material turn” toward timbre. One of the most urgent tasks of a timbral musicology is to rethink its categories from the ground up and to make space for sound at the foundation of our thinking. This chapter offers an overview of the Handbook, presenting a variety of viewpoints on the multifaceted quality of timbre, covering its histories, philosophies, technologies, and modes of perception. It highlights explorations of timbre that have existed (but were marginalized by our collective timbral deafness) and proposes alternative paths not yet pursued.
Resilience Through Stress
Authors: Afifi Tamara D. , Callejas Michelle Acevedo , Harrison Kathryn
Published: September 2020

Resilience is the capacity of individuals or systems to successfully navigate and adapt to changes and challenges in their environment that can induce stress. Repeated or ongoing exposure to stress is typically associated with adverse health and relational outcomes. However, some relationships withstand the weight of chronic stress and even grow from it. The theory of resilience and relational load (TRRL) was created to explain why some relational systems (e.g., couples, families) are resilient to or thrive under repeated stress while others crumble in the face of it. This chapter elucidates the tenets of the theory and overviews research where they were tested. Relational maintenance and communal orientation (related to a sense of unity) are proposed as central to the process of building relational and personal resilience to stress by fostering more security-based appraisals. Throughout, the authors emphasize the significance of physiology to research on risk and resilience to stress, the physiological mechanisms (e.g., activation of the HPA, oxytocin activity) accounting for the predictions of the theory, and the role of physiological measures in testing the theory.
Emotional Support Processes and Physiology
Authors: Priem Jennifer S.
Published: September 2020

Emotional support is a vital component of physical, mental, and relational health. Recent research on emotional support hints at the complex, dyadic nature of support interactions, and the role of physiology therein, that have yet to be fully explored. The chapter begins by describing the emotional support process and the role that physiology plays in each of the individual phases. Subsequent sections apply previous theory and empirical findings to explore the ways in which relational partners co-create supportive interactions and the role of physiology. This leads to a description of a new physiological model of support co-construction and avenues for future research. In doing so, this chapter fleshes out aspects of the support provision process that, as of yet, remain unexamined.
The Physiological Substrate of Forgiveness
Authors: Crowley John P. , Allred Ryan J.
Published: September 2020

Previous research demonstrates the health benefits of both intrapersonal and interpersonal forgiveness as indicated by various markers of physiological activity. Specifically, evidence suggests that forgiveness can help regulate the body’s stress response and increase an individual’s ability to relax after exposure to an acute stressor. This review identifies specific outcomes associated with the health benefits of forgiveness and its effects on cardiovascular functioning, as well as hyperarousal in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous systems. In addition to its health benefits, the findings suggest that activity in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis may influence the types of forgiveness that individuals communicate.
The Hormonal Underpinnings of Sexual Communication
Authors: Denes Amanda , Dhillon Anuraj , Ponivas Ambyre L. P. , Winkler Kara L.
Published: September 2020

Sexual communication is a pivotal part of interpersonal relationships; recent research reveals associations between sexual communication and various relational outcomes. Within the broad domain of sexual communication, current scholarship specifically addresses the role of postsex communication in relationships and its links to physiological and genetic markers. Given these advancements, the present chapter offers an overview of research linking physiology, hormones, and genes to communication after sexual activity. The chapter first presents reviews of two key hormones in sexual communication research: testosterone (T) and oxytocin (O). The oxytocin receptor gene and its link to social behavior broadly, and sexual behavior specifically, is also explored. The chapter then offers a review of several theories relevant to understanding the hormonal underpinnings of sexual communication, as well as future directions for research exploring sexual communication and physiology.
Future Directions for Physiological Communication Research
Authors: Denes Amanda , Crowley John P. , Aloia Lindsey S.
Published: September 2020

This handbook offered a review of cutting-edge research in the field of interpersonal communication and posed future directions to extend the literature focused on the bidirectional associations between communication and the human body. This chapter serves to summarize the handbook chapters by first reviewing biomarkers favored in communication scholarship, specifically cortisol, skin conductivity, heart rate, blood pressure, and neural activity. Next, several emerging areas of investigation are noted, namely the consideration of testosterone, oxytocin, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, immune response indicators, and plasma glucose levels. The conclusion specifies directions for future research and advocates for interdisciplinary collaborations with physiologists, neuroendocrinologists, neurologists, and other researchers studying life sciences.
The Physiology of Social Pain
Authors: Vangelisti Anita L. , Brody Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Social pain and physical pain have historically been conceptualized as distinct phenomena. Recent research, however, has noted several similarities between the two. The present chapter establishes the physiological basis of social pain. Further, the chapter explores the relational precedents and correlates of social pain. By synthesizing research that explores definitional elements of social pain, the reviewed literature explores the social basis of hurt. The chapter also reviews the extant research that posits similarities in the neural processing of social and physical pain. These similarities are further explained by examining findings that have emphasized parallels between cognitive, behavioral, and physiological responses to both social and physical pain. Shortcomings in the current research are reviewed, and several future directions are offered for researchers interested in the physiology of social pain.
Regulating Medical Devices in the United States
Authors: Zettler Patricia J. , Lietzan Erika
Published: September 2020

This chapter assesses the regulation of medical devices in the United States. The goal of the US regulatory framework governing medical devices is the same as the goal of the framework governing medicines. US law aims to ensure that medical devices are safe and effective for their intended uses; that they become available for patients promptly; and that manufacturers provide truthful, non-misleading, and complete information about the products. US medical device law is different from US medicines law in many ways, however, perhaps most notably because most marketed devices do not require pre-market approval. The chapter explores how the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) seeks to accomplish its mission with respect to medical devicecough its implementation of its medical device authorities. It starts by explaining what constitutes a medical device and how the FDA classifies medical devices by risk level. The chapter then discusses how medical devices reach the market, the FDA's risk management tools, and the rules and incentives for innovation and competition. It concludes by exploring case studies of innovative medical technologies that challenge the traditional US regulatory scheme to consider the future of medical device regulation.
The History of Historical-Comparative Methods in Sociology
Authors: Demetriou Chares , Roudometof Victor
Published: September 2020

This chapter offers an overview of the historical trajectory of comparative-historical sociology while focusing on the issue of development of specific methodological approaches. The legacy of sociology’s founding fathers is discussed first, followed by an overview of the post–World War II U.S.-based academic research program that led to the institutional organization and academic acceptance of the field. The chapter then offers an assessment of the effect of the cultural turn to comparative-historical sociology by addressing the themes of temporality and narrative. It argues that in the early 21st century the field displays a variety of methodological strategies or perspectives and that this tolerance toward varied methodologies is likely to be a permanent feature. It concludes with an assessment of the new or emerging areas that seem to offer room for further research.
Feminist Qualitative Research
Authors: McHugh Maureen C.
Published: September 2020

Feminist research is described in terms of its purposes of addressing women’s lives, advocacy for women, analysis of gender oppression, working for social justice, and transformation of society. Feminist critiques of social science research are reviewed in relation to the development of methodological and epistemological positions. Feminist research is viewed as contributing to the transformation of science from empiricism to postmodernism. Reflexivity, collaboration, power analysis, and advocacy are discussed as common practices of feminist qualitative research. Several qualitative approaches to research are described in relation to feminist research goals, with illustrations of feminist research included. Validity and voice are identified as particular challenges in the conduct of feminist qualitative research. Intersectionality and double consciousness are reviewed as feminist contributions to the transformation of science. Some emerging and innovative forms of feminist qualitative research are highlighted in relation to potential future directions.
Complex Teams and Qualitative Research
Authors: Davidson Judith R.
Published: September 2020

Qualitative researchers are increasingly called on to take part in research teams with complex mixes of disciplinary, methodological, and global connections. Unfortunately, many are not well prepared to work in these circumstances. Moreover, the leaders of these teams often lack knowledge of the ways qualitative researchers could enrich team processes through the unique characteristics of qualitative research and the special skills those trained in this methodological approach could bring to the project. Social scientists have few curricular materials or instructional models to guide them in learning how to better integrate qualitative researchers on team research projects. This goal of this chapter is to bring attention to this issue and raise key concerns that will require attention to address this issue. The chapter provides an overview of the small body of research that has developed in regard to qualitative research and complex teams and then raises a set of four key issues that need attention: (a) making the best use of qualitative research on a team; (b) selecting digital tools; (c) attending to new developments in writing; and (d) addressing issues of social justice. Also included is a discussion of the curricular issues that must be considered as the field moves forward to consider the ways qualitative researchers can best enter this new world of complex teams.
Transforming Field Notes to Text
Authors: Smartt Gullion Jessica
Published: September 2020

This chapter will discuss some practical ways for writing up field notes into written accounts of research. It includes a discussion of the importance of writing well and of incorporating strategies of creative nonfiction into academic work to increase both readability and audience.
Program Evaluation
Authors: Brandon Paul R. , Ah Sam Anna L.
Published: September 2020

The profession of educational and social program evaluation has expanded exponentially around the globe since the mid-1960s and continues to receive the considerable attention of theorists, methodologists, and practitioners. The literature on it is wide and deep, reflecting an array of definitions and conceptions of purpose and social role. This chapter discusses these topics and several others, including opinions about the choice of methods, some of which are used primarily by evaluators; the aspects of programs that evaluators typically address; the concept of value; the differences between evaluation and social science research; research on evaluation topics; and the major evaluation issues and concerns that have dominated discussion in the literature over the years.
Qualitative Disaster Research
Authors: Bennett DeeDee M. , Landahl Mark R. , Phillips Brenda D.
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the history and unique aspects of qualitative disaster research. Qualitative disaster research traces its roots to the 1920s, commencing with the classic study of the Halifax (Canada) maritime disaster by Samuel Henry Prince. The chapter reviews the challenges associated with conducting disaster research, particularly field-based studies. The unique aspects of applying qualitative methods to study disaster events as well as recommendations for best practices are reviewed. The chapter also discusses ethical challenges related to disaster and homeland security research and the emotional impacts of disaster research on human beings. Sections discuss the life cycle of disasters (preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery), commonly used data collection techniques, and strategies for data reduction and analysis specific to the study of disasters. The final section links efforts to strengthen the trustworthiness and credibility of qualitative research to the study of disasters.
Writing Up Qualitative Research
Authors: Gilgun Jane F.
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides guidelines for writing journal articles based on qualitative approaches. The guidelines are part of the tradition of the Chicago school of sociology and the author’s experience as a writer and reviewer. The guidelines include understanding experiences in context, immersion, interpretations grounded in accounts of informants’ lived experiences, and research as action oriented. The chapter also covers writing articles that report findings based on ethnographies, autoethnographies, performances, poetry, and photography and other graphic media.
Scripting the Ethnodrama
Authors: Salvatore Joe
Published: September 2020

This chapter defines ethnodrama as a qualitative research methodology and then introduces a subgenre of the form known as verbatim documentary theater. The chapter introduces the terms flat transcript and scored transcript and describes the differences between the two formats. The chapter provides an overview of the scripting process for an original ethnodrama called Of a Certain Age that used verbatim documentary theater techniques to explore the experiences of performing arts professionals over the age of 65. The overview identifies five major scripting conventions, including monologue, duet, trio, quartet, and montage, and then uses extensive samples from Of a Certain Age to illustrate each one. The chapter concludes with insights about the rehearsal process and key takeaways from the production’s performance run.
Write–Reach–Repeat
Authors: Boylorn Robin M.
Published: September 2020

This chapter considers the role, importance, and impact of public intellectualism on the future of qualitative research. The chapter argues that the move toward technology and the public dissemination of information via the internet requires a shift in how and what we research with an expressed intention of reaching a broader and nonacademic audience. The chapter considers the relationship between the private and public sphere, and the so-called “bastardization” of intellectualism to explain the role and rise of public intellectualism in qualitative research. By considering issues such as personal subjectivity, accountability, representation, and epistemological privilege, the chapter discusses how public contexts inform qualitative research and, conversely, how qualitative research can inform the public.
The Future of Music Trademarks under Dastar
Authors: Fishman Joseph P.
Published: September 2020

Trademarks on recordings are routinely used to ensure the accuracy of identifying information that music consumers may care about. Yet under the U.S. Supreme Court’s 2003 decision in Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp., the federal trademark statute is not concerned with the source of intangible content such as music (or pictures, literature, etc.). The relevant statutory provision’s reference to “origin of … goods,” the Court held, extends only to physical products. Lower courts have tended to read this case expansively. The upshot of these readings is that physical objects, not intangible ones like expressive works, are the only goods whose source matters in trademark law. Though courts almost certainly do not intend this result, their reasoning requires the conclusion that accuracy over expression’s source is something that trademark law cannot police. This chapter provides a descriptive account of the disruption that these cases would create for music trademarks if their legal reasoning were taken seriously. Dastar would prevent recording artists and labels from using trademark law to manage how they designate themselves as the source of their primary product: recorded music. Recordings are simply not a relevant good for which a mark could ever indicate legally cognizable source to begin with. The chapter concludes by arguing that false advertising claims should be available to musicians, labels, and publishers to do what trademark law cannot—prevent competitors from falsely attributing authorship either to themselves or to others—whenever such factual statements of authorship are material to consumers.
International Trade Finance from the Origins to the Present: Market Structures, Regulation, and Governance
Authors: Accominotti Olivier , Ugolini Stefano
Published: September 2020

This chapter describes how the structure and governance of international trade finance—the oldest domain of international finance—evolved from the Middle Ages until today. Trade finance products initially consisted of idiosyncratic assets issued by local merchants and bankers. The financing of international trade then became increasingly centralized and credit instruments were standardized through the diffusion of the local standards of consecutive leading trading centers (Antwerp, Amsterdam, London). This process of market centralization/product standardization culminated in the nineteenth century when London became the global center for international trade finance and the sterling bill of exchange emerged as the most widely used trade finance instrument. The structure of the trade finance market then evolved considerably following World War I and disintegrated during the interwar deglobalization and Bretton Woods period. The reconstruction of global trade finance in the post-1970 period gave way to the decentralized market structure that prevails nowadays.
The Nazaretha, Zionists, and Other Rebels in Segregated South Africa
Authors: Jarvis Lauren V.
Published: September 2020

Zionist churches proliferated in South Africa’s segregation era amid a global revival of the doctrine of divine healing. Among the nearly eight hundred new denominations that emerged were some of the largest Zionist churches, including Ignatius Lekganyane’s Zion Christian Church (ZCC) and Isaiah Shembe’s Nazaretha Church. All of these new denominations took root in the absence of government recognition and during a period when church-state relations were in flux. Many Zionists found ways to work around and in spite of segregation-era laws, but these efforts occasionally ended in disaster—as at Bulhoek in 1921. For scholars, Zionist churches have long posed problems of categorization. Scholars once imagined Zionists as embodying a distinctively African expression of faith, but important new scholarship has challenged this understanding. The time is ripe, however, to reassess what made Zionists different. This entry looks to Zionists’ doctrine and methods of evangelism to understand them as segregation-era rebels.
Religion, Politics, and the State
Authors: Hernández Sandoval Bonar L.
Published: September 2020

The historiography of religion and politics in Central America during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries delves into three key historical periods: (1) the era of nation-building and anticlericalism during the nineteenth century; (2) the age of liberal dictatorship and the resurgence of Catholicism during the first part of the twentieth century; and (3) the rise of progressive Catholicism and concurrent expansion of Protestantism during the Cold War. Writing on the subject has emphasized the relationship between religion and politics and the interaction between clerics and lay people. Scholars have moved beyond a purely functionalist approach to the study of religion. They have uncovered the two-sided nature of church–state relations, one marked by conflict and cooperation, the connection between religion and politics, the link between Central American Catholicism, and the global Catholic Church, and the history of lay agency within religious institutions.
Belize
Authors: Moberg Mark
Published: September 2020

Belize’s history and politics reflect the country’s anomalous position between the Anglophone Caribbean and Hispanic Central America. Older historical narratives emphasized its exceptionalism as the region’s sole British colony, associating national identity with its creole (English-speaking) residents. Official discourses belied the country’s actual ethnic complexity, and patterns of wealth and land distribution that mirrored the inequities of the neighboring countries. Recent historiography has emphasized its arduous path to independence, which was complicated by colonial intransigence to self-governance and a long-standing Guatemalan territorial claim. Belize’s contemporary challenges stem from its political affinities with the Commonwealth and geographic location in Central America. Like most of the Caribbean, its agricultural economy has been wracked by market liberalization, caused by the loss of EU trade preferences. Migration from other Central American countries and between Belize and the United States has reshaped the country’s demography, heightening inequities rooted in the colonial era.
The Role of the Feedback Environment in Self-Development
Authors: Drawbaugh Montana L. , Gianelloni John E. , Levy Paul E.
Published: September 2020

Many organizations have moved away from taking sole responsibility for employee development. Instead, they offer a variety of developmental opportunities, place the impetus on employees to take advantage of these opportunities, and encourage them to seek out other developmental activities when needed. This trend highlights both the importance of employees taking responsibility to engage in self-development efforts as well as the need to investigate factors that predict such self-development. In this chapter, the authors take the stance that supervisors play a key role in facilitating self-development of employees and, in particular, argue that a favorable supervisor feedback environment can empower employees to engage in self-development efforts. To set a foundation for this discussion, the authors begin by defining self-development and differentiating it from similar constructs. Subsequently, they define the feedback environment and outline the existing research in this area. They then bridge these two areas of literature and discuss how the feedback environment relates to the self-development of employees, highlighting a few key theoretical and empirical works supporting this relationship along the way. Finally, the authors offer practical implications for organizations as well as numerous future research directions for scholars.
Performance Management
Authors: Mone Edward M.
Published: September 2020

Performance management, a critical business process, is discussed in this chapter as a framework for driving continuous learning at the individual, team, and organizational levels, with an emphasis on the manager–employee relationship. The concepts of learning, continuous learning, and performance management are introduced, defined, and framed, setting the foundation for the subsequent discussion of each key component of the performance management process—goal setting, feedback, development, and appraisal—and its role in driving continuous learning. The discussion emphasizes the importance of goal cascading and alignment, the impact and influence of both performance and development goals on defining directions for continuous learning, understanding the conditions that enable the positive impact of feedback, knowing the factors that can promote employee development and continuous learning, and knowing how to use both informal and formal performance appraisals to identify, define, and plan for continuous learning. The chapter closes with a summary reinforcing the role of performance management as a framework for driving continuous learning in organizations.
Designing Collaboration Learning Work Experiences
Authors: Hall M. J. , Patel Laleh
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the importance of collaboration as a skill for leadership in an age of technology disruptions. It introduces a community-based framework for creating collaborative environments that has applications for a variety of contexts. The framework includes the following elements: a common goal related to a mutual work challenge or interest; a collaborative co-design mindset where participants cooperatively work together to gain new information and insights; a network of people connected in ways that build relationships based on shared needs and experiences; a structured, guided process to ensure a disciplined game plan; a variety of tools, techniques, and methods from various disciplines including such as and Design Thinking to enable a disciplined yet flexible approach for finding solutions; a technology-based platform for knowledge management and communications; and an intentional focus on learning. To make the framework realistic, the chapter provides examples for each component from a professional consortium for senior talent development professionals, the Association for Talent Development ATD Forum. These examples are from the forum’s interactive semiannual labs, a primary method for members to build relationships by connecting, collaborating, learning/sharing with each other in an experimental lab environment. The labs reflect the forum’s focus on performance and learning as a journey and the penchant for evidence-based research. It is a venue to gain insights on current topics, to practice using collaborative tools, and to benchmark other members. Labs enable participants to use the learning in their own practices and to share what they do via a webcast.
Beyond Schooling
Authors: Rowell Carli , Osborne Michael
Published: September 2020

This chapter provides an overview of adult and lifelong education through the lens of the learning city, considering the history of this concept’s formation and the ways in which it is defined and evaluated, in particular in the global south. The chapter provides a number of examples as to what a learning city looks like in practice and includes a discussion regarding the ways in which learning cities have been actualized across the globe. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the value of creating networks and sharing initiatives, taking into account that this should recognize that learning city initiatives often have a local and place-specific context.
Learning Challenges for Adults with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Mostert Mark P. , Spaulding Lucinda S.
Published: September 2020

Approximately one-third (33.6%) of all students receiving special education services in schools in the United States are classified with a learning disability (LD). Similar to school-aged children with LD, adults with LD experience unique challenges as they transition from high school and enter postsecondary institutions and the workplace. This chapter discusses the characteristics of adults with LD and their learning challenges as they adapt to increasing demands in higher education and the workforce. Laws related to accommodating adults with LD in postsecondary institutions and work settings are addressed, and the skills and strategies necessary for adults with LD to successfully transition from dependence to independence are also detailed.
Unexpected Employment Transitions and Lifelong Learning
Authors: Meerkins Tera M. , Blustein David L. , DuPerry Kahlil , Erby Whitney
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores the shared space between career development and lifelong learning approaches, which is particularly evident when considering unexpected employment transitions.Given the prevalence of unexpected transitions among those who have been marginalized from the labor market in the midst of a drastically changing work landscape, the authors advocate for the application of the psychology of working theory (PWT) as a conceptual framework for innovative and integrative approaches to lifelong learning. PWT offers a perspective that focuses on both individual and systemic changes to fully mobilize people and communities for an inclusive and transformative approach to establishing a meaningful and stable work life. The chapter concludes with recommendations for an integrative career development and lifelong learning framework that fosters psychological resources in addition to skills and knowledge development and advocates for system-level changes in order to meet the changing needs of society’s most marginalized individuals.