bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life on Air
Authors: Hendy David
Published: November 2023

Radio Four has been described as 'the greatest broadcasting channel in the world', the 'heartbeat of the BBC', a cultural icon of Britishness, and the voice of Middle England. Defined by its rich mix, encompassing everything from journalism and drama to comedy, quizzes, and short-stories, its programmes - such as Today,The Archers, Woman's Hour, The Hitchhiker's Guide To the Galaxy, Gardeners' Question Time, and The Shipping Forecast - have been part of British life for decades. Others, less successful, have caused offence and prompted derision. Born as it was in the Swinging Sixties, Radio Four's central challenge has been to change with the times, while trying not to lose faith with those who see it as a standard-bearer for quality, authoritativeness, or simply 'old-fashioned' BBC values. In this first major behind-the-scenes account of the station's history, David Hendy - a former producer for Radio Four - draws on privileged access to the BBC's own archives and new interviews with key personnel to illuminate the arguments and controversies behind the creation of some of its most popular programmes. He reveals the station's struggle to justify itself in a television age, favouring clear branding and tightly-targeted audiences, with bitter disputes between the BBC and its fiercely loyal listeners. The story of these struggles is about more than the survival of one radio network: Radio Four has been a lightning rod for all sorts of wider social anxieties over the past forty years. A kaleidoscopic view of the changing nature of the BBC, the book provides a gripping insight into the very nature of British life and culture in the last decades of the twentieth century.
Politics and Permissiveness
Authors: Hendy David
Published: November 2023

The 1970s was, by most accounts, a peevish decade in the conduct of public affairs in Britain. Looking back, the journalist Christopher Booker, who had once written of the expansiveness and sense of possibility that marked the 1960s, described the prevailing mood that followed as ‘a somewhat weary, increasingly conservative, increasingly apprehensive disenchantment ‘. The international collapse of the fixed exchange-rate system and OPEC ‘s dramatic oil price rises in 1973 knocked a widespread faith in gradual material progress and replaced it with economic stagflation and talk of ‘diminishing expectations ‘.
Roman Britain
Authors: Ireland Stanley
Published: November 2023

Hodgson, Nick; Griffiths, Bill. ‘Wallsend: where did they keep the horses in Roman forts?’, Current Archaeology 164:14.8 (1999), 284–89.Hoffmann, Birgitta. ‘Use of space and variability of ground plans: a study of legionary centurions’ quarters’, A55, 83–89.Howard-Davis, Christine; Buxton, K. Roman forts in the Fylde: excavations at Dowbridge, Kirkham(Lancaster: Centre for North West Regional Studies, Lancaster University, 2000), xii, 106p.Keppie, Lawrence. ‘Legio VIIII in Britain: the beginning and the end’, A21, 83–100.Lowe, C.E.; Moloney, R. ‘Excavation of the Roman temporary camps at Dullatur, north Lanarkshire’, Britannia 31 (2000), 239–53.
Britain Since 1914
Authors: Capet Antoine
Published: November 2023

Annan, Noel. ‘Our Age revisited’, A138, 265–80.Black, Jeremy.Modern British history since 1900 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2000), xx, 378p.Wynne Lewis, J. ‘Dau Forwr Cymreig’, Maritime Wales 20 (1999), 80–83.Addison, Paul. ‘British historians and the debate over the “postwar consensus”‘, A138, 255–64. Bagworth-Mann, Hazel.
Scotland Before The Union
Authors: Kirk James
Published: November 2023

Ballantyne, John H.; Smith, Brian (eds.) Shetland documents 1195–1579 (Lerwick: Shetland Islands Council & the Shetland Times, 1999), xxii, 359p.Cowan, Edward J.; McDonald, Russell Andrew (eds.) Alba: Celtic Scotland in the middle ages(East Linton: Tuckwell, 2000), xiv, 282p.Cummins, Walter Arthur. The Picts and their symbols (Stroud: Sutton, 1999),218p.Emery, N. ‘The impact of the outside world on St Kilda:the artefact evidence’, A8, 161–66.Macdougall, Norman.‘L’Ecosse à la fin du XIIIe siècle: un royaume men-acé’, A130, 9–22.
‘The Sikh who killed the Reverend was a known bhang drinker’: Medicine, Murder, and Madness in Mid-century
Authors: Mills James H
Published: November 2023

In the thirty years after William O’Shaughnessy’s experiments in Calcutta attitudes towards cannabis began to sharpen across the British scientific community. In Britain itself cannabis medicines enjoyed some popularity among doctors who were inspired by O’Shaughnessy’s work and who happily conducted their own experiments on themselves and their patients. However, in the empire British officers gathered evidence that convinced the Government of India that there was a direct link between cannabis use and mental illness. This, together with the connection that was becoming established in many official minds in that country between crime and hemp preparations that was discussed in the previous chapter, meant that the British in India began to view cannabis with grave suspicion and to go as far as to consider ways of prohibiting its use in the country. This chapter will explore these decades of contrasting opinions among British doctors and administrators around the world and will examine the evidence that many of them produced in support of their assertion that cannabis use led to insanity. It will demonstrate that this evidence was in fact deeply flawed.
‘The lunatic asylums of India are filled with ganja smokers’: Ganja in Parliament, 1891-1894
Authors: Mills James H
Published: November 2023

Drawing on information from the subcontinent, Mark Stewart MP stood up in the House of Commons on 16 July 1891 ‘to ask the Under-Secretary of State for India whether his attention has been called to the statement in the Allahabad Pioneer of the 10th May last that ganja “which is grown, sold and excised under much the same conditions as opium”, is far more harmful than opium, and that “the lunatic asylums of India are filled with ganja smokers” ‘. He pressed his point, asking further of the Under- Secretary ‘whether he is aware that the possession and sale of ganja has been prohibited for many years past in Lower Burma and that the exclusion of the drug was stated in the Excise Report of that province for 1881-2 to have been “of immense benefit to the people” ‘. The reason for his curiosity was that he wanted to know ‘whether he [the Under-Secretary of State] will call the attention of the Government of India to the desirability of extending the same prohibition to the other Provinces of India?’
‘An outcome of cases that have come before the police courts of the use of hashish’: DORA, the First World War, and the Domestic Drug Scares of the 1920s
Authors: Mills James H
Published: November 2023

On 11 May 1916 the Army Council passed an order that forbade the sale of Indian hemp to any member of the Armed Forces unless the transaction was ordered by a doctor or pharmacist on a written prescription that was dated and signed by him and marked ‘not to be repeated’. This order was also applied to cocaine and opium, codeine, heroin, and morphine. How- ever, later in the year when similar restrictions were extended to the rest of the population in the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) it seems that Indian hemp was not on the list of substances to be controlled. Indeed, with the end of hostilities the 1916 DORA wartime regulations were placed on a permanent footing in the Dangerous Drugs Acts of 1920 and 1923 but once again cannabis was not caught up in the regulations and it remained freely available and unaffected by these new controls.
Society, community, and identity
Authors: Hines John
Published: November 2023

Anyone wishing to understand the life and relationships of the population of Britain and Ireland in the first four centuries of the post-Roman Middle Ages truly has to peer into a melting pot. In Britain, as elsewhere, the breakdown of the Roman imperial order in western Europe saw the emergence of entirely new nations and identities. The most conspicuous change was the introduction of Germanic culture and language from the Continent to create a new English identity and culture (which we usually call ‘Anglo-Saxon’) over much of southern Britain.
The art of authority
Authors: O’Reilly Jennifer
Published: November 2023

The utter remoteness of the islands at the north-westerly limits of the Ocean and the barbarian nature of their inhabitants was a common place or topos in the work of Roman poets and historians. They therefore regarded the partial conquest of Britain, the largest in the skein of islands at the furthest edge of the inhabited world, as a symbol of Rome’s universal dominion and civilizing role.
Allusion to the Poets
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: November 2023

Allusion to the words and phrases of ancestral voices is one of the hiding-places of poetry’s power. Poets appreciate the great debts that they owe to previous poets, and are often duly and newly grateful. Allusion to the Poets consists of twelve essays – four published here for the first time – on allusion and its relations, in particular on the use that poets in English have made of the very words of poets in English. The first half of the book, on ‘The Poet as Heir’, consists of six chapters devoted to individual poets, Augustan, Romantic, and Victorian: Dryden and Pope, Burns, Wordsworth, Byron, Keats, and Tennyson. Allusion is always a form of inheritance, not to be hoarded or squandered. The critical and creative question is its imaginative co-operation with other kinds of legacy – with whatever for a particular poet or for a particular time is judged to be an unignorable inheritance: of a throne, perhaps, or of land; of intermixed languages; of the human senses; of money; of literature itself; or of our planet, long-lived but not eternal. The second half of the book is six essays on allusion’s affiliations: to plagiarism (allusion being plagiarism’s responsible opposite); to metaphor (allusion being a form that metaphor may take); to loneliness in poetry (allusion constituting company). And on allusion within poetry to prose (A E. Housman); on translation as exercising allusion (David Ferry); and on the clash between one poet’s practice and his critical principles (Yvor Winters).
The Pursuit of Metaphor
Authors: Ricks Christopher
Published: November 2023

My own quandary is immeasurably less important (except to me) but not less real. When this collection of essays (What’s Happened to the Humanities?) was being bruited, I found myself saying at an explorers’ meeting that instead of everybody’s talking, yet once more, about ‘the state of the humanities’ and the changes and chances of late, those of us who resist the claims of certain recent developments—as not truly or not sufficiently developments at all—would do better to get on with such work as we believe in.
Is Linguistics a Branch of Psychology?
Authors: Laurence Stephen
Published: November 2023

According to Noam Chomsky’s well-known and influentional account, linguistics is properly conceived of as a branch of cognitive psychology. Linguistics studies one aspect of the mind, namely our ‘competence’ or knowledge of the natural language we speak. This view is widely endorsed by linguists, but has encountered considerable and sustained resistance among philosophers. Though the issue has been much debated, it seems far from settled. It would certainly be interesting if it could be shown, for example, that the Chomskian approach was fundamentally in error (perhaps embodying some deep confusion), or that linguistics could not be thought of as a scientific discipline, or that some different conception of linguistics was manifestly superior. However, the kinds of considerations philosophers have raised do not in fact show anything of this sort.
Linguistics is Not Psychology
Authors: Devitt Michael
Published: November 2023

The wonderfully successful research programme in linguistics initiated and sustained by Noam Chomsky starts from the assumption that a person competent in a language knows that language. The programme then deﬁnes the linguistic tasks in terms of this knowledge.
Knowledge of Meaning
Authors: Schiffer Stephen
Published: November 2023

Every speaker knows what numerous expressions mean. In what does such knowledge consist? What is it to know what an expression means? In asking this question, I amusing ‘know’ and ‘means’ in ordinary, non-technicalways. There may be legitimate technical senses of ‘know’ or ‘means’ that would yield a different question and have a different answer, and later I shall touch on this, but in this paper my question is the non-technical one. The question interests me because I believe its answer has important implications both for the nature of meaning and for foundational questions about language understanding. The question needs reﬁnement, but some progress can be made with it even before it is recast.
Externalism, Logical Form, and Linguistic Intentions
Authors: Ludlow Peter
Published: November 2023

Externalism is often characterized as the doctrine that the contents of our mental states are determined at least in part by the external environment. But why should externalists stop with psychological contents? Why can the forms of those mental states not be sensitive to environmental conditions as well? There is, of course, a standard supposition that even if the contents of our mental states are externally ﬁxed, the forms of our mental states supervene directly on our physical microstructure, but what basis is there for this supposition? More to the point, why should thoroughgoing externalists accept the supposition? Still more, why can the externalist not go one step further and argue that the logical form of our utterances is also sensitive to external conditions? In this paper I explore the possibility of being an externalist about logical form in this sense, and I shall argue that the position needs to be taken seriously, and indeed, that it offers some interesting perspectives on at least one long-standing philosophical puzzle.
Social Ontology and the Philosophy of Society
Authors: Searle John R
Published: November 2023

The argument of this chapter will be a summary of some of the themes in my book The Construction of Social Reality  2 and a continuation of the line of argument I presented there. I want to make a plea for a branch of philosophy that in English speaking countries does not yet exist. It is what we might call the ‘philosophy of society’ and I see this subject as centering essentially around questions of social ontology.
Artifacts: Parts and Principles
Authors: Grandy Richard E
Published: November 2023

In thinking about artifacts and concepts of artifacts, it is difficult to know where one should start let alone where one hopes to end. As always, we want to do justice to our intuitions, but there is the question of who the ‘we/our’ is and whether the intuitions are coherent. For example, there are three metaphysical principles which are widely accepted and which come into conflict. One is that in some sense of basic physical objects, objects are spatially continuous; the second is that objects are temporally continuous; and the third is that when I disassemble a bicycle and reassemble it a week later it is the same bicycle.
On the Place of Artifacts in Ontology
Authors: Elder Crawford L
Published: November 2023

Suppose that a carpenter shapes pieces of wood and arranges them together so as to compose a desk. In ontological strictness, what has happened? Is it just that certain pieces of wood or bundles of cellulose fibers have gotten arranged differently towards one another, or has some object different in kind from either the pieces or the bundles been created? Suppose that the desk gets crushed, perhaps by a collapsing roof, and no longer can function as a desk.
Artifact Categorization: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Authors: Malt Barbara C , Sloman Steven A
Published: November 2023

A sizeable subfield of cognitive psychology is devoted to how humans categorize entities in their world, yet there has been little explicit consideration of what it means to categorize. One straightforward perspective, the one perhaps held at an intuitive level by most laypeople, is that categories are objectively defined, metaphysically real groupings of entities.
Seedless Grapes: Nature and Culture
Authors: Sperber Dan
Published: November 2023

A fruit is the mature ovary of a plant. Its main biological function is to ensure the protection and dissemination of the seeds it encloses. In the case of fleshy fruits, dissemination is achieved by attracting animals who eat the fruit, digest the sweet softer flesh, and either regurgitate or excrete the harder seeds at some distance from the plant. Humans, however, have evolved, through artificial selection, plants that produce seedless fruits, such as bananas, Thomson grapes, or Arrufatina clementines. Seedless grapes provide an arresting example of the more general issue I want to address in this chapter.
How to Refer to Artifacts
Authors: Kornblith Hilary
Published: November 2023

In the 1970s, a consensus began to emerge about the mechanisms of reference for proper names and natural kind terms. As a result of the work of Donnellan (1966), Kaplan (1979), Kripke (1980), and Putnam (1975), a descriptions-based theory of reference was largely rejected in favor of a causal, historical or direct theory of reference. On a simple descriptions-based account, a speaker uses a name to refer to an individual when that speaker associates a description with that name, where the description uniquely picks out the referent.
Water as an Artifact Kind
Authors: Bloom Paul
Published: November 2023

Psychological essentialism is the claim that people tacitly believe that some categories have ‘essences’ (e.g. Bloom 2000, 2004; Gelman 2003; Gelman and Hirschfeld 1999; Medin and Ortony 1989). These essences determine category membership and are, in the normal course of affairs, causally responsible for observable properties of category members. For instance, people might believe that all tigers share a hidden property that causes them to look and act like tigers. If one took a tiger and altered it so that it looks more like a lion, it would still be considered a tiger, because it still has the right essence.
The Conceptual Foundations of Animals and Artifacts
Authors: Mandler Jean M
Published: November 2023

The thesis of this chapter is that concepts of animals and artifacts begin to be developed in early infancy. Animals and artifacts, of course, represent a distinction between animate and inanimate things. However, although animals are differentiated from other things (including plants) at an early age, virtually all the infant research on inanimates has been confined to artifacts. So we do not know what infants think about other inanimate kinds, such as rocks, shells, pieces of driftwood, or slices of meat.
Animal Artifacts
Authors: Gould James L
Published: November 2023

What is an animal artifact? The first definition of ‘artifact’ in my dictionary reads ‘a simple object (as a tool or ornament) showing human workmanship or modification’ (Merriam 1981). The next two definitions are of equally little help in providing a guide to the meaning of animal artifact: ‘a product of civilization’, and ‘a product of artistic endeavor’.
Personal Stats
Authors: Alexander Catherine
Published: November 2023

Catherine Alexander charts how Turkish people, both within and outside the state bureaucracy, attempt to personalise the impersonality of the state. Based on a detailed study of the nationalized Turkish Sugar Corporation, she considers how people from the highest levels of the state bureaucracy to farming villages understand 'the state', and how, in turn, they imagine themselves to be perceived. The narratives and metaphors used in these constructions draw on resources close to hand such as the material organization of state factory compounds, state personnel encountered in the course of everyday life, and the image of the family structure. By also exploring notions of state and personhood within the highest echelons of the administration itself, Alexander shows how ideas of 'the state' recede once one is actually 'within'. For officials the state becomes other institutions and Ministries with which they have little contact. The continual process of striving to make connections with other groups and people occurs both at all hierarchical levels of the Sugar Corporation and between farmers and factory engineers. This elegant, nuanced ethnography of modernity will cause scholars of state institutions across a broad range of disciplines radically to rethink what 'the state' actually is, and the relations that create it, thus taking understandings of the state to an entirely new level.
Histories: ‘Time and the Self
Authors: Alexander Catherine
Published: November 2023

In The ComfiJrters, Muriel Spark moves her characters into the position of having presence only while interacting with other characters. The implied question to this fictional form seems to be: where the process of making is continuous, what happens to the made thing when it is not being made? Taking the pattern of effects to its extreme point, Spark’s characters physically vanish when out of conceptual sight. It is a difficult literary trick to pull off, as observing and thinking about the absence of the character necessarily re-foregrounds their presence. Characters literally flicker in and out of view as they participate in the action, are acted upon, or temporarily vanish, having no part to play. Questions of agency ripple through the novel, although drenched with a Roman Catholic sensibility.
The Moorish Other
Authors: Balfour Sebastian
Published: November 2023

The social organization and culture of northern Morocco bafﬂed most of the Spanish colonial military. Its ﬂuid, segmented society was not easy to understand for Europeans brought up in a codified, class-based, and at least formally democratic system. The structures of the Sultanate held sway over most of the towns but exercised little control over the countryside, despite the presence of the sultan’s representatives.
The Reconquest of Spain
Authors: Balfour Sebastian
Published: November 2023

The military uprising in Morocco, in contrast to Spain, was almost immediately successful. By the evening of 18 July all of Spanish Morocco was in rebel hands. The overwhelming majority of ofﬁcers and soldiers of the Army of Africa supported the insurrection once it began. In comparison to their counterparts in Spain, the obstacles the rebels faced in Morocco were feeble. The balance of forces gave them a devastating advantage over Spaniards loyal to the government. Facing them were only a handful of ofﬁcers appointed for their allegiance to the Republic, a comparatively small number of loyal Assault Guards and Civil Guards, and groups of Spanish workers with hardly any weapons.
Garrison Life in Coifu 1858-1864
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: November 2023

Corfu is the most southerly of the string of seven Ionian Islands which stretch north-south at the point where the Adriatic meets the Ionian Sea between the Italian and Albanian-Greek coasts. The islands had been under Venetian control for many centuries until they were occupied, first by the French, then by the British, during the Napoleonic Wars. Their putative independence was acknowledged at the Congress of Vienna in 1814.
Staff Officer and Military Reformer 1867-1872
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: November 2023

Baring soon found his return to army life ‘ uncongenial’ . It must also have been a considerable anticlimax after his nine years in Corfu and Malta. And though nearer to Ethel geographically, he was no nearer to be being able to afford to marry. The only incident of any interest which he records in the ‘ Biographical Notes’ about his life at this time was also unlikely to have made him feel better about the problems posed by a mixed marriage.
Marriage, the End of a Military Career, and Off to the East Again 1876-1879
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: November 2023

Evelyn Baring returned from India in May 1876 determined to marry and to settle down in England. All the obstacles had now been removed. He had managed to save part of his Indian salary and to this could be added a small legacy from his mother as well as the money Ethel had inherited from her father after his death and then the sale of his Puddington house in June 1875.Just as important, Sir Rowland’ s death seems to have removed the final obstacle to his daughter marrying a non-Catholic in a non-Catholic church.
Asserting British Control 1887-1891
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: November 2023

Baring returned to Egypt in the autumn of 1887 with two major priorities: the further assertion of British control, particularly in matters concerning the courts and the police, and the inauguration of a campaign to convince party leaders and their followers in London that the British were better governors of Egypt than the Egyptians themselves. Success was still not completely assured. In spite of the breakdown of the Drummond Wolff Convention, there was continued talk of evacuation by certain British politicians, both in and out of power.
Things Fall Apart 1904-1907
Authors: Owen Roger
Published: November 2023

Cromer rightly saw the Anglo-French Agreement of 1904 as a great personal triumph. It also seemed to pave the way for the accomplishment of his ultimate goal: the abolition of the Capitulations as the last international barrier to unfettered British control. This was to become his main preoccupation during what proved to be his final three years in Egypt, 1904-7. He was also fortunate, at least in the short run, to preside over an explosive economic boom in which land prices and rents soared as the result of what the American Consul-General called the ‘ profuse introduction of loanable capital’ .
Connecting Paradigms :Person Paradigms through Time and Space
Authors: Cysouw Michael
Published: November 2023

Pronominal elements are among the most popular linguistic items for comparative research into the history and prehistory of language. The famous Analytical Comparison of the Sanskrit, Greek, Latin and Teutonic Languagesby Bopp (1974 [1816/20]), one of the major early landmarks of the historical-comparative method, is a comparison of pronominal elements in different Indo-European languages. Pronominal elements have remained an important source of information in the historical-comparative line of research until the present day. In this extensive body of work, the locus of investigation has always been the individual pronominal elements. Although it is widely acknowledged that pronominal elements are bound into a paradigm, the paradigmatic structure as a whole has never been consistently included in a diachronic investigation. Such an investigation would ideally lead to a history of the structure of the paradigm, which is a different level of analysis altogether. In this and the following chapter, an attempt will be made to formulate a first outline of a theory on change of pronominal paradigms as a whole. This outline will be based on the typological investigations from the previous chapters. In this chapter, the typological results from Chapter 4 will be used to investigate changes in paradigmatic structure. In that chapter, the major paradigmatic structures unmarked for specific numbers were summarized in two hierarchies: the Explicitness Hierarchy and the Horizontal Homophony Hierarchy. In this chapter, these synchronic hierarchies will be taken as hypotheses for the path-ways of change of paradigmatic structure, to be tested by a collection of cognate paradigms. In the next chapter, the same method will be used to investigate the Dual Explicitness Hierarchy, as developed in Chapter 7.
Phonology
Authors: Fox Anthony
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 phonology was introduced as that part of linguistics which is concerned with pronunciation. In this chapter we shall be examining in some detail the phonology of German, but in order to do this we shall need to make a little more precise the scope and meaning of the term ‘phonology’ itself.
Lexical Semantics
Authors: Fox Anthony
Published: November 2023

We have so far been concerned primarily with the ‘formal’ aspects of language: with the various units, categories, structures, rules, etc. in terms of which German may be described. Though we have by no means ignored the meanings of these (some attention was given to the meanings of grammatical categories in Chapter 4, for example), meaning has mostly been kept in the background, in an attempt to focus attention on the forms themselves. The balance will to some extent be redressed in this chapter, where we turn our attention more explicitly to matters of meaning.
William Carleton in Retrospect: The Irish Prophecy Man
Authors: Fegan Melissa
Published: November 2023

Ben Okri wrote (in the very different context of the execution of Ken Saro Wiwa): ‘If you want to know what is happening in an age or in a nation, find out what is happening to the writers, the town criers; for they are the seismographs that calibrate impending earthquakes in the spirits of the times.’ William Carleton is one such seismograph, charting the political, historical, and literary earthquakes of his Ireland. In his lifetime, Carleton never had to defend his right to describe Famine Ireland, as Anthony Trollope had. A ‘peasant’s son’, he was able to use his privileged access to the dying Gaelic Ireland to help originate a new Irish literature, based in and on Ireland.
Morphology
Authors: Watson Janet C E
Published: November 2023

Morphology deals with the way in which words are constructed. Morphology also accounts for morphological variation—that is, allomorphy. Within a phonological framework, morphology is important insofar as certain phonological rules are sensitive to morphological structure and are restricted to applying within specific derived morphological domains, while other phonological rules are insensitive to morphological structure. For example, coronal plosive voicing in San’ani requires no morphological specification and applies whenever a coronal plosive occurs in intervocalic or word-initial position (see Section 9.2.7).
Lexical Phonology
Authors: Watson Janet C E
Published: November 2023

This chapter and the final two chapters of the book deal with general phonological processes. Phonological processes fall into two broad classes: those which are sensitive to lexical information and morphological structure, and those which do not exhibit such sensitivity. Processes which are insensitive to morphological structure take place after the elimination of all morphological cues. In a language such as English, with a mainly concatenative morphology, morphemic distinctions are encoded by means of labelled brackets which are removed at the end of each lexical cycle through Bracket Erasure:
Post-Lexical Phonology
Authors: Watson Janet C E
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines phonological processes which occur following complete Tier Conflation and the erasure of morpheme nodes. These processes do not require access to morphological information, are purely phonologically conditioned, and may introduce or refer to non-contrastive segments (cf. Kaisse and Shaw 1985: 4–5). An example of the introduction of non-contrastive segments is nasal place assimilation in Cairene and San’ani where /n/ to the left of a labio-dental /f/ is realized as a labio-dental nasal—a sound which does not constitute part of the phoneme inventory. Another example is where the voiced bilabial stop /b/ is devoiced in utterance-final position in both dialects and realized as a voiceless bilabial stop—a sound which is not attested in the phoneme inventory of either dialect. As in Chapter 8, I consider prosodic processes and then melodic processes. Under melodic processes, I restrict the discussion in this chapter to local assimilation processes. The long-distance spread of emphasis is examined in Chapter 10 as part of a wider consideration of the phenomenon of phonological emphasis. While prosodic processes outweigh melodic processes in the lexical phonology, there are considerably more melodic than prosodic processes in the post-lexical phonology.
Introduction:The College and the Middling Sort
Authors: Felling Margaret
Published: November 2023

The College of Physicians of London, With which this study begins, was the premier medical corporation of early modern England. However, it was a comparatively recent body, being founded by Thomas Linacre and other humanists under crown patronage in 1518. London’s Barber Surgeons’ Company, by contrast, formed by the combination of the Barbers with the much smaller group of surgeons in 1540, had its origins from before 1308. The Society of Apothecaries, the ‘third part’ of practice, emerged under the College’s aegis as late as 161 7, but apothecaries had been members of the Grocers’ Company, one of the twelve great livery companies, from the medieval padded.
Syllable Structure
Authors: Wheeler Max W
Published: November 2023

Catalan syllable structure and organization has now received considerable attention from phonologists with an Optimality perspective: see, in particular, Colina (1995), Serra (1996b), Jiménez (1999), and Dols (2000). It had already become a focus of interest in post-classical generative phonology (see Montreuil 1987a; 1987b; Wheeler 1987; Harris 1993; Palmada 1993), and Lloret (2002a) provides a theoretically informed descriptive account. The presentation I over here draws on many of the insights of this previous work, particularly the OT studies.
Coda Voicing Neutralization and Assimilation
Authors: Wheeler Max W
Published: November 2023

In the phonological literature Catalan is quite well known as an example of a language which neutralizes voice contrasts among obstruents in coda position. In this section I review the facts of contrast and neutralization among obstruents in Catalan (Recasens 1993: 170–72; Bonet & Lloret 1998: 103–5, 118–26; Palmada 2002). In (1) and (2) are displayed examples of voicing contrasts. In (1) we see obstruents contrasting in voicing in prevocalic onset position.
Patrons and the Exercise of Choice
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M
Published: November 2023

In January 1677, some three years before John Evelyn’s visit to Cassiobury, work on the shell of the new wings was nearing completion, and the architect, Hugh May, wrote to the earl of Essex requesting his guidance on a focal point of the external ornamentation:

Upon seaveral meetings and consultacons concerning the ffrontis’speece on the Corte side at Caishobury, Mr [Peter] Lely have made choice of this inclossed draft to be the most proper for a contrey scituacon representing, Diana and the countrey Nymphs . . . ; the workman that undertakes it; is a stranger . . . [but] Mr Lely (wth his Directions) is of the opinion that he will performed it very well and according to the model in Clay wch is Extraordinarie well done and much better then the Drauft inclossed, The Price that he demandes (forwork man ship only) is 2501i, But as yet I have not offered him above 200li . . . If your Excelled approve of the Drauft & price, I shall immeadiately upon receipt of yr Answer set the work in hand; But if yr Excellencie have any other thoughtes that any other subject will doe better bee pleassed to informe me & Mr Lely and myself will provide Drauftes accordingly and send them speedly to yr Excellencie for your Approbation.
Rescuing Emin Pasha (1888—1890)
Authors: Perras Arne
Published: November 2023

The failure to negotiate a final treaty with Said Bargash was a heavy blow for Peters. As his sister observed, he was ‘crushed in body and soul’ when he returned to Europe in early 1888. In fact, his future colonial career was seriously threatened. ‘The fight against Dr Peters ... starts with heavy guns’, Count Behr observed at the time,3 and Schroeder remarked to Palezieux: ‘I doubt that they will be willing to send out Peters again, and he will have to operate very skilfully if he does not want to fall alto gether.’
Mills In The Medieval Economy
Authors: Langdon John
Published: November 2023

The late medieval English milling industry epitomizes one of the most important technical achievements of early societies: the exploitation of wind, water and muscle power for augmenting human endeavours. Through a computerized analysis of the number and variety of mills in England from 1300 to 1540, as well as the technology, practices and personnel sustaining them, Langdon reveals the structural evolution of the milling industry, highlighting both its accomplishments and its limitations. Although it focuses on England during the later middle ages, the book's innovative methodologies and original findings will furnish useful comparative material for all scholars investigating pre-industrial societies. It also offers a challenging new perspective on the later middle ages as a time of change, in addition to providing enthusiasts of old technologies generally with a wealth of detail about one of the most recognizable and enduring features of medieval society.
England 1066–1500
Authors: Gee Austin
Published: November 2023

1383. Barron, Caroline M. ‘The reign of Richard II’, A222, 297-333. 1384. Brand, Paul A. (ed.) Curia Regis rolls of the reign of Henry III, volume 18:27 to 30 Henry III. Woodbridge: Boydell, 1999. xxiv, 490p. 1385. Church, S.D. The household knights of King John. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. xix, 177p. 1386. Church, S.D. (ed.) The Pakenham cartulary for the manor of Ixworth Thorpe, Suffolk, c.1250-c.1320 (Suffolk Records Society, Suffolk Charters, 17). Woodbridge: Boydell, 2001. xiv, 117p. 1387. Cornford, Barbara. Medieval Flegg: two Norfolk hundreds in the middle ages: East and West Flegg, 1086-1500. Dereham: Larks Press, 2002. 203p.
Courts and Conflict in Twelfth-Century Tuscany
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: November 2023

The twelfth century in Italy is seen as a period of major institutional and political changes: the origin of the communes, and of the Norman state in the south. It is also the period of the ‘rediscovery’ of Roman law and the fast development of canon law, both of which were spearheaded in Italy. But the exact content of these major shifts is considerably less clear. Arguably, the twelfth century in the north and centre of Italy was the period of the weakest political structures in the whole period from 700 to the present; the early city states were uncertain entitiies for a long time, operating with very ad hoc procedures. But people had to live their lives in this framework nonetheless; one of the best sorts of evidence we have is records of court proceedings, which begin to survive above all in the second half of the century. This book looks at the world of the slowly crystallising city states through the experience of ordinary people disputing with each other: what remedies did they use? what strategies? I argue here that they used the developing patterns of the communes, and also those of law, entirely pragmatically, selecting the parts of them that fitted best with their own assumptions about how to act in public, which were not necessarily those of the theorists. The book focuses on three cities in Tuscany: Lucca, Pisa, and Florence, and shows how people in each of these cities reacted differently to the social changes of the period. Throughout Tuscany, people - including judges -paid much attention to how violent public acts could legitimate public claims to rights, and were experts in the etiquette and meaning of such acts. Seen through this legal-anthropological analysis, the social history of the period looks very different.
Florence: Dispute Settletnent outside the City
Authors: Wickham Chris
Published: November 2023

FLORENCE HAS DOMINATED Tuscany, and (still more) historians of Tuscany, since the late thirteenth century. In our period, however, this centrality had not begun. The city had been an important residence of the Canossa marquises, but not to the extent of rivalling Lucca as the centre of the march; Lucca and Pisa were still the major political foci of Tuscany when Matilda died in III5, looking respectively landward and seaward.
Keynote—Mass Language Extinction and Documentation: The Race against Time
Authors: Krauss Michael E
Published: November 2023

I realize that there must be many people here who are attending a conference on the subject of Language Endangerment for the first time, and who may not have heard any of the information or opinions I shall begin this presentation with; on the other hand there are some people here, especially old friends and colleagues, who have heard this before, who I hope will be patient with me. To summarize: in a 1991 paper entitled “The world ‘s languages in cri- sis “ addressing the Linguistic Society of America, I presented my views on the impending global mass extinction of languages with these statistics: of the world ‘s 6,000 languages, 20 to 50 per cent already are or soon will be no longer spoken by children, i.e. are moribund, to become extinct during.
Documenting and/or Preserving Endangered Languages
Authors: Comrie Bernard
Published: November 2023

This chapter originated as a “general remarks “ response to the individual papers presented at the conference on endangered languages held in Kyoto at the end of 2000; some of these papers appear in revised form in the present volume. In my presentation, I have decided to concentrate on one topic that emerged recurrently in the papers presented, and this is the relationship between the documentation of endangered languages and the preservation of endangered languages. By documentation, I refer to archival materials on a language such that at least some aspects, and preferably as many as possible, of that language will be available to future generations even if the language dies out.
Semantics in Context
Authors: Stanley Jason
Published: November 2023

Consider an utterance of the sentence ‘Some philosophers are from New York’. If no philosopher in the world comes from New York, competent speakers of English know that it is false. They also know that this utterance is true if six philosophers in the world come from New York. In other words, competent English speakers have dear intuitions about the conditions under which what is said by an utterance of this sentence is true or false. The apparent source of such intuitions is not difficult to locate. Competent English speakers know the meanings of the words in the sentence ‘Some philosophers are from New York.’ They also know how to combine the meanings of each of the words in this sentence to arrive at what is said by the utterance of the sentence, ‘Some philosophers are from New York.’
Meaning before Truth
Authors: Pietroski Paul M
Published: November 2023

we cannot assume that statements (let alone sentences) have truth conditions. At most, they have something more complex: ‘truth indications’, in some sense. The issue is not ‘open texture’ or ‘family resemblance’ in the Wittgensteinian sense. Nor does the conclusion lend any weight to the belief that semantics is ‘holistic’ in the Quinean sense that semantic properties are assigned to the whole array of words, not to each individually. Each of these familiar pictures of the nature of meaning seems partially correct, but only partially. There is good evidence that words have intrinsic properties of sound, form, and meaning; but also open texture, which allows their meanings to be extended and sharpened in certain ways; and also holistic properties that allow some mutual adjustment.
Some Theoretical Hurdles
Authors: Gussmann Edmund
Published: November 2023

The present chapter is not an introduction to or even a survey of Government Phonology; listed in the Introduction are numerous sources available in the literature which can adequately serve the purpose of introducing or surveying the model. Here we would like to single out a few issues where clarfication seems particularly signficant in view of the use that will be made of them in the following chapters. Additionally, some ideas, while well entrenched with GP thinking, need not necessarily be obvious to followers of other frameworks, hence spelling out some details may remove misunderstandings. It should also make it possible for us to apply the model in the course of the analysis without interrupting the discussion by constant references to theoretical issues. Below we concentrate on three groups of problems which, needless to say, are interconnected.
Structure of the Syllable and the Vowel Presence
Authors: Gussmann Edmund
Published: November 2023

Polish consonantal clusters that have bedevilled phonologists of all sorts of theoretical persuasion are studied within the highly constrained GP theory of syllabic constituents. Existing consonant combinations result from licit constituents such as a branching onset or a coda and a branching-onset contact, but they also arise as a result of the vowel–zero alternations. These are interpreted as a consequence of a morphophonological mechanism which attaches floating melodies in some contexts but not in others.
Voice and Voice-Related Phenomena
Authors: Gussmann Edmund
Published: November 2023

The familiar Polish final devoicing is interpreted as the failure of the domain-final empty nucleus to license the element {L} in the preceding onset. The traditional voice assimilation domain-internally follows from a constraint which marks the last obstruent in a sequence as dominant and hence the preceding obstruents cannot differ from it in their speciﬁcation for tone. The two regularities are involved in word-boundary phenomena where additionally the picture is obscured by intervening sonorants. These are shown to follow from the role that empty nuclei play in the phonological well-formedness of words. The empty nuclei and the floating melodies are crucially involved in the unexpected behaviour of prepositions (and prefixes) before word-initial sonorants.
A Structural Account of Mathematics
Authors: Chihara Charles S
Published: November 2023

Charles Chihara’s new book develops and defends a structural view of the nature of mathematics, and uses it to explain a number of striking features of mathematics that have puzzled philosophers for centuries. The view is used to show that, in order to understand how mathematical systems are applied in science and everyday life, it is not necessary to assume that its theorems either presuppose mathematical objects or are even true. Chihara builds upon his previous work, in which he presented a new system of mathematics, the constructibility theory, which did not make reference to, or presuppose, mathematical objects. Now he develops the project further by analysing mathematical systems currently used by scientists to show how such systems are compatible with this nominalistic outlook. He advances several new ways of undermining the heavily discussed indispensability argument for the existence of mathematical objects made famous by Willard Quine and Hilary Putnam. And Chihara presents a rationale for the nominalistic outlook that is quite different from those generally put forward, which he maintains have led to serious misunderstandings. A Structural Account of Mathematics will be required reading for anyone working in this field.
The van Inwagen Puzzle
Authors: Chihara Charles S
Published: November 2023

What is a structure? Let’s start with what is more or less the standard explanation of the concept of structure by saying that a structure is a domain of objects, with one or more relations on that domain. What needs to be emphasized from the very beginning is that mathematicians and logicians frequently give what are called “specifications of structures”—what I prefer to call “structural descriptions”—that are abstract and general, leaving out of their specifications any mention of the particular objects in the domain of the structure.
Learning to Trade
Authors: Hohnen Pernille
Published: November 2023

In this chapter the emphasis will be on individual trading stories. Individual accounts of trial and error show which competencies were and are necessary to become a successful trader in post-Communist Lithuania as well as the changing conditions of trading.