bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping and estimating harvest potential of seaweed culture using Worldview-2 Satellite images: a case study in Nusa Lembongan, Bali − Indonesia
Authors: Pratama Indra , Albasri Hatim
Published: June 2021

Unreliable information on harvest potential is a persistent challenge for the Indonesian government and industry alike to manage an efficient supply chain of seaweed raw material. The use of remote sensing technology to assess seaweed harvest potential has been scarcely available in the literature. This current research aimed at estimating the harvest potential of seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii through remote sensing using supervised classification with maximum likelihood (MLC) and contextual editing (CE) methods. This research evaluated the capabilities of different band combinations along with depth invariant index (DII) to enhance the remote sensing accuracy in estimating seaweed harvest potential. The seaweed classification using Worldview-2 imagery was compared with the in-situ references (ground-truthing). The potential data bias resulted from different imagery acquisition timestamps with the in-situ measurement was kept minimal as both data time stamps were ten days apart and within the same seaweed culture cycle. The average dry weight of all seaweed samples collected during the research was 924 ± 278.91 g/m2 with culture ages between 1 and 40 days. The classification results based on MLC+CE with a 5-band combination method without DII showed a better correlation and closer fit with the in-situ references compared to the other methods, with an overall accuracy of 79.05% and Tau coefficient value of 0.75. The estimated total harvest potential based on the combined seaweed classes was 531.26 ± 250.29 tons dry weight.
How Safe and Effective Is Shifting from Pterional to Supraorbital Keyhole Approach for Clipping Ruptured Anterior Circulation Aneurysms? A Surgeon’s Transition Phase Comparative Study
Authors: Dhandapani Sivashanmugam , Narayanan Rajasekhar , Dhandapani Manju , Bhagat Hemant
Published: June 2021

Background Comparative studies between standard pterional and supraorbital keyhole approaches for aneurysms had potential biases with the heterogeneity of patient selection, differences among surgeons, or varying expertise across the surgeon’s learning curve. This is a study of a surgeon’s transition from pterional to keyhole approach for early clipping of selected consecutive ruptured anterior circulation aneurysms.

Methods Patients more than 18 years, presenting within 72 hours of ictus, in good clinical grades 1 to 3, no midline shift, with saccular aneurysms less than 25 mm at either communicating segment of internal carotid artery, anterior communicating artery, or middle cerebral artery segment till bifurcation were studied between the last 25 cases of pterional and first 25 cases of the keyhole, for the intraoperative and postoperative surgical outcome parameters.

Results There was no significant difference among baseline parameters, including the location of aneurysms across both groups. While only four cases of pterional had an intraoperative ventricular puncture, the lumbar drain was electively inserted in all keyhole patients. The intraoperative parameters, such as a dural tear, adequate parent vessel exposure, temporary clipping, and intraoperative rupture, did not show any significant difference. None had immediate postoperative deficits. While delayed cerebral ischemia and wound complaints were similar in both groups, temporal hollowing and chewing difficulty were significantly more in pterional patients(p= 0.01).

Conclusion A surgeon experienced in pterional approach can comfortably and safely shift to the keyhole for early clipping of selected ruptured aneurysms less than 25 mm, with a comparable surgical outcome but better cosmesis and mastication.
Less complex language, more participation: how consultation documents shape participatory patterns
Authors: Fink Simon , Ruffing Eva , Burst Tobias , Chinnow Sara Katharina
Published: June 2021

Consultations are thought to increase the legitimacy of policies. However, this reasoning only holds if stakeholders really participate in the consultations. Current scholarship offers three explanations for participation patterns: Institutional rules, policy characteristics, and interest group resources determine participation. This article argues that additionally the linguistic complexity of consultation documents influences participation. Complex language deters potential participants, because it raises the costs of participation. A quantitative analysis of the German consultation of electricity grids lends credibility to the argument: If the description of a power line is simplified between two consultation rounds, the number of contributions mentioning that power line increases. This result contributes to our understanding of unequal participation patterns, and the institutional design of participatory procedures. If we think that legitimacy is enhanced by broad participation, then language of the documents matters.
Space charge limited current for bipolar flow with uniform initial velocity
Authors: Liao Mei Yan , Yao Ruo He , Zhu Ying Bin
Published: June 2021

The characteristics of space charge limited (SCL) bipolar flow in a planar ion diode with uniform initial velocity are studied in terms of the potential distribution. As a negative potential minimum occurs, a general expression for the limiting current density as a function of the normalized initial kinetic energy of electron αe and ion αi, normalized potential minimum αm, and ratio of ion current density to electron current density q is shown to be given by Je=JCL[Γ(αe,αi,αm,q)]2 in the form of a definite integral, where the function Γ is independent of the gap voltage and gap spacing of the diode, and JCL is the classical Child–Langmuir law. According to the expression, the SCL current density can be found by traversing all the values of the potential minimum. We also proposed a separation method to numerically obtain the spatial profile of the electrostatic potential as a negative potential minimum develops in a steady state. The theoretical and numerical results are compared with some special cases that have been derived previously and also verified by the extrapolation method in the presence of ions.
Dyadic Green's function of plasmonic nano-antenna gratings on natural/artificial anisotropic thin films
Authors: Rafaei-Booket Mahmood , Bozorgi Mahdieh
Published: June 2021

We present an efficient technique to use the periodic method of moments (PMOM) in analyzing the plasmonic nano-antenna gratings (PNAGs) on natural/artificial anisotropic thin films. The artificial media are made up of two alternating isotropic regions in which the optic axis is chosen to be parallel to the period of grating due to its more complicated analysis. Dyadic Green's function (DGF) of these structures is obtained by utilizing the equivalent model of transmission line in Fourier domain and considering the plasmonic effects. Such a DGF is used in a series equation formulated for computing the effective electric currents induced on PNAG's surface. Solving such a series equation is carried out using Galerkin's version of PMOM with appropriate sub-domain functions. Using this technique, the scattering characteristics of different examples of double-screen PNAGs with homogeneous natural/inhomogeneous artificial anisotropic thin films are calculated. Assessment of this technique's efficiency is carried out by taking its cost–time and convergence rate vs truncation orders into account. It is shown that by using the developed technique, not only PNAGs with natural/artificial dielectrics can be analyzed within short time but also CPU and memory occupancies are reduced in comparison with commercial Electromagnetic (EM)-solvers.
Example of exponentially enhanced magnetic reconnection driven by a spatially bounded and laminar ideal flow
Authors: Boozer Allen H. , Elder Todd
Published: June 2021

In laboratory and natural plasmas of practical interest, the spatial scale Δd at which magnetic field lines lose distinguishability differs enormously from the scale a of magnetic reconnection across the field lines. In the solar corona, plasma resistivity gives a/Δd∼1012, which is the magnetic Reynolds number Rm. The traditional resolution of the paradox of disparate scales is for the current density j associated with the reconnecting field Brec to be concentrated by a factor of Rm by the ideal evolution, so j∼Brec/μ0Δd. A second resolution is for the ideal evolution to increase the ratio of the maximum to minimum separation between pairs of arbitrary chosen magnetic field lines, Δmax/Δmin, when calculated at various points in time. Reconnection becomes inevitable where Δmax/Δmin∼Rm. A simple model of the solar corona will be used for a numerical illustration that the natural rate of increase in time is linear for the current density but exponential for Δmax/Δmin. Reconnection occurs on a timescale and with a current density enhanced by only ln (a/Δd) from the ideal evolution time and from the current density Brec/μ0a. In both resolutions, once a sufficiently wide region, Δr, has undergone reconnection, the magnetic field loses static force balance and evolves on an Alfvénic timescale. The Alfvénic evolution is intrinsically ideal but expands the region in which Δmax/Δmin is large.
40 Gb/s quantum random number generation based on optically sampled amplified spontaneous emission
Authors: Guo Ya , Cai Qiang , Li Pu , Jia Zhiwei , Xu Bingjie , Zhang Qianwu , Zhang Yamei , Zhang Ruonan , Gao Zhensen , Shore K. Alan , Wang Yuncai
Published: June 2021

We present a photonic approach for fast quantum random number generation based on optically sampled amplified spontaneous emission (ASE). This approach utilizes a terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer to sample the ASE and then digitize the sampled optical pulses into random bits using a multi-bit parallel comparator. A proof-of-concept experiment demonstrates that 40 Gb/s random bits with verified randomness can be obtained using our method. The current generation rate is mainly limited by the bandwidth of the available ASE source.
Thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle for low-grade heat harnessing
Authors: Zhang Hang , Wang Qing
Published: June 2021

Low-grade heat (<100 °C) from natural sources, electronics, and industrial plants is abundant and ubiquitous and has great potential to be converted to electricity. Thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle is a promising method for effectively converting low-grade heat into electricity. In this review, the operating mechanism of thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle systems and the ways of evaluating their thermoelectric performance, based on apparent and absolute thermoelectric efficiency, are first introduced. The recent progress of electrically assisted thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle systems including the static, flow, redox targeting-based flow, and charging-free thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle systems is then critically reviewed. Although substantial progress has been made, challenges such as unsatisfactory thermoelectric efficiency, low power density, poor stability at high temperatures, and high cost remain, which hinders the practical use of thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle for low-grade heat harnessing. A perspective is thus provided with suggestions from the material aspects to system optimizations, which could potentially lead to a boost of the thermoelectric performance of thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle systems for practical applications.
A method to analyze current mismatch in a multijunction laser power converter based on I–V measurements
Authors: Wang An-Cheng , Sun Yu-Run , Yu Shu-Zhen , Yin Jia-Jing , Zhang Wei , Wang Jun-sheng , Fu Qiu-Xue , Dong Jian-Rong
Published: June 2021

Multiple steps are observed in the I–V curves of current-mismatched six-junction InGaAs laser power converters with the voltage ranging from reverse breakdown voltage to open circuit voltage. The formation mechanism of the I–V curves is analyzed using a series-connected device model. The voltage drops across subcells can be significantly different at a certain current, and the steps represent the subcell photocurrents. The photocurrents of subcells are experimentally determined, and the degree of current mismatch is obtained for a multijunction laser power converter (MJLPC), which provides useful information for the design and fabrication of high-efficiency MJLPC. In addition, the absorption coefficient of InGaAs is extracted based on the current mismatch degrees at different temperatures, providing another way to determine the active layer absorption coefficient of an MJLPC.
A perspective on curvilinear magnetism
Authors: Sheka Denis D.
Published: June 2021

By exploring geometry-governed magnetic interactions, curvilinear magnetism offers a number of intriguing effects in curved magnetic wires and curved magnetic films. Recent advances in experimental techniques change the status of curvilinear magnetism, allowing the exploitation of 3D curved nanomagnets in emerging devices with numerous applications. Here, we provide our Perspective on the recent progress, challenges, and prospects of curvilinear magnetism with a special focus on novel physical effects caused by tailoring curvature and topology of conventional magnetic materials.
Dominating migration barrier for intrinsic defects in gallium oxide: Dose-rate effect measurements
Authors: Azarov Alexander , Venkatachalapathy Vishnukanthan , Monakhov Edouard V. , Kuznetsov Andrej Yu.
Published: June 2021

Ion bombardment provides an opportunity to study basic properties of intrinsic defects in materials since the radiation-induced disorder accumulation depends on the balance between defect generation and migration rates. In particular, variation of such parameters as irradiation temperature and ion flux, known in the literature as dose-rate effect, interconnects the macroscopically measured lattice disorder with the migration barrier of the dominating defects. In this work, we measured the dose-rate effect in monoclinic gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3) and extracted its activation energy of 0.8 ± 0.1 eV in the range of 25–250 °C. Taking into account that the measurements were performed in the Ga-sublattice and considering 0.8 ± 0.1 eV in the context of theoretical data, we interpreted it as the migration barrier for Ga vacancies in β-Ga2O3, limiting the process. Additionally, we observed and took into account an interesting form of the lattice relaxation due to radiation-induced disorder buildup, interpreted in terms of the compressive strain accumulation, potentially trigging phase transitions in Ga2O3 lattice.
Antiferroelectric properties of ZrO2 ultra-thin films prepared by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Luo Xuan , Toprasertpong Kasidit , Takenaka Mitsuru , Takagi Shinichi
Published: June 2021

Antiferroelectric (AFE) properties of ultrathin ZrO2 films prepared by atomic layer deposition are systematically investigated with different film thicknesses and postmetallization annealing (PMA) temperatures. After wake-up, excellent AFE characteristics are observed for the ZrO2 thickness from 5.3 to 9.5 nm through the polarization–electric field and switching current–electric field measurements. The thickness dependence and PMA temperature dependence of AFE properties and their relations to the crystalline phase are discussed. The best AFE properties, such as the largest maximum polarization and a relatively small remanent polarization, are obtained in 6 nm-thick ZrO2 with 400 °C PMA, attributed to the existence of the highest ratio of a tetragonal phase in the film. AFE properties are relatively degraded in other thicknesses of ZrO2 films with 400 °C PMA, which is attributable to the existence of large amounts of an amorphous phase and a monoclinic phase in 5.3 and 9.5 nm-thick ZrO2 films, respectively. Furthermore, it is found that higher PMA temperature of 600 °C can lead to a relatively larger remanent polarization for AFE ZrO2 due to the increase in the ratio of the orthorhombic phase in ZrO2 films.
All-order explicitly correlated relativistic computations for atoms and molecules
Authors: Jeszenszki Péter , Ferenc Dávid , Mátyus Edit
Published: June 2021

A variational solution procedure is reported for the many-particle no-pair Dirac–Coulomb and Dirac–Coulomb–Breit Hamiltonians aiming at a parts-per-billion (ppb) convergence of the atomic and molecular energies, described within the fixed nuclei approximation. The procedure is tested for nuclear charge numbers from Z = 1 (hydrogen) to 28 (iron). Already for the lowest Z values, a significant difference is observed from leading-order Foldy–Woythusen perturbation theory, but the observed deviations are smaller than the estimated self-energy and vacuum polarization corrections.
Coupling of a single tin-vacancy center to a photonic crystal cavity in diamond
Authors: Kuruma Kazuhiro , Pingault Benjamin , Chia Cleaven , Renaud Dylan , Hoffmann Patrick , Iwamoto Satoshi , Ronning Carsten , Lončar Marko
Published: June 2021

We demonstrate optical coupling between a single tin-vacancy (SnV) center in diamond and a free-standing photonic crystal nanobeam cavity. The cavities are fabricated using quasi-isotropic etching and feature experimentally measured quality factors as high as ∼11 000. We investigate the dependence of a single SnV center's emission by controlling the cavity wavelength using a laser-induced gas desorption technique. Under resonance conditions, we observe an intensity enhancement of the SnV emission by a factor of 12 and a 16-fold reduction of the SnV lifetime. Based on the large enhancement of the SnV emission rate inside the cavity, we estimate the Purcell factor for the SnV zero-phonon line to be 37 and the coupling efficiency of the SnV center to the cavity, the β factor, to be 95%. Our work paves the way for the realization of quantum photonic devices and systems based on efficient photonic interfaces using the SnV color center in diamond.
The concept of substituent-induced force in the rationale of substituent effect
Authors: Fernández-González Miguel Ángel , Frutos Luis Manuel
Published: June 2021

Controlling the thermochemistry and kinetics of chemical reactions is a central problem in chemistry. Among factors permitting this control, the substituent effect constitutes a remarkable example. Here, we develop a model accounting for the effect of a substituent on the potential energy surface of the substrate (i.e., substituted molecule). We show that substituents affect the substrate by exerting forces on the nuclei. These substituent-induced forces are able to develop a work when the molecule follows a given reaction path. By applying a simple mechanical model, it becomes possible to quantify this work, which corresponds to the energy variation due to the effect of the substituent along a specific pathway. Our model accounts for the Hammett equation as a particular case, providing the first non-empirical scale for the σ and ρ constants, which, in the developed model, are related to the forces exerted by the substituents (σ) and the reaction path length (ρ), giving their product (σ · ρ) the well-known variation on the reaction energy due to the substituent.
Turbulence-driven flow dynamics in general axisymmetric toroidal geometry
Authors: Burrell K. H. , Callen J. D.
Published: June 2021

This work gives the equations governing the generation of toroidally axisymmetric flows by turbulent Reynolds and Maxwell stresses in finite aspect ratio, general cross section tokamak plasmas. Inclusion of the divergence-free flow constraint in the lowest order changes the timescale for evolution of the poloidal flows driven by turbulence by substantial factors. In the pedestal region for the present-day machines, as compared to earlier cylindrical models, the timescale evaluated using a large aspect ratio circular cross section model can be two orders of magnitude longer, while the present, general geometry result can be about one order of magnitude longer. Inclusion of gyroviscosity in the calculation shows that the only lowest order radial velocity fluctuations that enter the problem are those due to fluctuating E ×B flows. Toroidal and poloidal flow effects on the toroidally axisymmetric flows are inextricably coupled due to the neoclassical poloidal viscosity. Accordingly, the physics is inherently three dimensional and measurements of all three-velocity components are required to obtain the information needed to quantitatively test the theory. The parallel and angular momentum equations for the lowest order, toroidally axisymmetric flows look like radial transport equations when the turbulence is included. The turbulence terms provide the radial transport fluxes. In standard neoclassical theory, the parallel flow equation is local on each flux surface; there is no radial derivative term. However, adding turbulence gives a way, in principle, for radial transport to lead to poloidal flows that deviate from the neoclassical prediction. The inclusion of the Maxwell stress provides a mechanism for MHD fluctuations to alter the toroidally axisymmetric flows.
Spin dependent polaron pair dissociation at charge transfer states enables low driving force for nonfullerene organic photovoltaic system
Authors: Zhang Caixia , Kan Lixuan , Li Juqian , Yu Haomiao , Li Jinpeng , Wang Kai
Published: June 2021

A desirable driving force or dissociation energy greater than 0.300 eV is thought to be the prerequisite for an efficient dissociation of exciton in the organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic system. This criterion has confronted the challenge in some nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) based solar cells. Factors that govern the dissociation are still under debate. In this work, it is demonstrated that a large photocurrent can be produced by a NFA organic blend with a negligible driving force (0.070 eV) and a small dielectric constant (ε = 4). By evaluating the magnetic field dependent photocurrent density and photoluminescence, we postulate that the spin-dependent polaron pair dissociation at charge transfer states due to a significant singlet generation may prove critical for the photocurrent production. The driving force that originates from the energy offset may play a negligible role in the exciton dissociation.
Terahertz emission from CoFeB/Cr/Pt trilayers: The role of Cr as both a spin current transporter and generator
Authors: Zhang Qi , Chen Zhuangzhuang , Shi Huafeng , Chen Xin , Talapatra Abhishek , Zhang Xinhai , Wu Yihong
Published: June 2021

Terahertz (THz) emission from CoFeB/Cr/Pt trilayers is investigated with emphases on the role of Cr as both a spin current transporter and generator. Compared with CoFeB/Pt bilayer emitters, THz emission from CoFeB/Cr/Pt exhibits large ellipticity, polarization-dependent magnetic response and temporal profile, and different decay length inside Cr. All these features can be explained by assuming that both the CoFeB layer and uncompensated spins in Cr near the CoFeB/Cr interface generate spin currents upon femtosecond laser excitation, which are subsequently converted to transient charge current via the inverse spin Hall effect in Pt, and thereby generating THz emission with different polarizations. Our results highlight the important role of antiferromagnet as a spin current generator when its magnetic order is weak near the Néel or blocking temperature.
The stability of e+H−2
Authors: Bressanini Dario
Published: June 2021

The recently discovered positronic molecule e+H−2 [J. Charry et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 57, 8859–8864 (2018)] has a new type of bond, the single-positron bond. We studied its stability using quantum Monte Carlo techniques. We computed an accurate potential energy curve of the reaction H− + PsH → e+H−2 → H2 + Ps− to establish its global stability with respect to all possible dissociation channels and to define the range of its local stability. We showed that the e+H−2 system is stable with respect to the dissociation into H− + PsH, with a binding energy of 23.5(1) mhartree. For R < 3.2 bohrs, the system is unstable, and it decays into H2 + Ps−. There are no other bound structures for R < 3.2 bohrs. We discuss possible routes to its experimental production.
Modulational instability in thin liquid film flowing down an inclined uniformly heated plate
Authors: Issokolo R. J. Noumana , Tchouobiap S. E. Mkam , Nzoupe F. Naha , Dikandé A. M.
Published: June 2021

The modulational instability properties regarding the evolution of interfacial disturbances of the flow of a thin liquid film down an inclined uniformly heated plate subject to thermal Marangoni (thermocapillary) effects are investigated under the framework of linear stability analysis. The investigation has been performed both analytically and numerically using a complex cubic Ginzburg–Landau equation without the driving term to provide comprehensive pictures of the influence of nonlinearity, dissipation, and dispersion on interfacial disturbance generation and evolution. It is shown that when the interplay between linear and nonlinear effects is relatively important, the disturbances evolve as a superposition of groups of traveling periodic waves with different amplitudes, and the interfacial disturbances evolve as smooth modulations. Furthermore, the dynamic modes of these disturbances become aperiodic. Conversely, when the evolution of instabilities is influenced by strong nonlinearity, the flow saturates, and different situations lead to different possible modulated wavy structures, caused by the interplay between nonlinear and linear dispersive and dissipative effects. Moreover, the appearance and the spatial and temporal evolution of the modulated disturbance profiles are influenced by both the amplitude of the disturbances and the linear dissipative term. Here, based on our investigation, two cases are highlighted. In the first case, which corresponds to very small amplitude of the disturbances, the dynamic modes of the disturbances evolve from periodic traveling waves to spatial and temporal modulated periodic solitary wave patterns. In the second case, by increasing the amplitude of the disturbances, the appearance of modulational modes is rapid, and therefore, we can observe the development of modulationally marginal-like stable patterns or spatial and temporal modulated patterns with nonuniform profiles.
A New Strategy Using a Fluorescent Probe Combined with Polydopamine for Detecting the Activity of Acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Chen Yingying , Liu Wenxia , Zhang Binbin , Suo Zhiguang , Xing Feifei , Feng Lingyan
Published: June 2021

A water-soluble and sensitive fluorescent probe N,N′-bis[tris-(2-aminoethyl)amine]-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic diimide (PTRIS) was synthesized and, in combination with polydopamine (PDA), utilised in the detection of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. PDA is spontaneously polymerized from dopamine (DA) in aerobic and alkaline solutions. The excellent absorption of PDA results in the aggregation of PTRIS around PDA as well as π–π stacking between them, which consequently quenched the fluorescence of PTRIS due to aggregation induced quenching (AIQ) in 9 min. The hydrolysis product of acetylthiocholine (ATCh) catalyzed by AChE, thiocholine (TCh), was proved to inhibit the polymerization of DA, therefore the free monomeric PTRIS retained its strong fluorescence intensity. The fluorescence was switched off and on depending on the activity of AChE. According to the change of fluorescence intensity at 550 nm, the detection limit of AChE was quantified as 0.02 mU mL−1. It was also proved that this probe possessed excellent selectivity for AChE. Tacrine and the organophosphate pesticide diazinon were further evaluated for inhibitor screening. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of tacrine and diazinon was calculated to be 1.4 and 1.6 μM respectively, revealing potential applications for inhibition and pesticide detecting.
Heavily doped silicon: A potential replacement of conventional plasmonic metals
Authors: Faruque Md. Omar , Al Mahmud Rabiul , Sagor Rakibul Hasan
Published: June 2021

The plasmonic property of heavily doped p-type silicon is studied here. Although most of the plasmonic devices use metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide in order to support the propagation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), metals that possess a number of challenges in loss management, polarization response, nanofabrication etc. On the other hand, heavily doped p-type silicon shows similar plasmonic properties like metals and also enables us to overcome the challenges possessed by metals. For numerical simulation, heavily doped p-silicon is mathematically modeled and the theoretically obtained relative permittivity is compared with the experimental value. A waveguide is formed with the p-silicon-air interface instead of the metal–air interface. Formation and propagation of SPPs similar to MIM waveguides are observed.
On a Controlled Epidemic Model of SIR Type Without Demography
Authors: De La Sen M. , Garrido A. J.
Published: June 2021

This paper studies a SIR (susceptible-infectious-recovered) epidemic model without demography mainly from the point of view of their equilibrium points. The stability of the disease-free equilibrium point is investigated as well as the attainability of the endemic one independently of the vaccination and treatment controls.
Impact of China‘s ban on Korean wave on the Korean stock market: Evidence from the entertainment sector
Authors: Choi W J
Published: June 2021

This study investigates the impact of China’s ban on the Korean wave (BKW) on domestic entertainment stock prices. The ban was triggered by the Korean government’s decision to deploy a terminal high-altitude area defence in Korea in 2016. We explore the statistical equilibrium of stock returns using the entropy applied with symbolic time series analysis. Moreover, we confirmed that the BKW harmed the pricing complexity of Korean entertainment stocks. Our finding can be understood as a monotonous stock price pattern because the market information was not reflected efficiently due to the decrease in transactions among investors concerned about the negative impact on the entertainment sector.
The spin measurement of black holes in active galactic nucleus
Authors: Bian Wenyi
Published: June 2021

Spin as one of the two parameters describing black holes. Measuring the spin of black holes is very important in black holes research. In this paper, we introduce the method to measure the spin of AGNs which is the X-ray reflection method, including both specific content and precautions. Based on this method, we select 25 aim objects and give the spin number. The spins mainly focus on 0.5~1. The selection effect is shortly discussed in this paper. Gravitational waves may be next major technology to measure the spin of AGNs. Gravitational waves method is also briefly introduced in this paper.
Statistical Bias in D-Wave Qubits
Authors: Krauss Thomas , Giffen Alexander , Truppelli Phillip , Michaels Alan J.
Published: June 2021

Recent access to commercially available quantum computing capabilities offers the potential for testing a host of new algorithms that take advantage of fundamentally different processing approaches. One such computing resource is D-Wave’s quantum annealing computer, which employs an energy minimization-based computing mechanism to find solutions to problems stated in an Ising formulation. These solutions, however, must be interpreted in terms of Monte Carlo-style probabilistic occurrences and histograms of candidate solutions that presume the underlying statistics of the qubits are “fair.” This paper quantifies the underlying fairness of individual qubits on a single D-Wave machine, showing that there is a measurable bias in the resulting solution as a function of which qubits are used in the calculation. Further, an example problem is demonstrated, whereby the same problem formulation yields distinctly different solution probabilities by changing which physical qubits are employed.
Using CNN for detection of diseases
Authors: Chen Jiayi
Published: June 2021

Since economic booming, people start to care more about their health including dietary structure and nutrition. Scientist announced that fish and chicken are the best meat among others based on high nutrition level and low fat percentage. However, It is proved that many diseases especially H7N9 are related to poultry farming. Those diseases not only lethal to chicken but also has certain chance to evolve to human transmittable illness. Unfortunately, industrialized large scale poultry farming increased the morbidity of the diseases which is enough for people to take concern of. After all this, the application of genetic engineering technology to poultry industry focused on increase productivity, which sadly reduce poultry healthiness. These lead to periodic poultry pandemic blast. This is endless periodic nightmare for poultry farming. Theoretically, Using image recognizing from artificial intelligent to detect diseases at first sign is possible with current research level. This paper will compare and record the changes of appearances of five common diseases and try to design an AI model to detect it. The main results are as follow: (Use convenlutional neutral network to judge whether the chickens are sick by checking the cockscomb, skin, feather and waste. Keep training the computer to correct the weight to let the accurate rate above 98%. Extract the data of the images by digitizing, and continually recognize the diseases through the help of the vets to realize back propagation to improve the accurate rate.)
Thermal Performance Simulation of Novel Micro Heat Pipe
Authors: Ji Haiwei , Zhang Yaping , Wang Fang , Zhang Jin
Published: June 2021

In this paper, a mathematical model of micro-heat pipe module is established, and the thermal performance of micro-heat pipe module under different heating power and different heat conducting fins is studied by numerical simulation method. The simulation results show that the maximum temperature difference on the substrate surface of the micro-heat pipe is within 2.5 °C, and the micro-heat pipe can effectively diffuse the concentrated heat source and has excellent temperature uniformity characteristics at high heat flux. Further, The influence of heating power and heat conduction fins on the heat transfer performance of the micro-heat pipe module has been analyzed. It is found that the thermal diffusion performance of the micro-heat pipe module reaches the optimal when the heat flux density is 180W and the heat conduction fins are 20 pieces. Simulation shows that the micro-heat pipe module can avoid the thermal stress concentration of the substrate to the greatest extent, thus ensuring the efficient and stable operation of the power module.
The social costs of health- and climate-related on-road vehicle emissions in the continental United States from 2008 to 2017
Authors: Zelasky Sarah E , Buonocore Jonathan J
Published: June 2021

Local and state policymakers have become increasingly interested in developing policies that both reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve local air quality, along with public health. Interest in developing transportation-related policies has grown as transportation became the largest contributing sector to GHG emissions in the United States in 2017. Information on current emissions and health impacts, along with trends over time, is helpful to policymakers who are developing strategies to reduce emissions and improve public health, especially in areas with high levels of transportation-related emissions. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the public health and climate social costs of on-road emissions by linking emissions data generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to reduced complexity models that provide impacts per ton emitted for pollutants which contribute to ambient fine particulate matter, and the social costs of GHG emissions from on-road transportation. For 2017, social costs totaled $184 billion (min: $78 billion; max: $280 billion) for all on-road emissions from the eight health and climate pollutants that we assessed in the continental U.S. (in $2017 USD). Within this total social cost estimate, health pollutants constituted $93 billion of the social costs (min: $52 billion; max: $146 billion), and climate pollutants constituted $91 billion (min: $26 billion; max: $134 billion). The majority of these social costs came from CO2 followed by NO
x
emissions from privately owned individual vehicles in urban counties (CO2 contributed $51 billion and NO
x
contributed $16 billion in social costs from individual vehicles in urban counties). However, it is important to note that not all the attention should be placed solely on individual vehicles. Although the climate social costs of individual vehicle emissions are higher than those from commercial vehicles in urban counties (by two to eight times depending on the climate pollutant), the health social costs of individual vehicle emissions are roughly equal to those from commercial vehicles in urban counties. Regardless of each pollutant’s contributions to the social costs, the highest social benefits from reducing 1 ton of CO2 and its co-pollutants would occur in urban counties, given their high population density.
The experimental analysis of creep and corrosion properties of polymeric tube reinforced by glass, carbon and Kevlar fibers
Authors: Rahmani Kaveh , Wheatley Greg , Sadooghi Ali , Hashemi Seyed Jalal , Babazadeh Jafar
Published: June 2021

Polymeric tubes, including epoxy and reinforcing fibers, are widely used in the petroleum and aerospace industries due to their high strength and corrosion resistance. In this study, corrosion and creep properties of resin-based tubes reinforced by Glass fibers (GFR), Carbon fibers (CFR), and Kevlar fibers (KFR) were investigated using tubes made by using a 45-degree unilateral winding method. The highest creep strain was obtained for the CFR equal to 0.7445 and the lowest was obtained for KFR with the Kevlar fibers being severely damaged. The lowest corrosion rate per year was for the CFR sample, equal to 113in/year×1000. The corroded samples were subjected to a tensile test and a 2% improvement in ultimate tensile strength was achieved for GFR. To evaluate the results and the quality of adhesions between fibers and resins, SEM images were taken of the samples.
Physicochemical properties and in vitro osteocompatibility of different titanium surfaces stored in a saline solution
Authors: Tang Kai-Ming , Zhang Wen-Si , Liu Yao , Zhu Wen-Qing , Qiu Jing
Published: June 2021

Objective. The study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of titanium surfaces with different morphologies stored in a saline solution and their effects on osteoblast behavior. Methods. Freshly prepared commercial pure titanium (cp-Ti), acid-etching titanium (SLA-Ti) and nanowire titanium (NW-Ti) were stored in 0.9% and 10% NaCl solutions, and exposure to air and double-distilled water were used as controls. After storage for two weeks, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), optical contact angle instrument, and optical profilometer were used to analyze the micro-morphology, elemental composition of the samples, contact angle and surface roughness. BCA protein kit was used to detect the protein adsorption capacity of the three titanium surfaces under the different storage conditions. MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were cultured on the titanium surfaces. The proliferation, adhesion, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells were assessed using CCK-8, laser confocal microscope (CLSM), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, and western blotting. Results. SEM results indicated that the storage conditions did not affect the micromorphology of the titanium surfaces. The XPS and contact angle determination results suggested that cp-Ti, SLA-Ti, and NW-Ti stored in NaCl solutions showed less carbon contamination, higher hydrophilicity. The roughness results showed that the air groups and 10% NaCl had higher roughness. The protein adsorption capacity of the three titanium surfaces was significantly improved under storage in 0.9% NaCl. The proliferation activity of osteoblasts on the three titanium surfaces was not different from the control groups after storage in 0.9% NaCl solution. However, the results of the in vitro study suggested that the cell adhesion capacity and the expression of ALP and the osteogenic-related proteins Runx2, Osterix, and Osteocalcin improved after storage in 0.9% NaCl solution. Conclusions. The storage of the different types of titanium surfaces in 0.9% NaCl solution could effectively reduce carbon contamination, maintain good hydrophilicity, improve the roughness and make the environment conducive to the differentiation of osteoblasts.
Phase transitions of alkaline-earth metal sulfides under pressure
Authors: Wang Yuefeng , Bergara Aitor , Shao Cancan , Wang Lin , Liang Xiaowei , Wang Linyan , Sun Rongxin , Wei Xudong , Wang Tiansheng , Gao Guoying , Tian Yongjun
Published: June 2021

We have systematically explored the crystal structures of alkaline-earth metal sulfides under pressure by using a swarm-intelligence structural prediction method. At low pressures we successfully reproduced their known structures and phase transition sequences. Under high pressure, MgS is predicted to transform from B28 to a β-NbP-type structure at 262 GPa. CaS and SrS present the same phase transition sequence, from B2 to a β-NbP-type structure, while BaS is predicted to transform to a Imma structure. The Imma structure is actually similar to the β-NbP-type structure, as it can be seen as a modulated distortion of the latter structure. The absence of any imaginary phonon mode for the predicted structures suggests that they are dynamically stable. The calculated electronic band structures and density of states reveal that all the predicted phases are metallic, except that MgS is a semiconductor. Subsequent electron-phonon coupling calculations suggest that Imma BaS is a superconductor with a low T

c
of 1.32 K, while β-NbP MgS, CaS and SrS are not superconductors. The current study provides a comprehensive analysis of phase transitions for alkaline-earth metal sulfides up to 300 GPa and might stimulate experimental studies in the future.
Optical properties of Pb0.52Zr0.48TiO3 nanorod arrays: second harmonic generation and multiphoton carrier dynamics
Authors: Mudiyanselage Rathsara R H H , Burton John , Magill Brenden A , McMillan Kiara , Gagliano Gabriella , Morral Ada J , Gyu Kang Min , Kang Han Byul , Priya Shashank , Stanton Christopher J , Khodaparast Giti A
Published: June 2021

Nonlinear optical properties of poled and unpoled, lead zirconate-titanate (Pb0.52Zr0.48TiO3) nanorod arrays, grown on Pt-coated Si with ∼200 nm diameter and ∼600 nm height, were investigated. Clear signatures of second harmonic generations (SHG), from 490–525 nm (2.38–2.53 eV) at room temperature, were observed. Furthermore, time resolved differential reflectivity measurements were performed to study dynamical properties of photoexcited carriers in the range of 690–1000 nm where multiphoton processes were responsible for the photo-excitations. We compared this excitation scheme, which is sensitive mainly to the surface states, to when the photoexcited energy (∼3.1 eV) was close to the band gap of the nanorods. Our results offer promises for employing these nanostructures in nonlinear photonic applications.
Introducing ‘Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering’
Authors: Indiveri Giacomo
Published: June 2021

The standard nature of computing is currently being challenged by a range of problems that start to hinder technological progress. One of the strategies being proposed to address some of these problems is to develop novel brain-inspired processing methods and technologies, and apply them to a wide range of application scenarios. This is an extremely challenging endeavor that requires researchers in multiple disciplines to combine their efforts and simultaneously co-design the processing methods, the supporting computing architectures, and their underlying technologies. The journal ‘Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering’ (NCE) has been launched to support this new community in this effort and provide a forum and repository for presenting and discussing its latest advances. Through close collaboration with our colleagues on the editorial team, the scope and characteristics of NCE have been designed to ensure it serves a growing transdisciplinary and dynamic community across academia and industry.
Signaling sickness: the role of recalled sickness behavior and psychosocial factors in shaping communication style
Authors: Shattuck Eric C , Perrotte Jessica K , Daniels Colton L , Xu Xiaohe , Sunil Thankam S
Published: June 2021

Background and objectives

Active infection results in several outward signs in humans, including visible symptoms, changes in behavior and possible alterations in skin color and gait. A potential adaptive function of these indicators is to signal distress and elicit care from close others. We hypothesized that sickness behavior, a suite of stereotypical changes in mood and behavior, also serves to communicate health status to others. We further hypothesized that such outward signals/cues of health status would vary based on context and sociocultural norms.

Methodology

We explored self-reported, recalled sickness behavior, communication style, demographics and theoretically relevant cultural factors in a large national US sample (n = 1259) using multinomial probit regressions.

Results

In accordance with predictions, relatively few participants were willing to talk or complain about sickness to strangers. Self-reported, recalled sickness behavior was associated with some communication styles but attention received from others was more consistently associated with potential signaling. Several cultural factors, including stoicism and traditional machismo, were also associated with different sickness signaling styles.

Conclusions and implications

These preliminary, self-reported data lend some tentative support to the sickness behavior signaling hypothesis, though experimental or observational support is needed. The role of cultural norms in shaping how such signals are transmitted and received also deserves further attention as they may have important implications for disease transmission.

Lay Summary

Evolutionary medicine hypothesizes that signs and symptoms of infectious disease—including sickness behavior—have adaptive functions, one of which might be to reliably signal one’s health status to others. Our results suggest that evolved signals like these are likely shaped by cultural factors.
Audit culture of human rights as “governmentality”?
Authors: St-Hilaire Maxime
Published: June 2021

The sway of audit culture over the field of international human rights law is clear to those familiar with human rights reports and indicators. In his 2019 I•CON Best Paper Prize-winning article, David McGrogan argues that the reason for that controlling influence is found in ineluctable characteristics of the international human rights system. As for its main consequence, he argues that Foucault’s idea of “governmentality” enables us to see that it is the “diametrically opposite effect” to the construction of a homo juridicus. In this short response, I will confine myself to a critical appraisal of the Foucauldian argument for the latter claim.