bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Olympic Champion Sara Simeoni Talks about Gender Barriers in Sport and Medicine: Culture, Opportunities and Resources
Authors: Simeoni Sara , Catalano Daniela
Published: August 2016

An overview of the relationship between elite athletes’ sport activity and medicine was presented during a conference with guest speaker Mrs. Sara Simeoni, Italian Olympic Games high jump champion (one gold medal, in Moscow, and silver medals in Montreal and Los Angeles). She has had a particularly prolonged career for this type of sport activity, and her endorsement and support, since she is a recognized icon of sport excellence, is very important. This is particularly true in relevant and sensitive topics such as gender inequalities, physical exercise and sport ethics. During the conference, the relationship between nutrition, physical activity and health, in both medicine and social life, were also covered. In reality, we still find that the cultural, economic, societal and political barriers are present and, currently, in some regards, they are even stronger than in the past. The interplay between evidence-based medicine, elite athletes’ training, physical fitness practice and physical exercise intervention in health and disease is still being developed. Defining methods and clarifying multidimensional outcomes should, as much as possible, be pursued, and sustainable strategies and tools should be discussed.
Atomistically Informed Extended Gibbs Energy Description for Phase-Field Simulation of Tempering of Martensitic Steel
Authors: Shchyglo Oleg , Hammerschmidt Thomas , Čak Miroslav , Drautz Ralf , Steinbach Ingo
Published: August 2016

In this study we propose a unified multi-scale chemo-mechanical description of the BCT (Body-Centered Tetragonal) to BCC (Body-Centered Cubic) order-disorder transition in martensitic steel by adding the mechanical degrees of freedom to the standard CALPHAD (CALculation of PHAse Diagrams) type Gibbs energy description. The model takes into account external strain, the effect of carbon composition on the lattice parameter and elastic moduli. The carbon composition effect on the lattice parameters and elastic constants is described by a sublattice model with properties obtained from DFT (Density Functional Theory) calculations; the temperature dependence of the elasticity parameters is estimated from available experimental data. This formalism is crucial for studying the kinetics of martensite tempering in realistic microstructures. The obtained extended Gibbs energy description opens the way to phase-field simulations of tempering of martensitic steel comprising microstructure evolution, carbon diffusion and lattice symmetry change due to the ordering/disordering of carbon atoms under multiaxial load.
Engineering of Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Light Emitting Applications
Authors: Todescato Francesco , Fortunati Ilaria , Minotto Alessandro , Signorini Raffaella , Jasieniak Jacek , Bozio Renato
Published: August 2016

Semiconductor nanocrystals are rapidly spreading into the display and lighting markets. Compared with liquid crystal and organic LED displays, nanocrystalline quantum dots (QDs) provide highly saturated colors, wide color gamut, resolution, rapid response time, optical efficiency, durability and low cost. This remarkable progress has been made possible by the rapid advances in the synthesis of colloidal QDs and by the progress in understanding the intriguing new physics exhibited by these nanoparticles. In this review, we provide support to the idea that suitably engineered core/graded-shell QDs exhibit exceptionally favorable optical properties, photoluminescence and optical gain, while keeping the synthesis facile and producing QDs well suited for light emitting applications. Solid-state laser emitters can greatly profit from QDs as efficient gain materials. Progress towards fabricating low threshold, solution processed DFB lasers that are optically pumped using one- and two-photon absorption is reviewed. In the field of display technologies, the exploitation of the exceptional photoluminescence properties of QDs for LCD backlighting has already advanced to commercial levels. The next big challenge is to develop the electroluminescence properties of QD to a similar state. We present an overview of QLED devices and of the great perspectives for next generation display and lighting technologies.
The Cubic α-Catmull-Rom Spline
Authors: Li Juncheng , Chen Sheng
Published: August 2016

By extending the definition interval of the standard cubic Catmull-Rom spline basis functions from [0,1] to [0,α], a class of cubic Catmull-Rom spline basis functions with a shape parameter α, named cubic α-Catmull-Rom spline basis functions, is constructed. Then, the corresponding cubic α-Catmull-Rom spline curves are generated based on the introduced basis functions. The cubic α-Catmull-Rom spline curves not only have the same properties as the standard cubic Catmull-Rom spline curves, but also can be adjusted by altering the value of the shape parameter α even if the control points are fixed. Furthermore, the cubic α-Catmull-Rom spline interpolation function is discussed, and a method for determining the optimal interpolation function is presented.
Anti-Dengue Virus Constituents from Formosan Zoanthid Palythoa mutuki
Authors: Lee Jin-Ching , Chang Fang-Rong , Chen Shu-Rong , Wu Yu-Hsuan , Hu Hao-Chun , Wu Yang-Chang , Backlund Anders , Cheng Yuan-Bin
Published: August 2016

A new marine ecdysteroid with an α-hydroxy group attaching at C-4 instead of attaching at C-2 and C-3, named palythone A (1), together with eight known compounds (2–9) were obtained from the ethanolic extract of the Formosan zoanthid Palythoa mutuki. The structures of those compounds were mainly determined by NMR spectroscopic data analyses. The absolute configuration of 1 was further confirmed by comparing experimental and calculated circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Anti-dengue virus 2 activity and cytotoxicity of five isolated compounds were evaluated using virus infectious system and [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, inner salt (MTS) assays, respectively. As a result, peridinin (9) exhibited strong antiviral activity (IC50 = 4.50 ± 0.46 μg/mL), which is better than that of the positive control, 2′CMC. It is the first carotene-like substance possessing anti-dengue virus activity. In addition, the structural diversity and bioactivity of the isolates were compared by using a ChemGPS–NP computational analysis. The ChemGPS–NP data suggested natural products with anti-dengue virus activity locate closely in the chemical space.
‘It’s Not the Money but the Love of Money That Is the Root of All Evil’: Social Subjection, Machinic Enslavement and the Limits of Anglican Social Theology
Authors: Rose Marika
Published: August 2016

Maurizio Lazzarato argues that contemporary capitalism functions through two central apparatuses: Social subjection and machinic enslavement. Social subjection equips individuals with a subjectivity, assigning them identities, sexes, bodies, professions, and other markers of identity, along with a sense of their own individual agency within society. Machinic enslavement arises out of the growing reliance of capitalism on what Lazzarato calls “asignifying semiotics”—processes of production that function increasingly independently of human awareness or intention. Drawing on this analysis of the contemporary functioning of capitalism, this paper will explore the concepts of individuals and society at work in recent Anglican social theology. Focusing on two recent texts which attempt to give an overview of Anglican social thinking—Eve Poole’s The Church on Capitalism: Theology and the Market and Malcolm Brown’s Anglican Social Theology—it will suggest that, within the contemporary Church of England, mainstream attempts to reckon with political questions tend to understand the role of individual agency and ethical behaviour in ways which prop up existing social, political and economic structures rather than disrupting them.
Assessment of the Coordination Ability of Sustainable Social-Ecological Systems Development Based on a Set Pair Analysis: A Case Study in Yanchi County, China
Authors: Wang Ya , Zhou Lihua
Published: August 2016

Sandy desertification is one of the most severe ecological problems in the world. Essentially, it is land degradation caused by discordance in the Social-Ecological Systems (SES). The ability to coordinate SES is a principal characteristic of regional sustainable development and a key factor in desertification control. This paper directly and comprehensively evaluates the ability to coordinate SES in the desertification reversal process. Assessment indicators and standards for SES have been established using statistical data and materials from government agencies. We applied a coordinated development model based on Identical-Discrepancy-Contrary (IDC) situational ranking of a Set Pair Analysis (SPA) to analyze the change in Yanchi County’s coordination ability since it implemented the grazing prohibition policy. The results indicated that Yanchi County was basically in the secondary grade of the national sustainable development level, and the subsystems’ development trend was relatively stable. Coordinate ability increased from 0.686 in 2003 to 0.957 in 2014 and experienced “weak coordination to basic coordination to high coordination” development processes. We concluded that drought, the grazing prohibition dilemma and the ecological footprint were key factors impeding the coordination of SES development in this area. These findings should provide information about desertification control and ecological policy implementation to guarantee sustainable rehabilitation.
An Analysis of the Determinants of Entrepreneurial Intentions among Students: A Romanian Case Study
Authors: Popescu Cristian , Bostan Ionel , Robu Ioan-Bogdan , Maxim Andrei , Diaconu (Maxim) Laura
Published: August 2016

Developing people’s interest towards starting a business plays a vital role in the former socialist countries in which, for a very long time, private property and free initiative were almost completely annihilated. Therefore, countries like Romania cannot design a sustainable growth model without taking into account the necessary improvements in the human capital factor, through the entrepreneurial education specific to the market economy, and in the social capital, which leads to stability and enhances the economic activity. The main objectives of this paper are to analyze how much the entrepreneurial intentions are influenced by certain psycho-behavioral traits of the individual (creativity, locus of control, need for achievement and risk taking propensity) and to evaluate the influence of different types of education on these intentions, in order to see if the entrepreneurial education significantly influences the entrepreneurial intentions of Romanian young people. By analyzing the specialized literature, we have developed six research hypothesis that were tested on a sample of 600 students from the undergraduate (bachelor) and master programs within the large state universities of Romania who have entrepreneurship courses in the content of their curricula, with the help of a questionnaire-based survey. Depending on the research hypothesis, several data analysis approaches were used, including Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and General Linear Models (GLM). The main results of this study clearly illustrate that the need for achievement and the propensity towards taking risks play an important role in determining the entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, graduates of the high schools with an entrepreneurial field are less inclined to engage in businesses compared to the graduates of the high schools that offer general education.
Forested Land Use Efficiency in China: Spatiotemporal Patterns and Influencing Factors from 1999 to 2010
Authors: He Yafen , Xie Hualin , Fan Yuanhua , Wang Wei , Xie Xue
Published: August 2016

More attention needs to be paid to efficiency in the use of forested land. This article is devoted to the study of forested land use efficiency (FLUE) and its spatiotemporal differences in China during the period from 1999 to 2010. The global generalized directional distance function (GGDDF) and global Malmquist–Luenberger (GML) index models are used to measure and analyze forested land use efficiency. The empirical results showed that forested land use efficiency continued to increase during the study period. The FLUE of Shanghai was always highest, whereas Tibet, Inner Mongolia, and Qinghai suffered the most inefficiency in forested land use. There were obvious spatial differences in forested land use efficiency among the 31 provinces. Urbanization, economic development context, and population density were the main factors influencing spatial differences in forested land use efficiency. The growth in the non-radial Malmquist forested land performance index (NMPFI) in the east was driven mainly by technological change, whereas the growth in the central region was mostly derived from progress in efficiency change. For the western region, the change in the productivity of forested land was the result of the interactive effect between technological change and effect change, and only in the western region did an absolute β-convergence exist.
Innocence: A Second Idealization for Linguistics
Authors: Fillmore Charles J.
Published: August 2016

The nature of the fit between predictions generated by a theory and the phenomena within its domain can sometimes be assessed only when different sources of explanation can be isolated through one or more idealizations. One such idealization is the simplifying assumption, for the laws of Newtonian mechanics, that the physical bodies whose movements fall within their scope are (or can be treated as) dimensionless particles, not subject to distortion or friction. The empirical laws of elasticity and friction are themselves best formulated against this background idealization.
SUBMILLIMETER H2O MEGAMASERS IN NGC 4945 AND THE CIRCINUS GALAXY
Authors: Pesce D. W. , Braatz J. A. , Impellizzeri C. M. V.
Published: August 2016

We present 321 GHz observations of five active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from ALMA Cycle 0 archival data: NGC 5793, NGC 1068, NGC 1386, NGC 4945, and the Circinus galaxy. Submillimeter maser emission is detected for the first time toward NGC 4945, and we present a new analysis of the submillimeter maser system in Circinus. None of the other three galaxies show maser emission, although we have detected and imaged the continuum from every galaxy. Both NGC 4945 and Circinus are known to host strong (≳10 Jy) 22 GHz megamaser emission, and VLBI observations have shown that the masers reside in the innermost ∼1 pc of the galaxies. The peak flux densities of the 321 GHz masers in both systems are substantially weaker (by a factor of ∼100) than what is observed at 22 GHz, although the corresponding isotropic luminosities are more closely matched (within a factor of ∼10) between the two transitions. We compare the submillimeter spectra presented here to the known 22 GHz spectra in both galaxies, and we argue that while both transitions originate from the gaseous environment near the AGNs, not all sites are in common. In Circinus, the spectral structure of the 321 GHz masers indicates that they may trace the accretion disk at radii interior to the 22 GHz masers. The continuum emission in NGC 4945 and NGC 5793 shows a spatial distribution indicative of an origin in the galactic disks (likely thermal dust emission), while for the other three galaxies the emission is centrally concentrated and likely originates from the nucleus.
GRB/GW ASSOCIATION: LONG–SHORT GRB CANDIDATES, TIME LAG, MEASURING GRAVITATIONAL WAVE VELOCITY, AND TESTING EINSTEIN’S EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE
Authors: Li (李翔) Xiang , Hu (胡一鸣) Yi-Ming , Fan (范一中) Yi-Zhong , Wei (韦大明) Da-Ming
Published: August 2016

Short-duration gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) are widely believed to be powered by the mergers of compact binaries, such as binary neutron stars or possibly neutron star–black hole binaries. Though the prospect of detecting SGRBs with gravitational wave (GW) signals by the advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)/VIRGO network is promising, no known SGRB has been found within the expected advanced LIGO/VIRGO sensitivity range for binary neutron star systems. We find, however, that the two long–short GRBs (GRB 060505 and GRB 060614) may be within the horizon of advanced GW detectors. In the upcoming era of GW astronomy, the merger origin of some long–short GRBs, as favored by the macronova signature displayed in GRB 060614, can be unambiguously tested. The model-dependent time lags between the merger and the onset of the prompt emission of the GRB are estimated. The comparison of such time lags between model predictions and the real data expected in the era of the GW astronomy would be helpful in revealing the physical processes taking place at the central engine (including the launch of the relativistic outflow, the emergence of the outflow from the dense material ejected during the merger, and the radiation of gamma rays). We also show that the speed of GWs, with or without a simultaneous test of Einstein’s equivalence principle, can be directly measured to an accuracy of

or even better in the advanced LIGO/VIRGO era.
GALAXY CANDIDATES AT z ∼ 10 IN ARCHIVAL DATA FROM THE BRIGHTEST OF REIONIZING GALAXIES (BORG[z8]) SURVEY
Authors: Bernard S. R. , Carrasco D. , Trenti M. , Oesch P. A. , Wu J. F. , Bradley L. D. , Schmidt K. B. , Bouwens R. J. , Calvi V. , Mason C. A. , Stiavelli M. , Treu T.
Published: August 2016

The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) enabled the search for the first galaxies observed at z ∼ 8–11 (500–700 Myr after the Big Bang). To continue quantifying the number density of the most luminous galaxies (M

AB
∼ −22.0) at the earliest epoch observable with HST, we search for z ∼ 10 galaxies (F125W-dropouts) in archival data from the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies (BoRG[z8]) survey, originally designed for detection of z ∼ 8 galaxies (F098M-dropouts). By focusing on the deepest 293 arcmin2 of the data along 62 independent lines of sight, we identify six z ∼ 10 candidates satisfying the color selection criteria, detected at S/N > 8 in F160W with M

AB
 = −22.8 to −21.1 if at z = 10. Three of the six sources, including the two brightest, are in a single WFC3 pointing (∼4 arcmin2), suggestive of significant clustering, which is expected from bright galaxies at z ∼ 10. However, the two brightest galaxies are too extended to be likely at z ∼ 10, and one additional source is unresolved and possibly a brown dwarf. The remaining three candidates have m

AB
 ∼ 26, and given the area and completeness of our search, our best estimate is a number density of sources that is marginally higher but consistent at 2σ with searches in legacy fields. Our study highlights that z ∼ 10 searches can yield a small number of candidates, making tailored follow-ups of HST pure-parallel observations viable and effective.
Wear Analysis of Second-generation Highly Cross-Linked Polyethylene in Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Samujh Christopher , Bhimani Samrath , Smith Langan , Malkani Arthur L.
Published: August 2016

A major limiting factor in the longevity of total hip replacement is the wear rate of the hip bearing. As manufacturing technology has improved during the past several decades, much attention has been focused on developing newer generations of polyethylene that have lower rates of wear while minimizing free radical formation and subsequent osteolysis. The turning point for the manufacture of polyethylene was moving from gamma irradiation in air to irradiation in a low oxygen environment, which reduced free radical formation while increasing the wear resistance. New polyethylene manufacturing methods, including multiple cycles of irradiation and annealing, have resulted in greater wear resistance. Wear analysis studies are essential to determine if these new liners actually show a benefit from prior generations of polyethylene and, more importantly, if they are safe to use. This study involved a single center retrospective review of 60 patients with a mean follow-up of 5.5 years who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty with a second-generation highly cross-linked polyethylene manufactured by 3 cycles of sequential irradiation and annealing. Linear and volumetric wear rates were determined from digitized radiographs using contemporary wear analysis software. The mean linear wear rate for the entire group was 0.025 millimeters per year (mm/y). This value represents a linear wear rate 2.7 times less than that of a first-generation highly cross-linked polyethylene and 4.2 times less than that of a conventional polyethylene. At an average of 5 years, compared with a first-generation highly cross-linked polyethylene, a second-generation highly cross-linked polyethylene appears to show significant improvement regarding wear. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(6):e1178–e1182.]
Reversible Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Endokeratophakia Using Cryopreserved Allogeneic Corneal Lenticule
Authors: Sun Yuan , Zhang Ting , Zhou Yuehua , Liu Manli , Zhou Yugui , Yang Xiaonan , Weng Shengbei , To Chi-ho , Liu Quan
Published: August 2016

PURPOSE:

To evaluate outcomes, reversibility, and wound healing response after the femtosecond laser-assisted endokeratophakia procedure in a rabbit model.

METHODS:

Allogeneic rabbit corneal lenticules were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 3 months. Twenty rabbits underwent the monocular endokeratophakia procedure and were divided into four groups according to the follow-up periods. The first three groups were killed at 3 days, 2 weeks, and 6 months after endokeratophakia, respectively. The rabbits in the fourth group received re-extraction of implanted lenticules at 6 months after endokeratophakia and were killed at 1 month after re-extraction. The rabbits were monitored by slit-lamp microscopy, ultrasonic pachymetry, in vivo confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), Corvis ST tonometry (Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany), and Ocular Response Analyzer (Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY). The tissue responses were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS:

After endokeratophakia, corneal clarity improved continually with time. The changes in the refraction and corneal thickness were stable after implantation and could be reversed after re-extracting the lenticules. The interfaces were clearly visible on confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images over the entire follow-up period. There were significant numbers of TUNEL-positive keratocytes in lenticules after endokeratophakia. CD11b-positive cells and deposition of fibronectin and tenascin were observed at earlier follow-up times. No alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts could be detected. In addition, the corneal biomechanics parameters were not significantly increased after endokeratophakia.

CONCLUSIONS:

The endokeratophakia procedure using allogeneic cryopreserved lenticules was clinically stable and could be reversed. The wound healing response was mild, limited, and produced no scars.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(8):569–576.]
Academics' Perspectives on the Challenges and Opportunities for Student-Generated Mobile Content in Malaysia
Authors: Ariffin Shamsul Arrieya
Published: August 2016

In Malaysian universities, there is a scarcity of local content to support student learning. Mobile content is predominantly supplied by the United States and the United Kingdom. This research aims to understand the situation from the academic perspective, particularly in the field of local cultural studies. Student-generated multimedia is presented as a solution to the critical lack of local content whilst also providing an innovative learning approach to better engage students. Academics were exposed to the concepts of mobile learning and student-generated content by allowing their students to create multimedia for assignments using mobile devices. Before and after, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the academics. The main themes that emerged in Stage 1 were challenges, while Stage 2 successfully demonstrated student-generated content activity. Technical challenges were overcome and students encouraged to use their own mobile devices, although a minority of academics thought that having a standardised device would be better.
Influence of Website Design on Consumer Emotion and Purchase Intention in Travel Websites
Authors: Chen Yi-Fen , Wu Chia-Jung
Published: August 2016

This work presents the results of three studies that investigated the influence of website design on consumer emotion and purchase intention in travel websites with the use of the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model. The first two studies addressed how the website's background color and picture layout can influence consumer emotion and purchase intention, whereas the third study investigated the influence of the size and quantity of pictures on consumer emotion and purchase intention. The results demonstrated that consumer emotion is more positive toward buying online from travel websites that are designed with warm colors and with layouts having such feature as left-hand side images and right-hand side text, along with a few large pictures. Additionally, the results also showed that consumer emotion has a positive influence on purchase intention in a travel website. These results suggested that sellers and managers should improve the design of travel websites to stimulate consumer emotion and purchase intention.
Influences of Organizational Culture on Knowledge Sharing in an Online Virtual Community
Authors: Liang Chaoyun , Chang Chi-Cheng , Rothwell William , Shu Kuen-Ming
Published: August 2016

The present study examined the influences and interactive effects of organizational culture, including trust, communication, and leadership, on online knowledge sharing based on social exchange theory and theories of trust, communication, and leadership. Two-hundred-ninety-seven members in three online engineering virtual communities from a knowledge management platform in a company were participants for filling in questionnaires. The results revealed that trust, communication, and leadership significantly affected online knowledge sharing. Members with high levels of trust, communication, or leadership had significantly better knowledge sharing than members with medium or low levels of trust, communication, or leadership. The results also showed a significant interactive effect of trust and communication on online knowledge sharing and a significant interactive effect of leadership and communication on online knowledge sharing, but there was no significant interactive effect of trust and leadership on online knowledge sharing. No previous studies have investigated the interactive effects of trust, communication and leadership on online knowledge sharing. That research finding is a significant contribution different from previous studies. Finally, this article offers suggestions for future research, implications of this study, and limitations of this study.
Environment- behavior research and the practice of architecture: paradigms and paradoxes
Authors: Dayaratne Ranjith
Published: August 2016

Practice of architecture relies heavily upon "architecture as an art paradigm" and nurtures its aesthetic theory base as the fundamental postulate upon which design is founded. In contrast, Environment-Behaviour1 research as a discipline that has emerged from within the academic field of architecture examining the interface between environments and people has evolved into a major scientific endeavor conducting research and teaching 'advance theories of architecture, environments and people'. However, the influence of environment-behaviour research on the real practice of architecture seems surprisingly modest. This is evident in the many discourses on contemporary buildings acclaimed in architecture magazines, design tutoring sessions as well as design juries both in schools as well as in international architectural competitions. This paper examines the bi-polarity of theory versus practice that exists within the field of architecture manifested very clearly in the way the environment-behavior research and architectural practices have evolved.
TLR Tolerance as a Treatment for Central Nervous System Autoimmunity
Authors: Anstadt Emily J. , Fujiwara Mai , Wasko Nicholas , Nichols Frank , Clark Robert B.
Published: August 2016

The role of TLR signaling in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is unclear. This role is especially controversial in models of adoptive transfer EAE in which no adjuvant and no TLR ligands are administered. We recently reported that a microbiome-derived TLR2 ligand, Lipid 654 (L654), is present in healthy human serum but significantly decreased in the serum of MS patients. This suggested that microbiome products that gain access to the systemic circulation, rather than being proinflammatory, may normally play an immune-regulatory role by maintaining a state of relative TLR tolerance. Therefore, a loss of microbiome-mediated TLR tolerance, as suggested by lower serum levels of L654, may play a role in the pathogenesis of MS. As proof of concept we asked whether administering low-level TLR2 ligands in adoptive transfer EAE induces TLR2 tolerance and attenuates disease. We administered low-level Pam2CSK4 or L654 to mice receiving encephalitogenic cells and in doing so induced both TLR2 tolerance and attenuation of EAE. Disease attenuation was accompanied in the CNS by a decrease in macrophage activation, a decrease in a specific proinflammatory macrophage population, and a decrease in Th17 cells. In addition, disease attenuation was associated with an increase in splenic type 1 regulatory T cells. Kinetic tolerance induction studies revealed a critical period for TLR2 involvement in adoptive transfer EAE. Overall, these results suggest that inducing TLR tolerance may offer a new approach to treating CNS autoimmune diseases such as MS.
GROWTH ESTIMATES FROM RIBONUCLEIC ACID CONTENT IN SOME SMALL ORGANISMS1
Authors: Sutcliffe W. H.
Published: August 2016

RNA concentrations were determined on whole amphipods (Orchestia platensis) of different sizes and a relationship between RNA and dry weight established by least squares. The smallest (and fastest growing) individuals had ten times the RNA concentration of the largest. Growth rate in the amphipods was estimated by length‐frequencies in a time series and then related to RNA concentration. Growth rate and RNA concentrations were determined on a laboratory population of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Growth predictions for A. salina made by using the growth‐RNA relation for amphipods were in reasonable agreement with the actual growth. Growth rate of larvae of the mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus, estimated from RNA determinations was consistent with observed values under laboratory conditions.

These results indicate that the RNA‐growth relationship might be useful in estimating growth or productivity in other species or in mixed populations of animals.
THE CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF THREE SPECIES OF MYRIOPHYLLUM (ANGIOSPERMAE, HALORAGACEAE)1,2
Authors: Hutchinson G. E.
Published: August 2016

Analysis of the data published by Lohammar indicates that Myriophyllum alterniflorum occurs in moderately acid, neutral, or slightly alkaline waters. Both Myriophyllum spicatum and Myriophyllum verticillatum extend into waters having higher calcium contents than appear to be tolerated by M. alterniflorum. Myriophyllum verticillatum tends to occur in waters having a lower pH than many inhabited by M. spicatum. The difference is highly significant and may be correlated with M. spicatum being able, and M. verticillatum not being able, to use the bicarbonate ion as a source of carbon in photosynthesis. In northern Sweden, in a region the lakes of which did not contain M. verticillatum, the soft‐water part of its niche may be occupied by M. spicatum. Examination of various other genera containing two or more species fails to show any other clear‐cut cases of pH limitation in the alkaline waters studied by Lohammar; usually the more calciphil species seem to require and thrive at high calcium concentrations. It is however possible that in very soft water low pH may be limiting.
The role of sediments and bryophytes in phosphorus dynamics in a headwater stream ecosystem1
Authors: Meyer Judy L.
Published: August 2016

Streambed sediments and the bryophyte community are sites of retention and processing of dissolved phosphorus (DP) in Bear Brook, an undisturbed headwater stream in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest. Sorption of DP by sediments is an equilibrium process, and the equilibrium phosphorus concentration for silty and sandy sediments was equal to the mean ambient DP concentration (2 µg P·liter−1). The buffering capacity of the sediments was at a maximum in the pH range characteristic of Bear Brook. Silty sediments had a higher phosphorus buffering capacity than sandy sediments, and leaf‐leachate phosphorus was sorbed less than orthophosphate. Phosphorus sorption increased as sediment particle size decreased and as aluminum and organic matter content increased. The microbial community appears to be a relatively minor component of phosphorus buffering capacity in these sediments.
The chemical composition of macroscopic aggregates in two neretic seas1
Authors: Alldredge Alice L.
Published: August 2016

Chemical analysis of macroscopic aggregates and whole water samples show that 26–34% of total particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and particulate dry weight in surface waters of the Santa Barbara Channel and 4–8% in the Gulf of California exist as particles of marine snow 3 mm or longer in longest dimension. Twenty percent of these aggregates in the Gulf of California and 5% in the Santa Barbara Channel were of recognizable zooplankton origin. Macroscopic aggregates from the Gulf of California had significantly lower carbon, nitrogen, and protein content and significantly higher ash content than the total particulate matter. Aggregates in both locations had significantly higher carbon:nitrogen ratios than the total particulate organic matter. Calculated sinking rates of macroscopic aggregates indicate that marine snow serves as a major source of vertical flux to the benthos. As enrichment sites for nutritionally valuable substances, macroscopic aggregates are rich food sources and significantly alter the microscale distribution and composition of particulate organic matter in neritic waters of the pelagic zone.
Escape response of the rotifer Keratella: Description, stimulation, fluid dynamics, and ecological significance
Authors: Gilbert John J. , Kirk Kevin L.
Published: August 2016

Keratella spp. sometimes exhibited escape responses when being contacted or closely approached by the predatory rotifer Asplanchna brightwelli, when encountering the inhalant currents of the ciadoceran competitor Daphnia, and when encountering a simple, calibrated, siphonal flow field mimicking that entering Daphnia. Escape responses in Keratella cochlearis and Keratella testudo were brief (∼2 s), orthokinetic increases in swimming speed. Velocities rapidly (0.3–0.5 s) increased ∼3.6‐fold to a maximum (∼1.8 mm s‒1) and then gradually declined to preresponse levels (∼0.5 mm s‒1); displacements were ∼2 mm or 12–18 body lengths. Velocity increases probably are mediated by increased beat frequencies of coronal locomotory cilia. The stimulus for response initiation in K. testudo probably is deformation (shear) of the rotifer itself or its surrounding medium and may be detected by internal or external mechanoreceptors. Threshold stimuli were associated with siphonal flow‐field currents of 0.35 mm s‒1 and Asplanchna flow‐field currents of about 0.65 mm s‒1. Escape‐response initiation in K. testudo was more sensitive to siphonal flow stimuli than that in Polyarthra, suggesting a direct correlation between escape‐response velocity and stimulus threshold. Escape responses in K. cochlearis and K. testudo to encounters with Asplanchna and Daphnia were always successful but were not always initiated. They reduced the probability of the rotifers being captured, and hence eaten or damaged, by these organisms 25–50%. Keratella’s behavioral response complements its other, morphological defenses (size, integumentary skeleton, spination) and increases its ability to coexist with various invertebrate predators and interference competitors in natural zooplankton communities.
Cell size versus taxonomic composition as determinants of UV‐sensitivity in natural phytoplankton communities
Authors: Laurion Isabelle , Vincent Warwick F.
Published: August 2016

Independent evidence from cultures, field studies, an: modeling suggests that cell size is a key factor determining the extent of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) damage of phytoplankton, with the greatest effects on small cells. We investigated this hypothesis in subarctic lake communities by measuring size‐dependent photosynthesis under different UVR treatments. Lakewater was exposed to near‐surface solar radiation in the presence or absence of UVA and UVB, and the phytoplankton was then fractionated into taxonomically distinct pico‐, nano‐, and microplankton size classes. The first part of the study was conducted in a large oligotrophic lake where UVA lowered photosynthesis on average by 32%, while UVB caused an additional 20% decrease. For the pooled data set, mean UVR inhibition of photosynthesis was lowest for the picoplankton and highest for microplankton, but the differences between size fractions were not significant. This photosynthetic assay was repeated in a shallow, mesotrophic coastal lake. This community was less inhibited by UVR (on average 10% inhibition); there was no difference in response between the pica‐ and nanoplankton fractions, whereas photosynthesis of the microplankton fraction was significantly enhanced under UVR. These results show that cell size is not a good index of UV sensitivity and that cyanobacteria‐dominated picophytoplankton are less sensitive to the impacts of rising UVB in the polar and subpolar regions than would be predicted from relationships based only on cell size.
Effect of gut content on the vulnerability of copepods to visual predation
Authors: Tsuda Atsushi , Hiroaki Saito , Hirose Taro
Published: August 2016

We carried out feeding experiments in natural light using copepods (Acartia and Pseudocalanus) and visual orienting predators (herring larvae and salmon fry) to determine whether feeding copepods are more vulnerable to predation than nonfeeding copepods. The fish fed on copepods with full guts at a significantly higher rates. This observation suggest that nocturnal feeding without migration may sometimes be an advantageous strategy for copepods, making a trade‐off between the metabolic disadvantages of starvation during the day with decreased mortality.
Spatiotemporal distribution and activity patterns of bacteria from three phylogenetic groups in an oligomesotrophic lake
Authors: Salcher Michaela M. , Pernthaler Jakob , Posch Thomas
Published: August 2016

We explored the seasonal and vertical patterns of cell numbers, biomass, and amino acid incorporation of three major phylogenetic groups of the bacterioplankton in an oligomesotrophic alpine lake. Throughout the year the numerically dominant bacteria in the oxygenated epilimnion were small Actinobacteria. The timing and vertical location of their spring peak coincided with that of the heterotrophic flagellates (HNF). A second maximum of the relative proportions of Actinobacteria occurred during an autumn bloom of the diatom Asterionella formosa. Betaproteobacteria were negatively related to HNF abundances and formed maximal numbers and biomass during the summer stratification in the increasingly oxygen‐depleted hypolimnion. Members of the Cytophaga‐Flavobacteria subclade (CF) of Bacteroidetes preferably inhabited the completely anoxic zone of the hypolimnion. The numerically dominant Actinobacteria contributed only little to total bacterial biomass, whereas Betaproteobacteria and the comparatively rare (albeit large) CF represented the bulk of the bacterial carbon pool. Amino acid incorporation was mainly observed in Actinobacteria and Betaproteobacteria. Actinobacteria showed a clear preference for amino acids other than leucine. These bacteria represented the most active biomass (with respect to amino acid uptake), whereas the opposite was the case for CF. The contrasting vertical and seasonal patterns suggest that the three phylogenetic groups to some extent represent different functional compartments of the bacterioplankton.
Decomposition of plankton‐derived dissolved organic matter in permeable coastal sediments
Authors: Chipman Lindsay , Podgorski David , Green Stefan , Kostka Joel , Cooper William , Huettel Markus
Published: August 2016

We tested the hypothesis that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is degraded when filtered through permeable shelf sediments. In a laboratory flume experiment the concave shape of DOC profiles observed in the upper 10 cm of Gulf of Mexico sublittoral sands was reproduced by the combination of DOC filtration and production in the sediment surface layer and mineralization and adsorption in the subsurface layer. Six percent to 14% of 13C‐labeled, highly degradable DOC was mineralized during filtration through 5.8‐cm‐long sand‐filled column reactors, up to nine times more than in dark, water‐filled column reactors. Filtration through 50‐cm‐long sand columns removed all highly degradable DOC pumped through the sediment, translating to fluxes of up to 379 mmol DOC m−2 d−1, corresponding to DOC removal from an approximately 1‐m‐deep water layer each day. Bacterial incorporation of 13C identified a diverse group of sedimentary aerobic and anaerobic microbes processing DO13C filtered through sand columns, dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Planctomycetes. Excitation‐emission matrix spectroscopy analysis of chromophoric dissolved organic matter contained in diatom‐derived DOC indicated that microbes preferentially removed components around the fluorescence peak of tryptophan or protein‐like substances, which may have the highest nutrient value. Mass spectra analysis revealed that filtration through sand also removes a broad spectrum of substances from less degradable humic and fulvic acid‐like DOC and produces new DOC components. The flushed sand layer between the water column and deeper anoxic sediment layers acts as an effective DOC filter, with subsurface horizontal pore‐water flows promoting decomposition of DOC.
Effect of viruses and protists on bacteria in eddies of the Canary Current region (subtropical northeast Atlantic)
Authors: Boras Julia A. , Montserrat Sala M. , Baltar Federico , Arístegui Javier , Duarte Carlos M. , Vaqué Dolors
Published: August 2016

The effect of oceanic eddies on microbial processes, with emphasis on bacterial losses due to protists and phages, was examined in the Canary Current region (subtropical northeast Atlantic) through the water column (down to 1000 m) during August 2006. Sampling stations were located in cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, as well as in regions situated outside the influence of the eddy field (far‐field stations). In the euphotic zone, in cyclonic eddies losses of bacteria due to viruses and protists were from 25.6% to 69.8%, and from not detected to 46.8% of bacterial production (BP) d−1, respectively. In anticyclonic eddies, these values ranged from 20.6% to 90.2% of BP d−1 for viruses, and from 8.0% to 79.4% of BP d−1 for protists. At far‐field stations, losses of bacteria ranged from 48.7% to 66.9% for viruses, and from not detected to 44.8% for protists. In addition, covering all stations and depths (from the epipelagic to the bathypelagic layer), bacterial losses due to viruses were significantly higher than losses by protists, and did not differ significantly among depths except for the stations situated in anticyclonic eddies, where they were significantly higher in the epipelagic layer. Lysogenic infection was more frequent at anticyclonic stations, where the highest pressure of protists on bacteria was observed. Because of the importance of viral activity, we suggest that lysis products from bacteria may be a source of regenerated nutrients in the surface of the oligotrophic ocean, in addition to the input of nutrients upwelled by eddies.
Geochemical processes and chemosynthetic primary production in different thiotrophic mats of the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano (Barents Sea)
Authors: Lichtschlag Anna , Felden Janine , Brüchert Volker , Boetius Antje , de Beer Dirk
Published: August 2016

We have investigated if in a cold seep methane or sulfide is used for chemosynthetic primary production and if significant amounts of the sulfide produced by anaerobic oxidation of methane are oxidized geochemically and hence are not available for chemosynthetic production. Geochemically controlled redox reactions and biological turnover were compared in different habitats of the Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano. The center of the mud volcano is characterized by the highest fluid flow, and most primary production by the microbial community depends on oxidation of methane. The small amount of sulfide produced is oxidized geochemically with oxygen or is precipitated with dissolved iron. In the medium flow peripheral Beggiatoa habitat sulfide is largely oxidized biologically. The oxygen and nitrate supply is high enough that Beggiatoa can oxidize the sulfide completely, and chemical sulfide oxidation or precipitation is not important. An internally stored nitrate reservoir with average concentrations of 110 mmol L−1 enables the Beggiatoa to oxidize sulfide anaerobically. The pH profile indicates sequential sulfide oxidation with elemental sulfur as an intermediate. Gray thiotrophic mats associated with perturbed sediments showed a high heterogeneity in sulfate turnover and high sulfide fluxes, balanced by the opposing oxygen and nitrate fluxes so that biological oxidation dominates over geochemical sulfide removal processes. The three habitats indicate substantial small‐scale variability in carbon fixation pathways, either through direct biological use of methane or through indirect carbon fixation of methane‐derived carbon dioxide by chemolithotrophic sulfide oxidation.
Contribution of picophytoplankton to carbon export in the equatorial Pacific: A reassessment of food web flux inferences from inverse models
Authors: Stukel Michael R. , Landry Michael R.
Published: August 2016

The paradigm that carbon export is derived almost exclusively from the primary production of large phytoplankton has been challenged by inverse ecosystem modeling studies that suggest that most carbon export in the open ocean is fueled by picophytoplankton. To readdress this hypothesis, we use an inverse model to synthesize the planktonic rate measurements from a pair of recent cruises in the equatorial Pacific. The analysis based on this new experimental data, which crucially include vertically integrated taxon‐specific production and grazing estimates, largely resolve the unexpected results of the previous inverse studies, including unbalanced growth and grazing processes and the dominance of production by picophytoplankton. While this very small size class does not produce the majority of phytoplankton carbon that is eventually exported to depth (only 23%, vs. 73% from a previous analysis of Joint Global Ocean Flux Study Equatorial Pacific data), our base model supports the conclusion that the role of picophytoplankton in vertical carbon flux is largely proportional to their contribution to net primary productivity (though neither is proportional to biomass). We show, however, that export‐production proportionality is sensitive to the model representation of the detrital pool such that the relative export role of picophytoplankton declines substantially for an alternate model with size‐structured detritus. A definitive assessment of the role of picoplankton in vertical carbon flux will thus require detailed experimental examination of the origin, composition, and fate of euphotic zone detrital material.