bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estabilidade no prognóstico do perfil de aptidão física de jovens atletas de handebol
Authors: Raso Vagner , Brito Carlos Frederico d’Avila , Araújo Timóteo Leandro , Bergamo Vagner Roberto , Andrade Douglas Roque , Matsudo Sandra Marcela Mahecha , França Nanci Maria de , Matsudo Victor Keihan Rodrigues
Published: April 2011

Este estudo teve como objetivo: 1) verificar a estabilidade do perfil de aptidão física de jovens atletas de handebol durante a adolescência; e 2) comparar os resultados com a seleção paulista adulta feminina. Para tanto, a amostra foi constituída por cinco jovens atletas de handebol feminino que foram seguidas semilongitudinalmente por dois anos, com média de idade e tempo de prática inicial e final de 14,2 ± 1,3 anos, 18,4 ± 10,7 meses e 16,2 ± 1,3 anos, 42,8 ± 10,7 meses, respectivamente (12h/semana de treinamento). Na temporada de 1997 quatro atletas foram pré-selecionadas para a seleção brasileira de cadetes. As variáveis mensuradas foram: peso corporal (P); altura total (A); impulsão vertical sem (IVS) e com auxílio dos membros superiores (IVC); impulsão horizontal (IH); agilidade (SR); velocidade (50m) e potência anaeróbica (40seg.), seguindo padronização CELAFISCS. Os coeficientes de Pearson e Spearman foram significativamente altos e muitos altos (p < 0,05) para P (0,88), A (0,98 e 0,99), 50m (0,95 e 0,90) e 40seg. (0,87 e 0,90). Estes dados permitem concluir que as jovens atletas apresentaram alta estabilidade nas variáveis antropométricas, velocidade e potência anaeróbica durante um período de dois anos da adolescência, favorecendo a hipótese de que a expectativa de sucesso esportivo pode ser predita em idades precoces.
Gestão de pessoas por competências: análise de repercussões dez anos pós-implantação
Authors: Munck Luciano , Munck Mariana Gomes Musetti , Souza Rafael Borim de
Published: April 2011

Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar um modelo de gestão de pessoas articulado por competências implementado há dez anos. A avaliação foi feita com base nas premissas metodológicas de validação e legitimação de modelos de gestão de competências propostas por Markus, Cooper-Thomas e Allpress (2005). As categorias consideradas foram: definição constitutiva, validade de construto (validade de conteúdo, validade de face e confiabilidade) e validade preditiva. A estratégia de pesquisa foi o estudo de caso descritivo, no qual as informações foram consolidadas a partir da triangulação de dados advindos de documentos, relatórios e entrevistas. Foram feitas 29 entrevistas com pessoas identificadas como fontes essenciais para a pesquisa, tais como o consultor do projeto, funcionários, gerentes, diretores e o presidente da empresa. Encontrou-se baixa consistência em relação ao cumprimento das exigências de validação. Os resultados demonstraram que o modelo analisado apresenta problemas operacionais, problemas relacionados à compreensão de conceitos e problemas relacionados a organização, gestão e cumprimento de premissas. Em suma, o processo avaliativo demonstrou fragilidades do modelo pesquisado em relação a alinhamento conceitual, alcance dos objetivos propostos e direcionamentos para verificação da validade preditiva. Também se verificou baixa credibilidade do modelo para orientar contratações, promoções, remuneração e desenvolvimento. O presente estudo demonstrou que a avaliação de modelos de competências a partir de critérios de validação promove a aproximação de premissas, ações e resultados.
Uma aproximação entre liderança transformacional e Teoria da Ação Comunicativa
Authors: Vizeu Fabio
Published: April 2011

Desde o trabalho seminal de Burns (1978) sobre liderança transformacional, muitos autores defendem que líderes são bem-sucedidos se não se comportam como gerentes. Longe de representar um argumento sem base teórica, defende-se que o modelo de liderança transformacional pode ser considerado a partir do ponto de vista de teorias sociais mais complexas como a Teoria da Ação Comunicativa, de Habermas. Essa é a proposta deste trabalho, que, considerando a dicotomia entre a ação estratégica e a ação comunicativa, observou os fundamentos ontológicos para a diferenciação entre gerentes e líderes transformacionais. Nesse sentido, reconhecemos que a Teoria da Ação Comunicativa provê análise crítica da liderança transformacional, pois permite uma melhor compreensão de alguns de seus elementos, ao mesmo tempo que questiona outros, provendo um entendimento menos ingênuo sobre o fenômeno da liderança, tal qual aquele apresentado pela visão gerencialista nos estudos da liderança. Uma dessas contribuições é a concepção da liderança transformacional como um fenômeno contextualizado pela liberdade do discurso, propiciando a ação comunicativa a partir de mecanismos organizacionais que são livres de constrangimentos à interação comunicativa, permitindo reciprocidade entre os agentes da liderança.
O princípio de Huyghens, a óptica de Fourier e a propagação de feixes de laser
Authors: Campos E , Fernandes T.J , Rodrigues N.A.S
Published: April 2011

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma abordagem que foi adotada para o ensino de óptica física e de propagação de feixes de laser para alunos provenientes de um Curso de Bacharelado em Matemática, no programa de Iniciação Científica do Instituto de Estudos Avançados. Inicialmente é feita uma apresentação fenomenológica do Princípio de Huyghens e de como o tratamento matemático adequado deste princípio resulta nos conceitos básicos da optica de Fourier. Posteriormente é postulada a existência de um feixe de laser cuja distribuição de amplitude de campo elétrico é dada por uma função gaussiana e foi calculada a propagação deste feixe usando a óptica de Fourier. Como resultado deste cálculo foram obtidas as propriedades de propagação do feixe de laser gaussiano. Embora os resultados a respeito da propagação de feixes de lasers gaussianos encontrados neste trabalho sejam amplamente divulgados na literatura, a abordagem se mostrou muito útil para iniciar alunos na área de óptica física sem que seja necessário passar pela teoria do eletromagnetismo
Colisão com o 'efeito estilingue'
Authors: Silveira Fernando Lang da , Braun Luci F.M , Braun Thomas
Published: April 2011

Abordamos teoricamente a colisão com o 'efeito estilingue' onde um corpo transfere momento linear e energia cinética para um segundo corpo de massa menor, fazendo com que a energia mecânica desse segundo corpo cresça de forma surpreendente. Mostramos que, mesmo quando as colisões são inelásticas, o ganho de energia mecânica pode ser grande. Apresentamos um estudo experimental do interessante efeito realizado a partir de um vídeo. Finalmente discutimos o 'efeito estilingue gravitacional' utilizado para aumentar a energia mecânica de sondas espaciais ao passarem nas imediações de planetas
O azul do céu e o vermelho do pôr-do-sol
Authors: Rocha M.N , Fujimoto T.G , Azevedo R.S , Muramatsu M
Published: April 2011

Este trabalho expõe uma dedução da intensidade da luz espalhada por pequenas partículas na atmosfera, o que explica o porquê do azul do céu e o vermelho do pôr-do-sol. Mostramos, também, uma experiência bem simples, sobre os temas abordados, que foi elaborada com o intuito de aplicar a alunos do Ensino Médio
The Unifying Power of a Whole‐School Read
Authors: Jewett Pamela C. , Wilson Jennifer L. , Vanderburg Michelle A.
Published: April 2011

This article describes an urban middle school community that took part in a yearlong literacy engagement—a whole‐school read of a young adult novel. The authors, three researchers from a nearby university, documented the yearlong event and the effect it had on the school's academic and social spaces. Relying on the perspective that literacy is ideologically laden and on Bernstein's conceptions of pedagogy, the authors found that the whole‐school read served as a unifying concept that created learning environments in which “things were put together.” Teachers entertained uncertainty toward learning outcomes and valued a text that could connect to students' lives and open doors for discussion of critical issues. Within the school's learning spaces, readers came to deeper understandings of text and each other through dialogue, teachers and students across grade levels collaborated, and boundaries between previously segregated subject areas were blurred.
The Shakespeare in All of Us: A Monumental, Multitudinous, Premeditated Approach to Vocabulary Instruction
Authors: Savino Jennifer Ann
Published: April 2011

Shakespeare, who worked actively with words through punning, playing, and inventing, serves as the model for students to experience a deepening knowledge of vocabulary and love of words. Through instructional activities aimed at increasing word play, word exposure, and word consciousness, students gain the verbal capacity needed to understand complex text and express themselves fully. This article demonstrates how vocabulary empowers. It is filled with exciting ways to support best practices in vocabulary instruction through rich classroom activities.
Assessment in RTI: What Teachers and Specialists Need to Know
Authors: Wixson Karen K. , Valencia Sheila W.
Published: April 2011

This article describes the role of language and literacy assessment in Response to Intervention, the assessment requirements and intent of RTI legislation, and the assessment principle in the International Reading Association's guiding principles on RTI. It outlines the multiple purposes of assessment required for a coherent RTI system, including screening, diagnostics, formative progress monitoring, benchmark progress monitoring, and summative outcome assessment. Building on this framework, the article then presents types of knowledge and skills teachers and specialists need in order to use assessments and their results effectively in an RTI approach to preventing language and literacy problems.
Sign Up for Reading: Students Read Aloud to the Class
Authors: Hurst Beth , Scales Kathleen B. , Frecks Elizabeth , Lewis Kayla
Published: April 2011

This article provides a simple, research‐based idea for how teachers can promote reading through performance by using sign‐up sheets on which each student signs up to read aloud to the class. The sign‐up‐for‐reading strategy gives students a reason to read; provides opportunities for oral reading, rereading, practice reading, and selecting reading materials; and helps develop prosody. When teachers provide opportunities for performance reading and structure it with a reading sign‐up sheet, all students participate and have a chance to grow enthusiastically as readers.
Suggest‐Choose‐Plan‐Compose: A Strategy to Help Students Learn to Write
Authors: Wiesendanger Katherine Davis , Perry Jeannine Rajewski , Braun Gretchen
Published: April 2011

This article describes a strategy to support students' development of creative writing and construction of text in a sequential manner. The goal of the Suggest‐Choose‐Plan‐Compose (SCPC) strategy is to improve students' ability to create a story by helping them clarify their thoughts as they generate and organize ideas and basic story elements. SCPC implements various grouping patterns and a careful approach to the removal of teacher support. By deliberately planning and engaging students in the stages within SCPC, they can produce well crafted‐writing.
Is Bevacizumab Administration Safe When Combined with Therapeutic Anticoagulation in Patients with High-grade Glioma?
Authors: Lisa R. Rogers
Published: April 2011

High-grade gliomas are associated with a small risk of spontaneous intratumoral hemorrhage. A significant percentage of patients with high-grade glioma develop a deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus, requiring anticoagulation. Because bevacizumab administration can be complicated by hemorrhage at the site of tumor or at other sites, a clinical concern for increasing the risk of intracranial hemorrhage arises when treating high-grade glioma patients who have a deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus with therapeutic anticoagulation and concurrent bevacizumab. Evidence to date does not indicate that there is an increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage when bevacizumab is combined with anticoagulation in this setting.
Neurosurgical Implications of Avastin
Authors: Gazanfar Rahmathulla  , Michael A. Vogelbaum
Published: April 2011

Malignant gliomas are optimally managed with maximal surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy. Drug delivery challenges and chemoresistance limits the efficacy of standard chemotherapeutic agents. Understanding glioma biology has led to the development of a variety newer molecular targeting agents which have begun to show exciting preliminary results. Bevacizumab (Avastin) is one such drug likely to play a key role in malignant glioma therapy. We review the current literature in regard to the use of bevacizumab and its adverse effects in neurosurgical patients.
Salvage Chemotherapy with Bevacizumab for Recurrent Anaplastic Glioma
Authors: Marc C. Chamberlain
Published: April 2011

Background: The treatment of recurrent anaplastic glioma (AG) like all high-grade gliomas (HGG) is problematic, as only partially effective therapeutic modalities are available and there is a lack of a standard therapy for recurrence. Methods: A literature review of the use of bevacizumab for recurrent HGG including five studies involving recurrent AG. Results: In the 5 studies of bevacizumab for the treatment of recurrent AG (n=140 patients) neuroradiographic response rates were as follows; complete response 0-20%, partial response 34-68% (median 52%), and stable disease 5-59% (median 16%). Median overall survival was 28 weeks (range 18-35 weeks) and progression free survival at 6- and 12-months was 55% (range 32-68%) and 23% (16-39%) respectively. Conclusions: Bevacizumab therapy appears to increase response of recurrent AG by 2-fold and 6- month progression free survival by 1.5 fold without a clear benefit with respect to overall survival. Toxicity of bevacizumab therapy is manageable and most often comprised of hypertension, proteinuria and fatigue. To date, there are no multi-institutional prospective trials evaluating the role of bevacizumab for the treatment of recurrent AG notwithstanding the increasingly common use of bevacizumab for this indication.
Outline of Railway Intelligent Transportation System (RITS)
Authors: Zhuo Wang , Li-min Jia
Published: April 2011

Railway Intelligent Transportation System (RITS) has been initially proposed in this chapter. Being a
railway transportation system of this era, its basic purpose lies in strengthening safety of transportation, raising
transportation efficiency and improving service quality. Compared with Intelligent Transportation System, RITS
has the same research purpose, emphasis and similar advanced technology has been adopted. The substantive
characteristics of RITS is a complex, distributed and open system, belonging to the category of Open Complex
Giant System (OCGS), the meta-synthesis method being qualitative and quantitative is integrated for the research
of OCGS. Finally, the development of RITS in China and the current research in Japan, USA, and Europe etc. are
introduced in this chapter.
Research on RITS System Framework
Authors: Zhuo Wang , Li-min Jia
Published: April 2011

Research on RITS system framework is the approach and strategy to guide the general planning and
implementation for future development of the railway transport system. This Chapter presents RITS system
framework in China. It is mainly based on several components including service framework, logical framework,
and physical framework. Service framework combines user's demand and system function, which is the basis for
the establishment of logical framework and physical framework. Logical framework describes RITS internal
structure from logical point of view, and physical framework assigns the definition process of logical framework
to RITS physical entities. Finally in this chapter, the intelligent emergency rescue and safety system framework
are introduced as an example.
Improved Long term Voice Activity Detection for Robust Speech Recognition
Authors: Gorriz Juan M. , Ramirez Javier
Published: April 2011

Nowadays, the accuracy of speech processing systems is strongly affected by acoustic
noise. This is a serious obstacle regarding the demands of modern applications. Therefore, these
systems often need a noise reduction algorithmworking in combination with a precise voice activity
detector (VAD). The computation needed to achieve denoising and speech detection must not
exceed the limitations imposed by real time speech processing systems. This chapter presents a
novel VAD for improving speech detection robustness in noisy environments and the performance
of speech recognition systems in real time applications. The algorithm is based on a Multivariate
Complex Gaussian (MCG) observation model and defines an optimal likelihood ratio test (LRT)
involving Multiple and Correlated Observations (MCO) based on a jointly Gaussian probability
distribution (jGpdf) and a symmetric covariance matrix. The complete derivation of the jGpdf-
LRT for the general case of a symmetric covariance matrix is shown in terms of the Cholesky
decomposition which allows to efficiently compute the VAD decision rule. An extensive analysis
of the proposed methodology for a low dimensional observation model demonstrates: i) the
improved robustness of the proposed approach by means of a clear reduction of the classification
error as the number of observations is increased, and ii) the trade-off between the number of
observations and the detection performance. The proposed strategy is also compared to different
VAD methods including the G.729, AMR and AFE standards, as well as other recently reported
algorithms showing a sustained advantage in speech/non-speech detection accuracy and speech
recognition performance using the Aurora databases.
Speech Enhancement Algorithms: A Survey
Authors: Loizou Philipos C.
Published: April 2011

The need to remove or suppress acoustic noise arises in many situations in which the
voice signal originates from a noisy location or is affected by noise over a communication
channel. This Chapter presents an up-to-date coverage of all major noise suppression algorithms
proposed over the past two decades including spectral subtractive algorithms, Wiener filtering,
statistical-model based algorithms and subspace algorithms. It presents a comprehensive
evaluation and comparison of major enhancement algorithms in terms of speech quality and
speech intelligibility. Finally, this hapter concludes with a description of major objective
measures used for predicting the subjective quality and intelligibility of noise-suppressed
speech.
Current Methods for the Quantitative Analysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds from Whole Blood Matrix Using Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Naxing Xu Raymond , J. Rieser Matthew , A. El-Shourbagy Tawakol
Published: April 2011

This article reviews current methods used in quantitative analysis of pharmaceutical compounds
from whole blood matrix by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Whole blood matrix reviewed here
includes traditional liquid whole blood and dried blood spot (DBS) on a collection paper. A number of
bioanalytical methods have been reported over the years for the determination of pharmaceutical compounds
from liquid whole blood matrix. These methods have been used to support drug discovery and development
as well as therapeutic drug monitoring. Dried blood spot technique was initially developed for newborn
screening, later adapted to therapeutic drug monitoring, and now expanding into pharmaceutical drug
discovery and development. Sample pretreatment, extraction, chromatography, and mass detection
procedures for sample analysis from both liquid whole blood and dried blood spot are summarized in this
article. Factors influencing assay performance such as sampling and automation are discussed. Emerging
techniques allowing direct analysis of blood samples using mass spectrometry technique are also included.
Microbial Cells and Biosensing: A Dual Approach - Exploiting Antibodies and Microbial Cells as Analytical/Power Systems
Authors: Arora Sushrut , Pastorella Gabriele , Barry Byrne , Enrico Marsili , O Kennedy Richard
Published: April 2011

The primary focus of this review is the discussion of how biosensor-based platforms can be used
in conjunction with microbial cells for monitoring, environmental and industrial applications. Two
approaches will be comprehensively discussed. The first of these will examine how immunosensors can be
used for the sensitive and selective detection of bacterial pathogens in a range of diverse and complex sample
matrices. Secondly, we discuss the implementation of free and immobilised microbial cells for facilitating
the analysis of chemicals and metabolites in cost-effective devices that, in turn, are directly applicable to
environmental monitoring. Further examples, relating to the uses and advantages of microbial fuel cells are
also discussed, with particular emphasis on recent and innovative developments.
Sample Preparation Overview for the Chromatographic Determination of 1,4-Benzodiazepines in Biological matrices
Authors: Nasir Uddin Mohammad , F. Samanidou Victoria , N. Papadoyannis Ioannis
Published: April 2011

Benzodiazepines due to their sedative, anti-depressive, muscle relaxant, tranquilizer, hypnotic and
anticonvulsant properties, have become common worldwide prescribed medicines in the therapy of anxiety,
sleep disorders and convulsive attacks, as relatively safe, with mild side effects. The availability of rapid,
sensitive and selective analytical methods is essential for the determination of these drugs in clinical and
forensic cases. Benzodiazepines are usually present at trace levels (μgmL-1 or ngmL-1) in a complex
biological matrix, and the potentially interfering compounds need to be removed prior to analysis. Therefore,
a sample preparation technique is often mandatory both to extract the drugs of interest from the matrix and
concentrate them. An extended and comprehensive review on sample preparation giving emphasis on
extraction techniques for the chromatographic determination of major benzodiazepines and their metabolites
in biological samples is presented providing important physicochemical and bio-pharmacological data to be
useful for the development of procedure.
Advances in the field theory of magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Yahalom Asher
Published: April 2011

It will be shown that barotropic magnetohydrodynamics is equivalent to a
four function field theory, reducing the number of equations and variables
needed to describe the theory from seven (the magnetic field B the velocity
field v and the density p)to four function field theory possesses a novel double
infinite symmetry group. Non trivial topologies and the differences between
stationary and non-stationary flows will be given detailed attention.
Energy Consumption and CO2 Emissions in the Spanish Economy
Authors: Alejandro Cardenete M. , D. Fuentes Saguar Patricia
Published: April 2011

In this paper we set out to examine the energy generated emissions from a different viewpoint,
focusing on final energy consumption and trying to ascertain which demands are the most costly to satisfy in
terms of emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere. To do this, we apply an additive multiplier decomposition
methodology to the Spanish Social Accounting Matrix for the year 2000 that we have developed. This way, we
can disaggregate the Spanish energy sector’s revenue-generating process into different effects depending on the
source of the demand. To gain a better understanding of the behaviours of the different branches of the economy,
we divide Spanish productive activities into two groups, which we call subsystems (energy subsystem and
complementary subsystem). We then apply the multiplier decomposition methodology to each one separately.
This way, we can identify the influence that the final demand of each of these groups has on income generation
and energy sector emissions in the Spanish economy. The results confirm that some branches of the services
sector are the most costly in terms of CO2 emissions.
Contributors
Authors: Llop Maria
Published: April 2011

Full text available.
Thinking and Experimenting
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

So, how do we go about exploring notions of psychological economics? How are we to set up studies
to learn about the nature of the psychology in ‘our heads’, about how we respond to the economics of goods and
services? How are we to measure happiness? We are going to do two types of experiments (one independent
variable at a time, as well as a questionnaire). We’ll look at happiness and pleasure using those experiments. We
may stray a bit from conventional happiness to the joy of sensation, but in the end, you’ll understand the bases of
the experimental method applied to the problem.
Money and Product Quality - How Much Will You Pay for a Better Pizza?
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

In this chapter we introduce the interplay of product and price. It is becoming clear that there are no
hard and fast rules about how important price is to purchase versus how important product or product quality is to
purchase. It appears to be a function of the particular product, and the nature of the person doing the evaluation.
Yet, it is clear that homo economicus still reigns. Purchase intent does increase with product acceptance, so all
other factors being equal; it’s good to taste better. Yet, it is equally clear that the price to pay for such quality
increases is important to consider. It’s not better quality at any cost, not indeed. Depending upon the particular
product being developed or improved, it may be better to concentrate on lower cost of the current product rather
than increasing its quality.
'Just So Happy Can a Poor Boy be - That is Why I Love You so'
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

Looking at our happiness experiment we can summarize what we earned in three points: It’s clear that
we can investigate happiness by putting together vignettes and having people respond. People clearly differentiate
the different vignettes. There are certainly differences among the elements. The big players are job loss and
salary. Happiness versus salary is fairly flat. Happiness/unhappiness versus job loss is fairly steep. Money may
not lead to happiness, but job stability probably does.
The Economics of Personal Time: Getting the Respondent to Participate in a Survey
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

In many situations a person naturally gives time to follow something of interest to him, to buy an item,
to read, to participate in sport, even to travel. When we deal with a survey, however, we are asking the person to
take on a job, albeit a job for a limited time, with very little recompense, no benefits, and simply the joy of doing
something for someone else. From our study we see that there are three distinct mind-sets; those who want
‘stuff/money’ in return, those who want to be ‘experts’ (money helps here as well, however), and those who want
to have an easy survey and seem willing to donate their time without any recompense. The nature of the reward
changes with the topic of the survey, even though the surveys are all equally long. Interesting topics need less
reward than boring topics.
Where Shall I Live? Economics of Living Among the Migrant Workers
Authors: Galanter Eugene , Moskowitz Howard , Silcher Matthias
Published: April 2011

The key take-away from this chapter is that social issues, such as housing and the nature of city life,
can be addressed by the same experiments as we addressed actual products. Social policy, therefore, and the
nature of what people want and what they will sacrifice, becomes, at least in terms of experimentation, one more
example of how research methods apply to a variety of different economic and social topics. That is,
understanding the public sector is probably no more difficult than understanding the private sector. Nor is it
difficult to export the research method to other countries, other cultures. With simply sensitivity to the local
problems of the population the tool which provides knowledge about how to sell products to people also now
provides knowledge about how to sell public policy to waiting citizens.
Creating Community: Strengthening Education and Practice Partnerships through Communities of Practice
Authors: Berry Lois E
Published: April 2011

Nursing students frequently experience disconnectedness, marginalization and antagonism during their clinical experiences. These experiences limit their ability to fully engage in the social learning that is important to the development of professional skill and identity. Current North American education models emphasize the separation between practice and education, with negative consequences for students and their learning. Re-envisioning the relationship between education and practice using Wenger’s Communities of Practice model promotes the development of mutually beneficial, capacity-building relationships where learning and growth are goals for students and staff alike. Re-creating units as learning organizations committed to learning, reflection, dialogue and quality improvement redefines the education-service relationship and changes the roles of educators and practitioners with respect to the unit learning needs. Wenger’s Communities of Practice model redefines the apprenticeship model of nursing education in ways that allow for more meaningful, effective learning relationships between clinicians, educators and students.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Cunningham John , Locatelli Francesco , Rodriguez Mariano
Published: April 2011

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a challenge frequently encountered in the management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Downregulation of the parathyroid vitamin D and calcium-sensing receptors represent critical steps that lead to abnormalities in mineral metabolism: high phosphate, low calcium, and vitamin D deficiency. These imbalances result in parathyroid hyperplasia and contribute to vascular calcification. New studies have established a central role for fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) in the regulation of phosphate-vitamin D homeostasis. FGF-23 concentration increases in CKD and contributes to SHPT. Achieving current targets for the key mineral parameters in the management of SHPT set by the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines can be challenging. This review summarizes the current understanding and evidence supporting strategies for SHPT treatment in CKD patients. Treatment should include a combination of dietary phosphorus restriction, phosphate binders, vitamin D sterols, and calcimimetics. Parathyroidectomy is effective in suitable candidates refractory to medical therapy and the standard against which new approaches should be measured. Future strategies may focus on the stimulation of apoptotic activity of hyperplastic parathyroid cells.
Institute of musicology, Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (1948-2010)
Authors: Petrovic Danica
Published: April 2011

The article gives an overview of the early days of the Institute, then
proceeds to explain the development of the research projects, the further
education of research members of the Institute and finally the results of
the Institute?s work in various fields: research, publishing, building of
archival collections, popularization of research. We also learn about the
various organizational changes that have taken place over the last decades
and the developed collaboration with other institutions. The article also
provides information about well known musicologists, ethnomusicologists, slavists and composers who worked with and visited the Institute.
Morphometric analysis of craniofacial features in mono- and dizygotic twins discordant for unilateral cleft lip and palate
Authors: Tessler Alexis Y. , Franchi Lorenzo , McNamara James A. , Baccetti Tiziano
Published: April 2011

Objective:

To compare craniofacial differences between twins discordant for surgically repaired unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) during the developmental ages and to test the effect of zygosity on the shape and size of the craniofacial skeleton of the same twins by means of thin plate spline (TPS) analysis.

Materials and Methods:

Lateral and posteroanterior (PA) cephalometric films from 19 sets of monozygotic (MZ) twins (15 male and 4 female) and 10 dizygotic (DZ) twins (7 male and 3 female) were analyzed. TPS analysis evaluated statistically significant differences in the craniofacial shape and size between affected and unaffected twins within MZ and DZ twin couples.

Results:

No statistically significant differences in craniofacial shape or size between CLP and non-CLP MZ or DZ twins were observed. The level of morphological similarity in CLP vs non-CLP MZ twins was statistically greater than in DZ twins.

Conclusions:

Morphometric analysis showed that surgically repaired CLP does not produce significant shape or size differences in the craniofacial features of MZ or DZ twins discordant for unilateral CLP.
Confocal Laser Microscopic Analysis of Biofilm on Newer Feldspar Ceramic
Authors: Brentel A. S. , Kantorski K. Z. , Valandro L. F. , Fúcio S. B. , Puppin-Rontani R. M. , Bottino M. A.
Published: April 2011

Clinical Relevance

When the glazed surface of glass ceramics is submitted to chairside preparation, polishing with rubber points followed by felt disks impregnated with a fine-aluminum oxide particle appears be a good option to polish the surface of the glass ceramic, since this finishing-polishing method results in biofilm formation similar to the glazed ceramic surface.
Evaluation of a nine-point body condition scoring system in physically inactive pet cats
Authors: Bjornvad Charlotte R. , Nielsen Dorte H. , Armstrong P. Jane , McEvoy Fintan , Hoelmkjaer Kirsten M. , Jensen Kathrine S. , Pedersen Gitte F. , Kristensen Annemarie T.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To compare results of body condition scoring by use of a 9-point scale with body composition determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in indoor-confined neutered domestic shorthair (DSH) pet cats.

Animals—72 indoor-confined, adult neutered DSH pet cats (38 females and 34 males).

Procedures—All cats underwent a physical examination including assessment of body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS; 1 = emaciated, 5 = ideal, and 9 = grossly obese), and girth. Urinalysis, CBC, and serum biochemical analysis were also performed. After the cats were confirmed healthy, they were anesthetized for body composition measurement via DEXA. Lean body mass, fat mass, and percentage body fat (%BF) were then evaluated.

Results—The correlation between %BF and BCS (r = 0.87) was superior to the correlations between %BFand BW (r = 0.74) and between %BF and girth (r = 0.78). Values for %BF differed significantly between all pairs of BCSs except BCSs 8 and 9. Within a BCS, the %BF was similar for male and female cats. The mean %BF for cats with a BCS of 5 was 32, which exceeded the upper reference limit of %BF generally considered ideal (30).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The 9-point BCS scale appears useful for assessing %BF in DSH pet cats. Nevertheless, study findings could indicate a need for redefining the ideal BCS for inactive neutered cats to include a BCS of 4.
Effects of intravenous administration of lidocaine on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in horses
Authors: Rezende Marlis L. , Wagner Ann E. , Mama Khursheed R. , Ferreira Tatiana H. , Steffey Eugene P.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To determine effects of a continuous rate infusion of lidocaine on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane in horses.

Animals—8 healthy adult horses.

Procedures—Horses were anesthetized via IV administration of xylazine, ketamine, and diazepam; anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane in oxygen. Approximately 1 hour after induction, sevoflurane MAC determination was initiated via standard techniques. Following sevoflurane MAC determination, lidocaine was administered as a bolus (1.3 mg/kg, IV, over 15 minutes), followed by constant rate infusion at 50 μg/kg/min. Determination of MAC for the lidocaine-sevoflurane combination was started 30 minutes after lidocaine infusion was initiated. Arterial blood samples were collected after the lidocaine bolus, at 30-minute intervals, and at the end of the infusion for measurement of plasma lidocaine concentrations.

Results—IV administration of lidocaine decreased mean ± SD sevoflurane MAC from 2.42 ± 0.24% to 1.78 ± 0.38% (mean MAC reduction, 26.7 ± 12%). Plasma lidocaine concentrations were 2,589 ± 811 ng/mL at the end of the bolus; 2,065 ± 441 ng/mL, 2,243 ± 699 ng/mL, 2,168 ± 339 ng/mL, and 2,254 ± 215 ng/mL at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes of infusion, respectively; and 2,206 ± 329 ng/mL at the end of the infusion. Plasma concentrations did not differ significantly among time points.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Lidocaine could be useful for providing a more balanced anesthetic technique in horses. A detailed cardiovascular study on the effects of IV infusion of lidocaine during anesthesia with sevoflurane is required before this combination can be recommended.
Comparison of the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release buprenorphine hydrochloride following subcutaneous administration and buprenorphine hydrochloride following oral transmucosal administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Catbagan Davina L. , Quimby Jessica M. , Mama Khursheed R. , Rychel Jessica K. , Mich Patrice M.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To compare the efficacy and adverse effects of sustained-release (SR) buprenorphine following SC administration and buprenorphine following oral transmucosal (OTM) administration in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy.

Animals—21 young healthy female cats.

Procedures—As part of anesthetic premedication (0 hours), 10 cats received buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg) via OTM administration with additional doses at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 hours and 11 cats received an equivalent total dose as a single SC injection of SR buprenorphine (0.12 mg/kg). The SR product contained buprenorphine hydrochloride in a proprietary SR matrix. All other anesthetic drugs and a single postoperative dose of meloxicam were administered similarly to all cats. Behavioral and physiologic variables were recorded, and signs of pain were assessed by use of 2 pain assessment scales and von Frey filament testing in each cat prior to premedication administration (baseline), during recovery from anesthesia (RFA), and at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 hours.

Results—Heart rate increased and temperature (determined via microchip transponder thermometry) decreased from baseline values during RFA in both groups. Compared with baseline values, pain scores were increased during RFA and at the 12- and 24-hour time points in both groups; von Frey scores were higher during RFA. Behavioral and physiologic variables did not differ significantly between groups at any time point.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy, SC administration of a preoperative dose of SR buprenorphine appeared to have comparable efficacy and adverse effect profile as that of twice-daily OTM administration of buprenorphine before and after surgery.
Evaluation of in vitro growth factor treatments on fibrochondrogenesis by synovial membrane cells from osteoarthritic and nonosteoarthritic joints of dogs
Authors: Warnock Jennifer J. , Fox Derek B. , Stoker Aaron M. , Cook James L.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To determine the in vitro effects of selected growth factors on fibrochondrogenesis by synovial membrane cells from nonosteoarthritic (normal) and osteoarthritic joints of dogs.

Animals—5 dogs with secondary osteoarthritis of shoulder or stifle joints and 6 dogs with normal joints.

Procedures—Synovial membrane cells were harvested from normal and osteoarthritic joints and cultured in monolayer with or without (control) basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-β1, and insulin-like growth factor-1. In the cultured cells, fibrochondrogenesis was measured by use of a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay to determine relative expressions of collagen I, collagen II, and aggrecan genes and of 3 genes involved in embryonic chondrogenesis: Sry-type homeobox protein-9 (SOX-9), frizzled-motif associated with bone development (Frzb), and regulator of G-protein signaling-10 (RGS-10). Tissue collagen content was measured via a hydroxyproline assay, and sulfated glycosaminoglycan content was measured via a 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue assay. Cellularity was determined via a double-stranded DNA assay. Immunohistochemical analysis for collagens I and II was also performed.

Results—In vitro collagen synthesis was enhanced by growth factor stimulation. Although osteoarthritic-joint synoviocytes could undergo a fibrocartilage-like phenotypic shift, their production of collagenous extracellular matrix was less than that of normal-joint synoviocytes. Gene expressions of SOX-9 and RGS-10 were highest in the osteoarthritic-joint cells; Frzb expression was highest in growth factor treated cells.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Autogenous synovium may be a viable cell source for meniscal tissue engineering. Gene expressions of SOX-9 and RGS-10 may be potential future targets for in vitro enhancement of chondrogenesis.
Effect of cyclosporine, dexamethasone, and human CTLA4-Ig on production of cytokines in lymphocytes of clinically normal cats and cats undergoing renal transplantation
Authors: Aronson Lillian R. , Stumhofer Jason S. , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hunter Christopher A.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To evaluate effects of cyclosporine, dexamethasone, and the immunosuppressive agent human CTLA4-Ig on cytokine production by feline lymphocytes in vitro and to assess patterns of cytokine production for 5 immunosuppressed renal transplant recipient cats.

Animals—21 clinically normal cats and 5 immunosupressed renal transplant recipient cats.

Procedures—Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from clinically normal cats and stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A; 10 μg/mL) alone or Con A with cyclosporine (0.05 μg/mL), dexamethasone (1 × 10−7M), a combination of cyclosporine-dexamethasone, or human CTLA4-Ig (10 g/mL). Cells from transplant recipients were stimulated with Con A alone. An ELISA was performed to measure production of interferon (IFN)-γ, granulocyte macrophage–colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and IL-10. Proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+T cells from immunosuppressed cats were also evaluated. Pairwise comparisons were performed via a Wilcoxon signed rank test or Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results—Cyclosporine, dexamethasone, cyclosporine-dexamethasone combination, and CTLA4-Ig caused a significant decrease in IL-2, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF production. Cyclosporine and cyclosporine-dexamethasone, but not human CTLA4-Ig, caused a significant decrease in IL-10 production. High basal concentrations of IL-2 and IL-10 were identified in transplant recipients, and IL-10 was significantly increased in stimulated cultures. In immunosuppressed cats, there was a decrease in frequency of responders and proliferative capacity of CD4+ and CD8+T cells.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CTLA4-Ig successfully inhibited proinflammatory cytokines while sparing cytokines critical for allograft tolerance. These data may be useful for developing better strategies to prevent rejection while sparing other immune functions.
Characteristics of compulsive tail chasing and associated risk factors in Bull Terriers
Authors: Moon-Fanelli Alice A. , Dodman Nicholas H. , Famula Thomas R. , Cottam Nicole
Published: April 2011

Objective—To evaluate and define the characteristics of tail chasing in Bull Terriers and explore the association between tail chasing and other behavioral and physical characteristics.

Design—Survey and case-control study.

Animals—333 Bull Terriers (145 dogs with tail-chasing behavior and 188 unaffected dogs).

Procedures—Owners of Bull Terriers with tail-chasing behavior were surveyed regarding the age of onset, triggers, frequency, duration, interruptability, degree of disruption to the dogs' normal functioning and the owners' relationship with the dog, and associated medical and physical consequences. Associations of tail chasing with various behavioral and physical characteristics were examined by comparison of dogs with tail-chasing behavior with unaffected dogs.

Results—Phenotypic and developmental descriptions of tail chasing in Bull Terriers were defined. Associations of tail chasing with sex, trance-like behavior, and episodic aggression were found. Males were at an 8% greater risk for the diagnosis of tail chasing than females. Phobias and owner-directed aggression did not significantly associate with tail chasing in the final log-linear model, but did have significant associations in earlier analyses that did not include the behaviors of episodic aggression and trance-like behavior.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In Bull Terriers with tail-chasing behavior, there was a slight increase in the susceptibility of males to develop tail-chasing behavior, compared with females. A close association of tail chasing with trance-like behavior and episodic aggression was identified.
Clinical and immunologic assessment of sepsis and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome in cats
Authors: DeClue Amy E. , Delgado Cherlene , Chang Chee-hoon , Sharp Claire R.
Published: April 2011

Objective—To compare clinical findings and inflammatory mediator production among cats with sepsis, cats with noninfectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and healthy cats.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—Cats with sepsis (n = 16) or SIRS (19) and 8 healthy control cats.

Procedures—Clinical variables were recorded for each cat, and plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1β activities and IL-6 and CXC chemokine ligand (CXCL)-8 concentrations were determined at initial evaluation.

Results—Clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with sepsis in cats included a high band neutrophil percentage, eosinopenia, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypoalbuminemia, hypocalcemia, and hyperbilirubinemia. When the sepsis and SIRS groups were compared, the only significant differences in the CBC and plasma biochemical findings were band neutrophil percentage and albumin concentration. Cats with sepsis had significantly greater plasma TNF activity than did healthy cats and were more likely to have detectable concentrations of IL-6 than were cats with SIRS or healthy cats. Plasma IL-1β activity did not differ among groups, and CXCL-8 was not detectable in most (32/43) cats. Mortality rate was not significantly greater for cats with sepsis (7/16) than for cats with SIRS (5/19). Plasma IL-1β activity and IL-6 and chloride concentrations were the only variables correlated with nonsurvival in the sepsis group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats with sepsis may have various clinicopathologic abnormalities but are more likely to have a high band neutrophil percentage and hypoalbuminemia than cats with noninfectious SIRS. Plasma interleukin-1β activity and plasma IL-6 and chloride concentrations may be useful prognostic biomarkers for septic cats.