bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth, Decline, Stability, and Disruption: A Longitudinal Analysis of Social Well‐Being in Four Western Rural Communities*
Authors: Smith Michael D. , Krannich Richard S. , Hunter Lori M.
Published: August 2010

Abstract During the 1970s and 1980s, social scientists focused considerable attention on patterns of community change in boomtowns affected by large‐scale energy resource development in the western United States. The resulting literature has provided inconsistent and relatively inconclusive evidence about the extent of various forms of social disruption caused by the rapid economic and demographic changes associated with such developments. In particular, because of a lack of in‐depth longitudinal research, little is known about the degree to which social problems observed during rapid growth periods in such locations may persist after the boom. This research addresses some of those questions through a longitudinal examination of various dimensions of social well‐being in four western rural communities. Community surveys conducted four times across a 13‐year span provide data on patterns of change for 10 distinct indicators of social well‐being. Results show that although social disruptions occur in several dimensions of well‐being during boom periods, not all dimensions appear to be affected by such growth. Also, when boom‐induced declines in well‐being occur, they are consistently followed by a sharp rebound, with no evidence of lasting disruption.
Residence and Income Inequality: Effects on Mortality Among U.S. Counties
Authors: McLaughlin2 Diane K. , Stokes C. Shannon , Nonoyama Atsuko
Published: August 2010

Abstract Despite lower average incomes, greater percentages living in poverty, lower levels of health insurance, less preventive health care, and poorer health status, nonmetropolitan residents have been found to experience lower mortality than their metropolitan counterparts. Several pathways through which residence influences mortality have been proposed. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of income inequality on residential differentials in mortality. Using data from the Compressed Mortality File for counties in the coterminous United States for 1990, we estimate weighted least squares models of total mortality for 3,067 counties, and separately for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. Mortality is lower in nonmetropolitan counties than in metropolitan counties, once rates are standardized for age, sex, and race. Moreover, income inequality exerts stronger effects in nonmetro counties, an effect that persists when per capita income, median household size, and racial composition are controlled. The percentage of the population that is black exerts an independent effect on mortality in both metro and non‐metro counties.
Rural Migration, Rapid Growth, and Fear of Crime*
Authors: Hunter Lori M. , Krannich Richard S. , Smith Michael D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Although much research on rural “boomtowns” explores differences between rapid‐growth communities and more stable communities, it is logical to consider that residents within rural boomtowns experience community transitions in different ways. We examine a specific outcome, fear of crime, across three categories of community residents with different migration histories: lifetime residents, migrants who joined the boomtown community during its period of rapid growth, and post‐boom period migrants. This perspective is particularly interesting, given the likelihood that these three different categories of residents have had substantially different community experiences. Making use of survey data from two intermountain West communities that represent resource‐dependent transitions during the 1970s and 1980s (Evanston, Wyoming and Delta, Utah), we find that boom migrants express greater fear of crime than longer‐term residents or post‐boom migrants. The findings suggest that the longer‐term decline in fear of crime in “post‐boom” periods is not equal among residents.
The Democratization of Environmental Policy
Authors: Gould Kenneth A.
Published: August 2010

Hazardous Wastes in Rural America: Impacts, Implications and Options for Rural Communities, by Steven H. Murdock, Richard S. Krannich, and F. Larry Leistritz.

Controlling Technocracy: Citizen Rationality and the NIMBY Syndrome, by Gregory E. McAvoy.

The Politics of Ecosystem Management, by Hanna J. Cortner and Margaret A. Moote.
Social Consequences of Employee/Management Buyouts: Two Canadian Examples From the Forest Sector*
Authors: Beckley Thomas M. , Krogman Naomi T.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Local control of natural resource processing facilities in small rural communities is often viewed as beneficial to community development. This paper employs social impact assessment tools to examine the social and economic effects of change in the ownership of forest products mills in two communities. Our analysis documents (1) the degree to which local ownership of the new, locally owned corporations led to local reinvestment of profits, and (2) whether the goals of the architects of these buyouts were realized: the maintenance of jobs, income, population, and a way of life. Overall, both communities were able to maintain jobs, population, and real estate values, and profits were reinvested in mill upgrades. After the buyouts, however, both communities experienced a rise and then a decline in community cohesion, and changes in local social and power relations, in which local ownership was short‐lived; benefits to relationships within the community were mixed.
Race, Ethnicity, and Underemployment in Nonmetropolitan America: A 30‐Year Profile*
Authors: Slack Tim , Jensen Leif
Published: August 2010

AbstractHistorically, rural racial and ethnic minorities have been among the most economically disadvantaged groups in the United States. Key to understanding economic deprivation is employment hardship, trends in which serve as a benchmark for progress toward racial and ethnic equality. We conceptualize employment hardship as underemployment, which goes beyond unemployment to include discouraged workers, involuntary part‐time workers, and the working poor. Analyzing data from the March Current Population Surveys of 1968 through 1998, we find that (1) there are large and persistent racial and ethnic inequalities in underemployment prevalence; (2) these disadvantages are explained only partially by other predictors of underemployment; (3) nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) minorities are more likely than either all metropolitan (metro) or central‐city minorities to be underemployed; (4) black‐white inequality has held steady overall, though it has declined markedly in nonmetro areas; and (5) Hispanic‐white inequality has increased; this trend, however, is restricted to metro areas, central cities in particular.
Review Essay: Community and Religion in a Post‐Modern Global World: A Review Essay on Anabaptist Religious Groups
Authors: Goreham Gary A.
Published: August 2010

The Amish on the Iowa Prairie: 1840 to 1910, by Steven D. Reschly.

Mennonites in the Global Village, by Leo Driedger.

On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren, by Donald B. Kraybill and Carl F. Bowman.
Review Essay: Community and Participation in the Creation of Sustainable Agroecosystems
Authors: (Hans) Bakker J.I.
Published: August 2010

Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture: Participatory Learning and Adaptive Management in Times of Environmental Uncertainty, edited by N.G. Roling and M.A.E. Wagemakers.

Interactions Between Agroecosystems and Rural Communities, edited by Cornelia B. Flora.
Changing Income Inequality in Nonmetropolitan Counties, 1980 to 1990*
Authors: McLaughlin Diane K.
Published: August 2010

Abstract Income inequality has been increasing across the United States, but little is known about changing income inequality in nonmetropolitan counties. Data from the 1980 and 1990 Summary Tape Files of the U.S. Census of Population and Housing are used to estimate ordinary least squares models of change in income inequality. Household income inequality increased in a smaller share of nonmetro than metro counties from 1980 to 1990, and increases in income inequality were influenced more strongly by economic restructuring in nonmetro than in metro counties. Other factors, such as change in household structure, demographic composition, and labor supply and job quality, were generally similar in affecting income inequality in nonmetro and metro counties. The greater importance of economic restructuring in nonmetro counties indicates the lesser diversity and smaller size of local economies, and their greater vulnerability to forces of economic restructuring.
From Hometown to Nontown: Rural Community Effects of Suburbanization1
Authors: Salamon Sonya
Published: August 2010

AbstractRegional suburbanization processes are transforming rural America socially and physically, threatening the uniqueness of small towns whose diversity is a national resource. This article reviews existing holistic descriptions of American rural communities since post‐World War II by rural sociologists and anthropologists. Three new community case studies are briefly sketched—one “agrarian” in slow decline, another “postagrarian” where suburbanization is overwhelming agrarian traits, and a third that combines elements of both. With suburbanization, transformation into a generic nontown with the loss of place attachment and community identity is argued to have particularly negative effects for youth, whose socialization becomes privatized as parental civic engagement and general adult watchfulness decline. These changes constitute a community effect for rural youth analogous to the neighborhood effect richly documented by urban sociologists for inner‐city youth. The suburbanization challenge is for small towns to resist homogenization of the vital aspects of agrarian community life they most cherish.
Local Economic Development in an Age of Devolution: The Question of Rural Localities*
Authors: Dewees Sarah , Lobao Linda , Swanson Louis E.
Published: August 2010

AbstractThere is limited recent research on the strategies that rural local governments are employing in the face of changing intergovernmental relationships, especially in relation to local economic development. This paper draws on data from a survey of local governments in the Ohio River Valley Region that includes a mix of localities on the urban‐rural continuum, to empirically address three issues. First, we examined the extent to which county governments have undertaken local economic development initiatives as well as other, extra‐economic activities designed to improve community well‐being. Second, we assessed the extent to which rural county governments vary from urban counties in their activities and available resources. Finally, we employed logistic regression models of factors associated with use of development strategies to determine the relationship between rurality and local development policy activities. The results show that rural counties are less likely than urban counties to undertake various economic development activities, with observed urban‐rural differences largely attributable to county socioeconomic disadvantages, such as poverty and education.
Environmental Inequity: An Analysis of Large‐Scale Hog Operations in 17 States, 1982–1997*
Authors: Stretesky Paul B. , Johnston Janis E. , Arney Jeremy
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study extends ideas of environmental equity to large‐scale hog operations. We investigate counties in 17 hog producing states to determine whether large‐scale hog operations are more likely to be sited and expanded in areas that have a disproportionate number of Black, Hispanic, and/or economically disadvantaged residents. The data for this work come from the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Bureau of Census. We discover evidence of racial inequity, but only in those states where large‐scale operations are being rapidly sited and expanded (i.e., Iowa, North Carolina, and Minnesota). There is no evidence of ethnic or economic inequality. We conclude that reductions in community quality of life attributable to large‐scale hog operations are more likely to be found in counties that are disproportionately Black than White if located in states that are expanding the number of large‐scale hog operations.
Somewhere Between: Social Embeddedness and the Spectrum of Wild Edible Huckleberry Harvest and Use
Authors: Carroll Matthew S. , Blatner Keith A. , Cohn Patricia J.
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis case study is centered in northeast Washington State and northern Idaho and focuses on the social ecology of the wild edible huckleberry. The theoretical notion of social embeddedness is the lens through which the harvest and use of this much‐prized resource is viewed and analyzed. Using grounded theory as an over‐arching method, qualitative data were collected over two harvesting seasons regarding who harvests huckleberries in the study area and why. Four categories of use/users were identified. The results suggest a rich tapestry of social relations surrounding this resource that belies the simplistic notion of “commercial” vs. “recreational” use. These relations include temporal, geographic, economic, and cultural dimensions. Policy implications include the need to move beyond the commercial/recreational dichotomy in regulating the harvest of berries as well as the need to link the notions of community forestry and subsistence to the harvest of non‐timber forest products more generally.
Rural/Urban Differences in Child Growth and Survival in Bolivia
Authors: Heaton Tim B. , Forste Renata
Published: August 2010

Abstract Using data from a national survey in Bolivia and from a regional sample of poor communities in two regions of Bolivia, we model the effects of community conditions, household characteristics, and social relations on child health as measured by child mortality and stunted growth. Based on national data, children in rural areas are twice as likely to die before the age of two than are children in large cities, and about one‐third of the children in rural areas are stunted. Including measures of community, household, and maternal characteristics accounts for at least two‐thirds of the urban/rural difference in child health. We conclude that expansion of health services, improvements in household and community sanitation, and socioeco‐nomic development are all needed to overcome the rural disadvantage in child health.
New Economy Businesses in Rural, Urban, and Metropolitan Locations
Authors: Besser Terry L.
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe service sector has replaced manufacturing as the primary employer in the United States. Fastest growing within this sector are producer services, i.e., those businesses that provide service inputs to other businesses and government. Theorists posit that the propensity of producer services to locate in metro areas advantages cities in relation to rural areas. They argue that significant numbers of producer services are unlikely to locate in rural areas due to the economic and cultural benefits offered by central cities and that producer services in rural locations are qualitatively different from metro firms. Perceptions of the environment, management strategies, and community citizenship were analyzed with data from 259 producer service business owners and managers in Iowa rural, urban, and metropolitan communities. The findings point to qualitative differences between the businesses based on community size, but also many similarities were found. Rural producer services reported more community citizenship than other businesses.
Cleaning Up Water? Or Building Rural Community? Community Watershed Organizations in Pennsylvania*
Authors: Stedman Richard , Lee Brian , Brasier Kathryn , Weigle Jason L. , Higdon Francis
Published: August 2010

Abstract Recent initiatives from state and federal government agencies have helped foster the formation of community‐based watershed organizations. Although there is a great deal of enthusiasm about the potential of these organizations to enhance water quality, relatively little attention has been paid to the impacts these organizations may have on the well‐being of rural communities more generally. Assessments of effectiveness have typically focused on specific activities and accomplishments, rather than a broader range of community‐based effects. In short, we ask whether community‐based environmental management improves community as well as environment.

Our research utilized a mixed‐methods design, including a statewide mail survey of all Pennsylvania watershed organizations, followed by in‐depth interviews with 28 rural watershed organizations. This sequential approach progressively explored in more detail definitions of effectiveness, including the building of rural capacity. We find watershed organizations are potentially effective mechanisms for building local leadership, enhancing the skills of rural residents, and making valuable connections with other communities, facing similar water‐resource and rural‐development issues. However, the range of issues with which local watershed organizations engage and the methods they currently utilize may eventually limit their usefulness.
University‐Industry Relationships in Colleges of Agriculture and Life Sciences: The Role of Women Faculty*
Authors: Crowe Jessica A. , Goldberger Jessica R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract  An increasing amount of research has been dedicated to studying university‐industry relationships (UIRs). Researchers have studied the impacts of UIRs on the integrity of university research. However, while studies have examined the attitudes and actions of university administration and industry leaders with respect to UIRs, limited attention has been devoted to the attitudes and actions of women faculty. Drawing on feminist epistemology and academic capitalism research, we develop and test four hypotheses about gender and UIRs. We use Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) and data from a nationwide survey of land‐grant agricultural and life scientists to examine perceptions of UIRs and individual‐level ties to private industry among male and female faculty in different academic disciplines. Although we find no significant gender differences in perceptions of UIRs, our results indicate women have fewer ties to industry compared to men when controlling for individual‐and discipline‐level characteristics. In particular, industry funding of scientific research and consulting for private firms appear to disproportionately favor men over women. We also find that discipline‐level industry ties influence scientists' attitudes and industry linkages, suggesting the existence of different disciplinary cultures with respect to UIRs. We recommend researchers, policymakers, and others interested in understanding the growth of academic capitalism, as well as the gender gap in science, pursue more in‐depth investigation of the interaction between gender, academic discipline, and UIRs.
Effect of different ERK2 protein localizations on prognosis of patients with invasive breast carcinoma
Authors: NAKOPOULOU L. , MYLONA E. , RAFAILIDIS P. , ALEXANDROU P. , GIANNOPOULOU I. , KERAMOPOULOS A.
Published: August 2010

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathways represent a cascade of phosphorylation events, including three pivotal kinases, Raf, MEK and ERK1/2, which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cancer. We examined 151 cases of invasive breast carcinoma by immunohistochemistry and compared the ERK2 expression with clinicopathological parameters, MMP‐11 immunoexpression and patients' survival. ERK2 immunoexpression was detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus of cancer cells in 37.7% and 19.2% of cases, respectively. Nuclear ERK2 was inversely correlated with ER (p=0.039), whereas cytoplasmic ERK2 was positively correlated with MMP‐11 in fibroblasts (p=0.032) and more often expressed in lobular than ductal carcinomas (p=0.026). Nuclear ERK2 expression was found to be an independent prognostic factor of shortened overall survival of patients (p=0.040), while cytoplasmic ERK2 had an independent, favorable effect on both disease‐free and overall survival (p<0.0001 and p=0.002, respectively). These findings suggest that the different subcellular localizations of ERK2 seem to be related to different, possibly contradictory, effects on patient survival.
Clear cell sarcoma of the small bowel: a potential pitfall
Authors: VENKATARAMAN GIRISH , QUINN ADAM M. , WILLIAMS JONATHAN , HAMMADEH RASHEED
Published: August 2010

Clear cell sarcoma (soft‐part melanoma) is a very rare entity with a distinctive histopathologic and molecular profile. Herein, we present the sixth reported case of a primary gastrointestinal clear cell sarcoma discovered in a 21‐year‐old woman. The patient underwent numerous tests prior to the diagnosis of her small bowel pathology, including the use of capsule endoscopy, which allowed for visualization and final localization of the tumour. Additionally, we discuss this rare type of sarcoma that affects young adults and has a poor prognosis characterized by the balanced chromosomal translocation t(12;22)(q13;q12) with special emphasis on the necessity for pathologists to be able to distinguish it from melanoma – potentially a major pitfall in diagnosis.
Serous papillary adenocarcinoma and adult granulosa cell tumor in the same ovary
Authors: OZBEY CANER , ERDOGAN GULGUN , PESTERELI H. ELIF , SIMSEK TAYYUP , KARAVELI SEYDA
Published: August 2010

Surface epithelial‐stromal cell tumors are the most common neoplasms of the ovary but occurrence of a serous adenocarcinoma and an adult granulosa cell tumor in the same ovary is an unusual incident. In the present case report we describe this very uncommon occurrence in the ovary of a 50‐year‐old woman. The patient suffered abdominal distention and was referred to the state hospital where a 5×3 cm multilocular cystic lesion was observed on abdominal CT. Total abdominal hysterectomy with salpingo‐oophorectomy and omentectomy was performed. Microscopy revealed an adult granulosa cell tumor and a serous papillary adenocarcinoma in the left ovary. Immunohistochemical staining with inhibin α and pancytokeratin confirmed the diagnosis.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): a review
Authors: STEIGEN SONJA E. , EIDE TOR J.
Published: August 2010

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms in the gastrointestinal tract, which, over the last 10 years, have emerged from a poorly understood neoplasm to a well‐defined tumor entity exhibiting particular molecular abnormalities and for which promising novel treatment modalities have been developed. GISTs probably arise from the precursor cell of the interstitial cell of Cajal, express KIT tyrosine kinase in most of the cases and harbor mutations of importance for individualized treatment. The molecular targets for therapeutic interventions are not only of importance for the treatment of GIST patients but also useful for in the development of novel drug modalities and new strategies in basic cancer therapy.
Detection by immunofluorescence of an antigen‐antibody system in patients with acute and chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Alberti A. , Realdi G. , Bortolotti F. , Cadrobbi P. , Barbieri R. , Tremolada F. , Ongaro G.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— An antigen‐antibody system has been identified by immunofluorescence in patients with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. The non‐A, non‐B antigen was localized in the hepatocyte nuclei of liver biopsies from patients with acute post‐transfusion or sporadic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis and in those from patients with chronic post‐transfusion non‐A, non‐B hepatitis, the percentage of positive cells being most prominent in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment. Absence of the antigen in normal livers and in livers from patients with type B hepatitis infection indicated its specific association with non‐A, non‐B infection. Antibody reacting with the nuclear antigen became detectable in serum during post‐transfusion acute non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in 11 out of 15 cases; it was absent before transfusion. Six out of 12 cases of sporadic acute non‐A, non‐B hepatitis were also found to produce the antibody, which was repeatedly found to be absent during the acute phase in five patients with type A and in eight with type B hepatitis. The non‐A, non‐B antibody, mainly an IgM antibody, persisted in serum for prolonged periods of time after onset, both in patients showing biochemical resolution of their illness and in those who continued to have liver damage after the acute phase. Accordingly, eight out of nine patients withchronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis were found positive for the antibody in serum, seven at the time the non‐A, non‐B antigen was detected in their liver. Thus this non‐A, non‐B associated antigen‐antibody system shares remarkable similarities of behaviour with the “core” system of the hepatitis B virus.
Clinico‐pathological study of acute non‐A, non‐B post‐transfusion hepatitis: histological features of liver biopsies in acute phase
Authors: Omata Masao , Iwama Shosuke , Sumida Masatoshi , Ito Yoshimi , Okuda Kunio
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— A follow‐up study of acute non‐A, non‐B post‐transfusion hepatitis with a mean follow‐up period of 30 months was carried out in 24 patients in whom liver biopsy was done within 3 months of onset. Of the 24, 13 patients (54%) developed chronic biochemical liver disease with elevated serum aminotransferases for more than 6 months, and in 11 the elevated liver enzymes were normalized within 6 months. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the mean peak values of liver enzymes, length of incubation period and number of transfusions between the chronic and resolved groups, the former tended to have a slow rise and multiple peaks of serum liver enzymes. Analysis of the liver biopsies made in the acute phase revealed that limiting plate erosion, hepatocellular degeneration, and poor regenerative activities were indicative of subsequent transition to chronicity. Multiple biopsies were taken in five patients who were followed for an average of 29 months, and the subsequent histological diagnosis was chronic persistent hepatitis in two, chronic active hepatitis in two and cirrhosis in one.
Hepatic injury associated with paraquat toxicity in humans
Authors: Mullick Florabel G. , Ishak Kamal G. , Mahabir Ram , Stromeyer F. Wayne
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT—Thirteen patients are reported who developed evidence of hepatic damage after exposure to paraquat and subsequently died. At autopsy, the main changes involved the bile excretory pathways. Ten of the thirteen cases had cholestasis, usually localized to the centrilobular zone. There was cholangiocellular injury involving the small and medium‐sized bile ducts in portal areas. It consisted of shrinkage of cells, poor definition of outline, separation from the basement membrane, desquamation of cells into the lumen, infiltration of the wall by neutrophils and possible loss of integrity of the basement membrane. These bile duct lesions have not been previously described in association with paraquat toxicity. On the basis of the overall histologic findings in this study and extrapolation from experimental studies, it is hypothesized that paraquat injury to the liver is biphasic; it is initially hepatocellular but becomes cholangiocellular after the first 2 days.
Invasion of the lumen of the bile ducts by hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Carella G. , Degott C. , Benhamou J.‐P.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— The purpose of this investigation was to ascertain the prevalence and manifestations of tumorous invasion of the lumen of the bile ducts, a mode of local extension characteristic of hepatocellular carcinoma. In a series of 140 necropsied patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, tumorous invasion of the bile duct was noted in three patients (2.1 %). Marked cholestasis was present in these three patients; the other manifestations related to the tumorous invasion of the bile duct were biliary pain in one and gall‐bladder enlargement in two patients.
Morphological aspects of manganese‐bilirubin induced cholestasis
Authors: de Lamirande Eve , Tuchweber Béatriz , Plaa Gabriel L.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT—Small doses of manganese or bilirubin administered alone to rats produce no morphologic alterations in the hepatocytes. However, combination of both treatments produced a rapid and severe decrease in bile flow that was paralleled by the appearance and aggravation of the cholestatic lesion: bile canaliculi progressively lost their microvilli; vacuolization occurred in the pericanalicular area and subsequently in the cytoplasm. When bile flow returned to normal, or when cholestasis was prevented by an injection of sulfobromophthalein or a pretreatment with phalloidin, no cholestatic signs were observed. A close correlation appears to exist between the presence of morphologic alterations and the decrease of bile flow in manganese‐bilirubin cholestasis.
Sodium ion‐coupled uptake of taurocholate by rat‐liver plasma membrane vesicles
Authors: Ruifrok Peter G. , Meijer Dirk K. F.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT—Uptake of taurocholate into plasma membrane vesicles isolated from rat liver was investigated. In the presence of an extra‐ to intravesicular gradient of Na+ ions, a typical “overshoot” phenomenon in the accumulation pattern was observed. Osmotic manipulation of the incubation medium indicated that the transport of this bile acid occurs into an osmotically active intravesicular space. Uptake of taurocholate as measured after 1 min was specifically stimulated by Na+ ions: NaNO3and NaCl were capable of supporting accumulation, whereas KNO3was not. Na+‐coupled uptake of taurocholate showed saturation kinetics and was inhibited by other bile acids or by preloading the vesicles with Na+. Our observations support the idea of a carrier‐mediated bile‐acid uptake system, as suggested previously for the intact rat liver and isolated rat hepatocytes. When the electrical potential difference across the vesicle membrane was changed by inducing different diffusion potentials (anion replacement), a more negative potential inside stimulated Na+‐dependent taurocholate transport. The results demonstrate that rat‐liver plasma membrane vesicles possess an electrogenic Na+‐coupled transport system for taurocholate.
Acute hepatitis non‐A, non‐B; are there any specific light microscopic features?
Authors: Schmid Martin , Pirovino Mauro , Altorfer Josef , Gudat Fred , Bianchi Leonardo
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Coded examination of liver biopsies from a total of 24 patients with acute hepatitis non‐A, non‐B revealed two main histological trends: (a) acute viral hepatitis with confluent necrosis (sublobular and bridging) carrying a relatively good prognosis and taking a chronic course in only four out of 14 patients (29%); and (b) acute viral hepatitis with severe portal infiltration rich in lymphocytes and plasma cells, lymph follicles with germinal centers and bile duct lesions, as described by Poulsen & Christoffersen. The latter group showed a very high tendency to transition to chronic hepatitis (six out of seven patients, 86%) or a course characterized by one or multiple acute relapses (one out of seven patients, 14%). Bile duct lesions, if present in biopsies of patients with acute hepatitis, are of diagnostic and prognostic value. They point to the etiological possibility of a hepatitis non‐A, non‐B and, at the same time, they indicate a high likelihood of evolution to chronic liver disease.
The effectivity of immunosuppressive therapy on chronic aggressive (active) hepatitis and on chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (PBC)
Authors: Volmer J.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Morphometric investigations were carried out on liver biopsies of chronic aggressive (active) hepatitis (CAH), type IIa, chronic aggressive (active) hepatitis, type IIb, and on chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (CNDC) (primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC)) in the second and third stages. The goal of the histometric analysis was a comparison of the portal tracts before and after immunosuppressive therapy with azathioprine and corticosteroids as well as with azathioprine alone. The volume and surface measurements of the portal tracts and their components showed that for an evaluation of the effectivity of the immunosuppressive therapy on CAH, along with a division into HBsAg‐positive and ‐negative cases, a histologically determined degree of the severity of the inflammatory activity is extremely significant. The therapeutic effect is significant for all cases of CAH IIb, evident for HBsAg‐negative cases of CAH IIa and slight for HBsAg‐positive cases of CAH IIa. Immunosuppressive therapy of CNDC has no effect on the characteristic destruction process of the bile ducts and ductule proliferation.
Prednisone and chronic liver disease. II. Clinical versus morphological criteria for selection of patients for prednisone treatment
Authors: Schlichting P. , Christensen E. , Fauerholdt L. , Poulsen H. , Juhl E. , Tygstrup N. ,   The Copenhagen Study Group For Liver Diseases
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT—A prospective, unblinded, randomized trial of treatment of cirrhosis and chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH) with prednisone included 484 patients who were divided using both the clinical criteria: non‐alcoholic females without ascites, and the morphological criterion: presence of a liver biopsy showing CAH. A total of 164 patients (34%) satisfied the three clinical criteria and biopsies from 95 patients (20%) showed CAH. By a cross‐tabulation method between the two sets of criteria, four groups were formed. Evaluation of the treatment effect by means of relative death rate showed that the clinical criteria identified both a group of patients with a beneficial effect of prednisone (p<0.05) and a group with a harmful effect of the treatment (p<0.05). Patients with CAH also had a significant beneficial treatment effect, but patients without CAH showed only an insignificantly harmful effect of treatment. Patients fulfilling both sets of criteria had a beneficial effect of prednisone (p<0.05) and patients lacking both sets had a significantly harmful treatment effect. A significantly better survival was found in patients satisfying the clinical criteriawithoutCAH in the biopsy than in patientswithCAH and not fulfilling the clinical criteria (p=0.03). In both the groups of patients with disagreement between the two sets of criteria, a trend towards a beneficial effect of prednisone was found. It is concluded that the simple clinical criteria in comparison with the histological criteria identify a larger group of patients with a beneficial effect of treatment.
Natural course of primary biliary cirrhosis. I. A morphological, clinical and serological analysis of 103 cases
Authors: Kloppel G. , Kirchhof M. , Berg P. A.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Clinical, biochemical and serological data obtained in 103 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) were analysed with respect to the four defined morphological stages. Evaluation of the initial biopsies (99 needle biopsies/4 wedge biopsies) revealed that most patients were in stage I (focal bile duct destruction). Unequivocal distinction between stages I and II was possible in most cases, while considerable overlapping of criteria was observed in stages II to IV. Morphological cholestasis, a characteristic sign of stage IV was already found in 7% of PBC I cases. Four out of 12 autopsy specimens showed micronodular biliary cirrhosis (Hanot's type) and eight specimens had a macronodular type of biliary cirrhosis. No predominant clinical symptoms were found in patients with PBC I or II, but pruritus was observed in about 30%. Increased serum alkaline phosphatase (AP) and IgM levels as well as a positive antimitochondrial antibody (AMA) test were typical features of all stages in up to 80–90%, but patients with normal AP or IgM or negative AMA have been observed, especially in stages I and II. Five of 57 patients at stage I had increased bilirubin levels and in three patients IgM and IgG were simultaneously elevated in stage I. The natural course of PBC, as it is reflected in histological staging, was studied in 30 patients in whom biopsies were regularly taken over a period of 2–18 years. About 80% of PBC I‐cases lasted between 1 and 7 years before reaching stage II, while another 5–10 years were necessary for the development of stage III‐IV. Thus it appears that in the vast majority of patients PBC lasts about 10–15 years and in some instances even more than 20 years. The finding in stage I and II of normal AP indicates a benign course, while morphological and biochemical cholestasis seems to be associated with a rather progressive course.
Immunological and biochemical characterization of the keratin‐related component of Mallory bodies: A pathological pattern of hepatocytic cytokeratins
Authors: Denk Helmut , Krepler Reinhard , Lackinger Elisabeth , Artlieb Ulrike , Franke Werner W.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Mallory bodies induced by long‐term griseofulvin feeding in mouse liver were isolated and analyzed by one‐ and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and reaction of the separated polypeptides with cytokeratin antibodies using the blotting technique. Comparison with normal intermediate filament cytoskeletons from mouse hepatocytes revealed that Mallory bodies contain two polypeptides: Component II (Mr: 55,000; apparent isoelectric point values: 6.45, 6.1, 5.9) and component III (Mr: 48,000; apparent isoelectric point values: 5.7, 5.5, 5.43, 5.38, 5.2) which appear to be similar, if not identical, to liver cytokeratins A and D, respectively. By contrast, component I of Mallory bodies (Mr: 65,000; apparent isoelectric point values: 5.4, 5.38, 5.2) was not found in appreciable amounts in normal hepatocytes. Component II was positive in immunoreaction with antibodies to murine hepatocyte keratins A and D as well as epidermal prekeratin. Component III showed reaction with the antibodies to murine hepatocyte keratins A and D but not with those raised against epidermal prekeratins. By contrast, the unusual component I reacted with antibodies to murine hepatocyte keratin D and to epidermal prekeratins. The results prove that cytokeratin polypeptides are major constituents of Mallory bodies and suggest that the pattern of liver cytokeratin polypeptides is altered during the toxic treatment and/or Mallory body formation.
Light microscopic morphology of acute hepatitis non‐A, non‐B. A comparison with hepatitis type A and B
Authors: Kryger Peter , Christoffersen Per , Programme The Copenhagen Hepatitis Acuta
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Liver biopsies from a total of 240 patients with acute hepatitis A (86 patients), B (78 patients) and non‐A, non‐B (76 patients) were blindly evaluated for quantitative and qualitative light microscopic differences. No qualitative differences separate the three types of hepatitis, but the frequency and degree of some histological features seem to be characteristic of acute human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. The degree of focal necrosis and portal inflammation was less pronounced in the non‐A, non‐B group as compared to the hepatitis A and B groups (P<0.01). Twenty‐six percent of the non‐A, non‐B liver biopsies showed steatosis as compared with 10% and 6% in the hepatitis A and B groups, respectively (P<0.01). Bridging necrosis only occurred in liver biopsies from patients with non‐A, non‐B and B hepatitis. Abnormal bile ducts were detected in a total of five patients, three of whom were found in the non‐A, non‐B group. A comparison between histological findings in non‐A, non‐B patients with and without a possible intravenous exposure revealed that steatosis, cholestasis, large piecemeal necrosis and confluent necrosis occurred with the highest incidence in the patients without intravenous exposure, indicating that non‐A, non‐B hepatitis may be caused by more than one etiological agent.
Bile canaliculi morphology after bile duct ligation in the rat with portacaval shunt: a time course study
Authors: Vital Anne , Bioulac‐Sage Paulette , Bedin Christian , Balabaud Charles
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Besides the spontaneous occurrence of portacaval shunts in chronic liver diseases and the performance of shunt to cure portal hypertension, shunts are now proposed for the treatment of some metabolic diseases, especially in children. The portacaval shunt model in the rat, known to induce liver atrophy related to hepatocyte loss and atrophy, was used to investigate morphological liver changes occurring in cholestasis. Two weeks after portacaval or sham portacaval shunt, the bile duct was ligated and livers were examined by light and electron microscopy at 5 h, 20 h, 4 days and 8 days. Portal inflammatory reaction and proliferation of bile ducts were identical but areas of patchy hepatic necrosis were more numerous in shunted rats. Hepatocyte size decreased in the sham group but increased in the other group. Hepatocyte ultrastructural changes were similar in the two groups. At 5 h, the number of bile canaliculi sections increased (X2) and 95% of them were normal. As time elapsed, the ratio of dilated bile canaliculi without microvilli and of bile canaliculi filled with cytoplasmic blebs increased but in no case reached 50% of the total. These results show that in the rat, cholestasis induced by bile duct ligation has approximately the same characteristics in control or shunted animals.
Microtubular aggregates in human chronic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis with bridging hepatic necrosis and multinucleated hepatocytic giant cells
Authors: Spichtin H. P. , Gudat F. , Schmid M. , Plrovino M. , Altorfer J. , Blanchi L.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— A case of chronic non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis in a 17‐year‐old male is reported. The special feature was microtubular aggregates described so far only in experimental NANB hepatitis in chimpanzees. Additional characteristics were a severe chronic active hepatitis with confluent necrosis in a late stage, multinucleated hepatocytic giant cells and nuclear aggregates of 20–27 nm viruslike particles.
Incidence of hepatitis B virus infection in alcoholic liver disease, HBsAg negative chronic active liver disease and primary liver cell cancer in Britain
Authors: Bassendine M. F. , Seta L. Della , Salmeron J. , Thomas H. C. , Sherlock S.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— A study has been undertaken to determine the incidence of serum markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in British caucasian patients with biopsy‐proven alcoholic liver disease (n = 56), HBsAg negative chronic active liver disease (CALD) (n = 47) and primary liver cell cancer (PLCC) (n = 27), compared to a hospital control population without liver disease (n = 112). No increased incidence of any serum marker of HBV infection was found in alcoholic liver disease or in ‘lupoid’ CALD (antinuclear factor positive 1:40 and/or smooth muscle antibody positive > 1:40). In contrast, the incidence of antibody to HB surface and core antigens was significantly increased (p<0.05) in patients with cryptogenic CALD. The incidence of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibodies to HB core and ‘e’ antigens was significantly increased (p<0.005) in PLCC.
Uninterrupted prolonged ethanol oxidation as a main pathogenetic factor of alcoholic liver damage: evidence from a new liquid diet animal model
Authors: Lindros K. O. , Stowell L. , Väänänen H. , Sipponen P. , Lamminsivu U. , Pikkarainen P. , Salaspuro M.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT—Marked fatty infiltration and degenerative or mild inflammatory changes including eosinophilic cytoplasmic degeneration in centrilobular cells and focal inflammatory changes with cell necrosis were observed in livers of rats maintained for 12 weeks on a nutritionally adequate and balanced liquid ethanol diet. The animals continuously oxidized ethanol due to the supplementation of the diet with a low dose of 4‐methylpyrazole (4‐MP, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor), that decreased ethanol elimination by about 20%. In other, equicalorically pair‐fed groups of rats receiving (a) a similar ethanol‐containing liquid diet without 4‐MP or (b) a diet with 4‐MP and 20% less ethanol, only a few minor changes were seen. The liver histology of rats pair‐fed a control diet with a 4 times higher doses of 4‐MP was completely normal. The results indicate that the prolonged imbalance of hepatic metabolism due to the uninterrupted oxidation of ethanol is a crucial factor in the development of alcoholic liver injury.
Electron microscopic observation of destruction of biliary epithelium in primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Nakanuma Yasuni , Ohta Goroku , Kono Naoko , Kobayashi Kenichi , Kato Yasuhiro
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— Electron microscopic studies of the intrahepatic biliary tree in 16 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) disclosed four types of biliary epithelial injury suggesting cell death in the ducts: 1) coagulative and 2) lytic necrosis without detachment of affected cells from the biliary epithelial layer, and 3) apoptosis and 4) detachment of several adjoining biliary cells from the basement membrane and neighboring biliary cells. Lesions 1), 2) and 3) were also found in livers with extrahepatic cholestasis without bile duct loss, and 1) and 2) were found in PBC livers irrespective of the degree of bile duct loss. 3) was rare and mostly confined to bile ductules, when present. By contrast, 4) was only observed in PBC, especially in livers with a moderate degree of bile duct loss in which extensive bile duct destruction appeared to be progressing. Detached biliary cells in lesion 4) were occasionally in contact with and/or surrounded by migrating lymphocytes with pseudopod formation, suggesting lymphocyte‐target cell interactions. It therefore seems possible that epithelial detachment is an important ultrastructural lesion associated with extensive bile duct destruction in PBC livers.
Chronic active hepatitis in alcoholic patients
Authors: Crapper Richard M. , Bhathal Prithi S. , Mackay Ian R.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT— The histologic appearances characteristic of chronic active hepatitis (CAH) were observed in liver biopsies of seven patients among whom alcohol abuse was the only identifiable determinant of liver disease. Clinical, hematologic, biochemical and histologic features in these patients were contrasted with those of 20 patients with typical alcoholic hepatitis. For the CAH group, the liver was less enlarged below the costal margin, a palpable spleen was more frequent, the mean neutrophil count was lower, and there was a lower mean level of transaminase enzymes. In both groups there was minimal evidence of the serologic markers of autoimmune CAH or antecedent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Histologically, all liver biopsies in the CAH group showed perilobular “piecemeal” necrosis, “rosette” formation and dense portal and septal lymphoid infiltrates, in contrast to the fatty change, Mallory bodies and intralobular neutrophil clusters of the alcoholic hepatitis group. In the CAH group, a second liver biopsy was assessed after a period during which alcohol consumption was known; histologic improvement or deterioration correlated with abstinence or continuation of drinking. Thus “alcoholic” CAH has some clinical and histologic features distinct from those of typical alcoholic hepatitis, but the two types were similar in other respects including dependence of the course of disease on continuing use of alcohol.