bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Experimentally-Induced Self-Object Cognitive Attitudes on Body and Object Perception
Authors: Porzemsky J. , Wapner S. , Glick J. A.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments (Exp. I with 32 Ss and Exp. II with 16 Ss), it was demonstrated that experimentally-induced cognitive attitudes of fusion or “depolarization” and of separation or “polarization” of self and object significantly affect apparent location of fingertip (body perception) and apparent location of target (object perception), when S is instrumentally related to an object (target) by pointing. The physical distance between apparent fingertip and apparent target location is significantly smaller under a “depolarized” compared with the “polarized” cognitive attitude. Both apparent fingertip and apparent target location shift relatively toward each other under “depolarized” compared with “polarized” attitudinal conditions. The findings are interpreted in terms of organismic-developmental theory.
Neurotics and the Validity of Sort Variables
Authors: Weinlander Max M.
Published: September 2011

The SORT was administered to 25 neurotic patients in a Veterans Administration Hospital and the 15 scores for each S were compared with SORT norms for 200 employed telephone workers. Significant differences in favor of Rorschach rationale were obtained for 4 of the 15 SORT variables. One of these four variables, Fch, which measures anxiety on the standard Rorschach and whose content and concurrent validity have been challenged in recent studies of college students' SORT performance, was significant at the .01 level. This pilot study supports the construct validity of Rorschach rationale for the 15 SORT variables when applied to neurotic patients.
Information Transmission with Unequally Likely Alternatives
Authors: Lamb Jerry , Kaufman Herbert
Published: September 2011

Previous investigators have concluded that the linear relation between reaction time (RT) and transmitted information found for equally likely stimuli (ELA) does not hold for unequally likely stimuli (ULA). However, the possibility still exists that a correspondence can be found by the use of a subjective probability measure. Accordingly, nine Ss were run on a choice-RT task under conditions of both ELA and ULA stimuli. The results for the ELA data confirm previous findings. The results for the ULA data not only do not support the experimental hypothesis but are completely at variance with previous results.
Effect of Stimulus Variables on Dysphasic Verbal Errors
Authors: Halpern Harvey
Published: September 2011

Reanalysis of oral responses from 32 dysphasics to word stimuli counterbalanced according to abstraction level, part of speech, length, and frequency of occurrence, and presented through the visual, auditory and visual-auditory modalities, indicated that: through the visual modality, high and medium abstract words produced significantly more verbal errors than low; through the visual-auditory modality, medium abstract words produced significantly more verbal errors than low, while through the auditory modality no significant differences were found. Regardless of modality, verbs and adjectives produced significantly more verbal errors than nouns, while no significant difference was found between verbs and adjectives; regardless of modality, long words produced significantly more verbal errors than short; regardless of modality, infrequent words produced significantly more verbal errors than frequent words. Regardless of abstraction level, part of speech, word length, and frequency of occurrence, the visual produced significantly more verbal errors than the auditory and visual-auditory modalities, except in the case of words of medium abstraction level where the visual-auditory modality produced significantly more verbal errors than the auditory modality.
Response Time to the Second of Two Successive Signals as a Function of Absolute and Relative Duration of Intersignal Interval
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine whether both the absolute and the relative duration of the S1-S2 interval would affect the response time to the second of two successive signals (RT2) separated by an interval of brief but variable duration. Four different experimental conditions sampled different but overlapping ranges of intervals, thus allowing comparisons between RTs obtained with intervals of the same absolute but different relative durations, and conversely, with the same relative but different absolute durations. Under these conditions, RT2 varied inversely with both the absolute and the relative duration of interval over the range of intervals generally associated with psychological refractory period.
An Instrument for One- or Two-Dimensional Tracking
Authors: Roehrig William C.
Published: September 2011

A rugged electro-mechanical tracking apparatus of simple, low-cost construction is described. The apparatus can be used for one-dimensional tracking by connecting only the longitudinal motor, thus forcing the target to move back and forth in either simple sinusoidal motion or according to the sum of two or three sinusoids. The relative phases of the three sinusoids can be rapidly altered, as can the amplitudes (within limits) of each of the sinusoids. The frequency of the sinusoids can be changed either independently or conjointly. By also connecting the cross-feed motor, an essentially unpredictable target path in two dimensions is obtained, and this path can be rapidly altered by changing cams, and/or frequency, amplitude, and phase of the sinusoids. Movement of the cursor is by low, constant torque lathe-type controls. The distance the cursor moves per each rotation of the controls, can be altered for either or both of the controls. A continuous error signal is generated which is directly proportional to the distance the cursor is off target in any direction.
Interaction Process Analysis Changes Accompanying Operant Conditioning of Verbal Frequency in Small Groups
Authors: Aiken Edwin G.
Published: September 2011

In an experiment with 4-person discussion groups in which the initially most submissive group member was reinforced for speaking and the others punished, an Interaction Process Analysis was made of the operant and conditioning discussions. The analysis strongly suggests a differential change in the interaction categories, contingent on the reinforcements and punishments. The experimental situation appeared to produce a tense leader with a quite diffident style.
Discrimination of Figural Orientation by Monkeys and Children
Authors: Hunton Vera D. , Hicks Leslie H.
Published: September 2011

The performance of 6 monkeys and 5 children was compared on a task involving the discrimination of changes in orientation of plane figures. Children made fewer errors than monkeys when figures were rotated 180°. For both groups the sequence of presentation of problems was an important determinant of performance.
Some Methodological Factors about Light in Animal Research
Authors: Lockard Robert B.
Published: September 2011

Animal research has adopted no standards for lighting practices. One consequence is that light intensity is either unreported or often improperly measured, even in experiments primarily concerned with light. This article tells how to measure and report light intensity and discusses the relative advantages of different kinds of light sources and lighting geometry.
Perceived Creativity, Set, and Preference for Simple or Complex Shapes
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Hannon John E. , Bernard J. L.
Published: September 2011

82 female student nurses were asked to choose their three most preferred polygons from 12 presented to them. Half the Ss were instructed that the top row, which contained the simplest shapes, are preferred by creative people. The other half of the Ss were instructed that the bottom row, which contained the complex shapes, are preferred by creative people. Each S also stated whether or not she perceived of herself as creative. Their sets significantly affected choices, with Ss choosing the simple or complex polygons in accord with the kind they were told creative Ss choose. Perceived creativity tended to be related to choice of complex polygons, but this trend did not reach statistical significance.
Further Research on the Picture Titles Subtest of the IES Test
Authors: Howard Gail , Signori Edro I. , Rempel Henry
Published: September 2011

An objective scoring procedure was developed for Dombrose and Slobin's Picture Titles test. This procedure was used to assess sex differences in impulse, ego, and superego functions on a population of university students ranging in age from 18 to 22 yr. The ego variable differentiated more consistently between the sexes than did either the impulse or superego variables. A reversal of sex differences in certain personality functions in relation to age was obtained.
A Behavioral Bioassay Method Using Material from a Uremic Patient
Authors: Sharp Joseph C. , Murphy Gerald P.
Published: September 2011

An experimental method for testing the behavioral performance in primates (monkeys) has been devised and data resemble those states seen early in the clinical uremic syndrome. Previous work demonstrating alterations in behavioral performance in both reversible and irreversible uremic states were discussed. The behavioral deficits following experimental uremic states were not found to be invariants of urea nitrogen levels. Other causative compounds or agents are suspected. The findings from two monkeys following the injection of purified material from a uremic human resembled the alterations observed during continuous urine reinfusion. Two, and possibly four, of 10 samples from a uremic human affected the behavioral performance of two monkeys. The method merits further study.
Persistence of Ocular Rotation following Compensation for Displaced Vision
Authors: Kalil Ronald E. , Freedman Sanford J.
Published: September 2011

Photographic measurements of eye position before and after compensation for prismatic visual displacement revealed significant and persistent lateral ocular rotations of which Ss seemed unaware. These rotations could account for errors in reaching when prisms are first worn as well as for aftereffect errors.
The IES Test and a Performance Measure of Intelligence
Authors: Bortner Rayman W.
Published: September 2011

The Revised Beta Examination and the IES Test were administered to 84 male and 111 female undergraduates. Correlations between the IES subtest scores and each of the six subtests of the Beta as well as the Beta IQ were computed. Few significant correlations were found. These findings suggest that where significant differences have been found on the IES between other groups with relatively homogeneous backgrounds, these differences are unlikely to be an artifact of purely intellectual differences.
Rules of Conduct and the Performance of Occupational Skill
Authors: Simon Walter B.
Published: September 2011

Information may be directly relevant to rules of performance or not. Performance of occupational skills is determined by technical or by social rules. The incompatibility of social and technical rules results in one form of role conflict. Types of resolutions of such a conflict are discussed.
Relation of Achievement Test Scores and Specific Reading Abilities to the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception
Authors: Olson Arthur V.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the predictive value of the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception to general achievement in the second grade and the relationships among Frostig test scores and estimates of specific reading abilities. The Frostig test has some value as a predictor of general achievement in the second grade but does not predict as well as the Hearing Sounds in Words, Visual Memory for Words, reversible words in context, and synthesizing words in context or the Gates Paragraph Reading and Word Recognition Tests. Four subtests of the Frostig test (excepting Form Constancy) showed significant relationships with specific reading abilities.
The Prism Illusion: A Function of Dislocated Equivalence Classes
Authors: Taylor James G.
Published: September 2011

A mathematical analysis of the transformation of the direction of light rays passing through a wedge prism is presented. It is shown that if ( x, y) is the angle of incidence and ( x′, y′) the angle of emergence, y′ = y and x′ = f ( x, y). The main properties of this function are displayed, and a numerical example is presented in tabular form. Looking through a prism gives the impression that, in general, y′ ≠ y, vertical dimensions being enlarged at the base end and contracted at the apex end of the prism. The function x′ = f ( x, y) shows that horizontal dimensions are contracted at the base end and expanded at the apex. It is suggested that the perceptual process resists this deformation, so that horizontal dimensions are less contracted and less expanded than the function would indicate. Since this does not affect the dimensions of the retinal image, perceptual expansion (or contraction) of contracted (or expanded) horizontal dimensions entails expansion (or contraction) of vertical dimensions as well. The conclusion that y′ = y may be tested by looking through binocular prisms with bases on the temporal sides. If y′ ≠ y, vertical disparity will make binocular fusion difficult. No failure of fusion has been reported.
Relative Height and Relative Size as Monocular Depth Cues in the Trapezoid
Authors: Dunn Bruce E. , Thomas Stuart W.
Published: September 2011

Ss viewed trapezoids and made absolute judgments of their degree of tilt around a vertical axis. The trapezoids were equal in horizontal length but the ratio of their vertical edges was 15:16 or 13:16. The height in the frontal plane of the midpoint of the shorter vertical edge varied from above (positive) to below (negative) the midpoint height of the longer vertical edge. Two extremes in the type of function to expect were predicted on the basis of past experimentation and geometric considerations. It was found that as the relative midpoint height went from negative to positive, perceived tilt increased linearly except for a brief reversal in the 15:16 condition. Perceived tilt was shown to be greater, but with some overlap, for the 13:16 trapezoids.
Series Effect in Monocular Perception of Slant
Authors: Smith A. H.
Published: September 2011

In Exp. I, 24 Os viewed a circular disc monocularly, under reduced conditions, in the frontal-parallel plane and at geometric slants of 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60°, in random, increasing and decreasing order of angles. Os estimated slant by setting a tilt-rod from the vertical, the horizontal, and the position of the preceding response. The response pattern, increase in error to 30° or 45° and decrease to 60°, was stable for most conditions. Amount of error was affected by order and tilt-rod setting. The results for order and for the response and vertical initial settings of the tilt-rod were interpreted in terms of anchoring. The results for the horizontal initial setting were ascribed to extension of subjective reference scales. Exp. II tested the possibility that the results for order were due to figural aftereffect. Os fixated the disc for 4 min. at 15° and later estimated its slant at 60°, and conversely. The results, relative to those for a control condition involving 4-sec. exposures of the disc, were negative.
Benevolence, Potency, and God: A Semantic Differential Study of the Rorschach
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Bernard J. L. , Hannon John E.
Published: September 2011

Ss were asked to rank-order the 10 Rorschach cards to indicate the extent to which the cards symbolized God and to fill out two scales, Benevolence and Potency, derived from the Semantic Differential technique. The results supported the earlier finding by Larsen and Knapp that females view the Deity as Benevolent. But our findings indicate that in this study a lack of Potency was associated with God. There was a significant order effect, with Cards VII through X being rated as most like God. Thus, the conventional order in which the Rorschach blots are administered presents S first with relatively malevolent, potent images, and concludes with benevolent, impotent ones.
Symbols via Learning Set
Authors: Goldstein Mymon , Weber Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Symbols were taught by means of a learning set procedure in which each problem was divided into 2 parts. Part 1 provided a context where meanings were picked up by transient stimuli. Part 2 related the transient stimuli to the intended symbols on the basis of these meanings. The intended symbols were nonsense forms that recurred in all problems. The transient stimuli were nonsense forms that changed after each problem. 40 college students served as Ss. They all exhibited learning-to-learn effects, and 33 mastered the symbols. Learning-to-learn effects occurred earlier than symbol mastery. Number of trials in Part 1 was varied systematically without much consequence.
The Archimedes Spiral and Diagnosis of Brain Damage
Authors: Morant Ricardo B. , Efstathiou Aglaia
Published: September 2011

The validity of the Archimedes spiral as a diagnostic test of brain damage is examined experimentally. Results suggest that the different effects for normal and brain-damaged Ss reported in the literature can be attributed to the relative difficulty experienced by the brain-damaged S in maintaining fixation on the center of the spiral.
Electroencephalographic Differences between Resting and Mental Multiplication
Authors: Giannitrapani Duilio
Published: September 2011

The average frequency of 30 sec. of EEG tracing for two states, resting and mental multiplication (thinking), was determined for 20 Ss by counting each visually detectable change in pen deflection regardless of amplitude. (1) Thinking gave higher average activity scores than resting. (2) The difference in average activity between thinking and resting was greatest in the two frontal and left temporal areas and it was significantly different from the differences in the other areas. (3) In the resting state there was a difference between left and right frontal and temporal areas (which increased while thinking) in contrast with a left-right symmetry of the other areas tested. These findings were interpreted as representing characteristic average activity for the areas and condiions tested and were offered as evidence for the differential utilization of brain areas in the given tasks.
Acuity of Visual Perception of Direction in the Dark for Various Positions of the Eye in the Orbit
Authors: Matin Leonard , Kibler George
Published: September 2011

Viewing monocularly in a dark room, Ss reported the location of a 4′ 100-msec. flash relative to the location of a fixation target extinguished 3 sec. earlier. In one experiment the flashes were randomly preselected from a horizontal array centered on the fixation target and S reported the horizontal displacement of the flash (left, right, same); fixation was either in primary position or in secondary position 34½° to the right or to the left of primary position. In a second experiment the flashes were randomly preselected from a vertical array centered on the fixation target and S reported the vertical displacement of the flash (above, below, same); fixation was either in primary position or in a secondary position 34¼° above or 23¼° below the fixation target. JNDs were about 20′ of arc in primary position and increased considerably in all secondary positions of fixation. In the first experiment PSEs shifted to the right as fixation position was shifted to the left; in the second experiment PSEs shifted upward as fixation position shifted downward.
Quantification Procedures, Stimulus Domains and Discrimination Difficulty
Authors: Brown Donald R. , Michels Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

Quantification of visual stimuli from different stimulus domains has led to conflicting results when discrimination difficulty is related to selected pattern attributes. It is suggested that complete physical specification of visual patterns should involve both structural and metrical units and that independent manipulation of each may resolve conflicting data.
“Contingent Negative Variation” in Rhesus Monkeys: An EEG Sign of a Specific Mental Process
Authors: Low Morton D. , Borda Robert P. , Kellaway Peter
Published: September 2011

Utilizing long time-constant EEG recording techniques, magnetic tape storage, and electronic averaging, the phenomenon designated the “contingent negative variation” or “expectancy wave” was studied in 3 Rhesus monkeys. Three basic conditioning paradigms were used: escape conditioning with a warning cue, discrimination task with aversive reinforcement following SD, and discrimination with appetitive reinforcement. Trials were presented in blocks of 12 and averaged on line with an Enhancetron electronic averager. In each case, during acquisition trials, a surface negative slow potential gradually developed only following the evoked response to SD and preceding the meaningful stimulus. No shift followed the unreinforced stimulus. During extinction trials, the shift gradually diminished. During discrimination reversal, a negative shift developed following the previously unreinforced stimulus, while the shift following what had been SD gradually diminished. Results demonstrate the appearance of the “contingent negative variation” in these monkeys and support the contention that this shift is a result of cerebral electrical activity during conation.
Hallucinations or Dreams? A Study of Arousal Levels and Reported Visual Sensations during Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Zuckerman Marvin , Hopkins T. Robert
Published: September 2011

The primary purpose of the study was to assess the level of arousal prior to the time visual sensations were reported in sensory deprivation conditions. Concurrent recordings of EEG, GSR and verbal reports were obtained from 22 female Ss who spent 1 hr. in sensory deprivation. Ten Ss who reported experiencing visual sensations noted that they were awake or, in a few cases, drowsy at the time of their experience. Examination of their EEG records prior to the reports confirmed their impressions. Ss who reported visual sensations made more verbal reports of other kinds, and reported more anxiety, depression, hostility, and somatic discomfort during the sensory deprivation period. The evidence does not support the “postponed dream report” explanation of RVS phenomena.
Relationship between Pain Tolerance and Kinesthetic Size Judgment
Authors: Blitz Bernard , Dinnerstein Albert J. , Lowenthal Milton
Published: September 2011

40 Ss were tested in tasks measuring pain tolerance and kinesthetic size judgment. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between the two types of performance: Ss low in pain tolerance tended to make larger errors in KSJ than Ss with higher pain tolerance. Among Ss with descending series, pain tolerance correlated negatively with degree of overestimation of the standard. The results are consonant with the hypothesis that attentional function is the relevant underlying mechanism.
Effects of Field Independence and Dogmatism on Reversal and Nonreversal Shifts in Concept Formation
Authors: Ohnmacht Fred W.
Published: September 2011

40 St were administered the Dogmatism Test and a group Embedded Figures Test of field independence. Median splits on the two measures were employed to form 4 groups of 10 Ss each, representing the four possible combinations. All Ss were required to master an initial discrimination employing a concept formation task of the card-sorting variety. Subsequently, one-half of each sub-group was required to master the reversal of the initial task, whereas the other half of each sub-group was required to master a nonreversal task relative to the initial discrimination. This procedure resulted in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. It was predicted on various theoretical grounds that (1) reversal shifts are easier than nonreversal shifts; (2) field-independent Ss would demonstrate superior performance regardless of shift condition; (3) open-minded Ss would be more successful regardless of shift condition; and (4) that field-dependent closed-minded Ss would experience special difficulty with shifts regardless of condition. All of the hypotheses were supported by the data.
IES Arrow-Dot Performance in Different Adolescent Populations
Authors: McCormick Clarence C. , Schnobrich Janice , Footlik S. Willard
Published: September 2011

28 Negro boys and 44 Negro girls, entering high school with low (below 80) IQs were administered the Arrow-Dot subtest of the IES test. The girls exhibited significantly lower E and significantly higher S scores. The data were compared with those of other studies of adolescents. The Negro males exhibited significantly higher I and lower E scores; the Negro females exhibited significantly higher I and S scores and lower E scores in comparison with one group, and higher S and lower E scores in comparison with another (the I score difference while non-significant was in the same direction as in the other comparison).
Rorschach Movement, Fantastic Daydreaming, and Freud's Concept of Primary Process: Interpretive Commentary
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

The general purpose of this paper was to contribute to the interrelating of the Rorschach, creativity, and ego psychology literatures. More specifically, its purpose was to relate each of the following to a conceptual framework the author is building around the topics of creativity and Rorschach movement: (1) the Singer and Antrobus finding of two kinds of daydreaming and (2) the meaning that Freud's concept of primary process has for Singer, Maslow, Holt, Schafer, Barron, and Hilgard. The interrelating involved the hypothesis that Rorschach movement responses are a measure of capacity for what Freud meant by primary process and what Singer and Antrobus mean by fantastic daydreaming.
Perception of Inclined Plane While Walking without Vision
Authors: Cratty Bryant J.
Published: September 2011

164 blind Ss and 30 blindfolded, sighted controls walked and reported their perceptions of a pathway whose surface contained grades of 1, 2, 4, and 6° of incline and decline from the horizontal. It was found that the perception of incline and decline were independent perceptual attributes and that Ss were more sensitive to decline than to incline. The blind were more sensitive to decline than sighted controls. Various other inter-group differences between various portions of the blind population were found.
Modification of Vestibular Nystagmus by Change of Task during Stimulation
Authors: Brown James H.
Published: September 2011

The extent to which changes in task-controlled arousal can influence nystagmic output during both angular acceleration and subsequent constant velocity was examined. Two groups of 12 Ss each received a series of 16°/sec.2 angular accelerations during which alertness states were changed from mental arithmetic to reverie or vice versa at selected intervals. Analysis of variance indicated that task-controlled arousal significantly influences nystagmic output both during angular acceleration and during constant velocity. This finding is at variance with predictions based on earlier work which indicated that arousal influenced nystagmic output only during the acceleration.
Effect of Smoking on Visual Search Performance
Authors: Johnston Dorothy M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine what effect no-smoking or reduced smoking had on time required to find a target on static displays. Four males served as Ss in the experimental group and four in the control groups. Search performance improved 34% for a group of habitual smokers who reduced their smoking or abstained from smoking for 2 wk. In contrast, search performance improved only 6% for the control group of smokers and 25% for the control group of nonsmokers. Although only a few Ss were measured, results indicate further study should be made.
Effect of Stimulus Range, Duration, and Contrast on Absolute Judgments of Visual Size
Authors: Garner W. R. , Kaplan George , Creelman C. Douglas
Published: September 2011

Two experiments on absolute judgment of visual size were carried out with variations in stimulus range of size, exposure duration, and contrast. The results indicate that the effects of all three variables are interchangeable within limited values of each, in the sense that their effects are simply additive. Thus they can be considered to form a common class of energic variable within limited conditions. Stimulus range has an additional effect over and above these mutual effects, however, in a manner which suggests that it influences judgmental factors as well as receptor factors in absolute judgment.
Some Factors Influencing the Threshold of the Electrocutaneous Stimulus
Authors: Sheridan James , Foulke Emerson , Alluisi Earl
Published: September 2011

An experiment was performed to display the absolute threshold for electrical stimulation of the skin as a function of S, the finger and the hand stimulated, and the day and time of day stimuli were administered. Thresholds were determined by a method of limits. S, the finger, and hand were significant sources of variation. A diurnal effect was suggested but not clearly shown. No quotidian effect was demonstrated.
Race and Rorschach Signs of Brain Damage in Cerebral Thrombosis
Authors: Evans Ray B. , Marmorston Jessie
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to identify Rorschach signs which would differentiate the brain-damaged regardless of race, a study was made of 225 Caucasian and 127 Negro patients between 40 and 80 yr. of age. There was known brain damage (cerebral thrombosis) in 204 patients, and no known brain damage in 148 patients (myocardial infarction). Each of 31 Rorschach signs of cerebral impairment was studied to determine its power in discriminating Caucasian damaged from nondamaged and Negro damaged from nondamaged patients. A combination of 13 signs was thereby selected in which race did not appear to be a significant factor. The 13-item scale differentiated brain-damaged from nondamaged Caucasian, Negro, and combined Caucasian-Negro groups, all at levels below .001. The 13-item scale correctly classified 71% of the patients, compared with 73% when all 31 signs were used.
Faster Reaction Time through Increasing Intent to Respond
Authors: Whitley Jim D.
Published: September 2011

The RT of 50 college men was measured under normal (N) and artificial (E) limb mass conditions. It was hypothesized that RT in condition E would be significantly faster than in N because the heavier mass would encourage a stronger conscious and willful intent, during the response foreperiod, to trigger the simple learned RT response stored in the memory motor drum. The results ( t = 4.202, p < .05) substantiated this hypothesis. Even though the relationship of RTs in N and E conditions was moderately large ( r = .56), the specificity was very high, 69%; thus the possibility that two separate neuromotor programs are involved cannot be excluded. It is concluded that in a simple RT experiment the creation of a situation during the response foreperiod which increases S's conscious and willful intent to respond, will result in a faster RT. Also, the results support the known specificity of individual differences in performance of simple discrete motor acts.
Need for Novelty and Occupational Preference
Authors: Charlens Alan M.
Published: September 2011

TAT stories were scored and related to occupational preferences and level of novelty of occupations to provide construct validity for the scoring system.
Conformity of Perception of Figure Inversion in Children
Authors: Dodd John M. , Strang Harold
Published: September 2011

This pilot investigation of children's perception of figure inversion was an attempt to ascertain the degree of uniformity in perception of figure inversion among preprimary and primary grade children. Ss of each age group were shown pieces of identical figures representing a part of a triangle but one figure was turned 180° from the other. Ss were asked to indicate whether each figure was upside down. A chi square test indicated that preprimary children and primary children perceived figure inversion differently. Primary children's perception of figure inversion was in greater agreement with the hypothetical model propounding a relation between the degree of conformity in perception of figure inversion and the presented figure's nearness to the fully closed triangle.
Attentional Response of Humans and Squirrel Monkeys to Visual Patterns Varying in Three Physical Dimensions
Authors: Brown Larry T. , O'Donnell Clifford R.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments were performed to investigate the importance to “attention” of 3 physical parameters of visual patterns: number of components, the angular variance of components (AV), and the number of turns characterizing the components (NT). In Exp. I 30 human Ss were employed and time spent viewing each of a set of nonsense patterns was used as the measure of attention. Patterns containing 18 components elicited longer viewing times than those containing 3 components ( P < .001), and patterns containing components of high AV were viewed longer than those with components of low AV ( P = .052). In Exp. II 8 squirrel monkeys served as Ss and a measure of attention based on performance in a discrimination-learning situation was employed. Again, patterns containing the larger number of components had a greater effect on behavior than patterns with fewer components ( P < .05); however, no effect on performance of AV or NT was observed. It was concluded that the number of elements present in visual patterns constitutes a variable of substantial importance to the attention of both the human and the squirrel monkey.
Presentation of Laboratory Experiments through Motion Picture Films
Authors: Walk Richard D.
Published: September 2011

Two motion picture films for use in student laboratory courses are described. The film on the “span of attention” showed 4 to 13 black dots on a white field at two exposure intervals for 100 trials. The film on the influence of word frequency on perception presented 15 words in a random order with the ascending method of limits, more adequate exposure conditions on each successive exposure until each word had been shown three times. Results from use in laboratory sections are given for each film. The laboratory film is an inexpensive method of increasing the range and depth of materials available to the laboratory instructor.
Personality Variables in Autokinetic Figure Writing
Authors: Cornwell Henry G.
Published: September 2011

50 Ss in darkness perceived a fixed point of light as tracing letters, numerals, and geometric shapes according to suggestions given by E. Measures of movement and figure latency, letter, numeral, and shape frequency showed small correlations ( p = .05) with 6 factors in the Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire: Ego Strength, Dominance, Superego Strength, Alaxia, Timidity, and Ergic Tension.
Defense and Control: Further Indications
Authors: Benfari Robert
Published: September 2011

A study of 32 Ss was undertaken to relate the cognitive control of scanning to the defense mechanism of isolation. A significant relationship between the Rorschach signs of isolation and selected tests for scanning was obtained. Common areas of response were noted on the Rorschach among scanners and isolators. Findings were related to some theoretical tenets of psychoanalytic ego psychology.
A Quantitative Study of Relevance in the Formation of Adaptation Levels
Authors: Helson Harry , Bevan William , Masters Henry G.
Published: September 2011

Quantitative measures of relevance as shown by changes in adaptation levels (AL) resulting from the influence of prior stimulation on subsequent judgments of a standard set of circles show that pooling is a matter of degree, and hence that relevance is not an all-or-none matter. What will be relevant cannot be decided on purely a priori grounds, e.g., on the basis of perceptual similarity. While similarity plays an important role, other factors that make relevant dimensions of stimuli more focal tend to influence subsequent judgments to a greater extent than mere dimensional similarity. Thus, angles enclosed in small circles exerted greater effects on judgments of large circles than did the same small circles without the enclosed angles, although the latter were more similar than the former to the large circles. Similarly, a response language in terms of acute-obtuse in judging the angles had greater effect than a small-large response language, even though the latter was identical with that used in judging the standard stimuli. Finally, with positive correlations between angles and their sides (degrees and length of sides) the pre-adaptation series yielded greater effects than were found with negative or zero correlations between these variables. The results of this study thus support the assumption that focal stimuli tend to exert greatest weight on the formation of internal norms, and, therefore, any condition that contributes to focalization influences the pooling process and thus can be said to be relevant to ensuing responses.
Pain Reactivity and Kinesthetic Aftereffect
Authors: Sweeney Donald R.
Published: September 2011

The previously reported relationship between reaction to suprathreshold pain and kinesthetic aftereffect was substantiated, the pain being induced by exposure of the hand to cold air. Three groups ( nt = 9) constructed to represent three levels of reported pain reactivity differed in extent of kinesthetic aftereffect as measured by displacement of post-inspection judgments from control PSE. Those of highest reported pain reactivity showed the least displacement. The groups did not differ in recovery from aftereffect or in ascending-descending trial difference, postulated in the literature as a measure of rapid satiation on the variable stimulus. An attempt was made to resolve theoretical differences by using a vector model for displacement, and this model was applied, in a general sense, to prior studies.
Black-White Color Connotations and Racial Awareness in Preschool Children
Authors: Renninger Cheryl A. , Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

Racial groups are often designated by color names, with Negroes called “black” and Caucasians “white.” Previous research with adults had shown that the color name black has a negative (“bad”) evaluative connotation and white a positive (“good”) connotation. The present study, designed to measure the degree of awareness of black-white evaluative connotation in Caucasian children, demonstrated that the black-white color-meaning concept is developing during the preschool years—the period during which racial awareness was also shown to be developing. Possible origins of the black-white evaluative concept in young children were discussed, as was the possible role of the concept in the formation of racial attitudes of Caucasian children toward Negroes.
The Intellectual Profile of Retarded Readers
Authors: Belmont Lillian , Birch Herbert G.
Published: September 2011

In the present comparative study intellectual profile in normal and retarded readers was studied for samples homogeneous as to age (9- to 10-yr.-olds) and sex (boys) selected from a total population of school children. Ss were 150 retarded and 50 normal readers matched for birthdate and school class placement. Systematic equating for WISC IQ level was carried out. In general, weaknesses in intellectual functioning for the retarded readers were restricted to the Verbal Scale. The retarded readers, when matched with normal readers for Full Scale IQ, were characterized by better functioning on the subtests of the Performance Scale and poorer functioning on the Verbal Scale. The finding that inadequacy in language functioning rather than in perceptual or manipulative skills characterized the retarded readers was sustained by an intensive evaluation of use of language.
Stimulus Equivalence of Auditory and Visual Patterns in an Intermodal Discrimination Task
Authors: Brown D. R. , Condon C. F. , Hitchcock Lloyd
Published: September 2011

100 college students were tested on cross-modal discrimination problems in an effort to determine possible bases for translating patterned stimuli between the visual and auditory modalities. 160 4-choice oddity problems were presented as auditory patterns with the solution requiring a response to visual equivalents. Of the 5 pattern characteristics related to discrimination, it was found that the presence of all pattern characteristics facilitated inter-modal discrimination with the exception of a baseline for pitch (visual height). In addition, increasing pattern complexity facilitated performance. The data were interpreted as supporting central factors in pattern perception.
Perception of Nehru and the Ideal Self in the Indian Culture
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Mohan Jitendra
Published: September 2011

Descriptions of public images and ideal inferential selves of 30 Indian Ss were similar to previously published data from Ss in USA.
Comparison of Scaling Methods: Paired Comparisons versus Constant-Sum
Authors: Senn David J. , Manley Myron B.
Published: September 2011

15 stimuli were scaled by 100 Ss using the paired-comparison procedure; another 100 Ss scaled the same stimuli using the constant-sum procedure; and finally the data obtained from the constant-sum procedure were reanalyzed in terms of the paired-comparisons method. Three data plots of scale values were made: (a) paired-comparison—constant-sum, (b) paired-comparison—converted constant-sum, and (c) converted constant-sum—constant-sum. All 3 plots indicated a near linear relationship between scales. The findings were interpreted as supporting the notion that qualitative (metathetic) stimuli result in linear functions while quantitative (prothetic) stimuli result in logarithmic functions. It was concluded that the differences between the 2 methods were not sufficiently great to merit the use of the more demanding and time consuming constant-sum technique when scaling “general” stimuli.
Color Coding and Potency of Anchors and Residuals in Judgment of Size
Authors: Bevan William , Avant Lloyd L.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was concerned with the possible influence of color coding upon anchor potency in a criterion task (judgment of the size of squares) and in a residual task (judgment of lifted weights) which preceded it. Color coding had no effect on the potency of the size anchors but produced a slight diminution in the effectiveness of the heaviness anchors. An interesting—and unexpected—result was an upward shift in size judgments following the judgment of the weights.
Auditory Awakening Thresholds in Rem and Nrem Sleep Stages
Authors: Rechtschaffen Allan , Hauri Peter , Zeitlin Maurice
Published: September 2011

The auditory awakening thresholds of the major electroencephalographically defined sleep stages were compared. A modification of the method of constant stimuli was used in an apparently successful attempt to minimize the incorporation of the experimental stimuli into the mental activity of the sleeper. A total of 319 experimental trials were distributed among seven human Ss who served for about six experimental nights each. The sequence and timing of experimental trials were counterbalanced to control for nights, habituation, amount of accumulated sleep, and amount of sleep since last awakening. The results showed approximately equal awakening thresholds during REM periods (the rapid eye movement stage of sleep) and stage 2 (low voltage EEG and 12 to 14 cps “sleep spindles”). Both these stages had lower awakening thresholds than delta sleep (large slow EEG waves). Awakening thresholds became lower with accumulated sleep, independent of sleep stage. There were no significant stage independent relationships between awakening threshold and time since last awakening or time since last body movement, although the latter were varied over a relatively narrow range which limits the generality of these findings. There was no stage independent relationship between heart rate and awakening threshold. The possible physiological determinants of the awakening response were discussed.
Effect of Instructions on a Creative Task: Discipline and Form in Hand Sculptures
Authors: Lansky Leonard M. , Peterson John M.
Published: September 2011

How do different limitations which are imposed on a person affect the quality of his creative product? Different freshman sections in architecture were randomly given different limitations for their first three-dimensional assignment which was to produce a handcarving from a 6-in. wooden cube. The limitations were in the number of edges to be left intact: 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. As predicted, the products differed in relation to the limitations; however, more specific predictions about which carvings would excel were only partially confirmed because, it is speculated, the staff had focused more on the students' frustrations than on some inherent properties of the task. The data do fit an interpretation which relates the architectural concepts of object, void, and their relationships to the “new look” in motivation wherein focus is on the relationship between stimulus complexity and the person's needs and abilities.
A Further Test of Hick's Law with Unequally Likely Alternatives
Authors: Kaufman H. , Levy Robert M.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to replicate Lamb and Kaufman's (1965) findings of a relationship between choice reaction time and transmitted information for equally likely (ELA) and unequally likely (ULA) stimulus alternatives. The possible confounding of variability between sessions and between experimental conditions in the Lamb and Kaufman study was eliminated by using a single S in all experimental sessions. Results, in essential agreement with those of the earlier study, suggest strongly that the ELA and ULA conditions are fundamentally different as information sources.
Sex Differences in Perceptual Motor Development
Authors: Sapir Selma G.
Published: September 2011

Developmental patterns of perceptual motor functions of kindergarten-age children were studied in 16 boys and 34 girls. Perceptual motor differences found in 4½-yr.-old youngsters tend to persist at the 5-yr. level. Significant sex differences were found, with the boys maturing more rapidly during the 9-mo. interval of test-retest but never reaching the developmental levels of the girls on any perceptual tasks. Implications for educators concern planning more effectively for perceptual motor readiness as a prerequisite to the reading experience and changing the programming for boys and girls.
An Instance of Unnecessary Rote Learning by Humans
Authors: Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

Evidence of rote learning was obtained for a family of discrimination tasks that would have permitted solution on the basis of class concepts.
Emotional and Conceptual Responsiveness of Schizophrenics and Normals in a Projective Drawing Technique
Authors: Artzt Eric J.
Published: September 2011

To elicit verbal and visual material about their feelings, 30 paranoid schizophrenic and 30 normal Ss were asked to draw how they felt most of the time and then to draw the opposite emotion. The drawings and protocols were submitted to 6 clinical judges (psychologists) for classification as normal or schizophrenic and to 6 ‘naive’ scorers (undergraduates) to classify as realistic or abstract; E had determined beforehand that these categories were equivalent. Both evaluating groups validly classified the protocols, but scorers' results were significantly more reliable. The productions could thus be correctly categorized by their formal and by their psychological properties. There was a significant difference between the diagnostic groups in depicting ‘opposite’ emotions, but the use of color, while it might be helpful in an individual case, proved to be of no general value.