bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Evaluation of Ovicidal Efficacy of Microencapsulated Profenofos, 1991
Authors: Latheef M. A.
Published: March 2022

A small-plot field trial was conducted at Texas A&M University Plantation, College Station, TX, to compare the efficacy of microencapsulated profenofos 4 CS with an EC formulation and flowable formulation of thiodicarb against TBW and CBW eggs on cotton. Cotton was planted 3 May in 1.016 m rows, and plant density averaged 114,806 plants per ha. Plants were 91.4 cm tall and contained avg 5 squares per plant when they were treated. Plots of 2, 25 m long rows per treatment were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2-compressed gas backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 157.1 liters/ha through two 8002 VS nozzles per row at 207 kPa. Windspeed was less than 8 km/h. A pretreatment sample of approximately 100 eggs was obtained for determination of species composition. Treatments were applied 5 Jul, eggs were collected 6 (1 DAT) and 8 (3 DAT) Jul, and were reared on artificial diet in a growth chamber maintained at 21.1°C and 80% RH. Eggs were not separated into brown and white color in order to obtain at least 25 eggs per treatment during each collection date.
Control of Bollworm/Budworm Complex in Mississippi Cotton, Trial II, 1992
Authors: Layton Blake , Howell Mike , Head Bob
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 25 Jul using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray per acre through 8001 nozzle tips at 40 psi. the plots, which were located in Leake County, were 8, 38 inch rows wide by 50 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Counts were made 3 and 6 DAT by searching the terminal area of 25 plants per plot for larvae; 4 randomly chosen squares from each plant were examined for the damage determination. No rain fell on the plots prior to the 3 DAT sample. Pretreatment infestation level within the plot area was 24% small larvae. Of 37 large larvae collected from check plots and adjacent untreated areas at 6 DAT, 92% were identified as bollworms.
Evaluation of 12 Insecticides for Aphid Control on Cotton in Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: March 2022

Twelve treatments were evaluated for relative efficacy against aphids on cotton planted 8 May in Marrietta sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were 4 rows (96.6 cm centers), by 22 m with 4 unsprayed buffer rows. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Applications were made on 6 Jul by high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air spray system and 2, TX4 nozzles per row spaced 48.3 cm apart. Tractor speed was 6.4 km/h and the total volume was 46.8 1/ha. The spray boom was maintained at approximately 46 cm above the average height of the terminals. Aphids were counted on one half of the abaxial surface of each of 10 leaves chosen at random within 15 m of row at each of 2 levels: a leaf 4 nodes down from the apical meristem and a mainstem leaf approximately 1/3 down the plant from the terminal. Data were adjusted to represent aphids/leaf. A fungul epizootic reduced the aphid population drastically following the 13 Jul sample and populations remained too low for evaluation for the remainder of the season.
Evaluation of Seed Treatments and In-Furrow Insecticides for Thrips Control in Cotton in Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Jackson C. S.
Published: March 2022

Twelve treatments were evaluated for relative efficacy against thrips on cotton planted 1 Jun in Marrietta sandy loam soil on the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Soil and ambient temperatures were 22.6 and 25.7°C, respectively. Plots were 4 rows (96.5 cm centers) by 12.6 m with no buffer rows between plots. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Two hundred seed were planted per row for a mean of 14.8 seed/m. Seeds and granules were applied with a cone or belt-cone hopper and liquids were applied via a CO2 powered sprayer equipped with a TX-4 nozzle positioned above the furrow and calibrated for 46.7 liters/ha. Thrips counts were obtained by collecting 10 plants/plot in ziplock plastic bags and washing the thrips from the plants and washing them onto filter paper for counting under a binocular microscope. Fruit counts on 12.6 m of row were made on 8 Aug. Phytotoxicity ratings were made on a scale of 0 to 5 (0 = none, 5 = heavy).
Evaluation of Ac 303630 (Pirate) for Tobacco Budworm Control in Leflore Co., Mississippi, 1992:
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Luttrell R. G. , Jackson C. S.
Published: March 2022

Pretreatment assessment of a tobacco budworm infestation to determine infestation uniformity, was made by randomly scouting 25 terminals and 25 squares in each of 21 randomly chosen plots. Plots were 12 m long by 4 rows wide with 0.96 m centers. The test was applied under completely calm conditions at ca. 29°C between 6:00 and 9:00 p.m. on 3 Aug. Application of insecticides was made in a replicated (4 replications) RCB design by use of a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air spray system at 6.4 km/h and at a volumetric application rate of 46.7 liters/ha. A boom with TX4 hollow cone nozzles spaced at 48 cm was used at a height of 45 cm above the terminals of the plants. Two rows were sprayed with 5 nozzles so that the middles between border rows were also sprayed. Posttreatment evaluation was made on 6 Aug by examining 25 terminals and 100 squares in the upper 1/3 of the plants in the center of each plot. Data were tested for homogeneity of variance prior to analysis.
Evaluation of Foliar Applied Insecticide for Spwf Control, 1991:
Authors: Sparks Alton N. , Riley David G.
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted in a commercial cotton field near Monte Alto, TX, to evaluate control efficacy of various insecticides and insecticide combinations against the SPWF. Experimental plots measured 1 row (40 inches) by 25 ft, with 1 buffer row between plots. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied 28 May and 3 and 10 Jun with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using 3, lOx nozzles per row (1 overtop, 2 on drops) in a total volume of 50 gal/acre (at 50 psi). Adult SPWF were sampled at 24 h after each application by counting the number of adults on the third fully expanded leaf from the top on 3 plants per plot. All other stages were sampled by removing designated leaves (1st sample–4th true leaf; 2nd sample–5th leaf from terminal; 3rd sample–6th leaf from terminal) from 3 plants per plot and transporting them to the laboratory for examination. Each leaf was placed under an index card containing 5 hole punches (0.25 inch diam each) and examined under magnification. All stages were counted and totaled for each leaf. Analyses for all SPWF stages were performed on the number collected per plot (total for 3 leaves). Counts for eggs and immatures were transformed using the Log transformation of data +1 because of unequal variances. On the last sample date, plots were given a visual rating on a 5 point scale of 1 to 3 with 0.5 increments based on the relative abundance of honeydew and sooty mold (1 least amount–3 heavy sooty mold).
Evaluation of Pirate for Control of Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1992:
Authors: White C. A. , Graves J. B. , Leonard B. R. , Burris E.
Published: March 2022

Cotton seed was planted 5 May on a Bruin silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plots were 4 rows (1.02 m wide) x 19.8 m and were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. All plots received in-furrow treatments to Temik 15 G, 0.56 kg(AI)/ha and Terraclor Super-X 12.5 G, 0.28 + 1.1 kg(AI)/ha. The plots were treated for aphids with Furadan 4 F, 0.56 kg(AI)/ha on 6 Jul. The plots were treated for boll weevils with methyl parafhion 4 E (0.56 kg(AI)/ha) on 20 Jun, and Guthion 2 L (0.28 k(AI)/ha) on 18 Aug. The test treatments were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system calibrated to deliver 93.5 liters/ha with 2 TX-18 hollow-cone nozzles/row at 3.2 kg/cm2.Treatments were applied on 16, 21, 29 Jul, and 7 Aug to all 4 rows of the plot. BW-TBW terminal damage, BW-TBW square damage, boll weevil square damage and secondary pests evaluations were made on 23, 27 Jul and 3, 10 Aug by randomly sampling 25 squares and a 3 m section of terminals/plot. Rainfall amounts of 0.03, 0.3 and 0.7 cm occurred on 16, 21 and 29 Jul respectively. The temperature range for the period of 16 Jul to 7 Aug was 26.7-37.2°C. This study reports square damage by BW-TBW.
Planting Time Treatments for Control of Tobacco Thrips in Peanut, 1992:
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Harrison-Bryan W. W.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of planting time insecticide treatments was evaluated against TT injury in Virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, VA. Peanuts were planted 4 May with 36-inch row spacing. In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied into the seed furrow at planting, granules using a tractor-mounted Noble applicator, liquids using a CO2 pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer calibrated to deliver 5 gal/acre at 24 psi through 1 SS8001E flat fan nozzle per row mounted just above planter disks and turned parallel to row direction. Hopper box treatments were applied at planting. The planter box was filled ½ full of seed with ½ the measured amount of product (dry) sprinkled evenly over the surface and gently mixed. The hopper box was then filled and the remainder of the product was sprinkled over the surface and gently mixed. RCB experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 27 ft. Treatments were evaluated by determining plant injury based on a 0-10 scale where 0 = TT injured leaves and 10 = 100% leaves injured. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD procedures.
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1992:
Authors: Rodriguez L. M. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

Season long control of SCB was tested in a small plot experiment located at the St. Gabriel Research Station, St. Gabriel, LA. Thirteen insecticide treatments were evaluated in a field of first ratoon sugarcane. The experimental design used a RCB with 5 replications and each plot consisting of 3 rows (1.8 m centers), 7.3 m in length equivalent to 0.004 hectares per plot. Insecticides were applied when SCB infestations exceeded the economic threshold level of 5% of the stalks containing live larvae in the leaf sheaths. The spray treatments were applied to the sugarcane canopy of all rows in each plot with a knapsack sprayer (pressure and output ca. 1.41 kg/cm2 and 250 liters/ha, respectively). The 2 granular treatments were applied using a 400 ml shaker jar calibrated to deliver the designated amount to the canopy (Aug 5, Sep 3, and Sep 23). SCB damage was assessed by counting the number of bored internodes, exit holes, and total internodes from 100 randomly-selected stalks (5 replications, 20 stalks/rep) of sugarcane in each treatment (Nov 6).
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Systemic Insecticides, 1992:
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S. , Etheridge A. S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were established at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 11 Apr in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 2 rows (1.14 m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a randomized-complete block design with 5 treatments and 4 blocks. To conserve soil moisture and reduce erosion, beds were formed in early spring; therefore, before application the beds were leveled to final transplant height by pulling the transplanter through the test site. On 13 May, the granular materials were applied to the preformed beds through 2 fertilizer shanks attached to an electrically driven, granular applicator. The shanks were positioned 12 cm on each side of the row center and 10 cm below the final bed surface. Tobacco was transplanted on 13 May with a 2-row transplanter. Soil moisture was good. Once a week after transplant, all plants in 1 row of the plot (20) were rated for aphid abundance (0-7). Using this aphid abundance data, the avg aphid rating was calculated. Aphid ratings were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Baytan Seed Treatment and Insecticide Effects on Wheat Emergence and Yield, 1990-92:
Authors: Chapin Jay W. , Thomas James S.
Published: March 2022

At planting insecticide applications were made to fungicide treated wheat seed in 3 tests conducted on a Marlboro sandy loam in Barnwell County, SC. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 replicates. The experimental unit was a plot 50 x 5.3 ft (8 rows on 8 inch spacing). Hessian fly (HF) resistant varieties (Pioneer 2555, Test 1 and 2; Coker 9835, Test 3) were used to avoid HF yield effects. Granular insecticides were placed in-furrow with electric Gandy applicators. Disyston 8 was applied in-furrow with a CO2 pressurized aluminum manifold delivering 11.1 gal/acre at 25 psi through plastic irrigation tubing (1 mm i.d.). Broadcast application of Disyston 8 was made with a CO2 pressurized boom (10 gal/acre at 25 psi, Teejet 8001 flat fan nozzles) mounted in front of the double-disk openers. Fungicide seed treatments were applied by the Gustafson Seed Research laboratory (Tests 1 and 2) or by a commercial seed treater (Test 3). The NTN 33893 seed treatment was applied by thoroughly mixing a 40 ml-dilution with 6 lb of seed in a plastic bag. Stand and head counts were taken from 2 random 1-m samples per plot. Yields were taken by harvesting the middle 6 rows with a Almaco plot combine.
Evaluation of Insecticidal Soap, Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Black Cutworm on Creeping Bentgrass at the Valentine Turfgrass Research Center, university Park, PA, 1992:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Treatment plots were 10 x 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 2.2 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (27 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 70°F; RH, 72%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 60.5% sand, 35.2% silt, 7.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 8.6%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.7; and cloudy skies. The total number of dead cutworms recovered from the surface of each replicate (90 ft2) were recorded through 29 Jul.
Evaluation to Manage Annual Bluegrass Weevil on a Golf Course Fairway with Conventional And Experimental Formulations in Bedford County, PA, 1992:
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (70%) and Kentucky bluegrass (30%). Treatment plots were 9 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with four 8004VAS Teejet nozzle mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (11 May), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 68°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 71°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 64°F; RH, 70%; amount of thatch, 0.0625-0.125 inches; soil type, loam-silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 38.0% sand, 50.0% silt, 12.0% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 25.4%; organic matter, 3.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.5; and skies were clear. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.0625 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 35 d later (15 Jun). Annual bluegrass weevil control was evaluated by removing four 0.087 ft2 sod samples from each replicate, and the total number of annual bluegrass larvae were recorded and converted to a ft2 count. Sod samples were removed with a 4 inch cup cutter.
Control of the Billbug Adults on A Lawn Area in Wayne County, 1992
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M. G.
Published: March 2022

The study was located on lawns of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center at Wooster, Ohio. Insecticides were applied 22 Apr to plots 12.2 X 12.2 m arranged in RCB replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids using a CO2 sprayer with Teejet 8015 nozzles at 3.87 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a volume of 1384 liter/ha. The experimental area received no posttreatment irrigation. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were: billbugs: overwintered adults active; turf: level, dry, 6.35 cm height, 75% Kentucky bluegrass, 15% Tall fescue, 10% broadleaf weeds; thatch: none; soil: moist, 58°F at 2.54 cm and 55°F at 7.62 cm; Weather: cloudy, 57°F, 5-16 km/h; water: pH 6.75. Efficacy data taken from the center 9.3 m2 of each plot Jul (78 DAT) were based on the number of live billbug larvae and pupae in 8, 10.8 cm diam samples from each plot.
Comparison of Chinch Bug Control on Buffalograss with Chlorpyrifos, Neem and Entomophagous Nematodes, 1992
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Riordan T. P.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a bufialograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. The buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 10 cm and was mowed to 5 cm prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.64 cm. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 26°C; soil temperature (10-cm depth), 26°C; soil type; silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0 to 7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, near field capacity. Insecticides were applied on 4 Jun to 1.2 X 1.2 m plots arranged in a RCB with 5 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 165.5 KPa and delivering 18.9 liter spray/93 m2. Immediately following application, plots were syringed with 0.32 cm water. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT (9 Jun) and 14 DAT (18 Jun) by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 2.54 cm with a 10.8-cm diam cup cutter (0.03 m2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Imported Fire Ant in Houston County, Ga, 1991
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max
Published: March 2022

Two 1/10 acre subplots were permanently established in each of nine 1 acre plots. Eight products, four granular and four sprays, were broadcast over one acre plot each. The granular products were applied with a ground-driven Quaker Lawn Spreader pulled behind a John Deere 850 Lawn Tractor. Sprays were applied in 55 gallons of water per acre using a pull-behind sprayer with a 20 ft boom. These applications were made on 1 Aug. Approximately 0.2 inches of rain fell on the area within twelve h. Another 0.8 inches of rain fell within 24 h of the treatment. Posttreatment counts were made in the subplots on 7 Aug, 4 Sep, 23 Oct, 26 Nov, and 12 May.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Miniature Rose, 1992
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K.
Published: March 2022

Miniature rose growing outdoors in 1 gal containers were used to evaluate efficacy of three pesticides against TSSM. Three treatments were applied on 27 Jul, 3 and 10 Aug to four single plant replicates per treatment. Pesticide applications were made with a B & G Model 104-S hand sprayer. Rainfall occurred seven times during this test totaling 5.34 inches (0.61 inches on 2 Aug, 3.31 inches on 4 Aug, 0.68 inches on 5 Aug, 0.01 inches on 6 Aug, 0.03 inches on 10 Aug, and 0.70 inches on 11 Aug. Plants were watered with a drip irrigation system. Sampling was conducted at 7, 14, and 21 DAT using a Leedom Mite Brush. Five leaves per plant were randomly collected and mites were brushed onto a sticky glass plate for counting.
Evaluation of Azadirachtin Insecticide Npi-720F for Control of Western Flower Thrips on Greenhouse Roses, 1990
Authors: Newman Julie P. , Nancy Elizabeth , Immaraju John , Wood Tim
Published: March 2022

A RCB design was used in a commercial greenhouse (Santa Barbara, CA) with 3 blocks of ‘Royalty’ rose beds for each treatment. Treatments were applied in one house to 12-45 x . 9 m beds; controls were unsprayed. Four weekly applications of the material were made beginning 6 Aug using a mobile 757 liter Bean sprayer at 250 psi, with delivery through a 3-pronged, high pressure multiple spray nozzle. Weekly samples were taken at random from each bed on 6, 10, 17, 24, and 31 Aug. The samples consisted of 10 blooms per treatment bed placed in 50% ethanol. All stages of thrips were extracted I from the ethanol under suction and larvae and adults were counted using a dissecting microscope. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and treatment means I were separated using Student-Newman-Keuls’ procedure (P ≤ 0.05).
Chinch Bug Control, Ingham Co., Mi, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: March 2022

A grid of 4 ft by 4 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was established in a home lawn with an infestation of chinch bugs in Okemos, MI. All life stages of chinch bugs were counted in each plot on 24 Jul before insecticides were applied. Chinch bugs were in the 1st to 4th instar at the time of the pre-spray sample. Counts were made by observing each 4 ft by 4 ft plot for a two min period. The treatments were grouped into blocks based on these counts. Six replications of each treatment were applied between 2:00 pm and 4:00 pm on 24 Jul. Granular products were evenly applied over the plot with hand-held shakers. Liquid products were applied with a single nozzle, hand-held C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. Applications were made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle for 12 sec (175 gal/acre) except Margosan and Pyrethrum/Soap treatments which were applied with an 8008 nozzle for 16 sec (575 gal/acre). The postcounts were made on 3 Aug in all plots. Each plot was divided in half. Each half was then counted for 3 min. Plots receiving Agridyne or Ringer neem-product treatment were counted again on 10 Aug.
Microbial Control of Bagworm on Virginia Pine, 1992
Authors: Doss M. , Pinkston K.
Published: March 2022

Virginia pine, 6-8 ft. tall, growing in an ornamental planting located in Payne Co. were used to evaluate efficacy in controlling bagworm larvae. Three rates of Agree 50WP (a Bacillus thuringensis var. Kurstaki/aizawai product) and Dipel were applied on 5 Jun using a Macro R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min of spray at 150 psi. Efficacy was determined at 5 and 10 DAT by randomly collecting 10 bagworm cases from each tree, opening the bag and determining mortality by examining each larva.
Japanese Beetle Control on Containerized Taxus Plants, Michigan, 1992
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A.
Published: March 2022

Field potted (3 gal) and balled and burlapped (28 inch diameter) Taxus plants were used for this experiment. Plants were watered daily with a drip irrigation system. Both types of plants were seeded with Japanese beetle larvae. The larvae were collected from infested turf from a golf course in Kalamazoo, MI on 13 and 22 May. Twenty larvae were released into each containerized Taxus plant by placing 10 larvae in the pots on 14 May and 10 more on 26 May. The larvae were allowed time to establish before chemical applications were made on 3 Jun. Each treatment was replicated six times. Treatments were applied by injection, drench, or granular application. The injections were made through a modified Ross root feeder connected to a CO2 tank and a tank containing the chemical solution. Each pot or rootball was injected with 1 liter of solution at 50 psi. The drench treatments consisted of 1 liter of solution applied to the top of the field soil in the pots. Granular applications were made by spreading the granules evenly around the base of each plant. All pots and rootballs were irrigated immediately after insecticide treatment until water was running out of the bottom of the containers. Treatments were evaluated on 22 and 24 Jun. The soil and roots were removed from containers and sectioned with a large butcher knife in a tray. Plants and loose soil were placed over double screens and washed with a pressurized hose. The number of live larvae found after washing away the soil was counted.
Rate Response of Bacillus Thumngiensis Against Leafrollers, 1992
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Bt products were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae using a leaf-disk bioassay. A series of Bt concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 5 times the recommended field rates were tested. Untreated apple leaves were collected from Red Delicious trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Bt products were diluted in 500 ml of water plus 2 u,l of X-77, a wetting agent added to aid leaf wetting. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Leaves were dipped and allowed to dry. Two disks (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four leaf disks were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50x9 mm). Five one- to two-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf-disks and the petri dish lid was put in place. Ten dishes were used for each Bt product and rate (50 larvae per treatment). Dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a wet paper towel to maintain a high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Dishes were examined after 48 and 96 h to determine larval survival. Data were corrected for untreated mortality using Abbott’s formula.
Apple, Pesticide Dip Test #1, 1992
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. J. , Warren J. R.
Published: March 2022

Four pesticides, carbaryl (Sevin XLR 3.75 ml per liter [3 pt/100 gal]); methyl parathion (Penncap M 7.5 ml/liter [1 pt/100 gal]); chlorpyrifos (Lorsban 50W 4.78 g/liter [3.99 lb/100 gal]); azinphosmethyl [Guthion 35W 4.78 g/liter] + methomyl (Lannate 7.5 ml/ liter [3.89 lb + 3 pt/100 gal respectively]), and a water control were evaluated (6X concentration) where X = 50 gal/acre in this experiment. RBLR larvae of various sizes and ages were collected in their leaf spin-ups from a commercial orchard where populations were sampled in our 1991 studies. Foliage used in the experiment was collected from unsprayed apple trees at the experiment station in Winchester. Solutions of each treatment pesticide were prepared in 1 gal jars. Twigs bearing more than 40 leaves (for each treatment) were dipped in the appropriate solution for 15 s and air dried in a fume hood. Twenty cages (1 larva per cage) per replicate were prepared as follows: two 9 dram plastic bottles made up the basic cage unit, one filled with water served as the basal unit. Two plastic vial covers with a small (.64 cm) hole centered in each were stapled together and put in place on top of the base vial. Two apple leaves (previously dipped and dried) were placed so as one leaf lay in close proximity to the other with the petioles extending through the container caps into water in the basal container. The point where the petioles passed through the cap was tightly closed with absorbent cotton to prevent larval escape. One field collected larva was gently removed from its spin-up with a camel’s hair brush and placed between the two leaves in each cage. Finally, the second ventilated plastic vial (which had a 3/4-in hole cut in the bottom that was covered with glued-in-place 100 mesh nylon screening) was inverted over the basal vial and snapped into place in the uppermost of the two previously prepared plastic covers. All cages were held in a room under normal light at 80°F (144°C). Larvae were examined after 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 h for mortality. Death was determined if the larva exhibited no movement after being probed gently.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug, 1992
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: March 2022

Formulated insecticides were evaluated for toxicity to tarnished plant bugs in the laboratory. Bioassays were conducted by applying insecticides to cotton terminals (‘STV 213’) held in water pics using a laboratory spray table. Tarnished plant bugs (2-3 d old adults) were collected from wild host plants on 11 Jun; treatments were applied on 12 Jun. The spray table was calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph with 30 psi at one TX6 nozzle. Each treatment consisted of 3 replicates of 15 terminals/replicate. Controls were treated with water only. One tarnished plant bug (unsexed) was placed on each terminal 30 min after spraying and held in ventilated cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. Mortality was determined at 72 h and 96 h after spraying. Data were transformed to arcin J for analysis; actual percent mortalities are shown.
Leaf-Dip Bioassays of Chitin Inhibitors and Abg-6178 for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potatoes, 1991
Authors: Barry Donald W. , Bowman James S.
Published: March 2022

All bioassays used larvae aged 36 ± 12 h from a laboratory strain of Colorado potato beetles reared on greenhouse-grown ‘Norland’ potatoes. The entomopathogen Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin was assayed as both a technical powder (ABG-6178) and as aerial conidia grown in the laboratory. The fungus was cultured for 10 to 20 d on Sabouraud‘s dextrose agar after isolation from adult Colorado potato beetle cadavers previously infected with ABG-6178. Treatments were applied by submersing terminal potato leaflets (of about 10 cm2) for 4 s in a test concentration. A wetting agent, Tween 80 (0.05% concentration), was used to prepare all dilutions. Controls were treated with 0.05% Tween 80 alone. Treated leaves were allowed to drain on absorbent paper for about 60 s and placed into individual assay chambers to air dry. Four to five larvae were then placed on each treated leaf with a camel hair brush. Assays were repeated 2 to 4 times. Assay chambers were made of two stacked 60 x 20 mm plastic petri dishes. The top petri dish was lined with moist filter paper. A hole drilled through the dish base allowed the leaf petiole to extend into the lower petri dish which held a distilled water reservoir to maintain leaf turgor. Assays were kept in a growth chamber at 23°C, 70-80% RH and 18:6 L:D. Leaves were replaced after 48 h and, thereafter, as necessary. Mortality was counted at 24 h intervals after 3 to 7 d of exposure. Individuals not responding to tactile stimulation were considered dead. Data were corrected with Abbott‘s formula and analyzed using probit analysis (POLO-PC). Not all treatments were assayed on each day.
Potato Wireworm Control, Pasco, Washington, 1976
Authors: Toba H. H. , Turner J. E.
Published: March 2022

The soil type was Ritzville Series, silt loam, with less than 0.5% organic matter. On March 16 and 17 soil samples were taken with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches to estimate the wire-worm population. Five wireworms were found in 40 samples in an area of ca. 10 acres, a calculated density of 1.1 wireworms/sq ft (the upper 95% confidence limits). Individual plots were 6 rows wide (34 inches apart) and 50 ft long. Treatments applied as separate experiments were preplant broadcast, at-plant furrow, and at-plant band. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. For the preplant broadcast treatments applied May 11 and 12, granules were broadcasted with a hand-operated grass seeder, or EC formulations were applied with a hand-held, 2-row sprayer with a boom consisting of 4 Teejet (No. 8001) nozzles. EC formulations were diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt and applied at a rate of ca. 12.8 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 psi. The plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 2 hr after application. The two other treatments were applied after the potatoes were planted May 13. On May 13 and 14 the furrow treatments were applied in the seed-piece furrows left uncovered (by raising the discs of the planter) when the grower planted the seed pieces.
Green Peach Aphid Control on Potatoes, 1977
Authors: Waddil Van
Published: March 2022

Seed pieces were planted 4 inches apart in marl soil November 15, 1976. The plots were single rows, 30 ft long, planted on 3-f t centers. Treatments were applied January 6 and replicated 4 times in a completely random design. Applications were made by hand with a CO2-charged, 2½-gallon sprayer with a single nozzle. Apterous aphid counts were made 1 and 6 days posttreatment by randomly selecting 10 lower leaves per plot. The aphid population was smaller than usual when the treatments were made. Means were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Third Cutting Alfalfa Insect Control Study, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

This is the second year of clear seeded Saranac alfalfa planted April 23, 1975 at Agway Farm Research Center, Fabius, New York. Most sprays superimposed over the same plots as used in second cutting with exception of Imidan treatment. A complete randomized block design of 3 replications was used. Each plot was 12 x 25 ft (300 square ft). Treatments applied August 11, 1976 and harvested August 30, 1976. Protein samples made on September 16, 1976.
Alfalfa Weevil Larval Control, Missouri, 1977
Authors: Huggans J. L.
Published: March 2022

The test area is part of a 10 acre 3 year old stand of WL-307 alfalfa. The soil is a Shelby loam with a 5-10% slope and 4-8 in. surface soil. Weather conditions, including temperature and rainfall, were monitored at the site by the Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Sprays of the compounds under test were applied to 20 x 90 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated checks in four replications. Finished spray treatments at the rate of 20 gallons per acre (in the case of Sumithion at 2.7 gallons per acre) were applied at 40 psi pressure with an IH cub tractor rigged with a 20 ft spray boom and powered by a PTO roller pump. Treatments were applied May 3. Evaluation samples were taken May 10-11, 17-18, and 24-25. Sampling for efficacy was by plucking 25 individual stems of alfalfa from each plot per date and extracting the living larvae by heating in “Berlese” funnels.
Field Corn, Fall Armyworm Control, 1977
Authors: All J. N.
Published: March 2022

Seed planted August 24, 1977, University of Georgia Experimental Station, Oconee Co. Soil type was Appling sandy loam. Randomized complete block experimental design with 2 row plots, 20- ft long x 38-inch row width x 2-ft alleys, 5 replicates. Plants treated with a full cone spray in a final volume of 20 gal/acre directed into the plant whorl. Sprayed 4 times on September 5, 12 and 21 and October 5. Plants were indexed for fall armyworm damage in the 8-leaf stage on a scale of 1-4: 1 - no bud feeding damage; none to slight leaf feeding damage; 2 - slight to moderate bud feeding damage; slight to moderate leaf feeding damage; 3 - moderate to heavy bud feeding damage; moderate to heavy leaf feeding damage; 4 - severe bud and leaf feeding damage; plants reproductive capacity destroyed. Yield (dry matter) taken by hand on November 17, 1977. First treatment was applied when 30% of the plants had feeding damage by first instar larvae. Other applications were made when fresh egg masses were present on 10% or more of the plants.
Field Corn, Fall Armyworm Control, 1977
Authors: All J. N.
Published: March 2022

Seed planted August 24, 1977, University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. Soil type was Appling sandy loam. Randomized complete block experimental design with 2 row plots, 20-ft long x 38-inch row width x 2-ft alleys, 5 replicates. Plants treated with a full cone spray in a final volume of 20 gal/acre directed into the plant whorl. Sprayed 4 times on August 31, September 8 and 19, and October 11. Plants were indexed for fall armyworm damage in the 8-leaf stage on a scale of 1-4: 1 - no bud feeding damage; none to slight leaf feeding damage; 2 - slight to moderate bud feeding damage; slight to moderate leaf feeding damage; 3 - moderate to heavy bud feeding damage; moderate to heavy leaf feeding damage; 4 - severe bud and leaf feeding damage; plants reproductive capacity destroyed. Yield (dry matter) taken by hand on November 18, 1977. First treatment was applied when 30% of the plants had feeding damage by first instar larvae. Other applications were made when fresh egg masses were present on 10% or more of the plants.
Control of European Corn Borers in Field Corn, 1977
Authors: Witkowski J. F.
Published: March 2022

Foliar treatments of registered and non-registered insecticides for first-brood corn borer control were applied to non-irrigated corn plots in Dixon County, Nebraska in June 1977. Insecticides (Table 1) were applied on June 15 with a specially modified Hagie Hi-boy. Liquid insecticides were applied with 18 gal/acre of water at 2 mph at 25 psi. Plots were 2 rows wide and TOO feet long. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 2 replications. In late July, 20 corn plants from each replication were split in half from the tassel to the ground, examined, and number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Soybean, Aerial Application for Green Cloverworm and Western Corn Rootworm, 1977
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron
Published: March 2022

Thirteen soybean plots were located 3 miles southwest of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 300 ft by 150 ft (60 rows) with 30 in centers. Experimental design consisted of each plot being randomly assigned a treatment. Treatments are given in the tables. Treatments were applied on August 17 by airplane as follows: Sevin 4-Oil, airplane with Teejet nozzles (8002,8003 or 8004) spray pressure 30 psi; other insecticides, airplane with 16 Tee Jet D1445 nozzles, spray pressure at 20 psi, and application rate at 2 gal/A. Weather conditions on the day of application were: temperature ca 70° F, wind speed ca 3 mph. Plants were randomly sampled with a 15-in diam. sweep-net (50 sweeps/row, 4 rows/plot) on August 3 (pretreatment), August 6 (2-day post-treatment), August 8 (4-day post-treatment), August 12 (8-day post-treatment) and August 19 (16-day post-emergence).
Aphid Control on Tobacco, 1977
Authors: Reagan T.E. , Horton R. H. , Collins W. K. , Todd F. A.
Published: March 2022

On-farm tests were conducted in Craven, Wayne, Hertford, Martin, and Sampson counties to determine the potential for aphid control from insecticides applied prior to transplanting flue-cured tobacco. Plots consisted of 4 rows x 78 ft separated by vacant 5th middles and 10 ft alleys between each of 4 replications at Craven and Wayne counties and 2 replications at other sites. Some insecticides were disced into the soil prior to ridging of rows while others were added with the transplanter water. Live aphids were counted on the 2 heaviest infested leaves of 10 randomly selected plants of each plot 2, 3, and 4 weeks post-transplant. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and orthogonal partitioning of treatments.
Laboratory Tests of Insecticides on Western Spruce Budworm, 1976-77
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2022

Topical application tests of the contact toxicity of 11 insecticides were conducted on last stage western spruce budworm. Toxicities were compared to that of a standard, mexacarbate. Insects tested were from the 63rd to 68th generations of a non-diapausing laboratory colony. Five concentrations serially diluted from a freshly prepared concentrate were used in each of 3-4 replications of each test. All chemicals were applied in reagent grade acetone. Treatment was performed with an ISCO model M microapplicator equipped with a 1/4 cc tuberculin syringe. A dose rate of 1 μl/100 mg body weight was used to apply the insecticide to the thoracic dorsa of CO2-anesthetized larvae weighing 70-110 mg. After treatment, larvae were fed artificial diet. Mortality was tallied after 7 days.
Insecticidal Drenches Evaluated for Control of

Otiorhynchus

Spp. Larvae in Transplant Beds, Pennsylvania, 1977
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Heller P. R.
Published: March 2022

Alberta spruce transplants (2-2) growing in beds 4 ft wide by ca 40 ft long on a well-drained (loam and grovel) hilltop near Indiana, Pennsylvania were divided into 5 x 5 ft sections with pot stakes and string. A 2 ft buffer zone was left between the 25 sq ft sections. Treatments were randomly assigned to sections within each of 3 blocks. The appropriate amount of insecticide was applied with a sprinkling can in 1.5 gal water/25 sq ft section on May 6. This was followed immediately with another 1.5 gal water in the same manner. The soil was moist but not saturated when treatments were applied. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated May 26-27 by inspecting each of 2 cubic ft soil samples from each section for living larvae and pupae.
Neanthe Bella, Twospotted Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Poe S. L. , Childs G. H. , Matthews S. R.
Published: March 2022

Three acaricides were tested for their effect on the twospotted spider mite population infesting neanthe bella palms in 3 in.pots in a greenhouse. Sprays were applied by handspraying until foliage was thoroughly wet. Five replicates were treated with each material and compared to an untreated check. Counts of eggs and mites were made on a 1 cm square of an infested leaflet. These counts were made before treatment and 1, 7, and 14 days after treatment.
Pfitzer Juniper, Eastern Red Cedar, Bagworm Control, 1977
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Bogel David , Ree Bill
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted; test 2 in Stillwater, Oklahoma and test 1 eight miles east of Stillwater. Plants were treated on June 13 in test 1 and June 20 in test 2 using a John Bean 55 Sprayer, series L-1565-2 and a 785 John Bean Spraymaster deluxe gun which delivered 3 gal/min of finish spray at 300 psi. Shrubs and trees were treated to runoff. Temperature at time of application in both tests was 95°F. Mortality was determined by examing 10 larvae from each treatment at 1, 3 and 7 days after application. Test 1 consisted of spraying red cedar trees, approximately 6-7 ft tall with 3 different insecticides. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times along with a check. A pretreatment count showed an average of 5 larvae approximately 1/2 inch in size per 18 inch of terminal branch. Test 2 consisted of dividing up a continuous planting of pfitzer juniper 662 ft long into 11 treatments. Each treatment was 15 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Plants were 4 to 5 ft tall and approximately 5 ft wide. A pretreatment count at 10 different locations showed an average of 17 larvae approximately 1/2 to 3/4 inch in size per 18 inch of terminal branch.
Apple, Early Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to 12-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi and at a rate of 500-600 gal per acre. Spray dates were May 26 (petal fall), June 6 (first cover), 16 (second cover), and 30 (third cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of captan 80W (1.0-T .25 lb/100 gal) on 10 dates, Epsom salts (15 lb) and Marlate 50W (3 lb) on May 27, June 6, and 16, Solubor (1 lb) on June 6, and Sevin 80W (.62 -1.25 lb) on June 13, 29, and July 13. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree repli-cations per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 Cortland and 2 Mcintosh cultivars per treatment in Test 1 and 4 Red Delicious per treatment in Test 2. Twenty-five leaves were collected mostly at chest height around the periphery of each tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was severe. Following hot and dry weather in May, there were frequent and heavy rains in June and a lack of rain in July.
Scotch Pine, a Pine Needle Scale Control, 1977
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

A series of six treatments was applied to an experimental planting of Scotch pine trees at the Purdue Agronomy Farm on May 10, 1977. The trees were heavily infested with Chionaspisheterophyllae, one of the pine needle scales. The 8-10 foot trees were sprayed to the point of runoff with a Spartan Sprayer operating at 125 psi. The temperature was 65° F and the air calm. At the time of application the overwintering eggs were hatching (about 2 to 3 weeks earlier than normal). The experiment was replicated 4 times. There was no evidence of phytotoxicity after the treatments. On June 7 and June 28 twig samples were removed from the treated trees, placed in paper sacks and transported to the laboratory where they were refrigerated until the counts were made under a binocular microscope. The second sample consisted of new growth only since the second generation scales were on the new growth. In both instances only female scales were tabulated. Ten needle samples were counted from each sampled twig.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Control with Drenches, Wooster, Ohio, 1977
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Boggs Joseph F.
Published: March 2022

Aluminum barriers (25 cm high x 47 cm dia) were constructed around each of 15 plants tightly sheared to 16-22 cm crown width. The inside of each barrier was coated with fluon to prevent weevil escapes. A 7.5 I watering can was used to drench each plant with 1362 ml of finished material. This approximates a treatment of 5 gal/25 sq ft, an amount sufficient to thoroughly soak foliage and surrounding soil. Treatments (see table) were applied in a randomized complete block experimental design with 3 replications between 1300 and 1430 hr (EDT) August 19, 1977 under overcast skies and ambient temperature of ca 21°C. Ten ovipositing adults, preconditioned at 22°C, 15 hr light/day, and ambient humidity, were placed at the base of each plant 2 hr later. Mortality was assessed 3 and 7 days post-treatment by inspecting each plant and surrounding soil for adults for 5 minutes.
Apple, Summer Mite Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test materials were applied to apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 300 psi. In Test, 27-year-old trees were sprayed at a rate of ca. 300 gal per acre; in Tests 1 and 3, 12-year-old trees were treated at 500 gal per acre. Spray dates were June 23 and 30 (Test 1), July 1 and 8 (Test 2), and July 18 and 27 (Test 3); each material was applied on both dates for the respective tests. In addition, Omite 6EC at 2 oz, Omite 30W at 5 oz, and Plictran 50W at 1 oz were also applied on July 11 and 26 (Test 1). The fungicide and insecticide program during the course of these acaricide tests consisted of captan 80W (1 .0 - 1.25 lb/100 gal) on 5 dates, Epsom salts (15 lb) and Marlate 50W (3 lb) on June 16, and Sevin 80W (1.25 lb) on June 29, July 13, 28, and August 18. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 Golden Delicious (GD) and 2 Early Mcintosh cultivars per treatment in Test 1, 2 GD and 2 Red Delicious (RD) per treatment in Test 2, and 4 RD per treatment in Test 3. Twenty-five leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of each tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was very severe. On the prespray date, egg populations ranged from 3-8 eggs/leaf (Test 1), 45-60 eggs/leaf (Test 2), or 15-30 eggs/leaf (Test 3). July was a very dry month.
Evaluation of Various Insecticides Against the Driedfruit Beetle, a Pest of Figs,

Ficus

carica

L. 1977
Authors: Soderstrom E. L.
Published: March 2022

The driedfruif beetle was cultured at 26.7 ± 1°C 60% RH in figs reconstituted with tap water. Filter papers (9 cm diam) were treated by pipetting 1 ml of a 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and 1000 insecticide - tap water emulsion or tap water over the surfaces and air drying for.3 hours. (Technical for-mulations were dissolved in acetone before adding tap water). Then 10 adults no more than 2 weeks emerged were placed in a disposable petri dish containing a treated or untreated paper. The insects.were then held at 26.7 ± 1°C and 60% RH for 24 hr. Each concentration and the control were replicated 5 times. Mortalities were corrected by using Abbott’s formula.