bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenation of fats and oils. Isomerization during hydrogenation
Authors: Cousins Edwin R.
Published: May 2007

This presentation includes a survey of the development of the presently accepted theory for the formation of isomers based on a half hydrogenation‐dehydrogenation mechanism with atomic hydrogen, an appraisal of the relevant work of recent years for its significance when applied to the problem of isomerization, and certain experimental evidence from other fields of heterogeneous catalysis of interest in the hydrogenation of fats and oils. Effects of temperature, pressure, catalyst concentration, and degree of agitation used in commercial plants on the degree of isomerization are discussed. In addition the conditions necessary for the proper application of the term 舠selective舡 to a hydrogenation are examined. An interpretation of recent work to reduce isomerization while retaining selectivity by extending the normal range of the variables and by the use of solvents is covered. Selected works on catalysis from related fields are used to indicate possible modifications of the isomerization mechanism and, perhaps, to reveal fruitful avenues of research.
Methyl alpha‐D‐glucoside drying oils
Authors: Gibbons John P. , Janke Robert A.
Published: May 2007

Drying oils have been prepared by the direct esterification of methyl alpha‐D‐glucoside and linseed fatty acids. Litharge is an effective catalyst for this reaction. These methyl alpha‐D‐glucoside oils possess more rapid bodying characteristics at 310°C. (590°F.) than similar synthetic glycerol or pentaerythritol oils.

With Bakelite BR‐254 resin the methyl alpha‐D‐glucoside oils cook rapidly into 25‐gallon oil length varnishes that dry quickly to hard films with good alkali and water resistance and excellent adhesive properties.
Characterization of the carbonyl compounds in reverted soybean oil1,2,3
Authors: Mookherjee B. D. , Chang S. S.
Published: May 2007

Twenty‐one mono‐carbonyl compounds were identified in a reverted but not rancid soybean oil with a peroxide number of 2.7 meq/kg and a flavor score of 6.0. Six of the carbonyl compounds were saturated methyl ketones, ten were saturated aldehydes and five were 2‐enals. The amount of 2,4‐dienals in the reverted soybean oil was too small to be fractionated and identified. One fraction of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of mono‐carbonyl compounds obtained was different in chemical properties from those of the four known classes of compounds; viz. saturated aldehydes, saturated ketones, 2‐enals, and 2,4‐dienals. The chemical identity of this fraction has not been completely established.

The technique used for the identification of the mono‐carbonyl compounds consisted of essentially five steps: (a) passing a hexane solution of the soybean oil through a celite column, which was homogeneously impregnated with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine and phosphoric acid, in order to convert quantitatively all the carbonyl compounds in the oil into their 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones; (b) removing the soybean oil from the solution with a Seasorb‐Celite Column; (c) removing decomposition products and 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of ketoglycerides with an Alumnia Column; (d) separating, by adsorption chromatography, the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of mono‐carbonyl compounds into four classes; viz. saturated ketones, saturated aldehydes, 2‐enals, and 2,4‐dienals; and (e) identifying the individual components in each class of compounds by the Rf values of liquid‐liquid partition chromatography.
New developments in synthetic fatty acids
Authors: Sonntag Norman O. V.
Published: May 2007

New developments in synthetic fatty acids have occurred in the last few years in Russia, Japan, the United States and Canada. In 1959 Russia decided to replace 40% of natural fatty acids in soaps with synthetic fatty acids. In 1966, 548 million pounds of C5–C30 synthetic fatty acids were produced including 288 million pounds of C10–C20 fatty acids. Forty million pounds of fatty acids are converted directly to the fatty alcohols for detergent use. A conservative estimate predicts that one billion pounds of synthetic fatty acids will be produced in Russia by the end of the current five‐year program. Reports say that the Japanese have been interested in the oxidation of not only paraffin hydrocarbons but naphthenic petroleum hydrocarbons as well. Production of lower homology fatty acids up to butyric acid is being seriously considered in Japan. In America the most likely syntheses aside from “oxo” syntheses being considered for the manufacture of products like lauric acid is the carboxylation of the Ziegler intermediates prepared from ethylene polymerization. Some data on the current and future coconut oil consumption by major end‐use for Canada and the United States are presented. Synthetic lauric acid is predicted for 1970 in the United States.
Determination and application in GLC of semilog function of retention time and chain length: Effect of temperature variation on function
Authors: Crowe P. F. , Spicer D. S.
Published: May 2007

The equation relating the log of the reaction time to chain length is extended to include equivalent chain lengths, relative retention times and separation factors. The temperature dependence of the slope and the dependence of the constant on the slope is shown.
Chromatographic analysis of sorbitan fatty acid esters
Authors: Sahasrabudhe Madhu R. , Chadha R. K.
Published: May 2007

A procedure is described for the separation, identification and quantitative estimation of mono‐, di‐ and tri‐fatty acid esters of sorbitol and of its anhydrides. Stearic, palmitic and oleic acid esters of sorbitol, 1,4‐sorbitan and isosorbide were synthesized in the laboratory. Lipid classes were separated by liquid partition column chromatography and TLC. The individual mono‐and di‐fatty acid esters and the polyols were analyzed by GLC as trimethylsilyl ethers. Recoveries of known compounds in mixtures were in a range of 92% to 100%.
Application of high vacuum fractional distillation to complex mixtures of methyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nadenicek J. D. , Pusch F. J. , Nickell E. C.
Published: May 2007

A technique for the high vacuum fractional distillation, with a spinning band column, of methyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids employing a carrier of long chain acetates is described. The carrier is used to facilitate the fractionation of minor components and minimize artifact formation in mixtures of methyl esters containing up to six double bonds. The technique is demonstrated on a standard mixture of methyl esters and applied to a concentrate of unsaturated methyl esters containing a large number of minor components as well as methyl docosahexaenoate.
Non‐interference of seed coat constituents of cotton seeds using the pons and goldblatt aflatoxin procedure
Authors: Campbell T. C. , Snider J. H.
Published: May 2007

The normal constituents of seed coats and fibers of fuzzy cotton seeds were not found to interfere with aflatoxin analyses of embryos (meats). Several technique modifications of the Pons and Goldblatt (6) procedure for aflatoxin analyses in cottonseed are presented which aid not only in making better defined spots but also improve TLC resolution. Having assayed over 2,000 samples, we have found that the so‐called blue spot of Ashworth et al. (2) was not found to either partially or totally obscure aflatoxin B1 on the plates, as claimed by these workers. An improved method of aflatoxin estimation on TLC plates is presented.
Study on the fatty acid composition during germination of peanuts treated with growth regulators
Authors: Vyas D. N. , Patel K. C. , Patel R. D.
Published: May 2007

The fatty acid metabolism during germination of a special variety of peanuts treated with growth regulators, viz., GA, AA, Suc, Sul, MH and DW have been studied in sterile media for 1, 3, 6, 10, 14 and 18 days. No marked variation in the oil content of the control and the treated seeds is found during the initial period of germination. Initial growth is explained on the basis of energy supplied by the FFA and carbohydrates (as they are found decreasing during the 24 hr of germination). Practically no accumulation of FFA is observed throughout the complete period of germination. The mode of utilization of neutral oil with the period of germination is correlated with growth. The varied effect of growth regulators on the fat metabolism is explained assuming their various effects on mitochondria, the enzyme center, and on the process of photosynthesis. Active metabolism is marked from the sixth day of germination for both treated and control seeds. From the beginning of germination, interconversion of fatty acids is marked. Metabolism of fatty acids during germination is reported with the preferential utilization of 18:2 acid.
Plant response to pesticides and environment: Sicklepod (Cassia tora L.) fatty acid separation by gas chromatography
Authors: Wilkinson R. E. , Worthington R. E. , Hardcastle W. S.
Published: May 2007

Fatty acid content of sicklepod (Cassia tora L.) leaves and stems was determined by GLC. Major constituents were identified as palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate and linolenate at 20.8%, 6.4%, 5.7%, 13.1% and 26.0%, respectively, of the total fatty acids present. The remainder of the fatty acids occurred in shorter or longer homologues and branched chain compounds. Chain lengths up to C34 were found.
Special methods of purifying fatty acids
Authors: Pelick Nicholas , Henly R. S. , Sweeny R. F. , Miller Melvin
Published: May 2007

Preparative gas chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography have been used successfully in several purification applications. Both methods are very good when small (10 mg or less) samples are involved. In fact, the low capacity of the methods is actually an advantage in such cases and is a major reason for using the methods. When larger samples are to be prepared by gas chromatography, the low capacity becomes a problem. However, by the use of conventional purification procedures to concentrate the desired component as much as possible, and the use of large columns (up to 1 in. diameter) gram quantities of rare fatty acids have been successfully prepared. Gas Liquid Chromatography has been an invaluable tool where other purification methods have failed.
Preparation of dodecylamine and 6‐aminohexanoic acid from petroselinic acid
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Moreau J. P. , O'Connor R. T.
Published: May 2007

A procedure is given for the ozonization of petroselinic acid, chemical reduction of the ozonides to aldehydes, formation of oximes, and catalytic hydrogenation of the oximes using Raney nickel in the presence of ammonia, to yield 48% dodecylamine and 44% 6‐aminohexanoic acid calculated on the amounts theoretically available from the wt of petroselinic acid. The ultimate analyses, melting points, and distribution coefficients between ethyl ether and water of lauraldehyde and adipaldehydic acid oximes were determined. The infrared spectra of lauraldehyde oxime, adipaldehydic acid oxime, and 6‐aminohexanoic acid are given and interpreted.
Laser raman spectra of long chain sulfur derivatives
Authors: Mcmanis George E. , Gast Lyle E.
Published: May 2007

Laser Raman spectroscopy is proving to be an important complement to IR absorption spectroscopy in the analysis of derivatives of fatty acids and esters containing sulfur in their structure. Selected esters are being evaluated as extreme pressure lubricants, and information upon the nature of the sulfur linkages in these derivatives should be useful in preparing products with satisfactory performance characteristics. The techniques of laser excited Raman spectroscopy have been applied to elucidate the molecular structure of a series of mercaptans, sulfides, and disulfides, as well as sulfur containing derivatives of long chain fatty acids and esters.
Study of binary systems of long chain alcohols and acids
Authors: Al‐Mamun M. A.
Published: May 2007

Several binary phase diagrams of primary alcohol‐secondary alcohol, secondary alcohol‐secondary alcohol, odd‐even fatty acids, and fatty acid‐alcohol systems have been worked out. In many of these systems, freezing point curves give rise to eutectics. In some cases, molecular compound formation was detected; and in one system, dodecanoic acid‐tridecanoic acid, the freezing points show solid solution type of curve with a minimum temperature. The solid state transition points of the pure compounds are found, invariably, to become lower when the second component is added. The freezing and transition point behaviors have been explained in terms of miscibility of the components in the solid state.
Effect of triundecanoin upon lipid metabolism in the cow
Authors: Dryden L. P. , Bitman J. , Wrenn T. R. , Weyant J. R. , Miller R. W. , Edmondson L. F.
Published: May 2007

The effect of feeding an odd‐numbered carbon triglyceride, triundecanoin, upon lactation in the cow was studied. This fat appeared to be subject to considerable degradation in the rumen. There was no indication, however, that it yielded any increase in relative propionate concentration. A large amount of the odd‐numbered carbon triglyceride was rejected by the animals, with a general decrease in feed consumption and consequent reduced milk yield. Fat production was unchanged. Some undecanoate passed into the milk but only at a low rate. There was a large difference in animal response. Feeding triundecanoin protected from rumen degradation led to a much greater transfer of undecanoate to the milk, prevented a significant decline in feed consumption and milk yield, but did not affect the milk composition appreciably. Smaller increases were observed in the amounts of other odd‐numbered carbon fatty acids in the milk.
Laboratory separation of crystals from plastic fats using detergent solution
Authors: Poot C. , Dijkshoorn W. , Haighton A. J. , Verburg C. C.
Published: May 2007

An improved laboratory technique for isolating the solid‐fat fraction from plastic fats is described. The fat first is dispersed in an aqueous detergent solution; then the oil and solid fat fractions are separated by high speed centrifugation. To facilitate the separation, a 25% ammonia solution is added to adjust the density of the water phase to between those of the oil and the solid‐fat phase. After rinsing with cold ethanol, a solid‐fat fraction is obtained‐contaminated with only ca. 5% oil‐which can directly be used for differential thermal and X‐ray analyses. The method also can be applied for a quick determination of the solid‐fat content according to the dye dilution principle and for obtaining oil‐free fat crystals for electron microscopy.
Comparison of three atomic absorption techniques for determining metals in soybean oil
Authors: Black L. T.
Published: May 2007

Three different atomic absorption techniques were used to analyze metals contained in three different crude soybean oils. In the first, oil was decomposed by charring followed by high‐temperature dry ashing. The ash then was dissolved in a dilute acidic aqueous medium. In the second, oil diluted with methyl isobutyl ketone as the solvent was aspirated directly. In the third, the original oil sample was ashed and the metal atomized in a sequential process by a carbon rod furnace. This third technique required only μliter quantities of an oil. The analysis for many metals was similar regardless of the technique. However, values obtained for zinc, cadmium, chromium, lead, and calcium were extremely dependent upon the technique used.
Identification of decomposition products from autoxidation of methyl 4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoate
Authors: Noble Ann C. , Nawar W. W.
Published: May 2007

This is a continuation of a previous publication in which a number of aldehydes, aldehyde esters, hydrocarbons, and methyl esters was identified among the oxidation products of methyl docosahexaenoate. In the present paper, the identification of certain keto‐esters, unsaturated ketones, cyclic esters, and furan derivatives also is reported. Mechanisms for the formation of these compounds are proposed.
Equilibrium vapor pressure of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytolune in high temperature oil solution
Authors: Kopelman I. J. , Mizrahi S. , Schab R.
Published: May 2007

The equilibrium partial pressure of butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene above their dilute oil solution in the frying temperature range (170–220 C) was determined. The system was found to follow Henry’s law and to have an activity coefficient ranging, respectively, from 0.038–0.045 and from 0.036–0.042 (averages 0.042 and 0.039) for butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene. The extremely narrow ranges of γ suggest that the dominant effect of temperature upon the Henry coefficient, H, is through the vapor pressure of the pure substance. The equations for H (in mm Hg) as function of the absolute temperature T (in K) when antioxidiant concentration expressed as molar fraction are: H = 1.26 × 108 exp (−8.03 × 103/T) for butylated hydroxyanisole, and H = 1.55 × 107 exp (−7.02 × 103/T) for butylated hydroxytoluene.
Determining refining loss by the sodium balance method
Authors: Crauer Lois S. , Sullivan Frank E.
Published: May 2007

The Sodium Balance Method is a rapid and reliable procedure for determining plant refining loss. By sodium analysis of each stream flow, treated crude, refined oil, and soap, the refining loss is calculated through substitution of sodium values for each component in an equation. The accuracy of this Sodium Balance Method for refining loss equals that of conventionally accepted methods, such as weight and total fat loss.
A new method for quantitative determination of BHA
Authors: Laszlo Herta , Dugan L. R.
Published: May 2007

A qualitative test developed by Laszlo has been adapted to the quantitative determination of BHA. The determination is based on measurement of the specific and sensitive color resulting from reaction of BHA with diazotized sulfanilic acid in alkaline solution. The red‐purple color, which is stable for long periods, has an absorption maximum at 535 mμ. Beer's law is obeyed, and a concentration range of 0.0001% to 0.01% BHA may be measured. The method requires careful adjustment of antioxidant‐reagent ratios for rapid and maximum color development, The optimum ratios, the effect of alcohol, and interfering substances are diseussed.

The method, as described, also provides for an accurate specific determination of BHA in fats and oils even when other antioxidants are present.
Comparison of fatty acid esters of sucrose and of polyoxyethylene in built detergent compositions
Authors: Osipow Lloyd I. , Snell Foster D.
Published: May 2007

The addition of suerose monotallowate to an aqueous solution of alkanolamine alkylaryl sulfonate lowers the total active‐agent content required for the formation of liquid crystals. In contrast, the addition of polyoxyethylene esters of fatty acids to the alkylaryl sulfonate solution increased the total amount of active agent required for the formation of liquid crystals. The deaggregating effect of the ethylene oxide‐derived nonionies was reflected in reduced foam and detergeney for combinations of these nonionics and alkylaryl sulfonate. Foam and detergeney remained at a high level with combinations of sucrose monotallowate and alkylaryl sulfonate. Higher hydrophile‐lipophile balance (HLB) values were obtained with the sugar esters than with the polyoxyethylene nonionics. The results were examined in terms of Winsor's theory of intermicellar equilibria.
Phenolic aminosulfonate surfactants
Authors: Gaertner V. R.
Published: May 2007

A series of new phenolic amino sulfonates has been prepared from mono‐ and dialkylphenols, formaldehyde, and N‐methyltaurine by the Mannich condensation. From monoalkylphenols either mixtures of mono‐and disubstituted products or completely disubstituted materials were obtained. Surface‐active properties, of which lime soap dispersant activity is notable, were summarized for these products.
Fat, cholesterol, and atherosclerosis
Authors: Eagle Edward , Robinson H. E.
Published: May 2007

Cholesterol is a universal constituent of all animal cells and therefore occurs in all foods of animal origin. Cholesterol is the mother substance of bile acid and of sex hormones and has other important physiological roles. Cholesterol is synthesized in the body from acetate obtainable from ingested carbohydrate, fat. or protein, of animal or vegetable origin.

The fate of cholesterol in the body has not been definitely established. The cause of atherosclerosis is unknown. Atherosclerosis occurs in young as well as old individuals. Atherosclerosis is the number‐one killer today.

Diagnosis of atherosclerosis in the healthy individual is not possible. Treatment of atherosclerosis is empirical. Reduction of blood cholesterol levels by dietary means is difficult under conditions consonant with good nutrition. A well‐balanced intake of all available foods on a modified total caloric basis appears to be the practical approach to the problem of fat, cholesterol, and atherosclerosis.
Preparation of some mixed diesters of aliphatic diols and their evaluation as plasticizers
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Boudreaux G. J. , Sumrell G.
Published: May 2007

Mixed diesters of three diols‐ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and 2‐butene‐1,4‐diol—were prepared wherein one of the ester moieties was benzoate. The laurates were shown to be excellent plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin. Diesters containing two aroyl groups, or benzoyl and a short branched‐chain alkanoyl group were also shown to be compatible plasticizers for PVC resin. Longer chain acids, including oleic and erucic, gave incompatible plasticizers. Benzoyloxyethoxyethyl laurate plasticized PVC had low temperature properties, volatility, and thermal stability superior to PVC plasticized with di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate.
Some esters of mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxystearic acid as plasticizers: Preparation and evaluation
Authors: Dufek E. J. , Thomas F. L. , Frankel E. N. , Riser G. R.
Published: May 2007

Methyl mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxystearates were prepared by either a two‐step hydroformylation‐oxidation reaction or direct hydrocarboxylation of unsaturated vegetable oil methyl esters. Procedures were developed for preparing alkyl dicarbomethoxy‐, dicarboethoxy‐, and dicarbobutoxystearates. These triesters, along with some di‐ and tetraesters from mono‐ and tricarboxystearic acids, were evaluated as primary plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Except for butyl carbobutoxystearate, the esters were compatible at the 32% level and had properties equal or superior to those of dioctyl phthalate. Methyl and butyl diesters of carboxystearic acid had undesirable migration and volatility properties. The migration and volatility properties of some tri‐ and tetraalkyl esters were equal to or better than the controls. Of the various esters tested, methyl dicarbomethoxystearate containing 13–49% methyl tricarbomethoxystearate was an efficient plasticizer for PVC at the 32% level.
Aflatoxin inactivation: Treatment of peanut meal with formaldehyde and calcium hydroxide
Authors: Codifer L. P. , Mann G. E. , Dollear F. G.
Published: May 2007

A peanut meal contaminated with ca. 600 ppb aflatoxins was treated with formaldehyde alone and in combination with calcium hydroxide in a benchscale reactor, operated both sealed and at atmospheric pressure. In general, thin layer chromatographic assays revealed that addition of calcium hydroxide to formaldehyde caused greater inactivation of the toxins than did formaldehyde alone. With the reactor sealed and 25% moisture in the meal, treatments for 1 hr with 0.5% and 1.0% formaldehyde plus 2.0% calcium hydroxide yielded products having 3 and 1 ppb aflatoxins, respectively, whereas under reflus at atmospheric pressure with 20% meal moisture, 1 hr treatment with 1.0% calcium hydroxide yielded a product with 5 ppb aflatoxins.
Sequestering and exchange of metal ions in edible oils containing phospholipids
Authors: Lunde G. , Landmark L. H. , Gether J.
Published: May 2007

Metal ions (Zn2+ and Fe3+) are transferred from water into vegetable and marine oils when these oils contain phospholipids. Ions present in the oil may be exchanged with the same or with other kinds of cations in a water phase in contact with the oils. Radioactive isotopes of zinc and iron were used for measuring the exchange rate. The sequestering action by the oil strongly depends on the contents of phospholipids and reaches a maximum (ions v/s phospholipids) in the concentration range between 3 and 60 ppm of phospholipids (0.1–2 ppm of phosphorus) in the oil. The same sequestering effect is demonstrated when purified phospholipids (phosphoethanolamine and acetone‐refined soybean lecithin) are added to edible oils from which the natural content of phospholipids has been removed. Free fatty acids do not appear to sequester multivalent ions nor to influence the sequestering action by the phospholipids when added to the oil.
The effect of 12, oxo‐cis, 9‐octadecenoic acid on the autoxidation of stripped corn oil
Authors: Bhalerao V. R. , Kokatnur M. G. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

The effect of 12, oxo‐cis, 9‐octadecenoic acid (keto acid) on the autoxidation of stripped corn oil at 37ŶC. has been studied. The stripped corn oil containing 50 ॖg. of tocopherol per g. was prepared by Distillation Products Industries by removal of approximately 10% of the corn oil in a molecular still. Addition of 2.5% of the keto acid resulted in a higher rate of oxidation. As the concentration of keto acid was increased from 0 to 10%, peroxides increased rapidly, resulting in a shorter induction period.

The antioxidants BHA, BHT, propyl gallate, NDGA, Ethoxyquin, and DPPD were found to lengthen the induction period for stripped corn oil in the presence of keto acid. DPPD was found to be by far the most effective and ॅ‐tocopherol acetate had no antioxidant activity in presence of keto acid.

It was observed that keto acid oxidized very rapidly with the formation of peroxides and probable breakdown to free radicals. These free radicals then accelerated the autoxidation of stripped corn oil through a chain reaction mechanism. Heptanoic, suberic, and azelaic acids were identified among the breakdown products of keto acid.
The effect of copper, managanese and cobalt acetates on the autoxidation oftrans‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic acid in 90% v/v aqueous acetic acid
Authors: Pekkarinen L.
Published: May 2007

The autoxidation oftrans‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic acid in 90% v/v aqueous acetic acid has been studied, at 80 C, with and without copper, manganese and cobalt acetate. The initial 9,11‐octadecadienoic acid concentration was 0.05 M in most of the experiments. The metallic acetate concentrations were 10−5 to 10−2 M. Copper and manganese acetates retard the autoxidation. With copper acetate, this retardation involves both the induction period and the rapid autocatalytic stage. Manganese acetate prolongs the induction period. A slightly lowered rate is observed at low cobalt acetate concentrations (∼10−5 M), but higher cobalt acetate concentrations clearly accelerate the autoxidation.
Kinetics of copper‐chromite hydrogenation in soybean and linseed oils: Effect of pressure
Authors: Vigneron P. Y. , Koritala S. , Butterfield R. O. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

Although a prime impetus for study of copper catalysts has been the selective reduction of linolenic acid in soybean oil, recent economic developments raise the possibility that hydrogenated linseed oil might be a suitable edible oil. Consequently the effect of two hydrogen pressure levels in soybean and linseed oils on the kinetic pathway and on the final distribution of residual double bonds was investigated. The course of the reaction was studied by removing a sample at intervals corresponding to a small iodine value drop, and constituents were determined analytically. The higher pressure increased the rate of reduction, decreased the concentration of conjugated dienes and somewhat reduced the migration of double bonds.
Enol esters XVI: Enol ethers in synthesis
Authors: Rothman Edward S. , Moore Gordon G. , Chirinko John M. , Serota S.
Published: May 2007

The synthesis of isopropenyl octadecyl ether is reported. This compound is a useful reagent for the synthesis of wax esters by reaction with long chain fatty acids, and of symmetrical or unsymmetrical ethers via reaction with long chain alcohols. The long chain alkyl isopropenyl ether is more sensitive to hydrolysis than the corresponding enol ester and forms successively the ketal 2,2‐dioctadecyloxypropane, and octadecanol and acetone. Glycerol reacts with propyne yielding glycerol acetonide, glycerol acetonide isopropenyl ether and diglycerol bisacetonide. New crystalline derivatives of diglycerol are described, useful for the characterization of that substance.
Composition of neutral oils from rosin
Authors: Joye N. M. , Proveaux A. T. , Lawrence R. V.
Published: May 2007

The neutral fractions from gum, wood and tall oil rosins were isolated and examined by gas chromatography. The major components found were diterpene aldehydes and alcohols. Smaller quantities of diterpene hydrocarbons and monoterpenes were identified. The differences in the composition and concentrations of the neutral fractions appear to explain some of the differences in physical characteristics of the three types of rosin.
Fat melting point determinations: a review
Authors: Mertens W. G.
Published: May 2007

The many melting point methods can be grouped in different ways: (a) Some methods determine the point of complete melting of all crystalline material; others use a point farther removed from there and are more correctly called softening, slipping or dropping points. (b) Some are only being used for melted fat samples, others for finished products, or both. (c) Some depend on the subjective interpretation of the endpoint by the operator; others use objective indications. (d) Some depend upon manual controls; others employ a certain degree of automation. Especially in this last group, modern instrumentation has shown the way for possible improvements. The use of automatic temperature control, linear heating rates and objective endpoint determinations, as shown in some of the examples given, is an encouraging sign. These methods promise a noticeable improvement in the precision of melting point tests.
Evaluation of florisil tubes in detection of aflatoxin
Authors: Velasco James , Whitten Marion E.
Published: May 2007

A study was made to determine the reliability and sensitivity of detecting aflatoxin in florisil tubes. Six panelists examined 40 samples with 222 responses recorded. At levels of 5 ppb and higher, panel members were able to detect aflatoxin with an accuracy of better than 99%. At levels above 10 ppb, accuracy was 100%.
Effect of temperature on the twitchell fat splitting process and its catalysts
Authors: Hartman L.
Published: May 2007

Velocity constants of the Twitchell hydrolysis have been calculated from recently published experimental data and found to increase approximately twofold for a 10°C. rise around the temperature of 100°C. This seems to indicate that the rate of reaction is governed by hydrolysis rather than by diffusion of water into the fat phase (and of glycerol into water).

Preheating to 150°C. reduces the efficiency of the old type of Twitchell catalyst but does not affect the “Kontakt” reagent. The increasing of the temperatures from 100°C. to 150°C. substantially accelerates the hydrolysis independent of the type of Twitchell reagent employed.
Surface active N‐acylglutamate: I. Preparation of long chain N‐acylglutamic acid
Authors: Takehara Masahiro , Yoshimura Ippei , Takizawa Kouichi , Yoshida Ryonosuke
Published: May 2007

Long chain N‐acylglutamic acid was prepared in a high yield by a reaction of glutamic acid with fatty acid chloride in a mixed solvent of water and a water miscible organic solvent such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran,t‐butyl alcohol or cyclohexanone. In this reaction the composition of the mixed solvent influenced the yield of N‐acylated glutamic acid and the best yield was obtained when the reaction was carried out in the mixed solvent comprising 30–60% v/v of the organic solvent. Long chain N‐acylaspartic acid was also obtained in a high yield by the same method. As the other method to obtain N‐lauroyl‐D L‐glutamic acid, it was examined that N‐acyl‐α‐aminoglutarodinitrile which was obtained by a reaction of α‐aminoglutarodinitrile with fatty acid chloride was hydrolyzed with an aqueous alkaline solution. The salts of long chain N‐acylglutamic acid are known as the surface active agents that react mildly on the human skin.
Quantitative determination of methyl octadecadienoate hydroperoxides by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Fukuzumi K. , Kobayashi E.
Published: May 2007

The determination of peroxide values has been used for many years to estimate the concentration of the ‐OOH group in hydroperoxides formed during autoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid esters. Generally a considerable amount of a sample is required for this determination. The thiobarbituric acid test for estimating oxidative deterioration in various fats has also been used but mainly to determine malonaldehyde in an oxidized sample. From the IR spectra of fatty acid methyl esters, ‐OOH groups can be detected, but not estimated in general, because of association of the ‐OOH groups by hydrogen bonds. The present study shows that the ‐OOH group, even in small amounts of intact methyl octadecadienoate hydroperoxides, can be quantitatively determined by IR spectroscopy using a 1 cm cell (100 times the depth of usual cells) and a solution usually of concentration 1:100. Thus, a new quantative determination method for the ‐OOH group by IR spectroscopy has been developed.
Clarification of propylene glycol monoester polymorphism
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Stewart C. B. , Martin J. B.
Published: May 2007

A minor revision based on new data is reported for the polymorphism of 1‐propylene glycol monopalmitate and monostearate. Metastable Form I is now found to be intermediate in melting level between α and stable Form II. Form III as previously reported transforms to α below the α mp. For the 80:20 mix of 1‐propylene glycol monostearate‐2‐propylene glycol monostearate, the approximate equilibrium mixture, it is again observed that Form II is stable, melting a little above α; and Form I transforms to α slightly below the α mp; and Form III is missing.
The conversion of methyl 12‐ketostearate to 1, 12‐diisocyanatooctadecane
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Fuller Glenn
Published: May 2007

A method has been developed for the preparation of 1, 12‐diisocyanatooctadecane in good purity and overall yield of 42%. Methyl 12‐ketostearate is converted via the amide into 12‐ketostearonitrile and then by reductive amination into 1, 12‐diaminoctadecane. The corresponding diisocyanate was prepared by phosgenation of the diamine, its dihydrochloride or its carbamate salt. Variables in reaction conditions were examined to maximize yield and purity of these products.
Diels‐alder adducts from safflower fatty acids: III. Acrylic and related acid dienophiles
Authors: Sastry G. S. R. , Murthy B. G. K. , Aggarwal J. S.
Published: May 2007

The Diels‐Alder adducts from alkali conjugated and elaidinized safflower fatty acids with acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic and cinnamic acids and their esters as dienophiles were obtained in 40–64% yields. Low yields of 16–18% were obtained when 10‐undecenoic acid and its ester were used. Most of the adducts could be estimated quantitatively in the reaction products by column chromatography or gas liquid chromatography (GLC). For the estimation of the adducts from crotonic and 10‐undecenoic acids a combination of column chromatography and GLC techniques was employed. Partitioning between hexane and 90% methanol, partial esterification with alkali washing, and splitting and fractional distillation under reduced pressure were methods used to obtain the adducts in 90–95% purity.
Induced chemical shifts in the NMR spectrum of methyl petroselinate
Authors: Boudreaux G. J. , Bailey A. V. , Tripp V. W.
Published: May 2007

The use of a pseudo contact shift reagent, (Eu[fod]3), to obtain simplified NMR spectra of a typical long chain monounsaturated fatty acid methyl ester, methyl petroselinate, is described. Spectra were obtained in which individual methylene groups are identifiable from their splitting patterns. Non‐equivalent splitting patterns were observed for the methine protons with varying amounts of reagent used. The effect of concentration of the shift reagent on the chemical shift is discussed.
A new colorimetric method for estimation of argemone oil
Authors: Bose P. K.
Published: May 2007

Argemone oil is toxic even in low concentrations for human consumption. The author suggests a new colorimetric method in which an orange color is developed when antimony trichloride solution is added to the extracted alkaloid. The developed color is measured in a colorimeter and compared against known standards of the alkaloid. The alkaloid content of argemone oil has been found to be about 1.0%. This method determines an admixture of argemone oil as low as 0.005% in other edible oils.
Cleaning in the metal‐processing industry
Authors: McCoy L. R.
Published: May 2007

An attempt has been made to show the necessity of considering the cleaning procedures used in this industry in their relation to the entire process. It is a field unfortunately, where soil conditions, requirements for cleanliness, and many desirable operating characteristics are highly specific not only for a given process but for a given plant.

While artificial or reference soils are not entirely impractical in individual cases, they should be used with care and only where sufficient data exists to establish a working correlation with plant soils. Cleaning procedures themselves should be sufficiently broad in scope to encompass practical plant‐operating ranges of time, temperature, concentration, and other significant variables rather than to rely upon “average” conditions. The interpretation of the results of a cleaning operation should be made in the light of experience with the requirements of the succeeding operation, where, in some cases at least, a “clean” surface may not represent an adequate definition of acceptability.
A rapid oxygen bomb method for evaluating the stability of fats and shortenings
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L. , Van Giessen Bart
Published: May 2007

A modification of the A.S.T.M. oxygen bomb method for evaluating the stability of any fat within a period of six hours or less has been developed. It is based upon the addition of selected levels of a copper, catalyst, operating under the conditions previously used without catalyst. The precision of this bomb method has been characterized and the contributions of several factors to the overall variation have been estimated. The research indicates that it will not be possible to express bomb data in terms of AOM values by employing a factor.

On the basis of precision obtained by this procedure, it is concluded that it should be readily adaptable to industrial control applications.
Continuous deglycerination of monoglycerides
Authors: Monick J. A.
Published: May 2007

A relationship was established between the smoke point of a superglycerinated shortening and free glycerol content. A maximum free glycerol content of 0.02% was established for smoke points of 340F or better.

Based on a 6% usage in emulsifier type shortening, commercial monoglycerides should have 0.30% glycerol or less to meet a desirable smoke point. A 2‐stage extraction with 5% NaCl solution reduced free glycerol from 5.51% to 0.14%.

A continuous process was developed for removing glycerol from commerical monoglyceride preparations with a thin‐film, evaporator. Operation at 340F and 6 mm Hg absolute pressure with stripping steam reduced glycerol content to 0.3%. Analysis showed substantially no monoglyceride reversion under process conditions, and considerable improvement in flavor and odor was obtained.
Manufacture of soap from fatty acids
Authors: Herrick A. B. , Jungermann Eric
Published: May 2007

Soap manufacture from fatty acids is a well established precess with some advantages over continuous saponification of neutral fats. These include:

Ability to use cheaper fats.

Easier glycerol recovery.

Better control over by‐products.

Versatility‐fatty acids can be used to make other derivatives than soaps.
Anionic phosphate surfactants
Authors: Cooper R. S.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

A study of the sodium monoalkyl phosphates and sodium dialkyl phosphates has shown that the dialkyl esters, in general, possess markedly superior surfactant and detergent properties compared to the monoalkyl esters. This is true whether we are comparing equivalent mol wt mono‐ and diesters or when comparing those made from the same alcohols.

The branched chain didecyl ester, in addition to giving aqueous solutions of exceptionally low surface tensions and possessing a very low critical micelle concentration, also performs exceptionally well in built detergents. In fact, our data indicate that its performance characteristics are considerably better than commercial surfactants used today in these types of products.
Studies of the chick edema factor. II. Isolation of a toxic substance
Authors: Yartzoff Andrew , Firestone David , Banes Daniel , Horwitz William , Friedman Leo , Nesheim Stanley
Published: May 2007

A crystalline halogen containing material producing chick edema symptoms at 0.1 part per million in the diet has been isolated from a sample of triolein which was toxic to monkeys. This material is similar to that reported by Harmanet al. (4) but differs somewhat in ultraviolet speetral properties.
Validation of computational methods for triglyceride composition of fats and oils by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Merritt C. , Vajdi M. , Kayser S. G. , Halliday J. W. , Bazinet M. L.
Published: May 2007

A computer method for predicting triglyceride composition of fats and oils from fatty acid composition is described. The results of the method are compared with results of analyses performed by liquid chromatography (LC) and desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry. An LC column technology is also described which provides a simple separation of triglycerides according to the equivalent carbon number of the triglyceride.
The use of inorganic sacrificial agents in combination with surfactants in enhanced oil recovery
Authors: Falcone J. S. , Krumrine P. H. , Schweiker G. C.
Published: May 2007

Current literature on optimization of surfactants in enhanced oil recovery is summarized. Effectiveness of the use of surfactants in chemical EOR processes is dependent on many factors. Uncontrollable factors such as reservoir parameters, minerology, and the nature of the crude oil influence the choice of a chemical process. Each reservoir offers a different set of problems to be solved. When the use of a surfactant is warranted, one attempts to optimize further the activity of this surfactant by modifying the chemistry of the reservoir system. Cost aside, maintenance of optimal surfactant activity is essential to minimize the oil/water interfacial tension. Also, loss of surfactant activity due to adsorption on substrate material is particularly disadvantageous because the water wet nature of the rock may be decreased. The use of alkaline, weak acid anions, such as sodium silicate, phosphate and carbonate to enhance surfactant effectiveness has been studied. These sacrificial agents can reduce the hardness (divalent cation) activity of the solution and compete with surfactant for active sites on the reservoir rock surface. Core flood results show that there is an inverse correlation between surfactant retention in the core and residual oil recovery. They also suggest that surfactants may be recovered for reinjection by the optimal use of sacrifical agents‐in particular, the sodium silicates.
Enhanced oil recovery chemical needs
Authors: O’Brien B. M.
Published: May 2007

A large fraction of known petroleum resources will not be recoverable by conventional methods. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is costly, but a significant amount of production is possible at current world oil prices, and additional production is possible at prices equivalent to synthetic alternates. Many opportunities exist for uses of chemicals in EOR. In particular, polymers and surfactants that are effective and stable at high temperatures and high salinities are needed for surfactant flooding to achieve its potential. Potential markets can be large in the 1990s and beyond. Many factors other than improved chemicals will impact on the future development of EOR. Risks to the chemical industry in new product development would appear to be reasonable, as long as oil producers continue a major effort to develop EOR processes.
Materials balance in a tung oil mill
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Hoffpauir C. L. , McKinney R. S. , Freeman A. F.
Published: May 2007

Weights were determined and analyses made of tung fruit milled and of all products leaving the mill for two runs of about 90 tons each in a commercial mill under normal operating conditions. Dry matter, oil, and nitrogen in the fruit were satisfactorily accounted for in products leaving the mill, 101% of the oil being accounted for in each run. This showed that the methods of analysis and sampling were accurate.

Losses occurred principally in particles of kernels occluded with the hulls and in the screw‐press cake. Seventy‐eight and 82% of the oil in the fruit was recovered as filtered oil.

Repressing the filter‐press cake by adding it back to the stream of ground nuts just before they entered the screw‐presses was not proven to be economical as at the end of the run just as much cake was on hand, and it had as high an oil content as if no filter cake had been fed back through the screw presses. Only about half as much oil could be filtered per filtration cycle, resulting in an increase in cost of labor and a decrease in filtering capacity.

The apparent oil content of the screw‐press cake decreases by about 2% after four to eight days as compared to its apparent oil content at the time of pressing because of polymerization. Thus, screw‐press cake samples should be analyzed for oil as soon as possible after extrusion.
Unsaturated fatty acids. I. Low temperature urea complexes of polyunsaturated acids from bovine tissue
Authors: McElroy Olive E. , Jordan William , McLaughlin Joseph , Freeman Monroe E.
Published: May 2007

A mixture of fatty acids obtained from autolyzed saline extracts of beef testicular tissue was fractionated by crystallization of the urea complexes at 5°, −20°, and −75°C. Fractions rich in docosahexaenoic and in arachidonic acids were obtained as solid complexes. The filtrate remaining after precipitation of the solid urea complexes contained a high percentage of hexaenoic acid of shorter chain length than docosahexaenoic, probably eicosahexaenoic acid.