bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Third Window” and “Single Window” Effects Impede Surgical Success: Analysis of Retrofenestral Otosclerosis Involving the Internal Auditory Canal or Round Window
Authors: Bae Yun Jung , Shim Ye Ji , Choi Byung Se , Kim Jae-Hyoung , Koo Ja-Won , Song Jae-Jin
Published: August 2019

Background and Objectives: We aimed to identify prognostic computed tomography (CT) findings in retrofenestral otosclerosis, with particular attention paid to the role of otosclerotic lesion area in predicting post-stapedotomy outcome. Materials and Methods: We included 17 subjects (23 ears) with retrofenestral otosclerosis who underwent stapedotomy. On preoperative CT, the presence of cavitating lesion and involvement of various subsites (cochlea, round window [RW], vestibule, and semicircular canal) were assessed. Pre- and post-stapedotomy audiometric results were compared according to the CT findings. The surgical outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression with Firth correction. Results: Cavitating lesions were present in 15 of 23 ears (65.2%). Involvement of the RW was the strongest predictor of unsuccessful surgical outcome, followed by involvement of the internal auditory canal (IAC) and the cochlea. Conclusions: RW and IAC involvement in retrofenestral otosclerosis were shown to predict unsuccessful outcomes. While a “third window” effect caused by extension of a cavitating lesion into the IAC may dissipate sound energy and thus serve as a barrier to desirable postoperative audiological outcome, a “single window” effect due to an extension of retrofenestral otosclerosis into the RW may preclude a good surgical outcome, even after successful stapedotomy, due to less compressible cochlear fluid and thus decreased linear movement of the piston.
Detection of TP53 and PIK3CA Mutations in Circulating Tumor DNA Using Next-Generation Sequencing in the Screening Process for Early Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Jimenez Rodriguez Begona , Diaz Córdoba Gema , Garrido Aranda Alicia , Álvarez Martina , Vicioso Luis , Llácer Pérez Casilda , Hernando Cristina , Bermejo Begoña , Julve Parreño Ana , Lluch Ana , Ryder Matthew B. , Jones Frederick S. , Fredebohm Johannes , Holtrup Frank , Queipo-Ortuño María Isabel , Alba Emilio
Published: August 2019

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a non-invasive “liquid biopsy” for early breast cancer diagnosis. We evaluated the suitability of ctDNA analysis in the diagnosis of early breast cancer after mammography findings, comparing PIK3CA and TP53 mutations between tumor biopsies and pre-biopsy circulating DNA. Matched plasma and frozen fresh tissue biopsies from patients with Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) 4c/5 mammography findings and subsequent diagnosis of primary breast cancer were analyzed using NGS TruSeq Custom Amplicon Low Input Panel (Illumina) and plasma SafeSEQ (Sysmex Inostics). The same plasma and tumor mutations were observed in eight of 29 patients (27.6%) with four in TP53 and five in PIK3CA mutations. Sequencing analysis also revealed four additional ctDNA mutations (three in TP53 and one in PIK3CA) previously not identified in three patients tissue biopsy. One of these patients had mutations in both genes. Age, tumor grade and size, immunohistochemical (IHC) subtype, BIRADS category, and lymph node positivity were significantly associated with the detectability of these blood tumor-derived mutations. In conclusion, ctDNA analysis could be used in early breast cancer diagnosis, providing critical clinical information to improve patient diagnosis.
Effects of Wave Conditions and Particle Size on the Release of Oil from Oil-Contaminated Sediments in a Wave Tank
Authors: Yu Yue , Qi Zhixin , Fu Sinan , Yu Xinping , Li Wenxin , Xiong Deqi
Published: August 2019

The floating oil can drift to the coastal areas and interact with the shoreline substrates after oil spill accidents. This process is demonstrated to be the cause of the formation of oil-contaminated sediments, which has attracted much attention. However, no systematic study has concerned the desorption process of oil from oil-contaminated sediments when the coastal hydrodynamic conditions change. This work determines the effects of wave conditions and particle size on the release of oil from artificially prepared sediments in a wave tank. Nonlinear fitting results show that the oil release kinetic curves can be correctly estimated with the Lagrangian first-order (LFO) first-order equation. Under different test conditions. The oil concentration in the water increases rapidly within 6 h. However, the oil desorption is inhibited thereafter and the process of sorption occurs dominantly. Under higher wave energy, the process of desorption is significantly enhanced and more large oil droplets release from sediments. Under the same wave condition, small oil droplets firstly release from the sediments. Besides, more oil especially with a larger size can release from larger sediment while oil releases more quickly from smaller sediment.
An Investigation into the Health Risks Associated with the Noise and Vibrations on Board of a Boat—A Case Study on the Danube River
Authors: Picu Laurentiu , Picu Mihaela , Rusu Eugen
Published: August 2019

This paper studies the noise and vibrations transmitted to the crew of a pusher with eight barges sailing upstream the Danube River, between Cernavoda and Drobeta, with a staff consisting of a captain, one coxswain, one mechanic and three sailors. The research was conducted over a one-week period in August 2018. The navigation time was 24/24 h and the seafarers’ schedule was 4/8. Determinations were made on three different workers: Coxswain, mechanic and sailor. The meteorological parameters and the Danube river levels, the sound level and the transmitted vibrations, as well as the body temperature and blood pressure of the subjects were measured. The periods of activity and sleep were analyzed by means of an actigraph. Our research findings indicate that people worked overtime, slept less than necessary and, generally, did not observe the official program. The noise (LEP,d = 92 dB) and vibration levels (a total exposure A(8) = 4.1 m/s2) also contributed to the sleep disorder. Such effects were accompanied by increased body temperature and blood pressure. Synthesizing, it can be concluded that: The peak (acrophase) of the work capacity was from 9:00 to 11:00 and from 17:00 to 19:00, which represent the maximum efficiency periods. More specifically, the highest mental performances were recorded in the morning, while the maximum physical ones were to be seen in the afternoon. The minimum efficiency period was from 13:00 to 15:00. Decreases in the work capacity were identified at 23:00 (reasonably low level) and 3:00 (extremely low level).
Control-Enhancing Mechanisms and Earnings Management: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Shaikh Ruqia , Fei Guo , Shaique Muhammad , Nazir Muhammad Rizwan
Published: August 2019

Separation of ownership and control plays a significant role in determining the agency cost, and there are many consequences of this agency problem. The control-enhancing mechanisms enhance control of controlling shareholders who expropriate small shareholders. Controlling shareholders are different in different countries; majorly, family firms are controlling firms in Pakistani context. The use of control-enhancing mechanism is rampant in emerging economies, and even some developed countries, related research especially in Pakistan requires evidence. This study exhibits a pooled cross-sectional analysis of listed companies in Pakistan between 2005 and 2016. In this research, we have examined the influence of control-enhancing mechanisms on firms’ earnings management and which mechanism (pyramid control, multiple control chains, and cross-holding control) is significantly influencing the earnings management of firms. We have analyzed both types of earnings manipulation techniques (accrual and real earning management). Our results explicate that the pyramid control and multiple control chain mechanisms are significantly positively related to the accruals earning management and real earnings management, unveiling that firms with these controls manipulate earnings with discretionary accruals as well as with real activity manipulation. Real activity manipulation enhances firms to overproduce the inventory (decreasing the unit price) and to reduce the discretionary expenses (increasing the reported earnings).
Role of Bank Regulation on Bank Performance: Evidence from Asia-Pacific Commercial Banks
Authors: Yang Zhenni , Gan Christopher , Li Zhaohua
Published: August 2019

The banking industry is an essential financial intermediary, thus the efficient operation of banks is vital for economic development and social welfare. However, the 2008 global financial crisis triggered a reconsideration of the banking systems, as well as the role of government intervention. The literature has paid little attention to the banking industry in the Asia-Pacific region in the context of bank efficiency. This study employs double bootstrap data envelopment analysis to measure bank efficiency and examine the relationship between regulation, supervision, and state ownership in commercial banks in the Asia-Pacific region for the period 2005 to 2014. Our results indicate that excluding off-balance sheet activities in efficiency estimations lead to underestimating of the pure technical efficiency, while overestimating the scale efficiency of banks in the Asia-Pacific region. Cross-country comparisons reveal that Australian banks exhibit the highest levels of technical efficiency, while Indonesian banks exhibit the lowest average. Our bootstrap regression results suggest that bank regulation and supervision are positively related to bank technical efficiency, while state ownership is not significantly related to bank efficiency. Furthermore, our findings show that tighter regulation and supervision are significantly related to higher efficiency for small and large-sized banks.
Comparative Review of Methods Supporting Decision-Making in Urban Development and Land Management
Authors: Wagner Magdalena , de Vries Walter Timo
Published: August 2019

This paper discusses how and where technologies supporting decision-making can play, or are already playing, a role in both urban development and land management. The review analyzes and compares three types of technologies: cellular automata (CA), artificial intelligence (AI), and operational research (OR), and evaluates to which extent they can be useful when dealing with various land planning objectives and phases. CA is one of the most useful models for simulating urban growth, AI displays great potential as a solution to capture the dynamics of land change, and OR is useful in decision-making, for example to conduct locational analyses. The evaluation relies on a collection of relevant articles, selected on the basis of both content and actuality. The paper offers new perspectives towards innovative methods in urban planning and land management and highlights where and when which type of tool can be considered useful and valid. The existing gaps, i.e., phases or areas in spatial planning or land management where the methods have not been applied, are also discussed.
Survival of RNA Replicators Is Much Easier in Protocells Than in Surface-Based, Spatial Systems
Authors: Shah Vismay , de Bouter Jonathan , Pauli Quinn , Tupper Andrew S. , Higgs Paul G.
Published: August 2019

In RNA-World scenarios for the origin of life, replication is catalyzed by polymerase ribozymes. Replicating RNA systems are subject to invasion by non-functional parasitic strands. It is well-known that there are two ways to avoid the destruction of the system by parasites: spatial clustering in models with limited diffusion, or group selection in protocells. Here, we compare computational models of replication in spatial models and protocells as closely as possible in order to determine the relative importance of these mechanisms in the RNA World. For the survival of the polymerases, the replication rate must be greater than a minimum threshold value, kmin, and the mutation rate in replication must be less than a maximum value, Mmax, which is known as the error threshold. For the protocell models, we find that kmin is substantially lower and Mmax is substantially higher than for the equivalent spatial models; thus, the survival of polymerases is much easier in protocells than on surfaces. The results depend on the maximum number of strands permitted in one protocell or one lattice site in the spatial model, and on whether replication is limited by the supply of monomers or the population size of protocells. The substantial advantages that are seen in the protocell models relative to the spatial models are robust to changing these details. Thus, cooperative polymerases with limited accuracy would have found it much easier to operate inside lipid compartments, and this suggests that protocells may have been a very early step in the development of life. We consider cases where parasites have an equal replication rate to polymerases, and cases where parasites multiply twice as fast as polymerases. The advantage of protocell models over spatial models is increased when the parasites multiply faster.
Efficacy of Bacterial Cellulose as a Carrier of BMP-2 for Bone Regeneration in a Rabbit Frontal Sinus Model
Authors: Koike Takashi , Sha Jingjing , Bai Yunpeng , Matsuda Yuhei , Hideshima Katsumi , Yamada Takaya , Kanno Takahiro
Published: August 2019

If the alveolar bone height of patients requiring dental implants in the maxillary molar region is inadequate, it is difficult to achieve satisfactory outcomes using existing bone graft materials. We previously reported the possible utility of bacterial cellulose (BC) as a new dental treatment material. BC has a high absorptive capacity, good mechanical strength, and good volume retention. BC loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) might allow effective alveolar bone augmentation. We created critical frontal bone defect models in 12 male Japanese white rabbits and divided them into four groups: sham; BC (BC grafting only); BMP-2 (treated with BMP-2 solution only); and BC+BMP-2 (grafted with BC loaded with BMP-2). Newly formed bone volume was calculated via hematoxylin-eosin staining evaluation. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen and osteocalcin levels were determined by the immunohistochemical staining analysis. All measured indices of the BC+BMP-2 group were significantly superior to those of the other groups (all p < 0.05). BC maintained the graft space and released BMP-2 in a sustained manner, promoting optimal bone formation. The BC+BMP-2 combination enhanced bone regeneration and shows promise as a useful means of clinical pre-dental implant bone augmentation in the maxillary sinus.
Microstructural Evolution and Refinement Mechanism of a Beta–Gamma TiAl-Based Alloy during Multidirectional Isothermal Forging
Authors: Zhu Kai , Qu Shoujiang , Feng Aihan , Sun Jingli , Shen Jun
Published: August 2019

Multidirectional isothermal forging (MDIF) was used on a Ti-44Al-4Nb-1.5Cr-0.5Mo-0.2B (at. %) alloy to obtain a crack-free pancake. The microstructural evolution, such as dynamic recovery and recrystallization behavior, were investigated using electron backscattered diffraction and transmission electron microscopy methods. The MDIF broke down the initial near-lamellar microstructure and produced a refined and homogeneous duplex microstructure. γ grains were effectively refined from 3.6 μm to 1.6 μm after the second step of isothermal forging. The ultimate tensile strength at ambient temperature and the elongation at 800 °C increased significantly after isothermal forging. β/B2→α2 transition occurred during intermediate annealing, and α2 + γ→β/B2 transition occurred during the second step of isothermal forging. The refinement mechanism of the first-step isothermal forging process involved the conversion of the lamellar structure and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) of γ grains in the original mixture-phase region. The lamellar conversion included continuous dynamic recrystallization and DDRX of the γ laths and bugling of the γ phase. DDRX behavior of γ grains dominated the refinement mechanism of the second step of isothermal forging.
The Effect of Ordinary Portland Cement Substitution on the Thermal Stability of Geopolymer Concrete
Authors: Zhang Hongen , Li Lang , Long Tao , Sarker Prabir , Shi Xiaoshuang , Cai Gaochuang , Wang Qingyuan
Published: August 2019

The influence of using cement on the residual properties of fly ash geopolymer concrete (FAGC) after exposure to high temperature of up to 800 °C was studied in terms of mass loss, residual compressive strength and microstructure. The mass loss was found to increase with the increase of exposure temperature, which is attributed to vaporization of water and dehydroxylation of sodium aluminosilicate hydrate (N-A-S-H) gels. The dehydroxylation of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gels and the disintegration of portlandite were responsible for higher mass loss ratio of FAGCs containing cement. The results showed that cement could increase compressive strength of FAGCs up to 200 °C, after which a significant reduction in residual strength was observed. It was found that FAGCs without cement yielded higher residual strength than the original strength after heating up to 600 °C. The observed increase of compressive strength up to 200 °C was attributed to the secondary geopolymerization which was evidenced in the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images.
Effect of Surface Mechanical Treatments on the Microstructure-Property-Performance of Engineering Alloys
Authors: Kumar Dharmesh , Idapalapati Sridhar , Wang Wei , Narasimalu Srikanth
Published: August 2019

Fatigue is a dominant failure mechanism of several engineering components. One technique for increasing the fatigue life is by inducing surface residual stress to inhibit crack initiation. In this review, a microstructural study under various bulk (such as severe plastic deformation) and surface mechanical treatments is detailed. The effect of individual microstructural feature, residual stress, and strain hardening on mechanical properties and fatigue crack mechanisms are discussed in detail with a focus on nickel-based superalloys. Attention is given to the gradient microstructure and interface boundary behavior for the mechanical performance. It is recommended that hybrid processes, such as shot peening (SP) followed by deep cold rolling (DCR), could enhance fatigue life. The technical and scientific understanding of microstructural features delineated here could be useful for developing materials for fatigue performance.
Evolution and Strengthening Effects of the Heat-Resistant Phases in Al–Si Piston Alloys with Different Fe/Ni Ratios
Authors: Meng Fanchao , Wu Yuying , Hu Kaiqi , Li Yang , Sun Qianqian , Liu Xiangfa
Published: August 2019

The evolution of three major heat-resistant phases (δ-Al3CuNi, γ-Al7Cu4Ni, T-Al9FeNi) and its strengthening effects at high temperature in Al–Si piston alloys with various Fe/Ni ratios were studied using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). With the increase of Fe/Ni ratios, the heat-resistant phases begin to evolve in category, morphology, and distribution. The results show that a suitable Fe/Ni ratio will cause the T-Al9FeNi phase to appear and form a closed or semi-closed network with δ-Al3CuNi and γ-Al7Cu4Ni phases instead of the originally isolated heat-resistant phases. As a result, the ultimate tensile strength of the optimized alloy reached 106 MPa with a Fe/Ni ratio of 0.23, which was 23.3% higher than that of base alloy at 350 °C, which is attributed to the fact that a closed or semi-closed network microstructure is advantageous to the bearing of mechanical loads. This work may provide useful ideas for the development of high temperature resistant piston alloys.
Regulating Precipitates by Simple Cold Deformations to Strengthen Mg Alloys: A Review
Authors: Song Bo , She Jia , Guo Ning , Qiu Risheng , Pan Hucheng , Chai Linjiang , Yang Changlin , Guo Shengfeng , Xin Renlong
Published: August 2019

Regulating precipitates is still an important issue in the development of high-strength Mg alloys, due to it determining the precipitation hardening effect. Cold deformation, as a simple and low-cost method, can remarkably influence the precipitate features. It is found that pre-cold deformation before aging can be utilized to enhance the precipitation hardening effect of Mg alloys. Moreover, post-deformation after aging could be an effective method to regulate precipitation orientation. In this review, recent research on the regulation of precipitation behavior by cold deformation in Mg-Al, Mg-Zn, and Mg-RE (RE: rare-earth elements) alloy systems was critically reviewed. The changes in precipitate features and mechanical properties of peak-aged Mg alloys via cold deformation were summarized. The corresponding strengthening mechanisms were also discussed. Finally, further research directions in this field were proposed.
Shift of Creep Mechanism in Nanocrystalline NiAl Alloy
Authors: Sun Zhihui , Liu Baoshu , He Chenwei , Xie Lu , Peng Qing
Published: August 2019

We have examined the effects of temperature, stress, and grain size on the creep process including creep strain, crystal structure, dislocations and diffusions of nanocrystalline NiAl alloy through molecular dynamics simulations. A smaller grain size accelerates the creep process due to the large volume fraction of grain boundaries. Higher temperatures and stress levels also speed up this process in terms of dislocation changes and atom diffusion. In both primary creep and steady-state creep stages, atomic diffusion at the grain boundary could be seen and the dislocation density increased gradually, indicating that the creep mechanism at these stages is Coble creep controlled by grain boundary diffusion while accompanied by dislocation nucleation. When the model enters the tertiary creep stage, it can be observed that the diffusion of atoms in the grain boundary and in the crystal and the dislocation density gradually decreases, implying that the creep mechanisms at this stage are Coble creep, controlled by grain boundary diffusion, and Nabarro–Herring creep, controlled by lattice diffusion.
Effects of Second Phases on Microstructure, Microhardness, and Corrosion Behavior of Mg-3Sn-(1Ca) Alloys
Authors: Wang Chunming , Guo Shuai , Zeng Luming , Zheng Desen , Xu Jianchao , Yang Munan , Liang Tongxiang
Published: August 2019

The effects of second phases on microstructure, microhardness, and corrosion behavior of aged Mg-3Sn (T3) and Mg-3Sn-1Ca (TX31) alloys are investigated systematically. The thermal stability of the CaMgSn phase is higher than that of the Mg2Sn phase, and the microstructure remains essentially unchanged in the TX31 alloy after solution treatment for 28 h at 733 K. The T3 alloy exhibits double age-hardening peaks; one is 54.9 ± 2.1 HV for 7 h, and the other is 57.4 ± 2.8 HV for 15 h. However, the microhardness quickly reaches a stable value with increasing aging times in the TX31 alloy due to the no change in CaMgSn phases. It was also found by electrochemical impedance spectra that the corrosion resistance of aged T3 alloy is superior to that of aged TX31 alloy, especially T3 alloy aged for 7 h. The corrosion film of aged T3 alloy is denser, which attributes to most of dissolved Sn in the α-Mg matrix and the formation of a small quantity of tiny Mg2Sn particles, and effectively prevents the occurrence of further corrosion of the Mg matrix. However, galvanic cells formed between α-Mg and CaMgSn phases accelerate the corrosion of aged TX31 alloy.
A Radiative Transfer Model-Based Multi-Layered Regression Learning to Estimate Shadow Map in Hyperspectral Images
Authors: Zahidi Usman A. , Chatterjee Ayan , Yuen Peter W. T.
Published: August 2019

The application of Empirical Line Method (ELM) for hyperspectral Atmospheric Compensation (AC) premises the underlying linear relationship between a material’s reflectance and appearance. ELM solves the Radiative Transfer (RT) equation under specialized constraint by means of in-scene white and black calibration panels. The reflectance of material is invariant to illumination. Exploiting this property, we articulated a mathematical formulation based on the RT model to create cost functions relating variably illuminated regions within a scene. In this paper, we propose multi-layered regression learning-based recovery of radiance components, i.e., total ground-reflected radiance and path radiance from reflectance and radiance images of the scene. These decomposed components represent terms in the RT equation and enable us to relate variable illumination. Therefore, we assume that Hyperspectral Image (HSI) radiance of the scene is provided and AC can be processed on it, preferably with QUick Atmospheric Correction (QUAC) algorithm. QUAC is preferred because it does not account for surface models. The output from the proposed algorithm is an intermediate map of the scene on which our mathematically derived binary and multi-label threshold is applied to classify shadowed and non-shadowed regions. Results from a satellite and airborne NADIR imagery are shown in this paper. Ground truth (GT) is generated by ray-tracing on a LIDAR-based surface model in the form of contour data, of the scene. Comparison of our results with GT implies that our algorithm’s binary classification shadow maps outperform other existing shadow detection algorithms in true positive, which is the detection of shadows when it is in ground truth. It also has the lowest false negative i.e., detecting non-shadowed region as shadowed, compared to existing algorithms.
Properties of Spiral-Like Close-to-Convex Functions Associated with Conic Domains
Authors: Srivastava Hari M. , Khan Nazar , Darus Maslina , Rahim Muhammad Tariq , Ahmad Qazi Zahoor , Zeb Yousra
Published: August 2019

In this paper, our aim is to define certain new classes of multivalently spiral-like, starlike, convex and the varied Mocanu-type functions, which are associated with conic domains. We investigate such interesting properties of each of these function classes, such as (for example) sufficiency criteria, inclusion results and integral-preserving properties.
Maintenance Optimization for Repairable Deteriorating Systems under Imperfect Preventive Maintenance
Authors: Lee Juhyun , Kim Byunghoon , Ahn Suneung
Published: August 2019

This study deals with the preventive maintenance optimization problem based on a reliability threshold. The conditional reliability threshold is used instead of the system reliability threshold. Then, the difference between the two thresholds is discussed. The hybrid failure rate model is employed to represent the effect of imperfect preventive maintenance activities. Two maintenance strategies are proposed under two types of reliability constraints. These constraints are set to consider the cost-effective maintenance strategy and to evaluate the balancing point between the expected total maintenance cost rate and the system reliability. The objective of the proposed maintenance strategies is to determine the optimal conditional reliability threshold together with the optimal number of preventive maintenance activities that minimize the expected total maintenance cost per unit time. The optimality conditions of the proposed maintenance strategies are also investigated and shown via four propositions. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the proposed preventive maintenance strategies. Some sensitivity analyses are also conducted to investigate how the parameters of the proposed model affect the optimality of preventive maintenance strategies.
Choice of Methodology Impacts Outcome in Indirect Comparisons of Drugs for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Scott David A. , Loveman Emma , Colquitt Jill L. , O’Reilly Katherine
Published: August 2019

Background and Objectives: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic condition leading to lung damage and deterioration in lung function. Following the availability of two new drugs, nintedanib and pirfenidone, a number of network meta-analyses (NMAs) of randomised controlled trials have been published which have conducted indirect comparisons on the two drugs. Differing recommendations from these studies are potentially confusing to clinicians and decision-makers. We aimed to systematically review published NMAs of IPF treatments, to compare their findings and summarise key recommendations. Materials and Methods: We systematically reviewed (PROSPERO: CRD42017072876) six eligible NMAs and investigated the differences in their findings with respect to key endpoints. We focused on differences in head-to-head comparisons between nintedanib and pirfenidone. Results: The NMAs were broadly consistent, with most differences being explained by model choice, endpoint definitions, inclusion of different studies, different follow-up durations, and access to unpublished data. A substantive difference remained, however, in the change from baseline forced vital capacity (FVC). One NMA favoured nintedanib, another found no statistical difference, whilst others did not conduct the analysis. These differences can be attributed to the choice of methodology, the use of the standardised mean difference (SMD) scale, and population heterogeneity. Conclusions: NMA methods facilitated the comparison of nintedanib and pirfenidone in the absence of a head-to-head trial. However, further work is needed to determine whether the trial populations are homogeneous and whether the SMD is appropriate in this population. Differences in patient characteristics may obscure the difference in treatment effects. To assist decision-makers, an exploration of efficacy in real-world populations may be prudent.
Handedness, Grip Strength, and Memory Function: Considerations by Biological Sex
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Franklin Joshua , Farris Allison , Ryu Seungho
Published: August 2019

Background and Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential independent and interactive effects of handedness and grip strength on episodic memory function, and whether biological sex moderated these relationships. Materials and Methods: 162 young adults (Mage = 20.7 years) completed a series of memory assessments including a subjective memory complaint evaluation and several objective measures of memory. Handedness (i.e., left-hand dominant, inconsistent handedness (ICH), and right-hand dominant) was evaluated using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory. Handgrip strength was determined from a handgrip dynamometer. Results: When compared to ICH individuals, retrospective memory scores were statistically significantly worse for left-handed (p = 0.02) and right-handed (p = 0.03) individuals. Higher grip strength was statistically significantly associated with fewer retrospective memory complaints (b = 0.10, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.19, p = 0.04). Conclusions: The present study provides some suggestive evidence that ICH (inconsistent handedness) and greater grip strength are associated with fewer retrospective memory complaints. However, we did not observe any evidence of an interaction effect of handedness and grip strength on memory, and similarly, biological sex did not interact with these parameters to influence memory.
Highly Sensitive Temperature and Humidity Sensor Based on Carbon Nanotube-Assisted Mismatched Single-Mode Fiber Structure
Authors: Yuan Weihao , Qian Hao , Liu Yi , Wang Zhuo , Yu Changyuan
Published: August 2019

Here we report on a miniaturized optical interferometer in one fiber based on two mismatched nodes. The all-fiber structure shows stable performance of temperature and humidity sensing. For temperature sensing in large ranges, from 40 to 100 °C, the sensor has a sensitivity of 0.24 dB/°C, and the adjusted R-squared value of fitting result reaches 0.99461 which shows a reliable sensing result. With carbon nanotubes coating the surface of the fiber, the temperature sensitivity is enhanced from 0.24561 to 1.65282 dB/°C in a small region, and the performance of humidity sensing becomes more linear and applicable. The adjusted R-squared value of the linear fitting line for humidity sensing shows a dramatic increase from 0.71731 to 0.92278 after carbon nanotube coating, and the humidity sensitivity presents 0.02571 nm/%RH.
Encapsulated Bdellovibrio Powder as a Potential Bio-Disinfectant against Whiteleg Shrimp-Pathogenic Vibrios
Authors: Cao Haipeng , Wang Huicong , Yu Jingjing , An Jian , Chen Jun
Published: August 2019

Liquid preparations of bdellovibrios are currently commercialized as water quality improvers to control bacterial pathogens in whiteleg shrimp Penaeus vannamei. However, the efficacy of these liquid preparations is significantly impaired due to a dramatic loss of viable cells during long-term room temperature storage. Thus, new formulations of bdellovibrios are greatly needed for high-stablility room-temperature storage. In the present study, the encapsulated powder of Bdellovibrio sp. strain F16 was prepared using spray drying with 20 g L−1 gelatin as the coating material under a spray flow of 750 L h−1, a feed rate of 12 mL min−1, and an air inlet temperature of 140 °C. It was found to have a cell density of 5.4 × 107 PFU g−1 and to have spherical microparticles with a wrinkled surface and a diameter of 3 μm to 12 μm. In addition, the encapsulated Bdellovibrio powder presented good storage stability with its cell density still remaining at 3.5 × 107 PFU g−1 after 120 days of room-temperature storage; it was safe for freshwater-farmed whiteleg shrimp with an LD50 over 1200 mg L−1, and it exhibited significant antibacterial and protective effects at 0.8 mg L−1 against shrimp-pathogenic vibrios. To our knowledge, this is the first report on a promising Bdellovibrio powder against shrimp vibrios with high stable room-temperature storage.
Rare Earth Element Recovery from Acidic Extracts of Florida Phosphate Mining Materials Using Chelating Polymer 1-Octadecene, Polymer with 2,5-Furandione, Sodium Salt
Authors: Laurino Joseph P. , Mustacato Jack , Huba Zachary J.
Published: August 2019

To meet the growing global demand for rare earth elements (REEs), nontraditional mining sources of these metals are being investigated. Phosphate ore and phosphate mining wastes have been identified as possible alternative sources to REEs. In this study, REEs were extracted from Florida phosphate mining materials using mineral and organic acids. The REEs were then recovered at high efficiencies using a chelating polymer, 1-octadecene, polymer with 2,5-furandione, sodium salt. At pH 1.5, the chelation polymer effectively bound nearly 100% of the rare earth elements extracted from the solids. Overall extraction and recovery yields were between 80% for gadolinium and 8% for praseodymium from amine tailings, between 70% for terbium and 7% for praseodymium from phosphogypsum, between 56% for scandium and 15% for praseodymium from phosphate rock, and between 77% for samarium and 31% for praseodymium from waste clay. These results suggest that this chelating polymer efficiently recovers rare earth elements from acidic extracts of phosphate mining waste products.
Hydrogen Sulfide: Recent Progression and Perspectives for the Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Sun Hai-Jian , Wu Zhi-Yuan , Cao Lei , Zhu Meng-Yuan , Liu Teng-Teng , Guo Lei , Lin Ye , Nie Xiao-Wei , Bian Jin-Song
Published: August 2019

Diabetic kidney disease develops in approximately 40% of diabetic patients and is a major cause of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) and end stage kidney disease (ESKD) worldwide. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gasotransmitter after nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO), is synthesized in nearly all organs, including the kidney. Though studies on H2S regulation of renal physiology and pathophysiology are still in its infancy, emerging evidence shows that H2S production by renal cells is reduced under disease states and H2S donors ameliorate kidney injury. Specifically, aberrant H2S level is implicated in various renal pathological conditions including diabetic nephropathy. This review presents the roles of H2S in diabetic renal disease and the underlying mechanisms for the protective effects of H2S against diabetic renal damage. H2S may serve as fundamental strategies to treat diabetic kidney disease. These H2S treatment modalities include precursors for H2S synthesis, H2S donors, and natural plant-derived compounds. Despite accumulating evidence from experimental studies suggests the potential role of the H2S signaling pathway in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy, these results need further clinical translation. Expanding understanding of H2S in the kidney may be vital to translate H2S to be a novel therapy for diabetic renal disease.
Synthesis of Fe/Ni Bimetallic Nanoparticles and Application to the Catalytic Removal of Nitrates from Water
Authors: Valiyeva Gunay G. , Bavasso Irene , Di Palma Luca , Hajiyeva Sevinj R. , Ramazanov Mahammadali A. , Hajiyeva Flora V.
Published: August 2019

This work investigated the effectiveness of zerovalent iron and Fe/Ni bimetallic nanoparticles in the treatment of water polluted by a high concentration of nitrates. Nanoparticle synthesis was carried out by a sodium borohydride reduction method in the presence of sodium oleate as a surfactant. The particles were characterized by XRD and SEM. Batch experiments were conducted on water samples contaminated by 300 mg L−1 of nitrate. The parameters investigated were the Fe/Ni dosage (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 g L−1) and the reaction pH (unbuffered; buffered at pH = 3; initial pH = 3, 5, and 10). The results showed that almost complete nitrate removal (>99.8%) was always achieved after 15 min at a concentration of bimetallic nanoparticles higher than 0.2 g L−1. The optimization of bimetallic nanoparticle dosage was carried out at a fixed pH. Kinetic study tests were then performed at different temperatures to assess the effect of temperature on the nitrate removal rate. By fixing the pH at acidic values and with an operating temperature of 303 K, nitrates were completely removed after 1 min of treatment.
Interaction of Gold Nanorods with Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Cytotoxicity, Cellular Uptake, and Wound Healing
Authors: Mahmoud Nouf N. , Al-Kharabsheh Lubna M. , Khalil Enam A. , Abu-Dahab Rana
Published: August 2019

Herein, the cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and wound healing of human dermal fibroblasts were investigated upon treatment with gold nanorods (GNR) decorated with different ligands. Neutral and cationic poly ethylene glycol (PEG)-decorated GNR demonstrated the least cytotoxicity and cellular internalization, while anionic- and bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated GNR revealed significant cytotoxicity and cellular uptake into human dermal fibroblasts. The cell scratch test demonstrated that neutral, cationic PEGylated GNR and anionic-decorated GNR have accelerated the wound healing rate in vitro after 24 h of incubation with scratched human dermal fibroblasts compared to control, while there was a drastic retardation of wound healing rate of scratched fibroblasts upon exposure to BSA-GNR accompanied with a significant release of the inflammatory cytokine; interlukin-1β (IL-1β). The cytotoxicity of GNR against the dermal cells and their ability to enhance the wound healing in vitro are greatly linked to their surface modifications.
Impact of Graphene Work Function on the Electronic Structures at the Interface between Graphene and Organic Molecules
Authors: Wang Haitao , Yang Xiangdong , Dou Weidong , Wang Peng , Ye Quanlin , Yang Xuxin , Li Baoxing , Mao Hongying
Published: August 2019

The impact of graphene work function (WF) on the electronic structure at the graphene/organic interface has been investigated. WF manipulation of graphene is realized using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with different end groups. With this method, the upper surface of the functionalized graphene remains intact, and thus precludes changes of molecular orientation and packing structures of subsequently deposited active materials. The WF of NH2-SAM functionalized graphene is ~3.90 eV. On the other hand, the WF of graphene increases to ~5.38 eV on F-SAM. By tuning the WF of graphene, an upward band bending is found at the ZnPc/graphene interface on F-SAM. At the interface between C60 and NH2-SAM modified graphene, a downward band bending is observed.
Weight Matters—Factors Influencing Eating Behaviors of Vulnerable Women
Authors: Vizcarra Marcela , Palomino Ana María , Iglesias Lorena , Valencia Alejandra , Gálvez Espinoza Patricia , Schwingel Andiara
Published: August 2019

Women from low socioeconomic backgrounds are more affected by obesity than men. The influence of weight as a determinant of women’s eating behaviors has seldom been studied, especially in Latin America. In this study, we analyzed the food choices of vulnerable women according to their weight status. We conducted photo-elicitation interviews with 31 women from low-income neighborhoods in Santiago, Chile. Weight and height were measured and participants were divided into normal weight (n = 9), overweight (n = 15), and obese groups (n = 7) according to World Health Organization (WHO) body mass index (BMI) categories (p < 0.001). Quantitative and qualitative approaches were used for the analysis. Women in overweight and obese groups described more about their families, temporality, financial issues, and food perception. When weight groups were analyzed separately, more factors explaining eating behaviors were found (mental and physical health, body dissatisfaction, gender role, and obstacles for eating healthy) in the obese group. Results suggest that women with obesity or overweight based their diets on more internal and external factors than did normal weight women. This study contributes to our understanding of why changing behaviors can be difficult in women with obesity. Health care providers should consider these factors in the implementation of programs to address the need for a healthy diet for overweight and obese women.
Preterm Birth: A Narrative Review of the Current Evidence on Nutritional and Bioactive Solutions for Risk Reduction
Authors: Samuel Tinu M. , Sakwinska Olga , Makinen Kimmo , Burdge Graham C. , Godfrey Keith M. , Silva-Zolezzi Irma
Published: August 2019

Preterm birth (PTB) (<37 weeks of gestation) is the leading cause of newborn death and a risk factor for short and long-term adverse health outcomes. Most cases are of unknown cause. Although the mechanisms triggering PTB remain unclear, an inappropriate increase in net inflammatory load seems to be key. To date, interventions that reduce the risk of PTB are effective only in specific groups of women, probably due to the heterogeneity of its etiopathogenesis. Use of progesterone is the most effective, but only in singleton pregnancies with history of PTB. Thus, primary prevention is greatly needed and nutritional and bioactive solutions are a promising alternative. Among these, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most promising to reduce the risk for early PTB. Other potential nutrient interventions include the administration of zinc (possibly limited to populations with low nutritional status or poor zinc status) and vitamin D; additional preliminary evidence exists for vitamin A, calcium, iron, folic acid, combined iron-folate, magnesium, multiple micronutrients, and probiotics. Considering the public health relevance of PTB, promising interventions should be studied in large and well-designed clinical trials. The objective of this review is to describe, summarize, and discuss the existing evidence on nutritional and bioactive solutions for reducing the risk of PTB.
A Dietary Intervention of Bioactive Enriched Foods Aimed at Adults at Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Protocol and Results from PATHWAY-27 Pilot Study
Authors: Bub Achim , Malpuech-Brugère Corinne , Orfila Caroline , Amat Julien , Arianna Alice , Blot Adeline , Di Nunzio Mattia , Holmes Melvin , Kertész Zsófia , Marshall Lisa , Nemeth Imola , Ricciardiello Luigi , Seifert Stephanie , Sutulic Samantha , Ulaszewska Marynka , Bordoni Alessandra
Published: August 2019

Around a quarter of the global adult population have metabolic syndrome (MetS) and therefore increased risk of cardiovascular mortality and diabetes. Docosahexaenoic acid, oat beta-glucan and grape anthocyanins have been shown to be effective in reducing MetS risk factors when administered as isolated compounds, but their effect when administered as bioactive-enriched foods has not been evaluated. Objective: The overall aim of the PATHWAY-27 project was to evaluate the effectiveness of bioactive-enriched food consumption on improving risk factors of MetS. A pilot study was conducted to assess which of five bioactive combinations provided within three different food matrices (bakery, dairy or egg) were the most effective in adult volunteers. The trial also evaluated the feasibility of production, consumer acceptability and gastrointestinal tolerance of the bioactive-enriched food. Method: The study included three monocentric, parallel-arm, double-blind, randomised, dietary intervention trials without a placebo. Each recruiting centre tested the five bioactive combinations within a single food matrix. Results: The study was completed by 167 participants (74 male, 93 female). The results indicated that specific bioactive/matrix combinations have effects on serum triglyceride or HDL-cholesterol level without adverse effects. Conclusion: The study evidenced that bioactive-enriched food offers a promising food-based strategy for MetS prevention, and highlighted the importance of conducting pilot studies.
The Validity of Children’s Fruit and Vegetable Intake Using Plasma Vitamins A, C, and E: The SAYCARE Study
Authors: Collese Tatiana Sadalla , De Moraes Augusto César Ferreira , Rendo-Urteaga Tara , Luzia Liania Alves , Rondó Patrícia Helen de Carvalho , Marchioni Dirce Maria Lobo , Carvalho Heráclito Barbosa
Published: August 2019

Despite that fruits and vegetables are key elements for health promotion, there are limited studies validating their intake in children. We aimed to validate the SAYCARE (South American Youth/Child Cardiovascular and Environmental) Study Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and the combination of the FFQ frequency of intake with the 24 h-dietary-recall (24 h-DR) (mean of 3 days), for children’s fruit and vegetable intake. The reference methods were plasma dosages of β-carotene, retinol, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol, which were collected in the school environment. It is a validity study in a subsample of 45 children aged 6–10 years participating in the SAYCARE Study, from São Paulo (Brazil). The FFQ was answered by the parents/guardians over the previous 3 months; the 24 h-DR was answered three times (two weekdays by nutritionists, one weekend day by parents/guardians). The mean fruit and vegetable intake (combined with frequency of intake) was calculated using the multiple source method (MSM). Multiple linear regression showed pooled correlation coefficients of 0.29 to 0.35 for the reported fruit and vegetable intake estimated by the FFQ and the MSM, respectively. The SAYCARE FFQ is an accurate and useful tool for ranking fruit and vegetable intake in children between 6–10 years from the SAYCARE Study.