bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examining the Role of Family History of US Enslavement in Health Care System Distrust Today
Authors: Dean Lorraine T. , Smith Genee S.
Published: July 2021

Objective: Black/African American people have long reported high, albeit warranted, distrust of the US health care system (HCS); however, Blacks/African Americans are not a homogenous racial/ethnic group. Little in­formation is available on how the subgroup of Black Americans whose families suffered under US chattel slavery, here called De­scendants of Africans Enslaved in the United States (DAEUS), view health care institu­tions. We compared knowledge of unethical treatment and HCS distrust among DAEUS and non-DAEUS.Design and Setting: A cross-sectional random-digit dialing survey was adminis­tered in 2005 to Blacks/African Americans, aged 21-75 years, from the University of Pennsylvania Clinical Practices in Philadel­phia, Penn.Participants: Blacks/African Americans self-reported a family history of persons enslaved in the US (DAEUS) or no family history of persons enslaved in the US (non- DAEUS).Main Outcome Measures: HCS distrust was measured by a validated scale assessing perceptions of unethical experimentation and active or passive discrimination.Methods: We compared responses to the HCS distrust scale using Fisher’s exact and t-tests.Results: Of 89 respondents, 57% self-re­ported being DAEUS. A greater percentage of DAEUS reported knowledge of unethical treatment than non-DAEUS (56% vs 21%; P<.001), were significantly more likely to express distrust, and to endorse the pres­ence of covert (eg, insurance-based) than overt forms (eg, race-based) of discrimina­tion by the HCS.Conclusions: DAEUS express greater HCS distrust than non-DAEUS, patterned by awareness of unethical treatment and passive discrimination. Understanding how long-term exposure to US institutions influ­ences health is critical to resolving dispari­ties for all Black/African American groups. Rectifying past injustices through repara­tive institutional measures may improve DAEUS’ trust and engagement with the US HCS.Ethn Dis. 2021:31(3):417-424; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.417
Social and Behavioral Factors Associated with BMI and Waist Circumference among Adolescents: The Jackson Heart KIDS Pilot Study
Authors: Bruce, PhD Marino A. , Thorpe, Jr. Roland J. , Teng Fei , Heitman Elizabeth , Reneker Jennifer C. , Norris Keith C. , Beech Bettina M.
Published: July 2021

Background: African American children and adolescents make up a disproportion­ately large segment of those classified as overweight and obese. The purpose of this study was to examine social and behavioral factors associated with accelerated ac­cumulation of weight and adiposity among this group.Methods: The data for this cross-sectional study were drawn from the Jackson Heart KIDS Pilot Study – an offspring cohort study comprising 12- to 19-year-old descen­dants of Jackson Heart Study participants (N=212). Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were the outcomes of interest. Daily hassles, fruit and vegetable consumption, physical activity, television watching, parent/grandparent weight status and participant birth weight, age and sex were the independent variables included in the analyses.Results: Males and females were equally represented in the study and the mean BMI and waist circumference for adolescents in the study was 25.81±7.78 kg/m2 and 83.91 ± 19.81 cm, respectively. Fully adjusted linear regression models for the total sample produced results indicating that age, televi­sion viewing, weight control, and parental weight status were positively associated with BMI and waist circumference, respectively. Findings from sex-stratified models for BMI and waist circumference indicated that the significance of coefficients for age, television viewing, and parent/grandparent weight status varied by sex.Conclusions: Knowledge is limited about how sex or gender interact with social and behavioral factors to influence African Americans’ health and additional studies are needed to specify how these factors interact to accelerate weight gain and adipose tissue accumulation over the life course.Ethn Dis. 2021;31(3):453-460; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.453
Coagulopathy in COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Authors: Winata Sharleen , Kurniawan Andree
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) firstly appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and defined as a pandemic in March 2020. COVID-19 divided into asymptomatic, mild, and severe symptoms. Coagulopathy may have happened in severe COVID-19 infection, it was also associated with high mortality in COVID-19 patients. Laboratory examination is the main protocol to identify coagulopathy, thereby it also determined the prognosis of COVID-19 patients with coagulopathy. Here, we review the current evidence describing the mechanism, diagnosis, treatment, and mortality of coagulopathy in COVID-19.

Method: We identify 8 studies and/or review articles evaluating coagulopathy in COVID-19 patients by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases.

Results: DIC is most commonly found in death with COVID-19, the risk of VTE also higher in severe COVID-19 because of immobility and long-term bed rest. Sepsis-induced DIC is associated with organ dysfunction as in the patient with viral infection as in COVID-19 infection. Sepsis-induce Coagulopathy (SIC) score, D-dimer, and prothrombin time (PT) measured at the time the patient classified as severe COVID-19. Higher D-dimer and FDP levels, longer PT and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) may have a poor prognosis. Treatment with Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH) effective to reduced 28-day mortality in patients with SIC ≥ 4 and D-dimer > six-fold of the upper limit of normal. 

Conclusion: Coagulopathy plays a big role to determine the prognosis of COVID-19 patients. Treatment with LMWH may give some benefits to COVID-19 patients.
Incidence And Characteristics Of Double Lumen Induced Central Venous Catheter-Related Thromboembolism In Hemodialytic Patients
Authors: Tjiang Margaret Merlyn , Prayoga Dimas Arsana
Published: July 2021

Background: Central venous catheters (CVCs) are frequently used in patients for several indications such as cancer treatment, diagnostic monitoring, parenteral nutrition, hemodialysis, and administration of fluids, blood products or medication. Double lumen catheter induced CVCs thrombosis has not been paid into proper attention in developing countries such as Indonesia.

Aims: The aim of this study is to identify the incidence and characteristic of double lumen catheter induced CVCs thrombosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

Methods: This systematic review has been registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020181584). A systematic search of literature for observational and randomized controlled trial was conducted in PubMed, PubMed central, and Google Scholar through April 16, 2020. Two reviewers independently searched and selected. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality assessment tool.

Results: A total of 408 patients were included in our study. There were 192 (47.1%) male patients. The double lumen catheter was mostly placed in the jugular vein (60%), followed by subclavian vein (25%) and femoral vein (15%). Four (1.1%) patients had deep vein thrombosis after about one month of double lumen catheter placement. All these four patients, the double lumen catheter was inserted in the femoral vein. Any other significant risk factors for thrombosis other than double lumen catheter insertion not found. Out of these four patients, one of them passed away. All patients were treated using heparin.

Conclusion: The incidence of double lumen catheter induced thrombosis is low (1.1%) in patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, further larger study is needed to confirm and find the associating factors.
ANÁLISE TÉCNICA E ECONÔMICA DO DIMENSIONAMENTO DE RESERVATÓRIOS DE ÁGUAS PLUVIAIS PARA FINS NÃO POTÁVEIS EM CONDOMÍNIO VERTICAL E HORIZONTAL
Authors: Faria Raquel Silveira , Thebaldi Michael Silveira , Merlo Marina Neves
Published: July 2021

Os sistemas de captação e uso de água pluvial são alternativas sustentáveis que colaboram com o uso racional da água no meio urbano, assim, o objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar de forma técnica e econômica a implantação de estruturas hidráulicas para o aproveitamento de águas pluviais em dois tipos de condomínios de múltiplas unidades habitacionais, em Lavras - MG, sendo um dotipo vertical e outro horizontal, comparando assim as diferenças técnicas existentes entre eles. Então, preparou-se a série histórica de precipitações do município, e, com isso, pôde-se estimar o volume mensal de água de chuva aproveitável. Depois, elaborou-se o traçado dos sistemas e dimensionou-se as estruturas de captação e condução de água, utilizando as normas NBR 10844 (ABNT, 1989) e NBR 5626 (ABNT, 1998). Ainda foi calculada a demanda de água não potável e assim, determinou-se o volume dos reservatórios inferiores e superiores. Os volumes dos reservatórios inferiores foram calculados pelos Métodos de Rippl, Prático Brasileiro e Simulações, todos apresentados pela NBR 15527 (ABNT, 2007). Por fim, realizou-se a composição orçamentária e efetuou-se a análise técnica e econômica, por meio do Método de Payback Descontado. Identificou-se que para o condomínio vertical, o Método Prático Brasileiro é o mais adequado, enquanto para o horizontal, o modelo de cálculo mais conveniente é o Método das Simulações. Além disso, constatou-se que os sistemas implantados são considerados investimentos a longo prazo, entretanto, possibilitam uma melhor gestão dos recursos hídricos.
GESTÃO DE RESÍDUOS PRODUZIDOS NA INDÚSTRIA CALÇADISTA E IMPLANTAÇÃO DE PROGRAMAS AMBIENTAIS
Authors: Chagas Daianne Torre , Martins Diego Freire , Nobre e Silva Mariana , Souza Maria Silvana Guimarães de , Diogenes Stefanne Da Silva , Chaves Wallace Cavalcante , Oliveira Whana Rayara Rabelo de , Bastos Juceline Batista dos Santos
Published: July 2021

A indústria calçadista, com cerca de 6 mil empresas no Brasil, colabora com a geração de mais de 600 toneladas/dia de resíduos industriais. Assim, a gestão de resíduos e a implantação de programas ambientais são alternativas exploráveis, tendo em vista a importância da ampliação de soluções que podem melhorar a qualidade de vida, da saúde e do bem estar social. Nesse contexto, este artigo avalia a conformidade às leis da gestão de resíduos de uma indústria calçadista e a implantação de programas ambientais. Para isso, foi dado ênfase no diagnóstico dos resíduos sólidos, na mensuração e nos custos dos resíduos, e na implantação dos programas ambientais na indústria calçadista. Quanto à gestão dos resíduos produzidos pela indústria, têmse armazenamento, coleta e múltiplas destinações finais ambientalmente adequados para os resíduos, com destaque para o coprocessamento e o reaproveitamento de resíduos em outras etapas do processo produtivo. Quanto à implantação dos programas ambientais, esses auxiliaram a construir um modelo de produção ambientalmente mais sustentável e isso se deu por esses programas conseguirem envolver os funcionários de todos os setores da indústria. Sugere-se ainda a divulgação das experiências exitosas nas escolas e associações do município, por meio de programas de educação ambiental; e o investimento na captação da energia solar, visando aproveitar o potencial natural da região e para complementar a geração de outras fontes de energia já existentes na indústria analisada.
DIAGNÓSTICO DE ÁREAS VERDES EM ESCOLAS DO SEMIÁRIDO PARAIBANO: A EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL COMO ESTRATÉGIA DE SENSIBILIZAÇÃO
Authors: Lima Jackeline Batista de , Assis Hugo Yuri Elias Gomes de , Cavalcante Lívia Poliana Santana
Published: July 2021

As áreas verdes possibilitam a transformação socioambiental quando inseridas no espaço escolar. Assim, este trabalho buscou diagnosticar a existência de áreas verdes em escolas estaduais de uma cidade do sertão paraibano e reconhecer seu valor no desenvolvimento de atividades na promoção da Educação, utilizando a Educação Ambiental como instrumento sensibilizador. A pesquisa fundamentou-se na apreciação de documentos oficiais, observação direta, aplicação de checklist, levantamento arbóreo e mapeamento por geoprocessamento. Os resultados se apresentam numa análise crítica da atuação do Plano Diretor e do Código de Meio Ambiente do Município de Cajazeiras – PB diante as áreas verdes, diagnóstico de distribuição desses espaços nas escolas públicas estaduais, bem como apresenta suas contribuições e fragilidades no aperfeiçoamento da prática pedagógica perante o PPP. De acordo com os dados obtidos, concluiu-se a real necessidade de atividades voltadas a educação ambiental e que essas podem se dar através da utilização das áreas verdes mediante o planejamento escolar.
QUANTIFICAÇÃO E CLASSIFICAÇÃO DOS RESÍDUOS PROCEDENTES DA CONSTRUÇÃO CIVIL NO MUNICÍPIO DE MACEIÓ - AL
Authors: Pimentel Ribeiro Angélica Kelly Dos Santos , Justino Marques Sheyla Karolina , Gomes Ribeiro Igor Bruno , Ferreira Maia Stoecio Malta
Published: July 2021

Os resíduos da construção civil (RCC), popularmente conhecido como entulho, vem causando transtornos em diversas cidades brasileiras, devido ao grande volume produzido e a carência de gerenciamento. Este trabalho objetivou apresentar a estimativa da quantidade de RCC gerados no Município de Maceió, bem como realizar caracterização física desses resíduos. A estimativa de geração levou em consideração os resíduos produzidos nas edificações novas; reformas, ampliações e demolições; e resíduos removidos de deposições irregulares. A composição física baseou-se no método de quarteamento, conforme ABNT NBR 10007. Estima-se que Maceió gera 817,6 t/dia de RCC, o equivalente a 0,8 kg/hab/dia. Deste total, 82% é composto por resíduos de Classe A e 15% classe B, os 3% restante inclui resíduos Classe C, D e outros. O conhecimento da situação dos RCC, e o planejamento de políticas de desenvolvimento sustentável, torna-se indispensável para o município de Maceió se adequar aos critérios, diretrizes e procedimentos estabelecidos pela Resolução nº 307, do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA); bem como atender as metas dispostas no Plano Municipal de Saneamento Básico (PMSB).
GESTÃO SUSTENTÁVEL NA ADMINISTRAÇÃO PÚBLICA: UMA ANÁLISE NO TRIBUNAL DE JUSTIÇA DO TOCANTINS
Authors: Lima Nadia Becmam , Almeida Lia Azevedo
Published: July 2021

O Estado, com o objetivo de desdobrar a gestão socioambiental na Administração Pública, passou a exigir de todos os órgãos e instituições públicas a elaboração de um Plano de Gestão de Logística Sustentável, que estabeleça critérios e práticas para a promoção do desenvolvimento nacional sustentável. Não se furtando da sua obrigação, o Poder Judiciário implementou mecanismos e ferramentas de cunho obrigatório a todos os Tribunais do país em prol do efetivo cumprimento das exigências voltadas para as atividades públicas sustentáveis. Buscou-se com o presente estudo analisar a institucionalização da gestão sustentável no Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Tocantins. Adotou-se como procedimentos metodológicos, pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e aplicação de questionários à comissão socioambiental e servidores com cargos de chefia no Tribunal. Por meio dos dados coletados, averiguou-se pontos positivos no que se refere à implantação das exigências normativas impostas pelo CNJ e pontos negativos no tocante aos aspectos ligados à sensibilização e capacitação dos servidores.
A study on the improvement of uniformity of dust extraction from multicyclone dust collectors The paper presents a possible improvement of uniformity of dust extraction from individual cyclones of a multi-cyclone
Authors: DZIUBAK Tadeusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a possible improvement of uniformity of dust extraction from individual cyclones of a multi-cyclone air filter with modifications of the dust collector design. The suggested dust collector model is divided into segments, with insulated extraction ducts, assigned to a specific number of individual cyclones. The concept of the division into extraction ducts and segments is presented based on the airfilter multicyclone of a special tracked vehicle. A physical and mathematical model of the dust collector segment is presented, and the heights of individual extraction ducts are calculated.
On-road exhaust emission testing
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the reasons behind on-road vehicle exhaust emission testing. The latest legislation has been presented in the paper applicable in the EU as well as the research potential of the Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport of Poznan University of Technology. The presentation of the results of the on-road tests pertains to passenger vehicles, buses and non-road machinery (construction machinery, tractors) and aircraft. The comparison of the exhaust emissions from different means of transport under real traffic conditions constitutes an important trend included in the normative legislation related to exhaust emissions
Integrated cylinder pressure measurement for gas engine control
Authors: NEUMANN Stefan
Published: July 2021

Closed loop control based on cylinder pressure measurement has been investigated for over 20 years. The aim has been to improve combustion control and online engine diagnostics. However the price of cylinder pressure sensors and the high demands on processor capacity have been preventing the development. Lately however sensor technologies have improved and as a result costs have been reduced. The purpose of this work is to show the large amount of information that can be read out from the cylinder pressure curve and to evaluate a cylinder pressure based closed loop engine control.
The operating parameters of internal combustion engines in the road test
Authors: MAMALA Jarosław , BROL Sebastian , JANTOS Jerzy
Published: July 2021

A characteristic feature of internal combustion engines of a vehicle used in real operating conditions are frequent changes of the values of power in the powertrain. The analysis of the results of the road test through a measurement of parameters of engine (CAN BUS) in a passenger car proves, that the changes of parameters and engine power are frequent. Particularly under the conditions of urban test-drive their frequency, range and dynamics is significant. As a result the engine speed, throttle opening and fuel consumption are not constant, as in the case of measurements realized under stationary conditions on an engine test stand, while determining of the engine speed characteristic. The paper presents the analysis of the engine parameters determined based on on-road tests rather than laboratory tests.
Hydrogen resistance to knock combustion in spark ignition internal combustion engines
Authors: SZWAJA Stanisław
Published: July 2021

The results of investigations focusing on knock combustion analysis of a hydrogen-fueled engine have been presented
in the paper. Knock intensity was determined as the intensity of the in-cylinder combustion pressure pulsations (recorded
with a sampling frequency of 100 kHz) and filtered through high-pass filtering with cut-off frequency of 3.5 kHz.
The research was conducted on the CFR engine with a variable compression ratio ranging from 6 to 14. The research
has shown a rapid increase in pressure pulsations amplitude was observed while the compression ratio was changed
from 11 to 12. This was interpreted as a result of in-cylinder hydrogen-air mixture self-ignition at the end of the spark
ignition controlled combustion. Supporting this observation the theorem of dual nature of hydrogen knock combustion
was postulated. Intensity of the pressure pulsations that accompany normal combustion without hydrogen self-ignition
was in an exponential correlation with the compression ratio, which directly translates into a similar correlation of the
pulsations and temperature of hydrogen-air mixture at the moment of ignition.
Influence of (hydrous) ethanol blends on (particle) emissions of small 2-& 4-stroke scooters Part 1
Authors: CZERWIŃSKI Jan , COMTE Pierre , REUTIMANN Felix , MAYER Andreas
Published: July 2021

The objectives of the present work are to investigate the regulated and unregulated (particle) emissions of a classical
and modern 2-stroke and a typical 4-stroke scooter with different ethanol blend fuels. There is also comparison of two
different ethanol fuels: pure ethanol (E) and hydrous ethanol (EH) which contains 3.9% water and is denatured with
1.5% gasoline. Special attention is paid in this research to the hydrous ethanol, since the production costs of hydrous
ethanol are much less than those for (dry) ethanol.
The vehicles are with carburettor and without catalyst, which represents the most frequent technology in Eastern Asia
and offers the information of engine-out emissions. Exhaust emissions measurements have been performed with fuels
containing ethanol (E), or hydrous ethanol (EH) in the portion of 5, 10, 15 and 20% by volume. During the test systematical
analysis of particle mass (PM) and nanoparticles counts (NP) were carried out.
The present investigations did not concern the durability of parts exposed to the chemical influences of ethanol. Also
the cold start, particularly in extreme conditions and the lube oil dilution were not addressed.
Irregular ignition events in TC GDI engines: phenomenology, analysis and engine development
Authors: HIRSCH Alois , KAPUS Paul , PHILIPP Harald , WINKLHOFER Ernst
Published: July 2021

Gasoline engine development has to respond to requirements for fuel efficient and clean combustion. In meeting such targets, the automotive industry has responded with the introduction and continuous improvement of turbocharged gasoline direct injection (TC GDI) combustion systems. Specific challenges to such engines include irregular ignition and combustion events which are rarely met in conventional engines. The paper describes ignition phenomena and mechanisms relevant for the development of such TC GDI engines. Focus then is given to combustion measurement techniques applied for the identification of these spontaneous and riskfull combustion events. As analysis of such ignition events must be done in real, high load multicylinder engine operation, suitable sensors together with measurement and analysis procedures are described. The paper concludes with analysis examples derived from various engine testing situations.
Solutions of diesel drives for use in underground workings of hard coal mine
Authors: BRZEŻAŃSKI Marek , PIECZORA Edward , KACZMARCZYK Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

The examples of application of combustion engines for the mining machinery drive have been presented in the article. The corresponding regulations concerned diesel combustion engines use in mines have been also presented. Moreover, the new technical solutions in such type engines aiming at the use safety increase and the exhaust gas toxic components emission decrease have been proposed.
Estimation of vehicle operational fuel consumption
Authors: KROPIWNICKI Jacek
Published: July 2021

A method of a reference fuel consumption calculation for a registered operating conditions has been presented in this work. The operating conditions have been described using specific energy consumption, which takes into account both an influence of external conditions and driver’s style of driving. Results of experiments performed on the territory of the city of Gdańsk in normal urban traffic have been presented. The new concept of estimation of vehicle drive system efficiency and related examples have been also included.
The assessment of external and operating indexes of LPG fueled engines
Authors: CZABAN Jarosław , SZPICA Dariusz
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the issues related to combustion engine fueling systems using gasoline and LPG. The results of measurements carried out at the test stand enabled the analysis of the impact of alternative - LPG fueling on the external indexes of the engine, i.e. maximum values of the torque and power. Knowing the values of such parameters, with the maximum throttle opening (full-power characteristics), conclusions on engine dynamics have been drawn and compared to the traditional fueling.
A correlation analysis of the pollutant emission from a self ignition engine
Authors: CHŁOPEK Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

This paper presents the results of studies on pollution emissions from self-ignition engines. The studies were conducted on a Citroen Berlingo delivery van on a chassis test bed applying the ECE R 83 test with start-up of a warm engine. Pollutant emission intensity was registered in a continuous manner. The registered runs of pollutant emission intensity were subjected to digital processing. A correlation analysis was conducted subsequently. The Pearson, Spearman, Kendall, and Kruskal theories were applied in the study. The analysis demonstrated a clear correlation between the examined runs. The probability of non-rejection of the hypothesis regarding the lack of correlation was equal to zero with an accuracy of at least six places beyond the decimal point. An exception was the correlation test between carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emission intensity processes for which the probability of non-rejection of the hypothesis regarding the lack of correlation amounted to a maximum of approximately 5%.
Simulation tests on air flow through selected types of throttle bodies
Authors: SZPICA Dariusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents selected simulation test results of the air flow through various types of throttle bodies. The experimental tests were mapped in virtual conditions, using the experimental conditions as initial and edge conditions. The geometry was implemented from the Solid Works software into the COSMOS-FloWorks, in which the simulations were carried out. The results represented supplementation to test stand investigations. The comparison of classic, two stage and profiled intake throttles provided answers to the ques-tions related to the necessity to differentiate the structure in order to achieve specific flow characteristics.
The influence of technologically boron-modification surface layer on the friction processes in sliding pairs of combustion engine
Authors: LEJDA Kazimierz , LUBAS Janusz
Published: July 2021

The aim of the present work is to determine the influence of borided surface layers on the friction parameter in the work of sliding pairs in the I.C. engine. The tribological evaluation included pack-borided and laser-borided surface layers deposited on rocker arm, piston pin and pin of crankshaft. The tests were performed in the generator set equipped with one-cylinder 4-stroke carburettor Robin Subaru engine. The wear of the elements of the combustion engine demonstrated that the process of boronizing has an important influence on the decrease of wear of the borided element of the friction pair.
Analysis of balancing of six-cylinder in-line two-stroke internal combustion engines
Authors: MOSAKOWSKI Ryszard
Published: July 2021

Simple relations describing the resultant moments of inertia forces of the first and second order for all sixty possible
configurations of the crankshaft in two-stroke four-cylinder engine have been derived in the paper. A comparative analysis
of the crankshafts with different arrangements of cranks have been carried out with respect to the resultant moments
of the first and second order inertia forces. The comparison has been carried out for two values of the crank throw to
connecting rod length ratio, namely l = 0.3 and l = 0.5. The outcomes of the comparative analysis indicate that irrespective
of the l value, within the range of its values having practical meanings, the arrangement of cranks 1-5-3-4-2-6
is the best. As a result of 50% balancing of the moment of the first order inertia forces the differences between various
configurations of the crankshaft are significantly reduced and configuration 1-4-2-6-3-5 equals with respect to balancing
with the commonly used configuration 1-5-3-4-2-6.
A growing position of methanol and hydrogen as energy carriers in the global economy
Authors: KOTOWSKI Jan Włodzimierz , AUGUSTYNOWICZ Andrzej
Published: July 2021

The changes taking place in the pool of materials available for the production of energy carriers and for the global
chemical industry have been characterized. The report was prepared with due consideration of the growing population of
our planet and the development of our civilization. The hydrogen production methods have been described. Subsequently,
the research findings have been provided on catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to methanol and hydrocarbons
in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process.
Nanoparticle number from biodiesel blends combustion in a common rail fuel injection system diesel engine equipped with exhaust gas recirculation
Authors: CHUEPENG Sathaporn , XU Hongming M. , TSOLAKIS Athanasios , WYSZYŃSKI Mirosław L. , HARLAND Jonathan
Published: July 2021

The paper presents characterisations of nanoparticle number in exhaust gases from biodiesel blends (B30, 30% of RME by volume with ultra low sulphur diesel fuel, ULSD) combustion in a V6 diesel engine equipped with a common rail fuel injection system. The engine was operated on three steady-state test points extracted from the New European Driving Cycle without engine hardware or the engine management system (EMS) modification. A fast differential mobility spectrometer was used to determine particle number size distribution based on electrical mobility equivalent diameter. The distribution was dependent on the engine operating condition and the rate of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). The particle size in the nucleation mode from B30 combustion with and without EGR is smaller than that of ULSD while giving higher number concentration for all engine operating conditions tested. However, in the accumulation mode with and without EGR, the smaller sizes and the lower total numbers from B30 combustion were observed. For both fuels, EGR shows insignificant changes to the primary particle size but noticeable increase in particle size and number in the accumulation mode. In overall, compared to the ULSD case, the B30 combustion reduced particle size and lowered total particle number in exhaust gas emitted from the engine with EGR.
Emission tests of the AI-14RA aircraft engine under real operating conditions of PZL-104 ‘Wilga’ plane
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , MARKOWSKI Jarosław , PIELECHA Jacek
Published: July 2021

Due to a rapid development of air transportation there is a need for the assessment of real environmental risk related to the aircraft operation. The main environmental perils are the toxic exhaust emissions. The paper presents the results of the emission tests of a small airplane engine under real operating conditions.
Energetic aspect of diesel engine operation
Authors: GIRTLER Jerzy
Published: July 2021

The paper provides a proposal of a quantitative interpretation of operation which (as the operation of Hamilton and
Maupertius presented in classical mechanics and the operation issuing from change of the body momentum) is considered
as a physical quantity with the measurement unit called a joule-second [joule × second]. An original method for
analyzing and estimating the engine operation has been demonstrated in the energetic aspect for the operating needs. The
homogenous Poison process and semi-Markov process have been herein applied to justify the usability of such interpreted
operation. The two processes have made it possible to formulate a model deterioration of the diesel engine operation
over time. Thus, the model is a random Poisson process or semi-Markov process. It has also been shown that the integral
calculus can be (and should be) applied to identify the energetic properties of an engine. Considerations on the energetic
aspect of diesel engine operation are provided on the example of marine engines of a ship’s main propulsion system.
Selected aspects of environmentally oriented disassembly modeling of combustion engines
Authors: CHAMIER-GLISZCZYŃSKI Norbert
Published: July 2021

The examinations of a product life cycle constitute a starting point in their design and improvement. The received results
of environmental analysis carried out on a combustion engine showed both improving works on the problem of the selection
of structural materials and the process of a disassembly of an end of life combustion engine. Generatign a model of
this process allowed a constant optimization of the environment related recycling processes for which the basic process
is a disassembly. The optimization of the disassembly process of an end of life combustion engine led to an increase in
the level of the recovery and recycling from the vehicle. At the same time environmental benefits had a positive effect on
the values of the economic indexes prepared for the recycling processes of end of life technological objects
Flow resistance in the engine inlet-exhaust system as affected by the engine parameters
Authors: ŻMUDKA Zbigniew , POSTRZEDNIK Stefan
Published: July 2021

The paper presents theoretical and experimanetal research into the process of charge exchange in a spark ignition
engine (the process of cylinder filling and discharging). A significant role in the inlet system plays the resistance of the
flow of a fresh charge through the throttle, particularly when its partially opened. In classic spark ignition engine solutions
this flow resistance is a part of the engine load imposition. The problem has been illustrated by the theoretical and
experimental test results of the influence of the pressure drop Δpd on the side of the fresh charge flow and the pressure
drop Δpw in the exhaust system on the engine operation. Relations have been determined between the engine operating
parameters and the flow conditions of the charge/exhaust gases.
The comparison of the operating parameters in an aircraft radial piston engine fuelled by 100LL and ES95 gasoline
Authors: JAKLIŃSKI Piotr , WENDEKER Mirosław , CZARNIGOWSKI Jacek , DUK Mariusz , ZYSKA Tomasz , KLIMKIEWICZ Jakub
Published: July 2021

Small aviation develops very dynamically. This is a result of airplane general availability and their lower prices. At
the same time, however, the maintenance costs of airplanes increases. It particularly concerns the operation cost where
fuel is its substantial part. At the moment special 100LL gasoline is used to fuel aircraft piston engines. It is about 20%
more expensive than ES95 gasoline of comparable properties.
The paper shows the results of test-bed research conducted on the radial piston aircraft engine fuelled by aircraft
100LL gasoline and automotive ES95 gasoline. The object of research was ASz-62IR engine by WSK Kalisz fitted with
an experimental fuel injection system. The power, fuel consumption and cylinder head temperatures were analysed in
the selected typical operating points. The testing was carried out in a steady state. It was proven that it is possible to
exchange (replace) fuels with no engine power loss with a miniscule increase of fuel consumption.
The verification of ECU calibrations of a 1.3 Multijet engine on a chassis dynamometer
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , ŚWIĄTEK Piotr
Published: July 2021

One of the basic purposes of passenger vehicle engine tests on a chassis dynamometer is to verify the results of the tests carried out on engine test beds in terms of the ECU parameters. The paper presents the analysis of the engine load distribution in driving cycles both European and American. The issue of the influence of selected calibrations of a 1.3 Multijet engine on its operating parameters and the exhaust emissions has been presented. The realization of the project consisted in performing a series of tests on a chassis dynamometer for selected ECU calibrations determined during the engine test bed phase.
Measurement methods in marine engine endoscopy
Authors: KORCZEWSKI Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The paper presents selected metrological techniques that may be applied in diagnostic endoscopy in complex machinery including turbine and piston marine engines. The evolution of contemporary endoscopes has been described as well as theoretical background for optical and digital endoscopy. The methods of surface defect measurements of selected elements of marine engine structure have been presented based on a digital recording of endoscopic images: Stereo Probe, Shadow Probe, laser method and RGB.
The method of generating a tractor engine time denisty characteristics
Authors: KONIUSZY Adam
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a method of generating a time density characteristics – TD of agricultural tractor engines. The principle of operation of the TRS (Tractor Recording System) system and the method of measurement, recording and processing of the measured values have been presented. A TD characteristics of a Z8401.12 engine in a U912 tractor after a year of operation has been described.
Trends in the development of turbocharging systems in automotive vehicles
Authors: DANILECKI Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

The application of turbocharging systems results in serious problems related to the delivery of appropriate amount of air needed to entirely burn the supplied dose of fuel. This problem is particularly relevant for non-adjustable turbocharging systems (constant geometry turbines). The improvements of the turbocharging systems in compression ignition engines may be implemented through such solutions as two stage or sequential turbocharging that show significant benefits as opposed to a single stage variable turbocharger geometry (VGT) turbocharging. The paper presents adjustable two stage turbocharging and sequential turbocharging finding application in serially manufactured vehicles. The assessment of the properties of these solutions and attempts to describe the trends in the further development of the turbocharging systems have been made. With this background, the results of own research of the author have been presented performed on a SW 680 sequentially turbocharged engine.
The estimation of emissions from internal combustion engines fuelled by bioethanol
Authors: CHŁOPEK Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

The use of bioethanol fuels is one of the most efficient methods of reduction of toxic emission and reduction of engine noxiousness to the environment at the same time. The ecological effects of the bioethanol fuel application fuelling spark ignition engines and self–ignition engines are presented in the paper. The paper presents original, not yet published, test results of the Scania DC9 E02 270 engine.
The model of compression ignition engine with artificial neural networks
Authors: BRZOZOWSKI Krzysztof , NOWAKOWSKI Jacek
Published: July 2021

The paper presents an application of artificial neural network in modelling the working process in compression ignition engine. In order to determine the usefulness of proposed method the optimisation task has been formulated. The aim of optimisation process was to find the engine control parameters which enable reduction of the NOx emission. In order to solve the problem, the model equations has to be integrated for values of control parameters whose are given as output from the neural networks implemented.
Fuel spray model in a medium speed marine engine - a simulation
Authors: KAFAR lzydor , MERKISZ Jerzy , PIASECZNY Leszek
Published: July 2021

The work presents a mathematical model of fuel spray in a CI engine and the results of simulation research on spraying. The model takes into consideration the properties of the fuel injected, construction parameters of the nozzles, the course of injection pressure and the pressure and temperature course of the working medium. Simulation research was conducted in the function of temperature of the fuel injected, with the course of injection pressure according to measurement on an engine, for an assigned injection pressure and for a fixed fuel temperature.
The correlation between the fluctuation of the indicated work and the fluctuation of the crankshaft speed and the electric current from a generating set
Authors: CUPIAŁ Karol , GRUCA Michał , GRZELKA Janusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of the introductory investigations of the correlation between the fluctuation of the
indicated work and the fluctuation of the crankshaft speed and the electric current from a generating set. A clear relationship
between the engine indicated work and the electric energy calculated in the time interval angularly shifted
regarding the beginning of the engine cycle was stated in the case of the single-cylinder generating set. The indicated
work of the consecutive cycles also well correlates with the crankshaft angular acceleration in the determined cycle
phase point. A little worse is the correlation between amplitude of electric current and indicated work. The correlation
between electric energy calculated in 90 degree angle interval and indicated work was also stated.
HCCI with standard and alternative fuels at moderate compression ratios
Authors: WYSZYNSKI Miroslaw Lech , XU Hongming
Published: July 2021

Work with different fuels: gasoline, natural gas, biogas, ethanol, propane, mixtures of gasoline and diesel at the
authors’ Future Power Systems Group in Birmingham University reveals great potential for the use of moderate compression
ratio engines (from 10.4 to 15), particularly when additional engine facilities such as EGR (external and
internal via negative valve overlap and low lift cams), some degree of intake heating and/or hydrogen addition (from fuel
reforming) are employed. Possibilities, benefits and demands of these technologies are outlined, additional challenges
specific to application of HCCI in multi-cylinder engines in vehicle applications are discussed and on-going work on the
CHASE (Controlled Homogeneous Autoignition Supercharged Engine) is outlined. The team who contributed to this
work includes colleagues from Birmingham University, Jaguar Land Rover, Johnson Matthey plc, National Engineering
Laboratory and Shell Global Solutions.
The new 1.3 L 90 PS diesel engine
Authors: IMARISIO Roberto , GIARDINA-PAPA Paolo , SIRACUSA Massimo
Published: July 2021

After the start of mass production in April 2003 of a completely new Euro 4, 1.3 L, common rail Diesel engine, an upgraded variant has been recently developed, with power output increased from 70 to 90 PS and torque output increased from 180 to 200 N·m. To meet this target the combustion system has been deeply revised and common rail pressure increased from 1400 to 1600 bar, while maintaining the multiple injection feature already introduced on the 70 PS variant. Moreover, a variable geometry, small turbocharger has been specifically developed and the mechanical components upgraded to comply with an increased peak cylinder pressure from 140 to 160 bar. In order to comply with Euro 4 emission standards on critical applications with high load factors new control functions have been developed, in order to reduce the dispersion and the drift in durability, such as the lambda control based on an O2 sensor. In spite of Euro 4 emission compliance on most of the forecasted applications with conventional DOC after-treatment, a DPF version will be provided as well, adopting the maintenance free technology already applied on other engines with higher displacement. The 1.3 L SDE family is manufactured in Poland, in a plant located in Bielsko Biala, with an installed production capacity close to 700.000 engines per year.
Research on the influence of water delivery to cylinder on parameters of the combustion process and toxicity of CI engines
Authors: PIASECZNY Leszek , ZADRĄG Ryszard
Published: July 2021

Water delivery to the cylinders is one of the ways to reduce the nitrogen oxide formation in a combustion process in CI engine and is justified in published research results. In the aftermath of the admission of the fuel-water emulsion into the engine, along with the reduction of nitrogen oxides, the change in concentration of carbon oxides and particulates, basic engine parameters determining its performance and load of crank-piston assembly can be observed. It the paper, the results of own research of fuel-water emulsion delivery influence on changes of toxic
The analysis of an unrepeatability of cylinder pressure signal in internal combustion engines
Authors: CHŁOPEK Zdzisław , STASIAK Piotr
Published: July 2021

In this paper an analysis of irrepeatability of cylinder pressure signal in static conditions of engine work was performed. Large irregularity of analysed signal was stated that follows the irregularity of engine speed and pressure value distortions in each quasi–period. A stationarity of cylinder pressure was studied. Resampling data method in the revolution angle domain was suggested. Due to this synchronised averaging, transformed signal was an effective method of eliminating distortions in the basic periodical signal. Static properties of signal deviations (deviations of cylinder pressure from pressure averaged in quasi–periods) were studied. It was stated that the analysed distortions are a wide–range noise and there is no reason to formulate a hypothesis regarding the analysed signal conformity with a normal distribution.
Evaluation of the differences in determining fuel consumption for a real car based on universal and dynamic characteristics
Authors: ROMANISZYN Kazimierz M.
Published: July 2021

This paper briefly describes a methodology of developing characteristics of fuel consumption in dynamic conditions on the basis of modal measurements in road tests NEDC and FTP-75, and based on determined characteristic of fuel consumption measurement for a real car engine. The results of fuel consumption calculations determined on the basis of the dynamic characteristic for set driving conditions, and on the basis of the universal characteristic for a real car have been presented presented. The results calculated have been compared and existing differences evaluated.
„Internal Combustion Engines” in the years 1961–1999
Authors: BUXAKOWSKI Andrzej , KOPCZYŃSKI Marian
Published: July 2021

In this paper the authors have presented the history of the quarterly magazine “Internal Combustion Engines” edited in the years 1961–1999, under the auspices of Combustion Engines Section of SIMP. The publisher was H. Cegielski Works in Poznañ. The paper contains information on the start of this publication, its editorial board and changes in the board. It gives also some information on the scope as well as on some special numbers of the magazine.
Model-based analysis of sensor faults in SI engine
Authors: KOMORSKA Iwona , WOŁCZYŃSKI Zbigniew , BORCZUCH Artur
Published: July 2021

The article focuses on the fault not diagnosed by the OBD system. Apart from mechanical damages sensor faults are a serious group.
Although the sensor values are constantly monitored, some errors are not detected. The article presents a diagnostic model of the air
intake system of SI engine, which generates the control and work parameters of the engine for fault-free state. The parameters obtained
from the reference model can be compared with the parameters measured for the engine in any operating condition. Based on the model
the impact of sensor faults for other parameters was analyzed. Some errors can be masked by the adaptive control system of the engine,
which changes the parameters of the engine control. Simulation tests were verified on the test bench.