bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Désarmement 2022
Authors: Guilhaudis Jean-François
Published: January 2024

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Diplomatie et « débat » du désarmement donne une vue d’ensemble du désarmement au cours de l’année 2021, sur : les crises du désarmement (Syrie, Corée du Nord, Iran…) ; les accords ; le « mécanisme » ; la qualité de la diplomatie et du « débat » du désarmement ; et, enfin, le niveau d’adéquation du désarmement au contexte de sécurité internationale. Cet aperçu est complété par des annexes : annexe 1, Les Groupes de fournisseurs ; annexe 2, Les Conférences d’examen et réunions des Etats parties aux traités de désarmement ; annexe 3, La participation aux traités de désarmement ; annexe 4, La répartition par grandes questions des résolutions adoptées par l’Assemblée générale en 2021 (76ème session ordinaire) ; annexe 5 L’évolution du niveau d’opposition ; annexe 6, Les votes par groupes d’Etats ; annexe 7, Situations et positions des Etats membres ; annexe 8, Questions posées, soulevées, traitées et questions oubliées dans la diplomatie et le « débat ».S’ajoutent enfin une rubrique chronologie et documents et un Index.

Disarmament diplomacy and “debate” gives an overview of disarmament during the year 2021, on: disarmament crises (Syria, North Korea, Iran, etc.); The agreements; the mechanism "; the quality of diplomacy and disarmament “debate”; and, finally, the level of adequacy of disarmament in the context of international security.This overview is supplemented by annexes: annex 1, Groups of suppliers; Annex 2, Review Conferences and Meetings of States Parties to Disarmament Treaties; annex 3, Participation in disarmament treaties; appendix 4, Breakdown by major issues of the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in 2021 (76th ordinary session); appendix 5 Evolution of the level of opposition; appendix 6, Voting by groups of States; appendix 7, Situations and positions of member states; Appendix 8, Questions Asked, Raised, Addressed and Forgotten Questions in Diplomacy and “Debate”.Finally, there is a chronology and documents section and an Index.

International audience
La Xe Conférence des États parties au TNP de 2022. Un autre rendez-vous manqué pour le régime de non-prolifération
Authors: Biad Abdelwahab
Published: January 2024

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La Xe Conférence d’examen du TNP finalement réunie du 1er au 26 août 2022, dans un contexte international très défavorable, n’est pas parvenue, en raison de l’opposition de la Russie à adopter un document final laborieusement négocié. La question se pose de savoir quelles implications cet échec aura pour le régime de non-prolifération.

The NPT Review Conference finally convened from 1 to 26 August 2022, in a very unfavourable international context, did not succeed, due to Russia’s opposition, to adopt a laboriously negotiated outcome document. The question arises as to what implications this failure will have for the non-proliferation regime.

International audience
Chronique « Questions de sécurité humaine : migrants et réfugiés et victimes des conflits »
Authors: Balmond Louis
Published: January 2024

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Parmi les questions touchant à la sécurité humaine, l'intérêt qui doit être porté à la situation des migrants et des réfugiés et aux victimes des conflits est constant, même si les effets du conflit armé en Ukraine l'ont mis particulièrement en évidence. De manière générale les déplacements forcés, quelle qu'en soit la motivation, continuent d'augmenter. Si les dispositifs mis en oeuvre à partir des deux Pactes de 2018 sur les migrants et les réfugiés ont abouti à un grand nombre de mécanismes et de mesures, de nature à rendre ces mouvements « sûrs, ordonnés et réguliers », la volonté politique n'apparait pas toujours à la mesure de l'enjeu. Le traitement général des réfugiés par l'Union européenne par rapport à son attitude à l'égard des réfugiés ukrainiens en est l'illustration. La question des victimes des conflits a pris d'autant plus d'importance en 2022 qu'a éclaté un conflit armé international de haute intensité. Le droit international humanitaire a montré, à cette occasion, ses possibilités mais aussi ses limites, voire, pour certains, ses ambiguités. Sa dimension judiciaire est apparue désormais décisive, grâce notamment à la multiplication des instances de jugement, internationales et nationales. Les contraintes juridiques empêchant le jugement des crimes de guerre et plus encore de l'agression restent cependant importantes.

Among issues relating to human security, the interest that must be given to the situation of migrants and refugees and to the victims of conflicts is constant, even if the effects of the armed conflict in Ukraine have made this particularly evident. In general, forced displacement, whatever the motivation, continues to increase. If the mechanisms implemented from the two Pacts of 2018 on migrants and refugees have resulted in a large number of mechanisms and measures, such as to make these movements “safe, orderly and regular”, the political will does not always appear commensurate with the issue. The general treatment of refugees by the European Union in relation to its attitude towards Ukrainian refugees illustrates this. The issue of conflict victims has taken on all the more importance in 2022 with the outbreak of a high-intensity interna-tional armed conflict. International humanitarian law showed, on this occasion, its possibilities but also its limits, even, for some, its ambiguities. Its judicial dimension has now appeared decisive, thanks in particular to the proliferation of international and national courts. However, the legal constraints preventing the judgment of war crimes and even more of aggression remain important.

International audience
La coordination opérationnelle entre les opérations PSDC et les agences ELSJ en matière migratoire.
Authors: Favière Florient
Published: January 2024

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Face aux nouveaux défis sécuritaires, et plus particulièrement la crise des migrants, l’Union européenne met l’accent sur une approche globale de la sécurité marquée par l’interdépendance entre sécurité intérieure et sécurité extérieure. Renforçant son approche opérationnelle, l’Union européenne a déployé des outils relevant tant de la Politique de sécurité et de défense commune (PSDC) que de l’Espace de liberté de sécurité et de justice (ELSJ) afin de lutter contre les différentes formes de criminalité organisée développées dans le cadre de la crise migratoire. Alors que juridiquement, la PSDC et l’ELSJ sont bien distincts, une coordination opérationnelle s’est naturellement développée dans la pratique entre, d’une part, les opérations de gestion de crise relevant de la PSDC et, d’autre part, les agences Europol et Frontex relevant de l’ESLJ. Si le cadre juridique de cette coordination était initialement peu établi, il tend à se structurer et à se développer avec le nouveau règlement relatif corps européen de garde-frontières et de garde-côtes.

International audience

Facing new security challenges, and more particularly the migrant crisis, the European Union is emphasizing a comprehensive approach to security marked by interdependence between internal and external security. Enhancing its operational approach, the European Union has deployed tools from both the CSDP and the AFSJ to struggle the various forms of organized crime developed in the context of the migration crisis. While legally, the CSDP and the AFSJ are clearly distinct, an operational coordination has naturally developed in practice between, on the one hand, the operations and missions CSDP and, on the other hand, the agencies Europol and Frontex, under the responsibility of the ESLJ. If the legal framework of this coordination was initially limited, it tends to be structured and to develop with the new regulation on the European Border and Coast Guard.
Différends, conflits et guerres économiques
Authors: Fontanel Jacques
Published: January 2024

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International audience

La notion de guerre économique est polysémique. Il convient de différencier les différends économiques entre les Etats, des conflits et surtout des guerres économiques. Les instruments et les armes utilisées sont diversifiées (boycott, embargo, blocus, gel des avoirs et des investissements étrangers, sanctions "secondaires, extraterritoriales", cyber attaques). Les différends indiquent des divergences d'intérêts (gestion du commerce international, ORD de l'OMC, rôle international du dollar, conflits fiscaux et d'endettement, rupture d'intégration économique). Les conflits entre Etats sont plus graves, ils concernent le partage des contraintes de la sécurité internationale, les ventes d'armes, la volonté d'indépendance économique, la suspension des aides économiques et financières ou les sanctions extraterritoriales). La guerre économique proprement dite conduit à la course aux armements, à la punition internationale, à la stratégie de rupture économique, ou de domination et de la puissance économique et des cyber attaques généralisées.

The notion of economic war is polysemic. It is important to differentiate economic disputes between states, conflicts and especially economic wars. The instruments and weapons used are diversified (boycott, embargo, blockade, asset and foreign investment freeze, "secondary sanctions”, cyber attacks). Disputes indicate divergent interests (international trade management, WTO, international role of the dollar, tax and debt conflicts, disruption of economic integration). Conflicts between states are more serious, they concern the sharing of the constraints of international security, international sales of weapons, the desire for economic independence, freeze of economic and financial aid or extraterritorial sanctions). The actual economic war leads to the arms race, international punishment, strategy of economic disruption, domination and economic power, and widespread cyber attacks.
Repères et actualité : vue d’ensemble de la conflictualité en 2017
Authors: Guilhaudis Jean-François
Published: January 2024

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This view of the conflictuality in 2017 presents the main conflicts of the year 2017 (I), their actors (II), the objects of these conflicts (III), their spatial distribution (IV), their dynamics (V) (English), the stock of conflict (VII), the prevention prevention, management regulation and solution (VIII), other significant aspects of this conflictuality (IX) and ends with the tendencies of conflictuality (X).

International audience

Cette vue d'ensemble de la conflictualité en 2017 présente les principaux conflits de l'année 2017 (I), leurs acteurs (II), les objets de ces conflits (III), leur répartition spatiale (IV), leur dynamique (V), leur signification du point de vue de la sécurité internationale (VI), le stock actuel des conflits (VII), les efforts de prévention, gestion règlement et solution (VIII), d'autres aspects significatifs de cette conflictualité (IX) et se termine par l'évaluation des tendances de la conflictualité (X).
Conflits, grandes épidémies, catastrophes, victimes (D142-D208)
Authors: Balmond Louis , Guilhaudis Jean-François
Published: January 2024

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Conflicts, epidemics and disasters meet in their human, economic and political consequences disastrous and require a strong mobilization of the international community. This chapter presents news from 2015 on these 3 phenomena and gives the currently relevant essential benchmarks.

International audience

Conflits, épidémies et catastrophes se rejoignent dans leurs conséquences humaines, économiques et politiques désastreuses et requièrent une forte mobilisation de la communauté internationale. Ce chapitre présente l’actualité de ces trois phénomènes pour 2015 et donne les repères essentiels pertinents.
Artificial Intelligence in Journalism: An Automated News Provider
Authors: Parratt-Fernández Sonia , Rodríguez-Pallares Miriam , Pérez-Serrano María José
Published: January 2024

Los objetivos de este artículo son examinar (1) cómo Narrativa OÜ, una proveedora de noticias automatizadas con sede en España y en Estados Unidos, funciona desde un punto de vista comercial; (2) cómo sus gestores y tecnólogos perciben y se relacionan con el periodismo; y (3) cómo funciona su tecnología en el trabajo periodístico. A diferencia de países como Estados Unidos, donde Narrativa tiene previsto expandirse a corto y medio plazo, la implantación de tecnologías de inteligencia artificial por parte de la compañía en España es aún baja pese a ser la única proveedora con clientes en este país en la actualidad. Esto parece más ligado a la crisis económica y al desconocimiento y desconfianza de los periodistas que a una baja eficacia del producto. Los hallazgos llevan a reflexionar sobre el supuesto papel transformador de las proveedoras de servicios automatizados en el periodismo, al menos por el momento. También plantean la necesidad de tener en cuenta que la situación económica y la idiosincrasia de cada país pueden influir significativamente en la implementación de la inteligencia artificial en el periodismo.
Transparencia y abusividad en el contrato de fianza: la situación del fiador consumidor
Authors: SANCHO MARTÍNEZ Laura
Published: January 2024

El presente trabajo pretende examinar críticamente la reciente doctrina elaborada por el Tribunal Supremo en torno a la aplicabilidad y alcance de los controles de transparencia y abusividad en los contratos de fianza concluidos con garantes consumidores. A tal fin, se partirá del estudio de la propia posibilidad de considerar al fiador como consumidor, para pasar a analizar a continuación la aplicación de los referidos controles en los dos supuestos que mayor litigiosidad están generando en la práctica: la renuncia por parte de los consumidores a los beneficios de excusión y división, junto a la habitual constitución de la fianza como solidaria, así como la excepcional abusividad del contrato de fianza en su conjunto cuando represente una garantía desproporcionada.
Upaya Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas XI dalam Mata Pelajaran Biologi dengan Media Smart Sheets di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 3 Pesisir Selatan
Authors: Musdawati
Published: January 2024

Permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh guru Biologi di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 3 Pesisir Selatan ditujukan oleh rendahnya Hasil Belajar Siswa dalam mengikuti pembelajaran di kelas. Cara yang diperkirakan dapat membantu untuk meningkatkan kreaktifan siswa dalam proses belajar mengajar adalah hasil belajar siswa kelompok memakai media smart sheets, akan membuat semua siswa berpartisipasi secara aktif untuk memecahkan masalah yang dihadapi kelompoknya. Dengan demikian diharapkan Hasil Belajar Siswa juga dapat ditingkatkan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus, masing-masing terdiri dari 2 kali pertemuan. Berdasarkan kelemahan atau kekurangan yang terlihat pada lebih baik pada siklus II, agar peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa yang terjadi benar-benar signifikan. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh hasil bahwa Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas XI Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 3 Pesisir Selatan Dengan Media Smart Sheets. Dalam Pembelajaran Biologi, hal ini dapat dilihat dari rata-rata hasil belajar siswa yang berpatisipasi aktif menjawab soal siklus I 53,2%, siklus II 78,1 %, aktif mengajukan pertanyaan siklus 1,25 %, pada siklus II, 54,2 %, siswa yang aktif menjawab dengan pertanyaan siklus I 43,8 %, siklus II 54,2%, siswa yang mengemukakan pendapat siklus I 23,8%, siklus II 52,1%, dan siswa yang membuat kesimpulan siklus I, 46,9 %, siklus II 81,3 %. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh selama pembelajaran pada penelitian tindakan kelas ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas XI Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 3 Pesisir Selatan Dengan Media Smart Sheets Dalam Pembelajaran Biologi.
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Bahasa Indonesia berbasis permainan dalam keterampilan menyimak peserta didik fase A di Sekolah Dasar Labschool Cibubur
Authors: Novia Rahmiati  , Dimas Wijaya  , Dina Ferisa
Published: January 2024

Penelitian difokuskan pada pembuatan bahan ajar bahasa Indonesia berbasis permainan. Bahan ajar dalam pengembangan ini memfokuskan dalam keterampialn menyimak peserta didik fase A. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode R&D yang mengadopsi model Dick and Carey dengan 10 tahapan. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa angket uji materi dan bahasa yang diberikan kepada validator serta respon peserta didik untuk menguji kemenarikan bahan ajar yang digunakan. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahan ajar telah memenuhi kriteria sangat baik dengan skor rata-rata 3,92 dari skala 4, kategori masuk sangat layak. Hasil lainnya menunjukkan bahwa respon kemenarikan dari peserta didik sebesar 79% dengan kategori sangat baik. Bahan ajar bahasa Indonesia berbasis permainan dalam keterampilan menyimak peserta didik Fase A sudah layak digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran. Kata
Pobres en la obra de Cipriano de Cartago
Authors: Lorente Muñoz Mario
Published: January 2024

En este trabajo se pretende abordar el papel de los pobres a través de los diferentes escritos conservados en la obra de Cipriano de Cartago. Para ello, se realizará un recorrido en profundidad por los principales vestigios escritos referentes a los huérfanos, las viudas, los moribundos o las personas necesitadas en general, sobre las cuales incide colectivamente el obispo cartaginés a través de su vasta obra, empezando, en primer lugar, por sus cartas a los miembros más importantes de la Iglesia católica del siglo III, y pasando, a continuación, por obras aparentemente menos conocidas, como De Opere et eleemosynis o De Mortalitate, escritos todos ellos que, además de beber directamente del contexto histórico persecutorio llevado a cabo contra los cristianos por el Imperio romano, recogen testimonios de la actitud de los cristianos ante el estallido de una plaga que asoló el orbe romano durante diez largos años. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to explore the role of the poor through the different writings preserved in the work of Cyprian of Carthage. To this end, an in-depth survey will be made of the main traces of writings referring to orphans, widows, the dying and the needy in general, on whom the Carthaginian bishop had a collective influence through his vast oeuvre, starting firstly with his letters to the most important members of the Catholic Church in the 3rd century, and subsequently moving on to apparently less known works, such as De Opere et eleemosynis or De Mortalitate. These are all writings which, in spite of drawing directly from the historical context of persecution carried out against Christians by the Roman Empire, contain testimonies of the attitude of Christians to the outbreak of a plague which devastated the Roman orb for ten long years.
Concepto de libertad en el debate teológico actual
Authors: Justo Domínguez Emilio-José
Published: January 2024

La cuestión de la relevancia actual del cristianismo aparece en distintos debates sobre la comprensión de la Iglesia católica y sobre su doctrina teológica y moral. Esta discusión se ha agudizado, sobre todo en la teología alemana, con una controversia sobre la relación de la libertad con la verdad. En este artículo se presenta el contenido fundamental de esa controversia y se reflexiona sobre algunos aspectos de la misma, como la relación entre libertad y amor, la idea de auto-determinación y la moralidad. Finalmente, se apuntan algunas reflexiones que ayuden a pensar un concepto de libertad, insistiendo en su caráter global y en la capacidad creativa propia del amor.
«So that they might have life». The Later Rule of Saint Francis
Authors: Carbajo Núñez Martínq
Published: January 2024

Este artículo responde a la celebración del octavo centenario de la Regla bulada de San Francisco (29.11.1223), que es una de las cuatro grandes Reglas de la vida consagrada, y analiza su fuerza inspiradora en la actual sociedad secularizada. No es sólo un texto jurídico, sino también un documento espiritual, una guía “para vivir según la forma del santo evangelio” (1ª parte). Quienes detentan la autoridad tienen que estar al servicio de ese proceso vital que la Regla propone, actuando como madres que cuidan la vida (2ª parte). La tercera parte presenta su actualidad y la importancia de un liderazgo inspirador que promueva procesos de transformación para afrontar los desafíos de la vida consagrada.
Pertinence des épistémologies autochtones face à l’intensification de la saison des feux de forêt en zone boréale
Authors: Gonzalez Bautista Noémie
Published: January 2024

Les changements climatiques amplifient la saison des feux de forêt dans la forêt boréale canadienne en addition aux effets de la gestion des feux de forêt centrée sur leur exclusion. Les communautés autochtones sont bien plus affectées par cette intensification de la saison des feux que les communautés non-autochtones et, chaque saison des feux, on voit maintenant apparaître dans les médias la mention de communautés des Premières Nations qui vivent une évacuation. À travers l’étude de trois feux qui ont brûlé à proximité de la communauté atikamekw de Wemotaci, au Québec, complétée par l’analyse de publications de recherches similaires portant sur les relations entre les Premières Nations, les feux et la gestion officielle des feux de forêt dans d’autres régions du Canada, je montre en quoi l’intégration des épistémologies autochtones à la gestion des feux de forêt pourrait contribuer à atténuer les conséquences de l’intensification des feux en forêt boréale. Les cas présentés montrent en effet que les membres des Premières Nations portent des savoirs et savoir-faire concernant le feu dans une épistémologie différente de celle qui domine la gestion des feux et qui inclut des approches différentes d’une exclusion totale du feu ou d’une protection de certaines valeurs particulières comme c’est le cas dans la gestion officielle. Certaines Premières Nations portent aussi des pratiques de brûlage culturel qui permettraient d’atténuer les effets de l’intensification de la saison des feux. L’inclusion de cette épistémologie contribuerait également à contrer les effets d’un système colonial qui a amené — entre autres choses — les membres des Premières Nations à être exclus de la gestion des feux de forêt, un élément à part entière de leur relation au territoire.
The theatricality and cinematography of Alessandro Baricco's literary works
Authors: Kuchina Natalia
Published: January 2024

The subject of the study is stylistic and genre techniques that go beyond literary traditions. The object of the research is the early works of Alessandro Baricco, the novels "Silk" and "Sea-Ocean", the scenario-monologue "1900: the legend of the pianist", the novel – scenario "Smith & Wesson" ("Smith & Wesson"), the novel "City". The research is going to show individual features and artistic techniques that allow achieving the greatest imagery, to identify innovative features of Alessandro Baricco's poetics. Baricco's literary narrative is completed by elements imitating acoustic and visual effects, which allows the reader to build suggestive images in mind, intense with visual and sound effects. This article research two types of works by Alessandro Baricco: those that were originally written not only for reading, but also for staging in the theater; and those where elements of theatricality and cinematography are implicitly inscribed in the text. The scientific novelty of the work is due to show various aspects related to the individuality of the author's thinking. The works of Alessandro Baricco are characterized by syncretism. The writer weaves elements from the theater and cinema into the narrative canvas, which makes his prose highly suggestive. It is also possible to talk about two author's strategies: a detailed description of the visual and sound accompaniment of the action, or half-hints aimed at the gradual recognition of interwoven theatrical and cinematic techniques, hints that help the reader understand what is happening. The results of the study can serve to expand interest to the work of Alessandro Baricco and further research his literature works as a whole with the diverse activities of Baricco in the world of culture.
Basic questions of the philosophy of artificial intelligence
Authors: Belikova Evgeniya Konstantinovna
Published: January 2024

The object of the study is a special branch of scientific knowledge, formed at the intersection of interests of various humanitarian disciplines – the philosophy of artificial intelligence; the subject of the study is the problems it considers. The author identifies the main traditional questions that the philosophy of artificial intelligence tried to answer earlier. Such questions in the earlier stages of the development of science were concentrated around the possibility of artificial intelligence to become aware of itself, learn to think, feel and create like a person. Scientists since the 1960s interested in the problems of equality of natural and artificial intelligence, the ability of a computer to show benevolence or hostility towards its creators. The research was carried out using a historical and philosophical analysis of issues in the philosophy of artificial intelligence, the method of interpretive synthesis, etc. Systemic-structural, dialectical, cultural-historical, value-based, interdisciplinary approaches to the problem were used. The scientific novelty of the research lies in identifying the problems of the philosophy of artificial intelligence that are relevant at this stage of development of this scientific field. It is noted that the dynamics of the philosophy of artificial intelligence are significantly influenced by the fact that “strong” artificial intelligence has not been created for several decades. This has caused a transformation in the research field of the philosophy of artificial intelligence, and at the moment this branch of scientific knowledge is considering new questions, including why it is not possible to create “strong” AI that completely replicates human thinking; can a computer think, albeit differently, than a human; what is the difference between human and machine thinking; who should be responsible for the decisions and actions of artificial intelligence, and etc. The issues facing the philosophy of artificial intelligence are constantly updated.
Neurophysiological trajectories in Alzheimer’s disease progression
Authors: Kudo Kiwamu , Ranasinghe Kamalini G. , Morise Hirofumi , Syed Faatimah , Sekihara Kensuke , Rankin Katherine P. , Miller Bruce L. , Kramer Joel H. , Rabinovici Gil D. , Vossel Keith , Kirsch Heidi E. , Nagarajan Srikantan S.
Published: January 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-
β
and misfolded tau proteins causing synaptic dysfunction and progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Altered neural oscillations have been consistently demonstrated in AD. However, the trajectories of abnormal neural oscillations in AD progression and their relationship to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline are unknown. Here, we deployed robust event-based sequencing models (EBMs) to investigate the trajectories of long-range and local neural synchrony across AD stages, estimated from resting-state magnetoencephalography. Increases in neural synchrony in the delta-theta band and decreases in the alpha and beta bands showed progressive changes along the EBM stages. Decreases in alpha and beta-band synchrony preceded both neurodegeneration and cognitive decline, indicating that frequency-specific neuronal synchrony abnormalities are early manifestations of AD pathophysiology. The long-range synchrony effects were greater than the local synchrony, indicating a greater sensitivity of connectivity metrics involving multiple regions of the brain. These results demonstrate the evolution of functional neuronal deficits along the sequence of AD progression.
Yeast eIF2A has a minimal role in translation initiation and uORF-mediated translational control in vivo
Authors: Gaikwad Swati , Ghobakhlou Fardin , Zhang Hongen , Hinnebusch Alan G.
Published: January 2024

Initiating translation of most eukaryotic mRNAs depends on recruitment of methionyl initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) in a ternary complex (TC) with GTP-bound eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) to the small (40S) ribosomal subunit, forming a 43S preinitiation complex (PIC) that attaches to the mRNA and scans the 5’-untranslated region (5’ UTR) for an AUG start codon. Previous studies have implicated mammalian eIF2A in GTP-independent binding of Met-tRNAi to the 40S subunit and its recruitment to specialized mRNAs that do not require scanning, and in initiation at non-AUG start codons, when eIF2 function is attenuated by phosphorylation of its α-subunit during stress. The role of eIF2A in translation
in vivo
is poorly understood however, and it was unknown whether the conserved ortholog in budding yeast can functionally substitute for eIF2. We performed ribosome profiling of a yeast deletion mutant lacking eIF2A and isogenic wild-type (WT) cells in the presence or absence of eIF2α phosphorylation induced by starvation for amino acids isoleucine and valine. Whereas starvation of WT confers changes in translational efficiencies (TEs) of hundreds of mRNAs, the
eIF2AΔ
mutation conferred no significant TE reductions for any mRNAs in non-starved cells, and it reduced the TEs of only a small number of transcripts in starved cells containing phosphorylated eIF2α. We found no evidence that eliminating eIF2A altered the translation of mRNAs containing putative IRES elements, or harboring uORFs initiated by AUG or near-cognate start codons, in non-starved or starved cells. Thus, very few mRNAs (possibly only one) appear to employ eIF2A for Met-tRNAi recruitment in yeast cells, even when eIF2 function is attenuated by stress.
Improving fraud detection with semi-supervised topic modeling and keyword integration
Authors: Sánchez Marco , Urquiza Luis
Published: January 2024

Fraud detection through auditors’ manual review of accounting and financial records has traditionally relied on human experience and intuition. However, replicating this task using technological tools has represented a challenge for information security researchers. Natural language processing techniques, such as topic modeling, have been explored to extract information and categorize large sets of documents. Topic modeling, such as latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) or non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), has recently gained popularity for discovering thematic structures in text collections. However, unsupervised topic modeling may not always produce the best results for specific tasks, such as fraud detection. Therefore, in the present work, we propose to use semi-supervised topic modeling, which allows the incorporation of specific knowledge of the study domain through the use of keywords to learn latent topics related to fraud. By leveraging relevant keywords, our proposed approach aims to identify patterns related to the vertices of the fraud triangle theory, providing more consistent and interpretable results for fraud detection. The model’s performance was evaluated by training with several datasets and testing it with another one that did not intervene in its training. The results showed efficient performance averages with a 7% increase in performance compared to a previous job. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of deepening the analysis of fraud behaviors and proposing strategies to identify them proactively.
Comparison of Oropharyngeal Seal Pressure in Ambu AuraGain vs I-gel among Paediatric Surgery Patients: A Randomised Clinical Study
Authors: Chatterjee Rama , Kumari Deepika , Chatterji CS , Dogra Neelam , Rathore Pratibha
Published: January 2024

Introduction: The Oropharyngeal Seal Pressure (OSP) achieved by the supraglottic device holds significant importance as it indicates the feasibility of positive pressure ventilation, the degree of airway protection from supra cuff soiling, and also relates to postoperative morbidity. Supraglottic Airway Devices (SADs) have been increasingly used to mitigate the complications of endotracheal intubation. Aim: To compare the OSP in Ambu AuraGain versus I-gel SADs used in young children under general anaesthesia. Materials and Methods: The present randomised, singleblinded, interventional study included 88 patients aged between 1-5 years, weighing 10-30 kg, with American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) Grade-I and II, undergoing elective inguinal and urology procedures under general anaesthesia. The children were randomly allocated to two groups of 44 each. In Group A, Ambu AuraGain was used, while in Group B, I-gel was inserted to secure the airway. The OSP was determined at the time of insertion and 30 minutes after insertion as the primary objective. The secondary objectives included the first attempt success rate, ease of SAD insertion, ease of gastric tube insertion, fiberoptic visibility of the glottic aperture, intraoperative vitals, and any adverse effects. Unpaired t-test was used to compare clinical indicators for quantitative data between the two independent groups. The Chi-square test was used for qualitative data when comparing two or more groups. The level of significance was set at a p-value <0.05. Results: The mean age in group A and group B was 3.45±1.41 years and 3.29±1.16 years, respectively. The mean weight in group A and group B was 15.13±3.67 kg and 14.25±3.18 kg, respectively. The OSP soon after insertion and 30 minutes after insertion was more in group B than group A. The p-values were 0.006 and 0.002, respectively, which were statistically significant. The first attempt success rate was higher in group A (97.7% versus 95.5%), and it was easier to insert with a shorter duration of time (17.70±2.707 versus 18±2.48 seconds). Gastric tube insertion was easier in group B (88.6% versus 84.1%), but the fiberoptic visibility was better in group A (77.3% versus 77.2%). Lesser intraoperative manipulation was required in group A (97.7% versus 93.2%), and the occurrence of postoperative complications was higher in group B. Conclusion: I-gel is better in terms of OSP, while Ambu AuraGain was superior in terms of ease of insertion, better fiberoptic visibility, and fewer postoperative complications.
Seed Germination and Seed Vigour Induction through Foliar Application of Plant Growth Regulators and Nutrients under Drought Stress in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Madhana Keerthana S.  , Ramakrishnan R. Shiv , Nagre Sachin , Kumar Ashish , Sharma Radheshyam , Upadhyay Anubha , Samaiya R. K.
Published: January 2024

Chickpea cultivation in rainfed regions, such as Madhya Pradesh, faces challenges due to water stress, impacting crop yield and quality. The study conducted assesses the impact of foliar spray with plant growth regulators and nutrients on the germination percentage, seedling length, and seed vigour indices of chickpea varieties (JG 36 and JG 14) under water deficit conditions. Cytokinin analogues, known for breaking dormancy, and other growth regulators and nutrients were applied during the flowering stage. The results revealed significant differences in germination percentage, seedling length, seed vigour index I, and seed vigour index II among irrigation levels, varieties, and foliar spray of plant growth regulators and nutrients. Under different irrigation levels, D1 (Irrigation at 30 DAS and at flower initiation) recorded the highest germination percentage (97.24%), seedling length (31.41 cm), seed vigour index I (3054.81), and seed vigour index II (52.77) compared to control D2 (Drought stress at Flowering up to physiological maturity). JG 14 (V1) performed well, achieving the highest germination percentage of 96.99%. Among the treatments, foliar application of Benzyladenine (BA) at 40 ppm (T3) resulted in the highest germination percentage (98.17%) and seed vigour index II (60.33), whereas T8 (BA 40ppm + ZnSO4 1%) exhibited the highest seedling length (31.83 cm) and seed vigour index I (3099.85). This study demonstrates that foliar spray with plant growth regulators and nutrients, particularly Benzyladenine at 40 ppm, significantly improved germination percentage, seedling length, and seed vigour index, offering potential solutions for enhancing chickpea productivity under water deficit conditions.
Growth Performance of Groundnut in India-An Instability and Decomposition Analysis
Authors: Senthilnathan S. , Elenchezhian T. , Mathiyazhini M. , Ravishankar M. , Aliya S. , Aravindrajan S. , Ranjith P. J. , Jeyalakshmi P. , Kiruthika N. , Parimalarangan R. , Karthick V. , Rajendran T.
Published: January 2024

Measuring the trends of growth and variability in agricultural production is important to understand how outputs change over time. The present study analyzed the growth and instability index of groundnuts. The study depends on secondary data, which was collected from the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare [1] for the period 1950-2022. The entire study period is divided into three sub-periods: 1950-51 to 1969-1970, 1971-1972 to 1999-2000 and 2000-2001 to 2021-2022.  The compound annual growth rate, instability Index and decomposition analysis were used for the analysis. The compound annual growth rates for production, area, and yield are -0.14 percent, 1.05 percent, and 1.2 percent, respectively, groundnut production and yield are increasing and the area in India has changed throughout time. The decomposition of groundnut production in area, yield, and interaction effect showed that the yield effect was responsible for increasing the production of groundnut in India followed by the interaction effect and area effect. The results revealed that the level of instability was high in yield while it was lowest in area. The findings showed that the annual growth rate of productivity of groundnuts also shows an increasing trend during the recent period due to the availability of high-yielding cultivars and the deployment of innovative cultivation technologies. From the result, it is concluded that including the non-traditional areas increases the area under cultivation to sustain and improve groundnut production.
Awareness and Attitude of beneficiaries towards Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme in Prakasham District of Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: Tulasi Gonugunta Madhumitha Rama , Singh V. K. , Rohith Siguram , Priyanka Vavilala
Published: January 2024

The present study was carried out using Ex-post facto research design as the event had already occurred. The study was conducted during 2021-22 by selecting state Andhra Pradesh and district Prakasham as the researcher hales to this region and also due to low literacy levels there was a need to bring more awareness about the programme to the women.  For this study, four blocks were selected from the district. From each block two villages were choosed and from each village 10 respondents were selected using random sampling constituting a sample of 80 beneficiaries. The data was collected through personal interview method with the help of structured interview schedule. The findings revealed that, most of them were having medium level (62.50%) of awareness towards the scheme, followed by high level (37.50%) and then low level  (25.00%) of  awareness towards the scheme. The study revealed that two-third (67.50%) of the beneficiaries were having neutral attitude towards the scheme, followed by 17.50% with negative attitude and the remaining (15.00%) had positive attitude towards the scheme.
Challenges of Small Enterprise Beneficiaries of Palli Daridro Bimochon Foundation: An Organization Work for Rural Development in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam M. R. , Islam M. R. , Ali M. S. , Kabir M. H. , Mia M. A. T.
Published: January 2024

The major purpose of the study is to determine the extent of the problems faced by the small enterprise beneficiaries of Palli Daridro Bimochon Foundation (PDBF) on their socio-economic development and to explore the relationships between the socio-economic characteristics of the small enterprise beneficiaries and their problem. A total of 838 small enterprise beneficiaries of four upazilas under 55 districts of PDBF constituted the population of the study. A face to face interview survey was conducted to collect data from the randomly selected 271 respondents. The major proportion (61.62 percent) of the small enterprise beneficiaries faced medium problems in their socioeconomic development, while 19.56 percent faced high and 18.82 percent faced low problems. An overwhelming (81.18%) majority of small enterprise respondents of PDBF faced medium to high problems faced. Among fourteen problems, a high rate of interest was ranked 1st, followed by inadequate loan amount as per demand and duplication of business in the same business area. Correlation analysis revealed that length of involvement, savings deposit, loan availability, satisfaction towards loan received condition, and attitude towards Small Enterprise Loan Program (SELP) of PDBF were significantly associated with the problems of small enterprise respondents. Therefore, it may be recommended that the PDBF authority should consider the significant factors to reduce the respondents’ problem and to maximize their socioeconomic development.
Behavioral, Biometric and Oxidative Stress-Induced Alterations in Clarias gariepinus Juveniles Exposed to Chlorpyrifos
Authors: Nnaji Kingsley Chukwuemeka , Nwamba Helen Ogochukwu , Nwani Christopher D.
Published: January 2024

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide used to kill wide range of pest including insect and worms. The present study investigates the behavioral, biometric and oxidative stress alterations in Clarias gariepinus juveniles exposed to chlorpyrifos. The 96 h LC50 values of the pesticide estimated by probit analysis was 4.67 mg/L while the toxic unit was 21.41 indicating that the pesticide is very toxic. Fish were exposed to chlorpyrifos sublethal concentrations of 0.43 mg/L and 0.93 mg/L and the behavioral, biometric and oxidative stress parameters were determined on day 1, 5, 10, and 15. The results indicate changes in the behavior and hepatosomatic indices in C. gariepinus at different chlorpyrifos concentrations and time. There were concentration and duration dependent increase in lipid peroxidation, protein and glucose but mixed trends in catalase values. The use of chlopyrifos in the environment especially near aquatic ecosystem should be strictly monitored to avoid the hazards associated with its application.
Effect of Incubation of Biochars Amendment on the Chemical Properties of Acidic Soil
Authors: Samuel Victoria Chioma Ayozie-
Published: January 2024

Biochar is considered as universal conditioner to improve soil quality, but its effect on different soil types and rates on soil properties,bacterial community and plant growth are still unclear,particularly in the typical acid soil in southeastern Nigeria. This study was done to know the changes in soil chemical composition which could be caused by dissolution and release of nutrients from biochar in an incubation experiment. The study was conducted during rainy season in 2022 in Sobioma Agro Farms LTD using loamy sand with acidic pH (5.7). The soil were collected from the same farm. Soil was filled in separate plastic bucket with lid (2kg capacity) and treatments imposed as per the treatment details; T1: Corn Cob charred for 60 minutes @ 20 t ha-1 T2: Rice husk charred for 60 minutes @ 20 t ha -1 and T3: Poultry manure charred for 60 minutes @ 20 t ha-1. The treatments were replicated thrice, then repeated for different days of incubation (15,30 and 45days respectively). The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD). In this study, the biochar carbon content and Total N ranges from 95.9 to 181.4 gkg" 1 and 5.2 to 8.9 gkg' 1 respectively with the highest values on rice husk biochar (Table 3). Poultry manure showed highest significant (P O.05) effect in Cu (1.61 mgkg- 1), Mn (5.26 mgkg- 1 ) and Fe (6.54 mgkg 1 ) compared to rice husk biochar and corn cob biochar (Table 4). The Cations Exchange Capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) increased after amendment of the acidic soil with PMB (5.51 cmolkg' 1 and 85.4% respectively).

The results revealed that, application of different biochar increased the pH and other soil chemical properties evaluated with slight increase only in exchangeable k and Na and a decrease in exchange acidity (A l and H) of soil. During the incubation experiment changes were noticed, some nutrient element showed a continuous increase with incubation time (exchangeable Al and H in Corn cob and poultry manure biochar respectively) while some reached its maximum at the mid incubation time (CEC, BS, TN, Av.P and OM in poultry manure biochar). In some cases a decline was observed up to the mid incubation period after which an increase was observed (Exchangeable Ca and Mg in corn cob biorchar and Exchangeable k and Na in Rice husk buiochar). This work stresses the importance of biochar to soil quality improvement.
Sternal Tuberculosis: About Two Senegalese Cases
Authors: Dièye Alassane , Ndong Abdourahmane , Diouf Papa Latyr Junior , Diakhaby Mba Bambo , Niang Samba , Dia Amadou Diop , Dia-Gueye Diatou , Lô Seynabou , Dia-Badiane Ndéye Méry
Published: January 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health problem in resource-limited countries where it is endemic. Sternal TB is a rare entity. It accounts for less than 1% of tuberculous osteomyelitis.

We report two cases of sternal TB occurring in two young Senegalese aged 21 and 23, who presented with inflammatory sternal swelling in the context of evening raise of temperature and weight loss. In both cases, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in the pus specimen using the Genexpert® MTB/RIF test (Cepheid, California). In one case, a chest CT scan revealed lysis of the sternal manubrium. The patient's condition improved with anti-tuberculosis treatment and surgery.

These cases, particularly in areas where tuberculosis is endemic, highlight the importance of considering tuberculosis as a possible cause of sternal tumefaction.
Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) and Varietal Impact on Toria (Brassica campestris L. var. toria) Growth, Yield, and Economics
Authors: Bhatt Kanika , Saikia Nilutpal , Bohra Jitendra Singh , Nithinkumar Kadagonda , Bagrecha Shreyas , Singh Tejbal , Nayak Harsita , Aakash
Published: January 2024

Oilseeds, particularly rapeseed-mustard, play a vital role in India's agricultural landscape, contributing significantly to the economy. Toria, a winter oilseed crop, is of particular importance, cultivated in both irrigated and rainfed conditions. Fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S), play a crucial role in enhancing toria yield. Integrated nutrient management (INM), which includes the use of farmyard manure (FYM), is a sustainable approach to maintain soil health and improve crop productivity. The study evaluates the impact of nutrient management practices on toria growth and yield. Additionally, it compares the performance of the newly released toria variety 'Tapeswari' with traditional varieties ('T9' and 'T36'). The results indicate that 'Tapeswari' fertilized with 100% RDF + 25% N through FYM outperforms traditional varieties in terms of growth, yield attributes, and overall yield. The study underscores the importance of effective varietal selection and nutrient management for enhancing rapeseed-mustard production, profitability, and soil fertility.