bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The bond length and bond energy of gaseous CrW
Authors: Matthew Daniel J. , Oh Sang Hoon , Sevy Andrew , Morse Michael D.
Published: June 2016

Supersonically cooled CrW was studied using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy. The vibronically resolved spectrum was recorded over the region 21 100 to 23 400 cm−1, showing a very large number of bands. Seventeen of these bands, across three different isotopologues, were rotationally resolved and analyzed. All were found to arise from the ground 1Σ+ state of the molecule and to terminate on states with Ω′ = 0. The average r0 bond length across the three isotopic forms was determined to be 1.8814(4) Å. A predissociation threshold was observed in this dense manifold of vibronic states at 23 127(10) cm−1, indicating a bond dissociation energy of D0(CrW) = 2.867(1) eV. Using the multiple bonding radius determined for atomic Cr in previous work, the multiple bonding radius for tungsten was calculated to be 1.037 Å. Comparisons are made between CrW and the previously investigated group 6 diatomic metals, Cr2, CrMo, and Mo2, and to previous computational studies of this molecule. It is also found that the accurately known bond dissociation energies of group 5/6 metal diatomics Cr2, V2, CrW, NbCr, VNb, Mo2, and Nb2 display a qualitative linear dependence on the sum of the d-orbital radial expectation values, r; this relationship allows the bond dissociation energies of other molecules of this type to be estimated.
Some new aspects of first integrals and symmetries for central force dynamics
Authors: Anco Stephen C. , Meadows Tyler , Pascuzzi Vincent
Published: June 2016

For the general central force equations of motion in n > 1 dimensions, a complete set of 2n first integrals is derived in an explicit algorithmic way without the use of dynamical symmetries or Noether’s theorem. The derivation uses the polar formulation of the equations of motion and yields energy, angular momentum, a generalized Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector, and a temporal quantity involving the time variable explicitly. A variant of the general Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector, which generalizes Hamilton’s eccentricity vector, is also obtained. The physical meaning of the general Laplace-Runge-Lenz vector, its variant, and the temporal quantity is discussed for general central forces. Their properties are compared for precessing bounded trajectories versus non-precessing bounded trajectories, as well as unbounded trajectories, by considering an inverse-square force (Kepler problem) and a cubically perturbed inverse-square force (Newtonian revolving orbit problem).
Towards the development of a hybrid-integrated chip interferometer for online surface profile measurements
Authors: Kumar P. , Martin H. , Jiang X.
Published: June 2016

Non-destructive testing and online measurement of surface features are pressing demands in manufacturing. Thus optical techniques are gaining importance for characterization of complex engineering surfaces. Harnessing integrated optics for miniaturization of interferometry systems onto a silicon wafer and incorporating a compact optical probe would enable the development of a handheld sensor for embedded metrology applications. In this work, we present the progress in the development of a hybrid photonics based metrology sensor device for online surface profile measurements. The measurement principle along with test and measurement results of individual components has been presented. For non-contact measurement, a spectrally encoded lateral scanning probe based on the laser scanning microscopy has been developed to provide fast measurement with lateral resolution limited to the diffraction limit. The probe demonstrates a lateral resolution of ∼3.6 μm while high axial resolution (sub-nanometre) is inherently achieved by interferometry. Further the performance of the hybrid tuneable laser and the scanning probe was evaluated by measuring a standard step height sample of 100 nm.
Inter-layer synchronization in multiplex networks of identical layers
Authors: Sevilla-Escoboza R. , Sendiña-Nadal I. , Leyva I. , Gutiérrez R. , Buldú J. M. , Boccaletti S.
Published: June 2016

Inter-layer synchronization is a distinctive process of multiplex networks whereby each node in a given layer evolves synchronously with all its replicas in other layers, irrespective of whether or not it is synchronized with the other units of the same layer. We analytically derive the necessary conditions for the existence and stability of such a state, and verify numerically the analytical predictions in several cases where such a state emerges. We further inspect its robustness against a progressive de-multiplexing of the network, and provide experimental evidence by means of multiplexes of nonlinear electronic circuits affected by intrinsic noise and parameter mismatch.
Raman spectroscopy of highly pressurized graphene membranes
Authors: Shin Yuyoung , Lozada-Hidalgo Marcelo , Sambricio Jose L. , Grigorieva Irina V. , Geim Andre K. , Casiraghi Cinzia
Published: June 2016

Raman spectroscopy is an ideal tool for the characterization of strained graphene. Biaxial strain, in particular, allows for more reliable calculation of the Grüneisen parameters than uniaxial strain. However, the application of biaxial strain is rather difficult to achieve experimentally, so all previous studies reported on graphene subjected to relatively small biaxial strains (0.1%–1%), in contrast to uniaxial strain above 10%. Here, we report a simple fabrication technique to produce pressurized and stable graphene membranes that can support differential pressures up to 14 bar, corresponding to a reversible strain up to ∼2%. We find that the Grüneisen parameters remain constant even for the largest strains achieved, in agreement with the theoretical predictions. However, for strains above 1%, a distinctive broadening of both the G and 2D peaks was observed for biaxial strain. We attribute this to the nanoscale variations of strain in the membrane within an area comparable with the laser spot size.
J-factors of short DNA molecules
Authors: Zoli Marco
Published: June 2016

The propensity of short DNA sequences to convert to the circular form is studied by a mesoscopic Hamiltonian method which incorporates both the bending of the molecule axis and the intrinsic twist of the DNA strands. The base pair fluctuations with respect to the helix diameter are treated as path trajectories in the imaginary time path integral formalism. The partition function for the sub-ensemble of closed molecules is computed by imposing chain end boundary conditions both on the radial fluctuations and on the angular degrees of freedom. The cyclization probability, the J-factor, proves to be highly sensitive to the stacking potential, mostly to its nonlinear parameters. We find that the J-factor generally decreases by reducing the sequence length (N) and, more significantly, below N = 100 base pairs. However, even for very small molecules, the J-factors remain sizeable in line with recent experimental indications. Large bending angles between adjacent base pairs and anharmonic stacking appear as the causes of the helix flexibility at short length scales.
Self-assembly and glass-formation in a lattice model of telechelic polymer melts: Influence of stiffness of the sticky bonds
Authors: Xu Wen-Sheng , Freed Karl F.
Published: June 2016

Telechelic polymers are chain macromolecules that may self-assemble through the association of their two mono-functional end groups (called “stickers”). A deep understanding of the relation between microscopic molecular details and the macroscopic physical properties of telechelic polymers is important in guiding the rational design of telechelic polymer materials with desired properties. The lattice cluster theory (LCT) for strongly interacting, self-assembling telechelic polymers provides a theoretical tool that enables establishing the connections between important microscopic molecular details of self-assembling polymers and their bulk thermodynamics. The original LCT for self-assembly of telechelic polymers considers a model of fully flexible linear chains [J. Dudowicz and K. F. Freed, J. Chem. Phys. 136, 064902 (2012)], while our recent work introduces a significant improvement to the LCT by including a description of chain semiflexibility for the bonds within each individual telechelic chain [W.-S. Xu and K. F. Freed, J. Chem. Phys. 143, 024901 (2015)], but the physically associative (or called “sticky”) bonds between the ends of the telechelics are left as fully flexible. Motivated by the ubiquitous presence of steric constraints on the association of real telechelic polymers that impart an additional degree of bond stiffness (or rigidity), the present paper further extends the LCT to permit the sticky bonds to be semiflexible but to have a stiffness differing from that within each telechelic chain. An analytical expression for the Helmholtz free energy is provided for this model of linear telechelic polymer melts, and illustrative calculations demonstrate the significant influence of the stiffness of the sticky bonds on the self-assembly and thermodynamics of telechelic polymers. A brief discussion is also provided for the impact of self-assembly on glass-formation by combining the LCT description for this extended model of telechelic polymers with the Adam-Gibbs relation between the structural relaxation time and the configurational entropy.
Epitaxial growth of diluted magnetic semiconductor Ge1−xCrxTe with high Cr composition
Authors: Fukuma Y. , Asada H. , Senba S. , Koyanagi T.
Published: June 2016

IV–VI diluted magnetic semiconductor Ge1−xCrxTe layers up to x = 0.1 were grown on SrF2 substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. In situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction shows a streaky pattern with a sixfold symmetry in the plane for the Ge1−xCrxTe layer, implying an epitaxial growth of Ge1−xCrxTe (111)/SrF2 (111). A clear hysteresis loop is observed in the anomalous Hall effect measurements due to the strong spin-orbit interaction in the host GeTe. The Curie temperature increases with increasing Cr composition up to 200 K, but there is no clear dependence of the Curie temperature on the hole concentration, implying that the mechanism of the ferromagnetic interaction among Cr ions is different from Mn doped diluted magnetic semiconductors.
Optimized plasma-polymerized fluoropolymer mask for local porous silicon formation
Authors: Lu Bin , Defforge Thomas , Fodor Bálint , Morillon Benjamin , Alquier Daniel , Gautier Gaël
Published: June 2016

Mass production of hybrid silicon/porous silicon substrates requires a simple, low-cost, and reliable patterning process to locally form porous regions on silicon wafers. An innovative masking technology based on plasma-polymerized fluoropolymer (PPFP) has been proposed as a promising candidate. However, the use of PPFP film on silicon substrate requires an adhesion promoter which may cause several side effects, including film peeling-off and pinhole formation. This work aims to improve the adhesion strength without using the adhesion promoter. The present study shows that, by adopting a hydrogen-terminated surface and an optimized gas precursor composition of 25/25 sccm CHF3/C2H4, good adhesion of PPFP to silicon is obtained before and during porous silicon formation. PPFP mask deposited at high pressure shows well-defined borders after anodization. Finally, an optimized PPFP-based patterning process is proposed.
Combined analysis of energy band diagram and equivalent circuit on nanocrystal solid
Authors: Kano Shinya , Sasaki Masato , Fujii Minoru
Published: June 2016

We investigate a combined analysis of an energy band diagram and an equivalent circuit on nanocrystal (NC) solids. We prepared a flat silicon-NC solid in order to carry out the analysis. An energy band diagram of a NC solid is determined from DC transport properties. Current-voltage characteristics, photocurrent measurements, and conductive atomic force microscopy images indicate that a tunneling transport through a NC solid is dominant. Impedance spectroscopy gives an equivalent circuit: a series of parallel resistor-capacitors corresponding to NC/metal and NC/NC interfaces. The equivalent circuit also provides an evidence that the NC/NC interface mainly dominates the carrier transport through NC solids. Tunneling barriers inside a NC solid can be taken into account in a combined capacitance. Evaluated circuit parameters coincide with simple geometrical models of capacitances. As a result, impedance spectroscopy is also a useful technique to analyze semiconductor NC solids as well as usual DC transport. The analyses provide indispensable information to implement NC solids into actual electronic devices.
Buffer-eliminated, charge-neutral epitaxial graphene on oxidized 4H-SiC (0001) surface
Authors: Sirikumara Hansika I. , Jayasekera Thushari
Published: June 2016

Buffer-eliminated, charge-neutral epitaxial graphene (EG) is important to enhance its potential in device applications. Using the first principles Density Functional Theory calculations, we investigated the effect of oxidation on the electronic and structural properties of EG on 4H-SiC (0001) surface. Our investigation reveals that the buffer layer decouples from the substrate in the presence of both silicate and silicon oxy-nitride at the interface, and the resultant monolayer EG is charge-neutral in both cases. The interface at 4H-SiC/silicate/EG is characterized by surface dangling electrons, which opens up another route for further engineering EG on 4H-SiC. Dangling electron-free 4H-SiC/silicon oxy-nitride/EG is ideal for achieving charge-neutral EG.
The confinement of phonon propagation in TiAlN/Ag multilayer coatings with anomalously low heat conductivity
Authors: Kovalev A. I. , Wainstein D. L. , Rashkovskiy A. Yu. , Gago R. , Soldera F. , Endrino J. L.
Published: June 2016

TiAlN/Ag multilayer coatings with a different number of bilayers and thicknesses of individual layers were fabricated by DC magnetron co-sputtering. Thermal conductivity was measured in dependence of Ag layer thickness. It was found anomalous low thermal conductivity of silver comparing to TiAlN and Ag bulk standards and TiAlN/TiN multilayers. The physical nature of such thermal barrier properties of the multilayer coatings was explained on the basis of reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy. The analysis shows that nanostructuring of the coating decreases the density of states and velocity of acoustic phonons propagation. At the same time, multiphonon channels of heat propagation degenerate. These results demonstrate that metal-dielectric interfaces in TiAlN/Ag coatings are insurmountable obstacles for acoustic phonons propagation.
Communication: Proper treatment of classically forbidden electronic transitions significantly improves detailed balance in surface hopping
Authors: Sifain Andrew E. , Wang Linjun , Prezhdo Oleg V.
Published: June 2016

Surface hopping is the most popular method for nonadiabatic molecular dynamics. Many have reported that it does not rigorously attain detailed balance at thermal equilibrium, but does so approximately. We show that convergence to the Boltzmann populations is significantly improved when the nuclear velocity is reversed after a classically forbidden hop. The proposed prescription significantly reduces the total number of classically forbidden hops encountered along a trajectory, suggesting that some randomization in nuclear velocity is needed when classically forbidden hops constitute a large fraction of attempted hops. Our results are verified computationally using two- and three-level quantum subsystems, coupled to a classical bath undergoing Langevin dynamics.
Compact and cost effective lab-based edge-illumination x-ray phase contrast imaging with a structured focal spot
Authors: Basta D. , Endrizzi M. , Vittoria F. A. , Astolfo A. , Olivo A.
Published: June 2016

We present a different implementation of the Edge Illumination (EI) X-ray Phase Contrast imaging method based on the use of multiple focal spots created through an additional x-ray mask. While this resembles directly inspired by the Talbot-Lau implementation of grating interferometry, the aim of the source mask and its effect on the acquired images are different. The individual “sourcelets” are much larger than in grating methods, and then still spatially incoherent; however, their use allows (a) exploiting cheap and large focal spot sources and (b) reducing the source spot size from the usual 70–100 μm typically used in EI to few tens of μm, which enables the realisation of more compact setups. However, in EI, multiple sources create images shifted by one detector pixel with respect to the other, imposing the use of an image restoration algorithm. Here, we show that the approach is feasible by deconvolving differential phase-contrast image profiles acquired with three separate sources, and comparing results with simulation predictions for equivalent profiles generated by a single source. We also show that this enables reducing the system length from the 2 m used so far to 1 m.
In situ and ex situ assessment of a native Hungarian chicken breed for its potential conservation and adaptation in the subtropics
Authors: Xuan K. D. T. Dong , Phuong T. N. Lan , Tien P. D. , Thu P. T. M. , Khiem N. Q. , Nhung D. T. , Muoi NT , Oanh NT K. , Thanh P. T. K. , Szalay I. T.
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the adaptation and possible ex situ conservation in a subtropical region of the Partridge coloured Hungarian (PH), a native Hungarian chicken breed, by monitoring and comparing the performance of two PH flocks reared in parallel in Hungary (HU) and Vietnam (VN). The high survival rate (95.0–96.5%), overall productivity and reproductive ability of the VN flock confirmed the adaptation potential of PH chickens to subtropical climates. A relatively good bodyweight (1412 ± 13.8 g) and slaughter yield (75.6 ± 0.02% eviscerated carcass and 28.2 ± 0.12% deboned thigh meat) in male VN birds at 12 weeks of age was obtained. Moreover, it was found that benefits such as the number of eggs (112 eggs/layer in 7 months) and egg mass (6.1 kg/layer) alongside considerably higher fertility (85.9 ± 2.9%) and hatchability (82.0 ± 3.2%) of VN layers could outweigh their reduced egg size. As a result, the study confirms that the adaptation and maintenance of populations in subtropical regions is a promising agro-ecological way to protect native Hungarian chicken breeds and improve their involvement in production.
Do indirect bite count surveys accurately represent diet selection of white-tailed deer in a forested environment?
Authors: Lashley Marcus A. , Chitwood M. Colter , Street Garrett M. , Moorman Christopher E. , DePerno Christopher S.
Published: June 2016

Context
Diet selection is studied in herbivores using three predominant methods: (1) microhistological surveys (identification of plants cell walls remaining in gut contents or faecal excretions); (2) direct bite counts (of tame animals); and (3) indirect bite counts (identifying herbivory on damaged plant tissues). Microhistological surveys and direct bite counts are accurate and provide the potential advantage of linking diet selection to particular individuals. Also, they allow diet selection to be measured in systems with sympatric herbivores more easily than indirect bite counts. However, they require expertise in cell wall structure identification or access to tame animals, and generally require greater expense than indirect bite counts. Conversely, indirect bite counts have the advantages of relatively low cost and time commitment for gathering data and do not require animal observation, but may not be accurate.

Aims
We tested for similarity between diet-selection estimates calculated by indirect bite counts and microhistological surveys.

Methods
We performed concurrent indirect bite count and faecal microhistological surveys on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) at Fort Bragg Military Installation, NC.

Key results
The indirect bite count survey assignment of selection was 48% similar to assignments derived from the microhistological survey, based on Jaccard’s similarity index. Out of 23 plant species determined to be selected by indirect bite counts, 15 of those species were selected according to microhistological surveys. According to the microhistological survey, eight of the selected plants made up 51% of the overall diet, and seven of those eight were selected according to the indirect bite counts.

Conclusions
Our data indicate that indirect bite counts may provide a relatively accurate index of the deer-selected plants most important in the white-tailed deer diet, but may be less appropriate to determine selection of plants that infrequently occur in their diet, plants that are typically consumed in entirety, or plants where herbivory damage is poorly identified.

Implications
Indirect bite counts are a relatively inexpensive and time-efficient tool that may be useful to determine plant species most important to white-tailed deer within a forested landscape, particularly if additional research can improve on associated inaccuracies.
Land-cover patterns surrounding Caucasian grouse leks in Arasbaran region, East Azerbaijan, Iran
Authors: Habibzadeh Nader , Rafieyan Omid
Published: June 2016

Context To create management strategies with the goal of sustaining a species such as Caucasian grouse (Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi), it is important to identify the habitat requirements of species, not just in terms of a correlation with a given habitat feature, but also the relationship between species presence and vegetation coverage, proximity to other habitat types, and importance at different spatial scales. Aims To predict the proportions and spatial configuration of major habitat types that are associated with high probabilities of Caucasian grouse lek occurrence. Methods Using minimum mapping-unit scale (i.e. grain) for land cover, we applied spatial analysis at three spatial extents (472-, 702- and 867-m-radius circles) to assess how the importance of different land-cover patterns and patch characteristics surrounding leks of Caucasian grouse changed with scale within the Arasbaran landscape (316.56 km2) in East Azerbaijan, Iran. A set of a priori models has been developed on the basis of landscape metrics linked to hypotheses that could explain the spatial pattern of Caucasian black habitat use at each scale. We used an information-theoretic approach based on Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) within a general additive models framework to model habitat selection, so as to compare the values of landscape metrics calculated for Caucasian grouse lek sites (n = 22) with those calculated for non-lek points (n = 44). Key results The probability of lek occurrence at each of the spatial scales increases with a larger amount of open, young forests in the landscape. At each scale, we could indicate the landscape composition and structure required to create an ideal habitat mosaic for Caucasian grouse. Such an ideal habitat mosaic within mountain forests of Arasbaran, for a 702-m-radius area around a potential lek site, would consist of non-square (i.e. more geometrically complex) patches of rangeland cover and deciduous stands with canopy cover of <50%, which encompass over 30% of landscape. Conclusions Our results identified differences in black grouse requirements at several scales within the landscape. We believe this will help managers improve the habitat focusing on the area around existing or inactive leks, to adapt the landscape to species requirements, and to encourage targeting new sites. Implications These findings demonstrated that not only can we identify important landscape requirements at a range of scales, but by characterising landscape composition and structure across these scales, forest managers can help prioritise combinations of habitats that best serve the conservation of the target species.
Delineating ecologically significant taxonomic units from global patterns of marine picocyanobacteria
Authors: Farrant Gregory K. , Doré Hugo , Cornejo-Castillo Francisco M. , Partensky Frédéric , Ratin Morgane , Ostrowski Martin , Pitt Frances D. , Wincker Patrick , Scanlan David J. , Iudicone Daniele , Acinas Silvia G. , Garczarek Laurence
Published: June 2016

Significance

Metagenomics has become an accessible approach to study complex microbial communities thanks to the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies. However, molecular ecology studies often face interpretation issues, notably due to the lack of reliable reference databases for assigning reads to the correct taxa and use of fixed cutoffs to delineate taxonomic groups. Here, we considerably refined the phylogeography of marine picocyanobacteria, responsible for about 25% of global marine productivity, by recruiting reads targeting a high-resolution marker fromTaraOceans metagenomes. By clustering lineages based on their distribution patterns, we showed that there is significant diversity at a finer resolution than the currently defined “ecotypes,” a diversity that is tightly controlled by environmental cues.
Valence tautomerism in synthetic models of cytochrome P450
Authors: Das Pradip Kumar , Samanta Subhra , McQuarters Ashley B. , Lehnert Nicolai , Dey Abhishek
Published: June 2016

Significance

Cytochrome P450 is a mammalian enzyme responsible for the catabolism of organic molecules (food, drug, etc.) as well as biosynthesis of hormones and cholesterol. Unfortunately, in stark contrast to the stability of the enzyme, its synthetic mimics rapidly degrade on being exposed to oxygen impeding erstwhile efforts of the scientific community to understand its chemistry in detail. Here the discovery of a valence tautomerism between a ferric thiolate and an arcane ferrous-thiyl species in synthetic models at room temperature is proposed to be at the root of this three-decade-old mystery. Hydrogen bonding to the thiolate sulfur, also present in the enzyme active site, restrains the system to the ferric thiolate form imparting its stability in the presence of oxygen.
Structural basis for concerted recruitment and activation of IRF-3 by innate immune adaptor proteins
Authors: Zhao Baoyu , Shu Chang , Gao Xinsheng , Sankaran Banumathi , Du Fenglei , Shelton Catherine L. , Herr Andrew B. , Ji Jun-Yuan , Li Pingwei
Published: June 2016

Significance

Type I IFNs are key cytokines involved in antiviral immunity. A number of innate sensing pathways regulate the induction of type I IFNs. These pathways converge at the activation of the transcription factor IRF-3 (IFN regulatory factor 3). Three different adaptors mediate the recruitment of IRF-3 using a conserved structural motif. In this study, we determined the molecular mechanisms by which these adaptors recruit IRF-3 upon phosphorylation, the mechanism of IRF-3 activation, and how rotavirus subverts these signaling mechanisms to evade innate immune surveillance. These results provide critical insights into the molecular basis of innate immunity against microbial and viral infections.
Local, global, and nonlinear screening in twisted double-layer graphene
Authors: Lu Chih-Pin , Rodriguez-Vega Martin , Li Guohong , Luican-Mayer Adina , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Rossi Enrico , Andrei Eva Y.
Published: June 2016

Significance

Using scanning tunneling microscopy and numerical simulations we demonstrate that a graphene buffer sheet placed underneath an atomically thin layer is an extremely effective method to increase the quality of 2D electron systems without modifying their electronic structure and without compromising the gating capabilities. We show that owing to its remarkable nonlinear screening capability the graphene buffer layer provides better shielding from substrate-induced perturbations than either increasing the distance to the substrate or doubling the carrier density, or even than using a graphene bilayer.
Machine translation quality in an audiovisual context
Authors: Burchardt Aljoscha , Lommel Arle , Bywood Lindsay , Harris Kim , Popović Maja
Published: June 2016

The volume of Audiovisual Translation (AVT) is increasing to meet the rising demand for data that needs to be accessible around the world. Machine Translation (MT) is one of the most innovative technologies to be deployed in the field of translation, but it is still too early to predict how it can support the creativity and productivity of professional translators in the future. Currently, MT is more widely used in (non-AV) text translation than in AVT. In this article, we discuss MT technology and demonstrate why its use in AVT scenarios is particularly challenging. We also present some potentially useful methods and tools for measuring MT quality that have been developed primarily for text translation. The ultimate objective is to bridge the gap between the tech-savvy AVT community, on the one hand, and researchers and developers in the field of high-quality MT, on the other.
Cross-cultural pragmatics and audiovisual translation
Authors: Guillot Marie-Noëlle
Published: June 2016

In this article, audiovisual translation (AVT) is considered contrastively from a cross-cultural pragmatics perspective, in its uses of language across languages and cultures. This inevitably broaches questions of linguistic and cultural representation, critical in a world in which the global availability of cultural products is ever greater. They are a main focus in this paper, with related questions about the development of subtitling and dubbing language as idiosyncratic varieties and expressive media, and implications for representation and its impact on audiences. AVT research has had many challenges to confront in its early days and these are relatively uncharted territories. Yet current developments like fansubbing and other crowdsourcing activities are re-defining the name of the game and heralding significant changes, in AVT practices and in the ways they and the products and responses they generate are accounted for in research (as evidenced in emerging re-evaluations of quality and subjectivity, e.g.; seePérez-González 2012,2014). These are central concerns in mapping the way forward.
The importance of being relevant?
Authors: Braun Sabine
Published: June 2016

Inspired by the belief that cognitive and pragmatic models of communication and discourse processing offer great potential for the study of Audiovisual Translation (AVT), this paper will review such models and discuss their contribution to conceptualising the three inter-related sub-processes underlying all forms of AVT: the comprehension of the multimodal discourse by the translator; the translation of selected elements of this discourse; and the comprehension of the newly formed multimodal discourse by the target audience. The focus will be on two models, Relevance Theory, which presents the most comprehensive pragmatic model of communication, and Mental Model Theory, which underlies cognitive models of discourse processing. The two approaches will be used to discuss and question common perceptions of AVT as being ‘constrained’ and ‘partial’ translation.
The ‘engendering’ approach in audiovisual translation
Authors: De Marco Marcella
Published: June 2016

Within academia gender analysis has been circumscribed mainly to Social Sciences. For years the focus of this analysis has been on the unbalanced representation of men and women as perceived through the use of the (sexist) grammatical and linguistic patterns of a language – for example, in literature – and the use of the images selected to portray male and female bodies – in the case of the mass media. With time, an interest in the implications that also the translation of written and audiovisual texts may have on the representation and perception of gender has grown, and attention has gradually shifted from the literary translation field to the audiovisual one. In the last decade, the study of audiovisual translation discourse from a gender perspective has ranged over a number of genres (TV series, films and commercials) and has resulted in a fruitful debate around the manifold approaches from which gender bias may be investigated, questioned and eventually reversed. In particular,De Marco (2012)has shed light on how much the consideration of audiovisual translation (AVT) as a social practice may benefit from implementing theories inherent to the multifaceted disciplines of Linguistics, Gender Studies, Film Studies and, obviously, Translation Studies. The present article discusses the extent to which such an interdisciplinary and ‘engendering’ approach may contribute to building a valid methodological framework within which AVT can be explored. At the same time, it highlights the limitations entailed by the difficulty of applying the same approach to the study of such a practical area – AVT – in which gender priorities are not perceived as important as other professional priorities.
Systematic review and meta-analyses of cases and deaths associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in humans and poultry.
Authors: Fasanmi O. G. , Laleye A. T. , Fasina F. O.
Published: June 2016

From 2003 to date (2015), confirmed highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks in poultry and humans have been reported, however, certain quantitative parameters remain lacking. We obtained 846 reports of HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry in Africa (2006-2015), and 844 reports in humans globally (2003-2015) from different databases. Data were filtered and analysed using meta-analyses. The outputs were generated for each country included in the study and for overall morbidities, mortalities and case fatalities (for poultry and humans). Approximately 11.6 million poultry were included in the analyses as susceptible with 1.9 million cases and 1.7 million deaths in poultry. In humans, 449 deaths were linked to influenza A H5N1 infections. For all poultry outbreaks in 2006-2015 in Africa, an overall mean apparent morbidity of 48.7% (
n
=1 850 589) was estimated, with overall mean apparent mortality being 40.2% (
n
=1 705 388) and overall mean case fatality rate (CFR) for HPAI H5N1 outbreaks in poultry being 86.4% (
n
=1 705 388). In humans, the overall mean CFR for A H5N1 globally for 2003-2015 was 62.3% (
n
=449). Indonesia, Egypt and Vietnam had higher proportions of all human deaths associated with the A H5N1 and Egypt had a significant age-sex bias. Improved reporting and effective quantitation remain key to understanding the characteristics of the virus.
Transition from chirping to steady NBI-driven Alfvén modes caused by magnetic configuration variations in the TJ-II stellarator
Authors: Melnikov A.V. , Eliseev L.G. , Ascasíbar E. , Cappa A. , Castejón F. , Hidalgo C. , Ido T. , Jiménez J.A. , Kozachek A.S. , Krupnik L.I. , Liniers M. , Lysenko S.E. , Nagaoka K. , de Pablos J.L. , Shimizu A. , Sharapov S.E. , Ufimtsev M.V. , Yamamoto S.
Published: June 2016

Beam-driven Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) have been studied in the TJ-II low-magnetic-shear flexible heliac (B
0  =  0.95 T, 〈R〉  =  1.5 m, 〈a〉  =  0.22 m), in L-mode hydrogen plasmas with hydrogen NBI and ECR heating (P
NBI  ⩽  1.0 MW, E
NBI  =  32 keV, P
ECRH  ⩽  0.6 MW). In low-density plasmas in the range

n

e

¯

  =  (0.3–1.5)  ×  1019 m−3, a large variety of AEs have been observed in the plasma core with the heavy ion beam probe diagnostic and Mirnov coils, in the frequency range 50 kHz  <  f
AE  <  380 kHz. In experiments in which the vacuum rotational transform

ι

is varied during the shot (dynamic configuration scan), some AEs exhibit changes in their nonlinear evolution from bursting-amplitude AEs with chirping frequency to steady-frequency AEs, and back. The range of

ι

intervals within which the AEs studied are chirping or steady-state is determined.
Genome evolution in alpine oat-like grasses through homoploid hybridization and polyploidy
Authors: Winterfeld Grit , Wölk Alexandra , Röser Martin
Published: June 2016

Hybridization and polyploidization can radically impact genome organization from sequence level to chromosome structure. As a result, often in response to environmental change and species isolation, the development of novel traits can arise and will tend to result in the formation of homoploid or polyploid hybrid species. In this study we focus on evidence of hybridization and polyploidization by ascertaining the species parentage of the endemic alpine Helictotrichon parlatorei group. This group comprises five taxa; the diploids H. parlatorei , Helictotrichon setaceum subsp. setaceum and subsp. petzense , their putative hybrid Helictotrichon ×krischae and the hexaploid Helictotrichon sempervirens. For molecular analyses, cloned nuclear Topoisomerase VI genes of H. sempervirens and H. × krischae were sequenced and compared with sequences of the diploids to estimate the evolutionary history in this group. In addition, detailed chromosome studies were carried out including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with 5S and 45S ribosomal and satellite DNA probes, and fluorochrome staining with chromomycin and DAPI. Two distinct types of Topoisomerase VI sequences were identified. One of them (SET) occurs in both subspecies of H. setaceum , the other (PAR) in H. parlatorei. Both types were found in H. × krischae and H. sempervirens . Karyotypes of H. parlatorei and H. setaceum could be distinguished by chromosomes with a clearly differentiated banding pattern of ribosomal DNAs. Both patterns occurred in the hybrid H. × krischae . Hexaploid H. sempervirens shares karyotype features with diploid H. parlatorei , but lacks the expected chromosome characteristics of H. setaceum , possibly an example of beginning diploidization after polyploidization. The geographic origin of the putative parental species and their hybrids and the possible biogeographical spread through the Alps are discussed.
Group-combinedP-values with applications to genetic association studies
Authors: Hu Xiaonan , Zhang Wei , Zhang Sanguo , Ma Shuangge , Li Qizhai
Published: June 2016

Motivation: In large-scale genetic association studies with tens of hundreds of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped, the traditional statistical framework of logistic regression using maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) to infer the odds ratios of SNPs may not work appropriately. This is because a large number of odds ratios need to be estimated, and the MLEs may be not stable when some of the SNPs are in high linkage disequilibrium. Under this situation, the P-value combination procedures seem to provide good alternatives as they are constructed on the basis of single-marker analysis.

Results: The commonly used P-value combination methods (such as the Fisher’s combined test, the truncated product method, the truncated tail strength and the adaptive rank truncated product) may lose power when the significance level varies across SNPs. To tackle this problem, a group combined P-value method (GCP) is proposed, where the P-values are divided into multiple groups and then are combined at the group level. With this strategy, the significance values are integrated at different levels, and the power is improved. Simulation shows that the GCP can effectively control the type I error rates and have additional power over the existing methods—the power increase can be as high as over 50% under some situations. The proposed GCP method is applied to data from the Genetic Analysis Workshop 16. Among all the methods, only the GCP and ARTP can give the significance to identify a genomic region covering gene DSC3 being associated with rheumatoid arthritis, but the GCP provides smaller P-value.

Availability and implementation:  http://www.statsci.amss.ac.cn/yjscy/yjy/lqz/201510/t20151027_313273.html

Contact:  liqz@amss.ac.cn

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Exotic hadrons with heavy flavors: X, Y, Z, and related states
Authors: Hosaka Atsushi , Iijima Toru , Miyabayashi Kenkichi , Sakai Yoshihide , Yasui Shigehiro
Published: June 2016

In the past decade, exotic hadrons with charm and bottom flavors have been extensively studied both in experiments and in theories. In this review, we provide topical discussions by selecting $X,Y,Z$ particles, to which Belle has made important contributions. These are $X(3872)$, $Y(4260)$, $Z_c(4430)^+$, $Z_c(3900)^+$, $Z_{b}(10610)^+$, and $Z_{b}(10650)^+$. Based on the current experimental observations, we discuss these states with emphasis on the hadronic molecule whose dynamics is governed by chiral symmetry and heavy-quark symmetry of QCD. We also mention briefly various interpretations and some theoretical predictions for the as yet undiscovered exotic hadrons.
Treatment of soft tissue defects in the heels of children in an emergency setting
Authors: Li-You Wei , Hong-Wei Zhang , Gang Zhao , Guo-Qiang Wang , Fan Yi
Published: June 2016

Reverse flow sural flap (RFSF) and vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) have been used to cover soft tissue defects in the heels of children in medical emergency settings. We report a retrospective case series, including a total of 19 children with soft tissue defects in heels resulting from spokes injury. In six patients, soft tissue defects in the heel were covered with RFSF. Further, in 13 patients, the defects were covered with VSD, in seven patients defects were repaired using free skin, and in six patients defects were repaired using RFSF after VSD. All wounds in the donor and recipient areas healed by first intention, and all free skins or island flaps completely survived; the color and luster on reconstructed areas were perfect. Patients were followed up for about 3–30 months, without osteomyelitis and infection in the heel, and the functions of the heel were satisfactory. RFSF and VSD were both advantageous, and were ideal for covering heel defects in children in emergency settings.
Do additional full-length radiographs of the humerus and forearm improve the decision making in children with supracondylar humerus fractures?
Authors: Bloom Tamir , Seigerman Daniel A. , Zhao Caixia , Sabharwal Sanjeev
Published: June 2016

We sought to determine the diagnostic utility of additional full-length radiographs of the forearm and humerus for pediatric supracondylar humerus fractures. A pediatric orthopedic surgeon and a senior orthopedic resident individually reviewed the initial humerus, forearm, and elbow radiographs of 55 children with a supracondylar humerus fracture and recommended definitive treatment (operative vs. nonoperative) on the basis of the modified Gartland classification. Interobserver agreements for classification and the recommended treatment were highest for the elbow radiographs (weighted κ=0.92). All disagreements in the recommended treatment were in fractures classified as Gartland type I versus II fractures. Although two children (4%) had an ipsilateral distal forearm fracture, selective versus routine use of additional full-length radiographs in children with a supracondylar humerus fracture needs to be evaluated further.
Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes After Submuscular Plating (SMP) of Pediatric Femoral Shaft Fractures
Authors: Stoneback Jason W. , Carry Patrick M. , Flynn Katherine , Pan Zhaoxing , Sink Ernest L. , Miller Nancy H.
Published: June 2016

Background:

To evaluate lower extremity strength and alignment among children who underwent submuscular plating (SMP).

Methods:

Subjects who underwent SMP for a length unstable femoral fracture returned for isokinetic strength testing ≥2 years after surgery. Extensor and flexor strength deficits (percent difference) between the operative and nonoperative limbs were evaluated. Radiographic measurements of mechanical alignment [anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA)] and qualitative measurements (The Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument, PODCI) were obtained from all subjects. The upper 97.5% confidence interval approach to establishing clinical equivalency was utilized to compare differences in strength and alignment between the operative and nonoperative limbs. An extensor strength deficit of >19% and an aLDFA discrepancy of >5 degrees were considered to be clinically significant.

Results:

The average age at surgery of the 10 subjects included in the study was 8.7 years. The hardware was placed an average of 27.9 mm from the distal femoral physis and was removed 6.4 months postsurgery. Among all subjects, the median PODCI scores were ≥97 according to all subscales. There was no significant difference in extension torque between the operative versus nonoperative limbs at 60 degrees/s (P=0.5400), 120 degrees/s (P=0.4214), or 180 degrees/s (P=0.8166). More importantly, extension strength deficits between the operative and nonoperative limbs were not clinically significant at 60 degrees/s [upper 97.5% confidence interval (CI), 10.9%], 120 degrees/s (upper 97.5% CI, 11.0%), or 180 degrees/s (upper 97.5% CI, 10.7%). The difference in aLDFA between the operative and nonoperative limb was less than the predefined clinically significant threshold of 5 degrees for all subjects.

Conclusions:

SMP achieves satisfactory clinical and functional results. In this series, extensor strength deficits and/or lower extremity malalignment were not clinically meaningful. High patient satisfaction can be expected after implant removal.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV—case series.
Long-term Outcomes of Operative and Nonoperative Treatment of Congenital Coxa Vara
Authors: Roberts David W. , Saglam Yavuz , De La Rocha Adriana , Frasquillo Brigid N. , Tulchin-Francis Kirsten , Kim Harry K.W.
Published: June 2016

Background:

Congenital coxa vara (CCV) is a rare hip condition with few long-term studies. The purpose of this study was to assess clinical, radiographic, and functional outcomes after operative and nonoperative treatment of CCV, assess reliability of radiographic parameters, and investigate risk factors for recurrence after surgery.

Methods:

Retrospective review was performed of all CCV patients treated at 1 institution from 1980 to 2010. In addition, patients were recalled for additional follow-up x-rays, modified Harris Hip Score (mHHS), and gait analysis. Radiographic measurements [neck-shaft angle (NSA), head-shaft angle (HSA), Hilgenreiner-epiphyseal angle (HEA), and femoral neck length (FNL)] were assessed for reliability using intraclass correlation coefficients. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for recurrence after surgery.

Results:

Forty-six hips in 32 patients were reviewed. Mean age at presentation was 5.4±4.9 years. Mean follow-up was 11.8±5.8 years. Valgus proximal femoral osteotomy was performed in 27 hips (20 patients). Initial deformity was greater in the operative group (NSA 90±17 degrees, HEA 68±19 degrees) versus nonoperative patients (NSA 122±19 degrees, HEA 34±14 degrees) (P<0.0001), but radiographic outcomes were similar at follow-up. Most nonoperative hips had normal FNL growth rates (80%), but resolution of varus NSA occurred in only 21%. In contrast, 56% of operative hips showed decreased FNL growth rates. Interobserver reliability was excellent for HEA (0.98), NSA (0.90), and FNL (0.89), and good for HSA (0.79). Repeat osteotomy was performed in 6 cases (22%). No significant predictors for recurrence were identified. At long-term follow-up for recalled patients, 72% had significantly abnormal gait, and 50% had fair-poor functional outcomes (mHHS<79).

Conclusions:

Valgus osteotomy corrects severe deformity in CCV with improved clinical and radiographic outcomes. HEA and NSA are the most reliable radiographic measurements of proximal femoral deformity in CCV. Recurrence is not uncommon, but no predictors were identified. Many patients have persistent gait abnormalities and functional impairment at long-term follow-up, regardless of prior treatment.

Level of Evidence:

Level III—retrospective cohort.