bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differentiated Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Physical Conditioning of Older Individuals Using Leg-Weight Loading
Authors: Pandolf Kent B. , Burse Richard L. , Goldman Ralph F.
Published: September 2011

Use of leg weights for physical conditioning was evaluated in 8 middle-aged male Ss; four Ss of similar age served as a control group. Pre- and post-training evaluation consisted of heart rate and oxygen uptake responses to five submaximal work loads which involved either level walking or cycling. Differentiated ratings of perceived exertion elicited for each work load were: a local muscular rating; a central or cardio-pulmonary rating; and an over-all or general rating. Submaximal heart rate decreased 6 to 9 beats/min. from pretraining values for all work loads after training. The differentiated ratings for training generally reflected a reduced strain on the cardiovascular system and also the improved functioning of the working muscles with training. However, when one set of sensations dominated the exertional perception the others appear to have been perceptually de-emphasized. Local muscular factors seemed to dominate the exertional perception for cycling, but central factors appeared to play a more important role for treadmill walking, at least within the range of velocities investigated.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Physical Education Majors
Authors: Thomson Rex W. , Dayries John L.
Published: September 2011

The Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire was administered to 20 Ss from Montana and the personality scores compared to those of a similar sample of New Zealand students. Results indicated that cross-cultural differences do exist, the present group being more dominant, less expedient, and considerably more conservative than their New Zealand counterparts.
Effect of Observer as a Function of Prior History of Social Interaction
Authors: Mash Eric J. , Hedley Janet
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of an adult observer's presence on 5-yr.-old children's performance on a simple motor task, as a function of different histories of social interaction between the observer and child. Children who were observed by an adult who had previously interacted positively and those observed by an unfamiliar adult showed performance increments, whereas those observed by an adult who had previously interacted negatively showed performance decrements. The results support the notion that the presence or absence of observer effect and its directionality will vary as a function of an observer's acquired discriminative stimulus properties.
Effect of a Mid-Series Anchor on Absolute Judgments of Duration by Schizophrenics, Neurologically Impaired, and Normals
Authors: Locke Susan A.
Published: September 2011

36 normal, 36 schizophrenic, and 36 neurologically impaired Ss were compared for their ability to temporally discriminate brief auditory stimuli. The experimental task was the absolute judgment of 3, 5, or 9 stimuli ranging in duration from 0.10 to 1.90 sec. Half of the Ss in each group were “assisted” by the presentation of a repeated mid-series anchor. The interval between the presentation of the anchor and the variable stimuli was varied. With the addition of a mid-series anchor, normal Ss demonstrated an increase in information transmission and a decrease in response stereotypy; schizophrenics demonstrated a slight decrease in information transmission and a slight increase in response stereotypy; neurologically impaired Ss were essentially unaffected. Changes in interstimulus interval on the anchored judgment task did not influence information transmission.
Perceptual and Personality Variables Related to Opinion Leadership in Fashion
Authors: Brett Joyce E. , Kernaleguen Anne
Published: September 2011

102 randomly selected university women were administered measures of opinion leadership in fashion, field dependence, locus of control, and anxiety. Product-moment correlation was used to test the association between variables. Opinion leadership in fashion was positively related to debilitating anxiety and negatively related to facilitating anxiety. External locus of control was positively related to debilitating anxiety and negatively related to facilitating anxiety. No significant correlation was found between opinion leadership in fashion and field dependence or locus of control or between field dependence and locus of control or anxiety.
Relationship of Non-Verbal Rigidity and Creative Perceptions
Authors: Khatena Joe , Zétényi Tamás
Published: September 2011

The relationship of rigidity and creative perceptions of 214 Hungarian adolescent males and females was explored using a non-verbal test of rigidity (Breskin Rigidity Test) and a measure of creative perceptions (Something About Myself). Males and females were divided into Moderately Rigid and Low Rigid groups. An analysis of variance of the data showed no significant differences in creative perceptions relative to rigidity level, sex, or interaction of rigidity level and sex.
Conditional Concept Learning and Cognitive Style
Authors: Davis J. Kent
Published: September 2011

It was predicted that (a) Ss with an analytic cognitive style would out-perform Ss with a global cognitive style on compound-cue problems which could be learned by either a conditional rule or a color rule, and (b) global and analytic Ss would perform equally on a single-cue problem which could be solved only by a conditional rule. 36 analytic and 36 global Ss learned one of the two problems. Analysis showed that analytic Ss performed significantly better than global Ss only on the compound-cue problem. The results suggested that the better performance of analytic Ss is limited to problems which require some degree of stimulus differentiation. It was further suggested that additional research on hypothesis-testing might help clarify the differences in performance between analytic and global Ss.
Adolescents' Changing Concerns: 1935 to 1970
Authors: Kalberer William D.
Published: September 2011

Ranks of 15 issues by 76 adolescents show that the “issues” procedure appears to reflect validly the concerns of adolescents. The present data appear to reflect accurately the changing perceptions of these personal and social issues through the 1960s. Similar systematic surveys of adolescent attitudes might be undertaken to chart societal changes.
Influence of Student Teaching on Perceived Teaching Competence
Authors: Chiu Lian-Hwang
Published: September 2011

A structured self-anchoring scale for perceptions of teaching effectiveness was administered to 46 student teachers and 46 cooperating teachers at the beginning and the end of student teaching (pre-rating and post-rating). Results showed that: (a) the student teachers' mean post-rating for their teaching effectiveness was significantly higher than the mean pre-rating; (b) the mean post-rating of cooperating teachers for student teachers' teaching effectiveness was significantly higher than the mean pre-rating; and (c) as a group, student teachers' perception of their teaching effectiveness agreed with that of cooperating teachers.
Auditory versus Audio-Visual Intelligibility Measurements of Alaryngeal Speech: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Berry Robert A. , Knight Robert E.
Published: September 2011

This investigation supports the notion that audio-visual presentations of esophageal speech to 32 university student judges yield a relative increase in rated intelligibility in contrast with esophageal speech presented auditorily. Implications suggest that to construct realistic therapeutic goals of an esophageal speaker more effectively, the audio-visual component should be included in the clinical assessment.
Bender-Gestalt Recall as a Measure of Memory versus Distractibility
Authors: Rogers Dan L. , Swenson Wendell M.
Published: September 2011

The number of figures recalled from the Bender-Gestalt Test correlated ( r = 0.74) with the Wechsler Memory Scale raw scores for 65 patients referred for possible intellectual deficit. There was a significantly higher ( P < 0.001) correlation with a factor of memory ( r = 0.76) than with a freedom-from-distractibility factor ( r = 0.40). These results suggest the Bender-Gestalt recall is a good screening measure of memory.
Psycholinguistic Abilities and Their Influence on Creative Expression
Authors: Kaltsounis Bill
Published: September 2011

Comparison of scores for 20 girls and 20 boys in Grade 3 obtained on the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities and the Torrance Tests of Thinking Creatively, Verbal and Nonverbal, Form A produced significant small to moderate correlations between figural fluency and Auditory Reception, Visual Association, Visual Sequential Memory and Sound Blending; figural flexibility and Auditory Reception, Auditory Closure and Sound Blending; figural originality and Sound Blending; figural elaboration and Auditory Reception, Visual Association, Visual Sequential Memory, Grammatic Closure, Manual Expression, Auditory Closure, and Sound Blending. Manual Expression correlated significantly with verbal fluency, flexibility and elaboration.
Two Types of Feedback in Teaching Swimming Skills to Handicapped Children
Authors: Fueyo Vivian , Saudargas Richard A. , Bushell Don
Published: September 2011

Two types of feedback (non-task-specific praise and task-specific praise plus corrections) were used in a counterbalanced design to teach two swimming skills to each of four handicapped children. The children were grouped into pairs, and each member of a pair received the alternate type of feedback for the same skill. In every case, faster and more complete acquisition was found to result from task-specific praise plus corrections.
Phonological Extrapolations about Effort after Ratings of Phonemic CCVCS by Native Speakers of Portuguese
Authors: Koutstaal C. W. , Smith O. W.
Published: September 2011

Effort ratings of phonemes in the order of CCVC that had been scaled for language distance from English by Greenberg and Jenkins (1964) were obtained from 28 native speakers of Portuguese, a language with few if any words in the order of CCVC. Mean scale values correlated .85 with S-scale values of the CCVCs. Mean scale values for effort ratings by native speakers of American English, Dutch, and Portuguese were plotted against Koutstaal, et al.'s (1972) categories for the CCVCs. The curves were judged to be comparable. Effort of pronunciation is discussed as a determinant of phonological patterns of words of any language.
Lingual Vibrotactile Threshold Alterations in Response to Varying Stimulation Levels of Intensity and Duration
Authors: Fucci Donald J. , Curtis Ann P. , Mc Caffrey Patrick
Published: September 2011

Lingual vibrotactile thresholds were obtained at a frequency of 250 Hz by using an ascending-continuous series of stimulation during five sessions. Each of three adult male Ss attended a control session which included a prescribed period of constant tongue positioning, a pre-experimental session where the mean of six thresholds was obtained as a basis of further testing, and three experimental sessions. In the experimental sessions vibrotactile thresholds after exposure to vibratory stimulation of varying levels of intensity and duration were obtained. The findings of the control session reflected a slight pattern of decreased lingual sensitivity indicative of the influential factor of constant maintenance of tongue positioning. Results from the experimental sessions demonstrated shifts toward progressively decreased lingual sensitivity after exposure to vibratory signals of increased levels of intensity and duration. A recovery phase to near-normal sensitivity followed each stimulus presentation.
Oral and Visual Presentation and Production of Original Responses
Authors: Johnson Roger A. , Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given to 106 Ss aged 10 to 12 yr. and 94 Ss aged 16 to 19 yr. The older Ss scored significantly higher than the younger Ss with significant main effects for age, but not for method of word presentation. A significant interaction was found between word presentation method and age. Older Ss were more original with the oral presentation while the younger Ss performed approximately the same with both methods.
Generation of Different Numbers of Button Presses under Supplementary Feedback Conditions by Educable Retardates
Authors: Holden Edward A.
Published: September 2011

Educable retardates (10 boys and 10 girls) generated varying numbers of presses on a response key under 5 different feedback conditions. Neither time per response nor accuracy was affected by feedback condition, but time per response and magnitude of errors increased when larger numbers of responses were required.
Teachers' Causal Attributions for a Child's Hyperactivity: Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Typicalness
Authors: Calhoun Mary Lynne
Published: September 2011

80 teachers and teachers-in-training responded to paragraphs describing a child as hyperactive. The race, socioeconomic status of the child, and the typicalness of the child's hyperactivity were systematically varied. Responses were affected by the described typicalness but not by the described race or sex.
Protein Deprivation in Primates: VI. Food Preferences of Adult Rhesus Monkeys Maintained on Low-Protein Diets
Authors: Hill Charles W. , Riopelle Arthur J.
Published: September 2011

Three groups of adult female rhesus monkeys, maintained on low-protein diets (.5 gm, 1 gm, and 2 gm protein per kg body weight) were compared with a control group (4 gm protein per kg body weight) on a food-preference task. Food responsiveness was assessed by presenting 8 small pieces of a certain food, equally spaced about the perimeter of a turntable attached to the home cage, and recording number of pieces taken, number of pieces eaten, and elapsed time for taking all 8 pieces. 21 different foods were used in sequence, 3 each from the following 7 categories: cheese, meat, vegetable, nut, cereal, fruit, and candy. Scores on all 3 measures were highly correlated, and the order of preference was generally the same for all groups. The 2 lowest-protein groups accepted more foods at the lower end of the palatability spectrum than did either the 4-gm or the 2-gm group. There was a tendency for the foods least preferred by the protein-deprived monkeys to be themselves high in protein. Thus, although protein deprivation appears to increase the catholicity of food preference, there is no corresponding increase in the relationship between palatability and protein content.
Field Dependence and Physical Ability
Authors: Barrell Gerald V. , Trippe Helen R.
Published: September 2011

Field-dependence scores of professional dancers, highly skilled performers in tennis, soccer, cricket and track and field athletics, medium-ability level players in the same four sports and a group of non-game players were measured using a rod and frame test. Results showed that highly skilled tennis players were significantly more field-dependent than top-class track and field athletes and medium-ability level tennis players.
Bisecting the Ponzo Illusion
Authors: Hill A. Lewis
Published: September 2011

A modification of the Ponzo illusion, in which the judged lines are centered in different sized obliques, was presented to matched normal and mentally retarded males ( ns = 8) under conditions of equal and unequal retinal sizes. Magnitude of illusion was affected by IQ (WISC) and by physical proximity rather than retinal contour. The results seem to imply a central rather than peripheral explanation for the illusion.
The Left: Lateral Eye Movements and Ideology
Authors: Ashton Vicki L. , Dwyer James H.
Published: September 2011

The lateral eye movements of 24 college students were videotaped as they reflected on spatial and analytical questions. As predicted, participants with more initial movements to the left had significantly higher scores on the leftist (or humanistic) index of the Tomkins Polarity Scale. The direction of this relationship was reversed for the rightist index (right movers scoring higher) but this difference was not significant. Results are interpreted as additions to evidence which suggests a connection between the left and right sides of the human body and more global dichotomies of ideology or personality.
An Auditory Illusion Predicted by a Theory of Brain Function
Authors: Hendrickson A. E. , Hendrickson D. E.
Published: September 2011

A theory of brain function has resulted in the hypothesis that dichotic auditory stimuli of differing intensities would be subjectively heard to occur at different times if presented together. The louder of the two tones would always be heard first. The results of an experiment designed to test the hypothesis have established that the predicted illusory judgment will invariably be made. The further prediction that the magnitude of the effect would closely parallel certain reaction time data was substantiated. It seems reasonable to conclude that the same paradigm must underlie both sets of data. The theory and obtained results provide a possible neurophysiological basis for the perception of rhythm. A review of the literature has shown that results analogous to those reported here have previously been reported for the visual and tactile modalities, as would be predicted from the general considerations of the theory which gave rise to the specific hypotheses tested in this experiment.
Personality Differences among Female Student Teachers of Relatively High and Low Mental Ability
Authors: White Willliam F. , Anderson Joy
Published: September 2011

30 Ss, scoring between 125 and 139 and 30 (out of 100) from 79 to 112 on the California Short-form Test of Mental Maturity were significantly different on the 16 PF only on Factors B and H ( p = .05) and not on the California F scale. Significant comparisons appeared to be chance effects.
Sequential Development of Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Vacc Nicholas A. , Greenleaf William
Published: September 2011

It has been demonstrated by Bieri and others that cognitive complexity is a meaningful personality construct for adults and older adolescents. The present study investigated by use of the Adapted Modified Role Repertory Test and the Modified Role Repertory Test possible developmental change in a child's system of role constructs, i.e., a child's ability to construe social behavior in a multi-dimensional way. Subjects were 90 third, 99 fifth, 90 seventh, and 89 ninth grade children, and 83 adults. Data suggest that with time a child's system of constructs becomes more differentiated. Therefore, development is accompanied by greater cognitive complexity.
Influence of Similarity between Target and Irrelevant Items on Visual Information Processing
Authors: Solman R. T.
Published: September 2011

6 undergraduate subjects searched circular stimulus displays of upper case letters of the alphabet for a pre-specified single target letter. The displays were given a masked exposure of 100 msec., and contained 1, 5, 11, or 17 irrelevant items which were either similar or dissimilar in shape to the target. It was anticipated that these conditions would provide a test of Neisser's (1967) notion of attention. The results, which showed that similarity, numbers and their interaction were significant, could not be explained by wholly serial or parallel models of information processing as they failed to account for the interaction. To explain the interaction it was necessary to consider processing by preattention and focal attention (Neisser, 1967).
Relation of Improved Performance through Verbal Praise to Source of Praise
Authors: Catano Victor M.
Published: September 2011

Verbal praise was administered to 60 undergraduates performing mirror tracing on hard and easy tasks either by E or a member of S's peer group. Results showed that only E's praise led to improved performance on both tasks. Verbal praise did not affect the rate of improvement. Verbal praise was interpreted as operating through an information feedback-incentive mechanism.
Effect of Threat of Shock for Being Disfluent on Fluency of Normal Speakers
Authors: Silverman Franklin H. , Silverman Ellen-Marie
Published: September 2011

Each of 20 adult nonstutterers read a 330-word passage six times with a one minute pause between readings. Between the third and fourth reading or the fifth and sixth reading (determined by a table of random numbers) Ss were informed that at the conclusion of the next reading an electric shock would be administered for each instance of disfluency detected by E during that reading. Ss did not become less fluent as a consequence of the experimental condition. Their mean disfluency frequency during the threat-of-shock reading was lower than during the preceding one. Thus, threat of shock for being disfluent may be a condition which differentiates stutterers from nonstutterers since stutterers have been reported to become less fluent under this condition.
Perceptions and Behaviors of Dogmatic Subjects in a T-Group Setting
Authors: Davis Terry B. , Frye Roland L. , Joure Sylvia
Published: September 2011

Ss scoring 1 SD above or below the mean on the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale, Form E participated. During 12 hr. of training, Ss' behaviors were recorded by observers and each S was periodically rated by his peers on his perceived level of contributions to the group process. Significant differences were found between high and low dogmatics in the behaviors exhibited during the T-groups. Low dogmatics were more self-revealing, more attentive to the here-and-now aspects of the T-group, less apt to give negative feedback, and less likely to reject the group. A significant curvilinear relation was found between peer ratings and behavior in the T-group, with Ss who were rated extremely by their peers being more self-revealing, more attentive to the here-and-now of the group, more apt to give negative feedback, and less likely to reject the group verbally.
Effects of Task Difficulty on Subsequent Preference for Visual Complexity
Authors: Arkes Hal R. , Clark Patricia
Published: September 2011

Ss rated on a 1 to 13 Likert scale their preference for four environmental scenes which differed in complexity. Ss were then given 30 sec. to solve each of 10 3-, 5-, or 7-letter single-solution anagrams. Finally the Ss rated four new slides which were of the same complexity level as the slides seen during the first session. Change scores were calculated by subtracting the preference ratings at each complexity level during the first session from the rating at the corresponding complexity level during the second session. The Anagram Complexity × Slide Complexity interaction was significant; the complexity of the slides showing the most positive change scores was inversely related to the complexity of the anagrams attempted. The results were discussed in terms of optimal level of stimulation theories.
Developmental Study of Recognition of Antecedents of Infant Vocalizations
Authors: Berry Kenneth K.
Published: September 2011

The identification of antecedents of infant vocalizations was asked of 321 children from 7 to 13 yr. of age. Four categories were used: pain, hunger, birth, and pleasure. All subjects performed at better than chance level, with older subjects performing as well as a prior sample of adults. The only significant variable found was age; older subjects performed better than younger subjects. It was concluded that children can reliably identify the antecedents of infant cries.
Concept Attainment by Reflective and Impulsive Children as a Function of Memory Support
Authors: Mc Kinney James D. , Banerjee Cora
Published: September 2011

Reflective and impulsive fourth graders (40 Caucasian) were given concept attainment problems under one of two memory support conditions. The results indicated that memory aids during problem solving were more beneficial to impulsive children than to reflective children.
Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffects in Acute Schizophrenia: A Style of Processing Stimuli?
Authors: Kuster Gordon , Harrow Martin , Tucker Gary
Published: September 2011

The Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect test was administered to 106 psychiatric inpatients to assess styles of stimulus processing in schizophrenia. Three conditions were used: (1) standard stimulus conditions at the acute phase; (2) standard conditions, 7 wk. later, to evaluate stability over time; (3) reversed stimulus conditions to assess kinesthetic figural aftereffect generality under different stimulus conditions. Results indicated that: (1) schizophrenics reduced stimuli, but differences between patient groups were not significant. (2) Kinesthetic figural aftereffect stability over time was shown by nonschizophrenics ( p < .01) but not by schizophrenic and borderline patients. (3) All diagnostic groups reversed kinesthetic figural aftereffect responses under reversed stimulus conditions, e.g., former “augmenters” tended to reduce more under augmenting conditions, suggesting the importance of the specific stimulus conditions. (4) Acute schizophrenics showed a stimulus-governed style. (5) The results raise questions about kinesthetic figural aftereffects as a measure of response style.
Underestimation of Length by Subjects in Motion
Authors: Harte David B.
Published: September 2011

To check a prior observation, in the present experiment, subjects made estimates of the lengths of both the guidelines and the spaces between guidelines on automotive highways so the magnitude of the illusion could be more accurately determined. Ten males and ten females were individually tested at 0 and 60 mph. At 60 mph, spaces were estimated with an error of 85%; lines were estimated with an error of 72%. Combining data for both stimuli, an error of 78% results, which corresponds to underestimation by a factor of 4.67. This illusory effect is considerably greater than that of the moon illusion, considered by many the most powerful of the classical illusions.
Mirror Tracing by Monolingual and Bilingual Iranian Children
Authors: Hoosain Rumjahn , Atai Parvin , Salili Farideh
Published: September 2011

Bilingual Iranian children learn to write English left-to-right in addition to the native Persian, right-to-left. 36 were compared with 34 monolingual subjects in tracing a square pattern. Results were: no difference in the simple task of direct tracing; superior performance by bilinguals in mirror tracing which requires reversed eye-hand coordination; and less interference shown by bilinguals in direct tracing after a series of mirror-tracing trials. Performance was not significantly correlated with any of several socioeconomic/school-achievement variables. The difference between monolinguals and bilinguals was attributed to the latter's acquired flexibility in writing coordination, comparable to flexibility in cognitive behaviors found in other studies.
Cognitive Impulsivity and Role-Taking Skills in Elementary School Children
Authors: Glenwick David S. , Burka Aden A.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between cognitive impulsivity and perspective-taking ability was examined in 53 fourth-graders. Significant correlations were found between boys' (but not girls') perspective-taking skills (assessed by Chandler's test of egocentrism) and both dimensions of impulsivity, i.e., accuracy and latency, on Kagan's Matching Familiar Figures Test. Self-regulatory private speech is postulated as a possible construct mediating the development of role-taking skill, accurate matching performance, and a reflective tempo. Implications of the present results for programs attempting to modify cognitive style and future investigations of the development of other cognitive and personality variables are discussed.
Effects on Reading Comprehension of Preferred Music and Frequency of Studying to Music
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Michals David
Published: September 2011

16 male and 16 female college students were given tests of reading comprehension in quiet surroundings and while listening to preferred music. The more frequently students reported studying to music, the less music impaired their performance.
Inhibitory Effect of a Second Stimulus on Reaction Time to a Primary Stimulus: A Partial Successful Replication
Authors: Rakover Sam S. , Kaminer H.
Published: September 2011

A second visual stimulus, to which no response was required, following a primary one lengthened the reaction time to the first stimulus for 25 college students. Reaction time rose as a function of the increase in the interstimulus interval. Duration time of the second stimulus did not affect this response. These results were found under a condition of stimulus-response certainty.
Perceptual Stability, Image Size, Binocularity and Creativity
Authors: Bergum Bruce O. , Flamm Lois E.
Published: September 2011

24 male and female Ss, divided into three groups of 8 Ss each on the basis of their creativity test scores, were tested under fully counterbalanced conditions involving three sizes of Necker cubes, viewed under both monocular and binocular conditions. The response measure was number of figure reversals experienced during 2-min. viewing periods for each set of conditions. Image size was statistically significant, while creativity levels and viewing conditions were not.
Aversive Cigarette Smoking with an Habitual, Excessive Smoker
Authors: Dawley Harold H.
Published: September 2011

A 39-yr.-old patient was exposed to aversive cigarette smoking consisting of rapid smoking, handling of cigarette litter, and warm smoky air for 6 wk. He reduced from a baseline of 140 cigarettes per day to less than 20 at end of treatment. Follow-ups at 1, 2, 3, 6, and 9 mo. indicated a smoking rate approximately 25% of baseline.
Visual Search through Words and Nonwords in Horizontal and Vertical Orientations
Authors: Michael Ellen Mc , Carthy S. Viterbo Mc
Published: September 2011

In a repeated measurement design, 18 college women searched for target letters in 18 lists of common words, rate words, and nonwords arranged either vertically or horizontally. The mean search time in seconds for three trials in each of six conditions was expected to be significantly slower for nonwords than for words and for vertical orientations than for horizontal orientations. More importantly, a significant interaction was predicted between direction of search and the type of list searched. Results confirmed earlier findings that the two main effects were significant; the significant interaction provided empirical evidence that consideration needs to be given to both intra-word redundancy and direction of visual search.
Semantic Desensitization: Language Conditioning or Demand Characteristics Manipulation?
Authors: Sappington A. A.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies in language conditioning, especially those called semantic desensitization, have shown changes in self-report, behavioral measures, and the semantic meaning of the target concept following treatment. This last has been proposed as a causal variable but experimental and control groups differed greatly in terms of their demand characteristics. The present study included a placebo group with demand characteristics similar to those of the control group. The target area was self-concept (18 male Ss, 9 female Ss). Significant changes in self-report and actual performance with a hand dynamometer were obtained but these were as great for the placebo group as for the experimental groups. It was suggested that factors other than conditioning are of importance in semantic desensitization.
Acquisition of Conjunctive Concepts under Different Postfeedback Conditions
Authors: Schroth Marvin L.
Published: September 2011

A major purpose of this study was to investigate the formation of concepts under different postfeedback conditions in order to assess between hypothesis-testing theories and S-R associational models. Postfeedback conditions were made contingent on the correctness of S‘s response. 288 college students learned conjunctive concepts of varied complexity. The results supported “S-R associational hypothesis” and, in addition, the length of postfeedback interval did not affect acquisition of concepts.
Anchor Effects and Figural Aftereffects: A Comparative Psychophysical Investigation
Authors: Abresch Johannes , Sarris Viktor
Published: September 2011

Perceptual contrast effect was studied from two points of view, as a special anchor effect and as a special figural aftereffect. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of stimulus onset asynchrony on contrast and assimilation effects, induced and measured by different psychophysical methods. Stimuli were circular beams of light projected on screens (Delboef type of illusion). When anchor and series stimuli were shown and the latter were judged by means of a rating scale, stimulus onset asychrony had no substantial influence on the contrast effect (Exp. I). When the constant method was applied, however, the asynchrony altered the shape of the contrast effect considerably (Exp. II).
Helium Pressure Effects on Avoidance Behavior in Rats Breathing High Nitrogen Pressures
Authors: Thomas John R. , Burch Linda S.
Published: September 2011

3 rats given avoidance training and then exposed to 7, 13, and 19 ATA breathing nitrogen, then to 25, 31, and 37 ATA breathing helium, showed increased avoidance response rates above established baselines to 19 ATA followed by a decline. Narcotic effects of nitrogen were not reduced differentially by addition of helium.
Abstract Conceptualization in Schizophrenia: A Fundamental Psychological Deficit?
Authors: Oltmanns Thomas F. , Neale John M.
Published: September 2011

Wright (1975) has recently argued that impairment in abstract conceptualization is an important schizophrenic deficit. We contend that the data to which he refers are insufficient support for that conclusion. Although schizophrenics' performance on sorting tasks may be less efficient than that of some other groups, the significance of this finding is debatable. A differential deficit in conceptual ability has not been shown and the confounding effects of third variables have not been ruled out. In addition, the validity of sorting techniques in measuring abstraction has not been adequately established. These methodological issues have a more general applicability to the study of psychopathology. Appreciation of them and a more specific definition of “acceptable evidence” would reduce considerably the continuing state of confusion in research on psychological deficit.
Visual Aesthetic Complexity, Attractiveness and Diversive Exploration
Authors: Saklofske D. H.
Published: September 2011

Ratings by 60 Ss showed a significant inverted U-shaped relationship between attractiveness and complexity of 15 paintings of human figures while rated interest tended to increase with complexity. Ss most often selected and least often rejected paintings rated highly attractive and moderately complex for further viewing.
Visual Significance of Pupillary Response to an Auditory Task
Authors: Berthold Howard C. , Slowiaczek Maria L.
Published: September 2011

Subjects simultaneously performed visual and auditory detection tasks. Pupillary dilation accompanies increased cognitive load such as that caused by the auditory tasks. Errors in the visual task increased when the auditory task became more difficult. The increase was greater when the effects of pupillary dilation were blocked by an artificial pupil.
Hierarchical Effect of Semantic Memory on Verbal Learning
Authors: Bolton Martin , Haimson Hedra
Published: September 2011

Effect of hierarchical location (word level) within semantic memory was studied with older subjects (mean 83 yr.) to assess whether their difficulty on a free-recall task with words higher in a hierarchical model proposed by Collins and Quillian would be greater. Words near the bottom of the hierarchy of semantic memory have been found to be more concrete and more difficult for producing subordinates. Associations were collected to see if the associations continued to illustrate a hierarchical effect as was proposed by Loftus and Bolton (1974). Results supported a hypothesis of an effect of word level (a hierarchy in semantic memory) on verbal learning. The types of associations given also produced an effect on word level. A word's location in semantic memory does seem to affect verbal learning, even with older subjects.
Effects of Training in Design on Magnitude of the Müller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Letourneau Jacques E.
Published: September 2011

The Müller-Lyer illusion was measured for 10 design and 10 optometry students. The illusion was smaller for design students and they improved significantly with practice. The results are discussed in relation to size-constancy, according to which part of the figure corresponding to a distant object is overestimated and to the aptitude of design students to draw according to their retinal image.
Performance of Ainu and Japanese Six-Year-Olds on the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test
Authors: Hilger M. Inez , Klett William G. , Watson Charles G.
Published: September 2011

The Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test was administered to 22 Ainu and 30 Japanese 6-yr.-olds. The mean scores of the total Japanese sample and the Japanese boys were significantly higher than their Ainu counterparts, while the difference between the girls approached significance. The differences suggest that the Japanese boys were functioning at a higher level than their Ainu counterparts. However, it is important to note that both groups performed at a much higher level than the American norm group. The implications of the results are discussed.
Sex Differences in Reward and Punishment of Confederates Perceived to Be Similar or Dissimilar
Authors: Fry P. S.
Published: September 2011

The experiment studied the interaction between sex of Ss and sex of similarly and dissimilarly perceived confederates in assigning rewards and punishments to confederates. Two male and 2 female confederates were introduced to male and female Ss as applicants for graduate teaching assistants. Ss and confederates were administered 4 personality tests. Ss were instructed to nominate on the basis of personality inferences, 2 candidates, one for the teaching position (reward) and one for an “errand-boy's” position (punishment). Thus, the experiment was presented as a test of Ss' accuracy in person perception. The experimental manipulation involved rigging Ss' personality test results to make confederates appear either similar or dissimilar to S. Ss' mean scores for rewards and punishments suggest that females punish other women more than men. The hypothesis of a significant interaction between sex of Ss, sex of confederates and similarity-dissimilarity was also supported.
Development of Ability to Perceive and Produce Pictorial Depth Cue of Overlapping
Authors: Hagen Margaret A.
Published: September 2011

The perception of the pictorial depth cue of overlapping was studied in children 3, 5, and 7 yr. old. Both a sequential and a simultaneous picture/object-matching task were used to test sensitivity. All age groups successfully perceived the depth relation information provided by pictorial overlapping. Height on the picture plane, which projectively covaries with overlapping, was not consistently used as a depth cue by any age group. Children's drawings were also analyzed for the presence of distance information. The drawings of the 3- and 5-yr.-old children contained no overlapping cues and indicated a general lack of understanding of the third dimension behind the picture plane. Seven-yr.-old children showed the beginnings of this understanding through their use of size perspective and height on the picture plane as depth cues. For all ages the production of the overlapping cue lags behind its perception.
Selected Designs and the Background Interference Procedure: Evaluation of Use with a Specific Population
Authors: Siskind George
Published: September 2011

A combination of Selected Designs and Background Interference Procedure was administered to 31 (11 men, 20 women) adult in-patients. Only 48% of the protocols showed discriminable differences between the first and second reproductions.
Autokinetic Movement as a Function of Symbolic Meaning of Target Shape
Authors: Borresen C. Robert , Wolf Michael
Published: September 2011

The autokinetic movement responses of 10 American, 10 Chinese, and 10 Iranian students to religious symbols and control stimuli were measured. The hypothesis of differential direction response as a function of the target shapes was supported. Iranian students did show a pattern of responding significantly different from the American and Chinese.
Self-Disclosure in Friendship
Authors: Walker Lilly Schubert , Wright Paul H.
Published: September 2011

An experimental investigation of the influence of self-disclosure on friendship was conducted by manipulating the level of self-disclosure. 65 same-sex pairs were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions, intimate self-disclosure, nonintimate self-disclosure and control (no disclosure); the treatment conditions were independently verified by judges' ratings. One member of each pair was randomly selected as the confederate or first speaker and was provided with a list of 7 conversation topics. There were no lists provided in the control condition. The dependent variable, level of friendship as measured by the Acquaintance Description Form (Wright, 1969), was rated before and after Ss engaged in self-disclosure, and the influence of the experimental conditions on friendship scores was assessed by analyses of co-variance. The results showed that the general level of friendship increased as a function of intimate and nonintimate self-disclosure; however, intimate disclosure produced greater increases in friendship than nonintimate disclosure. The unique influence of self-disclosure on male friendship patterns is discussed.
Comparison of Deaf and Hearing Children on Body-Object Localization
Authors: Comalli Peter E. , Schmidt Stephanie , Altshuler Morton W.
Published: September 2011

20 profoundly deaf and 20 normal hearing children from ages 10 to 13 were compared as to their ability to locate visually the position of apparent vertical and the apparent location of the longitudinal axis of the body under erect and 30° left and right body-tilt. Both deaf and normal hearing children were able accurately to locate a rod to the apparent visual vertical, but deaf children were significantly more accurate in aligning a rod to their apparent body-position than hearing children. This finding is discussed from both a learning view and from a hypothesis of developmental lag.
Perceptual Reactance and Melanic Density
Authors: Mahoney John , Hartnett Jack
Published: September 2011

Following assessment of eye color, a total of 108 college students (33 males and 75 females) estimated changes in sizes of standardized blocks while blindfolded. Subjects were classified as perceptual augmenters, moderates or reducers as a function of their overestimation, accurate estimation, or underestimation, respectively, of the sizes of the blocks. A significant interaction of gender by perceptual reactance appeared, with augmenting males being rated the most dark-eyed and augmenting females being rated the most light-eyed. Interpretation of the findings was made in terms of attention to relevant cues.
Effects of Initial Performance as Moderated by Causal Attributions and Sex
Authors: Dipboye Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Male and female subjects ( n = 72) experienced a high, moderate or low degree of initial success on an anagram task with half believing that only effort was required for success and the other half that only high ability was necessary. The findings suggest that manipulations of causal attributions used to test Weiner's attribution theory may be confounded with ego-involvement.
Temporal Summation Effects on Lingual Vibrotactile Thresholds
Authors: Telage Kal M. , Fucci Donald , Blackmon Robert
Published: September 2011

Ascending lingual vibrotactile thresholds at 250 Hz were obtained for four groups of normal-speaking adult subjects. Stimulus durations were varied for each respective group. Threshold values plotted as a function of stimulus duration indicated a temporal summation function occurring up to 200 msec. Findings are discussed in terms of underlying peripheral receptors and some implications for using summation measures as a basis for identifying oral sensory disorders.
Lateral Eye-Shift Related to Preschoolers' Use of Descriptive Language
Authors: Schroeder Nancy
Published: September 2011

Lateral eye-shift in preschool children was related to the use of more nouns in description by 14 right-shifters, more adjectives by 19 left-shifters. Results suggest that differences in hemispheric activity may lead to differential language use.
Cultural Deprivation and the Relative Preferences of Preschool Children for Complex and Novel Stimuli
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Parker-Schumacher Mary
Published: September 2011

To determine their relative effects, the preferences of 19 deprived and 21 non-deprived preschoolers for both complex stimuli and novel stimuli was measured. The deprived children showed a lack of preference for the novel stimuli but did not differ from the non-deprived group in their preference for complexity. These data clarified a confounding of these stimulus dimensions which had occurred in previous studies.
Preferred Hand and Steadiness of Reaction Time
Authors: Nakamura R. , Taniguchi R. , Oshima Y.
Published: September 2011

RT and its left/right difference of both biceps muscles were measured by electromyogram (EMG) in the bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows using 11 left- and 13 right-handed subjects under four conditions which were combinations of two factors: warning signal; presence or absence of a fore-period, and position of limbs; elbow 90° or 135°. EMG-RT and its left/right difference were influenced by these factors. The effects of warning and position of limbs were not the same on the preferred and non-preferred hands. It was assumed that EMG-RTs of biceps in the preferred hand were less influenced by these experimental conditions.
Primary Auditory Stream Segregation of Repeated Word Sequences
Authors: Tuller Betty , Lackner James R.
Published: September 2011

Primary auditory stream segregation, the perceptual segregation of acoustically related elements within a continuous auditory sequence into distinct spatial streams, prevents subjects from resolving the relative constituent order of repeated sequences of tones (Bregman & Campbell, 1971) or repeated sequences of consonant and vowel sounds (Lackner & Goldstein, 1974). To determine why primary auditory stream segregation does not interfere with the resolution of natural speech, 8 subjects were required to indicate the degree of stream segregation undergone by 24 repeated sequences of English monosyllables which varied in terms of the degrees of syntactic and intonational structure present. All sequences underwent primary auditory stream segregation to some extent but the amount of apparent spatial separation was less when syntactic and intonational structure was present.