bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Whole body‐element composition of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar influenced by migration direction and life stage in three distinct populations
Authors: Ebel J. D. , Leroux S. J. , Robertson M. J. , Dempson J. B.
Published: September 2016

Body‐element content was measured for three life stages of wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar from three distinct Newfoundland populations as individuals crossed between freshwater and marine ecosystems. Life stage explained most of the variation in observed body‐element concentration whereas river of capture explained very little variation. Element composition of downstream migrating post‐spawn adults (i.e. kelts) and juvenile smolts were similar and the composition of these two life stages strongly differed from adults migrating upstream to spawn. Low variation within life stages and across populations suggests that S. salar may exert rheostatic control of their body‐element composition. Additionally, observed differences in trace element concentration between adults and other life stages were probably driven by the high carbon concentration in adults because abundant elements, such as carbon, can strongly influence the observed concentrations of less abundant elements. Thus, understanding variation among individuals in trace elements composition requires the measurement of more abundant elements. Changes in element concentration with ontogeny have important consequences the role of fishes in ecosystem nutrient cycling and should receive further attention.
Role of Class III phosphoinositide 3‐kinase in the brain development: possible involvement in specific learning disorders
Authors: Inaguma Yutaka , Matsumoto Ayumi , Noda Mariko , Tabata Hidenori , Maeda Akihiko , Goto Masahide , Usui Daisuke , Jimbo Eriko F. , Kikkawa Kiyoshi , Ohtsuki Mamitaro , Momoi Mariko Y. , Osaka Hitoshi , Yamagata Takanori , Nagata Koh‐ichi
Published: September 2016

Class III phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PIK3C3 or mammalian vacuolar protein sorting 34 homolog, Vps34) regulates vesicular trafficking, autophagy, and nutrient sensing. Recently, we reported that PIK3C3 is expressed in mouse cerebral cortex throughout the developmental process, especially at early embryonic stage. We thus examined the role of PIK3C3 in the development of the mouse cerebral cortex. Acute silencing of PIK3C3 with in utero electroporation method caused positional defects of excitatory neurons during corticogenesis. Time‐lapse imaging revealed that the abnormal positioning was at least partially because of the reduced migration velocity. When PIK3C3 was silenced in cortical neurons in one hemisphere, axon extension to the contralateral hemisphere was also delayed. These aberrant phenotypes were rescued by RNAi‐resistant PIK3C3. Notably, knockdown of PIK3C3 did not affect the cell cycle of neuronal progenitors and stem cells at the ventricular zone. Taken together, PIK3C3 was thought to play a crucial role in corticogenesis through the regulation of excitatory neuron migration and axon extension. Meanwhile, when we performed comparative genomic hybridization on a patient with specific learning disorders, a 107 Kb‐deletion was identified on 18q12.3 (nt. 39554147–39661206) that encompasses exons 5–23 of PIK3C3. Notably, the above aberrant migration and axon growth phenotypes were not rescued by the disease‐related truncation mutant (172 amino acids) lacking the C‐terminal kinase domain. Thus, functional defects of PIK3C3 might impair corticogenesis and relate to the pathophysiology of specific learning disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders.

image

Acute knockdown of Class III phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PIK3C3) evokes migration defects of excitatory neurons during corticogenesis. PIK3C3‐knockdown also disrupts axon outgrowth, but not progenitor proliferation in vivo. Involvement of PIK3C3 in neurodevelopmental disorders might be an interesting future subject since a deletion mutation in PIK3C3 was detected in a patient with specific learning disorders (SLD).
Non‐Sedated Rapid Volumetric Proton Density MRI Predicts Neonatal Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy Functional Outcome
Authors: Shen Peter Y. , Nidecker Anna E. , Neufeld Ethan A. , Lee Paul S. , James Michelle A. , Bauer Andrea S.
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The current prognostic biomarker of functional outcome in brachial plexus birth palsy is serial clinical examination throughout the first 6 months of age. This can delay surgical treatment and prolong parental anxiety in neonates who will recover spontaneously. A potentially superior biomarker is a volumetric proton density MRI performed at clinical presentation and within the first 12 weeks of life, providing a high spatial and contrast resolution examination in 4 minutes.

METHODS

Nine neonates ranging in age from 4 to 9 weeks who presented with brachial plexus birth palsy were enrolled. All subjects underwent non‐sedated 3 Tesla MRI with Cube Proton Density MRI sequence at the same time as their initial clinical visit. Serial clinical examinations were conducted at routine 4 week intervals and the functional performance scores were recorded. MRI findings were divided into pre‐ganglionic and post‐ganglionic injuries and a radiological scoring system (Shriners Radiological Score) was developed for this study.

RESULTS

Proton Density MRI was able to differentiate between pre‐ganglionic and post‐ganglionic injuries. Radiological scores (Shriners Radiological Score) correlated better with functional performance at 6 months of age (P = .022) than the initial clinical examinations (Active Movement Scale P = .213 and Toronto P = .320).

CONCLUSIONS

Rapid non‐sedated volumetric Cube Proton Density MRI protocol performed at initial clinical presentation can accurately grade severity of brachial plexus birth palsy injury and predict functional performance at 6 months of age.
Endorsement of Polyculturalism Predicts Increased Positive Intergroup Contact and Friendship across the Beginning of College
Authors: Rosenthal Lisa , Levy Sheri R.
Published: September 2016

U.S. universities are increasingly racially/ethnically diverse, offering students opportunities for positive, proactive intergroup interactions. However, not all students take advantage of these opportunities, making it important to understand what factors contribute to intergroup contact and friendship. In the current longitudinal investigation with 329 undergraduates at a diverse, mid‐sized, public university in the Northeastern U.S., we examined the role of polyculturalism, which is the belief that diverse racial/ethnic groups have throughout history interacted and exchanged with each other, thereby influencing each other's cultures over time. We found that greater endorsement of polyculturalism before the start of college prospectively predicted increases in intergroup contact and friendship from spring of first year to fall of second year, controlling for endorsement of multiculturalism, colorblindness, and egalitarianism before the start of college. Findings suggest polyculturalism deserves further attention in research and might be useful for interventions, programs, and policies aimed at fostering positive intergroup interactions.
Empathic Joy in Positive Intergroup Relations
Authors: Pittinsky Todd L. , Montoya R. Matthew
Published: September 2016

Research on empathy focuses almost exclusively on its negative variety, empathic sorrow, either by defining empathy as a state involving negative emotions or by confining its empirical study to the negative. In contrast, we investigate empathy's positive variety, empathic joy. We do so in the context of intergroup relations. A total of 1,216 predominantly White teachers participated in a yearlong investigation of whether their attitudes toward, and empathy for, their predominantly ethnic minority students affected their teaching style and the students’ learning. Consistent with expectations, we found that teachers’ experience of empathic joy predicted better student outcomes and that it did so by leading to more allophilia toward students and, in turn, toward more proactive and positive interactions with students. Implications are considered for the role of empathic joy in positive intergroup relations more generally.
Altering Perceived Cultural and Economic Threats can Increase Immigrant Helping
Authors: Burhan Omar K. , van Leeuwen Esther
Published: September 2016

We report two experimental studies in which we investigated the effects of perceived economic and cultural threat on positive interactions between a host society and immigrants. Study 1 showed that people who perceived immigrants as less of a threat to their society's economy were more willing to provide immigrants with empowerment help and less likely to expect immigrants to solve their own problems (group change). In Study 2, we found that high culturally adapted immigrant was seen as less of a threat than low culturally adapted immigrants among the low and moderate nationalists, but not among high nationalists, who viewed immigrants as threatening regardless of their cultural adaptation. Participants who perceived immigrants as culturally nonthreatening were subsequently more willing to provide immigrants with help in the form of direct assistance and less likely to expect the group to change.
The Power to be Moral: Affirming Israelis’ and Palestinians’ Agency Promotes Prosocial Tendencies across Group Boundaries
Authors: SimanTov‐Nachlieli Ilanit , Shnabel Nurit , Halabi Samer
Published: September 2016

Based on recent extensions of the needs‐based model of reconciliation, we argue that in conflicts characterized by mutual transgressions, such as the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, group members prioritize their agency‐related over morality‐related needs. Optimistically, however, two studies conducted among Israeli Jews (Study 1) and West Bank Palestinians (Study 2) found that addressing group members’ pressing need for agency by affirming their in‐group's strength, competence, and self‐determination brought their moral considerations to the fore, leading to stronger prosocial tendencies across group boundaries. These studies suggest that group members need to feel secure and agentic in order to allow their otherwise unprioritized moral needs to come into play. Practically, our insights regarding the positive effects of agency affirmation can be used in the planning of interventions by dialog group facilitators, mediators, or group leaders who wish to encourage members to relinquish some power in order to exhibit greater morality toward their out‐group.
Disciplining virtue: investigating the discourses of opioid addiction in nursing
Authors: Kunyk Diane , Milner Margaret , Overend Alissa
Published: September 2016

Two nurses diagnosed with opioid addiction launched legal action after being found guilty of unprofessional conduct due to addiction‐related behaviors. When covered by the media, their cases sparked both public and legal controversies. We are curious about the broader discursive framings that led to these strong reactions, and analyze the underlying structures of knowledge and power that shape the issue of opioid addiction in the profession of nursing through a critical discourse analysis of popular media, legal blogs and hearing tribunals. We argue that addiction in nursing is framed as personal choice, as a failure in the moral character of the nurses, as decontextualized from addiction as disease arguments, and as an individualized issue devoid of contextual factors leading to addiction. Our investigation offers a critical case study of a nursing regulatory body that upheld popular assumptions of addiction as an autonomous, rational choice replete with individual‐based consequences – a framing that is inconsistent with evidence‐based practice in health‐care. We put forth this critical interrogation to open up possibilities for counterdiscourses that may promote more nuanced and effective responses to the issue of addiction in nursing.
Interspecific variability in phosphorus‐induced lipid remodelling among marine eukaryotic phytoplankton
Authors: Cañavate José Pedro , Armada Isabel , Hachero‐Cruzado Ismael
Published: September 2016

The response of marine microalgal lipids to phosphorus is of central importance in phytoplankton ecology but remains poorly understood. We determined how taxonomically diverse microalgal species remodelled their lipid class profile in response to phosphorus availability and whether these changes coincided with those already known to occur in land plants and in the limited number of phytoplankton species for which data are available.

The complete lipid class profile and specific lipid ratios influenced by phosphorus availability were quantified in two green microalgae and seven Chromalveolates exposed to phosphorus repletion, deprivation and replenishment.

Lipid class cell quota changes in the two green microalgae resembled the currently described pattern of betaine lipids substituting for phospholipids under phosphorus depletion, whereas only two of the studied Chromalveolates showed this pattern. Sulpholipids counterbalanced phosphatidylglycerol only in Picochlorum atomus. In all other species, both lipids decreased simultaneously under phosphorus deprivation, although sulpholipids declined more slowly. Phosphorus deprivation always induced a decrease in digalactosyl‐diacylglycerol. However, the ratio of digalactosyl‐diacylglycerol to total phospholipids increased in eight species and remained unchanged in Isochrysis galbana.

Marine phytoplankton seems to have evolved a diversified mechanism for remodelling its lipid class profile under the influence of phosphorus, with cryptophytes and particularly haptophytes exhibiting previously unobserved lipid responses to phosphorus.
Cellular distribution of alkaloids and their translocation via phloem and xylem: the importance of compartment pH
Authors: Nowak M. , Selmar D.
Published: September 2016

The physico‐chemical background of alkaloid allocation within plants is outlined and discussed exemplarily for pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and nicotine. The trigger for this discourse is the finding that, for example, PAs, which are taken up from the soil, are translocated in the xylem, whereas – when genuinely present in plants – they are allocated as N‐oxides via phloem. Special emphasis is put on the impact of different pH values in certain compartments, as this entails significant changes in the relative lipophilic character of alkaloids: tertiary alkaloids diffuse readily through biomembranes, while the corresponding protonated alkaloids are retained in acidic compartments, i.e. vacuoles or xylem. Therefore, this phenomenon, well known as the ‘ion trap mechanism’, is also relevant for long‐distance transport of alkaloids. Any efficient allocation of typical tertiary alkaloids within the phloem can thus be excluded. In contrast, due to their strongly increased hydrophilic properties, alkaloid‐N‐oxides or quarternary alkaloids cannot diffuse through biomembranes and, consequently, would be retained in the acidic xylem during translocation. The major aim of this paper is to sharpen the mind for the chemical peculiarities of alkaloids and to consider them adequately in forthcoming investigations on allocation of alkaloids.
Social Norms and Egalitarian Values Mitigate Authoritarian Intolerance Toward Sexual Minorities
Authors: Oyamot Clifton M. , Jackson Melinda S. , Fisher Emily L. , Deason Grace , Borgida Eugene
Published: September 2016

In the United States, acceptance of sexual minorities (e.g., gay men and lesbians) has increased substantially since the early 1990s. This study examined whether authoritarians' attitudes have been influenced by the societal shift toward greater acceptance of sexual minorities. Using data from the American National Election Studies (ANES) collected between 1992 and 2012, we tested a model in which authoritarianism, endorsement of egalitarian values, and social norms shifting in the direction of tolerance predict individual attitudes toward sexual minorities and LGBT rights issues. Results indicated that (1) there was a subset of authoritarians who endorsed egalitarian values, (2) authoritarians in general became more tolerant (i.e., held less negative attitudes) toward sexual minorities between 1992 and 2012, and (3) “egalitarian authoritarians” held more positive attitudes toward sexual minorities than other authoritarians. The findings contribute to contemporary theory and research on authoritarianism, which is moving from a monolithic view of authoritarianism to one in which culture and core values activate and shape manifestations of authoritarian tendencies.
Redox regulation of free amino acid levels in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Gulyás Zsolt , Simon‐Sarkadi Livia , Badics Eszter , Novák Aliz , Mednyánszky Zsuzsanna , Szalai Gabriella , Galiba Gábor , Kocsy Gábor
Published: September 2016

Abiotic stresses induce oxidative stress, which modifies the level of several metabolites including amino acids. The redox control of free amino acid profile was monitored in wild‐type and ascorbate or glutathione deficient mutant Arabidopsis thaliana plants before and after hydroponic treatment with various redox agents. Both mutations and treatments modified the size and redox state of the ascorbate (AsA) and/or glutathione (GSH) pools. The total free amino acid content was increased by AsA, GSH and H2O2 in all three genotypes and a very large (threefold) increase was observed in the GSH‐deficient pad2‐1 mutant after GSH treatment compared with the untreated wild‐type plants. Addition of GSH reduced the ratio of amino acids belonging to the glutamate family on a large scale and increased the relative amount of non‐proteinogenic amino acids. The latter change was because of the large increase in the content of alpha‐aminoadipate, an inhibitor of glutamatic acid (Glu) transport. Most of the treatments increased the proline (Pro) content, which effect was due to the activation of genes involved in Pro synthesis. Although all studied redox compounds influenced the amount of free amino acids and a mostly positive, very close (r > 0.9) correlation exists between these parameters, a special regulatory role of GSH could be presumed due to its more powerful effect. This may originate from the thiol/disulphide conversion or (de)glutathionylation of enzymes participating in the amino acid metabolism.
Retailers and Consumers: The Pass‐through of Import Price Changes
Authors: Berner Eike , Birg Laura , Boddin Dominik
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we estimate pass‐through rates of import price changes to retail prices across retailers and consumers for apparel purchases in Germany for the period of 2000–07. We find that high‐price retailers do not pass through changes in the import price. Pass‐through rates for low‐price retailers are 53 per cent within three months. Consequently, pass‐through rates for low‐income households are 58 per cent, significantly larger than those for high‐income households. We then present one possible explanation for these observations in a theoretical model with endogenous vertical product differentiation due to bundling an ex ante homogeneous import goods with services. Following an import price change, retailers who sell a cheaper unbundled product change prices to a greater extent than retailers who sell a higher‐priced bundle of product and service.
Two cases of feline paraneoplastic alopecia associated with a neuroendocrine pancreatic neoplasia and a hepatosplenic plasma cell tumour
Authors: Caporali Chiara , Albanese Francesco , Binanti Diana , Abramo Francesca
Published: September 2016

Background

Feline paraneoplastic alopecia (FPA) is a rare condition listed among the cutaneous paraneoplastic syndromes, which occurs in association with pancreatic carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic intestinal carcinoma.

Objectives

To describe the clinicopathological findings of paraneoplastic alopecia in two cats each with an uncommon tumour not previously reported in association withFPA.

Animals

Paraneoplastic alopecia was associated with neuroendocrine pancreatic neoplasia in a Persian cat and with a hepatosplenic plasma cell tumour in a domestic short hair cat.

Results

FPAwas suspected based on age, rapid onset of clinical signs, ventral distribution of alopecia, shiny appearance of the skin and telogenization/miniaturization of the follicles on histopathology. The nature of the tumours was determined through cytology, postmortem, histopathological and immunohistochemical examination, and capillary immunoelectrophoresis. A causative association between the skin lesions and the tumour was suggested by clinical and histopathological features shared with previously published cases.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Pancreatic neuroendocrine and plasma cell tumour should be considered as differential diagnoses when evaluatingFPA.
Integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA paired expression profiling of primary fibroblast derived from diabetic foot ulcers reveals multiple impaired cellular functions
Authors: Liang Liang , Stone Rivka C. , Stojadinovic Olivera , Ramirez Horacio , Pastar Irena , Maione Anna G. , Smith Avi , Yanez Vanessa , Veves Aristides , Kirsner Robert S. , Garlick Jonathan A. , Tomic‐Canic Marjana
Published: September 2016

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are one of the major complications of diabetes. Its molecular pathology remains poorly understood, impeding the development of effective treatments. Although it has been established that multiple cell types, including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells, all contribute to inhibition of healing, less is known regarding contributions of individual cell type. Thus, we generated primary fibroblasts from nonhealing DFUs and evaluated their cellular and molecular properties in comparison to nondiabetic foot fibroblasts (NFFs). Specifically, we analyzed both micro‐RNA and mRNA expression profiles of primary DFU fibroblasts. Paired genomic analyses identified a total of 331 reciprocal miRNA–mRNA pairs including 21 miRNAs (FC > 2.0) along with 239 predicted target genes (FC > 1.5) that are significantly and differentially expressed. Of these, we focused on three miRNAs (miR‐21‐5p, miR‐34a‐5p, miR‐145‐5p) that were induced in DFU fibroblasts as most differentially regulated. The involvement of these microRNAs in wound healing was investigated by testing the expression of their downstream targets as well as by quantifying cellular behaviors in prospectively collected and generated cell lines from 15 patients (seven DFUF and eight NFF samples). We found large number of downstream targets of miR‐21‐5p, miR‐34a‐5p, miR‐145‐5p to be coordinately regulated in mRNA profiles, which was confirmed by quantitative real‐time PCR. Pathway analysis on paired miRNA–mRNA profiles predicted inhibition of cell movement and cell proliferation, as well as activation of cell differentiation and senescence in DFU fibroblasts, which was confirmed by cellular assays. We concluded that induction of miR‐21‐5p, miR‐34a‐5p, miR‐145‐5p in DFU dermal fibroblasts plays an important role in impairing multiple cellular functions, thus contributing to overall inhibition of healing in DFUs.
La autoeficacia y la autorregulación como variables moderadoras del estrés laboral en docentes de Educación Primaria
Authors: MERINO TEJEDOR ENRIQUE , LUCAS MANGAS SUSANA
Published: September 2016

El objetivo del presente artículo es profundizar en el posible rol modulador que pueden ejercer variables como la autoeficacia y la autorregulación en la experiencia del estrés laboral. La revisión bibliográfica llevada a cabo sobre este tema resulta un tanto ambigua, por este motivo este estudio puede aportar nuevas evidencias empíricas sobre la relación entre estas variables. La muestra estaba compuesta por 106 profesores de Educación Primaria, un colectivo que está sometido a niveles importantes de estrés en su contexto laboral. En cuanto a los instrumentos, fueron 4 las herramientas utilizadas en la investigación, la Escala de Irritación y el Cuestionario Breve de Burnout para medir las variables dependientes y la Escala de Autoeficacia General y la Escala de Autorregulación como variables independientes explicativas del modelo. El análisis llevado a cabo fue un análisis de correlaciones y un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Los resultados confirmaron las hipótesis de partida, ya que los sujetos con puntuaciones más altas en autoeficacia y autorregulación presentan menores niveles de estrés. En cuanto al análisis de regresión llevado cabo, los resultados obtenidos, aún siendo significativos, no ofrecen un papel muy importante a las variables independientes consideradas en la explicación del estrés laboral.
Incidentes críticos de violencia urbana vinculados al radicalismo islamista en España: simulación y análisis de un escenario
Authors: Moyano Pacheco Manuel , Trujillo Mendoza Humberto Manuel
Published: September 2016

La amenaza del radicalismo islamista y del terrorismo derivado ideológicamente se han convertido en problemas estructurales que van a perdurar en los próximos años, sin visos de tener una solución a corto plazo. En el contexto de la Unión Europea, y en España en particular, existen indicadores que hacer pensar en la posibilidad de que en un futuro próximo se intensifiquen los incidentes críticos de violencia urbana anclados en un conflicto de identidades culturales interpretadas en clave Islam-Occidente. Este hecho, además de ser negativo para la convivencia y la cohesión social, podría ser aprovechado por las estrategias globales de los movimientos islamistas más extremos. Con el fin de llevar a cabo medidas proactivas que minimicen la polarización social y la radicalización de la ciudadanía, se simula un escenario a modo de hipótesis plausible y se evalúa desde una perspectiva psicosocial mediante un análisis DAFO (debilidades, amenazas, fortalezas y oportunidades). Se concluye respondiendo a algunas preguntas que pueden considerarse de utilidad para la toma de decisiones de los responsables políticos y con unas líneas estratégicas básicas desde un punto de vista de la gestión de la seguridad pública.
Invarianza factorial del Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionarie (CERQ) en universitarios limeños y cordobeses
Authors: Dominguez Lara Sergio Alexis , Medrano Leonardo Adrián
Published: September 2016

El objetivo de este trabajo fue el estudio de la invarianza factorial del Cognitive Emotional Regulation Questionarie (CERQ), entre universitarios limeños (Perú) y cordobeses (Argentina), a fin de realizar una comparación intercultural de las estrategias cognitivas de regulación emocional. Se contó con la participación de 345 estudiantes universitarios limeños (hombres=26.4%; mujeres=73.6%), y 358 estudiantes universitarios de Córdoba (hombres=49.7%; mujeres=49.7%). Se realizó la evaluación progresiva de la invarianza factorial (configural, métrica, fuerte y estricta). Los resultados indican con relación a la invarianza configural que se verifica la estructura de nueve factores oblicuos, aunque un análisis pormenorizado y más restrictivo permite identificar un funcionamiento no-invariante en algunos reactivos e interceptos. Se concluye que las evidencias recabadas no son suficientes para elaborar un modelo explicativo de las diferencias observadas, ante lo cual podría indagarse en un futuro estudio si el uso de estas estrategias se relaciona con especificidades en las ideologías y valores de cada cultura.
Rorschach y Psicobiología de la Personalidad
Authors: Selma Sánchez Hugo
Published: September 2016

. Por otra parte, en los últimos años se están produciendo procesos de profunda transformación en los modelos, teorías, criterios diagnósticos y tipos de intervenciones en psicología clínica y psiquiatría. En dicho proceso las neurociencias ocupan un rol central. Resulta por lo tanto indispensable evaluar la pertinencia y vigencia del Rorschach en ese nuevo panorama. Una vez analizada la bibliografía relevada, se presentan hallazgos que afirman dicha pertinencia y vigencia, pero aún más interrogantes y líneas de investigación a explorar. Abstract: This paper presents a systematic literature review on the Rorschach test and the psychobiology of personality. The Rorschach remains one of the psychological tests worldwide reference, about to be a hundred years since its inception. Moreover, in recent years there are processes of deep transformation in the models, theories, diagnostic criteria and types of interventions in clinical psychology and psychiatry. In this process the neurosciences occupy a central role. It is therefore essential to assess the relevance and validity of the Rorschach in that new landscape. After analyzing the literature relieved, presented findings that claim that relevance and validity, but even more questions and lines of research to explore.
Examining the effects of microstructure on geoacoustic parameters in fine-grained sediments
Authors: Ballard Megan S. , Lee Kevin M.
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a set of controlled laboratory experiments designed to develop a basis for understanding the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic properties of fine-grained sediments. Two samples of kaolinite platelets were selected for this study, and effects of sediment microstructure on geoacoustic properties are deduced from a comparison of the measured properties. To provide additional interpretation of the acoustic measurements, compressional and shear wave properties are compared to predicted values from sediment-acoustic models. First, the shear wave speed was compared to predictions from card-house theory, a model with an electrochemical basis that incorporates the aggregation of clay platelets. The wave speed predicted by card-house theory showed good agreement with the measured wave speeds for the mud sample made up of card-house flocs. Next, viscous grain shearing theory, which treats unconsolidated sediments as a two-phase medium with internal losses arising from grain-to-grain contacts, was applied to predict the frequency dispersion of all four geoacoustic parameters. Overall, good agreement between the measurements and values calculated by viscous grain shearing theory was observed for both samples of mud.
Campaign sets out to find a hot limit to life
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: September 2016

Deep-sea drilling expedition off Japan to probe microbial boundary beneath sea floor.
Cannonball! China's megasplash in ocean research
Authors: McLaughlin Kathleen
Published: September 2016

Huge new national lab's research priorities remain sketchy.
A year after the deal, nuclear collaborations languish
Authors: Stone Richard
Published: September 2016

Efforts to redesign a reactor to produce less plutonium, and to turn a uranium enrichment facility into an international science center, are slow off the blocks.
Tissue of origin dictates branched-chain amino acid metabolism in mutantKras-driven cancers
Authors: Mayers Jared R. , Torrence Margaret E. , Danai Laura V. , Papagiannakopoulos Thales , Davidson Shawn M. , Bauer Matthew R. , Lau Allison N. , Ji Brian W. , Dixit Purushottam D. , Hosios Aaron M. , Muir Alexander , Chin Christopher R. , Freinkman Elizaveta , Jacks Tyler , Wolpin Brian M. , Vitkup Dennis , Vander Heiden Matthew G.
Published: September 2016

Tumor genetics guides patient selection for many new therapies, and cell culture studies have demonstrated that specific mutations can promote metabolic phenotypes. However, whether tissue context defines cancer dependence on specific metabolic pathways is unknown.Krasactivation andTrp53deletion in the pancreas or the lung result in pancreatic ductal adenocarinoma (PDAC) or non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), respectively, but despite the same initiating events, these tumors use branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) differently. NSCLC tumors incorporate free BCAAs into tissue protein and use BCAAs as a nitrogen source, whereas PDAC tumors have decreased BCAA uptake. These differences are reflected in expression levels of BCAA catabolic enzymes in both mice and humans. Loss of Bcat1 and Bcat2, the enzymes responsible for BCAA use, impairs NSCLC tumor formation, but these enzymes are not required for PDAC tumor formation, arguing that tissue of origin is an important determinant of how cancers satisfy their metabolic requirements.
Response to Comment on “Principles of connectivity among morphologically defined cell types in adult neocortex”
Authors: Jiang Xiaolong , Shen Shan , Sinz Fabian , Reimer Jacob , Cadwell Cathryn R. , Berens Philipp , Ecker Alexander S. , Patel Saumil , Denfield George H. , Froudarakis Emmanouil , Li Shuang , Walker Edgar , Tolias Andreas S.
Published: September 2016

The critique of Barth
et al
. centers on three points: (i) the completeness of our study is overstated; (ii) the connectivity matrix we describe is biased by technical limitations of our brain-slicing and multipatching methods; and (iii) our cell classification scheme is arbitrary and we have simply renamed previously identified interneuron types. We address these criticisms in our Response.
Collective cell durotaxis emerges from long-range intercellular force transmission
Authors: Sunyer Raimon , Conte Vito , Escribano Jorge , Elosegui-Artola Alberto , Labernadie Anna , Valon Léo , Navajas Daniel , García-Aznar José Manuel , Muñoz José J. , Roca-Cusachs Pere , Trepat Xavier
Published: September 2016

The ability of cells to follow gradients of extracellular matrix stiffness—durotaxis—has been implicated in development, fibrosis, and cancer. Here, we found multicellular clusters that exhibited durotaxis even if isolated constituent cells did not. This emergent mode of directed collective cell migration applied to a variety of epithelial cell types, required the action of myosin motors, and originated from supracellular transmission of contractile physical forces. To explain the observed phenomenology, we developed a generalized clutch model in which local stick-slip dynamics of cell-matrix adhesions was integrated to the tissue level through cell-cell junctions. Collective durotaxis is far more efficient than single-cell durotaxis; it thus emerges as a robust mechanism to direct cell migration during development, wound healing, and collective cancer cell invasion.
Identification of an elaborate complex mediating postsynaptic inhibition
Authors: Uezu Akiyoshi , Kanak Daniel J. , Bradshaw Tyler W. A. , Soderblom Erik J. , Catavero Christina M. , Burette Alain C. , Weinberg Richard J. , Soderling Scott H.
Published: September 2016

Inhibitory synapses dampen neuronal activity through postsynaptic hyperpolarization. The composition of the inhibitory postsynapse and the mechanistic basis of its regulation, however, remain poorly understood. We used an in vivo chemico-genetic proximity-labeling approach to discover inhibitory postsynaptic proteins. Quantitative mass spectrometry not only recapitulated known inhibitory postsynaptic proteins but also revealed a large network of new proteins, many of which are either implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders or are of unknown function. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) depletion of one of these previously uncharacterized proteins, InSyn1, led to decreased postsynaptic inhibitory sites, reduced the frequency of miniature inhibitory currents, and increased excitability in the hippocampus. Our findings uncover a rich and functionally diverse assemblage of previously unknown proteins that regulate postsynaptic inhibition and might contribute to developmental brain disorders.
Location, location, location
Authors: Vousden Karen H. , Yang Ming
Published: September 2016

Tissue of origin is important in determining how tumors rewire their metabolism
A U.S. “Cancer Moonshot” to accelerate cancer research
Authors: Singer Dinah S. , Jacks Tyler , Jaffee Elizabeth
Published: September 2016

Patient engagement and data sharing must improve
Zika vaccine trials
Authors: Lipsitch Marc , Cowling Benjamin J.
Published: September 2016

There are new and familiar challenges in the race for timely and effective vaccines
Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus in the General Population in Northeast Germany: Results of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0)
Authors: Holtfreter Silva , Grumann Dorothee , Balau Veronika , Barwich Annette , Kolata Julia , Goehler André , Weiss Stefan , Holtfreter Birte , Bauerfeind Stephanie S. , Döring Paula , Friebe Erika , Haasler Nicole , Henselin Kristin , Kühn Katrin , Nowotny Sophie , Radke Dörte , Schulz Katrin , Schulz Sebastian R. , Trübe Patricia , Vu Chi Hai , Walther Birgit , Westphal Susanne , Cuny Christiane , Witte Wolfgang , Völzke Henry , Grabe Hans Jörgen , Kocher Thomas , Steinmetz Ivo , Bröker Barbara M.
Published: September 2016

Population-based studies on
Staphylococcus aureus
nasal colonization are scarce. We examined the prevalence, resistance, and molecular diversity of
S. aureus
in the general population in Northeast Germany. Nasal swabs were obtained from 3,891 adults in the large-scale population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND). Isolates were characterized using
spa
genotyping, as well as antibiotic resistance and virulence gene profiling. We observed an
S. aureus
prevalence of 27.2%. Nasal
S. aureus
carriage was associated with male sex and inversely correlated with age. Methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) accounted for 0.95% of the colonizing
S. aureus
strains. MRSA carriage was associated with frequent visits to hospitals, nursing homes, or retirement homes within the previous 24 months. All MRSA strains were resistant to multiple antibiotics. Most MRSA isolates belonged to the pandemic European hospital-acquired MRSA sequence type 22 (HA-MRSA-ST22) lineage. We also detected one livestock-associated MRSA ST398 (LA-MRSA-ST398) isolate, as well as six livestock-associated methicillin-susceptible
S. aureus
(LA-MSSA) isolates (clonal complex 1 [CC1], CC97, and CC398).
spa
typing revealed a diverse but also highly clonal
S. aureus
population structure. We identified a total of 357
spa
types, which were grouped into 30 CCs or sequence types. The major seven CCs (CC30, CC45, CC15, CC8, CC7, CC22, and CC25) included 75% of all isolates. Virulence gene patterns were strongly linked to the clonal background. In conclusion, MSSA and MRSA prevalences and the molecular diversity of
S. aureus
in Northeast Germany are consistent with those of other European countries. The detection of HA-MRSA and LA-MRSA within the general population indicates possible transmission from hospitals and livestock, respectively, and should be closely monitored.
Discrimination of Aspergillosis, Mucormycosis, Fusariosis, and Scedosporiosis in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Specimens by Use of Multiple Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assays
Authors: Salehi Elham , Hedayati Mohammad T. , Zoll Jan , Rafati Haleh , Ghasemi Maryam , Doroudinia Atosa , Abastabar Mahdi , Tolooe Ali , Snelders Eveline , van der Lee Henrich A. , Rijs Antonius J. M. M. , Verweij Paul E. , Seyedmousavi Seyedmojtaba , Melchers Willem J. G.
Published: September 2016

In a retrospective multicenter study, 102 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue specimens with histopathology results were tested. Two 4- to 5-μm FFPE tissue sections from each specimen were digested with proteinase K, followed by automated nucleic acid extraction. Multiple real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of ribosomal DNA, using fluorescently labeled primers, was performed to identify clinically important genera and species of
Aspergillus
,
Fusarium
,
Scedosporium
, and the
Mucormycetes
. The molecular identification was correlated with results from histological examination. One of the main findings of our study was the high sensitivity of the automated DNA extraction method, which was estimated to be 94%. The qPCR procedure that was evaluated identified a range of fungal genera/species, including
Aspergillus fumigatus
,
Aspergillus flavus
,
Aspergillus terreus
,
Aspergillus niger
,
Fusarium oxysporum
,
Fusarium solani
,
Scedosporium apiospermum
,
Rhizopus oryzae
,
Rhizopus microsporus
,
Mucor
spp., and
Syncephalastrum
.
Fusarium oxysporum
and
F. solani
DNA was amplified from five specimens from patients initially diagnosed by histopathology as having aspergillosis.
Aspergillus flavus
,
S. apiospermum
, and
Syncephalastrum
were detected from histopathological mucormycosis samples. In addition, examination of four samples from patients suspected of having concomitant aspergillosis and mucormycosis infections resulted in the identification of two
A. flavus
isolates, one
Mucor
isolate, and only one sample having both
R. oryzae
and
A. flavus
. Our results indicate that histopathological features of molds may be easily confused in tissue sections. The qPCR assay used in this study is a reliable tool for the rapid and accurate identification of fungal pathogens to the genus and species levels directly from FFPE tissues.
Canonical and Variant Forms of Histone H3 Are Deposited onto the Human Cytomegalovirus Genome during Lytic and Latent Infections
Authors: Albright Emily R. , Kalejta Robert F.
Published: September 2016

Chromatin is the nucleoprotein complex that protects and compacts eukaryotic genomes. It is responsible for a large part of the epigenetic control of transcription. The genomes of DNA viruses such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) are devoid of histones within virions but are chromatinized and epigenetically regulated following delivery to the host cell nucleus. How chromatin is initially assembled on viral genomes and which variant forms of the core histone proteins are deposited are incompletely understood. We monitored the deposition of both ectopically expressed and endogenous histones H3.1 and H3.2 (collectively, H3.1/2) and H3.3 during lytic and latent HCMV infections. Here, we show that they are deposited on HCMV genomes during lytic and latent infections, suggesting similar mechanisms of viral chromatin assembly during the different infection types and indicating that both canonical and variant core histones may be important modulators of infecting viral genomes. We further show that association of both H3.1/2 and H3.3 occurs independent of viral DNA synthesis or
de novo
viral gene expression, implicating cellular factors and/or virion components in the formation of chromatin on virion-delivered genomes during both lytic and latent infections.

IMPORTANCE
It is well established that infecting herpesvirus genomes are chromatinized upon entry into the host cell nucleus. Why or how this occurs is a mystery. It is important to know why they are chromatinized in order to better understand cellular pathogen recognition (DNA sensing) pathways and viral fate determinations (lytic or latent) and to anticipate how artificially modulating chromatinization may impact viral infections. It is important to know how the genomes are chromatinized in order to potentially modulate the process for therapeutic effect. Our work showing that HCMV genomes are loaded with canonical and variant H3 histones during both lytic and latent infections strengthens the hypothesis that chromatinization pathways are similar between the two infection types, implicates virion or cellular factors in this process, and exposes the possibility that histone variants, in addition to posttranslational modification, may impact viral gene expression. These revelations are important to understanding and intelligently intervening in herpesvirus infections.
Activation of the RLR/MAVS Signaling Pathway by the L Protein of Mopeia Virus
Authors: Zhang Lei-Ke , Xin Qi-Lin , Zhu Sheng-Lin , Wan Wei-Wei , Wang Wei , Xiao Gengfu
Published: September 2016

The family
Arenaviridae
includes several important human pathogens that can cause severe hemorrhagic fever and greatly threaten public health. As a major component of the innate immune system, the RLR/MAVS signaling pathway is involved in recognizing viral components and initiating antiviral activity. It has been reported that arenavirus infection can suppress the innate immune response, and NP and Z proteins of pathogenic arenaviruses can disrupt RLR/MAVS signaling, thus inhibiting production of type I interferon (IFN-I). However, recent studies have shown elevated IFN-I levels in certain arenavirus-infected cells. The mechanism by which arenavirus infection induces IFN-I responses remains unclear. In this study, we determined that the L polymerase (Lp) of Mopeia virus (MOPV), an Old World (OW) arenavirus, can activate the RLR/MAVS pathway and thus induce the production of IFN-I. This activation is associated with the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of Lp. This study provides a foundation for further studies of interactions between arenaviruses and the innate immune system and for the elucidation of arenavirus pathogenesis.

IMPORTANCE
Distinct innate immune responses are observed when hosts are infected with different arenaviruses. It has been widely accepted that NP and certain Z proteins of arenaviruses inhibit the RLR/MAVS signaling pathway. The viral components responsible for the activation of the RLR/MAVS signaling pathway remain to be determined. In the current study, we demonstrate for the first time that the Lp of MOPV, an OW arenavirus, can activate the RLR/MAVS signaling pathway and thus induce the production of IFN-I. Based on our results, we proposed that dynamic interactions exist among Lp-produced RNA, NP, and the RLR/MAVS signaling pathway, and the outcome of these interactions may determine the final IFN-I response pattern: elevated or reduced. Our study provides a possible explanation for how IFN-I can become activated during arenavirus infection and may help us gain insights into the interactions that form between different arenavirus components and the innate immune system.