bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oceans and Seas: Radionuclides
Authors: Aoyama Michio
Published: June 2010

The main sources of anthropogenic radioactivity of the world ocean are fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapon testing and the releases from nuclear fuel reprocessing plants and from the Chernobyl accident in 1986. This article summarizes the numbers of tests and the annual fission and fusion yields for the atmospheric weapon tests. The artificial radionuclides137Cs,239, 240Pu,90Sr, and other transuranics are used for monitoring and study by many institutes and organizations in many countries for the following reasons: (i)137Cs and90Sr are conservative in the open sea, the most abundant anthropogenic radionuclides, and the main contributors to biological exposure; and (ii) the very long‐lived239, 240Pu is nonconservative and the most abundant among transuranics. The number of observations of these radionuclides in each sea area is summarized. Global distribution of137Cs decay corrected for accumulative deposition as of January 1, 1970 is described as the initial condition of137Cs inventory in the world ocean. The collective effective dose commitment to the world population from artificial and natural radionulides in the marine food is described. The current radionuclide levels in the world ocean are low and therefore of no concern from the radiological point of view.
IndianOcean: Radionuclides
Authors: Povinec Pavel P.
Published: June 2010

The distribution of global fallout radionuclides in Indian Ocean waters about four decades after their main injection from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests on the ocean surface is discussed. Recent data obtained in the framework of the WOMARS (Worldwide Marine Radioactivity Studies) and SHOTS (Southern Hemisphere Ocean Tracer Studies) projects are evaluated and compared with previous investigations carried out in the northern and southern Indian Ocean. The results indicate transport of surface waters labeled with radionuclides from the Mediterranean Sea, as well as from the Northwestern Pacific through the Indonesian Seas to the Indian Ocean. After passing the equator the waters circulate in the South Indian Ocean subtropical gyre, which accumulates radionuclide tracers and other contaminants on timescales of decades. This accumulation of contaminants in the Southern Indian Ocean is of environmental importance for the protection of the marine environment from land‐based contamination sources.
Arctic Ocean: Radionuclides
Authors: Zaborska Agata , Carroll JoLynn
Published: June 2010

This article presents an overview of the major sources, transport pathways, and fate of anthropogenic radionuclides in the Arctic marine environment. The dominant anthropogenic radionuclides present in Arctic seawater, sediments, and marine biota are cesium‐137 (
137
Cs), plutonium‐239 (
239
Pu), plutonium‐240 (
240
Pu), technetium‐99 (
99
Tc), and strontium‐90 (
90
Sr). Major sources contributing to the inventory of radionuclides in the Arctic Ocean and surrounding shelf seas include atmospheric fallout, European nuclear reprocessing facilities, the Chernobyl accident, and discharges from major Arctic rivers. Anthropogenic radionuclides from these sources are supplied to and redistributed within the Arctic Ocean via atmospheric, sea ice, currents, sediment, and river transport pathways. With the exception of a few locations, e.g., the underwater nuclear test site at Chernaya Bay, sediment, seawater, and biota activity concentrations in the Arctic are today very low, posing negligible biological and human‐health risks. However, the rate of warming of the Arctic is three times faster than other parts of the globe, raising the prospect of significant reorganization of system properties and processes with consequent changes to both the sources and fate of radionuclides in the Arctic in the decades to come.
Civilian Nuclear Accidents
Authors: Runde Wolfgang , Neu Mary P. , Goff George S.
Published: June 2010

Since the discovery of plutonium and its use for nuclear weapons and nuclear energy radionuclides have been dispersed into the environment and contribute significantly to the global presence of anthropogenic radionuclides. Today, nuclear power plants are controlled by the national radiation protection authorities but are continuously emitting the small amounts of radioactivity permitted by the national health authorities. Other releases originate from the use of radionuclides in medical diagnostic and therapeutic treatments. Although these releases are minor compared to natural radioactivity and anthropogenic radionuclides, they contribute to the current radiation background. The anthropogenic actinides in the northern hemisphere mainly originated during nuclear weapons testing, fallout from the reactor accident at Chernobyl, atmospheric burnup of nuclear satellites, and intentional discharges of liquid waste streams from industrial‐scale nuclear reprocessing facilities. Despite the increasingly sophisticated engineered reactor and processing systems, accidents since the 1950s have resulted in the release of radioactivity to the environment. The most prominent accidents that led to a significant dispersion of radionuclides are the Three Miles Island accident, the Windscale Fire, and the Chernobyl accident. In this article, we discuss these events and other nonweapons related uncontrolled releases of radioactivity into the environment.
Perfluorinated Polymers, Perfluorinated Ethylene–Propylene Copolymers
Authors: Gangal Subhash V. , Brothers Paul D.
Published: June 2010

Perfluorinated ethylene‐propylene (FEP) is a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP). It retains most of the desirable characteristics of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) but with a melt viscosity low enough for conventional melt processing. The introduction of hexafluoropropylene lowers the melting point of PTFE from 327°C to about 260°C. The lower melt viscosity allows melt extrusion of wire insulation of longer continuous lengths than the batchwise paste extrusion of PTFE and allows the injection molding of intricate shaped parts. This polymer has a combination of properties that make it useful in applications that require chemical inertness, excellent dielectric properties, good weatherability, antistick properties, low coefficient of friction and performance in temperature extremes. As a thermoplastic, it can be processed by extrusion and compression, injection and blow molding. Films can be heat bonded and sealed, vacuum formed, and laminated to various substrates. Aqueous and nonaqueous dispersion polymerizations are the most convenient routes to produce these copolymers. The polymerization conditions are similar to those of TFE homopolymer dispersion polymerization. The optimal composition of the copolymer is such that the mechanical properties are retained in the useable range and the melt viscosity is low enough for easy melt processing.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Cook Robert L. , Ojwang Loice M. , Poché Caroline L.
Published: June 2010

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is one of the most powerful tools available for analytical chemists at present. The power of the technique and its wide applicability come from the fact that it probes isolated nuclei with low‐energy radio waves. The isolation of the probed nuclei allows one to obtain very detailed information on their local electronic and physical environments. The coupling of nuclei also allows for a systematic study of their connectivities. The use of radiofrequency exploits (i) our fundamental understanding and ability to manipulate this form of electromagnetic energy and (ii) the low‐energy nature of this radiation to gently and nondestructively probe nuclei, and hence, molecules in a range of situations, including in vivo. These attributes of NMR allow it to have a wide range of applications within the field of environmental monitoring, from identification and detection to unraveling complex biochemical process due to environmental stressors. The NMR field continues to evolve with advances in theory, practice, and hardware and, as it does so, it expands into applications ranging from monitoring natural organic matter (NOM) in the environment to emerging environmental issues, such as atmospheric organic matter (AOM) characterization or chemical weapon detection and identification, to studying the influence of environmental stressors on a range of living organisms through metabolite profiling.
Laser Ablation in Atomic Spectroscopy
Authors: Horn Ingo
Published: June 2010

This article covers the developments in the field of laser ablation and highlights the current issues under investigation. Fundamental parameters such pulse width, wavelength, elemental and isotopic fractionation, the ablation mechanism, precision, and accuracy as well the the available software packages for calculation and manipulation of the data obtained by laser ablation are discussed. Ongoing research is focused on elemental‐isotopic fractionation and on high‐precision stable isotope ratio determinations and the use of femtosecond pulses for ablation. The recent results obtained using femtosecond pulses for ablation illustrate that this analytical technique is still under development.
Site‐directed Spin Labeling and Pulse Dipolar Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
Authors: Klare Johann P. , Steinhoff Heinz‐Jürgen
Published: June 2010

Structural and functional investigations on biomolecules often rely on the availability of topological information, either to allow building structural models or to characterize conformational changes of these molecules or complexes thereof during function. Site‐directed spin labeling (SDSL) in combination with EPR spectroscopy became a very powerful tool to obtain intra‐ and inter‐molecular distance constraints, as the accessible distances span the interesting range from 0.5–8 nm, crystallization is not required, and the size of the system under investigation is not limited. Especially the development of pulse dipolar EPR methods, in particular double electron–electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy with its ability to provide interspin distance distributions in the 2–8 nm range, greatly increased the applicability of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy for studies on biological systems. This article is intended to give an introduction into SDSL and dipolar EPR. The first part summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art in SDSL, providing an overview of methodologies currently available or under development. In the second part, the technique of DEER spectroscopy is introduced, covering the basic theoretical background as well as selected practical aspects of data acquisition and analysis. Finally, selected examples for the application of SDSL‐DEER from the recent literature are summarized.
Dipolar Recoupling of Heteronuclear Spin Pairs by Rotational‐Echo, Double‐Resonance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Gullion Terry
Published: June 2010

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)‐active nuclear spins interact through the dipolar interaction, an important source of structural information because of the
r
−3
dependence of this interaction on the internuclear distance. Fast random molecular reorientation averages the dipolar interaction to zero in solutions, and there is no direct evidence of the dipolar interaction in solution‐state NMR spectra under typical laboratory conditions. In static solids with no significant molecular motion, measuring the dipolar coupling provides an important source of structural information. In high‐resolution spectra of solids obtained through magic‐angle spinning (MAS), however, the dipolar interaction is coherently averaged to zero, with concomitant loss of the information inherent to this interaction. Dipolar‐recoupling experiments measure the dipolar coupling in MAS NMR. They are designed to produce a nonzero average effect of the dipolar interaction. Measured dipolar couplings obtained by dipolar‐recoupling experiments can be used to determine the distance between coupled pairs of spins. One such dipolar‐recoupling experiment is rotational‐echo, double‐resonance (REDOR) NMR, a commonly used technique to measure dipolar couplings between heteronuclear spin pairs. This article describes the REDOR experiment.
Micro‐X‐Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Tsuji Kouichi
Published: June 2010

X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) is a well‐known analytical technique that enables nondestructive elemental quantitative analysis of various kinds of samples without requiring the use of high vacuum. In conventional XRF, the analysis area on the sample is typically 10 mm in diameter. However, advances in X‐ray technology of X‐ray sources, X‐ray optics, and X‐ray detectors have changed the performance of XRF analysis. X‐ray microbeams of a few micrometers up to several tens of micrometers have been obtained with a reasonable intensity for X‐ray elemental analysis in the laboratory. The use of such a micro‐X‐ray beam enables XRF analysis of small regions. This micro‐XRF method opens new application fields for XRF analysis. In addition, scanning the sample enables the production of two‐dimensional XRF images. This method of chemical X‐ray imaging provides very useful information. In addition, a confocal configuration for X‐ray excitation and X‐ray detection also provides the opportunity for three‐dimensional XRF images. These topics related to recent developments in micro‐XRF are introduced.
Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Science
Authors: Trejos Tatiana , Almirall José R.
Published: June 2010

The application of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) to the elemental analysis of forensic matrices offers many advantages for solid sampling, including direct characterization of solids, the elimination of the need for chemical procedures for dissolution, minimal sample consumption, and a reduced risk of contamination from the sample preparation procedures associated with sample digestion. This article aims at summarizing the recent literature describing the use of LA‐ICP‐MS in the field of forensic examinations with selected applications, highlighting the forensic analyses of a variety of matrices and analytes of interest and including the advantages, limitations, and future trends in this field. A critical evaluation of the parameters of forensic interest is discussed in detail, including the analytical performance of the technique, discrimination potential (when comparing samples), the impact of sample homogeneity/heterogeneity at the microscale, reproducibility, quality control, sampling strategies, sampling size requirements, availability of matrix‐matched standards, data analysis, and the interpretation of results. Practical considerations such as the selection of laser wavelength and carrier gas, the use of internal standardization, and quantification strategies are discussed as also the unique requirements of quality control and method validation and acceptance in court.
Mass Spectrometry Applications in Forensic Science
Authors: Smith Darrin L.
Published: June 2010

The role of mass spectrometry (MS) in forensic science can be characterized as either molecular or elemental analysis. Relatively small, volatile, nonpolar molecules found in a variety of forensic samples can be analyzed with electron and chemical ionization (CI) routinely coupled with single‐stage mass analyzers that provide molecular weight and structural information. Nonvolatile and polar molecules including drugs, poisons, and/or their metabolites routinely found in biological matrices along with other analytes of forensic interest can be determined using electrospray or related soft ionization techniques coupled to tandem mass analyzer systems to identify a molecule through structure elucidation and provide excellent screening and quantitative results. New ambient ionization sources now allow the direct analysis of molecules from a forensic sample surface, with minimal prior preparation or separation. In addition, the sequencing of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has also been difficult with most ionization sources until matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI), which has the potential to provide quick and dependable results, was utilized. Elemental profiles also provide reliable methods for characterizing and distinguishing forensic samples. This article aims at providing information about MS and its uses in the field of forensic science.
Liquid Chromatography‐Infrared and Size Exclusion Chromatography‐infrared Analysis for Polymer Characterization
Authors: Plass Monika , Albrecht Andreas , Brüll Robert
Published: June 2010

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can be used as a detector in liquid chromatography, giving detailed information on the molecular structure of the effluents after separation. Achieving structural details of chemical compounds after their separation makes the coupling of interactive liquid chromatography (IC) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with IR spectroscopy a versatile analytical tool superior to refractive index (RI), ultraviolet (UV), and evaporative light scattering detectors (ELSDs). LC/IR offers an alternative to LC/MS and LC/NMR to study the chemical composition of the eluted compounds. The hyphenation can be realized in two ways, namely, the on flow with an IR flow cell and off‐line via solvent elimination. Both approaches are discussed with regard to their advantages and limitations and different solvent‐elimination interfaces are compared. The coupling of LC with FTIR using the IR flow cell and the solvent‐elimination interfaces is demonstrated on selected samples, including interactive and size exclusion models at ambient and high temperatures.
Structural Studies and the Correlation with the Stress–Strain Response in Polyurethanes
Authors: Prisacariu Cristina , Scortanu Elena
Published: June 2010

The purpose of this article is to review and bring new contributions in understanding the relationship between molecular/supramolecular architecture at the nanometer scale and macroscopic mechanical properties in polyurethanes. In this article, this problem is addressed by studying numerous conventional segmented polyurethanes, based on several diisocyanates, macrodiols, and chain extenders. In order to widen the range of structures achievable beyond those normally available, in this review, we have also included recent developments that have been made in polyurethane materials by producing polymers based on isocyanates of variable geometry, giving hard segments that allow the variation of hard‐domain crystallinity as a key structural variable. They were used to probe the sensitivity of inelastic effects to structural details of the materials. Mechanical responses studied were large strain, constant strain rate, and cyclic strain responses, including interrupted tests. Results were related to microstructural changes, on the basis of evidence from small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and infrared (IR) dichroic measurements. Inelastic effects were most pronounced when the hard segment crystallized, and when the phase segregation was more pronounced. Thermal techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to study the thermal behavior of the materials. There were tendencies to phase separation, with a characteristic length of ca. 20 nm, and, when isocyanates of variable geometry were employed with certain chain extenders, to crystallization of the hard phase. Such materials display higher flow stress in the hard phase caused by stronger phase segregation. This has clearly revealed that inelastic features in the constitutive response of polyurethane elastomers are sensitive to microstructural detail on length scales of the order of nanometers. Hard‐domain crystallinity exerts a strong effect on inelasticity of the elastomers. There is a clear indication that the physical origin of the flow stress is the relative displacement of the hydrogen‐bonded hard segments. Inelasticity, as measured by hysteresis and unrecovered strain, was increased by increased phase separation.
Efficacy and safety of a selective estrogen receptor β agonist, ERB‐041, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A 12‐week, randomized, placebo‐controlled, phase II study
Authors: Roman‐Blas Jorge A. , Castañeda Santos , Cutolo Maurizio , Herrero‐Beaumont Gabriel
Published: June 2010

Objective

Selective estrogen receptor β (ERβ) agonists have demonstrated relevant antiinflammatory effects in different animal models. This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of one of these agonists, ERB‐041, in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

A total of 291 patients with active RA receiving stable doses of methotrexate were randomized to receive 5, 25, or 75 mg of ERB‐041 or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary end point was the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) at 12 weeks. Secondary end points included the ACR 50% improvement criteria (ACR50) and the ACR 70% improvement criteria (ACR70) responses, health outcomes measures, C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, and potential exposure‐response relationships. Medical history, physical examination, and laboratory values were obtained at screening, baseline, and weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12.

Results

No statistically significant difference for the ACR20 was found between the ERB‐041 treatment and placebo groups (P = 0.518). Nor was a significant difference observed for ACR50 and ACR70 responses, health outcomes measures, CRP levels, and overall incidence of adverse events among all groups. Forty‐four subjects (15.1%) discontinued the study and the rate of discontinuation was similar among the treatment groups. The most commonly reported treatment‐emergent adverse events were headache (7.6%), nausea (6.2%), infection (4.8%), and bronchitis (4.1%). None of the adverse events was considered treatment related.

Conclusion

Although well tolerated and safe, ERB‐041 failed to demonstrate antiinflammatory efficacy in RA patients, despite evidence of strong activity in preclinical arthritis models. These results suggest that selective ERβ agonists would not have effects on regulating inflammatory response in RA. Nevertheless, further studies are warranted to establish their efficacy in inflammatory arthritis.
Patient‐reported outcome assessment in vasculitis may provide important data and a unique perspective
Authors: Herlyn Karen , Hellmich Bernhard , Seo Philip , Merkel Peter A.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To assess patients' self‐estimates of the burden of disease in vasculitis and to compare data across patient populations from the US, Germany, and the UK. Outcome assessment in vasculitis primarily focuses on physician evaluations of disease activity and damage. Little is known about the patients' perspectives regarding the burden of disease.

Methods

Patients ranked (scale 0–5) a list of vasculitis‐related items to estimate a combination of pain, interference with daily function, discomfort and/or annoyance, anxiety/psychological impact, and medical importance. Patients were also asked to list the 5 most troublesome aspects of the disease.

Results

Data from 264 patients with vasculitis from 3 countries were collected. Wegener's granulomatosis was the predominant disease, comprising 63% of the cohort. Diagnoses were confirmed by physicians in 98% of cases. The most common item from the free‐text sections was fatigue (75%), followed by pain (31%), musculoskeletal symptoms (24%), difficulty breathing (19%), financial aspects (13%), nasal discharge/crusting (14%), and weight gain (10%). Rankings of individual items varied substantially: fatigue (3.5), loss of energy (3.4), weight gain (3.1), joint pain (3.0), and sinusitis (3.0) were the highest‐ranked symptoms among those manifestations experienced by at least 50% of patients. Several severe manifestations (e.g., dialysis, seizures, oxygen dependency) were ranked lower (<3.0).

Conclusion

Fatigue and reduced energy level are considered the most important disease burdens by patients with vasculitis; manifestations associated with organ damage were rated lower. The patients' perspectives of the impact of vasculitis differ from the physicians' ratings. Future outcome assessment in vasculitis should include the patients' perspectives.
LMI solutions to the mixed ℋ︁−/ℋ︁∞fault detection observer design for linear parameter‐varying systems
Authors: Wei X. , Verhaegen M.
Published: June 2010

This paper addresses the mixed ℋ︁−/ℋ︁∞fault detection observer design issue for a class of linear parameter‐varying (LPV) systems. Analogous to the definition of the quadratic ℋ︁∞performance for LPV systems and the ℋ︁−index for linear time invariant (LTI) systems, the quadratic ℋ︁−index and the affine quadratic ℋ︁−index for LPV systems are defined in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The first algorithm for designing the mixed ℋ︁−/H∞observer is proposed, which aims at minimizing the quadratic ℋ︁∞performance and maximizing the quadratic ℋ︁−index of the observer error dynamic systems. To reduce the conservativeness of this algorithm, the affine quadratic ℋ︁∞performance and the affine ℋ︁−index for LPV systems are utilized. The robustness conditions and affine ℋ︁−index conditions for the underlying observer optimization issue are formulated as parameter‐dependent LMIs. The Gridding technique and multi‐convexity concept are applied, respectively, for reducing the parameter‐dependent LMIs to finite LMI constraints. Correspondingly, two iterative algorithms are proposed. Furthermore, the threshold design and the estimation of the worst undetectable fault size are investigated. An example is studied to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilization of controlled positive discrete‐time T‐S fuzzy systems by state feedback control
Authors: Benzaouia Abdellah , Hmamed Abdelaziz , EL Hajjaji Ahmed
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with sufficient conditions of asymptotic stability and stabilization for nonlinear discrete‐time systems represented by a Takagi–Sugeno‐type fuzzy model whose state variables take only nonnegative values at all timestfor any nonnegative initial state. This class of systems is called positive systems. The conditions of stabilizability are obtained with state feedback control. This work is based on multiple Lyapunov functions. The results are presented in linear matrix inequalities form. A real plant is studied to illustrate this technique. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrative Approaches to Hybrid Multifunctional Materials: From Multidisciplinary Research to Applied Technologies
Authors: Nicole Lionel , Rozes Laurence , Sanchez Clément
Published: June 2010

Achieving nanostructured or hierarchical hybrid architectures involves cross‐cutting synthetic strategies where all facettes of chemistry (organic, polymers, solid‐state, physical, materials chemistries, biochemistry, etc…︁), soft matter and ingenious processing are synergistically coupled. These cross‐cutting approaches are in the vein of bio‐inspired synthesis strategies where the integration of different areas of expertise allows the development of complex systems of various shapes with perfect mastery at different size scales, composition, porosity, functionality, and morphology. These strategies coined “Integrative Chemistry” open a land of opportunities to create advanced hybrid materials with organic‐inorganic or bio‐inorganic character. These hybrid materials represent not only a new field of basic research where creative chemists can express themselves, but also, via their remarkable new properties and multifunctional nature, hybrids are allowing the emergence of innovative industrial applications in extremely diverse fields.
Reproducibility of tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity measurements in children and young adults with sickle cell disease undergoing screening for pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Liem Robert I. , Young Luciana T. , Lay Amy S. , Pelligra Stephanie A. , Labotka Richard J. , Thompson Alexis A.
Published: June 2010

The reproducibility of tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRJV) measurements by Doppler echocardiography has not been subjected to systematic evaluation among individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) undergoing screening for pulmonary hypertension. We examined sources of disagreement associated with peak TRJV in children and young adults with SCD. Peak TRJV was independently measured and interpreted a week apart by separate sonographers and readers, respectively, in 30 subjects (mean age, 15.8 ± 3.3 years) who provided 120 observations. We assessed intra‐/inter‐reader, intra‐/inter‐sonographer, sonographer‐reader, and within subject agreement using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cohen's kappa (κ). Agreement was examined graphically using Bland‐Altman plots. Although sonographers could estimate and measure peak TRJV in all subjects, readers designated tricuspid regurgitation nonquantifiable in 10–17% of their final interpretations. Intra‐reader agreement was highest (ICC = 0.93 [95% CI 0.86, 0.97], P = 0.0001) and within subject agreement lowest (ICC = 0.36 [95% CI 0.02, 0.64], P = 0.021) for single TRJV measurements. Similarly, intra‐reader agreement was highest (κ = 0.74 [95% CI 0.53, 0.95], P = 0.0001) and within subject lowest (κ = 0.14 [95% CI −0.17, 0.46], P = 0.38) when sonographers and readers categorized TRJV measurements. On Bland‐Altman plots, absolute differences in observations increased with higher mean TRJV readings for intra‐/inter‐reader agreement. Peak TRJV measurements in individual children and young adults with SCD are affected by several sources of disagreement, underscoring the need for methodological improvements that ensure reproducibility of this screening modality for making clinical decisions in this population. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of parenteral iron products and serious anaphylactic‐type reactions
Authors: Wysowski Diane K. , Swartz Lynette , Vicky Borders‐Hemphill B. , Goulding Margie R. , Dormitzer Catherine
Published: June 2010

Controversy exists about the safety of the parenteral iron dextran products, Dexferrum and INFeD, which have been associated with rare, serious anaphylactic‐type reactions. In the United States, their product labels carry boxed warnings of this adverse event; some have called for the withdrawal from marketing of the higher molecular weight Dexferrum. Between 2002 and 2007, sales of Dexferrum, INFeD, and iron gluconate Ferrlecit declined 32.5%, 21%, and 4.8%, respectively, while sales of iron sucrose Venofer increased 160%. Voluntary reports submitted to the Food and Drug Administration show anaphylactic reactions and symptoms for the four parenteral iron products. Because of underreporting, possible differential reporting, absence of iron dextran brand names, and incomplete use (denominator) data, incidence rates and relative risk estimates cannot be calculated. U.S. death certificate data show that for most years from 1979 through 2006, no more than 3 deaths per year were coded to “adverse events in therapeutic use of iron preparations;” brand names were not consistently recorded. Emergency department data show small numbers of visits for treatment of allergic reactions with intravenous iron preparations. The data presented herein show that allergic reactions are possible with all four parenteral iron products, and it is difficult to determine which product has the largest risk based on sales data, voluntarily submitted adverse event reports, death certificates, ED visits, and observational studies performed to date. To help differentiate risk among the parenteral iron products, the brand name of the product always should be provided on medical records, death certificates, and adverse drug reaction reports. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The refinement of the critical region for the 2q31.2q32.3 deletion syndrome indicates candidate genes for mental retardation and speech impairment
Authors: Cocchella Alessandro , Malacarne Michela , Forzano Francesca , Marciano Carmela , Pierluigi Mauro , Perroni Lucia , Faravelli Francesca , Di Maria Emilio
Published: June 2010

Current literature provides more than 30 patients with interstitial deletions in chromosome 2q31q33. Only a few of them were studied using high‐resolution methods. Among these, two patients had presented with a particular consistence of some clinical features associated to a deletion between bands q31.2 and q32.3 of chromosome 2. This clinical pattern, labeled as “2q31.2q32.3 syndrome,” consists of multiple dysmorphisms, developmental delay, mental retardation and behavioural disturbances. We report an adult female patient with a 4.4 Mb deletion in the 2q31.2q32.3 region, showing facial dysmorphisms, mental retardation and absence of speech. The region overlaps with the deletion found in the two cases previously reported. The critical region points to a few genes, namely NEUROD1, ZNF804A, PDE1A, and ITGA4, which are good candidates to explain the cognitive and behavioural phenotype, as well as the severe speech impairment associated with the 2q31.2q32.3 deletion. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This article was published online on 15 June 2010. One error was subsequently identified. Acknowledgement section has now been added. This notice is included in the online and print versions to indicate that both have been corrected 14 September 2010.
Quasi‐particle peak due to magnetic order in strongly correlated electron systems
Authors: Zaleski T.A. , Kopeć T.K.
Published: June 2010

We study the electron spectral function of the antiferromagnetically ordered phase of the three dimensional Hubbard model, using recently formulated low‐energy theory based on the 2D half‐filled Hubbard model which describes both collective spin and charge fluctuations for arbitrary value of the Coulomb repulsion U. The model then is solved by a saddle‐point approximation within the CP1 representation for the Neel field. The single‐particle properties are obtained by writing the fermion field in terms of a U(1) phase, Schwinger boson SU(2) fields and a pseudofermion variables. We demonstrate that the appearance of a sharp peak in the electron spectral function in the antiferromagnetic state points to the emergence of the bosonic mode, which is associated with spin ordering.
Alteration of sensory neurons and spinal response to an experimental osteoarthritis pain model
Authors: Im Hee‐Jeong , Kim Jae‐Sung , Li Xin , Kotwal Naomi , Sumner Dale R. , van Wijnen Andre J. , Davis Francesca J. , Yan Dongyao , Levine Brett , Henry James L. , Desevré Jacques , Kroin Jeffrey S.
Published: June 2010

Objective

To verify the biologic links between progressive cellular and structural alterations within knee joint components and development of symptomatic chronic pain that are characteristic of osteoarthritis (OA), and to investigate the molecular basis of alterations in nociceptive pathways caused by OA‐induced pain.

Methods

An animal model of knee joint OA pain was generated by intraarticular injection of mono‐iodoacetate (MIA) in Sprague‐Dawley rats, and symptomatic pain behavior tests were performed. Relationships between development of OA with accompanying pain responses and gradual alterations in cellular and structural knee joint components (i.e., cartilage, synovium, meniscus, subchondral bone) were examined by histologic and immunohistologic analysis, microscopic examination, and microfocal computed tomography. Progressive changes in the dynamic interrelationships between peripheral knee joint tissue and central components of nociceptive pathways caused by OA‐induced pain were examined by investigating cytokine production and expression in sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord.

Results

We observed that structural changes in components of the peripheral knee joint correlate with alterations in the central compartments (dorsal root ganglia and the spinal cord) and symptomatic pain assessed by behavioral hyperalgesia. Our comparative gene expression studies revealed that the pain pathways in MIA‐induced knee OA may overlap, at least in part, with neuropathic pain mechanisms. Similar results were also observed upon destabilization of the knee joint in the anterior cruciate ligament transection and destabilization of the medial meniscus models of OA.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that MIA‐induced joint degeneration in rats generates an animal model that is suitable for mechanistic and pharmacologic studies on nociceptive pain pathways caused by OA, and provide key in vivo evidence that OA pain is caused by central sensitization through communication between peripheral OA nociceptors and the central sensory system. Furthermore, our data suggest a mechanistic overlap between OA‐induced pain and neuropathic pain.
Extracting historical time periods from the Web
Authors: de Boer Viktor , van Someren Maarten , Wielinga Bob J.
Published: June 2010

In this work we present an automatic method for the extraction of time periods related to ontological concepts from the Web. The method consists of two parts: an Information Extraction phase and a Semantic Representation phase. In the Information Extraction phase, temporal information about events that are associated with the target instance are extracted from Web documents. The resulting distribution is normalized and a model is fit to it. This distribution is then converted into a Semantic Representation in the second phase. We present the method and describe experiments where time periods for four different types of concepts are extracted and converted to a time representation vocabulary, based on the TIMEX2 annotation standard.
ChemInform Abstract: Theoretical Studies of B2Lin (n = 1—4).
Authors: Srinivas Gantasala Naga , Hamilton Tracy P. , Boatz Jerry A. , Lammertsma Koop
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cationic Ordering in Tysonite Type Structures. Part 1. Crystal Structure of BaTeF6.
Authors: Ider A. , El Farissi M. , Laval J. P.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Channel Structure in the New BiCoPO5. Comparison with BiNiPO5. Crystal Structure, Lone Pair Localization and Infrared Characterization.
Authors: Ketatni M. , Abraham F. , Mentre O.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Ion Conduction Pathways in Ag5IP2O7.
Authors: Adams Stefan , Preusser Andrea
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rb2MoS4.
Authors: Ellermeier Jan , Naether Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tl2MoO4 at 350 K.
Authors: Friese K. , Madariaga G. , Breczewski T.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Refinement of CaBa2(HPO4)2 (H2PO4)2.
Authors: Tahar Lotfi Ben , Smiri Leila , Driss Ahmed
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pulsed Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis of Cadmium Selenide Nanoparticles.
Authors: Mastai Y. , Polsky R. , Koltypin Yu. , Gedanken A. , Hodes G.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of ((NH3CH2CH2)3N) 2P6O18×6H2O.
Authors: Marouani H. , Rzaigui M.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Cyclooctaphosphate K2Mn2P8O24.
Authors: Murashova E. V. , Chudinova N. N.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium Nitrosocompounds with Oxygen‐Containing Tetrahedral Anions of d0‐Metals. The Crystal Structure of Tetraamminehydroxonitrosoruthenium(IV) Chromate Monohydrate [Ru(NO)(OH)(NH3)4] (CrO4)×H2O.
Authors: Kokunova V. N. , Minacheva L. Kh. , Kokunov Yu. V. , Sergienko V. S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Orbital Calculations for the Reactions of 2,5‐Dimethylpyrrole with Phenylsulfonyl Chloride.
Authors: Seo Mi‐Kyung , Kim Jin‐Beom , Seong Seeyearl , Shim Young‐key
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylation and Phenylation of [60]‐ and [70]‐Fullerenes by the Reaction with Ketones in the Ionization Chamber of a Mass Spectrometer.
Authors: Shilova Elena A. , Lyakhovetsky Yury I. , Tumanskii Boris L. , Belokon' Alexander I. , Nekrasov Yurii S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric C—H Oxidation of vic‐Diols to α‐Hydroxy Ketones by a Fructose‐Derived Dioxirane: Electronic Effects on the Enantioselectivity of Oxygen Transfer.
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Saha‐Moeller Chantu R. , Zhao Cong‐Gui
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Ketone‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Epoxidation of 2,2‐Disubstituted Vinylsilanes.
Authors: Warren J. David , Shi Yian
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Steric versus Electronic Effects of the Ligand in the Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation with Chiral Oxazolinylpyridines.
Authors: Chelucci Giorgio , Deriu Sebastiano , Pinna Gerard A. , Saba Antonio , Valenti Raffaela
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: ortho‐Directed Lithiation of 3,4‐(Alkylenedioxy)halobenzens with LDA and LiTMP. The First ortho Lithiation of an Iodobenzene.
Authors: Mattson Ronald J. , Sloan Charles P. , Lockhart Christopher C. , Catt John D. , Gao Qi , Huang Stella
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Properties of Novel Liquid Crystals Containing a Trifluoromethylamino Group.
Authors: Kanie Kiyoshi , Mizuno Katsuya , Kuroboshi Manabu , Takehara Sadao , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Steric Factor in Reactions of Substituted 2‐Trifluoromethylchromones with Ammonia and Primary Amines.
Authors: Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Ya. , Kutsenko Valentin A. , Yachevskii Danil S.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fast Nitroaldol Reaction Using Powdered KOH in Dry Media.
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Bosica Giovanna , Parrini Mauro
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Control of the Regioselectivity in the Pauson—Khand Reaction of 7‐Oxanorbornene Derivatives.
Authors: Arjona Odon , Csaky Aurelio G. , Murcia M. Carmen , Plumet Joaquin
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.