bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinopyroxene precursors to amphibole sponge in arc crust
Authors: Smith Daniel J.
Published: July 2014

The formation of amphibole cumulates beneath arc volcanoes is a key control on magma geochemistry, and generates a hydrous lower crust. Despite being widely inferred from trace element geochemistry as a major lower crustal phase, amphibole is neither abundant nor common as a phenocryst phase in arc lavas and erupted pyroclasts, prompting some authors to refer to it as a ‘cryptic’ fractionating phase. This study provides evidence that amphibole develops by evolved melts overprinting earlier clinopyroxene—a near-ubiquitous mineral in arc magmas. Reaction-replacement of clinopyroxene ultimately forms granoblastic amphibole lithologies. Reaction-replacement amphiboles have more primitive trace element chemistry (for example, lower concentrations of incompatible Pb) than amphibole phenocrysts, but still have chemistries suitable for producing La/Yb and Dy/Yb ‘amphibole sponge’ signatures. Amphibole can fractionate cryptically as reactions between melt and mush in lower crustal ‘hot zones’ produce amphibole-rich assemblages, without significant nucleation and growth of amphibole phenocrysts.
Rapid simultaneous detection of multi-pesticide residues on apple using SERS technique
Authors: Zhang Yizhi , Wang Zhuyuan , Wu Lei , Pei Yuwei , Chen Peng , Cui Yiping
Published: July 2014

A rapid and straightforward method was employed to simultaneously detect two pesticides on apple surface.
Separation and sensitive determination of sphingolipids at low femtomole level by using HPLC-PIESI-MS/MS
Authors: Xu Chengdong , Pinto Eduardo Costa , Armstrong Daniel W.
Published: July 2014

A highly sensitive paired ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PIESI-MS) approach was developed for the trace determination of sphingolipids.
A napthelene–pyrazol conjugate: Al(iii) ion-selective blue shifting chemosensor applicable as biomarker in aqueous solution
Authors: Mukherjee Manjira , Pal Siddhartha , Lohar Somenath , Sen Buddhadeb , Sen Supriti , Banerjee Samya , Banerjee Snehasis , Chattopadhyay Pabitra
Published: July 2014

A new crystallographically characterized napthelene–pyrazol conjugate acts as an Al(III) ion selective chemosensor in 100 mM HEPES buffer (water–DMSO 5 : 1, v/v) at biological pH. It is an efficient biomarker in detecting Al(III) ions in living cells.
Functionalized graphene oxide as a nanocatalyst in dephosphorylation reactions: pursuing artificial enzymes
Authors: Orth Elisa S. , Fonsaca Jéssica E. S. , Almeida Thomas Golin , Domingues Sergio H. , Ferreira José G. L. , Zarbin Aldo J. G.
Published: July 2014

The first report on the use of thiol-functionalized graphene oxide as a recyclable nanocatalyst in dephosphorylation reactions with impressive activity (>105-fold).
Rhodium growth on Cu2S nanocrystals yielding hybrid nanoscale inorganic cages and their synergistic properties
Authors: Vinokurov Kathy , Bekenstein Yehonadav , Gutkin Vitaly , Popov Inna , Millo Oded , Banin Uri
Published: July 2014

Edge growth of rhodium and ruthenium–rhodium metals on highly faceted Cu2S semiconductor seeds yields a family of nano-inorganic caged hybrid nanoparticles.
An in situ transmission electron microscopy study of sintering and redispersion phenomena over size-selected metal nanoparticles: environmental effects
Authors: Behafarid Farzad , Pandey Sudeep , Diaz Rosa E. , Stach Eric A. , Cuenya Beatriz Roldan
Published: July 2014

The thermal and chemical stability of micelle-synthesized size-selected Pt nanoparticles (NPs) supported on thin SiO2(20 nm) films was monitoredin situ viatransmission electron microscopy (TEM) under pure hydrogen and pure oxygen environments.
Isomeric chain structures of {[Mn(H2O)4]2Ru2(CO3)4Br2}nn−: syntheses, structural diversity and magnetic properties
Authors: Hou Xiao-Feng , Jia Yan-Yan , Yang Jian-Hui , Cao Zhi , Liu Bin
Published: July 2014

Isomeric (twisted and zigzag) double-chain {[Mn(H2O)4]2Ru2(CO3)4Br2}nn− complexes show two-step magnetic ordering (5.0 K and 2.6 K) and metamagnetic behavior (1.2 kOe).
Synthesis and characterization of two novel dicyanidoargentate(i) complexes containing N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine exhibiting significant biological activity
Authors: Korkmaz Nesrin , Karadağ Ahmet , Aydın Ali , Yanar Yusuf , Karaman İsa , Tekin Şaban
Published: July 2014

Two novel cyanido-complexes having very significant antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer activitiesin vitrowere synthesized and characterized using various techniques.
Conduction control at ferroic domain walls via external stimuli
Authors: Yang J. C. , Yeh C. H. , Chen Y. T. , Liao S. C. , Huang R. , Liu H. J. , Hung C. C. , Chen S. H. , Wu S. L. , Lai C. H. , Chiu Y. P. , Chiu P. W. , Chu Y. H.
Published: July 2014

Multiple conduction controls of ferroic domain walls via external stimuli are demonstrated for new nanoelectronics. The conduction level of 90° domain walls in multiferroic BiFeO3 can be elegantly tuned by electric, magnetic fields and light, enabling such nano-sized homointerface to be promising candidates for new multifunctional devices.
Demonstration of a common indole-based aromatic core in natural and synthetic eumelanins by solid-state NMR
Authors: Chatterjee Subhasish , Prados-Rosales Rafael , Tan Sindy , Itin Boris , Casadevall Arturo , Stark Ruth E.
Published: July 2014

Comparing natural and synthetic eumelanin pigment structures: high-field 2D solid-state NMR reveals a common indole-based aromatic core for ubiquitous protective pigments that inspire engineered materials.
Dually degradable click hydrogels for controlled degradation and protein release
Authors: Kharkar Prathamesh M. , Kloxin April M. , Kiick Kristi L.
Published: July 2014

Crosslinks that can undergo click bond cleavage and ester hydrolysis were incorporated to design glutathione-sensitive, dually degradable hydrogels for degradation-mediated, controlled release of cargo molecules.
Comment on ‘Compensate for the coupled radiation patterns of compact transmitting antenna arrays’
Authors: Zamłyński Mariusz , Słobodzian Piotr
Published: July 2014

In a recent study by Niow et al., it has been shown that an effective method for mutual coupling compensation in antenna arrays can be based on mutual impedances between antenna elements and the active element input impedance. Consequently, Niow et al. have derived an equation for compensated excitation voltages, which allows the radiation pattern of an antenna array to be predicted accurately using the principle of pattern multiplication. In the current comment, the authors show that the effectiveness of those equations depends on the level of mutual coupling between radiating elements, and becomes lower for strong mutual coupling. The authors explain the reason for this deficiency and a corrected form of the equations was proposed for the compensated excitation voltages.
Multiple‐parameter reconfiguration in a single planar ultra‐wideband antenna for advanced wireless communication systems
Authors: Aboufoul Tamer , Chen Xiaodong , Parini Clive G. , Alomainy Akram
Published: July 2014

A compact frequency, pattern and polarisation reconfigurable planar ultra‐wideband antenna is presented. The antenna is frequency reconfigurable to allow flexible functionality such as limiting the impact of out‐of‐band interferers if required in certain applications. Moreover, it provides basic pattern reconfiguration to enhance the scanning or the communication performance in future wireless applications by sensing interferers in the space domain and achieving pattern diversity to mitigate fading and increase signal‐to‐noise ratio. Another special feature of the proposed antenna is that its polarisation is reconfigurable at specific frequencies to generate circular polarised (CP) radiation. The antenna performance characteristics are verified through parametric simulations and measurements. The proposed antenna presents significant degrees of freedom in providing reconfigurable properties in frequency, radiation patterns and polarisation as compared to standard single‐parameter reconfigurable antennas; therefore providing a flexible radio front‐end for smart radio and wireless applications such as cognitive radio.
Equation of state for Eu-doped SrSi2O2N2
Authors: Ermakova Olga , Paszkowicz Wojciech , Kaminska Agata , Barzowska Justyna , Szczodrowski Karol , Grinberg Marek , Minikayev Roman , Nowakowska Małgorzata , Carlson Stefan , Li Guogang , Liu Ru-Shi , Suchocki Andrzej
Published: July 2014

α-SrSi2O2N2 is one of the recently studied oxonitridosilicates applicable in optoelectronics, in particular in white LEDs. Its elastic properties remain unknown. A survey of literature shows that, up to now, nine oxonitridosilicate materials have been identified. For most of these compounds, doped with rare earths and manganese, a luminescence has been reported at a wavelength characteristic for the given material; all together cover a broad spectral range. The present study focuses on the elastic properties of one of these oxonitridosilicates, the Eu-doped triclinic α-SrSi2O2N2. High-pressure powder diffraction experiments are used in order to experimentally determine, for the first time, the equation of state of this compound. The in situ experiment was performed for pressures ranging up to 9.65 GPa, for Eu-doped α-SrSi2O2N2 sample mounted in a diamond anvil cell ascertaining the hydrostatic compression conditions. The obtained experimental variation of volume of the triclinic unit cell of α-SrSi2O2N2:Eu with rising pressure served for determination of the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The determined above quoted bulk modulus is 103(5) GPa, its first derivative is 4.5(1.1). The above quoted bulk modulus value is found to be comparable to that of earlier reported oxynitrides of different composition.
Magnetic properties of periodically organized cobalt frameworks
Authors: Hukic-Markosian Golda , Zhai Yaxin , Montanari Danielle E. , Ott Steven , Braun Adrianne , Sun Dali , Vardeny Zeev V. , Bartl Michael H.
Published: July 2014

Periodically organized magnetic cobalt frameworks have been fabricated by a combination of colloidal self-assembly and electrochemical deposition. The ordered cobalt frameworks have a closed-packed face-centered-cubic inverse opal structure and are fabricated as micrometer-thick films. The size and density of the cobalt crystallites that compose the cobalt frameworks can be modified by a thermal annealing step following the electrodeposition. Comparison of the magnetic properties (studied by magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) spectroscopy) of as-deposited and annealed samples reveals strong impact of the annealing process. Fitting the obtained MOKE response to a modified Langevin model reveals optimum values of coercivity, pinning site density, and inter-domain coupling for samples that are thermally annealed at 440 °C.
Helium in chirped laser fields as a time-asymmetric atomic switch
Authors: Kaprálová-Žďánská Petra Ruth , Moiseyev Nimrod
Published: July 2014

Tuning the laser parameters exceptional points in the spectrum of the dressed laser helium atom are obtained. The weak linearly polarized laser couples the ground state and the doubly excited P-states of helium. We show here that for specific chirped laser pulses that encircle an exceptional point one can get the time-asymmetric phenomenon, where for a negative chirped laser pulse the ground state is transformed into the doubly excited auto-ionization state, while for a positive chirped laser pulse the resonance state is not populated and the neutral helium atoms remains in the ground state as the laser pulse is turned off. Moreover, we show that the results are very sensitive to the closed contour we choose. This time-asymmetric state exchange phenomenon can be considered as a time-asymmetric atomic switch. The optimal time-asymmetric switch is obtained when the closed loop that encircles the exceptional point is large, while for the smallest loops, the time-asymmetric phenomenon does not take place. A systematic way for studying the effect of the chosen closed contour that encircles the exceptional point on the time-asymmetric phenomenon is proposed.
Principal component analysis of molecular dynamics: On the use of Cartesian vs. internal coordinates
Authors: Sittel Florian , Jain Abhinav , Stock Gerhard
Published: July 2014

Principal component analysis of molecular dynamics simulations is a popular method to account for the essential dynamics of the system on a low-dimensional free energy landscape. Using Cartesian coordinates, first the translation and overall rotation need to be removed from the trajectory. Since the rotation depends via the moment of inertia on the molecule's structure, this separation is only straightforward for relatively rigid systems. Adopting millisecond molecular dynamics simulations of the folding of villin headpiece and the functional dynamics of BPTI provided by D. E. Shaw Research, it is demonstrated via a comparison of local and global rotational fitting that the structural dynamics of flexible molecules necessarily results in a mixing of overall and internal motion. Even for the small-amplitude functional motion of BPTI, the conformational distribution obtained from a Cartesian principal component analysis therefore reflects to some extend the dominant overall motion rather than the much smaller internal motion of the protein. Internal coordinates such as backbone dihedral angles, on the other hand, are found to yield correct and well-resolved energy landscapes for both examples. The virtues and shortcomings of the choice of various fitting schemes and coordinate sets as well as the generality of these results are discussed in some detail.
Oblique propagation of dust ion-acoustic solitary waves in a magnetized dusty pair-ion plasma
Authors: Misra A. P. , Barman Arnab
Published: July 2014

We investigate the propagation characteristics of electrostatic waves in a magnetized pair-ion plasma with immobile charged dusts. It is shown that obliquely propagating (OP) low-frequency (in comparison with the negative-ion cyclotron frequency) long-wavelength “slow” and “fast” modes can propagate, respectively, as dust ion-acoustic (DIA) and dust ion-cyclotron (DIC)-like waves. The properties of these modes are studied with the effects of obliqueness of propagation (θ), the static magnetic field, the ratios of the negative to positive ion masses (m), and temperatures (T) as well as the dust to negative-ion number density ratio (δ). Using the standard reductive perturbation technique, we derive a Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation which governs the evolution of small-amplitude OP DIA waves. It is found that the KdV equation admits only rarefactive solitons in plasmas with m well below its critical value mc (≫ 1) which typically depends on T and δ. It is shown that the nonlinear coefficient of the KdV equation vanishes at m = mc, i.e., for plasmas with much heavier negative ions, and the evolution of the DIA waves is then described by a modified KdV (mKdV) equation. The latter is shown to have only compressive soliton solution. The properties of both the KdV and mKdV solitons are studied with the system parameters as above, and possible applications of our results to laboratory and space plasmas are briefly discussed.
Synchronization and an application of a novel fractional order King Cobra chaotic system
Authors: Muthukumar P. , Balasubramaniam P. , Ratnavelu K.
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we design a new three dimensional King Cobra face shaped fractional order chaotic system. The multi-scale synchronization scheme of two fractional order chaotic systems is described. The necessary conditions for the multi-scale synchronization of two identical fractional order King Cobra chaotic systems are derived through feedback control. A new cryptosystem is proposed for an image encryption and decryption by using synchronized fractional order King Cobra chaotic systems with the supports of multiple cryptographic assumptions. The security of the proposed cryptosystem is analyzed by the well known algebraic attacks. Numerical simulations are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed theoretical results.
Feedback-assisted extension of the tokamak operating space to low safety factor
Authors: Hanson J. M. , Bialek J. M. , Baruzzo M. , Bolzonella T. , Hyatt A. W. , Jackson G. L. , King J. , La Haye R. J. , Lanctot M. J. , Marrelli L. , Martin P. , Navratil G. A. , Okabayashi M. , Olofsson K. E. J. , Paz-Soldan C. , Piovesan P. , Piron C. , Piron L. , Shiraki D. , Strait E. J. , Terranova D. , Turco F. , Turnbull A. D. , Zanca P.
Published: July 2014

Recent DIII-D and RFX-mod experiments have demonstrated stable tokamak operation at very low values of the edge safety factor q(a) near and below 2. The onset of n = 1 resistive wall mode (RWM) kink instabilities leads to a disruptive stability limit, encountered at q(a) = 2 (limiter plasmas) and q95 = 2 (divertor plasmas). However, passively stable operation can be attained for q(a) and q95 values as low as 2.2. RWM damping in the q(a) = 2 regime was measured using active MHD spectroscopy. Although consistent with theoretical predictions, the amplitude of the damped response does not increase significantly as the q(a) = 2 limit is approached, in contrast with damping measurements made approaching the pressure-driven RWM limit. Applying proportional gain magnetic feedback control of the n = 1 modes has resulted in stabilized operation with q95 values reaching as low as 1.9 in DIII-D and q(a) reaching 1.55 in RFX-mod. In addition to being consistent with the q(a) = 2 external kink mode stability limit, the unstable modes have growth rates on the order of the characteristic wall eddy-current decay timescale in both devices, and a dominant m = 2 poloidal structure that is consistent with ideal MHD predictions. The experiments contribute to validating MHD stability theory and demonstrate that a key tokamak stability limit can be overcome with feedback.
Near-infrared gallium nitride two-dimensional photonic crystal platform on silicon
Authors: Roland I. , Zeng Y. , Han Z. , Checoury X. , Blin C. , El Kurdi M. , Ghrib A. , Sauvage S. , Gayral B. , Brimont C. , Guillet T. , Semond F. , Boucaud P.
Published: July 2014

We demonstrate a two-dimensional free-standing gallium nitride photonic crystal platform operating around 1550 nm and fabricated on a silicon substrate. Width-modulated waveguide cavities are integrated and exhibit loaded quality factors up to 34 000 at 1575 nm. We show the resonance tunability by varying the ratio of air hole radius to periodicity, and cavity hole displacement. We deduce a ∼7.9 dB/cm linear absorption loss for the suspended nitride structure from the power dependence of the cavity in-plane transmission.
Epitaxial ferromagnetic oxide thin films on silicon with atomically sharp interfaces
Authors: de Coux P. , Bachelet R. , Warot-Fonrose B. , Skumryev V. , Lupina L. , Niu G. , Schroeder T. , Fontcuberta J. , Sánchez F.
Published: July 2014

A bottleneck in the integration of functional oxides with silicon, either directly grown or using a buffer, is the usual formation of an amorphous interfacial layer. Here, we demonstrate that ferromagnetic CoFe2O4 films can be grown epitaxially on Si(111) using a Y2O3 buffer layer, and remarkably the Y2O3/Si(111) interface is stable and remains atomically sharp. CoFe2O4 films present high crystal quality and high saturation magnetization.
High-pressure behavior and thermoelastic properties of niobium studied by in situ x-ray diffraction
Authors: Zou Yongtao , Qi Xintong , Wang Xuebing , Chen Ting , Li Xuefei , Welch David , Li Baosheng
Published: July 2014

In situ synchrotron energy dispersive x-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments on Nb have been conducted at pressures up to 6.4 GPa and temperatures up to 1073 K. From the pressure-volume-temperature measurements, thermoelastic parameters were derived for the first time for Nb based on the thermal pressure (ΔPth) equation of state (EOS), modified high-T Birch-Murnaghan EOS, and Mie-Grüneisen-Debye EOS. With the pressure derivative of the bulk modulus KT′ fixed at 4.0, we obtained the ambient isothermal bulk modulus KT0 = 174(5) GPa, the temperature derivative of bulk modulus at constant pressure (∂KT/∂T)P=−0.060(8) GPa K−1 and at constant volume (∂KT/∂T)V=−0.046(8) GPa K−1, the volumetric thermal expansivity αT(T)=2.3(3)×10−5+0.3(2)×10−8T (K−1), as well as the pressure dependence of thermal expansion (∂α/∂P)T=(−2.0±0.4)×10−6 K−1 GPa−1. Fitting the present data to the Mie-Grüneisen-Debye EOS with Debye temperature Θ0 = 276.6 K gives γ0 = 1.27(8) and KT0 = 171(3) GPa at a fixed value of q = 3.0. The ambient isothermal bulk modulus and Grüneisen parameter derived from this work are comparable to previously reported values from both experimental and theoretical studies. An in situ high-resolution, angle dispersive XRD study on Nb did not indicate any anomalous behavior related to pressure-induced electronic topological transitions at ∼5 GPa as has been reported previously.
Revenue effects of practice nurse-led care for chronic diseases
Authors: Iles Richard A. , Eley Diann S. , Hegney Desley G. , Patterson Elizabeth , Young Jacqui , Del Mar Christopher , Synnott Robyn , Scuffham Paul A.
Published: July 2014

Objective To determine the economic feasibility in Australian general practices of using a practice nurse (PN)-led care model of chronic disease management. Methods A cost-analysis of item numbers from the Medicare Benefit Schedule (MBS) was performed in three Australian general practices, one urban, one regional and one rural. Patients (n =254; >18 years of age) with chronic conditions (type 2 diabetes, hypertension, ischaemic heart disease) but without unstable or major health problems were randomised into usual general practitioner (GP) or PN-led care for management of their condition over a period of 12 months. After the 12-month intervention, total MBS item charges were evaluated for patients managed for their stable chronic condition by usual GP or PN-led care. Zero-skewness log transformation was applied to cost data and log-linear regression analysis was undertaken. Results There was an estimated A$129 mean increase in total MBS item charges over a 1-year period (controlled for age, self-reported quality of life and geographic location of practice) associated with PN-led care. The frequency of GP and PN visits varied markedly according to the chronic disease. Conclusions Medicare reimbursements provided sufficient funding for general practices to employ PNs within limits of workloads before the new Practice Nurse Incentive Program was introduced in July 2012. What is known about the topic? The integration of practice nurses (PN) into the Australian health system is limited compared with the UK and other parts of Europe. There are known patient benefits of PNs collaborating with general practitioners, especially in chronic disease management, but the benefits from a financial perspective are less clear. What does this paper add? The cost-analysis of a PN-led model of chronic disease management in Australian general practice is reported, providing an indication of the financial impact of using PNs in primary healthcare. What are the implications for practitioners? Taking into account general practice and individual PN workloads, sufficient funding for employment of PNs is provided by Medicare reimbursements.
Polyoxometalate-Supported Lanthanoid Single-Molecule Magnets
Authors: Vonci Michele , Boskovic Colette
Published: July 2014

Polyoxometalates are robust and versatile multidentate oxygen-donor ligands, eminently suitable for coordination to trivalent lanthanoid ions. To date, 10 very different structural families of such complexes have been found to exhibit slow magnetic relaxation due to single-molecule magnet (SMM) behaviour associated with the lanthanoid ions. These families encompass complexes with between one and four of the later lanthanoid ions: Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Yb. The lanthanoid coordination numbers vary between six and eleven and a range of coordination geometries are evident. The highest energy barrier to magnetisation reversal measured to date for a lanthanoid–polyoxometalate SMM is Ueff/kB = 73 K for the heterodinuclear Dy–Eu compound (Bu4N)8H4[DyEu(OH)2(γ-SiW10O36)2].
Psychosocial factors related to willingness to use pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV prevention among Black men who have sex with men attending a community event
Authors: Eaton Lisa A. , Driffin Daniel D. , Smith Harlan , Conway-Washington Christopher , White Denise , Cherry Chauncey
Published: July 2014

Objectives
In the US, Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) holds tremendous promise for curbing the HIV/AIDS epidemic among these men. However, many psychosocial components must be addressed in order to implement this prevention tool effectively among BMSM. Methods: We assessed PrEP knowledge and use, health care access experiences, race-based medical mistrust, sexual partners and behaviours, and drug and alcohol use among 699 men attending a community event in the south-eastern United States. We used generalised linear modelling to assess factors associated with their willingness to use PrEP. Results: Three hundred and ninety-eight men reported being BMSM and having HIV-negative status. Among these men, 60% reported being willing to use PrEP. Lack of being comfortable with talking to a health care provider about having sex with men, not having discussed having sex with a man with a health care provider, race-based medical mistrust, and alcohol consumption and substance use were all identified as barriers to willingness to use PrEP. Sexual risk-taking, number of sex partners and STI diagnosis were not associated with willingness to use PrEP. Conclusions: Findings from the current paper demonstrate the importance of acknowledging the role of various psychosocial factors in the uptake of PrEP. It is imperative that we prioritise research into understanding these barriers better, as the failure to do so will impede the tremendous potential of this prevention technology.
CA3 size predicts the precision of memory recall
Authors: Chadwick Martin J. , Bonnici Heidi M. , Maguire Eleanor A.
Published: July 2014

Significance

How does the brain allow us to recall numerous life experiences despite there often being a high degree of similarity between memories? This is a key question in neuroscience. Moreover, there is also keen interest in understanding why some people are able to recall memories with greater clarity than other people. In this study, we identified a specific brain region, CA3, an area within a structure called the hippocampus, and a mechanism within it that helps to explain individual differences in recollection. These findings have relevance for all of us in elucidating memory muddles in general, in aging, and possibly also in conditions such as dementia, where confusion about the past is often evident.
The transcription factor
Fezf2
directs the differentiation of neural stem cells in the subventricular zone toward a cortical phenotype
Authors: Zuccotti Annalisa , Le Magueresse Corentin , Chen Min , Neitz Angela , Monyer Hannah
Published: July 2014

Significance

To study whether and to what extent neuronal stem cells can be reprogrammed postnatally and in the adult is of great importance because they hold the potential to treat neurological diseases for which there are no remedies so far. In the postnatal brain, neurogenesis is restricted to two brain regions: The subventricular zone (SVZ) gives rise to new neurons that preferentially develop a GABAergic phenotype, whereas in the dentate gyrus, glutamatergic neurons are produced. In this study, we took recourse to virus-mediated gene expression, and by introducing a key gene that is normally expressed in glutamatergic pyramidal neurons into SVZ-derived stem cells, we changed their GABAergic fate.
The role of older children and adults in wild poliovirus transmission
Authors: Blake Isobel M. , Martin Rebecca , Goel Ajay , Khetsuriani Nino , Everts Johannes , Wolff Christopher , Wassilak Steven , Aylward R. Bruce , Grassly Nicholas C.
Published: July 2014

Significance

The incidence of poliomyelitis has dropped precipitously over the last decade. However, persistent transmission in three countries and outbreaks elsewhere challenge the end-2014 eradication target. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is considering expanding the age range of vaccination campaigns even in the absence of adult cases, because of concerns about imperfect, waning intestinal immunity. The success of this approach will depend on the contribution to transmission by older ages, which we estimated during two large outbreaks affecting adults. Their contribution was found to depend on the setting, but there was no evidence for imperfect immunity contributing to the transmission of infection. Even small gains in the speed of vaccination response were found to have substantially greater benefit compared with expanded age range campaigns.
Tif1γ regulates the TGF-β1 receptor and promotes physiological aging of hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Quéré Ronan , Saint-Paul Laetitia , Carmignac Virginie , Martin Romain Z. , Chrétien Marie-Lorraine , Largeot Anne , Hammann Arlette , Pais de Barros Jean-Paul , Bastie Jean-Noël , Delva Laurent
Published: July 2014

Significance

Hematopoietic stem cell aging has been directly linked to the development of several hematological disorders, including myeloproliferative diseases. Here we show that in elderly mice (20 mo old), physiological aging of the hematopoietic system is linked to a decreased expression of transcription intermediary factor 1γ (Tif1γ) in HSCs. In turn, in young Tif1γ−/−mice (4 mo old), the hematopoiesis aging phenotype is exacerbated. In both sets of mice, Tif1γ level controls the TGF-β receptor 1 (Tgfbr1) turnover and subtly regulates the number of myeloid-biased HSCs in bone marrow. We establish that young Tif1γ−/−mice develop a phenotype of premature hematopoietic aging that may explain their predisposition to myeloproliferative disease.
Building a nation through a dam: the case of Rogun in Tajikistan
Authors: Menga Filippo
Published: July 2014

Ruling elites can use the symbolism of major dams to gain legitimacy and bolster a sense of national identity and patriotism. The Rogun Dam in Tajikistan is a gigantic hydraulic infrastructure that if and when finished will be the tallest in the world, allowing the country to gain energy self-sufficiency. Furthermore, by projecting an image of progress and success, such a structure can contribute to creating and strengthening a nationalistic discourse even before its completion. This paper begins by introducing the concept of nation-building in relation to the Central Asian setting and then connects it with the literature exploring the interplay between water and power. Subsequently, the focus moves to the Rogun project, illustrating the main traits of the Rogun ideology and outlining the rhetorical legitimation strategies used by the Tajik government to frame the dam as a nationally cohesive and patriotic project.
Prolonged antigen presentation by immune complex–binding dendritic cells programs the proliferative capacity of memory CD8 T cells
Authors: León Beatriz , Ballesteros-Tato André , Randall Troy D. , Lund Frances E.
Published: July 2014

The commitment of naive CD8 T cells to effector or memory cell fates can occur after a single day of antigenic stimulation even though virus-derived antigens (Ags) are still presented by DCs long after acute infection is resolved. However, the effects of extended Ag presentation on CD8 T cells are undefined and the mechanisms that regulate prolonged Ag presentation are unknown. We showed that the sustained presentation of two different epitopes from influenza virus by DCs prevented the premature contraction of the primary virus-specific CD8 T cell response. Although prolonged Ag presentation did not alter the number of memory CD8 T cells that developed, it was essential for programming the capacity of these cells to proliferate, produce cytokines, and protect the host after secondary challenge. Importantly, prolonged Ag presentation by DCs was dependent on virus-specific, isotype-switched antibodies (Abs) that facilitated the capture and cross-presentation of viral Ags by FcγR-expressing DCs. Collectively, our results demonstrate that B cells and Abs can regulate the quality and functionality of a subset of antiviral CD8 T cell memory responses and do so by promoting sustained Ag presentation by DCs during the contraction phase of the primary T cell response.
How short and light can a simple pendulum be for classroom use?
Authors: Oliveira V
Published: July 2014

We compare the period of oscillation of an ideal simple pendulum with the period of a more ‘real’ pendulum constituted of a rigid sphere and a rigid slender rod. We determine the relative error in the calculation of the local acceleration of gravity if the period of the ideal pendulum is used instead of the period of this real pendulum.
Substance Use in Committed Relationships
Authors: Derrick Jaye L. , Leonard Kenneth E.
Published: July 2014

This chapter reviews the reciprocal relationship between committed relationships and substance use. Relationship processes affect substance use in three major ways. First, married people tend to use fewer substances than unmarried people, a phenomenon known as the marriage effect. Second, through assortative mating and convergence, spouses tend to be similar to each other in terms of substance use. Third, lower marital quality is associated with increased substance use. Substance use also affects three aspects of marital quality: greater substance use is associated with more negative marital interactions, decreased marital satisfaction and stability, and increased intimate partner violence. The effect of concordance in substance use is discussed. Current limitations of the literature and future directions are described.
The Neurobiology of Reward and Stress and Its Relevance for Understanding Drug-Seeking and Dependence Symptomatology
Authors: Koob George F.
Published: July 2014

Drug addiction can be conceptualized as a disorder that progresses from neurobiological mechanisms involved in positive reinforcement to mechanisms involved in negative reinforcement. Neurobiological substrates for the positive reinforcement of drug abuse involve activation of the brain’s incentive salience and reward systems, such as dopamine and opioid peptides, and neurobiological substrates for the negative reinforcement of drug addiction involve the brain stress systems, such as corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), norepinephrine, and dynorphin in the ventral striatum and extended amygdala. Decreased function of brain antistress systems further contributes to motivational dysfunction. A brain stress response system is hypothesized to be dysregulated by acute excessive drug intake, sensitized during repeated withdrawal, persist into protracted abstinence, and contribute to the allostatic changes in motivation associated with addiction. From a theoretical perspective, the combination of loss of reward function and recruitment of brain stress systems drives the compulsivity of addiction and provides a rich neurobiological substrate for therapeutic interventions.
Jacobinism from Outside
Authors: Rapport Mike
Published: July 2014

‘Jacobinism’ as perceived and experienced outside France varied between local contexts, the rich diversity of responses to the French Revolution reflecting the ideas, symbols and rhetoric emanating from France, but also pre-existing political and ideological trends, earlier attempts at reform, the specific structures of society and the scale of resistance to change. There were commonalities that included similarities in ideology, rhetoric, symbols and practices, but international Jacobinism was never a coherent ideology or political movement. ‘Jacobins’ outside France were, moreover, usually minorities and everywhere they felt the full force of reactions in defence of tradition and the conservative order. The varieties of ‘Jacobinism’ outside France nonetheless provided an important response to the widespread debates about the nature of freedom and political identity, the shape of which was being fervently disputed around the world.
The Politics of Public Order, 1795–1802
Authors: Brown Howard G.
Published: July 2014

The Thermidorian National Convention, despite some efforts at ‘transitional justice’, failed to master the legacies of the Terror. Therefore, the fledgling regime needed to impose the new republican political order while also restoring basic law and order—two tightly entwined tasks. The Constitution of 1795 articulated a liberal democracy based on the rule of law, but political instability and endemic lawlessness led first to multiple violations of the constitution, especially in the wake of elections, and a steady shift from democratic republicanism toward ‘liberal authoritarianism’. This shift received added impetus during waves of repression intended to restore order on strictly republican terms. The result was the creation a new ‘security state’, one that combined coercive policing, administrative surveillance, exceptional justice, and militarized repression. The emergence of the new system helped to restore order, and thereby to legitimize the Consulate, but it also paved the road to personal dictatorship in 1802.
Brain Correlates of Numerical Disabilities
Authors: Kucian Karin , Kaufmann Liane , von Aster Michael
Published: July 2014

What are the brain correlates of numerical disabilities? To date only few studies have examined the neuronal underpinnings of specific numerical learning disabilities like developmental dyscalculia (DD). However, first results provide important insights if and where brains of children diagnosed with DD differ from those of typically achieving peers. Main deficits are apparent in core regions for number processing, which mainly comprise gray, as well as white matter in parietal lobes. Moreover, it already can be demonstrated that brain activation in DD is changing according to learning and intervention. The present chapter will bring together existing puzzle pieces of brain imaging findings in DD, as well as highlight some critical issues that have to be considered when comparing studies including children with DD.
Mental Preparation for the Performer
Authors: Thomas Alma
Published: July 2014

Mental skills are integral to success in practice and performance. Prominent educators in sport and in the performing arts have advocated their use for years. This chapter provides voice educators and singers with illustrative mental skills that are based on recent research, supplies further background on mental training, and provides examples of key concepts. Teachers, coaches and singers are encouraged to apply the exercises presented and, if necessary, adapt them through experimentation to meet individual needs. Mental skills require regular practice and commitment, and should be an integral part of all teaching and learning. The literature in sport, and more recently in music education and performance, is full of the benefits of using mental skills, and full of ways in which mental skills guide and enhance performances at all levels. The key mental skills covered in this chapter are commitment and motivation, goal-setting, managing anxiety, relaxation, imagery, and developing self-confidence.
Identity and Law in American Political Development
Authors: Novkov Julie
Published: July 2014

Recently, scholars studying American law and identity have adopted American Political Development (APD)’s focus on institutions in generating, shaping, and thwarting change. Their work has informed APD by emphasizing legal institutions as developmental factors and by highlighting how political struggles over identity influence the course of development. Studies of identity and law fill in missing parts of developmental stories. Developmental accounts recognize the importance of significant identity-based institutions like slavery or immigration regimes, but often they ignore impacts of these institutions on development. Further, some significant institutions like marriage and family that implicate identity are often omitted from debates over developmental questions. Overlooking these struggles impoverishes the account by distorting developmental narratives or disabling them from explaining the timing, process, and trajectory of changes. Focusing on identity and law also illustrates the significance of law and legal institutions in development. Moments in constitutional development turn on questions of identity, and struggles over equality and inclusion that influence the course of political development occur on legal terrain. Constitutional and legal development intersect with political development as legal struggles spill over onto political ground and vice versa. Law and legal discourse bridge between broader cultural concerns and the institutions and practices that comprise the state.
The Welfare State
Authors: Howard Christopher
Published: July 2014

The American welfare state has a long and complicated history. Political institutions, organized groups, ideas, and values have worked singly and in myriad combinations to shape US social policy; no single factor stands out as the most important influence. The end result, however, is increasingly clear. Built over many decades and shaped by so many different hands, the American welfare state has emerged as a large, jerry-rigged contraption capable of helping some groups of citizens far more than others. While citizens, pundits, and policymakers alike may lament the lack of rational design, a historical perspective helps us understand why the contemporary American welfare state fails to deliver on some of its promises.
Hume and the Molyneux Problem
Authors: Allison Henry E.
Published: July 2014

How would Hume have addressed William Molyneux’s question to Locke: would a man born blind but able to distinguish between a sphere and cube by touch, immediately on acquiring sight, distinguish these figures visually? As a central issue in eighteenth-century epistemology and psychology, one would expect Hume to have dealt with it in his Treatise and, like Locke and Berkeley, answered in the negative. After offering a possible reason for Hume’s neglect of this problem, the paper argues that Hume’s focus on the problem of a vacuum and a relational theory of space would have prompted a response more akin to Leibniz than Molyneux. The paper first analyzes Hume’s position, then discusses the central features of Hume’s account of extension. It argues that this account commits Hume to the thesis that both visual and tangible ideas of space are three-dimensional and, if developed, would lead to a positive answer to Molyneux’s question.
Overview of Basic Concepts
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C.
Published: July 2014

Functional brain imaging is based on a set of assumptions. A clear appreciation of those makes it possible to form reasonable opinions regarding the potential range of application and the limits of the functional neuroimaging procedures. Exposition of these basic facts and assumptions is the primary goal of this chapter. A secondary goal is the juxtaposition of the basic concepts involved in them, such as the concept of “function,” “brain mechanism,” “neuronal network,” “activity,” and “activation”; drawing, in broad outline, a description of the methods of neuroimaging, their relative spatial and temporal resolution, and the type of neurophysiological effects each of them captures and renders in images.
Clinical Applications of Functional Neuroimaging
Authors: Papanicolaou Andrew C. , Rezaie Roozbeh , Narayana Shalini , Choudhri Asim F. , Wheless James W. , Castillo Eduardo M. , Baumgartner James E. , Boop Frederick A.
Published: July 2014

The main clinical application of functional neuroimaging is mapping cortical regions containing part of the circuitry necessary for somatosensory, motor, and language functions and assessing hemispheric dominance for both language and encoding operations of memory prior to several types of brain surgery. Presently, it is used in conjunction with the classical invasive methods of brain mapping. This chapter presents the case for replacing invasive methods with noninvasive ones given the limitations of the invasive methods that render them unjustifiable as “gold standards.” Evidence is presented that the efficacy of the two types of methods in reducing morbidity, facilitating surgical planning, and enhancing surgical outcome is comparable. Additional advantages of noninvasive presurgical brain mapping are also discussed. The chapter concludes that there are no compelling reasons for invasive mapping in most patients whenever noninvasive methods are available.
International Job Search
Authors: Zikic Jelena , Kent Derin , Richardson Julia
Published: July 2014

As globalization and integration of national economies continues unabated, an increasing number of people are looking for work outside oftheir home countries. Moreover, rather than waiting to be sent overseas by an employer, as might be the case for corporate expatriate assignees, a growing number of people are independently engaging in international job search. In this chapter, we review the literature on these international job seekers, focusing specifically on immigrants and self-initiated expatriates. First, we consider the diverse motives and contextual factors that drive this international job search; second, we look at the personal and cultural factors serving as antecedents for specific job-search behaviors. We then consider how job-search behaviors—in combination with personal factors and host country contexts—influence international job-search outcomes. Throughout this discussion we identify similarities and differences between immigrants and self-initiated expatriates while acknowledging that the boundaries between different groups of international job seekers are blurred. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of areas for future research.
The Internal Dynamics and Political Power of Small Group Political Deliberation
Authors: Gastil John , Knobloch Katherine R. , Gilmore Jason
Published: July 2014

The authors essay summarize the implications of public deliberation scholarship for the study of political communication as it occurs in small social bodies, from dyadic conversations and small groups to structured deliberative bodies, such as Citizens’ Assemblies. They begin by illustrating the growth, impact, and importance of this relatively new area of study in political communication. The heart of the essay contains a review of the findings of key studies relevant to, influenced by, or designed to advance deliberative theories of group behavior. The third section emphasizes one particular subarea of importance in this body of work—the potential power of connecting small group deliberation with large-scale public judgment. In the final section, the authors identify some of the key unanswered questions about group deliberation.
Life Authorship in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: McAdams Dan P.
Published: July 2014

A central psychological challenge of emerging adulthood is the construction and internalization of a self-defining life story or narrative identity. In authoring one’s own life, the emerging adult develops a personal narrative that selectively reconstructs the past and imagines the future in such a way as to provide life with purpose, meaning, and a sense of temporal coherence. This article sketches the main themes and processes involved in the development of narrative identity in emerging adulthood by briefly reviewing empirical studies and describing two notable case examples. Both Barack Obama and George W. Bush sought to create self-defining life narratives during their emerging adulthood years and, despite their many differences, both drew on important social relationships and deep cultural sources to develop powerful stories of personal redemption. As illustrated in the case examples, the development of narrative identity sets the psychological stage for meeting life challenges of the 30s and midlife.