bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5.2: Field‐Sequential‐Color LCDs Based on Transient Modes
Authors: Li Y. W. , Tan L. , Kwok H. S.
Published: January 2009

A new configuration called stressed splay twist (SST) mode is proposed. Such device has much stronger transient effect than conventional TN mode. By using this dynamic approach, the true steady state‐to‐steady state response time of the liquid crystal can be ignored. The transient response time is used, in conjunction with the pulsed light source. A QVGA FSC displays prototype using SST mode is demonstrated.
25.2: Eye‐Tracking Solutions for Real‐Time Holographic 3‐D Display
Authors: Schwerdtner Armin , Leister Norbert , Häussler Ralf , Reichelt Stephan , Fütterer Gerald , Schwerdtner Alexander
Published: January 2009

The SeeReal electro‐holographic display approach — using an observer window — has for the first time made possible large volume holographic reconstruction with real‐time calculation. The observer tracking solution as implemented in the first SeeReal prototype is compared to new concepts providing for a larger tracking angle.
25.3: Autostereoscopic 2D/3D Switching Display Using Electric‐Field‐Driven LC Lens (ELC Lens)
Authors: Hong Hyung‐ki , Jung Sung‐min , Lee Byung‐joo , Im Hee‐jin , Shin Hyun‐ho
Published: January 2009

We propose a new 2D/3D switching method using the lens effect solely caused by LC director distribution under controlled non‐uniform electric field distribution. By optimizing electrodes structure and applying this lens cell to LCD of 17.1 inches size in diagonal, we successfully verified the lens on/off effect of LC lens and the switching between an auto‐stereoscopic 9‐view 3D mode and a clear 2D mode. Comparing with previously reported structures of other switching lens, our proposed structure is the most competitive in respect of structure simplicity and process compatibility.
26.1: Invited Paper: Motion Interpolation / Frame‐Rate Compensation for LCD‐TV
Authors: Berkeley Brian H. , Hulyalkar Samir N.
Published: January 2009

To improve motion performance of ever‐larger LCD‐TVs, many manufacturers are turning to high speed driving to eliminate spatio‐temporal blur which arises due to hold‐type driving used in LCDs. This paper explores techniques being used to address motion blur in LCD‐TVs, describes various set/panel architectures which can be used to generate interpolated frames for high speed driving, compares different motion estimation methods, reviews some of the challenges which can arise in frame interpolation, and discusses the integrated motion interpolating TCON approach which is the most cost‐effective system for implementation of high speed driving.
26.2: Motion‐Adaptive Alternating Gamma Drive for Flicker‐Free Motion‐Blur Reduction in 100/120 Hz LCD‐TV
Authors: Kim Taesung , Ye Bo , Vu Chung Phan , Balram Nikhil , Steemers Hugo
Published: January 2009

LCD motion blur is a well‐known phenomenon and several approaches have been developed to address it. This includes very high performing approaches based on Motion‐Compensated Frame‐Rate‐Conversion (MC‐FRC) and very low cost approaches based on impulsive driving. Impulsive driving schemes are attractive because of their low cost but suffer from two significant issues — loss of luminance and large area flicker. We propose a new impulsive driving approach using Motion‐Adaptive Alternate Gamma Driving (MA‐AGD) which removes motion blur and preserves the original luminance level without causing large area flicker.
26.3: Motion Interpolation Performance of 120Hz Display Systems
Authors: Shin Byung Hyuk , Oh Jaeho , Kim Kyungwoo , Park Minkyu , Berkeley Brian H.
Published: January 2009

120Hz driving using interpolated frames achieves better moving picture quality with less motion blur and less motion judder. However, errors in the interpolated frames can cause visual artifacts such as static text breakup, halos, and occlusions. This paper focuses on categorizing characteristics of visual artifacts and on reducing side‐effects by using information from original frames in special cases.
28.2: The Molecular Orientation of Polyimide Alignment Layer used in TFT‐LCDs with NEXAFS Study
Authors: Kim Young Jeon , Hwang Yong Taek , Rho Kyung Lae , Nam In Hyun , Choi Sunglak , Cho Sung‐Chan , Oh Weon Sik
Published: January 2009

Aromatic polyimide thin films are used as the alignment film in thin film transistor‐liquid crystal displays (TFT‐LCD's). The films play an important role in the initial alignment of the liquid crystal materials in LCD panels. Therefore, any structural or morphological deformation may lead to defect in the physical interactions thus malfunction of the display eventually. for example, an LCD is known to bear image sticking problem when it is assembled following 3 days or longer stagnancy in the process after main curing of the layer. In this paper, the molecular orientation of polyimide surfaces with respect to the stagnancy is investigated by means of surface sensitive Near Edge X‐ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. NEXAFS measurements clearly reveal preferred in‐plane and out‐of‐plane orientation of phenyl and C=O groups at the surface of the polyimide thin film in regard to the stagnancy after main curing. with longer stagnancy phenyl and C=O groups preferred in‐plane orientation. The preferred in‐plane orientation within the film can accelerate the image sticking problem in LCD's operating in PVA mode. Based on the result, vertical alignment of polyimide pendant group is found helpful for the better alignment of LC molecules in LCD's operating in the patterned vertical alignment (PVA) mode.
28.4: Late‐News Paper: Effects of Azimuthal Anchoring Energy on In‐Plane Switching Mode LCD
Authors: Lee Woo Keun , Park Hyun Jin , Lim Eun Jung , Shin Dong Cheon , Kim Dong Guk , Woo Joung Won , Shin Hyun Ho
Published: January 2009

The azimuthal anchoring energies (A.A.E.) of rubbed and UV‐exposed polyimides (PIs) alignment layers were measured more precisely by using improved optical measurement systems and modified cell configurations, and their effects on the alignment stabilities and liquid crystal (LC) response properties in an IPS‐mode LCD were studied. It is proved that (1) the relatively high A.A.E. is necessary for the alignment stability under high temperature stresses, and (2) the falling time of LC becomes shorter by about 0.7 ms with one order increase of an A.A.E. value. So we propose that the A.A.E. level of 1 × 10−2 ∼ 5 × 10−2 J/m2 is required for an alignment layer in an IPS‐mode LCD in order to guarantee the alignment stability and LC response property.
29.2: Invited Paper: PEDOT‐Based Layers for TCO‐Substitution and Hole‐Injection
Authors: Elschner Andreas , Jonas Friedrich , Kirchmeyer Stephan , Lövenich Wilfried
Published: January 2009

The conducting polymer poly(ethylene‐dioxythiophene)/poly(styrenesulfonic acid) [PEDOT:PSS] has matured from an antistatic coating into many more elaborated applications within the past decade. Here we report on our ongoing work towards replacing transparent conducting oxides (TCO) layers by highly conducting PEDOT:PSS and improving hole‐injection in small molecule and polymer light emitting diodes.
32.1: Stereoscopic TFT‐LCD with Wire Grid Polarizer and Retarder
Authors: Oh Jae Hwan , Park Won Hoon , Oh Beom Seok , Kang Dong Han , Kim Hyo Joon , Hong Sung Man , Hur Ji Ho , Jang Jin , Lee Sung Jung , Kim Min Jung , Lee Kyo Hyeon , Park Kwang Hoon
Published: January 2009

We developed a 5.5 inch, VGA (640×480×RGB), stereoscopic 3D display using a wire grid polarizer on patterned retarder. The proposed stereoscopic display uses the existing TFT array panel and a color filter on a wire grid polarizer on patterned retarder. Since a wire grid polarizer is placed adjacent to the LC layer, there is no limitation on viewing angle and viewing distance. Therefore, it is possible for many people to watch stereoscopic display simultaneously.
5.5: Late‐News Paper: Electrically Accelerated Turn‐Off Process in the Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Gu Mingxia , Shiyanovskii Sergij V. , Lavrentovich Oleg D.
Published: January 2009

We demonstrate for the first time that the dynamics of the nematic director during the turn‐off process can be accelerated by addressing the cell with a short voltage pulse of certain polarity. The duration of pulse is comparable to the time of dielectric relaxation of the nematic material and its polarity depends on the polarization created in the nematic bulk by the voltage applied during the turn‐on process.
33.1: Distinguished Student Paper: A Novel Technique for Overdrive Extraction by Measuring Only Two Gray‐to‐Gray Responses of a Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Tareq Md. Obaej , Song Kang , Jang Jin , Bhowmik Achintya , Lee Seung‐Woo
Published: January 2009

We present new results on the natural response characteristics of liquid crystals in order to reduce the motion blur for moving pictures. We describe a novel technique for extracting the capacitance‐voltage curve and determining the overdrive values by measuring only two gray‐to‐gray transitions. The results match well with those obtained by the conventional method without any trial‐and‐errors for overdrive extraction and large‐Sized look‐up table in the timing controller.
33.4: Smooth‐Frame‐Insertion Method for Reducing Motion Blur on OLED Panel
Authors: Chen Hanfeng , Ha Taehyeun , Sung Junho , Han Baikhee
Published: January 2009

As a kind of hold‐type display, OLED panel also suffers from motion blur problem. A smooth frame insertion (SFI) method is proposed to reduce the motion blur on OLED panel. SFI method doubles frame rate by decomposing each original frame into a smooth frame and a compensation frame. The smooth frame is calculated by some low‐pass filter. By SFI, hold‐type display is converted to impulse‐like display and motion blur is reduced significantly without luminance lost and obvious flicker.
34.1: Invited Paper: Development of World's Largest (150‐in. Diagonal) Advanced High Definition PDP
Authors: Ashida Hideki , Murakoso Tomohiro , Wada Yasumasa , Okawa Masafumi , Yamamoto Takayuki , Ando Toru , Kimura Naoaki , Ikeda Satoshi
Published: January 2009

This advanced high definition flat‐panel television display has 4096 × 2160 pixels and can realize good moving picture resolution, good color viewing angle, and crisp beautiful images over the entire screen. The single‐panel device is made from a mother glass which could fit nine 50 inch diagonal substrates.
6.1: A Study of the Relationship Between the Image Quality of the LCD and the Nano‐Scaled Bumps on the Substrate Glass
Authors: Oh Kum‐Mi , Lee Jae‐Kyun , Yang Joon‐Young , Yang Myoung‐Su , Jin Min‐Ji , Kang In‐Byeong , Chung In‐Jae
Published: January 2009

As the mother glass size is increased and the high image quality is required, the relationship between the image quality and the glass surface becomes significant more and more. The nano‐scaled bump of the glass, so called a cord, a streak, and a thickness band is one of the main factors in the image quality. The LCD panel with the nano‐scaled bumps on the glass was fabricated and studied their effect on the image quality. In this paper, we introduced the mechanism for the degradation of the image quality caused by the relationship between the LCD's structure and the lens effect by the bump of the glass.
35.1: Single Cell‐Gap Transflective FFS LCD Using Wire Grid Polarizer
Authors: Ge Zhibing , Wu Shin‐Tson , Li Wang‐Yang , Wei Chung‐Kuang
Published: January 2009

A single cell gap and wide‐view transflective LCD using fringe field switching LC cell and an internal wire grid polarizer as reflector is demonstrated. This transflective LCD exhibits a high light transmittance (T) and reflectance (R), and good match between the VT and VR curves.
35.3: A New Single‐Cell‐Gap Transflective OCB‐LCD with Fast Response Time and Wide Viewing Angle
Authors: Fukuda Ichiro , Ohnishi Tomoya , Ishinabe Takahiro , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: January 2009

A new single‐cell‐gap transflective LCD using the OCB‐mode LCD compensated with hybrid‐aligned discotic liquid crystal films and C‐plates was designed to improve the response time and viewing‐angle performance of transflective displays. We verified that a wide viewing angle and high contrast ratio could be achieved in both reflective and transmissive parts of the LCD.
35.4: Advanced‐MVA Mobile Technology for Fast‐Switching LCD Displays
Authors: Hsu Shih‐Feng , Chien Wei‐Yi , Wu Kuo‐Hwa , Yeh Li‐Yi , Wu Ming‐Hung , Lin Ting Cheng , Tsai Jen‐Chieh
Published: January 2009

We demonstrated a protrusion‐less MVA‐LCD (AMVA‐mobile) with fast switching response of 8 ms (on) and contrast ratio over 600:1. High performance is attributed to use an effective polymer alignment layer and improvements in optical optimization and curing process.
36.4: A Novel Seamless Tiling Technology for High Resolution OLED Displays
Authors: Shim HongShik , Kee InSeo , Lee YoungGu , Ko IckHwan , Kim JongMin , Byun SeokJoo
Published: January 2009

A novel seamless tiling technology for high resolution OLED displays is described. This technology is mainly based on geometric arrangement of each pixels and optical path control of OLED displays. Computer simulations have been used to find and confirm the best conditions for seamless OLED displays. A 2 × 1 tiled, 72ppi resolution, 8″ diagonal size AM‐OLED seamless tiled display prototype was fabricated.
38.1: A Novel 2‐Stage Analog Amplifier with Self‐Compensated Current Loads using Low Temperature Poly‐Si (LTPS) TFTs for Flat Panel Displays
Authors: Lim Kyoung‐Ho , Kim Hyun‐Wook , Kang Jin‐Seong , Sung Yoo‐Chang , Kwon Oh‐Kyong
Published: January 2009

A novel 2‐stage analog amplifier with self‐compensated p‐type current loads for LTPS TFT‐LCDs is proposed. The proposed 2‐stage analog buffer has three phases for compensation. The first and second compensation phases are self‐compensation for the p‐type TFT active loads and third compensation phase is typical auto‐zeroing compensation for a 2‐stage buffer. This method can suppress the offset voltage generated by the mismatch of the current loads and input differential pair. We fabricated the proposed buffer using LTPS TFTs and measured its electrical characteristics. The measured maximum offset voltage is 10mV for the full output voltage to range.
38.2: Highly Efficient P‐Type Only Cross‐Coupled DC‐DC Converter Using Low Temperature Poly‐Si (LTPS) TFTs for Mobile Display Applications
Authors: Yoon Joong‐Sun , Kang Jin‐Seong , Kwon Oh‐Kyong
Published: January 2009

This paper proposes a novel highly efficient p‐type only cross‐coupled DC‐DC converter using low temperature poly‐Si (LTPS) TFTs for mobile display applications. for fast switching operation at the gate node of driving TFT, the proposed p‐type only DC‐DC converter includes diode connected TFTs to initialize the driving TFT and a capacitive coupled clock input. The proposed DC‐DC converter was fabricated in p‐type only LTPS process. The measured output voltage is 8.8V in voltage up‐converting operation while consuming a load current of 250μA. Its power efficiency is 79.6%. Compared to the previously reported Dickson's charge pump, power efficiency is increased to 202.0% and integrated circuit area is reduced to 63.3%.
38.3: All‐Digital Phase‐Locked Loop with Low‐Temperature Poly‐Silicon Thin Film Transistor for System‐on‐Glass
Authors: Choi Jinyong , Min Kyungyoul , Nam Young‐Jin , Yoo Changsik
Published: January 2009

This paper describes an all‐digital phase‐locked loop (ADPLL) for system‐on‐glass (SoG) with low‐temperature poly‐Silicon (LTPS) thin film transistor (TFT). Due to the large variations and mismatches of LTPS TFT, it is very difficult to implement an analog PLL on glass substrate and ADPLL is employed for the timing generation in SoG. The ADPLL is implemented with a 2μm LTPS TFT process technology and consists of 5‐bit delay‐line time‐to‐digital converter (TDC), 7‐bit digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) and digital integrator. with a 20MHz reference clock, the ADPLL is locked within 36 periods of reference clock and shows 930ps peak‐to‐peak jitter.
39.3: Wide‐View Transflective LCD Using Fringe‐Field Switching Mode
Authors: Kim Hyang Yul , Jiao Meizi , Ge Zhibing , Wu Shin‐Tson , Lee Seung Hee
Published: January 2009

A high optical efficiency and wide‐view transflective LCD for mobile displays based on fringing field switching is proposed. The transmissive part uses homogenous alignment while the reflective part uses hybrid alignment with different optic axis orientation. In addition, the transmissive and reflective parts exhibit a similar gamma curve.
40.1: Modification of Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals by Doping Nanoparticles of Inorganic Materials Producing The Reduction of Operating Voltage and Response Times of LCDs
Authors: Inoue Keiichi , Takatoh Kohki , Akimoto Mitsuhiro , Miyama Tomohiro , Sakai Yoshio , Kobayashi Shunsuke , Saeki Yoshie , Hoshi Hajime , Kineri Tohru , Toshima Naoki , Sano Satoru
Published: January 2009

The doping the nanoperticles of inorganic materials such as SiO2, MgO, BaTiO3 and others synthesized by our research group are shown to produce a remarkable reduction of threshold voltage, operating voltage, and response times of TN‐LCDs and ECB‐LCDs. These effects are shown to be attributed to the reduction of both the order parameter and viscosity, and also the alteration of elastic constants.
40.2: Invited Paper: Nano‐Structured Polymers for Alignment Layers in LCDs
Authors: Komitov Lachezar , Helgee Bertil , Dahl Ingolf , Olsson Nils
Published: January 2009

By employing a nano‐engineering approach, nano‐structered polymers were designed, synthesised and used as materials for alignment layers in LCDs. Such materials make possible to control the molecular tilt angle in a broad range, from 0° to 90°, and they seems to enable the control of the anchoring strength as well.
41.2: Invited Paper: Small Molecules with Ambipolar Transporting Properties for OLEDs with Simplified Structures
Authors: Qiu Yong
Published: January 2009

In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of two classes of materials with ambipolar transporting properties for OLEDs, namely, binuclear gallium complexes and naphtho[2,3‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazole derivatives. Theoretical calculations were carried out to study the origin of their ambipolar transporting properties. These materials may offer simplified device fabrication.
41.3: Charge Carriers And Triplets In OLED Devices Studied by Electrically Detected Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Awlik Thomas D. , Ondakova Marina E. , Giesen David J. , Deaton Joseph C. , Kondakov Denis Y.
Published: January 2009

Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) were investigated with an Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) technique that uses the effective device conductance as the detection channel. This technique enables us to identify and study charge carriers and triplet excitons with high sensitivity. Using a series of model devices, we demonstrate that this type of spectroscopy provides information about triplet energy transfer and the location of the recombination zone. The fundamental understanding about the extent of the recombination zone in various OLED architectures helps us to design devices with improved performance.
7.2: Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized at Low Temperature and a Novel Self‐Focusing Gated Field Emission Device
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Ying , Lin Kao‐Chao , Chen Hsia‐Wei , Juan Chuan‐Ping , Cheng Huang‐Chung
Published: January 2009

A method for synthesis of CNTs at low temperature using thermal CVD is proposed. A multi‐layered catalyst, Co/Ti/Al, has been successfully utilized to synthesize carbon nanotubes at 500°C by thermal CVD via modifying the flow rate of reaction gases. The flow rates of ethylene, hydrogen, and nitrogen are determined to be 125, 10, and 1000 sccm to improve the growth and field emission characteristics of CNTs at low temperature. Moreover, a novel self‐focusing gated device was proposed to resolve the problem of electron beam divergence.
43.2: Colour Plastic Bistable Nematic Display Fabricated by Imprint and Inkjet Technology
Authors: Rudin John , Kitson Stephen , Geisow Adrian
Published: January 2009

Plastic displays require new manufacturing processes and techniques to achieve acceptable cost and performance. We present a novel additive, low temperature, atmospheric pressure, self‐aligned means of fabricating a plastic, bistable, full colour LC display. By using imprinting rather than photolithographic patterning, a scalable, low cost manufacturing route is possible.
43.3: Slot Die Coating for OLED Displays
Authors: Faircloth Tami J. , Innocenzo Jeffrey G. , Lang Charlie D.
Published: January 2009

Slot die coating is a cost‐effective, scalable process for applying continuous organic layers in OLED displays. Uniform submicron coatings can be obtained on patterned OLED backplanes from low viscosity fluids. Coating and drying defects can be reduced by adjusting fluid properties, e.g., surface tension, viscosity and concentration.
44.1: Invited Paper: Electrowetting‐Based Information Displays
Authors: Hayes Robert A.
Published: January 2009

Electrowetting can be utilised to provide the pixel engine for an information display. By contracting a colored oil film electrically a high efficiency optical switch is obtained. In addition to the attractive optical properties, the principle exhibits a video‐rate response speed (<10 ms) and can be used to make high brightness color displays [1]. In recent times more attention has been focussed on manufacturing strategies related to launch of initial products. It is becoming increasingly clear that while the technology indeed offers disruptive front‐of‐screen performance the manufacturing of these displays can be non‐disruptive, leveraging up existing low‐end LCD infrastructure.
44.3: A Liquid Crystal Lens with Non‐uniform Anchoring Energy
Authors: Valyukh Sergiy , Chigrinov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: January 2009

The study of a tunable liquid crystal lens having a uniform cell gap, uniform applied voltage and non‐uniform anchoring energy was done. Optimal parameters of such a lens were found and discussed. We demonstrated that producing a desired director gradient profile with non‐uniform spatial distribution of the anchoring energy is a good alternative for other known methods applied for liquid crystal lenses.
44.5L: Late‐News Paper: All‐organic, Transparent Up‐conversion Displays with Tailored Excitation and Emission Wavelengths
Authors: Miteva Tzenka , Roberts Anthony , Nelles Gabriele , Yakutkin Vladimir , Baluschev Stanislav
Published: January 2009

In this paper we describe the World's first all‐organic, transparent, flexible, versatile color displays based upon triplet‐triplet annihilation assisted photon up‐conversion. The devices work with ultra‐low excitation intensities down to 10 mWcm−2 red/near‐IR light. The displays are based on metallated‐porphyrin sensitizers in combination with emitters in a transparent matrix and are driven by galvano‐scanned laser diodes. The displays have external quantum yield as high as 3.2%. The response time can be adjusted to specific application requirements — from a few μs to few 100 μs allowing kHz‐refreshment rate of the displayed information. It is possible to easily tune the optical density of the screens in order to obtain a desired transmittance for the excitation beam. We demonstrate the ability to achieve multicolor emission, using only one excitation source. There are practically no display size limitations and it is a very simple, cost‐effective fabrication.
45.1: Embedded All in Data Line Differential Signaling (EDDS) — A Novel Interface for Large‐Size TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Lin Che‐Li , Tsao Wen‐Yuan , Lin Wen‐Chi , Ho Shao‐Chung , Lin Jin‐Ho , Chan Cheng‐Hsun , Liu Yuen‐Hsiu , Lin Jr‐Ching , Huang Shi‐Yen
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we propose the novel interface EDDS (Embedded All in Data line Differential Signaling) to support high resolution and large‐Size TFT‐LCDs. EDDS uses 4‐level differential signaling, with a higher data rate per clock cycle and low EMI emission. Moreover, the control signals and clock of EDDS are embedded into four data lines, which not only decreases the number of wires between timing controllers (TCON) and source driver ICs (CDs), but also solves the issue of clock skew in conventional multi‐drop buses. By controlling the protocol, EDDS can flexibly support different specifications of TFT‐LCD and increase the quality of signal. In a word, the EDDS interface can effectively improve the performance of large‐Size TFT‐LCD applications and serve as a good solution for cost down.
7.3: Morphology Effect on Field Emission Property of Carbon Nanotube Emitters in Triode Structure
Authors: Cheng Hui‐Wen , Yeh Ta‐Ching , Kuo Yi‐Ting , Li Yiming , Lin Chen‐Chun , Pan Fu‐Ming , Chiang Mei‐Tsao , Lo Kuo‐Chung , Mo Chi‐Neng
Published: January 2009

In this work, process variation on the field emission property of the fabricated field emission (FE) triode arrays with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the field emitters are explored. To fabricate the FE triode structure, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) thin layer was first prepared on the Si substrate, followed by the growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes in AAO pore channels by electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition. The SiO2 dielectric and Al gate electrode layers required for the triode structure were directly deposited on the CNTs. Reactive ion and wet etches were then used to open the FE area in the triode. We employ the finite difference time domain particle‐in‐cell method to calculate the structure FE property, where the results are calibrated with the collected FE current of the fabricated samples. The FE current of structure is then examined with respect to different shape, random height and angle of the CNT emitters. for symmetric shapes, like circle and square, the emission beam has been more focusing than triangle and trapezoid. The electric field of random height of CNTs is stronger than that of random angle. It is implied that the vertical CNTs has better FE property. Having the symmetric shape and vertical CNTs in triode structure benefits the FE sources for advanced flat display technologies.
45.2: DisplayPort™: The Emerging Converged Digital Display Interface Technology and Implementation in Mobile Computing Platforms
Authors: Bhowmik Achintya K. , Downing Sylvia J. , Hayek George R. , Kambhatla Srikanth , Vasquez Maximino , Willow Nickolas
Published: January 2009

We present an overview of DisplayPort, the emerging digital display interface technology, compare it with the existing display interfaces, and describe its hardware and software implementation in the next‐generation Intel® integrated graphics chipsets for PC platforms, especially focusing on the Notebook panel application.
46.2: Real‐Time Pen Tracking on Electronic Paper Displays
Authors: Feng Guotong , Barrus John , Gudan Ken F. , Chemishkian Sergey
Published: January 2009

On most electronic paper displays (EPDs), low update rates lead to a poor user experience especially for pen‐based markups. The slow update causes a remarkable delay between pen motion and visibility of the stroke. Even worse, this delay varies depending on the current part of the update cycle. This paper presents a real‐time pen tracking method for EPDs, using a new display driver on an unmodified E Ink hardware platform. This method compares favorably to the iLiad E‐Reader.
7.4: A Novel Luminescent Efficiency Enhancement Strategy for a 20‐inch Carbon Nanotube Backlight Units
Authors: Chung Shang‐Ying , Liang Chao‐Chiun , Huang Chiao‐Nan , Huang Chih‐Fang , Pan Ching‐Tsai
Published: January 2009

In this paper, an asymmetrical dynamic model of the luminescent property of phosphors is first proposed and developed by measuring the experimental data. Then, based on the model, a novel drive strategy is derived to fully exploit the persistence effect of phosphors for a 20‐inch CNT‐BLU. It turns out that the resulting illuminative efficiency can be increased by more than 74% as compared with the most recent pulse mode driving strategy.
48.1: A New Monolithic Polysilicon Ambient Light Sensor System with Wide Dynamic Range for Active‐Matrix Displays by Employing an Adaptive Sensitivity Control Method
Authors: Park Hyun‐Sang , Ha Tae‐Jun , Han Min‐Koo , Woo Doo‐Hyung , Shin Kwang‐Sub , Kim Chi‐Woo
Published: January 2009

We design and fabricate a new digital ambient light sensor system on a glass substrate using a conventional low‐temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) technology. The adaptive sensitivity control scheme considerably increases the input dynamic range from 30 dB to 60 dB. In the proposed system, analog‐to‐digital conversion (ADC) process is performed in the time domain instead of the voltage domain and is combined with light detection process. Because the complex analog circuitry is eliminated from the system, the proposed system can be readily integrated on the display panel.
48.2: Display Architecture Suitable for Multiple Ambient Light‐Sensor Integration Using LTPS Technology
Authors: Nakamura Takashi , Hayashi Hirotaka , Fuchi Masayoshi , Tada Masahiro , Imai Takayuki , Nakamura Hiroki , Shigehiro Koji , Hirota Shinichi , Maruyama Satoshi , Saitoh Akihiko , Kimura Hiroyuki
Published: January 2009

We have developed a new LCD having multiple ambient light sensors (ALSs). Counters and a parallel‐to‐serial converter are formed in peripheral of the LCD panel, programmable clock drivers for the counters, and data registers to hold output of ALSs are included in a source driver LSI. The ALSs perform well in total showing nonlinear gamma property corresponding to the clock even for the case when one of the sensors is covered by a finger shadow.
49.3: Mechanism and Advanced Application of Rapid Laser Processing on SnO2 Thin Films for FPD Manufacture
Authors: Usui Reo , Mihara Yu , Morinaga Eiji , Iwata Yoshiharu , Satoh Ryohei
Published: January 2009

A Nd:YAG laser processing on a SnO2‐system thin films for FPD manufacturing is investigated as an alternative to photolithographic etching on ITO. Because of the difficulty in realizing a low energy process on SnO2 due to a high melting point, we experimentally found the proper deposition condition and composition of SnO2‐system thin films. By considering two physical mechanisms, namely, plasmon oscillation and inverse bremsstrahlung process, we achieved satisfactory laser processing using only 2 J/cm2 of laser energy. This result leads to the possibility of high‐speed electrode patterning suitable for FPD mass production.
50.4: High Resolution Autostereoscopic 3D Display with Proximity Projector Array
Authors: Hsu Tzu‐Hui , Kuo Ming‐Huang , Huang Hsin‐Hsuan , Chuang Shang‐Chih , Chen Cheng‐Huan , Tsai Chao‐Hsu
Published: January 2009

A 3D architecture which exploits proximity projector array to project tiled image of low magnification ratio from microdisplays has been proposed as a solution for large screen and high resolution spatial multiplex autostereoscopic display. with descent lenticular and projection optics design associated with dedicated pixel mask, the proposed 3D configuration shows low crosstalk between viewing zones and demonstrates a potential alternative to increase pixel count for wide view and high resolution 3D displays.
52.1: Invited Paper: High, Wide, & Deep: Displayed Image Color Appearance and Perception
Authors: Fairchild Mark D.
Published: January 2009

Color imaging technologies with higher dynamic range, wider color gamut, and greater bit depth require new and/or different ways of thinking about color. In particular, color appearance issues become more important. This paper discusses some recent research on the application of color and image appearance modeling to high‐dynamic‐range and wide‐color‐gamut imaging.
53.2: Recent Improvements of Droplet‐Driven Electrowetting Displays
Authors: Blankenbach Karlheinz , Schmoll Andreas , Bitman Andriy , Bartels Frank , Jerosch Dieter
Published: January 2009

A new display technology based on droplet moving by electro‐wetting was introduced in 2007. Major improvements were made regarding hydrophobic layer, fluids, pixel layout, driving electronics and system design resulting in an operating voltage of less than 20 V for a 2 mm droplet. This enables new approaches for bistable and high reflective displays (e‐paper) with low power consumption, superior ambient light performance and wide temperature range. The pixel size can be varied between 0.5 and 10 mm for single pixels and being typical 2 mm for 8‐Segment as well as for (color) matrix displays driven by Passive Matrix.
53.3: Flexible Color Cholesteric LCD with Single‐Layer Structure
Authors: Liao Yuan Chang , Yang Jen Chieh , Shiu Jyh Wen , Tsai Yi Siu , Liu Shih Hsien , Chen Chin Jen , Hsu Chien Chih , Chen Wen Chih , Chang Yu Pei , Sun Rui Ling
Published: January 2009

A 10.4‐inch flexible single layer color cholesteric liquid crystal display (ChLCD) is demonstrated. The display is realized by the development of the pixelized vacuum filling (PVF) technique. The performance of the display is 3‐bit color and the resolution is QVGA. The display had passed the bending test over 10,000 times with 3 cm curvature.
53.4: Novel Pulsed Drive Scheme for Improved Gray‐Level Uniformity of Large‐Area Cholesteric Displays
Authors: Marhefka Duane , Venkataraman Nithya , Khan Asad , Barua Sankar , Nicholson Forrest , Ernst Todd , Doane J. William
Published: January 2009

A new drive scheme is presented for producing uniform grays over large‐area, low‐resolution cholesteric liquid crystal displays. Gray‐level sensitivity to display non‐uniformities is minimized, which simplifies display manufacturing. While applicable to both rigid and flexible displays, the impact on flexible displays will be particularly important with roll to roll manufacturing capability coming online.
54.2: Tandem White OLEDs Combining Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Emission
Authors: Liao Liang‐Sheng , Ren Xiaofan , Begley William J. , Tyan Yuan‐Sheng , Pellow Cynthia A.
Published: January 2009

Tandem white OLEDs with fluorescent and phosphorescent emission have been fabricated. Their electroluminescence performance is dependent on fluorescent blue‐emitting portion in a white spectrum. When CIEx = 0.33, CIEy = 0.35, the devices can achieve 22% external quantum efficiency, 50 cd/A, 25 lm/W, and ∼10,000 h lifetime, tested at 6.2 V and 1000 nits. If the blue‐emitting portion is reduced to produce color with CIEx = 0.34, CIEy = 0.40, the devices can exhibit ∼23% external quantum efficiency, 57 cd/A, 30 lm/W, and ∼30,000 h lifetime when tested at 5.9 V and 1000 nits.
8.2: Bi‐Directional OLED Microdisplay for Interactive HMD
Authors: Vogel Uwe , Kreye Daniel , Richter Bernd , Bunk Gerd , Reckziegel Sven , Herold Rigo , Scholles Michael , Törker Michael , Grillberger Christiane , Amelung Jörg , Graupner Sven‐Thomas , Pannasch Sebastian , Heubner Michael , Velichkovsky Boris Mitrofanovich
Published: January 2009

First prototypes of bi‐directional OLED microdisplay devices have been designed, that combine both display and camera functionality on a single CMOS chip (OLED‐on‐CMOS). Major aim of this integration is to provide capabilities for eye‐tracking in see‐through HMD to achieve gaze‐based human‐display‐interaction, e.g. in augmented‐reality applications.
55.2: Integrated Active Matrix Capacitive Sensors for Touch Panel LTPS‐TFT LCDs
Authors: Kanda Eiji , Eguchi Tsukasa , Hiyoshi Yasunori , Chino Taketo , Tsuchiya Yasushi , Iwashita Takahiro , Ozawa Tokuro , Miyazawa Takao , Matsumoto Tomotaka
Published: January 2009

We have developed active matrix capacitive sensors for detecting touch events in low‐temperature polycrystalline silicon (LTPS) TFT LCDs with Fringe‐Field Switching (FFS) technology. These sensors enable touch events to be detected regardless of ambient light and enable touch events to be input simultaneously at 3 or more points.
55.4: Design of Integrated a‐Si Gate Driver Circuits for Low Power Consumption
Authors: Hwang Injae , Moh Sangmoon , Lee Min‐Cheol , Lee Eung‐Sang
Published: January 2009

We have developed integrated a‐Si:H TFT gate driver circuits on large area TFT‐LCD for low power solution. The proposed driving scheme achieves 40% lower power consumption than that of a conventional a‐Si:H TFT gate drivers by means of double 2‐phase clock system. We have redesigned a‐Si:H gate driver circuit and made the proto type 13.3″WXGA panel.
56.3: 65‐inch, Super Slim, Laser TV with Newly Developed Laser Light Sources
Authors: Sugiura Hiroaki , Sasagawa Tomohiro , Michimori Atsushi , Toide Eiichi , Yanagisawa Takayuki , Yamamoto Shuhei , Hirano Yoshihito , Usui Masahiro , Teramatsu Shigenori , Someya Jun
Published: January 2009

A new light source for laser TVs has been developed along with a 65‐inch super slim laser TV that employs the light source. In this stylish laser TV set, a depth of 255 mm has been realized owing to the new laser light source, a compact optical engine and a small laser drive power supply which are optimized to the light source.
57.2: Optical Design of Phosphor Sheet Structure in LED Backlight System
Authors: Ito Yasushi , Tsukahara Tsubasa , Masuda Shozo , Yoshida Tetsuyuki , Nada Naoji , Igarashi Takahiro , Kusunoki Tsuneo , Ohsako Junichi
Published: January 2009

A novel LED backlight unit with a phosphor sheet is proposed. The basic structure of the phosphor sheet consists of a phosphor layer with a diffusion layer on either side of the phosphor layer. The diffusion layers can reduce the chromaticity shift due to the viewing angle and incident angle of blue light.
57.5: Improvement of Mura on Diagonal Direction for VA Monitor
Authors: Shin Yonghwan , Lyu Jaejin , Kim Heeseop , Shin Sungtae , Souk Junhyung
Published: January 2009

We described the mechanism of improvement of “Mura on Diagonal Direction”. Mura on Diagonal Direction (Diagonal Mura from now on) occurred by “Stress‐Induced Birefringence” which is caused by spatial temperature variation. We suggest the way of improvement of Diagonal Mura by following three methods. 1)Improvement of spatial temperature variation of BLU(Back Light Unit). 2)Reduction of heat stress on glass by means of change the configuration of compensation film of polarizer. 3)Using glass with low photo‐elastic coefficients to reduce stress‐induce birefringence.
58.1: A 720‐Channel LCD Source Driver with a 12‐Bit Segmented R‐C DAC
Authors: Yoo Seongjong , Jung Jiwoon , Nam Jang‐jin , Seo Heeyoung , Lee Kwanghee , Song Yongjoo , Ko Juhyun , Lim Jung‐pil , Kim Jihoon , Kim Beop‐hee , Cho Youngjin , Kim Jong‐seon , Lee Myunghee
Published: January 2009

A 720‐channel LCD source driver with a 12‐bit segmented R‐C DAC has been designed and fabricated by a 16V CMOS process. The proposed DAC consists of a conventional resistor string and a sample‐and‐hold buffer. DNL less than 0.3LSB and output voltage deviations less than 3mV were measured. Die area is 24.9mm2.
58.2: A Novel Linear Digital‐to‐Analog Converter using Capacitor Coupled Adder for LCD Driver ICs
Authors: Umeda Kengo , Hori Yoshihiko , Nakajima Keiichi
Published: January 2009

We have developed a novel linear digital‐to‐analog converter using a capacitor coupled adder for LCD driver ICs. The proposed 12bit linear DAC can output 4096 voltage levels from only 128 reference voltages. The die size of the proposed 12bit linear DAC is quite smaller than the conventional non‐linear 10bit Resistor‐Resistor‐String DAC (RR‐DAC).
58.3: Area and Power Efficient 10‐bit Column Driver with Interpolating DAC and Push‐Pull Amplifier for AMLCDs
Authors: Lee Hyung‐Min , Son Young‐Suk , Jeon Yong‐Joon , Jeon Jin‐Yong , Jung Seung‐Chul , Cho Gyu‐Hyeong
Published: January 2009

A channel interpolating digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) and push‐pull buffer amplifiers are presented for area and power efficient 10b column drivers in large‐Sized AMLCDs. The interpolating circuit occupies an area of 110μm × 35μm for 3b data generation and wastes no additional static power. The measured INL / DNL were ± 0.6 LSB and ± 0.55 LSB, respectively, for a 3b interpolating DAC. The push‐pull buffer amplifiers consume 2.3μA of static current per channel at a slew rate of 14∼18V/μs in a 0.35μm 3.3V CMOS process.
58.4: 10‐Bit Column Driver with Split‐DAC Architecture
Authors: Woo Jong‐Kwan , Shin Dong‐Yong , Choe Won‐Jun , Jeong Deog‐Kyoon , Kim Suhwan
Published: January 2009

An 8‐bit coarse digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC), which adopts both array and tree‐type decoders, is combined with a 2‐bit fine interpolation DAC to reduce RC time delay and die area of a column driver for LCD‐HDTV applications. Error amplifiers drive a pair of column lines in the output buffer to realize rail‐to‐rail voltage swing with a high slew rate. The design has been fabricated in 0.3 μm LV‐HV CMOS technology.
59.2: Defining Dynamic Range
Authors: Ward Greg
Published: January 2009

We introduce a new metric for dynamic range of displays that closely corresponds with human perception in practical settings. The Number of Distinguishable Grays is a count of the visible luminance steps from the deepest black to the brightest white a display produces under known ambient conditions.
60.1: Optical Rewritable Electronic Paper with Fluorescent Dye Doped Liquid Crystal
Authors: Muravsky Alexander , Murauski Anatoli , Chigrinov Vladimir , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: January 2009

New optical rewritable (ORW) electronic paper is the joint result of advanced photoalignment of liquid crystals, optical engineering and flexible LCD technologies. We report improvement of both dark and bright states of reflective ORW e‐paper by doping LC with fluorescent dye, which absorb blue light & emit in green with high efficiency.
60.3: High Resolution Electronic Paper Based on LED Print Head Scanning Exposure
Authors: Sato Masahiro , Ishii Tsutomu , Hiji Naoki , Tomoda Kyotaro , Yamamoto Shigeru , Baba Kazuo
Published: January 2009

The resolution of photo‐addressable electronic papers has been limited to 200dpi due to the resolution of conventional optical modulators used for the electronic paper printer. We have realized the scanning exposure printing of the photo‐addressable electronic paper and achieved 600dpi resolution with a LED print head.
61.5L: Late‐News Paper: Extremely Long Lived White Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Device with Minimum Organic Materials
Authors: D'Andrade Brian , Esler James , Lin Chun , Weaver Michael , Brown Julie
Published: January 2009

A non‐stacked white phosphorescent organic light emitting device with 6 organic materials is demonstrated with extremely long lifetime of LT50 >200,000 hrs from 1,000 nits initial luminance. At 1,000 nits without enhanced outcoupling, EQE = 15.3% (32.4 cd/A), operating voltage = 6.3 V, power efficacy = 16.1 lm/W (30 lm/W with outcoupling enhancement), and CIE (0.45, 0.46).
62.2: AMLCD with Carbon‐Nanotube Pixel Electrodes
Authors: Schindler Axel , Pross Achim , Baur Holger , Fruehauf Norbert
Published: January 2009

We have realized a full color 4‐inch quarter‐VGA amorphous‐Silicon AMLCD with pixel electrodes made of random carbon nanotube (CNT) networks instead of ITO. The CNTs are deposited from suspension by spray‐coating. with this work we demonstrate the applicability of CNT pixel electrodes in a standard AMLCD process.
62.4: Development of Zigzag Thin‐Film‐Transistor‐Driven OCB for Field‐Sequential‐Color LCDs with High Aperture Ratio
Authors: Wu Chao‐Hui , Shih Po‐Sheng , Yang Sweehan J. H. , Chen Po‐Yang , Chang Tsu‐Chiang , Cheng Chien‐Yung , Yang Kei‐Hsiung
Published: January 2009

For the first time, we have developed a field‐sequential 3.5″ VGA zigzag TFT‐driven OCB prototype that the splay‐to‐bend transition of the OCB LC was initiated by zigzag TFTs to enable a design of 64.5%‐aperture ratio. We also optimize the light transmittance through the OCB LC medium to obtain a total panel transmittance of 15.2 % by a novel driving scheme. The prototype shows a wide color gamut of 125 % NTSC by using scanning LED backlights.
63.3: GaN‐Based 1‐W Continuous‐Wave Blue‐Laser Diodes
Authors: Miyoshi Takashi , Kozaki Tokuya , Yanamoto Tomoya , Nagahama Shin‐ichi , Mukai Takashi
Published: January 2009

We succeeded in fabricating high power blue (445nm) laser diodes (LDs) with an output power of 1.0W for a light source of laser TV. The operating current, voltage and wall‐plug efficiency of these LDs were 920mA, 4.5V, and 24.2%, respectively. The estimated lifetime of these LDs was over 30,000h under continuous‐wave (CW) operation.
65.2: Video & Picture Quality Enhancement for Mobile Display Systems
Authors: de Greef Pierre
Published: January 2009

Mobile display systems must be able to render spatial and temporal compressed video. They require low power and optimal picture quality. Video enhancement features like up‐scaling, sharpening and motion‐compensated field‐insertion, combined with display enhancement features, improve the Picture Quality. In addition, Adaptive Contrast & Backlight Control reduces the system power.
P‐161: Multi‐domain Vertical Alignment of Liquid Crystal by the Ion Beam Exposure on Inorganic Film Surfaces
Authors: Son Phil Kook , Jo Bong Kyun , Kim Jae Chang , Yoon Tae‐Hoon , Rho Soon Joon , Jeon Back Kyun , Shin Sung Tae , Kim Jang Sub , Lim Soon Kwon
Published: January 2009

We propose a method for the multi‐domain vertical alignment of liquid crystal through the ion beam exposure. We demonstrated 4‐domain twisted vertical alignment of liquid crystal on SiOx film surfaces at intervals of 100 μm by using a stainless steel mask. We have shown that multi‐domain liquid crystal alignment can be formed (anchoring energy > 2× 10−4 J/m2) at SiOx film surfaces through the irradiation of the ion beam. We found that the disclination width of the multi‐domain are related with the polar anchoring energy that can be controlled by changing ion beam parameters, such as the ion beam energy and the beam flux density.
P‐168: Reflective Type Polarizer‐Free Flexible Displays Using Dye‐Doped Nematic Liquid Crystal Gels
Authors: Lin Yi‐Hsin , Yang Chih‐Ming , Lin Yan‐Rung , Jeng Shie‐Chang , Liao Chi‐Chang
Published: January 2009

A polarizer‐free flexible display using a dye‐doped nematic liquid crystal (LC) gel is demonstrated in reflective mode and transmissive mode. By mimicking the display principle of a paper, combing both scattering and absorption, such a bendable and trim‐able LCD exhibits∼55% reflectance, ∼450:1 contrast ratio in reflective mode, ∼20:1 contrast ratio in transmisive mode, and 15 ms response time. A single pixel flexible reflective display using such dye‐doped LC gels is also demonstrated under bending and cutting. The minimal bending radius of curvature is ∼21mm.
P‐163: Mono‐Domain Alignment of the SmC Liquid Crystalline Phase for Analog Display Applications
Authors: Reznikov Mitya , Wall Bentley , Bos Philip J. , Handschy Mark A.
Published: January 2009

We propose a novel liquid‐crystal alignment method that provides uniform orientation of otherwise difficult‐to‐align smectic materials lacking a nematic phase. The smectic‐A phase is grown in the presence of a 10–20 K/mm temperature gradient from an air bubble located within a cell by a photolithographically defined channel in the cell substrates. We obtain uniform layer alignment in millimeter‐wide smectic regions at growth rates below about 0.05 μm/s even though there is a tendency for growth instability. As many smectic materials that have attractive features for analog display applications, the proposed alignment method can play an important role in designing and development of analog display devices.