bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical Demand Comparisons between Cleco’s Low Torque Reaction and Bosch’s ERGOSTOP Right-Angle Power-Tool Fastening Strategies
Authors: Cort Joel , Porto Ryan , Trull Pete
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this work was to compare the physical demands associated with the right-angle power-tool (RAPT) operation when using Cleco’s Low Torque Reaction (LTR) and Bosch’s ERGOSTOP fastening strategies during simulated tightening of various joints. Twenty healthy participants (N=10 M, N=10 F, 21.1 ± 0.3 years) having no RAPT experience and no injuries to the arms or trunk participated in the study, however, 8 participants data were not analyzed due to equipment malfunction. Participants completed a five-minute bout of 5 joint fastening per minute for every experimental condition. Participant’s completed twelve total conditions including: 3 target torques (30, 55 and 75 Nm); 2 tightening strategies (Cleco’s Low Torque Reaction and Bosch’s ERGOSTOP); 2 joint hardness (Hard, which target torque was achieved at 30° of spindle rotation; Soft, which target torque was achieved at 520° of spindle rotation). All fastenings were completed with a common joint location-orientation of horizontal (53 cm), vertical (103 cm), lateral (35 cm) using a downward shot direction. Our data revealed that for all conditions (Target Torque, Joint Type & Tightening Strategy), Cleco’s LTR strategy resulted in lower physical demands. This is based on LTR fastenings resulting in lower push/pull magnitudes force impulse, peak forces and pulse-width times. From an ergonomics perspective, the reduction of physical force demand is a primary element of reducing the risk of work-related-musculoskeletal-disorders, the outcomes from this work was designed to aid ergonomists/engineers in understanding the physical demand magnitudes of RAPT operations in an effort to optimize manufacturing operations.
A System Dynamics Model for Human Trust in Automation under Speed and Accuracy Requirements
Authors: Hussein Aya , Elsawah Sondoss , Abbass Hussein
Published: November 2019

Research shows that human trust in automation is a key predictor of human reliance on the automation. Several models have been proposed to capture the interplay between trust and reliance and their combined impacts on task performance. Whereas some models assume that trust is affected by automation reliability, others assume that trust is affected by automation speed. In fact, both speed and reliability can be crucial for mission performance, therefore, these models do not represent the interrelationships among automation speed, automation reliability, human decision making, and subsequent effects on mission performance. To address this gap, we propose a system dynamics model which incorporates both the speed and reliability of automation and their combined effects on trust. Our model explicitly represents the speed-accuracy compromise adopted by the subjects to weigh the perceived relative importance of these aspects while evaluating the reliance decision. The model is calibrated and evaluated using data collected from a human experiment in which 33 subjects interacted with an automated aid for swarm supervision in a foraging mission. The simulation results show that the model can closely replicate and predict the experimental data in terms of the reliance rate and the number of targets collected. Model limitations and further efforts for model extension are discussed.
Skylight Fall Case Study: Conspicuity and Perceptual Set
Authors: Stephens Benjamin R. , Tutaj Margaret J. , Cox Elizabeth R. , Kivler Morgan , Pearl George S.
Published: November 2019

We report forensic analysis of a case study of a skylight fall incident. We also replicated a hazard detection technique in the current case that we had previously employed in a similar case. In the hazard detection method, participants were asked to rate how hazardous each of eight photographs of a site visit scene appeared, and to identify any hazards present. Hazard ratings varied significantly across scenes, but no participant identified skylights as a hazard, replicating our previous findings and confirming site visit assessments. Flat-panel warehouse skylights were not conspicuous and/or were not identifiable, confirming forensic analysis. These results suggest that assessment of hazard identification using a quick hazard detection technique may be valid and efficient across variations in incident characteristics.
A deep learning-based RULA method for working posture assessment
Authors: Li Li , Xu Xu
Published: November 2019

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) represent one of the leading cause of injuries from modern industries. Previous research has identified a causal relation between MSDs and awkward working postures. Therefore, a robust tool for estimating and monitoring workers’ working posture is crucial to MSDs prevention. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) is one of the most adopted observational methods for assessing working posture and the associated MSDs risks in industrial practice. The manual application of RULA, however, can be time consuming. This research proposed a deep learning-based method for real-time estimating RULA from 2-D articulated pose using deep neural network. The method was trained and evaluated by 3-D pose data from Human 3.6, an open 3-D pose dataset, and achieved overall Marginal Average Error (MAE) of 0.15 in terms of RULA grand score (or 3.33% in terms of percentage error). All the data and code can be found at the first author’s GitHub ( https://github.com/LLDavid/RULA_machine ).
Outcomes Following Initial Perioperative Surgical Home Integration at a Rural Community Hospital
Authors: McCrory Bernadette , Hoge Jessica A. , Whiteley Rhyana , Wiley James Bryce , Sridhar Srinivasan , Ma Jiahui
Published: November 2019

Background: The Perioperative Surgical Home (PSH) model of care was developed to deliver value-based care that improves population health, reduces care costs, satisfies patients and gratifies providers. Rural and remote health centers have the greatest need to coordinate surgical care to improve patient access and outcomes. However, limited PSH model fidelity currently exists for rural and remote care facilities. This study integrated and assessed the PSH model within a rural, community hospital to create a system-level model to adapt/customize PSH to meet the needs of the staff, clinicians, patients, and communities served in three rural counties. The aim of this study was to assess system functionality by tracking preliminary clinical and rehabilitative patient outcomes after initial PSH implementation at a rural community hospital. Methods: An initial PSH system model was created using field-based user observations during normal clinic operations, investigator-led debriefs of staff, and longitudinal patient outcomes. This system model was created using the critical path method, bottleneck analysis and cause and effect diagramming. An initial cohort of 17 orthopedic joint replacement patients were followed from PSH enrollment to 90-days post hospital discharge to assess clinical and rehabilitative outcomes as well as to assess PSH system functionality in a rural care network. Results: The first system analysis was performed with the primary stakeholder being the patient (patient-centric). Several linked service processes form the surgical episode with inputs from a variety of stakeholders. Average length of stay decreased to 2.23 days, hospital discharge to home increased to 86% and readmissions decreased to 5.9%. Conclusion: During the system mapping process several areas were identified for improvement including information flow and duplicative work. Two primary process bottlenecks were found and included sleep apnea screening with a positive result and post-acute inpatient care scheduling. The PSH model of care is feasible in a small, rural community hospital. Patient outcome improvements demonstrate the important roles of centrally-based and proactive care management for major care episodes.
How do Individual Differences in Attention Control and Working Memory Capacity Relate to Monitoring Automation?
Authors: Foroughi Cyrus K. , Rovira Ericka , Rose Kaley , Davis DaShawn , Jurado Jaritzel J. , Chae Jongbum , Pak Rich , Brown Noelle L. , Sibley Ciara , Coyne Joseph T.
Published: November 2019

With the proliferation of automated tasks, software, and systems, humans are moving from an active participant in the function of a task to a passive monitor of an automated system that is completing that task. Unfortunately, humans are not well-suited for monitoring roles and there is a need to better understand the factors involved when humans successfully identify when an automated system fails. The goal for this research was to determine whether individual differences in attention control (as measured by the anti-saccade task) and working memory capacity (as measured by the shortened operation span) related to an individual’s ability to detect automation failures. In experiment 1, there was a significant positive relationship ( r = .31) between scores on the anti-saccade task and the number of automation failures that participants detected. In experiment 2, there was a significant positive relationship ( r = .32) between scores on the shortened operation span and the number of automation failures that participants’ detected. The results suggest that certain individuals are better suited for detecting automation failures. Selecting for these individuals may be a fruitful endeavor as automated systems continue to grow across society.
Systematic Evaluation of a Conversational Voice User Interface for Decision-Making
Authors: Alikhademi Kiana , Richardson Brianna , Martin Joshua , Chattaraman Veena , Kwon Wi-Suk , Gilbert Juan E.
Published: November 2019

When making routine and critical purchase decisions, consumers often have a need to process a surplus of information to make the right choice. Today’s technology must be able to assist them in this process. Although conversational voice user interfaces have the potential to help consumers in their decision-making, extensive testing is required to ensure that they are up to par with the expectations and the needs of users and contexts. Therefore, we focus on evaluating the ability of a multi-strategy conversational mobile decision-aid (MODA) (Alikhademi et al., in press) in correctly classifying the decision-making strategies used by consumers and recognizing attributes, brands, and criteria voiced in an air filter purchase context. Our system evaluation results revealed that MODA performed with high levels of accuracy with classifying the user’s decision-making strategy (over 80%) and recognizing decision parameters (over 75%). The main contribution of MODA is that it can support users in many domains and disciplines by recognizing voiced decision parameters.
Positive bias in the ‘Trust in Automated Systems Survey’? An examination of the Jian et al. (2000) scale
Authors: Gutzwiller Robert S. , Chiou Erin K. , Craig Scotty D. , Lewis Christina M. , Lematta Glenn J. , Hsiung Chi-Ping
Published: November 2019

Measuring trust in technology is a mainstay in Human Factors research. While trust may not perfectly predict reliance on technology or compliance with alarm signals, it is routinely used as a design consideration and assessment goalpost. Several methods of measuring trust have been employed in the past decades, but one self-report measure stands out due to its popular use, the Trust in Automated Systems Survey (Jian, Bisantz, & Drury, 2000). We conducted a study to assess whether the survey could create biased responses, and found evidence the original scale is in fact skewed toward positive ratings. Assessing the literature revealed the survey has been used in unaltered form across at least 100 different reports and remains frequently administered – therefore, the potential impact of this bias may be widespread. Future directions, considerations, and caveats for our assessment, and for using this scale, are discussed.
Confirmation Bias Estimation from Electroencephalography with Machine Learning
Authors: Villarreal Micah N. , Kamrud Alexander J. , Borghetti Brett J.
Published: November 2019

Cognitive biases are known to affect human decision making and can have disastrous effects in the fast-paced environments of military operators. Traditionally, post-hoc behavioral analysis is used to measure the level of bias in a decision. However, these techniques can be hindered by subjective factors and cannot be collected in real-time. This pilot study collects behavior patterns and physiological signals present during biased and unbiased decision-making. Supervised machine learning models are trained to find the relationship between Electroencephalography (EEG) signals and behavioral evidence of cognitive bias. Once trained, the models should infer the presence of confirmation bias during decision-making using only EEG - without the interruptions or the subjective nature of traditional confirmation bias estimation techniques.
Anthropomorphizing Robots: The Effect of Framing in Human-Robot Collaboration
Authors: Onnasch Linda , Roesler Eileen
Published: November 2019

Anthropomorphic framing of social robots is widely believed to facilitate human-robot interaction. In two subsequent studies, the impact of anthropomorphic framing was examined regarding the subjective perception of a robot and the willingness to donate money for this robot. In both experiments, participants received either an anthropomorphic or a functional description of a humanoid NAO robot prior to a cooperative task. Afterwards the perceived robot’s humanlike perception and the willingness to “save” the robot from malfunctioning were assessed (donation behavior). Surprisingly, the first study revealed a negative effect of anthropomorphic framing on the willingness to donate. This negative effect disappeared if the robot’s functional value for the task fulfillment was additionally made explicit (Study 2). In both studies, no effect of anthropomorphic framing on the humanlike perception of the robot was found. However, the behavioral results support the relevance of a functional awareness in social human-robot interaction.
Does Using Multiple Computer Monitors Affect Health and Productivity? A Systematic Review
Authors: Gallagher Kaitlin M. , Cameron Laura , Boulé Madison , De Carvalho Diana
Published: November 2019

Multiple monitor configurations are used in office settings to promote increased productivity by providing more screen space. Our systematic review compiled literature to determine if office workers who use multiple computer monitor configurations have altered health and performance outcomes compared to the use of a single monitor. A secondary purpose was to compare the studies’ monitor configurations to purchasing trends. Finally, we compiled user preference results and methodological information, such as the tasks used and participant placement. Our systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (Gallagher, Cameron, De Carvalho, & Boule, 2018) a-priori and conducted and reported according to the PRISMA statement guidelines (Moher, Liberati, Tetzlaff, Altman, & Group, 2010). Inclusion criteria were any study that assessed participants over the age of 18 years, looked at office work tasks, and assessed the use of either two or more monitors at a time in comparison to single monitor use. The primary outcomes were changes in health and performance-related variables. Secondary outcomes were user preference, the characteristics of the monitor configurations tested in the study, participant placement with respect to those monitors, and tasks used to assess configuration effectiveness. Two team members (KG & MB) independently screened the titles and abstracts to determine studies that potentially met the inclusion criteria. Justification for inclusion/exclusion was recorded on a standardized form. For all included studies, the independent reviewers separately extracted information and performed a risk of bias assessment. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion and if necessary, consultation with a third reviewer (DC). We included eighteen articles in the systematic review. Four studies were conducted in a field setting using workers’ real tasks and fourteen were conducted in a laboratory setting. Performance outcomes generally improved or remained the same with the use of multiple computer monitors versus a single monitor; however, results were shown to be influenced by the task involved. Health-related outcomes were less consistent and have not been investigated enough on multiple monitor configurations and larger displays. Head rotation from neutral is found with multiple monitor use. Muscle activity and discomfort measures need further assessment, especially for larger monitors. Future work should assess health and performance measures together to get a clear picture of the potential benefits and disadvantages of the monitor setup, be cognizant of the tasks and user placements chosen, consider recent purchasing trends when selecting monitors for research studies, and conduct field studies to assess the influence of monitor choice and placement on performance, and health and well-being.
Transfer of Calibration in Virtual Reality to both Real and Virtual Environments
Authors: Solini Hannah M. , Bhargava Ayush , Pagano Christopher C.
Published: November 2019

It is often questioned whether task performance attained in a virtual environment can be transferred appropriately and accurately to the same task in the real world. With advancements in virtual reality (VR) technology, recent research has focused on individuals’ abilities to transfer calibration achieved in a virtual environment to a real-world environment. Little research, however, has shown whether transfer of calibration from a virtual environment to the real world is similar to transfer of calibration from a virtual environment to another virtual environment. As such, the present study investigated differences in calibration transfer to real-world and virtual environments. In either a real-world or virtual environment, participants completed blind walking estimates before and after experiencing perturbed virtual optic flow via a head-mounted virtual display (HMD). Results showed that individuals calibrated to perturbed virtual optic flow and that this calibration carried over to both real-world and virtual environments in a like manner.
Measuring Adult Drivers’ Use of Level 1 and 2 Driving Automation by Roadway Functional Class
Authors: Reagan Ian J. , Hu Wen , Cicchino Jessica B. , Seppelt Bobbie , Fridman Lex , Glazer Michael
Published: November 2019

Little is known about the use of driving automation in production vehicles. This study measured mileage driven on different roadway classes when level 1 and 2 automation was engaged. Volunteer drivers drove for 4 weeks in a Range Rover Evoque with adaptive cruise control (ACC) or a Volvo S90 with ACC and Pilot Assist (PA) with one of two versions of PA software. The highest percentage of mileage driven when the automation was on/active (39.5%) was on interstates, other freeways, and expressways. The Evoque’s ACC was engaged for a higher percentage of miles than the S90’s ACC or PA. The S90’s software change was associated with a doubling of mileage driven on interstates, other freeways, and expressways when PA was on/active. The study identified potential misuse with some drivers engaging automation for relatively high percentages of mileage on road classes where owner manuals indicate use may be inappropriate.
Impact of Rest and Secondary Intervention on Musculoskeletal Disorder Development, Systemic Inflammation and Sensorimotor Behavioral Declines in A Rat Model
Authors: Smith Tianqi Tenchi Gao , Barr-Gillespie Ann E , Harris Michelle , Amin Mamta , Gallagher Sean , Barbe Mary Frances
Published: November 2019

Background: Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are prevalent at occupational settings. It has been shown previously that chronic performance of high-force-high-repetition (HFHR) tasks lead to significantly elevated systemic inflammation, nerve pain and decreased sensorimotor outcomes in a rat model. This study examined rest and a secondary intervention method, flat treadmill running’s potential remedial effects on the abovementioned negative outcomes. Methods: Young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to perform a high-force reaching task. The trained rats were then randomly assigned with rest or no rest, to perform a HFHR reaching and pulling task for 10 weeks either with or without treadmill intervention. Outcomes including sensorimotor behavior, serum cytokine levels, number of activated macrophages in median nerve, forepaw mechanical sensitivity, Bonar scores of flexor tendon histomorphology were collected and compared to control rats. Results: Rest attenuated task-induced mechanical sensitivity, and cytokine levels, tendon cellularity, yet did not improve reflexive grip strength. Treadmill running attenuated increases several serum cytokines and chemokines, as well as tendon cellularity due to HFHR task, yet worsened several sensorimotor outcomes, macrophage count in median nerve, and forepaw mechanical sensitivity. Conclusion: Both rest and intervention remedied the MSDs induced by the HFHR task in chronic tendon morphology but not in all outcomes measured. Treadmill intervention worsened pain and discomfort experienced in forepaws and median nerve, as well as systemic inflammation level likely due to the intervention mechanism’s intensity and its continual loading to the injured limbs.
“Help, I’ve Been Hacked!”: Insights from a Corpus of User-Reported Cyber Victimization Cases on Twitter
Authors: Gratian Margaret , Bhansali Darshan , Cukier Michel , Dykstra Josiah
Published: November 2019

Understanding users is critical to develop secure IT systems and effective cybersecurity solutions. Unfortunately, research that analyzes user cybersecurity behaviors and experiences is limited. Motivated by work in public health that relies on Twitter user-reported health conditions, we explore using Twitter to understand user victimization experiences. Observing that users often self-report victimization (Help, I’ve been hacked!), we construct a corpus of 2,910 Tweets representing user reports of victimization experiences. We label these reports with information about the affected device or account and the associated consequences, as expressed by the users themselves. We begin to uncover trends in compromise in addition to startling attitudes and behaviors that security practitioners must contend with when developing cybersecurity solutions. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first papers to construct and analyze a dataset of cyber victimization user reports.
The Impact of Interruptions on Feature Change Detection within Dynamic Scenes
Authors: Perry Kimberly N. , Scerbo Mark W.
Published: November 2019

The goal of the present study was to examine how interruptions occurring in dynamic scenes affect the ability to detect perceptual changes during level 1 situation awareness (SA). Undergraduates were asked to watch 24 brief videos (half with interruptions) including 8 with perceptual feature changes. All videos were unique and contained multiple dynamic objects. Three different sets of instructions regarding the changes were given to successive groups: no information, limited information, and feature specific information. Of the eight changes, half occurred during a visual interruption and half with no interruption. Results showed that participants detected few changes, but detections increased when given more information about the nature of the changes in the absence of interruptions. The findings suggest that interruptions may facilitate the decay of an objects’ activation level in working memory and that level 1 SA may be particularly fragile when the visual scene is interrupted.
The Effect of External Weight Distribution on Muscle Activation Pattern during Obstacle Negotiation for Male Participants
Authors: Yi Guofu , Wang Xinting , Zhang Junxia , Hao Shuai , Hu Boyi
Published: November 2019

Effects of different age groups and different external loading distribution on lower extremity muscle activation during obstacle crossing tasks were tested in this study. Four young participants and five healthy senior participants performed different walking tasks at their own speed carrying multiple different weights while their lower extremity muscle activation patterns were recorded and compared. Older adults showed significantly increased muscle activation patterns in obstacle negotiation. Furthermore, participants showed altered lower extremity muscle activation patterns with different load distribution.
Conceptualizing caregiver workload: an exploratory study guided by NASA TLX
Authors: Rutkowski R.A. , Ponnala S. , Gonzalez-Vargas J. , Gilmore-Bykovskyi A. , Block L. , Kind A.J. , Werner N.E.
Published: November 2019

Persons with dementia (PwD) are heavily dependent on the support of informal, dementia caregivers to fulfill their day-to-day care needs. Dementia caregivers, often friends and family members of the PwD, are unpaid, non-professional individuals who take on many of the care responsibilities. Due to the lack of formal training, social support, and information resources, among other factors, dementia caregivers are often at risk for negative outcomes such as stress and burden. There have not been any comprehensive assessment tools to predict these negative outcomes. Therefore, we employ the NASA TLX dimensions to conceptualize caregiver workload. This study operationalizes the NASA TLX dimensions in the context of dementia caregiving and illustrates examples for each of the dimensions. The results indicate that the NASA TLX does not include all of the factors necessary to conceptualize caregiver workload and prescribe a need for developing a robust caregiver workload assessment tool.
Development of an Algorithm for Automatically Assessing Lifting Risk Factors Using Inertial Measurement Units
Authors: Lu Ming-Lun , Feng Shuo , Hughes Grant , Barim Menekse S. , Hayden Marie , Werren Dwight
Published: November 2019

The objective of this study was to develop an algorithm for automatically processing data collected with inertial measurement unit (IMU) wearable devices to measure lifting risk factors for low back disorders. Five IMU sensors attached to five body segments were used for developing the algorithm. The algorithm consists of two modules running in parallel for detecting the beginning and ending of a lifting event as well as the vertical height (V) of the object lifted by two hands and the horizontal (H) distance between the object and the body during the lift. The motion synchronization feature of wrists’ motion data were used to train the lifting detection module using a machine learning approach. This module achieved a training accuracy of 85%. In the second module, the forearm length and gyroscope data of four sensors are proposed for calculating trunk flexion angle, V and H during a lift.
Towards a Model of Automation Adoption
Authors: McCandliss Ian , Zish Kevin , McCurry J. Malcolm , Trafton J. Gregory
Published: November 2019

This study examines the impact of prior experience on the adoption of automation in a supervisory control task. Automation is typically implemented as a means of reducing a person’s effort or involvement in a task. When automation is first introduced in a new product, the experience on the yet-to-be automated task is variable. Some users have experience with the task prior to the automation while others have little to no prior experience. Automation adoption between levels of experience was investigated in a mixed design study. One group was trained to use a manual version of a task before learning of an automated version. A second group was only trained to use the automated version of the task. The results of this study indicate that both training and experience are needed before users can make robust predictions about future automation adoption.
Communication Patterns in Remote, Interactive Surgical Training
Authors: Shah Claire S. , Shalin Valerie L. , Pugh Kristy , Agandi Lorreen , Puche Adam , Tisherman Sam
Published: November 2019

The present study examines process and outcome measures associated with three forms of support for conducting an unfamiliar surgical task: an unaided control condition, a video resource condition and a remotely-located mentor. Twenty-eight surgeons performed four different uncommon trauma procedures while thinking aloud in either the control or video condition or exchanging dialogue with an available mentor. Focusing on the upper and lower fasciotomies here, we analyzed verbal content using LIWC metrics and specially composed dictionaries based on Speech Act Theory. Both procedure-specific and subjective performance measures distinguish between experimental conditions, favoring the mentoring condition. Mentor presence also changes the surgeons’ verbal data. Verbal data are correlated with the procedure specific performance measures across all conditions but have no relationship to the subjective measure. Focus on the status of the procedure is reinforced by the mentor’s presence and indicates potential opportunities for augmenting the video intervention.
Network-Based Safety Leading Indicators for Safety Risk Analysis in Construction
Authors: Wang Jun , Razavi Saiedeh
Published: November 2019

The number of fatal injuries in construction was the highest compared to that in other industries for many years. Particularly, a large number of fatal injuries were caused by struck by hazards. Safety leading indicators are the continuous measurements of safety performance of construction work and offer multiple advantages for safety management. However, no safety leading indicators representing the risk levels, particularly, of struck by hazard were developed. Therefore, to monitor safety risk and prevent struck by hazards in a more effective and proactive manner, safety leading indicators representing the dynamic risk levels of individual entities (i.e., entity level) and the whole construction site (i.e., network level) were investigated. A network-based framework with two safety leading indicators for dynamic struck-by risk analysis was proposed. The two leading indicators in representing struck by risk levels were verified and examined using a controlled field experiment and two simulated scenarios.
Development of Attentional Skills Training for Operators of Unmanned Aerial Systems
Authors: Sebok Angelia , Walsh Matthew , Wickens Christopher , Andre Terence , Kreischer Noah , Pei Lucy , Bowens Laticia , Landsberg Carla
Published: November 2019

The operators of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) have multiple screens of information they need to monitor, and numerous interruptions that challenge them in their work. Research on attentional training has revealed that it is possible to train operators to improve their visual scanning, prioritization, and interruption management performance. This paper describes the analyses that were conducted to identify the information processing requirements associated with UAS tasks and the integration of findings into a prototype attentional skills training tool. This tool uses adaptive scenario-based training to improve the attentional management skills of UAS sensor operators.
Collectively Intelligent Teams: Integrating Team Cognition, Collective Intelligence, and AI for Future Teaming
Authors: Canonico Lorenzo Barberis , Flathmann Christopher , McNeese Nathan
Published: November 2019

In this paper we propose a new model for teamwork that integrates team cognition, collective intelligence, and artificial intelligence. We do this by first characterizing what sets team cognition and collectively intelligence apart, and then reviewing the literature on “superforecasting” and the ability for effectively coordinated teams to outperform predictions by large groups. Lastly, we delve into the ways in which teamwork can be enhanced by artificial intelligence through our model, finally highlighting the many areas of research worth exploring through interdisciplinary efforts.
Text Input Performance with a Mixed Reality Head-Mounted Display (HMD)
Authors: Derby Jessyca L. , Rarick Christopher T. , Chaparro Barbara S.
Published: November 2019

Past research has shown that text input methods must be quick, efficient, and involve little to no learning in order for them to be accepted in a consumer market. The Microsoft HoloLens is a mixed reality head-mounted display (HMD) that requires gestures or a physical clicker for interaction, including text entry. In this study, we investigated performance, perceived usability, and workload of these text input methods. Participants were able to type only 5.41WPM with the gesture method, gave it a poor usability score. The clicker method resulted in a WPM rate of 6.58, was given an “OK” usability score, and lower perceived exertion scores in the bicep and index finger. This study demonstrates the need for further research to develop more optimal text entry methods for MR environments.
You look familiar: Learner driver hazard identification on familiar and unfamiliar roads
Authors: Wynne Rachael A. , Beanland Vanessa , Read Gemma J. M. , Salmon Paul M.
Published: November 2019

Road traffic injuries remain a leading cause of death worldwide, especially for individuals aged 15-29 years. The ability to perceive and respond appropriately to hazards while driving is closely related to driving experience and schemata. Although many studies focus on differences between novice and experienced drivers, the learner driver population is often under-represented. In this paper we present stage one of a longitudinal study of learner drivers designed to assess hazard identification over the period spent learning to drive under supervision. Participants viewed videos of driving scenarios and were asked to identify hazards and potential hazards. There were ten videos, five from local familiar locations and five from an unfamiliar foreign location. Findings showed no significant difference between the locations, whereas there were significant differences between the number of hazards across the five presented road types (motorway, hinterland, urban, suburban, city). This suggests that with limited driving experience, the schemata adopted by learner drivers in local areas are readily applied to areas that they have not previously driven in.
How Haptic Feedback in a Mixed Reality Pool Game Affects Real-Life Pool Performance
Authors: Thai Elaine , Kumar Anil R.
Published: November 2019

Mechanisms for training pool skills have evolved from manually setting up balls in different positions on the table and hitting them one-by-one to now using technology to precisely set up these plays and practice the game virtually. The aim of this study was to investigate how adding haptic feedback into a pool video game affects transfer of training into real-life pool skills. A 2 x 4 mixed factorial design was used to see how haptic feedback (its absence or presence) and four types of shots affect pool performance. Half of the participants experienced the pool video game without haptic feedback while the other half experienced it with haptic feedback. Performance before and after the video game practice was recorded as successful or unsuccessful, with a series of the same 40 pre- and post-video-game shots. Results from 38 participants are presented, and their implications are discussed.
Validity of Pendant-Based IMU Assessment of Postural Stability Under Varying Balance Conditions Compared to a Sensor Positioned on the Lower Back
Authors: Lyu Shubo , Piazza Stephen , Downs Danielle Symons , Freivalds Andris
Published: November 2019

Body-worn inertial measurement units (IMUs) have been widely used in postural stability and balance studies because of their low cost and high level of convenience. In most studies, single IMU sensors are put on the lower back attached to a belt, placing the sensor near the body’s center of mass (COM). For some populations, such as pregnant women, wearing the sensor on a belt over the lower back presents challenges in terms of fit and comfort. Thus, it may be necessary to identify a better location for the sensor and a more comfortable means for attaching the sensor to the body. This study aims to implement and test a novel pendant IMU sensor hanging from the subject’s neck and placed over the sternum. Three standing tasks (double-leg, tandem, and single-leg standing) were performed under open- and closed-eye conditions for preliminary assessments of the ability of the new sensor to discriminate between balance conditions. Standard deviations were analyzed in different conditions, along with ROC curves and ANOVA analysis. The results showed that the pendant sensor can detect the signals as good as the sensor on the waist.
Foundational Elements of a Rendezvous: When (and Where) Planning & Prediction Meet
Authors: Spahr Kimberly S. , Wickens Christopher D. , Clegg Benjamin A. , Smith C.A.P. , Vijayaragavan Gautham
Published: November 2019

For one entity to initiate a meeting, interception, or rendezvous with another, such situations necessitate both accurate perception of the target’s trajectory and also planning of one’s own trajectory. To examine these cognitive processes and resulting performance trends, the current study presented participants with simplified simulated ship rendezvous scenarios in which they had to predict a target ship’s future course while planning their own actions to facilitate a meeting. Rendezvous error increased under high time pressure, either when the ships started by moving towards each other, or when the target ship moved faster than the user’s ship. When participants missed a rendezvous, they often did so by passing behind the target ship as if maneuvering too late. Participants also preferred to adjust both the heading and the speed of their ship when maneuvering. Finally, users took longer to assess situations characterized by high time pressure.
Team Cognition as a Barrier and Facilitator in Care Transitions: Implications for Work System Design
Authors: Wooldridge Abigail R. , Carayon Pascale , Hoonakker Peter , Hose Bat-Zion , Brazelton Thomas B. , Eithun Ben , Dean Shannon M. , Kelly Michelle M. , Kohler Jonathan E. , Ross Joshua C. , Rusy Deborah , Gurses Ayse P.
Published: November 2019

Inpatient care of pediatric trauma patients includes care transitions, including from emergency department (ED) to operating room (OR), OR to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) and ED to PICU, which are important to patient safety and quality of care. Previous research identified work system barriers and facilitators in these transitions; the most common related to team cognition. We conducted interviews with 18 healthcare professionals to better understand how work system design influences team cognition barriers and facilitators. Using Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS)-based process modeling, we identified when each barrier/facilitator occurred. The ED to OR transition had more barriers in transition preparation, while OR to PICU had more facilitators in the transition. Future research should explore solutions to support team cognition early in the ED to OR transition, such as designing a technology to be used by distributed teams.
Can Highlighting a Pedestrian’s Biological Motion at Night Mitigate the Negative Effect of Driver Distraction?
Authors: Szubski Ellen , Edewaard Darlene , Tyrrell Richard
Published: November 2019

Pedestrians can make themselves more visible to nighttime drivers by strategically placing retroreflective material on the major joints of the body to highlight their biological motion (biomotion). However, past research on pedestrian conspicuity has largely focused on drivers who are not distracted. Distracted driving is the one of most common causal factor of vehicle crashes and is increasing with advancements in technology. The purpose of this project was to assess the effect of driver distraction on the effectiveness of biomotion to enhance the conspicuity of pedestrians at night. Participants were driven along a predetermined route and asked to respond to all pedestrians they encountered. A test pedestrian, placed along the route, was either walking or standing in place while wearing retroreflective biomotion markings. Approximately half of the participants were distracted by a secondary task while also searching for pedestrians. Although highlighting the pedestrian’s biomotion maximized their conspicuity, there was no evidence that biomotion mitigated the detrimental effects of distraction.
Effects of Visual Stress on Postural Control during Simulated Laparoscopy: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Li Yifan , Chrouser Kristin , D’Souza Clive
Published: November 2019

Intraoperative stress can influence both surgeon health and patient outcomes, however stress management is not properly assessed during surgical training. Seven healthy, novice individuals participated in an experiment involving precision pin transfers using laparoscopic surgical instruments. A visual stressor introduced by altering the digital blur in a real-time video display (none, low, and high) was hypothesized to influence postural control and task performance. Preliminary descriptive analyses indicated a negative influence of the visual stressor on performance (i.e., pins transferred per minute), however the effects on postural control (i.e., linear accelerations at the forehead and center of pressure displacements) varied between participants, suggesting individuals differ in the magnitude of response to environmental stressors. Implications for surgical training and real-time measurement of intraoperative stress are discussed.
Human Reliability Studies With Microworld Simulators
Authors: Boring Ronald , Ulrich Thomas , Lew Roger , Skogstad Martin Rasmussen
Published: November 2019

The authors have recently developed a microworld, a simplified process control simulator, to simulate a nuclear power plant. The microworld provides an environment that can be readily manipulated to gather data using a range of participants, from students to fully qualified operators. Because the microworld represents a simplified domain, it is possible to have more precise experimental control compared with the complex and confounding environment afforded by a full-scope simulator. In this paper, we discuss collecting human reliability data from a microworld. We review the generalizability of human error data from the microworld compared to other data sources like full-scope simulator studies and compare advantages and disadvantages of microworld simulator studies to support human reliability data collection needs.
Human and Organizational Factors of Positive Train Control Safety System The Application of High Reliability Organizing in Railroad
Authors: Khashe Yalda , Meshkati Najmedin
Published: November 2019

On August 20, 1969, two Penn Central commuter trains collided head-on near Darien, Connecticut, killing four and injuring 43. That tragedy 45 years ago began the NTSB's call for development and implementation of Positive Train Control (PTC) systems. Since then, the NTSB has issued almost 50 PTC-related safety recommendations and has included PTC on its Most Wanted List every year from its inception in 1990 until enactment of the RSIA. Unfortunately, despite some progress in the four decades since that original recommendation, PTC preventable train collisions still occur. In this paper, we identify human and organizational factors that affect a successful PTC implementation and evaluate the application of High Reliability Organizing (HRO) characteristics in the implementation of this safety system.
Multiple Patient Monitoring in High Dependency Units: A Field Study
Authors: Deschamps Marie-Lys F. A. , Sanderson Penelope M.
Published: November 2019

Much of the focus related to alarm fatigue has been directed towards reducing the number of alarms associated with vital sign monitoring. However, recent fieldwork conducted in four high dependency and critical care units of an Australian hospital suggests that the most problematic alarms were often unassociated with vital signs, such as IV pumps and mattress alarms. Many nurses indicated that they like alarms, even when false, because they support awareness of their patients’ well-being. Results of the fieldwork are guiding the design of a simulation study investigating clinical monitoring displays.
The Cybernetic Return in Human Factors/Ergonomics (HFE)
Authors: Waterson Patrick , Baber Chris , Golightly David , Hancock Peter , Morineau Thierry , Guastello Stephen J. , Wiltshire Travis J. , Karwowski Waldemar , Drury Colin G.
Published: November 2019

The last few years have seen resurgence in interest within human factors/ergonomics (HFE) in cybernetics. HFE has a long association with cybernetics (e.g., the influence of signal detection and control theory on studies of vigilance, visual search and human-machine systems). The panel will discuss more recent applications of cybernetics and focus on the ‘messy complexity’ and dynamic properties of 21st Century systems and a variety of issues associated with the ‘cybernetic return’ in HFE, which include: the use of communication theory to probe deeper into how specific state of minds are formed, in this case deception and recent examples of ‘fake news’ (Hancock); the integration of artificial intelligence and systems and cognitive agents (Karwowski); the control of degrees of freedom in loosely coupled work systems (e.g., emergency care – Morineau); and team dynamics, performance and coordination in complex sociotechnical systems (Guastello, Wiltshire). The panel concludes with some reflections on the past, present and future of cybernetics within HFE (Drury).
Cueing Attention to a Matrix of Values on a Head-Worn Display: Four Studies with a Multiple Patient Monitoring Task
Authors: Salisbury Isaac S. , Tang Tsz-Lok , Browning Caitlin , Schlosser Paul D. , Mohamed Ismail , Grundgeiger Tobias , Loeb Robert G. , Sanderson Penelope M.
Published: November 2019

Head-worn displays (HWDs) can help clinicians monitor multiple patients by displaying multiple patients’ vital signs. We conducted four experiments exploring design features that affect how a HWD can quickly and reliably cue attention to patient deterioration. In a series of lab-based experiments, we found that a HWD could quickly and reliably cue participants’ attention with high-contrast visual highlights with two distinct levels, or with a short white flash. However, visual alerts on a HWD did not cue attention as quickly as similar alerts on a conventional screen or auditory alerts. We conclude that HWDs can quickly notify clinicians of patient deterioration when paired with a strong visual cue, but there are perceptual challenges unique to HWDs.
Networking: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly an Interactive Discussion Panel on Networking
Authors: Scholcover Federico , Beadle Sarah , Hancock Gabriella M. , Hughes Ashley , McLaughlin Anne , Stronge Aideen , Bowles C. Travis
Published: November 2019

Having a strong professional network is important. It’s “…an investment that pays off in the future” (Wolf & Moser, 2009), predicting positive changes in career attainment. However, networking is often considered more of a soft-skill, where many lack formal training. With that in mind, panelists from a diverse set of fields and career levels will share their personal experiences and lessons learned on networking. Audience members will be given the opportunity to ask panelists follow up questions. The last third of the alternative format panel will be spent engaged in an activity to foster networking and a debrief of the activity.

Presentation time: 40 minutes, Q/A time: 20 minutes, Networking Activity: 15 minutes, Activity Debrief: 15 minutes.