bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a stoic interpretation of controllability
Authors: Pesqueux Yvon
Published: July 2002

Ethics – both within philosophy and in the new disciplines of “applied ethics” and “business ethics” – is a vogue subject these days and, as such, calls for a few cautionary words. The resurgence of ethics has engendered two main schools of criticism: one which sees it as a passing fad, a simple and superficial expression of a deeper crisis, a consequence of the decline in ideology, grand systems and “philosophic and religious thought”, or as a corollary of the uncertainty and failure of politics. The more corrupt the times, the stronger the concern for morality. The other which sees the use and worship of ethical imperatives as yet another ploy by companies to enhance their image and cow their workforce into submission. There is, however, a third more rewarding and constructive approach which, while it heeds the not altogether unfounded warnings of the other two, expresses a genuine interest in ethics – an interest stimulated paradoxically by a number of well‐publicised scandals. Our paper seeks to understand and acknowledge the need for ethics in the world of business. We take ethical theory as the starting point for our discussion of the philosophic concepts applicable to the company and attempt to show how stoic thought can enhance our understanding of controllability.
Managers as kings: Shakespeare on modern leadership
Authors: Egan Michael
Published: July 2002

Discusses Shakespeare’s Chronicles and their links to organizational behaviour. Highlights lessons from history for those seeking to exercise power successfully and manage both individuals and groups.
Rumour and gossip in organisations: a conceptual study
Authors: Michelson Grant , Mouly Suchitra
Published: July 2002

Explores the issue of rumour and gossip in organisations. Given that rumour and gossip can break the harmony of the workplace unless well managed, it is rather surprising that they have not been sufficiently examined in management and organisational studies. In addition to providing an analysis of the role played by rumour and gossip within organisations, including, but not limited to, its origin, hidden reasons and its management, the role of gender is examined. Our research reveals that despite the commonly‐held and entrenched view that women are largely responsible for instigating and perpetuating organisational rumour and gossip, a review of the evidence fails to support this claim.
The stakeholder manager
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: July 2002

All managers and directors are faced with real, or imagined, conflicts of interest or competing demands for time and resources, between shareholders and stakeholders. This has always been the case, but the contemporary emphasis on stakeholders has brought this to a head. Although the more astute organisations, managers and directors maintain a suitable balance between the various demands placed on them, and there are systematic ways to do this, there are a few voices opposed to stakeholding in any shape or form. In order to suggest that stakeholding is the viable, inclusive and sustainable way for companies to proceed, the article considers and criticises the anti‐stakeholder arguments, before bringing in endorsements and suggesting the way forward.
Living in a fool’s paradise: the collapse of Barings’ Bank
Authors: Drummond Helga
Published: July 2002

Recalls that the collapse of Baring’s bank showed what may lie behind an apparently successful organization. Barings was destroyed by the unauthorised activities of a trader named Nick Leeson. For almost three years Leeson deceived the bank by appearing to earn phenomenal profits, while in reality incurring massive and ultimately catastrophic losses. A striking feature of the bank’s collapse is that it was both sudden and total. No one had the least suspicion of impending catastrophe despite the emergence of clear signs of malfeasance. The article explains why Barings’ management failed to respond effectively to those danger signs and considers the lessons to be learned.
The mission statement is a strategic tool: when used properly
Authors: Mullane John V.
Published: July 2002

Managers are divided in their allegiance to their firms’ mission statements. Some managers swear by their mission statement while others swear at theirs. Evidence from two firms, as well as existing research, indicates that part of this disagreement originates in the manager’s view of mission statements. Managers who see mission statements as tools that can influence the inner workings of their organizations are likely to understand the mission’s usefulness. Managers who put their mission statements on display and expect them to magically transform organizational behavior are likely to be frustrated and see them as an exercise in futility. In this paper, insights from two managers who take the first view provide specific steps managers can utilize to harness the benefits of their mission statements.
From Marketing Mix to Relationship Marketing
Authors: Grönroos Christian
Published: July 2002

Discusses the nature and sometimes negative consequences of the
dominating marketing paradigm of today, marketing mix management, and
furthermore discusses how modern research into, for example, industrial
marketing and services marketing as well as customer relationship
economics shows that another approach to marketing is required. This
development is supported by evolving trends in business, such as
strategic partnerships, alliances and networks. Suggests relationship
marketing, based on relationship building and management, as one
emerging new marketing paradigm of the future. Concludes that the
simplicity of the marketing mix paradigm, with its Four P model, has
become a straitjacket, fostering toolbox thinking rather than an
awareness that marketing is a multi‐faceted social process, and notes
that marketing theory and customers are the victims of today′s
mainstream marketing thinking. By using the notion of a marketing
strategy continuum, discusses a number of consequences of a
relationship‐type marketing strategy for the focus of marketing,
pricing, quality management, internal marketing and intraorganizational
development. Briefly comments on the possibility of developing a general
marketing theory based on the relationship building and management
approach.
Market Entry Strategy for Italy (Crown Berger)
Authors: Vignali Claudio , Tarry Alan
Published: July 2002

Italy is a complex market, different in many ways from the ordered calm
of Northern Europe. With a rapidly developing distribution
infrastructure – particularly at the retail level – the market for paints
is changing quickly. Examines the threats and opportunities this
presents as they apply to one major UK manufacturer. Includes background
data on the geography, economy and markets.
MFR SRL Rome: The Italian Family Business Affair
Authors: Harris Phil , Frasca A. , Jäkel Uwe
Published: July 2002

The MFR case shows a typical small size company in the growing small
business sector of Italy and how it has developed over the past seven
years. From a family business which produced and marketed wallpaper in a
traditional manner, Massimo Frasca has moved to develop a leading
business which both supplies the wallpaper market and has diversified
into the sunblind sector. Raises the important issues of how a family
business is run.
Italy’s Black Economy
Authors: McDonald Frank , Dwyer Michael , Wendt Frank
Published: July 2002

Black economy activities are widespread in nearly all economies but
Italy appears to have a pronounced problem in this area. Small
privately‐owned companies in Italy find it relatively easy to engage in
black economy activities – mainly the practice of tax evasion, that is,
fraudulent and illegal activities undertaken to reduce tax liability.
Illustrates how the black economy works in a typical small Italian
company. Also examines some of the main implications for government and
companies: in particular, the effects of a new law to curb tax evasion
by small companies.
US Organizations’ Response to AIDS in the Workplace:
Authors: Kohl John P. , Miller Alan N.
Published: July 2002

Since first identified in June 1981, 315,390 cases of AIDS have been
reported in the United States and 194,354 Americans have died of the
disease, as of 30 June 1993. Worldwide, 718,894 cases of AIDS have been
reported and 13 million people are believed to be infected with the HIV
(AIDS‐causing) virus. Since autumn 1988, the authors have conducted five
independent studies to determine US organizations′ response to AIDS in
the workplace. Reviews those and similar studies conducted by others,
summarizes their findings, and offers suggestions to practising managers
worldwide for dealing with AIDS in the workplace.
The Use of a Simulation Methodology to Explore Human Resource Accounting
Authors: Dawson Chris
Published: July 2002

The second of two articles, looks at how a simulation methodology was
used to explore the relationship between two prescriptive models of
human resource accounting – the replacement cost model (RCM) and the
stochastic rewards valuation model (SRVM). Investigates not only the
operationalization of the two models, but also the reasoning used by
managers in determining or arriving at the data. Goes on to discuss the
general benefits and limitations of simulation methodologies and how
they relate to prescriptive and descriptive approaches to the study of
management.
Costing training activity
Authors: Wright Phillip C. , Belcourt Monica
Published: July 2002

Costing training activity is one of the most poorly performed
business functions. Presents a pragmatic solution to the problem.
Beginning with the philosophy that the decision to train is an
investment decision like any other, a process focusing on performance
factors is followed that takes into account direct and indirect costs,
the measurement of alternatives and the estimation of net benefit.
Throughout, the unavoidable use of qualitative inputs is documented, so
that final results allow management to buy into the costing formula.
Implementation considerations for activity‐based cost systems in
service firms
Authors: Kock Soren
Published: July 2002

Aims to increase the knowledge about benefits and drawbacks when a
service firm implements activity‐based cost systems as a managerial tool
for calculating the costs of different services. States that an
activity‐based costing system has its starting‐point in a customer′s
total perceived service quality as the needs of the customers must be
met; otherwise the service firm is unable to produce the right services
at the right quality level. Claims that in service firms a common
problem is that overhead costs are extensive and that it is difficult to
allocate costs to the right services as many activities must be carried
out to produce a service. States that in some service firms it is,
however, quite easy to trace costs to the right service, e.g. a
bookkeeping firm.
Neural network technology for knowledge resource management
Authors: Raggad Bel G.
Published: July 2002

The adoption of a knowledge‐based system requires that users, experts and managers have good understanding of the concepts of information resource management (IRM) and knowledge resource management (KRM). Proposes a KRM concept which aims to organize knowledge, ensure a global control of conceptual resources and reduce heterogeneity of knowledge. Uses the neural network technology to integrate both the IRM and KRM concepts through the generation of neural decision support. Such a technology will not only help users understand situations unknown to the organization’s knowledge‐based systems but also more efficiently to access stored knowledge.
The Europeanization of CPC International: manufacturing and marketing implications
Authors: McDermott Michael C.
Published: July 2002

European food manufacturers are switching to pan‐European marketing and rationalizing manufacturing operations to achieve economies of scale as margins are squeezed by retailers and brand loyalty wanes. The US multinational CPC International appears to epitomize this trend. However, its focus on manufacturing efficiencies cannot compensate for long‐standing marketing inefficiencies. It needs to recognize that although it has a pan‐European approach to the Knorr brand name, it cannot expect this brand to achieve sales levels in the UK comparable with those gained on the Continent.
Relationship marketing: strategic and tactical implications
Authors: Grönroos Christian
Published: July 2002

Discusses the logic of the re‐emerging relationship approach to marketing and presents key strategic as well as tactical implications for a firm attempting to apply a relationship marketing strategy. Notes that major changes in the business philosophy may be required if relationship marketing is truly to be adopted. Otherwise the firm may just be paying lip‐service to the new philosophy. Using direct marketing techniques and developing partnerships alone are not sufficient. Relationship marketing requires much more than that.
Linear programming comes of age: a decision‐support tool for every manager
Authors: Caine D.J. , Parker B.J.
Published: July 2002

Discusses the use of optimizing techniques such as linear programming (LP) in managerial decision making. Argues that while LP has always offered a powerful tool for solving allocation type problems, the technique was rarely used except in large organizations. Lack of use has often been due, not to the limitations or assumptions associated with the technique, but to the need to use expensive and unintuitive application software which required extensive knowledge and training. Argues that new advances in spreadsheet software now offer the decision‐maker a powerful yet easy‐to‐use way of applying linear programming which can greatly enhance decision‐making effectiveness. Uses a simple example to contrast different approaches to solving allocation type problems and concludes that linear programming should now become an essential tool within the decision‐makers’ portfolio of problem‐solving techniques.
Singapore Incorporated: reinterpreting Singapore’s business environments through a corporate metaphor
Authors: Haley Usha C.V. , Low Linda , Toh Mun‐Heng
Published: July 2002

Uses the metaphor, Singapore Incorporated, to reframe Singapore’s government‐led development. The metaphor encapsulates stakeholders’ relationships: these relationships provide goals and constraints for Singapore. Thus, the metaphor helps to reinterpret Singapore’s business environments and strategic destiny. First, highlights strategic alliances with stakeholders in Singapore’s growth and development. Next, focuses on Singapore’s enacted economic, political and social environments. Finally, explores the metaphor’s implications and discusses its relevance for theory and policy.
Strategic management of international business relationships with New Zealand: a primer for executives and investors
Authors: Everett André M.
Published: July 2002

Explains that sweeping structural reform combined with national change in attitude have dramatically altered the business environment in New Zealand. Yesterday, New Zealand was a tale of faded prosperity and lost promise; today, it receives praise from the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund andThe Economistas a role model for economic reform. Protectionism, interventionism and import substitution have been replaced by nearly complete economic freedom. As a key component of these reforms, liberalization of international and domestic trade is providing unprecedented opportunities and challenges for both multinational and local firms. Following a stage‐setting introduction to the country and its people, outlines the recent decade of economic rebirth, exploring the ramifications of the national restructuring on business strategies and decision making in the areas of market entry, importing and exporting, investment, human resource management and innovation. Explores major current issues affecting business, and examines policies on inbound foreign investment and immigration.
Corporate culture of a clan organization
Authors: Chan Andrew
Published: July 2002

Uses a case study to illustrate DHL International’s corporate culture, which may be used as a benchmark for other companies in the service industry sector. Suggests that the business success factors of this organization lie in its adoption of the culture and structural characteristics of a clan organization. Clan organizations can create for themselves a more manageable social space that will provide them with protection and stability. The clan metaphor, and its organizing principles, may provide guidelines to be used by companies to manage strategically within a turbulent environment. Argues that when the general conditions within an environment are moving towards turbulent conditions, the business organizations within that environment should prepare for their own structural consolidation to ward off uncertainties. Such a structural consolidation can be modelled after the formation of social enclaves, or clans.
A strategic evaluation of re‐engineering, restructuring, delayering and downsizing policies as flawed paradigm
Authors: Morden Tony
Published: July 2002

The purpose is to carry out a strategic evaluation of re‐engineering, restructuring, delayering and downsizing as an influential management paradigm. Contends that this contemporary paradigm is flawed. Defines and describes the contemporary strategic paradigm of the re‐engineering, restructuring, delayering and downsizing of companies and corporations and places this paradigm within its management context. Analyses, evaluates and restates this management paradigm, questioning its assumptions of rationality and universality. Examines organization culture as a key contingency in the application of the paradigm, and qualifies the paradigm on the basis of cross‐cultural comparison. Suggests how the paradigm is flawed, and comments on the implications of its application for long‐term corporate competitive advantage. Proposes that management should, instead, be treated as a strategic asset rather than a mere overhead cost, and suggests alternatives to the uncritical and unquestioning acceptance and implementation of the paradigm.
What are relationships in business networks?
Authors: Holmlund Maria , Törnroos Jan‐Åke
Published: July 2002

An understanding of business networks and the specific processes affecting change in networks is intimately connected to the understanding of the nature of relationships. Relationships constitute the core aspect which connects actors, resources and activities in a business network. Presents an overview of basic features of relationships. Groups relational concepts from the business marketing literature into structural, economic and social dimensions. Outlines a marketing model of three network layers in business networks based on different types of actors. The proposed network layers in the model constitute the production network layer, the resource network layer and the social network layer. Finally, assigns relational concepts to their related network layers in a relationship matrix.
Multiculturalism in a labour market with integrated economies
Authors: Sophia Aguirre Maria
Published: July 2002

The rapid growth of immigration in past decades and the consolidation of economic blocks have brought to the foreground “old concerns” over the effect of immigration on native workers’ wellbeing. The “old concerns” present “new characteristics” which have led to the introduction of “multiculturalism” into the debate over immigration. Considers efficiency gains from immigration taking into consideration the “cultural diversity” involved in any immigration phenomena. In this light, examines the effect of the policies supported by the proponents of a “multicultural education” understood as an “amorphous syncretism” in the economic development of the recipient countries.
Learning alliances ‐ a new dimension of strategic alliances
Authors: Morrison Michael , Mezentseff Larissa
Published: July 2002

Notes that strategic alliances provide opportunities for partners to come together and create greater value rather than a basic commercial transaction. Proposes a conceptual framework for strategic relationships and suggests this can be adapted in internationally‐focused or domestic‐oriented alliances. Posits that this framework refers to “learning alliances” aimed at establishing a mutual relationship based on co‐operation, not competition. Shows that organizations develop this relationship through a process which involves elements such as creating a learning environment and having a systemic perspective. Explains that this learning environment enables alliance partners to build a relationship which enhances the strategic fit between the companies for the long term. Discusses the belief that the future success of strategic alliances will be held within the realms of co‐operative learning ‐ learning alliances.
Strategic organizational change: the role of leadership, learning, motivation and productivity
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H. , St‐Pierre Normand , Glavas William
Published: July 2002

Presents an overview of strategic organizational change (SOC) and its managerial impact on leadership, learning, motivation and productivity. Theoretical and empirical data presented are: the sources and determinants of strategic organizational change; the management implications of SOC; organizational leadership within the context of SOC; learning aspects of SOC; the impact of SOC on organizational and individual productivity; a model that explains the relationships between SOC, leadership, learning, motivation and productivity. Depicts strategic organizational change as an integrative process with all organizational elements such as human resources, systems and technologies being considered for successful change to occur. The proposed model for strategic organizational change is an attempt to link the software and hardware components of organizations. In view of the pressures being expected from the external environment and the critical vision of organizations, research suggests that top management needs to establish a flexible and adaptive infrastructure that should lead contemporary and complex organizations to optimum levels of performance. The largest barrier to “change” is not changes to technologies and work processes but changes involving people.
Enhancing creative thinking within organisations
Authors: McFadzean Elspeth
Published: July 2002

Creative problem solving (CPS) and innovation are very important to companies who want to gain flexibility and competitive advantage. This article describes how an organisation can enhance its creativity by developing a creative culture within the company. In addition, the paper discusses group creative problem solving. A creativity continuum is presented which describes three different types of techniques ‐ paradigm preserving, paradigm stretching and paradigm breaking. It is important to know which type of technique should be chosen for a particular type of situation. Paradigm preserving techniques are deemed to be more comfortable but less innovative whereas paradigm breaking techniques encourage participants to develop highly novel ideas. They can, however, be uncomfortable to use and should therefore not be utilised by the unwary. This article describes six different CPS techniques ‐ two paradigm preserving, two paradigm stretching and two paradigm breaking techniques.
Management in South Korea: a review
Authors: Morden Tony , Bowles David
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this article is to analyse and illustrate selected aspects of management in South Korea. South Korean management is placed within its South East Asian context; but western influences on it are also identified. Parallels with French management are drawn. The article describes the national and business culture of South Korea. It analyses prevailing approaches to organisation and communication. It discusses and illustrates the changing role of the taipan, the family, the clan, and professional management within the context of the ownership and management of Korean enterprises. It examines working practices and relations. It analyses and comments on style of management. It deals with issues of internationalisation and globalisation. The article concludes by analysing a number of issues that are likely to affect South Korean management after the crisis of 1997‐1998, and more generally in the foreseeable future. The analysis is illustrated by a variety of case examples.
Teamworked organisational engineering: getting the most out of teamworking
Authors: Tranfield David , Parry Ivor , Wilson Sarah , Smith Stuart , Foster Morris
Published: July 2002

Teamworking is proving to be a popular method of organising to exploit new technology and respond to the demands of globalisation, but having tried it, many companies are finding that effective implementation is not as easy as they first thought. New research in the Change Management Research Centre at Sheffield Hallam University has identified why this is the case. Although thought by many to be a general panacea, research has identified three quite different approaches to teamworking each with different purposes, payoffs, forms, structures, strengths and weaknesses. The authors offer an outline of a prototype methodology to help managers, in their roles as architects and designers of company organisation, think through and engineer requisite teamwork arrangements.
Evolving structures and consumer response: dynamic transformations of The Fugitive and Mission Impossible
Authors: Walle Alf. H.
Published: July 2002

Structural analysis is designed to deal with patterns which exist in the human mind and, thereby, impact the ways in which people act and respond to circumstances. As such, structural analysis has value in situations involving consumer choice and preference. Historically, structural analysis, in both literary criticism and consumer research, has tended to be static in nature. Marketing managers, however, are interested in cultural dynamics and what influences consumer preferences and buying patterns as they evolve through time. Here a structural interpretation which is linked to a socio/economic deterministic model, will be used to analyze two popular television series (The Fugitive and Mission Impossible) which were originally aired in the 1960s and were remade into blockbuster feature films in the 1990s. This example will explore the value of a dynamic structural model within marketing management.
No such thing as market orientation ‐ a call for no more papers
Authors: Henderson Steven
Published: July 2002

Since Shapiro’s vexed question, “What the hell is market‐orientated?” several marketing scholars have revamped their concepts and found empirical evidence to demonstrate the superior performance of firms closest to their new prescriptions. This paper questions the ontology of market orientation and the evidence used to support it. It also challenges supporters of market orientation to show why it would be in the social interests to adopt it, even if their arugments concerning its efficacy were to be accepted.
Making the case for knowledge management: the bigger picture
Authors: Neef Dale
Published: July 2002

Despite several years of hearty media and academic interest, for most people “knowledge management” still remains an ill‐defined and woolly concept. The problem may be that knowledge management proponents have usually focused on either the minutiae of implementation ‐ intranets and data mining techniques ‐ or worse, on abstract theories such as the value of trust in a knowledge sharing culture. This article contends that it is only really possible to appreciate the concrete importance of knowledge management in the workplace if the subject is seen in a much broader context ‐ as causally related to the enormous changes taking place in the global economic framework itself. These more fundamental changes to the economic environment are what are driving organizations toward adopting the sophisticated new set of policies and practices known as “knowledge management”. In short, there is a broad “knowledge‐based revolution” taking place, and it comes in a matching set: the knowledge‐based economy for nations, and knowledge management for organizations themselves.
Business strategy in new high‐tech ventures: an empirical analysis
Authors: March I.C. , Gunasekaran A.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study is to determine the existence of specific and unique features characterising markets, activities and customers in at least two of the most representative high technology sectors nowadays, the microelectronics/software industry and the biotechnology/biomedical industry. Cross‐Tabs statistical method has been used to analyze the data collected from the sample made up by 18 high‐tech American firms. One of the major findings of this study is that the business strategy will hold better prospects in those high‐tech firms benefiting from a higher technological excellence, having spent longer time in developing and launching their products, being able to keep longer the novelty attached to their products, being positioned in intermediate to final stages of the production chain.
Why organizations fail: the view from the front‐line
Authors: Longenecker Clinton O. , Simonetti Jack L. , Sharkey Thomas W.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this research is to review the perceptions of 359 front‐line management personnel as to why their organizations fail to achieve desired results and to draw lessons for organizational practice on how to prevent failure and improve organizational performance. Managers from 30 organizations were asked to rate the impact that 25 different performance factors have on their ability to get desired results. The results of the study identified a variety of people and leadership factors as the primary causes of poor performance, while factors such as technology, finances, and government regulations ranked significantly lower in the rankings.
Design and implementation of self‐directed process teams
Authors: Attaran Mohsen , Nguyen Tai T.
Published: July 2002

Human resources are the most important asset of any organization. Yet most organizations continue to arrange their people in work patterns that inhibit and limit their employees’ participation. Many companies have tried to move away from a traditional rigid organizational structure to a more flexible one only to abandon it with little or no positive results. The difference between success and failure depends not on company size or resources, but on appropriate planning and avoidance of pitfalls. Presents Chevron’s experiences in establishing inter‐functional work teams, evaluates barriers, and suggests steps for successful implementation of self‐directed process teams.
Relationship marketing as an ethical approach: philosophical and managerial considerations
Authors: Kavali Stella G. , Tzokas Nikolaos X. , Saren Michael J.
Published: July 2002

As the thoughts and actions of marketers focus on the philosophy of relationship marketing (RM), the purpose of this paper is to broaden our understanding of the concept for its effect on ethical behaviour in organisations. Whilst there is evidence of strong ethical inputs in the theory formation of RM, there is also a need to separate rhetoric from reality. In this paper we argue that despite the evidence that RM is inherently a concept with strong ethical roots, there is a gap between the theory of RM and its actual practice. Indeed, major changes in values and ethics may be required if RM is to be truly adopted. Otherwise there is a danger of allowing RM’s ethical inputs (commitment, trust, etc.) to become axiomatic without being subjected to sufficient critical scrutiny at the practical level. We believe that the RM philosophy is capable not only of contributing genuinely to the strategic discourse of contemporary organisations, but also of playing the role of the social advocate by fostering mechanisms which will generate ethical introspection and promote ethical decision making.
Beyond downsizing: recreating in Australia
Authors: Orr Stuart , Millen Robert A. , McCarthy Dan
Published: July 2002

The management literature is replete with articles on total quality management, just‐in‐time manufacturing, strategic partnerships between customers and vendors, re‐engineering the company, flattening the organisation, teams that replace individual decision making and horizontal organisational structures. The terms and descriptions used in the literature for these organisational changes vary, but the overall objective is the same, to increase organisational effectiveness and to ensure the future of these organisations by establishing more efficient operations. In many companies positive organisational change is often undertaken simultaneously with, or following on from a “downsizing” or “restructuring” programme. In business recreation, whether in Australia or any other country, operational efficiency built upon enhanced processes must not be seen as the final objective – the opportunities are much greater. Examples of successful Australian organisational recreation are given.
A framework for benchmarking appropriate productive maintenance
Authors: Labib Ashraf W.
Published: July 2002

Addresses problems with the practical implementation of total productive maintenance (TPM), and presents a rather appropriate approach to TPM implementation. This approach is termed by the author as appropriate productive maintenance (APM). The APM concept offers a rigorous methodology that utilises several tools to achieve a world‐class manufacturing (WCM) status. A modelling tool, called IDEFO, is used to map the whole process. Presents a nine‐step framework for formulating the APM programme. Concludes that the integration of operational tools can contribute towards developing a strategic world class maintenance programme. Describes a computerised maintenance system, developed at a company in the automotive sector in the UK, as a practical example of the issues presented.
Reducing foodborne disease: meeting the Food Standards Agency’s targets
Authors: Hilton Judith
Published: July 2002

The Food Standards Agency has set a five‐year target to reduce foodborne disease in the UK by 20 per cent. The Agency’s strategy proposes measures throughout the food chain, from the farm to the kitchen. It is designed to reduce the risks associated with common vehicles of foodborne infections, such as raw meat, poultry, milk and dairy products, and to promote effective management of food safety, based on the principles of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points, in all food businesses. Measures to improve food hygiene in the kitchen, whether commercial or domestic, are also planned, underpinned by a media‐based food hygiene campaign. The campaign will aim to raise the profile of food safety on the public agenda and deliver key preventative messages about the cooking and handling of food. Reduction in foodborne disease will be monitored through laboratory reports of key foodborne pathogens.
Anaerobic digestion of fish processing by‐products
Authors: Ward Chris , Slater Bill
Published: July 2002

Anaerobic digestion can be used to treat many organic waste streams. However, fish wastes pose a particular technological problem, as they release high levels of ammonia when digested, which then inhibits the digestion process. Having overcome these technical problems, it is important that there is a long term, financially viable outlet for the products of the digestion process. The organic sector places high demands on the production of certified inputs, but, if these can be met, this sector represents a potentially high value market for the products of a digestion process.
Does organic food taste better? A claim substantiation approach
Authors: Fillion Laurence , Arazi Stacey
Published: July 2002

As the demand for organic foods has grown globally, disputes have arisen on whether organic foods are more nutritious, safer, and better for the environment. To many consumers, though, a major issue is whether organic foods taste different and, especially if they are being asked to pay a premium price, whether they taste better. Via the use of sensory analysis using trained panellists, and consumer testing, research was carried out to determine whether the claim of “organic food tastes better” could be substantiated. The study found that organic orange juice was perceived as tasting better than conventional orange juice; however, no differences were found between organic and conventional milk. Therefore, it is concluded that the global claim that “organic food tastes better” is not valid, and each product type should be treated separately before a claim can be made.
What Do 14 to 16‐year‐olds Know and Think about Biotechnology?
Authors: Lock Roger
Published: July 2002

The knowledge and attitudes of GCSE students towards biotechnology and
genetic engineering were investigated in a survey of 118 14 to
16‐year‐old students. One‐third of the sample did not know what
biotechnology or genetic engineering was, and nearly half the sample
could not give examples of either. Student attitudes were
context‐dependent: there was broad approval of genetic engineering
applied to microbes and plants but not of its application to animals.
There were high levels of uncertainty of opinion where eating the
products of genetic engineering was concerned. Teaching about these
topics led to decreased uncertainty and enhanced approval of genetic
engineering.
The National Food Guide: The Tilted Plate Performs Best, but What
Do the Health Educators Think?
Authors: Hunt Paula , Gatenby Sue , Rayner Mike
Published: July 2002

As part of its research into a National Food Guide (NFG) for the UK, the
Health Education Authority reveals an experimental methodology into
consumers′ understanding and recall of food‐for‐health information when
presented in different ways, as well as a qualitative approach to assess
consumer preferences for the format and title of the guide. A parallel,
smaller study was undertaken involving health educators. Describes the
findings of these studies and finds that the views of consumers and
professionals are different in a variety of respects. Concludes with the
hope that “The National Food Guide – The Balance of Good Health” will be
welcomed by health and nutrition educators and will help reduce
misinformation and misunderstanding among consumers.
Dietary Fat, Food Habits and Appetite
Authors: Cotton Jacqui R. , Blundell John E.
Published: July 2002

Excessive fat intake is a problem in the UK and other European
countries. Looks at the relationship between dietary fat and body fat
and the body′s physiological responses to fatty food. Discusses
experimental studies on fat and satiety and high fat hyperphagia.
Children′s Perceptions of Sweets in Their Food Culture:
Authors: Neale R.J. , Otte Silke , Tilston C.H.
Published: July 2002

A survey of 259 primary school children in England and Germany of
varying social background was performed to assess the children′s
attitudes to sweet consumption and particularly to their perception (how
they make sense of information they receive) of sweets in their food
culture. There were highly significant differences in the children′s
attitudes to sweet consumption between the two cultures with more
children in Germany saying we should eat more (30 per cent) compared
with those in England (7 per cent). Children′s perceptions of sweets
also differed significantly between cultures. These differences in
attitude and perception of sweets, particularly chocolate, between the
two cultures imply differences in educational and other influences on
the children in their early (primary) years.
Chemistry in the kitchen: the chemistry of flesh foods I
Authors: Bayliss Peter
Published: July 2002

An understanding of muscle structure and the physiology of post
mortem change occurring in meat are fundamental to the understanding
of meat quality. This first article in a series of four examines the
structure of muscle, including the differing types of muscle fibres and
the general microstructure. Discusses the organization of muscle fibres
in a muscle system along with the metabolites available to the muscle
fibre. Gives details relating to how the muscle fibres maintain
homeostasis by utilizing these metabolites after humane slaughter. In
addition, covers factors influencing the rate of rigor mortis.
Software selection III
Authors: Seaman Claire
Published: July 2002

Software selection features various computer software packages
which are of interest to those working in the areas of food sciences and
nutrition. Discusses two nutrition education packages – Food
Feedback, which is produced by the National Dairy Council and is
primarily aimed at health professionals, and the Uncle Ben′s Nutri‐Test,
available from Master Foods, which markets the Uncle Ben′s range of
products. Discusses the potential uses of the packages and their
suitability for different groups of users.
Managing to eat on a low income
Authors: Walker Robert , Dobson Barbara , Middleton Sue , Beardsworth Alan , Keil Teresa
Published: July 2002

Considers the social, cultural and nutritional aspects of food
consumption among low income families. For over a hundred years concern
has been expressed about the diet of poor families. Qualitative research
with 48 low income families is reported which investigated their food
purchasing and consumption behaviour in order to understand their
managing and coping strategies better. Rather than radically alter their
diets, families adopt a cheaper imitation of conventional eating
patterns. To do otherwise would entail an unacceptable risk of waste
that could not be afforded. Further research is reported which indicates
that families on income support cannot afford to purchase a healthy and
socially acceptable diet.
What is the British Nutrition Foundation doing to improve food
education in school?
Authors: Fine Gill
Published: July 2002

In recent years the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF) has
undertaken various schools education initiatives including the BNF/MAFF
food and nutrition school programme entitled “Food – a fact
of life”. Reviews the development of this programme and provides a
detailed account of the latest unit of resources for pupils 11‐16 years.
The unit, “Energy and Nutrients”, has been devised to
integrate with curriculum requirements throughout the UK and is based on
ten topics: energy, fat, protein, carbohydrate, vitamins, minerals,
digestion, nutritional needs, alcohol and food composition. The unit
comprises a range of pupils′ resources and an optional software program.
It was evaluated in over 100 schools from 60 LEAs prior to being
launched by the Food Minister on 27 April 1995. Includes a brief review
of the BNF Food Technology Training Courses for teachers which are being
part funded by the Department for Education.
Statistics for food science III: sensory evaluation data. Part A
– sensory data types and significance testing
Authors: Bower John A.
Published: July 2002

Introduces statistical methods employed in analysing sensory data.
Describes significance testing and simple procedures for determination
of population characteristics in sensory data and highlights sources of
error and replication in the sensory context. Discusses factors
important in selection of an appropriate statistical test for sensory
data.
Shopping for health ‐ food for thought: a programme in public health promotion
Authors: Paton Carolyn , Smith Fiona , Fraser Joan , McCormack Andrina E.
Published: July 2002

Outlines a health promotion programme run in conjunction with a local Asda supermarket in Ayr. The event focused on the store itself. Community dietitians were available for specific advice, and a team of student dietitians conducted evaluations, circulated special discount coupons, and handed out health promotion material. Throughout the store there were specific health messages following NACNE and COMA report guidelines. A treasure hunt and food pyramid both acted as additional activities for customers. Publicity prior to the event included local radio and press advertising. The event was evaluated as a success and shoppers said they would like more such events.
Sensory analysis and the food industry: can computers improve credibility?
Authors: McIlveen Heather , Armstrong Gillian
Published: July 2002

The potential value of sensory analysis has often been undermined in the food industry, where results tend to be viewed with scepticism. In reality, however, various forms of sensory‐related work can provide an important investigative and informative function in a number of areas. This may include consumer preference and buying behaviour, product development, production and quality control. The objective must be to achieve a realistic balance between sensory and instrumental methods and to manage the sensory process effectively, if results are to be meaningful. The main problem, however, is in dealing with people and their variability. A preliminary study assessed the potential value of using computerized systems to help improve the credibility of sensory analysis and, in particular, to maintain and improve panel motivation and consistency of response. Generally, accuracy improved significantly as tests progressed and panellists preferred using the computerized system.
High pressure food processing
Authors: Earnshaw Richard
Published: July 2002

Discusses the use of high pressure in the processing, packaging and shelf life of food products. Describes the effects of high pressure on food microbiology, chemistry and structure. Suggests there are commercial opportunities for new products using pressure packaging as the flavours and colours of fresh food are maintained with minimal processing.
Survival of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 in ground beef during normal cooking procedures
Authors: Phillips Carol A. , Roscoe Neil
Published: July 2002

Verocytotoxin‐producing Escherichia coli 0157:H7 is known to cause bloody diarrhoea (haemorrhagic colitis) and, in vulnerable groups, haemorrhagic ureamic syndrome. The majority of outbreaks have been associated with the consumption of ground beef products, and cattle have been identified as an important environmental reservoir of the organism. Investigates the survival of the organism in ground beef products during normal cooking procedures. Finds that in certain products Escherichia coli 0157:H7 is able to remain viable and, therefore, maintain the potential for human pathogenicity.
Software selection VI
Authors: Seaman Claire E.A.
Published: July 2002

Features a nutrition package aimed at caterers, schoolteachers or others who want to evaluate the quality of school meals. The package can be used to evaluate either an “average” diet from a series of menus which provide lunches for a school, or to assess an individual pupil’s diet over a period of at least five school days. SMAP can be used on any IBM or 100 per cent compatible PC.
Doctors and the provision of advice on nutrition
Authors: Buttriss Judy
Published: July 2002

Summarizes some key findings from surveys conducted by the National Dairy Council to establish attitudes towards nutrition and the provision of dietary advice among GPs and the general public. Examines the confidence of GPs in explaining terms and concepts relating to nutrition. Reveals uncertainty among both health professionals and the public. Looks at factors which affect people’s ability to change their eating habits. Finally, considers ways to improve the situation, suggesting, for example, greater training in basic nutrition for medical students at undergraduate level and in‐service training in nutrition for practice team staff by dietitians.