bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Back to Cognitive Foundationalism?
Authors: Buchowski Michal
Published: March 2007

Robin Horton has studied modes of thought for decades. His attitude is strongly "intellectualist" and directed against "symbolic" interpretation in anthropology A contrast between these two standpoints is regarded in this paper as axiomatic, derived from worldview assumptions presented as a scientific debate. Divergences concern isssues such as the objective status of human cognition, the degree of rationality of a given thought system, and the desirable status of anthropological interpretations of human thought. Horton's standpoint is criticized, mainly his views on the universality of standards of rationality established in the West, and the presentism of his "cognitive foundationalism," which claims that cognition is the primary function of any thought/belief system. His intellectualist position is placed in the context of contemporary postmodern anthropological discourses.
Russell's Power
Authors: Hardin Russell
Published: March 2007

In his account of power, Bertrand Russell combines a perverse psychological thesis about a will to power for its own sake with an acute perception of different forms power takes. The psychology is that of the most brutal leaders of the 1930s, when Russell wrote. His account focuses on the power of a political leader to compel a following as Hitler, Stalin, and others did. But the strength of his account is its analysis of three distinct forms of power: one grounded in resources, such as weapons, and the others grounded in the coordination of large numbers of people, either by the force of ideas or by the force of institutional arrangements. In his sharpest arguments, Russell applies his coordination account to the difficulties individuals face in controlling democratic governments.
Multidimensional Association Models
Authors: WONG RAYMOND SIN-KWOK
Published: March 2007

This article develops several multidimensional multilinear association models for sociologists and other social science researchers to analyze the relationship between categorical variables in multiway cross-classification tables. The proposed multilinear approach not only provides satisfactory fit by conventional standards in the illustrative examples but also offers better understanding of the complex relationship between variables. This study highlights the relationship between two alternative decompositions in the multilinear framework—the PARAFAC/CANDECOMP and the Tucker 3-mode methods to decompose log-linear parameters—as well as the relationship between the multilinear approach and the log-multiplicative association models developed by Goodman and others. In addition, the author discusses empirical strategies to determine whether some or all cross-dimensional and other identifying restrictions can be relaxed in certain restricted models and to account for the proper degrees of freedom for these models.
Elite Social Circles
Authors: Alba Richard D. , Moore Gwen
Published: March 2007

We describe a method for locating the denser, or more cohesive, parts of networks. The method starts from the identification of cliques, or maximal complete subgraphs. Since there are numerous such subgraphs in most networks, they are then aggregated when they overlap sufficiently. The resulting aggregated subgraphs are frequently large, not necessarily disjoint, and comparatively denser regions of the full network; frequently, they have the characteristics of social circles. Applied to an interaction network containing nearly 900 individuals from the American Leadership Study, we identify a number of these denser regions, most of which are small cliques, based on the shared interests and institutional locations of their members. One large central circle also results, and we discuss its interpretation in terms of integration of the overall network.
Multiple Indicator Models
Authors: SCHOENBERG RONALD
Published: March 2007

Expressions are given for the calculation of the estimates and the standard errors of the estimates of the unconstrained means of the constructs in multiple indicator models. If the “reference” indicators—that is, the indicators whose loadings are fixed to 1., thereby identifying the variance of the construct and establishing its scale or units of measure—are exclusive—that is, load only on the construct for which it is a “reference”—then the construct means are simply the means of the reference indicators.
Identification of Parameters in Cohort Models
Authors: JAGODZINSKI WOLFGANG
Published: March 2007

Linear-additive age-period cohort models that permit the maximum number of aging effects, period effects, and cohort effects (full cohort models) are underidentified. In this article, some general rules will be given for detecting identified and underidentified parameters in any full cohort model under zero-sum restrictions. It will be demonstrated that only one parameter in a dimension is identified whenever the number of parameters in this dimension is uneven. Otherwise, no parameter is identified. Full cohort models for larger tables contain more overidentifying restrictions, but the number of identified parameters never exceeds four. Furthermore, it will be shown which additional parameter restrictions are sufficient and which are inappropriate for the identification of all parameters in a model.
Gender Effects among Telephone Interviewers in a Survey of Economic Attitudes
Authors: GROVES ROBERT M. , FULTZ NANCY H.
Published: March 2007

Male and female telephone interviewers are compared on both administrative efficiency and data quality, using data from 24 replications of an attitudinal survey on personal and national economic prospects. The 40 male interviewers used over the two-year period are found to exhibit higher turnover rates and, because of that, lower response rates and higher training costs than the 80 female interviewers. However, there are no real differences on the total per minute interview costs by gender, in missing data rates, or on response distributions for factual questions. There does appear to be a systematic tendency for male interviewers to obtain more optimistic reports from respondents regarding their economic outlook. Multivariate models are constructed that attempt to explain these results and speculations are offered about causes of the impact of interviewer gender on response formation.
Using Ratio Variables to Control for Population Size
Authors: FIREBAUGH GLENN , GIBBS JACK P.
Published: March 2007

This article uses Monte Carlo computer simulation to assess two alternative ways to control for population size in regression analysis. Contrary to the claim of some social scientists, regression analyses that use ratio variables to control for size (the “ratio method” of control) are not inherently inferior to those that use a separate control variable (the “component method” of control). The ratio method appears to be inferior only because comparisons of the two methods typically omit one of the terms in the ratio regression equation. When that term is added, the ratio method outperforms the component method under conditions that are often realized in social science research. Critics of ratio variables are correct, however, in claiming that measurement error in population size, the common denominator of the ratio variables, can seriously distort the results of analyses using the ratio method. But even in that circumstance it is not necessarily the case that components should be used rather than ratios because, as the simulations demonstrate, measurement error bias can be as serious for the component method as it is for the ratio method.
A Latent Markov Model to Correct for Measurement Error
Authors: VAN DE POL FRANK , DE LEEUW JAN
Published: March 2007

In classical test theory the reliability of a test can be estimated by test-retest correlation models. These models do not apply to data of the lowest or nominal measurement level. Instead, models for latent Markov chains may be used to correct for measurement error in panel data from three or more waves. In this article it is shown how to use the E-M algorithm for estimating the parameters of a latent Markov chain. Where previous algorithms performed badly on variables with more than two categories this algorithm performs better, although convergence is often slow. The method is applied to two trichotomous questions from the Dutch civil servants panel survey. Generally the assumptions of the model that is, a latent stationary Markov chain, are reasonably well met by the data. The probability of a correct answer, which can be interpreted as the reliability of a latent response category, is high in most cases (about. 8). Also transition tables are presented that are corrected for measurement error according to the model. Standard errors of model parameters are approximated by a finite difference method.
Correcting for Acquiescent Response Bias in the Absence of a Balanced Scale
Authors: WATSON DOROTHY
Published: March 2007

This article describes a method for purging data of the effects of acquiescent response bias—a tendency to respond in the affirmative to survey items irrespective of substantive content—in the absence of a balanced scale (a scale with an equal number of positively worded and negatively worded items). The method is relevant in situations where the scale of interest is not balanced but where items similar in form from another content area are available to help identify acquiescence; it is illustrated here using data on class consciousness. Structural equation modeling techniques are used to extract a factor that captures the covariation among the items that is due to acquiescence. A series of models is presented illustrating the procedure on data from the Comparative Project on Class Structure and Class Consciousness for the United States. The model is then cross-validated on samples from Canada, Norway, and Sweden.
The Gender Gap in Earnings
Authors: KREFT ITA G. G. , de LEEUW JAN
Published: March 2007

The gender income gap is a much debated subject both at an analytical and economic level. This article considers both, but emphasizes the different ways the data can be analyzed. The authors show that a hierarchical linear model is the best way to evaluate male-female wage differentials. Both interindustry and intraindustry wage disparities between men and women are measured by using a technique that assumes that observations within the same industry have correlated error terms. By simultaneously testing human capital factors and environmental factors, the analysis model serves as a link between theory and empirical analysis. The results show that the wage differences are larger in some industries than in others, so that it can be assumed that a gender income gap is not only a function of individual differences in qualification, but also differences between industries. The between-industry differences in gender income gaps contradict the hypothesis that gender income differential is largely due to female work preferences and the resulting segregation.
Data Analysis Using S-Plus
Authors: SCHULMAN DANIEL A. , CAMPBELL ALEC D. , KOSTELLO ERIC C.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the S-plus statistical computing environment in the context of an analysis of Duncan's occupational prestige data. The article highlights the modeling and graphics capabilities of S-plus and introduces basic programming concepts. In the course of the analysis, the authors develop functions for bootstrapping and kernel density estimation. In addition, they display some of the extensive interactive graphics capabilities of S-plus.
Landscape and postcolonial science
Authors: Abraham Itty
Published: March 2007

This article draws attention to the framing of problems in the history and sociology of Indian science. It argues that physics in postcolonial India cannot be seen in isolation from the political context within which it was embedded and the international circuits within which its work circulated. Further, the article demonstrates how certain experi mental approaches, highly effective from a scientific point of view, depend upon a violent exclusion of all that is social and living from the scientific register. The article draws on the conceptual device of 'landscape', borrowed from critical work in art history, to make the link between different elements of the argument.
Secularism, unicity and diversity: The case of Haracandi's grove
Authors: Apffel-Marglin Frédérique
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that secularism as a concept and practice arose from the need in 16th and 17th century Europe to create a neutral space making possible intra- as well as inter-State discourse. This neutral space was from the beginning part of the emerging scientific revolution; it transposed in a different key the dogmatic unicity of the two warring religious denominations. Secular science created the 'sacred/spiritual' as an other-worldly domain totally separate from this-worldly realms of nature and society. By looking at an important festival in coastal Orissa taking place in a so-called 'sacred grove', the paper argues that the category of sacred thus wielded does violence to a different reality where unicity and the sacred/secular dichotomy, among others, are not found. Rather than essentialist categories, local practice conjures a dynamic, shifting, alternating reality, in which no single principle or reality dominates. The paper argues that unicity is lethal to diversity and that secular nation-states have everywhere adopted science as both a strengthening and legitimising tool, thus endangering diversity. Newly emergent religious 'fundamentalisms' negatively mirror the unicity of the secular nation-state, whereas much of local practice retains its diversity-generating ways of life.
Secularism out of its place
Authors: Brass Paul R.
Published: March 2007

A major source of the problems in recent discussions of the continued relevance to contemporary Indian political life of the secular state and the practices associated with secularism lies in the heavy burden that has been placed upon these terms. Secularism, properly speaking, is an orientation and a set of practices. However, in India, it has become an ideology seen as both contesting with Hindu communalism by those who uphold it, and as contesting against the faith of the Indian peoples by those who lately stand against it. Secularism as an orientation and a set of practices is indispensable to India's future as a liberal democracy. However, it loses its force as a binding principle of Indian unity if it is transformed into an ideology.
Cartographic Convulsions
Authors: COOLE DIANA
Published: March 2007

I think it is at least empirically arguable that our daily life, our psychic experience, our cultural languages, are today dominated by categories of space rather than by categories of time.

Fredric Jameson

The joyous disturbance of certain women's movements, and of some women in particular, has actually brought with it the chance for a certain risky turbulence in the assigning of places within our small European space.... Is one then going to start all over again making maps, topographies, etc.? distributing sexual identity cards?

Jacques Derrida

We are dealing with an imaginary cartography, which projects onto the real landscape its own shadowy ideological antagonisms, in the same way that the conversion-symptoms of the hysterical subject in Freud project onto the physical body the map of another, imaginary anatomy.

Slavoj Zizek
FAMILY COMMUNICATION PATTERNS AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
Authors: MEADOWCROFT JEANNE M.
Published: March 2007

The relationship of family communication patterns to indicators of political development between children in fourth and fifth grades and adolescents in eleventh and twelfth grades is compared. Parents' and children's levels of political knowledge, political interest, frequency of political discussion, and exposure to political information in the mass media were measured. Results suggest that the nature of parent-child communication and effects of that interaction depend not only on messages stressed by the parent but also on the child's own cognitive abilities and goals.
Effects of Associating with Musical Genres on Heterosexual Attraction
Authors: ZILLMANN DOLF , BHATIA AZRA
Published: March 2007

Male and female college undergraduates estimated numerous behavioral traits and evaluated the desirability of a potential heterosexual date. Following videodating conventions, the date provided information about her-or himself in a videotaped presentation. This presentation was manipulated. With other revelations about self held constant, the date disclosed her or his love of classical music, country music, soft rock, or heavy metal rock music. A musical preference was not articulated in a control condition. Disclosure of musical preference was found to influence heterosexual attraction as well as the perception and evaluation of pertinent traits. A date's devotion to country music was found to diminish attraction in respondents of both genders. In contrast, devotion to classical music and to heavy metal rock proved to be gender specific. Fascination with heavy metal rock greatly enhanced the appeal of men, but it proved detrimental to that of women. Adoration of classical music produced the reverse consequences. It tended to facilitate the appeal of women, but to diminish that of men. The effects of sharing musical preferences also proved to vary with gender. Men were more strongly attracted to women with whom they shared musical tastes than to women with whom they did not. The sharing of musical tastes had only a negligible effect on women's attraction to men, however.
An Integrated Model of Communication, Stress, and Burnout in the Workplace
Authors: MILLER KATHERINE I. , ELLIS BETH HARTMAN , ZOOK ERIC G. , LYLES JUDITH S.
Published: March 2007

This research presents an integration of past research and theory that models the impact of stressful aspects of the workplace and key communication variables on employee burnout, occupational commitment, and work satisfaction. Two theoretical frameworks—social information processing theory (Salancik & Pfeffer, 1978) and uncertainty reduction theory (Berger & Calabrese, 1975)—are drawn on to propose a model in which communication variables lead to two stress variables then to burnout and finally to job satisfaction and occupational commitment. Data to test the proposed models were drawn from employees at a private psychiatric hospital. The results indicate that both participation in decision making and social support have important impacts on perceived workplace stress, burnout, satisfaction, and commitment for both care-givers and support personnel. Perception of participation in the decision-making process was found to be particularly crucial in reducing role stress and increasing perceptions of satisfaction and personal accomplishment for hospital care-givers. The implications of the model for theory and practice are discussed.
Mitigating the Negative Effects of Sexually Violent Mass Communications Through Preexposure Briefings
Authors: LINZ DANIEL , FUSON ILENE ARLUK , DONNERSTEIN EDWARD
Published: March 2007

Three types of educational interventions designed to mitigate the effects of portrayals of violence against women were tested. Male college students were shown an educational documentary on the psychological impact of “slasher” films and two rape-education films and assigned to one of three conditions: cognitive consistency, in which they wrote essays about myths of sexual violence, were videotaped reading these essays, and watched a playback of themselves and others advocating their antirape positions; no playback, in which the men wrote essays on the same topics, read them to the camera, and exchanged their essays with others instead of seeing themselves advocate their position; or traditional persuasion, in which subjects watched the educational films, then wrote neutral essays about media use, and watched a playback of these. Two additional control conditions were also included in the design. Later the men watched clips from slasher films and saw a videotaped reenactment of an acquaintance-rape trial and evaluated both. Rape-myth acceptance was marginally lower for those men in the intervention conditions. These men also showed higher levels of depression in response to slasher films and assigned less responsibility to the victim portrayed in the rape trial for her own assault and more responsibility to the defendant compared to subjects in the control conditions.
What We Think Others Think
Authors: GUNTHER ALBERT
Published: March 2007

The third-person effect hypothesis suggests that people systematically overestimate the extent to which others are affected by mass media messages. It also proposes that people act in accordance with their estimates of effects on others. This study set out to test both estimations and actions and to explain the phenomenon in terms of attribution theory. An experimental design manipulating the trustworthiness of the source of a defamatory newspaper article produced a third-person effect. Subjects' estimates of the damaging effects of the article, however, did not correspond to their assessment of a penalty against the newspaper. They took more account of source motivation than of impact on the audience when taking action.
Fixing Communicative Meaning
Authors: ELLIS DONALD G.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to stabilize the concept of communicative meaning, responding to theorists who maintain that meaning has lost its moorings, that historical and linguistic forces disturb the idea of meaning so thoroughly it is impossible to achieve. In the first section, I argue that the assumption of semantic realism is necessary to any intellectual or disciplinary concept of communication. This section also distinguishes between meaning and significance: Meaning is a purposeful and constrained sharable message, and significance is the relationship of the message to other realms of importance. The second section outlines a coherentist epistemology for meaning by addressing issues in intelligibility, order, and verification. The final section contrasts a message perspective with a code perspective and explains how a theory of communication, not language, can use various considerations pragmatically (e.g., referential rules, intentionality, context) to bound meaning and keep it from slipping into incessant semiosis.
Support for Censorship of Violent and Misogynic Rap Lyrics
Authors: McLEOD DOUGLAS M. , EVELAND WILLIAM P. , NATHANSON AMY I.
Published: March 2007

Recent calls for censorship of rap music have demonstrated the need to test the perceptual and especially the behavioral components of Davison's third-person effect hypothesis. The hypothesis states that people perceive media content to have a greater impact on others than on themselves (perceptual component), and that these perceptions lead people to take actions, such as censorship, to prevent the impact (behavioral component). Results of a survey of college students (N = 202) using rap lyrics as the context revealed strong support for both components of the hypothesis. Limited support was found for the social distance corollary of the perceptual component, while the knowledge corollary of the perceptual component was not supported. A new target corollary to the perceptual component was proposed; it predicts that those groups seen as likely targets of a communication will produce larger third-person perceptions than will generalized others.
The Role of Political Sophistication in Learning From News
Authors: RHEE JUNE WOONG , CAPPELLA JOSEPH N.
Published: March 2007

Accounting for learning from news has focused on media attention, media gratification, content-specific exposure, and prior knowledge. One measure of prior knowledge is political sophistication, measuring components of both knowledge and ideology. Two studies evaluated the reliability, concurrent validity, and comparative predictive validity of political sophistication in comparison to those of exposure, attention, and civics knowledge. Study 1 focused on the 1993-1994 health care reform debate. Those higher in political sophistication learned more from broadcast and print news, and had more differentiated constructs and higher quality arguments about health policy issues in open-ended essays. These findings were replicated in Study 2, which was conducted within a simulated mayoral election campaign. The results suggest that political sophisticates do not simply consume more news but process it differently than their less-sophisticated counterparts.
The Persuasive Press Inference
Authors: GUNTHER ALBERT C.
Published: March 2007

Recent theoretical models propose that mass media, apart from any influence they may have on personal opinions, can also influence an individual's perceptions of what other people are thinking. But how this influence on perceived public opinion might take place remains a question. One answer proposed here—the persuasive press inference—suggests that people infer public opinion from their perceptions of the content of media coverage and their assumptions of the persuasive impact of that coverage on others. Data were gathered in an experiment measuring participant responses to news stories on two current issues, each presented with either a favorable or unfavorable slant. The slant of both news articles had a significant effect on participants' judgments of public opinion on those issues, even when adjusted for the effect of projected personal opinion. Findings supported the hypothesis that people appear to estimate public opinion based on their own reading of press coverage—an indirect effect of mass media that can have significant consequence.
The Impact of Directive Leadership on Group Information Sampling, Decisions, and Perceptions of the Leader
Authors: CRUZ MICHAEL G. , HENNINGSEN DAVID DRYDEN , SMITH BRIAN A.
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted in which 40 four-person groups were assigned a leader and made a decision. The assigned leader used a directive style and argued for a specific decision during discussion. In addition, information was distributed to group members to create full information and hidden profile conditions. Both information distribution and leader decision were found to affect group decisions, individual postdiscussion decisions, and group members' perceptions of conflict, confidence in the group decision, and compliance with the leader. Implications for information sampling and groupthink research were discussed.
Profiles of Psychopathy in Incarcerated Sexual Offenders
Authors: PORTER STEPHEN , FAIRWEATHER DAVID , DRUGGE JEFF , HERVÉ HUGUES , BIRT ANGELA , BOER DOUGLAS P.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated whether psychopathy would contribute to the understanding of the heterogeneity of sexual violence. Using the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, presence of psychopathy, callous personality (Factor 1), and chronic antisocial conduct (Factor 2) were examined in a diverse sample ( N = 329) of incarcerated sex offenders and nonsexual offenders categorized according to the nature of their crimes. Mixed rapist/molesters and rapists were more psychopathic than child molesters, although all sex offender groups showed elevated Factor 1 scores. A high proportion (64%) of offenders who had victimized both children and adults were psychopathic, indicative of a criminal whose thrill seeking is directed at diverse sexual victims (appropriately called a sexual psychopath). Furthermore, there were different factor scores and an interaction between factor scores and offense type. These profiles have implications for treatment and a comprehensive theory of sexual violence.
Prototypical Analysis of Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: ROGERS RICHARD , SALEKIN RANDALL T. , SEWELL KENNETH W. , CRUISE KEITH R.
Published: March 2007

The diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) remains controversial with its inclusion criteria substantially modified with each new version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Given the continued nonconsensus about this disorder, prototypical analysis has been proposed as a method of establishing the core and most representative APD characteristics. Building on earlier prototypical research, the current study examined APD prototype with 448 inmates from three correctional institutions. Inmates differed from forensic experts on prototypical ratings in their emphasis on behavioral manifestations, especially aggressive and antisocial behavior. On a principal components analysis with a varimax rotation, three dimensions were observed: impaired/dishonest relationships and impulsivity, aggressive behavior, and non-violent delinquency. A comparison of factor scores based on earlier research revealed that the salience of “manipulation and lack of guilt” for forensic experts was not shared by inmates. The implications of prototypical analysis for the conceptualization of APD are discussed.
Can Involuntary Outpatient Commitment Reduce Arrests among Persons with Severe Mental Illness?
Authors: SWANSON JEFFREY W. , BORUM RANDY , SWARTZ MARVIN S. , HIDAY VIRGINIA A. , WAGNER H. RYAN , BURNS BARBARA J.
Published: March 2007

Involuntary outpatient commitment (OPC) is a promising but controversial legal intervention that may reduce criminal justice contact in persons with severe mental illness (SMI). This article examines arrest outcomes in a 1-year randomized study of OPC in 262 participants with SMI in North Carolina. Extended OPC was found to be significantly associated with reduced arrest probability (12% vs. 45%) in a subgroup with a prior history of multiple hospitalizations combined with prior arrests and/or violent behavior. Reduction in risk of violent behavior was a significant mediating factor in the association between OPC and arrest. In persons with SMI whose history of arrests is related directly to illness relapse, OPC may reduce criminal justice contact by increasing participation in mental health services.
An Analysis of Work Release
Authors: KATZ JONATHAN F. , DECKER SCOTT H.
Published: March 2007

Work release programs have been praised as a valuable correctional innovation. Four specific benefits—economic advantages, recidivism, job and family considerations, and personality and social benefits—have been cited in the literature. Like many social reforms, work release has received enthusiastic support despite the absence of methodologically sound evaluations. This article examines over forty evaluations of work release. It generally observes that there is an inverse relationship between the methodological quality of the study and the effect of work release. Those few studies with an adequate design have found that work release did not deliver the results it was designed to. In spite of this, such programs have proliferated. The authors explain this phenomena by noting that the existence of such programs satisfies often competing correctional ideologies and allows an expansion of state control.
Community Alternatives and Rearrest in Colorado
Authors: MENARD SCOTT , COVEY HERBERT
Published: March 2007

Individual data are analyzed to assess the impact of community placement on individual offenders in the state of Colorado. The results indicate that both personal characteristics and program placement influence chances of rearrest. Community placement does not increase the individual's risk of rearrest. These conclusions suggest that community placement is a viable alternative to incarceration for many offenders.
Pic Delinquency Scale
Authors: McAULIFFE THOMAS M. , HANDAL PAUL J.
Published: March 2007

This study further evaluated the Personality Inventory for Children's Delinquency Scale (DLQ) in terms of its dual purpose as a measure of delinquent tendencies and as an aid in identifying male and female adolescents who commit serious offenses. The DLQ cutoff scores were supported as identifying nonapprehended adolescents who showed stronger delinquent tendencies, defined as reporting significantly more frequent delinquent acts. The male and female groups scoring above the DLQ cutoff scores were found to report significantly more delinquent acts and to score below the delinquency cutoff scores of the CPI Socialization Scale. The DLQ cutoff scores were not supported, however, as identifying “serious offenders,” defined as those adolescents who reported at least one offense rated as a serious crime.
Contraband
Authors: KALINICH DAVID B. , STOJKOVIC STAN
Published: March 2007

Much of the past literature on inmate socialization and social control in prison organizations has focused on the reciprocal relationships between key inmate leaders and members of the custodial staff. In addition, the literature is replete with examples of how prisoners adapt to their incarceration, in part, through the sub-rosa market system. However, what has not been systematically examined is the relationship between contraband activity and stability in the prison environment. This article explores the role of the contraband market in developing control and legitimate power in a prison social system, with suggested implications on how proper and improper manipulations of the illegal market perpetuate stability or instability in the prison setting. Finally, how other strategies may be employed by correctional administrators to control their environments are discussed.
Cognitions Associated with a Delay of Gratification Task
Authors: BROWN H. J.D. , GUTSCH K. U.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the preferences of primary psychopathic (n = 17), secondary psychopathic (n = 20), and nonpsychopathic (n = 16) prisoners for delayed versus immediate rewards. Psychopathy was determined on the basis of a combination of counselors' ratings and T scores on the MMPI Pd scale above 70. Primary versus secondary psychopathy was determined on the basis of scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Scale with low scores on the Trait scale associated with primary psychopathy. Contrary to clinical theory, primary psychopaths chose delayed rewards to the same extent as the other two groups. Furthermore, the results of a questionnaire that surveyed cognitions associated with the choices indicated a neurotic element unique to the secondary psychopaths.
Impulsivity in the Lifestyle and Criminal Behavior of Sexual Offenders
Authors: PRENTKY ROBERT A. , KNIGHT RAYMOND A.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined three measures of impulsivity in samples of incarcerated rapists and child molesters. The focus of the investigation was the interrelation among these measures and the relation of these measures to juvenile and adult criminal behavior. The three measures correlated with different aspects of antisocial behavior, supporting the hypothesis that they tap different behavioral domains. The relative amount of planning and forethought manifested in the criminal act (the first measure) was unrelated to the other measures of impulsivity and covaried with sexual and aggressive motivational components of the offender. A general lifestyle of impulsive behavior as assessed by the MTC classification system (the second measure) was related to a general failure in the development of controls as reflected in preadolescent problems in mastery of life's tasks. Transiency, as reflected in ratings of aimlessness and unstable employment history (the third measure), defined most clearly a subgroup of child molesters characterized by a schizoid lack of cathexis, withdrawal and a seclusive, eccentric style. The results of this study have clear substantive implications both about the nature of impulsivity and its measurements, and about the specific MTC taxonomic distinctions that focus on impulsivity.
Assessments of Anticriminal Plans and the Prediction of Criminal Futures
Authors: ANDREWS D. A. , FRIESEN WALTER
Published: March 2007

These notes place an important limitation on the conclusions drawn by Friesen and Andrews (1982) regarding the predictive validity of a measure of the inprogram self-regulation efforts of 42 young-adult probationers. In the earlier report, assessments of self-regulation were found to be reliable (interrater r(20) = .96) and they correlated with intake socialization scores ( r(42) = .38), and with reconvictions monitored from the start of probation to the end of three postprobation years ( r(42) = -.38). The present note shows that the predictive validity of the self-regulation scores was only evident among high-risk cases: The correlation was -.70 with the recidivism of 19 low-socialization cases compared with -.02 among 23 high-socialization probationers. The results are discussed in relation to the risk principle of case classification.
Correctional Officer Professional Orientation
Authors: WHITEHEAD JOHN , LINQUIST CHARLES , KLOFAS JOHN
Published: March 2007

In light of the increasing interest in research on correctional officers, data are presented concerning the validity, reliability, and factor structure of the Klofas-Toch professional orientation inventory of correctional officer attitudes toward inmates. This 17-item instrument was administered to a heterogeneous sample of southern correctional officers and to a heterogeneous sample of probation/parole officers. The same four factor structure emerged in the correctional officer data as has been reported by Klofas and Toch (1982); however, separate analyses showed differential factor ordering and loading for black and white officers. The factor structure that emerged in the probation officer data differed from the structure found in the correctional officer data. Finally, the professional orientation inventory, while found to be a valid and reliable measure, did not explain much of the variance in correctional officer job burnout.
Cross-Gender Supervision, Personal Privacy, and Institutional Security
Authors: ALPERT GEOFFERY P. , CROUCH BEN M.
Published: March 2007

This study presents results from a survey of male and female prisoners and officers in a large county jail. The analysis examines perceptions of an issue of concern to both the courts and practitioners, namely cross-gender supervision of prisoners when they are nude or using the toilet. Specifically, the study explores the likelihood that such intrusive supervision might produce institutional conflict. Results reveal that (a) prisoners more frequently than officers expect such supervision to promote complaints, security problems, and violence and (b) most officers of both sexes expect similar negative consequences.
No to the Lineup, Yes to Further Research
Authors: LEVI A. M. , JUNGMAN NOAM
Published: March 2007

Leippe and Wells (1995) have provided a helpful commentary on Levi and Jungman's 1995 article. In Levi and Jungman's reply, they maintain their serious reservations toward the traditional lineup, join Leippe and Wells's call for further empirical research, and discuss the implications of the issues raised. Levi and Jungman remain cautiously optimistic regarding the prospects of their new technique.
Children and the Courts in Canada
Authors: SAS LOUISE DEZWIREK , WOLFE DAVID A. , GOWDEY KEVIN
Published: March 2007

Significant legislation was passed by the Canadian government in 1988 and 1993 to improve the handling of cases involving child victims of sexual abuse. These changes were expected to bring about more successful prosecutions, better protection for children, and less traumatic court experiences. Despite the improvements, the potential for secondary victimization of child victims in court increased. The need to properly prepare children to give evidence was highlighted. In response, the Canadian government funded two pilot projects on court preparation for child witnesses. This article describes one of these, the Child Witness Project at the London Family Court Clinic, which was the first court preparation program to formally evaluate the benefits of offering individual sessions of stress reduction and education to child witnesses as part of a court preparation protocol. The authors also offer recommendations for further reforms in the area of child sexual abuse prosecution.
Treatment in Police Custody
Authors: BLAAUW ERIC , VERMUNT RIËL , KERKHOF AD
Published: March 2007

This study examined the quality of treatment provided to people in custody in 60 Dutch police organizations and the organizational characteristics affecting the quality of treatment. None of the police organizations were found to follow all of the governmental laws and regulations concerning the treatment of people in police custody. In addition, although most of the organizations fulfilled the bulk of the criteria for good treatment supported by public opinion, some organizations provided poor treatment to detained persons. The chances of good treatment were found to be highest in police organizations with a high degree of specialization and standardization.
Predicting Rapist Type from Crime-Scene Variables
Authors: KNIGHT RAYMOND A. , WARREN JANET I. , REBOUSSIN ROLAND , SOLEY BONITA J.
Published: March 2007

Secondary data analyses on two analogous data sets assessed the ability of crime-scene variables observed in serial rapes to predict classification in the Massachusetts Treatment Center, Rapist Typology Version 3 (MTC:R3). Data sets from the FBI containing extensive coding of crime-scene information but minimal offender data were analyzed to select optimal predictors by examining the frequencies and both within-crime and across-crime consistencies of crime-scene indicators. Analogous predictors were identified in the MTC database, which contains extensive offender data but minimal crime-scene data, and these indicators were employed to predict rapist type. Promising predictive results emerged in the domains of adult antisocial and expressive aggression. In addition, the domains of sadism, offense planning, and relation with victim showed high internal consistency and good to high cross-crime consistency, suggesting that predictive scales are possible for these domains.
Factors That Discriminate among Mock Jurors' Verdict Selections
Authors: POULSON RONALD L. , WUENSCH KARL L. , BRONDINO MICHAEL J.
Published: March 2007

A mock insanity defense trial was presented to 327 college students who were then asked to render a verdict under two conditions: with and without the “guilty but mentally ill” (GBMI) verdict option being available. Among those voting GBMI, two different subgroups were identified. With respect to their attitudes and their evaluation of the evidence, those who voted guilty when the GBMI verdict option was not available were similar to those who voted guilty when the GBMI was available. Those who voted “not guilty by reason of insanity” (NGRI) when the GBMI verdict option was not available were similar to those who voted NGRI when the GBMI verdict was available. Compared to those who would have judged the defendant guilty if the GBMI verdict was unavailable, these jurors were more likely to believe the defendant to be schizophrenic and legally insane, and to believe the defense expert witnesses.
An Examination of Gender and Race Effects on the Parental Appraisal Process
Authors: KOITA KIYOFUMI , TRIPLETT RUTH A.
Published: March 2007

In 1992, Matsueda developed a model of the self and its relationship to delinquent behavior that relies on the processes of appraisal and reflected appraisals. Matsueda acknowledged, however, that race and gender may substantially affect the appraisal process. This study explores the conditional effects of gender and race on Matsueda's model. The results demonstrated that the model fit was acceptable across race and gender subgroups, with the exception of African American adolescent females. Further examination, however, revealed significant differences in the appraisal process. Specifically, White adolescent females were more likely than adolescent males to be appraised delinquent because of their past delinquent behavior. Also, the impact of reflected appraisals on delinquent behavior was significantly greater for adolescent males. The findings support Matsueda's contention that gender and race affect the appraisal process. They suggest further that future analyses should consider the manner in which interactions and appraisals are structured by race and gender.
Some Managerially Relevant Covariates of Hierarchical Status
Authors: Golembiewski Robert T. , Munzenrider Robert
Published: March 2007

This study seeks to isolate a broad range of covariates of hierarchical status in a large batch of respondents, who come from a single organization but represent all hierarchical levels and a broad range of functions or activities. A number of scales, about whose reliability and validity much is known, are tested for covariation with status. The overall pattern of covariation is marked and consistent. This supports general expectations, and the research design is such as to minimize interpretive problems as compared to findings based on small samples, and especially those drawn from a narrow hierarchical range, representing a small number of functions or activities, or utilizing a few variables as potential covariants or dependent variables.
Federal Courts and the State Budgetary Process
Authors: Hale George E.
Published: March 2007

Judicial activism already is an important influence on the state budgetary process. Today, almost 50% of the largest agencies in eight survey states operate judicially mandated programs. Given the force of this development, it is somewhat surprising that so little thinking about public budgeting reflects the new role of the courts. It seems likely that the rise of an activist judiciary: (1) transfers power from elected execu tives and legislators; (2) frustrates retrenchment; (3) opens up new opportunities for budgetary games; and (4) both demands creative public management and narrows the range of administrative discretion.
Role-Allocation Processes in Public Bureaucracies
Authors: Bacharach Samuel B. , French J. Lawrence
Published: March 2007

This study examines the rationality of role-allocation processes in public bureaucracies. The article specifically examines the perception of recruitment and promotion. Comparative organizational data provided support for the arguments that: (a) politically neutral civil service entrance exams are adopted to increase bureaucratic autonomy from external political pressures rather than as a means to secure technical competence, and (b) conditions fostering the use of either political neutrality or technical competence as recruitment criteria reduce perceived reliance on merit as a promotion criterion.
Ambiguity and Organizational Analysis
Authors: Lerner Allan W.
Published: March 2007

This article marks out the contrasting assumptions and implications of two prevalent yet implicit approaches to organizational analysis: the micro and macro perspectives. It traces ambiguities in the concepts of organizational power, politics, change, and policymaking to the dual meanings possible for such terms given alternate micro and macro perspectives. Practitioner styles, mirroring micro and macro scholarly orientations are also described.
Public Administration in China
Authors: Waste Robert J.
Published: March 2007

In the wake of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), China has moved in the direction of decentralization and increased autonomy for local and regional administrators. This article gives an impressionistic and somewhat speculative account of this trend in three administrative sectors: agriculture, industry, and the Chinese university system. Both field work and interviews show that the post Cultural Revolution institutional shift is minor and tentative despite the fact that middle-level Chinese bureaucrats appear to perceive the changes to be both necessary and far-reaching. The key to future modifications of the post Cultural Revolution administrative shift may center as much upon this set of administrative attitudes as upon the substantive success or failure of local implementation efforts.