bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community-Supported Music-Making As A Context For Positive And Creative Ageing
Authors: Creech Andrea
Published: February 2018

Coinciding with the extraordinary demographic transition that has made ageing a global and highly relevant political issue, there has been increasing interest in the power of music in the lives of older people. New initiatives have been developed and researchers have investigated the relationship between music and positive ageing from a number of perspectives. In this chapter, a framework for positive ageing, comprising the dimensions of purpose, autonomy, and social affirmation, underpins my critical discussion of the role that facilitated music-making can take in mitigating the challenges of ageing. Drawing upon international evidence, I argue that active engagement in participatory music in community offers a context for creative expression and lifelong musical development, supporting cognitive, social, and emotional well-being in older age. However, commitment to positive ageing requires that participation must be inclusive of community members who are frail and in need of care. I conclude with a discussion of further ways in which community musicians could enrich the contexts that older people inhabit.
Community Music Portraits of Struggle, Identity, and Togetherness
Authors: de Quadros André
Published: February 2018

This chapter explores identity, struggle, and inclusion in three contrasting settings: in American prisons and in community music projects in two vastly different locations and situations in Mexico and Palestine. The chapter relates this exploration to the Empowering Song approach developed in the United States in Boston, Massachusetts. This approach, born in the oppressive context of American prisons, and possessed of general music education approaches, has developed into a model for community music where social justice, enquiry, personal transformation, and community bonding are sought. In all three settings described in this chapter, identity, struggle, and inclusion are key elements through which the author interrogates and examines the artistic, pedagogical, and communal processes through a narrative style.
Group Singing and Quality of Life
Authors: Lee Patricia , Stewart Donald , Clift Stephen
Published: February 2018

International research has broadly reported positive effects of singing on health. Choral singing, a social activity, can contribute to health and social and emotional well-being through enhancing individual and social variables, such as a sense of motivation, personal worth, concentration, and social engagement. This cross-sectional study aimed to establish a quantitative model to explain how multiple attributes of choral singing interact to impact on different dimensions of health and well-being. Using data from an Australian subsample within a multinational project, the results, from a series of stepwise hierarchical regression models, showed that choral singing benefited the choir members’ physical and psychological health and well-being through social engagement and a sense of positive identity. Choral singing also impacted social health and well-being positively by promoting feelings of excitement and importance to life, as well as longer duration of involvement in the choir. This study will contribute to developing targeted group singing or social activities to promote continued physical, psychological, and social health.
Growing Community Music Through a Sense of Place
Authors: Moser Peter
Published: February 2018

Our relationships to places, people, and our physical and metaphysical environment drive our personal journeys. Our identity develops from birth through this complex web of relationships where skills, creativity, and personality grow in unique pathways. A sense of place is about this personal development as well as the way communities grow in response to their constituents in a symbiotic process of sympathetic exchange. This chapter will examine how music and culture articulate these changes and through examining forms of practice in historic and geographic contexts I will also investigate aspects of the role of the artist, educator, and facilitator. Over thirty years I have created work inspired by the towns and countryside of Morecambe Bay in the North West of England. Through detailed examination of this work in this chapter, I introduce themes of cultural creativity, vernacular art, and civic and personal celebration that are at the heart of the work of a community musician.
Becoming a Community Musician
Authors: Camlin Dave , Zesersen Katherine
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, we outline an approach to training in community music that is congruent with its pluralistic and diverse character. From the situated perspective of Sage Gateshead, a large music organization in the north of the United Kingdom, we reflect on some of the ways that musicians have developed the skills, knowledge, and attitudes to become effective practitioners of community music. Rooted in a dialogic and democratic pedagogy, the training processes described herein recognize the highly individualized nature of community music practices, and are underpinned by the explicitly humanistic values and attitudes that unite them.
Community Music in Higher Education
Authors: Willingham Lee , Carruthers Glen
Published: February 2018

The establishment of community music courses and degree programs in universities gives rise to discourse about the fundamental principles of community music. Can community music flourish in the complexity of academia, where disciplines are regulated, researched, and examined systematically? This chapter will argue that community music principles are synergistic with higher education goals, and, in fact, traditional music education has much to learn and gain from community music practices. How can schools of music be more civic minded, community friendly, and enhance the cultural life of the regions they serve? How can rigour exist (artistic and scholarly) in a culture of empathy, inclusivity, and hospitality where nonformal pedagogies are practiced, and where intergenerational and lifelong learning—along with activism, health, and wholeness—are foundational? These questions are addressed and measured against a tradition where audition standards and progression pathways are becoming increasingly multivalent.
The Machine Learning Algorithm as Creative Musical Tool
Authors: Fiebrink Rebecca A. , Caramiaux Baptiste
Published: February 2018

Machine learning is the capacity of a computational system to learn structure from data in order to make predictions on new data. This chapter draws on music, machine learning, and human-computer interaction to elucidate an understanding of machine learning algorithms as creative tools for music and the sonic arts. It motivates a new understanding of learning algorithms as human-computer interfaces: like other interfaces, learning algorithms can be characterized by the ways their affordances intersect with goals of human users. The chapter also argues that the nature of interaction between users and algorithms impacts the usability and usefulness of those algorithms in profound ways. This human-centred view of machine learning motivates a concluding discussion of what it means to employ machine learning as a creative tool.
Gender and the Radical Right
Authors: Coffé Hilde
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the claim that radical right parties are typically led and supported by men, and explores various aspects of gender bias as they relate to radical right parties and support for these parties. The first section considers the so-called gender gap in radical right voting, with women being significantly underrepresented among the radical right electorate compared with men. The second section examines how explanations for radical right voting behavior may differ between women and men. Whereas the majority of the research on radical right voting has taken for granted that women and men behave similarly, it shows that the limited available research does indicate some gender differences in the explanations for supporting a radical right party. The final section outlines some ideas for further research and the challenges that lie ahead for scholarship on gender and the radical right.
Globalization, Cleavages, and the Radical Right
Authors: Bornschier Simon
Published: February 2018

This chapter underscores the merit of studying the emergence and growth of the radical right from a cleavage perspective, which sees party system change as rooted in large-scale transformations of social structure. The chapter begins by discussing explanations for the rise of the radical right in terms of the educational revolution, the processes of economic and cultural modernization, and globalization, showing where these perspectives converge and where they differ. It then goes on to show how the structuralist perspective has been combined with a focus on agency. Under conditions of multidimensional party competition, the behavior of mainstream parties is crucial, because it determines the relative salience of competitive dimensions and whether they offer space for radical right-wing challengers. Some of the most exciting recent research studies how the processes of dealignment and realignment structure the propensity of specific social groups such as the manual working class to support the radical right.
The Radical Right as Social Movement Organizations
Authors: Caiani Manuela , della Porta Donatella
Published: February 2018

Typically in sociology and political science, the radical right has been addressed through so-called breakdown theories, while left-wing radicalism has been analyzed from the perspective of mobilization theories, which are widespread in social movement studies. The chapter uses concepts taken from social movement studies in order to provide an overview of some scholarship on the contemporary radical right, looking first of all at the organizational structure in the radical right milieu and considering the complex interplay among various actors linked to each other in cooperative as well as competitive interactions. Second, it suggests that these networks use a broad repertoire of collective action. Third, and in line with the “cultural turn” in social movement research, we consider the frames through which the collective actors involved in the radical right construct and communicate their (internal and external) reality.
The Radical Right in Australia
Authors: Fleming Andy , Mondon Aurelien
Published: February 2018

Compared to its European counterparts, Australia was for the most part spared the rise of powerful extreme right movements, and at times appeared immune to their appeal. However, rather than immunity, the absence of extreme right politics can be explained by the ability and willingness of mainstream politics to readily, openly, and officially absorb such values. This chapter discusses how, for most of the country’s history, Australian mainstream politicians suffocated the extreme right, not merely by borrowing some key ideas of the extreme right, but by negating entirely its ability to appear as an alternative to the power in place. It then turns to the 1990s and explores the rise of Hansonism and its impact on mainstream politics. The final part of the chapter is dedicated to the current state of radical right politics in Australia.
Street Networks and Crime
Authors: Davies Toby , Bowers Kate J.
Published: February 2018

Street networks are the primary structures around which urban areas are arranged. Perhaps more significantly, though, the network acts as a substrate for movement, and defines the paths that can be taken between locations. It therefore determines, among other things, how far places are from each other, and the extent to which different features will be used in the course of movement activity. In this way, street networks play a key role in shaping interactions between people and the environment. Using data from the city of London, UK, this chapter examines the relationship between the occurrence of common assault and network centrality. The question of whether a relationship with network structure is also observed in this case has a number of potential implications from the perspectives of both policing and urban planning, while also representing a further test of criminological theory.
Place Management
Authors: Eck John E. , Madensen Tamara D.
Published: February 2018

The theory of place management explains why some properties have a great deal of crime or disorder and most others have little or no crime or disorder. This chapter first provides a background necessary for understanding place management. It then describes place managers: who they are and how they differ from others involved in crime or its suppression. This is followed by discussions of what place managers do that is important for preventing or facilitating crime; how place management theory embraces a wide variety of other explanations for crime at place; the processes involved in place management; and the empirical evidence that place management exists and can be manipulated. The final section shows that place management theory opens up several lines of enquiry that could give us a fuller explanation of crime patterns, and could lead to better ways to reduce crime.
Victimization Surveys in Environmental Criminology
Authors: Tseloni Andromachi , Tilley Nick , Farrell Graham
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides examples of the ways in which victimization surveys have been used in environmental criminology to identify spatial distributions of crime and to test and refine hypotheses that speak to these distributions. It first makes some initial remarks on the variations in victimization surveys, which clearly affect what can be concluded from them with what confidence about differing forms of spatial contribution. It then provides three examples showing how national victimization surveys have been used to develop, test, and refine hypotheses drawn from environmental criminology that relate to spatial distributions of various crimes that link back to individual activity patterns. This is followed by a discussion of the benefits and limitations of victimization surveys in environmental criminology.
Environmental Criminology
Authors: Bruinsma Gerben J.N. , Johnson Shane D.
Published: February 2018

This chapter first sets out the book’s purpose, namely to provide researchers, teachers, students, and practitioners with the latest state-of-the-art knowledge of environmental criminology from around the world. It serves as a source for information on the core theoretical and empirical issues on how and why the physical and social environment influences the emergence of crime and how crime can affect the environment. The book covers most topics as intellectual challenges in criminology to question why and how the physical environment has an impact on individual and group behavior (and vice versa). The remainder of the chapter provides a background to the field of enquiry and articulates the rationale for assembling the chapters contained within this volume.
Gated Communities and Crime in the United States
Authors: Branic Nicholas , Kubrin Charis E.
Published: February 2018

The rapid expansion and growing pervasiveness of gated communities across the United States in recent decades has made it essential for researchers to consider the implications of this emerging trend for various facets of social life. This chapter analyzes the relationship between gated communities and crime across neighborhoods in Orange County, California, a county with a large number of gated communities and considerable diversity in terms of population demographics and crime rates. It begins by defining gated communities and situating the gated communities–crime relationship within existing scholarship and criminological theories. Next, it describes the data and methodological approach, and presents findings from the analysis. It concludes by discussing the findings within the context of the study’s limitations and identifying some promising new directions for research on gated communities and crime.
Levinas and Analytic Philosophy
Authors: Houser Kevin
Published: February 2018

Recent analytic philosophy often explains responsibility to other persons in terms of normative reasons. Emmanuel Levinas thinks this is backward. We are not responsible because we have reasons to be. It is only because we are responsible to one another that we are able to have reasons. Reasons-first explanations thus marginalize the very relationship our reasonings exact or express, offering a picture of reasoning, reasons, and reason itself that is abstract, impersonal, de-faced. This essay motivates the “re-facing” of reasons and reconstructs Levinas’s explanatory reorientation of reasons and responsibility. The result is an “ethical metaphysics” of reasons that responds well to familiar analytic problems. The conclusion is that reasons do not, like objects, exist and then happen to be something for which we are responsible. Rather, reasons exist like assurances or promises—as exchangeable expressions of ongoing relations of responsibility.
Dewey, Addams, and Design Thinking
Authors: Whipps Judy D.
Published: February 2018

Looking at Dewey’s and Addams’ aspirations for an ethical democracy, this chapter examines the philosophic and methodological connections between pragmatist social change and contemporary design thinking innovation. Design thinking, a method of problem-solving based in understanding the values and needs of people, has become a useful method of social change in the past decade. It is in many ways comparable to pragmatist social ethics that require empathy as a foundation for democracy and embrace experimentalism, meliorism, and fallibilism. Design thinkers talk about the importance of difference/diversity but often have limited critical reflection on the theoretical underpinnings on the role of power and privilege in the design process. A feminist pragmatist lens can address this and strengthen this experimental approach. Reading Addams’ and Dewey’s work also provides historical context for a contemporary culture of innovation while providing guidance for future social imagining.
Heritage and the Politics of Cooperation
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2018

To date the field of heritage politics has primarily focused its attention on contestation, enmity, and destruction. This chapter looks at the politics of cooperation. It identifies themes and questions that arise if we examine cooperation as an inherently political process, and focuses on the ways in which knowledge production around heritage comes to be shaped through international relations, geopolitics, and international trade. China’s “Belt and Road Initiative” is offered as an illustrative example. As we shall see, new heritage assemblages and cooperative structures are emerging across the Asia Pacific as a Silk Roads heritage industry forms to advance trade and diplomatic relations in the twenty-first century.
Empire by Imitation? US Economic Imperialism within a British World System
Authors: Palen Marc-William
Published: February 2018

Most comparative studies of the British and American empires focus on the pre-1945 British Empire and the post-1945 American Empire. The tendency to avoid contemporaneous studies of the two empires suggests that there may be more differences than similarities between them, particularly when examining their imperial trade policies from the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth century. For those studies attempting such comparisons, the so-called Open Door Empire of the United States is commonly depicted as having copied the free-trade imperial policies of its estranged motherland by the turn of the century. Such studies then assert that these imitative imperial policies reached new Anglo-Saxonist heights following US colonial Caribbean and Pacific acquisitions from the Spanish Empire in 1898, followed closely by the fin-de-siècle Anglo-American ‘Great Rapprochement’. This chapter challenges this imitative imperial narrative by bringing to light the contrasting ways in which the American Empire grew in the shadow of the British Empire.
Towards New Economic Geographies of Retail Globalization
Authors: Coe Neil M. , Wrigley Neil
Published: February 2018

Since the mid-to-late 1990s, retail globalization has intensified, and a growing multidisciplinary literature profiles these dynamics. This chapter provides a snapshot of current levels of retail globalization, before briefly reviewing the literature on the drivers and dynamics of retail globalization from the late 1990s onwards. The analysis then advances current understandings in two ways. Firstly, the evidence on the impacts of globalization is reviewed to highlight that, far from being an inevitable process of rapid retail transnational corporation-led modernization, the outcomes have been highly variable and uneven, with profound variations across different national contexts. Secondly, focusing on the period since the global economic crisis of 2007–08, a new era of globalized distribution is characterized in which economic crisis and profound Internet-induced structural shifts have changed the dynamics of the process. To conclude, an economic geographical research agenda that builds upon these two dimensions is mapped out.Chapter keywords
Heterodoxy as Orthodoxy: Prolegomenon for a Geographical Political Economy
Authors: Sheppard Eric
Published: February 2018

For most geographers, thinking geographically about the economy means something very different than for mainstream/geographical economists: what is heterodox for the latter constitutes geographers’ orthodoxy. Nineteen propositions about geographical political economy demonstrate how thinking geographically disrupts core propositions about capitalism in mainstream economic theory. The spatiotemporality and relational nature of inter-sectoral commodity production, shaped by the socio-spatial dialectic, implies that commodity production generally is far from equilibrium, (re)produces uneven geographical development, and cannot be divorced from political processes. With respect to exchange, markets are socio-spatial constructs, profit rates are positive, free trade is inequalizing, and financialization matters. With respect to distribution, globalizing capitalism (re)produces socio-spatial inequality, an outcome modulated by the necessity of llabour politics and state intervention. Trajectories of globalizing capitalism co-evolve also with cultural and biophysical processes: its constitutional failure to deliver on the promise of equal opportunity for all makes it necessary to countenance more-than-capitalist alternatives.
Validation Principles and Practices in Dialectical Behaviour Therapy
Authors: Fruzzetti Alan E. , Ruork Allison K.
Published: February 2018

Validation is an essential DBT strategy that communicates acceptance and understanding, and is balanced dialectically with change and problem solving strategies. Successful validation includes: paying attention to the client’s behaviour; attempting to understand that behaviour (including context); and expressing that understanding in an authentic manner. Thus, the therapist is responding to a client behaviour and highlighting what is truly understandable, or legitimate (valid), about that behaviour, and in what way(s) it is valid. Because there are many ways that any given client behaviour may be valid (and ways the same behaviour may also be invalid), validating can be tricky. Thus, there are multiple levels or types of validating responses. This chapter will describe the principles and practices of validation in DBT, including how to match the appropriate type of validation to the client’s experience or behaviour.
Emmanuel Levinas
Authors: Cohen Richard A.
Published: February 2018

Emmanuel Levinas, twentieth-century French phenomenologist and ethical/political philosopher, critically reappraises the meaning, grounds, and significance of intelligibility in relation to the irreducible transcendence and alterity of the other person conceived as my moral responsibility for you, rather than in ontology, epistemology, or aesthetics. Based in original phenomenological studies of human sensibility as vulnerable and mortal, as both suffering and moral capacity to alleviate suffering, Levinas finds in ethics the ultimate guidance for achieving mental health and a new approach to psychopathology beyond such standards as integral coherence or conformity to conventions. Human dignity is attained or regained through the obligations of moral responsibility to and for the other person, and ultimately, based thereupon, in responsibility to and for all others by contributing to the attainment of social justice.
Phenomenological Psychopathology and America’s Social Life-World
Authors: Jackson Jake
Published: February 2018

This article discusses contemporary problems in the United States regarding mental illness. It introduces the concept of being epistemically adrift, a concept related to epistemic injustice, but in the sense that too many interdisciplinary disagreements about the nature and existence of mental illness prevents those living with them able to determine how to live flourishing lives. Examining the life-world informed by psychiatry, anti-psychiatry, and the criminal justice system/mass industrial prison complex through a phenomenological lens, we see that there are many confused notions of responsibility for those with mental illness, leaving them epistemically adrift and left to their own devices for navigating their own lives and health. The article concludes with a call for more open engagement with the lived experience of individuals in order to better understand how to live within mental disorder.
Wolfgang Blankenburg
Authors: Heinze Martin
Published: February 2018

This chapter discusses the achievements of Wolfgang Blankenburg in phenomenological psychopathology and his theory of psychiatry and psychotherapy in general. Coming from the so-called “Anthropologische Psychiatrie,” Blankenburg, his early years, focused on developing a comprehensive understanding of schizophrenic psychoses as a different form of existing in the world rather than as dysfunctional behavior. Later Blankenburg’s psychopathological oeuvre extended to a wide range of clinical conditions, yet always concerned with seeing the positives of living with symptoms rather than their deficits. He transferred psychopathological insights into therapeutic approaches—from psychotherapeutical to body-centered methods. Blankenburg found stimulating ideas in a broad range of humanities, including anthropology, sociology, and ethnology. His own way of thinking became “dialectical,” defined by his own words as the openness to different concepts of cultural and historical self-understanding of man. In his later years his rather philosophical reflections centered on the fields of temporality and creativity of human beings.
Attention, Concentration, Memory, and their Disorders
Authors: Hughes Julian C.
Published: February 2018

Attention, concentration, memory, and their disorders cover a wide field of psychopathology. It is important to see how central attention and concentration are to our mental lives and, therefore, to our being. Memory, in its many forms, is also pervasive in our lives. The disorders of these mental phenomena, therefore, affect us in multiple ways. This article starts by asserting that (and how) attention, concentration, and memory are closely tied to our sense of being the sort of beings that we are. But it moves on to survey the many disorders that result from disturbances in these psychic phenomena. These include obvious conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, delirium, dementia, depression, mania, and schizophrenia; and disorders as varied as transient global amnesia, semantic dementia, dissociative amnesia, Korsakov’s syndrome, and a raft of neurotic or stress-related conditions. Hence, a variety of different psychiatric diseases share these common psychopathological phenomena.
Affectivity and Its Disorders
Authors: Aho Kevin
Published: February 2018

Affectivity and Its Disorders draws on Martin Heidegger’s phenomenology of moods and his conception of Befindlichkeit in an effort to critique traditional psychological and behaviorist views of affectivity. On Heidegger’s account, moods are not fleeting or contingent aspects of experience but rather constitutive of what it means ‘to be’ human insofar as they serve as the mediating horizon or atmosphere that makes it possible for things to affectively matter to us. The primary aim of this chapter is to explore the ways in which psychopathologic experience disrupts and modifies the structure of Befindlichkeit and the mediating capacity of moods. This structural disruption is examined from the perspectives of embodiment, being-with-others, and temporality.
A Phenomenological-Contextual, Existential, and Ethical Perspective on Emotional Trauma
Authors: Stolorow Robert D.
Published: February 2018

After a brief overview of the author’s phenomenological-contextualist psychoanalytic perspective, the article traces the evolution of the author’s conception of emotional trauma over the course of three decades, as it developed in concert with his efforts to grasp his own traumatized states and his studies of existential philosophy. The author illuminates two of trauma’s essential features: (1) its context-embeddedness, and (2) its existential significance. The article also describes the impact of trauma on the phenomenology of time and the sense of alienation from others that accompanies traumatic temporality. The author contends that the proper therapeutic comportment toward trauma is a form of emotional dwelling. He concludes with a discussion of the implications of all these formulations for the development of an ethics of finitude.
Thoughts without Thinkers
Authors: Humpston Clara S.
Published: February 2018

Thought insertion is a puzzling psychotic phenomenon that is usually considered a delusional belief and has specific diagnostic significance for schizophrenia; this article examines the phenomenology of thought insertion in terms of the senses of agency and ownership over thought and also in relation to hallucinations as a spectrum of unusual experiences, and argues that thought insertion is first and foremost a near-sensory experience before any secondary delusion formation. It goes on to outline the paradoxical nature of thought insertion when considered as a delusion and offers a new line of inquiry which views it a duplex phenomenon combining a generative sensory experience with an explanatory delusional elaboration. The article posits that by investigating the two related yet distinct layers of the same phenomenon in question, we will be able to better understand the subjective experience of thought insertion.
Mathematical Foundations
Authors: Becerra-Bonache Leonor , Bel-Enguix Gemma , Jiménez-López M. Dolores , Martín-Vide Carlos
Published: February 2018

This chapter provides an overview of classical formal language theory. The text is focused on the definition of the fundamental concepts of language, grammar, and automata, and introduces some basic related notions. We also present the hierarchical classification of formal grammars proposed by N. Chomsky in the 1950s, known as the Chomsky hierarchy. The location of natural languages in this hierarchy is also discussed, together with the concept of Mildly Context Sensitivity. In the last part of the chapter, other formalisms that have interesting linguistic and computational properties are briefly introduced. The chapter concludes with a short review of grammatical inference, a subfield of machine learning that deals with the process of learning grammars and languages from data.
Practical Voice Analyses and their Application in the Studio
Authors: Nair Garyth , Howard David M. , Welch Graham F.
Published: February 2018

Modern personal computers are fast enough to analyze singing and provide real-time visual feedback of relevant acoustic elements. This feedback provides a quantitative dimension to the learning process in support of developing appropriate sung outputs. However, no computer-based system can replace the singing teacher, as the qualitative listening of an experienced musician cannot be replicated by a computer algorithm. The application of real-time visual displays can facilitate greater efficiency in learning fundamental skills through direct feedback in lessons and during private practice, leaving the teacher more time to work on qualitative aspects of performance that a computer cannot contribute to, such as stagecraft, interpretation, understanding the words, collaborating with an accompanist, and when to use different voice qualities. This chapter describes typical displays that are used in real-time visual feedback systems for singing training and considers how spectrography in particular can be used in pedagogical practice in the voice studio.
Singing as Inter- and Intra-personal Communication
Authors: Welch Graham F. , Preti Costanza
Published: February 2018

Human vocalization contains key essences of our musical development and fosters our earliest abilities to communicate musically. Speech melodies are the first linguistic elements experienced and mastered, and are indistinguishable from the melodic precursors of singing as essential elements in intra- and inter-personal musical communication. Singing as communication originates in vocal pitch contours whose musical intervals are exploited by caregivers in infant-directed speech to foster language development. Similar, but more explicit, features are evidenced in caregivers’ infant-directed singing, such as in lullabies and play songs. These basic musical elements of communication can be perceived in utero and underpin the infant’s subsequent vocalizations and musical behaviors. Additionally, the underlying integration of emotion with perception and cognition generates a network of linked vocal and emotional behaviors that are central to human communication. The chapter will examine the growing evidence for musical communication as integral to human vocalization and emotional expression.
An Isotopic Anthropology of Ancient Maya Diets
Authors: White Christine D.
Published: February 2018

The ancient Maya are known to have relied heavily on maize horticulture. In spite of the fact that maize was responsible for both the ideological and physical survival of the Maya, there was significant variability in the degree to which it was consumed. In this chapter, direct evidence of food consumption provided by the stable isotope composition of carbon and nitrogen is reviewed in terms of variability that existed across time, space, and social variables. Relationships between diet and significant temporal developments such as agricultural intensification, the collapse of Classic Maya society, and the Spanish conquest are examined, along with the use of diet to reconstruct political economies, gender, and status differentiation.
Algorithmic Trading in Practice
Authors: Gomber Peter , Zimmermann Kai
Published: February 2018

The use of computer algorithms in securities trading, or algorithmic trading, has become a central factor in modern financial markets. The desire for cost and time savings within the trading industry spurred buy side as well as sell side institutions to implement algorithmic services along the entire securities trading value chain. This chapter encompasses this algorithmic evolution, highlighting key cornerstones in it development discussing main trading strategies, and summarizing implications for overall securities markets quality. In addition, it touches on the contribution of algorithmic trading to the recent market turmoil, the U.S. Flash Crash, including the discussions of potential solutions for assuring market reliability and integrity.
Computational Industrial Economics
Authors: Chang Myong-Hun
Published: February 2018

Approach to Dynamic Analysis in Industrial Organization This chapter offers a basic agent-based computational model of industry dynamics that allows us to study the evolving industry structure through entry and exit of heterogeneous firms. The field of modern industrial economics focuses on the structure and performance of the industry in equilibrium when firms make decisions in an optimizing way, typically with perfect foresight. The patterns that arise in the process of adjustment, induced by persistent external shocks, are often ignored for lack of a proper tool for analysis. The model introduced here induces turbulence in market structure through unpredictable shocks to the firms' technological environment. The base model presented here enables the analysis of interactive dynamics between firms as they compete in a changing environment with limited rationality and foresight. A possible extension of the base model, allowing for R&D by firms, is also discussed.
Computable General Equilibrium Models for Policy Evaluation and Economic Consequence Analysis
Authors: Wing Ian Sue , Balistreri Edward J.
Published: February 2018

This chapter reviews recent applications of computable general equilibrium (CGE) modeling in the analysis and evaluation of policies that affect interactions among multiple markets. At the core of this research is a particular approach to the data and structural representations of the economy, elaborated through the device of a canonical static multiregional model. This template is adapted and extended to shed light on the structural and methodological foundations of simulating dynamic economies, incorporating “bottom-up” representations of discrete production activities, and modeling contemporary theories of international trade with monopolistic competition and heterogeneous firms. These techniques are motivated by policy applications including trade liberalization, development, energy policy and greenhouse gas mitigation, the impacts of climate change and natural disasters, and economic integration and liberalization of trade in services.
Engineering Escherichia coli to grow constitutively on D-xylose using the carbon-efficient Weimberg pathway
Authors: Rossoni Luca , Carr Reuben , Baxter Scott , Cortis Roxann , Thorpe Thomas , Eastham Graham , Stephens Gill
Published: February 2018

Bio-production of fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic C5 sugars usually requires the use of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) to produce pyruvate. Unfortunately, the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-coenzyme A results in the loss of 33 % of the carbon as CO2, to the detriment of sustainability and process economics. To improve atom efficiency, we engineered Escherichia coli to utilize d-xylose constitutively using the Weimberg pathway, to allow direct production of 2-oxoglutarate without CO2 loss. After confirming enzyme expression in vitro, the pathway expression was optimized in vivo using a combinatorial approach, by screening a range of constitutive promoters whilst systematically varying the gene order. A PPP-deficient (ΔxylAB), 2-oxoglutarate auxotroph (Δicd) was used as the host strain, so that growth on d
-xylose depended on the expression of the Weimberg pathway, and variants expressing Caulobacter crescentus xylXAB could be selected on minimal agar plates. The strains were isolated and high-throughput measurement of the growth rates on d-xylose was used to identify the fastest growing variant. This strain contained the pL promoter, with C. crescentus xylA at the first position in the synthetic operon, and grew at 42 % of the rate on d-xylose compared to wild-type E. coli using the PPP. Remarkably, the biomass yield was improved by 53.5 % compared with the wild-type upon restoration of icd activity. Therefore, the strain grows efficiently and constitutively on d-xylose, and offers great potential for use as a new host strain to engineer carbon-efficient production of fuels and chemicals via the Weimberg pathway.
A habitus divided? The effects of social mobility on the habitus and consumption
Authors: Paulson Erika L.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine social mobility. Social mobility has traditionally been thought to result in a divided habitus. However, recent work has suggested that for the socially mobile, habitus may become blended or even that individuals can choose their habitus in a strategic fashion. Each position has received empirical support, raising two questions. First, does the experience of social mobility result in a habitus that is more divided or strategic? Second, what factors affect this outcome?

Design/methodology/approach

These questions are investigated by conducting depth interviews with people who have experienced social mobility.

Findings

The direction of social mobility determines what effect social mobility has on the habitus. For the downwardly mobile, the habitus appears to remain rooted in one’s former class. This is because downward movement is devalued, and so there is less incentive for those who experience it to change their thoughts, feelings or behaviors to match their new position. For the upwardly mobile, the habitus changes slowly. The trajectory and the subjective experience also affect the outcome. Two strategies respondents use to deal with social mobility are noted.

Research limitations/implications

Bourdieu’s notion of the divided habitus is reconsidered and compared to newer incarnations, and the importance of the direction of social mobility is underlined. This work explains why upward and downward mobility result in different changes in the habitus.

Practical implications

Investigating the experience of social mobility is particularly important given the frequent, dynamic nature of mobility in European countries. Two strategies used to manage downward mobility are identified.

Originality/value

This work reconsiders Bourdieu’s notion of the divided habitus and newer incarnations and explains why upward and downward mobility result in different changes in the habitus. Such a finding is not only an invitation to expand on the notion of habitus but also works to draw attention to other factors that play a role in habitus and strategies used to manage change.
An investigation of the neural correlates of purchase behavior through fNIRS
Authors: Çakir Murat Perit , Çakar Tuna , Girisken Yener , Yurdakul Dicle
Published: February 2018

Purpose

This study aims to explore the plausibility of the functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) methodology for neuromarketing applications and develop a neurophysiologically-informed model of purchasing behavior based on fNIRS measurements.

Design/methodology/approach

The oxygenation signals extracted from the purchase trials of each subject were temporally averaged to obtain average signals for buy and pass decisions. The obtained data were analyzed via both linear mixed models for each of the 16 optodes to explore their separate role in the purchasing decision process and a discriminant analysis to construct a classifier for buy/pass decisions based on oxygenation measures from multiple optodes.

Findings

Positive purchasing decisions significantly increase the neural activity through fronto-polar regions, which are closely related to OFC and vmPFC that modulate the computation of subjective values. The results showed that neural activations can be used to decode the buy or pass decisions with 85 per cent accuracy provided that sensitivity to the budget constraint is provided as an additional factor.

Research limitations/implications

The study shows that the fNIRS measures can provide useful biomarkers for improving the classification accuracy of purchasing tendencies and might be used as a main or complementary method together with traditional research methods in marketing. Future studies might focus on real-time purchasing processes in a more ecologically valid setting such as shopping in supermarkets.

Originality/value

This paper uses an emerging neuroimaging method in consumer neuroscience, namely, fNIRS. The decoding accuracy of the model is 85 per cent which presents an improvement over the accuracy levels reported in previous studies. The research also contributes to existing knowledge by providing insights in understanding individual differences and heterogeneity in consumer behavior through neural activities.
Understanding psychological contract violation and its consequences on mobile shopping applications use in a developing country context
Authors: Chopdar Prasanta Kr. , Sivakumar V.J.
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to investigate the influence of psychological contract violation (PCV) on service quality and perceived value, and consequently on users positive word of mouth intention towards mobile shopping applications. The role of personalization as a moderator is further investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

A descriptive research approach was adopted, and responses were gathered from 252 mobile shopping application users in India, using an online survey. The variance-based partial least square structural equation modelling approach was opted for analysing the research model.

Findings

The results showed the deleterious effects of PCV on service quality and perceived value. The findings further confirm the significant positive impact of service quality and perceived value on the positive word of mouth intention of users. The role of personalization in mitigating the adverse effects of PCV on perceived value among users of mobile shopping application is highlighted in the study; however, its role in safeguarding service quality is found to be insignificant.

Research limitations/implications

A study with larger sample of respondents from varied nationalities will aid in generalizing the findings of this research.

Originality/value

This is the first time that PCV and its consequences have been studied in the context of mobile shopping applications.
Self-leadership and self-control strength in the work context
Authors: Müller Teresa , Niessen Cornelia
Published: February 2018

Purpose

Based on the limited strength model, the purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of self-leadership strategies (behavior-focused strategies, constructive thought patterns) and qualitative and quantitative overload with subsequent self-control strength.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study is a field study with 142 university affiliates and two measurement occasions during a typical workday (before and after lunch). Self-control strength was measured using a handgrip task.

Findings

Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that self-leadership, quantitative overload, and qualitative overload were not directly associated with self-control strength at either of the two measurement occasions. Qualitative overload moderated the relationship between self-leadership and self-control strength, such that self-leadership was associated with lower self-control strength at both measurement occasions when individuals experienced high qualitative overload in the morning.

Practical implications

Employees and employers should be aware of the possibly depleting characteristics of self-leadership in order to be able to create a work environment allowing for the recovery and replenishment of self-control strength.

Originality/value

The present field study theoretically and methodologically contributes to the literature on self-leadership and self-control strength in the work context by investigating the depleting nature of self-leadership and workload.