bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carl Menger on the theory of economic history. Reflections from Bulgaria
Authors: Penchev Pencho
Published: December 2014

Carl Menger founded the Austrian School of economics at the end of the 19th
century. He rejected some of the main ideas of the German Historical School
in his work Investigations into the Method of the Social Sciences with
Special Reference to Economics (1881). The submitted paper presents the main
implications of the investigations on the theory of economic history with a
special reference to the economic history and history of economic thought of
the Balkans. The emphasis is on the methodological subjectivism, spontaneous
order, rejection of the teleological understanding of the process of economic
development, and the application of mathematical models. These principles
could be used as a theoretical base of the historical research, though they
are widely underestimated in modern economic history.
The Search for Better Ways of Speaking about Culture, Identity and Values
Authors: Pearce Richard
Published: December 2014

This article aims to provide better metaphors for thinking and speaking about culture, identity and values. In terms of human behaviour, the words culture, identity and values are viewed as useful reifications which have allowed us to discuss human action in terms of nouns. However, the terms have been used over many years in various theoretical settings, in a great variety of metaphorical ways. As the process of human choice of action is investigated from fresh directions, including that of neurological studies, human behaviour may be profitably discussed in terms of process as well as content, and fresh metaphors are needed. A neurological mechanism has been proposed which permits us to classify, recognise and remember perceptions, and to label some with an emotional binary marker indicating good and bad, which promotes or inhibits neural activities and equips us to learn ways of acting appropriately in relation to the environment and situation. The content of this evaluated record of experiences is acquired through social learning, of which formal education is a communally agreed part. The question of why the underlying mechanism is not perceptible to us in our own lives and represented in discourse is considered. Suggestions are offered for the improvement of intercultural education using these understandings.
Power, Pedagogy and Participation: Ethics and Pragmatics in Research with Young People
Authors: Starkey Hugh , Akar Bassel , Jerome Lee , Osler Audrey
Published: December 2014

This article addresses issues of methodology and ethical reflexivity when attempting to investigate the opinions of young people. Drawing specifically on three studies of young people's understandings of citizenship and their views on topical issues, two from England and one from Lebanon, the authors present ways in which the ethical and practical challenges of such research can be met. While acknowledging the power relationship between researchers and informants, they suggest that what they call ‘pedagogical research approaches’ built on a participative methodology can open up a space where both parties benefit. They argue that, when working in schools, teacher educators can take advantage of this status to present themselves simultaneously as insiders and outsiders. The authors have devised what are intended to be non-exploitative research instruments that permit the gathering of useful qualitative data during a short encounter. They illustrate their approach with examples of classroom activities they have developed to provide simultaneously a valid learning experience and usable data.
The Challenges and Benefits of Employing a Mobile Research Fellow to Facilitate Team Work on a Large, Interdisciplinary, Multi-Sited Project
Authors: Sugden Fraser , Punch Samantha
Published: December 2014

Over the last few years research funding has increasingly moved in favour of large, multi-partner, interdisciplinary and multi-site research projects. This article explores the benefits and challenges of employing a full-time research fellow to work across multiple field sites, with all the local research teams, on an international, interdisciplinary project. The article shows how such a ‘floating’ research fellow can play a valuable role in facilitating communication between research teams and project leaders, as well as in building capacity and introducing disciplinary specific skills. It also highlights some key challenges, including problems of language and translation, and the complex power relations within which such a researcher is inevitably embedded. This article contributes to the development of strategies for collaborative projects to facilitate coordination between research teams. It is based on a five-site, cross-cultural project, involving nine partners with a mixture of natural and social science backgrounds, researching aquatic resource use, rural livelihoods, work and education in China, Vietnam and India.
Discussion of Asymmetric Cost Behavior—Sticky Costs: Expenses versus Cash Flows
Authors: Shust Efrat , Weiss Dan
Published: December 2014

This note highlights a subtle aspect of the asymmetric costs literature not covered in the comprehensive review by Banker and Byzalov (2014). Specifically, we test the assertion underlying this literature that reported expenses can serve as an appropriate proxy for estimating the asymmetry of economic costs. Our findings refute this assertion, indicating that reporting choices influence the estimated asymmetry level of reported expenses. As a result, reported expenses are significantly more asymmetric (sticky) than economic costs. This evidence suggests that reporting choices required by GAAP matter in estimating cost stickiness. These findings enrich Banker and Byzalov (2014) by suggesting that future asymmetric costs research should (1) look for alternative accounting variables with the potential to capture economic costs, and (2) explore how various types of reporting choices affect asymmetric cost behavior.
Disscussion of the Multiple Roles of the Finance Organization: Determinants, Effectiveness, and the Moderating Influence of Information System Integration
Authors: Mahlendorf Matthias D.
Published: December 2014

Chang, Ittner, and Paz (2014) investigate the effects of organizational design and environment variables on the importance of different roles of the finance organization. Moreover, they investigate how the importance of these roles is related to their effectiveness, contingent upon the extent of information system integration. This discussion highlights the main contributions of Chang et al. (2014) and provides several suggestions for future studies. First, further theory refinement is desirable and focusing on activities might make it easier to develop specific arguments for antecedents. Second, the research stream on roles of the finance function should develop and agree upon a standard measurement instrument. Third, multi-informant designs are desirable because perceptions and roles can differ within a single organization. Fourth, future research should investigate how the perceived prestige of each role influences its diffusion. Fifth, ideas regarding the refinement of the role antecedents, additional antecedents, and potential interactions are provided. This paper concludes with suggestions for testing conflicts and complementarities in research on roles of the finance organization.
The Endocrine Control of the Blood Sugar
Authors: Long C N H
Published: December 2014

The study of diabetes mellitus in man and of experimental diabetes produced by various means in animals has already furnished a wealth of information on the nature of those chemical transformations in living cells that we term metabolism, and upon which all bodily function depends. Let me recall to you a few of these landmarks of our knowledge that have been established by observation and experiment on the diabetic organism. First, the recognition by physicians in several countries that the sweetness of diabetic urine was due to the presence of a sugar, later identified as glucose. Then the detection of beta-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetic acid as constituents of diabetic urine, which led in time to an appreciation of the nature of acidosis; the relationship between protein catabolism and glucose formation; and, of course, the recognition that there was an internal secretion of the pancreas provided by the islets of Langerhans.
Pituitary Necrosis in a Diabetic During Pregnancy: The Houssay Phenomenon In Man
Authors: Williams Frederick W
Published: December 2014

Necrosis of the pituitary is not uncommon. It has frequently been associated with postpartum hemorrhage.1-5 In 1941 its occurrence in a case of diabetes was reported under the title “The Houssay Phenomenon in Man.” Another case of this type is here reported.
Summer Camps For Diabetic Children
Authors: Marble Alexander
Published: December 2014

SUMMARY: 1. Data are presented regarding the 18 summer camps for diabetic children in the United States and Canada. Suggestions are given regarding the establishment and operation of camps.

2. With a capacity of about 2000, camps in 1951 accommodated about 1300 children. The need for additional camps in unserved areas as well as for greater usage of established camps, is stressed.

3. The objectives and future of the summer camp program are discussed.
Effect of Oral Sulfonylurea on Plasma Triglycerides in Diabetics
Authors: Harold Morris J , West Donald A , Bolinger Robert E
Published: December 2014

The effect of sulfonylurea compounds on the plasma triglycerides was tested in eighteen adult diabetics. Sulfonylurea caused a mean reduction in plasma triglyceride of 19 mg. per cent. The magnitude of the reduction did not correlate with the hypoglycemic effect. The reduction in triglyceride was apparent in spite of weight gain in some subjects.
Insulin Resistance: Response to Insulin from Various Animal Sources, Including Human
Authors: Boshell Buris R , Barrett James C , Wilensky Allan S , Patton T B
Published: December 2014

The comparative usefulness of crystalline human, porcine, dealaninated porcine and bovine insulin in the treatment of insulin resistance was studied.

A series of normals, insulin-sensitive diabetics, and insulin-resistant diabetics received various types of insulin in acute intravenous tolerance tests. The insulin-resistant patients were far less responsive to all forms of insulin in these tests than were the normals and insulin-sensitive diabetic patients. No positive correlation was found between responsiveness to a particular type of insulin in an acute tolerance test and responsiveness during a prolonged clinical trial.

Seven patients with insulin resistance received clinical trials with at least one insulin other than bovine. Three of these patients were found to be more sensitive to either human, porcine or dealaninated porcine than to bovine insulin. Insulin binding capacities of sera from the responsive patients were somewhat higher than the binding capacities of the nonresponders. The insulin binding capacities of sera from the responsive patients were just as high or higher for the insulin to which the patient responded as they were for bovine insulin. Serum from the responsive patients in general antagonized added porcine, dealaninated porcine and bovine insulin to the same degree in vitro. Adipose tissue from the responders was no more sensitive to human or porcine than to bovine insulin in vitro.

The increased sensitivity of these patients to insulin from a nonbovine source may be due to a difference in kinetics of the antigen-antibody reaction in vivo which is not demonstrable in vitro.

Patients with obesity and insulin resistance responded to a reducing diet. Three of four such patients placed on 600 to 900 calorie diets lost their need for insulin over a fourto six-week period.
Immunologic Assay of Insulin in Plasma of Children
Authors: Ehrlich Robert M , Bambers G
Published: December 2014

A brief description of our experience with the immunoassay of insulin by the technic of Hales and Randle is given. Insulin values determined in twelve normal children and in seven cases of untreated diabetes mellitus in the fasting state and following a glucose load are presented. A newly diagnosed untreated child with diabetes mellitus had a low fasting insulin and gave very little response to test meal of glucose. Implications of these findings are discussed briefly.
The Influence of Blood Glucose on the Plasma Concentration of Growth Hormone
Authors: Roth Jesse , Glick Seymour M , Yalow Rosalyn S , Berson Solomon A
Published: December 2014

A sensitive and specific assay method has been used to demonstrate acute changes in plasma HCH in normal and diabetic subjects.

HGH secretion is suppressed by glucose administration and markedly stimulated by hypoglycemia, by a rapid fall in blood glucose without hypoglycemia, and by interference with intracellular glucose utilization. High levels of HGH were also observed during prolonged fasting, after exercise, and four to six hours following oral glucose administration.

Abnormalities in HGH secretion were found in association with acromegaly and obesity, and following section of the hypophyseal stalk.

The half time for disappearance of endogenous plasma HGH is twenty to thirty minutes.
Combined Clinical and Pathologic Study of Diabetic and Nondiabetic Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Strandness D E , Priest R E , Gibbons G E
Published: December 2014

The results of a combined clinical and pathologic study of large and small arteries in ihe diabetic and nondiabetic patient show that the diabetic has the same incidence of occlusion in the femoral-popliteal system but a higher incidence below the knee. A specific lesion of small arteries and arterioles which distinguishes the diabetic from the nondiabetic was not observed in this study. The results of this investigation provide no support for the concept that a specific disease of small arteries and arterioles in diabetic patients contributes to the ischemic process. We believe the ischemic lesions found in the diabetic patient can adequately be explained on the basis of arteriosclerotic obstruction of the major arteries, and those ulcers occurring in the absence of major artery disease are attributable to peripheral neuropathy.
Insulin Resistance and Acanthosis Nigricans
Authors: Tucker W Randolph , Klink Douglas , Goetz Frederick , Zalme Elisabeth , Knowles Harvey C
Published: December 2014

Studies are reported of a twenty-five-year-old woman with insulin resistance. Daily insulin dosage fluctuated, ranging from zero to a maximum of 177,500 units on one day. Associated conditions were acanthosis nigricans, multiple infections, cerebellar infarction, renal vein thrombosis, and chronic nephritis. Plasma obtained during resistance to large insulin dosage yielded high insulin content by immunoassay, high insulin-like activity by rat diaphragm, fat pad and mouse hypoglycemia assays, and no excessive binding capacity by the cellulose-trapping method. Plasma obtained after forty-two days without insulin treatment caused glycogen synthesis in the rat diaphragm. The cause of the resistance was unknown.
Insulin and Protein Metabolism
Authors: Lukens F D W
Published: December 2014

The present status of protein synthesis within cells has been outlined. Protein is formed in the absence of insulin; the net formation of protein is accelerated by insulin. The effects of insulin on protein metabolism take place independently of the transport of glucose or amino acids into the cell; of glycogen synthesis; and of the stimulation of high energy phosphate formation. In the case of protein metabolism, as in certain studies on the pathways of glucose and fat metabolism, these observations reveal striking intracellular effects of insulin in many tissues. Within most tissues the effect of insulin appears to find expression predominantly at the microsomal level. Incidentally, other hormones which affect protein metabolism such as growth or sex hormones appear to act at the microsomes. The fact that insulin exerts effects on protein metabolism at other intracellular sites as well as the above independent effects leads one to agree that its action consists of a stimulation of multiple, seemingly unrelated, metabolic events.

The fact that an immediate effect of insulin on protein synthesis is independent of the immediate need for extracellular glucose or amino acids does not mean that the sustained functioning of cells is likewise independent. The biochemist is fully aware of metabolic defects in diabetes which are not altered by insulin in vitro, but which demand varying periods of pretreatment of the animal. It is also known that in diabetes some proteins (enzymes) may be deficient while others may be produced in excess in the absence of insulin.

It is suggested that the physician desires at least two kinds of relation between these fundamental studies and his patients. One is the possible relation of a deficiency of insulin action to pathological processes in tissues which have not as yet been examined by the methods described. The other is the need for more accurate measurements of the metabolic disorder and its control than such things as urinary and blood glucose. In developing such future improvements, the place of insulin in protein biosynthesis must be kept in mind.
Multifactorial Inheritance: A Possible Hypothesis for Diabetes
Authors: Simpson Nancy E
Published: December 2014

Family data for 2,645 probands from a Canadian Register have been genetically analyzed.

Study of 173 children from matings in which the diabetic is married to a diabetic, and of 13,009 first degree relatives of diabetics, suggests that the hereditary basis for diabetes is multifactorial.

There was a marked excess of diabetics among first degree relatives of probands whose age of onset was less than twenty years, over that among relatives of probands with late age of onset. This finding suggests an accumulation of “high risk” factors in families in which the proband had early age of onset. The compatability of multifactorial inheritance with recent physiological and biochemical findings is discussed.
A Survey of Current Therapy of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Beaser Samuel B
Published: December 2014

A questionnaire was sent to 2,000 members of the American Diabetes Association during June-September, 1962. It concerned the aims and methods of present day therapy of diabetes mellitus, with special emphasis on therapy with oral agents. The answers were analyzed with respect to size of practice as well as other features. A total of 405 replies were received, comprising about 20,000 patients treated per year.

Six years after the introduction of oral drugs into the United States, 30 per cent of diabetic patients are being treated with such agents. The aims of therapy are not altered from those for insulin treated patients.

There is a noticeable lag in recourse to therapy with a combination of phenformin and a sulfonylurea drug after failure with a single drug. The advantage of use of such combinations in preserving the efficacy of oral therapy is pointed out.

No significant incidence of toxicity or effect upon diabetic complications of these drugs alone or in combination is reported.
The Clinical Features of Diabetes Mellitus in Japan as Observed in a Hospital Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Wada Sunao , Toda Shintaro , Omori Yoshiaki , Yamakido Michiro , Blackard William G
Published: December 2014

A University diabetes clinic in Japan was characterized in terms of age, age at “onset,” sex ratio, microangiopathies, neuropathy, atherosclerotic complications, weight, heredity and diet. The findings in this clinic, along with those from other diabetes clinics in Japan, were compared with studies on Western diabetics. The similarities between the two diabetic populations in clinics far outnumbered the dissimilarities. However, diabetes mellitus in Japanese diabetes clinics is distinguished by the infrequent occurrence of juvenile diabetes and ketosis, relative lack of atherosclerotic complications and reversal of the sex ratio.
Glucose Metabolism in the Normal Anesthetized Dog Injected Successively with Anti-insulin Serum and Insulin
Authors: Franckson J R Marcel , Arnould Yvette , Malaisse Willy , Conard Victor
Published: December 2014

Seven fasted, healthy, anesthetized dogs were successively injected at a two-hour interval with guinea pig antiinsulin serum and with insulin. The dose of anti-insulin serum used had a total neutralizing potency of 2 U. insulin per kilogram body weight; the amount of insulin used was sufficient to restore normal blood glucose level. Glucose production was determined by hepatic catheterization; glucose tissue utilization by the study of the disappearance rate of a tracer dose of glucose l-C-14.

Anti-insulin serum induced hyperglycemia in five dogs and failed to provoke any change in blood glucose among the two others. This difference of behavior was probably related with differing sensitivity to the same fast.

In responders, hyperglycemia was accompanied by an increase in liver glucose output and by a reduction of tissue glucose utilization; insulin, when given in sufficient amount to restore normal blood glucose level, induced a decrease of glucose production and an increase in glucose utilization to basal values.

In the nonresponders, together with a slight decrease in glucose utilization, a tendency to reduced glucose production was noticed. The doses of insulin necessary to provoke hypoglycemia were three times more important than those used in the responders.

The action of insulin on liver glucose production observed in these acute deficiencies of insulin are discussed in relation to experiments previously carried out on normal dogs.
Studies of the Physiologic Role of Glucagon
Authors: Unger Roger H , Eisentraut Anna M
Published: December 2014

By means of an exquisitely sensitive and highly specific radioimmunoassay, glucagon has been measured in the plasma of dogs and man for the first time. Its identification in the effluent plasma of the pancreas and the demonstration of alterations in its secretion induced by changes in blood glucose concentration support the view that it is a true hormone with a major role in blood glucose regulation. Glucagon secretion has been shown to rise during all forms of glucose need; this rise is suppressed by glucose refeeding. This favors the concept of glucagon as a hormone of glucose need, the function of which is to maximize hepatic glucose production when food is not available, thereby serving to maintain the flow of glucose to the brain.

The current status of efforts to identify a disorder of glucagon secretion in man is reviewed briefly.
Diabetes, Insulin, Tolbutamide, and Glucose Load in the Degradation of C-14-labeled Lactate and Pyruvate
Authors: Shreeve Walton W , De Meutter Roger C , Shigeta Yukio
Published: December 2014

In two insulin-dependent diabetic patients, mild ketoacidosis was accompanied by a decrease in the formation of C-14-O2 from DL-lactate-2-C-14 to about two thirds of the values obtained when the patients were in good control. One patient received the labeled compound by single intravenous injection in trace amount and the other by intravenous infusion with a load of DL-sodium lactate. Prior intravenous administration of insulin in these two patients caused no increase in output of C-14-O2 above that in the control state, and a minor, insignificant increase in two milder diabetic patients (one given DL-lactate-2-C-14 with an infusion of glucose, the other DL-lactate-2-C-14 without glucose).

The activity of C-14 in expired carbon dioxide of diabetic patients (in good control) was 10 to 25 per cent less than that of one nondiabetic subject after administration of DL-lactate-2-C-14. In the latter patient, and in another nondiabetic given pyruvate-2-C-14, the rapid intravenous injection of 25 gm. of glucose twenty minutes before the labeled compound was accompanied by more rapid and extensive formation of C-14-O2 than in the fasting state. Tolbutamide in two studies (one with DL-lactate-2-C-14 and a prior glucose load in a nondiabetic, and the other with DL-lactate-3-C-14 in a mild diabetic) had no apparent effect on the formation of C-14-O2. Comparison of lactate-2-C-14 with lactate-3-C-14 in one diabetic patient showed 50 per cent higher specific activity of C-14-O2 from the former labeled compound.

Studies of the concentration of lactic acid in the blood and rate of disappearance of DL-lactate-2-C-14 further indicated mild lactic acidemia which was associated with decreased elimination of lactic acid-C-14 from the blood of these diabetic patients.
Localized Intraperitoneal Action of Insulin on Rat Diaphragm and Epididymal Adipose Tissue in Vivo
Authors: Rafaelsen Ole J , Lauris Vilma , Renold Albert E
Published: December 2014

1. The intraperitoneal injection of 100 μU. of insulin together with a tracer amount of glucose-U-C-14, also injected imraperitoneally, resulted over a period of two hours in a three- to fivefold increase in the incorporation of labeled glucose carbon into the glycogen of diaphragm-or epididymal adipose tissue. When the dose of insulin injected was 10,000 μU., the incorporation of glucose carbon into diaphragm was increased twenty-five- to fiftyfold, and that into epididymal fat glycogen ten- to twentyfold. These doses of insulin injected intraperitoneally were without effect upon tissues not in direct contact with the peritoneal cavity, such as heart muscle, trapezius muscle, and subscapular brown fat, while incorporation of labeled glucose into liver was either unaffected or decreased. These results were qualitatively and quantitatively similar, whether the trace amount of labeled glucose was injected intraperitoneally or intravenously.

2. When the same amounts of insulin were injected intravenously instead of intraperitoneally, together with a Jrace amount of labeled glucose, the pattern of tissue responsiveness was totally different, a small effect upon glucose carbon incorporation into glycogen being observed in only two tissues, the rhythmically contracting diaphragm and heart muscle tissues.

3. When the animals were fasted prior to the intraperitoneal injections of glucose without or with insulin, the responsiveness to insulin of diaphragm muscle was either unchanged or increased, while the response of epididymal adipose tissue to insulin decreased, this decrease being quite marked after a seventy-two-hour period of fasting.

4. These results obtained in vivo tend to support the hypothesis of the importance of insulin “binding” to tissues as a factor controlling the responsiveness of individual tissues to insulin. The results also indicate that in vivo rat diaphragm muscle is at least as sensitive to insulin as rat epididymal adipose tissue, if not more so.
Pathologic Anatomy of the Pancreas in Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Gepts Willy
Published: December 2014

1. Quantitative study of insular tissue has revealed that the number of B cells is greatly diminished in Patients with acute juvenile diabetes from the time of clinical onset of the disease. The number of these cells is as a rule less than 10 per cent of normal. Such B cells as are still present show the cytological signs of marked activity.

2. The normal or supranormal insular activity that is usually found in juvenile diabetics in this stage of the disease cannot therefore be due to the presence of a normal insular tissue, but is produced by a small number of hyperactive B cells.

3. On the basis of histological findings (presence of islets of large size, signs of new islet formation), it may be assumed that during the preclinical phase of juvenile diabetes, an extrapancreatic factor has exerted a strong stimulant action on the insular tissue. In the long run this must lead to exhaustion of the islet-forming capacity on the pancreatic parenchyma and to a decrease in the number of the B cells. By the time the disease becomes clinically manifest only the latter stage of this process can be observed and the majority of islets consist of A cells or of atrophic tissue devoid of B cells.

4. Peri- and intra-insular inflaminatory infiltrates have been found in 68 per cent of those patients with juvenile diabetes who died soon after the clinical onset of their disease. In other words, and contrary to the generally held view, this lesion is not uncommon. It is specific for diabetes and has never been observed in the chronic cases

5. In patients with chronic juvenile diabetes, the B cells are completely absent, except in occasional cases. The islets consist of small, atrophic cells.

6. A valid assessment of the functional capacity of insular tissue can only be achieved if as much use as pos sible is made of quantitative technics and of cytological examination
Lipids in Newborn of Alloxan-diabetic Rats
Authors: Angervall Lennart , Björntorp Per , Martinsson Alf
Published: December 2014

Total fats, phospholipids, cholesterol, neutral fat and total water content have been determined in newborns of alloxan-diabetic rats and in control newborns. The newborns were divided into two groups: one with overweight newborns (> 5.30 gm.), the second with mainly average and abnormally small newborns (< 5.30 gm.). The overweight newborns of alloxan diabetic rats showed higher neutral fat content and lower cholesterol content than the controls. No significant differences in total fats, phospholipids and water content were demonstrated between the groups. The findings are discussed in the light of our present knowledge about hormonal disturbances in newborns of alloxandiabetic rats, whose lipogenesis might be influenced thereby. Previously it has been shown that newborns of alloxandiabetic rats are longer than control rats at equal body weight. An increase in the neutral fat content without increase of other lipids suggests increase of depot fat. From these findings it may be concluded that the overweight newborns of alloxan-diabetic rats are abnormally long as well as abnormally obese.
Observations in Hyperthyroidism of Abnormal Glucose Tolerance and Other Traits Related to Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Kreines Kenneth , Jett Marian , Knowles Harvey C
Published: December 2014

Studies were made of glucose tolerance and other characteristics related to diabetes in fifty-one patients with hyperthyroidism. Glucose tolerance compatible with diabetes was present in 57 per cent of patients when toxic and 30 per cent on return to euthyroidism. Histories of family diabetes in both sexes and of heavy babies delivered by the women were obtained more frequently than expected in the general population. Reasons are given to suggest a genetic relation between hyperthyroidism and diabetes.
Attitudes of Diabetic Boys and Girls Towards Diabetes
Authors: Davis Dave M , Shipp Joseph C , Pattishall Evan G
Published: December 2014

An attempt has been made to evaluate the attitude of children with diabetes mellitus toward diabetes and its treatment. This was done by the use of a planned interview. The findings suggest that boys and girls with diabetes may consider their disorder as a normal part of their lives, and that they do not comprehend the seriousness of this disorder. The patients interviewed did not feel diabetes or its treatment interfered significantly with their usual day-to-day activities. There was no indication that the presence of diabetes affected adversely their occupational, educational or marital goals.
Long-term Observations on Oral Hypoglycemic Agents in Diabetes: The Effect of Carbutamide and Tolbutamide
Authors: Bernhard Hella
Published: December 2014

On the basis of a six-year investigation in which 9,214 diabetics were treated with oral agents, we were able to confirm the criteria for sulfonylurea therapy set forth by Bertram, Bendtfeldt and Otto. The obese patient with maturity-onset diabetes, over fifty years of age, is potentially the best candidate for sulfonylurea therapy. Carbutamide was proved more effective than tolbutamide in controlling diabetes with severe metabolic disturbance. Therefore all patients who could not be controlled with tolbutamide were shifted to carbutamide. This method showed that 15 per cent of the successfully controlled and 30 per cent of the secondary failures who had been treated with tolbutamide had to be placed on carbutamide to achieve temporary control. Allergic skin reactions were side effects encountered most frequently. These occurred in 3.6 per cent of cases treated with carbutamide and in 0.8 per cent treated with tolbutamide. The drug was discontinued at the first sign of an untoward reaction. Both drugs had a minimal effect on the blood count; in view of the limited number of cases we were not able to determine a significant statistical difference between the drugs in this respect. When comparing the death rate of our study group with that of the general population of West Berlin, we found that the sulfonylurea compounds do not affect the mortality rate of myocardial infarction or renal and hepatic failure.
Carbohydrate Metabolism in Myocardial Infarction: Behavior of Blood Glucose and Free Fatty Acids After Glucose Loading
Authors: Cohen Aharon M , Shafrir Eleazar
Published: December 2014

GT and concomitant FFA decreases have been examined in forty-three patients with myocardial infarction below fifty years of age with no history of diabetes, fasting hyperglycemia or glycosuria. The majority had an impaired GT, which was associated, in two thirds of the cases, with a prompt and long-lasting FFA decrease similar to, or exceeding, that of normal subjects. It is suggested that a state of differential effectiveness of insulin exists in a large proportion of patients with myocardial infarction, whereby normal response of adipose tissue persists while glucose utilization of nonadipose tissues is impaired. The association of selective unavailability of insulin with the development of arteriosclerosis is briefly discussed.
Reversal of Retinal Vascular Changes in Diabetes
Authors: Dollery C T , Oakley N W
Published: December 2014

Serial retinal photographs have been taken of a fourteenyear-old girl with long-standing, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus who presented with severe hypercholesterolemia. Selective fluorescence contrast photography revealed masses of dilated hairpin capillary loops in the retina. Over a period of eight months of strict diabetic control the retinal vasculature returned to normal. The findings are discussed with reference to the origin and reversibility of retinal vascular changes in diabetes.
Specificity and Ultrastructural Localization of Pancreatic B Cell Glucose-6-Phosphatase
Authors: Lazarus Sydney S , Barden Herbert
Published: December 2014

Light microscopic studies demonstrate that rabbit pancreatic B-cell glucose-6-phosphate hydrolyzes pentoses and hexoses phosphorylated at the terminal carbon. There is weak hydrolysis of α glycerophosphate, while fructose, 1–6 diphosphate, 6-phosphogluconic acid, triose phosphates, as well as a variety of other phosphorylated substrates were not hydrolyzed.

For fine structural localization of the enzyme, gluteraldehyde fixed tissue was found satisfactory. Reaction product was visualized within the cisternas of the endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.), and nuclear membrane internal to the membranes. These findings parallel the specificity and localizations reported for glucose-6-phosphatase in liver and epididymis.

The association of this enzyme with E.R. suggests that it is involved in the mechanism for insulin synthesis while its absence from granules implies that it does not play a role in their release.
Effects of Cortisol in Guinea Pigs with Normal and Atrophic Exocrine Pancreas
Authors: Vranic Mladen
Published: December 2014

1. Twenty-nine normal guinea pigs were injected with 10 mg. of cortisol daily for four to five weeks; fifteen animals were used as controls. This treatment inhibited the normal growth of the animals and induced a moderate atrophy of the adrenal glands. At the end of the treatment the glucose tolerance was reduced to a small but significant extent.

2. It was found that cortisol treatment through a persistent small hyperglycemia (average increase of blood glucose was 30 mg. per 100 ml.) or through some other unknown mechanism induced large hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the islets with an increase in proportion of their beta cells. One month after interruption of cortisol treatment with the islet tissue still hyperplastic, blood sugar levels were in the normal range.

3. Ligation of the pancreatic duct produced an almost complete atrophy of the typical exocrine acinar tissue in forty-three guinea pigs. In these animals cortisol treatment raised the blood sugar levels approximately to the same extent as in normal guinea pigs.

4. Pronounced hyperplasia of islets was induced whether the treatment was started immediately after ligation of the pancreatic duct or one month later when the ordinary acinar cells already had disappeared, thus demonstrating that normal acinar tissue is not indispensable for induction of islet hyperplasia.

5. There was some histological evidence that new islet cells may originate from cells in the walls of small pancreatic ducts.
Color of the Face in Diabetes Mellitus: Observations on a Group of Patients in Jerusalem
Authors: Gitelson Simon , Wertheimer-Kaplinski Naomi
Published: December 2014

1. A higher incidence of Latent or manifest diabetes mellitus has been found in Jerusalem in patients with red faces than among those without red faces. The incidence of diabetes was highest among patients with markedly red faces.

2. Most diabetic patients showed facial redness. In half of them a marked degree of redness was present.

3. Redness of the face appeared to have a familial incidence.

4. Diabetes, red faces, and reddish or red hair were more commonly encountered among patients of Ashkenazi than of Oriental or Sephardi origin.

5. A deliberate search for diabetes in this group of 150 patients revealed thirty-nine new cases of diabetes, mainly latent. All but four of these newly discovered diabetics had red faces of varying degree.

6. The finding of a red face on clinical examination seems to justify a careful search for diabetes in the patient and his family.

7. Diabetic microangiopalhy, increased sensitivity to actinic radiation, dehydration and other possible causes of facial redness in diabetes have been discussed.
Diabetes in 1964: A World Survey
Authors: Entmacher Paul S , Marks Herbert H
Published: December 2014

World-wide morbidity and mortality statistics of the disease and data on the longevity and causes of death of diabetics are reviewed and summarized. Estimates of the global prevalence of diabetes which run as high as thirty million are unreliable. Known diabetics in the United States number about two million or eleven per 1,000 population. The proportion increases with age from about one in 900 for persons under twenty-five years of age to one in twenty for those sixty-five and over.

For many countries deaths ascribed to diabetes comprise less than half of all persons dying with the disease. Death rates range from 23.2 per 100,000 population in Belgium down to 0.4 in South Korea. In most countries the death rate from diabetes among females exceeds that among males. Recent mortality trends, however, are more favorable for females generally than for males.

Longevity of diabetics has substantially increased, although it remains significantly less than that of nondiabetics. Among patients of the Joslin Clinic first observed in 1940 and later, the survivorship rate after ten years exceeded 90 per cent for patients under thirty years of age, and even for sixty- to seventy-four-year-old patients it was 40 per cent. Today more than ever the chief problem is the prevention and control of vascular complications.
False Negative Reactions and Sensitivity in the Urine Glucose Oxidase Test
Authors: Nakamura R M , Reilly E B , Fujita Kay , Brown J , Kunitake G M
Published: December 2014

Some 6,217 random urine specimens were tested with both a glucose oxidase test (Combistix) and a copper reduction test (Clinitest). The ratio of positive Combistix to Clinitest was approximately 3 to 2. There were only eleven false negative enzyme paper tests. The qualitative reaction of the enzyme paper test was not adversely affected over a pH range of 5 to 9 or by addition of significant amounts of uric acid, creatinine, or protein. Positive two-minute Combistix reactions were noted at levels as low as 10 to 12 mg. per 100 ml. of urine glucose. Ascorbic acid completely inhibited the glucose oxidase test for at least two minutes when the ascorbic acid level was two to two and one-half times the glucose level.
Quantitative Aspects of Labile Diabetes
Authors: Molnar George D , Gastineau Clifford F , Rosevear John W , Moxness Karen E
Published: December 2014

Eighteen diabetic patients representing a spectrum from hyperlabile to stable forms of this disease were investigated under metabolic ward conditions. Hyperlabile patients had the greatest daily and hourly variation in glycosuria and the most marked ketonuria. In our hyperlabile patients, multiple daily injections of short-acting insulin proved to be the only therapeutic measure that provided significant improvement in diabetic regulation when dietary and general health measures were already optimal. In more stable patients, longer acting insulin injected less frequently was found to be satisfactory therapy if careful adjustments to individual needs were made.

Blood glucose and serum ketone-body and free fatty acid concentrations as well as qualitative estimates of glucose and ketone bodies in small samples of freshly voided urine were found to be suitable indicators of the immediate state of metabolic regulation. These parameters correlated with one another to a satisfactory degree, but they proved to be poorly correlated with measurements of urinary glucose and ketone bodies during periods of five to twenty-four hours. Quantitative analysis of individual blood samples or qualitative estimates of glucose or ketone bodies in freshly voided urine specimens proved to be unreliable indices of the patients' long-term metabolic compensation except in the most stable patients. Quantitations of urinary glucose and ketone bodiesin five, nine, and twenty-four-hour collections of urine, on the other hand, give satisfactory data to assess diabetic regulation, both as to accuracy of compensation and stability.
The State of Pancreatic and Serum Insulin: Results of Immunoassay
Authors: Meade Robert C , Stiglitz Robert A , Kleist Thomas J
Published: December 2014

Insulin fractionation of human and canine pancreata and sera has been studied by immunoassay. Several procedures designed to separate bound and free insulin have been utilized. Immunoassay has demonstrated pancreatic insulin to have a very low solubility in saline. However, a cation-bound fraction could not be demonstrated in either the pancreas or serum. These results suggest that cation-bound insulin-like activity demonstrated by rat diaphragm or adipose tissue assay does not represent pancreatic insulin.
Production of Autoantibodies to Insulin in Man and Rabbits
Authors: Grodsky Gerold M
Published: December 2014

To determine whether antibodies to exogenous insulin bind and inactivate endogenous insulin in vivo, technics were devised to isolate and measure directly antibody bound endogenous insulin in the presence of residual exogenous hormone in human and rabbit (leporine) serum. Insulin-antibody fractions in serum were isolated by ultra centrifugation or preferential salt precipitation, insulin was extracted by acid alcohol, and exogenous (bovine) and endogenous (human or leporine insulins) were differentially determined by immunoassay.

Insulin in the antibody fraction of normal serum is undetectable (< 10μU. per ml.). In two resistant diabetic patients all measurable insulin proved to be bound to antibody. Exogenous insulin, which was 4 to 5 mU. per ml. seventeen hours after the last insulin treatment, remained elevated for three to sixteen days but disappeared after ten to twenty days. The subjects proved to be capable of secreting endogenous insulin that was almost completely bound to antibody in the serum. High concentrations of bound endogenous insulin (1 to 8 mU. per ml.) persisted for two to five weeks and levels were still elevated after fifty-four days. In immunized rabbits, only bound endogenous insulin was detectable three weeks after bovine insulin was discontinued. Levels remained high (1 to 2 mU. per ml.) for five weeks. Blood sugar was normal at all times, indicating that most of the bound insulin was biologically inactive.

In man and rabbits endogenous bound insulin decreased with declining antibody titers, hence did not serve as an antigenic stimulus sufficient to maintain antibody production.

Purified insulins, both human and leporine, competitively displaced bovine insulin-I-131 from the antibody sites of human and leporine serum respectively, though they were less effective than purified bovine insulin.

It is concluded that the administration of crystalline insulin can produce circulating autoantibodies capable of binding and inactivating large amounts of endogenous hormone in vivo.
Observations on Clinical Patterns of Diabetes Mellitus in India
Authors: Tripathy Bibhuti B , Kar Bimal C
Published: December 2014

Several points of difference can be made between features of diabetics of the Western world and the tropical countries. In addition to a lower incidence of juvenile diabetes and diabetic coma in the tropics there is a high incidence of marked underweight among diabetics of the older age group as well as the young.

Observations on ninety-six patients at Cuttack, India, reveal that apart from a few cases of juvenile diabetes and a moderate number of elderly-obese patients there is a high incidence of atypical cases. Some of these are young and very lean but require large doses of insulin for control and are not prone to ketosis (“J”) type. Others are middle-aged and generally responsive to sulfonylurea compounds but are very lean even at onset of disease (elderly-lean type).

Division of the patients into two groups, one seen in the hospital wards and the other in the private clinics (domiciliary), makes it apparent that the unusual types of diabetics are for the most part the poorer hospital (ward) patients. Of these 39.8 per cent are “J” type and 43.7 per cent are elderly-lean types compared with zero and 4.9 per cent, respectively, in the domiciliary group.

The hospital patients have been subject to chronic undernutrition and most of them take large carbohydrate meals at long intervals, often only one a day. It is postulated that imposition of this dual stress of intermittent starvation and overload on carbohydrate metabolism may be related to the atypical patterns of clinical diabetes.
Degranulation of Beta Cells and Loss of Pancreatic Insulin after Infusions of Insulin Antibody or Glucose
Authors: Logothetopoulos J , Davidson J K , Haist R E , Best C H
Published: December 2014

The experimental findings reported here may have some implications concerning the secretion of insulin under physiological conditions. They would suggest that at agiven level of blood glucose, the rate of insulin loss from the beta cells may be largerwhen the level of insulin in the blood is low. They would suggest too that beta cells lining the proximal portions of the islet sinusoids would secrete to a greater degree thanbeta cells lining the more distal parts of the sinusoids.

In previous experiments reported elsewhere (see reference 3) it could not be demonstrated satisfactorily that large amounts of beef insulin (30 U.) added to solutions of glucose inhibited the rate of degranulation of beta cells of the infused rats. The results of those experiments and the results with insulin-antibody, reported here, need to be reconciled. Excess circulating insulin-antibody probably keeps the concentration of free diffusible insulin at levels close to zero in the sinusoids of the islets. The mechanism facilitating beta cell degranulation may be operating effectively at extremely low concentrations of insulin. Maximal inhibition of the glucose effect may be reached very soon as the concentration of diffusible insulin rises in the sinusoids of the islets. In ratsinfused with glucose, endogenous insulin in the milieu of the beta cells might quickly reach this level so that the addition of exogenous beef insulin has no demonstrable effect.