bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A norovirus outbreak associated with environmental contamination at a hotel
Authors: KIMURA H. , NAGANO K. , KIMURA N. , SHIMIZU M. , UENO Y. , MORIKANE K. , OKABE N.
Published: April 2010

In December 2006, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred involving 372 guests and 72 employees at a hotel after a guest vomited in corridors on the third (F3) and 25th (F25) floors. Norovirus with identical genotype was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in faecal samples from guest cases and employees. Spread of the outbreak on F25 was compared with that on F3. The attack rate in the guests who visited F25 alone (15·0%, 106/708 guests) was significantly higher than in those who visited F3 alone (3·5%, 163/4710 guests) (relative risk 4·3, 95% confidence interval 3·4–5·5, P<0·001). The outbreak on F3 ended within 2 days, while that on F25 extended over 7 days. The environmental ratios of F3 to F25 were 7·4 for volume, 6·9 for floor area and 7·6 for ventilation rate. This outbreak suggests that environmental differences can affect the propagation and persistence of a norovirus outbreak following environmental contamination.
Il ritorno a Seneca
Authors: ROSAND ELLEN
Published: April 2010

Twenty years of Cambridge Opera Journal: in view of the journal's place in the discipline, the occasion seemed worth marking. When Roger Parker and Arthur Groos founded Cambridge Opera Journal in 1989, it offered the first forum to the musical community for serious opera criticism that took into account changing orientations in literary studies and seriously engaged with ideology, reception history, and representations of race, class and gender. Subsequent editors – Mary Hunter, Mary Ann Smart, and Emanuele Senici – continued to foster this wide intellectual perspective and to engage with an extraordinary variety of methodologies. For the current issue, we gave carte blanche to authors who contributed in the first two years of publication to reflect on their past work, or on opera studies, or on the journal, either informally as an opinion piece or through new scholarship – and so to measure time by developments in the discipline itself.
Wagner's Gold Standard: Tannhäuser and the General Equivalent
Authors: KRAMER LAWRENCE
Published: April 2010

Twenty years of Cambridge Opera Journal: in view of the journal's place in the discipline, the occasion seemed worth marking. When Roger Parker and Arthur Groos founded Cambridge Opera Journal in 1989, it offered the first forum to the musical community for serious opera criticism that took into account changing orientations in literary studies and seriously engaged with ideology, reception history, and representations of race, class and gender. Subsequent editors – Mary Hunter, Mary Ann Smart, and Emanuele Senici – continued to foster this wide intellectual perspective and to engage with an extraordinary variety of methodologies. For the current issue, we gave carte blanche to authors who contributed in the first two years of publication to reflect on their past work, or on opera studies, or on the journal, either informally as an opinion piece or through new scholarship – and so to measure time by developments in the discipline itself.
Last Rites and Human Rights: Funeral Pyres and Religious Freedom in the United Kingdom
Authors: Cumper Peter , Lewis Tom
Published: April 2010

This article considers the litigation in Ghai v Newcastle City Council in which the legality of open air funeral pyres under the Cremation Act 1902, and under the right to freedom of religion and belief in article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights, was considered. Ultimately the Court of Appeal held that open air funeral pyres within a walled enclosure were not unlawful. But at first instance the Administrative Court, which had assumed that domestic law prohibited such pyres, held that such a ban would not breach article 9 since it was legitimate to prevent causing offence to the majority of the population. It is the approach of the Administrative Court to article 9 (which was not considered by the Court of Appeal) that forms the basis of the critical analysis in this article. In particular it is argued that the Administrative Court undervalued the right to freedom of religion and belief, as against the need to prevent offence to others, and adopted a stance which was overly deferential to Government and Parliament.1
Asylum Justice Matters
Authors: Coulton Nicholas
Published: April 2010

I first came to know asylum seekers in 2000 when working at Newcastle Cathedral. First a Rwandan joined our worship, and later an Iranian. I never asked if the Rwandan was Hutu or Tutsi since the massacres there were too complex for labelling. We knew his family were prominent French-speaking Anglicans, and that in the camps he had become separated from his wife and children. A year or so later my wife recognised his wife's name in an account by a senior Mothers' Union lady of her visit to Africa and to a refugee camp in which his wife had formed an MU branch. Eventually his wife and children were able to join him on Tyneside.
Individual Cups? Law, Ecclesiology and Eucharist
Authors: Buchanan Colin
Published: April 2010

I write after the advice of the archbishops in July 2009 on restricting the use of the common cup has been withdrawn. It came under attack during its period of currency, not only on the grounds that it was medically quite unnecessary, but also on the interesting grounds that it was in violation of the Sacrament Act 1547. The Act concedes that the distribution of the cup would be the norm ‘except necessity otherwise require’. The swine flu alarm raised the issue of how to handle the necessity. This Comment arises from the alternatives which were then commended – intinction or distribution in one kind (bread) only (hereafter called ‘one-kind’). The discussion here concerns solely the duties of officiants at Holy Communion, and does not do more than touch in passing on how an individual communicant may respond.
Changes in the expression of pluripotency-associated genes during preimplantation and peri-implantation stages in bovine cloned and in vitro produced embryos
Authors: Rodríguez-Alvarez Lleretny , Cox José , Tovar Heribelt , Einspanier Ralf , Castro Fidel Ovidio
Published: April 2010

In cattle, embryos elongate before implantation and after hatching. Changes in gene expression during this transition are not well studied. Especially important are variations in the expression of pluripotency-associated genes as a result of assisted reproductive biotechnologies, such as cloning and in vitro fertilization (IVF). We hypothesize that there will be a decline in the expression of key pluripotency-associated genes and an increase in the expression of IFN-τ in elongated embryos when compared with day-7 blastocysts. To test this we generated cloned and IVF bovine day-7 blastocyst and day-17 elongated embryos (day 0 = day of nucleus transfer or IVF). Gene expression in all embryos was assessed via RT-qPCR. OCT4 was overexpressed (p < 0.05) in the cloned blastocysts when compared with IVF. No differences in gene expression at this stage between cloned and IVF embryos were found for EOMES, NANOG and FGF4. At elongation EOMES, NANOG and FGF4 were upregulated in IVF embryos (p < 0.05). IFN-τ and OCT4 were expressed at similar levels. There were changes in the expression levels for all transcripts between blastogenesis and elongation. NANOG, IFN-τ and EOMES were overexpressed in all the elongated embryos (p < 0.05), FGF4 was underexpressed in both treatments. OCT4 dropped drastically in the cloned elongated embryos, but not in the IVF. Interestingly only adult donor cells (but not fetal) from which the cloned embryos originated also expressed high levels of OCT4. Our findings might help to understand the shift of gene expression during elongation and to identify key markers of embryonic development useful for embryo screening purposes.
De la Seconde Guerre mondiale à la Conférence diplomatique de
1949
Authors: Pictet Jean
Published: April 2010

Jean Pictet, a former Vice-President of the ICRC, is one of the chief
architects of modern international humanitarian law. In an article entitled
“The formation of international humanitarian law” and published (in English)
in the Review (No. 244, January-February 1985, pp. 3–24), Pictet analysed
the ideas and forces which led to the successful negotiation and adoption of
the four Geneva Conventions of 1949.
Le demi-siècle des Conventions de Genève
Authors: Sandoz Yves
Published: April 2010

It is obvious that adopting the Geneva Conventions of 1949 did not put an end to tragedy in war time. Although there is clearly no reason to rejoice, this anniversary presents an opportunity to reflect on what the Conventionshaveachieved. After a brief discussion of the circumstances under which they were adopted in the following the Second World War, the author points out the great impact of those treaties on the conduct of parties to armed conflict in the last fifty years. Moreover, the 1949 Conventions have provided a solid basis for further development of international humanitarian law, both in the form of treaties (such as the 1977 Additional Protocols) and practice. A number of issues are identified which, today, ought to be examined in the search for fresh solutions. They include the law applicable in non-international armed conflict, the rules on the conduct of hostilities, the question of nuclear weapons and international humanitarian law, simpler procedures for adopting prohibitions or restrictions on the use of new conventional weapons, and the applicability of humanitarian law to armed forces acting under UN auspices. The article concludes with an appeal to respect the fundamental values embodied in international humanitarian law. Appart from anything else, respecting those values in times of armed conflict facilitates a return to peace.
Cent ans après La Haye, cinquante ans après Genève: le droit
international humanitaire au temps de la guerre civile
Authors: Domestici-Met Marie-José
Published: April 2010

In the author's view the state of international humanitarian law as we
approach the 21st century may be characterized by two major developments.
The first is the trend away from well-structured conflicts between States
and towards chaotic violence within the territory of the classic State
entity. The second is the growing tendency to target civilians. The result
is an increase in suffering and casualties among the civilian population.
After considering the major obstacles to humanitarian action in present-day
conflicts, the author looks at what she calls “the remarkable development of
the international rules governing non-international armed conflicts”. She
discusses ways of strengthening and developing standards applicable to such
conflict other than formal codification of new rules. The paper finishes by
stressing the decisive importance of making the law known among those who
need to know it, particularly those engaged in violence.
Steps taken to ensure implementation of international humanitarian law in
the Philippines
Authors: Muyot Alberto T. , Yambao Vincent Pepito F.
Published: April 2010

Dans cet essai, les auteurs décrivent la position des différents octeurs
du conflit qui sévit depuis des années aux Philippines. Il apparaît d'emblée
que le gouvernement a toujours invoqué, à la fois, le droit international
humanitaire et les règles internationales protégeant les droits de l'homme.
De même, les partenaires aux négotiations pour la paix n'ont jamais fait h
distinction entre ces deux régimes juridiques. Les auteurs procèdent ensuite
à une analyse approfondie des mesures prises par le gouvernement ou par les
forces armées pour faire respecter les obligations internationales dans les
actions entreprises pour combattre la violence dans le pays. Ils arrivent à
la conclusion que les règles juridiques et les instructions ne manquent pas,
mais que le respect de celles-ci n'est pas toujours à la hauteur de ce qu'on
peut attendre.
The influence of humanitarian principles in the negotiation of arms
control treaties
Authors: Mathews Robert J. , McCormack Timothy L.H.
Published: April 2010

La Conférence de la Paix de La Haye (1899) a tenté de rendre la guerre
moins cruelle par deux sortes de mesures: l'adoption de règles
internationales qui protègent les victimes de la guerre, d'une part, et
l'interdiction de certaines armes particulièrement cruelles ou la limitation
de leur emploi, d'autre part. Les auteurs examinent l'impact de ces mesures
— qu'ils qualifient d'« approche humanitaire » — sur les négociations pour
un contrôle de l'armement par le désarmement. Souvent, l'interdiction pure
et simple d'une arme ou la limitation de son emploi n'ont pas réussi à faire
disparaître l'arme en question (par exemple, l'arme chimique). Ceci a amené
la communauté internationale à chercher une solution dans le cadre des
négociations pour le désarmement. Cependant, celles-ci obéissent
principalement à des considérations politiques et de sécurité. Mais les
auteurs font la démonstration que des réflexions d'ordre humanitaire puent
parfois un rôle important dans l'élaboration de mesures de désarmement. Des
chapitres sur les décisions internationales prises en matière d'armes
chimiques, biologiques et nucléaires, ou encore par rapport aux mines
antipersonnel et à quelques autres armes particulièrement cruelles, mettent
cette thèse en évidence.
Le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge à l'époque de la première
Conférence de La Haye (1899)
Authors: Durand André
Published: April 2010

The then-President of the ICRC, Gustave Moynier, welcomed the initiative
taken by Czar Nicholas II to convene a conference to discuss a large number
of proposals to ensure peace in Europe. This conference became to be known
as the (First) International Peace Conference (The Hague, 1899). While
Moynier did not expect very much from a debate on “abolishing war
altogether”, he expected the Conference to bolster the work started in
Geneva in 1864, in particular by adopting an extension to maritime warfare
of the 1864 Convention. He nevertheless did everything possible to prevent
the Hague Conference from taking upon itself an amendment of the 1864
Convention, which he considered to be a matter for a special meeting to be
held under the aegis of “Geneva”. In the end, the Conference was unable to
make substantial progress on the issues which it considered to be most
important, in particular disarmament. It did, however, adopt an initial
version of what was to become, in 1907, the Hague Regulations on land
warfare, as well as the suggested text on maritime warfare. The ICRC was not
represented at the Conference, as for reasons of poor health Gustave Moynier
was unable to attend. Édouard Odier, another member of the ICRC, did take
part in the Conference, but as a member of the Swiss delegation.
Les projets genevois de révision de la Convention de Genève du 22 août
1864 (1868–1898)
Authors: Harouel Véronique
Published: April 2010

Only three years after the 1864 Convention — historically the “first”
Geneva Convention — was adopted, proposals were made to amend the text by
introducing provisions on the National Red Cross Societies. However, the
result of this procedure — the 1868 Additional Articles — was never ratified
by any of the parties to the original treaty. In the years that followed, no
less than five proposals were circulated by the ICRC, none of which led to
new treaty provisions until, in 1906, the States adopted a new Convention to
replace the original 1864 treaty. Although the proposed texts originated in
Geneva — drafted by General Dufour and Gustave Moynier — the ICRC remained
sceptical about the wisdom of amending the original Convention. The fear of
losing what had been gained in 1864 was stronger than the expectation that
new progress would be made in protecting war victims. In an annex to this
article the various drafts are published for the first time.
Annual cycle of methane emission from a subarctic peatland
Authors: Jackowicz‐Korczyński Marcin , Christensen Torben R. , Bäckstrand Kristina , Crill Patrick , Friborg Thomas , Mastepanov Mikhail , Ström Lena
Published: April 2010

Although much attention in recent years has been devoted to methane (CH4) emissions from northern wetlands, measurement based data sets providing full annual budgets are still limited in number. This study was designed to help fill the gap of year‐round measurements of CH4 emissions from subarctic mires. We report continuous eddy correlation CH4 flux measurements made during 2006 and 2007 over the Stordalen mire in subarctic Sweden (68°20′N, 19°03′E, altitude 351 m) using a cryocooled tunable diode laser. The landscape‐scale CH4 fluxes originated mainly from the permafrost free wet parts of the mire dominated by tall graminoid vegetation. The midseason average CH4 emission mean was 6.2 ± 2.6 mg m−2 h−1. A detailed footprint analysis indicates an additional strong influence on the flux by the nearby shallow Lake Villasjön (0.17 km2, maximum depth 1.3 m). A stable bimodal distribution of wind flow from either the east or the west allowed separating the lake and mire vegetation signals. The midseason lake emission rates were as high as 12.3 ± 3.3 mg m−2 h−1. Documented CH4 fluxes are similar to results obtained by automatic chamber technique and higher than manual chamber measurements made in the wet minerotrophic section dominated by Eriophorum angustifolium. The high fluxes observed from this vegetation type are significant because the areal distribution of this source in the mire is expanding due to ongoing thawing of the permafrost. A simple peat temperature relationship with CH4 emissions was used to fill data gaps to construct a complete annual budget of CH4 fluxes over the studied area. The calculated annual CH4 emissions in 2006 and 2007 equaled 24.5 and 29.5 g CH4 m−2 yr−1, respectively. The summer season CH4 emissions dominated (65%) the annual flux, with the shoulder seasons of spring and autumn significant (25%) and a minor flux from the winter (10%).
Strong effect of coarse surface layer on moisture within gravel bars: Results from an outdoor experiment
Authors: Meier Claudio I. , Hauer F. Richard
Published: April 2010

We propose that the coarse surface layer found on most gravel bars acts as mulch, decreasing evaporation from the soil surface and maintaining higher moisture levels in the underlying fine matrix, as compared with the case of sand bed streams. Because of the importance that such process would have for vegetation establishment, we conducted an outdoor evaporation experiment on soil columns containing diverse mixtures of fines and gravel, covered with 0, 4, and 8 cm thick gravel layers, as well as columns with homogeneous sand. The columns were saturated, drained, and then exposed to the atmosphere for 58 days. They were weighed and their soil moisture was computed on eight different dates. Both the coarse layer thickness and the texture of the underlying fine matrix, as well as their interaction, had significant effects on soil moisture. The presence of 4 and 8 cm thick gravel layers on the surface increased moisture up to 3.7 and 5.3 times, respectively, as compared with homogeneous sand. Effects of the fine matrix texture were significant only when the fines were exposed to the atmosphere at the top of the columns, but not when a coarse layer was present. Our results show that the presence of a clean gravel layer maintains high moisture levels within the underlying fines, for periods of weeks without water input. We suggest that this rock mulching effect could be fundamental for successful plant colonization of bare gravel bars, so that it should be incorporated into any vegetation establishment model developed for gravel bed rivers.
Transport and retention from single to multiple fractures in crystalline rock at Äspö (Sweden): 2. Fracture network simulations and generic retention model
Authors: Cvetkovic V. , Frampton A.
Published: April 2010

Hydrogeologic characterization of crystalline rock formations on the field scale is important for many applications but still presents a multitude of challenges. In this work we use comprehensive hydrostructural information and present a detailed simulation study of flow and advective transport in a discrete fracture network (DFN) that replicates the Tracer Retention Understanding Experiments (TRUE) Block Scale rock volume at the Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory (Sweden). Simulated water residence time τ and hydrodynamic retention parameter β are used as independent constraints for estimating material retention properties as presented in paper 1 of this series, whereas simulated mean water residence times are compared with observed values. We find that the DFN simulations reproduce water residence times reasonably well, indicating that the characterization data are sufficient and that the DFN model does capture dominant features of the flow paths analyzed. The empirical quadratic law that relates aperture and transmissivity seems to better reproduce calibrated mean water residence times than the theoretical cubic law for the five flow paths. The active specific surface area (β/τ) [1/L] as inferred from simulations is used for defining a generic retention model for the dominant rock type (Äspö diorite) that matches fairly well the entire range of calibrated retention parameters of the TRUE tests. The combination of paper 1 and this work provides a general, comprehensive methodology for evaluating tracer test results in crystalline rock where a comparable amount of information is available; critical to this methodology is that tracer tests are carried out using tracers with sufficiently different sorption affinities (of factor 10–100).
Three‐dimensional seismic velocity tomography of Montserrat from the SEA‐CALIPSO offshore/onshore experiment
Authors: Shalev E. , Kenedi C. L. , Malin P. , Voight V. , Miller V. , Hidayat D. , Sparks R. S. J. , Minshull T. , Paulatto M. , Brown L. , Mattioli G.
Published: April 2010

The SEA‐CALIPSO experiment in December 2007 incorporated a sea‐based airgun source, and seismic recorders both on Montserrat and on the adjacent sea floor. A high quality subset of the data was used for a first arrival P‐wave velocity tomographic study. A total of more than 115,000 traveltime data from 4413 airgun shots, and 58 recording stations, were used in this high‐resolution tomographic inversion. The experiment geometry limited the depth of well resolved structures to about 5 km. The most striking features of the tomography are three relatively high velocity zones below each of the main volcanic centers on Montserrat, and three low velocity zones flanking Centre Hills. We suggest that the high velocity zones represent the solid andesitic cores of the volcano complexes, characterized by wave speeds faster than adjacent volcaniclastic material. The low velocity zones may reflect porous volcaniclastic material and/or alteration by formerly active hydrothermal systems.
Sahel dust zone and synoptic background
Authors: Klose Martina , Shao Yaping , Karremann Melanie K. , Fink Andreas H.
Published: April 2010

Present weather reports from synoptic station data from 1983 to 2008 are analyzed to establish the climatological existence of a zone of frequent dust events and high dust concentration over the Sahel. This zone, to be referred to as the “Sahel dust zone” (SDZ), is situated between 10°N and 16°N, and is most prevalent during the period between December and April, stretching almost over the entire North African continent from west to east. SDZ corresponds well to the convergence zone located to the north of the African monsoon trough, and the dust is primarily transported from the Sahara. Using the ERA‐Interim Reanalysis data, we examine the synoptic patterns in February and March, which generate dust emission from the Sahara and subsequently transport the dust to the Sahel. Three synoptic patterns are found to be mainly responsible for the formation of SDZ.
Will black carbon mitigation dampen aerosol indirect forcing?
Authors: Chen W.‐T. , Lee Y. H. , Adams P. J. , Nenes A. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: April 2010

If mitigation of black carbon (BC) particulate matter is accompanied by a decrease in particle number emissions, and thereby by a decrease in global cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations, a decrease in global cloud radiative forcing (a reverse “cloud albedo effect”) results. We consider two present‐day mitigation scenarios: 50% reduction of primary black carbon/organic carbon (BC/OC) mass and number emissions from fossil fuel combustion (termed HF), and 50% reduction of primary BC/OC mass and number emissions from all primary carbonaceous sources (fossil fuel, domestic biofuel, and biomass burning) (termed HC). Radiative forcing effects of these scenarios are assessed through present‐day equilibrium climate simulations. Global average top‐of‐the‐atmosphere changes in radiative forcing for the two scenarios, relative to present day conditions, are +0.13 ± 0.33 W m−2 (HF) and + 0.31 ± 0.33 W m−2 (HC).
Rapid scattering of radiation belt electrons by storm‐time EMIC waves
Authors: Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Shprits Y. Y. , Anderson B. J. , Takahashi K. , Thorne R. M.
Published: April 2010

A storm main phase can produce a rapid depletion of electron fluxes in the Earth's outer radiation belt and the pitch‐angle scattering by the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is one mechanism that might account for the electron losses. To efficiently scatter the bulk of the electron population, below 1–2 MeV, the EMIC waves would need to have significant power very near a heavy ion gyrofrequency. We present a wave event at the storm main phase and carefully examine the wave spectrum to identify the energy range of electrons scattered by the waves. The EMIC waves exhibit power right below the He+ gyrofrequency and we estimate that they can interact with electrons having energies as low as 400 keV producing rapid scattering at almost all pitch‐angle values on the time scales of seconds. Our statistical analysis suggests that this event is not an exception; the majority of EMIC waves can scatter electrons with energies under 2 MeV. Our results show that EMIC waves can be one of the dominant radiation belt loss mechanisms during the storm main phase.
The BH3‐only Bnip3 binds to the dynamin Opa1 to promote mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis by distinct mechanisms
Authors: Landes Thomas , Emorine Laurent J , Courilleau Delphine , Rojo Manuel , Belenguer Pascale , Arnauné‐Pelloquin Laetitia
Published: April 2010

Opa1 modulates mitochondrial fusion, cristae structure and apoptosis. The relationships between these functions and autosomal dominant optic atrophy, caused by mutations in Opa1, are poorly defined. We show that Bnip3 interacts with Opa1, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation and apoptosis. Fission is due to inhibition of Opa1‐mediated fusion and is counteracted by Opa1 in an Mfn1‐dependent manner. Bnip3–Opa1 interaction is necessary to trigger Opa1 complex disruption in a Bax‐ and/or Bak‐dependent manner, ultimately leading to apoptosis. Our results uncover a direct link between Opa1 on the inner mitochondrial membrane and the apoptotic machinery on the outer membrane that modulates fusion and cristae structure by separate mechanisms. These findings might help to unravel optic atrophy aetiology as retinal ganglion cells are particularly prone to hypoxia, an inductor of Bnip3 expression.
The Successful Stuttering Management Program: A Preliminary Report on Outcomes
Authors: Tsiamtsiouris Jim , Krieger Kim
Published: April 2010

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that adults who stutter will exhibit significant improvements after attending a residential, 3-week intensive program that focuses on avoidance reduction and stuttering modification therapy. Preliminary analyses focused on four measures: (a) SSI-3, (b) speech rate, (c) S-24 Scale, and (d) OASES. Results indicated significant improvements on all of the measures.
A Checklist for Assessing Graduate Student Competencies in the Area of Fluency
Authors: Gottwald Sheryl , Amster Barbara , LaSalle Lisa
Published: April 2010

This competencies checklist is suggested as a resource for instructing and evaluating graduate student clinicians in the assessment and treatment of stuttering. It was adapted for use with graduate student clinicians from the existing Guidelines for Practice in Stuttering Treatment. Please consult
http://www.asha.org/docs/html/GL1995-00048.htm1#sec1.4
for the extended list of competencies contained in the Guidelines.
The highest-energy cosmic rays may be iron nuclei
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: April 2010

Or perhaps, at energies far beyond what terrestrial accelerators can produce, protons just look fat.
Protein strangles membrane necks by polymerizing into a spiral collar
Authors: Day Charles
Published: April 2010

A biophysical experiment involving fluorescently tagged molecules, an optical trap, and artificial vesicles reveals how a key molecular actor, dynamin, plays its role in neural transmission.
Concern grows over China’s dominance of rare-earth metals
Authors: Kramer David
Published: April 2010

Demand for the elements is expected to surge in tandem with hybrid-electric vehicles, wind turbines, and other green technologies.
Europe reflects on a decade of higher education reforms
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: April 2010

A maze of top-down and bottom-up initiatives has rattled Europe’s universities and set them on their bumpy way toward transparency, compatibility, and mobility.
What black holes teach about strongly coupled particles
Authors: Johnson Clifford V. , Steinberg Peter
Published: April 2010

Classical systems with strongly interacting particles can, in principle, have zero viscosity. But string theory and experiment suggest that in the quantum world, the viscosity can be only so low.
A magnetic insulator transmits electrical signals via spin waves
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: April 2010

The spin Hall effect, which converts the charge current to a spin current, and its inverse form the basis for a proof of principle.
Carbon isotope discrimination as a tracer of functional traits in a mediterranean macchia plant community
Authors: Werner Christiane , Máguas Cristina
Published: April 2010

Characterising functional plant groups with simple robust parameters of structural and functional traits is an important tool in ecological research. The reliability of carbon isotope discrimination (Δ13C) as an indicator of functional types was assessed in a highly diverse mediterranean macchia comprising drought semi-deciduous malacophylls, evergreen sclerophylls and a gymnosperm. Pronounced differences in Δ13C of 4‰ occurred: semi-deciduous species (Cistus sp. L.) showed the highest and the gymnosperm (Juniperus sp. L.) the lowest Δ13C (20.3 ± 0.5‰ and 16.2 ± 0.18‰, respectively). Across all studied species, Δ13C was correlated with (i) phenology (length of growing period) and (ii) leaf structure (leaf mass and N per area). The correlation of Δ13C with leaf water potentials, an indicator of drought stress, was species-specific and only 6 out of 11 species exhibited a significant relationship. Thus, leaf phenology governs seasonal responsiveness of Δ13C to drought, which constrains its applicability as an indicator of water use efficiency, particularly in evergreen species with short growing periods. Principal components analysis indicated the robustness of Δ13C for the classification of functional groups yielding similar results based on multiple leaf traits or solely on Δ13C. Hence Δ13C provides an ecological tracer of different functional types, integrating structural, functional and phenological attributes.
Corrigendum to: Mitochondrial enzymes and citrate transporter contribute to the aluminium-induced citrate secretion from soybean (Glycine max) roots
Authors: Xu Muyun , You Jiangfeng , Hou Ningning , Zhang Hongmei , Chen Guang , Yang Zhenming
Published: April 2010

The concentration of soluble aluminium (Al) in the soil solution increases at low pH and the prevalence of toxic Al3+ cations represent the main factor limiting plant growth on acid soils. Citrate secretion from roots is an important Al-tolerance mechanism in many species including soybean. We isolated mitochondria from the roots of an Al-resistant soybean (Glycine max L.) cv. Jiyu 70 to investigate the relationship between citrate metabolism and Al-induced citrate secretion. Spectrophotometric assays revealed that the activities of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase increased and aconitase decreased with increasing of Al concentration (0–50 µM) and duration of Al treatment (30 µM Al, 0.5–9 h). Al-induced citrate secretion was inhibited by the citrate synthase inhibitor suramin, and enhanced by the aconitase inhibitor fluorocitric acid. Mersalyl acid, an inhibitor of a citrate carrier located in mitochondria membrane, also suppressed Al-induced citrate secretion. Transcript level of the mitochondrial citrate synthase gene increased in soybean roots exposed to Al, whereas expression of aconitase showed no significant difference. Expression of Gm-AlCT, a gene showing homology to Al-activated citrate transporters was also induced after 4 h in Al treatment. The Al-dependent changes in activity and expression of these enzymes are consistent with them supporting the sustained release of citrate from soybean roots.
Melting the secrets of gelatinisation temperature in rice
Authors: Cuevas Rosa P. , Daygon Venea D. , Corpuz Henry M. , Nora Leilani , Reinke Russell F. , Waters Daniel L. E. , Fitzgerald Melissa A.
Published: April 2010

Gelatinisation temperature (GT) is one of the key traits measured in programs for breeding rice (Oryza sativa L.). It is commonly estimated by the alkali spreading value (ASV), and less commonly by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Using a diverse set of germplasm, it was determined that DSC values associate poorly with ASV, are not correlated with amylose content but correlate with cooking time. Rice varieties are traditionally grouped into three classes of GT based on ASV: high, intermediate and low. However, the distribution of DSC values of 4000 samples shows only two classes: high and low. Large differences in the distributions of chain lengths synthesised by starch synthase IIa (SSIIa) support the two classes as the major grouping, two haplotypes associating with each peak. Each peak of DSC values spanned 10°C. The chain length distribution of the amylopectin molecules from varieties at the upper boundary of each peak showed significantly more chains that span both the crystalline and amorphous lamellae of a cluster than varieties at the other end of that distribution. Improved varieties, classified as intermediate GT by ASV, belong to both of the classes defined by DSC, implying that some enzyme, other than SSIIa is involved in intermediate GT.
Monitoring of cold and light stress impact on photosynthesis by using the laser induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) approach
Authors: Pieruschka Roland , Klimov Denis , Kolber Zbigniew S. , Berry Joseph A.
Published: April 2010

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements have been widely applied to quantify the photosynthetic efficiency of plants non-destructively. The most commonly used pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) technique provides a saturating light pulse, which is not practical at the canopy scale. We report here on a recently developed technique, laser induced fluorescence transient (LIFT), which is capable of remotely measuring the photosynthetic efficiency of selected leaves at a distance of up to 50 m. The LIFT approach correlated well with gas exchange measurements under laboratory conditions and was tested in a field experiment monitoring the combined effect of low temperatures and high light intensity on a variety of plants during the early winter in California. We observed a reduction in maximum and effective quantum yield in electron transport for Capsicum annuum L., Lycopersicon esculentum L. and Persea americana Mill. as the temperatures fell, while a grass community was not affected by combined low temperature and high light stress. The ability to make continuous, automatic and remote measurements of the photosynthetic efficiency of leaves with the LIFT system provides a new approach for studying and monitoring of stress effects on the canopy scale.
Negative Outcomes, Threats and Threat Appeals: Widening the Conceptual Framework for the Study of Fear and Other Emotions in Social Marketing Communications
Authors: Donovan Robert J. , Henley Nadine
Published: April 2010

Social marketing communicators have frequently utilized scare tactics or fear appeals to persuade people to cease undesired behaviors and adopt desired alternatives. Although there is now a general consensus in the literature on the usefulness of such appeals under certain conditions, much of the literature contains contradictory findings. In this paper, we argue that use of the term fear appeal is inappropriate and recommend the term threat appeal instead. The term threat appeal is more inclusive, since perceived threat generates a variety of cognitive and emotional responses, not just fear. Furthermore, the term fear appeal confounds stimulus factors (i.e., message content) and response factors (i.e., the reaction of fear), and, with the emphasis on generating a fear response, has led to neglect of message factors and other emotional responses that could mediate persuasion. It is likely that these neglects have contributed significantly to conflicting findings in the area. This paper attempts to refocus attention on stimulus factors and to widen the scope of study by offering: (a) a definition of threat appeals and their components; and (b) incorporating concepts from the Rossiter-Percy communication model and learning theory to provide an overall framework for more precisely developing and targeting the message content of threat appeals.
On the Road with the Loteria: The Evolution of a Motor Vehicle Safety Social Marketing Program for Latino Farm Workers
Authors: Grieshop James , Grajales-Hall Myriam , Bates Cynthia , Stiles Martha , Ortiz Lupe
Published: April 2010

In social marketing, the 4 P's of product, price, place, and promotion are commonly accepted dogma (Andreasen, 1995:15). Their application to the development of effective social marketing interventions, in turn, must be supported by market and audience research, a challenging and often difficult task. On the surface, the specification of these elements may suggest that their application leads down a straight road to desired outcomes. In the real world, the development process usually moves along a much more winding road.

The Maneje Seguro! (Drive Safely!) program, initiated in 1994, illustrates the winding evolution and development of one social marketing effort in California. This program was initiated with aspirations of becoming a social marketing program that would use good market analysis along with attention to the 4 P's. The three-year history of this program began with a narrowly focused outreach effort (Phase I), followed by a community education program (Phase II) and most recently has led to the current but nascent social marketing form (Phase III). Its evolution illustrates the roles research played in the transformation, along with the importance of participation and partnerships.

This paper details the role of this participation and partnerships, as well as the standard 4 P's and the market research that have facilitated the three phases of development of this social marketing intervention, which is targeted at Spanish-speaking farm workers and their driving practices.

As the program developed, on-going market research efforts drove the transformations from one phase to the next. In each phase, a transformation of product, price, place and promotion occurred. The other P's — participation and partnerships — also proved critical in the evolution of the Maneje Seguro! program. Community participation and partnerships were critical to the market, audience, and product development research. Similarly, participation and partnerships contributed to the development of price, place, and promotion activities. Without them, the Maneje Seguro! social marketing program could not have been developed. Partnerships were crucial to the implementation and success of various promotion activities, most importantly in two mass media campaigns. Moreover, partnerships and participation permitted a more rapid transformation from a community education program to a social marketing program.
On the Measurement of Entrepreneurial Behavior in Not-For-Profit Organizations: Implications for Social Marketing
Authors: Morris Michael H. , Joyce Mary L.
Published: April 2010

This article explores the concept of entrepreneurship as it relates to social marketing and not-for-profit organizations. The nature of entrepreneurship is examined, as are contemporary efforts to measure it within established profit-seeking organizations. Based on this foundation, the interface between entrepreneurship and social marketing is assessed. It is argued that entrepreneurship lies at the heart of social marketing andthat concepts from the field of entrepreneurship can enhance the management of social marketing efforts. The application of entrepreneurship is then extended to the not-forprofit sector. The adaptation of private sector measures of entrepreneurship to social marketing and not-for-profit contexts is explored, and the implications of such measurement efforts in these contexts are discussed
Using Social Marketing as a Theoretical Framework to Understand Citizen Participation in Health Promotion
Authors: Higgins Joan Wharf , Vertinsky Patricia , Cutt James , Green Lawrence W.
Published: April 2010

The concept of broad-based public participation is a fundamental element of health promotion and citizenship. There is a gap, however, between the promise and reality of citizen participation in health promotion. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the utility of social marketing concepts in analyzing and better understanding the complexities of citizen participation. The data are drawn from a study on citizen participation during a recent health reform policy designed to foster health promotion in British Columbia, Canada.

A social marketing framework was used to interpret the data and make sense of citizen participation in a post-hoc analysis, particularly using the concepts of understanding the consumer perspective, exchange, marketing mix and segmentation. The results contradict the frequent criticism in health promotion that social marketing tends to ignore the broader context of individual behavior. This paper argues that social marketing yielded new insights into understanding the societal circumstances that inhibited or fostered citizen participation and offers a discussion of the potential of social marketing as a tool for furthering citizen participation in health promotion planning.
Social Alliances: Company/Nonprofit Collaboration
Authors: Lagarde François , Berger Ida E. , Cunningham Peggy H. , Drumwright Minette E.
Published: April 2010

During the past four years, Avon's 450,000 U.S. sales representatives have raised $22 million to provide access to breast cancer screening and education. The representatives often incorporate breast cancer awareness into their conversations with clients and provide related literature. The National Alliance of Breast Cancer Organizations and the YWCA. are Avon's partners in this effort.

American Express and Share Our Strength, an anti-hunger organization, have joined forces on multiple endeavors since 1991. Among them are Taste of the Nation, an annual nationwide series of fundraising events, now in its seventh year, supported by thousands of volunteer restaurateurs and chefs and Charge Against: Hunger, a national cause-related marketing campaign that ran for three years.
Challenge to Youth: A Health Canada Anti-Tobacco Campaign
Authors: Mintz James H. , Hazel Jane , Schoales Tracy
Published: April 2010

“Marketers must accommodate rapid changes in technology, more limited public resources, changing demographics, and more sophisticated consumers, among other things. But: these changes also create opportunities for innovation.” (Social Marketing Matters, Vol. 1, No. 5, December, 1997)
Quit4Life: A Health Canada Tobacco Cessation Program
Authors: Harvey Philip D. , Cotroneo Shelley , Schoales Tracy
Published: April 2010

The Quit4Life cessation program was developed in 1993. it was designed to give teenage smokers the tools they need to quit smoking. The idea for the Quit4Life program stemmed from Health Canada's belief that an informational, easy-to-obtain kit could benefit teenagers who are motivated to quit smoking.
Profiling Healthy Eating Consumers: A Psychographic Approach to Social Marketing
Authors: Dutta Mohan J. , Youn Seounmi
Published: April 2010

This paper explores the profile of healthy and unhealthy eating consumers in terms of attitudinal variables and personality traits. Data from 3,462 respondents to the 1997 DDB Needham Life Style Study were analyzed. The results show the healthy eaters to be environmentally conscious, socially conservative, and financially healthy. They are usually high self-monitors, and innovative. On the other hand, unhealthy eaters are typically insensitive to their environment and health. They are also low self-monitors and hold liberal attitudes toward sexual issues. Practical and social implications are discussed for social marketers regarding target segmentation and message design.
Making Money Saving Lives: Social Marketing Spurs the Private Sector Overseas
Authors: Harvey Philip D.
Published: April 2010

Social marketing programs that market and distribute subsidized contraceptives in developing countries do not make money, nor are they intended to. Indeed, attempts to make them profitable have generally undermined the effectiveness of such programs, particularly in very poor countries (Harvey, 1999, pp. 213-225).

The purpose of such programs is to make contraceptives available to even the lowest-income people in developing country markets and, as such, subsidization of overall project activities will always be required. Indeed, contraceptive services, along with health services in general, are subsidized for low-income people in industrialized countries, leading one expert to suggest that it is “patently absurd” to withdraw contraceptive subsidies “for people who struggle to survive on a dollar a day” (The Lancet Eds., 1990, p. 659).

However, there are numerous parties involved in contraceptive social marketing (CSM) projects in the countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin American that do make money from their role in social marketing, and these businesses and entrepreneurs benefit significantly from the parts they play. Such private businesses include, most prominently, advertising agencies, product distribution firms, market research firms, and ancillary businesses like vehicle manufacturers and importers, makers of promotional paraphernalia - from calendars to pens to T-shirts, and others.
Target Audience Reach of the Sida Dans La Cité AIDS Prevention Television Series in C⊚te D'ivoire
Authors: Shapiro David , Meekers Dominique
Published: April 2010

This paper uses sample survey data to examine the reach of SIDA dans la Cité (SDLC), a popular television series on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. Within the intervention area where SDLC was televised, the program targeted those with an elevated risk of contracting the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and those with low socioeconomic status who were likely to have limited access to health information and services. The results indicate that in electrified regions, the SDLC program achieved very good reach among the elevated-risk groups and moderate to good reach among the low socioeconomic status groups. The finding that rural populations obtain AIDS information overwhelmingly from radio and television implies that televised HIV prevention information can play a crucial role in electrified rural regions.