bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two Replications of Color Matching Factors
Authors: RYDER ROBERT G.
Published: August 2004

This presentation offers a comparison of two replication samples with Ryder and Goodrich's factor analysis of 17 variables from the Color Matching Test of Goodrich and Boomer (1). Information on the dimensional stability of the Color Matching Test is provided which is also pertinent to the expectable stability in general of factor analysis of such relatively small samples.
Tools and Techniques for Diagnosis and Evaluation in Marital and Family Therapy
Authors: CROMWELL RONALD E. , OLSON DAVID H. L. , FOURNIER DAVID G.
Published: August 2004

This is a slightly edited version of a chapter to appear in a forthcoming book. 1 It is a beginning attempt at codification of existing tools and techniques and is therefore nonexhaustive. The authors welcome feedback from readers concerning omissions and information on new techniques, references, and applicability to therapeutic settings.
Illusion and Reality in R. D. Laing
Authors: BARTLETT FRANCIS H.
Published: August 2004

R. D. Laing never fully brings together his extraordinary empathy for schizophrenic individuals and his critical view of schizogenic families. In his writings, family and social interactions increasingly dissolve into subjective “scenarios,” and ultimately, “inner space” becomes the source of the redeeming light. This development has unfortunate psychiatric, philosophical, and political implications.
Individuation: From Fusion to Dialogue
Authors: KARPEL MARK
Published: August 2004

Growing interest in concepts of fusion and individuation within a number of different theoretical systems of psychotherapy suggests an emerging shift in perspective in the conceptualization of psychopathology and psychotherapy. This shift may represent a first step in the integration of individual and relational dynamic theories. A theoretical framework for the exploration of processes of fusion and individuation is presented, with suggested applications for the study of problems experienced by adult couples. The process of individuation from fusion to dialogue is outlined in the description of four modes of relationship. In this context, the paper suggests ways in which a variety of problematic relational patterns seen in couples may be viewed as reflecting the partners' struggles to move from fusion to dialogue.
Family Therapy in Treatment of the Deaf: A Case Report
Authors: SHAPIRO RODNEY J. , HARRIS ROBERT I.
Published: August 2004

Deaf patients with psychological problems have developmental handicaps and clinical characteristics that reduce the effectiveness of traditional modes of psychotherapy. Attempts have been made to utilize individual and group therapy, but family therapy has been largely overlooked as a method of alleviating problems of the deaf.

Clinical and research writings provide us with rich insights into the family dynamics of the deaf. These data suggest to the authors that the problems of deaf individuals are largely related to family problems, and therefore merit a family orientation as the focus for treatment. This paper describes an attempt to apply family therapy with a range of deaf patients over a period of two years. From a review of their work, the authors conclude that family therapy can be effective, particularly in the treatment of deaf adolescents and children.
Experimenting with Family Treatment Approaches to Alcoholism, 1950–1975: A Review
Authors: STEINGLASS PETER
Published: August 2004

The attention given family therapy approaches to alcoholism has been disproportionately low in relation to the magnitude of alcohol abuse as a clinical problem and its acknowledged impact on family life. Although the literature to date is limited and most studies should be characterized as pilot in nature, preliminary results have enthusiastically endorsed family therapy approaches to alcoholism.

This critical review assesses the existing experimental and clinical literature of the past 25 years. It also offers potential explanations for the reluctance of family therapists to engage this problem more actively.
The Family and the School: Utilizing Human Resources to Promote Learning
Authors: TUCKER BERNICE Z. , DYSON ERNEST
Published: August 2004

There is a continuing challenge in our complex society to bridge the gaps that exist between various subsystems. Only by overcoming segmentation can common problems be mutually addressed and the full resources of each subsystem be utilized in finding viable solutions. The project described here brings together members of the family with public school professional staff and a consultant from a family therapy unit. Each system learns from and about the others in an open, sharing environment. The processes of family therapy are utilized with the goals of reversing maladaptive school behavior of children and facilitating constructive interactions both between the family and the school and among school personnel.

The uniqueness in this effort lies in the treatment of the staff of a school as a live, dynamic, interacting system having some of the characteristics of a family. The need for mutual respect on the part of consultant and school personnel is documented. Defining and observing boundaries, clarifying roles and creating a non‐critical atmosphere provide the security that permits and encourages individuals to share relevant material within agreed‐upon parameters.

Changes in traditional practices have been achieved. School psychologists have taken on new roles while principals and staffs have learned new techniques and skills for relating to each other and for approaching family‐based school learning problems. The non‐blaming approach recognizes the child as a member of both a family and school organization. Bringing the family and the school together for dialogue and planning unburdens the child as a conveyor of information and values between the two systems. Thus far, there have been substantial benefits from the project to the schools, to the families, and to the body of professional knowledge from which we all learn and grow.
An Exploration of the Dynamics of the Overlapping Worlds of Work and Family
Authors: RENSHAW JEAN R.
Published: August 2004

The relationship between the working lives and family lives of people in our society is a concern to both families and corporations. This article describes a research project that yielded theoretical statements about the interactions between organization life and family life for members of large corporations; grounded theory methodology and a systems theory approach were used. Data were obtained in a large multinational corporation from managers and their families who were undergoing three different kinds of organizational stress: international transfer, extensive travel, and job change to facilitator of personal and organizational change. The findings give reason for viewing organization and family as interacting systems and for considering the uniqueness of each individual's response to stressful events. They also indicate that an individual's feelings of influence over stressful events at the organization‐family boundaries are significant for both organizational and family effectiveness.
A Method of Co‐Therapy for Schizophrenic Families
Authors: MUELLER PETER S. , ORFANIDIS MONICA McGOLDRICK
Published: August 2004

This paper describes a model of treatment for families in which one child has been given the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Male and female therapists adopt structured roles that are used as a paradigm for exploring family patterns. The paradigm employs a three‐generational hypothesis that defines schizophrenia as a lifelong, restricting mode of relating, involving the primary family triad, that makes the child vulnerable to repeated psychotic episodes.

Therapy is directed at the difficulties of autonomous development within the family by focusing on differentiating the relationship between nuclear and extended family members, especially defining and strengthening generational and sexual boundaries. The second focus of therapy is on the resolution of issues of separation and loss, with attention to unresolved mourning in the family of origin and the concomitant stress in giving up the infantile relationship with the index child in the nuclear family. Stages of therapy will be described including: (a) initiation of therapy, (b) breaking of fusion, (c) repair of alienation, and (d) solidifying the marital alliance and generational boundaries. Case illustrations will be included.
Family of Origin as a Therapeutic Resource for Adults in Marital and Family Therapy: You Can and Should go Home Again
Authors: FRAMO JAMES L.
Published: August 2004

This paper presents a general method of involving adults who are in marital and family therapy in sessions with their family of origin, offering a clinical application of the author's depth theoretical orientation. The method is based on the thesis that current marital and family difficulties are elaborations of relationship problems of the spouses in their original families. If adults are able to go back to deal directly with past and present issues with their families of origin, an opportunity exists for reconstructive changes to come about in their present family. This present work is compared with Bowen's methods. Procedures are outlined for preparing for these sessions and for overcoming resistances. Typical courses these sessions tend to take are described, and some preliminary results are presented. Several case histories are presented, and theoretical and clinical implications of this method are discussed.
The Product of the Consensus Rorschach in Families of Male Schizophrenics
Authors: SHAPIRO LINDA N. , WILD CYNTHIA M.
Published: August 2004

A consensus Rorschach was given to the families of 36 male schizophrenics, 13 psychiatrically hospitalized nonschizophrenic controls, and 38 normal controls with the goal of discriminating the families of schizophrenics from the other two groups of families. After the family agreed on a response, each member was asked to write the response on a separate sheet of paper. This study focused on these written responses, the product of the interaction, rather than on the process of reaching agreement. A system was developed to score the responses based on the degree of shared meaning achieved by the family. Adequate interscorer reliability was obtained. The scores significantly differentiated the three groups. More families of schizophrenics had low scores indicating lack of shared meaning than families of hospitalized and normal controls. In the normal control group, more upper‐class families had high scores than lower‐class families, whereas in the schizophrenic group there was a trend in the opposite direction.
Problems in Measuring the Success of Family Therapy in a Common Clinical Setting: Impasse and Solutions
Authors: SIGAL JOHN J. , BARRS CAROL B. , DOUBILET ANDREA L.
Published: August 2004

Families treated in conjoint therapy in the outpatient clinic of a general community hospital for about a year and other families that refused further contact with the same clinic after no more than two interviews were followed up about four and a half years later. The main difference found was that the treated group reported more new symptoms. The complexities of interpreting the data obtained are used as a basis for discussing problems that confront, and may deter, clinics attempting to evaluate their clinical work by means of controlled, nonfactorial or related designs. Process or correlational studies are suggested as an alternate choice.
The Incest Taboo and Family Structure
Authors: FRANCES VERA , FRANCES ALLEN
Published: August 2004

The evolutionary advantage of outbreeding has influenced the family structure and the mating, attachment, and dominance behaviors of all animals. Nature has selected for those species that have evolved family structures with detachment and dominance patterns that create a relatively intact incest barrier. Man inherits from his animal forebears the biological imperative of an incest barrier but brings to it his special complexity of psychology and symbolization — incest barrier becomes incest taboo. We present a discussion of human patterns of separation‐individuation and Oedipal conflict and relate this to the detachment and dominance behaviors of animals. This is an interface between psychoanalysis, family theory, and ethology. In addition, we pursue in detail the asymmetrical operation of the incest taboo within the family: that it is stronger for mother‐son than for father‐daughter than for brother‐sister.
Balance Theory: Possible Consequences of Number of Family Members
Authors: LINDSAY J. S. B.
Published: August 2004

This paper outlines one theoretical issue involved in considering the relationships that may exist in a family. The usual approach is to treat the family as a whole, made up of n members. The main issue here is the effects of the numerical size of the family and the many possible total and sub‐total relationships that may exist within family constellations. Family structure and function is multivariate, but the focus here is the numerical factor.
An Effect Of Change In Patient Status On Marital Interaction
Authors: ROMAN MELVIN , BAUMAN GERALD , BORELLO JOSEPH , MELTZER BETTY , EHRENBERG DARLENE BREGMAN
Published: August 2004

In the treatment of couples and families, even more so than of individuals, therapists invariably are forced to face the problem of assessment of change in the marital or family “system.” The purpose of the present study was to investigate changes in marital interaction for a special population, that is, in which one member of each married pair had been, but was no longer, a hospitalized psychiatric patient. The primary question we addressed was whether changes in marital interaction could be amply detected and whether these changes could be attributed to the particular role shift that had occurred in one spouse — from “patient” to “non‐patient.” Utilizing a technique called Interaction Testing, which the senior authors devised in 1960, we found that such alterations in marital interaction do indeed arise when one member of the couple moves out of a patient role and that our instrument is useful in elucidating the nature of such effects. In addition, it can be expected that a study of this kind will be of theoretical and methodological value in dealing with the general issues of problem‐solving interaction in couples and families. The clinical aspect of the study may also be expected to stimulate useful thinking regarding family therapy in hospital settings, patient management, and aftercare.
Family Photographs: in Treatment and Training
Authors: ANDERSON CAROL M. , MALLOY ELAINE S.
Published: August 2004

The universal appeal of nostalgia and reminiscence makes photographs a natural instrument for studying the impact of the past upon the present. This paper explores photography as a medium for facilitating reminiscence to discover individual roles, interpersonal relationships, and family dynamics. A method is described for using family photographs in treatment and training of clinicians at a Family Therapy Clinic.
The Dynamics of Owning and Disowning: Psychoanalytic and Family Perspectives
Authors: STIERLIN HELM
Published: August 2004

The dynamics of owning and disowning one's inner life have both intrapsychic and transactional or interpersonal dimensions. Freud opened new vistas on our inner world, using psychoanalysis as a tool. Although not unaware of the effects of family members upon each other, Freud's rejection of the seduction theory of neurosis in 1897 fatefully influenced the future course of psychoanalysis, placing the primary focus on intrapsychic relations. Until today, it has remained the task—perhaps the principal one—of psychoanalytic theorists to do justice to the interpersonal and family realm that Freud neglected, without sacrificing the enormous insights we owe to Freud. Three conditions for successful inner ownership are described: a capacity for self‐object differentiation; tolerance of ambivalence; and a sense of physical integrity, of having a cohesive, nuclear ego. The pathology of inner ownership is related to a pathology of interpersonal ownership as transacted on the family level. One form of such relational pathology—parental overowning, as revealed primarily in families with schizophrenic members—is discussed, with a case example.
Lack of Acknowledgment in the Family Rorschachs of Families With a Child at Risk for Schizophrenia
Authors: HERMAN BONNIE F. , JONES JAMES E.
Published: August 2004

Lack of acknowledgment, a characteristic of the direct interactions of families of schizophrenics, was found also to characterize the Family Rorschach interactions of families whose disturbed, non‐psychotic adolescents were assessed at high risk for schizophrenia on the basis of parental communication deviance. The same high‐risk families had unbalanced interaction patterns as reflected in three measures of family structure.
The Family‐School Interview: An Eco‐Structural Approach
Authors: APONTE HARRY J.
Published: August 2004

This paper describes the family‐school interview, an intervention with a child, family, and school, taking into account the dynamics of each system in that ecological context and the structural interrelationships of these systems relative to the problem presented by the child.
Family Systems Model in Organizational Consultation: Vignettes of Consultation to a Day‐Care Center
Authors: MINARD SALLY
Published: August 2004

“Bowen Theory,”1 adapted to organizational dynamics, is presented as a framework for understanding the dysfunctional behavior of individuals in the context of a particular organization.
“Enmeshment” and “Fusion”
Authors: KLUGMAN JEFFRY
Published: August 2004

The paper examines two related concepts utilized by two different schools of family therapy. Any family seen to be “enmeshed” is also seen as “fused,” and vice versa. The difference in the level of focus, on the “system containing the individuals” (structural) or the “individual in the system” (fusion), determines the difference in therapeutic approach of these two schools.
Case Studies in the Family Treatment of Drug Abuse
Authors: NOONE ROBERT J. , REDDIG ROBERT L.
Published: August 2004

This article, with case illustrations, attempts to demonstrate that drug‐abuse behavior can be understood more clearly in the light of family loyalties and unresolved family crises than from the perspective that drug abusers are social deviates. 1 Drug abuse is viewed as symptomatic, as a signal that both drug abuser and his or her family are having difficulty in getting past a particular stage in the natural unfolding life cycle of a family. Treatment of drug abuse is seen primarily as helping the family to become “unstuck,” thereby freeing the individual's and family's energy for the task of self‐development and growth rather than expending it to maintain rigid patterns of interaction in an attempt to prevent change.
Observations on Two Natural Amnesias
Authors: MONTALVO BRAULIO
Published: August 2004

The role of interpersonal sequences in determining amnesias has not been as explored as the role of intrapsychic conflict. This paper examines two natural amnesias, emphasizing their function as part of the process of sequencing phenomena.
Temporal Patterning in the Family
Authors: CROMWELL RONALD E. , KEENEY BRADFORD P. , ADAMS BERT N.
Published: August 2004

The authors propose that time be considered as a variable in family process. Previous theory and research on human temporal patterning and experience are reviewed, and empirical generalizations from an initial pilot study concerned with marital and family members' orientation to “morningness” and “nightness” are presented. Further implications from this work‐in‐progress are delineated.
A Typology of Family Social Environments
Authors: MOOS RUDOLF H. , MOOS BERNICE S.
Published: August 2004

A sample of 100 families measured on ten dimensions of their social environments was subjected to cluster analysis to develop an empirically based taxonomy of families. Six distinctive clusters of families were identified: Expression‐Oriented, Structure‐Oriented, Independence‐Oriented, Achievement‐Oriented, Moral/Religious‐Oriented and Conflict‐Oriented. The clusters showed systematic differences in background characteristics such as size, ethnic minority composition, drinking patterns, and family disturbance and incongruence. Some evidence that certain clusters of families are composed of different sub‐clusters was presented. An empirically derived taxonomy of the social environments of families may help to understand how different family environments are linked to different family outcomes.
Designed Experience: A Multiple, Goal‐Directed Training Program in Family Therapy
Authors: CONSTANTINE LARRY L.
Published: August 2004

A family‐therapy training program, one of three main branches of the “Boston model,” is described in detail. Salient features of the program include planned integration of a multiplicity of experiential and cognitive learning modes; grounding in a unified, theoretical framework that is neither eclectic nor limited to a single school of thought; focus on nonpathological process in families; and systematic structuring in terms of specific, articulated, training objectives. The goal‐directed design process by which training units are developed is explained.
Depression and Marital Interaction
Authors: FELDMAN LARRY B.
Published: August 2004

A family‐systems model of depression is presented and discussed. In this model, the intrapsychic concept of cognitive schema and the interpersonal concepts of social stimulation and social reinforcement are integrated within a systems‐theory perspective. The effects of positive and negative feedback are delineated, and a concept of depression‐triggering and depression‐maintaining feedback loops is described. A clinical illustration is utilized to exemplify the theoretical model.
An Integrated Treatment Program for Psychogenic Pain
Authors: LIEBMAN RONALD , HONIG PAUL , BERGER HENRY
Published: August 2004

The family characteristics associated with the presence of recurrent abdominal pain are identified. The involvement of the pediatrician and the effects of this involvement on the patient, family, and perpetuation of the symptoms are described. A successful therapeutic program combining behavior modification and family therapy is elaborated. Changes in the structure and functioning of the family are vital to the outcome of therapy and the prevention of recurrence of symptoms.
Social Networks, Support, and Coping: An Exploratory Study
Authors: TOLSDORF CHRISTOPHER C.
Published: August 2004

This paper reports a study that investigated the areas of stress, support, and coping, using the structural model of the social network. The social network model is borrowed from sociology and anthropology and is used to describe and quantify not only an individual's immediate family but also all of those with whom the individual has regular contact. By comparing the networks of a sample of “normal” and schizophrenic males, it was possible to identify differences in their relationships to their social networks, in the make‐up of the networks themselves, and in the coping styles and recent histories of the subjects. The results suggest, first, that the network model can be used to investigate the larger social system with which individuals interact and, second, that it may be a valuable approach to the expansion of family research.
The Consultation‐Demonstration Interview
Authors: NAPIER AUGUSTUS Y.
Published: August 2004

In recent years the consultation‐demonstration interview, in which a family is interviewed before a workshop, has become increasingly prevalent. While this method of presenting the therapist's style of interviewing can be an exciting and valuable learning experience, it can also lead to a sense of boredom and disappointment. In some instances, the experience can be traumatic, especially for the family and the guest therapist. Common pitfalls in the organization and planning of the interview are explored, and a number of specific recommendations are made for attempting to maximize the potential in this interview process. Written to both the planner and the leader of the workshop in family therapy, this paper is based on the author's personal experience.
The Use of Teaching Stories in Conjoint Family Therapy
Authors: FELLNER CARL
Published: August 2004

Two general factors have been singled out as being held in common by all types of psychotherapy: an educational, rational factor (often called “content”) and a factor operative in the relationship between the therapist and his patient (often called “process”). In the field of family therapy, the non‐educational aspects of intervention are sometimes presented in the form of “therapeutic, paradoxical communications” (Haley, Bateson, Jackson, Weakland) or the “therapy of the absurd” (Whitaker, Malone). In the present paper, I wish to present a form of therapeutic communication, the teaching story, that embodies a unique mixture of both the educational and the paradox, or absurd.
“Nonlabeled” Family Interaction: Preliminary Report on a Prospective Study
Authors: RISKIN JULES
Published: August 2004

This paper is a preliminary report on the first year of a two‐year exploratory, prospective study of psychiatrically “nonlabeled” families. The project studies families from a nonpathology‐oriented point of view. It focuses primarily on whole‐family interaction as it progresses through time. Because of limited funds, only two families are being studied in this exploratory phase. Nevertheless, the work touches on many issues of a general nature that may be of interest to other researchers. Each family has been interviewed once a month for the past year. The paper outlines: procedural matters, including selection criteria and recruitment; data collection, including interviews, rating scales, and “clinical” discussions; processing of data; preliminary findings, including quantitative and qualitative aspects; and problem areas, including methodological and ethical aspects.
Observations Of Conjointly Hospitalized “Alcoholic Couples” During Sobriety And Intoxication: Implications For Theory and Therapy
Authors: STEINGLASS PETER , DAVIS DONALD I. , BERENSON DAVID
Published: August 2004

This paper presents clinical data from a research study designed to examine the relation between alcohol consumption and interactional behavior in “alcoholic couples.” The central innovative feature of the study was the simultaneous admission to an inpatient setting of up to three couples, one or both members of which was alcoholic. The in‐patient experience was part of an intensive, six‐week, multiple‐couples, group‐therapy program.

During hospitalization couples were encouraged to reproduce as closely as possible their usual drinking patterns and interactional behavior. Therapists utilized observations of interactional behavior during intoxication and sobriety to formulate central interactional and psychological issues for each couple.

The authors utilized these same observations to develop the interactional model of alcoholism in families that is presented in detail in this paper. This model is an extension of earlier work delimiting an interactional theory of alcoholism based on general systems concepts.

Two extensive case histories are presented to illustrate both theoretical issues and the treatment process.
Interpersonal Perception in Addict Families
Authors: ALEXANDER BRUCE K. , DIBB GARY S.
Published: August 2004

A technique called the “Interperception Matrix” was devised to investigate interpersonal perception in eight families in which addicted offspring maintained close parental ties. The addict families were compared with eight matched control families. Several differences were found between the two types of families. In addict families: (a) addicts, their fathers, and their mothers all held the addicts in low regard; (b) addicts were described as very different from their parents; (c) parents and addicts disagreed more in their perception of the addicts; (d) there was a consensus that the addicts' major flaws were passivity and dependence; and (e) the addicts' mothers described themselves as less agreeable and more passive. Addict families and control families were similar in their descriptions of an ideal for the offspring and in generally favorable descriptions of both parents.

These results extend and partially validate clinical observations that social perception in addict families serves to perpetuate opiate addiction by undermining addicts' self‐esteem. These data, in conjunction with new understandings emerging from the addiction literature, support an approach to addiction therapy based on reframing family perception.
Paradigmatic Classification of Family Therapy Theories
Authors: Ritterman Michele Klevens
Published: August 2004

This review proposes a method for classifying theories of family therapy in terms of the ideal categories from which they derive. Establishing the relationship between a family‐system theory and a more general world view facilitates the identification of unique aspects of theory and lays the groundwork for a theoretically consistent integration of therapy and research.
Architecture: Effect of Territory, Boundary, and Orientation on Family Functioning
Authors: CROWHURST LENNARD SUZANNE H. , LENNARD HENRY L.
Published: August 2004

Most students of family process and family therapy practitioners have failed to pay sufficient attention to the importance of the physical home environment. The thesis of this paper is that the physical home environment may facilitate or constrain inter‐ and intrafamily interaction, role relationships, values, and identities. The paper presents a comprehensive review of the status of current knowledge concerning family interaction and the home environment. We propose a conceptual framework to facilitate discussion of the nature of man‐environment relationships and focus attention on those aspects of the physical environment that have been noted as profoundly influencing family life. These are illustrated by three brief vignettes drawn from case studies of families in their home environment.
A Mother‐Child, Multiple‐Family, Counseling Program: Procedures and Results
Authors: HARDCASTLE DEXTER R.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a family counseling program on the following variables: (a) parents' family satisfaction, perceived integration, and family congruence; (b) the number of positive and negative responses communicated among family members; and (c) an undesirable behavior exhibited by one child in the family. The sample consisted of 14 families in the experimental condition and 11 families in the control condition.

Mother and one child had responsibility for teaching other family members the principles taught during the multiple‐family category sessions.

The findings indicated: (a) parents receiving family counseling increased significantly their family‐satisfaction and perceived‐integration scores as compared to the parents not receiving counseling; (b) families receiving counseling increased significantly the number of positive responses among them compared with the control families; (c) children receiving counseling decreased significantly the frequency of exhibiting a specific undesirable behavior; and (d) no significant differences were found between the groups of families in parents' family‐congruence scores and in the number of negative responses communicated among family members.
Structural Family Therapy for Children of Divorce: Case Reports
Authors: KAPLAN STUART L.
Published: August 2004

Structural family therapy techniques for treating families with a parental divorce in which a child is symptomatic are described. The family configurations considered are: mother, child, and maternal grandparents; overprotective mother and child; helpless and mildly neglectful mother; father; new family formation; and couples who divorce and marry new spouses.
The Marital System of the Hysterical Individual
Authors: BERGNER RAYMOND M.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of the present article is to supplement the considerable body of clinical literature that focuses on hysterical behavior from an individual perspective. Based on findings from a total sample of 16 couples, this paper accomplishes this task in a threefold manner. First, the characteristic type of individual who selects and is selected by the hysterical individual as a life partner is described. Second, the type of relationship these two individuals typically develop, which promotes and reinforces severely maladaptive behavior on the part of both is delineated. Third, a number of specific recommendations regarding psychotherapy for this type of relationship are proffered.
Time‐Extended Family Interviewing
Authors: Breslow Diane Birenbaum , Hron Barbara Green
Published: August 2004

This paper presents a family‐therapy technique — time‐extended family interviewing — in which the therapist extends the traditional one‐hour interview to three to seven hours, by plan, at a particular point in the life of a case and for a particular purpose. Extended sessions promote movement in a case for a variety of reasons. Furthermore, the use of such sessions highlights the dimension of time as an important element of good casework practice.
Multiple Overt Incest as Family Defense Against Loss
Authors: GUTHElL THOMAS G. , AVERY NICHOLAS C.
Published: August 2004

A case report of father‐daughter incest is presented that illustrates the way in which overt incest can function as a multi‐determined familial defense against separation and loss. The case is further distinguished by: (a) multiple incest and (b) family therapy — an approach infrequently described in the literature on this problem. The authors have adopted the psychodynamic view that incest expresses the collective psychopathology of all the family members as well as their common adaptational capacities. Specifically, we have attempted to demonstrate that separation anxiety was a shared dread in this family and that incest defended against this painful prospect.
A System for Tailoring Change Measures to the Individual Family
Authors: TITTLER BENNETT I. , FRIEDMAN STEVEN , KLOPPER ELIZABETH J.
Published: August 2004

The focus of this project is the problem of evaluating change in families. Prior work has tended to limit itself to anecdotal or self‐report data. By and large, the studies that have evaluated a family intervention by observing family interactions have failed to demonstrate change. A major drawback in such studies has been the assumption that the few interaction variables selected (e.g., amount of silent time) have roughly the same salience and meaning for all the families studied. The measurement system described here was developed to fulfill four methodological requirements: (a) to represent the family as a whole; (b) to be sensitive to change; (c) to contain multiple measures; and (d) to be adaptable to the variation among families. The solution to these requirements, presented here, is a system for tailoring measures to individual families.
DRUG ABUSE AND THE FAMILY
Authors: KUPETZ KAREN , LAROSA JUDIE , KLAGSBRUN MICHELINE , DAVIS DONALD I.
Published: August 2004

The Family and Drug Abuse Symposium held on July 10–12, 1975, brought together individuals who possess clinical and/or research expertise in the area of family research and substance abuse. The purpose of the symposium was directed toward assessing the current state of knowledge in the field and delineating directions for future work. The role of family interaction in causing or maintaining a drug abuse problem has only recently become the focus of research and innovative treatment efforts. This special section is intended to acquaint therapists and researchers with recent work in the field; the papers are revised versions of materials originally prepared for the symposium.

This first paper offers a brief overview of the symposium and summarizes issues that arose from each of the four workshops: I. Psychosocial Research; II. Clinical Observations; III. Clinical Programs; and IV. Recommendations Made to the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The next paper is a review of recent studies in research and treatment that have approached substance abuse from a family viewpoint. Other research methods that appear relevant to the study of families with a drug‐abusing member are discussed. Three commentaries on this review follow. The last paper describes an extensive effort to implement and evaluate family therapy within an existing drug treatment facility.
Substance Abuse and Family Interaction
Authors: KLAGSBRUN MICHELINE , DAVIS DONALD I.
Published: August 2004

The authors propose that substance use and abuse may be understood and effectively treated when the individual user or abuser is viewed in the context of his family or stable living group. This viewpoint attributes an important role in the maintenance of individual substance abuse to interactional processes within the family system. The theoretical assumptions implied by this viewpoint are discussed. A selective literature review examines the available evidence, from both experimental and clinical‐descriptive studies, that is relevant to this proposal. The next step toward a more systematic investigation of these ideas is outlined, including testable hypotheses, methodological issues and problems, and potentially useful techniques.
COMMENTARY
Authors: SALZMAN CARL
Published: August 2004

Salzman's commentary initially examines two theoretical considerations of the genesis of substance abuse. He elaborates on the hypothesis that changes in the family precede abuse and relates it to conceptual similarities with research on schizophrenic families. He points out that the proposed research that focuses on ongoing processes rather than causality also fails to identify factors leading to the selection of symptomatology. The author concludes with comments on his work in the area of psychoactive drugs and group functioning and suggests that the inclusion of the following methodologies in research design might be instructive: (a) the combining of self, group, and experimenter observations; (b) the comparison of family interactional patterns when the drug‐abusing member is under chemical influence and when he is not; and (c) informal observations and discussions focused on the family's perception of the research as well as on task performance.
COMMENTARY
Authors: FRIEDMAN ALFRED S.
Published: August 2004

In his critique, Friedman pays particular attention to the methodological problems confronting any research in this area. He emphasizes the difficulty in achieving a compromise between the global and the microanalytic viewpoints. He discusses the possible functions that drug use may serve in the family system and suggests that experimental intoxication may be a powerful investigative tool in this context.
COMMENTARY
Authors: FRIEDMAN JACK
Published: August 2004

Jack Friedman questions whether the concept that family processes maintain substance abuse naturally leads to the assumption that interruption of the interactional pattern will alter drug use, i.e., transfer a symptom. He feels that it is important to look at factors related to the onset of abuse by the acquisition of historical information at the individual, family, and societal level. An epidemiological approach might be the next step in the process of research, for instance, testing out an alternating generational hypothesis. For both an historical and epidemiological approach, it is important to address the relationship between families and researchers; this could be illuminated by some naturalistic observation. Final comments stress the importance of reliability of instrumentation, especially in the area of self‐report about others, where little work has been done.
Family Research Study at Eagleville Hospital and Rehabilitation Center
Authors: ZIEGLER‐DRISCOLL GENEVRA , Davis Donald I. , Klagsbrun Micheline
Published: August 2004

The Eagleville Hospital and Rehabilitation Center Family Study Program is described, presenting an overview of the Family Research Study and the problem areas inherent in coordinating research with a new treatment program; an analysis of the sample of drug abusers, their families, and their course in family treatment is discussed. The Community School Program is included as a demonstration of the potential for effective primary prevention. Areas of promise for future development are reviewed as they provide direction for further clinical and research work with the family and drug abuse.
The Addict as Savior: Heroin, Death, and the Family
Authors: STANTON M. DUNCAN
Published: August 2004

The high mortality rate among drug addicts is seen as a suicidal phenomenon with a family basis. The death wish, or instruction for the addict to die, is often quite clearly expressed by the family. He is placed in the role of savior and martyr. His death is seen as a noble, cleansing sacrifice in which he is often a willing participant.
The Logical Levels of Complementary, Symmetrical, and Parallel Interaction Classes in Family Dyads
Authors: HARPER JAMES M. , SCORESBY A. LYNN , BOYCE W. DUANE
Published: August 2004

It was postulated that the parallel interaction class is a higher logical order than complementary and symmetrical interaction, which appear to be of the same logical type. Father‐mother, father‐child, and mother‐child dyads of 48 families were categorized into complementary, symmetrical, and parallel classes using the Relationship Styles Inventory. Each of the dyads in these three categories was then randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions in which they jointly resolved a moral dilemma. In one condition, the dyads were asked to follow complementary rules, while in the second condition they were instructed to follow symmetrical rules. Results indicated that parallel dyads adjusted to both the complementary and symmetrical conditions, whereas symmetrical and complementary dyads did not successfully accommodate rules outside their own class. The implications in terms of therapeutic intervention and further research are discussed.
Family Therapy Training: Program and Outcome
Authors: FLOMENHAFT KALMAN , CARTER ROSS E.
Published: August 2004

A family therapy training program has been conducted for staff of mental health agencies located throughout Pennsylvania. This paper is a report on the content and results of the four‐year‐old training program. Three hundred practitioners have been trained in family therapy. The program has also led to the development of a core group of 64 family therapy trainers. There has been an associated delivery of more family‐oriented mental health services throughout the Commonwealth.
The Symbolic Drawing of the Family Life Space
Authors: GEDDES MICHAEL , MEDWAY JOAN
Published: August 2004

Several innovative techniques have been developed in the last ten years for facilitating meaningful communication and interaction among family members. These techniques serve the purpose of highlighting relatively stable patterns of verbal and nonverbal communication among family members and bring to the surface various aspects of familial structure, thereby illuminating focal points for intervention. The purpose of the present article is to describe the technique of the Symbolic Drawing of the Family Life Space, to compare this technique with other techniques for facilitating communication and interaction among family members, and to illustrate the clinical use of this technique with case examples. In reviewing the literature, the authors extracted two types of symbolic and interactive procedures, which may be conveniently divided into those that tend to be task‐centered and those that tend to be expressive modalities.
Divorced Parents in Family Therapy in a Residential Treatment Setting
Authors: WEISFELD DAVID , LASER MARTIN S.
Published: August 2004

Divorced parents are required to participate together in the family therapy of their child placed in a residential treatment center. Different sources of resistance and treatment techniques are identified and discussed through a theoretical analysis and case study material. The therapy of these fractured families contributed to an elimination of recidivism and, according to followup reports, to significant and sustained improvement in the children's functioning in school, home, and community activities.
Introducing Novice Therapists to “Go‐Between” Techniques of Family Therapy
Authors: GARRIGAN JAMES J. , BAMBRICK ANDREW F.
Published: August 2004

The training of family therapists requires that learning objectives and expectations be specified in empirical terms so that the trainer and trainee can achieve clear goals, identify areas of progress, and meet the special needs of the trainee. This paper articulates the competencies, objectives, and criteria for evaluation used during a time‐limited training program for therapists involved in family therapy research conducted at Centennial School of Lehigh University.
“Family Somatics”— A Neglected Edge
Authors: WEAKLAND JOHN H.
Published: August 2004

Although the family interaction viewpoint has been more widely adopted since it was first introduced and family therapy more widely practiced, there has not been a parallel growth in the practical or theoretical application of the interactional viewpoint. This paper makes a plea for the relevance of this orientation to illness and disease. This area has received some consideration but deserves a much more extensive examination and research effort.
The Removal of a Psychosomatic Symptom: Effects on the Marriage
Authors: MARSHALL JOHN R. , NEILL JOHN
Published: August 2004

This study examined the effects on the marriages of twelve patients who underwent intestinal bypass surgery for extreme obesity. Marked conflict and disruption were observed. Most striking were changes in the areas of sexuality and dependence/independence parameters. The authors discuss the function of the symptom of obesity within these marital systems.
Emergency Psychology: A Mobile Service for Police Crisis Calls
Authors: EVERSTINE DIANA SULLIVAN , BODIN ARTHUR M. , EVERSTINE LOUIS
Published: August 2004

The Emergency Treatment Center, a new program of crisis intervention services, has been in operation since February 1975. This seven‐day‐a‐week, twenty‐four‐hour‐a‐day program backs up ten Northern California police departments to provide help to people who are experiencing psychological emergencies such as violent family fights, suicide attempts, and severe emotional disturbance; in addition, the Center responds to any kind of crisis call involving adolescents. The population of the area served is approximately 750,000, of whom approximately 110,000 are adolescents between 10 and 17 years of age.
Persistent Themes: A Naturalistic Study of Personality Development in The Family
Authors: ZIEGLER ROBERT G. , MUSLINER PETER J.
Published: August 2004

This pilot longitudinal study of normal children and their families examines the associations noted between behaviors appearing in early childhood and concerns expressed by the same youngster fifteen years later. These concerns were seen to be related to continuing transactions around a particular issue within the family system. A case description of the evolution of the particular patterns of one of the family systems studied and the details of their recurring negotiations includes an examination of two subsystems of the family unit: the mother‐infant pair and the parenting couple. The impact of this family system's struggle upon the developing youngster and her personality as a late adolescent is discussed.
Multiple Family Group Therapy: A Review of the Literature
Authors: STRELNICK A. H.
Published: August 2004

This review focuses upon multiple family group therapy, its origin in the intersection of family and group therapies, its use in a variety of settings, its specific techniques and group development in individual and ongoing meetings, its goals and dominant themes, its parallels in family and group work. Also discussed are evaluation of outcome of this therapy modality and those dynamics thought to contribute to family change. Areas for further investigation are outined.