bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micropropagation de l'érable par bouturage in vitro de fragments de germinations de trois espèces
Authors: Hanus Dominique , Rohr René
Published: February 2010

Apices of plantlets obtained through germination and portions of maple stems with at least one node were grown under aseptic conditions in tubes with agar-eontaining synthetic medium. Trials were made on media with or without growth substances. For three species (Acer negundo, Acer pseudoplatanus, and Acer saccharum) the development of aerial parts and rooting of explants were obtained in varying proportions depending on the growth conditions and on the species being considered. For the first two species, vigorous vitroplants were obtained 2 to 3 months after transplanting to soil. Transplanting Acer saccharum microcuttings to soil brought their development to a halt. [Traduit par le journal]
The anatomy of the mature perithecium in Sordaria humana and its significance for fungal multicellular development
Authors: Read N. D. , Beckett A.
Published: February 2010

The three-dimensional anatomy of mature perithecia was studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. Freeze-fractured material which was cither frozen-hydrated or freeze-dried received particular attention. The results illustrate certain basic features of fungal multicellular development. All perithecial cellular elements have been classified as either hyphal (hyphallike) or coherent. Elements of the neck peridium, basal peridium, and centrum pseudoparenchyma are coherent. Other elements are hyphal (hyphallike). The internal hyphallike elements are tightly packed within the coherent tissues and surrounded by mucilage. The perithecial "cavity" does not contain empty spaces. All stages of ascus development were observed. Highly vacuolated, irregularly branched hymenial and lateral paraphyses are present and may function as space-making and space-filling structures within the perithecium. The periphyses differentiate into the neck peridium and probably also grip asci prior to ascospore discharge. The basal peridium has one layer and the neck peridium has two layers. The centrum pseudo-parenchyma is flattened in mature perithecia. Comparisons are made with the modes of development undergone by other organisms.
Croissance des coenocytes provasculaires dans la racine de Marsilea diffusa (Marsiléales)
Authors: Vallade Jean , Alabouvette Josiane
Published: February 2010

Five types of provascular strands of coenocytes with 2, 4, 8, 16 or 32 nuclei have been recognized in the central region of the root apex of Marsilea diffusa Lepr. This observation is relevant to studies of cellular differentiation and to the pattern of root growth and can be summarized as follows. (i) Nuclear division in the coenocytes of each strand is well synchronized. (ii) The other phases of the nuclear cycle show less synchronization. (iii) The levels of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vary between 2C and 4C and endomitosis does not occur. (iv) Nuclear division is followed by a final S phase. (v) Correlations exist between (a) the content of DNA and the volume of the nucleus and (b) the volume of the coenocytes and the volume of their nuclei. (vi) The nuclear cycles of the coenocytes in the same provascular strand are of similar lengths. (vii) The growth of the coenocytes follows a standard allometric curve: their volume is doubled with each nuclear cycle. (viii) During each nuclear cycle, the central region of the root apex grows at the rate of 62%.
Stepwise adaptation to salinity in the green alga Nannochloris bacillaris
Authors: Brown Lewis M.
Published: February 2010

A severe inhibitory decrease in water potential owing to salinity increase (ψ = −0.2 to −5.5 MPa) was tolerated in Nannochloris bacillaris Naumann if an intermediate salinity step at ψ = −2.6 MPa was provided. Photosynthesis, respiration, and growth were all enhanced by the provision of an intermediate step. The length of time of the application of the intermediate salinity step was critical to the resulting abilities of the cells to exhibit substantial adaptation. Increasing the length of the intermediate step from 10 to 120 min resulted in a 168-fold increase in the rate of photoassimilation of bicarbonate. Adaptation of other functions (e.g., growth) took much longer. The effects of pulse shocks, downward then upward water potentials, indicated that when there was an inhibition of photosynthesis and it was irreversible over the short term. Pulse shocks to noninhibitory water potentials did not cause inhibition. These results were correlated with measurements of volume changes, rates of excretion of solutes, and ultrastructural changes.
Effects of lamina harvest on the bull kelp, Nereocystis luetkeana
Authors: Roland William G.
Published: February 2010

Sporophytes of Nereocystis luetkeana (Mertens) Postels and Ruprecht having laminae harvested 30 cm distal to the lamina base either once or three times at monthly intervals showed overall survivorship comparable with unharvested plants. A single harvest of laminae in early June significantly reduced lamina growth rate. After 10 weeks the mean lamina length of single-harvested plants was only 55% of that of the control plants and mean lamina lengths of multiple-cut plants were maintained at even shorter lengths. Lamina production was significantly reduced by harvesting as was the proportion of blades bearing sori. Monthly lamina harvests always yielded less than 50% of the initial mean yield per plant. Harvesting in this manner should not effect the use of kelp beds as aids to navigation. Increasing the harvest distance from the lamina base should reduce any negative effects on the canopy habitat and on lamina growth and production which could affect associated food chains. Entire beds should not be harvested at one time until effects on recruitment are studied. Staggered harvesting of different plants throughout the year should have a minimal impact on sustained yield and recruitment.
The anamorph of Leciographa gallicola
Authors: Funk A.
Published: February 2010

Seimatosporium etheridgei Funk, found on bark proliferations of aspen boles (Populus tremuloides Michx.), is shown to be the anamorph of Leciographa gallicola Funk, a bitunicate ascomycete commonly found on galls of aspen.
Comparison of the chromosome maps around a resistance hot spot on chromosome 5 of potato and tomato using BAC-FISH painting
Authors: Achenbach Ute C. , Tang Xiaomin , Ballvora Agim , de Jong Hans , Gebhardt Christiane
Published: February 2010

Potato chromosome 5 harbours numerous genes for important qualitative and quantitative traits, such as resistance to the root cyst nematode Globodera pallida and the late blight fungus, Phytophthora infestans . The genes make up part of a “hot spot” for resistances to various pathogens covering a genetic map length of 3 cM between markers GP21 and GP179. We established the physical size and position of this region on chromosome 5 in potato and tomato using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on pachytene chromosomes. Five potato bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones with the genetically anchored markers GP21, R1-contig (proximal end), CosA, GP179, and StPto were selected, labeled with different fluorophores, and hybridized in a five-colour FISH experiment. Our results showed the location of the BAC clones in the middle of the long arm of chromosome 5 in both potato and tomato. Based on chromosome measurements, we estimate the physical size of the GP21–GP179 interval at 0.85 Mb and 1.2 Mb in potato and tomato, respectively. The GP21–GP179 interval is part of a genome segment known to have inverted map positions between potato and tomato.
Comparative cytogenetic analysis of Avena macrostachya and diploid C-genome Avena species
Authors: Badaeva Ekaterina D. , Shelukhina Olga Yu. , Diederichsen Axel , Loskutov Igor G. , Pukhalskiy Vitaly A.
Published: February 2010

The chromosome set of Avena macrostachya Balansa ex Coss. et Durieu was analyzed using C-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization with 5S and 18S-5.8S-26S rRNA gene probes, and the results were compared with the C-genome diploid Avena L. species. The location of major nucleolar organizer regions and 5S rDNA sites on different chromosomes confirmed the affiliation of A. macrostachya with the C-genome group. However, the symmetric karyotype, the absence of “diffuse heterochromatin”, and the location of large C-band complexes in proximal chromosome regions pointed to an isolated position of A. macrostachya from other Avena species. Based on the distribution of rDNA loci on the C-genome chromosomes of diploid and polyploid Avena species, we propose a model of the chromosome alterations that occurred during the evolution of oat species.
Translational control in theC. eleganshermaphrodite germ line
Authors: Racher Hilary , Hansen Dave
Published: February 2010

The formation of a fully developed gamete from an undifferentiated germ cell requires progression through numerous developmental stages and cell fate decisions. The precise timing and level of gene expression guides cells through these stages. Translational regulation is highly utilized in the germ line of many species, including Caenorhabditis elegans , to regulate gene expression and ensure the proper formation of gametes. In this review, we discuss some of the developmental stages and cell fate decisions involved in the formation of functional gametes in the C. elegans germ line in which translational control has been implicated. These stages include the mitosis versus meiosis decision, the sperm/oocyte decision, and gamete maturation. We also discuss some of the techniques used to identify mRNA targets; the identification of these targets is necessary to clearly understand the role each RNA-binding protein plays in these decisions. Relatively few mRNA targets have been identified, thus providing a major focus for future research. Finally, we propose some reasons why translational control may be utilized so heavily in the germ line. Given that many species have this substantial reliance on translational regulation for the control of gene expression in the germ line, an understanding of translational regulation in the C. elegans germ line is likely to increase our understanding of gamete formation in general.
A native QTL for Fusarium head blight resistance in North American barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) independent of height, maturity, and spike type loci
Authors: Yu G. T. , Franckowiak J. D. , Neate S. M. , Zhang B. , Horsley R. D.
Published: February 2010

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe (teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch), is one of the major diseases of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in eastern China, the Upper Midwest of the USA, and the eastern Prairie Provinces of Canada. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling FHB resistance, a recombinant inbred line population (F6:7) was developed from the cross Zhenongda 7/PI 643302. The population was phenotyped for resistance to FHB in two experiments in China and four experiments in North Dakota. Accumulation of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol was determined in one experiment in China and two in North Dakota. Simplified composite interval mapping was performed on the whole genome level using the software MQTL. The QTL FHB-2 from PI 643302 for FHB resistance was found on the distal portion of chromosome 2HL in all six FHB screening environments. This QTL accounted for 14% of phenotypic variation over six environments and was not associated with heading date or plant height. The FHB resistance QTL FHB-2 detected near the end of chromosome 2HL is in a different location from those found previously and is therefore probably unique. Because the QTL was not contributed by the Chinese cultivar Zhenongda 7, it is likely a native QTL present in North American barley. The QTL FHB-2 represents the first reported QTL for native FHB resistance in North American germ plasm and has been given the provisional name Qrgz-2H-14. This QTL should be considered for pyramiding with other FHB QTL previously mapped.
THE MIGRATING NUCLEUS
Authors: Dowding E. S. , Bakerspigel A.
Published: February 2010

The nuclei of Gelasinospora tetrasperma travel out of a mycelium of one sex and into one of opposite sex as rapidly as 10.5 mm. per hour. This occurs not only in pairings producing abundant perithecia but also in pairings that produce few or none. The nuclei migrate from cell to cell in a protoplasmic strand running through the center of the hypha. Nuclei have been observed travelling through their own mycelium. They have been seen passing from one cell, through the pore in the transverse septum, into the next cell. The shape and size of the nucleus fluctuates. Spherical nuclei may change to narrow elongate sinuous bodies, and then resume their spherical shape. Nuclei may migrate in an expanded, contracted, or elongate form.
AN ANTIBIOTIC-PRODUCING BACTERIUM OF THE GENUS PSEUDOMONAS
Authors: Chinn S. H. F.
Published: February 2010

A Gram-negative rod, conforming; to Pseudomonas viscosa (Frankland and Frankland) Migula, was isolated in practically pure culture from a sample of wheat that did not show the usual mixture of epiphytes. In vitro studies revealed an unusual antibiotic spectrum against a variety of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria as well as against Helminthosporium sativum and Fusarium culmorum. Comparative.studies of the organism and P. aeruginosa, P. fluorescens, and P. chlororaphis indicated that it possessed greater antibiotic activity than any of these three species of Pseudomonas. Application to the control of some plant pathogenic organisms is suggested.
MICROBIAL PENTOSANASES: I. A SURVEY OF MICROORGANISMS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES THAT ATTACK THE PENTOSANS OF WHEAT FLOUR
Authors: Simpson F. J.
Published: February 2010

A water soluble pentosan extracted from wheat flour was purified by precipitation with ethanol and treatment with pancreatin. Such preparations contained 78 to 82% pentosan and 0.5 to 1% protein. The pentosan of "squeegee" starch also was obtained by removing the starch with pancreatin. The product contained 60 to 75% pentosan and 1 to 3% protein. A number of fungi, streptomycetes, and bacteria produced extracellular enzymes that hydrolyzed the water soluble pentosan. Some of these were tested against the pentosan of "squeegee" starch and found to attack it also. The fungi and streptomycetes possessed adaptive pentosanases whereas 40% of the active bacteria had constitutive pentosanases. Xylose and, to a lesser extent, arabinose stimulated production of the adaptive pentosanases of the molds and streptomycetes while xylose, but not arabinose, was effective with the bacilli. The more active genera were Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Trichothecium, Trichoderma, and Bacillus.
YEASTS OCCURRING ON APPLES AND IN APPLE CIDER
Authors: Clark D. S. , Wallace R. H. , David J. J.
Published: February 2010

A study was made of the predominant yeasts that occur on apples grown in Quebec, and in cider. The yeasts isolated from apples were members of the family Cryptococcaceae and of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus, Rhodotorula, and Torulopsis. Species of Candida were by far the most predominant. The yeasts isolated from cider were representatives of the genera Debaryomyces, Pichia, and Saccharomyces. All the yeasts studied were classified into species of the respective genera.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF A REACTION PRODUCT OF CYSTEINE AND IRON: I. DEVELOPMENT OF THE SUBSTANCE IN MEDIA FORMYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Konowalchuk Jack , Hinton N. A. , Reed G. B.
Published: February 2010

It is shown that the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis or a rapidly growing strain of Mycobacterium in Dubos' medium is not influenced by the addition of low concentrations of cysteine or ferric salts, when added separately. But when cysteine and a ferric salt, both in low concentrations, are autoclaved together in the medium, the medium will not support growth of Mycobacterium. This inhibitory action only occurs when the cysteine–iron containing medium is at pH 6.8 or a more acid reaction. It is concluded that cysteine and ferric iron react in acid solution to produce a toxic end product.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF A REACTION PRODUCT OF CYSTEINE AND IRON: II. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE SUBSTANCE
Authors: Konowalchuk Jack , Clunie J. C. , Hinton N. A. , Reed G. B.
Published: February 2010

It has been shown that when low concentrations of cysteine and ferric ammonium citrate or other ferric salts in distilled water, adjusted to faintly acid reaction, are repeatedly autoclaved, an insoluble granular precipitate forms. Chemical analysis of the precipitate indicates that it is sulphur. X-ray photographs of the precipitate and orthorhombic colloidal sulphur, while showing broadly similar patterns, possess significant differences which indicate that the precipitate has a lower symmetry or larger unit cell in its arrangement of sulphur atoms than has orthorhombic sulphur. This precipitate added to Dubos' medium in concentrations of 0.5 to 4 μgm. per ml. inhibits growth of M. tuberculosis. In a concentration of 10 μgm. per ml. growth of all of four other Gram positive species of bacteria and three of five Gram negative species was inhibited. Colloidal sulphur had a similar growth inhibiting property but larger concentrations were required than of the precipitate prepared from cysteine and iron.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTION OF A REACTION PRODUCT OF CYSTEINE AND IRON: III. IN VIVO ACTION ON PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION IN MICE
Authors: Hinton N. A. , Konowalchuk Jack , Reed G. B.
Published: February 2010

A colloidal sulphur preparation, formed by autoclaving a dilute solution of cysteine and ferric ammonium citrate, was shown to have no toxicity for mice after eleven 1-mgm. intravenous doses on alternate days. Single doses up to 2 mgm. subcutaneously were not toxic but larger doses by this route produced necrosis. A single 1-mgm. dose of the preparation given to mice intravenously afforded no protection against a lethal dose of Diplococcus pneumoniae Type III when given simultaneously. However, groups of mice given a 1-mgm. intravenous dose of the complex and challenged with a lethal dose of pneumococcus at intervals up to 168 hr. after the therapy show no protection for the first 24 hr. following the therapy, increasing protection from 24 to 78 hr., complete protection at 78 hr., and decreasing protection from 78 to 168 hr.
EFFECTS OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS ANTISERA ON THE GLYCEROL DEHYDROGENASES OF HALOPHILIC AND NON-HALOPHILIC BACTERIA
Authors: Baxter R. M. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Antisera against the glycerol dehydrogenases of Escherichia coli and Vibrio costicolus, prepared by injecting the enzymes into rabbits, precipitated the homologous but not the heterologous enzymes. When the enzyme from E. coli was completely precipitated from the supernatant by a minimal quantity of antiserum, about half the activity could be demonstrated in the precipitate. The activity of the precipitate was progressively reduced by increasing amounts of antiserum. Crude extracts of V. costicolus oxidized butanediol as well as glycerol. The antiserum reduced the oxidation of glycerol to a greater extent than the oxidation of butanediol indicating the presence of two enzymes in the original preparation. Antisera against the E. coli and V. costicolus enzymes were inactive against the P. salinaria enzyme. An attempt to prepare antibodies against the enzyme from Pseudomonas salinaria was not successful.
YELLOW CHROMOGENIC BACTERIA ON WHEAT: I. QUANTITATIVE STUDIES
Authors: James Norman
Published: February 2010

Yellow chromogenic bacteria, of the type previously reported on commercial samples, were found on all samples representing five varieties of wheat grown at 21 stations in 1952, and six varieties grown at 19 stations in 1953. Numbers varied widely, significantly from station to station and from year to year, but not significantly from variety to variety. A correlation between numbers of bacteria and yield of wheat was apparent from the data, but the coefficient was not significant at P = 0.05.
A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE EXPERIMENTAL INFECTION OF CHICK EMBRYOS WITH ENTAMOEBA INVADENS
Authors: Meerovitch Eugene
Published: February 2010

Developing chicken embryos were infected intravenously with bacteria-free Entamoeba invadens. The parasites invaded the livers of the embryos, and caused the production of typical amoebic abscesses.
STUDIES WITH STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS: II. THE SPECIFICITY OF ENTEROTOXIN
Authors: Thatcher F. S. , Matheson B. H.
Published: February 2010

The reported study of the known toxins of six different strains of enterotoxigenic staphylococci of diverse lysin productivity allows the conclusion that the enterotoxin, as indicated by the emetic response of cats, is a specific entity that is distinct from α-, β-, or δ-lysins. Emesis in cats may also be caused by β-lysin if injected in quantities greater than 80 units per kgm. The Dolman kitten test for enterotoxin may be made less equivocal by selective removal of all traces of lysins by boiling of the test specimen followed by incubation in the presence of ascorbic acid. Lysins inactivated by heat, formalin, homologous antitoxins, or ascorbic acid do not cause emesis. Immunization of cats with specific enterotoxic filtrates has demonstrated the existence of antigenically distinct enterotoxins.
SOME EFFECTS OF POSTIRRADIATION TREATMENT WITH METABOLIC INHIBITORS AND NUTRIENTS UPON ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATED SPORES OFSTREPTOMYCEST12
Authors: Wainwright S. D. , Nevill Ann
Published: February 2010

The effects of postradiation treatment with metabolic inhibitors (arsenate, azide, and dinitrophenol) and various cell nutrients (N-sources and sugars) upon ultraviolet irradiated spores of Streptomyces T12 have been studied. Changes in the frequency of induced variants which were not accompanied by effects upon survival, and increases of survival which were not associated with a change in variant frequency were observed. The results obtained indicate that the biological effects of ultraviolet radiation can be modified by the postradiation metabolism of the cell.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PHAGOCYTIC STIMULATION ON MICROBIAL DISEASE: I. ACTION OF SOME DERIVATIVES OF THE BICYCLO[0.3.5]DECAPENTAENE SKELETON ON ENDOTHELIAL CELLS OF SKIN VESSELS
Authors: Gözsy Béla , Kátá Laszló
Published: February 2010

If the depilated skin of white mice is rubbed with solutions of histamine or certain derivatives of bicyclo[0.3.5]decapentaene, simultaneous intravenous injection of a suspension of India ink leads to an intracellular accumulation of ink particles inside the endothelial cells of small vessels at the site rubbed. This phenomenon of phagocytosis is induced in cells which have normally no phagocytic capacity and can be inhibited by antihistaminics. Solutions of these derivatives are quickly absorbed and are thought to liberate sufficient quantities of histamine to induce phagocytic activity of the endothelial cells. Some derivatives of the bicyclo[0.3.5]decapentaene skeleton have been tested for similar action and a quantitative difference was observed. These observations confirm those of Jancsó who states that histamine stimulates the endothelial cells of small vessels to phagocytic function. The phenomena described seem to have a certain importance because if the hypothesis is correct, a high number of normally inactive cells may be placed at the disposal of the natural cellular defense mechanism of the organism by means of a physiological stimulus.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PHAGOCYTIC STIMULATION ON MICROBIAL DISEASE: III. THE INFLUENCE OF ANTIHISTAMINES AND 1,4-DIMETHYL-7-ISOPROPYLAZULENE ON EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS—PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Gözsy Béla , Kátó Laszló
Published: February 2010

Albino mice were infected intravenously with Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis (Ravenel strain). The animals treated with the given antihistaminic substance died significantly sooner than the non-treated control animals. In a similar experiment, the deteriorating effect of antihistamine drug on experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs was demonstrated. On the basis of previous experiments, it is supposed that the physiological stimulation of the defense mechanism by histamine has been hampered in its function. The administration of 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene, which is believed to be a non-toxic agent simulating histamine production, prolonged the life of infected animals. When antihistamine was given in addition to 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene, the deteriorating effect of the antihistamine was inhibited. Results are discussed in terms of whether the host–parasite relationship can be favorably influenced by means of a stimulant of the reticulo-endothelial system.
THE EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM, POTASSIUM, AND IRON ON THE GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF RED HALOPHILIG BACTERIA
Authors: Brown Helen J. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Maximum growth of the red halophilic bacteria occurs in the presence of 3.0 to 5.0 M sodium chloride, 0.1 to 0.5 M magnesium ion, 50 to 100 p.p.m. (1.3 to 2.5 × 10−3 M) potassium ion, and 0.5 to 1.0 p.p.m. (1 to 2 × 10−5 M) ferrous ion. In magnesium deficient media the rod forms become coccoid. Some strains can be adapted to grow in low concentrations of magnesium (0.01 M) and these adapted strains retain a coccoid form even when transferred to higher concentrations of magnesium. Growth does not occur when potassium is removed from the medium. The potassium requirement may be satisfied by rubidium but not by cesium, lithium, or ammonium ions. Potassium partially replaces the sodium chloride requirement of the red halophiles.
A SIMPLE METHOD OF PREPARING AN ANTIGEN FROMHISTOPLASMA CAPSULATUMFOR USE IN THE COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST
Authors: Labzoffsky N. A. , Fischer J. B.
Published: February 2010

A simple method for preparation of complement fixing antigen from Histoplasma capsulatum is outlined. The procedure consists of extraction of the sedimented yeast phase growth with pyridine for two hours and subsequent washing of the extracted sediment three times with buffered saline solution. The antigen so prepared is non-viable, potent, stable, and not anticomplementary; it appears to be suitable for use in routine diagnostic work.
THE BACTERIAL DISSIMILATION OF NAPHTHALENE
Authors: Murphy J. F. , Stone R. W.
Published: February 2010

Data are presented indicating that the major pathway for the oxidation of naphthalene by a strain of Pseudomonas occurs via salicylic acid, which is further oxidized through catechol to β-ketoadipic acid. On the basis of growth, simultaneous adaptation, and cell-free extract experiments, the following compounds are regarded as unlikely intermediates in naphthalene dissimilation: 1,4-naphthoquinone, α-naphthol, β-naphthol, 1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene, 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthaIene, phenol, trans-o-hydroxycinnamic acid, and phthalic acid. Evidence was found that a second pathway of naphthalene oxidation produces 1,2-naphthoquinone. 1,2-Dihydroxynaphthalene was found to be non-enzymatically converted to 1,2-naphthoquinone. The 1,2-naphthoquinone was not further metabolized and was found to be responsible for the characteristic brown to reddish orange color of the culture medium. Omission of FeCl2and MgSO4from the basal medium prevented the formation of salicylic acid but did not interfere with the production of 1,2-naphthoquinone.
THE DEOXYRIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID SLIME LAYER OF SOME HALOPHILIC BACTERIA
Authors: Smithies W. R. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Cells of Micrococcus halodenitrificans and Vibrio costicolus when grown under certain conditions possess a sticky extracellular deoxypentose nucleic acid (DNA) slime. Treatment of these cells with deoxyribonuclease (DNase) eliminates the stickiness and removes up to 50% of the DNA of the cells, without affecting their viability. A similar DNA slime is probably responsible for the stickiness of Pseudomonas salinaria and other halophiles, and the presence of such a slime seems peculiar to halophiles. The stickiness of M. halodenitrificans and the amount of DNA extractable from it with DNase decrease with increasing salt content of the growth medium, or if calcium is added to the medium. The results suggest that a deficiency of essential nutrients affects the permeability of the membrane allowing leakage of DNA or its precursors from the cell.
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF PHAGOCYTIC STIMULATION ON MICROBIAL DISEASE: IV. THE INFLUENCE OF 1,4-DIMETHYL-7-ISOPROPYLAZULENE WITH AND WITHOUT DIHYDROSTREPTOMYCIN ON EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Kátó László , Gözsy Béla
Published: February 2010

The outcome of experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs was favorably influenced by treatment with 1,4-dimethyl-7-isopropylazulene. This compound had no antituberculous properties in vitro, but stimulates phagocytic activity of cells of the reticulo-endothelial system. Effects of simultaneous treatment with the azulene derivative and dihydrostreptomycin on well-established tuberculosis were similarly studied. Therapeutical effect of dihydrostreptomycin was significantly increased by the simultaneous treatment with the azulene. This experiment brought evidence that the host–parasite relationship in experimental tuberculosis can be favorably influenced for the benefit of the host by appropriate treatment acting against the parasite and simultaneously stimulating the defense mechanism of the host. The authors discuss the need for more research in tuberculosis therapy directed toward finding ways of stimulating the cell-linked defense mechanism of the host against bacterial invaders.
THE EFFECT OF PENICILLIN ON CO2 PRODUCTION AND THE UPTAKE OF C14-LABELLED GLUCOSE AND GLUTAMINE BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Bidwell R. G. S. , Vittorio P. V. , Krotkov G. , Reed G. B.
Published: February 2010

Radioactive glucose or glutamine was supplied to growing and non-growing cultures of Staphylococcus aureus 6538 in the presence of various concentrations of penicillin. Total CO2 and C14O2 production were measured, and the uptake and distribution of carbon from glucose and glutamine in both growing and non-growing cultures were determined. The production of CO2 from glucose was stimulated by penicillin, that from glutamine was suppressed, while total CO2 production was unaffected. Neither glucose nor glutamine were major substrates of respiration. Penicillin exerted widely different effects on the uptake and incorporation of carbon from both glucose and glutamine in growing and non-growing cells. From a consideration of these effects, it is suggested that penicillin affects cells at two or more specific points in their metabolism. It was noted that CO2 production continued at a high rate in non-growing cultures although cell division had virtually ceased.
SURVIVAL OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS (EASTERN TYPE) FOR ELEVEN YEARS AT 4 °C. IN THE PRESENCE OF CYSTEINE HYDROCHLORIDE
Authors: Labzoffsky N. A. , Grainger R. M. , Ross W. G.
Published: February 2010

A strain of Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus was maintained for 11 years by (1) periodic repassage in guinea pig and developing chick embryo between the periods of storage in the dry-ice cabinet and (2) by storage at 4 °C. in the presence of cysteine hydrochloride without repassage. No change in pathogenicity or antigenicity of either clone was noted.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: XI. METABOLIC PRODUCTS OF USTILAGO ZEAE IN SUBMERGED CULTURE
Authors: Haskins R. H. , Thorn J. A. , Boothroyd B.
Published: February 2010

Ether-soluble "oils" of specific gravity > 1 were produced extracellularly in yields of over 16 gm./liter fermentation mixture by strains of Ustilago zeae growing in shaken flasks on medium containing cerelose, urea, and sugar beet molasses. The bulk of the oily material was shown to be a glycoside of mannose and erythritol, and in addition, itaconic acid and dianthrone were shown to be present. Yields of itaconic acid as determined by a bromine–iodine method at pH 1.2 (Friedkin) reached values of over 15 gm./liter but such values were considerably higher than those indicated by quantitative isolation of this acid. One hundred and eighty isolates of Ustilago were grown on medium with and without calcium carbonate and some 45 isolates produced extracellular oily material, 98 produced ustilagic acid, and 50 produced both crystals and oil. Ether-soluble substances from freeze-dried fermentation mixtures of different isolates ranged from 1 to 12 gm./liter, while methanol-soluble substances from ether-extracted freeze-dried fermentation mixtures ranged from 1 to 45 gm./liter.
EVIDENCE THAT POTATO VIRUS Y IS CARRIED NEAR THE TIP OF THE STYLETS OF THE APHID VECTOR MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZ.)
Authors: Bradley R. H. E. , Ganong R. Y.
Published: February 2010

Green peach aphids infective with potato virus Y were made noninfective by exposing the tips of their stylets to ultraviolet radiations in the 2537 Å wave band. Similar results were obtained when the area around the aphid was ventilated during irradiation to carry away the ozone produced by the radiations passing through the air. This irradiation did not appear to harm the aphid even though much of its body was irradiated at the same time. Nor did it affect the infectivity of aphids when their stylets were enclosed by the labium, or when most of the length of the stylets except the tips was exposed to the radiations. Irradiation did, however, reduce the ability of aphids immediately thereafter to acquire potato virus Y during a brief feeding puncture, but this was so whether the tips of the stylets were irradiated or not. Furthermore, an hour after being irradiated, aphids acquired the virus during a brief feeding puncture as readily as did unirradiated controls. It is concluded that irradiation of the tips of the stylets of M. persicae inactivated potato virus Y that otherwise would have been transmitted to the test plants. Only virus near the tips of the stylets appeared to be transmitted even after more than the tips had been inserted into infected tobacco plants.
SOME EFFECTS OF FORMALDEHYDE ON POTATO VIRUS Y IN VITRO, AND ABILITY OF APHIDS TO TRANSMIT THE VIRUS WHEN THEIR STYLETS ARE TREATED WITH FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: Bradley R. H. E. , Ganong R. Y.
Published: February 2010

Potato virus Y (PVY) was made noninfective by incubation with formaldehyde in vitro. Yet this noninfective virus reacted with PVY antiserum and caused antibodies to be produced in rabbits as readily as infective PVY. A method is described for baring the stylets of living aphids beyond the end of the labium, which normally encloses the stylets. Specimens of Myzus persicae (Sulz.) infective with PVY were made noninfective by treating the stylets for 30 sec. with concentrations of formaldehyde as low as 0.03%; and 0.25% formaldehyde caused the same effect in five seconds. Aphids were also made noninfective when the proboscis with the tip of the stylets bared was treated with formaldehyde, even after the stylets had been inserted a considerable distance into infected tobacco plants. By contrast, aphids usually remained infective when the proboscis with the stylets enclosed in the labium was treated with similar concentrations of formaldehyde. However, formaldehyde treatment of the stylets did not affect the ability of aphids immediately thereafter to acquire and transmit PVY. These results are compatible with the hypothesis that viruses transmitted like PVY are carried by the stylets of their aphid vectors.
THE UTILIZATION OF DESOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHORUS BY ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Lesley S. M. , Graham A. F.
Published: February 2010

The utilization of desoxyadenylic, desoxyguanylic, and thymidylic acid phosphorus by E. coli has been studied. Under comparable conditions phosphate is utilized from the three nucleotides at about the same rate. The rate of uptake is independent of nucleotide concentration, up to about 15 μgm. of nucleotide per ml., but markedly dependent on the inorganic phosphate concentration of the medium. E. coli can split off thymidylic acid phosphorus and release it into the medium as inorganic phosphate. Phosphate taken up from thymidylic and desoxyadenylic acids is distributed uniformly over the nucleotides of bacterial RNA and of DNA. It is concluded that nucleotide phosphate is assimilated exclusively as inorganic phosphorus.
AN AGAR DIFFUSION ASSAY METHOD FOR THE ANTIFUNGAL POLYENE, CANDIDIN
Authors: Taber Willard A.
Published: February 2010

An agar diffusion cup assay method for candidin is described. Some conditions of the assay medium affecting growth rate of the test organism and diffusion rate of candidin are presented. Critical steps of the procedure were tested statistically for significant variation and found acceptable. Both the sodium salt and Zwitterionic forms of candidin can be assayed.
PRODUCTION OF POLYHYDRIC ALCOHOLS BY OSMOPHILIC YEASTS
Authors: Spencer J. F. T. , Sallans H. R.
Published: February 2010

Cultures of osmophilic yeasts were isolated from fermenting honey, brood comb pollen, flower parts, and other sources and tested for glycerol production. Most of the strains tested produced one or more of the sugar alcohols glycerol, erythritol, D-arabitol, and mannitol, in quantities varying with the strain of yeast and the conditions of growth. Study of factors affecting the production of glycerol and D-arabitol by one strain showed that yields were influenced by the nitrogen source and by the rate of aeration. Increasing the concentration of yeast extract in the medium increased the rate of glucose utilization, the ratio of glycerol to D-arabitol, and the actual yield of glycerol. Addition of small quantities of urea, ammonium sulphate, ammonium tartrate, or ammonium phosphate gave similar results, and urea had the greatest effect. More vigorous aeration reduced the rate of glucose utilization, reduced the yield of ethanol, and increased the yield of glycerol, without affecting the D-arabitol yield. As much as 60% of the glucose dissimilated was converted to polyhydric alcohols.
ASSOCIATION OF TOXICITY WITH PROTEIN-CRYSTALLINE INCLUSIONS OF BACILLUS SOTTO ISHIWATA
Authors: Angus T. A.
Published: February 2010

The toxic principle in sporulated cultures of Bacillus sotto, which causes paralysis and death in Bombyx mori larvae, is associated with the crystalline inclusions produced by this microorganism. The toxin is not present as a typical exotoxin but is soluble either in silkworm gut juice or dilute alkali solutions.
DYSENTERY BACILLI—SHIGELLA: A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW
Authors: Bensted H. J.
Published: February 2010

This is a brief history of the bacteriology of bacillary dysentery from the time of its differentiation from the amoebic disease up to the present time. It is meant to be a story of events rather than a critical essay. A certain amount of background has been introduced to indicate the problems of identification and classification of the various bacterial types of the disease. Inevitably more space has been given to the mannite-fermenting organisms since the problem of their antigenic structure and interrelationship took so many years to solve. The events leading up to the present serological classification of the dysentery bacilli are set out and certain other problems e.g., those related to the carriage of Shigella antigens by other members of the Enterobacteriaceae are discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE BACTERIA AND VIRUSES TO OTHER LIVING THINGS
Authors: Breed Robert S.
Published: February 2010

In the forthcoming edition of Bergey's Manual, the classification used has been rearranged on the assumption that the polar-flagellate, photoautotrophic bacteria existent today are the living organisms that are most nearly like primordial types of bacteria. The primordial bacteria—like living things out of which other living things (animal and plant) have developed—must have been preceded by other living things of a size comparable to living viruses. However, unlike filterable viruses, which represent a comparatively recent evolutionary development, primordial living things must have existed on simple, presumably inorganic foods and must have been very different physiologically from viruses. The new classification has been greatly developed by the group of specialists that have helped in the preparation of the new Manual. The (a) blue-green algae, (b) bacteria, (c) rickettsias and viruses are arranged in the improved classification as three classes in Division I, Protophyta Sachs of the Plant Kingdom. The number of orders in Class II, Schizomycetes has been increased from 5 to 10 by a subdivision of previously recognized orders and by the recognition of a recently proposed new Order X, Mycoplasmatales Freundt for the pleuropneumonia-like organisms. The classification of the rickettsias and viruses will be discussed in a separate paper.
"ORDNUNG IN DAS CHAOS" MIGULA
Authors: Cowan S. T.
Published: February 2010

Bacterial classifications based on morphology soon led to chaos, and a semblance of order was restored by using physiological characters. With the accumulation of knowledge chaos is raising its head again. Good classification depends on accurate characterization; standardized methods can help to make descriptions comparable and of more uniform value. Many descriptions need amplification and this could be provided by the expert sub-committees of the International Committee on Bacteriological Nomenclature. Classification must precede the naming of the bacteria, and much remains to be done in the realm of nomenclature. The year 1753 was fixed as the starting date; thus many names without adequate descriptions are in use today. It appears that Serratia marcescens was originally applied to a yeast and is thus not available as the name of a bacterium.Steps that might be taken to reduce nomenclatural chaos include the conservation of certain specific epithets and the selection of type strains; withholding recognition of species for which a type culture is not available; the registration of new names; and publication of newly described species in a limited number of recognized and official journals.
THE ENTEROBACTERIAL HEMAGGLUTINATION TEST AND ITS DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIALITIES
Authors: Neter E. , Gorzynski E. A. , Gino R. M. , Westphal O. , Lüderitz O.
Published: February 2010

Crude Salmonella antigens obtained from heated cultures are readily adsorbed on human red blood cells; the latter are specifically agglutinated by homologous bacterial antibodies, This Salmonella hemagglutination test is shown to be a sensitive tool for the detection of antibodies developed during salmonellosis and is distinctly superior to the conventional bacterial agglutination test. Patients with Salmonella infection may develop homologous hemagglutinins in high titer and a variety of heterologous enteric antibodies in low titer. These antibodies can be differentiated by absorption with modified red blood cells. Three different purified Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides as well as the corresponding crude antigens can be simultaneously adsorbed on red blood cells. A suspension of red blood cells modified with several Salmonella and Shigella antigens is shown to be suitable as a polyvalent antigen for the detection of enterobacterial antibodies. The possible clinical usefulness of the monovalent and polyvalent enterobacterial hemagglutination tests is discussed.
THE EFFECTS OF THE IONIC ENVIRONMENT ON THE CHROMATIN STRUCTURES OF BACTERIA
Authors: Whitfield J. F. , Murray R. G. E.
Published: February 2010

The aggregation of bacterial chromatin into compact masses under a variety of circumstances (exposure to high salt concentrations, low temperature, ultraviolet irradiation, metabolic inhibitors, and starvation) is a function of the concentration of electrolytes in the environment of the cell. This effect can be prevented or reversed in an environment deficient in salts. The observations indicate that chromatin aggregation is a consequence of interaction of cations (Na+ and K+, in particular) and polymerized desoxyribose nucleic acid, which behaves as an anionic gel. The organisms used (Shigella dysenteriae, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Caryophanon latum, a wild yeast, and a Geotrichum sp.) were able to maintain their "normal" configuration of chromatin in salt-deficient media and in media with up to 3% salt as long as their metabolism was intact. Disruption of metabolism by exposure to cold or metabolic inhibitors produced aggregation or dispersion of chromatin according to the ionic environment. This range of change in nuclear form can be produced in the living cell without apparent or permanent damage to viability. These studies indicate that bacterial and fungal cells share with cells of higher organisms the ability to regulate the influx and efflux of cations. Chromatin serves as a sensitive indicator of the integrity of these ion regulatory mechanisms. Some implications of these observations are discussed.
COMMENTS ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE ORDER RICKETTSIALES
Authors: Philip Cornelius B.
Published: February 2010

The classification of the Rickettsiales is discussed for taxa above species. A new Class, Microtatobiotes, meaning smallest life, is proposed to include Orders Rickettsiales and Virales. Other new proposals are: Tribe Wolbachiae under Rickettsiales including two new genera Symbiotes (genotype Rickettsia lectularia Arkwright et al.) and Rickettsiella (genotype Coxiella popillae Dutky and Gooden). Extensive new synonymy is provided in genera and species under Rickettsia, Coxiella, Cowdria, Miyagawanella, and Wolbachia.
PHAGE-TYPING AND ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCI ISOLATED IN A GENERAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Bynoe E. T. , Elder R. H. , Comtois R. D.
Published: February 2010

Staphylococcus aureus isolated from various sources in a hospital, from March, 1953, to March, 1954, were phage-typed and tested for sensitivity to seven antibiotics. Of the dressings from 1400 clean operations, 15.7% were found to contain S. aureus and 8% of the postoperative wounds were clinically infected. Of 516 cultures, 95.4% were typable with the 32 phages used. Group III strains were predominant in the cultures from the patients and showed a higher degree of resistance to many of the antibiotics than did the strains of Groups I, II, and IV or the strains isolated from student nurses on starting their training, before exposure to the hospital environment. While a high proportion of strains in the hospital were resistant to the more commonly used antibiotics, penicillin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin, very few strains were resistant to erythromycin, chloramphenicol, or neomycin. A new phage type '81', the causative agent of 50% of the boils and abscesses investigated, was discovered. This has been found to be a common strain in Canadian hospitals and its similarity to the Australian hospital strain '80' is pointed out.
THE PRESERVATION OF BACTERIA
Authors: Greaves R. I. N.
Published: February 2010

The method of centrifugal vacuum freezing together with the use of a drying medium consisting of three parts serum, one part broth, and [Formula: see text] glucose has been shown to be suitable for preserving bacteria in the dry state. The method, however, demands a very rapid speed of evaporation and this may lead to contamination of the apparatus and even cross-contamination of cultures. Also, since the temperature of drying is not very low the choice of drying medium is restricted because of the frothing of many media that would otherwise be suitable. To overcome these difficulties an apparatus was designed for drying at a temperature below −30 °C. With this apparatus a highly effective drying medium containing no protein can be used. The drying medium recommended for use with this apparatus consists of equal parts of 10% dextran and 12% peptone, to which is added glucose [Formula: see text] and a detergent "Triton W.R. 1339", 1/4000 (w/v).