bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative ethanol production for two corn varieties by commercial enzymes
Authors: Mangat Manraj , Kalra Krishan Lal , Kocher Gurvinder Singh , Phutela Rajpal , Sharma Savita
Published: October 2010

Two local corn hybrid varieties PMH‐1 and PMH‐2 were evaluated for ethanol production. Corn flour (2.0 mm) was prepared and liquefied with about 3 KNU/g of starch and saccharified subsequently with Spirizyme. Spirizyme concentrations were optimized as 5 and 7 AGU/g of starch for PMH‐1 and PMH‐2 with saccharification levels of 81.1 and 85.6%, respectively. The ethanol production was maximum at 20% solids with yields of 0.45 and 0.52 g/g of starch for PMH‐1 and PMH‐2, respectively.
Advancing systems engineering in support of the bid and proposal process
Authors: Smartt Clement , Ferreira Susan
Published: October 2010

Qualifying strategic opportunities to pursue and capitalizing on those opportunities is key to the very survival of an organization. Successful organizations that thrive on contract work capture contracts and earn a profit executing those contracts. Systems engineers are generally the “cradle to grave” technical points of contact for projects and are charged with guiding the definition of the technical solutions in the early lifecycle stages. This paper examines existing research that may guide systems engineering in support of bid and proposal pursuits. Systems engineering, software engineering, bid management, economics, finance, game theory, and cognitive psychology literature are all mined for areas related to bidding. As a result, a number of research opportunities are identified. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14
What the Achievement Gap Conversation is Missing
Authors: Seaton Eleanor K.
Published: October 2010

There is a persistent achievement gap that persists between students of color and their white counterparts. This is a national crisis and is one of the biggest problems facing American society. However, this research should consider two phenomena regarding the gap: adolescent perceptions of racial discrimination and racial identity. Among African American youth, perceptions of discrimination have been negatively linked to diminished achievement motivation, grade point average and school engagement. Yet, racial identity has been shown to be an effective protective factor for perceived discrimination in relation to academic achievement. Thus, addressing the achievement gap requires consideration of these two complex constructs for African American youth.
Pain and genes: Genetic contribution to pain variability, chronic pain and analgesic responses
Authors: Møller Anette T. , Jensen Troels S.
Published: October 2010

Pain afflicts up to 20% of the population in the Western World and represents a challenge for clinicians and scientists because of a large interindividual variability in: (a) pain sensitivity, (b) in development of chronic pain and (c) in the response to analgesics. The personal and socioeconomic costs are considerable. The genetic approach to investigate pain has identified several potential areas of interest to understand genetic predisposition, the occurrence of pain and the variability of pain in human and in mice. In this paper, we will focus on genetic methods and variables influencing pain and pharmacotherapy elucidating the complexity of the area. Examples of promising candidate genes and allelic variables have been intensively studied and the number has been increasing during recent years with more or less reproducible results.
The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein K is important for Herpes simplex virus‐1 propagation
Authors: Schmidt Tina , Striebinger Hannah , Haas Jürgen , Bailer Susanne M.
Published: October 2010

The heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) K is an evolutionarily conserved protein with roles in signal transduction and gene expression. An impact of hnRNP K on the life cycle of a broad range of viral pathogens was reported while functional data for herpesviruses were lacking. In this study we show that hnRNP K is important for Herpes simplex virus 1 egress. In absence of hnRNP K, viral entry, gene expression, viral DNA replication, and maturation of nuclear particles appear normal whereas release of infectious virions to the extracellular space was significantly affected. Our results indicate that hnRNP K has an impact on a late step of herpesviral propagation making it a potential antiviral target.
Regulation of splicing enhancer activities by RNA secondary structures
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhou Yu , Hu Zexi , Sun Tao , Denise Alain , Fu Xiang-Dong , Zhang Yi
Published: October 2010

In this report, we studied the effect of RNA structures on the activity of exonic splicing enhancers on the SMN1 minigene model by engineering known ESEs into different positions of stable hairpins. We found that as short as 7‐bp stem is sufficient to abolish the enhancer activity. When placing ESEs in the loop region, AG‐rich ESEs are fully active, but a UCG‐rich ESE is not because of additional structural constraints. ESEs placed adjacent to the 3′ end of the hairpin structure display high enhancer activity, regardless of their sequence identities. These rules explain the suppression of multiple ESEs by point mutations that result in a stable RNA structure, and provide an additional mechanism for the C6T mutation in SMN2.
Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐mediated regulation of PPP1R3C promotes glycogen accumulation in human MCF‐7 cells under hypoxia
Authors: Shen Guo-Min , Zhang Feng-Lin , Liu Xiao-Ling , Zhang Jun-Wu
Published: October 2010

Hundreds of genes can be regulated by hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 (HIF1) under hypoxia. Here we demonstrated a HIF1‐mediated induction of protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3C gene (
PPP1R3C) in human MCF7 cells under hypoxia. By mutation analysis we confirmed the presence of a functional hypoxia response element that is located 229 bp upstream from the PPP1R3C gene. PPP1R3C induction correlates with a significant glycogen accumulation in MCF7 cells under hypoxia. Knockdown of either HIF1α or PPP1R3C attenuated hypoxia‐induced glycogen accumulation significantly. Knockdown of HIF2α reduced hypoxia‐induced glycogen accumulation slightly (but not significantly). Our results demonstrated that HIF1 promotes glycogen accumulation through regulating PPP1R3C expression under hypoxia, which revealed a novel metabolic adaptation of cells to hypoxia.
DYW‐type PPR proteins in a heterolobosean protist: Plant RNA editing factors involved in an ancient horizontal gene transfer?
Authors: Knoop Volker , Rüdinger Mareike
Published: October 2010

A particular type of pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins with variable length of the 35 aa PPR motifs and conserved carboxyterminal extensions, named the PLS proteins, was so far exclusively identified in land plants. Several PLS proteins with such domain extensions (E, E+, DYW) were shown to be involved in plant organellar RNA editing but their evolutionary origin had remained enigmatic. We here report the first case of DYW‐type PLS proteins outside of the plant kingdom in the protist Naegleria gruberi and hypothesize on horizontal gene transfer in very early land plant evolution.
Ikaros in immune receptor signaling, lymphocyte differentiation, and function
Authors: Merkenschlager Matthias
Published: October 2010

Ikaros is the founding member of a family of transcription factors. Ikaros proteins are required for the normal development of lymphocytes and other blood cell lineages, and have an important role in haematopoietic malignancies. Accumulating data link Ikaros to immune receptor rearrangement and signaling, and the balance between proliferation and differentiation of immune cells. The emerging picture is that Ikaros family members are critical for a functional immune system that confers protection against invading pathogens, while minimising the risk of leukaemic transformation, immune pathology, and autoimmunity.
A disulfide linkage in a CCCH zinc finger motif of an Arabidopsis CPSF30 ortholog
Authors: Addepalli Balasubrahmanyam , Limbach Patrick A. , Hunt Arthur G.
Published: October 2010

The Arabidopsis ortholog of the 30 kDa subunit of the cleavage and polyadenylation factor (AtCPSF30) is an RNA binding endonuclease, and the endonuclease activity is inhibited by reducing agents. Here, we report the presence of a disulfide linkage in the endonuclease motif based on comparative mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of reduced and non‐reduced but carbamidomethylated protein. This analysis reveals that this disulfide bond involves a CCCH zinc finger motif, one that is associated with the endonuclease activity of AtCPSF30. This finding raises the possibility that redox regulation of AtCPSF30 may occur through oxidation and reduction of the disulfide linkage.
Gastrin increases its own synthesis in gastrointestinal cancer cells via the CCK2 receptor
Authors: Kovac Suzana , Xiao Lin , Shulkes Arthur , Patel Oneel , Baldwin Graham S.
Published: October 2010

The involvement of the gastrointestinal hormone gastrin in the development of gastrointestinal cancer is highly controversial. Here we demonstrate a positive‐feedback loop whereby gastrin, acting via the CCK2 receptor, increases its own expression. Such an autocrine loop has not previously been reported for any other gastrointestinal hormone. Gastrin promoter activation was dependent on the MAP kinase pathway and did not involve Sp1 binding sites or epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. As the treatment of gastrointestinal cancer cells with amidated gastrin led to increased expression of non‐amidated gastrins, the positive‐feedback loop may contribute to the sustained increase in circulating gastrins observed in colorectal cancer patients.
Molecular evidence that cortical synaptic growth predominates during the first decade of life in humans
Authors: Webster Maree J. , Elashoff Michael , Weickert Cynthia Shannon
Published: October 2010

Theories concerning the pathology of human neurodevelopmental disorders that emerge in adolescence, such as schizophrenia, often hypothesize that there may be a failure of normal cortical synaptic loss or pruning. However, direct evidence that synaptic regression is a major developmental event in the adolescent human cortex is limited. Furthermore, developmental work in rodents suggested that synaptic regression in adolescence is not a major feature of cortical development. Thus, we set out to determine when and to what extent molecular markers of synaptic terminals [synaptophysin (SYP), SNAP‐25, syntaxin1A (STX1A), and vesicle‐associated membrane protein 1 (VAMP1)] are reduced during postnatal human life spanning from 1 month to 45 years (n = 69) using several different quantitative methods, microarray, qPCR and immunoblotting. We found little evidence for a consistent decrease in synaptic‐related molecular markers at any time point, but instead found clear patterns of gradual increases in expression of some presynaptic markers with postnatal age (including SNAP‐25, VAMP1 and complexin 1 (CPLX1) mRNAs and 6/6 presynaptic proteins evaluated). A measure of synaptic plasticity [growth‐associated protein of 43 kDa (GAP‐43)] was elevated in neonates, and continued robust expression throughout life. Since CPLX1 protein is enriched in inhibitory terminals we also tested if the protein product of complexin 2 (CPLX2), which is enriched in excitatory neurons, is more specifically reduced in development. In contrast to CPLX1, which showed a steady increase in both mRNA and protein levels during postnatal development (both r > 0.58, p < 0.001), CPLX2 mRNA decreased from infants to toddlers (r = −0.56, p < 0.001), while CPLX2 protein showed a steady increase until young adulthood (r = 0.55, p < 0.001). Furthermore, we found that indices of the dendrites [microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP2)] and spines (spinophilin and postsynaptic density protein of 95 kDa (PSD95)] showed some evidence of reduction over time at the mRNA level but the opposite pattern, of a developmental increase, was found for PSD95 and spinophilin protein levels. Taken together, the postnatal changes in molecular components of synapses supports the notion that growth and strengthening of synaptic elements is a major developmental event occurring in the frontal cortex throughout childhood and that maintenance of steady state levels of synapse‐associated molecules may predominate during human adolescence.
Integrated knowledge of agreement in early and late English–Spanish bilinguals
Authors: FOOTE REBECCA
Published: October 2010

Research suggests that late bilinguals may have persistent difficulties with the automatic access and use of some second language structures because of a lack of underlying integrated knowledge of those structures. In contrast, early bilinguals show advantages in aspects of language use that require this type of automatic knowledge. This study investigated whether early and late English–Spanish bilinguals evidence integrated knowledge of agreement in Spanish by examining their sensitivity to agreement errors while reading for comprehension. The results of a pilot and two experiments indicate that both early and late bilinguals do possess integrated knowledge of subject–verb number agreement and noun–adjective gender agreement in Spanish, although sensitivity to agreement errors interacts with properties of the experimental stimuli.
Economics' Fall from Grace
Authors: Rudolph Lloyd I. , Rudolph Susanne Hoeber
Published: October 2010

Not long ago, many political scientists suffered from economics envy. Some still do. They view economics as the queen of the social sciences, claiming that it is “scientific,” like physics. Physicists and other natural scientists spend most of their time trying to explain phenomena, but non-behavioral micro-economists spend most of their time on mathematical proofs and econometric tests of a priori theories based on intuitive plausibility or principles of “rational action.” Being “scientific” it was alleged, meant that economics could access objective knowledge, knowledge that was said to be true independent of time, place, and circumstance. Robert Bates called on political scientists to do the same by arguing that they should be in search of “lawful regularities which … must not be context bound” (Bates 1997b).
The Case of the Pilfered Paper: Implications of Online Writing Assistance and Web-Based Plagiarism Detection Services
Authors: Morgan Phoebe , Vaughn Jacqueline
Published: October 2010

While there is nothing new about academic dishonesty, how it is committed, prevented, and detected has been dramatically transformed by the advent of online technologies. This article briefly describes the concurrent emergence of online writing assistance services and Web-based plagiarism detection tools and examines the implications of both for student-faculty relations, faculty workload, and student learning. Finally, we provide three alternative strategies for deterring, detecting, and documenting all forms of plagiarism.
How to Influence Government Policy with Your Research: Tips from Practicing Political Scientists in Government
Authors: Farmer Rick
Published: October 2010

Government policymakers rarely consult with academic experts before formulating policy positions. When policymakers do seek out academics, they are often attempting to justify a position they already hold, not searching for objective analysis. Academics could add much to the policy debate if they were more meaningfully engaged in the discussion.
Soziale Kompetenzen, transaktives Interaktionsverhalten und Lernerfolg
Authors: Jurkowski Susanne , Hänze Martin
Published: October 2010

Gruppenunterricht, der durch eine stärkere positive Interdependenz der Lernenden gekennzeichnet ist, stellt hohe Anforderungen an die sozialen Kompetenzen der Lernenden sowie an die Qualität der aufgabeninhaltsbezogenen Lernerinteraktion. Positive Interdependenz kann durch eine ungeteilte Wissensbasis zwischen den Gruppenmitgliedern realisiert werden. In zwei aufeinander aufbauenden Untersuchungen sind wir den Fragen nachgegangen, inwiefern soziale Kompetenzen den Lernerfolg im Gruppenunterricht beeinflussen und welche Bedeutung dabei transaktivem aufgabeninhaltsbezogenem Interaktionsverhalten zukommt (Untersuchung I) sowie welchen Effekt auf den Lernerfolg eine Unterstützung des transaktiven Interaktionsverhaltens durch ein Kooperationsskript hat (Untersuchung II). In Untersuchung I wurden in einem Experiment zwei unterschiedlich gestaltete Gruppenunterrichtsbedingungen verglichen. In der einen Gruppenunterrichtsbedingung war die positive Interdependenz der Lernenden durch eine ungeteilte Wissensbasis stärker ausgeprägt, in der anderen Gruppenunterrichtsbedingung war die positive Interdependenz aufgrund einer geteilten Wissensbasis geringer ausgeprägt. Soziale Kompetenzen beeinflussten in beiden Bedingungen den Lernerfolg. Der Einfluss sozialer Kompetenzen auf den Lernerfolg wurde partiell über das integrierende transaktive Interaktionsverhalten vermittelt. In Untersuchung II zeigte sich im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe in der Gruppenunterrichtsbedingung mit einem Kooperationsskript, das sich auf die integrierende transaktive Interaktion bezog, eine höhere Verstehensleistung.
Müdigkeit, Hyperpigmentierung, Gewichtsverlust, Nausea und Erbrechen
Authors: Locher  , Kohler  , Schwanda  , Schmid
Published: October 2010

Bei dieser Patientin wurde klinisch und laborchemisch bei typischen Elektrolytstörungen sowie tiefem Morgen-Kortisol und erhöhtem Adrenokortikotropem Hormon eine chronische primäre Nebenniereninsuffizienz diagnostiziert, der bei positivem Antikörpernachweis eine Autoimmunadrenalitis zugrundelag. Die zusätzliche primäre Hypothyreose (bei positiven Thyreoperoxidase-Antikörper, anti-TPO-Ak) und die Sprue sprachen für ein polyglanduläres Autoimmunsyndrom (PAS) Typ 2. Die Behandlung mit Hydrokortison, später zusätzlich mit einem Mineralokortikoid und Thyroxin zeigte eine rasche Regredienz der Beschwerden. Bei Patienten mit Morbus Addison ist ein Screening für andere endokrinologische Erkrankungen erforderlich.
Kunsttherapiestudie: Möglichkeiten der Krankheitsbewältigung bei Krebs
Authors: Menninghaus Kristina , Sinapius Peter
Published: October 2010

Zusammenfassung. Der Artikel stellt eine phänomenologisch orientierte Einzelfallstudie vor, die die Möglichkeiten der Krankheits- und Krisenbewältigung durch künstlerisches Gestalten bei Krebs zum Thema hatte. Ihr Gegenstand waren 116 Bildern aus der Kunsttherapie einer an Krebs erkrankten Frau. Im Zusammenhang mit dieser Studie wurde mit Bezug auf phänomenologische Forschungsinstrumente aus den künstlerischen Therapien eine „vierstufige Methode zur Betrachtung bildnerischer Phänomene” entwickelt, die hier dargestellt und begründet wird. Die Ergebnisse der Studie – vier Möglichkeiten der Krankheitsbewältigung durch künstlerisches Gestalten – werden im Zusammenhang mit den einzelnen Schritten der Untersuchung dargelegt.
Die Effekte von Kunsttherapie auf das Erleben und Verhalten männlicher Patienten mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen in der forensischen Psychiatrie
Authors: Watermann Katja
Published: October 2010

Zusammenfassung. Die Zielsetzung der vorliegenden Untersuchung ist, nachzuweisen, dass Kunsttherapie eine wichtige Ergänzung bei der Behandlung von Persönlichkeitsstörungen ist und das Erleben und Verhalten von Patienten und damit auch ihre Behandlung positiv beeinflussen kann. Um dies zu belegen, wurde eine einjährige Evaluationsstudie mit einem speziellen kunsttherapeutischen Behandlungskonzept in der forensischen Psychiatrie durchgeführt. An der Untersuchung nahmen 16 männliche Patienten mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen teil. Evaluiert wurde mittels qualitativer und quantitativer Methoden. Als qualitative Erhebungsinstrumente diente ein Abschlussinterview zur Patientenzufriedenheit und Selbsteinschätzung. Außerdem wurde das Instrument zur Beobachtung und Auswertung kunsttherapeutischer Prozesse (IBAKP) verwendet, dass für diese Untersuchung eigens entwickelt wurde. Die Ergebnisse werden zurzeit ausgewertet. Als quantitatives Erhebungsinstrument diente der Veränderungsfragebogen des Erlebens und Verhaltens (VEV) von Zielke und Kopf-Mehnert (1978) . Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung belegen, dass die Anwendung von Kunsttherapie als additives Verfahren zu herkömmlichen Maßnahmen sehr gute Bedingungen bietet das Erleben und Verhalten von Menschen mit Persönlichkeitsstörungen in der forensischen Psychiatrie positiv zu beeinflussen. Die Effekte sind durch diese Untersuchung noch nicht zweifelsfrei belegt, weisen aber in eine eindeutige Richtung.
Wirkung von Musik auf das Herz- und Kreislauf-System
Authors: Trappe Hans-Joachim
Published: October 2010

Zusammenfassung. Musik (M) hat nachweisbare Effekte auf Herzfrequenz (HF), Herzfrequenzvariabilität (HRV) und andere physiologische Parameter. Die Effekte von M auf das Herz-Kreislauf-System sind oft beschrieben, systematische Untersuchungen erst kürzlich vorgelegt. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass M als Prämedikation vor herzchirurgischen Eingriffen (Herz-Op) zu einer signifikant niedrigen Ängstlichkeitsrate führte als Midazolam (p < 0,001). Auch Stress wurde nach Herz-Ops bei M-Applikation wesentlich seltener beobachtet als ohne Verabreichung von M, so dass M integraler Bestandteil der Behandlung nach Herz-Ops sein sollte. M hat auch bei Herzkatheteruntersuchungen, bei depressiven oder alten Menschen, im Rahmen der Schmerz-, Intensiv- bzw. Palliativmedizin signifikant positive Effekte und sollte häufiger angewendet werden als bisher. M sollte individuell nach den Wünschen der Pt ausgewählt werden, da nur so die gewünschten positiven Effekte von M erreicht werden. Ängste werden durch M vermieden und M führt zu einer Steigerung der Lebensqualität (QoL). Die besten M-Effekte sind durch klassische oder meditative M zu erreichen, Heavy Metal or Techno-M sind ineffektiv oder gar schädlich und können zu Stress oder lebensgefährlichen Arrhythmien führen. Es gibt viele Komponisten, deren M zu einer Verbesserung der QoL führt, besonders Bach, Mozart oder italienische Komponisten sind hier zu nennen.
Musiktherapie bei Brustkrebspatientinnen mit Depressionen
Authors: Oh Jung-Suk
Published: October 2010

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Studie geht es um die Verbesserung der Lebensqualität von Brustkrebspatientinnen mit Depressionen durch Musiktherapie und um die Messbarkeit der Therapieerfolge mittels funktioneller Magnetresonanzbildgebung. Das musiktherapeutische Konzept steht unter dem Leitgedanken „Bewusstsein des Seins”. Die Therapie zielt dabei auf die Erleichterung der Krankheitsverarbeitung bei depressiven Brustkrebspatientinnen. Die Therapieziele wurden anhand musiktherapeutischer Fragestellungen sowie deren Auswertung hinsichtlich psychologischer und medizinischer Ergebnisse überprüft. Die Hypothese, dass sich die Lebensqualität von depressiven Brustkrebspatientinnen durch Musiktherapie verbessert, sowie die Hypothese, dass Patientinnen mit einer Depression nach Diagnose und Therapie von Brustkrebs eine veränderte auditorische Wahrnehmung aufweisen, die sich nach der Musiktherapie normalisiert, wurden durch die musiktherapeutischen Untersuchungen und durch die funktionelle Magnetresonanzbildgebung signifikant positiv bestätigt.
A stochastic jump diffusion particle‐tracking model (SJD‐PTM) for sediment transport in open channel flows
Authors: Oh Jungsun , Tsai Christina W.
Published: October 2010

A stochastic jump diffusion (SJD) process is used to describe movement of sediment particles in open channel flows. The stochastic jump diffusion particle‐tracking model (SJD‐PTM) is governed by the stochastic differential equation (SDE). The SDE consists of three main terms including a mean drift motion term, a Wiener process representing random turbulent motion, and a Poisson process describing the abrupt movement of particles caused by probabilistic occurrences of the extreme flow perturbations. The proposed SJD‐PTM can characterize the probabilistic properties of sediment particle movement by simulating the most probable trajectory and ensemble variances of particle movement associated with both flow turbulence and random occurrences of extreme flow perturbations. For the particle movement in response to extreme flow occurrences, we have introduced the particle relaxation time (temporal lag) to quantify the delayed response of sediment particles to large flow perturbations because of the particle inertia effect. The particle relaxation time is derived from a consideration of the forces exerted on particles under the effect of flow accelerations. The particle relaxation time is demonstrated to be dependent on particle size and density as well as the particle Reynolds number. The impact of drag and added mass forces on the ensemble mean and variance of particle trajectory is also evaluated. The particle relaxation time is found to be a factor that diminishes the impact of the extreme flow perturbations. It is shown that heavier and larger particles normally have a larger particle relaxation time, a decreased particle jump magnitude and a smaller ensemble variance of particle trajectories in the occurrences of extreme flow perturbations. It is concluded that the proposed SJD‐PTM with the particle relaxation time can better describe the movement of sediment particles of nonnegligible size in response to extreme flow perturbations. The ability to quantify the variances of particle movement more comprehensively is one of the major advantages associated with the SJD‐PTM for longer‐term sediment transport modeling and predictions. The proposed SJD‐PTM is verified against two distinct experimental data.
Teleseismic double‐difference relocation of earthquakes along the Sumatra‐Andaman subduction zone using a 3‐D model
Authors: Pesicek J. D. , Thurber C. H. , Zhang H. , DeShon H. R. , Engdahl E. R. , Widiyantoro S.
Published: October 2010

We have extended the double‐difference seismic tomography method to teleseismic distances with 3‐D ray tracing conducted through nested regional‐global velocity models and applied the method to relocate seismicity from the Sumatra‐Andaman region before and after the great earthquakes of 2004 and 2005. We tested the algorithm's accuracy using both independent local data and an alternate relocation method and found good agreement between the results. The use of depth phases, differential times, and a realistic 3‐D velocity model improves the accuracy and precision of epicenters and focal depths, systematically shifting them perpendicular to the trench and shallower, respectively. The relocations refine the location of the megathrust and other faults, the patterns of aftershocks, and their relation to slip during the two great earthquakes. In addition, the relocations reveal several discrete features not readily discernible in the scatter of teleseismic catalogs, including an arcuate, narrow band of earthquakes presumed to define the updip rupture limit in the 2005 event and a lineation at depth tracing the subduction of the Investigator Fracture Zone. When viewed in conjunction with tomography results, the geometry and structural features of the subduction zone are revealed in unprecedented detail.
Structure of the human gastric bacterial community in relation to Helicobacter pylori status
Authors: Maldonado-Contreras Ana , Goldfarb Kate C , Godoy-Vitorino Filipa , Karaoz Ulas , Contreras Mónica , Blaser Martin J , Brodie Eoin L , Dominguez-Bello Maria G
Published: October 2010

The human stomach is naturally colonized by Helicobacter pylori, which, when present, dominates the gastric bacterial community. In this study, we aimed to characterize the structure of the bacterial community in the stomach of patients of differing H. pylori status. We used a high-density 16S rRNA gene microarray (PhyloChip, Affymetrix, Inc.) to hybridize 16S rRNA gene amplicons from gastric biopsy DNA of 10 rural Amerindian patients from Amazonas, Venezuela, and of two immigrants to the United States (from South Asia and Africa, respectively). H. pylori status was determined by PCR amplification of H. pylori glmM from gastric biopsy samples. Of the 12 patients, 8 (6 of the 10 Amerindians and the 2 non-Amerindians) were H. pylori glmM positive. Regardless of H. pylori status, the PhyloChip detected Helicobacteriaceae DNA in all patients, although with lower relative abundance in patients who were glmM negative. The G2-chip taxonomy analysis of PhyloChip data indicated the presence of 44 bacterial phyla (of which 16 are unclassified by the Taxonomic Outline of the Bacteria and Archaea taxonomy) in a highly uneven community dominated by only four phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Positive H. pylori status was associated with increased relative abundance of non-Helicobacter bacteria from the Proteobacteria, Spirochetes and Acidobacteria, and with decreased abundance of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The PhyloChip detected richness of low abundance phyla, and showed marked differences in the structure of the gastric bacterial community according to H. pylori status.
Water Turnover Assessment in Overweight Adolescents
Authors: O'Connell Bláthnaid N. , Weinheimer Eileen M. , Martin Berdine R. , Weaver Connie M. , Campbell Wayne W.
Published: October 2010

Adequate intake (AI) standards for water in adolescents range between 2.4–3.3 l/day for males and 2.1–2.3 l/day for females, independent of obesity status. Water intakes and excretions of this population are not well documented. The purposes of this study were to assess water turnover, inputs, and outputs in overweight adolescents, compare these parameters between males and females, and evaluate the reproducibility of water turnover. Eighteen girls (BMI 31.7 ± 4 kg/m2; mean ± s.d.) and nine boys (BMI 26.3 ± 3 kg/m2) aged 12–15 years completed two 3‐week metabolic balance trials. Rate of water turnover (rH2O) was measured by tracking the decline of deuterated water from the body over 14 days. Water inputs (diet*, ad libitum#, metabolic#) and outputs (urine*, feces*, insensible#) were assessed (*measured, #estimated). rH2O was lower (P = 0.002) in girls vs. boys (3,742 ± 536 vs. 4,537 ± 623 g/day). Per kg body weight, rH2O was 28% lower in girls vs. boys (46 ± 7 vs. 64 ± 9 g·kg−1·day−1). Water input from food and beverages provided and metabolic production were 44 and 28% lower, respectively, in girls vs. boys. Urine and insensible water losses were 21 and 17% lower in girls vs. boys. BMI was positively associated with water turnover in both sexes (girls P = 0.037; boys P = 0.014). The intraclass correlation of rH2O between trials was 0.981 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, these overweight adolescents consumed water well in excess of sex‐specific AI standards. The lower rH2O in girls compared to boys is consistent with adult females and males.
Internet-Based Telehealth Assessment of Language Using the CELF–4
Authors: Waite Monique C. , Theodoros Deborah G. , Russell Trevor G. , Cahill Louise M.
Published: October 2010

Purpose

Telehealth has the potential to improve children’s access to speech-language pathology services. Validation of telehealth applications, including the assessment of childhood language disorders, is necessary for telehealth to become an accepted alternative mode of service provision. The aim of this study was to validate an Internet-based telehealth system for assessing childhood language disorders.

Method

Twenty-five children ages 5 to 9 years were assessed using the core language subtests of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals—4th Edition (CELF–4; Semel, Wiig, & Secord, 2003). Each participant was simultaneously assessed online and face-to-face (FTF). Assessments were administered by either an online or an FTF speech-language pathologist (SLP), but were simultaneously rated by both SLPs.

Results

No significant difference was found between the online and FTF total raw scores and scaled scores for each subtest. Weighted kappas revealed very good agreement on the individual items, total raw scores, scaled scores, core language score, and severity level. Intra- and interrater reliability were determined for a sample of online ratings, with intraclass correlation analysis revealing very good agreement on all measures.

Conclusion

The results of this study support the validity and reliability of scoring the core language subtests of the CELF–4 via telehealth.
Current Issues: Evidence-Based Practice for the Real World: Thoughts on Clinical Education in Communication Disorders
Authors: Bothe Anne K.
Published: October 2010

This article presents some streamlined and intentionally oversimplified ideas about educating future communication disorders professionals to use some of the most basic principles of evidence-based practice. Working from a popular five-step approach, modifications are suggested that may make the ideas more accessible, and therefore more useful, for university faculty, other supervisors, and future professionals in speech-language pathology, audiology, and related fields.
Ethics: If It's Not Documented, It Didn’t Happen
Authors: Moore Barbara J.
Published: October 2010

Documentation is essential to the daily activities of a school-based speech-language pathologist or audiologist. Federal requirements for accountability drive increasing paperwork demands, which often seem to detract from time with students. This article will address some of the general paperwork questions pertaining to documentation, as well as consider how emerging trends in service delivery should be documented.
Supervision: Formative Feedback for Clinical Documentation in a University Speech-Language Pathology Program
Authors: Staltari Caterina F. , Baft-Neff Annette , Marra Lori J. , Rentschler Gary J.
Published: October 2010

Assessment of clinical documentation written by graduate student clinicians in the field of speech-language pathology has been viewed as a challenge for clinical instructors. Typically, instructor feedback included verbal and written comments or suggestions for modification and/or line by line edits. However, it was difficult to determine whether this feedback was useful in improving the clinical documentation skills of graduate student clinicians across semesters, given that students are rotated among clinical instructors, across disorders, and across populations. It has been well documented that verbal and written feedback to students has been inconsistent across clinical instructors (Dowling, 2001). Our University Clinic at Duquesne attempted to provide more formative and consistent feedback to students to improve clinical documentation skills. A “Grading Rubric for Clinical Documentation” developed at Duquesne's University Clinic identifies students' strengths and weaknesses in professional writing across three parameters: content, organization, and writing mechanics. Using this rubric, a “Clinical Documentation Checklist” was developed which provided a quantitative summary of performance. This checklist was given to students at various stages throughout their clinical practicum to provide quantitative information pertaining to writing skills in an effort to improve clinical documentation. In addition to this checklist, qualitative information was provided in the form of line-by-line edits and suggestions for modification of the document. Our goal was to provide both forms of information to assist students in understanding their strengths and weaknesses as they progress in their ability to document clinical encounters. This study found that most students benefitted from the verbal and written feedback provided by supervisors; however, the Documentation Checklist was also noted to be useful in improving clinical writing skills.
Business: The Crisis of Confidence in Professional Knowledge: Implications for Clinical Education in Speech-Language Pathology
Authors: DiLollo Anthony
Published: October 2010

There is a growing crisis in the confidence that society places in the professions, of which speech-language pathology is one. One symptom of this crisis is the increase in calls for more person-centered care (PCC) throughout the health-care industry. The provision of PCC has been shown to have positive effects on treatment outcomes and perceived quality of care in a variety of disciplines within the healthcare community. Speech-language pathologists, however, appear to be more task-oriented and provide more structured rather than person-centered therapy. One of the underlying factors responsible for this trend is the almost universal acceptance of technical rationality as the dominant philosophy for professional education. This positivist philosophy places the clinician in the role of instrumental problem solver and leaves little room for the artistry of professional practice. For this trend to change, fundamental transformations in the way professional speech-language pathologists are trained need to occur, with a shift in focus from professional knowledge to the artistry of practice.
Sound Production Treatment for Acquired Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Wambaugh Julie
Published: October 2010

Acquired apraxia of speech (AOS) has been demonstrated to be responsive to various types of treatments, even when AOS is chronic (Wambaugh, Duffy, McNeil, Robin, & Rogers, 2006a). Of the different types of AOS treatments, the Academy of Neurologic Communication Disorders and Sciences (ANCDS) AOS Treatment Guidelines report identified articulatory-kinematic treatments as having the strongest evidence supporting their use (Wambaugh et al., 2006a & b). Articulatory-kinematic treatments are those that employ techniques to improve speech production through the facilitation of movement, positioning, timing, and coordination of the articulators. Sound Production Treatment (SPT; Wambaugh, Kalinyak-Fliszar, West, & Doyle, 1998) is an articulatory-kinematic treatment that has received relatively more systematic study than other AOS treatments to date. This report describes SPT and the research supporting its application with speakers with AOS.
Studies of Articulatory Feedback Treatment for Apraxia of Speech Based on Electromagnetic Articulography
Authors: Katz William F. , McNeil Malcolm R.
Published: October 2010

Electromagnetic articulography (EMA) is a method originally designed for the laboratory measurement of speech articulatory motion (Schönle et al., 1987). We describe a novel use of this technology applied to the remediation of apraxia of speech (AOS). In this experimental technique, individuals with AOS are provided with real-time, visual information concerning the movement of the tongue during speech. From information sent via EMA sensors mounted on the tongue, patients are guided into hitting “targets” displayed on a computer monitor, designed to guide correct articulatory placement. The results of several studies suggest that augmented feedback-based treatment is efficacious and that this treatment follows principles of motor learning described in the limb motor literature. Potential challenges facing this type of approach, as well as some new directions, are discussed.
Gestural Facilitation in Treatment of Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Raymer Anastasia M. , McHose Beth , Graham Kimberly
Published: October 2010

Purpose: Luria (1970) proposed the use of intersystemic reorganization to use an intact system to facilitate improvements in a damaged cognitive system. In this article, we review literature examining the effects of gesture as a modality to promote reorganization to improve verbal production in apraxia of speech and anomia.

Methods: A gestural facilitation training paradigm is described and results of a recent systematic review of apraxia of speech treatment are reviewed. The interplay between apraxia of speech and anomia are considered in response to gestural facilitation training.

Results & Conclusions: Gestural facilitation effects are strongest in individuals with moderate apraxia of speech. Several factors appear to mitigate the effects of gestural facilitation for verbal production, including severe apraxia of speech and semantic anomia. Severe limb apraxia, which often accompanies severe apraxia of speech, appears to be amenable to gestural treatment, providing improvements in gesture use for communication when verbal production gains are not evident.
Children's Nonword Repetition Tasks and English Language Learners
Authors: Steele Sara C. , Hwa-Froelich Deborah A.
Published: October 2010

Nonword repetition performance has been shown to differentiate monolingual English-speaking children with language impairment (LI) from typically developing children. These tasks have been administered to monolingual speakers of different languages and to simultaneous and sequential bilingual English Language Learners (ELLs) with mixed results. This article includes a review of the nonword repetition performance of monolingual and bilingual speakers and of internationally adopted children. Clinical implications for administration and interpretation of nonword repetition task outcomes are included.
Fast sweeping reflectometry upgrade on Tore Supra
Authors: Clairet F. , Heuraux S. , Bottereau C. , Molina D. , Ducobu L. , Leroux F. , Barbuti A.
Published: October 2010

In order to study the temporal dynamics of turbulence, the sweep time of our reflectometry has been shortened from 20 to 2 μs with 1 μs dead time. Detailed technical aspects of the upgrade are given, namely, about the stability of the ramp generation, the detection setup, and the fast acquisition module. A review of studies (velocity measurement of the turbulence, modifications of the wavenumber spectrum, radial mapping of correlation time, etc.) offered by such improvements is presented.
Two-point motional Stark effect diagnostic for Madison Symmetric Torus
Authors: Ko J. , Den Hartog D. J. , Caspary K. J. , Den Hartog E. A. , Pablant N. A. , Summers H. P.
Published: October 2010

A high-precision spectral motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic provides internal magnetic field measurements for Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) plasmas. Currently, MST uses two spatial views—on the magnetic axis and on the midminor (off-axis) radius, the latter added recently. A new analysis scheme has been developed to infer both the pitch angle and the magnitude of the magnetic field from MSE spectra. Systematic errors are reduced by using atomic data from atomic data and analysis structure in the fit. Reconstructed current density and safety factor profiles are more strongly and globally constrained with the addition of the off-axis radius measurement than with the on-axis one only.
K
-line spectra from tungsten heated by an intense pulsed electron beam
Authors: Pereira N. R. , Weber B. V. , Apruzese J. P. , Mosher D. , Schumer J. W. , Seely J. F. , Szabo C. I. , Boyer C. N. , Stephanakis S. J. , Hudson L. T.
Published: October 2010

The plasma-filled rod-pinch diode (PFRP) is an intense source of x-rays ideal for radiography of dense objects. In the PRFP megavoltage electrons from a pulsed discharge concentrate at the pointed end of a 1 mm diameter tapered tungsten rod. Ionization of this plasma might increase the energy of tungsten’s Kα1 fluorescence line, at 59.3182 keV, enough for the difference to be observed by a high-resolution Cauchois transmission crystal spectrograph. When the PFRP’s intense hard bremsstrahlung is suppressed by the proper shielding, such an instrument gives excellent fluorescence spectra, albeit with as yet insufficient resolution to see any effect of tungsten’s ionization. Higher resolution is possible with various straightforward upgrades that are feasible thanks to the radiation’s high intensity.
Design of far-infrared three-wave polarimeter-interferometer system for the J-TEXT tokamak
Authors: Chen J. , Gao L. , Zhuang G. , Wang Z. J. , Gentle K. W.
Published: October 2010

A multichannel three-wave far-infrared polarimeter-interferometer will be constructed on the J-TEXT tokamak (R=1.05 m, a=0.27 m, BT≤3 T, and IP≤350 kA) for current density profile and electron density profile measurements. The system will adopt the three-wave polarimeter configuration which was first introduced on RTP. Three 432.5 μm HCOOH lasers pumped by three CO2 lasers separately will be adopted, which could generate high output power, nearly 50 mW at each cavity. Two of them will be counter-rotating circularly polarized to probe the Faraday angle, while the third laser will be used as a local oscillator to get the phase shift caused by electron density. Excellent port access (600×76 mm2) and high laser power would promise a profile measurement across the whole plasma section with good signal quality. A high-speed digital phase comparator with a few (∼2) μs temporal resolution will be developed, so that fast changes of current or density profile could be measured. Six channels will be installed in the first stage.
Development of a nine spatial point, multipulse Thomson scattering diagnostic
Authors: Glass F. , Deng B. H. , Garate E. , Gornostaeva O. , Schroeder J.
Published: October 2010

A Thomson scattering diagnostic has been developed for the C-2 field-reversed configuration device. Based on a multipulse ruby laser, the system measures the electron temperature at nine spatial points. These points are chosen from 22 selectable positions covering r≈1–41 cm. Twin collection lenses couple the scattered photons to nine optical fiber pairs. Extra fiber lengths delay the signals from different spatial points relative to each other, allowing up to three points to be analyzed by a single polychromator. The polychromator, using compact photomultipliers as detectors, has six spectral channels covering the range of 685–725 nm and is able to estimate electron temperatures of ≈10–200 eV. The photomultiplier output signals are recorded by digital storage oscilloscopes integrated with the main MDSplus database, with temperature and error estimates generated automatically at the conclusion of each plasma discharge.
Integrated analysis and consistency measurement of bremsstrahlung and charge exchange spectroscopy data for the determination of the ion effective charge
Authors: Verdoolaege G. , Fischer R. , Van Oost G.
Published: October 2010

In the context of Bayesian probability theory, we discuss a model for estimating the plasma ion effective charge Zeff, integrating data from both bremsstrahlung spectroscopy and individual impurity concentrations obtained via charge exchange spectroscopy (CXS). The validity of the model, taking into account statistical as well as systematic uncertainties, is shown via the deviance information criterion. The consistency of the continuum and CXS data regarding Zeff is improved, as measured by the symmetrized Kullback–Leibler divergence and the geodesic distance between the respective Zeff marginal posterior densities.
Collection optics design for KSTAR Thomson scattering system
Authors: Oh S. , Lee J. H.
Published: October 2010

The collection optics designs are described for the Thomson scattering diagnostic of the Korea superconducting tokamak advanced research (KSTAR) device. The optical systems collecting the light emission induced through the interaction between the plasma electrons and a laser beam are key components for the Thomson scattering system. A duo-lens system was examined, and the final optical designs were derived for Thomson scattering diagnostic of KSTAR.