bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personal growth initiative: the effects of person–organization fit, work empowerment and authentic leadership
Authors: (Brian) Joo Baek-Kyoo , Park Sohee , Lee Suhyung
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Because of the changing psychological contract between employers and employees over time, the primary responsibility for career development has shifted from organizations to employees. As the role of individuals in career development has become important, personal growth initiative (PGI), individuals' positive and proactive stance toward change and continuous self-improvement, can be a pivotal construct in the fields of human resources (HR), organizational behavior (OB) and career management. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of person–organization fit (POF), authentic leadership and work empowerment on PGI.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from 235 employees of a leading telecommunication company in South Korea. Most respondents were highly educated male managers in their 30s and 40s. With an overall confirmatory factor analysis, the four-factor measurement model indicated a good fit to the data. The relationships between variables and the relative importance of each independent variables were tested using hierarchical multiple regression analysis, along with a bootstrapping to examine the mediation effect of work empowerment.

Findings

Based on a moderated mediation model, this study examined the integrative effects of POF, authentic leadership and work empowerment on PGI. The authors found that employees demonstrated a high level of PGI when they perceived themselves fit with the organization and when they were empowered in their work. While the direct effect of authentic leadership was non-significant, supportive, transparent and ethical leadership behavior significantly moderated the relationship between POF and PGI. Lastly, based on a bootstrap analysis, this study found that work empowerment partially mediated the relationship between POF and PGI.

Originality/value

This empirical study contributes to the body of knowledge in the field of HR, OB and career management. This study introduced a relatively less explored construct, PGI, using data from knowledge workers in South Korea. The authors integrated diverse research streams such as person–environment fit, leadership and engagement research. Lastly, this was the first study that investigated the effects of contextual factors on PGI in the workplace.
Stretching the public purse: budgetary responses to COVID-19 in Canada
Authors: Cho Charles H. , Kurpierz John
Published: September 2020

Purpose

This paper summarizes the emergency measures taken by Canada in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and discusses the key political, economic, and social factors that influenced the design of these measures.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper collects the announcement of emergency measures in the Canadian provincial and federal governments between March 18 and May 30, 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and categorizes them by type of emergency response.

Findings

Canada has a diversified response of emergency measures mediated by its various provinces. This suggests that Canada may be more robust to biological and economic threats than nations that have less policy diversity.

Originality/value

Canada's diversity of emergency measures allows for several different avenues for future research, including countercyclical spending by subnational polities, organizational diversity's effect on resilience, the effect of tax breaks versus direct or indirect payments, effectiveness of public-private partnerships, and the effect of transparency on citizen satisfaction.
Aircraft positioning using DGNSS technique for GPS and GLONASS data
Authors: Krasuski Kamil , Ćwiklak Janusz
Published: August 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the problem of implementation of the differential global navigation satellite system (DGNSS) differential technique for aircraft accuracy positioning. The paper particularly focuses on identification and an analysis of the accuracy of aircraft positioning for the DGNSS measuring technique.

Design/methodology/approach

The investigation uses the DGNSS method of positioning, which is based on using the model of single code differences for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) observations. In the research experiment, the authors used single-frequency code observations in the global positioning system (GPS)/global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) system from the on-board receiver Topcon HiperPro and the reference station REF1 (reference station for the airport military EPDE in Deblin in south-eastern Poland). The geodetic Topcon HiperPro receiver was installed in Cessna 172 plane in the aviation test. The paper presents the new methodology in the DGNSS solution in air navigation. The aircraft position was estimated using a “weighted mean” scheme for differential global positioning system and differential global navigation satellite system solution, respectively. The final resultant position of aircraft was compared with precise real-time kinematic – on the fly solution.

Findings

In the investigations it was specified that the average accuracy of positioning the aircraft Cessna 172 in the geocentric coordinates XYZ equals approximately: +0.03 ÷ +0.33 m along the x-axis, −0.02 ÷ +0.14 m along the y-axis and approximately +0.02 ÷ −0.15 m along the z-axis. Moreover, the root mean square errors determining the measure of the accuracy of positioning of the Cessna 172 for the DGNSS differential technique in the geocentric coordinates XYZ, are below 1.2 m.

Research limitations/implications

In research, the data from GNSS onboard receiver and also GNSS reference receiver are needed. In addition, the pseudo-range corrections from the base stations were applied in the observation model of the DGNSS solution.

Practical implications

The presented research method can be used in a ground based augmentation system (GBAS) augmentation system, whereas the GBAS system is still not applied in Polish aviation.

Social implications

The paper is destined for people who work in the area of aviation and air transport.

Originality/value

The study presents the DGNSS differential technique as a precise method for recovery of aircraft position in civil aviation and this method can be also used in the positioning of aircraft based on GPS and GLONASS code observations.
Heard it through the Grapevine
Authors: Anam Rumana Liza
Published: September 2020

Purposes

This study paper aims to analyse a real life case based on Human Resource Management, specifically the concepts of the recruitment process and the grapevine.

Theoretical basis

The main topic is HRM related. Concepts introduced include recruitment process and grapevine.

Research methodology

The information for the case was attained from one-on-one interviews with the main case protagonist, Sabrina (name of all characters in the case and organisations have been changed as per request of the interviewee. However, all the happenings in the case are real).

Case overview/synopsis

This case deals with the tricky situation faced by Sabrina, an certain employee of an international development organisation, (an institution focussing on aiding development in economically underdeveloped countries), who finds herself in when she inadvertently comes across some negative information about a job candidate currently in the middle of the recruitment process, who, if successful, will become her colleague and work closely with her in future. It has taken months to find this candidate, and if hired should lighten Sabrina’s workload tremendously. The preliminary decision maker in the case is Sabrina, but the ultimate management decision will have to be made by her boss John Nash.

Complexity academic level

The case can be used at undergraduate and graduate level. The main topic is Human Resource Management (HRM) related. It is of preliminary level of difficulty. There are no specific prerequisites. Concepts introduced include recruitment process and grapevine.
Governance of tunnelling in developing countries: evidence from Bangladesh
Authors: Tareq Mohammad , Nurul Houqe Muhammad , van Zijl Tony
Published: September 2020

Tunnelling (also known as self‐dealing transactions) is defined as non‐arm’s length transactions with related parties of controlling shareholders for their private benefit and at the cost of other shareholders. Tunnelling is a governance issue between controlling shareholders and minority shareholders in both developed and developing countries. However, most studies on tunnelling focus on developed countries with the few exceptions of studies on China, India and Mexico. Using Oliver Williamson’s Market and Hierarchy model, this paper analyses the suitability of the governance requirements on tunnelling in Bangladesh and reports on interviews with non‐independent directors, independent directors and audit committee members. The study thus identifies the limitations and factors that affect the implementation and effectiveness of the current governance requirements to constrain tunnelling in companies in Bangladesh.
Waste intimacies
Authors: BUTT WAQAS H.
Published: August 2020

In cities around the world, the removal of waste materials is a critical part of everyday life. Workers, both formal and informal, engage in intimate forms of labor that separate these materials from those who produce them. In Lahore, Pakistan, such waste intimacies are fraught by inequalities, which are discernible in affective, material, and spatial relations stretching across an uneven urban landscape. Waste work in urban Pakistan is a social relationship formed along the lines of caste, class, and religion; both municipal sanitation workers who are Christian and informal waste workers who are Muslim come from low‐ or noncaste backgrounds. Waste intimacies foreground those forms of work, relationships, and affects that, in distributing waste across individuals and social groups, reproduce a shared though unequal world. [waste, work, labor, intimacy, caste, Pakistan, South Asia]
Bradycardia‐to‐delivery interval and fetal outcomes in umbilical cord prolapse
Authors: Wong Lo , Tse Wing T. , Lai Chit Y. , Hui Annie S. Y. , Chaemsaithong Piya , Sahota Daljit S. , Poon Liona C. , Leung Tak Y.
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Umbilical cord prolapse is a major obstetric emergency associated with significant perinatal complications. However, there is no consensus on the optimal decision‐to‐delivery interval, as many previous studies have shown poor correlation between the interval and umbilical cord arterial blood gas or perinatal outcomes. We aim to investigate whether bradycardia‐to‐delivery or decision‐to‐delivery interval was related to poor cord arterial pH or adverse perinatal outcome in umbilical cord prolapse.

Material and methods

This was a retrospective study conducted at a university tertiary obstetric unit in Hong Kong. All women with singleton pregnancy complicated by cord prolapse during labor between 1995 and 2018 were included. Women were categorized into three groups. Group 1: persistent bradycardia; Group 2: any type of decelerations without bradycardia; and Group 3: normal fetal heart rate. The main outcome was cord arterial blood gas results of the newborns in different groups. Maternal demographic data and perinatal outcomes were reviewed. Correlation analysis between cord arterial blood gas result and time intervals including bradycardia‐to‐delivery, deceleration‐to‐delivery, and decision‐to‐delivery were performed for the different groups with Spearman test.

Results

There were 34, 30, and 50 women in Groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Cord arterial pH and base excess did not correlate with decision‐to‐delivery interval in any of the groups, but they were inversely correlated with bradycardia‐to‐delivery interval in Group 1 (Spearman’sρ = −.349;P = .043 and Spearman'sρ = −.558;P = .001, respectively). The cord arterial pH drops at 0.009 per minute with bradycardia‐to‐delivery interval in Group 1 (95% CI 0.0180‐0.0003). The risk of significant acidosis (pH < 7) was 80% when bradycardia‐to‐delivery interval was >20 minutes, and 17.2% when the interval was <20 minutes.

Conclusions

There is significant correlation between bradycardia‐to‐delivery interval and cord arterial pH in umbilical cord prolapse with fetal bradycardia but not in cases with decelerations or normal heart rate. The drop of cord arterial pH is rapid and urgent delivery is essential in such situations.
Ethical issues surrounding controlled human infection challenge studies in endemic low‐and middle‐income countries
Authors: Jamrozik Euzebiusz , Selgelid Michael J.
Published: August 2020

Controlled human infection challenge studies (CHIs) involve intentionally exposing research participants to, and/or thereby infecting them with, micro‐organisms. There have been increased calls for more CHIs to be conducted in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) where many relevant diseases are endemic. This article is based on a research project that identified and analyzed ethical and regulatory issues related to endemic LMIC CHIs via (a) a review of relevant literature and (b) qualitative interviews involving 45 scientists and ethicists with relevant expertise. In this article we argue that though there is an especially strong case for conducting CHIs in endemic (LMIC) settings, certain ethical issues related to the design and conduct of such studies (in such settings) nonetheless warrant particularly careful attention. We focus on ethical implications of endemic LMIC CHIs regarding (a) potential direct benefits for participants, (b) risks to participants, (c) third‐party risks, (d) informed consent, (e) payment of participants, and (f) community engagement. We conclude that there is a strong ethical rationale to conduct (well‐designed) CHIs in endemic LMICs, that certain ethical issues warrant particularly careful consideration, and that ethical analyses of endemic LMIC CHIs can inform current debates in research ethics more broadly.
Measurement of long‐term iron absorption and loss during iron supplementation using a stable isotope of iron (57Fe)
Authors: Speich Cornelia , Wegmüller Rita , Brittenham Gary M. , Zeder Christophe , Cercamondi Colin I. , Buhl Daniela , Prentice Andrew M. , Zimmermann Michael B. , Moretti Diego
Published: August 2020

We report the first measurements of long‐term iron absorption and loss during iron supplementation in African children using a stable isotope of iron (57Fe). After uniform labelling of body iron with 57Fe, iron absorption is proportional to the rate of decrease in the 57Fe tracer concentration, while iron loss is proportional to the rate of decrease in the 57Fe tracer amount. Anaemic Gambian toddlers were given 2 mg 57Fe orally to equilibrate with total body iron over 8–11 months. After assignment to the positive control arm of the HIGH study, 22 toddlers consumed a micronutrient powder containing 12 mg iron for 12 weeks followed by 12 weeks without iron supplementation. Their daily iron absorption increased 3·8‐fold during the iron supplementation period compared to the control period [median (interquartile range, IQR): 1·00 (0·82; 1·28) mg/day vs. 0·26 (0·22; 0·35) mg/day; P = 0·001]. Unexpectedly, during the supplementation period, daily iron loss also increased by 3·4‐fold [0·75 (0·55; 0·87) mg/day vs. 0·22 (0·19; 0·29) mg/day; P = 0·005]. Consequently, most (~72%) of the absorbed iron was lost during supplementation. Long‐term studies of iron absorption and loss are a promising and accurate method for assessing and quantifying long‐term iron balance and may provide a reference method for evaluating iron intervention programs in vulnerable population groups. This study was registered as ISRCTN 0720906.
Lakes in the era of global change: moving beyond single‐lake thinking in maintaining biodiversity and ecosystem services
Authors: Heino Jani , Alahuhta Janne , Bini Luis Mauricio , Cai Yongjiu , Heiskanen Anna‐Stiina , Hellsten Seppo , Kortelainen Pirkko , Kotamäki Niina , Tolonen Kimmo T. , Vihervaara Petteri , Vilmi Annika , Angeler David G.
Published: September 2020

The Anthropocene presents formidable threats to freshwater ecosystems. Lakes are especially vulnerable and important at the same time. They cover only a small area worldwide but harbour high levels of biodiversity and contribute disproportionately to ecosystem services. Lakes differ with respect to their general type (e.g. land‐locked, drainage, floodplain and large lakes) and position in the landscape (e.g. highland versus lowland lakes), which contribute to the dynamics of these systems. Lakes should be generally viewed as ‘meta‐systems’, whereby biodiversity is strongly affected by species dispersal, and ecosystem dynamics are contributed by the flow of matter and substances among locations in a broader waterscape context. Lake connectivity in the waterscape and position in the landscape determine the degree to which a lake is prone to invasion by non‐native species and accumulation of harmful substances. Highly connected lakes low in the landscape accumulate nutrients and pollutants originating from ecosystems higher in the landscape. The monitoring and restoration of lake biodiversity and ecosystem services should consider the fact that a high degree of dynamism is present at local, regional and global scales. However, local and regional monitoring may be plagued by the unpredictability of ecological phenomena, hindering adaptive management of lakes. Although monitoring data are increasingly becoming available to study responses of lakes to global change, we still lack suitable integration of models for entire waterscapes. Research across disciplinary boundaries is needed to address the challenges that lakes face in the Anthropocene because they may play an increasingly important role in harbouring unique aquatic biota as well as providing ecosystem goods and services in the future.
Le discours de la modernisation écologique en habitation durable au Québec
Authors: Lessard Guillaume
Published: August 2020

Cet article étudie la tension entre l'approche généralement holistique des urbanistes et aménagistes face à la question de la durabilité en habitation et l'approche de la modernisation écologique (ME) qui prévaut la plupart du temps dans les programmes d'habitation durable. L'article repose sur une analyse qualitative des mesures ainsi que sur une analyse des discours environnementaux véhiculés par les programmes d'habitation durable du gouvernement fédéral canadien, du gouvernement provincial québécois et de la municipalité de Victoriaville. Les principaux constats sont que les gouvernements fédéral et provincial emploient un discours caractéristique de la ME qui, dans le contexte énergétique et urbain du Québec, ne créé pas des conditions qui permettront de réduire de manière significative l'empreinte environnementale en lien avec l'habitation. La municipalité étudiée adopte une approche plus intégrée en articulant la durabilité au‐delà de l'échelle du bâtiment. Toutefois, en évitant de s'attaquer aux fondements non durables du régime de la construction résidentielle qui est encore largement caractérisé par la construction de nouvelles maisons unifamiliales isolées dans des quartiers de faible densité et dépendants de l'automobile, sous le couvert de la durabilité, les programmes étudiés risquent de renforcer des verrouillages structurels et culturels propres à l'étalement urbain.
Analysis of reflux as the aetiology of laryngeal dysplasia progression through a matched case‐control study
Authors: Gu Wei , Niu Yan‐Yan , Wang Wen‐Ze , Liang Zhi‐Yong , Jin Xiao‐Feng , Huo Hong , Wang Jian
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Laryngeal dysplasia (LD) is a precancerous lesion of the larynx. In this study, the laryngeal tissue of patients with laryngeal dysplasia was taken as the research object, and the aetiology of reflux was analysed.

Method

Patients with laryngeal dysplasia after surgery were selected as our subjects. The levels of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin in laryngeal tissue samples of the two groups were detected by immunohistochemical method.

Results

The OR values (95% CI) of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin were 0.67 (0.19‐2.36), 0.80 (0.22‐2.98) and 1.33 (0.30‐5.96), respectively, in the univariate analysis. Besides, in the multivariate analysis, the OR values (95% CI) of pepsin, enterokinase and bilirubin were 0.57 (0.14‐2.30), 0.73 (0.18‐2.92) and 1.40 (0.30‐6.53), respectively.

Conclusion

Larger sample size should be applied to prospective studies on whether reflux is a risk factor for laryngeal cancer.
Preoperative intravenous iron therapy and survival after colorectal cancer surgery: long‐term results from the IVICA randomised controlled trial
Authors: Dickson E. A. , Keeler B. D. , Ng O. , Kumar A. , Brookes M. J. , Acheson A. G. ,   the IVICA trial group
Published: September 2020

Aim

Preoperative iron is frequently used for the correction of anaemia in colorectal cancer surgery. However, enteral iron intake may promote tumour growth and progression which could influence cancer recurrence and patient survival. We explore the long‐term outcomes of patients receiving either oral or intravenous iron replacement therapy as part of a previous randomized controlled trial.

Methods

The IVICA trial randomized anaemic colorectal cancer patients to receive either oral (OI, control) or intravenous (IVI, treatment) iron prior to their elective operation. Follow‐up analysis of all patients recruited to this multicentre trial who underwent surgical resection with curative intent was performed. Kaplan–Meier survival estimates and Cox proportional hazard models were used to compare groups. A pooled group multivariable analysis comparing patients who achieved resolution of anaemia preoperatively to those who did not was also undertaken.

Results

In all, 110 of the 116 patients previously enrolled were eligible for analysis (OI n = 56, IVI n = 54). Median overall follow‐up duration was 61 months (interquartile range 46–67). No significant difference in 5‐year overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) 1.22, 95% CI 0.65–2.28, P = 0.522) or disease‐free survival (HR 1.08, 95% CI 0.61–1.92, P = 0.79) was observed between OI and IVI. A pooled analysis of treatment groups found that preoperative resolution of anaemia led to improved 5‐year overall survival on multivariable analysis (HR 3.38, 95% CI 1.07–11.56, P = 0.044).

Conclusion

We recommend IVI for the preoperative correction of anaemia. Route of iron therapy did not significantly influence survival. Preoperative anaemia correction may lead to an overall survival advantage following elective colorectal cancer surgery.
Endoscopic papillectomy using a duodenoscope in a patient with postsurgical altered anatomy of Billroth II reconstruction
Authors: Iwano Kosuke , Kurita Akira , Yazumi Shujiro
Published: August 2020

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Ethical medical repatriation of guest workers: Criteria and challenges
Authors: Voo Teck‐Chuan , Kaur Sharon , Rajaraman Natarajan
Published: September 2020

Healthcare facilities in receiving countries regularly encounter guest workers whose need for acute or subacute care triggers the prospect of termination of employment and repatriation. In these scenarios, country‐specific migration and employment policies and norms of medical professionalism and ethics offer some guidance, but also create tensions. It is not clear under what conditions such medical repatriation is ethically permissible.

This paper analyses the application of a previously articulated criteria for the ethical medical repatriation of undocumented immigrants, to the situation of documented guest workers, with focus on the context of Singapore. We examine how these standards could be adapted and applied to the provision of care for guest workers, and argue that healthcare institutions and medical professionals have a duty to intervene in employers’ decisions to repatriate guest workers for medico‐economic reasons when repatriation essentially amounts to ‘patient dumping’. Barriers and challenges in implementing the criteria, and their possible solutions will be discussed.
Functioning, participation, and quality of life in children with intellectual disability: an observational study
Authors: Williams Katrina , Jacoby Peter , Whitehouse Andrew , Kim Rachel , Epstein Amy , Murphy Nada , Reid Sue , Leonard Helen , Reddihough Dinah , Downs Jenny
Published: August 2020

Aims

To investigate associations between functioning, community participation, and quality of life (QoL) and identify whether participation mediates the effects of functioning on QoL.

Method

The caregivers of 435 children (211 females, 224 males; mean age 12y; SD 3y 11mo; age range 5–18y) with intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, or Rett syndrome reported on their child’s functioning (dependence for managing personal needs, mobility, communication, eye contact when speaking), frequency of participation, and QoL. Linear regression and mediation analyses were used to evaluate the relationships between child functioning, participation, and QoL.

Results

Children with greater dependency for managing personal needs and limited eye contact when speaking experienced poorer QoL. Less impaired functioning was associated with more frequent participation, which, in turn, was associated with a 3‐point gain in QoL for each additional point in frequency of participation (coefficient=2.67, 95% confidence interval 1.56–3.78). The effect of impaired functioning on QoL was partially mediated by participation in children with greater dependency in managing personal needs and those with mildly impaired communication.

Interpretation

Greater levels of impairments with poorer functioning, notably a high level of dependence, were associated with poorer QoL. Poorer QoL can be partly explained by less frequent community participation.
OK, You Say You Are Listening—Now What?
Authors: Anderson Eric
Published: August 2020

There are now inspiring examples of solidarity with the Black Lives Matter movement—for life, equality, and respect for cultural differences. Where does your organization stand?

Talking about diversity and inclusion in the workplace is one thing—implementing it to support underrepresented employees is the key to a transformative culture.
Headless C1q: a new molecular tool to decipher its collagen‐like functions
Authors: Fouët Guillaume , Bally Isabelle , Signor Luca , Häußermann Katharina , Thielens Nicole M. , Rossi Véronique , Gaboriaud Christine
Published: September 2020

Complement component C1q, a soluble defense collagen, is the recognition protein of the classical complement pathway. C1q is able to recognize and interact with multiple targets and, via the subsequent activation of its cognate serine proteases C1r and C1s, initiates the complement cascade. C1q is made up of six ABC heterotrimers each containing two different functional regions, an N‐terminal collagen‐like region (CLR) and a C‐terminal globular region (GR). These heterotrimers assemble via their N‐terminal regions, resulting in the characteristic ‘bouquet‐like’ shape of C1q with an N‐terminal bundle of collagen fibers with six diverging stems each exhibiting a C‐terminal globular head. The GRs are responsible for the versatile recognition of multiple C1q targets, whereas the CLRs trigger immune response through interacting with several cellular or soluble partners. We report here the generation of the first recombinant form of human C1q without its recognition globular heads. The noncollagenous domain 2 (nc2) of type IX collagen has been substituted for the C1q GR in order to control the correct registering of the collagen triple helices of C1q chains A, B, and C. The resulting CLR_nc2 recombinant protein produced in stably transfected EXPI293 mammalian cells was correctly assembled and folded, as demonstrated by mass spectrometry, mass photometry, and electron microscopy experiments. Its interaction properties were investigated using surface plasmon resonance analysis with known CLR ligands: the tetramer of C1r and C1s dimers and MBL‐associated protein MAp44. Comparison with the interaction properties of native serum‐derived C1q and CLR revealed that recombinant CLR_nc2 retains C1q CLR functional properties.
Management of Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension During Pregnancy: A Case Series
Authors: Ferrante Enrico , Trimboli Michele , Petrecca Giuseppe , Allegrini Francesco , Ferrante Mirko Maria , Rubino Fabio
Published: August 2020

Background

Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a rare condition resulting from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume depletion, nearly always from spontaneous CSF leaks. CSF pressure in SIH is usually normal; low CSF pressure is found in a substantial minority of patients. SIH is uncommonly described in pregnancy.

Case Series

Five women with SIH during pregnancy have been conservatively treated adopting bed rest and overhydration. After prolonged conservative treatment, only 1 patient showed complete symptoms resolution. A rare SIH complication as cerebral venous thrombosis has been reported in 1 case. All 4 remaining patients had lumbar epidural blood patch (EBP) with symptoms disappearance.

Conclusions

EBP might be proposed to SIH patients also during pregnancy and after a brief period (~10 days) of ineffective conservative treatment, because it could allow faster symptoms improvement and complete recovery. Furthermore, EBP would avoid prolonged bed rest with the risk of SIH severe complications.
Identification of core/shell structure in Cd‐Zn‐Se QDs inside silicate glasses using 3D elemental distribution analysis
Authors: Lee Hojeong , Park Won Ji , Han Jong Chan , Park Chan‐Gyeong , Heo Jong
Published: September 2020

Core‐shell structure in Cd‐Zn‐Se quantum dots (QDs) precipitated in the silicate glass matrix by continuous wave laser (λ = 532 nm) were demonstrated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and local electrode atom probe (LEAP) tomography. TEM images of the QDs in glasses after 60 min of irradiation at 9 W/cm2 show two portions with different contrasts, and diameters of 5.97 and 22.49 nm, respectively; 3D elemental distribution in these glasses from LEAP tomography shows areas of high Zn concentration near the CdSe QDs. Iso‐concentration images obtained using visualization software show that Cd‐rich clusters were not completely covered by the Zn‐rich shells in the glass after 15 min irradiation that resulted emission due to the surface defects of CdSe QDs. As the irradiation time increased to 60 min, the Zn‐rich cluster gradually surrounded the Cd‐rich core to form shells that eliminated the surface defects. During laser irradiation, CdSe QDs precipitated first due to the high degree of supersaturation of Cd and Se followed by the sequential incorporation of Zn on the Cd‐rich QDs forming shells.
Sand corrosion, thermal expansion, and ablation of medium‐ and high‐entropy compositionally complex fluorite oxides
Authors: Wright Andrew J. , Huang Chuying , Walock Michael J. , Ghoshal Anindya , Murugan Muthuvel , Luo Jian
Published: September 2020

Sand corrosion, thermal expansion, and ablation properties of a new class of medium‐ and high‐entropy compositionally complex fluorite oxides (CCFOs) are examined as potential protective coating materials. Five binary oxides were mixed and sintered into dense, single‐phase CCFOs of the general formula: [Hf(1‐2x)/3Zr(1‐2x)/3Ce(1‐2x)/3YxYbx]O2‐δ (x = 0.2, 0.074, and 0.029). These CCFOs exhibit decreased molten sand infiltration and interaction at intermediate temperatures (1200‐1300°C) in comparison with a cubic yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) reference; however, at higher temperatures, the trend is reversed due to the increased chemical reactivity. The equimolar high‐entropy (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ce0.2Y0.2Yb0.2)O2‐δ exhibits no grain boundary penetration by molten sand at all examined temperatures (1200°C‐1500°C), although reaction and precipitation are significant. Moreover, these CCFOs exhibit higher intrinsic thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) than the YSZ reference, thereby being more compatible with Ni‐based superalloys. The 8YSZ‐like (Hf0.284Zr0.284Ce0.284Y0.074Yb0.074)O2‐δ exhibits the highest CTE in this series of CCFOs due to oxygen clustering effects. Finally, these CCFOs also exhibit lower emissivities and form unique faceted microstructures in ablative environments.
Optimization of the surveillance strategy in patients with colorectal adenomas: A combination of clinical parameters and index colonoscopy findings
Authors: Park Chan Hyuk , Jung Yoon Suk , Kim Nam Hee , Park Jung Ho , Park Dong Il , Sohn Chong Il
Published: September 2020

Background and Aim

In addition to index colonoscopy findings, demographic parameters including age are associated with the risk of metachronous advanced colorectal neoplasia. Here, we aimed to develop a risk scoring model for predicting advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACRN) during surveillance using a combination of clinical factors and index colonoscopy findings.

Methods

Patients who underwent the removal of one or more adenomas and surveillance colonoscopy were included. A risk scoring model for ACRN was developed using the Cox proportional hazard model. Surveillance interval was determined as a time point exceeding 4% of the cumulative ACRN incidence in each risk group.

Results

Of 9591 participants, 4725 and 4866 were randomly allocated to the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively. Age, abdominal obesity, advanced adenoma, and ≥ 3 adenomas at index colonoscopy were identified as risk factors for metachronous ACRN. Based on the regression coefficients, point scores were assigned as follows: age, 1 point (per 1 year); abdominal obesity, 10 points; advanced adenoma, 10 points; and ≥ 3 adenomas, 15 points. Patients were classified into high‐risk (≥ 80 points), moderate‐risk (50–79 points), and low‐risk (30–49 points) groups. In the validation cohort, the high‐risk and moderate‐risk groups showed a higher risk of ACRN than the low‐risk group (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval]: 7.11 [4.10–12.32] and 1.58 [1.09–2.30], respectively). Two‐, 4‐, and 5‐year surveillance intervals were recommended for the high‐risk, moderate‐risk, and low‐risk groups, respectively.

Conclusions

Our proposed model may facilitate effective risk stratification of ACRN during surveillance and the determination of appropriate surveillance intervals.
The Brighton Collaboration case definition: Comparison in a retrospective and prospective cohort of children with Guillain‐Barré syndrome
Authors: Korinthenberg Rudolf , Sejvar James J.
Published: September 2020

Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune‐mediated polyradiculoneuropathy frequently preceded by an infection with Campylobacter jejuni or nonspecific infections, and rarely by a vaccination. Due to a lack of a pathognomonic finding or biomarker, its diagnosis is based on a typical constellation of clinical and paraclinical symptoms and findings. The Brighton Collaboration GBS Working Group published in 2011 GBS case definitions and guidelines for diagnosis to improve the registration of GBS cases occurring in conjunction with vaccination programs worldwide. We applied these criteria to two historical studies on GBS in children and adolescents performed retrospectively from 1989 to 1994 and prospectively from 1998 to 2002. The clinical criteria were met in 91% of the retrospective and all of the prospective cases. CSF investigations were conducted in all patients and revealed cytoalbuminologic dissociation in 80% of the retrospective and 75% of the prospective cohort. Nerve conduction studies were performed in 61% and 69% of the cohorts, respectively, and were pathological in 92% each. The Brighton criteria are well suited to capture GBS in retro‐ and prospective studies. However, because they are designed to diagnose classical symmetric and ascending GBS and Fisher syndrome, very rare topographical variants of GBS such as the pharyngo‐cervico‐brachial variant and others could be missed.
The Effect of Extracranial‐to‐Intracranial Bypass on Cerebral Vasoreactivity: A 4D Flow MRI Pilot Study
Authors: Callen Andrew L. , Caton Michael T. , Rutledge Caleb , Raper Daniel , Narvid Jared , Villanueva‐Meyer Javier E. , Abla Adib
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Extracranial‐to‐intracranial (EC‐IC) surgical bypass improves cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular vasoreactivity (CVR) for patients with carotid occlusion. Bypass graft patency and contribution of the graft to the postoperative increase in CVR are challenging to assess.

To assess the effectiveness of 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate bypass graft patency and flow augmentation through the superficial temporal artery (STA) before and after EC‐IC bypass.

METHODS

Three consecutive patients undergoing EC‐IC bypass for carotid occlusion were evaluated pre‐ and postoperatively using CVR testing with pre‐ and poststimulus 4D flow‐MRI for assessment of the bypass graft and intracranial vasculature.

RESULTS

Preoperatively, 2 patients (patients 1 and 3) did not augment flow through either native STA. The third, who had evidence of extensive native EC‐IC collateralization on digital subtraction angiography (DSA), did augment flow through the STA preoperatively (CVR = 1). Postoperatively, all patients demonstrated CVR > 1 on the side of bypass. The patient who had CVR > 1 preoperatively demonstrated the greatest increase in resting postoperative graft flow (from 40 to 130 mL/minute), but the smallest CVR, with a poststimulus graft flow of 160 mL/minute (CVR = 1.2). The 2 patients who did not demonstrate augmentation of graft flow preoperatively augmented postoperatively from 10 to 20 mL/minute (CVR = 2.0) and 10‐80 mL/minute (CVR = 8.0), respectively. Intracranial flow was simultaneously interrogated. Two patients demonstrated mild reductions in resting flow velocities in all interrogated vessels immediately following bypass. The patient who underwent CVR testing on postoperative day 48 demonstrated a stable or increased flow rate in most intracranial vessels.

CONCLUSION

Four‐dimensional flow MRI allows for noninvasive, simultaneous interrogation of the intra‐ and extracranial arterial vasculature during CVR testing, and reveals unique paradigms in cerebrovascular physiology. Observing these flow patterns may aid in improved patient selection and more detailed postoperative evaluation for patients undergoing EC‐IC bypass.
Insights from birthing experiences of fistula survivors in North‐central Nigeria: Interplay of structural violence
Authors: Degge Hannah M. , Laurenson Mary. , Dumbili Emeka W. , Hayter Mark
Published: August 2020

Obstetric Fistula is an abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum resulting from prolonged and obstructed labour. Studies indicate that delays in accessing maternal care and home birth contribute to the development of fistula. Survivors are usually women of low socioeconomic status residing in rural locations. This study explores the birthing experiences of 15 fistula survivors through a narrative inquiry approach at a repair centre in North‐central Nigeria. Using structural violence as a lens, it describes the role of social, political and health systems in the inequitable access to care for women. For women opting for home births, preference for home delivery was mainly due to lack of finances, poor health systems and cultural practices. Rural location inhibited access as women seeking facility delivery faced transfer delays to referral centres when complications developed. Inequitable maternal health services in rural locations in Nigeria are inherently linked to access to health care, and these contribute to the increased incidence of fistulae. Structural intervention is a health policy priority to address poor health systems and achieve universal health coverage to address maternal health issues in Nigeria.
Champions of winter survival: cold acclimation and molecular regulation of cold hardiness in evergreen conifers
Authors: Chang Christine Yao‐Yun , Bräutigam Katharina , Hüner Norman P. A. , Ensminger Ingo
Published: September 2020

Evergreen conifers are champions of winter survival, based on their remarkable ability to acclimate to cold and develop cold hardiness. Counterintuitively, autumn cold acclimation is triggered not only by exposure to low temperature, but also by a combination of decreasing temperature, decreasing photoperiod and changes in light quality. These environmental cues control a network of signaling pathways that coordinate cold acclimation and cold hardiness in overwintering conifers, leading to cessation of growth, bud dormancy, freezing tolerance and changes in energy metabolism. Advances in genomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic tools for conifers have improved our understanding of how trees sense and respond to changes in temperature and light during cold acclimation and the development of cold hardiness, but there remain considerable gaps deserving further research in conifers. In the first section of this review, we focus on the physiological mechanisms used by evergreen conifers to adjust metabolism seasonally and to protect overwintering tissues against winter stresses. In the second section, we review how perception of low temperature and photoperiod regulate the induction of cold acclimation. Finally, we explore the evolutionary context of cold acclimation in conifers and evaluate challenges imposed on them by changing climate and discuss emerging areas of research in the field.
Nine years of online mentoring for secondary school girls in STEM: an empirical comparison of three mentoring formats
Authors: Stoeger Heidrun , Heilemann Michael , Debatin Tobias , Hopp Manuel D. S. , Schirner Sigrun , Ziegler Albert
Published: August 2020

Online mentoring can be useful for supporting girls in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). Yet, little is known about the differential effects of various online mentoring formats. We examine the general and relative effectiveness of three online mentoring formats, one‐on‐one mentoring, many‐to‐many group mentoring, and a hybrid form of the two. All three formats were implemented in different years in the Germany‐wide online‐only mentoring program, CyberMentor, whose platform enables communication and networking between up to 800 girls (in grades 5–13) and 800 women (STEM professionals) each year. We combined longitudinal mentee data for all first‐year participants (N = 4017 girls, Mage = 14.15 years) from 9 consecutive mentoring years to evaluate and compare the three mentoring formats. Overall, all formats effected comparable increases in mentees’ STEM activities and certainty about career plans. However, mentees’ communication behavior and networking behavior on the mentoring platform differed between the three formats. Mentees in the hybrid mentoring format showed the most extensive STEM‐related communication and networking on the platform. We also analyzed the explanatory contributions of STEM‐related communication and networking on interindividual differences in the developmental trajectories of mentees’ STEM activities, elective intentions in STEM, and certainty about career plans, for each format separately.
The impact of the world Workshops on oral health and disease in HIV and AIDS (1988‐2020)
Authors: Greenspan John S , Challacombe Stephen J
Published: August 2020

The first World Workshop on Oral AIDS was held in San Diego in 1988, organized by John and Deborah Greenspan who saw the need and advantages of getting together all those health workers globally who were interested in oral aspects of HIV with a common purpose of advancing the field collectively and collaboratively. Since that time and over the following 30 years, World Workshops on oral HIV have been held every four years or so. The aims of the first and all subsequent Workshops were to bring together clinicians and non‐clinical scientists who have an interest in the oral manifestations of HIV disease, to share worldwide perspectives, knowledge and understanding of oral health and disease in HIV infection, to agree on global definitions and classifications of oral diseases and to identify research needs taking account of the worldwide perspectives and opportunities. Thus, there have been clinical science, social science and basic science aspects of each World Workshop. The Workshops have achieved their aims and have had impact in all three fields, leading to robust research agendas, changes in national HIV policies and international collaborations. They have led to policy declarations of access to oral care as a basic human right for both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative individuals and advancing the rights of all HIV‐positive healthcare workers to perform clinical practice.
Global inequalities in HIV infection
Authors: Challacombe Stephen J.
Published: August 2020

HIV infection continues to be one of the world's greatest pandemics, affecting nearly every country on the globe. By September 2018, it is estimated that 38 million people were living with HIV, 30 million people are aware of their status, and 23 million people are taking anti‐retroviral therapy (8 million in 2010). Thus, currently 8 million people living with HIV are not aware that they are HIV‐positive and 15 million persons are not being treated. There are nearly 15 million orphans (aged 0–17). There is widespread inequality both in the prevalence of HIV infection and in the access to therapy. However, although the number of people living with HIV continues to increase, the number of new infections shows a steady decrease over the last 9 years and in 2018 was 1.7 million. Deaths from AIDS in 2018 also decreased to 750,000 from 1.2 million in 2010. The world prevalence of HIV is about 0.23% but is over 0.3% in South‐East Asia, Latin America, North America and Eastern Europe and with particularly high prevalence in the Caribbean (1.1%) and sub‐Saharan Africa (5.5%). It is approximately 0.5% in Indonesia. There were approximately 5,000 new HIV infections (adults and children) a day during 2018. About 61% were in sub‐Saharan Africa, nearly 50% were in females and 500 were in children. HIV therapy seems to have had a global impact, with AIDS‐related deaths decreasing by 33% since 2010, and new infections decreasing by 16%. Nevertheless, the majority of the world's HIV is in low and middle resource countries and social determinants are strongly related. Many people living with HIV or at risk for HIV still do not have access to prevention, care and treatment, and there is still no cure.
Oral manifestations of HIV: Can they be an indicator of disease severity? (A systematic review)
Authors: Indrastiti Ratna Kumala , Wardhany Indriasti I. , Soegyanto Anandina I.
Published: August 2020

Objective

To review the existing research literature on the paradigm that the oral lesions could be an indicator of the disease severity with the objective of documenting the current status of research, highlighting its major findings.

Material and methods

Publications were identified through a careful search, of which a majority focused on oral lesions as an indicator for HIV progression. A PubMed journal search of 10 years OF period publication (2009–2019) for “oral lesion, oral manifestation, indicator, HIV and HIV‐associated” was performed and analysed. Various research methods were included within the study criteria including clinical study, clinical trial, comparative study and randomised control trial.

Results

A total 33 studies were obtained and analysed, including cohort study, cross‐sectional study, case–control study, clinical trial, retrospective observational analysis study, prospective observational study and randomised control trial. The most common oral lesions found in the studies were Kaposi sarcoma (KS), followed by oral candidiasis, periodontitis, necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (NUG), necrotising ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) and oral hairy leucoplakia (OHL). The early diagnosis and accurate treatment plan were very important to indicate the disease severity related to HIV infection.

Conclusion

Oral lesions reported in 39% articles and could be an indicator of HIV disease severity due to its effects on decreased cluster‐differentiated (CD4+) T‐cell count and increased viral load.