bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone morphogenetic proteins enhance an epithelial-mesenchymal transition in normal airway epithelial cells during restitution of a disrupted epithelium
Authors: McCormack Natasha , Molloy Emer L , O’Dea Shirley
Published: March 2013

Background

Mechanisms of airway repair are poorly understood. It has been proposed that, following injury, progenitor populations such as club cells (Clara) become undifferentiated, proliferate and re-differentiate to re-epithelialise the airway. The exact phenotype of such cells during repair is unknown however. We hypothesised that airway epithelial cells (AECs) undergo some degree of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in order to migrate over a denuded airway and effect re-epithelialisation. Furthermore, based on our previous findings that BMP signalling is an early event in AECs following injury in vivo and that BMP4 down-regulates E-cadherin expression and enhances migration in AECs in vitro, we hypothesised that BMPs could play a role in inducing such a phenotypic switch.

Methods

Normal AECs were isolated from mouse lungs and analysed in a model of a disrupted epithelium. EMT marker expression and BMP signalling were examined by immunofluorescence, Western blotting and RT-PCR.

Results

Following generation of a wound area, AECs at the wound edge migrated and acquired a mesenchymal-like morphology. E-cadherin expression was reduced in migrating cells while vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was increased. Re-expression of membrane E-cadherin was subsequently observed in some cells in the wound area following re-establishment of the monolayer. A transient increase in the incidence of nuclear phosphorylated Smad1/5/8 was observed in migrating cells compared with confluent cells, indicating active BMP signalling during migration. BMP antagonists noggin and gremlin inhibited cell migration, confirming the involvement of BMP signalling in migration and indicating autocrine signalling, possibly involving BMP7 or BMP4 which were expressed in AECs. Exogenous BMP2, BMP4 and BMP7 induced a mesenchymal-like morphology in AECs, enhanced the rate of cell migration and increased α-SMA protein expression in AECs.

Conclusions

Following disruption of an intact epithelium, migrating AECs at the wound edge acquire an EMT-like phenotype involving altered expression of E-cadherin, vimentin and α-SMA. BMP signalling is involved in AEC migration and is likely to mediate the switch towards an EMT-like phenotype by altering protein expression to facilitate cell migration and wound closure. We propose therefore that acquisition of an EMT-like phenotype by AECs is a normal aspect of wound repair. Furthermore, we suggest that diseases involving fibrosis may arise because the EMT phase of repair is prolonged by chronic injury/inflammation, rather than being caused by it, as is the current paradigm.
Gene expression profiling of breast cancer survivability by pooled cDNA microarray analysis using logistic regression, artificial neural networks and decision trees
Authors: Chou Hsiu-Ling , Yao Chung-Tay , Su Sui-Lun , Lee Chia-Yi , Hu Kuang-Yu , Terng Harn-Jing , Shih Yun-Wen , Chang Yu-Tien , Lu Yu-Fen , Chang Chi-Wen , Wahlqvist Mark L , Wetter Thomas , Chu Chi-Ming
Published: March 2013

Background

Microarray technology can acquire information about thousands of genes simultaneously. We analyzed published breast cancer microarray databases to predict five-year recurrence and compared the performance of three data mining algorithms of artificial neural networks (ANN), decision trees (DT) and logistic regression (LR) and two composite models of DT-ANN and DT-LR. The collection of microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus, four breast cancer datasets were pooled for predicting five-year breast cancer relapse. After data compilation, 757 subjects, 5 clinical variables and 13,452 genetic variables were aggregated. The bootstrap method, Mann-Whitney U test and 20-fold cross-validation were performed to investigate candidate genes with 100 most-significant p-values. The predictive powers of DT, LR and ANN models were assessed using accuracy and the area under ROC curve. The associated genes were evaluated using Cox regression.

Results

The DT models exhibited the lowest predictive power and the poorest extrapolation when applied to the test samples. The ANN models displayed the best predictive power and showed the best extrapolation. The 21 most-associated genes, as determined by integration of each model, were analyzed using Cox regression with a 3.53-fold (95% CI: 2.24-5.58) increased risk of breast cancer five-year recurrence…

Conclusions

The 21 selected genes can predict breast cancer recurrence. Among these genes, CCNB1, PLK1 and TOP2A are in the cell cycle G2/M DNA damage checkpoint pathway. Oncologists can offer the genetic information for patients when understanding the gene expression profiles on breast cancer recurrence.
Diversification of Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase in a preserved framework for redox relay
Authors: Limor-Waisberg Keren , Ben-Dor Shifra , Fass Deborah
Published: March 2013

Background

The enzyme family Quiescin Sulfhydryl Oxidase (QSOX) is defined by the presence of an amino-terminal thioredoxin-fold (Trx) domain and a carboxy-terminal Erv family sulfhydryl oxidase domain. QSOX enzymes, which generate disulfide bonds and transfer them to substrate proteins, are present in a wide variety of eukaryotic species including metazoans and plants, but are absent from fungi. Plant and animal QSOXs differ in their active-site amino acid sequences and content of non-catalytic domains. The question arises, therefore, whether the Trx-Erv fusion has the same mechanistic significance in all QSOX enzymes, and whether shared features distinguish the functional domains of QSOX from other instances in which these domains occur independently. Through a study of QSOX phylogeny and an analysis of QSOX sequence diversity in light of recently determined three-dimensional structures, we sought insight into the origin and evolution of this multi-domain redox alliance.

Results

An updated collection of QSOX enzymes was used to confirm and refine the differences in domain composition and active-site sequence motif patterns of QSOXs belonging to various eukaryotic phyla. Beyond the expected phylogenetic distinction of animal and plant QSOX enzymes, trees based on individual redox-active QSOX domains show a particular distinction of the Trx domain early in plant evolution. A comparison of QSOX domains with Trx and Erv domains from outside the QSOX family revealed several sequence and structural features that clearly differentiate QSOXs from other enzymes containing either of these domains. Notably, these features, present in QSOXs of various phyla, localize to the interface between the Trx and Erv domains observed in structures of QSOX that model interdomain redox communication.

Conclusions

The infrastructure for interdomain electron relay, previously identified for animal and parasite QSOXs, is found broadly across the QSOX family, including the plant enzymes. We conclude that the conserved three-dimensional framework of the QSOX catalytic domains accommodates lineage-specific differences and paralog diversification in the amino acid residues surrounding the redox-active cysteines. Our findings indicate that QSOX enzymes are characterized not just by the presence of the two defining domain folds but also by features that promote coordinated activity.
Patients’ perceptions of depression and coronary heart disease: a qualitative UPBEAT-UK study
Authors: Simmonds Rosemary L , Tylee Andre , Walters Paul , Rose Diana
Published: March 2013

Background

The prevalence of depression in people with coronary heart disease (CHD) is high but little is known about patients’ own perceptions and experiences of this. This study aimed to explore (i) primary care (PC) patients’ perceptions of links between their physical condition and mental health, (ii) their experiences of living with depression and CHD and (iii) their own self-help strategies and attitudes to current PC interventions for depression.

Method

Qualitative study using consecutive sampling, in-depth interviews and thematic analysis using a process of constant comparison. 30 participants from the UPBEAT-UK cohort study, with CHD and symptoms of depression. All participants were registered on the General Practitioner (GP) primary care, coronary register.

Results

A personal and social story of loss underpinned participants’ accounts of their lives, both before and after their experience of having CHD. This theme included two interrelated domains: interpersonal loss and loss centred upon health/control issues. Strong links were made between CHD and depression by men who felt emasculated by CHD. Weaker links were made by participants who had experienced distressing life events such as divorce and bereavement or were living with additional chronic health conditions (i.e. multimorbidity). Participants also felt ‘depressed’ by the ‘medicalisation’ of their lives, loneliness and the experience of ageing and ill health. Just under half the sample had consulted their GP about their low mood and participants were somewhat ambivalent about accessing primary care interventions for depression believing the GP would not be able to help them with complex health and social issues. Talking therapies and interventions providing the opportunity for social interaction, support and exercise, such as Cardiac Rehabilitation, were thought to be helpful whereas anti-depressants were not favoured.

Conclusions

The experiences and needs of patients with CHD and depression are diverse and include psycho-social issues involving interpersonal and health/control losses. In view of the varying social and health needs of patients with CHD and depression the adoption of a holistic, case management approach to care is recommended together with personalised support providing the opportunity for patients to develop and achieve life and health goals, where appropriate.
Changing Patterns of Anal Canal Carcinoma in the United States
Authors: Nelson Rebecca A. , Levine Alexandra M. , Bernstein Leslie , Smith David D. , Lai Lily L.
Published: March 2013

Purpose

Persistent human papillomavirus infection is associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA). With changing sexual behaviors, SCCA incidence and patient demographics may also have changed in recent years.

Methods

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results public-use data set from 1973 to 2009 was analyzed to determine incidence trends for and demographic factors characterizing SCCA. Joinpoint analyses identified time points when incidence rates changed. For comparison, similar analyses were conducted for anal adenocarcinoma.

Results

Joinpoint analyses identified 1997 as the single inflection point among 11,231 patients with SCCA, at which the slope of incidence rates statistically increased (1997 to 2009 v 1973 to 1996: risk ratio [RR], 2.2; 95% CI, 2.1 to 2.3). Annual percent change (APC) increased for all SCCA stages and was the greatest for anal carcinoma in situ (CIS; APC, 14.2; 95% CI, 10.2 to 18.4). Demographic changes characterizing later versus earlier time period included younger age at diagnosis and rising incidence rates in all stage, sex, and racial groups. During 1997 to 2009, women were less likely to present with CIS (RR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.3 to 0.3) but more likely to present with localized (RR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.3) and regional SCCA (RR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.4 to 1.7). In contrast, adenocarcinoma APCs among 1,791 patients remained stable during this time period.

Conclusion

CIS and SCCA incidence increased dramatically after 1997 for men and women, although men were more likely to be diagnosed with CIS. These changes likely resulted from available screening in men and argue for efforts to identify high-risk individuals who may benefit from screening.
Minireview: Nuclear Insulin and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptors: A Novel Paradigm in Signal Transduction
Authors: Sarfstein Rive , Werner Haim
Published: March 2013

The specificity of the insulin receptor (InsR) and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF1R) signaling pathways has been the focus of significant debate over the past few years. Recent evidence showing nuclear import and a direct transcriptional role for both InsR and IGF1R adds a new layer of complexity to this dialog. Hence, in addition to the classical roles associated with cell-surface receptors (eg, ligand binding, autophosphorylation of the tyrosine kinase domain, activation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) and additional substrates, protein-protein interactions with membrane and cytoplasm components), new data are consistent with nuclear (genomic) role(s) for both InsR and IGF1R. The present review provides a brief overview of the physical and functional similarities and differences between InsR and IGF1R and describes data from a number of laboratories providing evidence for a new layer of signaling regulation (ie, the ability of InsR and IGF1R to translocate to the cell nucleus and to elicit genomic activities usually associated with transcription factors). The ability of InsR and IGF1R to function as transcription factors, although poorly understood, constitutes a new paradigm in signal transduction. Although research on the role of nuclear InsR/IGF1R is still in its infancy, we believe that this rapidly developing area may have a major basic and translational impact on the fields of metabolism, diabetes, and cancer.
Murder and “Point of View”
Authors: Toal Catherine
Published: March 2013

This essay proposes an alternative account of the significance, for the development and interpretation of his work, of Henry James's engagement with French literature. Beginning with James's critique of the “cruelty” of the Goncourt brothers' novel Sœur Philomème, it argues, through a reading of The Turn of the Screw, that James's narrative technique and typical configuration of characters create a mechanism very different from the ethically sensitive portrayal of distinctive “perspectives” enshrined as the Jamesian contribution to a liberal Anglo-American aesthetics of the novel. The essay reviews the various critical efforts to reconcile James with his French near-contemporaries and suggests an outline of the evolution of his method and plots in the 1890s. An important figure in the dismantling and re-forging of Jamesian narrative “point of view” in this “middle period” — and especially in The Turn of the Screw — is the kind of female protagonist scrutinized by the Goncourts' novel. I argue that the structure of The Turn of the Screw — and the critical controversies that have beset its reception history — can be explained by linking it to the two failed texts that constituted James's bid for popularity (Guy Domville and The Other House) and to the nature of psychoanalytic allegory, as epitomized by E.T.A. Hoffmann's “Der Sandmann.” The essay offers a psychoanalytic interpretation rooted in the biographical and stylistic progression of the oeuvre to which the story belongs, one that accounts for its force and impact, and modifies key cultural and formal assumptions in the theory of fiction.
Vladimir Nabokov's “La Belle Dame Sans Merci”: A Study in the Ethics and Effects of Literary Adaptation
Authors: Shvabrin Stanislav
Published: March 2013

Overlooked by students of John Keats's reception in Russia and misattributed by scholars researching the earliest stages of the writer's evolution, Vladimir Nabokov's Russian domestication of “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” (1921) poses before its interpreter a set of problems ranging from the mystery of its origin to issues in the ontology and ethics of literary translation as adaptation. The present study of one such work establishes that Nabokov's experiments in literary adaptation, their questionable proprietorship notwithstanding, afford a unique perspective not only on the subsequent development of his theory and practice of literary translation, but also on his original writing. The essay's analysis of “Akh, chto muchit tebia, goremyka” shows it to have been a seminal instance of Nabokov's fruitful and enduring engagement with a principle poetic text in the Anglo-American canon, as well as with the artistic imagination abiding therein. As a result of his encounter with Keats's ballad in the medium of literary adaptation, Nabokov was able to acquire, absorb, and creatively promulgate a productive stratagem that would become a hallmark of his own creative output, that of the unreliable narrator.
The Double Taxation of Savings: The Italian Debate Revisited
Authors: Fossati Amedeo
Published: March 2013

The statement that taxing earned income implies that saved income is taxed more than consumed income is usually credited to John Stuart Mill and was championed by Irving Fisher, even though, in the first half of the twentieth century, international doctrine never accepted it, save for Alfred Marshall and A. C. Pigou. In Italy the double taxation of savings was endorsed by Luigi Einaudi and was the object of heated debate among Italian public finance scholars. The expenditure tax should have followed from the theorem of double taxation as a corollary, and indeed, it was proposed by Einaudi and revived by Nicholas Kaldor in 1955. The present article is dedicated to examining the crucial aspects of the Italian debate on the double taxation of savings, which lasted from 1912 to 1942, with the aim, first, of highlighting its peculiarity and specificity with respect to the previous English-language literature, and second, of analyzing from a historiographical perspective the main reasoning put forward in the debate.
The Loser's Curse: Decision Making and Market Efficiency in the National Football League Draft
Authors: Massey Cade , Thaler Richard H.
Published: March 2013

A question of increasing interest to researchers in a variety of fields is whether the biases found in judgment and decision-making research remain present in contexts in which experienced participants face strong economic incentives. To investigate this question, we analyze the decision making of National Football League teams during their annual player draft. This is a domain in which monetary stakes are exceedingly high and the opportunities for learning are rich. It is also a domain in which multiple psychological factors suggest that teams may overvalue the chance to pick early in the draft. Using archival data on draft-day trades, player performance, and compensation, we compare the market value of draft picks with the surplus value to teams provided by the drafted players. We find that top draft picks are significantly overvalued in a manner that is inconsistent with rational expectations and efficient markets, and consistent with psychological research.

This paper was accepted by Uri Gneezy, behavioral economics.
Implications of Hyperbolic Discounting for Optimal Pricing and Scheduling of Unpleasant Services That Generate Future Benefits
Authors: Plambeck Erica L. , Wang Qiong
Published: March 2013

People tend to lack the self-control to undergo an unpleasant service that would generate future benefits. This paper derives a tractable quasi-hyperbolic discounting model of that behavioral tendency (for a queueing system in which service time is short relative to the time horizon for its benefits). Planning in advance, people may naively overestimate their self-control. This paper shows how customers' lack of self-control and naivete affect optimal pricing and scheduling. The welfare-maximizing usage fee and the revenue-maximizing usage fee decrease with customers' lack of self-control. Charging for subscription, in addition to or instead of per use, increases revenue, especially when subscribers are naive. If the manager can charge for subscription or per use, subscription is optimal for revenue maximization, whereas usage-based pricing is optimal for welfare maximization. If customers are heterogeneous in their self-control and naivete, priority scheduling can dramatically increase welfare and revenue.

This paper was accepted by Christian Terwiesch, operations management.
The Emergence of Opinion Leaders in a Networked Online Community: A Dyadic Model with Time Dynamics and a Heuristic for Fast Estimation
Authors: Lu Yingda , Jerath Kinshuk , Singh Param Vir
Published: March 2013

We study the drivers of the emergence of opinion leaders in a networked community where users establish links to others, indicating their “trust” for the link receiver's opinion. This leads to the formation of a network, with high in-degree individuals being the opinion leaders. We use a dyad-level proportional hazard model with time-varying covariates to model the growth of this network. To estimate our model, we use Weighted Exogenous Sampling with Bayesian Inference, a methodology that we develop for fast estimation of dyadic models on large network data sets. We find that, in the Epinions network, both the widely studied “preferential attachment” effect based on the existing number of inlinks (i.e., a network-based property of a node) and the number and quality of reviews written (i.e., an intrinsic property of a node) are significant drivers of new incoming trust links to a reviewer (i.e., inlinks to a node). Interestingly, we find that time is an important moderator of these effects—intrinsic node characteristics are a stronger short-term driver of additional inlinks, whereas the preferential attachment effect has a smaller impact but it persists for a longer time. Our novel insights have important managerial implications for the design of online review communities.

This paper was accepted by Sandra Slaughter, information systems.
Is There One Unifying Concept of Utility?An Experimental Comparison of Utility Under Risk and Utility Over Time
Authors: Abdellaoui Mohammed , Bleichrodt Han , l'Haridon Olivier , Paraschiv Corina
Published: March 2013

The nature of utility is controversial. Whereas decision theory commonly assumes that utility is context specific, applied and empirical decision analysis typically assumes one unifying concept of utility applicable to all decision problems. This controversy has hardly been addressed empirically because of the absence of methods to measure utility outside the context of risk. We introduce a method to measure utility over time and compare utility under risk and utility over time. We distinguish between gains and losses and also measure loss aversion. In two experiments we found that utility under risk and utility over time differed and were uncorrelated. Utility under risk was more curved than utility over time. Subjects were loss averse both for risk and for time, but loss aversion was more pronounced for risk. Loss aversion over risk and time were uncorrelated. This suggests that loss aversion, although important in both decision contexts, is volatile and subject to framing.

This paper was accepted by Rakesh Sarin, decision analysis.
The ‘Most Splendid Pageant Ever Seen’: Grandeur, the Domestic, and Condescension in Lord Durham’s Political Theatre
Authors: Curtis Bruce
Published: March 2013

This article offers a thematic analysis of the performance of grandeur and the workings of the domestic domain in the Durham mission, framed by literatures on manners, morals, and symbolic politics. During his governor-generalship, Lord Durham brought a regal grandeur to bear on British North American politics that was sustained by a large entourage and performed at dinners, balls, banquets, receptions, and through public addresses, as well as in Durham’s own domestic circle. In his relations with colonists, Durham frequently adopted a strategy of comportment – condescension – available only to the great. This same strategy appeared in the analyses of colonial cultural and political conditions that were offered by him and by members of his entourage. Drawing on the sociology of Pierre Bourdieu, and taking up the emphasis on the importance of the domestic in post-colonial studies, the author seeks to elucidate some neglected aspects of the Durham Mission.

Cet article analyse la mise en scène du grandiose et le fonctionnement de l’espace domestique lors de la mission de Lord Durham. Il s’inscrit dans les travaux sur les moeurs et manières, la moralité et la symbolique du pouvoir. Au cours de son mandat comme gouverneur général, Lord Durham fait rayonner sur la vie politique de l’Amérique du Nord britannique une sorte de grandeur royale qui s’appuie sur un entourage nombreux et qu’il déploie à l’occasion de dîners, de bals, de banquets et de réceptions, comme au sein de sa propre suite. Dans ses rapports avec les colons, Durham adopte souvent un comportement réservé aux grands : la condescendance. La même stratégie apparaît dans les analyses des conditions politiques et culturelles coloniales proposées par Durham et par des membres de son entourage. L’auteur s’inspire de la sociologie de Pierre Bourdieu et reprend à son compte l’intérêt des études post-coloniales pour le domaine domestique afin d’éclairer des facettes négligées de la mission Durham.
Clandestine Operations: The Vancouver Women’s Caucus, the Abortion Caravan, and the RCMP
Authors: Sethna Christabelle , Hewitt Steve
Published: March 2013

In 1969, the reform of the Criminal Code legalized contraception, abortion, and homosexual acts between consenting adults. Yet the conditions under which legal abortion was now permissible were so restrictive that the new abortion law provoked widespread discontent. One women’s liberation group, the fledging Vancouver Women’s Caucus (VWC), outlined a plan to travel to Ottawa between February and May 1970 in an Abortion Caravan to protest the new law. The caravan’s central feature was a van bearing a coffin filled with coat hangers to represent the deaths of women from botched abortions. Declassified RCMP files reveal that the Mounties were spying on the VWC and tracking the Abortion Caravan on its journey from Vancouver to Ottawa. An analysis of these files shows that the VWC, like other women’s liberation groups, was targeted for surveillance because the RCMP was extremely concerned about women’s liberation groups’ real and putative connections to left-wing organizations. Indeed, the RCMP’s approach to women’s liberation groups was a crucial component of the climate of fear of subversion so prevalent during the Cold War. However, the files also reveal that RCMP surveillance of the VWC proved to be a major challenge because of the complex gendered nature of the force’s surveillance of women’s liberation groups. Ultimately, the files point to the importance of studying the ways in which state security interests intersect with variables such as gender, class, race, and sexual orientation.

La réforme du Code criminel de 1969 légalise la contraception, l’avortement et les rapports homosexuels entre adultes consentants. Toutefois, les nombreuses restrictions légales qui continuent d’encadrer l’avortement provoquent beaucoup de mécontentement. Un groupe pour la libération des femmes, l’embryonnaire Vancouver Women’s Caucus (VWC), décide d’organiser, de février à mai 1970, une « Caravane de l’avortement », voyage de protestation à destination de la capitale. Des dossiers déclassifiés de la GRC révèlent que la police fédérale a espionné le VWC et la Caravane de l’avortement le long de son trajet entre Vancouver et Ottawa. Ils montrent que la GRC a ciblé le VWC, tout comme d’autres groupes du Mouvement de libération des femmes (MLF), à cause de ses liens réels et supposés avec les organisations de gauche. De fait, l’attitude de la GRC envers les groupes pour la libération des femmes a contribué de façon significative à la phobie de la subversion qui a marqué les années de guerre froide. Les dossiers montrent aussi que la surveillance des groupes du MLF, à cause de sa dimension genrée, représentait un défi complexe pour la Gendarmerie royale. En fin de compte, ces dossiers de la GRC soulignent l’importance d’étudier les intérêts de sécurité de l’État à travers les variables du genre, de la classe, de la race et de l’orientation sexuelle.
The Archive(s) Is a Foreign Country: Historians, Archivists, and the Changing Archival Landscape
Authors: Cook Terry
Published: March 2013

Historians and archivists approach the documentary past differently, as they consider, respectively, the ‘archive’ (singular) and ‘archives’ (plural). The former focuses on issues of power, memory, and identity centred upon the initial inscription of a document (or series of documents). The latter concentrates on the subsequent history of documents over time, including the many interventions by archivists (and others) that transform (and change) that original archive into archives. Despite making good common cause in lobbying over public policy, and initially sharing values based on objective, scientific history, the two professions have drifted apart in recent decades. This essay explores the reasons for this divergence by analyzing the history of the two professions and highlighting resulting misconceptions that blind both to deeper nuances of the multiple contexts surrounding records that may enhance their understanding and use. It concludes that archives are not unproblematic storehouses of records awaiting the historian, but active sites of agency and power. Until recently, it has been in the interests of both professions to deny (or at least not interrogate) the subjectivity of archives. Both professions could benefit significantly, therefore, from a renewed partnership centred upon the history of the record to produce better history.

Historiens et archivistes considèrent différemment les documents hérités du passé. Les premiers s’intéressent à l’archive (au singulier), les seconds aux archives (au pluriel). Dans le premier cas, l’attention tend à se concentrer sur les questions de pouvoir, de mémoire et d’identité au moment de la production initiale du document ou du groupe de documents. Dans le second cas, l’intérêt se focalise sur l’histoire du document à travers le temps, notamment les multiples interventions par lesquelles les archivistes (entre autres) ont transformé l’archive originale en archives. Bien qu’elles fassent volontiers cause commune face aux pouvoirs publics et qu’elles aient partagé à l’origine une même foi en l’histoire objective et scientifique, les deux disciplines se sont éloignées l’une de l’autre ces dernières décennies. Cet article examine les causes de cette divergence. Il soutient que des défauts de perspective liés à leur histoire respective empêchent l’une et l’autre discipline d’apprécier dans toutes leurs nuances les multiples contextes du document d’archive et d’utiliser ce dernier à son plein potentiel. Il conclut que les archives ne sont pas tant des dépôts documentaires neutres et transparents en attente de leur historien que des lieux de pouvoir et d’action. Jusqu’à récemment, les historiens comme les archivistes avaient intérêt à nier (ou, du moins, à ne pas mettre en cause) la subjectivité des archives. Les deux disciplines pourraient à nouveau collaborer avec profit à une histoire de l’archive qui servirait de base à une meilleure production historiographique.
'A Species of Treason?': Deportation and Nation-Building in the Case of Tomo Čačić, 1931–1934
Authors: Molinaro Dennis G.
Published: March 2013

La déportation jut utilisée au Canada, au debut des années 1930, pour soustraire les extrémistes de meme que des immigrants qui recevaient des prestations d'assistance aux chômeurs. Les études sur la déportation en Amérique du Nord sont limitées et peu d'entre elles se sont intéressées aux idées sur la « nation » comme étant au centre des débats sur la déportation. En outre, ces études se sont rarement attardées aux efforts locaux des personnes qui ont résisté à la déportation. Les ouvrages les plus influents en cette matière sont sans nul doute Whence They Came: Deportation in Canada 1900–1935, de Barbara Roberts, et « Tomo Čačić: Rebel without a Country », de Anthony Rasporich. L'article résumé id poursuit dans le droitfil des travaux de ces deux auteurs en expliquant non seulement les mécanismes, mais aussi les ancrages idéologiques des politiques de déportation des années de Dépression, à travers l'étude de cas très révélatrice de Tomo Čačić, extrémiste transnational qui pensait globalement et agissait localement. Le pouvoir de déporter offrait à l'État un puissant instrument pour modeler la nation. La déportation d'extrémistes politiques servait un double but: elle isolait et éloignait les personnes identifiées comme des ennemis politiques de l'ordre politique et, par le fait même, démontrait implicitement les qualités de ceux qui étaient qualifiés pour être des citoyens au sein de la nation canadienne naissante .
Parasites from 'Alien Shores': The Decline of Canada's Freshwater Fishing Industry
Authors: Piper Liza
Published: March 2013

Après 1900, les pêcheries du Nord-Ouest se sont développées considérablement depuis le sud du Manitoba jusqu'aux Territoires du Nord-Ouest, leur production étant principalement destinée aux marchés urbains des États-Unis. En réaction à la crise économique des années 1930, de nouveaux règlements commerciaux ont interdit l'importation de poisson infecté par un parasite appelé Triaenophorus, et ont frappé deux des plus importantes espèces commerciales de poisson d'eau douce : le cisco et le grand corégone. Au cours des décennies suivantes, malgré les nombreuses interventions scientifiques et gouvernementales dans les pêcheries, I'industrie de la pêche au poisson d'eau douce fut incapable de se remettre complètement des impacts économiques de nouveaux règlements commerciaux. Cet échec témoignait de l'influence sans précédent du parasite et de ses relations écologiques avec les autres espèces et avec l'eau douce où il a été trouvé. Cet article va au-delà du récit habituel sur les impacts du protectionnisme économique : il vérifie la manière dont le contexte naturel où l'on trouve des ressources comme le poisson intervient dans les affaires socio-économiques des humains
La mouvance de la culture canadienne-française vue à travers l'évolution d'une institution catholique en région
Authors: Martin Tania
Published: March 2013

Cet article scrute l'évolution du cadre bâti et les relations spatiales qu'il aide à structurer, ce qui traduit la vie quotidienne des occupants selon une certaine vision du monde. Plus particulièrement, il analyse l'Hospice Saint-Joseph de Beauharnois, œuvre de bienfaisance qu'ont établi les Sœurs de la Charité de l'Hôpital général de Montréal, dites Sœurs Grises, au milieu du XIXe siècle, utilisant le concept de l'habitus et les outils de la grammaire spatiale. Œuvrant à l'intérieur de l'Église catholique canadienne et au sein de la société, elles devaient composer avec la hiérarchie patriarcale tout en faisant leur propre place dans le champ social. L'interprétation du bâtiment à différentes périodes rend visible les fortunes de l'Hospice étroitement liées à l'industrialisation de la ville et au sort de la catholicité affrontant la modernité et le libéralisme. En fait, l'histoire du bâtiment condense celui de l'établissement, la consolidation et le déclin d'un réseau d'assistance institutionnel québécois et canadien et celui de la place qu'occupe le catholicisme dans le paysage. The article traces the development of a building and the spatial relations that it helped to structure, which shaped the daily life of its occupants according to a particular world view. More specifically, the article analyses the Hospice Saint-Joseph, located in Beauharnois. The hospice was a charitable institution established by the Sisters of Charity of Montreal General Hospital, known as the Grey Nuns. The sisters established the institution in the mid-nineteenth century based on a social concept and using the tools of space relations. The Grey Nuns were required to work both within the framework of the Canadian Catholic Church and society, and were called upon to conform to a patriarchal hierarchy, while at the same time, carving their own place within the social order. At different periods in its history, the design of the building reflected the institution's wealth (or lack thereof), which was dependent upon the city's industrialization and the Catholic Church's destiny vis-à-vis modernism and liberalism. In fact, the history of the building echoes the history of the hospice, the rise and fall of a Quebec and Canadian institutional charitable network, and the place occupied by Catholicism in the contemporary landscape.
Sergeant Masumi Mitsui and the Japanese Canadian War Memorial
Authors: Dick Lyle
Published: March 2013

For much of the twentieth century, military commemoration operated in a context of pan-Canadian remembrance. This emphasis overlooked the groups outside the mainstream that pursued their own goals through military service and commemoration, which sometimes differed from and challenged the hegemony of national collective memory. A case in point is the Japanese Canadian War Memorial in Vancouver and its intersections with the military service of Masumi Mitsui and other Japanese-Canadian soldiers of the First World War. After the war, the Japanese-Canadian veterans fought for the right to vote in provincial elections, which they eventually secured in 1931, thereby becoming the first Asian Canadians to attain the franchise in British Columbia. The veterans’ wartime service could not prevent anti-Japanese-Canadian sentiment before and during the Second World War, leading to the seizure of their properties and their forced removal from the coast. The article foregrounds Mitsui’s return to Vancouver in 1985 as the honoured guest in a ceremony to relight the lantern at the Japanese Canadian War Memorial. Drawing on insights of the philosopher of history Walter Benjamin, this history is approached in light of Benjamin’s account of storytelling traditions and the ‘now-time’ of historical agency.

Durant une grande partie du vingtième siècle, les cérémonies commémoratives militaires partout au Canada s’inscrivent dans un contexte de remémoration pancanadienne. Or, ces cérémonies excluaient les groupes qui n’appartenaient pas à la culture dominante. Ces derniers poursuivaient des objectifs qui leur étaient propres tant durant leur service militaire qu’au moment des manifestations commémoratives. D’ailleurs, leurs objectifs pouvaient parfois se distinguer et voir même remettre en question l’hégémonie la mémoire collective pan-canadienne. Un bel exemple de cela est le Monument aux morts des canadiens d’origine japonaise de Vancouver et ce qu’il a signifié pour Masumi Mitsui et d’autres soldats japonais-canadiens de la Première Guerre mondiale. Après la guerre, les anciens combattants canadiens d’origine japonaise ont livré bataille pour obtenir le droit de vote aux é lections provinciales – un droit qu’ils ont éventuellement obtenu en 1931. Ils sont ainsi devenus les premiers Canadiens d’origine asiatique à obtenir le droit de vote en Colombie-Britannique. Le service militaire en temps de guerre des anciens combattants n’a pas pu empêcher le développement d’un sentiment anti-japonais-canadien avant et pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale et qui a donné lieu à la saisie de leurs biens et à leur déportation de la côte. L’article met au premier plan le retour de Mitsui à Vancouver en 1985 à titre d’invité d’honneur à une cérémonie où on allait rallumer la lanterne du Monument aux morts. Inspirés des réflexions de l’historien philosophe Walter Benjamin, cette étude établit le rapport entre les traditions des conteurs et ce qu’il appelle le ‘now time of historical agency’.
Québécois et Canadiens face au passé: similitudes et dissemblances
Authors: Létourneau Jocelyn , Northrup David
Published: March 2013

Tablant sur une vaste enquête sur la conscience historique des Canadiens, les auteurs se penchent sur les similitudes et dissemblances qui marquent le rapport des Québécois et des autres Canadiens avec le passé. S'il existe une distinction québécoise, ce n'est pas celle qu'on croyait. La différence en cause se manifeste surtout par une indifférence des Québécois, particulièrement des Franco-Québécois, à l'endroit de l'histoire. Comment l'expliquer?
Managing Migrants: Toronto, 1820-1880
Authors: Chilton Lisa
Published: March 2013

Immigration to and through central Canada increased substantially in the middle decades of the nineteenth century. In response to some of the problems associated with this mass migration, and in an effort to stimulate more of the 'right' kind of settlement, state-funded immigration agencies were established at all major ports and urban reception centres across the region during this period. To date, most of the literature on this subject has focused upon the state's management of migrants in Lower Canada (at Montreal, Quebec, and Grosse-Île) and upon the response of government officials to the period's major epidemics (cholera and typhus). This article uses Toronto as a case study to trace the evolution of the state's interaction with migrants from a different starting point. It emphasizes the importance of the 1820-80 period — a period in which major state initiatives were put in place to regulate the flow of immigration more effectively. It underlines the fact that the state consisted of multiple, frequently competing layers of authority and power during the period of transition from colonies to nation. Finally, the study of Toronto highlights that the intersections of different state levels (municipal, provincial, imperial, federal) did not constitute an especially monolithic state regulatory response during this period, but rather more of a labyrinth whose changing features could radically affect the individual experiences of migrants during these years. Le milieu du dix-neuvième siècle a vu l'immigration s'accroître substantiellement au Canada central. En réponse à certains problèmes associés à cette migration de masse et dans le but de susciter davantage de « bons » types d'établissement, des agences d'immigration financées par l'État ont été établies dans tous les principaux ports et centres d'accueil urbains de la région pendant cette période. À ce jour, la plupart des écrits à ce sujet ont ciblé la gestion par l'État des migrants au Bas-Canada (à Montréal, Québec et Grosse-Île) et la réponse du gouvernement aux grandes épidémies de choléra et de typhus. Prenant Toronto comme étude de cas, l'article retrace l'évolution de l'inter-action de l'État avec les migrants à partir d'un nouveau point de départ. Il insiste sur l'importance des années 1820-80, une période dans laquelle d'importantes initiatives publiques furent mises en pratique pour mieux gérer le flot d'immigration. Il rappelle par ailleurs que l'État comprenait des niveaux d'autorité et de pouvoir nombreux et souvent concurrents durant la période du passage du statut de colonie à celui de pays. L'étude du cas torontois souligne enfin que l'entrecroisement des différents niveaux de gouvernement (municipal, provincial, impérial, fédéral), loin de générer une intervention monolithique de la part de l'É tat, a plutôt produit une sorte de labyrinthe dont le tracé changeant a pu radicalement affecter les expériences individuelles des migrants pendant ces années.
An Intimate Understanding of Place: Charles Sauriol and Toronto’s Don River Valley, 1927–1989
Authors: Bonnell Jennifer
Published: March 2013

Every summer from 1927 to 1968, Toronto conservationist Charles Sauriol and his family moved from their city home to a rustic cottage just a few kilometres away, within the urban wilderness of Toronto’s Don River Valley. In his years as a cottager, Sauriol saw the valley change from a picturesque setting of rural farms and woodlands to an increasingly threatened corridor of urban green space. His intimate familiarity with the valley led to a lifelong quest to protect it. This paper explores the history of conservation in the Don River Valley through Sauriol’s experiences. Changes in the approaches to protecting urban nature, I argue, are reflected in Sauriol’s personal experience – the strategies he employed, the language he used, and the losses he suffered as a result of urban planning policies. Over the course of Sauriol’s career as a conservationist, from the 1940s to the 1990s, the river increasingly became a symbol of urban health – specifically, the health of the relationship between urban residents and the natural environment upon which they depend. Drawing from a rich range of sources, including diary entries, published memoirs, and unpublished manuscripts and correspondence, this paper reflects upon the ways that biography can inform histories of place and better our understanding of individual responses to changing landscapes.

Chaque été de 1927 à 1968, l’écologiste torontois Charles Sauriol et sa famille quittent leur maison de ville pour s’installer dans un chalet rustique quelques kilomètres plus loin, dans la zone naturelle de la vallée de la rivière Don, au cœur de Toronto. Durant ces années, Sauriol a vu la vallée pittoresques, aux fermes et régions boisées se transformer en corridor vert urbain toujours plus menacé. Fort de sa très grande connaissance de la vallée, tout au long de sa vie, il se donnera pour mission de la protéger. Cet article explore l’histoire de la conservation dans la vallée de la rivière Don par le biais de ce qu’a vécu Sauriol. Je soutiens que l’expérience personnelle de Sauriol, y compris les stratégies qu’il a employées, le langage qu’il a utilisé, les pertes qu’il a luimême subies dans la foulée des politiques de planification urbaine – reflète les changements d’approche déployés pour assurer la protection de la nature urbaine. Au fil de la carrière d’écologiste de Sauriol, des années 1940 aux années 1990, la rivière est devenue une représentation symbolique de plus en plus puissante de la santé urbaine et plus précisément de la relation saine entre les citadins et le milieu naturel duquel ils dépendent. Puisant à une riche collection de sources – notes de journal personnel, de mémoires publiés et de correspondance et manuscrits inédits –, cet article réfléchit aux façons dont une biographie peut nous renseigner sur l’histoire d’un lieu et nous aider à mieux comprendre les réactions individuelles aux mutations du paysage.