bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons from Project Mars
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2020

This chapter presents a five-stage empirical strategy. It first details how core variables, including prewar military inequality and battlefield performance, were constructed. Second, the chapter provides simple descriptive statistics about the relationship between military inequality and the various measures of battlefield performance. Next, it subjects two different measures of military inequality to a series of statistical tests to examine the strength of this association. Afterward, the chapter uses matching and a two-control group comparison to investigate how shifts from low to high inequality, and from medium to high inequality, affect battlefield performance within a reduced sample of most similar belligerents. Finally, this chapter considers the fate of leading alternative explanations, which receive almost no empirical support within the expanded Project Mars universe.
Forging Armies from Prisons of Peoples
Authors: Lyall Jason
Published: September 2020

This chapter compares the Ottoman Empire, a high-inequality belligerent, with its medium-inequality Austro-Hungarian counterpart, during their respective wars in Tripolitania (1911–1912) and on the Eastern Front of World War I (1914–1917). Here the gap in military inequality is modest, at 0.08, suggesting that their observed differences should be far less glaring. Indeed, the chapter finds that while Ottoman performance was poor, the Austro-Hungarian Common Army was only marginally better. Moreover, wartime victimization of its own population pulled Austro-Hungary up the ladder of inequality, resulting in worsened performance that by war's end closely resembled Ottoman shortcomings. The Common Army also pulls double duty in this chapter by demonstrating what happens when military inequality increases during the conflict.
You Say You Want a Revolution?
Authors: Chirot Daniel
Published: September 2020

Why have so many of the iconic revolutions of modern times ended in bloody tragedies? And what lessons can be drawn from these failures today, in a world where political extremism is on the rise and rational reform based on moderation and compromise often seems impossible to achieve? This book examines a wide range of right- and left-wing revolutions around the world—from the late eighteenth century to today—to provide important new answers to these critical questions. From the French Revolution of the eighteenth century to the Mexican, Russian, German, Chinese, anticolonial, and Iranian revolutions of the twentieth, the book finds that moderate solutions to serious social, economic, and political problems were overwhelmed by radical ideologies that promised simpler, drastic remedies. But not all revolutions had this outcome. The American Revolution didn't, although its failure to resolve the problem of slavery eventually led to the Civil War, and the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe was relatively peaceful, except in Yugoslavia. From Japan, North Korea, Vietnam, and Cambodia to Algeria, Angola, Haiti, and Romania, the book explains why violent radicalism, corruption, and the betrayal of ideals won in so many crucial cases, why it didn't in some others, and what the long-term prospects for major social change are if liberals can't deliver needed reforms. A powerful account of the unintended consequences of revolutionary change, the book is filled with critically important lessons for today's liberal democracies struggling with new forms of extremism.
Reaction, War, Invasion, and Revolutionary Terror
Authors: Chirot Daniel
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores how civil wars and foreign intervention can strengthen revolutions. It shows that the repressions of even potential—or sometimes just imagined and falsely accused—counterrevolutionaries in France, Russia, and later Iran were very bloody. In France, the revolution led not only to civil war but also to foreign intervention and a long series of international wars. In Russia, outside involvement contributed to a prolonged, terrible civil war. In Iran, the very costly Iraqi invasion of 1980 and subsequent eight-year war also exacted a high price in lives. The paradox is that outside intervention and civil war actually strengthened the revolutionaries in all three of these cases and significantly contributed to their radicalization.
The Tyranny of Idealistic Certitude and Imagined Utopias
Authors: Chirot Daniel
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that the more transformative the utopia, the more likely it was to meet inevitable, practical barriers. No utopia yet devised fully took into account the imperfections of normal human behavior. Rather than accepting the limitations of their utopian dreams, revolutionary leaders increasingly applied violence to reshape not only their societies but human nature itself. They died unrepentant, still certain they had been right. Within this backdrop, the chapter first turns to the confounding case of the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920. This revolution had many of the elements that produced so much violence and repression in previous examples. Yet the Mexican Revolution never became as radical as these others because it did not formulate a coherent utopian ideal. After considering this seeming exception, the chapter turns to the examples of tyrannical certitude—revolutionary regimes willing and able to commit bloody excesses in order to bring about their imagined utopias.
Revolutions Betrayed
Authors: Chirot Daniel
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses Third Worldism and its failures. It presents the case of Algeria—a country central to Third Worldism. Its long, successful struggle against French colonialism and its aspiration to create a more just, economically developed socialist society were at the heart of what the Third World movement stood for. The country later fell to widespread corruption and later, violence, which is a case mirrored by other Third World nations discussed in this chapter. In one way or another, the Algerian story has been repeated for most of the Third World socialist or semisocialist revolutionary regimes, though these characteristics are not only limited to such regimes. The chapter shows that what began as truly reformist, idealistic revolutionary movements ultimately degenerated badly, and what is most disturbing about this is that they once held out real promise of something cleaner. To conclude, the chapter presents a final case as a warning: the story of Russia after the collapse of the Communist Soviet Union.
Peaceful Revolutions?
Authors: Chirot Daniel
Published: September 2020

This chapter offers some counterexamples that show how the most radical outcomes are hardly inevitable and can sometimes be avoided, though moderation itself may be unexpectedly destabilizing in the longer run. In the second half of the nineteenth century, for instance, Germany and Japan went through major changes that turned out to be genuinely revolutionary, but they were guided by socially conservative leaders who understood that progressive reforms were necessary to avoid more dangerous outcomes. The more obviously revolutionary upheavals in the Eastern European communist states in 1989 were even more dramatic examples because they were largely nonviolent and not led by conservatives. Entire economic and political regimes ended abruptly and were replaced by liberal, capitalist democracies. The same seemed to happen to the Soviet Union in 1991. There have also been societies able to accommodate truly revolutionary social, political, and economic changes without revolutions at all.
Introduction: The Origins of Philosophia
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter presents a brief overview of the history of philosophia—the Greek name, and the discipline that it came to name. It shows that, beginning around 500 BCE, the coinage of a “love of wisdom” was met with a wry verbal slight. But a century and a half later, the term is revealed in the maturity of an institution that is continuous with today's departments of philosophy. This phenomenon—accommodating a name-calling name and consolidating a structured group around it—recurs through history, as the cases of the Quakers, Shakers, Freaks, and queer activists illustrate. A norm-policing name, at first distasteful, gets appropriated, facilitates a new and ennobling self-understanding, and then governs a productive and tight-knit social enterprise. The chapter argues that such is the origin of philosophia.
Pythagoreans as Philosophoi
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: September 2020

This chapter picks up a claim made in the previous chapter—that a term like philosophos would have been coined in response to certain sorts of unusual activity. It accumulates the earliest evidence that the Pythagoreans would have been excellent targets of this term. This is because their public face was politically notorious and influential, with their cohesion and even efficacy seeming to depend on their pedagogical and research exercises. The chapter thereby develops Walter Burkert's acknowledgment of the organized political side of their existence. Additional evidence comes from what looks to be Aristotle's support of Heraclides' account, if Iamblichus' late citations of Aristotle can be reconstructed correctly. Burkert asserts that Pythagoras was not really a philosopher; what concerns this chapter is only the beliefs that observers had about him and the names that they had reason to call him—since, for his contemporaries, philosophos hardly meant what academic philosophers now mean by “philosopher.”
Fifth-Century Philosophoi
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: September 2020

This chapter draws on the fifth-century BCE uses of philosophos and cognates for two purposes: as corroboration for the coinage meaning set out in Chapter 3 and the connection to Pythagoreans set out in Chapter 4, and as description of the drift in meaning the term underwent across several generations of use. It focuses on six authors, each of whom use the term once: Herodotus, Thucydides, the Hippocratic author of On Ancient Medicine, Gorgias, Aristophanes, and Lysias. Burkert already referred to these authors in his observation that philosophos did not first mean “lacking wisdom” or “spectating the universe.” Treated, however, in their respective literary and rhetorical contexts, they provide significant information about the fifth-century BCE career of the idea of being philosophos. It appears that at the end of that century, the term sometimes loses its wry implication and names a quite specific mode of dialectic exchange about matters of abstract or broad significance.
A Confucian Theory of Rights
Authors: Bai Tongdong
Published: September 2020

This chapter shows that some of the Confucian ideas, though apparently in conflict with some of the “democratic ideas” or ideas considered essential to rights, can be made compatible with rights. But clearly, Confucians have a more ambitious agenda. Given the Confucian continuum and harmony model between the private and the public, they also reject the mainstream liberal idea that the state should remain value-neutral, and stay out of the realm of the private. Instead, the state has a duty to promote virtues, including some of those that are considered to be in the realm of the private. For a liberal democracy to function well, the promotion of some virtues is necessary. That is, the virtues a liberal state needs to and should promote have to be “thicker” than what the liberal value neutrality or even a later Rawlsian would endorse.
Postscript
Authors: Bai Tongdong
Published: September 2020

This concluding chapter offers a synthetic answer for environmental and technological challenges. After all, if we keep expanding Confucian care, it will go beyond even animals, and eventually reach everything in the world. The chapter thus provides the Confucian perspective on caring for the environment and the social changes which arise from the advent of technology. The chapter then attempts to show how these Confucian alternatives discussed thus far in this work can be realized. The first thing that needs to be done is to acknowledge that history has not ended with liberal democratic orders, and that we need to search for better political models.
Sparse Recovery via ℓ1 Minimization
Authors: Stillwell John
Published: September 2020

This chapter prepares the reader's mind for reverse mathematics. As its name suggests, reverse mathematics seeks not theorems but the right axioms to prove theorems already known. Reverse mathematics began as a technical field of mathematical logic, but its main ideas have precedents in the ancient field of geometry and the early twentieth-century field of set theory. In geometry, the parallel axiom is the right axiom to prove many theorems of Euclidean geometry, such as the Pythagorean theorem. Set theory offers a more modern example: base theory called ZF, a theorem that ZF cannot prove (the well-ordering theorem) and the “right axiom” for proving it—the axiom of choice. From these and similar examples one can guess at a base theory for analysis, and the “right axioms” for proving some of its well-known theorems.
Recruitment: Clustering Distinctiveness
Authors: McDonnell Erin Metz
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that niches are built by “clustering distinctiveness”—drawing together particular types of people who are otherwise rare in the larger environment. First, this requires filtering out the influence of patronage politics, reducing the importance of networks on hiring decisions that leave employees more beholden to their patron than to their position. Second, it requires active selection. Selection entails finding, attracting, and recruiting a rare human resource: people who have motivations, inclinations, practices, and skill sets that provide a foundation for building a rational, impersonal administration oriented towards achieving the organization's goals. In the face of environmental challenges, the chapter highlights the intensive recruitment process of employees across the Ghanaian niches, including selection strategies, probationary periods, and recruiting from already professionalized environments. Those intensive and highly interpersonal recruitment processes create a sense within recruits that they are special and have been chosen—specifically, chosen for particular characteristics like incorruptibility and hard work, which others in the niche also share. Clustering a critical mass of those scarce resources with a shared sense of commonality enables new organizational possibilities, fostering in-group identification, dedication, and enhanced effort, culminating in a subculture of the bureaucratic ethos.
Protection: Coping with and Remaking Disruptive Environments
Authors: McDonnell Erin Metz
Published: September 2020

This chapter argues that interstitial niches face ample environmental challenges and therefore engage in considerable work to protect themselves. Even when niches concentrate distinctive staff whose prior experiences are well-aligned with the organizational goals, and whose knowledge of, and commitment to, bureaucratic comportment have been strengthened by participation within the small-group culture, niches still operate in environments that are tremendously inhospitable to their aims, offering both unintentional disruptions and active interference. This chapter analyzes the organizational strategies that niches employ to ensure that their ability to regularly and effectively accomplish their organizational goals is not negatively affected by their environment. Organizational responses include internal coping mechanisms and external projects of reshaping. Internal coping mechanisms are ways in which the highly effective niches modify processes and practices within their work group to mitigate vulnerabilities to outside interference.
L-Functions
Authors: Harder Günter , Raghuram A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter turns to L-functions. It first covers motivic and cohomological L-functions. There is a well-known conjectural dictionary between cohomological cuspidal automorphic representations of GLn and pure rank n motives. The chapter briefly reviews this dictionary while recasting it in the context of strongly inner Hecke summands on the one hand and pure effective motives on the other. Afterward, the critical points for L-functions and the combinatorial lemma are explored. In particular, the chapter reviews the Rankin–Selberg L-functions. A proof of combinatorial lemma is also given. The chapter then provides the main result on special values of L-functions. It concludes with some remarks.
Steadfast Democrats
Authors: White Ismail K. , Laird Chryl N.
Published: September 2020

Black Americans are by far the most unified racial group in American electoral politics, with 80 to 90 percent identifying as Democrats—a surprising figure given that nearly a third now also identify as ideologically conservative, up from less than 10 percent in the 1970s. Why has ideological change failed to push more black Americans into the Republican Party? This book answers this question with a pathbreaking new theory that foregrounds the specificity of the black American experience and illuminates social pressure as the key element of black Americans' unwavering support for the Democratic Party. The book argues that the roots of black political unity were established through the adversities of slavery and segregation, when black Americans forged uniquely strong social bonds for survival and resistance. It explains how these tight communities have continued to produce and enforce political norms—including Democratic Party identification in the post-Civil Rights era. The social experience of race for black Americans is thus fundamental to their political choices. Black voters are uniquely influenced by the social expectations of other black Americans to prioritize the group's ongoing struggle for freedom and equality. When navigating the choice of supporting a political party, this social expectation translates into affiliation with the Democratic Party. The book explores where and how black political norms are enforced, what this means for the future of black politics, and how this framework can be used to understand the electoral behavior of other communities.
Introduction
Authors: White Ismail K. , Laird Chryl N.
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter builds a theoretical framework for understanding how black Americans as a group have succeeded in solving a basic sociopolitical dilemma: how to maintain group unity in political choices seen by most as helping the group in the face of individual incentives to behave otherwise. It shows that the coincidental timing of stark black alignment with the Democratic Party and the deliverance of civil rights policy by Democratic administrations in the 1960s tempts a simple explanation that those policies made Democrats of blacks. The chapter, however, argues that two important empirical observations complicate the matter. Furthermore, to make sense of the enduring partisan unity of black Americans, the chapter argues that it necessitates a framework that better incorporates their social groupness into our understanding of their political groupness. Here, racialized social constraint as an explanation for black partisan unity is a move away from explanations of black politics that are focused almost exclusively on individual dispositions and toward one that truly incorporates social dynamics. The chapter reveals how a distinct set of social processes, embodied in a racialized social constraint explanation, constrains black behavior and prevents defection from the Democratic Party.
Black Political Decision Making
Authors: White Ismail K. , Laird Chryl N.
Published: September 2020

This chapter offers a detailed explanation of the racialized social constraint model of black political behavior. It argues that black support for the Democratic Party has over time become a normalized form of black political behavior for which blacks actively hold one another accountable. In developing this argument, the chapter first reviews the relevant literature on African American political behavior and discusses how many of the insights gained from this research point to the importance of group-based expectations in ensuring compliance with group norms of black political behavior. It then engages the microfoundations of black political behavior, building on insights from mainstream political behavior and social psychology to identify the precise mechanism by which black partisan homogeneity is likely maintained. The focus is on how various incentives for compliance with group norms and sanctions for defection from these norms result in the maintenance of black political unity. The chapter also discusses the unique way that these norms relate to black identity, building on insights from the psychological theory of role identities. All of this leads to a set of general expectations for what can be observed if this framework for understanding black political behavior holds.
The Political Consequences of Black Social Networks
Authors: White Ismail K. , Laird Chryl N.
Published: September 2020

This chapter offers an empirical assessment of the connection between racial homophily in black social networks and homogeneity in black party support. It shows a strong link between racially homogeneous social networks and black Democratic Party support. Among the findings in this chapter is that the more racial in-group members within a black person's close social network, the more likely that individual is to identify as a Democrat. Further, the composition of networks seems most predictive among those blacks who have ideological incentives to defect from the norm of Democratic support. Among black conservatives, those with more racially diverse social networks are more likely to defect from the norm of supporting the Democratic Party.
The Process of Racialized Social Constraint
Authors: White Ismail K. , Laird Chryl N.
Published: September 2020

This chapter digs into the process by which racialized social constraint works to inhibit the defection of black Americans from the norm of Democratic Party support. Empirically, it takes advantage of the social interactions within survey interviews—between black respondents and either black or non-black interviewers—as a window into exactly how racialized social constraint works to inhibit blacks' defection from the Democratic Party. Pooling more than thirty years of face-to-face survey data and twenty years of phone survey data, the chapter shows that the simple presence of a black interviewer exerts considerable pressure on black respondents to conform to the norm of supporting the Democratic Party. It reveals that black respondents express significantly greater identification with the Democratic Party when in the presence of a black interviewer. This chapter further demonstrates that the effect is most pronounced among those blacks who have the greatest incentive to defect from the norm of Democratic Party support: black conservatives.
Introduction What are we Reading?
Authors: Goldin Paul R.
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter argues that one of the first questions that readers must ask themselves, regardless of their hermeneutic framework, is what they are reading. In Chinese philosophy, the question is not often raised, in part because of the long-standing but specious assumption that the eight classic philosophical texts were written by the great masters whose names they bear. This approach is congruent with a cardinal tenet of traditional Chinese aesthetics: works of art and literature are produced by talented human beings as a way of channeling their responses to poignant events. It follows that a great work must have been composed by a great author—and since the texts are undeniably great, each one must have been produced by a magnificently talented human being. But far from denigrating Chinese philosophy, liberating it from these mythic suppositions only improves our understanding and appreciation of it.
Sunzi
Authors: Goldin Paul R.
Published: September 2020

This chapter deals with Sunzi or Sunzi Bingfa (Master Sun's Methods of War). This is a military treatise attributed to Sun Wu (which means Grandson Warlike), an all too appropriately named general who is said to have transformed the harem of King Helu of Wu (r. 514–496 BC) into a fearsome battalion in order to demonstrate his qualifications. But the vocabulary of the text is not in keeping with the world of 500 BC. The philosophical lexicon suggests a milieu in which concepts such as Heaven and the Way had already become influential. Although the author or authors of Sunzi may have had real combat experience, one of its rhetorical purposes was to carve out a place for military affairs in philosophical discourse. Sunzi anticipates an audience well versed in classical philosophical literature and argues that “the commander” should be added to everybody's list of technical terms.
Introduction
Authors: Bell Daniel A. , Pei Wang
Published: September 2020

This introductory chapter argues for the need for hierarchy. It is also important to think about which forms of hierarchy are justified and how they can be made compatible with egalitarian goals. The chapter first defines what is meant by hierarchy and traces the history of social hierarchies, considering in particular the forms of “traditional” hierarchy often deemed unjust and how they can be improved upon or otherwise made to serve egalitarian goals. Next, the chapter argues that combating all forms of hierarchy is neither possible nor desirable. Complex organizations and societies need some form of hierarchy and will outcompete and outlast those that seek to abolish all forms of hierarchy. As such, the chapter makes a brief defense of hierarchy through five different contexts. Lastly, it situates this volume's study within a Chinese political context, but with aspirations for universal application.
Just Hierarchy between Intimates
Authors: Bell Daniel A. , Pei Wang
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on relations between intimates that are characterized by emotions of love and care based on prolonged experience with face-to-face interaction. Much political theorizing, both in the West and (less so) in China, idealizes friendship between equals as the most desirable form of social relation. The chapter argues that an even higher form of social relation would include shifting hierarchies between intimates. Of course, hierarchies should not include violence, nor should they be fixed for eternity. But this chapter contends that shifting hierarchies between lovers and family members are not just tolerable; they add much to the color and humor of social interaction. However, contemporary political theory does not provide the intellectual resources to develop this chapter's arguments on morally justifiable hierarchies between intimates. As such, this chapter also draws intellectual inspiration from ancient Chinese, Indian, and Greek thinkers.
Caracterização espacial da modernização agrícola dos municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul (2010 e 2017)
Authors: Gelatti Elisangela , Bobato Angel Maitê , Freitas Clailton Ataídes de , Zanin Vanclei , Coronel Daniel Arruda
Published: September 2020

Este estudo tem por objetivo realizar uma caracterização espacial do processo da modernização agrícola dos municípios do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir dos dados atuais do Censo Agropecuário de 2017 e o de 2006. Então, para explorar o fenômeno da modernização da agricultura, foram utilizadas técnicas de estatística multivariada e Análise Exploratória de Dados Espaciais (AEDE). Os resultados encontrados indicam que há autocorrelação espacial positiva entre os municípios. Desta forma, identificou-se que os municípios que apresentaram alto Índice de Modernização Agrícola (IMA) estão rodeados por municípios vizinhos que apresentaram também IMA elevado, localizados nas mesorregiões do Noroeste, Nordeste e Centro Ocidental Rio-grandense, evidenciando um efeito de transbordamento na difusão dessas tecnologias entre eles. E os municípios gaúchos que apresentaram baixos valores no seu IMA também estão rodeados por municípios vizinhos que apresentaram baixos níveis desse mesmo índice, sugerindo um contágio da carência tecnológica na atividade agrícola. Esses resultados refletem as heterogeneidades tecnológicas agrícolas entre os municípios gaúchos, indicando que os fatores da modernização agrícola não influenciam apenas no desenvolvimento rural, mas também no desenvolvimento regional.
Palavras-chave: Modernização Agrícola. Distribuição Espacial. Análise Fatorial. Desenvolvimento Regional.
Chimeric antigen receptor T in the treatment of multiple myeloma – state of the art and future directions
Authors: Dytfeld Dominik
Published: September 2020

In spite of the introduction of several new drugs in the last 10 years, multiple myeloma (MM) remains incurable. Thus, an adoptive cellular therapy using chimeric antigen receptor T (CART), a strategy to increase the frequency of tumor-directed and functionally active T cells targeting antigens present on the cancer cell, might change the treatment in MM as it did in lymphoma and ALL. There are several targets for CART therapy in MM on different levels of development, which are discussed in the manuscript. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) being tested in the studies of phase 1–2 is the most promising, but so far CART has not been approved in the cure of MM and remains an experimental approach. The hematological society is facing a new technology which with its potential ability to cure MM, in spite of its complexity, cost, and toxicity, will definitely and soon change the landscape of myeloma in Europe and world-wide.
Perspectives for the therapy of anemia of chronic diseases
Authors: Michalak Sylwia Sulimiera
Published: September 2020

The incidence of anemia of chronic disease (ACD) is underestimated, increases with age, and affects about 30% of the elderly. ACD treatment is currently based on the pharmacotherapy of diseases that caused anemia, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and parenteral administration of iron supplementation in case of iron deficiency. Increasing knowledge on the pathophysiology of ACD has resulted in the burst of research on the development of new drugs that are focused on three main areas. The first group of drugs includes substances that inhibit hepcidin transcription, namely direct and indirect bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) inhibitors and/or SMAD signaling pathway inhibitors, and drugs that regulate hepcidin transcription through STAT3 signaling pathway. The second group of drugs includes direct hepcidin inhibitors (e.g., aptamers, anticalin proteins, monoclonal antibodies) or substances that inhibit the binding of hepcidin to ferroportin. The third group of drugs improves erythropoiesis mainly by upregulation of erythropoietin and/or inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines. In the latter group, hypoxia-inducing factor stabilizers and IL-6 or TNFα antagonists are particularly important. This article discusses new drug groups and substances that are in different phases of development, including both preclinical and clinical studies, and focuses on the prospects of their use in ACD.
Infections of bean plant and field soil are linked to region, root rot pathogen and agro-ecosystem
Authors: Naseri B. , Gheitury M. , Veisi M.
Published: September 2020

Understanding pathogen-agrosystem interaction is particularly essential when applying a control method to minimize pathogen prevalence prior to plant infection. To meet this requirement, frequency of major root rot pathogens isolated from bean root and seed, and their soil populations were examined in farmers’ fields. Multivariate analyses evidenced more frequent isolations of Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani from root and seed compared to Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum. Two Fusarium species had denser soil populations than R. solani and M. phaseolina. More frequent isolations of pathogens were detected in root and seed collected from Abhar and Khodabandeh compared to Kheirabad region. Agronomic and soil variables corresponded less closely to root infections compared to soil infestation and seed infections. Bean market class, herbicide application, and planting depth were linked to root, seed and soil infestations. Such information provides a basis for increased confidence in choosing appropriate control strategies for a pathogen and region in sustainable agriculture.
Temporal pattern of the mechanoluminescent lighting from impact-loaded ZnS ceramics
Authors: Chmel Alexandre , Dunaev Anatolij , Shcherbakov Igor
Published: September 2020

Mechanoluminescence (ML) from deformed ductile materials is caused by sliding of charged dislocations. The main source of the ML in loaded brittle solids is the interatomic bond breakage. In this work, the ML from impact damaged ductile ZnS ceramics was studied. It was revealed that the time series of ML pulses exhibited two well-separated peaks. A two-stage ML excitation of this kind in ZnS ceramics was observed when the applied load exceeded an ultimate plastic deformation. The positions of each peak along the time axis were found to be dependent in different ways on physical and mechanical properties of crystallites that constituted the given ceramics. The investigated ceramics were produced by four different technological methods. The obtained samples differing in the dimensions of grains and separation of grain boundaries were tested. The statistical analysis of a temporal pattern of the ML lighting showed that the mechanisms of excitation of the two peaks were not the same. The first ML peak was assigned to the plastic deformation preceding the ceramics cracking. The second peak originated from the interatomic bond breakage in nucleated and growing cracks.
Subsurface Cavity Detection Using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (Ert); A Case Study from Southern Quetta, Pakistan
Authors: Abbas Syed Ali , Saeed Muhammad , Ghani Mukhtiar , Ahmad Taseer
Published: September 2020

Dipole-dipole electrical resistivity tomographic method was applied to investigate the subsurface cavities at Staff Welfare Hospital & School Quetta. A total of 890-meter profile line was covered along five smaller profile lines and fracture zones with maximum 21 meters interval. The cavity system along profile line-1 and 2 was very restricted and had no direct impact on infrastructure while major cavity beneath the building was traced at profile line-3 and line-4 thus constituting a ~20m wide cavity system with 3-4 small interconnected cavities between depths of 7 to 21 meters. This system was also traced at profile line-4 at a depth of 10 meters having a reduced width of 10m. At profile line-5, a few other cavities were detected that proved imperceptible due to limitations in data acquisition. To conclude, the cavity systems traced in profile line-3 and profile line-4 were the most perilous ones and are commonly the foremost reason for building collapse.
Experimental validation of Monte Carlo based treatment planning system in bone density equivalent media
Authors: Radojcic Djeni Smilovic , Casar Bozidar , Rajlic David , Kolacio Manda Svabic , Mendez Ignasi , Obajdin Nevena , Debeljuh Dea Dundara , Jurkovic Slaven
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Advanced, Monte Carlo (MC) based dose calculation algorithms, determine absorbed dose as dose to medium-in-medium (D
m,m) or dose to water-in-medium (D
w,m). Some earlier studies identified the differences in the absorbed doses related to the calculation mode, especially in the bone density equivalent (BDE) media. Since the calculation algorithms built in the treatment planning systems (TPS) should be dosimetrically verified before their use, we analyzed dose differences between two calculation modes for the Elekta Monaco TPS. We compared them with experimentally determined values, aiming to define a supplement to the existing TPS verification methodology.

Materials and methods

In our study, we used a 6 MV photon beam from a linear accelerator. To evaluate the accuracy of the TPS calculation approaches, measurements with a Farmer type chamber in a semi-anthropomorphic phantom were compared to those obtained by two calculation options. The comparison was made for three parts of the phantom having different densities, with a focus on the BDE part.

Results

Measured and calculated doses were in agreement for water and lung equivalent density materials, regardless of the calculation mode. However, in the BDE part of the phantom, mean dose differences between the calculation options ranged from 5.7 to 8.3%, depending on the method used. In the BDE part of the phantom, neither of the two calculation options were consistent with experimentally determined absorbed doses.

Conclusions

Based on our findings, we proposed a supplement to the current methodology for the verification of commercial MC based TPS by performing additional measurements in BDE material.
National-cultural specificity of Austrian German in the spheres of economy, policy and law
Authors: Yakovleva T. A.
Published: September 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the national-cultural specifics of the German language in Austria in the fields of economics, politics and law. The introduction examines the pluricentric and pluriareal approaches to considering the status of Austrian German, which differ in understanding the language and the way it is described, emphasizes the role of the Bavarian-Austrian dialects in the formation of the German literary language and gives factors that influenced the linguistic development of Austria. The author introduces the typology of culturally-marked vocabulary. The study provides examples of full equivalents in German German and Austrian German, Austrian tokens, which serve to express concepts that are not in German culture and are denoted by the term ‘equivalent vocabulary’ and partially equivalent lexemes having a mismatch in the volume of denotative meaning. The main content of the study is to analyze the national-cultural specifics in the Austrian national version of the German language in the framework of the thematic groups “Economic vocabulary”, “Socio-political vocabulary” and “Legal vocabulary”. The results of this study may be of interest for use in linguistic studies courses in German-speaking countries and in pedagogical practice, as well as find application in lexicography.
The conceptualization of morality in modern english-language globalization discourse: evidence from the United Nations Speeches
Authors: Novikov D. N. , Britsyna N. M.
Published: September 2020

The increased interest of international cognitive linguists in the mechanisms of conceptualizing modern social phenomena has necessitated cognitive linguistic analysis of such phenomena as globalization, which is one of the most important trends setting the vector for modern society development.

This study attempts not only to identify key concepts and means of their representation in terms of the globalization phenomenon, but also to build with the help of these concepts elements of the modern moral system inherent in the English-speaking community. To this end, a conceptual and cognitive-semantic analysis of contemporary English-language political discourse was carried out on the basis of speeches delivered by delegates to the United Nations.

The investigation is premised on the theory of conceptual metaphor, emphasizing the need to understand the metaphorical foundations of human consciousness and communication. The study collected and analyzed empirical data that can be used to draw conclusions about the models of representation and assessment of reality by members of the English-speaking community, which in turn opens up prospects for further research in a linguistic pragmatic way and studying the specific features of English-speakers’ view of the world.

As a result of lexicological and discourse-based analysis of speech transcripts, the paper uncovers several basic metaphorical models (Morality as 1. Commitment; 2. Nurturant Parent; 3. Resilience; 4. Fairy Tale of the Just War; 5. Progress), which outline globalization within the conceptual view of the world and which are underlined by such antitheses as “moral - immoral,” “success - loss,” “strength - weakness” etc.
Language as a system: meaning and sense
Authors: Shakhovsky V. I. , Volkova P. S.
Published: September 2020

The article examines the dual nature of language as a system: actual (individual information system) and potential (individual conceptual system). If from the standpoint of the information system the act of speaking performed by the individual is a linguistic reflex, then from the standpoint of the conceptual system, the thought-speech activity actualized by the linguistic personality appears as an experience of reflection.

Using the example of creolized discourse, it is shown how operating with language at the level of an information system puts an individual in the position of a passive consumer of the existing meanings (given), which excludes the possibility of considering him from the position of a speech subject. The latter turns out to be achievable in the case when the conceptual system is actualized as a correlate of thought-speech activity, the effectiveness of which is recognized at the level of meaning (created). It is substantiated that if a language as an information system can function without regard to the conceptual system, then the actualization of the language as a conceptual system is impossible without an information system, in the bosom of which it is hidden.

It is argued that, in contrast to meaning, which, being objective, is subject to arbitrary subjectivization in the process of use due to the emotive valence of a word, meaning appears as an intersubjective phenomenon. Moreover, if the actual emotives are directly related to the language as an information system, then the potentials demonstrate their belonging to the language as a conceptual system.

The article is addressed to philologists-communicologists, philosophers and culturologists who are interested in the issues of language as an activity, emotive linguistics, meaning formation.
Constitutio Antoniniana - L'universalisation de la citoyenneté romaine au 3e siècle
Authors: Besson Arnaud
Published: September 2020

Cet ouvrage propose une synthèse sur l’impact socio-juridique de la Constitutio Antoniniana, avec pour question fondamentale de savoir ce que cela signifie d’être un citoyen romain, à la fois pour les individus et pour l’administration provinciale au lendemain de cet événement. L’étude du changement onomastique survenu dans les provinces permet d’en affiner la datation. L’analyse de précédents octrois de la citoyenneté permet de catégoriser ce changement universel sur le plan juridique et d’en extrapoler certaines caractéristiques. L’examen des institutions qui suivent un régime personnel, tels que les mariages et les successions, donne une idée des interactions entre les provinciaux et le droit romain, ainsi qu’un aperçu de l’attitude des autorités romaines.
Perfiles motivacionales, estrategias volitivas y rendimiento académico en ciencias exactas y experimentales de bachillerato
Authors: Rodríguez Guardado María del Socorro , Gaeta González Martha Leticia
Published: September 2020

Introducción. En el Bachillerato, las asignaturas de ciencias exactas y experimentales demandan el desarrollo de competencia científica, que a su vez requiere el dominio del conocimiento teórico y del conocimiento práctico, pero también de la motivación y el esfuerzo sostenido para un mayor involucramiento y desempeño académico. De ahí la relevancia de conocer la diversidad motivacional que orienta al alumnado a involucrarse (o no) en el aprendizaje de las ciencias, así como las estrategias necesarias para que perseveren en el logro de sus metas, a partir de sus propios intereses. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los perfiles motivacionales de los estudiantes y valorar las posibles relaciones con las estrategias volitivas y el rendimiento académico en las asignaturas de ciencias experimentales y exactas en el Nivel Medio Superior. Método. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo mediante un diseño cuantitativo no experimental transversal. Participaron 204 estudiantes de cuatro bachilleratos, con edades comprendidas entre los 16 y 18 años, quienes respondieron el Inventario de Estrategias Volitivas (AVSI) y el Cuestionario de Metas Académicas (CMA), previamente validados. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que el uso diferenciado de estrategias volitivas está relacionado con el perfil motivacional de los estudiantes. Las estrategias volitivas de control de la autoeficacia se relacionan significativamente con el rendimiento académico. Discusión y conclusiones. Este trabajo evidencia la necesidad de promover estrategias motivacionales y emocionales, además de las cognitivas, para un mejor aprendizaje en el Nivel Medio Superior. Asimismo, es importante considerar incluir en el curriculum el fortalecimiento de las estrategias volitivas para que los estudiantes persistan ante las dificultades y se mantengan motivados para lograr sus metas académicas.
Ansiedad y Autoconfianza hacia las matemáticas de los futuros maestros de Educación Primaria
Authors: Sánchez Mendías Javier
Published: September 2020

Resumen Introducción. La posible presencia de actitudes negativas hacia las matemáticas, en los futuros docentes de Educación Primaria, es un hecho preocupante si tenemos en cuenta que, estas actitudes, van a condicionar su formación universitaria y van a tener incidencia en su futura práctica docente. Método. Se analiza, de forma descriptiva y correlacional, la ansiedad y la autoconfianza hacia las matemáticas, como dimensiones de actitud, que presenta una muestra de 488 futuros maestros matriculados en el primer curso del Grado de Educación Primaria de la Universidad de Granada. Resultados. Los resultados reflejan que los futuros maestros presentan un nivel de ansiedad de 2.76 y un nivel de autoconfianza de 3.32 ambos sobre un máximo de 5. Asimismo, los datos reflejan la existencia de una correlación elevada y significativa de carácter negativo entre ambas dimensiones de actitud. Discusión y conclusiones. Los niveles de ansiedad y autoconfianza obtenidos son inadecuados para el desarrollo de una formación matemática de calidad. Igualmente, destacamos la necesidad de realizar acciones formativas orientadas a mejorar la confianza y a reducir la ansiedad hacia las matemáticas en este colectivo.
Influence of Information Literacy Competencies on Users of the Saulsville Public Library, South Africa
Authors: Enakrire Rexwhite Tega , Mothiba Isaac Mpho
Published: September 2020

Information literacy competencies indicate the ability of an individual to apply a certain search strategy of information discovery, to understand its design, to value judgement, and to use it in various contents and contexts. The influence of information literacy competencies plays an important role in enabling information users to meet their information needs and prepares them for lifelong learning. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of information literacy competencies of users in the Saulsville public library, South Africa. The rationale was a lack of awareness and the inability of the users to find their information needs based on the task and decision at hand. The descriptive survey design adopted for this study made use of a questionnaire to collect data from 1 120 registered members of the Saulsville library. Of the 1 120 registered users being the population for the study, the authors purposively used 10 per cent (112 members) of the population as sample size. The findings revealed that users of the Saulsville public library had limited awareness and competencies of information literacy. The users were exposed to some form of library orientation and the use of library resources during their visit to the library. The findings further indicated that the users’ information literacy competencies were affirmed through the quality of information obtained and the satisfaction of library services rendered by library staff. The study recommends the acquisition of new technologies that could enhance users’ interactive information literacy training in public libraries and formal education settings.