bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiresidue determination of quinolones regulated by the European Union in bovine and porcine plasma. Application of chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic methodologies
Authors: Hermo M.P. , Nemutlu E. , Barbosa J. , Barrón D.
Published: July 2010

This paper presents the multiresidue determination of the series of quinolones regulated by the European Union (marbofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, enrofloxacin, sarafloxacin, difloxacin, oxolinic acid and flumequine) in bovine and porcine plasma using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (CE‐UV, LC‐UV), liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and –tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS, LC‐MS/MS) methods. These procedures involve a sample preparation by solid‐phase extraction for clean‐up and preconcentration of the analytes before their injection into the separation system. All methods give satisfactory results in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy and limits of quantification. The suitability of the methods to determine quinolones was evaluated by determining the concentration of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in real samples from pig plasma and cow plasma. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring the potential benefits of Asian participation in the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative: The case of China
Authors: Mouan Liliane C.
Published: July 2010

This paper is not intended as an empirical assessment of the benefits of the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI). It is, rather, an evaluation of the theoretical presumptions that underpin the discussion about its benefits for Asian economies in general, and China in particular. The paper finds that, despite its well meaning objectives, the EITI might be of limited value for China and its Asian peers, not only because it faces general problems about legitimacy in non‐Western circles, as do most Western‐led multi‐stakeholder partnerships, but also because the principles or values that it promotes are not aligned with China's culture, philosophy and business interests. The paper concludes with suggestions on how a stronger ‘business case’ for China's participation can be made. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A study of an anatomic–physiological cecocolonic sphincter in humans
Authors: Shafik Ali A. , Shafik Ahmed , Asaad Soheir , Wahdan Mohamed
Published: July 2010

We hypothesized an anatomical/physiological sphincter and investigated this hypothesis in current communication. The histomorphologic and morphometric studies were carried out in 14 cadavers and radiologic studies in 20; endoscopy studies were done in 16 healthy volunteers. Longitudinal sections along cecum, cecocolonic junction, and ascending colon were stained with H & E and Masson's trichrome stain. Morphometry study of musclethickness of cecum, cecocolonic junction, and ascending colon, radiological examination by method of small bowel barium meal administration, and endoscopic study by pancolonoscopy were studied. A cecocolonic fold was identified 2–2.5 cm distal to ileocecal nipple. It extended along gut circumference, shelf‐like, and was marked by a shallow groove on outer aspect of colon. Microscopically, cecocolonic fold consisted of mucosa, submucosa, and muscularis externa. The circular muscle layer was thicker than that of cecum or ascending colon. Branching cells with ovoid nuclei representing probably intestinal cells of Cajal were identified in muscularis externa. Also morphometric study showed that circular muscle layer was significantly thicker than that of cecum or ascending colon, whereas longitudinal muscle exhibited no significant difference. Radiologic studies demonstrated narrowing at cecocolonic junction, which became wider on cecal contraction and narrower or closed on colonic contraction. Endoscopically, cecocolonic junction was narrow due to presence of cecocolonic fold, which exhibited spontaneous contractions. Our findings suggest an “anatomic” sphincter at cecocolonic junction as evidenced histomorphometrically, radiologically and endoscopically. Detection of interstitial cells of Cajal in cecocolonic fold postulates possible existence a pacemaker in cecocolonic fold, a point that needs further study. Clin. Anat. 23:851–861, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of duty cycles for MRI scanners
Authors: Ivanov Evgeniy N. , Pogromsky Alexander Y. , Van Den Brink Johan S. , Rooda Jacobus E.
Published: July 2010

In the current article, a new approach on reduction of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination time is investigated. The time reduction is accomplished by dividing MRI scans into segments, which are intermixed to reduce the hardware temperature and other duty cycle limitations during the scans execution. The intermixing algorithms are based on a scheduling framework. First, an explicit definition of the algorithms for different duty cycle limitations is presented. Next, the results of application of the algorithms to the Philips Healthcare routine examinations as wellas the MRI experiments which employs this time reduction approach are described. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 37B: 180–192, 2010
Symmetrical two‐port networks: An eigenspace perspective
Authors: Perfetti Renzo
Published: July 2010

In this letter, it is shown how the canonical circuits for the synthesis of symmetrical two‐port networks can be derived from the eigendecomposition of the impedance matrix. Extensions to reciprocal two‐port networks are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Luminescent Properties of Mixed‐Ligand Copper(I) Complexes Incorporating N‐Thiophosphorylated Thioureas and Phosphane Ligands
Authors: Babashkina Maria G. , Safin Damir A. , Klein Axel , Bolte Michael
Published: July 2010

The potassium salts of H2NC(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2 (HLI) or o‐C6H4[NHC(S)NHP(S)(OiPr)2]2 (H2LII) react with [Cu(PPh3)3I] or a mixture of CuI and Ph2P(CH2)1–3PPh2 or Ph2P(C5H4FeC5H4)PPh2 in aqueous EtOH/CH2Cl2 to give mononuclear complexes [Cu(PPh3)LI] (1), [Cu{Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2}LI] (2), [Cu{Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2}LI] (3) or [Cu{Ph2P(C5H4FeC5H4)PPh2}LI] (4), or dinuclear complexes [Cu2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)LI2] (5), [Cu2(PPh3)2LII] (6), [Cu2{Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2}2LII] (7), [Cu2{Ph2P(CH2)3PPh2}2LII] (8), [Cu2{Ph2P(C5H4FeC5H4)PPh2}2LII] (9) or [Cu2(Ph2PCH2PPh2)LII] (10). The structures of these compounds were investigated by 1H and 31P{1H} NMR, UV/Vis spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The crystal structures of H2LII, 1, 3–6, 8 and 10 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The luminescent properties of complexes 1–10 in the solid state are reported.
Crystal Engineering of Three Net‐to‐Net Intersecting Metal–Organic Frameworks from Two Comparable Organic Linking Squares
Authors: Tseng Tien‐Wen , Luo Tzuoo‐Tsair , Tsai Cheng‐Chuan , Wu Jing‐Yun , Tsai Hui‐Lien , Lu Kuang‐Lieh
Published: July 2010

The syntheses and structures of three mixed‐ligand metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), {[M2(btec)(bpym)(H2O)4]·4H2O}n [M = Cu (1), Ni (2)] and [Zn4(btec)2(bpym)(H2O)6]n (3) (btec = benzene‐1,2,4,5‐tetracarboxylate, bpym = 5,5′‐bipyrimidine) are described. MOFs 1 and 2 feature 3D grid‐type frameworks with a cds‐type topology, which are comprised of two mutually intersecting M(btec)‐based and M(bpym)‐based 44‐sql layers. MOF 3 consists of an anionic 3D (4,4)‐connected pts network that is intersected by cationic hydrogen‐bonded 44‐sql layers, [(H2O)3Zn(μ‐anti‐η2‐bpym)Zn(H2O)3]4+, thereby giving rise to a 3D network. The structural diversities between the two types of MOF architectures can be attributed to the coordination geometry preference of the metal ions (square planar for CuII and NiII and tetrahedral for ZnII). In addition, temperature‐controlled X‐ray powder diffraction studies reveal that MOF 1 possesses reversible desorption/sorption properties upon the removal/uptake of water molecules. The magnetic behavior of 1 was investigated in the 2–300 K range. The data indicate the presence of weak antiferromagnetic interactions between the two CuII metal centers that are bridged by a pyrimidine ring.
Synthesis, Electrochemical Behavior, and Self‐Assembly of Metallocene‐Functionalized Thiofluorenes
Authors: Döring Katrin , Ballav Nirmalya , Zharnikov Michael , Lang Heinrich
Published: July 2010

With a view to preparing organometallics for the fabrication of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) and their possible electrochemical applications, we report the synthesis and characterization of ferrocene‐ and ruthenocene‐functionalized thiofluorenes 4b and 6b, respectively. These sandwich compounds were accessible through a consecutive synthesis methodology. 9,9‐Dimethyl‐2,7‐diiodofluorene (1) with tBuLi, S8, and Me(CO)Cl gave 9,9‐dimethyl‐2‐iodo‐7‐thioacetylfluorene (2), which, with Mc–C≡CH [3: Mc = (η5‐C5H4)(η5‐C5H5)Fe (Fc); 5: Mc = (η5‐C5H4)(η5‐C5H5)Ru (Rc)] following the Sonogashira C–C cross‐coupling protocol, produced the corresponding metal alkynyl‐fluorenes Mc–C≡C–9,9‐FluMe2–SC(O)CH3 (4a: Mc = Fc; 6a: Mc = Rc; Flu = fluorenyl). Addition of NH4OH/HCl gave thiols Mc–C≡C–9,9‐FluMe2–SH (4b: Mc = Fc; 6b: Mc = Rc). Compounds 4b, 6b, and the related precursors were characterized electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry (CV). For comparison, the CV data of several biphenyl analogues of 4b and 6b are also reported and thus the oxidation processes of the Fc, Rc, and sulfur units have been studied. The ability of 4b and 6b to form SAMS was demonstrated by the fabrication of such films on Au(111) substrates. These films were subsequently characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data for the 4b/Au and 6b/Au films suggest the formation of contaminant‐free SAMs with relatively high packing density (2.0 × 1014 and 2.2 × 1014 molecules/cm2, respectively).
Comparative Study of the Luminescence Properties and Relative Stability of a Series of Europium(III) Complexes Bearing One to Four Coordinated Azaxanthone Groups
Authors: Parker David , Walton James W. , Lamarque Laurent , Zwier Jurriaan M.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis and spectral properties are reported of a set of four europium(III) complexes containing between one and four 3‐azaxanthone sensitising chromophores. Each complex is based on a macrocyclic cyclen core. The emission and aqueous solution 1H NMR spectral properties are compared, revealing information about the local complex symmetry on the experimental timescale. A C2‐symmetric mono‐cationic complex shows an overall emission quantum yield of 10 % in HEPES buffer and exhibits the best relative stability profile in the presence of a million‐fold excess of added metal salts or EDTA, as indicated by the time‐dependence of overall europium emission, following indirect excitation of the 3‐azaxanthone chromophore.
Permanganate Oxidation Revisited: Synthesis of 3‐Deoxy‐2‐uloses via Indium‐Mediated Chain Elongation of Carbohydrates
Authors: Schmölzer Christoph , Fischer Michael , Schmid Walther
Published: July 2010

Application of the Barbier‐type indium‐mediated allylation method to suitable substrates offers access to carbohydrates bearing a terminal olefin moiety. The C–C bond forming reaction generates a defined stereochemistry of the new chiral center and tolerates a wide variety of starting aldehydes thus allowing modifications in the carbohydrate backbone. Further transformations of the alkene moiety via an environmentally benign and subtle controlled protocol using potassium permanganate gives rise to the structural motif of 3‐deoxy‐2‐uloses in good yields. The final part of the reaction sequence focuses on the deprotection of the acetyl groups essential for the success of the oxidation step. The acidic and labile 3‐deoxy position of the target molecule is prone to elimination applying standard deacetylation conditions and therefore demands derivatisation of the molecule. The introduction of a thioketal moiety using microwave conditions shows promising results and subsequent standard transformations are applicable leading to the desired products.
The viscous creep component in shallow clayey soil and the influence of tree load on creep rates
Authors: Van Asch Th. W. J. , Deimel M. S. , Haak W. J. C. , Simon J.
Published: July 2010

Creep tests carried out on silty‐clay samples of a ‘terres noires colluvium’ show that even in shallow soils (1 m in depth) stress conditions can be high enough to initiate measurable creep displacements by the mechanism of continuous (viscous) creep. It is therefore not necessary to think exclusively of a shrink‐swell mechanism (seasonal creep) in order to explain these slow movements in the soil. The creep tests also show a negative correlation between effective normal stress and the viscosity of the soil material. Therefore in shallow soils removal of an external load (forest clearing) might increase the creep rate at lower slope angles and therefore decrease the stability of the slopes. At higher slope angles removal of external load decreases the creep rate.
The reaction of (N‐isocyanimino) triphenylphosphorane with an electron‐poor α‐haloketone in the presence of aromatic carboxylic acids: A novel three‐component reaction for the synthesis of disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives
Authors: Ramazani Ali , Ahmadi Yavar , Rouhani Morteza , Shajari Nahid , Souldozi Ali
Published: July 2010

Reactions of electron‐poor α‐haloketones with (N‐isocyanimino) triphenylphosphorane in the presence of aromatic carboxylic acids proceed smoothly at room temperature and in neutral conditions to afford disubstituted 1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives in high yields. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 21:368–372, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20626
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Goniothalesdiol A via Chiron Approach
Authors: Yadav Jhillu S. , Rao Ragam Nageshwar , Somaiah Ragam , Harikrishna Valaboju , Reddy Basi V. Subba
Published: July 2010

The stereocontrolled synthesis of goniothalesdiol A, a dihydroxylated tetrahydropyran compound, has been accomplished using D‐ribose as chiral precursor. The key steps involved are aryl Grignard reaction, stereoselective alkoxy‐directed keto reduction, and intramolecular oxy‐Michael addition.
New Cembrane Diterpenes from Taiwanese Soft Coral Sinularia flexibilis
Authors: Lo Kuang‐Liang , Khalil Ashraf Taha , Chen Meng‐Hsien , Shen Ya‐Ching
Published: July 2010

A chemical investigation of the Taiwanese soft coral Sinularia flexibilis has resulted in the isolation of three new cembrane diterpenes designated sinuladiterpenes G–I (1–3, resp.). The structures of 1–3 were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, especially 2D‐NMR and HR‐ESI‐MS.
The Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (6S)‐5,6‐Dihydro‐6‐[(2R)‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐phenylhexyl]‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one via Prins Cyclization
Authors: Yadav Jhillu Singh , Chandrakanth Dandekar , Rao Yerragorla Gopala , Ravindar Kontham , Reddy Basi V. Subba
Published: July 2010

The stereoselective total synthesis of an antiproliferative and antifungal α‐pyrone natural product (6S)‐5,6‐dihydro‐6‐[(2R)‐2‐hydroxy‐6‐phenylhexyl]‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one is described. The key steps involved are the Prins cyclization, Mitsunobu reaction, and ring‐closing metathesis reaction.
Optimizing targeted therapeutic development: Analysis of a colorectal cancer patient population with the BRAFV600E mutation
Authors: Tie Jeanne , Gibbs Peter , Lipton Lara , Christie Michael , Jorissen Robert N. , Burgess Antony W. , Croxford Matthew , Jones Ian , Langland Rachel , Kosmider Suzanne , McKay Daniel , Bollag Gideon , Nolop Keith , Sieber Oliver M. , Desai Jayesh
Published: July 2010

BRAFV600E mutations are found in 10% of colorectal cancers (CRCs). The low frequency of this mutation therefore makes it a challenging target for drug development, unless subsets of patients with higher rates of BRAFV600E can be defined. Knowledge of the concordance between primary–metastasis pairs and the impact of BRAFV600E on outcome would also assist in optimal drug development. We selected primary CRCs from 525 patients (stages I–IV) evenly matched for age (<70 and ≥70), gender and tumor location (right, left and rectum), and 81 primary–metastasis pairs. BRAFV600E, KRAS mutation and microsatellite instability (MSI) were determined and correlated with clinical features and patient outcomes. In multivariate analyses, increasing patient age (p = 0.04), female gender (p = 0.0005) and right‐sided tumor location (p < 0.0001) were independently associated with BRAFV600E. The prevalence of BRAFV600E was considerably higher in older (age > 70) females with KRAS wild‐type right‐sided colon cancers (50%) compared to the unselected cohort (10%). BRAFV600E was associated with inferior overall survival in metastatic CRC (HR = 2.02; 95% CI 1.26–3.26), particularly evident in patients treated with chemotherapy, and is independent of MSI status. BRAF status was concordant in all primary tumors and matched metastases (79 wild‐type pairs and two mutant pairs). Clinicopathological and molecular features can identify CRC patients with a higher prevalence of BRAFV600E. Patients with BRAFV600E wild‐type primary tumor do not appear to acquire the mutation in their metastases, and BRAFV600E is associated with poorer outcomes in metastatic patients. Our findings are timely and will help inform the rational development of BRAFV600E inhibitors in CRC.
Rejection of transplanted hearts in patients evaluated by the component analysis of multi‐wavelength NAD(P)H fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Chorvat Dusan , Mateasik Anton , Cheng Ying , Poirier Nancy , Miró Joaquim , Dahdah Nagib S. , Chorvatova Alzbeta
Published: July 2010

Rejection of transplanted hearts remains one of the principal reasons for death of paediatric patients, but an appropriate diagnostic tool for the mild rejection in early stages is still missing. Tissue autofluorescence (AF) is one of the most versatile non‐invasive tools for mapping the metabolic state in living tissues. Increasing interest in the imaging and diagnosis of living cells and tissues based on their intrinsic fluorescence rather than fluorescence labelling is closely connected to the latest developments in high‐performance spectroscopy and microscopy techniques. In this contribution, we investigate individual components in spectrally‐ and time‐resolved NAD(P)H fluorescence, revealed by linear unmixing, responsible for increased fluorescence in patients presenting mild rejection of transplanted hearts. Application of such approach has the potential to improve the diagnostics of the cardiac transplant rejection by helping currently used histological analysis. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural changes of human serum albumin in response to a low concentration of heavy ions
Authors: Saha Anushree , Yakovlev Vladislav V.
Published: July 2010

Lead ions in solution interact strongly with human serum albumin and modify the properties and function of albumin molecules. In the present study, we used optical spectroscopic techniques to explore the binding sites of lead, present in albumin. Structural and chemical analysis of albumin molecules using fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy, predicted the modification of two major amino acids in albumin due to lead binding. No secondary structural changes are observed in the protein molecule, which is further confirmed using circular dichroism absorption measurements. The results indicate that loss of charge from the binding site of albumin by the charged lead ions, give rise to dipole interaction which acts as the major contributor to promote protein agglomeration. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photothermal bundle measurement of phantoms and blood as a proof of concept for oxygenation saturation measurement
Authors: Milstein Yonat , Tepper Michal , David Moshe Ben , Harrington James A. , Gannot Israel
Published: July 2010

This study objective is to validate a method for the measurement of two compound phantoms as a proof of concept for oxygen saturation level measurement via a thermal imaging bundle. The method consists of a thermal imaging system and an algorithm which estimates the compound concentration according to temperature rise. A temperature rise is obtained by illuminating the tissue with a laser with different wavelengths in the NIR range and measured using a thermal camera. A coherent thermal imaging bundle was used for image transmittance for minimal invasive transendoscopic use. The algorithm's estimation ability was evaluated using agar phantoms of varying Methylene Blue and ICG ratios as well as blood samples The Methylene Blue ratio in each phantom was estimated and the calculated average RMS of the error was 9.38%, a satisfying value for this stage, verifying the algorithm's and bundle's suitability for the use in a minimal invasive system. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Relationships between vascular calcification, calcium metabolism, bone density, and fractures
Authors: Wang Tom KM , Bolland Mark J , Pelt Niels C van , Horne Anne M , Mason Barbara H , Ames Ruth W , Grey Andrew B , Ruygrok Peter N , Gamble Greg D , Reid Ian R
Published: July 2010

Factors involved with calcium metabolism, such as serum calcium and phosphate and calcium intake, have been associated with vascular disease in different populations. We investigated whether this association is mediated via increased vascular calcification by assessing relationships between these factors and abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) and coronary artery calcification (CAC). A total of 1471 healthy postmenopausal women participated in a 5-year randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium 1 g/day, and 323 healthy middle-aged and older men participated in a 2-year randomized, placebo-controlled trial of calcium 600 or 1200 mg/day. AAC was assessed on vertebral morphometric images at baseline and follow-up. Based on computed tomography, 163 men had CAC assessed, on average, 1.5 years after study completion. In elderly women, AAC was positively related to serum calcium (p < .001), phosphate (p = .04), and the calcium-phosphate product (p = .003), but changes in AAC over time and incidence of cardiovascular events were not related to these variables. In middle-aged men, AAC and CAC were not consistently related to these variables. Neither dietary calcium intake nor calcium supplementation was associated with changes in the prevalence of AAC over time, and calcium supplementation also was not related to CAC scores in men. After adjusting for age, AAC was not associated with low bone mineral density (BMD) at baseline, changes in BMD over time, or fracture incidence. CAC also was not related to baseline BMD. In summary, serum calcium and phosphate are associated with AAC in older women, but dietary calcium intake and calcium supplementation were not associated with changes in AAC over 2 to 5 years. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Microwave‐assisted synthesis of quinolone derivatives and related compounds
Authors: Pednekar Suhas , Pandey Anil Kumar
Published: July 2010

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The Gould‐Jacob type of reaction for the synthesis of ethyl 5‐ethyl‐8‐oxo‐5,8‐dihydro‐[1,3]‐dioxolo[4,5‐g]quinoline‐7‐carboxylate 4 has been carried out conventionally by the condensation between N‐ethyl‐3,4‐methylenedioxyaniline 1 and diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate 2 gave the unsaturated ester 3 and thermal cyclization in refluxing diphenyl oxide gave quinolone ethyl ester 4 and the results obtained were compared with single step microwave irradiation under solvent free conditions for the synthesis of 4. The esters on basic hydrolysis formed free acid 5, which, upon treatment with thionyl chloride gave the acid chloride 6. Treatment of acid chloride with o‐phenylenediamine, hydrazine hydrate, ammonia, urea, and thiourea gave the amides (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). CS2 treatment in presence of KOH on 8 gave 12. We prepared 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 derivatives by conventional as well as microwave irradiation. These compounds have been characterized on the basis of IR, 1H NMR, MS, and elemental analysis. All the compounds prepared herein were screened for their antibacterial activity. Compounds 4, 5 possess promising antibacterial activity and compound 8 showed significant antibacterial activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Stereoselective synthesis of cyclopropyl indolyl ketones with indolylidene and arsonium ylide
Authors: Zhou Dong , Ren Zhongjiao , Cao Weiguo , Chen Jie , Liu Ying , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min
Published: July 2010

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An efficient approach for stereoselective synthesis of cyclopropyl indolyl ketone from olefin and arsonium ylied was achieved. Its advantages are of mild condition, high yield, and good stereoselectivity. In addition, the one‐pot cycloproparation of olefins with bromides and triphenylarsine was studied. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Psychology 2.0: Harnessing social networking, user‐generated content, and crowdsourcing
Authors: Moriarty Glendon L.
Published: July 2010

The goal of Web 2.0 is to work with the World Wide Web rather than against it. That is, it should design services and applications that harness the inherent strengths of the Web rather than create services that view the Web only as an afterthought rather than as a strategic piece of the overall enterprise. This article contrasts Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 and discusses ways that psychologists can harness Web 2.0 trends like crowdsourcing, user‐generated content, and social networking.
Cochlear implantation in children with enlarged vestibular aqueduct
Authors: Lee Kenneth H. , Lee James , Isaacson Brandon , Kutz J. Walter , Roland Peter S.
Published: July 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To determine audiometric outcomes and complications of cochlear implantation in patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA).

Study Design:

Retrospective review at a tertiary care children's hospital.

Methods:

Twenty‐three patients with EVA who underwent cochlear implantation were reviewed using postoperative pure‐tone averages (PTA), speech perception thresholds (SPT), Phonetically Balanced Kindergarten test (PBK50) sentence testing scores, and review of complications.

Results:

Of the 23 patients, the average age at initial cochlear implant referral was 4.7 years, and the average age at implantation was 5.3 years. EVA was diagnosed by computed tomography (nine patients), magnetic resonance imaging (10 patients), or both (four patients). EVA was identified bilaterally in 19 and unilaterally in four patients. Overall, the mean postoperative PTA was 30.5 dB (±8.6 dB standard deviation [SD]), and mean SPT was 25.9 dB (±8.1 dB SD). A subset of the patients had postoperative PBK50 sentence testing and the average score was 58% (range, 12%–84%). Four children were implanted within 1 month from entrance into our cochlear implant program (early implanted), and three children were implanted more than 10 months after program entrance (late implanted). The mean postoperative PTA was 40.3 dB (±7.6 dB SD) for the early group and 26.3 dB (±4.2 dB SD) for the late group. Four patients had reported complications, three had intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) gushers at the cochleostomy site, and one had postoperative infection requiring implant removal and reimplantation.

Conclusions:

Children with EVA undergoing cochlear implantation are at greater risk for CSF gushers, but they do well audiometrically and functionally. Laryngoscope, 2010
Sensory dysmodulation in vestibular migraine
Authors: Murdin Louisa , Premachandra Presanna , Davies Rosalyn
Published: July 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To seek evidence of sensory dysmodulation in auditory brainstem reflexes in patients with vestibular migraine by studying suppression of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) by contralateral noise.

Study Design:

A prospective case‐control study.

Methods:

The authors measured contralateral suppression of OAEs in a group of 33 interictal patients with definite vestibular migraine (migrainous vertigo) according to the strict diagnostic criteria of Neuhauser (2001), and compared them with 31 nonmigrainous controls with matching age and sex distributions. Suppression values were then compared with previously published departmental normative data. In three patients, recordings were compared in the ictal and interictal states.

Results:

OAE suppression was reduced in 11/33 patients, and 3/31 controls (P = .022 χ2 test). Binary logistic regression analysis confirmed that the presence of vestibular migraine was significantly associated with abnormal suppression, but no such relationship was seen for symptoms of phonophobia or disease duration. The amplitude of variability between the ictal and interictal state was out of the normal range in 2 out of the 3 patients in whom such recordings were made.

Conclusions:

These results provide support for the notion of interictal auditory sensory dysmodulation in an as yet unidentified subset of migraineurs with vestibular migraine. Laryngoscope, 2010
Photo‐Initiated Dispersion Polymerization of Copolymer Microspheres in a Closed System: Poly(MMA‐co‐MAA)
Authors: Huang Zhenxun , Sun Fengqiang , Liang Shangheng , Wang Hongjuan , Shi Guang , Tao Lijun , Tan Jianxiong
Published: July 2010

A simple closed system is introduced to construct copolymer microspheres with specific surface groups by low‐power UV irradiation. As an example, poly(MMA‐co‐MAA) microspheres with narrow size distribution were prepared by photo‐initiated dispersion polymerization. Sizes and size distributions of the microspheres were closely related to light intensity, composition of dispersion medium and the concentrations of initiators, stabilizers, and monomers. Many carboxyl groups could be moored on the spheres' surfaces, which enabled the construction of nanostructures on the surface. Many copolymer microspheres with different surface functional groups, such as –NH2, –SH, –OH, etc. could be directly prepared in an ordinary laboratory.

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Supramolecular Hydrogels with CdS Quantum Dots Incorporated by Host–Guest Interactions
Authors: Guo Mingyu , Jiang Ming
Published: July 2010

In this communication, β‐cyclodextrin modified quantum dots were used as a water‐soluble “supramolecular” cross‐linker (SCL) because of its surface's supramolecular activity. The guest monomer‐loaded SCL (mSCL) can be used to copolymerize with water‐soluble monomers leading to transparent hybrid supramolecular hydrogels. This simple and versatile method opens new venues for the preparation of hybrid supramolecular hydrogels and the host–guest chemistry of cyclodextrins.

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The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study‐2 (NEMESIS‐2): design and methods
Authors: de Graaf Ron , ten Have Margreet , van Dorsselaer Saskia
Published: July 2010

The psychiatric epidemiological population study NEMESIS‐2 (Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study‐2) replicates and expands the first Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS‐1) conducted from 1996 to 1999. The main objectives of the new study are to provide up‐to‐date figures on the prevalence, incidence, course and consequences of mental disorders, and to study trends in mental disorders and service use, with the use of a new sample. New topics not included in NEMESIS‐1 were added, e.g. impulse‐control disorders, and genetic correlates of mental disorders through gathering DNA from saliva samples. This paper gives an overview of the design of NEMESIS‐2, especially of its recently completed first wave. NEMESIS‐2 is a prospective study among Dutch‐speaking subjects aged 18–64 years from the general Dutch population. Its baseline wave included 6646 subjects. Three waves are planned with three year‐intervals between the waves. A multistage, stratified random sampling procedure was applied. The baseline wave of NEMESIS‐2 was performed between November 2007 and July 2009. Face‐to‐face interviews were administered with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 3.0. The response rate was 65.1%, and 76.4% of the respondents donated saliva. The sample was reasonably nationally representative, but younger subjects were somewhat underrepresented. In conclusion, we were able to build a comprehensive dataset of good quality, permitting several topics to be studied in the future. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemikalienpolitik – die Agenda für die EU‐Ratspräsidentschaft
Authors: Lahl Uwe
Published: July 2010

Deutschland hat in den nächsten Monaten die Chance, in Sachen Chemikaliensicherheit europa‐ und weltweit Akzente zu setzen. Mit dem Leitmotiv “Umwelt – Innovation – Beschäftigung” hat das Bundesumweltministerium die Roadmap für die nächsten Monate festgelegt sowie Termine und Veranstaltungen koordiniert.
Innovationsmanagement – den Kunden zum König machen
Authors: Jung Udo , Waiboer Jan Dirk
Published: July 2010

Unternehmen, die verstärkt Ideen von Kunden aufgreifen, sind erfolgreicher. Eine gute Strategie integriert Innovationen in den Geschäftsprozess und motiviert Mitarbeiter.
Die Diskussion starten
Authors: Guggolz Ernst
Published: July 2010

Die Chemie als eine der Basis‐ und Querschnittswissenschaften unterliegt einem ständigen Wandel. Auf der GDCh‐Vorstandssitzung im Dezember 2006 diskutierten Mitglieder der GDCh‐Kommission “Perspektive 2015” mögliche und nötige Konsequenzen für die Gesellschaft. Das hier dokumentierte Gespräch soll die Diskussion aller GDCh‐Mitglieder eröffnen.
Kamera zeigt Details einer Schwarzpulverexplosion
Authors: Hesper Johannes
Published: July 2010

Hochgeschwindigkeitsphänomene wie Schockwellen auf den Flügeln eines Düsenjets oder bei einer Schwarzpulverexplosion hält die Ultra‐Highspeed‐Videokamera HPV‐1 mit bis zu 1 000 000 Bildern pro Sekunde ebenso fest wie chemische Reaktionen.
Gewusst wie: Polymere dispergieren
Authors: Distler Dieter
Published: July 2010

Viele Fragen warteten im Iran auf den Chemiker Dieter Distler.
Changes in quality of life in forensic psychiatric outpatients after 6 months of community‐based treatment
Authors: Bouman Yvonne H. A. , De Ruiter Corine , Schene Aart H.
Published: July 2010

Over the last few decades, quality of life (QoL) has become an important outcome measure for treatment success in general psychiatry. So far, this is not the case in forensic psychiatry, although several (treatment) models include factors related to QoL, such as the good lives model. In this study, we investigated change in QoL over a 6‐month treatment period in 102 forensic outpatients with personality disorders (PDs) or traits of PDs. To this end, the extended Dutch version of the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile was used.

Objective indicators of QoL did not change during these 6 months, with one exception: Significantly more patients reported to have a helping friend at the second time point. Eight of 10 subjective indicators of QoL changed differentially for patients with different baseline levels of QoL. Those with low scores showed significant improvement on nine indicators, whereas those with high scores reported a lower QoL after 6 months on five indicators. Treatment intensity, mood and severity of PD did not mediate these changes. Subjective QoL deserves consideration as an important theoretical construct in forensic treatment and the Lancashire QoL Profile is sensitive to change during such treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics and mechanism of gas‐phase pyrolysis of ylides. Part 3.1 Thermal reactivity of α‐carbonyl‐ and thiocarbonyl‐stabilized methylenetriphenylphosphoranes
Authors: Al‐Bashir Rasha F. , Al‐Awadi Nouria A. , El‐Dusouqui Osman M. E.
Published: July 2010

Fourteen ketone/thione‐stabilized triphenylphosphonium methylides were subjected to conventional gas‐phase and flash vacuum pyrolysis (FVP). The kinetics of the first‐order thermal gas‐phase reactions of all these compounds were investigated over 360–653 K temperature range. The values of the Arrhenius log A and energy of activation of these ylides averaged 11.52 ± 0.34 s−1 and 133.20 ± 3.14 kJ mol−1, respectively. The products of sealed‐tube (static) and FVP were analyzed and compared. A mechanism is proposed to account for the products of reaction. The rate constants [k (s−1)] of the substrates at 500 K were calculated and used to substantiate the proposed mechanism of pyrolysis, and to rationalize the thermal gas‐phase reactivities of the ylides under study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of hydroxyl‐terminated poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) brushes on silicon wafer via surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Turan Eylem , Caykara Tuncer
Published: July 2010

Surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) on silicon wafer in the presence of 2‐mercaptoethanol (ME) chain transfer agent was conducted in attempt to create controllable hydroxyl‐terminated brushes. The initiator‐immobilized substrate, was prepared by the esterification of hydroxyl groups on silicon wafer with 2‐bromopropionyl bromide (2‐BPB); followed by the ATRP of NIPAM using a catalyst system, that is, Cu(I)Br/2,2′‐bipyridine (2,2′‐bpy) and a chain transfer agent, that is, ME. The formation of homogeneous tethered poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (poly(NIPAM) brushes with hydroxyl end‐group, whose thickness can be tuned by chancing ME concentration, is evidenced by using the combination of grazing angle attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and water contact‐angle measurements. The calculation of grafting parameters from experimental measurements indicated the synthesis of densely grafted poly(NIPAM) films with hydroxyl end‐group on silicon wafer and allowed us to predict a ME concentration for forming a “brush” conformation for the chains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3880–3887, 2010
Synthesis of a norbornene monomer having cyclic carbonate moiety based on CO2 fixation and its transition metal‐catalyzed polymerizations
Authors: Sudo Atsushi , Morishita Hidetada , Endo Takeshi
Published: July 2010

A norbornene monomer bearing cyclic carbonate moiety (NB‐CC) was successfully synthesized from the corresponding precursor having epoxy moiety by its reaction with carbon dioxide under atmospheric pressure, which was efficiently catalyzed by lithium bromide. NB‐CC underwent the ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) catalyzed by a ruthenium carbene complex to give the corresponding poly(norbornene), of which side chain inherited the cyclic carbonate moiety from the monomer without any deterioration. The same ROMP system was applicable to the copolymerization of NB‐CC and 5‐butyl‐2‐norbornene (BNB), which afforded the corresponding copolymer with a composition ratio same as a feed ratio. In addition, by using a catalytic system consisted of palladium (II) acetate/tricyclohexylphosphine/triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, the copolymerization of NB‐CC and BNC proceeded successfully in a vinyl addition polymerization mode to give the corresponding poly(norbornene) having CC moiety in the side chain. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3896–3902, 2010
Kinetics of RPECVD Organosilicon Polymer Post‐treatment in a N2/O2 Microwave Plasma Remote Afterglow
Authors: Rich Sami Abou , Mille Vianney , Vivien Céline , Godey Sylvie , Supiot Philippe
Published: July 2010

The aim of this work is to study the transformation of plasma polymerised tetramethyldisiloxane (ppTMDSO) films deposited by microwave induced RPECVD through exposure to a N2/O2 microwave plasma afterglow in a duplex reactor. The film thickness, structure and composition of the as‐deposited or transformed ppTMDSO films are determined by profilometry, interferometry, Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The analysis of the post‐treatment effect is carried out through a combination of results obtained from FTIR study and subsequent optical interferometry study during CF4 etching of deposits. A carbon removal and an enhancement of cross‐linking of the SiOSi chains are shown. We also propose a model to determine the transformed layer depth with taking the film contraction into account for the first time for this family of polymers.

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The hunt for the 3′endonuclease
Authors: Dominski Zbigniew
Published: July 2010

Pre‐mRNAs are typically processed at the 3′end by cleavage/polyadenylation. This is a two‐step processing reaction initiated by endonucleolytic cleavage of pre‐mRNAs downstream of the AAUAAA sequence or its variant, followed by extension of the newly generated 3′end with a poly(A) tail. In metazoans, replication‐dependent histone transcripts are cleaved by a different 3′end processing mechanism that depends on the U7 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein and the polyadenylation step is omitted. Each of the two mechanisms occurs in a macromolecular assembly that primarily functions to juxtapose the scissile bond with the 3′endonuclease. Remarkably, despite characterizing a number of processing factors, the identity of this most critical component remained elusive until recently. For cleavage coupled to polyadenylation, much needed help was offered by bioinformatics, which pointed to CPSF‐73, a known processing factor required for both cleavage and polyadenylation, as the possible 3′endonuclease.In silicostructural analysis indicated that this protein is a member of the large metallo‐β‐lactamase family of hydrolytic enzymes and belongs to the β‐CASP subfamily that includes several RNA and DNA‐specific nucleases. Subsequent experimental studies supported the notion that CPSF‐73 does function as the endonuclease in the formation of polyadenylated mRNAs, but some controversy still remains as a different cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) subunit, CPSF‐30, displays an endonuclease activityin vitrowhile recombinant CPSF‐73 is inactive. Unexpectedly, CPSF‐73 as the 3′endonuclease in cleavage coupled to polyadenylation found a strong ally in U7‐dependent processing of histone pre‐mRNAs, which was shown to utilize the same protein as the cleaving enzyme. It thus seems likely that these two processing reactions evolved from a common mechanism, with CPSF‐73 as the endonuclease. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes

RNA Processing > 3' End Processing
An energy systems approach to Parkinson's disease
Authors: Wellstead Peter , Cloutier Mathieu
Published: July 2010

The cause of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown despite it being the second most prevalent neurodegenerative condition. Indeed, there is a growing consensus that there is no single cause, and that PD is a multifactorial systemic condition, in which a number of factors may determine its etiopathogenesis. We describe a systems approach that addresses the multifactorial aspects of PD and overcomes constraints on conventional experimentation imposed by PD's causal complexity, its long temporal duration, and its uniqueness to human brains. Specifically, a mathematical model of brain energy metabolism is used as a core module to which other modules describing cellular processes thought to be associated with PD can be attached and studied in an integrative environment. Employing brain energy usage as the core of a systems approach also enables the potential role that compromised energy metabolism may have in the etiology of PD. Although developed for PD, it has not escaped our attention that the energy systems approach outlined here could also be applied to other neurodegenerative disorders—most notably Alzheimer's disease. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 1–6 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.107

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods

Analytical and Computational Methods > Dynamical Methods

Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism
Lymph Node Involvement and Surgical Approach in Parathyroid Cancer
Authors: Schulte Klaus‐Martin , Talat Nadia , Miell John , Moniz Caje , Sinha Prakash , Diaz‐Cano Salvador
Published: July 2010

Background

The best surgical approach to parathyroid cancer is disputed. Recommendations vary and are built on incoherent evidence. High rates of recurrence and death require an in‐depth review of underlying findings.

Methods

This retrospective study includes 11 patients with parathyroid cancer who underwent surgery with central and/or lateral neck dissection by a single surgeon between 2005 and 2010. The diagnosis was based on histopathological criteria in all patients. Patterns of lymph node and soft tissue involvement of these and formerly reported patients were analysed based on full‐text review of all published cases of parathyroid cancer.

Results

In this series only 1 of 11 patients (9.1%) manifested lymph node metastasis. In the literature, lymph node metastases have been reported in only 6.5% of 972 published patients, or in 32.1% of the 196 in whom lymph node involvement was assessed by the authors. They were, with few exceptions, localised in the central compartment. Recurrence in soft tissue is more frequent than in locoregional lymph nodes.

Conclusion

Oncologicalen blocclearance of the central compartment with meticulous removal of all possibly involved soft tissues, including a systematic central lymph node resection, may improve outcomes and should be included in the routine approach to the suspicious parathyroid lesion. There is no need for a prophylactic lateral neck dissection.
Development of a Novel Sandwich ELISA for Measuring Cell Lysate ABCA1 Protein Levels
Authors: Troutt Jason S. , Alborn William E. , Bellinger Melissa A. , Cox Karen L. , Ehsani Mariam E. , Wang Xiliang , Qian Yue‐wei , Sloan John H. , Willey Mark B. , Cao Guoqing , Konrad Robert J.
Published: July 2010

ATP‐binding cassette transporter A‐1 (ABCA1) mediates the transfer of cellular cholesterol to lipid‐poor apolipoproteins. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are regulators of cholesterol homeostasis that increase transcription of ABCA1. Synthetic LXR agonists developed to date have been shown to induce ABCA1 mRNA expression and increase reverse cholesterol transport. Unfortunately, there have been few options for quantitatively measuring ABCA1 protein levels, including a previously described competitive ELISA standardized to an ABCA1 peptide with a sensitivity of 80 ng/ml. To address this unmet need, we developed a novel sandwich ELISA standardized to full‐length human recombinant ABCA1 protein with sensitivity of approximately 0.5 ng/ml. To determine if the sandwich ELISA had adequate sensitivity to detect LXR‐induced increases in ABCA1, we utilized it to measure ABCA1 levels in untreated and LXR agonist‐treated human (THP‐1) macrophage cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Data obtained from the ELISA demonstrated an approximately eightfold increase in ABCA1 levels in both macrophages as well as PBMC in response to LXR agonist treatment, and results were highly correlated with those obtained by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. Together, these results suggest that the sandwich ELISA may be a sensitive and effective method for quantitating ABCA1 protein levels.
Introduction
Authors: Khater Akram
Published: July 2010

Eastern Christians and Christianity have been elided from Middle Eastern studies. The purpose of this roundtable is to bring their stories back into scholarly focus through the interventions of five scholars: Febe Armanios, Bernard Heyberger, Fiona McCallum, Paul Rowe, and Nelly van Doorn-Harder.