bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Jet Nebulization on Noninvasive Positive-Pressure Ventilation Administered with Noninvasive or Intensive Care Unit Ventilators: A Bench Study
Authors: Xu Meng-Jiao , Dai Bing , Peng Yun , Su Jia , Tan Wei , Zhao Hong-Wen
Published: December 2018

Background: Most of the patients on noninvasive positive pressure ventilation require aerosol inhalation therapy to moisturize the airways or deliver drugs in acute settings. However, the effect of jet nebulization on noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) has not been determined. Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the impact of jet nebulization on NPPV applied in ventilators. Methods: Aerosol therapy during NPPV was conducted in a simulated lung. The jet nebulizer was connected at both the distal and proximal end of the exhalation valve for the noninvasive ventilators, while it was placed both in front of the Y tube proximal to the patient and at 15 cm distance from the Y-tube inspiratory limb distal to the patient for the intensive care unit (ICU) ventilators. Driving flow was set at 4 and 8 L/min, respectively. Results: TPmin (time from the beginning of the lung simulator’s inspiratory effort to the lowest value of airway pressure needed to trigger the ventilator), Ttrig (time to trigger), and Ptrig (the magnitude of airway pressure drop needed to trigger) were not significantly altered by jet nebulization in the noninvasive ventilators, while they were significantly increased in the ICU ventilators. The greater the driving flow, the stronger the impact on TPmin, Ttrig, and Ptrig. The actual tidal volume and control performance were not significantly affected by jet nebulization in either noninvasive or ICU ventilators. The tidal volume monitored was significantly increased at 8 L/min driving flow. The greater the driving flow, the stronger the impact on the tidal volume monitored. Conclusion: The effect of jet nebulization on NPPV was different when compared to invasive ventilation. Jet nebulization only affected the tidal volume monitored in the noninvasive ventilator. Jet nebulization also affected the triggering performance and tidal volume monitored in the ICU ventilator.
Cytokines and Tissue Damage Biomarkers in First-Onset Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders: Significance of Interleukin-6
Authors: Wei Yuzhen , Chang Haoxiao , Li Xindi , Wang Huabing , Du Li , Zhou Heng , Xu Wangshu , Ma Yuetao , Yin Linlin , Zhang Xinghu
Published: December 2018

Objective: We investigated the contribution of several cytokines in the pathogenesis of first-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and determined the differences between aquaporin 4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG)-positive and AQP4-IgG-negative subtypes. Methods: We enrolled 18 NMOSD (10 AQP4-IgG-positive and 8 AQP4-IgG-negative) and 8 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, whose serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected during the acute phase of the first onset before immunotherapy. Fifteen patients with other noninflammatory neurological diseases (OND) were also included. The serum and CSF levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-21, IL-23, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and the CSF levels of 3 biomarkers of axonal loss and astrocytic damage were measured using the human cytokine multiplex assay or ELISA. Results: Serum levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 and CSF levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β1 were significantly increased in first-onset NMOSD compared to in OND patients. In a subgroup analysis, the CSF levels of IL-6, neurofilament light protein (NFL), S100B, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were significantly more elevated in the AQP4-IgG-positive patients than in the AQP4-IgG-negative NMOSD patients. Correlations were found between the CSF cytokines and tissue damage biomarkers and the clinical findings in NMOSD patients. Notably, the CSF IL-6 level had the strongest correlation with the tissue damage biomarkers and it also correlated with CSF white blood cell (WBC) count. Conclusions: IL-6 plays a role in the pathogenetic process of NMOSD, especially in the AQP4-IgG-positive subtype. Distinct pathogenesis exists between AQP4-IgG-positive and AQP4-IgG-negative NMOSD in the initial phase of the disease.
In vitro Inhibitory Effects of Isofraxidin on Human Liver Cytochrome P450 Enzymes
Authors: Song Xiaoli , Dong Gang , Zhou Yun
Published: December 2018

Isofraxidin is a Coumarin compound widely distributed in plants, such as the Umbelliferae or Chloranthaceae, and it possesses numerous pharmacological activities. However, whether isofraxidin affects the activity of human liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes remains unclear. In this study, the inhibitory effects of isofraxidin on the 8 human liver CYP isoforms (i.e., 1A2, 3A4, 2A6, 2E1, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, and 2C8) were investigated in vitro using human liver microsomes. The results showed that isofraxidin inhibited the activity of CYP1A2, 3A4, and 2E1, with IC50 values of 23.01, 15.49, and 15.98 µmol/L, respectively, but that other CYP isoforms were not affected. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that isofraxidin was not only a noncompetitive inhibitor of CYP3A4 but also a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 and 2E1, with Ki values of 7.91, 10.14, and 9.30 µmol/L, respectively. In addition, isofraxidin is a time-dependent inhibitor for CYP3A4 with Kinact/KI value of 0.047/12.33 µmol/L–1min–1. The in vitro studies of isofraxidin with CYP isoforms indicate that isofraxidin has the potential to cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions with other coadministered drugs metabolized by ­CYP1A2, 3A4, and 2E1. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the significance of this interaction.
A Review of Scabies: An Infestation More than Skin Deep
Authors: Chandler David J. , Fuller Lucinda C.
Published: December 2018

Human scabies, a common infestation, has a worldwide distribution with a variable impact and presentation depending on the clinical situation. In developed, high-income settings, health institution and residential home outbreaks challenge health and social care services. In resource-poor settings, it is the downstream sequelae of staphylococcal and streptococcal bacteraemia, induced by scratching, which have a significant impact on the long-term health of communities. Over the past decade scabies has been recognised as a “neglected tropical disease” (NTD) by the World Health Organisation, has an accepted practical system of global diagnostic criteria and is being adopted into integrated programmes of mass drug administration for NTDs in field settings. This review seeks to summarise the recent advances in the understanding of scabies and highlight the advocacy and research headlines with their implication for diagnosis and management of outbreaks and individuals. In addition, it will indicate the priorities and questions that remain.
Ameliorative Effect of Withaferin A on Ageing-Mediated Impairment in the Dopamine System and Its Associated Behavior of Wistar Albino Rat
Authors: Raziya Banu Mohammad , Ibrahim Muhammed , Prabhu K. , Rajasankar Srinivasagam
Published: December 2018

Withaferin A (WA) was evaluated for its neuro-protective efficacy on ageing induced striatal dopamine (DA) and behavioural changes in aged rats. Wistar albino rats were divided into group I – young (3 months), Group II – aged (24 months), Group III – aged rats supplemented with WA (50 mg/kg b.w once in a day for 30 days) and Group IV – young rats supplemented with WA (50 mg/kg b.w). The HPLC assay revealed significant decline in the levels of DA and homovanillic acid (HVA) in substantia nigra (SN) and striatum (ST) of aged rat. A marked decline in motor activity of aged rat was observed through open field, beam walking and grid walking motor experiments. These results indicate that ageing reduces nigro-striatal activity as well as nigro-striatal DA levels. Interestingly, the administration of WA (50 mg\kg b.w) resulted in a substantial resurge of DA and HVA in SN and ST and a significant reversal of motor impairment in aged rats. This study is the first report that evidently determines the neuro-protective efficacy of WA on dopaminergic system of SN and ST in aged rats.
Effective Ibuprofen Desensitization in a Patient with Myopericarditis
Authors: Cortellini Gabriele , Lippolis Domenico , Amati Silvia , Piovaccari Giancarlo , Cortellini Fabio , Ballardini Giorgio
Published: December 2018

To date, aspirin desensitization is employed with patients with nonsteroidal anti-inﬂammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exacerbated respiratory diseases (NERD) or with aspirin or NSAIDs hypersensitive patients needing a stent procedure for coronary artery disease. On the other hand, few data exist regarding aspirin desensitization in other cardiological features and particularly we haven’t data on different NSAIDs desensitization. Only for NERD patients we have data on ketorolac use. We report an efficacious desensitization procedure for ibuprofen in urticaria/angioedema patient with pericarditis and myocarditis associated.
O uso de elementos e figuras retóricas no Laudate Pueri de André da Silva Gomes
Authors: Soares Eliel Almeida
Published: December 2018

O artigo apresenta o uso de elementos e figuras retóricas no Laudate Pueri de André da Silva Gomes. Para tanto, haverá uma breve contextualização sobre o emprego retórico na música do final do século XVI até os primórdios do século XIX. Posteriormente, será exposto o interesse da musicologia dos últimos cinquenta anos em compreender a elaboração das estruturas retóricas. Consequentemente, mediante uma metodologia apoiada em análises retórico-musicais e em conformidade ao texto litúrgico, às funções harmônicas e à ordenação do discurso musical, se evidenciará que nessa obra esses recursos retóricos eram usados de maneira consciente pelo compositor.
Effects of Liraglutide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With or Without History of Myocardial Infarction or Stroke
Authors: Verma Subodh , Poulter Neil R. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Bain Stephen C. , Buse John B. , Leiter Lawrence A. , Nauck Michael A. , Pratley Richard E. , Zinman Bernard , Ørsted David D. , Monk Fries Tea , Rasmussen Søren , Marso Steven P. ,   For the LEADER Publication Committee on Behalf of the LEADER Trial Investigators
Published: December 2018

Background:

The glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide reduced cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the LEADER trial (Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes). In a post hoc analysis, we evaluated the efficacy of liraglutide in those with and without a history of myocardial infarction (MI) and/or stroke.

Methods:

LEADER was a randomized trial of liraglutide (1.8 mg or maximum tolerated dose) versus placebo in 9340 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and high cardiovascular risk, with a median follow-up of 3.8 years. The primary outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal MI, or nonfatal stroke (major adverse cardiovascular events). Risk groups in this post hoc analysis were defined by history of MI/stroke, established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease without MI/stroke, or cardiovascular risk factors alone.

Results:

Of the 9340 patients, 3692 (39.5%) had a history of MI/stroke, 3083 (33.0%) had established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease without MI/stroke, and 2565 (27.5%) had risk factors alone. Major adverse cardiovascular events occurred in 18.8% of patients with a history of MI/stroke (incidence rate, 5.0 per 100 patient-years), 11.6% of patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease without MI/stroke (incidence rate, 3.0 per 100 patient-years), and 9.8% of patients with cardiovascular risk factors alone (incidence rate, 2.6 per 100 patient-years). Liraglutide reduced major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with a history of MI/stroke (322 of 1865 [17.3%] versus 372 of 1827 patients [20.4%]; hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73–0.99) and in those with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease without MI/stroke (158 of 1538 [10.3%] versus 199 of 1545 patients [12.9%]; hazard ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.62–0.94) compared with placebo. In patients with risk factors alone, the hazard ratio for liraglutide versus placebo was 1.08 (95% CI, 0.84–1.38,
P
interaction
=0.11). Similar results were seen for secondary outcomes across risk groups.

Conclusions:

In this post hoc analysis of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and high cardiovascular risk, liraglutide reduced cardiovascular outcomes both in patients with a history of MI/stroke and in those with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease without MI/stroke. The cardiovascular effect appeared neutral in patients with cardiovascular risk factors alone.

Clinical Trial Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01179048.
Extending the “Open-Closed Principle” to Automated Algorithm Configuration
Authors: Swan Jerry , Adriænsen Steven , Barwell Adam D. , Hammond Kevin , White David R.
Published: December 2018

Metaheuristics are an effective and diverse class of optimization algorithms: a means of obtaining solutions of acceptable quality for otherwise intractable problems. The selection, construction, and configuration of a metaheuristic for a given problem has historically been a manually intensive process based on experience, experimentation, and reasoning by metaphor. More recently, there has been interest in automating the process of algorithm configuration. In this article, we identify shared state as an inhibitor of progress for such automation. To solve this problem, we introduce the Automated Open-Closed Principle (AOCP), which stipulates design requirements for unintrusive reuse of algorithm frameworks and automated assembly of algorithms from an extensible palette of components. We demonstrate how the AOCP enables a greater degree of automation than previously possible via an example implementation.
Revision of Gymnosophistis Meyrick, 1934 (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) from East Africa with description of a new species
Authors: BARTSCH DANIEL
Published: December 2018

In this study, a revision and redescription of Gymnosophistis Meyrick, 1934 is provided. The type species, G. thyrsodoxa Meyrick, 1934, and a new species, G. staudei sp. nov., occur in Kenya. Females and biology of both species are unknown. Gymnosophistis is placed in Sesiini for the first time, with Alonina Walker, 1856 being most likely the sister group. A lectotype of G. thyrsodoxa is designated.
On the Role of the Eastern Pacific Teleconnection in ENSO Impacts on Wintertime Weather over East Asia and North America
Authors: Dai Ying , Tan Benkui
Published: December 2018

Previous studies have mainly focused on the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on seasonal-mean conditions over East Asia and North America. This study, instead, proposes an ENSO pathway that influences the weather events over East Asia and North America, in which the eastern Pacific teleconnection pattern (EP) plays an important role. On the one hand, the EP pattern can induce significant surface temperature anomalies over East Asia during its development and mature stages, with the positive (negative) EPs causing colder (warmer) than normal weather events. Besides, the frequency of occurrence of EPs is significantly modulated by ENSO, with 50% of the positive EPs occurring in La Niña winters, and 47% of the negative EPs occurring in El Niño winters. As a result, in El Niño winters, more negative and fewer positive EPs tend to occur, and thus more warm and fewer cold weather events are expected in East Asia. For La Niña winters, the reverse is true. On the other hand, for the EP pattern without its canonical convection pattern (referred to as the nonconvective EP), extremely cold anomalies over the northern United States and western Canada are induced in its negative phase. Moreover, when there are positive sea surface temperature anomalies in the central equatorial Pacific, the frequency of occurrence of negative nonconvective EPs is 2.0 times greater than the climatological value, and thus an enhanced likelihood of extremely cold spells over North America may be expected.
Colorism and U.S. Immigration: Considerations for Researchers
Authors: Monroe Carla R. , Hall Ronald E.
Published: December 2018

Research on colorism in the United States frequently focuses on people of color who were born in the country such as African Americans. Globalization, however, requires social scientists to consider new dimensions of intraracial discrimination as research studies must attend to realities and standpoints about race, as well as other forms of categorization, that are not traditionally represented in conversations about in-group stratification. In this article, we consider how colorism acts as a force that propels many immigrants toward identification with whiteness. Based on historical and contemporary snapshots of immigrant trends in the United States, we discuss how and why some groups opt to self-identify as racially White and/or align themselves with the ideological status quo regardless of their racial, phenotypic, and/or cultural self-ascriptions.
African Americans: Colorism in Morrow v. IRS Litigation
Authors: Wilder JeffriAnne
Published: December 2018

Walker v. Secretary of Treasury, IRS (Internal Revenue Service) served as a landmark case in shaping the legal context of color-based discrimination in the workplace. As the first case of colorism between Black Americans heard at the federal level, the Walker decision broadened the scope of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, treating race and color as two distinctive categories and protected classes. Beyond the legal significance of the ruling, Walker v. IRS carried important social and cultural implications that exposed the continuing significance of colorism in the post–Civil Rights Era. This article deals with an overview of the Walker v. IRS lawsuit, including a discussion of the overall impact of the ruling on the interpretation of Title VII and the inclusion of color(ism) in the application of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Subsequent cases of color bias in the workplace are explored, and the enduring impact of the Walker judgment is examined.
Clinical Features and Endolymphatic Hydrops in Patients With MRI Evidence of Hydrops
Authors: Shi Suming , Guo Ping , Li Wenquan , Wang Wuqing
Published: December 2018

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation between grades of endolymphatic hydrops (ELH) and clinical characteristics and determine the detailed clinical characteristics of Ménière’s disease (MD) patients with evidence of hydrops based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods:

One hundred ninety-eight MD patients (396 ears) with MRI evidence of hydrops were included. ELH grades were evaluated using the Nakashima grading standard. Correlations between the extent of ELH and clinical features were evaluated. Detailed clinical characteristics were analyzed to assess the clinical diagnostic criteria.

Results:

Of 198 patients, ELH was observed in 100% of cases on the clinically affected side and 8.6% of cases on the asymptomatic side. In addition, 98.5% of ELH was classified as moderate or significant grade. Low-frequency hearing loss was significantly correlated with the extent of both vestibular and cochlear hydrops, whereas the vertigo attack frequency showed no significant correlation with ELH grades. The disease duration of MD with bilateral ELH was longer than that with unilateral ELH. The clinical characteristics were variant and did not completely fit the proposed diagnostic criteria.

Conclusions:

MRI findings have relevance to the clinical severity, to a certain extent, but not vestibular symptoms. The proposed diagnostic criteria based on clinical characteristics may be partially effective; analysis of the detailed clinical characteristics of MD was meaningful. Diagnosis of MD based on both MRI and clinical symptoms could facilitate an early diagnosis.
Centering in Multiple Regression Does Not Always Reduce Multicollinearity: How to Tell When Your Estimates Will Not Benefit From Centering
Authors: Olvera Astivia Oscar L. , Kroc Edward
Published: December 2018

Within the context of moderated multiple regression, mean centering is recommended both to simplify the interpretation of the coefficients and to reduce the problem of multicollinearity. For almost 30 years, theoreticians and applied researchers have advocated for centering as an effective way to reduce the correlation between variables and thus produce more stable estimates of regression coefficients. By reviewing the theory on which this recommendation is based, this article presents three new findings. First, that the original assumption of expectation-independence among predictors on which this recommendation is based can be expanded to encompass many other joint distributions. Second, that for many jointly distributed random variables, even some that enjoy considerable symmetry, the correlation between the centered main effects and their respective interaction can increase when compared with the correlation of the uncentered effects. Third, that the higher order moments of the joint distribution play as much of a role as lower order moments such that the symmetry of lower dimensional marginals is a necessary but not sufficient condition for a decrease in correlation between centered main effects and their interaction. Theoretical and simulation results are presented to help conceptualize the issues.
A Golden Rule for Politics?
Authors: McCurry Mike
Published: December 2018

The division, bitterness, and anger in American politics are remarkable. Civility seems to have evaporated, and there is often little or no respect between those who argue. To address this confrontational and mean-spirited public debate, this essay offers some “Golden Rules” for civil discourse, patterned after Jesus’s commandments: “In everything do to others as you would have them do to you” (Matt 7:12) and “You shall love your neighbor as yourself” (Lev. 19:18; Matt 22:40; Mark 12:34).
Contact, Perceived Threat, and Attitudes Toward Assimilation and Multiculturalism: Evidence From a Majority and Minority Perspective in Luxembourg
Authors: Callens Marie-Sophie , Meuleman Bart , Marie Valentová
Published: December 2018

In this article, we study how attitudes toward the integration of immigrants (multiculturalism and assimilation) are formed through the interplay between immigration-related threat perceptions, intergroup contacts, and the different migratory backgrounds of residents in a host country. The analysis is conducted using Multiple Group Structural Equation Modeling on data from the 2008 Luxembourg European Values Study. Our findings indicate that stronger perceptions of threat are related to more support for assimilation among all residents and to less support for multiculturalism among native residents and culturally close immigrants. More contact with natives is associated with more support for assimilation among culturally close immigrants and with more threat perceptions among culturally distant immigrants.
The Functions of Advertising in Our Culture
Authors: White Irving S.
Published: December 2018

What are advertising's limits and potentialities? The author shows how three major variables in the communication process between advertising and the consumer—cultural attitudes; brand imagery; and direct experience with a product—are related to advertising effectiveness.
Intentions to Purchase Compared with Actual Purchases of Household Durables
Authors: Namias Jean
Published: December 2018

If consumer surveys are to provide management with an adequate basis for decision, intention-to-purchase data must be evaluated jointly with opinions, attitudes, financial characteristics, and other personal data.

The study reported here indicates that consumers who do not plan to buy household durable goods are more consistent in carrying out their intentions than those who plan to buy. On the other hand, a large number of consumers who do not plan to buy change their minds and do buy. These and other findings suggest additional ways in which to analyze consumer intentions.
Revised Estimates of Food Expenditures
Authors: Burk Marguerite C.
Published: December 2018

Probably more attention is given to the development and study of food statistics than to those for any other group of consumer goods. This is due to the significance of food even in an “affluent society,” and to concern over the agricultural situation in the American economy.

Most economic analyses of food marketing begin with a review of food expenditure data of the U. S. Department of Commerce. But recent revisions in these data, discussed in this article, may modify our ideas considerably about past and future trends. Certainly there appears to be a continuing decline in the proportion of income allocated to food and food-marketing services.
On the Nature of Specialty Goods
Authors: Luck David J.
Published: December 2018

Among the three classic categories of consumers’ goods—shopping, convenience, and specialty goods—the “specialty” category sometimes has been relegated to minor importance.

This article vigorously defends the primary importance of specialty goods in marketing theory. Four different reasons are given as evidence.
The Moving Target: The Impact of Women's Employment on Consumer Behavior
Authors: Bartos Rena
Published: December 2018

The working woman is hardly a stereotype.
Saleswomen: Perceptions, Problems and Prospects
Authors: Robertson Dan H. , Hackett Donald W.
Published: December 2018

How do females compare with males in one industry with unusually heavy participation by saleswomen?
Advertising in the Professions: The Critical Issues
Authors: Bloom Paul N.
Published: December 2018

Who will win out—and who should win out—the Pro-Advertising or the Anti-Advertising Advocates?
Expectations, Performance Evaluation, and Consumers’ Perceptions of Quality
Authors: Teas R. Kenneth
Published: December 2018

The author examines conceptual and operational issues associated with the “perceptions-minus-expectations” (P-E) perceived service quality model. The examination indicates that the P-E framework is of questionable validity because of a number of conceptual and definitional problems involving the (1) conceptual definition of expectations, (2) theoretical justification of the expectations component of the P-E framework, and (3) measurement validity of the expectation (E) and revised expectation (E*) measures specified in the published service quality literature. Consequently, alternative perceived quality models that address the problems of the traditional framework are developed and empirically tested.
A Study of Interviewer Behavior
Authors: Schyberger Bo W:Son
Published: December 2018

This article shows only small differences between experienced and inexperienced interviewers. Interviewers paid by the interview seem to do as reliable a job as interviewers paid by the hour. The use of planted respondents showed a surprisingly high number of deviations from instructed behavior, regardless of the interviewer's experience, training, or method of payment.
Consumer Convenience and Retail Area Structure
Authors: Thompson Donald L.
Published: December 2018

This article presents five behavioral propositions to a model of retail area structure. A method is illustrated for using Census data to evaluate changes in the pattern of commercial dominance within a metropolitan retail trading area.
Expenditure Policy for Mail-Order Advertisers
Authors: Simon Julian L.
Published: December 2018

This article is an analytical method for choosing the optimum promotional expenditure of mail-order advertisers, but is also appropriate for advertisers who keep customer sales records and for decisions about the optimum size of the outside salesforce. The only inputs required are the customer decay rate, the cost of money, and the number of customers produced by the advertising (or salesman) in period t. The value of a customer and the stream of future revenue are estimated, from which the optimizing calculation is made.
Using MCA to Segment New Car Markets
Authors: Peters William H.
Published: December 2018

In this study the mid-1960's new car market is analyzed by using a new, dummy variable, multivariate technique known as Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA). This approach helps provide a better understanding of this complex market and gives some interesting hints as to its possible future direction.
Content Analysis by Word Group
Authors: Kranz Peter
Published: December 2018

This computer program analyzes content by classifying each individual sentence or phrase by its single, most important meaning. The total content of a document is then the sum of these individual classifications (statement meanings). In the examples studied, five key words can determine specific meaning for individual sentences.
Repetition in Media Models: A Laboratory Technique
Authors: Ray Michael L. , Sawyer Alan G.
Published: December 2018

Recent advertising media models demand estimates of effects of repetitive exposures on consumers in particular advertising situations. A laboratory technique for providing such estimates is suggested, and a study using this technique indicates the need for significantly different repetition functions for different kinds of products, brand positions, advertising formats, and advertising goals. Further development of the technique is also indicated.
A System Construct for Evaluating Retail Market Locations
Authors: White L. A. , Ellis J. B.
Published: December 2018

This article presents a systems theory framework for predicting supermarkets’ yearly sales. Once calibrated, the model can be used to predict sales of a hypothetical store or changes in sales resulting from major road or store changes.
Evolutionary Model Building
Authors: Urban Glen L. , Karash Richard
Published: December 2018

An evolutionary methodology is proposed to encourage successful implementation of management science models. An example is presented by a series of new product models.
A Multivariate Analysis of Personality and Product Use
Authors: Sparks David L. , Tucker W. T.
Published: December 2018

A canonical analysis of the relationship of personality traits to product use patterns suggests that the association is significant and complex, involving probable interactions among traits.
Market Measurement and Planning with a Simultaneous-Equation Model
Authors: Schultz Randall L.
Published: December 2018

In a recently developed marketing planning model, demand and market share response functions are estimated from empirical data for airlines in one two-city market. These structures are then utilized in a normative model of marketing decision making. The results show profit-maximizing levels for number of flights and dollars of advertising.
A Computer Simulation Model for Forecasting Catalog Sales
Authors: Michael George C.
Published: December 2018

The AHAF model generates sales forecasts for individual articles of merchandise in catalogs, using heuristic programming to simulate the actual decision-making process of a catalog control buyer.
Testing Cognitive Models through Computer-Controlled Experiments
Authors: Hughes G. David , Guerrero Jose L.
Published: December 2018

A computer-controlled experiment was used to test balance, reinforcement, and congruity models and to develop a new model to predict changes in buyers’ subjective probabilities after receiving new information. Subjective probability and attitude models were tested to determine their utility in studying buyers’ information processing.
Personality Variables and Cigarette Brand Choice
Authors: Fry Joseph N.
Published: December 2018

An analysis of smoker personality traits and brand preferences identifies relationships of significant magnitude and logical direction and highlights the crucial role of moderator variables.
Measurement of Husband-Wife Influence in Consumer Purchase Decisions
Authors: Davis Harry L.
Published: December 2018

Can wives accurately report who exerts influence in family decisions? What self-reported measure of purchase influence is best? A multitrait-multimethod approach is used to answer these questions about the reliability and validity of influence measures.
Generalized Change Agents and Innovativeness
Authors: Summers John O.
Published: December 2018

This article analyzes the relationship between innovativeness and opinion leadership and the extent and character of generalized innovativeness. The data suggest these relationships vary with product categories of interest.
Five Dimensions of the Industrial Adoption Process
Authors: Ozanne Urban B. , Churchill Gilbert A.
Published: December 2018

A model of the industrial adoption process forms the conceptual framework for an analysis of the purchase of a machine-tool innovation. This article explores five aspects of the industrial adoption process.
Conjoint Measurement- for Quantifying Judgmental Data
Authors: Green Paul E. , Rao Vithala R.
Published: December 2018

Conjoint measurement is a new development in mathematical psychology that can be used to measure the joint effects of a set of independent variables on the ordering of a dependent variable. In this (primarily expository) article, the techniques are applied to illustrative problems in marketing. In addition, a number of possible areas of application to marketing research are discussed, as well as some of the methodology's limitations.
Dynamic Forecasts of New Product Demand Using a Depth of Repeat Model
Authors: Eskin Gerald J.
Published: December 2018

A depth of repeat model is presented that can forecast the demand for new consumer products. The relation of the model to other forecasting models is noted. Data analysis, estimation procedures, and the observed accuracy of forecasts are discussed.
The Effect of Product Sales Quotas on Sales Force Productivity
Authors: Winer Leon
Published: December 2018

This article describes an actual controlled experiment to test the validity of the Davis-Farley sales compensation model. Results indicate that the implicit assumption of the model that salesmen seek to maximize income needs additional study.
Perceived Risk and Its Components: A Model and Empirical Test
Authors: Bettman James R.
Published: December 2018

A theoretical model and measurement system for perceived risk and its components is developed and empirically tested for nine product types. Regression analysis is used to consider both additive and multiplicative relationships. The results generally support the hypothesized model.
The Effect of Ecological Concern on Brand Perceptions
Authors: Kinnear Thomas C. , Taylor James R.
Published: December 2018

This research examines the relationship between the amount of concern for the ecology that buyers indicate and their perceptions of detergent brands. Results show that the level of ecological concern among buyers of laundry products had a marked effect on their brand perceptions.
New Product Distribution: An Analysis of Supermarket Buyer Decisions
Authors: Montgomery David B.
Published: December 2018

This article explores the relationship between 18 variables and a supermarket buyer's decision to accept or reject a new product. One hundred twenty-four new products are analyzed by multiple discriminant analysis and a hierarchical threshold model termed a “gatekeeper” analysis. A new method of discriminant validation in small samples is also proposed.
The Importance of Halo Effects in Multi-Attribute Attitude Models
Authors: Beckwith Neil E. , Lehmann Donald R.
Published: December 2018

A simultaneous equation model was used to explain both the overall attitude of heterogeneous individuals towards television shows and also their beliefs about the shows on six relevant attributes. The halo effect may be the primary reason for the usually good descriptive results of the multi-attribute model.
Reported and Revealed Preferences as Determinants of Mode Choice Behavior
Authors: Westin Richard B. , Watson Peter L.
Published: December 2018

The relation of attitudes toward transportation system characteristics and the sensitivity of travelers to perceived differences in these characteristics is studied. A probabilistic model of choice behavior is used, and effects of attitudes are studied by examining how estimated elasticities differ among groups of travelers stratified on the basis of attitude.
Unequal Cell Sizes in Marketing Experiments: Use of the General Linear Hypothesis
Authors: Perreault William D. , Darden William R.
Published: December 2018

The analysis of marketing data is frequently complicated by factorial designs with unequal cell sizes. This article discusses the marketing research advantages and problems of the General Linear Hypothesis approach to such analysis and illustrates the General Linear Hypothesis in the context of a new product experiment.
Effects of Administrative Control on Efficiency of Vertical Marketing Systems
Authors: Etgar Michael
Published: December 2018

A multivariate analysis was used to compare the operational efficiency of administratively coordinated and market coordinated vertical marketing systems. The study proposes nine dimensions where administrative coordination can be superior. The results of the study provide evidence that an administratively coordinated system is indeed superior, especially with regard to streamlining intrasystem activities and decisions.
Identifying Interurban Shoppers: Multiproduct Purchase Patterns and Segmentation Profiles
Authors: Darden William R. , Perreault William D.
Published: December 2018

The authors suggest that there is more than one type of outshopper, each type motivated by needs emanating from unique socioeconomic, life cycle, and life style perspectives. These concepts are tested with an empirical classification of outshoppers. The relationships revealed have important implications for marketers in the process of (1) developing local retail facilities and appeals to reduce loss of customers to other trade areas and (2) designing retail programs to attract consumers from contiguous trade areas.
Market Share Response to Advertising: An Example of Theory Testing
Authors: Horsky Dan
Published: December 2018

The purpose of this study is to formulate and test a model which can assess the impact of advertising on sales, rather than just produce sales forecasts. The proposed model, which incorporates many of the models and concepts previously suggested, is found through predictive tests to be consistent with empirical evidence.
A Striking Characteristic of Innovators
Authors: Taylor James W.
Published: December 2018

A wide variety of sociological, psychological, and demographic characteristics have been hypothesized to describe the early triers of new consumer products, but have not been supported by subsequent research. This report concerns research into product class use, a characteristic that is associated markedly with early trial.
Striving for Response Accuracy: Experiments in New Interviewing Techniques
Authors: Cannell Charles F. , Oksenberg Lois , Converse Jean M.
Published: December 2018

A dual program analyzed response invalidity and experimented with interviewing techniques designed to improve reporting. Respondent perceptions, interviewer behavior, and the relation of invalidity to characteristics of requested information are discussed and hypotheses are posed about cognitive and emotional demands of the question-answering task. In controlled experiments it was found that new interviewing techniques (instructions, feedback, and commitment) can clarify the respondent's task, enhance motivation, and thus improve reporting quality.
Collecting Income Data on Sample Surveys: Evidence from Split-Panel Studies
Authors: Herriot Roger A.
Published: December 2018

This article presents the results of two split-panel studies, one local and one national, which attempt to measure the effect of four questionnaire variants on the reporting of income in sample surveys. The results tend to support the hypothesis that the more summary the treatment of subject, the less complete is the reporting of income. The observed differences in the results from the different variants, however, were not as large as was anticipated.
Compliance with an Interview Request: A Foot-in-the-Door, Self-Perception Interpretation
Authors: Reingen Peter H. , Kernan Jerome B.
Published: December 2018

The foot-in-the-door technique, derived from a social-psychological concept which suggests that compliance with a relatively large request is significantly more likely to occur if preceded by compliance with a small request of the same genre, is extended to a marketing research application in the context of a 2X2 factorial design incorporating size of request and incentive. The “foot” phenomenon appears applicable to commercial settings and seems to be accounted for by self-perception theory.
Obtaining Cooperation in a Survey of Business Executives
Authors: Forsythe John B.
Published: December 2018

Surveys of elite groups often require special efforts to obtain cooperation. A survey is described in which the crucial first step was to obtain from chief executives of business firms the names of certain of their subordinates and approval to survey them. Among several techniques used to obtain a high rate of cooperation were two involving personalization of the first approach to the chief executives: addressing initial letters to them by name, and use of personal telephone calls after the letters to obtain the desired information and approval. Comparison of response rates and other results with those obtained from a control group surveyed only by mail indicates that the personalization procedures had an effect opposite that desired.
Mail Survey Response Rates: Their Manipulation and Impact
Authors: Goodstadt Michael S. , Chung Linda , Kronitz Reena , Cook Gaynoll
Published: December 2018

A study involving 2,416 randomly selected magazine readers indicated that response rates to mail questionnaires were significantly increased by the use of 25¢ premiums, but not by the use of a free-book premium or a free-book reward for responding. Response rates over time showed a very significant linear trend with an additional smaller cubic component. A complex significant (cubic) relationship between speed of response and favorability of expressed opinions reinforced conclusions that the broadest spectrum of opinions is obtained best by maximizing response rates.
Determinant Attributes in Retail Patronage: Seasonal, Temporal, Regional, and International Comparisons
Authors: Arnold Stephen J. , Oum Tae H. , Tigert Douglas J.
Published: December 2018

Determinants of retail patronage were identified and compared in a series of analyses of covariance of multinomial logit parameters. These parameters, estimated from random samples drawn from six North American and European markets over a seven-year period, revealed insignificant seasonal changes in a single market, significant changes in a single market over the seven years, and significant differences between markets and across cultures.
A Further Assessment of Measurement Influences on the Intention-Behavior Relationship
Authors: Miniard Paul W. , Obermiller Carl , Page Thomas J.
Published: December 2018

Warshaw has stated that low intention-behavior relationships are partially due to the lack of contextually specific intention measures and that conditional measures are more predictive than direct measures. Neither assertion is supported by the results of a study designed to examine the separate effects of these two measurement factors.
Attitude-Behavior Consistency in Children's Responses to Television Advertising
Authors: Roedder Deborah L. , Sternthal Brian , Calder Bobby J.
Published: December 2018

The authors examine the conditions under which children are likely to make attitude-consistent choices in response to a television commercial. Two experiments show that children's age and the demands of the choice task are determinants of attitude-behavior consistency. These findings are discussed in terms of children's decision-making abilities and the more general issue of how attitudes are related to behavior.
Product Positioning: TRINODAL Mapping of Brand Images, Ad Images, and Consumer Preference
Authors: Keon John W.
Published: December 2018

A new multidimensional scaling routine is introduced which is particularly appropriate for monitoring and assessing the repositioning impact of a new advertisement campaign on its brand. The advantage of this scaling routine, called TRINODAL, is that it simultaneously plots brand images, ad images, and consumer preference on a single map. Empirical examples demonstrate the technique's usefulness in providing insight to repositioning processes.
A Longitudinal Assessment of Consumer Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction: The Dynamic Aspect of the Cognitive Process
Authors: LaBarbera Priscilla A. , Mazursky David
Published: December 2018

A simplified cognitive model is proposed to assess the dynamic aspect of consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction in consecutive purchase behavior. Satisfaction is found to have a significant role in mediating intentions and actual behavior for five product classes that were analyzed in the context of a three-stage longitudinal field study. The asymmetric effect found demonstrates that repurchase of a given brand is affected by lagged intention whereas switching behavior is more sensitive to dissatisfaction with brand consumption. An attempt to predict repurchase behavior on the basis of the investigated cognitive variables yielded weak results. However, repurchase predictions were improved when the model was extended to a multipurchase setting in which prior experience with the brand was taken into account.
A Monté Carlo Simulation Study of Two Approaches for Aggregating Conjoint Data
Authors: Wiley James B. , Low James T.
Published: December 2018

The “simulation approach,” or fraction of first choice aggregation method, is widely used for aggregating conjoint data. The authors compare preference-share estimates generated by the simulation approach with those generated by a logistic model using identical data. The share estimates obtained by the two methods generally are equivalent, especially for conditions of greatest interest to marketers, i.e., when the objective is to estimate the share captured by the most preferred of several differentiated concepts. However, the logistic model provides more efficient estimates than does the simulation approach, and also proves to be robust to violations of its theoretical underlying distribution.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Structure of the Buying Center in the Metalworking Industry
Authors: Lilien Gary L. , Wong M. Anthony
Published: December 2018

The results of an exploratory study of patterns of purchase influence in the metal-working industry are reported. The data set used was a representative sample of 2151 purchase influencers in the metalworking industry. Respondents reported their involvement or noninvolvement in each of seven phases of the purchasing decision process. The authors show the presence of identifiable patterns of reported involvement in the organizational buying process and suggest an approach for analyzing those patterns.
The Use of Linear Logit Models in Marketing Research
Authors: Malhotra Naresh K.
Published: December 2018

The author discusses the use of the linear logit model in marketing research. A brief review of the linear logit model focuses on model formulation, estimation, evaluation, and inference procedures. Some of the underlying properties of the linear logit model which have not received due attention in marketing research are examined. Also presented are some recent developments in testing for independence of irrelevant alternatives, discrete choice models free of this assumption, modification to the standard logit model to account more adequately for specification errors, and logit estimation procedures in choice-based sampling. The author concludes by identifying several directions for future research in this area.