bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locating Adaptive Agency
Authors: Valmisa Mercedes
Published: September 2021

Chapter 2 identifies, locates, and disambiguates adaptive agency within the early Chinese textual horizon. It deals with three problems: (1) the notion of adapting is stable, but not always well-delimited or defined; (2) adapting is either expressed through a word cluster or articulated without an attributed term, which makes it more difficult to identify; and (3) adaptive agency must be demarcated from similar notions also pervasive in early Chinese intellectual discourses and their modern scholarly studies. Beyond expounding the philological basis of the research, the section “What Is Not Adapting” clarifies the difference between adapting, flexibility, reliance, balancing, conforming, and spontaneity.
Screening the Police
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: September 2021

American police departments have presided over the business of motion pictures since the end of the nineteenth century. Their influence is evident not only on the screen but also in the ways movies are made, promoted, and viewed in the United States. Screening the Police explores the history of film’s entwinement with law enforcement, showing the role that state power has played in the creation and expansion of a popular medium. For the New Jersey State Police in the 1930s, film offered a method of visualizing criminality and of circulating urgent information about escaped convicts. For the New York Police Department, the medium was a means of making the agency world famous as early as 1896. Beat cops became movie stars. Police chiefs made their own documentaries. And from Maine to California, state and local law enforcement agencies regularly fingerprinted filmgoers for decades, amassing enormous records as they infiltrated theaters both big and small. Understanding the scope of police power in the United States requires attention to an aspect of film history that has long been ignored. Screening the Police reveals the extent to which American cinema has overlapped with the politics and practices of law enforcement. Today, commercial filmmaking is heavily reliant on public policing—and vice versa. How such a working relationship was forged and sustained across the long twentieth century is the subject of this book.
Cinema’s Municipalities
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the growing sophistication of collaborations between Hollywood and particular police forces during cinema’s first decades, showing how the locations of the emerging film industry—municipalities like New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles—decisively shaped that industry’s relationship to law enforcement. Representing a deliberate departure from the one- and two-reel films that had lampooned the police through slapstick and other farcical gestures, certain feature films also augured industrial trends that would run far deeper than onscreen depictions, involving law enforcement officials as more than just objects of narrative fascination. The national promotion of such films illustrates more than just the emergence of standardized, studio-dictated distribution and exhibition policies. It also indicates the coalescence of a national model of law enforcement that, like the strategies of circulation and ballyhoo determined at a studio’s corporate headquarters, experienced at least some degree of alteration at the local level, where municipal police departments, neighborhood cinemas, and other small businesses shaped, in idiosyncratic and often unpredictable ways, both professional methods and popular reception practices.
Cinematic Badges
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines some of the tensions involved in the development and maintenance of film-specific forms of police public relations and addresses the persistence of certain cultural and institutional anxieties. From the threat of repetition and generic stagnation to the frictions resulting from the coexistence of strict representational codes and countervailing “realist” imperatives, these tensions and anxieties further illustrate the sheer complexity of cinema’s intersections with police power in the United States. American police departments have long been committed to shaping American film culture to their own advantage. American police officials were not necessarily easily satisfied by screen representations, and their ongoing demands had unexpected and sometimes contradictory effects.
Ballistics, Bertillonage, and Ballyhoo
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers some key intersections between cinema and criminal science, centering on a little-known case study: so-called suspect films—observational shorts produced initially by the New Jersey State Police and an assortment of municipal counterparts and later by private companies like RCA, Universal, and General Electric. As this case study reveals, cinema’s utility as a tool of policing was far from simple or self-evident. It had to be carefully constructed, aggressively promoted, and rendered profitable in a political economy in which the line between public service and private profit was rarely very distinct.
From Kiddie Cops to the Coal Police
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: September 2021

In the United States, the normalization of police power has often demanded the delineation of fraudulent or otherwise illegitimate aspirants to such power. This chapter considers cinematic depictions of parapolicing. Such representations speak to ongoing anxieties surrounding the actual, discernable contours of police power in the United States. In Hollywood, the Studio Relations Committee was particularly wary of analogies between “real” police officers and their privately employed counterparts. The films examined in this chapter address the complexities of those public-private partnerships that pivot around law enforcement. Ultimately, these films work to affirm the state’s monopoly on lawful violence, either because it is the state itself that “generously” grants power to particular private actors or because those private actors fail miserably and, in so doing, necessitate the expansion of “real” police forces. Such films complicate, in markedly populist terms, the professional police’s presumed monopoly on expertise, without, however, questioning the police’s monopoly on violence. The films at the center of this chapter are meant to show that while policing may be teachable—imitable—actual law enforcement officials hold the real power.
Coda
Authors: Tsika Noah
Published: September 2021

Interrogating the entwinement of Hollywood and law enforcement means reconsidering standard definitions of the corporate media system. Scholars continue to view that system—typified, in conventional accounts, by the Hollywood studios—as largely independent of state power. Police participation—broadly defined—has always saved the industry money, with state and municipal agencies funneling their own resources into principal photography, postproduction, and promotion. Tie-ups between police departments and film companies, which are constant rather than occasional—standard rather than exceptional—thus illustrate the rarely acknowledged reality that Hollywood is, in fact, publicly subsidized. Tax credits tempt filmmakers to far-flung locations where law enforcement agencies do their part to keep production costs down, sustaining Hollywood by public subsidy—a sort of “socialism for the rich.” Put simply, the police labor that is so frequently subsumed under Foucauldian abstractions has long been a key factor in the public funding of Hollywood.
A Fake Saint and the True Church
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: September 2021

This book uncovers the remarkable story of a fake saint to tell a tale about truth. It begins at the end of the 1650s, when a large quantity of forged documents suddenly appeared throughout the kingdom of Naples. Narrating the life and deeds of a previously unknown medieval saint named Giovanni Calà, the trove generated much excitement around the kingdom. No one was more delighted by the news than Carlo Calà, Giovanni’s wealthy and politically influential seventeenth-century descendant. Attracted by the prospect of adding a saint to the family tree, Carlo presented Giovanni’s case to the Roman Curia. The Catholic authorities immediately realized that the sources were forged and that Giovanni was not real (let alone holy). Yet it took more than two decades before the forgery was exposed: why? Vividly reconstructing the intricate case of the supposed saint, the book reveals the tensions between historical and theological truth. How much could the truth of doctrine depend on the truth of the facts before religion lost its connection with the supernatural? To what extent could theology ignore the truth of history without ending up engulfed in falsity and deceit? This story of a fake saint illuminates early modern tensions. But the struggles to distinguish between facts, opinions, and beliefs remain with us. Examining how our predecessors dealt with the relationship between truth and authenticity guides us too in thinking through what is true and what is not.
Introduction
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the historiographical context in which this book is situated, and the scholarly debates to which it seeks to contribute. The chapter also presents the methodological framework of the book and examines the historical and historiographical benefits of a microhistorical analysis. The chapter shows that the story of Carlo Calà and his allegedly holy ancestor enables us to understand better important political, cultural, and theological aspects of early modern Catholicism. The chapter also puts the past in conversation with the present by suggesting that studying how the Roman Inquisition dealt with the problem of discerning the truth from the fake can provide insight into the relationship between truth, authenticity, and belief.
The Making of a Success Story
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the main protagonist of the book: Carlo Calà Duke of Diano, a jurist and high-ranking official in the viceregal administration. This chapter also sets the historical context of the story of the forgery by describing the main political, economic, social, and religious characteristics of the Kingdom of Naples in the seventeenth century. More specifically, this chapter explains the social, cultural, and intellectual advantages that a noble pedigree conferred to the Neapolitan non-aristocratic elites; explores the main sources of tension between the papacy and the Neapolitan viceroy; sheds light on the power dynamics between the Roman Inquisition and the local ecclesiastical leaders; and introduces the complexities of the liturgical and devotional life of early modern Catholics.
The Fraud Is Uncovered
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: September 2021

Despite Carlo Calà’s efforts to publicize Giovanni’s story and to secure supporters for the potential canonization, the city of Naples was buzzing with rumors that Giovanni was not a real person and the documents narrating his holy life were forgeries. This chapter narrates the discovery of the fraud and the investigation promoted by the Holy Office and conducted by the Neapolitan ministro or representative of the Roman Inquisition. This investigation was received with much less enthusiasm (if not discreetly undermined) by the local authorities, especially the archbishop of Naples, who was worried by the potential repercussions of taking action against a powerful and influential member of the viceregal administration. Following Giovanni’s case enables us to appreciate the tensions between the center and the localities of the Catholic Church, and the complex interplay of religious orthodoxy, political authority, social capital, and local patronage.
The Roman Curia Takes Over
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: September 2021

Given the difficulties encountered when they tried to investigate and possibly prosecute Carlo Calà for the forgery, the Catholic authorities moved Giovanni’s case from Naples to Rome. This chapter takes us inside the Roman censorship apparatus. It focuses on Stefano Gradi, tasked by the Congregation of the Index to examine the sources on Giovanni. Gradi believed that all historical sources needed to be authenticated by means of solid documentary and historical analysis, and that the sources related to Giovanni did not pass muster. Carlo Calà, by contrast, believed that as long as the sources were stored in official archives and authenticated by public notaries, no further proof of their authenticity was needed. The debate between Calà and Gradi has profound implications for our own society and for the way we think about truth and authenticity in the process of governing people (through information) and the past (through historical records).
The End of the Story
Authors: Tutino Stefania
Published: September 2021

This chapter narrates the end of this story. First, it shows how the Papacy finally managed to declare once and for all that the story of Giovanni was entirely fake, thus banning any source or books defending or promoting it and punishing the main culprits. The chapter also shows that even though Carlo Calà was never officially condemned as the inspirator or executor of the forgery, nevertheless the pope’s final condemnation dealt a heavy blow to his political influence, which was already declining because of a change in leadership within the viceregal administration. Finally, this chapter provides information on the decisions taken by the Roman Curia on the unofficial cult to Joachim of Fiore, whose canonization trial is still open to this day.
Introduction
Authors: Melin Molly M.
Published: September 2021

This chapter introduces the central puzzle that motivates the book: why, given the multitude of actors working to prevent and resolve violent conflict, does violence persist? The chapter then presents a theoretical approach to resolving the puzzle. It argues that variations in corporate conflict prevention result from changing local dynamics and shifts in governmental capacity, as well as threats to the ability to conduct business. It then goes on to describe how active corporations can prevent violence from occurring. Active engagement, however, can have a prolonging effect on the conflicts that occur, since corporations add additional veto players to negotiations. The chapter offers a preview of the main findings and concludes with a roadmap for the rest of the book and a preview of the implications of my central findings.
Peacebuilding
Authors: Melin Molly M.
Published: September 2021

This chapter situates the concept of peacebuilding and the incentives for actors to engage in such activities within the rational choice framework. It begins by defining the term “peacebuilding.” It then outlines the varied actors that have the opportunity to engage in this process with a focus on the role and attributes of private firms. It presents a theoretical argument about the conditions that foster corporate peacebuilding and the effects of their efforts. Next, it presents the Company of Peace and Conflict (COPC) data, original cross-national data coding firm activities that span beyond traditional economic exchange. Peacebuilding by firms in Latin America, the Middle East, and Africa are coded from 2000 to 2018. The chapter presents the coding processes and data trends, which creates a basis for the quantitative analyses included in the book.
Supplying Peace
Authors: Melin Molly M.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the conditions that encourage corporations to engage in proactive peacebuilding. It explains variation in firm-led peacebuilding as a product of the operating environment. These environmental variations offer insights into how corporations respond to local dynamics and shifts in political capacity, as well as threats to the ability to conduct business. The chapter also considers the alternative explanation that firms use peacebuilding to overcome past bad behavior. It tests these arguments on the original cross-national data of peacebuilding efforts. The findings bring large-N empirical analysis to a topic dominated by case studies and emphasize the need for peace science scholars to examine the role of the private sector in many of the topics we study.
Conclusion
Authors: Melin Molly M.
Published: September 2021

This conclusion returns to the book’s central puzzle, theoretical argument, and research questions. It synthesizes key findings and shows how the answers to the research questions make continued violence and civil war less puzzling, even in a world with many international actors taking steps to prevent and resolve them. It also returns to the conditions that encourage corporations to engage in peacebuilding: local factors that can help encourage private action. It concludes by discussing the implications for conflict prevention and resolution in an era with increasingly globalized economic ties and corporate power.
Tweeting is Leading
Authors: Russell Annelise
Published: September 2021

Social media is changing the business of representation and lawmaker reputation building, and this book uses the US Senate to illustrate the constituent-driven nature of political communication. I offer a critical analysis of senators’ communication on Twitter, the forces that shape it, and the agendas that result. Senators strategically communicate a political image that reflects their unique political persona. They have to decide what they want to be known for, crafting communications that prioritize legislation, constituent service, and party politics in ways that meet the interests of their constituencies and foster promising electoral returns. Senators’ communicated, public priorities—what is termed in this book as the rhetorical agenda—offer a necessary tool for understanding how senators link their carefully crafted public image with potential voters. The rhetorical agenda uses more than 180,000 lawmaker tweets to challenge what we know about representation, removing the institutional and political constraints on congressional communication and giving lawmakers a messaging platform where individual discretion is high, the relative costs are low, and someone is always watching.
Categorizing Senators’ Tweets and Styles of Communication
Authors: Russell Annelise
Published: September 2021

Senators get to decide how to buttress their reputation with their rhetorical agendas, reflecting lawmakers’ diverse interests. The challenge is understanding what leads senators to adopt the communication styles that they do and to explain the individual patterns of these rhetorical agendas. This chapter offers a typology of senators’ rhetorical agendas on Twitter and details what it means for representation when senators adopt policy, constituent, and partisan styles of communication. Senators make the decision to connect with constituents as a policy wonk, a constituent servant, or a partisan warrior. The chapter details the collection and systematic coding of more than 180,000 tweets, using this data set to examine what leads senators to the priorities that drive their strategic communication. Senators have added capacity to influence the narratives coming out of Congress, and that influence over the supply of information affects both the framing and substance of congressional communication.
Putting Policy First
Authors: Russell Annelise
Published: September 2021

The vast potential of Twitter means that it can be used as a tool for policy information. This chapters shows that a majority of senators adopt a policy-wonk style for their rhetorical agenda. While institutions and constituent expectations constrain the issues senators may act on, what they communicate in their rhetorical agenda is an opportunity to gain agency over their policy messaging. Senators with policy-focused constituencies, particularly committee leaders and Democrats with policy coalitions, act as legislative entrepreneurs by taking advantage of Twitter’s expansive network to link their legislative activity and policy-focused rhetorical agenda with a diverse constituency of followers networked by shared attention to issue priorities. Additionally, this chapter introduces the concept of a dual process of policy prioritization where lawmakers not only have to decide to become a policy wonk but also make a second decision about which policies define their time in office.
Rethinking Securities Law
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: September 2021

Rethinking Securities Law focuses on a very important and timely subject that merits comprehensive analysis: “rethinking” the securities laws, with particular emphasis on the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. The system of securities regulation that prevails today in the United States is one that has been formed through piecemeal federal legislation, Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) invocation of its administrative authority, and self-regulatory organization episodic action. As a consequence, the presence of consistent and logical regulation all too often is lacking. In both transactional and litigation settings, with frequency, mandates apply that are erratic and antithetical to sound public policy. Over four decades ago, the American Law Institute (ALI) adopted the ALI Federal Securities Code. The Code has not been enacted by Congress and its prospects are dim. Since that time, no treatise, monograph, or other source has comprehensively focused on this meritorious subject. The objective of this book is to identify the deficiencies that exist under the current regimen, address their failings, provide recommendations for rectifying these deficiencies, and set forth a thorough analysis for remediation in order to prescribe a consistent and sound securities law framework. By undertaking this challenge, the book provides an original and valuable resource for effectuating necessary law reform that should prove beneficial to the integrity of the U.S. capital markets, effective and fair government and private enforcement, and the enhancement of investor protection.
The Disclosure Regimen of the Federal Securities Laws
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on the disclosure framework of the federal securities laws. It explores the benefits as well as drawbacks of the current regimen and recommends measures that should be implemented to enhance its efficacy. Subjects addressed in this chapter include the focus of the securities laws on adequate disclosure rather than substantive fairness, the concept of materiality, the mandatory disclosure framework, the integrated disclosure system, the SEC’s dismantling of the mandatory disclosure framework in certain contexts, and the disclosure obligations placed upon publicly-held companies by the national securities exchanges. Upon analysis, significant gaps and drawbacks exist in this framework that should be remedied. The chapter thereupon proffers adaptable solutions that should meaningfully improve the disclosure regimen. Implementing these measures, including the requirement that companies (absent a meritorious business justification) promptly and adequately disclose all material information to the securities markets and investors, should enhance both market efficiency and investor protection.
The Securities Act Registration Framework
Authors: Steinberg Marc I.
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses the Securities Act registration framework. In its determination to maintain a transaction-based Securities Act registration framework while making necessary adjustments, the SEC has appropriately acted. With the improvements made, the registration framework functions in a relatively efficient manner and generally provides investors with adequate safeguards. Nonetheless, significant deficiencies exist which are addressed in this chapter. Among the improvements that should be implemented are: mandating that all material information (absent a meritorious business justification) be contained in a registration statement; limiting the use of incorporation by reference to those issuers whose securities in fact trade in efficient markets; and requiring that a sufficiently comprehensive summary section be included in the statutory prospectus. The chapter also focuses on due diligence and the integrated disclosure system. In the context of incorporation by reference and shelf registered offerings, the dilemma faced by outside directors and underwriters in performing their due diligence functions can be largely ameliorated by: for outside directors, the presence of a vibrant disclosure committee (comprised solely of outside directors) that is actively engaged in the disclosure process; and, for underwriters, the retention by a subject company’s audit or disclosure committee of a reputable law firm to conduct continuous due diligence on the prospective underwriter’s behalf.
Venizelos in Love
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The author presents in this chapter an episode unique in Venizelos's career, when through his exile in Athens he was separated for months from his young fiancée Maria Eleftheriou. Their mutual love and thoughts about the Cretan situation and the prospects of his return to Crete were dealt with in correspondence sent through the mail boats between Chania and Athens. Separation distressed them both. Venizelos describes his melancholy, and his determination to return as soon as it is safe, but not to do so without inclusion in an Ottoman amnesty. He toys with the idea of their moving to Alexandria or Smyrna, and comments on the unwise plotting among Cretan emigrés in Athens. The letters bring out their strong attachment, but also the ups and downs caused by her understandable failure to see why he keeps delaying his return. His call on prime minister Trikoupis fails to resolve his doubts: 'he didn't say yes and he didn't say no', in effect. His exile gives Venizelos time to work at his French, and later English. Maria, a sympathetic character, forms a friendship with Venizelos's younger sister Evanthia, who is named as the main legatee in the will Venizelos makes in Athens.
In the Wilderness
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The chapter analyses the reasons for Venizelos's confrontation with the prince, from their respective points of view. A reason for Venizelos was his restless desire for progress towards union with Greece, through a more genuine autonomy. There was also a personal element. He was not someone to sit down meekly in face of the sharp attacks of the prince's advisers who set out to stop his mouth. The fundamental reason was dispute over union, reflecting two different political philosophies, popular sovereignty for Venizelos, the interests of the Glücksburg dynasty for prince George. The clash pushed the prince into more arbitrary measures, the closure of Venizelos's newspaper, and his short imprisonment. His rallies and island-wide visits before the assembly elections of March 1903 showed that he was still a popular figure. But though Venizelos was cold shouldered when he visited Athens to explain his position, it would be wrong to see him as isolated. Politically aware Cretans were taking sides, the prince's arbitrary behavior was alienating members of the professional classes.
The Propaganda Battle
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

This chapter continues with an account of the diplomatic and propaganda battle fought from Therisso, with Venizelos as leader, chief planner, speaker and writer. Through Klearchos Markantonakis he contacted the Greek prime minister Deliyiannis, trying without success to persuade the Greek government to view the insurgency more sympathetically. He wrote letters to supporters in Crete conveying a 'line to take'. The insurgency was boosted when the veteran Sfakianakis declared his support. Inconclusive talks near Therisso with the French Colonel Lubanski amounted to a form of diplomatic recognition. The prince's efforts to nip the insurgency in the bud, e.g. by arresting the leaders, failed. Gradually the powers, led by the British consul general Howard, moved towards negotiation, blocking the prince's efforts to persuade them to suppress the insurgency by force. Howard's efforts to find a way to restore normality were helped by information brought from the rebel camp by Times correspondent James Bourchier. Meanwhile visits by sympathetic Athens journalists helped to spread Venizelos's message to Greeks on the mainland.
The Crown Prince
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The chapter opens with a historical analysis of the dilemmas of foreign policy faced by Greece: what to do about the Greek speaking communities outside the bounds of the Greek kingdom, for example whether to adopt policies of conciliation of Turkey, or aim to combine with Bulgaria against Turkey. These unresolved issues had new immediacy in Venizelos's period as prime minister since the Balkan states were pressing for action against Turkey. After a short spell of euphoria about the possible effects of the Young Turk revolution, in the face of Turkish 'Ottomanization' of the Christian minorities Venizelos adopted a hardheaded policy, aiming to strengthen Greece's armed forces, meanwhile avoiding provocation of Turkey while work remained to do in improving the armed forces. In June 1911 Venizelos introduced a bill reintegrating the Crown Prince in the army as Inspector General, contrary to the views of Zorbas, Dragoumis and others. The bill became law and the Crown Prince's position was reinforced.
Greek Salonika
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

Salonika (Thessaloniki) was the great prize of the war. Having got there first, the Greeks were determined to hold onto it and repel Bulgarian attempts to assert their claim. Venizelos's main effort went into establishing strong civil government, restoring trade and dealing with refugee relief. His appointments (Raktivan as governor, Negrepontis for refugees) reflected this. The indigenous population, especially the large Jewish community, were mainly indifferent or hostile to the Greek occupation. Although the new Greek administration proclaimed equal rights for all, some non-Greek peoples, especially Muslims, began to be squeezed out, emigrating to Asia Minor. Opposition politicians in Athens (Theotokis, Rallis, Gounaris) criticized Venizelos for alleged weakness in dealing with Bulgarian claims, while Bishop Chrysostom of Smyrna urged him to dictate a harsh piece to the Muslims, favoring the Christians of Asia Minor.
The War in Epirus
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

Constantine, whose main concern was Bulgaria, was persuaded to move to Epirus where Greek-Turkish hostilities continued. He was accompanied by his staff including Metaxas, who developed staff plans for the assault on Bizani; and by royal princes and nurses. His task was to reinvigorate the Greek army in Epirus which was bogged down in the siege of Bizani outside Janina. Venizelos visited him there, and received a positive account of the prospects from the staff. The two men had a near escape in a shelling incident. The fall of Bizani followed, as planned by Metaxas, and Janina was occupied, another success for Greek arms, opening up a route to Northern Epirus/Albania.
War Against Bulgaria
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Michael
Published: September 2021

The chapter describes the approach of the three claimants to territory in Macedonia, and how Bulgaria, an ally in the first Balkan War, broke with her two allies and attacked them, provoking the second. Greek opposition parliamentarians criticized Venizelos savagely for alleged weakness towards Bulgaria and for abandoning Greek communities to their fate, but since the second war was in progress, he had little difficulty in justifying the former alliance. Greece cleared Salonika of Bulgarians and advanced to occupy much of eastern Macedonia. Attacked on three fronts, the Bulgarians retreated. The Turks won back territory and the Romanians too made territorial gains. Once the outcome was clear there was a new row. Constantine wanted to exploit Greece's position to crush Bulgaria by dictating a harsh piece on the field of battle. Venizelos, under pressure from the Powers, wanted to agree a peace that reflected a fair balance of strength in the Balkans. With help from the exhausted Greek army, and from the Kaiser, he won his point in negotiations at Bucharest and secured the important Aegean port Kavalla for Greece. This war had been brutal and the outcome was a catastrophe for Bulgaria, leaving her looking for revenge.
Introduction
Authors: Waltman Max
Published: September 2021

The introduction sets out the parameters for the inquiry. It summarizes part I on the harms of pornography, including the sexual aggression against women it engenders and its production’s exploitative abuses. The findings canvassed are situated in the context of gender-based violence and sex discrimination, pornography being found to be one of the more potent linchpins in this hierarchy of oppression that contemporary democracies allow, despite their equality ideals. A problem-driven approach is taken to answer what is in the way for democracies to address pornography’s harms legally. A theory of hierarchy to be tested and applied is summarized, including its postmodern and classical liberal critics. The analytical leverage gained by comparing most similar systems of democracies with significant constitutional and legal differences is explained. Solving the equation of the competing interests involved is considered to provide insights to unraveling other intractable problems of oppression by legal means.
Supply, Demand, and Production Harms
Authors: Waltman Max
Published: September 2021

The chapter analytically reviews research findings on pornography consumption and the harms inflicted during its production. Most men are found to use pornography, especially young men, while few women do. The multibillion-dollar pornography industry’s considerable and expanding size is noted. Empirical findings showing consumers’ desensitization and increased demand for more aggressive, subordinating, and degrading content are discussed, as is the producers’ adaptation to this popular market. Evidence of exploitation and abuse during production is considered in light of documented links and similarities between populations used in pornography and populations generally used in prostitution. Multiple disadvantages such as poverty, childhood sexual abuse and neglect, racial disparities, and lack of alternatives in these groups are assessed. Mental health sequelae (e.g., PTSD) due to abuse in pornography production is considered. Similar (but more limited) findings on gay male pornography and male performers are discussed. Contending views in the literature are addressed.
Substantive Equality Prostitution Law, 1999–2019
Authors: Waltman Max
Published: September 2021

The chapter analyzes the impact of Sweden’s substantive equality prostitution law (a.k.a. Nordic Model) as a means of exploring potential challenges to pornography production. Comparisons of prostitution prevalence in Scandinavia, evidence of sex trafficking, sex purchasing, and attitudinal changes in the population are assessed. The law’s reduction of violence and increases in safety in prostitution are documented, along with evidence illustrating the importance of specialized exit programs. Critics, unwarranted skepticism, and symptomatic misinformation from academic sex industry apologists are addressed. Case law, rarely discussed outside Sweden, is critically reviewed, including early precedents that obstructed higher criminal penalties and civil remedies (e.g., damages and public support for prostitution exit). A civil rights amendment is proposed, which could be adopted via judicial interpretation or legislative means. The chapter concludes that comparatively seen, Sweden reduced prostitution extensively while making it safer. Similar effects are hypothesized to hold if the law applied to pornographers.
Vikings, Saints, and Pilgrimage
Authors: Grau Marion
Published: September 2021

This chapter gives an account of the emergence of pilgrimage in Norway and its intersections with medieval warfare, trade, and travel. Coastal Norway was the main travel and access route before modern travel. Viking raiders encountered Christianity in the British Isles, and Christian communities spread first along the coast. Eventually, baptismal covenants came to replace the increasingly brittle bonds of Viking raiders to their leaders and a different form of social contract, as well as a different faith, is introduced. St. Olav plays a central role in this shift toward greater political and religious unity, though his own overreach eventually resulted in his death, though not in the defeat of the project of unification under one Christian law and crown. The cult around his relics begins shortly after and renders Nidaros/Trondheim a central location in the sacred geography of Norway. During the Reformation, however, pilgrimage and the cult of saints became widely repressed in Norway, and shrines are either destroyed or relics moved to unknown locations.
Mapping the Pilgrimage Network
Authors: Grau Marion
Published: September 2021

This chapter outlines the author’s approach to research and method, as well as the scope and timeline of participant observation. The redevelopment of the Norwegian pilgrimage network comes on the heels of the post–World War II European efforts to build transregional and transnational peace. Historic pilgrimage routes become part of this network but are slow to begin in Protestant contexts. In contemporary pilgrimage, embodiment and relations to other pilgrims are central ingredients. It is through physical relations to landscape and people that sacred, transforming encounters are sought. Ritual creativity features strongly in how such encounters are facilitated by pilgrim priests, hosts, government, local officials, artists, and scores of volunteers. Religious meaning-making and secular nation-building are closely intertwined in these efforts to lift up and preserve, if not stage, local heritage. A consistent ambivalence is the overlap between pilgrims and tourists, and questions of spirituality and consumption. As Norway’s population has become more diverse religiously and ethnically, actors continually adjust the pilgrimage network to the needs of a changing population and a wide range of social issues.
Cathedral and Town
Authors: Grau Marion
Published: September 2021

Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim is the historical resting place of St. Olav and an end point of many of the pilgrimage trails in Norway. The history of the cathedral intersects with the history of the city and the region as one of significant economic and religious significance. The movement of St. Olav’s relics throughout the city matches urban and religiocultural development of city and nation. This chapter explores the cathedral’s architecture and use and how contemporary engagements with the space facilitate ritual creativity and are part of the hosting and welcoming of pilgrims. Along with other centers of hospitality, the cathedral looms especially large as a main attraction point for both tourists and pilgrims in Trondheim, as an adaptable space for many purposes. The annual St. Olavsfest is a ten-day festival that begins with the saint’s day and features liturgies, concerts, plays, lectures, a medieval market, and televised panel discussions to involve city and region in the celebration of local history and culture. Controversial topics such as the colonial repression of Sámi indigenous peoples, the violent heritage of Viking king St. Olav, religious and other forms of discrimination, social injustice, and international solidarity are among the themes discussed during the festival. Thus, the “protest” in Protestantism is reflected in a critical engagement with history and with the ongoing development of the ritualization of Christian history and heritage in Norway.
The New Addiction Treatment
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A.
Published: September 2021

Addiction is this country’s most pervasive and damaging public health problem, yet most Americans receive care that results in a failure rate that is both astronomically high and shielded from public view. This book examines the current state of the addiction treatment business and explores the reasons why—unlike those for all other behavioral, psychological, or neurological disorders—the treatment of addiction has been frozen in amber and little improved since the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935. After describing the size and scope of the problem and examining actual recovery rates for those who undergo treatment, there is the assertion that there are effectively two kinds of treatment regimes in the United States: those that medical doctors receive and those for the rest of us. The former has about an 80 percent success rate, the latter about an 80 percent failure rate. Drawing from personal experience as a former patient and person in long-term recovery, as well as 22 years as a clinician, professor, and researcher, many of the impediments to effective treatment today are described. The book finally offers a plausible and cost-effective way to disrupt the dismal status quo and realistically aspire to an 80 percent success rate for everyone who receives professional help for a substance use disorder.
Introduction
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A.
Published: September 2021

The introduction begins with the story of a fatal airline flight and how commercial airlines—unlike addiction treatment professionals—learn from their mistakes. This chapter sets the stage for a discussion of how the addiction treatment industry regularly fails to safely transport patients to their final destination: sustained long-term recovery. The addiction treatment industry operates without performance measures to evaluate the effectiveness of therapists or how well their patients are progressing. While there are many treatment system failures, all the blame is placed on the patient, none on the provider of care. This book is an attempt to initiate a shift to heightened accountability and measured performance.
The Holy Trinity
Authors: Patterson Silver Wolf David A.
Published: September 2021

Decades of research have identified three effective treatments for substance use disorders. This chapter explores the three most studied and proven evidence-based interventions: Motivational Interviewing, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and Twelve-Step Facilitation. The inconsistency or infrequency with which evidence-based interventions are used in the treatment of addictions is finally getting some attention at the national level, and there are new recommendations regarding the deployment of treatment approaches. It is important for the reader to understand the roots of these three interventions and why, despite being easy to learn and likely to work, they are not regularly being deployed inside of treatment centers.
Confessionalisation as a Prelude to Sectarianisation
Authors: Bishara Azmi
Published: September 2021

This chapter notes the parallels between the well-studied process of confessionalization in Europe and an equivalent process that took place in the Islamic World. This latter process entailed the articulation of doctrine and ritual and the development of a religious establishment. The chapter looks at various stages of confessionalization within Sunnism and Shi’ism. It also addresses how the Ottoman–Safavid conflict accelerated the Ottomans’ development of a Sunni jurisprudential establishment based on Hanafism, even as the Shahs in Iran were building their own Imami Shi’i institution. Both institutions were hierarchical and enjoyed a division of functions between the army, the judiciary, and the fatwa-issuing apparatus. They were also closely involved in disciplining and socializing the population. Therefore, the chapter observes how the religious establishment plays an important role in the formation of a community of religion: it defines the creed, articulates it in a way comprehensible to the masses, links it with practices that invoke its historical narrative, and provides it with a canonical interpretation. It also Provides and analyses examples of confessionalization , sectionalization and sectionalization of confessions via ethnic conflict.
The Wavy Navy in the United States
Authors: Kornicki Peter
Published: September 2021

In 1943 five junior officers in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve made their way to Boulder, Colorado, to join a course at the US Navy Japanese Language School. The US Navy had turned its attention to Japanese language training before the outbreak of war, largely thanks to the efforts of two intelligence officers who had grown up in Japan. While the US Army began training Japanese Americans, the US Navy Japanese Language School did not accept Japanese Americans as students but did use them as teachers. Most of the five RNVR officers already had extensive naval experience, including combat on the high seas, but they finished their 18-month course too late to be able to play much of a part in the war, unlike their American fellow students, who saw action in the Pacific.
The Corn Laws and the Casuistry of Free Trade, 1813–1815
Authors: Walter Ryan
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the Corn Laws debate from 1813 to 1815, focusing on the contributions of Malthus, Ricardo, and Robert Torrens. This episode has traditionally been studied as a moment of conceptual progress for political economy, above all through the emergence of the concepts of diminishing returns and comparative advantage. The account here produces different results by returning the texts of Malthus, Ricardo, and Torrens to their historical context, which is shown to be one where casuistical argument was deployed to counsel Parliament on how to resolve a policy question. In particular, the issue was whether or not Parliament ought to diverge from the principle of free trade in the pursuit of other principles of statecraft, the stability and security of the food supply preeminently. Once the texts are read as instances of casuistry, Ricardo’s famed theoretical brilliance instead appears as clumsiness and detachment from the needs of Parliament.
Doctrinal Contest I
Authors: Walter Ryan
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo regarding value. Ricardo’s notoriously challenging treatment of value in relation to quantities of labour allowed him to recast political economy around this problem and construe his predecessors and rivals—including Smith and Malthus—as doctrinally flawed. In this account of the science, correct theory concerning value was its keystone. Malthus responded to Ricardo by both denying the veracity of his doctrinal claims and by impugning the style of reasoning that had led Ricardo to take this view of the subject. Malthus also sought to deny Ricardo access to the authority of Smith by portraying the two thinkers as pursuing divergent systems. The key point that emerges from this contest is the doctrinal and unhistorical reading of Smith’s Wealth of Nations that Malthus and Ricardo established, a fate from which it has barely escaped today.