bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The tandem repeat modules of Xist lncRNA: a swiss army knife for the control of X-chromosome inactivation
Authors: Raposo Ana Cláudia , Casanova Miguel , Gendrel Anne-Valerie , da Rocha Simão Teixeira
Published: December 2021

X-inactive-specific transcript (Xist) is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) essential for X-chromosome inactivation (XCI) in female placental mammals. Thirty years after its discovery, it is still puzzling how this lncRNA triggers major structural and transcriptional changes leading to the stable silencing of an entire chromosome. Recently, a series of studies in mouse cells have uncovered domains of functional specialization within Xist mapping to conserved tandem repeat regions, known as Repeats A-to-F. These functional domains interact with various RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and fold into distinct RNA structures to execute specific tasks in a synergistic and coordinated manner during the inactivation process. This modular organization of Xist is mostly conserved in humans, but recent data point towards differences regarding functional specialization of the tandem repeats between the two species. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on understanding the role of Xist repetitive blocks and their involvement in the molecular mechanisms underlying XCI. We also discuss these findings in the light of the similarities and differences between mouse and human Xist.
Highly insulating thermoplastic blends comprising a styrenic copolymer for direct‐current power cable insulation
Authors: Ouyang Yingwei , Pourrahimi Amir Masoud , Östergren Ida , Mellqvist Marcus , Ånevall Jakob , Soroudi Azadeh , Lund Anja , Xu Xiangdong , Gkourmpis Thomas , Hagstrand Per‐Ola , Müller Christian
Published: December 2021

The impact of the composition of blends comprising low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), isotactic polypropylene (PP) and a styrenic copolymer additive on the thermomechanical properties as well as the direct‐current (DC) electrical and thermal conductivity is investigated. The presence of 5 weight percent (wt%) of the styrenic copolymer strongly reduces the amount of PP that is needed to enhance the storage modulus above the melting temperature of LDPE from 40 to 24 wt%. At the same time, the copolymer improves the consistency of the thermomechanical properties of the resulting ternary blends. While both the DC electrical and thermal conductivity strongly decrease with PP content, the addition of the styrenic copolymer appears to have little influence on either property. Evidently, PP in combination with small amounts of a styrenic copolymer not only allows to reinforce LDPE at elevated temperatures but also functions as an electrical conductivity‐reducing additive, which makes such thermoplastic ternary formulations possible candidates for the insulation of high‐voltage power cables.
Research on efficiency optimisation of DAB converters considering current stress and soft‐switching
Authors: Zeng Jinhui , Rao Yao , Lan Zheng , He Dong , Yu Xueping , Tu Chunming , Xiao Fan , Liu Bei
Published: December 2021

To solve the problem of low efficiency of the dual active bridge (DAB) converter under the traditional single‐phase‐shift control, a natural soft‐switching current stress optimisation (NSS‐CSO) method is proposed by considering the current stress optimisation and soft‐switching operation under dual‐phase‐shift (DPS) control. This study establishes the current stress and the soft‐switching analytical models of the DPS control global mode. Based on these models, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) condition is used to analyse the influence of the current stress optimisation methods on the efficiency when all switches achieve controlled soft‐switching or some switches achieve natural soft‐switching. It is found that the NSS‐CSO method is more efficient. Furthermore, the optimal phase‐shift ratio combinations and the corresponding current stress extremums of the NSS‐CSO method under various ranges of transmission power and voltage conversion ratio are deduced completely. The results of this study show that the NSS‐CSO method can effectively improve the operation efficiency of the DAB converter over the entire power range when the voltage conversion ratio does not match. Finally, experimental results confirm the accuracy of the theoretical analysis and the effectiveness of the proposed optimisation method.
OPTAB: Public code for generating gas opacity tables for radiation hydrodynamics simulations
Authors: Hirose Shigenobu , Hauschildt Peter , Minoshima Takashi , Tomida Kengo , Sano Takayoshi
Published: December 2021

We have developed a public code, OPTAB, that outputs Rosseland, Planck, and two-temperature Planck mean gas opacity tables for radiation hydrodynamics simulations in astrophysics. The code is developed for modern high-performance computing, being written in Fortran 90 and using Message Passing Interface and Hierarchical Data Format, Version 5. The purpose of this work is to provide a platform on which users can generate opacity tables for their own research purposes. Therefore, the code has been designed so that a user can easily modify, change, or add opacity sources in addition to those already implemented, which include bremsstrahlung, photoionization, Rayleigh scattering, line absorption, and collision-induced absorption. In this paper, we provide details of the opacity calculations in our code and present validation tests to evaluate the performance of our code.
Research on the Interactive Response Relationship between Price and Load Based on Market Elasticity
Authors: Zang Pengcheng , Xu Zhijun , Su Yan fei , Li Yingjun
Published: December 2021

With the rapid development of local economy, the frequent occurrence of extreme climates, and the increase in the scale of new energy installations, short-term peak loads have repeatedly reached new highs, and the characteristics of the power system "double high, double peaks, and double-sided random" will be further highlighted, making the power grid supply and demand Balance faces greater challenges. In this context, the role of electricity demand response has become more prominent. Therefore, based on the principle of market elasticity, this paper studies the interactive response relationship between electricity price and load, establishes a demand response model based on price elasticity, and verifies demand response projects based on actual cases. The effect of peak clipping and valley filling.
Effect and cognition of hole filling measures in ultra-low permeability reservoir block
Authors: Li Ziwei
Published: December 2021

In this paper, based on the application of water-flooded layer interpretation plate, multi-well comparison, and the combination of dynamic and static analysis methods to optimize the well selection of fill hole wells, and through the analysis of the production of fill hole wells in **block in recent years, we summarize the relationship between fill hole effect and fill hole well injection and extraction well spacing, connection relationship, water content before the measure, and the relationship between fill opening thickness of the patch opening, so as to provide reference for the next step to continue to carry out fill hole work and find fill hole potential.
Effect of a rapeseed oil derived pour point depressant on the flow properties of the waxy oil from Changqing Oilfield
Authors: Wang Yongzhen , Liu Guibin , Zhou Xiaoyu , Zhng Qingzhu , Jiang Wei , Han Chuanghui , Huo Sitong , Lian Yubo , Dong Sanbao
Published: December 2021

In this paper, rapeseed oil was modified with diethylenetriamine to obtain a vegetable oil-derived pour point depressant (PPD), which was used to reduce the pour point and improve the flowability of the crude oil (from Changqing Oilfield), which has a high content of paraffin. Various instruments such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarized optical microscopy (POM), and a viscometer were used to investigate the performance of the PPD. The results showed that with the introduction of PPD into the waxy oil sample, the pour point of which could be significantly lowered from 20.0 °C to 13.2 °C. At 23 °C, the viscosity reduction rate of the oil sample was 68% in the presence of 500 mg/kg PPD. The wax morphology observation also confirmed that the formation and growth of the wax crystals could be significantly delayed and restrained. The results supported that the PPD synthesized in this paper could effectively improve the flowability of the waxy oil from Changqing Oilfield.
Analysis on carbon emission reduction path and expected effect of inland river ships in China
Authors: Li Kun , Liu Wendi , Jiao Fangfang , Ji Yongbo
Published: December 2021

In order to systematically study the carbon emission reduction path suitable for China's inland river ships, this paper analyzes the actual situation of China's inland river ships ' operation scale, fleet structure, fuel consumption, etc., and combines the development of domestic and foreign carbon emission reduction technologies and the ship's own operating characteristics. Carbon emission reduction technology paths for China's inland river ships have been proposed in this paper, which includes different tonnage classes, different ship ages, and different types of river ships. Also, the expected application effects of each technology path are analyzed in depth in this paper. The research results can give a certain support for the implementation of carbon emission reduction in China's shipping industry.
Research on power grid operation and maintenance cost based on analysis of internal and external influence factors
Authors: Zhang Geli , Zhang Heng , Zheng Yan , Liu Yaqiong , Li Tong , Wang Meibao , Wang Xiaohui
Published: December 2021

In the context of the company's cost-reduction reform, lean production operation and maintenance cost management as the goal, production and maintenance cost analysis as the carrier, the existing power grid production and maintenance business and financial accounting costs to achieve "industry-finance integration" as the goal of management projects. Under the strategic background of reducing cost and increasing benefit, the implementation of this project is of great significance to optimize the main part of the cost of the company to optimize the configuration of production cost, to control reasonably, to enhance management.
Analysis and Discussion on Burning Low Calorific Value Fuel of Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler
Authors: Yan Yi
Published: December 2021

China's coal-dominated energy structure will not change in a short time. In order to implement the relevant national policies on energy conservation and emission reduction, it is a good response to adopt circulating fluidized bed boilers in coal-fired power stations. Circulating fluidized bed boiler adopts fluidized combustion, which has high reliability and high utilization rate because of its special combustion mode and particle recycling device. For the low calorific value inferior fuel which is difficult to burn in common boiler, CFB boiler also has certain adaptability and compatibility. In this background, this article with coal gangue as the representative of the inferior coal are discussed its application in the circulating fluidized bed boiler, the combustion process, boiler equipment and special fly ash produced by combustion is proposed that often appear in the three aspects of problems, and accordingly put forward the solution and optimization measures, provides reference for the actual process.
Performance effectiveness of Russian energy companies based on EVA and DEA
Authors: Filimonova Irina , Nemov Vasiliy , Provornaya Irina , Chebotareva Anastasia , Butenko Victor
Published: December 2021

Calculating both EVA and DEA indices is an effective way to comprehensive performance estimation. Russian market is full of differences between largest companies which influence their operation results. Some of them have more refinement facilities, other differ in export share or capital structure. There are plenty factors which we determined at the first stage of this research to compare those companies. Though, not all of them can really explain effectiveness changes such as EVA fluctuations or it’s decreasing trough 2014-2017 years at Russian market. This is possible with using a method suggested in this research.
Pseudochaotic behavior of deterministic automatic control systems of technical devices
Authors: Nikitin Aleksandr , Tagiltsev-Galeta Konstantin , Laktionov Sergey , Yang Yonghui
Published: December 2021

А method for generating a pseudo-random response in a linear dynamic system is considered. An example of the system transition to pseudochaotic behavior is given. The calculation of fatigue loads in the toggle plate by the given method is presented. The advantage of this method in calculating fatigue loads is shown.
Numerical model of fracture formation in a coal seam
Authors: Makeev Maxim , Sokolov Sergei , Kolmakova Anastasiya
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the recovery process of fracture system formation after hydraulic fracturing in a coal seam, based on the conducted seismic studies using modern mathematical software packages. Model concepts of the fractures system development under hydrodynamic impact on a rock mass are considered, which make it possible to assess the nature of fractures propagation.
Relevanz und Versorgung von Beinachsen- und Torsionsabweichungen bei chronischer Patellainstabilität
Authors: Dickschas Joerg
Published: December 2021

Patellofemorale Dysbalance äußert sich meist durch 2 Symptome: vorderer Knieschmerz und patellofemorale Instabilität. Die Ursachen der Dysbalance sind jedoch deutlich vielfältiger. In den letzten Jahren sind zunehmend auch die Achsdeviationen als Ursache der patellofemoralen Dysbalance in den Fokus gerückt. Hierbei zählt zunächst in der Frontalachse das Valgus-Knie als Risikofaktor. Aber auch Torsionsdeformitäten zählen als Achsabweichung. Die erhöhte femorale Innentorsion sowie die erhöhte tibiale Aussentorsion sind hier die entscheidende Pathologie. Der Pathomechanismus besteht in einer zunehmenden Lateralisationstendenz der Patella. Dies führt auf Dauer zu Schmerzen, Instabilität und wohl auch patellofemoraler Knorpeldegeneration. Therapie der Wahl ist hier die Osteotomie. Die Varisationsosteotomie bei Valgus-Abweichungen wird je nach Lokalisation der Deformität femoral oder tibial ausgeführt. Femoral kann die Osteotomie medial zu- oder lateral aufklappend ausgeführt werden, tibial muss die Osteotomie medial schließend ausgeführt werden. Die Kombination der Osteotomie mit einer MPFL-Plastik, gegebenenfalls auch erst im Rahmen der Metallentfernung, kann erwogen werden. Die zweite Gruppe der Achskorrekturen mit Relevanz bei patellofemoraler Dysbalance ist die Torsionsosteotomie. Die femorale Osteotomie wird suprakondylär ausgeführt, hier wird eine Außentorsionskorrektur durchgeführt. Tibial wird eine supratuberositäre Innentorsionsosteotomie durchgeführt, Abweichungen bis zu 15° dürfen korrigiert werden, höhere Torsionswerte verbieten sich aufgrund der Gefährdung des Nervus peroneus und der Gefahr des Kompartmentsyndroms. Die Nachbehandlung beinhaltet bei allen Osteotomien eine Teilbelastung von 4–6 Wochen, die Metallentfernung kann ab einem halben Jahr nach Osteotmie durchgeführt werden. Die Relevanz der Osteotomien im Zusammenhang mit patellofemoraler Dysbalance wird erst in den letzten Jahren in verschiedenen Algorithmen und Reviews vermehrt gesehen. Verschiedene Publikationen berichten über sehr gute Ergebnisse nach derartigen Korrektureingriffen. Sowohl die patellofemorale Instabilität kann beseitigt werden als auch eine signifikante Schmerzreduktion kann herbeigeführt werden.
Akute und chronische Patellainstabilität – Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik, Risikostratifizierung und Therapie
Authors: Balcarek Peter
Published: December 2021

Das Dogma der rein konservativen Therapie der Patella-Erstluxation gilt als überholt. Daher sollte die Erstluxation, wie auch die Rezidivluxation, umfassend bezüglich des Verletzungsmusters und der anatomisch-prädisponierenden Risikofaktoren diagnostiziert werden. Dies ermöglicht die Anwendung von Risikostratifizierungsmodellen zur Beurteilung des Rezidivrisikos einer Luxation und kann damit die therapeutische Entscheidungsfindung unterstützen. Die MPFL-Plastik hat sich als erfolgreiche Therapie zur Behandlung der Patellainstabilität etabliert. Jedoch ist oftmals eine ergänzende Korrektur knöcherner Risikofaktoren notwendig bzw. empfehlenswert. Dabei kommt der präoperativen Ausprägung des J-Signs und der dynamischen Beurteilung der Patellainstabilität (dynamischer Apprehension-Test) entscheidende Bedeutung zu, die in der Kombination mit den Befunden der Bildgebung die Entscheidungsgrundlage für eine knöcherne Korrektur darstellen.
2.3 CuAAC in Protein Conjugation
Authors: La Venia A. , Kovalová A. , Vrabel M.
Published: December 2021

This chapter summarizes the use of the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction in the synthesis of peptide and protein conjugates. The different reaction conditions used for construction of the conjugates and their application in various disciplines are covered. Synthetic strategies for the introduction of the click groups (azide or alkyne) into the peptide backbones are included as well.
2.5 CuAAC and Metal-Free 1,3-Dipolar Huisgen Cycloadditions in Drug Discovery
Authors: Kacprzak K. M. , Skiera I. , Rutkowski J.
Published: December 2021

Proclaimed by Sharpless in 2001, the manifesto of click chemistry philosophy shifted the focus from target-oriented to drug-like-oriented synthesis, and has enormously accelerated the drug-discovery process over the last two decades. Copper(I)-catalyzed and metal-free versions of the Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides and alkynes have become the reference click chemistry synthetic tools. These processes are adaptable to various drug-design modes such as kinetic target guided synthesis (in situ click chemistry assembling; KTGS), combinatorial chemistry/high-throughput-screening approaches, or structure-based rational projecting. Moreover, the facile click chemistry derivatization of natural or synthetic products, linking molecules or improving the stability of leads by installation of 1,2,3-triazoles, is another important stream of bioactivities. This review is intended to provide a general overview of click-chemistry-powered drug design, with dozens of successful examples resulting in the discovery of nanomolar-active 1,2,3-triazoles in every stage of drug development.
2.6 CuAAC Applications in Macromolecules, Polymers, Nanoparticles, and Supramolecular Chemistry
Authors: Zhang C. , Page K. M. , van Hest J. C. M.
Published: December 2021

In this chapter we describe applications of copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) in macromolecular synthesis and polymer functionalization. This entails the synthesis of polymers with different architectures and the conjugation of polymers to surfaces and particles.
3 Ruthenium-Catalyzed Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (RuAAC)
Authors: Paterson A. J. , Beke-Somfai T. , Kann N.
Published: December 2021

Under ruthenium catalysis, 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles can be accessed with high selectivity from terminal alkynes and organic azides via a ruthenium-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) reaction. These conditions also allow the use of internal alkynes, providing access to 1,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. This chapter reviews the scope and limitations of the RuAAC reaction, as well as selected applications. A brief mention of azide–alkyne cycloaddition reactions catalyzed by other metals is also included.
4.3 1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of Alkenes
Authors: Svatunek D. , Houk K. N.
Published: December 2021

Click reactions between 1,3-dipoles and alkenes are appealing due to their versatility, which goes beyond simple conjugation applications and the synthesis of five-membered heterocycles. Leveraging various 1,3-dipoles and alkenes, photoactivatable, highly reactive, and “click to release” systems have been developed. In this article, we explore the wide range of reactivities, selectivities, and applications offered by this class of cycloadditions.
6.2 Hybridization of Thiol–Ene Chemistry Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Xu Z. , Bratlie K. M.
Published: December 2021

Light-triggered thiol–ene polymerization is a powerful tool for synthesizing hydrogels that are aimed to be applied in situ or used as 3D scaffolds. Thiol–ene reactions are a class of click transformations that involve free-radical-mediated addition of electron-rich thiol groups to electron-poor carbon–carbon double bonds. When tuned with homopolymerization of the carbon–carbon double bonds, the resultant hydrogel properties can be finely adjusted. In this review, commonly used methods for modifying polymers with thiol groups or double bonds are discussed, and strategies to overcome flaws in thiol–ene hydrogels are provided. Emphasis is given to the application and outlook of thiol–ene cross-linked hydrogels.
Experimental scheme and noise analysis of weak-light phase locked loop for large-scale intersatellite laser interferometer
Authors: Liang Yu-Rong , Feng Yu-Jie , Xiao Guo-Yao , Jiang Yuan-Ze , Li Lin , Jin Xue-Lin
Published: December 2021

In the current space gravitational wave (GW) detection, satellites are separated by millions of kilometers. As a result, watts of laser from one satellite is attenuated to the picowatt level at the other end due to the Gaussian beam divergence and the finite aperture of the telescope. Establishing an effective interferometry with such weak-light is a major challenge. The key is to enhance the weak-light while preserving its phase information, which carries the actual GW signal. This can be accomplished by employing an optical phase-locked loop (PLL) to lock the phase of a local oscillator (LO) laser to the weak-light and then sending the power-amplified LO back to the interferometer on the other satellite. Although shot-noise-limited performance of the picowatt level weak-light PLL has been achieved for high frequencies, it remains elusive for frequencies below 0.1 Hz. Here, we propose a three-step experimental scheme to identify the main noise sources of the weak-light PLL, which turn out to be the low-frequency phase measurement noise, the weak-light shot noise, and the laser phase noise. In this paper, the first step experiment result shows that the out-loop phase noise can be suppressed to a level less than 6 × 10−6 rad/√Hz from 6 mHz to 1 Hz by first using the special pilot-tone technique in the PLL to directly reduce the sampling time jitter noise in the digital phasemeter. The out-loop phase noise is mainly limited by the signal amplitude variation and differential time jitter noise of the reference clock.
On the Hochschild cohomology of universal enveloping associative conformal algebras
Authors: Alhussein H. , Kolesnikov P.
Published: December 2021

We calculate the second Hochschild cohomology group with scalar coefficients for the universal enveloping associative conformal algebra of the Virasoro conformal algebra relative to the locality N = 3 on the generator. For the associative conformal envelope corresponding to smaller locality N = 2, i.e., for the Weyl conformal algebra, we show that all Hochschild cohomologies with scalar coefficients are vanishing.
Supply voltage control for guaranteed performance of compact terahertz vacuum electron devices
Authors: Likhachev A. , Kovshov Yu. , Kishko S. , Ponomarenko S. , Vlasenko S. , Ivanov A. , Kuleshov A.
Published: December 2021

The results of the concept development of the universal high-voltage power supply with the output parameters providing the reliable operation of compact THz vacuum electron devices have been presented and discussed. The low-level of high-voltage ripples less than 10 ppm at 6 kV, 250 mA was obtained with the help of the designed high-precision and fast-response stabilization scheme. Real-time stabilization of the output parameters of vacuum electron devices was realized by using the multiloop proportional-integral-differential feedback control and was tested with the continuous-wave clinotron tubes in millimeter range. The developed high-voltage power supply offers the high-voltage modulation mode that allows applying the THz tubes with electronic frequency tuning for frequency-modulated continuous wave radar applications.
Periodic metal resonator chains for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)
Authors: Sievers J. , Below M. , Reinhardt C. , Heyroth F. , Schlenker S. , Schmidt G. , Sprafke A. , Schilling J.
Published: December 2021

A periodic arrangement of chains of gold disks shows pronounced plasmonic grating resonances. These have a clear impact on the surface enhanced Raman-scattering (SERS) signal from 4-methylbenzenethiol molecules, which form self-assembled monolayers on the gold surface: Besides a clear polarization dependence, the SERS-spectra also exhibit a maximum when the excitation laser wavelength matches the plasmonic grating resonance. These features are explained by a combined near and far field coupling of the individual plasmonic dipoles allowing the design of optimized nanostructures for effective SERS substrates in the future.
Characterization of a new variable magnetic field linear plasma device
Authors: Filleul F. , Caldarelli A. , Charles C. , Boswell R. W. , Rattenbury N. , Cater J.
Published: December 2021

A radio frequency plasma device is presented in which the regions of plasma creation and maximum plasma magnetization can be separated along a 1.5-m tube. Measurements of the plasma density, plasma potential, and electron temperature in the device successfully reproduce previously reported plasma features. These validate the ability of the experiment to continue the investigation of a regime of operation in which the axial plasma density follows the profile of the applied magnetic field, as long as the ions are magnetized under the antenna. The density is shown to increase on axis owing to the decreasing cross section of the converging magnetic funnel connecting the antenna region to the solenoids. When the funnel pinching is increased, stronger magnetic fields are required to inhibit cross-field diffusion and to bring the density on axis in the expected 1012 cm−3 range. Collisionless transport of hot electron populations is observed along the field lines which intersect the area under the antenna and coincides with the presence of high-density conics more than 0.5 m away from the antenna for magnetic fields ≥600 G.
Generalized eigenvalue approach for dynamic mode decomposition
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wei Mingjun
Published: December 2021

Traditional dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) methods inevitably involve matrix inversion, which often brings in numerical instability and spurious modes. In this paper, a new algorithm is derived to solve DMD as a general eigenvalue problem, which is then computed with a projection to a subspace with minimal errors in terms of least-squares (LS) or total-least-squares (TLS), leading to a more stable DMD algorithm, named DMD-LS or DMD-TLS, respectively. A new residual criterion, along with a typical energy criterion, is then proposed to select the most dynamically relevant DMD eigenvalues and modes. The accuracy and robustness of DMD-LS and DMD-TLS algorithms are demonstrated by application to the direct simulation data of the three-dimensional flow past a fixed long cylinder, which covers the entire evolution from the asymptotic periodic to the completely periodic stages of the flow. The connection between DMD modes and Floquet modes commonly used in stability studies was demonstrated through the DMD analysis of the asymptotic periodic data for the secondary instability of the flow.
Thermocapillary effects on viscoelastic drops suspended in axisymmetric pressure driven flows
Authors: Vyas Malay , Ghosh Uddipta
Published: December 2021

Dynamics and deformation of a viscoelastic drop in another immiscible viscoelastic medium in the presence of externally imposed pressure and temperature gradients are analyzed asymptotically in the present work. Both of the phases obey the linear Phan–Thien–Tanner constitutive model, capable of accounting for shear thinning behavior in polymeric fluids. The first two asymptotic corrections to the leading order Newtonian behavior are reported here, in the limit of small Deborah and Capillary numbers, which, respectively, characterize the extent of viscoelasticity and interfacial deformation. We establish that the viscoelastic properties of the inner phase strongly influence the migration velocity and the interfacial deformation of the drop. Our analysis reveals the possibility of realizing a maximum migration velocity for an intermediate viscosity of the interior phase, provided it has stronger viscoelastic characteristics than the suspending medium. We further compute the critical thermal gradient required to completely arrest the drop's motion and demonstrate that the same depends on the Deborah number as well as the viscosity of the inner phase. The viscoelastic stresses also dictate the deformation as the drop's shape changes from prolate to oblate when those stresses become significant. Our results may find potential applications in areas such as polymer processing and handling of biologically relevant media in medical diagnostics.
Australian rainfall anomalies and Indo-Pacific driver indices: links and skill in 2-year-long forecasts
Authors: Watterson I. G. , O’Kane T. J. , Kitsios V. , Chamberlain M. A.
Published: December 2021

Two-year-long simulations of the atmosphere and ocean by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation's (CSIRO) Climate Analysis Forecast Ensemble (CAFE) modelling system are analysed, with a focus on Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) climate drivers and their teleconnection to Australian rainfall. The simulations are 11-member ensemble forecasts (strictly, hindcasts) initiated each month from 2002 to 2015, supplemented by a 100-year-long control simulation. Using correlations r between seasonal and annual means, it is shown that the links between the interannual variations of All-Australia precipitation (AApr) and the standard driver indices, together with the Pacific-Indian Dipole (PID), are mostly similar to those derived from observational data. The vertically integrated meridional flux of moisture towards northern Australia is linked to both the SSTs and AApr. Correlations between ensemble averages and observations are used as a measure of forecast skill, calculated for each start month and for lead time after start. Positive correlations hold over the first year for much of the low-latitude Pacific and for the drivers. The forecasts become more skillful than persistence, with r for PID averaging 0.3 higher over lead times of 7–13 months. The forecast of seasonal AApr has moderate to good correlations (r 0.4–0.8) for seasons centred on September–February. This is largely consistent with skill in both the flux and in the SST drivers. Correlations are also good for 1-year and 2-year means. This apparent skill is currently being explored using a new larger suite of CAFE forecasts.
The benefits of the no-till system on soil health and crop yields in dryland cropping systems
Authors: Sainju Upendra M.
Published: December 2021

Context The no-till (NT) system is used to control soil erosion and nutrient losses, but extensive evaluation of NT on soil health and long-term crop yields compared to conventional till (CT) is needed to evaluate the overall benefit of NT. Aims The objective of this study was to compare NT and CT on soil health and long-term crop yields in two dryland farming sites in the northern Great Plains, USA. Methods Soil samples collected from two long-term (14- and 36-years-old) experiments of dryland farming under NT and CT continuous spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgaris L.)/spring wheat-fallow rotation were analysed for 66 soil physical, chemical, biological and biochemical properties and crop yields determined. Key results NT increased wet soil stability index, average slake aggregate and total shrinkage by 12–61%, but reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity by 24–31% compared to CT. Soil Al, Ba, Cu and S concentrations were 10–16% greater, but electrical conductivity, Co, Na and Zn concentrations, and Na-absorption ratio were 9–33% lower with NT than CT. Similarly, NH4-N concentration, CO2 evolution, phospholipid-derived fatty acid (PLFA), phosphomonoesterase and arysulfatase were 13–38% greater, but water extractable N, NO3-N concentration and potential N mineralisation were 16–31% lower with NT than CT. Mean crop yield across years were similar between NT than CT. Conclusions NT can enhance overall soil health and sustain dryland crop yields compared to CT in the northern Great Plains, USA. Implications Long-term sustainability of dryland cropping system can be maintained by using the NT system.
Post-release immune responses of Tasmanian devils vaccinated with an experimental devil facial tumour disease vaccine
Authors: Pye Ruth , Darby Jocelyn , Flies Andrew S. , Fox Samantha , Carver Scott , Elmer Jodie , Swift Kate , Hogg Carolyn , Pemberton David , Woods Gregory , Lyons A. Bruce
Published: December 2021

Abstract Context Disease is increasingly becoming a driver of wildlife population declines and an extinction risk. Vaccines are one of the most successful health interventions in human history, but few have been tested for mitigating wildlife disease. The transmissible cancer, devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), triggered the Tasmanian devil’s (Sarcophilus harrisii) inclusion on the international endangered species list. In 2016, 33 devils from a DFTD-free insurance population were given an experimental DFTD vaccination before their wild release on the Tasmanian northern coast. Aim To determine the efficacy of the vaccination protocol and the longevity of the induced responses. Method Six trapping trips took place over the 2.5 years following release, and both vaccinated and incumbent devils had blood samples and tumour biopsies collected. Key results In all, 8 of the 33 vaccinated devils were re-trapped, and six of those developed DFTD within the monitoring period. Despite the lack of protection provided by the vaccine, we observed signs of immune activation not usually found in unvaccinated devils. First, sera collected from the eight devils showed that anti-DFTD antibodies persisted for up to 2 years post-vaccination. Second, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were found in three of four biopsies collected from vaccinated devils, which contrasts with the ‘immune deserts’ typical of DFTs; only 1 of the 20 incumbent devils with DFTD had a tumour biopsy exhibiting immune-cell infiltrate. Third, immunohistochemical analysis of the vaccinated devils’ tumour biopsies identified the functional immune molecules associated with antigen-presenting cells (MHC-II) and T-cells (CD3), and the immune checkpoint molecule PD-1, all being associated with anti-tumour immunity in other species. Conclusions These results correlate with our previous study on captive devils in which a prophylactic vaccine primed the devil immune system and, following DFTD challenge and tumour growth, immunotherapy induced complete tumour regressions. The field trial results presented here provide further evidence that the devil immune system can be primed to recognise DFTD cells, but additional immune manipulation could be needed for complete protection or induction of tumour regressions. Implications A protective DFTD vaccine would provide a valuable management approach for conservation of the Tasmanian devil.
Economic evaluation of disease elimination: An extension to the net-benefit framework and application to human African trypanosomiasis
Authors: Antillon Marina , Huang Ching-I , Rock Kat S. , Tediosi Fabrizio
Published: December 2021

Significance

While the health economic implications of disease elimination have been discussed before, the combination of uncertainty, cost effectiveness, and elimination has not been tackled before. We propose a modification to the net-benefit framework to explicitly consider the implications of switching from an optimal strategy, in terms of cost-per-burden averted, to a strategy with a higher likelihood of meeting the global target of elimination. The modification proposed yields a methodology to quantify the efficiency of elimination and to aid discussions among stakeholders with different objectives. We apply our method to strategies against human African trypanosomiasis in three settings, but this method is flexible enough that it can be applied directly to any simulation-based studies of disease elimination efforts.
CARL: a running recognition algorithm for free-living accelerometer data
Authors: Davis John J , Straczkiewicz Marcin , Harezlak Jaroslaw , Gruber Allison H
Published: December 2021

Wearable accelerometers hold great promise for physical activity epidemiology and sports biomechanics. However, identifying and extracting data from specific physical activities, such as running, remains challenging. Objective. To develop and validate an algorithm to identify bouts of running in raw, free-living accelerometer data from devices worn at the wrist or torso (waist, hip, chest). Approach. The CARL (continuous amplitude running logistic) classifier identifies acceleration data with amplitude and frequency characteristics consistent with running. The CARL classifier was trained on data from 31 adults wearing accelerometers on the waist and wrist, then validated on free-living data from 30 new, unseen subjects plus 166 subjects from previously-published datasets using different devices, wear locations, and sample frequencies. Main results. On free-living data, the CARL classifier achieved mean accuracy (F
1 score) of 0.984 (95% confidence interval 0.962–0.996) for data from the waist and 0.994 (95% CI 0.991–0.996) for data from the wrist. In previously-published datasets, the CARL classifier identified running with mean accuracy (F
1 score) of 0.861 (95% CI 0.836–0.884) for data from the chest, 0.911 (95% CI 0.884–0.937) for data from the hip, 0.916 (95% CI 0.877–0.948) for data from the waist, and 0.870 (95% CI 0.834–0.903) for data from the wrist. Misclassification primarily occurred during activities with similar torso acceleration profiles to running, such as rope jumping and elliptical machine use. Significance. The CARL classifier can accurately identify bouts of running as short as three seconds in free-living accelerometry data. An open-source implementation of the CARL classifier is available at github.com/johnjdavisiv/carl.
Investigation on optical switching behaviour of regenerated and non-regenerated silk by nanosecond Z-scan technique
Authors: G K Gowtham , Thejas Urs G , Raghavendra S , Mahadevaiah D , Somashekarappa H , Somashekar R
Published: December 2021

The nonlinear optical behaviour of silk, a natural fibre, is investigated in this study. We have considered silk in the cocoon, fibre and film forms of bivoltine and multivoltine breeds. The nonlinear absorption and optical limiting studies were performed using the open aperture Z-scan technique at 1064 nm. Interestingly, silk in cocoon and fibre form possess saturable absorption (SA), whereas silk in the film form exhibits reverse saturable absorption (RSA). This shift is attributed to the removal of sericin during the regeneration of silk into a film. Further, silk films exhibit optical limiting behaviour, whose limiting thresholds are in the order of 1012 W cm−2. Functional data analysis (FDA), a statistical approach, is employed to draw correlations amongst physical parameters. FDA offers good insight into the dependencies between silk varieties and their optical parameters. This helps in identifying the sample possessing the best properties.
A gradient-based automatic optimization CNN framework for EEG state recognition
Authors: Wang He , Zhu Xinshan , Chen Peiyin , Yang Yuxuan , Ma Chao , Gao Zhongke
Published: December 2021

Objective. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signal, as a data carrier that can contain a large amount of information about the human brain in different states, is one of the most widely used metrics for assessing human psychophysiological states. Among a variety of analysis methods, deep learning, especially convolutional neural network (CNN), has achieved remarkable results in recent years as a method to effectively extract features from EEG signals. Although deep learning has the advantages of automatic feature extraction and effective classification, it also faces difficulties in network structure design and requires an army of prior knowledge. Automating the design of these hyperparameters can therefore save experts’ time and manpower. Neural architecture search techniques have thus emerged. Approach. In this paper, based on an existing gradient-based neural architecture search (NAS) algorithm, partially-connected differentiable architecture search (PC-DARTS), with targeted improvements and optimizations for the characteristics of EEG signals. Specifically, we establish the model architecture step by step based on the manually designed deep learning models for EEG discrimination by retaining the framework of the search algorithm and performing targeted optimization of the model search space. Corresponding features are extracted separately according to the frequency domain, time domain characteristics of the EEG signal and the spatial position of the EEG electrode. The architecture was applied to EEG-based emotion recognition and driver drowsiness assessment tasks. Main results. The results illustrate that compared with the existing methods, the model architecture obtained in this paper can achieve competitive overall accuracy and better standard deviation in both tasks. Significance. Therefore, this approach is an effective migration of NAS technology into the field of EEG analysis and has great potential to provide high-performance results for other types of classification and prediction tasks. This can effectively reduce the time cost for researchers and facilitate the application of CNN in more areas.
A 64 bit quantum dragon data-set for machine learning
Authors: Novotný M.A. , Koshka Yaroslav , Inkoonv G. , Dixit Vivek
Published: December 2021

Design and examples of a sixty-four bit quantum dragon data-set are presented. A quantum dragon is a tight-binding model for a strongly disordered nanodevice, but when connected to appropriate semi-infinite leads has complete electron transmission for a finite interval of energies. The labeled data-set contains records which are quantum dragons, which are not quantum dragons, and which are indeterminate. The quantum dragon data-set is designed to be difficult for trained humans and machines to label a nanodevice with regard to its quantum dragon property. The 64 bit record length allows the data-set to be utilized in restricted Boltzmann machines which fit well onto the D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer architecture.
Research and Analysis of Recommendation Algorithm Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Ding Yuhang , Jiang Wenrong
Published: December 2021

This paper first introduces the situation that the traditional recommendation algorithms cannot meet the needs of users for accurate and efficient recommendation results because of the continuous growth of data and the increasingly diversified data types. Then it introduces the Deep Learning (DL) algorithm which is getting more and more attention, organizes the research progress of recommendation system based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in recent years, analyzes its advantages compared with traditional recommendation algorithms. The main research directions and application progress are classified, compared and summarized. Finally, the future development trend of recommendation system based on convolutional neural network is summarized and analyzed.
Blockchain-based Integrity Verification of Data Migration in Multi-cloud Storage
Authors: Xu Kun , Chen Weiwei , Zhang Yanan
Published: December 2021

In the process of multi-cloud storage data migration, data integrity is vulnerable to corruption, but the existing data integrity verification schemes for data migration across clouds are not highly reliable. To address this problem, a blockchain-based data integrity verification scheme for migration across clouds is proposed in this paper. In this scheme, a blockchain network is used instead of a third-party auditor. For each migration, a multi-cloud broker will send an integrity verification request to blockchain at three different times, and a smart contract will verify the data integrity according to the RSA-based homomorphic verification tags. Then, the security of the scheme is analyzed. Finally, simulation experiments and tests are conducted on Ethereum, and the results show the feasibility of the scheme.
A graph neural network fused with multi-head attention for text classification
Authors: Ai Bing , Wang Yibing , Ji Liang , Yi Jia , Wang Ting , Liu Wentao , Zhou Hui
Published: December 2021

Graph neural network (GNN) has done a good job of processing intricate architecture and fusion of global messages, research has explored GNN technology for text classification. However, the model that fixed the entire corpus as a graph in the past faced many problems such as high memory consumption and the inability to modify the construction of the graph. We propose an improved model based on GNN to solve these problems. The model no longer fixes the entire corpus as a graph but constructs different graphs for each text. This method reduces memory consumption, but still retains global information. We conduct experiments on the R8, R52, and 20newsgroups data sets, and use accuracy as the experimental standard. Experiments show that even if it consumes less memory, our model accomplish higher than existing models on multiple text classification data sets.
An investigation on fronthaul and millimeter wave technologies for 5G
Authors: Zu Chenyu
Published: December 2021

Abstract.The growing demand for communications and the emergence of new applications have put the capacity, transmission rate and latency of communications systems to a more severe test. In this context, 5G communication technology has emerged. 5G applications are divided into three typical application scenarios: eMBB, URLLC and mMTC. In order to support these applications, the key technologies of 5G need to be studied in depth. This paper firstly investigates the networking architecture of 5G bearer networks, and carries out a detailed analysis and comparison of 5G fronthaul technology, including the optical fibre direct connection solution, passive WDM solution, active WDM/OTN solution and WDM-PON solution. Secondly, this paper introduces 5G millimetre wave technology to achieve large capacity and high spectral efficiency transmission, including direct intensity modulation method, external modulation method, optical heterodyne method, optical injection locking method and optical phase-locked loop method. Finally, this paper provides an outlook on 5G fronthaul technology and millimetre wave technology.
A Broadband High-speed Programmable Multi-modulus Divider Based on CMOS Process
Authors: Hao Muzhen , Liu Xiaodong , Liu Zhizhe , Ji Feng , Sun Di , Yin Hongjie , Li Xingwang
Published: December 2021

This paper introduces a design of a high-speed programmable multi-modulus divider (MMD) based on 65nm CMOS process. The design adopts the cascade structure of 7 level 2/3 frequency dividers, and expands the frequency division range by adjusting the number of cascade stages, so as to achieve a continuous frequency division ratio of 16 to 255. Among them, the first level 2/3 frequency divider adopts the D flip-flop design of CML (current mode logic) structure, the second level 2/3 frequency divider adopts the D flip-flop design of E-TSPC (extended true-single-phase-clock) structure. The whole circuit realizes the working frequency range of 13∼18GHz high frequency and large bandwidth. This design has completed layout drawing and parasitic parameter extraction simulation. The simulation results show that the operating frequency range of the circuit can reach 13∼18GHz. When the input signal is 18GHz and the frequency division ratio is 255, the phase noise is about -135dBc/Hz@1kHz. It has the advantages of high frequency, large bandwidth, and low phase noise.