bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perforating Strategy for Stimulating Viscous Oil Wells for Both Cyclic Steam Stimulation and Steam Flooding Optimizing Using Perforation Laboratory - A Case Study From Kuwait Oil Company
Authors: Aly Hussein M. R. , Zeidan A. A. , Ahmed K. , Al-Mula Y. H. , Al-Khamees W. K. , Haggerty D. , Akhmadikin V.
Published: December 2016

Laboratory perforation tests were conducted shooting into target formation core at downhole-matching conditions in order to select the best perforating system for optimized production in a viscous oil-saturated, unconsolidated sandstone reservoir. Along with determining depth of penetration, the need was to find the optimal casing hole size for cyclic steam stimulation, requiring smaller holes for effective steam distribution, and holes large enough for minimal velocity during the production cycle.

The first step was to process the crude oil-saturated, unconsolidated sandstone cores taken from the target zone to enable their use with minimal disturbance. Once the cores were prepared such that specific field stress and pore pressure could be applied, shaped-charge perforators were shot to determine resultant hole-entry sizes and depths of penetration. Besides investigating casing hole size which regulates the flow-velocity/drawdown-pressure relationship, other insight gained was understanding the difference between solvent versus heat displacement of the viscous crude oil.

The focus of the testing began with the perforation behavior in the stressed, viscous crude oil-saturated sand, then flow of the viscous crude oil through the sand, and finally on how the viscous crude oil-flow behavior was affected by heat to lower viscosity. Results showed that penetration into the stressed formation core was sufficiently deep regardless of the shaped charge size and the main constituent for shaped charge selection was the diameter of the casing entrance hole. Tests using heat to assess its effectiveness on improving crude oil flow through the sand showed to be most effective while minimizing undesired sand movement.

At the time this abstract was written, multiple wells had been recently perforated and are currently under field evaluation and data gathering, to be compared to the laboratory findings. This paper will include discussion on the testing process used and the effect of perforating the viscous crude oil sand. It will also offer insight into the effects of increasing the temperature of the viscous crude oil and selecting a perforating strategy.
Low Cost Wells Manufacturing for Heavy Oil plays
Authors: Slagmulder Yves , Brown Jeanna
Published: December 2016

Vertical Steam Flood Heavy Oil developments, such as Shell's Carmon Creek project, require a large number of wells. This high well count leads to the wells contributing a large part of the project cost and a large physical footprint.

In the Carmon Creek project, the challenge for Shell was to safely drill and complete thousands of wells at the lowest possible cost while minimizing the footprint. The approach taken was that of a ‘Wells Manufacturing System’, using new technology, bespoke equipment and novel ways of working.

The well construction operations were broken down in repeatable steps. This enabled fast learning and it provided the basis to engineer out ‘flat-time’ activities by designing fit-for-purpose equipment, such as BOP systems, wellheads and drilling rigs. Partnerships in low cost manufacturing locations were formed to build this equipment.

A multi-disciplinary team designed wellpads, not only making them as small as possible, but also to enable the implementation of an assembly line philosophy. Three-dimensional well planning was crucial to establish the optimal well spacing at reservoir level.

Drilling performance in similar developments was benchmarked extensively to be able to set challenging targets and to be able to measure performance.

Given the application of the wells manufacturing system, using the same well design for both injector and producer wells was deemed most cost effective, since the key to the success of the manufacturing philosophy is repetition. This saves time and optimizes the supply chain.

The resulting wellpad design has an unprecedented well count per pad of up to 49 wells, positioned in a single line. The well spacing was driven by how close beam pumps can physically be placed.

The fit-for-purpose rigs have substructures that cover three wells simultaneously and function in essence as self-walking assembly halls, furnished with a super-single drilling mast. The rigs are equipped with double BOP's that can leapfrog. Work on three wells is performed simultaneously and activities such as BOP testing and waiting-on-cement are taken off the critical path.

The rigs were built and operated by a Shell Joint Venture, blurring the boundaries between the traditional roles of operator, drilling contractor and Service Company, based on three principles: Build a Long-term relationship that allows Continuous Performance ImprovementTechnology that results in fit-for-purpose (FFP) equipmentVery attractive pricing that is not coupled to North American market volatility

Drilling commenced in 2014 and performance has been excellent, particularly with learning by repetition exceeding expectations. The Project itself was cancelled due to political and economic reasons, but drilling on two pads was completed prior to the project halt. In total, 92 wells were drilled, with 65 wells achieving ‘Best in Class’ time and cost performance, and 77 Top Quartile wells. Well times and costs as a result decreased by up to 50%.
Production Optimization through Voidage Replacement using Triggers for Production Rate
Authors: Temizel Cenk , Kirmaci Harun , Wijaya Zein , Balaji Karthik , Suhag Anuj , Ranjith Rahul , Tran Minh , Al-Otaibi Basel , Al-Kouh Ahmad , Zhu Ying , Yegin Cengiz , Aminzadeh Fred
Published: December 2016

Voidage replacement is a key element in displacement processes, not only for keeping the reservoir pressure at its initial level but also in mitigating surface subsidence in certain fields. Despite its simple definition, it is a complicated process in reservoir management because of uncertainities involved and lack of all required measurements due to economical or technical restrictions. Thus, every single decision parameter and their relative significance in voidage replacement process is important for robust reservoir management.

In general, voidage replacement is achieved where injection is based on production. This study investigates the case of triggers where the production rate at the bottom hole conditions is predicated on the bottom hole flowing conditions or reservoir gas injection rate. A full-physics commercial reservoir simulator is coupled with robust optimization software, where a miscible flood operation is modeled with a group bottom hole flowing target coupled with voidage replacement gas and water injection targets.

The simulation results of this realistic case is presented in a way to show the relative significance of each operational parameter, which is outlined with tornado charts to serve as a guide in decision making in efficient reservoir management where voidage replacement is a crucial component. It is observed that triggers help to better manage voidage replacement, especially in large reservoirs where reservoir surveillance is a challenge due to number of wells and patterns. The results can be scaled up to different size of reservoirs and patterns with similar recovery processes.

This study scrutinizes the feasibility of a reversal of the typical scenario where injection is based on production. Thus, it serves as a useful and realistic example for efficient reservoir management through optimization of voidage replacement through triggers for production rate.
Estimating Oil/Water Relative Permeability at SAGD Steam Chamber Edge
Authors: Mosavat Nader , Mohsenzadeh Adel , Al-Wahaibi Yahya
Published: December 2016

Fluid flow at the edge of SAGD chamber where most of bitumen drainage occurs is of great importance. In this region, water condensate co-flows with the falling bitumen towards the production well. Since the bitumen viscosity varies at different locations due to temperature gradient across the edge of steam chamber, new correlations are required to consider the influence of fluid viscosity on the relative permeability curves. In this study, the objective is to remedy this deficiency by developing a new set of correlations for relative permeability estimation addressing in particular such effect at SAGD steam chamber edge.

Various datasets from literature were obtained at different temperatures and oil viscosities. The data were used to develop new correlations which are a modification of the well-known Corey's equations for relative permeability estimation. Two mathematical approaches were applied and evaluated to achieve the best correlations: (1) at each temperature, herein substituted by viscosity ratio, relative permeabilities are functions of saturation, and (2) relative permeability is a function of viscosity ratio at a fixed saturation. Furthermore, different mathematical equations were used in the regression procedure in order to optimize the objective function and achieve the most reliable correlations.

Results indicated a combined power and quadratic functionality of relative permeability to the phases’ viscosity. The viscosity ratio was used in the new correlations as a dimensionless parameter which represents fluids’ viscosities at different temperatures. The new correlations were compared against the original Corey's equations for various experimental datasets. Various statistical error formulation were employed: average relative error, average absolute relative error, root mean squared, correlation coefficient, and standard deviation. The accuracy of the new correlations was also graphically compared with Corey's model using cross-plot illustrations. Comparative evaluation of these correlation error analyses revealed that relative permeability estimations have been significantly improved when new correlations were employed which incorporate different temperature profiles and accordingly the viscosity variations. The application of the new correlation could improve the flow prediction in thermal simulators.
Integrated Rock-Typing Workflow in Shallow Unconventional Reservoir in Kuwait
Authors: Saikia Pabitra , Shanat Faisal , Ahmed Khalid , Choudhary Pradeep , Ferdous Hasan , Ahmed Fatma , Fournier Frédérique
Published: December 2016

Heterogeneous lithofacies distribution resulting into a complex rock-type model in shallow unconsolidated reservoir has a direct role on fluid distribution and trapping mechanisms. A systematic evaluation of these rock-types is necessary for proper reservoir characterization and modeling. In reality, the lithofacies leading to rock-types act as the building blocks to construct a realistic static model, which serves in the understanding of the dynamic behavior of the reservoir.

During this study, 202 wells were selected across the field to capture the vertical and lateral heterogeneity of the reservoir, out of which 93 wells have cores. During a first step, a lithofacies prediction model was created from the core sedimentological description, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and wireline logs (raw and mineralogical logs) using probabilistic classification schemes. In a second step, petrophysical data like Routine Core Analysis (RCAL), Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP), were included to build rock-types associated with the different lithofacies. This integration workflow has resulted in a robust lithofacies and rock-type model consisting of nine lithofacies and five rock-types respectively. It was also noticed that silty non-pay and marginal pay reservoir have inadequate MICP data. Subsequently, two wells were selected and MICP data will be collected for improved and more confident modelling in future.

This model assists to predict lithofacies and rock-types in un-cored wells provided a set of relevant logs are available. The integrated workflow ensures that the lithofacies and rock-types determined at the wells are consistent all over the study area.

The identified lithofacies and rock-types will add great value in building a realistic reservoir static model since they are able to explain the fluid distribution pattern and the concept of barriers and baffles in the reservoir. This will also assist in optimized perforation and completion plans for the reservoir. Ultimately, the input data are readily available for future field-intensive reservoir characterization.
Produced Water Management for Thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Ali Maaz , Banerjee Sudiptya , Hascakir Berna
Published: December 2016

Water is one of the cheapest and the most abundant injection fluid for oil extraction. Hence, as the hydrocarbon production increases, the amount of water injected escalates which brings the necessity of the proper management and treatment of produced water. The produced water quality can vary greatly depending on water injection processes employed. Thus, we aim to develop a thorough understanding of the expected quality of produced water originating from different thermal enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes to manage oilfield waters. In this study, produced water from steam flooding (SF), steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), solvent-SAGD (S-SAGD), hot water injection (HWI), and in-situ combustion (ISC) processes were characterized. The anions and cations were analyzed by an ion chromatography. Total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, pH, total organic content, and average particle sizes of colloids were measured. The stability of colloids was determined by Zeta potential. All analyses were performed on the produced water samples collected at different three stages of the processes; at the initial, intermediate, and final stage of each process. As expected, conductivity strongly correlated with the concentration of the ions present in produced water samples. Sulfate and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations showed a linear relation. During steam and hot water based injection processes, which were conducted with quartz and kaolinite mixtures, clay-water interaction was found significant, and this interaction increases with injected fluid temperature. Based on zeta potential measurements, the produced water from steam based EOR processes exhibited higher stability than ISC. In other words, the colloids in produced water originated from ISC was more prompt to settlement which makes produced water from ISC good candidate for chemical coagulation. The steam based processes indicated lower TDS value in produced water than ISC, however, when the produced volumes were considered, ISC had advantages due to significantly low volumes of produced waters. Our results indicate that the proper selection of the bitumen extraction method impacts the bitumen-water interaction and produced water management becomes feasible.
Compositional Based Heavy Oil Viscosity Model for Kuwaiti Heavy Crude Oils
Authors: Kamel Abdulrahim , Alomair Osamah , Elsharkawy Adel
Published: December 2016

Previously published models for predicting heavy oil viscosity based on the composition or API gravity are extensively evaluated to ascertain their effectiveness with 28 newly collected Kuwaiti heavy oil samples from different locations. The composition of each sample is determined, and its viscosity is measured at atmospheric pressure across a wide range of temperatures (20–80 °C), resulting in 196 data points. The measured viscosities are used to evaluate existing models based on the principle of corresponding states, the residual viscosity concept, and an equation of state (EOS). As all of them failed to accurately predict the Kuwaiti heavy oils being studied, a new compositional model is developed to overcome their inherent limitations. This new model provides a good prediction of the viscosity of Kuwaiti heavy oils, with an average relative error of 3.8%. In addition, it is much simpler and easier to use than existing methods when applied to Kuwaiti crudes.
Hybrid System Maximizes ROP and Minimizes Drilling Cost in Large Diameter Directional Application
Authors: Omar M. , Al Enezi Dakhil , El Halwagy A. , Goswami B. , Al-Mekhyal A. , Muqaddas Z. A. , Elgharbawy M. , Omar M. , Abdelhamid Atef , Agawani Waleed , Taha M.
Published: December 2016

In the current economic downturn, operators direct more focus to cost optimization through process enhancement and innovative approach. Specifically in South East Kuwait field, where new well profiles are being employed to reach a deeper pay zone directionally. These new well profiles require the 16 inch hole section to be drilled deeper with inclination through interbedded abrasive sandstones and sticky shale; which were previously drilled in 12 ¼ inch hole size. Drilling becomes increasingly challenging using larger diameter bits where torque fluctuations, down-hole conditions and durability limit performance. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the engineering analysis for directional large diameter hole application and the selection of an optimized hybrid drill bit design, roller cone combined with Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC), to maximize drilling performance where standard PDC or roller cone bits alone fail to provide an optimal solution.

The 16 inch directional section was typically drilled using a mud motor assembly with a roller cone bit or a PDC. Drilling parameters were reduced in the upper layers especially with PDC bits as they involve sticky shale which can induce bit balling. While in the lower layers the abrasive formations tend to wear down roller cone bits.

Selecting an appropriate hybrid design with an optimized drilling system for the application resulted in a breakthrough performance; tripling the Rate Of Penetration (ROP) of conventional technology. The time saving achieved was worth $250,000 for this section.

PDC bits generally provide faster rate of penetration than roller cone bits while generating higher torque fluctuations as they drill by shearing bottom hole formation. Due to their high torque demands, PDC bits require an additional mud motor to drive them efficiently in larger hole sizes. Roller cones crush and gouge the bottom hole formation and due to their mechanical rollers result in reduced reactive torque and a smoother hole profile. Hybrid drill bit technology proven the capability of achieving the benefits of both designs in specific selected applications.
Heavy Oil - Produced Water Polishing with Compact Flotation Technology
Authors: Asdahl S. , Maelum M. , Rabe K.
Published: December 2016

For light and medium crude oil produced waters, the compact flotation unit (CFU) technology has been widely used as the final cleaning step in the process during the last 10 years, especially in Europe. In general, more traditional methods such as induced gas flotation (IGF) and dissolved gas flotation (DGF) are more commonly applied on heavy crude oil-produced waters. The CFU technology has been preferred over the more traditional technologies due to substantially reduced weight and footprint combined with superior cleaning efficiency.

This paper describes efforts related to examining the effectiveness and applicability of using CFU technology in heavy crude oil produced water (PW) polishing and comparing the results with polishing produced water from light and medium crude oil. Experimental work was conducted in a water test setup in which synthetic produced water with different crude oils (13.7–39.7° API gravity) was tested for flotation efficiency using a proprietary compact flotation unit. A literature study was performed to support the experimental results. Furthermore, field data were collected from field trials using the proprietary compact flotation unit technology with produced water containing crude oils in the 17–43° API gravity range.

Experimental results showed that for a given crude oil type, the oil removal efficiency is dependent on oil droplet size, and these results are supported by the literature. Comparing different API gravity crude oils with the same droplet size showed, in general, a slightly reduced flotation efficiency with increasing gravity, which could be explained by the correlation between increasing gravity and increasing coverage time.

However, field data for 17–43° API gravity crude oil show the ability for the proprietary compact flotation unit technology to meet normal effluent requirements (≤ 25 ppm) over the full API gravity range. Field data further emphasizes the importance of preparing optimum process conditions for the flotation unit.

Despite of the low retention time compared to traditional IGF and DGF technology, the compact flotation technology has proven to be robust for heavy-oil treatment. This result is partially explained by the fact that induction and coverage times are shorter in turbulent flow regimes than in traditional laminar flotation environments. Furthermore, the proprietary compact flotation unit technology combines both induced and dissolved flotation with vessel internals that effectively minimizes the rise path.

It should be emphasized that these findings relate to the examined CFU models only because the various models have different technologies that will lead to different performances.
Application of State of The Art Interpretation Techniques in Minifrac Analysis in an Unconsolidated Reservoir
Authors: Bagheri M. , Choudhary P. K. , Al-Matrook M. F. , Al-Sane A. , Baroon H.
Published: December 2016

Selection of adequate thermal operating parameters to ensure fluid containment and cap rock integrity under high-temperature, high-pressure steam injection is vitally important. Cap rock integrity is controlled by the mechanical properties of the rocks and the in-situ and applied stresses resulting from field operations. This paper describes recent minifrac tests carried out in the Lower Fars formation in South Ratqa Field in northern Kuwait to determine the in-situ stresses.

The main objective of the field tests was to obtain the minimum horizontal stress using a variety of Before Closure Analysis (BCA) techniques. A secondary objective was to perform After Closure Analysis (ACA) to obtain reservoir parameters such as permeability and initial pressure. All of this data is used as input into subsequent geomechanical studies. For BCA, it is important to identify various fluid flow regimes in the fall-off portions of the tests. The end of particular flow regimes indicates fracture closure. Fracture closure and the resultant minimum horizontal stress are therefore based on sound engineering principles.

The cases presented in this paper provide further evidences that a combination of various techniques is the best approach to identify the minimum horizontal stress. No single methodology provides a reliable answer in all cases. Field examples are given to illustrate the practical application of these techniques.
High Water Retention in Cyclic Steam Stimulation Wells of Kuwait Heavy Oil Field
Authors: Jain Anil Kumar , Al-Sane Amal , Ahmad Fatma
Published: December 2016

Cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) was tested in some of the wells of a Kuwaiti heavy oil field. It was observed that the produced water-oil ratio of the CSS wells was much less than the expected range of 0.5 to 1 in a first cycle and up to 2 in a second cycle. High water retention was diagnosed in the formation which led to further investigation to confirm it and to find out its causes.

The analysis presented is based on several approaches. Field injection and production data of each well were analyzed to estimate water-oil ratio. Temperature survey was carried out during soaking period to observe vertical movement of steam, if any. Laboratory steamflood experiments were performed on composite plugs. It was followed by oil injection (drainage) to mimic the CSS process and to quantify the water retention and to compare it with the field data. Moreover, detailed geological analysis is discussed to understand the nature of the formation.

The analysis reveals that the baffle located just above the oil formation becomes active at high pressure and allows steam to pass through it. Heat is transferred upwards not only by conduction but also by convection. Migration of steam into baffle and an upper horizon was confirmed by temperature surveys taken in the CSS wells during soaking period. Baffle acts as a thief zone and retains a great deal of water and not allowing water to come back during production phase even when pressure goes down. In summary presence of baffle is the main reason behind high water retention in the formation.

The above methodology has been adopted for the first time in the field under consideration. This will help in optimizing the steam injection strategy in future CSS wells.
Application of Vacuum-Insulated Tubing VIT in Thermal Oil Sand Projects
Authors: Zatka Mirko
Published: December 2016

Use of vacuum-insulated tubing (VIT) in thermal (typically steam injection) wellbores dates back to at least the 1980s but, due to high cost and limited availability, its use until recently had been limited. While it has the potential to significantly reduce heat losses to overburden, thereby improving well operating economics, the correct application of VIT can be more of an art rather than science given the factors that impact its performance.

These include understanding how VIT is manufactured and what design elements influence good long-term performance, what quality assurance is used during manufacture and on the finished product, how to confirm actual k-factor (insulation) values on delivered product in lieu of advertised values, and how to verify true performance once the VIT is installed in a well.

Recent new global sources of VIT have provided additional product choices for operators, as well as more competitive pricing, allowing VIT to be more broadly considered in projects where downhole heat losses must be actively managed to achieve the recovery performance desired. Calculation of heat loss reduction can be done with several different programs, but careful attention must be paid to the way the computer model is built to ensure results reflect actual, expected, field conditions.
Modeling Heavy-Oil Recovery Using Electromagnetic Radiation/Hydraulic Fracturing Considering Adiabatic Effect and Thermal Expansion
Authors: Davletbaev A. , Kovaleva L. , Zainulin A. , Kireev V. , Babadagli T. , Minnigalimov R.
Published: December 2016

Production of heavy oil from deep/tight formation using traditional technologies ("cold" production, injection of hot steam, etc.) is ineffective or inapplicable. An alternative is electromagnetic (EM) heating after fracturing. This paper presents the results of a numerical study of heavy oil production from a well with hydraulic fracture under radio-frequency (RM) electromagnetic radiation. Two parameters ignored in our previous modeling studies, namely adiabatic effect and the thermal expansion of oil, are considered in the new formulation while high gradients of pressure/temperature and high temperature occur around the well. The mathematical model is simulated distribution of pressure and temperature in the system of "well-fracture- formation". The distribution of thermal heat source is given by the Abernetty expression. The mathematical model takes into account the adiabatic effect and thermal expansion of heavy oil. The latter makes a significant contribution to heavy oil production.

Multi-stage heavy production technology with heating is assumed and several stages are recognized: Stage 1: "Cold" heavy oil production, Stage 2: RF-EM heating, Stage 3: RF is turned off and "hot" oil production continues until the flow rate reaches its initial (before heating) value. These stages are repeated starting from the second stage. Finally, RF-EM heating technology is compared to "cold" production in terms of additional oil production and economics.

When producing with RF-EM heating with power 60 kW (50 days in the second stages), the oil rate increased several times. Repeated RF-EM heating (25 days in the fourth stage) doubled the production rate. Near-well region temperature increased by ~82°C in the second stage with RF-EM heating. Temperature increased by ~87°C in the fourth stage with repeated RF-EM heating and production cycles.

Economic analysis and evaluation of energy balance showed that the multi-stage production technology is more efficient; i.e., the lower the payback period, the greater the energy balance. With the increase in pressure difference, the payback period and energy balance increased linearly.
Successful Trial of Insert Progressive Cavity Pump I-PCP in a Kuwait HO Field
Authors: Pandey Dharmesh Chandra , Al Khamees Waleed , Dashti Hussain , Al Balam Abdullah , Kommaraju Srinivas Rao
Published: December 2016

Cold horizontal and vertical producers in a Kuwait heavy oil green field are generally completed with conventional Progressive Cavity Pumps (PCP) which in case of failure a rig work over intervention is required to replace the pump. As part of an initiative to optimize operational expenditures (OPEX) an Insert Progressive Cavity Pump (I-PCP) was installed for the first time in one well as new artificial lift technology trial. In wells with I-PCP intervention costs and oil deferment associated with pump replacement are reduced significantly, which impacts OPEX and profitability.

The trial showed pump run life for eight months without any intervention and several positive economic impacts like eliminating the need for a service rig to pull the production tubing to change a downhole pump as it can be performed by utilizing flush-by units equipped for rod handling, reducing the oil deferment as the oil is accelerated earlier in the flow line compared to rig intervention which can go up to two weeks.

The paper describes the first successful implementation and operation of Insert PCP systems in Kuwait Oil Company. The paper also compares the pump run life, service rig work-over times and reduction of production achieved with the insert PCPs when compare to conventional tubing deployed PCP. In general, the field trial results have demonstrated the benefits of using this technology. The way forward will be to install the I-PCP in other cold producers.
El suicidio en Colombia durante el año 2015
Authors: Ceballos Ospino Guillermo Augusto
Published: December 2016

Según la revista Forensis1 del Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses, para el año 2015 se registraron en Colombia 2.068 suicidios, el equivalente a un 10% más que el año 2014, cifra que históricamente se asemeja a la del año 2006. Con referencia a la tasa de suicidios respecto al año 2006, el aumento fue del 28%, cifra que realmente alarma por su incremento, luego de un decenio en el cual la frecuencia y tasas por cada 100.000 habitantes se habían mantenido estable.
Respiratory Tularemia: Francisella Tularensis and Microarray Probe Designing
Authors: Ranjbar Reza , Behzadi Payam , Mammina Caterina
Published: December 2016

Background:

Francisella tularensis(F. tularensis) is the etiological microorganism for tularemia. There are different forms of tularemia such as respiratory tularemia. Respiratory tularemia is the most severe form of tularemia with a high rate of mortality; if not treated. Therefore, traditional microbiological tools and Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) are not useful for a rapid, reliable, accurate, sensitive and specific diagnosis. But, DNA microarray technology does. DNA microarray technology needs to appropriate microarray probe designing.

Objective:

The main goal of this original article was to design suitable long oligo microarray probes for detection and identification ofF. tularensis.

Method:

For performing this research, the complete genomes ofF. tularensissubsp.tularensisFSC198,F. tularensissubsp.holarcticaLVS,F. tularensissubsp.mediasiatica,F. tularensissubsp.novicida(F. novicidaU112), andF. philomiragiasubsp.philomiragiaATCC 25017 were studiedviaNCBI BLAST tool, GView and PanSeq Servers and finally the microarray probes were produced and processedviaAlleleID 7.7 software and Oligoanalyzer tool, respectively.

Results:

In thisin silicoinvestigation, a number of long oligo microarray probes were designed for detecting and identifyingF. tularensis. Among these probes, 15 probes were recognized as the best candidates for microarray chip designing.

Conclusion:

Calibrated microarray probes reduce the biasis of DNA microarray technology as an advanced, rapid, accurate and cost-effective molecular diagnostic tool with high specificity and sensitivity. Professional microarray probe designing provides us with much more facility and flexibility regarding preparation of a microarray diagnostic chip.
Predictors of Difficult Tracheal Intubation on Adult Elective Patients in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Tafesse Dawit , Ataro Getu
Published: December 2016

Background:

During routine preoperative assessment of patients one of the commonest practices is predicting difficulty of tracheal intubation from various factors detected. Whether the factors reliably predict the difficulty is subject of argument. This study was conducted to assess the predictors of difficult tracheal intubation in adult patients.

Methods:

In this prospective observational study, we studied 120 consecutive elective adult patients admitted for general, gynecologic and orthopedic surgeries. Socio-demographic parameters and test variables such as BMI, TMD, SMD, IIG and Mallampati class were collected during preoperative evaluation. CL grade and difficulty of intubation were observed while the anesthetist in duty performs the laryngoscopy. While the former obtained from the preoperative anesthesia note, the latter were filled to questionnaire based on what the anesthetist reports during or after laryngoscopy. The prevalence of difficult intubation and the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of the tests were analyzed. SPSS-20 and different formulas were used during analysis. Chi square test was used and P<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Result:

The overall prevalence of difficult tracheal intubation was 2.5%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV & NPV of the tests were 0%, 98.3%, 0% & 97.46% for BMI; 0%, 97.5%, 0% & 100% for SMD; 100%, 96.64%, 20% & 100% for TMD; 0%, 99.17%, 0%, & 100% for IIG; and 100%, 99.14%, 75% & 100% for Mallampati test.

Conclusion:

The incidence is not quite small that anesthetists should use necessary tests to predict the difficult intubation. Probably combining the tests being the best option, Mallampati test alone can predict the difficult intubation in adult patients.
Nuevas formasde organización colectiva y producción de saber pedagógico: la red de formación docente y narrativas pedagógicas
Authors: Suárez Daniel H. , Argnani Agustina
Published: December 2016

En este artículo presentamos a las redes de docentes que investigan sus experienciaspedagógicas, y en particular a la Red de Formación Docente y Narrativas Pedagógicascomo forma colectiva de organización vinculada con la reconstrucción del saberpedagógico, la activación de la memoria escolar y la movilización en el campoeducativo. En un primer momento, recogemos algunos antecedentes en el campopedagógico movimientista latinoamericano vinculados con la conformación decolectivos de maestros que llevan adelante procesos autorregulados de formación,investigación e innovación de las prácticas y discursos pedagógicos. A continuación,presentamos la experiencia de la Red de Formación Docente y Narrativas Pedagógicas,la cual articula colectivos de docentes que desarrollan procesos de indagación narrativa,publicación y circulación de sus prácticas y del mundo escolar desde diversos espaciosgeográficos, organizacionales e institucionales. La Red se establece como una formade intervención político-pedagógica, en tanto tienen lugar procesos de formación y deintervención de los docentes, y permite la disposición pública de relatos pedagógicosque interpelan y tensionan los discursos y la teoría educativa. En la tercera parte,trazamos un recorrido por la Red delineando su conformación, sus actividades y lasrelaciones de articulación que sostiene a nivel nacional y regional.
Educação do campo, escolas, ruralidades e o projeto do PNE
Authors: Souza Maria Antonia , Marcoccia Patrícia Correia de Paula
Published: December 2016

Este artigo problematiza educação do campo, os aspectos da realidade das escolaspúblicas e as metas previstas no projeto do Plano Nacional de Educação (2011-2020).O trabalho, fruto de análise documental e bibliográfica, toma por referência a educaçãodo campo como derivada da experiência coletiva dos movimentos sociais detrabalhadores. Em meio ao debate da educação nacional é necessário reconhecer queo Brasil possui identidades e ruralidades que são determinadas por projetos políticosdiferenciados. A tensão entre latifúndio e terra como meio de vida e de trabalho épermanente na história brasileira. A partir do final da década de 1990, simpósios,seminários e conferências demonstraram o caráter público e coletivo da educaçãodo campo, em oposição ao caráter tecnicista e urbano que historicamente marcou aeducação rural no Brasil. Constata-se que a conjuntura política nacional foi favorávelà efetivação das demandas feitas pelos trabalhadores do campo, embora com muitoslimites e controles fiscais e jurídicos. O Projeto do Plano Nacional de Educação inserea educação do campo como uma ampla frente de necessidades a serem enfrentadas e realidades a serem reconhecidas.
Da educação rural à educação do campo: revisão crítica
Authors: Rangel Mary , Carmo Rosângela Branca
Published: December 2016

O propósito deste estudo é recuperar alguns dos eventos históricos da educação ruralque esclarecem o percurso da evolução de seu significado para a concepção, sociale politicamente mais ampla, da educação do campo, observando e problematizando,nesse percurso, fatores que fundamentam reivindicações por maior atenção à escolae às práticas pedagógicas. A metodologia inclui revisão de estudos, cujos aportescríticos sustentam a problematização, construída no estilo ensaístico. A revisão apontaum longo tempo de pouca atenção política ao contexto rural e suas escolas, cujocurrículo e práticas têm sido submetidos ao modelo da escola urbana. Destaca-se,então, a relevância histórica de movimentos sociopolíticos em prol da valorizaçãodos sujeitos do meio rural, incluindo indígenas e remanescentes dos quilombos,reconhecendo-se sua importância para a vida e a história do país. Assim, no percursohistórico e nos aportes críticos revistos neste artigo, observa-se a crescente ênfase emrecursos e condições que propiciem a oferta de um processo educativo contextualizado,assegurando-se também os princípios de qualidade educacional. Desse modo, esteestudo demonstra o quanto o campo inspira reflexões e requer a continuidade eaprofundamento de estudos que visibilizem suas questões e apelos.
INOVAÇÃO DA GESTÃO DOS SABERES ESCOLARES: FATOR DE PROMOÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DO TRABALHO PEDAGÓGICO
Authors: Amorim Antonio , Santos Carla Liane N. , Castañeda José Antonio Serrano
Published: December 2016

Este artigo trata da questão da inovação da gestão do saber escolar na contemporaneidade.Iniciamos a reflexão traçando considerações a respeito do cenário educacionalatual. Discutimos, então, a questão da inovação da gestão do saber escolar enquantouma possibilidade socializadora da escola. Para isso analisamos a gestão do saberescolar em uma perspectiva que traga melhorias para a educação e para a gestão dosistema de ensino, estabelecendo as interfaces entre os diferentes saberes: os saberessocioculturais, sociopessoais e socioeconômicos, que atuam como fatores essenciais na construção e na socialização do conhecimento. Enfim, trata-se de uma tentativa de refletir sobre a urgência da inovação da gestão do saber escolar a partir do cotidiano da sala de aula, observando os processos gestores que ocorrem nas relações pedagógicas do ambiente da escola, trazendo para a discussão a necessidade da qualidade do trabalho pedagógico, como forma de fortalecer as atividades de ensino e de aprendizagem dos alunos e determinar uma nova cultura educacional para as instituições de ensino.
QUESTÃO SOBRE GESTÃO, FORMAÇÃO E AVALIAÇÃO A RESPEITO DO ENSINO RELIGIOSO NA ESCOLA PÚBLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
Authors: Caputo Stela Guedes
Published: December 2016

O artigo aborda questões sobre gestão, formação e avaliação a respeito da disciplinade Ensino Religioso (ER) no Rio de Janeiro. A reflexão priorizará os encontros deformação de professores de ER nesse estado, incluindo seus fóruns. A partir daobservação desses espaços, da consulta às atas de todos os encontros (desde 1996),da avaliação dos materiais distribuídos e de entrevistas com professores de ER,cheguei a algumas conclusões. Uma é que a Secretaria de Educação realiza esse tipode encontro de gestão para planejar e discutir apenas com professores de ER. Comnenhuma outra área há encontros semelhantes. Outra conclusão é que esses espaços de formação são hegemonizados pela Igreja Católica, que submete os demais credos credenciados a sua linha de formação (basicamente as orientações das Campanhas da Fraternidade). Questiono, a partir disso, que consequências poderemos perceberna avaliação de estudantes. Discuto também como a Discipli-na ER é apontada por esses professores como um problema de gestão e uma solução para o que consideram como “mau desempenho escolar”. E, por fim, aponto a necessidade de uma educação pública laica.
DO VALOR/ALUNO/ANO AO CUSTO-ALUNO-QUALIDADE-INICIAL: O CONTROLE SOCIAL NA CONSOLIDAÇÃO DOS FUNDOS CONSTITUCIONAIS COMO POLÍTICA DE ESTADO
Authors: Jesus Wellington Ferreira de
Published: December 2016

O presente trabalho, um estudo exploratório, tem como referência uma pesquisa em fontes documentais como Documentos do Executivo e do Legislativo, Propostasde Emendas e Emendas Constitucionais, a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases, a legislação pertinente ao financiamento da educação básica , bem como a literatura que discute o tema. Este artigo objetivou refletir a perspectiva de participação social e efetivação de uma Política de Estado para o setor Educa-cional, a partir da instituição dos Fundos Constitucionais para o financiamento da Educação Básica brasileira no transcursohistórico da segunda metade da década de 1990 e início do século XXI. A política de fundos fomentou o debate no campo do financiamento da educação, na medida em que possibi-litou um debate amplo que discute: a problemática dos recursos; a participação social no controle e no acompa-nhamento; a ação do Ministério Público e de órgãos como a Controladoria Geral da União e os Tribunais de Conta; o fomento à pesquisa e participação das universidades, tanto no levantamento de estudos de impacto, quanto na perspectiva da capacitação e do aperfeiçoamento do magisté-rio; além de consolidar a importância da gestão democrática e dos conselhos escolares.
AUTORIA DE CONTEÚDOS DIGITAIS POR PROFESSORES EM FORMAÇÃO: POTENCIALIDADES PARA APROPRIAÇÃO CIENTÍFICO-TECNOLÓGICAS
Authors: Halmann Adriane Lizbehd
Published: December 2016

O atual contexto de desenvolvimento das tecnologias da informação e comunicação faz emergir possibilidades de movimentos autorais em rede, o que vem transformando significativamente a educação científico-tecnológica, apontando para a necessidade da investigação de suas potencialidades no contexto da formação de professores. Tendo a construção de conteúdos digitais por professores em formação como campo de análise, este estudo buscou compreender suas implicações na apropriação científico-tecnológica desses sujeitos. Para tanto, a pesquisadora provocou e observou eventos de construção de conteúdos digitais em duas licenciaturas, em Física e em Educação do Campo, na Universidade Federal da Bahia, entre 2008 e 2011. Os resultados apontaram que a inserção de equipamentos não determina, por si só, os processos com eles desencadeados, mas traz condições para a implementação de outras situações de aprendizagem, potencializando construções autorais em diversas linguagens.Também foi possível perceber que processos autorais, com as tecnologias digitais, potencia-lizam outras práxis, para além das práticas reprodutivistas. Contudo, notou-se que as concepções dos professores, princi-palmente as empiristas, mais do que qualquer tecnologia, condicionam suas práticas, levando-os, inclusive, à tentativa de reproduzir antigos paradigmas educacionais, agora com as tecnologias digitais. As análises possibilitam afirmar que são profícuas as potencialidades dos processos autorais de conteú-dos digitais para  a apropriação científico-tecnológica por professores em formação. Entretanto é imperioso que sejam criadas, na formação dos professores, condições adequadas, visando uma educação científica que amplie os sentidos construídos pelos sujeitos acerca das ciências, qualificando sua atuação no mundo.
"Continuidade" e "descontinuidade": o processo da construção do conhecimento científico na história da ciência.
Authors: Saito Funikazu
Published: December 2016

Historiadores da ciência e educadores têm apresentado propostas que procuram aproximar história da ciência do ensino de ciência há algum tempo. Essas propostas enfatizam aspectos formais da ciência moderna, dedicando pouca atenção para o processo da construção do conhecimento científico. Desse modo, tem-se valorizado as epistemologias baseadas na ideia de ruptura, tais como as epistemologias de Gaston Bachelard e de Thomas Kuhn. Para muitos educadores, as noções de “obstáculo epistemológico” de Bachelard e de “mudança de paradigma” de Kuhn parecem romper com a visão linear e progressista do desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico.Dessa forma, educadores têm buscado pautar suas propostas em teses descontinuístas sem levar em consideração de que elas próprias são resultados de uma forma de pensar o mundo, e foram elaboradas e instituídas frente ao conhecimento científico de uma época. Assim, mais do que pautar a aproximação da história do ensino em aspectos formais, o autor propõe neste artigo uma abordagem contextualizada, pautada em tendências historiográficas mais atualizadas. Especial atenção é dada ao contexto em que as epistemologias de Bachelard e de Kuhn foram elaboradas.
O tempo escolar e o encontro com o outro: do rítmo a simultaneidade
Authors: Pinho Ana Teixeira
Published: December 2016

Esta tese tem por objetivo compreender a relação entre o tempo escolar, os outros tempos sociais e as temporalidades dos sujeitos, a partir de narrativas biográficas de professoras, em duas escolas com classes multisseriadas, e sujeitos das comunidades de Botelho e Praia Grande, em Ilha de Maré. A análisedo campo empírico fez emergir o problema do tempo escolar reduzido a ritmo, ora compreendido como uma propriedade individual, ora como uma imposição de um tempo hegemônico, o do relógio. Para problematizar essa noção, foram utilizados autores como Elias (1993), Faraco (2010a) e Bakhtin (2003). Com base na relação entre tempo e diferença, retomou-se adiscussão com Bakhtin (2003; 2010) para, junto com Levinas (2011a, 2011b), propor outra concepção, a de tempo como simultaneidade, concebida como coexistência e interação. A pesquisa empírica adotou, como abordagem metodológica, a narrativa (auto)biográficaque se constitui na oportunidade do outro dizer de si e, ao fazê-lo, através da entrevista narrativa, deixa rentrever traços de uma experiência, ao mesmo tempo pessoal e social. A pesquisa conclui que a compreensãodo tempo escolar, de um lado, depende de um olhar atento para os outros tempos sociais que atravessam a escola, e de outro, de uma atenção especial às interações realizadas entre os sujeitos no interior da sala de aula. Afinal, o tempo escolar é acontecimento que se dá no encontro com o outro.