bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sewage‐based epidemiology in monitoring the use of new psychoactive substances: Validation and application of an analytical method using LC‐MS/MS
Authors: Kinyua Juliet , Covaci Adrian , Maho Walid , McCall Ann‐Kathrin , Neels Hugo , van Nuijs Alexander L. N.
Published: February 2015

Sewage‐based epidemiology (SBE) employs the analysis of sewage to detect and quantify drug use within a community. While SBE has been applied repeatedly for the estimation of classical illicit drugs, only few studies investigated new psychoactive substances (NPS). These compounds mimic effects of illicit drugs by introducing slight modifications to chemical structures of controlled illicit drugs. We describe the optimization, validation, and application of an analytical method using liquid chromatography coupled to positive electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS/MS) for the determination of seven NPS in sewage: methoxetamine (MXE), butylone, ethylone, methylone, methiopropamine (MPA), 4‐methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), and 4‐methoxyamphetamine (PMA). Sample preparation was performed using solid‐phase extraction (SPE) with Oasis MCX cartridges. The LC separation was done with a HILIC (150 x 3 mm, 5 µm) column which ensured good resolution of the analytes with a total run time of 19 min. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was between 0.5 and 5 ng/L for all compounds. The method was validated by evaluating the following parameters: sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recoveries and matrix effects. The method was applied on sewage samples collected from sewage treatment plants in Belgium and Switzerland in which all investigated compounds were detected, except MPA and PMA. Furthermore, a consistent presence of MXE has been observed in most of the sewage samples at levels higher than LLOQ. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial distributions of small water body types in modified landscapes: lessons from Indiana, USA
Authors: Christensen Jay , Nash Maliha , Chaloud Deborah , Pitchford Ann
Published: February 2015

Because of their large numbers and biogeochemical activity, small water bodies (SWB), such as ponds and wetlands, can have substantial cumulative effects on hydrologic, biogeochemical and biological processes, yet the spatial distributions of various SWB types are often unknown, especially in modified landscapes. Using updated National Wetland Inventory data, we compare the spatial distribution of SWB types across various ecoregions and land covers within the state of Indiana. Of 203 942 total SWB, 75% contain a permanent water feature and 80% of those SWB are classified as excavated or impounded ponds. Both underlying geology and human modifications influence SWB distributions. Wetlands are most prevalent in the agricultural Drift Plain and are larger with a greater range of sizes than man‐made open water features. Small impoundment ponds dominate the southern forested region of the Interior Plateau. Analysis of variance of slopes from power law distributions confirms differences between SWB distributions in the Drift Plain and the Interior Plateau as well as differences between forested wetlands and diked and excavated open waters across ecoregions. SWB densities are lowest in the Corn Belt regions and in agriculture overall. SWB in urban lands tend to have higher median area than natural or agricultural lands and have intermediate densities. This analysis highlights the presence of hydrological modifications in SWB distributions, namely the potential legacy of wetland removal and pond creation practices in the state. Determining these modified distributions and patterns is the first step in understanding cumulative SWB influences on various ecological processes in modified landscapes. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in clinical characteristics and outcomes after myocardial infarction: insights from the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT)
Authors: Lam Carolyn S. P. , McEntegart Margaret , Claggett Brian , Liu Jiankang , Skali Hicham , Lewis Eldrin , Køber Lars , Rouleau Jean , Velazquez Eric , Califf Rob , McMurray John J. , Pfeffer Marc , Solomon Scott
Published: February 2015

Background

We examined the association of sex with clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients following myocardial infarction (MI) in the Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial (VALIANT).

Methods and Results

A total of 4570 women and 10 133 men with heart failure (HF), left ventricular systolic dysfunction or both were enrolled 0.5–10 days after myocardial infarction (MI) and followed for a median of 24.7 months. Compared with men, women were older, had more comorbidities, and were more likely to present in Killip Class III/IV and experience post‐infarction angina or HF. After adjusting for baseline differences, both short‐term and longer‐term mortality were similar in men and women. However, women were more likely than men to experience the composite outcome of cardiovascular death, MI, HF, stroke, and resuscitation from cardiac arrest [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.15; 95% confidence interval (CI); 1.06–1.24, P = 0.001], mainly owing to an increased risk of hospitalization for HF (adjusted HR 1.36; 95% CI 1.22–1.52; P < 0.001). In a subset of patients who underwent echocardiographic study (n = 603), women had smaller left ventricular volumes indexed by body size than men but similar ejection fractions and similar changes in ventricular volumes from baseline to 1 month and 20 months.

Conclusions

In VALIANT, the risk of HF following MI was higher in women than men after adjusting for age and comorbidities, although the risk of other fatal and non‐fatal outcomes were similar. The higher long‐term risk of HF in women appears to be independent of the extent of left ventricular systolic dysfunction or remodelling compared with men.
Synthetic Strategies for Variably Substituted Ruthenium–Imidazophenanthrolinium Complexes
Authors: Petermann Lydia , Staehle Robert , Pilz T. David , Sorsche Dieter , Görls Helmar , Rau Sven
Published: February 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Sven Rau at Ulm University, Germany. The cover image shows that changing the substituents on a photocatalyst without influencing its photophysical properties is possible.
Probabilistic demand and fragility assessment of welded column splices in steel moment frames
Authors: Galasso Carmine , Stillmaker Kimberly , Eltit Christian , Kanvinde Amit
Published: February 2015

An assessment of seismic demands and capacities of welded column splice (WCS) connections in steel moment frames is presented. For demand assessment, nonlinear dynamic analyses are conducted for two case‐study buildings, that is, a 4‐story and a 20‐story moment frame. Results from the nonlinear dynamic analyses are assessed through a probabilistic seismic demand analysis (PSDA) framework to characterize recurrence rates of longitudinal flange stress in these connections. The PSDA is applied in two contexts. First, in the context of WCS connections constructed prior to the M 6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake, the PSDA is combined with sophisticated finite element‐based fracture mechanics analysis to compute the mean annual frequencies of fracture in these connections. The pre‐Northridge WCS are especially critical because they feature partial joint penetration and brittle materials that compromise their resistance to fracture. The analysis indicates that the mean annual frequencies of fracture in these connections may be unacceptably high for both the 4‐story and the 20‐story frames. This warrants a serious and urgent consideration of retrofit strategies. These findings are attributed to the brittleness of the pre‐Northridge splices (as indicated by the fracture mechanics simulations), as well as the force‐controlled nature of these components, wherein low‐intensity ground motions contribute disproportionately to fracture risk, as evidenced by fracture risk disaggregation. Second, in the context of new construction, the PSDA provides meaningful stress magnitudes for design. Currently, WCS connections employ complete joint penetration welds with the intent to develop the smaller column flange in yielding. The PSDA conducted in this study suggests that this requirement may be too stringent because stress demands in the splices corresponding even to high return periods (e.g., 2475 years) are significantly lower (~40 ksi), as compared with the stress required to yield the column (~55 ksi). Limitations of the study are outlined. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy efficient inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae via controlled hydrodynamic cavitation
Authors: Albanese Lorenzo , Ciriminna Rosaria , Meneguzzo Francesco , Pagliaro Mario
Published: February 2015

We investigate hydrodynamic cavitation to inactivate commonly employed Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains in an aqueous solution using different reactors and hydraulic circuit selected to demonstrate the process feasibility on the industrial scale. The target to achieve an useful lethality of the yeast at lower temperature when compared with standard thermal and even with other cavitation processes was achieved, with 90% yeast strains lethality at lower temperature (6.3–9.5°C), and about 20% lower energy input. A separate model simulating the combined thermal and cavitational effects on yeast lethality allows to accommodate the data into a comprehensive framework providing a tool to design further targeted experiments and to predict results when changing the process parameters.
Effect of sodium alginate coating enriched with horsemint (Mentha longifolia) essential oil on the quality of bighead carp fillets during storage at 4°C
Authors: Heydari Ramin , Bavandi Shahmir , Javadian Seyed Roholla
Published: February 2015

Effect of sodium alginate coating enriched with horsemint essential oil (HEO) on the quality of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fillets at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1°C) was studied. Bighead carp fillets were coated with neat sodium alginate (SA) and sodium alginate containing 0.5 and 1% v/v of HEO and their quality changes in terms of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N), peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and microbial counts were investigated. SA coating enriched with the essential oil could reduce the spoilage of the fillets and extend their shelf‐life. Samples treated with SA‐containing HEO showed significantly (P < 0.05) lower TVB‐N content and lipid oxidation, as reflected by lower PV, FFA and TBA values during the storage period compared with the SA and control. The treatment also reduced the degree of microbial deterioration of the fillets (about 1.5 log10 CFU/g) more efficiently than the SA.
Risk and protective factors associated with intentional self‐harm among older community‐residing home care clients in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Neufeld Eva , Hirdes John P. , Perlman Christopher M. , Rabinowitz Terry
Published: February 2015

Objective

We aim to concurrently examine risk and protective factors associated with intentional self‐harm among community‐residing older adults receiving home care services in Ontario, Canada.

Methods

Administrative health data from the home care sector were linked to hospital administrative data to carry out the analyses. Home care data are collected in Ontario using the Resident Assessment Instrument—Home Care (RAI‐HC), an assessment tool that identifies strengths, preferences and needs of long‐stay home care clients. The sample included Ontario home care clients aged 60 years or older assessed with the RAI‐HC between 2007 and 2010 (N = 222,149). Multivariable analyses were performed using SAS.

Results

Hospital records of intentional self‐harm (ISH) were present in 9.3 cases per 1000 home care clients. Risks of ISH included younger age (60–74 years; OR = 3.14, CI: 2.75–3.59), psychiatric diagnosis (OR = 2.29, CI: 2.06–2.54), alcohol use and dependence (OR = 1.69, CI: 1.34–2.14), psychotropic medication (OR = 1.94, CI: 1.75–2.15) and depressive symptoms (OR = 1.58, CI: 1.40–1.78). Protective effects were found for marital status and positive social relationships, yet these effects were more pronounced for men. Cognitive performance measures showed the odds of ISH 1.86 times higher for older adults with moderate to severe cognitive impairment.

Conclusions

This study based on provincial data points to tangible areas for preventative assessment by frontline home care professionals. Of interest were the risk and protective factors that differed by sex. As demand for home care in Canada is expected to increase, these findings may inform home care professionals' appraisal and approach to suicide prevention among community‐residing older adults. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The association between higher social support and lower depressive symptoms among aging services clients is attenuated at higher levels of functional impairment
Authors: Van Orden Kimberly A. , Li Yan , Podgorski Carol A. , Conwell Yeates
Published: February 2015

Objective

Adults seeking services from the Aging Services Provider Network (ASPN) are at risk for depression. ASPN clients also have high prevalence of both functional impairments and social morbidities. Study of the relationships between these factors may inform the development of interventions for depression in this service setting.

Methods

We interviewed 373 older adults accessing ASPN services and assessed depression symptom severity, functional impairment (instrumental activities of daily living and activities of daily living), and social support.

Results

Lower social support and greater functional impairment were associated with greater depressive symptoms. At a high level of functional impairment, the inverse associations between indices of social support and depressive symptoms were attenuated.

Conclusions

Results suggest that older adults with more severe functional impairment may benefit somewhat less from increased social support with respect to depression symptom severity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Organotin(IV) Carboxylate Based on Amide Carboxylic Acid: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterizations
Authors: Sougoule Aboubacar Sidiki , Xiao Xiao , Balde Cheick Abdoul , Sakho Adama Moussa , Zhu Dongsheng
Published: February 2015

An organotin carboxylate based on amide carboxylic acid (Ph3Sn)(L)·C7H8 (complex 1) (HL = 3‐(1,3‐dioxo‐1H,3H‐benzo[de]isoquinolin‐2‐yl)propanoic acid) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses (IR, 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR), UV–visible spectroscopies, and X‐ray crystallography diffraction analysis. Complex 1 is a monomeric triphenyltin carboxylate. Ligand HL in complex 1 adopts unidentate coordination mode. Intermolecular hydrogen bonds and CH···π interactions help complex 1 to build fascinating one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional structures, which are discussed in detail.
Ergonomists’ and Engineers’ Views on the Utility of Virtual Human Factors Tools
Authors: Perez J. , Neumann W. P.
Published: February 2015

A qualitative research study was conducted through explorative workshops to better understand the experiences, perceptions, needs, and expectations of the users and potential users of virtual human factors (VHF) tools. Five VHF tools were presented to ergonomists, engineers, and managers who participated in four whole‐day interactive workshops: HF enabled predetermined motion time systems (PMTS), discrete event simulation (DES), complex and simple digital human models (DHM), and virtual reality (VR). Data were collected by note‐takers, digital audio recording, and written feedback. Identified characteristics shared by the tools were organized into 9 categories that act as a motivational or deterring factor for the use of the tool: time, cost, training, difficulty of use, trustworthiness, graphics, flexibility, usefulness, and report presentation. Other tool specific areas of improvement were also identified by participants to help developers improve these design instruments.
Gender Diversity and Board Performance: Women's Experiences and Perspectives
Authors: Kakabadse Nada K. , Figueira Catarina , Nicolopoulou Katerina , Hong Yang Jessica , Kakabadse Andrew P. , Özbilgin Mustafa F.
Published: February 2015

Despite considerable progress that organizations have made during the past 20 years to increase the representation of women at board level, they still hold few board seats. Drawing on a qualitative study involving 30 companies with women directors in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Ghana, we investigate how the relationship between gender in the boardroom and corporate governance operates. The findings indicate that the presence of a minority of women on the board has an insignificant effect on board performance. Yet the chairperson's role is vital in leading the change for recruiting and evaluating candidates and their commitment to the board with diversity and governance in mind. Our study also sheds light on the multifaceted reasons why women directors appear to be resisting the discourse of gender quotas. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reproductive and hormone‐related risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer by histologic pathways, invasiveness and histologic subtypes: Results from the EPIC cohort
Authors: Fortner Renée T. , Ose Jennifer , Merritt Melissa A. , Schock Helena , Tjønneland Anne , Hansen Louise , Overvad Kim , Dossus Laure , Clavel‐Chapelon Françoise , Baglietto Laura , Boeing Heiner , Trichopoulou Antonia , Benetou Vassiliki , Lagiou Pagona , Agnoli Claudia , Mattiello Amalia , Masala Giovanna , Tumino Rosario , Sacerdote Carlotta , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H.B(as) , Onland‐Moret N. Charlotte , Peeters Petra H. , Weiderpass Elisabete , Torhild Gram Inger , Duell Eric J , Larrañaga Nerea , Ardanaz Eva , Sánchez María‐José , Chirlaque M‐D , Brändstedt Jenny , Idahl Annika , Lundin Eva , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Wareham Nick , Travis Ruth C. , Rinaldi Sabina , Romieu Isabelle , Gunter Marc J. , Riboli Elio , Kaaks Rudolf
Published: February 2015

Whether risk factors for epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) differ by subtype (i.e., dualistic pathway of carcinogenesis, histologic subtype) is not well understood; however, data to date suggest risk factor differences. We examined associations between reproductive and hormone‐related risk factors for EOC by subtype in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Among 334,126 women with data on reproductive and hormone‐related risk factors (follow‐up: 1992–2010), 1,245 incident cases of EOC with known histology and invasiveness were identified. Data on tumor histology, grade, and invasiveness, were available from cancer registries and pathology record review. We observed significant heterogeneity by the dualistic model (i.e., type I [low grade serous or endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, malignant Brenner] vs. type II [high grade serous or endometrioid]) for full‐term pregnancy (phet = 0.02). Full‐term pregnancy was more strongly inversely associated with type I than type II tumors (ever vs. never: type I: relative risk (RR) 0.47 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.33–0.69]; type II, RR: 0.81 [0.61–1.06]). We observed no significant differences in risk in analyses by major histologic subtypes of invasive EOC (serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell). None of the investigated factors were associated with borderline tumors. Established protective factors, including duration of oral contraceptive use and full term pregnancy, were consistently inversely associated with risk across histologic subtypes (e.g., ever full‐term pregnancy: serous, RR: 0.73 [0.58–0.92]; mucinous, RR: 0.53 [0.30–0.95]; endometrioid, RR: 0.65 [0.40–1.06]; clear cell, RR: 0.34 [0.18–0.64]; phet = 0.16). These results suggest limited heterogeneity between reproductive and hormone‐related risk factors and EOC subtypes.
LithiumOxygen Electrochemistry in Non‐Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Sharon Daniel , Hirshberg Daniel , Afri Michal , Garsuch Arnd , Frimer Aryeh A. , Aurbach Doron
Published: February 2015

Pairing lithium and oxygen in aprotic solvents can theoretically lead to one of the most promising electrochemical cells available. If successful, this system could compete with technologies such as the internal combustion engine and provide an energy density that can accommodate electric vehicle demands. However, there are many problems that have inhibited this technology from becoming realistic. One of the main reasons is capacity fading after only a few cycles, which is caused by the instability of electrolyte solutions in the presence of reduced oxygen species like O2.− and O22−. In recent years, using various analytical tools, researchers have been able to isolate the breakdown products arising from the reactions occurring between the aprotic solvent and the reduced oxygen species. Nevertheless, no solvents have yet been found that are fully stable throughout the reduction and oxidation processes. However, an understanding of these decomposition mechanisms can help us in designing new systems that are more stable toward the aggressive conditions taking place in LiO2 cell operation. This review will include analytical studies on the most widely used solvents in current LiO2 research.
Evaluation of metronidazole‐loaded poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) membranes to potential application in periodontitis treatment
Authors: da Silva Marcio A. C. , Oliveira Renata N. , Mendonça Roberta Helena , Lourenço Talita G. B. , Colombo Ana Paula V. , Tanaka Marcelo N. , Tude Elena M. O. , da Costa Marysilvia F. , Thiré Rossana Mara S. M.
Published: February 2015

Guided tissue regeneration is a technique used for periodontium reconstruction. This technique uses barrier membranes, which prevent epithelial growth in the wound site and may also be used to release antibiotics, to protect the wound against opportunistic infections. Periodontal poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) membranes containing metronidazole (a drug used to help in infection control) were produced and characterized. The kinetic mechanism of the metronidazole delivery of leached and nonleached membrane as well as its cytotoxicity and structural integrity were evaluated. Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) membranes containing 0.5–2 wt % of the drug and 20 wt % of the plasticizer were manufactured via compression molding. Based on morphological analysis, membranes loaded with 2% metronidazole were considered for detailed studies. The results revealed that metronidazole delivery by the leached membranes seemed to follow the Fick's law. Membranes were noncytotoxic. The amount of metronidazole delivered was in the range of the minimal inhibitory concentration for Porphyromonas gingivalis, and the membranes inhibited the proliferation of these bacteria. Besides, they maintained their mechanical resistance after 30 days of immersion in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 106–115, 2016.
Muscle and Bone Impairment in Children With Marfan Syndrome: Correlation With Age and FBN1 Genotype
Authors: Haine Elsa , Salles Jean-Pierre , Khau Van Kien Philippe , Conte-Auriol Françoise , Gennero Isabelle , Plancke Aurélie , Julia Sophie , Dulac Yves , Tauber Maithé , Edouard Thomas
Published: February 2015

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a rare connective tissue disorder caused by mutation in the gene encoding the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin-1 (FBN1), leading to transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling dysregulation. Although decreased axial and peripheral bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in adults with MFS, data about the evolution of bone mass during childhood and adolescence are limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate bone and muscle characteristics in children, adolescents, and young adults with MFS. The study population included 48 children and young adults (22 girls) with MFS with a median age of 11.9 years (range 5.3 to 25.2 years). The axial skeleton was analyzed at the lumbar spine using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), whereas the appendicular skeleton (hand) was evaluated using the BoneXpert system (with the calculation of the Bone Health Index). Muscle mass was measured by DXA. Compared with healthy age-matched controls, bone mass at the axial and appendicular levels and muscle mass were decreased in children with MFS and worsened from childhood to adulthood. Vitamin D deficiency (<50 nmol/L) was found in about a quarter of patients. Serum vitamin D levels were negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with lumbar spine areal and volumetric BMD. Lean body mass (LBM) Z-scores were positively associated with total body bone mineral content (TB-BMC) Z-scores, and LBM was an independent predictor of TB-BMC values, suggesting that muscle hypoplasia could explain at least in part the bone loss in MFS. Patients with a FBN1 premature termination codon mutation had a more severe musculoskeletal phenotype than patients with an inframe mutation, suggesting the involvement of TGF-β signaling dysregulation in the pathophysiologic mechanisms. In light of these results, we recommend that measurement of bone mineral status should be part of the longitudinal clinical investigation of MFS children. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A Bone Anabolic Effect of RANKL in a Murine Model of Osteoporosis Mediated Through FoxP3+ CD8 T Cells
Authors: Buchwald Zachary S , Yang Chang , Nellore Suman , Shashkova Elena V , Davis Jennifer L , Cline Anna , Ko Je , Novack Deborah V , DiPaolo Richard , Aurora Rajeev
Published: February 2015

TNF-α and IL-17 secreted by proinflammatory T cells (TEFF) promote bone erosion by activating osteoclasts. We previously demonstrated that in addition to bone resorption, osteoclasts act as antigen-presenting cells to induce FoxP3 in CD8 T cells (TcREG). The osteoclast-induced regulatory CD8 T cells limit bone resorption in ovariectomized mice (a murine model of postmenopausal osteoporosis). Here we show that although low-dose receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) maximally induces TcREG via Notch signaling pathway to limit bone resorption, high-dose RANKL promotes bone resorption. In vitro, both TNF-α and IL-17, cytokines that are abundant in ovariectomized animals, suppress TcREG induction by osteoclasts by repressing Notch ligand expression in osteoclasts, but this effect can be counteracted by addition of RANKL. Ovariectomized mice treated with low-dose RANKL induced TcREG that suppressed bone resorption, decreased TEFF levels, and increased bone formation. High-dose RANKL had the expected osteolytic effect. Low-dose RANKL administration in ovariectomized mice lacking CD8 T cells was also osteolytic, confirming that TcREG mediate this bone anabolic effect. Our results show that although RANKL directly stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone, it also controls the osteoclasts' ability to induce regulatory T cells, engaging an important negative feedback loop. In addition to the conceivable clinical relevance to treatment of osteoporosis, these observations have potential relevance to induction of tolerance and autoimmune diseases. © 2015 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effects of the contraceptive skin patch and subdermal contraceptive implant on markers of endothelial cell activation and inflammation
Authors: Hernandez‐Juarez Jesus , Sanchez‐Serrano Juan Carlos , Moreno‐Hernandez Manuel , Alvarado‐Moreno Jose Antonio , Hernandez‐Lopez Jose Rubicel , Isordia‐Salas Irma , Majluf‐Cruz Abraham
Published: February 2015

Changes in blood coagulation factors may partially explain the association between hormonal contraceptives and thrombosis. Therefore, the likely effects of the contraceptive skin patch and subdermal contraceptive implant on levels of inflammatory markers and endothelial activation were analyzed. This was an observational, prospective, longitudinal, nonrandomized study composed of 80 women between 18 and 35 years of age who made the decision to use the contraceptive skin patch or subdermal contraceptive implant. vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1), endothelial cell leukocyte adhesion molecule‐1 (ELAM‐1), von Willebrand factor (VWF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1(PAI‐1) as well as high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) were assayed before and after 4 months of use of the contraceptive method. VCAM‐1, VWF, and PAI‐1 remained unchanged in the contraceptive skin patch group; however, a significant increase in hsCRP (0.29–0.50 mg/dL; P =.012) and a significant decrease in ELAM‐1 (44–25 ng/mL; P =.022) were observed. A significant diminution in VCAM‐1 (463–362 ng/mL; P =.022) was also found in the subdermal contraceptive implant group. Our results strongly suggest that these contraceptive methods do not induce endothelial activation after 4 months of use. Increase in hsCRP levels was unrelated to changes in markers of endothelial activation.
Use of quantitative MRI for the detection of progressive cartilage degeneration in a mini‐pig model of osteoarthritis caused by anterior cruciate ligament transection
Authors: Wei Bo , Zong Min , Yan Chao , Mao Fengyong , Guo Yang , Yao Qingqiang , Xu Yan , Wang Liming
Published: February 2015

Background

To investigate the progression of cartilage degeneration using delayed gadolinium‐enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and T2 mapping in a mini‐pig model of osteoarthritis (OA) caused by anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT).

Methods

Twelve mini‐pigs underwent ACLT in the left knee and were monitored by dGEMRIC (T1, gadolinium [Gd]) and T2 mapping after 2, 4, or 6 weeks (n = 4 each). No ACLT surgery was performed in four healthy control mini‐pigs, which were also monitored by dGEMRIC and T2 mapping. Cartilage samples from the weight‐bearing regions of the left medial femoral condyles were collected for macroscopic, histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical analysis. Correlations between biochemical contents and T1,Gd and T2 values were evaluated using Pearson correlation analysis.

Results

T1,Gd values were gradually reduced and T2 values increased over time. Cartilage surfaces showed roughness at 4 weeks and additional defects at 6 weeks. Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) distribution and content gradually reduced over time (P < 0.05), and collagen distribution and anisotropy were obviously changed at 6 weeks. However, collagen content did not differ significantly among postoperative timepoints. GAG content was positively related to T1,Gd values (r = 0.888; P < 0.001) and negatively related to T2 values (r = −0.865; P < 0.001). Collagen content had no discernible correlation with T1,Gd or T2 values.

Conclusion

dGEMRIC and T2 mapping can monitor the progression of cartilage degeneration in a mini‐pig model of ACLT‐induced OA, permitting early detection of OA. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:1032–1038.
Kinetic and thermodynamic characterization of a halotolerant β‐galactosidase produced by halotolerant Aspergillus tubingensis GR1
Authors: Raol Gopalkumar G. , Raol B.V. , Prajapati Vimal S. , Patel Kamlesh C.
Published: February 2015

β‐Galactosidase from halotolerant Aspergillus tubingensis GR1 was purified by two‐step purification process comprising ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The recovery of β‐galactosidase after SEC was found to be 1.40% with 58.55‐fold increase in specific activity. The molecular weight of β‐galactosidase protein was found to be 93 kDa by SDS–PAGE. Activation energy for O‐nitrophenol β‐D‐galactopyranoside (ONPG) hydrolysis was 32.88 kJ mol−1, while temperature quotient (Q10) was found to be 1.375. The enzyme was found to be stable over wide pH range and thermally stable at 60–65°C up to 60 min of incubation while exhibited maximum activity at 65°C with pH 3.0. Vmax, Km, and Kcat for ONPG were found to be 2000 U ml−1, 8.33 mM (ONPG), and 101454 s−1, respectively. Activation energy for irreversible inactivation Ea(d) of β‐galactosidase was 100.017 kJ mol−1. Thermodynamic parameters of irreversible inactivation of β‐galactosidase and ONPG hydrolysis were also determined. However, β‐galactosidase enzyme activity was activated significantly in the presence of 15% NaCl and hence shows activity up to 30% NaCl concentration.
Ensemble homogenization of Slovenian monthly air temperature series
Authors: Vertačnik Gregor , Dolinar Mojca , Bertalanič Renato , Klančar Matija , Dvoršek Damjan , Nadbath Mateja
Published: February 2015

This paper presents an attempt to obtain high‐quality data series of monthly air temperature for Slovenian stations network in the period from 1961 to 2011. Intensive quality control procedure was applied to mean, maximum and minimum air temperature datasets from the Slovenian Environment Agency. Recently developed semi‐automatic homogenization tool HOMER (HOMogenisation softwarE in R) was used to homogenize the selected high‐quality datasets. To estimate the reliability of homogenized datasets, three to six experts independently homogenized the same datasets or their subsets. Different homogenization parameter settings were used by each of the experts, thus comprising ensemble homogenization experiment. Resulting datasets were compared by break statistics, root‐mean‐squared‐difference (RMSD) of monthly and annual values, and RMSD of the long‐term trend. This semi‐automatic homogenization approach based on metadata gave more reliable homogenization results than a fully automatic approach without metadata. While the network‐wide linear trend of the dataset did not change after semi‐automatic homogenization was applied, the distribution of the trends of individual stations became spatially more uniform. The arithmetic mean of the homogenized datasets of three experts was assigned as a reference homogenized dataset and it was compared with some publicly available homogenized datasets. The calculated linear trend on an annual level for Slovenia is strongly positive in all datasets, though the trend values are significantly different between the datasets. We conclude that the warming trend of near‐surface air temperature in Slovenia in 1961–2011 is significant and unequivocal in all seasons, except for autumn. Mean, maximum and minimum temperature series indicate linear trend of around 0.3–0.4 °C decade–1 on an annual level.
The time factor in the LDI (Laser Doppler Imaging) diagnosis of burns
Authors: Štětinský Jiří , Klosová Hana , Kolářová Hana , Šalounová Dana , Bryjová Iveta , Hledík Stanislav
Published: February 2015

Background and Objective

The not quite rare occurrence of inaccurate clinical diagnoses of burns in early post‐burn days leads to an inappropriate conservative treatment strategy, or unnecessary surgery. LDI (Laser Doppler Imaging) objectively evaluates skin blood circulation, which correlates with the depth of the burn and the length of healing. The aim of this work was to suggest cutoff values for detecting burns without healing potential within 3 weeks, which should have undergone surgery.

Method

The burned area's average blood perfusion of 148 burns was measured on 115 patients, using the Laser Doppler Imager PIM III. A total of 268 measurements were performed from the one to the ninth post‐burn day (PBD). The perfusion values were compared to the healing time or histology in the case of the surgical treatment. Cutoff values indicating surgery were investigated in various post‐burn days; the ROC analysis was used.

Results

This work suggest statistically significant increasing cutoff values for indication to surgery (P = 0.05). From the third to the fifth day 148.5 perfusion units (PU), from the sixth to the seventh day 186.0 PU, from the eighth to the ninth PBD 269.5 PU. The cutoff value is not possible to establish until the second day.

Conclusion

LDI is a useful method for wound healing prediction and an indication of the necessity of surgery. We have demonstrated that the diagnosis of the healing capacity of LDI needs to take into account the factor of time. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:196–202, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficacy and safety of laser therapy on axillary hyperhidrosis after one year follow‐up: A randomized blinded controlled trial
Authors: Leclère Franck Marie , Moreno‐Moraga Javier , Alcolea Justo M. , Vogt Peter M. , Royo Josefina , Cornejo Paloma , Casoli Vincent , Mordon Serge , Trelles Mario A.
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Hyperhidrosis is a debilitating problem that is not only uncomfortable and inconvenient, but also embarrassing in work and social situations. In spite of the availability of several options for the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis, recently, there has been an increasing interest in the use of laser therapy. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a laser diode device emitting at wavelengths of 924 and 975 nm and classical curettage either alone, simultaneously or in combination.

Material and methods

A randomized prospective controlled trial was carried out on 100 patients divided into four groups, each with a different protocol: Laser alone at 975 nm (group 1), laser alone at 924/975 nm simultaneously (group 2), curettage alone (group 3), and finally laser at 924/975 nm followed by curettage (group 4). HDSS, starch test and GAIS were used to assess treatment efficacy. The follow‐up extended to one year. Statistical analysis (SPSS) was used to determine the accuracy of the results.

Result

Two patients of group 1 experienced burns during treatment, which took over a month to heal. This group of patients achieved the worst results: The starch test scale results after treatment were 2.48 ± 0.51 and 2.76 ± 0.44 (at 1 and 12 months). The GAIS results were 1.04 ± 0.35 and 0.92 ± 0.28 (1 and 12 months). In group 2 the starch test scale results after treatment were 1.36 ± 0.49 and 1.48 ± 0.51 (at 1 and 12 months). The GAIS results were 2.36 ± 0.49 and 2.72 ± 0.46 (at 1 and 12 months). In group 3, the starch test scale results after treatment were 1.56 ± 0.51 and 1.76 ± 0.60 (at 1 and 12 months), which corresponds to small to substantially smaller dark areas. The GAIS results were 2.28 ± 0.46 and 2.64 ± 0.49 (at 1 and 12 months). The best results were obtained in group 4: HDSS scores were reduced from 3.88 ± 0.33 before treatment to 1.24 ± 0.44 and 0.48 ± 0.51 at the 1 and 12 months controls. The starch test scale results after treatment were 0.40 ± 0.50 and 0.44 ± 0.51 (at 1 and 12 months). The GAIS results were 3.72 ± 0.54 and 3.76 ± 0.44 (at 1 and 12 months).

Conclusion

In this study, the laser at 924/975 nm combined with curettage was determined to be the optimal treatment option of those tested for axillary hyperhidrosis. This treatment was safe, with few side effects and improvement that persisted to one year follow‐up. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:173–179, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Installation of Zwitterionic α‐Amino Phosphonic Acid Moieties on Surfaces via a Kabachnik‐Fields Post‐Polymerization Modification
Authors: Wagner Natalie , Schneider Lilli , Michelswirth Martin , Küpper Karsten , Theato Patrick
Published: February 2015

An organic–inorganic hybrid polymer, composed of poly(methylsilsesquioxane) (PMSSQ) and poly(4‐vinyl benzaldehyde) (PStCHO), is prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of 4‐vinyl benzaldehyde (StCHO) using a macro‐chain transfer agent (CTA) based on PMSSQ. The obtained PMSSQ–PStCHO is spin‐coated on substrates such as silicon wafers or copper plates to afford aldehyde‐functionalized surfaces. Successful Kabachnik‐Fields post‐polymerization modification (KF‐PMR) of the aldehyde‐functionalized surfaces is conducted with amines and dialkyl phosphonates, and characterized by surface analysis techniques including IR, energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements, documenting the installation of α‐amino phosphonates onto surfaces with practically quantitative conversion of aldehydes. In addition, the generated α‐amino phosphonates are successfully deprotected to afford the corresponding α‐amino phosphonic acids on surfaces, which make this route a reliable tool‐enabling surface functionalization with α‐amino phosphonic acids.

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Towards Hydrogen Evolution Initiated by LED Light: 2‐(1H‐1,2,3‐Triazol‐4‐yl)pyridine‐Containing Polymers as Photocatalyst
Authors: Happ Bobby , Kübel Joachim , Pfeffer Michael G. , Winter Andreas , Hager Martin D. , Dietzek Benjamin , Rau Sven , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: February 2015

Two‐ and three‐component polymethacrylates, featuring a 2‐(1‐substituted‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridine‐based metal complex as photosensitizer, a viologen‐type electron mediator, and a triethylene glycol methyl ether as solubilizing part are synthesized by statistical reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization allowing the construction of well‐defined copolymers. Thereby, heteroleptic ruthenium(II) and iridium(III) complexes serve as charged photosensitizers. In hydrogen evolution experiments, as proof‐of‐concept, triethylamine is utilized as a sacrificial donor and colloidal platinum as hydrogen evolving catalyst. The macromolecules bearing heteroleptic iridium(III) complexes of the general formula [Ir(ppy)2(trzpy)]PF6 (ppy: 2‐phenylpyridine; trzpy: 2‐(1‐substituted‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)pyridine) and [Ir(btac)2(trzpy)]PF6 (btac: 3‐(2‐benzothiazolyl)‐7‐(diethylamino)coumarin) are photocatalytically active producing molecular hydrogen in water upon illumination at 470 nm. By changing the cyclometalating ligand from ppy to btac, the photocatalytic performance of the copolymer as reflected in the turnover number increases by two orders of magnitude.

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Citrus nobiletin ameliorates experimental colitis by reducing inflammation and restoring impaired intestinal barrier function
Authors: Xiong Yongjian , Chen Dapeng , Yu Changchun , Lv Bochao , Peng Jinyong , Wang Jingyu , Lin Yuan
Published: February 2015

Scope

Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract. Citrus nobiletin can exert robust anti‐inflammatory effects in vivo and in vitro. We evaluated the impact of nobiletin on the excessive inflammatory response and impaired barrier function in a rodent colitis model.

Methods and results

Colitis was established by infusion with 1 mL 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) dissolved in ethanol (40% v/v) in rats at a 125 mg/kg dose. Caco‐2 cell monolayer exposed to LPSs is used as a culture model for intestinal permeability measurements. Nobiletin decreased rat epithelial proinflammatory cytokines and mediators production. Nobiletin restored impaired barrier function in colitic rats and Caco‐2 monolayer. Nobiletin decreased protein expressions of Akt, nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) isolated from rat intestinal epithelial tissue and Caco‐2 cell, respectively. PI3K inhibitor or siRNA targeting of either Akt or NF‐κB mitigated the impact of nobiletin on MLCK expression and barrier function in Caco‐2 monolayer, respectively.

Conclusion

Nobiletin exerted anti‐inflammatory effects in TNBS‐induced colitis through the downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) expression. Nobiletin restored barrier function, which had been damaged after TNBS administration, through the inhibition of the Akt–NF‐κB–MLCK pathway.
Viscoelastic stress relaxation in the hamstrings before and after a 10‐week stretching program
Authors: Peixoto Gustavo H. , Andrade Andre G. , Menzel Hans J.K. , Araújo Silvia R.S. , Pertence Antônio E.M. , Chagas Mauro H.
Published: February 2015

Introduction

We investigated the viscoelastic stress relaxation response before and after a 10‐week hamstrings static stretch program. Methods: The maximal range of motion (ROMmax) and maximal torque (Torquemax) were assessed before and after a 10‐week stretching program. Six 30‐s static stretches at a predetermined torque were performed, and the relative change in stress relaxation was examined. Results: ROMmax and Torquemax increased by 53% and 82%, respectively (P < 0.001). The relative stress relaxation (RSR) decreased significantly for repetition 1 when comparing the pretest (25%) and posttest (21%) values (P = 0.003). A significant decrease was also observed for repetitions 2 and 3 (P < 0.014), with no significant difference in repetitions 4–6 (P > 0.056). Conclusions: Individuals who participated in a 10‐week hamstrings passive–static stretch program had a reduced RSR response. A higher stretch intensity or longer duration may be necessary to achieve RSRs similar to those reported before the stretch program. Muscle Nerve, 2015 Muscle Nerve 51:761–764, 2015
Increased fascial thickness of the deltoid muscle in dermatomyositis and polymyositis: An ultrasound study
Authors: Bhansing Kavish J. , Van Rosmalen Marieke H. , Van Engelen Baziel G. , Vonk Madelon C. , Van Riel Piet L. , Pillen Sigrid
Published: February 2015

Introduction: We investigated the use of ultrasound to detect fascial thickening of the deltoid, vastus lateralis (VL), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles in dermatomyositis (DM) and polymyositis (PM). Methods: Fascial thickness of 7 DM and 5 PM patients was compared with that of healthy controls (n = 54). Results: The deltoid fascial thickness was 2‐fold greater in the DM/PM group (1.15 mm vs. 0.54 mm; P < 0.001) compared with healthy controls. Eight patients had markedly thickened deltoid fascia (>5 SD). Only 1 patient with a mild clinical presentation had normal deltoid fascial thickness. Four patients also had fascial thickening of the VL and/or RF. Conclusions: Deltoid fascial thickness was increased significantly in DM and PM patients, whereas the quadriceps muscle only showed thickened fascia in severely affected patients. This study suggests that a concomitant fasciitis may be present more often than previously believed. Muscle Nerve, 2015 Muscle Nerve 52: 534–539, 2015
Single‐source multibattery solar charger: case study and implementation issues
Authors: Gadelovits Shlomo , Sitbon Moshe , Suntio Teuvo , Kuperman Alon
Published: February 2015

In this paper, design process and functionality of a portable single‐panel dual‐battery solar charger prototype are presented, achieving energy density of 571 W h kg−1 during a typical 3‐day infantry mission. The device may instantaneously charge up to two Li‐ion MR‐2791 batteries, supporting plug‐and‐play operation. The system consists of a lightweight custom solar panel, based on 20% efficient monocrystalline photovoltaics, and an intelligent power processing module. The panel contains eight transparent polymer‐encapsulated and camouflaged series‐connected six solar cell packs with antiparallel diodes, allowing partial shading operation. The power processing module consists of two synchronous current‐mode‐controlled buck converters, digital signal processor, and a microcontroller, supporting both maximum power point tracking of the solar panel with partial shading detection and multimode charging of Li‐ion packs while instantaneously communicating with the batteries. Power management algorithmic design is presented, based on ensuring system stability while supporting the required operation modes. System implementation stages and underlying issues are thoroughly discussed, and utilized hardware components are presented in detail. Experimental results of system testing under real outdoor conditions are presented to demonstrate the device functionality and energy yield capabilities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.