bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Determinants of Cryptosporidium Infection in an Underdeveloped Rural Region of Southwestern China
Authors: Yang Ya , Zhou Yibiao , Cheng Wanting , Pan Xiang , Xiao Penglei , Shi Yan , Gao Jianchuan , Song Xiuxia , Chen Yue , Jiang Qingwu
Published: January 2017

Few studies have focused on the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium in resource-challenged settings in China. We report a community-based cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection and its risk factors and associations with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection was 12.6% (95% confidence interval = 11.0–14.3). Individuals living in households with ≥ 5 family members and raising domestic pigs tended to have a greater risk of Cryptosporidium infection. In addition, Cryptosporidium infection was significantly associated with HBV infection. There were no significant associations of Cryptosporidium infection with HIV viral load and HBV viral load. Further studies are needed to determine the association of Cryptosporidium infection with HBV infection.
A systems dynamics approach to the efficacy of oxime therapy for mild exposure to sarin gas
Authors: Droste, MS Daniel J. , Shelley, PhD Michael L. , Gearhart, PhD Jeffery M. , Kempisty, PhD David M.
Published: January 2017

The use of nerve agents such as sarin is as much a threat today as any other time in our history. The events in Syria in 2013 are proof of this. “The Obama administration asserted Sunday for the first time that the Syrian government used the nerve gas sarin to kill more than 1,400 people (August 21, 2013) in the world's gravest chemical weapons attack in 25 years.” With these recent events clear in our mind, we must focus on the horrific nature of these chemical agents to devise a strategy that will enable first responders to counteract these insidious chemicals. This paper presents research on a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to determine whether the current treatment protocol prescribed by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) and the US Army is effective in treating victims suffering from acute exposure symptoms. The model was used to determine what treatment should be used for victims suffering from mild exposure symptoms. The results indicate that the current CDC and US Army treatment is effective, but treatment with oxime therapy was not effective in alleviating symptoms of mild exposure. By applying these results, an effective treatment protocol was developed.
Retrieval of nitric oxide in the mesosphere from SCIAMACHY nominal limb spectra
Authors: Bender Stefan , Sinnhuber Miriam , Langowski Martin , Burrows John P.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. We present a retrieval algorithm for nitric oxide (NO) number densities from measurements from the SCanning Imaging Absorption spectroMeter for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY, on Envisat) nominal limb mode (0–91 km). The NO number densities are derived from atmospheric emissions in the gamma bands in the range 230–300 nm, measured by the SCIAMACHY ultra-violet (UV) channel 1. The retrieval is adapted from the mesosphere and lower thermosphere mode (MLT, 50–150 km) NO retrieval (Bender et al., 2013), including the same 3-D ray tracing, 2-D retrieval grid, and regularisations with respect to altitude and latitude.Since the nominal mode limb scans extend only to about 91 km, we use NO densities in the lower thermosphere (above 92 km), derived from empirical models, as a priori input. The priors are the Nitric Oxide Empirical Model (NOEM; Marsh et al., 2004) and a regression model derived from the MLT NO data comparison (Bender et al., 2015). Our algorithm yields plausible NO number densities from 60 to 85 km from the SCIAMACHY nominal limb mode scans. Using a priori input substantially reduces the incorrect attribution of NO from the lower thermosphere, where no direct limb measurements are available. The vertical resolution lies between 5 and 10 km in the altitude range 65–80 km.Analysing all SCIAMACHY nominal limb scans provides almost 10 years (from August 2002 to April 2012) of daily NO measurements in this altitude range. This provides a unique data record of NO in the upper atmosphere and is invaluable for constraining NO in the mesosphere, in particular for testing and validating chemistry climate models during this period.
Dry particle generation with a 3D printed fluidized bed generator
Authors: Roesch Michael , Roesch Carolin , Cziczo Daniel J.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Here we describe the design and testing of a compact fluidized bed aerosol generator named PRIZE (PRinted fluidIZed bed gEnerator) manufactured using stereolithography (SLA) printing. Dispersing small quantities of powdered materials – due either to rarity or expense – is challenging due to a lack of small, low-cost dry aerosol generators. With this as motivation, we designed and built a generator that uses a mineral dust or other dry powder sample mixed with bronze beads that sit atop a porous screen. A particle free airflow is introduced, dispersing the sample as airborne particles. Particle number concentration and size distributions were measured during different stages of the assembling process to show that the SLA 3D printed generator did not generate particles until the mineral dust sample was introduced. Time-series measurements with Arizona Test Dust (ATD) showed stable total particle number concentrations of 10–150 cm−3, depending on the sample mass, from the sub- to super-micrometer size range. PRIZE is simple to assemble, easy to clean, inexpensive and deployable for laboratory and field studies that require dry particle generation.
Use of a Heated Graphite Scrubber as a Means of Reducing Interferences in UV-Absorbance Measurements of Atmospheric Ozone
Authors: Turnipseed Andrew A. , Andersen Peter C. , Williford Craig J. , Ennis Christine A. , Birks John W.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. A new solid-phase scrubber for use in conventional ozone photometers was investigated as a means of reducing interferences from other UV-absorbing species and water vapor. It was found that when heated to 100–130 °C, a tubular graphite scrubber efficiently removed up to 500 ppb ozone and ozone monitors using the heated graphite scrubber were found to be less susceptible to interferences from water vapor, mercury vapor, and aromatic volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs) compared to conventional metal oxide scrubbers. Ambient measurements from a graphite scrubber-equipped photometer and a co-located Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) ozone analyzer showed excellent agreement over 38 days of measurements and indicated no loss in the scrubber’s ability to remove ozone when operated at 130 °C. The use of a heated graphite scrubber was found to reduce the interference from mercury vapor to ≤ 3 % of that obtained using a packed-bed Hopcalite scrubber. For a series of substituted aromatic compounds (ranging in volatility and absorption cross section at 253.7 nm), the graphite scrubber was observed to consistently exhibit reduced levels of interference, typically by factors of 2.5 to 20 less than with Hopcalite. Conventional solid-phase scrubbers also exhibited complex VOC adsorption and desorption characteristics that were dependent upon the relative humidity (RH), volatility of the VOC, and the available surface area of the scrubber. This complex behavior involving humidity is avoided by use of a heated graphite scrubber. These results suggest that heated graphite scrubbers could be substituted in most ozone photometers as a means of reducing interferences from other UV-absorbing species found in the atmosphere. This could be particularly important in ozone monitoring for compliance with the U.S. Clean Air Act or for use in monitoring indoor air quality.
Syn-thrusting, near-surface flexural-slipping and stress deflection along folded sedimentary layers of the Sant Corneli-Bóixols Anticline (Pyrenees, Spain)
Authors: Tavani Stefano , Granado Pablo , Arbués Pau , Corradetti Amerigo , Muñoz Josep A.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. In the Spanish Pyrenees the Sant Corneli-Bóixols thrust-related anticline displays an outstandingly preserved growth strata sequence. These strata lie on top of a major unconformity exposed at the anticline’s forelimb that divides and decouples a lower pre-folding unit from an upper syn-folding one. The former consists of steeply-dipping to overturned strata with widespread bedding-parallel shears indicative of folding by flexural-slip, whereas the syn-folding strata above define a 200-m amplitude S-shaped fold. In the inner and outer sectors of the forelimb, both pre- and syn-folding strata are near-vertical to overturned and the unconformity angle ranges from 10° to 30º. In the central portion of the forelimb, syn-folding layers are shallowly-dipping, whereas the angular unconformity is about 90° and the unconformity surface displays strong S-C shear structures, which provide a top-to-the foreland shear sense. This sheared unconformity is offset by steeply-dipping faults which are at low angles to the underlying layers of the pre-folding unit. Strong shearing along the unconformity surface also occurred in the inner sector of the forelimb with S-C structures providing an opposite, top-to-the hinterland, shear sense. Cross-cutting relationships and shear senses along the pre-folding bedding surfaces and the unconformity indicate that regardless of its orientation, layering in the pre- and syn-folding sequences of the Sant Corneli-Bóixols anticline was continuously sheared. This shearing promoted an intense stress deflection, with the maximum component of the stress tensor remaining at low angles to beds during most of the folding process.
Comparison of CryoSat-2 and ENVISAT freeboard height over
Arctic sea ice: Toward an improved Envisat freeboard height
retrieval
Authors: Guerreiro Kevin , Fleury Sara , Zakharova Elena , Kouraev Alexei , Rémy Frédérique , Maisongrande Philippe
Published: January 2017

Abstract. During the past decade, sea ice freeboard height has been monitored with various satellite altimetric missions with the aim of producing long-term time series of ice thickness. To achieve this goal, it is essential to analyze potential inter-mission biases and to produce freeboard height datasets as free of instrumental error as possible. In the present study, we compare Envisat and CryoSat-2 freeboard height during the common flight period (2010–2012). Our results show that Envisat freeboard height is always thinner (−14 cm in average) when compared to CryoSat-2 (3 cm in average). In addition, Envisat freeboard height displays an unrealistive negative growth from November to April (−2.4 to −3.7 cm) while CryoSat-2 dispalys a positive and coherent winter growth (2.4 to 2.7 cm). The discrepancy between the two datasets is found to be related to a dissimilar impact of ice roughness and snow volume scattering on SAR (CryoSat-2) and pulse-limited (Envisat) altimetry. Following this result, we show that the freeboard height difference between the two datasets can be expressed as a function of the waveform pulse-peakiness. Based on the relation between the Envisat pulse-peakiness and the freeboard height difference, we produce a monthly CryoSat-2-like version of Envisat freeboard height that reduces the average RMSD with CryoSat-2 from ~ 16 cm to ~ 2 cm and improves the freeboard height growth cycle (2–3 cm). The comparison of the altimetric datasets with in situ ice draft measurements during the common flight period shows that the corrected Envisat dataset (RMSE = 16–29 cm) is as accurate as CryoSat-2 (RMSE = 13–25 cm) and highly more accurate than the uncorrected Envisat dataset (RMSE = 108–132 cm). The comparison of the improved Envisat freeboard height dataset is then extended to the rest of the Envisat mission to demonstrate the validity of the improved Envisat dataset out of the calibration period. As a result, we find a good agreement between the Envisat and the in situ ice draft datasets (RMSE = 14–30 cm), which demonstrates the potential of the pulse-peakiness-correction to produce accurate freeboard height estimates over the entire Envisat mission. Finally, we show the averaged-circumpolar ice thickness variations from 2002 to 2015 by combining CryoSat-2 and Envisat datasets.
Nonfunctioning Adrenal Pheochromocytoma Incidentally Discovered Associated with Renal Oncocytoma
Authors: Petramala Luigi , Galassi Matteo , D'Ermo Giuseppe , Olmati Federica , Alfieri Nikita , Tonnarini Gianfranco , Ciardi Antonio , Iannucci Gino , De Toma Giorgio , Letizia Claudio
Published: January 2017

Pheochromocytoma (PHEO), a rare catecholamine-producing tumor, is a disease entity with variable clinical manifestations. The classic triad of symptoms are palpitations, headaches, and diaphoresis, but the signs and symptoms are wide ranging and mainly reflect the hemodynamic and metabolic actions of the catecholamines produced and secreted by the tumor. We describe the rare case of a patient affected by nonfunctioning and asymptomatic PHEO associated with the incidental discovery of renal oncocytoma, and review the literature.
Intravascular disseminated coagulopathy as a debut of metastatic prostate cancer: A case report
Authors: Olarte Paula Espinosa , Muñoz Unceta Nerea Inés , Kopp Ray Manneh , Olmedo Jesús González , Gauna Daniel Castellano , Paz-Ares Luis
Published: January 2017

Hormonal therapy has been the treatment axis of metastatic prostate cancer since 1940. Identifying rare forms of debut is important in order to initiate the best treatment as soon as possible. Intravascular disseminated coagulopathy (DIC) related to prostate cancer is mostly presented as chronic forms. Acute forms can also be the way of presentation, recognizing them is crucial due to its life threatening nature. Here, we present a case of debut of metastatic prostate cancer as an acute DIC. Reporting this case is important because of the unfrequently presentation and to consider combined chemohormonal therapy since the diagnosis.
Current Trends in Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Surgery Among Newly Trained Orthopaedic Surgeons
Authors: Degen Ryan M. , Camp Christopher L. , Bernard Johnathan A. , Dines David M. , Altchek David W. , Dines Joshua S.
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

Ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstructions are being performed with an increasing annual incidence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate trends in UCL surgery among recently trained orthopaedic surgeons.

Methods:

The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgeons (ABOS) database was used to identify all UCL reconstructions from 2004 to 2013. Procedures were identified by Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes and verified byInternational Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision(ICD-9) codes. Data on surgeon fellowship, practice location, concomitant surgical procedures, and complications were collected.

Results:

One hundred sixty-four UCL reconstructions were performed by 133 ABOS Part II candidates. The annual incidence increased from 1.52 to 3.46 cases per 10,000 (P= 0.042). Reconstructions were most commonly performed by surgeons with fellowship training in sports medicine (65.9%), hand and upper extremity (18.9%), and shoulder and elbow (9.1%). Most reconstructions were performed in isolation (57.3%), or with ulnar nerve transposition (32.9%) or elbow arthroscopy (9.8%). Concomitant elbow arthroscopy rates decreased significantly (P= 0.022). Complications occurred in 9.8% of cases, although the rates did not significantly change (P= 0.466).

Conclusions:

UCL reconstructions are being performed with increasing frequency. Concomitant procedure rates remained the same, although arthroscopy was less commonly performed. Complication rates did not change considerably over the observed period. Further study of the surgical trends and associated long-term outcomes is warranted.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV
Application of Case-Task Based Approach in Business English Teaching—A Case Study of the Marketing Course in SEIB of GDUFS
Authors: Guiyu Dai , Yi Cai
Published: January 2017

Business English Teaching aims at cultivating students’ ability to analyze and solve problems, improving students’ comprehensive language competence and honing their business practical skills. Adhering to the principle of learning by doing and learning by teaching others, Case-Task Based Approach emphasizes students’ ability of language use in authentic situation as well as their competence of taking part in social practices, which, to a large extent, corresponds to the objectives of Business English Teaching. Based on a diachronic combing of research ideas of Case-Task Based Approach, this writing analyzes the marketing course offered in School of English for International Business of Guangdong University of Foreign Studies through Case-Task Based Approach, expounds the implementation process of this approach and investigates into its strengths and weaknesses. Finally this writing will have a tentative exploration on how to improve the approach in practice so as to enhance the understanding of its application in Business English Teaching.
Investigation of Primary School Teachers’ Perception of Discipline Types They Use for Classroom Management
Authors: Bayraktar Hatice Vatansever , Dogan M. Cihangir
Published: January 2017

The objective of this study is to examine the primary school teachers’ the perceptions of discipline types they use for classroom management; and also to find out if there is a statistically significant difference between the perceptions of discipline types used in classroom management according to the demographic characteristics of primary school teachers.The research is prepared in accordance with the survey model. Population consists of primary school teachers working in İstanbul province in 2015-2016 academic years. As for the sample, it consists of 275 primary school teachers working in Bağcılar, Bahçelievler, Başakşehir, Gaziosmanpaşa and Küçükçekmece districts in İstanbul province in 2015-2016 academic years. Data were collected through “personal information form” and “discipline types that teacher use for classroom management scale”. Data were analyzed with SPSS and frequency, percentage, t-test, Mann Whitney-U Test, Kruskal Wallis-H Test were used.As a result of the study, it was found out that the total perception of primary school teachers regarding the sub-dimensions of the types of discipline they use in classroom management, and their perception of the sub-dimensions of preventive discipline, supportive discipline and corrective discipline are at the level of “totally agree (always)”. In general, teachers use all three types of discipline in classroom management. It was seen that primary school teachers prefer most the preventive discipline approach in classroom management, which is followed by the supportive discipline approach. The types of discipline used by primary school teachers in classroom management do not vary significantly by the variables of gender, age, education status and professional seniority. The perceptions of the primary school teachers working at private schools of preventive discipline are higher than those of the primary school teachers working at a state school. Widowed teachers prefer the preventive discipline and corrective discipline practices more than single, married and divorced teachers. Teachers who worked at their school for 16-20 years prefer supportive discipline practices more than teachers who worked at their school for 1-3 years, 4-7 years, 8-10 years and 11-15 years. Teachers who worked at their school for 16-20 years prefer corrective discipline practices more than the teachers who worked at their school for 1-3 years, 4-7 years, and 8-10 years. Furthermore, teachers who worked at their school for 11-15 years prefer corrective discipline practices more than the teachers who worked at their school for 1-3 years.
Research on New Energy and Traditional Energy Based on SPSS
Authors: Liu Yue , Wu Jingqiu
Published: January 2017

In China, the main profit of the energy industry is traditional energy sources, the proportion of traditional energy companies take on a high number. However, China has been putting forward green economy, with strongly support of national policy, the new energy enterprises emerge in an endlessly stream, the businesses involved in new energy economy profit a lot and that everyone is better off, which leads to a relatively strong upward tendency for new energy stocks. Therefore, based on such a fierce competition in the energy industry, it is necessary to know if the relevance of the new energy stock and traditional energy stock is positive or negative. This thesis is based on a combination of correlation analysis and regression analysis, analyze the correlation of new energy stock and traditional energy stock, and the sub-sectors of new energy, do research on stock investment strategy through the analysis of convergence. We firstly use SPSS to carry out correlation analysis on stock price, quantitatively illustrate the relationship between the two kinds of stocks, and then calculate the correlation coefficient, determine its correlation strength, at last linear regression analysis by SPSS, and summarize a functional relationship for the stock.
The Impact of Foreign Investor Trading Activity on Vietnamese Stock Market
Authors: Nguyen Tri Minh
Published: January 2017

The empirical research examines the impact of net purchase of foreign investors on performance of stock market and market liquidity. In this study, market performance is proxied by VN-index, which measures growth of equity market and market liquidity is estimated by the trading volume of whole market. The data is collected in Vietnamese Stock Exchange in the period of 1215 intraday from 2011 to 2014. By using ARCH model, main findings of this research are: first, there is positive relationship between market performance and net purchase; second, performance of stock market is influence by lag factor and third, liquidity of market is affected negatively by trading activity of foreign investors.
Exploring the Effect of Consumers’ Food-Related Decision Making Styles on National Brand vs. Store Brand Choice
Authors: Kulter Demirgunes Banu , Ozsacmaci Bulent
Published: January 2017

It is important for marketers to understand individuals’ buying decisions in a competitive environment. The concept of decision making style is one of the key determinants of consumers’ behavioral patterns. This study aims to explore the effects of consumers’ decision making styles on buying national and store brand food products. To examine consumer decision making styles, Sproles & Kendall’s (1986) The Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) is adopted for the study. The framework of the study is based on eight consumer decision making styles, expected to shape consumers’ national and store brand choices on food products. The empirical analysis is based on data obtained from consumers living in Kırşehir, a city in Turkey. Questionnaires are handed over to customers of retail stores both selling national and their own brands. The sample consists of 400 customers. The data is gathered by using convenience sampling and face-to-face survey methods. Multiple regression analysis is used to test some hypotheses of the research and to compare consumers’ national and store brand choices in the context of their decision-making styles. Besides, independent samples t-test and one way ANOVA are also used to see whether national and store brand choices significantly differs in demographic characteristics. The results of the study reveal that lower price seeking, habituation/brand loyalty, recreation consciousness and impulsiveness/carelessness have significant effects on the choice of store brand food product, whereas novelty/fashion consciousness, confused by over choice and value seeking have statistically significant effects on consumers’ choices of national brand food products. Lower price seeking is found to have the strongest effect on consumers’ store brand choices, whereas novelty fashion consciousness has the strongest effect on national brand food product choice. Besides, both store and national brand food product choices differ according to gender and income level.
Use and Appropriation of Virtual Social Networks: Mexico and Spain, a Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Madrigal Moreno Salvador , Gil Lafuente Jaime , Alfaro Calderón Gerardo Gabriel , Madrigal Moreno Flor
Published: January 2017

Virtual social networks (VSN) represent a phenomenon that continues reconfiguring the social dynamics. They have gone from the embryonic stage to a stage of maturity where it is observed that the context uses and appropriates those considered useful, giving them the use that seems to fit. Thus, Mexico and Spain contexts have specific characteristics and conditions. The aim of this study is to describe the access and appropriations of VSN, both in Mexico and in Spain and to show the challenges they face. The structure of this research is primarily an introduction to explain social networks as a current media phenomenon to later compare how each context has accessed, used and fitted these social networks into their own contexts. Finally, it will be discussed how Spain and Mexico face their challenges and last how each country treat the social media either as a threat or as an opportunity.
Analysis of Component of Aggression in the Stories of Elementary School Aggressive Children
Authors: Chamandar Fateme , Jabbari D. Susan
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study is the content analysis of children’s stories based on the components of aggression. Participants are 66 elementary school students (16 girls and 50 boys) selected from fourth and fifth grades, using the Relational and Overt Aggression Questionnaire; completed by the teachers. Draw a Story Test (Silver, 2005) is administered to select aggressive children who narrates stories based on their drawn pictures in response to DAS pictures. DAS Test consists of a series of figures which children respond by drawing a picture and telling a story related to the picture. This provides us with the information about their self image and emotional content. After deciding the components of aggression based on theories of Crick et al. (1997), and Crick and Dodge (1996), the stories are analyzed using the quantitative content analysis technique. The results reveals that the narrated stories of aggressive children have engagement ratio of 1.62, which means more than 50% of children showed aggressive components. The highest frequency of aggression in their stories is related to murdering, killing and hurting others.
Framing labor contracts: Contract versus network theories
Authors: Knegt Robert
Published: January 2017

‘Framing Labour Contracts: Contract versus Network Theories’

Since the 18th century the ‘contractual model’ has become both a paradigm of social theories (f.i. ‘rational choice’) and a dominant model of structuring labour relations. Its presupposition of the subjectivity of individual actors as a given is criticized with reference to network-based theories (Latour, Callon) and to analyses of Foucault. The current contract model of labour relations is analyzed from a historical perspective on normative regimes of labour relations, that imply different conceptions of ‘subjectivity’. Research into the regulation of labour relations requires an analysis in terms of an entanglement of human beings, technologies and legal discourse.
Molecular Tracing of the Origin of Six Different Plant Species in Bee Honey Using Real-Time PCR
Authors: Wu Yajun , Yang Yange , Liu Mingchang , Wang Bin , Li Meige , Chen Ying
Published: January 2017

The quality of honey is significantly influenced by floralorigin. Mislabeling floral species occurs frequently in bee honey products. To protect consumers from economic fraud and maintain a fair market environment, methods to identify floralspecies in honey are necessary. In our study, real-time PCRs were established, targeting six honey types mainly produced in China (canola, Chinese milkvetch, Chinese chaste tree, locust tree, litchi, and longan). Sensitivity testing on DNA fromplant tissues exhibited LODs of about 0.5–5 pg/μL. For DNA extracts of pollen sediments from different honeyspecies, LODs ranged from 13.6 to 403.2 pg/μL. In an experiment to determine the practical LODs of honey in which adulterant honey was spiked in the genuine honey, adulterant honey as low as about 0.1–0.5% was detected in 90–100% in 10 parallel tests. Additionally, pollen was spiked in the honey and stored under various conditions to investigate the migration of pollen DNA into the honey supernatant. Finally, the efficiency of our method was investigated by testing honey samples of unknown compositions from different geographic regions. Of the 159 honey samples that were supposed tobe monofloral that had been collected in five provinces, a small portion were found to be contaminated with foreign pollen(7%). The methods proved to be specific, sensitive, and reliable in identifying the six plant species in honey, which would be a useful tool during the market supervision and QC of honey products.
Biotech blockbuster forecasts to 2008
Authors: Pavlou Alex K , Belsey Mark
Published: January 2017

Datamonitor analysis recognises 18 biological brands that are expected to drive sales within the biopharma sector. The group includes 12 recombinant DNA proteins and six antibodies which are forecast to generate sales of US$29.0bn and US$13.2bn by 2008, respectively. Haematology, oncology and AIID (arthritis, inflammation and immune disorders) will drive blockbuster sales, reaching US$11.2bn, US$9.7bn and US$8.3bn by 2008, respectively.
Survival strategies for start-ups
Authors: Chaya Dina
Published: January 2017

Following recent difficult private and public equity markets, many biotech start-ups are now under considerable pressure. In this environment, start-ups are struggling to secure financing and their valuations are being trimmed by investors. In order to survive, firms are being compelled to adjust their business models to satisfy investors, enter alliances to decrease their cash burn and consolidate with external assets to build critical mass internally.
Determining the value of drug development candidates and technology platforms
Authors: Bode-Greuel Kerstin M , Greuel Joachim M
Published: January 2017

This paper explains a comprehensive and systematic approach to evaluate drug development projects and technology platforms, using an augmented version of net present value (NPV). The benefits of financial models for value-driven project and portfolio management, licensing negotiations and investors' decisions are discussed.
Legal and regulatory update
Authors: Wilkinson John
Published: January 2017

The year 2004 saw the end game of what was probably the largest and most significant patent infringement case in the English Courts of the past 10 years. Bird & Bird acted for TKT throughout. Kirin-Amgen and Transkaryotic Therapies Inc. (TKT) crossed swords for the final time in the House of Lords during an eight day appeal hearing in July 2004. The case is significant for the number of patent law issues at stake: novelty of product-by-process claims, three types of pleaded insufficiency, and most importantly the issues of purposive construction and infringement under the Protocol to Article 69 of the European Patent Convention. This section focuses mainly on the first and last of these issues. Indeed, the TKT case is actually the first case dealing with 'protocol infringement' to reach the House of Lords under the 1977 Patents Act. The appellate committee comprised Lords Hoffmann, Hope, Rodger, Walker and Brown.
Financial accounts reports
Authors: Aaronson Colin
Published: January 2017

Biacore International AB is a supplier of analytical systems that are used to generate data on protein interactions. The data are used to help understand the functionality of the proteins, to understand the role they play in both healthy and diseased states and to help identify and develop drug candidates. Using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology as the basis for detection and monitoring of protein interactions, Biacore has expanded the use of its technology into the food analysis market, providing manufacturers with solutions for determining food quality and safety. However, the company is focusing on drug discovery and development as its prime areas for future growth. Based in Uppsala, Sweden, Biacore has sales locations around the world and sells its products to life science research centres, large pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology businesses. Founded in 1984, the company is listed on the StockholmsbÃ¶rsen.
US Financial accounts reports
Authors: Cocker Glenn
Published: January 2017

Â Â
Commercialisation and spin-out activities of the Institute of Biotechnology
Authors: Lowe Christopher R
Published: January 2017

Knowledge is now recognised as a prime driver of innovation, productivity and economic growth. The new economies will require heavy investment into research and development, education and training and the development of novel flows and relationships among the key players, government, academia and industry. The higher education sector will play a key role in furnishing the novel ideas and skilled personnel to enable this transition, but will require organisational and cultural change to be effective. The Institute of Biotechnology at the University of Cambridge exemplifies a route by which the seamless exploitation of its pure science base to create knowledge-based spin-off companies may be achieved in a single organisation.
The evolving concept of value add in university commercialisation
Authors: Campbell Alison F
Published: January 2017

Universities have been challenged to assess what value creation means to them against a complex backdrop of changing markets and funding priorities. In response, universities and their partners are creating new paradigms in value creation. This paper seeks to demonstrate and to celebrate the flexibility and cutting-edge approaches that have been adopted within the UK university sector.
Trends underlying early-stage drug discovery and development collaborations from October 2002 to September 2004
Authors: Belsey Mark J , Pavlou Alex K
Published: January 2017

As part of Datamonitor's alliance and licensing strategic analysis, the authors have completed a two year survey of the trends underlying early-stage drug discovery and development collaborations between October 2002 and September 2004, which included 524 early-stage deals. Deal analysis shows that the leading pharma and biotech companies (fully integrated players) are the principal collaboration seekers, and that target and product innovation is driving the new wave of 21st century deals. These deals cover all phases of early-stage drug development, with lead product/target identification/validation accounting for the greatest proportion of collaborations. This represents a shift away from initial-stage collaborations, which are primarily focused on technologies such as genomics, as a result of the lack of tangible results that such technologies have delivered in the past. Following the continuously increasing demand for late-stage high-value products, the aim of the money and time invested in these early-stage collaborations is to reverse the pipeline productivity crisis currently affecting the industry's leaders over the mid to long term.
Editorial: De-risking novel therapeutic development â€“ time to stop blaming the molecule?
Authors: Shohet Simon
Published: January 2017

Â Â
The European biotech sector: Could it achieve more?
Authors: Fazeli Sam
Published: January 2017

There is a general feeling among investors and other observers that the European biotech sector has not delivered and fund managers complain that there have been very few successes. The author's view is that, although we have not yet reached the heights of the US biotech industry, there have been numerous success stories in Europe. This paper shows that most of the ingredients required for a successful biotech sector already exist in Europe. Most importantly, there is enough cash in Europe to allow companies to bring products to market. The biggest problem is that there is a fragmented equity capital market, which, as well as limiting the pool of capital accessible to individual companies, may also affect the visibility of success. Thus, the success of Actelion and Serono, although known to UK small-cap investors, cannot impact their funds. However, it is time that we stopped complaining about what we do not have and started concentrating on what we do. Companies need to adapt to the realities of the investment environment in Europe. The good news is that we are already seeing some of this reality being taken on board by European companies, where many of them, like the early US biotechs, are aiming at the lower-hanging fruit by picking up products with relatively lower-risk profiles, such as reformulations of existing drugs. This should allow them to start generating their own cash and then take the bigger gambles. Perhaps most important of all and contrary to common belief, as our analysis shows, we do not believe that the amount of cash available to European biotechs is a significant hurdle to achieving success.
Biotechnology in India: Emerging opportunities
Authors: Parmar Himanshu
Published: January 2017

The global biotechnology and pharmaceutical industry is beleaguered with several challenges such as high R&D costs, increasing regulatory restraints and stagnant product pipelines. Thus, major multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies from the West are increasingly looking for low-cost suitable alternatives. Among the emerging markets, India is seen as a low-cost destination with ample opportunities available to be capitalised on without compromising on the quality. To complement the interest from international community, India is also liberalising its economy and offering increasing opportunities to invest, along with other several reforms undertaken by the government. After information technology (IT), the focus is now on biotechnology in India, as is evident with the release of recent draft of the Biotechnology Policy 2005. This paper offer insights into India's biotechnology sector and opportunities.
Marketspace: Leading therapeutic recombinant protein sales forecast and analysis to 2010
Authors: Belsey Mark J , Pavlou Alex K
Published: January 2017

As part of Datamonitor's biotechnology strategic market analysis, the authors have performed an analysis of the top 20 therapeutic recombinant proteins (defined by 2010 forecast sales), providing a forecast from 2004 to 2010 of product sales by therapeutic and product class. Based on this analysis, which was conducted in June 2005, leading companies operating in this sector are identified. Market analysis indicates that the total compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of these products from 2004 to 2010 is set to be 7.7 per cent, which is lower than other biotech markets such as the monoclonal antibody market. This lower growth rate reflects the mature nature of the therapeutic recombinant protein market. The arthritis, immune and inflammatory disorders franchise is set to record the strongest growth, with a forecast 2004â€“10 CAGR of 16.8 per cent, while the diabetes and endocrinology franchise is set to record the weakest growth (1.6 per cent). The leading product class in terms of total forecast 2010 sales is the erythropoietin class, which is set to generate approximately one-third of total top 20 product sales. The strongest-growing product classes are set to be fusion protein and colony-stimulating factors, while insulins are forecast to be the weakest-growing sector. Amgen is set to continue to lead the recombinant protein market over the forecast period, with the company's contribution to top 20 recombinant protein market sales set to rise from one-third of total 2004 sales to one-half of total 2010 sales.
Legal and regulatory update
Authors: Wilkinson John
Published: January 2017

The European Commission has launched a public consultation on its proposed amendments to the Medical Devices Directive (MDD) (Dir 93/42/EEC). The aim of the European Commission's proposals is to improve the coherence, transparency and effectiveness of the legislation governing medical devices in line with the recommendations of the report produced in 2002 by the European Commission's Medical Device Experts Group. This report recommended that the requirements for clinical evaluation of medical devices be clarified, transparency be increased by amending post-market surveillance requirements and that the decision making process be improved by empowering the European Commission to make binding decisions where individual national opinions differ on whether a product falls within the definition of 'medical device'. The report also recommended that the three directives governing medical devices (the MDD, the Active Implantable Medical Devices (AIMD) Directive 90/385/EEC and the In-vitro Medical Devices (IVDD) Directive 98/79/EC) should be made more consistent with each other.
The development of the South African biotech sector
Authors: Akermann Britt , Kermani Faiz
Published: January 2017

Like many other countries around the world South Africa is keen to develop its biotech capabilities. A vibrant biotech sector could have economic benefits and could also play a useful role in tackling diseases that predominantly affect South Africa but are currently underserved by the R&D efforts of multinational companies. However, South Africa's R&D infrastructure must be upgraded to meet the needs of the modern biotechnology sector, which relies on the latest advances in genetics and genomics. In 2001, recognising the challenges it faced in developing a mature biotech industry, the South African government published its National Biotech Strategy and allocated initial funding for a number of biotechnology regional innovation centres. There is also hope that South Africa's efforts to develop its biotech sector can serve as a useful example for developing countries around the world, but particularly for those within Africa.
The dismantling of redundant dichotomies: Biotechnology as an exemplar of universityâ€“industry collaboration
Authors: Lynskey Michael J
Published: January 2017

This paper suggests that the established and distinctive dualisms invoked to describe aspects of research and forms of organisation are unravelling and becoming less meaningful in 21st century innovation, particularly as exemplified by universityâ€“industry collaboration in biotechnology. The basicâ€“applied dualism to represent types of research activity and the publicâ€“private dualism to depict the nature of organisations are becoming redundant. Modern biotechnology draws on such an array of knowledge, from various disciplines and organisations, and with intricate, non-linear transfer mechanisms between actors, in order to deliver a broad range of applications, that conventional labels are becoming irrelevant. This has implications for the role and nature of the university in society.
Growth drivers and resistors of the influenza market: The importance of cell culture flu
Authors: Belsey Mark , Evans David , Pavlou Alex , Savopoulos John
Published: January 2017

Following flu vaccine manufacturing and supply issues in the USA and the global threat of an avian flu pandemic, the flu market is attracting considerable interest. This market was worth approximately US$1.1bn in 2004, and it is expected to grow to US$3.1bn by 2010: a compound annual growth rate of 17.1 per cent. To capitalise on this explosive growth rate, flu vaccine manufacturers should position their products towards combating the avian flu pandemic threat. However, there are a number of challenges associated with producing avian flu vaccines using egg-based manufacture systems: currently the dominant vaccine production technique. In the current paper, Datamonitor's infectious disease analysis team argues the case for the potential transformation of the flu market by governmental initiatives, and specifically on the role of these initiatives in driving cell culture flu manufacture as part of pandemic preparedness plans.
Legal and regulatory update
Authors: Wilkinson John
Published: January 2017

EC Directive 2001/83/EC (the 'Medicines Directive'), which governs the manufacture, marketing and distribution of medicinal products for human use, is being amended by Directive 2004/27/EC. For ease of reference, a consolidated version of the amended Medicines Directive has been published by the European Commission and is available at the EUDRA website. The deadline for each member state to implement the amendments into national law was 30th October, 2005.
Obituary
Authors: Editor JCB
Published: January 2017

It is with sadness that we report the sudden death of Editorial Board member Dr Iain Cubitt in a tragic car accident on Friday 13th January 2006.
Editorial: Finding the Holy Grail in a grain of rice
Authors: Miller Henry I
Published: January 2017

Â Â
Commercial biotechnology in Latin America: Current opportunities and challenges
Authors: Quezada Fernando
Published: January 2017

The unparalleled growth of commercial biotechnology in the USA and Europe during the past two decades has also been marked by its steady development in Latin America. Brazil, Cuba, Argentina, Chile, Mexico and others have made significant strides in building their research and production capacity in modern biotechnology. As these countries have pioneered new biotechnology applications in agriculture, mining, biofuels, human and animal healthcare a number have also launched national biotechnology plans with long-term investment commitments. Newly formed biotechnology trade associations in the region are expanding their membership and rapidly gaining international visibility. Along with the growth of commercial biotechnology in Latin America comes the need to address a series of issues associated with public perception, regulatory framework and intellectual property protection, financing mechanisms, workforce development and more. Government agencies and related public institutions are challenged to adjust their policies and operations to address these changing needs. The private sector and the international community at large will continue to play critical roles in the region through knowledge networks, technology exchanges and joint business investments.
Winning the game: Public funds for biotech companies
Authors: Gollin Michael , Jack Eva , Chase Terry , Soriano Jesus , Smith Robert
Published: January 2017

This is a transcript from a session held at the Biotechnology Industry Organization 2005 Annual International Convention held in Philadelphia from 19th to 22nd June, 2005, where the authors discussed their experiences and answered questions from the floor. All biotechnology companies can benefit from public funding â€“ small, mid-size and large corporations and non-profits. Examples include funding for applied health research; the BioShield homeland security initiative; and sales to federal, state and local government customers. The panel discussed the basics: (1) where to find money (for example, at NIH, FDA, DOD, DHS, DOE, EPA, via ATP, SBIR and DARPA grants, or from philanthropies such as the Gates Foundation); (2) pros and cons of various approaches to obtaining public funds (via earmarked appropriations, grants, cooperative research agreements, procurement contracts or philanthropy); (3) structuring the deal (allocating liability, intellectual property ownership, deliverables, sharing and commercialising results); and (4) managing the relationship (reporting requirements, follow-on funding).
US and EU legal and regulatory update
Authors: Wilkinson John
Published: January 2017

The Advocate-General of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has delivered an important opinion that, if adopted by the judges of the court, would mean an extension in the availability of Supplementary Protection Certificates (SPCs) throughout the European Union (EU). In Case C-431/04 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (unreported opinion of 24th November, 2005), 1 the Advocate-General proposed a broad interpretation of the definition of the products for which an SPC could be obtained, arguing that a `combination medicinal product' comprising an active ingredient and an excipient could be considered as a product attracting SPC protection.