bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coping and the response of others
Authors: Marin Teresa J. , Holtzman Susan , DeLongis Anita , Robinson Lynne
Published: December 2007

This cross-sectional study examined spouse responses to partners' coping among 84 parents (29 couples and 26 individuals) of children with disabilities. Participants completed questionnaires regarding coping with caregiving and psychological distress. Further, participants completed a Response of Others Scale in which they rated spouses' responses to their coping as positive, negative, or neutral. Findings from multilevel modeling suggested that positive responses to coping amplified the benefits of relationship-focused coping, and attenuated the negative effects of maladaptive coping strategies on distress. Cognitive restructuring was associated with lower levels of distress in the context of positive responses, but with greater distress in the context of negative responses. Findings suggest the utility of assessing the response of others in coping research.
Self-silencing mediates the link between marital conflict and depression
Authors: Whiffen Valerie E. , Foot Meredith L. , Thompson Janice M.
Published: December 2007

The Silencing the Self model of depression (Jack, 1991) proposes that women are at risk for depression when they suppress their true thoughts and feelings to avoid conflict. Using a community sample of 115 couples, the present study investigated whether self-silencing mediates the relationship between marital conflict and depressive symptoms. Results indicated that both men and women who perceived their marriages as conflicted tended to hide their anger while pretending to go along with their partner's opinions or wishes which, along with a tendency to judge oneself by external standards, also mediated the relationship between marital conflict and depressive symptoms. The silencing model appears to describe the development of both men's and women's depression in conflicted marriages and may be refined by focusing on how individuals cope with anger in intimate relationships.
A Macromarketing Ethics Framework: Stakeholder Orientation and Distributive Justice
Authors: Ferrell O.C. , Ferrell Linda
Published: December 2007

This article develops a framework for macromarketing ethics. Macromarketing ethics is concerned with the economic and social impact of the fair distribution of products and other resources through the marketing system. The framework is based on organizational culture, stakeholder orientation, and distributive justice. This work is grounded on research that positions stakeholder orientation as an operational approach to address the issues and concerns of participants, and other parties of interest, in the marketing system. Distributive justice is defended as a normative philosophy to provide principles that can contribute to an organizational culture supportive of macromarketing ethics.
Prophylactic Training in Asymptomatic Soccer Players with Ultrasonographic Abnormalities in Achilles and Patellar Tendons
Authors: Fredberg Ulrich , Bolvig Lars , Andersen Niels T.
Published: December 2007

Background

A recent study published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine showed that asymptomatic soccer players with an increased risk of developing Achilles and patellar tendon injuries within the next 12 months can be identified with use of ultrasonography.

Hypothesis

Prophylactic eccentric training and stretching can reduce both the frequency of asymptomatic ultrasonographic changes in Achilles and patellar tendons in soccer players and the risk of these asymptomatic intratendinous changes becoming symptomatic.

Study Design

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods

Two hundred and nine Danish professional soccer players from the best national league (Super League) were followed over 12 months with use of ultrasonography and injury registration. Half the teams were randomized to an intervention group with prophylactic eccentric training and stretching of the Achilles and patellar tendons during the soccer season.

Results

The eccentric training and stretching did not reduce the injury risk, and, contrary to all expectations, the injury risk during the season was increased in players with abnormal patellar tendons at the beginning of the study in January. Eccentric training and stretching in players with normal patellar tendons significantly reduced the proportion of players with ultrasonographic changes in the patellar tendons at the end of the season (risk difference [RD] = 12%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2%–22%; P = .02), but the training had no effect on the Achilles tendons (RD = 1%; 95% CI, −7% to 9%; P = .75). The presence of preseason ultrasonographic abnormalities in the tendons significantly increased the risk of developing tendon symptoms during the season (relative risk = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2–3.1; P = .009).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that with the use of ultrasonography, tendon changes in soccer players can be diagnosed before they become symptomatic. The prophylactic eccentric training and stretching program reduces the risk of developing ultrasonographic abnormalities in the patellar tendons but has no positive effects on the risk of injury. On the contrary, in asymptomatic players with ultrasonographically abnormal patellar tendons, prophylactic eccentric training and stretching increased the injury risk.
FE Investigation of Material and Preload Parameters on FRP Strengthening Performance of RC Beams, I: Model Development
Authors: Hedong Niu  , Karbhari Vistasp M.
Published: December 2007

The effectiveness of FRP-rehabilitation of deteriorating and under-strength reinforced concrete beams depends not only on the properties of the FRP material, but also on the characteristics of other materials in the system, characteristics of the bond, and the relative nature of properties of materials at the interfaces. Response is also affected by the cracked condition of the beam prior to the external bonding of the FRP. An understanding of the effect of critical material and configuration parameters on strengthening response and failure mode is essential to optimize the technique. Most current models do not present a comprehensive overview of both response, and mechanisms and modes of failure. This paper reports on the development of a finite element analysis approach which not only provides characteristics of response, but also enables identification of damage mechanisms and their progression to failure. The model incorporates a fracture-based approach and includes modules for constitutive response of the concrete, reinforcing steel, FRP composite, and the FRP composite-concrete interface.
Water Blown Soy Polyol-Based Polyurethane Foams of Different Rigidities
Authors: Banik Indranil , Sain Mohini M.
Published: December 2007

In this report, attempts have been made to study the influence of various factors like level of catalyst system and blowing agent, and functionality and viscosity of polyols, on the structures of various soy polyol-based polyurethane foams. Efforts are made to correlate the relative rigidity of various foams with the foaming reactions probed by infrared (IR) spectroscopy. IR observations have been complemented by thermal analysis and electron microscopic studies. Measurements on density and compressive strength have been conducted to verify the rigidity of different foam systems indicated by IR and thermal analysis.
Numerical Simulation of Flow Characteristics of Co-Rotating Intermeshing Four-Screw Extruder
Authors: Zhu X.Z. , Xie Y.J. , Yuan H.Q.
Published: December 2007

The flow of polypropylene melt in new-style four-screw extruder was analyzed using the finite element method (FEM). The pressure and velocity fields in a flight element of co-rotating intermeshing four-screw extruders were calculated. A special study of flow in the central region was employed by analysis of the velocity, pressure and resident time distribution (RTD). The extrusion characteristics of the four-screw extruder were calculated and compared with a twin-screw extruder, `-' arrayed tri-screw extruder and triangle arrayed tri-screw extruder. The results show that the pressure and velocity gradient of the material in the four intermeshing regions is larger than that in the barrel channel. There is one circumfluence in central region which prolongs RTD in the central region and reduces the ability of pressure generation for the four-screw extruder. The material in the central region cannot stagnate. The mixing efficiency of the four-screw extruder is better than that of the twin-screw extruder and tri-screw extruder.
Handedness in Patients With Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Goez Helly , Zelnik Nathanel
Published: December 2007

Developmental coordination disorder affects 5% to 8% of the general population, and about 50% to 60% of these children have a comorbid attention-deficit disorder with hyperactivity and learning disorders. Left-handedness is relatively common among children with dyslexia, learning disabilities, and autism; however, its frequency in children with developmental coordination disorder is less clear. The present study investigated the distribution of hand dominance in 98 children (age range, 5.5-17 years) with developmental coordination disorder compared with their parents or siblings. Thirty children (30.6%) were left-handed and 13 (13.3%) were ambidextrous. The prevalence of left-handedness among their parents and siblings was similar to that of the general population. The results suggest that children with developmental coordination disorder, like children with learning disorders and deficit disorder with hyperactivity, present with higher frequency of left-hand dominance compared with the general population.
Canadian Adolescents With Migraine: Impaired Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: Brna Paula , Gordon Kevin , Dooley Joseph
Published: December 2007

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of migraine headaches on health-related quality of life among Canadian adolescents. The Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) collects information related to health status, health care utilization, and health determinants for the Canadian population. Analysis was limited to those adolescents 12-19 years of age residing in Manitoba. Respondents reported whether they had migraine and mood/anxiety disorders. Health-related quality of life was measured using the Short Form-36 survey, which covers 8 health concepts related to functional status, well-being, and overall health. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to model each Short Form-36 scale against age (12-14 years vs 15-19 years), gender, migraine, and the presence of a mood or anxiety disorder. The CCHS was completed by 994 respondents; 9.3% (95% confidence interval, 7.3%-11.5%) reported a diagnosis of migraine. Reported migraine predicted both statistically ( P < .0001) and clinically significantly lower health-related quality of life in all Short Form-36 domains except vitality and general health perceptions. Adolescents reporting a mood disorder (2.1%) scored significantly lower in 6 of 8 health-related quality of life domains, most pronounced for emotional role, general mental health, and social functioning. Canadian adolescents with migraine report clinically and statistically significant impairment in health-related quality of life compared to their peers, independent of psychiatric comorbidities.
Autism and Metabolic Diseases
Authors: Manzi Barbara , Loizzo Anna Livia , Giana Grazia , Curatolo Paolo
Published: December 2007

Autism is an etiologic heterogeneous entity caused by many different diseases occurring in the central nervous system at an early stage in life. Several metabolic defects have been associated with autistic symptoms with a rate higher than that found in the general population. Inborn errors of metabolism can probably account for less than 5% of individuals. Selective metabolic testing should be done in the presence of suggestive clinical findings, including lethargy, cyclic vomiting, early seizures, dysmorphic features, and mental retardation. In some patients, early diagnosis of the metabolic disorders and proper therapeutic interventions may significantly improve the long-term cognitive and behavioral outcome.
Tumors in the Temporal Horn of the Lateral Ventricle as a Cause of Epilepsy
Authors: Iannelli Aldo , Pieracci Nicola
Published: December 2007

Three neoplastic lesions located in the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle were diagnosed after the onset of seizures. Neither hydrocephalus nor temporal horn entrapment were present. The complete surgical removal of the tumor resulted in the disappearance of the epileptic episodes in 2 cases; the third patient refused surgery, and his lesion appears unmodified after a 3-year follow-up. Histological examination led to a diagnosis of choroid plexus papilloma in 1 case and of neurocytoma in the other; in the third case, the nonextracted lesion was presumed to be a partially calcified choroid plexus papilloma. The mechanism underlying the seizures in the 2 operated children is speculated to be a compression exerted upon the mesial temporal structures that form the medial wall of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricles; this compressive activity was resolved by removal of the tumor, and the epileptic episodes consequently disappeared in the 2 operated children; seizures were controlled by drugs in the third child.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection and Obsessive-Compulsive Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Ercan Tugba Erener , Ercan Gokmen , Severge Burcu , Arpaozu Muhsin , Karasu Gulten
Published: December 2007

It has been demonstrated that obsessive-compulsive disease and/or tic syndromes in children may be triggered by an antecedent infection especially with group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, and this subgroup of children has been designated by the acronym PANDAS (pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections). Other infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria have also been reported to be associated with the acute onset or dramatic exacerbation of obsessive-compulsive disease or Tourette syndrome, and another acronym, PITAND (pediatric infection-triggered autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder) has appeared in the literature. The involvement of other infectious agents such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been described in single case reports. We describe a case of a 5.5-year-old boy who suddenly developed obsessive-compulsive disease symptoms during a M. pneumoniae pneumonia. After treatment with oral clarithromycin, all his obsessive-compulsive disease symptoms disappeared. To our knowledge, this is the first report that shows the association between Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection and obsessive-compulsive disease.
Dietary L-Tyrosine Supplementation in Nemaline Myopathy
Authors: Ryan Monique M. , Sy Catherine , Rudge Sian , Ellaway Carolyn , Ketteridge David , Roddick Laurence G. , Iannaccone Susan T. , Kornberg Andrew J. , North Kathryn N.
Published: December 2007

Nemaline myopathy is defined by the presence of nemaline bodies, or rods, on muscle biopsy. Facial and bulbar weakness in nemaline myopathy cause chewing and swallowing difficulties, recurrent aspiration, and poor control of oral secretions. This article discusses 5 patients (4 infants and 1 adolescent) with nemaline myopathy who received dietary supplementation with L-tyrosine (250 to 3000 mg/day). All 4 infants were reported to have an initial decrease in sialorrhoea and an increase in energy levels. The adolescent showed improved strength and exercise tolerance. No adverse effects of treatment were observed. Dietary tyrosine supplementation may improve bulbar function, activity levels, and exercise tolerance in nemaline myopathy.
Foraminiferal reconstruction of mid- to late-Holocene ocean circulation and climate variability in Disko Bugt, West Greenland
Authors: Lloyd Jeremy M. , Kuijpers Antoon , Long Antony , Moros Matthias , Park Laura A.
Published: December 2007

Benthic foraminifera from two cores collected from Disko Bugt, a large marine embayment in West Greenland, are used to investigate hydrographic changes during the mid to late Holocene. The records document fluctuations in the West Greenland Current (WGC) linked to large-scale changes in North Atlantic circulation and, for one core, impacts of local climate changes. In particular, changes in the cold East Greenland Current (EGC) and the warm, more saline Irminger Current (IC) influence the WGC and propagate into Disko Bugt. The cores record subsurface warming associated with the `Holocene Thermal Maximum' (HTM) from c. 6 to 5 ka cal. BP. Gradual cooling of WGC from 5 ka cal. BP was interrupted by an abrupt warm interval from 3.9 to 3.5 ka cal. BP, before cooling became more prominent from 3.5 to 2 ka cal. BP. This cold period corresponds to the well-documented Northern Hemisphere cooling of the neoglacial and we interpret it as reflecting enhanced flux from the EGC and reduced IC flux to the WGC in Disko Bugt. Colder subsurface conditions from 3.5 ka cal. BP correspond to major hydrographic and climate changes elsewhere in West Greenland, reflecting the final transition from HTM to the neoglacial in this region. Relatively warm conditions identified from c. 2.0 to 1.4 ka cal. BP are followed by gradual cooling to 0.7 ka cal. BP, interrupted by a brief warm episode around 1 ka cal. BP. The late-Holocene fluctuations in WGC recorded in Disko Bugt can be linked to North Atlantic oceanographic changes identified on the East Greenland and North Icelandic shelf.
High-resolution reconstruction of wetness dynamics in a southern boreal raised bog, Finland, during the late Holocene: a quantitative approach
Authors: Väliranta Minna , Korhola Atte , Seppä Heikki , Tuittila Eeva-Stiina , Sarmaja-Korjonen Kaarina , Laine Jukka , Alm Jukka
Published: December 2007

A high-resolution plant macrofossil analysis was applied to investigate wetness dynamics in a southern Finnish boreal bog, Kontolanrahka, during the last 5000 years. The chronological control and the age—depth model were based on 40 AMS radiocarbon dates. Pollen analysis provided information on regional-scale vegetation changes. Macrofossil analysis revealed prominent changes in vegetation assemblages during the late Holocene, indicating fluctuations in water-table. The reconstruction suggests that at the coring point, which nowadays is a relatively wet lawn, habitat type has repeatedly varied between transient communities similar to those currently represented in dry hummocks, very wet lawns and even hollows. In order to quantify historical changes in water-table, Generalized Additive Models (GAM) were used to investigate the current relationships between surface plant species and water-table depth. Modern water-table measurements and a survey of associated plant communities along moisture gradients provided data for GAM-analyses. The plant species showed unimodal distributions with apparent optima and narrow tolerances along the water-table gradient. A transfer function for water-table reconstruction was created by calibrating plant macrofossil records against the modern vegetation/water-table relationship using the weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS) regression method. The quantitative water-table reconstruction for the late Holocene showed that the water-table depth had varied between 38 and 2.5 cm, the root mean square error of prediction being 3 cm. The detected historical wet and dry shifts were compared with other similar data from Finland, Sweden and Estonia, and from Western Europe. Despite some similarities, especially during the last c. 1000 years, noticeable differences in timing and duration occur, suggesting they may not have been driven only by climate, but also by local factors, including surface fires.
Environmental change and settlement shifts in Upper Egypt during the Predynastic: charcoal analysis at Adaïma
Authors: Newton Claire , Midant-Reynes Béatrix
Published: December 2007

What was the environmental setting for changes in the settlement pattern of Adaïma, a mid-fourth to early-third millennium site in the Egyptian Nile valley? Analysis of charcoal collected from the archaeological soil was performed on contexts from several periods. The settlement was set up in an environment where the vegetation was probably more extended, with more wooded desert margins. Over 600 years, changes in the charcoal spectrum reflect a possible local desertification and the impact of human activities on the vegetation of the floodplain, perceptible in particular through the development of ruderal Calotropis procera.
Pollen and plant macrofossils at Lac de Fully (2135 m a.s.l.): Holocene forest dynamics on a highland plateau in the Valais, Switzerland
Authors: Finsinger Walter , Tinner Willy
Published: December 2007

We use pollen, stomata and plant-macrofossil records to infer Holocene timberline fluctuations and changes in forest composition at Lac Supérieur de Fully (2135 m a.s.l.), a small lake located near the modern regional timberline on a highland plateau in the Central Alps. Our records suggest that during the early Holocene vegetation was rather open on the plateau (eg, heaths of Dryas octopetala, Juniperus nana). The only tree that was able to build major stands was Betula. Other timberline trees (eg, Pinus cembra and Larix) expanded in the catchment of the lake after 8200 cal. BP, when Abies alba expanded at lower elevation. The late appearance of these timberline trees contrasts with previous plant-macrofossil records in the region, which show that the timberline had reached elevations up to at least 2350 m already at 11000 cal. BP. We suggest that local climatic conditions may have delayed the expansion of closed stands of coniferous trees in the catchment of Lac de Fully until c. 8200 cal. BP, when climate shifted to more humid and less continental conditions. After c . 4600 cal. BP vegetation around the lake primarily responded to human impact, which caused a local lowering of the timberline by at least 150 m.
Evidence for the early beginning (c. 9000 cal. BP) of rice domestication in China: a response
Authors: Li Liu  , Lee Gyoung-Ah , Leping Jiang  , Juzhong Zhang
Published: December 2007

This paper is a response, both to Fuller et al.'s recent criticism of Chinese research on rice domestication, as lacking evidence, and to their argument for the beginning of rice domestication around 4000 BC in the lower Yangzi River. We first survey previous publications that discuss the process from wild rice collection to rice domestication in China, and then examine early rice remains from the perspectives of rice morphology and archaeological context. We focus on three aspects: the timing of the initial rice domestication in the Yangzi River region; the earliest presence of domesticated rice in the Lower Yangzi and Huai River regions; and the implications of changes in rice grain sizes in archaeological assemblages. We also discuss problems relating to the presence of immature rice remains in the archaeological record, grain size increase and overall grain shape, which are three of the criteria used by Fuller et al. for distinguishing domesticated from wild rice. Based on published data and our research on rice, we demonstrate that by the early Holocene (9000 cal. BP), Neolithic people in both north and south China may have been harvesting wild rice and initiating rice cultivation that eventually led to domestication.
Ecosystem controls and the archaeofaunal record: an example from the Wyoming Basin, USA
Authors: Byers David A. , Smith Craig S.
Published: December 2007

Regional palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and data on artiodactyl response to climate change suggest that large game densities would have expanded in response to increasingly mesic conditions during the late Holocene in the Wyoming Basin. We use the prey model of foraging theory to predict late-Holocene increases in artiodactyls, relative to lagomorphs and rodents, and more specifically in bison relative to pronghorn. This prediction is then tested against 284 dated archaeofaunas from the Wyoming Basin. Close fits are found between the deductively derived prediction and the empirical records. Although artiodactyls demonstrate a general increasing trend across the most recent 5000 years, during the period of most intense human occupation hunting pressure appears to have depressed large game populations.
Sedimentary record of late-Holocene relative sea-level change and tectonic deformation from the Guerrero Seismic Gap, Mexican Pacific Coast
Authors: Ramirez-Herrera M. Teresa , Cundy Andrew , Kostoglodov Vladimir , Carranza-Edwards Arturo , Morales Eduardo , Metcalfe Sarah
Published: December 2007

Studies of the coastal sedimentary record have allowed both the reconstruction of relative sea-level changes and the determination of local rates and magnitudes of tectonic deformation, particularly in tectonically active areas. Despite their successful use elsewhere, studies of this type are much less common for the Mexican Pacific coast, which parallels the Cocos-North America subduction plate boundary. Stratigraphic, geochemical and microfossil data from sediments in Laguna Mitla, the Pacific coast of Guerrero, Mexico, document late-Holocene sea-level changes induced by tectonic activity in the Mexican subduction zone. Three major events are identified. First, the formation of the lagoon by c. 4630 yr BP, as indicated by a freshwater to brackish peat. Second, a relative sea-level rise, or land subsidence, as indicated by a shift from a freshwater marginal lagoon environment to a marine setting, preceded by a marine inundation represented by a sand unit (possibly a tsunami deposit), by c. 3400 yr BP. And finally, a return to lagoonal conditions indicating a drop in relative sea level or coastal uplift by c. 2300 yr BP. The Laguna Mitla stratigraphy indicates general coastal subsidence or relative sea level rise of c. 1 mm/yr. We argue that these relative sea-level (land-level) changes have been induced by tectonic activity associated with the Mexican megathrust. A plausible explanation for the 3400 yr BP marine inundation is probably a tsunami produced by a large seismic event accompanied by coastal subsidence. Discrete fining upward, fine to coarse, sand units with an erosional basal contact, medium to poor sorting, and clay/mud rip-up clasts; an increase in Na and Sr elemental concentrations, indicative of a marine origin; and the landward extent of the sands support a tsunamigenic source for these deposits. However, these apparent tsunami deposits require further study to determine their lateral extent and to assess whether they can be correlated from one site to another. This study demonstrates the applicability of a multiproxy sedimentary approach in interpreting relative sea-level (land-level) changes and to derive data on related earthquake and tsunami events in tropical coastal lagoons.
A sediment-based record of Lateglacial and Holocene environmental changes from Guangfulin, Yangtze delta, eastern China
Authors: Itzstein-Davey Freea , Atahan Pia , Dodson John , Taylor David , Hongbo Zheng
Published: December 2007

Multiproxies of past environmental conditions, comprising 53 sediment samples analysed for their lithostratigraphic properties (mainly their charcoal, phytoliths and pollen contents) from an AMS 14C-dated sequence of sediments accumulating at Guangfulin, Yangtze delta, are presented. The oldest sediments recovered date to the Lateglacial when a mosaic of mixed (conifer-deciduous) temperate forest and wetland vegetation characterized the study area. The Lateglacial—Holocene transition and much of the early Holocene record to c. 7400 yr BP appears to be missing from the sequence. The earliest evidence possibly representing human activities in the study area (the remains of cereals and indicators of forest) date to c. 7000 yr BP. A large increase in macrocharcoal remains c. 4700 yr BP is a more certain indication of human activities close to the study site, and may indicate the first occupation of what is now the location of a major archaeological excavation at Guangfulin. Technological changes during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770—221 BC) may be responsible for an increased abundance of rice ( Oryza sp.), and possibly also foxtail or Chinese millet ( Setaria italica), detected in the Guangfulin record after c. 2400 yr BP. An abrupt sedimentary change at c. 4000 yr BP may represent a short-lived episode of catchment instability. Aside from this, the sediment record from Guangfulin contains no evidence of dramatic environmental changes that could have led to a major decline in agricultural productivity c. 4000 yr BP, as has been suggested for the lower Yangtze by some researchers, who associate this with the cultural transition from Liangzhu to Maqiao. The findings do, however, add weight to the argument that developments in rice-based agriculture on the Yangtze delta varied both spatially and temporally.
Detecting open vegetation in a forested landscape: pollen and remote sensing data from New England, USA
Authors: McLauchlan Kendra K. , Elmore Andrew J. , Wyatt Oswald W. , Sugita Shinya
Published: December 2007

The proportional cover of forest and grassland vegetation, known as landscape openness, has been particularly difficult to reconstruct because of differences in pollen productivity and transport between the two vegetation types. To begin to calibrate landscape openness in eastern North America, we collected 21 samples of surface sediments from small ponds (less than 60 ha) in the Upper Connecticut River Valley of New England, USA. Pollen assemblages from these surface samples were compared with vegetation composition around each pond assessed with three different remote sensing methods: land cover digitized from aerial photographs, the National Land Cover Database and a spectral mixture analysis of vegetation structure using LANDSAT data. A principal component analysis indicates that most of the variation in land cover among sites is captured by pollen data and each of the three vegetation methods. Because spectral mixture analysis contains at least as much vegetation information as the other two techniques, while avoiding the problem of classifying vegetation into categories, it is better for comparison with pollen data and detection of landscape openness. Even though there is a relationship between non-arboreal pollen percentages and a metric of landscape openness, it is inadvisable to use pollen percentages alone to infer landscape openness across regions either in modern or ancient times. Quantitative assessments and reconstructions of plant abundance at a higher taxonomic resolution will require detailed vegetation surveys to correlate with pollen data from surface samples and possibly simulations of modern and ancient landscapes. Open areas in a landscape that is over 75% forested can be detected, allowing for future quantitative reconstructions of landscape openness.
Late-Holocene advance of the Collins Ice Cap, King George Island, South Shetland Islands
Authors: Hall Brenda L.
Published: December 2007

Radiocarbon dates of incorporated moss indicate advance of the Collins Ice Cap on Fildes Peninsula (King George Island) after ~650 cal. yr BP (~AD 1300), broadly contemporaneous with the `Little Ice Age', as defined in Europe. During that time, the glacier extended less than 400—500 m beyond its present-day margin. Moreover, radiocarbon data indicate that this was the most extensive advance of the last 3500 cal. years. Prior to ~650 cal. yr BP, the ice must have been at or behind its present position. Furthermore, the data indicate that climate conditions prior to the late-Holocene advance may have been similar to (or possibly warmer than) today.
Collaborating to Teach Prosocial Skills
Authors: Allsopp David H. , Santos Karen E. , Linn Reid
Published: December 2007

A collaborative approach to teaching social skills to students with prosocial skill deficits is described. Steps of the intervention include forming a team of two or more educators who are interested in participating in social skills instruction, targeting prosocial skills students need to learn, breaking the prosocial skill into teachable steps, developing an instructional plan that includes a teachable strategy for performing the prosocial skill, determining the instructional setting and collaborative roles, delivering instruction and providing opportunities for student practice, reinforcement, and self-monitoring. Several real-life cases are used as examples of how the different aspects of the intervention have been implemented by teachers and students.
How Many Words Can Your Students Read?
Authors: Brennan Kathleen B. , Miller April D.
Published: December 2007

Finding interesting and motivating techniques that help students remember sight words is an ongoing dilemma in classrooms. By incorporating the use of sign language, and more specifically a game called Sign-o, into their day, teachers can increase students' recall and retention of sight words. This article discusses the rationale of using sign language, gives directions for playing Sign-o, provides extension activities, and includes a game board ready for duplication.
Changing Learning Channels
Authors: Kubina Richard M. , Cooper John O.
Published: December 2007

Teachers use sensory inputs and physical outputs to define learning channels that students use during specific instruction. For instructional purposes, teachers arrange the sensory inputs and physical outputs on a grid to form a learning channel matrix. We present three examples of learning channel matrices in this article. Teachers may facilitate planning, enhance communication with students and parents, and encourage diversifying instructional activities when they use a learning channel matrix to actively guide their instruction.
Weaving Mathematical Instructional Strategies Into Inclusive Settings
Authors: Karp Karen S. , Voltz Deborah L.
Published: December 2007

In order to facilitate the successful inclusion of students with disabilities into general education mathematics classes, efforts must be made to explicitly examine how the needs of these students can be reconciled with the direction of mathematics reform. This article describes a framework that allows teachers in inclusive settings to interweave together instructional strategies from a variety of paradigms in order to meet individual learning needs in an environment that embraces current reform initiatives. Factors to be considered in the instructional decision-making process are highlighted, and an instructional continuum from more teacher-centered strategies to more student-centered strategies is described.
The Good Student Game
Authors: Babyak Allison E. , Luze Gayle J. , Kamps Debra M.
Published: December 2007

. Her research interests include effective in_structional practices for diverse classroom. professional oollaborr tion. and positive behavioral support. G2yIe J. Lnzm PhD, is a postdoctoral felloa aith the Juniper Gardens Childr~en's Project at the - Her current research interem are incennennon development- early childhood assessment, and emergent liœracy, Debra AL Kamps, PhD. is a senior scientist with the Juniper Gardens Children's Project. . Her research interests include positive behavor wppom effective instruction. peer tutoring, and emotionaVbeh2vior-al disorders/autism. Address: -Mlison E. Baby2k.

The Good Student Game is an effective classroom management tool appropriate for meeting the diverse needs of today's classroom teachers. Based on empirically validated procedures, such as the Good Behavior Game and self-monitoring strategies, the Good Student Game is an easy-to-implement intervention designed to help elementary students stay on task. This article provides a description of the game, recommendations for playing the game, and results from three classrooms demonstrating the effectiveness of the game. Suggestions stress the importance of teaching students to identify and evaluate good student behaviors, as well as the need for teachers to provide students with supportive feedback.
Children and Adolescents with Eating Disorders
Authors: Manley Ronald S. , Rickson Heidi , Staxdeven Bill
Published: December 2007

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are serious eating disorders whose onset typically occurs during adolescence. This article provides an overview of these disorders in children and adolescents, including ages of onset, prevalence, and clinical characteristics. Behavioral, cognitive, and affective characteristics are outlined. Strategies are provided for the teacher or school counselor who is concerned about students in his or her school or classroom who may have an eating disorder as well as those students who do have anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.
Strategies and Resources to Evaluate the Impact of Inclusion Programs on Students
Authors: Salend Spencer J.
Published: December 2007

Educators have expressed a considerable need for guidelines to assist them in evaluating the effectiveness of their inclusion programs. This article provides strategies and resources that educators can use to assess the impact of their inclusion programs on the academic performance and social and behavioral development of their students with and without disabilities. The guidelines presented also are designed to help educators document strengths in their inclusion programs and pinpoint aspects of their programs in need of revision.
Dr. Angelita Felix
Authors: Brownell Mary T. , Walther-Thomas Chriss
Published: December 2007

Dr Angelita Felix is a member of the Arikara tribe from the Fort Berthold Reservation of North Dakota. As a child, she attended a Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) elementary school called the Wahpeton Indian School (now known as Circle of Nations School) and an all-girl Catholic boarding school for 3 years. She graduated from White Shield High School on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. She earned a bachelor's degree from Minot State University in North Dakota in English and Business Education, a mas ter's degree in curriculum and instruction from the University of South Dakota, and a doctorate in educational adminis tration from Penn State University.

Dr Felix has more than 25 years of professional experience in Indian education. She taught language arts and worked as a curriculum writer and a curriculum director She also served as a dean of student services at Sitting Bull Tribal College and then as a dean of instruction at Haskell Indian Nations University. She has worked as a BIA education line officer (similar to a public school superintendent) at agencies in Arizona and North Dakota. During the past 2 years she has been the Supervisory Education Specialist over Exceptional Education for the BIA, Office of Indian Education Programs.
Student-Led Conferences in Inclusive Settings
Authors: Conderman Greg , Ikan Patricia A. , Hatcher Ruth E.
Published: December 2007

Student-led conferences offer many advantages for students with and without disabilities and their families. When student-led conferences are coupled with the use of portfolios, students assume more responsibility for their learning and see connections among and between their learning in and outside of school. This article describes the steps and results from one school district that has adopted the student-led conference approach for all students.
Teaching Parents to Teach Their Children to Be Prosocial
Authors: Elksnin Linda K. , Elksnin Nick
Published: December 2007

Strategies teachers can use to teach parents to teach their children to be prosocial are described. These strategies include teaching incidentally, performing social skills autopsies, coaching emotions, and assigning homework. Issues to be considered when working with parents and children from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds are addressed. We propose that by having parents as partners in the instructional process, students will better generalize prosocial skills across situations, settings, and individuals.
Mentoring with Elementary-Age Students
Authors: Barton-Arwood Sally , Jolivette Kristine , Gayle Massey N.
Published: December 2007

The use and benefits of mentors have been investigated and documented for a variety of professions and populations, including numerous peer-based mentoring programs for elementary-age students. These peer-based programs, although reporting positive academic and social outcomes, have typically utilized controlled experimental procedures in manipulated settings, calling into question whether the benefits of mentoring can be generalized and maintained in real life situations. This article examines the use of mentoring in a natural setting between elementary-age students with and without disabilities as a way to improve the longevity and generalization of the benefits associated with peer-mentoring programs. Benefits of mentoring are reviewed, and recommendations are made regarding the organization and implementation of mentoring programs for social and academic purposes under natural conditions.
Team-Based Service Delivery for Students with Disabilities
Authors: Ogletree Billy T. , Bull Jeannette , Drew Ruby , Lunnen Karen Y.
Published: December 2007

Team-based service delivery is a common method for families and related professionals to make decisions about children with special needs. Unfortunately, preprofessional training in the area of team functioning has been inadequate. Furthermore, resources to understand and apply the principles of teaming are limited. This article describes current team models and provides guidelines specific to optimal team participation.
Effective Preassessment Team Procedures
Authors: Ormsbee Christine K.
Published: December 2007

Preassessment procedures were mandated in the majority of states nearly two decades ago as a gatekeeping system for special education. These building teams were given the charge of providing technical assistance to general educators who had children in their classrooms who were not meeting learning and behavioral expectations. When implemented effectively, these building teams provide consultation and collaboration to teachers to meet the needs of children with learning and behavioral problems in both general and special education classrooms. In this article, suggestions are made for making preassessment teams an effective support system for all teachers.
Authentic Assessment for Intervention
Authors: Stanford Pokey , Siders James A.
Published: December 2007

This article presents a procedure found effective for including students with special needs in daily instructional activities within a general classroom. Practices, based on authentic assessment and subsequent individual intervention decisions, resulted in full participation of students with special needs in daily classroom instruction. Individualized instruction by incorporating student choice of materials, feedback from teacher-designed rubrics, and application of student-constructed reading logs offers students with disabilities the opportunity to maintain growth and appropriate development in general education classrooms.
Mentoring Students with Mild Disabilities
Authors: Campbell-Whatley Gloria D.
Published: December 2007

Mentorship programs, in which volunteers from the community are paired with students, have proven to be a practical solution for students with academic and behavior problems. Youngsters participating in mentoring programs have higher self-esteem, higher grade point averages, better attendance, and fewer suspensions. A mentorship program requires teamwork between the community and the school, yielding favorable results for students and professionals alike. The information presented in this article provides step-by-step guidelines for developing a mentoring program for students with disabilities.
Coop-Dis-Q
Authors: Gauthier Lane Roy
Published: December 2007

Improving students' reading comprehension is a pervading instructional challenge. Cooperative learning, discussion, and questioning strategies are several effective means to accomplish this. A new instructional technique, Cooperative Discussion and Questioning (Coop-Dis-Q) was developed by taking all three elements and incorporating them into one strategy. The premise is that the strength of each will augment the benefits of the other two, creating a synergistic instructional effect. Field testing took place in a fifth-grade classroom using small groups working with a novel that had been read to the entire class. Coop-Dis-Q compels students to take active roles and assume responsibility for decision making at several levels.
SODA Strategy
Authors: Bock Marjorie A.
Published: December 2007

Persons with Asperger Syndrome present social peculiarities that result from one of the primary features of Asperger Syndrome—social interaction deficits. Children with Asperger Syndrome are often unable to engage in age-expected interactions, such as play. Similarly, adolescents with Asperger Syndrome are often unable to understand the social customs associated with dating and other age-expected interactions. This confusion regarding social customs continues through adulthood. Thus, it is not unusual to find adults with Asperger Syndrome who experience high levels of social isolation and frustration. This article describes a social behavioral learning strategy, SODA, that will enhance the social interaction skills of persons with Asperger Syndrome. It includes a description of SODA and a set of teaching guidelines.
Understanding the Hidden Curriculum
Authors: Myles Brenda Smith , Simpson Richard L.
Published: December 2007

Children and youth with Asperger Syndrome (AS) manifest social skills problems that can negatively impact their functioning across school, home, and community. One social skills area, the "hidden curriculum," is particularly problematic for these individuals. The hidden curriculum includes the skills that we are not taught directly yet are assumed to know. This article discusses the hidden curriculum and its impact on social functioning. In addition, practical suggestions for helping children and youth with AS learn the hidden curriculum are provided.
Understanding the Student with Asperger Syndrome
Authors: Williams Karen
Published: December 2007

Children diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome present a special challenge in the educational milieu. This article provides teachers with descriptions of seven defining characteristics of Asperger Syndrome, in addition to suggestions and strategies for addressing these symptoms in the classroom. Behavioral and academic interventions based on the author's teaching experiences with children with Asperger Syndrome are offered.
Handwriting Club
Authors: Keller Melissa
Published: December 2007

Handwriting is a complex skill that is not often taught directly. It is not unusual for some students with disabilities to have difficulty with handwriting. These students may also have sensory integration problems. Handwriting Club is a format that provides direct instruction in handwriting combined with sensory integration activities. This article describes all the steps and materials necessary to organize and conduct a handwriting club.
External Factors Affecting Gifted Girls' Academic and Career Achievements
Authors: Nelson Mary Ann , Smith Stephen W.
Published: December 2007

Girls constitute half the enrollment in gifted programs in the United States but are underrepresented in high-paying, high-status occupations. The influences of peers, family, and school environment have been identified as the salient external factors affecting gifted girls' career choices. Teachers are in the unique position to observe these influences and to create a positive climate that fosters academic excellence. The authors suggest ways for teachers to educate parents on the family's role in education and career achievement and to create an educational environment that promotes the development of talent.