bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Where the Money Comes From
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C
Published: November 2023

He was waiting for the 7:02, just as he had done mornings for the twenty-nine years he had lived in Connecticut. The plat­ form was crowded with commuters like himself, some of them neighbors, but on this particular morning he felt lonely and separate from the crowd. Peter Francis was the senior vice president for network sales at a major broadcasting company. It was hard to believe that thirty-two years had gone by since he had joined the company as a young salesman fresh out of graduate school. He had accomplished a lot during those years-advancement, financial reward-but lately something was eating away at his sense of security. How complicated the business had become since those days when he first joined the network. Sales back then followed a standard procedure. Advertisers such as General Foods would buy into programs for fifty-two weeks, and that was that until next year. Or, even better, sometimes the clients brought their own programs to the network, and all the salesperson had to do was sell them a time period.
The Future
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C
Published: November 2023

Thirty years after the “wasteland” speech, at least one aspect of television is vastly different. Three channels became five, then seven, then twenty, then fifty. Now announcements are being made promising 500 channels. Additionally, the development of the videocassette recorder provided an infinite variety of choices of programs. In actuality, the VCR may be considered to be a channel with unlimited capacity. But this explosion in means of distribution has not been accompanied by a corresponding growth in production. This has led to an increasing imbalance in the production-distribution-funding cycle. So the question becomes: What hap­ pens when one of these functions grows out of all proportion to the others? It seems to us that each new possibility has to be considered in terms of its relationship to the fundamental business equation-the production-distribution-funding cycle-since it will remain in force no matter what else changes.
Introduction: Self-Making and Freedom of Speech
Authors: Weinstein Arnold
Published: November 2023

This book is about freedom. More pointedly it is about language as the field in which this freedom is deployed: language as human speech and gesture as well as language as the medium of literature. Our maneuvering room, our ability to resist the forces that coerce us, and above all our capacity to make— a self, a world — are profoundly verbal operations. And it follows that our literature is always, willy-nilly, performing a double mission: to tell stories about freedom and to make us free.
Stowe: Ghosting in Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Authors: Weinstein Arnold
Published: November 2023

Stowe’s epochal novel has become a point de repere for rethinking the American literary canon, and in the vigorous debate over the so-called American Renaissance in the middle of the nineteenth century, scholars of many stripes—most especially feminists, but revisionists of other allegiances as well—have made us understand that the neglect of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in American studies has been anything but benign. The all-male team of Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, and Whitman has occupied center stage in part because the critical lenses of a whole generation of literary historians, fashioned by the tenets of modernism and New Criticism, have made it virtually impossible to see and to evaluate Stowe’s monumental book. Selling three hundred thousand copies in its first year of print, its author greeted famously by Lincoln as “the little lady who made this big war,” Uncle Tom’s Cabin illustrates to perfection the literary risks of popularity and success. Awesomely influential in its own day, Stowe’s book has been written off in a later time as propaganda, sentimental trash, sappy, devoid of art, a sell-out to domesticity and religion, stereotypical in its characters, compromised even in its moral heart by the racial condescension that bathes its view of black and white.
Flannery O’Connor and the Art of Displacement
Authors: Weinstein Arnold
Published: November 2023

Flannery O’Connor’s fiction poses almost as many challenges to modern readers as Kafka’s stories do. Each moves through mimesis to get beyond it, to show the workings of the soul in a materialist world. Yet Kafka’s sibylline parables and bureaucratic fables have imposed themselves as the illuminations of a Herabgesandter, as the work of a spiritual geographer who wishes to map the terrains of justice, guilt, purity, and authority but has at his disposal only the drabbest, most concrete landscapes imaginable: boardinghouses, muddy villages, alleyways, traveling circuses, shabby apartment buildings. Flannery O’Connor has not met with Kafka’s success, and many readers find her work too regional in its purview, and too theological, indeed too doctrinal in its assumptions. It is felt by some that her intense Catholic beliefs narrow her work into allegory at every turn, that the fusion of the profane and the divine is forced and overly rigid. Whereas Kafka’s form of mystery seems generic and nonsectarian, O’Connor’s appears overdetermined, drenched in local color, shaped by the stresses of dogma and established ritual. She insists on writing about the Great Events — baptism, the Crucifixion, the workings of grace — as if they were taking place today, every day, right there in that rural Georgia that she has memorably labeled “Christ-haunted.”
Faulkner: Fusion and Confusion in Light in August
Authors: Weinstein Arnold
Published: November 2023

There is an unforgettable moment in Light in August when Lena’s new born infant is “fused” and “confused” with the infant Joe Christmas. In calling the child “Joey,” Christmas’s grandmother, Mrs. Hines, greatly bewilders Lena herself, who is afraid that “she might get me mixed up, like they say how you might cross your eyes and then you cant uncross. … ” This mixing up, as Alfred Kazin has suggested in his well-known essay on the novel, confuses the reader as well, who comes to it “with a shock,” encountering “Faulkner’s desperate eagerness to wrest all the possible implications from his material … his attempt to will his painful material into a kind of harmony that it does not really possess.”
Hemingway’s Garden of Eden: The Final Combat Zone
Authors: Weinstein Arnold
Published: November 2023

The Garden of Eden, written “on” between 1946 and 1958, finally published in 1986, is incomplete, perhaps incompletable, but even in its partial state it is something of a Hemingway summa, a replay of grand old themes—the traumas of love and/as war, the hunt as quest, the transformation of experience into art—but on a new turf, in a new key, in a new manner. Its status in the Hemingway canon is sure to be disputed for some time, and most of the serious attention it has received distinguishes sharply, and properly, between the 1,500-page manuscript in the Kennedy Library and the sleek 247-page recit edited by Tom Jenks at Scribner’s. Jenks has cut out the subplots, removed a number of central characters, reduced Hemingway’s rather baroque multicouple mirror grouping to a cleaner triangulated fable, and served up a far more digestible fiction than the intransigent piece that Hemingway himself never got around to taming. Where appropriate, in this chapter I will refer to distinctions between the genuine manuscript and the edited novel, but the governing premise of my study, taking into account the American literary canon’s debt to figures such as Max Perkins, is that time and oblivion will have their way, that The Garden of Eden will come to have canonical status, to be regarded as echt Hemingway, long after the editorial brouhaha has subsided and been lost from sight. And then the question that will be asked is: What does this posthumous work add to the Hemingway corpus? How does it change our vision?
Don DeLillo: Rendering the Words of the Tribe
Authors: Weinstein Arnold
Published: November 2023

The work of Don DeLillo is not easy to size up. Like a latter-day Balzac or Zola, he seems to have some giant composite plan in mind, an all-encompassing scheme that, when completed, will bear witness to how we lived, worked, played, and sounded in the second half of the twentieth century. DeLillo’s zest for rivaling with the état civil has led him to some exotic subjects and oddball places: football, professional mathematics, Wall Street, rock music, pornography, terrorism, espionage, the college campus, the nuclear threat, and, more recently, America’s founding trauma: the Kennedy assassination.
John’s Systematic Use of the Pentateuch
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

Thus far much of John 4:1-42 has been accounted for by invoking John’s use of Mark (5:1-24, 35-43; 6:1-29) and Acts (8:lb-25); but not all of John 4:1-42 has been accounted for, particularly its quality of personal encounter. There are indeed instances of personal meeting in the Markan texts and in Acts 8:lb-25, but none of these passages contains the flavor of a prolonged personal discussion, such as occurs between Jesus and the woman at the well. To find this factor one must look at another of John’s sources-the Pentateuch. Within the Pentateuch there are two literary conventions which place particular emphasis on personal encounter-the betrothal scene, which generally takes place at a well (as in Gen 24, 29:1-30; Exod 2:11-22), and the prophetic vision (particularly as in Exod 2:23-chap. 4; cf. esp. Isa 6, Jer 1). In the first the encounter is with a woman, and in the second with God. In the Genesis texts (chaps. 24 and 29) the betrothal scenes are quite elaborate, but not so in the case of Moses. For Moses the two encounters come together (at least within the text)-first with his future wife (Exod 2:11-22), then with God (Exod 2:23-chap. 4)-and in the apparent tension between the two, the betrothal scene loses.
The Purpose/Life-Situation
Authors: Brodie Thomas L
Published: November 2023

In light of the gospel ‘s unity and of its dependence on diverse canonical writings it is now possible to assess the view that it was written for some narrow audience or purpose-for a synagogue-centered conflict with Jews, for a Samaritan mission, or as an anti-docetic polemic. All of these elements are present in some way-Jewish conflict, Samaritan mission, and an emphasis on the Word made flesh-yet they are but parts of a larger whole. They are part of a mission which, though it included outcast Samaria and was interested in it, went far beyond it; a mission which, however anguished by the break with Judaism, was governed primarily by positive concerns; a mission in which the picture of the Word as flesh was but part of a larger account of God ‘s thoroughgoing and purposeful involvement with humankind. These hypotheses, though they capture an aspect of the gospel, do not explain its purpose. There is no way, for instance, that the hypothesis of a conflict within a synagogue-at least as formulated thus far-can allow for John’s use of the synoptics and Ephesians. The hypothesis depends on reading the gospel as springing from within the inner dynamics of a synagogue community-first, from its preaching, and then, from its dividedness. Once it is seen that the evangelist used a rich diversity of sources, that hypothesis is no longer usable.
Introduction
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: November 2023

On 1 September 1689 Cotton Mather preached his sermon “Souldiers Counselled and Comforted,” a charge to members of the armed forces engaged in the ongoing battles with the native inhabitants of New England. One can imagine oneself a young man preparing to fight those whom the minister calls “Murderers” or picture oneself a mother preparing herself to let the son go to face the “Wolvish Persecutors.”
The Ban as God’s Portion
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: November 2023

The most chilling biblical war texts refer to erem, the ban, under which all human beings among the defeated are “devoted to destruction.” In one important passage, Num 21:2-3, Israelites vow their enemies to God as a promise for his support of their successful military efforts. In the majority of texts in Deuteronomy and Joshua, it is assumed that God demands total destruction of the enemy. Frequently a reason for the annihilation is provided (e.g. Num 21:23-24; Deut 2:30-35; 7:2-6); in other instances no rationale is provided, only the command or its fulfillment (Josh 6:17, 21; 8:24-29; 10:28, 30, 31-32, 35, 37, 39, 40). Chains of living beings are listed-sometimes including domestic animals but usually not- “man and woman, child and infant, ox and sheep, camel and donkey” (1 Sam 15:3; 22:19); “men, women, and children” (Deut 2:34); “man and woman, young and old, ox, sheep, and donkey” (Josh 6:21). The parallel verbs of destruction help to make the blotting out complete: “strike/devote to destruction/do not spare” (1 Sam 15:3); “we devoted to destruction/we left no survivor” (Deut 2:34); “struck with the edge of the sword/ devoted to destruction/ left no survivor” (Josh 10:28). Let no one escape the imposition of total destruction and spare or be spared, a sympathetic mother, a piteous baby.
The Priestly Ideology of War in Numbers 31
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: November 2023

Numbers 31 is an intriguing and neglected biblical text with which scholars often confess frustration. One scholar calls the passage “Midrash” and appears to use the term disparagingly (Gray: 417-19) while another admits that “it is not easy to make out what the real subject-matter of this long section is supposed to be” (Noth 1968:228).

Numbers 31 is usually discussed as an example of a banning text, but its ideology of war differs from the ban as sacrifice and the ban as God’s justice in important and intriguing ways that identify a world-view different from those explored thus far.
Toward an Ideology of Nonparticipation
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: November 2023

The Hebrew Scriptures allude to peace, its writers no less desirous of an end to violence and war than any of us. The beautiful oracle imagining a day when all wars have ceased, found in the eighth-century BCE prophets Isaiah and Micah, testifies to this desire.

This prophecy, however, is set far in the future, “at the end of days” (Mic 4:1; Isa 2:2). Only then can one expect disarmament, a life of agrarian plenty, nonaggression among former enemies—generations not schooled in war. The reality acknowledged by biblical writers of all periods differs.
Introduction
Authors: Russell James C
Published: November 2023

This inquiry applies recent observations from the behavioral sciences, medieval history, the history of religions, and Indo-European studies, as well as from what has become known as “metahistory,” to the pivotal religious transformation which occurred as a result of the encounter of the Germanic peoples with Christianity. This transformation is examined primarily from the entrance of the Visigoths into the Eastern Roman Empire in 376 until the death of St. Boniface in 754. It is proposed that Christianization efforts among the Germanic peoples resulted in a substantial Germanization of Christianity.
A Great Intellect in Repose
Authors: Bryant John
Published: November 2023

“The first duty of a critic … is to remember that, behind every book there is a man—or rather, that there is a man in every book.” Fitz-James O’Brien, one of Herman Melville’s friendlier literary associates, wrote this critical imperative as part of a general assessment of Melville’s career occasioned by the publication in 1857 of The Confidence-Man. In all, O’Brien was pleased with his friend’s progress. He was controlling earlier excesses and had a reasonable claim to becoming Amer ica’s great “prose-poet.” “Behind” or rather “in” Melville’s books was a creative “man” whose only errors were on the side of the Imagination. This was surely a “personality,” O’Brien concluded, that would “inspire” the age.1 The poignancy of O’Brien’s critique lies in the irony of this misplaced prophecy, for in 1857 Melville was on the verge of professional failure, and if he inspired any age, it was not his but ours. Nor does O’Brien seem cognizant of what critics now perceive to be the failure—whether willful or involuntary—of Melville’s form and language.
Ahab: Personifying the Impersonal
Authors: Bryant John
Published: November 2023

In “The Candles” (ch. 119) when Ahab bellows out his mastery over the “speech less, placeless power” of the corposants (St. Elmo’s Fire), he dramatizes the absurdity of his being: “In the midst of the personified impersonal, a personality stands here’’ (MD, 507). Ahab’s speech comes at a chiastic moment when Ishmael’s and Ahab’s rhetorical paths cross: Loquacious Ishmael has silenced himself into an objective reporter, reducing his contribution to parenthetical stage directions, while Ahab noisily struts and frets the boards. The crossing of these personalities marks the spot that allegorizes Melville’s problem in voicing the voiceless. Here, Ahab’s defiance of the “speechless” and Ishmael’s silence “meet and mate.” Melville’s misuse of personification accentuates the issue. By having Ahab address the cor posants as “you,” he imputes a consciousness to the electricity, and a meaning. They are the embodiment of an impersonal universe. But the corposants are balls of static, things not persons, although Ahab insists they are personifications. Ahab has it wrong. What is Melville up to?
From Logos to Canon: The Making of a Saint’s Life
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J
Published: November 2023

One of the most imaginative and prolific writers of the Middle Ages also happened to be one of the most influential early medieval sacred biographers. Gregory of Tours was born in Arverni (the present Clermont-Ferrand) in 538-39 and died in Tours on November 17 in 593-94. Gregory, named Gregorius Florentius at birth, was descended from a distinguished Gallo-Roman family closely related to the most illustrious houses of Gaul. His education, he tells us, was in church schools and principally confined to a study of Scripture. Given such a clerical education in this region of Gaul in the late sixth century, it is fair to conclude that his knowledge of the classics was limited.1 Although he frequently lamented his lack of training in rhetoric and secular literature, he appears to have read voraciously and was continually busy at his writing.
Sacred Biography as Historical Narrative: Testing the Tradition, Gibbon to Gadamer
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J
Published: November 2023

These quotations from Lee and Boccaccio highlight the gulf which separates the medieval from the modern sensibility on the issue of authority and judgment. For Boccaccio, and, no doubt, the majority of medieval men and women, the evidence of the senses was at best only a corroborating proof, and a secondary one at that, in the search to determine the truth. The “real” was always unapparent, hidden beneath some surface. Such a fideistic attitude is nowhere more pronounced than in the lives of the saints, where human flesh and blood have become the dwelling place for the God of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Jesus. The saint is the medieval symbol for this interplay between the known and the unknown. Within this medieval system of belief, it followed that if a narrative pretended to describe the saint’s life, it had to confront this intersection of the human and the divine. Such a narrative was thus concerned simultaneously with the historical-the story of the saint’s life-and the metahistorical-the divine in-dwelling.
Virgin Mothers
Authors: Heffernan Thomas J
Published: November 2023

The young Mary, recently espoused, responds with a question indicative of her expectation that her marriage to Joseph would involve normal marital sexuality. If, for the moment, we read her question as an actual response, literally that is, apart from Luke’s interest in depicting Christ as the messianic fulfillment of the Isaian prophecy (Isaiah 7:14), and its dense “labryinth of Old Testament reminiscence,” its historical importance for the development of conventions concerning celibacy becomes more apparent.1 Mary’s query provokes the fullness of the angelic prophecy: female virginity is the ideal vessel for the reception of the Spirit. But her question was perceived as fraught with nuance: from the Protoevangelium of James (ca. 140?) to the English Speculum Sacerdotale (ca. 1415), exegetes read her question as a troubled, doubtful one: “sche was trowbiled in hure-self, and no3t for the vision of the angel but for his wordis.”2 Her virginity, they believed she knew, would exact a great price: risk of losing her spouse, the denial of family and children, and the burden, however blessed, of being the bearer of the Christ, Theotokos.3
Rationality, Ritual, and Science
Authors: Penner Hans H
Published: November 2023

Seventy years ago, the Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics gave seventy six double column small-print pages to the topic of magic. Twenty of those pages described the magic of Greece and Rome, and concluded: “Magic was one of those vices of intellectual youth which the Greco Roman world never quite outgrew” (vol. 8, p. 289). About twenty years ago the International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences spent no more than seven pages of large-print double columns to the subject of magic. It is obvious that Nur Yalman was not very excited about the topic. He wrote that “In recent years there is a lack of interest in magic.” In fact, “Magic is not a uniform class of practices and beliefs which can be immediately discerned in every society” (vol. 9, p. 521). It would seem that we could draw the same conclusion that Levi-Strauss did regarding “totemism”: magic does not exist; it is the product of scholars’ minds. The new Encyclopedia of Religion, edited by the late Mircea Eliade, seems to reach this conclusion in spite of the fact that it dedicates thirty three double-column pages to the subject.
Science and Magic, Miracle and Magic in Formative Judaism: The System and the Difference
Authors: Neusner Jacob
Published: November 2023

The received definition of the difference between miracle and magic, long familiar in the history of religion, allows us to differentiate, also, between science and magic. The difference, many have maintained, is convention al. It is that, in any given system, persons know the difference between acts of religion (that is, miracles), and those of superstition (namely, magic) by reference to the source and standing of the one who does a deed deemed out of the ordinary. The extraordinary deeds of the true God (or the agents thereof, that is, angels or holy persons) are miracles. The extraordinary deeds of a false god (with the same qualification) are magic. The difference, then, is social and systemic, the distinction merely a conventional usage of society. The distinction makes a difference, in particular, in exchanges between systems - for example, Elijah and the prophets of Baal. It connotes the simple judgment that what my side does is a miracle; and by the way, it works; what your side does is magic, whether or not it works.
Jewish Magic from the Renaissance Period to Early Hasidism
Authors: Idel Moshe
Published: November 2023

The aim of this essay is to propose a primary typology of the elite magic of the Jews since the late fifteenth century and to trace the history of its development in a succinct way. Two major types of magic will be present ed here: the Italian, which emerged from Arabic sources initially intro duced into Kabbalah by Spanish authors of the late thirteenth and four teenth centuries (it seems to have been neglected by fifteenth-century Spanish Kabbalists, but reemerged at the end of the fifteenth century in Italy); and the Spanish, which was disclosed in Kabbalistic writings since the 1470s in Spain and afterward in the Ottoman empire and elsewhere. After explaining the theories of each type of magic, an attempt will be made to survey the activities of a series of important Jewish figures who undertook magical acts, basing themselves on the theoretical assump tions of either of the types. In other words, we witness the conspicuous manifestation of magical activity within Jewish culture, mostly on the esoteric level, occurring exactly at the same time, in two important cen ters of Jewish culture.
Magic and Messiah
Authors: Kee Howard Clark
Published: November 2023

In the academic study of the origins of Christianity there have been in recent years several efforts to link the messianic claims made on behalf of Jesus with the phenomenon of magic in the wider Greco-Roman world. Notable among these attempts are John M. Hull’s Hellenistic Magic and the Synoptic Tradition1 and Morton Smith’s Jesus the Magician.2 The implicit assumption in both these works is that such terms as magic, miracle, sign, and wonder are interchangeable. Accordingly, magic is considered to be operative wherever any of these terms is used or wherever one hears of healing activity linked with the demonic or with other pow ers perceived as lying outside the ordinary human realm. Because there are reports in the Gospels that link Jesus’s healing work with the demonic, and because his name is invoked in the Greek magical papyri, along with other divinities of the Greco-Roman world, it seems to some schol ars self-evident that Jesus as healer should be perceived as carrying out a role as a magician.
Light on a Dark Subject and Vice Versa: Magic and Magicians in the New Testament
Authors: Garrett Susan R
Published: November 2023

In what respect did the Egyptians sin in not believing Moses, since the magicians wrought like signs, even although they were done rather in ap pearance than in truth? For if I had been there then, should I not have thought, from the fact that the magicians did like things to those which Moses did, either that Moses was a magician, or that the magicians wrought their signs by divine commission? For I should not have thought it likely that the same things could be effected by magicians, even in appear ance, which he who was sent by God performed.
Magic, Miracle, and Popular Practice in the Early Medieval West: Anglo-Saxon England
Authors: Jolly Karen Louise
Published: November 2023

Magic and its religious antithesis, miracle, form two poles within a cul ture’s perception of the world around them, allowing them to distinguish the unacceptable from the acceptable. Yet between these two extremes lay a spectrum of practices that were neither clearly magic nor clearly reli gion. These practices were the result of the processes of conflict and assimilation continuously at work within that culture. The extant litera ture of the early medieval west made the magic-religion distinction very clear; yet other literary and nonliterary sources evidenced a variety of practices that fell between these two poles. Moreover, the definition of these extremes, and hence the reasons for the ambiguous practices, were based on a view of knowledge different from our own: the distinction between magic and religion was the same as that between magic and science because scientia, according to the vocabulary of the time, includ ed both religious truth as well as learned or “natural” knowledge. The basis of the distinction between magic and scientia was not how they functioned, but the source of power-God or the devil.
Witchcraft and the Occult as Boundary Maintenance Devices
Authors: Ben-Yehuda Nachman
Published: November 2023

I shall examine in this paper the issue of societal moral boundaries vis-a vis witchcraft and the occult. I shall argue that in a simple society that differentiates into a myriad of symbolic-moral universes, and in one that is infinitely more complex and characterized by the existence of a variety of these universes (e.g., see Berger and Luckmann, 1966), the emergence of witchcraft and the occult may be thought of as markers of symbolic moral boundaries, and as devices for the maintenance of these bound aries.
The Coupling Convention: Novel Views of Love and Marriage
Authors: duCille Ann
Published: November 2023

Contending Forces tells a terrible tale of slavery, arson, pillage, lynching, rape, forced impregnation, and sexual blackmail. It also, as these lines suggest, is a novel self-consciously aware of the dictates of its romantic form. Accordingly, it tells its horror story through the formula of female virtue pitted against patriarchal plunder: piety, if not absolute purity, is eventually rewarded by love and marriage. Is love, then, even in the African American novel, the “subject par excellence,” as Leslie Fiedler maintains?
Literary Passionlessness and the Black Woman Question in the 1890s
Authors: duCille Ann
Published: November 2023

Nineteenth-century British thought, as Christina Crosby has noted, is marked by a fascination with women, the “ceaseless posing of ‘the woman question.”’Much the same holds true on the other side of the Atlantic. However, nine-teenth-century American thought is marked as well by the ceaseless posing of “the race question.” Concerned, like most black Americans, with issues of racial identity and social equality, black female artists and intellectuals writing at the turn of the century recognized that for them and their sisters the race question did not exist separate and distinct from the woman question and vice versa. Their commitment to uplifting the black race, therefore, was inextricably linked to a commitment to improving the social, cultural, moral, and material conditions of women. This particularized, gendered sense of racial purpose and politics often put black women writers at odds with a nationalist, masculinist ideology of uplift that demanded female deference in the cause of elevating black men. At the same time, however, racial discrimination within the woman’s movement positioned black women on the outskirts of mainstream suffrage and temperance activism. Central to the literary interventions of black women writers, then, was the need to redefine who “women” were in the process of laying claim to womanhood, while also renegotiating gender relations within their own increasingly patriarchal black communities, as they claimed the right to participate in the American body politic and to control the politics of their own bodies.
Women, Men, and Marriage in the Ideal Estate
Authors: duCille Ann
Published: November 2023

Perhaps nowhere are the contradictory impulses of the 1890s more dramatically revealed than in the variety of fiction that flowered throughout the decade. Both informed by and part of what Frances Harper called the “grandly constructive” political activism of the Woman's Era/ many of the novels of the period address issues much on the minds of intellectuals such as Harper, Pauline Hopkins, and Anna Julia Cooper. Of particular concern to these writers was the moral, social, and political status of African American women and, as this excerpt from “A Double Standard” suggests, the nature of malefemale social relations. As I argued in chapter 2, nineteenth-century black women writers such as Hopkins and Harper employed the convention of coupling and the concept of passionlessness in advancing an often sophisticated critique of the insidious interplay of racial and sexual ideology, as they sought both to revise patriarchal standards of female respectability and to extend to black women the protection of idealized femininity.
Introduction : The Family, the State, and the Novel in the Early Republic
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: November 2023

One of the first pictorial representations of America, the Philipp Galle portrait of America as a muscular Indian woman (1592), suggests both the threat of the Medusa and the story of Judith and Holofernes, two related allegories of politicized violence conjoined with sexual desire (Fig. 1). Her body appears seductive and yet indifferent to its seductive force-the eyes gaze up and out of the picture’s frame, eluding our look. Incongruously graceful long hair covers her genitals; the spear clutched in her left hand is not quite balanced by the severed head dangling from her right. This woman’s powerful body evokes the recurrent origin story of national victories secured through the ability of a woman to behead her enemy; and it makes visible the castration panic marking such stories. The peculiar fetishism of this new world order involves the symbolic substitution of a woman’s body for the male enterprise.
The Family In The Novel: Cooper And The Domestic Revolution
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: November 2023

John Adams expresses a familiar version of the story of the American Revolution when he portrays England as the quintessential bad mother on the verge of murdering her children. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur, using the same analogy to describe the threat of the Indians, implies that England is guilty of malicious indifference rather than evil intent, but his language reveals a similar congruence of anxieties in the Revolutionary period. For both Adams and Crevecoeur the connection with the “mother country” has become a “habitual affection,” a phrase that at once mitigates the loss of affection and emphasizes the frailty of an affection that would make familial violence seem “coolly, and philosophically” necessary.
Gide’s Bent
Authors: Lucey Michael
Published: November 2023

Gide's Bent investigates the place of sexuality in the writings of André Gide, one of the first "out" modern writers. Focusing on his writing of the 1920s and 1930s, the years in which Gide wrote most openly about his homosexuality and also the years of his most notable left-wing political activity, Gide's Bent interrogates both the political content of his reflections on his homosexuality and the ways his sexuality inflected his political interests. Provocative examination of one of the first openly homosexual writers, André Gide.
Corydon and L!Ecole Des Femmes: Mimesis, The Mantis, The Gynaeceum
Authors: Lucey Michael
Published: November 2023

The Academy? ... Yes, perhaps, accept becoming a member if I can do it without making solicitations, groveling, paying visits, etc. And immediately afterward, as my first act as an Immortal, a preface to Corydon, declaring that I consider that book to be the most important and the most serviceable of my writings (French doesn’t really have the word I want, and I don’t even know if this English word expresses exactly what I mean: of greater usefulness, of greater service for the progress of humanity). I believe this and it would not be difficult to prove it. (Journals, 4:256)1 It seems that both Corydon and Retour de l’U.R.S.S. occupied a special place in Gide’s heart {he links the two in a journal entry from November 1947),2 as somehow his two riskiest books, the two books most successful at giving offence. And Gide seems to view as one of Corydon’ s major ongoing successes precisely its continuing power to shock. The first part of the journal passage just quoted is thus a delightful fantasy of Corydon in 1946 providing the grounds for a disruption of one of French culture’s most vulnerable ceremonial institutions, by insisting on Gide’s sexuality, insisting on the publicity of what many in the public or the Academy knew or could have known if they hadn’t imagined ignorance to be more comfortable. But as for Corydon (a set of four dialogues about homosexuality published partially in a tiny 1911 private edition, fully in a 1920 private edition, and finally publicly in 1924) being Gide’s most important and socially useful book, a claim he made several times late in his life, such a claim seems a little hard to swallow. How could a declared homosexual writer who had, while still somewhat closeted, written as apparently homophobic and misogynistic a book as Corydon, later in life claim that book as his most important for the good it might do for gay men? That question has been the burden carried by most of the scarce recent writing on the book; it is a question I try here to acknowledge without answering it. Instead, I offer a reading of Corydon aimed at illustrating how this question comes to be posed so acutely by this particular text.
Religious Advertising and Progressive Protestant Approaches to Mass Media
Authors: Moore R Laurence
Published: November 2023

“Now, as to hearing a sermon today, if you wish to do so, you can either go to church to hear it or stay at home.”
The Emperor’s Image
Authors: Finney Paul Corby
Published: November 2023

Once Pliny had ordered Trajan’s bust to be brought into his courtroom, the imperial image continued to play a role in the persecution of early Christians right through to the Constantinian legitimation of Christianity in the early fourth century. But the kind of a role it played is still a matter for debate: did caesar’s image have a bearing on evolving early Christian attitudes toward the visual arts or, more specifically, did it have a retarding effect on the development of a portraiture genre within the early church?
Cosmic Connections: Defining the Arena of Power
Authors: Edwards Douglas R
Published: November 2023

Images of the divine world permeated ancient society. Connecting with the divine world was serious business and occupied persons at almost every level. Members of elite classes in the Greek East and those associated with them actively sought the continuing benevolence of a god or gods. Many appropriated symbols associated with the divine world to bolster, maintain, or redefine their relation to political, social, and economic arenas of power. The stakes could be high. Tax breaks, acquisition of prestige, or the right to provide asylum could go to those cities whose elites argued effectively for legitimate and long-standing cosmic connections. Those who fell outside “proper” channels of divine power could suffer severe social, political, and economic sanctions. The gods had to be appeased. Jewish and Christian groups, who claimed to have access to a power greater than any other, also had their adherents in the larger society.
The Power of the Future
Authors: Edwards Douglas R
Published: November 2023

Symbols associated with the future occurred through media with longstanding traditions. Oracles, prophecies, votive offerings, cultic practices of the mystery cults, architecture, tombs, games, festivals, and treaties often framed images and symbols of the future that informed or expressed concerns that persons had in the present. Symbols of the future in antiquity often centered on “personal religion” or personal piety that sought salvation “through closeness to the divine” as persons selected from a plethora of options to cope with the future. Yet “personal religion” meant more than an individual concern for one’s future salvation after death. The benefactor who provided funds for a festival dedicated to a local deity may well have obtained “personal” as well as political satisfaction. Personal religion was also invariably associated with assorted webs of power. Rarely did one make a decision that did not include participation in a whole network of social, political, and cultural forces.
The Demotic Lady Gregory
Authors: McDiarmid Lucy
Published: November 2023

When, in 1888, Wilfrid Blunt was imprisoned in Galway Gaol for speaking out against evictions of Irish tenants at a banned meeting in Woodford, County Galway, his former lover Lady Gregory wrote four poems inspired by that happy event. It was indeed a happy event for Blunt: he had sought it, challenging the police as they pulled him from the platform, “Are you all such damned cowards that not one of you dares arrest me?” His first night in detention, he proudly wrote, offered “the first recorded instance, in all the four hundred years of English oppression, of an Englishman having taken the Celtic Irish side in any conflict, or suffered even the shortest imprisonment for Ireland’s sake:’ For Lady Gregory, Blum’s imprisonment offered a literary opportunity: she got an imaginative charge from the combination of erotic memories and rebel politics.
The Protestant Ethic and the Melancholy Spirit
Authors: Rubin Julius H
Published: November 2023

Doris Lessing has produced a contemporary version of Bernard de Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees in a series of five radio addresses reprinted under the compelling title, Prisons We Choose to Live Inside. Lessing uncovers a fundamental irony, a coda of modern sociology: when viewed from the perspective of studied detachment of the outside observer, the actions of individuals and groups who pursue rational ends appear irrational in their consequences. The political ideologies that mobilized masses in incessant warfare in this century—socialism, fascism, imperialism, anti-imperialism, nationalism—contain this irony. So it is with cultural revolutions, countercultures, movements toward modernization, and anti-modern protests; and with religious awakenings, reformations, and revitalizations in Islam, Christianity, and other faiths.
Introduction
Authors: Avery Dulles S J
Published: November 2023

The word “faith” might be described as the Christian word. More than any other religion, Christianity deserves to be called a faith. Among the terms that refer to the Christian movement, “faith” and its cognates occur with remarkable frequency in the Bible.
Prologue
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Br āhmanical tradition uses the term ā śrama with reference to what it sees as four distinct and legitimate ways of leading a religious life. The four ā śramas are the modes of life of a celibate student, a married householder, a forest hermit, and a world renouncer. Brāhmanical theology considers these ā śramas as constitutive and interre­lated parts of an organic whole made up of the rules (dharmas) that govern human con­duct; this organic whole is often simply referred to as dharma. The two cornerstones of dharma are the systems of ā śrama and va111a (“social classes”). The totality of the Brāhmanical dharma is often referred to simply as va111asramadhanna, an expression that modem scholars and native interpreters alike have seen as the closest approxima­tion within the tradition to what we have come to call Hinduism: “Even now,” observes the eminent Indian sociologist G. S. Ghurye (1964, 2), “Varn ā ś ramadharma, duties of castes and ā śramas, is almost another name for Hinduism.”
Background and Context
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The theological scheme of the asrama system originated against the background and within the context of several religious, social, and economic developments.1 If we are right in assigning the creation of the system to a period during or soon after the fifth century B.C.E. (see section 3.4), its socio-religious background would include the fully developed vedic tradition represented by the Brahmar:ias and the ritual Siitras. Its immediate context would include the socio-economic changes that gave rise to cities, monarchies, and a merchant class, as well as the emergence of rival religious ideologies and life styles both within and outside the vedic tradition. An understanding of these changes is especially significant in studying an institution such as the asrama system, because, as I shall argue, it was created as a hermeneutical device to incorporate socio-religious changes within the vedic world. In this chapter, therefore, I briefly examine these three major elements of the background and context of the asrama system.
The Origins
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

A major problem in studying the origins of the asrama system stems from the sources. There are no extant texts composed by the creator(s) of the system orby anyone belonging to the tradition or milieu within which the system was created. The earliest descriptions of the system we possess are made by the authors of the Dharmasiitras, who either explicitly rejected its legitimacy or had serious doubts regarding some of its ramifications. Gautama and Baudhayana, two of the earliest authors to record the system, present it as an opponent’s position-a piirvapak a in traditional terminology-which they set out to refute. Apastamba appears to accept the legitimacy of the system, but with deep reservations.
The Ā Śramas and Other Br āhmal)ical
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

Although, as we shall see in the next chapter, debates and disputes continued to surround the asrama system, nevertheless, by at least the middle of the first millennium C.E. the system had become fully integrated into and assumed a central position within the Brahma9ical world. Its centrality is evidenced by the increasing use of the expression vaIT)āśramadharma even in epigraphy, drama, and poetry1 as a shorthand term for the totality of the Brahma9ical dharma. It was only natural, therefore, that the asrama system came to be related to other aspects and institutions of that dharma within the theological discourse of Brahma9ism. In this chapter I examine these evolving relationships that permit us to gain further insights into both the history of the asrama system and the development of Brahma9ical theology.
The ĀŚrama System in Medieval Theology
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The major developments and changes in the āśrama system took place roughly between the fifth century B.C.E. and the fifth century C.E. Medieval theology and law inherited the system so developed. Even though drastic changes in that system did not take place, discussions and debates of interest concerning the āśramas continued during the medieval period. They will be the subject of this last chapter in our investigation of the history of the āśrama system.
Introduction
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: November 2023

The title of this book is not as paradoxical as it first seems. After all, it is perfectly reasonable to try and make sense of chaos ( adharma) and perhaps discover the lurking irrationality of order (dharma). Still, there is something subversive about suggesting that adharma might somehow make more sense than dharma. And at the same time, the tip of the hat to Merleau-Ponty shows a deference to a prominent tradition that cannot be accused of a deconstructive agenda. The following brief introduction will explain both our mild subversion of common sense in the study of Hinduism, and the choice of existential phenomenology for a job it has not yet been assigned.
The Duration of Images in Time
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: November 2023

Professor Smith’s observation may sound persuasively in our ears, but it is also deceptively simple. The weight of its considered judgment rests squarely on the relation between two levels of temporality-as though time itself were something we fully understood.
Boundaries in Space and Time
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: November 2023

Previous chapters have repeatedly emphasized the phenomenological obligation to concentrate on images in our study of religious symbolism. Symbols, we have seen, derive their force from the resonance between a temporal ideational and experiential levels of awareness. This resonance takes place because sensory images contain a prefigured meaning imparted by the most elementary acts of consciousness and perception.
Playing the Field: Adultery as Claim Jumping by Wendy Doniger
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: November 2023

When the bride has crossed the boundary into marriage, and is fully identified with her husband, she has still not reached the end of her journey nor crossed the final boundary line. The dharmic construction of her real self is incomplete until she bears her husband a son. Indeed, even then it is not over; ideally, the perfect wife will die before her husband (hence the perception of widows as, at best, failures, and, at worst, murderers), having lived her whole life in complete faithfulness to him as a pativrata, a woman who keeps her vow to her husband and is hence regarded as chaste. This is the cultural ideal of Sita.
Persons and Agents
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G
Published: November 2023

Despite the caution that dualism lays against any use of concepts of God drawn from the finite ontological context, the concept of ‘person’ has historically been used by Jewish and Christian theology for the One whom they regard as Lord and Savior. The fact that such personal imagery has not only been regularly employed but also that it has the highest orthodox credentials is not in question, even for a dualist. What is in question is the precise meaning ‘per son’ has when applied to God.