bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cooperation and Cunning
Authors: Bronstein Zelda
Published: July 2012

Review of Together: The Rituals, Pleasures and Politics of Cooperation by Richard Sennett
Soldiers Without Generals: Whither the Egyptian Revolution?
Authors: Kandil Hazem
Published: July 2012

As heroic as it was, the failure of the January 25 revolt to crystallize into a concrete revolutionary movement capable of harnessing popular energy, strategizing street battles, and negotiating on behalf of the mobilized people has minimized its political impact. Neither the temporary alliance of (secular and Islamist) vanguard activists who spearheaded the revolt nor the Muslim Brothers—the large opposition movement waiting in the wings to reap the gains—were up to the task of directing the uprising they helped unleash. And it was only natural for the average Egyptians who fueled the revolt to turn their backs on their seemingly clueless self-appointed leaders. Though the spirit of popular defiance has not yet dissipated, it is clear that the uprising fell short of its declared goal of overthrowing the regime.
“Remember Who You Are”: Michael Kazin Interviews Ohio’s Sherrod Brown
Authors: Kazin Michael
Published: July 2012

Mention the Democrats in Congress, and the emotional response of most left-leaning Americans will veer from moderate disappointment to frothing cynicism. Some pols fail to live up to their own hype as zealous reformers, while others seem mainly concerned with boosting their own power by pleasing the wealthy and avoiding taking any stand that might lose them votes at the next election. I have no idea how many representatives and senators fit either description, but I do know that Senator Sherrod Brown of Ohio does not.
Ron Paul and the New Libertarianism
Authors: Burns Jennifer
Published: July 2012

Although libertarianism is often stereotyped as the creed of the pimply teenaged computer nerd, the controversy over Paul’s racist newsletters highlights the candidate’s origins in a darker kind of populism. Between 1988 and 1996, Paul’s newsletters to his constituents and supporters brimmed over with virtually every far right obsession and hatred—from conspiracy theories about the Trilateral Commission to racist suggestions that New York be renamed “Zooville.” Paul has since apologized and distanced himself from such views, and even his opponents admit the newsletters probably don’t reflect his current or true beliefs.
An Analysis of Organisational Commitment by Academic Professionals in Tertiary Institutions in Zimbabwe
Authors: Gwavuya Frank
Published: July 2012

The aim of this study was to investigate organisational commitment in the era of the new psychological contract, or the psychological environment created by an economic down turn in Zimbabwe. The psychological contract that exists between employees and organisations is brittle due to many organisational changes which stem from the threatened business environment. The target population for this study consisted of 100 lecturers working at three state universities, namely Bindura University of Science Education, Chinhoyi University of Technology, and Masvingo State University. The results indicated that an increase in the number of positive human resource management (HRM) practices reported by respondents correlated with a decrease in violation and breach of the psychological contract.
The Synergistic Effects of Socio-Economic Factors on the Risk of HIV Infection: A Comparative Study of Two Sub-Cities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Sori Assefa Tolera
Published: July 2012

This paper attempts to explore the relationship between HIV/AIDS knowledge, risk factors perception and the risk of HIV infection in Ethiopia. The study used a comparative approach and both primary (quantitative and qualitative) and secondary data were used. The data show social and economic factors (income, education, gender inequality and inadequate health infrastructures) are important variables influencing people’s vulnerability to HIV infection; and poor women are more likely to engage in risky sexual behaviour despite awareness about the risk of HIV infection. The poor neighbourhood provides the “path of least resistance” (Lindegger and Wood 1995,7). The paper argues that awareness alone is not sufficient in bringing about sexual behaviour change, since change/engaging in risky behaviours are essentially social behaviours occurring within specific social, cultural and economic settings. [The paper is] a modest contribution to the ‘structural violence approach’ (Farmer 1997; 2005) that emphasizes broader cultural, socio-economic and political factors in HIV/AIDS research and intervention programmes.
Trends and Perceived Determinants of HIV/AIDS In Rural Areas: The Case of Thamaga and Surrounding Villages, Botswana
Authors: Bene Matlhogonolo , Darkoh Michael Bernard K.
Published: July 2012

This paper examines the trends and perceived determinants of HIV/AIDS in Thamaga and its surrounding villages of Gakgatla, Kumakwane, and Mankgodi. Data was collected mainly through interviewer-administered questionnaires which were applied to a sample of 145 respondents from the general public and 61 people living with AIDS in the villages. The results of the study showed that cohorts of ages 30 and above generally had higher infection rates. Females had a higher number living with HIV than men. Deaths of people living with AIDS were steadily increasing in the study area. The primary causes of the epidemic were poverty and relative wealth. Alcohol and drug abuse, multiple partners, lack of HIV testing and condom use, commercial sex work, ignorance, illiteracy, culture and religion, were perceived by respondents as the proximate driving factors of the epidemic.
Market Access and Livelihood Diversification in Rural Ethiopia: Evidence from Kewot Woreda of North Shewa
Authors: Elias Muluken , Negatu Workneh
Published: July 2012

The aim of this study was to examine the relation between market access and livelihood diversification in rural areas of Kewet woreda (district) in North Shewa. The data for the study were gathered through farm household survey. The Logit Regression Model was used to identify the determinants of market access to both rural and town markets. The findings show that households’ access to markets is constrained, inter alia , by location, distance, availability of infrastructure, and cropping pattern. The Logit Regression analysis showed that market access is negatively and significantly affected by distance. Households who reside in remote areas from market centres were found to be the least diversifier of means of livelihood. The findings imply the importance of market centres development for diversification of rural economy.
Shifting: Cycles of Loss on a Sinking Coast
Authors: Gisleson Anne , Varisco Michel
Published: July 2012

With the surrounding wetlands disappearing and a Mississippi River that wants to migrate, the vibrant culture of New Orleans may be in for more hard times in the decades ahead.
Tell Me About Nerval
Authors: LaSalle Peter
Published: July 2012

He was nibbling, he was a French boy, not all that bright but he was a beautiful, beautiful French boy, his name was Alex, and . . .
More a Part of Dying Than Delight: Joy Williams’s “Traveling to Pridesup”
Authors: Watson Brad
Published: July 2012

The fiction of Joy Williams has earned her praise and acclaim, but not necessarily fame. Brad Watson reintroduces an early gem and asks why. Williams has been likened to Flannery O’Connor, an apt comparison as far as it goes. But Williams is that rare spiritual writer who offers neither salvation nor redemption.
Captain Brown and the Royal Victoria Military Hospital
Authors: Pritchard Melissa
Published: July 2012

A slight gasp escaped him upon beholding what could only be called architectural splendor. No photograph could convey its somber excessive majesty.
Do You Know Jussi?
Authors: Nors Dorthe
Published: July 2012

The letters were all for men and the addresses made her think about people to whom she didn’t belong going about in strange rooms.
So Passes the Glory: A Selection of Letters between Diana Athill and Edward Field
Authors: Athill Diana , Field Edward
Published: July 2012

In excerpts from thirty years of correspondence, a celebrated British editor and a laureled American poet share transatlantic news of literary feuds and book parties, and document their experiences of growing old.
Twinkle Twinkle
Authors: Leach Amy
Published: July 2012

An amateur astronomer calls on Don Quixote and Santa’s reindeer while surveying the cosmos to find a star one hundred times the size of the sun.
Anatoly Remnev
Authors: Burbank Jane
Published: July 2012

In her contribution in memory of Anatoly Remnev, Jane Burbank recalls meeting Remnev for the first time in 1996 during a summer school for social scientists near Vladimir in Russia. At the time, Remnev, with Petr Savel'ev, produced a draft of the research project on region and empire that has shaped much of Burbank's own research. Remnev then suggested using the region rather than the nationality or confession for framing analyses of imperial history. Although now a highly discussed theoretical problem, the regional approach for Remnev was grounded in the understanding that it would allow historians to avoid privileging a specific form of groupness (ethnic, confessional, linguistic, etc.). Burbank notes that Remnev's many works became standard references for historians of the Russian empire all over the world. For Burbank, Anatoly Remnev was utterly reliable, upright, fair, and understanding in every part of his life – a true comrade and a responsible leader. Свои воспоминания о дружбе с Анатолием Ремневым Джейн Бурбанк начинает с их первой встречи, состоявшейся на летней школе во Владимире в 1996 году. Исследовательница рассказывает историю одного из первых международных проектов по изучению Российской империи, который вырос из этого опыта и в основу которого легла идея Ремнева о региональном подходе. Эссе сочетает личные воспоминания с анализом региональной парадигмы и оценкой значения работ Ремнева для мировой историографии Российской империи.
Историография как биография: автопортрет на фоне имперской истории
Authors: Ремнев Анатолий
Published: July 2012

Written for the edited volume New Imperial History of the Post-Soviet Space , Anatoly Remnev's autobiography offers an account of how he came to the field of imperial studies. Remnev allocated great significance to his training in the Leningrad historical tradition, the result of which was his first archive-based dissertation research on the Committee of Ministers in the Russian Empire. Having moved from Leningrad to Omsk, Remnev delved into the riches of regional archives and questions of regional governance in the empire. Having studied the central imperial archives, he was able to combine the perspective from the top of imperial government with new venues of interpretation that the regional archives of the imperial administration allowed. Working in this nexus, Remnev discovered the importance of "geographies of power," the challenge of regionalism and ethnic diversity as the main preoccupation of the Russian imperial government, and the often-invisible or unrecognized potentialities of Russian Orientalism. Remnev concludes his autobiography with the assertion that the regionally sensitive study of empire can help mitigate the excesses of post-Soviet nationalizing narratives of history and provide an adequate understanding of the longevity of imperial structures in Russian history.
Ахун Сирадж ад-Дин ибн Сайфулла ал-Кызылъяри у казахов Сибирского ведомства: исламская биография в импер­ском контексте
Authors: Шаблей Павел
Published: July 2012

The article explores the life of the akhun of Petropavlovsk, Siraj ad-Din ibn Saifulla al-Kyzyl'iari, in the context of the multifaceted relations and connections that emerged between Muslim ulema and their Kazakh environment, imperial authorities, and the Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly (OMSA). Several factors contributed to the behavior of the akhun and made it ambivalent from the point of view of both personal self-identification and observers. Among these factors were the low efficiency of the Russian imperial bureaucracy, contradictory interests of different groups of Kazakhs, and attempts by some in the imperial establishment to overemphasize questions about "fanaticism" and pan-Islamism (characteristic of the mid-nineteenth century). On the one hand, the akhun, like other members of the ulema, recognized Russian imperial domination and strove to be a loyal subject; on the other hand, he could use the weakness of administrative institutions and of the OMSA to pursue his own agenda in the regions. Apparently, he did not perceive these actions as a breach of law, unlike the imperial authorities. A pious Muslim with extensive ties to the world of Islam, al-Kyzyl'iari functioned in the narrow space of Islamic discourse, which, according to its own logic of development, transcended the imperial order. His tragic life cannot be explained solely by references to the changes in confessional policies of the Russian empire in the Kazakh steppe in the mid-nineteenth century. It was defined by a range of factors that shaped the complexity of his individual biography as a person who found himself on the boundary of different cultural worlds and social and political transformations.
Images of the Cross in Early Modern Korea: The Geomantic Prophecy of the Chŏnggam-nok and the Protestant Flag of the Red Cross
Authors: Oak Sung-Deuk
Published: July 2012

The symbolic power of the cross is one of the reasons Protestant Christianity attracted so many adherents in its first few decades in Korea. The simple Protestant cross had an advantage over the Catholic crucifix, which includes a three-dimensional image of the crucified Jesus. The unadorned cross of Protestant Christianity reminded many Koreans of the Sino-Korean character for 10 (十), which some read as a reference to the ten auspicious places mentioned in the popular prophetic text Chŏnggam-nok . The cross also was used on flagpoles flying the flag of St. George’s cross, which Koreans interpreted as a sign of both the spiritual power of the Christian message and of the protective power of the extraterritoriality of Western missionaries. In addition, the use of the cross as a symbol of the Japanese Red Cross during the Russo-Japanese War strengthened its association with modern civilization. When Japanese military forces captured members of the Righteous Armies and tied them to crosses before executing them, the cross also gained a nationalistic aura. These multiple associations for the cross made it a powerful symbol drawing Koreans into the Protestant churches.
One Religion, Different Readings: (Mis)interpretations of Korean Buddhism in Colonial Korea, Late 1920s-Early 1930s.
Authors: Tikhonov (Pak Noja) Vladimir
Published: July 2012

In colonial Korea (1910–1945), Buddhism’s sheer resilience and popularity drew attention of the Japanese colonial scholars, who initiated in the 1910s–1920s what they viewed as “scientific” study of Korean Buddhism. The attempts at “scientification” of Korean Buddhism research—exemplified by Keijō Imperial University professor Takahashi Tōru (1878–1967), also known for his research on Korean oral literature and Confucian philosophy—undoubtedly broadened the scope of academic inquiry and contributed to systemization of materials on Korean Buddhist history. However, the “scientism” of the colonial scholars was from the very beginning tarnished by their Orientalist attitudes. They viewed Korean Buddhism as “slavishly dependent” upon Chinese tradition and Korean state authorities. These colonialist attitudes provoked a heated nationalist response. Prominent “cultural nationalists”, such as Ch’oe Namsŏn (1890–1957), reacted by painting a picture of East Asia’s ancient Buddhist tradition with Korea in its centre. This picture, its visible shortcomings notwithstanding, eventually laid the fundament for the nationalist view of Korean Buddhist history in post-1945 South Korea.
What Does It Mean to Study Korean Religion(s)?
Authors: Keel Hee-Sung
Published: July 2012

When we study Korean religion, we face two sets of basic questions. First, what do we mean by “religion”? How broad should be the range of phenomena that we want to include in our study? Should we study Korean religion as a single organic unity or as a plurality of diverse traditions? Above all, the classical question whether or not religion is to be regarded as a phenomenon sui generis needs to be addressed one way or another by any scholar engaged in the study of Korean religion. Second, what do we mean by “Korean” in studying Korean religion(s)? How strongly should we stress its/their Korean identity? Is there a distinctive Korean character underlying all Korean religions or Korean religious culture in general, past and present? In addressing these issues, we need the wisdom to avoid two extremes of essentialism and radical nominalism. Apart from these methodological issues, we need to pay more attention to the rich and dynamic religious world of Korean society today than has been accorded to it thus far. Closer analysis of the interaction between various religious traditions and groups is another area that has been neglected in the study of Korean religion. Finally, it is always worth remembering that we study Korean religion as much for the spiritual values and insights it may have for today’s world as for its importance in deeper understanding of Korean society and culture, the primary concern of Korean studies in general.
A Critical Reflection on the Chogye Order's Campaign for the Worldwide Propagation of Kanhwa Sŏn 看話禪
Authors: Senécal Bernard
Published: July 2012

This article critically reflects on the Chogye Order's campaign to "illuminate the world" with Dahui Zonggao 大慧宗虚 (1089-1163)'s Keyword Meditation (KWM). According to thenarrative backing that crusade, KWM is the most effective technique to achieve awakening, and Korea's KWM tradition-because it has been transmitted without interruption since its introduction in the peninsula-is unique and homogenous. Therefore, KWM is defined as the hallmark of Korean Buddhism. It is against a backdrop of fierce national and international competition, which has given rise to an identity quest, that this narrative has taken shape. By strictly identifying itself and Korean Buddhism with both the orthodoxy and the orthopraxis of Dahui Zonggao's teachings, the Chogye Order is attempting to create a differentiation point that will allow it to compete with its national and international rivals. Although powerful, this narrative tends to ignore that KWM is the result of a long and complex historical process. It also forgets that, far from standing in the middle of the blue since its birth, KWM has remained part and parcel of a history which keeps unfolding-both within and beyond East Asia. The result of such an interpretation is an overall hermeneutical rigidity, which translates into "Hwadu 話頭 Absolutism" and a fully fledged reenacting of the "rhetoric of immediacy." Both not only render dialogue between practitioners and scholars impossible, but also compromise the possibility of adapting KWM to the contemporary world.
In Search of "Korean-ness" in Korean Religions through Border-crossing: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Hur Nam-lin
Published: July 2012

What elements make Korean religions distinctive? This is an issue that has attracted a lot of attention from many scholars in the field. What would be an effective avenue to approach the ways in which external religions are adapted or transformed to Korean society and culture? In this article, Hur suggests that the task of tackling this question can benefit from a border-crossing approach, particularly through comparison with Japanese religions that offer a range of contrasting features. In order to illustrate this, Hur offers two examples that sharply distinguished Korean religions from Japanese religions in early modern times. One is the value of filial piety which dominated Korean Confucianism but was almost invisible in Japanese Confucianism. The other is Buddhism's role in funerary rituals and ancestor worship: Buddhism in Chosŏn Korea was kept at bay from the dominant ritual arena of ancestor-related rituals; in contrast, Buddhism in Tokugawa Japan was the central agent of funerary rites and ancestor worship rituals. Hur suggests that border-crossing, comparative approaches that involve Japanese cases can contribute to de-localizing Korean religions and, at the same time, to localizing Korean-ness found in Korean religions in the context of society and culture.
Korean Bible Women’s Success: Using the Anbang Network and the Religious Authority of the Mudang
Authors: Strawn Lee-Ellen
Published: July 2012

Korean Bible Women were successful in their work of evangelization because they utilized the women’s anbang network and borrowed the authority of other female religious figures in the anbang , specifically that of the mudang (female shaman). Bible Women shared their new package of western Protestant ideas with Korean women by entering into the women’s quarters, borrowing the accepted female mudang ’s religious authority in that sphere, and coherently merging traditional women’s practices and perspectives with modern Protestant views regarding women and their roles in society. In this respect, the work of Korean Bible Women was thoroughly Korean and thus effective despite the conservative Confucian milieu that circumscribed female activity. This paper illuminates the culturally authentic work of Bible Women in Korea by presenting an overview of the Bible Woman system, by examining the importance of the anbang in women’s daily lives, by discussing the exorcisms by Bible Women that occurred therein, and by analyzing the functional similarities between female mudang and Korean Bible Women. In fact, the presence of the Bible Woman, as a female religious leader meeting needs previously met by mudang , was easy enough to assimilate for many Korean women because of the presence of female mudang in the women’s anbang for centuries. In some regards, the similar functions between mudang and Bible Women may have made Bible Women’s Christian work seem more Korean and less western.
Modularity: An Interdisciplinary History of an Ordering Concept
Authors: Russell Andrew L.
Published: July 2012

In the final decades of the twentieth century, experts in a wide variety of disciplines—such as computer science, evolutionary biology, management studies, and educational theory—introduced the concepts of modular design into their professional discourses and practices. In each of these disciplines, modular systems called for standardized, interchangeable components (or modules) that could be recombined within a predefined system architecture. This article explores the modern history of modularity as it was imagined and applied in two specific settings: the architectural theories of Albert Farwell Bemis in the 1930s and the construction of electronic computers in the 1950s and 1960s. By framing this account as a history of an ordering concept, I hope to persuade information historians to look across traditional disciplinary boundaries and examine the more general set of concepts, strategies, organizations, and technologies that humans have used in their unending efforts to order and make sense of information.
Structuring Information Work: Ferranti and Martins Bank, 1952-1968
Authors: Martin Ian
Published: July 2012

The adoption of large-scale computers by the British retail banks in the 1960s required a first-time dislocation of customer accounting from its confines in the branches—where it had been dealt with by paper-based and mechanized information systems—to a new collective space: the bank computer center. While historians have rightly stressed the continuities between centralized office work, punch-card tabulation, and computerization, the shift from decentralized to centralized information work by means of a computer has received little attention. In this article I examine the case of Ferranti and Martins Bank and employ elements of Anthony Giddens's structuration theory to highlight the difficulties of transposing old information practices directly onto new computerized information work.
The Contribution of Ægidius Fauteux and Edmond Desrochers to Quebec Librarianship in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Lajeunesse Marcel
Published: July 2012

At the start of the twentieth century, Quebec libraries had a different look from those in the rest of North America. The Catholic clergy, whose power extended over all aspects of Quebec society, had imposed a parish library on a population learning to read, which inhibited the development of public libraries for French speakers in Quebec. The head of the Bibliothèque Saint-Sulpice in Montreal (both a research and a public library), Ægidius Fauteux, gave this institution a large cultural influence from 1915 to 1931. In the third quarter of the twentieth century, a Jesuit librarian, Edmond Desrochers, became a leader in the development of libraries in Quebec. The impact of his work was felt in professional associations, in the university training of librarians, and in the promotion of public, college, and university libraries for French speakers. Fauteux and Desrochers represent two generations of librarians who had an outstanding influence on the development of libraries in Quebec throughout the twentieth century.
From History to Library and Information Science: A Case Study of Archival Education at Wayne State University
Authors: Turrini Joseph M.
Published: July 2012

This article provides a case study of the development of archival education at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. The study investigates the emergence of an archival concentration within the Department of History and the transition of that concentration to a jointly run interdisciplinary program more closely aligned with the School of Library and Information Science. This progression demonstrates both the challenges and the benefits that the lack of an independent institutional home had on the development of archival education, particularly in regard to curriculum development and administration. It argues that the transition has been especially difficult because different groups involved with the administration and growth of the archival curriculum had varying notions of the primary purpose of archival education.
How Did We Become Illegal?: Impacts of Post-Soviet Shifting Migration Politics on Labor Migration Law in Russia
Authors: Tetruashvily Esther
Published: July 2012

This article is an excerpt of a larger work exploring the political, economic, and historical effectiveness of migration legislation from the CIS states into Russia since the fall of the Soviet Union. Paying particular attention to the case of labor migration from Tajikistan to Russia, this article explores inefficient labor migration laws in Russia, which, though advancing toward a more liberal approach, are marred by bureaucratic obstacles that prevent the proper legalization of labor migrants entering the country. Ultimately, the article finds that a combination of factors—including the transitional nature of Russian migration law, the position of Russia as a country that focuses more on labor than border control, and the unsuccessful policy line that allows domestic public opinion to drive policies rather than demographic concerns—generates a legal system that pushes labor migrants from CIS states into the informal sector, forcing them to work illegally.
Language Policy and Planning: The Case of Italian Sign Language
Authors: Geraci Carlo
Published: July 2012

It is widely known that supranational institutions and organizations, like the United Nations and the European Commission, encouraged national governments to recognize national sign languages as the languages of their Deaf communities. Nonetheless, Italy has not yet recognized Italian Sign Language (LIS) as the official language of the Deaf community in Italy. At present, a number of proposals are still awaiting discussion by the Italian Parliament, which has postponed consideration of them for many years. Despite the general unconcern for LIS at the highest levels of national political institutions, local governments provide help and financial support for local integration projects, especially those involving deaf children. Within this institutional picture, LIS is quite viable and visible throughout the country. For instance, national TV news broadcasts are interpreted several times every day (by both public and private broadcasting corporations), and messages in LIS are commonly used to inform Deaf people of major events (such as national and regional elections and national referenda). Furthermore, signers may have an interpreter when asked to be present in court for trials. Moreover, the main Deaf organization, namely, Ente Nazionale Sordi, which is widespread in Italy, actively collaborates with both local and national institutions, especially to promote the use of LIS by deaf and hearing children in bilingual school programs. Ente Nazionale Sordi (ENS) also provides language courses for hearing adults who are interested in LIS and for interpreters who want specialized instruction. In this article, we describe the current situation of the Italian Deaf community and the status of its sign language. Starting with the latest national law on language minorities (482/1999), we explain some of the reasons that LIS has not yet been recognized as the official language of the Italian Deaf community. We then focus on some of the most relevant initiatives entertained by local governments, ENS, and universities in order to strengthen LIS and make it more visible to the hearing community. Since a lack of standardization might partly explain why LIS has not yet been recognized, we disentangle this issue by illustrating some interesting results of a recent sociolinguistic investigation. The picture that we draw shows that LIS is ready to be officially designated as the language of the Italian Deaf community.
Language Policies in Uruguay and Uruguayan Sign Language (LSU)
Authors: Behares Luis Ernesto , Brovetto Claudia , Peluso Crespi Leonardo
Published: July 2012

This article explores the status of Uruguayan Sign Language (Lengua de Señas Uruguaya, LSU), in the context of language policies in Uruguay, as well as the specific situation of the Uruguayan Deaf communities. From 2000 to 2008 some language-policy acts (e.g., laws and other official documents) appeared in Uruguay. These statements refer mainly to education, although they also include other areas of society in both their design and their effects. In these official documents LSU is not seen as an attribute of a group of people with a handicap, and LSU speakers are not considered affected by health problems that require special educational treatment. Accordingly, LSU speakers are considered a minority group, as are speakers of Portugués del Uruguay (the Portuguese of Uruguay) or languages of immigrant groups. Thus, in the larger context of a diverse community, LSU is recognized and valued as the language of a minority group who have socially and culturally valuable backgrounds. As Uruguayan citizens, deaf people are entitled to have their community's natural language considered as one of the Uruguayan population's native languages. Uruguay does not have an official language explicitly designated by law; Spanish has always been considered as such as a consequence of habit, custom, and its status as the majority language. In fact, until the aforementioned language-policy decisions came about, Spanish was the only language used in education and by the state. In Uruguay the recognition of the existence of minority languages gives LSU a different status and opens the door for further developments that could positively affect the Deaf community. This article analyzes some of the historical processes that brought about in this change. The social visibility of LSU has grown continuously since 1983, both in education and other social sectors (e.g., public and private domains, the media). Since 1987, a bilingual education program for deaf people has been implemented in the primary schools. This program has encountered several difficulties mainly due to the fact that it was created with no connection to a more comprehensive proposal of national language policies, which in turn, left the program in the domain of policies for populations with medical handicaps. This article focuses on language policies in education. However, other aspects of public policies related to the Deaf community and LSU are also considered. The analysis presents cases of conflict and discusses the contradictions among them. Finally, the article explores the processes of standardization and social change that have affected LSU in the last few decades.
Linguistic Policies, Linguistic Planning, and Brazilian Sign Language in Brazil
Authors: de Quadros Ronice Müller
Published: July 2012

This article explains the consolidation of Brazilian Sign Language in Brazil through a linguistic plan that arose from the Brazilian Sign Language Federal Law 10.436 of April 2002 and the subsequent Federal Decree 5695 of December 2005. Two concrete facts that emerged from this existing language plan are discussed: the implementation of bilingual education in regular state schools in the state of Santa Catarina and the creation of the e-learning undergraduate Brazilian Sign Language Program (known as Letras-Libras). I present a study on the impact of Brazilian language policies on the lives of deaf people enrolled at regular schools in the state of Santa Catarina, where Brazilian Portuguese is normally the teaching language. I also discuss the Letras-Libras undergraduate program, a national program that has had both a symbolic and a real impact on the effectiveness of language policies favorable to Brazilian Sign Language.
Legal Pathways to the Recognition of Sign Languages: A Comparison of the Catalan and Spanish Sign Language Acts
Authors: Quer Josep
Published: July 2012

In some European countries, indirect or partial legal recognition of sign languages (SLs) has been granted in the last few decades through specific policies on deaf education, SL interpreting, or public media, but, in general, full legal recognition by dedicated laws has not been achieved. I present and analyze the recent legal initiatives for SLs in Spain (2007) and Catalonia (2006, 2010) (Spanish and Catalan SLs, respectively). They are shown to exemplify two different approaches to the reality of minority languages in the visual-gestural modality: The former act formulates SL recognition as part of the regulation of the accessibility means for deaf people, both signers and nonsigners; the latter regulates Catalan SL instead, leaving accessibility issues for deaf people for regulation by a separate bill.
Recognition of Langue des Signes Québécoise in Eastern Canada
Authors: Parisot Anne-Marie , Rinfret Julie
Published: July 2012

This contribution addresses language policy and planning (LPP) for sign languages (SL) in Canada, focusing on the situation of Langue des signes québécoise (LSQ) in the east, particularly in Quebec and Ontario. Drawing on papers from the deaf press, government and scientific reports, legislation, experiments, surveys, social services, and official educational programs, we present an overview of the distribution of SLs across Canada, which has two legitimate SLs: American Sign Language (ASL) and LSQ. This characterization includes a description of educational policies and focuses on the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. We also describe the actions undertaken by Canadian Deaf communities and their arguments in support of the official recognition of SL, with an emphasis on education. We provide a detailed account of what has been achieved in terms of the government's response to these efforts (e.g., implementation of an LSQ-French bilingual program in Ottawa and Montreal deaf schools). Finally, we offer a critical look at SL policies and discuss issues surrounding the (non)recognition of SL in deaf education.
Sign Language Planning in the Netherlands between 1980 and 2010
Authors: Schermer Trude
Published: July 2012

In this article several aspects of language planning with respect to the Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) are discussed. For nearly thirty years now we have been working with several organizations and members of the Deaf community to improve the position of Deaf people, change the status of their language, and implement a sign language policy that has had implications in several areas. First, a brief background of the situation in the Netherlands with respect to deaf education and the status of NGT is given. Then four main periods are briefly discussed: the oral period (1915–1980) the Total Communication period (1980–1995) the bilingual period (1995–2004) the monolingual/bimodal period (2004–present) Subsequently, the role of sign language research is described. Bernard Tervoort's (1953) research had a major influence on the Deaf community and inspired the first linguistic research on NGT. Three major projects have influenced the linguistic status of NGT and the emancipation of the Deaf community in the past years: the KOMVA project (1982–1990), the STABOL project (Standardization of Basic and Educational Lexicon project, 1999–2002), and the NGT corpus project (2008). The KOMVA project yielded information about regional lexical differences and indicated that no grammatical differences existed in the five regions studied. Between 1982 and 1999 the language policy led to the production of dictionaries and educational materials such as sign language courses that reflected regional variation. In 1999 the language policy changed: Hearing parents and teachers of deaf children exerted strong pressure to standardize part of the NGT lexicon. In addition, the Dutch government mandated the standardization of NGT as a prerequisite for its legal recognition: Thus, the STABOL project was born. The NGT corpus (2008) project provides researchers and teachers with valuable data (mostly annotated) on spontaneous language from signers in different regions of the Netherlands. A major impetus in the changes with respect to the attitude toward signing comes from work done by the Dutch Foundation for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing Child (NSDSK) between 1979 and 1999. Hearing parents of deaf children forced changes in early deaf education, and they are again playing a role in current changes in deaf education. Organizations such as de FODOK and Dovenschap act as advocates of the parents of young deaf children and the Deaf community and have played crucial roles with regard to the situation of deaf people and their language in the Netherlands. The milestones in sign language planning and the pursuit of official recognition of NGT are briefly described, as is the role of NGT in relation to deaf education and the influence of CI on the Deaf community.
Riccoboni's 1768 Letter to the Mercure de France : Reclaiming a Woman Writer's Literary Legacy
Authors: Kaplan Marijn S.
Published: July 2012

Marie Jeanne Riccoboni boldly went public in a relatively unknown 1768 letter addressed to Pierre-Antoine de la Place, the editor of the Mercure de France, wishing to rectify a capital error propagated in l'Esprit des femmes célèbres by Pons-Augustin Alletz, in which all her work had been attributed to her mother-in-law, Elena "Flaminia" Riccoboni, a talented Italian actress and author in her own right. Thus reclaiming her literary legacy in a predominantly male public forum, she confronts issues related not only to public and private but also to gender and genre, while at the same time shedding light on the littlestudied relationship between her and her mother-in-law. I will examine how Riccoboni defends and negotiates her precarious professional status as a bestselling woman writer in male-dominated Enlightenment France and will analyze the nature of the "power with a feminine touch" she uses to do so.
Lucie Aubrac: Rewriting Genre and Motherhood
Authors: Crapo Adleen
Published: July 2012

This article discusses Lucie Aubrac's memoir of her life as a résistante and pregnant woman, Ils partiront dans l'ivresse . Aubrac's memoir spans the nine months of her second pregnancy, which also coincided with some of her most dangerous resistance work. This article discusses the ways in which Aubrac employs her pregnancy in the service of literary suspense, while eschewing more traditional discourses of pregnancy. This article discusses the ways in which Aubrac utilizes generic hybridity to portray her wartime experiences without recourse to Vichy stereotypes. In so doing, this article demonstrates the ways in which Ils partiront dans l'ivresse became more than the sum of its parts, and a new genre, the roman à supsense au féminin .
The emerging role of CXC chemokines in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Rainczuk Adam , Rao Jyothsna , Gathercole Jessica , Stephens Andrew N
Published: July 2012

In recent years, chemokines have generated intense investigations due to their involvement in both physiological and pathological processes of inflammation, particularly in ovarian biology. The physiological process of ovulation in the normal ovary involves various chemokines that mediate the healing of the ruptured endometrium. It is now being reported that many of these chemokines are also associated with the cancer of the ovary. Chronic inflammation underlies the progression of ovarian cancer; therefore, it raises the possibility that chemokines are involved in the inflammatory process and mediate immune responses that may favour or inhibit tumour progression. Ovarian cancer is a gynaecological cancer responsible for highest rate of mortality in women. Although there have been several investigations and advances in surgery and chemotherapy, the survival rate for this disease remains low. This is mainly because of a lack of specific symptoms and biomarkers for detection. In this review, we have discussed the emerging role of the CXC chemokines in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). The CXC group of chemokines is gaining importance in the field of ovarian cancer for being angiostatic and angiogenic in function. While there have been several studies on the angiogenesis function, emerging research shows that ELR−CXC chemokines, CXCL9 and CXCL10, are angiostatic. Importantly, the angiostatic chemokines can inhibit the progression of EOC. Given that there are currently no biomarkers or specific therapeutic targets for the disease, these chemokines are emerging as promising targets for therapy.
A questão amazônica e a política de defesa nacional
Authors: Pieranti Octavio Penna , Silva Luiz Henrique Rodrigues da
Published: July 2012

A preservação da Amazônia é uma questão crucial para a integridade territorial do país que se torna ainda mais relevante num cenário marcado pela agressão ao meio ambiente e pela escassez global de recursos naturais no raiar do século XXI. A politica de meio ambiente, a estrutura para sua efetiva implementação e o modelo de preservação que o governo brasileiro vem adotando para a região têm recebido críticas em todos os países desenvolvidos, vindas de autoridades governamentais e da sociedade civil. O que se questiona é a inexistência de estrutura apropriada para a proteção da Amazônia como um bem natural, e essas críticas são preocupantes não apenas por sua origem e alvo, mas também pelo seu conteúdo, pois sugerem modificações que ferem a soberania e a integridade territorial do país. Com base numa pesquisa bibliográfica, este artigo procura discutir a forma de inserção da questão amazônica - e conseqüentemente a política ambiental - no debate sobre a política de defesa nacional. Uma vez que os problemas dessa região envolvem aspectos pertinentes tanto à política de meio ambiente quanto à de defesa, o que se pretende aqui é discutir a necessidade de adoção de um modelo de preservação do ecossistema da Amazônia que conte com maior apoio das Forças Armadas. Reformulada a partir da década de 1990, a política de defesa nacional tem procurado se adequar a uma drástica redução de custos, sem que isso prejudique o desempenho de suas funções essenciais. Essa política se baseia, ainda, numa sistemática de defesa mantida mesmo em tempos de paz - principalmente, em relação á garantia da soberania nacional - e dessa forma, está vinculada á proteção do território e dos recursos naturais brasileiros. Ao se discutir as implicações que a política ambiental traz para a política de defesa nacional, o objetivo é abordar a defesa do meio ambiente no Brasil como uma forma de resguardar a própria soberania do país.
Corpos consumidos: cultura de consumo gay carioca
Authors: Pereira Severino Joaquim Nunes , Ayrosa Eduardo André Teixeira
Published: July 2012

O estudo de grupos socialmente marginalizados, como gays, negros e moradores de favelas, entre outros, é de extrema relevância, uma vez que a tais minorias é praticamente negado o status de membros de uma sociedade moderna e de consumo (BARBOSA, 2006). O objetivo deste artigo é investigar como o discurso associado à posse do corpo é utilizado por homens gays para administrar o estigma relacionado à identidade homossexual. Como métodos de coleta de dados, foram adotados, antes de tudo, uma observação participante de um grupo gay da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e, posteriormente, 20 entrevistas semiestruturadas com homens gays no período compreendido entre os anos de 2005 e 2008. Os resultados sugerem que: (i) o corpo é uma construção e, sendo assim, é construído e manipulado segundo os padrões estéticos da cultura gay; (ii) o grupo gay estudado constrói o corpo de acordo com um ideal de hipermasculinidade; e (iii) os significados associados ao corpo são usados como forma de demarcação na cultura gay. Esses resultados evidenciaram uma imensa gama de serviços estéticos ligados a esse culto ao corpo por parte do grupo. O corpo é, então, uma "insígnia" que faz daquele que o possui um vigilante de si mesmo, o qual controla, disciplina, domestica e aprisiona esse mesmo corpo, visando a atingir "a boa forma" ou a forma requerida pelo grupo de que faz parte.
É possível integrar, em um mesmo conceito, os vínculos afetivo e instrumental?: o olhar de gestores sobre o comprometimento com a organização
Authors: Moscon Daniela Bahia , Bastos Antonio Virgílio Bittencourt , Souza Janice Janissek de
Published: July 2012

O objetivo do presente estudo é compreender qual a visão que os gestores possuem do que é um trabalhador comprometido com a organização, explorando a pertinência de se tratar como integrantes do mesmo construto as dimensões afetiva e instrumental, conforme proposto por Meyer e Allen (1991). Para tanto, definiu-se caracterizar os elementos esquemáticos que compõem o conceito de trabalhador comprometido e explorar o peso dos elementos afetivos e instrumentais que integram este esquema. Os elementos esquemáticos foram identificados por meio da atribuição de rótulo verbal a dois perfis distintos de trabalhador comprometido; a resposta espontânea a questionamento acerca do que é comprometimento e suas principais características e escolha de características de comprometimento disponíveis na literatura sobre o tema. Duas empresas de médio/grande porte da região metropolitana de Salvador-BA participaram do estudo por meio de oito gestores (quatro de cada organização). Os dados foram tratados por meio da análise de conteúdo e os resultados apresentados com o uso de técnicas de mapeamento cognitivo. Concluiu-se que os gestores pesquisados relacionam o conceito de comprometimento à sua base afetiva e consideram o comprometimento instrumental como sendo a antítese do comprometimento. Consideram que esforço-extra e contribuição adicional são importantes para que um trabalhador possa ser considerado como comprometido.