bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Margarine oil formulation and control
Authors: Haighton A. J.
Published: August 2007

The spreadability of margarine and butter can be measured in a simple and fast way by the cone‐penetration method. A comparison of this method with the Prentice extrusion technique showed that the cone‐penetration method is more accurate; the correlation coefficient between the results of the two methods is ≥0.95; and both methods give an equally fair prediction of consumer assessment.
Characterization of used frying oils. Part 2: Comparison of olestra and triglyceride
Authors: Henry D. E. , Tallmadge D. H. , Sanders R. A. , Gardner D. R.
Published: August 2007

In this study, the analytical scheme presented in our previous paper [Gardner, D. R., R. A. Sanders, D. E. Henry, D. H. Tallmadge and H. W. Wharton,J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 69:499 (1992)] was used to provide a detailed qualitative comparison between a heated olestra and a heated triglyceride that had been used to fry potatoes. The purpose was to determine if unique components are created in olestra when it is exposed to typical frying conditions. Prior to their analysis, the heated and unheated olestra and triglyceride were converted to their corresponding fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by transesterification. The FAMEs obtained were separated by degree of polarity by means of adsorption chromatography and solid‐phase extraction. High‐resolution capillary gas and liquid chromatography were used to profile isolated fractions, and detailed comparisons of these profiles were carried out in an effort to disclose components only present in the heated olestra. Spectroscopic data confirmed that by the methods employed, the only detectable qualitative differences between heated triglyceride and heated olestra were attributable to components also observed in unheated olestra. These species are generated during the manufacture of olestra and are not uniquely created by its use as a frying oil. In those chromatographic fractions containing altered fatty acids, no components were observed to be generated at levels ≥5 ppm upon heating olestra that were not also generated upon heating triglyceride.
Oxidative stability of soybean oils with altered fatty acid compositions
Authors: Liu Hui‐Rong , White Pamela J.
Published: August 2007

The oxidative stabilities of one canola oil and six soybean oils of various fatty acid compositions were compared in terms of peroxide values, conjugated dienoic acid values and sensory evaluations. Two of the soybean oils (Hardin and BSR 101) were from common commercial varieties. The other four soybean oils were from experimental lines developed in a mutation breeding program at Iowa State University that included A17 with 1.5% linolenate and 15.2% palmitate; A16 with 2% linolenate and 10.8% palmitate; A87‐191039 with 2% linolenate and 29.6% oleate; and A6 with 27.5% stearate. Seed from the soybean genotypes was cold pressed. Crude canola oil was obtained without additives. All oils were refined, bleached and deodorized under laboratory conditions with no additives and stored at 60°C for 15 days. The A17, A16, A87‐191039 and A6 oils were generally more stable to oxidation than the commercial soybean varieties and canola oil as evaluated by chemical and sensory tests. Canola oil was much less stable than Hardin and BSR 101 oils by both chemical and sensory tests. The peroxide values and flavor scores of oils were highly correlated with the initial amounts of linolenate (r=0.95, P=0.001). Flavor quality and flavor intensity had negative correlations with linolenate, (r=−0.89, P=0.007) and (r=−0.86, P=0.013), respectively.
High‐performance size‐exclusion chromatographic studies on polar components formed in sunflower oil used for frying
Authors: Arroyo R. , Cuesta C. , Garrido‐Polonio C. , López‐Varela S. , Sánchez‐Muniz F. J.
Published: August 2007

Thermoxidative and hydrolytic alterations of a sunflower oil used in sixty repeated and discontinuous deep‐fat fryings of potatoes were evaluated by column and high‐performance size‐exclusion (HPSE) chromatography. Successive fryings of potatoes in sunflower oil, without turnover of fresh oil during the performance of fryings, increased the level of total polar components in the oil from 3.75% to 27.28% (w/w). Triglyceride polymers, triglyceride dimers, oxidized triglycerides and diglycerides increased after sixty fryings 89.8, 21.8, 4.9 and 1.7 times, respectively. These increases were well correlated with the number of fryings. However, there was not significant correlation between levels of free fatty acids and the number of fryings. Polar compounds were highly (r=0.9691) and significantly (P<0.01) correlated with triglyceride polymers and also highly (r=0.9969 and r=0.9738) and significantly (P<0.01) with triglyceride dimers and oxidized triglycerides, respectively. Nevertheless polar compounds were not significantly correlated with free fatty acids. Data suggest that an intensive thermoxidative rather than a hydrolytic process takes place in experimental deep‐fat frying of potatoes.
Amidination of lipase with hydrophobic imidoesters
Authors: Basri M. , Ampon K. , Yunus W. M. Z. , Razak C. N. A. , Salleh A. B.
Published: August 2007

Lipase fromCandida rugosa was chemically modified by amidination with imidoester hydrochlorides of different hydrophobicity. The modified enzyme showed a higher ester synthesis activity but a lower ester hydrolysis activity compared with the native enzyme. The maximum specific activity of the modified enzyme depended on its degree of derivatization. Benzene was found to be the best solvent for the synthesis reaction. The optimal temperature for the reaction was not affected by modification of the lipase. The modified lipase was more thermostable and solvent‐stable than the native enzyme. When fatty acids of different carbon chainlength were tested as substrates in the synthesis of esters with the modified lipase, the highest activity was observed with myristic acid and propanol.
Kinetics of continuous hydrolysis of tallow in a multi‐layered flat‐plate immobilized‐lipase reactor
Authors: Taylor Frank , Kurantz Michael J. , Craig James C.
Published: August 2007

To investigate the feasibility of industrial hydrolysis of tallow in an immobilized‐lipase bioreactor, a pilot plant was operated continuously at one gram/min for more than one year. A new thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) method was employed for analysis of the composition of the product. Data were reduced by averaging, categorizing, and averaging again. The reduced data were used to calculate rates of the three individual reactions: hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TG) to diacylglycerol (DG) and free fatty acid (FFA), hydrolysis of DG to monoacylglycerol (MG) and FFA, and hydrolysis of MG to glycerol and FFA. It was concluded that separation of mono‐ and diacylglycerol from FFA and triacylglycerol would be required to achieve a high concentration of FFA in the product.
Thiol esters of long‐chain acids and long‐chain alkanethiols
Authors: Sasin Richard , Ashley William F. , Manning Joseph W. , Paolini Albert , Sasin George S.
Published: August 2007

n‐Nonyl throughn‐octadecyl thiol esters of lauric, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids are being reported for the first time. The four series of thiol esters show an alternation of melting points. The melting points of the even members fall on a single ascending curve. The melting points of the odd members fall on two separate ascending curves.
Solution hold‐up as a factor in oilseed extractor design
Authors: Keane J. D. , Smith C. T.
Published: August 2007

Hold‐up of solution by the solids undergoing extraction has been shown to be an important factor in the design of percolation extraction systems. By means of a laboratory technique, hold‐up was measured for a wide variety of prepared oilseeds. Empirical correlations of the data were obtained, and their significance was illustrated in a sample design calculation.
The metabolism of triglycerides containing cis and trans octadecenoic fatty acids
Authors: Allen R. R. , Kiess A. A. , Johnston Patricia V. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: August 2007

Weanling rats were fed diets containing triglycerides composed of bothcis andtrans fatty acids for 16 days. The animals were sacrificed, and the lipides were extracted quantitatively from the heart, liver, feces, and the rest of the carcass. Infrared analyses were carried out to determine the fate of thetrans acids.Trans acids with the double bond either in the 8 or 9 position are metabolized efficiently by the rat organism.
The reaction of mercaptoacetic acid with methyl linoleate and linoleic acid
Authors: Fore Sara P. , O'Connor Robert T. , Goldblatt Leo A.
Published: August 2007

The reaction of mercaptoacetic acid with methyl linoleate and with linoleic acid was investigated. The reaction proceeded at low and erratic rates, with and without catalysts, such as peroxides at various temperatures, but could be accelerated by use of a large excess of mercaptoacetic acid.

Addition of 1 mole of mercaptoacetic acid to 1 mole of methyl linoleate resulted in a product containing about 40% of mono‐adduct. Ozonolysis of the purified mono‐adduct yielded approximately equimolar quantities of caproic and azelaic acids, indicating that addition occurred about equally at the 9,10‐ and 12,13‐ethylenic bonds. The dicarboxylic acid and the dimethyl ester of the mono‐adduct and the tricarboxylic acid and trimethyl ester of the di‐adduct of linoleic acid and mercaptoacetic acid were prepared, and the infrared spectra and some physical and chemical characteristics of these products were determined.

The infrared spectra of the reaction products were obtained and correlated with functional groups which give rise to them. Bands at about 7.8 and 8.8 μ, commonly observed in long chain acids and esters and ascribed to C−O vibrations, are intensified in the sulfur‐containing reaction products, suggesting characteristic absorption of C−S compounds at almost identical wavelengths.

The formation of adducts was accompanied by a high degree of isomerization of the unreacted ethylenic bonds from thecis to thetrans form both in the mono‐adduct and in unreacted methyl linoleate. The methyl linoleate recovered contained about 12% diene conjugation, but catalytic quantities of mercaptoacetic acid were not effective in inducing conjugation.
The synthesis of 2‐heptenal
Authors: Radlove S. B.
Published: August 2007

A new synthesis for the preparation of 2‐heptenal which should be applicable to other α‐β unsaturated aldehydes is described. The constants of the 2‐heptenal prepared by this procedure support the data presented by Delaby and Guillot‐Allégre.
The effect of gamma radiation on the hydrogenation of cottonseed oil
Authors: Albright Lyle F. , Harrison Lawrence J. , Sesonske Alexander
Published: August 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Hydrogenation of cottonseed oil occurred at slower rates of reaction in agamma radiation field of Cobalt 60 than comparable nonirradiated runs. Thegamma radiation apparently degraded the triglycerides to form poisons for the nickel catalyst. Free fatty acids and possible carbonyls were probably the poisons produced. The degree of selectivity andcis‐trans isomerization that occurred during hydrogenation were unaffected by thegamma radiation.
Intrauterine growth retardation and placental vacuolization as presenting features in a case of GM1 gangliosidosis
Authors: Brunetti‐Pierri Nicola , Mian Asad , Luetchke Rebecca , Graham Brett H.
Published: August 2007

Diagnosis of GM1 gangliosidosis (OMIM 230500) is usually based on the presence of physical signs of storage such as coarse facial features, corneal clouding, cherry red macula, hepatosplenomegaly and skeletal dysostosis. More rarely it can present as nonimmune hydrops. We describe a male patient with GM1 gangliosidosis born to healthy first‐cousin parents of Indian Asian descent. The disease was recognized on the basis of diffuse vacuolization of cyto‐ and syncytiotrophoblasts, stromal cells and amniocytes on histological analysis of the placenta. The placental examination was prompted by the prenatal detection of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and oligohydramnios at 32 weeks of gestation. The diagnosis of GM1 gangliosidosis was supported by both biochemical and molecular data. The β‐galactosidase enzymatic activity on leukocytes was severely reduced, while the neuraminidase activity on fibroblasts was normal, thereby excluding galactosialidosis. The molecular analysis of the β‐galactosidase gene (GLB1) revealed a previously unreported splicing mutation (IVS1+2 insT) in homozygous state. Our case further illustrates the value of histological examination of the placenta in the diagnosis of lysosomal storage disorders and shows that either hydrops or IUGR can be presenting features of GM1 gangliosidosis in the neonatal period.
Strange kinetic phase in the extremely early folding process of β‐lactoglobulin
Authors: Kamatari Yuji O. , Nakamura Hironori K. , Kuwata Kazuo
Published: August 2007

A continuous‐wave probed laser‐induced temperature jump system was constructed and applied to monitor the changes in tryptophan fluorescence of the β‐lactoglobulin during its folding; the kinetic phases were traced from 300 ns to 10 ms after a temperature jump. Notably, an early phase with typical squeezed‐exponential characteristics, [exp{−(kt)
β
}, β
> 1.0], was observed around several tens of microseconds after the temperature jump, which is actually the earliest phase ever observed for β‐lactoglobulin. This process can be explained by conformational shift occurring within the unfolded ensemble (U → U′), which is followed by the non‐native intermediate (I) formation of this protein.
Self-reported waist circumference compared with the ‘Waist Watcher’ tape-measure to identify individuals at increased health risk through intra-abdominal fat accumulation
Authors: Han T.S. , Lean M.E.J.
Published: August 2007

We evaluated the accuracy of self-reported home-assessed and self-measured waist circumference in 101 men and eighty-three women aged 28–67 years. The main outcome measures were subjects' self-reported and self-measured waist circumference, and self-classification according to the previously defined waist action level 1 (940 mm in men, 800 mm in women) and action level 2 (1020 mm in men, 880 mm in women), and waist circumference measured by the investigator using the ‘Waist Watcher’ tape-measure, as the reference method. The mean errors (95% CI limits of agreement) for subjects' self-reported waist circumference (self-reported minus reference; mm) were −67 (95% CI −210, 77) in men and −43 (95% CI −211, 123) in women, and for self-measured waist circumference (mm) using the ‘Waist Watcher’ (self-measured minus reference) were −5 (95% CI −62, 52) in men and −4 (95% CI −50, 42) in women. The proportions of subjects classified into waist action level 1 or action level 2 by the investigator were used as the reference method. Self-reported waist circumference of men and women respectively would be classified correctly in different categories based on action level 1 with sensitivities of 58·3 and 78·7%, and specificities of 98·5 and 98·7%, and action level 2 with sensitivities of 38·3 and 48·9%, and specificities of 98·5 and 98·7%. Using the ‘Waist Watcher’ with different colour bands based on the action levels, male and female subjects respectively classified themselves into correct categories according to action level 1 with sensitivities of 100 and 98·7%, and specificities of 98·1 and 98·2%, and according to action level 2 with sensitivities of 98·1 and 100%, and specificities of 100% for both sexes. Only 2% of the sample misclassified themselves into the wrong categories according to waist circumference action levels. In conclusion, people tend to underestimate their waist circumference, but the ‘Waist Watcher’ tape-measure offers advantages over self-reported home-assessed measurement, and may be used as a screening tool for self-classifying the risk of ill health through intra-abdominal fat accumulation.
Nutrient and food intakes in selected subgroups of Belgian adults
Authors: De Henauw Stefaan , De Backer Guy
Published: August 2007

In March 1997, official dietary guidelines were for the first time published in Belgium by the National Council on Nutrition. These guidelines are entirely focussed on nutrient intake and do not translate this information into specific ‘food-based’ recommendations. In this paper, actual intake data for the adult Belgian population are compared to these guidelines. It is concluded that the overall macronutrient intake pattern in Belgium corresponds to the typical Western so-called affluent diet. As a next step, an attempt is made to outline a conceptual framework for developing food-based dietary guidelines on the basis of existing food consumption databases. For that purpose, nutrient and food intake profiles — percentage of consumers and mean intakes for the total population and for consumers only — are studied for subgroups of the population that do or do not comply to predefined dietary goals for total fat intake, fibre intake, and fruit and vegetable intake. Finally, it is shown with an example that these data can be used as a basis for formulating healthy food recommendations towards the general population in terms of specific foods or food groups to be avoided or to be chosen preferably. The food and nutrient intake data used in this paper are from the BIRNH study (Belgian Interuniversity Research on Nutrition and Health, 1980–1984), the only nationwide food consumption survey on an individual level ever carried out in Belgium.
Dietary guidelines and patterns of intake in Denmark
Authors: Haraldsdóttir Jóhanna
Published: August 2007

Food-based dietary guidelines in Denmark have usually been expressed in simple terms only and need to be elaborated. Quantitative recommendations on fruit and vegetable intake were issued in 1998, recommending 600 g/d (potatoes not included). This paper is based on a national dietary survey in 1995 (n = 3098, age range 1–80 years) supplemented with data from a simple frequency survey in 1995 (n = 1007, age range 15–80 years) and from the first national survey in 1985 (n = 2242, age range 15–80 years). Only data on adults are included in this paper. Fat intake, saturated fat in particular, is too high (median intake 37 %energy and 16 %energy, respectively). Main fat sources are separated fats (butter, margarine, oil, etc.: 40 %), meat (18 %), and dairy products (21 %). Total fat intake decreased from 1985 to 1995 but fatty acid composition did not improve. Dietary fibre intake is from 18 to 22 g/d (women and men, respectively) with 62 % from cereals, 24 % from vegetables and 12 % from fruit. Mean intake of vegetables and potatoes was from 200 to 250 g/d (women and men, respectively). Mean intake of fruit and vegetables (potatoes not included) was 277 g/d, or less than half of the new recommendation (600 g/d). Only 15 % of participants in the frequency survey reported consuming both fruit and vegetables every day, and only 28 % reported to do so almost every day. In conclusion, dietary intake in Denmark is characterized by a high intake of saturated fat and total fat, and by a relatively low intake of fruit and vegetables.
Food-based dietary guidelines for Finland – a staged approach
Authors: Valsta Liisa M.
Published: August 2007

The history of recommending certain food composition to the diet of the general public in Finland goes back to the 1950s. Since that time, the food circle with modifications has been the only official, and most widely used, tool for diet composition visualization for nutrition education. Official national dietary recommendations and guidelines have been launched in 1981, 1987 and the newest ones in 1998. Nordic Nutrition Recommendations have been used in Finland as a reference when national dietary guidelines have not been available or up to date. Specific quantitative food-based dietary guidelines have not been given, because dietary guidelines may be reached with a wide range of foods. Data from the 1992 Dietary Survey of Finnish Adults was used to identify differences in dietary intake and food consumption patterns between subgroups of the study population that represented the highest and lowest quartiles of fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), fibre, and fruit and vegetable intake. The population groups having the lowest fat or SFA intakes or the highest fibre or fruit and vegetable intakes reached the nutrient recommendations of macronutrients and fibre reasonably well. Similarities in food consumption pattern associated with a nutrient profile close to the recommendations were high consumption of fruit, berries, vegetables, roots, legumes and rye. Differences, e.g. in fats used, were also found between diets that were close to the nutrient recommendations. More research is needed to determine the differences in food consumption patterns of different population groups before developing food-based dietary guidelines for these groups.
Recent national French food and nutrient intake data
Authors: Volatier Jean-Luc , Verger Philippe
Published: August 2007

In France, the first national dietary survey, called ASPCC, was done in 1993–1994. According to this survey, the mean fat intake in France is rather high, both for men (37.7 %) and women (40 %). Saturated fat intake is above 15 % of energy. The intake of fruit and vegetables is particularly low for younger people and manual workers. Fruit intake is also lower for people from the north of the country. These data show the necessity of a targeted nutritional policy in France. Therefore, public health authorities are determining new dietary guidelines. The fact that people with unsatisfactory nutritional status are often not concerned with nutrition proves the importance of simple understandable food-based dietary guidelines.
Food and nutrient intakes of Greek (Cretan) adults.Recent data for food-based dietary guidelines in Greece
Authors: Moschandreas Joanna , Kafatos Anthony
Published: August 2007

The present study aimed to estimate current nutrient intake levels and food group consumption patterns in Greece using cut-off levels derived from the results of dietary recall interviews with 470 Cretan adults. It was found that the present-day Greek diet contains, in the main, adequate levels of fibre. In comparison with the traditional diet, however, the levels of saturated fat in the diet have greatly increased, particularly in younger adults. An association was found between low fruit and vegetable and low fibre intake and a fat intake that was mainly in the form of saturated fat, this being particularly evident in female subjects. Given the wide availability of olive oil, fish, fresh fruit and vegetables in Greece, the development of national dietary guidelines would be of great potential benefit, particularly to the younger generations.
Dietary guidelines and food nutrient intakes in Portugal
Authors: Graça Pedro
Published: August 2007

The average intakes of nutrients by a group of 489 adult Portuguese (≥ 40 years) living in a metropolitan area of Northern Portugal were studied using a food frequency questionnaire, and used to compare with the most recent recommendations for the same population by the National Council of Food and Nutrition. The data suggested a relative concordance between consumption levels and nutritional goals, however we found differences between subgroups of the population. Higher intakes of total fat and saturated fat, and lower intakes of fibre/energy and carbohydrates were shared by younger people (40–55 years), and higher intakes of total fat, saturated fat, fibre/energy, protein and carbohydrates and lower intakes of alcohol by women. Nutrients have been analysed in terms of the percentage contribution to total energy intake, but as alcohol is energy dense, its consumption can decrease the proportion of the energy intake from nutrients other than alcohol, and some caution must be taken in interpreting these results.
Energy under-reporting in Swedish and Irish dietary surveys: implications for food-based dietary guidelines
Authors: Becker Wulf , Foley Sharon , Shelley Emer , Gibney Michael
Published: August 2007

An analysis of dietary survey data from Sweden and Ireland revealed that with a declining ratio of energy intake to estimated basal metabolic rate (EI : BMR), %energy from fat, saturated fat and carbohydrate fell while that of protein increased. However, where the definition of under-reporting is less strict, as in the Irish database (EI : BMR) < (1·27), the quantitative effect on macronutrient balance, while statistically significant, is not of such magnitude as to be of nutritional significance. However, with respect to foods, under-reporting was found to be of considerable significance in using such data to formulate food-based dietary guidelines. The Swedish data show that under-reporting of foods is associated with a decreasing percentage of consumers, decreasing intake per eating occasion and decreasing frequency of eating. The development of food-based dietary guidelines will involve comparisons of patterns of food intake among people with contrasting high or low intakes of target nutrients. The Swedish data compared food intakes for those with low or high intakes of saturated fatty acids (SFA) among under-reporters and acceptable reporters of energy intake. Whereas absolute values were always lower with the lower EI : BMR group (< 1·1) compared to the higher EI : BMR group (> 1·35) the ratio of intakes for the low vs. high SFA groups were broadly significant at either EI : BMR ratio. This paper highlights the difficulties that under-reporting will pose for food-based dietary guidelines.
The influence of survey duration on estimates of food intakes – relevance for food-based dietary guidelines
Authors: Lambe Joyce , Kearney John
Published: August 2007

Development of food-based dietary guidelines relies on correct identification and interpretation of current dietary intake patterns. The process involves assessing which foods discriminate between those with desirable and undesirable intakes of particular nutrients. It is therefore important that those involved in this task are aware of any source of variability in the underlying food consumption data that cannot be attributed to true differences between individuals. A short survey duration can introduce a high degree of within-person variation and not reflect usual or more long-term food or nutrient intakes. As survey duration increases, the % consumers identified by a survey increases and the intakes among consumers only decrease while the total population intakes do not change. A short survey duration may also lead to misclassification of individuals into high and low consumers. Survey duration is therefore an issue that should be considered in the interpretation of dietary data when developing food-based dietary guidelines.
Food-based dietary guidelines: some assumptions tested for the Netherlands
Authors: Löwik M. R. H. , Hulshof K. F. A. M. , Brussaard J. H.
Published: August 2007

Recently, the concept of food-based dietary guidelines has been introduced by WHO and FAO. For this concept, several assumptions were necessary. The validity and potential consequences of some of these assumptions are discussed in this paper on the basis of the Dutch National Food Consumption Surveys. The topics were interrelationships among dietary characteristics, nutrient density, diets in accordance with the guidelines, and food variety.

To obtain insight into overall diet quality, a dietary quality index based on nutrients and a food-based quality index based on food groups were created and tested. As expected the results showed that a higher dietary quality index was associated with an improved intake of the nutrients included in the index, in particular a lower intake of total fat and cholesterol. This was related to a lower consumption of cheese, fats and oils, meat and meat products, and a higher consumption of fruit and vegetables. The information obtained with a dietary quality index can be used to assess the feasibility of a particular goal in combination with other relevant goals and to obtain clues or confirmation for recommendations regarding food consumption.

The food-based quality index created showed that a combination of several food-based goals (formulated in quantitative terms) was associated with an increase in food consumption, without a clear relevance for the dietary quality. Therefore, the formulation of food-based guidelines should be based on explicitly stated dietary goals. The findings regarding nutrient density were in the direction of what was assumed, namely a positive association between density and absolute intake, although the expected effects were not completely found. The results regarding the association between variety and dietary intake were characterized mainly by differences in quantity rather than dietary quality.

The data indicate that energy intake may be an important pitfall in implementing food-based dietary guidelines, that ‘eat a variety of food’ can be an empty slogan and that nutrient density is positively related to the absolute intake of specific micronutrients. Further, the ‘absence’ of interrelationships among risk nutrients indicates that a selection process has to be applied.
Patterns of food and nutrient intakes of Dutch adults according to intakes of total fat, saturated fatty acids, dietary fibre, and of fruit and vegetables
Authors: Löwik M. R. H. , Hulshof K. F. A. M. , Brussaard J. H.
Published: August 2007

Dietary intake characteristics were studied among 3833 adults of the second Dutch National Food Consumption Survey held in 1992. The subjects were classified into three groups based on their intake of total fat (% energy), saturated fatty acids (% energy), dietary fibre (g/MJ), and fruit and vegetables (g/d). All the classifications resulted in differences in energy intake. Except for dietary fibre, the mean energy intake was higher in the higher-intake tertiles. For the classification based on total fat, saturated fatty acids and dietary fibre the more prudent diets were accompanied with a lower energy-intake. As to the consumption of food groups, differences existed in both the proportion of consumers and in the mean consumption among users. It is concluded that the trends observed are probably more important than the actual figures.
FACTORS RELATED TO INBREEDING COMPONENTS FROM ISONYMY IN AN URBAN POPULATION: ARANJUEZ (SPAIN)
Authors: COLANTONIO SONIA E. , FUSTER VICENTE , SANZ GIMENO ALBERTO , REHER DAVID S.
Published: August 2007

An isonymic analysis has been carried out using a sample of 1529 reconstituted families residing during 1870–1964 in Aranjuez, an urban area situated south of Madrid, Spain. The random, non-random and total-components inbreeding coefficients from isonymy were obtained and the various combinations of surnames compared in order to infer the patri- or matrilocal pattern of residence. Throughout the period studied the random component of inbreeding (Fr) has not changed, in contrast to the non-random component (Fn), thus suggesting the latter could be responsible for the reduction of total inbreeding. Using several methodological approaches (biplot analysis, α, ν and percentage of immigrants) the predominance of the immigration of grooms was interpreted in terms of Aranjuez as a matrilocal pattern of residence. From this study it can also be concluded that surnames provided by reconstituted families are good estimators of inbreeding and migration.
How robust is a neural circuit?
Authors: STERLING PETER , FREED MICHAEL
Published: August 2007

Design in engineering begins with the problem of robustness—by what factor should intrinsic capacity exceed normal demand? Here we consider robustness for a neural circuit that crosses the retina from cones to ganglion cells. The circuit's task is to represent the visual scene at many successive stages, each time by modulating a stream of stochastic events: photoisomerizations, then transmitter quanta, then spikes. At early stages, the event rates are high to achieve some critical signal-to-noise ratio and temporal bandwidth, which together set the information rate. Then neural circuits concentrate the information and repackage it, so that nearly the same total information can be represented by modulating far lower event rates. This is important for spiking because of its high metabolic cost. Considering various measurements at the outer and inner retina, we conclude that the “safety factors” are about 2–10, similar to other tissues.
Kissing Osteochondrom – wenn Knochen sich küssen
Authors: Niemann  , Hashagen  , Egelhof
Published: August 2007

Ein kissing Osteochondrom ist eine typische Knochenformation mit Erosion eines benachbarten Knochens, die durch den mechanischen Druck des Tumors bedingt ist. In der Literatur existiert keine radiologische Definition des Begriffes kissing. Die meisten Autoren beziehen sich auf Läsionen, die eine benachbarte knöcherne Struktur oder andere knöcherne Läsion berühren und hierdurch Erosionen verursachen. Da Osteochondrome nach Verschluss der Epiphysenfugen nicht mehr wachsen, sollte eine weitere Bildgebung zufällig diagnostizierter asymptomatischer solitärer Osteochondrome nur bei Verdacht auf maligne Transformation erfolgen.
Akutes bilaterales Kompartmentsyndrom der Tibialis-anterior-Loge
Authors: Vetter  , Bonél  , Robert-Tissot  , Gschossmann
Published: August 2007

Das akute Kompartmentsyndrom beschreibt ein posttraumatisch oder entzündlich bedingtes Ödem, welches eine schmerzhafte muskuläre Bewegungseinschränkung, verbunden mit Parästhesien hervorruft. Als Ursache wird eine Zunahme des Gewebedruckes innerhalb eines anatomischen Kompartimentes postuliert. Symptome wie lokale Schwellung und Hautrötung, lokale Spannungsblasen sowie späte livide Verfärbungen sind die Folge. Als Therapie der Wahl ist eine frühzeitige Fasziotomie mit Dekompression der Muskelloge zur Vermeidung von Muskelnekrosen indiziert. Wir berichten über einen 22-jährigen Patienten, bei dem postoperativ eine beidseitige Fussheberparese diagnostiziert wurde. Die weiteren Abklärungen mittels Elektromyelographie und Magnetresonanztomographie führten zur Diagnose eines bilateralen Kompartmentsyndroms der Tibialis-anterior-Loge. Zusätzlich wird eine Literaturübersicht gegeben.
Bronchitis, Schwangerschaftstest und Hämaturie – ein atypischer Algorithmus zur Diagnose
Authors: Sawatzki  , Kalbermatter  , Ramseier
Published: August 2007

Wir berichten über eine 42-jährige Patientin mit viralem Infekt der oberen Luftwege mit schmerzloser Hämaturie und Verschlechterung der Nierenfunktion. Die Hämaturie zeigte sich als Zufallsbefund, weil das Pflegepersonal bei Abnahme des Schwangerschaftstest eine Hämaturie bemerkte. Während dem Notfallbetrieb konnte nach wiederholter (erschwerter) Anamnese und Durchsicht älterer Austrittsberichte, eine bekannte IgA-Nephritis eruiert werden. Auf weitere diagnostische Abklärungen konnte somit verzichtet werden. Bei Infekt der oberen Luftwege und schmerzloser Hämaturie ist als häufigste Form der Glomerulonephritis an die IgA-Nephropathie zu denken. Die Therapie richtet sich nach Blutdruck, Schwere der Proteinurie und Verschlechterung der Nierenfunktion. Sie beinhaltet in erster Linie eine optimale Blutdruckeinstellung mit ACE-Hemmer/ Angiotensinrezeptorblocker zur Reduktion der Proteinurie. Bei persistierender Proteinurie > 1 g/d und progredienter Nierenfunktionsverschlechterung sind Kortikosteroide gegebenenfalls in Kombination mit anderen Immunsuppressiva indiziert. Ein akutes Nierenversagen ist selten (< 5%). Rund ein Viertel der Patienten entwickelt innert 20–25 Jahren eine terminale Niereninsuffizienz. Daher ist die Einbindung in eine nephrologische Betreuung dringend zu empfehlen.
Current stress state and principal stress rotations in the vicinity of the Chelungpu fault induced by the 1999 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan, earthquake
Authors: Lin Weiren , Yeh En‐Chao , Ito Hisao , Hung Jih‐Hao , Hirono Tetsuro , Soh Wonn , Ma Kuo‐Fong , Kinoshita Masataka , Wang Chien‐Ying , Song Sheng‐Rong
Published: August 2007

We carried out various stress measurements in boreholes penetrating the northern segment of the Chelungpu fault, drilled about 5 years after the 1999 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. In the possible depth range of the Chelungpu fault, three major fault zones were encountered. Clearly recognizable principal stress rotations in the vicinity of the shallowest major fault zone, at 1133 m depth in hole B, suggest that this fault zone ruptured during the 1999 earthquake. Moreover, the fault's rupturing altered the stress state in the area surrounding this fault zone. In this paper, we constrain the possible magnitudes of the current principal horizontal stresses around the fault zone and show that the current stress state belongs to a normal or strike‐slip fault regime. Therefore, the stress state was changed from that of a reverse fault regime by the rupturing.
Acute Plasmalemma Permeability and Protracted Clearance of Injured Cells after Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice
Authors: Whalen Michael J , Dalkara Turgay , You Zerong , Qiu Jianhua , Bermpohl Daniela , Mehta Niyati , Suter Bernhard , Bhide Pradeep G , Lo Eng H , Ericsson Maria , Moskowitz Michael A
Published: August 2007

Cell death after traumatic brain injury (TBI) evolves over days to weeks. Despite advances in understanding biochemical mechanisms that contribute to posttraumatic brain cell death, the time course of cell injury, death, and removal remains incompletely characterized in experimental TBI models. In a mouse controlled cortical impact (CCI) model, plasmalemma permeability to propidium iodide (PI) was an early and persistent feature of posttraumatic cellular injury in cortex and hippocampus. In cortical and hippocampal brain regions known to be vulnerable to traumatic cell death, the number of PI + cells peaked early after CCI, and increased with increasing injury severity in hippocampus but not cortex ( P < 0.05). Propidium iodide labeling correlated strongly with hematoxylin and eosin staining in injured cells ( r = 0.99, P < 0.001), suggesting that plasmalemma damage portends fatal cellular injury. Using PI pulse labeling to identify and follow the fate of a cohort of injured cells, we found that many PI+ cells recovered plasmalemma integrity by 24 h and were terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated biotinylated UTP nick end labeling negative, but nonetheless disappeared from injured brain by 7 days. Propidium iodide-positive cells in dentate gyrus showed significant ultrastructural damage, including plasmalemma and nuclear membrane damage or overt membrane loss, in all cells when examined by laser capture microdissection and transmission electron microscopy 1 to 24 h after CCI. The data suggest that plasmalemma damage is a fundamental marker of cellular injury after CCI; some injured cells might have an extended window for potential rescue by neuroprotective strategies.
Familial Spinal Neurofibromatosis
Authors: Pascual-Castroviejo I. , Pascual-Pascual S.-I. , Velazquez-Fragua R. , Botella P. , Viazo J.
Published: August 2007

Familial spinal neurofibromatosis (FSNF) is a rare localized subtype of NF1 which shows neurological symptomatology during adult life. Only a few families have been reported to date. We describe a family in which three members in two generations, mother, son and daughter, were affected. The patients, aged 48, 22 and 18 years, had spinal bilateral neurofibromas affecting all spinal roots. Spinal symptoms were not present in any of the patients. However, the son had generalized nerve sheath tumors that caused important signs of peripheral neuropathy. The daughter also had benign tumors that involved the left optic nerve and chiasm and the left cerebellar hemisphere. The spinal neurofibromas underwent an important growth in size between 20 and 22 years of age. A specific mutation G848R, 2542 G > C in NF1 exon 16 was present in all three patients.
Dynamical integration of a Markovian web: A first passage time approach
Authors: Boulougouris Georgios C. , Theodorou Doros N.
Published: August 2007

In this work we address the dynamics of Markovian systems by tracking the evolution of the probability distribution, utilizing mean first passage time theory to augment the set of states considered. The method is validated on a lattice system and is applied, in conjunction with landscape analysis (saddle point searches) and multidimensional transition-state theory, to an atomistic model of glassy atactic polystyrene, in order to follow its time evolution over more than ten orders of magnitude on the time scale, from less than 10−15 up to 10−5 s. Frequencies extracted from the eigenvalues of the rate constant matrix are in favorable agreement with experimental measurements of subglass relaxation transitions at 250 K.
Simulations of vibrational spectra from classical trajectories: Calibration withab initioforce fields
Authors: Horníček Jan , Kaprálová Petra , Bouř Petr
Published: August 2007

An algorithm allowing simulating vibrational spectra from classical time-dependent trajectories was applied for infrared absorption, vibrational circular dichroism, Raman, and Raman optical activity of model harmonic systems. The implementation of the theory within the TINKER molecular dynamics (MD) program package was tested with ab initio harmonic force fields in order to determine the feasibility for more extended MD simulations. The results suggest that sufficiently accurate frequencies can be simulated with integration time steps shorter than about 0.5fs. For a given integration time step, lower vibrational frequencies (∼0–2000cm−1) could be reproduced with a higher accuracy than higher-frequency vibrational modes (e.g., O–H and C–H stretching). In principle, the algorithm also provides correct intensities for ideal systems. In applied simulations, however, the intensity profiles are affected by an unrealistic energy distribution between normal modes and a slow energy relaxation. Additionally, the energy fluctuations may cause weakening of the intensities on average. For ab initio force fields, these obstacles could be overcome by an arbitrary normal mode energy correction. For general MD simulations, averaging of many shorter MD trajectories started with randomly distributed atomic velocities provided the best spectral shapes. α-pinene, D-gluconic acid, formaldehyde dimer, and the acetylprolineamide molecule were used in the tests.
Mechanistic study of proton transfer and H∕D exchange in ice films at low temperatures (100–140K)
Authors: Lee Chang-Woo , Lee Poong-Ryul , Kim Young-Kwang , Kang Heon
Published: August 2007

We have examined the elementary molecular processes responsible for proton transfer and H∕D exchange in thin ice films for the temperature range of 100–140K. The ice films are made to have a structure of a bottom D2O layer and an upper H2O layer, with excess protons generated from HCl ionization trapped at the D2O∕H2O interface. The transport behavior of excess protons from the interfacial layer to the ice film surface and the progress of the H∕D exchange reaction in water molecules are examined with the techniques of low energy sputtering and Cs+ reactive ion scattering. Three major processes are identified: the proton hopping relay, the hop-and-turn process, and molecular diffusion. The proton hopping relay can occur even at low temperatures (<120K), and it transports a specific portion of embedded protons to the surface. The hop-and-turn mechanism, which involves the coupling of proton hopping and molecule reorientation, increases the proton transfer rate and causes the H∕D exchange of water molecules. The hop-and-turn mechanism is activated at temperatures above 125K in the surface region. Diffusional mixing of H2O and D2O molecules additionally contributes to the H∕D exchange reaction at temperatures above 130K. The hop-and-turn and molecular diffusion processes are activated at higher temperatures in the deeper region of ice films. The relative speeds of these processes are in the following order: hopping relay>hop and turn>molecule diffusion.
Real-time rheology of shear-induced organoclay dispersion in isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Wang Ke , Hou Zaichuan , Zhao Ping , Deng Jinni , Zhang Qin , Fu Qiang , Dong Xia , Wang Dujin , Han Charles C.
Published: August 2007

In this paper, rheological properties evolution of the simple mixed isotactic polypropylene/organoclay composites, impacted by intermediate- or large-amplitude oscillatory shear fields, was followed by dynamic melt rheometry. The physical meanings of such rheological evolution upon oscillatory shearing, which related closely to the dispersion and intercalation of organoclay in polymer, were discussed deeply. Especially, a structural recovery test was adopted to assess microstructure development induced by large-amplitude oscillatory shear and to better understand the intercalation mechanism. Based on the experimental results, a novel intercalation mechanism that was taken to account for the disentanglement of polymer chains was suggested to describe shear-induced dispersion behaviors of organoclay in polymer matrix.
Interaction potential and transport properties of NeO+
Authors: Danailov Daniel M. , Viehland Larry A. , Johnsen Rainer , Wright Timothy G. , Lee Edmond P. F.
Published: August 2007

The results of both experimental and theoretical studies of the mobility of O+ in Ne are reported. Errors in the experiments have been carefully assessed, allowing the obtained data to serve as stringent tests of the ab initio potentials. These potentials were calculated using the RCCSD(T) method, employing basis sets of quintuple-ζ quality. Curves were calculated for the lowest Σ−4 state [arising from O+(S4) interacting with Ne] and for the Π2 state [arising from O+(D2) interacting with Ne]. Then, the effects of spin-orbit coupling were incorporated by using the Breit-Pauli operator. The resulting ground state (Ω=3∕2) of NeO+ gives mobility values in good agreement with experiment at all field strengths. Values of spectroscopic quantities for the ground electronic state of NeO+ are also presented.
Development of a universal serial bus interface circuit for ion beam current integrators
Authors: Suresh K. , Panigrahi B. K. , Nair K. G. M.
Published: August 2007

A universal serial bus (USB) interface circuit has been developed to enable easy interfacing of commercial as well as custom-built ion beam current integrators to personal computer (PC) based automated experimental setups. Built using the popular PIC16F877A reduced instruction set computer and a USB-universal asynchronous receiver-transmitter/first in, first out controller, DLP2232, this USB interface circuit virtually emulates the ion beam current integrators on a host PC and uses USB 2.0 protocol to implement high speed bidirectional data transfer. Using this interface, many tedious and labor intensive ion beam irradiation and characterization experiments can be redesigned into PC based automated ones with advantages of improved accuracy, rapidity, and ease of use and control. This interface circuit was successfully used in carrying out online in situ resistivity measurement of 70keV O+ ion irradiated tin thin films using four probe method. In situ electrical resistance measurement showed the formation of SnO2 phase during ion implantation.
Facet structure of GaAs nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Mariager S. O. , Sørensen C. B. , Aagesen M. , Nygård J. , Feidenhans’l R. , Willmott P. R.
Published: August 2007

The shape and facets of GaAs nanowires grown by molecular beam epitaxy have been identified by the use of the diffuse scattering around the Bragg reflection from the parts of the nanowires having different crystal structures. The zinc blende parts of the nanowires are shown to have {111} facets in the form of truncated octahedrons, whereas the facets of the wurtzite structure are {101¯0}. A minor part of the nanowires have a new structure consisting of a superlattice of regular and twinned structures only six bilayer thick.