bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bakım planlamalı uçuş atama modeli ve bir uygulama
Authors: TUZKAYA Gülfem , ŞAHİN Mehmet Anıl
Published: October 2019

Bu çalışmanın
amacı, hava yolları endüstrisinin karmaşık problemlerinden biri olan bakım rotalama
problemine yeni bir çözüm önerisi getirmektir. Çalışma kapsamında öncelikle,
hava yolları endüstrisi operasyonlarının temel uygulama ve problemleri, bu
uygulamaların literatürdeki yeri temel düzeyde ele alınmıştır. Hava yolları
endüstrisi literatürü “Filo Atama, Uçak Rotalama, Bakım Rotalama ve Uçuş Ekibi
Atama” başlıkları altında incelenmiştir. Önerilen, bakım planlamalı uçuş atama
modeli,  gerçek uçuş verileri ve tasarlanan
uçuş filosu ile uygulanmış ve bir uçuş programı oluşturulmuştur.
Transcriptome analysis of the induction of somatic embryogenesis in Coffea canephora and the participation of ARF and Aux/IAA genes
Authors: Quintana-Escobar Ana O. , Nic-Can Geovanny I. , Galaz Avalos Rosa María , Loyola-Vargas Víctor M. , Gongora-Castillo Elsa
Published: October 2019

Background

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is a useful biotechnological tool to study the morpho-physiological, biochemical and molecular processes during the development of Coffea canephora. Plant growth regulators (PGR) play a key role during cell differentiation in SE. The Auxin-response-factor (ARF) and Auxin/Indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) are fundamental components involved in the signaling of the IAA. The IAA signaling pathway activates or represses the expression of genes responsive to auxins during the embryogenic transition of the somatic cells. The growing development of new generation sequencing technologies (NGS), as well as bioinformatics tools, has allowed us to broaden the landscape of SE study of various plant species and identify the genes directly involved.

Methods

Analysis of transcriptome expression profiles of the C. canephora genome and the identification of a particular set of differentially expressed genes (DEG) during SE are described in this study.

Results

A total of eight ARF and seven Aux/IAA differentially expressed genes were identified during the different stages of the SE induction process. The quantitative expression analysis showed that ARF18 and ARF5 genes are highly expressed after 21 days of the SE induction, while Aux/IAA7 and Aux/IAA12 genes are repressed.

Discussion

The results of this study allow a better understanding of the genes involved in the auxin signaling pathway as well as their expression profiles during the SE process.
Comparison between two- and three-dimensional scoring of zebrafish response to psychoactive drugs: identifying when three-dimensional analysis is needed
Authors: Macrì Simone , Clément Romain J.G. , Spinello Chiara , Porfiri Maurizio
Published: October 2019

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have recently emerged as a valuable laboratory species in the field of behavioral pharmacology, where they afford rapid and precise high-throughput drug screening. Although the behavioral repertoire of this species manifests along three-dimensional (3D), most of the efforts in behavioral pharmacology rely on two-dimensional (2D) projections acquired from a single overhead or front camera. We recently showed that, compared to a 3D scoring approach, 2D analyses could lead to inaccurate claims regarding individual and social behavior of drug-free experimental subjects. Here, we examined whether this conclusion extended to the field of behavioral pharmacology by phenotyping adult zebrafish, acutely exposed to citalopram (30, 50, and 100 mg/L) or ethanol (0.25%, 0.50%, and 1.00%), in the novel tank diving test over a 6-min experimental session. We observed that both compounds modulated the time course of general locomotion and anxiety-related profiles, the latter being represented by specific behaviors (erratic movements and freezing) and avoidance of anxiety-eliciting areas of the test tank (top half and distance from the side walls). We observed that 2D projections of 3D trajectories (ground truth data) may introduce a source of unwanted variation in zebrafish behavioral phenotyping. Predictably, both 2D views underestimate absolute levels of general locomotion. Additionally, while data obtained from a camera positioned on top of the experimental tank are similar to those obtained from a 3D reconstruction, 2D front view data yield false negative findings.
Comparative Study of Airborne Pollen from the Northern to the Southern of Tunisia
Authors: Hamda S. Hadj , Ben Dhiab A. , Msallem M. , Larbi A.
Published: October 2019

Aerobiology is a multidisciplinary science dealing with biological particles in the atmosphere generated by natural activities during flowering season. Airborne pollen is now the main studied biological structure which is used as a reliable tool to study plant phenology, plant distribution changes and prediction of crop production. The main aims of this work is to determine the distribution of the different spring flowering species from the North to the South of Tunisia and to establish the pollen spectrum of three regions Mornag (North), Menzel M’hiri (Centre) and Chaal (South) in 2017.

Airborne pollen data were collected using three volumetric Hirst-type spore traps placed in Mornag (36°39N; 10°16E), Menzel M’hiri (35°38N; 10°41E) and Chaal (34°34N; 10°19E) during olive flowering season. The highest pollen index was recorded in the north (Mornag, 6487.1) corresponding mainly to 18 different pollen types emitted by anemophilous species with an important presence of Cupressus pollen type having the highest contribution. Lower pollen amounts were recorded in Menzel M’hiri (5983.8) and Chaal (925.3). Olea eurpoeae was the most presented pollen type in these regions. However comparing the different study sites we can note a large distribution of some taxa from north to the south. The main common taxa were Olea europaea, Cupressaceae, Poaceae and Amaranhaceae. Their atmospheric concentrations varied also between the regions. Individual pollen index showed a sharp heterogeneity between the taxa in the same region in one hand and between the study sites in the other hand, thus a statistical analysis was performed to define the main group of taxa according to their individual pollen index. Flowering phenology of the main common taxa was also established.
Design and Construction of a Small Scale Sugarcane Juice Extractor
Authors: Oji N. , A. Gwarzo M. , Mohammed U. S. , Abubakar I. , K. Agunsoye J. , Zakariyah A. , I. Adamu E.
Published: October 2019

The production of sugarcane is increasing in Nigeria nowadays. Juice extracted from sugarcane can be used extensively in manufacturing brown sugar, industrial sugar and bioethanol fuel through the process of fermentation; hence, the need to develop a machine that can extract juice from sugarcane effectively. This work involves the design, fabrication and performance evaluation of sugarcane juice extractor. The machine was designed to extract juice from sugarcane at small scale level suitable for small and medium scale sugarcane processors. The prototype machine was designed, fabricated and assembled in the Department of Agricultural and Bio-resources Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The machine consists of rollers, gears, cane guide, juice collector, frame, and prime mover. The developed machine was evaluated using koma variety of cane and obtained an output capacity of 148.2 kg/h and extraction efficiency of 67.44%, respectively at a speed of 30 rpm. The production cost stood at N 90,000 which is affordable and therefore recommended for small scale processors.
Dynamical Behavior of a Tensegrity Structure Coupled to a Spatial Steel Grid
Authors: González Martínez Ángel Otoniel , Horta Rangel Jaime Moisés , Lara y Hernandez Miguel Angel Perez , Contreras Moises Arroyo , Hernandez Zaragoza Juan Bosco , Perez Rea Luz , Lopez Lara Teresa , Gonzalez Eduardo Rojas
Published: October 2019

Aim: In this study it is presented a methodology to determine the structural response of a tensegrity system working under the effects of wind, temperature variations and when coupled to a steel spatial grid applied as pedestrian bridge. This methodology is based in applying nonlinear static and dynamic analyzes and the base motion method.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Graduate Engineering Department, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Queretaro, Mexico. September 2017 to July 2019.

Methodology: At first instance, it was analyzed the equilibrium configuration of a tensegrity system by only considering self-weight through non-linear static analyzes. In the second stage, it was studied the structural response and internal forces of the proposed tensegrity system under environmental loads as temperature variations and wind forces, which were represented as dynamic effects in a non-linear finite element model. Later, a spatial steel grid was analyzed for such environmental loads but using linear static analyzes. Finally, by applying the principle of superposition to the spatial steel grid, and the base motion method to the tensegrity system, it was represented the coupling of both systems as a single assembly.

Results: The structural response of a tensegrity system when working under different load conditions is obtained. Also, the effects produced by the coupling of both systems are determined.

Conclusion: The study concluded that the tensegrity system shows a stable response for the different load combinations established. There are also denoted the increases in internal forces and displacements for specific loads cases, which may affect locally some components and the overall behavior of the assembly.
Prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Abeokuta, Nigeria
Authors: A. Osinupebi O. , A. Osiyemi J. , M. Deji-Agboola A. , A. Akinduti P. , Ejilude O. , O. Makanjuola S. , O. Sunmola N. , O. Osiyemi E.
Published: October 2019

This study examined the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in clinical samples of patients in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria using standard recommended procedures. A total of 338 clinical specimens of Pus, Aspirate, Ear and Wound swabs were collected from three major health facilities in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Each sample was cultured for bacteria isolates and examined for colonial and cellular morphology while biochemical identification was performed. Of the clinical samples collected, 50.3% were collected from male and highest rate of 37.9% was from age group 0-9 years and least rate of 7.6% was from age 10-19 and 40-49years. Only 32.9% samples were ear swabs, wound swabs (29.2%) and lowest rate of 16.8% for aspirate. Of the 161 Staphylococcus aureus (32.2%) isolated; there was no significant disparity found in relation to the study sites (c2=7.145, p-value = 0.308). The present study indicated a high prevalence rate of MRSA that require empirical and urgent intervention to prevent staphylococcal infection among the hospital patients and its outbreak.
Assessment of Mineral Accumulation by Lysinibacillus sphaericus from Restaurant Liquid Waste
Authors: Musbaudeen Sulaimon Adebisi , Jadesola Aderiye Babatunde , Toba Odeyemi Adebowale
Published: October 2019

Presence of microorganisms and relatively high mineral contents mainly heavy metals in waste generated from restaurants and released into the environment may indicate a negative outcome of a microbial metabolic process with serious economic and health implications. Therefore it is justifiable to examine the minerals contents and microbial resistance/accumulation of restaurant liquid wastes with the view to controlling environmental hazard through the removal of pollutants in the waste products, hence this study. Restaurant wastewater are collected from washing dishes and waste collection tank, then mixed and analyzed for the presence and quantity of minerals contents. The physicochemical parameters such as metals, heavy metals and active ingredients of the waste were evaluated. The ability of Lysinibacillus sphaericus to accumulate the minerals was also examined.  The results showed that the sample was composed of magnesium (54.4 ± 0.10 mg/L), potassium (23.2 ± 0.01 mg/L), sodium (39.2 ± 0.02 mg/L), zinc (0.61± 0.01 mg/L), copper (0.08 ± 0.01 mg/L) and iron (31.6± 0.03 mg/L). The presence of high amount of some minerals in wastewater is an indication that the environment may be polluted if the wastewaters are released in an uncontrolled manner. Also, the ability of Lysinibacillus sphaericus to assimilate these suggests that the wastes offers favourable condition for microbial growth and are therefore very susceptible to bioaccumulation.
Antibacterial Property of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Eucalyptus citriodora Hook on Clinical and Typed Isolates of Escherichia coli
Authors: Muhammed D. , Dada E. O. , Alo A. A.
Published: October 2019

The emergence of antibiotic resistance bacteria, necessitated the discovery and development of alternative therapy to bacterial infections. This work assessed the inhibitory property of ethanolic leaf extract of Eucalyptus citriodora against clinical isolate and E. coli ATCC 35218. Agar well diffusion test was used to determine the antibacterial activity of the extract on both isolates of E. coli. For both isolates, no zone of inhibition was observed at concentrations of the extract between 50-150 mg/ml, but at 200-500 mg/ml, there were significant (P>0.05) zones of inhibitions that ranged between 4.2 – 13.7 and 4.7 – 15.4 mm for clinical isolate and E. coli ATCC 35218 respectively. The susceptibility of both isolates to conventional antibiotics revealed ciprofloxacin (10 ug) having the highest inhibitions against both isolates (17.3 mm and 13.9 mm) respectively, followed by gentamycin (14.4 mm and 10.8 mm). The clinical isolate was resistant to amoxicillin (30 ug), while E. coli ATCC 35218 was susceptible (4.3 mm). The MIC of the extract for both isolates was 200 mg/ml while the MBCs were 300 and 350 mg/ml respectively. The inhibitory activities of the extract (15.4 mm and 13.7mm) at 500 mg/ml concentration is comparable with ciprofloxacin (17.3 mm and 13.9 mm) at a concentration of 10 µg, while that of Gentamycin at 30 µg (14.4 mm and 10.8 mm) is comparable with concentration of the extract at 450 mg/ml (13.7 mm and 11.3 mm). The zones of inhibitions produced by the extract increased with increasing concentrations. This study revealed the potency of E. citriodora ethanolic leaf extract as a future herbal candidate to treat infection caused by E. coli at high concentrations of the extract.
An Over View of Canine Dermatophytosis
Authors: Abdalla Wisal, G.
Published: October 2019

Dermatophytosis is a superficial infection of the keratinized layers of the skin and its appendages (hair, feathers, horns) and is caused by keratinophilic and keratinolytic genera such as Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. In dogs, nearly 70% of cases are caused by Microsporum canis, 20% by M. gypseum, and 10% by Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The Wood’s lamp test is of diagnostic importance for the establishment of a tentative diagnosis of dermatophytosis in dogs. This overview will forecast more light on different aspects of this disease.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B among Food Vendors in Wurukum Market, Makurdi Benue State
Authors: Obisike V. U. , Uke C. M. , Amuta E. U.
Published: October 2019

Hepatitis B is a life threatening infectious liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV among food vendors in Wurukum, a highly commercial section of metropolitan Makurdi in Benue State. The test was carried out with the use of an immunochromatographic  micropoint HBsAg test strips and a HBsAg  buffer screen for the virus. Out of the 250 non-vaccinated food vendors sampled, 27(10.8%) had HBV infection, with more in males (21.7%) than in females (6.6%). No significant difference (p>0.05) was found among age groups in spite of the observed highest prevalence of 14.3% among the 20-29 year olds. Therefore, the need for routine screening cannot be overemphasized in spite of known risk factors among food vendors.
Degradation of Theobromine in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) by-products by Fermentation with Aspergillus niger
Authors: Aromolaran Olukemi , Ogunsakin Foluhan Motilola
Published: October 2019

Aim: This study was carried out to determine the ability of Aspergillus niger to break down theobromine in cocoa by-products, for its possible use in animal feeds.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences, Wesley University, Ondo, Ondo State, Nigeria between January 2013 and June 2013.

Methodology: Cocoa by-products (combination of cocoa bean shell (CBS) and cocoa bean meal (CBM)) was milled into fine particle size, sterilized and fermented with Aspergillus niger for 5 days. The theobromine content was monitored at 24 h interval during fermentation and proximate analyses were carried out before and after the fermentation process.

Results: Significant reduction of theobromine content of 78.13% was observed after 5 days of fermentation. The crude protein and crude ash content increased by 2.7% and 51.9%, while the moisture content and crude fibre reduced by 21.3% and 23.8%, respectively.

Conclusion: The study showed that Aspergillus niger has the potential to reduce the theobromine content and enhance the nutritive value of cocoa by-products, for possible use in animal feed.
Comparative Studies on Effectiveness of Branded and Unbranded Disinfectants on E. coli and Staphylococcus Species
Authors: Akani N. P. , Williams J. O. , Nnamdi A. U.
Published: October 2019

Aims: To compare the antimicrobial potential of branded and unbranded disinfectants on clinical bacterial isolates.

Study Design: The agar-well diffusion and micro broth dilution were adopted for the study. Ten disinfectants of which five were branded (industrial prepared) and five unbranded (indigenous prepared) were used against E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Rivers State University. the study was for a period of two months (June-July, 2018).

Methodology: Faecal samples were collected from the University Medical centre and were analyzed in the Microbiology Laboratory for the isolation of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using standard microbiological method. The antimicrobial potential of both branded and unbranded disinfectants on the clinical isolates were evaluated using the micro dilution technique and the well in agar technique.

Results: The result in this study showed that both branded and unbranded disinfectants were effective on the E. coli and Staphylococcus isolates. However, the unbranded were only effective at high concentrations. E. coli had zone of inhibition ranging from 0 to 22 mm when tested with the unbranded disinfectant, while 0 to 17 mm was recorded for Staphylococcus aureus. The zones of inhibition of the branded disinfectant on E. coli ranged from 0 to 27 mm, while zone diameter of Staphylococcus aureus ranged from 0 to 25 mm. Among the unbranded disinfectants, Lysol produced the highest zone of inhibition While among the branded disinfectants, Savlon produced the highest zone of inhibition. The positive control was effective against all tested organisms with zones of inhibition ranging from 9-28 mm. On the other hand, as expected, the negative control (sterile distilled water) did not show any zone of inhibition.

Conclusion: The study showed that branded disinfectants were more effective on the clinical isolates than the unbranded disinfectants.
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Clinical Samples in Specialist Hospital, Sokoto
Authors: Bunza N. M. , Isah A. A. , Hafsat M. D. , Asiya U. I.
Published: October 2019

Aim: The study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolates against some conventional antibiotics.

Study Design: Hospital based cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in Specialist Hospital, Sokoto Metropolis, Sokoto State Nigeria, between June 2018 and September 2018.

Methodology: One hundred (100) Staphylococcus aureus isolates were used in this study. Gram’s staining, catalase, coagulase and mannitol fermentation tests were used to identify and confirm the isolates. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by disc agar diffusion test.

Results: In the present study 63.0% of the Staphylococcus aureus isolates were from male subjects, while 37.0% were from female subjects. The age group with the highest number of isolates was 11-20 years (37%) and the least (9%) was seen in 41-50 years. Subjects with urine samples had the highest frequency of Staphylococcus aureus isolates with 32.0% and those with high vaginal swab had the lowest 6.0%. The antibiotics susceptibility testing showed that 40% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates were susceptible to Clindamycin, 64% to Ciprofloxacin, 57% to Erythromycin, 71% to Gentamicin, 34% to Cefoxitin, 46% to Quinupristin/Dalfopristin, 58% to Tetracycline and Sulphamethaxazole –Trimethoprim respectively. Screening for MRSA was carried out by antibiotic sensitivity testing using cefoxitin and a prevalence of 66% was obtained. This study showed that Gentamicin and Ciprofloxacin were the most active antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus.

Conclusion: There is the need for consistent on-going antimicrobial resistance surveillance for important and commonly isolated clinically significant pathogens of staphylococcal species to form the basis for developing and implementing measures that can reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance and prevent a probable impending public health problem.
Anti-aging Activity of Xylaria striata in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Yuan Shi-Jun , Li Wei-Yi , Jian Tian-Tian , Huang Yi
Published: October 2019

Aims: To evaluate the application potential of Xylaria striata Pat. in anti-aging field.

Methodology: Extracting the fruit body of X. striata by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. In this study, Drosophila melanogaster was used as an anti-aging organism material. After feeding with different concentrations of extract, the natural survival time, survival time under oxidative stress and survival time under UV irradiation of D. melanogaster were all measured. In addition, the in vivo activity of SOD、CAT and MAD, protein concentration and body weight were determined to evaluate the anti-aging effect of ethanol extract from X. striata.

Results: The results showed that the ethanol extract of X. striata could extend the lifespan of D. melanogaster under both irradiation and oxidative stress condition. And the ethanol extract could enhance the activity of CAT in D. melanogaster, especially at concentration of 50 μM, and the content of MAD in D. melanogaster were decreased significantly.

Conclusion: This study clarified the anti-aging activity of X. striata in D. melanogaster and  it would provide some theoretical basis for its further development and utilization in anti-aging drugs and health food.
Heavy Metals Assessment of Groundwater Contamination around Waste Management Sites in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Benjamin D. Dappa, , Wachukwu C. K. , Easter G. N. , Ollor O. A.
Published: October 2019

Groundwater being the water present beneath the earth surface is a fresh water source due to its lower tendency to be polluted but stand the risk of contamination in recent times due to increase in industrialization, population and poor waste management. Hence the heavy metal assessment of groundwater around waste management sites in Rivers State, Nigeria was carried out. The ground water samples were collected from three locations Iwofe, Igwuruta and Oyigbo all in Rivers state for heavy metals and microbiological analysis using the American Public Health Association (APHA) methods and standard method of culturing, isolating and identification using biochemical tests and Gram staining. The obtained results were compared alongside World Health Organization (WHO), Federal Environmental Protection Agency permissible limits (FEPA). The results showed that there was significant bacteria presence in the groundwater of selected areas and it also showed that heavy metals were also present in the water. The study of heavy metals and microbiological assessment of this groundwater samples suggest that a proper and an advanced waste management practices should be put in place to curb ground water contamination.
In-vitro Screening of Antimicrobial Activities of Ocimum gratissimum on Clinical Isolates
Authors: Oshim Ifeanyi Onyema , Urama Evelyn Ukamaka , Odeyemi Oluwayemisi , Olise Augustina Nkechi , Odeyemi Sunday
Published: October 2019

This study was undertaken to evaluate  the antimicrobial activities of crude  ethanol and methanol extracts of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum L. (scent leaf) on Escherichia coli, Klebsiella  pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus auerus and Candida albicans.The antimicrobial activities were carried out using  agar well diffusion method. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) of the plant extracts on the test isolates were determined by the agar dilution method. Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole (positive controls) were used in comparison with crude extract of O. gratissimum leaves and also, Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the negative control. The ethanolic extract of O. gratissimum showed antibacterial activity with the mean inhibitory zone diameter of 3 -7mm against S. auerus, 2 mm against E. coli, 2 – 12 mm against K. pneumoniae, 2 mm against P.aeruginosa. Ethanol and methanol crude extracts of O. gratissimum leaves   showed no effect on   C.albicans. O. gratissimum extracts showed the lower   antimicrobial activity than the commercially available antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and fluconazole). The minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the extracts on the test organisms also increased in the following order; methanol < ethanol. Hence, this   extract could   only serve   as antibacterial agent in the management of bacterial infection because it has no antifungal activities on Candida isolates used in this study.
Hydrocarbon Degradation Potential of Heterotrophic Bacteria Isolated from Oil Polluted Sites in Sakpenwa Community in Rivers State
Authors: Akwukwaegbu R. N. , Okerentugba P. O. , Okpokwasili G. C. , Stanley H. O. , Ugboma C. J.
Published: October 2019

In this study, hydrocarbon degradation potentials of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from oil-polluted soil were examined. Samples were collected from Sakpenwa, an oil producing community in Tai LGA of Rivers State, Nigeria and analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological properties using standard techniques. Hydrocarbon utilizing bacteria (HUB) were isolated by vapour phase transfer method using mineral salt medium. The biodegradation study was carried out on a standard laboratory shaker for 30 days in Bushnell -Haas agar supplemented with 5% of crude oil. Fifteen (15) bacterial isolates were screened for hydrocarbon degradation potentials of which five isolates exhibited high hydrocarbon degradability.  The following parameters were monitored using each of the five isolates and a consortium during the biodegradation study: Colour change, Optical density (OD), pH, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), Total Hydrocarbon Contents (THC) and Total Cuturable Heterotrophic Bacterial Counts (TCHBC). The mean TCHBC ranged from 1.65×107 to 2.27×108cfu/ml while the mean Total Culturable Hydrocarbon Utilizing Bacterial Counts ranged from 1.09×104 to 3.9×105. The optical density varied from 0.09±0.02 - 2.57±0.00 and pH ranged from 2.98±0.09 - 6.98±0.09. The optical density varied to .09±0.02 - 2.57±0.00 and pH ranged from 2.98±0.09 -0.98±0.09. The gravimetric analysis showed that Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp. Alcaligenes sp. and Acinetobacter sp. were able to degrade 96.90%, 99.60%, 99.20% and 99.70% of the hydrocarbons respectively. This study demonstrated that indigenous bacterial species were highly efficient in the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons.
Incidence of Microorganisms on Environmental Surfaces in Some Secondary Schools in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State, Nigeria
Authors: Joseph A. Famubo, , Bunmi B. Oladunjoye, , Yetunde O. Sofoluwe,
Published: October 2019

Due to the ubiquitous nature of bacteria and fungi, the microbiological analysis of environmental surfaces (chairs, tables, floors, hand rails, toilet door knobs and class door knobs) of five (5) secondary schools in Birnin Kebbi metropolis was carried out. Surface swabbing method was used for the collection of a representative sample on the surfaces. Media such as Nutrient agar, Eosin methylene blue, Sabouraud dextrose agar, and Mannitol salt agar were used for the isolation of the organisms. The total bacterial count ranged from 1.1×102 to 9.9×103 CFU/ml, while the total fungi count ranged from 0.0 to 3.6 ×103 CFU/ml. The bacteria isolated include: Corynebacterium kutsceri, Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus sphaerious, Staphlococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Aeromonas spp, staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas spp, Micococcus varians, while the fungi isolated include Rhizopus stolonifer, Saccharyomyces cerevisae, Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus niger, Mucor spp., Fusarium spp.

The isolation of these organisms followed series of procedures, starting with samples collected with swab sticks emulsified with peptone water, followed by the sterile dilution of each sample to a factor of 10-1 for chairs, tables, hand rail and door knobs while floor was diluted to a factor of 10-2. One millilitre (1ml) aliquots of which was used as a representative sample used for isolation of pure colonies was followed by series of biochemical test to confirm the identification of each isolate. Despite the routine cleaning practiced in secondary school setting, isolation of microorganisms from secondary school setting is inevitable.
Phenotypic Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase Resistance of Escherichia coli from Patients Attending Selected Healthcare Facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Abimiku R. H. , Ngwai Y. B, , Nkene I. H. , Bassey B. E. , Tsaku P. A. , Ibrahim T. , Tama S. C. , Ishaleku D. , Pennap G. R. I.
Published: October 2019

Aims: This study investigated the phenotypic detection of extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance of diarrheagenic E. coli isolated from diarrheic patients attending some major health facilities in Nasarawa State, Nigeria.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Microbiology, Nasarawa State University, P.M.B 1022, Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria; between December, 2017 to March, 2019.

Methodology: A total of 207 confirmed E. coli isolates from loose stool samples of patients with suspected cases of diarrhea (69 from Federal Medical Centre Keffi [MCK] 69 from General Hospital Akwanga [GHA] and 69 from Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia [DASHL]) were included in this study.

Results: E. coli was isolated and identified using standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility testing for the isolates was carried out and interpreted in accordance with Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocol. Phenotypic detection of ESBL production in isolates resistant to ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime) was carried out using double disc synergy test. The occurrence of E. coli was 100% in all the hospitals. Age groups 0-5 and 6-10 years have the highest occurrence than age group 35 – >45 years. Isolates from DASHL were more resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (86.9%), Streptomycin (75.0%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (68.1%), isolates from FMCK were more resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (84.1%), sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (69.6%), isolates from GHA were more resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (85.5%) and sulphamethoxazole/trimethoprim (73.0%). Multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) was observed with the order of occurrence: FMCK (98.6%) > DASHL (92.8%) > GHA (89.9%). The most common MAR index of 0.2 in DASHL was 0.4 (20.3%); FMCK was 0.4 (15.9%) and GHA was 0.3 (17.4%). The order of occurrence of classes of antibiotic resistance in E. coli isolates in DASHL was MDR (84.0%) ˃ XDR(7.2%) > PDR and NMDR (4.3%); in FMCK was MDR (91.3%) ˃ XDR(4.3%) ˃ NMDR (2.9%) and PDR(1.4%); and in GHA was MDR (88.8%) ˃ NMDR(5.8%) > XDR and PDR(2.9%). Detection rate of ESBL was 53.6% (30/207), distributed in relation to the location as DASHL (60.0%), FMCK (50.0%) and GHA (52.6%).

Conclusion: Most of the isolates from the study locations were antibiotic resistance. Further studies on molecular detection of ESBL, diversity and characterization of the E. coli into pathotypes are ongoing.
An Over View of Dermatophytosis in Camels
Authors: Abdalla Wisal, G.
Published: October 2019

Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of the skin caused by dermatophytes-filamentous fungi which have ability to invade the epidermis and keratinized tissues such as hair, skin or nails. Trichophyton verrucosum is the most common dermatophytes species isolated from camel. The disease is characterized by circumscribed crusty hairless lesion, (1-2 cm) distributed over the head, neck, shoulder, limbs and flanks. Dermatophytosis can be diagnosed by direct examination, fungal culture, skin biopsy and molecular diagnosis methods. This review forecast more light of the different aspects of this disease.
Isolation of Serratia Marcescens from the Soil and In vitro Prodigiosin Production as Source of Antibiotic, Active against Oxacillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Akin-Osanaiye B. C. , Aruwa I. N. , Olobayotan I. W.
Published: October 2019

Background: Wide range of microorganisms produced secondary metabolites as microbial activities in extended habitats.

Aims: The aim of this research is the extraction of the red colored pigment, prodigiosin from Serratia marcesens isolated from the soil and evaluate its antibacterial activity against different strains of oxacillin/methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus S. aureus.

Study Design: Two isolates, namely, RMN1 and RMN2, belonging to the Genus, Serratia from two soil samples collected from two strategic locations in University of Abuja, Nigeria were isolated. The isolates were morphologically distinct on the basis of spore colour, aerial and substrate mycelium formation and production of diffusible pigment. Isolates were Gram stained, observed under a microscope and were seen to be Gram negative. Biochemical tests revealed that the two isolates were catalase and citrate positive, and were oxidase negative. One of the two isolates was observed to have significant antibiotic producing potential, and the antibacterial activity of the produced antibiotics (red pigment extracted from cultural supernatants of the isolates grown on Peptone glycerol agar) was assessed using the agar-well diffusion method and streaking agar method.

Results: The results indicated that the pigment extracted in vitro had varying antibacterial activity at different concentrations of 500 mg/ml, 250 mg/ml, 125 mg/ml and 62.5 mg/ml against four strains of the test organism (Staphylococcus aureus) titled S1 to S4, the extracted pigment was more effective at concentration 500 mg/ml against the antibiotic resistant S. aureus with the MIC at 125 mg/ml.

Conclusion: The results indicated that the soil of this region could be a good source of prodigiosin having antibacterial activity and thus enable the use of micro-organisms as biological control agents.
Antibiogram of Bacteria Isolated in the Air of Some Public Toilets in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Olufunmilayo Williams, Janet , Jessica Lumati,
Published: October 2019

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the major challenges facing the health sector. This study was aimed at investigating the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates from indoor air of public toilets in motor parks with a view of developing an antibiogram. The study sites included the public toilets in Mile 3 Motor Park, Rivers Transport Company (RTC) park and a General Motor Park in Waterlines, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. The indoor air was sampled using the plate exposure and disc diffusion techniques in determining the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of the bacterial isolates. The bacterial isolates in the genera, Staphylococcus, Bacillus, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Escherichia, Enterobacter and Klebsiella species were identified.  The antibiogram of the bacteria isolated showed that the bacterial isolates exhibited multi-drug resistant species as the isolates were resistant to more than two antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin and Tarivid are the drug of choice and recommended for treatment of infections from these study sites.
Chryseobacterium
Authors: Hugo Celia , Bernardet Jean‐François , Nicholson Ainsley , Kämpfer Peter
Published: October 2019

Chry.se.o.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. adj.chryseosgolden; L. neut. n.bacteriuma small rod; N.L. neut. n.Chryseobacteriuma yellow rod.

Bacteroidetes / Flavobacteriia / Flavobacteriales / Flavobacteriaceae / Chryseobacterium

The genusChryseobacteriumis classified within the familyFlavobacteriaceae, orderFlavobacteriales, and in the classFlavobacteriia. Almost all species produce pale yellow to orange colonies, mainly due to flexirubin‐type pigments and sometimes carotenoid pigments. Cells are rod shaped and Gram‐staining‐negative. Most strains grow optimally at 15–30°C, pH 6–8, and 0–1% (w/v) NaCl, although halotolerant species do occur. Almost all species are strictly aerobic. Menaquinone‐6 is the major respiratory quinone. Phosphatidylethanolamine is the major polar lipid in most species.sym‐homospermidine is the major polyamine, and phosphosphingolipids are absent. The major fatty acids are iso‐C15:0, iso‐C17:1ω9c, iso‐C17:03‐OH, and iso‐C15:02‐OH. The type strains from most species were isolated from environmental sources such as fresh or seawater, or soil. Other sources include insects, plant rhizosphere, biofilms, surfaces in beer bottling plants, and other industrial sources. Human clinical specimens and hospital environments have yielded certain species as well as unclassified strains, but it is often unclear if they are direct pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, or mere contaminants. Similarly,Chryseobacteriumisolates have been derived from both healthy and diseased fish. Several species occur in food or dairy products; they may be involved in spoilage.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 28.8–49.3.

Type species:Chryseobacterium gleum(Holmes, Owen, Steigerwalt and Brenner 1984b) Vandamme, Bernardet, Segers, Kersters and Holmes 1994, 830VP(Flavobacterium gleumHolmes, Owen, Steigerwalt and Brenner 1984b, 23).
M
ethanogenium
Authors: Akinyemi Taiwo S. , Shao Nana , Whitman William B.
Published: October 2019

Me.tha.no.ge'ni.um. N.L. neut. n.
methanum,
methane; N.L. suff.
‐genes
(from L. v.
gigno
) producing; N.L. neut. n.
Methanogenium
, a methane producer.

Euryarchaeota / Methanomicrobiales / Methanomicrobiales / Methanomicrobiaceae / Methanogenium

Irregular cocci occurring singly or in pairs, usually 0.5–2.6 µm in diameter. Gram‐stain‐negative. Does not form spores. No motility observed, although some strains are flagellated. Strictly anaerobic. Chemolithotrophic, utilizing H
2
or sometimes formate and primary or secondary alcohols as electron donors, reducing carbon dioxide to methane. Growth factors required. NaCl generally required or stimulatory for growth. Optimal temperature range 15–35
°
C; optimal pH 6.0–7.9. Draft‐genome sequences have been determined for both
M. cariaci
JCM 10550 and
M. frigidum
Ace‐2
T
. Occur in cold anaerobic marine or freshwater sulfate‐depleted sediments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 47–52.

Type species
:
Methanogenium cariaci
Romesser, Wolfe, Mayer, Spiess and Walther‐Mauruschat 1981, 216
VP
(Effective publication: Romesser, Wolfe, Mayer, Spiess and Walther‐Mauruschat 1979, 152).
T
hermotoga
Authors: Nesbø Camilla L. , Farrell Anne A. , Zhaxybayeva Olga , L'Haridon Stéphane
Published: October 2019

Ther.mo.to'ga. Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat: L. fem. n.
toga
Roman outer garment: N.L. fem. n.
Thermotoga
the hot outer garment.

Thermotogota / Thermotogae / Thermotogales / Thermotogaceae / Thermotoga

The genus
Thermotoga
comprises sheathed, hyperthermophilic, anaerobic, fermentative, and hydrogen‐producing bacteria. These bacteria reduce thiosulfate and sulfur to sulfide.
Thermotoga
spp. are members of the phylum
Thermotogota
, class
Thermotogae
, order
Thermotogales
, family
Thermotogaceae
. Known habitats are geothermal heated marine sediments, shallow submarine thermal vents, hot springs, and oil reservoirs. Genome sizes of closed genomes are in the range 1.75–1.88 Mb, and GC content is 46.1–47.1%.
Thermotoga
spp. display high levels of homologous recombination and lateral gene transfer with both closely related and distantly related lineages. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA genes assign two recently described species,
T. profunda
and
T. caldifontis,
to the recently proposed genus
Pseudothermotoga
. Hence, we propose an emended description of the genus
Thermotoga
, which consists of four validly named species:
T. maritima
,
T. neapolitana
,
T. naphthophila
, and
T. petrophila
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 46.1–47.1 (genome analysis).

Type species
:

Thermotoga maritima

Stetter and Huber 1986, 575
VP
(Effective publication: Stetter and Huber
in
Huber, Langworthy, König, Thomm, Woese, Sleytr et al. 1986)
Hungatella
Authors: Sharma Deepika , Singh Shelley Sardul , Gundawar Krishna , Korpole Suresh
Published: October 2019

Hun.ga.tel'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.Hungatella, named in honor of R.E. Hungate, who contributed much to anaerobic bacteriology.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Clostridiales / Lachnospiraceae / Hungatella

Hungatellais a genus classified in the phylumFirmicutes,classClostridia, orderLachnospirales,and familyLachnospiraceae. Presently, two species are described in this genus,Hungatella hathewayiandHungatella effluvii. Members of the genus have been isolated from diverse environments such as human blood, human feces, and an anaerobic effluent treatment plant. The type species of the genus,H. hathewayiis clinically important as several strains have been reported mostly from blood samples of patients. Cells are Gram‐stain‐variable, motile, obligate anaerobe, endospore‐forming, and rod‐shaped with length and width ranging from 2 to 5 µm and 0.7 to 1.5 µm.H. hathewayihas been reported to form slimy capsules. The fatty acid composition is dominated by unsaturated fatty acids and C15:1ω8c being the major fatty acid. Acetate and propionate are formed as a result of glucose fermentation. Total polar lipid profile is enriched by phosphatidylglycerol (PG) along with unidentified phospholipids and glycolipids. Comparative genomic and phenotypic analyses assigned the phylogenetically close relatives of the genusHungatellato the familyLachnospiraceae. This family is comprised of thirty‐nine genera including the genusHungatella. While two validly published species have been described in this genus (H. hathewayiandH. effluvii), there are some other strains pertaining to various species of the genusClostridiumthat have also been described under this genus by Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB). The DNA G + C content of the genus range between 42 and 49 mol%.

DNA G + C content (mol%): 42–49 (Tmvalues derived from whole genome sequence).

Type species:Hungatella hathewayi(Steer, Collins, Gibson, Hippe and Lawson 2001) Kaur, Yawar, Kumar and Suresh 2014, 716VP(Clostridium hathewayiSteer, Collins, Gibson, Hippe and Lawson 2002, 685).
S
alinarimonas
Authors: Cui Xiao‐Long , Wang Yong‐Xia , Xiao Wei
Published: October 2019

Sa.li.na.ri.mo'nas. L. masc. adj.
salinarius
of or belonging to saltworks; L. fem. n.
monas
a unit, a monad; N.L. fem. n.
Salinarimonas
a monad from salt works.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhizobiales / Salinarimonadaceae / Salinarimonas

Gram‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, halotolerant, motile with a single polar flagellum, oxidase‐ and catalase‐positive, and straight or slightly curved rod‐shaped bacteria often forming branches. Produce pink or red‐pigmented colonies. The major fatty acids (10% of total fatty acids) are C
18:1
ω7
c
, C
18:1
ω9
c
, C
16:0
and C
19:0
cyclo ω8
c
, and C
16:0
and 10‐methyl C
19:0
. The predominant respiratory ubiquinone is Q‐10. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylmethylethanolamine (PME), phosphatidylcholine (PC), and two unknown phospholipids. Members of the class
Alphaproteobacteria
, order
Rhizobiales
, family
Salinarimonadaceae
. Known habitats are salt mines and saline soils.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67.68–71.80 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Salinarimonas rosea
Liu, Wang, Zhang, Wang, Chen, Wen et al. 2010, 59
VP
.
A
idingimonas
Authors: Li Shuai , Narsing Rao Manik Prabhu , Li Wen‐Jun
Published: October 2019

Ai.ding.i.mo'nas. N.L. n.
Aiding
, a lake located in the Xinjiang province of north‐west China; L. fem. n.
monas
, a unit, a monad; N.L. fem. n.
Aidingimonas
, a monad from Aiding Lake.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Oceanospirillales / Halomonadaceae / Aidingimonas

The genus
Aidingimonas
is classified within the family
Halomonadaceae,
order
Oceanospirillales,
and in the class
Gammaproteobacteria
. Members of this genus share 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 92.0–95.0% with the members of the genera
Modicisalibacter
,
Chromohalobacter
, and
Halomonas
. Cells are nonmotile short rods that stain Gram‐negative. Cells are facultatively anaerobic and moderately halophilic. Strains could grow well over a wide range of physiological conditions: 10–45°C, pH 5.0–10.0, and 1–25% (w/v) NaCl. The only respiratory quinone is ubiquinone 9. The major polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, two unidentified phospholipids, two unidentified phosphoglycolipids, and one unidentified glycolipid. The major fatty acids (>10%) are C
19:0
cyclo ω8
c
and C
16:0
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 57.2–57.5 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Aidingimonas halophila
Wang, Tang, Lou, Lee, Jeon, Xu, et al. 2009, 3092
VP
.
S
ciscionella
Authors: Asem Mipeshwaree Devi , Salam Nimaichand , Jiao Jian‐Yu , Li Wen‐Jun
Published: October 2019

Sci.sci.o.nel'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Sciscionella
arbitrary name formed from the acronym of the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, SCISCIO, where taxonomic studies on this taxon were performed.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Pseudonocardiales / Pseudonocardiaceae / Sciscionella

The genus
Sciscionella
is classified as a member of the family
Pseudonocardiaceae
, order
Pseudonocardiales
, and in the class
Actinobacteria
. The member of this genus has a 16S rRNA sequence identity of less than 94% with the other members of the family
Pseudonocardiaceae
. In the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, the single member of this genus,
Sciscionella marina
, forms a distant clade, closely related to the genera
Haloechinothrix, Thermocrispum
, and
Yuhushiella
. Cells are characterized with cell‐wall chemotype IV and phospholipid pattern type III
sensu
Lechevalier et al. 1977. The predominant respiratory quinone is MK‐9(H
4
), and the fatty acid composition is dominated by saturated branched‐chain fatty acids, but not mycolic acids. Phenotypically, strains are aerobic and stain Gram‐positive. They could grow at 10–37°C, pH 6.0–8.0, and in the presence of up to 13% NaCl (w/v). The genus comprises one species,
Sciscionella marina
(the type species of the genus).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 68 (WGS).

Type species
:
Sciscionella marina
Tian, Zhi, Qiu, Zhang, Tang, Xu et al. 2009, 225
VP
.