bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concept of Emergency Wastewater Infrastructure Provision in Minimizing the Impact of Potential Earthquake in Surabaya
Authors: Pratiwi Bellatrix Indah , Pamungkas Adjie
Published: October 2022

Mass displacement to refugee camps often happens after an earthquake hits. Faecal oral transmission usually occurs causing disease outbreaks when people in mass displacement camps. Surabaya has a potential threat of an earthquake measuring 6.5 on the Richter Scale. However, equipment readiness in wastewater infrastructure is still low at 21% during the emergency response period. Therefore, this research is needed in formulating the concept of emergency wastewater infrastructure provision to minimize the side effects of disease outbreaks. This study obtained primary data from 17 respondents. The first objective uses content analysis method. Then the second objective adopted triangulation analysis derived from three types of data, respondent opinions, policies, and best practices. The first objective disclosed 46 criteria for the provision of emergency wastewater infrastructure. Meanwhile, the second objective presented 38 potential actions and 18 concepts adjusted to disaster management cycle (mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery). The mitigation phase focuses on stocktaking materials, establishing partnerships, training for volunteers, and optimizing the existing sanitation program. The preparedness focuses on forming a team to assess the needs of post-disaster conditions. The response phases divided into acute, general, and stabilization. The general stage focuses on determining suitable infrastructure, mobilizing volunteers and materials, and coordinating between agencies or clusters to handle wastewater. The acute stage focuses on rapid assessment and procurement of materials. The stabilization stage focuses on community involvement, determining the location of infrastructure, and handling waste from wastewater treatment. Finally, the recovery phase focuses on repairing the existing affected wastewater treatment plant.
Detection of Coastline Changes using Multi-Temporal Satellite Images: A case study of Gianyar and Klungkung Regency, Bali
Authors: Hastuti A W , Suniada K I , Nagai M
Published: October 2022

Coastal areas are one of the essential regions for the ecosystem. Consequently, monitoring and detecting the changes of coastal areas is thus necessary in order to provide valuable information for future mitigation and adaptation. Recently, the utilization of satellite images for coastal areas has been used widely and effectively as a viable alternative to in-situ observation and monitoring. In this study, multi-temporal satellite imagery data from Sentinel-2 have been used to find out the changes in the coastal area of Gianyar and Klungkung Regency - Bali, considering the capability which has good resolution with a wide swath and high revisit time. Sentinel-2 imagery data taken from 2016 and 2019 at an interval of about 4 years were collected to determine coastline changes. There are two main steps to detect the coastline. First is image classification by supervised classification where each pixel has been labeled with one or three classes. And the second is to make border segmentation between sand and water by applying the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI). The areas that are experiencing erosion and accretion were determined by using the overlay method between two satellite images. Results show that about 9,248 m2of coastline were eroded in Gianyar Regency and 121,000 m2in Klungkung Regency for the period of 2016 to 2019. Meanwhile, the accretion area reached 158,615 m2in Gianyar and 32,159 m2in Klungkung Regency.
Effect of portable conveyor placement in ship on ocean waste collection behavior
Authors: Sugianto Erik , Chen Jeng-Horng , Sugiono Rohman , Prasutiyon Hadi
Published: October 2022

This study, the portable conveyor placement of ocean waste collection ships was numerically investigated by using computational fluid dynamics. Monohull ship models with different conveyor location variations are namely at the bow of the ship, on both sides of the ship, and on the bow and both sides of the ship. The three indicators used to assess ships in collecting ocean waste are flow patterns that indicate whether or not ocean waste is easy to get in closer to the conveyor, velocity contours that indicate whether or not ocean waste is approaching the conveyor fast, and ship resistance that affects fuel consumption. The results show that the conveyor on the bow model is the easiest to get the ocean waste closer to the conveyor. This model also produces the smallest ship resistance compared to other models. While the conveyor model on the bow and both sides is the fastest to make the waste approach the conveyor. This model also makes ocean waste that is not caught on the conveyor of the front ship can be caught by the conveyor on the side of the ship. However, this model produces the largest ship resistance compared to other models.
Bromo island development strategy as a green open space ecotourism area in banjarmasin city
Authors: Rif’ati N A , Idajati H
Published: October 2022

The availability of green open space in Banjarmasin City were minimal and limited, which is 2.52% of the total area. Based on Law number 26 of 2007 be appointed that the percentage of a city’s public green open space is at least 20% of the total area. Banjarmasin City is currently experiencing a land use shifting of green land into built-up land which can damage the environment. Banjarmasin City is a city of a thousand rivers so that green open space and blue open space have a very strong role in tackling floods that often occur every year caused by high rainfall so that the water discharge increases, river area narrows and the lack of green open space to absorb excess water. Banjarmasin City Government are trying to meet the needs of green open space in one of the leading tourist destinations, namely Bromo Island. Bromo Island has a handling theme, namely Preserving the green open space area and developing ecotourism. This research aims to formulates the right strategy for the development of Bromo Island as a green open space ecotourism area in Banjarmasin City. To achieve this goals, an agreement was made on the development zoning criteria using the Delphi technique by conducting interviews with key respondents and then formulating a development strategy using the triangulation validation method. The results of this research is indicated that there are 3 development zones including the core zone, buffer zone and developer zone and also each zone has a different development strategy.
Identification of prismatic body parts through the cloud of points captured on Computer Measuring Machine
Authors: Marnea O M , Ganea M , But A
Published: October 2022

This paper aims to present an aspect of combined technology: between the use of computer measuring machine and computer numeric control machine on flexible cells for processing flexible manufacturing cell prismatic parts, in the sense of complementing each other to increase the degree of automation and autonomy in the context of increased flexibility and constant quality. It is about ensuring the robotic supply with semi-finished products of the flexible cell in the context of the automatic assurance of the off-sets of parts without stopping the manufacturing process and in the conditions of an unrestricted flexibility.
Optimization of the injection moulding process for plastics parts by using FEA
Authors: Pop P A , Ilea S
Published: October 2022

The paper presented the process of injection moulding for plastics with their innovative technologies and moulded plastic materials. The main goal of this research is to present a practical method for analysing the optimization parameters process of plastic injection moulding, such as filling time, melt temperature, mould temperature, maximum injection pressure, injection volume, cooling time, cycle, etc., The simulation was applied on a PC+ABS BAYBLEND T65 XF sample by using the FEA of Moldex3D Program.
Development of biomechanical gait analysis based on inverted pendulum theory
Authors: Tătaru A I , Baritz M I
Published: October 2022

Systems based on inverted theory pendulum are among the most difficult to adjust due to its instability. However, human body balances this type of system daily, from simple movements to the most complex. This paper present a type of biomechanical analysis of human gait using inverted pendulum theory. In the introduction are presented general notions used for the analysis of gait and bipodal mechanism. The next chapter presents reverse pendulum theory by means of a simple application, that of a trolley and a pendulum which seeks its equilibrium position when a force is applied on the trolley. By the action of the force, the pendulum finds its equilibrium position but which disappears when the cart stopped. Chapter three presents the experimental application of gait analysis using static images. The last chapter represents the conclusions of this type of analysis.
An integrated approach of topological optimization with parametric validation and response surfaces, using ANSYS®
Authors: Bodog A B , Grebenişan G
Published: October 2022

In industrial engineering practice, the use of cutting tools, or those of plastic deformation (dies), is known, involves high costs of materials, and requires, at the same time, conditions of high resistance to deformation. The reduction of the mass of the parts, ie the reduction of the costs with the materials, from the composition of the tools, at the same time with the constant maintenance, or, if possible, with the increase of the rigidity, which, in turn, is identical with the decrease of the metallic materials. when trying to optimize the shape of mechanical parts. To evaluate and to study the behavior of a plate material, also, elastic deformation of a tool component part, a specialized Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) software, Ansys Academic R22, was used. The load was applied to the holes contour of the plate to simulate “action” which determines the generation of permanent plate deformation.The boundary conditions, i.e. the fixed supports, are materialized in the lateral face of the piece and the upper edge of the opposite face. Both the applied load and the limit conditions simulate real situations from industrial practice.
Analysis of defects of glass products
Authors: Matusova M , Hruskova E
Published: October 2022

With the developing industry, the speed of technology advancement, there is a constant demand for innovation, streamlining the production process. One of the serious drawbacks and negatives affecting the input costs of the entire production process is the defectiveness of products, non-defectiveness and unforeseen, unplanned failures of elements in production. It is by unambiguous determination, definition and specification of the causes of product defects, with the use of innovative devices, that we can eliminate or eliminate these failures, defects. The article describes a case study in the glass industry and the exact definition of defects in glass products. Glass is one of the most famous technical products with exceptional properties, the development of which is linked to the development, production and service of glass in the industry, glass intended for aerospace and shipping companies, as well as for gastronomy and household. Of course, all with regard to its specific characteristic, which is certainly fragility.
Implementation of the 6S method in an industrial enterprise
Authors: Škůrkova Katarína Lestyánszka
Published: October 2022

Abstrakt. This paper deals with the application of the 6S method in a selected industrial enterprise, the subject of activity of which is the production, design and development of technical fabrics from synthetic, natural and metallic materials; production of semi-finished products for paper screens. It is an application of the six steps of Separation, Systematization, Purification, Standardization, Self-discipline and Occupational Health and Safety. The analysis of the organization's individual sites revealed deficiencies at three sites in the metal fabrication department and one site in the weaving department of the weave union. The individual steps of the 6S method and the individual actions within these steps are the content of the paper. The proper implementation of the 6S method has led to improvements in the functioning of the individual workplaces in the organisation under study, and the method has become part of the company culture
Mathematical modeling in MATLAB of a photovoltaic panel
Authors: Pop T , Buzduga C , Pentiuc R-D , Ifrim V-C , Ungureanu C
Published: October 2022

With the increase in energy demand, the necessity for photovoltaic panels to be as efficient as possible has also increased. In order to achieve the highest possible performance, solar cells depend on a number of environmental elements such as: temperature, shading, cloudy weather, deposits on the surface, dust, solar irradiation, nighttime darkness, etc. All these factors ultimately result in a decline in photovoltaic panels performances. With the help of modeling and simulation programs, complex systems with high performance can be designed and realized, considering the advantage of avoiding manufacturing costs through their physical testing. Based on the electrical and thermal characteristics extracted from the Sanyo producer's data sheet, the proposed commercial photovoltaic module HIT-240HDE4, is implemented in the MATLAB environment under standard and real test conditions. The article presents the modeling and simulation in the MATLAB program of the proposed photovoltaic module, for the analysis of the electrical performances under the described conditions. Also, the article addresses the analysis issue of the operation considering the chosen module, under the same conditions.
The influence of water injected on the reduction of NOx emissions in Diesel engine
Authors: Benea B C
Published: October 2022

In recent years, diesel engine manufacturers have been looking for ways to reduce NOx emissions and smoke emissions to meet increasingly stringent standards. Although there are exhaust gases treatment methods to reduce NOX emissions, attempts are being made to control their production in the cylinder. Various methods are used to control the production of NOx in the cylinder: flue gas recirculation, multiple fuel injections. These methods lead to increased fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. To reduce the emission of NOx, the temperature in the combustion chamber must be reduced. By introducing water into the combustion chamber, the desired effect is obtained. In this paper we have studied the effect of lowering the temperature in the combustion chamber on the power of the engine and the emissions of NOx and particles. The study was made on a Renault 4-cylinder diesel engine, water cooled. During operation, a quantity of 5%, 10% and 20% of the amount of diesel introduced into the cylinder was injected into the intake manifold. During the tests, the engine power decreases with 3%. NOx emissions decreased by up to 22%, but particulate emissions increased by about 36%.
Gay Pornography
Authors: Brennan Joseph
Published: October 2022

Commercial, moving-image, hardcore, all-male pornography (otherwise known as “gay pornography”) emerged in the United States in the 1970s when, for the first time, many of the cultural inhibitions and legal restrictions on explicit gay sexual content were swept away with the current of a sexual revolution—prompted in large part by the 1969 Stonewall riots. In 2022, its study constitutes a thriving subfield of porn studies.

This qualitative review starts with the contributions of foundational essayists (Richard Dyer and Thomas Waugh) in a 1985 edition of Jump Cut, followed by discussion of the contributions of three special issues on the subject (in 2004, 2015 and 2017) in the Journal of Homosexuality, Psychology & Sexuality, and Porn Studies—through which a case is made for the instrumental role of these specials in the subfield’s exponential growth, commencing circa 2015. “Bareback” (the on-screen abandonment of the condom) and “gay-for-pay” (a gay-sex-strictly-for-remuneration fantasy and career construction/identity) are marked out for separate consideration as two profoundly dominant (and uniquely gay-aligned) conditions to which much of the subfield’s (relatively) recent flourishing can be attributed. The final section organizes extant literature according to key bulges and thrusts across text, industry, and audience concerns, with John Mercer, Jeffrey Escoffier, and Todd G. Morrison, respectively, nominated as the key architects of the critical, 21st-century groundwork on which the subfield owes much of its contemporary vibrancy.

This is a dynamic survey, acknowledging the author’s own disciplinary stake (cultural studies) via qualitative, strategic selection of some eminent and emerging themes from across the literature. Crucially, allowance for future updates is built into its structure and method; key themes can be added as new priorities emerge, expanded, or shifted, with the ebb and flow of the subfield’s agenda items (should thrusts come to bulge or bulges lose impetus).
Ambitious Goals and Emerging Issues in Singaporean Education
Authors: Tan Jason
Published: October 2022

Singapore, a former British colony with a population of 5.6 million, has made rapid economic progress since attaining political independence in 1965. By the early 1980s, it had become known as one of the four Asian tiger economic powerhouses and enjoyed one of the highest per capita incomes in Southeast Asia. More recently, it has received international attention because of its students’ repeated outstanding performances in the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) international comparative educational assessment exercises, as a result of which a small but growing number of school districts in the United States have adopted modified versions of Singapore mathematics and science textbooks. With an ethnically diverse population within a relatively small land area of about 720 square kilometers, Singapore has been ruled for 63 years by the same governing party. The People’s Action Party has, since coming to power in 1959, accorded education priority in terms of serving the needs of economic development and social cohesion. To this day, education remains the second largest item in the government’s annual budget after defense, in view of the perennial governmental concern with harnessing education in the service of economic competitiveness and social cohesion.
Current Issues and Trends in India’s School Education
Authors: Ramachandran Vimala
Published: October 2022

Discussing the heterogeneous nature of Indian society and the management of school education is not only diverse, but it is characterized by inequality at all levels. The Right to Education Act (RTE) of 2009 attempted to address these inequalities, however, given the quasifederal nature of the distribution of powers to make laws pertaining to education and unequal access to financial and human resources, implementation has been uneven. The variations are particularly significant in dropout rates, secondary education completion rates, teacher deployment and in-school availability, inclusion/exclusion of children belonging to different communities/castes and religions, and most importantly, gender equality. There is considerable variation in school size and pupil–teacher ratios—with some states reporting a large percentage of single teacher schools and small schools with enrolment of fewer than 50 students at the elementary level. This is not the case in secondary and higher secondary schools. If all children entering grade one wish to move on to higher secondary, there are not enough schools to accommodate them. While there are over 814,000 primary schools, the number of secondary schools falls sharply to 22,700 and higher secondary to just 12,400. The systemic barriers to access beyond the elementary level remains a big concern in many states of India. Equally, there are also sharp rural–urban differences—with rural and remote areas reporting skewed ratios of elementary to secondary and higher secondary schools. Children drop out in different states for a wide range of reasons; however, in the last 10 years, it is generally accepted that poor learning at the elementary stage is one of the most important reasons. Evidence from qualitative research studies reveals that the cumulative burden of poor learning is carried forward from grade one, leading to the inability of many children to cope with secondary education. Several scholars have argued that embedded inequality and exclusion are serious issues—which are most evident in learning outcomes. The issues of teacher availability, teacher preparation and certification, and the persistent problem of nonavailability of teachers—including the problem of teacher absence—are also explored. Notwithstanding these challenges, the net attendance rates have been going up steadily since the 1990s—with some improvement in rural–urban gaps. Many more teachers have also been recruited. The gender gap has been closing, albeit less effectively in some states. Many of the issues discussed in this article have been exacerbated during the Covid-19 lockdown. As this article covers the period before 2020, these have not been captured.
Score-Driven Models: Methodology and Theory
Authors: Artemova Mariia , Blasques Francisco , van Brummelen Janneke , Koopman Siem Jan
Published: October 2022

Score-driven models belong to a wider class of observation-driven time series models that are used intensively in empirical studies in economics and finance. A defining feature of the score-driven model is its mechanism of updating time-varying parameters by means of the score function of the predictive likelihood function. The class of score-driven models contains many other well-known observation-driven models as special cases, and many new models have been developed based on the score-driven principle. Score-driven models provide a general way of parameter updating, or filtering, in which all relevant features of the observation density function are considered. In models with fat-tailed observation densities, the score-driven updates are robust to large observations in time series. This kind of robustness is a convenient feature of score-driven models and makes them suitable for applications in finance and economics, where noisy data sets are regularly encountered. Parameter estimation for score-driven models is straightforward when the method of maximum likelihood is used. In many cases, theoretical results are available under rather general conditions.
The Political Determinants of Health: A Global Panacea for Health Inequities
Authors: Dawes Daniel E. , Amador Christian M. , Dunlap Nelson J.
Published: October 2022

The political determinants of health create the structural conditions and the social drivers—including poor environmental conditions, inadequate transportation, unsafe neighborhoods, poor and unstable housing, and lack of healthy food options—that affect all dynamics involved in health. Globally, recurring examples of the role that these political determinants—through government action or inaction, and policy—are playing in health outcomes and life expectancy, particularly in under-resourced communities, can be observed currently as well as historically. Most notably, the political determinants of health are more than merely separate and distinct from social determinants of health: they serve as the instigators of the social determinants of health with which many people are already well acquainted. They involve the systematic process of structuring relationships, distributing resources, and administering power, operating simultaneously in ways that mutually reinforce or influence one another to shape opportunities that either advance health equity or exacerbate health inequities. Focusing on the political determinants of health homes in on the fundamental causes that give rise to, sustain, and exacerbate the social determinants of health that create and worsen the persistent and devastating health inequities that are observed, experienced, researched, and reported. By employing both a theoretical and practical lens to the amelioration of health inequities that continue to pervade communities across the globe, the article contextualizes many of the historic harms that have occurred throughout history, providing a unique perspective on the current state of affairs, and offering a tangible path forward toward a more equitable future. Furthermore, consideration of this new framework at all levels of government as it relates to improving health outcomes for any nation is imperative in order to eliminate existential threats for any and all populations.
The Trade, Use, and Circulation of Elephant Ivory in Sub-Saharan Africa over the Longue Durée
Authors: Lane Paul J. , Coutu Ashley N.
Published: October 2022

Humans have utilized and exchanged ivory from different species of elephant living on the African continent for millennia, with ivory from both forest and savannah species being exploited. Starting around 4600 bp, elephant ivory sourced on the African continent also began to be exported to other parts of the world. The ways of working ivory, the uses to which it has been put, and its symbolic and representational meanings have all varied according to context across space and time. Different agents have played diverse and varying roles in its acquisition, crafting, and distribution. From early on, ivory’s malleability and comparative strength relative to other raw materials made it particularly sought after. Its color and texture, as well as the variation between species and in its structure at different points on a tusk, have also been critical aspects of its material affordances. Archaeological evidence from sub-Saharan Africa, especially material dating from after the bce/ce transition, combined with ethnographic and historical data, provides important insights into the deep history of ivory, where it has been sourced on the continent, what is known about how it was worked in the distant past, and the changing history of its trade and exchange both within and beyond the continent. Regional and global shifts in its circulation, along with some of the societal and ecological consequences of these have also been studied, with particular reference to eastern Africa. Despite many advances in recent years, there is still a need for further multidisciplinary and multi-sited research informed by posthumanist perspectives and ethics.
An Archaeology of Pastoralism and Agropastoralism in the Sudan
Authors: Brass Michael , Vella Gregory Isabelle , Adam Ahmed , Abdallah Rayan
Published: October 2022

What might an archaeology of pastoralism in the Sudan look like? This challenging question is hampered by an uneven archaeological record and a lifestyle that has a long and complex biography. While acknowledging that pastoralism continues to be a part of contemporary life, the period up to the early 1st millennium ce, contemporary with the end of the Meroitic state, was a particularly important period for pastoralism in the Sudan. Moreover, the nature of pastoralism after the 1st millennium ce is significantly different to this period.
The Origins and Development of Agriculture in South Asia
Authors: Bates Jennifer
Published: October 2022

The South Asian subcontinent contains a vast mosaic of environments and lifeways. Agriculture and pastoralism are important food producing systems within this mosaic but coexist alongside hunter-gatherer-fisher-forager groups, shifting cultivators, and nomadic pastoralists that are often marginalized. This interplay between different lifeways has deep roots in South Asian history and prehistory. Despite this, discussions of early South Asian agriculture and pastoralism often depict a limited and narrow dataset, confined to a few sites. As a result it has been argued that the origins of agriculture and pastoralism in South Asia are hard to pinpoint.

However, archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, and genetic data, alongside the growing archaeological record, are showing that the South Asian subcontinent is a rich ground for exploring the complexity and nuance of changing lifeways during the transition to agro-pastoralism. People in South Asia incorporated both nonnative crops and animals from southwest Asia, Africa, and China into existing systems, domesticated local taxa in multiple regions, and continued to exploit wild resources throughout periods of established agro-pastoral systems. A diversity of Neolithics are therefore demonstrated within the subcontinent, and the mixing of traditions is a hallmark of South Asia and is critical for discussions about what early agriculture and pastoralism looked like and what the impacts of changing lifeways and economies were over time.
Narrative in Sociocultural Studies of Language
Authors: Perrino Sabina M.
Published: October 2022

Narratives are primary modes in human communication and engagement across cultures and have been used as key analytical tools in numerous disciplinary fields. While defining what a narrative is, how many units it contains and so forth has been a daunting task in narratological studies, it is important to emphasize that, since the narrative turn in the 1980s, narratives have been appreciated not only for their content, or “denotational text,” but also for their pragmatic effects in the here-and-now of speech participants’ interactions, or their “interactional text.” More specifically, linguistic anthropologists and sociolinguists consider narratives-as-practices instead of relying only on narratives-as-texts. From the classic Labovian model, in which narrative units are key elements for a narrative to be considered as such, to the more pragmatic and discursive approaches to narratives, many theoretical advancements have been made in this field. A linguistic anthropological analysis of a set of narratives collected in northern Italy (2003–2023) and in the United States (2017–2023) illustrates these discursive and pragmatic approaches to storytelling. These analyses demonstrate that narratives are interactional events in which their sociocultural surrounding is fluid and unpredictable, and, crucially, it always influences the story in significant ways as it unfolds in interaction. In this respect, while the narrative model elaborated by William Labov in the 1960s has been widely used, linguistic anthropologists and sociolinguists have meaningfully advanced this field by adding an important pragmatic layer to their narrative theories and analyses. In their view, narratives need to include not only the sociocultural context in which they are told but, importantly, speech participants’ contributions during the storytelling event. Within this analytical and theoretical framework, scholars can unveil narrative patterns that would remain covert otherwise, such as the various spatiotemporal (or chronotopic) configurations that are encapsulated in the collected stories. In this sense, participants’ past stories can become part of the here-and-now interaction. Thus, narratives hardly have a clear division between the past story and the present storytelling event, which, at times, conflate and become one.
Japanese American Nisei in the Military Intelligence Service During the US-led Occupation of Japan
Authors: Dennehy Kristine
Published: October 2022

Second-generation Japanese Americans (Nisei) in the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) were engaged in critical work during the US-led Allied Occupation of Japan from 1945 through 1952. After Japan’s surrender in August 1945, Nisei in the MIS played an important role in areas such as interpretation, translation, and Cold War intelligence gathering in Occupied Japan. They have often been called the cultural bridge that was crucial to the success of the occupation of Japan and development of close ties between Japan and the United States after 1952. Their upbringing in areas like Hawaii and California and military training prior to their deployment in Japan provide insight into the nature of their contributions in key areas of the occupation, such as censorship, repatriation, and the International Military Tribunal for the Far East. Their work and experiences illuminate the complex dynamics of both Japanese American military history and the postwar occupation of Japan more generally.
Regulator Movements in the Carolina Colonies
Authors: Chandler Abby
Published: October 2022

While protest movements take many forms, the concept of the regulator movement is a recurring one in American history. Such movements are primarily characterized by their proponents’ explicit efforts to regulate, or reform, their local governments and by the belief that such actions are legally permissible as long as they remain within certain boundaries. Other common elements include tensions between urban and rural residents of the same political entity, economic inequalities, and/or religious frictions. North Carolina’s Regulator Rebellion (1766–1771) and the South Carolina Regulation (1767–1769) are the primary movements linked with the regulator tradition in the United States. They were, however, predated by the Culpepper Rebellion (1677) and Cary’s Rebellion (1711), in Carolina Colony, and the Enfield Riots (1759) and the Sugar Creek War (1765), in North Carolina. Regulator desire for political reform was never short of fuel in a region where every passing decade brought new political, economic, and religious challenges in its wake. In order to understand the regulator movement tradition in the United States, it is first necessary to examine its roots in the Carolina colonies.
Women and War in Early America
Authors: Martino Gina M.
Published: October 2022

Early American women incited, fought in, and brokered peace in conflicts that ranged from regional to nearly continental in scale during the 17th and 18th centuries. It is true that in most early American societies, warfare was considered a masculine activity. Nevertheless, war making, particularly in periods of endemic war, required the active participation of men and women. In some Indigenous polities, women decided when to wage war and which enemy captives would live or die. Other Indigenous women commanded troops as leaders of their polities, forging and shattering alliances with their Indigenous and European peers. For European women attempting to colonize contested regions of the continent, military readiness was part of everyday life. Even if these women did not participate in the masculinized theater of the militia drill, they did know how to produce ammunition and fire a musket. Beginning in the 1770s, early American women would participate in a conflict that was at once a colonial war, a revolutionary war, and a civil war. The American Revolution did not distinguish between the home and the front or the frontier town and the peaceful hamlet. Women would be touched by a war that mobilized their production skills, intellects, and physical strength. That same war would also displace hundreds of thousands of women, many of whom would never return home. But as they had through the whole of early American history, women would continue to adapt, resist, and mobilize.
The Draft in U.S. History
Authors: Threlkeld Megan
Published: October 2022

The issue of compulsory military service has been contested in the United States since before its founding. In a nation characterized by both liberalism and republicanism, there is an inherent tension between the idea that individuals should be able to determine their own destiny and the idea that all citizens have a duty to serve their country. Prior to the 20th century, conscription occurred mainly on the level of local militias, first in the British colonies and later in individual states. It was during the Civil War that the first federal drafts were instituted, both in the Union and the Confederacy. In the North, the draft was unpopular and largely ineffective. Congress revived national conscription when the United States entered World War I and established the Selective Service System to oversee the process. That draft ended when U.S. belligerency ended in 1918. The first peacetime draft was implemented in 1940; with the exception of one year, it remained in effect until 1973. Its most controversial days came during the Vietnam War, when thousands of people across the country demonstrated against it and, in some cases, outright refused to be inducted. The draft stopped with the end of the war, but in 1980, Congress reinstated compulsory Selective Service registration. More than two decades into the 21st century, male citizens and immigrant noncitizens are still required to register within thirty days of their eighteenth birthday.

The very idea of “selective service” is ambiguous. It is selective because not everyone is conscripted, but it is compulsory because one can be prosecuted for failing to register or to comply with orders of draft boards. Especially during the Cold War, one of the system’s main functions was not to procure soldiers but to identify and exempt from service those men best suited for other endeavors framed as national service: higher education, careers in science and engineering, and even supporting families. That fact, combined with the decentralized nature of the Selective Service System itself, left the process vulnerable to the prejudices of local draft boards and meant that those most likely to be drafted were poor and nonwhite.
Buddhaghosa
Authors: Baba Norihisa
Published: October 2022

Buddhaghosa was a Buddhist scholar-monk of the 5th century ce who belonged to a branch of the Theravāda school in Sri Lanka known as the Mahāvihāra. He has long been celebrated in the Sri Lankan Theravāda-Mahāvihāra tradition as the paradigmatic saint-scholar. In the first half of the 5th century, Buddhaghosa compiled his most important treatise, the Visuddhimagga (The Path to Purification). Outlining how the practitioner might overcome mental afflictions and attain nibbāna (nirvāṇa in Sanskrit), the Visuddhimagga offers a systematic explanation of Buddhist thought and practice in terms of the triad of conduct, meditative concentration, and wisdom. Buddhaghosa then went on to compile commentaries on the first four Nikāyas, which are collections of the Buddha’s discourses contained in the Pāli canon, and possibly commentaries on other texts too. In these commentaries, he provided exegeses of words and concepts in Buddhist canonical literature. Just after the beginning of the cultural and linguistic hegemony of the “Sanskrit Cosmopolis” across South and Southeast Asia, Buddhaghosa wrote in Pāli, another Middle-Indo Aryan language. According to Buddhaghosa, Pāli was the only language suitable for the transmission of Buddhist scriptures. Buddhaghosa also established the definition of the Pāli canon on the basis of the argument that five hundred elders had fixed the divisions of buddhavacana (which literally means “the word of the Buddha”) at the First Buddhist Council. The oldest extant biography of Buddhaghosa confirms that the Mahāvihāra treated Buddhaghosa’s commentaries like canonical texts.
Shingon
Authors: Proffitt Aaron
Published: October 2022

Shingon Buddhism is one of the major schools of Japanese Buddhism. Shingon developed from the eastward flow of the tantras from South Asia into East Asia, flourished at the very pinnacle of Tang-dynasty Buddhist ritual culture, was systematically integrated into the Japanese state monastic bureau through the efforts of Kūkai, and flourished through the efforts of other important figures that followed such as Ennin and Annen. Shingon functioned both as a trans-sectarian area of ritual knowledge key for competition across diverse lineages within and between major state-run temples and emerged as a distinct school focused on the doctrinal thought of Kūkai, as well as the widespread devotion to Kūkai as a bodhisattva-like savior figure on Kōyasan, the mountain monastic complex that included his mausoleum. Shingon practice emphasizes the coordination of mudra, mantra, and mandalic contemplation under the direction of a trained ritual master. Through the unification of body, speech, and mind in the ritual arena, the adept is awakened to their inherent participation in awakened reality. As such, Shingon practitioners are said to be able to realize corporeal Buddhahood and have often been tasked with performing rituals such as rainmaking, aiding emperors to extend their life span, and so on.
Disability in Guatemala
Authors: Vrana Heather
Published: October 2022

In Guatemala, experiences, meanings, and impacts of disability differed depending on one’s race, ethnicity, gender, social class, education, and location, among other factors. They also changed over time. Pre-Hispanic Mayan art indicates physical disability did not exclude people from the elite. In the colonial period (1521–1821), an important charity hospital system emerged. Some Guatemalans who might be identified as disabled today lived with widows and orphans in charity hospices and asylums. Disabled Guatemalans underwent cutting-edge treatments, for better or worse, owing to avid medical research by the protomedicato and faculty at the University of San Carlos. After independence in the early 19th century, Catholic charity endured and worked in tandem with state-building projects, even as disputes between the Conservative and Liberal parties churned. Guatemala’s growing hospital system relied upon this cooperation. The new century brought explosive growth in infrastructure and an expanded role of the state in everyday life. Reforms in policing, public health, and education transformed the lives of some disabled Guatemalans, often expanding confinement and surveillance alongside medical resources. The period of democratic florescence, known as the “Ten Years Spring” (1944–1954), brought reforms, including the creation of the Guatemalan Social Security Institute (IGSS) in 1946 and work-injury, illness, and maternity-benefits laws. Between 1946 and 1948, the Guatemalan and US governments conducted syphilis experiments on disabled residents of the Insane Asylum (Asilo de Alienados), as well as on soldiers, incarcerated people, orphans, and commercial sex workers. By the mid-20th century, decades—or even centuries—of inequality debilitated poor Guatemalans. Chronic illness, workplace injury, malnutrition, and other endemic conditions created temporary and permanent disabilities. Civil war (1960–1996) erupted and revolutionary groups argued that they fought to end the inequality that caused debilitating conditions. The war itself created new disabled people. Combat, torture, and trauma transformed Guatemalans. Yet the Historical Clarification Commission report neglected this topic and the experiences of disabled people in the war. Unlike their peers in El Salvador, Guatemalan veterans did not form influential advocacy organizations after the war. Since the 1990s, disability has been a serious cause and effect of widespread migration to the United States. Migrants have fled Guatemala because of inadequate access to disability-related healthcare and education. Some people have been disabled by dangerous conditions en route to the United States.
Gender and Disaster in Bangladesh
Authors: Nasreen Mahbuba
Published: October 2022

Disasters are a frequent phenomenon in Bangladesh and have increased in frequency and severity since the late eighties. The consecutive devastating floods of 1987 and 1988 and the cyclone of 1991 attracted international attention. Due to geographical settings and anthropogenic causes, the country is exposed to disasters that include devastating floods, cyclones, tornadoes, tidal surges, riverbank erosion, drought, and salinity intrusion; and climate change is intensifying these events. Challenges of hazards and disasters affect all segments of the population, however, there is a gender dimension that shows the way women and men respond and adapt to these disasters. Both women and men are unable to utilize their time in productive activities due to the absence of employment opportunities. Women and girls have a wider range of responsibilities in their households due to their socially defined gender identity. During a disaster the affected households are often forced to move to shelters or refuges, where women have to perform their gender-assigned domestic responsibilities in difficult circumstances. When men move elsewhere in search of work, women have to shoulder both women’s and men’s tasks to maintain family sustenance with available resources. Women and girls suffer more than men from poverty, hunger, malnutrition, economic crises, environmental degradation, insecurity, and health-related problems, including those related to reproductive health and adolescence. Women and girls are also frequent victims of violence. However, despite challenges, women’s strategies are vital to rural populations’ ability to cope with and adapt to different phases of disasters. Gender and disaster discourse seeks explanations of the principal factors structuring the responses of women and girls during crises and in postdisaster situations. Issues related to women’s gender-specific disaster vulnerabilities and resilience mechanisms, and how they are affected by climate change and pandemic, require continuous research, and legal and regulatory frameworks must mainstream gender and disaster with inclusive interventions.
Disaster Risk Reduction and Furthering Women’s Rights
Authors: Akerkar Supriya
Published: October 2022

Traditional conceptions of disaster mitigation focus mainly on risk reduction practices using technology; however, disaster mitigation needs to be reconceptualized as a discursive and social intervention process in the disaster-development continuum to further women’s rights and equality and their emancipatory interests before, during, and after disasters. Such reconception would be more aligned with current formulations within the Sendai Framework of Action (2015–2030), which to an extent highlights the need to engage with gender inequalities through women’s leadership in disaster and development planning and the fifth UN Sustainable Development Goal on furthering gender equality. As discursive practices, disaster mitigation should question discrimination against and marginalization of women in disaster recoveries and development processes in different contexts. Discourse about women and gender is ingrained in the society and further perpetuated through regressive and patriarchal state policies and practices in the disaster-development continuum. A critical and progressive politics for women’s rights that furthers their equality would counter regressive discourses and their effects. Women experience discrimination through complex and multiple axes of power, such as race, class, ethnicity, and other social markers. Instead of treating women as a passive site for relief and recovery, nongovernmental organizations, both national and international, should work with women as persons with agency, voice, aspirations, and capacity to bring about policy and social change in the terrain of the disaster-development continuum. Critical humanitarianism and mobilizing women’s leadership would be a hallmark of such work. The relation between disaster mitigation and women’s rights is that of a virtuous cycle that calls for a synergy between disaster response and development goals to further women’s equality and rights. A vision for socially just and equal society must inform the relation between disaster mitigation and furthering women’s rights.
Yamamuro, Gunpei
Authors: Kuroki Yasuhiro
Published: October 2022

Yamamuro (1872–1940) was one of Japan’s leading popular evangelists. He contributed to the founding and development of the Salvation Army in Japan. During his lifetime, he also established various social welfare facilities and played a major role in improving social welfare activities in Japan.