bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Inhomogeneities in Extreme Annual Rainfall Data Series by Multifractal Approach
Authors: García-Marín Amanda , Estévez Javier , Morbidelli Renato , Saltalippi Carla , Ayuso-Muñoz José , Flammini Alessia
Published: April 2020

Testing the homogeneity in extreme rainfall data series is an important step to be performed before applying the frequency analysis method to obtain quantile values. In this work, six homogeneity tests were applied in order to check the existence of break points in extreme annual 24-h rainfall data at eight stations located in the Umbria region (Central Italy). Two are parametric tests (the standard normal homogeneity test and Buishand test) whereas the other four are non-parametric (the Pettitt, Sequential Mann–Kendal, Mann–Whitney U, and Cumulative Sum tests). No break points were detected at four of the stations analyzed. Where inhomogeneities were found, the multifractal approach was applied in order to check if they were real or not by comparing the split and whole data series. The generalized fractal dimension functions Dq and the multifractal spectra f(α) were obtained, and their main parameters were used to decide whether or not a break point existed.
Hydrological Characterization of Watering Ponds in Rangeland Farms in the Southwest Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Marín-Comitre Ubaldo , Schnabel Susanne , Pulido-Fernández Manuel
Published: April 2020

Watering ponds are an important source of drinking water supply for livestock in semi-arid rangelands. Understanding the hydrological functioning of this kind of infrastructures is crucial for efficient water management in areas where water resources are often scarce. In this line, we have analyzed temporal patterns of water availability in a set of watering ponds located in Iberian rangelands and their relationship with temporal rainfall variability. In addition, the effectiveness of the ponds for conserving stored water during dry periods and some influencing factors (pond size and catchment area) have also been assessed. The results showed a high correlation between water availability and precedent rainfall, confirming, on the one hand, the capacity of storage of these infrastructures and, on the other hand, the importance of temporal rainfall patterns in their hydrological behavior. Our findings point to a minimum pond area of 2000 m2 and a catchment area/storage capacity ratio around 100 m−1 in order for watering ponds can face the dry summer period with certain guarantees, at least in regular hydrological years. Nonetheless, the vulnerability shown by the majority of the watering ponds in times of drought limits their usefulness as unique sources of water supply in many farms.
Recent Trends in Removal Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products by Electrochemical Oxidation and Combined Systems
Authors: Dao Khanh Chau , Yang Chih-Chi , Chen Ku-Fan , Tsai Yung-Pin
Published: April 2020

Due to various potential toxicological threats to living organisms even at low concentrations, pharmaceuticals and personal care products in natural water are seen as an emerging environmental issue. The low efficiency of removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products by conventional wastewater treatment plants calls for more efficient technology. Research on advanced oxidation processes has recently become a hot topic as it has been shown that these technologies can effectively oxidize most organic contaminants to inorganic carbon through mineralization. Among the advanced oxidation processes, the electrochemical advanced oxidation processes and, in general, electrochemical oxidation or anodic oxidation have shown good prospects at the lab-scale for the elimination of contamination caused by the presence of residual pharmaceuticals and personal care products in aqueous systems. This paper reviewed the effectiveness of electrochemical oxidation in removing pharmaceuticals and personal care products from liquid solutions, alone or in combination with other treatment processes, in the last 10 years. Reactor designs and configurations, electrode materials, operational factors (initial concentration, supporting electrolytes, current density, temperature, pH, stirring rate, electrode spacing, and fluid velocity) were also investigated.
A Preliminary Assessment of the “Undercatching” and the Precipitation Pattern in an Alpine Basin
Authors: Jimeno-Sáez Patricia , Pulido-Velazquez David , Collados-Lara Antonio-Juan , Pardo-Igúzquiza Eulogio , Senent-Aparicio Javier , Baena-Ruiz Leticia
Published: April 2020

Gauges modify wind fields, producing important systematic errors (undercatching) in the measurement of solid precipitation (Ps), especially under windy conditions. A methodology that combines geostatistical techniques and hydrological models to perform a preliminary assessment of global undercatch and precipitation patterns in alpine regions is proposed. An assessment of temperature and precipitation fields is performed by applying geostatistical approaches assuming different hypothesis about the relationship between climatic fields and altitude. Several experiments using different approximations of climatic fields in different approaches to a hydrological model are evaluated. A new hydrological model, the Snow-Témez Model (STM), is developed including two parameters to correct the solid (Cs) and liquid precipitation (Cr). The procedure allows identifying the best combination of geostatistical approach and hydrological model for estimating streamflow in the Canales Basin, an alpine catchment of the Sierra Nevada (Spain). The sensitivity of the results to the correction of the precipitation fields is analyzed, revealing that the results of the streamflow simulation are improved when the precipitation is corrected considerably. High values of solid Cs are obtained, while Cr values, although smaller than the solid one, are also significant.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of a Multi-Purpose Dam Using a System Dynamics Model
Authors: Lee Sleemin , Kang Doosun
Published: April 2020

The increasing frequency of extreme droughts and flash floods in recent years due to climate change has increased the interest in sustainable water use and efficient water resource management. Because the water resource sector is closely related to human activities and affected by interactions between the humanities and social sciences, there is a need for interdisciplinary research that can consider various elements, such as society and the economy. This study elucidates relationships within the social and hydrological systems and quantitatively analyzes the effects of a multi-purpose dam on the target society using a system dynamics model. A causal loop was used to identify causal relationships between the social and hydrological components of the target area, and a simulation model was constructed using the system dynamics technique. Additionally, climate change and socio-economic scenarios were applied to analyze the future effects of the multi-purpose dam on population change, the regional economy, water use, and flood damage prevention in the target area. The model proved reliable in predicting socio-economic changes in the target area and can be used to make decisions about efficient water resource management and water-resource-related facility planning.
Low-Cost, Open Source Wireless Sensor Network for Real-Time, Scalable Groundwater Monitoring
Authors: Calderwood Andrew J. , Pauloo Richard A. , Yoder Alysa M. , Fogg Graham E.
Published: April 2020

Population growth, climate uncertainties, and unsustainable groundwater pumping challenge aquifer sustainability worldwide. Efficient and data-driven groundwater supply management is a necessity to maintain essential water-dependent functions. Currently, managers lack the cost-effective, scalable, and reliable groundwater monitoring systems needed to collect vital groundwater data. Existing automated groundwater monitoring systems tend to be cost-prohibitive, and manual methods lack the spatial or temporal resolution to sufficiently meet critical water modeling, management, and policy objectives. In this study, we developed a fully automated, open source, low cost wireless sensor network (LCSN) for real-time groundwater data acquisition, processing, and visualization in the South American Subbasin Groundwater Observatory (GWO), located in California, USA. We demonstrate the steps taken to create the GWO, including field, hardware, software, and data pipeline components so that it may be easily reproduced in new areas. We find that the GWO is comparable in cost to manual measurements at a weekly measurement frequency, and costs between three and four times less than comparable commercially available telemetry and dashboard systems, largely due to the use of free open source software to acquire, clean, store, and visualize data. The open source-powered GWO thus lowers the financial and technical barrier of entry for real-time groundwater monitoring, creating the potential for more informed water management worldwide, particularly in regions whose managers are restricted by the high capital costs of commercial monitoring systems.
Characterizing the Water Storage Capacity and Hydrological Role of Mountain Peatlands in the Arid Andes of North-Central Chile
Authors: Valois Remi , Schaffer Nicole , Figueroa Ronny , Maldonado Antonio , Yáñez Eduardo , Hevia Andrés , Yánez Carrizo Gonzalo , MacDonell Shelley
Published: April 2020

High-altitude peatlands in the Andes, i.e., bofedales, play an essential role in alpine ecosystems, regulating the local water balance and supporting biodiversity. This is particularly true in semiarid Chile, where bofedales develop near the altitudinal and hydrological limits of plant life. The subterranean geometry and stratigraphy of one peatland was characterized in north-central Chile using Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and core extraction. Two sounding locations, two transversal and one longitudinal profile allowed a 3D interpretation of the bofedal’s internal structure. A conceptual model of the current bofedal system is proposed. Geophysical results combined with porosity measurements were used to estimate the bofedal water storage capacity. Using hydrological data at the watershed scale, implications regarding the hydrological role of bofedales in the semiarid Andes were then briefly assessed. At the catchment scale, bofedal water storage capacity, evapotranspiration losses and annual streamflow are on the same order of magnitude. High-altitude peatlands are therefore storing a significant amount of water and their impact on basin hydrology should be investigated further.
An Overview of Managed Aquifer Recharge in Brazil
Authors: Shubo Tatsuo , Fernandes Lucila , Montenegro Suzana Gico
Published: April 2020

In order to face the severe climate conditions in semiarid regions, many managed aquifer recharge (MAR) and rainwater storage systems have been implemented by local communities. Governmental programs have helped to propagate the concept of MAR. Based on a systematic review, popular initiatives, current legislation, and research lines and programs were compiled and analyzed. Although the MAR global inventory points to the prevalence of in-channel modifications among ninety MAR sites, the Barraginhas Project alone has been responsible for the construction of more than 500,000 infiltration ponds up to 2013. In urban areas, aquifer recharge initiatives mostly aim to reduce runoff peak flows. In some cases these initiatives have been stimulated by urban drainage public policies. Compared to countries such as the USA and Australia, Brazil is still at an early stage in MAR initiatives and needs to overcome technical, legal, and socio-cultural challenges to adopt MAR approaches, in order to help in facing water security challenges in a future climate change scenario. This article aims to provide an overview of the state of the art concerning technological, scientific, and legal issues around MAR in Brazil and the respective challenges for the adoption of this approach at a national level.
SARS-CoV-2 Kökeni
Authors: FEYZİOĞLU Bahadır
Published: April 2020

Yeni tip bir insan koronavirüsü olan SARS-CoV-2’nin neden olduğu küresel salgın, tüm insanlık için endişe oluşturmaktadır. SARS-CoV-2, insan patojeni olarak tanımlanan yedinci koronavirüstür. Bu virüslerden, HKU1, NL63, OC43 ve 229E hafif belirtilere neden olabilirken, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV ve SARS-CoV-2 ciddi hastalıklarla ilişkilidir. SARS-CoV-2 hücre içine giriş için tıpkı SARS-CoV gibi, anjiyotensin dönüştürücü enzim 2 (ACE2) reseptörünü kullanır ve SARS-CoV-2 S proteininde bulunan reseptör bağlanma alanı (RBA) bu reseptörlere güçlü bir şekilde bağlanabilir. Öte yandan, bir hayvan virüsünün insanları enfekte etmek için tür sınırlarını nasıl aştığına yönelik soruların yanıtlanması, gelecekteki zoonotik olayların nasıl önleneceğine dair değerli bilgiler verecektir. Salgının başlangıcından bu yana virüsün kökeni hakkında pek çok iddia ortaya atıldı. Bu derleme makalesinde, şimdiye kadar elde edilen veriler ışığında, virüsün kökeni hakkındaki ipuçlarını derledik. SARS-CoV-2 bazı yarasa virüslerine (RaTG-13) ve SARS-CoV'ye çok benzese de, daha önce tanımlanmayan benzersiz diziler içermektedir. RBD'deki amino asit dizileri açısından Pangolin CoV ile uyumlu olmasına rağmen, polibazik bölünme alanı benzersiz bir değişimin ürünüdür. Ayrıca, bu alandaki o-bağlı glikan kalıntıları, ancak bağışıklık tepkisi koşullarında elde edilebilecek bir kazanımdır. Her ne kadar kanıtlar SARS-CoV-2'nin manipüle edilmiş bir virüs olmadığını düşündürse de, şu anda bu köken teorilerini tam olarak kanıtlamak veya reddetmek mümkün değildir. Bir hayvan virüsünün tür sınırlarını aşarak insanları nasıl etkili bir şekilde enfekte edebileceğini anlamak gelecekteki zoonotik olayların önlenmesine yardımcı olacaktır. Doğal rezervuarlarının yaygınlığı nedeniyle, gelecekteki araştırmalar, bu virüslerin daha geniş coğrafi alanları kapsayan aktif gözetimine odaklanmalıdır.
Shallow marine syn-rift sedimentation: Middle Jurassic Pelion Formation, Jameson Land, East Greenland
Authors: Engkilde Michael , Surlyk Finn
Published: April 2020

The Middle Jurassic Pelion Formation – Fossilbjerget Formation couplet of Jameson Land, East Greenland, is a well-exposed example of the Middle Jurassic inshore–offshore successions characteristic of the rifted seaways in the Northwest European – North Atlantic region. Early Jurassic deposition took place under relatively quiet tectonic conditions following Late Permian – earliest Triassic and Early Triassic rift phases and the Lower Jurassic stratal package shows an overall layer-cake geometry. A long-term extensional phase was initiated in Middle Jurassic (Late Bajocian) time, culminated in the Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian–Volgian), and petered out in the earliest Cretaceous (Valanginian). The Upper Bajocian – Middle Callovian early-rift succession comprises shallow marine sandstones of the Pelion Formation and correlative offshore siltstones of the Fossilbjerget Formation. Deposition was initiated by southwards progradation of shallow marine sands of the Pelion Formation in the Late Bajocian followed by major backstepping in Bathonian–Callovian times and drowning of the sandy depositional system in the Middle–Late Callovian. Six facies associations are recognised in the Pelion–Fossilbjerget couplet, representing estuarine, shoreface, offshore transition zone and offshore environments. The north–southtrending axis of the Jameson Land Basin had a low inclination, and deposition was sensitive to even small changes in relative sea level which caused the shorelines to advance or retreat over tens to several hundreds of kilometres. Eight composite sequences, termed P1–P8, are recognised and are subdivided into a total of 28 depositional sequences. The duration of the two orders of sequences was about 1–2 Ma and 360,000 years, respectively. The Upper Bajocian P1–2 sequences include the most basinally positioned shallow marine sandstones, deposited during major sealevel lowstands. The lowstands were terminated by significant marine flooding events, during which sandstone deposition was restricted to northern, more proximal parts of the basin. The Upper Bajocian – Middle Bathonian P3–4 sequences show an overall progradational stacking pattern. The sequence boundary at the top of P4 marks a significant shift in stacking pattern, and the Upper Bathonian – Middle Callovian P5–8 sequences show large-scale backstepping, terminating in a widespread condensed succession at the distal, southern end of the basin. The largescale backstepping was governed by combined tectonically-induced subsidence, reflecting increased rates of extension, and eustatic sea-level rise. The depositional trends of the Pelion Formation – Fossilbjerget Formation couplet provide a well-exposed analogue to contemporaneous subsurface deposits which form major hydrocarbon reservoirs on the west Norway shelf, and in the Northern North Sea.
Shelf-edge delta and slope deposition in the Upper Callovian – Middle Oxfordian Olympen Formation, East Greenland
Authors: Larsen Michael , Surlyk Finn
Published: April 2020

The Upper Bajocian – Upper Volgian succession of the Jameson Land Basin in East Greenland forms an overall transgressive–regressive cycle. The Upper Callovian – Middle Oxfordian Olympen Formation represents the first regressive deposits after maximum flooding in the Middle to early Late Callovian. The formation was deposited during two southwards progradational phases separated by a major drowning event in the Early Oxfordian. The first phase was marked by incoming of massive slope and base-of-slope sand (Athene Member), but the delta front and top did not reach the area of present-day exposure. The second phase was initiated by deposition of a thick mud succession (Hades Member) indicating that the delta had shifted far to the north during the drowning event. Southwards progradation of the delta was heralded by gully erosion and the deposition of lenticular bodies of massive slope sand; on this occasion, medium- and largescale cross-bedded sand of the delta front and top (Zeus Member) reached the area. The boundary between Middle–Upper Callovian mudstones in the upper part of the underlying Fossilbjerget Formation and the Upper Callovian Athene Member sandstones formed at the turn-around point between sea-level rise and fall. The Athene Member sandstones are interpreted as an undifferentiated falling stage – lowstand systems tract and span a sequence boundary. The top of the Athene Member is the basinal correlative of the transgressive surface. The basal few metres of the overlying Hades Member mudstones represent the transgressive systems tract and a level with organic-rich mudstones is interpreted to represent the maximum flooding zone. The remainder of the Hades Member and the slope sandstones are assigned to the highstand systems tract. The succeeding cross-bedded delta front sandstones of the Zeus Member are placed in the falling stage systems tract and their sharp base is interpreted as a marine regressive surface of erosion. Comparison of this history with published sea-level curves suggests that the short term changes may be eustatic in origin including the Middle Callovian maximum flooding (K. jason – lower P. athleta Chronozones), Late Callovian regression (P. athleta – Q. lamberti Chronozones), latest Callovian – Early Oxfordian flooding (Q. mariae – C. cordatum Chronozones) and late Early – Middle Oxfordian regression (C. densiplicatum Chronozone).
Neoglacial and historical glacier changes around Kangersuneq fjord in southern West Greenland
Authors: Weidick Anker , Bennike Ole , Citterio Michele , Nørgaard-Pedersen Niels
Published: April 2020

The Nuup Kangerlua region in southern West Greenland became deglaciated in the early Holocene and by the mid-Holocene, the margin of the Inland Ice was located east of its present position. Discussion of late Holocene changes in the frontal positions of outlets relies on descriptions, paintings, photographs, maps, data from investigations of Norse ruins, aerial photographs and satellite images.

The Kangiata Nunaata Sermia glacier system has receded over 20 km during the last two centuries, indicating a marked response to climatic fluctuations during and since the Little Ice Age (LIA). A large advance between 1700 and 1800 was followed by rapid recession in the first half of the 1800s. Limited data from c. 1850–1920 indicate that although the long-term position of the glacier front remained c. 10–12 km behind the LIA maximum, the late 1800s and the early 1900s may have seen a recession followed by an advance that resulted in a pronounced moraine system. The ice-dammed lake Isvand formed during the LIA maximum when meltwater from the western side of Kangiata Nunaata Sermia drained to the Ameralla fjord in the west. This is in contrast to the drainage pattern before the 1700s, when water probably drained to Kangersuneq in the north. Thinning of Kangiata Nunaata Sermia resulted in total drainage of Isvand between 2000 and 2010 and the discharge of water through Austmannadalen has now returned to the same level as that in medieval times.

Other outlets in the region, such as Akullersuup Sermia and Qamanaarsuup Sermia have varied in phase with Kangiata Nunaata Sermia, but with amplitudes of only a few kilometres. In contrast, Narsap Sermia has been nearly stationary and Kangilinnguata Sermia may have advanced until the middle of the 1900s.

Lowland marine outlets in south-western Greenland were characterised by large amplitude changes during the Neoglacial. Extreme examples, in addition to Kangiata Nunaata Sermia, are Eqalorutsit Killiit Sermiat at the head of Nordre Sermilik fjord in southern Greenland and Jakobshavn Isbræ in Disko Bugt, central West Greenland. The Neoglacial advances appear to have occurred at different times, although this may in part reflect the limited information about fluctuations prior to the 1930s. The differences could also reflect variations in mass balance of different sectors of the ice sheet, different subglacial dynamics or topographical factors. The lowland areas are separated by uplands and highlands that extend below the marginal part of the Inland Ice; in such areas, the outlets have been advancing almost up to the present, so that the position of the glacier front around AD 2000 broadly coincides with the LIA maximum. Charting the fluctuations of the outlets thus illustrates the large variability of the glaciers' response to changing climate but it is notable that the number of advancing outlets has decreased markedly in recent years.
Tectono-magmatic evolution of the younger Gardar southern rift, South Greenland
Authors: Upton Brian G.J.
Published: April 2020

The 1300–1140 Ma Gardar period in South Greenland involved continental rifting, sedimentation and alkaline magmatism. The latest magmatism was located along two parallel rift zones, Isortoq–Nunarsuit in the north and the Tuttutooq–Ilimmaasaq–Narsarsuaq zone in the south addressed here. The intrusive rocks crystallised at a depth of troctolitic gabbros. These relatively reduced magmas evolved through marked iron enrichment to alkaline salic differentiates. In the Older giant dyke complex, undersaturated augite syenites grade into sodalite foyaite. The larger, c. 1163 Ma Younger giant dyke complex (YGDC) mainly consists of structureless troctolite with localised developments of layered cumulates. A layered pluton (Klokken) is considered to be coeval and presumably comagmatic with the YGDC. At the unconformity between the Ketilidian basement and Gardar rift deposits, the YGDC expanded into a gabbroic lopolith. Its magma may represent a sample from a great, underplated mafic magma reservoir, parental to all the salic alkaline rocks in the southern rift. The bulk of these are silica undersaturated; oversaturated differentiates are probably products of combined fractional crystallisation and crustal assimilation.

A major dyke swarm 1–15 km broad was intruded during declining crustal extension, with decreasing dyke widths and increasing differentiation over time. Intersection of the dyke swarm and E–W-trending sinistral faults controlled the emplacement of at least three central complexes (Narssaq, South Qôroq and early Igdlerfigssalik). Three post-extensional complexes (Tugtutôq, Ilímaussaq and late Igdlerfigssalik) along the former rift mark the end of magmatism at c. 1140 Ma. The latter two complexes have oblate plans reflecting ductile, fault-related strain. The Tugtutôq complex comprises quartz syenites and alkali granites. The Ilímaussaq complex mainly consists of nepheline syenite crystallised from highly reduced, Fe-rich phonolitic peralkaline (agpaitic) magma, and resulted in rocks with very high incompatible element concentrations.

Abundant anorthositic xenoliths in the mafic and intermediate intrusions point to a large anorthosite protolith at depth which is considered of critical importance in the petrogenesis of the salic rocks. Small intrusions of aillikite and carbonatite may represent remobilised mantle metasomites. The petrological similarity between Older and Younger Gardar suites implies strong lithospheric control of their petrogenesis. The parental magmas are inferred to have been derived from restitic Ketilidian lithospheric mantle, metasomatised by melts from subducting Ketilidian oceanic crust and by small-scale melt fractions associated with Gardar rifting.

There are numerous analogies between the southern Gardar rift and the Palaeogene East African rift.
WHY ISLAM IS THE WORLD FASTEST GROWING RELIGIOUS GROUP DESPITE OF TERRORISM ISSUES? AN INITIAL RESEARCH OF TERRORISM ISSUES AND ISLAM AWARENESS
Authors: Ana Fardila Ucik , Mahmudatul Imamah Fardan , Sari Dewi Intan
Published: April 2020

Pew Research Center reported that Islam is the fastest-growing religious group in the world compared to another religious group. The research mentioned that in 2050 Islam population will be 30% of world’s population while Christian will be silghtly more, 31% of world’s population therefore PEW Research Center predicted that in 2100 Islam population will lead religious group’s population even Christian. Terrorism news, extrimist and radical moslem group and Islamophobic culture almost in every western media platforms that rationally contradictory of reality that Islam is the fastest growing religious group. This research is to analyse terrorism issues in mass media and world’s Islam population. Research conducted in qualitative descriptive by literature research methode. The results of the research showed that despite of negative stereotypes in media who tend to correlated Islam and radical moslem group through several platforms such as movie and news, the decision to join Islam was uninfluenced. The stereotypes in news and movies about terrorism, radical moslem group, and extrimist in media could become an initial point for someone to dig information about Islam although it could not concluded as a pure motivation to join Islam.
Bitcoin Price Prediction using ARIMA Model
Authors: Ayaz Zeba , Fiaidhi Jinan , Sabah Ahmer , Anwer Ansari Mahpara
Published: April 2020

Bitcoin is considered to be most valuable and expensive currency in the world. Besides being first decentralized digital currency, its value has also experienced a steep increase, from around 1 dollar in 2010 to around 18000 in 2017. In recent years, it has attracted considerable attention in a diverse set of fields, including economics, finance and computer science. In economics, the primary focus has always been on studying how it affects the market, determining reasons behinds its price fluctuations, and predicting its future prices. In computer science, the focus is on its vulnerabilities, scalability, and other techno-cryptoeconomic issues. Firstly, we are going to collect the historical data of Bitcoin prices over the years 2013 to 2019 and do prediction for the year 2020. We have aimed to justify the usefulness of traditional Autoregressive Integrative Moving Average (ARIMA) model for predicting bitcoin prices. We have predicted the closing price of bitcoin for first seven days of January 2020. Further, we have created web services using ASP.NET to make the predictions on bitcoin price online and lastly, we have plotted the results in a responsive chart using Highcharts.
UJI DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK BATANG KAYU SECANG (Caesalpinia Sappan L.) TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia Coli
Authors: Dharmayanti Ni Made Dwi , Arjita I Putu Dedy
Published: April 2020

Escherichia coli merupakan bakteri gram negatif berbentuk batang dalam sel tunggal atau berpasangan. Escherichia coli termasuk anggota flora normal dalam usus dan dapat menjadi patogen bila mencapai jaringan di luar jaringan intestinal. Mengingat obat-obatan kimiawi banyak yang menyebabkan resistensi dan efek samping, para ahli farmakologi mulai mengembangkan pengobatan dengan bahan-bahan yang tradisional seperti tanaman secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) yang bermanfaat sebagai antibakteri (Katno, 2008).Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui daya hambat ekstrak batang kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian True Experiment dengan rancangan Posttest dengan Kelompok Kontrol (Posttest Only Control Group Design), menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 24 unit percobaan dan 4 kali ulangan. Sampel penelitian adalah ekstrak batang kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan L) dengan konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 30% dan 40%, 2 kelompok kontrol terdiri dari kontrol positif ciprofloxacin dan kontrol negatif aquades. Daya hambat diperoleh berdasarkan pengukuran zona hambat dan data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji One Way Anova.Hasil penelitian zona hambatan untuk Escherichia coli pada konsentrasi 10% (0 mm); 20% (0 mm); 30% (0 mm) dan 40% (0 mm). Hasil uji Kruskal Wallis diperoleh nilai signifikan yakni 1,000 lebih besar dari p value: 0,05 sehingga dapat dinyatakan bahwa ekstrak batang kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) tidak memiliki daya hambat terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Escherichia coli
Pengadaan Tanah untuk Pembangunan demi Kepentingan Umum di Indonesia Berdasarkan Pancasila
Authors: Lestari Putri
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mengenai pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan demi kepentingan umum di Indonesia berdasarkan Pancasila. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian normatif yakni penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara mengkaji peraturan perundang-undangan yang diterapkan terhadap suatu permasalahan hukum tertentu. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan demi kepentingan umum yang berdasarkan Pancasila adalah dengan menjungjung tinggi asas-asas dasar diantaranya kemanusiaan dan keadilan. Selain itu, pemberian ganti rugi akibat pengadaan tanah harus dilakukan berdasarkan musyawarah untuk mufakat demi terciptanya keadilan berdasarkan Pancasila sehingga tidak menimbulkan kerugian bagi pihak-pihak yang kehilangan hak atas tanahnya.
Sorption of Phenobarbital and Amobarbital on Na-montmorillonite
Authors: Stefan Mircea , Stefan Daniela-Simina , Hrubaru Madalina , Marinescu Cicerone , Stefan Ioana
Published: April 2020

In order to characterize the sorption kinetics of phenobarbital sodium and amobarbital sodium on natural Na � montmorillonite, the influence of the initial drug concentration and clay particles sizes was investigated. Equilibrium isotherms have been measured and analyzed using a Langmuir isotherm model. The affinity of drugs sorbed onto clay varied in the following descending order: phenobarbital sodium ] amobarbital sodium, respectively 11.2 and 9.1 mg/g. Also, sorption of phenobarbital sodium and amobarbital sodium on Na-montmorillonite was studied as a function of pH. The results show that adsorption of the drugs is highest below the pHZPC due the neutrality of the drugs which adsorbs via an attraction of the positively charged surface sites at lower pH by weak van der Waals forces.
Comparative Assessment of the Volatile Profile, Antioxidant Capacity and Cytotoxic Potential of Different Preparation of Millefolli Herba Samples
Authors: Buleandra Mihaela , Moldovan Zenovia , Badea Irinel Adriana , David Iulia Gabriela , Popa Dana Elena , Oprea Eliza , Caglar Tugce Ayca Tekiner , Basaga Selma Huveyda
Published: April 2020

Millefolii herba is an available product on the Romanian market as mixture of stems, leaves and flowers of Achillea millefolium L. There were established its volatile compounds profile, total polyphenolic content (TPC), antioxidant capacity and effects on HCT 116 cell viability and programmed cell death. The infusion, hydroalcoholic extract and hydrodistillated essential oil were studied. A comparative analysis using static headspace (HS) and hydro-distillation (HD) GC/MS of the volatile components from Millefolii herba was realized: the essential oil contains chamazulene as the principal component (37.1%), while 1,8-cineole (46.8%) is the main constituent of headspace volatiles. The highest antioxidant capacity was found in essential oil, compared with hydroalcoholic extract, infusion and ascorbic acid. Yarrow hydroalcoholic extract reduced the HCT 116 cell viability and induced the apoptotic cell death in a dose and time dependent manner.
Erosive Potential of Three Different Beverages on Human Enamel and Dentine: An in vitro Study
Authors: Funieru Cristian , Obagiu Ioana Andrada , Oancea Roxana , Dobrica Bogdan , Sfeatcu Ruxandra Ionela , Nicolescu Mihnea Ioan
Published: April 2020

A lot of studies reported a strong association between beverages consumption and dental erosion. The erosive effect of soft drinks depends on their composition, pH or on individual salivary flow rate. The main methods used for analysing this effect are: profilometry, which measuring the enamel loss during demineralisation, and microscopic analysis. This study is an experiment developed in order to analyse the human enamel and dentine surfaces previously exposed to beverages. The main results of this study showed that soft drinks which contain both, sugar and phosphoric acid have the greatest erosive potential on human enamel and dentine compared to other beverages.
Microwave-assisted efficient and facile synthesis of tetramic acid derivatives via a one-pot post-Ugi cascade reaction
Authors: Li Yong , Huang Zheng , Xu Jia , Ding Yong , Tang Dian-Yong , Lei Jie , Li Hong-yu , Chen Zhong-Zhu , Xu Zhi-Gang
Published: April 2020

A facile microwave-assisted method for the synthesis of tetramic acid derivatives has been developed through an Ugi/Dieckmann cyclization strategy with DBU. This two-step one-pot procedure afforded the targeted tetramic acid analogues in good yields. With commercially available Ugi starting materials, microwave irradiation, a simple operation, excellent yields, and a broad scope, this reaction has the potential to produce a large number of tetramic acid analogues, which cannot be easily accessed by the classic synthetic methods.
İstanbul Şile’de Sürücü ve Yolcuların Emniyet Kemeri Kullanımı: Gözlem Çalışması
Authors: Duran Emrah , Ordu Oğuzhan , Tekeş Burcu
Published: April 2020

Emniyet kemeri kullanımının trafik
kazalarında hayat kurtardığı ve yaralanma riskini önemli derecede azalttığı
kanıtlanmasına rağmen Türkiye’de emniyet kemeri kullanım oranları halen yeterli
düzeyde bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, İstanbul ilinin Şile
ilçesindeki emniyet kemeri kullanımının araçtaki pozisyona, cinsiyete ve farklı
gözlem bölgelerine göre değişip değişmediğinin gözlemlenmesidir. Bu gözlem
çalışması farklı bölgelerdeki (Kampüs-içi, Kampüs girişi, Şile Otobanı, Şile
Kırsalı) sürücülerden eşit bir örneklem oluşturularak (N = 400) gerçekleştirilmiştir. Emniyet kemeri kullanımına etki eden
faktörleri (araçtaki pozisyon, cinsiyet ve bölgeler) analiz etmek amacıyla
Ki-Kare Bağımsızlık Testi uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizi sonucunda emniyet
kemeri kullanımı dağılımlarının gözlem bölgeleri, araçtaki pozisyon, cinsiyet
ve araç tiplerine göre anlamlı bir şekilde farklılaştığı görülmüştür. Buna
göre emniyet kemeri kullanımının; bölgelere göre otobanda, araç içi pozisyona
göre ise sürücülerde, cinsiyete göre kadınlarda ve araç tiplerine göre otomobil
sürücülerinde diğerlerinden daha yüksek olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Emniyet kemeri kullanımının pratik
sonuçları, araştırmanın güçlü yönleri, katkıları ve sınırlılıkları ilgili
alanyazın ışığında tartışılmıştır.
Van İlinde Yaşayanların Trafik İşaretleri Bilgisi ve Trafik Kurallarına Bakış Açıları Üzerine Bir Araştırma
Authors: Şehribanoğlu Sanem
Published: April 2020

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü'nün raporuna göre her yıl dünyada 1.35 milyondan fazla
insan trafik kazaları sonucu hayatını kaybetmektedir. Yirmi ile elli milyondan
fazla insan ölümle sonuçlanmayan kazalar yaşamakta ve bu kazalar bireylerin,
ailelerin ve ülkelerin ekonomik kayıplarıyla sonuçlanmaktadır. Trafik
kazalarına neden olan sebeplerin başında; sürücü, yolcu ve yaya
davranışlarından oluşan insan etkeni gelmektedir. Trafikte insan etkeni,
davranış farklılıklarından dolayı, karmaşık değerlendirmeler yapılmasını
gerektirmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı: 2014 - 2017 yılları arasında Van il
merkezinde yaşayan (sürücü veya yaya) bireylerin, trafik işaretleri ile ilgili
bilgi ve farkındalık düzeylerinin ölçülmesi ile trafik kurallarına bakış
açılarının değerlendirilmesidir. Toplam 650 kişi ile anket uygulaması yapılarak
gerçekleştirilmiş olan çalışmada, bireylerin trafik işaretlerine bakış
açılarını değerlendirmek üzere 18 trafik işaretinin anlamına yönelik soruların
yanı sıra 5'li likert ölçek tipi sorular sorulmuştur. Anket sonuçları istatistiksel
yöntemlerle (iki örneklemli t-testi ve ANOVA) değerlendirilmiş ve Van iline
ilişkin bazı çıkarımlar yapılmıştır.
Araç Kullanırken Müzik Dinlemek, Sürücü Dürtüselliği, Trafik Ortamının Risk Seviyesi ile Sürücü Davranışları ve Risk Algısı Arasındaki İlişki
Authors: Ersöz Ceren , Budak Nesrin , Öztürk İbrahim , Öz Bahar
Published: April 2020

Müzik dinlemek, çoğu yol kullanıcısının sergilediği davranışlardan biridir.
Ayrıca, dürtüsellik gibi insan faktörü ile ilgili değişkenler ve trafik
ortamını etkileyen fiziksel faktörler sürücülerin riskli sürücü davranışlarını
etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında, araç kullanırken müzik dinlemek, sürücü
dürtüselliği ve trafik ortamının risk seviyesi ile sürücülerin risk algısı ve
davranışları arasındaki ilişki araştırılmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, 50 sürücüden
(37 erkek, 13 kadın) veri toplanmıştır. Katılımcılar, çalışma öncesinde, sürüş
sırasında müzik dinleyecekleri deney grubu ve kontrol grubu olmak üzere iki
gruba rasgele atanmıştır. Katılımcılar iki farklı (düşük ve yüksek riskli)
simülasyon senaryosu, demografik bilgi formu, sürüş senaryolarına ilişkin risk
algısı sorusu ve Dürtüsel Sürücü Ölçeği’nden oluşan bataryayı tamamlamıştır.
Müzik dinlemenin sürüş simülatöründeki sürücü davranışları için bir etkisi
olmazken, işlevsiz dürtüselliğin, farklı risk seviyesine sahip iki trafik
ortamında da sürücü davranışı ile anlamlı bir ilişkiye sahip olduğu
bulunmuştur. Yüksek işlevsiz dürtüselliğe sahip bireyler, yüksek ve düşük
riskli senaryolarda daha hızlı araç kullanmış ve yüksek riskli senaryoda
hızlarını daha fazla değiştirmiş, şeridin daha solunda araç kullanmış ve
bulunduğu şeridi daha fazla değiştirmiştir. Bulgular, işlevsiz dürtüselliğin
farklı trafik ortamlarında sürücü davranışlarını etkileyen faktörlerden biri
olduğunu ve yol güvenliği açısından daha fazla araştırma yapılması
gerekliliğini sunmaktadır.
Profesyonel Sürücülükte Sürücü Davranışlarına Yönelik Nitel Bir Çalışma
Authors: Yılmaz Şerife , Öz Bahar , Özkan Türker
Published: April 2020

Sürücü hatası
kazaların meydana gelmesinde önemli bir paya sahiptir. Profesyonel sürücüler de
trafikte uzun saatler geçirdiğinden kazalara karışma olasılığı yüksek olan bir
gruptur. Fakat literatürde profesyonel sürücülerin sürücü davranışlarını tespit
etmeye ve anlamaya yönelik yapılmış nitel çalışma sayısı çok azdır. Bu çalışma
kapsamında profesyonel sürücülerin trafikte sergiledikleri sürücü davranışları
derinlemesine incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla, farklı profesyonel sürücü gruplarından
26 sürücü ile yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmış ve görüşmeler içerik
analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Elde edilen davranış örnekleri hata, sıradan ihlal,
agresif ihlal ve pozitif sürücü davranışları olarak dört gruba ayrıştırılmıştır.
Yapılan çalışma sonucunda profesyonel sürücülüğün profesyonel olmayan
sürücülükten ayrışan davranış örnekleri sergiledikleri ve bu durumun
sürücülerin kullandıkları araç tipine bağlı olarak da değişiklik gösterdiği
bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın içerik analizi sonuçları ayrıntılı bir şekilde sunulmuş
ve tartışılmıştır.
A MODEL FOR EVALUATING CAUSES OF WASTES AND LEAN IMPLEMENTATION IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Authors: Issa Usama Hamed , Alqurashi Muwaffaq
Published: April 2020

The wastes in construction projects such as wastes in materials, time, resources and achieving customer needs can be minimized using the new philosophy of Lean Construction (LC). This paper proposed a two-level model based on fuzzy logic technique for evaluating Causes of Wastes (CWs) and lean implementation in construction projects. The probability of occurrence and importance of CWs were two input parameters in level 01 of the model, whereas the output was the level of waste. On the other hand, level 02 of the model depended on using three input parameters which were: level of waste, controllability level for CWs and lean implementation level, while the output was the lean effect. Several linguistic variables and logical rules were used for relating inputs and outputs and new indices were introduced. The model was applied and validated for data collected in two countries: Egypt and Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Results demonstrated that the expected lean effect is found with a positive correlation with various levels of wastes and can be improved by increasing controllability and lean implementation levels. Regarding the comparative study between the two countries, distinct disparities in lean effect were clarified. Most measured CWs indices were different in both countries while indices values in KSA were higher than in Egypt either in waste, controllability or implementation levels. The results presented an optimum arrangement to reach an effective new lean evaluation model that could be implemented for moving the traditional construction towards LC. Finally, the model can be applied easily in most countries to help decision makers in evaluating CWs and lean implementation in their construction projects.
Interpreting High-resolution Spectroscopy of Exoplanets using Cross-correlations and Supervised Machine Learning
Authors: Fisher Chloe , Hoeijmakers H. Jens , Kitzmann Daniel , Márquez-Neila Pablo , Grimm Simon L. , Sznitman Raphael , Heng Kevin
Published: April 2020

We present a new method for performing atmospheric retrieval on ground-based, high-resolution data of exoplanets. Our method combines cross-correlation functions with a random forest, a supervised machine-learning technique, to overcome challenges associated with high-resolution data. A series of cross-correlation functions are concatenated to give a “CCF-sequence” for each model atmosphere, which reduces the dimensionality by a factor of ∼100. The random forest, trained on our grid of ∼65,000 models, provides a likelihood-free method of retrieval. The precomputed grid spans 31 values of both temperature and metallicity, and incorporates a realistic noise model. We apply our method to HARPS-N observations of the ultra-hot Jupiter KELT-9b and obtain a metallicity consistent with solar (logM = − 0.2 ± 0.2). Our retrieved transit chord temperature (

K) is unreliable as strong ion lines lie outside of the extent of the training set, which we interpret as being indicative of missing physics in our atmospheric model. We compare our method to traditional nested sampling, as well as other machine-learning techniques, such as Bayesian neural networks. We demonstrate that the likelihood-free aspect of the random forest makes it more robust than nested sampling to different error distributions, and that the Bayesian neural network we tested is unable to reproduce complex posteriors. We also address the claim in Cobb et al. 2019 that our random forest retrieval technique can be overconfident but incorrect. We show that this is an artifact of the training set, rather than of the machine-learning method, and that the posteriors agree with those obtained using nested sampling.
Fundamental Parameters of ∼30,000 M dwarfs in LAMOST DR1 Using Data-driven Spectral Modeling
Authors: Galgano Brianna , Stassun Keivan , Rojas-Ayala Bárbara
Published: April 2020

M dwarfs are the most common type of star in the Galaxy, and because of their small size are favored targets for searches of Earth-sized transiting exoplanets. Current and upcoming all-sky spectroscopic surveys, such as the Large Sky Area Multi Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST), offer an opportunity to systematically determine physical properties of many more M dwarfs than has been previously possible. Here, we present new effective temperatures, radii, masses, and luminosities for 29,678 M dwarfs with spectral types M0–M6 in the first data release (DR1) of LAMOST. We derived these parameters from the supervised machine-learning code, The Cannon, trained with 1388 M dwarfs in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite Cool Dwarf Catalog that were also present in LAMOST with high signal-to-noise ratio (>250) spectra. Our validation tests show that the output parameter uncertainties are strongly correlated with the signal-to-noise of the LAMOST spectra, and we achieve typical uncertainties of 110 K in

(∼3%), 0.065 

(∼14%) in radius, 0.054 

(∼12%) in mass, and 0.012 

(∼20%) in luminosity. The model presented here can be rapidly applied to future LAMOST data releases, significantly extending the samples of well-characterized M dwarfs across the sky using new and exclusively data-based modeling methods.
A New Moving Group in the Local Arm
Authors: Liang Xilong , Zhao Jingkun , Chen Yuqin , Fang Xiangshong , Ye Xianhao , Zhang Jiajun , Kong Xiaoming , Zhao Gang
Published: April 2020

We present a new moving group clustered in kinematics, spatial position, and elemental abundances. Its spatial position is around the center of the Local Arm of the Milky Way. A convergent point method was taken to select candidate member stars. Among 206 candidate member stars, 74 are pre-main-sequence stars and some of them have stellar disks. We presume those pre-main-sequence stars belong to the Orion nebula. We suggest that this moving group is caused by the density wave of the Local Arm passing by.
The TRENDS High-contrast Imaging Survey. VIII. Compendium of Benchmark Objects
Authors: Gonzales Erica J. , Crepp Justin R. , Bechter Eric B. , Wood Charlotte M. , Johnson John Asher , Montet Benjamin T. , Isaacson Howard , Howard Andrew W.
Published: April 2020

The physical properties of faint stellar and substellar objects often rely on indirect, model-dependent estimates. For example, the masses of brown dwarfs are usually inferred using evolutionary models, which are age dependent and have yet to be properly calibrated. With the goal of identifying new benchmark objects to test low-mass stellar and substellar models, we have carried out a comprehensive adaptive optics survey as part of the TaRgetting bENchmark-objects with the Doppler Spectroscopy high-contrast imaging program. Using legacy radial velocity measurements from the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer at Keck, we have identified several dozen stars that show long-term Doppler accelerations. We present follow-up high-contrast observations from the campaign and report the discovery of 31 comoving companions, as well as 11 strong candidate companions, to solar-type stars with well-determined parallax and metallicity values. Benchmark objects of this nature lend themselves to orbit determinations, dynamical mass estimates, and independent compositional assessment. This compendium of benchmark objects will serve as a convenient test group to substantiate theoretical evolutionary and atmospheric models near the hydrogen fusing limit.