A New Solution for Life Without Blood
Authors: Taylor M. J. , Bailes J. E. , Elrifai A. M. , Shih S.-R. , Teeple E. , Leavitt M. L. , Baust J. G. , Maroon J. C. 
Published: June 2012

Background
The benefits of hypothermia for preventing ischemic injury are well known, but its application in surgery to protect the whole body during procedures requiring circulatory arrest is currently limited to <1 hour at 15°C using 50% hemodilution. In a significant departure from previous methods, we have developed a technique of asanguineous blood substitution with low-flow perfusion and cardiac arrest at <10°C in a canine model. Our approach has been to design a hypothermic blood substitute that would protect the brain and visceral organs during several hours of bloodless perfusion. Two different solutions have been designed to fulfill separate requirements in the procedure.

Methods and Results
With the use of extracorporeal cardiac bypass, 14 adult dogs were exsanguinated during cooling; 11 dogs were blood substituted using in combination the “purge” and “maintenance” solutions (group 1), and 3 dogs were perfused throughout with the “purge” solution alone as controls (group 2). After cardiac arrest, the solutions were continuously circulated for 3

\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\frac{1}{2}\) \end{document}

hours by the extracorporeal pump (flow rate, 40 to 85 mL · kg
−1
· min
−1
; mean arterial blood pressure, 25 to 40 mm Hg). The temperature was maintained at <10°C (nadir, 6.6±0.1°C) for 3 hours, and the hematocrit was kept at <1% before controlled rewarming and autotransfusion. In the experimental group, the heart always started spontaneously in the temperature range of 11°C to 27°C, and 8 animals have survived long-term (current range, 14 to 110 weeks) without any detectable neurological deficit. In contrast, two control animals survived after extensive and aggressive cardiac resuscitation efforts; after surgery they exhibited transient motor and sensory deficits for approximately 1 week. Evaluation of biochemical and hematological parameters showed only a transient and inconsequential elevation in enzymes (eg, brain, liver, cardiac) in group 1 compared with the markedly greater elevations in group 2. For example, immediate postoperative values (mean±SEM) for lactate dehydrogenase were 114±10 for group 1 versus 490±210 for group 2 (
P
<.03); for SGOT, values were 93±18 for group 1 versus 734±540 for group 2 (
P
<.05). On day 1 for creatine kinase (CK), the group 1 value was 7841±2307 versus 71 550±2658 for group 2 (
P
=.03), and for CK-BB, the group 1 value was 108±22 versus 617±154 for group 2 (
P
=.03). Neurological evaluation using deficit scores (NDS) was based on a modification of the Glasgow Coma Scale score: 0, normal; 1, minimal abnormality; 2, weakness; 3, paralysis; 4, coma; and 5, death. At days 1 and 2 after surgery, NDS (mean±SEM) were 0±0 for the experimental group versus 1.5±0.5 for the control group. At days 3 and 7 after surgery, NDS were 0±0 for group 1 versus 1.0±1.0 for group 2.

Conclusions
The faster neurological recovery of dogs treated with the “intracellular-type” maintenance solution supports the biochemical data showing the benefits of this type of blood substitute for extending the safe limits of hypothermic cardiac arrest procedures to >3 hours.