bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arceoaster hintei n. gen. n. sp., a late Silurian homeomorphic asteroid (Echinodermata, Hudsonasteridae)
Authors: Blake Daniel B. , Sprinkle James
Published: August 2020

The late Silurian Arceoaster hintei new genus new species (Asteroidea, Echinodermata) is based on a single complete specimen from the lower Hunton Group of southern Oklahoma. Overall ossicular arrangement enables assignment of the new genus to the Paleozoic stem-family Hudsonasteridae; however, Arceoaster n. gen. is homeomorphic with members of the post-Paleozoic crown-group Goniasteridae. Because Arceoaster n. gen. is a hudsonasterid, and because similar morphologic expressions are not known among described taxa from later in the Paleozoic or the early Mesozoic, similarities between Arceoaster n. gen. and later genera are homoplastic, thereby providing an example of iterative evolution within Asteroidea. The Arceoaster n. gen. specimen is associated with a rich and diverse invertebrate fauna typical of its time interval and environmental setting; nothing suggests an unusual habitat. Selective pressures leading to homoplasy are conjectural, although robust construction among extant asteroids has been associated with a defensive life strategy.

UUID: http://zoobank.org/b1d8461d-7e54-43cc-8719-97304ca3fd7a
Involving Experiences: Audiencing and Co-reception inPleasure Garden
Authors: BROWNING JOSEPH
Published: August 2020

This article takes a site-specific, interactive sound installation calledPleasure Gardenas a space for thinking about contemporary forms of musical experience. I develop a relational account of the ‘co-reception’ ofPleasure Garden, not centred on listening subjects, but distributed across audience members, artists, researchers and the more-than-human assemblage of the installation itself. I also discuss the effects of several overlapping cultures of ‘audiencing’ associated with Western art music, sound art and other forms of cultural experience – variously individualistic, distracted and participatory – characteristic of late capitalism. Tracing howPleasure Gardenboth responded to and was interrupted by these wider forces, I take this case as suggestive of a deep ambivalence: that musical experience is at once powerfully conditioned and generatively uncertain. Throughout the article, problems of method, interpretation and representation intertwine, raising questions about how to study forms of musical experience that evade conventional ethnographic enquiry.
A framework for the socio-economic evaluation of rearing systems of dairy calves with or without cow contact
Authors: Knierim Ute , Wicklow Dagmar , Ivemeyer Silvia , Möller Detlev
Published: July 2020

Interest in dairy calf rearing systems with cow-calf contact during the milk feeding period is increasing among farmers, advisors and researchers, but socio-economic consequences have only scarcely been investigated yet. In this research reflection we develop a suggestion for a socio-economic methodical framework that is suitable for the wide variation of cow calf rearing systems, farm, market and societal conditions. Based on a literature based, system-theoretical structuring of involved elements, and on full cost accounting in an exemplary case study concerning two model farms, we itemize monetary factors, and additionally important non-monetary factors, that should be included in a socio-economic evaluation. This process also revealed further research needs. We propose as a next research step to gather a greater number of real farm data including different rearing systems and to perform individual full cost accountings, in order to identify input and output patterns on this basis. This might not only help to provide a robust basis for economic decision making, but also help to fill research gaps concerning long-term effects of calf rearing with cow contact. In addition, ways should be explored on how to take non-monetary effects into account.
Heat stress in dairy calves from birth to weaning
Authors: Bakony Mikolt , Jurkovich Viktor
Published: August 2020

This Research Reflection collects current knowledge on the effects of heat stress in dairy calves. Chapters cover the concept of foetal programming, animal-based and environmental indicators of heat stress in the postnatal period, and methods of heat stress abatement. Conclusions for further research about economic efficiency, research methodology and an integrated approach of pre- and postnatal heat stress are also proposed.
Refining consumer attitudes to milk and dairy product purchase and use to reduce food waste and improve animal welfare on-farm
Authors: Brščić Marta
Published: July 2020

This Research Reflection raises awareness of the need to broaden perspectives and levels of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches when considering on-farm dairy cattle welfare. It starts with a brief overview of current animal welfare issues on dairy farms and how they are perceived by different stakeholders. Some divergences in points of view are discussed in more detail and the first steps in networking are mentioned. Particular emphasis is given to both milk and dairy product waste in industrialized countries and the potential effects of its reduction on changes in the production system. The needs for a quantification of such quota and retailer involvement are also analyzed from the perspective that on-farm animal welfare is directly linked to the amount of milk that might be removed from the food chain by adoption of welfare-friendly management, such as cow-calf systems.
Doing all things for God's glory, acting so that it is God who acts: Kierkegaard, Edwards, and the problem of total devotion
Authors: JOHNSON DANIEL M.
Published: August 2020

This article accomplishes two things. First, it explores and defends Kierkegaard's distinctive solution to the Problem of Total Devotion, a problem which has been helpfully identified by Robert Adams. Second, it extends that solution by advancing an interpretation of the command to do all things to the glory of God (1 Corinthians 10:31) according to which we are being commanded to intentionally make every one of our actions such that it simultaneously counts as a divine action: in other words, to act intentionally in all things such that it is God who acts through us.
Malnutrition, low diet quality and its risk factors among older adults with low socio-economic status: a scoping review
Authors: Nazri N. S. , Vanoh D. , Leng S. K.
Published: July 2020

Low socio-economic status (SES) is often associated with various health-related problems. Therefore, the present paper aims to review the available literature to identify the prevalence of malnutrition, prevalence of poor diet quality and its associated risk factors among older adults with low SES. A literature search was performed using four databases, namely PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer and Science Direct. The search terms used were ‘diet quality’, ‘nutritional status’, ‘dietary intake’, ‘overweight’, ‘obesity’, ‘underweight’, ‘older people’ and ‘low socioeconomic status (SES)’. The overall prevalence of undernutrition among older adults with low SES worldwide was in the range of 28·9 to 48 %, while overnutrition was reported to be between 8·1 to 28·2 %. In Asia, the prevalence of undernourished older adults ranged from 3 to 64·9 %, while 2·5 to 32·8 % were overnourished. Most of the studies (60 %) included in the present review used BMI as the tool to identify malnutrition, but none of the nutritional screening tools were considered to be the ‘gold standard’. For dietary assessment, FFQ and multiple 24 h dietary recall improved the estimation of individual dietary intake. Risk factors for poor diet quality included financial hardship, functional limitation, sex, place of residence, smoking and oral health. Poor nutritional status, especially lack of good-quality diet, and thinness are prevalent among older adults with low SES. Hence, it is important to establish nutrition-related programmes and intervention studies among this group of individuals for improving their health status and quality of life.
Bringing the French Empire (to the) Home?
Authors: McDonnell Hugh
Published: August 2020

In November 2018 eight people, including a mother from the Comoros and residents from Tunisia and Algeria, died when two buildings collapsed in the run down area of Noailles in the old port area of Marseille. A 2015 government report had already warned that 40,000 dilapidated and dangerous homes put 100,000 people at risk in France's second city, but campaigners say little was done. The tragedy occasioned widespread anger about run down and exploitative housing in the Mediterranean city. It also refocused public attention on housing and the concept of the home. In turn this raised questions about how housing and the home connect to space and social justice, the division of labour between national and local government, citizenship and ‘the right to the city’.
Housekeeping genes for RT-qPCR in ovine preimplantation embryos
Authors: Nascimento Pábola Santos , Moura Marcelo Tigre , Silva Roberta Lane Oliveira , Ramos-Deus Pamela , Ferreira-Silva José Carlos , Veira Joane Isis Travassos , Santos Filho Antônio Santana , Guido Sebastião Inocêncio , Bartolomeu Cláudio Coutinho , Benko-Iseppon Ana Maria , Oliveira Marcos Antonio Lemos
Published: July 2020

Housekeeping genes (HKG) are paramount for accurate gene expression analysis during preimplantation development. Markedly, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in ovine embryos currently lacks HKGs. Therefore, we tested 11 HKGs for RT-qPCR normalization during ovine parthenogenetic preimplantation development. Seven HKGs reached the qPCR efficiency threshold (97.20–105.96%), with correlation coefficients ranging from −0.922 to −0.998 and slopes from −3.22 to −3.59. GeNorm ranked glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and TATA-binding protein (TBP) as the best HKG pair, while H3 histone, family 3A (H3F3A) was the third HKG. Relative gene expression was measured for zinc finger protein X-linked (ZFX) and developmental pluripotency-associated 3 (DPPA3) transcripts during ovine parthenogenetic preimplantation development. ZFX did not show any transcript abundance fluctuation among oocytes, cleavage-stage embryos, and morulae. DPPA3 transcript abundance was also similar among all developmental stages, therefore suggesting that it may not display a maternal gene expression profile. In silico analysis of ovine DPPA3 mRNA and protein showed high conservation to bovine orthologues. However, DPPA3 orthologues differed in regulatory motifs. In conclusion, GAPDH, TBP and H3F3A are stable HKGs in ovine parthenogenetic embryos and allow accurate RT-qPCR-based gene expression analysis.
Emotional regulation for adolescents: a group-based treatment pilot study through the STEPPS programme
Authors: Llorens Ruiz Ivan , Lopez Seco Fernando , Masana Marín Adela , San Martín Águila Esmeralda , Martínez Pinar Dina , Martín Alonso Sonsoles , Vilella Elisabet , Gutierrez-Zotes Alfonso
Published: July 2020

Background:

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) usually begins in adolescence and manifests itself in adult life. Early intervention can improve the prognosis or reduce its severity. Nevertheless, there are currently few studies of adolescent patients with severe emotion instability and borderline personality traits.

Aims:

To evaluate the effectiveness of the Systems Training for Emotional Predictability and Problem Solving (STEPPS) programme in a sample of 21 adolescents (aged 13–17 years) in the Child and Adolescents Mental Health Center of Tarragona in Spain.

Method:

We evaluated BPD traits using the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline Disorder-Revised (DIB-R) and the Global Clinical Impression Scale of Illness Severity for TLP (CGI-TLP). We compared pre- and post-treatment scores for the DIB-R, CGI-GI scale, general psychopathology using the Personality Inventory for Adolescents (PAI-A) and impulsivity with the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11). The therapeutic objectives were evaluated with the Borderline Estimate Severity over Time (BEST) scale.

Results:

There was a statistically significant improvement in the scores for the affective area and in the total score of the DIB-R, a decrease in the percentage of patients who failed to meet criteria for BPD, and an improvement (although not statistically significant) in the scores of the BEST scale throughout the treatment. The results of the CGI-GI scale showed global improvement in almost 72% of patients.

Conclusion:

Our study suggests that STEPPS can be an effective treatment to improve BPD symptoms and is very useful in community settings with limited resources in which efficient treatment alternatives must be sought. However, this conclusion must be interpreted with caution, as there is no comparison control group.
A Right to Ourselves: Women's Suffrage and the Birth Control Movement
Authors: Prescott Heather Munro , Thompson Lauren MacIvor
Published: August 2020

The suffrage and birth control movements are often treated separately in historical scholarship. This essay brings together new research to demonstrate their close connections. Many suffragists became active in the birth control movement just before and after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. The roots of suffrage arguments were deeply embedded in the same ideas that were foundational to the birth control movement: bodily freedom and notions of what constituted full and participatory citizenship. Beginning in the 1840s, women's rights reformers directly connected the vote to a broad range of economic and political issues, including the concept of self-ownership. Wide-ranging debates about individual autonomy remained present in women's rights rhetoric and were then repeated in the earliest arguments for legalizing birth control. The twentieth-century birth control movement, like the suffrage movement before it (which had largely focused only on achieving the vote for white women), would then grapple with competing goals of restrictive racist and eugenic arguments for contraception alongside the emphasis on achieving emancipation for all women.
Multinational enterprises, political institutions, and violence: a case study from Mozambique
Authors: Mairoce Carlos , Silberberger Magdalene , Zweynert Joachim
Published: August 2020

Based on the concept of limited and open access orders (LAO/OAO), this paper explains what appears to be a paradox: how was it possible that a former civil war country, Mozambique, which had been extremely successful in attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and which the International Monetary Fund praised as a great Sub-Sahara African success story in 2007, only a few years later found itself on the brink of a new civil war? We argue that the destabilization of the country was the result of a toxic mix of domestic politics and a massive inflow of FDI. FDI provided rents to an increasingly dominant state party, FRELIMO, which could be appropriated one-sidedly. It then used these rents to oppress RENAMO, its previous civil war enemy and currently its main opposition party, to monopolize power. This strategy seemed to be successful until RENAMO, faced with the risk of being politically marginalized (and of losing its rents accordingly), returned to armed conflict in 2013. By analyzing the links between the macro-level of national politics and the micro-level of an enterprise and by embedding the interplay between polity and economy into an international context, the paper also makes a theoretical contribution to the LAO/OAO concept.
Remote delivery of CBT training, clinical supervision and services: in times of crisis or business as usual
Authors: Cromarty Paul , Gallagher Dominic , Watson Julianne
Published: August 2020

The worldwide coronavirus pandemic has forced health services to adapt their delivery to protect the health of all concerned, and avoid service users facing severe disruption. Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT) services in particular are having to explore remote working methods to continue functioning. Australian IAPT services have utilised remote delivery methods and disruptive technologies at their core from inception. This was to maintain fidelity and clinical governance across vast distances but has allowed training, supervision and service delivery to continue virtually uninterrupted through coronavirus restrictions. On this basis, key recommendations for remote working are outlined. Remote methods are defined as (1) real time delivery, (2) independent delivery and (3) blended delivery. These are applied across three broad areas of remote training, remote clinical supervision and remote service delivery. Recommendations may be of great benefit to IAPT training institutions, clinical supervisors and service providers considering a move towards remote delivery. Challenges, adaptations and examples of applying remote methods are outlined, including case examples of methods applied to low-intensity and high-intensity cognitive behavioural therapy. Remote methods can safeguard service continuity in times of worldwide crisis and can contribute to reducing the impact of increased mental health presentations post-COVID-19.

Key learning aims

(1)

To understand the core areas of remote training, clinical supervision and service delivery.

(2)

To review and distinguish between three broad methods of remote working.

(3)

To understand how to plan remote working via key recommendations and case examples.
Causes of Variability in Suspended‐Sand Concentration Evaluated Using Measurements in the Colorado River in Grand Canyon
Authors: Rubin D. M. , Buscombe D. , Wright S. A. , Topping D. J. , Grams P. E. , Schmidt J. C. , Hazel J. E. , Kaplinski M. A. , Tusso R.
Published: July 2020

Rivers commonly exhibit substantial variability in suspended‐sand concentration, even at constant water discharge. Here we derive an approach for evaluating how much of this variability arises from mean bed‐sand grain size. We apply this approach to the Colorado River in Grand Canyon, where discharge‐independent concentration of suspended sand varies by more than a factor of 23 (N = 1.4 × 106). Theory predicts that where concentration is controlled by bed‐sand grain size, concentration and grain size in suspension will be inversely correlated (i.e., coarsening of the bed causes suspended sand to become coarser in grain size and lower in concentration). Although the observed correlation is negative, riverbed grain size accounts for only 40% of the variability in concentration. The residuals vary by an order of magnitude; they arise from other processes, such as changes in topography or distribution of sand that cause shear stress to change at constant discharge, changes in the fine tail of bed‐sand grain sizes or changing bedforms. Both bed sand and the other factors influence concentration for durations from less than 1 day to several years. Predictions of concentration based on bed‐sand grain size (N = 4 × 104) are less accurate than predictions based on suspended‐sand grain size, probably because suspended sand is a natural integrator of sand‐transporting processes, giving more weight to those areas of the bed that exchange more sand with the flow. Although the causes of variability vary from one river to another, the approach illustrated here is applicable to any river in which concentration varies at constant water discharge.
Isotopic Fingerprints of Ice‐Rafted Debris Offer New Constraints on Middle to Late Quaternary Arctic Circulation and Glacial History
Authors: Dong Linsen , Polyak Leonid , Liu Yanguang , Shi Xuefa , Zhang Jun , Huang Yuanhui
Published: August 2020

For the first time, ice‐rafted debris provenance related to the Quaternary glacial discharge and circulation was constrained using radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Pb isotopes from a sedimentary record (Core BN05) from the central Arctic Ocean. The record is composed of glacial/interglacial intervals estimated to span ~0.5 Ma (Marine Isotope Stages [MIS] 1–14). Nd versus Sr isotope data show two end member groups, further elaborated using Pb isotopes. Glacial data mostly point at North American sources with unradiogenic εNd and high 87Sr/86Sr values, including detrital carbonate (dolomite) layers originating from Paleozoic rocks eroded by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The opposite end member group including estimated MIS6 and MIS4 samples indicates the Siberian Large Igneous Province eroded by the Eurasian Ice Sheet as the major source, possibly with additional inputs from the East Siberian Ice Sheet. The limited evidence for Siberian Ice Sheet provenance may result from the predominant distribution of this glaciation on the continental shelf providing weak, fine‐grained sediments. Glacial‐time western Arctic circulation inferred from isotopic data is mostly similar to the modern Beaufort Gyre but was more streamlined toward the Fram Strait during some glacial events. Interglacial/major interstadial, presumably sea ice transported sediments, shows a mixture of North American and Siberian sources, consistent with historically observed variations in the Transpolar Drift versus Beaufort Gyre circulation. Isotope pattern in major interglacials (e.g., MIS5e, MIS11, and MIS 13) resembles the recent trend of increased sediment ice transport from the East Siberian/Chukchi Sea, possibly in relation to the ongoing Arctic warming.
Restoring MLL reactivates latent tumor suppression-mediated vulnerability to proteasome inhibitors
Authors: Ge Maolin , Li Dan , Qiao Zhi , Sun Yan , Kang Ting , Zhu Shouhai , Wang Shifen , Xiao Hua , Zhao Chunjun , Shen Shuhong , Xu Zhenshu , Liu Han
Published: July 2020

MLL undergoes multiple distinct chromosomal translocations to yield aggressive leukemia with dismal outcomes. Besides their well-established role in leukemogenesis, MLL fusions also possess latent tumor-suppressive activity, which can be exploited as effective cancer treatment strategies using pharmacological means such as proteasome inhibitors (PIs). Here, using MLL-rearranged xenografts and MLL leukemic cells as models, we show that wild-type MLL is indispensable for the latent tumor-suppressive activity of MLL fusions. MLL dysfunction, shown as loss of the chromatin accumulation and subsequent degradation of MLL, compromises the latent tumor suppression of MLL-AF4 and is instrumental for the acquired PI resistance. Mechanistically, MLL dysfunction is caused by chronic PI treatment-induced epigenetic reprogramming through the H2Bub-ASH2L-MLL axis and can be specifically restored by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which induce histone acetylation and recruits MLL on chromatin to promote cell cycle gene expression. Our findings not only demonstrate the mechanism underlying the inevitable acquisition of PI resistance in MLL leukemic cells, but also illustrate that preventing the emergence of PI-resistant cells constitutes a novel rationale for combination therapy with PIs and HDAC inhibitors in MLL leukemias.
EN2 as an oncogene promotes tumor progression via regulating CCL20 in colorectal cancer
Authors: Li Yimin , Liu Jiaxin , Xiao Qing , Tian Ruotong , Zhou Zhengwei , Gan Yaqi , Li Yuanyuan , Shu Guang , Yin Gang
Published: July 2020

Engrailed-2 (EN2), a member of the engrailed homeobox family, has been shown to be abnormally expressed in a variety of cancers. However, the expression and the clinical significance of EN2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) are largely unknown. Firstly, we found that EN2 acted as an oncogene in CRC. EN2 was upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues. Higher EN2 expression was significantly associated with poorer survival rate. Knockdown of EN2 markedly inhibited proliferation and migration capacities of SW480 cells in vitro, and suppressed tumorigenicity in vivo. Mechanistically, Chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), a member of the C-C motif chemokine subfamily, was identified as a direct target gene of EN2 in CRC. CCL20 expression was positively correlated with EN2 expression in CRC tissues. Moreover, EN2 promoted the proliferation and migration of CRC cells by regulating the expression of CCL20 in vitro. These results suggest that EN2 plays a critical role in the CRC tumor progression and may serve as a potential target for CRC prevention and therapy.
Inhibition of miR-1193 leads to synthetic lethality in glioblastoma multiforme cells deficient of DNA-PKcs
Authors: Zhang Jing , Jing Li , Tan Subee , Zeng Er-Ming , Lin Yingbo , He Lingfeng , Hu Zhigang , Liu Jianping , Guo Zhigang
Published: July 2020

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant primary brain tumor and has the highest mortality rate among cancers and high resistance to radiation and cytotoxic chemotherapy. Although some targeted therapies can partially inhibit oncogenic mutation-driven proliferation of GBM cells, therapies harnessing synthetic lethality are ‘coincidental’ treatments with high effectiveness in cancers with gene mutations, such as GBM, which frequently exhibits DNA-PKcs mutation. By implementing a highly efficient high-throughput screening (HTS) platform using an in-house-constructed genome-wide human microRNA inhibitor library, we demonstrated that miR-1193 inhibition sensitized GBM tumor cells with DNA-PKcs deficiency. Furthermore, we found that miR-1193 directly targets YY1AP1, leading to subsequent inhibition of FEN1, an important factor in DNA damage repair. Inhibition of miR-1193 resulted in accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks and thus increased genomic instability. RPA-coated ssDNA structures enhanced ATR checkpoint kinase activity, subsequently activating the CHK1/p53/apoptosis axis. These data provide a preclinical theory for the application of miR-1193 inhibition as a potential synthetic lethal approach targeting GBM cancer cells with DNA-PKcs deficiency.
Hotspot mutant p53-R273H inhibits KLF6 expression to promote cell migration and tumor metastasis
Authors: Sun Shengnan , Chen Hu , Sun Lijuan , Wang Miao , Wu Xianqiang , Xiao Zhi-Xiong Jim
Published: July 2020

Hotspot p53 mutant proteins often gain novel functions in promoting tumor metastases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which mutant p53 exerts gain-of-function in cancer are not totally understood. In this study, we demonstrate that hotspot mutant p53, p53-R273H, promotes cell scattering growth and migration via inhibiting the expression of Krupple-like factor 6 (KLF6), a Zinc finger transcription factor and a documented tumor suppressor. Restoration of KLF6 increases the expression of E-cadherin downregulated by p53-R273H and inhibits p53-R273H-induced cell migration and tumor metastasis. Further, p53-R273H reduces KLF6 transcription by upregulating EGFR expression which in turn activates AKT–FOXO1 axis. Pharmacological inhibitor of AKT, MK2206, rescues KLF6 expression and suppresses p53-R273H-induced cell migration. Clinical analyses reveal that KLF6 expression is decreased in human breast cancer specimens harboring p53 mutations, and negatively correlated with EGFR expression in human breast cancer. In addition, low expression of KLF6 is associated with poor overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in p53 mutated human breast cancer patients. Together, these results reveal an important role for EGFR–AKT–FOXO1–KLF6–E-cadherin axis in mutant p53-induced cell migration and tumor metastasis.
Tailored hardening of ZrCuAl bulk metallic glass induced by 2D gradient rejuvenation
Authors: Ryu Wookha , Yamada Rui , Saida Junji
Published: July 2020

The work hardening behavior of bulk metallic glasses has not been previously ascribed to their intrinsic structure but rather to the introduction of other components that act as hardening elements. Here, we present clear evidence of a 2D gradient rejuvenation state that can induce tailored hardening of a monolithic bulk metallic glass. We show that the local free volume content related to the rejuvenation state controls the shear band angle and the maximum effective shear stress. Hence, shear band propagation is prohibited, and the formation of a complete shear plane transecting the whole specimen is blocked. The generation of plastic strain is accompanied by an increase in the critical shear stress, resulting in sustainable apparent hardening. In this way, we present a bulk metallic glass that has a tailored hardening mechanism and establish an experimental link between a gradient rejuvenation state and mechanical properties.
Distinct magneto-Raman signatures of spin-flip phase transitions in CrI3
Authors: McCreary Amber , Mai Thuc T. , Utermohlen Franz G. , Simpson Jeffrey R. , Garrity Kevin F. , Feng Xiaozhou , Shcherbakov Dmitry , Zhu Yanglin , Hu Jin , Weber Daniel , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Goldberger Joshua E. , Mao Zhiqiang , Lau Chun Ning , Lu Yuanming , Trivedi Nandini , Valdés Aguilar Rolando , Hight Walker Angela R.
Published: August 2020

The discovery of 2-dimensional (2D) materials, such as CrI3, that retain magnetic ordering at monolayer thickness has resulted in a surge of both pure and applied research in 2D magnetism. Here, we report a magneto-Raman spectroscopy study on multilayered CrI3, focusing on two additional features in the spectra that appear below the magnetic ordering temperature and were previously assigned to high frequency magnons. Instead, we conclude these modes are actually zone-folded phonons. We observe a striking evolution of the Raman spectra with increasing magnetic field applied perpendicular to the atomic layers in which clear, sudden changes in intensities of the modes are attributed to the interlayer ordering changing from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic at a critical magnetic field. Our work highlights the sensitivity of the Raman modes to weak interlayer spin ordering in CrI3.
Cascadia low frequency earthquakes at the base of an overpressured subduction shear zone
Authors: Calvert Andrew J. , Bostock Michael G. , Savard Geneviève , Unsworth Martyn J.
Published: August 2020

In subduction zones, landward dipping regions of low shear wave velocity and elevated Poisson’s ratio, which can extend to at least 120 km depth, are interpreted to be all or part of the subducting igneous oceanic crust. This crust is considered to be overpressured, because fluids within it are trapped beneath an impermeable seal along the overlying inter-plate boundary. Here we show that during slow slip on the plate boundary beneath southern Vancouver Island, low frequency earthquakes occur immediately below both the landward dipping region of high Poisson’s ratio and a 6–10 km thick shear zone revealed by seismic reflections. The plate boundary here either corresponds to the low frequency earthquakes or to the anomalous elastic properties in the lower 3–5 km of the shear zone immediately above them. This zone of high Poisson’s ratio, which approximately coincides with an electrically conductive layer, can be explained by slab-derived fluids trapped at near-lithostatic pore pressures.
Orbital angular momentum multiplexed deterministic all-optical quantum teleportation
Authors: Liu Shengshuai , Lou Yanbo , Jing Jietai
Published: August 2020

Quantum teleportation is one of the most essential protocol in quantum information. In addition to increasing the scale of teleportation distance, improving its information transmission capacity is also vital importance for its practical applications. Recently, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light has attracted wide attention as an important degree of freedom for realizing multiplexing to increase information transmission capacity. Here we show that by utilizing the OAM multiplexed continuous variable entanglement, 9 OAM multiplexed channels of parallel all-optical quantum teleportation can be deterministically established in experiment. More importantly, our parallel all-optical quantum teleportation scheme can teleport OAM-superposition-mode coded coherent state, which demonstrates the teleportation of more than one optical mode with fidelity beating the classical limit and thus ensures the increase of information transmission capacity. Our results open the avenue for deterministically implementing parallel quantum communication protocols and provide a promising paradigm for constructing high-capacity all-optical quantum communication networks.
Towards intermediate-band photovoltaic absorbers: theoretical insights on the incorporation of Ti and Nb in In2S3
Authors: Ghorbani Elaheh , Barragan-Yani Daniel , Albe Karsten
Published: August 2020

Creation of a partially filled intermediate band in a photovoltaic absorber material is an appealing concept for increasing the quantum efficiency of solar cells. Recently, we showed that formation of a partially filled intermediate band through doping a host semiconductor with a transition metal dopant is hindered by the strongly correlated nature of d-electrons and the antecedent Jahn–Teller distortion, as we have previously reported. In present work, we take a step forward and study the delocalization of a filled (valence-like) intermediate band throughout the lattice: a case study of Ti- and Nb-doped In2S3. By means of hybrid density functional calculations, we present extensive analysis on structural properties and interactions leading to electronic characteristics of Ti- and Nb-doped In2S3. We find that Nb creates an occupied doublet, which can become delocalized onto the crystal at high but feasible concentrations (around 2.5 at% and above). As a consequence, doping In2S3 with adequately high concentrations of Nb allows the subgap intermediate band to conduction band absorption, which leads to higher photocurrent densities compared to pure In2S3. Ti on the other hand forms an occupied singlet intermediate band, which remains strongly localized even at high concentration of 5 at%.
Localized fluid discharge by tensile cracking during the post-seismic period in subduction zones
Authors: Otsubo Makoto , Hardebeck Jeanne L. , Miyakawa Ayumu , Yamaguchi Asuka , Kimura Gaku
Published: August 2020

It is thought that extensional structures (extensional cracks and normal faults) generated during the post-seismic period create fluid pathways that enhance the drainage of the subducting plate interface, thus reducing the pore pressure and increasing fault strength. However, it remains to be elucidated how much pore fluid pressure decreases by the extension crack formation. Here we examined (i) the pore fluid pressure decrease, and (ii) the degree fault strength recovery by the extension crack formation during the post-seismic period by analyzing extension quartz veins exposed around the Nobeoka Thrust, southwestern Japan. The Nobeoka Trust is an on-land analog of the modern splay fault at shallow depths (~ 8 km) in the Nankai Trough. The poro-elastic model of extensional quartz vein formation indicates that the formation of extensional cracks only releases up to ~ 7–8% of the total pore fluid pressure at ~ 8 km depth. The pore pressure around the Nobeoka Thrust was close to lithostatic pressure during the entire seismic cycle. The estimated effective frictional coefficient along the Nobeoka Thrust after this small fluid-loss by the extensional crack formation does not exceed 0.15. Hence, the pore fluid pressure reduction due to the post-seismic extensional cracks contributes little to increase the fault strength of the megasplay fault.
Large eddy simulation of turbidity currents in a narrow channel with different obstacle configurations
Authors: Goodarzi Danial , Sookhak Lari Kaveh , Khavasi Ehsan , Abolfathi Soroush
Published: July 2020

Turbidity currents are frequently observed in natural and man-made environments, with the potential of adversely impacting the performance and functionality of hydraulic structures through sedimentation and reduction in storage capacity and an increased erosion. Construction of obstacles upstream of hydraulic structures is a common method of tackling adverse effects of turbidity currents. This paper numerically investigates the impacts of obstacle’s height and geometrical shape on the settling of sediments and hydrodynamics of turbidity currents in a narrow channel. A robust numerical model based on LES method was developed and successfully validated against physical modelling measurements. This study modelled the effects of discretization of particles size distribution on sediment deposition and propagation in the channel. Two obstacles geometry including rectangle and triangle were studied with varying heights of 0.06, 0.10 and 0.15 m. The results show that increasing the obstacle height will reduce the magnitude of dense current velocity and sediment transport in narrow channels. It was also observed that the rectangular obstacles have more pronounced effects on obstructing the flow of turbidity current, leading to an increase in the sediment deposition and mitigating the impacts of turbidity currents.
Inferring disease subtypes from clusters in explanation space
Authors: Schulz Marc-Andre , Chapman-Rounds Matt , Verma Manisha , Bzdok Danilo , Georgatzis Konstantinos
Published: July 2020

Identification of disease subtypes and corresponding biomarkers can substantially improve clinical diagnosis and treatment selection. Discovering these subtypes in noisy, high dimensional biomedical data is often impossible for humans and challenging for machines. We introduce a new approach to facilitate the discovery of disease subtypes: Instead of analyzing the original data, we train a diagnostic classifier (healthy vs. diseased) and extract instance-wise explanations for the classifier’s decisions. The distribution of instances in the explanation space of our diagnostic classifier amplifies the different reasons for belonging to the same class–resulting in a representation that is uniquely useful for discovering latent subtypes. We compare our ability to recover subtypes via cluster analysis on model explanations to classical cluster analysis on the original data. In multiple datasets with known ground-truth subclasses, particularly on UK Biobank brain imaging data and transcriptome data from the Cancer Genome Atlas, we show that cluster analysis on model explanations substantially outperforms the classical approach. While we believe clustering in explanation space to be particularly valuable for inferring disease subtypes, the method is more general and applicable to any kind of sub-type identification.
Alpha-ketoglutarate utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: transport, compartmentation and catabolism
Authors: Zhang Jinrui , van den Herik Bas Mees , Wahl Sebastian Aljoscha
Published: July 2020

α-Ketoglutarate (αKG) is a metabolite of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, important for biomass synthesis and a precursor for biotechnological products like 1,4-butanediol. In the eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae αKG is present in different compartments. Compartmentation and (intra-)cellular transport could interfere with heterologous product pathways, generate futile cycles and reduce product yields. Batch and chemostat cultivations at low pH (≤ 5) showed that αKG can be transported, catabolized and used for biomass synthesis. The uptake mechanism of αKG was further investigated under αKG limited chemostat conditions at different pH (3, 4, 5, and 6). At very low pH (3, 4) there is a fraction of undissociated αKG that could diffuse over the periplasmic membrane. At pH 5 this fraction is very low, and the observed growth and residual concentration requires a permease/facilitated uptake mechanism of the mono-dissociated form of αKG. Consumption of αKG under mixed substrate conditions was only observed for low glucose concentrations in chemostat cultivations, suggesting that the putative αKG transporter is repressed by glucose. Fully 13C-labeled αKG was introduced as a tracer during a glucose/αKG co-feeding chemostat to trace αKG transport and utilization. The measured 13C enrichments suggest the major part of the consumed 13C αKG was used for the synthesis of glutamate, and the remainder was transported into the mitochondria and fully oxidized. There was no enrichment observed in glycolytic intermediates, suggesting that there was no gluconeogenic activity under the co-feeding conditions. 13C based flux analysis suggests that the intracellular transport is bi-directional, i.e. there is a fast exchange between the cytosol and mitochondria. The model further estimates that most intracellular αKG (88%) was present in the cytosol. Using literature reported volume fractions, the mitochondria/cytosol concentration ratio was 1.33. Such ratio will not require energy investment for transport towards the mitochondria (based on thermodynamic driving forces calculated with literature pH values). Growth on αKG as sole carbon source was observed, suggesting that S. cerevisiae is not fully Krebs-negative. Using 13C tracing and modelling the intracellular use of αKG under co-feeding conditions showed a link with biomass synthesis, transport into the mitochondria and catabolism. For the engineering of strains that use cytosolic αKG as precursor, both observed sinks should be minimized to increase the putative yields.
Static and dynamic mechanical properties and deterioration of bedding sandstone subjected to freeze–thaw cycles: considering bedding structure effect
Authors: Chang Sen , Xu Jin-Yu , Bai Er-lei , Zheng Guang-Hui , Lv Xiao-cong
Published: July 2020

The bedding rock widely exists in nature and its mechanical properties are complex. In this study, the Φ100 mm split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB), freeze–thaw(F–T) cycle test system joint with scanning electron microscope and other facilities are applied to investigate the static characteristics, impact characteristics, and damage microstructure of the bedding rock under freezing and thawing conditions. Our experimental results show that under the F–T cycle conditions, the peak point deteriorating path of the static stress–strain curve and the post-peak strain softening curve of the vertical and parallel bedding sandstone specimens have obvious anisotropic characteristics. Parallel bedding specimens have a “pressure bar” effect when loaded. Under the dynamic mechanical test, the peak stress of the vertical bedding specimen is always larger than that of the parallel bedding specimen, and the difference between the two becomes larger while the impact velocity increases. Finally, our microscopic analysis indicates that the main reason for the formation of fissures in the bedding sandstone under the F–T cycle is the cracking of the cement and the shedding of the mineral particles, while the fracture of the mineral particles rarely occurs. The results can provide theoretical guidance for geotechnical engineering in alpine regions.
Kinetic investigations of sulfite addition to flavanols
Authors: Bonaldo Federico , Guella Graziano , Mattivi Fulvio , Catorci Daniele , Arapitsas Panagiotis
Published: July 2020

Flavanols are an important class of natural products occurring in almost all plants, fruits and vegetables; they have a great influence on wine ageing potential, astringency, colour stability and biological activities. In wine, flavanols react with sulfur dioxide ($$\hbox {SO}_2$$SO2), the most widely used preservative in oenology, leading to sulfonated products. Here we report a kinetic investigation, through LC-MS quantitative measurements carried out at different pH (3 and 4) and temperature values (23, 30, 40, 50 and $$60\, ^\circ \hbox {C}$$60∘C), of the reaction products obtained by $$\hbox {SO}_2$$SO2 addition to both monomeric (epicatechin and catechin) and dimeric flavanols (procyanidin B2 and procyanidin B3). The results proved that: (a) the major sulfonation route that leads quickly and in good yields to monomeric 4$$\beta$$β-sulfonated derivatives passes through the acid-catalysed depolymerisation of proanthocyanidins; (b) monomeric flavanols lead to the same 4$$\beta$$β-sulfonated products, although in a considerably slower manner, and also to other sulfonated regioisomers; (c) the kinetic data in our hands, in particular the temperature dependence of the observed rates, suggest the involvement of two completely different reaction mechanisms for the $$\hbox {SO}_2$$SO2 addition to dimeric and monomeric flavanol substrates; (d) direct sulfonation of epicatechin is slightly faster than that of catechin.
Lagrangian eddy kinetic energy of ocean mesoscale eddies and its application to the Northwestern Pacific
Authors: Ding Mengrong , Lin Pengfei , Liu Hailong , Hu Aixue , Liu Chuanyu
Published: July 2020

Coherent oceanic mesoscale eddies with unique dynamical structures have great impacts on ocean transports and global climate. Eddy kinetic energy (EKE), derived from time-dependent circulation, is commonly used to study mesoscale eddies. However, there are three deficiencies of EKE when focusing on the analysis of coherent mesoscale eddies. Here, we propose a comprehensive concept—Lagrangian EKE (LEKE) as an additional metric which is a combination of gridded EKE calculated in Eulerian framework and tracked coherent mesoscale eddies in Lagrangian framework. Evidences suggest that LEKE can make up these deficiencies as an effective supplement. In this study, regional application over Northwestern Pacific Ocean is taken as an example. It clearly demonstrates that LEKE reveals more accurate and detailed characteristics of both cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies than EKE when coherent mesoscale eddies are the specific focus, such as the variation rates of kinetic energy during the eddy propagation, spatial–temporal differences of kinetic energy between cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies. Overall, using LEKE to analyze coherent mesoscale eddies gives the rise to understand the spatial–temporal contrasts between eddies with different polarities, and provides a new perspective to recognize the crucial role played by coherent mesoscale eddies in the ocean.
Quality assessment tests for tumorigenicity of human iPS cell-derived cartilage
Authors: Takei Yoshiaki , Morioka Miho , Yamashita Akihiro , Kobayashi Tomohito , Shima Nobuyuki , Tsumaki Noriyuki
Published: July 2020

Articular cartilage damage does not heal spontaneously and causes joint dysfunction. The implantation of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cartilage (iPS-Cart) is one candidate treatment to regenerate the damaged cartilage. However, concerns of tumorigenicity are associated with iPS-Cart, because the iPSC reprogramming process and long culture time for cartilage induction could increase the chance of malignancy. We evaluated the tumorigenic risks of iPS-Cart using HeLa cells as the reference. Spike tests revealed that contamination with 100 HeLa cells in 150 mg of iPS-Cart accelerated the cell growth rate. On the other hand, 150 mg of iPS-Cart without HeLa cells reached growth arrest and senescence after culture, suggesting less than 100 tumorigenic cells, assuming they behave like HeLa cells, contaminated iPS-Cart. The implantation of 10,000 or fewer HeLa cells into joint surface defects in the knee joint of nude rat did not cause tumor formation. These in vitro and in vivo studies collectively suggest that the implantation of 15 g or less iPS-Cart in the knee joint does not risk tumor formation if assuming that the tumorigenic cells in iPS-Cart are equivalent to HeLa cells and that nude rat knee joints are comparable to human knee joints in terms of tumorigenicity. However, considering the limited immunodeficiency of nude rats, the clinical amount of iPS-Cart for implantation needs to be determined cautiously.