bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Positronemisjonstomografi (PET) i Norge
Authors: Kulseng Carl Petter Skaar , Sandstrøm Jon Christoffer
Published: April 2017

Positronemisjonstomografi (PET) er en bildediagnostisk undersøkelse med et stort klinisk potensiale [1]. Det er forventet et enormt behov for PET-undersøkelser i tiden fremover. Rapporten Estimering av behovet for PET/CT i 2020 på regionalt nivå [2] utarbeidet av Kunnskapssenteret på vegne av Nasjonalt råd for kvalitet og prioritering i helsetjenesten stipulerte at det vil være behov for opptil 14 slike scannere innen 2020. Fagmiljøet ser på utredning av cancer pulm, colorectal cancer, cancer prostata, lymfomer og cancer mammae som de viktigste indikasjonene for PET-undersøkelser i fremtiden. Det er forøvrig en relativt kostbar teknologi. En enkelt skanner koster omlag 20 millioner kroner. I tillegg kreves en syklotron for produksjon av radioaktivt materiale 25-35 millioner kroner, og den totale årlige driftsutgiften er beregnet til 16 – 17 millioner (Dkr) [3].For å betjene en PET-scanner kreves radioaktive isotoper som må produseres i en syklotron. GE Healthcare produserer og forsyner de fleste PET-sentrene i Norge med radioaktive isotoper fra Norsk medisinsk syklotronsenter i Oslo. Dette krever nøye koordinering og er driftsøkonomisk kostbart. Haukeland Universitetssykehus i Bergen importerte i begynnelsen isotoper fra Oslo, men har nå tilgang til egen syklotron.Hensikten med denne fagartikkelen er å kartlegge historikken, dagens status og fremtidsplaner for aktiviteten ved de norske PET avdelingene.
New Cytotoxic Alkylated Chalcones from Fatoua villosa
Authors: Su Shi‐Yun , Xue Jing‐Jing , Yang Guang‐Yu , Lei Chun , Hou Ai‐Jun
Published: April 2017

Three new alkylated chalcones, villosins A – C (1 – 3), five known analogues, together with ten known coumarins, were isolated from Fatoua villosa. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis, including 1D‐, 2D‐NMR, and MS data. Compounds 1 – 3 showed cytotoxicity against five kinds of human tumor cell lines (NB4, A549, SHSY5Y, PC3, and MCF7) with IC50 values ranging from 1.4 ± 0.1 to 5.7 ± 0.3 μm.
Deep brain stimulation in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial forebrain bundle in a patient with major depressive disorder and anorexia nervosa
Authors: Blomstedt Patric , Naesström Matilda , Bodlund Owe
Published: April 2017

Key Clinical Message

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be considered in severe cases of therapy‐refractory major depressive disorder (MDD). However, DBS for MDD is still an experimental therapy. Therefore, it should only be administered in clinical studies driven by multidisciplinary teams, including surgeons with substantial experience of DBS in the treatment of other conditions.
Severe neutrophilic leukocytosis as a progression marker in granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor‐producing squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
Authors: Yamaguchi Shun , Kanetaka Kengo , Kobayashi Shinichiro , Nagata Yasuhiro , Kinosita Naoe , Fukuoka Junya , Murakami Shunsuke , Fujita Fumihiko , Takatsuki Mitsuhisa , Eguchi Susumu
Published: April 2017

Key Clinical Message

There are very few reports of esophageal carcinoma producing granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). G‐CSF‐producing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is an extremely aggressive carcinoma. Leukocyte counts, neutrophil counts, and serum C‐reactive protein levels may be markers of its progression.
Explicit Frost‐Kalkwarf type equations for calculation of vapour pressure of liquids from triple to critical point by the Adomian decomposition method
Authors: Fatoorehchi Hooman , Rach Randolph , Sakhaeinia Hossein
Published: April 2017

The general form of explicit, analytical solution of the Frost‐Kalkwarf equation was developed for the first time by means of the Adomian decomposition method as a reliable mathematical tool. The accuracy of the obtained formulas was further improved by applying the diagonal Padé approximants. We have demonstrated that our developed formulas are at least 30 times faster than the original Frost‐Kalkwarf equation in computation of vapour pressures and are highly accurate with an overall absolute relative deviation of 2.25 % for 88 different substances over 26 400 experimental data points from triple to critical point temperatures. As another unique advantage, our formulas avoid any divergent behaviour in using iterative methods unlike the implicit Frost‐Kalkwarf equation. Based on the conducted statistical analyses, our formulas have excellent predictability of vapour pressure values with a probability of 90.33 % for absolute relative errors of less than 5 %.
Quantifying long‐term plant community dynamics with movement models: implications for ecological resilience
Authors: Bagchi Sumanta , Singh Navinder J. , Briske David D. , Bestelmeyer Brandon T. , McClaran Mitchel P. , Murthy Karthik
Published: April 2017

Quantification of rates and patterns of community dynamics is central for understanding the organization and function of ecosystems. These insights may support a greater empirical understanding of ecological resilience, and the application of resilience concepts toward ecosystem management. Distinct types of dynamics in natural communities can be used to interpret and apply resilience concepts, but quantitative methods that can systematically distinguish among them are needed. We develop a quantitative method to analyze long‐term records of plant community dynamics using principles of movement ecology. We analyzed dissimilarity of species composition through time with linear and nonlinear statistical models to assign community change to four classes of movement trajectories. Compositional change in each sampled plot through time was classified into four classes, stability, abrupt nonlinear change, transient reversible change, and gradual linear drift, each representing a different aspect of ecological resilience. These competing models were evaluated based on estimated coefficients, goodness of fit, and parsimony. We tested our method's accuracy and robustness through simulations, or the ability to distinguish among trajectories and classify them correctly. We simulated 16,000 trajectories of four types, of which 94–100% were correctly classified. Next, we analyzed 13 long‐term vegetation records from North American grasslands (annual grasslands with warm‐season and cool‐season communities, shortgrass, mixedgrass, and tallgrass prairies, and sagebrush steppe), and a record of primary succession at Mt. St. Helens volcano. Collectively, we analyzed 14,647 observations from 775 plots, between 1915 and 2012. Dynamics could be reliably assigned for 705 plots (91%), and overall statistical fit was high (goodness of fit, 0.77 ± 0.15 SD). Among the perennial grasslands, stability was most common (44% of all plots), followed by gradual linear (22%), abrupt nonlinear (17%), and reversible (6%) change. Among annual grasslands, abrupt nonlinear shifts (33%) were more common in the warm‐season community than in the cool‐season (20%). As expected, abrupt nonlinear change was common during primary succession (51%) while reversible change was rare (3%). Generally, reversible dynamics often required 2–3 decades. Analysis of long‐term community change, or trajectories, with principles of movement ecology provides a quantitative basis to compare and interpret ecological resilience within and among ecosystems.
Macroevolution of thermal tolerance in intertidal crabs from Neotropical provinces: A phylogenetic comparative evaluation of critical limits
Authors: Faria Samuel C. , Faleiros Rogério O. , Brayner Fábio A. , Alves Luiz C. , Bianchini Adalto , Romero Carolina , Buranelli Raquel C. , Mantelatto Fernando L. , McNamara John C.
Published: April 2017

Thermal tolerance underpins most biogeographical patterns in ectothermic animals. Macroevolutionary patterns of thermal limits have been historically evaluated, but a role for the phylogenetic component in physiological variation has been neglected. Three marine zoogeographical provinces are recognized throughout the Neotropical region based on mean seawater temperature (Tm): the Brazilian (Tm = 26 °C), Argentinian (Tm = 15 °C), and Magellanic (Tm = 9 °C) provinces. Microhabitat temperature (MHT) was measured, and the upper (UL50) and lower (LL50) critical thermal limits were established for 12 eubrachyuran crab species from intertidal zones within these three provinces. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed by maximum likelihood using the 16S mitochondrial gene, also considering other representative species to enable comparative evaluations. We tested for: (1) phylogenetic pattern ofMHT,UL50, andLL50; (2) effect of zoogeographical province on the evolution of both limits; and (3) evolutionary correlation betweenMHTand thermal limits.MHTandUL50showed strong phylogenetic signal at the species level whileLL50was unrelated to phylogeny, suggesting a more plastic evolution. Province seems to have affected the evolution of thermal tolerance, and onlyUL50was dependent onMHT.UL50was similar between the two northern provinces compared to the southernmost whileLL50differed markedly among provinces. Apparently, critical limits are subject to different environmental pressures and thus manifest unique evolutionary histories. An asymmetrical macroevolutionary scenario for eubrachyuran thermal tolerance seems likely, as the critical thermal limits are differentially inherited and environmentally driven.
Security areas for elk during archery and rifle hunting seasons
Authors: Ranglack Dustin H. , Proffitt Kelly M. , Canfield Jodie E. , Gude Justin A. , Rotella Jay , Garrott Robert A.
Published: April 2017

Fall elk (Cervus canadensis) habitat management on public lands provides security areas for reasonable elk survival and hunter opportunity. The management focus of maintaining or improving security areas, combined with conservative harvest regulations, may explain why some elk populations have increased in the western United States. However, in areas that include lands that restrict public hunter access, elk may alter their space use patterns during the hunting season by increasing use of areas that restrict public hunter access rather than using security areas on adjacent public lands. We used global positioning system location data from 325 adult female elk in 9 southwest Montana populations to determine resource selection during the archery and rifle hunting seasons. We found that during the archery season, in order of decreasing strength of selection, elk selected for areas that restricted access to public hunters, had greater time‐integrated normalized difference vegetation index values, had higher canopy cover, were farther from motorized routes, and had lower hunter effort. During the rifle season, in order of decreasing strength of selection, elk selected for areas that restricted access to public hunters, were farther from motorized routes, had higher canopy cover, and had higher hunter effort. Interactions among several covariates revealed dependencies in elk resource selection patterns. Further, cross‐population analyses revealed increased elk avoidance of motorized routes with increasing hunter effort during both the archery and rifle hunting seasons. We recommend managing for areas with ≥13% canopy cover that are ≥2,760 m from motorized routes, and identifying and managing for areas of high nutritional resources within these areas to create security areas on public lands during archery season. During the rifle season, we recommend managing for areas with ≥9% canopy cover that are ≥1,535 m from motorized routes, and are ≥20.23 km2. Lastly, given increased elk avoidance of motorized routes with higher hunter effort, we recommend that to maintain elk on public lands, managers consider increasing the amount of security in areas that receive high hunter effort, or hunting seasons that limit hunter effort in areas of high motorized route densities. © 2017 The Authors.Journal of Wildlife ManagementPublished by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teaching mid‐urethral sling surgery to residents: Impact on operative time and postoperative outcomes
Authors: Sharif‐Afshar Ali‐Reza , Wood Lauren N. , Bresee Catherine , Souders Colby P. , Gross Bruno S. , Shkolyar Eugene , Anger Jennifer T. , Eilber Karyn S.
Published: April 2017

Aims

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of resident teaching on outcomes of mid‐urethral sling surgery.

Methods

A retrospective review of female patients who underwent an outpatient transobturator (TOT) synthetic mid‐urethral sling procedure with and without concomitant prolapse repair by two surgeons (JA, KE) in a tertiary female pelvic medicine practice was performed. Total procedure time (TPT = time from incision to closure including sling placement and any prolapse procedure), estimated blood loss (EBL), and postoperative complications including urinary retention, mesh exposure, reoperation, vaginal bleeding, and leg pain were compared between cases with and without the presence of a resident.

Results

One hundred thirty‐four women underwent an outpatient transobturator sling procedure. Fifty‐seven patients (43%) had a concomitant prolapse procedure. A resident was present at 57% (76/134) of cases. The average observed TPT (±SEM) was 60.6 ± 3.1 min when a resident was present and 46.6 ± 2.5 min when a resident was not present (P = 0.001). However, residents were more likely to be present when concomitant procedures were performed (P = 0.003). After adjusting for this, the presence of a resident increased TPT by an estimated 7.9 ± 2.5 min (P = 0.002). There was no statistical difference in EBL or postoperative complications.

Conclusions

Resident participation in transobturator sling procedures resulted in a statistically significant, although clinically small, increase in operative time and had no significant impact on EBL or postoperative complications.
3D‐electron microscopic characterization of interstitial cells in the human bladder upper lamina propria
Authors: Neuhaus Jochen , Schröppel Birgit , Dass Martin , Zimmermann Hans , Wolburg Hartwig , Fallier‐Becker Petra , Gevaert Thomas , Burkhardt Claus J. , Do Hoang Minh , Stolzenburg Jens‐Uwe
Published: April 2017

Aims

To explore the ultrastructure of interstitial cells in the upper lamina propria of the human bladder, to describe the spatial relationships and to investigate cell‐cell contacts.

Methods

Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM), 3‐View SEM and confocal laser scanning microscopy were used to analyze the 3D ultrastructure of the upper lamina propria in male and female human bladders.

Results

3View‐SEM image stacks as large as 59 × 59 × 17 μm3 (xyz) at a resolution of 16 × 16 × 50 nm3 and high resolution (5 × 5 × 10 nm3) FIB‐SEM stacks could be analyzed. Interstitial cells with myoid differentiation (mIC) and fibroblast like interstitial cells (fIC) were the major cell types in the upper lamina propria. The flat, sheet‐like ICs were oriented strictly parallel to the urothelium. No spindle shaped cells were present. We furthermore identified one branched cell (bIC) with several processes contacting urothelial cells by penetrating the basal membrane. This cell did not make any contacts to other ICs within the upper lamina propria. We found no evidence for the occurrence of telocytes in the upper lamina propria.

Conclusions

Comprehensive 3D‐ultrastructural analysis of the human bladder confirmed distinct subtypes of interstitial cells. We provide evidence for a foremost unknown direct connection between a branched interstitial cell and urothelial cells of which the functional role has still to be elucidated. 3D‐ultrastructure analyses at high resolution are needed to further define the subpopulations of lamina propria cells and cell‐cell interactions.
Protecting young children against skin cancer: Parental beliefs, roles, and regret
Authors: Hamilton Kyra , Kirkpatrick Aaron , Rebar Amanda , White Katherine M. , Hagger Martin S.
Published: April 2017

Objective

To examine the role of parental beliefs, roles, and anticipated regret toward performing childhood sun‐protective behaviours.

Methods

Parents (N = 230; 174 mothers, 56 fathers), recruited using a nonrandom convenience sample, of at least 1 child aged between 2 and 5 years completed an initial questionnaire assessing demographics and past behaviour as well as theory of planned behaviour global (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control) and belief‐based (behavioural, normative, and control beliefs) measures, role construction, and anticipated regret regarding their intention and behaviour to protect their child from the sun. Two weeks later, participants completed a follow‐up questionnaire assessing their sun protection of their child during the previous 2 weeks.

Results

Hierarchical multiple regression analysis identified attitude, perceived behavioural control, role construction, anticipated regret, past behaviour, and a normative belief (“current partner/other family members”) as significant predictors of parents' intention to participate in sun‐protective behaviour for their child. Intention and past behaviour were significant predictors of parents' follow‐up sun‐protective behaviour. The regression models explained 64% and 36% of the variance in intention and behaviour, respectively.

Conclusions

The findings of this study highlight the importance of anticipated regret and role‐related beliefs alongside personal, normative, and control beliefs in determining parents' intentional sun‐protective behaviour for their children. Findings may inform the development of parent‐ and community‐based sun protection intervention programs to promote parents' sun‐safety behaviours for their children to prevent future skin cancer incidence.
Changes of soil organic and inorganic carbon in relation to grassland degradation in Northern Tibet
Authors: Liu Shuli , Tang Yanhong , Zhang Fawei , Du Yangong , Lin Li , Li Yikang , Guo Xiaowei , Li Qian , Cao Guangmin
Published: April 2017

The effect of livestock grazing on grassland degradation and the resulting impact on soil carbon concentration is an important factor in carbon estimation. We addressed this issue using field observations and laboratory analysis of samples from Tibetan grassland. Based on the field measurements, we investigated the soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil inorganic carbon (SIC) under two contrasting degradation states: lightly or non‐degraded grasslands (LDG) and heavily degraded grasslands (HDG). We assessed their relationships with environmental factors using data collected from 99 sites across Northern Tibet during 2011–2012. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed‐effects model and one‐way ANOVA. The results showed that: (1) SOC concentration decreased and SIC concentration increased following grassland degradation, especially at soil depths in the range of 0–10 cm (P < 0.05); (2) the major environmental factors affecting SOC and SIC were soil pH and plant biomass; (3) spatially, the SOC density increased with the mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation, whereas SIC exhibited the opposite trend; (4) the SOC density increased at first and then decreased with increasing grazing intensity, with an opposite trend in SIC; and (5) soil carbon storage in this region was 0.14 Pg smaller in the HDG than in the LDG. This study suggests that grassland degradation can significantly affect the vertical distribution and storage of SOC and SIC. The carbon sequestration capacity of the top 100 cm of soil in Northern Tibet was estimated as 0.14 Pg.
Proper and Improper Forcing
Authors: Shelah Saharon
Published: April 2017

Since their inception, the Perspectives in Logic and Lecture Notes in Logic series have published seminal works by leading logicians. Many of the original books in the series have been unavailable for years, but they are now in print once again. This volume, the fifth publication in the Perspectives in Logic series, studies set-theoretic independence results (independence from the usual set-theoretic ZFC axioms), in particular for problems on the continuum. The author gives a complete presentation of the theory of proper forcing and its relatives, starting from the beginning and avoiding the metamathematical considerations. No prior knowledge of forcing is required. The book will enable a researcher interested in an independence result of the appropriate kind to have much of the work done for them, thereby allowing them to quote general results.
The End of Iberian Rule on the American Continent, 1770–1830
Authors: Hamnett Brian R.
Published: April 2017

In this new work, Brian R. Hamnett offers a comprehensive assessment of the independence era in both Spanish America and Brazil by examining the interplay between events in Iberia and in the overseas empires of Spain and Portugal. Most colonists had wanted some form of unity within the Spanish and Portuguese monarchies but European intransigence continually frustrated this aim. Hamnett argues that independence finally came as a result of widespread internal conflict in the two American empires, rather than as a result of a clear separatist ideology or a growing national sentiment. With the collapse of empire, each component territory faced a struggle to survive. The End of Iberian Rule on the American Continent, 1770–1830 is the first book of its kind to give equal consideration to the Spanish and Portuguese dimensions of South America, examining these territories in terms of their divergent component elements.
IN SEARCH OF ULTIMATE-LTHE 19TH MIDRASHA MATHEMATICAE LECTURES
Authors: WOODIN W. HUGH
Published: April 2017

We give a fairly complete account which first shows that the solution to the inner model problem for one supercompact cardinal will yield an ultimate version ofLand then shows that the various current approaches to inner model theory must be fundamentally altered to provide that solution.
Rates and predictive factors of return to the emergency department following an initial release by the emergency department for acute heart failure
Authors: Claret Pierre-Géraud , Calder Lisa A. , Stiell Ian G. , Yan Justin W. , Clement Catherine M. , Borgundvaag Bjug , Forster Alan J. , Perry Jeffrey J. , Rowe Brian H.
Published: April 2017

Objectives

Following release by emergency department (ED) for acute heart failure (AHF), returns to ED represent important adverse health outcomes. The objective of this study was to document relapse events and factors associated with return to ED in the 14-day period following release by ED for patients with AHF.

Methods

The primary outcome was the number of return to ED for patients who were release by ED after the initial visit, for any related medical problem within 14 days of this initial ED visit.

Results

Return visits to the EDs occurred in 166 (20%) patients. Of all patients who returned to ED within the 14-day period, 77 (47%) were secondarily admitted to the hospital. The following factors were associated with return visits to ED: past medical history of percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass graft (aOR=1.51; 95% CIs [1.01-2.24]), current use of antiarrhythmics medications (1.96 [1.05-3.55]), heart rate above 80 /min (1.89 [1.28-2.80]), systolic blood pressure below 140 mm Hg (1.67[1.14-2.47]), oxygen saturation (SaO2) above 96% (1.58 [1.08-2.31]), troponin above the upper reference limit of normal (1.68 [1.15-2.45]), and chest X-ray with pleural effusion (1.52 [1.04-2.23]).

Conclusions

Many heart failure patients (i.e. 1 in 5 patients) are released from the ED and then suffer return to ED. Patients with multiple medical comorbidities, and those with abnormal initial vital signs are at increased risk for return to ED and should be identified.
The Toeplitz noncommutative solenoid and its Kubo–Martin–Schwinger states
Authors: BROWNLOWE NATHAN , HAWKINS MITCHELL , SIMS AIDAN
Published: April 2017

We use Katsura’s topological graphs to define Toeplitz extensions of Latrémolière and Packer’s noncommutative-solenoid $C^{\ast }$-algebras. We identify a natural dynamics on each Toeplitz noncommutative solenoid and study the associated Kubo–Martin–Schwinger (KMS) states. Our main result shows that the space of extreme points of the KMS simplex of the Toeplitz noncommutative torus at a strictly positive inverse temperature is homeomorphic to a solenoid; indeed, there is an action of the solenoid group on the Toeplitz noncommutative solenoid that induces a free and transitive action on the extreme boundary of the KMS simplex. With the exception of the degenerate case of trivial rotations, at inverse temperature zero there is a unique KMS state, and only this one factors through Latrémolière and Packer’s noncommutative solenoid.
Implementing mhGAP training to strengthen existing services for an internally displaced population in Pakistan
Authors: Humayun A. , Haq I. , Khan F. R. , Azad N. , Khan M. M. , Weissbecker I.
Published: April 2017

Background.

In 2014, over a million people were internally displaced after the launch of a military operation in North Waziristan, a tribal region on Pakistan's side of the Durand Line. Despite security concerns and restrictions, a collaborative mental health and psychosocial support initiative was undertaken in the district of Bannu. Monthly mental health camps were conducted for a period of 6 months by a multidisciplinary mental health team. The initiative also helped to assess mental health needs and plan training for primary care staff to strengthen existing resources.

Methods.

As part of this initiative, Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP) training was conducted for physicians and psychosocial staff in the affected district. This marked the first instance of implementing these guidelines in Pakistan following a humanitarian crisis. This paper describes the training process including the adaptation of the mhGAP curriculum, training of trainers, training workshops for primary care staff and an analysis of results of pre- and post-testing of their knowledge about common mental disorders using a 25-item questionnaire.

Results.

The gaps in knowledge of primary care physicians in recognizing and managing common mental disorders were clearly identified. The mean pre- and post-test scores of the participants were 15.43, 62% (p value 0.000, s.d. 4.05) and 19.48, 78% (p value 0.000, s.d. 3.13) respectively, which showed significant improvement.

Conclusions.

Despite the challenges of a humanitarian crisis, mhGAP guidelines can be successfully implemented to train primary care physicians in in low- and middle-income countries such as Pakistan. However, the dearth of primary care resources can hinder the complete integration of mental health services into primary healthcare.
Coding Historical Qualitative Cases and Explaining Outcomes: A Rejoinder
Authors: Mainwaring Scott
Published: April 2017

This rejoinder responds to Kenneth Roberts’s criticisms of my review published in these pages in August 2016. Roberts’s book, Changing Course, is a major contribution to scholarship on Latin American party systems, but Roberts and I disagree about three key issues. Firstly, because Roberts measured the economic effects of different kinds of party systems beginning in 1980, his coding of party systems must be immediately prior to that. Secondly, Roberts and I agree that many Latin American party systems exhibited deep change during the long era of important substitution industrialization (roughly 1940–80). In my judgement, the coding of party systems should reflect these changes more than Changing Course does. Thirdly, following principles for understanding causation, I argue that Changing Course does not conclusively show that labour-mobilizing party systems caused deeper economic crises and greater party system instability than elitist party systems.
Women’s Legal Agency and Property in the Court Records of Late Nineteenth-Century Brava
Authors: Kapteijns Lidwien , Vianello Alessandra
Published: April 2017

Drawing on the Islamic court records of Brava, a small Indian Ocean port city on the southern Benadir coast of Somalia, dating from the period 1893–1900, this essay analyzes the legal agency and economic roles of the women of Brava and sheds new light on social (especially family) relations in this town. The qāḍī’s court records give evidence of married women’s fully recognized (even if qualified) legal personhood and their full-fledged financial and economic agency. The free, married women of Brava of this period contributed fully and autonomously to the economic endeavors of their families and also interacted with non-related businessmen in and beyond Brava. They also had the legal and social capacity to defend their interests in court and to get a fair hearing in accordance with the law. Given that both Somali women’s history and East African legal history suffer from a scarcity of concrete evidence for this time-period, the aspects of everyday life in Brava that come into view in the town’s qāḍī’s court records are of great interest.
Semiautomated Surveillance of Deep Surgical Site Infections After Primary Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Sips Meander E. , Bonten Marc J. M. , van Mourik Maaike S. M.
Published: April 2017

Manual surveillance of surgical site infections (SSIs) after total hip or knee arthroplasty is time-consuming and prone to error. Semiautomated surveillance based on routine care data extracted from electronic health records can retrospectively identify deep SSIs and substantially reduce workload while maintaining 100% sensitivity.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:732–735
Effects of the flavonol quercetin andα-linolenic acid onn-3 PUFA status in metabolically healthy men and women: a randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial
Authors: Burak Constanze , Wolffram Siegfried , Zur Berndt , Langguth Peter , Fimmers Rolf , Alteheld Birgit , Stehle Peter , Egert Sarah
Published: April 2017

Increased dietary intake and tissue status of the long-chainn-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, is associated with cardiovascular benefits. Epidemiological and animal studies suggest that concomitant nutritive intake of flavonoids may increase the conversion ofα-linolenic acid (ALA) to longer-chainn-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA. We investigated the effects of increased ALA intake on fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids and erythrocytes in metabolically healthy men and women and whether fatty acid profiles and ALA conversion were affected by regular quercetin intake or sex. Subjects (n74) were randomised to receive at least 3·3 g/d ALA with either 190 mg/d quercetin (ALA+quercetin) or placebo (ALA+placebo) in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with 8-week intervention periods separated by an 8-week washout period. A total of seven subjects dropped out for personal reasons. Data from the remaining sixty-seven subjects (thirty-four males and thirty-three females) were included in the analysis. Both interventions significantly increased serum phospholipid ALA (ALA+placebo: +69·3 %; ALA+quercetin: +55·8 %) and EPA (ALA+placebo: +37·3 %; ALA+quercetin: +25·5 %). ALA + quercetin slightly decreased DHA concentration by 9·3 %. Erythrocyte ALA and EPA significantly increased with both interventions, whereas DHA decreased. Fatty acid composition did not differ between sexes. We found no effect of quercetin. Intake of 3·6 g/d ALA over an 8-week period resulted in increased ALA and EPA, but not DHA, in serum phospholipids and erythrocytes. Neither quercetin supplementation nor sex affected the increment of ALA and relative proportions ofn-3 PUFA in serum phospholipids and erythrocytes.
THE LOCALITY PRINCIPLE IN PRIVATE NUISANCE
Authors: Steel S.
Published: April 2017

This article considers the principle in the tort of private nuisance that the level of protection to which one is entitled from certain kinds of interference is sensitive to one's locality. It argues that the principle can be partly justified by the different costs of avoiding an interference which different localities create. However, it shows that, if the principle is to be justified in its entirety, a further justification is necessary. The article considers further justifications based on social rules, autonomy, cost minimisation, the idea of a system of equal right and an analogy to the rules on hypersensitive claimants. It largely rejects these explanations and concludes that, to the extent the locality principle requires individuals to bear substantial burdens that they would not have to bear were collective interests set aside, without compensation, it is difficult to justify.
ILLEGALITY AND RESTITUTION EXPLAINED BY THE SUPREME COURT
Authors: Grabiner Anthony
Published: April 2017

IN the Court of Appeal in Patel v Mirza [2014] EWCA Civ 1047; [2015] Ch. 271, Gloster L.J., in sympathy with the “hapless law student”, said of the illegality concept “it is almost impossible to ascertain … principled rules from the authorities relating to the recovery of money or other assets paid or transferred under illegal contracts” (at [47]). The Supreme Court ([2016] UKSC 42; [2016] 3 W.L.R. 399) has clarified the law in many respects. In other respects, it may have created some new uncertainties and no diminution in work for inventive lawyers and some of their more dubious clients.
REVERSE PATENT SETTLEMENTS AND EU COMPETITION LAW
Authors: Friend Mark
Published: April 2017

THE judgment of the General Court in Case T-472/13, Lundbeck v Commission EU:T:2016:449 is the first decision of the CJEU on the application of EU competition law to reverse patent settlements. It confirms that Article 101 TFEU applies to agreements that restrict potential competition, and discusses the circumstances in which reverse patent settlements will amount to a restriction by object. However, the judgment provides little by way of practical guidance for those involved in negotiating patent settlements and leaves many questions unanswered.
THE EARLY RECEPTION OF PLINY THE YOUNGER IN TERTULLIAN OF CARTHAGE AND EUSEBIUS OF CAESAREA
Authors: Corke-Webster James
Published: April 2017

In 1967 Alan Cameron published a landmark article in this journal, ‘The fate of Pliny'sLettersin the late Empire’. Opposing the traditional thesis that the letters of Pliny the Younger were only rediscovered in the mid to late fifth century by Sidonius Apollinaris, Cameron proposed that closer attention be paid to the faint but clear traces of the letters in the third and fourth centuries. On the basis of well-observed intertextual correspondences, Cameron proposed that Pliny's letters were being read by the end of the fourth century at the latest. That article now seems the vanguard of a rise in scholarly interest in Pliny's late-antique reception. But Cameron also noted the explicit attention given to the letters by two earlier commentators—Tertullian of Carthage, in the late second to early third century, and Eusebius of Caesarea, in the early fourth. The use of Pliny in these two earliest commentators, in stark contrast to their later successors, has received almost no subsequent attention.
THE AUTHENTICITY OF DEMOSTHENES 13, AGAIN
Authors: Sing Robert
Published: April 2017

The deliberative speech known by us asOn Organization(Περὶ συντάξεως) focusses on financial organization and political economy more than any other speech in the Demosthenic corpus. The assembly is to decide the fate of an unspecified sum of money (1). The speaker, who later identifies himself as Demosthenes (12), proposes that, instead of distributing the money as theoric subsidies, all citizens can instead be satisfied by embarking upon a scheme of τοῦ συνταχθῆναι καὶ παρασκευασθῆναι τὰ πρὸς τὸν πόλεμον ‘organization and equipment for war’ (3). This scheme will distribute revenues amongst all as pay for useful service (1–5, 9). The speaker urges that this must be done if the city is once again to act as the arbiter of Greek affairs, and if the Atheniandēmositself is to break the power of self-interested orators and resume its proper control of thepolis(13–36).
PLATO ON VIRTUE IN THEMENEXENVS
Authors: Petrucci Federico M.
Published: April 2017

TheMenexenusis usually described as a ‘riddle’ or ‘puzzle’. The difficulties it poses have given rise to a multitude of exegeses, revolving around two antithetical readings. On the one hand, some scholars tend to consider the dialogue an ironic critique of Athenian democracy and/or of democratic rhetoric. According to this perspective, Plato expressed this criticism through a paradoxical and somehow feverishepitaphios(the ironic reading). On the other hand, some scholars consider the funeral oration to be quite serious. According to this perspective, Plato aimed at reforming the genre and at introducing his theory of the ideal stateorhis theory of virtue (the strict reading). In this paper I will be moving beyond these standard readings in an attempt to supplement them by identifying the real moral issue behind theMenexenus.
Marine Alien Species at Pserimos Island (Greece): census with the help of citizen scientists
Authors: Zenetos Argyro , Liami Aphrodite , Xentidis Nicholas J. , Corsini-Foka Maria
Published: April 2017

Observations of citizen scientists have become an indispensable source in the collection of biodiversity data worldwide. In Greece, the findings of these citizen scientists, in collaboration with the Hellenic Network on Aquatic Invasive Species (ELNAIS), have resulted in compiling diverse information on marine alien species. Since 2004, the Liamis Dive Centre has recorded visual data on 12 marine alien species around Pserimos Island (Dodekanisa, Greece), thus enabling us to sequence their progression and displacement amongst other vital information. The real number of biological invasions is likely to be higher than reported here because citizen scientists do not have the scientific skills required for species identification and also due to financial constraints. Nevertheless, the high number of observers to a certain extent compensates the lack of taxonomic expertise.
Heating in ultraintense laser-induced shock waves
Authors: Eliezer Shalom , Pinhasi Shirly Vinikman , Martinez Val José Maria , Raicher Erez , Henis Zohar
Published: April 2017

This paper considers the heating of a target in a shock wave created in a planar geometry by the ponderomotive force induced by a short laser pulse with intensity higher than 1018 W/cm2. The shock parameters were calculated using the relativistic Rankine–Hugoniot equations coupled to a laser piston model. The temperatures of the electrons and the ions were calculated as a function of time by using the energy conservation separately for ions and electrons. These equations are supplemented by the ideal gas equations of state (with one or three degrees of freedom) separately for ions and electrons. The efficiency of the transition of the work done by the laser piston into internal thermal energy is calculated in the context of the Hugoniot equations by taking into account the binary collisions during the shock wave formation from the target initial condition to the compressed domain. It is shown that for each laser intensity there is threshold pulse duration for the formation of a shock wave. The explicit calculations are done for an aluminum target.
An efficient stochastic approach for robust time-optimal trajectory planning of robotic manipulators under limited actuation
Authors: Zhao Ming-Yong , Gao Xiao-Shan , Zhang Qiang
Published: April 2017

This paper focuses on the problem of robust time-optimal trajectory planning of robotic manipulators to track a given path under a probabilistic limited actuation, that is, the probability for the actuation to be limited is no less than a given bound κ. We give a general and practical method to reduce the probabilistic constraints to a set of deterministic constraints and show that the deterministic constraints are equivalent to a set of linear constraints under certain conditions. As a result, the original problem is reduced to a linear optimal control problem which can be solved with linear programming in polynomial time. In the case of κ = 1, the original problem is proved to be equivalent to the linear optimal control problem. Overall, a very general, practical, and efficient algorithm is given to solve the above problem and numerical simulation results are used to show the effectiveness of the method.
A GENERAL CLASS OF NON-NESTED TEST STATISTICS FOR MODELS DEFINED THROUGH MOMENT RESTRICTIONS
Authors: Parente Paulo M.D.C.
Published: April 2017

In this article, we introduce a new class of Cox’s non-nested test statistics for models defined through overidentifying moment restrictions that depend on a finite dimensional parameter vector. In addition to showing that the GEL test statistics proposed in Smith (1997,Economic Journal107, 503–519) and Ramalho and Smith (2002,Journal of Econometrics107, 99–125) are members of this class, we reveal that further members can be constructed using the artificial compound model approach, which was originally applied by Atkinson (1970,Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B32, 323–335) in the parametric setting. We investigate the asymptotic properties of the statistics and propose tests based on modified versions of these statistics that have correct asymptotic size in a uniform sense, a requirement not satisfied by existing Cox’s non-nested tests. A Monte Carlo study examines the performance of the proposed tests.
IMPLICIT LEARNING IN THE CROWD
Authors: Kerz Elma , Wiechmann Daniel , Riedel Florian B.
Published: April 2017

A growing field of research has made use of a semiartificial language paradigm to investigate the role of awareness in L2 acquisition. A central and empirically still unresolved issue in this field concerns the possibility of learning implicitly, that is, without intention to learn and without awareness of what has been learned. Up until now, studies on implicit learning have mainly been conducted in laboratory settings under highly controlled conditions with university students as participants. The present study investigated whether and to what extent the results obtained in such settings can be extrapolated to the general population. Building on Williams (2005), we designed two crowdsourcing experiments that examined the learning of novel form-meaning mappings under incidental conditions in 163 participants. Our design allowed us to disentangle the effects of awareness at the level of noticing and understanding. The results of the two experiments demonstrated the implicit learning effect outside the lab in a more varied sample of participants and indicated that awareness at both levels appears to have a facilitative effect on learning outcomes.
Molecular characterisation ofSalmonellastrains isolated from outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhoea occurred in Paraná State, South of Brazil
Authors: ASSIS F. E. A. , DALLAGASSA C. B. , FARAH S. M. S. S. , SOUZA E. M. , PEDROSA F. O. , CHUBATSU L. S. , FADEL-PICHETH C. M. T.
Published: April 2017

A total of 46 strains ofSalmonellaisolated from patients with sporadic diarrhoea or involved in foodborne outbreaks were analysed by PCR for genus identification and serotyping. Subtyping was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multiple amplification of phage locus typing (MAPLT) for seven variable loci. Bacteria were identified as belonging to serotype Enteritidis (33 strains; 71·7%) or Typhimurium (13 strains; 28·3%). A high similarity coefficient (94·6%) was observed in theSalmonellaEnteritidis group for which were found three related PFGE profiles and only one MAPLT; strains representing profile PA/P1/MI were prevalent (27; 81·8%). TwoSalmonellaTyphimurium isolates were untypeable by PFGE. The remaining 11 strains had eight PFGE and three MAPLT profiles. The discriminatory power of MAPLT was lower than that of PFGE.SalmonellaEnteritidis of clonal nature is predominant in Paraná State, with the most prevalent profile PA/P1/M1 associated with sporadic diarrhoea and with seven of nine reported outbreaks. In conclusion, PFGE shows higher discriminatory power amongSalmonellastrains.
CERAMIC ROOF ORNAMENTS (ALMENAS) FROM CIHUATAN, EL SALVADOR: CONTEXTS, DESCRIPTIONS, AND INFERENCES FROM OTHER SITES
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph
Published: April 2017

Discovery of dozens of broken ceramic roof ornaments (almenas) on the floor abutting the front (western) margin of an elite residence (Structure Q-1) at Cihuatan, El Salvador provides a new context for this category of artifacts. While relatively well-known from sites in the Valley of Mexico, elsewhere in Mesoamericaalmenashave been documented only from a single Teotihuacan-style structure at the lowland Maya site of Tikal, one structure at Mayapan, and possibly at a few other sites in Yucatan. A preliminary program to reconstruct a portion of the many box-likealmenasat Cihuatan, of a date much later than the one from Tikal, generated seven relatively complete examples of this form, indicated that fragments of perhaps another 50 had been recovered, and that they were used in pairs. The reconstructed sample provides an important demonstration of the ornamentation on an elite residence and also reveals much about how Structure Q-1 and surrounding buildings came to an end, arounda.d.1200. At least eight other buildings at Cihuatan had been adorned withalmenas,each building having examples of one specific shape, possibly unique to this city. Comparisons with Aztec and earlier Mexican forms suggest cultural connections, perhaps via Tula. These findings strongly suggest Mexican influences for the use and forms of roof ornaments at Cihuatan.
Seed removal by different functional mammal groups in a protected and grazed landscape of the Monte, Argentina
Authors: Miguel Florencia , Cona Mónica I. , Campos Claudia M.
Published: April 2017

Mammal species contribute in different ways to seed dispersal effectiveness, acting as endozoochorous dispersers, scatter-hoarders and seed predators. Seed removal by these functional mammal groups could be affected by anthropogenic drivers, such as grazing management, a common practice in drylands. We evaluated removal of seeds from a native tree species (Prosopis flexuosa) by terrestrial wildlife mammals with different functional roles, on grazed and ungrazed sites and at different times during the fruiting periodof Prosopis. We offeredProsopisfruits, each containing 15 seeds, to animals and used camera traps to identify the species removing them. We obtained the number of seeds removed (1 fruit removed = 15 seeds removed) by each animal species and each functional group. Native and domestic mammals removed 65.4% of the total seeds offered; 69.5% of offered seeds were removed from the grazed area and 61% from the ungrazed site. Considering removal times, 64.25% of offered seeds were removed during the beginning of the fruiting period ofProsopisand 67% towards the end of this period. Small mammals acting either as seed predators (Graomys griseoflavusandAkodon dolores) or scatter-hoarders (Microcavia australis) were the functional mammal groups removing the highest amount of seeds. Seed predators removed more seeds from the ungrazed site, whereas the scatter-hoarder did so at the grazed site. In the ungrazed area, it would be important to ensure habitat heterogeneity in order to improve seed removal by functional groups that disperse seeds, such as endozoochorous dispersers and scatter-hoarders.