bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Energy-Efficient Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Implementation of a Real-Time Perspective-n-Point Solver
Authors: Lv Haobo , Wu Qiongzhi
Published: September 2024

Solving the Perspective-n-Point (PnP) problem is difficult in low-power systems due to the high computing workload. To handle this challenge, we present an originally designed FPGA implementation of a PnP solver based on Vivado HLS. A matrix operation library and a matrix decomposition library based on QR decomposition have been developed, upon which the EPnP algorithm has been implemented. To enhance the operational speed of the system, we employed pipeline optimization techniques and adjusted the computational process to shorten the calculation time. The experimental results show that when the number of input data points is 300, the proposed system achieves a processing speed of 45.2 fps with a power consumption of 1.7 W and reaches a peak-signal-to-noise ratio of over 70 dB. Our system consumes only 3.9% of the power consumption per calculation compared to desktop-level processors. The proposed system significantly reduces the power consumption required for the PnP solution and is suitable for application in low-power systems.
STEFT: Spatio-Temporal Embedding Fusion Transformer for Traffic Prediction
Authors: Cui Xiandai , Lv Hui
Published: September 2024

Accurate traffic prediction is crucial for optimizing taxi demand, managing traffic flow, and planning public transportation routes. Traditional models often fail to capture complex spatial–temporal dependencies. To tackle this, we introduce the Spatio-Temporal Embedding Fusion Transformer (STEFT). This deep learning model leverages attention mechanisms and feature fusion to effectively model dynamic dependencies in traffic data. STEFT includes an Embedding Fusion Network that integrates spatial, temporal, and flow embeddings, preserving original flow information. The Flow Block uses an enhanced Transformer encoder to capture periodic dependencies within neighboring regions, while the Prediction Block forecasts inflow and outflow dynamics using a fully connected network. Experiments on NYC (New York City) Taxi and NYC Bike datasets show STEFT’s superior performance over baseline methods in RMSE and MAPE metrics, highlighting the effectiveness of the concatenation-based feature fusion approach. Ablation studies confirm the contribution of each component, underscoring STEFT’s potential for real-world traffic prediction and other spatial–temporal challenges.
Modeling, Design, and Application of Analog Pre-Distortion for the Linearity and Efficiency Enhancement of a K-Band Power Amplifier
Authors: Cappello Tommaso , Ozan Sarmad , Tucker Andy , Krier Peter , Williams Tudor , Morris Kevin
Published: September 2024

This paper presents the theory, design, and application of a dual-branch series-diode analog pre-distortion (APD) linearizer to improve the linearity and efficiency of a K-band high-power amplifier (HPA). A first-of-its-kind, frequency-dependent large-signal APD model is presented. This model is used to evaluate different phase relationships between the linear and nonlinear branches, suggesting independent gain and phase expansion characteristics with this topology. This model is used to assess the impact of diode resistance, capacitance, and ideality factors on the APD characteristics. This feature is showcased with two similar GaAs diodes to find the best fit for the considered HPA. The selected diode is characterized and modeled between 1 and 26.5 GHz. A comprehensive APD design and simulation workflow is reported. Before fabrication, the simulated APD is evaluated with the measured HPA to verify linearity improvements. The APD prototype achieves a large-signal bandwidth of 6 GHz with 3 dB gain expansion and 8° phase rotation. This linearizer is demonstrated with a 17–21 GHz GaN HPA with 41 dBm output power and 35% efficiency. Using a wideband 750 MHz signal, this APD improves the noise–power ratio (NPR) by 6.5–8.2 dB over the whole HPA bandwidth. Next, the HPA output power is swept to compare APD vs. power backoff for the same NPR. APD improves the HPA output power by 1–2 W and efficiency by approximately 5–9% at 19 GHz. This efficiency improvement decreases by only 1–2% when including the APD post-amplifier consumption, thus suggesting overall efficiency and output power improvements with APD at K-band frequencies.
A Systematic Review of Deep Learning Techniques for Phishing Email Detection
Authors: Kyaw Phyo Htet , Gutierrez Jairo , Ghobakhlou Akbar
Published: September 2024

The landscape of phishing email threats is continually evolving nowadays, making it challenging to combat effectively with traditional methods even with carrier-grade spam filters. Traditional detection mechanisms such as blacklisting, whitelisting, signature-based, and rule-based techniques could not effectively prevent phishing, spear-phishing, and zero-day attacks, as cybercriminals are using sophisticated techniques and trusted email service providers. Consequently, many researchers have recently concentrated on leveraging machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) approaches to enhance phishing email detection capabilities with better accuracy. To gain insights into the development of deep learning algorithms in the current research on phishing prevention, this study conducts a systematic literature review (SLR) following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. By synthesizing the 33 selected papers using the SLR approach, this study presents a taxonomy of DL-based phishing detection methods, analyzing their effectiveness, limitations, and future research directions to address current challenges. The study reveals that the adaptability of detection models to new behaviors of phishing emails is the major improvement area. This study aims to add details about deep learning used for security to the body of knowledge, and it discusses future research in phishing detection systems.
SCL-Dehaze: Toward Real-World Image Dehazing via Semi-Supervised Codebook Learning
Authors: Cui Tong , Dai Qingyue , Zhang Meng , Li Kairu , Ji Xiaofei
Published: September 2024

Existing dehazing methods deal with real-world haze images with difficulty, especially scenes with thick haze. One of the main reasons is lacking real-world pair data and robust priors. To improve dehazing ability in real-world scenes, we propose a semi-supervised codebook learning dehazing method. The codebook is used as a strong prior to guide the hazy image recovery process. However, the following two issues arise when the codebook is applied to the image dehazing task: (1) Latent space features obtained from the coding of degraded hazy images suffer from matching errors when nearest-neighbour matching is performed. (2) Maintaining a good balance of image recovery quality and fidelity for heavily degraded dense hazy images is difficult. To reduce the nearest-neighbor matching error rate in the vector quantization stage of VQGAN, we designed the unit dual-attention residual transformer module (UDART) to correct the latent space features. The UDART can make the latent features obtained from the encoding stage closer to those of the corresponding clear image. To balance the quality and fidelity of the dehazing result, we design a haze density guided weight adaptive module (HDGWA), which can adaptively adjust the multi-scale skip connection weights according to haze density. In addition, we use mean teacher, a semi-supervised learning strategy, to bridge the domain gap between synthetic and real-world data and enhance the model generalization in real-world scenes. Comparative experiments show that our method achieves improvements of 0.003, 2.646, and 0.019 over the second-best method for the no-reference metrics FADE, MUSIQ, and DBCNN, respectively, on the real-world dataset URHI.
Modeling and Analysis of Coupled Online–Offline Opinion Dissemination Scenarios Based on Multi-Factor Interaction
Authors: Yang Zhuo , Guo Yan , She Yu-Wei , Yin Fu-Lian , Wu Yue-Wei
Published: September 2024

In recent years, new media have exacerbated the complexity of online public opinion scenarios through fragmentation of information, diversification of public opinion, rapid diffusion of public opinion, and concealment of information sources, which have posed several serious challenges to the benign development of online public opinion ecosystems. Therefore, based on diversified public opinion scenarios, we study the interaction between information dissemination and the evolution of group opinions and the dissemination laws to solve the problem of imprecise grasping of the dissemination laws in complex public opinion scenarios. Facing the two-way interaction between online platforms and real society, we constructed a coupled online–offline viewpoint evolution dynamics model, which considers factors such as the user subject level and the network environment level, and combines viewpoint dynamics theory with information dissemination dynamics theory. Based on the real case of dual interaction between online and offline, we carry out the construction of a two-layer coupling network and numerical fitting comparison experiments to study the synergistic and penetration mechanism of public opinion in both online and offline multi-spaces. Based on parametric analysis experiments, the influence of different factors on communication indicators is mined, and the driving effect of the viewpoint environment of offline communication on online public opinion is studied, which reveals the objective role of multi-factors on the law of intralayer communication, cross-network communication, and viewpoint evolution, and provides strategic suggestions for the comprehensive management of public opinion in online–offline large-scale mass incidents.
Enterprise Development Management
Authors: Brzeziński Łukasz
Published: September 2024

Enterprise development is a multifaceted and strategic endeavor that serves as the cornerstone of an organization’s long-term success and sustainability. It represents not merely growth or expansion but a comprehensive transformation that enhances a company’s capabilities, market presence, and internal processes. This development is driven by a deliberate and systematic effort to improve performance across all areas of business activity, aligning with stakeholders’ aspirations and organizational goals. In this context, enterprise development encompasses the strategic management of the organization’s trajectory through effective planning, execution, and evaluation of development initiatives. It demands an adaptive and responsive approach to the rapidly evolving business environment, where challenges and opportunities arise constantly. This requires leveraging modern management practices and analytical tools to integrate various components of the company’s operations, including human resources, finances, technology, and marketing, fostering a cohesive and dynamic growth strategy. The essence of enterprise development lies in the organization’s ability to remain agile—capable of swiftly responding to market changes while proactively seeking and capitalizing on new opportunities. This involves not only addressing external competitive pressures but also mitigating internal risks, ensuring that the enterprise is well-positioned to navigate and thrive in complex environments. The issues related to the phenomenon of enterprise development refer to the geographical area of the so-called Global North. The aim of this entry is to explore and critically analyze contemporary strategies and models that facilitate effective management and acceleration of enterprise growth, providing a framework for organizations aiming to achieve excellence and innovation in the modern economic landscape.
Integration of Laser Scanning, Digital Photogrammetry and BIM Technology: A Review and Case Studies
Authors: Borkowski Andrzej Szymon , Kubrat Alicja
Published: September 2024

Building information modeling (BIM) is the hottest topic of the last decade in the construction sector. BIM is interacting with other technologies toward the realization of digital twins. The integration of laser scanning technology and BIM is progressing. Increasingly, solid, mesh models are being semantically enriched for BIM. A point cloud can provide an excellent source of data for developing a BIM model. The BIM model will be refined not only geometrically but can also be saturated with non-graphical data. The problem is the lack of a clear methodology for compiling such models based on TLS and images. The research and development work between universities and companies has put modern digital solutions into practice. Thus, the purpose of this work was to develop a universal methodology for the acquisition and extraction of data from disconnected sources. In this paper, three BIM models were made based on point clouds derived from laser scanning. The case studies presented confirm the validity of the “scan to BIM approach, especially in the context of historic buildings (HBIMs). The paper posits that the integration of laser scanning, digital photogrammetry and BIM provides value in the preservation of heritage buildings. In the process of the practical work and an in-depth literature study, the ever-present limitations of BIM were identified as research challenges. The paper contributes to the discussion on the use of BIM in the design, construction and operation of buildings, including historic buildings. The acronym HBIM (heritage building information modeling) will increasingly resonate in the academic and practical work of the discipline of conservation and maintenance of historic buildings and cultural heritage sites.
The Effect of Non-Plastic Fines Content on Pore Pressure Generation Rates in Cyclic Triaxial and Cyclic Direct Simple Shear Tests
Authors: Polito Carmine P. , Martin James R. , Sibley Erin L. D.
Published: September 2024

When loose, saturated sands and non-plastic silts are subjected to undrained cyclic loading, they will generate positive pore pressures. This increase in pore pressures leads to a decrease in effective stress with a corresponding decrease in shear strength and increase in liquefaction susceptibility. For combinations of sand and non-plastic silt, the threshold fines content can be defined as the non-plastic silt fines content at which the soil changes from sand-like behavior to silt-like behavior. Soils below the threshold fines content behave like sands and soils above the threshold fines content behave like silts. During cyclic triaxial and cyclic direct simple shear tests performed on specimens of sand and silt prepared to the same relative density but different fines contents, two rates of pore pressure generation were observed. When compared at five cycles of loading, soils with silt contents above the threshold fines content were found to produce pore pressure ratios as much as 50% higher than those observed for soils with silt contents below the threshold fines content. When evaluated in terms of cycles, cycle ratio, and dissipated energy ratio, the rate of pore pressure generation was found to be more rapid for soils above the threshold fines content than for soils below the threshold fines content.
Development and Application of Tree Radial Measurement Device
Authors: Zhao Kejie , Li Shangyang , Wang Jie , Sun Linhao , Fang Luming , Ji Jingyong
Published: September 2024

Tree diameter at breast height (DBH) can visually reflect the size of trees and is closely related to forest carbon sinks. As its continuous change is affected by the growing environment, it is an important indicator for forest surveys, and it is of great value for forest carbon economy and microecological research. In order to realize the accurate and continuous digital measurement of tree diameter at breast height, this paper develops a low-power tree diameter at breast height continuous measurement device based on the magneto-resistive effect. Compared to the traditional method of tree diameter measurement, this device has the advantages of real-time transmission of data, low-cost, anti-interference, and so on. In Zhejiang Jinhua Nanshan Nature Reserve, at a number of sample sites, tree diameter at breast height for 10 different species of trees was measured every 16 h before developing the corresponding upper software, background analysis software, and real-time acceptance of the measurement data to make timely analysis. After 12 months, experimental application and data analysis showed that the measurement accuracy of this device can be up to 0.001 mm. Compared to traditional tree diameter ruler measurement, measurement error is within 0.1%. This device, therefore, enables the continuous measurement, transmission, storage, and analysis of the tree diameter as a whole, and reveals the growth and carbon sink change rules of the tree diameter of a specific region at a certain age.
Shifts in Plant Phenology and Its Responses to Climate Warming in Three Temperate Cities of China during 1963–2020
Authors: Cao Lijuan , Lin Shaozhi , Liu Wei , Gao Chengxi , Bai Wenrui , Zhu Mengyao , Hao Yulong , Hao Xingming , Dai Junhu
Published: September 2024

The advance of spring phenology and the delay of autumn phenology caused by global warming have been documented by many studies. However, most research has focused on natural areas, with limited studies conducted on phenological observations in urban environments. Here, we selected the first flowering date (FFD), first leaf date (FLD), and leaf coloring date (LCD) at three sites (Beijing, Harbin, and Mudanjiang) from the China Phenological Observation Network. We analyzed the phenological changes of 84 species between 1963–1991 and 1992–2020 to examine their response to urban warming. We then quantified the correlations and regressions between phenological events and preseason temperature. The results show the following: (1) Among the three sites, the mean FFD and FLD were earliest in Beijing, while the mean LCD occurred earliest in Harbin and latest in Beijing. (2) FFD and FLD exhibited a significant trend towards earlier occurrences at all three sites, while LCD showed a significant delay trend except for the Mudanjiang site. Specifically, at the Beijing, Harbin, and Mudanjiang sites, the mean FFD advanced by 8.32 days, 6.11 days, and 2.60 days in the latter period (p < 0.05), whereas the mean FLD advanced by 11.30 days, 7.21 days, and 5.02 days (p < 0.05), respectively. (3) In Beijing, Harbin, and Mudanjiang, both FFD and FLD were significantly negatively correlated with preseason temperature. However, no consistent relationship was observed between LCD and preseason temperature. These results enhance our understanding of the response of plant phenology to urban warming.
Mixed Coniferous Broad-Leaved Forests as Road Shelter Forests: Increased Urban Traffic Noise Reduction Effects and Economic Benefits
Authors: Liu Jiaxuan , Wu Yulun , Hu Haibo , Feng Yuanyuan
Published: September 2024

Establishing road shelter forests is a key method to reduce traffic noise pollution. However, the characteristics of various types of road shelter forests and their effectiveness in reducing traffic noise remain extensively unexplored. This study focused on five types of pure road shelter forests (PFs) and one type of mixed coniferous broad-leaved forest (MCBLF). By conducting field noise monitoring and spectrum simulations, we analyzed average mass density, additional noise reduction and economic benefits. With a forest belt width of 60 m, the MCBLF reduced additional noise by 6.6 dB(A). Additionally, Forest height, crown shape, average mass density and noise frequency were all positively linked to noise reduction. The width of shelter forests was the main factor affecting noise reduction. Linear regression analysis results showed that cumulative mass surface density was a significant factor in noise reduction (p < 0.01, R2 = 0.93). Furthermore, the type and composition of the shelter forest had indirect effects on noise reduction. The MCBLF had better noise-reducing effects compared to both broad-leaved PFs and needle-leaved PFs due to its more complex structure. Interestingly, as the forest belt became wider, the noise reduction benefits per unit area decreased, implying that a 10 m wide forest belt offered higher economic returns. Considering that a 10 m wide shelter forest belt did not meet noise reduction requirements. This study suggested that the 20 m wide MCBLF was an optimal choice as an urban road shelter forest, providing both effective noise reduction and maximized economic benefits. Our findings provide a basis for the construction and sustainable development of road shelter forests with noise reduction functions.
Development of Knitted Compression Covers for Amputated Limbs
Authors: Mikucioniene Daiva , Halavska Liudmyla , Laureckiene Ginta , Melnyk Liudmyla , Arabuli Svitlana , Milašius Rimvydas
Published: September 2024

Compression therapy can be successfully applied to the treatment of amputated limbs. Compression is known to speed healing and reduce the appearance of complex scars. This is particularly relevant as the number of amputations increases, especially during times of war, such as the current war in Ukraine. For the research presented in this article, compression knits of two pattern repeats and twelve structural variations each were created. We investigated how the compression generated by the knit is influenced by the main factors which theoretically could have an effect: knitting pattern, density of loops, speed of the wheel supplying elastomeric inlay-yarn into the knitting zone, and elongation resulting from the difference between the knitted limb cover and limb circumference. It was found that in the area of low elongations (up to 50%) of the investigated elastomeric knits, the speed of supply of the inlay-yarn does not have a significant influence on the compression. However, the effect of loop density and knitting elongation on the generated compression is significant and manifests linearly. In addition, the established equations can be used for compression prediction and knitting design according to the required compression class.
Quality Evaluation and Heat and Mass Transfer Mechanism of Microwave Vacuum Drying of Astragalus Roots
Authors: Yue Yuanman , Zhang Qian , Ma Guojun , Wan Fangxin , Zang Zepeng , Xu Yanrui , Kang Futai , Huang Xiaopeng
Published: September 2024

In this research, the objective was to optimize the drying process of Astragalus by investigating the effects of microwave vacuum drying parameters, including temperature (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 °C) and slice thickness (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 mm). In addition, utilizing COMSOL 6.0 finite element analysis software, we delved into the distribution of heat and moisture during the drying process. The results revealed that drying temperature played a significantly greater role than slice thickness in determining the drying dynamics. The thermal and mass transfer mechanism indicated that the whole drying process conforms to the microwave radiation mechanism and the basic principle of electromagnetic heating. In the case of low temperatures and thinner slice sizes, the more polysaccharide content was retained; The total phenol content peaked when the slice thickness was 5 mm; The increase of slice thickness was not conducive to the retention of total flavonoids content. The potent antioxidant capacity was detected at a temperature of 40 °C, with slice thickness having a negligible effect on this capacity; Low temperatures were beneficial for the preservation of active ingredients. Compared with the scanning electron microscope, the structure appeared more uniform at a temperature of 50 °C. Based on the analysis of the kinetic characteristics of microwave vacuum drying of Astragalus and the quality achieved under various drying conditions, the results of the study can provide valuable guidance for controlling the quality of microwave vacuum drying of Astragalus under different drying requirements.
Validation of a Passive Solar Drying System Using Pineapple
Authors: Kuhn Katie , Strnad Charles , Bowman Paige , Young Keoni , Kroll Emma , DeBruine Anna , Knudson Ian , Navin Michael , Cheng Qingsu , Swedish Michael , Zhang Wujie
Published: September 2024

Wasted produce is a pertinent issue in agriculture, with billions of tons of produce going to waste even before it hits markets. Specifically, in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), nearly half of all produce is lost before market. To combat this, the Agricycle® passive solar drier was designed to provide a cost-effective method of drying fruit for preservation. Using a psychrometric chamber to simulate the SSA environment, vitamin C, total phenolic contents, and iron tests were conducted, along with microbial content determination, water content determination, dissolved solids testing, and color and microstructure analyses to validate passive solar drying, comparing the results to freeze-dried samples. Nutritional contents were comparable between fresh, freeze-dried, and solar-dried samples, with a loss in vitamin C (statistically significant), total phenolic contents, and dissolved solids during solar drying. The microbial analysis for solar-dried samples was below standard limits, and the water content in the solar-dried samples was ~10% w.b. (<20% w.b.) compared to ~3% w.b. of the freeze-dried samples. Although having comparable vitamin C, total phenolic contents, and iron values, freeze-dried and solar dried samples showed very different colors and microstructures based on colorimetry and SEM imaging. In conclusion, the Agricycle® passive solar drier is a promising alternative approach for food preservation.
Phenolic Compositions of Different Fractions from Coffee Silver Skin and Their Antioxidant Activities and Inhibition towards Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes
Authors: Dong Shiyu , Ding Lixin , Zheng Xiuqing , Wang Ou , Cai Shengbao
Published: September 2024

Seeking food-derived antioxidants and inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-amylase has been recognized as an effective way for managing diabetes. Coffee silver skin (CSS) is rich in phenolic compounds, which may be potential agents as antioxidants and for α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition. But whether phenolics in different forms show similar bioactivity remains unknown. In this study, phenolic compounds in CSS were extracted as free phenolics (FPs), esterified phenolics (EPs), and bound phenolics (BPs). The phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities of them were investigated. Their inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase were analyzed, and the inhibitory mechanisms were elucidated by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation. Results showed that FPs exhibited the best antioxidant ability and inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and α-amylase. A total of 17 compounds were identified in FPs with 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-feruloylquinic acid, and dicaffeoylquinic acids as the dominant ones. Typical phenolics in FPs could bind to α-glucosidase and α-amylase through hydrogen bonds and form hydrophobic interaction with several key amino acid residues. In addition, 3,4-dicaffeoylquinic acid and 3-caffeoylquinic acid might be the principal components that account for the inhibitory effect of FPs on α-glucosidase. The results of this study may provide some scientific support for CSS utilization as a health-beneficial component in functional food development for type 2 diabetes mellitus management.
Physicochemical, Rheology, and Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Techniques for the Characterization of Artisanal and Industrial Maroilles Cheeses
Authors: Karamoko Gaoussou , Karoui Romdhane
Published: September 2024

The investigation of the central and external zones of ten industrial and artisanal Maroilles cheeses showed differences in their physicochemical parameters, namely fat, pH, moisture content, ash, and color. This difference significantly impacted the rheological properties of the investigated cheeses, which depended on the protein network englobing lipid and water and its interaction with the other components. Overall, Maroilles cheeses had an elastic-like behavior, with the central zones exhibiting the greatest viscoelastic modules (G′ and G″). The mid-infrared (MIR) spectra highlighted the presence of lipids, proteins, and sugars. A significant difference in α-helix and β-sheet levels in the central zones was noted between artisanal and industrial Maroilles cheeses. It is suggested that the difference between artisanal and industrial Maroilles cheeses observed at the macroscopic level, due to the cheese-making procedure and ripening stage, affects the structure at the molecular level, which can be determined by MIR spectroscopy. This trend was confirmed by the FDA when applied to the MIR spectra, since 96.67% correct classification was noted between artisanal and industrial cheeses. The present study indicates that MIR spectroscopy can be used successfully to study Maroilles cheese samples belonging to different production chains.
Exploration of Volatileomics and Optical Properties of Fusarium graminearum-Contaminated Maize: An Application Basis for Low-Cost and Non-Destructive Detection
Authors: Qu Maozhen , An Changqing , Cheng Fang , Zhang Jun
Published: September 2024

Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum) in maize poses a threat to grain security. Current non-destructive detection methods face limited practical applications in grain quality detection. This study aims to understand the optical properties and volatileomics of F. graminearum-contaminated maize. Specifically, the transmission and reflection spectra (wavelength range of 200–1100 nm) were used to explore the optical properties of F. graminearum-contaminated maize. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of F. graminearum-contaminated maize were determined by headspace solid phase micro-extraction with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The VOCs of normal maize were mainly alcohols and ketones, while the VOCs of severely contaminated maize became organic acids and alcohols. The ultraviolet excitation spectrum of maize showed a peak redshift as fungi grew, and the intensity decreased in the 400–600 nm band. Peak redshift and intensity changes were observed in the visible/near-infrared reflectance and transmission spectra of F. graminearum-contaminated maize. Remarkably, optical imaging platforms based on optical properties were developed to ensure high-throughput detection for single-kernel maize. The developed imaging platform could achieve more than 80% classification accuracy, whereas asymmetric polarization imaging achieved more than 93% prediction accuracy. Overall, these results can provide theoretical support for the cost-effective preparation of low-cost gas sensors and high-prediction sorting equipment for maize quality detection.
Canonical and Non-Canonical Roles of Human DNA Polymerase η
Authors: Bedaiwi Salma , Usmani Anam , Carty Michael P.
Published: September 2024

DNA damage tolerance pathways that allow for the completion of replication following fork arrest are critical in maintaining genome stability during cell division. The main DNA damage tolerance pathways include strand switching, replication fork reversal and translesion synthesis (TLS). The TLS pathway is mediated by specialised DNA polymerases that can accommodate altered DNA structures during DNA synthesis, and are important in allowing replication to proceed after fork arrest, preventing fork collapse that can generate more deleterious double-strand breaks in the genome. TLS may occur directly at the fork, or at gaps remaining behind the fork, in the process of post-replication repair. Inactivating mutations in the human POLH gene encoding the Y-family DNA polymerase Pol η causes the skin cancer-prone genetic disease xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XPV). Pol η also contributes to chemoresistance during cancer treatment by bypassing DNA lesions induced by anti-cancer drugs including cisplatin. We review the current understanding of the canonical role of Pol η in translesion synthesis following replication arrest, as well as a number of emerging non-canonical roles of the protein in other aspects of DNA metabolism.
Two Cases of Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) Related to Viral Vector Vaccination ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca) and a Good Response after Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonist (TPO-RA) Therapy
Authors: Salveridou Konstantina , Tzamalis Theodoros , Klaiber-Hakimi Maika , Haase Sabine , Gröpper Stefanie , Giagounidis Aristoteles
Published: September 2024

Background: In 2019, a new coronavirus disease emerged in Wuhan, China, known as SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and caused an ongoing pandemic. Symptomatology of the syndrome is variable, with complications extending to hematopoiesis and hemostasis. Approximately a year after onset of the virus, four vaccination formulas became available to the public, based on a viral vector or mRNA technology. These vaccine formulas have been hampered with hematological complications, like vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) and vaccine-related ITP (immune thrombocytopenic purpura). ITP is a disease with autoimmune pathogenesis characterized by antibody production against platelets and an increased hemorrhagic risk. A decent number of cases have been referred to as possible adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccinations. Case presentation: in this case report, we present two cases of newly diagnosed ITP after vaccination with ChAdOx1-S (AstraZeneca), with a good response to treatment with thrombopoietin-receptor agonists (TPO-RAs). Discussion: we observed an absence of response after corticosteroids and IVIG therapy and a positive therapeutic outcome on TPO-RA. Conclusions: in the ongoing pandemic, there is an urgent need to create therapeutic guidelines for vaccination-related clinical entities and to clarify indications for the vaccination of patients with pre-existing hematological diseases.
Health and Heritage: The Bioarchaeological Discovery of a Probable Case of Developmental Dysplasia in an Adult Subject
Authors: Rossetti Nicol , Fusco Roberta , Messina Carmelo , Vanni Arianna , Licata Marta
Published: September 2024

Imagining life before the advent of modern medical treatments is challenging. Today, congenital dysplasia is typically diagnosed within the first months of a child’s life, allowing for timely intervention. In the past, however, this condition often went unrecognized and untreated, as evidenced by archaeological findings that document the presence of congenital dysplasia persisting into adulthood. We present the case of the individual recovered from the hypogeal cemetery of Santa Maria Maggiore in Vercelli, Italy, a funerary context dated from the 18th to the 19th century. Using macroscopic and radiographic analyses, various morphological irregularities were identified, consistent with the characteristics of developmental hip dysplasia. The skeletal remains identified as FU12 SU151 include a right os coxa and femur, belonging to an adult female. The femur features a 90-degree femoral head angle and a shortened neck with nodules. The acetabulum shows significant morphological changes, including a triangular shape and absence of lunate surfaces, deviating from the normal structure for femoral articulation. CT scans revealed a void within the acetabulum, indicating an absence of material. Despite preservation challenges that restrict the identification of definitive signs, our findings offer valuable insights into possible developmental dysplasia in historic skeletal remains. This research provides insights into the impact of untreated congenital conditions on past populations, underscoring the importance of preserving and studying such remains to enhance our understanding of historical health issues.
Biomaterials Mimicking Mechanobiology: A Specific Design for a Specific Biological Application
Authors: Donati Leonardo , Valicenti Maria Luisa , Giannoni Samuele , Morena Francesco , Martino Sabata
Published: September 2024

Mechanosensing and mechanotransduction pathways between the Extracellular Matrix (ECM) and cells form the essential crosstalk that regulates cell homeostasis, tissue development, morphology, maintenance, and function. Understanding these mechanisms involves creating an appropriate cell support that elicits signals to guide cellular functions. In this context, polymers can serve as ideal molecules for producing biomaterials designed to mimic the characteristics of the ECM, thereby triggering responsive mechanisms that closely resemble those induced by a natural physiological system. The generated specific stimuli depend on the different natural or synthetic origins of the polymers, the chemical composition, the assembly structure, and the physical and surface properties of biomaterials. This review discusses the most widely used polymers and their customization to develop biomaterials with tailored properties. It examines how the characteristics of biomaterials-based polymers can be harnessed to replicate the functions of biological cells, making them suitable for biomedical and biotechnological applications.
Nimodipine Used with Vincristine: Protects Schwann Cells and Neuronal Cells from Vincristine-Induced Cell Death but Increases Tumor Cell Susceptibility
Authors: Scheer Maximilian , Polak Mateusz , Fritzsche Saskia , Strauss Christian , Scheller Christian , Leisz Sandra
Published: September 2024

The chemotherapeutic agent vincristine is commonly used for a variety of hematologic cancers, as well as solid tumors of the head and neck, bronchial carcinoma, as part of the procarbazine, lomustine and vincristine (PCV) regimen, for glioma. Damage to nerve tissue (neuropathy) is often dose-limiting and restricts treatment. Nimodipine is a calcium antagonist that has also shown neuroprotective properties in preliminary studies. In this approach here, we investigated the effects of the combination of vincristine and nimodipine on three cancer cell lines (A549, SAS and LN229) and neuronal cells (RN33B, SW10). Fluorescence microscopy, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays and Western blot analyses were used. Nimodipine was able to enhance the cell death effects of vincristine in all tumor cells, while neuronal cells were protected and showed less cell death. There was an opposite change in the protein levels of Ak strain transforming/protein kinase B (AKT) in tumor cells (down) and neuronal cells (up), with simultaneous increased protein levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element-binding protein (CREB) in all cell lines. In the future, this approach may improve tumor response to chemotherapy and reduce unwanted side effects such as neuropathy.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Human Urine-Derived iPSCs Exhibit Low Immunogenicity and Reduced Immunomodulatory Profile
Authors: Wang Peiyun , Zhang Ying , Li Zhixing , Zhou Shenglan , Tang Qiyu , Wang Zujia , Xiao Rou , Feng Mai , Wu Lingqian , Liang Desheng
Published: September 2024

Human-induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iMSCs) represent a promising and renewable cell source for therapeutic applications. A systematic evaluation of the immunological properties and engraftment potential of iMSCs generated from urine-derived iPSCs is lacking, which has impeded their broader application. In this study, we differentiated urine-derived iPSCs into iMSCs and assessed their fundamental MSC characteristics, immunogenicity, immunomodulatory capacity and in vivo engraftment. Compared to umbilical cord-derived MSCs (UCMSCs), iMSCs demonstrated an enhanced proliferative capacity, a higher level of regenerative gene expression, and lower immunogenicity, strengthening resistance to apoptosis induced by allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the NK-92 cell line. In addition, iMSCs exhibited a diminished ability to inhibit T cell proliferation and activation compared with UCMSCs. Transcriptomic analyses further revealed the decreased expression of immune regulatory factors in iMSCs. After transfusion into mouse models, iMSCs engrafted in the lungs, liver, and spleen and exhibited the ability to migrate to tumor tissues. Our results indicated that iMSCs generated from urine-derived iPSCs have a significant replicative capacity, low immunogenicity and unique immunomodulatory properties, and hence offer obvious advantages in immune privilege and allogenic therapeutic application prospects.
Crosstalk between BER and NHEJ in XRCC4-Deficient Cells Depending on hTERT Overexpression
Authors: Sergeeva Svetlana V. , Loshchenova Polina S. , Oshchepkov Dmitry Yu. , Orishchenko Konstantin E.
Published: September 2024

Targeting DNA repair pathways is an important strategy in anticancer therapy. However, the unrevealed interactions between different DNA repair systems may interfere with the desired therapeutic effect. Among DNA repair systems, BER and NHEJ protect genome integrity through the entire cell cycle. BER is involved in the repair of DNA base lesions and DNA single-strand breaks (SSBs), while NHEJ is responsible for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Previously, we showed that BER deficiency leads to downregulation of NHEJ gene expression. Here, we studied BER’s response to NHEJ deficiency induced by knockdown of NHEJ scaffold protein XRCC4 and compared the knockdown effects in normal (TIG-1) and hTERT-modified cells (NBE1). We investigated the expression of the XRCC1, LIG3, and APE1 genes of BER and LIG4; the Ku70/Ku80 genes of NHEJ at the mRNA and protein levels; as well as p53, Sp1 and PARP1. We found that, in both cell lines, XRCC4 knockdown leads to a decrease in the mRNA levels of both BER and NHEJ genes, though the effect on protein level is not uniform. XRCC4 knockdown caused an increase in p53 and Sp1 proteins, but caused G1/S delay only in normal cells. Despite the increased p53 protein, p21 did not significantly increase in NBE1 cells with overexpressed hTERT, and this correlated with the absence of G1/S delay in these cells. The data highlight the regulatory function of the XRCC4 scaffold protein and imply its connection to a transcriptional regulatory network or mRNA metabolism.
Variation in Ants’ Chemical Recognition Signals across Vineyard Agroecosystems
Authors: Hais Arthur , Casacci Luca Pietro , d’Ettorre Patrizia , Badía-Villas David , Leroy Chloé , Barbero Francesca
Published: September 2024

Ant evolutionary success depends mainly on the coordination of colony members, who recognize nestmates based on the cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profile of their epicuticle. While several studies have examined variations in this crucial factor for colony identity, few have investigated the anthropic impact on CHC profiles, and none have focused on Lasius paralienus. Here, we surveyed the changes in L. paralienus CHC assemblages across agroecosystems and assessed whether different vineyard management influences these profiles. Soil sampling within ant nests and in close surroundings was performed to measure microhabitat variations. Our results show that the cuticular chemical composition of Lasius paralienus is mainly affected by the differences between areas, with an existing but unclear anthropic influence on them. Normalized soil respiration partially explains these interarea variations. Irrespective of the conventional or organic management, human activities in agroecosystems mostly impacted L. paralienus linear alkanes, a specific class of CHCs known to play a major role against dehydration, but also affected the abundance of compounds that can be pivotal for maintaining the colony identity. Our findings suggest that vineyard practices primarily affect features of the ant cuticle, potentially enhancing microclimate adaptations. Still, the potential effects as disruptive factors need further investigation through the implementation of behavioral bioassays.
Effects of Corm Treatment with Cold Plasma and Electromagnetic Field on Growth and Production of Saffron Metabolites in Crocus sativus
Authors: Mildažienė Vida , Žūkienė Rasa , Fomins Laima Degutytė , Naučienė Zita , Minkutė Rima , Jarukas Laurynas , Drapak Iryna , Georgiyants Victoriya , Novickij Vitalij , Koga Kazunori , Shiratani Masaharu , Mykhailenko Olha
Published: September 2024

Crocus sativus L. is a widely cultivated traditional plant for obtaining dried red stigmas known as “saffron,” the most expensive spice in the world. The response of C. sativus to pre-sowing processing of corms with cold plasma (CP, 3 and 5 min), vacuum (3 min), and electromagnetic field (EMF, 5 min) was assessed to verify how such treatments affect plant performance and the quality and yield of herbal raw materials. The results show that applied physical stressors did not affect the viability of corms but caused stressor-dependent changes in the kinetics of sprouting, growth parameters, leaf trichome density, and secondary metabolite content in stigmas. The effect of CP treatment on plant growth and metabolite content was negative, but all stressors significantly (by 42–74%) increased the number of leaf trichomes. CP3 treatment significantly decreased the length and dry weight of flowers by 43% and 60%, respectively, while EMF treatment increased the length of flowers by 27%. However, longer CP treatment (5 min) delayed germination. Vacuum treatment improved the uniformity of germination by 28% but caused smaller changes in the content of stigma compounds compared with CP and EMF. Twenty-six compounds were identified in total in Crocus stigma samples by the HPLC-DAD method, including 23 crocins, rutin, picrocrocin, and safranal. Processing of Crocus corms with EMF showed the greatest efficiency in increasing the production of secondary metabolites in saffron. EMF increased the content of marker compounds in stigmas (crocin 4: from 8.95 to 431.17 mg/g; crocin 3: from 6.27 to 164.86 mg/g; picrocrocin: from 0.4 to 1.0 mg/g), although the observed effects on growth were neutral or slightly positive. The obtained findings indicate that treatment of C. sativus corms with EMF has the potential application for increasing the quality of saffron by enhancing the amounts of biologically active compounds.
Establishment of Translational Luciferase-Based Cancer Models to Evaluate Antitumoral Therapies
Authors: Ramos-Gonzalez Martin R. , Sirpu Natesh Nagabhishek , Rachagani Satyanarayana , Amos-Landgraf James , Shirwan Haval , Yolcu Esma S. , Gomez-Gutierrez Jorge G.
Published: September 2024

Luciferase (luc) bioluminescence (BL) is the most used light-emitting protein that has been engineered to be expressed in multiple cancer cell lines, allowing for the detection of tumor nodules in vivo as it can penetrate most tissues. The goal of this study was to develop an oncolytic adenovirus (OAd)-resistant human triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) that could express luciferase. Thus, when combining an OAd with chemotherapies or targeted therapies, we would be able to monitor the ability of these compounds to enhance OAd antitumor efficacy using BL in real time. The TNBC cell line HCC1937 was stably transfected with the plasmid pGL4.50[luc2/CMV/Hygro] (HCC1937/luc2). Once established, HCC1937/luc2 was orthotopically implanted in the 4th mammary gland fat pad of NSG (non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency disease gamma) female mice. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) revealed that the HCC1937/luc2 cell line developed orthotopic breast tumor and lung metastasis over time. However, the integration of luc plasmid modified the HCC1937 phenotype, making HCC1937/luc2 more sensitive to OAdmCherry compared to the parental cell line and blunting the interferon (IFN) antiviral response. Testing two additional luc cell lines revealed that this was not a universal response; however, proper controls would need to be evaluated, as the integration of luciferase could affect the cells’ response to different treatments.