bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Storytime-Palooza! Racial Diversity and Inclusion in Storytime
Authors: Krueger Anna Haase , Lee Tamara
Published: September 2016

If librarians truly believe the “Every” in Every Child Ready to Read, then they need to ensure that the materials and programming offered in storytimes are racially diverse, equitable, and inclusive. All children need to see themselves reflected in storytime adventures and see others who are different from them represented with equal importance.
Remote sensing applied to the detection of changes in land use and surface temperature in the Mojuí River watershed
Authors: Corrêa Jéssica Ariana de Jesus , Andrade Silvia Cristina de Pádua , Pereira Izaura Cristina Nunes , Borges Thiago César de Sousa , Santos Pauliana Vinhote dos
Published: September 2016

The changes resulting from intensive land use, go beyond the changes in the landscape configuration and the availability of natural resources, also affect the physical and biological properties of the soil, and the energy exchange at the surface interface - atmosphere, occurring through the components the radiation balance, the surface temperature highlighting (Ts) that is highly susceptible to the pattern of land occupation. Mojuí River watershed in western Pará, is embedded in a region of diverse uses and land cover, and comes under pressure due to the expansion of mechanized agriculture and the influence of the dynamics surrounding the BR-163 (Cuiabá-Santarém) where much of the forest cover has been degraded. Thus, the purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamics of land use in the basin of Mojuí River and the surface temperature (Ts) by map land use and land cover and Ts, using this algorithm the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) and satellite images Landsat 5 - TM, corresponding to the days 02/08/1999 and 29/06/2010, processed in SPRING software. The results showed that the introduction of mechanized agriculture in the region significantly changed the local landscape as well as the expansion of the urban area of the municipality studied. It contacted even if, in addition to changes imposed on vegetation, human activities have caused an imbalance in surface temperature, which showed more areas with higher temperature values due to the increase of areas with exposed soil.
Hyperspectral analysis in areas of Caatinga degraded in the municipality of Sertânia - PE
Authors: Gomes Viviane Pedroso
Published: September 2016

The brazilian region semiarid has as predominant vegetation the caatinga. The Caatinga Forest has one of its striking features its excellent adaptation to arid conditions. This exclusively brazilian ecosystem has a great biodiversity, but promote their preservation is a major obstacle to be overcome, one is the best knowledge of their chemical and physical processes. Thus the hyperspectral remote sensing can help enough in the characterization and monitoring of this ecosystem, where the hyperspectral data collected by these sensors can be transformed into different information biophysical aspects of vegetable toppings. In this work was used images hyperspectral of the Hyperion Satellite Earth Observing1 sensor (EO-1). The software utilized for analysis and the pre-processing of the image was the ENVI 4.4 software, where we generated the NDVI - vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) and the indexes of leaf pigments PRI (Photochemical Reflectance Index), SIPI (Structure Insensitive pigment Index) and CRI (1 Carotenoid Reflectance Index).The indices generated answered well to the structure of the cover and characteristics vegetation. Allowing this way, get more accurate data of vegetation indices and leaf pigments such, as chlorophyll and carotenoids.
Rainfall diagnosis in different time scales in Maranhão using the wavelet transform
Authors: Costa Adriana de Souza , Dos Santos Nayara Arroxelas , Braga Célia Campos
Published: September 2016

Abstract: This study aims to make a diagnostic analysis of seasonal and annual precipitation in different scales of time and relate them to atmospheric mechanisms that operate in different regions of the Maranhão State. For this we applied the methodology of Wavelet Transform (WT) the climatological series of rainfull in different homogeneous regions. The result of applying the WT to climatological series of rainfall has highlighted the different scales time, years that occurred heavy rains in the regions and show the dominant time scales and their interactions with smaller scales (seasonal, semiannual) and relate the variability of precipitation with major weather systems that operate in the state. Keywords: Rain, time series, time scale.
Analysis Comparison Behavior of Vegetation in the Paraíba State Using Remote Sensing Avhrr/Noaa and Precipitation Pluvial
Authors: Rocha Tiago Almeida , De Brito Costa Wanessa Luana , Braga Célia Campos
Published: September 2016

Abstract: This study aims to make a monthly monitoring of the spatial variability of vegetation in the Paraiba State, from daily images of AVHRR / NOAA sensor systems during the years 2013 and 2014, with a spatial resolution of 4 km. We used the software ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) to do the calibration processing and processing of images. We calculated the value higher NDVI (Difference Vegetation Index Normalized) monthly at each grid point and made up the monthly maps of vegetation indices for the Paraíba State. The results showed that the vegetation index is an indicator of the response of rainfall in a given region, ie, a dry / wet season causes a decrease / increase in NDVI, thus underlining the importance of rain in the dynamics of the regional vegetation. It is worth noting that although the years have presented below the climatological average, the year 2014 was also drier than in 2013. Keywords: Spatial variability, rainfall, NDVI.
Novel Peripherally Derived Neural-Like Stem Cells as Therapeutic Carriers for Treating Glioblastomas
Authors: Birbrair Alexander , Sattiraju Anirudh , Zhu Dongqin , Zulato Gilberto , Batista Izadora , Nguyen Van T. , Messi Maria Laura , Solingapuram Sai Kiran Kumar , Marini Frank C. , Delbono Osvaldo , Mintz Akiva
Published: September 2016

Glioblastoma (GBM), an aggressive grade IV astrocytoma, is the most common primary malignant adult brain tumor characterized by extensive invasiveness, heterogeneity, and angiogenesis. Standard treatment options such as radiation and chemotherapy have proven to be only marginally effective in treating GBM because of its invasive nature. Therefore, extensive efforts have been put forth to develop tumor-tropic stem cells as viable therapeutic vehicles with potential to treat even the most invasive tumor cells that are harbored within areas of normal brain. To this end, we discovered a newly described NG2-expressing cell that we isolated from a distinct pericyte subtype found abundantly in cultures derived from peripheral muscle. In this work, we show the translational significance of these peripherally derived neural-like stem cells (NLSC) and their potential to migrate toward tumors and act as therapeutic carriers. We demonstrate that these NLSCs exhibit in vitro and in vivo GBM tropism. Furthermore, NLSCs did not promote angiogenesis or transform into tumor-associated stromal cells, which are concerns raised when using other common stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells and induced neural stem cells, as therapeutic carriers. We also demonstrate the potential of NLSCs to express a prototype therapeutic, tumor necrosis factor α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand and kill GBM cells in vitro. These data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of our newly characterized NLSC against GBM.
DEMOS, RAPHAEL. A DISCUSSION OF A CERTAIN TYPE OF NEGATIVE PROPOSITION. PUBLICADA EM MIND 26 (102), 1917, PP. 188-196.
Authors: Silva Marcos
Published: September 2016

Título Original do Artigo: A Discussion of a Certain Type of Negative Proposition. Autor: Raphael Demos. Publicada em Mind 26 (102), 1917, pp. 188-196.
VAN FRAASSEN E A INFERÊNCIA DA MELHOR EXPLICAÇÃO
Authors: Minikoski Debora Domingas , Da Silva Marcos Rodrigues
Published: September 2016

Construído de modo a estabelecer uma justificativa epistemológica para a crença na verdade de teorias cientificas bem sucedidas, bem como para a legitimação das inferências científicas de entidades inobserváveis, o argumento realista da inferência da melhor explicação recebeu diversas críticas. Dentre elas destaca-se a crítica do filósofo empirista Bas van Fraassen, que não considera que o argumento forneça o suporte filosófico desejado pelos realistas, e portanto a crença suscitada por uma teoria científica bem sucedida deve se limitar aos seus aspectos observáveis. Para realistas, a crítica de van Fraassen, por estar baseada em sua concepção empirista, não tira do argumento suas virtudes epistemológicas. Contudo, argumentaremos neste artigo, a crítica de van Fraassen ao argumento da inferência da melhor explicação possui três dimensões distintas e portanto não se baseia somente em sua concepção empirista.
O PROPÓSITO DE UM “PSEUDO FORMALISMO” PARA ANALISAR A ARTE CONTEMPORÂNEA
Authors: Albuquerque Fellipe Eloy Teixeira
Published: September 2016

No ano de 2015 foi celebrado o centésimo aniversário da publicação mais significativa de Heinrich Wölfflin: Conceitos fundamentais da História da Arte (2010). Esse artigo discutirá sobre as novas metodológicas que se apropriaram ou tentaram evoluir a partir da contribuição wölffliniana e como tais discussões contribuirão para a compreensão da estética ou filosofia da arte contemporânea.
Initiation of antiretroviral therapy before detection of colonic infiltration by HIV reduces viral reservoirs, inflammation and immune activation
Authors: Crowell Trevor A , Fletcher James LK , Sereti Irini , Pinyakorn Suteeraporn , Dewar Robin , Krebs Shelly J , Chomchey Nitiya , Rerknimitr Rungsun , Schuetz Alexandra , Michael Nelson L , Phanuphak Nittaya , Chomont Nicolas , Ananworanich Jintanat ,   for the RV254/SEARCH010 Study Group
Published: September 2016

Introduction

Colonic infiltration by HIV occurs soon after infection, establishing a persistent viral reservoir and a barrier to cure. We investigated virologic and immunologic correlates of detectable colonic HIV RNA during acute HIV infection (AHI) and their response to antiretroviral treatment (ART).

Methods

From 49,458 samples screened for HIV, 74 participants were enrolled during AHI and 41 consented to optional sigmoidoscopy, HIV RNA was categorized as detectable (≥50 copies/mg) or undetectable in homogenized colon biopsy specimens. Biomarkers and HIV burden in blood, colon and cerebrospinal fluid were compared between groups and after 24 weeks of ART.

Results

Colonic HIV RNA was detectable in 31 participants (76%) and was associated with longer duration since HIV exposure (median 16 vs. 11 days, p=0.02), higher median plasma levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers (CXCL10 476 vs. 148 pg/mL, p=0.02; TNF‐RII 1036 vs. 649 pg/mL, p<0.01; neopterin 2405 vs. 1368 pg/mL, p=0.01) and higher levels of CD8+ T cell activation in the blood (human leukocyte antigen ‐ antigen D related (HLA‐DR)/CD38 expression 14.4% vs. 7.6%, p <0.01) and colon (8.9% vs. 4.5%, p=0.01). After 24 weeks of ART, participants with baseline detectable colonic HIV RNA demonstrated persistent elevations in total HIV DNA in colonic mucosal mononuclear cells (CMMCs) (median 61 vs. 0 copies/106 CMMCs, p=0.03) and a trend towards higher total HIV DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (41 vs. 1.5 copies/106 PBMCs, p=0.06). There were no persistent differences in immune activation and inflammation.

Conclusions

The presence of detectable colonic HIV RNA at the time of ART initiation during AHI is associated with higher levels of proviral DNA after 24 weeks of treatment. Seeding of HIV in the gut may have long‐lasting effects on the size of persistent viral reservoirs and may represent an important therapeutic target in eradication strategies.
Nuclear pore assembly proceeds by an inside-out extrusion of the nuclear envelope
Authors: Otsuka Shotaro , Bui Khanh Huy , Schorb Martin , Hossain M Julius , Politi Antonio Z , Koch Birgit , Eltsov Mikhail , Beck Martin , Ellenberg Jan
Published: September 2016

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) mediates nucleocytoplasmic transport through the nuclear envelope. How the NPC assembles into this double membrane boundary has remained enigmatic. Here, we captured temporally staged assembly intermediates by correlating live cell imaging with high-resolution electron tomography and super-resolution microscopy. Intermediates were dome-shaped evaginations of the inner nuclear membrane (INM), that grew in diameter and depth until they fused with the flat outer nuclear membrane. Live and super-resolved fluorescence microscopy revealed the molecular maturation of the intermediates, which initially contained the nuclear and cytoplasmic ring component Nup107, and only later the cytoplasmic filament component Nup358. EM particle averaging showed that the evagination base was surrounded by an 8-fold rotationally symmetric ring structure from the beginning and that a growing mushroom-shaped density was continuously associated with the deforming membrane. Quantitative structural analysis revealed that interphase NPC assembly proceeds by an asymmetric inside-out extrusion of the INM.
Electroluminescence at 1.3 µm from InAs/GaAs quantum dots monolithically grown on Ge/Si substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Rajesh Mohan , Nishioka Masao , Arakawa Yasuhiko
Published: September 2016

We report the first demonstration of electroluminescence at 1.3 µm from InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) monolithically grown on a Ge/Si substrate by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). High-density coalescence-free InAs/Sb:GaAs QDs emitting at 1.3 µm were obtained on a GaAs/Ge/Si wafer. The post-growth annealing of the GaAs buffer layer shows a significant improvement in the room-temperature (RT) photoluminescence (PL) intensity of QDs grown on a GaAs/Ge/Si wafer, comparable to those QDs grown on a reference GaAs substrate. Together, these results are promising for the realization of a QD laser on a Si substrate by MOCVD for silicon photonics application.
Effect of metal particles on the rate of Si etching with N-fluoropyridinium salts
Authors: Otani Masaki , Kawai Kentaro , Tsukamoto Kentaro , Nagai Takabumi , Adachi Kenji , Uchikoshi Junichi , Arima Kenta , Morita Mizuho
Published: September 2016

The effect of Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pd, Ag, Pt, or Au metal particles on the rate of Si etching using N-fluoropyridinium salts was examined. The average etching depth increased when N-fluoropyridinium salts were mixed with Cu particles. The activation energy determined from the temperature dependence of the average etching rate for the Cu particles is lower than that without a metal. The Cu particles greatly improve the etching of Si with the salts compared with the other metals. The magnitude of the effect of the Cu particles on the rate of Si etching with the salts is larger than that of the Mn, Fe, Ni, or Zn particles. This can be explained by the order of the relative stabilities of the complexes formed by bivalent ions of transition metals. The etching method involves the application of easy-to-handle salts containing Cu particles as etchants on the Si surface and has the potential to be a simple and less expensive form of Si etching.
The evidence of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus induced nonsuppurative encephalitis as the cause of death in piglets
Authors: Li Zi , He Wenqi , Lan Yungang , Zhao Kui , Lv Xiaoling , Lu Huijun , Ding Ning , Zhang Jing , Shi Junchao , Shan Changjian , Gao Feng
Published: September 2016

An acute outbreak of porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) infection in piglets, characterized with neurological symptoms, vomiting, diarrhea, and wasting, occurred in China. Coronavirus-like particles were observed in the homogenized tissue suspensions of the brain of dead piglets by electron microscopy, and a wild PHEV strain was isolated, characterized, and designated as PHEV-CC14. Histopathologic examinations of the dead piglets showed characteristics of non-suppurative encephalitis, and some neurons in the cerebral cortex were degenerated and necrotic, and neuronophagia. Similarly, mice inoculated with PHEV-CC14 were found to have central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction, with symptoms of depression, arched waists, standing and vellicating front claws. Furthmore, PHEV-positive labeling of neurons in cortices of dead piglets and infected mice supported the viral infections of the nervous system. Then, the major structural genes of PHEV-CC14 were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed, and the strain shared 95%–99.2% nt identity with the other PHEV strains available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis clearly proved that the wild strain clustered into a subclass with a HEV-JT06 strain. These findings suggested that the virus had a strong tropism for CNS, in this way, inducing nonsuppurative encephalitis as the cause of death in piglets. Simultaneously, the predicted risk of widespread transmission showed a certain variation among the PHEV strains currently circulating around the world. Above all, the information presented in this study can not only provide good reference for the experimental diagnosis of PHEV infection for pig breeding, but also promote its new effective vaccine development.
Muscle size explains low passive skeletal muscle force in heart failure patients
Authors: Panizzolo Fausto Antonio , Maiorana Andrew J. , Naylor Louise H. , Dembo Lawrence G. , Lloyd David G. , Green Daniel J. , Rubenson Jonas
Published: September 2016

Background

Alterations in skeletal muscle function and architecture have been linked to the compromised exercise capacity characterizing chronic heart failure (CHF). However, how passive skeletal muscle force is affected in CHF is not clear. Understanding passive force characteristics in CHF can help further elucidate the extent to which altered contractile properties and/or architecture might affect muscle and locomotor function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate passive force in a single muscle for which non-invasive measures of muscle size and estimates of fiber force are possible, the soleus (SOL), both in CHF patients and age- and physical activity-matched control participants.

Methods

Passive SOL muscle force and size were obtained by means of a novel approach combining experimental data (dynamometry, electromyography, ultrasound imaging) with a musculoskeletal model.

Results

We found reduced passive SOL forces (∼30%) (at the same relative levels of muscle stretch) in CHF vs. healthy individuals. This difference was eliminated when force was normalized by physiological cross sectional area, indicating that reduced force output may be most strongly associated with muscle size. Nevertheless, passive force was significantly higher in CHF at a given absolute muscle length (non length-normalized) and likely explained by the shorter muscle slack lengths and optimal muscle lengths measured in CHF compared to the control participants. This later factor may lead to altered performance of the SOL in functional tasks such gait.

Discussion

These findings suggest introducing exercise rehabilitation targeting muscle hypertrophy and, specifically for the calf muscles, exercise that promotes muscle lengthening.
A ‘post-honeymoon’ measles epidemic in Burundi: mathematical model-based analysis and implications for vaccination timing
Authors: Corey Katelyn C. , Noymer Andrew
Published: September 2016

Using a mathematical model with realistic demography, we analyze a large outbreak of measles in Muyinga sector in rural Burundi in 1988–1989. We generate simulated epidemic curves and age × time epidemic surfaces, which we qualitatively and quantitatively compare with the data. Our findings suggest that supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) should be used in places where routine vaccination cannot keep up with the increasing numbers of susceptible individuals resulting from population growth or from logistical problems such as cold chain maintenance. We use the model to characterize the relationship between SIA frequency and SIA age range necessary to suppress measles outbreaks. If SIAs are less frequent, they must expand their target age range.
Prenatal Sonographic Predictors of Neonatal Coarctation of the Aorta
Authors: Anuwutnavin Sanitra , Satou Gary , Chang Ruey-Kang , DeVore Greggory R. , Abuel Ashley , Sklansky Mark
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To identify practical prenatal sonographic markers for the postnatal diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta.

Methods

We reviewed the fetal echocardiograms and postnatal outcomes of fetal cases of suspected coarctation of the aorta seen at a single institution between 2010 and 2014. True‐ and false‐positive cases were compared. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine echocardiographic predictors of coarctation of the aorta. Optimal cutoffs for these markers and a multivariable threshold scoring system were derived to discriminate fetuses with coarctation of the aorta from those without coarctation of the aorta.

Results

Among 35 patients with prenatal suspicion of coarctation of the aorta, the diagnosis was confirmed postnatally in 9 neonates (25.7% true‐positive rate). Significant predictors identified from multivariate analysis were as follows: Z score for the ascending aorta diameter of −2 or less (P = < .001), Z score for the mitral valve annulus of −2 or less (P= .033), Zscore for the transverse aortic arch diameter of −2 or less (P= .028), and abnormal aortic valve morphologic features (P= .026). Among all variables studied, the ascending aortic Z score had the highest sensitivity (78%) and specificity (92%) for detection of coarctation of the aorta. A multivariable threshold scoring system identified fetuses with coarctation of the aorta with still greater sensitivity (89%) and only mildly decreased specificity (88%).

Conclusions

The finding of a diminutive ascending aorta represents a powerful and practical prenatal predictor of neonatal coarctation of the aorta. A multivariable scoring system, including dimensions of the ascending and transverse aortas, mitral valve annulus, and morphologic features of the aortic valve, provides excellent sensitivity and specificity. The use of these practical sonographic markers may improve prenatal detection of coarctation of the aorta.
Sonographic Evaluation for Endometrial Polyps
Authors: Kamaya Aya , Yu Pauline Chang , Lloyd Carla Ramas , Chen Bertha H. , Desser Terry S. , Maturen Katherine E.
Published: September 2016

Objectives

To evaluate the interrupted mucosa sign for identification of endometrial polyps, using pathologic confirmation as the reference standard, compared to other accepted sonographic findings.

Methods

We reviewed 195 patients referred for pelvic sonographic evaluations for suspected endometrial polyps in this retrospective Institutional Review Board–approved study. Of these, 82 had tissue sampling of the endometrium and constituted the final study group. Patient data, including age, menopausal status, last menstrual period, and final pathologic diagnosis, were recorded. Sonograms were reviewed by 2 blinded board‐certified radiologists for endometrial features, including thickness, echogenicity, vascularity, presence of a mass, and the interrupted mucosa sign. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 44.99 (SD, 9.88) years, 79.1% of whom were premenopausal. Pathologic diagnosis confirmed polyps in 58 (70.73%). A single feeding vessel was visualized in 36 patients with polyps (62.07%), whereas the interrupted mucosa sign was visualized in 34 (58.62%). The presence of a feeding vessel, the interrupted mucosa sign, or both detected 48 (82.76%) of the polyps. In the multivariate analysis, only the interrupted mucosa sign was a statistically significant predictor of pathologic diagnosis of a polyp (P= .035), with an odds ratio of 3.83 (95% confidence interval, 1.10–13.29). Other sonographic findings were not independent predictors of a polyp: mass (P = .35), single feeding vessel (P = .31), endometrial thickness (P = .88), and endometrial echogenicity (P = .45). The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of the interrupted mucosa sign were 59%, 75%, and 85%, respectively.

Conclusions

The interrupted mucosa sign is a promising sonographic sign for identification of endometrial polyps, with greater predictive power than previously described signs. It has the potential to improve the diagnostic performance of sonography, especially when used in combination with other described signs.
Gasoline Fuels for Spark‐Ignition Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Hancsók Jenő
Published: September 2016

Gasoline is a mixture of volatile petroleum components, used as the energy source in internal combustion spark‐ignition engines. It is composed of volatile mixture of 20–200°C distillating paraffinic, naphtenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), and quality‐improving additives. In addition to being suitable for use in the spark‐ignition (Otto) engine, gasoline must meet regulatory requirements and standards.

This article covers such topics as the demand for fuels for transportation, composition, properties, and standards of gasoline fuels as well as production, quality control, and emission regulation in different regions.
Surface and Interface Analysis
Authors: Hofmann Siegfried
Published: September 2016

After a brief survey of surface and interface analysis methods, selected methods are discussed, emphasizing the following aspects: (i) analysis of surface morphology [transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM)], (ii) analysis of surface elemental composition (and often compounds) [X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), sputter depth profiling, ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)], and (iii) analysis of surface molecular composition and structure [Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS)].
Microalgae for Energy
Authors: Razeghifard Reza
Published: September 2016

Algae are capable of switching their metabolism that is integrated with photosynthesis under certain conditions to produce H2gas and substrates for fuels such as biodiesel. H2is produced by microalgae under anaerobic conditions induced by sulfur deprivation as the most commonly applied treatment. Under these conditions, the demand for reducing electrons by the CO2fixation process is decreased making them available for H2production by algal O2‐senstive hydrogenase enzymes. The electrons are generated from water oxidation by the photosynthetic linear electron transfer and the oxidation of stored organic compounds such as starch. Biodiesel as fatty acid methyl esters can be produced from algal triacylglycerides by a transesterification process. The triacylglyceride synthesis in microalgae can be induced under stress conditions such as nitrogen (N) deprivation. Proteomic studies have shown that N stress can cause a shift in metabolism in favor of directing carbon skeletons toward fatty acid biosynthesis for triacylglyceride production. Several important factors limiting the potential of microalgae for biofuel production and their possible solutions, including the production of other fuels such as bioethanol and biomethane from algal biomass are also presented.
Dynamic hydrologic modeling using the zero‐parameter Budyko model with instantaneous dryness index
Authors: Biswal Basudev
Published: September 2016

Long‐term partitioning of hydrologic quantities is achieved by using the zero‐parameter Budyko model which defines a dryness index. However, this approach is not suitable for dynamic partitioning particularly at diminishing timescales, and therefore, a universally applicable zero‐parameter model remains elusive. Here an instantaneous dryness index is proposed which enables dynamic hydrologic modeling using the Budyko model. By introducing a “decay function” that characterizes the effects of antecedent rainfall and solar energy on the dryness state of a basin at a time, I propose the concept of instantaneous dryness index and use the Budyko function to perform continuous hydrologic partitioning. Using the same decay function, I then obtain discharge time series from the effective rainfall time series. The model is evaluated by considering data form 63 U.S. Geological Survey basins. Results indicate the possibility of using the proposed framework as an alternative platform for prediction in ungagued basins.
Propagation and linear mode conversion of magnetosonic and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the radiation belts
Authors: Horne Richard B. , Miyoshi Yoshizumi
Published: September 2016

Magnetosonic waves and electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are important for electron acceleration and loss from the radiation belts. It is generally understood that these waves are generated by unstable ion distributions that form during geomagnetically disturbed times. Here we show that magnetosonic waves could be a source of EMIC waves as a result of propagation and a process of linear mode conversion. The converse is also possible. We present ray tracing to show how magnetosonic (EMIC) waves launched with large (small) wave normal angles can reach a location where the wave normal angle is zero and the wave frequency equals the so‐called crossover frequency whereupon energy can be converted from one mode to another without attenuation. While EMIC waves could be a source of magnetosonic waves below the crossover frequency, magnetosonic waves could be a source of hydrogen band waves but not helium band waves.
The magmatic plumbing system of the Askja central volcano, Iceland, as imaged by seismic tomography
Authors: Greenfield Tim , White Robert S. , Roecker Steven
Published: September 2016

The magmatic plumbing system beneath Askja, a volcano in the central Icelandic highlands, is imaged using local earthquake tomography. We use a catalog of more than 1300 earthquakes widely distributed in location and depth to invert for the P wave velocity (Vp) and the Vp/Vs ratio. Extensive synthetic tests show that the minimum size of any velocity anomaly recovered by the model is ~4 km in the upper crust (depth < 8 km below sea level (bsl)), increasing to ~10 km in the lower crust at a depth of 20 km bsl. The plumbing system of Askja is revealed as a series of high‐Vp/Vs ratio bodies situated at discrete depths throughout the crust to depths of over 20 km. We interpret these to be regions of the crust which currently store melt with melt fractions of ~10%. The lower crustal bodies are all seismically active, suggesting that melt is being actively transported in these regions. The main melt storage regions lie beneath Askja volcano, concentrated at depths of 5 km bsl with a smaller region at 9 km bsl. Their total volume is ~100 km3. Using the recorded waveforms, we show that there is also likely to be a small, highly attenuating magmatic body at a shallower depth of about 2 km bsl.
Surface shear stress dependence of gas transfer velocity parameterizations using DNS
Authors: Fredriksson S. T. , Arneborg L. , Nilsson H. , Handler R. A.
Published: September 2016

Air‐water gas‐exchange is studied in direct numerical simulations (DNS) of free‐surface flows driven by natural convection and weak winds. The wind is modeled as a constant surface‐shear‐stress and the gas‐transfer is modeled via a passive scalar. The simulations are characterized via a Richardson number
where
,
, and
are the buoyancy flux, kinematic viscosity, and friction velocity respectively. The simulations comprise
ranging from convection‐dominated to shear‐dominated cases. The results are used to: (i) evaluate parameterizations of the air‐water gas‐exchange, (ii) determine, for a given buoyancy flux, the wind speed at which gas transfer becomes primarily shear driven, and (iii) find an expression for the gas‐transfer velocity for flows driven by both convection and shear. The evaluated gas transfer‐velocity parametrizations are based on either the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation, the surface flow‐divergence, the surface heat‐flux, or the wind‐speed. The parametrizations based on dissipation or divergence show an unfavorable
dependence for flows with combined forcing whereas the parametrization based on heat‐flux only shows a limited
dependence. The two parametrizations based on wind speed give reasonable estimates for the transfer‐velocity, depending however on the surface heat‐flux. The transition from convection‐ to shear‐dominated gas‐transfer‐velocity is shown to be at
. Furthermore, the gas‐transfer is shown to be well represented by two different approaches: (i) additive forcing expressed as
where
, and (ii) either buoyancy or shear dominated expressed as,
or
. Here
and
are constants, and
is an exponent that depends on the water surface‐characteristics.
Uncertainties in radiometer intercalibration associated with variability in geophysical parameters
Authors: Yang John Xun , McKague Darren S. , Ruf Christopher S.
Published: September 2016

Spaceborne radiometry plays a major role in weather and climate science and applications. Intercalibrating different radiometers has become an indispensable task for diagnosing instrument performance and integrating constellation data to extend the observational record. Because intercalibration affects both base radiance data and downstream science products, it is critical to examine intercalibration performance. In this study, we use constellation radiometer data from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission to detect and characterize a pronounced variability in intercalibration stability with a ~40 day periodicity. A regional dependence of the calibration is also found. The variability is related to geophysical parameters including water vapor, surface wind speed, and sea surface temperature. It is found that the variability is caused by periodic variations in the local times and locations of the overlap regions between spacecraft. An analytical orbit model is developed for calculating the period of oscillation and agrees well with observation. Calibration errors show nonlinear and nonmonotonic dependences on geophysical parameters and brightness temperature, which cannot be removed by simple linear regression. The variability affects both base radiance calibration accuracy and retrieved science data products.
Temperature and precipitation extremes in century‐long gridded observations, reanalyses, and atmospheric model simulations
Authors: Donat Markus G. , Alexander Lisa V. , Herold Nicholas , Dittus Andrea J.
Published: September 2016

Knowledge about long‐term changes in climate extremes is vital to better understand multidecadal climate variability and long‐term changes and to place today's extreme events in a historical context. While global changes in temperature and precipitation extremes since the midtwentieth century are well studied, knowledge about century‐scale changes is limited. This paper analyses a range of largely independent observations‐based data sets covering 1901–2010 for long‐term changes and interannual variability in daily scale temperature and precipitation extremes. We compare across data sets for consistency to ascertain our confidence in century‐scale changes in extremes. We find consistent warming trends in temperature extremes globally and in most land areas over the past century. For precipitation extremes we find global tendencies toward more intense rainfall throughout much of the twentieth century; however, local changes are spatially more variable. While global time series of the different data sets agree well after about 1950, they often show different changes during the first half of the twentieth century. In regions with good observational coverage, gridded observations and reanalyses agree well throughout the entire past century. Simulations with an atmospheric model suggest that ocean temperatures and sea ice may explain up to about 50% of interannual variability in the global average of temperature extremes, and about 15% in the global average of moderate precipitation extremes, but local correlations are mostly significant only in low latitudes.
Contrasting cloud composition between coupled and decoupled marine boundary layer clouds
Authors: Wang Zhen , Mora Ramirez Marco , Dadashazar Hossein , MacDonald Alex B. , Crosbie Ewan , Bates Kelvin H. , Coggon Matthew M. , Craven Jill S. , Lynch Peng , Campbell James R. , Azadi Aghdam Mojtaba , Woods Roy K. , Jonsson Haflidi , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H. , Sorooshian Armin
Published: September 2016

Marine stratocumulus clouds often become decoupled from the vertical layer immediately above the ocean surface. This study contrasts cloud chemical composition between coupled and decoupled marine stratocumulus clouds for dissolved nonwater substances. Cloud water and droplet residual particle composition were measured in clouds off the California coast during three airborne experiments in July–August of separate years (Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment 2011, Nucleation in California Experiment 2013, and Biological and Oceanic Atmospheric Study 2015). Decoupled clouds exhibited significantly lower air‐equivalent mass concentrations in both cloud water and droplet residual particles, consistent with reduced cloud droplet number concentration and subcloud aerosol (Dp > 100 nm) number concentration, owing to detachment from surface sources. Nonrefractory submicrometer aerosol measurements show that coupled clouds exhibit higher sulfate mass fractions in droplet residual particles, owing to more abundant precursor emissions from the ocean and ships. Consequently, decoupled clouds exhibited higher mass fractions of organics, nitrate, and ammonium in droplet residual particles, owing to effects of long‐range transport from more distant sources. Sodium and chloride dominated in terms of air‐equivalent concentration in cloud water for coupled clouds, and their mass fractions and concentrations exceeded those in decoupled clouds. Conversely, with the exception of sea‐salt constituents (e.g., Cl, Na, Mg, and K), cloud water mass fractions of all species examined were higher in decoupled clouds relative to coupled clouds. Satellite and Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System‐based reanalysis data are compared with each other, and the airborne data to conclude that limitations in resolving boundary layer processes in a global model prevent it from accurately quantifying observed differences between coupled and decoupled cloud composition.
Timing and conditions of clay fault gouge formation on the Naxos detachment (Cyclades, Greece)
Authors: Mancktelow N. , Zwingmann H. , Mulch A.
Published: September 2016

Clay fault gouge from the Naxos detachment (locally up to 1.0–1.5 m thick) is reported and dated for the first time. K‐Ar ages on eight clay size fractions from the detachment and a minor fault in the immediate footwall have a narrow range, from 10.3 to 9.0 Ma, with an average of 9.7 ± 0.5 Ma (±1σ). These results are in excellent accord with regional and local age constraints, independently demonstrating the reliability of the method. Hydrogen δD values fall in the range −89 to −95‰, indicating interaction with infiltrating meteoric water during gouge formation, which is consistent with deposition of freshwater sediments in the hanging wall at the same time. Clay mineralogy in the detachment gouge is predominantly mixed layer illite‐smectite with subordinate 1 M illite and kaolinite but without higher‐temperature 2 M1 illite/mica. Clay fault gouge predominantly formed over a limited time and temperature range, potentially acting as a weak lubricant promoting movement on the Naxos detachment, with correspondingly rapid exhumation and cooling of the underlying footwall.
Lithospheric strength variations in Mainland China: Tectonic implications
Authors: Deng Yangfan , Tesauro Magdala
Published: September 2016

We present a new thermal and strength model for the lithosphere of Mainland China. To this purpose, we integrate a thermal model for the crust, using a 3‐D steady state heat conduction equation, with estimates for the upper mantle thermal structure, obtained by inverting a S wave tomography model. With this new thermal model and assigning to the lithospheric layers a “soft” and “hard” rheology, respectively, we estimate integrated strength of the lithosphere. In the Ordos and the Sichuan basins, characterized by intermediate temperatures, strength is primarily concentrated in the crust, when the rheology is soft, and in both the crust and upper mantle, when the rheology is hard. In turn, the Tibetan Plateau and the Tarim basin have a weak and strong lithosphere mainly on account of their high and low temperatures, respectively. A comparison of temperatures, strength, and effective viscosity variations with earthquakes distribution and their seismic energy released indicates that both the deep part of the crust and the upper mantle of the Tibetan Plateau are weak and prone to flow toward adjacent areas. The high strength of some of the tectonic domains surrounding Tibet (Tarim, Ordos, and Sichuan basins) favors the flow toward the weak western part of South China block.
Predator Avoidance
Authors: Abrahams Mark V , Piersiak Michael G
Published: September 2016

For prey species to be successful, they must balance the conflicting demands of obtaining the resources necessary for survival while avoiding being killed by predators. This has a hierarchy of approaches that begins with avoiding dangerous (=predators) times and locations, using dangerous locations but adopting behaviours and tactics that assist prey in detecting predators first. If a predator detects them, they may also plan for this by staying in groups, thereby diluting the chance of being the individual that is killed or using coordinated group defence. Individuals may also employ toxins or specialised morphologies that deter a predator from attacking or assist in escape. Assuming that individual behaviour is not affected by the presence of parasites, prey may also escape predators after capture using specialised morphologies, and even ejecting limbs. Ultimately, captured prey may even try to attract other predators with the hope of escaping during the ensuing melee.

Key Concepts

Behavioural trade‐offs.

The role of predators in affecting habitat quality.

Costs and benefits of group living.

The role of antipredator morphology.

Batesian and Mullerian mimicry.

The impact of parasites and how they can modify behaviour.

Animal scaling, physics and its impact upon behaviour.

The ecological importance of predators.

Conservation ecology.
Simple Repeats
Authors: Schlötterer Christian
Published: September 2016

The eukaryotic genome deviates in many aspects from a random base composition. One interesting deviation is that some parts of the genome are less complex than expected, leading to an overrepresentation of short sequence motifs. Owing to their low complexity, these genomic regions are called simple sequences. The most extreme case is the tandem repetition of a single motif. Once the motif is repeated multiple times (at least ≈ 10x), this sequence is called a microsatellite. Like the rest of the genome, simple sequences acquire base substitutions, but on top of this they have a proprietary mutation process – deoxyribonucleic acid replication slippage. With increasing simplicity, this mutation process becomes increasingly important, resulting in the gain and loss of repeat units. Their high mutation rate provides the basis for the successful use of microsatellites as genetic markers.

Key Concepts

Some parts of the genome have low complexity

These simple sequences have a proprietary mutation process called DNA replication slippage.

DNA replication slippage adds/removes repeat units.

Microsatellites are an informative genetic marker.

Simple sequences are distributed throughout the entire genome, making them an excellent tool for gene mapping.
History of Scientific Agriculture: Animals
Authors: Thompson R Paul
Published: September 2016

Domestication of agricultural animals began 10 000 years ago. From a wide array of wild animals, only a small number were and, for specifiable reasons, could be domesticated. Trait selection and breeding has been the principal mechanism of animal improvement until the late twentieth century. As with much of early science, enhancing beneficial traits was a trial and error process. An understanding of the genetic mechanisms and environmental factors in that process was a twentieth‐century triumph. Drawing on physiological, behavioural, genetic, evolutionary and ecological knowledge significantly enhanced selection and breeding efforts. In the twentieth century, scientific advancements were numerous. Of special significance were the introduction of artificial insemination, and the nature, prevention and treatment of pathogenic diseases. Late twentieth‐century agricultural biology began to employ techniques of molecular genetic manipulation (transgenic animals), initially using farm animals as bioreactors. Improvements in cloning, pronuclear injection and use of stem cells can be expected to dominate research and development in twenty‐first‐century animal agriculture.

Key Concepts

The early evolution of animal domestication was trial and error.

Human and agricultural animals coevolved.

The mechanisms of speciation were important processes in the early period but only well understood in the twentieth century.

The quantitative genetics of farm animal makes trait improvement challenging.

Critical variables in the trait farm animals are understood but difficult to manipulate.

The importance of multiple trait selection is now well understood.

Artificial insemination and cryopreservation of sperm have significantly improved trait manipulation and preservation.

Knowledge of pathogens has allowed antibiotics and sanitation to be effectively employed.

Animals as pharmaceutical and material bioreactors has been recent and expanded the genetic modification of animals.

There are challenges and promises of cloning, pronuclear injection and stem cell use in animal agriculture emerging in the twenty‐first century.
Positional Information
Authors: Wolpert Lewis
Published: September 2016

The concept of positional information proposes that cells acquire positional values as in a coordinate system, which they interpret by developing in particular ways to give rise to spatial patterns. Some of the best evidence for positional information comes from regeneration experiments, and the patterning of the vertebrate limb. Central problems are how positional information is set up, how it is recorded and then how it is interpreted by the cells. A number of models have been proposed for the setting up of positional gradients, and most are based on diffusion of a morphogen and its interactions with extracellular molecules; however, diffusion may not be reliable mechanism. There are also mechanisms based on timing. There is no good evidence for the quantitative aspects of any of the proposed gradients and details of how they are set up.

Key Concepts

Pattern is the spatial organisation of the embryo.

Positional information proposes that cells acquire positional values as in a coordinate system, which they interpret by developing in particular ways to give rise to spatial patterns.

Morphogens are chemical gradients that might provide positional Information.

Position can be specified by a timing mechanism.

Turing spatial models are based on reaction diffusion and can generate repeated forms.