bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiation correction and uncertainty evaluation of RS41 temperature sensors by using an upper-air simulator
Authors: Lee Sang-Wook , Kim Sunghun , Lee Young-Suk , Choi Byung Il , Kang Woong , Oh Youn Kyun , Park Seongchong , Yoo Jae-Keun , Lee Sungjun , Kwon Suyong , Kim Yong-Gyoo
Published: September 2021

Abstract. An upper-air simulator (UAS) has been developed at the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS) to study the effects of solar irradiation of commercial radiosondes. In this study, the uncertainty of the radiation correction of a Vaisala RS41 temperature sensor is evaluated using the UAS at KRISS. First, the effects of environmental parameters including the temperature (T), pressure (P), ventilation speed (v), and irradiance (S) are formulated in the context of the radiation correction. The considered ranges of T, P, and v are −67 to 20 °C, 5–500 hPa, and 4–7 m·s−1, respectively, with a fixed S0 = 980 W·m−2. Second, the uncertainties in the environmental parameters determined using the UAS are evaluated to calculate their contribution to the uncertainty in the radiation correction. In addition, the effects of rotation and tilting of the sensor boom with respect to the irradiation direction are investigated. The uncertainty in the radiation correction is obtained by combining the contributions of all uncertainty factors. The expanded uncertainty associated with the radiation correction for the RS41 temperature sensor is 0.119 °C at the coverage factor k = 2 (approximately 95 % confidence level). The findings obtained by reproducing the environment of the upper air by using the ground-based facility can provide a basis to increase the measurement accuracy of radiosondes within the framework of traceability to the International System of Units.
Does a difference in ice sheets between Marine Isotope Stages 3 and 5a affect the duration of stadials? Implications from hosing experiments
Authors: Sherriff-Tadano Sam , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Oka Akira , Mitsui Takahito , Saito Fuyuki
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Glacial periods undergo frequent climate shifts between warm
interstadials and cold stadials on a millennial timescale. Recent studies
show that the duration of these climate modes varies with the background
climate; a colder background climate and lower CO2 generally result in a shorter interstadial and a longer stadial through its impact on the
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, the duration of
stadials is shorter during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3) than during MIS5, despite
the colder climate in MIS3, suggesting potential control from other climate
factors on the duration of stadials. In this study, we investigate the role
of glacial ice sheets. For this purpose, freshwater hosing experiments are
conducted with an atmosphere–ocean general circulation model under MIS5a
and MIS3 boundary conditions, as well as MIS3 boundary conditions with MIS5a
ice sheets. The impact of ice sheet differences on the duration of the
stadials is evaluated by comparing recovery times of the AMOC after the
freshwater forcing is stopped. These experiments show a slightly shorter
recovery time of the AMOC during MIS3 compared with MIS5a, which is
consistent with ice core data. We find that larger glacial ice sheets in
MIS3 shorten the recovery time. Sensitivity experiments show that stronger
surface winds over the North Atlantic shorten the recovery time by
increasing the surface salinity and decreasing the sea ice amount in the
deepwater formation region, which sets favorable conditions for oceanic
convection. In contrast, we also find that surface cooling by larger ice
sheets tends to increase the recovery time of the AMOC by increasing the sea ice thickness over the deepwater formation region. Thus, this study suggests that the larger ice sheet during MIS3 compared with MIS5a could have contributed to the shortening of stadials in MIS3, despite the climate being colder than that of MIS5a, because surface wind plays a larger role.
Teaching with digital geology in the high Arctic: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Senger Kim , Betlem Peter , Grundvåg Sten-Andreas , Horota Rafael Kenji , Buckley Simon John , Smyrak-Sikora Aleksandra , Jochmann Malte Michel , Birchall Thomas , Janocha Julian , Ogata Kei , Kuckero Lilith , Johannessen Rakul Maria , Lecomte Isabelle , Cohen Sara Mollie , Olaussen Snorre
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The Covid-19 pandemic occurred at a time of major revolution in the
geosciences – the era of digital geology. Digital outcrop models (DOMs)
acquired from consumer drones, processed using user-friendly photogrammetric software and shared with the wider audience through online platforms are a cornerstone of this digital geological revolution. Integration of DOMs with
other geoscientific data, such as geological maps, satellite imagery,
terrain models, geophysical data and field observations, strengthens their
application in both research and education. Teaching geology with digital
tools advances students' learning experience by providing access to
high-quality outcrops, enhancing visualization of 3D geological structures
and improving data integration. Similarly, active use of DOMs to integrate
new field observations will facilitate more effective fieldwork and
quantitative research. From a student's perspective, georeferenced and
scaled DOMs allow for an improved appreciation of scale and of 3D architecture, which is
a major threshold concept in geoscientific education. DOMs allow us to bring geoscientists to the outcrops digitally, which is
particularly important in view of the Covid-19 pandemic that restricts
travel and thus direct access to outcrops. At the University Centre in
Svalbard (UNIS), located at 78∘ N in Longyearbyen in Arctic
Norway, DOMs are actively used even in non-pandemic years, as the summer
field season is short and not overlapping with the Bachelor “Arctic
Geology” course package held from January to June each year. In 2017, we at UNIS developed a new course (AG222 “Integrated Geological Methods: From Outcrop To Geomodel”) to encourage the use of emerging techniques like DOMs and data integration to solve authentic geoscientific challenges. In parallel, we have established the open-access Svalbox geoscientific portal, which forms the backbone of the AG222 course activities and provides easy access to a growing number of DOMs, 360∘ imagery, subsurface data and published geoscientific data from Svalbard. Considering the rapid onset of the Covid-19 pandemic, the Svalbox portal and the pre-Covid work on digital techniques in AG222 allowed us to rapidly adapt and fulfil at least some of the students' learning objectives during the pandemic. In this contribution, we provide an overview of the course development and share experiences from running the AG222 course and the Svalbox platform, both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Virtual mapping and analytical data integration: a teaching module using Precambrian crystalline basement in Colorado's Front Range (USA)
Authors: Mahan Kevin H. , Frothingham Michael G. , Alexander Ellen
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic hindered the ability to conduct field geology courses in a hands-on and boots-on traditional manner. In response, we designed a multi-part virtual field module that encompasses many of the basic requirements of an advanced field exercise, including designing a mapping strategy, collecting and processing field observations, synthesizing data from field-based and laboratory analyses, and communicating the results to a broad audience. For the mapping exercise, which is set in deformed Proterozoic crystalline basement exposed in the Front Range of Colorado (USA), student groups make daily navigational decisions and choose stations based on topographic maps, Google Earth satellite imagery, and iterative geological reasoning. For each station, students receive outcrop descriptions, measurements, and photographs from which they input field data and create geologic maps using StraboSpot. Building on the mapping exercise, student groups then choose from six supplements, including advanced field structure, microstructure, metamorphic petrology, and several geochronological datasets. Because scientific projects rarely end when the mapping is complete, the students are challenged to see how samples and analytical data may commonly be collected and integrated with field observations to produce a more holistic understanding of the geological history of the field area. While a virtual course cannot replace the actual field experience, modules like the one shared here can successfully address, or even improve on, some of the key learning objectives that are common to field-based capstone experiences while also fostering a more accessible and inclusive learning environment for all students.
Upper Eocene planktonic foraminifera from northern Saudi Arabia: implications for stratigraphic ranges
Authors: Wade Bridget S. , Aljahdali Mohammed H. , Mufrreh Yahya A. , Memesh Abdullah M. , AlSoubhi Salih A. , Zalmout Iyad S.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The Rashrashiyah Formation of the Sirhan Basin in northern Saudi Arabia contains diverse assemblages of planktonic foraminifera. We examined the biostratigraphy, stratigraphic range and preservation of upper Eocene planktonic foraminifera. Assemblages are well-preserved and diverse, with 40 species and 11 genera. All samples are assigned to the Priabonian Globigerinatheka semiinvoluta Highest Occurrence Zone (E14), consistent with calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy indicating Zone CNE17. Well-preserved planktonic foraminifera assemblages from the lower part of the upper Eocene are rare worldwide. Our study provides new insights into the stratigraphic ranges of many species. We find older (Zone E14) stratigraphic occurrences of several species of Globoturborotalita previously thought to have evolved in the latest Eocene (Zone E15, E16) or Oligocene; these include G. barbula, G. cancellata, G. gnaucki, G. pseudopraebulloides, and G. paracancellata. Older stratigraphic occurrences for Dentoglobigerina taci and Subbotina projecta are also found, and Globigerinatheka kugleri occurs at a younger stratigraphic level than previously proposed. Our revisions to stratigraphic ranges indicate that the late Eocene had a higher tropical–subtropical diversity of planktonic foraminifera than hitherto reported.
A dynamically based method for estimating the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at 26° N from satellite altimetry
Authors: Sanchez-Franks Alejandra , Frajka-Williams Eleanor , Moat Ben I. , Smeed David A.
Published: September 2021

Abstract. The large-scale system of ocean currents that transport warm waters in the upper 1000 m northward and return deeper cooler waters southward is known as the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Variations in the AMOC have significant repercussions for the climate system; hence, there is a need for long-term monitoring of AMOC fluctuations. Currently the longest record of continuous directly measured AMOC changes is from the RAPID-MOCHA-WBTS programme, initiated in 2004. The RAPID programme and other mooring programmes have revolutionised our understanding of large-scale circulation; however, by design they are constrained to measurements at a single latitude and cannot tell us anything pre-2004. Nearly global coverage of surface ocean data from satellite altimetry has been available since the launch of the TOPEX/Poseidon satellite in 1992 and has been shown to provide reliable estimates of surface ocean transports on interannual timescales including previous studies that have investigated empirical correlations between sea surface height variability and the overturning circulation. Here we show a direct calculation of ocean circulation from satellite altimetry of the upper mid-ocean transport (UMO), the Gulf Stream transport through the Florida Straits (GS), and the AMOC using a dynamically based method that combines geostrophy with a time mean of the vertical structure of the flow from the 26∘ N RAPID moorings. The satellite-based transport captures 56 %, 49 %, and 69 % of the UMO, GS, and AMOC transport variability, respectively, from the 26∘ N RAPID array on interannual (18-month) timescales. Further investigation into the vertical structure of the horizontal transport shows that the first baroclinic mode accounts for 83 % of the interior geostrophic variability, and the combined barotropic and first baroclinic mode representation of dynamic height accounts for 98 % of the variability. Finally, the methods developed here are used to reconstruct the UMO and the AMOC for the time period pre-dating RAPID, 1993 to 2003. The effective implementation of satellite-based method for monitoring the AMOC at 26∘ N lays down the starting point for monitoring large-scale circulation at all latitudes.
Modeling the Greenland englacial stratigraphy
Authors: Born Andreas , Robinson Alexander
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Radar reflections from the interior of the Greenland ice sheet contain a comprehensive archive of past accumulation rates, ice dynamics, and basal melting. Combining these data with dynamic ice sheet models may greatly aid model calibration, improve past and future sea level estimates, and enable insights into past ice sheet dynamics that neither models nor data could achieve alone. Unfortunately, simulating the continental-scale ice sheet stratigraphy represents a major challenge for current ice sheet models.
In this study, we present the first three-dimensional ice sheet model that explicitly simulates the Greenland englacial stratigraphy. Individual layers of accumulation are represented on a grid whose vertical axis is time so that they do not exchange mass with each other as the flow of ice deforms them. This isochronal advection scheme does not influence the ice dynamics and only requires modest input data from a host thermomechanical ice sheet model, making it easy to transfer to a range of models.
Using an ensemble of simulations, we show that direct comparison with the dated radiostratigraphy data yields notably more accurate results than calibrating simulations based on total ice thickness. We show that the isochronal scheme produces a more reliable simulation of the englacial age profile than traditional age tracers. The interpretation of ice dynamics at different times is possible but limited by uncertainties in the upper and lower boundary conditions, namely temporal variations in surface mass balance and basal friction.
THE IMPACT OF A PROFICIENCY-BASED ASSESSMENT AND REASSESSMENT OF LEARNING OUTCOMES SYSTEM ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT AND ATTITUDES
Authors: POSNER MICHAEL A.
Published: September 2021

This research compares a student-centered, proficiency-based assessment and reassessment of learning outcomes (PARLO) system to traditional assessment in a college-level introductory statistics class. The PARLO class was assessed on learning outcomes using a three-tiered proficiency scale and given the opportunity to resubmit assignments to increase their rating. Students’ attitudes towards statistics improved more in the PARLO group, but no differences between groups were found on the CAOS test or on a common final exam. Within the PARLO group, students with a higher resubmission rate scored better on the final exam and those who resubmitted and achieved proficiency performed similarly to those achieving proficiency with the first submission. Assessing proficiency on specific learning outcomes allowed both students and the instructor to better evaluate learning.
First published May 2011 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives
WHAT DEAD-AND-DYING PLATFORMS DO FOR INTERNET STUDIES: SITUATING
TECHNOLOGICAL FAILURE, DIGITAL AFTERLIFE, AND THE WEB THAT WAS
Authors: McCammon Muira Nicollet , Ruan Lotus , Miltner Kate , Gerrard Ysabel , Montalbano Kathryn , Mikołajewska-Zając Karolina , Márton Attila
Published: September 2021

This panel explores internet histories through the lens of “platform
death” as a way of understanding how digital communities grapple with technological failure,
power dynamics, and the divergent notions of the digital afterlife. Collectively, the
contributions address the cultural, geopolitical, economic, and socio-legal repercussions of
what happens when various platforms fail, decline, or expire. We bring together five
presentations that draw on different methods—including document analysis, semi-structured
interviews, participant observation—to explore the frailty of platforms, their underlying
infrastructures, and their trace data. Together, by examining and theoretically situating
the histories of five different platforms (TroopTube, Fanfou, MySpace, YikYak, and
Couchsurfing), we consider and complicate how the concept of “platform death” as a metaphor
can help reveal the Web’s rhythmic temporality, digital media’s constant reinvention of
forms, and the collision of hegemonic and fragile infrastructures in divergent cultural
contexts. We ask: What are the theoretical implications of situating platforms as killable,
ephemeral, precarious, or transient technologies? What—and who—kills platforms, and in what
ways can they have uncertain digital afterlives and even resurrections? What can
conceptualizations of dead and dying technologies tell us about the Internet’s growth and
stagnation, its present and futures? What is (un)knowable about platforms that once were,
and how can this knowledge inform our predictions of future technological failure? We aim to
build community, collective imaginings, and future collaborations around a research agenda
that centers mnemonic experimentation, comparative platform studies, and archival
contestations.
Study some of hydraulic parameters of border drip irrigation system and effect of some soil conditioners on soil properties and growth of Wheat )Triticum aestivum L.(.
Authors: Nedawei Dakhel. R. , Al-Draji Forqan Kh.
Published: September 2021

"A field experiment was conducted in Maysan in the winter season 2017-2018 on silt clay soil to determine the hydraulic standards for border drip irrigation system depending on the lateral pipes Spacing and measurement site within network in effect of soil conditioners and level water irrigation on the saline distribution horizontal and vertical distribution .the experimental treatment of three lateral pipes Spacing at 30 cm (S1) , 45 cm (S2) and 60 cm (S3) whit three soil conditioners organic material, used oil and control , the conditioners were added based on the dry weight of the soil , and two levels of irrigation water 75% and 100% from Ep . The treatments were applicated using RCBD , results showed that the decrease in the soil salt content due to the decrease in the distance between the field pipes , treatment S1 recorded the highest values (3.72 and 3.21) dsm-1 and it was significantly different from the two treatments S2 (4.04 and 3.55) dSM-1 and S3 (4.40 and 3). 88) dsm-1 , soil conditioners treatment of Oil was superior to the lowest values (3.33 and 2.82) dsm-1 , followed by the OM treatment (3.94 and 3.29) dsm-1 , with a significant difference compared to the comparison values (4.89 and4.53) dsm-1 , as well the results showed that the treatment of irrigation level exceeded 100% (3.92 and 3.32) dsm-1 with significant differences compared with the irrigation level of 75% (4.19 and 3.77) dsm-1 at the beginning and end of the growing season respectively. There was also a decrease in the saline content, both horizontally and vertically due to the decrease in the distance between the field pipes, the use of irrigation level 100%, and with the addition of conditioners.."
Economic analysis to Impact of Production and Maintenance of Improved Seeds on Achieving Sustainable Development
Authors: Farhan Mohammad Kh. M. , Khairy Amina M. , Abbas Omar Kh.
Published: September 2021

The term sustainable development includes a wide range of methods and objectives that must be provided and achieved to ensure the continuity of this development into the future and future generations. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the role of improved seeds, which are the most important production elements that contribute to increasing the expected production quantity of crops and improving its quality, The results of the analysis showed that production costs by ( 8.18%), either on the part of the returns The use of improved seeds in the production process led to an increase in the yield achieved from the production of wheat by (32.6%) compared to using traditional seeds, and this was achieved in two ways, the first of which was to increase the average productivity per dunum by (19.7%), as well as selling the final product at a higher price. (12%). From here we conclude that the use of improved seeds contributes to the development of the wheat crop in the short term first, to achieve meaningful profits for farmers, and then it will lead to the continued use of those seeds in the long term secondly, which contributes to achieving sustainable development.
Simpósio da FMP: A Academia na Serra. Sinopse
Authors: DANIEL-RIBEIRO Cláudio Tadeu , CHIMELLI Leila
Published: September 2021

Simpósio A Academia na Serra II 8 e 9 de novembro de 2019 Sinopse Artigos referentes às apresentações no simpósio realizado em celebração aos cinquenta e dois anos da FMP, em parceria com a Fiocruz e a ANM
PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION OF FRENCH AND UZBEK DEOPOETONYMS
Authors:   Bukhara State University of the Repubic of Uzbekistan, Khamidova Muborak
Published: September 2021

Introduction. In world onomatology, the weight of research devoted to the study of the lexicon of the French language, including the basics of the origin of deopoetonyms, structural and semantic conditioning, the scope of use in comparison with other languages is growing. As a logical consequence, the comparison of linguistic-stylistic, poetonymic, gender features of the French and Uzbek deopoetonyms in the language lexical-semantic, national-cultural, literary text has gained priority and relevance in the field of linguistics. Indeed, the definition of the semantic and stylistic potential of these units, the interpretation of general and differential motivational aspects of naming within different systematic languages serve to improve the system of representation of deopoetonyms in dictionaries, to determine the laws of functional equivalence and adequacy in the translation process. Research methods. In the use of words expressing the names of natural phenomena in literary texts, their special reliance on linguocognitive and linguocultural semantics is more clearly understood in the process of translation. In particular, reliance on denotative semaphores rather than expressive semaphores of deemoetonyms in artistic texts is one of the important aspects of the poetic skill of creators. This is especially the case in poetic texts. The translation process should take into account the etymology, methodological features, derivational properties, semantics (synonymy), formality (homonymy), ambiguity (polysemantic), hierarchy (graduonymic), semantic contradiction (antonymicity), etc. will be. When direct and indirect translations of some poetic texts written in French are observed, it becomes clear that deopoetonyms are preserved and expressed at different levels in them. Results and discussion. In dictionaries deopoetonyms are given in the system of el-yagyn names, but in the dictionaries compiled later their etymology, linguistic meanings, lexical-semantic semantics, formality, antonyms, hyphenation, hierarchical formation, methodological features, derivational properties, diachronic and synchronous forms, vital giving features such as denotative, connotative expression on the basis of concepts is necessary to achieve perfection of lexicographic interpretation. Conclusion. It is natural that there are still some problems with the lexicographic interpretation of deopoetonyms, which will cause some problems in the smooth implementation of translation work in this regard. Such problems are especially evident in the presentation of lexical graduonomic series related to them, in the expression of close concepts, connotative and denotative meanings
Beneficios de los principios de Tennis Play and Stay en el desarrollo físico de los tenistas jóvenes
Authors: Vilches Fernando
Published: September 2021

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar las ventajas que brindan los principios del Play and Stay en el desarrollo físico de los jóvenes tenistas. Los años iniciales del niño incorporado al deporte son muy importantes ya que permiten desarrollar la base motora que luego le otorgara importantes beneficios en su posterior desarrollo.
Prescription and Effect of Orthokeratology Lenses
Authors: Choi Jinseok
Published: September 2021

Orthokeratology (OK) is the way to correct the myopia or astigmatism by flattening or the central cornea with specialty lenses. The range of correction is from -2.50 to -4.00 diopters after 10 days of fitting. The designs are constructed with flat base curve radius, steep reverse curve, flat alignment curve, and peripheral curve. This multi-curve design enabled the OK lenses to stay on the cornea stably and effectively. Recently, the application of OK is extending to hyperopia and presbyopia. In the future, the amount of correction and the application of OK will increase more and more.
Il rifiuto del trattamento sanitario da parte dei genitori della persona minore di età e la prevenzione del ricorso al giudice tutelare: il caso della trasfusione ematica
Authors: Bolcato Matteo , Rodriguez Daniele , Aprile Anna
Published: September 2021

In clinical practice, there may be situations of conflict between parents and doctors regarding care choices for minors. A relatively frequent case is represented by the parents’ refusal to consent to blood transfusion. The article outlines an updated legislative framework on the issue and a possible operational approach, which has proved to be effective in meeting the health needs of patients and the wishes expressed by parents.
Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Report Text Melalui Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi di Kelas IX.A SMP Negeri 1 Sape Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021
Authors: Iskandar Dedi
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sejauh mana peningkatan hasil belajar siswa kelas IX.A pada materi report text. Penelitian dilakukan pada Kelas IX.A di SMP Negeri 1 Sape semester 2 Tahun Pelajaran 2020-2021. Subjek penelitian sebayank 33 siswa. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian tindakan kelas yang terdiri dari dua tindakan siklus yaitu I dan siklus II. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif berupa tes tulis dan metode penelitian kualitatif menggunakan lembar pengamatan dan lembar refleksi diri. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran berdiferensiasi dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar pada materi report text dengan pencapaian ketutasan belajar dari kondisi awal pra siklus diperoleh 36,36% menjadi 66,67% pada siklus I dan pada siklus II mencapai 90,91%.
Wertschätzung
Authors: Höflich Sabine
Published: September 2021

Das neue Schuljahr lädt ein, den Wert der anderen zu sehen, sich auf die Suche nach wertegetragenen gemeinsamen Aktivitäten zu begeben, innere Schätze von Kindern sowie Jugendlichen, Eltern, Kolleg*innen und vielen anderen zu entdecken sowie als Person als wertvoll (an)erkannt, respektiert und geschätzt zu werden.
"Leadership is action not position"
Authors: Heißenberger Petra
Published: September 2021

Wie sozial soll und kann Schule heute sein? Stellt Schule einen Ort zwischen alten Werten und neuen Tu­genden dar? Was und wie kann Schulleitung zum Schulklima beitragen?
Alte Vielfalt, neue Einheit
Authors: Gentinetta Katja
Published: September 2021

Die EU steht als Wertegemeinschaft für Freiheit und Frieden und bekennt sich dazu, die Errungen­schaften einer offenen Gesellschaft aufrechtzuerhalten, sie auch zu verteidigen und auch weiterhin in kleinen Schritten immer wieder zu verbessern – in diesem Sinne nutzen beispielsweise junge Men­schen die vielen Möglichkeiten, europaweit zu lernen und zu studieren. Ein Bekenntnis zu unseren Werten in Form einer europäischen Verfassung, welche die Vielfalt Europas abbildet und gleichzeitig eint, wäre ein nächster Schritt.
Ethnopharmacological survey of six medicinal plants used in the traditional treatment of urinary tract infections and other infectious diseases
Authors: Assogba Phénix , Agbodjento Eric , Akotegnon Remi , Dougnon Victorien , Klotoé Jean Robert
Published: September 2021

Benin has attractive ethnobotanical potential with a vast diversity of medicinal plants widely used to treat human diseases. Urinary tract infections are among the diseases traditionally treated by medicinal plants. Mangifera indica, Bridelia ferruginea, Alstonia boonei, Morodora myristica, Xylopia aethiopica and Zanthoxylum zantoxyloides are six plants used in the traditional treatment of urinary infections in Benin. The general objective of this study was to identify the ethnopharmacological uses of these six plants used in traditional medicine in South Benin. To this end, an ethnopharmacological survey was conducted using the semi-structured interview method among herbalists in the markets of South Benin. The ethnobotanical data collected were analyzed using the use-value, the informant consensus factor and the medicinal plant fidelity index. A total of 98 herbalists participated in this study. The six plants studied were involved in 15 different diseases divided into seven disease categories. The most mentioned disease categories are infectious diseases, blood and digestive diseases. Malaria, ulcers, anemia and urinary tract infections are the pathologies most commonly treated by these plants. Informants agreed on the use of these plants in these disease categories. Bark, leafy stems and roots are the parts of the plants most used to treat diseases. Decoction and maceration are the two main methods of preparation, and the oral and cutaneous routes are the main routes of administration. These data constitute ethnopharmacological documentation that can be used for further pharmacological and toxicological studies.
Distribución geoespacial de espacios públicos en la ciudad de Copán Ruinas, Honduras, 2019
Authors: Sosa Caballero Celina Michelle
Published: September 2021

El equilibrio territorial y clasificación de los espacios públicos de la ciudad de Copán Ruinas se analizan en el proyecto de investigación “Distribución de los Espacios Públicos en la ciudad de Copán Ruinas para el Análisis del Equilibrio Territorial de la Oferta Cultural y Recreativa de la ciudad, 2019”, para conocer la disponibilidad de la oferta deportiva, cultural y recreativa de la ciudad y su clasificación según el tipo de administración. Para cumplir el objetivo, metodológicamente se han utilizado las herramientas que proporcionan los softwares especializados en Sistemas de Información Geográfica para analizar la concentración y dispersión de la infraestructura deportiva, cultural y recreativa en relación con el centro de la ciudad y la clasificación de los espacios públicos según el tipo de actividad y su naturaleza. Para efectos operativos se ha identificado dos clasificaciones de espacios públicos, una de carácter cultural, por tratarse de la ciudad de Copán Ruinas al ser sede con categoría de Patrimonio de la Humanidad considerando criterios dictados por las UNESCO. La segunda clasificación es específica para parques, áreas de reserva o áreas protegidas y centros deportivos.
Planetología y ciencias espaciales ante los nuevos desafíos
Authors: Rejas Ayuga Juan Gregorio
Published: September 2021

En las últimas décadas se ha profundizado en la investigación planetológica y en las Ciencias Espaciales a un ritmo acelerado y creciente. Los objetivos de desarrollar nuevas tecnologías espaciales y proporcionar una formación multidisciplinar basada en los últimos descubrimientos relacionados con las ciencias planetarias y espaciales, en particular en lo que se ha venido en denominar Observación de la Tierra, así como los de cubrir el vacío formativo sobre estas temáticas, se van cumpliendo sin resquicios. En la presente disertación se realiza una revisión mediante una metodología de documentación científica de los principales hitos de los últimos años y los retos asociados que ellos conllevan, junto a los desafíos de la humanidad a los que las ciencias espaciales deberían dar respuesta. Debemos ser conscientes de que nos encontramos en medio de una revolución tecnológica en el ámbito de las Ciencias Espaciales. Nunca tuvimos tantos datos que hayan dado tanta información que hasta hace no mucho desconocíamos sobre la Tierra, en muchas ocasiones indirectamente aportados a partir de la que conocemos de otros planetas, y viceversa. No obstante, nos enfrentamos así mismo a nuevos desafíos que tienen que ver en gran medida con los efectos del Cambio Climático sobre el ser humano, con las nuevas formas de relacionarnos con los recursos y con la tendencia a la robotización en las formas de producción. El otro aspecto relevante es que queremos ser capaces de predecir lo que depara el futuro, es decir anticiparnos y crear modelos que nos ayuden a mitigar y a desarrollar soluciones eficaces. Estamos, por lo tanto, ante una gran cantidad de desafíos de toda índole, técnicos, políticos y socioeconómicos asociados con el hecho de que la futura generación entienda el valor que tienen, entre otras las Ciencias Espaciales y Planetarias, en el hecho de encontrar las mejores soluciones.
Innovación en sistemas de propulsión: métodos, propuestas y desafíos
Authors: Solorzano Hector , Scarabino Ana
Published: September 2021

Este trabajo pretende presentar problemas actuales en los sistemas de propulsión de aviación comercial y algunas innovaciones propuestas como respuesta a estos. Se busca dar una noción básica del tema mediante una compilación de conocidas publicaciones. Además, se propone una metodología en la cual se muestran algunas herramientas de parametrización y modelado de componentes de motores a reacción que se utilizan para estudiar estas propuestas. Asimismo, se presentan y analizan de forma cualitativa algunos resultados de diseños obtenidos con los métodos presentados. Esta metodología y herramientas también se podrían utilizan en el análisis de sistemas de propulsión convencional o incluso para problemas de otra índole.
El papel de la astronomía y el calendario en las concepciones de salud y enfermedad entre los Mayas de Yucatán. De lo colonial a lo contemporáneo
Authors: Casares Contreras Orlando Josué , Gamboa Cetina José Marcial
Published: September 2021

El artículo examina los elementos calendáricos y astronómicos utilizados para diagnosticar y curar las enfermedades reportadas por el Ritual de los Bacabes y los libros de Chilam Balam concluyendo que algunos de ellos, sobre todo las nociones numéricas se han preservado en la actualidad, lprincipalmente en las ceremonias de la lluvia como ek Cha Cháak.
Tras las huellas de Santos Vito Véliz
Authors: Rivera Gutiérrez Nohemy Lizeth
Published: September 2021

El artículo plasma una breve reseña de la trayectoria profesional y académica del arqueólogo hondureño Santos Vito Veliz Ramírez, abordando su formación académica, experiencia profesional, investigaciones, publicaciones y con énfasis en su labor universitaria. Se realizó una recopilación de sus obras, publicaciones, documentos administrativos que dan cuenta de su trayectoria y entrevistas a personas que se relacionaron con el profesor Veliz, tanto como docente y profesional. Su vida ha dejado un extenso legado a la arqueología y arqueoastronomía de Honduras.
Chapter 4: Hemlo Gold System, Superior Province, Canada
Authors: Poulsen K. Howard , Barber Rodney , Robert François
Published: September 2021

Hemlo combines several rare to unique features in the spectrum of Archean greenstone gold deposits. It is an isolated, approximately 800-metric ton (t) gold system in a region of otherwise limited known gold endowment. The geology of Hemlo is dominated by deformed and metamorphosed sedimentary, felsic volcanic, and volcaniclastic units, a premineral coherent felsic porphyry, and a swarm of mainly postmineral, intermediate, feldspar-phyric dikes. Ore is dominantly in the form of gold-bearing lenses of pyritic, feldspathic schist derived from deformation of both the clastic rocks and the felsic porphyry. The deposit and its host rocks were metamorphosed at moderate pressures to assemblages diagnostic of the mid-amphibolite facies, followed by progressive retrogression to those of the greenschist facies. The result is a wide range of silicate mineral species in ambiguous textural relationships. The gold system itself is known for ore and related alteration minerals with significant concentrations of Mo-As-Sb-Hg-Tl-V-Ba-K-Na. The inferences derived from lithologic mapping, structural chronology, U-Pb geochronology, and mineral paragenesis favors an interpretation of Hemlo as a deformed and metamorphosed gold system formed from oxidized hydrothermal fluids in an upper crustal setting. Uncertainty remains as to the exact nature and geometry of that ore-forming hydrothermal system, however, and the role subsequent metamorphism and deformation have played in the local remobilization of ore constituents into their present paragenetically late structural sites.
Chapter 19: The Peñasquito Gold-(Silver-Lead-Zinc) Deposit, Zacatecas, Mexico
Authors: Dromundo Omar , Robles Sigfrido , Bissig Thomas , Flores Claudio , del Carmen Alfaro Maria , Cardona Lorenzo
Published: September 2021

Peñasquito is an Au-Ag-Zn-Pb deposit and currently the principal Au-producing mine in Mexico. It is the most recent major discovery in the historically important Concepción del Oro mining district. Current Au reserves plus historic production at Peñasquito stand at 12.67 Moz, in addition to 527 Moz Ag, 3,600 lb Pb, and 8,000 lb Zn in remaining proven and probable reserves.

Mineralization is centered on the Peñasco and Brecha Azul diatreme breccias, which cut an Upper Jurassic to Upper Cretaceous marine carbonate-dominated sedimentary sequence, which underwent folding during the Laramide orogeny. The diatreme breccias and associated mineralization are associated with early Oligocene quartz-feldspar porphyries dated at 34.4 ± 0.4 to 33.7 ± 0.4 Ma and thus 3 to 10 m.y. younger than the other skarn and polymetallic deposits known in the district.

The Peñasco diatreme is about 1 km in diameter and hosts epithermal-style disseminated mineralization, whereas the contiguous Cretaceous carbonaceous and calcareous siltstone and interbedded sandstone of the Caracol Formation is the principal host for stockwork and manto-type, massive base metal sulfide mineralization. Skarn-type mineralization is Cu-Zn rich, extends to the current depth of drilling some 2 km below the premine surface, and is hosted by the Jurassic-Cretaceous sequence beneath the Caracol Formation. In addition, weakly developed stockwork Mo (±Cu) mineralization has also been intersected by drilling at depths of nearly 2 km.
Chapter 20: The Pueblo Viejo Au-Ag-Cu-(Zn) Deposit, Dominican Republic
Authors: Vaughan Jeremy , Nelson Carl E. , Garrido Guillermo , Polanco Jose , Garcia Valery , Macassi Arturo
Published: September 2021

The world-class Pueblo Viejo Au deposit in the central Dominican Republic is one of the largest high-sulfidation epithermal Au deposits globally, with past production plus resources and reserves of 41.7 million ounces (Moz) in the Moore and Monte Negro deposits. Mineralization occurs within a 2- × 2-km Early Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary basin filled with felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks, interlayered carbonaceous sedimentary units, and underlying andesitic flows and tuffs. The volcanic stratigraphy was developed during a period of tholeiitic magmatism that transitioned to calc-alkaline magmatism at the time of emplacement of the late- to postmineral Monte Negro dike (~109 Ma). Additional geologic controls to mineralization include high-angle, NE- and NW-faulting, phreatomagmatic breccias, and possible volcanic domes. Mineralization is present across the stratigraphic sequence, with mineralization at Moore dominantly hosted within quartz-bearing volcaniclastic rocks and overlying carbonaceous sedimentary units, whereas that at Monte Negro is in the andesitic sequence as well as overlying epiclastic and sedimentary units. Alteration at the shallowest level is dominated by quartz-pyrophyllite, whereas alunite alteration defines the deep roots to the ore-forming environment. Mineralization comprises early disseminated-type and late veins filled with pyrite ± sphalerite. Hypogene ore is refractory in nature, with Au in solid solution or as mineral inclusions within arsenian pyrite. Re-Os ages of 113.4 ± 2.6 Ma for auriferous pyrite along with new geologic observations appear to confirm an Early Cretaceous age for mineralization, although Re-Os enargite ages suggest the possibility of a second mineralization event in the Eocene.
Chapter 21: Geology of the Fruta del Norte Epithermal Gold-Silver Deposit, Ecuador
Authors: Leary Stephen , Sillitoe Richard H. , Lema Jorge , Téliz Fernando , Mena Diego
Published: September 2021

Fruta del Norte is a completely concealed and extremely well-preserved, Late Jurassic epithermal gold-silver deposit of both low- and intermediate-sulfidation type, which is located in the remote Subandean mountain ranges of southeastern Ecuador. Currently defined indicated resources are 23.8 million metric tons (Mt) averaging 9.61 g/t Au and the total endowment is 9.48 Moz Au. The deposit, notable for the widespread occurrence of visible gold and bonanza grades, will be bulk mined underground. Fruta del Norte was discovered in 2006 during greenfield exploration and systematic drill testing of a conceptual geologic model, which predicted that auriferous veins would occur in andesitic volcanic rocks inferred to underlie a zone of arsenic- and antimony-anomalous silicification in fluvial conglomerate.

The host andesitic volcanic rocks, crosscutting feldspar porphyry, and associated phreatic breccia are part of a roof pendant in the Zamora batholith. Together, they are products of a continental-margin volcanoplutonic arc of Middle to Late Jurassic age. The deposit lies beneath the northern extremity of the ~16-km-long, Suárez pull-apart basin where it is localized by steep, second-order faults within the regionally extensive Las Peñas strike-slip fault zone. The pull-apart basin was progressively filled by fluvial conglomerate, dacitic ignimbrite, finer grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks, and, finally, andesite flows.

The Fruta del Norte deposit comprises a 1.3-km-long and up to >300-m-wide vein stockwork associated with quartz-illite-pyrite alteration. The deposit comprises two principal vein types, one in the south dominated by quartz, manganoan carbonates, and abundant base metal sulfides and the other in the north dominated by manganese- and base metal-poor quartz, chalcedony, and calcite. Adularia is a minor gangue mineral in both. Both vein types are abruptly transitional upward and westward to a third important ore type characterized by intense silicification and chalcedony veining, with disseminated and veinlet marcasite (± pyrite). An extensive silica sinter horizon directly overlies the andesitic rocks and/or occurs as interbeds in the lowermost 20 m of the conglomerate and, consequently, is in unusual proximity to the underlying gold-silver orebody. Much of the conglomerate lacks silicification except for a narrow, steeply inclined zone exposed above the deposit, which led to its discovery.
Chapter 22: Gold Deposits of the Yanacocha District, Cajamarca, Peru
Authors: Pilco Richard , McCann Sean
Published: September 2021

The Yanacocha district of northern Peru has produced >37 million ounces (Moz) Au since production commenced in 1993. Recognized as one of the world’s most prolific high-sulfidation epithermal gold districts, its discovery was made over a four-year period (1984–1988) through a joint venture alliance operated by Newmont Corporation. Over the past 30 years the geologic understanding of the district has been enhanced by research and documentation by many academic and Newmont geoscientists. The gold deposits are hosted within Tertiary volcanic rocks consisting of pyroclastic sequences cut by several generations of breccias and intrusions, all of which have undergone silicic and advanced argillic alteration. A dominant NE-trending structural corridor bounds all deposits in the district, and local northwest fault intersections with this trend are complimentary controls on mineralization. There are 12 major deposits discovered and exploited at Yanacocha. The largest, Cerro Yanacocha, has produced >17.5 Moz Au, whereas the newest deposit to be delineated, Antonio, has a >1.0 Moz resource. The depletion of shallow, supergene-oxidized deposits has necessitated the current underground development to exploit deeper sulfide deposits. Significant potential remains within the Yanacocha district in both oxide and sulfide deposits, and ongoing exploration efforts, are leveraging learnings from mined deposits and advances in exploration technologies and tools to extend the mine life.
Chapter 26: Geology of the Hishikari Gold Deposit, Kagoshima, Japan
Authors: Seto Takayuki , Yamato Yu , Sekine Ryota , Izawa Eiji
Published: September 2021

The bonanza-grade, low-sulfidation epithermal Hishikari gold deposit is located in the Plio-Pleistocene volcanic area of southern Kyushu, Japan. The concealed veins were discovered in 1981 and the mine has since produced 5.462 million metric tons (Mt) of ore averaging 44.3 g/t Au (242 t Au) from 1985 to the end of 2018, at which time reserves were 7.98 Mt at 20.9 g/t Au.

The Hishikari deposit consists of the Honko, Sanjin, and Yamada ore zones, which occur in a NE-trending area 2.8 km long and 1.0 km wide. The veins are hosted by basement sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous Shimanto Supergroup and by overlying Hishikari Lower Andesites of Pleistocene age. Sinter occurs about 100 m above the Yamada ore zone. Temperature-controlled hydrothermal alteration zones occupy an area of >5 km long and 2 km wide. The Honko and Sanjin veins occur within a chlorite-illite alteration zone (paleotemperature >230°C), whereas the Yamada veins occur within an interstratified clay mineral zone (150°–230°C). The marginal alteration comprises quartz-smectite (100°–150°C) and cristobalite-smectite (<100°C) zones.

Ore-grade veins are located between –60- and 120-m elev, with the paleowater table over the Honko-Sanjim veins at ~300-m elev. Overall, the Ag/Au wt ratio is about 0.6. Vein-forming minerals consist of quartz, adularia, and clay minerals plus truscottite, with electrum and minor pyrite, chalcopyrite, naumannite, galena, and sphalerite. The major veins formed from repeated episodes of boiling and strong fluid flow inferred from bands of quartz, adularia, and smectite with bladed quartz, columnar adularia, and truscottite.
MEDIEVAL PERSIAN AND TURKIC LITERATURES IN THE CONTEXT OF ISLAMIC RENAISSANCE
Authors:   R.B. SuleimenovInstitute of Oriental Studies Almaty, Kazakhstan, Yussupov R.К. ,   E-mail: rahm_yus@mail.ru
Published: September 2021

Comparative study of traditions formed within the Turkic and the Persian literatures in the context of Islamic renaissance is of great importance due to the fact that the Turkic and Persian peoples for a long time have been living together in a single political and economic area. Because of that they have more in common, rather than differences in the literature. Traditions laid by brilliant representatives of the literatures of the Turkic and Persian peoples such as Firdowsi, Nizami, Yusuf Balasaghuni, Akhmad Yugnaki, who contributed to development of the world culture, were developed by their followers in the latest periods. New generations of poets introduced new genres and themes into the literature, new trends and artistic approaches and thus enriched it. Classical Persian-Tajik poetry played an important part in emergence and development of the written poetic genre forms. Persian traditions were adopted and developed based on Turkic poetry by such authors as Lutfi, Sakkaki, Ata’i, Navoi, Babur etc. Many of them used the experience and learned from well-known poets not only of the Turkic world , but also those authors who wrote in Farsi.