bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Speaking the critique in graphic design: The role of metaphor
Authors: Lasserre Barbara
Published: April 2012

Whilst some of the literature on design pedagogy reports on teaching through metaphor, little research is available that takes a linguistic perspective with a unique focus on the critique. This article reports on one study that examined metaphor as a connection between language and
thought in the context of the end-of-project critique in the discipline of graphic design. It identifies the critical role of systematic metaphor in the discourse and shows how this use of metaphor contributes significantly to constructing an underlying coherence across topics, to the construction
of knowledge and to the transmission of the shared values of the culture of the disciplines. Theory on metaphor from a cognitive perspective took into account the most recent applications of established metaphor research, involving complementary analyses of metaphor and generic intent. Investigation
of the data was carried out on spoken texts, transcribed, of educators in graphic design. The analysis found what metaphors – from a cognitive perspective – are present in the educators’ discourse, realized through their instances. The results show the ways in which metaphors
are instrumental to the knowledge being constructed in the discourse; and the ways in which the metaphors express values, functioning to construct a culture of shared concerns. The findings of this study have implications for the teachers of design in that they can be used in passing on to
students the knowledge that this field has its own cultural values embedded within the language it uses. The findings will also be useful for teachers whose students are non-native speakers of English, to help bridge gaps in their understanding of communicative intent.
Disrupting the Genre: Unforeseen Personifications in Chopin
Authors: Parakilas James
Published: April 2012

What George Sand characterized as the prevalence of “the unforeseen” in Chopin's music can be understood as his programmatic predilection. Within works whose generic titles promise nothing programmatic, he regularly introduces disruptions that announce a previously unsuspected persona in whose mind the music continues to unfold even as that persona brings the premises of the genre under scrutiny. In the Waltz in A♭, op. 42, for instance, a momentary interruption of the waltz beat, like the terminal interruption of the nocturne texture in the Nocturne in B, op. 32, no. 1, produces an ending that tests the capacity of the genre to absorb what most undermines it. In that Nocturne there is a second personifying tension between the genre-establishing texture of singing lines and the genre-challenging daubs of inconsistent damper-pedal coloring, drawing attention to the hand of the composer at work and therefore—if we adopt the insight of Chopin's artistic interlocutor Eugène Delacroix—to his thinking presence. The Mazurka in C Minor, op. 56, no. 3, represents a reverse strategy. There an imagining mind is personified from the beginning, restlessly searching through a catalog of mazurka features, and it is only in the coda, when the music settles into its genre as dance music, that the persona—the element of the unforeseen—retreats.
Chopin's Ghosts
Authors: Boczkowska Ewelina
Published: April 2012

Chopin's Stuttgart diary, written in a state of fear for his loved ones after the defeat of the anti-Russian insurrection in fall 1831, reveals the exiled composer's emotional distress and morbid alienation. Chopin's intense feelings of mourning lent his imagination a peculiar fascination with the morbid. References to corpses and allusions to ghosts in the diary reflect a profound trauma caused by the uncertainty of his personal situation and his awareness of the political crisis. The Stuttgart crisis is only one of numerous instances in which Chopin mapped his personal losses onto the broader fate of those Poles forced into exile after the failure of the uprising. This identification with the estranged community was capable of producing a deeply subjective experience of haunting. Chopin's music carries a poignant relationship to loss and melancholia, exemplified in this article by the Étude, op. 10, no. 12 (“Revolutionary”), the Nocturne, op. 15, no. 3, and the Funeral March from the Piano Sonata, op. 35. These traits have prompted recent films by Andrzej Zulawski and Zbig Rybczynski to adopt Chopin's music as a means of collective mourning in post-Communist Poland.
Chopin Dreams: The Mazurka in C# Minor, Op. 30, No. 4
Authors: Klein Michael
Published: April 2012

This article views Chopin's Mazurka in C# Minor, op. 30, no. 4, as akin to a dream that is open to analysis from a Lacanian perspective. After a discussion of Jacques Lacan's famous orders of subjectivity (the imaginary, the symbolic order, and the Real), the article turns to his idea that a symptom is a message from the Real that demands interpretation. As such, strange moments in Chopin's Mazurka are like symptoms that require multiple interpretations in order to approach their hidden and overlapping meanings. The article proceeds to view Chopin's Mazurka through nineteenth-century notions of Orientalism (alterity), nationalism (nostalgia), coming to life (the automaton), tuberculosis (the boundary of life and death), and the uncanny (fragmentation of the body/mind). But just as Lacan argued that we can never reach a final meaning for a symptom, the article concludes that there can be no transcendental signified for the various symptomatic moments in Chopin's Mazurka. In the end, the Mazurka becomes what Lacan calls a sinthome, a form of subjectivity that is made up of the very symptoms that the subject strives to understand.
A Lens for an Eye: Proust and Photography
Authors: Zhang Dora
Published: April 2012

Returning to a famous scene in A la recherche du temps perdu when the narrator sees his grandmother as if his eye were a lens, this paper takes seriously the objectivity attributed to photographic vision in order to trace its consequences for our sense of self. I argue that objective sight is traumatic not because it reveals the future nonexistence of things, but because it reveals the continued existence of things in our absence, signaling thereby the contingency of the perceiving subject.
Mythologizing Memories: A Critique of the Utah Korean War Memorial
Authors: Choi Suhi
Published: April 2012

Since its fiftieth anniversary, memorialization of the Korean War has taken place in towns and cities across the United States. As a case study of this belated memory boom, this essay looks at the Utah Korean War Memorial, erected by local veterans in 2003 at Memory Grove Park, Salt Lake City. Situated in both the local and national contexts of remembrance, the memorial resonates largely with three mythical scripts, with themes of resilience, local pride, and the good war, all of which have allowed veterans to negotiate tensions between individual and collective memories. This case study reveals in particular how the official commemoration of the war has shifted local veterans' rhetorical positions from potential witnesses of subversive realities of the war to uncritical negotiators whose legitimization of the very process of mythologizing memories has ultimately alienated them from their own experiences during and after the war.
Acculturative Stress, Work‐related Psychosocial Factors and Depression in Korean‐Chinese Migrant Workers in Korea
Authors: Lee Hyeonkyeong , Ahn Hyunmi , Miller Arlene , Park Chang Gi , Kim Sun Jung
Published: April 2012

Acculturative Stress, Work‐related Psychosocial Factors and Depression in Korean‐Chinese Migrant Workers in Korea: Hyeonkyeong LEE, et al. Yonsei University College of Nursing, Korea—

Objectives

The purposes of this study were to identify the relationships among acculturative stress, work‐related psychosocial factors and depression in Korean‐Chinese migrant workers living in Korea and to determine whether work‐related psychosocial factors mediate the relationship between acculturative stress and depression.

Methods

A descriptive correlational cross‐sectional design was used. A convenience sample of 200 Korean‐Chinese full‐time migrant workers was recruited, and 170 completed questionnaires were included in the analysis. Acculturative stress was assessed by Sandh and Asrabadi's Acculturative Stress Scale. Work‐related psychosocial factors were assessed by job demand, insufficient job control and interpersonal conflict measures from the Korean Occupational Stress Scale. Depression was assessed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Self‐administered or face‐to‐face surveys were conducted by trained data collectors. Multiple regression and path analysis were used.

Results

Roughly 30% of the sample met the criteria for depression. Female workers had significantly higher depression scores than male workers. Acculturative stress and work‐related psychosocial factors significantly predicted 26.3% of the variance in depression. A path model revealed the mediating effect of job demand on the relationship between acculturative stress and depression.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that Work‐related psychosocial factors are salient factors that lead to depression among Korean‐Chinese migrant workers living in Korea. The results suggest that occupational health‐care professionals should promote the prevention and management of depression in this population and highlight the importance of acculturation context in the development of interventions designed to reduce Work‐related stress.
Comparison of Mercury and Aneroid Blood Pressure Measurements in Youth
Authors: Shah Amy S. , Dolan Lawrence M. , D’Agostino Ralph B. , Standiford Debra , Davis Cralen , Testaverde Lisa , Pihoker Catherine , Daniels Stephen R. , Urbina Elaine M. ,   for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group
Published: April 2012

OBJECTIVE:

Because of concerns about the safety and environmental impact of mercury, aneroid sphygmomanometers have replaced mercury-filled devices for blood pressure (BP) measurements. Despite this change, few studies have compared BP measurements between the 2 devices.

METHODS:

The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study conducted a comparison of aneroid and mercury devices among 193 youth with diabetes (48% boys, aged 12.9 ± 3.7 years; 89% type 1). Statistical analyses included estimating Pearson correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman plots, paired t tests, and fitting regression models, both overall and stratified by age (<10 vs ≥10–18 years).

RESULTS:

Mean mercury and aneroid systolic and diastolic BPs were highly correlated. For the entire group, there was no significant difference in mean systolic BP using the aneroid device, but there was a −1.53 ± 5.06 mm Hg difference in mean diastolic BP. When stratified by age, a lower diastolic BP (−1.78 ± 5.2 mm Hg) was seen in those ≥10 to 18 years using the aneroid device. No differences in systolic BP were observed, and there were no differences in BP by device in individuals <10 years. Regression analyses did not identify any explanatory variables.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although a small discrepancy between diastolic BP measurements from aneroid versus mercury devices exists, this variation is unlikely to be clinically significant, suggesting that either device could be used in research or clinical settings.
Evidências de validade entre a Escala de Depressão (EDEP), o BDI e o Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar (IPSF)
Authors: Baptista Makilim Nunes , Souza Mayra Silva de , Alves Gisele Aparecida da Silva
Published: April 2012

A depressão é contemporaneamente definida como um transtorno de humor, marcada por um conjunto de sinais, sintomas, comportamentos e manisfestações fisiológicas apresentadas pelos indivíduos acometidos. Dentre os fatores relacionados com o desenvolvimento e manutenção da depressão, encontra-se o suporte familiar, entendido como manifestação de atenção, carinho, diálogo, liberdade, proximidade afetiva, autonomia e independência existente entre os integrantes da família. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivos a busca por evidências de validade para a Escala de Depressão (EDEP) baseada na relação com outras variáveis, avaliando o mesmo construto, ou seja, depressão sendo mensurada também pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck - BDI e, ainda, avaliando construtos relacionados, sendo o suporte familiar mensurado pelo Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar - IPSF. Participaram desta pesquisa 157 estudantes de uma universidade particular do sul de Minas Gerais, 75,5% do sexo feminino e 24,5% do sexo masculino, com idade média de 23,22 anos (DP=6,4), variando entre 18 e 51 anos. Nos resultados, encontraram-se correlações altas, positivas e significativas entre EDEP e BDI, conforme esperado, indicando que quanto maior a pontuação nas escalas, maior sintomatologia depressiva. Nas correlações entre a EDEP e as dimensões do IPSF, foram encontradas correlações negativas e significativas, sugerindo que quanto maior a sintomatologia de depressão, pior a percepção do suporte familiar recebido. Foram encontradas apenas diferenças marginalmente significativas entre os sexos, no que diz respeito à sintomatologia depressiva (EDEP e BDI), indicando que mulheres pontuariam mais nas escalas de depressão.
Correlation between balance and the level of functional independence among elderly people
Authors: Prata Melina Galetti , Scheicher Marcos Eduardo
Published: April 2012

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: As the overall number of elderly people increases there is a corresponding rise in the number of older persons with disabilities. In order to examine whether there is any relationship between balance and activities of daily living, we evaluated balance and daily activities among elderly people living in the community. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Marília, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: The study included 70 community-dwelling elderly people aged 65 and over. Balance was evaluated using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and physical independence in daily activities was evaluated using the Barthel Index (BI). The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the parameters evaluated. Significance was set at the level of 5% (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The population's mean age was 70.5 ± 5 years. The mean BBS score was 50.9 ± 4.1, whereas the mean BI score was 98.1 ± 2.8. Statistically significant relationships were found between the BBS and BI (r = 0.41; P = 0.0004); between age and BI (r = -0.24; P = 0.04); and between age and BBS (r = -0.57; P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that among elderly people, there are correlations between age, balance and independence level.
Use of epidemiological data as the basis for developing a medical curriculum
Authors: Machado José Lúcio Martins , Souza Sonia Regina Pereira de , Brenna Sylvia Michelina Fernandes , Pose Regina Albanese , Bollela Valdes Roberto , Vieira Joaquim Edson
Published: April 2012

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Epidemiology may help educators to face the challenge of establishing content guidelines for the curricula in medical schools. The aim was to develop learning objectives for a medical curriculum from an epidemiology database. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study assessing morbidity and mortality data, conducted in a private university in São Paulo. METHODS: An epidemiology database was used, with mortality and morbidity recorded as summaries of deaths and the World Health Organization's Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY). The scoring took into consideration probabilities for mortality and morbidity. RESULTS: The scoring presented a classification of health conditions to be used by a curriculum design committee, taking into consideration its highest and lowest quartiles, which corresponded respectively to the highest and lowest impact on morbidity and mortality. Data from three countries were used for international comparison and showed distinct results. The resulting scores indicated topics to be developed through educational taxonomy. CONCLUSION: The frequencies of the health conditions and their statistical treatment made it possible to identify topics that should be fully developed within medical education. The classification also suggested limits between topics that should be developed in depth, including knowledge and development of skills and attitudes, regarding topics that can be concisely presented at the level of knowledge.
Motivação na aprendizagem organizacional: construindo as categorias afetiva, cognitiva e social
Authors: Godoi Christiane Kleinübing , Freitas Sandra Margarete Ferreira de , Carvalho Taís Baumgarten
Published: April 2012

O estudo dos processos complexos de aprendizagem encontra no fenômeno motivacional um elemento fundamental. O que se busca neste ensaio é compreensão do entrelaçamento dos aspectos afetivos, cognitivos e sociais da motivação no interior do processo de aprendizagem organizacional. A delimitação do objeto - motivação na aprendizagem organizacional - emerge, inicialmente, da construção de cada categoria: a) categoria afetiva, originária da confluência entre a teoria psicanalítica freudiana e abordagem psicodinâmica da aprendizagem; b) categoria cognitiva, procedente do pensamento piagetiano; e c) categoria social, sob a influência das teorias da aprendizagem social e sociocognitiva. Em virtude de as teorias referenciais terem sido desenvolvidas historicamente sob paradigmas distintos, elabora-se uma aproximação entre o paradigma criticalista, que transpassa a abordagem psicanalítica, e o construcionismo social, que sustenta as abordagens da psicologia utilizadas. A análise conjunta das três categorias e de seus fatores envolve dois momentos: a análise dos fatores da motivação na aprendizagem, descritos por autores que atuam no campo do indivíduo, observando aqueles que podem ser adaptados para o campo organizacional, e inseridos nas categorias desenvolvidas; e proposição de um quadro-síntese de categorias e fatores que possa ser utilizado em estudos subsequentes sobre o tema. Este artigo pretende contribuir para um novo olhar sobre as teorias da motivação e da aprendizagem nas organizações, uma vez que a sua relação constitui um objeto de estudo que não pode ser reduzido a um tipo motivacional, tampouco a um tipo de cenário de engajamentos, semelhante à motivação no trabalho, mas consiste em um conceito inerente aos processos do aprender organizacional. Atribui-se a relevância do estudo à abertura de uma perspectiva multiparadigmática de compreensão do fenômeno.
Análise dos direcionadores de valor em empresas brasileiras
Authors: Aguiar Andson Braga de , Pimentel Renê Coppe , Rezende Amaury José , Corrar Luiz João
Published: April 2012

Estratégias competitivas são formuladas e implementadas com a finalidade de gerar valor para o acionista. Este estudo pretende identificar e analisar os direcionadores de valor mais representativos para o conjunto de empresas incluídas na amostra e por setor - indústria, serviços e comércio. Utiliza-se a abordagem da geração de valor para o acionista (SVA) para a identificação dos potenciais direcionadores de valor de uma empresa. Na revisão da literatura, são descritas diferentes medidas de retorno que pretendem capturar a criação de valor e suas limitações; além disso, faz-se um detalhamento da abordagem SVA. Testa-se a hipótese de que não existem diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os principais direcionadores de valor de empresas que atuam em diferentes setores. Foram coleta-dos dados referentes ao valor da empresa e aos direcionadores de valor no período de 2001-2005. Emprega-se a técnica estatística de dados em painel. Os resultados demonstram que os direcionadores de valor mais relevantes para o conjunto das empresas foram "lucro operacional" e "investimento em capital de giro". Além disso, existem diferenças entre empresas que atuam em diferentes setores - indústria e serviços - quanto aos principais direcionadores de valor. Portanto, não foi possível confirmar a hipótese de pesquisa. A principal implicação desses resultados é que empresas que atuam em diferentes setores enfatizam diferentes direcionadores de valor com a finalidade de gerar valor para o acionista. Este estudo contribui para a pesquisa em contabilidade sobre o tema ao identificar os principais direcionadores de valor por setor de atividades e, ainda, as diferenças quanto aos direcionadores de valor mais representativos entre os setores de atividade, sob uma abordagem quantitativa.
Indo além do economizing: o papel das redes sociais na apropriação de valor em relações cooperativas
Authors: Miranda Bruno Varella , Saes Maria Sylvia Macchione
Published: April 2012

Este trabalho, de natureza teórica, investiga o papel das redes sociais para a compreensão da apropriação do valor em relações cooperativas. A perspectiva da governança (WILLIAMSON, 1985, 1996) adota um cenário composto por agentes atomizados para explicar a estratégia. Nele, é possível aos indivíduos estabelecer ex ante os benefícios de participação em uma relação cooperativa e, assim, mitigar as possibilidades de comportamento oportunista. O presente artigo demonstra que a caracterização dos mercados feita pela perspectiva da governança é imprecisa. Mais especificamente, argumenta que a existência de ativos específicos dificulta a obtenção da informação necessária para a determinação do valor gerado em um esforço cooperativo. Como consequência, é possível que haja o desalinhamento entre as contribuições relativas e as respectivas recompensas nessas relações. Compreender a forma como os agentes econômicos obtêm essa informação e quais as motivações por trás de sua transferência são os objetivos deste trabalho. Para tanto, a contribuição da nova sociologia econômica (GRANOVETTER, 1985, 2005; UZZI, 1996) é utilizada. As principais conclusões são: 1. o hold up não representa o único risco de comportamento oportunista em uma relação cooperativa; 2. a transferência de informações constitui uma dimensão que ajuda a explicar as motivações dos agentes nessas relações; 3. a participação em redes contribui para a redução dos custos de obtenção da informação relevante; 4. a existência de redes densas explica a transferência gratuita de dados entre os seus membros. O conteúdo desenvolvido nas próximas páginas possibilita uma reflexão acerca da relação entre os indivíduos e o espaço de interação em que realizam intercâmbios. Permite, dessa maneira, um olhar mais realista sobre a arquitetura dos mercados, tema curiosamente pouco estudado pelos economistas. Ademais, fornece ferramentas para a interpretação da existência de padrões heterogêneos de distribuição de valor em relações cooperativas.
Fractional order calculus: historical apologia, basic concepts and some applications
Authors: David S.A. , Linares J.L. , Pallone E.M.J.A.
Published: April 2012

Fractional order calculus (FOC) deals with integrals and derivatives of arbitrary (i.e., non-integer) order, and shares its origins with classical integral and differential calculus. However, until recently, it has been investigated mainly from a mathematical point of view. Advances in the field of fractals have revealed its subtle relationships with fractional calculus. Nonetheless, fractional calculus is generally excluded from standard courses in mathematics, partly because many mathematicians are unfamiliar with its nature and its applications. This area has emerged as a useful tool among researchers. One of the objectives of this paper is to discuss the usefulness of fractional calculus in applied sciences and engineering. In view of the increasing interest in the development of the new paradigm, another objective is to encourage the use of this mathematical idea in various scientific areas by means of a historical apologia for the development of fractional calculus.
Reavaliação e rememoração dos conceitos da mecânica geral com análises geométricas e/ou gráficas: linha de ação de uma força. Parte I
Authors: Barbieri P.F.
Published: April 2012

Os conceitos de linha de ação de uma força são fundamentais para o estudo de sistemas mecânicos estáticos e dinâmicos. Contudo, esse é um conceito pouco explorado nos livros textos tanto de ensino superior como de ensino médio, quando muito, apenas mencionado. O presente trabalho apresenta uma rememoração dos conceitos das linhas de ação para pares de forças e propõe um método geométrico alternativo para a determinação do ponto de atuação da força resultante, enfatizando sua direção e sentido. Tal método foi denominado de "método das componentes paralelas".
O problema da simultaneidade na lei do impedimento do futebol
Authors: Delfim T.F. , Jesus V.L.B. de
Published: April 2012

Segundo a regra da FIFA (do frances: Fédération Internationale de Football Association), para que a posição de impedimento de um jogador seja considerada uma infração, é necessária a observação simultanea da posição do jogador e da bola no momento do passe, para quaisquer posições da bola e do jogador no campo de futebol, exceto no caso de recebimento direto da bola de um tiro de meta, ou arremesso lateral, ou tiro de canto (escanteio). Este trabalho tem por objetivo mostrar que não é possível a marcação correta da infração do impedimento em todos os casos. Essa impossibilidade se dá pelo fato de o arbitro auxiliar responsável pela marcação da infração, também conhecido vulgarmente como "bandeirinha", não possuir um campo de visão correspondente a 180° mas de aproximadamente 30° a 40° que permite a detecção simultanea de eventos, conforme discussão apresentada na seção 2. Baseado nesta discussão foi estimado o tempo característico gasto pelo arbitro auxiliar para girar a cabeça de aproximadamente 90° para tentar observar eventos simultâneos fora de seu campo de visão. Com estes intervalos de tempo foi possível estimar avanços típicos de jogadores em relação à linha de impedimento, quando em posição legal no momento do passe.
Avaliação de ações educativas sobre consumo de drogas e juventude: a práxis no trabalho e na vida
Authors: Soares Cássia Baldini , Campos Célia Maria Sivalli , Berto Juliana Sette , Pereira Érica Gomes
Published: April 2012

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar como conhecimentos sobre consumo de drogas e juventude foram incorporados às práticas sociais de participantes de oficinas para debate, sensibilização e instrumentalização de trabalhadores de instituições sociais, ocorridas há três anos. Foram realizadas 13 entrevistas, utilizando-se roteiro com questões sobre: temas discutidos e estratégias utilizadas, contribuição para o desenvolvimento pessoal e profissional, análise de situações-problema. Os resultados indicaram que os participantes desenvolvem práticas no trabalho e na vida caracterizadas por compreender a rede de causalidade imbricada no consumo de drogas, que envolve reflexões sobre mercadorização da droga, problemas decorrentes da criminalização e do mercado de trabalho. Foram também discutidos valores contemporâneos e dificuldades da família e da escola na socialização dos jovens. Nessa direção, observam-se cuidados para compor discursos que não culpabilizem os usuários. Preferir-se-ia uma atitude de compreensão e diálogo diante das situações-problema colocadas. Embora haja discursos que oscilem, entre formas hegemônicas e críticas de apreensão do problema, é possível perceber que a compreensão mais geral remete ao complexo sistema de produção, consumo e distribuição de psicoativos e à busca de soluções sociais ampliadas. As práticas sociais desenvolvidas, no entanto, evidenciaram ausência de políticas públicas para o enfrentamento do problema
Valores atribuídos ao trabalho e expectativa de futuro: como os jovens se posicionam?
Authors: Lachtim Sheila Aparecida Ferreira , Soares Cássia Baldini
Published: April 2012

A inserção dos jovens no mundo do trabalho vem sendo matizada pela reestruturação produtiva, fenômeno que situa o trabalho e o futuro em patamares cada vez mais instáveis e inseguros. Partindo da consideração teórica de que valores são histórica e socialmente situados, e que a ideologia liberal sobre o trabalho impregna a vida social, o objetivo desta investigação foi identificar e analisar os valores atribuídos ao trabalho por jovens de diferentes grupos sociais. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que apreendeu o objeto empírico por meio da análise de conteúdo de entrevistas com 86 jovens de diferentes grupos sociais de um município da região metropolitana de São Paulo. De modo geral, os jovens de todos os grupos percebem o trabalho como algo valoroso, essencial para o crescimento e amadurecimento que se espera na fase adulta. Houve diferentes posicionamentos entre os grupos sociais quanto à finalidade do trabalho, variando entre caminho para a realização de valores de consumo e posição social e meio para suprir necessidades básicas de sobrevivência. Porém, a ideologia liberal sobre inserção no trabalho marcou todos os grupos. O futuro encontra-se condicionado ao rumo que tomarem no mercado de trabalho, meio principal para conseguir realizar os sonhos.
The Calculation of Pressure Drop in the Flow of Natural Gas Through Pipe
Authors: Poettmann Fred H.
Published: April 2012

An equation has been derived for use in calculating the sandface pressure of flowing gas wells in which the variation of the compressibility factor of the gas with pressure is taken into consideration. This variation due to compressibility has been put into both graphical and tabular form. Comparison of calculated results with field measured results were made on 20 dry gas wells from a given field and 11 distillate wells from different fields. The agreement between calculated and observed results is good.

In addition to their use in the calculation of sand face pressures of flowing wells, the factors can be used in the direct calculation of the static bottom hole pressure of gas wells, the capacity of gas transmission lines, and in the calculation of the theoretical isothermal horsepower necessary to compress a natural gas. Examples demonstrating the use of various equations are given.

Introduction

Many of the equations used to calculate the sand face pressures of flowing gas wells from well head data do not take into consideration rigorously the deviation of the natural gas from ideal gas behavior. For low pressure wells this error is not serious. For high pressure wells flowing at high rates this error can be serious. Sandface pressures are used to determine the producing capacity of gas wells as shown in the U. S. Bureau of Mines Monograph 7.

An equation has been derived for use in calculating the sand face pressure of flowing gas wells in which the variation of compressibility of the gas with pressure is taken into consideration. This variation due to compressibility has been put into both graphical and tabular form. In addition to their use in the calculation of sandface pressures, these "factors" can also be used to give a direct solution in the calculation of the static bottom hole pressure of gas wells, the calculation of the capacity of gas transmission lines, and the calculation of the isothermal horsepower necessary to compress a gas.
A Simplified Method for Computing Oil Recovery by Gas or Water Drive
Authors: Welge Henry J.
Published: April 2012

The approximate methods which are now in use for calculating oil displacement from reservoirs by gas-cycling or gravity-drainage at constant gas pressure, or by water flooding, make use of fundamental relationships derived by Leverett and Buckley and Leverett. The mathematical equations needed are derived by applying Darcy's law to the flowing phases, and by material balance considerations. In general, any treatment of this type gives, for any particular exploitation time considered, a plot of oil saturation against distance in the reservoir. The oil recovery must then be obtained by integrating in some manner the area under the plot.

A useful analytical method has been derived for computing the average saturation, and hence the oil recovery. Use of this method simplifies the calculations because it makes unnecessary any numerical integrations, and even the saturation distribution plots are not needed. A further advantage of the method is that knowledge of the relative permeabilities is required only for a limited and intermediate saturation range.

In both the Buckley and Leverett method and the method discussed here, a linear sand section is assumed, and in the case of gas drive the gas pressure is assumed sufficiently constant both with respect to reservoir position and time so that changes in gas density, solubility, or reservoir volume factor are negligible. Thus, the exploitation contemplates oil displacement as by an immiscible phase. Examples are given to illustrate how the new method can be used.

Introduction and Theoretical Background

This paper treats a simplified method for computing oil recovery when the oil is displaced from the reservoir sand by a fluid which, within the limits of accuracy desired, can be assumed to be incompressible and immiscible with the oil. The method makes use of two basic relations originally developed for the case of water displacing oil. However, the case of gas displacing oil saturated with gas at a constant (or nearly constant) pressure may also be considered a displacement by an immiscible fluid. This is possible for the reason that the concentration of the gas in the oil never changes if the pressure is fixed. Consequently, any additional free gas must remain undissolved in the oil, and so must act essentially as an immiscible phase. For convenience, the case of gas drive will be considered first.
The Delta-Log, A Differential Temperature Surveying Method
Authors: Basham R.B. , Macune C.W.
Published: April 2012

Very small anomalies in oil well temperatures are detected and measured by recording the difference in temperature existing between two thermally sensitive elements which are spaced several feet apart on a small diameter carrier and lowered into the bore hole. The elements operate in a balanced electrical circuit, sending only a reference signal to the surface as long as normal gradient temperatures are encountered. When either element enters a temperature disturbance, the circuit is unbalanced and produces large recorder deflections for minute anomalies. The system is highly sensitive to small changes in thermal gradients caused by gas or fluid movements and to the boundaries between beds of different thermal conductivities. Typical logs show successful applications of the process to locating gas and water leaks in casing, gas entry, and gas-oil contact.

Introduction

Temperature measurements in oil wells have been made for many years in the search for additional sub-surface data. It has been generally agreed that many conditions in the bore hole cause temperature anomalies which, if located and measured, could yield useful information. But it has been recognized also that many of the irregularities, such as those produced by small water and gas leaks in casing, might be very small and therefore difficult to detect with certainty. Although temperature measurements have been made which show anomalies of less than one degree deviation from normal gradient temperatures, the results are usually uncertain and unconvincing. The general practice, therefore, has been to apply temperature surveys only to well conditions known to produce appreciable disturbances, such as large gas movements and cement hydration.

The recent demand for additional data has focused attention on the problem of making dependable temperature measurements in the many instances when anomalies are small but none the less significant. It was for the purpose of detecting these minute irregularities in bore hole temperature that the program described in the following text was undertaken.

It is emphasized that this presentation is not offered as a complete study, for the process is still partially experimental. But it is believed that the results obtained thus far will be of interest to the industry and will indicate some of the system's potential usefulness.
Experimental Study of Foam Flow in Fractured Oil-Wet Limestone for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Haugen A.. , Fernø M.A.. A. , Graue A.. , Bertin H.J.. J.
Published: April 2012

Our objective was to study foam flow in fractured, oil-wet carbonate rocks and determine if foam may be a viable enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) agent in such reservoirs. We present experimental results in fractured carbonate rock and show effects of wettability on oil recovery when using foam. Oil recovery by water, surfactant, or gas injection exhibited low recovery, less than 10% of original oil in place (OOIP). Oil recovery during injection of pregenerated foam was improved significantly, with up to 78% of OOIP produced. Foam reduced the gas mobility in the fractured rock, increased differential pressure, and diverted flow into the oil-saturated matrix. However, a significant amount of foam injection was required for the additional oil recovery. Generation of foam in-situ was weak in the smooth-walled fractures, and no fluid diversion from the fractures with additional oil recovery was observed. On the basis of the experimental results, mechanisms for foam collapse in the fracture are discussed and possible steps to improve recovery are outlined.
Heavy-Oil Recovery by In-Situ Emulsion Formation
Authors: Kumar R.. , Dao E.. , Mohanty K.K.. K.
Published: April 2012

The aim of this work is to evaluate alkaline/surfactant (AS) methods to improve recovery from heavy-oil reservoirs. Alkali/surfactant/oil phase-behavior experiments were conducted to determine conditions under which oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions form. The viscosity (and its shear dependence) was measured for some of these emulsions. Reservoir sand was assembled in sandpacks. Waterflood and AS floods were conducted at several salinities. Several relatively hydrophilic surfactants were identified, which formed O/W emulsions with the reservoir oil at a low concentration in the presence of sodium carbonate. O/W emulsions were favored at low salinity and high water/oil ratio (WOR). Viscosity of these emulsions was low compared with the oil viscosity. Waterflood recovery was on the order of 25 to 40% of the original oil in place (OOIP) in corefloods, and it decreased as the injection rate increased. Following the waterflood, the AS flood gave an incremental oil recovery of 10 to 35% of OOIP. The incremental post-breakthrough oil recovery during the waterflood is likely because of the imbibition of the water from viscous fingers into the unswept oil-saturated zone; this recovery is directly proportional to the square root of time.
Behavior of Dissolved Oxygen in Oil Field Brine
Authors: Bernard George G. , Marsh Glenn A.
Published: April 2012

It is often assumed that aerated oil field brines which are to be injected underground contain dissolved oxygen in amounts which will cause appreciable corrosion. Through the use of a new portable dissolved oxygen meter, accurate determinations were made at three brine conditioning plants. At two older plants, dissolved oxygen concentration in the final treated brine was found to be almost zero in spite of aeration during the conditioning process. At a new plant, dissolved oxygen was initially present but disappeared soon after the brine was "inoculated" with oxygen-free brine from one of the other plants. Corrosion tests at the two older plants have substantiated predictions that the brines would not be corrosive. These results show that mechanical deaeration may not always be required in brine treating plants.

Introduction

The present work was undertaken to add to our knowledge of aeration and deaeration of oil field brines in brine conditioning plants. It is commonly assumed that brines which are exposed to the air soon become more or less saturated with dissolved oxygen. Since oxygen-containing brines are known to be corrosive, precautions are often taken to keep air out of brine through the use of closed systems or mechanical deaeration.

The study of oxygen in brine has been seriously hampered in the past because of the lack of a suitable analytical tool. The standard Winkler method for the determination of dissolved oxygen is satisfactory for use in fresh water, but not in many oil field brines. Corrections have to he made for a number of reducing substances such as ferrous iron and hydrogen sulfide which are commonly present in natural brines. Very often the correction factors are much greater in magnitude than the amounts of oxygen which are to he determined, and consequently erroneous results are obtained. Also, erratic Winkler data are obtained when appreciable concentrations of calcium and magnesium salts are present.

The first step in carrying out a systematic study involved designing a portable dissolved oxygen apparatus which would operate in natural brines. Subsequently, this apparatus was used in three brine conditioning plants. Dissolved oxygen data obtained here, and certain corrosion rate data, illustrate the interesting behavior of oxygen in these oil field brines.
Possibility of Cycling Deep Depleted Oil Reservoirs After Compression to a Single Phase
Authors: Katz Donald L.
Published: April 2012

The compressing of gas into a partially depleted gas drive oil reservoir to bring the contents to a single phase miscible with gas is proposed as a process worthy of serious study. The compressed gas and vaporized oil would be recovered by cycling. This paper explores the possibility of recovering oil from reservoirs of 6,000'Ft or more by this method.

Introduction

Many new methods for increasing the recovery of oil from reservoirs are under consideration in the various research laboratories. One method which should be considered for recovering oil from partially depleted gas drive fields is to compress gas into the reservoir until the contents become a single phase miscible with more gas. Natural gas then may be cycled through the reservoir to recover the oil. This procedure ideally will eliminate the capillary effects of the liquid in the porous media and, should permit recoveries similar to those obtained in cycling operations, probably of the order of 80 per cent. This paper explores the information now available for the prediction of the performance of such a project and discusses the problems likely to be encountered in recovering oil by cycling.

For many years dry natural gas has been passed through oil reservoirs to recover natural gasoline which would vaporize from the oil. Recently a process of recovering more of the high boiling hydrocarbons has been described by employing high pressures at which the heavier hydrocarbons have a higher volatility. Nevertheless, this reported method does not eliminate the differential nature of the vaporization process and capillary forces are still present in the reservoir. The process under discussion in this paper would minimize differential vaporization and would remove capillary forces which are responsible for low oil recoveries. Higher gas pressure, are required to accomplish this removal of the miniscus, but it does not follow that more gas is required for oil recovery. The process is limited to reservoirs deep enough to permit the use of the required pressure - probably 6,000'Ft and deeper.
Numerical-Simulation Investigation of the Effect of Heavy-Oil Viscosity on the Performance of Hydrocarbon Additives in SAGD
Authors: Hosseininejad Mohebati M.. , Maini B.B.. B. , Harding T.G.. G.
Published: April 2012

Heavy oil and bitumen are expected to become increasingly important sources of fuel in the coming decades. There are extensive deposits in Alberta that could be a principal source of fuel in the coming century. The Athabasca oil sands, the largest petroleum accumulation in the world; the Cold Lake oil deposit; and the Lloydminster reservoir are all major Canadian oil-sands deposits. Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), which has shown considerable promise in all three of these major deposits, remains an expensive technique and requires large energy input. The energy intensity of SAGD and the environmental concerns make it imperative to find new oil-extraction technologies.

Coinjecting hydrocarbon additives with steam offers the potential of lower energy and water consumption and reduced green-house-gas emission by improving the oil rates and recoveries. In a previous paper by the same authors (Hosseininejad Mohebati et al. 2010), we showed that the selection of a suitable hydrocarbon additive and the effectiveness of this hybrid process are strongly dependent on the operating conditions, reservoir-fluid composition, the heavy-oil viscosity, and the petrophysical properties of the reservoir. Among these factors, the heavy-oil viscosity, which is the main difference between these three reservoirs, could be a very important parameter in the performance of this hybrid process. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the hydrocarbon additives to SAGD for these three oil-sand deposits separately.

Extensive numerical studies in a 3D model by means of a fully implicit thermal simulator were conducted to evaluate the efficiency of each hydrocarbon additive with different heavy-oil viscosities (resembling those of Athabasca bitumen, Cold Lake heavy oil, and Lloydminster heavy oil). Varying mole percents of hexane, butane, and methane were coinjected with steam to each reservoir with different heavy-oil viscosity. The optimum amount of hydrocarbon injection was reported in each case. This culminated in a novel method for selecting the most advantageous hydrocarbon additive and its optimum concentration considering the heavy-oil viscosity.
Reservoir-Navigation System and Drilling Technology Maximize Productivity and Drilling Performance in the Granite Wash, US Midcontinent
Authors: Janwadkar S.. , Thomas M.. , Privott S.. , Tehan R.. , Carlson L.. , Spear W.. , Setiadarma A..
Published: April 2012

The Granite Wash unconventional gas and oil play of the US midcontinent has a multitrillion-cubic-feet-equivalent upside potential. The condensates and natural-gas liquids associated with this gas play make it one of the most-prolific and fastest-growing unconventional fields in North America. However, efficient extraction of hydrocarbons from the Granite Wash play poses drilling and geological challenges. The Granite Wash deposit has significant lateral variation, with extremely abrasive thinly bedded sandstones. Geological complexity of this field requires precise placement and navigation of the wellbore in real time to overcome the variable characteristics of the reservoir. To overcome these challenges, logging-while-drilling (LWD) technology was used in conjunction with geosteering. An azimuthal gamma ray image was used to determine formation bed dip and stratigraphic complexity within the reservoir. Multiple-propagation resistivity measurements were used to correlate position within the reservoir and indicate formation porosity. The LWD data was transmitted in real time by means of satellite to a remote reservoir-navigation center where the reservoir-navigation engineer incorporated the real-time data into the geological model. This strategy has been implemented to drill with excellent results, as compared with the offset wells. The initial production rate obtained was 19.4 MMcfe/D (cfe = cubic foot equivalent). The well was completed 10 days ahead of schedule, resulting in significant cost savings. With the successful implementation of real-time reservoir-navigation and drilling technology, the operator accelerated their drilling program. The results are significant organic production growth, improved drilling performance, precise placement of the wellbore, and significant reduction in rotating hours at lower drilling and production costs.