bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Manganese Oxide-Coated Sand for the Adsorption of Uranium(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solution Using a Column Mode
Authors: Zou Weihua , Song Jiyun , Li Ke , Han Runping
Published: February 2011

Continuous fixed-bed studies were undertaken to evaluate the performance of manganese oxide-coated sand (MOCS) as an adsorbent for the removal of uranium(VI) ions from aqueous solution under the effect of various process parameters such as the bed depth, the flow rate, the presence of salt and the initial U(VI) ion concentration. The U(VI) ion uptake by MOCS increased with initial U(VI) ion concentration and bed height, but decreased as the flow rate increased. A shorter breakthrough time was observed in the presence of salt. The experimental data obtained from the breakthrough curves were analyzed using the Thomas model. The BDST model was also applied to predict the service times for other flow rates and initial concentrations. The results showed that the Thomas model was suitable for the description of the whole breakthrough curve, while the data were in good agreement with the BDST model. The columns were regenerated by eluting the bound U(VI) ions with 0.5 mol/ℓ HNO3 solution after the adsorption studies. MOCS could be re-used to adsorb U(VI) ions at a comparable capacity. Compared to virgin sand, the removal of U(VI) ions from MOCS proceeded more readily.
Adsorption of Copper(II) Ions onto Hazelnut Shell and Apricot Stone Activated Carbons
Authors: Özçimen Didem , Ersoy-Meriçboyu Ayşegül
Published: February 2011

Activated carbons prepared from hazelnut shells and apricot stones were used as adsorbents for the removal of copper(II) ions from aqueous solution. Adsorption studies were carried out by varying the initial metal ion concentration, the temperature and the pH. The amount of Cu(II) ions adsorbed increased with increasing temperature, pH and initial Cu(II) ion concentration. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The parameters of the isotherm models were determined for two activated carbons; it was found that the Freundlich model showed a better fit of the adsorption data than the Langmuir model. The physical and chemical properties of hazelnut shell and apricot stone activated carbons were determined for comparative purposes.
Synthesis and Characterization of a ZrO2/AC Composite as a Novel Adsorbent for Dibenzothiophene
Authors: Xiong Lin , Yan Xue-Min , Mei Ping
Published: February 2011

Zirconium dioxide was impregnated into a commercial activated carbon (AC) by hydrothermal treatment employing an aqueous ZrOCl2•8H2O solution. The ZrO2/AC composites thus prepared were tested as adsorbents for dibenzothiophene (DBT) from a model diesel fuel. In comparison to the pure AC, impregnation of ZrO2 was found to lead to a ca. 17% increase in the adsorption capacity. The optimal ZrO2 loading and hydrothermal pH were determined as 0.1 mmol/g and 7, respectively. The spent adsorbents were regenerated by toluene washing, with the ZrO2/AC composite exhibiting a higher adsorptive capacity than pure AC even after three such recycles. The ZrO2/AC composite was also characterized by the physical adsorption of nitrogen and Boehm titrations. The results indicated that surface acidic sites on the impregnated ZrO2 may play an important role in the improved desulphurization performance of the composite.
Batch Studies of Zinc(II) Ion Adsorption onto Alginic Acid Fibres
Authors: Kong Qingshan , Guo Chunxiang , Cheng Fangfang , Ji Quan , Li Yanhui , Xia Yanzhi
Published: February 2011

The ability of alginic acid fibres to remove Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution was investigated by batch experiments. The effect of experimental parameters including pH, agitation time, initial Zn(II) ion concentration, temperature and biosorbent dosage on the biosorption of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution was studied. Thermodynamic studies of Zn(II) ion biosorption demonstrated the exothermic nature of the process. Kinetic studies showed that the biosorption conformed to the pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models provided a good fit to the experimental data. The activation energy for the biosorption process suggested that it occurred in a physical manner. Alginic acid fibres have been demonstrated to be effective marine materials for the removal of Zn(II) ions from aqueous solution.
Operation Theory of Wind Pumps (2)
Authors: Siddig Mohammed Hashim
Published: February 2011

Following on a preceding paper of the same title [1], and the establishment of the dependence of the wind-pump performance on the wind-pump's Froude number, υ/√ gh, an analytical analysis of the wind-pump's design parameters is further developed in this work. The result was the formulation of the system criteria that continuously match the load with the varying wind speed and water head. This led to a design procedure that entails variation of the pump stroke, the rotational speed-ratio or the turbine's pitch angle to sustain a continuous peak performance. The stroke and speed-ratio variations are such that any of them is continuously proportional to the square of the wind-pump's Froude number. The pitch-angle variation technique requires an inverse relation between the design torque-coefficient and the square of Froude number.

The suggested power maximization techniques lead to the continuous operation of the turbine at its maximum power-coefficient point, as long as the operational Froude number is above its stop limit.

The arrangements have the implicit advantage of minimizing the start and stop wind speeds of the wind pump.
Discovering Golf's Innermost Truths: A New Approach to Teaching the Game
Authors: Lightbown Peter
Published: February 2011

Existing instruction methods were found to be destructive of natural talent and as a result a new approach was developed. The innermost building blocks of effective movement were identified as the qualities of balance, relaxation and rhythm. Other approaches to human movement were studied, including the Alexander Technique, the Feldenkrais Method, Sensory Awareness, yoga and Tai chi. The philosophical contributions of Erich Fromm, Zen and Krishnamurti were also influential. The teaching method which emerged uses awareness as the means by which balance, relaxation and rhythm are introduced into every aspect of the swing. The role of the mind is one of perceiving and responding to what is happening, rather than instructing the body what to do. When attention is focused inwardly, the external fundamentals of good style appear of their own accord. This method is helpful to golfers of all levels and restores pleasure, power and individuality to the swing.
Feminist political theory and the argument for an unconditional basic income
Authors: Zelleke Almaz
Published: February 2011

Although many thoughtful critiques of political theory and the concept of justice have been offered from a feminist perspective, a comprehensive feminist theory of justice has not yet been articulated. This article proposes that not only does a feminist account of justice require an unconditional basic income, but also that is the only basis on which to defend the principle of unconditionality against the gender-biased claims of universal work or participation duties. It surveys feminist critiques of political theory, theories of justice and the androcentric models of citizenship. Together, these critiques suggest a more genderinclusive model of citizenship and the broad outlines of a feminist theory of justice, in which an unconditional basic income plays a crucial role.
Synthesis of a rhodanine-based compound library targeting Bcl-XL and Mcl-1
Authors: Bernardo Paul H. , Sivaraman Thirunavukkarasu , Wan Kah-Fei , Xu Jin , Krishnamoorthy Janarthanan , Song Chun Meng , Tian Liming , Chin Jasmine S. F. , Lim Diane S. W. , Mok Henry Y. K. , Yu Victor C. , Tong Joo Chuan , Chai Christina L. L.
Published: February 2011

A small library of pyridine-based rhodanine analogues of BH3I-1 were synthesized and screened against B-cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-XL) and myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) for the ability to displace 5-carboxyfluorescein-labeled Bak peptide (Flu-Bak). Differences in selectivity toward Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 were observed, and the binding modes of selected compounds were studied further. The results may be useful in designing potent small-molecule inhibitors of Bcl-XL and Mcl-1 as well as selective Mcl-1 inhibitors.
Estimates of Insulin Secretory Function in Apparently Healthy Volunteers Vary as a Function of How the Relevant Variables Are Quantified
Authors: Johns Barry R , Abbasi Fahim , Reaven Gerald M
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND

Several surrogate estimates have been used to define relationships between insulin action and pancreatic β-cell function in healthy individuals. Because it is unclear how conclusions about insulin secretory function depend on specific estimates used, we evaluated the effect of different approaches to measurement of insulin action and secretion on observations of pancreatic β-cell function in individuals whose fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was <7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL).

METHODS

We determined 2 indices of insulin secretion [homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) and daylong insulin response to mixed meals], insulin action [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during the insulin suppression test], and degree of glycemia [fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and daylong glucose response to mixed meals] in 285 individuals with FPG <7.0 mmol/L. We compared the relationship between the 2 measures of insulin secretion as a function of the measures of insulin action and degree of glycemia.

RESULTS

Assessment of insulin secretion varied dramatically as a function of which of the 2 methods was used and which measure of insulin resistance or glycemia served as the independent variable. For example, the correlation between insulin secretion (HOMA-β) and insulin resistance varied from an r value of 0.74 (when HOMA-IR was used) to 0.22 (when SSPG concentration was used).

CONCLUSIONS

Conclusions about β-cell function in nondiabetic individuals depend on the measurements used to assess insulin action and insulin secretion. Viewing estimates of insulin secretion in relationship to measures of insulin resistance and/or degree of glycemia does not mean that an unequivocal measure of pancreatic β-cell function has been obtained.
Measurement of Hemoglobin A1c from Filter Papers for Population-Based Studies
Authors: Egier David A , Keys Judy L , Hall S Kim , McQueen Matthew J
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND

Stability and transport challenges make hemoglobin (Hb) A1c measurement from EDTA whole blood (WB) inconvenient and costly for large-scale population studies. This study investigated Hb A1c measurement from WB blotted on filter paper (FP) in a Level I National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP)-accredited laboratory.

METHODS

Three Bio-Rad Variant™ II HPLC instruments and WB and FP specimens were used. Precision, accuracy, linearity, and readable total area of the 6.5-min (β-thalassemia method) Variant II HbA2/HbA1c Dual Program were assessed. Hb A1c stability was measured using in-house FP QC samples. The INTERHEART (a study of the effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries) and CURE (Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events) studies provided chromatographs for morphometric analyses and interoperator variability experiments. Statistical analyses were performed to assess long-term sample stability, WB vs FP agreement, and significance of Hb A1c peak integration.

RESULTS

Intra- and interassay CVs were ≤2.00%. Total area counts between 0.8 and 5.5 × 106 μV/s produced accurate Hb A1c results. The regression equation for agreement between WB(x) and FP(y) was as follows: y = 0.933x + 0.4 (n = 85). FP QC samples stored at −70 °C and tested over approximately 3 years yielded CVs of 1.72%–2.73% and regression equations with slopes of −1.08 × 10−4 to 7.81 × 10−4. The CURE study, with better preanalytical preparation, achieved a 97% reportable rate, and the reportable rate of the INTERHEART study was 85%.

CONCLUSIONS

The FP collection method described provided accurate, robust, and reproducible measurement of Hb A1c using the Bio-Rad Variant II HPLC autoanalyzer when FP specimens were prepared according to standardized protocols, and analyses were performed in an NGSP-certified laboratory, supporting the use of FP collection cards in large multinational studies.
Detection of Circulating Endothelial Cells via a Microfluidic Disk
Authors: Chen Ken-Chao , Lee Tai-Ping , Pan Yu-Cheng , Chiang Chi-Ling , Chen Chen-Lin , Yang Yao-Hsu , Chiang Bor-Luen , Lee Hsinyu , Wo Andrew M
Published: February 2011

BACKGROUND

Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) in the blood are rare but have been shown to be associated with various diseases. With the ratio of CECs to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) less than 1 part per thousand, their separation from PBMCs and detection are challenging. We present a means of detecting CECs from PBMCs via an economical microfluidic disk with a model cell system [human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in PBMCs], along with demonstration of its efficacy clinically.

METHODS

To enrich these rare cells, we used immunomagnetic beads and a tailor-made magnet on the disk. CEC-simulating HUVECs, as target cells, were stained with primary anti–CD146-phycoerythrin antibody and bound with secondary antibody on antiphycoerythrin magnetic beads. PBMCs served as nontarget cells and were labeled with anti–CD45-FITC antibody.

RESULTS

When hundreds of HUVECs were mixed in 106 PBMCs, 95% of spiked HUVECs were detected. This yield also held for 60 HUVEC in <104 PBMCs. We compared data from flow cytometry with that from the disk: CEC counts in 50 μL blood from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were 61.1 (21.5), significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those of healthy donors, 31.2 (13.3).

CONCLUSIONS

The count of CECs is a suitable marker for symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus. The microfluidic disk system should be a viable platform for detection of CECs.
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs): the hallmark of an ingenious antiviral defense mechanism in prokaryotes
Authors: Al-Attar Sinan , Westra Edze R. , van der Oost John , Brouns Stan J.J.
Published: February 2011

Many prokaryotes contain the recently discovered defense system against mobile genetic elements. This defense system contains a unique type of repetitive DNA stretches, termed Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs). CRISPRs consist of identical repeated DNA sequences (repeats), interspaced by highly variable sequences referred to as spacers. The spacers originate from either phages or plasmids and comprise the prokaryotes' ‘immunological memory’. CRISPR-associated (cas) genes encode conserved proteins that together with CRISPRs make-up the CRISPR/Cas system, responsible for defending the prokaryotic cell against invaders. CRISPR-mediated resistance has been proposed to involve three stages: (i) CRISPR-Adaptation, the invader DNA is encountered by the CRISPR/Cas machinery and an invader-derived short DNA fragment is incorporated in the CRISPR array. (ii) CRISPR-Expression, the CRISPR array is transcribed and the transcript is processed by Cas proteins. (iii) CRISPR-Interference, the invaders' nucleic acid is recognized by complementarity to the crRNA and neutralized. An application of the CRISPR/Cas system is the immunization of industry-relevant prokaryotes (or eukaryotes) against mobile-genetic invasion. In addition, the high variability of the CRISPR spacer content can be exploited for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. Despite impressive progress during the last couple of years, the elucidation of several fundamental details will be a major challenge in future research.
Regulatory RNAs in cyanobacteria: developmental decisions, stress responses and a plethora of chromosomally encoded cis-antisense RNAs
Authors: Georg Jens , Hess Wolfgang R.
Published: February 2011

Cyanobacteria are the only prokaryotes which directly convert solar energy into biomass using oxygenic photosynthesis. Therefore, these bacteria are of interest for the production of biofuels, biotechnology and are of tremendous relevance for primary carbon fixation in many ecosystems. Mechanisms controlling gene expression cannot be understood entirely without information on the numbers and functions of regulatory RNAs. In cyanobacteria, non-coding RNAs have been characterized from simple unicellular species such as Prochlorococcus up to complex species such as Anabaena. Several of these RNAs function in the control of stress responses, photosynthesis, outer cell membrane protein biosynthesis and the differentiation of cells.
Influence of wood specimen thickness on its mechanical properties by tensile testing: solid wood versus veneer
Authors: Buchelt Beate , Pfriem Alexander
Published: February 2011

No abstract available
Thermal behaviour of Norway spruce and European beech in and between the principal anatomical directions
Authors: Sonderegger Walter , Hering Stefan , Niemz Peter
Published: February 2011

Thermal conductivity (ThCond), thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) have been determined for all principal directions – radial (R), tangential (T) and longitudinal (L) – depending on the moisture content (MC) and ThCond was additionally measured in 15° steps between these directions. The ThCond was determined in a guarded hot plate apparatus. For determining thermal diffusivity and heat capacity, the same apparatus was supplemented with thermocouples and the temperature evolution was evaluated numerically by a partial differential equation. The results show expectedly that ThCond increases with increasing MC, whereby the highest increment was observed in T and the lowest in L direction. ThCond is higher for beech than for spruce in all anatomical directions and the conductivity for both species is more than twice as high in L direction than perpendicular to grain. The highest ThCond is found for beech at a grain angle of approximately 15°. The lowest ThCond shows spruce at an angle of approximately 60° between T and R direction. Thermal diffusivity is similar for both species and decreases with increasing MC. Its differences with regard to the anatomical directions correlate with those of the ThCond values. Heat capacity is lower for beech than for spruce and shows a clear increase with increasing MC.
Highly stable acyclic bifunctional chelator for 64Cu PET imaging
Authors: Abada S. , Lecointre A. , Déchamps-Olivier I. , Platas-Iglesias C. , Christine C. , Elhabiri M. , Charbonniere L.
Published: February 2011

Ligand L1, based on a pyridine scaffold, functionalized by two bis(methane phosphonate)aminomethyl groups, was shown to display a very high affinity towards Cu(II) (log K
CuL=22.7) and selectivity over Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II) and Ga(III) (Δ log K
ML>4) as shown by the values of the stability constants obtained from potentiometric measurements. Insights into the coordination mode of the ligand around Cu(II) cation were obtained by UV-Vis absorption and EPR spectroscopies as well as density functional theory (DFT) calculations (B3LYP model) performed in aqueous solution. The results point to a pentacoordination pattern of the metal ion in the fully deprotonated [CuL1]6− species. Considering the beneficial thermodynamic parameters of this ligand, kinetic experiments were run to follow the formation of the copper(II) complexes, indicating a very rapid formation of the complex, appropriat e for 64Cu complexation. As L1 represents a particularly interesting target within the frame of 64Cu PET imaging, a synthetic protocol was developed to introduce a labeling function on the pyridyl moiety of L1, thereby affording L2, a potential bifunctional chelator (BFC) for PET imaging.
Bioavailability of 99mTc-paclitaxel-glucuronide (99mTc-PAC-G)
Authors: Biber Muftuler Fazilet Zumrut , Demir Ilknur , Ünak P. , Ichedef Cigdem , Yurt Kilcar Ayfer
Published: February 2011

An antitumor agent paclitaxel (PAC) has been proved to be efficient in the treatment of breast and ovarian cancer. Glucuronic acid-derived paclitaxel compound [paclitaxel-glucuronide (PAC-G)] was enzymatically synthesized using microsome preparate separated from rat livers. The biodistribution mechanism of PAC-G in healthy female Albino Wistar rats has been investigated. The expected structure is confirmed according to LC/MS results, and the possible attachment is to C2-hydroxyl group. PAC-G was labeled with 99mTc and the radiochemical yield of radiolabeled compound (99mTc-PAC-G) was 98.0±02.74 (n=9). The range of the breast/blood and breast/muscle ratios is approximately between 3 and 35 in 240ߙmin. All these experimental studies indicate that 99mTc-PAC-G may potentially be used in breast tissue as an imaging agent.
Reduced appetite and body mass index with delayed puberty in a mother and son: association with a rare novel sequence variant in the leptin gene
Authors: Murray P G , Read A , Banerjee I , Whatmore A J , Pritchard L E , Davies R A , Brennand J , White A , Ross R J , Clayton P E
Published: February 2011

Introduction

Leptin deficiency caused by mutations within the leptin gene (LEP) results in severe early onset obesity, hypogonadism, pubertal delay and immune system abnormalities. Constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) is a common condition seen in paediatric clinics, in which children present with delayed growth and puberty but usually also have a slim body habitus. We hypothesized that LEP variants may play a role in the phenotype seen in CDGP.

Aim

To screen a group of children with CDGP for pathogenic sequence variants in LEP.

Patients and methods

Denaturing HPLC was used to screen for LEP sequence variants in DNA samples from 78 children with CDGP (predominantly white males) and 112 control subjects. DNA fragments with a WAVE pattern deviant from wild type were directly sequenced. A STAT3 luciferase reporter assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells transiently transfected with the leptin receptor was used to test activity of mutant leptin.

Results

One child with CDGP was identified to be heterozygous for a novel missense variant (c.68C>G), which results in a proline to arginine substitution (p.P23R). This sequence variant was not identified in any of the other control subjects, but was identified in his mother who shared a similar phenotype of slim body habitus, reduced appetite and pubertal delay (menarche aged 15 years). The leptin variant showed similar stability in serum compared with wild type and did not demonstrate increased activity in an in vitro reporter gene assay.

Conclusions

This is the first report of a sequence variant within the LEP gene associated with reduced body mass index rather than obesity. We hypothesize that this variant has increased bioactivity in vivo.
Fracture of Anterior Iliac Crest Following Bone Graft Harvest in an Anorexic Patient: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Covani Ugo , Ricci Massimiliano , Santini Stefano , Mangano Francesco , Barone Antonio
Published: February 2011

In the treatment of jaw bone atrophies, autologus bone is still considered the gold standard because of its excellent osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and osteogenetic proprieties and lack of immunogenicity, which allow better graft integration and stability. Although various donor sites are available, the iliac crest represents the best source of corticocancellous bone, and literature suggests that it has low morbidity. However, this case report emphasizes that patients with systemic diseases such as anorexia should be carefully evaluated before such an operation, because unfavorable bone conditions may jeopardize the outcome. A 47-year-old woman needing rehabilitation of the upper arch was considered for iliac crest harvesting. She stated that she had suffered from anorexia for 30 years. A corticocancellous block was harvested by a bone saw using an anterolateral approach to the outer table of the right anterior iliac crest. The postoperative course was uneventful, but 13 days later, she complained of a sudden pain in the operated area, and X rays revealed a fracture of the anterior iliac crest. So far, the literature has mentioned 50 cases of iliac crest fractures after bone harvesting, and 28 cases among these are due to harvesting in the anterior part of the iliac crest. Several factors seem to be responsible for this complication, including the area of harvesting, residual bone thickness, technique used, and age and gender of the patient. To our knowledge, our case is the first of hip fracture after bone harvesting in a patient suffering from anorexia. Both low weight and osteoporosis are probably responsible for this complication. In our opinion, patients suffering from anorexia should be considered at risk for bone harvesting, and an appropriate mini-invasive surgical technique should be carried out instead.
Highly reliable oxide‐semiconductor TFT for AMOLED displays
Authors: Arai Toshiaki , Morosawa Narihiro , Tokunaga Kazuhiko , Terai Yasuhiro , Fukumoto Eri , Fujimori Takashige , Sasaoka Tatsuya
Published: February 2011

Abstract— The stability and reliability of oxide‐semiconductor TFTs were investigated. The contact material to the oxide semiconductor affected the thermal stability of the TFT, and a molybdenum‐contact source/drain showed good stability. And the passivating film and TFT structure affected the stability against bias stress and humidity stress, and dc‐sputtered Al2O3 passivation and fully covered channel structure with an etching stopper or source/drain showed good reliability. Moreover, high photo‐stability was confirmed by the bias‐enhanced photo‐irradiation stress test. An 11.7‐in.‐diagonal qHD AMOLED display was demonstrated to provide an applicable solution for a large‐sized OLED and an ultra‐high‐definition LCD‐TV mass production.
A Robust Statistical Method to Detect Null Alleles in Microsatellite and SNP Datasets in Both Panmictic and Inbred Populations
Authors: Girard Philippe
Published: February 2011

Null alleles are common technical artifacts in genetic-based analysis. Powerful methods enabling their detection in either panmictic or inbred populations have been proposed. However, none of these methods appears unbiased in both types of mating systems, necessitating a priori knowledge of the inbreeding level of the population under study. To counter this problem, I propose to use the software FDist2 to detect the atypical fixation indices that characterize markers with null alleles. The rational behind this approach and the parameter settings are explained. The power of the method for various sample sizes, degrees of inbreeding and null allele frequencies is evaluated using simulated microsatellite and SNP datasets and then compared to two other null allele detection methods. The results clearly show the robustness of the method proposed here as well as its greater accuracy in both panmictic and inbred populations for both types of marker. By allowing a proper detection of null alleles for a wide range of mating systems and markers, this new method is particularly appealing for numerous genetic studies using co-dominant loci.
Not only item content but also item format is important: Taxonomizing item format approaches
Authors: Rauthmann John F.
Published: February 2011

In this article I argue that as well as item content, item formats (i.e., phrasing and response formats) are also important. Most trait items can be mapped onto 4 dimensions: point of reference (first person, possessive, others, indicator), general item format (staticity, frequency,
valency, frequency + valency), construct indicator (attributal, behavioral, mental, contextual), and conditionality (unconditional, conditional). An item taxonomy tree for the first person perspective is provided for an Openness to Experiences item, and NEO-PI-R Extraversion items are analyzed
according to the 4-item format dimensions. Future lines of research on item phrasing are outlined.
Police restorative approach in the juvenile justice system
Authors: Stefanovska Vesna
Published: February 2011

Restorative justice is a new, different response to crime, response that
offers and tries to establish justice again. Not going into aims, impact and
basic principles of restorative justice, as well as into substance of
different restorative practices, in this article we will concentrate on
restorative interventions that lead to avoidance of the formal justice
system. Concretely, we will analyze the role of the police in applying
restorative interventions in the juvenile justice system. Particular emphasis
will be put on the meaning and the aim of diversion procedures towards
juvenile offenders that have committed minor offences and more serious ones
for which they come in conflict with the law. In the foreign expert
literature the concept of restorative policing is recognized (restorative
approach in police conduct), as an attempt to introduce a new reform in
performing police affairs. This subject should be approached very carefully
and fundamentally, if we want consistent implementation of the new tendency
and practices in the juvenile justice systems in accordance with the
international standards.
Restorative justice within the criminal justice system
Authors: Vasiljevic-Prodanovic Danica
Published: February 2011

Positioning of restorative justice within the criminal justice system is one
of the current questions preoccupying theorists and practitioners in the
field. During decades restorative justice processes have been predominantly
used within juvenile justice systems for dealing with minor offences
committed by juveniles. Number of jurisdictions in Europe, USA, Canada,
Australia have criminal codifications containing provisions that enable use
of restorative justice processes in aim of diversion. Recent initiatives
create possibility of applying restorative procedure in cases of serious
crimes committed by adult offenders. This article reviews theoretical
discussions and practical issues relating the scope and tasks of restorative
justice within criminal justice, which may contribute to the development and
use of restorative processes in our criminal justice system.
Corporate submissiveness
Authors: Baltezarevic Vesna , Baltezarevic Radoslav
Published: February 2011

The appeal of an organization, or belonging to a certain group depends upon
the satisfaction each group member derives from his function within the
greater system. In contrast to that, a frequent occurrence is the incidence
of aggressive behavior within the organization system, motivated by the need
to impose power. Individuals who refuse to comply with such a model of
managing others, become themselves the victims and subjects to actions aimed
at their social isolation. This paper aspires to identify the reason why
majority of employees tends to accept the imposed subordinating position at
the working place without complaint. The other issue the author is addressing
is the drive behind individual solidarity with the leader, especially in
cases when the leader in question demonstrates unjustified aggression towards
certain employee(s).
Auditor Differentiation, Mitigating Management Actions, and Audit-Reporting Accuracy for Distressed Firms
Authors: Bruynseels Liesbeth , Knechel W. Robert , Willekens Marleen
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY: In this paper we examine whether there is auditor differentiation through industry specialization and audit methodology in judging the adequacy of mitigating management actions as implemented by financially distressed companies. Using a sample of U.S. companies from manufacturing industries (SIC 20–39) that went bankrupt between 1999–2002, we find evidence that specialist auditors are more likely to issue a going-concern opinion for soon-to-be bankrupt companies when management undertakes strategic turnaround initiatives, relative to non-specialist auditors. Interestingly, and counter to our expectations, we find that audit firms that use a business risk audit methodology are less likely to issue a going-concern opinion for a firm that subsequently goes bankrupt if the client has undertaken operating initiatives to mitigate financial distress. Finally, we also find very strong evidence that all auditors, irrespective of type, are less likely to issue a going-concern opinion for clients that subsequently go bankrupt when the client has plans to raise cash in the short term.
Threats to Auditor Independence: The Impact of Relationship and Economic Bonds
Authors: Ye Ping , Carson Elizabeth , Simnett Roger
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY: This study examines the association of a comprehensive set of auditor-client relationship bonds (audit firm tenure, audit engagement partner tenure, long duration director-auditor relationships, and alumni affiliation) with the level of economic bonds provided to an audit client (nonaudit services [NAS]). We further examine the effect of these economic and relationship bonds on auditor independence in the context of nonaudit services fees and the propensity to issue going-concern opinions. It is these economic and relationship bonds that have attracted the interest of regulators in their consideration of audit quality. This study was undertaken in Australia in 2002, which provided a context in which all these relationships could be examined before new regulations were introduced. Results show that audit firm tenure and alumni affiliation are associated with clients purchasing auditor-provided NAS, with stronger associations for clients with low agency costs. We further find that long audit engagement partner tenure and a joint effect of auditor-provided NAS and alumni affiliation have a negative effect on the auditor’s propensity to issue a going-concern opinion.
The Impact of the Big 4 Consolidation on Audit Market Share Equality
Authors: Dunn Kimberly , Kohlbeck Mark , Mayhew Brian W.
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY: We investigate the Big 5 to Big 4 consolidation and its impact on audit market share equality. We extend the GAO’s (2008) study on audit firm industry market concentration to examine whether the remaining Big N firms’ market shares are more equal after the Big 4 consolidation. We also extend the GAO study to examine audit market shares at the city and city-industry levels. We find that while overall market concentration increases, the Big 4 have more equal market shares than the Big 5 had prior to the consolidation at all levels of analysis. The increase in market share equality may explain why there has been inconsistent evidence of an association between market concentration and competition after the consolidation (Feldman 2006; GAO 2008). However, we find that the largest four clients in each market we examine are more likely to share the same auditor after consolidation, which suggests the largest clients face constrained choices.
Comparison of anchorage capacity between implant and headgear during anterior segment retraction
Authors: Li F. , Hu H. K. , Chen J. W. , Liu Z. P. , Li G. F. , He S. S. , Zou S. J. , Ye Q. S.
Published: February 2011

Objective:

To compare the anchorage effects of the implants and the headgear for patients with anterior teeth retraction in terms of incisor retraction, anchorage loss, inclination of maxillary incisors, positional change of maxillary basal bone, and treatment duration.

Materials and Methods:

An electronic search for relative randomized controlled trials (RCTs) prospective and retrospective controlled trials was done through the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), PubMed, Embase, Medline, and CNKI, regardless of language of study. Study selection, methodological quality assessment, and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. Meta-analysis was performed when possible; otherwise descriptive assessment was done.

Results:

The search yielded 35 articles, of which eight met the inclusion criteria and were categorized into five groups according to types of intervention. For the midpalatal implant, the anchorage loss was much less than for the headgear group, with insignificant differences in terms of anterior teeth retraction, maxillary incisor inclination, positional change of basal bone, and treatment duration. For the mini-implant, greater anterior teeth retraction and less anchorage loss were demonstrated, with inconsistent results for the other measures. For the onplant, less anchorage loss was noted, with insignificant differences for the other measures.

Conclusions:

The skeletal anchorage of the midpalatal implant, mini-implant, and onplant offer better alternatives to headgear, with less anchorage loss and more anterior teeth retraction. There were inconsistent results from the included studies in terms of maxillary incisor inclination, positional change of maxillary basal bone, and treatment duration. More qualified RCTs are required to provide clear recommendations.
Locomotor activity and daily milk yield of dairy cows during the perioestrous period in successive lactations
Authors: Miciński Jan , Zwierzchowski Grzegorz , Barański Wojciech , Gołębiowska Magdalena , Maršálek Miroslav
Published: February 2011

Locomotor activity and daily milk yield of dairy cows during the perioestrous period in successive lactations

The experiment was conducted in a herd of high-producing Holstein-Friesian cows, using the AfiFarm Herd Management Software, to analyze their locomotor activity during 236 oestruses in relation to the daily milk yield determined during the periooestrous period in four successive production and reproductive cycles. Day "0" was the day of the observed oestrus. Locomotor activity and milk production levels were monitored five days before and five days after oestrus. A correlation was noted between high milk yield and the reproductive performance of cows. An increase in milk yield was accompanied by extended inter-pregnancy and inter-calving intervals and a drop in the insemination index which also tended to decrease in multiparous cows. Primiparous and the highest-yielding cows were characterized by the highest levels of locomotor activity. The physical activity of cows increased by around 67% during oestrus. However, daily milk yield declined at oestrus, compared with the average milk production levels determined five days before and five days after oestrus in each lactation. The installation of pedometers supported the detection of oestrus, including silent oestrus, in dairy cows, and the AfiFarm system was found to be an effective tool for dairy farming and herd management.
Methods for determination of labile soil organic matter: An overview
Authors: Strosser Eduard
Published: February 2011

Methods for determination of labile soil organic matter: An overview

Soil organic matter (SOM) can be divided into three main pools: labile, stable and inert. Research over recent years has focused on the labile fraction (LF), as it is considered a quickly reactive indicator of soil productivity and health, and important as a supply of energy for soil micro-organisms. A wide spectrum of analytical methods has been used to determine and/or evaluate LF, based on physical, chemical and biochemical principles. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique are explored in this work, but none of the methods can determine LF sufficiently, either because a part of the LF is not involved or because further characterisation is missing. Although analytical methods are widely used to evaluate changes in soil management or organic carbon turnover, the practical question of the quantity and quality of SOM cannot be answered completely. It is also suggested that future research should focus on the interactions among SOM fractions and their better chemical and functional characterisation. It is possible to use a combination of the analytical methods reviewed here in order to accomplish this objective.
Optimizing concentrations of growth regulators for in-vitro ginger propagation
Authors: Nkere Chukwuemeka , Mbanaso Egbichi
Published: February 2011

Optimizing concentrations of growth regulators forin-vitroginger propagation

The study evaluates the performance of ginger in media containing different concentrations of growth regulators. Twenty-eight different treatment combinations of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) incorporated into Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium were evaluated for optimal media composition for ginger micropropagation. The combination of 0.05 mgl-1NAA and 4.0 mgl-1BAP gave the highest shoot regeneration rate of 4.25. However, this did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from the result (3.38) from 0.05 mgl-1NAA and 1.0 mgl-1BAP. Considering the performance of the shoot tip explants in media and the need to lower the cost of micropropagation, the latter combination (0.05 mgl-1NAA and 1.0 mgl-1BAP) with 80 percent explant survival, gave an appropriate concentration of growth regulators in media composition for ginger propagation. This combination also supported root development, and perhaps would eliminate the stage ofin vitrorooting.
Haplotype analysis of the SSRs surrounding rym 11 locus in a set of winter barley
Authors: Sedláček Tibor , Mařík Pavel
Published: February 2011

Haplotype analysis of the SSRs surroundingrym 11locus in a set of winter barley

Breeding for Barley Mosaic Virus resistance is of great importance because of yield losses and the impossibility of plant protection using chemicals. Successful breeding of long-term resistant varieties requires widening of the genetic base of resistance, preferably by pyramiding of resistance genes. One of the perspective resistance genes isrym 11, resistant to all strains of Barley Mosaic Virus complex, but which is known to be present only in the cultivar Russia 57. In this work, the identification of potential newrym 11resistance donors on the basis of haplotype analysis of the SSRs surroundingrym 11locus is presented.
Influence of dietary vitamin E and zinc on performance, oxidative stability and some blood measures of broiler chickens reared under heat stress (35 °C)
Authors: Hosseini-Mansoub Navid , Chekani-Azar Saeid , Tehrani Ali , Lotfi Alireza , Manesh Mostaan
Published: February 2011

Influence of dietary vitamin E and zinc on performance, oxidative stability and some blood measures of broiler chickens reared under heat stress (35 °C)

This study was conducted to determine the effects of vitamin E (αTA; dL-α-Tocopheryl acetate) and zinc (Zn; ZnCl2) on performance, oxidative stability and some blood measures of broiler chickens under normal and hot temperatures. One hundred sixty 10-day-old male chicks were assigned to four groups in four replicates. The birds received two diets, control and enriched with two levels of vitamin E and Zn (100 and 50 mg/kg of diet, respectively) under two ambient temperatures (22 °C and 35 °C). Although the diets enriched with the antioxidant vitamin and element compared with un-enriched diets resulted in the better performance of the birds, significant differences were related to temperature conditions, as the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) and the highest body weight (BW) were observed in the group fed the enriched diet under normal temperature. The serum malondialdehyde (MDA), cholesterol (C), triglycerides (TG), glucose (G), total protein (TP), and hematocrit and heterophil: lymphocyte ratio levels were significantly lower in birds reared under 22 °C compared with the group under 35 °C but the hematocrit was not significantly lower in groups fed enriched diets and exposed to normal conditions (P>0.05). It was concluded that a combination of 100 mg of vitamin E and 50 mg of Zn provides the better performance and the least blood C and TG levels accompanying the better oxidative stability in male broilers under normal temperature (22 °C) and that this combination can be considered as a protective strategy in broiler diets for reducing the negative effects of heat stress.
Timely identification of agricultural crops in the Temelín NPP vicinity using satellite data in the event of radiation contamination
Authors: Vinciková Hana , Procházka Jan , Brom Jakub
Published: February 2011

Timely identification of agricultural crops in the Temelín NPP vicinity using satellite data in the event of radiation contamination

The study established the possibility of rapid evaluation of land cover structure and situation using as an example the Temelín NPP (Nuclear Power Plant) emergency zone. The composition, surface representation and spatial distribution of crop species in the area of interest were assessed on the basis of satellite data analysis (Landsat 5 TM).

The supervised classification method of Landsat data yielded 92% accuracy of classification into the land cover classes. A comparison of satellite data classification and field investigation (farmers' and LPIS data) showed that the combination of both methods appears to be ideal for the classification of land cover. Analysis of the assessment of Landsat satellite data showed it was possible to process data in a few days. However, obtaining data was problematic; in our case it was 44 days. The results of the classification as well as other outputs (biomass growth model, expense-to-revenue ratio of measures, route network, LPIS database parcel structure, etc.) serve as a basis for the modelling of potential agricultural production contamination. The subsequent model is available for decision making and the selection of a suitable countermeasure in the event of potential radiation contamination.
Utilization of wheat straw in sheep: Using an applicable method of chemical treatment
Authors: Chekani-Azar Vaheid , Chekani-Azar Saeid
Published: February 2011

Utilization of wheat straw in sheep: Using an applicable method of chemical treatment

As part of research on utilization of straw as a feedstuff for small ruminants, wheat straw (WS) was pretreated with a warmed solution (4%) of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) and then treated with SO2(sulphur dioxide) gases of different sulphur levels (0, 1, 2 and 4 percent, weight/weight of dry matter) for two periods of 1 and 2 smoking days. The chemical composition, and dry matter degradability (DMD) of the neutral detergent fibres (NDF), acid detergent fibres (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) in sheep rumen was determined, as was also the intake of the treated straw and the performance ofGhizlestrain lambs. To estimate rumen DMD, treated WS samples were immersed in the rumen for a 72 h incubation period using the nylon bag (in sacco) technique. The chemical composition of the treated WS was changed with either one of NaOH or NaOH+SO2prior to the rumen incubation, and the amounts of lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses and silica significantly decreased specially in the SO2-smoked wheat straw. Dry and organic matter decreased non-significantly (P>0.05). The rumen DMD rate of the WS SO2-treated for a period of 48 hours did show higher values (P<0.01) compared to those smoked during 1 day.In saccodegradation also significantly decreased NDF, ADF and ADL. The best results were observed with WS SO2samples smoked to 4% level during 2 days, followed by 2% level with the same smoking period. Although, a higher intake of treated WS was calculated for those smoked by 2% SO2gas for a period of 1 d, the best performance was observed in lambs fed WS treated by NaOH+SO2for a period of 2 days. It is concluded that chemical treatment of wheat straw by NaOH (4%) solution and SO2(2%) gas smoking for a period of 2 days, can be used as an applicable method on a farm scale for better utilization of WS as a feedstuff for small ruminants such as sheep.