bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐Country Listing and Trading Volume: Evidence from the Toronto and Vancouver Stock Exchanges
Authors: Mittoo Usha R.
Published: March 2003

This study investigates the effects of listing on the U.S. exchanges on trading volume for stocks listed on the two Canadian stock exchanges: the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSE) and the Vancouver Stock Exchange (VSE). The results show substantial differences between the two samples. When a TSE security is cross‐listed, both trading volume and stock turnover, the number of shares traded as a percentage of number outstanding, almost double their pre‐listing levels. In contrast, when a VSE stock is cross‐listed, there is only a slight increase in trading volume and a sharp decline in turnover. The TSE is also able to maintain its pre‐listing levels of trading volume in cross‐listed securities, whereas the VSE loses about half the trading volume in these stocks to the U.S. exchanges. Even after controlling for the firm‐specific factors, the Canadian exchange‐specific factors remain the dominant factors in explaining the cross‐sectional variation in liquidity effects. Neither the differences in trading costs nor in listing and disclosure requirements between the two exchanges explain these results.
The Political Economy of Canadian Legal Education
Authors: Arthurs H.W.
Published: March 2003

The political economy of Canadian legal education is characterized by conflicts over resources, values, and interests. These conflicts manifest themselves in divergences between faculty and students over issues of law school governance and politics, in the sometimes incompatible demands placed upon law schools by the legal profession and the university, in the intramural politics of class, race, and gender, and in rivalry among competing bodies of legal knowledge. Most importantly, the New Economy is reshaping legal education because the restructuring of Canada?s society, economy, and polity is undermining the position and power of both the universities and the profession.
Ethics for Lawyers or Ethics for Citizens? New Directions for Legal Education
Authors: Webb Julian
Published: March 2003

The Lord Chancellor's Advisory Committee on Legal Education andConduct (ACLEC) has called for the reconstruction of the ethicalfoundations of legal education. However, it has not justified its premisethat teaching legal values at the initial stage will enhance professionallegal ethics. It is argued that the present system of education, given itstechnocratic, individualistic, and authoritarian tendencies, cannot meetACLEC's challenge. A more ethical legal education can be envisagedwithin a neo‐Aristotelian framework. This perspective emphasizes thereflexivity between micro and macro ethics, and utilizes the active andparticipatory learning approaches which should enable students to engagein meaningful moral discourse and problem solving.
Quiescent Leviathan? Citizenship and National Security Measures in Late Modernity
Authors: Wright Barry
Published: March 2003

The systematic study of political trials and national security measures tends to be associated with the old‐fashioned genre of ‘state trials’. Although whiggish or critical reductionism has since tended to prevail, recent social historical work on protest movements, ideology, and rights struggles opens up fresh approaches. The current scholarly shift of attention away from the repressive powers of the state to plural sites of power, while representing an advance, also threatens to relegate the area to neglect. The modern renewal of national security measures can in fact be seen as part of a more complex deployment of law and linked to current debates around state formation, governmentality, and citizenship. As the late modern state is eroded from above by globalization, and from below by demands of identity politics and differentiated citizenship, will such repressive measures be revealed as an anachronism or continue as a final resource of the state in crisis?
Human Rights: Changing the Culture
Authors: Clements Luke , Young James
Published: March 2003

The Human Rights Act 1998 is likely to come into force early year next year. It unquestionably has the potential for being one of the most fundamental constitutional enactments since the Bill of Rights over 300 years ago. While so much constitutional change in the United Kingdom has been achieved without resort to legislation, this is a deliberate part of a programme of constitutional change by legislation. The legislation has to be seen in the context of the government’s wider programme of constitutional reform: the reform of the House of Lords, the promised Freedom of Information Act, devolution to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, and elected mayors. Any evaluation of a change in the way in which the constitution is perceived and imagined in the United Kingdom cannot ignore the interrelationship of these reforms. The scope of this collection of essays is, however, narrower. It is to consider what changes have brought about this particular constitutional reform and its potential for creating a ‘human rights culture’.
Patterns of Policing and Policing Patten
Authors: Hillyard Paddy , Tomlinson Mike
Published: March 2003

In September 1999 the Independent Commission on Policing in Northern Ireland, chaired by Chris Patten, published its recommendations. This article examines the political context of policing reform, the contents of the report and the rejection of its core ideas in the Police (Northern Ireland) Bill published in May 2000. The central argument of the paper is that the Commission’s radical model of policing – a network of regulating mechanisms in which policing becomes everyone’s business – failed, because it gave insufficient attention, like much modern writing on policing, to the role of the state and the vested interests within policing. The overall outcome is that the Patten Commission has been effectively policed and Northern Ireland will be left with a traditional, largely undemocratic and unaccountable model of policing with most of the control resting with the Secretary of State and the Chief Constable.
Law, Patriarchies, and State Formation in England and Post‐Colonial Hong Kong
Authors: Jones Carol A. G.
Published: March 2003

The rise of the modern state is often associated with the demise of particularistic ties and authoritarian patriarchy. Classically, particularism gives way to universalism, patronage, hierarchy, and deference to the ‘equalities’ of contract. But history is not a one‐way street nor is patriarchy all of one kind. Society's legal arrangements, structure, custom, power, affect, and sex swing back and forth between values of distance, deference, and patronage and those stressing greater egalitarianism in personal and political relations. Though they vary in type, patriarchy and particularism as cultural systems do not disappear but ebb, flow, and are revived, their oscillation driven by particular economic goals and political insecurities.
Why are these Islands of Conscious Power Found in the Ocean of Ownership? Institutional and Governance Hypotheses Explaining the Existence of Business Groups in Sweden
Authors: Collin Sven‐Olof
Published: March 2003

Four hypotheses concerning the existence of business groups are developed and are tested on two Swedish business groups that were found to provide both government and corporate economy with governance solutions. Swedish culture also appeared supportive of the groups, which were not found to be institutionally inert, building their existence solely on power.
Methodological Trends in Journal of Personality 1970–1995
Authors: Mallon Sharon D. , Kingsley Dzintra , Affleck Glenn , Tennen Howard
Published: March 2003

One hundred fifty randomly selected articles published in Journal of Personality from 1970 to 1995 were evaluated with regard to subject population, sampling, research design, dependent measures, statistical methods, methodological difficulty, sample size, manipulation of independent variables (for experimental studies), use of manipulation checks, and gender representation of authors and participants. Our findings support Endler and Speer’s (this issue) conclusion that the typical study in personality research continues to use a cross‐sectional design, questionnaire measures, and undergraduate participants. Echoing West et al.'s (1992) findings for Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, we found that whereas subject recruitment and design implementation appear to be less difficult than they were two decades ago, statistical analyses have become somewhat more complex.
Gender‐Role Differences in Susceptibility to the Influence of Support Availability on Depression
Authors: Cheng Cecilia
Published: March 2003

Previous gender‐role research on depression has revealed a consistent inverse relationship between masculinity and depression, but a nonsignificant relationship between femininity and depression. In light of the stronger affiliative needs for feminine individuals, received social support was speculated to moderate the relationship between femininity and depression in the present research. In a longitudinal study of a sample of Hong Kong college students, the relationships among gender‐role orientation, received social support, and depression were examined. Consistent with previous findings, masculinity and androgyny were inversely related to depression. Moreover, the present study supplemented previous research by revealing that femininity was related to depression through its interaction with received social support. When the amount of received social support was increased, femininity was associated with a reduction in depression level over time. In contrast, when the amount of received social support was decreased, depression tended to increase with femininity over time. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the gender‐role literature.
A Hybrid Expert System, GIS, and Simulation Modeling for Environmental and Technological Risk Management
Authors: Fedra Kurt , Winkelbauer Lothar
Published: March 2003

RTXPS, the RealTime eXPert System, integrates a forward chaining expert system and a backward chaining system into a DSS framework using simulation models and GIS for environmental and technological risk assessment and management tasks. The system operates in real‐time, and uses time including estimates derived from the forecasting models, in its inference. The architecture features two linked ES strategies, which draw upon an object database of environmental and risk‐relevant objects, including data acquisition from GPS locators and sensors, and a GIS, as well as a set of dynamic simulation models implemented in a distributed client–server environment. Monte Carlo methods are used for the explicit treatment of uncertainty. Application examples describe chemical emergency management cases for fixed installations and transportation accidents, environmental impact assessment and risk analysis applications, and an adaptation for technical training for emergency management.
A Multi–Frequency Electromagnetic Image System
Authors: Zhang Qing , Chen Xuemin , Jiang Xiuhan , Liu Ce
Published: March 2003

A digital, multi–frequency electromagnetic image system is developed based on the induction principle for subsurface imaging near a sewage pipe. This system, which features a broadband operation, can transmit sinusoidal in a frequency range of 1.25 KHz to 10 KHz. A microprocessor is used for all controls and computations for both the transmitter and receiver circuits. Synchronous sampling is used for digitization in order to compute the phase as well as the amplitude of the receiving signal. The system operates in the frequency domain and both the phase and amplitude information can be computed through a digital signal–processing algorithm. Test results indicate that the multi–frequency EM sensor is superior in both the missing manhole detection and general subsurface conductivity imaging to the conventional single–frequency sensors. For loop antennas with a spacing of 0.5 m, the system has a phase resolution of about 1° and an amplitude resolution of about 0.5%
Fast Volume Rendering and Cutting for Finite Element Model
Authors: Yang Xiaosong , Gu Yuanxian , Li Yunpeng , Guan Zhenqun
Published: March 2003

Based on the incremental slicing, a direct volume rendering algorithm for finite element meshes is proposed. To improve the algorithm efficiency, the element compensation method and sliced polygon forming method are presented. The image quality is improved greatly by the hybrid rendering of both the volume data and geometric surfaces. We also integrate a volume cutting method with arbitrary convex polyhedron into the volume rendering pipeline. This offers the user more flexibility to explore the data distribution inside structures.
Intention, Rule Following and the Strategic Role of Wright’s Order of Determination Test
Authors: Thornton Tim
Published: March 2003

I argue that Wright’s constructivist action of intention is fundamentally flawed and that the source of its error can be diagnosed by locating it within its strategic context; Wright’s response to Wittgenstein on rules. Wright deploys intentions as an analogy to disarm Kripkean scepticism. Since we can have direct knowledge of the content of our intentions, Kripke’s claim that knowledge of the content of rules cannot be direct and must be inferential is question begging. But Wright goes on to concede that a substantial explanation should be given of how first person grasp of content is possible for which he deploys constructivism. I raise a number of criticisms to show that constructivism fails to explain our knowledge of intentions. Finally I show that Wright’s failure fits into a pattern anticipated by Wittgenstein. The ongoing judgments that are supposed to determine the content of intentions are like the interpretations of rules which fail because they stand in need of further interpretation. Contra Wright I claim that the moral of the rule following considerations is precisely that no substantial answer can be given to the question of how the content of mental states can be grasped. The phenomenon of mental content must simply be presupposed and not reductively explained.
How to Read Wittgenstein
Authors: Cook John W.
Published: March 2003

“How to Read Wittgenstein” is a discussion of some misinterpretations that arise when Ludwig Wittgenstein's later works are read, not in their historical context, but as though they were written for a generation of philosophers influenced by G.E. Moore and ordinary language philosophy. The criticisms are directed primarily at Oswald Hanfling's “Critical Notice” in Philosophical Investigations 19:2 (April, 1996).
The Ubiquity of Self‐Deception
Authors: Fairbanks Rick
Published: March 2003

My paper is a discussion of Bas van Fraassen’s important, but neglected, paper on self‐deception, “The Peculiar Effects of Love and Desire.” Paradoxes of self‐deception are widely thought to follow from the ease with which we know ourselves. For example, if self‐deception were intentional, how could we fail to know as target of our own deception just those things necessary to undermine the deception? Van Fraassen stands that reasoning on its head, arguing that is the ease with which we accuse ourselves of self‐deception that undermines our confidence in our claims to know ourselves. I unpack and modify his argument, attempting to show that it makes a powerful case for scepticism about self‐knowledge. I argue, contra van Fraassen, that local scepticism about self‐knowledge threatens our claims to know ourselves in a way that global scepticism does not threaten our claims about the external world. I support this claim by showing that the Wittgensteinian response to the sceptic in On Certainty—that we don’t know what to do with the sceptic’s doubts, that we don’t know how to incorporate those doubts into our practices—does not succeed in deflecting scepticism about self‐knowledge because the local sceptic’s doubts—about whether we can distinguish genuine claims to know ourselves from self‐deceived claims—are integral to language game of self‐knowledge. The local sceptic’s doubts are our doubts because it is natural to ask whether we are deceiving ourselves when we claim to know ourselves. However, because, we have no way of distinguishing genuine claims to know ourselves from self‐deceived claims, our claims to self‐knowledge are systematically undermined.
Cartesian Method and the Self
Authors: Sorell Tom
Published: March 2003

The idea that the ‘I’ of Meditation One stands for a solipsistic self is familiar enough; but is it correct? The reading proposed here does not saddle Descartes with so questionable a doctrine, and yet it does not shield him from Wittgensteinian criticism either. Descartes is still vulnerable, but on a different flank. I first consider critically the claim that Descartes is committed to solipsism. Then I take issue with the attribution to him of the idea that privacy is the mark of the mental. Finally, I consider his tendency to “first‐personalize” knowledge and to trace to “the prejudices of childhood” certain prephilosophical errors. Here is where Wittgensteinian criticism comes genuinely into its own.
Intention and Analogy in Children's Naming of Pictorial Representations
Authors: Bloom Paul , Markson Lori
Published: March 2003

What underlies children's naming of representations, such as when they call a statue of a clothespin “a clothespin”? One possibility is that they focus exclusively on shape, extending the name “clothespin” only to entities that are shaped like typical clothespins. An alternative possibility is that they extend a word that refers to an object to any representation of that object, and that shape is relevant because it is a reliable indicator of representational intent. We explored these possibilities by asking 3- and 4-year-olds to describe pictures that represented objects through intention and analogy. The results suggest that it is children's appreciation of representation that underlies their naming; sameness of shape is neither necessary nor sufficient. We conclude by considering whether this account might apply more generally to artifacts other than pictorial representations.
Accuracy and Confidence in Person Identification: The Relationship Is Strong When Witnessing Conditions Vary Widely
Authors: Lindsay D. Stephen , Read J. Don , Sharma Kusum
Published: March 2003

We hypothesized that both accuracy and confidence in suspect identifications depend, in part, on participants' ability to identify the target, and that both accuracy and confidence therefore tend to be higher under conditions that lead to good memory for the target than under conditions that lead to poor memory for the target. Furthermore, we hypothesized that a substantial correlation between accuracy and confidence will be observed if, because of variations in conditions, there is considerable variability across participants in ability to identify the target. Consistent with these hypotheses, manipulations that affected accuracy also affected confidence in the same direction, and when data were collapsed across conditions, the accuracy-confidence correlation was substantial (mean r = .59).
The Momentary Realist
Authors: Gilbert Daniel T. , Gill Michael J.
Published: March 2003

Research suggests that people initially take their subjective experience of an object as an accurate reflection of the object's properties, and only subsequently, occasionally, and effortfully consider the possibility that their experience was influenced by extraneous factors. The two studies reported here demonstrate that this is true even when the extraneous factors are the person's own dispositions. Dispositionally happy and unhappy participants were falsely told that they had been subliminally primed with words that might have influenced their moods, and were then asked to identify those words. Dispositionally happy participants were more likely than dispositionally unhappy participants to conclude that they had been primed with positive words, but only when they made these judgments under time pressure. The results are discussed in terms of correction models of human judgment.
Nonlinear Models of Clinical Judgment: Communal Nonlinearity and Nonlinear Accuracy
Authors: Ganzach Yoav
Published: March 2003

Despite our intuition that representative expert judgments are highly nonlinear, previous studies have shown only little, if any, nonlinearity in such judgments. The current study presents a method for assessing nonlinearity in judgment that is based on estimating communal nonlinearity—the systematic nonlinearity shared by the community of judges. The article also examines the predictive accuracy of communal nonlinearity, and compares it with the corresponding linear accuracy.
Implicit Memory is Vulnerable to Proactive Interference
Authors: Lustig Cindy , Hasher Lynn
Published: March 2003

We investigated the possibility that implicit memory, like explicit memory, can be disrupted by proactive interference. Participants first viewed a list of words, with nontargets in the first half of the list and targets in the second. Nontargets were either similar in structure (e.g., “ANALOGY”) or unrelated (e.g., “URGENCY”) to the targets (e.g., “ALLERGY”). After several filler tasks, participants completed an implicit fragment-completion test (e.g., “A_L_ _ GY”) for the target items. Participants who viewed similar nontargets completed fewer fragments with target items and made more intrusions than did participants who viewed unrelated nontargets. Together with previous findings, these results suggest that similar nontargets can compete with target items to produce interference in implicit memory.
Development of Children's Understanding of Connections Between Thinking and Feeling
Authors: Flavell John H. , Flavell Eleanor R. , Green Frances L.
Published: March 2003

Two studies assessed the development of children's understanding that thoughts and feelings are closely interlinked. These studies showed that, unlike 8-year-olds and adults, 5-year-olds seldom explained a sudden change in emotion that had no apparent external cause by appeal to the occurrence of a thought. They also tended not to recognize that a person who is feeling sad is probably also thinking sad thoughts, or that people may be able to make themselves feel happy just by thinking of something happy. These results are consistent with evidence that young children tend to be unaware of the stream of consciousness and have poor introspective skills. A possible developmental sequence leading to an understanding of these thought-feeling links is proposed.
A Cross-Cultural Analysis of Avoidance (Relative to Approach) Personal Goals
Authors: Elliot Andrew J. , Chirkov Valary I. , Kim Youngmee , Sheldon Kennon M.
Published: March 2003

The results from this research supported our primary hypothesis that the adoption of avoidance (relative to approach) personal goals varies as a function of individualism-collectivism (across representations of this distinction). Interdependent self-construals were positively related and independent self-construals were negatively related to adoption of avoidance goals (Study 1), Asian Americans adopted more avoidance goals than non-Asian Americans (Study 2), and persons from South Korea and Russia adopted more avoidance goals than those in the United States (Studies 3 and 4, respectively). Studies 3 and 4 investigated and found support for our secondary hypothesis that avoidance personal goals are a negative predictor of subjective well-being in individualistic (the United States), but not collectivistic (South Korea and Russia), countries. The findings are discussed in terms of other approach-avoidance constructs and motivational processes.
Attending to the Big Picture: Mood and Global Versus Local Processing of Visual Information
Authors: Gasper Karen , Clore Gerald L.
Published: March 2003

Two experiments employed image-based tasks to test the hypothesis that happier moods promote a greater focus on the forest and sadder moods a greater focus on the trees. The hypothesis was based on the idea that in task situations, affective cues may be experienced as task-relevant information, which then influences global versus local attention. Using a serial-reproduction paradigm, Experiment 1 showed that individuals in sad moods were less likely than those in happier moods to use an accessible global concept to guide attempts to reproduce a drawing from memory. Experiment 2 investigated the same hypothesis by assessing the use of global and local attributes to classify geometric figures. As predicted, individuals in sad moods were less likely than those in happier moods to classify figures on the basis of global features.
Temporal Dynamics of Reflexive Attention Shifts: A Dual-Stream Rapid Serial Visual Presentation Exploration
Authors: Klein Raymond M. , Dick Bruce
Published: March 2003

We combined a prototypical exogenous cuing procedure with rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) to provide a precise characterization of the temporal dynamics of reflexive attention shifts. The novel paradigm thus created has several useful properties, most notably that the physical presentation of the target is neither an onset nor a unique event and that temporal precision is provided without the requirement for a speeded response. A biphasic pattern was observed, with early benefits followed by later costs (inhibition of return) at the cued location relative to the uncued location. The finding of inhibition of return in this paradigm disproves the assertion that inhibition of return is merely a reluctance to respond in the target's direction. It may be partly that, but encoding mechanisms linked to attention must also be involved.
Exemplar Theory's Predicted Typicality Gradient Can Be Tested and Disconfirmed
Authors: Smith J. David
Published: March 2003

One of exemplar theory's central predictions concerns the shape of typicality gradients. The typicality gradient it predicts is a consequence of its exemplar-based comparisons and appears no matter how the theory is evaluated. However, this predicted typicality gradient does not fit the empirical typicality gradients obtained in an influential version of the dot-distortion category task, and this is true even when the exemplar model is made more flexible and mathematically powerful. Thus, exemplar theory is disconfirmed in this domain of categorization. In contrast, prototype theories are consistent with the empirically obtained typicality gradients.
Inhibition and Superconditioning
Authors: Williams Ben A. , McDevitt Margaret A.
Published: March 2003

Superconditioning is said to occur when learning an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is facilitated by pairing the CS with the US in the presence of a previously established conditioned inhibitor. Previous demonstrations of superconditioning have been criticized because their control conditions have allowed alternative interpretations. Using a within-subjects autoshaping procedure, the present study unambiguously demonstrated superconditioning. The results support the view that superconditioning is the symmetric opposite of blocking.
Color Naming and the Phototoxic Effects of Sunlight on the Eye
Authors: Lindsey Delwin T. , Brown Angela M.
Published: March 2003

Many languages have no basic color term for “blue.” Instead, they call short-wavelength stimuli “green” or “dark.” We show that this cultural, linguistic phenomenon could result from accelerated aging of the eye because of high, chronic exposure to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) in sunlight (e.g., phototoxic lens brunescence). Reviewing 203 world languages, we found a significant relationship between UV dosage and color naming: In low-UV localities, languages generally have the word “blue”; in high-UV areas, languages without “blue” prevail. Furthermore, speakers of these non-“blue” languages often show blue-yellow color vision deficiency. We tested our phototoxicity hypothesis in a color-naming experiment, using computerized, colorimetric simulations of Munsell colors as viewed through clear and brunescent lenses. As predicted, our young subjects used “blue” as in English when the simulated lens was clear, but named colors as in tropical languages when the lens was dense. Our within-subjects design precludes a cultural explanation for this result.
‘Unprecedented in Local Government Terms’– The Local Government Commission’s Public Consultation Programme
Authors: Game Chris
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this article is to describe and evaluate the public consultation exercises mounted by the Local Government Commission for England under its successive Chairmen, Sir John Banham and Sir David Cooksey. The Commission was evidently proud of this aspect of its work, emphasizing repeatedly its unprecedented nature: in itself an unremarkable claim in the context of British local government structural reviews. This article suggests that, in terms of quality and value for money, as opposed to sheer scale, the consultation programme ‐ and particularly the three principal tranches of MORI residential surveys ‐ was less laudable. The article examines each of these surveys: the stage one community identity polls, which might have contributed to the government’s intended ‘community index’, had the latter not previously been rejected by the Commission; the stage three option consultation surveys, the Banham Commission’s instrument for the hybridization of English local government, which prompted accusations of policymaking by opinion poll; and the stage three ‘re‐review’ surveys for the Cooksey Commission, which had already indicated its disinclination to accord local public opinion any special weighting in its deliberations. The article attempts to summarize, in two key tables, both the results and the impact of the Commission’s public consultations, and in doing so to trace the progress of the review from an initially proposed 99 new unitary authorities, down to 50, then 38, and back up to the final total of 46.
‘Enabling’ And The 1993 Local Government Act In New South Wales
Authors: Smith Brian C.
Published: March 2003

Different conceptions of ‘enablement’ provide a framework for the analysis of the reform of local government in New South Wales. The enabling local authority is one that contracts out to the commercial and not‐for‐profit sectors, adopts a consumerist approach to the recipients of services, engages in strategic planning, influences other organizations, stimulates pluralist collectivism, and facilitates participation. In New South Wales the Local Government Act of 1993, though potentially enabling, especially in the delegation of a general competence, has had less effect than might have been expected. However, local government has traditionally been enabling in the narrow sense as well as in the sense of employing interesting forms of participative community management and in seeking to influence the decisions of other organizations which are part of local governance. Some councils are developing community plans to strengthen these relationships.
Between Democracy and Efficiency: Trends in Local Government Reform in the Netherlands and Germany
Authors: Hendriks Frank , Tops Pieter
Published: March 2003

In this article attention is drawn to a striking difference between recent attempts to reform local government in the Netherlands and in Germany. What has been the prime focus of attention in the Netherlands in the 1980s is being emphasized in Germany in the 1990s, and what is being emphasized in the Netherlands in the 1990s has been the prime focus of attention in Germany in the 1980s. Trends in local goverment reform in the Netherlands have been going from a focus on more efficiency to a focus on more democracy, while trends in local government reform in Germany have been going the other way around. Likely explanations for these intersecting reform trends are built on four pillars: financial crises, legitimacy crises, formal institutions and informal institutions
Testing The Limits of Incrementalism: An Empirical Analysis of Expenditure Decisions by English Local Authorities, 1981–1996
Authors: Boyne George , Ashworth Rachel , Powell Martin
Published: March 2003

Studies of budgetary outputs in public organizations are dominated by the theory of incrementalism. This perspective suggests that expenditure decisions are based on simple rules of thumb. We evaluate the validity of incrementalism by examining the annual spending decisions of 403 English local authorities over 15 budgetary cycles. Two budgetary norms are tested empirically: protect the real level of service provision, and follow central expenditure guidelines. Each of these norms is translated into two decision rules: marginality, or the size of deviations from the norm, and regularity, which refers to the consistency of such deviations over time. Few of the statistical results support the hypothesis that local expenditure decisions are dominated by general budgetary norms or specific decision rules. Our evidence therefore casts doubt on the validity of incrementalism as a theory of local budgetary outputs, and as an explanation of spending decisions in the public sector as a whole.
The Emergence Of Multi‐Inspectorate Inspections: ’Going It Alone Is Not An Option’
Authors: Mordaunt Enid
Published: March 2003

Drawing on data from HM Inspectorate of Prisons, HM Inspectorate of Probation, the Office for Standards in Education and the Social Services Inspectorate, this paper develops a typology of inspection, classified according to the focus of inspection. Five basic inspection types emerge, namely single institutional, multi‐service, the‐matic, survey and monitoring review. The typology is further categorized by a range of characteristics, resulting in a series of variants. The paper then focuses on the particular characteristic of the multi‐inspectorate approach to inspection, because this is seen to offer a significant development in inspection practice that is set to expand and develop in the future. By examining operational examples of this approach it becomes clear that inspectorates are affecting the working practices of one another as they use the multi‐inspectorate approach as an exercise in bench‐marking.
Eu Programme Management 1977‐96: A Performance Indicators Analysis
Authors: Levy Roger
Published: March 2003

Measuring the performance of public services and programmes is now a generally accepted part of the scenery of public management. In practice, it is often honoured more in the breach than the observance owing to well‐known technical and epistemological problems. In the absence of reliable performance data, normative assumptions may prevail on policy makers and managers alike which are at variance with objective reality.

The critique and attempted reform of EU programme management is often based on such assumptions. This paper attempts to provide an empirical and epistemological basis to the judgment of EU programme management by identifying appropriate performance indicators, collecting data on them from audit reports over a 20‐year period and constructing a methodology for analysis. Criteria for reliable sources and the effect of intervening variables on the results are discussed.

The paper reviews the evidence of the aggregate data collected for the five major EU spending areas, and suggests some conclusions questioning both commonly held assumptions about, and models for, the reform of EU programme management.
Going privately: partnership and outsourcing in UK public services
Authors: Grimshaw Damian , Vincent Steve , Willmott Hugh
Published: March 2003

Public private partnerships provide an important illustration of the way the traditional role of government as employer and service provider is being transformed. While policy–makers argue that the growing role of the private sector is not driven by ideological thinking – that, in fact, both public and private sector organizations can benefit from working together in partnership relations – in practice it is the norms and rules of private sector management that underpin reforms. This paper assesses evidence from two detailed case studies of partnerships and demonstrates, first, that there is little evidence of mutual gains from partnership arrangements and, second, that because of an imbalance of power between public and private sector partners, any gains achieved are not distributed equitably. These results suggest that current reforms need to be refocused around building on the distinctive qualities of services provision in the public sector, rather than expanding the private sector world of markets and contracts.
Rethinking local political leadership
Authors: Leach Steve , Wilson David
Published: March 2003

The changing nature of local political leadership in Britain over the past 25 years has received scant attention from political scientists. This article argues that changes in the roles and functions of local authorities have had a marked impact on the nature of local political leadership. Three phases (operational, transitional and collaborative) are identified and leadership roles are related to changes in the political context of local government. The fundamental tasks of leadership have not changed but what has changed is the balance or relative emphasis between them and the way they have been interpreted. While elected local authorities cannot ignore the implications of the changed external agenda – notably the advent of new forms of executive leadership – the way they respond still bears the mark of the local political culture.
Research area selection in academic departments
Authors: Zaidman Beno
Published: March 2003

The paper treats the topic of long range planning in an applied research oriented university unit. The advantages and disadvantages of the relevance of planning in an academic frame are considered, and the need for a formal long‐term consideration of the development of an academic research unit is presented. Endogenous and exogenous attributes of future desirable fields of research are determined. The desired attributes are translated into selection criteria and quantitative indicators. A compensatory type methodology for decision‐making is applied in order to rank potential areas of research. An example of the application of the proposed methodology for selecting directions of development for an applied chemistry academic unit (Casali Institute of Applied Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem) is presented and the results are discussed.
Management of development projects: how to meet corporate business goals?
Authors: Cohen Gideon
Published: March 2003

Two contradictory elements affect development projects in the modern era. New advanced development projects require huge resources and long schedules. On the other hand, the resources available for development projects are decreasing, and intensive competition between companies results in increased required performance and new products which must be developed with short schedules. Development projects have a significant effect on a company's business goals, and therefore attract the attention of corporate managers. A significant part of managers’ time is devoted to the control of development projects. Support tools are therefore developed and used to assist managers in controlling their projects. This paper describes a control tool to help managers make decisions on development projects. The tool described is based on Microsoft's ‘Project’ software package, and was developed in‐house. The package performs real‐time calculations and simultaneously presents several control parameters. These parameters provide a comprehensive picture of project status. The major benefits of the control tools described are: (1) The ‘Project’ package provides the ability to work with small and combined work packages. It allows attention to be focused on small programs as well as on entire programs. (2) It complies fully with modern decentralised computer systems consisting of a central computer, local computerised networks, parallel PCs and work stations. It provides an interactive quick response ability to follow changes in project status, which result from design changes or progress updates. The control system was implemented by RAFAEL's Missiles Division two years ago, and impressive results in terms of project efficiency were achieved. These achievements play a major role in meeting the Division's business goals. The control tools described are general and can fit a large variety of projects and companies.
Adjusting the roles of national laboratories: some comparisons between UK, French, and Belgian institutions
Authors: Lawton Smith Helen
Published: March 2003

In recent years in advanced industrialized countries, there has been a general re‐assessment of the roles of national laboratories. A common trend has been to encourage exploitation of their resources by increasing the flow of technology to industry. The form that this takes varies between countries. The UK has adopted more radical policies than most other European countries. The paper argues that although there have been some gains as laboratories have provided an expanding range of services and products to industry (e.g. consultancy and software), there are also some considerable drawbacks to the UK's course of action. This contention is supported by a comparison of similar institutions in the UK, France and Belgium.
The Chinese steel industry in transition: industry perspective on innovation policy
Authors: Huang Xueli , Schroder Bill , Steffens Paul
Published: March 2003

There is little empirical research on how the Chinese Government should function in innovation management, particularly during its critical period of economic transition. This study explores and investigates the Chinese Government’s innovation management structure, procedures and functions by interviewing government R&D management officials and industrial innovation managers and users. Questionnaires were distributed to industrial innovation practitioners and users of new steel products to solicit their perspectives on innovation policy issues. Findings indicate that current government innovation management procedures have received a tepid welcome from the industries. While there was general agreement that the government should maintain some involvement in industrial innovation, opinions regarding just how the government should intervene differed significantly between producers and users. Producers generally favoured more indirect government involvement. Policy implications are discussed.
Managing requirements capture within a global telecommunications company
Authors: Bruce Margaret , Cooper Rachel , Morris Barny , Wootten Andrew
Published: March 2003

Many firms engage in research activities with the purpose of finding information about the future state of technology, competition and the market. In parallel, companies absorb knowledge through a variety of social and political processes that also influence decision‐making. Such activities enhance understanding of a firm’s internal and external environment, so that it can develop and evaluate new product or service ideas more effectively. How firms manage this process is critical to define and prioritise new product development ideas – how organisations find the ‘right’ idea is critical to ensure future market success. This paper seeks to gain a better understanding of how the knowledge used to create new products and services is acquired, what organisational structures facilitate or impinge this process and how individuals and groups within organisations behave in the very early stages of new product development. An in‐depth case study of a global telecommunications company is presented and the management processes for a number of different projects in various divisions of the company are compared and discussed.
Framing of international research alliances: influence on strategy
Authors: Davenport Sally , Davies John , Miller Aaron
Published: March 2003

The need to access knowledge globally is increasingly driving organisations to form international research alliances. When partners in such alliances reside in different nations, respective government policies may impinge on the strategic development and structure of the alliance. In this paper, we discuss the impact of perceived policy stances on the alliance strategy of research and technology institutes (RTIs) and provide a framework for considering possible alliance strategies. We believe that the choice of alliance strategy will depend upon how the RTI ‘frames’ its government’s policy stance. The influence of ‘framing’ on the development of research alliance strategy is illustrated with a case study of an alliance between a New Zealand RTI and an American high technology firm in the emerging superconductivity industry. The paper concludes with a discussion of how use of the alliance strategy framework may impact on organisational practice and the development and interpretation of government policy.
Strategic alliances, organisational learning and new product development: the cases of Rover and Seat
Authors: Álvarez Gil María José , González de la Fé Pedro
Published: March 2003

The importance of the automotive industry in the global economy is widely recognised. The sector has undergone enormous changes in order to prepare for the fierce competition of the 21st century. Among these transformations, the most relevant are those technologies developed for the rapid evolution of activities linked to new designs, new products, and new manufacturing processes and systems. Innovative Japanese carmakers have stimulated international performance comparisons in these activities.

International technology alliances may be one way of gaining access to new competitive technologies. Risks and costs associated with new product development can be shared among the partners and more effective use can be made of manufacturing facilities and production capabilities. Sometimes, an alliance agreement may lead to the deployment of new capabilities. However, in spite of this potential, the literature presents the success rate of alliances at less than 50%.

Our study considers two examples of companies that developed international joint ventures (IJVs): Rover with Honda, and Seat with Volkswagen. Since these two European peripheral companies, Rover and Seat, no longer remain as independent firms, we are interested in identifying the reasons leading to the success or failure of these IJVs as regards the New Product Development (NPD) process. In particular, in both cases the paper looks at the problems of the weaker partner becoming increasingly dependent on the other partner and the need for a well‐defined strategy to benefit from IJVs.
Optimal exploration investments under price and geological‐technical uncertainty: a real options model
Authors: Cortazar Gonzalo , Schwartz Eduardo S. , Casassus Jaime
Published: March 2003

This article develops a real options model for valuing natural resource exploration investments (e.g. oil or copper) when there is joint price and geological‐technical uncertainty. After a successful several‐stage exploration phase, there is a development investment and an extraction phase. All phases are optimized contingent on price and geological‐technical uncertainty.

Several real options are considered. There are flexible investment schedules for all exploration stages and a timing option for the development investment. Once the mine is developed, there are closure, opening and abandonment options for the extraction phase. Our model maintains a relatively simple valuation structure by collapsing price and geological‐technical uncertainty into a one‐factor model.

We apply the model to a copper exploration prospect and find that a significant fraction of total project value is due to the operational, development and exploration options available to project managers.