bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Post Exercise Change in Peak Expiratory Flow Rate and its Relation with Body Adiposity in Nepalese Settings
Authors: Mahotra Narayan Bahadur , Aryal Vibina , Shrestha Lava , Kandel Sabita , Pradhan Sait , Bajimaya Mahesh Man , Malla Neha , Bhat Neeti
Published: May 2020

Background: The Queens College Step Test is used to determine aerobic fitness. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) is the maximum rate of forceful exhalation following full inspiration. PEFR primarily reflects bronchial airflow and depends on the voluntary effort and muscular strength of the individual. Studies that correlate ventilatory capacity with body fat percentage are rare in published literature in Nepalese settings. Body fat percentage is regarded as a better indicator of obesity recently. Hence, this study aims to find an association between post-exercise change in PEFR and body adiposity in the context of Nepal.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out from 20th July 2019 to 15th November in the laboratory of Clinical Physiology of Maharajgunj Medical Campus. Body fat percentage was measured by using OMRON BF 214.  Pre-exercise PEFR of each subject was recorded by using Wright’s peak flow meter. Post-exercise PEFR was also recorded after three minutes of Queen’s College step test, which is the submaximal exercise test, and change in PEFR was calculated and correlated with body fat percentage.

Result: The study showed a negative correlation of change in PEFR with body fat percentage (r=-0.324; P<0.001). A significant difference (P = 0.002) was observed between different quartiles of body fat percentage. A highly significant difference (P = 0.003) was noted with the first and fourth quartiles.

Conclusion: Less ventilatory adjustment in response to exercise was noted in subjects with more body fat percentage compared to those with less body fat percentage.
Virusni gastroenteritisi u svinja
Authors: Brnić Dragan , Šimić Ivana , Kovačević Alen , Krešić Nina
Published: May 2020

Virusni gastroenteritisi u svinja predstavljaju kontinuirani izazov za uzgajivače svinja, kako sa stajališta zdravstvenog upravljanja stadom, tako i sa stajališta primjene odgovarajućih biosigurnosnih mjera. U etiologiji se ističu koronavirusi i rotavirusi, a odlikuje ih izlučivanje u visokim koncentracijama, niska infektivna doza, iznimna stabilnost u okolišu i visoka kontagioznost. Uzročnici epizootija s izraženim mortalitetima u sisajuće prasadi (do 100 %) su upravo koronavirusi, poglavito virus epidemijskog proljeva svinja (PEDV) koji je prouzročio znatne gubitke u svinjogojstvu u svijetu, ali i kod nas. Osim PEDV-a, predstavnici koronavirusa koji su značajni patogeni u svinja su i virus transmisivnog gastroenteritisa svinja (TGEV), svinjski deltakoronavirus (PDCoV) te nedavno opisani koronavirus sindroma akutnog proljeva u svinja (SADS-CoV). Iako ubikvitarni, i rotavirusi, a naročito vrsta Rotavirus A (RVA) od ukupno pet vrsta dokazanih u svinja, predstavljaju značajne uzročnike gastroenteritisa u mlađih dobnih kategorija, a poznat je i njihov zoonotski potencijal. Iako koronavirusi koji inficiraju svinje nisu dokazani u čovjeka, smatra se da svinjski deltakoronavirusi možda posjeduju taj potencijal. Primjer SADS-CoV i njegovog prijenosa sa šišmiša na svinje ističe važnost pretraživanja divljih životinja koje su dokazano izvorište bolesti važnih za veterinarsko i humano javno zdravstvo. Patogeneza, klinička slika, obdukcijski i patohistološki nalaz su slični kod svih virusnih gastroenteritisa u svinja te u slučaju pojave vodenastog proljeva žućkasto-bijele boje i povraćanja visokog morbiditeta i mortaliteta naročito u sisajuće prasadi, moramo posumnjati na virusne uzročnike. Upravo je stoga pravovremena dijagnostika ključna kako bi se čim ranije mogle primijeniti odgovarajuće mjere i spriječiti širenje bolesti, a time i smanjiti štete. Liječenje je simptomatsko, a cjepiva nisu dostupna na našem tržištu te se kontrola ovih virusnih infekcija svodi na dobro zdravstveno upravljanje stadom i primjenu strogih higijensko-sanitarnih te vanjskih i unutarnjih biosigurnosnih mjera.
Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma in small ruminants in Jordan
Authors: Hananeh Wael , El-Ekish Myassar , Mukbel Rami , Ismail Zuhair Bani , Daradka Mousa
Published: May 2020

Enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma (ENA) is a viral-associated tumor of the secretory epithelium of the nasal passages of small ruminants. The tumor is locally invasive but not metastatic. Although disease prevalence (up to 15%) and geographic distribution have been reported in the literature throughout most of the world (except Australia and New Zealand), the disease has until now remained unreported in Jordan. In this report, we describe the occurrence, clinical signs, radiographic signs and pathological features of the disease in a series of cases in Awassi sheep (3 cases) and Damascus breed goats (2 cases) for the first time in Jordan. Overall, the affected animals were adults (3-5 years of age), all females, with variable degrees of facial and nasal deformities resulting in difficulty in respiration. Radiographic examination of the skull revealed soft tissue density mass originating in the nasal turbinate and invading the surrounding nasal structures. Cytological examination of fine needle aspirate indicated low-grade carcinoma. All animals were humanely euthanized and the nasal passages were explored. Variable size masses were removed and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma.
The peptide hormone hepcidin
Authors: Artuković Nadinić Irena , Mrljak Vladimir , Lipar Marija , Pavlak Marina , Bedrica Ljiljana , Barić Rafaj Renata
Published: May 2020

Hepcidin je peptidni hormon i glavni je re- gulator metabolizma željeza. Otkriven je u humanom serumu i urinu 2000. godine i nazvan je LEAP-1 (engl. Liver Expressed Antimicrobial Protein). Nedugo nakon toga znanstvenici su pod vodstvom Tomasa Ganze u potrazi za antimikrobnim peptidima otkrili peptid povezan s upalom i nazvali ga “hepcidin”. Otkrili su da se sintetizira u jetri i da ima antimikrobna svojstva. Najveći broj istraživanja o djelovanju i regulaciji izlučivanja hepcidina učinjen je na mišjim modelima kada je ustanovljeno da se sinteza i izlučivanje hepcidina u miševa povećava u stanjima s povišenim količinama željeza u serumu i upalnim stanjima. Određivanje hepcidina u krvi i ostalim tjelesnim tekućinama određuje se imunološkim testovima s antihepcidinskim protutijelima - ELISA (prema engl. enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) i masenom spektrometrijom. Koncentracije hepcidina u serumu određene masenom spektometrijom i koncentracije određene ELISA metodom dobro koreliraju. Imunološki testovi najtočnije mjere niske vrijednosti hepcidina, a masena spektrometrija točnije mjeri aktivnu formu hepcidina. Poremećaji u ekspresiji hepcidina javljaju se kod mnogih bolesti kao što su: anemija prouzročena kroničnim sistemskim bolestima, sideropenične anemije, maligne bolesti, hereditarne hemokromatoze i stanja s neefektivnom eritropoezom. Stoga mjerenje koncentracije hepcidina ima veliko značenje u dijagnostici i liječenju stanja u kojima je narušena ravnoteža željeza u organizmu. Napredak u razumijevanju uloge hepcidina u kontroli homeostaze željeza dovodi do novih mogućnosti liječenja u stanjima sa sniženim ili povišenim razinama željeza u organizmu. Hepcidin je nedavno identificiran kao akutno fazni protein s antimikrobnom i regulatornom funkcijom željeza. Mnogi su istra- živači pokazali interes za razvoj dijagnostičkog testa za mjerenje hepcidina u pasa. Ciljevi njihovog istraživanja bili su kloniranje i sekvenciranje gena psećeg hepcidina i prikupljanje preliminarnih podataka o pojavi hepcidina u pasa. Filogenetska analiza pokazala je da je humani hepcidin bio sličniji hepcidinu pasa nego hepcidinu glodavaca. U pasa, kao i u ljudi, hepcidin se najviše sinetitiza u jetri, a nešto slabije u bubrezima i plućnom tkivu pasa. Rezultat ovog istraživanja uspostavio je osnovu za buduća istraživanja psećeg hepcidina. Autori navode da psi mogu biti dobar model za istraživanje uloge hepcidina u ljudi.
Diversity of endophytic bacteria from Citrus and Inga trees in the coffee agro-ecosystem and fluctuations by location, shade management and season
Authors: Bolaños-Carriel Carlos , Zapata Mildred , Wessel-Beaver Linda , Brodbeck Brent V. , Andersen Peter C.
Published: May 2020

Coffee, Coffea arabica L., is planted in diverse agro-ecological environments in the mountains of Puerto Rico (PR). The pathogen, Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al., is a xylem-limited phytopathogenic bacterium transmitted by insects that causes coffee leaf scorch, citrus-variegated chlorosis and vascular diseases of many other plant species. The objective of this study was to characterize the fastidious endophytes occupying a similar niche as X. fastidiosa in the vascular system of Citrus sinensis and Inga vera trees in low diversity and high diversity shade environments where coffee is grown In PR. Sampling was conducted over two years in four localities: Adjuntas, Jayuya, Las Marías and Yauco during the dry and rainy seasons. Citrus sinensis and Inga vera were generally the only shade treesin coffee plantations described as "low diversity"; in "high diversity" plantations these same species were present along with Pithocellobium carbonarium, Gliricidia sepium and Andira inermis. Endophyte population (EP) and endophyte diversity (ED) were contrasted using factorial arrangements of shade, locality, season and year. Endophytes were clustered using multivariate analysis. Neither shade nor season had an effect on EP in Citrus. In Inga vera, EP was about three times higher in the second year compared to the first year regardless of season, location or shade. In both Citrus and Inga, ED was low. The highest ED was detected in Jayuya and the lowest in Las Marías. Ward's algorithm combined Citrus and Inga fastidious strains into four and five clusters for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Endophyte diversity of Citrus and Inga was determined by the plant species, not by location or shade. However, ED was higher in shaded coffee with low diversity of tree species. Thus, effects of shade (low versus high diversity) altered the community structure of endophytes prevalent in the vascular tissue and may impact host plant resistance to pathogens such as X. fastidiosa.
Nitrogen fertilizer rate for improving inbred maize (Zea mays L.) yield on the semi-arid southern coast of Puerto Rico
Authors: Rivera-Zayas Johanie , Sotomayor-Ramírez David , Barnes Ricardo
Published: May 2020

Nitrogen (N) is possibly the most limiting nutrient for crop production on the southern semi-arid coast of Puerto Rico. In efforts to improve inbred maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield, fertilizer N is sometimes aggressively managed. In this paper, we report on the results of a field experiment that evaluated the effect of six rates of fertilizer N (0, 34, 68,102,135 and 203 kg N/ha) and of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata cv. Iron-clay), planted as a cover crop during the offseason, on inbred maize grain yield. The soil was Jacaguas series (Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, isohyperthermic Fluventic Haplustolls) on the Dow Agrosciences experimental farm in Santa Isabel, Puerto Rico. Cowpea was planted on 13 July 2013 and incorporated into the soil on 20 September 2013. An inbred maize line was planted on 19 December 2013 and harvested on 19 March 2014 at a plant density of 51,645 plants per hectare. Irrigation was provided via drip system, and fertilizer N was applied at three different stages during the growing season: at emergence, 21 and 37 days after planting. Measurements of plant height, chlorophyll readings using SPAD-502® and GreenSeeker®, and leaf N concentration were used as indicators of treatment response and N sufficiency. The maximum grain yield of 2,918 kg/ha was attained with the fertilizer N rate of 68 kg N/ha. The cowpea cover crop rotation did not affect grain yield (P>0.05). Plant height, and measurements by SPAD-502® and GreenSeeker® provided adequate indicators of crop N sufficiency during the vegetative stages V6 to V12, with optimum values of 149 cm, 46, and 0.67 NDVI, respectively, 52 days after planting with an application of 68 kg N/ ha. Crop response to fertilizer N occurred at a lower rate than in previous studies and those occurring under conventional commercial conditions. Other factors related to fertilizer N management, such as sources, placement and timing of application might be as important for grain yield improvement of inbred maize.
Producción y calidad de la china 'Hamlin' [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] en cuatro patrones en tres localidades de Puerto Rico.
Authors: Félix M. Román-Pérez  , Agenol González-Vélez  , Raúl Macchiavelli
Published: May 2020

La china dulce 'Hamlin' [Citrus sinensis [L.) Osb.] se evaluó en las localidades de Isabela, Corozal y Adjuntas, (este cultivar, de producción temprana y cuya fruta se utiliza principalmente por la industria para el procesamiento de jugos, se injertó en los patrones 'Swingle Citrumelo'. 'Carrizo', 'Cleopatra' y 'Sun Chu Sha'. Durante seis años, a partir del quinto año de crecimiento, se tomaron datos de producción, crecimiento y calidad de las frutas [pH, sólidos solubles totales (SST), acidez titulable y relación SST/acidez] para evaluar el comportamiento hortícola. La producción promedio de frutas fue significativamente mayor en Corozal que en las otras localidades. En esta localidad, el patrón Sun Chu Sha obtuvo rendimientos significativamente mayores que los demás patrones; sin embargo, en Isabela y Adjuntas los patrones mostraron un comportamiento similar. Con respecto a crecimiento, los patrones Swingle Citrumelo y Carrizo resultaron con menor altura y volumen de copa. En ninguna de las localidades se encontraron diferencias significativas entre patrones para los parámetros de calidad de fruta. En Isabela se obtuvo el mejor índice de madurez temprana (relación SST/acidez) para todos los patrones (17.3). El cultivar Hamlin podría recomendarse para siembras en zonas costeras similares a Isabela, para tener frutas maduras disponibles en los meses de septiembre a noviembre cuando no las hay en las zonas de mayor altitud. Con respecto a localidad, en Corozal se consiguieron los mejores rendimientos para este cultivar con todos los patrones.
CARACTERÍSTICAS AGRONÓMICAS Y COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA DE TRES LEGUMINOSAS ARBUSTIVAS: CRATYLIA ARGENTEA(DESV.) KUNTZE, CALLIANDRA CALOTHYRSUSMEISN Y LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA(LAM.) DE WIT.
Authors: Maritere Crespo  , Abner A. Rodríguez  , Elide Valencia  , Paul F. Randel
Published: May 2020

CARACTERÍSTICAS AGRONÓMICAS Y COMPOSICIÓN QUÍMICA DE TRES LEGUMINOSAS ARBUSTIVAS: CRATYLIA ARGENTEA(DESV.) KUNTZE, CALLIANDRA CALOTHYRSUSMEISN Y LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA(LAM.) DE WIT.
Season and date of harvest effects on dry matter yield of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) 'Tropic Sun' in northwestern Puerto Rico
Authors: Santos Ana , Valencia Elide , Román-Paoli Elvin , Ramos-Santana Rafael
Published: May 2020

An experiment to evaluate the effects of planting season and harvest dates on biomass production and nitrogen accumulation by sunn hemp was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Isabela, Puerto Rico. Sunn hemp Tropic Sun' was established in an Oxisol soil (Cotito series) at a seeding density of 10 kg/ha. Dry matter yield (DMY) was estimated at 71,92 and 121 days after planting (DAP) in June and November. Effects of both major variables were significant (P > 0.05) for DMY, the June planting far surpassing that of November (15,831 vs. 5,665 kg/ha); DMY increased progressively for the three harvest dates (7,704; 11,141; and 13,398 kg/ha). Maximun biomass production (20,734 kg/ha) was obtained at 121 DAP in June, thus exceeding by threefold that of November at 121 DAP (6,062 kg/ha). Nitrogen accumulation followed a similar pattern, with that of June surpassing that of November (352 vs. 147 kg/ha) and values ascending for the successive harvest dates (193, 254, and 303 kg/ha). Differences (P < 0.05) in N concentration were found by comparing the upper plant canopy with the lower. Expressed as crude protein (CP) the maximum value corresponded to that of the upper canopy at 92 DAP in November (19.0%), whereas the corresponding lower canopy value was only 4.72%. Based on its high biomass production and N accumulation, this legume could provide multiple beneficial effects when included in short crop rotations of sustainable production systems, taking advantage of the most favorable season and harvest stage. The present results suggest that 'Tropic Sun' planted in summer has good potential as a cover crop and green manure.
Introducción a ImagePlot y la visualización de metadatos de colecciones de imágenes
Authors: Baco Joshua G. Ortiz
Published: May 2020

En esta lección se ofrece una introducción a ImagePlot, una herramienta para generar visualizaciones basadas en los datos de colecciones de imágenes o videos.
Teologi Keluarga: Kajian Terhadap Kejadian 1-3 Sebagai Dasar Pemahaman Esensi Keluarga Kristen
Authors: Jatmiko Bakhoh
Published: May 2020

Family is an intersting entity to study. Theologically, a family is a God established intitution in the marrital bound between a man and a woman. The family that designed by God himself has been through many threads and challenges from the world that promoting new values for the family that makes the family origin values put by God are being faded out. Many distortions in the family have become challenges for the church and the believers to set the focus to a family as mentioned in the Bible especially Genesis 1-3 as a resources where Christians capture the picture of the first family that have ever existed.
O2 : CO2 exchange ratio for net turbulent flux observed in an urban area of Tokyo, Japan, and its application to an evaluation of anthropogenic CO2 emissions
Authors: Ishidoya Shigeyuki , Sugawara Hirofumi , Terao Yukio , Kaneyasu Naoki , Aoki Nobuyuki , Tsuboi Kazuhiro , Kondo Hiroaki
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In order to examine O2 consumption and CO2
emission in a megacity, continuous observations of atmospheric O2 and
CO2 concentrations, along with CO2 flux, have been carried out
simultaneously since March 2016 at the Yoyogi (YYG) site located in the
middle of Tokyo, Japan. An average O2 : CO2 exchange ratio for net
turbulent O2 and CO2 fluxes (ORF) between the urban area and
the overlaying atmosphere was obtained based on an aerodynamic method using
the observed O2 and CO2 concentrations. The yearly mean ORF
was found to be 1.62, falling within the range of the average OR values of
liquid and gas fuels, and the annual average daily mean O2 flux at YYG
was estimated to be −16.3 µmol m−2 s−1 based on the ORF
and CO2 flux. By using the observed ORF and CO2 flux, along
with the inventory-based CO2 emission from human respiration, we
estimated the average diurnal cycles of CO2 fluxes from gas and liquid
fuel consumption separately for each season. Both the estimated and
inventory-based CO2 fluxes from gas fuel consumption showed average
diurnal cycles with two peaks, one in the morning and another one in the
evening; however, the evening peak of the inventory-based gas consumption
was much larger than that estimated from the CO2 flux. This can explain
the discrepancy between the observed and inventory-based total CO2
fluxes at YYG. Therefore, simultaneous observations of ORF and CO2
flux are useful in validating CO2 emission inventories from statistical
data.
Laboratory evaluation of particle-size selectivity of optical low-cost particulate matter sensors
Authors: Kuula Joel , Mäkelä Timo , Aurela Minna , Teinilä Kimmo , Varjonen Samu , González Óscar , Timonen Hilkka
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors have been under
investigation as it has been hypothesized that the use of low-cost and
easy-to-use sensors could allow cost-efficient extension of the currently
sparse measurement coverage. While the majority of the existing literature
highlights that low-cost sensors can indeed be a valuable addition to the
list of commonly used measurement tools, it often reiterates that the risk
of sensor misuse is still high and that the data obtained from the sensors
are only representative of the specific site and its ambient conditions. This
implies that there are underlying reasons for
inaccuracies in sensor measurements that have yet to be characterized. The objective of this study is to
investigate the particle-size selectivity of low-cost sensors. Evaluated
sensors were Plantower PMS5003, Nova SDS011, Sensirion SPS30, Sharp
GP2Y1010AU0F, Shinyei PPD42NS, and Omron B5W-LD0101. The investigation of
size selectivity was carried out in the laboratory using a novel reference
aerosol generation system capable of steadily producing monodisperse
particles of different sizes (from ∼0.55 to 8.4 µm)
on-line. The results of the study show that none of the low-cost sensors
adhered to the detection ranges declared by the manufacturers; moreover,
cursory comparison to a mid-cost aerosol size spectrometer (Grimm 1.108, 2020)
indicates that the sensors can only achieve independent responses for one or
two size bins, whereas the spectrometer can sufficiently characterize
particles with 15 different size bins. These observations provide insight into
and evidence of the notion that particle-size selectivity has an essential
role in the analysis of the sources of errors in sensors.
Single-photon laser-induced fluorescence detection of nitric oxide at sub-parts-per-trillion mixing ratios
Authors: Rollins Andrew W. , Rickly Pamela S. , Gao Ru-Shan , Ryerson Thomas B. , Brown Steven S. , Peischl Jeff , Bourgeois Ilann
Published: May 2020

Abstract. We describe a newly developed single-photon laser-induced fluorescence sensor for measurements of nitric oxide (NO) in the atmosphere. Rapid tuning of a narrow-band laser on and off of a rotationally resolved NO spectral feature near 215 nm and detection of the red-shifted fluorescence provides for interference-free direct measurements of NO with a detection limit of 1 part per trillion by volume (pptv) for 1 s of integration, or 0.3 pptv for 10 s of integration. Uncertainty in the sensitivity of the instrument is typically ±6–9 %, with no known interferences. Uncertainty in the zero of the detector is shown to be <0.2 pptv. The instrument was deployed on the NASA DC-8 aircraft during the NASA/NOAA FIREX-AQ experiment (Fire Influence on Regional to Global Environments Experiment – Air Quality) during July–September 2019 and provided more than 140 h of NO measurements over 22 flights, demonstrating the ability of this instrument to operate routinely and autonomously. Comparisons with a seasoned chemiluminescence sensor during FIREX-AQ in a variety of chemical environments provides validation and confidence in the accuracy of this technique.
A new OCO-2 cloud flagging and rapid retrieval of marine boundary layer cloud properties
Authors: Richardson Mark , Lebsock Matthew D. , McDuffie James , Stephens Graeme L.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) carries a hyperspectral A-band sensor that can obtain information about cloud geometric thickness (H). The OCO2CLD-LIDAR-AUX product retrieved H with the aid of collocated CALIPSO lidar data to identify suitable clouds and provide a priori cloud-top pressure (Ptop). This collocation is no longer possible since CALIPSO's coordination flying with OCO-2 has ended, so here we introduce a new cloud flagging and a priori assignment using only OCO-2 data, restricted to ocean footprints where solar zenith angle  1) for a valid retrieval, and agreement with MODIS-CALIPSO is 90.0 %. Secondly, we developed a lookup table to simultaneously retrieve cloud τ, effective radius (re) and Ptop from A-band and CO2 band radiances. Median Ptop difference versus CALIPSO is 12 hPa with interdecile range [−11,87] hPa, substantially better than the MODIS-CALIPSO [−83,81] hPa. The MODIS-OCO-2 τ difference is 0.8 (−3.8,6.9) and re is −0.3 [−2.8,2.1] μm. The tau difference is due to optically thick and horizontally heterogeneous cloud scenes. As well as an improved passive Ptop retrieval, this a priori information will allow a purely OCO-2 based Bayesian retrieval of cloud droplet number concentration (Nd). Finally, our cloud flagging procedure may also be useful for future partial column above-cloud CO2 abundance retrievals.
Drought resistance increases from the individual to the ecosystem level in highly diverse Neotropical rainforest: a meta-analysis of leaf, tree and ecosystem responses to drought
Authors: Janssen Thomas , Fleischer Katrin , Luyssaert Sebastiaan , Naudts Kim , Dolman Han
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The effects of future warming and drying on tropical
forest functioning remain largely unresolved. Here, we conduct a
meta-analysis of observed drought responses in Neotropical humid forests,
focusing on carbon and water exchange. Measures of leaf-, tree- and ecosystem-scale performance were retrieved from 145 published studies conducted across
232 sites in Neotropical forests. Differentiating between seasonal and
episodic drought, we find that (1) during seasonal drought the increase in
atmospheric evaporative demand and a decrease in soil matric potential
result in a decline in leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, leaf
photosynthesis and stem diameter growth while leaf litterfall and leaf
flushing increase. (2) During episodic drought, we observe a further decline
in stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, stem growth and, in contrast to
seasonal drought, a decline also in daily tree transpiration. Responses of
ecosystem-scale processes, productivity and evapotranspiration are of a
smaller magnitude and often not significant. Furthermore, we find that the
magnitude and direction of a drought-induced change in photosynthesis,
stomatal conductance and transpiration reported in a study is correlated to
study-averaged wood density. Although wood density is often not functionally
related to plant hydraulic properties, we find that it is a good proxy for
hydraulic behaviour and can be used to predict leaf- and tree-scale responses
to drought. We present new insights into the functioning of tropical forest
in response to drought and present novel relationships between wood density
and tropical-tree responses to drought.
Historical and future anthropogenic warming effects on droughts, fires and fire emissions of CO2 and PM2.5 in equatorial Asia when 2015-like El Niño events occur
Authors: Shiogama Hideo , Hirata Ryuichi , Hasegawa Tomoko , Fujimori Shinichiro , Ishizaki Noriko N. , Chatani Satoru , Watanabe Masahiro , Mitchell Daniel , Lo Y. T. Eunice
Published: May 2020

Abstract. In 2015, El Niño contributed to severe droughts in equatorial
Asia (EA). The severe droughts enhanced fire activity in the dry season
(June–November), leading to massive fire emissions of CO2 and aerosols.
Based on large event attribution ensembles of the MIROC5 atmospheric global
climate model, we suggest that historical anthropogenic warming increased
the chances of meteorological droughts exceeding the 2015 observations in
the EA area. We also investigate changes in drought in future climate
simulations, in which prescribed sea surface temperature data have the same
spatial patterns as the 2015 El Niño with long-term warming trends.
Large probability increases of stronger droughts than the 2015 event are
projected when events like the 2015 El Niño occur in the 1.5 and 2.0 ∘C warmed climate ensembles according to the Paris
Agreement goals. Further drying is projected in the 3.0 ∘C
ensemble according to the current mitigation policies of nations. We use observation-based empirical functions to estimate burned area, fire
CO2 emissions and fine (<2.5 µm) particulate matter
(PM2.5) emissions from these simulations of precipitation. There are no
significant increases in the chances of burned area and CO2 and
PM2.5 emissions exceeding the 2015 observations due to past
anthropogenic climate change. In contrast, even if the 1.5 and
2.0 ∘C goals are achieved, there are significant increases in the
burned area and CO2 and PM2.5 emissions. If global warming reaches
3.0 ∘C, as is expected from the current mitigation policies of
nations, the chances of burned areas and CO2 and PM2.5 emissions
exceeding the 2015 observed values become approximately 100 %, at least in
the single model ensembles. We also compare changes in fire CO2 emissions due to climate change
and the land-use CO2 emission scenarios of five shared socioeconomic
pathways, where the effects of climate change on fire are not considered.
There are two main implications. First, in a national policy context, future
EA climate policy will need to consider these climate change effects
regarding both mitigation and adaptation aspects. Second is the consideration
of fire increases changing global CO2 emissions and mitigation
strategies, which suggests that future climate change mitigation studies
should consider these factors.
A Water-Energy-Food Nexus Approach for Conducting Trade-off Analysis: Morocco’s Phosphate Industry in the Khouribga Region
Authors: Lee Sang-Hyun , Assi Amjad T , Daher Bassel T. , Mengoub Fatima E. , Mohtar Rabi H.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The aim of the study is to apply the Nexus approach for conducting trade-off analysis between industrial and agricultural area, thus we developed Water-Energy-Food Nexus-Phosphate (WEF-P) Tool based on integrating the supply chain processes, transportation, and water-energy footprints. This study evaluated the impact of phosphate industry on regional water, energy, and food in Khouribga, the representative phosphate mining area of Morocco using the developed WEF-P Tool. To address the potential impacts on the water supply in agricultural areas, the field data of processes (from mining to transportation) were collected and applied to possible supply chain scenarios according to type of product (phosphate rock, slurry). Analysis of positive impacts of dynamic management suggest seasonal management of phosphate production to allow less phosphate production during the irrigation season (increasing available water for agriculture) and greater phosphate production during wetter seasons (when water demand for agricultural production is less). Additionally, the transport of raw phosphate as slurry through a pipeline increases the total water required to 34.6 million m3. This is a 76 % increase over the business as usual scenario (BAU)). The shift to slurry also produces an energy savings of nearly 80 % over BAU, which requires 204.0 million litre of fossil fuel, as compared to only 40.5 million litre needed for slurry transport. During May to July, the dry or water scarce season when irrigation is needed, total ground water use decreased from 5.8 to 5.2 million m3. Dynamic management of the phosphate industry can also save 143 MWh of electricity annually, accompanied with a reduction of 117 tons of CO2 emissions. In a changing climate, making water available at the right time and place requires analysis of complex scientific, technical, socio-economical, regulatory, and political issues. The WEF-P Tool can be used to assess user-created scenarios, offering a management-decision aid to effectively ensure more sustainable management of limited resources and increased reliability of water resources for both agricultural and industrial use. This study on the application of WEF Nexus to the Phosphate industry can be a roadmap for other industrial application where trade-offs between the primary resources exist.
Soil moisture sensor network design for hydrological applications
Authors: Zhuo Lu , Dai Qiang , Zhao Binru , Han Dawei
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Soil moisture plays an important role in the partitioning of rainfall into
evapotranspiration, infiltration, and runoff, hence a vital state variable in hydrological modelling. However, due to the heterogeneity of soil moisture in space, most existing in situ observation networks rarely provide sufficient coverage to capture the catchment-scale soil moisture variations. Clearly, there is a need to develop a systematic approach for soil moisture network design, so that with the minimal number of sensors the catchment spatial soil moisture information could be captured accurately. In this study, a simple and low-data requirement method is proposed. It is based on principal component analysis (PCA) for the investigation of the network redundancy degree and K-means cluster analysis (CA) and a selection of statistical criteria for the determination of the optimal sensor number and placements. Furthermore, the long-term (10-year) 5 km surface soil moisture datasets estimated through the advanced Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model are used as the network design inputs. In the case of the Emilia-Romagna catchment, the results show the proposed network is very efficient in estimating the catchment-scale surface soil moisture (i.e. with NSE and r at 0.995 and 0.999, respectively, for the areal mean estimation; and 0.973 and 0.990, respectively, for the areal standard deviation estimation). To retain 90 % variance, a total of 50 sensors in a 22 124 km2 catchment is needed, and in comparison with the original number of WRF grids (828 grids), the designed network requires significantly fewer sensors. However, refinements and investigations are needed to further improve the design scheme, which are also discussed in the paper.
Worldwide lake level trends and responses to background climate variation
Authors: Kraemer Benjamin M. , Seimon Anton , Adrian Rita , McIntyre Peter B.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Lakes provide many important benefits to society, including
drinking water, flood attenuation, nutrition, and recreation. Anthropogenic
environmental changes may affect these benefits by altering lake water
levels. However, background climate oscillations such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation can obscure
long-term trends in water levels, creating uncertainty over the strength and
ubiquity of anthropogenic effects on lakes. Here we account for the effects
of background climate variation and test for long-term (1992–2019) trends in
water levels in 200 globally distributed large lakes using satellite
altimetry data. The median percentage of water level variation associated
with background climate variation was 58 %, with an additional 10 %
explained by seasonal variation and 25 % by the long-term trend. The
relative influence of specific axes of background climate variation on water
levels varied substantially across and within regions. After removing the
effects of background climate variation on water levels, long-term water
level trend estimates were lower (median: +0.8 cm yr−1) than
calculated from raw water level data (median: +1.2 cm yr−1).
However, the trends became more statistically significant in 86 % of lakes
after removing the effects of background climate variation (the median
p value of trends changed from 0.16 to 0.02). Thus, robust tests for
long-term trends in lake water levels which may or may not be anthropogenic
will require prior isolation and removal of the effects of background
climate variation. Our findings suggest that background climate variation
often masks long-term trends in environmental variables but can be
accounted for through more comprehensive statistical analyses.
Evaluation of long-term Northern Hemisphere snow water equivalent products
Authors: Mortimer Colleen , Mudryk Lawrence , Derksen Chris , Luojus Kari , Brown Ross , Kelly Richard , Tedesco Marco
Published: May 2020

Abstract. Nine gridded Northern Hemisphere snow water equivalent
(SWE) products were evaluated as part of the European Space Agency (ESA)
Satellite Snow Product Intercomparison and Evaluation Exercise (SnowPEx).
Three categories of datasets were assessed: (1) those utilizing some form of
reanalysis (the NASA Global Land Data Assimilation System version 2 –
GLDAS-2; the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
interim land surface reanalysis – ERA-Interim/Land and ERA5; the NASA
Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 1
(MERRA) and version 2 (MERRA-2); the Crocus snow model driven by ERA-Interim
meteorology – Crocus); (2) passive microwave remote sensing combined with
daily surface snow depth observations (ESA GlobSnow v2.0); and (3) stand-alone passive microwave retrievals (NASA AMSR-E SWE versions 1.0 and
2.0) which do not utilize surface snow observations. Evaluation included
validation against independent snow course measurements from Russia,
Finland, and Canada and product intercomparison through the calculation of
spatial and temporal correlations in SWE anomalies. The stand-alone passive
microwave SWE products (AMSR-E v1.0 and v2.0 SWE) exhibit low spatial and
temporal correlations to other products and RMSE nearly double the best
performing product. Constraining passive microwave retrievals with surface
observations (GlobSnow) provides performance comparable to the
reanalysis-based products; RMSE over Finland and Russia for all but the
AMSR-E products is ∼50 mm or less, with the exception of
ERA-Interim/Land over Russia. Using a seven-dataset ensemble that excluded
the stand-alone passive microwave products reduced the RMSE by 10 mm (20 %)
and increased the correlation from 0.67 to 0.78 compared to any individual
product. The overall performance of the best multiproduct combinations is
still at the margins of acceptable uncertainty for scientific and
operational requirements; only through combined and integrated improvements
in remote sensing, modeling, and observations will real progress in SWE
product development be achieved.
Chlorine Nutrition of Oil Palm Tree (Elaeis Guinq Jacq) in Eastern Amazon
Authors: Viégas Ismael De Jesus Matos , Galvão Jessivaldo Rodrigues , Silva Allasse Oliveira da , Conceição Heráclito Eugênio Oliveira da , Pacheco Mauro Junior Borges , Viana Thiago Costa , Ferreira Eric Vitor de Oliveira , Okumura Ricardo Shigueru , Silva Dioclea Almeida Seabra
Published: May 2020

In Brazil, the status of chlorine (Cl) nutrition in plants is still poorly studied. The micronutrient Cl plays an important role in cultures such as coconut and oil palm trees. This study aimed to evaluate the status of chlorine nutrition in oil palm trees as a function of planting age, which ranged from two to eight years of cultivation. The experiment was conducted in Tailândia, state of Pará, Brazil. The soil of the area is characterized as Yellow Latosol of medium texture. A total of four oil palm trees were sampled for each age and the following variables were analyzed: leaf, petioles, rachis, palm heart, arrows, stipe, male inflorescences, peduncles, spikelets and fruits, as well as the accumulated, recycled and immobilized levels of Cl. Oil palm trees proved to be demanding in Cl and the accumulation in the different vegetative organs increased with the development of the plant. The stipe was the main storing vegetative organ of this micronutrient. The highest demand of Cl (16.9-26.0 g/kg) occurred in the palm heart, while for male inflorescence, the values ranged from 3.3-4.1 g/kg of Cl. The levels of Cl recycled by the plant were higher than the immobilized and exported levels considering the development up to 4 years of age. After this age, the levels of recycled Cl are lower than those immobilized. As for the amount of Cl exported by clusters in 8-year-old plants, the values were 3.2 and 1.3 times lower than the recycled and immobilized levels, respectively.
Research Report on Internal Audit of Unlisted Private Enterprises in Yancheng, China
Authors: Wei Wei
Published: May 2020

The rapid development of the private economy in China has put forward higher requirements for a sound supervision system in the enterprises. However, compared to the sate-owned enterprises or listed private enterprises, because of the lack of the official constraints or guidance on the internal audit, the development of internal audit in unlisted private enterprises are still facing many problems. This paper conducted questionnaire-based investigation on the unlisted private enterprises in Yancheng of Northern Jiangsu Province in China, in order to obtain detailed information related to the internal audit of unlisted private enterprises. Through the analysis on the information gathered from questionnaires and the typical study on the case of a large-scale unlisted private enterprise, SD group in Yancheng, suggestions were put forward to improve the current situation of internal audit in unlisted private enterprises in Yancheng, which also can help to promote the development of private economy in Yancheng, and thus contribute to the economic development in Jiangsu, or even in the whole China.
Het classicistische politieke denken van Van Hogendorp
Authors: Mik Alban
Published: May 2020

Het classicistische politieke denken van Van Hogendorp

Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp is the auctor intellectualis of the 1818 Dutch constitution. It was his sketch for a new constitution that was used as a starting point for the deliberations of its original drafting committee. Van Hogendorp justifies his constitution as a restoration of the Burgundian constitution that applied before the Dutch Republic. In recent literature Van Hogendorp’s restorational argument is presented as an invention of tradition. In this article an alternative explanation is presented, namely that it is part of a form of classicist political thought that was common during the ancien régime. Van Hogendorp describes his constitution as a moderate monarchy, in which the three principles of monarchy, aristocracy and democracy are properly balanced. And he mainly defends this mixed regime by pointing out that it is a restoration of the old Burgundian constitution of the Netherlands. This way of reasoning is, as will be shown, typically classicistic.
Badanie współczynnika sorpcji kapilarnej betonów komórkowych klas gęstości
400, 500, 600 i 700
Authors: Garbalińska Halina , Kosmaczewska-Możejko Agnieszka
Published: May 2020

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań podciągania kapilarnego, które przeprowadzono na próbkach betonu komórkowego czterech klas gęstości: 400, 500, 600 oraz 700 pochodzących z tej samej wytwórni. Największą dynamiką procesu podciągania kapilarnego charakteryzowały się próbki betonu komórkowego klasy gęstości 400. Relacje między średnimi wartościami współczynników sorpcji
A wyglądały następująco: A400/A500 = 3,92/2,48 = 1,58; A400/A600 = 3,92/2,26 = 1,73; A400/A700 = 3,92/2,36 = 1,66.
Badanie korelacji właściwości termicznych i wytrzymałościowych kompozytów gipsowych modyfikowanych mikrosferami
Authors: Ciemnicka Justyna , Prałat Karol
Published: May 2020

W pracy przedstawiono dane eksperymentalne dotyczące wpływu dodatku mikrosfer na wytrzymałość oraz przewodnictwo cieplne gipsu budowlanego. Zastosowano dodatek w ilości 5%, 10% oraz 15% masowych w stosunku do masy suchego proszku gipsowego. Uzyskane wyniki pozwoliły stwierdzić, że zastosowanie mikrosfer zmniejsza w znaczącym stopniu wartości współczynnika przewodzenia ciepła kompozytów gipsowych. Jednocześnie sprawdzono wpływ dodatku na wytrzymałość modyfikowanego gipsu na ściskanie oraz zginanie. Zaobserwowano spadek odporności kompozytu na działanie siły ściskającej oraz zginającej.
ON THE POWER OF JUDGE’S ASSISTANTS TO ISSUE ORDERS – COMMENTS PURSUANT TO ARTICLE 47(2) OF THE CODE OF CIVIL PROCEDURE
Authors: Partyk Aleksandra
Published: May 2020

The judge’s assistant is a lawyer who prepares proposals for the judge and helps them in the process of organising their work. Due to a change in the civil procedural rules, they are now able to issue certain types of orders. In my paper, I would like to try to answer the question of what type of cases such orders may be issued in, as well as to assess the future consequences of the change in law. The key question also arises; should judge’s assistants be able to issue such orders? Should it not be reserved for judges only?
FENOMENOLOGIA DA AUSÊNCIA COMO CHAVE DE COMPREENSÃO PARA A RELAÇÃO ENTRE SER E DEIDADE A PARTIR DO PENSAMENTO DE MARTIN HEIDEGGER
Authors: Toledo Daniel
Published: May 2020

O presente artigo tem por objetivo apresentar uma determinada forma de compreensão fenomenológica que permita estabelecer uma relação ontológica com o horizonte de sentido da deidade apoiada em sua dinâmica essencial de recuo. A referida compreensão deverá ser situada dentro do contexto de pensamento do filósofo alemão Martin Heidegger. Para tal propósito, o movimento ontológico de recuo do ser, compreendido como condição de possibilidade para a manifestação de sentido em geral, deverá ser apropriado como chave de entendimento para uma determinada modalidade de epifania divina: o movimento essencial de afastamento da deidade. Sob essa perspectiva, tentaremos delinear uma noção de transcendência a partir de uma abertura de sentido que se apresente como condição de possibilidade também para o fenômeno religioso em sua dinâmica essencial de fundo.
FENOMENOLOGIA E FENÔMENO EM MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY
Authors: Marques Paulo Pimenta
Published: May 2020

A fenomenologia da percepção é, antes de toda interpretação científica, uma exploração do que subjaz à nossa experiência do mundo, e a percepção é o melhor caminho para acessarmos esta camada básica, sem omitir seus sentidos e ausência de sentido, suas claridades e ambiguidades. O que é a percepção ou a experiência perceptiva para MerleauPonty?
O MISTÉRIO DO MAL
Authors: Godoy Manoel José
Published: May 2020

Giorgio Agamben prova, neste pequeno livro de 78 páginas, que quando se tem algo de sério e profundo para dizer, pode-se fazê-lo com poucas e sábias palavras. Seu livro “O Mistério do Mal” é composto por dois textos e quatro apêndices. No primeiro, ele enquadra a renúncia do Papa Bento XVI num contexto de crise das instituições. No segundo, a questão escatológica emerge com muita força em chave de leitura do significado político do tema messiânico. AGAMBEN, Giorgio. O mistério do mal. Bento XVI e o fim dos tempos. Tradução de Silvana de Gaspari e Patrícia Peterle. 1. Ed. São Paulo: Boitempo; Florianópolis, SC: Ed. da UFSC, 2015.
J-Analyzer: A Software for Computer-Assisted Analysis of Antônio Carlos Jobims Songs
Authors: Almada Carlos , Penchel João , Chagas Igor , Kühn Max , Usai Claudia , Cabral Eduardo , Braga Vinicius , Miccolis Ana
Published: May 2020

The present paper describes structure and functioning of J-Analyzer, a computational tool for assistedanalysis. It integrates a research project intended to investigate the complete song collection by Brazilian composer Antônio Carlos Jobim, focusing on the aspect of harmonic transformation. The program is used to determine the nature of transformational relations between any chordal pair of chords present in a song, as well as the structure of the chords themselves.
Identifying Narrative Contexts in Brazilian Popular Music Lyrics Using Sparse Topic Models: A Comparison Between Human-Based and Machine-Based Classification
Authors: Dalmora André , Tavares Tiago
Published: May 2020

Music lyrics can convey a great part of the meaning in popular songs. Such meaning is important for humans to understand songs as related to typical narratives, such as romantic interests or life stories. This understanding is part of affective aspects that can be used to choose songs to play in particular situations. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of using text mining tools to classify lyrics according to their narrative contexts. For such, we used a vote-based dataset and several machine learning algorithms. Also, we compared the classification results to that of a typical human. Last, we compare the problems of identifying narrative contexts and of identifying lyric valence. Our results indicate that narrative contexts can be identified more consistently than valence. Also, we show that human-based classification typically do not reach a high accuracy, which suggests an upper bound for automatic classification. narrative contexts. For such, we built a dataset containing Brazilian popular music lyrics which were raters voted online according to its context and valence. We approached the problem using a machine learning pipeline in which lyrics are projected into a vector space and then classified using general-purpose algorithms. We experimented with document representations based on sparse topic models [11, 12, 13, 14], which aims to find groups of words that typically appear together in the dataset. Also, we extracted part-of-speech tags for each lyric and used their histogram as features in the classification process.