bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier in the Gulf and Mediterranean region
Authors: C.P. Ramachandran
Published: May 2020

The red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier is the most deadly and dangerous pest of coconut, date, oil, sago and other palms. R. ferrugineus is distributed in over 33 countries over a wide range of area under different agro-climatic conditions and attacks more than two dozen palm species. In the Middle East the weevil is the most destructive pest of the date palms. The hidden nature of the pest attack makes timely detection of the infestation and control measures difficult.  The earlier reviews provide details of biology and control methods viz. phyto-sanitary and preventive, curative, biological, baiting and trapping etc. Different combinations of above mentioned control methods have also been tried with varying degrees of success. Results of two major IPM programmes carried out in the gulf countries, the first during 1993-1998 mainly based on chemical and pheromone trapping and the second from 1998-2002 using bio-agents and pheromone trapping are discussed.  In Jordan valley intensive pheromone trapping and incorporation of systemic insecticide in irrigation water could not control the pest even after three years. Development of ecofriendly pest control strategies like hybrid sterility, incompatibility and disruption of tolerance to high temperatures in Gulf and Mediterranean regions is suggested to combat the pest.
Refinement of ELISA and its use in early detection of coconut root (wilt) disease
Authors: M. Sasikala  , V. R. Prakash  , V. P. Sapna  , M. Mayilvaganan  , Leena. S. Nair
Published: May 2020

Root (wilt) is a major disease of coconut in Kerala and in certain parts of Tamil Nadu. The lasting solution for combating the disease is by evolving root (wilt) disease resistant/tolerant varieties through sustained breeding programmes. Development of visual symptoms of root (wilt) disease is very slow and there is a time lag between infection and symptom expression. Therefore, identification of root (wilt) disease-free palms using early diagnostic techniques (serological techniques) is a basic requirement for the production of quality seedlings. For the mass screening of coconut samples DAC-indirect ELISA has been standardized earlier using antibody raised against pathogen related protein found in diseased palms, but it take about 44 hrs for the completion of the test. In the present investigation using phytoplasma-specific antibodies, test could be refined to make it a more rapid and sensitive one. It has been found that the results could be obtained within 24 hrs with very high sensitivity of 98.4%. Similarly, efficiency of extracting antigen from coconut leaf samples was enhanced by using ART MICCRA D-8 tissue homogeniser. Highest difference in absorbance values between healthy and infected samples was obtained while using carbonate bicarbonate buffer pH 9.6 with additives followed by plain buffer. Thus test could be used to detect phytoplasmal infection in coconut palms even before the appearance of visual symptoms. The modified procedure is being used for identifying disease-free mother palms from disease endemic areas for producing quality seedlings either by crossing programmes or from open pollinated nuts.
Crop nutrition and fertilizer management of embryo-cultured seedlings of Makapuno and Laguna Tall coconuts with special reference to their response to different levels of NaCl and chicken manure
Authors: M.B. Areza-Ubaldo  , S.S. Magat  , E.P. Rillo  , M.I. Secretaria
Published: May 2020

A two-year nursery study of embryo-cultured Laguna Tall (ECLAGT) and embryo-cultured Makapuno Tall (ECMAKT) coconut seedlings was conducted at the Philippine Coconut Authority - Albay Research Center, Guinobatan, Albay aimed to know the effects of applying different levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) (common table salt) and chicken manure (CM) on the vegetative growth and leaf nutrient status of the seedlings. The soil used in the study is a volcanic ash- rich Guinobatan silt loam, classified as Entic Dystrandept soil subgroup (U.S. Soil Taxonomy/Classification).

EC seedlings with the application of NaCl at a total dose of 18-54 g/seedling and chicken manure at 250-750 g/seedling, applied within the 12-month nursery (at intervals of 2,4,6,8,10 months) significantly produced taller seedlings with bigger girth and more total living fronds than the unfertilized ECLAGT and ECMAKT seedlings. The levels of nutrient application (fertilization) on EC seedlings is clearly much lower than that of the average rates used in growing ordinary seedlings from seednuts, i.e. seedling with embryo attached to the whole nut in the nursery.

The better growth of ECLAGT and ECMAKT seedlings in terms of their girth, plant height and  total living fronds produced was significantly associated with higher or very satisfactory  levels of leaf N, P, K, Cl, Ca, Na, Mg, S, B, and Fe (leaf #4 of 12-month old EC seedlings).

The overall results clearly indicate the practical need to apply a combination of sodium chloride and dried chicken manure, even at moderate rates (total) of 18 g/seedling and 250 g/seedling respectively, divided equally during the 12-month nursery stage for normal growth and proper nutrition of EC seedlings. This recommended fertilization management practice should ensure healthy and good quality ECMAKT seedlings as planting materials.
Adventure Capitalists
Authors: Kilcline Cathal
Published: May 2020

The popularity of the Paris-Dakar rally in the 1980s drew on both a growing market for new adventure sports in France and nostalgia for colonial-era narratives of desert exploration. Since its inception, the event has provided a spectacle of motorised speed, physical suffering, technical prowess and logistical expertise, set against a backdrop of splendid scenery. The race has also been criticised for transforming some of the poorest locations in the world into a playground for a (predominantly) Western and wealthy elite and for the death toll that it has incurred in its wake. Such criticisms followed the rally along its various African itineraries and on its transposition to South America in 2009. In its early versions, the Paris-Dakar was the vehicle for the nostalgic re-enactment of French colonial-era exploits in Africa, and the subject of virulent criticism for its neo-colonial connotations and material effects. The contemporary ‘Dakar’ emerges in this analysis as a demonstration of the ‘deterritorialising’ potential of the sports-media nexus, with its opponents attesting to its contribution to the global disenfranchisement of local communities.
American Dreams
Authors: Kilcline Cathal
Published: May 2020

As a sport that originated in North America, basketball is a privileged site for the study of transatlantic sporting exchanges. In France, since the mid-1980s, basketball has evolved as a practice and spectacle in line with changes in the game in the United States, and particularly in the foremost professional league of the NBA. Particular attention is paid to the basketball craze of the early 1990s, when clothing companies and the NBA attracted a new public to the sport in France. This had consequences for the demographics of basketball, the meanings associated with the sport, the style of play, and ultimately for the game in America, as increasing numbers of non-American (and especially French) players now populate the NBA. Basketball emerges in this chapter as an important example of French responses to American-led commercialization of sport and American-led globalization more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Sanders Andrew
Published: May 2020

Gerry Adams is long credited with masterminding the so-called long war and I don’t believe that for a minute. I think what Gerry Adams was orchestrating was the long peace process and I think that started in the 70s … They had a lot of patience and they did a lot of planning but as a republican I don’t think they did it on their own, I think they had a lot of help....
Jimmy Carter and the Presidential Statement on Northern Ireland
Authors: Sanders Andrew
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores the 1977 statement on Northern Ireland which was delivered by President Jimmy Carter. Expanding on issues identified in the previous chapter, it considers Carter’s approach to Northern Ireland at a time when governments in both the UK and Ireland were changing. It focuses on the State Department embargo on gun sales to the Royal Ulster Constabulary and considers the difficulties this posed for Anglo-American relations at the time. It also looks at the developing protest in the prison system of Northern Ireland, which would ultimately lead to a hunger strike by IRA and INLA prisoners.
Amorous Aesthetics
Authors: Reno Seth T.
Published: May 2020

Situated at the intersection of affect studies, ecocriticism, aesthetics, and Romantic studies, this book presents a genealogy of love in Romantic-era poetry, science, and philosophy. While feeling and emotion have been traditional mainstays of Romantic literature, the concept of love is under-studied and under-appreciated, often neglected or dismissed as idealized, illusory, or overly sentimental. However, Seth Reno shows that a particular conception of intellectual love is interwoven with the major literary, scientific, and philosophical discourses of the period. Romantic-era writers conceived of love as integral to broader debates about the nature of life, the biology of the human body, the sociology of human relationships, the philosophy of nature, and the disclosure of being. Amorous Aesthetics traces the development of intellectual love from its first major expression in Baruch Spinoza’s Ethics,through its adoption and adaptation in eighteenth-century moral and natural philosophy, to its emergence as a Romantic tradition in the work of six major poets. From William Wordsworth and John Clare’s love of nature, to Percy Shelley’s radical politics of love, to the more sceptical stances of Felicia Hemans, Alfred Tennyson, and Matthew Arnold, this book shows intellectual love to be a pillar of Romanticism.
Shelleyan Love
Authors: Reno Seth T.
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, I show that Percy Shelley picks up on the waning of intellectual love in Wordsworth, continuing to develop this Romantic tradition after Wordsworth moves on to a more religious sensibility. The chapter outlines the development of Percy Shelley’s treatment of love over the entire course of his career. I examine five ‘clusters’ of writings that reveal his adoption, adaption, and revision of Wordsworthian, Godwinian, and Classical notions of love: (1) his essay ‘On Love’ (1819) and its related texts; (2) Queen Mab (1813) and the Alastorvolume (1815); (3) a sequence of lyrics from 1816-1818; (4) the Prometheus Unbound volume (1820); and (5) Epipsychidion (1821) and later poems. Shelleyan love has received the most scholarly attention in studies of Romanticism, yet it is almost always within the contexts of sex, sexuality, and metaphor; instead, I argue that Shelleyan love can also be understood as an aesthetic model of interconnectedness proposing a nascent negative dialectics, a concept developed by Theodor Adorno that both defers and affirms the reconciliation of subject and object at the heart of critical theory and love.
Fictions of Migration and Refuge from the Anthropocene
Authors: Walsh John Patrick
Published: May 2020

The chapter treats a set of writers, Louis-Philippe Dalembert, Gary Victor, and Néhémy Pierre-Dahomey, whose fictions imagine experiences of migration and refuge in the wake of political and natural disaster. Their texts are meditations on the stakes of social and political institutions that support life in common in an age of ecological reckoning. The first part of the chapter returns to key questions of the Anthropocene, raised in the introduction, in order to demonstrate the ways that Caribbean thinkers have long anticipated scientific debates about the links between political violence and the future of the planet. Literary eco-archives contribute to these debates with stories about social worlds migrating and colliding. The chapter argues that Dalembert’s Ballade d’un amour inachevé, Victor’s Maudite éducation and its sequel L’Escalier de mes désillusions, and Pierre-Dahomey’s Rapatriés cast doubt on the future of a shared humanity with portraits of Haitian lives that foreground an ethics of vulnerability amidst widespread inequality. Through poetic representations of time and space, each writer ponders the ephemeral beauty of the present, always in flux between past and present, and each imagines the frailty of human lives in increasingly inhospitable climes.
Artful construction of the political realm
Authors: Majumder Doyeeta
Published: May 2020

Continuing the discussion of Scottish texts and politics, this chapter focuses on George Buchanan’s Latin play Baptistes (roughly contemporaneous with Ane Satyre) and his later treatise De Iure Regni Apud Scotos, positing that unlike the playwrights and resistance theorists preceding him, Buchanan conceives of the state and its power as a human artefact rather than a product of divine making. This conception of politics not only aligns Buchanan with Machiavellian political thought in significant ways, but also, together with the fact that Scotland witnessed the actual deposition of the legitimate sovereign at the hands of her nobility, enabled him to formulate a defence of resistance that manages to overcome the limitations of traditional Calvinist resistance arguments.
Tyranny added to usurpation
Authors: Majumder Doyeeta
Published: May 2020

The last chapter analyzes three adaptations of the story of Richard III’s usurpation and trace a trajectory of the development of the usurpation plot from neo-Latin University plays to the commercial theatre of late-Elizabethan London in an attempt to delineate the politico-historical and ideological reasons for the gradual conflation of the notions of tyranny and usurpation. The usurpation plot and the tyrant-usurper protagonist, pushes against the ideological bulwark of divinely ordained sovereignty to foreground a cosmetic, manufactured notion of legitimacy. This movement can be read in conjunction with the Tudors’ concerted efforts of legally consolidating their questionable dynastic claims to the throne. Within the plays this conflictual intermeshing is complemented by the increasing importance accorded to the consent of the governed in matters of governance, both in drama and in contemporary political theory, marking a proto-liberal turn in humanist political thought.
Bibles, Schools and Citizens
Authors: Ruz Andrés Baeza
Published: May 2020

Many Britons travelled to Chile because were representing the interests of another group of individuals and not only their own personal projects. This was the case of the British Protestant societies that emerged in Britain since late eighteenth century and were sending agents and missionaries to different parts of the world. These societies aimed to civilise the rest of the world and were therefore embarked on what they saw as a global mission. Some of them, like the British and Foreign Bible Society (BFBS) and the British and Foreign School Society (BFSS), reached South America and Chile when the struggles for the Independence were coming to an end. This chapter analyses the process of interaction and the exchange of ideas and practices between the agents of these societies who travelled to Chile in the 1820s, and the Chileans who were involved in the construction of the new state.
Fascism and Constitutional Conflict
Authors: Loughlin James
Published: May 2020

This work makes an original and important contribution, both to the field of British fascist/extreme Right studies and to the Ulster question. British fascist studies have to date largely ignored Northern Ireland, yet it engaged the attention of all the significant fascist movements, both pro-loyalist and pro-nationalist, from the British Fascists and Sir Oswald Mosley’s British Union of Fascists in the inter-war period to Mosley’s Union Movement, the National Front and British National Party thereafter. As a recurring site of political unrest Northern Ireland should have provided a promising arena for development, however this work demonstrates the great differences between Northern Ireland and Britain that made this problematic, especially the singularity of regional concerns and outlooks and the prominence of the constitutional issue, leaving little space for external parties to develop. Nor did framing the Ulster problem in a European context, such as Mosley’s post-war concept of Europe-a-Nation prove effective. for pro-loyalist extreme Right organisations during the Troubles a common allegiance to symbols of Britishness was offset not only the distinctiveness of regional interests but by the presence of Catholics among their leaders, while their failure to develop successfully as national movements in Britain meant they had little to offer Ulster loyalists. In focussing on Northern Ireland, this study provides insights, both into the strengths and weaknesses of British fascist organisations in the UK as a whole together with how difficult the region was for British organisations to cultivate; indeed, not just the extreme Right but mainstream parties as well.
The National Front (II)
Authors: Loughlin James
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the state of the National Front as it sought to contribute to the loyalist/Unionist struggle against the imposition of the Anglo-Irish Agreement (AIA), an agreement reached between the British and Irish Governments, and which infuriated the loyalist and Unionist community as the Irish Government was given an advisory role in the governance of Northern Ireland, and worrying because it was uncertain whether and when such ‘influence’ would be instrumental or marginal. Opposition involved cooperation with loyalist paramilitaries but proved worrying when loyalist paramilitaries resorted to sectarian violence. For the NF, however, its already limited scope for action in Northern Ireland was reduced further by an internal split provoked by a new leadership cadre headed by Nick Griffin, which sought to turn the organisation into a revolutionary movement proposing the creation of an independent Ulster, and opposed by a ‘Flag’ faction which sought co-operation with Unionist and loyalist leaders. As Unionist opposition to the AIA failed and Government rejected its position that it would refuse to negotiate until the agreement was abandoned. By 1990 Unionist leaders had agreed to talks with the Government at the same time as divisions within the NF led to its collapse.
Les Revenants, Tignes, and the Return of Post-war Modernisation
Authors: Clark Catherine E. , Jacobson Brian R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter reads the French television hit Les Revenants (The Returned, Canal+, 2012-2015) as a parable of the uneasy legacy of France’s “Trente glorieuses,” the period of rapid economic growth that followed World War II. Situating the show’s fictional city and its story of failing dams in the history of the real dam that inspired it—the dam that displaced the village of Tignes in 1952—the chapter argues that Les Revenants encourages us to re-think the Trente glorieuses and its long-term effects and to ask both what became of the projects that defined these years and what has re-emerged from the shadows of their glories—from failing infrastructure and a police surveillance state to the environmental consequences now associated with the Anthropocene.
‘Mother Macree ad nauseam’
Authors: Moynihan Sinéad
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that narratives of female Returned Yanks emerge forcefully in Irish culture of the 1990s as a kind of imaginative counterpart to Irish citizens’ enforced confrontation with Ireland’s past at the same historical moment, particularly with respect to the collusion of Church and State in the oppression and, often, abuse of women and children. The protagonists of these texts – and I focus most attentively on works by Benjamin Black (John Banville) and Annie Murphy – literally return to Ireland, but they also visit, or revisit, upon Ireland some of the repressions of its past. They do so both thematically, by dramatising the issues of unmarried motherhood, forced adoption and Church intervention in the family; and formally, by revising previous and tenacious gendered mythologies of emigration and return.
Beyond Return
Authors: Hollister Lucas
Published: May 2020

Beyond Return examines how popular literary forms have been politicized or could be productively repoliticized in the literary period that we have called the contemporary (roughly: since 1980). In the aftermath of the efflorescence of experimental literature and theory that characterized the Trente Glorieuses (1945-75), ‘contemporary’ French literature is often said to embrace more traditional or readable novelistic forms. This rejection of the radical aesthetics of mid-century French literature, this rehabilitation of fictional forms that have been called sub-literary, regressive, or outdated, has been given a name: the ‘return to the story.’ Beyond Return proposes new perspectives on the cultural politics of such fictions. Examining adventure novels, radical noir, postmodernist mysteries, war novels, and dystopian fictions, this book shows how authors like Jean Echenoz, Jean-Patrick Manchette, Jean Rouaud, and Antoine Volodine develop radically dissimilar notions of the aesthetics of ‘return,’ and thus redraw in different manners the boundaries of the contemporary, the French, and the literary. In the process, Beyond Return argues for the need to move beyond the nostalgic, anti-modernist rhetoric of the ‘return to the story’ in order to appreciate the potentialities of innovative contemporary genre fictions.
Introduction
Authors: Altink Henrice
Published: May 2020

The introduction sets out the main research questions and argument and places the book within the historical and historiographical context. It also reflects on the source material used and the methodology and theoretical framework adopted, and ends with a summary of the chapters.
Race at Work
Authors: Altink Henrice
Published: May 2020

Making extensive use of census data, this chapter sets out changes over time in the race and colour profile of the labour market. It shows that dark-skinned Jamaicans made considerable advances, especially in the public sector, but that even long after independence they were still largely absent from some fields and in others rarely found at senior levels. It will be argued that the stratification of the labour market by colour was largely the result of race-neutral practices, such as educational qualifications and other hiring and promotion criteria; disadvantage accumulated over time and across racial domains; and government inaction, which was partly triggered by political partisanship and economic factors.
Music, Discourse
Authors: Baldwin Thomas
Published: May 2020

Rummaging further among Barthes’s critical metaphors, Chapter Three examines some of his essays on music (and on Proust on music) from the 1970s and from 1980 alongside his seminars on the ‘Charlus-Discourse’ and a set of unpublished teaching notes for a seminar series that took place at the University of Rabat between 1969 and 1970. Proust’s novel emerges here as ‘musical’, not in the sense that its author is a particularly adept commentator on music (Barthes insists that he is not), but by virtue of the diffractions, vacillations and melodic differentials of intensity and desire by which, according to Barthes, its sentences and its discourses are inhabited.
‘What a Crusoe crowd we shall make!’
Authors: Moriarty Sinead
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers William Payne’s 1912 novel Three Boys in Antarctica in light of the Robinsonade genre - in particular as an example of a text which relocates the tropical desert-island setting to the icy world of the Antarctic. It argues that, while the story does contain some traditional elements of the Robinsonade narrative, the Antarctic setting has a significant impact on the text’s underlying didactics. The chapter also argues for the importance of spatial considerations within the Robinsonade genre and offers a reconsideration of the traditional topography of the genre, underlining the significant relationship between the space of the text and the characters who inhabit it. Instead of celebrating the adventuring spirit of the traditional Robinsonades, the chapter concludes that Payne’s tale is a cautionary one, and one which seeks to undo the political heritage of the Robinsonade genre at large.
Borrowing (from) Crusoe
Authors: Mooney Mairéad , Ó Gallchoir Clíona
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the Robinsonade within the framework of the children’s collection of Cork Public Library in the post-revolutionary period of the early twentieth century. It examines how the repeated purchasing of copies of Robinson Crusoe for circulation to Free State children may be interpreted within the context of the Gaelic Revivalist movement. Furthermore, two specific texts are considered: T.C. Bridges’ Martin Crusoe: A Boy’s Adventure on Wizard Island (1920), a self-conscious Robinsonade, and a 1936 account of an Irish missionary’s experiences in Africa, African Adventure, by Father James O’Mahoney. The chapter argues that both texts exhibit characteristic Robinsonade qualities (the colonialist impulses of which are framed by ennobling justifications), and, ultimately, that the colonial novel was in many ways compatible with post-colonial Ireland’s nationalist ideology.
Navigating Nationhood, Gender, and the Robinsonade in The Dreams of Myfanwy
Authors: Rosser Siwan M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that The Dreams of Myfanwy, written by Welsh writer Moelona and concerned with the experiences of the female author writing in a minority language, negotiates an intriguing relationship with, and offers perspective on, the patriarchal, imperial ideologies traditionally associated with imitations of Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe. The chapter contends that the didactic impulse of this particular Robinsonade is to inculcate within its young readers a sense of Welsh national and cultural difference; like many other popular adventure novels written in Welsh from the 1910s to the 1930s, Moelona’s novel is specifically designed to entice readers and to instil a sense of pride in their cultural and linguistic distinctiveness. The chapter concludes by arguing that this text is a teaching tool that embodies the tension between creativity and didacticism, and which ultimately allows its young readers to navigate an understanding of what it meant to be a young Welsh adolescent in early 20th-century Britain.
Call it Courage and the Survival of the Imperial Robinsonade
Authors: Barnes Clive
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that Armstrong Sperry’s Call it Courage cannot be considered a revisionist work of Robinsonade fiction (as it is sometimes interpreted) and that discussions of it in terms of postcolonial or feminist theoretical frameworks are limited precisely because of the text’s spurious ethnography. It also argue that Call it Courage is a particularly important example of a work of Robinsonade fiction whose didactic merit, ideological significance, and perceived value for young readers has changed over time. Ultimately, the chapter argues that Sperry’s narrative is a regenerated imperial Robinsonade in the guise of an indigenous Pacific Island tale, and that there is much to be suspicious of in the novel’s continued placement on North American school curricula.
Shifting Perspectives in Two Mid-Twentieth-Century Robinsonades
Authors: Kinane Ian
Published: May 2020

This chapter contends that Scott O’Dell’s Island of the Blue Dolphins and Michel Tournier’s Friday and Robinson are works of didactic fiction which pose to young readers questions of historical, political, and cultural concern and, moreover, which allow for readers to develop their own critical skills in response to such concerns. It also argue that, through the highlighting of reasoned debate, forced shifts in perspective, and a playful exposure of received social laws, both Island of the Blue Dolphins and Friday and Robinson are examples of educational literature par excellence, precisely because they engender within the reader the ability to critically analyse, interpret, and independently draw conclusions from the texts’ events.
Between Communitas and Pantheism
Authors: Höing Anja
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that the openness and egalitarianism of scientific discourse to be found in Terry Pratchett’s Nation functions as an alternative to the hierarchical structures imposed by colonialism. In addition, the chapter discusses the ways in which Pratchett attributes liminal potential to religious beliefs and posits the suggestion that pantheism is the most appropriate religious belief system within the social-scientific framework of his model post-colonial society. Finally, the chapter argues that Nation highlights the importance for young readers of addressing and critically reflecting on the issue of their own belief systems, in order to manage the difficulties of 21st-century living.
Between the Alternate and the Apocryphal
Authors: Thiess Derek J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores connections between two treatments of history in science fictional literature—the apocryphal history and the alternate history—as they deal with material place. Theorists (Jameson, Hughes-Warrington) have explored the role of materialist history in our need to create counterfactuals by examining the cityscapes and structures in literary representations of the past. This essay connects the disparate strands of materialism, place, and religious revisionism via Juan Miguel Aguilera’s La locura de Dios. It reads the novel as both an apocryphal adventure to a “lost world” civilization and an alternate narrative of Spanish national history. La locura comments surprisingly self-consciously on the crystalline fragility of the logic holding material history together, threatened as it is by a revisionist, escapist orthodoxy.
Eighteenth-Century Women's Writing and the Methodist Media Revolution
Authors: Winckles Andrew O.
Published: May 2020

Eighteenth-Century Women’s Writing and the Methodist Media Revolution argues that Methodism in the eighteenth century was a media event that uniquely combined and utilized different types of media to reach a vast and diverse audience. Specifically, it traces specific cases of how evangelical and Methodist discourse practices interacted with major cultural and literary events during the long eighteenth-century, from the rise of the novel to the Revolution controversy of the 1790’s to the shifting ground for women writers leading up to the Reform era in the 1830’s. The book maps the religious discourse patterns of Methodism onto works by authors like Samuel Richardson, Mary Wollstonecraft, Hannah More, Elizabeth Hamilton, Mary Tighe, and Felicia Hemans. This not only provides a better sense of the religious nuances of these authors’ better-known works, but also provides a fuller consideration of the wide variety of genres women were writing in during the period, many of which continue to be read as ‘non-literary’. The scope of the book leads the reader from the establishment of evangelical forms of discourse in the 1730’s to the natural ends of these discourse structures during the era of reform, all the while pointing to ways in which women—Methodist and otherwise—modified these discourse patterns as acts of resistance or subversion.
Sally Wesley, the Evangelical Bluestockings, and the Regulation of Enthusiasm
Authors: Winckles Andrew O.
Published: May 2020

Chapter Six considers the networks surrounding Sally Wesley, John Wesley’s niece and Charles Wesley’s only daughter. Wesley was at the center of a network of latter day Bluestockings who produced and circulated material around the turn of the nineteenth century. Of particular interest to this diverse group was the nature and influence of evangelical feeling and enthusiasm on British life and letters. Analysis of Wesley’s network reveals members from all social and religious backgrounds debating and discussing the proper role of religious enthusiasm—arguing for the importance of a well-regulated enthusiasm to the creation and distribution of literary work. Specifically, it explores how other women in Wesley’s circle, particularly Mary Tighe, Elizabeth Hamilton, and Maria Spilsbury, addressed the issue of religious enthusiasm. Based on this evidence it considers the question of how religion and theology helped women like Sally Wesley structure and inform their artistic production in conversation with the shifting roles for women in Regency society and artistic movements like Romanticism.
Agnes Bulmer, Felicia Hemans, and Poetry as Theology
Authors: Winckles Andrew O.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines how women used theological poetry to enter into public space during the 1820’s and 30’s through its consideration of the works of Agnes Bulmer and Felicia Hemans. In particular, the chapter focuses on changing definitions of Christian womanhood in Methodism and how Bulmer negotiated them as a poet, scholar, wife, and faithful Methodist. It then turns to Bulmer’s epic poem, Messiah’s Kingdom, to explore how she develops her epic theology—accessing a tradition of women acting as prophets and priests to forward a unique systematic theology that places sense experience, of both the natural and spiritual worlds, at the center of evangelical hermeneutics. Finally, the chapter turn to Hemans’ religious poetry, and particularly the Songs and Hymns of Life, to witness how Hemans at the end of her life uses poetry to advocate for a public religious role for women. In essence she “takes a text” in the Methodist sense and licenses poetic preaching in a world that was rapidly revolving away from these types of roles for women.
Revisioning French Culture
Authors: Sago Kylie
Published: May 2020

Revisioning French Culture brings together a striking group of leading intellectuals and scholars to explore new avenues of research in French and Francophone Studies. Covering the medieval period through the twenty-first century, this volume presents investigations into a vast array of subjects. Revisioning French Culture grapples with topics vital to the contemporary cultural landscape, including universalism, globalization, the idea of Francophonie, and religious and secular identity. This essay collection furthermore transcends and illuminates the contemporary by exploring matters that have long resonated in the humanities and letters, such as death, war, trauma, power and politics, notions of the truth, conceptions of the self, and modes of reading and writing. With contributions by a number of figures known across the humanities and the social sciences, Revisioning French Culture explores the foundations of the French and Francophone world, providing cultural, political, and historical context for the crisis facing democracy and liberalism around the world today.
Foreigners and Strangers
Authors: Suleiman Susan Rubin
Published: May 2020

Susan Rubin Suleiman’s essay explores the status of Jews as foreigners and ‘other’—as étrangers—in French law and literature of the 1920s and 30s. Her essay traces the changes in French law that occurred around Jews and foreigners, as well as the concurrent shifts in social and literary discourse. A toxic dichotomy became part of the overall discourse, ‘opposing the Jewish other as an existential threat to the French same.’ Suleiman argues that that dichotomy is applicable to other minorities, pointing to contemporary debates about Muslims in France.
Beckett’s French Resistance
Authors: Will Barbara
Published: May 2020

Barbara Will’s essay is a treatment of the relationship between Samuel Beckett’s Resistance activity and his minimalistic writing after the war. Will argues for the need to situate Beckett’s work in a political and historical context, instead of an exclusively aesthetic one. Indeed, Will contends that one must look at Beckett’s work translating and encrypting top-secret documents in the ‘Gloria’ Resistance cell in Paris to place into proper context Beckett’s investment in ‘economy’ and ‘clarity’ that characterizes his postwar work.
Between Acceptance and Betrayal: Sarah Kofman’s Rue Ordener, rue Labat
Authors: Furman Nelly
Published: May 2020

Nelly Furman’s essay is a treatment of Sarah Kofman’s work, particularly Rue Ordener, rue Labat (1994), Kofman’s autobiographical telling of her experience as a young girl, torn between her French and Jewish identities during the Second World War. Furman explores the complexity of French-Jewish identity in Kofman’s work as expressed above all through specific testimonial and linguistic constructions, but also through food and education. Furman furthermore investigates how Kofman’s case serves as a reminder of ‘an impossible double bind’: the desire to bear witness for those who died, and the impossibility of telling their stories.
In the Shadow of the Iron Curtain
Authors: Verona Roxana
Published: May 2020

Roxana Verona’s piece is based on her own lived experience. Verona’s text is a testimony on life in Romania during the Cold War. In it, Verona underscores the importance—for beleaguered Romanians in a ‘forgotten’ Eastern bloc satellite—of ‘contact zones’ between East and West. For Verona and others, the French language, French literature, and French intellectuals served as one of the most vital of those grey zones between the capitalist and Communist worlds.
What’s in a Word?
Authors: Nichols Stephen G.
Published: May 2020

Stephen Nichols’s text analyzes one of the most famous examples of troubadour lyric, Peire d’Alverna’s Occitan canso Cantarai d’aqestz trobadors (‘I’ll sing about these troubadours’). Nichols explores its formal, linguistic, and epistemological character, its status in the broader literary-historical context of the late twelfth century, and its relevance for contemporary theoretical debates about conceptual knowledge.
What Happens When I Read
Authors: Miller J. Hillis
Published: May 2020

J. Hillis Miller’s essay is on the process of reading. Miller explores what happens to his mind, body, and feelings when reading a poem or a novel, or when trying to make sense of a philosophical or theoretical text. Taking a ‘rhetorical reading approach’ (a mode deeply influenced by French theorists), he performs a close reading of Tennyson’s poem ‘Tithonus.’ Through that reading, Miller articulates the rich experience of an ‘internal theater’ in his mind that has a host of dimensions, including spatial, aural, kinetic, tactile, and olfactory.
Making History or Preventing the World from Unraveling
Authors: Hartog François
Published: May 2020

François Hartog’s piece is on what he calls the ‘modern regime of historicity’ and how Sartre’s and Camus’s relationships with that ‘regime’ evolved, and how the latter constituted a facet of their rupture. Hartog traces Sartre’s move away from a literature of ‘exis’ (think La Nausée) to a literature of ‘praxis’ (Les Chemins de la liberté). Hartog places the Sartrean trajectory in contrast with that of Camus who, in the postwar period came to reject the ‘religion’ of history. For Camus, the priority was the present moment, and what was necessary was not to make history, but rather to prevent the world ‘from destroying itself.’
Contesting the Classroom
Authors: Twohig Erin
Published: May 2020

Contesting the Classroom is the first scholarly work to analyze both how Algerian and Moroccan novels depict the postcolonial classroom, and how postcolonial literature is taught in Morocco and Algeria. Drawing on a corpus of contemporary novels in French and Arabic, it shows that authors imagined the fictional classroom as a pluralistic and inclusive space, often at odds with the narrow nationalist vision of postcolonial identity. Yet when authors wrote about the school, they also had to consider whether their work would be taught in schools. As this book’s original research on the teaching of literature shows, Moroccan and Algerian schools have largely failed to promote the works of local authors in public school curricula. This situation has dramatically altered literary portraits of education: novels marginalized in the public education system must creatively reimagine what pedagogy looks like and where it can take place.
Resistance in a Minority Language
Authors: Twohig Erin
Published: May 2020

The fourth chapter examines the role of marginalized characters in Moroccan novels about education. Leila Abouzeid’s Al Fasl al-akhir (The Last Chapter) and Brick Oussaïd’s Les coquelicots de l’Oriental (published in English as The Mountains Forgotten by God) feature protagonists who position themselves as “spokespeople” for individuals who did not fit the vision of the classroom as a male and Arab space. Leila Abouzeid’s work features women’s voices in dialect, privileging both speakers and linguistic registers excluded from Arabized education. Brick Oussaïd’s work depicts an Amazigh protagonist who does not see his community reflected in school curricula. The chapter explores the problems inherent in “teaching” readers about the experiences of others through literature. Yet it also discusses the important potential for authors to write narratives from perspectives that are not often heard in the classroom, and make them heard there as these texts have the chance to become part of the classroom canon.
Introduction
Authors: Twohig Erin
Published: May 2020

The introduction presents central debates about postcolonial education policy in Morocco and Algeria. It focuses, in particular, on the transition to using Arabic after years of French colonial domination. Arabizing education was considered a fundamental act of decolonization, yet it also rendered education a flashpoint for bitter controversy, and left many questions open for debate. What elements of historical memory would be sacrificed in order to shape a new national identity? Should education systems reflect the linguistic and cultural diversity of students, or work to shape a unified nation? The Introduction lays out a methodological approach to examining these questions both through the literary depiction of the school, and the teaching of literature in the classroom, seeing novels as not only objects of literary analysis, but also as products of an education system and materials that could, eventually, form a part of that system’s curriculum.
Speaking for the Voiceless
Authors: Hachad Naïma
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 contemplates the collective dimensions of testimonies by renowned victims of political violence, something that has been emphasized by previous studies. The analysis focuses on the literary devices and content Menebhi, El Bouih, and Oufkir chose to merge their experience of political violence and resistance with the collective experiences of Moroccan women. The chapter questions the assumption that testimonial writing is an ‘extraliterary’ or ‘antiliterary’ discourse (Beverley, 2004, 42) and demonstrates the ethical and political limitations of the of the idea of a ‘collective testimonial self.’ It also integrates alternative testimonial documents that have not been previously analyzed, as well as recent studies on women and political violence and resistance during the Years of Lead. Because of this, this chapter revises and completes previous research on the Years of Lead in two major ways. First, it demonstrates that dividing resisters and victims in testimonies by renowned female political activists and former political prisoners can promote a simplistic account of women’s experiences, as well as articulate a very reductive representation of victimization and resistance. Second, it addresses how the narration and memorialization of violence are impacted by class, ethnicity, religion, language, and education level, important differentiating factors that intersect with gender.
The Reclining Nude
Authors: Wilson Emma
Published: May 2020

The figure of a woman reclining, in repose, displayed, abandoned, fallen, asleep, or dreaming, returns in the work of women filmmakers and photographers in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Filmmakers Agnès Varda and Catherine Breillat, and American photographer working in Paris, Nan Goldin, return to the paintings of Titian, Velázquez, Goya, Courbet, and others, re-imagining, and re-purposing, their images of female beauty, display, (auto)eroticism, and intimacy. This book, a sensuous evocation of these feminist works, claims a female-identified pleasure in looking. The artists explored align images of repose and sensuality with other images of horizontality and proneness, of strong emotional content, images of erotic involvement, of vulnerability, of bodily contortion, of listlessness, grief, and depression. The reclining nude is for all three artists a starting point for a reflection on the relation of film, projections, and still photography, to painting, and a sustained re-imagining of the meanings conjured through serial returns to a particular pose. This book claims that the image of the reclining nude is compelling, for female-identified artists – and for all allied in feeling and picturing femininity – in the sensitive, ethically adventurous, politically complex feminist issues it engages. The reclining nude is an image of passivity, of submission, of hedonism. It allows thought about passivity as pleasure, about depression and grief figured posturally, about indolence as a form of resistance and anarchy. Through this image, female-identified artists have claimed freedom to offer new focus on these extremes of emotion. They are re-imagining horizontality.
The Reclining Nude
Authors: Wilson Emma
Published: May 2020

Opening with a reflection on the woman rolling in the waves in Maya Deren’s At Land, this chapter draws out a series of thoughts on reclining. From the tradition of the reclining nude and the female figure in sensual repose, images of loved and exposed women, it moves to figures of anatomical investigation, proneness, horizontality, and animality. Figures of sleep, dream, and near death gesture to the issues of unknowability and vicariousness the figure conjures. Female voices, Louise Bourgeois, Marguerite Duras, Tilda Swinton, Adriana Cavarero, return in the chapter to allow a stretching of the range of meanings in the figure of the reclining nude, and a new imagining of her evocative presence, and the strange valuing of passivity, indolent resistance, in the work of female-identified artists.
Iberian Atlantic Bodies, Commodities, and Texts
Authors: Tortorici Zeb
Published: May 2020

This chapter offers a pedagogical exploration of an interdisciplinary approach to the topic of Iberian Atlantic bodies, commodities, and texts through the fields of history and literature. It offers an analytical and course-based exploration of the inherent paradox that is the “Iberian Atlantic” (or, if we move beyond the focus on Spain, Portugal, and their colonies, the “Transatlantic”). Drawing on primary sources and secondary literature that delves students into the complicated terrain of colonial encounters in terms of gender, sexuality, and race, this course challenges the principle issues of teleology, essentialization, and epistemology.
Los amarres de la lengua: Spanish Exiles, Puerto Rican Intellectuals, and the Battle over Spanish, 1942–2016
Authors: Burgos-Lafuente Lena
Published: May 2020

The chapter provides a genealogy of the 2016 CILE (Congreso Internacional de la Lengua Española), during which the Spanish officialdom celebrated Puerto Rico's linguistic ties to Spain as a 21st-century mercantile ploy. I review the language debates that raged in Puerto Rico in the 1940s, examining Pedro Salinas' 1948 Commencement Speech at the University of Puerto Rico, which would become his famed "Defensa del lenguaje"; revisiting Gov. Luis Muñoz Marín's 1953 speech "La personalidad puertorriqueña en el Estado Libre Asociado"; and ending with a brief coda on Ana Lydia Vega's 1981 short story "Pollito Chicken," to reflect on the positions shared by both Spanish exiles to the Caribbean and local intellectuals regarding language as a self-evident vessel of identity. The main argument is that a rhetoric of defense, crystallized in the 1940s, was redeployed by successive and presumptively opposite segments of the intelligentsia.