bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing Earth-based Building Materials: Effect of Palm Fibre Reinforcement on Compressive Strength
Authors: Onugba Michael Attah , Omisande Lawrence Ademola , AlhassVan Yunusa Aminu , Abdullahi Abubakar Otu
Published: November 2023

The rising need for affordable and eco-friendly housing occasioned by a surge in global population growth, the ever-increasing cost of building materials and environmental concerns has been an issue of concern over the last few decades. This has necessitated continuous research and development of affordable and eco-friendly building materials for low- and middle-income earners. This research evaluated the effect of oil palm fibre on the compressive strength of compressed earth blocks. Oil palm fibre was added to the soil matrix at 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% by weight of laterite. The blocks were cured for 28 days after which they were tested. The results obtained indicate that the addition of palm fibre up to 1% in the matrix increased the compressive strength to a  maximum of 1.38N/mm2. Further addition of palm fibre in the matrix resulted in a decrease of the compressive strength. An optimum reinforcement of the blocks with 1% palm fibre is recommended.
Recent Progress in Advanced Catalytic Strategies for C─F Bond Cleavage in Waste Refrigerants: A Review
Authors: Wang Yuting , Yang Zhuang , Xiu Hao , Fan Fan , An Pan , Cui Yongpeng , Wang Yajun , Yao Wenqing
Published: January 2025

The degradation of fluorinated refrigerants, known for their highly stable carbon‐fluorine (C─F) bonds, poses significant environmental and technical challenges. This review addresses these challenges by analyzing two core degradation mechanisms: molecular polarization (MP) and free radical attack (FRA), and exploring their applications in thermal catalytic and photocatalytic processes. MP redistributes electron density to weaken C─F bonds, facilitating adsorption and bond cleavage, while radical attack involves reactive species that directly break chemical bonds. However, both mechanisms have limitations: MP alone may lack the kinetic drive for dissociation, and radical‐based methods often suffer from low selectivity, short radical lifetimes, and the formation of toxic intermediates. The section on thermal catalytic degradation discusses how elevated temperatures enhance bond cleavage through MP, addressing adsorption challenges and accelerating dissociation. The part on photocatalytic degradation focuses on the role of light‐activated processes in generating reactive radicals and facilitating bond breaking, with an emphasis on visible and ultraviolet light‐driven reactions. The review concludes by exploring the potential of hybrid catalytic systems that combine thermal and photocatalytic processes, providing insights into the complementary use of these mechanisms for the degradation of persistent fluorinated compounds.
Dichalcogenides as Emerging Electrocatalysts for Efficient Ammonia Synthesis: A Focus on Mechanisms and Theoretical Potentials
Authors: Choi Jinuk , Lim Hyojung , Surendran Subramani , Lu Xiaoyan , Jin Kyoungsuk , Park Hyunjung , Jung Ho‐Young , Sim Uk
Published: January 2025

Developing sustainable technologies for ammonia production through electrochemical reactions offers a promising alternative by leveraging renewable energy sources to produce ammonia under ambient conditions. These methods include nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), nitric oxide reduction reaction (NORR), nitrite reduction reaction (NO2RR), and nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR). Optimizing energy efficiency (EE) in electrochemical ammonia synthesis has become increasingly crucial as commercialization approaches. Herein, this work offers a comprehensive study of system EE improvements through the theoretical voltage calculations based on pH and the expansion of bifunctional catalysts like transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), which can efficiently catalyze the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and ammonia synthesis. The review summarizes the pH‐dependent redox potential and Pourbaix diagrams for NRR, NO2RR, and NO3RR, offering insights into the potential‐pH regions where nitrogen and nitrogen oxides are reduced to NH3. Incorporating theoretical voltage calculations into system design enables researchers to minimize energy losses better and improve overall performance. Finally, the review wraps up by exploring the roles of TMD catalysts in different reaction mechanisms and identifying potential areas for improvement. The broader impact of this review lies in its potential to transform ammonia production into alignment with global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Achieving over 860 mV Open‐Circuit Voltage in Low‐Ag Wide‐Bandgap Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells Through Ion Diffusion and Band Structure Optimization
Authors: Yao Yifeng , Ma Jingyi , Liu Yunfeng , Yang Xiao , Meng He , Liu Fangfang , Zhang Yunxiang , Liu Wei
Published: January 2025

Wide‐bandgap Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells offer excellent thermal stability and significant potential for tandem applications. However, conventional CdS buffer layers exhibit poor band alignment with wide‐bandgap absorbers, resulting in severe interface recombination losses. Similarly, employing Zn(O,S) alone as a buffer layer leads to insufficient surface inversion, limiting its effectiveness. Here, a tailored interface engineering strategy is introduced using a 30 nm Zn(O,S)/15 nm CdS bilayer structure. The high conduction band value of Zn(O,S) establishes an optimal spike contact with the wide‐bandgap absorber, effectively suppressing interface recombination. Simultaneously, Cd ions diffuse from the modified thin CdS film to the Zn(O,S) layer, which sequentially enhances surface inversion and facilitates efficient carrier extraction in synergy with Zn ions. Additionally, Zn(O,S) offers superior absorber surface cleaning effects, ensuring a more uniform phase and potential distribution. Collectively, these improvements contribute to reduced interface recombination losses and lower reverse saturation current, leading to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.35% and an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 866 mV in a 1.46 eV wide‐bandgap CIGS device, which is the highest Voc in wide bandgap CIGS solar cells with low Ag content [Ag]/([Ag]+[Cu]) (AAC). This work provides critical insights into the development of high‐efficiency wide‐bandgap CIGS solar cells.
Fabricating Open‐Framework Using Polyoxovanadate Clusters for Efficient Removal of Radioactive Cs+ and Sr2+
Authors: Cheng Lin , Li Si‐Yu , Zhang Yu‐Jie , Meng Xin , Wang Ying , Wang Shuaihua , Wang Kai‐Yao
Published: January 2025

Innovation of 137Cs+ and 90Sr2+ ion exchangers is achieved through heteroatom‐bridged integration of polyoxovanadate clusters, whose soft Lewis basic nature and large size promote the selective capture of cesium/strontium radionuclides. The radiolytically stable Na6P4V10O34·19H2O (VPO‐1) features an interlinkage of {NaV10O26} clusters and phosphorus bridges, forming nanoscale voids with hydration‐lubricated sodium ions. This structure endows VPO‐1 with remarkable exchange kinetics (k2Cs = 3.774 g mg−1 min−1; k2Sr = 1.376 g mg−1 min−1), equilibrium removal (R > 99.3% within 5–10 min), and maximum capacities (qmCs = 300.32 mg g−1; qmSr = 113.00 mg g−1). The exchange mechanism is illuminated through single‐crystal XRD by revealing cluster‐vacancy pathways and ionic‐radius‐dependent adsorption sites. VPO‐1 exhibits stability across pH = 3–12, with exceptional KdCs and KdSr values above 105 mL g−1, and high selectivity for Cs+ and Sr2+ over various competing ions. These properties enable excellent column filtration performance (R = 99%–100%) for mixed Cs+ and Sr2+ during a 3000 mL test. Deep cleaning of these ions is also possible via suction filtration using an ultra‐thin VPO‐1/PTFE membrane, with high exchange activity (R = 98.8%–99.9%) retained after simple regeneration with 2 m NaCl, offering significant potential for nuclear wastewater treatment applications.
Preparation of Ordered Platinum Nanowires Array with Ultra‐High Length‐Diameter Ratio Using Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing and Pyrolytic Reduction
Authors: Zhang Fan , Qu Xinghui , Sun Lujing , Zhang Yu , Liang Junsheng
Published: January 2025

Platinum nanowires (Pt‐NWs) and their arrays are critical metallic materials for the fabrication of functional structures and circuit interconnections in microsensors and microelectronic circuits. Currently, the preparation of Pt‐NWs is mainly based on electron beam lithography and electrochemical growth methods, which are hindered by complex process flows, low length‐diameter ratios, and disordered products. In this study, an effective method is proposed to prepare an ordered Pt‐NWs array with ultra‐high length‐diameter ratio using electrohydrodynamic jet (E‐Jet) printing and pyrolytic reduction. The ordered micrometer/sub‐micrometer platinum precursor fibers (Pt‐PFs) are first deposited by E‐Jet printing, then followed by a one‐step heat treatment to facilitate diameter shrinkage of the Pt‐PFs and precursor reduction to produce Pt‐NWs. This method is used to prepare long, straight, and continuous Pt‐NWs with diameters as low as 77 nm and length‐diameter ratios exceeding 104, and ordered Pt‐NWs arrays, grids, and suspended Pt‐NWs are also obtained. This study provides a new method for the controllable preparation of metallic nanostructures, which can be widely used in the manufacturing of high‐performance micro‐nano devices.
Multi‐fold Phase Metasurface Holography Based on Frequency and Hybrid Decoupling Polarizations
Authors: Zhou Hongqiang , Zhao Chongli , He Cong , Jiang Qiang , Wang Hongbo , Zhao Ruizhe , Man Tianlong , Wan Yuhong , Geng Guangzhou , Huang Lingling
Published: January 2025

Metasurfaces are artificially intelligent planar optical devices that can realize excellent functions by optimizing the design of nanostructures and arrays. Metasurfaces have become the preferred approach for fabricating integrated and compact optical systems with micro‐ and nano‐scale solutions for realizing multi‐dimensional modulated optical devices. Herein, the realization of multi‐fold phase holography is demonstrated by combining switchable optical frequencies with hybrid circular and linear polarization states. The original holographic phase distribution can be inversely optimized using an adaptive momentum gradient descent algorithm. Furthermore, completely different images can be reconstructed when the phase values are several times the original values. The multi‐fold phase modulation can be achieved by optimizing the structural distribution of the dielectric metasurface with the incident changeable light frequency and decoupled circular and linear polarization. Different polarization combinations enhance the flexibility of multiple holographic modulations. This technology provides new solutions for dynamic multi‐fold beam directional refraction and excitation, orbital angular momentum communication, multi‐fold holographic displays, optical encryption and camouflage, light switching, and shaping.
Numerical Analysis of Magnetohydrodynamics Mixed Convection and Entropy Generation in a Double Lid‐Driven Cavity Using Ternary Hybrid Nanofluids
Authors: Souayeh Basma
Published: January 2025

The present study numerically investigates the effects of a magnetic field on mixed convection flow and entropy generation within a double lid‐driven square cavity filled with a hybrid nanofluid. The flow is induced by two isothermally heated semi‐circles located on the bottom and left walls of the cavity. The cavity is filled with a ternary composition of hybrid nanofluid (aluminum oxide/silver/copper oxide‐water) and is exposed to a uniform magnetic field. The velocity ratio of the moving lids and the radius ratio of the semi‐circles are key parameters in the analysis. The study employs the finite volume method and full multigrid acceleration to solve the coupled continuity, momentum, energy, and entropy generation equations, along with the relevant boundary conditions. Key dimensionless parameters considered include the Hartmann number (0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100), Richardson number (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 1), hybrid nanofluid volume fraction (3% ≤ ϕ ≤ 12%), internal semi‐circle radius ratio (β = 0.5 and 1), and velocity ratio (−2 ≤ λ ≤ 2). Results revealed that the optimal heat transfer is achieved for Ri = 0.04, Ha = 100, ϕ = 0%, β = 1, and λ = 0.5 with 63% enhancement. Moreover, the maximum entropy generation rates are obtained for the same parameters with a rate of 47%, reflecting the complex balance of enhanced heat transfer and associated irreversibility's. Results reveal also that heat transfer and entropy generation are a decreasing function of Hartmann number implying a suppress of fluid motion due to the Lorentz force. This study provides a valuable resource and parametric analysis for researchers and engineers, aiding in the design and optimization of thermal management systems for various industrial applications, including heat exchangers, nuclear reactors, and energy systems.
Cyclo‐N9−: a Novel 5/6 Fused Polynitrogen Anion for High Energy Density Materials
Authors: Yuan Xiaofeng , Xu Ze , Gu Haolin , Zhang Tongwei , Xu Yuangang , Lu Ming
Published: January 2025

After cyclo‐pentazolate anion, a 5/6 fused structure of N9− is constructed, and four novel nitrogen‐rich ionic compounds are assembled on its basis. The results of the quantum calculations revealed an uneven distribution of electrons on cyclo‐N9−, with significant charge density near the N5/N9 atoms and an ADCH charge of −0.425. The relative strength of chemical bonds is assessed through bond order analysis, which is further supplemented by transition state theory and ab initio molecular dynamics, ultimately leading to the identification of the decomposition pathways of cyclo‐N9−. The aromaticity of cyclo‐N9− and its individual sub‐rings is cleverly validated through a combination of NICS_ZZ and ICSS methods. Among the eight systems, cyclo‐N9− forms hydrogen bonds with other cations, and IGMH analysis revealed significant LP‐π and π–π stacking interactions between [N7H4+] and cyclo‐N9−, both of which enhance system stability. The theoretical energy densities in all systems are at the forefront in the currently emerging nitrogen‐rich compounds. Attributed to its extraordinarily high enthalpy of formation, the detonation performance of [N7H4+] [N9−] is particularly excellent. However, [NH3OH+] [N9−] exhibits better stability and most exciting performance, making it a highly promising candidate with application potential.
(NH4)2Cd2Cl3F3 and (NH4)2Cd2Br3F3: The First Fluoride‐Containing d10 Metal Mixed Halides Exhibiting Superior Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Properties
Authors: Choi Seunghun , Li Yang , Kuk Yunseung , Ok Kang Min
Published: January 2025

In the search for new ultraviolet (UV) nonlinear optical (NLO) materials, two novel cadmium mixed halide compounds, (NH4)2Cd2Cl3F3 and (NH4)2Cd2Br3F3, are successfully synthesized via hydrothermal methods. These compounds crystallize in the noncentrosymmetric (NCS) space group, R32, and are composed of distorted octahedral [CdX3F3] (X═Cl or Br) units, which extend into a 3D framework. Remarkably, both compounds demonstrate strong second‐harmonic generation (SHG) efficiencies—3.0 and 8.0 times that of KH2PO4 for the Cl‐ and Br‐containing analogs, respectively—with phase‐matching behavior observed. The SHG efficiency is attributed to the highly distorted coordination environment of the polarizable d10 Cd2+ ions, with (NH4)2Cd2Br3F3 benefiting further from Br's greater polarizability. Furthermore, these compounds exhibit wide bandgaps exceeding 4.2 eV, making them the first d10 metal mixed halide systems incorporating fluoride that are suitable for UV NLO applications. With UV absorption cut‐off edges as short as 203 nm for (NH4)2Cd2Cl3F3 and 243 nm for (NH4)2Cd2Br3F3, these materials represent a significant advancement in the development of UV‐transparent NLO materials. This study introduces a novel synthetic strategy for the design of d10 mixed halide systems with enhanced optical properties, offering promising candidates for future UV NLO technologies.
Thermal acclimation of tree species in a tropical Andean city: Exploring the role of species origin and thermal niche
Authors: Cuervo‐Gómez María , Melgarejo Luz Marina , Salgado‐Negret Beatriz
Published: January 2025

Premise

The warmer and drier atmospheric conditions of urban environments challenge plant performance to different extents based on a species' ability to acclimate to the conditions. We evaluated the influence of species origin and thermal niche on the acclimation of leaf traits and shifts in the occupation of the functional trait space of 10 tree species growing in two environmentally contrasting sites in Bogotá, Colombia.

Methods

We measured six leaf traits per species in both sites and used generalized linear models to evaluate the influence of origin and thermal niche on acclimation of leaf traits and t‐tests to analyze shifts in the occupation of the functional trait space.

Results

Species origin predicted thermal tolerance and morphological trait acclimation to warmer conditions. Although exotic species decreased thermal tolerance at the warmer site, species from both origins acclimated traits consistently. Shifts in the occupation of the functional trait space varied between origins; warmer conditions reduced the size of the functional trait space of exotics and increased the phenotypic similarity of natives. Thermal tolerance acclimation and changes in functional trait space varied across species. Finally, thermal niche metrics were uncoupled from species origin and failed to explain the acclimation capacity of the studied species.

Conclusions

Although species origin influenced acclimation to warmer conditions, the effect of origin was not related to species' thermal niches. Our results provide crucial information for decision‐makers involved in designing urban and peri‐urban green spaces that can withstand climate change.
DBU‐Mediated Reaction of 3‐Chlorooxindole and 9‐Xanthyl Fluorene for Synthesis of 3‐Arylidene Oxindole
Authors: Purahong Nitchakan , Teerawatananond Thapong , Chotsaeng Nawasit , Janthakit Pattarapapa , Nalaoh Phattananawee , Promarak Vinich , Kuhakarn Chutima , Meesin Jatuporn
Published: January 2025

This work reports a new route for the synthesis of 3‐(9H‐fluoren‐9‐ylidene)indolin‐2‐one derivatives via the reaction of 3‐chlorooxindoles and O‐ethyl S‐(9H‐fluoren‐9‐yl) carbonodithioates mediated by 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU). The reactions readily proceeded at room temperature, enable a collection of 3‐alkenyl oxindoles to be prepared within a short reaction time (15 minutes). The 3‐alkenyl oxindoles can be easily converted to 3‐fluorenyl oxindoles by NaBH4 reduction.
Sabatier Principle Inspired Bifunctional Alloy Interface for Stable and High‐Depth Discharging Zinc Metal Anodes
Authors: Yu Jingya , Song Zizheng , Qi Qi , Hui Xiaobin , Ma Yiyuan , Chen Feiyang , Qi Kai , Meng Qi , Li Renjie , Zhuang Lyuchao , Cheung Chan Kang , Chen Zibin , Xia Bao Yu , Xu Zheng‐Long
Published: January 2025

Achieving stable Zn anodes that can effectively couple with Zn‐free cathodes is essential for advancing high‐performance Zn metal batteries. Here, we propose a Sabatier principle inspired bifunctional transition‐metal (TM) interface to enable homogeneous Zn dissolution during discharging and dendrite‐free Zn deposition during charging. Among various TM‐coated Zn (TM@Zn) electrodes, Cu@Zn exhibits the highest reversibility and structural stability, attributed to the optimal interaction between Cu and Zn. The heteroatomic interaction‐dependent electrochemical performance parallels the Sabatier principle. Morphological analyses reveal that bare Zn anodes display detrimental etching pits during stripping, which is different from the uniform dissolution for Cu@Zn electrodes. During subsequent plating, the conductive interface serves as a secondary current collector for uniform Zn deposition in Cu@Zn, thus demonstrating a bifunctional nature. Atomic observations disclose the working mechanisms of this interface as a gradual phase transition from Cu to CuZn5 during cycling. The Cu@Zn anodes exhibit an ultralong cycling lifespan of over 8000 h at a low current of 1 mA cm−2 and over 250 h at a high depth of discharge of 80 %. They also demonstrate practical feasibility by maintaining 88.7 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles in Cu@Zn||VO2 full cells. This work provides new insights into the Sabatier chemistry inspired bifunctional layers for Zn metal battery system.
Paired Photoproduction of H2O2 and 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinoline Over Covalent Pyrene‐(Thio)urea Frameworks with Electron Push‐Pull Effect
Authors: Yang Tao , Kong Fantao , Chen Yue , Kong Aiguo , Cui Xiangzhi , Shi Jianlin
Published: January 2025

Pairing photocatalytic 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline semi‐dehydrogenation reaction (THIQ‐SDR) with two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e− ORR) is a green solar to chemical strategy by simultaneously utilizing the photo‐excited electrons and holes. However, it is still short of high‐efficiency photocatalyst to drive two reactions above. In the present work, crystalline pyrene‐thiourea/urea covalent organic frameworks (COF−Py−S and −O) were synthesized and demonstrated as high‐performance metal‐free photocatalysts. In particular, COF−Py−S exhibited higher 2e− ORR to H2O2 yield rate of ~19 mmol g−1 h−1 under visible light and finally solid H2O2 products (Na2CO3 ⋅ 1.5H2O2) was collected after long‐time irradiation. Under natural sunlight conditions, the H2O2 production rate over COF−Py−S further increased to ~51 mmol g−1 h−1, among the best COF photocatalysts. COF−Py−S also showed high THIQ‐SDR conversion (~100 %) with 3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline (DHIQ) selectivity of ~92 %. Theoretical calculations reveal stronger electron push‐pull effect of COF−Py−S than COF−Py−O, enhancing its photoinduced charge carries, and a four‐step 2e− ORR mechanism with thiourea as the active sites has been confirmed as well as the mechanism of THIQ‐SDR to DHIQ, featuring lower energy barriers for O2 adsorption and *HOOH desorption over thiourea units. This work provides a paired photosynthesis strategy of H2O2 and DHIQ over high‐efficiency pyrene‐(thio)urea COF photocatalysts with electron push‐pull effect.
Single‐Crystal‐to‐Single‐Crystal Synthesis of a Polymer in Two Distinct Topologies
Authors: Pathan Javed R. , Balan Haripriya , Das Kaustav , Reddy C. Malla , Sureshan Kana M.
Published: January 2025

A squaramide‐based monomer, designed for topochemical azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC) polymerization, crystallizes as two polymorphs, M1 and M2, both having crystal packing suitable for topochemical polymerization. The hydrogen‐bonding between squaramide units bias the molecular organization in both the polymorphs. 3D packing of H‐bonded stacks of monomer lead to juxtaposition of azide and alkyne units of adjacent molecules in a transition‐state‐like arrangement for their regiospecific cycloaddition reaction. The monomers are arranged as supramolecular sheets and supramolecular helices in polymorph M1 and M2 respectively. Both the polymorphs undergo slow and spontaneous regiospecific TAAC polymerization at room temperature, but react quickly at higher temperatures, resulting in 1,4‐traizolyl‐linked polymer, with distinct mechanical responses. Upon heating, single crystals of polymorph M1 show expansion followed by contraction without any permanent dimensional change, whereas crystals of polymorph M2 undergo splitting. At moderate temperatures, both the polymorphs undergo single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal (SCSC) polymerization, resulting in two polymer‐polymorphs with distinct topologies that can be studied at atomic resolution by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The polymorph M1 reacts to polymer P1 with β‐sheet‐like topology, and polymorph M2 reacts to polymer P2 having polymer chains of helical conformation. Nanoindentation experiments with crystals of these polymers revealed their distinct mechanical properties.
Steady State Free Precession NMR without Fourier Transform: Redefining the Capabilities of 19F NMR as a Discovery Tool
Authors: Gauthier Jeremy R. , Kock Flavio , Downey Katelyn , Moraes Tiago , Almeida Luísa Souza , Muir Derek C. G. , Letcher Robert J. , Colnago Luiz , Krishnamurthy Krish , Mabury Scott , Simpson Andre J.
Published: January 2025

The 2024 Zurich perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) summit reiterated the urgent need for non‐selective analytical approaches for PFC detection. 19F NMR holds great potential, however, sensitivity limitations lead to long analysis times and/or the possibility of not detecting low concentration species. Steady State Free Precession (SSFP) NMR collects the signal in a steady state regime, allowing 100’s of acquisitions in the timespan of a single traditional NMR scan. Unfortunately, data truncation from SSFP leads to artifacts and spectral broadening with Fourier transform, hindering interpretation. When non‐Fourier based time‐domain analysis is used, namely, complete reduction to amplitude frequency tables (CRAFT), limitations of SSFP are eliminated while sensitivity gains are retained. This work introduces the combined approach, then applies it for the measurement of PFCs in environmental and biological samples. In all cases, the approach reduces analysis time from many hours to minutes and/or greatly increases the range of compounds detected. For example, when PFOA was spiked into human blood, the detection limit improved ~50‐fold vs standard NMR, while in a standard mixture, the approach detected compounds missed by LC‐MS/MS. The technique can be adapted to any nucleus providing a facile approach to reduce experiment time and improve sensitivity of NMR in general.
Engineering Oxygen Intermediates Adsorption on Amorphous NiFe Alloys for Highly Active and Selective Electrochemical Biomass Conversion
Authors: Liu Bin , Shi Lei , Cai Weizheng , Zhang Feng , Li Siqi , Liu Xinyang , Liu Yunyi , Ren Peidong , Li Bin , Liu Song
Published: January 2025

Electrochemical 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) oxidation reaction (HMFOR) offers a promising route to transform biomass into value‐added chemicals. However, the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) greatly limits the HMFOR selectivity. Herein, we report a facile doping strategy to engineer oxygen intermediates adsorption on amorphous NiFe alloys to boost highly selective electrochemical HMF oxidation to produce 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), among which, amorphous Mn‐doped NiFeB alloy displays a low HMFOR onset potential of 1.35 V vs. RHE, achieving 100% HMF conversion with 88% FDCA selectivity at an applied potential of 1.4 V vs. RHE, outperforming amorphous NiFeB (73% FDCA selectivity) and Mo‐doped NiFeB (65% FDCA selectivity) alloys. Experimental characterizations suggest that the introduction of Mn/Mo into amorphous NiFeB alloy can increase/decrease its electronic density and thus strengthen/weaken oxygen intermediates adsorption. Operando experiments indicate that the amorphous Mn‐doped NiFeB alloy can significantly reduce the onset potential to form active Ni3+ species, which spontaneously react with HMF via nucleophile dehydrogenation to form FDCA. Furthermore, in‐situ infrared spectroscopy measurements verify that the HMF oxidation pathway follows the 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) route rather than the 2,5‐diformyfuran (DFF) route.
Optogenetic control of transgene expression in Marchantia polymorpha
Authors: Lindström Battle Anya Lillemor , Sweetlove Lee James
Published: January 2025

Premise

The model liverwort Marchantia polymorpha is an emerging testbed species for plant metabolic engineering but lacks well‐characterized inducible promoters, which are necessary to minimize biochemical and physiological disruption when over‐accumulating target products. Here, we demonstrate the functionality of the light‐inducible plant‐usable light‐switch elements (PULSE) optogenetic system in Marchantia and exemplify its use through the light‐inducible overproduction of the bioplastic poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB).

Methods

The PULSE system was used to drive expression of luciferase as a reporter and characterize its induction in transgenic M. polymorpha. Additionally, PULSE was used to drive expression of the PHB biosynthetic pathway; the accumulation of PHB under light‐inducible control was compared to constitutive overexpression.

Results

PULSE was fully functional and minimally leaky in M. polymorpha. The presence of the PULSE construct, even in the absence of induction, resulted in a developmental phenotype. Constitutive and inducible expression resulted in similar PHB accumulation levels.

Discussion

PHB biosynthesis in plants is known to adversely affect plant health, but placing its production under optogenetic control alleviated negative effects on biomass accumulation in some instances. The work presented here represents a significant expansion of the toolbox for the metabolic engineering of M. polymorpha.
A Simple and Effective Method for the Cryopreservation of Quillwort Spores
Authors: Cavalheiro‐Filho Sérgio L. , Campos Naiara V. , Gripp Anderson R. , Jordão Laís B. , Cavalcante Allysson B. , Esteves Francisco A. , Martins Rodrigo L. , Gestinari Lísia M. S.
Published: January 2025

Quillworts are highly threatened worldwide and many Isoëtes species have been suffering population decreases. Isoëtes cangae is a lycophyte endemic from a single Amazon lake that has been challenging due to climate change and deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. The development of strategies for ex situ conservation of lycophyte germplasm is urgent to prevent biodiversity losses. Spores of I. cangae were obtained from specimens collected in situ. Samples were submitted to three different moisture conditions: hydrated, air‐dry desiccation and drying in silica gel. Desiccated samples were stored in an ultrafreezer (−80°C) or liquid nitrogen (−196°C) and the hydrated spores at room temperature. The spore viability was evaluated through spore germination (G) and sporeling emergence (SE) indices after 30, 90, 180 and 275 days of storage. The growth of emerged sporophytes was evaluated after 3 months. Desiccated–cryopreserved spores had high G% and SE%, even after 275 days of storage, and did not differ from hydrated spores. Hydrated spores had higher daily emergence and a longer time to maximum sporophyte emergence than desiccated spores, but not in all storage periods. Sporophytes that emerged from hydrated and desiccated spores had a similar development. Both desiccated methods and temperatures of storage maintained spore viability high. The methodologies tested in this study are novel for the genus and represent a significant step towards the ex situ conservation of quillworts.
Catalytic Reinforcement in Hybrid Imidazole Functionalized Cobalt Phthalocyanine and Ketjenblack for Boosted Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Chikkabasur Kumbara Ashwini , Kousar Naseem , Koodlur Sannegowda Lokesh
Published: January 2025

Hydrogen energy is widely regarded as one of the cleanest forms of green energy due to its bio‐friendly nature. However, its commercialization is restricted by many issues. One of the major issues is related to high production cost, which can be overcome by designing of effective catalysts through simple, innovative and cost‐effective approach for efficient green hydrogen production. In this study, we report the synthesis of an eco‐friendly, affordable, and highly redox‐active tetra‐imidazole functionalized cobalt phthalocyanine (TImCoPc) through a straightforward method. To ensure its purity and effectiveness as an electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄, various analytical techniques are employed for its thorough characterization. The electrocatalytic performance and conductivity of TImCoPc is further enhanced by forming hybrid with highly conductive Ketjenblack (KB) in various ratios. Among the different ratios, the 3.5 : 1.5 (TImCoPc/KB) composite exhibited excellent HER performance, with an onset potential closer to that of Pt/C and an overpotential (η₁₀) of −108 mV, closely approaching the η₁₀ of Pt/C (−36 mV). Additionally, the optimized hybrid showed a lower Tafel slope of 44 mV/dec, higher turnover frequency of 3.66x10−10 mol s−1 cm−2 and mass activity of 4.121 A mg−1, with an excellent catalytic stability, thereby proving to be one of the superior electrocatalysts for HER in terms of cost, methodology, activity and efficiency. The observed enhancement in HER activity of the hybrid can be accounted to the synergistic effects that reduce the metal ion's d‐band center and improve π‐π interactions between the hybrid components. The composite also demonstrated an increased electrochemical active surface area. This work highlights the potential of the TImCoPc/KB (3.5 : 1.5) composite as a cost‐effective and efficient catalyst for sustainable hydrogen production.
Ce1‐xMnxVO4 with Improved Activity for Low‐Temperature Catalytic Reduction of NO with NH3
Authors: Wang Li , Wang Jun‐bo , Cheng He‐ping , Xu Hui , Wu Shi‐ni , Huang Fei , Chen Long , Ma Zhen
Published: January 2025

Novel Ce1‐xMnxVO4 catalysts prepared via modified hydrothermal synthesis were used in selective catalytic reduction of NO using NH3 (NH3‐SCR). The Ce1‐xMnxVO4 catalysts displayed optimum NO removal efficiency at 250 °C. Physicochemical properties including crystal type, morphology, particle size, elemental composition, BET surface area, chemical bond, and valence state were studied by XRD, TEM, EDS, N2 adsorption‐desorption, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS. Specific properties such as reduction property and acid sites were studied by H2‐TPR and NH3‐TPD. The in‐situ DRIFTS results revealed that NH3‐SCR over Ce0.5Mn0.5VO4 follows the Eley‐Rideal mechanism. The experimental results showed that doped manganese replaces the Ce position in CeVO4. The Mn−O−Ce interaction may increase the contents of oxygen defects and Brønsted acid sites, thus leading to enhanced activity.
A non‐surgical method for subretinal delivery by trans‐scleral microneedle injection
Authors: Hejri Amir , Chrenek Micah A. , Goehring Nolan T. , Bowland Isabella I. , Noel Richard , Yan Jiong , Nickerson John M. , Prausnitz Mark R.
Published: January 2025

Novel therapeutics have emerged for treating neurodegenerative eye diseases but are limited by non‐optimal methods of ocular administration. Subretinal injection is the preferred method of delivery for retinal gene and stem‐cell therapies, but its invasive and complex surgical procedure is a major limiting factor in clinical investigations and practice. Here, we engineered a novel trans‐scleral injection technique to safely administer to the subretinal space in a simple, non‐surgical, and minimally invasive procedure. Subretinal injection using this technique in rodents and rabbits took <1 min per injection and did not require a surgical microscope. Extensive safety examinations in rats showed that the injection technique reliably administered into the subretinal space with no incidence of retinal perforation, little or no choroidal bleeding, and no evidence of retinal toxicity. We further found that repeated subretinal injection in the same eye, in rats, was well tolerated. The developed technique may enable non‐surgical subretinal injection without vitrectomy, potentially increasing safety, efficacy, and access to ocular therapies.
Investigation of Pyrrole Analogues Inhibition on Main Protease by Spectroscopic Analysis, Molecular Docking, and Enzyme Activity
Authors: Wang Nuoya , Chen Leyao , Ye Wenjun , Yu Wenquan , Chang Xiaoyu , Wang Ruiyong
Published: January 2025

The main protease (Mpro) is a cysteine enzyme and represents a vital target for antiviral drug screening. In this work, 25 pyrrole derivatives were synthesized and screened by enzyme activity experiments. Results indicate that six pyrrole derivatives can bind to Mpro and have an inhibitory effect on Mpro. The binding mode involves a static quenching process. Among them, 1d exhibits the highest binding affinity. The interactions between pyrrole derivatives and Mpro are investigated by spectra and molecular docking. The interaction between 1d and Mpro is spontaneous and enthalpy‐driven. Hydrogen bonding is identified as the primary binding force for 1d. Furthermore, nitro groups are important for the binding between pyrrole analogs and Mpro. This study elucidates the mechanism of interactions and provides direction and valuable insights for developing novel Mpro inhibitors.
Self‐Assembly of the Co‐Catalysts of a Dual Photoredox/Hydrogen Atom Transfer Catalytic Process: Curiosity or Opportunity?
Authors: Carré Victor , Vincent Jean‐Marc
Published: January 2025

Dual photoredox/Hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) catalytic processes are an emerging class of redox neutral catalytic processes which allow the functionalization of inert C(sp3)−H bonds. A key step of such processes is a single electron transfer (SET) between the photoredox catalyst (PC) excited state and the HAT catalyst, which is typically a chloride or a bromide ion. Until recently, the SET has only been considered as an intermolecular process. Considering recent works dealing with the photooxidation of halides into halogen atoms occurring within Ru‐based PC ⋅ halides complexes, as well as recent results from our group describing a prototypical example of an organic PC ⋅ chloride complex applied to the photoalkylation of C(sp3)−H bonds, this concept article aims at discussing the potential benefits and drawbacks of self‐assembling the co‐catalysts employed in dual photoredox/HAT catalytic processes.
Hsinmei (May) Lin on AI and Process‐Based Learning
Authors: Arighi William
Published: January 2025

Hsinmei (May) Lin, PhD, is English Faculty and Faculty Professional Development Co‐coordinator at Edmonds College, a public community college in Washington state. After developing faculty workshops focused on AI use in the classroom and working closely with her students to think critically about the benefits and pitfalls of using AI in academic work, she sat down with William Arighi to talk about how we’re adapting to AI and how we might address ongoing challenges around equity and ethical AI use in higher education, particularly for faculty who emphasize process‐based learning. This conversation was conducted virtually through questionnaire and video conference and has been edited for length and clarity.
The influence of lightning on insect and fungal dynamics in a lowland tropical forest
Authors: Lawhorn Kane A. , Richards Jeannine H. , Gora Evan M. , Burchfield Jeffrey C. , Bitzer Phillip M. , Gutierrez Cesar , Yanoviak Stephen P.
Published: January 2025

Lightning strikes are a common source of disturbance in tropical forests, and a typical strike generates large quantities of dead wood. Lightning‐damaged trees are a consistent resource for tropical saproxylic (i.e., dead wood‐dependent) organisms, but patterns of consumer colonization and succession following lightning strikes are not known. Here, we documented the occurrence of four common consumer taxa spanning multiple trophic levels—beetles, Azteca ants, termites, and fungi—in lightning strike sites and nearby undamaged control sites over time in a lowland forest of Panama. Beetle abundance was 10 times higher in lightning strike sites than in paired control sites, and beetle assemblages were compositionally distinct. Those in strike sites were initially dominated by bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Platypodinae, Scolytinae); bark and ambrosia beetles, and predaceous taxa increased in abundance relatively synchronously. Beetle activity and fungal fruiting bodies, respectively, were 3.8 and 12.2 times more likely to be observed in lightning‐damaged trees in strike sites versus undamaged trees in paired control sites, whereas the occurrence probabilities of Azteca ants and termites were similar between damaged trees in lightning strike sites and undamaged trees in control sites. Tree size also was important; larger dead trees in strike sites were more likely to support beetles, termites, and fungal fruiting bodies, and larger trees—regardless of mortality status—were more likely to host Azteca. Beetle presence was associated with higher rates of subsequent fungal presence, providing some evidence of beetle‐associated priority effects on colonization patterns. These results suggest that lightning plays a key role in supporting tropical insect and fungal consumers by providing localized patches of suitable habitat. Any climate‐driven changes in lightning frequency in tropical forests will likely affect a broad suite of consumer organisms, potentially altering ecosystem‐level processes.
Assembly Accuracy Analysis Method Based on Multi‐Stage Linearized Contact
Authors: Tang Wenbin , Li Yadong , Yan Tong , Zhang Min
Published: January 2025

Precision improvement in mechanical manufacturing faces challenges due to nonlinear effects impacting assembly accuracy analysis models. An assembly accuracy analysis method based on multi‐stage linearized contact is proposed to address this issue. A model of part surface asperities considering morphological errors is established using the linear superposition of discrete cosine transform (DCT) kernel functions and the assembly interface is simplified. By employing homogeneous coordinate transformation (HCT), the prediction of the part's pose during the assembly process with the rigid body assumption is achieved. The elastic contact process is divided into multiple stages according to the order of the asperity participating in the contact and further subdivided into several linear processes by adding nodes at each stage. The relationship between the assembly load and the deformation amount is established based on the related theories of contact mechanics and the geometric relationship between the assembly interfaces, thus enabling the prediction of the part's pose during the assembly process. Taking a multi‐way hydraulic valve as an object, by comparing the accuracy of pose prediction of the algorithm before and after adding nodes, it is proved that the proposed method can significantly improve the precision of assembly accuracy analysis.
Extension of High‐Order Lattice Boltzmann Flux Solver for Simulation of Three‐Dimensional Compressible Flows
Authors: Qin Jian , Wu Jie , Qin Qiushuo
Published: January 2025

In this paper, a high‐order lattice Boltzmann flux solver (LBFS) based on flux reconstruction (FR) is presented for simulating the three‐dimensional compressible flows. Unlike the original LBFS employing finite volume methods, the current method (FR‐LBFS) can achieve arbitrary high‐order accuracy with a compact stencil. High‐order schemes based on finite volume methods often compromise parallel efficiency and complicate boundary treatment. In contrast, LBFS incorporates physical effects in calculating inviscid fluxes, providing superior shock‐capturing capabilities over traditional approximate Riemann solvers. The present method combines the strengths of both FR and LBFS, yielding enhanced performance. Specifically, there is limited analysis of compact high‐order LBFS in simulations of three‐dimensional compressible flows. Several benchmark test cases are employed to validate the superiority of the current method, and the results show good agreement with established literature values. The shock tube problem and inviscid Taylor‐Green vortex demonstrate the shock‐capturing capability and low‐dissipation characteristics of FR‐LBFS. Meanwhile, the decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow and the flow around a triangular airfoil highlight the accuracy of the current method in turbulence simulation. The obtained numerical results demonstrate that the proposed method holds considerable promise for applications in simulations of compressible and turbulent flows.
Glia Modulates Immune Responses in the Retina Through Distinct MHC Pathways
Authors: Intonti Simona , Kokona Despina , Zinkernagel Martin S. , Enzmann Volker , Stein Jens V. , Conedera Federica M.
Published: January 2025

Glia antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) are pivotal regulators of immune surveillance within the retina, maintaining tissue homeostasis and promptly responding to insults. However, the intricate mechanisms underlying their local coordination and activation remain unclear. Our study integrates an animal model of retinal injury, retrospective analysis of human retinas, and in vitro experiments to gain insights into the crucial role of antigen presentation in neuroimmunology during retinal degeneration (RD), uncovering the involvement of various glial cells, notably Müller glia and microglia. Glial cells act as sentinels, detecting antigens released during degeneration and interacting with T‐cells via MHC molecules, which are essential for immune responses. Microglia function as APCs via the MHC Class II pathway, upregulating key molecules such as Csf1r and cytokines. In contrast, Müller cells act through the MHC Class I pathway, exhibiting upregulated antigen processing genes and promoting a CD8+ T‐cell response. Distinct cytokine signaling pathways, including TNF‐α and IFN Type I, contribute to the immune balance. Human retinal specimens corroborate these findings, demonstrating glial activation and MHC expression correlating with degenerative changes. In vitro assays also confirmed differential T‐cell migration responses to activated microglia and Müller cells, highlighting their role in shaping the immune milieu within the retina. In summary, our study emphasizes the involvement of retinal glial cells in modulating the immune response after insults to the retinal parenchyma. Unraveling the intricacies of glia‐mediated antigen presentation in RD is essential for developing precise therapeutic interventions for retinal pathologies.
Clinical Characteristics During and After COVID‐19 Infection Among Healthcare Workers During the First Wave of Omicron in Chongqing, China
Authors: Tang Haoling , Chen Zhiwei , Huang Tianquan , Yu Pingping , Tang Qiao , Qiu Yue , Xue Yunling , Tang Jing , Cai Nan , Ren Hong , Peng Mingli , Hu Peng
Published: January 2025

Background

Revealing the clinical manifestations and associations of COVID‐19 before and after negative transition remains an area of significant uncertainty. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical characteristics observed during and after Omicron infection among a specific population, namely healthcare workers (HCWs).

Methods

From November 4, 2022, to January 15, 2023, HCWs in our hospital were enrolled to document clinical symptoms, prevention, and treatment for COVID‐19 using a structured questionnaire.

Results

A total of 1101 HCWs were included, with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection detected in 78.20% (861/1101) during the observation period. The median duration for nucleic acid conversion was 8 days. Forty‐three symptoms were identified during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (11 symptoms per individual). The common symptoms were fever, cough, headache, phlegm production, and fatigue (60.67%–83.29%). These symptoms can be further categorized into five groups: fever type, upper respiratory tract type, influenza type, digestive system type, and systemic type—all showing complex and diverse patterns. Following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, a total of 19 symptoms were recorded including four newly emerged ones: reduced lung capacity, memory loss, lethargy, and inattention. Importantly, we observed a significant association between gastrointestinal symptoms during the nucleic acid positive phase and subsequent neuropsychiatric manifestations after negative conversion. Interestingly, females experiencing menstruation or pregnancy exhibited a higher risk of infection, while inhaled vaccines and thymosin demonstrated a protective effect against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.

Conclusions

The clinical manifestations observed in HCWs during and after Omicron infection displayed intricate patterns, shedding new light on the complex interplay between SARS‐CoV‐2 and humans.