bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Pay Expectations: The Roles of Job Intention and Self-View
Authors: Hogue Mary , DuBois Cathy L. Z. , Fox-Cardamone Lee
Published: May 2010

Because pay expectations play a role in the persistent gender pay gap, we surveyed 435 undergraduate students to examine the impacts of gender, job intentions, and self-views on the pay expectations of pre-career women and men. Our findings showed a gender gap in which women expected to be paid less than men expected to be paid at the beginning and at the peak of their careers. Findings also showed a gap in job intentions such that women and men who intended to hold female-dominated jobs expected to be paid less than those pursuing male-dominated jobs at both time periods. Further exploration showed that job intentions fully mediated the link between gender and entry-level pay expectations but did not mediate the link between gender and peak-career pay expectancies. After controlling for the gender type of the intended job, self-esteem did not moderate the relationship between gender and pay expectations at either career point, but self-efficacy did at both points. Increased self-efficacy raised the entry-level pay expectations of women and reduced the peak-career pay expectations of men. Our results highlight the importance of encouraging cross-stereotypic job pursuits for both women and men and indicate the importance of self-efficacy in curbing the gap in pay expectations.
Well… She Wants It More: Perceptions of Social Norms about Desires for Marriage and Children and Anticipated Chore Participation
Authors: Erchull Mindy J. , Liss Miriam , Axelson Sarah J. , Staebell Samantha E. , Askari Sabrina F.
Published: May 2010

The current study examined how desire for marriage and children related to anticipated chore involvement for both men and women. An online survey was completed by 466 college students recruited from multiple colleges and universities in Virginia. Participants provided information about their own desire for marriage and children, expectations for future division of household labor, and their perceptions of the typical woman's and man's desires for marriage and children. Men and women did not differ in their self-reported desires for marriage and children. However, the typical man was perceived as having a lower desire for both marriage and children and the typical woman as having a higher desire for both. Desire for marriage and children was predicted by anticipated chore involvement above and beyond liberal attitudes for women but not for men. These findings are discussed in terms of how social norms and stereotypes affect power in relationships through the principle of least interest.
Assessing biogeographical relationships of ecologically related species using favourability functions: a case study on British deer
Authors: Acevedo Pelayo , Ward Alastair I. , Real Raimundo , Smith Graham C.
Published: May 2010

Aim  Using six free‐living deer species in Great Britain as a case study, we studied biogeographical relationships of ecologically related species composed of both native and introduced species.

Location  Great Britain.

Methods  We modelled the environmental favourability for the deer species using variables related with spatial location, climate, topography, human disturbances and habitat structure. Favourability values of each pair of native (naturalized)‐introduced species were used to estimate the fuzzy overlap index (FOvI) as a measure of overall similarity between the environmental requirements for the species in Great Britain. The absolute local overlap values (FOvI‐L) were also used to measure the degree to which a given location was favourable simultaneously for each pair of species. We assessed the trends of species favourability across a range defined by the absolute local overlap values and studied the shape of the obtained curves since they informs us about the favourability balance between the studied species.

Results  Muntjac and Chinese water deer attained higher favourability values than native species in localities with intermediate values of FOvI‐L (a reduced number in the study area), suggesting that if competitive relationships were established in these localities the introduced deer species may have some advantages over natives. Sika deer only achieved higher values than fallow deer in those localities clearly unfavourable for the naturalized species. Our analyses predicted that fallow deer will be less affected by the introduced deer species than native species.

Main conclusions  We developed an approach based on the favourability function to describe biogeographical relationships between species, natives and introduced and to assess from a biogeographical perspective if introduced species could pose a competitive risk to natives. Although the results of present analyses do not conclusively demonstrate competitive exclusion, they provide directional hypotheses that can be tested in experimental field and laboratory studies.
Impact of non‐livelihood‐based land management on land resources: the case of upland watersheds in Uporoto Mountains, South West Tanzania
Authors: MWANUKUZI PHILLIP K
Published: May 2010

Various land management strategies are used to prevent land degradation and keep land productive. Often land management strategies applied in certain areas focus on the context of the physical environment but are incompatible with the social environment where they are applied. As a result, such strategies are ignored by land users and land degradation becomes difficult to control. This study observes the impacts of land management in the upland watersheds of the Uporoto Mountains in South West Tanzania. In spite of various land management practices used in the area, 38% of the studied area experienced soil fertility loss, 30% gully erosion, 23% soil loss, 6% biodiversity loss and drying up of river sources. Land management methods that were accepted and adopted were those contributing to immediate livelihood needs. These methods did not control land resource degradation, but increased crop output per unit of land and required little labour. Effective methods of controlling land degradation were abandoned or ignored because they did not satisfy immediate livelihood needs. This paper concludes that Integrating poor people's needs would transform non‐livelihood‐based land management methods to livelihood‐based ones. Different ways of transforming these land management methods are presented and discussed.
China: The Next Big Crash
Authors: CHANG GORDON G.
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.

Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?

In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
Sanctions Will Only Bolster Iranian Regime
Authors: BANI‐SADR ABOLHASSAN
Published: May 2010

As the US prepares new sanctions to stop Iran form obtaining a nuclear weapon, the partisans of popular sovereignty in the “green movement” continue to battle with the partisans of divine sovereignty fortified by the Revolutionary Guards. What does the “green movement” want? Will the regime be successful in crushing it? Will sanctions only bolster the clerical/military alliance instead weaken it?

The first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran and several top reformist scholars address these issues.
How Turkey's Soft Power Can Aid NATO in Afghanistan
Authors: ERMAN AYDEMIR
Published: May 2010

Though anti‐American terrorism springs these days as much from Yemen and the “virtual ummah” as from Afghanistan, President Obama has nontheless further committed US troops to stabilizing a country well‐known as the graveyard of empires. What can the only Muslim country that belongs to NATO offer by way of advice? How best can the US keep its focus on the terrorist threat despite its diversion in Afghanistan?

Turkey's former envoy to Afghanistan and two of Europe's leading experts on Islamist terrorism offer their views.
Abu Ghraib, the security apparatus, and the performativity of power
Authors: CATON STEVEN C. , ZACKA BERNARDO
Published: May 2010

The critical discourse on U.S. military detainee abuse at Abu Ghraib prison has been dominated by Weberian‐style arguments (a bureaucracy gone wrong, insufficient or badly applied administrative rules, or individuals acting as cogs in a machine). We argue that Michel Foucault's “security apparatus” provides a more insightful model for understanding the Abu Ghraib phenomenon. According to this model, the prison becomes a nodal point in an information‐gathering nexus confronting unforeseen, emergent, and unclear events, a place where power is less disciplinary than improvisational, exercised through practical judgments about uncertain situations. The performance of such power at Abu Ghraib included the use of photography and acts that, we claim, resemble M. M. Bahktin's negative carnivalesque. [Abu Ghraib, security apparatus, improvisational power, photography, carnivalesque]
Morality in the religious marketplace: Evangelical Christianity, Candomblé, and the struggle for moral distinction in Brazil
Authors: SELKA STEPHEN
Published: May 2010

Most of the research on the growth of evangelical Christianity in Latin America and elsewhere has focused on the distinctive products that evangelicals bring to the “religious marketplace” and on other competitive advantages that evangelical churches have over their religious rivals. Alternatively, on the basis of research among evangelical Christians and practitioners of African‐derived Candomblé in northeastern Brazil, I examine the role of discourses about morality in encounters between two religions that, although often openly hostile to one another, draw adherents from similar socioeconomic circumstances. I argue that competing religious discourses play a central role in struggles for moral distinction in communities that are relatively homogeneous in terms of their social compositions. [Brazil, religion, Candomblé, Christianity, morality]
Ethnographic exposures: Motivations for donations in the south of Laos (and beyond)
Authors: HIGH HOLLY
Published: May 2010

In January 2009, I arranged the renovation of a school in my field site in the south of Laos with funds raised from donors in Australia. This project was initiated at the request of village leaders, and, initially, I saw it as a chance to acknowledge the generous assistance that residents had granted me during my fieldwork. However, the execution of the project was tense, particularly when it brought to the surface long‐running ambiguities arising from my adoption as a daughter into a particular Lao family. This adoption, like the school project itself, involved a series of donations that could be interpreted as either self‐serving or altruistic—or both. Antagonisms, repressed in donations intended to produce solidarity, make frequent return and imbue those donations with an ambiguous character. Thus, although such exchanges are essential to everyday life in the south of Laos (and to fieldwork), they are also precarious and can lead to conflict as easily as to peace. This ambivalence is especially pronounced in the cross‐cultural context of fieldwork, in which the ethnographer is invited to seek out relationships of solidarity and shared understanding but also confronts his or her own specificity. [Laos, the gift, ethnographic fieldwork, fantasy, exchange]
Religion and the media turn: A review essay
Authors: ENGELKE MATTHEW
Published: May 2010

In this review essay, I consider three recent collections, one edited by anthropologists, one by an art historian, and one by a philosopher, that reflect on what might be called “the media turn” in religious studies. I situate these collections in relation to broader trends and interests within anthropology, religious studies, and media studies, focusing in particular on the idea of religion as mediation, which involves, in part, a turn away from conceptions of belief and toward materiality and practice. [religion, media, materiality, belief, the public sphere]
Phase Formation in the System ZrO2–LaO1.5–MnOx in Air and P∼1 Pa After 500 h of Annealing at 1200° and 1400°C
Authors: Chatzichristodoulou Christodoulos , Chen Ming , Bowen Jacob R. , Liu Yi‐Lin
Published: May 2010

The phase relation in the ZrO2–LaO1.5–MnOx system has been experimentally determined at 1200° and 1400°C in air and at 1200°C in N2 (∼100 Pa). Tie lines between LaMnO3 and t‐ZrO2 and between LaMnO3 and La2Zr2O7 are observed at 1200°C in air. The geometry of the phase diagram changes at 1400°C in air due to the appearance of a stabilized ZrO2 phase, found to be of cubic symmetry by backscattered electron diffraction. Tie lines of LaMnO3–c‐ZrO2, LaMnO3–La2Zr2O7, and c‐ZrO2–La2Zr2O7 are observed. At 1200°C in N2 (∼100 Pa), the LaMnO3–t‐ZrO2 tie line observed at 1200°C in air is replaced by the La2Zr2O7–MnO tie line. Stabilization of c‐ZrO2 is observed and a new compound forms, which is being reported for the first time. The proposed composition of the new compound is La2Zr5MnO14+δ.
Thermomechanical Behavior of Ceramic Green Bodies During Presintering
Authors: Gupta Surojit , Green David J. , Messing Gary L. , Peterson Irene M.
Published: May 2010

A testing methodology, which includes the evaluation of free sintering strain, stress‐induced dimensional changes, and weight changes, was developed to determine the critical dimensional changes and thermomechanical response during presintering (i.e., before densification). The effects of organic binder burnout, decomposition of phases, and phase changes on the thermomechanical behavior of a ceramic green body, consisting of methylcellulose as a binder, gibbsite, silica, and alumina, were studied. The compressive stress–strain behavior was found to be nonlinear. The average compressive and tensile strengths of the sample at room temperature were −14.5 and 1.06 MPa, respectively. Both the compressive and tensile strengths decrease by two orders of magnitude with the increasing temperature as a result of binder removal and phase changes. Moreover, the tensile strengths are typically an order of magnitude lower than the ultimate compressive strength. Dynamic measurements, such as constant strain‐rate deformation, can be used to further quantify the deformation mechanics during heating. Such data are particularly useful for the modeling of stresses that arise in the early stages of the presintering process, when green bodies have low strength.
Comparison of the Temperature‐Dependent Ferroelastic Behavior of Hard and Soft Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics
Authors: Marsilius Mie , Webber Kyle G. , Aulbach Emil , Granzow Torsten
Published: May 2010

The ferroelastic properties of a hard acceptor‐doped lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramic are investigated between room temperature and 300°C. Comparison with a soft PZT shows that acceptor doping has a stronger influence on mechanically induced domain switching than on switching caused by electric fields. A quantitative analysis of spontaneous and remanent strain and polarization indicates that poling in the soft material is dominated by 180° domain processes, while non‐180° processes dominate the strain behavior. If the mechanical load exceeds a threshold level, the “hardening” effect of the acceptor doping vanishes, and hard and soft materials behave identically. The results are discussed based on the defect dipole model and the charge drift model for hardening and aging in acceptor‐doped ferroelectric ceramics.
Understanding Generational Differences in Financial Literacy in Hmong Immigrant Families
Authors: Solheim Catherine A. , Yang Pa Nhia D.
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to describe financial literacy in two‐generation Hmong immigrant families. Interviews with 7 pairs of parents and their young adult children provided evidence that families were adapting to the U.S. economic system while maintaining important cultural values and practices. Hmong parents prioritized traditional values and practices of sharing resources, living simply, saving regularly, and avoiding debt. Young adult children were more inclined to spend than save, use credit to satisfy wants, and articulate American values of independence, individualism, and personal happiness. Generational gaps have the potential to create conflict within Hmong families as they adapt to the complex U.S. economic environment. This study highlights the importance of considering the influences of culture, acculturation, and the immigrant experience in developing financial literacy.
Childhood Consumer Experience and the Financial Literacy of College Students in Malaysia
Authors: Sabri Mohamad Fazli , MacDonald Maurice , Hira Tahira K. , Masud Jariah
Published: May 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of personal and family background, academic ability, and childhood consumer experiences on the financial literacy of college students in Malaysia. The sample comprised 2,519 students in 11 public and private colleges in Malaysia. Financial literacy was measured with a 25‐item test of financial knowledge. On average, students answered less than half of the questions correctly. Methods of analysis included bivariate t tests, analysis of variance, and multiple regression analysis. The childhood consumer experience of discussing family finances with parents has a substantial positive relationship with financial literacy. Students of Chinese ethnicity, who live on campus, and who attend private colleges are less likely to be financially literate.
High serum lactate dehydrogenase adds prognostic value to the international myeloma staging system even in the era of novel agents
Authors: Terpos Evangelos , Katodritou Eirini , Roussou Maria , Pouli Anastasia , Michalis Eurydiki , Delimpasi Sosana , Parcharidou Agapi , Kartasis Zafiris , Zomas Athanasios , Symeonidis Argiris , Viniou Nora‐Athina , Anagnostopoulos Nikolaos , Economopoulos Theofanis , Zervas Konstantinos , Dimopoulos Meletios A. ,   on behalf of the Greek Myeloma Study Group, Greece
Published: May 2010

Objectives:  High serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is associated with features of advanced disease and inferior survival in multiple myeloma. It is however unclear whether LDH adds to the prognostic value of International Staging System (ISS) and whether it retains its prognostic significance in patients who are exposed to novel agent‐based therapies.

Patients/Methods:  To address these issues we analyzed 996 consecutive symptomatic patients who were included in the database of the Greek Myeloma Study Group and received frontline treatment between January 1, 1995 and December 31, 2008.

Results:  The median overall survival (OS) of all patients was 40 months with a clear improvement in those who started treatment after January 1, 2000 (49 vs. 31 months; P < 0.01). A multivariate model showed that LDH, ISS, performance status, age and platelet counts had an independent prognostic value for OS (P < 0.001 for all parameters). The median OS of patients with high (11% of patients) and normal LDH was 15 vs. 44 months (P < 0.001). High LDH was associated with inferior OS within all ISS groups: 22 vs. 76 months for high and normal LDH groups, respectively, in ISS‐1 (P < 0.01); 11 vs. 40 months in ISS‐2 (P < 0.001) and 17 vs. 27 months in ISS‐3 (P < 0.01). The median OS of high and normal LDH groups among patients who received novel agents was 21 vs. 51 months, respectively (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  Lactate dehydrogenase is a readily available and inexpensive variable, which has a major impact on the survival of myeloma patients even when they belong to a low or intermediate ISS subgroup and even when they receive novel agent‐based therapies.
Evaluation of faecal calprotectin as a valuable non‐invasive marker in distinguishing gut pathogens in young children with acute gastroenteritis
Authors: Sýkora Josef , Siala Konrad , Huml Michal , Varvařovská Jana , Schwarz Jan , Pomahačová Renáta
Published: May 2010

Aim:  The aim of the study is to evaluate faecal calprotectin (f‐CP) in children ≤3 years of age with acute gastroenteritis (AG) as an early predictor of bacterial inflammation.

Methods:  We prospectively analysed f‐CP levels and diagnostic workup in 107 consecutive children (66 AG, 41 controls).

Results:  Children with bacterial AG (BAG) was found to have higher diarrheal frequency (p < 0.01), fever (p < 0.01), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.001), white blood count (p < 0.01) and C‐reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.001) compared with viral AG (VAG). Vomiting was frequent in VAG (p < 0.001). f‐CP negatively correlated with age in controls (r = −0.5998). BAG demonstrated significantly higher f‐CP levels [median, 219 μg/g, interquartile range (IQR): 119–350.2] compared with VAG (49.3 μg/g, IQR: 8.8–131.1) as well as controls (26.5 μg/g, IQR: 14.9–55.1) (p < 0.001). VAG and control f‐CP levels were similar. f‐CP was the best‐rated marker of BAG with a diagnostic accuracy of 92%. Receiver–operator characteristic analysis revealed an area under curve of 0.95 for identifying BAG; sensitivity and specificity of f‐CP were 93% and 88%, respectively, at an adjusted cut‐off point of 103.9 μg/g faeces. Combined f‐CP and CRP yield improved diagnostic accuracy of 94% for BAG.

Conclusion:  f‐CP facilitates early discrimination between bacterial and viral causes of AG in young children. Combining f‐CP with CRP increases the diagnostic power of diagnosing BAG.
Little Change of Modifiable Risk Factors 1 Year after Stroke: a Pilot Study
Authors: Hornnes Nete , Larsen Klaus , Boysen Gudrun
Published: May 2010

Background

Recurrent stroke accounts for about 25% of admissions for acute stroke. For the prevention of recurrent cerebro and cardiovascular disease, stroke patients are advised to change modifiable stroke risk factors before discharge from stroke units.

Aims

To investigate the change in modifiable risk factors 1 year after stroke and to explore the feasibility of a preventive programme aimed at stroke patients discharged from hospital.

Methods

From April 2004 to February 2005, 173 patients admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of stroke were consecutively included and interviewed about their medical history and modifiable risk factors before stroke. One-year follow-up with measurement of blood pressure was performed in 92% of surviving and able participants.

Results

One year after discharge, 121 participants were reinterviewed and 118 had their blood pressure measured. We found uncontrolled hypertension in 43 of 65 patients (66% of those receiving antihypertensive medication) and unknown hypertension in 30 of 53 patients (57% of those without antihypertensive medication). There was a reduction in the prevalence of excessive consumption of alcohol from 24 of 121 patients (20%) to 16 of 121 patients (13%) (P<005). The frequency of cigarette intake remained unchanged: 57 of 121 patients (47%) 1 year after stroke. The proportion of patients who were physically inactive increased from 36% (43 of 121 patients) before stroke to 59% (71 of 121) 1 year later ( P < 0·0001).

Conclusions

The change in modifiable risk factors was inadequate 1 year after stroke. The pilot study indicated that a preventive programme should focus on hypertension, smoking and physical inactivity.
Who’s Who from Kant to Hegel I: In the Kantian Wake
Authors: Thielke Peter Graham
Published: May 2010

While almost all of Kant’s contemporaries agreed that the Critique of Pure Reason effected a philosophically epochal change, there was far less consensus about what precisely Kant’s new critical philosophy had brought about. In large part, this uncertainty was a result of a methodological crisis that Kant’s work had sparked: the Critique had shown that traditional dogmatic metaphysics was suspect at best, but what new methods needed to be adopted in the wake of Kant’s ‘Copernican Revolution’? The Critique stood as the lighting rod at the center of a complicated and especially lively set of debates and disputes that erupted in Germany in the late 1780s and early 1790s: empiricists and rationalists, threatened by the ‘all‐destroying Kant’, leapt to challenge the new critical system; skeptics attacked Kant’s claims to have secured a sure footing for empirical knowledge; a few ambitious thinkers sought to complete the critical system by revealing a foundational first principle on which Kant’s system could rest. All of these elements conspired to make the early stages in post‐Kantian thought one of the richest, most vibrant – and most fascinating – periods in the history of philosophy. The present essay looks at the various figures of the move from Kant to Fichte, and presents some of the excellent new research on the era that has appeared in the last decade or so. The sequel takes up the period from Fichte to Hegel, with an eye toward understanding how Kantian critical philosophy gave way to Hegelian Absolute Idealism.
Ramelteon attenuates age‐associated hypertension and weight gain in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Oxenkrug Gregory F. , Summergrad Paul
Published: May 2010

The neuroendocrine theory of aging suggests the common mechanisms of developmental (prereproductive) and aging (postreproductive) processes and identified a cluster of conditions (hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, menopause, late onset depression, vascular cognitive impairment, impairment of immune defense, and some forms of cancer) as age‐associated neuroendocrine disorders (AAND). Obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes were later described as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Because melatonin attenuated development of MetS is age‐dependent, that is, in young and old, but not in middle‐aged rats, we studied the effect of the selective melatonin agonist, Ramelteon, on the two core symptoms of MetS/AAND: hypertension and body weight gain in spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) and normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto male rats (WKY). SHR rats developed hypertension at the time of maximal weight gain that coincided with the onset of reproductive activity (8–10 weeks old). Chronic (but not acute) administration of Ramelteon (in drinking water, 8 mg/kg/day, from 4 to 12 weeks of age) attenuated age‐associated increase of systolic blood pressure (tail‐cuff method) by 45%, and age‐associated body weight gain by 30%. Acute and chronic Ramelteon did not affect blood pressure and body weight in normotensive WKY rats. Ramelteon‐induced attenuation of age‐associated hypertension and weight gain suggests that Ramelteon might attenuate the other symptoms of MetS/AAND and might be useful in the treatment of MetS/AAND during puberty, menopause, and old age.
Making a Difference in Making Miracles: Common Roadblocks to Miracle Question Effectiveness
Authors: M.Stith Sandra , Miller Marjorie Strachman , Boyle Jeremy , Swinton Jonathan , Ratcliffe Gary , McCollum Eric
Published: May 2010

This article describes a clinical investigation of student‐therapists’ use of the miracle question (MQ). Data used for this project came from transcribed role‐play videotapes by six student‐therapists. Transcripts were coded, and findings highlight challenges that prevent beginning therapists from effectively using the MQ. The primary themes that emerged were problems related to introducing, framing, and following up on the MQ. Practical recommendations are offered for improving therapist training in effective use of the MQ.
Transformative Learning through International Immersion: Building Multicultural Competence in Family Therapy and Counseling
Authors: McDowell Teresa , Goessling Kristen , Melendez Tatiana
Published: May 2010

This study explores the experiences of graduate students who completed one of two international courses facilitated by family therapy faculty in a U.S. master’s‐level counseling psychology department. Participants reported that international courses were personally and professionally transformative. Spending time in a foreign country gave them opportunities to learn from cultural differences, ultimately increasing the social and global awareness required for multicultural sensitivity. Experiential learning, reflection, and dialogue resulted in raised critical consciousness among participants. In this article, we discuss the transformational learning processes embedded in international courses and the potential benefits of these experiences on the development of multicultural sensitivity in family therapists and counselors in training.
Shades of meaning: the pigment‐type switching system as a tool for discovery
Authors: Walker Will P. , Gunn Teresa M.
Published: May 2010

The pigment‐type switching system, which controls whether melanocytes produce black/brown eumelanin or yellow/red pheomelanin, is responsible for many familiar coat coloration patterns in both domestic and wild mammals. In conjunction with the accessory proteins attractin and mahogunin ring finger 1, endogenous agonists and antagonists modulate signaling by the melanocortin 1 receptor to determine pigment type. Mutations in pigment‐type switching genes can cause a variety of pleiotropic phenotypes, and these are often similar between mutants at different loci because the proteins encoded by these genes act together as part of conserved molecular pathways that are deployed in multiple biological contexts. When this is the case, pigment‐type switching provides a powerful model system for elucidating the shared molecular mechanisms underlying the pigmentary and non‐pigmentary phenotypes. This review outlines the current understanding of the pigment‐type switching pathway and discusses the opportunities that exist for exploring the molecular basis of pleiotropic phenotypes using this model system.
Cars before Kids: Automobility and the Illusion of School Traffic Safety
Authors: PARUSEL SYLVIA , McLAREN ARLENE TIGAR
Published: May 2010

La sécurité routière constitue une question d'intérêt public très discutée, et ses pratiques fortement débattues exigent une analyse sociologique et l'attention systématique des politiques publiques. Dans cette étude, les auteurs analysent les programmes de sécurité routière dans les écoles primaires de Vancouver, en Colombie‐Britannique. Ils illustrent comment de tels programmes supposent une politique de la responsabilité visant grandement les enfants et les parents pour en faire des personnes sécuritaires sur la route dans un environnement institutionnel qui ne fournit pourtant aux programmes qu'un soutien et des fonds sporadiques pour administrer les risques de la circulation. Alors que ce contexte de programmes de sécurité routière à l'école aide à maintenir une certaine « illusion de sécurité», elle ne remet pas fondamentalement en question la structure dominante actuelle de la mobilité et les problèmes qui y sont inhérents.

Traffic safety is a contested public issue and highly negotiated practice that requires sociological analysis and systematic public policy attention. In our case study, we examine elementary school traffic safety programs in Vancouver, British Columbia. We illustrate how such programs assume a politics of responsibility that largely targets children and parents for traffic safekeeping within an institutional environment that gives programs only sporadic support and funding to manage traffic risks. While this context of school traffic safety programs helps to maintain an “illusion of safety,” it does not challenge the current auto‐dominant mobility structure and its inherent problems.
Obama, Palin, and Weber: Charisma and Social Change in the 2008 U.S. Election
Authors: BOWDEN GARY
Published: May 2010

Barack Obama et Sarah Palin sont tous les deux souvent étiquetés en tant que charismatique par le public. Pour évaluer si oui ou non, Obama et Palin démontrent une forme de charisme tel que définit par Weber, leurs rhétoriques et leurs actions sont examinées dans le contexte d'élections passées et dans celui où règne une stagnation politique mise en scène par la guerre des cultures. Là où la connexion entre Palin et le public émerge de son rôle de défenderesse dans la guerre des cultures, Obama a articulée une vision d'une communauté partagée, et se faisant, a réorganisé l'électorat en incorporant dans sa coalition la jeunesse désenchantée qui n'avait pas voté durant les dix dernières années.

Both Barack Obama and Sarah Palin are commonly labeled “charismatic” by the public. To assess whether or not Obama and Palin exhibit charisma in the Weberian sense, their rhetoric and actions are examined in the context of past elections and the political stagnation brought about by the politics of the culture wars. Where Palin's connection with the public flows from her role as a fighter in the culture wars, Obama articulated a vision of shared community and, in doing so, reorganized the electorate by incorporating disenchanted youth who had not voted over the past decade into his coalition. Thus, in Weberian terms, only Obama manifests charisma.
Transient Liquid Crystal Technique for Convective Heat Transfer on Rough Surfaces
Authors: Barlow D. N. , Kim Y. W. , Florschuetz L. W.
Published: May 2010

The local heat transfer coefficients are obtained on a rough planar surface simulating in-service turbine stator vane sections. A transient experimental technique is presented that permits the determination of local heat transfer coefficients for a rough planar surface using thermochromic liquid crystals. The technique involves the use of a composite test surface in the form of a thin foil of stainless steel with roughness elements laminated over a transparent substrate. Tests are conducted on a splitter plate to provide momentum boundary layer thicknesses to roughness heights appropriate for actual turbine stator vanes. Data are reported for two roughness geometries and two free-stream velocities. The range of Reynolds numbers along with the ratio of average roughness value to momentum thickness matches conditions encountered on the pressure side of the first-stage stator vanes in current high performance turbofan engines. A numerical simulation is conducted to validate the test method. Results for the rough surfaces investigated are compared with an available empirical relationship.
Flow Visualization in a Linear Turbine Cascade of High Performance Turbine Blades
Authors: Wang H. P. , Olson S. J. , Goldstein R. J. , Eckert E. R. G.
Published: May 2010

Multiple smoke wires are used to investigate the secondary flow near the endwall of a plane cascade with blade shapes used in high-performance turbine stages. The wires are positioned parallel to the endwall and ahead of the cascade, within and outside the endwall boundary layer. The traces of the smoke generated by the wires are visualized with a laser light sheet illuminating various cross sections around the cascade. During the experiment, a periodically fluctuating horseshoe vortex system of varying number of vortices is observed near the leading edge of the cascade. A series of photographs and video tapes was taken in the cascade to trace these vortices. The development and evolution of the horseshoe vortex and the passage vortex are clearly resolved in the photographs. The interation between the suction side leg of the horseshoe vortex and the passage vortex is also observed in the experiment. A vortex induced by the passage vortex, starting about one-fourth of the curvilinear distance along the blade on the suction surface, is also found. This vortex stays close to the suction surface and above the passage vortex in the laminar flow region on the blade. From this flow visualization, a model describing the secondary flows in a cascade is proposed and compared with previous published models. Some naphthalene mass transfer results from a blade near an endwall are cited and compared with the current model. The flows inferred from the two techniques are in good agreement.
The Influence of Large-Scale High-Intensity Turbulence on Vane Heat Transfer
Authors: Ames F. E.
Published: May 2010

An experimental research program was undertaken to examine the influence of large-scale high-intensity turbulence on vane heat transfer. The experiment was conducted in a four-vane linear cascade at exit Reynolds numbers of 500,000 and 800,000 based on chord length. Heat transfer measurements were made for four inlet turbulence conditions including a low turbulence case (Tu ≅ 1 percent), a grid turbulence case (Tu ≅ 7.5 percent), and two levels of large-scale turbulence generated with a mock combustor at two upstream locations (Tu ≅ 12 percent and 8 percent). The heat transfer data demonstrated that the length scale, Lu, has a significant effect on stagnation region and pressure surface heat transfer.
Heat Transfer From Air-Cooled Contrarotating Disks
Authors: Chen J.-X. , Gan X. , Owen J. M.
Published: May 2010

A superposed radial outflow of air is used to cool two disks that are rotating at equal and opposite speeds at rotational Reynolds numbers up to 1.2 × 106. One disk, which is heated up to 100°C, is instrumented with thermocouples and fluxmeters; the other disk, which is unheated, is made from transparent polycarbonate to allow the measurement of velocity using an LDA system. Measured Nusselt numbers and velocities are compared with computations made using an axisymmetric elliptic solver with a low-Reynolds-number k–ε turbulence model. Over the range of flow rates and rotational speeds tested, agreement between the computations and measurements is mainly good. As suggested by the Reynolds analogy, the Nusselt numbers for contrarotating disks increase strongly with rotational speed and weakly with flow rate; they are lower than the values obtained under equivalent conditions in a rotor–stator system.
A Navier–Stokes Analysis of Airfoils in Oscillating Transonic Cascades for the Prediction of Aerodynamic Damping
Authors: Abhari R. S. , Giles M.
Published: May 2010

An unsteady, compressible, two-dimensional, thin shear layer Navier–Stokes solver is modified to predict the motion-dependent unsteady flow around oscillating airfoils in a cascade. A quasi-three-dimensional formulations is used to account for the stream-wise variation of streamtube height. The code uses Ni’s Lax–Wendroff algorithm in the outer region, an implicit ADI method in the inner region, conservative coupling at the interface, and the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model. The computational mesh consists of an O-grid around each blade plus an unstructured outer grid of quadrilateral or triangular cells. The unstructured computational grid was adapted to the flow to better resolve shocks and wakes. Motion of each airfoil was simulated at each time step by stretching and compressing the mesh within the O-grid. This imposed motion consists of harmonic solid body translation in two directions and rotation, combined with the correct interblade phase angles. The validity of the code is illustrated by comparing its predictions to a number of test cases, including an axially oscillating flat plate in laminar flow, the Aeroelasticity of Turbomachines Symposium Fourth Standard Configuration (a transonic turbine cascade), and the Seventh Standard Configuration (a transonic compressor cascade). The overall comparison between the predictions and the test data is reasonably good. A numerical study on a generic transonic compressor rotor was performed in which the impact of varying the amplitude of the airfoil oscillation on the normalized predicted magnitude and phase of the unsteady pressure around the airfoil was studied. It was observed that for this transonic compressor, the nondimensional aerodynamic damping was influenced by the amplitude of the oscillation.
Numerical Determination of Radiative View Factors Using Ray Tracing
Authors: Walker T. , Xue S.-C. , Barton G. W.
Published: May 2010

A ray-tracing method is presented for numerically determining radiative view factors in complex three-dimensional geometries. This method uses a set of “primitive” shapes to approximate the required geometry together with a Monte Carlo simulation to track the fate of randomized rays leaving each surface. View factors were calculated for an operational fiber drawing furnace using both numerical integration and ray-tracing methods. Calculated view factor profiles were essentially identical above a ray density of 105 per unit area. Run times for the ray-tracing method were considerable longer, although the setup time to describe a new geometry is very short and essentially independent of system complexity.
Proper Orthogonal Decomposition for Reduced Order Thermal Modeling of Air Cooled Data Centers
Authors: Samadiani Emad , Joshi Yogendra
Published: May 2010

Computational fluid dynamics/heat transfer (CFD/HT) methods are too time consuming and costly to examine the effect of multiple design variables on the system thermal performance, especially for systems with multiple components and interacting physical phenomena. In this paper, a proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) based reduced order thermal modeling approach is presented for complex convective systems. The basic POD technique is used with energy balance equations, and heat flux and/or surface temperature matching to generate a computationally efficient thermal model in terms of the system design variables. The effectiveness of the presented approach is studied through application to an air-cooled data center cell with a floor area of 23.2 m2 and a total power dissipation of 240 kW, with multiple turbulent convective components and five design variables. The method results in average temperature rise prediction error of 1.24°C (4.9%) for different sets of design variables, while it is ∼150 times faster than CFD/HT simulation. Also, the effects of the number of available algebraic equations and retained POD modes on the accuracy of the obtained thermal field are studied.
Air-Side Heat-Transfer Enhancement by a New Winglet-Type Vortex Generator Array in a Plain-Fin Round-Tube Heat Exchanger
Authors: He J. , Liu L. , Jacobi A. M.
Published: May 2010

The impact of a vortex-generation technique for air-side heat-transfer improvement is experimentally investigated through full-scale wind-tunnel testing of a plain-fin round-tube heat exchanger under dry-surface conditions. Inspired by the formation locomotion of animals in nature, a new vortex generator (VG) array deployed in a “V” is proposed in the present work, aiming to create constructive interference between vortices. The array is composed of two delta-winglet pairs and placed at an attack angle of 10 deg or 30 deg. Its effectiveness is compared with a baseline configuration and two conventional single-pair designs placed at 30 deg, a small pair with half the area of the array and a large pair with the same area as the array. The frontal air velocity considered ranges from 2.3 m/s to 5.5 m/s, corresponding to a Reynolds number range based on the hydraulic diameter of 1400–3400. The experimental results show little impact of the 10 deg array and a moderate heat-transfer improvement of up to 32% for the small pair, both introducing additional pressure loss of approximately 20–40%. For the 30 deg array and the large pair, similar augmentation of 25–55% in air-side heat-transfer coefficient is obtained accompanied by average pressure drop penalties of 90% and 140%, respectively. Performance evaluation using the criteria of the modified area goodness factor and the volume goodness factor indicates the superiority of the heat exchanger enhanced by the 30 deg array among all the investigated VGs. The VG array is found more effective at comparatively low Reynolds numbers, representative of many heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, and refrigeration applications and compact heat-exchanger designs.
Three Dimensional Structure-Electrical Properties of Oriented PPV and PANI Films
Authors: Ou Runqing , Samuels Robert J. , Gerhardt Rosario A.
Published: May 2010

In this paper the influence of anisotropic molecular structure on the three dimensional electrical properties of both poly(phenylene vinylene), (PPV), and polyaniline, (PANI) oriented films is investigated. The anisotropic structure of the stretched PPV and PANI EB films were examined using a modified waveguide coupler while three dimensional impedance spectroscopy measurements were made using specially designed test fixtures that allowed the in-plane as well as the through-plane impedance to be measured. The unstretched PANI EB film has a random orientation and one-way stretching leads to a uniaxial structure. The unstretched PPV film, on the other hand, was found to have a highly planar structure and oneway stretching converts the planar structure to a uniaxial structure. Impedance measurements were made on PANI after it was doped with HCl while PPV films were measured in the undoped state. For HCl-doped PANI films, the conductivity along the stretch direction was found to increase with orientation. For undoped PPV films, the conductivity through the film thickness direction decreased with increasing orientation. For both polymers, the in-plane conductivity was significantly greater than the through-plane conductivity.
Wafer Scale Encapsulation of MEMS Devices
Authors: Park Woo-Tae , Candler Rob N. , Li Huimou J. , Cho Junghwa , Li Holden , Kenny Thomas W. , Partridge Aaron , Yama Gary , Lutz Markus
Published: May 2010

MEMS packaging has always been a field of great importance since it can dominate the cost and size of a final working device. Considering this, we have concentrated on developing a wafer-scale encapsulation scheme which uses a thick epi-poly (epitaxially deposited poly silicon) layer as the sealing layer. This approach allows the use of conventional post processing, such as dicing, wire bonding, and other standard handling and mounting techniques. We also can minimize the chip area used for packaging, in some cases reducing the chip size by ×5 from what was required for silicon fusion bonded covers. This packaging scheme can be used for various MEMS devices and can be integrated with other electronics. This paper will discuss the packaging process and show some preliminary results.
Development of Lead-Free Flip Chip Package and Its Reliability
Authors: Lee Jeffrey C. B. , Wu Sting , Chou H. L. , Lai Yi-Shao
Published: May 2010

SnAgCu solder used in laminate package like PBGA and CSP BGA to replace eutectic SnPb as interconnection has become major trend in the electronic industry. But unlike well-known failure mode of wire bonding package, flip chip package with SnAgCu inner solder bump and external solder ball as electrical interconnection present a extremely different failure mode with wire-bonding package from a point of view in material and process. In this study, one 16mm×16mm 3000 I/O SnAgCu wafer bumping using screen-printing process was explored including the effects of reflow times, high temperature storage life (HTSL) and temperature cycle test (TCT) on bump shear strength. Furthermore, the qualified wafer bumping is assembled by flip chip assembly with various underfill material and specific organic build-up substrate, then is subject to MSL4/260°C precondition and temperature cycle test to observe the underfill effect on SnAgCu bump protection and solder joint life. Various failure modes in the flip chip package like solder bump, underfill and UBM and so on, will be scrutinized with SEM. And finally, best material combination will be addressed to make the lead free flip package successful.