bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of a phosphorylated p130Cas substrate domain attenuates the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt survival pathway in tamoxifen resistant breast cancer cells
Authors: Soni Shefali , Lin Bor‐Tyh , August Avery , Nicholson Robert I. , Kirsch Kathrin H.
Published: March 2009

Elevated expression of p130Cas/BCAR1 (breast cancer anti estrogen resistance 1) in human breast tumors is a marker of poor prognosis and poor overall survival. Specifically, p130Cas signaling has been associated with antiestrogen resistance, for which the mechanism is currently unknown. TAM‐R cells, which were established by long‐term exposure of estrogen (E2)‐dependent MCF‐7 cells to tamoxifen, displayed elevated levels of total and activated p130Cas. Here we have investigated the effects of p130Cas inhibition on growth factor signaling in tamoxifen resistance. To inhibit p130Cas, a phosphorylated substrate domain of p130Cas, that acts as a dominant‐negative (DN) p130Cas molecule by blocking signal transduction downstream of the p130Cas substrate domain, as well as knockdown by siRNA was employed. Interference with p130Cas signaling/expression induced morphological changes, which were consistent with a more epithelial‐like phenotype. The phenotypic reversion was accompanied by reduced migration, attenuation of the ERK and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt pathways, and induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis was accompanied by downregulation of the expression of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2. Importantly, these changes re‐sensitized TAM‐R cells to tamoxifen treatment by inducing cell death. Therefore, our findings suggest that targeting the product of the BCAR1 gene by a peptide which mimics the phosphorylated substrate domain may provide a new molecular avenue for treatment of antiestrogen resistant breast cancers. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 364–375, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laserschneiden von Faserverbundwerkstoffen
Authors: Lütke Matthias , Klotzbach Annett , Wetzig Andeas , Beyer Eckhard
Published: March 2009

Ob beim Schneiden von Folien, technischen Textilien, Leder, Papier oder polymerbasierten Hochleistungs‐Faserverbundwerkstoffen: In allen Fällen zeigt die Laser‐Remote‐Technologie grundsätzlich Erfolg. Die Besonderheit von sehr hohen Prozessgeschwindigkeiten und damit sehr kurzen Wechselwirkungszeiten zwischen der Laserstrahlung und dem zu trennenden Material verbessert die Schnittqualität insbesondere im Vergleich zum klassischen, gasunterstützten Laserschnitt. Das ergab sich aus den nachfolgend vorgestellten Untersuchungen.
Automatisierte Prüfung und Optimierung von Schweißnähten
Authors: Maurer Markus , Zürn Michael , Class Rainer , Diehl Thomas
Published: March 2009

Als erster Automobilhersteller setzt die Daimler AG ein System zur automatisierten Prüfung und Optimierung von Schweißnähten ein. Das von Daimler entwickelte Gesamtkonzept wird, unter Verwendung des Nahtprüfsystems VIROwsi von Vitronic, erstmalig für die Hinterachsträgerfertigung der neuen C‐Klasse umgesetzt. Seit Februar 2007 wurden alleine am Standort Mettingen mehr als 15 Millionen Schweißnähte erfolgreich geprüft und bei Bedarf optimiert.
Effect of the Ionic Strength on Collapse Transition in Star‐like Polyelectrolytes
Authors: Polotsky Alexey A. , Zhulina Ekaterina B. , Birshtein Tatiana M. , Borisov Oleg V.
Published: March 2009

We present an analytical theory describing intramolecular conformational transition in a star‐shaped polyelectrolyte (PE) molecule induced by a decrease in the solvent strength or/and increase in the ionic strength in the solution. We apply a mean‐field Flory‐type analysis in a box‐like approximation, that is we assume fairly uniform distribution of densities of charged monomer units and all mobile ions (co‐ and counterions) in the intra‐molecular volume of the star. We demonstrate that depending on the number of branches, fraction of charged monomers in the star and the ionic strength of the solution different scenario of the collapse transition may take place. At high ionic strength or low degree of ionization collapse transition occurs continuously resembling the collapse of a neutral polymer star.1 On the contrary, at low ionic strength and high degree of ionization collapse transition features first order phase transition, that is, occurs discontinuously and involves coexistence of collapsed and stretched states.
Schiff base‐substituted polyphenol: synthesis, characterisation and non‐isothermal degradation kinetics
Authors: Kaya İsmet , Doǧan Fatih , Bilici Ali
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND: Polymers of phenols and aromatic amines have emerged as new materials in fields such as superconductors, coatings, laminates, photoresists and high‐temperature environments. The stability, kinetics and associated pollution of the thermal decomposition of oligophenols are of interest for the aforementioned fields.

RESULTS: A new Schiff base polymer, derived from N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenylmethylidene)‐2,6‐pyridinediamine, was prepared by oxidative polycondensation. Characterisations using Fourier transform infrared, UV‐visible, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis, gel permeation chromatography, cyclic voltammetry and conductivity measurements were performed. The number‐average (Mn) and weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) and dispersity (D = Mw/Mn) of the polymer were found to be 61 000 and 94 200 g mol−1 and 1.54, respectively. Apparent activation energies of the thermal decomposition of the polymer were determined using the Tang, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose and Coats–Redfern methods. The most likely decomposition process was a Dn deceleration type in terms of the Coats–Redfern and master plot results.

CONCLUSION: The mechanism of the degradation process can be understood through the use of kinetic parameters obtained from various non‐isothermal methods. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Intense emission of terahertz electromagnetic wave from an undoped GaAs/n ‐type GaAs epitaxial layer structure
Authors: Takeuchi Hideo , Yanagisawa Junichi , Hasegawa Takayuki , Nakayama Masaaki
Published: March 2009

We have investigated the emission of the terahertz (THz) electromagnetic wave from an undoped GaAs (200 nm)/n ‐type GaAs (3 μm) epitaxial layer structure (i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure), where the doping concentration of the n ‐GaAs layer is 3 × 1018cm‐3. It is found that the first‐burst amplitude of THz wave of the i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure is considerably stronger than that of an n ‐GaAs crystal, which means that the i ‐GaAs layer enhances the THz emission intensity. The first‐burst amplitude of the i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure, by tuning the pump‐beam energy to the higher energy side, exceeds that of an i ‐InAs crystal known as one of the most intense THz emitters. We, therefore, conclude that the i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure is useful to obtain intense THz emission. From the pump‐beam energy dependence of the first‐burst amplitude, the THz‐emission mechanism of the i ‐GaAs/n ‐GaAs structure is attributed to the surge current of the photogenerated carriers flowing through the i ‐GaAs layer. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
InAlAs/InAs/InGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors exhibiting ultra‐fast optical response
Authors: Taguchi Hirohisa , Wakimura Nobuhito , Nakagawa Yugo , Iida Tsutomu , Takanashi Yoshifumi
Published: March 2009

High electron mobility transistors with a pseudomorphically strained InAs channel (InAs‐PHEMTs) have superior electron‐transport properties and high electron density, which are due to a large conduction‐band discontinuity. In this work, we demonstrate that InAs‐PHEMTs have an additional property: they exhibit an ultra‐fast optical response with a time‐constant of 3.5 × 10–11 s. By irradiating the optical signal onto the InAs‐PHEMTs, hole‐electron pairs are created in the channel layer. Holes accumulated in the source region of the channel layer recombine immediately with 2DEG due to an Auger recombination mechanism. Holes generated in the region outside the gate also recombine immediately with the 2DEG due to the Auger recombination mechanism before they drift or diffuse toward the gate region. This is why the optical response time of an InAs‐PHEMT is extremely small and it is restricted by the time for holes to transit across the gate region. A circuit incorporating an InAs‐PHEMT as a transistor and an InAlAs/InAs/InGaAs MSM photodiode that has the same structure as an InAs‐PHEMT as an optical detector has the potential to be applied as an ultra‐fast receiver optoelectronic integrated circuit. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical Kerr response to multi pump pulses on GaAs weakly confined exciton
Authors: Kanno Atsushi , Katouf Redouane , Kojima Osamu , Ishi‐Hayase Junko , Tsuchiya Masahiro , Isu Toshiro
Published: March 2009

We investigate optical Kerr response under two‐pump pulse irradiation induced by GaAs weakly confined exciton. Ultrafast response times of the order of picoseconds are observed despite long exciton lifetime of the order of nanoseconds. The difference may be attributed to the relaxation mechanisms between population relaxation and nonlinear relaxation of excitons. In addition, the observed temporal shapes of the optical Kerr response are conserved under irradiation by a preceding pulse that forms the exciton population. The pulse separation of the optical Kerr response between two pump pulses is achieved to be 800 fs, which corresponds to a signal train of 1.25 Tbits per second. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epitaxial growth of Al‐doped β‐FeSi2 on Si(111) substrate by reactive deposition epitaxy
Authors: Terai Yoshikazu , Hashimoto Syoutaro , Noda Keiichi , Fujiwara Yasufumi
Published: March 2009

Al‐doped β‐FeSi2 [β‐Fe(Si1‐x Alx)2] thin films with a thickness of 100 nm were epitaxially grown on Si(111) substrate by reactive deposition epitaxy (RDE). The reflective high‐energy electron diffraction (RHEED) images showed epitaxial growth of β‐Fe(Si1‐x Alx)2 (101)(110)//Si(111) in the composition range of 0 < x < 2.3%. In high‐resolution X‐ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements, the β(800) and β(406)(460) peaks shift to lower diffraction angles. The peak shifts linearly increase with Al composition. From an analysis of the peak shifts, Vegard's law of a, b, and c‐axis in Al‐doped β‐FeSi2 was proven for the investigated Al‐composition range. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Value of Ultrasonography in Hand Surgery
Authors: Furrer Marc , Schweizer Andreas , Rufibach Kaspar , Meuli-Simmen Claudia
Published: March 2009

The quality of ultrasound imaging to examine anatomical structures in the wrist and hand has improved highly over the last years. The value of ultrasonography (US) performed by hand surgeons on treatment decisions was investigated in this study. One hundred and ninety-five patients with an unclear clinical hand problem were evaluated by high-definition ultrasonography from January 2005 until June 2007. In 21% of cases, the procedure and therapy were influenced by the ultrasonographic findings. In 26 patients examined by ultrasound, surgery was avoided, while 14 patients had unexpected ultrasound results that led to surgery. In 22 of the 84 performed operations, ultrasound had a direct impact on the surgical procedure itself. The agreement of the ultrasonographic diagnosis and the post-operative diagnosis ( n=80) was better, though not statistically significant compared to the agreement between clinical diagnosis and diagnosis after operation ( n=84). Ultrasound imaging performed by the hand surgeon improves quality in the evaluation of hand problems. Ultrasonography is a cost-effective high-resolution investigation with the possibility of dynamic imaging.
Organic matter of the World Ocean
Authors: Romankevich E.A. , Vetrov A.A. , Peresypkin V.I.
Published: March 2009

Available data on synthesis, input, and decomposition of organic matter (OM) in the water column and recent bottom sediments of the World Ocean are generalized. The most reliable values of OM production and masses in the ocean, the total supply of organic carbon, and the input of terrigenous OM with coastal erosion, river runoff, and eolian matter are estimated. Maps of fossilization coefficients, distribution, and accumulation of OM in recent bottom sediments of the World Ocean are presented. A numerical expression is proposed for the main circumcontinental pattern of OM accumulation in the ocean. The group and elemental compositions of living matter of the ocean, land, and the Earth as a whole and the organic composition of bottom sediments are briefly considered.
Variation in the Composition of Cows' Milk
Authors: Crowther Charles
Published: March 2009

The object of the present communication is to collect together and compare the data obtained in the principal investigations which have been carried out in this country during the past five years into the variations in composition of the milk of the cow. The results of many of these experiments have been published only in annual reports or as special bulletins with limited and more or less exclusively local circulation.
Amount of Copper in Tea sprayed with Bordeaux Mixture
Authors: Annett H. E. , Chundra Kar Subodh
Published: March 2009

As a result of a bad attack in tea gardens of blister blight caused by the fungus Exobasidium vexans, Mr McRae, the officiating Imperial Mycologist, was deputed by Government to combat the disease. Mr McRae has tried the effect of spraying the tea bushes with Bordeaux mixture on an experimental scale. In view, however, of the recent scare in America over the sale of grapes sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, it was thought desirable to have these spraying experiments under chemical control. Accordingly an area in a tea garden was set apart and the bushes sprayed with Bordeaux mixture. After nine days the tea was picked both from the sprayed and from an unsprayed area, and about 80 lbs. (a chest) of tea was manufactured from the produce of each area. Great care was taken to prevent contamination. Samples of tea both from the sprayed and unsprayed areas were carefully sealed up and sent to this office for analysis. None of this tea was put on the market.
The Law of Sequence in the Yield of Wheat for Eastern England
Authors: Shaw W. N.
Published: March 2009

In February 1905 I made a short communication to the Royal Society of London (Proceedings, Vol. Lxxiv. page 562), upon an apparent relation between the yield of wheat for England in the 21 successive years 1884 to 1904 and the aggregate rainfall for the three autumnal months (September, October, November) of the preceding years of the principal wheat-producing districts of Great Britain. The relation was put into the algebraical form:
The Preservation of Eggs by Water Glass, and the Composition of Preserved Eggs
Authors: Hendrick James
Published: March 2009

One of the most popular and commonly used methods of preserving eggs is by means of water glass. Though this method was introduced only comparatively recently it has largely superseded older methods, and also appears to have led to much more frequent preservation of eggs on the small scale in households and by small traders. The method is simple and effective. The eggs are obtained when they are plentiful and cheap in spring and preserved for use during the winter months. It is therefore necessary to keep them for about six months. In the experiments described below some were left in a solution of water glass as long as four years.
Some Characteristics of the Western Prairie Soils of Canada
Authors: Shutt Frank T.
Published: March 2009

It will be desirable, by way of preface, to say a word or two regarding the physical geography of the district, the soils of which form the subject of this paper.
“Fatness” as a Cause of Sterility
Authors: Marshall F. H. A. , Peel W. R.
Published: March 2009

The general experience of breeders, supported by statistical evidence in the case of sheep, has shown that a good thriving, but not over-fat, condition during the breeding season is that which is most conducive to a high fertility. It has been shown further that the practice of “flushing” or “springing” ewes (i.e. artificially stimulating them by means of an extra supply of special food) shortly before and during tupping time results in an increased number of births at the succeeding lambing time. On the other hand, an excessive quantity of nutriment producing a great deposit of fat is known to be prejudicial to the proper discharge of the reproductive functions. No better example could be given of the way in which overfeeding results in a condition of sterility than that of the barren shire mares which have been a noteworthy feature at many agricultural shows. It is a matter for regret that those animals, whose appearance justified them as prize-winners, should in many cases have proved valueless as brood mares owing to the methods of feeding to which they had been subjected in preparing them for show. The association of sterility with a too fattening diet is as common among cows, sheep and pigs as it is among mares. Thus Cornevin writes: “Chaque aunée, dans les concours, nous avons sous les yeux des spécimens des plus belles races ovines et porcines qui, véritable modèles de bonne confirmation, de puissance assimilatrice et d'aptitude á prendre la graisse, restent stérile.” Moreover, Mr Edward Brown, the honorary secretary of the National Poultry Organisation Society, ascribes the decrease in egg production by poultry during the winter months in part at least to overfeeding.
A Bacterial Disease of Swedes
Authors: Priestley J. H. , Lechmere A. E.
Published: March 2009

A disease of swedes is described and attributed to the action of an organism, probably Bacillus oleraceae (Harrison), but closely allied to Pseudomonas destructans (Potter). It is suggested after consideration of its appearance on various culture media, that these two organisms may be different growth forms of the same parasitic species.
The Hybridisation of Barleys
Authors: Biffen R. H.
Published: March 2009

The following experiments on the hybridisation of barley were commenced in 1901; consequently the inheritance of some of the characteristics has been known for some time. In view of the fact that from the earlier accounts of Rimpau and Tschermak the main outlines of the story could be traced without any special difficulty, there appeared to be no necessity for immediate publication. This was delayed, therefore, in order to complete the investigation of one or two doubtful points. The literature of barley-breeding published prior to the year 1900 is rather extensive, but of comparatively little interest to the modern student of heredity. The most important papers are those of Liebscher and Rimpau. That part of Rimpau's great paper, “Kreuzungprodukte Landwirtschaftliche Kulturpflanzen,” dealing with barley, is of exceptional interest on account of its extreme thoroughness and the completeness of the records it contains. As one reads it one cannot help thinking that Rimpau must have come very near to making an independent discovery of Mendel's laws of inheritance.
On the Causes of the High Nutritive Value and Fertility of the Fatting Pastures of Romney Marsh and other Marshes in the S.E. of England
Authors: Hall A. D. , Russell E. J.
Published: March 2009

The coast of Kent and Sussex is to a great extent bordered by flat areas of alluvial land, elevated but little if at all above high water mark, known as the Marshes. Though certain portions are under the plough this land as a rule lies in permanent grass and affords some of the best grazing known in the south of England. The largest of these areas is Romney Marsh which with the adjoining Walland and Denge marshes forms a single area extending about 20 miles from east to west, and 10 miles or so broad. All the marshes possess very similar characteristics and the description which follows of Romney Marsh may be taken to apply, with certain local differences, to the others. The whole of the land has been reclaimed from the sea comparatively recently.
The Formation of Calcium Carbonate in the Soil by Bacteria
Authors: Gimingham C. T.
Published: March 2009

The important part played by calcium carbonate in maintaining the fertility of the soil makes it of interest to investigate all the causes which determine both its formation and decomposition. A number of processes which are continually going forward in the soil tend to diminish the stock of calcium carbonate present; yet, in spite of this, and without frequent additions of chalk or lime from other sources, most soils, under normal conditions, remain more or less in a state of fertility. An equilibrium is set up by which the withdrawal of calcium carbonate is balanced by the results of another set of actions which restore base to the soil. This enables many soils which contain only very small quantities of lime to retain their neutral reaction and so to produce fair crops.
Silver-leaf Disease (II)
Authors: Brooks F. T.
Published: March 2009

The present paper is an account of observations and experiments in connexion with Silver-leaf Disease which have been made since the publication of my paper on the same subject in the Journal of Agricultural Science for 1911. I am indebted to the Board of Agriculture for giving a grant to assist this work and to the Cambridge University School of Agriculture for placing at my disposal a plot of land on its farm for most of the fruit trees used in the experiments. I have also to thank Mr R. I. Lynch, Curator of the Botanic Gardens, Cambridge, for providing accommodation for other trees.
Observations on the Fat Globules in Milk
Authors: Cooper W. F , Nuttall W. H , Freak G. A
Published: March 2009

Results of our previous work were published in the Journ. of Agric. Sri., IV, 1911. There, also, a brief summary of the chief papers published on the subject of the fat globules was given, to which it is unnecessary to refer in detail here.

When the work was first commenced in 1909, the problem before us was the consideration of the variation in the size of the fat globules, with relation to churning, as regards the different breeds of cattle. The breed was considered because it was usually supposed that this was one of the chief factors which influenced churning. The most definite result of our work was that it was shown that consideration must be given to the character of the milk, irrespective of the breed. This conclusion is quite contrary to that of other workers, but an examination of their figures shows, undoubtedly, that this is actually the case: the results given by Woll (Digestion Expts., Seventh Annual Report, Agric. Expt. Stat, Wisconsin, 1890, 238; also Agric. Sci., 1892, vi, 445) emphasise this point particularly. It is also shown by this year's work, as may be seen from Tables V–XI.

The comparative size of the globules has been worked out very thoroughly by Gutzeit, who measured the mean volume of the globule. Other workers give their results as “relative sizes.” In our work we attempted to ascertain the distribution of the fat in the globules, and to this end the number of globules of each size was determined, and curves were drawn. The result of this, however, was negative. At that time we were considering the breeds of the cows from which the milks were obtained; had we considered them solely as milks of a certain mean size of globule, much more might have been achieved.

An apparatus was devised to give an absolute figure for the churnability of any cream, but, until the effect of the other factors has been determined, it is impossible to interpret the results. Some experiments to ascertain the optimum temperature were described also.
The Estimation of Potassium, especially in Fertilisers, Soil Extracts and Plant Ashes
Authors: Davis William A.
Published: March 2009

It is shown that whereas the platinum chloride method of estimation is uncertain and liable to give varying results, the perchlorate method described is at once more simple in manipulation and more uniform and exact in its results. An improvement has been introduced which consists in washing the perchlorate precipitate with 95% alcohol saturated with potassium perchlorate by means of which any error due to the solubility of the precipitate is obviated. This is of importance when dealing with small quantities of precipitate. The following other advantages may here be enumerated:
Ferrous Iron in Soils
Authors: Morison C. G. T. , Doyne H. C.
Published: March 2009

In a previous paper to this Journal by one of us it was observed that if a solution of a ferric salt be placed in contact with peat from which all the ferrous salts had been previously removed by boiling with hydrochloric acid, there was an immediate production of ferrous iron in the solution.
Some Experiments on the House-Fly in Relation to the Farm Manure Heap
Authors: Eltringham H.
Published: March 2009

In the early part of the present year the suggestion was made to me by my friend Mr J. C. F. Fryer that I should carry out a series of experiments designed to test the fly-breeding capacity of the open farm manure heap as distinguished from heaps in close proximity to dwellings.
The Atmosphere of the Soil: Its Composition and the Causes of Variation
Authors: Russell Edward John , Appleyard Alfred
Published: March 2009

1. The free air in the pores of the soil to a depth of 6 inches is very similar in composition to the atmospheric air but it differs in two respects:

(a) It contains more CO2 and correspondingly less oxygen, the average in 100 volumes being 0–25 volume CO2 and 20–6 of oxygen against 0–03 volume CO2. and 20–96 oxygen in atmospheric air.

(b) It shows greater fluctuations in composition.

Usually the sum of the CO2 and oxygen is only slightly less than in atmospheric air but at periods when nitrates rapidly increase there is a perceptible falling off of oxygen, and a still greater one in waterlogged soils.
The phenomenon of absorption in its relation to soils: A résumé of the subject
Authors: Prescott James Arthur
Published: March 2009

Ithas been known from the earliest times that soils would remove salts and colouring matters from solution and the problems arising out of the observations made on this phenomenon were among the earliest to be attacked by agricultural chemists. It was known to Aristotle that sea water lost some of its taste by filtration through sand and this observation seems to have been confirmed and applied in many ways. Lord Bacon in hisSylva Sylvarumdiscussed the question of making sea water potable by filtering through sand. Le Comte de Marsilli made quantitative experiments. Sea water was filtered through fifteen successive vessels of garden soil and a diminution in the salt content was proved by evaporation and by the change in specific gravity. Similar results were obtained with sand. Boyle Godfrey discussed the question of making sea water fit for use on ships and observed that if sea water be put into a stone straining cistern the first pint that runs through will be like pure water, having no taste of salt, but the next pint will be as salt as usual. Stephen Hales in dealing with the same question refers to the use of a soft stone by the Dutch as a filtering material, but he points out that this method has no practical value as only the first portions of the filtrate are free from salt.
The manurial properties of lead nitrate
Authors: Berry Reginald Arthur
Published: March 2009

This investigation was undertaken in response to an enquiry respecting the value of lead nitrate as a source of nitrogen for manurial purposes. The ordinary commercial outlets for lead nitrate at the present time are in the manufacture of paper, printing ink and paint, also, in calico printing, where it is employed as a mordant. In the early stages of the War it was used as a shell-filling compound. Scrap lead is generally employed for its manufacture; a process which is protected by several patents. The trade in this commodity is relatively small.
The factors determining soil temperature
Authors: Keen B. A. , Russell E. J.
Published: March 2009

The general principles regulating soil temperature are well known.

Measurements in deep mines and wells indicate the existence of a temperature gradient in the earth's crust from the interior outwards, which causes a flow of heat to the surface at a sensibly constant rate. Extensive measurements were carried out by Forbes1 and by William Thomson (afterwards Lord Kelvin) who worked up the former's experimental values, and later by a Committee of the British Association, which concluded that an average of “41·4 gramme-degrees of heat escape annually through a sq. cm. of a horizontal section of the earth's substance.” For our present purpose this source of heat is negligible.
Normal growth in animals
Authors: Murray J. Alan
Published: March 2009

The rate of growth of the animal is a matter of considerable importance in the economics of meat production, but the subject does not appear to have been studied with the close scientific attention it deserves. The literature was reviewed in a recent paper by Hammond and need not be further referred to as it is scanty and uninteresting.
The evaporation of water from soil. II.: Influence of soil type and manurial treatment
Authors: Keen Bernard A.
Published: March 2009

Further experiments have been done on the evaporation of water from soil, using the same apparatus and technique as described in an earlier paper. The present series of experiments was designed to investigate the effect of clay content and manurial treatment on the evaporation. Two soils have been used, one containing only 6% clay and the other 15%, and from each soil samples were taken from plots which had received (a) no manure, (b) artificial manure, (c) farmyard manure. The rate at which the soils lost water over concentrated sulphuric acid and at a constant temperature, was found to depend firstly on the amount of clay present, and secondly on the amount of organic material in the soil. The differences due to content of organic material were more obvious in the soil containing the larger amount of clay; the farmyard manure plot lost water at the slowest rate, and the unmanured plot occupied an intermediate position. In the sandy soil the differences in evaporation due to manuring were small.

There is evidence that the moisture equivalent of these soils measures the percentage of water at which the evaporation is first directly affected by the soil particles, and that at percentages of water in excess of the moisture equivalent evaporation is taking place substantially from a free water surface.
Silver-leaf disease, III. (Including observations upon the injection of trees with antiseptics)
Authors: Brooks F. T. , Bailey M. A.
Published: March 2009

The present paper contains the results of investigations on silver-leaf disease which are a continuation of those previously described by one of us (1,2) in earlier numbers of this periodical.

Some time ago it was thought desirable to duplicate as far as possible in different localities the experiments conducted on this disease. Hence most of the experiments described in this paper have been carried out both at Cambridge and at the John Innes Horticultural Institution, Merton.
The sugars and albuminoids of oat straw
Authors: Collins S. H. , Thomas B.
Published: March 2009

The newer knowledge of nutrition shows that cereals and seed products are deficient in calcium, sodium, chlorine, and unknown substances, called fat-soluble A and water-soluble B sometimes referred to as “vitamines” or “accessory food factors.”

McCollum(1) in America, has gone the length of proving bj actual experiment that cows and their calves can be raised to perfection on nothing but the complete maize plant, although maize grain is well known as a very incomplete food. In spite of his demonstration, and in spite of the obvious fact that nothing could be more like grass than an entire cereal plant and therefore suited to herbivora, very few practical or theoretical agriculturists recognise that straw is the most likely thing in the world to correct for the deficiencies of grain feeding. The difficulty is to get straw that is eatable. The practical farmer, when he happens to get a good sample, accepts it as a gift of fate and is content to turn it into profit for himself as soon as he can. The object of the enquiry, or rather the series of enquiries of which this forms a part, is to adopt the more scientific mode of procedure and endeavour to find out what differences of feeding value naturally occur in oat straw, and which of the conditions needed for high feeding value could be repeated at will, and what light such investigation threw on the old question of why farmers in some districts can fatten cattle on swedes and straw whilst in other districts it is found impossible. Oat straw is plentiful in this country and is probably well supplied with the so-called food accessories, that is the things that the grains lack; the problem at issue is how to get more of the eatable kind and less of the uneatable kind. Provided that the straw is eaten in fair quantity, the possible diminution of growth power, by partial destruction of vitamines due to keeping straw in the stack, is of no practical importance because of the large amount of the straw.
The indirect estimation of the digestibility of pasture herbage III. Regressions of digestibility on faecal nitrogen concentration: effects of species and individuality of animal and of the method of determining digestibility upon the relationships
Authors: Langlands J. P. , Corbett J. L. , McDonald I.
Published: March 2009

1. A 36-day continuous digestibility trial with three steers and three sheep fed fresh pasture herbage was carried out during May and June, 1960. For all animals the digestibilities of herbage organic matter (O.m.) were estimated both by collection of faeces and by administering standard quantities of chromium sesquioxide (Cr203) twice daily and determining concentrations of Cr203 in faeces. In a further 36-day trial during August and September 1960, three steers and three cows were used; with the steers, digestibilities were estimated by both methods but with the cows by the Cr203 method only.

2. Regression equations were obtained relating O.m. digestibility to the percentage of nitrogen (N) in faecal O.m. When digestibilities were estimated by the same method the same regression coefficients could be fitted to the data from each of the steers and sheep in the spring trial. A similar result was found with the data from each of the steers and cows in the summer trial.

3. In each equation different constant terms were required for each animal, which differed significantly between individuals but not between species or class of animal. Data obtained from an examination of the relationship of g. N excreted per 100 g. feed dry matter to g. N intake per 100 g. feed dry matter indicated that differences between the constant terms could be linked with variations between animals in the excretion of metabolic faecal N.
The regional distribution of cutaneous moisture vaporization in the Ayrshire calf
Authors: McLean J. A.
Published: March 2009

1. Nine Ayrshire calves were subjected in a climatic room to temperatures in the range 15–41° C., and moisture vaporization rates were measured, by means of ventilated capsules, from various skin regions.

2. The rise in moisture vaporization rate, during the early part of exposures to high temperatures, occurred in a series of steps. This was attributed to bursts in sweat gland activity.

3. At low environmental temperatures the moisture vaporization rate was small and similar in all regions. At high temperatures evaporation differed widely between regions. The regional distribution was similar for all animals and agreed broadly with results that have been reported for other breeds.

4. The regional distribution of moisture vaporization was not appreciably altered as animals aged from 10 to 34 weeks, but the evaporation from all regions increased during this period.
The mechanism of the decomposition of cyanamide in the soil
Authors: Cowie G. A.
Published: March 2009

A Previous investigation by the writer (1) showed that cyanamide readily breaks down, yielding ammonia in normal clay and sandy soils. The evidence, however, threw no light upon the cause or nature of this change. This question was accordingly reserved for a later investigation. The concensus of the available evidence indicated that the production of ammonia from cyanamide in the soil is due to direct bacterial action. This view was held by Immendorff(2) and Kappen(3), who concluded that in poor soils of low bacterial activities cyanamide is not converted into ammonia but is chemically transformed into dicyanodiamide. Löhnis(4) at first accounted in a similar way for the formation of ammonia from cyanamide in the soil. He(5) assumed later, however, that cyanamide is normally decomposed by soil colloids into urea or possibly some other substances, and the latter are then converted into ammonia by the soil organisms. He adduced no direct evidence of the production of urea from cyanamide in the soil.
On the measurement of imbibitional water
Authors: Russell E. W. , Gupta R. S.
Published: March 2009

Two methods of determining the weight and one method of determining the volume of water imbibed by a soil have been discussed. The results of these methods have been shown to be concordant by an independent method.

The tentative conclusion reached is that the weight of water a soil imbibes can be readily determined by Fisher's method or from the Keen-Raczkowski box, but that the volume of imbibed water cannot yet be directly determined accurately.
Studies in Crop Variation. VIII. An Application of the Resistance Formula to Potato Data
Authors: Kalamkar R. J.
Published: March 2009

IV. Summary and Conclusion

The table of results given in the last section shows that for all experiments for which the Resistance Formula has been fitted the values of the constants are consistent, bearing in mind the standard errors to which these values are subject. The constants for nitrogen may be held to have been determined with some approach to precision, but those for potash are not so well determined. We find at Rothamsted, for example, that the crop responds to a moderate dressing of potash, but higher dressings do not usually improve the yields any further. This fact limits the precision of the formula. The reader is asked to refer at this point to the full descriptions as to the meaning to be attached to the constants of the formula given by Bh. Balmukand in the earlier paper(1). The constants an and ak, called the importance factors, are interpreted as determining the capacity of the crop to recover the particular nutrient out of the soil. The chemical analysis of the tubers grown under nitrogen and potash starvation conditions should, therefore, furnish us with values which should be of the same order of magnitude as obtained by the formula. The minimum nitrogen percentage figure is 0·204, which when reduced to our units is equivalent to 4·57 lb. of nitrogen per ton of potato. The values obtained from the Resistance Formula are as close as the standard errors allow us to expect, and are also of the same order of magnitude as the chemical composition of the tubers demands.
The susceptibility of cereal varieties to manganese deficiency
Authors: Gallagher Patrick H. , Walsh Thomas
Published: March 2009

A comparison is made, under similar cultural conditions in pot experiments, of the behaviour of a number of varieties of wheat, barley, rye and oats on two soils on which oats had previously displayed pronounced symptoms of manganese deficiency.

All of these cereals were found to develop disease symptoms on these soils, rapid recovery from which invariably took place after the plants had been sprayed with 1% manganese sulphate solution. Variations in deficiency symptoms in the different cereals are indicated and observations on the course of the disease throughout the season are recorded for some thirty-two varieties.
A technique for the study of oxygen availability to micro-organisms in soil and its possible use as an index of soil aeration
Authors: Webley D. M.
Published: March 2009

1. In Part I of the paper details are presented of a new technique for the study of oxygen availability to bacteria added to soil. In essentials the technique consists of adding a washed suspension of bacterial cells together with excess of suitable oxidizable substrate to air dried, sieved soil contained in Warburg vessels. The rate of oxygen uptake is looked upon as a function of the aeration conditions within the soil. The results can be expressed by means of a conventional figure called the aeration factor (or A.F.).

2. In Part II with the use of the technique it has been shown that two physical properties of soil which influence oxygen availability under the experimental conditions of the technique are (a) moisture content of the soil, (b) the amount of break-up of the soil crumbs. Since the A.F. measures the resultant effect produced by these factors it may be regarded as an index of soil aeration.
The effects of the addition to soil of alginic acid and of other forms of organic matter on soil aeration
Authors: Quastel J. H. , Webley D. M.
Published: March 2009

1. A manometric technique for the assessment of soil aeration, described in a preceding paper by Webley (1947), has been used for comparing the effects of the incorporation into soil of alginic acid (as the ion) and other organic materials on soil airwater relationships. Some of the shortcomings of the technique, as well as its advantages are described.

2. The addition of sodium alginate to a soil improves its crumb stability and its water-holding power. It is shown that the addition of 0-1 g. sodium alginate to 100 g. of the air-dried standard soil used in this work has a gross effect equivalent to an increase in the water-holding power of soil of 11%. The effect of the alginate rapidly increases to a maximum with increase of the concentration of the alginate. The incorporation of the relatively insoluble calcium alginate has but little effect on the soil airwater relationship. It is suggested that alginate confers hydrophilic properties on soil by its combination as an ion with one or more constituents of the soil particle, thereby presenting new surfaces with high water-holding powers.

3. Incorporation into soil of cellulose acetate, methyl cellulose or of carboxymethyl cellulose improves its water-air relationships.
Chick Rearing I. The effect of diet on mortality with special reference to six-day disease
Authors: Mann T. Barton
Published: March 2009

Trichlorethylene-extracted palm-kernel meal is not an essential factor in the production of six-day disease.

A comparison of the results of tests 1, 2 and 3 clearly indicates that under the same conditions and with similar chicks, some diets tend to produce six-day disease and some do not.
Chick Rearing IV. The mechanism of infection in six-day disease with special reference to intestinal putrefaction
Authors: Mann T. Barton
Published: March 2009

Six-day disease of chicks is a disease of intestinal putrefaction, and may be fostered by any ration which contains the following:

(a) Animal proteins which show evidence of putrefaction.

(b) Excess of fibre, or sponge-like fibre such as palm-kernel meal or sugar-beet pulp, which assist in the proliferation of putrefactive microbes.

(c) Residual oils which destroy vitamin A.

(d) Starch or carbohydrate insufficient to maintain an acid reaction to the lower end of the intestines.
Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on soil Organic Matter
Authors: McLean W.
Published: March 2009

1. Six per cent. peroxide is found to be unsuitable as a reagent for the determination of the “degree of humification” of soil organic matter, as it oxidises not only compounds containing carbon and nitrogen but also a varying amount of a substance containing carbon but no nitrogen, this amount depending on the volume of reagent used and the total amount of carbon originally present in the quantity of soil employed.

2. There are apparently two phases in the attack of peroxide on soil organic matter. In the first phase, material containing carbon and nitrogen is oxidised, whilst in the second phase the material oxidised consists solely of nitrogen-free carbon compounds.

3. By the use of 3 per cent. peroxide (2 per cent, or less may be preferable for some soils) the attack on soil organic matter can be restricted to the first phase. The material thus oxidised appears to be built up by the association of a protein complex with a carbohydrate complex of high carbon content. Its carbon-nitrogen ratio is about 10:1.
Development of penis and sheath in young dairy bulls, and its relationship to age and body weight
Authors: Ashdown B. R.
Published: March 2009

1. Eighty-six bull calves (fifty-two Friesian, twenty-two Ayrshire, twelve Shorthorn) were examined at intervals, during the first year of life, by a method which allowed classification of the degree of adherence between penis and sheath into five classes.

2. Mean age and weight at which separation between penis and sheath commenced and was completed are recorded for each breed. Significant breed differences were found.

3. The rate of separation accelerates as development proceeds.

4. The relationships between age, body weight, and commencement and completion of separation in the Friesian bulls are analysed by correlation methods. These analyses suggest that both age and body weight are important in sexual development.

5. An equation is given for the linear regression of age at completion of separation on age and weight at commencement of separation and weight at 10 weeks for the Friesian bulls.
The variations in milk yields caused by season of the year, service, age, and dry period, and their elimination: Part I. Season of the year
Authors: Sanders H. G.
Published: March 2009

Although the primary object of recording cows' milk yields is to provide a means of comparing one individual with another, it is not satisfactorily achieved when the records have been obtained, since yields are influenced to a large extent by environmental factors which vary from cow to cow. The lactation record is the result of two sets of factors—genetic and environmental—and for purposes of selection and breeding it is important to be able to make accurate allowance for the one, so as to arrive at a good estimate of the other.

Leaving aside the variation due to feeding and management (which, whilst undoubtedly large, is minimised for the cows of the same herd, and which it is hardly possible to study statistically in the existing data) the chief factors operating on the lactation yield (i.e. the measurable environmental factors) are the following:

(1) Season of the year; the lactation yield is influenced to a certain extent by the month of the year in which the cow calves.

(2) Service; i.e. the stage of the lactation at which the cow again becomes pregnant. The interval between calving and the next fertile service is here termed the Service Period (S.P.); thus if a cow calves on June 1st, and becomes pregnant again on July 1st, her S.P. for that lactation is 30 days.
“Single value” soil properties: a study of the significance of certain soil constants
Authors: Keen B. A. , Coutts J. R. H.
Published: March 2009

Numerous attempts have been made to devise an experimental method that, applied to a variety or a series of soils, enables them to be placed in an order closely reflecting their field behaviour or their most important physical characteristics. They are called “single-value” determinations as they endeavour to specify the soil by a single number, in distinction to the group of figures obtained, for example, from a mechanical analysis. A number of these methods are discussed in the present paper which contains an account of a detailed investigation on 39 soils of certain single value determinations.

The methods selected for study were chosen because (i) they required only simple apparatus, and (ii) they appeared to be related to some distinct soil characteristic.

The list of measurements was as follows:

Percentage of clay.

Moisture content of soil in equilibrium with atmosphere of 50 per cent, relative humidity (the ordinary “air-dry moisture content” which was also determined, is close to this value).