bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification and Characterization of a Bovine Rhinovirus Isolated from Iowa Cattle with Acute Respiratory Tract Disease
Authors: Lupton H. W. , Smith M. H. , Frey M. L.
Published: February 2025

Viral isolate FS1-43 isolated from a calf with acute respiratory tract disease was characterized as a bovine rhinovirus. This virus was antigenically indistinguishable from rhinovirus strains C-07 and VC-96. The virus replicated in low passage Madin-Darby and Georgia bovine kidney cells. A relative noncytopathogenic replication occurred in epithelial bovine turbinate, bovine fibroblastic turbinate, and bovine lung cells. Ciliary activity of tracheal explants was unaffected during eight serial passages. Viral replication was detected earlier and viral titers were higher at 33 C than at 37 C. Rotation of cultures did not affect viral titers but was necessary to produce a cytopathic effect in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells.
Branching Patterns of the Hepatic Artery in the Dog: Arteriographie and Anatomic Study
Authors: Schmidt Sibylle , Lohse Carleton L. , Suter Peter F.
Published: February 2025

Eleven arteriograms, 7 corrosion casts, and 40 dissection studies of 51 clinically normal dogs were examined for the branching patterns of the hepatic artery. An injection of radiopaque medium for selective arteriography was made initially to radiograph the celiac artery, after which a technique defined as superselective arteriography was done, advancing a catheter tip into the hepatic artery. Superselective arteriograms for study of the hepatic artery are described, and the anatomic variants of its branching are discussed. Three major types of hepatic artery branching patterns were identified. The first consists of a single hepatic artery trunk, and this pattern was found in four dogs. The second type with two separate branches of the hepatic artery was found in 27 dogs. The third type was seen in 20 dogs and consisted of 3, 4, or 5 branches that originated directly from the hepatic artery.

The origin of the right gastric artery varied, as did the branching of the celiac artery. The most common termination of the celiac artery was as two branches in 31 dogs, and these branches were the hepatic artery and a gastrosplenic trunk. The gastrosplenic trunk subsequently divided to form the left gastric artery and the splenic artery. The usual description of the celiac artery is that it ends by trifurcating.

A scheme was developed in which the three major types of hepatic artery branching patterns were outlined. This scheme encompasses the hepatic lobar artery variants and can serve as a basis for interpretation of detailed hepatic arteriograms.
Canine Urethral Pressure Profile
Authors: Rosin Anne , Rosin Eberhard , Oliver John
Published: February 2025

Urethral pressure profiles were recorded in seven normal female and six normal male dogs. Each dog was immobilized with xylazine, and a catheter (continuously infused with saline solution) was placed into the bladder through the urethra and withdrawn at a fixed rate. Pressure changes were recorded, and the resulting graphs provided values for pressures within the urethra. Nomenclature used to describe the urethral pressure profile was standardized according to the International Continence Society's recommendations. The maximum urethral closure pressures in the female dogs were between 13.0 and 46.0 mm of Hg (mean of 23.9 ± sd 11.8 mm of Hg). There was a significant difference (P < 0.025) in the maximum urethral pressures of nulliparous female dogs less than 2 years of age when compared with those of older female dogs. The maximum urethral closure pressures in the male dogs were between 25.0 and 36.0 mm of Hg (mean of 28.3 ± sd 4.0 mm of Hg).
Pharmacokinetics of Albendazole in Sheep
Authors: Marriner Susan E. , Bogan James A.
Published: February 2025

The concentrations of albendazole and its two major metabolites, the sulfoxide and sulfone, were measured in plasma and in ruminal and abomasal fluid of three sheep (surgically prepared with permanent ruminal and abomasal cannulae) orally given albendazole as a suspension at a dose rate of 10 mg/kg.

Albendazole was not detectable in plasma at any time in one sheep (detection limit, 0.02 μg/ml) and in the other sheep, only transiently detectable. Albendazole sulfoxide was detectable in plasma and in abomasal fluid at mean peak concentrations of 3.2 and 26.2 μg/ml, respectively, 20 hours after administration.

It is probable that much of the anthelmintic activity of albendazole in sheep is due to the metabolically formed sulfoxide and sulfone.
Physiologic Changes in Awake Goats After Experimentally Induced Pericardial Effusion
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Rawlings Clarence , Steinkamp Susan J.
Published: February 2025

Awake, unmedicated goats were used to study the physiologic effects of experimentally induced acute pericardial effusion. With an increase in pericardial volumes, there was a significant (P < 0.01) linear decrease in the cardiac index. This decrease was apparently due to the decrease in stroke index (P < 0.01) rather than to a decrease in heart rate.

Peripheral vascular resistance in both the systemic and pulmonary arteries increased. The aortic pressure initially fell, but later rose with an increase in pericardial volumes. Pulmonary arterial pressures decreased with an increase in pericardial volumes. Pressures in the right atrium were significantly elevated (P < 0.01) with an increase in pericardial volumes.
Possible Factors Influencing the Immunoglobulin G Concentration in Swine Colostrum
Authors: Inoue Takeshi , Kitano Kazuhiro , Inoue Kuniyuki
Published: February 2025

The immunoglobulin (Ig) G concentration in swine colostrum was determined by the single radial immunodiffusion method, using 157 samples collected from farm-raised sows in the Yamaguchi Prefecture of Japan during 1976 and 1977. The mean IgG value was 53.03 mg/ml, and the maximum and minimum values were 101.39 mg/ml and 11.74 mg/ml, respectively. The amount of IgG varied greatly among sows.

To clarify the possible factors influencing the amount of IgG in colostrum, the following items were surveyed: season, district, breed, age of sows, number of parturitions, udder section from which samples were collected, kind of feed, vaccinations of swine erysipelas live-organism vaccine, hog cholera live-virus vaccine, Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine, transmissible gastroenteritis live-virus vaccine, type of farming, and number of sows raised on a farm. Relationships between the amount of IgG in colostrum and each of these 13 items were analyzed.

Seemingly, strong correlations with the amounts of IgG in colostrum were found with five items (district, number of parturitions, kind of feed, type of farming, and number of sows). To the contrary, five items (age, udder section, and vaccinations of swine erysipelas live-organism vaccine, hog cholera live-virus vaccine, and Japanese encephalitis live-virus vaccine) had poor correlations. Other items had moderate correlations. The multiple correlation coefficient obtained was 0.5499.
Growth of Hebdomadis Group of Leptospires in Solid Medium
Authors: Tripathy D. N. , Hanson L. E. , Jones F. C.
Published: February 2025

Leptospira hardjo, szwajizak, and sejroe produced colonial growth in bovine albumin polysorbate 80 (BAP80) solid medium which had been supplemented either with sodium pyruvate (100 μg/ml) or with 5% rabbit serum. Leptospira hardjo produced two morphologic types of colonies in both supplemented media. Growth did not occur with any of the three serovars in the unsupplemented BAP80 medium. These results indicate that addition of either rabbit serum or sodium pyruvate would aid in promoting growth of some fastidious leptospires.
Murine Infection Model for Contagious Equine Metritis: A New Venereal Disease of Horses
Authors: Arko R. J. , Wong Κ. H.
Published: February 2025

An infection model in laboratory mice for studying the bacterium (proposed name Haemophilus equigenitalis) causing contagious equine metritis is described. Small porous chambers were implanted subcutaneously into mice and after 1 to 3 weeks were inoculated with H equigenitalis. Infections that persisted for > 30 days were established by direct transfer of infective chamber fluid or by injection of laboratory-grown cultures. Immunization of mice with formaldehyde-treated cells induced significant, strain-related immunity to infection and did not appear to require complement as a protection mediator. Substantial differences in staining characteristics and cell morphology were observed between bacteria grown in mouse chambers and those grown on a laboratory medium. These differences were more apparent in smears of the organism stained by a modified Gimenez method than in smears stained by the conventional Gram stain. This murine model may be a convenient and inexpensive method for studying the immunobiology of this newly discovered animal pathogen.
Response of Conventionally Raised Weanling Pigs to Experimental Infection with a Virulent Strain of Porcine Parvovirus
Authors: Brown T. T. , Paul P. S. , Mengeling W. L.
Published: February 2025

Conventionally raised 6-week-old pigs were inoculated intranasally and orally with porcine parvovirus. The pigs remained clinically normal for up to 17 days. They were viremic between 2 and 6 days after inoculation and had detectable hemagglutination-inhibiting titers to porcine parvovirus at 5 or 6 days after inoculation. Virus was isolated from multiple tissues of pigs killed between 3 and 17 days after inoculation. Viral antigen was demonstrated mainly in lymphoid tissues of these pigs. Gross and microscopic examination of tissues failed to reveal any notable pathologic changes. The numbers of thymus- and bone marrow-derived lymphocytes did not differ significantly in inoculated and noninoculated control pigs, and the response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to selected mitogens was not altered by infection.
Maturation of Nerve Conduction Velocity and the Evoked Muscle Potential in the Dog
Authors: Sims Michael H. , Redding Richard W.
Published: February 2025

Maximum nerve conduction velocity (ncv) of motor fibers in the ulnar nerve was measured in dogs ranging in age from 12 hours after birth to 32 weeks and older. The evoked muscle potential (emp) resulting from ulnar nerve stimulation was recorded from an interosseous muscle and measured for latency, duration, and amplitude.

There was a sharp increase in ncv from 6.3 ± 0.28 m/s (mean ± sem) in dogs from 12 hours to 1 week of age to 59.04 ± 1.41 m/s in dogs 32 weeks and older. The latency of the emp, resulting from stimulating the ulnar at either a proximal or a distal site, decreased markedly after birth to 4 to 5 weeks and then more gradually until 10 to 12 weeks. In dogs between 10 to 12 weeks and 32 weeks and older, latency increased but was never as high as in the newborn.

Duration of the emp followed a similar pattern. Amplitude increased sharply with age, resulting in a final 14- to 18-fold increase by 32 weeks and older.
Immunofluorescent Studies on Localization of Secretory Immunoglobulins in the Intestines of Turkeys Recovered from Turkey Coronaviral Enteritis
Authors: Nagaraja Κ. V. , Pomeroy B. S.
Published: February 2025

The present study concerns the production of specific secretory antibodies in turkeys orally inoculated with turkey coronavirus (tcv). Tissue localization of secretory antibodies in the intestines of recovered birds 4 and 5 months later was demonstrated by immunofluorescence technique. Intestinal sections were stained by sandwich method, using concentrated tcv antigen and anti-tcv conjugate. It was suggested that local synthesis of antibody might be responsible for life-long immunity seen in these birds after recovery from infection.
Feline Respiratory Tract Disease in Louisiana
Authors: Bech-Nielsen Steen , Fulton Robert W. , Cox Hollis U. , Hoskins Johnny D. , Malone John B. , McGrath Renee K.
Published: February 2025

An investigation of feline respiratory tract disease (frd) was made involving 65 affected cats (group 1) and 65 control cats (group 2) matched for age, sex, and residence. Feline calicivirus strains (fcv), feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1), or both, were isolated from 59% of group 1 cats and from 7% of group 2 cats. Isolation of these viruses showed a significantly greater (P < 0.05) relative risk for group 1 cats.

Virus isolations were three times more frequent from males than from females older than 1 year (both groups), but were equally distributed between males and females younger than 1 year.

Bacteria and fungi had a secondary role in both fcv- and fhv-1-associated frd. Intestinal infections of Ancylostoma spp, Dipylidium caninum, and Toxocara cati were diagnosed more frequently in group 1 cats than in controls (group 2). Paragonimus kellicotti was diagnosed in 3 group 1 cats, Taenia taeniaeformis in 1 group 1 cat, Isospora rivolta in 1 group 1 cat, and Giardia cati in 1 control cat. The present study supports the current concept of a primary viral cause for development of frd.
Histologic Classification as a Prognostic Criterion for Canine Lymphosarcoma
Authors: Weller R. Ε. , Holmberg C. A. , Theilen G. H. , Madewell B. R.
Published: February 2025

Neoplastic tissues from 72 dogs with lymphosarcoma were histologically classified according to the Rappaport schema to determine if the histologic features of the disease had any clinical or prognostic importance. Of 72 dogs, lymphosarcomas in 7 were classified as nodular (9.7%) and 65 were classified as diffuse (90.3%). The two principal cytologic types were lymphocytic, poorly differentiated, and histiocytic, which composed 39% and 56% of the lymphosarcomas, respectively; whereas lymphocytic, well differentiated, mixed, and undifferentiated composed 6%. Clinically, all of the dogs were stage III or IV, according to the accepted criteria for canine lymphosarcoma. The overall complete remission rate was 64% and was defined as no clinical evidence of disease after 9 weeks of chemotherapy. Median remission among nodular histiocytic, diffuse lymphocytic, poorly differentiated, and diffuse histiocytic (dh) groups of dogs was 42 days, 29 days, and 42 days (range, 0 to 1,095), respectively. Median survival for the same groups was 235 days, 190 days, and 173 days (range, 1 to 1,261), respectively. A logarithmic analysis of variance revealed no significant differences among nodular histiocytic, diffuse lymphocytic, poorly differentiated, and dh groups relative to days remission, as well as to days survival. It was observed that those dogs with neoplasms classified as dh had longer remission durations. It would appear that for any one animal, histologic classification according to the Rappaport schema cannot be used as a prognostic criterion in predicting therapeutic response, remission, or survival.
Isolation of Pseudorabies Virus from Trigeminal Ganglia of a Latently Infected Sow
Authors: Gutekunst D. E. , Pirtle E. C. , Miller L. D. , Stewart W. C.
Published: February 2025

A 2-year-old sow with a relatively low virus-neutralization (vn) titer (1:8) against pseudorabies virus (prv) was brought to the National Animal Disease Center for observation and study. The sow was kept in isolation for approximately 6 weeks, and repeated nasal and tonsillar swabs for virus isolation and blood samples for vn tests were obtained during this interval. At the end of 5 weeks’ observation, the sow was injected im with 200 mg of dexamethasone and was euthanatized 1 week later. Parts of the two trigeminal ganglia, tonsillar tissue, and nasal secretions were cultured in porcine kidney cells. The rest of the trigeminal ganglia was extracted with phenol and tested for presence of the prv-DNA genome by hybridization with tritiated complementary RNA. The prv was isolated from the trigeminal ganglia only, and the prv genome was demonstrated in the same tissue. This latently infected sow was a potential shedder of prv.
Contagious Equine Metritis: Isolation and Characterization of the Etiologic Agent
Authors: Sahu S. P. , Dardiri A. H.
Published: February 2025

Uterine, cervical, and clitoral specimens on swabs from pony mares infected with contagious equine metritis (cem) bacteria were streaked on agar plates. Colonies of cem bacteria were observed under CO2 incubation in 2 days on Eugon chocolate agar and Eugon blood agar plates. The diameter of the colonies varied from 0.2 mm to 1 mm in 2 days which increased to 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm on day 4. The colonies on Eugon chocolate agar plates on days 2 to 4 were shiny, brown, round, and convex, and easily glided when pushed with a loop. The diameter of the colonies on chocolate and blood agar plates made from tryptose blood agar base (TrCA or TrBA) was 0.2 to 0.3 mm on day 4. Due to their small size on TrCA or TrBA, colonies of cem bacteria were easily recognized from large numbers of contaminants. The organism required hemin for its growth. It gelled in water, caused delayed hemolysis of blood agar plates, and was extremely susceptible to acid in the pH range of 3 to 4.5.

A difference in growth of cem bacterium was observed on primary isolation media obtained from two different commercial sources.
Tensile Strength of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament in Cattle
Authors: Moss Edwin W. , Ferguson Thomas H.
Published: February 2025

The ultimate tensile load of the cranial cruciate ligament of normal adult cattle was measured. The ultimate tensile load was related to the animal's live body weight and to the cross-sectional surface area of the cranial cruciate ligament.

Four groups of joints were used which were based on angle of the joint and time after slaughter that the test was made. Repeatability was determined by using paired joints from the same animals.

The results indicated a high degree of correlation between the tensile load of the cranial cruciate ligament and the animal's live body weight and the cross-sectional area of the ligament. There were no significant differences between the 4 groups tested and the repeatability was high for the tensile load, the tensile load per unit body weight, and the tensile load per unit cross-sectional area.
Effects of Succinylcholine on the Electroencephalogram of Dogs
Authors: Knecht Charles D. , Kazmierczak Kris , Katherman Anne E.
Published: February 2025

Electroencephalograms of 20 dogs given succinylcholine and concurrent artificial respiration were recorded. The amplitudes of the fast activity of the electroencephalograms were approximately one-fifth that observed in awake dogs. In addition, the occurrence of slow waves (6 to 8 Hz) was more marked in those dogs treated with succinylcholine. Succinylcholine caused a low amplitude dominant activity with increased moderate amplitude low frequency waves.
Role of the Blood Platelet in the Pathogenesis and Complications of Experimental Myocardial Ischemia
Authors: Schneider Morris D.
Published: February 2025

Because new evidence contradicts a classic concept that obstructive coronary thrombosis is a major cause of sudden unexpected coronary death, we investigated the dynamic nature of a triple-heiical collagen-platelet interaction in the systemic venous circulation of anesthetized/tranquilized guinea pigs. Five guinea pigs were iv injected with an aortic concentrate (457 μg/kg of body weight) containing intact native microfibrillar collagen. Dynamic changes in left ventricular pressure (lvp) and electromyocardial impulse formation and conduction (ecg) were monitored concurrently and constantly with a Grass polygraph for 30 minutes. Platelets in the systemic venous circulation reacted quickly when exposed to the collagen's stimulatory action. Two guinea pigs administered the collagen suspension died within 15 minutes. In one, a large lvp rise in millimeters of Hg (systolic/diastolic) pressure within approximately 30 s to 200/20 to 30 from a preinjection base line of 90 to 100/0 to 5 mm of Hg pressure was accompanied by a marked drop in the absolute platelet number in the circulation by 60 s. The lvp then partially receded within 40 s, but by 60 s was again elevated (200/30). By 2.25 minutes, lvp peaked (230/30); the ST-segment portion of the ecg tracings showed serious disruption in electrical conduction rhythm, and T-waves became isoelectric. In the next 3 to 10 minutes, lvp receded below base line (40/5). As lvp regressed, severe ecg conduction fiber disruptions (2:1 A-V block, 3:2 and 4:3 Wenckebach block) correlated positively with the presence of platelet aggregates in smaller arterial vessels in the lungs. In control guinea pige iv injected with heat-denatured aortic concentrate (15 mmutes at 100 C), platelets did not disappear from the circulation; changes were not detected in lvp and ecg tracings. We therefore propose that the swift lvp increase and the disruption of ecg conduction rhythm were caused by the biosynthesis and release of a burst of an ischemic chemical factor—a thromboxane A2-like substance produced by the fresh platelet aggregates in the lungs.
Effects of Tertiary Methods on Total Organic Carbon Removal in Saline, Closed-System Marine Mammal Pools
Authors: Adams Gary , Spotte Stephen
Published: February 2025

Organic matter accumulates in marine mammal pools that are not diluted continuously with clean influent water. Some of this material may be carcinogenic or mutagenic. Four tertiary methods were tested for effectiveness in lowering the total organic carbon (toc) concentration in saline marine mammal pools. The toc concentration at the start of each trial is shown in parentheses. Ozonation alone in duplicate trials had no effect on toc during sequential contact periods of 25, 30, and 30 minutes (13.66 mg of toc/L of sample water) and 30, 30, and 30 minutes (12.85 mg of toc/L) when the dosage levels were 4.13, 4.03, and 4.52 mg of O3/L, respectively. Contacting marine mammal water with granular activated carbon in a single trial (12.91 mg of toc/L) removed approximately 37% of the toc in 10 minutes, but only an additional 11% was removed in 60 minutes. The amount removed in 10 minutes was equivalent to 20 days’ accumulation at previously determined rates of increase. Brief ozonation of the water, followed by contact with granular activated carbon, was the most effective method tested. When results of the duplicate trials (12.95 and 12.65 mg of toc/L) were averaged, the amounts of toc removed were 60% (5 minutes), 70% (10 minutes), and 78% (30 minutes). Two experiments using superchlorination (114 mg of free available chlorine/L of water contacted for 4.5 hours) reduced the toc concentration from 15.6 to 11.2 mg/L (28% reduction), and from 15.6 to 10.2 mg/L (35% reduction).
Cytoplasmic Blood Plasma Inclusions of Canine Hepatocytes Demonstration by Immunoperoxidase-Labeling Method
Authors: Abe Kenji , Shimoda Toshihiko , Shikata Toshio
Published: February 2025

Cytoplasmic inclusions in canine hepatocytes were scattered abundantly throughout hepatic lobules. They were mainly round, measured 3 μm to 20 μm in diameter, stained eosinophilic with hematoxylin and eosin stain, and were positive for diastase-resistant periodic acid-Schiff and phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin stains. Immunoperoxidase staining revealed that most of the inclusions were positive for such blood plasma components as albumin, immunoglobulins G, Μ, A, and transferrin. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions were granular, floccular, fibrillar, or homogeneous with a low or high electron density. Fibrin fibers and erythrocytes were occasionally recognized in the inclusions. These inclusions were considered to have derived from engulfment of blood elements into hepatocytes, probably as a result of increase of the intrasinusoidal blood pressure.
Microhardness of Molar Teeth in Cattle with Fluorosis
Authors: Shearer T. R. , Britton J. L. , DeSart D. J. , Suttie J. W.
Published: February 2025

Cattle were fed forage containing fluoride at a yearly average of 40 mg of fluoride/kg of forage for 5 or 6 years from the time they were 4 months of age. A significant (P < 0.05) negative correlation was observed between the average microhardness of the 3rd premolar and 3rd molar enamel and the fluorosis score of the 2nd incisor. The microhardness of fluorotic outer molar enamel was only 41% of the microhardness values of enamel from control teeth not exposed to long-term fluoride, and electron probe microanalysis indicated increased fluoride concentrations in the molar coronal cementum, enamel, and dentin. Increased incisor fluorosis scores were diagnostic of softer molar enamel. When severe, such changes may have a detrimental effect on the proper mastication and subsequent nutrition of cattle with fluorosis.
Effects of Acetate on Absorption of Solute and Water from the Pig Colon
Authors: Crump M. H. , Argenzio R. A. , Whipp S. C.
Published: February 2025

The effect of acetate, at physiologic concentrations, on sodium and water absorption in the temporarily isolated colon of the conscious pig was studied with isotonic perfusion solutions buffered at pH 6.4 or 7.4, in which either chloride or acetate was present as the major anion. Sodium and water absorption was greater from the acetate solution when the pH was low; however, acetate reduced sodium and water absorption below that observed with the chloride solution when the pH was high. There were no significant differences observed in sodium or water absorption from the chloride solution at either pH. We conclude that the concentration of undissociated acetate influences sodium and water absorption in the colon of the pig. Such an effect may have important consequences on the reserve absorptive capacity of the colon in certain diarrheal diseases.
Ovarian Response to Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Postpartum Dairy Cows
Authors: Garverick H. A. , Elmore R. G. , Vaillancourt D. H. , Sharp A. J.
Published: February 2025

Laparotomies were performed on 17 lactating dairy cows, milked twice daily, 12 or 13 days after parturition to observe gross ovarian structures. Five cows were randomly given an im injection of saline solution and 12 cows were given 100 μg of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). A 2nd laparotomy was performed 3 days later to observe changes in ovarian structures. In addition, the genital tract was palpated per rectum 5 to 8 days after the 2nd laparotomy, and blood samples for hormonal analysis were obtained prior to each laparotomy and palpation per rectum. Eight of 12 cows given GnRH and 2 of 5 cows given saline solution had developing corpora lutea with prominent ovulation papilla at the time of the 2nd laparotomy. Luteinized follicles were not observed. In GnRH-treated cows, 7 of 7 cows with follicles ≥ 15 mm ovulated after GnRH treatment compared (P < 0.01) with 1 of 5 cows with follicles ≤ 10 mm. Increase in plasma progesterone was not observed in GnRH-treated cows not ovulating. Thus, GnRH induced ovulation in postpartum dairy cows that had large follicles at the time of GnRH treatment.
Serum Digoxin Concentrations in Dogs Before, During, and After Concomitant Treatment with Phenobarbital
Authors: Pedersoli W. Μ. , Ganjam V. K. , Nachreiner R. F.
Published: February 2025

Healthy dogs were treated once a day for 26 days with a liquid, oral dosage form of digoxin (0.022 mg/kg). From day 10 to 24 they were also given phenobarbital (12 mg/kg, sid, orally). Serum digoxin concentration was measured by a radioimmunoassay technique. Eight hours after the 2nd daily dose of digoxin had been administered, serum digoxin concentration was in the accepted therapeutic range. After 3 days of concomitant administration of digoxin and phenobarbital, serum digoxin concentration began to increase. Beginning on day 15 until day 24 (last day of combined digoxin and phenobarbital treatment), a significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum digoxin concentrations occurred. Blood urea nitrogen values remained within the normal limits throughout the study. There was no significant (P > 0.05) difference between base-line heart rate and P-R intervals and the values recorded during the investigation.
Serum Concentrations of Primidone and Its Metabolites, Phenylethylmalonamide and Phenobarbital, in the Dog
Authors: Yeary Roger A.
Published: February 2025

The elimination of primidone, phenylethylmalonamide, and phenobarbital (administered iv) was studied in dogs. The elimination half-lives were primidone, 1.85 ± 0.3 (sem) hours; phenylethylmalonamide, 7.1 ± 1.45 hours; and phenobarbital, 40.9 ± 4.96 hours. Dogs given repeated oral doses of primidone for 14 or 21 days had smaller primidone serum concentrations after each dosing. Dogs given 1.0 g of primidone orally (59.2 decreasing to 50.5 mg/kg of body weight) for 21 days accumulated the phenobarbital metabolite with apparent steady-state concentrations of 10 to 20 μg/ml and phenylethylmalonamide in concentrations of 2 to 5 μg/ml. Serum primidone concentrations decreased after repeated dosing and were measurable in only 1 dog 24 hours after the 21st dose and peak concentrations of 4 to 7 μg/ml were measured at 4 hours after the 22nd dose.
Isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica from Selected Animal Species
Authors: Wooley R. E. , Shotts E. B. , McConnell J. W.
Published: February 2025

Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated from 5 of 1,002 fecal samples taken from laboratory rats and mice, hamsters, dogs, cats, pigs, cattle, horses, and deer. Two isolates were from dogs (2 of 202; 1%), and 1 from a pig (1 of 107; 0.9%). The 3 isolates were biotype 1. Atypical environmental Y enterocolitica was isolated from a cow (1 of 141; 0.7%) and a horse (1 of 101; 1%). Isolates were not recovered from the other animal species.
Ring-Stabilization Technique for Collection of Avian Air Sacs
Authors: Trampel D. W. , Fletcher O. J.
Published: February 2025

Histologic features of chicken air-sac membranes harvested with rings were compared with those of membranes collected on cards. Ring stabilization of the tissues throughout fixation, dehydration, and embedment was found to reduce markedly the artifacts and the loss of normal tissue architecture observed within the wall of card-collected air sacs.
Use of a Continuous Feline Cell Line for Virologic and Serologic Investigations of Bovine Leukemia Virus Infections
Authors: Van Der Maaten M. J. , Miller Janice M.
Published: February 2025

Simple, practical, reproducible methods for the detection of bovine leukemia virus (blv) in peripheral blood leukocytes and blv-neutralizing antibodies in bovine sera are described. Virus detection is based on syncytium formation in transformed feline (F-81) cells. The use of multiwell culture plates provides practical benefits in testing large numbers of samples. Results obtained in 2 farm herds show that the agreement of serologic and virologie test results may vary considerably from herd to herd.
Experimentally Induced Caseous Lymphadenitis in Goats
Authors: Ashfaq M. K. , Campbell S. G.
Published: February 2025

Caseous lymphadenitis was experimentally induced in goats by inoculating 1 × 106 Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by 3 routes: subcutaneous, intradermal, and submucosal. The incubation period for the development of abscesses in the present study ranged from 41 to 147 days, the average being 95.2 days. The shedding period for C pseudotuberculosis from opened abscesses ranged from 9 to 37 days, with an average of 20.3 days. The infection spread to mediastinal lymph nodes in 1 goat and to lumbar lymph nodes in 5 goats. None of the goats had abscesses in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis was recovered from all the abscessed lymph nodes but not from the feces or nasal secretions.
Activated Coagulation Time in Monitoring Heparinized Dogs
Authors: Green Robert A.
Published: February 2025

Heparin was administered to normal dogs either iv or subcutaneously and the anticoagulant effects were monitored by determining prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) and activated coagulation time (act). Significant correlation was found between act and log aptt for all heparin doses. Intravenously administered heparin was rapidly cleared, with the anticoagulant effects lasting only 2 to 3 hours. One hour after iv heparin at dose levels of 100 and 200 U/kg was given, the aptt were prolonged to 1.8 and 2.8 × base-line values, respectively, whereas the act were prolonged to 1.4 and 1.6 × base-line values, respectively. Subcutaneously administered heparin was rapidly absorbed, approaching maximal anticoagulation by 2 hours. Thereafter, a fairly stable plateau of anticoagulation was maintained for 4 to 14 hours depending on dose. Two hours after administration of heparin dosages of 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 U/kg, the dog's aptt values were prolonged by 1.6, 2.4, 3.1, and 3.2 × base line, respectively. Corresponding values for act revealed prolongations of 1.3, 1.5,1.6, and 1.7 × base line. Considerable variation in aptt response to a given dose of heparin was noted, particularly in dogs given the higher heparin dosages. Subcutaneous heparin administration at a dosage of 500 U/kg maintained an aptt target value of 1.5 to 2.5 × base line for 8 hours. On the basis of the regression line equation, act = ™7.2 + 73.5 log aptt, act values corresponding to the aptt target value ranged from 92.2 to 108.5 s (1.23- to 1.45-fold base line). Monitoring anticoagulation in dogs given subcutaneous heparin is recommended at 2 hours to evaluate maximal anticoagulation effects and at 8 hours to evaluate minimal anticoagulation effects. The inexpensiveness, technical simplicity, and linear response to heparin support the use of act in monitoring heparinized dogs.
Study of Nictitating Membranes and Genitalia of Dogs with Reference to Lymphofollicular Hyperplasia and Its Cause
Authors: Jackson J. A. , Corstvet R. E.
Published: February 2025

Nictitating membranes of 12 dogs were excised and frozen to demonstrate, by the direct fluorescent antibody technique, the presence of a herpesvirus in the tissues. Smears and frozen sections were stained with fluorescein- conjugated canine herpesvirus antiserum. Attempts were made to demonstrate antibody to the virus in the serum of 29 dogs by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Serum samples were reacted with primary dog kidney cells infected with canine herpesvirus-205. Cells were then stained with fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-dog immunoglobulin G. Serum-neutralization tests were done with all serum samples giving a questionable-to-positive reaction in the indirect fluorescent antibody test.

Histopathologic sections were prepared of nictitating membranes from 12 dogs and were examined to determine tissue type. Plastic sections were prepared of specimens from 17 dogs. Abnormal-appearing specimens were resectioned and examined with an electron microscope. Conjunctival and genital membranes of 7 dogs were examined for chlamydia by direct smear and culture. Blood was collected from 6 other dogs, and the serum was examined for complement-fixing antibody to chlamydia.

Conjunctival and genital membranes of 12 dogs were examined culturally for mycoplasma and other bacterial agents. The membranes of 42 dogs were cultured for virus.

Transmission studies were done by inoculating normal animals with material from infected animals and by inoculating normal animals with the bacterial isolate Streptococcus canis. Dogs also were inoculated with canine herpesvirus for comparison studies.

Viral antigens were not seen in the tissue by direct fluorescent antibody tests, and antibody to the virus was not demonstrated by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. Study of histopathologic and plastic sections revealed the tissue to be predominately glandular rather than lymphoid.

Viral or chlamydial agents were not isolated. Mycoplasma and other bacterial isolates were not considered contributory to the problem. Transmission studies revealed that the condition was not transmissible to other dogs.
Adverse Effects Caused by Polypropylene and Polyvinyl Feline Urinary Catheters
Authors: Lees George E. , Osborne Carl A. , Stevens Jerry B. , Ward Gilbert E.
Published: February 2025

Effects of 3 days of open indwelling urethral catheterization were evaluated in normal male cats. Commercially manufactured polypropylene and polyvinyl feline urinary catheters of sufficient length to permit constant urine drainage were compared. Catheters were similar in length, diameter, and design.

Hematuria occurred in 6 of 6 cats with polypropylene catheters and in 4 of 6 cats with polyvinyl catheters. For cats with polypropylene catheters, hematuria began within 24 hours of catheter insertion. Hematuria induced by polypropylene catheters was usually more severe in final urinalyses than that induced by polyvinyl catheters.

Catheter-induced bacteriuria was found in 5 of 6 cats with polypropylene catheters and in 3 of 6 cats with polyvinyl catheters. Staphylococci and streptococci were the most common bacterial isolates.

Microscopic lesions in urethras and bladders were significantly less severe in cats with polyvinyl catheters than cats with polypropylene catheters. With few exceptions, urethras of cats with polyvinyl catheters were microscopically indistinguishable from urethras of noncatheterized cats. Polypropylene catheters consistently induced urethritis which was most severe in some bacteriuric cats.

Severe lesions were found in the bladders of all cats with polypropylene catheters. Bladder lesions were common in cats with polyvinyl catheters, but were usually less severe than in cats with polypropylene catheters. There was no apparent relation between bacteriuria and bladder lesions.
Preliminary Investigation of a Possible Lung Worm (Parafilaroides decorus), Fish (Girella nigricans), and Marine Mammal (Callorhinus ursinus) Cycle for San Miguel Sea Lion Virus Type 5
Authors: Smith A. W. , Skilling D. E. , Brown R. J.
Published: February 2025

Colostrum-deprived neonatal Northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) were exposed to San Miguel sea lion virus type 5 (smsv-5) by feeding them fish (Girella nigricans) infected with virus or fish infected with both the sea lion lung worm larvae (Parafilaroides decorus) and virus. Virus infection was demonstrated in 8 of 9 pups, and 1 of these developed a vesicular lesion on the flipper. In this sequence, P decorus larvae exposed to smsv-5 were fed to G nigricans held at 15 C in a salt water aquariums; 32 days later, these fish were killed, then fed to the fur seal pups. The vesicle developed 22 days subsequent to this and smsv-5 was reisolated from the lesion. The smsv-5 was shown to persist for at least 23 days in infected neonatal fur seals. Attempts to establish P decorus infection in Northern fur seal pups were apparently unsuccessful.
Hematologic Study of Effects of Levamisole on Stressed Cattle
Authors: Ziprin Richard L. , Steel Ellen G. , Petersen H. DelVar , Elissalde Marcel H. , McCartor Myron
Published: February 2025

The effects of shipping stress, increased serum cortisol concentrations, and levamisole treatment on the hematologic values of cattle were studied. Complete blood counts were done on blood samples from 40 calves; samples were collected 9 times during a period that began immediately after the calves were weaned and continued through an auction barn-truck transport cycle plus 5 weeks. The object of the study was to determine whether the combination of shipping stress and levamisole treatment would alter the hematologic values (granulocytic series). There was no effect observed.
Biologic and Serologic Relationships Between Page’s and Sawata’s Serotypes of Haemophilus paragallinarum
Authors: Sawata Akira , Kume Katsumi , Nakase Yasukiyo
Published: February 2025

Biologic and serologic relationships between Page’s serotypes A, B, and C and Sawata’s serotypes 1 and 2 of Haemophilus paragallinarum were investigated. Of the 7 Page’s serotype strains tested (which were biologically confirmed as H paragallinarum), serotype B strains Spross and 0222 (which produced a low-iridescent smooth-type colony) required V factor, but did not require chicken serum for growth. Serotype A strains 083, W, Georgia, and Germany and serotype C strain Modesto, as well as Sawata’s serotype 1 strain 221 and serotype 2 strain H-18 (which produced a high-iridescent smooth-type colony) required V factor and chicken serum for growth.

Strains 083, W, Georgia, and Germany of Page’s serotype A and Modesto strain of serotype C, as well as strain 221 of Sawata’s serotype 1 and H-18 of serotype 2, had a heat-labile, trypsin-sensitive L antigen. Because serotype A strains had serotype 1-specific antigen and common L antigen, which is shared by serotypes 1 and 2, these strains corresponded to Sawata’s serotype 1. Serotype C strain Modesto, which had serotype 2-specific antigen and common L antigen, corresponded to serotype 2. However, serotype B strains Spross and 0222 lacked serotype B-specific L antigen, and were not typeable.
Serum Electrophoresis and Immunoglobulin Concentrations in Cows with Lymphoma
Authors: Jacobs R. M. , Valli V. E. O. , Wilkie B. N.
Published: February 2025

Changes in the serum electrophoretic patterns and immunoglobulin (Ig) concentrations were examined in cows with lymphoma, in clinically normal cows, and in cows with various inflammatory conditions. Cows with lymphoma had moderately increased concentrations of α2-globulin which were significantly different from concentrations in normal animals (P ≤ 0.01) and in animals with inflammatory conditions (P ≤ 0.05). This was possibly due to the increase in acute-phase reactant proteins which occurs with inflammation and neoplasia; however, there was the suggestion that these α2-globulins may be qualitatively different in animals with neoplasia. β2-Globulins were significantly (P ≤ 0.01) decreased in cows with lymphoma, and this was attributed to lower concentrations of Ig observed in this group. All Ig classes, except IgA, were decreased in cows with lymphoma, but the greatest decrease was observed in the IgM class.
Immunization of Calves Against Salmonellosis
Authors: Smith Bradford P. , Habasha Faisal G. , Reina-Guerra Mario , Hardy Allen J.
Published: February 2025

Fifty-six normal colostrum-fed Holstein-Friesian and Holstein-Friesian × Angus crossbred calves ranging in age from 3 to 9 weeks were divided into 4 vaccinated groups and 1 nonvaccinated (control) group. Group I consisted of 10 calves vaccinated 2 or 3 times subcutaneously with formalin-killed Salmonella dublin-S typhimurium bacterin with added adjuvant. Group II consisted of 4 calves vaccinated orally with formalin-killed S typhimurium daily for 21 days. Group III consisted of 17 calves given colostrum from dams which had been vaccinated twice subcutaneously with a formalin-killed S dublin-S typhimurium bacterin with added adjuvant. Group IV consisted of 8 calves orally given small doses of live virulent S typhimurium twice. Seventeen calves served as nonvaccinated controls.

One to 2 weeks after the final vaccine dose (or at 3 weeks of age for group III), all calves were orally challenge exposed with virulent S typhimurium. Oral challenge dose levels ranged from 1.5 × 109 viable organisms to 1.5 × 1011 viable organisms. Mortality following oral challenge exposure was 11 of 17 controls, 6 of 10 group I calves (ns), 2 of 4 group II calves (ns), 11 of 17 group III calves (ns), and 1 of 8 group IV calves (P = 0.001). Twenty calves, 4 from group I, 8 from group III, and 8 from the control group, given 1.5 × 1011 challenge organisms (the largest challenge inoculum) died, whereas only 1 of 6 calves in group IV given this dose died. Group II calves were not given the 1.5 × 1011 challenge dose.

Under the conditions of this experiment, bacterins given parenterally or orally to calves or given parenterally to the dams of calves did not decrease morbidity and mortality, whereas small numbers of live organisms given orally to calves were effective in lessening morbidity and mortality following oral challenge exposure with virulent S typhimurium.
Bovine Babesiosis: Pathogenicity and Heterologous Species Immunity of Tick-Borne Babesia bovis and B bigemina Infections
Authors: Smith Ronald D. , Molinar Enrique , Larios Fernando , Monroy Juan , Trigo Francisco , Ristic Miodrag
Published: February 2025

A total of 22 nonsplenectomized Hereford, Holstein-Friesian, and cross-bred 18-month-old cattle were used to assess the degree of protection conferred by previous infection with Babesia bovis or B bigemina against infection and disease from tick-borne challenge exposure with the heterologous species. Prior infection with B bigemina or B bovis did not significantly (P < 0.05) reduce the susceptibility of cattle to tick-borne infection and disease caused by the heterologous species. Carrier infections were not activated during heterologous species challenge exposure, nor was the severity of the challenge-exposure infection aggravated. Immunologic cross-reactivity in the indirect fluorescent antibody test was restricted to the period during and shortly after recovery. Homologous indirect fluorescent antibody titers persisted long after primary infections with B bovis, but gradually declined in B bigemina-immune cattle. Babesia bovis infections caused severe reactions characterized by high fever, pancytopenia, and death of 9 of 15 infected cattle. Total serum bilirubin and urea nitrogen values increased markedly within 24 hours preceding death and were often accompanied by clinical signs of cns involvement (incoordination, opisthotonos, and paddling). Microscopic lesions were restricted largely to kidney, cns, and liver parenchyma and were characterized by vascular congestion and aggregation of infected erythrocytes in small vessels. Babesia bigemina, in contrast, caused only mild fever and anemia despite prolonged parasitemia and marked thrombocytopenia. The absence of significant (P < 0.05) heterologous species immunity indicated that protection of cattle from these 2 babesial parasites will require specific immunization against each species.
Neural Changes in Vaccinated Calves Challenge Exposed with Virulent Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus
Authors: Narita Minoru , Inui Sumio , Nanba Koichi , Shimizu Yukio
Published: February 2025

Recurrent infection in calves vaccinated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis-(ibr) modified live virus was induced by dexamethasone (dm) treatment given 49 days after challenge exposure with virulent ibr virus. Nonchallenge-exposed im and intranasally vaccinated calves did not excrete the virus after dm treatment; however, im and intranasally vaccinated and subsequently challenge-exposed calves excreted the challenge-exposure virus into the nasal secretions 5 to 11 days and 6 to 10 days after the dm treatment, respectively. The calves were killed 15 to 18 days (experiment 1) and 14 days (experiment 2) after dm treatment was started and then were examined by histopathologic and fluorescent antibody techniques. All dm-treated calves that were inoculated with the vaccinal virus and challenge exposed with the virulent virus developed nonsuppurative trigeminal ganglionitis and encephalitis. On the contrary, the dm-treated nonchallenge-exposed vaccinated calves did not have lesions in the peripheral nervous system and cns. Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus antigens were not observed in tissues of any of the calves examined (experiments 1 and 2) by fluorescent antibody techniques.

These observations indicated that the modified live ibr virus neither produced lesions nor induced latent infection and that modified live ibr virus vaccination did not protect the calves against the establishment of a latent infection after their exposure to large doses of the virulent ibr virus.