bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Restructuring and Divestitures
Authors: Feldman Emilie R.
Published: October 2021

Divestitures are major corporate restructuring transactions that narrow firm boundaries by removing one or more of a company’s businesses, subsidiaries, or divisions. Globally, divestitures account for about 30 to 40 percent of overall dealmaking activity and create more than double the shareholder value of mergers and acquisitions (M&A), their expansionary counterparts. Yet, restructuring and divestitures have been relatively understudied in the field of management. This chapter presents an agenda for research into the phenomena of restructuring and divestitures by surveying past and current literature about them and laying out some productive directions for future research in this domain. The core insight is that although divestitures are often seen as reactive solutions to problems within organizations, these transactions are and should be viewed by managers as proactive, strategic tools that have the potential to create significant value for the companies that undertake them.
Listening for Culture
Authors: Onnie Rogers Leoandra , Moffitt Ursula , Meiling Jones Courtney
Published: October 2021

There is an inextricable link between humans and their cultural environments, as each reciprocally creates and is created by the other. This chapter discusses interviewing as a critical methodological tool for understanding culture as intricately intertwined with subjective meaning making and identity processes. We start from the premise that the stories gathered through research-based interviews serve as repositories of shared cultural knowledge as experienced and interpreted by individuals. After briefly examining the historical position of interviewing in the field of psychology, the chapter will draw on examples from the authors’ own research in the United States and Germany to offer guidance on (a) designing interview protocols that allow for cultural analysis, and (b) conducting analysis to see culture through interview data. Empirically guided suggestions for fostering researcher reflexivity, acknowledging power, and dismantling hierarchies are provided throughout the chapter, all in service of truly “hearing” culture in the stories participants tell.
Cultural Psychology, Diversity, and Representation in Open Science
Authors: Syed Moin , Kathawalla Ummul-Kiram
Published: October 2021

The current moment in psychology is one of great challenges and great opportunities. The open science movement—the move toward more transparent, credible, and reproducible science—has led to a redefinition of what constitutes “normal science.” However, the field of cultural psychology, broadly construed, has by and large not engaged with the open science movement and, likewise, the open science movement has by and large not engaged with cultural psychology. The purpose of the present chapter is to bring open science and cultural psychology closer together, highlighting how they can benefit one another. In doing so, the discussion is focused on three types of representations regarding diversity in psychological research and how they intersect with open science: representation of researchers, or the diversity of the scientists actually doing the research; representation of samples, or who is included as participants in our research studies; and representation of perspectives, or the substantive conceptual and theoretical views we bring to our work. For each of these three types of representation the problem is outlined, followed by a discussion of how embracing the principles and behaviors of open science can help.
A Whirlwind of Change
Authors: Poriss Hilary
Published: October 2021

Chapter 1 introduces The Barber of Seville through the changes it underwent following its premiere, rather than through a solitary focus on plot and music. Exploring the opera in this manner serves a dual purpose. First, it paints a colorful picture of one opera’s journey not only through the years, but also through the reverberating spaces of hundreds of opera houses, through the minds and throats of thousands of singers, and into the ears and hearts of millions of spectators and critics. Simultaneously this project highlights the idiosyncratic and sometimes surprising practices that characterized an entire operatic culture that has now largely faded, but which is by no means fully extinct. This chapter provides a detailed overview of the types of alterations made to The Barber of Seville including translations, the addition of new arias (and cuts of others), excerpting, and alternate stagings. The chapter concludes with an analysis of an image of Rossini and three of his singers by Eugène Delacroix.
A Return to Rossini
Authors: Poriss Hilary
Published: October 2021

This chapter situates The Barber of Seville in the context of the twentieth century, a time when the Rossini Renaissance and a growing sense of fidelity to the “work concept” led to a desire to adhere closely to Rossini’s intent. Following a brief overview of sporadic attempts to access the “original” opera during the nineteenth century, the focus falls on the development of the critical edition project, exploring the various singers, directors, and musicologists who played a role in accessing an authentic version of The Barber of Seville. The chapter concludes with a comparison of the two modern critical editions of the opera.
Bryher’s Family Closet
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

This chapter traces Bryher’s “illegitimate” roots, vaguer than H.D.’s, in spite of her family’s amassed wealth. Her father, an accounting genius, married Bryher’s mother, Hannah Glover, when he had not yet achieved his fame in shipping lines. One of the many invisible women in the working class and in this book, possibly a milliner, Hannah’s origins are shrouded in mystery. John became Sir John Ellerman, his shipping lines buttressing England’s imperial reach. Sir John was suspected of being Jewish, though it cannot be confirmed. Bryher grew up in a house of secrecy but idealized her childhood; her parents, as if they were on the run, took her on many exotic travels. She was in Paris for the 1900 World Exhibition and rode a camel in Egypt. She modeled her inner life on boys’ books.
Love & Art
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

Hilda became H.D. when Pound named her poems “Imagist,” using her trim initials to prove the movement’s aesthetic restraint. She fell in love with Richard Aldington, who joined her and Amy Lowell in writing Imagist poems. The Great War broke into their writing. Aldington enlisted. During the war, H.D. suffered his adultery and fled to Cornwall with a lover, while Bryher found a pen pal in Lowell, who introduced her to H.D.’s poems and the 1916 Sea Garden, with its raw, haunted landscape. Bryher met H.D., just then in Bryher’s favored topography of Druidic Cornwall. Encouraged by H.D., Aldington and Bryher exchanged letters; he enjoyed her autobiographical Development.
Romance of Rescue & “the Jellyfish Experience”
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

This chapter shows H.D. and Bryher launching their enduring and prolific intimacy. Not long after their meeting, H.D. discovered she was pregnant with Cecil Gray’s child. With Bryher’s encouragement, she delivered Perdita, surviving severe pneumonia in 1918. As if in Sappho’s gymnasium, H.D. took Bryher under her wing, introducing her to Havelock Ellis and sexology. Ellis confirmed Bryher’s sense that she was really a boy. In the Scillies, H.D. and Bryher shared a vision they called “the jellyfish experience,” suggesting a “womb brain” existed. The world in fragments, they sought intimacy and nudity in nature, throwing off the claustrophobic customs of Victorianism. They cultivated a joined or overlapping psyche as their “receiving station,” trying to re-create the world through their love. Making an unofficial custody arrangement, H.D. let the eager Bryher take charge of Perdita, leaving her to write, rotating in as co-mother. This chapter introduces the idea of “chosen kin.”
Questing America & Marianne Moore
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

H.D. headed with Bryher and infant to America to introduce them to her recently widowed mother. They visited Marianne Moore and her mother. The chapter focuses on the dual relationships Bryher developed with Moore, her boyish double, the other with bisexual Robert McAlmon, then a male model working on a low-budget journal, Contact, with William Carlos Williams. McAlmon fell for Bryher. While traveling to California and back through Chicago, Bryher composed West, an autobiographical travelogue and portrait of her crush on Moore. In Carmel, H.D. and Bryher posed nude. In New York again, Bryher announced at tea with the Moores and Scofield Thayer, editor of the Dial, that she had married McAlmon at a registry office. She did it to shield H.D. and Perdita, and in exchange, McAlmon could pursue his great wish to write and explore Europe. The marriage wounded Moore, who thought him unsuitable for the fencing, adventurous Bryher.
Film Morphing into Borderline
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines Borderline, the threesome’s full-length film of 1930, starring Paul and Eslanda Robeson, with H.D. acting a jealous racist. The Robesons bonded with Bryher, opening her eyes to racism in the locals, fueling her decision to build a Bauhaus, Kenwin (after Kenneth and Winifred), in another canton. Borderline was hailed by Pabst as avant-garde; all the participants suffered emotional depletion. Bryher continued work on Close Up as a vehicle for revealing mounting white supremacy. Bryher had a crush on a Viennese film star, Elisabeth Bergner, also suffering from bodily dysphoria—and terror of Nazis. Reporting violence inflicted upon Jews and anyone not Aryan, Bryher ended the innovative journal; she became an activist. Bryher contacted Freud, who agreed to take on H.D. as analysand, and hired a mentally unstable housekeeper, who mirrored H.D.’s and Bryher’s own repressions. Bryher started attending the International Psychoanalytic Congress.
Enter Freud
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

H.D. traveled to Vienna for her first sessions with Freud in March 1933, mentally anchoring Bryher in the therapy sanctum while she worked through their Corfu visions, which led Freud to think she was “stuck” in the “pre-Oed stage.” Freud also thought H.D. wanted to be Moses and establish a new religion. During her stay, H.D. crossed barbed wire and armed soldiers to reach the opera. Bryher came twice, and in June, their tram was stopped for a bomb search. In July, Sir John died, leaving an emotional vacuum for the illegitimate heiress. After the funeral, her brother announced his plan to marry, just when Bryher thought he might help her care for their mother. Bryher channeled her angry grief, harnessing money to help refugees gain necessary papers, and wrote Manchester based on a trip there to help Bergner’s stage fright, only to be rejected.
“Group Consciousness” & Ion
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

While Bryher purchased Life and Letters To-Day, making Herring the literary editor, H.D. opened her doors at her new flat, 49 Lowndes, as “semi-professional analyst,” sifting through her friends’ tangles faced in analysis. Frustrated letters from Bryher arrived from Kenwin about Perdita’s desire for more attention from her birth mother. H.D. translated Ion, the play she worked on when they first met and when she was carrying Perdita. This play worked on mother loss and love. After a visit from Gertrude Stein and Thornton Wilder, H.D. reclaimed herself as a poet, applying experimental techniques in her translation. Bryher left for New York, establishing connections for refugees and tracking Bergner’s performance of Escape Me Never. Macpherson, living in New York, showed Perdita the city, while the plays they saw enacted the very crisis faced in Ion, catharsis for mother guilt, the disorientation of exile, and illegitimacy.
Séance Nights
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

The chapter begins with air raids, narrated in H.D.’s The Gift. Writing this autobiographic novel, H.D. rediscovered ancestral history about her mother’s religion and the dissenter on her father’s side, Thomas Doolittle, who preached during the Great Fire of London. Bryher attended an auction of Violet Hunt’s furniture, obtaining her tripod William Morris table. After they attended Hugh Dowding’s talk at Wigmore Hall, the pair had weekly séances with Arthur Bhaduri; initially most of the messages came for Bryher from her father. Dowding recoiled from H.D.’s suggestion they join his circle, which characteristically gave her energy to finish the second section of Trilogy, Tribute to the Angels. Osbert Sitwell arranged a reading with Eliot, Edith Sitwell, and H.D., among others, with the royal princesses in attendance. Norman Pearson arrived and arranged for Perdita to work for the OSS.
Losing One’s Mind to Find It
Authors: McCabe Susan
Published: October 2021

H.D. began Sword Went Out to Sea, when she began solo contact with the dead airman, Dowding’s “boys” (the very material of the novel in process), and a fresh rejection from the Admiral, triggered H.D.’s breakdown at Lowndes. H.D. sent Bryher to “the Cave” (the basement), fearing a bomb was about to destroy St. Paul’s, starting the Third World War. H.D. projected her fears upon Bryher, left to arrange for her care, and her difficult transport from Lowndes. The couple’s hiatus in their communication was a first. Dr. Theodore Brunner insisted Bryher not write to the patient. Though H.D. was delusional and severely undernourished, Bryher recognized many of her symptoms as enlarged versions of usual habits, such as assigning metaphoric value to objects. Once recovering, H.D. did not remember how she ended up at the Kusnacht clinic in Zurich, where she was greeted by the couple’s friend, Dr. Schmideberg. Everyone there spoke German. Bryher wrote in spite of the doctor’s insistence not to. Once her connection with Bryher was reestablished and letters resumed, H.D. recovered, though she complained about her captivity and the shock treatments, though eventually she thought they, too, helped. Bryher sent tapestries from Lowndes and fresh colorful wool, encouraging H.D. to weave and to finish her essay on Renaissance poets to join the Claribel poems in By Avon River.
Islam in Southeastern Europe
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: October 2021

This chapter shows how Islam emerged and rose in Southeastern Europe and how Muslims in areas that later became part of Greece lived in Byzantine and Ottoman times, particularly after the end of the eighteenth century. The chapter discusses the establishment during the Ottoman era of institutions and patterns of political behavior that were to influence the communal life of Muslims later in the institutional framework that was adopted by the new national environment of Greece after Greece won independence. For example, in the nineteenth century, following pressures by the Great Powers to protect the autonomy and cultural life of Muslims from the assimilation policies of the Greek state, Greek authorities organized the Muslims in a way similar to the way the Ottoman Empire had organized and ruled non-Muslims during its Tanzimât period (1839–1876).
The Greek War of Independence (1821–1832)
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the conditions leading to the emergence, development, and outcome of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1832). It analyzes the role of Eastern Orthodox Christianity as a mobilizing factor against the Ottomans among the Christian Orthodox during the war. The war paved the way for Greek Orthodoxy to become the dominant religion, legally, of the newly established Kingdom of Greece in 1832, which was officially called the Kingdom of Hellas. Islam and Muslim communities were regarded as enemies and targeted by the Greek rebels with the purpose of either uprooting Islam from areas that were to become parts of Greece or assimilating Muslim communities by converting their members to Christian Orthodoxy.
The Problem of Iatrogenic Injury
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan
Published: October 2021

This introduction briefly presents the problem to which the book is addressed: the hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and millions of injuries suffered by Americans in the course of their healthcare. To date, the patient safety problem has proven incalculably difficult to ameliorate through the conventional efforts of both the healthcare industry and the legal system. The aim of this book is described: to explore strategies the law could undertake that look beyond conventional malpractice litigation. A new generation of innovative laws could harness the insight that more can be achieved by attending to higher levels of organization, by correcting perverse incentives, by encouraging the use of appropriate new technology, and by pursuing other innovations. The chapter concludes with a roadmap to the rest of the book.
Systems, Errors, and Responsibility—It’s the System’s Fault!
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan
Published: October 2021

“Systems, Errors, and Responsibility—It’s the System’s Fault” explores the concept of systems in the promotion of safety in healthcare. The systems approach originated a century ago, the interdisciplinary product of psychology, engineering, biomechanics, and other fields, working to increase productivity, reduce errors, and improve safety, especially in manufacturing and transportation industries. The patient safety movement has recently discovered that approach. Proponents have noted the main goal of a system designed for safety is to make human error difficult and to recognize that medical injuries are due to multiple interconnected effects. This chapter illustrates the systems approach to analyzing harmful errors in healthcare, as well as improving safety (e.g., in anesthesia and redesign of a hospital prescription-ordering system). The healthcare system is placed within a larger systems framework, notably the research and development of science; how ecology facilitates or impedes health or spreads disease (public health); the larger economic and legal web which envelops health and healthcare; and implications of the systems approach for accountability.
Epilogue
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan
Published: October 2021

The epilogue, after reminding readers of the fundamental problem of massive iatrogenic deaths and injuries in the American healthcare system (by transposing the incidence into the context of air travel) and noting the inability of the healthcare industry and of traditional legal responses to improve patient safety, encourages the following of Dr. Seuss’s counsel: “If you can see things out of whack, then you can see how things can be in whack.” The book has explored a number of law-driven and law-related developments, and speculated on new possibilities. Its larger aim is to fuel a wide-ranging conversation directed at finding effective legal innovations able to improve patient safety. The book also encourages experimentation and evidence-based evaluations of those innovations: abandon what does not work, disseminate and replicate what does work.
How Poor-Led Movements Build Collective Capabilities
Authors: Deveaux Monique
Published: October 2021

Whether linked by place—like residents of urban slums—or work—like the waste/recycle pickers—poor-led groups mobilize and engage in collective action to protest injustices and demand their social rights and entitlements. Drawing on the notion of “collective capabilities” as developed by some proponents of the capability approach, this chapter explores how poor-led organizations and social movements seek to build the collective capabilities of the poor. In particular, it discusses poor activists’ development of two kinds of collective political capabilities: the skills and capacities needed to engage in oppositional activism and effective claim-making; and capabilities for cooperative and productive activity to increase their livelihoods and collective political power.
Conclusion
Authors: Lindow John
Published: October 2021

Old Norse mythology in all its manifestations shows that mythologies may have lives that extend well beyond their sacred contexts.
Living with Gentrification
Authors: Kukla Quill R
Published: October 2021

This chapter concerns gentrification, which is one of the most important ways in which urban spaces are transforming. Gentrification is a powerful example of how dwellers and spaces change by shaping one another, and of the struggles and tensions that surround competing forms of agency that are simultaneously trying to establish territory in conflicting ways. Moreover, gentrification almost always provides us with powerful examples of power differentials between dwellers, who are unequally able to exercise spatial agency and enjoy a smooth fit between the spaces they inhabit and their own practices and needs. In keeping with the overall themes of this book, this chapter examines gentrification through the lens of micronegotiations and movement through space. Drawing on original fieldwork, it uses Columbia Heights, a neighborhood of Washington, DC, as a case study.
The Repurposed City of Johannesburg
Authors: Kukla Quill R
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the landscape of Johannesburg, taken as a city that shapes the agency of its inhabitants, and it show hows, conversely, the residents of Johannesburg have remade spaces in their city to suit their needs. Johannesburg is a repurposed city: it was built to support a series of spatial and political orders that are now defunct, and its material structure must now be reused by different residents inhabiting a different order. The materiality of the city was shaped by apartheid, which sharply controlled how its residents used and occupied space. The residents of postapartheid Johannesburg find ways of creatively tinkering with the city, whose landscape still reflects that past era. This chapter looks at how apartheid continues to mark the landscape of the city, and how current residents are creatively repurposing this landscape. It begins with a spatial history of Johannesburg and an analysis of its current spatial logic. It then provides detailed explorations and readings of several repurposed spaces within the city, comparing their present and past uses and meanings, and situating them within the history and spatial logic of each city.
Date, Authorship, and Historical Context
Authors: Cline Erin M.
Published: October 2021

The Analects is a text with multiple authors and was compiled over time, yet is unified by a variety of themes and ideas as well as an emphasis on Kongzi as a teacher and as an exemplar: it is the earliest and most influential record of his thought. This chapter examines the accounts we have of Kongzi’s biography and who he was, with a special focus on what we learn about him in the Analects and his own self-understanding. It then discusses the diverse views concerning the authorship, compilation and dating of the Analects, including scholarly debates over these matters. It further discusses the importance of different approaches to understanding the composition and compilation of the text, and the potential motives of those who were involved in it.
Disciples, Commentators, and Canonical Status
Authors: Cline Erin M.
Published: October 2021

The canonical status of the Analects was achieved through the work of Kongzi’s disciples, the writings of traditional Confucian commentators, the formal recognition and inclusion of the Analects in key sets of texts at certain points in Confucian history, and the way in which its teachings permeated East Asian cultures. This chapter examines what the canonical status of a sacred text looks like in different traditions, what canonical status has meant in Confucianism, and what it looks like in the case of the Analects specifically. It examines Kongzi’s disciples, their personal devotion to him and their role in the legacy of the Analects. It then explores the rich and diverse commentarial tradition on the Analects and its influence, including how various Confucians sought both to transmit and defend Kongzi’s teachings, and to solidify its influence.
The Power of Self-Motion in Cavendish’s Nature
Authors: Lascano Marcy P.
Published: October 2021

Nature, according to Cavendish, has “an Infinite Natural power, that is, a power to produce infinite effects in her own self, by infinite changes of Motions.” While Cavendish mentions powers with respect to human beings, medicines, occasional causes, and other entities, these powers are really just the power of self-moving matter to cause changes in the world. This chapter examines why Cavendish attributes the power of self-motion to matter, what this power is, how it arose, how it is enacted, and its limitations. In doing so, it discusses her views on causation, perception, and motion, and argues that motion is not reducible to change in mereological facts.
Introduction
Authors: Myers Alicia D.
Published: October 2021

This chapter introduces the method and key terms and provides initial background. After introducing the canonical Gospels and Acts, this chapter gives an overview of the book’s methods and assumptions. This book uses a synchronic and ancient audience-oriented approach but incorporates a significant amount of historical background into the conversation. Next, the chapter defines the literary genres of the canonical Gospels as ancient biographies, and Acts as an ancient historiography, noting the questions of historicity these writings also raise. The final major section of the introduction investigates possible literary relationships between the canonical writings, incorporating recent scholarship in an accessible manner. The chapter ends with a brief overview of the flow of the rest of the volume.
Conclusion
Authors: Myers Alicia D.
Published: October 2021

The book ends with a final chapter that summarizes the major points and offers three sections to emphasize the enduring relevance of the early Christian Gospels and Acts. These sections include a discussion of the historical Jesus and various quests for the historical Jesus; an exploration of connections between ancient Roman contexts and contemporary Western society; and a final section identifying key takeaways for reading the New Testament, and other works, with a critical and charitable lens informed by contextual understandings. Even if these writings do not explicitly describe contemporary issues, they and interpretations of them throughout history have contributed to our twenty-first-century world in positive and negative ways. This chapter asserts that contextualizing the Gospels and Acts and exploring their histories of interpretation enable us to understand our own contexts better, if not also our own beliefs.
Self-Cultivation Philosophies in Ancient India, Greece, and China
Authors: Gowans Christopher W.
Published: October 2021

The book defends the thesis that the concept of self-cultivation philosophy is an informative interpretive framework for comprehending and reflecting on several philosophical outlooks in India, the Greco-Roman world, and China. On the basis of an understanding of human nature and the place of human beings in the world, self-cultivation philosophies maintain that our lives can and should be substantially transformed from what is judged to be a problematic, untutored condition of human beings, our existential starting point, into what is put forward as an ideal state of being. We are to do this by undertaking a set of therapeutic or spiritual exercises guided by some philosophical analysis. The self-cultivation philosophies in India are expressed in the Bhagavad Gita; the Sāṃkhya and Yoga philosophies of Īśvarakṛṣṇa and Patañjali; and teaching of the Buddha and his followers Buddhaghosa and Śāntideva. The philosophies originating in Greece, with subsequent development in the Roman period, are the most prominent Hellenistic approaches: the Epicureanism of Epicurus, Lucretius, and Philodemus; the Stoicism of Chrysippus, Epictetus, and Seneca; and Pyrrho and the Pyrrhonism of Sextus Empiricus. The self-cultivation philosophies from China are the early Confucian outlooks of Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi; the classical Daoist perspectives of the Daodejing and the Zhuangzi; and the Chan tradition of Bodhidharma, Huineng, and Linji.
Genomic Insights into the Out-of-Africa Dispersal(s) of Modern Humans
Authors: Stoneking Mark
Published: October 2021

The origins of our species, modern humans, have long been a contentious issue, with numerous models based on fossil and archaeological data having been proposed and argued about. Beginning 30 years ago, with seminal studies of mitochondrial DNA variation, genetic and now genomic data have firmly established that Africa is the home of modern humans, and that all non-African populations are derived from Africa. Moreover, the analysis of genomic data from archaic human fossils has revealed that interbreeding occurred between modern and archaic humans. Thus, the model that best describes the origins of our species is that of a recent African origin followed by assimilation of archaic humans as modern humans dispersed across and out of Africa. However, numerous questions remain, particularly whether there was a single dispersal or multiple dispersals of modern humans from Africa, and genomic data bring insights into this question.
Migration Patterns in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Authors: Tarskaia Larissa , Egorova A. G. , Barashkova A. S. , Sukneva S. A. , Leonard W.
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines migration patterns and other demographic changes within the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in Northeastern Siberia. The republic as one of the administrative sub-divisions of Russia went through dramatic demographic changes that occurred as a reflection of economic changes in Russia. Industrial development of the northern regions of the Russian Federation that mainly started in 1950s led to the population growth both as by natural growth and as a positive net migration as well. During this period, the republic’s population distribution has shifted from primarily rural to increasingly urban. Thus, in 1980s, population size in the republic reached over one million people. However, population size drastically decreased especially during post-Soviet period due to economic and political changes that have been occurred in Russia when migratory out-flow from the republic has exceeded natural growth. Improvement of socio-economic situation is the key for a positive demographic development of the republic in the future.
Evidence of Human Migration
Authors: Alcalá-Castañeda Enrique
Published: October 2021

Cave studies are important for better understanding the origins of the pre-Hispanic Mexican populations and the relationships among them. Particularly in the Puyil cave, bone remains and cultural remains will help to reveal how an ancient population migrated. Among Mesoamerican cultures, caves had a significant meaning in their cosmogonic conception of the world. The cave of Puyil contains pre-Hispanic burials evidence with more than 40 mortuary remains, distributed in the small cavities, sills, and spaces of the floor surface that make up the chambers and galleries formed by carbonate rocks. The ornamental elements of the ritual objects that accompany the remains indicate burial practices of pre-Hispanic tradition. The distribution of the funeral deposits inside the Puyil cave suggests that there was a hierarchical deposition of osteological remains and that pre-Hispanic groups of different ethnicities have used this ceremonial and funerary place from the Archaic to the Classical Period, and that it has been used even in current times.
How Do We Address Climate Disruption?
Authors: Weiss Charles
Published: October 2021

This chapter outlines the urgent, sustained, worldwide technological and institutional transformations in energy, transportation, land use, buildings, urban systems, infrastructure, agriculture, and industry needed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to climate disruption. These transformations involve government, business, financial, educational and research institutions, civil society, and the general public. They will be specific to each country and adjusted with experience. They will need public participation, understanding, and buy-in. They will require carbon charges sufficient to influence business and consumer decisions. This chapter reviews and assesses the many technologies needed to make these transformations possible. Coal-fired generating plants must be entirely phased out. Wind and solar energy must expand to meet the new demand for electricity from massively improved energy efficiency throughout the economy. Measures that could have been phased in smoothly and affordably thirty years ago are now drastic, painful, expensive, and hampered by populist backlash. Time is short.
How Was Nicholson’s Proto-Element Theory Able to Yield Explanatory as well as Predictive Success?
Authors: Scerri Eric R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter provides a detailed account of how John Nicholson’s atomic theory of the early 20th century was spectacularly successful in accommodating as well as predicting some spectral lines in the solar corona and in the nebula in Orion’s Belt. The theory was soon shown to be completely mistaken in several respects, and yet it served to introduce the notion of the quantization of angular momentum of electrons in any atom. Armed with this key idea, Bohr was able to develop the first successful model of the hydrogen atom and to initiate the quantum theory of atomic physics. This example is used to argue for an evolutionary and “organic” view of the manner in which scientific theories develop and to dispute Kuhn’s notion of scientific revolutions, while agreeing, nevertheless, with the later Kuhn’s insistence on the evolutionary development of scientific concepts and his denial that science approaches a pre-existing and exterior “truth.”
The Case of the Consumption Function
Authors: Jhun Jennifer S.
Published: October 2021

This chapter claims that how economists actually treat the consumption function, both theoretically and empirically, seems to be at odds with traditional structural realism. It argues that while economics aims to find out the way the world actually is, economic theory—including theoretical staples such as the consumption Euler equation—do not always state literal truths. Yet, such methods persist. The chapter’s investigation will reveal that the Euler equation is deployed as part of a realist methodology to identify scale-dominant behaviors. These analyses permit the economist to conduct counterfactual reasoning and sometimes (via policy) to intervene on the world itself; the implication is when this is successful, the economist has uncovered real structure.
Rethinking Salafism
Authors: Ismail Raihan
Published: October 2021

This book analyzes the transnational networks of Salafi Sunni Muslim ʿulama, encompassing Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia. It examines how these networks of conservative ʿulama have been developed and sustained, while taking into consideration the contest between their alternative political persuasions: activists versus quietists. The book evaluates the impacts of local and regional circumstances on the transnational networks of Salafi ʿulama. It examines how these networks are fostered or destabilized by these interactions, resulting in contestations and negotiations over Salafi religious and political identities. This book also offers a reassessment of existing Salafi typology by examining the attitudes of the ʿulama toward the Sunni-Shiʿa divide, toward jihadi-Salafism, and toward social issues concerning Muslim societies.
Transnational Networks
Authors: Ismail Raihan
Published: October 2021

The conclusion deals with the issues discussed in the substantive chapters, and brings together the findings found in those chapters. It analyzes the transnational networks of Salafi ‘ulama in the selected countries, and their domestic considerations of those clerics when engaging with Salafi ideals. It also highlights the contributions made by the book in relation to the evolutionary nature of Islamist politics in the region and how Salafi ‘ulama respond to different political circumstances, regionally and locally. The conclusion further outlines the attitudes of Salafi ‘ulama towards the Shiʿa and how their networks are fostered and destabilized in the face of the Sunni-Shiʿa divide in the region. Similar destabilization occurs in relation to social issues.
The Poet-Artist as Double Agent
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines Baudelaire’s conceptions of the poet as double agent and comic performer. It begins by examining the role of the poet-lawgiver in relation to Chateaubriand, Staël, Lamartine, Hugo, and Vigny and argues that while each writer perceived a tension in the creative act between passive reception and active construction, none found this tension disabling. But for Baudelaire the double nature of the poet-artist—passive participant in life, conscious creator of artefact—necessarily entails the problematic double act of knowingly depicting how it feels to be unknowingly subject to the laws of human nature. In the second and third sections this duality is discussed in relation to Baudelaire’s theory of the comic as expounded in De l’essence du rire (in which successful comic performance is considered to require the performer’s simulated unawareness of absurdity) and to the consequent critical debate about Baudelaire’s possible status as a ‘comic’ poet.
Les Fleurs du Mal (1857/1861): New Beginnings
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter and Chapter 9 discuss the evolving ‘architecture’ of the first and second editions of Les Fleurs du Mal and examine in particular the changes made between 1857 and 1861 to the ‘beginnings’ and ‘endings’ of each edition. This chapter focuses on the poems from ‘Spleen et idéal’ that begin the collection in both editions (poems 1–20). It shows how in these poems Baudelaire dismantles the Romantic figure of the poet as divine lawgiver and celebrant of nature (‘Bénédiction’, ‘Le Soleil’, ‘Élévation’, ‘Correspondances’, ‘Les Phares’) and substitutes the ‘Poète [d’]aujourdhui’ (‘J’aime le souvenir de ces époques nues…’). This poet creates beauty (‘des beautés de langueur’) within a more sceptical, secular poetry that recognizes the realities of human melancholy (‘le Mal’) and writes as an alternative lawgiver who no longer lays down the law for others but, in ‘Au lecteur’, invites readers to feel, think, and imagine for themselves.
Les Fleurs du Mal (1857/1861): New Endings
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines the ‘endings’ of ‘Spleen et idéal’ and Les Fleurs du Mal. After discussion of ‘Hymne à la Beauté’, which in 1861 completes the evolution from tradition to innovation in the poet’s thinking about beauty (poems 1–21), it is argued that whereas in 1857 the final seven poems of ‘Spleen et idéal’ allowed this section to mirror the overall structure of the collection as a movement from upward aspiration towards downbeat acceptance and ironic repose, the last seven (different) poems in the 1861 ‘Spleen et idéal’—from ‘Obsession’ to ‘L’Horloge’—express a full-blooded embrace of melancholy as the means to a new form of poetry (as then exemplified by ‘Tableaux parisiens’). It is then shown how this new structure is mirrored in the new ending given to ‘La Mort’ (and thus to Les Fleurs du Mal), and in particular by ‘Le Voyage’.
Imagination and Suggestion
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses how Baudelaire uses the terms ‘suggestif’ and ‘suggestion’ in his articles on Richard Wagner and Constantin Guys, and briefly in his obituary article on Eugène Delacroix (1863), to present the creative imagination as having an emancipatory function, actively requiring the participation of the listener or viewer. In Wagner’s case the apparent imprecision of non-verbal music fosters a suggestiveness that Baudelaire sees as inducing a heightened form of perception, a ‘clairvoyance’ akin to the mysterious incontrovertibility of dream. In the case of Guys, Baudelaire attributes the beauty of his sketches to their capacity to stimulate moral conjecture, notably about the ways in which Guys’s subjects (the soldier, the dandy, the courtesan) themselves pursue beauty by conferring knowing pattern on the quotidian contingencies of dress and behaviour. By its suggestiveness art is seen to resist melancholy and to remind us of our ability to find and create alternatives.
The Inauguration of the Prose Poem
Authors: Pearson Roger
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines Baudelaire’s inauguration of the prose poem in ‘Le Crépuscule du soir’ and ‘La Solitude’. It examines the first versions of these poems, published in a collective volume (1855), and discusses ‘La Solitude’ in relation to an essay in the same volume by the journalist Hippolyte Castille, and with reference to the liberal economic theory of Frédéric Bastiat. These two poems are presented, in their original and revised versions, as reflecting two principal strands in Le Spleen de Paris: its articulations of the relationship between beauty and melancholy, and a playful engagement with broader moral, political, and philosophical issues that offers itself as an alternative to contemporary journalism. The two poems are proposed as paradigms of a strategy of resistance to dogmatically normative discourse and as a celebration of the poetic imagination in its assertion of the human right to be uncertain and to change one’s mind.
Spinozan Meditations on Life and Death
Authors: Klein Julie R.
Published: October 2021

Spinoza conceives life and death primarily in terms of potentia and rationes. His discussion raises complex issues about the nature, constitution, and coherence of singular things. Moreover, his view that death comes from external causes requires us to clarify what boundaries or limits mean within his physics. I begin with God’s life and power. Where God’s life or power is infinite, finite modes or singular things live to the extent that they have sufficient power to persevere in certain rationes, the stable but somewhat flexible and resilient communicative and organizational patterns that characterize composite individuals and their relations with ambient others. Spinozan bodies die upon being de- and re-composed by more powerful causes; the parts of a human or a social body, for example, can expropriated by outsiders. Minds, like bodies, can also be said to live and die. Minimally conceived, Spinozan life involves just enough power to endure affections, regenerate one’s ratio, and affect others. Adam and others who live according to imagination exemplify this minimal way of living, and imagination itself can be said to perish. Conceived more robustly, living involves increasing one’s power to express one’s ratio. The well cared for child, and ultimately the sage whose way of living is organized by joyful conatus intelligendi and who therefore does not think of death, exemplify Spinoza’s conception of increasing our expressive power.
Interviewing the Suspect: Key Considerations
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the key issues relevant to the interview of any suspect. It begins with legal advice, explaining the role and objectives of the legal adviser to allow one to understand their behaviour and work with them as fellow professionals working at the “front end” of the criminal justice system. The chapter also considers the key tasks of interview planning, in particular information disclosure both prior to and during an interview, and practical preparation prior to meeting the suspect. It then investigates the legal safeguard of the caution and other pre-questioning issues. Ultimately, the chapter examines the presentation of case material to the suspect, bad character questioning, and how to tackle omission and anomaly by conducting a FAIR review, before closing — appropriately — with how to end the interview.
Interviewing the Suspect Who Exercises the Right to Remain Silent Without Producing a Prepared Statement
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter focuses on the suspects who exercise their right to remain silent, that is, to say 'no comment' in response to questions concerning the offence, but without presenting a prepared statement. It notes that this approach can cause interviewers to lose focus and control of the situation. The chapter details the effective, ethical, and professional conversation management of this scenario, by first examining the logic behind the decision, how it will be presented and then how to proceed, to ensure that a legally compliant interview product is obtained that can still advance the case. It also offers a detailed discussion about responding to the suspect who unexpectedly switching to answering questions and the suspect who is not legally represented and exercises the right to silence.
Interviewing the Suspect Who Produces a Prepared Statement
Authors: Shepherd Eric , Griffiths Andy
Published: October 2021

This chapter explores the issues involved when either a 'bare bones' or 'full' prepared statement is produced as the 'safest defence.' It also outlines a methodical approach to processing their contents and subsequent effective, ethical conversation managed interviewing of the suspect. The production of a prepared statement by a suspect and their legal adviser can unsettle some interviewers. This is caused less by the statement itself but more by the signalled intention to make no comment replies to all questions. Understanding the logic behind the decision to opt for a prepared statement, the types of prepared statement and having a plan to respond assists management of this situation. The chapter spotlights the significance of having a sound understanding of the two types of statement, knowing how to process any prepared statement and then respond correctly in the light of your case knowledge for an interview practitioner.
Deformation/strain and stress
Authors: Bouchez Jean-Luc , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2021

The necessary vocabulary, fundamentals and definitions for ‘deformation’, ‘strain’ and ‘stress’ are provided. Types of deformation, incremental or progressive, pure shear and simple shear, deformation regimes, flow lines and vorticity number, shortening, extension and strain measurements are explained. The concept of stress acting on a surface, through its normal and shear components is presented, along with their graphical representation using the Mohr diagram. In the elastic domain that characterizes very small strains, the relationship between stress and strain is discussed through the elastic constants among which the shear modulus and Poisson’s coefficient are notable. Finally, the stress–strain relationships for the ductile (plastic) and viscous behaviours, characteristic of large deformations, are discussed. These form the basis of understanding the rheology of the Earth, and hence Tectonics.
Technical aspects of tectonics
Authors: Bouchez Jean-Luc , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: October 2021

Practical tools that can be useful in tectonic studies are briefly examined in this chapter. Field geologists will find some of these tools to be theoretical and conceptual (e.g., tensors), while a few, such as the universal stage (mounted on an optical microscope), are rarely used in the 21st century. It was routinely employed in the previous century, particularly in crystallography, before the advent of modern (but costly) techniques that use X-rays, neutrons or secondary electrons, which will be also discussed. A good handling of orientation data on 2D-projections (Schmidt or Wulff nets) continues to be very practical and of regular use to geologists. The chapter will end with brief introduction to digital imagery and magnetic studies (Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility, AMS) that help to define shape preferred orientations (SPOs) in rocks, and with gravity techniques that are also commonly in practice in geological studies.