bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical Characteristics of Yam Bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) Seed Proteins
Authors: Kisambira Abbas , Muyonga John H. , Byaruhanga Yusuf B. , Tukamuhabwa Phinehas , Tumwegamire Silver , Gruenberg Wolfgang
Published: October 2014

This study sought to determine the physicochemical and functional properties of yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus) seed proteins. Pachyrhizus erosus seeds from two accessions (UYB 06 and UYB 07) were milled into flours and then defatted. A portion of the defatted flour was used for production of protein isolates and protein fractions. The physicochemical and functional properties, in vitro digestibility and electrophoretic pattern of the flour and protein isolate were determined. The results showed that albumins (53.3%) were the dominant protein fraction followed by globulins (18.7%), glutelins (8.8%) and prolamins (2.7%). Regarding functional properties, the Pachyrhizus erosus seed protein isolates exhibited 8% of least gelation concentration, water absorption capacity of 3.0 g g-1, oil absorption capacity of 0.8 g g-1, protein solubility of 81.0%, foaming capacity of 37.1%, foam stability of 73.8%, emulsion activity of 13.8% and emulsion stability of 9.2%. In vitro protein digestibility of the raw and cooked beans was 87.6% and 84.3%, respectively. The electrophoretic pattern of Pachyrhizus erosus protein showed major bands corresponding to molecular weight 13.3, 15, 29.8, 54.4 and above 84.7 kDa. The results, suggest that Pachyrhizus erosus seed protein has potential for use in both food and non-food applications such as films and coating.
A Influência dos Principais Fatores de Risco nas Diferentes Fases do Ciclo de Vida dos Projetos de Capital em uma Empresa de Mineração de Grande Porte.
Authors: Mulisani Roberto Vendramini , Garcez Marcos Paixão
Published: October 2014

As perspectivas de expansão moderada da demanda global por minérios e metais no médio prazo levam as empresas de mineração a direcionarem seus investimentos de maneira focada no incremento de sua eficiência, minimizando os seus custos e riscos. Este trabalho apresenta, na forma de um estudo de caso, pesquisa dos principais riscos que incidem nos projetos de capital de uma empresa de mineração nacional de grande porte. Entrevistas com gerentes de projetos, levantamento de dados em workshops com foco na gestão de riscos de projetos de capital, permitiram conhecer os principais riscos que incidem nas fases de desenvolvimento destes projetos
Uma proposta de instrumento de pesquisa para a avaliação do desempenho do Escritório de Gerenciamentos de Projetos
Authors: Oliveira Ronielton Rezende , Martins Henrique Cordeiro , Dias Alexandre Teixeira , Monteiro Plínio Rafael Reis
Published: October 2014

É intrínseco a natureza humana medir para conhecer, sendo este um objetivo direto ou indireto do processo de geração de informação e absorção de conhecimento. Diante da lacuna existente na disciplina do Gerenciamento de Projetos em relação à disponibilização de instrumentos de pesquisa validados, o propósito deste artigo é apresentar as etapas de elaboração de um instrumento para a pesquisa quantitativa nesta área de conhecimento. As afirmações foram validadas por especialistas nacionais e internacionais. Este poderá ser utilizado para a coleta de dados em outro estudo, com o objetivo de avaliar um modelo conceitual que se destina a medir o desempenho do Escritório de Gerenciamento de Projetos.
Detection and Prevalence Rate of American Cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) Bacterial Infections in Human Dwellings
Authors: Kassiri Hamid , Kasiri Ali , Quaderi Anvar
Published: October 2014

Background: In hospitals, it has been clarified that Periplaneta americana can operate as possible vectors of nosocomial infections, chiefly for the transmission of drug-resistant bacteria. Also, these domestic insects have a role in transmitting food-borne diseases. The bacterial loads of these insects have been reported as seven million in each excretion dropping and up to 14 million on their cuticle. Their presence decreases human health and sanitary standards. Objectives: This descriptive study was carried out to confirm that Periplaneta americana L. (Dictyoptera; Blattidae) carry pathogenic bacteria in residential areas, by bacteriological analysis of the cuticles of this insect. Materials and Methods: In this research we caught 25 American cockroaches from human dwelling localities of Ahvaz province during 2008 and 2009. Cockroaches were collected using sticky traps, vacuum cleaners and direct collection. The collected cockroaches were brought to the laboratory and were identified as P. americana. They were examined for the presence of bacteria on their external surfaces using specific standard methods for bacterial infection. Results: One hundred percent of cockroaches had bacterial infections. Culturing of the external parts wash homogenates resulted in the isolation of Escherichia coli, Proteus, Serratia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Citrobacter, Micrococcus. Conclusions: The results showed that P. americana is a possible reservoir and potential vector of some pathogenic agents.
High-Performance Annotation Tagging over Solr Full-text Indexes
Authors: Manghi Paolo , Artini Michele , Bardi Alessia , Atzori Claudio , La Bruzzo Sandro , Mikulicic Marko
Published: October 2014

In this work, we focus on the problem of “annotation tagging” over Information Spaces of objects stored in a full-text index. In such a scenario, tags are assigned to objects by “data curator” users with the purpose of classification, while generic end-users will perceive tags as searchable and browsable object properties. To carry out their activities, data curators need “annotation tagging tools” which allow them to “bulk” tag or untag large sets of objects in temporary work sessions, where they can “virtually” and in “real-time” experiment the effect of their actions before making the changes visible to end-users. The implementation of these tools over full-text indexes is a challenge, since bulk object updates in this context are far from being real-time and in critical cases may slow down index performance. We devised TagTick, a tool which offers to data curators a fully functional annotation tagging environment over the full-text index Apache Solr, regarded as a “de-facto standard” in this area. TagTick consists of a TagTick Virtualizer module, which extends the APIs of Solr to support real-time, virtual, bulk-tagging operations, and a TagTick User Interface module, which offers end-user functionalities for annotation tagging. The tool scales optimally with the number and size of bulk tag operations, without compromising index performance.
Adventure Code Camp: Library Mobile Design in the Backcountry
Authors: Ward David , Hahn James , Mestre Lori
Published: October 2014

This article presents a case study exploring the use of a student Coding Camp as a bottom-up mobile design process to generate library mobile apps. A code camp sources student programmer talent and ideas for designing software services and features.  This case study reviews process, outcomes, and next steps in mobile web app coding camps. It concludes by offering implications for services design beyond the local camp presented in this study. By understanding how patrons expect to integrate library services and resources into their use of mobile devices, librarians can better design the user experience for this environment.
Negotiating a Text Mining License for Faculty Researchers
Authors: Williams Leslie A. , Fox Lynne M , Roeder Christophe , Hunter Lawrence
Published: October 2014

This case study examines strategies used to leverage the library’s existing journal licenses to obtain a large collection of full-text journal articles in extensible markup language (XML) format; the right to text mine the collection; and the right to use the collection and the data mined from it for grant-funded research to develop biomedical natural language processing (BNLP) tools. Researchers attempted to obtain content directly from PubMed Central (PMC). This attempt failed due to limits on use of content in PMC. Next researchers and their library liaison attempted to obtain content from contacts in the technical divisions of the publishing industry. This resulted in an incomplete research data set. Then researchers, the library liaison, and the acquisitions librarian collaborated with the sales and technical staff of a major science, technology, engineering, and medical (STEM) publisher to successfully create a method for obtaining XML content as an extension of the library’s typical acquisition process for electronic resources. Our experience led us to realize that text mining rights of full-text articles in XML format should routinely be included in the negotiation of the library’s licenses.
Reproductive variability of the common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, in environments of contrasting salinities interconnected by the Grijalva–Usumacinta fluvial system
Authors: Hernández-Vidal Ulises , Chiappa-Carrara Xavier , Contreras-Sánchez Wilfrido
Published: October 2014

The common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, is a migratory euryhaline fish. In the southern Gulf of Mexico, fishing of large snooks occurs mainly in the marine environment (MA), while medium-size adults and juveniles are caught in freshwater environments (FW); however, large-size adults can also be found in FW far away from the sea, and the effect of different environments on their reproductive cycle is unknown. To describe the reproductive cycle of this species in different salinity habitats, we analyzed macroscopic reproductive characteristics during one annual cycle in FW and MA interconnected by the Grijalva–Usumacinta basin. Specimens with full-grown gonads and capable of spawning were found in FW, an unusual condition not reported for this habitat, but active spawning was observed only in MA. Centropomus undecimalis has a biological strategy that allows the use of FW as a juvenile until it reaches sexual maturity as a male and joins the reproductive stock in MA. Adults of both sexes can remain in both FW and MA without affecting their reproductive cycle, suggesting that those that mature in FW migrate to the sea during the spawning season.
A Community‐Driven Framework for Climate Reconstructions
Authors: Kaufman Darrell
Published: October 2014

Proxy‐based reconstructions of past climate provide insights into externally forced and intrinsic variability over regional to global scales and can be used to place recent trends in a long‐term context. Comparisons between these reconstructions and the output of Earth system models provide evaluation opportunities to improve our understanding of climate forcings on time scales that are not adequately represented by the instrumental record. They also provide a heuristic tool to explore mechanisms of climate variability, with implications for future climate projections [Schmidt et al., 2014].
Using Lidar to Advance Critical Zone Science
Authors: Harpold Adrian A. , Lyon Steve W. , Marshall Jill A.
Published: October 2014

Critical Zone (CZ) scientists study the interactions among soil, water, air, and living organisms that shape the Earth's surface. Lidar (light detection and ranging) has transformative potential to advance CZ science because the technology simultaneously measures geomorphic, hydrologic, and ecologic properties at high resolution (<10 centimeters) and over large extents (>100 square kilometers).
Antarctic Circumpolar Current transport and barotropic transition at Macquarie Ridge
Authors: Rintoul S. R. , Sokolov S. , Williams M. J. M. , Peña Molino B. , Rosenberg M. , Bindoff N. L.
Published: October 2014

Theory and numerical simulations suggest that topographic interactions are central to the dynamics of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), but few observations are available to test these ideas. We use direct velocity measurements, satellite altimetry, and an ocean state estimate to investigate the interaction of the ACC with the Macquarie Ridge. Satellite altimeter data show that the Subantarctic Front crosses the ridge through a gap immediately north of Macquarie Island. Yearlong current meter records reveal strong deep mean flow (> 0.2 m s−1 at 3000 m) and substantial transport (52 ± 8 × 106 m3 s−1) in the 50 km wide gap. The ACC becomes much more barotropic at the ridge. Acceleration of the deep jet is balanced by the ageostrophic along‐gap pressure gradient, convergence of zonal momentum by the mean vertical velocity, and dissipation. The study helps explain how the ACC negotiates large topographic obstacles and highlights the role of local, nonlinear processes in the dynamical balance of the ACC.
Geophysical constraints for terrane boundaries in southern Mongolia
Authors: Guy Alexandra , Schulmann Karel , Munschy Marc , Miehe Jean‐Marc , Edel Jean‐Bernard , Lexa Ondrej , Fairhead Derek
Published: October 2014

The Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB) is a typical accretionary orogen divided into numerous lithostratigraphic terranes. In theory, these terranes should be characterized by contrasting magnetic and gravity signatures owing to their dissimilar petrophysical properties. To test this hypothesis, the extent of tectonostratigraphic terranes in southern Mongolia was compared with the potential field data. The analysis reveals that the terrane boundaries are not systematically defined by strong gravity and magnetic gradients. The correlation of the magnetic signal with the geology reveals that the magnetic highs coincide with Late Carboniferous to Early Permian volcanic‐plutonic belts. The matched filtering shows a good continuity of signal along the boundaries of these high magnetic anomalies toward the deeper crustal levels which may indicate the presence of deeply rooted tectonomagmatic zones. The axes of high‐density bodies in the western and central parts of the study area are characterized by periodic alternations of NW‐SE trending gravity anomalies corresponding to up to 20 km wide cleavage fronts of Permo‐Triassic age. The matched filtering analysis shows good continuity of signal to the depth of these gravity highs which may indicate presence of deeply rooted high‐strain zones. The magnetic signal is interpreted to be as the result of a giant Permo‐Triassic magmatic event associated with lithosphere‐scale deformation, whereas the gravity pattern is related to the postaccretionary shortening of the CAOB between the North China and Siberia cratons.
Operational real‐time GPS‐enhanced earthquake early warning
Authors: Grapenthin R. , Johanson I. A. , Allen R. M.
Published: October 2014

Moment magnitudes for large earthquakes (Mw≥7.0) derived in real time from near‐field seismic data can be underestimated due to instrument limitations, ground tilting, and saturation of frequency/amplitude‐magnitude relationships. Real‐time high‐rate GPS resolves the buildup of static surface displacements with theSwave arrival (assuming nonsupershear rupture), thus enabling the estimation of slip on a finite fault and the event's geodetic moment. Recently, a range of high‐rate GPS strategies have been demonstrated on off‐line data. Here we present the first operational system for real‐time GPS‐enhanced earthquake early warning as implemented at the Berkeley Seismological Laboratory (BSL) and currently analyzing real‐time data for Northern California. The BSL generates real‐time position estimates operationally using data from 62 GPS stations in Northern California. A fully triangulated network defines 170+ station pairs processed with the software trackRT. The BSL uses G‐larmS, the Geodetic Alarm System, to analyze these positioning time series and determine static offsets and preevent quality parameters. G‐larmS derives and broadcasts finite fault and magnitude information through least‐squares inversion of the static offsets for slip based on a priori fault orientation and location information. This system tightly integrates seismic alarm systems (CISN‐ShakeAlert, ElarmS‐2) as it uses theirPwave detections to trigger its processing; quality control runs continuously. We use a synthetic Hayward Fault earthquake scenario on real‐time streams to demonstrate recovery of slip and magnitude. Reanalysis of theMw7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake tests the impact of dynamic motions on offset estimation. Using these test cases, we explore sensitivities to disturbances of a priori constraints (origin time, location, and fault strike/dip).
Air‐sea exchange of methanol and acetone during HiWinGS: Estimation of air phase, water phase gas transfer velocities
Authors: Yang Mingxi , Blomquist Byron W. , Nightingale Philip D.
Published: October 2014

The air‐sea fluxes of methanol and acetone were measured concurrently using a proton‐transfer‐reaction mass spectrometer (PTR‐MS) with the eddy covariance (EC) technique during the High Wind Gas Exchange Study (HiWinGS) in 2013. The seawater concentrations of these compounds were also measured twice daily with the same PTR‐MS coupled to a membrane inlet. Dissolved concentrations near the surface ranged from 7 to 28 nM for methanol and from 3 to 9 nM for acetone. Both gases were consistently transported from the atmosphere to the ocean as a result of their low sea surface saturations. The largest influxes were observed in regions of high atmospheric concentrations and strong winds (up to 25 m s−1). Comparison of the total air‐sea transfer velocity of these two gases (Ka), along with the in situ sensible heat transfer rate, allows us to constrain the individual gas transfer velocity in the air phase (ka) and water phase (kw). Among existing parameterizations, the scaling of ka from the COARE model is the most consistent with our observations. The kw we estimated is comparable to the tangential (shear driven) transfer velocity previously determined from measurements of dimethyl sulfide. Lastly, we estimate the wet deposition of methanol and acetone in our study region and evaluate the lifetimes of these compounds in the surface ocean and lower atmosphere with respect to total (dry plus wet) atmospheric deposition.
Sensitivity of reference evapotranspiration to changes in meteorological parameters in Spain (1961–2011)
Authors: Vicente‐Serrano Sergio M. , Azorin‐Molina Cesar , Sanchez‐Lorenzo Arturo , Revuelto Jesús , Morán‐Tejeda Enrique , López‐Moreno Juan I. , Espejo Francisco
Published: October 2014

This study analyzes changes in monthly reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by use of the Penman‐Monteith equation and data from 46 meteorological stations in Spain from 1961 to 2011. Over the 51 year study period, there were trends for increasing average ETo during all months and annually at most of the individual meteorological stations. Sensitivity analysis of ETo to changes in meteorological variables was conducted by increasing and decreasing an individual climate variable holding the other variables constant. Sensitivity analysis indicated that relative humidity, wind speed, and maximum temperature had stronger effects on ETo than sunshine duration and minimum temperature. This suggests that aerodynamic component has more importance than radiative component to determine the atmospheric evaporative demand in Spain. The analysis showed a dominant latitudinal spatial gradient in the ETo relative changes across the 46 meteorological observatories, mainly controlled by the increasing available solar energy southward. In addition, the role of different meteorological variables on ETo is influenced by the average climatology at each observatory. ETo trends are mainly explained by the decrease in relative humidity and the increase in maximum temperature since the 1960s, particularly during the summer months. The physical mechanisms that explain ETo sensitivity to the different physical variables and current ETo trends are discussed in detail.
Organizing groundwater regimes and response thresholds by soils: A framework for understanding runoff generation in a headwater catchment
Authors: Gannon John P. , Bailey Scott W. , McGuire Kevin J.
Published: October 2014

A network of shallow groundwater wells in a headwater catchment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, U.S. was used to investigate the hydrologic behavior of five distinct soil morphological units. The soil morphological units were hypothesized to be indicative of distinct water table regimes. Water table fluctuations in the wells were characterized by their median and interquartile range of depth, proportion of time water table was present in the solum, and storage‐discharge behavior of subsurface flow. Statistically significant differences in median, interquartile range, and presence of water table were detected among soil units. Threshold responses were identified in storage‐discharge relationships of subsurface flow, with thresholds varying among soil units. These results suggest that soil horizonation is indicative of distinct groundwater flow regimes. The spatial distribution of water table across the catchment showed variably connected/disconnected active areas of runoff generation in the solum. The spatial distribution of water table and therefore areas contributing to stormflow is complex and changes depending on catchment storage.
MRI features of Binswanger's disease predict prognosis and associated pathology
Authors: Akiguchi Ichiro , Budka Herbert , Shirakashi Yoshitomo , Woehrer Adelheid , Watanabe Toshiyuki , Shiino Akihiko , Yamamoto Yasumasa , Kawamoto Yasuhiro , Krampla Wolfgang , Jungwirth Susanne , Fischer Peter
Published: October 2014

Objective

To identify the prevalence of MRI features of Binswanger's disease (BD), specifically MRI with diffuse white matter lesions and scattered multiple lacunes (BD‐MRI), and to describe neurological features and pathological outcomes of a community‐based cohort study.

Methods

Of 697 participants (all 75 years old), 503 completed neurological examinations at baseline and were followed‐up every 30 months thereafter with MRIs, the mini‐mental state examination (MMSE) and the Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale‐Motor Section (UPDRSM). Data from participants with BD‐MRI were compared with those from participants with predominant white matter lesions (WML‐MRI), scattered multiple lacunes (ML‐MRI), or normal MRIs.

Results

Fourteen BD‐MRI patients (2.8%) were detected at baseline. The mean MMSE scores in the BD‐MRI, WML‐MRI, ML‐MRI, and normal MRIs groups were 26.4, 28.2, 28.4, and 28.5, respectively, and the mean UPDRSM scores were 9.1, 1.3, 3.1, and 1.7, respectively. At the 30‐month follow‐up, mortality rates in the normal MRIs, WML‐MRI and ML‐MRI were 4%, 9.1%, and 22.2%, respectively, and follow‐up MRIs were available for 80%, 82%, and 61% of the participants, respectively. In the BD‐MRI, however, five patients were deceased, and only five follow‐up individual MRIs were available (33.3%). Autopsies were performed on six of eight BD‐MRI brains, and these brains fulfilled the pathological criteria for BD independent of Alzheimer disease pathology. All these six individuals also showed systemic atherosclerosis and renal arterio‐arteriolosclerosis.

Interpretation

The BD‐MRI participants had poor prognoses and showed pure BD pathology with advanced systemic vascular disease. BD‐MRI appears to be a predictor of vascular neurocognitive impairment.
Narcissism Distorts the Fading Affect Bias in Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Ritchie Timothy D. , Walker W. Richard , Marsh Shawnda , Hart Claire , Skowronski John J.
Published: October 2014

The Fading Affect Bias (FAB) occurs when the affect associated with personal events fades differentially across time: Positive affect fades slower than negative affect. Three studies examined whether the magnitude of the FAB is moderated by narcissism. Results from Study 1 (diary method, N = 26) showed that low narcissism participants evidenced a large FAB, but high narcissism participants evidenced a reversed FAB. Results from Study 2 (retrospective recall method, N = 110) showed that low narcissism participants evinced a large FAB and that the FAB diminished or dissipated as narcissism increased. Results from Study 3 (retrospective recall method, N = 83) showed that high narcissists evinced a FAB when they recalled achievement‐themed autobiographical events but evinced a reversed FAB when they recalled communal‐themed events. These findings occurred independently of event rehearsal frequency. Results are discussed in terms of the idea that emotion regulation efforts may be disrupted in narcissists. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Di‐tert Butyl Peroxide‐Promoted Sequential Methylation and Intramolecular Aromatization of Isonitriles
Authors: Dai Qiang , Yu Jin‐Tao , Feng Xiaomei , Jiang Yan , Yang Haitao , Cheng Jiang
Published: October 2014

The di‐tert butyl peroxide (DTBP)‐promoted sequential reaction of isonitriles is developed, leading to 6‐methylphenanthridine derivatives in moderate to excellent yields. DTBP served as both promoter and methyl source. The procedure proceeds through the addition of a methyl radical derived from the peroxide to the isonitrile followed by aromatic homolytic cyclization. It tolerates a series of functional groups, such as fluoro, chloro, acetyl, methoxycarbonyl, cyano and trifluoromethyl.

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Effect of Physical and Chemical Plasma Etching on Surface Wettability of Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymer Composites for Bone Plate Applications
Authors: ZIA ABDUL WASY , WANG YI‐QI , LEE SEUNGHUN
Published: October 2014

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite bone plates are widely used nowadays. Implants with a hydrophobic surface are highly recommended, and plasma treatment can be used to reduce surface wettability to improve biological functioning. This study reports the physical and chemical plasma etching of CFRP for controlled surface wettability. The plasma treatment was performed with a linear ion beam source, and optimized physical and chemical etching conditions were evaluated. The untreated specimens have a contact angle of 52o. It was observed that the maximum contact angle of 68o can be obtained by physical plasma etching whereas the minimum angle of 19o can be achieved by chemical plasma etching, which is an important task of this study to enhance adhesion of a thin diamond‐like carbon film on CFRP on a coated composite bone plate.
Performance Improvement of Magnesium Sulfur Batteries with Modified Non‐Nucleophilic Electrolytes
Authors: Zhao‐Karger Zhirong , Zhao Xiangyu , Wang Di , Diemant Thomas , Behm R. Jürgen , Fichtner Maximilian
Published: October 2014

The combination of a magnesium anode with a sulfur cathode is one of the most promising electrochemical couples because of its advantages of good safety, low cost, and a high theoretical energy density. However, magnesium sulfur batteries are still in a very early stage of research and development, and the discovery of suitable electrolytes is the key challenge for further improvement. Here, a new preparation method for non‐nucleophilic electrolyte solutions using a two‐step reaction in one‐pot is presented, which provides a feasible way to optimize the physiochemical properties of the electrolyte for the application in magnesium sulfur batteries. The first use of modified electrolytes in glymes and binary solvents of glyme and ionic liquid shows beneficial effects on the performance of magnesium sulfur batteries. New insights into the reaction mechanism of electrochemical conversion between magnesium and sulfur are also investigated.
Prader–Willi syndrome and Tay–Sachs disease in association with mixed maternal uniparental isodisomy and heterodisomy 15 in a girl who also had isochromosome Xq
Authors: Zeesman Susan , McCready Elizabeth , Sadikovic Bekim , Nowaczyk Małgorzata JM
Published: October 2014

Malsegregation of chromosomes during reproduction can result in uniparental disomy when associated with trisomy rescue, monosomy rescue or gamete complementation. Pathogenicity stemming from uniparental disomy in liveborns results from imprinting disorders or autozygosity for autosomal recessive disorders. We report on a girl with Prader–Willi syndrome and Tay–Sachs disease resulting from maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15. The child also had an isochromosome Xq. To further characterize the etiology of the aberrant chromosome 15 and the isochromosome Xq, SNP loci from both chromosomes were assessed in the proband and parents, and genome‐wide DNA methylation analysis was performed. SNP and DNA methylation analysis confirmed maternal uniparental heterodisomy around the Prader–Willi locus, while the region around the HEXA locus showed maternal uniparental isodisomy. This result is consistent with trisomy rescue of a maternal meiosis l error in a chromosome 15 with two meiotic recombinations. SNP analysis of the X chromosomes is consistent with a maternal origin for the isochromosome. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantum capacitance and Landau parameters of massless Dirac fermions in graphene
Authors: Asgari Reza , Katsnelson Mikhail I. , Polini Marco
Published: October 2014

Extensive numerical results for the thermodynamic density of states (i.e. quantum capacitance) of a two‐dimensional massless Dirac fermion fluid in a doped graphene sheet are presented. In particular, by employing the random phase approximation, the impact of screening exerted by a metal gate located nearby a graphene flake is quantified. Finally, the spin‐ and circularly‐symmetric Landau parameter, which can be experimentally extracted from independent measurements on the same setup of the quantum capacitance and quasiparticle velocity, is calculated.
Koexistenz von 3d‐Ferromagnetismus und Supraleitung in [(Li1−xFex)OH](Fe1−yLiy)Se
Authors: Pachmayr Ursula , Nitsche Fabian , Luetkens Hubertus , Kamusella Sirko , Brückner Felix , Sarkar Rajib , Klauss Hans‐Henning , Johrendt Dirk
Published: October 2014

Die supraleitende Verbindung [(Li1−xFex)OH](Fe1−yLiy)Se (x≈0.2, y≈0.08) wurde durch Hydrothermalsynthese hergestellt und mit Einkristall‐ und Pulverdiffraktometrie strukturell charakterisiert. Die Struktur besteht aus alternierenden (Li1−xFex)OH‐ und (Fe1−yLiy)Se‐Schichten vom anti‐PbO‐Typ. Messungen des elektrischen Widerstandes und der magnetischen Suszeptibilität ergeben Supraleitung bei 43 K. Eine Anomalie in der diamagnetischen Abschirmung zeigt zusätzlich ferromagnetische Ordnung bei 10 K in der supraleitenden Phase an. Dieser Ferromagnetismus entsteht durch die Eisenatome der (Li1−xFex)OH‐Schicht, während die Supraleitung von der (Fe1−yLiy)Se‐Schicht ausgeht. Magnetisierungsisothermen bestätigen die Überlagerung der ferromagnetischen mit der supraleitenden Hysterese. Dabei ist das ferromagnetische Dipolfeld größer als das untere, aber kleiner als das obere kritische Feld des Supraleiters. Die Bildung einer spontanen Vortex‐Phase, in der beide Ordnungen koexistieren, wird durch 57Fe‐Mößbauer‐Spektren, 7Li‐NMR‐ und μSR‐Experimente bestätigt.
Multi‐Electron Oxygen Reduction by a Hybrid Visible‐Light‐Photocatalyst Consisting of Metal‐Oxide Semiconductor and Self‐Assembled Biomimetic Complex
Authors: Naya Shin‐ichi , Niwa Tadahiro , Negishi Ryo , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Tada Hiroaki
Published: October 2014

Adsorption experiments and density functional theory (DFT) simulations indicated that Cu(acac)2 is chemisorbed on the monoclinic sheelite (ms)‐BiVO4 surface to form an O2‐bridged binuclear complex (OBBC/BiVO4) like hemocyanin. Multi‐electron reduction of O2 is induced by the visible‐light irradiation of the OBBC/BiVO4 in the same manner as a blue Cu enzyme. The drastic enhancement of the O2 reduction renders ms‐BiVO4 to work as a good visible‐light photocatalyst without any sacrificial reagents. As a model reaction, we show that this biomimetic hybrid photocatalyst exhibits a high level of activity for the aerobic oxidation of amines to aldehydes in aqueous solution and imines in THF solution at 25 °C giving selectivities above 99 % under visible‐light irradiation.
A General Palladium‐Catalyzed Method for Alkylation of Heteroarenes Using Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Halides
Authors: Wu Xiaojin , See Jessica Wei Ting , Xu Kai , Hirao Hajime , Roger Julien , Hierso Jean‐Cyrille , Zhou Jianrong (Steve)
Published: October 2014

A general alkylation of heterocycles using a simple palladium catalyst is reported. Most classes of heterocycles, including indoles and pyridines, efficiently coupled with unactivated secondary and tertiary alkyl halides. An alkyl radical addition to neutral heteroarenes is most likely involved.
Crowning Proteins: Modulating the Protein Surface Properties using Crown Ethers
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Chung , Maestre‐Reyna Manuel , Hsu Kai‐Cheng , Wang Hao‐Ching , Liu Chia‐I , Jeng Wen‐Yih , Lin Li‐Ling , Wood Richard , Chou Chia‐Cheng , Yang Jinn‐Moon , Wang Andrew H.‐J.
Published: October 2014

Crown ethers are small, cyclic polyethers that have found wide‐spread use in phase‐transfer catalysis and, to a certain degree, in protein chemistry. Crown ethers readily bind metallic and organic cations, including positively charged amino acid side chains. We elucidated the crystal structures of several protein‐crown ether co‐crystals grown in the presence of 18‐crown‐6. We then employed biophysical methods and molecular dynamics simulations to compare these complexes with the corresponding apoproteins and with similar complexes with ring‐shaped low‐molecular‐weight polyethylene glycols. Our studies show that crown ethers can modify protein surface behavior dramatically by stabilizing either intra‐ or intermolecular interactions. Consequently, we propose that crown ethers can be used to modulate a wide variety of protein surface behaviors, such as oligomerization, domain–domain interactions, stabilization in organic solvents, and crystallization.
Disciformycins A and B: 12‐Membered Macrolide Glycoside Antibiotics from the Myxobacterium Pyxidicoccus fallax Active against Multiresistant Staphylococci
Authors: Surup Frank , Viehrig Konrad , Mohr Kathrin I. , Herrmann Jennifer , Jansen Rolf , Müller Rolf
Published: October 2014

Two macrolide glycosides with a unique scaffold were isolated from cultures of the myxobacterium Pyxidicoccus fallax. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were elucidated by a combination of NMR, MS, degradation, and molecular modeling techniques. Analysis of the proposed biosynthetic gene cluster led to insights into the biosynthesis of the polyketide and confirmed the structure assignment. The more active compound, disciformycin B, potently inhibits methicillin‐ and vancomycin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Gram‐Scale Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of Morphine through an ortho–para Oxidative Phenolic Coupling Strategy
Authors: Tissot Matthieu , Phipps Robert J. , Lucas Catherine , Leon Rafael M. , Pace Robert D. M. , Ngouansavanh Tifelle , Gaunt Matthew J.
Published: October 2014

A gram‐scale catalytic enantioselective formal synthesis of morphine is described. The key steps of the synthesis involve an ortho–para oxidative phenolic coupling and a highly diastereoselective “desymmetrization” of the resulting cyclohexadienone that generates three of the four morphinan ring junction stereocenters in one step. The stereochemistry is controlled from a single carbinol center installed through catalytic enantioselective hydrogenation. These transformations enabled the preparation of large quantities of key intermediates and could support a practical and scalable synthesis of morphine and related derivatives.
Dynamic properties of magnetorheological elastomers based on iron sand and natural rubber
Authors: Shuib Raa Khimi , Pickering K. L. , Mace B. R.
Published: October 2014

In this study, magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) based on iron sand and natural rubber were prepared. The Taguchi method was employed to investigate the effect of a number of factors, namely, the iron sand content, iron sand particle size, and applied magnetic field during curing on the loss tangent (tan δ) and energy dissipated during cyclic loading. Tan δ was measured through dynamic mechanical analysis over a range of frequency (0.01–130 Hz), strain amplitude (0.1–4.5%), and temperature (−100 to 50°C). The energy dissipated was measured with a universal tester under cyclic tensile loading. The data were then statistically analyzed to predict the optimal combination of factors, and finally, experiments were conducted for verification. It was found that the iron sand content had the greatest influence on tan δ when measured over a range of frequency, and the energy dissipated during hysteresis tests. However, none of the factors showed a significant influence on tan δ when measured over a range of strain amplitude. Furthermore, the iron sand content and magnetic field were also found to influence the width of the peak in tan δ as a function of the temperature. The morphological characteristics of the MREs were also examined with scanning electron microscopy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2015,132, 41506.
Investigating the use of quick response codes in the gross anatomy laboratory
Authors: Traser Courtney J. , Hoffman Leslie A. , Seifert Mark F. , Wilson Adam B.
Published: October 2014

The use of quick response (QR) codes within undergraduate university courses is on the rise, yet literature concerning their use in medical education is scant. This study examined student perceptions on the usefulness of QR codes as learning aids in a medical gross anatomy course, statistically analyzed whether this learning aid impacted student performance, and evaluated whether performance could be explained by the frequency of QR code usage. Question prompts and QR codes tagged on cadaveric specimens and models were available for four weeks as learning aids to medical (n = 155) and doctor of physical therapy (n = 39) students. Each QR code provided answers to posed questions in the form of embedded text or hyperlinked web pages. Students' perceptions were gathered using a formative questionnaire and practical examination scores were used to assess potential gains in student achievement. Overall, students responded positively to the use of QR codes in the gross anatomy laboratory as 89% (57/64) agreed the codes augmented their learning of anatomy. The users' most noticeable objection to using QR codes was the reluctance to bring their smartphones into the gross anatomy laboratory. A comparison between the performance of QR code users and non‐users was found to be nonsignificant (P = 0.113), and no significant gains in performance (P = 0.302) were observed after the intervention. Learners welcomed the implementation of QR code technology in the gross anatomy laboratory, yet this intervention had no apparent effect on practical examination performance. Anat Sci Educ 8: 421–428. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
trans/cis‐Isomerization of Fluorene‐Bridged Azo Chromophore with Significant Two‐Photon Absorbability at Near‐Infrared Wavelength
Authors: Chu Chih‐Chien , Chang Ya‐Chi , Tsai Bo‐Kai , Lin Tzu‐Chau , Lin Ja‐Hon , Hsiao Vincent K. S.
Published: October 2014

Azo‐containing materials have been proven to possess second‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, but their third‐order NLO properties, which involves two‐photon absorption (2PA), has rarely been reported. In this study, we demonstrate a significant 2PA behavior of the novel azo chromophore incorporated with bilateral diphenylaminofluorenes (DPAFs) as a π framework. The electron‐donating DPAF moieties cause a redshifted π–π* absorption band centered at 470 nm, thus allowing efficient blue‐light‐induced trans‐to‐cis photoisomerization with a rate constant of 2.04×10−1 min−1 at the photostationary state (PSS). The open‐aperture Z‐scan technique that adopted a femtosecond (fs) pulse laser as excitation source shows an appreciably higher 2PA cross‐section for the fluorene‐derived azo chromophore than that for common azobenzene dyes at near‐infrared wavelength (λex=800 nm). Furthermore, the fs 2PA response is quite uniform regardless of the molecular geometry. On the basis of the computational modeling, the intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) process from peripheral diphenylamines to the central azo group through a fluorene π bridge is crucial to this remarkable 2PA behavior.
Logic Gate System with Three Outputs and Three Inputs Based on Switchable Electrocatalysis of Glucose by Glucose Oxidase Entrapped in Chitosan Films
Authors: Liu Shuang , Wang Lei , Lian Wenjing , Liu Hongyun , Li Chen‐Zhong
Published: October 2014

A logic‐gate system with three outputs and three inputs was developed based on the bioelectrocatalysis of glucose by glucose oxidase (GOx) entrapped in chitosan films on the electrode surface by means of ferrocenedicarboxylic acid (Fc(COOH)2). Cyclic voltammetric (CV) signals of Fc(COOH)2 exhibited pH‐triggered on/off behavior owing to electrostatic interactions between the film and the probe at different pH levels. The addition of glucose greatly increased the oxidation peak current (Ipa) through the electrocatalytic reaction. pH and glucose were selected as two inputs. As a reversible inhibitor of GOx, Cu2+ was chosen as the third input. The combination of three inputs led to Ipa with different values according to different mechanisms, which were defined as three outputs with two thresholds. The logic gate with three outputs by using one type of enzyme provided a novel model to build logic circuits based on biomacromolecules, which might be applied to the intelligent medical diagnostics as smart biosensors in the future.
A Naphthalimide‐Based Fluorescence “Turn‐On” Probe for the Detection of Pb2+ in Aqueous Solution and Living Cells
Authors: Un Hio‐Ieng , Huang Chang‐Bo , Huang Junhai , Huang Chusen , Jia Ti , Xu Lin
Published: October 2014

An easily available naphthalimide‐based fluorescent probe NPA for Pb2+ detection was successfully developed. NPA exhibited an obvious fluorescence turn‐on response toward Pb2+ in aqueous solution and in living cells. Moreover, a series of model compounds were rationally designed and synthesized in order to explore the sensing mechanism and binding mode of NPA with Pb2+.
Layer‐by‐Layer‐Based Silica Encapsulation of Individual Yeast with Thickness Control
Authors: Lee Hojae , Hong Daewha , Choi Ji Yu , Kim Ji Yup , Lee Sang Hee , Kim Ho Min , Yang Sung Ho , Choi Insung S.
Published: October 2014

In the area of cell‐surface engineering with nanomaterials, the metabolic and functional activities of the encapsulated cells are manipulated and controlled by various parameters of the artificial shells that encase the cells, such as stiffness and elasticity, thickness, and porosity. The mechanical durability and physicochemical stability of inorganic shells prove superior to layer‐by‐layer‐based organic shells with regard to cytoprotection, but it has been difficult to vary the parameters of inorganic shells including their thickness. In this work, we combine the layer‐by‐layer technique with a process of bioinspired silicification to control the thickness of the silica shells that encapsulate yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells individually, and investigate the thickness‐dependent microbial growth.
Synthesis of Nucleobase‐Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes and Their Hybridization with Single‐Stranded DNA
Authors: Hwu Jih Ru , Kapoor Mohit , Li Rou‐Ying , Lin Yung‐Chieh , Horng Jia‐Cherng , Tsay Shwu‐Chen
Published: October 2014

For the first time ssDNA (25‐aptamer of mixed dA, dT, dG, and dC) was wrapped around functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), whose external surfaces were attached to multiple triazole‐(ethylene glycol)‐dA ligands. This method of hybridization involved the formation of hydrogen bonds between dT of ssDNA and dA of functionalized SWCNTs. It deviates from the reported π–π stacking between the nucleobases of DNA and the external sidewalls of nanotubes. The structural properties of the functionalized SWCNTs and its ssDNA complex were characterized by spectroscopic (including CD and Raman), thermogravimetric, and microscopic (TEM) methods. The results thus obtained establish a new platform of DNA delivery by use of nanotubes as a new vehicle with great potential in biomedical applications and drug development.
3D street art illusions: embedding chalk stylized rendering of 3D objects into a pavement photo
Authors: Way Der‐Lor , Hsieh Cheng‐Han
Published: October 2014

Three dimensional street art illusions have become more popular in recent years. Many of them are drawn on pavement such as streets, sidewalks, and town squares. It is often known as 3D chalk art, where a 2D artwork is drawn on the street, giving the viewer a 3D optical illusion from a certain perspective. This paper supplies chalk stylized renderings for 3D models and synthesizes 3D objects into a realistic photograph. Users can input one photo for the 3D model. First, a camera position is achieved by using a camera calibration algorithm. Second, a chalk stylized rendering was applied to create an artistic image of the 3D models using the same camera position. Then, the non‐photorealistic rendering image is composited into a source photograph using a modified Poisson approach. All of the enhanced pavement texture details are also blended into the object's image. The major contribution of this paper is providing a user to create any interesting and attractive 3D illusionary art without physically drawing pictures on the pavement. Finally, the proposed method is demonstrated using various experimental 3D street art illusion images. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An interesting case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the colon with synchronous metastatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rajan Ruben , Baqar Ali , Menon Tulsi
Published: October 2014

Key Clinical Message

We present a case of primary squamous cell carcinoma of the colon with synchronous metastatic adenocarcinoma. This case highlights the poor prognosis of these late presenting cancers. Furthermore, the unusual dual pathology raises questions about its potential etiology.
A new association – multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor
Authors: Preda Veronica , Sywak Mark , Learoyd Diana
Published: October 2014

Key Clinical Message

We report a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN‐1) and an aggressive malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) arising from a ganglioneuroma of the adrenal gland. Patients with MEN‐1 require careful consideration of other tumor associations, including MPNST, as it can portend a poor prognosis. MEN‐1 and MPNST have not been reported.
Practical Ruthenium Catalysts for the Synthesis of Cyclic Olefin Oligomers, Polymers, and their Hydrogenated Derivatives
Authors: Dumrath Christa , Dumrath Andreas , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Kadyrov Renat
Published: October 2014

Herein, we demonstrate the efficient ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cyclic dienes and olefins catalyzed by several ruthenium–arene complexes as well as commercially available Grubbs‐type catalysts. The molecular mass and polydispersity of the oligomers was effectively controlled with the aid of different chain‐transfer agents. Furthermore, a highly practical and scalable sequential one‐pot synthesis method was successfully established to obtain hydrogenated ROMP oligomers with a homogenous hydrogenation catalyst.
Trifluoromethylation of Tetraphenylborate Counterions in Cationic Iridium(III) Complexes: Enhanced Electrochemical Stabilities, Charge‐Transport Abilities, and Device Performance
Authors: Ma Dongxin , Duan Lian , Wei Yongge , Qiu Yong
Published: October 2014

Trifluoromethylation of tetraphenlyborate counterions was successfully used to improve the electrochemical stabilities and device performance of cationic iridium(III) complexes. Melioration of the thermal, photoluminescent, electrochemical, and electrophosphorescent characteristics was achieved. Interionic hydrogen bonds were first found between the aromatic hydrogen atoms in the ancillary ligands of cations and the fluorine atoms in the trifluoromethyl groups of the anions. The strong impact of the counterions on the charge transport in the devices was investigated. A compound with two trifluoromethyl groups in the tetraphenlyborate ion shows the highest photoluminescent efficiency, the best electrochemical stability, and the greatest performance in green‐blue‐emitting devices, with a high current efficiency of 12.4 cd A−1 and an emission peak at λ=480 nm. The efficiencies achieved are the highest reported for OLEDs with ionic complexes emitting in the blue‐green region.