bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antidepressants and suicidal ideation in adolescence: A paradoxical effect
Authors: Pierson Eric E.
Published: October 2009

The past two decades have seen a rapid increase in the number and types of psychopharmacological medications that are available for the treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Parents and adolescents often raise questions as to the potential increase in suicidal ideation associated with the use of primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This has been driven in part as a result of media attention that has focused on the “black box” warnings regarding increases in suicidal ideation for SSRIs. The current article reviews the status of the literature surrounding suicidal ideation and SSRIs in adolescence. Finally, the article strives to educate the clinician as to the likelihood of suicidal ideation and completions in the context of rates for all adolescents. Findings related to changes in treatment as a result of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) black box warning are discussed as well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Future trends in the application and impact of psychopharmacology within the school setting
Authors: Noggle Chad A.
Published: October 2009

The number of children and adolescents using prescription medications is continually climbing. The preceding articles have offered discussions on a multitude of areas within this subject matter. This article will serve to summarize some of those points raised with particular emphasis on where we go from here in terms of training and professional practice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation of PAHs and soot platelets: multiconfiguration theoretical study of the key step in the ring closure–radical breeding polyyne‐based mechanism
Authors: Indarto Antonius , Giordana Anna , Ghigo Giovanni , Tonachini Glauco
Published: October 2009

Polyynes of general formula H(CC)nH are known to play a significant role in combustion and pyrolysis, possibly being intermediates in the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and soot. They have also been detected in astrophysical investigations. The key step in the polyyne‐based radical breeding mechanism for PAH growth is a cyclization, put forward by Krestinin, which implies disruption of electron couples, plausibly expected to be energy demanding. We explore the electronic features and energy requirements of such a process by quantum mechanical multiconfiguration methods (CASSCF and CASPT2). The features of the wavefunction are analyzed, and the free energy barriers are estimated over a wide range of temperatures, for three molecular models. The initial radical adduct A, generated by H., HCC. (ethynyl), or HCCC.H2 (propargyl) addition to butadiyne (BD, HCCCCH), undergoes a cyclization with the generation of two new radical centers. However, in most of the cases, one of these new singly occupied sp2 orbitals has some overlap with the unpaired electron lobe already existent in A: some sort of bonding builds up and consequently the triradical character cannot be large. Only one model suggests a possible role of the radical breeding mechanism during combustion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical study of InAs quantum dot stacks embedded in GaAs/AlAs superlattices
Authors: Nedzinskas R. , Čechavičius B. , Kavaliauskas J. , Čerškus A. , Kundrotas J. , Karpus V. , Tamošiūnas V. , Valušis G. , Fasching G. , Unterrainer K. , Strasser G.
Published: October 2009

Vertically stacked InAs quantum dot (QD) superlattices (SLs) with dots embedded in GaAs and GaAs/AlAs matrices were examined by the electroreflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The interband transitions corresponding to the QDs, wetting layer (WL) and InAs/GaAs/AlAs SL have been identified.

It is shown that blue‐shifts and enhancement in intensity of WL‐related optical transitions in InAs/GaAs/AlAs SL originate mainly due to the off‐center position of the QD layers in the wells. The variation in QD size and WL thickness across the stacks is demonstrated and discussed (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of oxidized silicon stripe formation on Pd(111)
Authors: Tornau E. E. , Petrauskas V. , Zvejnieks G.
Published: October 2009

We propose the model with two interaction constants (nearest neighbour pair repulsion of SiO complexes and their trio attraction in a line) which demonstrates stripe formation during silane decomposition on oxidized Pd(111) surface. The simplest (2 × 1) stripe phase is obtained by kinetic Monte Carlo simulation in absence of longer‐range attractive interactions which are usually necessary for stripe structure formation. Despite higher energy, this phase is shown to be very stable. Phase diagram for this model is obtained, and (2 × 1) phase stability is analyzed varying coverage and reaction rate parameters (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Strain dependent electron drift velocity in Al1–xInxN/AlN/GaN
Authors: Ardaravičius L. , Liberis J. , Kiprijanovič O. , Ramonas M. , Matulionis A. , Xie J. , Wu M. , Leach J. H. , Morkoç H.
Published: October 2009

We have measured the room‐temperature velocity–field characteristics in Al1–x Inx N/AlN/GaN strained structures (x = 0.12, 0.15, 0.22) with two‐dimensional electron gas channels biased up to 200 kV/cm using nanosecond‐pulsed current–voltage technique. The drift velocity was estimated under assumptions of uniform electric field and no change in sheet electron density. No velocity saturation was observed. The lowest velocity was obtained for the heterostructure with an In content of x = 0.22. The experimental results are compared with those for lattice‐matched Al1–x Inx N/AlN/GaN, AlGaN/GaN, AlGaN/GaN/AlN/GaN, and silicon‐doped GaN. The conduction band profile, electron wave functions were calculated for the investigated nitride heterostructures through a self‐consistent solution of Schrödinger–Poisson equations. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A case study on monitoring polynomial profiles in the automotive industry
Authors: Amiri Amirhossein , Jensen Willis A. , Kazemzadeh Reza Baradaran
Published: October 2009

In some statistical process control applications, the quality of a process or product can be characterized by a relationship between a response variable and one explanatory variable, which is referred to as profile. We give an example here of a profile that can be described using a polynomial model. This example comes from the automotive industry, where one of the most important quality characteristics of an automobile engine is the relationship between the torque produced by an engine and the engine speed in revolutions per minute. We find for this data set that a second‐order polynomial works well. In addition, we show that there is autocorrelation within each profile, thus an ordinary least‐square method that ignores the autocorrelation is inappropriate. We propose a linear mixed model method as an alternative approach. After the reduction of the data to a series of parameter estimates, we then conduct a step‐by‐step Phase I analysis of the polynomial profiles monitoring using a T2‐based procedure to check the stability of the process and whether or not there are outlying profiles. The remaining profiles are used to form the estimated mean vector and variance–covariance matrix to be used in Phase II studies. Finally, a brief discussion is presented to show how one can use these parameters in Phase II. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential high‐energy pentazolides: HB(N5)3M1∼2(N5)3BH (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cd)
Authors: Xu Yu , Zhao Fengjuan , Zhang Yan , Gu Yulong , Liu Tongxiang , Cui Jian
Published: October 2009

HB(N5)3M1∼2(N5)3BH (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cd) have been investigated as potential high‐energy density materials in this article by means of density functional theory. They are all of high‐energy content and show kinetic stability as to the breakup of N5 ring, especially HB(N5)3Mg(N5)3BH. The MN bondings in the mononuclear compounds are stronger than those in the corresponding dinuclear ones, except in the Be analogues. Furthermore, except HB(N5)3Zn2(N5)3BH, all the dinuclear compounds are shown to be energetically stable with respect to disproportionation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Ab initio study of ATiO3 (001) surfaces
Authors: Wang Guo‐Zhang , Li Cheng‐Rong , Cui Jie , Man Zhen‐Yong
Published: October 2009

The AO and TiO2 terminations have been constructed for the ATiO3 (001) surface. The cleavage and surface energies, surface grand potential and surface relaxation have been calculated for the two types of terminations using ab initio plane waves ultrasoft pseudopotential method based on local density approximation. The results show that, for the AO terminations, the CaTiO3 surface corresponds to the lowest surface energies; the TiO2 termination of BaTiO3 (001) surface is more easily constructed; however, the TiO2 termination for CaTiO3 and SrTiO3 (001) surfaces is unstable compared to theirAO terminations. The AO termination is stable in an O‐ and A‐rich environment; however, its complementary TiO2 termination is stable in O‐ and A‐poor conditions. Moreover, in the range of the accessible value of ΔµO, only the AO terminations are likely to be observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind Energy Literature Survey No. 14
Authors: Henriksen L. C.
Published: October 2009

As a service to readers, Wind Energy regularly conducts literature surveys and publishes lists of relevant articles drawn from recent issues of a large number of periodicals including: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, International Journal of Energy Research, Renewable Energy, Energy Sources, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, Electric Power Components and Systems along with a number of periodicals published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers etc. The list is limited exclusively to journals not specifically devoted to wind energy and its applications. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories. Although many papers fit several categories, each paper is listed only once under the category thought most appropriate. Please note that the inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. Compiled by Lars Christian Henriksen, Wind Energy Department, Riso/ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, P.O. 49, DK‐4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Please e‐mail any suggestions to larh@risoe.dtu.dk.
Recrystallization of Zeolite Y to Analcime and Zeolite P with d‐Methionine as Structure‐Directing Agent (SDA)
Authors: Azizi Seyed Naser , Ehsani Tilami Salma
Published: October 2009

In this study, the synthesis of template free zeolite Y and its recrystallization to two types of pure zeolite P and analcime in the presence of the amino acid d‐methionine as structure‐directing agent were investigated. The recrystallization occurred solely when specific heating cycles were applyed. A completely crystallized phase of zeolite Y for the mixture of zeolite P and analcime was observed in the presence of d‐methionine at a concentration of 0.015 m. The effect of different Si/Al ratios (2.3–9.3), crystallization temperatures (40–160 °C), and crystallization times (28–96 hours) on the achievement of two different zeolite types were studied as well. Pure zeolite P was obtained during conventional heating to 100 °C for 42 hours, whereas pure analcime zeolite was achieved by heating the mixture to 160 °C for 96 hours. The products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and IR spectroscopy.
Human Milk Fat Substitute from Butterfat: Production by Enzymatic Interesterification and Evaluation of Oxidative Stability
Authors: Sørensen Ann‐Dorit Moltke , Xu Xuebing , Zhang Long , Kristensen Janni B. , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: October 2009

Recent data have suggested that the fatty acid composition and molecular structure of fats in infant formulas should be as similar to human milk fat as possible to obtain optimal fat and calcium absorption from the infant formula. This work investigated the possibilities of using enzyme technology and butterfat as a material to produce a fat similar to human milk fat with respect to the above parameters. Moreover, the oxidative stability of the enzyme modified human milk fat substitute (HMFS) was compared to the fat blend used for the production of HMFS. Using a combination of enzyme technology, fractionation and batch deodorization and with butterfat in combination with soybean oil and rapeseed oil as raw materials it was possible to produce HMFS with a molecular structure and fatty acid composition that was very similar to that of human milk fat. The oxidative stability of the HMFS oil was lower than that of the reference oil with the same fatty acid composition. However, oxidation did not lead to a severe increase in rancidity scores during storage. Rather, the panel gave high intensity scores for other off‐flavors such as burnt and bitter. Further optimization of the deodorization process is therefore necessary to remove these off‐flavors.
Ultrasonic evaluation of pupillary light reflex
Authors: Sargsyan Ashot E. , Hamilton Douglas R. , Melton Shannon L. , Amponsah David , Marshall Nathan E. , Dulchavsky Scott A.
Published: October 2009

Background

Evaluation of pupillary light reflex (PLR) is an important neurological test with a variety of clinical applications. Obstacles such as severe soft tissue damage or hyphema may obstruct the visual access to the pupil, thus rendering direct PLR observation difficult or impossible. Multipurpose ultrasonic systems, however, can overcome this problem.

Methods

Using ultrasound imaging, a coronal view of the iris and pupil allowed visualization of PLR upon contralateral stimulation with a penlight. The technique was tested in ten healthy volunteers and a trauma case study.

Results

Satisfactory visualization of the iris was achieved in all subjects, in an average time of 1 min 10 s. Temporal parameters of pupillary constriction, oscillations (hippos) and relaxation could also be measured on M-mode displays.

Conclusions

Real-time coronal imaging of the iris using multipurpose ultrasound imaging is found to be a practical, fast and recordable method that can be used for evaluating PLR.
PECAM‐1 expression and activity negatively regulate multiple platelet signaling pathways
Authors: Jones Chris I. , Garner Stephen F. , Moraes Leonardo A. , Kaiser William J. , Rankin Angela , Ouwehand Willem H. , Goodall Alison H. , Gibbins Jonathan M.
Published: October 2009

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1 (PECAM‐1) inhibits platelet response to collagen and may also inhibit two other major platelet agonists ADP and thrombin although this has been less well explored. We hypothesized that the combined effect of inhibiting these three platelet activating pathways may act to significantly inhibit thrombus formation. We demonstrate a negative relationship between PECAM‐1 surface expression and platelet response to cross‐linked collagen related peptide (CRP‐XL) and ADP, and an inhibitory effect of PECAM‐1 clustering on platelet response to CRP‐XL, ADP and thrombin. This combined inhibition of multiple signaling pathways results in a marked reduction in thrombus formation.
Computer thermodynamic modeling of the transport and deposition of Sb and Au during the formation of Au-Sb deposits
Authors: Obolensky A.A. , Gushchina L.V. , Borisenko A.S. , Borovikov A.A. , Nevol’ko P.A.
Published: October 2009

Using the Chiller computer program, we performed modeling of the mechanisms of the joint transport and deposition of Au and Sb from various ore-forming solutions during the formation of Au-Sb deposits. Three models are considered by the example of the Uderei Au-Sb deposit in the Yenisei Ridge: (1) simple cooling (cooling only), (2) iso-enthalpy boiling (P = f(T)), and (3) solution–rock interaction (rock titration model). The behavior of Sb(III) and Au(I) in the system Au–Sb–Fe–Cu–Pb–Zn–As–H2O–Cl–H2S–CO2 under hydrothermal conditions was studied. It is shown that both weakly alkaline (near-neutral) and reduced acidic Feaq2+-enriched low-chloride high-CO2 and high-chloride hydrothermal solutions play a crucial role in the formation of gold parageneses of Au-Sb ores.
ON POINT SETS IN VECTOR SPACES OVER FINITE FIELDS THAT DETERMINE ONLY ACUTE ANGLE TRIANGLES
Authors: SHPARLINSKI IGOR E.
Published: October 2009

For three points$\vec {u}$,$\vec {v}$and$\vec {w}$in then-dimensional space 𝔽nqover the finite field 𝔽qofqelements we give a natural interpretation of an acute angle triangle defined by these points. We obtain an upper bound on the size of a set 𝒵 such that all triples of distinct points$\vec {u}, \vec {v}, \vec {w} \in \cZ $define acute angle triangles. A similar question in the real space ℛndates back to P. Erdős and has been studied by several authors.
FIXED POINT THEORY FOR VARIOUS CLASSES OF INWARD MULTIVALUED MAPS
Authors: AGARWAL RAVI P. , O’REGAN DONAL
Published: October 2009

In this paper we present new fixed point theorems for inward and weakly inward type maps between Fréchet spaces. We also discuss Kakutani–Mönch and contractive type maps.
OPTIONS FOR TAXING FINANCIAL SUPPLIES IN VALUE ADDED TAX: EU VAT AND AUSTRALIAN GST MODELS COMPARED
Authors: DE LA FERIA RITA , WALPOLE MICHAEL
Published: October 2009

The taxation of financial services is one of the most vexing aspects of a Value Added Tax (VAT). Conceptually, VAT should apply to any fee for service but where financial services are concerned there is a difficulty in identifying the taxable amount, ie the value added by financial institutions. As a result, most jurisdictions, including the EU, simply exempt financial services from VAT. Treating financial services as exempt, however, gives rise to significant legal and economic distortions. Consequently, a few countries have in recent years attempted an alternative VAT approach to financial services. Amongst these is Australia, which in 2000 introduced a Goods and Services Tax (GST) with a ‘reduced input tax credit’ system. This paper compares the current treatment of financial supplies, under a VAT-type system, in the EU and in Australia. The aim is to ascertain whether the Australian GST treatment of financial services is, as commonly thought, superior to the EU one, and consequently, whether introducing an Australian-type model should constitute a policy consideration for the EU.
ADDRESSING THE ‘POST-KYOTO’ STRESS DISORDER: REFLECTIONS ON THE EMERGING LEGAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE CLIMATE REGIME
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya
Published: October 2009

In December 2007, the international community adopted the Bali Action Plan which launched a process to reach an ‘agreed outcome’ on long-term cooperative action on climate change, with a scheduled end in Copenhagen, December 2009. The term ‘an agreed outcome’ suggests a lack of agreement on both the legal form that the likely outcome of this process could take, and the level of ambition that it should reflect. This lack of agreement continues to haunt the process. There are a range of legal form options for a new climate instrument—from a set of Conference of Parties decisions to a legally binding instrument, either to replace or supplement the Kyoto Protocol—and the choice between them for States is predicated primarily on political and strategic considerations. Nevertheless the legal status, procedural requirements, symbolic signalling effects and regime-building characteristics of different legal form options will play an important role in determining the legal form of the Copenhagen ‘agreed outcome’. This article identifies and explores the range of legal form options available to States in the negotiation process, and outlines the political and strategic considerations at play and will ultimately govern choice of legal form. This article argues that one of the most significant factors hindering substantive progress on a post-2012 climate agreement is what is characterized here as the ‘post-Kyoto stress disorder’, a lack of trust amongst some developing countries that industrialized countries will, given current and past form, honour their commitments, and/or take the lead in the new climate agreement. This article makes the case that post-Kyoto stress disorder will likely prevent certain legal form options from acquiring traction in the process and favour others.
FMRFamide-like peptides in root knot nematodes and their potential role in nematode physiology
Authors: Johnston M.J.G. , McVeigh P. , McMaster S. , Fleming C.C. , Maule A.G.
Published: October 2009

FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) are a diverse group of neuropeptides that are expressed abundantly in nematodes. They exert potent physiological effects on locomotory, feeding and reproductive musculature and also act as neuromodulators. However, little is known about the specific expression patterns and functions of individual peptides. The current study employed rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR) to characterizeflpgenes from infective juveniles of the root knot nematodes,Meloidogyne incognitaandMeloidogyne minor. The peptides identified from these transcripts are sequelogs of FLPs from the free-living nematode,Caenorhabditis elegans; the genes have therefore been designated asMi-flp-1,Mi-flp-7,Mi-flp-12,Mm-flp-12andMi-flp-14.Mi-flp-1encodes five FLPs with the common C-terminal moiety, NFLRFamide.Mi-flp-7encodes two copies of APLDRSALVRFamide and APLDRAAMVRFamide and one copy of APFDRSSMVRFamide.Mi-flp-12andMm-flp-12encode the novel peptide KNNKFEFIRFamide (a longer version of RNKFEFIRFamide found inC. elegans).Mi-flp-14encodes a single copy of KHEYLRFamide (commonly known as AF2 and regarded as the most abundant nematode FLP), and a single copy of the novel peptide KHEFVRFamide. These FLPs share a high degree of conservation betweenMeloidogynespecies and nematodes from other clades, including those of humans and animals, perhaps suggesting a common neurophysiological role which may be exploited by novel drugs. FLP immunoreactivity was observed for the first time inMeloidogyne, in the circumpharyngeal nerve ring, pharyngeal nerves and ventral nerve cord. Additionally,in situhybridization revealedMi-flp-12expression in an RIR-like neuron andMi-flp-14expression in SMB-like neurons‡, respectively. These localizations imply physiological roles for FLP-12 and FLP-14 peptides, including locomotion and sensory perception.
The gastrotrich community of a north Adriatic Sea site, with a redescription ofMusellifer profundus(Chaetonotida: Muselliferidae)
Authors: Leasi F. , Todaro M.A.
Published: October 2009

During a survey of the marine meiobenthos in a predominantly muddy area, 40 km south of Venice (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy), 11 species of gastrotrichs were recorded. Gastrotrichs were found in 11 out of the 16 investigated stations, with densities (mean ± standard deviation) ranging from 0.6 ± 0.5 to 97.7 ± 71.2 ind./10 cm2. The community was dominated byMusellifer profundus, which made up 24.5% of the entire gastrotrich assemblage and reached in a single station the abundance peak of 18.3 ind./10 cm2. The finding bears relevance to the biogeography and ecology of several species. The presence of numerous specimens of the rareM. profundusallowed new insights into the arrangement and functioning of the hermaphroditic sexual apparatus in this phylogenetically important genus, for which such data are scanty. The new information will certainly be useful in evolutionary studies aimed at reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Gastrotricha, while offering at the same time additional morphological traits to be used in reliable species identification. Although only three species ofMuselliferhave been described so far, there are several others awaiting a formal affiliation, a task that will benefit from this new information.
Polemics and patronage in Safavid Iran: The debate on Friday prayer during the reign of Shah Tahmasb
Authors: Stewart Devin J.
Published: October 2009

This study argues that five treatises on the legal status of Friday prayer in Twelver Shiite law that were composed between 1555 and 1563, in the middle of the reign of Safavid Shah Tahmasb, were all penned as part of a heated competition over the post ofshaykh al-islāmof the Safavid capital Qazvin. Detailed analysis of the first four treatises and the context in which they were produced, building on a 1996 article that discussed the fifth, demonstrates the influence of politics and academic rivalry on texts of Islamic law and other sciences, the types of rhetorical strategies used by scholars in the competition for patronage, and the importance of support of scholars for the establishment of legitimate rule and an official religion.
Between authenticity and alienation: The Druzes and Lebanon's history
Authors: Hazran Yusri
Published: October 2009

Almost ninety years have passed since the establishment of the Lebanese state, but it still lacks a consensual and unifying historical narrative. The Druzes of Lebanon, who claim to be the real founders of the historical Lebanese entity, reject the Lebanese historiography elaborated by Christian historians as ideologically motivated, sectarian and fabricated. Furthermore, they claim that their contribution to Lebanon's history has been systematically minimized. The Druze leader, Kamāl Junblāṭ, was the first to raise public awareness of the importance of rewriting Lebanon's history, and the process of doing so has gained momentum among Druze intellectuals since the 1980s. This article discusses the efforts of the Druze intelligentsia to cultivate a historical narrative that presents an alternative to what they call the “Maronite narrative”; it focuses predominantly on the Emirate's history during the Middle Ages and the reciprocal relations between the Druze political experience within modern Lebanon and the intellectual formulation of their narrative.
Grammaticalization of the notion of “passing” in Chinese (aspectual values)
Authors: Iljic Robert
Published: October 2009

This article deals with the grammaticalization of the lexical meaning of GUO “to cross, pass” in Mandarin Chinese. GUO displays two aspectual/temporal values, known as the experiential suffix-guoand the phase complementguorespectively. The first indicates that in the past there is at least one instance of the event represented by the sentence and the second that an expected event has occurred and is now over. The experiential suffix refers to indefinite occurrences, whereas the phase complement refers to definite occurrences. These two values can be unified at a theoretical level. Aspectual GUO is concerned in all cases with the location of events in time: it situates an event in the (relative) past and it indicates either that among past events there is at least one occurrence of this type of event (suffix-guo), or that a particular (previously identified) event has passed, that is, entered the class of the past events (phase complementguo).
The Protected Volume of Airspace Generated by an Airborne Collision Avoidance System
Authors: Ford R. L.
Published: October 2009

The shape, size and orientation of the protected volume of airspace generated by the airborne collision avoidance system currently known as TCAS II are derived. While based on constant-velocity aircraft flight paths the results are shown to have more general application. It is also shown how the essential features of the protected volume may be used to calculate alarm rates for some simple traffic patterns.
Routing and the Environment
Authors: Cockcroft A. N.
Published: October 2009

One aspect of marine navigation which has particular application to the protection of the environment is the establishment of traffic separation schemes and other routing measures in coastal waters. Extensive pollution may be caused by marine casualties. The use of routing to reduce the risk of strandings and of collisions between ships or with offshore structures will be considered in this paper.
Early Navigation: The Human Factor (Duke of Edinburgh Lecture)
Authors: Severin Tim
Published: October 2009

The twelfth Duke of Edinburgh Lecture was presented in London on 15 October 1986 at the Royal Geographical Society to the thirty-ninth Annual General Meeting of the Institute, the President in the Chair. The lecturer, the President said in his introductory remarks, was a geographical scholar who had devoted much of his time to the verification of early voyages by following the paths described in the often legendary accounts:the travels of Marco Polo in 1961 and later the voyages on which the present paper is based, of St Brendan, Sindbad and Jason. In 1976–7 in the medieval leather boat Brendan he followed a route from Ireland across the Atlantic described in the 8/9th century Navigatio. In 1980–81 in the Arabian boom Sohar he sailed over 6000 miles from Oman to Canton in a reconstruction of Sindbad's seven voyages described in One Thousand and One Nights, and finally in 1984 in Argo, a reconstructed Greek vessel of the 13th century B.C., his voyage took him from Greece through the Bosphorus to Georgia in the USSR, following the legendary path of Jason in search of the Golden Fleece. No-one could be better fitted to reflect on the human factor in early navigation.
The Distribution of Navigational Errors
Authors: Čumbelić Petar
Published: October 2009

Practical navigation is far from an exact science because the navigator in his daily routine uses too many approximations which would be unacceptable in careful scientific work. These approximations will not be referred to in detail, or elaborated upon, since the matter is adequately dealt with in standard navigation manuals and textbooks. The laws that govern the distribution of random errors, however, their occurrence and frequency, will be discussed in this paper in terms of the theory of probability and mathematical statistics. The main objective will be the quantitative error analysis of random structures. We shall also formulate mathematical models and use them for computer simulations of practical navigation problems.
ATS and VTS—Some Observations Towards a Synthesis
Authors: Bootsma R. , Polderman K.
Published: October 2009

In the past, air traffic services (ATS) have been compared with vessel traffic services (VTS) in numerous articles, in particular from a technical and operational point of view. Generally emphasis has been laid on existing technical differences between air navigation and shipping, which in brief are related to the speed of aircraft and ships and the medium in which these craft move.
The Calculation of Crossing Collisoion Risk at Sea
Authors: Lamb W. G. P.
Published: October 2009

Mean relative collision risks for marine crossing encounters are derived from calculated encounter rates by the use of a two-part weighting function. The relative importance of the two parts is determined from data concerning the collisions which have taken place during the last few years. The method is applied to the crossing traffic in the English Channel to obtain the optimum crossing angles in both clear and restricted visibility.
Flight Inspection Procedures and Position Fixing Techniques
Authors: Reiffer D. R.
Published: October 2009

Flight inspection is the means by which the performance of a navigation aid is measured to ensure that it is meeting the requirements of the operational procedures based upon it. It can involve laboratory-type measurements in an environment which is generally unstable and sometimes hostile. The first requirement is the position of the aircraft fixed to an accuracy commensurate with that implied by the operational specification of the navigational aid. A range of techniques for position fixing has been developed over the years. Where possible the technique should just meet the ‘one order better than’ criteria. The use of systems with accuracies significantly better will usually result in financial or logistic penalties.
Proposal on the Modification of Sailing Calculations
Authors: Hiraiwa T.
Published: October 2009

Methods of calculating the course and the distance between two points from a knowledge of their latitudes and longitudes, or calculating the latitude and the longitude of the arrival point from the course and the distance from a known departure point, are called sailings. Middle-latitude sailing and Mercator sailing have been widely used.
Jester's Ultimate Storm
Authors: Richey Michael
Published: October 2009

In Heavy Weather Sailing, Adlard Coles defines a survival storm, as distinct from a full gale, as those conditions in which, the wind at Force 10 or above and perhaps gusting at hurricane strength, wind and sea become the masters; there is little the unfortunate mariner can do. It is impossible for anyone in a small boat in the middle of an ocean storm to judge wind-speed or sea-state accurately, if only because the height of eye will be too low to see enough of the sea surface. However, an experienced observer will be able to distinguish between storm-force and gale-force winds and if he knows his craft well enough he will sense when she has become at the mercy of the seas. In precisely these terms I believe Jester to have experienced a survival storm in the vicinity of 48° 30′ N., 12° 30′ W. on 1 August 1986. She was on her way back from Nova Scotia to Plymouth, some 25 days out, 250 miles from her destination. It was her thirteent transatlantic crossing.
Source Data for Nautical Charts: Problems in the Gulf of Suez
Authors: Cox P. G.
Published: October 2009

This paper touches on some of the problems with which the chart compiler has to contend in an area such as the Gulf of Suez. It is assumed that readers are familiar with the system of keeping charts up to date through Notices to Mariners and new editions of charts. Details of the system can be found in The Mariner's Handbook. Space does not allow a full evaluation of all the influences source data for charts may have on the final product, and in particular no treatment is given here of one significant area, the influence of source data on choices of chart limits and scales. The paper will look first at some more general points which find expression in the charting of the Gulf of Suez, and then take as an example chart 2375 of the Strait of Gubal, examining aspects of it in detail in the light of the general points raised.

This paper was presented at an International Conference on ‘Navigation in the Gulf of Suez’ held in Alexandria in October 1986.)
‘Practical Weather Routeing of Sail-assisted Motor Vessels’
Authors: Hagiwara H. , Spaans J. A.
Published: October 2009

Concerning the minimum fuel routeing, the algorithm stated in Section 2 is very effective in the calculation of the (sub)optimum route for most environmental conditions. However, when the weather around the great circle route is extremely severe and the final isochrone bends backwards sharply near the destination, there is a possibility that the route passing through the other side of the great circle causes less fuel consumption than the calculated minimum fuel route. In such a case, to investigate the fuel consumption of that alternative route it is necessary to apply the algorithm for only the other side of the great circle route.
The Conflict Resolution Process for TCAS II and Some Simulation Results
Authors: Ford R. L.
Published: October 2009

The paper is mainly concerned with the principles used by TCAS (Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System) to resolve conflicts between airborne aircraft. It leans heavily on an earlier paper which describes the threat-detection process. The simulation results given were obtained using a fast-time computer model for random traffic and comprise statistics on miss distance, warning time, etc., for a simple traffic pattern.
Radar Reflectors, Radar Beacons and Transponders as Aids to Navigation
Authors: McGeoch Ian , Stawell W. B.
Published: October 2009

A decade ago the opinion was expressed in that authoritative work The Use of Radar at Sea that:

In its peaceful application marine radar is hardly out of its adolescence. In twenty years it may have grown out of recognition. Whether it does so or not depends upon a number of factors of which, perhaps, the most important is progressive thought on the part of the user and his employers (p. 258).
The Environment, COST-301 and Coastal State Policy
Authors: De Bièvre Aline , Kemp J. F.
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented at a seminar entitled a European Concerted Approach to Vessel Traffic Services for Safe Navigation – EEC Project COST-301, sponsored jointly by the Institute's Netherlands branch and the Royal Institute of Engineers, Delft University of Technology and the Netherlands Directorate General for Shipping and Maritime Affairs held in Delft on 20 January 1986. It was published under the auspices of the European Environmental Bureau, an independent coalition body of leading environmental organizations in all the European Economic Community countries (with a total membership of over 10 million). The paper, of which the following is a condensed version, seeks to comment on the implications for environmental protection of the various COST-301 research programmes, and to assess the contribution which the findings resulting from them may make to future European coastal state policy and international measures.

Aline De Bièvre is with the European Environmental Bureau and John Kemp is Professor Emeritus at the City of London Polytechnic.
Measurement of Surface Currents
Authors: Collar P. G.
Published: October 2009

Knowledge of surface currents is of fundamental importance in many diverse marine activities; for example in navigation, offshore engineering and operations, and in the prediction and monitoring of the movement of pollutants. In those areas of scientific research directed towards improved understanding of climate, and towards the modelling and prediction of currents, studies of exchanges of heat and momentum between atmosphere and ocean also require detailed knowledge of mean and fluctuating components of near-surface flow.
Hydrographic Requirements for Modern Shipping
Authors: Pasquay J.-N.
Published: October 2009

Until 1950 the largest ships of the merchant fleet and the major warships had the same draught, about 12 m. Hydrographic offices concentrated their efforts on those areas likely to contain hazards to such vessels, that is to say the areas extending from the shallow waters to the 20 m contour line. The maximum draught of warships has been stable whereas the draught of merchant vessels increased considerably up to 30 m in recent years. A VLCC may risk grounding after having crossed the 30 m line or even the 40 m line. Nowadays, the part of the continental shelf which is best known is the part in which the largest vessels are unable to operate.
The Use of Computer Modelling in Planning Marine Aids to Navigation
Authors: Ward N.
Published: October 2009

A number of studies have been carried out by consultants on behalf of the General Lighthouse Authorities (GLA) to assess the effectiveness of aids to navigation systems and to study the effects of changes to these systems. The usefulness of graphical representation of aids to navigation systems was appreciated and a program was developed for a desktop computer, combining graphics with numerical analysis of effectiveness. The program has been used in two studies for the GLAS, the results of which are used here to illustrate the techniques involved.
Characterizing Height-keeping Error Distribution Based on Indirect Observation
Authors: Nagaoka Sakae
Published: October 2009

Mathematical collision risk models, e.g. the Reich (1966) model, may be useful for evaluating the safety of air traffic control systems. The model requires parameters associated with the navigational errors of aircraft. Among navigational errors the distribution of height-keeping errors (HKE) is of great interest for evaluating the feasibility of reducing the current 2000 ft vertical separation standard above flight level 290 (29000 ft). The distribution is closely related to the probability of vertical overlap which is a key parameter of the collision risk model.
Official General Charts of New Zealand 1772–1885
Authors: Hooker Brain
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss official British general charts of New Zealand. The principal development period of the general chart ended when the fourth chart was published in 1885; this edition was not superseded until 1964.
Cetacean ‘Navigation’ and the Geomagnetic Field
Authors: Klinowska M.
Published: October 2009

On ne sait pas pourquoi ils s'echouent parfois sur la plage; car on assure qu'ils le font assez souvent, quand la fantaisie leur en prend, et sans aucune cause appréciable.
An Overview of Current Methods Used in Weather Routeing
Authors: Motte R. , Burns R. S. , Calvert S.
Published: October 2009

The aim of this paper is to provide a collective overview of current state-of-the-art weather routeing and it is therefore intended to give a descriptive appraisal. Essentially the paper will concentrate upon the vessel route optimization procedures, data-handling techniques including the parameters necessary to implement the methods, the ship-resistance characteristics and the James speed performance curves.
Data Dissemination and Display
Authors: Newson D. W.
Published: October 2009

The 1987 Conference of the Institute was held at the Penta Hotel, London, in the autumn. A selection of nine papers from the Conference is reprinted here, following an introductory summary.

The complete proceedings, comprising some 40 papers, may be obtained from the Institute price £25 to Members (£50 to non-Members).
Integrated Navigation and Electronic Chart Display Systems
Authors: Moskvin G. I. , Sorochinsky V. A.
Published: October 2009

Among recent trends in the development of automatic navigation aids is the designing of integrated navigation systems with navigational data being presented on electronic displays. The integrated system concept seems promising, in particular due to possible improvements which may be achieved in areas of vital importance such as navigational safety, seafarers ' labour consumption and the efficiency of a ship's operation as a transport unit.
Ground-Based 4-D Guidance of Flights in Strong Winds
Authors: Benoît André , Swierstra Sip
Published: October 2009

In a strong wind, groundspeed may vary appreciably during a turn, as, for example, in the case of a landing after a U-turn preceding the localizer intercept. Such conditions are critical for maximum use of the runway, and render human estimation of aircraft motion extremely difficult.

This paper summarizes the tests conducted using a ground-based 4D-guidance program, developed to assist the air traffic controller in maintaining the predicted landing-time sequence with an accuracy better than 10 seconds for each arrival.
The Airline's Perception of Air Traffic Management
Authors: Hume Colin
Published: October 2009

The situation today can be described as very frustrating for a variety of reasons. Air traffic flow-management (ATFM) has dominated the scene for many years since its conception in 1980. At that time, the principles of ATFM were directed at ensuring that temporary or isolated sector overloads could be handled by ATC and only when broad, prolonged overloads were expected was ATFM activated. Today, we have the reverse situation, where ATFM is active throughout 16 h or more during each day. The system as such was never intended or planned to cope with such a burden and the results are seen in a variety of forms, including departure delays as shown in Fig. 1.
Uncertainty in Collision Avoidance Manoeuvring
Authors: Taylor Donald H.
Published: October 2009

Meeting encounters, in which it is uncertain at what range the give-way ship will manoeuvre, are analysed using a model based on probability theory. Course alteration ranges of both giveway and (if necessary) stand-on ships are closely fitted by a simple mathematical model, which is also used to interpret the efficiency of the Collision Regulations.
Keeping Look-Out Astern in River Navigation
Authors: Lamb W. G. P. , Hunt J. M.
Published: October 2009

The collision between the dredger Bowbelle and the pleasure cruiser Marchioness on the Thames in August 1989 in the vicinity of the centre of London has drawn attention to the need for river mariners to keep a frequent look-out astern as well as ahead. This paper describes calculations of the minimum frequency at which observations astern are required in order to allow sufficient time for a ship about to be overtaken by a faster vessel to be able to take adequate avoidance action should the overtaking craft fail to keep clear.
Agricultural Vehicle Positioning and its Integration with a Large-Scale Land Information System
Authors: MacLeod Fraser
Published: October 2009

Agriculture in the U.K. has, since the late 1940s, enjoyed government subsidy and insulation from free market forces. However, the post-war philosophy of ‘every acre counts’ no longer holds true in the face of surplus production and a growing public awareness of the countryside and environmental issues. Legislation relating to water pollution, public rights of way and price support mechanisms are all contributory factors to the radical changes which agriculture is undergoing at the present time. Investigations have shown a need within agriculture for the efficient use and handling of data relating to the land, and a need for new technology to exploit the inherent spatial variability of, for example, the soil. This paper will discuss the development of an agricultural vehicle positioning instrument and future research which will address the needs which have been identified.
The Control of Inbound Flights
Authors: Benoît André , Swierstra Sip
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the basic principles of a method developed to guide aircraft accurately down to the runway in a time-of-arrival constrained environment. The method is designed to be used in a ‘zone of convergence’ context or in any similar advanced air traffic control system characterized by the integration of control phases over an extended area on the one hand and true ‘computer assistance’ to the air traffic controller on the other; that is, assistance provided at the decision-making level through the automatic generation of guidance advisories.

The method includes two closely-coupled basic components; namely, a ‘predictor’, which computes a trajectory once initial conditions and plans are known, and a ‘profile manager’, which adapts the plans to meet the time constraints and generates the guidance directives on the basis of present position, actual surveillance information, aircraft operation and route constraints.
Methods of Collision Avoidance by Radar
Authors: Jing-song Zhao , Feng-chen Wang
Published: October 2009

In this paper, the methods of collision avoidance by radar which have been used in the radar simulator course at Chinese marine colleges are introduced. Then some other methods of estimating the risk of collision, safe passing distance and course alteration in radar collision avoidance are presented.
The Guidance System for Ariane
Authors: Angus Alex M. , Gordon Colin S. , Brunschvig Alain
Published: October 2009

In the early 1960s, Ferranti developed a 4-gimbal miniature inertial platform (approximately 8 inches diameter) for a number of applications, including the RAF Harrier and Phantom Inertial NavAttack system and for various satellite launcher projects. This platform used the Type 125 floated rate gyro (adapted from a design by Singer Kearfott, and originally referred to as Type M2519).
Loran-C and GPS – Anticipated Problems and Accuracies
Authors: Last D.
Published: October 2009

This, and the following five papers, are a selection from those presented at the RIN91 Conference on Small Craft Navigation. The Conference was held at the Warsash Campus, Southampton, over the weekend 6–7 April 1991. Copies of thecomplete proceedings are available from the Director, price £30 to non-members and £20 to members (exc. postage and packing).