bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Postnatal Growth and Mental Development: Evidence for a “Sensitive Period”
Authors: Skuse David , Pickles Andrew , Wolke Dieter , Reilly Sheena
Published: December 2006

Abstract For many years it has been suspected that severely impaired somatic growth during early postnatal life can be associated with the subsequent impairment of mental abilities. This study aimed to test that, hypothesis on the basis of data gathered from a prospective whole population survey of infant development in south London. A year's birth cohort of 1558 full‐term singletons was monitored: 47 otherwise, healthy cases with serious growth faltering in the first year were recruited. Mental and psychomotor abilities were assessed at 15 months. Potentially confounding psychosocial variables, including cognitive stimulation received at home, were measured contemporaneously. A statistical model was constructed that enabled the timing, duration and severity of growth faltering to be used as predictors of mental functioning. Up to 37% of the variance in cognitive and psychomotor outcome at 15 months can be explained by the model. The first few postnatal months appear to constitute a “sensitive period” for the relationship between growth and mental development.
Predicting and Explaining Behavior: A Comparison of Autistic, Mentally Retarded and Normal Children
Authors: Tager‐Flusberg Helen , Sullivan Kate
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The relationship between performance on a false belief task and a new task designed to elicit explanations of human action was examined in two experiments. In the first study normal preschoolers' performance on both tasks was significantly correlated. The second experiment included matched groups of autistic, mentally retarded, and older normal children. The autistic subjects were significantly worse than controls at offering mentalistic explanations. Performance on the false belief and the explanation of action tasks was highly correlated for the autistic subjects. These findings are discussed in terms of the relationships between language and theory of mind.
The Quality of Joint Activity Between Mothers and Their Children with Behaviour Problems
Authors: Gardner Frances E. M.
Published: December 2006

This study used a detailed home observational system to analyse mother‐child interaction during spontaneous joint play. Compared to matched controls, mothers of preschool children with behaviour problems initiated a smaller proportion of activities, made fewer contributions to keeping the activity going, and were less responsive to the child's contributions. In contrast to controls, problem children played a stronger role than their mothers in initiating and maintaining activities. Less positive affect was shown in the problem group, and play more frequently degenerated into conflict. The findings imply that low maternal involvement in play may be an important factor in the development of behaviour problems. Intervention studies are needed for further verification.
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents
Authors: Fergusson David M. , Horwood L. John , Lynskey Michael T.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and rates of adolescent (15–16 years) depressive symptoms was studied in a birth cohort of 934 New Zealand children. There was a clear correlation between maternal depressive symptoms and subsequent depressive symptoms in adolescent females (r= .44) but no association (r= ‐.01) between maternal depressive symptoms and depressive symptoms in adolescent males. Subsequent analysis suggested that the correlation between maternal depression and depressive symptoms in adolescent females was largely explained by the associations of both measures with a series of social and contextual factors including social disadvantage, marital discord and family adversity. It is concluded that maternal depression is only associated with depression in adolescence insofar as maternal depression is associated /with social disadvantage, marital discord or family adversity.
Classification of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology
Authors: Cantwell Dennis P.
Published: December 2006

This review will consider some of the major issues in the classification of child and adolescent psychopathology. The central issue will be the value of classification systems in child and adolescent psychopathology research. Some comment will also be made on the value of the existing classifications in clinical practice.
Shy Girls and Boys: A New Look
Authors: Stevenson‐Hinde Joan , Glover Ann
Published: December 2006

A new took at shyness in young children involves selecting for shyness, using criteria involving both natural and laboratory contexts, categorizing children (including a group between the two extremes), and including the sex of the child in analyses. Children of both sexes differed significantly across low, medium, and high shy groups, with negative mood, worries and fears, and problem behaviour in preschool being associated with high shyness. Although boys in general and high shy boys in particular had the highest problem behaviour scores in preschool (including acting out behaviour), maternal interactions with high shy boys were positive: significantly more positive than with boys who were high shy in natural settings but low shy in the laboratory, or with high shy girls. Of the girls, maternal style was most positive for the medium shy girls, who also received the highest relative frequency of positive maternal actions during a brief task–significantly higher than medium shy boys, as well as high shy girls.
Disaster Related Stresses, Depressive Signs and Symptoms, and Suicidal Ideation Among a Multi‐Racial/Ethnic Sample of Adolescents: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Warheit George J. , Zimmerman Rick S. , Khoury Elizabeth L. , Vega William A. , Gil Andres G.
Published: December 2006

Longitudinal findings are presented on the relationships between disaster related stresses, depression scores, and suicidal ideation among a multi‐racial/ethnic sample of adolescents (N = 4,978) all of whom have been exposed to Hurricane Andrew. Regression analysis showed that being female, hurricane generated stresses, low levels of family support, pre‐hurricane suicidal ideation, and posi‐hurricane depression scores were significant predictors of post‐hurricane suicidal ideation. Path analysis revealed that being female, low socioeconomic status, pre‐ and post‐hurricane depression, high stress scores, low family support, and pre‐hurricane suicidal ideation had significant direct/indirect effects on post‐hurricane suicidal ideation.
Childcare Patterns of Mothers of Twins During the First Year
Authors: Robin Monique , Corroyer Denis , Casati Irene
Published: December 2006

This study aims to describe the ways in which mothers of twins organize their childcare activities during the first year after a twin birth and to determine what factors might affect these mothering practices. The mothers physical and psychological state, support and help from the father and others in the surroundings, and the type of twin ship were among the factors studied. Data on the organization of feeding, sleeping and waking routines were gathered from 51 families. A correspondence analysis and a cluster analysis showed that twin mothering practices can be described along two dimensions: individualized care is collective care, and level of organization of daily routines. The mother's state of fatigue only partially accounts for the different types of maternal behavior. Likewise, the presence of several caregivers does not lead to greater individualization in care routines. Nor does there seem to be a clear link between the type of maternal behavior and the type of twinship. The discussion deals with the mother's emotional investment, her personal capacity for adjusting to the ‘triadic motherhood’ process, and the nature of the father's involvement in that process. Another consideration is the impact of the type of childcare pattern on twin development.
Life Event Precipitants of Adolescent Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Gowers S. G. , North C. D. , Byrum V. , Weaver A. B.
Published: December 2006

As part of a prospective outcome study, independent life events occurring in the year before onset in 35 consecutive cases of anorexia nervosa were recorded by a semi‐structured interview with the subject and a parent. Negative impact and context were rated blind, using the case vignette method. Subjects with anorexia reported intermediate rates of negative life events between community and psychiatric controls. Chronic adversities were common. Negative life events were associated with depressive disorder in controls, but not in those with anorexia. Significant under‐reporting of events may occur in this population.
Pindolol and Methylphenidate in Children with Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Clinical Efficacy and Side‐Effects
Authors: Buitelaar Jan K. , van der Gaag Rutger Jan , Swaab‐Barneveld Hanna , Kuiper Marga
Published: December 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy and side‐effects of pindolol, a β‐blocker, in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Fifty‐two ADHD children, 7–13 years old, participated in a prospective double‐blind placebo‐controlled comparison of pindolol and methylphenidate (MPH). Active treatment was pindolol and MPH: pindolol 20 mg b.i.d. or MPH 10 mg b.i.d. for 4 weeks. The outcome was assessed on the basis of the Abbreviated Conners Rating Scales (ACRS) completed by parents, teachers, and by a psychologist during psychological testing. Pindolol treatment was associated with a higher incidence of paraesthesias and with more intense nightmares and hallucinations than MPH or placebo treatment. These side‐effects led to an interim change in design by ending pindolol treatment after 32 participants. Pindolol proved to be just as effective as MPH in decreasing hyperactivity and conduct problems at home, and hyperactivity problems at school. Pindolol, however, had less therapeutic effects than MPH during psychological testing, and failed to affect conduct problems in school. In sum, pindolol was modestly effective in the treatment of ADHD. Safety concerns on troubling side‐effects clearly limit the use of it.
Child‐Rearing Following In Vitro Fertilization
Authors: van Balen Frank
Published: December 2006

The present study compares child‐rearing among IVF parents (45 couples), other formerly infertile parents (35 couples) and fertile parents (35 couples) with a child between 2 and 4 years of age. Both mothers and fathers answered a questionnaire on parenting behaviour and on their child. The IVF mothers and other previously infertile mothers reported a higher emotional involvement with their child, and a greater parental competence compared to the fertile mothers. The IVF mothers rated their children more often as ‘social’ and less often as ‘obstinate’ than the other mothers. No significant differences were found among the fathers.
Pain Sensitivity and Stability of Physical Aggression in Boys
Authors: Séguin Jean R. , Pihl Robert O. , Boulerice Bernard , Tremblay Richard E. , Harden Philip W.
Published: December 2006

It is unclear whether stably aggressive boys would be characterized by high or low pain sensitivity. Adolescent boys in whom physical aggression, executive functioning, anxiety, and family adversity had been assessed longitudinally formed three groups who differed in stability of physical aggression: stable, unstable, and non‐aggressive. Stable aggressives were the least pain sensitive, whereas unstable aggressives were the most pain sensitive. While at low levels of executive functioning pain sensitivity could not be distinguished between the aggressive groups, at high levels unstable aggressives reported even more pain, whereas stable aggressives reported even less pain. Variations in anxiety were associated strongly with pain sensitivity in unstable aggressives. High pain ratings were found in boys who had a moderate level of family adversity, and low pain ratings in boys with low or high adversity. The differences in pain sensitivity between the groups may be motivationally important to the frequency and type of aggression.
Temperament in Late Talkers
Authors: Paul Rhea , Kellogg Loretta
Published: December 2006

This study examines the temperamental characteristics of children who were identified at age two as being slow in expressive language development, and those of peers with normal language history. When the children were in first grade (approximately age six), parents and clinicians rated subjects' temperamental characteristics, using a standardized temperament assessment instrument. Subjects with a history of slow expressive language development were rated significantly lower on Approach/Withdrawal—indicating shyness, aloofness, or reduced outgoingness—than peers with normal language history. Approach/Withdrawal scores were significantly correlated with average sentence length in spontaneous speech, and this measure also predicted Approach/Withdrawal scores in regression analyses. The clinical and theoretical implications of these findings for early language delay are discussed.
Infants of Depressed Mothers Exhibit Atypical Frontal Brain Activity A Replication and Extension of Previous Findings
Authors: Dawson Geraldine , Frey Karin , Panagiotides Heracles , Osterling Julie , HessI David
Published: December 2006

The left frontal brain region is specialized for expression of positive emotions (e.g. joy) whereas the right frontal region is specialized for ncgative emotions (e.g, sadness). Depressed adults have been found to exhibit redeed left frontal electroencephalographic‐activity. In this study, baseline frontal and parietal EEG activity was measured in l3–l5‐month‐old infants of depressed and nondepressed mothers who were of middle income with no other major psychiatric problems. Compared lo infants of nondepressed mothers, infants of depressed mothers exhibited reduced left frontal EEG activity. Infants of mothers with major depression exhibited lower levels of left frontal EEG activity than those of mothers with subthreshold depression.
Pitavastatin prevents NMDA‐induced retinal ganglion cell death by suppressing leukocyte recruitment
Authors: Nakazawa Toru , Takahashi Hidetoshi , Nishijima Kazuaki , Shimura Masahiko , Fuse Nobuo , Tamai Makoto , Hafezi‐Moghadam Ali , Nishida Kohji
Published: December 2006

Excitotoxicity is a major cause of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death during ischemic diseases such as vessel occlusion and diabetic retinopathy. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Statins, inhibitors of the HMG‐CoA reductase, have neuroprotective effects in addition to their original role in lowering cholesterol. We hypothesize that pitavastatin, a recently introduced potent statin, is protective against N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid (NMDA)‐induced RGC death. Pitavastatin, administered by gavage, abolished NMDA‐induced loss of RGCs. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect of pitavastatin, we investigated its impact on inflammation. NMDA increased the expression of interleukin‐1β and TNF‐α, and endothelial adhesion molecules, including ICAM‐1, and induced leukocyte accumulation in the retinal vessels. Pitavastatin significantly reduced NMDA‐induced leukocyte accumulation and up‐regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules, whereas cytokine expression was unaffected. Systemic blockade of ICAM‐1 in wild‐type mice or absence of CD18 in gene‐deficient (CD18–/–) mice significantly suppressed NMDA‐induced leukocyte accumulation and RGC death. These findings suggest a novel and causative role for inflammatory leukocyte recruitment in NMDA‐induced excitotoxicity. Furthermore, we show the novel neuroprotective effect of statins against excitotoxicity‐induced RGC death. Statins or other anti‐inflammatory agents may thus have therapeutic benefits in excitotoxicity‐associated neuronal diseases through blockade of leukocyte recruitment.
Induction of axonal differentiation by silencing plasma membrane‐associated sialidase Neu3 in neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Valaperta Rea , Valsecchi Manuela , Rocchetta Federica , Aureli Massimo , Prioni Simona , Prinetti Alessandro , Chigorno Vanna , Sonnino Sandro
Published: December 2006

A reduction of 70% of the plasma membrane‐associated sialidase Neu3 activity, due to a corresponding reduction of the enzyme expression by transducing cells with a short hairpin RNA encoding a sequence target (complementary messenger of mouse Neu3), caused neurite elongation in Neuro2a murine neuroblastoma cells. The differentiation process was accompanied in parallel by an increase of the acetylcholinesterase activity, a moderate increase of the c‐Src expression and by the presence of the axonal marker tau protein on the neurites. The sphingolipid pattern and turnover in transduced and control cells were characterized by thin layer chromatography, mass spectrometry and metabolic radiolabeling after feeding cells with tritiated sphingosine. Control cells contained about 2 nmol of gangliosides/mg cell protein. GM2 was the main compound, followed by GD1a, GM3 and GM1. In Neu3 silenced cells, the total ganglioside content remained quite similar, but GM2 increased by 54%, GM3 remain constant, and GM1 and GD1a decreased by 66% and 50%, respectively. Within the organic phase sphingolipids, ceramide decreased by 50%, whereas the sphingomyelin content did not change in Neu3 silenced cells.
Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci for a Neotropical nutmeg, Virola flexuosa (Myristicaceae)
Authors: HOLBROOK K. M. , LOISELLE B. A. , CLARK A. M.
Published: December 2006

Eight highly polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for Virola flexuosa from a (CA)n‐enriched genomic library for population and seed dispersal studies in eastern Ecuador. Loci show a high level of variation with the number of alleles ranging from 13 to 27. Observed and expected heterozygosities were from 0.313 to 0.896 and 0.552 to 0.937, respectively. The high levels of polymorphism and exclusionary power of the developed markers will likely prove very useful in direct measurement of seed dispersal.
PCR primers for polymorphic microsatellite loci in the plant‐ant Azteca ulei cordiae (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae)
Authors: DEBOUT GABRIEL D. G. , VENTELON‐DEBOUT MARJOLAINE , EMERSON BRENT C. , YU DOUGLAS W.
Published: December 2006

Twelve microsatellite loci were isolated from the Peruvian tropical plant‐ant, Azteca ulei cordiae (Hymenoptera: Dolichoderinae). High levels of within‐population variation were observed at most loci, with number of alleles ranging from four to 18, and heterozygosity from 0.118 to 1 per population sample. Cross‐species amplification of these loci was also successfully tested in several other species of the same ant genus Azteca.
Development of EST‐derived microsatellite markers for Arabidopsis lyrata subspecies petraea (L.)
Authors: WOODHEAD M. , RUSSELL J. , SQUIRRELL J. , HOLLINGSWORTH P. M. , CARDLE L. , GIBBY M. , POWELL W.
Published: December 2006

A set of expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat (EST‐SSR) loci has been developed for Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. petraea. From 768 root cDNA clones, 126 microsatellites, including di‐, tri‐, tetra‐ and pentanucleotide repeat motifs were identified and primers were designed to 24 EST‐SSRs. Eleven loci were subsequently screened on 150 individuals sampled from five natural populations, which revealed three to nine alleles per locus (mean 5.36) and expected heterozygosity (HE) estimates ranging from 0.046 to 0.698. Significant deviations from random mating were observed at 10 EST‐SSR loci, likely due to inbreeding (global FIS = 0.151) and population structure (global FST = 0.246).
REPRODUCTIVE LONGEVITY OF DRIFTING KELP MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYCEAE) IN MONTEREY BAY, USA1
Authors: Hernández‐Carmona Gustavo , Hughes Brent , Graham Michael H.
Published: December 2006

Drifting Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Agardh sporophytes have long been viewed as the primary long‐distance dispersal vector; yet, few data exist that support the ability of reproductive viable sporophytes to actually travel the presumed hundreds to thousands of kilometers. This study addressed the reproductive longevity of experimental and naturally occurring M. pyrifera drifters. Temporal variability in sporophyte size and reproduction was estimated for experimental drifting sporophytes that were tethered to surface buoys and compared with attached plants (controls). Reproductive viability was also studied for beach‐cast drifters (BCD), and naturally drifting sporophytes observed during field surveys in Monterey Bay. Detached drifting sporophytes were tracked with radio transmitters to follow drifter trajectories and to measure drifting speed. Experimental drifters (ED) experienced a 74% reduction in frond length after 35 days, a 76% reduction in average frond number after 70 days, and a reduction in average sorus area by 83% after 28 days. Although zoospore production was reduced following detachment, sporophytes remained fertile with high zoospore germination success as long as sori were present (125 days). Zoospore production and germination success for natural and BCD was similar to ED. The average displacement of radio‐tagged drifters was 7.12 km·day−1, suggesting that a sporophyte adrift for 125 days disperses viable propagules (zoospores) over 890 km (±363). Dispersal of propagules is important for population restoration, distribution, and genetic diversity. Such dispersal distances are long enough to connect potentially all Northern Hemisphere Macrocystis populations across a generational timescale and may facilitate inter‐hemispheric gene flow.
INCREASED SAMPLING FOR INFERRING PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS IN BOSTRYCHIA RADICANS/B. MORITZIANA (RHODOMELACEAE, RHODOPHYTA) IN THE EASTERN USA1
Authors: Zuccarello Giuseppe C. , Buchanan Joseph , West John A.
Published: December 2006

Zuccarello and West (2003) reported on the phylogenetic diversity of algae identified as Bostrychia radicans (Montagne) Montagne and B. moritziana (Sonder ex Kützing) J. Agardh from around the world. They showed that the species complex consisted of seven distinct lineages, of which two lineages were common on the East Coast of the USA and eastern Gulf of Mexico. The distribution of haplotypes within these lineages on the East Coast of the USA showed a general north–south distribution. One haplotype of lineage 5 (B) was mostly collected in northern areas, while the other common haplotype (C) was more southerly in distribution. Samples in lineage 6 (haplotype D) were not found north of Sapelo Island, Georgia. Increased sampling from the eastern USA over 5 years later has revealed an altered pattern. Haplotype D is distributed in North Carolina and is common in some populations. Haplotype C is rare or absent in many sampled populations. Haplotype B is only observed in the northern sampled sites on both sides of the Florida peninsula. This disjunct distribution agrees with geological scenarios for a strait between the western Gulf of Mexico and southern Georgia in the Miocene/Pliocene, which closed in the late Pliocene. This paper highlights the importance of increased sampling to determine phylogeographic patterns and hypotheses of dispersal scenarios in algae.
Is Alcohol Use Associated With Cavitary Disease in Tuberculosis?
Authors: Moran Ana , Harbour Deborah V. , Teeter Larry D. , Musser James M. , Graviss Edward A.
Published: December 2006

Background: Alcohol mediates detrimental alterations in the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The association between quantity and frequency of alcohol use and the prevalence of cavitary disease in tuberculosis (TB) has not been analyzed. To investigate the relationship of alcohol use and the prevalence of cavitary disease in a 6‐year population‐based data set of individuals with TB.

Methods: We assessed quantity and frequency of alcohol use (daily alcohol use, years of alcohol use, and lifetime alcohol use) with a standardized questionnaire. The study group consisted of 1,250 patients analyzed for cavitary disease (HIV sero‐negative subjects that were 18 years or older). Significant covariates for cavitary disease were entered into multiple logistic regression models.

Results: Although daily alcohol use, years of alcohol use, and alcohol use 30 days or 6 months before symptom onset were significant predictors of cavitary disease in univariate analysis, no independent associations were found between alcohol use and cavitary disease in the multivariate analysis. Only diabetes mellitus was independently associated with cavitary disease at any level or frequency of alcohol use.

Conclusion: Alcohol use is not independently associated with increased prevalence of cavitary disease in adult patients with TB.
A Multibrand Concept‐Testing Methodology for New Product Strategy*
Authors: Jagpal Sharan , Jedidi Kamel , Jamil M.
Published: December 2006

This article develops and tests multibrand concept testing (MCT): a new model and methodology for concept testing and new product development strategy. Methodologically, MCT provides two important advantages. First, by requiring respondents to provide a constant‐sum, multibrand measure of intention, the data‐collection method eliminates most of the biases inherent in scalar measures of intention. Second, MCT captures consumer heterogeneity by deriving unobserved segments using a latent class approach. Managerially, MCT allows the firm to forecast the impact of the new product introduction on the market shares of competing brands (including those marketed by the firm) at both the aggregate and segment levels. Hence, the firm can use the results to measure segment‐specific cannibalization and switching effects; in addition, it can identify segment‐specific adoption patterns following the introduction of the new product. Importantly, the method allows the firm to choose customized marketing mix strategies for different segments after allowing for the effects of competitive retaliation following the new product introduction. MCT was tested using intentions data for a major multibillion‐dollar therapeutic prescription‐drug category in the pharmaceutical industry. A few years ago, a new competitor announced its imminent entry into the marketplace. Soon thereafter, the market leader conducted a large‐scale experimental study to predict the effects of the new product entry on the market shares of extant brands in the marketplace and to determine the optimal marketing strategy for responding to this new product entry. The internal and external validation analyses show that the proposed model accurately forecasts the market shares of the entrant and the competing brands in the marketplace. The results show that the leader's marketing mix has differential effects across segments. The market simulation results show that to minimize the impact of the entrant on the leader's product line, the leader should use customized message strategies for different segments. The results also show that the MCT methodology can be used to identify the physician segments most likely to adopt the entrant's brand. In addition, MCT can be used to determine those segments in which the leader will be particularly vulnerable to the entrant and the corresponding losses of market share to the entrant.
Bridging necrosis and reticulin bridging fibrosis induced by intrahepatic involvement of acute biphenotypic leukemia
Authors: KURODA N. , MIZOBUCHI M. , SHIMAMURA Y. , DAIBATA M. , MIYOSHI I. , OHARA M. , HIROUCHI T. , MIZUNO K. , LEE G. H.
Published: December 2006

A 47‐year‐old Japanese woman was diagnosed as having acute biphenotypic leukemia with association of t(9;22)(q34;q11). Cholestatic liver dysfunction arose, and she died of cachexia and intracranial hemorrhage. Autopsy showed unusual hepatic fibrosis. In the liver, bridging infiltration, bridging necrosis and bridging fibrosis by leukemic cells were seen. It seemed that the degree of fibrosis was associated with the number of aggregates of infiltrating leukemic cells. The fibrotic foci were predominantly composed of reticulin and collagen fibers, and distortion of the lobules was observed. Immunohistochemically, dense bundles of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (ASMA)‐positive stromal cells, namely activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), were observed in the immature fibrotic foci as well as along the sinusoids densely infiltrated by leukemic cells. No cells positive for TGF‐β1 or PDGF‐BB were identified. In conclusion, extensive intrahepatic involvement by neoplastic cells in adult acute biphenotypic leukemia may cause the unusual “disorganized” hepatic fibrosis.
Mendelian analysis of a metastasis‐prone substrain of BALB/c nude mice using a subcutaneously inoculated human tumour
Authors: SCHOU M. , BRÜNNER N. , SPANG‐THOMSEN M. , RYGAARD J.
Published: December 2006

Most nude mice do not allow the formation of metastases after heterotransplantation of human malignant tumours. Here we describe a substrain of BALB/c nude mice (BALB/c/AnNCr) that reproducibly allows some human cancers to metastasize. By Mendelian analysis of hybrids between this substrain and C57BL/6J +/+ mice we found that the ability to allow a human tumour (MDA‐MB‐435 BAG) to express its metastatic phenotype is determined by a recessively inheritable trait in the mouse host. We are presently working to identify the genetics responsible for development of metastases. The study also includes immunohistochemical and electron microscopic analysis of the test tumour, originally assumed to be a human mammary carcinoma, but shown to possess characteristics of a malignant melanoma (1). The ultimate aim of our ongoing study is to establish a substrain of nude mice that will allow metastasis in all recipients.
Trepanations from Oman: A case of diffusion?
Authors: Littleton Judith , Frifelt Karen
Published: December 2006

Trepanations have been described from various locations around the world leading to a suggestion that this is a cultural practice that has widely diffused from one or two centres (1). In the UAE the earliest trepanations date to the Neolithic, significantly earlier than trepanations in surrounding areas. The discovery of at least two crania in Oman, dating apparently to the early third millennium and resembling in technique and placement trepanations from north India may be evidence of the diffusion of a therapeutic practice from the Gulf to the subcontinent. However, the lack of any trepanation among the numerous contemporary skeletons from Bahrain suggests that any diffusion has distinct limits and that, as anthropological work from the South Pacific (2) indicates, practices like trepanation are often heavily embedded in broader, culturally located explanatory models.
The dating of the Coastal Fortress at Qala'at al‐Bahrain: Sasanian or Islamic?
Authors: Højlund Flemming
Published: December 2006

The dating of the Coastal Fortress at Qala'at al‐Bahrain to the Islamic period has been maintained by the Danish excavators since the building was uncovered in 1955–57. The French excavators have argued for a considerably earlier date, in the Sasanian period. The problem with this dating is firstly, the lack of Sasanian finds on the alleged early floor of the fortress and secondly, the status of this floor which is known only from very small trenches and more likely belongs to a Late Parthian architectural phase predating the fortress.
Melatonin protects against rotenone‐induced oxidative stress in a hemiparkinsonian rat model
Authors: Saravanan Karuppagounder S. , Sindhu Kizhakke M. , Mohanakumar Kochupurackal P.
Published: December 2006

Abstract:  In the present study, we evaluated the effect of melatonin, a well‐known free radical scavenger and neuroprotector, against rotenone‐induced oxidative stress in a hemiparkinsonian rat model. The effect of melatonin on glutathione (GSH) depletion caused by unilateral, intranigral infusion of rotenone was investigated employing a spectrofluorimetric procedure. We also studied the effect of melatonin on rotenone‐induced changes in the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in the cytosolic fractions of substantia nigra (SN), employing spectrophotometric procedures. Rotenone‐induced hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in the isolated mitochondria, as measured employing a sensitive HPLC‐electrochemical method, were significantly scavenged by melatonin. Melatonin treatment restored the rotenone‐induced decrease in GSH level and changes in antioxidant enzyme (SOD and catalase) activities in the SN. Our results strongly indicate melatonin's beneficial use in Parkinson's disease therapy as an antioxidant.
Alpha 1,3‐fucosyltransferase‐VII regulates the signaling molecules of the insulin receptor pathway
Authors: Wang Qiu‐yan , Zhang Ying , Chen Hai‐jiao , Shen Zong‐hou , Chen Hui‐li
Published: December 2006

Two H7721 human hepatocarcinoma cell lines showing moderate and high expression of α1,3‐fucosyltransferase (FucT)‐VII cDNA were established and designated FucTVII‐M and FucTVII‐H, respectively. In α1,3‐FucT‐VII‐transfected cells, expression of insulin receptor (InR) α‐ and β subunits and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the cell surface and in cells, as well as the sialyl Lewis X (SLex, the product of α1,3‐FucT‐VII) content of the EGFR were unchanged. However the level of SLex on the InR α subunit (InR‐α) was increased dramatically. Tyrosine autophosphorylation of InR‐β , but not EGFR, was elevated. Concomitantly, tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate‐1 (IRS‐1), Ser/Thr phosphorylation of protein kinase B (PKB; Akt), p42/44 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), MAPK kinase (MEK), and the protein of some other signaling molecules, such as phosphoinositide‐dependent kinase‐1 (PDK‐1), novel protein kinase (PKN), c‐Raf‐1 and β‐catenin were also upregulated. The activities of PKB and transcription factor TCF were concomitantly stimulated. Upregulation of InR signaling molecules and their phosphorylation was correlated with the level of SLex on InR‐α and α1,3‐FucT‐VII expression in cells. In addition, the phosphorylation intensity and difference in phosphorylation intensity between cells with different levels of α1,3‐FucT‐VII expression were attenuated significantly by the inhibitor of InR tyrosine kinase and by the mAb to SLex. Furthermore, insulin‐induced signaling was facilitated in α1,3‐FucT‐VII‐transfected cells, particularly FucTVII‐H. These findings provide strong evidence that α1,3‐FucT‐VII may affect insulin signaling by upregulating the phosphorylation and expression of some signaling molecules involved in the InR‐signaling pathway. These effects are likely mediated by its product, SLex, on the glycans of the InR. This is the first study to report that changes in the terminal structure of glycans on a surface receptor can modify cell signaling.
BIORHYTHMIC CYCLES AND THE INCIDENCE OF INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS
Authors: CARVEY DAVIS W. , NIBLER ROGER G.
Published: December 2006

The biorhythm theory of accident explanation that has been increasingly popularized in the business press was empirically examined. The data set consisted of municipal employees adjudged to be at fault in 150 work‐related vehicular accidents, and municipal employees involved in 210 on‐the‐job accidents resulting in workmen's compensation claims. Each accident case was analyzed to determine whether or not the accident occurred on a biorhythmically critical day. The results showed no systematic relationship between critical days and accident occurrences for these data groups. The data were also systematically evaluated for the existence of non‐biorhythmic cycles. The results of this analysis showed that no useful level of association existed for any cycle. It was concluded that, while other groups or events may exhibit measurable cyclical patterns, it seems likely that the relationships are more complex than a simple association such as that posited on the basis of biorhythm theory.
LEGAL CONCERNS IN THE USE OF WEIGHTED APPLICATIONS1
Authors: PACE LARRY A. , SCHOENFELDT LYLE F.
Published: December 2006

The use of the standard weighted application procedure relies on strictly empirically derived keys for validity. While weighted applications are generally valid in terms of the correlation between score on the application and position on the criterion, the empirical scheme may weight items that can not be shown to be relevant to the job for which they predict. To the extent that employment decisions are based on non‐job‐relevant weighted applications, such decisions may be contrary to the letter or the spirit of the Civil Rights Act. Alternative methods incorporating job relevance into the weighting procedure via job analysis inject the “hand of reason” into the process. Such rational‐empirical approaches ensure job‐relatedness as well as validity.
IDENTIFYING DETERMINANTS OF RETENTION DECISIONS1
Authors: La ROCCO J. M. , PUGH W. M. , GUNDERSON E. K. ERIC
Published: December 2006

Variables from five domains—demography, social background, service history, satisfaction, and performance—were used in a discriminant analysis approach to distinguishing three groups of naval personnel: Those eligible to reenlist who do, those eligible who do not, and those not eligible. Discriminant weights were derived from a sample of 642 first‐term enlisted men and cross‐validated on a sample of 628. The results indicated that both pre‐service characteristics (demography and social background) and in‐service experiences (service history, satisfaction, and performance) contributed importantly to prediction of attrition/retention. Potential usefulness of this method, including implications for better understanding and control of manpower turnover were discussed.
THE DISCRIMINANT VALIDITY OF SCALES DEVELOPED BY RETRANSLATION
Authors: DICKINSON TERRY L. , TICE THOMAS E.
Published: December 2006

The retranslation procedure is designed to yield unambiguous sets of behaviors exemplifying conceptually important and distinct performance dimensions. Previous research has shown that dimensions developed with the retranslation procedure possess only low to moderate discriminant validity. This study proposed a multiple‐group factor analysis of the scaled behavioral examples for improving the discriminant validity of retranslation dimensions. Multitrait‐multimethod analyses of actual ratings indicated that the factor‐analytic procedure led to an improvement in discriminant validity. Nonetheless, the amount of discriminant validity possessed by the dimensions was still low. Several suggestions were made for further improving the discriminant validity of dimensions developed with the retranslation procedure.
THE RIGORS OF TRAINING EVALUATION: A DISCUSSION AND FIELD DEMONSTRATION1
Authors: BUNKER KERRY A. , COHEN STEPHEN L.
Published: December 2006

Training evaluation is one of the most under‐researched and neglected areas of industrial/organizational psychology. This article discusses the need for, and feasibility of, utilizing extended‐control‐group pretest designs in evaluation research; and reports a field application of such a design (the Solomon 4‐Group) in an organizational training context. The effectiveness of a basic electricity training program for telephone installer‐repairmen was measured, and the potential contaminating effects of pretesting were monitored. The results indicated that the training was potentially effective, but that pretest contaminations were present. To identify the pretest effects it was necessary to go beyond the Solomon model and consider complex interactions involving numerical aptitude level, pretesting and training. Pretest exposure depressed the posttest performance of trained subjects of medium and low numerical aptitude, while facilitating that of medium level untrained subjects. Pretest exposure had no effect on subjects scoring high in numerical aptitude in either the trained or untrained condition. Possible explanations for the moderating role of numerical aptitude are offered, and implications of the findings are discussed relative to applied organizational evaluation efforts and future research.
A WORKER MOTIVATION SCALE
Authors: WHERRY ROBERT J. , SOUTH JOHN C.
Published: December 2006

A 70 item questionnaire was constructed using the rationale of several current value/expectancy theories of motivation and the results of two prior factor analyses of motivation items. It was completed anonymously by 240 employed adults in 35 organizations and the resulting factor analysis yielded a hierarchical structure of motivation and eight reliable subscales. Direct and indirect criterion measures also obtained via the questionnaire and covering job characteristics/components; satisfaction (need) levels for n ach, n affil, n power; the four elements of Heider's attribution theory of motivation; and salary, education and job classification were used to validate the subscales. Support for the criteria was found and promising validities were indicated. Lastly, personal, job and organizational variables were included with the motivation subscales and criteria in a subsequent factor analysis to examine moderator effects of the obtained validities. Results are discussed in terms of motivation theories, validities, moderator effects in study designs, and future use of the questionnaire by other researchers with business‐industrial samples.
AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF PERCEPTIONS OF RATEE BEHAVIOR FREQUENCY AND RATEE BEHAVIOR CHANGE USING BEHAVIORAL EXPECTATION SCALES (BES)
Authors: BEATTY RICHARD W. , SCHNEIER CRAIG E. , BEATTY JAMES R.
Published: December 2006

Behavioral Expectation Scales (BES) research has concentrated upon psychometric properties, while evidence for potential operational advantages has been largely anecdotal. This empirical study explored the operational value of BES as a technique for identifying divergent rater‐ratee perceptions of ratee behavior frequency and for facilitating subsequent ratee behavior change. Results indicated that ratees perceived desired behaviors as occurring more often and undesired behaviors occurring less often than did raters. Behavior change was demonstrated both after development and after implementation of BES. Such operational advantages of BES are argued as a crucial factor in the choice of an organization's performance appraisal format.
INDUSTRIAL PSYCHOLOGY IN FRANCE
Authors: DE MONTMOLLIN MAURICE
Published: December 2006

The current status of French industrial psychology is evaluated. Within the social and economic context of contemporary France, varying ideologies and scarce resources have created a gap between applied and academic industrial psychology. Personnel practices and systems and organizational research are noted.
MODERATORS AND SUBGROUPS1
Authors: OWENS WILLIAM A.
Published: December 2006

It is argued that an alternative preferable to the use of moderators is subgrouping subjects on the basis of the patterns or profiles of their scores across several dimensions of significance. This means that the variance between subgroups is of primary concern. Evidence is presented to suggest that, as implied, the simple fact of subgroup membership will often significantly enhance both meaning and prediction.
EMPIRICALLY DERIVED JOB FAMILIES AS A FOUNDATION FOR THE STUDY OF VALIDITY GENERALIZATION
Authors: TAYLOR L. R. , COLBERT G. A.
Published: December 2006

Study II of this series describes further research into the construction of meaningful job families based on Position Analysis Questionnaire data. Ratings on 325 jobs from 1,408 raters were collected using the PAQ. The data were subjected to a component analysis yielding 13 interpretable dimensions. Job ratings scored along those dimensions were clustered into 13 homogeneous job families. The 13 job families were deemed more organizationally meaningful than were the six job families identified in Study I. Component structure stability was examined as was the consistency with which jobs were classified into job families. Results were interpreted as sufficiently encouraging to proceed with analyses of validity generalization within the job families, which are described in Study III.
ORGANIZATIONAL IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICING OD IN THE ARMY1
Authors: TURNEY JOHN R. , COHEN STANLEY L.
Published: December 2006

During the past five years, organizational development has actively entered the military arena. This type of organization has certain characteristics which have strong implications for the practice and impact of OD interventions. Drawing specifically upon Army organizations, six of these characteristics are discussed including structure, total immersion environment, personnel rotation, personnel reductions, military‐civilian dichotomy, and organizational objectives.
THE PREDICTABILITY OF DISCREPANCY MEASURES OF ROLE CONSTRUCTS
Authors: BERNARDIN H. JOHN
Published: December 2006

Ratings of effectiveness of critical work behaviors of the job of patrol officer were used to study role ambiguity and role conflict. Patrol officers (n= 53), who had volunteered for the project, completed: (a) effectiveness ratings of 45 critical incidents written for the job of patrol officer; (b) a role incumbent questionnaire on ambiguity and conflict (Rizzo, House, and Lirtzman, 1970); peer ratings using behavioral expectation scales; and (c) the Job Descriptive Index (Smith, Kendall, and Hulin, 1969). Sixteen sergeants who supervised the above officers also made effectiveness ratings of the same 45 critical incidents for the job of patrol officer and completed performance evaluations of the 53 officers using a mixed‐ standard scale and an overall graphic scale. Sixteen additional patrol officers completed peer ratings on 16 officers who could not be rated by volunteers. An operational measure of role ambiguity was derived by taking the square of the differences in the effectiveness ratings of each of the 45 critical incidents by each officer and his/her sergeant. An operational measure of role conflict was derived by taking the square of the difference in effectiveness ratings of the 45 critical incidents between the sergeant and a partner of the focal person. Results indicated the discrepancy measure of ambiguity was significantly related (p <.05) to the sergeants' overall performance ratings, satisfaction with the work itself, and satisfaction with supervision. The discrepancy measure of conflict was not significantly related to any organizational outcomes. The Rizzo et al. (1970) ambiguity and conflict scales were significantly correlated with the sergeants' overall rating and job satisfaction with the work itself and supervision. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the Rizzo et al. measures and the discrepancy measure of ambiguity all contributed independent, significant portions of the explained variance in the sergeants' overall performance ratings and in patrol officer satisfaction with work and supervision.
COMMENT ON ARVEY AND MOSSHOLDER'S “A PROPOSED METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES AMONG JOBS”
Authors: McINTYRE ROBERT M. , FARR JAMES L.
Published: December 2006

Several potential problems are noted with the recent proposal of Arvey and Mossholder (1977) to use analysis of variance technique to determine similarities and differences among jobs. Cluster analytic techniques are suggested as an adjunct to other procedures.
EVEN MORE IDEAS ABOUT METHODOLOGIES FOR DETERMINING JOB DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES
Authors: ARVEY RICHARD D. , MAXWELL SCOTT E. , MOSSHOLDER KEVIN M.
Published: December 2006

McIntyre and Farr (1979), Hanser, Mendel, and Wolins (1979), and Lissitz, Mendoza, Huberty, and Markos (1979) comment on the repeated measures Analysis of Variance design suggested by Arvey and Mossholder (1977) to detect job differences and similarities. These authors propose alternative procedures to determine job differences. We, in turn, point out here that the problems specified by these critics may not be as severe as they indicate, and that some problems are even nonexistent. Moreover, the alternative solutions they suggest also have their own limitations. Finally, we propose an additional procedure–a multivariate approach to repeated measures data–which might be useful in the context of detecting job differences. It appears as if there are assumptions and limitations to both the univariate and multivariate approaches to the problem; these assumptions and limitations are delineated more precisely in the present paper.