bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congenital Sodium Diarrhea
Authors: Janecke Andreas R. , Heinz‐Erian Peter , Müller Thomas
Published: February 2016

Congenital diarrheal disorders (CDDs) represent a group of challenging clinical conditions for pediatricians because of the severity of the presentation and the broad range of possible differential diagnoses. CDDs arise from alterations in the transport of nutrients and electrolytes across the intestinal mucosa, from enterocyte and enteroendocrine cell differentiation and/or polarization defects, and from the modulation of the intestinal immune response. Advances were made recently in deciphering the etiology and pathophysiology of one of these disorders, congenital sodium diarrhea (CSD). CSD refers to an intractable diarrhea of intrauterine onset with high fecal sodium loss. CSD is clinically and genetically heterogeneous. A syndromic form of CSD features choanal and intestinal atresias as well as recurrent corneal erosions. Small bowel histology frequently detects an epithelial “tufting” dysplasia. It is autosomal recessively inherited, and caused by SPINT2 mutations. The nonsyndromic form of CSD can be caused by dominant activating mutations in GUCY2C, encoding intestinal receptor guanylate cyclase C (GC‐C), and by autosomal recessive SLC9A3 loss‐of‐function mutations. SLC9A3 encodes Na+/H+ antiporter 3, the major intestinal brush border Na+/H+ exchanger, and a downstream target of GC‐C. A number of patients with GUCY2C and SLC9A3 mutations developed inflammatory bowel disease. Both the number of recognized CDD forms as well as the number of underlying disease genes are gradually increasing. Knowledge of these CDD genes enables noninvasive, next‐generation gene panel‐based testing to facilitate an early diagnosis in CDD. Primary Na+/H+ antiporter 3 and GC‐C malfunction is implicated as a predisposition for inflammatory bowel disease in subset of patients.
Species variation in the degree of sex differences in brain and behaviour related to birdsong: adaptations and constraints
Authors: Ball Gregory F.
Published: February 2016

The song-control system, a neural circuit that controls the learning and production of birdsong, provided the first example in vertebrates of prominent macro-morphological sex differences in the brain. Forebrain nuclei HVC, robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) and area X all exhibit prominent male-biased sex differences in volume in zebra finches and canaries. Subsequent studies compared species that exhibited different degrees of a sex difference in song behaviour and revealed an overall positive correlation between male biases in song behaviour and male biases in the volume of the song nuclei. However, several exceptions have been described in which male biases in HVC and RA are observed even though song behaviour is equal or even female-biased. Other phenotypic measures exhibit lability in both sexes. In the duetting plain-tailed wren (Pheugopedius euophrys), males and females have auditory cells in the song system that are tuned to the joint song the two sexes produce rather than just male or female components. These findings suggest that there may be constraints on the adaptive response of the song system to ecological conditions as assessed by nucleus volume but that other critical variables regulating song can respond so that each sex can modify its song behaviour as needed.
Punctuated evolution and transitional hybrid network in an ancestral cell cycle of fungi
Authors: Medina Edgar M. , Turner Jonathan J. , Gordân Raluca , Skotheim Jan M. , Buchler Nicolas E.
Published: February 2016

Although cell cycle control is an ancient, conserved, and essential process, some core animal and fungal cell cycle regulators share no more sequence identity than non-homologous proteins. Here, we show that evolution along the fungal lineage was punctuated by the early acquisition and entrainment of the SBF transcription factor through horizontal gene transfer. Cell cycle evolution in the fungal ancestor then proceeded through a hybrid network containing both SBF and its ancestral animal counterpart E2F, which is still maintained in many basal fungi. We hypothesize that a virally-derived SBF may have initially hijacked cell cycle control by activating transcription via the cis-regulatory elements targeted by the ancestral cell cycle regulator E2F, much like extant viral oncogenes. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that SBF can regulate promoters with E2F binding sites in budding yeast.
Crystal structure ofcis-aquabis(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2N,N′)chloridochromium(III) tetrachloridozincate determined from synchrotron data
Authors: Moon Dohyun , Ryoo Keon Sang , Choi Jong-Ha
Published: February 2016

The structure of the title salt, [CrCl(C10H8N2)2(H2O)][ZnCl4], has been determined from synchrotron data. The CrIIIion is coordinated by four N atoms from two 2,2′-bipyridine (bipy) ligands, one O atom from a water molecule and a chloride anion in acisarrangement, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The tetrahedral [ZnCl4]2−anion is slightly distorted owing to its involvement in O—H...Cl hydrogen bonding with the coordinating water molecule. The Cr—N(bipy) bond lengths are in the range 2.0485 (13)–2.0632 (12) Å, while the Cr—Cl and Cr—(OH2) bond lengths are 2.2732 (6) and 1.9876 (12) Å, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are stacked along theaaxis.
N,N,N′,N′,N′′,N′′,N′′′,N′′′-Octamethyl(but-2-yne)bisamidinium bis(tetraphenylborate)
Authors: Tiritiris Ioannis , Kress Ralf , Kantlehner Willi
Published: February 2016

The asymmetric unit of the title salt, C12H24N42+.2C24H20B−, comprises half a cation and one tetraphenylborate ion. An inversion centre is situated at the mid-point of the triple C[triple-bond]C bond in the cation. The bisamidinium C—N bonds [1.3249 (11) and 1.3267 (11) Å] have double-bond character and both positive charges are delocalized between the dimethylamino groups. The bonds between the N atoms and the terminal C-methyl groups all have values characteristic for a typical single bond [1.4656 (12)–1.4687 (12) Å]. The acetylenic bond length [1.1889 (18) Å] is consistent with a triple C[triple-bond]C bond and the butyne carbon chain is almost linear. C—H...π interactions between the bisamidinium methyl H atoms and the phenyl C atoms of the tetraphenylborate ions are present. The phenyl rings form aromatic pockets, in which the cations are embedded. This leads to the formation of a two-dimensional supramolecular pattern in theabplane.
Libertarianism, slavery and just taxation
Authors: Svoboda Vladimír
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The paper addresses the question as to what kind of a redistribution of wealth created within a society is righteous. It aims to show that philosophically motivated libertarian economic conceptions of justice designed to rationalize the unacceptability of progressive taxation – in particular conceptions of the Nozick type – are built on questionable bases because their proponents neglect facts that play a key role in the socio-economic reality of modern Western societies.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper presents critical evaluation of one of the cornerstones of the libertarian conception of economical justice. It makes use of a model example.

Findings

– The scholars who approve of the regime of limited responsibility for the consequences of economic failure and yet make a claim for the unlimited fruit of one’s economic success adopt a problematic position that is internally incoherent.

Originality/value

– The argumentation against the Nozick type arguments against progressive taxation is, as far as the author knows, original.
An Interview with Maggie White, Business Manager Olympic Games for the Australian Tourist Commission
Authors: Chalip Laurence
Published: February 2016

One of the most significant innovations to emerge from Sydney's hosting of the 2000 Olympic Games has been the way that Australian tourism organisations have built the Games into their marketing strategies. As the Business Manager Olympic Games for the Australian Tourist Commission, Maggie White is responsible for the ambitious international Olympic tourism marketing program. Here she talks to Dr Laurence Chalip of Griffith University, about her role and the challenges she faced.
Successful Sport Sponsorship: Lessons from Association Football - The Role of Research
Authors: Miles Louella
Published: February 2016

Basic research can make the difference between a successful sponsorship association and a significant marketing failure. In this paper, the importance of using benchmarking is discussed in order to help determine the likely success or failure of any particular sponsorship. It is suggested that between one and two per cent of the total sponsorship budget should be spent on research. The value of such research is demonstrated by a case study of Green Flag's sponsorship of the England national soccer team.
Roles of sport and cause involvement in determining employees’ beliefs about cause-related sport sponsorship
Authors: Inoue Yuhei , Havard Cody T , Irwin Richard L
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the roles of employees’ involvement with the sponsored sport and cause in determining their beliefs about cause-related sport sponsorship.

Design/methodology/approach

– Respondents completed a survey that included the measures of sport involvement, cause involvement, and sponsorship beliefs adapted from previous studies. The final sample included 131 attendees who identified themselves as employees of sponsors of a cause-related sport event in a web-based post-event survey. A multiple regression analysis was performed to test hypotheses.

Findings

– Despite the prevailing logic that companies can enhance the perception of goodwill by sponsoring sport that is important to their employees, employees’ sport involvement was found to have no effect on their sponsorship beliefs. In contrast, cause involvement alone explained a large amount of the variance in those beliefs.

Originality/value

– The findings contribute to the literature by indicating that how employees evaluate cause-related sport sponsorship may be different from their evaluation process of traditional sport sponsorship without the cause affiliation. This research highlights the need to conduct further internal marketing research specific to cause-related sport sponsorship.
Football Shirt Sponsorships: SEGA Europe and Arsenal FC
Authors: Rosson Philip
Published: February 2016

The process by which a new shirt sponsorship was struck between SEGA Europe and Arsenal FC is described through a case study. The circumstances leading both organizations to seek out a sponsorship partner are identified. SEGA Europe was preparing to launch its new Dreamcast video console in Europe and wished to create a high-impact marketing program. Arsenal was looking for a company to replace its former shirt sponsor JVC. The case study also provides information about the sponsorship deal, the first 18 months of the partnership, and draws out some some more general lessons.
An Analysis of Volume Consumption, Consumer Interest and Perceptions of Sport Sponsorship as they Relate to the Super Bowl
Authors: Lyberger Mark R. , McCarthy Larry
Published: February 2016

The Consumer Perception Index (CPI) was utilized to measure consumer perceptions surrounding the 1998 and 2000 Super Bowls specific to volume consumption, and perceptions toward sponsorship, advertising, commercialization, and purchase behavior. Results of t-tests suggest a growing trend in consumer apathy toward sponsorship of the Super Bowl. Though consumer interest in the Super Bowl remains high, complexities surrounding growth and clutter continue to impact consumer differentiation of sponsorship and advertising.
A Comparative Study of Market Entry Strategies in Sport Leagues: Two Australian Examples
Authors: Forster John , Pope Nigel K. Ll.
Published: February 2016

Sport leagues are subject to the potential market entry of new leagues playing essentially the same sport. The economic analysis of market entry and exit is used to interpret two Australian cases of new league entry. These new entrants were World Series Cricket (cricket) and Super League (rugby league). The role of the media in the creation of both new leagues was crucial, providing commercial rationale, seed-funding and organizational capabilities. In addition, strategic input competition for venues and players helped weaken the incumbent league. The two cases analyzed provide a template for intending sport league entrants.
Consumer Perception of Sports Apparel: The Role of Brand Name, Store Name, Price, and Intended Usage Situation
Authors: d'Astous Alain , Chnaoui Karim
Published: February 2016

This article reports the results of an experimental study in which four factors were manipulated in the context of an evaluation of two sports garments by 172 consumers: t-shirts and athletic shoes. These factors were intended usage situation (sport versus pleasure), brand name (national versus private brand), price (discount versus no discount), and store name (sports shop versus department store). Some significant interactions were obtained between some of the manipulated factors suggesting the necessity of qualifying the brand name, store name, and price discount effects on consumer perceptions. The results of the study are discussed in light of the existing marketing literature and the implications for sports marketing practice.
Corporate Sponsorship and Season Ticket Holder Attendees: An Evaluation of Changes in Recall Over the Course of One American Collegiate Football Season
Authors: Slattery Jennifer , Pitts Brenda G.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the level of sponsorship awareness of season ticket holders and the change in the awareness over the duration of one American collegiate football season through a sponsorship recall survey. The results showed that there were increases in the recall rates for eight of the nine actual sponsor companies used in the study from the beginning to the end of the season; however, only three of these differences were statistically significant.
Consumer-Based Marketing: The Use of Micro-Segmentation Strategies for Understanding Sport Consumption
Authors: Funk Daniel C.
Published: February 2016

The present data illustrate the effectiveness of utilizing theoretically guided models to develop consumer-based micro-segmentation strategies. The results provide marketers with a powerful discriminant function calculated from six variables to profile consumers and make informed decisions regarding promotional content and channel delivery to stimulate processing of marketing communication. The function also enables marketers to carve out casual, moderate, and loyal market segments with 74.3 per cent accuracy utilizing only 18 survey questions.
Effects of F1 Grand Prix Sponsorship by Cigarette Brands on Adolescents' Cognitive and Behavioural Responses
Authors: Chebat Jean-Charles , Daoud François
Published: February 2016

The strategic importance of sponsorship of sports events by the tobacco industry has been increasing since tobacco firms have been constrained in their advertising activities. The present study will provide further insight to this critical promotion tool for cigarette brands. Specifically, it will focus on the effects of tobacco companies' sponsorship at the Montreal F1 Grand Prix on adolescents' cognitive and behavioral responses, i.e. identification with cigarette brands and brands' personality, and consumption of cigarettes. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of adolescents before and after the Grand Prix. Both sponsoring and non-sponsoring brands benefited from the Grand Prix, since the perceived brand personality and the identification with the brands were enhanced by the event. These findings tend to confirm that such sporting events are efficient ways to increase cigarette consumption and brand identification, especially for older male adolescents who are interested in car races.
Interview with Jim Andrews, Senior Vice President, IEG, Inc.
Authors: Rines Simon
Published: February 2016

Jim Andrews explains the status and role of IEG in delivering information and guidance on sponsorship. He discusses the predominance of sports sponsorship and which sectors are most active in their use of sponsorship, and he analysis the changing role of sponsorship within the marketing mix. Andrews explains the importance of research and the need for activity to be properly measured.
Dimensions of athletic star power associated with Generation Y sports consumption
Authors: Braunstein Jessica R. , Zhang James J.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the dimensions of athletic star power associated with Generation Y sports consumption. Multivariate analyses revealed that athletic star power factors (Professional Trustworthiness, Likeable Personality, Athletic Expertise, Social Attractiveness and
Characteristic Style) were positively (p < .05) predictive of the sport consumption factors (Event Consumption and Merchandise Consumption).
Interview with Carl Grebert, Brand Director Nike Asia Pacific
Authors: Grebert Carl , Farrelly Francis
Published: February 2016

In this interview the context, strategic dimensions and success factors underpinning sponsorship are discussed. In the context of Nike's corporate philosophy and the forces of globalisation, Grebert and Farrelly look at the importance of aligning the brands of both the sponsor and the property and the implications for market segmentation. A strong emphasis is placed on factors that contribute to the effectiveness and success of Nike's sponsorship programmes.
The efficiency of integrated sponsorship advertising
Authors: Dudzik Thade , Gröppel-Klein Andrea
Published: February 2016

Three experiments conducted in Germany examined the impact of different sports sponsorship messages on the perception of print advertisements. The use of sponsorship in advertising proves to be risky. The use of pictures needs particularly careful consideration. The effectiveness of sports celebrities in ads depends on their common popularity, whereas the use of sports motifs bears the risk that consumers cannot identify with the situation. Attitudes towards sponsorship seem to play an important role in the perception of sports ads in general. Here further research is needed.
Interview with François Ponthieu, President, Direction Nationale du Contrôle de Gestion
Authors: Desbordes Michel
Published: February 2016

DNCG (Direction Nationale du Contrôle de Gestion - National Board for Management Control) is an independent institution whose mission is to check French professional clubs' accounts. Its declared aim is to ensure that clubs that begin a championship campaign are able to finish it without filing for bankruptcy, which would distort competition. This interview by Michel Desbordes (MD) with DNCG president François Ponthieu (FP) questions the role and the success of DNCG and finds that the organisation is now geared towards helping clubs to produce business plans rather than acting just as financial enforcer. However, where accounts are found not to be in line with what has been agreed, clubs are liable to serious punishment, even relegation.
Toronto Maple Leafs vs Football Club Barcelona: how two legendary sports teams built their brand equity
Authors: Richelieu André , Pons Frank
Published: February 2016

This paper looks at how two sports teams, hockey club the Toronto Maple Leafs and Football Club Barcelona, have each built and leveraged their brand equity. The main differences between the two clubs lie in how they position their brands. For TML, the affective and experiential sides of the product are emphasised to make the brand grow; for Barcelona, the cognitive and affective dimensions of the product are prioritised to nurture the brand. Differences between hockey and soccer also contribute to branding discrepancies in terms of exposure and
global influences.
The impact of the national sports lottery and the FIFA World Cup on attendance, spectator motives and J. League marketing strategies
Authors: Funk Daniel C. , Nakazawa Makoto , Mahony Daniel F. , Thrasher Robert
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the impact of the national sports lottery (toto) in 2001 and the 2002 FIFA World Cup for the Japan Professional Soccer League - J. League. In 2001 J. League attendances grew dramatically and were sustained in subsequent years, even though member clubs did not change many of their marketing strategies and chose to maintain a distance from toto. The evidence suggests that hosting the World Cup allowed the league to leverage the country's hosting of the event in order to generate long-term interest and attendance at J. League games. By contrast, toto appears to have had a short-term impact.
The soccer club-sponsor relationship: identifying the critical variables for success
Authors: Böhler André W , Heffernan Troy W , Hewson Paul J
Published: February 2016

This study examines professional soccer sponsorship as a business-to-business relationship and explores key dimensions of sponsorship success in the context of the English Premier League and the German Bundesliga. The findings suggest that commitment, satisfaction and cooperation positively influence the success of sponsorships; trust and effective communication do not emerge as significant variables. The implications for soccer clubs and sponsors are discussed and avenues for further research are suggested.
Sustaining the race: a review of literature pertaining to the environmental sustainability of motorsport
Authors: Dingle Greg
Published: February 2016

This paper discusses motorsport from the viewpoint of environmental sustainability amid growing concerns about the impact of human activity on the environment. It reviews the literature that positions motorsport in a global environmental context and explores the often used but rarely defined concept of sustainability. The author suggests that while motorsport is a significant sporting activity for economic and social reasons, there are considerable doubts as to whether it is currently managed and marketed in an environmentally sustainable way.
Buyer or browser? An analysis of sports fan behaviour online
Authors: Zhang Zhu , Won Doyeon
Published: February 2016

This investigation evaluated four sports fan characteristics (fan identification, trust in internet shopping, attitude towards online purchasing, and perceptions of convenience) and two sports website characteristics (perception of product comparison service, and website price advantage) to assess their ability to differentiate licensed sports merchandise purchasers (buyers), and those who just browsed sports websites (browsers). The results made it possible to differentiate buyers and browsers based on 'trust in internet shopping', 'attitude towards online purchasing', 'perceptions of convenience', and 'website price advantage'. Additionally, all six characteristics collectively explained sports merchandise consumers buying versus browsing.
The effects of the type of audience, involvement, interest and socio-demographic variables on sponsor recall: the soccer African Nations Cup
Authors: Dekhil Fawzi
Published: February 2016

The main objective of this research was to measure the effects on sponsor recall1 at the soccer African Nations Cup (ANC) in Tunisia in 2004. This quantitative investigation used a sample of 308 people who watched the event on television and/or in the stadium. The research demonstrates that there was indeed an effect by type of audience and other variables.
Doping in elite sport - do the fans care? Public opinion on the consequences of doping scandals
Authors: Solberg Harry Arne , Hanstad Dag Vidar , Thøring Thor Atle
Published: February 2016

There are indications that commercial stakeholders are reluctant to associate with sports involved in doping scandals. A survey of 925 Norwegian sports consumers supports this reluctance, showing no tolerance for pure doping substances. The majority were in favour of tough responses to athletes and sports involved in doping. Older respondents were more negative towards doping. Those who were strongly interested in sport were more willing than others to accept doping.
An investigation of sponsorship implications within a state sports festival: the case of the Florida Sunshine State Games
Authors: Choi Jinho , Tsuji Yosuke , Hutchinson Michael , Bouchet Adrien
Published: February 2016

Event sponsorship has been recognised as an effective means through which companies can communicate with target markets and attendees of sports events. This study investigates the interrelationship between satisfaction with event sponsors, goodwill and fan identification and their influence on purchase intentions at a state sports festival held in Lakeland, Florida. Results indicate that satisfaction with event sponsors mediated goodwill and purchase intentions while controlling for the effects of fan identification. In addition, results differed between competitors and spectators of the event.
Designing ticket price strategies for professional sports teams using conjoint analysis
Authors: Lee Young Han , Kang Joon-Ho
Published: February 2016

This study emphasises the need for professional teams to have sophisticated methods for devising ticket pricing strategies. The research was designed to supply team managers with meaningful information from which to construct ticket prices that fit the needs of their fans.
Three different fan segments were identified (general adults, college students and middle and high school students) and four attributes for determining ticket prices in a given circumstance were selected (Player, Coupon, Point and Price). Conjoint analysis technique was used to conduct the research and analyse findings.
Making a case for the integration of the primary and secondary ticket markets for professional team sports in the United States
Authors: Drayer Joris
Published: February 2016

Many sports properties have had great success entering into sponsorship deals with secondary ticketing companies. However, additional benefits are possible with a reshaping of the structure of primary and secondary ticketing markets. Specifically, fully integrating both primary and secondary markets can help sports properties reduce ticket fraud, monitor fan behaviour, significantly increase revenue in both markets and improve the overall fan experience. This paper details each of these benefits and provides suggestions for programme development and administration.
Using an extended Technology Acceptance Model in exploring antecedents to adopting fantasy sports league websites
Authors: Kwak Dae Hee , McDaniel Stephen R
Published: February 2016

This research examines antecedents to consumer adoption of a popular form of online entertainment - fantasy sports leagues. Employing Davis' (1989) Technology Acceptance Model as a theoretical framework, the study found that attitude toward the televised sport (American professional football), perceived ease of using in relation to fantasy sports websites, perceived knowledge of the sport and subjective norms all played a role in explaining participants' attitudes and behavioural intentions towards playing fantasy football.
Padel sports clubs in Spain
Authors: Rodriguez-Fernandez Mercedes
Published: February 2016

This case study deals with a new racket sport that is seeing strong growth in a number of countries. The study is based on surveys of Spanish padel1 sport clubs, and by grouping these datasets we are able to propose a business plan that may be used as a guide for investors or managers in the sports industry. The paper explores the development possibilities and marketing options for this ascending sport.
Employees' attitudes towards the sponsorship activity of their employer and links to their organisational citizenship behaviours
Authors: Khan Aila , Stanton John , Rahman Syed
Published: February 2016

This study examines employees of Australian firms engaged in sports sponsorship activity. Where the employee is aware of that sponsorship, we consider the ways in which the general beliefs and attitudes of employees towards sponsorship link to their specific attitudes towards the sponsorship activity of their employer and whether these attitudes may influence their behaviour within the organisation. A model linking employees' attitudes towards their employers' sponsorship activity, the creation of favourable attitudes towards working for that employer and behaviours that can benefit the employing organisation is tested and supported. Implications of results include: a stronger focus on using sports sponsorship for internal marketing purposes; involvement of employees in determining the sponsored activity or organisation; and reassessing the overall benefits that derive from sports sponsorship.
Soccer jersey sponsors and the world cup
Authors: Groot Loek , Ferwerda Joras
Published: February 2016

This paper analyses whether jersey sponsorship has an effect on team performance at FIFA World Cup
matches, taking team qualities into account. Team qualities are measured by the Elo-ratings of national
soccer teams. We measure the performance of sponsors by comparing the Elo-ratings at the start and the end
of World Cup tournaments. The Elo-ratings are used to calculate the expected probabilities of a win during
knockout matches and to compare them with the actual outcomes. The results show that in the knockout
stages of the World Cup tournaments, national teams sponsored by Adidas perform significantly better than
expected, while teams sponsored by other companies, such as Puma or Nike, perform worse. The average
advantage per knockout match for the Adidas teams is to raise the probability of winning by 10 percentage
points.
Synthesis of high viscosity index base stock and study on the lubricating properties
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Jiang Shan , Shen Yan , Xia Shunba , Xu Jiujun
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to address the polymerization of 1-decene by [Emim]Cl/AlCl3 ionic liquid and the film-forming properties of the product compared with commercially available base stocks.

Design/methodology/approach

– Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of [Emim]Cl/AlCl3 mole ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature, reaction time and water on the polyreaction. Poly alpha-olefin (PAO) is prepared under optimal reaction condition. Film-forming properties of PAO have been compared with those of Group I, Group II and Group III base stocks, which are selected with approximately the same viscosity.

Findings

– Experimental results show that after a 4-h reaction time, yield of PAO can be higher than 85 per cent and viscosity index can be up to 160 with [Emim] Cl/AlCl3 mole ratio of 2:1, catalyst dosage of 3 per cent wt. and water content of 20 ppm. A strong influence of water on reaction is observed. With approximately the same viscosity, PAO shows the superiority in film thickness at low-sliding speeds compared with Group I and Group II base stocks. At high temperature, PAO provides a thicker film than other base stocks.

Originality/value

– In recent years, there has been considerable interest in ionic liquids. As a novel catalyst, it has so many advantages including low corrosion, low toxicity, low cost and a potentially wide range of properties compared with traditional catalysts. This paper reports the polymerization of 1-decene by [Emim]Cl/AlCl3 ionic liquid and the study on lubricating properties of PAO compared with mineral base stocks.
Laser surface texturing and its contribution to friction and wear reduction: a brief review
Authors: Shamsul Baharin Ahmad Firdaus , Ghazali Mariyam Jameelah , A Wahab Juyana
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to make people aware of the increase usage of laser system in surface texturing process.

Design/methodology/approach

– As it is a brief review paper, no particular method was used.

Findings

– It has been found that most of the surface texturing methods used mas laser beam machining using Nd:YAG laser. It shows that the realization of the textured surface helps to reduce friction and wear which can increase the life span of a material.

Research limitations/implications

– Most of the texturing is done on the substrates directly, and few research were conducted on coated surface of the material, which coating is also known as an excellent method to improve tribological properties.

Originality/value

– The paper shows details on the recent development of surface texturing and its contribution to friction and wear reduction.
Extreme pressure properties of nanolubricants for metal-forming applications
Authors: Peña-Parás Laura , Maldonado-Cortés Demófilo , Taha-Tijerina Jaime , García-Pineda Patricio , Garza Gerardo Tadeo , Irigoyen Mariana , Gutiérrez Jorge , Sánchez Dario
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extreme pressure properties of CuO and TiO2 nanoparticle additives with the incorporation of a surfactant within a synthetic fluid for metal-forming applications.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper studies the effect of CuO and TiO2 nanoparticle additives at various concentrations (0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 wt. per cent) in a synthetic lubricant fluid under extreme pressure conditions. Oleic acid surfactant is added to the nanolubricant to improve dispersion and stability of nanoparticles. Extreme pressure tribological tests are performed on a four-ball T-02 tribotester according to the ITEePib Polish method for testing lubricants under conditions of scuffing.

Findings

– The results show that the addition CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles under the presence of OA resulted in an increase of the load-carrying capacity (poz) of the lubricant up to 137 and 60 per cent, respectively. The seizure load was also increased by 50 and 15 per cent, respectively.

Practical implications

– The results show that CuO and TiO2 nanoparticles can be successfully used as additives improving extreme pressure properties of lubricants.

Originality/value

– This demonstrates the potential of nanoparticle additives using surfactants for improving the extreme pressure properties of lubricants. These nanolubricants can be used for metal-forming applications like deep-drawing, achieving an increased tool life.
Revisiting the effect of regulation, supervision and risk on banking performance
Authors: Rachdi Houssem , Ben Bouheni Faten
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to present an analysis of how regulatory and supervisory policies affect risk-performance nexus.

Design/methodology/approach

– Empirically, on a sample of 60 large European banks over the period 2005-2011, the authors explore this relationship by using the panel smooth transition regression (PSTR) modeling because the nexus between risk and performance is nonlinear and it depends on specific national factors especially regulatory and supervisory policies.

Findings

– The major finding of this study is that the effect of risk on banking performance is conditional by the improvement of banking governance in Europe.

Practical implications

– The PSTR helps to account for a change of regime in the effects of risk on performance.

Originality/value

– This paper explains the use of PSTR modeling.
Consumption of trans fatty acid and omega 6 to omega 3 ratio in Lebanese adults
Authors: Farhat Antoine G. , Jaalouk Doris , Moukarzel Sara R. , Ayoub Jennifer J.
Published: February 2016

Purpose

– This study aims to quantify the dietary intake of different fat classes in Lebanese adults, compare the intakes between adult age groups and gender and compare the intakes to the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. Despite the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet, the diet of Lebanese adults may be altered away from the typical dietary lipid profile, possibly by the increased consumption of trans fatty acids (TFAs) and the ratio of omega 6 (n-6) to omega 3 (n-3) fatty acids.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a cross-sectional survey conducted on 657 Lebanese adults (19-70 years) who completed the USA National Institute of Health diet history questionnaire.

Findings

– Mean daily energy intake was estimated at 2,900 ± 1,466 kcal in men and 1,977 ± 902 kcal in women. Mean TFA consumption was significantly higher in men than in women (7.2 ± 1.9 and 6.8 ± 2.0 per cent of total fat, p
<
0.001) and was at least double the WHO recommendations of 1 per cent of total energy, particularly among younger adults. The n-6 to n-3 fatty acid intake ratio, fluctuated around 9:1 in both genders and in all age groups and is higher than the maximum 5-to-1 ratio recommended by WHO. The mean intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid was significantly lower than the latest recommendations (147 ± 182 mg/day for men and 100 ± 155 mg/day for women).

Originality/value

– Limited data exists on the quantity and quality of fat consumed among Lebanese adults. In conclusion, this descriptive study estimated the quantity of different fat classes consumed and compared the intakes of critical fatty acids to the WHO recommendations. Future studies need to address the implications of the high intakes of TFA and n-6 to n-3 ratio on health outcomes, including cardiometabolic diseases in our population.
The nutritional geometry of parental effects: maternal and paternal macronutrient consumption and offspring phenotype in a neriid fly
Authors: Bonduriansky Russell , Runagall‐McNaull Aidan , Crean Angela J.
Published: February 2016

Although the ecological and evolutionary importance of environmentally induced parental effects is now widely recognized, such effects are still typically studied by contrasting just two environments in a single parental sex. Yet, parental effects should generally be viewed as reaction norms, and a more complete understanding of their ecological role therefore requires examining continuously varying and interacting environmental variables in both parental sexes.

We used nutritional geometry to investigate linear, nonlinear and interactive effects of protein and carbohydrate in maternal and paternal larval diets on offspring juvenile development and viability and adult body size and shape in the flyTelostylinus angusticollis(Diptera: Neriidae).

We found that egg hatching success was enhanced by protein in the maternal larval diet but reduced by protein in the paternal larval diet, while other juvenile traits were unaffected by parental diets.

Maternal effects on offspring adult body size and head elongation (a secondary sexual trait in males) were mediated by linear and quadratic effects of protein, and were consistent in sons and daughters. In contrast, paternal effects on offspring body size and head elongation were mediated by carbohydrate effects or carbohydrate─protein interactions, and varied by offspring sex.

Our findings show that macronutrients in the parental larval diet can have complex, nonlinear and interactive effects on offspring traits, and that the effects of maternal and paternal diets can be strikingly different. Effects of parental diet on offspring represent important fitness consequences of variation in nutrient intake, with potential implications for the evolution of foraging and reproductive strategies.
Implementing the 2:1 student placement model in occupational therapy: Strategies for practice
Authors: Price David , Whiteside Mary
Published: February 2016

Background/aim

Health industry changes, including a growing demand for health professionals, have led to a greater need for clinical placements for occupational therapy and other health discipline students. As we develop programmes to accommodate larger numbers of student placements, there is a need to ensure that we understand the challenges and opportunities new models of supervision present and how any difficulties might be overcome. A large occupational therapy department in metropolitan Melbourne introduced a new 2:1 (two students to one supervisor) supervision model, moving away from the traditional 1:1 (one student to one supervisor) supervision model. This exploratory study examines supervisor experience in a trial of the new model.

Methods

The study adopted a social constructivist theoretical perspective and an exploratory qualitative design. Data were collected in two focus groups involving eight supervisors; one focus group was held prior to implementation of the 2:1 supervision model, and one post. A thematic analysis approach was used to identify, analyse and report patterns within the data.

Findings

The 2:1 placement model presented challenges particularly in relation to ensuring a quality placement and managing two students while acknowledging there were also opportunities for peer learning. Supervisors developed a number of strategies to minimise difficulties and maximise benefits, including taking an evidence‐based approach, being prepared, mobilising organisational support and being positive but also pragmatic.

Conclusions

The 2:1 student placement model is likely to be a model of choice in the future. There are challenges and opportunities associated with its use. This study identifies these as well as strategies for maximising opportunities and mitigating challenges.
Intrarenal alterations of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme type 2/angiotensin 1–7 complex of the renin‐angiotensin system do not alter the course of malignant hypertension in Cyp1a1‐Ren‐2 transgenic rats
Authors: Husková Zuzana , Kopkan Libor , Červenková Lenka , Doleželová Šárka , Vaňourková Zdeňka , Škaroupková Petra , Nishiyama Akira , Kompanowska‐Jezierska Elzbieta , Sadowski Janusz , Kramer Herbert J. , Červenka Luděk
Published: February 2016

The role of the intrarenal renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathophysiology of malignant hypertension is not fully understood. Accumulating evidence indicates that the recently discovered vasodilator axis of the RAS, angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) type 2 (ACE2)/angiotensin 1–7 (ANG 1–7), constitutes an endogenous system counterbalancing the hypertensiogenic axis, ACE/angiotensin II (ANG II)/AT1 receptor. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the intrarenal vasodilator RAS axis in the pathophysiology of ANG II‐dependent malignant hypertension in Cyp1a1‐Ren‐2 transgenic rats. ANG II‐dependent malignant hypertension was induced by 13 days′ dietary administration of indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C), a natural xenobiotic that activates the mouse renin gene in Cyp1a1‐Ren‐2 transgenic rats. It was hypothesized that pharmacologically‐induced inhibition of the ACE2/ANG 1–7 complex should aggravate, and activation of this axis should attenuate, the course of ANG II‐dependent malignant hypertension. Blood pressure (BP) was monitored by radiotelemetry. ACE2 inhibitor (DX 600, 0.2 μg/day) and ACE2 activator (DIZE, 1 mg/day) were administrated via osmotic minipumps. Even though ACE2 inhibitor significantly decreased and ACE2 activator increased intrarenal ANG 1–7 concentrations, the course of BP, as well as of albuminuria, cardiac hypertrophy and renal glomerular damage, were not altered. It was shown that intrarenal alterations in the ACE2/ANG 1–7 complex did not significantly modify the course of malignant hypertension in I3C‐induced Cyp1a1‐Ren‐2 transgenic rats. Thus, in our experimental setting alterations of this intrarenal vasodilator complex of the RAS do not significantly modify the form of malignant hypertension that clearly depends on the inappropriately increased activity of the ACE/ANG II/AT1 receptor axis.
Constructing a SHIFT adherence measure (SAM): the development of a family therapy integrity measure for the SHIFT trial
Authors: Masterson Ciara , Barker Christina , Jackson David , Boston Paula
Published: February 2016

We were tasked with establishing treatment integrity for the SHIFT trial. In this article we discuss the concepts of treatment adherence and competence; arguing that the design of the trial, in particular the flexibility of the manual and the training and supervision of qualified systemic therapists, guarantees some level of treatment integrity. Despite this we decided, on the basis of a systematically informed literature review, that a post hoc evaluation of therapy tapes was in line with best practice. Our literature review found no measures that were appropriate for the needs of the trial, so we used the literature to guide our development of a SHIFT adherence measure (SAM). We outline our experience of constructing SAM in the hope of increasing transparency in this complex area of psychotherapy research. We also consider whether SAM can be transported into practice and outline future areas of research.

Practitioner points

Developing measures of treatment integrity for a flexible systemic family therapy manual is a challenge but necessary for treatment to be delivered as intended.

Clinicians may wish to consider whether such measures can be used in everyday practice, potentially with a role in supporting supervision or skill development.
Health Insurance Dynamics: Methodological Considerations and a Comparison of Estimates from Two Surveys
Authors: Graves John A. , Mishra Pranita
Published: February 2016

Objective

To highlight key methodological issues in studying insurance dynamics and to compare estimates across two commonly used surveys.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Nonelderly uninsured adults and children sampled between 2001 and 2011 in the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation.

Study Design

We utilized nonparametric Kaplan–Meier methods to estimate quantiles (25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles) in the distribution of uninsured spells. We compared estimates obtained across surveys and across different methodological approaches to address issues like attrition, seam bias, censoring and truncation, and survey weighting method.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

All data were drawn from publicly available household surveys.

Principal Findings

Estimated uninsured spell durations in the MEPS were longer than those observed in the SIPP. There were few changes in spell durations between 2001 and 2011, with median durations of 14 months among adults and 5–7 months among children in the MEPS, and 8 months (adults) and 4 months (children) in the SIPP.

Conclusions

The use of panel survey data to study insurance dynamics presents a unique set of methodological challenges. Researchers should consider key analytic and survey design trade‐offs when choosing which survey can best suit their research goals.
Effect of a non‐host plant Phaseolus vulgaris on larval performance and oviposition of the oriental tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Lim Hyun‐Joo , Kang Taek Jun , Kim Hyeong Hwan , Yang Chang Yeol , Kim Iksoo , Kim Dong Hwan , Ahn Seung‐Joon
Published: February 2016

The oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, is a specialist herbivore feeding on a few plants of the Solanaceae family including tobacco. Larval performance and adult oviposition of H. assulta were investigated in a non‐host plant, Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae) in comparison with two solanaceous host plants, Nicotiana tabacum and Datura stramonium. Larvae provided with the P. vulgaris leaf died off at day 15, whereas 50% and 40% of larval populations fed on the leaves of N. tabacum and D. stramonium, respectively, survived at day 15. Larval growth upon feeding showed significant difference between the non‐host plant (P. vulgaris) and the host plants (N. tabacum and D. stramonium), but it was not significantly different between the two host plants. In the no‐choice experiment of oviposition, gravid females laid more eggs in N. tabacum and D. stramonium than in P. vulgaris. When the most likely acceptable host plant, N. tabacum, and the non‐host plant, P. vulgaris, were subjected to the choice experiment of oviposition, H. assulta females preferred to lay eggs in N. tabacum, where eggs were continuously laid during the whole experiment period. However, eggs in P. vulgaris were hardly detected throughout the period. This study showed that the non‐host plant, P. vulgaris, had a negative influence on the larval performance and adult oviposition of H. assulta, implying neonate stage is critical for larval survivorship, and ovipositional preference by the female is highly specialized to host plants. Further investigation is required to identify non‐host factors, which could be applied to the development of alternative pest management strategy against H. assulta.