bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The North Sea Andrea storm and numerical simulations
Authors: Bitner-Gregersen E. M. , Fernandez L. , Lefèvre J. M. , Monbaliu J. , Toffoli A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. A coupling of a spectral wave model with a nonlinear phase-resolving model is used to reconstruct the evolution of wave statistics during a storm crossing the North Sea on 8–9 November 2007. During this storm a rogue wave (named the Andrea wave) was recorded at the Ekofisk field. The wave has characteristics comparable to the well-known New Year wave measured by Statoil at the Draupner platform 1 January 1995. Hindcast data of the storm at the nearest grid point to the Ekofisk field are here applied as input to calculate the evolution of random realizations of the sea surface and its statistical properties. Numerical simulations are carried out using the Euler equations with a higher-order spectral method (HOSM). Results are compared with some characteristics of the Andrea wave record measured by the down-looking lasers at Ekofisk.
Brief Communication "The use of UAV in rock fall emergency scenario"
Authors: Giordan D. , Manconi A. , Facello A. , Baldo M. , dell'Anese F. , Allasia P. , Dutto F.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. In recent years, the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in operations in civilian/commercial contexts is becoming increasingly common also for the applications concerning the anthropic and natural disasters. In this paper, we present the first results of a research project aimed at defining a possible methodology for the use of micro-UAVs in emergency scenarios relevant to rock fall phenomena. To develop and support the presented method, the case study results relative to a rock fall emergency occurred on 7 March 2014 in the San Germano municipality (north-western Italy) are presented and discussed.
Processes governing the mass balance of Chhota Shigri Glacier (Western Himalaya, India) assessed by point-scale surface energy balance measurements
Authors: Azam M. F. , Wagnon P. , Vincent C. , Ramanathan AL. , Mandal A. , Pottakkal J. G.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Recent studies revealed that Himalayan glaciers have been shrinking at an accelerated rate since the beginning of the 21st century. However the climatic causes for this shrinkage remain unclear given that surface energy balance studies are almost nonexistent in this region. In this study, a point-scale surface energy balance analysis was performed using in-situ meteorological data from the ablation zone of Chhota Shigri Glacier over two separate periods (August 2012 to February 2013 and July to October 2013) in order to understand the response of mass balance to climate change. Energy balance numerical modeling provides quantification of the surface energy fluxes and identification of the factors affecting glacier mass balance. The computed ablation was validated by stake observations. During summer-monsoon period, net radiation was the primary component of the surface energy balance with 82% of the total heat flux which was complimented with turbulent sensible and latent heat fluxes with a share of 13% and 5%, respectively. A striking feature of energy balance is the positive turbulent latent heat flux, thus condensation or re-sublimation of moist air at the glacier surface takes place, during summer-monsoon period which is characterized by relatively high air temperature, high relative humidity and almost permanent melting surface. The impact of Indian summer monsoon on Chhota Shigri Glacier mass balance has also been assessed. This analysis demonstrates that the intensity of snowfall events during the summer-monsoon season plays a key role on surface albedo, in turn on melting, and thus is among the most important drivers controlling the annual mass balance of the glacier. Summer-monsoon air temperature, controlling the precipitation phase (rain vs. snow and thus albedo), counts, indirectly, also among the most important drivers for the glacier mass balance.
Simultaneous solution for mass trends on the West Antarctic Ice Sheet
Authors: Schön N. , Zammit-Mangion A. , Bamber J. L. , Rougier J. , Flament T. , Rémy F. , Luthcke S. B.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The Antarctic Ice Sheet is the largest potential source of future sea-level rise. Mass loss has been increasing over the last two decades in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS), but with significant discrepancies between estimates, especially for the Antarctic Peninsula. Most of these estimates utilise geophysical models to explicitly correct the observations for (unobserved) processes. Systematic errors in these models introduce biases in the results which are difficult to quantify. In this study, we provide a statistically rigorous, error-bounded trend estimate of ice mass loss over the WAIS from 2003–2009 which is almost entirely data-driven. Using altimetry, gravimetry, and GPS data in a hierarchical Bayesian framework, we derive spatial fields for ice mass change, surface mass balance, and glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) without relying explicitly on forward models. The approach we use separates mass and height change contributions from different processes, reproducing spatial features found in, for example, regional climate and GIA forward models, and provides an independent estimate, which can be used to validate and test the models. In addition, full spatial error estimates are derived for each field. The mass loss estimates we obtain are smaller than some recent results, with a time-averaged mean rate of −76 ± 15 GT yr−1 for the WAIS and Antarctic Peninsula (AP), including the major Antarctic Islands. The GIA estimate compares very well with results obtained from recent forward models (IJ05-R2) and inversion methods (AGE-1). Due to its computational efficiency, the method is sufficiently scalable to include the whole of Antarctica, can be adapted for other ice sheets and can easily be adapted to assimilate data from other sources such as ice cores, accumulation radar data and other measurements that contain information about any of the processes that are solved for.
Today's Cutting Edge is Tomorrow’s Obsolete: An Interview with Cory Arcangel and Tina Kukielski
Authors: Ogrodnik Benjamin
Published: June 2014

Exhibited at the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh from November 3, 2012 to January 27, 2013, Cory Arcangel: Masters was a wide-ranging, multi-sensory survey of the artist’s major works to date. The following interviews with Arcangel and the exhibition’s curator Tina Kukielski were conducted in February 2013, and discuss the conceptual, curatorial, and aesthetic issues raised by the exhibition.
Artificial Hells: A Conversation with Claire Bishop
Authors: Eschenburg Madeline
Published: June 2014

Claire Bishop answers questions about some of the arguments put forth in her recent book Artificial Hells: Participatory Art and the Politics of Spectatorship.
Skin Deep: Surfacing with Leigh-Ann Pahapill
Authors: Gopinath Gabrielle
Published: June 2014

Gabrielle Gopinath examines works from Leigh-Ann Pahapill’s compilation video and exhibition titled Likewise, as technical experts, but not (at all) by way of culture (2012-2013).
rial and tERROR
Authors: Khoshgozaran Gelare
Published: June 2014

For more information on this video, see the artist's statement in this issue of Contemporaneity.
Description: Likewise, as Technical Experts, But Not (At All) by Way of Culture (2012-2013).
Authors: Pahapill Leigh-Ann
Published: June 2014

Artist's Description of the video artwork Likewise, as Technical Experts, But Not (At All) by Way of Culture (2012-2013) included in this edition of Contemporaneity.
Kinetic Systems: Jack Burnham and Hans Haacke
Authors: Chau Christina
Published: June 2014

The following paper argues that Jack Burnham’s antipathy for kineticism in “Systems Esthetics” and Beyond Modern Sculpture has contributed to an assumption that kineticism is an obsolete practice “rooted in another age.” Contrary to Burnham, I argue that a focus on the kinetic movement in Hans Haacke’s sculptures is productive for establishing key understandings of systems theory in art. My interpretation of Haacke’s art emphasizes that movement in time is a key aspect of the artist’s approach to sytems theory, and is useful for making viewers conscious of the systems of perception at play when confronted with ontologically unstable works of art.
What to do with the “Most Modern” Artworks? Erwin Panofsky and the Art History of Contemporary Art
Authors: Lysen Flora
Published: June 2014

In the 1930s, when the world-renowned Medieval and Renaissance art scholar Erwin Panofsky became acquainted with the New York contemporary art scene, he was challenged with the most difficult dilemma for art historians. How could Panofsky, who was firmly entrenched in the kunstwissenschaftliche study of art, use his historical methods for the scholarly research of contemporary art? Can art historians deal with the art objects of their own time? This urgent and still current question of how to think about “contemporaneity” in relation to art history is the main topic of this paper, which departs from Panofsky’s 1934 review of a book on modern art. In his review of James Johnson Sweeny’s book Plastic Redirections in 20th Century Painting, Panofsky’s praise for Sweeney’s scholarly “distance” from contemporary art developments in Europe is backed by a claim for America’s cultural distance, rather than a (historical) removal in time. Taking a closer look at Panofsky’s conflation of historical/temporal distance with geographical/cultural distance, this paper demonstrates a politically situated discourse on contemporaneity, in which Panofsky proposes the act of writing about the contemporary as a redemptive act, albeit, as this paper will demonstrate, without being able to follow his own scientific method.
Culture v. Capital: The Rebecca Belmore Case
Authors: Young India
Published: June 2014

This paper considers a civil suit between an artist and her former gallery dealer. In the case of Nadimi v. Belmore, the plaintiff and the defendant exemplify two opposing ideologies, which in turn reflect two possibilities for understanding art. This paper considers the case, and Belmore’s artworks as representative of both systems. Through a strategic defense of her art and her practice, Belmore upholds a complex understanding of the value of art. The current legal system, however, only ascribes art value as commodity product. This paper demonstrates how Belmore’s actions and artworks related to the case supersede simple categorization. Her works cannot be corralled into any one classification; they are not only fine art, nor simply First Nations art. The article exposes how her works deploy multiple socio-cultural systems simultaneously: from an Anishnabe worldview, to European-Canadian art history, from the public museum, to the commercial gallery, to the Toronto bound freeway. I contend that this strategic employment of multiple systems is recognized in newly established international law, and articulated in the United Nations Declaration of Indigenous Peoples as traditional knowledge. The Belmore case illustrates the immediate need for governmental systems to acknowledge and employ such international law to redress systemic misconceptions of Indigenous arts practices.
Argumentación y uso de pruebas: realización de inferencias sobre una secuencia de icnitas
Authors: Blanco Anaya Paloma , Díaz de Bustamante Joaquín
Published: June 2014

En el presente artículo se analiza el proceso de razonamiento de los estudiantes a través de la argumentación, para lo que se hace uso del modelo de argumentación de Toulmin (1958). La tarea propuesta contiene un conjunto de icnitas, cuyo propósito es esclarecer qué ocurrió. Los objetivos que guían este trabajo son dos: promover el razonamiento científico y analizar el discurso argumentativo de los estudiantes. Los resultados indican que esta actividad permite al alumnado, por un lado, establecer numerosas inferencias pese a falta de información sobre la secuencia de huellas y, por otro lado, alcanzar un alto nivel de complejidad en sus argumentos, puesto que fueron capaces de formular tanto contraargumentos como refutaciones (Kuhn, 1991).
Créditos vol.32, n.2, junio 2014
Authors: Enseñanza de las Ciencias Revista
Published: June 2014

Créditos
Caracterización de prácticas experimentales en la escuela a partir del discurso de docentes de primaria y secundaria.
Authors: Mengascini Adriana Susana , Mordeglia Cecilia
Published: June 2014

En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un cuestionario orientado a la caracterización de prácticas de enseñanza en ciencias naturales, en particular aquellas que involucran enfoques experimentales. Este fue respondido por docentes de primaria y secundaria de escuelas públicas de la provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina; y ha permitido caracterizar el punto de partida de un proceso de reflexión conjunta sobre la propia práctica docente. Se encontró que las actividades experimentales no se realizan o se llevan a cabo con poca frecuencia; las limitaciones mencionadas por las/los docentes fueron de origen institucional, personal y curricular.En cuanto a las tareas seleccionadas y mencionadas, así como las finalidades de este tipo de actividades, remitieron a objetivos de conocimiento conceptual y reflejaron una imagen de ciencia empirista, con un marcado énfasis en la observación.
Enseñanza de las ciencias desde el punto de vista del constructivismo orgánico
Authors: Marín Nicolás
Published: June 2014

Una visión del significado y su relación con el significante, desde una perspectiva constructivista, permite desarrollar una novedosa propuesta para la enseñanza de las ciencias. Este desarrollo es posible con el apoyo en un modelo de aprendizaje coherente con el constructivismo orgánico.
Ahorrando energía en Educación Primaria: estudio de una propuesta de enseñanza
Authors: De Pro Bueno Antonio , Rodríguez Moreno Javier
Published: June 2014

El objetivo central del trabajo es el diseño de una unidad didáctica sobre el consumo y el ahorro de energía en la Educación Primaria, su puesta en práctica, y la valoración de algunos de los efectos producidos en el aprendizaje del alumnado. Tras revisar algunas propuestas y aportaciones en la relación con esta temática, decidimos planificar una unidad didáctica para esta etapa educativa. Una vez elaborados los materiales, estudiamos cómo evolucionaron las subcompetencias en las actividades realizadas y cómo aplicaban los conocimientos aprendidos en diferentes situaciones.
Estrategias de sentido numérico en estudiantes del Grado en Matemáticas
Authors: Almeida Rut , Bruno Alicia , Perdomo Díaz Josefa
Published: June 2014

Se presentan resultados de una investigación sobre el sentido numérico de un grupo de estudiantes universitarios del Grado en Matemáticas en España. El objetivo de la investigación es estudiar el uso de estrategias asociadas al sentido numérico que manifiestan estos estudiantes. Los resultados muestran que, a pesar de la alta formación matemática de estos alumnos, manifiestan bajo éxito en las respuestas a determinadas cuestiones numéricas, cuando se les pide resolverlas siguiendo métodos no tradicionales de cálculo.
Contribution of Dehydration and Malnutrition to the Mortality of Children 0-59 Month of Age in a Senegalese Pediatric Hospital
Authors: Sylla Assane , Keita Younoussa , Diouf Cheikh Sidate , Guéye Modou , Mbow Falilou , Ndiaye Ousmane , Diouf Saliou , Sall Mohamadou Guélaye
Published: June 2014

In-hospital mortality is an indicator of the quality of care. We analyzed the mortality of under five years children of Pediatric ward of Aristide Le Dantec teaching hospital to update our data, after an previous study conducted ten years earlier.
Methods: This was a retrospective study involving children 0-59 months of age, hospitalized from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2012.
For each child, nutritional status was assessed according to 2006 World Health Organization growth standards; clinical and biological data were recorded. The outcome of the disease was specified. Bivariate and multivariable were used to identify risk factors for death.
Results: 393 children were included. Overall mortality rate was 10% (39/393). Factors associated with death were severe wasting [OR = 8.27, 95% CI [3.79-18], male gender (OR = 2.98, 95% CI [1.25-7.1]), dehydration (OR = 5.4, 95% CI [2.54-13.43]) in the model using the weight-for- height z score, male gender (OR = 2.5, 95% CI [1.11-5.63]), dehydration (OR = 8.43, 95% CI [3.83-18.5]) in using the height- for- age z score, male gender (OR = 2.7, 95% CI [1.19-6.24]), dehydration (OR = 7.5, 95% CI [3.39-16.76]), severe underweight (OR = 2.4, 95% CI [1.11-5.63]), in the model using the weight-for- age z score, and male gender (OR = 2.5, 95% CI [1.11-5.63]), dehydration (OR = 8.43, 95% CI [3.83-18.5]) in that using MUAC.
Dehydration and malnutrition are two independent factors of mortality. Our management protocols of dehydration and malnutrition have to be updated. Screening malnutrition has to be done systematically for each child by anthropometric measurements using WHO growth standards.
Placental Apoptosis in Small for Gestational Age Babies: A Comparison between Swedish and Pakistani Populations
Authors: Akram Shahzad , Simatou Eleni , Stukenborg Jan-Bernd , Hagenäs Lars , Söder Olle , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: June 2014

Background: Foeto-placental growth is regulated by a complex balance of growth promoting and growth inhibiting factors and hormones, namely the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) and the intracellular caspase proteins. Changes in the IGF-axis appear to affect this balance, with deficiencies possibly triggering apoptosis.
Aim: To ascertain levels of apoptosis in the placenta of infants born small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA), comparing samples from two population groups, Pakistani and Swedish, in an attempt to better understand the mechanism behind foetal-placental growth restriction.
Methods: Placental samples were taken immediately following delivery in both Karachi and Stockholm. In total 36 samples were included for further analysis (Pakistani: SGA n = 12, AGA n = 12; Swedish: SGA n = 7, AGA n = 5). Protein extraction was conducted for cell-death ELISA, and the remaining tissue samples were then paraffin embedded for further immunohistochemical and immunoflourescent analysis, looking at the apoptotic proteins, p53, caspase 8, and caspase 3. Furthermore, we compared maternal and newborn anthropometry between populations.
Results: A higher apoptotic index, for caspase 8 and caspase 3, was seen in the Pakistani samples, as compared to the Swedish samples (p<0.01). TUNEL assays showed higher levels of apoptosis in the Pakistani population as compared to the Swedish population (p<0.01). Cell death ELISA analysis showed greater apoptotic activity in placenta from the Pakistani population as compared to the Swedish groups (p<0.05) as well as increased apoptotic activity in the SGA groups as compared to the AGA groups within each population (ELISA, p<0.05). No differences were seen in p53 levels as assessed by immunohistochemistry. Pakistani mothers were, on average, shorter than their Swedish counterparts (p<0.01).
Conclusion: Increased apoptotic activity in placenta of the Pakistani population, as compared to their Swedish counterparts, may be associated with decreased foetal-placental growth seen in this population, particularly in babies born SGA. These findings, along with previously published results of the IGF-axis, and birth weight outcomes, suggests that lower IGF levels may be involved in the extracellular triggering of apoptosis, through caspase 8. This may further suggest a possible mechanism of foetal-placental growth restriction.
Solubilization of Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin on Cholesterol in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zou Changjun , Zhou Lu , Wang Yali , Li Lu
Published: June 2014

Hydroxypropyl-β-Cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD), prepared via reaction of β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) and propylene oxide (PO), is utilized to research solubilization of HP-Î²-CD on cholesterol in aqueous solution. HP-β-CD is characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FT-IR), and concentrations of cholesterol solution are measured by ultraviolet and visible (UV VIS) spectrophotometer. The research on optimal synthesis conditions of HP-β-CD indicates that sodium hydroxide amounts have the most effect on yields of product. The maximum solubilization multiples of HP-β-CD reaches 15, below which molecular rate of HP-β-CD and cholesterol in inclusion complex is 1:1.
Refractive Properties of Binary Mixtures Formed by an Isomer of Chlorobutane and Butyl Ethyl Ether
Authors: Montaño Diego F. , Artigas Héctor , López M. Carmen , Lafuente Carlos
Published: June 2014

Refractive indices of the binary mixtures containing an isomer of chlorobutane (1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, 2-methyl-1-chloropropane, or 2-methyl-2-chloropropane) and butyl ethyl ether have been measured at seven temperatures from T = 283.15 to 313.15 K From these data refractive index deviations were calculated and correlated with a Redlich-Kister polynomial expansion. The refractive index deviations were found positive. Finally, from these refractive indices both densities and surface tensions of the studied systems were predicted and compared with previously reported values.
Substituent Effects on the Activation Parameter Changes for the Aminolysis in the Bimolecular Nucleophilic Reactions in Solution
Authors: Vlasov Vladislav M.
Published: June 2014

Variation of the activation parameters for the aminolysis in the SN2, acyl-transfer, SNAr and AdN reactions offers an additive mechanistic tool for the studies of these reactions in solution. This approach uses the substituent effects on the benzene and pyridine rings to the variation of the activation parameters, ΔX≠ (X = H, S, G), in the above reactions in the frameworks of the Hammett - like equations in order to evaluate the resultant δΔX≠ reaction constants. The single linear dependences of the internal enthalpy constants δΔH≠ int on the δΔG≠ and the Hammett Ï constants show that the substituent effects in the leaving and nonleaving groups and nucleophiles on the mechanistic features in aminolysis of bimolecular nucleophilic reactions are governed by the magnitude of δΔH≠ int when one of the steps of the process is the single rate-determining step.
Effects of Additives upon Percolation Temperature in AOT-Based Microemulsions
Authors: Mejuto J. C. , Morales J. , Moldes O. A. , Cid A.
Published: June 2014

In the present review the percolative phenomena has been analyzed. Percolation is related to transport phenomena in microemulsions, in particular the electric charge transport. The influence of different additives upon electric percolation has been commented. The effects of the additives considered upon the microemulsion properties appear to come about through their association with the surfactant interface. The effects of these agents on the ease with which interdroplet channels allowing transfer of droplet contents are formed are not only responsible for their effects on percolation temperature, but also have serious implications for the rates of fast chemical reactions performed in microemulsions.
Socially Integrated, Eco-Mimic Reversal of Global Warming
Authors: Butterworth Bill
Published: June 2014

The recent announcements of the IPCC [1] have indicated that many, indeed most, climatologists accept that climate change is happening, rapidly and the potential consequences are significant.
This paper examines the potential contribution to reduction and reversal of global warming by feeding the photosynthetic process with urban wastes, and how this can be integrated into existing or developable social structures in a way that allows normal economic drivers to produce rapid, large scale, sustainable results.
Le risque zéro lors de l’accouchement : genèse et conséquences dans la société québécoise d’un fantasme contemporain1
Authors: Rivard Andrée
Published: June 2014

Dans nos sociétés contemporaines, l’omniprésence de la peur et l’accroissement des sensibilités individuelles à l’égard des divers risques malgré l’amélioration des conditions de vie et de sécurité ont de quoi laisser perplexe. Si les scientifiques s’entendent sur le fait que ce paradoxe touche l’ensemble de la vie en société, il appert que le domaine sanitaire a été un terrain particulièrement sensible à l’expression de ces angoisses. Ce phénomène est loin d’être sans conséquence. Cet article examine en particulier l’accouchement au Québec depuis les années 1950, à partir du fil conducteur suivant : pourquoi le sentiment de peur des femmes à l’égard de l’accouchement paraît-il n’avoir pas tellement diminué malgré les promesses d’une médecine qui se veut rassurante ? Quelles sont les conséquences de l’adoption d’une pratique obstétricale orientée vers la gestion active des risques ? Je soutiens que la montée d’une idéologie préventive axée sur l’enfant a joué un rôle déterminant dans cette médicalisation qui impose l’hôpital comme espace exclusif ainsi qu’une approche particulière de la mise au monde, celle de l’accouchement dirigé, destinée à anticiper les risques. Tout un discours a servi à socialiser les individus au nouveau rituel que les autorités médicales et étatiques, en particulier, présentent comme un gage de sécurité. Malgré tout, les résultats sont mitigés puisque la peur liée à l’accouchement régresse peu en définitive. Les maux iatrogènes liés à l’accouchement dirigé n’y sont certes pas étrangers. De nos jours, des médecins reconnaissent l’effet d’une variété de facteurs dans la propagation de la peur, dont l’anxiété des femmes elles-mêmes, une peur qui les porte à intervenir davantage, engendrant des cascades d’interventions peu favorables à la santé.
Risques collectifs et responsabilités individuelles dans les conseils diététiques au Québec, 1900-19401
Authors: Durand Caroline
Published: June 2014

Cet article utilise le concept de « risque », défini comme une construction sociale et culturelle servant des objectifs politiques, pour expliquer pourquoi, au début du xxe siècle, les conseils sur la nutrition apparaissent et se multiplient au Québec. Il montre qu’une multitude d’intervenants qui émettaient des conseils sur la diète considéraient l’alimentation des classes sociales peu favorisées comme un problème affectant la collectivité, mais nécessitant surtout une autodiscipline plus stricte. Cette perception dominante des facteurs de risque liés à la diète a toutefois été contestée dans les années 1930, lorsque des découvertes scientifiques et médicales et l’émergence d’une nouvelle conception des problèmes sociaux et économiques ont changé les manières d’identifier ces risques et de s’en prémunir. Même si le gouvernement provincial n’intervenait pas au-delà de la sensibilisation et de l’éducation de la population, les conseils diététiques constituaient une manière de gouverner la population, car ils attribuaient la responsabilité d’une bonne alimentation et la culpabilité en cas d’échec aux individus et, en particulier, aux mères. Ils valorisaient aussi l’image du consommateur rationnel, du travailleur productif et de la mère au foyer, acteurs essentiels à la nation, à l’économie de marché et à l’ordre libéral.
Is Scintigraphy a Guideline Method in Determining Amputation Levels in Diabetic Foot?
Authors: Baykal Yakup Barbaros , Yaman Emre , Burc Halil , Yorgancigil Huseyin , Atay Tolga , Yıldız Mustafa
Published: June 2014

Background

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the potential use of a 3-phase bone scintigraphy method to determine the level of amputation on treatment cost, morbidity and mortality, reamputation rates, and the duration of hospitalization in diabetic foot.

Methods

Thirty patients who were admitted to our clinic between September 2008 and July 2009, with diabetic foot were included. All patients were evaluated according to age, gender, diabetes duration, 3-phase bone scintigraphy, Doppler ultrasound, amputation/reamputation levels, and hospitalization periods. Patients underwent 3-phase bone scintigraphy using technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate, and the most distal site of the region displaying perfusion during the perfusion and early blood flow phase was marked as the amputation level. Amputation level was determined by 3-phase bone scintigraphy, Doppler ultrasound, and inspection of the infection-free clear region during surgery.

Results

The amputation levels of the patients were as follows: finger in six (20%), ray amputation in five (16.6%), transmetatarsal in one (3.3%), Lisfranc in two (6.6%), Chopart in seven (23.3%), Syme in one (3.3%), below-the-knee in six (20%), above the knee in one (3.3%), knee disarticulation in one (3.3%), and two patients underwent amputation at other centers. After primary amputation, reamputation was performed on seven patients, and one patient was treated with debridement for wound site problems. No mortality was encountered during study.

Conclusions

We conclude that 3-phase bone scintigraphy prior to surgery could be a useful method to determine the amputation level in a diabetic foot. We conclude that further, comparative, more comprehensive, long-term, and controlled studies are required.
Acute Rupture of the Tibialis Posterior Tendon without Fracture
Authors: Martinelli Nicolò , Bonifacini Carlo , Bianchi Alberto , Moneghini Laura , Scotto Gennaro , Sartorelli Elena
Published: June 2014

The acute rupture of the tibialis posterior (TP) tendon, compared to an acute rupture of the Achilles tendon, is a quite uncommon disease to be diagnosed in the emergency department setting. In most cases symptoms related to a TP dysfunction, like weakness, pain along the course of the tendon, swelling in the region of the medial malleolus, and the partial or complete loss of the medial arch with a flatfoot deformity precede the complete rupture of the tendon. In this case report, we describe an acute rupture of the TP tendon following a pronation-external rotation injury of the ankle with no association of a medial malleolus fracture and with no history of a prior flatfoot deformity or symptoms.
Subungual Schwannoma with Clinical, Sonographic, and Histologic Correlation
Authors: Soto Rosamary , Aldunce Maria Jose , Wortsman Ximena , Sazunic Ivo
Published: June 2014

We show an unusual presentation of a schwannoma that was located in the ungual bed of the left great toe. The clinical, color Doppler ultrasound imaging, and histologic findings are shown to illustrate the case. This type of neurogenic tumor and the ultrasound presurgical imaging support should be considered when dealing with subungual tumors of the foot.
Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A elaborate distinct systemic metabolite signatures during enteric fever
Authors: Näsström Elin , Vu Thieu Nga Tran , Dongol Sabina , Karkey Abhilasha , Voong Vinh Phat , Ha Thanh Tuyen , Johansson Anders , Arjyal Amit , Thwaites Guy , Dolecek Christiane , Basnyat Buddha , Baker Stephen , Antti Henrik
Published: June 2014

The host–pathogen interactions induced by Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A during enteric fever are poorly understood. This knowledge gap, and the human restricted nature of these bacteria, limit our understanding of the disease and impede the development of new diagnostic approaches. To investigate metabolite signals associated with enteric fever we performed two dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/TOFMS) on plasma from patients with S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A infections and asymptomatic controls, identifying 695 individual metabolite peaks. Applying supervised pattern recognition, we found highly significant and reproducible metabolite profiles separating S. Typhi cases, S. Paratyphi A cases, and controls, calculating that a combination of six metabolites could accurately define the etiological agent. For the first time we show that reproducible and serovar specific systemic biomarkers can be detected during enteric fever. Our work defines several biologically plausible metabolites that can be used to detect enteric fever, and unlocks the potential of this method in diagnosing other systemic bacterial infections.
A Replication Study of Ball and Brown (1968): Comparative Analysis of China and the US*
Authors: Chen Wanyu , Huang Wenli
Published: June 2014

We replicate Ball and Brown (1968) using current US and Chinese data. We demonstrate that the significant relation between annual earnings changes and annual stock returns documented in Ball and Brown (1968) extends and holds to recent US data over the period 1971-2011 and that stock prices continue to react with some delay to unexpected earnings. This association result is confirmed using Chinese data over the period 1995-2011. However, our analysis reveals a key difference in relative magnitude—the Chinese stock market responds much more strongly to good news, and much less strongly to bad news, than the US market. In addition, we examine alternative selections of samples and benchmark returns using Chinese data. Our results suggest that the smaller magnitude and drift of market reaction in China cannot be driven by pre-warnings of earnings, firms in “abnormal trading status”, timing of earnings announcements, or alternative choices of benchmark returns, although the magnitude difference is greatly reduced when the financial crisis of 2007-2009 is excluded. Overall, our results confirm that earnings drive stock returns in both the US and China, but the market reaction to bad earnings news is notably muted in China, suggesting that non-earnings factors are more important in China.
Array analysis of the seismic wavefield of long‐period events and volcanic tremor at Arenal volcano, Costa Rica
Authors: Almendros Javier , Abella Rafael , Mora Mauricio M. , Lesage Philippe
Published: June 2014

We use wavefield decomposition methods (time domain cross correlation and frequency domain multiple‐signal classification) to analyze seismic data recorded by a dense, small‐aperture array located 2 km West of Arenal volcano, Costa Rica, and operated during 2.5 days. The recorded wavefield is dominated by harmonic tremor and includes also spasmodic tremor and long‐period (LP) events. We find that the initial stages of LP events are characterized by three different wave arrivals. These arrivals propagate with similar back azimuths pointing to the volcano summit (∼80°N) and increasing apparent slowness of 0.4, 1.1, and 1.7 s/km. Spasmodic tremors cannot be regarded as coherent signals. On the contrary, harmonic tremors are highly coherent, characterized by the stability of the apparent slowness vector estimates. Apparent slowness lays in the range 1–2 s/km. Back azimuths point in the general direction of the volcano but with a large variability (40–120°N). Nevertheless, there are long‐term variations and evidences of multiple simultaneous components in the harmonic tremor wavefield. These observations suggest that LP events and tremor are generated in a shallow source area near the volcano summit, although they do not share exactly the same source region or source processes. The tremor source is located in the shallowest part of the plumbing system, beneath the lava crust. This dynamic region is subject to complex fluctuations of the physical conditions. Degassing events at different locations of this region might generate variable seismic radiation patterns. The effects of topography and heterogeneous shallow structure of the volcano may amplify these variations and produce the wide directional span observed for volcanic tremor. On the other hand, the LP source seems to be more repeatable. LP events are likely triggered by fragmentation of the fluid flow in a slightly deeper portion of the volcanic conduits.
Post Eruption inflation of the East Pacific Rise at 9°50′ N
Authors: Nooner Scott L. , Webb Spahr C. , Buck W. Roger , Cormier Marie‐Helene
Published: June 2014

In June 2008, we installed a geodetic network at 9°50′ N on the East Pacific Rise to track the long‐term movement of magma following the 2005/6 eruption. This network consists of 10 concrete benchmarks stretching from the ridge to 9 km off‐axis. During three campaign‐style surveys, measurements of vertical seafloor motions were made at each of these benchmarks by precisely recording ambient seawater pressure as a proxy for seafloor depth with a mobile pressure recorder (MPR). The MPR was deployed using the manned submersible Alvin in 2008 and 2009 and the remotely operated vehicle Jason in 2011. The MPR observations are supplemented with data from a multiyear deployment of continuously recording bottom pressure recorders (BPRs) extending along this segment of the ridge that can record rapid changes in seafloor depth from seafloor eruptions and/or dike intrusions. These measurements show no diking events and up to 12 cm of volcanic inflation that occurred from December 2009 to October 2011 in the area of the 2005/6 eruption. These observations are fit with an inflating point source at a depth of 2.7 km and volume change of 2.3 × 106 m3/yr located on the ridge axis at approximately 9°51.166′ N, 407 m from our northernmost benchmark, suggesting that the magma chamber underlying this segment of the ridge is being recharged from a deeper source at a rate that is about half the long‐term inflation rate observed at Axial Seamount on the Juan de Fuca Ridge. These data represent the second location that active volcanic uplift has been measured on a mid‐ocean ridge segment, and the first on a nonhotspot influenced segment.
Instability of the Atlantic overturning circulation during Marine Isotope Stage 3
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Prange Matthias , Merkel Ute , Schulz Michael
Published: June 2014

Variations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) were involved in the occurrences of Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) events during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3). The stability of the AMOC to North Atlantic freshwater perturbations is studied using a comprehensive climate model under MIS3 boundary conditions. An AMOC stability diagram constructed from a series of equilibrium freshwater perturbation experiments reveals a highly nonlinear dependence of AMOC strength on freshwater forcing. The MIS3 baseline state is remarkably unstable with respect to minor perturbations. The global climate signal associated with a change in AMOC strength is consistent with a transition from an interstadial to a stadial state including an annual mean surface air temperature drop of ~8 K in central Greenland. We suggest that minor freshwater perturbations in the hydrologic cycle, e.g., related to ice sheet processes, had the potential to trigger D‐O‐type climate shifts associated with a threshold in the atmosphere‐ocean system.
Planetary ageostrophic instability leads to superrotation
Authors: Wang Peng , Mitchell Jonathan L.
Published: June 2014

We demonstrate the existence of a global‐scale, linear instability in the atmospheres of slowly rotating and/or small planets that spontaneously emerges and produces momentum convergence at the equator, thus supporting the development of planetary superrotation. We identify the instability as being barotropic, ageostrophic in nature, coupling an equatorial Kelvin wave with midlatitude or high‐latitude Rossby waves. This coupling requires a frequency matching of the Doppler‐shifted wave components and moderate spatial overlap between them, which are determined by two nondimensional parameters, the Rossby and Froude numbers. By diagnosing these parameters, we find that this instability is an essential and necessary process to obtain superrotation in dry atmospheric, general circulation models with axisymmetric forcing. The Rossby and Froude numbers for Solar System bodies are consistent with the presence or absence of superrotation, which suggests that they provide useful diagnostics for predicting the emergence of superrotation in the atmospheres of terrestrial planets.
Local time variations in Jupiter's magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling system
Authors: Ray L. C. , Achilleos N. A. , Vogt M. F. , Yates J. N.
Published: June 2014

The ionization of neutral material ejected by Jupiter's volcanically active moon, Io, results in a plasma disc that extends from Io's orbit out through the Jovian magnetosphere. This magnetospheric plasma is coupled to the planetary ionosphere via currents which flow along the magnetic field. Inside of ∼40 RJ, these currents transfer angular momentum from the planet to the magnetospheric plasma, in an attempt to keep the plasma rigidly corotating with the planet. Jupiter's main auroral emission is a signature of this current system. To date, one‐dimensional models of Jupiter's magnetosphere‐ionosphere (M‐I) coupling have either assumed a dipole field or used a field description appropriate to the postmidnight region of the Jovian magnetosphere. Vogt et al. (2011) described the variation of the N‐S component of the magnetic field in the center of the current sheet, BN, with local time and radius. We apply a 1‐D model of Jupiter's M‐I current system every hour in local time using a modified description of the Vogt et al. (2011) magnetic field to investigate how local time variations in the magnetosphere affect the auroral currents and plasma angular velocity. Our model predicts the strongest aurora at dawn, with a minimum in the auroral currents existing from noon through dusk. This is a few hours duskward of the discontinuity predicted by Radioti et al. (2008). While our model predictions are consistent with some of the observations, future MI coupling models must account for the azimuthal bendback in the magnetic field.
Revised CRISM spectral parameters and summary products based on the currently detected mineral diversity on Mars
Authors: Viviano Christina E. , Seelos Frank P. , Murchie Scott L. , Kahn Eliezer G. , Seelos Kimberley D. , Taylor Howard W. , Taylor Kelly , Ehlmann Bethany L. , Wiseman Sandra M. , Mustard John F. , Morgan M. Frank
Published: June 2014

The investigation of hyperspectral data from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) and the Observatoire pour la Minéralogie, L'Eau, les Glaces et l'Activitié (OMEGA) on Mars Express has revealed an increasingly diverse suite of minerals present on the Martian surface. A revised set of 60 spectral parameters derived from corrected spectral reflectance at key wavelengths in CRISM targeted observations and designed to capture the known diversity of surface mineralogy on Mars is presented here as “summary products.” Some of the summary products have strong heritage to OMEGA spectral parameter calculations; this paper also presents newly derived parameters that highlight locations with more recently discovered spectral signatures. Type locations for the diversity of currently identified mineral spectral signatures have been compiled into a library presented in this work. Our analysis indicates that the revised set of summary products captures the known spectral diversity of the surface, and successfully highlights and differentiates between locations with differing spectral signatures. The revised spectral parameter calculations and related products provide a useful tool for scientific interpretation and for future mission landing site selection and operations.
Revenge and psychological adjustment after homicidal loss
Authors: van Denderen Mariëtte , de Keijser Jos , Gerlsma Coby , Huisman Mark , Boelen Paul A.
Published: June 2014

Feelings of revenge are a common human response to being hurt by others. Among crime victims of severe sexual or physical violence, significant correlations have been reported between revenge and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Homicide is one of the most severe forms of interpersonal violence. It is therefore likely that individuals bereaved by homicide experience high levels of revenge, which may hamper efforts to cope with traumatic loss. The relationship between revenge and psychological adjustment following homicidal loss has not yet been empirically examined. In the current cross‐sectional study, we used self‐report data from 331 spouses, family members and friends of homicide victims to examine the relationships between dispositional revenge and situational revenge on the one hand and symptom‐levels of PTSD and complicated grief, as well as indices of positive functioning, on the other hand. Furthermore, the association between revenge and socio‐demographic and offense‐related factors was examined. Participants were recruited from a governmental support organization, a website with information for homicidally bereaved individuals, and members of support groups. Levels of both dispositional and situational revenge were positively associated with symptoms of PTSD and complicated grief, and negatively with positive functioning. Participants reported significantly less situational revenge in cases where the perpetrator was a direct family member than cases where the perpetrator was an indirect family member, friend, or someone unknown. Homicidally bereaved individuals reported more situational revenge, but not more dispositional revenge than a sample of students who had experienced relatively mild interpersonal transgressions. Aggr. Behav. 40:504–511, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Our Scared Seniors
Authors: Bonfiglio Robert A.
Published: June 2014

Are we teaching anxiety?
Manipulating the Electronic Structure of Li‐Rich Manganese‐Based Oxide Using Polyanions: Towards Better Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Li Biao , Yan Huijun , Ma Jin , Yu Pingrong , Xia Dingguo , Huang Weifeng , Chu Wangsheng , Wu Ziyu
Published: June 2014

Lithium‐rich manganese‐based layered oxides show great potential as high‐capacity cathode materials for lithium ion batteries, but usually exhibit a poor cycle life, gradual voltage drop during cycling, and low thermal stability in the highly delithiated state. Herein, a strategy to promote the electrochemical performance of this material by manipulating the electronic structure through incorporation of boracic polyanions is developed. As‐prepared Li[Li0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54](BO4)0.015(BO3)0.005O1.925 shows a decreased M‐O covalency and a lowered O 2p band top compared with pristine Li[Li0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54]O2. As a result, the modified cathode exhibits a superior reversible capacity of 300 mA h g−1 after 80 cycles, excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 89% within 300 cycles, higher thermal stability, and enhanced redox couple potentials. The improvements are correlated to the enhanced oxygen stability that originates from the tuned electronic structure. This facile strategy may further be extended to other high capacity electrode systems.
Synchrotron‐Radiation‐Based Soft X‐Ray Electron Spectroscopy Applied to Structural and Chemical Characterization of Isolated Species, from Molecules to Nanoparticles
Authors: Miron Catalin , Patanen Minna
Published: June 2014

With its extended tunability from the IR to hard X‐rays and the exceptional spectral brightness offered by the 3rd generation storage rings, synchrotron radiation (SR) is an invaluable investigation tool. Major methodological developments are now available, and are applied to simple, isolated atoms and molecules (which can be often modeled ab initio) and are then extended to the investigation of more and more complex species, up to soft and hard condensed matter. The present article highlights, with a few examples, the most recent achievements in SR‐based soft X‐ray electron spectroscopy applied to the structural characterization of isolated species of increasing complexity, from molecules and clusters to nanoparticles. Special attention is devoted to very high resolution studies of single molecules revealing electron diffraction and interference effects, as well as detailed information about their potential energy surfaces. These achievements are only possible based on the new opportunities offered by the most advanced SR facilities.