bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Magnification on Occlusal Caries Diagnosis with Implementation of the ICDAS II Criteria
Authors: Mitropoulos P. , Rahiotis C. , Kakaboura A. , Vougiouklakis G.
Published: February 2012

Aim: This study compared the impact of low-powered magnification on the detection of occlusal caries. Methods: The occlusal surfaces of 38 extracted teeth received caries ICDAS classification with and without magnification by two examiners. Histology was used as the gold standard. Results: No significant differences existed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, LR+, LR- and Az values for the two examiners and modalities. Interexaminer agreement was almost perfect for grades 0, 2, 3 irrespective of magnification. For grade 1, magnification resulted in lower agreement than unaided vision. Conclusion: Magnification does not improve the detective performance of visual examination.
Like a Girl's Name
Authors: Fisher Anna Watkins
Published: February 2012

What if the future of feminist art lay not in images of self-mastery, dignity, and maturity but rather in performances of teen regression? Adolescent drag designates a performance of irony, awkwardness, and equivocality that expands the identificatory repertoire available to a generation of women who are said to have inherited from Western feminism.
Dramatic Defiance in Tehran
Authors: Yeghiazarian Torange
Published: February 2012

A rare and surprising look at contemporary theatre in Iran, this five-month snapshot offers a welcome glimpse into a society that remains closed to many in the West.
Embodying Sacred History
Authors: Stevenson Jill
Published: February 2012

By coupling the physical form of a traditional natural history museum with a radical community-based agenda, the Creation Museum seeks to empower a group that perceives itself as disenfranchised. This venue's material and spatial performance aligns creationism with rigorous scientific investigation, offering creationist visitors a feeling of stability and certainty.
A Split Discourse
Authors: Pamment Claire
Published: February 2012

While the “bad girls” of Pakistan's contemporary Punjabi theatre are accused of “obscenity” and “vulgarity” and punished by harsh censorship, girls from “good families” are actively promoted in Anglophone dramas. Punjabi performers reverse the gaze onto this split discourse, exposing the body politic's gender and class biases.
Mask Use by Chimpanzees
Authors: Hyatt Charles W.
Published: February 2012

A chimpanzee was observed in its interactions with six prefabricated masks, a mirror, and a language keyboard. The chimp created and used its own mask in ritualized play behavior with its caregiver, expanding human considerations of ethology, performance theory, and drama.
Influence of laser welding heat input on HAZ cracking in newly developed Haynes 282 superalloy
Authors: Osoba L O , Ojo O A
Published: February 2012

A study of the cause of heat affected zone (HAZ) cracking and its dependence on heat input during laser beam welding of a newly developed γ′ precipitation strengthened nickel based superalloy Haynes 282 was performed. Careful microstructural study coupled with Gleeble thermomechanical simulation showed that HAZ cracking in the alloy is attributable to the degradation of hot ductility of the alloy due to subsolidus grain boundary liquation. A decrease in the magnitude of heat input during laser beam welding resulted in increased HAZ cracking. The cracking variation with heat input is discussed in relation to the time that the subsolidus HAZ region spent at peak temperatures and thermally generated stress during welding.
Influence of strain rate on hot deformation behaviour and texture evolution of AZ31B
Authors: Sanjari M , Farzadfar S A , Jung I H , Essadiqi E , Yue S
Published: February 2012

In the present work, the effects of strain rate on the flow behaviour and microstructure evolution of AZ31 Mg alloy were studied by compression testing over a wide range of strain rates (0·01–100 s−1) and temperatures (300–450°C). In addition, the influence of different strain rates on the dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) mechanisms and texture evolution was investigated. The results showed that with increasing strain rate, the twin induced DRX fraction increased at a constant temperature, and the contribution of continuous DRX decreased. On increasing the strain rate, the formation of twins and subsequent twin induced DRX intensified the basal texture in the deformed sample. In addition, the recrystallised volume fraction increased significantly with strain rate. The flow behaviour was fitted to two types of constitutive equations: power law and hyperbolic sine. Average activation energies of about 162 and 135 kJ mol−1 were obtained for the peak and steady state strain respectively.
On role of atomic migration in amnesia occurrence during complex thermal cycling of Cu–Zn–Al shape memory alloy
Authors: Bujoreanu L-G , Lohan N M , Pricop B , Cimpoeşu N
Published: February 2012

The reproducibility of thermally induced reversible martensitic transformation, occurring in a Cu–15Zn–6Al (mass-) shape memory alloy during heating, was studied on three different fragments of martensitic alloy subjected to complex thermal cycling comprising four series of five heating–cooling cycles, applied on a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) device, between room temperature (RT) and three maximum temperatures: 453, 463 and 473 K respectively. After each series of heating–cooling cycles the fragments were naturally aged at RT for 37 days (∼3·2 Ms). Thermograms of DSC revealed a gradual diminution in the magnitude of martensite reversion to parent phase, accompanied by decreasing tendencies of both critical temperatures and transformation rates, which reflect a gradual loss of thermal memory, associated with ‘amnesia’ occurrence. Scanning electron microscopy observations coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy performed at the end of complex thermal cycling revealed that ‘amnesia’ occurrence was associated with changes in the morphology of martensite plates, from parallel plate-like to interblocking needle-like, and with an increase of chemical fluctuations, as an effect of the intensification of atomic migration.
Application of ultrasonic velocity measurement for flow stress determination of TWIP steel
Authors: Behjati P , Dini G , Dastjerdi H V , Mahdavi R
Published: February 2012

In the present work, the ultrasonic velocity measurement was used as a non-destructive technique for flow stress determination of a twinning induced plasticity steel. For this purpose, first, a relationship between mechanical twinning and ultrasonic velocity was found out and then, it was used in the flow stress model previously suggested by the authors. Comparison of the obtained results with the experimental values revealed a good agreement.
Investigation into tensile and compressive responses of Mg–ZnO composites
Authors: Tun K S , Jayaramanavar P , Nguyen Q B , Chan J , Kwok R , Gupta M
Published: February 2012

In the present study, the mechanical properties of magnesium composites containing nano-ZnO particles are investigated. An increase in microhardness was observed with increasing amount of ZnO from 0·5 to 1·5 vol.- in magnesium. The tensile and compressive yield strengths of the composites remained similar to that of Mg. This is attributed to the heterogeneous grain size distribution and the resultant weak basal texture. The tension–compression yield asymmetry was also found to be minimal due to the lack of strong basal texture. The composites showed improved ultimate tensile and compressive strengths, and this is attributed to well known strengthening mechanisms due to the presence of fine reinforcement particles. The tensile failure strain was significantly improved in composites, while there was a compromise in compressive failure strain. The improved tensile failure strain was due to non-basal slip activation through grain refinement and lack of intense basal intensity in composites.
Effect of microstructural characteristics on room temperature tensile properties of in situ synthesised TiC/TA15 composite
Authors: Wang H W , Qi J Q , Zou C M , Wei Z J
Published: February 2012

In the present paper, a 10 vol.-TiC particulate reinforced TA15 composite with wall thicknesses of 6, 12 and 18 mm was fabricated using in situ casting route. An effort was made to investigate the room temperature tensile properties as a function of the microstructures of the as cast and heat treated composites. The refinement of α phase with decreasing wall thickness leads to the enhancement in the yield strength of the composite, whereas the elongation shows an opposite trend with yield strength in the as cast condition. After β heat treatment, the yield strength as well as tensile strength shows similar value as a result of similar size of α phase. Compared with the as cast and heat treated tensile properties, heat treatment improves the yield and tensile strengths at the expense of elongation as the wall thicknesses are 12 and 18 mm.
Microstructural and mechanical properties of service exposed Alloy 625 ammonia cracker tube removed after 100 000 h
Authors: Chakravartty J K , Singh J B , Sundararaman M
Published: February 2012

The present study examined the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of Alloy 625 ammonia cracker tubes of heavy water production plant which had been exposed to temperatures around 600°C for 100 000 h. Detailed investigations revealed considerable modification of microstructure, significant increase of strength and loss of ductility and toughness during service and the extent of degradations were found to be sensitive to service temperature at different locations of the tube. While the increase in strength was due to precipitation of γ′′ and Ni2(Cr,Mo), the loss in ductility resulted from the presence of carbides and needle shaped δ particles at grain boundaries. When the exposed material was tested at elevated temperatures, the material softened with an attendant increase in ductility and toughness. A solution annealing treatment at 1160°C for 2 h was found to restore the microstructural as well as mechanical properties similar to that of virgin material.
Monte Carlo simulation of influence of reheat temperature on austenite grain growth in C–Mn steel
Authors: Hore S , Das S K , Banerjee S , Mukherjee S
Published: February 2012

The evolution and topology of a two-dimensional austenite grain growth of C–Mn steel are simulated by the Monte Carlo (MC) model during the reheating process. Simulated microstructural maps have been generated in a square lattice (400×400) at various MC steps and temperatures. Normalised grain size distribution has also been computed at different reheating temperatures, assuming a uniform temperature distribution in the slab. Two important model parameters, namely, the grain growth exponent and the model constant, have been estimated to predict the average grain size. The activation energy for grain growth has been calculated using the Arrhenius relationship. The grain growth behaviour as a function of both MC and physical time has been computed, and the effect of temperature on the rate of growth has been analysed. The predicted temporal evolutions of grain growth and model parameters have been validated with the published literature and found to be in good agreement.
Effect of Ni on growing of intermetallic compound in interface of Sn2·5Ag0·7Cu0·1RE/Cu solder joint during aging
Authors: Zhang K K , Li C Y , Qiu R F , Shi H X , Wang Y L
Published: February 2012

Aging treatment was implemented for the Sn2·5Ag0·7Cu0·1RExNi/Cu solder joint under various temperatures simulating the service environment. The growing behaviour of the intermetallic compound at the soldering interface during aging was investigated. In the case of adding 0·1Ni aged solder joint, the maximum growth activation energies of (Cu,Ni)6Sn5 and Cu3Sn are 86·8 and 93·7 kJ mol−1 respectively. The results reveal that the growth of intermetallic compound in the soldering interface can be suppressed, and the solder joint can be strengthened by adding proper quantities of Ni in the solder.
Proteomics unravels platelet function
Authors: Peter Karlheinz
Published: February 2012

In this issue of Blood, Schulz and colleagues report promising findings using differential proteomics as a discovery tool to identify functionally important proteins in platelet activation. The authors identify several proteins that change in abundance upon platelet activation. These findings implicate several novel pathomechanisms relevant to platelet activation and identify novel potential therapeutic targets for platelet inhibition.1
Field emission from in situ-grown vertically aligned SnO2 nanowire arrays
Authors: Zhou Zhihua , Wu Jiang , Li Handong , Wang Zhiming
Published: February 2012

Vertically aligned SnO2 nanowire arrays have been in situ fabricated on a silicon substrate via thermal evaporation method in the presence of a Pt catalyst. The field emission properties of the SnO2 nanowire arrays have been investigated. Low turn-on fields of 1.6 to 2.8 V/μm were obtained at anode-cathode separations of 100 to 200 μm. The current density fluctuation was lower than 5% during a 120-min stability test measured at a fixed applied electric field of 5 V/μm. The favorable field-emission performance indicates that the fabricated SnO2 nanowire arrays are promising candidates as field emitters.
The feasibility of age-specific travel restrictions during influenza pandemics
Authors: Lam Elson HY , Cowling Benjamin J , Cook Alex R , Wong Jessica YT , Lau Max SY , Nishiura Hiroshi
Published: February 2012

Background

Epidemiological studies have shown that imposing travel restrictions to prevent or delay an influenza pandemic may not be feasible. To delay an epidemic substantially, an extremely high proportion of trips (~99%) would have to be restricted in a homogeneously mixing population. Influenza is, however, strongly influenced by age-dependent transmission dynamics, and the effectiveness of age-specific travel restrictions, such as the selective restriction of travel by children, has yet to be examined.

Methods

A simple stochastic model was developed to describe the importation of infectious cases into a population and to model local chains of transmission seeded by imported cases. The probability of a local epidemic, and the time period until a major epidemic takes off, were used as outcome measures, and travel restriction policies in which children or adults were preferentially restricted were compared to age-blind restriction policies using an age-dependent next generation matrix parameterized for influenza H1N1-2009.

Results

Restricting children from travelling would yield greater reductions to the short-term risk of the epidemic being established locally than other policy options considered, and potentially could delay an epidemic for a few weeks. However, given a scenario with a total of 500 imported cases over a period of a few months, a substantial reduction in the probability of an epidemic in this time period is possible only if the transmission potential were low and assortativity (i.e. the proportion of contacts within-group) were unrealistically high. In all other scenarios considered, age-structured travel restrictions would not prevent an epidemic and would not delay the epidemic for longer than a few weeks.

Conclusions

Selectively restricting children from traveling overseas during a pandemic may potentially delay its arrival for a few weeks, depending on the characteristics of the pandemic strain, but could have less of an impact on the economy compared to restricting adult travelers. However, as long as adults have at least a moderate potential to trigger an epidemic, selectively restricting the higher risk group (children) may not be a practical option to delay the arrival of an epidemic substantially.
Correlation of psychomotor findings and the ability to partially weight bear
Authors: Ruckstuhl Thomas , Osterhoff Georg , Zuffellato Michael , Favre Philippe , Werner Clément ML
Published: February 2012

Background

Partial weight bearing is thought to avoid excessive loading that may interfere with the healing process after surgery of the pelvis or the lower extremity. The object of this study was to investigate the relationship between the ability to partially weight bear and the patient's psychomotor skills and an additional evaluation of the possibility to predict this ability with a standardized psychomotor test.

Methods

50 patients with a prescribed partial weight bearing at a target load of 15 kg following surgery were verbally instructed by a physical therapist. After the instruction and sufficient training with the physical therapist vertical ground reaction forces using matrix insoles were measured while walking with forearm crutches. Additionally, psychomotor skills were tested with the Motorische Leistungsserie (MLS). To test for correlations Spearman's Rank correlation was used. For further comparison of the two groups a Mann-Withney test was performed using Bonferroni correction.

Results

The patient's age and body weight significantly correlated with the ability to partially weight bear at a 15 kg target load. There were significant correlations between several subtests of the MLS and ground reaction forces measured while walking with crutches. Patients that were able to correctly perform partial weight bearing showed significant better psychomotor skills especially for those subtests where both hands had to be coordinated simultaneously.

Conclusions

The ability to partially weight bear is associated with psychomotor skills. The MLS seems to be a tool that helps predicting the ability to keep within the prescribed load limits.
Mechanism of nitrogen metabolism-related parameters and enzyme activities in the pathophysiology of autism
Authors: Abu Shmais Ghada A , Al-Ayadhi Laila Y , Al-Dbass Abeer M , El-Ansary Afaf K
Published: February 2012

Background

There is evidence that impaired metabolism play an important role in the etiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Although this has not been investigated to date, several recent studies proposed that nitrogen metabolism-related parameters may have a pathophysiological role in autism.

Methods

The study enrolled 20 Saudi boys with autism aged 4 to 12 years and 20 healthy controls matched for age and gender. Levels of creatine, urea, ammonia, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate:glutamine (Glu:Gln) ratio, and enzymatic activities of glutamate dehydrogenase, 5'-nucleotidase, and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were determined in plasma samples from both groups.

Results

We found a significant elevation of creatine, 5'-nucleotidase, GABA, and glutamic acid and a significant decrease in the enzymatic activity of ADA and glutamine level in patients with autism compared with healthy controls. The most significant variation between the two groups was found in the Glu:Gln ratio.

Conclusion

A raised Glu:Gln ratio together with positive correlations in creatine, GABA, and 5'-nucleotidase levels could contribute to the pathophysiology of autism, and might be useful diagnostic markers. The mechanism through which these parameters might be related to autism is discussed in detail.
PIK3CAmutation impact on survival in breast cancer patients and in ERα, PR and ERBB2-based subgroups
Authors: Cizkova Magdalena , Susini Aurélie , Vacher Sophie , Cizeron-Clairac Géraldine , Andrieu Catherine , Driouch Keltouma , Fourme Emmanuelle , Lidereau Rosette , Bièche Ivan
Published: February 2012

Introduction

PIK3CA is the oncogene showing the highest frequency of gain-of-function mutations in breast cancer, but the prognostic value of PIK3CA mutation status is controversial.

Methods

We investigated the prognostic significance of PIK3CA mutation status in a series of 452 patients with unilateral invasive primary breast cancer and known long-term outcome (median follow-up 10 years).

Results

PIK3CA mutations were identified in 151 tumors (33.4%). The frequency of PIK3CA mutations differed markedly according to hormone receptor (estrogen receptor alpha [ERα] and progesterone receptor [PR]) and ERBB2 status, ranging from 12.5% in the triple-negative subgroup (ER-/PR-/ERBB2-) to 41.1% in the HR+/ERBB2- subgroup. PIK3CA mutation was associated with significantly longer metastasis-free survival in the overall population (P = 0.0056), and especially in the PR-positive and ERBB2-positive subgroups. In Cox multivariate regression analysis, the prognostic significance of PIK3CA mutation status persisted only in the ERBB2-positive subgroup.

Conclusions

This study confirms the high prevalence of PIK3CA mutations in breast cancer. PIK3CA mutation is an emerging tumor marker which might become used in treatment-choosing process. The independent prognostic value of PIK3CA mutation status in ERBB2-positive breast cancer patients should be now confirmed in larger series of patients included in randomized prospective ERBB2-based clinical trials.
Integrating mechanistic organism–environment interactions into the basic theory of community and evolutionary ecology
Authors: Baskett Marissa L.
Published: February 2012

This paper presents an overview of how mechanistic knowledge of organism–environment interactions, including biomechanical interactions of heat, mass and momentum transfer, can be integrated into basic theoretical population biology through mechanistic functional responses that quantitatively describe how organisms respond to their physical environment. Integrating such functional responses into simple community and microevolutionary models allows scaling up of the organism-level understanding from biomechanics both ecologically and temporally. For community models, Holling-type functional responses for predator–prey interactions provide a classic example of the functional response affecting qualitative model dynamics, and recent efforts are expanding analogous models to incorporate environmental influences such as temperature. For evolutionary models, mechanistic functional responses dependent on the environment can serve as fitness functions in both quantitative genetic and game theoretic frameworks, especially those concerning function-valued traits. I present a novel comparison of a mechanistic fitness function based on thermal performance curves to a commonly used generic fitness function, which quantitatively differ in their predictions for response to environmental change. A variety of examples illustrate how mechanistic functional responses enhance model connections to biologically relevant traits and processes as well as environmental conditions and therefore have the potential to link theoretical and empirical studies. Sensitivity analysis of such models can provide biologically relevant insight into which parameters and processes are important to community and evolutionary responses to environmental change such as climate change, which can inform conservation management aimed at protecting response capacity. Overall, the distillation of detailed knowledge or organism–environment interactions into mechanistic functional responses in simple population biology models provides a framework for integrating biomechanics and ecology that allows both tractability and generality.
Commentaries and Rejoinder to “Measuring the Impact of Negative Demand Shocks on Car Dealer Networks” by Paulo Albuquerque and Bart J. Bronnenberg
Authors: Hanssens Dominique M. , Purohit Devavrat , Staelin Richard , Albuquerque Paulo , Bronnenberg Bart J.
Published: February 2012

This series of discussions presents commentaries and a rejoinder on strategic and managerial issues arising from Albuquerque and Bronnenberg [Albuquerque, P., B. J. Bronnenberg. 2012. Measuring the impact of negative demand shocks on car dealer networks. Marketing Sci. 31(1) 4–23].
Notes on Burmese Manuscripts: Text and Images
Authors: Lammerts Christian
Published: February 2012

While recent cataloging work in Myanmar, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Thailand has served to greatly enhance our knowledge of Burmese, Sanskrit and Pali texts transmitted in Burmese manuscripts, we still lack adequate descriptive and critical studies of manuscript-related practices and mentalities in pre-modern Burma. The present note is concerned with the development of manuscript ornamentation. It examines the varieties of Burmese manuscript textual supports and their histories, the scope of genres that received decoration, and the technologies associated with ornamentation.
Highly Efficient OVPD-Processed Resonant-Cavity OLED Comprising a Semitransparent Ag layer
Authors: Bösing M. , Lindla F. , Brast M. , Bertram D. , Keiper D. , Heuken M. , Kalisch H. , Vescan A.
Published: February 2012

The light out-coupling potential of introducing a semitransparent Ag layer between the anode and the organic layer stack of monochrome bottom-emitting organic light emitting diodes (OLED) is examined. Red and green phosphorescent as well as deep-blue fluorescent resonant-cavity OLED (RC-OLED) comprising a semitransparent Ag layer are processed by means of organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD). An enhancement of the luminous efficiency of up to 81% can be observed.

The impressive efficiency enhancement can be explained by a reduced formation of substrate modes in combination with a strong narrowing of the emission spectrum leading to an increased true luminous efficiency.
Radiation Growth of HCP Metals under Cascade Damage Conditions
Authors: Golubov Stanislav I. , Barashev Alexander V. , Stoller Roger E.
Published: February 2012

Models of radiation growth proposed to date are all based on the assumption that the primary damage is produced by neutron irradiation in the form of single defects. These models do not account for the features of the cascade damage: intra-cascade clustering of self‑interstitial atoms (SIAs) and their one‑dimensional diffusion. During the last twenty years, a ‘Production Bias Model’ has been developed, which shows that the damage accumulation in cubic metals depends crucially on the cascade properties. The cascades in hcp zirconium are similar to those in cubic crystals; hence the model can provide a realistic framework for the hcp metals as well. In this work we present such a model in application to low-temperature (below 300°C) radiation growth.
Grain Boundary Analysis of Crept Alloy 617
Authors: Zhang Fan , Field David P.
Published: February 2012

Alloy 617, a high-temperature creep-resistant, nickel-based alloy, is being considered for the primary heat exchanger for the next generation nuclear plant, which is highly influenced by thermal creep. The main objective of this study is to inspect the crept grain boundaries under its imitated working condition, and to determine which boundaries are susceptible to damage and which are more resistant, in order to help improve its creep resistance in future manufacturing. Electron backscatter diffraction was used to measure the proportions of each boundary by observing and analyzing these crept microstructures. The grain-boundary distribution can be expressed in terms of five parameters including three parameters of lattice misorientation and two parameters of the grain-boundary plane normal. Three conditions were analyzed: the original material, metal that was annealed without stress, and ones that were crept at 1000ºC at 19 MPa and 25 MPa for various times. Though observation, it is found that the voids seldom occur at low angle grain boundaries, and coherent twin boundaries are also resist to creep damage.
Nitrogen pair − hydrogen complexes in ZnO and p-type doping.
Authors: Boonchun Adisak , Lambrecht Walter R. L. , T-Thienprasert Jiraroj , Limpijumnong Sukit
Published: February 2012

Electronic structure calculations using the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof (HSE) hybrid functional are presented for NO-pair complexes with and without hydrogen to test the hypothesis that such defect complexes could lead to shallower levels than for isolated NO and hence p-type doping. The H is found to bind strongly to one of the N in the pair and removes thecorresponding defect level from the gap but the second N’s polaronic defect level in the gap remains deep.
Triple-Shape Effect of Copolymer Networks Based on Poly(ω-pentadecalactone) and Poly(ε‑caprolactone) Segments Applying a Programming Procedure with an Adjusted Temperature Profile
Authors: Zotzmann Jörg , Behl M. , Lendlein A.
Published: February 2012

A triple-shape material based on the two crystallizable segments poly(ω‑pentadeca-lactone) and poly(ε-caprolactone) was synthesized by crosslinking star-shaped precursors. A newly developed programming procedure (TSCP2) was applied in order to achieve triple-shape behavior. The application of this modified triple-shape creation procedure enabled triple-shape capability by influencing the crystallization behavior of the two switching segments in these copolymer networks, which partly show no two distinct and separated melting points. The influence of molecular weight and content of the poly(ε-caprolactone) segment on the triple-shape effect programmed by application of TSCP2 was investigated.
Sacrificial Layer and Supporting Layer Techniques for the Fabrication of Ultra-Thin Free-Standing PEDOT:PSS Nanosheets
Authors: Greco Francesco , Zucca Alessandra , Taccola Silvia , Menciassi Arianna , Dario Paolo , Mattoli Virgilio
Published: February 2012

Aim of this work was to realize free-standing conductive nanofilms having very large surface area with typical nano-scale thickness (40-120 nm) by modifying existing approaches for nanostructured thin films assembly. We tested and optimized two different fabrication methods for the obtainment of free-standing conductive ultra-thin nanosheets based on the conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS). Supporting Layer and Sacrificial Layer techniques permitted the obtainment of single layer nanofilms that can be released in water and of LbL multilayer nanosheets (PEDOT:PSS/Polyelectrolytes) that can be released in acetone, respectively. Here we describe the details of both the proposed fabrication methods and compare the properties of the realized nanosheets in terms of thickness, contact angle and conductivity. Interestingly, the realized free-standing nanosheets, despite their low thickness, are very robust and compliant while maintaining their structure and functionality. Possible applications are foreseen in the field of sensing and actuation, as well as in the biomedical field, e.g. as smart conductive substrates for cell culturing and stimulation.
Creating Superhydrophobic Polycarbonate Fiber Network from Hydrophilic Polycarbonate through Electrospinning
Authors: Li Shuangwu , Barber Asa H.
Published: February 2012

Considerable research has focused on the formation of superhydrophobic surfaces utilizing both the chemical composition of surfaces and geometric effects. In this study, a superhydrophobic polycarbonate (PC) network surface was produced from hydrophilic polycarbonate through electrospinning process. Complex surface geometries often related to material roughness is used to evaluate the wetting behavior of electrospun polycarbonate fiber network. The surface properties of electrospun polycarbonate fibers are therefore examined with the potential to exploit the fibers through enhancing hydrophobic behavior. Characterization and analysis of PC electrospun fiber and PC film surfaces were carried out to compare surface roughness with wetting contact angle. Analytical models are used to describe hydrophobicity in terms of roughness.
Care in a new age: the work of caregivers with psychiatric patients in houses
Authors: Sprioli Neila , Costa Maria Cristina Silva
Published: February 2012

The research aims to analyze the caregivers' work developed with psychiatric patients in assisted living facilities. The research used the ethnographic method and is theoretically based on Interpretative Anthropology for the analysis of the meanings of practices related to the caregiver's work in these residential devices. The techniques used in the research were participant observation and interviews. The main subjects of the search were the eleven caregivers and the secondary subjects were four supervisors. The results show the bond established between caregivers and residents, the possibility of a regular discussion under supervision, the impact of different equipments at the dwelling house on the daily reality of professionals and patients. The main conclusions permit recognizing the relevance of caregivers' work. Despite its deficient education, training and legal definition, this work supports behavioral changes observed in dwellers, which reveal the ongoing rehabilitation process.
Response of Aryloxyphenoxypropionate-Resistant Grain Sorghum to Quizalofop at Various Rates and Application Timings
Authors: Abit M. Joy M. , Al-Khatib Kassim , Stahlman Phillip W. , Geier Patrick W.
Published: February 2012

Conventional grain sorghum is highly susceptible to POST grass control herbicides. Development of aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum could provide additional opportunities for POST herbicide grass control in grain sorghum. Field experiments were conducted at Hays and Manhattan, KS, to determine the effect of quizalofop rate and crop growth stage on injury and yield of aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant grain sorghum. Quizalofop was applied at 62, 124, 186, and 248 g ai ha−1at sorghum heights of 8 to 10, 15 to 25, and 30 to 38 cm, which corresponded to early POST (EPOST), mid-POST (MPOST), and late POST (LPOST) application timings, respectively. Grain sorghum injury ranged from 0 to 68% at 1 wk after treatment (WAT); by 4 WAT, plants generally recovered from injury. The EPOST and MPOST applications caused 9 to 68% and 2 to 48% injury, respectively, whereas injury from LPOST was 0 to 16%, depending on rate. Crop injury from quizalofop was more prominent at rates higher than the proposed use rate in grain sorghum of 62 g ha−1. Grain yields were similar in treated and nontreated plots; applications of quizalofop at different timings did not reduce yield except when applied MPOST at the Manhattan site.
Evaluation of Tef as a Smother Crop during Transition to Organic Management
Authors: Wedryk Stephanie , Cardina John
Published: February 2012

Management of weeds is often a barrier to conversion from conventional to organic agriculture. Tef is a C4annual cereal that is valued for its small seeds, rapid establishment, and wide adaptation. The objective of this study was to evaluate tef as a smother crop for management of weeds during transition to organic production. Greenhouse and field trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to evaluate the growth of eight tef varieties and their effect on Canada thistle and annual weeds. In greenhouse studies, tef decreased the biomass of Canada thistle shoots and roots 44 to 74%, depending on variety. Emergence of Canada thistle shoots was affected by the planting depth of their roots. Tef variety Corvalis suppressed Canada thistle biomass and accumulated more biomass than most other tef varieties. In field studies, tef varieties suppressed annual weed biomass by 35 to 54% with varieties Corvalis, Dessie, and VA-T1 being least suppressive in 2008, but there were no differences between varieties in 2009. Canada thistle growth was suppressed an average of 73% by tef in 2008 and 37% in 2009, a year of cooler temperatures and unseasonal rainfall. Differences between varieties in suppressing Canada thistle and annual weeds were mostly inconsistent between years. However, tef variety Tiffany did consistently suppress biomass, height, and percentage cover of Canada thistle and other weeds in the field study in 2008 and 2009.
Evaluation of Thiencarbazone-methyl– and Isoxaflutole-Based Herbicide Programs in Corn
Authors: Stephenson Daniel O. , Bond Jason A.
Published: February 2012

Field studies were conducted in Louisiana and Mississippi in 2009 and 2010 to evaluate PRE herbicide treatments containing isoxaflutole or a prepackaged mixture of thiencarbazone-methyl : isoxaflutole (TCM : isoxaflutole) for weed control in corn. PRE treatments included the premix of TCM : isoxaflutole alone (30 : 80 g ai ha−1) and with atrazine (1,120 g ai ha−1), isoxaflutole alone (90 g ai ha−1) and with atrazine (1,120 g ai ha−1), and the premix of atrazine plus S-metolachlor (1,820 plus 1,410 g ai ha−1). POST treatments included glufosinate (450 g ai ha−1) or glyphosate (870 g ae ha−1) applied to 30-cm corn along with a no POST treatment. All PRE treatments controlled barnyardgrass, entireleaf morningglory, rhizomatous johnsongrass, Palmer amaranth, and velvetleaf 87 to 95% 4 wk after planting (WAP) and browntop millet and hophornbeam copperleaf were controlled 86 to 95% 8 WAP. Weed control was improved 8 and 20 WAP when either POST treatment was applied. TCM : isoxaflutole plus atrazine controlled barnyardgrass, entireleaf morningglory, Palmer amaranth, and velvetleaf at least 90% 20 WAP regardless of POST treatment. TCM : isoxaflutole plus atrazine provided greater control of browntop millet (90%) than isoxaflutole alone or with atrazine and atrazine plus S-metolachlor where control was 86% 20 WAP. Pooled across POST treatments, all PRE treatments containing isoxaflutole or TCM : isoxaflutole controlled rhizomatous johnsongrass better (74 to 76%) than atrazine plus S-metolachlor (67%). Corn yield following herbicide treatments ranged from 9,280 to 11,040 kg ha−1 compared with 9,110 kg ha−1 for the nontreated. Results indicate that TCM : isoxaflutole or isoxaflutole PRE is an option for use in a corn weed management program and may prolong the use of atrazine where weed resistance may be an issue. Where rhizomatous johnsongrass is a problem, TCM : isoxaflutole or isoxaflutole PRE can provide better control than atrazine plus S-metolachlor PRE. Without PRE treatments, glufosinate or glyphosate was needed for season-long weed control.
Why Milton Is Not an Iconoclast
Authors: Shore Daniel
Published: February 2012

For thirty years the scholarly consensus has been that John Milton was an iconoclast, an idol breaker. I argue that instead of destroying idols, Milton's poems capture and preserve them under judgment. By investing captured idols with poetic care even as he hollows them out from the inside, Milton refashions them as the instruments of their own disenchantment. This alternative response resembles what the theorist Bruno Latour calls “iconoclash.” EvenEikonoklastes, which Milton wrote in refutation of Charles I'sEikon Basilike, is not an iconoclastic tract. I suggest that his late poems gain much of their aesthetic power from the idols they preserve, through a kind of Lucretian experience that I call the “idolatrous sublime.”
Holding On to 9/11: The Shifting Grounds of Materiality
Authors: Tanner Laura E.
Published: February 2012

Cultural theorists interrogating the appropriation of 9/11 through nationalist, capitalist, and media forces have tended to deauthorize the general public's embodied and affective responses to that event. Instead of disavowing claims of mourning unsupported by geographic proximity or material connection, this essay situates such responses in contemporary screen culture to consider how the shifting grounds of materiality complicate the experience of bodily location at every level from the perceptual to the political. Using photographs, fiction, museum exhibits, and survivor accounts, the essay explores how the transformed relation between subjects and objects defines our apprehension of 9/11 in material, technological, and phenomenological terms. The complex dynamics of perception and embodiment unveiled through these representations suggest the need to rethink categories of experience and affect to accommodate new paradigms of proximity and connectedness increasingly liberated from the measures of geography and the borders of the body.
ProMode-Oligomer: Database of Normal Mode Analysis in Dihedral Angle Space for a Full-Atom System of Oligomeric Proteins
Authors: Wako Hiroshi , Endo Shigeru
Published: February 2012

The database ProMode-Oligomer (http://promode.socs.waseda.ac.jp/promode_oligomer) was constructed by
collecting normal-mode-analysis (NMA) results for oligomeric proteins including protein-protein complexes. As in the
ProMode database developed earlier for monomers and individual subunits of oligomers (Bioinformatics vol. 20, pp.
2035–2043, 2004), NMA was performed for a full-atom system using dihedral angles as independent variables, and we released
the results (fluctuations of atoms, fluctuations of dihedral angles, correlations between atomic fluctuations, etc.).
The vibrating oligomer is visualized by animation in an interactive molecular viewer for each of the 20 lowest-frequency
normal modes. In addition, displacement vectors of constituent atoms for each normal mode were decomposed into two
characteristic motions in individual subunits, i.e., internal and external (deformation and rigid-body movements of the individual
subunits, respectively), and then the mutual movements of the subunits and the movement of atoms around the
interface regions were investigated. These results released in ProMode-Oligomer are useful for characterizing oligomeric
proteins from a dynamic point of view. The analyses are illustrated with immunoglobulin light- and heavy-chain variable
domains bound to lysozyme and to a 12-residue peptide.
Decision diagrams: From a mathematical notion to engineering applications
Authors: Stankovic Radomir , Ubar Raimund , Astola Jaakko
Published: February 2012

The paper presents a historical perspective to the theory of decision
diagrams from the first definitions of the trees in mathematics related to
the representations of discrete sets to the more recent definitions of
different decision trees and related diagrams that are widely used in few
areas of computing. Special attention has been paid to the relationships
(similarities and differences) between Binary decision diagrams (BDD) and
Structurally synthesized binary decision diagrams (SSBDD).
Linear algorithms for recognizing and parsing superpositional graphs
Authors: Peder Ahti , Nestra Härmel , Raik Jaan , Tombak Mati , Ubar Raimund
Published: February 2012

Structurally synthesized binary decision diagrams (SSBDD) are a special type
of BDDs that are generated by superposition according to the structure of
propositional formula. Fast algorithms for simulation, diagnostic reasoning
and test generation running on SSBDDs exploit their specific properties.
Hence the correctness of SSBDDs should be checked before using those
algorithms. The problem of recognizing SSBDDs can be reduced to the problem
of recognizing their skeleton, namely superpositional graphs, which are a
proper subclass of binary graphs. This paper presents linear time algorithms
for testing whether a binary graph is a superpositional graph and for
restoring the history of its generating process.
BDD based construction of resilient functions
Authors: Stankovic Stanislav , Astola Jaakko
Published: February 2012

The construction of modern cryptographic systems relies on the so-called
resilient Boolean functions, a special class of Boolean functions that
possesses a balance between a high level of nonlinearity and correlation
immunity. In this paper, we discuss the problem of the compact representation
and efficient construction of resilient functions. Binary Decision Diagrams
(BDDs) were extensively used as a method of compact representation of various
classes of Boolean functions. Furthermore, BDDs offer an opportunity for the
efficient implementation of different construction methods for resilient
functions. In this paper, we make use of BDDs with attributed edges to
provide an implementation of two construction methods proposed by Maitra and
Sakar. In addition, we demonstrate that the size of BDDs of resilient
functions obtained in this way grows linearly with the number of variables.
Tourism potentials of the Raska region and development of rural tourism
Authors: Pavlovic Mila , Golic Rajko
Published: February 2012

In order to find solutions for stopping negative economic processes in the
Raska region, as well as land reclamation and depopulation of villages, one
of the main activities is adequate restructuration of the economy, according
to available resources. In this paper we analyze a place of tourism in the
Raska region, as an activity to which is not given appropriate developmental
role in the previous development policies, as opposed to diverse and
attractive natural and anthropogenic values. In the paper we identify the
most significant tourism potentials of the Raska region and their evaluation
score. Special attention is given to rural tourism as one of the activities
that can have a greater role in future plans for demographic and economic
revitalization of this area. We analyze the current state of rural tourism in
the Raska region, and indicate main limiting factors that prevent rapid
development of this, in many ways, primary form of tourism.
The attitudes of local people about creating sports-recreational tourist offer in Sajkaska
Authors: Kovacevic Bojana , Plavsa Jovan
Published: February 2012

Sajkaska is a geographical region in Serbia. It is southeastern part of
Backa, located in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. Sajkaska is
characterized by suitable tourist-geographical position, a plenty of natural
values and various cultural-historical inheritance. These characteristics
enable a lot of opportunities for developing sports and recreational
activities This paper presents the results collected in the field research
about the attitudes of local people about opportunities for development
sports-recreational tourism in Sajkaska, as well as involving local community
in this process. Initially, the survey was carried in Sajkaska and provided
data about the participation of the local communities in the sport tourism
development in Sajkaska Involving local community in this process is most
easily done through the development of different forms of sports-tourist
movements and tourism education programs of local population of Sajkaska. As
long as sport tourism development in Sajkaska is well planned and monitored,
it can be an effective means of local economic growth, cultural affirmation
and environmental protection without compromising a region?s unique
attractions.
Why NA?
Authors: Topolińska Zuzanna
Published: February 2012

The paper is conceived as answer to the question why just the locative /
adlative preposition na was chosen as grammatical marker for both dative and
genitive case relationship in the Balkan Slavic languages. As key process
which triggered all the subsequent changes the author sees generalization of
the dative morphological form in the adnominal position.
On meaning of adjectives as a cause and consequence of their collocabilities
Authors: Dragicevic Rajna
Published: February 2012

This paper explores a theoretical point of view that the collocability is
determined by the meaning of a lexeme and also represents its consequence.
Our main goal is to show that these two factors may contribute with different
intensity, and that context may have greater or lesser effect on the meaning
of a lexeme. The analysis proves that the context has a lesser effect on more
frequent lexemes and does not have a permanent effect on their meaning, but
on the other hand, context has a greater effect on infrequent lexemes and has
a greater effect on their semantic content. This even applies in a case of a
lexeme used separately. Even analysis of two unrelated languages (Serbian and
German) shows that the most frequent associations on infrequent adjectives
are the nouns frequently used with them, which means that frequently used
collocations produce an effect on them even out of context. Furthermore,
there are examples in lexicography that infrequent adjectives are defined by
collocations peculiar for infrequent lexemes. On the other hand, the most
frequent verbal associations of Serbian and German respondents on very
frequent adjectives are not the nouns usually found in their collocations,
but their antonyms, thus it is possible to conclude that the context has no
any effect. The conclusion is that collocability is determined by the meaning
of a lexeme and it also represents its consequence, and at the same time the
collocation effect on a lexeme is greater if the lexeme is less frequent.