bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who will present it during the broadcast? A case study at a daily activity centre
Authors: Reichenberg Monica
Published: March 2014

The present study is an investigation of a daily activity centre (DA). The overall aim was to build a grounded theory that could explain why this particular DA deviated from the norms of Swedish group homes and DAs described in previous studies. These studies have suggested that the staff stuck to old routines, such as letting the participants fold laundry, set the table and clean the table. These routines did little to nothing to promote the skills necessary for participation in the society, such as reading and writing. Furthermore, I used visual ethnographic methods and interviews to capture the activities at the DA. My analysis showed how the staff and the participants at the DA were engaged in reading and writing activities, such as publishing articles, comics, broadcasting radio and web‐TV. The main conclusion is that four factors facilitated participation: new technologies, IT competence, a culture of self‐responsibility and autonomy/control.
Injury Pattern as an Indication of Seat Belt Failure in Ejected Vehicle Occupants
Authors: Freeman Michael D. , Eriksson Anders , Leith Wendy
Published: March 2014

Prior authors have suggested that when occupant ejection occurs in association with a seat belt failure, entanglement of the outboard upper extremity (OUE) with the retracting shoulder belt will invariably occur, leaving injury pattern evidence of belt use. In the present investigation, the authors assessed this theory using data accessed from the NASS‐CDS for ejected front seat occupants of passenger vehicles. Logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between seat belt failure status and injuries. Injury types associated with seat belt failure were significant OUE and head injuries (OR = 3.87, [95% CI 1.2, 13.0] and 3.1, [95% CI 1.0, 9.7], respectively). The two injury types were found to be a predictor of seat belt use and subsequent failure only if combined with a high (≥0.8) precrash probability of belt use. The injury pattern associated with a seat belt failure‐related ejection has limited use in the forensic investigation of crash‐related ejections.
The global epidemiology and burden of opioid dependence: results from the global burden of disease 2010 study
Authors: Degenhardt Louisa , Charlson Fiona , Mathers Bradley , Hall Wayne D. , Flaxman Abraham D. , Johns Nicole , Vos Theo
Published: March 2014

Aims

To estimate the prevalence and burden of disease attributable to opioid dependence globally, regionally and at country level.

Methods

Multiple search strategies: (i) peer‐reviewed literature searches; (ii) systematic searches of online databases; (iii) internet searches; (iv) consultation and feedback from experts. Culling and data extraction followed protocols. DisMod‐MR, the latest version of the generic disease modelling system, a Bayesian meta‐regression tool, imputed prevalence by age, year and sex for 187 countries and 21 regions. Disability weight for opioid dependence was estimated through population surveys and multiplied by prevalence data to calculate the years of life lived with disability (YLDs). Opioid dependence premature mortality was computed as years of life lost (YLLs) and summed with YLDs to calculate disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs).

Results

There were 15.5 million opioid‐dependent people globally in 2010 [0.22%, 95% uncertainty interval (UI) = 0.20–0.25%]. Age‐standardized prevalence was higher in males (0.30%, 95% UI = 0.27–0.35%) than females (0.14%, 95% UI = 0.12–0.16%), and peaked at 25–29 years. Prevalence was higher than the global pooled prevalence in Australasia (0.46%, 95% UI = 0.41–0.53%), western Europe (0.35%, 95% UI = 0.32–0.39) and North America (0.30%, 95% UI = 0.25–0.36). Opioid dependence was estimated to account for 9.2 million DALYs globally (0.37% of global DALYs) in 2010, a 73% increase on DALYs estimated in 1990. Regions with the highest opioid dependence DALY rates were North America (292.1 per 100 000), eastern Europe (288.4 per 100 000), Australasia (278.6 per 100 000) and southern sub‐Saharan Africa (263.5 per 100 000). The contribution of YLLs to opioid dependence burden was particularly high in North America, eastern Europe and southern sub‐Saharan Africa.

Conclusion

Opioid dependence is a substantial contributor to the global disease burden; its contribution to premature mortality (relative to prevalence) varies geographically, with North America, eastern Europe and southern sub‐Saharan Africa most strongly affected.
Oral zinc supplements are ineffective for treating acute dehydrating diarrhoea in 5–12‐year‐olds
Authors: Negi Ruchita , Dewan Pooja , Shah Dheeraj , Das Shukla , Bhatnagar Shinjini , Gupta Piyush
Published: March 2014

Aim

Many countries have guidelines recommending the use of oral zinc in acute dehydrating diarrhoea in children aged 2 months to 5 years of age, but no guidelines exist for older children. This study tested how effective existing recommendations are in children from 5 to 12 years of age.

Methods

Children hospitalised with acute dehydrating diarrhoea (n = 134) were randomised to receive 40 mg of oral zinc sulphate tablets or a placebo for 14 days. The primary outcome variable was the time taken for diarrhoea to stop. Secondary outcome variables included time taken for rehydration, duration of hospitalisation and recurrence of diarrhoea in the next 3 months.

Results

The median time for resolution of diarrhoea was 60 h in both groups. The zinc group was marginally better, but not statistically significant, for resolution (hazard ratio = 0.89, 95% CI 0.63–1.24), rehydration (hazard ratio = 0.93, 95% CI 0.66–1.32) and hospitalisation (hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% CI 0.67–1.34). The risk ratio of recurrence for zinc versus placebo (95% CI) was 0.65 [0.37–1.23] [p = 0.11].

Conclusion

Daily zinc supplements (40 mg for 14 days) in children aged 5–12 years with acute dehydrating diarrhoea did not shorten the duration of diarrhoea or reduce subsequent episodes. Further adequately sized, community‐based trials are needed.
Ideas and Implementation: The Effective Implementation of Novel Marketing Programmes in Small‐ to Medium‐Sized Greek Firms
Authors: Zampetakis Leonidas A. , Gruys Melissa L. , Dewett Todd
Published: March 2014

The purpose of the present study is to identify the potential contribution that a firm's climate supporting creativity can make towards understanding the effective implementation of novel marketing programmes. Specifically, a conceptual model is developed and empirically tested with Bayesian path analysis, using data obtained from managers of 87 Greek firms. Results suggest that a firm's climate that supports creativity has an indirect effect on marketing programme implementation effectiveness through marketing programme novelty. Additionally, climate for creativity moderates the relationship between marketing programme novelty and marketing programme implementation effectiveness such that the indirect effect of climate for creativity on marketing programme implementation effectiveness was found significant for levels of climate moderate to low, but not when the level of climate for creativity was high. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
Restoration of peripheral blood natural killer and B cell levels in patients affected by rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis during etanercept treatment
Authors: Conigliaro P , Triggianese P , Perricone C , Chimenti M S , Di Muzio G , Ballanti E , Guarino M D , Kroegler B , Gigliucci G , Grelli S , Perricone R
Published: March 2014

Etanercept (ETN) is an anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α agent used in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Few studies focused on the effects of anti-TNF-α on peripheral blood cells. We aimed to evaluate peripheral blood cells in RA and PsA patients during ETN treatment and to explore their relationships with disease activity. RA (n = 82) and PsA (n = 32) patients who started ETN were included into the study and evaluated prospectively before the beginning of ETN therapy and after 14, 22, 54 and 102 weeks. Patients were studied in terms of disease activity score on 28 joints (DAS28), clinical response and laboratory findings. Natural killer (NK) cells, B cells and T cells were characterized by immunophenotyping. Both the RA and the PsA patients showed reduced NK and B cell count before ETN treatment compared with controls. A negative correlation was demonstrated between DAS28 and B cell count in RA patients at baseline. Sustained significant increase of NK and B cells up to normal levels was observed in RA and PsA patients along ETN treatment. Increase of NK cell count was associated with a good–moderate clinical response to ETN in both RA and PsA patients. During ETN treatment peripheral blood NK and B cells levels were restored in RA and PsA patients. Correlations between NK and B cells with disease activity were observed, suggesting that those effects could be mediated by ETN treatment.
Urine and plasma metabolites predict the development of diabetic nephropathy in individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Pena M. J. , Lambers Heerspink H. J. , Hellemons M. E. , Friedrich T. , Dallmann G. , Lajer M. , Bakker S. J. L. , Gansevoort R. T. , Rossing P. , de Zeeuw D. , Roscioni S. S.
Published: March 2014

Aims

Early detection of individuals with Type 2 diabetes mellitus or hypertension at risk for micro‐ or macroalbuminuria may facilitate prevention and treatment of renal disease. We aimed to discover plasma and urine metabolites that predict the development of micro‐ or macroalbuminuria.

Methods

Patients with Type 2 diabetes (n = 90) and hypertension (n = 150) were selected from the community‐cohort ‘Prevention of REnal and Vascular End‐stage Disease’ (PREVEND) and the Steno Diabetes Center for this case–control study. Cases transitioned in albuminuria stage (from normo‐ to microalbuminuria or micro‐ to macroalbuminuria). Controls, matched for age, gender, and baseline albuminuria stage, remained in normo‐ or microalbuminuria stage during follow‐up. Median follow‐up was 2.9 years. Metabolomics were performed on plasma and urine. The predictive performance of a metabolite for albuminuria transition was assessed by the integrated discrimination index.

Results

In patients with Type 2 diabetes with normoalbuminuria, no metabolites discriminated cases from controls. In patients with Type 2 diabetes with microalbuminuria, plasma histidine was lower (fold change = 0.87, P = 0.02) and butenoylcarnitine was higher (fold change = 1.17, P = 0.007) in cases vs. controls. In urine, hexose, glutamine and tyrosine were lower in cases vs. controls (fold change = 0.20, P < 0.001; 0.32, P < 0.001; 0.51, P = 0.006, respectively). Adding the metabolites to a model of baseline albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate metabolites improved risk prediction for macroalbuminuria transition (plasma integrated discrimination index = 0.28, P < 0.001; urine integrated discrimination index = 0.43, P < 0.001). These metabolites did not differ between hypertensive cases and controls without Type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions

Type 2 diabetes‐specific plasma and urine metabolites were discovered that predict the development of macroalbuminuria beyond established renal risk markers. These results should be confirmed in a large, prospective cohort.
Effect of Increased Severity of Mitral Regurgitation and Preprocedural Right Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction on Biventricular and Left Atrial Mechanical Functions Following Percutaneous Mitral Balloon Valvuloplasty
Authors: Tigen Kursat , Pala Selcuk , Sadic Beste Ozben , Karaahmet Tansu , Dundar Cihan , Bulut Mustafa , Izgi Akin , Esen Ali Metin , Kirma Cevat
Published: March 2014

Background

Severe mitral stenosis (MS) may impair left atrial (LA) pump function, and increase LA and pulmonary venous pressure resulting in right ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction. The aim of this study was to evaluate biventricular and LA function after percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty (PMBV) by tissue Doppler (TDI) and speckle tracking echocardiography (STE).

Methods

Twenty‐eight consecutive patients with severe symptomatic rheumatic MS (11 men, mean age: 39 ± 7 years) who were referred for PMBV were included in the study. In addition to conventional echocardiography, all patients underwent TDI and two‐dimensional (2D) (STE) to assess left ventricular (LV), LA, and RV function before and 3 months after PMBV. Severity of mitral regurgitation (MR) was graded by the ratio of MR jet area to LA area (JA/LAA) method and any postprocedural progression of the JA/LAA ratio was defined as worsening of MR. Peak systolic velocity of tricuspid lateral annulus (RVs) <11.5 cm/sec was accepted as RV dysfunction.

Results

Left atrial diameter and area were decreased, while LV dimensions were unchanged following the valvuloplasty. PMBV improved STE‐based LV mechanical indices, LA reservoir and conduit function, and RV free wall basal longitudinal strain (LS) and displacement. Increased severity of MR was detected in 6 patients, and PMBV did not improve the STE‐based RV or LV function in these patients, while LA reservoir and conduit function were both improved independent of MR worsening. There was significant improvement in RVs and RV basal LS in the 15 patients with preprocedural RV systolic dysfunction, while the improvement in patients with normal preprocedural RV function was not significant.

Conclusion

Percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty may improve both LA and biventricular function in patients with severe symptomatic MS. Both TDI and STE are useful to determine biventricular and LA function after PMBV. Although the number of patients was insufficient, worsening of MR after PMBV may limit the improvement in RV and LV function, while preprocedural RV dysfunction does not seem to limit the improvement in RV function and pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Large scale follow‐up studies are required to see whether the changes observed in cardiac mechanics are persistent.
Posterior Mitral Leaflet Left Atrial Anomalous Chord in the Absence of Surgical Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Martin Julie W. , Bach David S.
Published: March 2014

Mini‐Abstract

Aberrant left atrial mitral valve chords are rare causes of mitral regurgitation (MR). An aberrant chord to the posterior mitral valve leaflet has not been reported. Transesophageal echocardiogram demonstrated a chord‐like structure from the left atrium to the middle (P2) scallop of the posterior mitral leaflet, causing focal P2 prolapse without typical myxomatous degeneration. Three‐dimensional images revealed that the chord terminated on a papillary muscle‐like structure within the left atrium. There was mild MR. Focal mitral leaflet prolapse without typical myxomatous change may herald the presence of an aberrant chord.
WHAT MAKES A GOOD ECONOMY? EVIDENCE FROM PUBLIC OPINION SURVEYS
Authors: GRANT DARREN
Published: March 2014

Analysis of 35 years of previously unstudied survey data shows how the American public evaluates the health of the macroeconomy. Survey responses are multidimensional, distinct from indexes of “consumer sentiment,” and based mostly on genuine perceptions of economic conditions, not media reports of economic statistics. As such, they contain unique information about current and future values of these statistics, particularly consumption growth, a longstanding focus of the literature. Both “intangibles” and macroeconomic fundamentals explain substantial variation in the survey data; the public equates 2 to 5 percentage points of inflation with 1 percentage point of unemployment. (JEL E32, E27, E01)
Immature platelet fraction measured on the Sysmex XN hemocytometer predicts thrombopoietic recovery after autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: van der Linden Noreen , Klinkenberg Lieke J.J. , Meex Steven J.R. , Beckers Erik A.M. , de Wit Norbert C.J. , Prinzen Lenneke
Published: March 2014

Objectives

A period of thrombocytopenia is common after stem cell transplantation (SCT). To prevent serious bleeding complications, prophylactic platelet transfusions are administered. Previous studies have shown that a rise in immature platelets precedes recovery of platelet count. Our aim was to define a cutoff value for immature platelets predicting thrombopoietic recovery within 2 d.

Methods

Hematological parameters were measured on the Sysmex XN hemocytometer. We calculated reference change values (RCV) for platelets in eight healthy individuals as marker for platelet recovery. To define a cutoff value, we performed ROC analysis using data from 16 autologous SCT patients.

Results

RCV for platelet concentration was 14.1%. Platelet recovery was observed 13 (median; range 9–31) days after SCT. Increase in immature platelet fraction (IPF) before platelet recovery was seen in all autologous SCT patients. Optimal cutoff IPF was found to be 5.3% for platelet recovery within 2 d (specificity 0.98, sensitivity 0.47, positive predictive value 0.93).

Conclusions

We identified an optimal cutoff value for IPF 5.3% to predict platelet recovery after autologous SCT within 2 d. Implementing this cutoff value in transfusion strategy may reduce the number of prophylactic platelet transfusions.
Genotype analysis in Hungarian patients with multiple primary melanoma
Authors: Hatvani Zsófia , Brodszky Valentin , Mazán Mercédesz , Pintér Dóra , Hársing Judit , Tóth Veronika , Somlai Beáta , Kárpáti Sarolta
Published: March 2014

Multiple primary melanoma patients (MPMps) have better prognosis and are more prone to genetic predisposition than single melanoma patients. We aimed to compare genetic background (CDKN2A, CDK4, MITF, MC1R) of 43 Hungarian MPMps with their clinicopathological data. We observed a higher rate of synchronous first and second melanoma (MM) (49%) and a higher frequency of non‐melanoma tumor co‐occurrence (42%) than reported previously. CDKN2A mutation frequency was 4.7% (E69G, R99P). We identified a new human MC1R variant (D117G) and reported MC1R variant distributions in Hungarian MMs for the first time. The rare R163Q was exceptionally common among Hungarian MPMps, a variant otherwise frequent in Asia, but not in Europe. MC1R ‘R’ carriers showed histopathological signs of a more progressive disease than ‘r’ carriers did; however, tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in their second melanomas occurred significantly more frequently. Calculating 5‐year overall survival, ‘R’ carriers showed more unfavourable prognosis (87%) than ‘r’ carriers did (95%).
Biomass, sugar, and bioethanol potential of sweet corn
Authors: Barros‐Rios Jaime , Romaní Aloia , Garrote Gil , Ordas Bernardo
Published: March 2014

Sweet corn is a widely distributed crop that generates agricultural waste without significant commercial value. In this study, we show that sweet corn varieties produce large amounts of residual biomass (10 t ha−1) with high content of soluble sugars (25% of dry matter) in a short growing season (3 months). The potential ethanol production from structural and soluble sugars extracted from sweet corn stover reached up to 4400 l ha−1 in the most productive hybrids, 33% of which (1500 l ha−1) were obtained by direct fermentation of free sugars. We found wide genetic variation for biomass yield and soluble sugars content suggesting that those traits can be included as complementary traits in sweet corn breeding programs. Dual‐purpose sweet corn hybrids can have an added value for the farmers contributing to energy generation without affecting food supply or the environment.
Pyrolysis biochar systems, balance between bioenergy and carbon sequestration
Authors: Crombie Kyle , Mašek Ondřej
Published: March 2014

This study aimed to investigate the extent to which it is possible to marry the two seemingly opposing concepts of heat and/or power production from biomass with carbon sequestration in the form of biochar. To do this, we investigated the effects of feedstock, highest heating temperature (HTT), residence time at HTT and carrier gas flow rate on the distribution of pyrolysis co‐products and their energy content, as well as the carbon sequestration potential of biochar. Biochar was produced from wood pellets (WP) and straw pellets (SP) at two temperatures (350 and 650 °C), with three residence times (10, 20 and 40 min) and three carrier gas flow rates (0, 0.33 and 0.66 l min−1). The energy balance of the system was determined experimentally by quantifying the energy contained within pyrolysis co‐products. Biochar was also analysed for physicochemical and soil functional properties, namely environmentally stable‐C and labile‐C content. Residence time showed no considerable effect on any of the measured properties. Increased HTT resulted in higher concentrations of fixed C, total C and stable‐C in biochar, as well as higher heating value (HHV) due to the increased release of volatile compounds. Increased carrier gas flow rate resulted in decreased biochar yields and reduced biochar stable‐C and labile‐C content. Pyrolysis at 650 °C showed an increased stable‐C yield as well as a decreased proportion of energy stored in the biochar fraction but increased stored energy in the liquid and gas co‐products. Carrier gas flow rate was also seen to be influential in determining the proportion of energy stored in the gas phase. Understanding the influence of production conditions on long term biochar stability in addition to the energy content of the co‐products obtained from pyrolysis is critical for the development of specifically engineered biochar, be it for agricultural use, carbon storage, energy generation or combinations of the three.
Reflections on Research into Higher Education since Robbins
Authors: Williams Gareth
Published: March 2014

The Robbins report and its five appendices jump‐started research into higher education in the United Kingdom. Previously the preserve of a few sociologists it rapidly became a recognised field of academic study that has had considerable influence on policy and practice. However, the question of whether it is a single academic field or a subject of research for specialists from other social science disciplines remains open.
ICSH guidelines for the evaluation of blood cell analysers including those used for differential leucocyte and reticulocyte counting
Authors:   International Council for Standardization in Haematology, Writing Group:, Briggs C. , Culp N. , Davis B. , d'Onofrio G. , Zini G. , Machin S. J. ,   the International Council for Standardization of Haematology
Published: March 2014

This revision is intended to update the 1994 ICSH guidelines. It is based on those guidelines but is updated to include new methods, such as digital image analysis for blood cells, a flow cytometric method intended to replace the reference manual 400 cell differential, and numerous new cell indices not identified morphologically are introduced. Haematology analysers are becoming increasingly complex and with technological advancements in instrumentation with more and more quantitative parameters are being reported in the complete blood count. It is imperative therefore that before an instrument is used for testing patient samples, it must undergo an evaluation by an organization or laboratory independent of the manufacturer. The evaluation should demonstrate the performance, advantages and limitations of instruments and methods. These evaluations may be performed by an accredited haematology laboratory where the results are published in a peer‐reviewed journal and compared with the validations performed by the manufacturer. A less extensive validation/transference of the equipment or method should be performed by the local laboratory on instruments prior to reporting of results.
Financial Management of a Large Multisite Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Sheffet Alice J. , Flaxman Linda , Tom MeeLee , Hughes Susan E. , Longbottom Mary E. , Howard Virginia J. , Marler John R. , Brott Thomas G. ,   for the CREST Investigators
Published: March 2014

Background

The Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST) received five years' funding ($21 112 866) from the National Institutes of Health to compare carotid stenting to surgery for stroke prevention in 2500 randomized participants at 40 sites.

Aims

Herein we evaluate the change in the CREST budget from a fixed to variable-cost model and recommend strategies for the financial management of large-scale clinical trials.

Methods Projections

of the original grant's fixed-cost model were compared to the actual costs of the revised variable-cost model. The original grant's fixed-cost budget included salaries, fringe benefits, and other direct and indirect costs. For the variable-cost model, the costs were actual payments to the clinical sites and core centers based upon actual trial enrollment. We compared annual direct and indirect costs and per-patient cost for both the fixed and variable models. Differences between clinical site and core center expenditures were also calculated.

Results

Using a variable-cost budget for clinical sites, funding was extended by no-cost extension from five to eight years. Randomizing sites tripled from 34 to 109. Of the 2500 targeted sample size, 138 (5·5%) were randomized during the first five years and 1387(55·5%) during the no-cost extension. The actual per-patient costs of the variable model were 9% ($13 845) of the projected per-patient costs ($152 992) of the fixed model.

Conclusions

Performance-based budgets conserve funding, promote compliance, and allow for additional sites at modest additional cost. Costs of large-scale clinical trials can thus be reduced through effective management without compromising scientific integrity.
The Relevance of Living Supports on Antiplatelet Adherence and Trial Participation: The SPS3 Trial
Authors: Lewis Brandy L. , Pearce Lesly A. , Field Thalia S. , White Carole L. , Benavente Oscar R.
Published: March 2014

Background

While living with others has been associated with improved functional outcome after acute stroke, it is unclear if this affects adherence to stroke prevention measures.

Aims

We examined the relationship between living arrangements and adherence to antiplatelet therapy assignment and participation status in an international randomized trial for secondary stroke prevention.

Method

Antiplatelet therapy adherence, trial retention outcomes, and baseline characteristics for participants enrolled in the Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes study were compared between those who lived alone vs. with others ( n = 2374). Participant status at end-of-trial was categorized into ( 1 ) on assigned antiplatelet, ( 2 ) off assigned anti-platelet by participant request, or ( 3 ) participant withdrew consent/lost to follow-up. Multivariable multivariate logistic regression was used to identify patient features at entry predictive of participant status at trial end.

Results

Living arrangement, alone vs. with other(s), was not significantly associated with participant status. Participants enrolled in the United States/Canada (odds ratio 3·1, confidence intervals 2·0–5·0, vs. Latin America), taking more (7+) prescription medications (odds ratio 1·7, confidence intervals 1·1–2·7, vs. 0–2 medications), and scoring lower on the Stroke Specific Quality of Life scale (odds ratio 1·3, confidence intervals 1·1–1·5, per 10 points) were more likely to withdraw or become lost to follow-up in the study vs. completing the study on assigned antiplatelet therapy. Participants enrolled in the United States/Canada (odds ratio 5·0, confidence intervals 2·4–10·0, vs. Latin America) and taking fewer (0–2) medications (odds ratio 1·9, confidence intervals 1·2–3·1 vs. 3–6 medications) were more likely to request discontinuation of assigned antiplatelet medication vs. completing the study.

Conclusion

Living with others was not independently predictive of protocol adherence in this cohort. Number of medications and Stroke Specific Quality of Life scale score may be more indicative of likelihood of trial participation and acceptance of long-term antiplatelet regimen.
Novel effect of the inhibitor of mitochondrial cyclophilin D activation, N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporin, on renal calcium crystallization
Authors: Niimi Kazuhiro , Yasui Takahiro , Okada Atsushi , Hirose Yasuhiko , Kubota Yasue , Umemoto Yukihiro , Kawai Noriyasu , Tozawa Keiichi , Kohri Kenjiro
Published: March 2014

Objectives

To experimentally evaluate the clinical application of N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporin, a novel selective inhibitor of cyclophilin D activation.

Methods

In vitro, cultured renal tubular cells were exposed to calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals and treated with N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporin. The mitochondrial membrane was stained with tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester perchlorate and observed. In vivo, Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups: a control group, an ethylene glycol group (administration of ethylene glycol to induce renal calcium crystallization), a N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporin group (administration of N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporin) and an ethylene glycol + N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporin group (administration of ethylene glycol and N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporin). Renal calcium crystallization was evaluated using Pizzolato staining. Oxidative stress was evaluated using superoxide dismutase and 8‐hydroxy‐deoxyguanosine. Mitochondria within renal tubular cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Cell apoptosis was evaluated using cleaved caspase‐3.

Results

In vitro, calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals induced depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, which was remarkably prevented by N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporin. In vivo, ethylene glycol administration induced renal calcium crystallization, oxidative stress, mitochondrial collapse and cell apoptosis in rats, which were significantly prevented by N‐methyl‐4‐isoleucine cyclosporin.

Conclusions

Herein we first report a new treatment agent determining renal calcium crystallization through cyclophilin D activation.
Embodied practice: rediscovering the ‘heart’ of nursing
Authors: Draper Jan
Published: March 2014

Aim

This article explores the importance of embodiment in nursing. It examines different sources of authoritative knowledge concerning the body and embodiment. It argues that dominant scientific and medical epistemologies of the body have displaced and marginalized embodied epistemologies, creating only a partial understanding of the embodied experiences of our patients and our own embodiment as nurses.

Background

Over the last 20 years, there has been a rapid expansion of theoretical literature concerning the body and embodiment, spanning a range of disciplines. The potential of these insights to the essentially ‘body‐based’ practice of nursing is highly significant. However, although work in this area is now increasing, theoretical and empirical investigation of the body and embodiment in nursing has remained relatively neglected.

Design

Discussion paper.

Data Sources

Conventional approaches to systematic searching of the literature were not adopted for this conceptual paper. Seminal texts predominantly from nursing and sociology accompanied by more recent sources were used as a platform for theoretical reflection and to inform development of the conceptual arguments.

Implications for Nursing

The paper proposes a corporeal (re)turn to nursing practice, one that recognizes the lived embodied experience of the patient and the embodied skill and knowledge of the nurse and examines the implications for contemporary person‐centred nursing practice, research and education.

Conclusion

At a significant juncture in nursing's history, when there is greater international focus on delivering higher standards of care, the paper calls for a repositioning of the place of embodiment in nursing.
Loss of K+ Currents in Heart Failure Is Accentuated in KChIP2 Deficient Mice
Authors: GRUBB SØREN , SPEERSCHNEIDER TOBIAS , OCCHIPINTI DONA , FISET CÉLINE , OLESEN SØREN‐PETER , THOMSEN MORTEN B. , CALLOE KIRSTINE
Published: March 2014

The Role of KChIP2 in Heart Failure

Introduction

KV4 together with KV Channel‐Interacting Protein 2 (KChIP2) mediate the fast recovering transient outward potassium current (Ito,f) in the heart. KChIP2 is downregulated in human heart failure (HF), potentially underlying the loss of Ito,f. We investigated remodeling associated with HF hypothesizing that KChIP2 plays a central role in the modulation of outward K+ currents in HF.

Methods and Results

HF was induced by aortic banding in wild‐type (WT) and KChIP2 deficient (KChIP2–/–) mice, evaluated by echocardiography. Action potentials were measured by floating microelectrodes in intact hearts. Ventricular cardiomyocytes were isolated and whole‐cell currents were recorded by patch clamp. Left ventricular action potentials in KChIP2–/– mice were prolonged in a rate dependent manner, consistent with patch‐clamp data showing loss of a fast recovering outward K+ current and upregulation of the slow recovering Ito,s and IKur. HF decreased all outward K+ currents in WT mice and did not change the relative contribution of Ito,f in WT mice. Compared to WT HF, KChIP2–/– HF had a larger reduction of K+‐current density. However, the relative APD prolongation caused by HF was shorter for KChIP2–/– compared with WT, and the APs of the 2 HF mouse types were indistinguishable.

Conclusion

Ito,f is just one of many K+ currents being downregulated in murine HF. The downregulation of repolarizing currents in HF is accentuated in KChIP2–/– mice. However, the prolongation of APs associated with HF is less in KChIP2–/– compared to WT, suggesting other compensatory mechanism(s) in the KChIP2–/– mouse.
Exaggerated Blood Pressure Response to Exercise Is Not Associated With Masked Hypertension in Patients With High Normal Blood Pressure Levels
Authors: Grossman Alon , Cohen Noa , Shemesh Joseph , Koren‐Morag Nira , Leibowitz Avshalom , Grossman Ehud
Published: March 2014

The association between exaggerated blood pressure (BP) response to exercise (ExBPR) and “masked hypertension” is unclear. Medical records of patients with high‐normal BP who were evaluated in the Chaim Sheba Screening Institute Ramat Gan, Israel, during the years 2002–2007 and referred for 24‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and exercise test were reviewed. Data on exercise tests performed in the preceding 5 years were retrieved. Reproducible ExBPR was defined when it was recorded at least twice. BP levels on 24‐hour ABPM were compared between patients with a normal BP response and those with an ExBPR (systolic BP ≥200 mm Hg). Sixty‐nine normotensive patients with high normal BP levels were identified. ExBPR was recorded in 43 patients and was reproducible in 28. BP levels on 24‐hour ABPM were similar in patients with and without ExBPR. In patients with high‐normal BP levels, ExBPR is not associated with masked hypertension.
Evaluating Equating Accuracy and Assumptions for Groups That Differ in Performance
Authors: Powers Sonya , Kolen Michael J.
Published: March 2014

Accurate equating results are essential when comparing examinee scores across exam forms. Previous research indicates that equating results may not be accurate when group differences are large. This study compared the equating results of frequency estimation, chained equipercentile, item response theory (IRT) true‐score, and IRT observed‐score equating methods. Using mixed‐format test data, equating results were evaluated for group differences ranging from 0 to .75 standard deviations. As group differences increased, equating results became increasingly biased and dissimilar across equating methods. Results suggest that the size of group differences, the likelihood that equating assumptions are violated, and the equating error associated with an equating method should be taken into consideration when choosing an equating method.
Differential Item Functioning Assessment in Cognitive Diagnostic Modeling: Application of the Wald Test to Investigate DIF in the DINA Model
Authors: Hou Likun , la Torre Jimmy de , Nandakumar Ratna
Published: March 2014

Analyzing examinees’ responses using cognitive diagnostic models (CDMs) has the advantage of providing diagnostic information. To ensure the validity of the results from these models, differential item functioning (DIF) in CDMs needs to be investigated. In this article, the Wald test is proposed to examine DIF in the context of CDMs. This study explored the effectiveness of the Wald test in detecting both uniform and nonuniform DIF in the DINA model through a simulation study. Results of this study suggest that for relatively discriminating items, the Wald test had Type I error rates close to the nominal level. Moreover, its viability was underscored by the medium to high power rates for most investigated DIF types when DIF size was large. Furthermore, the performance of the Wald test in detecting uniform DIF was compared to that of the traditional Mantel‐Haenszel (MH) and SIBTEST procedures. The results of the comparison study showed that the Wald test was comparable to or outperformed the MH and SIBTEST procedures. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the proposed method and suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Multispecies spawning sites for fishes on a low‐latitude coral reef: spatial and temporal patterns
Authors: Claydon J. A. B. , McCormick M. I. , Jones G. P.
Published: March 2014

Spawning sites used by one or more species were located by intensively searching nearshore coral reefs of Kimbe Bay (New Britain, Papua New Guinea). Once identified, the spawning sites were surveyed repeatedly within fixed 5 m radius circular areas, for  > 2000 h of observations ranging from before dawn to after dusk spanning 190 days between July 2001 and May 2004. A total of 38 spawning sites were identified on the seven study reefs distributed at an average of one site every 60 m of reef edge. Pelagic spawning was observed in 41 fish species from six families. On three intensively studied reefs, all 17 spawning sites identified were used by at least three species, with a maximum of 30 different species observed spawning at a single site. Spawning was observed during every month of the study, on all days of the lunar month, at all states of the tide and at most hours of the day studied. Nevertheless, the majority of species were observed spawning on proportionately more days from December to April, on more days around the new moon and in association with higher tides. The strongest temporal association, however, was with species‐specific diel spawning times spanning < 3 h for most species. While dawn spawning, afternoon spawning and dusk spawning species were differentiated, the time of spawning for the striated surgeonfishCtenochaetus striatusalso differed significantly among sites. The large number of species spawning at the same restricted locations during predictable times suggests that these sites are extremely important on this low‐latitude coral reef.
Integrated metabolomic profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C cirrhosis through GC/MS and UPLC/MS‐MS
Authors: Fitian Asem I. , Nelson David R. , Liu Chen , Xu Yiling , Ararat Miguel , Cabrera Roniel
Published: March 2014

Background & Aims

The metabolic pathway disturbances associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain unsatisfactorily characterized. Determination of the metabolic alterations associated with the presence of HCC can improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of this cancer and may provide opportunities for improved disease monitoring of patients at risk for HCC development. To characterize the global metabolic alterations associated with HCC arising from hepatitis C (HCV)‐associated cirrhosis using an integrated non‐targeted metabolomics methodology employing both gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS‐MS).

Methods

The global serum metabolomes of 30 HCC patients, 27 hepatitis C cirrhosis disease controls and 30 healthy volunteers were characterized using a metabolomics approach that combined two metabolomics platforms, GC/MS and UPLC/MS‐MS. Random forest, multivariate statistics and receiver operator characteristic analysis were performed to identify the most significantly altered metabolites in HCC patients vs. HCV‐cirrhosis controls and which therefore exhibited a close association with the presence of HCC.

Results

Elevated 12‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12‐HETE), 15‐HETE, sphingosine, γ‐glutamyl oxidative stress‐associated metabolites, xanthine, amino acids serine, glycine and aspartate, and acylcarnitines were strongly associated with the presence of HCC. Elevations in bile acids and dicarboxylic acids were highly correlated with cirrhosis.

Conclusions

Integrated metabolomic profiling through GC/MS and UPLC/MS‐MS identified global metabolic disturbances in HCC and HCV‐cirrhosis. Aberrant amino acid biosynthesis, cell turnover regulation, reactive oxygen species neutralization and eicosanoid pathways may be hallmarks of HCC. Aberrant dicarboxylic acid metabolism, enhanced bile acid metabolism and elevations in fibrinogen cleavage peptides may be signatures of cirrhosis.
A physiological framework to explain genetic and environmental regulation of tillering in sorghum
Authors: Alam Mohammad Mobashwer , Hammer Graeme L. , van Oosterom Erik J. , Cruickshank Alan W. , Hunt Colleen H. , Jordan David R.
Published: March 2014

Tillering determines the plant size of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and an understanding of its regulation is important to match genotypes to prevalent growing conditions in target production environments. The aim of this study was to determine the physiological and environmental regulation of variability in tillering among sorghum genotypes, and to develop a framework for this regulation.

Diverse sorghum genotypes were grown in three experiments with contrasting temperature, radiation and plant density to create variation in tillering. Data on phenology, tillering, and leaf and plant size were collected. A carbohydrate supply/demand (S/D) index that incorporated environmental and genotypic parameters was developed to represent the effects of assimilate availability on tillering. Genotypic differences in tillering not explained by this index were defined as propensity to tiller (PTT) and probably represented hormonal effects.

Genotypic variation in tillering was associated with differences in leaf width, stem diameter and PTT. The S/D index captured most of the environmental effects on tillering and PTT most of the genotypic effects.

A framework that captures genetic and environmental regulation of tillering through assimilate availability and PTT was developed, and provides a basis for the development of a model that connects genetic control of tillering to its phenotypic consequences.
Expression of cathepsin K in periodontitis and in gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Beklen A , Al‐Samadi A , Konttinen YT
Published: March 2014

Objective

To study non‐osteoclastic sources of cathepsin K in periodontitis.

Materials and Methods

Tissue samples were obtained from 10 otherwise healthy periodontitis pati‐ents during routine periodontal flap operations and 10 systemically and periodontally healthy individuals who underwent extraction operations for retained third molars. Methods used were immunohistochemistry, image analysis, immunofluorescence double‐staining, gingival fibroblast culture, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) stimulation and Western blotting.

Results

Macrophage‐like cells, fibroblast‐like cells, vascular endothelial cells and gingival epithelial cells were more intensively stained for cathepsin K and also more frequent in periodontitis than in controls (665 ± 104 vs 258 ± 40 cells mm−2, P < 0.01). Some cathepsin K+ cells in periodontal tissues were CD68+, but some were CD68− and probably fibroblasts. Indeed, in gingival fibroblast culture, resting fibroblasts released cathepsin K, more 43 kD procathepsin K than 29 kD active cathepsin K. TNF‐α increased the release of the activated cathepsin K 4‐ to 5‐fold.

Conclusions

Results suggest that GCF‐cathepsin K is not only osteoclast‐derived, but in periodontitis, also other cells contribute to it. GCF‐cathepsin K, perhaps together with intracellular, lysosomal collagenolytically active cathepsin K in fibroblasts, macrophages and gingival epithelial cells, can contribute to the loss of attachment and destruction of the periodontal ligament.
Respect for the Unworthy
Authors: Dean Richard
Published: March 2014

The claim that everyone ought to be treated with respect is a familiar and widely accepted prescription in recent moral philosophy, often expressed as a principle of ‘respect for persons.’ I argue that this principle need not be justified by a claim that every person possesses some feature – dignity, autonomy, value, or the like – that makes her worthy of respect. There is abundant conceptual space within many approaches to moral philosophy, including a Kantian approach, to affirm a duty of respect for all persons, while denying that the duty is justified by the respect‐worthiness of every person.
What It Is to Pretend
Authors: Langland‐Hassan Peter
Published: March 2014

Pretense is a topic of keen interest to philosophers and psychologists. But what is it, really, to pretend? What features qualify an act as pretense? Surprisingly little has been said on this foundational question. Here I defend an account of what it is to pretend, distinguishing pretense from a variety of related but distinct phenomena, such as (mere) copying and practicing. I show how we can distinguish pretense from sincerity by sole appeal to a person's beliefs, desires, and intentions – and without circular recourse to an ‘intention to pretend’ or to asui generismental state of ‘imagining.’
Global reprogramming of transcription and metabolism in Medicago truncatula during progressive drought and after rewatering
Authors: ZHANG JI‐YI , CRUZ DE CARVALHO MARIA H. , TORRES‐JEREZ IVONE , KANG YUN , ALLEN STACY N. , HUHMAN DAVID V. , TANG YUHONG , MURRAY JEREMY , SUMNER LLOYD W. , UDVARDI MICHAEL K.
Published: March 2014

Medicago truncatula is a model legume forage crop native to the arid and semi‐arid environments of the Mediterranean. Given its drought‐adapted nature, it is an ideal candidate to study the molecular and biochemical mechanisms conferring drought resistance in plants. Medicago plants were subjected to a progressive drought stress over 14 d of water withholding followed by rewatering under controlled environmental conditions. Based on physiological measurements of plant water status and changes in morphology, plants experienced mild, moderate and severe water stress before rehydration. Transcriptome analysis of roots and shoots from control, mildly, moderately and severely stressed, and rewatered plants, identified many thousands of genes that were altered in expression in response to drought. Many genes with expression tightly coupled to the plant water potential (i.e. drought intensity) were identified suggesting an involvement in Medicago drought adaptation responses. Metabolite profiling of drought‐stressed plants revealed the presence of 135 polar and 165 non‐polar compounds in roots and shoots. Combining Medicago metabolomic data with transcriptomic data yielded insight into the regulation of metabolic pathways operating under drought stress. Among the metabolites detected in drought‐stressed Medicago plants, myo‐inositol and proline had striking regulatory profiles indicating involvement in Medicago drought tolerance.