bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying mathematical uncertainties in Micromagnetic Tomography results
Authors: Out Frenk , Cortés-Ortuño David , Fabian Karl , van Leeuwen Tristan , de Groot Lennart
Published: March 2022

The recently developed Micromagnetic Tomography (MMT) technique allows precise recovery of magnetic moments of individual magnetic grains in a sample. By combining high resolution scanning magnetometry and micro X-ray computed tomography (MicroCT) MMT has the potential to become an important asset in rock-magnetic and paleointensity studies. However, uncertainties in magnetic moment solutions obtained through MMT are yet enigmatic, making a geologic application of MMT results uncertain. Therefore, we have made a first attempt in addressing those mathematical uncertainties surrounding MMT, by studying the effect of five parameters that directly influence the uncertainty of magnetic moment solutions: grain concentration of the sample, thickness of the sample, size of the sample's surface, noise level in the magnetic scan, and sampling interval of the magnetic scan. The effect of MicroCT errors are not included in this study, since those errors are better solved by improving the experimental routine than by mathematical corrections. We assess how well the magnetic moments are resolved as function of the aforementioned five parameters by setting up series of numerical models in which we assign dipole magnetizations to randomly placed grains. We perturb per model the surface magnetic field with different instrumental noise levels and sample these fields with a varying interval. The MMT inversion provides the magnetic moment per grain, and additionally produces the covariance matrix and standard deviations, which are used to define a statistical uncertainty ratio and signal strength ratio for each solution. We show that the magnetic moments of a majority of grains under realistic conditions are solved with very small uncertainties. However, increasing the grain density and sample thickness carry major challenges for the MMT inversions. Fortunately, we can use the newly defined signal strength ratio to extract grains with the most accurate solutions, even from these challenging models. Thereby we have developed an quantitative routine to individually select the most reliable grains from MMT results. This will ultimately enable determining paleodirections and paleointensities from large subsets of grains in a sample using MMT.
Hydroclimatic time series analysis and clustering at multiple time scales
Authors: Papacharalampous Georgia , Tyralis Hristos , Markonis Yannis , Hanel Martin
Published: March 2022

Detailed investigations across time scales and variable types can progress our understanding of hydroclimate. In this work, we analyse temperature, precipitation and streamflow time series at nine time scales (i.e., the 1-day, 2-day, 3-day, 7-day, 0.5-month, 1-month, 2-month, 3-month and 6-month ones). The analyses are performed over the continental United States, and in terms of temporal dependence, temporal variation, “forecastability”, lumpiness, stability, nonlinearity (and linearity), trends, spikiness, curvature and seasonality, among others. Thus, they facilitate extensive characterizations of the cross-scale properties of the temperature, precipitation and streamflow variables. Based on these characterizations, various similarities and differences are identified between the examined variables regarding the evolution patterns of their features with increasing (or decreasing) time scale. Moreover, the computed features are used as inputs to unsupervised random forests to detect any meaningful clusters between the time series. The clustering is performed separately for each set {time scale, variable type}, and allows the investigation of the spatial variability of the temperature, precipitation and streamflow features across the examined continental-scale region and across time scales, with the spatial patterns emerging from it being largely analogous across time scales. Lastly, explainable machine learning is applied to compare the features with respect to their importance-usefulness in the clustering. For most of the features, this usefulness can vary to a notable degree across time scales and variable types, thereby implying the need for conducting multifaceted time series characterizations for the study of hydroclimatic similarity.
Gundogdu (Ri̇ze) landslides and its surrounding slope susceptibility
Authors: Yalcin Ali
Published: March 2022

In this study, zone of Gundogdu (Rize) located in the Eastern Black Sea Region were examined in terms of landslide susceptibility and its stability analyzes were conducted. The study area is the region with the highest rainfall in Turkey. Heavy rainfall plays a major role in triggering landslides in this region. In this study, the relationship between precipitation and landslide was investigated. In addition, the effect of precipitation on weathering also determined the geological characteristics of the area. First of all, 1/25.000 scale geological map of Gundogdu and its surrounding was provided, the units are listed as Melyat Formation (Middle Eocene) and alluvium (Quaternary) from older to younger. 1/500 scale cross sections were generated for nineteen different landslides happened at Gundogdu in 2010, 2015, 2018, and 2021 years. Then stability analyzes were done with these data. Angle of internal friction (φ), cohesion (c), saturated unit weight, natural unit weight, dry unit weight and submerged unit weight (ϒd, ϒn, ϒk, ϒ'), specific gravity (Gs), porosity (n), saturation degree (SR), void ratio (e) and grain size distribution were determined with laboratory tests of soil samples which were taken to determine the engineering properties of soils located in places which stability calculations would be held. Following the results of these experiments, stability analyzes were done with 4 different methods (The Zero angle of Shearing Resistance Method, Ordinary Method of Slice, Bishop Method of Slices, and Janbu Method) according to the possible sliding surfaces that were plotted from geological section of landslide. As a result of these data, this region poses a great danger specially after rainfall with the effect of weathering. For this purpose, needs to be done for the prevention of landslides have been introduced.
Towards assembling the internal ice stratigraphy in coastal regions of Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica
Authors: Drews Reinhard , Koch Inka , Oraschewski Falk , Ershadi Mohammadreza , Muhle Leah Sophie , Spiegel Heiko , Visnjevic Vjeran , Moss Guy , Macke Jakob , Franke Steven , Jansen Daniela , Steinhage Daniel , Eisen Olaf
Published: March 2022

The internal ice stratigraphy as imaged by radar is an integrated archive of the atmospheric- oceanographic, and ice-dynamic history that the ice sheet has experienced. It provides an observational constraint for ice flow modeling that has been used for instance to predict age-depth relationships at prospective ice-coring sites in Antarctica’s interior. The stratigraphy is typically more disturbed and more difficult to image in coastal regions due to faster ice flow. Yet, knowledge of ice stratigraphy across ice shelf grounding lines and further seawards is important to help constrain ocean-induced melting and associated stability.

Here, we present preliminary results of synthesizing information from radar stratigraphic characteristics from airborne and ground-based radar surveys that have been collected for specific projects starting from the 1990s onwards focusing on ice marginal zones of Antarctica. The key data is based on airborne surveys from the German Alfred Wegener Institute’s polar aircrafts equipped with a 150 MHz radar. In the meantime this system has been replaced by an ultra-wide band 150-520 MHz radar. The older data will provide a baseline with extensive coverage that can be used for model calibration and change detection over time. We aim to provide metrics of the radio stratigraphy (e.g. shape and slope of internal reflection horizons) as well as classified prevalent stratigraphy types that can be used to calibrate machine learning approaches such as simulation based inference. The data obtained will be integrated in coordination efforts within the SCAR AntArchitecture Action Group.
Controls on Sonic Velocity in Dolostones
Authors: Salih Moaz , El-Husseiny Ammar , Reijmer John J.G. , Eltom Hassan , Abdelkarim Abdallah , Kaminski Mike A.
Published: March 2022

Dolostones represent one of the major hydrocarbon reservoirs in the world. Understanding the elastic behavior of these units is crucial for hydrocarbon exploration and/or development. In this study, 100 samples from five formations within the Arabian Platform, were used to examine the main controlling factors on the sonic velocity of dolostones. A combination of field and laboratory analyses were conducted on the collected samples including; thin-section petrography, SEM, XRD, digital image analysis, porosity and permeability measurements, velocity measurements, and rock physics modeling. The studied samples have a wide range of porosity (1- 45%, averaging 18.5 %), and permeability (0.01 – 2000 mD, averaging 196 mD). Compressional VP and shear wave VS velocity ranges from 3.0 - 6.7 km/s, and 1.6 – 3.7 km/s, respectively. In general, porosity-velocity trajectory is showing a negative relationship with a coefficient of determination R2 of 0.82. However, some samples are deviated from this trendline due to their inherited and diagenetic parameters. These parameters include texture, mineralogy, pore type, and crystal size. Fabric-preserving dolostones have, relatively, higher velocities than non-fabric preserving dolostones. Although 95% of the studied samples are dominated by dolomite, samples with higher content of calcite and quartz, have lower velocities. Moldic and vuggy pore-dominated samples have, relatively, higher velocities than samples dominated by intercrystalline pores and microporosity. For non-fabric preserving dolostones, samples with larger crystals show higher velocities than samples with smaller crystals. Using equivalent pore aspect ratio (EPAR), a clear distinction between permeable (>10 mD) and tight (< 10 mD) samples can observed, where most of the permeable samples have high EPAR values, while the tight samples have low EPAR values. The result of this study might significantly help in the interpretation and understanding of the sonic logs and seismic data from dolostone strata.
Lossy Scientific Data Compression With SPERR
Authors: Li Samuel , Clyne John
Published: March 2022

Much of the research in lossy data compression has focused on minimizing the average error for a given storage budget. For scientific applications, the maximum point-wise error is often of greater interest than the average error. This paper introduces an algorithm that encodes outliers—data points exceeding a specified point-wise error tolerance—produced by a lossy compression algorithm optimized for minimizing average error. These outliers can then be corrected to be within the error tolerance when decoding. We pair this outlier coding algorithm with an in-house implementation of SPECK, a lossy compression algorithm based on wavelets that exhibits excellent rate-distortion performance (where distortion is measured by the average error), and introduce a new lossy compression product that we call SPERR. Compared to two leading scientific data compressors, SPERR uses less storage to guarantee an error bound and produces better overall rate-distortion curves at a moderate cost of added computation. Finally, SPERR facilitates interactive data exploration by exploiting the multiresolution properties of wavelets and their ability to reconstruct coarsened data volumes on the fly.
Quad-polarimetric radar measurements autonomously obtained with an ice-rover at Ekström Ice Shelf, East Antarctica
Authors: Ershadi M.Reza , Drews Reinhard , Koch Inka , Hawkins Jonathan , Nicholls Keith , Elliott Joshua , Oraschewski Falk , Hanten Richard , Schulz Cornelia , Kipfstuhl Sepp , Eisen Olaf
Published: March 2022

Acquisition of quad-polarimetric radar data on ice sheets gives insights about the ice-fabric variability with depth and consequently can deliver essential constraints on the spatially variable ice rheology. Polarimetric measurements are collected manually in most ground-based surveys, discretely sampling a limited profile range. Measurements are time-intensive and often do not cover critical areas such as shear zones where field safety is a concern. Autonomous rovers can provide an alternative that optimizes for time, sampling resolution and safety.  

Here, we present an autonomous acquisition technique of quad-polarimetric radar data using a rover. This technique is based on a previous layout that has proven its capacity to navigate in various snow conditions but did not yet actively trigger the geophysical instruments attached. We upgraded the rover with a novel Robotic Operating System (ROS2) that interfaces simultaneously with a real-time positioning GPS and an automatic phase-sensitive radio-echo sounder (ApRES) with multiple transmitters multiple receivers. Like this, the rover can autonomously steer to pre-destined waypoints and then take static measurements at those locations also in areas where field safety might be compromised. We demonstrate this proof-of-concept on the Ekström Ice Shelf Antarctica, where we acquired densely spaced polarimetric radar data measurements. The rover’s operating system offers many opportunities for other measurement principles, e.g., densely spaced co-polarized data suitable for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing.
Coordination of plant hydraulic and photosynthetic traits: confronting optimality theory with field measurements
Authors: Xu Huiying , Wang Han , Prentice I. Colin , Harrison Sandy , Wright Ian
Published: March 2022

Close coupling between water loss and carbon dioxide uptake requires coordination of plant hydraulics and photosynthesis. However, there is still limited information on the quanti- tative relationships between hydraulic and photosynthetic traits. We propose a basis for these relationships based on optimality theory, and test its predic- tions by analysis of measurements on 107 species from 11 sites, distributed along a nearly 3000-m elevation gradient. Hydraulic and leaf economic traits were less plastic, and more closely associated with phy- logeny, than photosynthetic traits. The two sets of traits were linked by the sapwood to leaf area ratio (Huber value, vH). The observed coordination between vH and sapwood hydraulic conductivity (KS) and photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax) conformed to the proposed quantitative theory. Substantial hydraulic diversity was related to the trade-off between KS and vH. Leaf drought tolerance (inferred from turgor loss point, –Ψtlp) increased with wood density, but the trade-off between hydraulic efficiency (KS) and –Ψtlp was weak. Plant trait effects on vH were dominated by variation in KS, while effects of environment were dominated by variation in temperature. This research unifies hydraulics, photosynthesis and the leaf economics spectrum in a com- mon theoretical framework, and suggests a route towards the integration of photosynthesis and hydraulics in land-surface models.
Taphonomy of early life: Role of organic and mineral interactions
Authors: Ngwal Ghoubou Ikouanga Julie Andréa , Fontaine Claude , M. Bankole Olabode , Laforest Claude , Riboulleau Armelle , Trentesaux Alain , Boissard Celine , Somogyi Andrea , Meunier Alain , El Albani Abderrazak
Published: March 2022

Biogenicity and taphonomy of the early life fossil records are debated as most of the previous studies focussed mainly on isotopes geochemistry. The non-metamorphosed Paleoproterozoic (~2.1 Ga) sedimentary succession of the Francevillian Basin (Gabon) contains the oldest complex multicellular organisms embedded in black shale facies. Several studies have confirmed the biogenicity of these soft-bodied organisms. Here, we used multi-proxy techniques to show that the preservation of these macro-organisms happened in a close system that limits interaction with their host rocks, which leads to their good preservations. The macro-organisms are present in different shapes and sizes: lobate (L), elongate (E), tubular (T), segmented (S), and circular (C), and are often associated with bacterial mats. Except for the C form, most of the other specimens are pyritized. Sulfur isotopes data confirms that pyritization occurred by bacterial sulfato-reduction during early diagenesis. We compare the clay mineral assemblages between the pyritized specimens and the late-diagenetically formed pure pyritized concretions in the sediments because the early pyritization process could not explain the taphonomic preservation alone. Our clay mineralogical data show that the specimens are dominated mainly by randomly mixed layer Illite-smectite (IS MLMs), illite, and chlorite relative to the host rocks. The abundance of IS MLMs indicates incomplete illitization of smectite, potassium deficiency, and limited mineral reactions in a semi-close local chemical system within the fossils.  In addition, the authigenic chlorites are more iron-rich and show vermicular habitus. By contrast, the pyritized concretions mainly consist of well-crystallized illite and less iron-rich chlorite, while the smectite phases are absent. These results confirmed that the diagenetic reaction is controlled by interaction with an open late diagenetic system. We concluded that taphonomic preservation of the ancient fossil record resulted from the early diagenetic growth of pyrite crystals during bacterial sulfato reduction in the fossils, which creates a semi-closed system that drastically reduced fluid-rock interactions with the host sediments.
Cascading Effects of Extreme Geohazards on Tenerife (Canary Islands)
Authors: López-Saavedra Marta , Martí Joan , Rubio Jose Luis , Kelfoun Karim
Published: March 2022

Extreme geohazards (volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides and tsunamis) have the potential to inflict cascading effects whose associated risks are difficult to predict and prepare for. Thus, these events are generally not taken into account in hazard assessment. Anticipating the occurrence of such extreme events is thus key if our life-styles are to remain safe and sustainable. Volcanic islands are often the source of complex successions of disastrous events, as is evident from any examination, for instance, of the geological record of regions such as Hawaii, the Canary Islands, Reunion and Indonesia. The island of Tenerife in the Canary Archipelago is an excellent example of where cascading extreme hazards have occurred several times in the past and could occur again in the future. A cascading sequence involving a caldera-forming eruption, high-magnitude seismicity, mega-landslides and tsunamis occurred at least twice during the construction of this island. In order to understand the possible consequences of such processes if they were to reoccur, we simulated the extent and potential impact of a multiple, extreme geohazard episode similar to the last recorded one that took place on the island of Tenerife around 180 ka. If this event were to occur today, the PDCs resulting from the collapse of the eruptive column would devastate nearly the entire island. The caldera collapse would generate high-magnitude seismicity that would severely affect the central part of the island, corresponding to the caldera of Las Cañadas and its walls, the Icod Valley, the NE and NW rifts, and Bandas del Sur in the southeast. Seismic shocks could trigger a mega-landslide in the current Icod valley that would mobilise a thickness of about 500 m. The impact of this mass against the ocean would generate a first tsunami wave up to 200 m high that would sweep the coasts of the north of Tenerife in less than 10 minutes. This is probably the most catastrophic scenario for this region, and it sets a maximum limit to the range of situations that may occur in Tenerife in order to design a better risk management in this island without exceeding with minor events or falling short in case of events of greater impact. The implications of such a disastrous succession of events are analysed at local, regional and global scales, and the results obtained are discussed within the framework of disaster risk-reduction policies.
Upward lightning at tall structures: Atmospheric drivers for trigger mechanisms and flash type
Authors: Stucke Isabell , Morgenstern Deborah , Simon Thorsten , Mayr Georg J. , Diendorfer Gerhard , Schulz Wolfgang , Pichler Hannes , Zeileis Achim
Published: March 2022

Despite its scarcity, upward lightning initiated from tall structures causes more damage than common downward lightning. One particular subtype with a continuous current only is not detectable by conventional lightning location systems (LLS) causing a significantly reduced detection efficiency. Upward lightning has become a major concern due to the recent push in the field of renewable wind energy generation . The growing number of tall wind turbines increased lightning related damages. Upward lightning may be initiated by the tall structure triggering the flash itself (self-triggered) or by a flash striking close by (other-triggered).

The major objective of this study is to find the driving atmospheric conditions influencing whether an upward flash is self-triggered or other-triggered and whether it is of the undetectable subtype. We explore upward flashes directly measured at the Gaisberg Tower in Salzburg (Austria) between 2000 and 2015. These upward flashes are combined with atmospheric reanalysis data stratified into five main meteorological groups: cloud physics, mass field, moisture field, surface exchange and wind field. We use classification methods based on tree-structured ensembles in form of conditional random forests. From these random forests we assess the meteorological influence and find the most important atmospheric drivers for one event or the other, respectively.

Whether upward lightning is self-triggered or other-triggered can be reliably explained by meteorology. The closer the -10  °C isotherm is to the tall structure, the higher is the probability of self-triggered flashes. On the other hand, lower proportions of solid hydrometeors, supercooled liquid water and lower amounts of large scale precipitation increase the probability of an initial continuous current only flash type. However, the occurrence of nearby lightning discharges is about ten times more important for the type of upward flash. No nearby discharges (or them being further than 4 km away) considerably increases the probability of the initial continuous current only flash type.
Regional patterns and drivers of total nitrogen trends in the Chesapeake Bay watershed: Insights from machine learning approaches and management implications
Authors: Zhang Qian , Bostic Joel , Sabo Robert
Published: March 2022

Anthropogenic nutrient inputs have led to nutrient enrichment in many waterbodies worldwide, including Chesapeake Bay (USA). River water quality integrates the spatial and temporal changes of watersheds and forms the foundation for disentangling the effects of anthropogenic inputs. We demonstrate with the Chesapeake Bay Non-Tidal Monitoring Network that machine learning approaches – i.e., hierarchical clustering and random forest – can be combined to better understand the regional patterns and drivers of total nitrogen (TN) trends in large monitoring networks. Cluster analysis revealed regional patterns of short-term TN trends (2007-2018) and categorized the stations into three distinct clusters, namely, V-shape (n = 23), monotonic decline (n = 35), and monotonic increase (n = 26). Random forest models were developed to predict the clusters using watershed characteristics and major N sources, providing information on regional drivers of TN trends. Results show encouraging evidence that improved agricultural nutrient management has contributed to water-quality improvement. Moreover, water-quality improvements are more likely in watersheds underlain by carbonate rocks, reflecting the relatively quick groundwater transport. By contrast, water-quality improvements are less likely in Coastal Plain watersheds, reflecting the effect of legacy N in groundwater. Notably, TN trends are degrading in forested watersheds, suggesting new and/or remobilized sources that may compromise management efforts. Finally, the developed random forest models were used to predict TN trend clusters for the entire Chesapeake watershed at the scale of river segments (n = 979), providing fine-level information that can facilitate targeted watershed management, especially in unmonitored areas. More broadly, this combined use of clustering and classification approaches can be applied to other monitoring networks to address similar questions.

 
Unconventional Water Resources: A golden opportunity to mitigate the mismatch between water supply and water demand
Authors: karimidastenaei zahra , Avellán Tamara , Sadegh Mojtaba , Kløve Bjørn , Torabi Haghighi Ali
Published: March 2022

Water scarcity is a serious socio-environmental challenge for sustainable development which is recognized as a potential cause of social conflict within and between countries. It is expected to intensify due to increasing water demands from increasing populations, rapid urbanization, industrialization, and climate changes. With predictions of dire global water scarcity, attention is turning to Unconventional Water Resources (UWRs) which are considered as supplementary water resources that need specialized processes to be used as water supply. The literature encompasses a vast number of studies on various UWRs and their usefulness in certain environmental and/or socio-economic contexts. Considering the increasing importance of UWRs in the global push for water security, the current study intends to offer a nuanced understanding of the existing research on UWRs by summarizing the key concepts in the literature. The number of articles published on UWRs have increased significantly over time and most publications were authored from researchers based in the USA or China, India, Iran, and Spain. Here, twelve general types of UWRs including fog, dew, rainwater harvesting, and cloud seeding as Atmospheric Unconventional Water (AUW); artificial recharge, fossil water as Unconventional Ground Water (UGW); iceberg water and virtual water as Transferred Unconventional Water (TUW), and wastewater, desalinated water, and agricultural drainage water as Processed Unconventional Water (PUW), were used to assess their global distribution, showing that climatic conditions are the main driver for the application of certain UWRs. Overall, the literature review demonstrated that, even though UWRs provide promising possibilities for overcoming water scarcity, current knowledge is patchy and points towards UWRs being, for the most part, limited in scope and applicability due to geographic, climatic, economic, and political constraints. Future studies focusing on improved quantitative documentation and demonstration of the physical and socio-economic potential of various UWRs could help in strengthening the case for some, if not all, UWRs as avenues for the sustainable provision of water.

Keywords: Water scarcity; UWRs; distribution maps; literature review
Soils on mining relicts in Upper Silesia, Poland – first results from the Mala Panew River catchment and the UNESCO heritage site Tarnowskie Góry 
Authors: Raab Thomas , Bonhage Alexander , Verschoof-van der Vaart Wouter , Malik Ireneusz , Raab Alexandra , Schneider Anna , Chauhan Jai Singh , Thekkethala Jeenus Joby
Published: March 2022

The mining region of Upper Silesia has a long tradition with international significance. In 2017, the historic silver mine in Tarnowsky Gory was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. With the mining of galena (PbS), the region developed into one of the most important industrial centers in Central Europe in the 16th century. In addition to the underground galleries, the historical mining has left thousands of mining shafts as small relief forms, which have not been systematically investigated so far. Partly the mining shafts are associated with Relict Charcoal Hearths (RCH), another small form which is a result of charcoal production. In the Mala Panew River valley, north of Tarnowsky Gory, several tens of thousands of these RCH are found, which could be mapped by LiDAR in recent years. More detailed pedological investigations, which would allow a systematic comparison with other known RCH sites, are missing so far.

Within the framework of a Polish-German cooperation project, we started in 2021 to investigate the mining shafts and the RCH in Tarnowsky Gory and in the Mala Panew River valley from a pedological-sedimentological point of view. At the RCH sites on the Mala Panew River, we focused on the following questions: How was the soil stratigraphy changed by the RCH construction? What are main processes of soil development before and after RCH construction? What was the role of the pits surrounding the RCH? How do the sites differ from the RCHs at Tarnowsky Gory especially with respect to soil properties and soil genesis? In Tarnowsky Gory, where a RCH was excavated directly next to a mining shaft, the following questions were in focus: How did the mining activity change soil distribution and soil properties? What are main processes of soil development on the different parts? What is the origin of the pit infill? What is the origin of the shaft rim deposits?

Our work program included the construction of excavator trenches across the mining remains, construction, description and sampling of soil profiles along the trenches, schematic drawing of the soil stratigraphy, and laboratory analyses for the determination of texture, Munsell color, pH (CaCl2, H20), CaCO3 content, Ctotal & Ntotal and total elements by FPXRF. We present the first results of the ongoing investigations.
FAIRNESS Project - FAIR NEtwork of micrometeorological measurements
Authors: Milošević Dragan , Lalić Branislava , Savić Stevan , Bechtel Benjamin , Roantree Mark , Orlandini Simone
Published: March 2022

Reliable and sufficient knowledge on environmental conditions delivered from micrometeorological and microclimatological data plays a central role in assessing and modelling trends and effects of climate change and adverse weather on the environment. Enormous efforts have already been made to centralise data from ground-based and satellite measurements and to make them available for public use. However, beyond specific initiatives, they are still missing one very important component – micrometeorological data, i.e. data addressing meteorological conditions of microenvironment that is open and available for various application potentials and user groups.

Micrometeorological data are usually collected as part of scientific projects and observational networks developed for different purposes, but they often “languish” in reports and institutional data storages. To address this shortfall, FAIRNESS Cost Action will establish micrometeorological knowledge share platform (Micromet_KSP) to communicate: a) compiled inventory of available and quality proven micrometeorological in situ data sets on the European level and beyond, b) measurement and data management recommendations designed to meet FAIR principles and avoid temporal and spatial gaps, c) examples of rural and urban FAIR data sets and d) Q&A exchanged between Action members, stakeholders, specialised user groups and general public.

FAIRNESS targets are, primarily, networks of Automated Weather Stations installed in urban, sub-urban and rural areas which are in charge of dedicated projects, specialised agencies, regional or national government offices for specific applications in the sectors of urban-, forest-, and environmental meteorology and agrometeorology. Addressing identified challenges requires an effective transboundary network of researchers, stakeholders, and civil society to identify and fill knowledge gaps, standardize, optimize, and promote new environmental-tailored measurement and control procedures, enhance research effectiveness and improve dissemination.

FAIRNESS consortium includes 65 partners from 28 countries in Europe, Asia, Australia, and North America, and invites interested stakeholders and/or data contributors to join the project during its realization (2021-2025).
Retratamento Endodôntico: uma revisão de literatura dos últimos 18 anos
Authors: Pereira Leilane de Araújo
Published: March 2022

O retratamento endodôntico convencional é uma forma de manipulação endodôntica que tem funções de solubilizar e retirar material de preenchimento, desinfetar e remodelar os canais e colocar uma nova obturação endodôntica no espaço criado. É frequente a procura de pacientes por retratamento endodôntico nos consultórios dentários. Diante do fracasso do retratamento convencional, a cirurgia periapical é a modalidade cirúrgica indicada com finalidade de remoção do agente etiológico da região perirradicular com doença periapical. No entanto, o profissional dentista precisa realizar um bom exame clínico e radiográfico para seleção de casos aptos ao retratamento endodôntico Apesar de o retratamento endodôntico convencional ser um procedimento oneroso, há uma grande previsibilidade de sucesso endodôntico, exceto em casos de lesões perirradiculares persistentes. Com o advento da modernidade, houve um aperfeiçoamento nos instrumentos endodônticos rotatórios para uso exclusivo durante o retratamento. Pode-se concluir que nenhuma técnica empregada durante a desobturação dos condutos foi eficiente em remover completamente a guta-percha. O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma revisão de literatura acerca do assunto retratamento endodôntico convencional.
MULTI VARIATE NEURO-STATISTICAL SPARSE TRANSFORM FOR GRAY SCALE IMAGES
Authors: Lakshmi Muthu , Kumar Ganesh , Subramanian Bala , Rishi Priti
Published: March 2022

Abstract-- The main objective of this paper is to examine the performance of  Neuro- Statistical sparse transformation function for implementation in a still image vector coding based compression system. This paper discusses the important features of low bit-rate image coding which is based on recent developments in the theory of multivariate nonlinear piecewise polynomial approximation in still images. It combines Binary Space Partition (BSP) scheme with Geometric Wavelet (GW) tree approximation so as to efficiently capture curve singularities and provide a sparse representation of the image. The quality of the reconstructed image is measured objectively using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio. Experimental results show that the proposed image compression system yields higher compression with minimal loss.
EFFECT OF ULTRASOUND PRE-TREATMENT ON DRYING KINETICS AND QUALITY PROPERTIES OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE
Authors: Aydar Alev Yuksel , Mataraci Ceren Evrim , Saglam Tuba Busra , Yilmaz Tuncay
Published: March 2022

-- Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is primarily used as a biomass for ethanol production. It is also utilized for human consumption as a healthy snack by having good nutritional value and inulin content. In this study, ultrasound pre-treatment (USPT) was selected to minimize drying defects and 5, 10 and 15 min. treatments were applied before hot air drying at 60 Â°C and 80 Â°C. The effect of pre-treatment on drying performances and properties as color, total phenolic content and total antioxidant were investigated. Effective diffusion coefficient values â€‹â€‹ranged from 1.72 Ã— 10-8 m2/min to 2.94 Ã— 10-8 to m2/min, and it was observed that the effective moisture diffusion coefficient was higher in the samples where ultrasound was applied compared to the control sample. L * value 72.72 Â± 2.71 was found highest at samples that were 5 minutes ultrasound treated and dried at 60 Â° C for 60 minutes. The highest antioxidant and phenolic content in the drying process at 60 Â°C was determined in the samples where ultrasound was applied for 15 minutes. Consequently, more conserved quality in shorter drying time with desired end product moisture content can be achieved by the application of USPT.
INVESTIGATION ON PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIOXIDANT, AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES, DRYING PROFILE AND EXTRACTION OPTIMIZATION OF DEER APPLE (MALUS TRILOBATA V ERIOLOBUS TRILOBATUS)
Authors: Demircan Huseyin , SAGDIC Osman , OZKAN Kubra , KAYACAN Selma , US Ahmet Abdullah , SARIOGLU Kemal , ORAL Rasim Alper
Published: March 2022

In this study, drying kinetics, extraction optimization, total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial effects of deer apple (Malus trilobata v Eriolobus trilobatus) fruit species were determined. Representing 50% ethanol and 15.86 solvent-sample ratio; total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity by DPPH and CUPRAC methods, and inhibition percent were found as 1000.9 mg gallic acid equivalent/kg fresh weight (FW), 469.5 mg catechin equivalent/kg FW, 967.7 mg Trolox equivalent/kg FW, 3.58 mg Trolox equivalent/g FW, 39.85%, respectively. It is shown that the deer apple fruit has antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Aspergillus flavus that known as pathogenic or spoilage microorganisms. This study shows that deer apple fruit is a good source of phenolic and flavonoid and has antimicrobial activity. Also, it contributes information about some physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of deer apple fruit and aims to increase the awareness of this fruit species.
OPTIMIZATION OF EXTRACTION OF POLYPHENOLS FROM CHESTNUT WASTE PRETREATED BY OHMIC HEATING USING BOX-BEHNKEN DESIGN
Authors: Turkmen Erol Nihal , Incedayi Bige , Sari Ferda , Copur Omer Utku
Published: March 2022

Chestnut processing produces a large amount of waste peels, which contain considerable polyphenols. The aim of this research was to optimize the extraction method for phenolic compounds from industrial chestnut peel pretreated by ohmic heating (OH) by using response surface methodology (RSM). Box-Behnken design (BBD) was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables; namely, extraction time, solid to solvent (S/S) ratio, and temperature, on total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AC). All independent variables influenced the TPC and AC of the peel extracts. The optimum extraction conditions found were 22.02 min, 1/39.70 (w/v), and 60 Â°C for extraction time, S/S ratio, and extraction temperature, respectively, resulting in the highest TPC of 34.83 mg GAE/g dry matter (DM) and AC of 35621.38 mmol ascorbic acid equivalent (AEAC)/100 g DM by DPPH. This study showed that water was highly successful for the extraction of polyphenols from the pretreated chestnut peel.
DEHYDRATION BEHAVIOR AND THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF KIWIFRUIT SLICES IN CONVECTIVE TRAY DRYER
Authors: Beigi Mohsen
Published: March 2022

The present study was concerned with convective drying of kiwifruit slices. The influences of drying air temperature and flow rate on dehydration behavior of the samples and thermodynamic performance of the process were investigated. The results showed that the process duration was significantly decreased with the increasing temperature and flow rate. The entire dehydration process took place in the falling rate period and no constant period was observed. Using the nonlinear regression procedure, four well-known mathematical models were fitted into the experimental drying curves and the Midilli model represented the best description. The results of thermodynamic analyses indicated that, following the increment in air temperature, the energy utilization and energy utilization ratio values increased from 2.91 to 15.05 kJ s-1 and from 0.24 to 0.47, respectively. The exergy loss and exergy efficiency were specified to be in the ranges of 50-280 J s-1 and 55.89% to 84.13%, respectively. The exergy improvement potential rate and sustainability index varied from and from 12.28 J s-1 to 36.39 J s-1 and from 12.28 J s-1 to 36.39 J s-1, respectively. Generally, despite of energetic indices, higher temperatures of drying air resulted in better exergetic performance.
ULTRASOUND PRE-TREATMENT APPROACH: CONVECTIVE DRYING OF CARROT
Authors: Polat Ahmet , IZLI Nazmi , TASKIN Onur
Published: March 2022

In this study, carrot samples that have different slice thicknesses (2 and 4 mm) were dried by applying ultrasound pre-treatment at different time periods (0, 20 and 40 min) and the changes in colour, rehydration, pH and Â°Brix values were examined. Besides, microstructures of dried samples under different conditions were observed through scanning electron microscopy images. Drying was carried out in a modified oven at temperatures of 60 and 70 Â°C with an air velocity of 1 m/s. A decrease in b*(green/red) values was observed due to the effect of drying. The highest rehydration ratio (6.930) was found in 2 mm thick carrot samples, which were dried at 60 Â°C and treated with ultrasound for 40 minutes. It was observed that pH and Â°Brix values changed from 6.705 to 6.120 and from 68.70 to 6.80, respectively. An increase in the change of product structure was observed as a consequence of the increasing duration of ultrasound pre-treatment. It was emphasized that ultrasound technology might be the appropriate method for drying the carrot sample.
ENERGY AND EXERGY ANALYSIS OF RICE STRAW GASIFICATION
Authors: Dalmis Ibrahim Savas , Kayisoglu Birol , Tug Sekan , Durgut Mehmet Recai
Published: March 2022

In this study, energy and exergy analyzes were performed in the gasification of rice straw pellets prepared in 5 different blends. The heating value (LHV) of the pellets ranged from 12.45MJ/kg to 12.93MJ/kg. The calorific values of the obtained syngas samples were between 3885.5MJ/Nm3 and 4427.7MJ/Nm3. The energy efficiency of the pellet samples in gasification ranged from 53.44% to 58.01% and exergy efficiency varied from 49.19% to 53.48%. In all pellet samples used in gasification, the efficiency of exergy was lower than energy efficiency. The lowest irreversibility value in the gasification process was 36.74kW in PC5 pellet, the highest irreversibility value was 44.21kW in PRF pellet. As a result of the thermodynamic analysis of the pellet samples in gasification, it was concluded that there is no need to add any additives in the pelletization of the rice straw.
EFFECT OF CORRUGATED PIPE ON LAMINAR CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER BY USING SWCNT NANOFLUID: A NUMERICAL STUDY
Authors: Rabby Md Insiat Islam , Hossain Farzad , Chowdhury Muhammad Ifaz Shahriar , Mumu Tazeen Afrin
Published: March 2022

Extension of the tube wallâ€™s heat transfer area and mixing nanoparticles with working fluids are the most effective and potential techniques to enhance the heat transfer rate, which is required to remove the excessive load of heat from the heat transfer apparatus. These extreme loads are dangerous threats for heat transfer equipment, which may cause several damages. Therefore, a corrugated pipe was studied numerically along with SWCNT-water nanofluid, to determine the improvement of laminar convective heat transfer rate. Ansys fluent software and steady-state control volume method were applied for simulation purposes. Hence, different volume fractions (1% - 5%) of nanoparticles were considered to mix with water to produce nanofluid. A range of Reynolds numbers from 500 to 1200 with a constant wall heat flux of 1000 W/m2 was considered to calculate the heat transfer rate. Additionally, the corresponding pumping power requirement for such improvements was also calculated. The result demonstrated that by increasing the Reynolds number, the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient were raised significantly for corrugated pipe compared to a plain pipe. Consequently, the presence of nanoparticles in the working fluid also showed more enhancement. For the corrugated pipe, at Re =500, SWCNT-water nanofluid showed a maximum 56.52% enhancement of Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient. Furthermore, SWCNT-water nanofluid showed pumping power advantage (92% for 5% volume fraction). Additionally, correlations to calculate the Nusselt number and heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid were also developed, which showed good agreement with numerical results. However, it can be concluded that corrugated channels, along with nanofluid, provide enhancement of heat transfer rate, Nusselt number, and pumping power advantage for the laminar developed region of a pipe.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND OPTIMIZATION OF MELON SLICE DRYING WITH RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY IN A HEAT PUMP DRYING SYSTEM
Authors: Tunckal Cuneyt , Ozkan Karabacak Azime , Tamer Canan Ece , Yolci Omeroglu Perihan , Goksel Zekiye
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study was to optimize the process conditions (in terms of air temperature, air velocity and thickness of the slices) using response surface methodology (RSM) to achieve minimum specific energy consumption and maximum moisture diffusivity during drying of melon slices with a closed loop heat pump drying (HPD) system. An optimum drying temperature of 45 Â°C, air velocity of 1 m/s and slice thickness of 5.04 mm were recommended with following predicted responses close to experimental values: drying time 216.58 min, total energy consumption 2.94 kWh, coefficient of performance heat pump (COPhp) 3.08, coefficient of performance system (COPws) 2.75, specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) 0.22 kg/kWh, drying rate 2.53, L* value 82.53, a* value -1.83 and b* value 25.82. The most suitable models to represent the drying behavior of optimum melon slices was chosen Wang & Sing. Effective moisture diffusivities (Deff) of the melon slices were ranging from 7.075E-10 -  1.843E-07 m2s-1 and increasing drying air temperature, drying air velocity and slice thickness led to an increment of Deff.
KOMPONEN PARIWISATA DAN DAYA DUKUNG KAWASAN DI PULAU LIWUNGAN
Authors: Febriana Febriana , Darmawan Fahrurozy , Wibowo Singgih Tri
Published: March 2022

Tanjung Lesung is one of the priority tourism destinations expected to provide a distribution of tourism activities in the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia to support the equitable distribution of community welfare, open employment, and business opportunities, while also providing solutions for tourism areas in Indonesia that have reached their carrying capacity. As a result, it is critical to assess how the state of the tourism component (attraction, accessibility, amenity), tourism carrying capacity, and visitor experience may be used as a guide for the growth of tourism in the Tanjung Lesung Area. Mixed methods or hybrid methods are used in the research. According to the findings of the tourism component condition, existing tourist sites have their attractions but are not supported by suitable access and amenities. Snorkeling, diving, seagrass tours, and beach recreation are just a few of the activities available.  Apart from the difficulty in obtaining public transportation, the port conditions of Tanjung Jaya Village, which is the only community-managed access to Liwungan Island, are still worrying. Because tourism is stagnating on Liwungan Island, decent amenities are not yet available. Liwungan Island's carrying capacity still allows it to house and transport 30-80 people per visit. Based on the carrying capacity of the area, the following activities can be calculated: snorkeling, diving, seagrass tourism, and beach recreation, all of which have the potential to attract additional tourists. If there is a boom in tourist visits in the future, a tourism governance strategy can be developed for tourist destinations that are still viable, such as Kampung Wisata Cikadu. Then, based on the results of the Liwungan Island tourist experience survey, it was discovered that travelers' expectations of the experience they had while visiting Liwungan Island were not met. As a result, the researchers urge that the community's role in determining entry charges and managing Liwungan Island tourist attractions be reviewed.