bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of geomagnetic activity on the wintertime electricity consumption in Finland via Northern Annular Mode
Authors: Juntunen Veera , Asikainen Timo
Published: February 2023

Geomagnetic activity is driven by the variable solar wind and is often used as an indirect measure for energetic particle precipitation (EPP) from space into Earth’s atmosphere. A growing number of studies has shown that geomagnetic activity via EPP can intensify the wintertime polar vortex in the stratosphere by forming ozone-depleting nitrogen and hydrogen oxides through different chemical reactions, which then influence the atmosphere’s radiative balance and dynamics. The polar vortex variations also influence the ground weather and project onto the variability of the Northern Annular Mode (NAM), which describes the prevailing pressure pattern in the Northern hemisphere and is the most important factor influencing the winter weather, e.g., in Northern Europe. A stronger (weaker) vortex is associated to positive (negative) NAM phase and tends to cause warmer and wetter (colder and drier) winter weather in Scandinavia and Northern Eurasia. Recent studies have also shown that the EPP influence on the polar vortex and NAM is strongly dependent on the phase of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (QBO) of stratospheric equatorial zonal winds.  When QBO-winds at 30 hPa pressure level are easterly the EPP influence on the polar vortex and NAM is stronger.It is known that prevailing weather conditions have a huge effect on wintertime electricity consumption, e.g., in these Northern European regions, notably in Finland and Scandinavian countries. During cold weather more electricity is consumed for heating purposes while the opposite is true during milder winter weather.The EPP-related influence on winter time climate variability implies a new and so far unexplored connection by which space weather and space climate affects the modern technological society. In this study we consider this question for the first time and quantify the influence of geomagnetic activity on the inter-annual variations of wintertime electricity consumption in Finland from 1980s until present also taking into account of the phase of the QBO. We first demonstrate that the wintertime electricity consumption in Finland depends strongly on Finland’s average temperature. We then show that geomagnetic activity has a strong influence on Finland’s wintertime average temperature via the polar vortex and NAM variability. We then show that during easterly QBO phase the geomagnetic activity has a clear and statistically significant influence on the wintertime electricity consumption in Finland and can explain a large fraction of its inter-annual variability. During westerly QBO phase such influence is not observed.
Seeking the origins of Arctic ice nucleating particles with FLEXPART-WRF
Authors: Da Silva Anderson , Marelle Louis , Raut Jean-Christophe
Published: February 2023

The Arctic region is subject to polar amplification, causing it to warm approximately four times faster than the global average. The predominance of ice and mixed-phase clouds in high latitude regions causes strong uncertainties in the determination of the cloud radiative effect and the cloud feedback. The representation of these clouds in models is therefore a crucial point for climate prediction. Solid and liquid water phases partitioning in mixed-phase clouds is mostly driven by their formation and growth processes, in which aerosol particles play a major role, especially in the Arctic where those particles are scarce. Although ice nucleating particles (INPs) may have relevant impact on weather and climate, their physical and chemical properties stay poorly understood. One of the main reasons is the lack of knowledge about their nature; the latter being mainly determined by their sources and thereby their geographical origins. In this study, in situ measurements from several recent data-sets are used to determine the likely origins of warm Arctic INPs (activated between -10°C and -20°C). A statistical method is applied on the backtrajectories derived from the lagrangian dispersion model FLEXPART-WRF, allows to characterize the seasonal variability of the identified INPs’ sources encountered over the arctic basin. The seasonal analysis shows that contributions of continental and marine sources to INPs concentrations are highly time- and space-dependent. Arctic INPs do not come exclusively from local sources and can originate from long-range transport. However, the general strong contribution of sea ice and open ocean regions to high concentrations of INPs, and its seasonal variability, is a clue about the importance of local sources. It emphasizes the hypothesis that marine biologic sources are among the main contributors to INPs emissions in the Arctic, when air masses coming from continental regions are often weak contributors. Also, the discrete strong contribution of sea ice regions, particularly in Autumn, suggests that mechanisms like blowing snow or emission of sea sprays from leads and marginal sea ice could have a relevant impact on Arctic INPs production. These results show the potential of this approach to characterize the origins of in situ measured species, and call for the method to be used in future studies on aerosols emissions.
Water Systems Integrated Modelling framework (WSIMOD): A Python package for simulating human-impacted water quality and quantity
Authors: Mijic Ana , Liu Leyang , Dobson Barnaby
Published: February 2023

The water cycle is highly interconnected; water fluxes in one part depend on physical and human processes throughout. For example, rivers are a water supply, a receiver of wastewater, and an aggregate of many hydrological, biological, and chemical processes. Thus, simulations of the water cycle that have highly constrained boundaries may miss key interactions that create unanticipated impacts or unexpected opportunities. Integrated environmental models aim to resolve the issue of boundary conditions, however they have some key limitations, and we find a significant need for a parsimonious, self-contained suite that is accessible and easy to setup. With this in mind, we have developed the WSIMOD – a Python package that allows for the representation of the water system’s demands and impacts of multiple sectors and actors’ decisions within a single tool, which is considered beneficial to increasing a shared understanding of system performance and for more collaborative and coherent decisions on integrated water resources, water quality and flood management. The WSIMOD is a self-contained software package that includes modelled representations of key physical and infrastructure elements of the water cycle (urban and rural), with each type of modelled element generically described as a component. Components are written in such a way that any component can interact with any other component. This enables a flexible representation of a water system that is needed to accommodate the wide variety of different built/natural infrastructure configurations and scales. We will showcase how the WSIMOD tool has been developed and successfully tested through a range of applications in the UK, including integrated analysis of urban water systems, catchment water management and urban water neutrality.  
Investigating the hydrological behaviour of the Upper Pivka Valley (Slovenia)
Authors: Mayaud Cyril , Kogovšek Blaž , Petrič Metka , Ravbar Nataša , Blatnik Matej , Gabrovšek Franci
Published: February 2023

The Pivka River is a 20 km long stream located 40 km SW from Ljubljana (Slovenia), which disappears in the world famous Postojna Cave. While the river flows permanently on flysch rocks in the valley lower part, water is only present temporarily in the valley upper part due to the karstic nature of the aquifer located below the river. This aquifer is assumed to be linked to the larger Javorniki karst aquifer that belongs to the catchment of the Unica and Malenščica Springs, which drain water from the whole region. During high water period, the regional groundwater level rises up to 50 m, and 17 temporary lakes might appear on the valley surface. Because the hydrological situation in the Javorniki karst aquifer is assumed to affect flooding in the Pivka Valley, the interaction between both need to be understood. A network of nine automatic stations recording water level, specific electrical conductivity and water temperature at a 30 min interval has been progressively established in the valley since 2020. The three years dataset has been analysed with data collected in the water active caves of the Javorniki karst aquifer and at the Unica and Malenščica Springs. Results allowed elaborating a conceptual hydrological model of the region. They emphasized that the karst aquifer below the Upper Pivka Valley acts as an overflow of the Javorniki karst aquifer during high water periods, while it flows back into the Javorniki karst aquifer and further toward the Unica and Malenščica springs during the recession.
Towards a global leaf phenology model
Authors: Zhou Boya , Zhu Ziqi , Cai Wenjia , Prentice Iain Colin
Published: February 2023

Leaf phenology, often measured by the seasonal dynamics of leaf area index (LAI), is a key control on the exchanges of CO2 and energy between land ecosystems and the atmosphere. It is therefore also a key target process for dynamic vegetation models. However, there is no agreement on how leaf phenology should be modelled. Much research has focused on the specific triggers for budburst– and, to a lesser extent, leaf senescence– in biomes characterized by distinct cold or dry seasons. Recent theoretical developments however suggest the existence of a more general, global relationship between leaf phenology and the seasonal time course of “steady-state LAI”: the LAI would be in equilibrium with GPP if weather conditions were held constant. This can be predicted from the time course of gross primary production (GPP) because LAI and GPP are mutually related, via the Beer’s law dependence of GPP on LAI, and the requirement for GPP to support LAI development. In our current research we are developing a new global phenology model, by combining this new theoretical approach with a terrestrial photosynthesis model (the P-model) that avoids the multiplicity of parameters required by more complex models, while achieving good fit to GPP derived from flux towers in all biomes. But whereas P-model applications to date have exploited satellite-derived green vegetation cover indices as input, our current research aims to predict the seasonal time course of both LAI and GPP. This is done in two steps. First, we predict seasonal maximum LAI as the lesser of an energy-limited value that maximizes GPP, and a water-limited value that allows vegetation to transpire a fraction of annual precipitation. Second, we model the time-course of LAI assuming that its derivative tracks the difference between current and steady-state LAI with some lag. We are testing this approach with data from a global phenocam network and using remotely sensed LAI. Results so far are promising, but point to challenges, especially in representing interannual variability and trends.
Spatially explicit linkages between redox potential cycles and soil moisture fluctuations
Authors: Wang Simiao , Miele Filippo , Benettin Paolo , Bernier-Latmani Rizlan , Rinaldo Andrea
Published: February 2023

Reduction-oxidation cycles measured through soil redox potential are associated with dynamic soil microbial activity. Understanding changes in the composition of, and resource use by, soil microbial communities requires redox potential predictability under shifting hydrologic drivers. Here, 50 cm soil column installations are manipulated to vary hydrologic and geochemical conditions, and are extensively monitored by a dense instrumental deployment to record the depth-time variation of physical and biogeochemical conditions. We contrast measurements of soil redox potential and saturation and key compounds in water samples (probing the majority of soil microbial metabolisms) with computations of the relevant state variables, to investigate the interplay between soil moisture and redox potential dynamics. Our results highlight the importance of joint spatially resolved hydrologic flow/transport and redox processes, the worth of contrasting experiments and computations for a sufficient understanding of the redox dynamics, and the minimum amount of biogeochemistry needed to characterise the dynamics of electron donors/acceptors that are responsible for the patterns of redox potential not directly explained by physical oxic/anoxic transitions. As an example, measured concentrations of sulfate, ammonium and iron II suggest coexistence of both oxic and anoxic conditions. We find that the local saturation velocity (a threshold value of the time derivative of soil saturation) exerts a significant hysteretic control on oxygen intrusion and on the cycling of redox potentials, in contrast with approaches using a single threshold saturation level as the determinant of anoxic conditions. Our findings improve our ability to target how and where hotspots of activity develop within soil microbial communities.
Dynamics of seasonal CO2 concentrations above and below the karst-water table are influenced by density-driven transport: monitoring data from a cave in the Swabian Jura and interpretation with numerical simulation models
Authors: Class Holger , Keim Leon , Schirmer Larissa , Strauch Bettina , Wendel Kai , Zimmer Martin
Published: February 2023

It is long known that dissolved aqueous CO2 is the key driving force of chemical reactions leading to rock corrosion, which is denoted as karstification. Accordingly, it is evident that meteoric water percolating through the biologically active vadose zone leads to replenishment of CO2 concentrations in karst water. We performed long-term measurements in a cave that show quick responses of gaseous CO2 concentrations in cave air after rain events.More importantly, however, our research aims at highlighting a so far by the literature totally ignored process in karst research, which is density-driven dissolution of CO2 at the karst-water table. Our preliminary results indicate that this process can have high significance for hydraulic conditions where water is stagnant or at small convective base velocities (Class et al., 2021).In our most recent work (Class et al., 2022, submitted), we monitored the influence of seasonally fluctuating gaseous CO2 concentrations in a deep karst cave on aqueous CO2 concentrations in different depths of a stagnant water column. The data indicate that density-driven enhanced dissolution at the karst-water table is the driving force for a fast increase of aqueous CO2 during periods of high gaseous concentrations in the cave, while during periods of lower gaseous concentrations the decline of aqueous CO2 is limited to shallow water depths in the order of 1m. Numerical simulations with a Navier-Stokes model and water density dependent on CO2 concentration can be used to interpret the data and, perspectively, to extrapolate to geologically relevant time scales. This can also include the dissolution of CaCO3, which is likely further increasing the relevance of density-driven dissolution at the karst-water table.References:H. Class, P. Bürkle, T. Sauerborn, O. Trötschler, B. Strauch, M. Zimmer: On the role of density-driven dissolution of CO2 in phreatic karst systems, Water Resources Research 57(12), e2021WR030912, 2021, doi:10.1029/2021WR030912H. Class, L. Keim, L. Schirmer, B. Strauch, K. Wendel, M. Zimmer: Seasonal dynamics of gaseous CO2 concentrations in a karst cave correspond with aqueous concentrations in a stagnant water column, manuscript submitted, December 2022
Deep learning based classification of biological aerosols
Authors: Zhang Hao , Topping David , Crawford Ian , Gallagher Martin , Chan Man Nin , Lee Hing Bun Martin , Xing Sinan , Ng Tsin Hung , Tai Amos
Published: February 2023

Biological aerosols mainly include viruses, bacteria, fungal and pollen, which can significantly affect the human health and environments. Accurate classification of biological aerosols contributes to further understand the implications of these aerosols in different domains. In this work, we collected the real-time fluorescence intensity, size and scattering images data of bioaerosols over a six-month period in Hong Kong by using Rapid-E particle identifier. To clustering the different types of bioaerosols, two deep leaning methods: autoencoder neural network (AE) and bidirectional long short-term memory neural network (Bilstms) were designed to extract the main features of bioaerosol fluorescence intensity and scattering images. The results showed that both AE and Bilstms could reconstruct the input bioaerosol data quite well, which illustrated that the main features they exacted were accurate. Then two clustering methods: K-means, and genie clustering were used to assign the extracted main features of bioaerosol into different clusters respectively. According to the aerosol number distribution in different clusters, the K-means clustering always presented a more uniform aerosol number distribution than genie clustering, especially for bioaerosol features extracted by Bilstms, genie believed that no matter how the number of clusters and the type of bioaerosol data changed, most aerosols were only distributed in one or two clusters. In order to assess the accuracy of clustering and obtain the species of bioaerosol in different clusters, different clusters were identified by analyzing their diurnal variation, average scattering images pattern and the relationship to the meteorological variables temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction. Based on the identification results, the accuracy of different combinations of two deep learning methods and two clustering methods in bioaerosol classification was evaluated. We believed that this work could provide the potential aid in aerosol classification methods development to achieve the easy and accurate bioaerosol identification.
Ecosystem-scale floodplain forest methane exchange
Authors: Kowalska Natalia , Jocher Georg , Bednařík Adam
Published: February 2023

Floodplain forests as wetlands are characterized by methane (CH4) emission. Methane, after carbon dioxide (CO2) is the second main driver of global climate change. The magnitude of CH4 emission is site specific and depends on environmental factors like water table level and soil temperature. The standard method to quantify ecosystem-scale CH4 exchange is the eddy covariance (EC) method. Gap-filling procedures, however, are manifold and not standardized yet.The main aim of our study was to quantify the CH4 emission on the floodplain forest ecosystem level using the EC method, with special emphasis on environmental conditions, turbulence development and footprint. Furthermore, the ecosystem-scale CH4 fluxes shall be analysed with regards to the CH4 emissions of water bodies within the EC footprint.The studied floodplain forest represents nowadays relatively dry conditions. Consequently, we initially hypothesized that ecosystem-scale CH4 exchange will be negligible.First results, however, showed, that the whole ecosystem is a small but constant CH4 source as we observed an average emission flux of 11.7 mg CH4 m-2 day-1 over the period June to December 2021.  In parallel, CH4 fluxes from a stream located within the footprint of the EC tower were measured using the floating chambers and bubble traps. Stream was substantial source of CH4 with mean CH4 fluxes of 260 ± 107 mg CH4 m-2 day-1, respectively, over the period from April to December 2021. Both, the EC and floating chamber measurements of CH4 were conducted also in 2022 and results will be presented.In the future, the ecosystem-scale CH4 measurements shall be connected not only with the CH4 measurements from the water bodies, but also with stem CH4 efflux measurements conducted at the study site. Finally, an overview of all relevant CH4 sources in the studied ecosystem shall evolve including their relative importance for ecosystem CH4 exchange. 
Active mitigation of spaceborne radio frequency interference for VLBI
Authors: Schartner Matthias , Soja Benedikt
Published: February 2023

The proliferation of spaceborne radio frequency interference (SRFI) is threatening the operation of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI). Most SRFI is caused by the excessive number of newly launched satellites, in particular from mega-constellations such as Starlink, OneWeb, or Amazon Kuiper. Some of these satellites will emit signals in the upper-frequency range that is currently observed by the next-generation VLBI system, the VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS). The power of these signals may saturate the amplifiers of VLBI antennas causing nonlinearities within the observations. Besides, some planned InSAR satellites might emit signals strong enough to permanently damage the highly sensitive VLBI hardware.
Within this work, we will investigate an active mitigation approach that modifies the current VLBI observing strategy to avoid observations in the direction of SRFI. However, active avoidance means additional constraints during the observation planning. We will investigate the impact of these constraints w.r.t. the precision of the geodetic parameters using simulations and compare it to a situation without active avoidance, where affected observations are simply removed from the simulations, and to a situation without any SRFI being present. The simulations will be conducted based on current and future VGOS networks and current and future satellite constellation expansion stages. We will demonstrate that active avoidance has the potential to pose a solution to avoid SRFI but also highlight its limitations.

 
Seasonal-scale atmospheric water cycle study using ground-based GPS receivers, Aeronet, and NWP models over the central High Atlas Mountains (Morocco)
Authors: Lakhouidsi Khalid , Fadil Abdelali
Published: February 2023

Precipitable water vapor PWV is one of the major greenhouse gases. Monitoring Long-term variations in water vapor concentrations, which have a direct effect as a greenhouse gas and involve amplifying other feedbacks such as albedo and clouds. Monitoring of Precipitable water vapor on a continuous and steady basis has become possible over the recent decades due to the increased ground-based GPS receivers at global scale. However, the High Atlas Mountains remained a data-void zone until recently, when some ground-based GPS receiving stations were deployed to monitor geodynamic movements in the High Atlas belt. This paper investigates seasonal changes in precipitable water vapor, moisture transport, and precipitation over the central High Atlas using data from three ground-based GPS (FSSM, OUCA, and TIOU), Aeronet (AErosol RObotic NETwork) (Saada), GPCP, and NCEP reanalysis II over seven years (2016 to 2022). The ZTD (Zenith Tropospheric Delay) and the PWV results using the GipsyX/RTGx software show significantly better results than the Aeronet PWV measurements based on the acquired data. The reanalysis and observations are in good correlation regarding moisture transport and precipitation. Precipitable water increases in late summer, but precipitation peaks in winter and spring over the central high atlas.Keywords: Precipitable water vapor, GPS, Zenith total delay, Aeronet, NCEP.
Do aerosols increase or decrease precipitation?
Authors: Field Paul , Furtado Kalli
Published: February 2023

The observed variety of aerosol effects on precipitation at different spatial and time scales means that no simple answer to this question has so far been discovered.  However, although aerosol effects are many, it remains possible that there are universal constraints on the number of degrees of freedom needed to represent them.  We use convective-scale simulations to reveal a self-similar probability density function that underpins surface rainfall statistics. This function is independent of cloud-droplet number concentration and is unchanged by aerosol perturbations. It therefore represents an invariant property of our model with respect to cloud–aerosol interactions. For a given aerosol concentration, if at least one moment of the rainfall distribution on cloud-droplet number is a known input parameter, then this can be combined with the self-similar function to reconstruct the entire rainfall distribution to a useful degree of accuracy. We will demonstrate this using simulations from convective permitting, aerosol interacting simulations over China.
A dictionary-based approximation approach for seismic traveltime tomography
Authors: Schneider Naomi , Michel Volker , Sigloch Karin , Totten Eoghan
Published: February 2023

We attempt the reconstruction of the solid earth’s interior three-dimensional structure using seismic wave observations. The interior structure of the mantle deviates moderately from spherically symmetrical reference models and therefore seismological observables also vary moderately from spherically symmetrical predictions. Hence we consider here the linearized inverse problem of seismic traveltime tomography.Usually, the solution is approximated in a fixed basis system: either global (e.g. polynomials) or local (e.g. finite elements) basis functions. Here we use a dictionary-based approximation approach, called the Learning Regularized Functional Matching Pursuit (LRFMP). A dictionary is an intentionally redundant set of diverse trial functions from which iteratively an approximation in a best basis is built. The next best basis element is chosen such that the Tikhonov functional is minimized.The methods have been used for a variety of spherical as well as tomographic tasks from the geosciences as well as medical imaging. Here we apply them to seismic traveltime tomography for the first time. We discuss relevant developments and challenges in the process of tailoring the methods to the problem and show first promising results.
The DROP app: a soil moisture enabled climate information service tailored to smallholder farmerseeds
Authors: Nauta Lisanne , Sutanto Samuel , Paparrizos Spyridon , Supit Iwan
Published: February 2023

Weather and Climate Information Services (WCIS) for agriculture provide weatherand climate forecasts on various timescales, but soil moisture information that is crucial for plantgrowth and optimizing the agricultural yield is still missing. We, therefore, have developed DROPapp, a WCIS with a soil moisture module. This app was designed with and for smallholder farmersworking on rainfed agriculture in northern Ghana and has three main features: 1) information onlocation-specific scientific weather forecasts (SF), 2) local weather forecasts (LF) from smallholderfarmers, and 3) the soil moisture forecasts. The forecasts generate a high probability of raindetection (POD), with a minimum value of 0.7 obtained from LF. The hybrid forecast (HF) thatintegrates the SF and LF yields the highest POD value of 0.9. However, the hybrid system alsohas a high number of false alarms which results in an overall lower forecast performance of HFcompared to SF. More than half of the farmers (58%) perceived that soil moisture forecasts havegood performance. After the implementation of the app, farmers involved in the study were mostlysatisfied with the use and the features of the app. By using the app, they were able to adjust theirfarming activities, such as sowing, planting and weeding dates, fertilizer and herbicide application,and harvesting. Although some limitations exist, the DROP app has potential to be used worldwidein order to deliver actionable knowledge on WCIS for climate-smart farm decision-making.
3D climatology of ice supersaturated regions over the North Atlantic
Authors: Brast Nils , Li Yun , Rohs Susanne , Konjari Patrick , Rolf Christian , Krämer Martina , Petzold Andreas , Spichtinger Peter , Reutter Philipp
Published: February 2023

Water vapor is an essential component for regulating the Earth's radiation budget. To realistically determine the global radiation budget, an accurate description of the water vapor distribution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) is therefore indispensable. For example, small changes in water vapor concentration can lead to significant changes in local radiative forcing, especially in the dry lower stratosphere. The change in this region can be even stronger if condensed water in the form of ice clouds is present instead of solely water vapor.The formation and evolution of ice clouds is crucially determined by the saturation ratio over ice (Si). Ice crystals can only form (and grow) at supersaturated conditions (i.e. Si>1), i.e. in so-called ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs), which also constitute potential regions for the formation and existence of persistent aircraft contrails. Knowing and precisely forecasting the occurrence of ISSRs can help reducing the contribution of aviation to man-made climate change, as contrails usually have a warming effect on the climate.Ice supersaturation is often observed in the UTLS. However, despite their importance, the large-scale three-dimensional structure of ISSRs is widely unknown. Therefore, we present a three-dimensional climatology of ice supersaturation in the UTLS over the North Atlantic for the years 2010 to 2019. This climatology is based on the recent ERA5 reanalysis data set of the European Center for Medium Weather Forecast (ECMWF), which explicitly allows ice supersaturation in cloud-free conditions. To quantify the quality of the ERA5 data set with respect to ice supersaturation, we use the long-term in-situ measurements of the European Research Infrastructure ’In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System’ (IAGOS; www.iagos.org) (Petzold et al., 2015).
iRe-CoDeS: A framework for demand/supply-based resilience assessment of interdependent civil infrastructure systems
Authors: Blagojević Nikola , Stojadinović Božidar
Published: February 2023

Tools for measuring the resilience of infrastructure systems are necessary for engineering the increase in the resilience of communities to natural hazards. Such tools can also inform early and effective disaster risk mitigation actions that lead to rapid post-disaster recovery of the built environment, providing the foundation for a swift restoration of economic and social activities in the affected communities. We present iRe-CoDeS, a framework that measures the resilience of infrastructure systems by dynamically simulating their post-disaster changes in the ability to supply resources to users as well as the change in users demands during the post-disaster recovery period. The iRe-CoDeS framework builds on top of well-established regional hazard and risk assessment tools and extends them by simulating the post-disaster recovery of the built environment and its interdependent infrastructure systems. The interdependencies among different systems are captured at the component level. Apart from providing resource supply, each component of an infrastructure system can have a demand for resources provided by other systems (e.g., a cellular tower providing communication services requires electric power). The iRe-CoDeS framework simulates the flow of resources among components at every time step of the recovery simulation and constrains the component’s ability to supply resources based on its demand fulfillment. Lack of Resilience (LoR) of an infrastructure system is used as its resilience metric: it represents the unmet demand of the community for a resource that the considered infrastructure system is providing. Such a resilience metric is particularly suited for assessing the impact of component interdependencies on community resilience and evaluating community resilience goals. The application of the iRe-CoDeS framework will be briefly illustrated in a case study that addresses the recovery of housing in North-East San Francisco after a hypothetical earthquake. Our recent work on applying the iRe-CoDeS framework for measuring and operationalizing seismic resilience in Switzerland will also be presented.
How catchment properties shape variation in groundwater- surface water interaction: Using geogenic silicate as a tracer in hydrological turnover research
Authors: Bäthke Lars , Schuetz Tobias
Published: February 2023

Hydrological turnover (HT), i. e. gross gains and losses of water along a stream or river is highly variable, producing spatial exchange patterns influenced by local surface and groundwater levels, geology, topography, channel morphology and sediment structures. However, seasonal variations of discharge and catchment storages might be additional factors influencing the locally occurring fraction of streamflow subject to HT.We studied these process interactions at a third order tributary of the river Mosel in Trier, Germany by measuring HT 133 times (in total 399 individual discharge measurements) at two different stream reaches (~500 m each) over a period of two years. The two reaches show a pronounced seasonality in drainage behavior and differ mainly in valley width.  The underlying, silicate rich Devonian schists and slates enable the use of silicate as a marker for prolonged contact with the underground. Hence, we took samples for silicate concentrations in stream water as well as in the near-stream groundwater, regularly (in total 270 samples). For this purpose, we installed three sets of two groundwater wells at each reach. The first well of each set was located directly at the stream bank and the second well in a distance of 3 m from the stream. Thus, we created snapshots of the boundary layer between ground- and surface water where turnover induced mixing occurs. The results show in accordance with literature a site specific negative correlation of HT with discharge, while reach scale net Q changes correlate with HT only at the upstream site which is characterized by steeper hillslopes compared to the downstream section. Analyzing reach specific variation of silicate concentrations between stream and wells suggests that in-reach silica variation increases with the decrease of hydrological turnover and vice versa. This relationship differs between the two reaches and shows significant seasonal effects. These findings are supported by the results of a delayed/base flow separation analysis for both reaches, which shows a faster drainage behavior and a less pronounced contribution of longer delayed groundwater sources for the narrow valley upstream site.These results imply that besides the discharge-induced HT variability seasonal states of groundwater storages might be an additional control on the magnitudes of HT affecting physical stream water composition throughout the year.  
The complexity of South China Sea summer monsoon onset
Authors: Ma Tian , Yu Weidong
Published: February 2023

The complexity of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset is mainly reflected in the interaction of multiscale processes that include the seasonal cycle, 10-25-day ISO (HISO), 30-60-day ISO (LISO). In this study, the characteristics and mechanism of the HISO and LISO and their interaction with the background field are investigated when they trigger the SCSSM onset base on newly released reanalysis and remote sensing data for the period of 1979–2020.The SCSSM onsets always are triggered by the second westward HISO or first northward LISO when the control of subtropical high pressure weakens on the SCS. The first HISO can be seen as a signal that the control is weak enough, and the SCSSM is about to onset. The SCSSM can also be established without the effects of the HISO or LISO, but the date would be put off. Based on the budget analysis of column-integrated moist static energy (MSE), the interaction between the easterly trade winds and the zonal gradient of MSE anomalies is considered the dominant reason for the HISO that can successively propagate westward from the western North Pacific. The SSTa-induced turbulent heat flux and the interaction between the mean southerly and the meridional gradient of the MSE anomaly are both important for the northward LISO from the equatorial Indian Ocean when it triggers the SCSSM onset. For the simulation and forecasting of the SCSSM onset, we put more emphasis on the role of the HISO because it is a more active process.
Morphometric parameters of retrogressive thaw slumps as of 2021 in West Siberia
Authors: Nesterova Nina , Altukhov Maxim , Leibman Marina
Published: February 2023

Retrogressive thaw slumps (RTS, also referred to as thermocirques) are dynamic polycyclic landforms resulting from ground ice melting. Initiation of RTS causes organic carbon emissions into the atmosphere and hydrosphere, as well as changes in topography and vegetation. West Siberia's Arctic zone is characterized by continuous permafrost and the presence of tabular ground ice close to the surface. These factors result in widespread RTS occurrence over the region. Since the majority of RTS studies in West Siberia have been limited to fieldwork at a few key sites, there is still no understanding of true RTS distribution, as well as morphometric and topographical parameters in the region. Remote sensing approaches help gain more knowledge of RTS characteristics over vast areas. This research presents preliminary results of the actual morphometric characteristics of 97 lake-associated RTSs located on the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas. The area of each modern RTS that are possible to identify on Sentinel-2 satellite images taken in 2021 was obtained. Elevation profile for several transects over the digitized RTS were collected using ArcticDEM data. The largest RTS was found in the northern part of the Gydan peninsula with an area of 38 ha. The smallest identified RTS based on the 10 m spatial resolution of Sentinel-2 satellite images was located in central Yamal with an area of 6 ha. The median area was found to be 2,5 ha. Around 70% of RTS had elongated shapes along the coastline with a width larger than the length. This can be caused by either merging neighboring RTSs or by widthwise enlargement. Around 21% of the RTSs were found to have approximately equal width and length. And only 9% of RTS were found to expand inland with a width much less than length. According to our estimates, the average elevation of studied RTS edges was 26 meters above sea level. The smallest difference between the edge and front line heights of the RTS was evaluated at ~ 0,2 meters and the largest appeared to be ~ 5,6 meters. Data collected from the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas enable further analysis of the morphometric parameters of RTSs.This research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation, grant number № 22-27-00644. 
Partitioning the contribution of surface mass balance and ice discharge in Antarctic glacier mass variations (2003-2020)
Authors: Kim Byeong-Hoon , Seo Ki-Weon , Lee Choon-Ki , Kim Jae-Seung , Lee Won Sang
Published: February 2023

We partitioned Antarctic ice mass changes (2003-2020) into the contributions of surface mass balance (SMB) and ice discharge over 27 drainage basins, based on the combined estimates of satellite gravimetry and altimetry observations and a numerical SMB model. Our analysis indicates that the ice discharge has played a dominating role in ongoing ice mass losses and accelerations, especially in the glaciers near Amundsen and Bellingshausen Sea in West Antarctica. In particular, the mass losses in the Thwaites and Pine Island Glaciers have been mostly controlled by ice discharge, while the contribution of SMB has been minor. On the other hand, SMB contributed large portions of ice mass imbalance in East Antarctica, such as glaciers near the Dronning Maud Land and Wilkes Land. An inaccurate GIA model is a potential source of uncertainty in our estimates.
Three-dimensional gravity flows in an idealized stratified ice-covered lake
Authors: Sharifi Fatemeh Sadat , Hinkelmann Reinhard , Hattermann Tore , Kirillin Georgiy
Published: February 2023

The combined effect of gravity and viscosity forces produces a flow along any inclined solid lateral wall in a density-stratified fluid. The flow becomes an important driver of circulation in ice-covered lakes isolated from wind forcing. We present numerical results from the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) investigating three-dimensional buoyancy-driven circulation in an ice-covered lake of simplified symmetric shape. The numerical results revealed vertical current velocities of 10-6 m s-1 and horizontal current velocities of 10-3 m s-1. The model simulated an upward current along sloping boundaries, with downwelling return flow throughout the bulk of the lake's water column. For the typical internal Rossby radius of 14 km, basin-scale circulation in a lake with a horizontal dimension of 45 km turns to a counterclockwise gyre in the lake half depth. We investigated the dependence of the boundary flow and the residual lake-wide circulation on the lake size, bottom slope inclination, and earth rotation. The obtained magnitudes of the boundary flow were compared against known simplified analytical solutions. The outcomes demonstrated that the ROMS model, on the basis of the Boussinesq hydrostatic equation, is able to simulate weakly energetic flows governed by viscous forces and rotation in enclosed thermally stratified ice-covered domains. The results contribute to a better understanding of the processes driving the under-ice freshwater circulation with wider applications, including dynamics of buoyancy-driven flows affected by nonlinear effects, such as freshwater density anomaly.
3D crustal structure of the Irpinia region (Southern Apennines): constraints from the integration of subsurface data and local earthquake tomography
Authors: Feriozzi Fabio , Improta Luigi , Maesano Francesco Emanuele , De Gori Pasquale , Basili Roberto
Published: February 2023

The Irpinia region in the Southern Apennines is one of the areas with the highest seismic hazard in Italy, as also testified by several recent and historical earthquakes ranging between Mw 6.6-6.9 (1694, 1732, 1930, 1980). The shallow crust structural setting of this area is characterized by multiple deformational stages, which caused the tectonic stacking of Meso-Cenozoic sedimentary sequences deposited in different paleogeographic domains. The overall structure of the chain still contends between the thin-skinned and thick-skinned models.We present a 3D geological model of key stratigraphic and tectonic elements based on the analysis of 2D seismic reflection profiles, integrated with well data and surface geology information. We also computed a 3D velocity model of the upper crust (Vp and Vp/Vs) through a local earthquake tomography (LET) to provide inferences on the structure and rock properties of the deep Apulian tectonic stack, especially where this is poorly imaged by seismic reflection imaging. We propose an integrated interpretation of the deep structure based on the analysis of the CROP-04 deep seismic profile and Vp and Vp/Vs patterns.Our results highlight the presence of a regional thrust separating a shallow domain, characterized by relatively low-angle thrust surfaces (Allochthonous domain), from a deeper domain characterized by high-angle buried thrusts that affect the Apulian carbonate platform. The Plio-Pleistocene Apulian compressional architecture seems to control the rock physical properties in the upper crust and the seismotectonic of the area related to NE-SW regional extension active since the Middle Pleistocene. We observed that background seismicity concentrates in high-V, high-Vp/Vs regions that follow the Apulian structural trends and strictly correlate with the main crustal ramp anticlines. Furthermore, our structural model provides new geological insight regarding the destructive 1980 Irpinia earthquake (Mw=6.9), which ruptured three main fault segments.From a methodological point of view, the integration of 3D geological model and LET is suitable for future earthquake relocations based on a data-driven velocity model reconstruction that considers the 3D geological complexities.
Weakening of South Asian monsoon circulation and its interaction with western north Pacific tropical convective activities in a changing climate
Authors: Sagar Aswin , Krishnan Raghavan , Sabin Thazhe Purayil
Published: February 2023

The study addresses the role of climate change on the interaction between the Indian Summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) and western north Pacific (WNP) convective activities. We have examined two high-resolution climate model simulations, with and without anthropogenic forcing (i.e., HIST and HISTNAT), using a variable resolution model. The study is supplemented by detailed diagnostics and innovative techniques like causal network analysis which bring out the interaction of convective activities between the two regions which is altered by the influence of anthropogenically forced climate change. Our results shows that the weakening of ISMR re-orient the cross-equatorial winds along with large-scale moisture transport towards the western tropical Pacific which significantly increase the genesis potential index (GPI) over the region by 9.6%. Further we noted the probability of the occurrence of extremely low sea-level pressure (SLP) i.e., SLP < 995.5 hPa around areas near Taiwan and part of Chinese mainland is significantly higher by 10.3 % in the HIST simulation as compared to that of HISTNAT. The use of causal effect network analysis showed a significant causative link between the Indian monsoon circulation index (IMI), WNP tropical cyclone activity (GPI) and winds over the tropical Indo-Pacific (IPWND). The results show a weakening of the IMI can lead to possible enhancement of GPI and IPWND, with a certain time-lag. It is noteworthy to mention that the time lag of interaction between the IMI, GPI and IPWND are different in the two simulations with a significantly shorter time scales in HIST (~ 5 days) compared to that of HISTNAT where it is significantly larger (>20 days).