bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of the Area Dental Officer
Authors: Gelbier Stanley
Published: February 2007

Reorganization of the NHS in 1974 sped up the process of professionalization of the leadership of the Community Dental Health Services. Since that event public dental officers have gained status through recognition of the need for specialists in community dental health. Nevertheless, by the beginning of 1982 no trainees had yet been appointed to begin the special training programme, thus far failing the efforts of those area dental officers who have striven since 1974 to raise the standards of their successors.
Limits to professional practice in decentralized systems
Authors: Yanay Uri
Published: February 2007

The decentralization of welfare systems and the introduction of “community social work” may confront social workers with tasks they were not trained for and limit their ability to function professionally. The experience of other countries may be relevant to the debate about localism in Britain. In Israel, the publicly directed local community centres have shifted their focus from leisure to welfare services. Trained social workers were employed to initiate and implement personal, group and other local services using local resources and charging fees for services. They reported having difficulties in defining local needs and wants, and in finding congruent solutions for these needs. They also found it difficult to negotiate with community politicians and work with them.

This paper describes the Israeli system of community service centres and indicates some obstacles concerning the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of social workers functioning in an independent, decentralized practice. It also raises some selected issues for future social policy and service administration.
Social Security in the 1980s
Authors: Lister Ruth
Published: February 2007

In the evolution of social security policy over the past decade, a number of themes stand out: improving work incentives; reducing expenditure and civil servant numbers; simplification; targeting help on those in greatest need; the promotion of self‐reliance and independence; tackling fraud and “abuse”. Although not all exclusive to the Thatcher Government, they reflect to a great extent its wider ideological and economic preoccupations. This article examines how the Government's contradictory goals for social security were translated into specific policies, the extent to which their ideological thrust was tempered in practice, and the ambivalent attitudes towards “the poor” revealed in the interplay between ideology and pragmatic politics.
The Implementation of Medical Audit
Authors: Packwood Tim , Kerrison Susan , Buxton Martin
Published: February 2007

As part of the 1989 NHS Review, the government made participation in audit compulsory for the medical profession. Prior to this time, medical audit had been fragmented, implemented by “top‐down”initiatives promoted by professional bodies as well as by localized “bottom‐up”exercises undertaken by committed individuals. The paper uses evidence gained from four case studies of the implementation of medical audit in acute hospitals post 1989, to argue that during the early stages of policy implementation individualistic tendencies have, to some extent inadvertently, been given their head. This has not resulted in stronger external management of medical activities, as the government appeared initially to intend, but rather in locally determined medical audit activity, focused on technical process and medical management. However examining medical audit in the wider context of the total package of NHS reforms and of concurrent changes in medical management, suggests that medical interests, and the individualism that is characteristic of medical organization, will become diluted and less segregated in the future.
Local Voices in an Internal Market: The Case of Community Health Services*
Authors: Pickard Susan , Williams Gareth , Flynn Rob
Published: February 2007

This paper presents findings from a study of contract specification and implementation in community health services (CHS). In this paper, we focus on one aspect of that study: the role of local people in informing the assessment of health needs and in determining the provision of community health services in the context of the NHS “internal market”. The paper is based on fieldwork undertaken in three districts within one region. Analysis of data obtained from these localities suggests that while there appears to be a genuine commitment to the principle of local involvement, ideas about how that involvement can be built into the activities of either purchasers or providers are less transparent.
Social Work Development in Japan
Authors: Ito Yoshiko
Published: February 2007

With the enactment of the Certified Social Workers and Care Workers Act in 1987, Japanese social work would seem at last to have achieved social recognition and a secure position in Japanese society. However, when one examines the roles, working conditions, education and training of social workers, there are significant differences to be observed from the norms of western social work. In this paper the author sets out the unique characteristics of social work in Japan and reviews the pattern of its development in historical, cultural and political terms.
MIGRATION TO RURAL NAVARRE: QUESTIONING THE EXPERIENCE OF COUNTERURBANISATION
Authors: ESCRIBANO MARÍA JESÚS RIVERA
Published: February 2007

During the last two decades, many rural localities of Navarre (northern Spain) have experienced an increase of population related to the counterurbanisation phenomenon. This reflects the growing lure that rural localities have as residential environments for urban people, especially those coming from Pamplona, the county town of the region. Nevertheless, beyond this restructuring process, a plurality of profiles of migrants and reasons for moving to the country are found. This paper attempts to analyse this diversity through the analysis of the discourses of rural newcomers as expressed in diverse indepth interviews. Whereas most of the academic literature regarding counterurbanisation studies is based on conceptual categories defined prior to the encounter researcher/migrant, this paper explores the possibility of inverting the approach to the study of the phenomenon by considering the starting point as the lowest common denominator; how one experiences an urban‐to‐rural migration.
Playing football without a ball: language, reading and academic performance in a high‐poverty school
Authors: Pretorius Elizabeth J. , Mampuru Deborah Maphoko
Published: February 2007

Second language (L2) reading research suggests that there is a complex interplay between L2 proficiency, first language (L1) reading and L2 reading. However, not much is known about the effect of L1 proficiency on L1 reading, and of L1 reading on L2 reading, or vice versa, in bilingual settings when readers have few opportunities for extensive reading in their L1. The relationships between L1 (Northern Sotho) and L2 (English) proficiency and L1 and L2 reading were examined in Grade 7 learners attending a high‐poverty primary school in South Africa, during the course of a year when a reading intervention programme was implemented. The effect that attention to reading and accessibility of books had on the learners' reading proficiency in both languages was examined, and the factors that predicted academic performance were analysed. When the learners were engaged in more reading, L2 reading contributed more variance to L1 reading than L1 proficiency. Reading in both languages also contributed significantly to academic performance. The study highlights the need for more cross‐linguistic reading research in different educational settings.
The caregiving context in institution‐reared and family‐reared infants and toddlers in Romania
Authors: Smyke Anna T. , Koga Sebastian F. , Johnson Dana E. , Fox Nathan A. , Marshall Peter J. , Nelson Charles A. , Zeanah Charles H. ,   the BEIP Core Group
Published: February 2007

Background:  We assess individual differences in the caregiving environments of young children being raised in institutions in Romania in relation to developmental characteristics such as physical growth, cognitive development, emotional expression, and problem and competence behaviors.

Method:  Videotaped observations of the child and favorite caregiver in their ‘home’ environment were coded for caregiving quality, and this was related to child characteristics. Child emotional reactivity was assessed during responses to interactional tasks. Cognitive development was assessed from child responses to the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Data regarding problem behaviors and competence were obtained from caregiver report. Children reared in institutions were compared on all of these measures to never institutionalized children to assist gauging degree of impairment.

Results:  Children raised in institutions demonstrated marked delays in cognitive development, poorer physical growth, and marked deficits in competence. Individual differences in caregiving environment were associated with cognitive development, competence, and negative behavior among these young children being reared in institutions.

Conclusions:  These data confirm previous findings regarding deficits associated with institutional care and extend our understanding of the impact of individual differences in caregiving quality on the development of young children in institutions.
INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BLOOD PRESSURE RESPONSES TO MECHOLYL AND PERSONALITY VARIABLES
Authors: Berger Leslie
Published: February 2007

This study was designed to investigate the interrelationships betwen personility variables measured by both the Blacky Pictures and the Defense Preference Inquiry, and epinephrine‐like and norepinephrine‐like blood pressure reactions to intramuscular Mecholyl.

Thirty hospitalized, open ward, male, acute, psychiatric patients were used as subjects. To evaluate the degree of relationship, phe coefficients were computed betwen the two blood pressure categories and the twenty‐two personality dimensions.

A norepinephrine‐like blood pressure reaction to Mecholyl was associated with a rether primitive and infantile personality constellation, characterized by a tendency to utilize regression and projection as preferred ego defences. The epinephrine‐like blood pressure to Mecholyl was related to a strong attachment to mother, a lesser tendency toward regression, and the utilization of reaction formation as the preferred ago defense.

The results of this study were quite similar to that previously reported by Funkenstein. Thus, the present data give further support to the hypothesis that the way an individual characteristically adjusts at the physiological level to a chemical stres is related to his underlying personality structure, and to his characteristic way of handling psychological stress.
EEG ELECTRODES FOR IN‐FLIGHT MONITORING
Authors: Skov Eiuc R. , Simons David G.
Published: February 2007

An electrode for in‐flight recording of EEG is described. This electrode provides significant improvement over previously available types. When properly applied, it produces little noise, even when tapped. It is difficult to accidentally dislodge and is comfortable under close‐fitting head gear. The leads, a major problem source, may be replaced easily. The impedance between two electrodes is 5000 ohms or less, permitting use with miniature transistorized amplifiers.
INTERAREA ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC PHASE RELATIONSHIPS FOLLOWING SENSORY AND IDEATIONAL STIMULI
Authors: Darrow Chester W. , Hicks Ronald G.
Published: February 2007

Moment‐by‐moment changes in the phase or relative timing of electroencephalographic (EEG) patterns in different brain areas show great lability and psychological responsiveness, and are studied as possible correlates of peripheral psychophysiological reaction. Relative leading, lagging, and in‐phase relationships between EEGs of different brain areas are automatically recorded, and stimuli classed as simple sensory, indifferent‐ideational, disturbing‐ideational, and adaption routines are employed. EEG leading in anterior and central brain areas is found to characterize conditions of arousal. Rapid diphasic reversals of interarea EEG phase relationship during mental activity is possibly symptomatic of interaction between brain areas. Effects of familiarity and adaptation are evaluated.
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF IONIZED AIR ON RATS
Authors: Duffee R. A. , Koontz R. H.
Published: February 2007

The primary purpose of the experiments was to determine whether stress is a necessary precondition for ionized air to affect behavior. A secondary objective was to investigate the relationship between ion polarity and subject age. Thirty‐six male albino rats of the Wistar strain were used as subjects, divided into 2 groups according to age; one group was 3 months, and the other 14 months, old. Animals were exposed in environmental chambers in which the ion concentrations were 2.9 × 105 positive ions/cc, 1.4 × 105 negative ions/cc, or 600 positive and negative ions cc (control). Criteria for evaluating behavioral effects were rate of learning of a water maze and performance in the maze after learning was complete. Half of the subjects were subjected to a 60‐v, 0.7–sec electrical shock prior to maze trials. Results indicate that stress is not a necessary precondition for air ions to affect behavior. Learning of the maze was enhanced by both ion polarities, particularly by negatively ionized air. Performance of the older animals living in a negatively ionized atmosphere was significantly improved.
INSTRUMENTAL BEHAVIOR DURING SLEEP
Authors: Williams Harold L. , Morlock Henry C. , Morlock Jean V.
Published: February 2007

Repetitive auditory stimuli were used to examine the ability of human Ss to sustain instrumental motor responses during sleep. A majority of simple (one tone) and discriminative (two tones) responses occurred without distinct electrographic signs of awakening. Punishment for response failure, which changed neutral stimuli to warning signals, increased the probability of correct responding, particularly to stimuli which did not evoke the alpha rhythm.

Correct responding was a decreasing function of Stages 1, 2, and 3 plus 4, in that order. In Stage REM, however, response probability was markedly affected by the nature of the stimulus. When the stimulus was converted from a neutral to a warning signal, the probability of responding was raised from nearly zero to levels approximating those of other low‐voltage EEG stages. These results suggest that while low responsiveness in Stage 4 may be due to physiological depression. Stage REM is a state of activation in which external stimuli are normally blocked. Contingent reinforcement, by changing the significance of the stimulus, modifies this occlusion‐like phenomenon, permitting appropriate responding.
CHANGES IN ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM AND OTHER PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES DURING SERIAL MENTAL PEREORMANCE
Authors: MacNeilage Peter F.
Published: February 2007

This study attempted to answer two questions: (1) Can electroencephalogram (EEG) amplitude changes be related to specific moment‐to‐moment changes in task performance? (2) To what extent are EEG changes related to changes in other indices of activation?

Physiological responses were recorded from 20 subjects during 12 alternately fast and slow trials of a paced auditory serial addition task and three writing trials involving similar responses. Trial‐by‐trial results showed that EEG amplitude usually tended to covary with other physiological functions in a manner expected from activation theory. All physiological levels decreased during the session but became increasingly sensitive to differences in task difficulty. Within trials there was some concordance between alpha amplitude levels and other physiological levels, but exceptions to this trend and further analysis of palmar conductance patterns suggested that consideration of differential sensitivities of the individual measures to behavioral events might be more profitable than an activation theory approach. The only relation between EEG changes and specific behavioral events was the tendency for alpha and beta to block during motor responses.
SPONTANEOUS ELECTRODERMAL ACTIVITY DURING WAKING AND SLEEPING
Authors: Johnson Laverne C. , Lubin Ardie
Published: February 2007

Spontaneous electrodermal activity (EDA) (galvanic skin response [GSR] and skin potential response [SPR]) was recorded during daytime sleep and nighttime sleep. During all sleep, spontaneous EDA occurred most frequently during stages 3 and 4 (slow wave sleep) and least frequently during stage 1 (rapid eye movement [REM] and non‐REM). This pattern was consistent over 3 nights of sleep. There was no relation between waking and sleeping spontaneous EDA. The spontaneous EDA during slow wave sleep significantly exceeded that during waking. During sleep, spontaneous SPRs often occurred without spontaneous GSRs.
PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF THE GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSE (GSR) AS AN INDEX OF CEREBRAL FUNCTION: IMPLICATIONS OF THE LATENT PERIOD1
Authors: Darrow Chester W.
Published: February 2007

When does the GSR indicate cortical, subcortical, spinal, sympathetic, or purely peripheral function? The neural activity initiating the response necessarily precedes it during the latent period. Since the time required for nerve conduction is shown to occupy only a portion of the period from stimulus to detectable response, there is abundant opportunity for central participation. Cortical activity, as shown by familiar EEG a‐blocking, follows almost any attention‐getting or semantic stimulus and typically occurs during the latent period before the appearance of an observable GSR. Rapid diphasic reversal of EEG phase relations suggestive of “intersociative” interplay between cortical areas occurs during the GSR latent period and even precedes blocking, providing further indication of cortical contribution to GSRs resulting from high level associative activity.
SPONTANEOUS VARIATION IN HEART RATE: RELATIONSHIP TO THE AVERAGE EVOKED HEART RATE RESPONSE TO AUDITORY STIMULI IN THE NEONATE
Authors: Williams Thomas A. , Schachter Joseph , Tobin Michael
Published: February 2007

The relationship of spontaneous variation in heart rate during the pre‐stimulus period to average evoked heart rate response to repetitive auditory stimuli was investigated in the neonate. Spontaneous variation was measured as the slope from horizontal from the peak or trough, preceding the stimulus on the cardio‐tachometer record to the time of stimulus presentation. The data suggest that the stimulus‐evoked heart rate response varies significantly as a function of the spontaneous variation in the pre‐stimulus heart rate slope, independent, in part, of the pre‐stimulus heart rate level.
A TELEPEDOMETER FOR THE REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF HUMAN LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Authors: Herron R. E. , Ramsden R. W.
Published: February 2007

A short‐range, inexpensive, transmitter‐transducer has been designed for installation inside the heel of a shoe. It provides a means of monitoring foot contact with the ground and can be used to obtain information about “natural” patterns of daily physical activity. Its unobtrusiveness serves to reduce or, as in studies of children, to eliminate artifacts due to the subject's awareness that he is under study. Tests indicate that the device is quite durable, stable and reliable. It may be installed and remain in the heel of a shoe, unknown to the wearer, for a matter of days.
WITHIN‐SUBJECT CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN SKIN CONDUCTANCE AND SKIN POTENTIAL UNDER CONDITIONS OE ACTIVITY AND PASSIVITY
Authors: Hupka Ralph B. , Levinger George
Published: February 2007

This study investigated (a) the covariation between skin conductance and skin potential levels and (b) the correspondence between the negative component of the skin potential response (SPR) and concurrent skin conductance response deflections (SCR) during periods of rest and activity. The study was restricted to the protocols of 10 female Ss who manifested predominantly the negative component of the SPR during both periods. During rest periods, the results showed a positive correspondence between conductance and potential levels, and between the negative component of the SPR waves and concurrent SCR deflections. However, under conditions of active motor performance, the correspondence of levels was near zero and much lower between the negative and concurrent SCR deflections. It is suggested that an epidermal factor may be exerting its effects differentially during periods of passivity and activity.
PALMAR SKIN RESISTANCE AND SWEAT‐GLAND COUNTS IN DRUG AND NON‐DRUG STATES
Authors: Juniper Kerrison , Blanton David E. , Dykman Roscoe A.
Published: February 2007

Propantheline bromide, an anticholinergic blocking agent, was found to nullify all sizable changes in skin resistance. Betazole hydrochloride, a histamine isomer causing flushing of the skin, had no detectable effect on changes in skin resistance. Betazole hydrochloride did decrease the level of skin resistance, and it is possible that increased vasodilatation “pumps” more conductive (saline‐like) substances into the skin. These results suggest that relatively rapid changes in skin resistance depend more upon sweat‐gland activity than upon changes in the fluid content of the skin, without denying the importance of the latter. It may be that the level of skin resistance at any one time depends upon a combination of sweat‐gland and vasomotor activities. Hence, as basal levels of skin resistance decrease, the relative magnitude of changes in skin resistance to stimuli also decreases (law of initial values).
PROGRAMMING COMPLEX PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGIC EXPERIMENTS WITH PUNCHED PAPER TAPE: A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH
Authors: Brown Clinton C. , Krausman David
Published: February 2007

Punched paper tape readers, frequently used for machine control and computer input, are readily adaptable for the purposes of presenting extremely complex signal sequences such as those used in psychophysiology. A description of basic operating principles is given together with an explanation of the minor modifications necessary to adapt this instrument to signal control. Complete schematics are presented of an instrument with seven channel control capacity.
AUTONOMIC CORRELATES OF EYE MOVEMENT BURSTS DURING STAGE REM SLEEP
Authors: Spreng Lawrence F. , Johnson Laverne C. , Lubin Ardie
Published: February 2007

During stage REM sleep, eye movements were found to be distributed in discrete bursts of rapid eye movement (REM‐bursts). REM‐burst time averaged approximately 10 percent of stage REM sleep and the rate within a subject was consistent from epoch‐to‐epoch and night‐to‐night. Consistent subject biases in eye movement direction were also found.

Within subject correlations were obtained between REM‐burst time and autonomic activity. Significant positive correlations were found for respiration rate and number of finger pulse responses. There were positive but insignificant correlations with electrodermal activity, heart rate and decreases in respiration amplitude. Autonomic variability was not significantly associated with REM‐burst time.
THE INFLUENCE OF EVENING ACTIVITY ON THE ONSET OF SLEEP
Authors: Hauri Peter
Published: February 2007

Sleep onset following three kinds of evening activities was investigated. These activities were six hours of strenuous physical work, six hours of intensive studying and mental work, and six hours of relaxation, i.e., watching TV, listening to records and reading magazines. Ss were 15 young men, each of whom participated in one activity per night for three non‐consecutive nights.

Results showed that studying delayed sleep onset by an average of about six minutes, but Ss took similar times to fall asleep after exercise and after relaxation. At the moment of sleep onset, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and peripheral pulse volume all were significantly elevated after exercise, when compared to studying and relaxation. Both of these results combined were interpreted as indicating that the level of physiological, systemic activity is relatively unimportant for sleep onset, while the level of mental stimulation seems to play a more important role.
INTAKE‐REJECTION, VERBALIZATION, AND AFFECT: EFFECTS ON HEART RATE AND SKIN CONDUCTANCE
Authors: Edwards Dayid C. , Alsip Jonathan E.
Published: February 2007

Visual tasks judged to require stimulus intake or stimulus rejection were accompanied by instruction to verbalize or not to verbalize as they were presented to male students. Heart rate and skin conductance measures indicated that (1) Lacey's directional fractionation occurred to intake stimuli which were rated pleasant and to those rated unpleasant; (2) an instruction to verbalize following the task increased HR within the limits of a supposed ceiling effect, removing evidence of directional fractionation; and (3) there was no direct relationship between the measures and rated affect. The conclusions of other researchers were examined in relation to these findings.
“AUGMENTING” AND “REDUCING” IN AVERAGED VISUAL EVOKED RESPONSES TO SINE WAVE LIGHT
Authors: Spilker Bert , Callaway Enoch
Published: February 2007

It has been reported that the change in averaged visual evoked response (VER) amplitude with change in light flash intensity is related to a measure of kinesthetic figural after effects. It has also been reported that in some subjects, the amplitude of VER to sine wave light may decrease as depth of modulation approaches 100%. This study attempted to examine the change in VER amplitude resulting from change in depth of sine wave modulation on the one hand, and a measure of kinesthetic figural after effects (referred to as the bar test) on the other. The VER amplitudes to the six depths of modulation were plotted as a ftmction of depth of modulation, and the slope of that function served as an index of VER “augmentation” and “reduction.” The bar test was also scored to yield an index of kinesthetic “augmentation” and “reduction.” There was a rank correlation of .66 (p < .01 for N = 30) between VER slopes and bar test scores. Test‐retest values for eleven subjects show that VER slopes and bar scores changed together and that order of test day apparently had no regular effect. The administration of phenylephrine to dilate pupils produced a steeper VER slope, that is, a greater “augmentation,” in all six subjects tested. These results are discussed in terms of a general stimulus intensity control mechanism which influences sensory responsivity across modalities.
STIMULUS CONTROL OVER OPERANT GALVANIC SKIN RESPONSES
Authors: Defean R. H. , Badia Pieteo , Lewis Paul
Published: February 2007

Operant conditioning of the galvanic skin response (GSR) using a discrimination procedure was attempted in both acquisition and extinction. During acquisition male Ss were given contingent reinforcement during S+ intervals and noncontingent reinforcement during S– intervals. All reinforcement was withheld during extinction. A criterion response was defined as a .5% increase in skin resistance occurring in the absence of electromyogram (EMG) or respiration irregularities. A frequency analysis of GSRs showed that stimulus control was obtained in extinction but not in acquisition. Interpretations based upon skeletal mediation and adaptation were not supported.
SKIN POTENTIAL LEVELS IN RIGHT‐ AND LEFT‐HANDED MALES
Authors: Wyatt Richard , Tursky Bernard
Published: February 2007

From twelve left‐handed and twelve right‐handed males, skin potential levels were recorded simultaneously from both sides of the body. In both groups significantly higher skin potential levels were found on the right side. Unilateral stimuli and handedness did not unilaterally affect maximum response level.
TRANSIENT CHANGES IN EEG SLEEP PATTERNS OF MARRIED GOOD SLEEPERS: THE EFFECTS OF ALTERING SLEEPING ARRANGEMENT
Authors: Monroe Lawrence J.
Published: February 2007

The major purposes of this study were to test the effects of altering the typical home sleeping arrangement on subsequent laboratory sleep, to determine the nature of transient disturbances in EEG sleep patterns of habitual good sleepers, and to explore sex differences in sleep patterns of married couples.

Twenty‐eight married good sleepers slept three consecutive nights in the laboratory under both sleep‐with‐spouse and sleep‐alone conditions. Continuous EEG and eye movement recordings were obtained throughout the seven hour bed period.

Analyses of variance showed a significant increase in the amount of Stage 4 sleep and a significant decrease in REM sleep under the sleep‐alone condition. Transient changes in sleep patterns of good sleepers were not associated with the usual correlates of poor sleep. Sex differences showed females with significantly more Stage 4 sleep, more total sleep, and fewer awakenings.

It was concluded that the typical home sleeping arrangement may be a significant subject‐selection variable in sleep and dream research. The major findings were discussed within the framework of a cortical homeostasis hypothesis.
AN APPARATUS TO STUDY CONTINUOUS DISCRIMINATION PERFORMANCE AS A FUNCTION OF LEVEL OF CEREBRAL VIGILANCE
Authors: Shor Ronald E. , Thackray Richard I.
Published: February 2007

An apparatus was developed to study human discrimination performance as a function of the arousal continuum. The apparatus was designed to provide Ss with an undemanding, repetitive, and monotonous discrimination task over long periods of time. A functional description and circuit details are given.
INSTRUMENTAL MODIFICATION OF ELICITED AUTONOMIC RESPONSES
Authors: Shnidman Susan R. , Shapiro David
Published: February 2007

Discrete trials methodology was used to study the instrumental modification of elicited palmar SPRs in humans. Simple auditory stimuli defined the trials for a number of different reinforcement conditions. The data indicate that autonomic responses elicited by discrete stimuli can be facilitated by operant reinforcement, but there is no evidence for an inhibitory or suppressive effect. The specific contingency of reinforcement and response appears necessary to show the effect.
AWARENESS OF EEG‐SUBJECTIVE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS DETECTED WITHIN A CLOSED FEEDBACK SYSTEM
Authors: Brown Barbara B.
Published: February 2007

The present report summarizes results from feedback experiments using the three EEG frequency ranges of theta, alpha, and beta to operate lights of three different colors. The subjects were requested to try to isolate and identify feeling (and/or thought) activity which they felt caused successful operation of the lights. Written descriptions of this experience from one subject group (26 Ss) were compared to evaluations of subjective activity obtained in a second group of subjects (45 Ss) determined using a color Q‐sort technique. Results from the latter technique were controlled for effects of color and for effects of the feedback experience using a control subject group (45 Ss). Results established two sets of relationships with subjective activity: color and EEG frequency. Each set could exist independently or in relationship to the other. Several characteristics were postulated to account for development of the subjective‐biological relationships in this feedback system, e.g., that generation of “stimulus”and “response”were both internal events; that both reinforcement of the process and the behavior reinforced were selected by subjective activity of the subject; and that positive reinforcement did not occur without effort by the subject to define it.
ELECTROCUTANEOUS THRESHOLD CHANGES PRODUCED BY ELECTRIC SHOCK
Authors: Tursky Bernard , Greenblatt David , O'Connell Donald
Published: February 2007

Three experiments were performed to investigate the effect of strong shock on absolute electrocutaneous thresholds. Experiment 1 confirms the existence of a reliable elevation of absolute threshold after strong shock. Experiment 2 shows the effect to be highly localized to the site of the strongly shocked electrode. It also shows that threshold elevation does not follow the same time course as do local vascular and impedance changes. Experiment 3 used skin treatment to alter the local vascular and impedance levels and demonstrated that threshold elevation occurs after strong shock even after these measures have been stabilized. These data indicate that the threshold increase due to electric shock is probably analogous to auditory fatigue but does not rule out the possible involvement of more central control factors.
TRANSDUCER BRIDGE AMPLIFIER TO DIRECTLY DRIVE LOW SENSITIVITY OSCILLOGRAPHIC RECORDERS
Authors: Krausman David
Published: February 2007

A circuit is described which uses operational amplifiers to drive any low sensitivity recorder or oscillographic display unit from pressure transducers and other varieties of resistive strain‐gauge devices. The circuitry values are specific for the Statham P23 series strain‐gauges used in the measurement of physiological pressures, such as arterial or venous blood pressure, amniotic, and other fluid pressures.
PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL AND LEARNING CORRELATES OF ANXIETY AND INDUCED MUSCLE RELAXATION
Authors: Wilson Alan , Wilson Arthur S.
Published: February 2007

Recently, extensive use has been made of voluntary muscle relaxation as a response which presumably inhibits anxiety in “systematic desensitization” psychotherapies. This study attempted to test the hypothesis that muscle relaxation would reciprocally inhibit anxiety during a paired‐associate learning task. Subjects (Ss) were divided into high, medium, and low anxiety levels and muscle tension, muscle relaxation, and normal tension groups. Paired‐associate learning efficiency, as well as heart rate, skin conductance, integrated electromyogram, respiration rate, and finger temperature during learning were measured. Partial substantiation for the hypothesis was obtained for high anxiety Ss, but data for other groups was inconsistent with the hypothesis. An alternative explanation was suggested. Heart rate was the physiological variable which best discriminated the groups.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR ASSESSING BODY MOVEMENT AND POTENTIAL ARTIFACTS IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL RECORDINGS OF YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Fehr F. S.
Published: February 2007

A method is described for measuring body movement and potential artifacts in the physiological recordings of young children. This method simply involves the attachment of open‐ended electrodes to the cloth cover of the chair in which the child reclines. Techniques are discussed for limiting possible extraneous “noise,” and basic findings under adverse laboratory conditions are presented.
DIFFERENCES IN TRACKING SKILL AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVATION DYNAMICS IN CHILDREN HIGH OR LOW IN PERSISTENCE IN SCHOOLWORK
Authors: Dureman Ingmar , Pålshammar ÅKe
Published: February 2007

Seven children (9–10 years) rated by their schoolteachers as high in persistence (HP) and seven rated as low in persistence (LP) were compared in a simulated car‐driving situation with a risk‐taking game component. Increased reward was paid for every consecutive two minutes that they managed to drive without making more than five “off the road” errors within each of four ten‐minute periods. More than five errors meant loss of accumulated reward, and the situation thus was meant to evoke a kind of temporal approach‐avoidance conflict. Heart rate, skin conductance, and respiratory rate were recorded throughout the session.

The LP children made significantly more “off the road” errors than the HP children during the four driving periods. They also had significantly lower skin conductance levels and lower respiratory rates during the work periods, as well as a suggested difference in the pattern of change in skin conductance.
A SIMPLE DEVICE FOR THE PLYGRAPHIC RECORDING OF JUDGMENTS
Authors: Strahan Robert
Published: February 2007

A device for recording judgmental data on the Grass Model 7 polygraph is described. Various modifications of the simple apparatus are discussed.
DIFFERENTIATION OF CONDITIONED AND ORIENTING RESPONSE COMPONENTS IN ELECTRODERMAL CONDITIONING
Authors: ÖHman Arne
Published: February 2007

Different criteria for orienting and conditioned responses (ORs and CRs) are discussed, and it is proposed that neither latency nor differences between conditioning and sensitization treatments provide adequate solutions to the problem. An additional criterion is proposed based on differences in the slopes of the generalization gradients, i.e. ORs should show rising and CRs falling generalization gradients with increased stimulus change. This criterion was tested for conditioning and sensitization groups in paradigms involving generalization along pitch and temporal continua. It was found that the response to the onset of the conditional stimulus (the CS response) fulfilled the proposed criteria for an OR, while responses in the interval of the unconditioned response on trials where the unconditional stimulus (US) was omitted (post‐US responses) satisfied the criteria for an OR early in training and the criteria for a CR later in training. For the response preceding US (the pre‐US response) no definite conclusion was reached, but the evidence could be interpreted to mean that both OR and CR components participated in that response too. The relationships between these response components and stages of sensory integration and response acquisition of conditioning are discussed.
THE EEG CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING
Authors: Philips Clare
Published: February 2007

Computer analysis of EEG data, recorded under both resting and work conditions following smoking, was compared to the appropriate control data in 6 male subjects. Following digitizing, a Power Spectral Analysis was performed which revealed significant reductions in the peak alpha frequency component up to 20 min following smoking, during a visual task. Eyes open resting data showed a similar but not significant loss, after 8 min. No indications of increased fast activity were found. These results were related to comparable work on animals and humans. A suggestion was made as to the relevance of these changes.
UNIDIRECTIONAL AND LARGE MAGNITUDE HEART RATE CHANGES WITH AUGMENTED SENSORY FEEDBACK
Authors: Headrick Mary W. , Feather Ben W. , Wells David T.
Published: February 2007

In the first of two studies, subjects (Ss) were required to either raise or lower heart rate (HR) relative to pre‐trial baseline by altering a tone which changed frequency with HR. Reliable increases but no decreases in HR were found. In a second study extended training of a single S with visual feedback resulted in consistent sustained HR increases of 15 to 35 beats per minute (bpm), but only slight decreases. Sustained elevated rate was accompanied by anxiety. No reliable changes in breathing occurred in either study.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY CORRELATES OF COMMISSION ERRORS IN AN AUDITORY VIGILANCE TASK
Authors: Krupski Antoinette , Raskin David C. , Bakan Paul
Published: February 2007

To determine correlates of the tendency to make errors of commission in a vigilance task, 31 Ss worked at a task of listening to recorded digits for 48 min and reported odd‐even‐odd digit sequences. Reports of “signals” where signals did not actually occur constituted commission errors. While S was engaged in the vigilance task skin conductance was continuously recorded. A measure of extra‐version and neuroticism was available for each S. The tendency to make commission errors was associated with decrement in the detection of real signals over time, low GSR amplitude at detection points, and low initial orienting response. Commission errors were positively related to extraversion and unrelated to neuroticism. It was concluded that commission errors are made by Ss who are low in arousal level, subject to vigilance decrement, and likely to score higher on extra‐version.
ONTOGENESIS OF SPONTANEOUS K‐COMPLEXES
Authors: Metcalf David R. , Mondale Jason , Butler Francine K.
Published: February 2007

The “spontaneous” K‐complex, an EEG phenomenon, was studied with an explicit rating system. The spontaneous K‐complex can first be identified at age 6 months. Maturation of the K‐complex progresses rapidly for about the first 2 years after birth, then slows, albeit, with increased variability until age 5 years, progressing again until a relative plateau in K‐complex development is reached at about age 12. Four parameters are used in the rating system: individuation, vertex focus, repetition, and spread of the K‐complex. It is hypothesized that neurofunctional development underlying K‐complex ontogenesis may have referents observable in terms of a number of information‐processing parameters such as behavioral‐developmental, and cognitive‐perceptual levels of functioning during early childhood. It is speculated that the neurofunctional change implied by the early ontogenesis of K‐complexes indexes the approximate age of onset of the infant's capacity to experience dreams.
BILATERAL DIFFERENCES IN SKIN RESISTANCE AND VASOMOTOR ACTIVITY
Authors: Vabni John G. , Doerr Hans O. , Franklin Jill R.
Published: February 2007

Bilateral basal skin resistance (BSR) and bilateral photoplethysmographic vasomotor measures were obtained for 16 Ss. Ten Ss were found to have bilateral differences in BSR. The direction of these differences was not related to handedness. Bilateral differences in vasomotor resting levels, variability, and reactivity were also observed in the majority of Ss. Some relationships among bilateral patterns of vasomotor responsivity and BSR emerged. Thus, the side of the body having lower BSR was identical to the side with the lesser vasomotor constriction during experimental stress (breath holding). Also, the side of the body having the lower vasomotor amplitude had less vasomotor variability. The findings suggest that asymmetry of autonomic activity is typical rather than atypical for the normal individual, and that various autonomic variables form patterns of asymmetry.
MEASUREMENT OF THE CARDIAC RESPONSE IN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND NORMAL CHILDREN
Authors: Miller W. H. , Bernal M. E.
Published: February 2007

In a previous study (Bernal & Miller, 1970), striking differences were found between schizophrenic and normal children in the magnitude of their galvanic skin responses (GSRs) to simple sensory stimuli. However, the Lang and Hnatiow (1962) measure of cardiac response failed to demonstrate these GSR group differences. The present paper is a followup of the Bernal and Miller study and its purpose was to evaluate the use of various measures of heart rate (HR) in discriminating between clinical and normal groups of children.

The cardiac data were converted to measures that were (1) independent of and dependent upon prestimulus HR level, and (2) based upon individually and group derived decelerative trough in HR. The main results of the analyses of variance for repeated measurements were: (1) no single HR measure was found to delineate the cardiac response reliably across stimulus conditions or between groups of Ss, and (2) individually‐determined HR deceleration, especially when corrected via covariance analysis for prestimulus level, was superior to a group‐determined decelerative HR measure in demonstrating both habituation and group effects.
OCCIPITAL ALPHA AND ACCOMMODATIVE VERGENCE, PURSUIT TRACKING, AND FAST EYE MOVEMENTS
Authors: Mulholland Thomas B. , Peper Erik
Published: February 2007

The parietal‐occipital EEG was recorded while subjects performed various fixation, accommodation, and tracking maneuvers with stationary and moving targets. For some experiments the target was continuously in view and independent of the EEG; in others, a feedback path connected the occurrence of parietal‐occipital alpha with the visibility of the target. The results show that alpha attenuation or blocking is not due to “visual attention'” but to processes of fixation, lens accommodation, and pursuit tracking. Saccadic movements were not reliably linked to alpha or alpha “blocking.'” The utility of feedback methods for testing the hypotheses that visual control processes are linked to the parietal‐occipital alpha rhythms was demonstrated.
FREQUENCY OF THE EEG DURING ACQUISITION IN SHORT‐TERM MEMORY
Authors: Surwillo Walter W.
Published: February 2007

This study investigated changes in frequency of the EEG in relation to the number of digits inputed in a test of short‐term memory. Four channels of bipolar EEGs were recorded from scalp leads over parietal and occipital areas of both hemispheres, while lists of the WISC digit span backward test were inputed. Data from 25 healthy Ss, who correctly recalled the 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, and 5‐digit lists in reversed order, were analyzed. Findings showed no statistically significant differences in frequency of the EEGs recorded during acquisition of lists of different length. EEG frequency was significantly faster during acquisition of the lists than during a control condition in which Ss participated in an auditory reaction time task; but the findings were not consistent from channel to channel.
A DEVELOPMENTAL STUDY OF THE CARDIAC RESPONSE TO STIMULUS ONSET AND OFFSET DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
Authors: Lewis Michael
Published: February 2007

Almost no work exploring the effects of auditory stimulus onset and offset is to be found, especially if one looks at the problem in a developmental manner. In order to investigate this problem, a total of 62 infants within the first year of life were seen: 22, 20, and 20 subjects at 12, 24, and 52 weeks respectively. Each infant received 7 trials, 30 sec in duration, with a 30‐sec intertrial interval. The first 6 trials consisted of the same auditory signal‐a C chord at 65 db‐while the 7th trial was either a C tone or a C chord with the base notes muted (dull), both at 65 db. Heart rate was continuously monitored along with other measures not reported in this paper. Amount of deceleration was used as the primary response.

The data indicate several important results: (1) a consistent and rather large degree of deceleration; this for both onset and offset. (2) For 3‐ and 6‐month‐olds the terminal OR is less than the onset OR, while the 12‐month‐olds show greater terminal than onset OR. (3) Habituation of the onset OR follows a developmental pattern, with 3‐month‐olds showing the least habituation and 12‐month‐olds showing the most. (4) Habituation of terminal OR also shows a developmental trend, with the 3‐ and 6‐month‐olds showing habituation while 12‐month‐olds show little habituation. The recovery data (dishabituation) results for the 7th trial indicate that some changes are more effective than others.
The Effects of Continuous, High Intensity, White Noise on the Human Sleep Cycle
Authors: Scott Thomas D.
Published: February 2007

Eight male college students slept for 8 consecutive nights under conditions of 93 ± 2 dB white noise (N) and under normal quiet conditions (Q). On N nights the percentage of total sleep time spent in stage REM was decreased (p < .001), the percentages of stages 1 and 2 were increased (p < .05, p < .001, respectively) and REM latency was increased (p < .02) compared to Q nights prior to N nights. On Q nights following N nights the percentages of stage REM increased above baseline levels indicating compensatory recovery effects from REM sleep deprivation on the prior N nights. Stages 3 and 4 remained unchanged throughout the study. The reduction in stage REM on N nights was directly attributed to the effects of noise on the CNS and not a secondary result of an increased number of awakenings on N nights.
Large Magnitude Heart Rate Changes in Subjects Instructed to Change Their Heart Rates and Given Exteroceptive Feedback
Authors: Stephens Joseph H. , Harris Alan H. , Brady Joseph V.
Published: February 2007

Four subjects who were given exteroceptive, auditory and visual feedback, and were asked to raise and to lower their heart rate on signal, were able to produce large magnitude changes in both directions. The fact that some of these changes occurred immediately suggests that feedback may not be as important as some authors have suggested. Respiratory changes and changes in muscle tension did not appear to be mediators.