bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of D‐Galactofuranose‐Containing Molecules: Design of Galactofuranosyl Acceptors
Authors: Marino Carla , Baldoni Luciana
Published: January 2014

D‐Galactofuranose (D‐Galf) is present in glycoconjugates of several pathogenic microorganisms but is absent in mammals, so it is a good target for the development of chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of microbial infections. This fact has increased interest in the synthesis of D‐Galf‐containing molecules for corresponding glycobiological studies. The synthesis of oligosaccharides, glycoconjugates, and mimetics of D‐Galf requires specific methods for the preparation of galactose derivatives in the furanosic configuration, the synthesis of appropriate acceptors, and efficient glycosylation methods for the construction of α‐ and β‐D‐Galf linkages. This review summarizes the different strategies developed for the preparation of partially protected derivatives of D‐Galf, suitable as acceptors for the construction of (1→2), (1→3), (1→5), and (1→6) link‐ ages, and describes recent applications.
Amine‐Mediated Degradation in Olefin Metathesis Reactions that Employ the Second‐Generation Grubbs Catalyst
Authors: Lummiss Justin A. M. , Ireland Benjamin J. , Sommers Jacob M. , Fogg Deryn E.
Published: January 2014

Amine‐mediated decomposition during olefin metathesis reactions that employ the second‐generation Grubbs catalyst is studied. For most amines, the dominant deactivation pathway involves ejection of the PCy3 (Cy=cyclohexyl) ligand by the amine, followed by abstraction of the methylidene moiety from the resting‐state species RuCl2(H2IMes)(PCy3)(=CH2) (H2IMes=1,3‐dimesityl‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene) as [MePCy3]Cl. An exception is highly basic 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU), which is slow to degrade the resting‐state methylidene complex, and for which the phosphonium byproduct is not observed. However, DBU is shown to rapidly attack a species generated during catalysis, most probably the metallacyclobutane intermediate.
Utilization Patterns of Single‐Photon Emission Cardiac Tomography Myocardial Perfusion Imaging Studies in a Rural Tertiary Care Setting
Authors: Singh Maninder , Babayan Zaruhi , Harjai Kishore J. , Dedhia Paras , Sattur Sudhakar , Jagasia Dinesh H.
Published: January 2014

Background

Appropriate use criteria (AUC) for single‐photon emission computed tomographic myocardial perfusion imaging (SPECT MPI) were revised in 2009 to include 15 new clinical scenarios. We assessed multivariable predictors and overall appropriateness of MPI studies performed in a rural tertiary care setting.

Hypothesis

We hypothesized that appropriate utilization rates of SPECT MPI imaging in a rural tertiary care center are similar for cardiology and non cardiology providers.

Methods

We reviewed all SPECT MPI studies performed for over a 6‐month period at our center. Using 67 scenarios in AUC, we categorized these studies as appropriate, inappropriate, uncertain, or unclassifiable.

Results

Of 328 MPI studies, 287 (88%) studies were classified as appropriate, 18 (5.5%) as inappropriate, 23 (7%) as uncertain, and none as unclassifiable. Preoperative testing accounted for 44% of the inappropriate studies; 61% of uncertain tests were ordered for cardiovascular risk assessment in patients with prior normal coronary angiography or normal stress tests. The ordering provider specialty did not show any relation with appropriateness of the test (P = 0.46). Patients with inappropriate and uncertain studies were younger than patients with appropriate studies (P = 0.007).

Conclusions

We found that a majority of MPI studies are performed for appropriate indications regardless of ordering provider specialty. Few common scenarios accounted for the majority of the inappropriate or uncertain studies.
Encapsulated Ruthenium(II) Complexes in Biocompatible Poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) Nanoparticles for Application in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Bœuf Gaëlle , Roullin Gaëlle V. , Moreau Juliette , Van Gulick Laurence , Zambrano Pineda Nebraska , Terryn Christine , Ploton Dominique , Andry Marie Christine , Chuburu Françoise , Dukic Sylvain , Molinari Michaël , Lemercier Gilles
Published: January 2014

The elaboration, characterisation and efficiency of potential two‐photon‐excited photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment of new poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanoparticles loaded with ruthenium(II) complexs are presented. The materials are based on the encapsulation of RuII complexes through an all‐biocompatible process. The size of the nanoparticles is around 100 nm. The internal concentration is several orders of magnitude higher than the overall concentration, which leads to a more efficient and targeted effect. The therapeutic potential for PDT of these nanoparticles has been studied in vitro on C6 glioma cells.
An effective growth method to improve the homogeneity of relaxor ferroelectric single crystal Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3‐ Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3
Authors: Wang Xian , Zhang Haiwu , Lin Di , Wang Sheng , Zhao Xiangyong , Chen Jianwei , Deng Hao , Li Xiaobing , Xu Haiqing , Luo Haosu
Published: January 2014

Compositional segregation usually has negative effects on the growth of solid solution ferroelectric single crystals of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3‐Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 (abbr. PIN‐PMN‐PT or PIMNT). A modified Bridgman method was adopted in this work to control the segregation and improve the compositional homogeneity significantly. The characteristic of this work is to use multiround growths and gradient composition raw materials in order to keep the PbTiO3 concentration constant during the crystal growth. As an example, the two‐round growth of ternary PIN‐PMN‐PT single crystal is conducted in the same Pt crucible with gradient raw materials, where the first‐round boule was used as the seed crystal for the second‐round growth. Our results show that the as‐grown (Ф80 mm × 270 mm) PIN‐PMN‐PT crystals exhibit higher phase transition temperatures (Tc∼180 °C, Tr/t∼110 °C) and larger coercive field (Ec∼5–5.5 kV/cm), which are much better than the performances of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐PbTiO3 crystals, and similar dielectric and piezoelectric performances (ε∼5000, tanδ∼1.25%, d33∼1500 pC/N, kt∼60%). And about 85 percent of the crystal boule grown by the two‐round growth technique could maintain its compositions around the morphotropic phase boundary.
Comparative Study of Aerogels Obtained from Differently Prepared Nanocellulose Fibers
Authors: Chen Wenshuai , Li Qing , Wang Youcheng , Yi Xin , Zeng Jie , Yu Haipeng , Liu Yixing , Li Jian
Published: January 2014

This article describes the fabrication of nanocellulose fibers (NCFs) with different morphologies and surface properties from biomass resources as well as their self‐aggregation into lightweight aerogels. By carefully modulating the nanofibrillation process, four types of NCFs could be readily fabricated, including long aggregated nanofiber bundles, long individualized nanofibers with surface C6‐carboxylate groups, short aggregated nanofibers, and short individualized nanofibers with surface sulfate groups. Free‐standing lightweight aerogels were obtained from the corresponding aqueous NCF suspensions through freeze‐drying. The structure of the aerogels could be controlled by manipulating the type of NCFs and the concentration of their suspensions. A possible mechanism for the self‐aggregation of NCFs into two‐ or three‐dimensional aerogel nanostructures was further proposed. Owing to web‐like structure, high porosity, and high surface reactivity, the NCF aerogels exhibited high mechanical flexibility and ductility, and excellent properties for water uptake, removal of dye pollutants, and the use as thermal insulation materials. The aerogels also displayed sound‐adsorption capability at high frequencies.
Always Look on the “Light” Side of Life: Sustainable Carbon Aerogels
Authors: White Robin J. , Brun Nicolas , Budarin Vitaly L. , Clark James H. , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena
Published: January 2014

The production of carbon aerogels based on the conversion of inexpensive and abundant precursors using environmentally friendly processes is a highly attractive subject in materials chemistry today. This article reviews the latest developments regarding the rapidly developing field of carbonaceous aerogels prepared from biomass and biomass‐derived precursors, highlighting exciting and innovative approaches to green, sustainable nanomaterial synthesis. A review of the state‐of‐the‐art technologies will be provided with a specific focus on two complimentary synthetic approaches developed upon the principles of green chemistry. These carbonaceous aerogel synthesis strategies, namely the Starbon and carbogel approaches, can be regarded as “top‐down” and “bottom‐up” strategies, respectively. The structural properties can be easily tailored by controlling synthetic parameters such as the precursor selection and concentration, the drying technique employed and post‐synthesis temperature annealing. In addition to these parameters, the behavior of these sustainable carbon aerogel platforms in a variety of environmental and energy‐related applications will also be discussed, including water remediation and fuel cell chemistry (i.e., the oxygen reduction reaction). This Review reveals the fascinating variety of highly porous, versatile, nanostructured, and functional carbon‐based aerogels accessible through the highlighted sustainable synthetic platforms.
Origin of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Stability in Water/Dimethyl Sulfoxide Mixtures
Authors: Tsilomelekis George , Josephson Tyler R. , Nikolakis Vladimiros , Caratzoulas Stavros
Published: January 2014

Invited for this month′s cover is the Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation at the University of Delaware. The image shows the synergy of first principles calculations with vibrational spectroscopy to elucidate the stability of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in DMSO/water mixtures. The Full Paper itself is available on page 117 (10.1002/cssc.201300786).
Cryptanalysis of mCrypton‐64
Authors: Shakiba Mohsen , Dakhilalian Mohammad , Mala Hamid
Published: January 2014

In recent years, because of the security requirements of resource‐constrained devices, design and analysis of lightweight block ciphers has received more attention. mCrypton is a lightweight block cipher that has been specifically designed for using in resource‐constrained devices, such as low‐cost radio‐frequency identification tags and sensors. In this paper, we consider cryptanalysis of full‐round mCrypton‐64 using a new extension of biclique attack called non‐isomorphic biclique cryptanalysis. As it is known, effectiveness of the biclique attack is highly dependent to the weakness of key schedule, and it does not seem to be appropriate for block ciphers with strong key scheduling. The non‐isomorphic biclique attack, using an asymmetric key partitioning technique, provides more degrees of freedom to the attacker and makes it possible to use the diffusion layer properties of a block cipher for constructing longer bicliques. Results show that the attack on full‐round mCrypton requires 233.9 chosen plaintexts and a time complexity of 262.67 encryptions. The computational complexity reduces to 262.3, 261.4, and 259.75 encryptions for 10, 8, and 6 rounds of mCrypton‐64, respectively. We also have a discussion on the general form of the computational complexity for non‐isomorphic biclique cryptanalysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dense overlapped linear subarray architecture for interference suppressing in small‐scale arrays
Authors: Liu Enxiao , Meng Weixiao , Han Shuai
Published: January 2014

Compared to omnidirectional antennas, smart antenna arrays are qualified such advantages as lower interference and better spatial reuse. As developed from large‐scale phased array radar, subarray technology is a key approach to reduce the computational complexity, and a quantity of algorithms for subarray partition and low sidelobe has been studied and applied in radar system. With the development of hardware manufacture, portability and mobility are the trend of devices, which limit the array aperture and number of elements, and the performances are constrained by elements number. This paper proposes a dense overlapped subarray architecture for linear array when elements number is small, to improve the array gain and output signal to interference plus noise ratio, and different weighting mode is employed at element and subarray level for adaptive digital beamforming to obtain special performances. The subarray partition is presented for the linear array, which keeps the spacing at subarray level half wavelength to avoid grating lobes and nulls, and the simulation results demonstrate that the subarray architecture induces better output signal to interference plus noise ratio; meanwhile, the computational amount is reduced. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An attribute‐based tripartite key agreement protocol
Authors: Bayat Majid , Aref Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2014

Tripartite key agreement protocols enable three users to share a common and secure secret key by exchanging some information in a public channel. In this paper, we introduce the first attribute‐based tripartite key agreement protocol, which is a kind of identity‐based tripartite key agreement protocols, which the identities consist of descriptive attributes. Also, we propose an extended security model for these protocols and prove the security of our protocol in the random oracle model.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of the immunoproteasome ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Basler Michael , Mundt Sarah , Muchamuel Tony , Moll Carlo , Jiang Jing , Groettrup Marcus , Kirk Christopher J.
Published: January 2014

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic demyelinating immune mediated disease of the central nervous system. The immunoproteasome is a distinct class of proteasomes found predominantly in monocytes and lymphocytes. Recently, we demonstrated a novel function of immunoproteasomes in cytokine production and T cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic efficacy of an inhibitor of the immunoproteasome (ONX 0914) in two different mouse models of MS. ONX 0914 attenuated disease progression after active and passive induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), both in MOG35–55 and PLP139–151‐induced EAE. Isolation of lymphocytes from the brain or spinal cord revealed a strong reduction of cytokine‐producing CD4+ cells in ONX 0914 treated mice. Additionally, ONX 0914 treatment prevented disease exacerbation in a relapsing‐remitting model. An analysis of draining lymph nodes after induction of EAE revealed that the differentiation to Th17 or Th1 cells was strongly impaired in ONX 0914 treated mice. These results implicate the immunoproteasome in the development of EAE and suggest that immunoproteasome inhibitors are promising drugs for the treatment of MS.
Implications of next generation attenuation ground motion prediction equations for site coefficients used in earthquake resistant design
Authors: Borcherdt Roger D.
Published: January 2014

Proposals are developed to update Tables 11.4‐1 and 11.4‐2 of Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures published as American Society of Civil Engineers Structural Engineering Institute standard 7‐10 (ASCE/SEI 7–10). The updates are mean next generation attenuation (NGA) site coefficients inferred directly from the four NGA ground motion prediction equations used to derive the maximum considered earthquake response maps adopted in ASCE/SEI 7–10. Proposals include the recommendation to use straight‐line interpolation to infer site coefficients at intermediate values of (average shear velocity to 30‐m depth). The NGA coefficients are shown to agree well with adopted site coefficients at low levels of input motion (0.1 g) and those observed from the Loma Prieta earthquake. For higher levels of input motion, the majority of the adopted values are within the 95% epistemic‐uncertainty limits implied by the NGA estimates with the exceptions being the mid‐period site coefficient, Fv, for site class D and the short‐period coefficient, Fa, for site class C, both of which are slightly less than the corresponding 95% limit. The NGA data base shows that the median value of 913 m/s for site class B is more typical than 760 m/s as a value to characterize firm to hard rock sites as the uniform ground condition for future maximum considered earthquake response ground motion estimates. Future updates of NGA ground motion prediction equations can be incorporated easily into future adjustments of adopted site coefficients using procedures presented herein. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
EVALUATION OF SURGE AND CUTBACK FLOW FURROW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS FOR PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM) PRODUCTION
Authors: Gudissa Hailu Debele , Edossa Desalegn Chemeda
Published: January 2014

The aim of this field experiment was to evaluate surge, cutback and conventional flow furrow irrigation systems in terms of hydraulic, technical and agronomic performance measures for pepper production in Gambella Regional State, Ethiopia. The treatments consisted of two surges (SR1 = 1/3 cycle ratio and SR2 = 1/2 cycle ratio), one cutback (CB) and one conventional (C) flow furrow irrigation systems. The advance time ratios (ATR) recorded under the two surge treatments ranged from 0.57 to 0.70. Maximum application efficiency of 61.8%, storage efficiency of 95.1% and uniformity coefficient of 77.3% were recorded under SR1, whereas the lowest corresponding values of 52.8, 81.2 and 56.1% were recorded under C. Maximum deep percolation (23.6%) and tailwater (27.7%) losses were recorded from CB and C treatments, respectively, whereas SR1 and SR2, respectively, gave minimum deep percolation (14.3%) and tailwater (20.5%) losses. In terms of all agronomic performance measures, it was found that SR2 performed well, followed by SR1. However, the C treatment gave minimum yield (6450 kg ha−1), crop water productivity (17.5 kg ha−1 mm−1) and irrigation water productivity (11.3 kg ha−1 mm−1). From the findings of this study, it was concluded that surge and cutback flow furrow irrigation systems are promising technologies for pepper production in areas with minimal water use. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Norisoboldine attenuates inflammatory pain via the adenosine A1 receptor
Authors: Gao X. , Lu Q. , Chou G. , Wang Z. , Pan R. , Xia Y. , Hu H. , Dai Y.
Published: January 2014

Background

Norisoboldine (NOR) is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Radix Linderae, a traditional Chinese medicine. Our previous studies have demonstrated that it produces anti‐inflammatory and anti‐rheumatoid arthritis effects.

Methods

The present study was undertaken to explore the analgesic effects of NOR and its potential mechanism in the formalin test and the acetic acid writhing test.

Results

Oral administration of NOR dose dependently attenuated the formalin‐induced pain responses in the second phase, and reduced formalin‐induced paw oedema. It also diminished acetic acid‐induced writhing responses but had no effect on acute thermal pain in the hotplate test. The mechanistic studies suggested that the adenosine system, but not the opioid receptor system, is involved in NOR‐induced antinociception. Naloxone, a non‐selective opioid receptor antagonist, had no effect on NOR‐induced analgesic action. However, caffeine (a non‐selective adenosine receptor antagonist) completely reversed the analgesic effect of NOR in formalin‐induced nociceptive responses in the second phase, and 8‐cyclopentyl‐1, 3‐dipropylxanthine (DPCPX, a selective adenosine A1 receptor antagonist) completely inhibited NOR‐induced analgesia in both formalin‐induced nociceptive responses and acetic acid‐induced writhing responses. In addition, NOR reduced formalin‐induced activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II in the spinal cord, which is also blocked by DPCPX. Furthermore, NOR decreased forskolin‐evoked cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels in mouse spinal cord neuronal cultures through the adenosine A1 receptor.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that NOR produces the analgesic effect in inflammatory pain by a mechanism related to the adenosine system.
Recognizing Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Individuals With Psychotic Disorders
Authors: Putts Matthew R.
Published: January 2014

The majority of individuals diagnosed with a psychotic episode also meet symptom criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Mueser, Lu, Rosenberg, & Wolfe, ). Unfortunately, trauma from both previous life events and the experiences of a psychotic episode as well as PTSD symptoms are rarely recognized in this population. Steps to assessing trauma history and PTSD symptoms and initiating treatment in a client diagnosed with a psychotic disorder are highlighted.
Developmental Relational Counseling: Applications for Counseling Men
Authors: Duffey Thelma , Haberstroh Shane
Published: January 2014

Developmental relational counseling (DRC) is a conceptual model designed to help people gain a deeper awareness of their relational functioning. DRC is informed by relational‐cultural theory and influenced by the Enneagram personality typology and cognitive and narrative theories. This article outlines the DRC model in counseling practice with men. Men involved in counseling services may use this approach to expand their personal awareness and promote mutual understanding in their relationships.
A Novel IFITM5 Mutation in Severe Atypical Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type VI Impairs Osteoblast Production of Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor
Authors: Farber Charles R , Reich Adi , Barnes Aileen M , Becerra Patricia , Rauch Frank , Cabral Wayne A , Bae Alison , Quinlan Aaron , Glorieux Francis H , Clemens Thomas L , Marini Joan C
Published: January 2014

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) types V and VI are caused, respectively, by a unique dominant mutation in IFITM5, encoding BRIL, a transmembrane ifitm-like protein most strongly expressed in the skeletal system, and recessive null mutations in SERPINF1, encoding pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF). We identified a 25-year-old woman with severe OI whose dermal fibroblasts and cultured osteoblasts displayed minimal secretion of PEDF, but whose serum PEDF level was in the normal range. SERPINF1 sequences were normal despite bone histomorphometry consistent with type VI OI and elevated childhood serum alkaline phosphatase. We performed exome sequencing on the proband, both parents, and an unaffected sibling. IFITM5 emerged as the candidate gene from bioinformatics analysis, and was corroborated by membership in a murine bone co-expression network module containing all currently known OI genes. The de novo IFITM5 mutation was confirmed in one allele of the proband, resulting in a p.S40L substitution in the intracellular domain of BRIL but was absent in unaffected family members. IFITM5 expression was normal in proband fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and BRIL protein level was similar to control in differentiated proband osteoblasts on Western blot and in permeabilized mutant osteoblasts by microscopy. In contrast, SERPINF1 expression was decreased in proband osteoblasts; PEDF was barely detectable in conditioned media of proband cells. Expression and secretion of type I collagen was similarly decreased in proband osteoblasts; the expression pattern of several osteoblast markers largely overlapped reported values from cells with a primary PEDF defect. In contrast, osteoblasts from a typical case of type V OI, with an activating mutation at the 5'-terminus of BRIL, have increased SERPINF1 expression and PEDF secretion during osteoblast differentiation. Together, these data suggest that BRIL and PEDF have a relationship that connects the genes for types V and VI OI and their roles in bone mineralization. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity of Pt/N‐TiO2 towards Enhanced H2 Production from Water Splitting
Authors: Wu Ren‐Jang , Hsieh Ying‐Chieh , Hung Heng‐Chieh , Ie Chiu , Chavali Murthy
Published: January 2014

Present work mainly focuses on experimental investigation to improvement of hydrogen production by water photoelectrolysis. An experimental facility was designed and constructed for visible light photocatalysis. A series of N‐TiO2 photocatalysts impregnated with platinum on the surface of N‐TiO2 were prepared. Hydrogen production upon irradiating aqueous Pt/N‐TiO2 suspension with visible light was investigated. The shift in excitation wavelength of TiO2 was 380 nm improved the yield of hydrogen production by N‐TiO2 and Pt/N‐TiO2. We used a 400 W mercury arc lamp combined with a 400 nm cutoff filter eliminating all the wavelengths under 400 nm. Pt/N‐TiO2 material was characterized with TPR, reflective UV/Visible spectroscopy and TEM. The best hydrogen production rate obtained for this setup for N/Ti = 10, 0.05 wt% Pt/N‐TiO2, through water splitting was about 772 μmolh−1g−1.
Interprofessional simulation training improves knowledge and teamwork in nursing and medical students during internal medicine clerkship
Authors: Tofil Nancy M. , Morris Jason L. , Peterson Dawn Taylor , Watts Penni , Epps Chad , Harrington Kathy F. , Leon Kevin , Pierce Caleb , White Marjorie Lee
Published: January 2014

Simulation is effective at improving healthcare students' knowledge and communication. Despite increasingly interprofessional approaches to medicine, most studies demonstrate these effects in isolation. We enhanced an existing internal medicine curriculum with immersive interprofessional simulations. For ten months, third‐year medical students and senior nursing students were recruited for four, 1‐hour simulations. Scenarios included myocardial infarction, pancreatitis/hyperkalemia, upper gastrointestinal bleed, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation. After each scenario, experts in medicine, nursing, simulation, and adult learning facilitated a debriefing. Study measures included pre‐ and post‐tests assessing self‐efficacy, communication skills, and understanding of each profession's role. Seventy‐two medical students and 30 nursing students participated. Self‐efficacy communication scores improved for both (medicine, 18.9 ± 3.3 pretest vs 23.7 ± 3.7 post‐test; nursing, 19.6 ± 2.7 pretest vs 24.5 ± 2.5 post‐test). Both groups showed improvement in “confidence to correct another healthcare provider in a collaborative manner” (Δ = .97 medicine, Δ = 1.2 nursing). Medical students showed the most improvement in “confidence to close the loop in patient care” (Δ = .93). Nursing students showed the most improvement in “confidence to figure out roles” (Δ = 1.1). This study supports the hypothesis that interdisciplinary simulation improves each discipline's self‐efficacy communication skills and understanding of each profession's role. Despite many barriers to interprofessional simulation, this model is being sustained. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:189–192. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Potential clinical applications of bimodal PET‐MRI or SPECT‐MRI agents
Authors: de Rosales Rafael T. M.
Published: January 2014

The introduction to the clinic of positron emission tomography‐magnetic resonance imaging scanners opens up the possibility to evaluate the real potential of bimodal imaging agents. In this mini‐review, the limitations in the design and applications of these materials are summarised and the unique properties that may result in real clinical applications outlined. © 2013 The Authors. Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals published by John Wiley.
Single amino acid chelate complexes of the M(CO)3+ core for correlating fluorescence and radioimaging studies (M = 99mTc or Re)
Authors: Coogan Michael P. , Doyle Robert P. , Valliant John F. , Babich John W. , Zubieta Jon
Published: January 2014

Single amino acid chelates (SAACs) and SAAC‐like bifunctional ligands can be exploited in the design of a variety of bioconjugates for facile metallation with the M(CO)3+ unit with M = 99mTc or Re. When the donor groups of the ligand are quinolone, thiazole or other similarly conjugated heterocycles, the rhenium complexes are fluorescent, affording complementary and isostructural fluorescent probes to the radioactive 99mTc analogues. The versatility of the approach has been demonstrated by the preparation of bioconjugates incorporating peptides, biotin, folic acid, thymidine and vitamin B12. In addition, the unusual photophysical properties observed for rhenium of the [bisthiazole‐diamino butane‐Re(CO)3+] derivative [BTBA‐Re(CO)3]+ are discussed.
Measuring polyethylene wear in total knee arthroplasty by RSA: Differences between weight‐bearing and non‐weight‐bearing positioning
Authors: van IJsseldijk Emiel A. , Valstar Edward R. , Stoel Berend C. , de Ridder Ruud , Nelissen Rob G. H. H. , Kaptein Bart L.
Published: January 2014

Measuring the minimum‐joint‐space‐width (mJSW) in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis (RSA) provides valuable information on polyethylene wear, a leading cause for TKA failure. Most existing studies use non‐weight‐bearing (NWB) patient positioning. The latter may compromise mJSW measurements due to knee laxity with subsequent non‐contact between the TKA components. We investigated the difference in mJSW between weight‐bearing (WB) and NWB images and the association with mediolateral (ML) knee stability. At one‐year follow‐up, 23 TKAs were included from an ongoing RSA study, and ML stability was evaluated. For each examination, the mJSW and femoral‐tibial contact locations were measured. A linear regression model was used to analyze the association between the mJSW difference (NWB–WB) with the ML stability and contact locations. The mean mJSW difference was 0.28 mm medially and 0.20 mm laterally. Four TKAs had medium (5–9°) and 19 TKAs had high (<5°) ML stability. A higher mJSW difference was found for TKAs with medium stability (0.36 mm, P = 0.01). In conclusion, mJSW measurements in existing (NWB) RSA studies are influenced by knee laxity, but may still provide information on wear progression based on TKA with high ML stability. A direct comparison of mJSW measurements from WB and NWB data is not possible. © 2014 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 32:613–617, 2014.
Model for quantifying blur‐free motion of a Briggs roam target moving at 15 deg/s
Authors: Watson Owen Jeff
Published: January 2014

By combining data from response time measurements, charge‐coupled device images of monitor subpixels, the Briggs roam test, the limitations of the human vision system, and spatio‐temporal data analysis, it is possible to determine the prerequisites for blur‐free motion at a specified roam rate.
Nanostructured alignment layer for liquid crystals
Authors: Lee Chung‐Yung , Ho Jacob Yeuk‐Lung , Tseng Man‐Chun , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: January 2014

A new type of nanostructured alignment surface is proposed and demonstrated. As in previous nanostructured alignment surfaces, a large pretilt angle of near 45° can be produced reliably. Moreover, this new structure is fabricated with a mask, and there is no randomness involved. The uniformity and anchoring properties of this new surface have been measured to be of excellent quality.
The impact of watching television on evening melatonin levels
Authors: Figueiro Mariana G. , Wood Brittany , Plitnick Barbara , Rea Mark S.
Published: January 2014

Self‐luminous electronic devices emit optical radiation at short wavelengths, close to the peak sensitivity of melatonin suppression. The present paper investigated if light from a 178‐cm (70 in.) television suppressed melatonin. Results showed that light from televisions does not impact melatonin levels in the evening.
Corruption and Tourism: An Empirical Investigation in a Non‐linear Framework
Authors: Saha Shrabani , Yap Ghialy
Published: January 2014

This article investigates the effect of corruption on tourism demand for a panel of countries during 1999–2009 by using panel least square and fixed effects regressions. Prior research has considered only the linear effects of corruption on tourism. We examine the relationship between corruption and tourism in a non‐linear framework after controlling for economic and heritage factors. The findings suggest that corruption has a significant effect on tourism demand and that this effect is non‐linear. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐room‐temperature photon‐noise‐limited quantum well infrared photodetector
Authors: Hao Ming Rui , Yang Yao , Zhang Shuai , Shen Wen Zhong , Schneider Harald , Liu Hui Chun
Published: January 2014

With the modern development of infrared laser sources such as broadly tunable quantum cascade lasers and frequency combs, applications of infrared laser spectroscopy are expected to become widespread. Consequently, convenient infrared detectors are needed, having properties such as fast response, high efficiency, and room‐temperature operation. This work investigated conditions to achieve near‐room‐temperature photon‐noise‐limited performance of quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), in particular the laser power requirement. Both model simulation and experimental verification were carried out. At 300 K, it is shown that the ideal performance can be reached for typical QWIP designs up to a detection wavelength of 10 µm. At 250 K, which is easily reachable with a thermoelectric Peltier cooler, the ideal performance can be reached up to 12 µm. QWIPs are therefore suitable for detection and sensing applications with devices operating up to or near room temperature.
Effects of CO2 laser irradiation on tooth enamel coated with biofilm
Authors: Cohen Julie , Featherstone John D.B. , Le Charles Q. , Steinberg Doron , Feuerstein Osnat
Published: January 2014

Background and Objectives

CO2 laser irradiation of tooth enamel can inhibit demineralization of tooth enamel, by changing enamel composition and resistance to acid attack. The aim of this work was to examine these effects of CO2 laser irradiation on enamel covered by biofilm.

Materials and Methods

Streptococcus mutans was grown on bovine enamel surfaces for 48 hours to form a mature biofilm. Samples were irradiated by CO2 laser (wavelength of 10.6 µm) at a power of 0.08 W in a super‐pulse mode for 1 second and 24 pulses/second, with an energy density of 0.77 J/cm2 per pulse. Untreated controls and laser treated samples with and without biofilm were examined for the morphology of the biofilm and the enamel surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Structural biofilm viability was assessed using confocal laser scanning microscopy with live/dead staining. The biofilm was removed in a sonication water bath and the non‐treated and irradiated enamel samples were chemically analyzed using energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Results

Irradiated samples showed a melt zone with micro‐cracks in the center of the irradiating beam position, which was smaller when irradiated enamel was covered by biofilm. Confocal microscopy images demonstrated higher proportion of dead bacteria at the margins of the irradiated spot area, while at the spot center the bacteria were evaporated exposing the enamel surface to direct laser irradiation. EDS analysis showed an increase in Ca/P ratio after irradiation of enamel covered with biofilm. FTIR analysis showed an approximately 40% carbonate loss in the irradiated enamel samples, including those with biofilms.

Conclusion

Biofilms protect enamel surfaces from possible morphological irradiation damage without interfering with the resultant chemical changes that may increase the enamel resistance to acid attack. Therefore, under certain exposure regimens that are thermally and mechanically safe for enamel, CO2 laser irradiation of biofilms on dental hard tissues is suggested as a potential novel preventive treatment for controlling dental caries. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:216–223, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sequential Betting Behavior: A Test of Asymmetric Inconsistencies in Group Decision Making
Authors: Islam Gazi , Claro Danny P. , Andrade Eduardo B.
Published: January 2014

Previous research has shown that individual decision makers tend to bet more than initially planned after experiencing a loss but not after a gain. This research tests whether groups in consensus decision‐making contexts also demonstrate similar asymmetric inconsistencies. Two experiments, one at the individual level and one with three‐person groups, were carried out based on a gambling‐type betting task. Although individuals planned more conservatively than groups regarding their betting behavior after the first outcome, both individuals and groups misestimated their own betting behavior after losses but not after gains. Negative, but not positive, emotional reactions to previous decision outcomes were also misestimated, leading to incorrect predictions of future behavior. Implications for theory and future research are discussed.
Muscle atrophy, ubiquitin–proteasome, and autophagic pathways in dysferlinopathy
Authors: Fanin Marina , Nascimbeni Anna C. , Angelini Corrado
Published: January 2014

Introduction: Muscle fiber atrophy and the molecular pathways underlying this process have not been investigated in dysferlinopathy patients. Methods: In 22 muscles from dysferlinopathy patients we investigated fiber atrophy by morphometry and ubiquitin–proteasome and autophagic pathways using protein and/or transcriptional analysis of atrophy‐ and autophagy‐related genes (MuRF1, atrogin1, LC3, p62, Bnip3). Results: Dysferlinopathy showed significant fiber atrophy and higher MuRF‐1 protein and mRNA levels, which correlated with fiber size, suggesting activation of the atrophy program by proteasome induction. Conclusions: Some of the MuRF‐1 upregulation and proteasome induction may be attributed to the prominent regeneration found. A potential role of impaired autophagy was suggested by p62‐positive protein aggregates in atrophic fibers and significantly higher levels of LC3‐II and p62 proteins and overexpression of p62 and Bnip3 mRNA. Damaged muscle fibers and prominent inflammatory changes may also enhance autophagy due to the insufficient level of proteasomal degradation of mutant dysferlin. Muscle Nerve 50: 340–347, 2014
A multilevel taxonomy and requirements for an optimal traffic‐classification model
Authors: Khalife Jawad , Hajjar Amjad , Diaz‐Verdejo Jesus
Published: January 2014

Identifying Internet traffic applications is essential for network security and management. The steady emergence of new Internet applications, together with the use of encryption and obfuscation techniques, ensures that traffic classification remains a hot research topic. Much research has been devoted to this topic by the research community in the last decade. However, an optimal traffic classification model has yet to be defined. Many techniques and formats have been described, with the current literature therefore lacking appropriate benchmarks expressed in a consistent terminology. Moreover, existing surveys are outdated and do not include many recent advances in the field. In this article, we present a systematic multilevel taxonomy that covers a broad range of existing and recently proposed methods, together with examples of vendor classification techniques. Our taxonomy assists in defining a consistent terminology. It could be useful in future benchmarking contexts by characterizing and comparing methods at three different levels. From this perspective, we describe key features and provide design hints for future classification models, while emphasizing the main requirements for promoting future research efforts. To motivate researchers and other interested parties, we collect and share data captured from real traffic, using two models to protect data privacy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring African American Women's Trust in Provider During Pregnancy
Authors: Peters Rosalind M. , Benkert Ramona , Templin Thomas N. , Cassidy‐Bushrow Andrea E.
Published: January 2014

Significant racial disparities exist in pregnancy outcomes, but few researchers have examined the relationship between trust in providers and pregnancy outcomes. The Trust in Physician Scale (TPS), the most widely used tool, has not been tested in pregnancy. We assessed the psychometric properties of the TPS and identified correlates of trust in 189 pregnant African American women. Evidence supports internal consistency reliability (>.85) and internal structure of the TPS (CFI = .97; RMSEA = .05; χ2(42) = 65.93, p = .001), but TPS scores did not predict pregnancy outcomes. African American women reported a high level of trust in obstetric providers. Trust did not differ by provider type (physician or midwife) but was related to the women's history of perceived racism and strength of ethnic identity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Robust reliable guaranteed cost control for uncertain T‐S fuzzy neutral systems with interval time‐varying delay and linear fractional perturbations
Authors: Lien Chang‐Hua , Yu Ker‐Wei , Chang Hao‐Chin , Chung Long‐Yeu , Chen Jenq‐Der
Published: January 2014

The robust reliable guaranteed cost control for Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy systems with interval time‐varying delay is considered in this paper. Some free weighting matrices and non‐negative terms are provided to improve the conservativeness of our main results. An LMI optimization approach is applied to solve the problems of robust reliable guaranteed cost control and minimization of cost function. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, characterization, optical, and dielectric properties of polyvinyl chloride/cadmium oxide nanocomposite films
Authors: El Sayed A.M. , El‐Sayed S. , Morsi W.M. , Mahrous S. , Hassen A.
Published: January 2014

Nano‐sized cadmium oxide (CdO) was synthesized using a sol–gel method and mixed with poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements indicated that the average particle size of the CdO is about 70.18 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed a good dispersion of CdO nanoparticles on the surface of the PVC films. The optical energy band gap (Eg) showed a decrease from 5.08 to 4.88 eV with increasing the CdO content. The refractive index dispersion of the nanocomposite films was found to obey the single oscillator model. The dispersion parameters were changed by CdO incorporation. According to the frequency and temperature dependence of the dielectric constant (ε′), the observed αa‐relaxation peaks were assigned to the micro‐Brownian motion of the polymer main chains. The influence of CdO nanoparticles content on the ac conductivity and the activation energy of PVC nanocomposite films were discussed. It was found that both dielectric and optical properties were reinforced by the adding of CdO nanoparticles to the PVC matrix. Finally, the results of the present system are compared with those of similar materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1842–1851, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Fatigue properties of hemp and glass fiber composites
Authors: Shahzad Asim , Isaac D.H.
Published: January 2014

The fatigue properties of nonwoven randomly oriented short hemp fiber mat and chopped strand mat (CSM) glass fiber reinforced polyester composites have been studied, mainly in tension–tension mode. Despite having poorer absolute fatigue strength, the hemp fiber composites exhibited less fatigue sensitivity as compared with the CSM glass fiber composites in tension–tension fatigue. This could be correlated with the lower stiffness degradation observed during fatigue of the hemp fiber composites as compared with the glass fiber composites at the same normalized peak stress levels. Also, images recorded during fatigue loading showed that the hemp fiber composites were better at resisting crack formation and growth than the glass fiber composites. These results suggest that hemp fiber composites have the potential to replace glass fiber composites in applications where components are subjected to fatigue loads but the stress levels are of moderate value. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1926–1934, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
A Mechanistic Study of the Plasma Polymerization of Ethanol
Authors: Hazrati Hasan D. , Whittle Jason D. , Vasilev Krasimir
Published: January 2014

Plasma polymer thin films are useful in a variety of different fields. In this article, the fragmentation of ethanol during plasma polymerization at different discharge powers (2–32 W) is described. The positive ion mass spectrometry data of the plasma phase demonstrated formation of oligomeric species of the type [M+H]+, [2M+H]+, [3M+H]+, and [4M+H]+. At the same time, there was abundant fragmented species most dominant being ethylene C2H4, acetylene C2H2, water H2O, and hydrogen H2. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to relate the mass spectroscopy data of the plasma to the chemistry of the deposited films. Depletion of oxygen in the deposit correlated with greater fragmentation in the plasma phase at higher plasma power.
Plasma Modification of PCL Porous Scaffolds Fabricated by Solvent‐Casting/Particulate‐Leaching for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Intranuovo Francesca , Gristina Roberto , Brun Francesco , Mohammadi Sara , Ceccone Giacomo , Sardella Eloisa , Rossi François , Tromba Giuliana , Favia Pietro
Published: January 2014

The improvement of scaffold performances as cell carriers in a tissue implant is still a challenge in tissue engineering. Since cells in contact with a scaffold firstly sense its top surface before interacting with its macro‐/micro‐porous structure, the insertion of chemical motifs within the body of the scaffold could improve cell colonization through its entire structure. In this study, combinations of plasma deposition and treatment processes have been employed to create chemical gradients inside polycaprolactone porous scaffolds, whose micro‐morphology has been finely characterized with synchrotron radiation computed micro‐tomography. The graded chemical composition of these scaffolds has successfully allowed the increase of cell viability with respect to untreated materials.