bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The fast moving world of terahertz technology
Authors: Bogue Robert W.
Published: August 2003

Discusses recent progress in technology based on electromagnetic radiation at terahertz frequencies. Considers recent corporate activities and describes technological developments with applications in the physical and life sciences.
The contribution of thermoreflectance to high resolution thermal mapping
Authors: Filloy C. , Tessier G. , Holé S. , Jerosolimski G. , Fournier D.
Published: August 2003

Thermal phenomena that occur in operating integrated circuits can disturb their functioning and even cause failures. In order to prevent such dramatic issues, it is necessary to study these phenomena by developing high‐resolution thermal mapping of electronic devices. This can be done by using the thermoreflectance technique. The principle of thermoreflectance measurements is reviewed and various experimental setups are described. Experimental results show that this technique allows the mapping of both low and high frequency thermal phenomena at submicron scales.
An entropy‐switched adaptive smoothing approach for time series data
Authors: Telfer D.J. , Spencer J.W. , Jones G.R.
Published: August 2003

This paper describes a method of removing noise from time series data records whilst preserving salient features of short duration, such as sharp transitions and significant peaks. A practical example is drawn from fault‐current testing of circuit breakers, for which the scheme was originally designed. It is demonstrated that the clarity of signal traces can be improved while preserving important transient features. However, the approach is generic and based upon the entropy gradient detection method used in image processing. Local entropy is used as a criterion for selecting the degree of smoothing required, so that features of interest can be preserved. Algorithm modularity allows ready adaptation for specific needs.
Linking people and information: Web site access to National Library of New Zealand information and services
Authors: Booth Keitha , Napier Julia
Published: August 2003

Providing a Web site that satisfies the expectations of the National Library’s New Zealand and international users required a re‐evaluation in 2002 of the library’s Web site content, design and navigation. There is a demonstrated public demand for subject‐based and digital information on the Web site as well as for the traditional access to the library’s catalogues. The Web site has also evolved as a result of developments in Web site usability. The design also reflects the library’s description of its services on the new government portal. This has required the library to describe its services, Web pages, catalogues, and key corporate publications using the New Zealand Government Locator Standard metadata set (NZGLS) as well as meeting the library’s own Dublin Core metadata standard framework.
GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals research and development: document delivery in a global corporate environment
Authors: Delaney Emma L.
Published: August 2003

Since merging in December 2000, GSK’s information management group has continued to build on the great efforts of both GlaxoWellcome and SmithKline Beecham in provision of document delivery and access to published information. This article describes the current operational system in detail and indicates the company’s strategy for document delivery both in the short and long term.
bibliotek.dk: immediate access to Danish libraries
Authors: Hansen Lone
Published: August 2003

bibliotek.dk is a development project, resulting in a Web site which gives the Danish citizens access to search and order material in the collections of Danish public and research libraries via the Internet. This article deals with the use and the users’ view of the Web site.
The leading edge in QFD: past, present and future
Authors: Akao Yoji , Mazur Glenn H.
Published: August 2003

Quality Function Deployment (QFD) has been practiced by leading companies around the world since 1966. Its two‐fold purpose is to assure that true customer needs are properly deployed throughout the design, build and delivery of a new product, whether it be assembled, processed, serviced, or even software, and to improve the product development process itself. This paper describes the evolution of the method, its current best practice, and proposals for future direction, not only to log its history and key players correctly, but also to convey the richness and depth of the applications throughout multiple industries.
The leading edge in QFD for software and electronic business
Authors: Herzwurm Georg , Schockert Sixten
Published: August 2003

In this article an overview of the state‐of‐the‐art of Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in software development or also called software QFD is given. The differences between classic QFD in manufacturing industries and software QFD are described. Following that certain software‐specific QFD models (Zultner, Shindo, Ohmori, Herzwurm and Schockert), which can be considered the most appreciated ones in theory as well as in practice, are introduced. Experiences in practice with these software QFD models are presented as well. Finally, through explaining the main principles of a special QFD variant for e‐commerce, called continuous QFD (CQFD), the article will show that QFD is suitable for planning electronic business applications as well.
The leading edge in strategic QFD
Authors: Hunt Robert A. , Xavier Fernando B.
Published: August 2003

Introduced to the West from Japan, Quality Function Deployment (QFD) is a powerful approach to customer‐focused product development. In recent years, many practitioners and academics have recognized the potential of these methods and applied them to strategic formulation and decision making as well. Earlier reviews of the documented accounts of QFD‐based approaches to strategy have been presented at the 7th International Symposium on QFD in Tokyo in 2001, and at the 8th International Symposium on QFD in Munich in 2002. This paper updates these reviews, identifying the parallels and contrasts evident in these cases with the techniques of hoshin kanri (also known as policy deployment). The paper then briefly describes a case study of the application of a comprehensive QFD‐based methodology. Leveraging these insights, the paper seeks to address the future direction of the development of this promising field of strategic methodology.
Books to rural users: public library provision for remote communities
Authors: Haggis Sarah , Goulding Anne
Published: August 2003

Discusses alternative methods of providing a public library service to one‐house stop clients of south Lincolnshire’s mobile libraries. A literature review revealed a lack of up‐to‐date cost information for alternative methods of service provision. Four methods were selected for further investigation: books by mail; village shop libraries; extending the housebound service; and transporting clients to the library. Annual cost and cost per issue were calculated and compared to the cost of the mobile library. Staff and users were also surveyed for their opinions of the current service and the alternative methods proposed. The results of the costing exercises showed that transporting users to the library was the most cost effective method but this was not popular with the current users of the service. Services considering replacing the one‐house stop mobile service will also need to consider issues including social inclusion, best value and the public library standards.
Accessibility of Web‐based information resources for people with disabilities
Authors: Schmetzke Axel
Published: August 2003

To a large extent, disability is a social construct. Whether individuals with “disabilities” can pursue independent and fulfilling lives is not so much a matter of their particular internal conditions as a question of enabling or disabling external factors put in place by society. This special theme issue aims to bridge the current information gap concerning the accessibility of the various electronic resources that make up today’s online library environment.
An accessibility assessment of selected Web‐based health information resources
Authors: McCord Sarah K. , Frederiksen Linda , Campbell Nicole
Published: August 2003

The Internet has created new opportunities to make quality health information more widely available to both researchers and the general public. However, not all that information has been presented in a format accessible to people with disabilities. This accessibility assessment of eight selected Web‐based health information resources (PubMed, OVID MEDLINE, MEDLINEplus, CANCERLIT, the Hazardous Substance Data Bank, TOXLINE, and two databases of Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)) evaluates the ease with which these resources can be navigated using adaptive technologies, and provides suggestions for improvement where necessary.
XML and e‐journals: the state of play
Authors: Wusteman Judith
Published: August 2003

Within the library world, there is a growing interest in the use of XML in journals, not least because of its implications for e‐journal archiving. But what is actually happening in the commercial journals market? How far have XML and its related standards permeated the production of real commercial journals and how do publishers and other providers of journals see this area developing? This paper looks at the activities and future plans of a selection of publishers and aggregators in the STM journals market, although many of the comments relate to the entire journals arena.
Z39.50 and personal bibliographic software
Authors: East John W.
Published: August 2003

Many thousands of researchers are now using personal bibliographic managers such as Reference Manager, EndNote and ProCite to access bibliographic databases via the Z39.50 protocol. With the EndNote software as an example, this paper demonstrates how researchers are using a standard search interface to access diverse databases and download references into their personal databases. There follows an overview of problems involved in searching the Z39.50 servers of some standard library automation systems (Innovative Interfaces, GEAC, SIRSI, Endeavour) and of two vendors of non‐OPAC databases (Research Libraries Group and SilverPlatter). The paper concludes with some suggestions as to how the library community can contribute to improving the effectiveness of Z39.50 as a research tool.
Legitimating irrelevance: management education in higher education institutions
Authors: Crowther David , Carter Chris
Published: August 2003

Argues that the subject matter involved in the process of knowledge transfer needs also to be an integral part of the discourse and that this consideration is of particular relevance within the business school community of higher education. Further argues that the development of the subject matter taught is in danger of becoming irrelevant to the needs of the customers purported to be served and, hence, at best marginalised and at worst excluded, from the discourse of education. States that the trend in management teaching and research to increased specialism and self‐referential legitimation is ultimately self‐defeating because the needs of the customers involved are changing from specialisation to generalisation. Concludes that, consequently, academics in the management metadiscipline are in fact legitimating their own irrelevance and marginalisation and that the discourse of teaching management subjects needs to include not just academics, and their needs and desires, but also those of their customers.
Cultural awareness, communication apprehension, and communication competence: a case study of Saint John’s International School
Authors: Monthienvichienchai Chintana , Bhibulbhanuwat Sirintorn , Kasemsuk Chintawee , Speece Mark
Published: August 2003

Cross‐cultural communication competence is a key issue in teaching in international schools. Cultural awareness issues are likely to play a role in how effectively the expat teachers in international schools are able to teach. This research examines communication competence, cultural awareness, and communication apprehension of UK teachers in a British curriculum international school in Bangkok, Thailand. Generally, the respondents have a high level of self‐reported communication competence, high levels of cultural awareness, and low communication apprehension. Although the sample size in this pilot work is small, the data do seem to show that intercultural awareness is related to communication competence, and that it is also related to communication apprehension, which itself relates to communication competence. This is an important issue for future research.
Sustainable tourism development in the Caribbean: practical challenges
Authors: Harrison Lynn C. , Jayawardena Chandana , Clayton Anthony
Published: August 2003

The 2003 Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Trends (WHATT) roundtable discussion, held at the University of the West Indies in Jamaica, focused on the issues affecting the development of tourism in the Caribbean. Fourteen industry practitioners and academics from the hospitality and tourism sector discussed the definitions of “sustainable tourism development” and debated the key development issues in Caribbean tourism and related education and research needs. The meeting agreed that there was a lack of research and intellectual focus on Caribbean tourism, although many Caribbean governments are in clear need of policy guidance. The meeting therefore identified a few achievable action points with the aim of addressing this problem.
Behaviour‐based risk management systems: Reducing costs by changing attitudes
Authors: Hammond Mike
Published: August 2003

The drive to eliminate losses leads to greater emphasis on risk‐control measures. Argues that risk management can be transformed through the use of behaviour‐based risk management techniques.
In their dreams
Authors: Harkins Arthur
Published: August 2003

This article identifies three education service paradigms and explores how each contributes to applied learning. Scenarios constructed by over 700 US teachers are summarized and implications for service paradigm changes are drawn from them. Attention is drawn to a lack of paradigm change leadership on the parts of administrators and teacher colleges.
E‐commerce forecasts: a return of the dot.com boom?
Authors: Halal William E.
Published: August 2003

A forecast of 20 e‐commerce applications shows that the Internet is likely to mature into a more sophisticated, conversational form of communication in about 2010, thereby entering the mainstream of advanced societies. This “second coming” of the dot.com era should create a resurgence of economic growth and exert powerful effects on business, government, education and other social functions.
New educational technologies: do they improve learning?
Authors: Dowling Carolyn
Published: August 2003

Is the incorporation of new educational technologies into the teaching/learning process the key to an effective and appropriate education in the twenty‐first century, or is it a knee‐jerk reaction to external pressures that is unlikely to be of lasting benefit to students? This paper explores some of the ways in which technology is changing what, where, when, how, with whom and even why we learn. In situating these changes within a broader context of recent developments in social and workplace practices, the paper argues that engaging with new technologies is essential for educators, not simply in the interests of enhancing and making more relevant the educational experiences of students, but also of revisiting long held assumptions concerning best practice in teaching and learning.
Translating strategy into effective implementation: dispelling the myths and highlighting what works
Authors: Sterling John
Published: August 2003

Several reasons are frequently offered to explain (or to justify) failure to implement strategy. Some are valid but many have merely gained credibility from being repeated often. By discrediting the myths, we can more clearly look at a number of approaches that can greatly enhance the effectiveness of strategy implementation. There are seven key reasons for strategy failure. Unanticipated market changes – strategies can fail because the market conditions change before the strategy can take hold. Three preventative actions are cited: (1) effective competitor responses to strategy – to out‐perform the competition, competitive intelligence is a must; (2) too little investment – if insufficient resources are applied, the strategy will fail. Modeling will aid the executive to make smarter deployment of limited resources; and (3) failure of buy‐in – insufficient buy‐in to or understanding of the strategy among those who need to implement it will cause failure. Good strategic management is a function of people actively considering the strategy as they make day‐to‐day decisions in an ever‐changing world. Lack of focus – resources are wastefully dissipated if priorities are unclear. Put the strategy on one page: focus to execute. Poorly conceived business models – sometimes strategies are simply bad.
Achieving an M&A’s strategic goals at maximum speed for maximum value
Authors: Gadiesh Orit , Ormiston Charles , Rovit Sam
Published: August 2003

When merging two companies, after the deal is signed the CEO faces few challenges more risky than integrating the businesses to capture maximum value. Speed is essential to successful merger integration. But it is not everything. Only 25 to 50 percent of deals create shareholder value. This is often because those managing the integration process do not know how to make trade‐offs between speed and careful planning. To keep the value of merger from evaporating, leaders need to manage the integration process actively and steer a course that leads the new organization to its stated strategic goals as swiftly as possible. Start with the strategic goals – there are two general types of mergers: (1) efficiency deals that “play by the rules” (achieve performance improvement in a merger that will have high functional overlap and high predictability of value); and (2) transformation deals that "transform the rules” (low overlap and low predictable value). Top management needs to articulate the purpose of a deal and its strategic rationale long before the merger is consummated. Four rationales are offered and discussed, the first two rationales apply more to type 1 deals and the second two more to type 2 deals. (1) Merging to capture the benefits of scale. In this type of merger, the longer you take, the more risk you incur. Success depends on very early identifying the key people to lead and removing those who will block the process. (2) Merging to expand into adjacent markets, customers, and/or product segments. The big prize comes from revenue growth. Teams from both sides must work together to develop a new marketing plan for the combined company. (3) Redefining the business for a new direction. As a framework for judgments, consider using these reference goals: focus on leading‐edge customers, make decisions quickly, and look for ways to lead change in the marketplace. (4) Re‐inventing an industry. Two initiatives in parallel are required: typical short‐term objectives (cost reduction, consolidation, divestment, etc.) and long‐term direction objectives for the new business. Details from the AOL Time Warner and the Citigroup merger cases are cited as examples. Several examples taken from Cisco System’s many mergers are cited to illustrate process points and insights.
What strategic investments should you make during a recession to gain competitive advantage in the recovery?
Authors: Roberts Keith
Published: August 2003

Purpose: To investigate where investment during a recession pays off and where it does not. Methods: Comparing analogous businesses in the unique PIMS database, we highlight three measures to distinguish between successful and unsuccessful strategies. They are: average profitability during recession, defined as return on capital employed, change in profitability (ROCE) during first two years of recovery, and change in market share during first two years of recovery. Scope: 1,000 businesses were compared (drawn from 4,100 in the PIMS database). Results: PIMS’ evidence distinguishes between “good costs”, “bad costs” and “it depends costs”. “Good costs” are those that should be increased and intensified during recession. “Bad costs” are those that need to be pruned hard in recession. “It depends costs” are those where the right actions are dependent on the strategic position of an individual business at the time the recession begins. Conclusions and recommendations: “In a recession, dare to invest aggressively in marketing, innovation and customer quality”, is the clear message to be drawn from PIMS (Profit Impact of Market Strategy) research into which business strategies aid success during and after a market downturn lasting several years.
Shelling strategies to save time in a rapid tooling process
Authors: Volpato Neri , Childs Thomas H.C.
Published: August 2003

Selective laser sintering can be used to manufacture injection mould inserts using an indirect metal laser sintering process, such as the RapidTool™ process commercialised by 3D Systems. The volume of material to be laser processed for insert manufacturing is very high when compared to that for plastic prototype manufacturing. Consequently, the time involved in the laser processing is also very long. This paper describes the development and assessment of shelling strategies to be applied in an indirect rapid tooling process aimed at reducing time in the process. The feasibility of the shelling idea has been confirmed and although the scanning system offers some limitations to the idea two strategies are presented as successful, open shell and closed shell, with a great potential to save time.
Rapid development technique for drip irrigation emitters
Authors: Wei Zhengying , Tang Yiping , Zhao Wanhua , Lu Bingheng
Published: August 2003

This paper describes the rapid development process for emitter which is the key part in water‐saving irrigation device. The design of labyrinth‐channel in emitters, the generation of process‐oriented structural CAD model, the building of emitter prototype and its integrative experimental model based on RP are introduced in detail. The emitter prototypes can be directly applied to irrigation experiments and production practice, and hence the rapid development of drip irrigation emitters can be realized.
Sustaining and transferring excellence
Authors: McDonald Ian , Zairi Mohamed , Ashari Idris Mohd
Published: August 2003

In the world of quantum improvement, managing paradigm shifts has aroused unprecedented interest among academics and practitioners. Better and better ways of managing business processes are needed to create sustainable improvement. Excellence is the product of a complex mixture of strategic components, which often exist in different paradigm curves, which need to be smoothed while the organisation transforms one quality era to the next. Proposes an empirically‐based framework of TQM transformation, following a synthesis of literature on quality management practices in winners of the MBNQA and EFQA. The framework incorporates critical factors of each phase of quality evolution, and hence implied sustainability of TQM implementation. The evolutionary path was identified as product, service, customer, and market‐based orientation, which were linked to corresponding conditions for sustainability, which could be empirically tested through advanced research. This framework broadens the scope of quality management and offers a tremendous opportunity to operationalise quality management as a universal and generically‐based corporate strategy.
Quality beyond the enterprise
Authors: Jonker Jan
Published: August 2003

The meaning of “quality” is moving into a new phase. Quality for long has been based on a – what is hereafter called – first and second generation connotation. Recent notions of “accountability” and “responsibility” are blending into the strategy of organisations and (implicitly) into the resultant criterion of “impact on society”. Although still early days, it is argued that there is growing proof indicating an emerging third‐generation notion of quality; a notion that will require a fundamental (re)orientation of long valid (organisational) strategies and practices. This paper provides an overview of these three notions and describes some of the implications of the emerging re‐orientation. As a whole it aims to describe tomorrow’s notion of quality as it emerges today.
Towards meaningful benchmarking of software development team productivity
Authors: Flitman Andrew
Published: August 2003

Software development projects are known for inaccuracies associated with elapsed time and total cost estimates. Attempts have previously been made to provide tools to facilitate estimation of just how much effort will be required. One such tool is the estimation of project size (and therefore effort and time required) using function point counts. This benchmarking tool facilitates measures of productivity relating this size to the person‐hours required. The problem with this is that such relative productivity measures assume labour hours to be homogenous and that the only measure of output is the size of the project. This paper investigates the use of data envelopment analysis as a method of benchmarking which overcomes these issues. The end result is a set of simple tools that can be used to determine whether a given project or project plan is efficient.
Becoming measurement‐managed:
Authors: Clark Richard B. , Morgan Brian S.
Published: August 2003

The leadership team of Monsanto’s Integrated Financial Services (IFS) unit realized in 1997 that it needed to make changes in order to manage effectively in a time of transition for its parent organization. Consequently, it set out to develop a clear vision and to support the vision with metrics. The unit’s story is a lesson in the development and business value of a Measurement‐Managed OrganizationTM (MMO). MMOs distinguish themselves by achieving sustained profitability and agility at lower levels of risk. The authors describe the process used by the Monsanto finance team and the importance of identifying key metrics early in the change initiative.
Beyond research guidance: the Gateway Library Research Mentoring Program
Authors: Moyo Lesley , Robinson Ashley
Published: August 2003

Provides an overview of a new information literacy initiative at the Penn State University’s Gateway Library. The Research Mentoring Program was designed to address the individual needs of academic library users who are inexperienced in the use of digital/electronic resources and require assistance in identifying, accessing and navigating the myriad digital/electronic resources for their research. Discusses the rationale for such programs, program objectives and activities undertaken to meet these objectives, and program outcomes.
Restructuring academic libraries in Nigeria: issues to consider
Authors: Juachukkiu Ibegbulam Ijeoma , Olorunsola Richard
Published: August 2003

Most academic libraries in Nigeria have retained the traditional organisational structure based on two broad divisions – reader services and technical services. Observes that developments in academic libraries have made the conventional structure inadequate and less functional. Examines the inadequacies, using the University of Ilorin as an example. Proposes a function organisation structure which groups library activities into four main divisions – access services, information services, special collections and training activities. Advises on the implementation of restructuring and the barriers the libraries are likely to face. Suggests the formation of an overall steering committee, and functionally oriented task forces that will undertake the analysis of library activities for restructuring.
A regional approach towards organizational transformation
Authors: Baba Zawiyah
Published: August 2003

Looks at the problems of change management in libraries in Malaysia. Examines implications for the organization, presenting four essential features of transformation. Concludes that in Southeast Asia it is imperative to address the divide which has occurred in library development.
Professional development: specialization or hybridization
Authors: Salim Agha Syed
Published: August 2003

The development of the profession has to be viewed from a realistic perspective without being unduly influenced by time related trends. Identifies the real driver of change. Asks key questions, the answers to which would guide the profession towards the direction it should develop. Proposes broad directions towards which the profession should develop. Concludes that the purpose and objectives of the profession have not changed. The appropriateness of professional development is related to the needs, demands and expectations of the market served, the environment in which it is set and to the service ethic of the profession.
Memorials of a library
Authors: Glasgow Eric
Published: August 2003

The history of Southport Public Library from its foundation in 1875 is outlined. The achievements of its Librarian from 1934 to 1964, B.T.W. Stevenson, are discussed and major issues during his tenure noted. Notable local personalities are noted in relation to the Library, in particular the work of local historians and of F.H. Cheetham especially. The development of local history and of the range of enquiries received in the Library are discussed in reference to the Library’s surviving archives.
The partnership imperative
Authors: Holtom Mark
Published: August 2003

This paper explores the partnership between social services and primary care, in one geographical area, in relation to five potential types of obstacle: structural; procedural; financial; professional; and status and legitimacy. It examines the theory of partnership and the Government’s attitude towards it. It uses semi‐structured interviews with a range of stakeholders to study partnership in practice. Finally, it highlights some of the challenges for the future.
A study of the use of electronic information systems by higher education students in the UK
Authors: Armstrong Chris , Fenton Roger , Lonsdale Ray , Stoker David , Thomas Rhian , Urquhart Christine
Published: August 2003

This paper reports findings from the first annual cycle of a three‐year research project on the provision and use of electronic information systems (EIS) within higher education in the UK. The project, JISC User Surveys: Trends in Electronic Information Services (JUSTEIS), was funded by the Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) and undertaken at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth (UWA). Students, academics and library staff in 25 universities were surveyed using critical incident and critical success factors methodologies to ascertain the range and nature of EIS use. Provision of these systems by higher education institutions was also investigated via an analysis of their library websites. The findings reported in this paper focus on student use and the purposes for which EIS are employed, and reveal the limited array of EIS used and the ad hoc nature of search strategies adopted across undergraduate and postgraduate bodies within a range of disciplines. There appears to be little or no variation in the pattern of EIS use by the various student groups studied – the effect of the Internet on information seeking by students is hugely significant and the more formal resources, such as JISC‐negotiated resources are little used. There is little evidence of coherent search strategies used by students. Recommendations for both the JISC and higher education are offered.
Respiratory Flow in a Realistic Tracheostenosis Model
Authors: Sera Toshihiro , Satoh Sunao , Horinouchi Hirohisa , Kobayashi Koichi , Tanishita Kazuo
Published: August 2003

The possible mechanism of wheeze generation in tracheostenosis was identified by measuring inspiratory and expiratory flow in a “morphological and distensible” realistic tracheostenosis model. The shape of the model was based on CT (Computed Tomography) images of a patient that had tracheostenosis. A trachea consists of tracheal cartilage rings and smooth muscle. Spatial variation of wall distensibility was achieved in the model by varying the wall thickness based on the elastic modulus measured in pig airways. The spatial variation influenced the flow in the airway and the turbulence production rate decreased faster at smooth muscles. Using the model, we investigated the mechanism of wheeze generation by focusing on the turbulence intensity. The turbulence intensity in expiratory flow was about twice that in inspiratory flow, and larger vortices existed in post-stenosis in expiratory flow, and thus might contribute to wheeze generation.
Tensile Properties of the Porcine Temporomandibular Joint Disc
Authors: Detamore Michael S. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A.
Published: August 2003

Despite the significant morbidity associated with the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), little is known about the pathophysiology of this complex joint. TMJ disc degeneration plays a central role in the progression of TMJ disorders, and therefore disc regeneration would be a crucial treatment modality. Unfortunately, scarce information about the structural and functional characteristics of the TMJ disc is available. The current study aims to provide a standard for the biomechanical behavior of the TMJ disc for future tissue engineering studies. The disc was loaded under uniaxial tension in two directions, mediolateral and anteroposterior, and in three locations per direction. In the mediolateral direction, the posterior band was 2.5 times stiffer, 2.4 times tougher (energy to maximum stress), and 2.2 times stronger than the anterior band, which was in turn 16 times stiffer and 5.7 times stronger than the intermediate zone. In the anteroposterior direction, the central and medial regions were 74% and 35% stiffer and 56% and 59% stronger than the lateral region, respectively, although similar to each other in strength and stiffness. There was no significant difference in toughness between regions in the anteroposterior direction. These results correlated qualitatively with collagen fiber orientation and fiber size obtained using polarized light microscopy.
Crack Propagation in a Gun Barrel Due to the Firing Thermo-Mechanical Stresses
Authors: Petitpas Eric , Campion B.
Published: August 2003

The thermo-mechanical effects of firing induce very considerable stresses on the internal surface of the gun barrels. Consequently, micro-cracks appear very soon in the life of the tube. So it is important to control the propagation of these cracks. For more than 10 years, modeling has been used by Giat-Industries to understand and to control this phenomenon. This paper focuses on the study of short crack propagation kinetics during firings. Two-dimensional modeling taking into consideration the residual stresses from a hydraulic autofrettage and the thermo-mechanical stresses due to the successive firings is presented. The cyclic plastic behavior of the material is taken into consideration. This makes it possible to observe the effect of loss of the residual stresses at the surface due to the firings. Cracks of increasing length are introduced in the model to calculate the stress intensity factor. An innovative point is the modeling of the contact between the crack lips in order to take into account the effect of crack closing during cooling. Indeed the effective stress intensity factor range is calculated using this model for numerous crack lengths. A classic Paris law is then used to predict the crack propagation kinetics. Sensitivity analysis has been carried out using this model; in particular, the effect of autofrettage on crack propagation is analyzed as well as the effect of the use of lower-strength steels.
The Influence of Additives on the Temperature, Heat Transfer, Wear, Fatigue Life, and Self Ignition Characteristics of a 155 mm Gun
Authors: Lawton Dr. B.
Published: August 2003

The temperature and heat transfer per round was measured at the bore surface of a 155 mm AS90 extended range ordnance. The ammunition was fired with and without wear-reducing additive and the measurements were made using an eroding-type surface thermocouple having response time of about a microsecond. The heat transfer was computed from the measured temperature-time curves. It was found that the wear-reducing additive gradually reduced the surface temperature fluctuation from about 950°C to about 600°C, and reduced heat transfer per round from about 950 kJ/m2 to about 600 kJ/m2, over a period of 50 rounds. From these measurements an assessment was made of the wear rate, the number of rounds to cook-off, and the increase in barrel fatigue life. Similar experiments on 30 mm RARDEN and 40 mm Bofors guns, using different additives, resulted in comparable reductions in bore temperature and heat transfer, but the mechanism for these reductions was different and it is still not clear exactly how these additives reduce barrel temperature and heat transfer.
Residual Stresses and Lifetimes of Tubes Subjected to Shrink Fit Prior to Autofrettage
Authors: Parker Anthony P. , Kendall David P.
Published: August 2003

There is increasing interest in the use of compound cylinders that combine shrink fit and autofrettage, taking account of Bauschinger effect. Previous work has analyzed material removal from a plain, autofrettaged cylinder and the application of an external pressure or shrink to a previously autofrettaged plain tube. In this paper a different design philosophy is examined, namely the shrink fitting of two tubes prior to autofrettage. Such a process is shown to be beneficial in inhibiting loss of near-bore compressive residual hoop stress due to Bauschinger effect and thereby increasing calculated fatigue lifetime. These effects are described in detail for a specific geometry, and summary data suitable for use by designers are presented for a large range of configurations.
Thermal Damage, Cracking and Rapid Erosion of Cannon Bore Coatings
Authors: Underwood John H. , Parker Anthony P. , Vigilante Gregory N. , Cote Paul J.
Published: August 2003

Thermal damage observed at the bore of fired cannons has increased noticeably in the past decade, due to the use of higher combustion gas temperatures for improved cannon performance. Current authors and coworkers recently have described cannon firing damage and proposed new thermo-mechanical models to gain understanding of its causes, with emphasis on the severe damage that occurs in the steel beneath the chromium plating used to protect the cannon bore. Recent refinements in the models will be used here to characterize some additional damage observations in the area beneath the protective coating of fired cannons. Model results validated by microstructural observations give predictions of near-bore temperature and stress distributions and good agreement with observed depths of hydrogen cracking in the high strength steel substrate. Interest in damage and failure within a coating is also of concern for cannons, since coating failure leads to extremely rapid erosion of coating and substrate. The slip zone model of Evans and Hutchinson is adapted here to predict failure strength of cannon coatings based on observed crack spacing and microhardness of thermally damaged areas. Results are described for electroplated chromium coatings from fired cannons and for sputtered chromium and tantalum coatings with laser-heating damage to simulate firing. Coating mechanics analysis of fired and laser-heated samples provides an insitu measurement of coating failure strength, showing that sputtered chromium has more than twice the failure strength of electroplated chromium. An analysis of cyclic shear failure of a coating interface at an open crack shows a six-fold decrease in low cycle fatigue life compared to the life of a closed crack. Recommendations are given for preventing rapid coating failure and catastrophic erosion of fired cannon, with emphasis on methods to prevent deep, open cracks in coating and substrate.
Elasto-Plastic Stresses in Thick Walled Cylinders
Authors: Perry Joseph , Aboudi Jacob
Published: August 2003

In the optimal design of a modern gun barrel, there are two main objectives to be achieved: increasing its strength-weight ratio and extending its fatigue life. This can be carried out by generating a residual stress field in the barrel wall, a process known as autofrettage. It is often necessary to machine the autofrettaged cylinder to its final configuration, an operation that will remove some of the desired residual stresses. In order to achieve a residual stress distribution which is as close as possible to the practical one, the following assumptions have been made in the present research on barrel analysis: A von Mises yield criterion, isotropic strain hardening in the plastic region in conjunction with the Prandtl-Reuss theory, pressure release taking into consideration the Bauschinger effect and plane stress conditions. The stresses are calculated incrementally by using the finite difference method, whereby the cylinder wall is divided into N-rings at a distance Δr apart. Machining is simulated by removing rings from both sides of the cylindrical surfaces bringing the cylinder to its final shape. After a theoretical development of the procedure and writing a suitable computer program, calculations were performed and a good correlation with the experimental results was found. The numerical results were also compared with other analytical and experimental solutions and a very good correlation in shape and magnitude has been obtained.
Finite Element Simulation of the Sachs Boring Method of Measuring Residual Stresses in Thick-Walled Cylinders
Authors: de Swardt R. R.
Published: August 2003

During a recent study the residual strain/stress states through the walls of autofrettaged thick-walled high-strength steel cylinders were measured with neutron diffraction, Sachs boring and the compliance methods (Venter et al., 2000, J. Strain Anal. Eng. Des., 35, pp. 459–469). The Sachs boring method was developed prior to the advent of high speed computers. A new method for the data reduction was proposed. In order to verify the proposed procedure, the Sachs boring experimental method was simulated using finite element modeling. A residual stress field was introduced in the finite element method by elasto-plastic finite element analysis. The physical process of material removal by means of boring was simulated by step-by-step removal of elements from the finite element mesh. Both the traditional and newly proposed data reduction methods were used to calculate the residual stresses. The new data reduction method compares favorably with the traditional method.
Optimization of Pt tip field emitter array fabricated using focused ion and electron beams
Authors: Jarupoonphol W. , Murakami K. , Sakata K. , Takai M. , Hosono A. , Okuda S.
Published: August 2003

Au-gated Pt field emitter arrays were fabricated using focused ion and electron beams in a Au/SiO2/Si layer. Pt emitters with different heights were studied to optimize the emission current. The emitter height should be adjusted to the top-surface level of the gate electrode for optimization of emission behavior. An emission angle of about 5°–10° was obtained. A prototype of a single-emitter electron source was also fabricated using electron-beam induced metal and insulator depositions.
Fabrication and characterization of HfC coated Si field emitter arrays
Authors: Sato T. , Yamamoto S. , Nagao M. , Matsukawa T. , Kanemaru S. , Itoh J.
Published: August 2003

We fabricated hafnium carbide (HfC) coated Si field emitter arrays (HfC FEAs) with an extraction-gate electrode to improve the emission characteristics of Si FEAs. Hafnium carbide thin film was deposited by inductively coupled plasma-assisted magnetron sputtering. The HfC film was characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction measurement, and was found to be (111)-oriented polycrystalline film. The HfC FEAs exhibited superior performance. An emission of more than 10 mA could be obtained from the 16 000 tip array, which is 20 times higher than that for Si FEAs. The operational voltage for emission of 1 μA decreased from 61 to 45 V due to the HfC coating. The long-term emission characteristics were also measured. Si FEAs degraded rapidly even in an ultrahigh vacuum chamber. However, the emission degradation in the HfC FEAs was much slower. The number of active tips was counted using an electrostatic-lens projector, and the results revealed that the HfC FEAs had six times as many tips as the Si FEAs had.
Redeposition of etch products on sidewalls during SiO2 etching in a fluorocarbon plasma. II. Effects of source power and bias voltage in a CF4 plasma
Authors: Min Jae-Ho , Hwang Sung-Wook , Lee Gyeo-Re , Moon Sang Heup
Published: August 2003

Variations in the properties of sidewalls due to the redeposition of etch products emitted from the bottom during SiO2 etching in a CF4 plasma were studied under different conditions of source power and bias voltage, in the range of 100 and 500 V, and 0 and 400 W, respectively. A Faraday cage and a step-shaped SiO2 pattern located in a transformer coupled plasma etcher permitted the control of the incident angle of ions, thus permitting the redeposition phenomenon to be observed on a macroscopic scale. Under all process conditions, the deposition rate on sidewall (A), affected by the redeposition of particles emitted from the bottom, was larger than that on sidewall (B), which was unaffected by the redeposition, because particle redeposition induced the formation of a sidewall passivation layer on sidewall (A). It was indirectly confirmed that the amount and the kinetic energy of particles sputtered from the bottom were closely related to the formation of the sidewall passivation layer. The redop-effect, which indicates the extent to which the redeposition contributes to the deposition rate on the sidewall, increased with bias voltage and source power. The extent of etching of the SiO2 underlayer of sidewall (B) increased with both the source power and bias voltage, in contrast to the case of sidewall (A). On sidewall (A), the extent of SiO2 etching increased continuously with source power, but only increased with bias voltage when the latter was under 300 V. The etching decreased at higher bias voltages.
Inductively coupled plasma reactive ion etching of ZnO using BCl3-based plasmas
Authors: Kim Han-Ki , Bae J. W. , Kim T.-K. , Kim K.-K. , Seong T.-Y. , Adesida I.
Published: August 2003

Etching characteristics of ZnO are investigated by means of inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactive ion etching in BCl3-based plasmas. Etch rates are studied as a function of BCl3/Cl2/Ar chemistries, substrate temperature, ICP coil power, rf power, and working pressure. Surface profilometer, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy are used to characterize etch rates, etch profiles, and the surface morphologies of etched samples. It is shown that the etch rate is determined by the BCl3 content in the plasma. Auger electron spectroscopy results demonstrate that the BCl3-based etching process produces negligible changes in the surface stoichiometry of ZnO.