bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low and high molecular weight poly(l‐lysine)s/poly(l‐lysine)–DNA complexes initiate mitochondrial‐mediated apoptosis differently
Authors: Symonds Peter , Murray J. Clifford , Hunter A. Christy , Debska Grazyna , Szewczyk Adam , Moghimi S. Moein
Published: October 2005

Poly(l‐lysine)s, PLLs, are commonly used for DNA compaction and cell transfection. We report that, although PLLs of low (2.9 kDa), L‐PLL, and high (27.4 kDa), H‐PLL, Mw in free form and DNA‐complexed cannot only cause rapid plasma membrane damage in human cell lines, phosphatidylserine “scrambling” and loss of membrane integrity, but later (24 h) initiate stress‐induced cell death via mitochondrial permeabilization without the involvement of processed caspase‐2. Mitochondrially mediated apoptosis was confirmed by detection of cytochrome c (Cyt c) release, activation of caspases‐9 and ‐3, and subsequent changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Plasma membrane damage and apoptosis were most prominent with H‐PLL. Cytoplasmic level of Cyt c was more elevated following H‐PLL treatment, but unlike L‐PLL case, inhibition of Bax channel‐forming activity reduced the extent of Cyt c release from mitochondria by half. Inhibition of Bax channel‐forming activity had no modulatory effect on L‐PLL‐mediated Cyt c release. Further, functional studies of isolated mitochondria indicate that H‐PLL, but not L‐PLL, can directly induce Cyt c release, membrane depolarization, and a progressive decline in the rate of uncoupled respiration. Combined, our data suggest that H‐PLL and L‐PLL are capable of initiating mitochondrially mediated apoptosis differently. The observed PLL‐mediated late‐phase apoptosis may provide an explanation for previously reported transient gene expression associated with PLL‐based transfection vectors. The importance of our data in relation to design of novel and safer cationic non‐viral vectors for human gene therapy is discussed.
The hairy and enhancer of split 1 is a negative regulator of the repressor element silencer transcription factor
Authors: Abderrahmani Amar , Niederhauser Guy , Lenain Vincent , Regazzi Romano , Waeber Gérard
Published: October 2005

Silencing of the transcriptional repressor REST is required for terminal differentiation of neuronal and β‐cells. In this study, we hypothesized that REST expression is controlled by hairy and enhancer of split 1 (HES‐1), a transcriptional repressor that plays an important role in brain and pancreas development. We identified several N elements (CTNGTG) within the promoter of REST and confirmed that HES‐1 associates with the endogenous promoter of REST. Moreover, using a cells model that overexpress HES‐1 and a combination of experimental approaches, we demonstrated that HES‐1 reduces endogenous REST expression. Taken together, these results indicate that HES‐1 is an upstream negative regulator of REST expression.
A new approach to the memory of water
Authors: Tschulakow AV , Yan Y , Klimek W
Published: October 2005

We investigated whether water has a ‘memory’ for succussion compared to unsuccussed controls. The method is based on a bioassay using dinoflagellates. The duration of memory measured by this method is at least 10 min, and may be longer. The effect may be based upon solitons. A hypothesis about the mode of action of homeopathy may be experimentally investigated by this method.
Reference points and management strategies: lessons from quantum mechanics
Authors: Schnute Jon T. , Haigh Rowan
Published: October 2005

Fisheries management often relies heavily on precautionary reference points estimated from complex statistical models. An alternative approach uses management strategies defined by mathematical algorithms that calculate controls, like catch quotas, directly from the observed data. We combine these two distinct paradigms into a common framework using arguments from the historical development of quantum mechanics. In fisheries, as in physics, the core of the argument lies in the technical details. We illustrate the process of designing a management algorithm similar to one actually used by the International Whaling Commission. Reference points and surplus production models play a conceptual role in defining management strategies, even if marine populations do not obey such simplistic rules. Physicists have encountered similar problems in formulating quantum theory, where mathematical objects with seemingly unrealistic properties generate results of great practical importance.
Isolated Sphenoid Sinus Disease: Etiology and Management
Authors: Friedman Aaron , Batra Pete S. , Fakhri Samer , Citardi Martin J. , Lanza Donald C.
Published: October 2005

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the diagnosis and management of isolated sphenoid sinus disease by using the current rhinologic standard of care.

STUDY DESIGN:

Retrospective chart review.

RESULTS:

Fifty sequential, symptomatic patients were studied. Presenting symptoms included headache or facial pain (88%), rhinorrhea (46%), and nasal congestion (26%). All patients underwent CT imaging, demonstrating bony changes or dehiscences (42%), a mass (24%), or complete opacification of the sphenoid sinus (22%). Eighty percent required surgical intervention. The most frequent diagnoses were as follows: sinusitis (38%), fungal ball (20%), neoplasm (16%), and mucocele (12%). Treatment resulted in clinical or endoscopic improvement or resolution in 87% of the patients.

CONCLUSION:

The presenting symptoms of isolated sphenoid sinus disease can be nonspecific and may result in an inordinate delay in diagnosis. Nasal endoscopy and radiologic imaging are central to making an accurate and timely diagnosis. Medical treatment or minimally invasive surgical techniques can successfully manage the majority of patients with persistent or refractory symptoms.
15,000-yr Pollen Record of Vegetation change in the High Altitude Tropical Andes at Laguna Verde Alta, Venezuela
Authors: Rull Valentí , Abbott Mark B. , Polissar Pratigya J. , Wolfe Alexander P. , Bezada Maximiliano , Bradley Raymond S.
Published: October 2005

Pollen analysis of sediments from a high-altitude (4215 m), Neotropical (9°N) Andean lake was conducted in order to reconstruct local and regional vegetation dynamics since deglaciation. Although deglaciation commenced ∼15,500 cal yr B.P., the area around the Laguna Verde Alta (LVA) remained a periglacial desert, practically unvegetated, until about 11,000 cal yr B.P. At this time, a lycopod assemblage bearing no modern analog colonized the superpáramo. Although this community persisted until ∼6000 cal yr B.P., it began to decline somewhat earlier, in synchrony with cooling following the Holocene thermal maximum of the Northern Hemisphere. At this time, the pioneer assemblage was replaced by a low-diversity superpáramo community that became established ∼9000 cal yr B.P. This replacement coincides with regional declines in temperature and/or available moisture. Modern, more diverse superpáramo assemblages were not established until ∼4600 cal yr B.P., and were accompanied by a dramatic decline in Alnus, probably the result of factors associated with climate, humans, or both. Pollen influx from upper Andean forests is remarkably higher than expected during the Late Glacial and early to middle Holocene, especially between 14,000 and 12,600 cal yr B.P., when unparalleled high values are recorded. We propose that intensification of upslope orographic winds transported lower elevation forest pollen to the superpáramo, causing the apparent increase in tree pollen at high altitude. The association between increased forest pollen and summer insolation at this time suggests a causal link; however, further work is needed to clarify this relationship.
Outcome Analysis of the Transglabellar/Subcranial Approach for Lesions of the Anterior Cranial Fossa: A Comparison with the Classic Craniotomy Approach
Authors: Jung Thomas M. , Terkonda Raj P. , Haines Stephen J. , Strome Scott , Marentette Lawrence J.
Published: October 2005

The classic approach to anterior skull base lesions uses bifrontal craniotomies together with lateral rhinotomies. This approach requires frontal lobe retraction and is associated with postoperative anosmia and the development of frontal lobe encephalomalacia. The transglabellar/subcranial approach permits removal of anterior skull base lesions without frontal lobe retraction and avoids facial scars. No studies to date, however, have directly compared the two approaches in terms of patient morbidity. The present retrospective study compares the two approaches when used for the removal of anterior skull base lesions in terms of estimated blood loss, number of transfusions, number of days in the hospital and intensive care unit, and postoperative complications. Twenty patients with anterior skull base lesions were examined. The classic approach was used on 10, and the transglabellar/subcranial route was used on 10. When compared with the classic approach, the transglabellar/subcranial approach resulted in a lower estimated blood loss and subsequent transfusion rate, fewer days in the hospital and intensive care unit, and lower numbers and less severe types of complications. Furthermore, visualization of the tumors before resection with the transglabellar/subcranial approach allowed preservation of olfaction in virtually all of these patients. Although this study represents a small sample population, the results are sufficiently impressive to favor the transglabellar/subcranial approach for the removal of a variety of anterior skull base lesions.
Bulk tank milk somatic cell count as an indicator of the hygiene status of primary milk production
Authors: Rysanek Dusan , Babak Vladimir
Published: October 2005

The objective was to clarify the association between bulk tank milk somatic cell count (BTSCC) and total bacterial count (BTTBC) and coliform bacteria count (BTCBC) in a large set of data based on the currently accepted legal limit of BTSCC=400000/ml. We analysed the database obtained from one of four laboratories offering routine estimation of microbiological indicators and counts of somatic cells in bulk tank milk samples in the Czech Republic during the year 2003 (74174; 73921 and 33020 records of BTSCC, BTTBC and BTCBC estimations, respectively, in milk from 2769 suppliers). Raw data of BTSCC (with arithmetic mean 220000/ml; 95th percentile=502000/ml; 99th percentile=784000/ml) indicated that the BTSCC limit was exceeded in 12% of samples. BTSCC did not sufficiently reflect the hygiene status of particular producing herds because correlation coefficients between bulk tank milk somatic cell score (BTSCS) and log BTTBC or log BTCBC were low. Categorization of herds according to the percentage of records exceeding the BTSCC limit gave significantly higher correlation coefficients for the association between this characteristic and log BTTBC or log BTCBC (r=0·84 and r=0·68, respectively). The percentage of records exceeding the BTSCC limit was a useful tool to highlight problem herds kept in inadequate hygienic conditions in primary milk production. Likewise, the value of BTSCS>5 seemed to be a useful tool for the discrimination of problem herds.
Conjugated linoleic acid in ewe milk fat
Authors: Luna Pilar , Fontecha Javier , Juárez Manuela , de la Fuente Miguel Angel
Published: October 2005

Ewe milk fat from five different herds was studied to determine the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers. Research was carried out by combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and 4,4-dimethyloxazolyne derivatives (DMOX) with silver ion-high performance liquid chromatography (Ag+-HPLC). Reconstructed mass spectral profiles of CLA characteristic ions from DMOX were used to identify positional isomers and Ag+-HPLC to quantify them. Total CLA content varied from 0·57 to 0·97 g/100 g of total fatty acids. FAME and DMOX were separated into a complex mixture of minor isomers and major rumenic acid (9-cis 11-trans C18:2) by GC-MS using a 100-m polar capillary column. Rumenic acid would represent more than 75% of total CLA. 11-trans 13-trans, 11–13 cis/trans plus trans/cis and 7–9 cis/trans plus trans/cis were the main CLA isomers after rumenic acid. Minor amounts of 8–10 and 10–12 C18:2 isomers were also found. Although most of the isomers were present in each herd's milk, differences in content were observed for some CLA species.
Significance of frictional heating for effects of high pressure homogenisation on milk
Authors: Datta Nivedita , Hayes Maurice G , Deeth Hilton C , Kelly Alan L
Published: October 2005

High pressure homogenisation (HPH) is a novel dairy processing tool, which has many effects on enzymes, microbes, fat globules and proteins in milk. The effects of HPH on milk are due to a combination of shear forces and frictional heating of the milk during processing; the relative importance of these different factors is unclear, and was the focus of this study. The effect of milk inlet temperature (in the range 10–50 °C) on residual plasmin, alkaline phosphatase, lactoperoxidase and lipase activities in raw whole bovine milk homogenised at 200 MPa was investigated. HPH caused significant heating of the milk; outlet temperature increased in a linear fashion (0·5887 °C/°C, R2=0·9994) with increasing inlet temperature. As milk was held for 20 s at the final temperature before cooling, samples of the same milk were heated isothermally in glass capillary tubes for the same time/temperature combinations. Inactivation profiles of alkaline phosphatase in milk were similar for isothermal heating or HPH, indicating that loss of enzyme activity was due to heating alone. Loss of plasmin and lactoperoxidase activity in HPH milk, however, was greater than that in heated milk. Large differences in residual lipase activities in milks subjected to heating or HPH were observed due to the significant increase in lipase activity in homogenised milk. Denaturation of β-lactoglobulin was more extensive following HPH than the equivalent heat treatment. Inactivation of plasmin was correlated with increasing fat/serum interfacial area but was not correlated with denaturation of β-lactoglobulin. Thus, while some effects of HPH on milk are due to thermal effects alone, many are induced by the combination of forces and heating to which the milk is exposed during HPH.
Regulation of genes encoding proteolytic enzymes during mammary gland development
Authors: Sorrell David A , Szymanowska Malgorzata , Boutinaud Marion , Robinson Claire , Clarkson Richard WE , Stein Torsten , Flint David J , Kolb Andreas F
Published: October 2005

The mammary gland undergoes extensive tissue remodelling during each lactation cycle. During pregnancy, the epithelial compartment of the gland is vastly expanded (Benaud et al. 1998). At the end of lactation the epithelial cells undergo apoptosis and adipocyte differentiation is induced (Lilla et al. 2002). Ductal and alveolar growth during puberty and pregnancy, and the involution process require the action of proteolytic enzymes (including matrix metalloproteinases, plasminogen and membrane-peptidases) and the corresponding genes are activated during these periods (Benaud et al. 1998; Alexander et al. 2001). Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are expressed in several cell types of the mammary gland including stromal fibroblasts (e.g., MMP3, MMP2), epithelial cells (e.g., MMP7 or MMP9), adipocytes (e.g., MMP2) and lymphoid cells (e.g., MMP9) (Crawford et al. 1996; Lund et al. 1996; Wiseman et al. 2003). A number of knock-out mice, which are deficient for individual MMP genes (e.g., MMP2, MMP3) or plasminogen, display alterations to mammary gland structure and impairment of lactation (Lund et al. 1999; Wiseman et al. 2003).
Ecological traits of declining amphibians in upland areas of eastern Australia
Authors: Hero Jean‐Marc , Williams Stephen E. , Magnusson William E.
Published: October 2005

Catastrophic declines of amphibian populations have been reported from upland areas around the world, yet within regions not all species have been affected. Herein, we examine the relationships between conservation status and ecological traits for over 60 amphibian species from upland areas of eastern Australia. Among the 24 phylogenetic groups examined, eight groups contained only declining species, eight groups contained both declining and non‐declining species and eight groups had no declining species, suggesting species declines are influenced by their evolutionary history. Declines have been reported for only one species (Philoria frosti) of 20 species (i.e. from genera Assa, Cophixalus, Austrochaperina and remaining Philoria/Kyaranus) with direct development in the terrestrial environment. Of the remaining 40 species that include an aquatic stage in the life history, species‐specific traits associated with declines suggest species with stream‐dwelling tadpoles are more likely to be declining than species that breed in ephemeral and isolated ponds. However, low ovarian clutch size is the most important ecological trait significantly associated with the tendency for a species to be declining (independent of phylogeny). Species with restricted geographic ranges are also more likely to be declining than widespread species (independent of phylogeny). While ovarian clutch size and geographic range are correlated they are both good predictors for the likelihood of decline for upland species independent of their phylogenetic history. We propose that low ovarian clutch size is an index of low fecundity, and indicates a reduction in population resilience, making those species more susceptible to population declines and extinction than highly fecund species. This provides the first ecological explanation for why some species are declining while other sympatric species are not. Geographic range provides an easily applied tool that can be used to predict the likelihood of species decline in other regions. These results support the hypothesis that a causal factor may be affecting all species of frogs, yet only those species with naturally low population resilience are susceptible to declines.
Dyslexia: 1965–2005
Authors: Rutter Michael , Maughan Barbara
Published: October 2005

William Yule's many contributions to the field of reading disabilities over the last 40 years are reviewed and set in the context of recent research evidence. The value of regression methods in the measurement of reading performance remains valid, but spelling, as well as reading, difficulties need to be assessed in relation to the diagnosis of dyslexia. Although categorical approaches to diagnosis are needed for some purposes, it is likely that the genetic liability to dyslexia is dimensional. Overall, Yule's identification of the key features of specific reading retardation have been confirmed by subsequent research, but the concept of general reading backwardness as a diagnosis has proved less meaningful. The identification of the high rate of comorbidity between reading disability and emotional/behavioural disturbance, highlighted by Yule 35 years ago, has been amply confirmed but the causal mechanisms remain ill-understood.
Cognitive Aspects of Posttraumatic Stress Reactions and their Treatment in Children and Adolescents: An Empirical Review and Some Recommendations
Authors: Dalgleish Tim , Meiser-Stedman Richard , Smith Patrick
Published: October 2005

This paper reviews empirical research on cognitive factors associated with the experience of trauma and with the development of posttraumatic stress, Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children and adolescents. The review covers three main areas: cognitive experimental and neuropsychological studies; large scale studies on representative samples; and, randomized clinical trial data examining cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) interventions. Overall, the conclusions are that progress in all three areas lags far behind that in adult work and that, perhaps, the studies to date raise more questions than they provide answers provided by the studies to date. The paper concludes with detailed empirical recommendations for future research in the three chosen domains.
Assessment of Bidirectional Influences Between Family Relationships and Adolescent Problem Behavior
Authors: Delsing Marc J.M.H. , Oud Johan H.L. , De Bruyn Eric E.J.
Published: October 2005

Abstract. In family research, bidirectional influences between the family and the individual are usually analyzed in discrete time. Results from discrete time analysis, however, have been shown to be highly dependent on the length of the observation interval. Continuous time analysis using stochastic differential equations has been proposed to circumvent this problem. The present study examined the bidirectional influences between family relationships and adolescent problem behavior by means of both discrete- and continuous-time cross-lagged panel analysis. The effect of the length of the observation interval on the results from both procedures was investigated. Data were collected from a community sample of 288 Dutch families consisting of a father, a mother, and two of their adolescent children. Whereas results from discrete time analyses differed considerably when a 2-year instead of a 1-year interval between measurements was used, results from continuous time analysis appeared to be less affected by the length of the observation interval. Continuous time analysis revealed family relationship characteristics and levels of adolescent problem behavior to be highly stable over time. Relatively small cross-lagged effects were found between family relationships and adolescent problem behaviors.
The Multitrait-Multimethod Approach in Family Assessment
Authors: Janssens Jan M.A.M. , De Bruyn Eric E.J. , Manders Willeke A. , Scholte Ron H.J.
Published: October 2005

Abstract. A questionnaire and two observation methods were used to assess the parent-child relationship constructs Warmth, Hostility, Respect for Autonomy, and Setting Limits. Family members (father, mother, and one child) were asked to assess each of the other family members on these constructs. The family members were observed during an interaction task and their behavior toward each of the other family members was coded on these constructs, using global ratings and microcodes. The children's problem behavior was rated by both parents. A multitrait-multimethod approach was followed in analyzing the data and interpreting the criterion validity of the relationship measures. Method-variance overshadowed trait-variance and presumably also explained the moderate criterion validity of the questionnaire and the behavior rating method.
A Dynamic Systems Approach to Family Assessment
Authors: van Geert Paul L.C. , Lichtwarck-Aschoff Anna
Published: October 2005

Abstract. The dynamic systems approach provides a general framework for studying processes. Properties of that approach are applied to the issue of family assessment. The description covers methods of assessment of short-term processes (e.g., dyadic interaction) and long-term processes (e.g., changes in interaction patterns over years). Special attention is given to the meaning of fluctuation and its relation to transitions and changes of the family system's properties. Two examples of assessment methods and procedures are discussed. One concerns the use of state space representations, the other the design of family studies, encompassing the use of mathematical models of the hypothesized underlying processes.
Validation of the Faces Pain Scale in a Sample of Elderly Spanish Individuals
Authors: Castel Antoni , Miró Jordi , Rull Maria
Published: October 2005

Abstract. The main objective of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Faces Pain Scale (FPS) as a measure of pain intensity for use with elderly Spanish individuals. Results of the Spanish version of this scale (FPS-S) are similar to those obtained with the original instrument. To determine the validity, reliability, and scaling properties of the FPS-S, we used rating and ranking procedures, placement tasks, and test-retest methods. Response to six Likert-type items indicated that subjects agreed that the FPS-S represents pain. Rank ordering tasks for the individual faces demonstrated almost perfect agreement between the expected ranking and the ranking produced by the subjects (Kendall's W = 0.99, p < .001). Moreover, the separation of the faces in the anticipated equal interval position was statistically significant when the faces were positioned along a 1-m-long wedge (to indicate the amount of pain represented by each face) either individually or simultaneously. Finally, the FPS-S has proved to have good reliability properties (Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.91, p < .01). This study shows preliminary support for the construct validity, as well as strong test-retest reliability, and ordinal properties of the FPS-S.
The Effects of Working Memory Resource Availability on Prospective Memory
Authors: Smith Rebekah E. , Bayen Ute J.
Published: October 2005

Abstract. The PAM theory of event-based prospective memory ( Smith, 2003 ; Smith & Bayen, 2004a ) proposes that successful prospective memory performance demands upon the interaction of preparatory attentional processes and retrospective memory processes. The two experiments in the current study represent the first application of a formal model to investigate the sensitivity of these underlying processes to variations in working memory resource availability. Multinomial modeling of data from prospective-memory tasks showed that working memory span influenced preparatory attentional processes and retrospective-memory processes.
Limitations to the Spacing Effect
Authors: Verkoeijen Peter P. J. L. , Rikers Remy M. J. P. , Schmidt Henk G.
Published: October 2005

Abstract. The spacing effect refers to the finding that memory for repeated items improves when the interrepetition interval increases. To explain the spacing effect in free-recall tasks, a two-factor model has been put forward that combines mechanisms of contextual variability and study-phase retrieval (e.g., Raaijmakers, 2003 ; Verkoeijen, Rikers, & Schmidt, 2004 ). An important, yet untested, implication of this model is that free recall of repetitions should follow an inverted u-shaped relationship with interrepetition spacing. To demonstrate the suggested relationship an experiment was conducted. Participants studied a word list, consisting of items repeated at different interrepetition intervals, either under incidental or under intentional learning instructions. Subsequently, participants received a free-recall test. The results revealed an inverted u-shaped relationship between free recall and interrepetition spacing in both the incidental-learning condition and the intentional-learning condition. Moreover, for intentionally learned repetitions, the maximum free-recall performance was located at a longer interrepetition interval than for incidentally learned repetitions. These findings are interpreted in terms of the two-factor model of spacing effects in free-recall tasks.
The Lack of Pseudohomophone Priming Effects with Short Durations in Reading and Naming
Authors: Lee Hye-Won , Kambe Gretchen , Pollatsek Alexander , Rayner Keith
Published: October 2005

Abstract. The priming effect of pseudohomophones was assessed in reading and naming tasks. In two experiments using the fast priming paradigm in reading, there were no pseudohomophone priming effects when the prime duration was 32, 44, or 56 ms from the beginning of a fixation. In a third experiment, using a naming task with isolated words, there were also no pseudohomophone priming effects with prime durations of 32, 44, and 56 ms, but there was with a 200-ms prime duration. The results suggest that pseudohomophone priming doesn’t occur at an early stage of reading (in the first 60 ms from the beginning of fixation), but occurs at a later stage (within the first 200 ms).
A Pictorial Version of the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task
Authors: Huijding Jorg , de Jong Peter J.
Published: October 2005

Abstract. This study assessed whether a pictorial, rather than a verbal, Extrinsic Affective Simon Task (EAST: De Houwer, 2003 ) is, 1) sensitive to the affective valence of normatively positive, neutral, and negative pictures, 2) sensitive to interindividual differences pertaining to fear-relevant affective associations, and 3) a valid predictor for strategic and/or reflexive fear responses. High (n = 35) and low (n = 35) spider fearful individuals completed an EAST comprising of universal positive, negative, neutral, and spider pictures. The pictorial EAST was sensitive to normatively valenced stimuli, tended to differentiate between high and low fearful individuals with respect to spider pictures, and showed independent predictive validity for avoidance behavior.
Automatic Processing of Dominance and Submissiveness
Authors: Moors Agnes , De Houwer Jan
Published: October 2005

Abstract. We investigated whether people are able to detect in a relatively automatic manner the dominant or submissive status of persons engaged in social interactions. We used a nonaffective variant of the affective Simon paradigm of De Houwer and Eelen (1998 ) in which participants responded by saying either “dominant” or “submissive” depending on the right or left spatial position of a target person who was engaged as either the dominant or the submissive agent in a social interaction. We observed that responses were facilitated when the status connotation of the target person and the correct response corresponded. These results provide new information about the automatic nature of information related to emotion-antecedent appraisals.
Valence, Comparison Focus and Self-Positivity Biases
Authors: Pahl Sabine , Eiser J. Richard
Published: October 2005

Abstract. The present research questions whether mere valence affects self-other comparisons in the domain of trait characteristics. While some previous studies have reported greater positivity bias for the self when traits were positive than when traits were negative, we suggest that this is an ambiguous finding, because valence and content were confounded. When we unconfounded content and valence, valence had no effect on the magnitude of self-positivity bias displayed. We also replicate several findings for our unconfounded set of traits. Firstly, comparing others to the self, rather than comparing the self to others, lowered self-positivity for positive and negative traits (focus effect). Secondly, extremely positive and negative traits triggered greater positivity bias than did more moderately evaluated ones. Finally, we suggest that comparative self-positivity biases may be based on a general positivity bias.
Spatial variations in phytoplankton pigment ratios, optical properties, and environmental gradients in Oregon coast surface waters
Authors: Eisner Lisa B. , Cowles Timothy J.
Published: October 2005

In situ optics and hydrographic measurements, along with discrete samples for calibration, were used to assess spatial variations in phytoplankton characteristics and taxonomic composition (pigment ratios, relative particle size distribution, and chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration) in Oregon coast surface waters during August 2001. The relationships between environmental parameters (nutrients, light, temperature), photoprotective:photosynthetic carotenoid (PPC:PSC) ratios, and in situ spectral absorption and beam attenuation from ac‐9 measurements were also evaluated. We computed a “slope” index to evaluate changes in shapes of the phytoplankton absorption (aph) spectra: aph slope = (aph488 − aph532)/[aph676 · (488–532 nm)]. Significant linear relationships were seen between PPC:PSC ratios and the aph slope parameter for surface samples grouped by location, date, and water mass characteristics. We observed high spatial variability in the phytoplankton photophysiological and taxonomic indicators derived from our optical measurements. Lower PPC:PSC ratios and larger particle size distributions were seen near the coast in colder upwelled water compared to locations farther offshore with warmer, more nutrient deplete water. Temperature and photosynthetic available radiation explained 42% of the variability in PPC:PSC ratios for all surface samples and 61% for surface samples with <2 μM dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Temperature alone explained 87% of the variability in PPC:PSC ratios (estimated from ac‐9 absorption data) and 72% of the variability in relative particle size distribution (estimated from ac‐9 beam attenuation data) for Heceta Bank samples collected over 4 days, inshore and offshore of an upwelling front.
Oscillatory flow through submerged canopies: 1. Velocity structure
Authors: Lowe Ryan J. , Koseff Jeffrey R. , Monismith Stephen G.
Published: October 2005

Many benthic organisms form very rough surfaces on the seafloor that can be described as submerged canopies. Recent evidence has shown that, compared with a unidirectional current, an oscillatory flow driven by surface waves can significantly enhance biological processes such as nutrient uptake. However, to date, the physical mechanisms responsible for this enhancement have not been established. This paper presents a theoretical model to estimate flow inside a submerged canopy driven by oscillatory flow. To reduce the complexity of natural canopies, an idealized canopy consisting of an array of vertical cylinders is used. The attenuation of the in‐canopy oscillatory flow is shown to be governed by three dimensionless parameters defined on the basis of canopy geometry and flow parameters. The model predicts that an oscillatory flow will always generate a higher in‐canopy flow when compared to a unidirectional current of the same magnitude, and specifically that the attenuation will monotonically increase as the wave orbital excursion length is increased. A series of laboratory experiments are conducted for a range of different unidirectional and oscillatory flow conditions, and the results confirm that oscillatory flow increases water motion inside a canopy. It is hypothesized that this higher in‐canopy flow will enhance rates of mass transfer from the canopy elements, a problem formally investigated in a companion paper (Lowe et al., 2005b).
Oscillatory flow through submerged canopies: 2. Canopy mass transfer
Authors: Lowe Ryan J. , Koseff Jeffrey R. , Monismith Stephen G. , Falter James L.
Published: October 2005

Mass transfer rates from submerged canopies constructed from arrays of vertical cylinders were investigated for a range of different cylinder spacings under both unidirectional and oscillatory flow. Individual canopy elements made from gypsum were dissolved in fresh water to simulate the mass transfer of dissolved metabolites to and from canopies of living benthic organisms. Mass transfer rates under oscillatory flow were up to three times higher than values measured for a comparable unidirectional current. This enhancement was shown to be a strong function of the canopy element spacing. A model was developed to predict canopy mass transfer rates on the basis of the in‐canopy flow speed and was generalized to incorporate either unidirectional or oscillatory flow. Agreement between the modeled and experimentally measured mass transfer rates indicate that enhanced mass transfer to/from living benthic canopies under oscillatory flow is driven primarily by the higher in‐canopy water motion generated by the oscillatory flow, as detailed in the companion paper (Lowe et al., 2005).
Production of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes by an electromagnetic pulse from a lightning return stroke
Authors: Inan U. S. , Lehtinen N. G.
Published: October 2005

Recent observations of terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs) (Smith et al., 2005) suggest the need for a new mechanism of TGF production. Consideration of relativistic runaway electron (RRE) avalanche driven by electromagnetic impulses (EMP) radiated by rapidly moving lightning return strokes indicates that TGFs can be produced by discharges with peak return stroke currents Ip > 450–700 kA with velocities vrs/c = 0.99–0.995.
Response of large‐scale eastern boundary current forcing in the 21st century
Authors: Diffenbaugh Noah S.
Published: October 2005

Greenhouse‐induced changes in large‐scale atmospheric circulation, particularly the strength, location and variability of the subtropical high pressure centers, could alter the dynamics and ecology of eastern boundary current regions. An unprecedented ensemble of coupled climate model experiments reveals potentially important changes in large‐scale eastern boundary current forcing over the next century, including relaxation of the strength and variability of peak‐season equatorward wind forcing in all four eastern boundary current regions, and intensification of inter‐annual variability of annual maximum sea level pressure in the southern hemisphere subtropical gyres. While these projected changes in large‐scale forcing are difficult to distinguish from the multi‐model noise, they are of sufficient magnitude to have important dynamical and ecological consequences.
Probabilistic estimation of earthquake growth to a catastrophic one
Authors: Iwata Takaki , Imoto Masajiro , Horiuchi Shigeki
Published: October 2005

We propose a method to estimate the probability of earthquake growth to a catastrophic one immediately after observing its initiation, for practical usage in an earthquake early warning system. This method is essentially an application of the conditional probability theory, where the magnitude‐frequency relation plays a crucial role. We apply it to the Nankai trough region, Japan, where a catastrophic earthquake is expected in the near future. Based on the historical catalogue, we estimate the probability density of magnitude using a Bayesian approach. We then estimate the probability of earthquake growth to a catastrophic one. If the observed earthquake magnitude reaches 6.5, the estimated probability that the final magnitude exceeds 7.5 is 25–41%. According to previous studies, the time taken for the magnitude to increase from 6.5 to 7.5 is approximately 10–15 seconds. Our method is highly beneficial in that it enables an earlier alarm to be issued.
An optimal Monte Carlo algorithm for multivariate Feynman–Kac path integrals
Authors: Kwas Marek
Published: October 2005

We study a Monte Carlo algorithm for approximating multivariate Feynman–Kac path integrals parameterized by initial value and potential d-variate functions. This problem suffers from the curse of dimensionality in the worst case deterministic setting. That is why we study the randomized setting in which the functions are sampled at randomized points and the algorithm uses a finite number of such samples. We achieve optimality of the randomized algorithm due to variance reduction obtained by Smolyak’s algorithm for approximating tensor product functions. The optimal convergence depends on the smoothness of initial value and potential functions. When the initial value and potential functions are r times continuously differentiable we obtain the optimal convergence of order m−1∕2−r∕d for m function samples. Thus, if r∕d is negligible we do not gain much over the commonly used classical Monte Carlo algorithm whose convergence is of order m−1∕2. Hence, the classical Monte Carlo algorithm turns out to be almost optimal if r∕d is small. On the other hand, we can significantly improve the classical Monte Carlo convergence if r∕d is not negligible.
The frequency spectrum of the Casimir effect
Authors: Lang Andrew S. I. D.
Published: October 2005

The frequency spectrum of the Casimir effect between parallel plates is studied. Calculations are performed for both the massless scalar field and the electromagnetic field cases, first using a spectral weight function, and then via the Fourier transform of the renormalized expectation of the Casimir energy-momentum operator. The Casimir force is calculated using the spectrum for two plates which are perfectly transparent in a frequency band. The result of this calculation suggests a way to detect the frequency spectrum of the Casimir effect.
Fragmentation channels of large multicharged clusters
Authors: Last Isidore , Levy Yaakov , Jortner Joshua
Published: October 2005

We address unifying features of fragmentation channels driven by long-range Coulomb or pseudo-Coulomb forces in clusters, nuclei, droplets, and optical molasses. We studied the energetics, fragmentation patterns, and dynamics of multicharged (A+)n (n=55, 135, 321) clusters. In Morse clusters the variation of the range of the pair-potential induced changes in the cluster surface energy and in the fissibility parameter X=E(Coulomb)∕2E(surface). X was varied in the range of X=1–8 for short-range interactions and of X=0.1–1.0 for long-range interactions. Metastable cluster configurations were prepared by vertical ionization of the neutral clusters and by subsequent structural equilibration. The energetics of these metastable ionic clusters was described in terms of the liquid drop model, with the coefficients of the volume and surface energies depending linearly on the Morse band dissociation energy. Molecular-dynamics simulations established two distinct fragmentation patterns of multicharged clusters that involve cluster fission into a small number of large, multicharged clusters for X<1 and Coulomb explosion into a large number of individual ions and small ionic fragments for X>1. The Rayleigh instability limit X=1 separates between spatially anisotropic fission and spatially isotropic Coulomb explosion. Distinct features of the fragmentation energetics and dynamics were unveiled. For fission of n=55 clusters, large kinetic and internal energies of the large fragments are exhibited and the characteristic fragmentation time is ∼700fs, while for Coulomb explosion the major energy content of the small fragments involves kinetic energy and the characteristic fragmentation time of ∼300fs is shorter. The Rayleigh (X=1) limit, leading to isotropic Coulomb explosion, is transcended by a marked enhancement of the Coulomb energy, which is realized for extremely ionized clusters in ultraintense laser fields, or by a dramatic reduction of the surface energy as is the case for the expansion of optical molasses.
Liquid level sensor
Authors: Kulkarni Atul , Karekar R. N. , Aiyer R. C.
Published: October 2005

The article reports an idea of using a simple, cantilever-type load cell with a rod as a level sensor for continuous liquid level measurements. The sensor is based on the principle of the Archimedes buoyancy principle. The density and geometry of the rod govern the choice of the load cell. The length of the rod is governed by the height of the tank. A series of cyclic tests have demonstrated a highly repeatable response of the sensor. The accuracy of this low-cost sensor is field tested and found to be ±0.5% of the full range, for a 10 m level of water in a tank, and is working reliably for the period of 18 months. The sensor range can be easily extended to lower and higher tank heights. The sensor is crowned by its easy installation and calibration.
Macroscopic thermoelectric inhomogeneities in (AgSbTe2)x(PbTe)1−x
Authors: Chen Nancy , Gascoin Franck , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Müller Eckhard , Karpinski Gabriele , Stiewe Christian
Published: October 2005

Exceptionally high thermoelectric figure of merit (zT>2), has been reported for (Ag1−ySbTe2)0.05(PbTe)0.95, which may involve the nanoscale microstructure. However, conflicting reports on the same materials claim only zT of 1 or less. Here we show that (Ag1−ySbTe2)0.05(PbTe)0.95 materials are multiphase on the scale of millimeters despite appearing homogeneous by x-ray diffraction and routine electron microscopy. Using a scanning Seebeck microprobe, we find significant variation of Seebeck coefficient (including both n-type and p-type behavior in the same sample) that can explain the discrepancy in reported zT. More homogeneous samples can be prepared with faster cooling rates.
Thermodynamics of Gō-type models for protein folding
Authors: Prieto Lidia , de Sancho David , Rey Antonio
Published: October 2005

Gō-type potentials, based on the inter-residue contacts present in the native structure of a protein, are frequently used to predict dynamic and structural features of the folding pathways through computer simulations. However, the mathematical form used to define the model interactions includes several arbitrary choices, whose consequences are not usually analyzed. In this work, we use a simple off-lattice protein model and a parallel tempering Monte Carlo simulation technique to carry out such analysis, centered in the thermodynamic characteristics of the folding transition. We show how the definition of a native contact has a deep impact on the presence of simple or complex transitions, with or without thermodynamic intermediates. In addition, we have checked that the width of the attractive wells has a profound effect on the free-energy barrier between the folded and unfolded states, mainly through its influence on the entropy of the denatured state.
The drag-out problem in film coating
Authors: Jin Bo , Acrivos Andreas , Münch Andreas
Published: October 2005

The classical coating flow problem of determining the asymptotic film thickness (and hence the load) on a flat plate being withdrawn vertically from an infinitely deep bath is examined via a numerical solution of the steady-state Navier-Stokes equations. Under creeping flow conditions, the dimensionless load q is computed as a function of the capillary number Ca and, for Ca<0.4, is found to agree with Wilson’s extension [J. Eng. Math. 16, 209 (1982)] of Levich’s well-known expression. On the other hand, for Ca→∞, q asymptotes to 0.582, well below the value of 2∕3 postulated by Deryagin and Levi [Film Coating Theory (Focal, London, 1964)]. For finite Reynolds numbers Re≡mCa3∕2, where m is a dimensionless number involving only the gravitational acceleration g and the properties of the fluid, q is found to remain essentially independent of m at a given Ca, but only up to a critical capillary number Ca*, dependent on m, beyond which our numerical scheme failed. Analogous results, but only for creeping flows, are presented for the case where the plate is inclined at an angle α from the vertical. Here, the corresponding dimensionless flow rate qα≡q(cosα)1∕2 depends on both Ca and α, and its maximum is found to increase monotonically with α and to become equal to 2∕3 when α exceeds a critical angle αc(∼π∕4), where the plate is inclined midway to the horizontal with its coating surface on the topside.
Note on rarefactive and compressive ion-acoustic solitons in a plasma containing two ion species
Authors: McKenzie J. F. , Verheest F. , Doyle T. B. , Hellberg M. A.
Published: October 2005

In a recent article the conditions for the existence of solitons in a plasma containing two ion species were analyzed within the framework of a fully nonlinear treatment. In particular, an upper limit for the critical collective Mach number (above which rarefactive solitons cease to exist) was obtained from the requirement that a charge neutral point in the rarefactive regime must be formed before the electron density, ne, experiences its “lid,” i.e., where ne→0. Although this is a necessary condition it is not sufficient. In the present work a sufficient condition is derived by requiring that a rarefactive equilibrium point be reached before the limit is imposed by either the electron lid or the infinite compression of the second ion species. This requirement, along with the usual necessary condition for soliton formation, provides the parameter space window for the existence of rarefactive solitons. The analysis has also been generalized to include ions of finite mass of various charge for both the rarefactive and compressive cases.