bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of snow/sea ice type on the response of albedo and light penetration depth (e-folding depth) to increasing black carbon
Authors: Marks A. A. , King M. D.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The optical properties of snow/sea ice vary with age and by the processes they were formed, giving characteristic types of snow and sea ice. The response of albedo and light penetration depth (e-folding depth) to increasing mass-ratio of black carbon is shown to depend on the snow and sea ice type and the thickness of the snow or sea ice. The response of albedo and e-folding depth of three different types of snow (cold polar snow, windpacked snow and melting snow) and three sea ice (multi-year ice, first-year ice and melting sea ice) to increasing black carbon is calculated using a coupled atmosphere–snow/sea ice radiative-transfer model (TUV-snow), over the optical wavelengths of 300–700 nm. The snow and sea ice types are defined by a scattering-cross section, density and asymmetry parameter. The relative change in albedo of a melting snowpack is a factor of four more responsive to additions of black carbon compared to cold polar snow over a black carbon increase from 1 to 50 ng g−1. While the relative change in albedo of a melting sea ice is a factor of two more responsive to additions of black carbon compared to multi-year ice for the same black carbon mass-ratio increase. The response of e-folding depth is effectively not dependent on snow/sea ice type. The albedo of sea ice is more responsive to increased mass-ratios of black carbon than snow.
Comparative Evaluation of Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Saliva of Patients with Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Yue Yuan , Liu Qing , Xu Chunjiao , Loo Wings TY , Wang Min , Wen Guo , Cheung Mary NB , Bai Lan-jun , Dou Yi-ding , Chow Louis WC , Hao Liang , Tian Ye , Li Jin-le , Yip Adrian YS , Ng Elizabeth LY
Published: February 2014

Objectives

This study aims to evaluate and compare cytokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and saliva of patients with aggressive periodontitis (AP) before and after treatment.

Methods

Forty AP patients and 40 healthy volunteers were enrolled in this study. Clinical parameters included probing depth and sulcus bleeding index. GCF and saliva were collected from both groups. The levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ and TNF-α were measured using ELISA.

Results

The probing depth in AP patients was significantly deeper before treatment than after treatment. The concentrations of cytokines in GCF and saliva were significantly higher in AP patients than in the control group and decreased after periodontal treatment. Positive relationships were found between cytokine levels in GCF and clinical parameters. The reliability of cytokines in GCF and saliva was assessed by Cronbach's alpha analysis, which could be considered satisfactory.

Conclusion

Cytokine levels in GCF and saliva correlated well with clinical parameters and AP. Measurements of cytokines in saliva may be regarded as a noninvasive and quick method for monitoring periodontal disease activity.
Portraits de l’ennemi : le Prussien, la prostituée et le cochon
Authors: Cnockaert Véronique
Published: February 2014

Durant la guerre franco-prussienne de 1870, un usage politique et idéologique fut fait de certaines théories physiologistes, notamment, on s’en doute, celles qui définissaient l’ennemi. Les différents discours contre ces derniers qui feront rage jusqu’à la Première Guerre mondiale s’échafaudent à partir d’élaborations scientifiques douteuses, qui relèvent également d’un imaginaire historique et d’une rhétorique qui s’appuie sur une forme de sacralisation de la guerre. Notre propos voudrait montrer que dans les nouvelles Boule de suif et Saint-Antoine, Maupassant révèle l’instrumentalisation qui est faite de ces discours modélisants. Souvent avec ironie, l’écrivain démontre que l’imaginaire social se fonde moins sur un savoir objectif et empirique que sur la conviction subjective d’une différence anthropologique et morale entre les individus, qui puise son énergie dans l’angoisse, la peur et une volonté de puissance d’un individu sur un autre. Dans les textes qui nous occupent, la « mise en ennemi » s’ajuste bel et bien, au-delà du fait historique, sur une intrication de données naturelles (biologiques, physiologiques) et culturelles (moeurs, habitudes) qui caractérisent l’ennemi comme l’« Autre à tuer ». L’ironie se cache dans l’utilisation que fait Maupassant du modèle anthropologique : en mettant en scène des identités hybrides où se mêlent qualités et défauts des dominés et des dominants, le romancier va en effet quitter l’échiquier ethnique et dépasser la question des identités nationales pour s’attaquer non pas aux Allemands ou aux Français en particulier, mais à la nature humaine en général et à sa propension à la barbarie.
Enhancement and retardation of thermal boron diffusion in silicon from atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposited boron silicate glass film
Authors: Kurachi Ikuo , Yoshioka Kentaro
Published: February 2014

Thermal boron diffusion into silicon from boron silicate glass (BSG) prepared by atmospheric pressure CVD (AP-CVD) has been investigated in terms of the BSG boron concentration dependence on diffusion mechanism for N-type solar cell applications. With thermal diffusion at 950 °C in N2 for 20 min, the sheet resistance of the boron-diffused layer decreases with BSG boron concentration up to approximately 4 × 1021 cm−3 at which a boron-rich layer (BRL) is formed at the surface. However, the resistance increases with BSG boron concentration when the BSG boron concentration is higher than 4 × 1021 cm−3. It is also confirmed that the diffusion depth decreases with increasing BSG boron concentration within this BSG concentration region. To clarify this mechanism, the BSG boron concentration dependence on boron diffusivity has also been studied. From extracted diffusivities, the anomalous diffusion can be explained by silicon interstitials formed owing to kick-out by diffused boron atoms and by silicon interstitial generation–degradation due to BRL formation.
Power gain improvement for single-electron transistors
Authors: Luong Duy Manh , Honjo Kazuhiko
Published: February 2014

In this paper, a novel approach for investigating the single-electron transistors (SET’s) power gain functionality which is one of the most important features of active devices related with operation speed performance is proposed. Moreover, an evaluating method is also introduced to improve the SET power gain due to the influence of junction thickness. It is found that source junction thickness is the key factor affecting the power gain. This important finding is illustrated by taking into account the physical parameters of a sample fabricated SET. According to proposed model, power gain can be improved by a remarkable amount of 39 dB at frequencies up to THz regime by reducing 1.25 nm in source junction thickness.
Surface-activated-bonding-based InGaP-on-Si double-junction cells
Authors: Shigekawa Naoteru , Morimoto Masashi , Nishida Shota , Liang Jianbo
Published: February 2014

InGaP-on-Si double-junction cells were fabricated by the surface activated bonding of InGaP-based top cell layers grown on GaAs substrates to Si-based bottom cells and the selective etching of GaAs substrates. The open-circuit voltage of the double-junction cells in the tandem operation was close to the sum of the open-circuit voltages of the top and bottom cells. The efficiency in the tandem operation of the n-on-p InGaP/(100)-Si double-junction cells was higher than the efficiencies of the respective subcells.
UAVSAR observations of triggered slip on the Imperial, Superstition Hills, and East Elmore Ranch Faults associated with the 2010 M 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake
Authors: Donnellan Andrea , Parker Jay , Hensley Scott , Pierce Marlon , Wang Jun , Rundle John
Published: February 2014

The 4 April 2010 M 7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah earthquake that occurred in Baja California, Mexico and terminated near the U.S. Mexican border caused slip on the Imperial, Superstition Hills, and East Elmore Ranch Faults. The pattern of slip was observed using radar interferometry from NASA's Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) instrument collected on 20–21 October 2009 and 12–13 April 2010. Right‐lateral slip of 36 ± 9 and 14 ± 2 mm occurred on the Imperial and Superstition Hills Faults, respectively. Left‐lateral slip of 9 ± 2 mm occurred on the East Elmore Ranch Fault. The widths of the zones of displacement increase northward suggesting successively more buried fault motion to the north. The observations show a decreasing pattern of slip northward on a series of faults in the Salton Trough stepping between the El Mayor‐Cucapah rupture and San Andreas Fault. Most of the motion occurred at the time of the M 7.2 earthquake and the UAVSAR observations are consistent with field, creepmeter, GPS, and Envisat observations. An additional 28 ± 1 mm of slip at the southern end of the Imperial Fault over a <1 km wide zone was observed over a 1 day span a week after the earthquake suggesting that the fault continued to slip at depth following the mainshock. The total moment release on the three faults is 2.3 × 1023−1.2 × 1024 dyne cm equivalent to a moment magnitude release of 4.9–5.3, assuming shallow slip depths ranging from 1 to 5 km.
Influence of fault connectivity on slip rates in southern California: Potential impact on discrepancies between geodetic derived and geologic slip rates
Authors: Herbert Justin W. , Cooke Michele L. , Marshall Scott T.
Published: February 2014

Along the San Bernardino strand of the San Andreas fault (SAF) and across the eastern California shear zone (ECSZ), geologic slip rates differ from those inverted from geodetic measurements, which may partly be due to inaccurate fault connectivity within geodetic models. We employ three‐dimensional models that are mechanically compatible with long‐term plate motion to simulate both fault slip rates and interseismic surface deformation. We compare results from fault networks that follow mapped geologic traces and resemble those used in block model inversions, which connect the San Jacinto fault to the SAF near Cajon Pass and connect distinct faults within the ECSZ. The connection of the SAF with the San Jacinto fault decreases strike‐slip rates along the SAF by up to 10% and increases strike‐slip rates along the San Jacinto fault by up to 16%; however, slip rate changes are still within the large geologic ranges along the SAF. The insensitivity of interseismic surface velocities near Cajon Pass to fault connection suggests that inverse models may utilize both an incorrect fault geometry and slip rate and still provide an excellent fit to interseismic geodetic data. Similarly, connection of faults within the ECSZ produces 36% greater cumulative strike‐slip rates but less than 17% increase in interseismic velocity. When using overconnected models to invert GPS for slip rates, the reduced off‐fault deformation within the models can lead to overprediction of slip rates. While the nature of fault intersections at depth remains enigmatic, fault geometries should be chosen with caution in crustal deformation models.
The tectonic evolution of the Transbrasiliano Lineament in northern Paraná Basin, Brazil, as inferred from aeromagnetic data
Authors: Curto Julia B. , Vidotti Roberta M. , Fuck Reinhardt A. , Blakely Richard J. , Alvarenga Carlos J. S. , Dantas Elton L.
Published: February 2014

Data from six airborne magnetic surveys were compiled and analyzed to develop a structural interpretation for the Transbrasiliano Lineament in northern Paraná Basin, Brazil. Magnetic lineaments, interpreted to reflect geologic contacts and structures at different depths, were illuminated using the matched‐filter technique applied to aeromagnetic anomalies. Field‐based structural measurements generally support our magnetic analysis. We estimated three primary magnetic zones: (i) a zone of deep magnetic sources at 20 km depth, (ii) an intermediate basement zone at 6 km depth, and (iii) a shallow zone of near‐surface geological features at 1.5 km depth. The deepest zone exhibits three major NE trending crustal discontinuities related to the Transbrasiliano Lineament, dividing the region into four geotectonic blocks. Anomalies associated with the intermediate zone indicate directional divergence of subsidiary structures away from the main Transbrasiliano Fault, which strikes N30°E. The shallow magnetic zone includes near‐surface post‐Brasiliano orogenic granites. Our analysis identified NE trending sigmoidal lineaments around these intrusions, indicating intense zones of deformation associated with probable shear structures. At the shallow depth zone, magnetic anomalies caused by Cretaceous alkaline intrusive bodies and basalts of the Serra Geral Formation are enhanced by the matched‐filter method. These igneous bodies are related to extensional NW striking lineaments and seismicity aligned along these lineaments suggests that they currently are reactivated. Prior to flexural subsidence of the Paraná Basin, reactivation processes along transcurrent elements of the Transbrasiliano Lineament promoted extensional processes and formed initial Paraná Basin depocenters. Cretaceous and more recent sedimentation also correlate with reactivations of NE striking structures.
An ecohydrological framework for grass displacement by woody plants in savannas
Authors: Yu Kailiang , D'Odorico Paolo
Published: February 2014

During the past several decades, woody plants have been encroaching into grasslands around the world. This transition in plant dominance is often explained as a state shift in bistable ecosystem dynamics induced by fire‐vegetation feedbacks. These feedbacks occur when woody plants are able to displace grasses because of their better access to soil water and light. On the other hand, grasses can displace woody plants because of their ability to increase fire frequency and of the higher susceptibility of woody plants to fire‐induced mortality. In this study, we present an ecohydrological framework to investigate the displacement of grasses by woody plants. Considering the effect of lateral root spread and of soil water and light limitations, we found that woody plant encroachment can substantially suppress grass production even without the presence of grazers. Bistable dynamics emerge as a result of the grass‐fire feedback for a wide range of rainfall conditions, fire susceptibility, and woody plant growth rates.
Silica Gel‐Mediated Hydroamination/Semipinacol Rearrangement of 2‐Alkylaminophenylprop‐1‐yn‐3‐ols: Synthesis of 2‐Oxindoles from Alkynes and 1‐(2‐Aminophenyl) Ketones
Authors: Susanti Dewi , Ng Linda Li Ru , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: February 2014

2‐Alkylaminophenylprop‐1‐yn‐3‐ols, prepared from the lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)‐mediated 1,2‐addition of alkynes to 1‐(2‐aminophenyl) ketones, can be converted to 3,3‐disubstituted 2‐oxindoles by using silica gel in n‐hexane/ethyl acetate (20:1 v/v) as the reaction medium. The utility of the approach as a potential scale‐up strategy for the synthesis of 2‐oxindoles was exemplified by the large‐scale synthesis of one adduct in excellent yield. The synthetic applicability of this chemistry was also demonstrated by the recycling of the silica gel up to 8 times with no apparent loss of activity being observed for the same example.

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Chemoenzymatic Formal Total Synthesis of ent‐Codeine and Other Morphinans via Nitrone Cycloadditions and/or Radical Cyclizations. Comparison of Strategies for Control of C‐9/C‐14 Stereogenic Centers
Authors: Endoma‐Arias Mary Ann A. , Hudlicky Jason Reed , Simionescu Razvan , Hudlicky Tomas
Published: February 2014

Formal total syntheses of ent‐codeine and other morphinans were accomplished from 1‐phenyl‐2‐acetoxyethane, which was subjected to enzymatic dihydroxylation by toluene dioxygenase overexpressed in Eschericia coli JM109 (pDTG601A). The resulting cis‐dihydroarenediol was coupled with a phenol derived from bromoisovanillin and a subsequent Heck reaction was used to establish the C‐13 quaternary center. Two strategies were employed to set the C‐14 center: nitrone and nitrile oxide cycloadditions to the C‐8/C‐14 olefin and a radical cyclization of an aldehyde to C‐14. Both strategies yielded tetracyclic products that were converted to known intermediates for the synthesis of ent‐codeine, ent‐codeinone, and ent‐hydrocodone. Experimental and spectral data are provided for all new compounds.

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Relevance Weighting of Tier 1 Endocrine Screening Endpoints by Rank Order
Authors: Borgert Christopher J. , Stuchal Leah D. , Mihaich Ellen M. , Becker Richard A. , Bentley Karin S. , Brausch John M. , Coady Katie , Geter David R. , Gordon Elliot , Guiney Patrick D. , Hess Frederick , Holmes Catherine M. , LeBaron Matthew J. , Levine Steve , Marty Sue , Mukhi Sandeep , Neal Barbara H. , Ortego Lisa S. , Saltmiras David A. , Snajdr Suzanne , Staveley Jane , Tobia Abraham
Published: February 2014

Weight of evidence (WoE) approaches are recommended for interpreting various toxicological data, but few systematic and transparent procedures exist. A hypothesis‐based WoE framework was recently published focusing on the U.S. EPA's Tier 1 Endocrine Screening Battery (ESB) as an example. The framework recommends weighting each experimental endpoint according to its relevance for deciding eight hypotheses addressed by the ESB. Here we present detailed rationale for weighting the ESB endpoints according to three rank ordered categories and an interpretive process for using the rankings to reach WoE determinations. Rank 1 was assigned to in vivo endpoints that characterize the fundamental physiological actions for androgen, estrogen, and thyroid activities. Rank 1 endpoints are specific and sensitive for the hypothesis, interpretable without ancillary data, and rarely confounded by artifacts or nonspecific activity. Rank 2 endpoints are specific and interpretable for the hypothesis but less informative than Rank 1, often due to oversensitivity, inclusion of narrowly context‐dependent components of the hormonal system (e.g., in vitro endpoints), or confounding by nonspecific activity. Rank 3 endpoints are relevant for the hypothesis but only corroborative of Ranks 1 and 2 endpoints. Rank 3 includes many apical in vivo endpoints that can be affected by systemic toxicity and nonhormonal activity. Although these relevance weight rankings (WREL) necessarily involve professional judgment, their a priori derivation enhances transparency and renders WoE determinations amenable to methodological scrutiny according to basic scientific premises, characteristics that cannot be assured by processes in which the rationale for decisions is provided post hoc.
Galectin‐7 as a potential predictive marker of chemo‐ and/or radio‐therapy resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Matsukawa Sho , Morita Kei‐ichi , Negishi Ayako , Harada Hiroyuki , Nakajima Yusuke , Shimamoto Hiroaki , Tomioka Hirofumi , Tanaka Kae , Ono Masaya , Yamada Tesshi , Omura Ken
Published: February 2014

Treatment of advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) requires the integration of multimodal approaches. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of tumor sensitivity to preoperative radiotherapy/chemotherapy for OSCC in order to allow oncologists to determine optimum therapeutic strategies without the associated adverse effects. Here, the protein expression profiles of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from 18 OSCC patients, termed learning cases, who received preoperative chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy followed by surgery were analyzed by quantitative proteomics and validated by immunohistochemistry in 68 test cases as well as in the 18 learning cases. We identified galectin‐7 as a potential predictive marker of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy resistance, and the sensitivity and specificity of the galectin‐7 prediction score (G7PS) in predicting this resistance was of 96.0% and 39.5%, respectively, in the 68 test cases. The cumulative 5‐year disease‐specific survival rate was 75.2% in patients with resistant prediction using G7PS and 100% in patients with sensitive prediction. In vitro overexpression of galectin‐7 significantly decreased cell viability in OSCC cell line. Therefore, our findings suggest that galectin‐7 is a potential predictive marker of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy resistance in patients with OSCC.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Three‐Dimensional Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Constructed from Keggin Polyoxometalates and CuI—Pyrazine Coordination Polymers.
Authors: Yang Hongxun , Meng Jingchai , Sun Xiufei , Chen Lizhuang , Yang Dan
Published: February 2014

The new compound [Cu(pz)]3[PW12O40] (pz: pyrazine) is solvothermally synthesized from a mixture of CuCl2, Na2WO4, H3PO4, pyrazine, and H2O (pH 0—0.5, autoclave, 160 °C, 7 d, 48% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Michael Reaction of β‐Aryl‐α‐ketophosphonates and Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Guang Jie , Zao John Cong‐Gui
Published: February 2014

The first enantioselective Michael reaction of β‐aryl‐α‐ketophosphonates and nitroalkenes is realized by using a new bifunctional Takemoto‐type thiourea catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Formation of Non‐conjugated Olefins by Samarium(II)‐Mediated Elimination/Isomerization of Allylic Benzoates.
Authors: Schaefer Sara L. , Roberts Connor L. , Volz Erasmus O. , Grasso Monika R. , O'Neil Gregory W.
Published: February 2014

Aromatic allylic benzoates are prone to undergo SmI2‐mediated isomerization/elimination to form non‐conjugated olefins with useful selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of a Low‐Valent Titanium Species from Titanatrane and Its Catalytic Reactions: Radical Ring Opening of Oxetanes.
Authors: Takekoshi Naoto , Miyashita Kenji , Shoji Noriaki , Okamoto Sentaro
Published: February 2014

The first examples of the C—O bond cleavage of various oxetanes at the 2‐position using low valent titanium alkoxides, generated in situ from the titanatrane complex, Mg, and TmsCl, are presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized 6‐Arylsalicylates via Microwave‐Promoted Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Liu Yu‐Chao , Huang Zhi‐You , Chen Qiong , Yang Guang‐Fu
Published: February 2014

The two‐step procedure gives access to the title compounds starting from iodo salicylate (I) and a broad variety of arylboronic acids within a very short time and good to excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Allylation Reactions of Aldehydes with Allylboronates in Aqueous Media: Unique Reactivity and Selectivity that are Only Observed in the Presence of Water.
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Endo Toshimitsu , Yoshino Takumi , Schneider Uwe , Ueno Masaharu
Published: February 2014

The reaction proceeds in water and exclusively affords α‐addition products with high dia‐ and enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Insertion of α,β‐Unsaturated N‐Tosylhydrazones and Trapping with Carbon Nucleophiles.
Authors: Ye Yu‐Ying , Zhou Ping‐Xin , Luo Jian‐Yi , Zhong Mei‐Jin , Liang Yong‐Min
Published: February 2014

A palladium‐catalyzed carbene migratory insertion‐cyclization reactions is described yielding dihydronaphthalene and indane derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted Dihydrofuran‐3(2H)‐ones via [2,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Oxonium Ylides Generated from α‐Oxo Gold Carbenes.
Authors: Han Miyeon , Bae Joohee , Choi Juhee , Tae Jinsung
Published: February 2014

The synthetic value of this procedure is demonstrated by total synthesis of racemic kumausallene (VI) starting from a mixture of IIc and IIIc.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Three‐Component Synthesis of Indole‐3‐glyoxyl Derivatives and Indole‐3‐glyoxal Triazoles.
Authors: Stefani Helio A. , Vasconcelos Stanley N. S. , Souza Frederico B. , Manarin Flavia , Zukerman‐Schpector Julio
Published: February 2014

A general and efficient one‐pot reaction of indole with oxalyl chloride and nucleophiles providing 3‐indolylglyoxyl derivatives is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Aluminum Trichloride Catalyzed Michael Addition of Indoles and Pyrroles to Maleimides.
Authors: An Yu‐Long , Shao Zhi‐Yu , Cheng Jian , Zhao Sheng‐Yin
Published: February 2014

The title addition reactions proceed with excellent regioselectivity in the presence of ZnCl2 or AlCl3 as the catalyst to afford 3‐substituted indoles and 2‐substituted pyrroles.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reaction for Synthesis of N‐Arylsulfonyl Pyrazoles.
Authors: Khalili Gholamhossein
Published: February 2014

Arylsulfonyl hydrazones react with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of nucleophiles such as PPh3, Py or isoquinoline to furnish N‐arylsulfonylpyrazoles (III) in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Diethylaminosulfur Trifluoride‐Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization of 2‐Hydroxycycloalkylureas to Fused Bicyclic Aminooxazoline Compounds and Evaluation of Their Biochemical Activity Against β‐Secretase‐1 (BACE‐1).
Authors: Siu Michael , et al. et al.
Published: February 2014

A series of unique bicyclic aminooxazolines are synthesized and found to exhibit micromolar inhibition of β‐secretase‐1 (BACE‐1).
ChemInform Abstract: C—H Alkenylation of Azoles with Enols and Esters by Nickel Catalysis.
Authors: Meng Lingkui , Kamada Yuko , Muto Kei , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Itami Kenichiro
Published: February 2014

The utility of this new title reaction is demonstrated by the synthesis of compound (XVI) which is an intermediate in the synthesis of siphonazole B (XVII).
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Free Facile Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Benzothiazoles.
Authors: Panda Siva S. , Ibrahim Mohamed A. , Oliferenko Alexander A. , Asiri Abdullah M. , Katritzky Alan R.
Published: February 2014

The reaction is conducted under environmentally benign conditions and is suitable for multiple applications in medicinal chemistry and synthesis of specialty chemicals.
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Method for the Iodination of Sydnones
Authors: Brown Daniel C. , Turnbull Kenneth
Published: February 2014

using NIS in AcOH (9 examples)
ChemInform Abstract: An Unexpected Formation of Pyrazolopyrimidines During the Attempted to Obtain 5‐Substituted Tetrazoles from Carbonitriles.
Authors: Faria Jessica Venancia , dos Santos Mauricio Silva , Vegi Percilene Fazolin , Borges Julio Cesar , Bernardino Alice M. R.
Published: February 2014

The synthesis of new tetrazoles (II) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Rapid Access Towards the Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Labade Vilas B. , Shinde Pravin V. , Shingare Murlidhar S.
Published: February 2014

An efficient synthetic route to 2,3‐dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones (III) using microwave irradiation in the presence of 2‐morpholinoethanesulfonic acid (MES) as organocatalyst is described.
ChemInform Abstract: AlCl3 as an Efficient Catalyst Toward the Synthesis of 1,6‐Dihydropyrazine‐2,3‐dicarbonitrile Derivatives
Authors: Bhosale Shrikar M. , Naik Nilesh H. , Kusurkar Radhika S.
Published: February 2014

multi‐component reaction of diaminomalonitrile, ketones or aldehydes, and isocyanides
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic and Stereoselective ortho‐Lithiation of a Ferrocene Derivative.
Authors: Steffen Patricia , Unkelbach Christian , Christmann Mathias , Hiller Wolf , Strohmann Carsten
Published: February 2014

Preliminary results for desymmetrization of ferrocenylethylamine (I) using a TMCAD‐mediated ortho‐lithiation/quenching sequence is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Deoxyisoaustamide Derivative from the Marine‐Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. JF‐72.
Authors: Quang Tran Hong , Lee Dong‐Sung , Sohn Jae Hak , Kim Youn‐Chul , Oh Hyuncheol
Published: February 2014

One new diketopiperazine alkaloid, deoxydihydroisoaustamide (I), and a new metabolite (II) are isolated together with the already known and structurally related deoxyisoaustamide.
ChemInform Abstract: Isoflavanones from the Stem of Cassia siamea and Their anti‐Tobacco Mosaic Virus Activities.
Authors: Hu Qiu‐Fen , Niu De‐Yun , Zhou Bin , Ye Yan‐Qing , Du Gang , Meng Chun‐Yang , Gao Xue‐Mei
Published: February 2014

Two new isoflavanone derivatives (I) and (II) are isolated together with six already known isoflavanones.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteropolyacid‐Based Materials as Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
Authors: Marci Giuseppe , Garcia‐Lopez Elisa I. , Palmisano Leonardo
Published: February 2014

Review: <100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Raman Spectroscopic‐Electrochemical Studies of Lithium‐Ion Battery Materials: A Historical Overview
Authors: Stancovski Victor , Badilescu Simona
Published: February 2014

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Based Liquid Crystals
Authors: Han Jie
Published: February 2014

Review: 139 refs.
Selective Bromocyclization of 2‐Geranylphenols Promoted by Phosphite–Urea Cooperative Catalysts
Authors: Sawamura Yasuhiro , Nakatsuji Hidefumi , Akakura Matsujiro , Sakakura Akira , Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: February 2014

Nucleophilic phosphite–urea cooperative catalysts are highly efficient for the bromonium‐induced cyclization of 2‐geranylphenols. Phosphite–N,N’‐dimethylurea catalysts also show moderate activity, probably due to the steric effect of their bent conformation. Chirality 26:355–359, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contemporary prevalence of pretreatment urinary, sexual, hormonal, and bowel dysfunction: Defining the population at risk for harms of prostate cancer treatment
Authors: Resnick Matthew J. , Barocas Daniel A. , Morgans Alicia K. , Phillips Sharon E. , Chen Vivien W. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Goodman Michael , Greenfield Sheldon , Hamilton Ann S. , Hoffman Karen E. , Kaplan Sherri H. , Paddock Lisa E. , Stroup Antoinette M. , Wu Xiao‐Cheng , Koyama Tatsuki , Penson David F.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

The authors investigated the prevalence of pretreatment urinary, sexual, hormonal, and bowel dysfunction in a contemporary, population‐based prostate cancer cohort. They also explored the associations between baseline function and age, comorbidity, and timing of baseline survey completion with respect to treatment.

METHODS

The Comparative Effectiveness Analysis of Surgery and Radiation (CEASAR) study is a population‐based, prospective cohort study that enrolled 3691 men with incident prostate cancer during 2011 and 2012. Pretreatment function was ascertained using the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index‐26 (EPIC‐26). Data were stratified by age, comorbidity, and timing of baseline survey completion with respect to treatment. Unadjusted and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relations between exposures and pretreatment function.

RESULTS

After applying exclusion criteria, the study cohort comprised 3072 men. A strikingly high proportion of men reported inability to obtain erections satisfactory for intercourse (45%) and some degree of urinary incontinence (17%) at baseline. Sexual function was particularly age‐sensitive, with patients aged ≤60 years reporting summary scores in excess of 30 points higher than patients aged ≥75 years (P < .001). Compared with the healthiest men, highly comorbid patients reported less favorable function in each domain, including urinary incontinence (summary score, 89.5 vs 74.1; P < .001) and sexual function (summary score, 70.8 vs 32.9; P < .001). Although statistically significant differences in summary scores were identified between patients who completed the baseline questionnaire before treatment (52%) versus after treatment (48%), the absolute differences were small (range, 1‐3 points).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer exhibit a wide distribution of pretreatment function. The current data may be used to redefine the population “at risk” for treatment‐related harms. Cancer 2014;120:1263–1271. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Vitamin D receptor FokI gene polymorphisms may be associated with colorectal cancer among African American and Hispanic participants
Authors: Sarkissyan Marianna , Wu Yanyuan , Chen Zujian , Mishra Dhruva K. , Sarkissyan Suren , Giannikopoulos Ioannis , Vadgama Jaydutt V.
Published: February 2014

BACKGROUND

Vitamin D plays a role in cancer tumorogenesis and acts through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Although African Americans have the lowest serum vitamin D levels, supplementation has not yielded a significant improvement in cancer. Gene polymorphisms in VDR may play a role. There is a dearth of information on VDR gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer (CRC) among under‐represented ethnic groups. In this study, the authors examined whether VDR gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with CRC in predominately African American and Hispanic study participants.

METHODS

Blood samples were collected from 378 participants, including a group of 78 patients with CRC (cases), a group of 230 noncancer participants without polyps (controls without polyps), and a group of 70 noncancer participants with polyps (controls with polyps). The 4 polymorphic SNPs in VDR (FokI, BsmI, TaqI, and ApaI) were assessed using the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method.

RESULTS

There was a significant association of the VDR‐FokI FF genotype with CRC cases (odds ratio, 2.9; P = .036) compared with the controls without polyps. The most common VDR‐FokI genotype in the overall study population was the FF genotype (46%). However, upon breakdown by ethnicity, the FF genotype was the most common in African American participants (61%), and the Ff genotype was the most common in Hispanic/Latino participants (49%). When the association was assessed in a multivariate model, there was no significant association with any VDR polymorphism and CRC cases (P > .05). The other 3 polymorphic variants of VDR (BsmI, TaqI, and ApaI) were not associated with CRC.

CONCLUSIONS

The results from this study suggest that genetic variation of the VDR‐FokI SNPs may influence CRC risk, particularly in African American cohorts. Cancer 2014;120:1387–1393. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Exponential stability for markovian jumping stochastic BAM neural networks with mode‐dependent probabilistic time‐varying delays and impulse control
Authors: Rakkiyappan R. , Chandrasekar A. , Lakshmanan S. , Park Ju H.
Published: February 2014

In this article, an exponential stability analysis of Markovian jumping stochastic bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks with mode‐dependent probabilistic time‐varying delays and impulsive control is investigated. By establishment of a stochastic variable with Bernoulli distribution, the information of probabilistic time‐varying delay is considered and transformed into one with deterministic time‐varying delay and stochastic parameters. By fully taking the inherent characteristic of such kind of stochastic BAM neural networks into account, a novel Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional is constructed with as many as possible positive definite matrices which depends on the system mode and a triple‐integral term is introduced for deriving the delay‐dependent stability conditions. Furthermore, mode‐dependent mean square exponential stability criteria are derived by constructing a new Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional with modes in the integral terms and using some stochastic analysis techniques. The criteria are formulated in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities, which can be checked efficiently by use of some standard numerical packages. Finally, numerical examples and its simulations are given to demonstrate the usefulness and effectiveness of the proposed results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 20: 39–65, 2015
Exploring the effects of spatial autocorrelation when identifying key drivers of wildlife crop‐raiding
Authors: Songhurst Anna , Coulson Tim
Published: February 2014

Few universal trends in spatial patterns of wildlife crop‐raiding have been found. Variations in wildlife ecology and movements, and human spatial use have been identified as causes of this apparent unpredictability. However, varying spatial patterns of spatial autocorrelation (SA) in human–wildlife conflict (HWC) data could also contribute. We explicitly explore the effects of SA on wildlife crop‐raiding data in order to facilitate the design of future HWC studies. We conducted a comparative survey of raided and nonraided fields to determine key drivers of crop‐raiding. Data were subsampled at different spatial scales to select independent raiding data points. The model derived from all data was fitted to subsample data sets. Model parameters from these models were compared to determine the effect of SA. Most methods used to account for SA in data attempt to correct for the change in P‐values; yet, by subsampling data at broader spatial scales, we identified changes in regression estimates. We consequently advocate reporting both model parameters across a range of spatial scales to help biological interpretation. Patterns of SA vary spatially in our crop‐raiding data. Spatial distribution of fields should therefore be considered when choosing the spatial scale for analyses of HWC studies. Robust key drivers of elephant crop‐raiding included raiding history of a field and distance of field to a main elephant pathway. Understanding spatial patterns and determining reliable socio‐ecological drivers of wildlife crop‐raiding is paramount for designing mitigation and land‐use planning strategies to reduce HWC. Spatial patterns of HWC are complex, determined by multiple factors acting at more than one scale; therefore, studies need to be designed with an understanding of the effects of SA. Our methods are accessible to a variety of practitioners to assess the effects of SA, thereby improving the reliability of conservation management actions.
Wind‐Disturbance‐Based Control Approach for Blimp Robots
Authors: Furukawa Hayato , Shimada Akira
Published: February 2014

Blimps have some advantages, for example, that they do not need driving forces to float and can move in three‐dimensional space. However, it is not easy to control them since they are underactuated systems with nonholonomic constraints. Some papers have presented control technologies, but the technologies need impractical conditions. Furukawa and colleagues presented a blimp control technology considering a nonholonomic situation, but it cannot be used to control blimps in the presence of wind disturbances. This paper introduces a wind‐observer‐based control approach that involves the consideration of wind disturbances. A controller based on the proposed approach can generate a driving force in the direction opposite to that of a wind disturbance and help a blimp move against the wind.
Optimal Design of Buffer Material in the Geological Disposal of Radioactive Wastes Using the Satisficing Trade‐off Method and a Self‐Organizing Map
Authors: Okamoto Takashi , Hanaoka Yuya , Aiyoshi Eitaro , Kobayashi Yoko
Published: February 2014

In this paper, we consider the use of a multi‐objective optimization method in order to obtain a preferred solution for the buffer material optimal design problem in the high‐level geological disposal of radioactive waste. The buffer material optimal design problem is formulated as a constrained multi‐objective optimization problem. Its Pareto optimal solutions are distributed evenly over the entire feasible region. Hence, we develop a search method to find a preferred solution easily for a decision maker from the Pareto optimal solutions, which are distributed evenly and broadly. In the preferred solution search method, a technique for visualization of a Pareto optimal solution set using a self‐organizing map is introduced into the satisficing trade‐off method, which is an interactive method for obtaining a Pareto optimal solution that satisfies a decision maker. We confirm the effectiveness of the preferred solution search method in the buffer material optimal design problem. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 187(2): 17–32, 2014; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22634
Iterative α‐Glycosylation Strategy for 2‐Deoxy‐ and 2,6‐Dideoxysugars: Application to the One‐Pot Synthesis of Deoxysugar‐Containing Oligosaccharides
Authors: Chen Jiun‐Han , Ruei Jyh‐Herng , Mong Kwok‐Kong Tony
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the development of an iterative and α‐selective glycosylation method for 2‐deoxyglycosyl and 2,6‐dideoxythioglycoside donors based on the DMF modulation concept. We used NMR spectroscopy to probe the 2‐deoxyglycosyl imidinium intermediate and elucidated the conditions to decrease the formation of glycal and thus to increase the reaction yields. Further elaboration of the glycosylation method opened the gate for an iterative one‐pot synthesis of 2‐deoxy‐ and 2,6‐dideoxyglycoside‐containing oligosaccharides.
Seismic assessment of damaged piloti‐type RC building subjected to successive earthquakes
Authors: Shin Jiuk , Kim JunHee , Lee Kihak
Published: February 2014

Building structures damaged by a seismic event may be exposed to the risk of aftershocks or another event within a certain period. In this paper, the seismic assessment of damaged piloti‐type RC buildings was carried out to evaluate probabilistic retrofitting effects under successive earthquakes. First, a framework to evaluate the effectiveness of retrofitting was proposed, and then the proposed methodology was demonstrated with a structure retrofitted with buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs). For consideration of realistic successive earthquakes, past records measured at the same station were combined. Within the framework, a series of nonlinear time history analyses were performed for an as‐is model subjected to single earthquake, a damaged model subjected to successive earthquakes, and a damaged model retrofitted with BRBs subjected to successive earthquakes. In addition, fragility analysis was systematically applied in the framework for evaluation of effectiveness of the retrofitting strategy. The proposed framework was capable of quantifying the influence of successive earthquakes and evaluating the effectiveness of BRB retrofitting by considering the severity of the first earthquake damage and the hysteresis behavior of the retrofit element. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Prevalence of Binge Eating Disorder in a Sample of College Students in the North of Portugal
Authors: Ribeiro Mónica , Conceição Eva , Vaz Ana Rita , Machado Paulo P. P.
Published: February 2014

Binge eating disorder (BED) has important associated comorbidities and has been recently considered as a diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fifth Edition. This study investigates the prevalence of BED in a sample of college students using a two‐stage design. Between October 2008 and July 2009, 805 students attending a public college campus completed the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns – Revised to screen for possible cases. Eighty‐five students meeting key criteria for BED were invited for a second stage interview using the Eating Disorder Examination. At stage 1, 9.6% of the subjects reported binge eating episodes. At stage 2, a prevalence rate of 0.5% for BED was found, and 1% if the criterion for large amount of food was excluded. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Landscape response to tectonic and climatic forcing in the foredeep of the southern Apennines, Italy: insights from Quaternary stratigraphy, quantitative geomorphic analysis, and denudation rate proxies
Authors: Gioia Dario , Gallicchio Salvatore , Moretti Massimo , Schiattarella Marcello
Published: February 2014

We present new data about the morphological and stratigraphic evolution and the rates of fluvial denudation of the Tavoliere di Puglia plain, a low‐relief landscape representing the northernmost sector of the Pliocene‐Pleistocene foredeep of the southern Apennines. The study area is located between the easternmost part of the southern Apennine chain and the Gargano promontory and it is characterized by several orders of terraced fluvial deposits, disconformably overlying lower Pleistocene marine clay and organized in a staircase geometry, which recorded the emersion and the long‐term incision history of this sector since mid‐Pleistocene times. We used the spatial and altimetric distribution of several orders of middle to late Pleistocene fluvial terraces in order to perform paleotopographic reconstruction and GIS‐aided eroded volumes estimates. Then, we estimated denudation rates on the basis of the terraces chronostratigraphy, supported by published OSL and AAR dating. Middle to upper Pleistocene denudation rates estimated by means of such an approach are slightly lower than 0.1 mm yr‐1, in good agreement with short‐term data from direct and indirect evaluation of suspended sediment yield. The analysis of longitudinal river profiles using the stream power erosion model provided additional information on the incision rates of the studied area. Middle to late Quaternary uplift rates (about 0.15 mm yr‐1), calculated on the basis of the elevation above sea level of marine deposits outcropping in the easternmost sector of the study area, are quite similar to the erosion rates average value, thus suggesting a steady‐state fluvial incision. The approach adopted in this work has demonstrated that erosion rates traditionally obtained by quantitative geomorphic analysis and ksn estimations can be successfully integrated to quantify rates of tectonic or geomorphological processes of a landscape approaching steady‐state equilibrium. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neural correlates of substance abuse: Reduced functional connectivity between areas underlying reward and cognitive control
Authors: Motzkin Julian C. , Baskin‐Sommers Arielle , Newman Joseph P. , Kiehl Kent A. , Koenigs Michael
Published: February 2014

Substance use disorders (SUD) have been associated with dysfunction in reward processing, habit formation, and cognitive‐behavioral control. Accordingly, neurocircuitry models of addiction highlight roles for nucleus accumbens, dorsal striatum, and prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex. However, the precise nature of the disrupted interactions between these brain regions in SUD, and the psychological correlates thereof, remain unclear. Here we used magnetic resonance imaging to measure rest‐state functional connectivity of three key striatal nuclei (nucleus accumbens, dorsal caudate, and dorsal putamen) in a sample of 40 adult male prison inmates (n = 22 diagnosed with SUD; n = 18 without SUD). Relative to the non‐SUD group, the SUD group exhibited significantly lower functional connectivity between the nucleus accumbens and a network of frontal cortical regions involved in cognitive control (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and frontal operculum). There were no group differences in functional connectivity for the dorsal caudate or dorsal putamen. Moreover, the SUD group exhibited impairments in laboratory measures of cognitive‐behavioral control, and individual differences in functional connectivity between nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortical regions were related to individual differences in measures of cognitive‐behavioral control across groups. The strength of the relationship between functional connectivity and cognitive control did not differ between groups. These results indicate that SUD is associated with abnormal interactions between subcortical areas that process reward (nucleus accumbens) and cortical areas that govern cognitive‐behavioral control. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4282–4292, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.