bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Application Variables on Efficacy of Manganese-Containing Fertilizers Applied to Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)
Authors: Jordan David L. , Lancaster Sarah H. , Lanier James E. , Johnson P. Dewayne , Beam Joshua B. , York Alan C. , Brandenburg Rick L.
Published: July 2012

Several formulations of the essential element manganese (Mn) are commercially available for application to peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Research was conducted in North Carolina to compare accumulation of Mn in peanut leaves, stems, and pods following application of water soluble manganese sulfate including 17.5% Mn (Techmangum® or Man-Gro DF®) and liquid Mn formulations including 5.0% Mn (Manganese Xtra©) or 8% Mn (Nutrisol 8% Manganese™). Experiments were also conducted to determine the influence of herbicides, adjuvants, and selected fungicide and insecticide combinations on Mn accumulation in peanut leaves. A second experiment was conducted to determine if efficacy of clethodim, imazapic, imazethapyr, lactofen, sethoxydim, and 2,4-DB was affected by Mn formulations when applied in mixture. Experiments were also conducted to determine the effect of Mn on efficacy of the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole. More Mn was found in leaves when dry formulations of Mn were applied compared to liquid formulations, reflecting the higher amount of actual Mn delivered per ha based on manufacturer recommendations of these products. Accumulation of Mn was higher when Mn was applied with the herbicides clethodim, imazapic, and lactofen compared with Mn alone or Mn plus 2,4-DB. Accumulation of Mn was similar for Mn alone or most combinations of Mn with fungicides and insecticides. Manganese did not affect corn (Zea mays L.) control by clethodim or sethoxydim; large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] control by clethodim; Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats.] control by imazethapyr; sicklepod [Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin and Barneby] control by imazapic, imazethapyr, or 2,4-DB; or tall morningglory [Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth] control by imazapic. In contrast, common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) control by lactofen was reduced by dry manganese but not the 8% liquid solution. Peanut canopy defoliation was similar when the fungicides azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil, pyraclostrobin, or tebuconazole individually were compared alone, with Mn, or Mn plus the insecticide lambda cyhalothrin.
Oral Malodor-A Menace To Periodontist
Authors: Vishwas Anjum , Shiromany Aseem
Published: July 2012

Oral malodor significantly affects our daily social life. It affects a large population and is a psychological setback to those suffering from it. This common disease has been really ignored for too long by periodontists, even though the most common cause is related to subgingival microbiota and coating of the tongue. It has been proved that a link exists between oral malodor and periodontal disease. Similar processes exist for the development of oral malodor and the progression of periodontitis. Compounds associated with oral malodor like volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) are mainly produced by the gram negative, anaerobic bacteria associated with periodontitis. These VSC may further contribute to the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontal disease, so the purpose of this review article was to correlate the relationship between oral malodor and adult periodontitis. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v11i2.9355 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 11 No. 02 April 2012: 74-79
Determination of Steady-State and Faulty Regimes of Overhead Lines by Means of Multiconductor Cell Analysis (MCA)
Authors: Benato Roberto , Dambone Sessa Sebastian , Guglielmi Fabio
Published: July 2012

Single-phase positive sequence modelling is often used in power systems when power flows and short circuit analysis are assessed. Of course, the use of single-phase positive sequence modelling assumes purely three-phase configurations and perfectly symmetrical ones so that single-phase modelling considers that all the phase conductors behave in the same way. When considering the physical reality of power networks, this assumption can be questionable and the behaviors of all the system conductors including the passive ones (earth wires for overhead lines, metallic screens and armours for cables and enclosures for gas insulated lines) is completely unknown. Therefore, the present multiconductor cell analysis (MCA) becomes necessary, since it allows one to achieve great precision results on the regimes of both phase conductors and passive conductors. MCA offers a powerful tool in order to validate (or less) approximated and simplified computation methods. In particular, for single and double circuit overhead lines (OHLs), the current phasors induced in the earth wires and the ground return current alongside the line can be directly computed by MCA in steady state and faulty regimes. It is worth noting that, for faulty regimes, MCA allows also evaluating the approximation degree and validity field of screening factors k.
Comparative Studies on the Induction of Trichoderma harzianum Mutanase by α-(1→3)-Glucan-Rich Fruiting Bodies and Mycelia of Laetiporus sulphureus
Authors: Wiater Adrian , Pleszczyńska Małgorzata , Szczodrak Janusz , Janusz Grzegorz
Published: July 2012

Mutanase (α-(1→3)-glucanase) is a little-known inductive enzyme that is potentially useful in dentistry. Here, it was shown that the cell wall preparation (CWP) obtained from the fruiting body or vegetative mycelium of polypore fungus Laetiporus sulphureus is rich in α-(1→3)-glucan and can be successfully used for mutanase induction in Trichoderma harzianum. The content of this biopolymer in the CWP depended on the age of fruiting bodies and increased along with their maturation. In the case of CWP prepared from vegetative mycelia, the amount of α-(1→3)-glucan depended on the mycelium age and also on the kind of medium used for its cultivation. All CWPs prepared from the individually harvested fruiting body specimens induced high mutanase activity (0.53–0.82 U/mL) in T. harzianum after 3 days of cultivation. As for the CWPs obtained from the hyphal mycelia of L. sulpureus, the maximal enzyme productivity (0.34 U/mL after 3 days of incubation) was recorded for CWP prepared from the 3 week-old mycelium cultivated in Sabouraud medium. Statistically, a high positive correlation was found between the total percentage content of α-(1→3)-glucan in the CWP and the mutanase activity.
Non-Destructive Inspection Methods for LEDs Using Real-Time Displaying Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Cho Nam Hyun , Jung Unsang , Kim Suhwan , Kim Jeehyun
Published: July 2012

In this study, we report the applicability of two different Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) technologies for inspecting Light Emitting Diode (LED) structures. Sectional images of a LED were captured using a Spectral Domain OCT (SD-OCT) system and a Swept Source OCT (SS-OCT) system. Their center wavelengths are 850 and 1,310 nm, respectively. We acquired cross-sectional two dimensional (2D) images of a normal LED and extracted sectional profiles to inspect possible wire disconnection that may be present in the LED manufacturing process. The SD-OCT and SS-OCT images were compared with each other in the same sample to study their advantages. The distribution of fluorescence material was observed more clearly with the SD-OCT of 850 nm wavelength, whereas the status of wire connection was clearer in the SS-OCT images with 1,310 nm wavelength. In addition, the volume of the fluorophore space was calculated from the OCT images. This is the first report that a nondestructive optical imaging modality such as OCT can be applied to finding screen defects in LED. We expect this method can improve the inspection efficacy over traditional inspection methods such as Charged Coupled Device (CCD) camera or X-ray instruments.
Characterization of new microsatellite loci isolated from Santiria trimera (Burseraceae)
Authors: Koffi K. Guillaume , Heuertz Myriam , Jans Romain , Hardy Olivier J. , Vendramin Giovanni G. , Duminil Jérôme
Published: July 2012

• Premise of the study: To study the genetic structure among three morphotypes of an African rainforest tree species, Santiria trimera, nuclear microsatellite markers were isolated and characterized.

• Methods and Results: Seven polymorphic loci were isolated using a pyrosequencing‐based protocol and successfully amplified on three different morphotypes of S. trimera. For six of the seven loci, there is at least one private allele for one of the three morphotypes. The mean effective number of alleles is about four for each of the three morphotypes.

• Conclusions: These microsatellite markers are promising to explore the genetic delimitation among sympatric morphotypes found in Gabonese forests and to study the spatial genetic structure within each gene pool.
Ontologies as integrative tools for plant science
Authors: Walls Ramona L. , Athreya Balaji , Cooper Laurel , Elser Justin , Gandolfo Maria A. , Jaiswal Pankaj , Mungall Christopher J. , Preece Justin , Rensing Stefan , Smith Barry , Stevenson Dennis W.
Published: July 2012

• Premise of the study: Bio‐ontologies are essential tools for accessing and analyzing the rapidly growing pool of plant genomic and phenomic data. Ontologies provide structured vocabularies to support consistent aggregation of data and a semantic framework for automated analyses and reasoning. They are a key component of the semantic web.

• Methods: This paper provides background on what bio‐ontologies are, why they are relevant to botany, and the principles of ontology development. It includes an overview of ontologies and related resources that are relevant to plant science, with a detailed description of the Plant Ontology (PO). We discuss the challenges of building an ontology that covers all green plants (Viridiplantae).

• Key results: Ontologies can advance plant science in four keys areas: (1) comparative genetics, genomics, phenomics, and development; (2) taxonomy and systematics; (3) semantic applications; and (4) education.

• Conclusions: Bio‐ontologies offer a flexible framework for comparative plant biology, based on common botanical understanding. As genomic and phenomic data become available for more species, we anticipate that the annotation of data with ontology terms will become less centralized, while at the same time, the need for cross‐species queries will become more common, causing more researchers in plant science to turn to ontologies.
Therapy Failure Resulting from Superinfection by a Drug-Resistant HIV Variant
Authors: Pingen Marieke , Nouwen Jan L , Dinant Sander , Albert Jan , Mild Mattias , Brodin Johanna , Simen Birgitte B , Walsh Susan , Kayser Manfred , van der Ende Marchina E , Schutten Martin , Boucher Charles AB
Published: July 2012

Background

HIV-1-infected patients can be superinfected with additional HIV-1 variants. Therapy failure can be the consequence of an infection with a resistant strain.

Methods

A patient was diagnosed with a recent HIV-1 infection in April 2005 and subsequently clinically monitored. HIV-1 evolution was studied by population sequencing of the first 984 bases of the pol gene as well as 454 ultra-deep pyrosequencing (UDPS) of parts of the pol and env genes.

Results

The patient was diagnosed with a wild-type HIV-1 strain, but experienced rapid virological failure after initiating a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based treatment regimen 3 years later. Population sequencing and UDPS revealed the presence of a second HIV-1 strain with a Y188L NNRTI resistance mutation in a sample obtained shortly prior to initiation of therapy. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the two HIV-1 strains were genetically distinct, providing evidence for superinfection.

Conclusions

The virological treatment failure in this patient was probably due to the superinfection with an NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 variant. Superinfection with drug-resistant strains can undermine HIV-1 treatment regimens selected on the basis of resistance testing at diagnosis. Patients, especially in high-risk groups, as well as their clinicians, should be aware of the risks and dangers of superinfections.
L'autisme comme conséquence d'un trouble de l'intersubjectivité primaire
Authors: Muratori Filippo
Published: July 2012

Résumé Cet article considère l’autisme comme un « spectre » de conditions qui trouble, au premier chef, le développement de la compréhension interpersonnelle. Différentes recherches ayant montré que le défaut de comportements intersubjectifs est le meilleur indice pour le dépistage précoce des enfants avec autisme, on peut supposer que les comportements typiques de l’autisme déclaré peuvent être considérés comme les conséquences d’un trouble de l’intersubjectivité primaire et secondaire. Selon les nouvelles connaissances sur la maturation biologique du cerveau après la naissance, on a même proposé que ces difficultés intersubjectives ne permettraient pas, en cas d’autisme, la création de connexions normales à l’intérieur du réseau neuronal complexe dont le développement dépend surtout de l’expérience. Ce travail se fonde sur l’étude des séquences interactives précoces qui peuvent être observées sur des vidéos familiales d’enfants ultérieurement diagnostiqués comme autistes. À partir de telles observations, l’auteur suggère que les enfants avec autisme montreraient peu de réponses contingentes envers leurs mères, et que les épisodes de contingence seraient fonction d’une approche du caregive r caractérisée par une haute intensité et une richesse de comportements non verbaux comme le « mamanais ». D’où l’hypothèse que ce type d’approches jouerait un rôle important chez l’enfant, dans la création de séquences interactives contingentes qui refléterait la mise en place cérébrale de nouveaux réseaux de connexions neuronales. Cet article suggère enfin que l’unification des différents niveaux d’analyse proposée pourrait fournir des éléments pour une meilleure compréhension du développement de la sociabilité, et des idées nouvelles pour la prévention et la thérapie des déficits nucléaires de l’autisme.
Le travail du pulsionnel et ses différentes figures chez des enfants dits « tda/h »
Authors: Guinard Maïa
Published: July 2012

Résumé L’article rend compte d’un travail de recherche visant à appréhender les modalités de traitement de l’excitation pulsionnelle chez des enfants diagnostiqués Trouble Déficitaire de l’Attention avec Hyperactivité ( tda/h ). L’excitation constituant le phénomène le plus apparent dans la rencontre clinique, l’auteur s’attache à distinguer différentes configurations correspondant à des modalités distinctes de prise en charge psychique de cette excitation. Chaque configuration est illustrée à l’aide d’exemples alliant matériel clinique et matériel projectif. À l’issue de cette étude, l’hypothèse proposée est que la symptomatologie peut être considérée non seulement sous l’angle de la décharge – souvent évoquée concernant l’agitation chez l’enfant – mais sous l’angle de la compulsion, celle-ci ayant pour particularité de se généraliser au corps entier.
Le Holodomor dans les relations russo-ukrainiennes (2005-2010). Guerre des mémoires, guerre des identités
Authors: Martin Barbara
Published: July 2012

Résumé La Révolution orange de 2004 marqua en Ukraine un tournant nationaliste dans le domaine mémoriel, résultant en une exacerbation de la thématique du Holodomor , grande famine de 1932-1933, définie comme « génocide du peuple ukrainien ». Cet article examine la réaction russe à cette politique de mémoire et la « guerre des mémoires » qui se joua en 2008, du fait de l’offensive diplomatique de Kiev visant à obtenir la reconnaissance du Holodomor en tant que génocide sur la scène internationale. L’hypothèse présentée ici est que ce conflit reflète un affrontement entre deux conceptions identitaires incompatibles : d’une part, l’affirmation par Iouchtchenko d’une identité ukrainienne tournée vers l’Europe et détachée de son héritage soviétique et slave oriental ; d’autre part, une identité russe prônée par Poutine, reprenant largement l’héritage mémoriel soviétique et insistant sur la proximité culturelle des deux « peuples frères ».
Alkalinizing effects of oral sodium bicarbonate and sodium acetate in sedentary horses
Authors: Foreman J.H. , Frey L.P. , Kline K.H. , Lyman J.T.
Published: July 2012

Equimolar solutions of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) or sodium acetate (NaC2H3O2), or deionised water (as a negative control) were administered by nasogastric intubation randomly to each of 12 sedentary mares every 2 weeks. Anaerobic samples of jugular venous blood were obtained hourly until 7 h after administration and were analysed for pH, pCO2, and concentrations of tCO2, HCO3−, Na+, K+, Cl−, and Ca++. Measured strong ion difference (SIDm), anion gap (AG), and estimated strong ion gap (SIGest) were calculated. Least square means differences for each variable were determined using ANOVA for repeated measures. Significance level was set atP<0.05. Treatment with NaHCO3increased pH, pCO2, [tCO2], [HCO3−], [Na+], and SIDmwithin 1 h of intubation (P<0.05). Peaks were reached at 2 (pH and [Na+]) and 3 h (pH, pCO2, [tCO2], [HCO3−], and SIDm) after NaHCO3treatment. Sodium acetate increased [Na+] within 1 h of intubation; pH, [tCO2], and [HCO3−] within 2 h; and pCO2and SIDmwithin 3 h (P<0.05). Peaks in pCO2, [tCO2], and [HCO3−] (4 h) and in pH and SIDm(5 h) were later with NaC2H3O2when compared with NaHCO3. Changes in AG, SIDm, and SIGestwere delayed after NaC2H3O2treatment, corresponding to the lags in venous pH, pCO2, [tCO2], and [HCO3−]. Serum [K+] decreased from 3 through 6 h for both treatments when compared to H2O control (P<0.05). Serum [Cl−] was decreased only for NaHCO3at 3 h (P<0.05). Serum [Ca++] was decreased for NaHCO3at 2, 3, 4, and 7 h and for NaC2H3O2only at 3 h (P<0.05). It was concluded that oral NaC2H3O2in horses caused a metabolic alkalosis similar to that caused by oral NaHCO3, but that the peaks in pH, pCO2, [tCO2], [HCO3−], SIDm, AG, and SIGestwere delayed after NaC2H3O2treatment.
Human H-Ficolin Inhibits Replication of Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Verma Anamika , White Mitchell , Vathipadiekal Vinod , Tripathi Shweta , Mbianda Julvet , Ieong Micheal , Qi Li , Taubenberger Jeffery K. , Takahashi Kazue , Jensenius Jens C. , Thiel Steffen , Hartshorn Kevan L.
Published: July 2012

The collectins have been shown to have a role in host defense against influenza A virus (IAV) and other significant viral pathogens (e.g., HIV). The ficolins are a related group of innate immune proteins that are present at relatively high concentrations in serum, but also in respiratory secretions; however, there has been little study of the role of ficolins in viral infection. In this study, we demonstrate that purified recombinant human H-ficolin and H-ficolin in human serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid bind to IAV and inhibit viral infectivity and hemagglutination activity in vitro. Removal of ficolins from human serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid reduces their antiviral activity. Inhibition of IAV did not involve the calcium-dependent lectin activity of H-ficolin. We demonstrate that H-ficolin is sialylated and that removal of sialic acid abrogates IAV inhibition, while addition of the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir potentiates neutralization, hemagglutinin inhibition, and viral aggregation caused by H-ficolin. Pandemic and mouse-adapted strains of IAV are generally not inhibited by the collectins surfactant protein D or mannose binding lectin because of a paucity of glycan attachments on the hemagglutinin of these strains. In contrast, H-ficolin inhibited both the mouse-adapted PR-8 H1N1 strain and a pandemic H1N1 strain from 2009. H-ficolin also fixed complement to a surface coated with IAV. These findings suggest that H-ficolin contributes to host defense against IAV.
Increased Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection in Signal Regulatory Protein α-Deficient Mice
Authors: Li Lin-Xi , Atif Shaikh M. , Schmiel Shirdi E. , Lee Seung-Joo , McSorley Stephen J.
Published: July 2012

Recent studies have shed light on the connection between elevated erythropoetin production/spleen erythropoiesis and increased susceptibility to Salmonella infection. In this article, we provide another mouse model, the SIRPα-deficient (Sirpα−/−) mouse, that manifests increased erythropoiesis as well as heightened susceptibility to Salmonella infection. Sirpα−/− mice succumbed to systemic infection with attenuated Salmonella, possessing significantly higher bacterial loads in both the spleen and the liver. Moreover, Salmonella-specific Ab production and Ag-specific CD4 T cells were reduced in Sirpα−/− mice compared with wild-type controls. To further characterize the potential mechanism underlying SIRPα-dependent Ag-specific CD4 T cell priming, we demonstrate that lack of SIRPα expression on dendritic cells results in less efficient Ag processing and presentation in vitro. Collectively, these findings demonstrate an indispensable role of SIRPα for protective immunity to Salmonella infection.
Cutting Edge: Influence of Tmevpg1, a Long Intergenic Noncoding RNA, on the Expression of Ifng by Th1 Cells
Authors: Collier Sarah P. , Collins Patrick L. , Williams Christopher L. , Boothby Mark R. , Aune Thomas M.
Published: July 2012

The majority of the genome is noncoding and was thought to be nonfunctional. However, it is now appreciated that transcriptional control of protein coding genes resides within these noncoding regions. Thousands of genes encoding long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) have been recently identified throughout the genome, which positively or negatively regulate transcription of neighboring target genes. Both TMEVPG1 and its mouse ortholog encode lincRNAs and are positioned near the IFN-γ gene (IFNG). In this study, we show that transcription of both mouse and human TMEVPG1 genes is Th1 selective and dependent on Stat4 and T-bet, transcription factors that drive the Th1 differentiation program. Ifng expression is partially restored in Stat4−/−Tbx21−/− cells through coexpression of T-bet and Tmevpg1, and Tmevpg1 expression contributes to, but alone is not sufficient to, drive Th1-dependent Ifng expression. Our results suggest that TMEVPG1 belongs to the general class of lincRNAs that positively regulate gene transcription.
Assessment of quality of life of Iranian nurses
Authors: Aalaa Maryam , Sanjari Mahnaz , Tootee Ali , Mirzabeigi Ghazanfar , Salemi Sedighe
Published: July 2012

Nurses’ Quality Of Life (QOL) may be affected by many different factors that can in turn influence their job competency. The aim of this study was to assess the QOL of Iranian nurses to provide evidence to enable policy makers to take the necessary steps needed to make improvements. Using a cross-sectional study design, we evaluated the QOL of Iranian nurses by the assessment of four health indicators: physical, psychological, social and environmental. A total of 850 nurses from 17 different provinces of Iran were recruited by random sampling. They were requested to complete the World Health Organization QOL-BREF questionnaire. Data were then analyzed. Results indicated that half of the nurses scored in the moderate range, suggesting that they had a reasonably good QOL. They scored considerably higher in terms of physical health indicators and achieved significantly lower scores regarding environmental health issues. Although the χ2 test did not show any significant association between the QOL indicators and different factors such as work experience, gender, job position and patients group. We found a significant association between the subject’s position at work in the hospital shift pattern and their overall QOL score. The results of our study showed that more than half the nurses evaluated their QOL to be at a moderate level. The results from this study can be used by policy makers to help make improvements to nurses’ QOL that may enhance the quality of care they deliver to their patients. Future research including a group of nurses from over the whole country is essential so that a more representative cohort can be studied. It would also pave the way for the establishment of a QOL database for nurses in Iran that could monitor changes in the nursing population.
International Trade and Polarization in the Labor Market
Authors: Das Satya P.
Published: July 2012

The paper builds an argument that international trade can be an explanation behind polarization of employment in the labor market observed in developed countries such as U.K. and U.S. It considers a small open economy, having production sectors which use three types of labor: high-skill, middle-skill and low-skill. The economy faces an increase in the relative price of the high-skill intensive sector. Using decision rules for choosing high-skill, middleskill and low-skill education, it is shown that such a terms-of- trade shock can lead to polarization: shrinkage of middle-skill jobs, combined with higher shares of high-skill as well as low-skill workers in the total workforce. The effects of off-shoring on wages and job composition are also studied. Off-shoring of low-skill and high-skill tasks, not middle-skill tasks, is shown to contribute towards polarization in job composition.
Technical Note: n-Alkane lipid biomarkers in loess: post-sedimentary or syn-sedimentary?
Authors: Zech M. , Kreutzer S. , Goslar T. , Meszner S. , Krause T. , Faust D. , Fuchs M.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. There is an ongoing discussion whether n-alkane biomarkers – and organic matter (OM) from loess in general – reflect a syn-sedimentary paleoenvironmental and paleoclimate signal or whether they are significantly a post-sedimentary feature contaminated by root-derived OM. We present first radiocarbon data for the n-alkane fraction of lipid extracts and for the first time luminescence ages for the Middle to Late Weichselian loess-paleosol sequence of Gleina in Saxony, Germany. Comparison of these biomarker ages with sedimentation ages as assessed by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating shows that one n-alkane sample features a syn-sedimentary age (14C: 29.2 ± 1.4 kyr cal BP versus OSL: 27.3 ± 3.0 kyr). By contrast, the 14C ages derived from the other n-alkane samples are clearly younger (20.3 ± 0.7 kyr cal BP, 22.1 ± 0.7 kyr cal BP and 29.8 ± 1.4 kyr cal BP) than the corresponding OSL ages (26.6 ± 3.1 kyr, 32.0 ± 3.5 kyr and 45.6 ± 5.3 kyr). This finding suggests that a post-sedimentary n-alkane contamination presumably by roots has occurred. In order to estimate the post-sedimentary n-alkane contamination more quantitatively, we applied a 14C mass balance calculation based on the measured pMC (percent modern carbon) values, the calculated syn-sedimentary pMC values and pMC values suspected to reflect likely time points of post-sedimentary contamination (current, modern, 3 kyr, 6 kyr and 9 kyr). Accordingly, current and modern root-contamination would account for up to 7%, a 3 kyr old root-contamination for up to 10%, and an Early and Middle Holocene root-contamination for up to 20% of the total sedimentary n-alkane pool. We acknowledge and encourage that these first radiocarbon results need further confirmation both from other loess-paleosol sequences and for different biomarkers, e.g. carboxylic acids or alcohols as further lipid biomarkers.
The impact of heterogeneous surface temperatures on the 2-m air temperature over the Arctic Ocean in spring
Authors: Tetzlaff A. , Kaleschke L. , Lüpkes C. , Ament F. , Vihma T.
Published: July 2012

Abstract. The influence of spatial surface temperature changes over the Arctic Ocean on the 2-m air temperature variability is estimated using backward trajectories based on ERA-Interim and the JRA25 wind fields. They are initiated at Alert, Barrow and at the Tara drifting station. Three different methods are used. The first one compares mean ice surface temperatures along the trajectories to the observed 2-m air temperatures at the stations. The second one correlates the observed temperatures to air temperatures obtained using a simple Lagrangian box model which only includes the effect of sensible heat fluxes. For the third method, mean sensible heat fluxes from the model are correlated with the difference of the air temperatures at the model starting point and the observed temperatures at the stations. The calculations are based on MODIS ice surface temperatures and four different sets of ice concentration derived from SSM/I and AMSR-E data. Under nearly cloud free conditions, up to 90% of the 2-m air temperature variance can be explained for Alert, and 60% for Barrow using these methods. The differences are attributed to the different ice conditions, which are characterized by high ice concentration around Alert and lower ice concentration near Barrow. These results are robust for the different sets of reanalyses and ice concentration data. Near-surface winds of both reanalyses show a large inconsistency in the Central Arctic, which leads to a large difference in the correlations between modeled and observed 2-m air temperatures at Tara. Explained variances amount to 70% using JRA and only 45% using ERA. The results also suggest that near-surface temperatures at a given site are influenced by the variability of surface temperatures in a domain of about 150 to 350 km radius around the site.
Monochromatic Infrared Photo Energy in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Ammar Tarek A.
Published: July 2012

Diabetes is a very common cause of peripheral neuropathy, and there is no optimal intervention universally accepted by clinicians. Monochromatic infrared photo energy is a relatively new modality used in the United States for reducing pain and increasing circulation. This study investigated the effects of monochromatic infrared photo energy on reducing pain, improving sensation, and increasing balance in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Thirty-five patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy completed the program and were randomly assigned into two groups. Group 1 (experimental, ) received monochromatic infrared photo energy, therapeutic exercises, and balance training. Group 2 (control, ) received therapeutic exercises and balance training. Both groups received three treatment sessions per week for 4 weeks. Outcome included pain intensity measured on a visual analogue scale, sensation measured with the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament 5.07, and balance measured with the Berg score, before and after the 12 therapy sessions (1 month after the start of the intervention). Analysis of covariance tests revealed statistically significant improvements, specifically, , .014, and .0001, for pain, sensation, and balance, respectively, in the experimental group. Within the limitations of this study, monochromatic infrared photo energy may play a role in treating diabetic peripheral neuropathy by reducing pain, improving sensation, and increasing balance.
Mortality and Survival Rates after Elective Hepatic Surgery in a Low-Volume Centre Are Comparable to Those of High-Volume Centres
Authors: Nygård I. E. , Lassen K. , Kjæve J. , Revhaug A.
Published: July 2012

Background. Over the last decades, liver resection has become a frequently performed procedure in western countries because of its acceptance as the most effective treatment for patients with selected cases of metastatic tumours. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results after hepatic resections performed electively in our centre since 1979 and compare the results to those of larger high-volume centres. Methods. Medical records of all patients who underwent liver resection from January 1979 to December 2011 were reviewed. Disease-free survival and overall survival were determined by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Risk factors for complications were tested with the log-rank test and the Cox proportional hazard model. Complications were classified according to the modified Clavien classification system. Results. 290 elective liver resections were performed between January 1979 and December 2011. There were 171 males (59.0%) and 119 females (41.0%). Median age was 63 years, range 1–87. Overall survival ranged from 0 to 383 months, with a median of 31 months. Five-year survival rate for patients who underwent liver resection for colorectal metastases was 35.8% (34/95). Discussion. Hepatic resections are safely performed at a low-volume centre, with regard to perioperative- and in-house mortality and 5-year survival rates.
The Differential Diagnosis of Colitis in Endoscopic Biopsy Specimens: A Review Article
Authors: Cerilli Lisa A. , Greenson Joel K.
Published: July 2012

Context.—A variety of inflammatory disorders may affect the colon, with widely differing clinical outcomes and management. These conditions encompass a spectrum of acute and chronic conditions.

Objective.—Review the pathology of the major colitides and highlight the most diagnostically useful features.

Data Sources.—Review of recent literature supplemented with personal experience in the field of gastrointestinal pathology.

Conclusions.—The etiologies associated with the various types of colitis are diverse and the range of histologic changes is somewhat limited. Nevertheless, the combination of clinical and endoscopic data coupled with histopathology allows for accurate classification in the majority of cases.
Directive properties of active coated nano-particles
Authors: Arslanagić S. , Ziolkowski R. W.
Published: July 2012

The directivities of the fields radiated by a variety of cylindrical and spherical active coated nano-particles, which are excited by their respective sources of illumination at optical frequencies, are investigated. Particular attention is devoted to the influence of the source location and optical gain constant on the directivities. While significant variations in the directivities are realized in the cylindrical cases for different source locations within and slightly outside the nano-particles and values of the optical gain constant, the corresponding spherical cases exhibit negligible differences.
Graphene and other carbon sorbents for selective adsorption of thiophene from liquid fuel
Authors: Wang Lifeng , Yang Ralph T. , Sun Chia‐Liang
Published: July 2012

Significance

Four types of carbons (activated carbon, Maxsorb superactivated carbon, mesoporous templated carbon CMK‐3, and graphene) were investigated as selective sorbents for adsorption of thiophene from its solution in n‐octane. Graphene showed clearly the highest sulfur capacity. The relative sulfur capacities correlated well with the relative heats of adsorption. The carbene‐type zigzag edge sites and the carbyne‐type armchair edge sites on graphene are among the possible sites for strong interactions with thiophene.
Population Genetics of the Washington National Primate Research Center's (WaNPRC) Captive Pigtailed Macaque (Macaca nemestrina) Population
Authors: KANTHASWAMY SREE , NG JILLIAN , PENEDO MARIA CECILIA T. , WARD THEA , SMITH DAVID GLENN , HA JAMES C.
Published: July 2012

Pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) provide an important model for biomedical research on human disease and for studying the evolution of primate behavior. The genetic structure of captive populations of pigtailed macaques is not as well described as that of captive rhesus (M. mulatta) or cynomolgus (M. fascicularis) macaques. The Washington National Primate Research Center houses the largest captive colony of pigtailed macaques located in several different housing facilities. Based on genotypes of 18 microsatellite (short tandem repeat [STR]) loci, these pigtailed macaques are more genetically diverse than captive rhesus macaques and exhibit relatively low levels of inbreeding. Colony genetic management facilitates the maintenance of genetic variability without compromising production goals of a breeding facility. The periodic introduction of new founders from specific sources to separate housing facilities at different times influenced the colony's genetic structure over time and space markedly but did not alter its genetic diversity significantly. Changes in genetic structure over time were predominantly due to the inclusion of animals from the Yerkes National Primate Research Center in the original colony and after 2005. Strategies to equalize founder representation in the colony have maximized the representation of the founders’ genomes in the extant population. Were exchange of animals among the facilities increased, further differentiation could be avoided. The use of highly differentiated animals may confound interpretations of phenotypic differences due to the inflation of the genetic contribution to phenotypic variance of heritable traits. Am. J. Primatol. 74:1017‐1027, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of soot nanoparticles on heat transfer and flow in fire‐tube waste heat boiler
Authors: Gao Yuguo , Dai Zhenghua , Li Chao , Wang Fuchen
Published: July 2012

Soot nanoparticles play a key role in heat transfer. A single‐phase model is proposed to study effects of soot nanoparticles on heat transfer in a fire‐tube waste heat boiler used in the process of bitumen gasification. In this model, the syngas containing a large amount of soot nanoparticles is treated as soot nanofluid. The model is applied in the numerical simulation of heat transfer in a fire tube in the waste heat boiler. Results show that soot nanoparticles enhance heat transfer not only by heat radiation mainly but also by the effects of microscale of soot nanoparticles especially at high temperature. Smaller sizes or larger quantities of soot nanoparticles can intensify heat transfer of the soot nanofluid. It is also indicated that structures of fire tubes affect the temperature and velocity fields significantly. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional Neuroanatomy and Sleep‐Disordered Breathing: Implications for Autonomic Regulation
Authors: Harper Ronald M. , Kumar Rajesh , Macey Paul M. , Ogren Jennifer A. , Richardson Heidi L.
Published: July 2012

A major concern with sleep‐disordered breathing conditions, which include obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), central apnea, and congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS), is the high incidence of accompanying autonomic dysfunction and metabolic disorders. Patients with OSA show exaggerated sympathetic tone, leading to hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, profuse sweating, impaired cerebral perfusion, and stroke. In addition, OSA appears in 86% of obese Type II diabetic patients, suggesting common deleterious processes. Autonomic deficiencies also appear in CCHS patients, who are often hypoglycemic. The impaired autonomic control may stem from injury to central sympathetic and parasympathetic regulatory areas resulting from apnea‐related inflammation, hypoxia, or perfusion‐related consequences in OSA, and genetic mutation repercussions in CCHS. Disturbed sleep organization from apnea arousals may also disrupt hormonal release. Brain areas affected in both OSA and CCHS include cortical and limbic regions that influence hypothalamic‐regulated sympathetic control and hormone release, essential for glycemic regulation, as well as parasympathetic nuclei influencing the pancreas and other viscera, and raphé serotonergic sites, important for thermal and vascular regulation. Brain injury and altered functional responses appear in OSA and CCHS, assessed with magnetic resonance imaging techniques, in areas which show regional gray matter loss, alterations of free water within tissue, loss of axonal integrity, and disruption of functional responses to autonomic and ventilatory challenges. Evaluation of neural injury and distortion in functional signals to autonomic challenges in localized brain areas can provide insights into common pathological mechanisms for dysregulation of hormonal release and autonomic processes in sleep‐disordered breathing and metabolic disorders. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
System availability assessment using stochastic models
Authors: Trivedi Kishor S. , Kim Dong‐Seong , Ghosh Rahul
Published: July 2012

Availability assessment is of paramount importance to guarantee uninterrupted operation of a variety of commercial‐grade information and networked systems. In this paper, we present practical case studies that show how to use stochastic analytic modeling approaches to quantitatively assess the availability of such systems. We present non‐state‐space models, statespace models and hierarchical models. We describe the details of these modeling approaches to assess system availability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Thermal Conductivity of Hydrogen, Deuterium and Their Mixtures Near Room Temperature within the Pressure Range 2  36 MPa
Authors: Clifford A. A. , Kestin J. , Wakeham W. A.
Published: July 2012

The paper reports new, absolute measurements of the thermal conductivity of hydrogen and deuterium as well as of two binary mixtures of the two components at 27.5°C. The measurements have been carried out as a function of density in a transient hot‐wire instrument and extend over the pressure ranges 2  13 MPa for the mixtures and 2  36 MPa for pure hydrogen. The uncertainty in the absolute thermal conductivity data is estimated as one of ±0.2%. The measurements have been arranged so as to yield the ratio of the thermal conductivities of the two pure gases with essentially the same uncertainty.  The Eucken factors for the two pure hydrogen isotopes at zero density have been derived and differ from each other by as much as 1.8% which is well beyond experimental uncertainty. The existing kinetic theory expressions for the Eucken factor of a polyatomic gas are not able to account for this difference. On the other hand the first density coefficients for the thermal conductivity of the two hydrogen isotopes are found to be the same within the limits of experimental error.
Polarisationsoptische mikrospektralphotometrische Untersuchung zur Bindungsgeometrie von intercaliertem Ethidiumbromid. Theorie für die Lichtabsorption orientierter doppelbrechender Fäden
Authors: Ohmes Ernst , Pauluhn Jürgen , Weidner Jörg‐Ulrich , Zimmermann Herbert W.
Published: July 2012

Der Farbstoff Ethidiumbromid, E, geht zwei verschiedene Bindungen mit DNA ein. Beide Bindungen lassen sich durch ihr Verhalten gegenüber Salzen wie NaCl, MgCl2 usw. unterscheiden. Die nicht‐kompetitive Bindung 1 wird durch Salze nicht beeinflußt. Demgegenüber wird E aus der kompetitiven Bindung 2 durch Salze verdrängt. Wir haben untersucht, ob die nicht‐kompetitive Bindung 1 von E an Kalbsthymus‐DNA mit der intercalativen Bindung identisch ist. — Mit einer speziellen Technik wurde ein gelartiger E‐DNA‐Komplex hergestellt, der nur nicht‐kompetitiv gebundenen Farbstoff enthielt. Durch Recken von Fäden oder Filmen des Gels gelang es in einigen Fallen, hoch orientierte mikroskopische Präparate herzustellen. Die Lichtabsorption der E‐DNA‐Proben wurde in der längstwelligen Rande mit polarisiertem Licht in einem Mikrospektralphotometer quantitativ untersucht. Das Präparat befand sich zwischen Polarisator und Analysator des Spektralphotometers. α und β sind die Winkel zwischen der Vorzugsrichtung k des Präparats und den Schwingungsrichtungen ep und ea von Polarisator und Analysator. Das Verhältnis I(α,β)/I0(α,β) der Intensitäten des durchtretenden Lichts mit und ohne Präparat wurde als Funktion der Winkel α und β gemessen. Die Untersuchungen ergaben, daß das durchtretende Licht im allgemeinen elliptisch, in Sonderfällen linear oder zirkular polarisiert ist. — Bei der Auswertung der Experimente müssen Doppelbrechung und Dichroismus der Probe berücksichtigt werden. Es wird ein Formalismus angegeben, der I(α,β)/I0(α,β) als Produkt eines Polarisationsfaktors P = P(α,β) und eines Absorptionsfaktors Q = Q(α,Aj,Ak) beschreibt. Ak und Aj sind die Extinktionen für monochromatisches Licht, das in Richtung k oder j ⟂ k schwingt. Das auf Doppelbrechung korrigierte dichroitische Verhältnis R0 = Ak/Aj ist aus Q experimentell zugänglich. Der beste Wert für die längstwellige Absorptionsbande des Farbstoffs (ṽ = 19600 cm−1) beträgt R0 = 0,03. — Aus dem Formalismus läßt sich eine Größe K ableiten, die der Schichtdicke d der Probe proportional ist. K ist experimentell zugänglich. Die Orientierung der Probe ist um so besser, je kleiner d und damit K sind. Der Zusammenhang zwischen R0 und K läßt sich für kleine K durch eine Gerade approximieren. Für K → 0 kann auf das bestmögliche dichroitische Verhältnis R0 = 0,00 ± 0,02 extrapoliert werden. — Die längstwellige Absorptionsbande von E ist in der Ebene des Heterocyclus polarisiert. Aus dem Grenzwert R0 = 0,00 kann geschlossen werden. daß im Idealfall die Achse der Doppelhelix in Richtung k und das übergangsmoment des Farbstoffs senkrecht zu k orientiert sind. Diese Bindungsgeometrie des nicht‐kompetitiv gebundenen Farbstoffs entspricht dem Intercalationsmodell.
The Optical Matching Phenomenon in Water/Oil‐Microemulsions
Authors: Eicke Hans‐Friedrich , Kubik Rudolf
Published: July 2012

Optical matching phenomena were observed with water/AOT/isooctane (W/O) microemulsions. The phenomenon has been interpreted on the basis of Rayleigh's scattering theory in combination with a quantitative relation between the macroscopic dielectric constant of the microemulsion and the dielectric properties of its constituents. A residual scattering contribution at the [H2O]/[AOT]‐ratio, where the system meets the optical matching condition, could be very satisfactorily assigned to density fluctuations of the surfactants in the water/oil‐interface, hence explaining the apparent polydispersity of these microemulsions.
Experimentelle Prüfung von approximativen Chiralitätsfunktionen am Beispiel induziert cholesterischer Lösungen (III): Induktion durch chirale 2,2′‐Spirobiindan‐Derivate
Authors: Korte E. H. , Chingduang P. , Richter W. J.
Published: July 2012

Chirale Spirobiindan‐Derivate induzieren in nematischen Flüssigen Kristallen eine cholesterische Molekülanordnung. Der resultierende Schraubungssinn und die Ganghöhe (bezogen auf die eingesetzte Konzentration chiraler Substanzen) werden als charakteristische Meßgröße einer Chiralitätsbeobachtung in guter Näherung durch eine approximative Chiralitätsfunktion beschrieben.
The Electrooxidation of Glucose in Phosphate Buffer Solutions: Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Ernst S. , Heitbaum J. , Hamann C. H.
Published: July 2012

The electrochemical oxidation of glucose on Pt at pH = 7.5 within 400 ≤ ϕRHE ≤ 800 mV was studied by cyclic voltammetry, by taking quasistationary current‐potential curves, by measuring the surface coverage of organic residues, and by analyzing the primary reaction product. The results can be summarized as follows:

1. Glucono lactone is the only reaction product being formed by the anodic process. Gluconic acid is generated by hydrolysis.

2. Tafel lines had to be normalized for the uncovered surface with the help of the adsorption measurements. The apparent transfer coefficient is αapp = 0.37 ± 0.03.

3. The electrochemical reaction orders of glucose and H+ were determined to be zG = 0.35 ± 0.04 and zH+ = −0.38 ± 0.04. resp.

These results are interpreted by means of a reaction mechanism. The kinetic parameters measured are confirmed by a model calculation.
The Direct Photolysis of Tetramethylsilane in the Gas and Liquid Phases
Authors: Bastian E. , Potzinger P. , Ritter A. , Schuchmann H.‐P. , von Sonntag C. , Weddle G.
Published: July 2012

The photolysis of tetramethylsilane at the long wavelength side of the absorption spectrum gives rise to two main primary photochemical processes: A simple SiC bond‐breaking process with a quantum yield of 0.55 ± 0.17 and a methane elimination reaction with a quantum yield of 0.22 ± 0.07. The radicals disappear by recombination and addition reactions to dimethylsilaethylene. Only an upper limit for the ratio of disproportionation to recombination of 0.13 for the trimethylsilyl radicals can be given. Beside the radical addition reaction dimethylsilaethylene also dimerizes. A semiquantitative evaluation of the data shows that the radical addition reaction as well as the dimerisation reaction proceed with a negligible activation energy.