bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Neutral Diarsenes to Diarsene Radical Ions and Diarsene Dications
Authors: Weinert Hanns Micha , Wölper Christoph , Radović Aleksa , Cutsail George E. , Siera Hannah , Haberhauer Gebhard , Schulz Stephan
Published: February 2024

Diarsene [L(MeO)GaAs]2 (L=HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3, 4) reacts with MeOTf and MeNHC (MeNHC=1,3,4,5‐tetra‐methylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) to the diarsene [L(TfO)GaAs]2 (5) and the carbene‐coordinated diarsene [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L] (6). The NHC‐coordination results in an inversion of the redox properties of the diarsene 4, which shows only a reversible reduction event at E1/2=−2.06 V vs Fc0/+1, whereas the carbene‐coordinated diarsene 6 shows a reversible oxidation event at E1/2=−1.31 V vs Fc0/+1. Single electron transfer reactions of 4 and 6 yielded [K[2.2.2.]cryp][L(MeO)GaAs]2 (8) and [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)‐Ga(OMe)L][B(C6F5)4] (9) containing the radical anion [L(MeO)GaAs]2⋅− (8⋅−) and the NHC‐coordinated radical cation [L(MeO)GaAsAs(MeNHC)Ga(OMe)L]⋅+ (9⋅+), respectively, while the salt‐elimination reaction of the triflate‐coordinated diarsene 5 with Na[B(C6F5)4] gave [LGaAs]2[B(C6F5)4]2 (11) containing the dication [LGaAs]22+ (112+). Compounds 1–11 were characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, EPR (8, 9), IR, and UV‐Vis spectroscopy and by single crystal X‐ray diffraction (sc‐XRD). DFT calculations provided a detailed understanding of the electronic nature of the diarsenes (4, 6) and the radical ions (8⋅−, 9⋅+), respectively.
Urea‐Comprising Single Core Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives: Exploring the Synthesis, Self‐Assembly and Charge Transport Properties
Authors: Martinez Gabriel , Id‐boubrik Imrane , Matsuda Wakana , Carmona‐Vargas Christian C. , Hong Kyeong‐Im , Munuera Carmen , Seki Shu , Ruiz‐Carretero Amparo
Published: February 2024

Supramolecular electronics exploits the distinctive features stemming from noncovalent interactions, guiding the self‐assembly of molecules to craft materials endowed with customized electronic functionalities. Hydrogen‐bonded materials, characterized by their capacity to establish dynamic and stable networks, introduce an extra dimension to the development of supramolecular electronic systems. This study presents a comparative analysis of two remarkably small semiconductors utilizing diketopyrrolopyrrole functionalized with urea units as hydrogen‐bonding motifs, strategically positioned at opposing ends of the conjugated core. We show how the subtle distinction in functionalization not only influences morphology and self‐assembly dynamics via hydrogen‐bonding and π‐π stacking formation, but also holds significant consequences for ultimate charge transport properties. Our observations into the interplay of noncovalent interactions provide valuable insights and strategic pathways for the design of novel materials with enhanced electronic characteristics.
The type 2 inflammatory response favors recognition of tumor antigens by IgE in breast cancer
Authors: Ramos‐Martinez Espiridión , García‐Vazquez Francisco Javier , Falfán‐Valencia Ramcés , Rojas‐Serrano Jorge , Alfaro‐Cruz Ana , Pérez‐Villaseñor Marcela , Aristi‐Urista Gerardo , Pérez‐Hernández Jesús , López‐Vancell Rosario , Velasco‐Medina Andrea , Velázquez‐Sámano Guillermo
Published: February 2024

Background

Several studies describe an inverse statistical relationship between the presence of an allergy and development of cancer. However, the immunological mechanism involved in the relationship between these two degenerative diseases has not been explored.

Aims

The main objective of this study was to explore the possibility that the lymphocyte T helper (Th) 2 response, a characteristic of allergy, induces recognition of tumor antigens.

Methods and results

Patients with a clinical diagnosis of breast ductal carcinoma were included. Histopathological markers related to proliferation of tumor cells were determined (Her‐2‐neu, Ki‐67, estrogen receptor, and progesterone receptor). IHC was performed using IgE antibodies purified from an allergy patient and from each biopsy donor patient. Serum concentrations of cytokines representative of Th1 and Th2 inflammatory responses were determined. A total of 14 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of breast ductal carcinoma were included. IHC performed on biopsies showed a weak response when using purified IgE antibodies from an allergy patient; however, IHC using the IgE of each patient as the primary antibody showed an intense and highly specific signal. Serum concentrations of cytokines of the Th2 response, that is, IL‐4 (130.5 pg/mL (116–135 pg/mL)), IL‐5 (202 pg/mL (191–213 pg/mL)), and IL‐13 (105.5 pg/mL (98–117 pg/mL)), were significantly higher than those of the Th1 response, that is, IL‐6 (86 pg/mL (79–90 pg/mL)) and INF‐γ (93 pg/mL (79–99 pg/mL)).

Conclusion

Purified IgE antibodies specifically recognize tumor cells in breast ductal carcinoma.
A Score to Predict the Clinical Usefulness of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Application to Oral Molecular Targeted Therapies in Cancer
Authors: Géraud Arthur , Combarel David , Funck‐Brentano Christian , Beaulieu Quentin , Zahr Noël , Broutin Sophie , Spano Jean‐Philippe , Massard Christophe , Besse Benjamin , Gougis Paul
Published: February 2024

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) involves measuring and interpreting drug concentrations in biological fluids to adjust drug dosages. In onco‐hematology, TDM guidelines for oral molecular targeted therapies (oMTTs) are varied. This study evaluates a quantitative approach with a score to predict the clinical usefulness of TDM for oMTTs. We identified key parameters for an oMTT's suitability for TDM from standard TDM recommendations. We gathered oMTT pharmacological data, which covered exposure variability (considering pharmacokinetic (PK) impact of food and proton pump inhibitors), technical intricacy (PK linearity and active metabolites), efficacy (exposure‐response relationship), and safety (maximum tolerated dose, and exposure‐safety relationship). To assess the validity and the relevance of the score and define relevant thresholds, we evaluated molecules with prospective validation or strong recommendations for TDM, both in oncology and in other fields. By September 1, 2021, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 67 oMTTs for onco‐hematological indications. Scores ranged from 15 (acalabrutinib) to 80 (sunitinib) with an average of 48.3 and a standard deviation of 15.6. Top scorers included sunitinib, sorafenib, cabozantinib, nilotinib, and abemaciclib. Based on scores, drugs were categorized into low (< 40), intermediate (≥ 40 and < 60), and high (≥ 60) relevance for TDM. Notably, negative controls generally scored around or under 40, whereas positive controls had a high score across different indications. In this work, we propose a quantitative and reproducible score to compare the potential usefulness of TDM for oMTTs. Future guidelines should prioritize the TDM for molecules with the highest score.
Real‐World Evidence to Inform Regulatory Decision Making: A Scoping Review
Authors: Jansen Marieke S. , Dekkers Olaf M. , le Cessie Saskia , Hooft Lotty , Gardarsdottir Helga , de Boer Anthonius , Groenwold Rolf H. H.
Published: February 2024

Real‐world evidence (RWE) is increasingly considered in regulatory decision making. When, and to which extent, RWE is considered relevant by regulators likely depends on many factors. This review aimed to identify factors that make RWE necessary or desirable to inform regulatory decision making. A scoping review was conducted using literature databases (PubMed, Embase, Emcare, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) and websites of regulatory agencies, health technology assessment agencies, research institutes, and professional organizations involved with RWE. Articles were included if: (1) they discussed factors or contexts that impact whether RWE could be necessary or desirable in regulatory decision making; (2) focused on pharmacological or biological interventions in humans; and (3) considered decision making in Europe or North America, or without a focus on a specific region. We included 118 articles in the scoping review. Two major themes and six subthemes were identified. The first theme concerns questions addressable with RWE, with subthemes epidemiology and benefit–risk assessment. The second theme concerns contextual factors, with subthemes feasibility, ethical considerations, limitations of available evidence, and disease and treatment‐specific aspects. Collectively, these themes encompassed 43 factors influencing the need for RWE in regulatory decisions. Although single factors may not make RWE fully necessary, their cumulative influence could make RWE essential and pivotal in regulatory decision making. This overview contributes to ongoing discussions emphasizing the nuanced interplay of factors influencing the necessity or desirability of RWE to inform regulatory decision making.
Social drivers affecting job design in apparel supply chains: Inferences from a discrete choice experiment
Authors: Jayalath Madushan Madhava , Perera H. Niles , Seuring Stefan , Thibbotuwawa Amila
Published: February 2024

Because of increasing customer awareness and government regulations, apparel organisations are inclined to adopt social sustainability practices (SSPs) into their working environment. There is a lack of scientific literature examining the interaction between social and economic sustainability within the apparel industry from the employee perspective. This study aims to assess the preferences of blue and white‐collar employees in the apparel supply chain to implement SSPs. The SSPs were identified through a literature study and a deductive approach was taken to conduct a discrete choice experiment. The experiment revealed that blue‐collar employees prioritised maternity leaves and proper sanitary facilities, whereas white‐collar employees preferred corporate social responsibility initiatives and providing proper sanitary facilities when designing the jobs for blue‐collar employees. The study also identified willingness to pay for the identified practices highlighting the importance of providing maternity leaves and proper sanitary facilities to enhance economic and social sustainability. This research contributes to bridging the gap between the expectations of blue‐collar and white‐collar employees towards SSPs and provide an understanding of the interaction between the social and economic pillars of sustainability in the global apparel supply chain.
ADCOMS sensitivity versus baseline diagnosis and progression phenotypes
Authors: Evenden Dave , Prosser Angus , Michopoulou Sofia , Kipps Christopher ,   and for the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2024

BACKGROUND

The Alzheimer's Disease COMposite Score (ADCOMS) is more sensitive in clinical trials than conventional measures when assessing pre‐dementia. This study compares ADCOMS trajectories using clustered progression characteristics to better understand different patterns of decline.

METHODS

Post‐baseline ADCOMS values were analyzed for sensitivity using mean‐to‐standard deviation ratio (MSDR), partitioned by baseline diagnosis, comparing with the original scales upon which ADCOMS is based. Because baseline diagnosis was not a particularly reliable predictor of progression, individuals were also grouped into similar ADCOMS progression trajectories using clustering methods and the MSDR compared for each progression group.

RESULTS

ADCOMS demonstrated increased sensitivity for clinically important progression groups. ADCOMS did not show statistically significant sensitivity or clinical relevance for the less‐severe baseline diagnoses and marginal progression groups.

CONCLUSIONS

This analysis complements and extends previous work validating the sensitivity of ADCOMS. The large data set permitted evaluation–in a novel approach–by the clustered progression group.
Synthesis, Structures, Electrochemical and Optical Properties of Vinyl‐Extended Tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives Functionalized with Two 2,6‐Dicyano‐λ5‐Phosphinine Units
Authors: Misaki Tomoya , Yoshimura Aya , Shirahata Takashi , Hayashi Minoru , Misaki Yohji , Sakamaki Daisuke , Fujiwara Hideki
Published: February 2024

Derivatives of vinyl‐extended tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) functionalized with two 2,6‐dicyano‐λ5‐phosphinine units (3 a–c) have been successfully synthesized. Cyclic voltammograms of all the derivatives are composed of three pairs of redox waves. The first and second redox waves correspond to one‐electron transfer processes, in which the extended TTF moiety participated predominantly. The third redox wave corresponded to a two‐electron transfer process, in which the two 2,6‐dicyano‐λ5‐phosphinine units were involved. The redox potentials at which the tetracations of 3 a–c were generated were considerably more negative than expected, probably due to the formation of stable closed‐shell structures by conjugation between 2,6‐dicyano‐λ5‐phosphinine units. X‐ray structural analyses of 3 b, 3 c, and (3b2+)(Sb2Cl82−)(C6H5OCH3) revealed that the vinyl‐extended TTF moiety in all the compounds adopts an almost planar structure, while the phosphinine units are significantly rotated relative to the extended TTF plane. The fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that the emission intensity of 3 b was very small in both the neutral and oxidized states.
Nitration of Pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines with NaNO2/HFIP
Authors: Huang Xiang , Li Yun‐Meng , Zhou Jing , Pan Yu‐Yi , Li Wei , Chen Xiao‐Hui , Yu Xin , Pei Shu‐Chen , Cui Hai‐Lei
Published: February 2024

A mild nitration of pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines has been reached using sodium nitrite as nitro source in HFIP at ambient temperature. A variety of nitro‐bearing pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline derivatives has been efficiently prepared in poor to quantitative yields (28–98 %). These products can be easily transformed to primary amines and amide by simple chemical reactions. Treatment of other nitrogen‐containing heterocycles such as pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline and substituted indoles under this developed reaction system afforded nitro‐bearing N‐heterocycles in relatively lower yields (15–19 %).
Crystallinity engineering of carbon nitride protective coating for ultra‐stable Zn metal anodes
Authors: Liu Chen , Zhu Yuxin , Di Shuanlong , He Jiarui , Niu Ping , Kelarakis Antonios , Krysmann Marta , Wang Shulan , Li Li
Published: February 2024

Ineffective control of dendrite growth and side reactions on Zn anodes significantly retards commercialization of aqueous Zn‐ion batteries. Unlike conventional interfacial modification strategies that are primarily focused on component optimization or microstructural tuning, herein, we propose a crystallinity engineering strategy by developing highly crystalline carbon nitride protective layers for Zn anodes through molten salt treatment. Interestingly, the highly ordered structure along with sufficient functional polar groups and pre‐intercalated K+ endows the coating with high ionic conductivity, strong hydrophilicity, and accelerated ion diffusion kinetics. Theoretical calculations also confirm its enhanced Zn adsorption capability compared to commonly reported carbon nitride with amorphous or semi‐crystalline structure and bare Zn. Benefiting from the aforementioned features, the as‐synthesized protective layer enables a calendar lifespan of symmetric cells for 1100 h and outstanding stability of full cells with capacity retention of 91.5% after 1500 cycles. This work proposes a new conceptual strategy for Zn anode protection.
Impact of Substitutional Doping of Eu3+ on Optoelectronic Properties of BaMgSiO4 Phosphor Material: A Tunable Blue‐White Color‐Emitting Phosphor
Authors: Ullah Arbab Zaki , Aamer Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Tahir , Azam Sikander , Nasir Muhammad Hisham Al , Guo Xin , Khan Wilayat , Rahman Amin Ur , Elansary Hosam O.
Published: February 2024

The structure and the optical properties of the tridymite green color phosphor BaMgSiO4 :Eu are systematically examined. Due to the differing ion radii of Eu3+, Mg2+, Si4+, and the three different Ba 2+ sites in the crystal lattice, dopants can only replace the Ba2+ sites because the other sites are insufficiently large to hold the massive Eu3+. BaMgSiO4 is a promising candidate for inorganic photochromatic materials with excellent optical properties. It has attracted much attention in the world due to its applications in high‐density optical memory and light‐emitting diodes. Herein, the generalized gradient approximation and generalized gradient approximation plus Hubbard potential (GGA + U) are used to investigate the electronic structure and the entire optical properties of the parent and Eu‐doped BaMgSiO4, like dielectric function, refractive and extinction coefficients, the optical conductivity, reflectivity, and absorption spectra. It is found that the substitution of Eu ions reduces the energy bandgap of BaMgSiO4 and introduces the sub‐bands in between the valence and conduction bands. Findings show that the bandgap and optical characteristics of the BaMgSiO4 compound are described properly by the GGA + U method.
Hydrocracking Rubber Seeds Oil for Biofuel Production Using Bifunctional Sarulla‐Derived Natural Zeolite–Ni and Ni–Mo/SNZ Catalyst
Authors: Sihombing Junifa Layla , Kembaren Agus , Herlinawati Herlinawati , Dewi Ratna Sari , Pulungan Ahmad Nasir , Veronika Nia , Karimah Fithriyyah , Pangaribuan Rabiatul Adawiyah , Rahayu Rahayu , Wibowo Ary Anggara
Published: February 2024

Rubber seeds, due to their rich vegetable oil content, emerge as a promising substrate for biofuel production. Harnessing the progressive catalytic hydrocracking methodology, this research delves into the activation of Sarulla‐derived natural zeolite followed by Ni and Ni–Mo metal impregnation, subsequently subjecting rubber seed oil to hydrocracking at 400, 450, and 500 °C under atmospheric pressure at 0.1 MPa. Zeolite characteristics undergo notable transformations postmetal impregnation. Importantly, at 500 °C, gasoline fraction selectivity exhibits superior efficacy, with the Ni/SNZ‐A catalyst demonstrating consistently high selectivity (>85%) across varied temperatures. Posthydrocracking reveals an amplification in n‐paraffin, aromatic, olefin, and methyl ester profiles to 19.6%, 7.3%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively, contrasting the diminution of cycloparaffin, carboxylic acid, and ketones to 3.6%, 0.2%, and 2.5%, respectively. The aforementioned discoveries hold significant importance in the realm of further investigation into the generation of gasoline fractions through the utilization of natural zeolite catalysts and the incorporation of metals with lower mass, all conducted under atmospheric pressure conditions with the ultimate objective of mitigating production expenses.
Sterilizing body‐territories: Understanding contemporary cases of forced sterilization in the United States and China
Authors: Chaparro‐Buitrago Julieta
Published: February 2024

In the summer of 2020, shocking headlines reverberated across global media outlets, revealing harrowing stories of forced sterilizations and reproductive abuses committed against Uighurs in China and immigrant women in the United States. The simultaneity of these events sheds light on essential aspects of a transnational order characterized by mass surveillance and detention, a defining feature of diverse contemporary political regimes. This article explores how reproductive violence intertwines with systems of detention and mass surveillance through these two cases. I do so by weaving together the decolonial feminist framework of body‐territory and the principles of reproductive justice that allow for a nuanced examination of how the control of the reproductive lives of Uighur and immigrant women reinforce the mechanisms of exclusion and surveillance embedded in state infrastructures. The demand for the right to bear children and to parent them under dignified conditions, free from violence, is increasingly pressing in a world where reproduction has become an instrument of surveillance and containment. This article engages in an ethnographic exploration of electronic paper trails, adopting what Geiger and Ribes aptly termed “trace ethnography.”
A Coeditors' Note
Authors: Haupt Laura , Kaebnick Gregory E.
Published: February 2024

The January‐February 2024 issue of the Hastings Center Report includes two sets of pieces concerning brain health. One is a special report on ethical challenges that emerge at various points in the care of people facing dementia. The other set launches the journal's Neuroscience and Society series. An At Law essay provides a framework for challenging discriminatory practices related to the use of algorithms generated by electronic prescription drug monitoring programs in health care. The issue also contains policy recommendations for the use of companion digital humans to address social isolation and loneliness, guidance for the rollout of vaccine delivery technologies, and a call for ethical investigation of data infrastructure.
Care or Complicity? Medical Personnel in Prisons
Authors: Walker Rebecca L.
Published: February 2024

Imprisonment may sometimes be a justified form of punishment. Yet the U.S. carceral system suffers from appalling problems of justice—in who is put into prisons, in how imprisoned people are treated, and in downstream personal and community health impacts. Medical personnel working in prisons and jails take on risky work for highly vulnerable and underserved patients. They are to be lauded for their professional commitments. Yet at the same time, prison care undercuts the ability of medical personnel to uphold their own professional standards and sometimes fails in even basic health protection. Doctors in prisons are stuck between their commitment to vulnerable patients and complicity in a system that requires their participation to uphold its constitutionality. Medical ethics is frayed in prisons, and the problem deserves our attention.
Challenging Disability Discrimination in the Clinical Use of PDMP Algorithms
Authors: Pendo Elizabeth , Oliva Jennifer
Published: February 2024

State prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs) use proprietary, predictive software platforms that deploy algorithms to determine whether a patient is at risk for drug misuse, drug diversion, doctor shopping, or substance use disorder (SUD). Clinical overreliance on PDMP algorithm‐generated information and risk scores motivates clinicians to refuse to treat—or to inappropriately treat—vulnerable people based on actual, perceived, or past SUDs, chronic pain conditions, or other disabilities. This essay provides a framework for challenging PDMP algorithmic discrimination as disability discrimination under federal antidiscrimination laws, including a new proposed rule interpreting section 1557 of the Affordable Care Act.
Digital Humans to Combat Loneliness and Social Isolation: Ethics Concerns and Policy Recommendations
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. , Sparrow Robert , Lederman Zohar , Ho Anita
Published: February 2024

Social isolation and loneliness are growing concerns around the globe that put people at increased risk of disease and early death. One much‐touted approach to addressing them is deploying artificially intelligent agents to serve as companions for socially isolated and lonely people. Focusing on digital humans, we consider evidence and ethical arguments for and against this approach. We set forth and defend public health policies that respond to concerns about replacing humans, establishing inferior relationships, algorithmic bias, distributive justice, and data privacy.
Compliance in the public versus the private realm: Economic preferences, institutional trust and COVID‐19 health behaviors
Authors: Sternberg Henrike , Steinert Janina Isabel , Büthe Tim
Published: February 2024

To what extent do economic preferences and institutional trust predict compliance with physical distancing rules during the COVID‐19 pandemic? We reexamine this question by introducing the theoretical and empirical distinction between individual health behaviors in the public and in the private domain (e.g., keeping a distance from strangers vs. abstaining from private gatherings with friends). Using structural equation modeling to analyze survey data from Germany's second wave of the pandemic (N = 3350), we reveal the following major differences between compliance in both domains: Social preferences, especially (positive) reciprocity, play an essential role in predicting compliance in the public domain but are barely relevant in the private domain. Conversely, individuals' degree of trust in the national government matters predominantly for increasing compliance in the private domain. The clearly strongest predictor in this domain is the perception pandemic‐related threats. Our findings encourage tailoring communication strategies to either domain‐specific circumstances or factors common across domains. Tailored communication may also help promote compliance with other health‐related regulatory policies beyond COVID‐19.
Air pollution and the burden of long‐term care: Evidence from China
Authors: Liu Zining , Wan Cheng
Published: February 2024

We examine the causal effects of PM2.5 exposure on the burden of long‐term care (LTC) by matching a satellite‐based PM2.5 (particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometers (μm) in diameter) dataset with a nationally representative longitudinal study in China from 2011 to 2018. We find significant adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure—instrumented by thermal inversions—on the LTC burden. A 10 μg/m3 increase in annual PM2.5 exposure increases average monthly hours of LTC and the associated financial costs by 28 h and CNY 452, respectively. The effects are greater for those who had never smoked nor experienced severe PM2.5 pollution (annual average PM2.5 > 35 μg/m3) in the previous 5 years. We also find that as PM2.5 increases, chronic diseases, particularly cardiovascular diseases, could lead to a higher likelihood of LTC dependency but reduce the total hours and costs of LTC provision. Finally, we find that PM2.5 reduces the total years of LTC need, suggesting that PM2.5 increases LTC costs by increasing the severity of LTC dependency, rather than the duration of LTC need. Our findings can assist policymakers in planning for LTC provisions and clean air policies.
Immunotherapy targeting tumor‐associated antigen in a mouse model of head and neck cancer
Authors: Kono Michihisa , Wakisaka Risa , Komatsuda Hiroki , Hayashi Ryusuke , Kumai Takumi , Yamaki Hidekiyo , Sato Ryosuke , Nagato Toshihiro , Ohkuri Takayuki , Kosaka Akemi , Ohara Kenzo , Kishibe Kan , Kobayashi Hiroya , Hayashi Tatsuya , Takahara Miki
Published: February 2024

Background

The identification of epitope peptides from tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) is informative for developing tumor‐specific immunotherapy. However, only a few epitopes have been detected in mouse TAAs of head and neck cancer (HNSCC).

Methods

Novel mouse c‐Met‐derived T‐cell epitopes were predicted by computer‐based algorithms. Mouse HNSCC cell line‐bearing mice were treated with a c‐Met peptide vaccine. The effects of CD8 and/or CD4 T‐cell depletion, and vaccine combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were evaluated. Tumor re‐inoculation was performed to assess T‐cell memory.

Results

We identified c‐Met‐derived short and long epitopes that elicited c‐Met‐reactive antitumor CD8 and/or CD4 T‐cell responses. Vaccination using these peptides showed remarkable antitumor responses via T cells in which ICIs were not required. The c‐Met peptide‐vaccinated mice rejected the re‐inoculated tumors.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that novel c‐Met peptide vaccines can induce antitumor T‐cell response, and could be a potent immunotherapy in a syngeneic mouse HNSCC model.
How well do obesity indices predict undiagnosed hypertension in the Persian cohort (Shahedieh) adults community population of all ages?
Authors: Jambarsang Sara , Soodejani Moslem Taheri , Tate Robert , Sefidkar Reyhane
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Hypertension is the leading preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease and cognitive impairment, and mortality and disability worldwide. Since prevention, early detection, and treatment of blood pressure improve public health, the aim of present study was to determine the best obesity indices and estimate the optimal cut‐off point for each one to predict the risk of elevated/stage 1 and undiagnosed hypertension in the population of center of Iran based on American ACC/AHA 2020 guidelines.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was performed on 9715 people who enrolled in 2018 in Persian Adult Cohort in Shahedieh area of Yazd, Iran in 2018. The anthropometric indices including body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), wrist circumference, hip circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, and waist‐to height ratio of individuals, were extracted. The receiver operating characteristic curve was utilized to determine the optimum cut‐off point of each anthropometric index to predict hypertension stages and compare their predictive power by age‐sex categories. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 23.0.

Results

The results showed that BMI has the best predictive power to recognize the risk of elevated/stage 1 hypertension for female (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.72 and optimal cut‐off = 30.10 kg/m2) and WC for male (AUC = 0.66 and optimal cut‐off = 93.5 cm) in 35−45 age group. BMI had the best predictive power for the risk of undiagnosed hypertension for 35−45 years old male (AUC = 0.73 and optimal cut‐off = 28.90 kg/m2) and female (AUC = 0.75 and optimal cut‐off = 5.10 kg/m2), and hip circumference revealed similar predictive power for female as well (AUC = 0.75 and optimal cut‐off = 112 cm).

Conclusion

Based on our findings, BMI and WC, which are simple, inexpensive, and noninvasive means, are the best markers to predict the risk of elevated/stage 1 and undiagnosed hypertension in young Iranians. It shows that the approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention, early detection, and enhancing its treatment is achievable.
Experimental comparison of solar drying based on evacuated tube collector with desiccant drying for dehydrating potato and ginger
Authors: Vyas Shubham , Singh Prashant , Agrawal Himanshu , Vishwakarma Gopal , Yadav Avadhesh
Published: February 2024

In this article, a comparative study of different drying techniques, namely, open sun drying (OSD), desiccant drying, solar drying (SD), and solar drying with desiccant (SDWD) was done for drying potato and ginger. The thermal efficiency and air temperature differences of the solar dryer based on evacuated tube collectors were also examined. The average efficiency of the solar dryer was 29.01%. Average drying rates of OSD, desiccant drying, SD, and SDWD bed are 0.435, 0.435, 0.59, and 0.635 g/min. The moisture content of the potato was reduced from 79.6% to 32.9% by OSD, 32.6% by desiccant drying, 9.6% by SD, and 6.9% by SDWD. The moisture content of the ginger was reduced from its initial value of 82.3%–25.3% by OSD, 25% by desiccant drying, 10.1% by SD, and 3.2% by SDWD. SD assisted with a desiccant bed proved to be the best method for drying vegetables. Drying with desiccants is not feasible for drying in winter and spring seasons of the Indian climate.
Rapid systematic review of interventions to improve antenatal screening rates for syphilis, hepatitis B, and HIV in low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Harrison J. , Lind P. , Sawleshwarkar S. , Pasupathy D. , Yapa H. M.
Published: February 2024

Background

Infectious diseases including syphilis, HIV, and hepatitis B are major contributors to maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs). The World Health Organization has prioritized elimination of vertical transmission of these three diseases.

Objectives

To rapidly assess the impact of interventions designed to improve antenatal screening rates for syphilis, HIV, and hepatitis B in LMICs and to identify areas for future implementation research.

Search Strategy

A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed, Embase, and EconLit, targeting articles published between January 1, 2013, and June 27, 2023.

Selection Criteria

We included quantitative interventional studies in English, involving pregnant adults (15 years or older) from LMICs. Exclusions were studies based in high‐income countries, qualitative studies, or those investigating accuracy of diagnostic methods.

Data Collection and Analysis

From an initial 5549 potential studies, 27 were finalized for review after various screening stages. Data extraction covered aspects such as study design, intervention details, and outcomes. Findings were qualitatively synthesized within a systems thinking framework.

Main Results

The interventions assessed varied in terms of geographic locations, health care system levels, and modalities. The review highlighted the effectiveness of interventions such as community health interventions, service quality improvements, and financial incentives.

Conclusions

The study underscores the potential of specific interventions in enhancing antenatal screening rates in LMICs. However, there is a discernible research gap concerning hepatitis B. The findings emphasize the importance of capacity building and health systems strengthening in public health interventions.
Polyethylene glycol compared to lactulose for constipation in pregnancy: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Raj Victoria Ivy , Hassan Azyyati , Hanafiah Nurulashikin , Azhary Jerilee Mariam Khong , Lim Boon Kiong , Saaid Rahmah , Gan Farah , Tan Peng Chiong
Published: February 2024

Objective

To compare polyethylene glycol 4000 versus lactulose in chronic constipation during pregnancy.

Methods

Women at 28–32 weeks' gestation attending antenatal clinic for routine care were screened using the Rome IV chronic constipation criterion. Eligible women were approached and consented. Participants were randomized to oral polyethylene glycol (10 g/day) or lactulose (10 g/day) for 4 weeks. A bowel movement diary was kept and outcomes using the Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptoms questionnaire (PAC‐SYM), Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life questionnaire (PAC‐QoL) and Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), which were evaluated at the start and end of the four‐week period. Relative risks (RR) were determined for the coprimary outcomes of complete spontaneous bowel movement (CSBM) and PAC‐SYM mean score improvement (decrease in score of >1 from the baseline).

Results

A total of 4323 women underwent screening, of which 780 fulfilled the Rome IV criterion, and 360 consented to participate (180 randomized to PEG and lactulose, respectively). Data from 247 women who completed the study were analyzed. CSBM was achieved in 107/124 (86.3%) versus 102/123 (82.9%) (RR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.93–1.16, P = 0.464) for PEG and lactulose trial arms, respectively. PAC‐SYM mean score improvement was 62/118 (52.5%) in the PEG arm versus 44/118 (37.3%) in the lactulose arm (RR 1.40, 95% CI: 1.05–1.88). Of secondary outcomes, a significant difference was found in favor of PEG, with respect to PAC‐SYM abdominal symptoms subscale, normal stool versus loose stool consistency and side effects of vomiting and diarrhea. After controlling for parity, baseline PAC‐SYM, PAC‐QoL scores, characteristics different at baseline, only diarrhea and loose stools remained significant.

Conclusion

Both PEG 4000 and lactulose are effective laxatives in pregnancy with similar performance after adjusted analysis. Diarrhea and loose stools are less frequently reported with PEG.
Estimation of 24‐Hour Polyamine Intake From Mature Human Milk
Authors: Dorhout Bernard , van Beusekom Christien M. , Huisman Marcel , Kingma Anneke W. , de Hoog Elly , Rudy Boersma E. , Muskiet Frits A. J.
Published: February 2024

It has been suggested that milk polyamines stimulate GI tract proliferation and maturation in newborns. We determined human milk polyamine concentrations and estimated 24‐h outputs on days 16 ± 4 (n = 98), 44 ± 3 (n = 97) and 91 ± 6 (n = 25) after delivery. Median concentrations in micromolars were, respectively, putrescine 0.77, 0.63, and 0.63; spermidine 4.54, 3.07, and 2.73; spermine 3.76, 2.90, and 2.22; and total polyamines 9.82, 6.83, and 5.71. Concentrations of spermidine, spermine, and total polyamines decreased during the observation period. Putrescine, spermidine, and spermine milk/maternal plasma ratios were estimated to be 16‐19, 14‐24, and 44‐75, respectively. It would appear that milk polyamines are derived from the high polyamine contents in the mammary gland and that they may be important in infant nutrition.
Effect of Small Variations of Aluminum Intake on Calcium Metabolism in Young Rats
Authors: Boudey M. , Bureau F. , Placé C. , Neuville D. , Drosdowsky M. , Arhan P. , Bouglé D.
Published: February 2024

Background:

While in the adult Al intoxication requires high dosages, little is known on the threshold level of Al toxicity in the young.

Methods:

Weaning rats were fed for 90 days ore of four diets differing by their content in Ca (7.5 vs <0.5g/<g diet)(Ca +/‐) and Al (10.6 vs 8.4 mg/kg)(Al +/‐); Al supplementation was 30% above the standard level of diet. Ca and Al levels were measured in liver, bone (femur), and brain.

Results:

Ca‐ had a significant negative effect on growth which was further reduced by Al+; in Ca sufficient/Al+ animals, Al concentrations were significantly increased in bone and brain and tended to increase in liver; Ca decreases observed in these three organs were only significant in brain. Ca deficiency further enhanced the Al deposit in bone at both levels of Al intakes, and reduced Ca concentrations in these three organs in Al+ animals; in Ca‐/Al‐ animals, the decrease in Ca displayed in the three tissues reached a significant level in brain.

Conclusions:

This study suggests that in the growing subject the side effects of small variations of Al intake can be enhanced when they are combined with other mineral imbalances.
Delayed Encephalopathy in Fulminant Hepatic Failure in the Pediatric Population and the Role of Liver Transplantation
Authors: Rivera‐Penera Teresa , Moreno Jose , Skaff Christopher , McDiarmid Sue , Vargas Jorge , Ament Marvin E.
Published: February 2024

Background:

Liver transplantation is the therapeutic choice for fulminant hepatic failure in children.

Methods:

All 66 cases of fulminant hepatic failure in the pediatric population seen at UCLA from May, 1985 to November, 1993 were reviewed to determine changes in survival rates since the advent of liver transplantation. We evaluated the clinical course and events leading to the exclusion of surgical management of nonsurvivors, who otherwise would have benefited from a liver transplant. We also compared the latter's clinical course with the nontransplant survivors to determine parameters for screening patients for liver transplantation.

Results:

Fifty‐one patient (77%) were put on the transplant list initially but eventually, only 38 (58%) patients underwent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and of these 30 (79%) patients survived. Of the remaining 29 (42%) patients who did not undergo liver transplantation, only 10 (36%) patients survived. Nine patients died while waiting for a donor liver secondary to complications of hepatic failure. The majority of nonsurvivors in the OLT and no‐OLT groups succumbed because of irreversible neurologic deterioration. In the no‐OLT group, comparisons between survivors and non‐survivors were made. There were no significant demographic differences. It took a mean of 8 days (±8) versus 22 days (±15), (p = 0.009), from onset of illness to first hospital admission for survivors and nonsurvivors, respectively. Time to reach stage II encephalopathy was a mean of 5 days (±5) for survivors versus 18 days (±16), (p = 0.05) for nonsurvivors. Nonsurvivors were transferred to the transplant center at a mean of 12.2 days (±12) after being first admitted elsewhere as compared to a mean of 1.9 days (±18) for survivors, (p = 0.02). Mean prothrombin time decreased by a mean of 13.4 s/day (±16) for survivors as against 2.25 s/day (±6) for nonsurvivors, (p = 0.06). Mean peak total bilirubin for nonsurvivors was 460 μmol/L (27 mg/dl) versus 220 μmol/L (13 mg/dl) for survivors, (p = 0.06). Nonsurvivors died at a mean of 30 days (±19) from onset and survivors' liver tests started to improve at a mean of 11 days (±9) from onset.

Conclusions:

From these studies, we conclude that liver transplantation remains the therapeutic choice for fulminant hepatic failure in children. Early referral and closer follow‐up is necessary for timely admission to liver transplant centers to enable screening and proper preparation of these patients for liver transplantation.
Enteral Nutrition Modifies Gut‐associated Lymphoid Tissue in Rat Regardless of the Molecular Form of Nitrogen Supply
Authors: Guihot Gwénaële , Merle Véronique , Leborgne Michelle , Pivert Gérard , Corriol Odile , Brousse Nicole , Ricour Claude , Colomb Virginie
Published: February 2024

Background:

It has been suggested that beneficial effect of elemental enteral diets in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases could be mediated by the suppression of protein dietary antigens. The objective of the present work was to study the effect of enteral diet on gut associated lymphoid tissue and on gastric Lactobacillus flora, in rat.

Methods:

The effects of three molecular forms of nitrogen supply: aminoacids, oligopeptides or whole casein, were compared in rats on continuous enteral diet. Frozen sections of small bowel were studied with monoclonal antibodies anti‐CD5, ‐CD4, ‐CD8, ‐CD25, ‐macrophages, ‐MHC II. The Lactobacillus flora was also enumerated in the stomach, in order to assess the effect of ED on rat flora.

Results:

Growth and mucosa morphology were identical in control and enteral groups. Rats on enteral diet showed, whatever was the molecular form of nitrogen supply, a decrease in CD5+, CD4+ and CD8+ intraepithelial cell numbers, but not in lamina propria cell number, and a decreased MHC II epithelial expression, when compared to control rats. The enterally fed rats also showed a decrease in Lactobacillus gastric contents.

Conclusions:

The current study demonstrates that continuous enteral nutrition modifies MHC II epithelial expression and gut associated lymphoid tissue cell number in rat, whatever is the molecular form of nitrogen supply. Intestinal flora could be responsible, at least for part, for these results.
Pattern of Metabolism and Composition of the Fecal Microflora in Infants 10 to 18 Months Old from Day Care Centers
Authors: Guérin‐Danan C. , Andrieux C. , Popot F. , Charpilienne A. , Vaissade P. , Gaudichon C. , Pedone C. , Bouley C. , Szylit O.
Published: February 2024

Background:

From 5 months of age, infants are progressively introduced to a variety of foods which influence the equilibrium of the intestinal microflora.

Methods:

Thirty‐five children aged 10‐18 months from 8 day care centers in France were studied. Fecal specimens were examined for their biochemical and microbiological criteria.

Results:

Bifidobacteria and Bacteroides belong to the predominant populations (9.7 and 8.6 log 10 cfu/g, respectively). The mean level of enterobacteria and enterococci were 8.0 and 7.8 log 10 cfu/g, respectively. Only 10% of the infants presented a lactobacilli amount above 6 log 10 cfu/g. Most feces had similar pH values (mean 6.4), percentage of water (mean 76.4%), and short chain fatty acid, ammonia and lactic acid concentrations (means 77, 6.7 and 2.3 μmol/g, respectively). β‐galactosidase had the highest activity (106 IU/g of protein) and nitroreductase, the lowest (0.1 IU/g of protein). α‐glucosidase and nitrate reductase showed intermediate values of 17 and 4 IU/g of protein, respectively. With the exception of 4 infants, β‐glucosidase and β‐glucuronidase values were low (4 and 2 IU/g of protein). Age and day care center were not significant factors for most parameters studied, except that rotavirus was related to day care center, with detection in 5 infants from the same center.

Conclusions:

Many biochemical parameters were comparable to those found in adults, with the exception of ammonia concentration and β‐galactosidase activity. The fecal bacterial profile was different than in adults, with more Bifidobacteria than Bacteroides and higher levels of facultative anaerobes. One infant suffering from gastroenteritis had distinctive biochemical and bacterial parameters.
In Situ Rantes and Interferon‐γ Gene Expression in Pediatric Small Bowel Crohn's Disease
Authors: Berrebi Dominique , Banerjee Ananda , Paris Régine , Potet François , Aigrain Yves , Emilie Dominique , Cezard Jean‐Pierre , Hugot Jean‐Pierre , Navarro Jean , Peuchmaur Michel
Published: February 2024

Background

Rantes (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) is a chemotactic cytokine for memory T lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. The cytokine interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) plays a key in the immune response. Their distributions and possible roles in the selective accumulation of inflammatory cells in Crohn's disease (CD) were examined by determining the expression of Rantes and IFN‐γ genes in patients with CD using in situ hybridization (ISH) on frozen and paraffin‐embedded tissue sections.

Methods

Intestinal and mesenteric lymph node samples from 9 children who had undergone ileal resection for CD were examined for the presence of epithelioid‐giant cell granulomas (EGCG) and Rantes and IFN‐γ messenger RNA (mRNA). Normal pediatric intestine (n = 5) and lymph nodes (n = 2) served as controls.

Results

Many cells in all CD specimens in the epithelial compartment, lamina propria, and the EGCG gave positive signal with the Rantes antisense probe. Labelled cells were identified on paraffin sections as lymphocytes, macrophages, and epithelioid cells. There were Rantes‐positive cells in the control intestinal tissues, but many Rantes‐positive cells in control lymph nodes that showed follicular hyperplasia. IFN‐γ‐positive cells were present in all CD ileal and lymph node specimens, predominantly in close contact with EGCC. No positive signal was obtained with the Rantes and IFN‐γ sense control probes.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that Rantes and IFN‐γ contribute to the selective accumulation of macrophages and memory T helper lymphocytes inside the granulomas and inflammatory infiltrates that are characteristic of CD.