bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AGAMOUS-like 6andMYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 80regulate the development of female and male cones inPinus densifloraS. et Z
Authors: Lee Dayoung , Kim Yang-Gil , Kang Kyu-Suk
Published: October 2023

To shorten the long breeding period of forest trees, it is necessary to explore biological factors and key genes involved in reproduction. We compared the transcriptomes of female and male cones and then identified major biological processes and hub genes associated with the development of female and male cones inPinus densiflora. The reproductive and vegetative tissues ofP. densiflorawere sampled from various developmental stages and a reference transcriptome was generated. Functional annotation and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes were performed as well as gene co-expression network analysis for identifying the hub genes involved in the cone development. Lignin biosynthesis and cell wall loosening were activated in the early and late female cones, respectively. Metabolism of pollen wall components was predominant in the early male cones compared with the later stage. In addition, phytohormone-related genes were highly expressed in the early female cones in contrast to the early male cones. Finally, we found thatAGAMOUS-like 6andMYB DOMAIN PROTEIN 80were hub genes of the female and male cone development, respectively. This study suggests that various biological factors contribute to reproductive developmental processes. Furthermore, these data will provide the new insight into biotechnology and breeding methods for improving cone and seed production ofP. densiflora.
Functional specialization of cytochromeb5prior to the invention of syringyl lignin biosynthesis
Authors: Zhao Xianhai , Zhao Yunjun , Zeng Qing-yin , Liu Chang-Jun
Published: October 2023

The production of lignin represents a hallmark of vascular plant evolution. But syringyl-lignin production is lineage specific. Its emergence in angiosperms has been regarded as a recent evolution event, as is the appearance of syringyl monomer biosynthetic F5H (CYP84A1). Angiosperm F5H uniquely requires cytochromeb5protein CB5D as an obligatory redox partner. However, it remains unclear how CB5D functionally evolved and specialized and whether it co-evolved with F5H. Here we show that plant CB5 family expanded and functionally specialized at the early stage of plant terrestrialization. CB5D was absent in green algae but emerged in bryophytes and conserved in most embryophytes, particularly proliferating in angiosperms. The innovation of CB5D is attributed to the evolution and maintenance of acidic amino residues in the helix 5 of CB5 protein. Interestingly, the syringyl-lignin producing lycophyteSelaginellalacks the functionally specialized CB5D. TheSelaginellaF5H (CYP788A1) solely relies on cytochrome P450 reductase as a redox partner. These results suggest that CB5 functionally diversified and specialized prior to the divergence of land plant lineages but lost inSelaginella; and the recently evolved angiosperm F5H has co-opted the anciently invented CB5D to form a modern cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system enabling the re-emergence of syringyl-lignin biosynthesis in higher plants.

One Sentence Summary

Cytochromeb5D, an indispensable electron donor for F5H-catalyzed S-lignin biosynthesis, was invented prior to the divergence of land plant lineages, earlier than the emergence of vascular plant F5Hs.
Minimized dark cataplerosis of the Calvin cycle ensures prompt photosynthetic initiation in cyanobacteria
Authors: Tanaka Kenya , Kondo Akihiko , Hasunuma Tomohisa
Published: October 2023

As primary contributors to oxygenic photosynthesis, cyanobacteria intricately regulate their metabolic pathways during the diurnal cycle to ensure survival and growth. Under dark conditions, breakdown of stored energy reserves of glycogen replenishes the intermediates, especially the downstream glycolytic metabolites necessary for photosynthetic initiation upon light irradiation. The intracellular level of the intermediates is maintained throughout the dark period. However, it remains unclear how their accumulation is maintained in the dark despite the limited availability of glycogen. Here, we showed that the metabolite accumulation stability is ensured by the low activities of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) converting enzymes, namely PEP carboxylase and pyruvate kinase, during the dark period. Overexpression of these enzymes significantly decreased the accumulation of glycolytic intermediates after dark incubation. The oxygen evolution ability simultaneously decreased in the overexpressing strains, indicating that the dark limitation of the PEP-consuming pathway facilitates photosynthetic initiation through the maintenance of glycolytic intermediates. This finding shed light on the importance of controlling cataplerotic flux during the dark for maintaining stable operation of the Calvin cycle.
The combination of stimulus-driven and modulatory inputs in visual thalamus depend on visual responsiveness and stimulus type
Authors: Schmors Lisa , Kotkat Ann , Bauer Yannik , Huang Ziwei , Crombie Davide , Meyerolbersleben Lukas , Sokoloski Sacha , Berens Philipp , Busse Laura
Published: October 2023

In the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus, retinal signals are combined with non-retinal inputs such as corticothalamic (CT) feedback and behavioural state. How these shape dLGN activity remains an open question. We recorded extracellular responses in dLGN of awake mice to a movie stimulus, while photosuppressing CT feedback, tracking locomotion and pupil size. To assess the relative impact of retinal and non-retinal inputs, we fit single neuron responses using generalized linear models. While including CT feedback and behavioural state as predictors significantly improved the model's overall performance, the improvement was especially pronounced for a sub-population of poorly visually responsive neurons. In addition, the impact of CT feedback was faster and more prevalent in the absence of a patterned visual stimulus. Finally, for CT feedback-sensitive dLGN neurons, visual stimuli could be discriminated better when CT feedback was suppressed. Together, these results show that effects of non-retinal inputs in dLGN depend on visual responsiveness and stimulus context.
Fine needle aspiration of human lymph nodes reveals cell populations and soluble interactors pivotal to immunological priming
Authors: Provine Nicholas M. , Al-Diwani Adam , Agarwal Devika , Dooley Kyla , Heslington Amelia , Murchison Andrew G. , Garner Lucy C. , Sheerin Fintan , Klenerman Paul , Irani Sarosh R.
Published: October 2023

Lymph node (LN) fine needle aspiration (LN FNA) represents a powerful technique for minimally invasive sampling of human lymph nodesin vivoand has been used to good effect to directly study aspects of the human germinal center response. However, systematic deep phenotyping of the cellular populations and cell-free proteins recovered by LN FNA has not been performed. Thus, we studied human cervical LN FNAs as a proof-of-concept and used single-cell RNA-sequencing and proteomic analysis to benchmark this compartment, define the purity of LN FNA material, and facilitate future studies into this immunologically pivotal environment. Our data provide evidence that LN FNAs containbone fideLN-resident innate immune populations, with minimal contamination of cells or proteins from blood. Examination of these populations reveals unique biology not predictable from equivalent blood-derived populations. LN FNA supernatants represent a specific source of lymph- and lymph node-derived proteins, and can, in combination with transcriptomic approaches, identify likely receptor-ligand interactions. This study provides the first description of the types and abundance of immune cell populations and cell-free proteins that can be efficiently studied by LN FNA. These findings are of broad utility for understanding LN physiology both in health and disease, including infectious or autoimmune perturbations, and in the case of cervical nodes, neuroscience.
Trophic Efficiency Facilitates Larval Shortbelly Rockfish (Sebastes jordani) Development
Authors: Kwan Garfield T. , Walsh Kamran A. , Thompson Andrew R. , Ben-Aderet Noah J. , Fennie H. William , Semmens Brice X. , Swalethorp Rasmus
Published: October 2023

Identifying the factors influencing fish recruitment is critical for fishery management, and failure to do so can have major ecological and economic consequences. Many hypotheses over the past century have been proposed, and the recently postulated Trophic Efficiency in Early Life (TEEL) hypothesis argues that a shorter food chain length can result in more efficient energy transfer from primary producers to young fishes, thereby increasing growth rate and larval condition, reducing early-life mortality and ultimately leading to a stronger recruitment cohort. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the trophic position (TP) through compound-specific isotopic analysis of amino acids, as well as otolith microstructure and stomach content of larval shortbelly rockfish (Sebastes jordani). Results show larval rockfish that ate lower TP prey were both heavier and faster growing. This suggests the trophic characteristics of early life diet are critical to larval survival, and provide evidence in support of the TEEL hypothesis.
Conversion of aromatic compounds from fractionated industrial hydrolysis lignin byPseudomonas putidaand environmental microbial strains
Authors: Morehead Philip A. , Vider Henry , Mürk Christina , Viggor Signe , Jõesaar Merike , Bottoms Scott , Salmar Siim , Kivisaar Maia , Loog Mart
Published: October 2023

Background

The utilization ofPseudomonas putidawas explored in this study as a promising approach for lignin valorization. To this end, dry hydrolysis lignin was used as a feedstock for the first time. Hydrolysis lignin is a product of the enzymatic hydrolysis and separation of cellulose and hemicellulose from the lignin backbone in diverse lignocellulosic sources. Various fractionation techniques were applied to obtain lignin monomers and multimers in solution for use as a growth medium forP. putida, whose tolerance of inhibitory phenolic compounds distinguishes it from most bacteria.

Results

Physiological evaluations revealed thatPseudomonas putidastrains KT2440 and PaW85 exhibited broad pH tolerance ranges, with robust growth observed at elevated pH levels. Batch fermentations using hydrolysis lignin (HL) solutions showed complete consumption of sugars within 24 hours, demonstrating the viability of fractionated HL as a substrate forP. putidacultivation. HPLC analysis of HL monomer concentrations during simulated fed-batch fermentation revealed rapid catabolism of catechol and increased CCMA concentration, followed by stabilization, indicating that CCMA is synthesized more quickly than degraded when the initial catechol concentration is high. Filtered alkaline HL fractionations yielded more than twice as much catechol as unfiltered fractionations. Screening of indigenous bacterial strains isolated from various soil and water samples (CELMS Collection, websitehttp://eemb.ut.ee) identified five new candidate strains for CCMA production, two for PCA production, and three for vanillic acid production.

Conclusions

The novel use of fractionated hydrolysis lignin as a growth medium shows potential for lignin valorization and chemical production. Filtered alkaline fractionation yields more catechol and is superior forcis,cis-muconic acid production; however, unfiltered fractionations may be more suitable for other compounds and upscaling. Further investigation of screened strains could reveal more efficient enzymes, which could be optimized and transformed intoP. putidain future research.
3DVascNet: an automated software for segmentation and quantification of vascular networks in 3D
Authors: Narotamo Hemaxi , Silveira Margarida , Franco Cláudio A.
Published: October 2023

Background

Analysis of vascular networks is an essential step to unravel the mechanisms regulating the physiological and pathological organization of blood vessels. So far, most of the analyses are performed using 2D projections of 3D networks, a strategy that has several obvious shortcomings. For instance, it does not capture the true geometry of the vasculature, and generates artifacts on vessel connectivity. These limitations are accepted in the field because manual analysis of 3D vascular networks is a laborious and complex process that is often prohibitive for large volumes.

Methods

To overcome these issues, we developed 3DVascNet, a deep learning (DL) based software for automated segmentation and quantification of 3D retinal vascular networks. 3DVascNet performs segmentation based on a DL model, and it quantifies vascular morphometric parameters such as the vessel density, branch length, vessel radius, and branching point density.

Results

We tested 3DVascNet’s performance using a large dataset of 3D microscopy images of mouse retinal blood vessels. We demonstrated that 3DVascNet efficiently segments vascular networks in 3D, and that vascular morphometric parameters capture phenotypes detected by using manual segmentation and quantification in 2D. In addition, we showed that, despite being trained on retinal images, 3DVascNet has high generalization capability and successfully segments images originating from other datasets and organs. More-over, the source code of 3DVascNet is publicly available, thus it can be easily extended for the analysis of other 3D vascular networks by other users.

Conclusions

Overall, we present 3DVascNet, a freely-available software that includes a user-friendly graphical interface for researchers with no program-ming experience, which will greatly facilitate the ability to study vascular networks in 3D in health and disease.
The function of CozE proteins is linked to lipoteichoic acid biosynthesis inStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Barbuti Maria Disen , Lambert Elisabeth , Myrbråten Ine Storaker , Ducret Adrien , Stamsås Gro Anita , Wilhelm Linus , Liu Xue , Salehian Zhian , Veening Jan-Willem , Straume Daniel , Grangeasse Christophe , Perez Camilo , Kjos Morten
Published: October 2023

To maintain cell integrity and facilitate cell division inStaphylococcus aureus, a well-coordinated interplay between membrane biogenesis, peptidoglycan formation, and teichoic acid synthesis is crucial. However, the molecular mechanisms and regulatory pathways that underpin their coordination are still poorly understood. CozE constitute a conserved family of membrane proteins implicated in cell division via regulation of penicillin binding proteins. It has been shown that the two staphylococcalcozEgenes (cozEaandcozEb) constitute a synthetic lethal gene pair. Depletion of CozEa and CozEb simultaneously inS. aureusresulted in severely defective cell division phenotypes, reminiscent of cell lacking lipoteichoic acid (LTA). Indeed, we demonstrate that there is an intricate interplay between CozE, biosynthesis of LTA, and membrane homeostasis inS. aureus. By screening for potential genetic links, we establish that there is synthetic lethal relationship between CozE and UgtP, the enzyme synthesizing the LTA glycolipid anchor Glc2DAG. On the contrary, in cells lacking LtaA, the flippase of Glc2DAG, the essentiality of CozEa and CozEb was alleviated. Furthermore, by immunoblotting, we found that CozEb plays a unique role in controlling LTA polymer length and stability. Using reconstituted proteoliposomes, we also demonstrated that CozE proteins modulate the glycolipid flipping activity of LtaAin vitro. Together, the results demonstrate a new function of CozE proteins, facilitating proper membrane homeostasis and LTA biosynthesis inS. aureus.
Activation of innate immunity selectively compromises mitochondrial complex I, proline oxidation and flight activity in the major arbovirus vectorAedes aegypti
Authors: Gaviraghi Alessandro , Barletta Ana Beatriz F. , Alves E Silva Thiago Luiz , Oliveira Matheus P. , Sorgine Marcos H.F. , Oliveira Marcus F.
Published: October 2023

Aedes aegyptifemales are natural vectors of important arboviruses such as Dengue, Zika, and yellow fever. Mosquitoes activate innate immune response signaling pathways upon infection, as a resistance mechanism to fight pathogens and limit their propagation. Despite the beneficial effects of immune activation for insect vectors, phenotypic costs ultimately affect their fitness. However, the underlying mechanisms that mediate these fitness costs remain poorly understood. Given the high energy required to mount a proper immune response, we hypothesized that systemic activation of innate immunity would impair flight muscle mitochondrial function, compromising tissue energy demand and flight activity. Here, we investigated the dynamic effects of activation of innate immunity by intra-thoracic zymosan injection onA. aegyptiflight muscle mitochondrial metabolism. Zymosan injection significantly increased defensin expression in fat bodies in a time-dependent manner that compromised flight activity. Although oxidant levels in flight muscle were hardly altered, ATP-linked respiratory rates driven by mitochondrial pyruvate+proline oxidation were significantly reduced at 24h upon zymosan injection. Oxidative phosphorylation coupling was preserved regardless of innate immune response activation along 24h. Importantly, rotenone-sensitive respiration and complex I-III activity were specifically reduced 24h upon zymosan injection. Also, loss of complex I activity compromised ATP-linked and maximal respiratory rates mediated by mitochondrial proline oxidation. Finally, the magnitude of innate immune response activation negatively correlated with respiratory rates, regardless of the metabolic states. Collectively, we demonstrate that activation of innate immunity is strongly associated with reduced flight muscle complex I activity with direct consequences to mitochondrial proline oxidation and flight activity. Remarkably, our results indicate a trade-off between dispersal and immunity exists in an insect vector, underscoring the potential consequences of disrupted flight muscle mitochondrial energy metabolism to arbovirus transmission.
The design of retailers' online review systems – a systematic literature review and future research agenda
Authors: Pham Doan Thao Tram , Steinmann Sascha , Jensen Birger Boutrup
Published: October 2023

Purpose

In this paper the authors aim to review the state-of-the-art literature on online review systems and their impacts on consumer behavior and retailers' performance with the aim of identifying research gaps related to different design features of review systems and developing future research agenda.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a systematic review based on PRISMA 2020 protocol, focusing on studies published in the domains of retailing and marketing. This procedure resulted in 48 selected papers investigating the design features of retailer online review systems.

Findings

The authors identify eight design features that are controllable by retailers in an online review system. The design features have been researched independently in previous literature, with some features receiving more attention. Most selected studies focus on the design features adapted metrics and review presentations, while other features are generally neglected (e.g. rating dimensions). Previous literature argues that design features affect consumer behaviors and retailers' performance. However, the interactions among the features are still neglected in the literature, creating a relevant gap for future research.

Originality/value

This paper distinguishes between different types of retailer online review systems based on how they are implemented. The authors summarize the state-of-the-art of relevant literature on design features of online review systems and their effects on consumer- and retailer-related outcome variables. This systematic literature review distinguishes between online reviews provided on websites controlled by retailers (internal systems) and third-party websites (external systems).
How does leader career calling stimulate employee career growth? The role of career crafting and supervisor–subordinate guanxi
Authors: Ni Xudong , Zhu Xingkui , Bian Wenjun , Li Jiyu , Pan Chen , Pan Chengkai
Published: October 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to explore how leader career calling stimulates employee career growth, with the supervisor–subordinate guanxi serving as a moderating factor.

Design/methodology/approach

Study 1 demonstrated that high leader career calling served as a catalyst for employee career crafting. The experiment provided causal evidence for the relationship between these two constructs, exhibiting strong internal validity. However, due to the challenges in measuring supervisor–subordinate guanxi and career growth within the context of a scenario experiment, Study 2 was designed to test the entire model and enhance the external validity of the findings.

Findings

Leader career calling significantly predicts employee career growth, while employee career crafting serves as a mediating mechanism in the relationship between leader career calling and employee career growth. Moreover, supervisor–subordinate guanxi positively moderates the relationship between leader career calling and employee career crafting. Furthermore, the mediating effect of employee career crafting in the relationship between leader career calling and employee career growth is contingent upon the quality of supervisor–subordinate guanxi. This study sheds light on the role of leader career calling in employee career growth and provides insights into the mechanisms facilitating employee career growth.

Originality/value

Firstly, it explores leader-to-employee career calling transmission, extending the career calling study beyond individual impacts. It emphasizes how leaders' work attitudes shape employee career growth. Secondly, it reveals career crafting as a mediator between leader career calling and employee career growth, identifying a new influence mechanism and expanding upon the primarily job crafting-focused existing literature. Lastly, it identifies supervisor–subordinate guanxi quality as a moderator in the leader career calling-employee career crafting relationship. This perspective enriches career calling research, illustrating how specific conditions stimulate career crafting.
Perceived research productivity of women in higher education: An investigation of the impact of COVID‐19
Authors: Ermiş‐Mert Aslı
Published: October 2023

This study focuses on the predictors of women academics' perceived research productivity during the pandemic in Türkiye, by taking the changes in paid and unpaid workload alongside the felt pressure concerning productivity into consideration. Predicting the odds to report an above the mean level of decrease in perceived research productivity, unlike expected, increased housework time and administrative workload presented no statistically significant effect. On the other hand, extended care responsibilities (including but not limited to childcare) and felt pressure concerning research performance during the pandemic strongly predicted a high level of reported decrease in research productivity. Findings highlight that institutional care support mechanisms should be among the primary concerns since the pandemic has made the already existing gender inequalities in academia more visible in terms of the challenges women face in balancing paid and unpaid work. In addition, as excess pressure felt by women academics regarding research performance is linked to a decline in reported productivity, creating a compassionate environment in academia not only in unprecedented circumstances but at all times needs to be priority.
Toward sustainability? Contributions of the Guatemalan Sugarcane Agro‐Industry to the Sustainable Development Goals on water and energy
Authors: Salazar Luis Fernando , Guerra Noriega Alex , Bolaños Andrea , Solís Juan Pablo
Published: October 2023

Sustainability is a global mandate and has set agendas for regions, nations, sectors, and corporations. Because of the globalized nature of the economy, the pursuit of sustainability in one place has implications for others. The aim of this paper is to describe how a sector—the Guatemalan Sugarcane Agro‐industry (GSAI)—can make progress toward sustainability and contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals of the country in which it operates. The methodology used was a case study description, based largely on data reported by the GSAI. The main findings of the study show that the contributions of the industry to water and sanitation in its area of operations have been important, but limited, due to several factors that include issues such as: lack of political will, lack of technical capacity, financing, and appropriate legislation. On the other hand, the contributions of the GSAI to energy have been remarkable for the Guatemalan energy matrix, highlighting that cogeneration from sugarcane bagasse represents up to 30% of the electricity demand in the country during the 6‐month harvest season. Building on social corporate responsibility theory, the actions related to the goals on water and energy are explained. What was found is that the contributions of a sector, though important, are possibly not outstanding at the national scale, and that the conditions of the country limit the reach or pace of progress of the sector. An exception is the contributions toward sustainable energy and associated emissions, which are noteworthy. The interplay of actors at different scales needs to be understood if globally we are to achieve the goals. This understanding is key to put in place policies and enabling conditions for sectors to make progress faster, helping their country advance as well as contributing to sustainability of buyers in other countries or regions.
Characterisation of the growth behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes in Listeria synthetic media
Authors: Schulz Lisa Maria , Konrath Alicia , Rismondo Jeanine
Published: October 2023

The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes can grow in a wide range of environmental conditions. For the study of the physiology of this organism, several chemically defined media have been developed over the past decades. Here, we examined the ability of L. monocytogenes wildtype strains EGD‐e and 10403S to grow under salt and pH stress in Listeria synthetic medium (LSM). Furthermore, we determined that a wide range of carbon sources could support the growth of both wildtype strains in LSM. However, for hexose phosphate sugars such as glucose‐1‐phosphate, both L. monocytogenes strains need to be pre‐grown under conditions, where the major virulence regulator PrfA is active. In addition, growth of both L. monocytogenes strains was observed when LSM was supplemented with the amino acid sugar N‐acetylmannosamine (ManNAc). We were able to show that some of the proteins encoded in the operon lmo2795‐nanE, such as the ManNAc‐6‐phosphate epimerase NanE, are required for growth in the presence of ManNAc. The first gene of the operon, lmo2795, encodes a transcriptional regulator of the RpiR family. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays and quantitative real‐time PCR analysis, we were able to show that Lmo2795 binds to the promoter region of the operon lmo2795‐nanE and activates its expression.
Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of HER2 mutation and HER2 fusion in 22 patients with advanced breast cancer
Authors: Mu Yuxin , Meng Yanchun , Du Yiqun , Liu Xiaojun , Zhang Jian
Published: October 2023

Background

The clinical characteristics and efficacy of human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (HER‐2)‐directed agents against HER2 mutations and HER2 fusions in breast cancer are obscure due to their low frequency.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study in patients with advanced breast cancer harboring HER2 mutations and/or HER2 fusions between January 1, 2017 and January 1, 2021.

Results

Among a total of 22 patients, 17 HER2 mutations were detected, including L755S, S310F, R100=, V777L, R897W, T862A, 440‐17C > G, H878Y, V842I, 73 + 9G > C, T278fs, E1069K, L755P, 226‐11C > T, 574 + 12C>T, L114V and P128L. The majority of patients had ductal carcinoma, which mostly coexisted with HER2 amplification/overexpression. The median progression‐free survival (PFS) of the 22 patients was 6.9 months (95% CI: 4.7, 9.1) in the first‐line setting. The median PFS of patients who received first‐line trastuzumab‐based regimens was significantly longer than that of patients who received a first‐line tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) (10.8 months [95% CI: 2.9, 18.7] vs. 1.9 months [95% CI: 0.8, 3.0], p < 0.005). A total of 14 patients were treated with anti‐HER2 antibody‐drug conjugate (ADC), among whom the median treatment line of first‐time of administration of anti‐HER2 ADC was 4.5 (range, 1–10). Anti‐HER2 ADC reached an objective response rate (ORR) of 42.9%, a disease control rate (DCR) of 85.7% and a median PFS of 7.3 months (95% CI: 4.4–10.1) from the first‐time of administration.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated the clinical benefit of anti‐HER2 treatment in Chinese breast cancer patients harboring HER2 mutation and/or HER2 fusion. The value of immunotherapy and treatment selection among individual HER2 variants needs further study.
How does economic inequality shape conspiracy theories? Empirical evidence from China
Authors: Zeng Zhao‐Xie , Tian Cai‐Yu , Mao Jia‐Yan , van Prooijen Jan‐Willem , Zhang Yue , Yang Shen‐Long , Xie Xiao‐Na , Guo Yong‐Yu
Published: October 2023

Conspiracy theories tend to be prevalent, particularly in societies with high economic inequality. However, few studies have examined the relationship between economic inequality and belief in conspiracy theories. We propose that economic inequality leads people to believe conspiracy theories about economically advantaged groups (i.e., upwards conspiracy theories) and that moral evaluations of those groups mediate this relationship. Study 1 (N = 300) found support for these ideas in a survey among Chinese residents. Study 2 (N = 160) manipulated participants' perceptions of economic inequality in a virtual society. The manipulation shaped moral evaluations of economically advantaged groups, and conspiracy beliefs, in the predicted manner. In Study 3 (N = 191) and Study 4 (N = 210), we experimentally manipulated participants' perceptions of economic inequality in real Chinese society and replicated the results of Study 2. In addition, in Study 4, we find that economic inequality predicts belief in conspiracy theories about economically disadvantaged groups (i.e., downward conspiracy theories), which was mediated by anomie. We conclude that perceived economic inequality predicts conspiracy theories about economically advantaged groups and that moral evaluations account for this effect. Also, upward and downward conspiracy theory beliefs are associated with different psychological processes.
Ethnic sensitivity assessment: Polatuzumab vedotin pharmacokinetics in Asian and non‐Asian patients with previously untreated diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in POLARIX
Authors: Liao Michael Z. , Deng Rong , Gibiansky Leonid , Lu Tong , Agarwal Priya , Dere Randall , Lee Calvin , Hirata Jamie , Herbaux Charles , Salles Gilles , Li Chunze , Miles Dale
Published: October 2023

This ethnic sensitivity analysis used data from the phase III POLARIX study (NCT03274492) to assess polatuzumab vedotin pharmacokinetics (PKs) in Asian versus non‐Asian patients with previously untreated diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma and examined the appropriateness of extrapolating global study findings to Asian patients. PK and population PK (PopPK) analyses assessed polatuzumab vedotin analyte exposures by ethnicity (Asian [n = 84] vs. non‐Asian [n = 345] patients) and region (patients enrolled from Asia [n = 80] vs. outside Asia [n = 349]). In patients from Asia versus outside Asia, observed mean antibody‐conjugated monomethyl auristatin E (acMMAE) concentrations were comparable (1.2% lower at cycle [C]1 postdose, 4.4% higher at C4 predose; and 6.8% lower at C4 postdose in patients from Asia). Observed mean unconjugated MMAE was lower in patients from Asia by 6.5% (C1 postdose), 20.0% (C4 predose), and 15.3% (C4 postdose). In the PopPK analysis, C6 area under the curve and peak plasma concentrations were also comparable for acMMAE (6.3% and 3.0% lower in Asian vs. non‐Asian patients, respectively) and lower for unconjugated MMAE by 19.1% and 16.7%, respectively. By region, C6 mean acMMAE concentrations were similar, and C6 mean unconjugated MMAE concentrations were lower, in patients enrolled from Asia versus outside Asia, by 3.9%–7.0% and 17.3%–19.7%, respectively. In conclusion, polatuzumab vedotin PKs were similar between Asian and non‐Asian patients by ethnicity and region, suggesting PKs are not sensitive to Asian ethnicity and dose adjustments are not required in Asian patients to maintain efficacy and safety.
Risk of ankylosis of avulsed teeth immediately replanted or stored under favorable storage conditions before replantation: A long‐term clinical study
Authors: Gul Abdulaziz , Lauridsen Eva , Gerds Thomas A. , Andersson Lars
Published: October 2023

Background/Aim

There are few long‐term clinical follow‐up studies on human teeth replanted immediately or after storage in a suitable storage medium prior to replantation. This study aimed to assess the risk of ankylosis in avulsed human teeth replanted immediately or after storage in physiological media for a short time.

Material

Data from 116 patients with 145 replanted avulsed permanent teeth were selected from a comprehensive dental trauma database in Copenhagen University Hospital. The following teeth were selected: Group 1 comprised 36 teeth replanted immediately (dry time <6 min; wet time <6 min). Group 2 comprised 61 teeth replanted after physiologic storage media (saliva and saline) (dry time <6 min; wet time >5 min; wet time ranged from 7 to 170 min, and mean wet time was 59 min). Group 3 (control) included 48 teeth replanted after dry storage (dry time > 60 min).

Method

Clinical and radiographic registrations were carried out according to a standardized protocol; follow‐up ranged from 7 months to 23 years. Ankylosis was diagnosed by percussion test and radiographs and related to the conditions prior to replantation and stage of root development.

Results

The overall risk of ankylosis was 17.2% [95% CI: 4.61; 29.79] for immediately replanted teeth, 55.3% [95% CI: 42.54; 68.00] for teeth stored in physiologic media before replantation, and 85.7% [95% CI: 75.70; 95.73] for teeth stored dry more than 1 h. Mature teeth showed a significantly higher risk of ankylosis than immature teeth.

Conclusion

This clinical long‐term study has verified earlier experimental studies showing that immediate reimplantation has the lowest risk of ankylosis. Physiologic storage media are good alternatives that also reduce the risk of ankylosis compared to dry storage, where ankylosis is more likely although not always seen. Mature teeth are significantly more likely to develop ankylosis.
Parent–child gender effect in the associations among problematic internet use, parent–adolescent conflict, and academic engagement
Authors: Liu Sihan , Ying Jiefeng , Wang Xinyi , Shi Jialin , Wu Xinchun
Published: October 2023

Objective

In this study, we explored whether and how the indirect effects of father– and mother–adolescent conflict between PIU and academic engagement differ between female and male adolescents.

Background

Problematic internet use (PIU) is an important health issue for adolescents. It has been found to be related to severe impairment in their interpersonal relationships (e.g., parent–child relationships) and academic outcomes (e.g., academic engagement), particularly during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Method

A national survey was conducted in diverse regions of the Chinese mainland, and a total of 2,688 adolescents between 10 and 19 years old (52.8% girls, Mage = 14.06 ± 2.47) participated in the study. Correlation and mediation analyses were conducted and were stratified by gender.

Results

Multigroup analysis indicated that PIU was similarly and positively associated with father– and mother–adolescent conflict in adolescent boys and girls, whereas only father–adolescent conflict was negatively related to boys’ academic engagement and only mother–adolescent conflict was negatively related to girls’ academic engagement.

Conclusion

These results support the same‐gender matching model in parent–adolescent conflict and expand the same‐gender effect to Chinese culture.

Implications

These findings have important implications for understanding the mechanisms of how adolescent PIU impedes academic engagement through parent–adolescent conflict in father–son, father–daughter, mother–son, and mother–daughter dyads, indicating that family interventions focused on father–son and mother–daughter relationships may largely facilitate adolescents’ academic engagement.
Association of mean RDW values and changes in RDW with in‐hospital mortality in ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP): Evidence from MIMIC‐IV database
Authors: Nan Wenbin , Li Siqi , Wan Jinfa , Peng Zhenyu
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) is a hospital‐acquired infection with high mortality, and remains a challenge for clinical treatment. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) was associated with worse outcomes in several diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mean RDW values, changes in RDW (delta RDW), and in‐hospital mortality among patients with VAP.

Methods

In the present study, we enrolled 1266 VAP patients from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC‐IV) database. All patients were categorized into low group, medium group, and high group according to tertiles of mean RDW values. The primary outcome was all‐cause in‐hospital mortality. Univariate logistic regression analysis, multivariate logistic regression analysis, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve were performed to determine the association between mean RDW values and in‐hospital mortality in VAP. Moreover, RCS curve was plotted to explore the dose–response relationship between delta RDW and in‐hospital mortality in VAP.

Results

Among the VAP patients included in the study, the in‐hospital mortality was 20.85% with 264 non‐survivors and 1002 survivors. The non‐survivors exhibited significantly higher mean RDW values and delta RDW values compared to survivors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that mean RDW values were positively associated with in‐hospital mortality in VAP after adjusting for relevant covariates. The RCS curve demonstrated a dose–response relationship between mean RDW and the mortality in VAP. Moreover, a linear relationship was observed between delta RDW and in‐hospital mortality in VAP.

Conclusion

Higher mean RDW values were significantly associated with an increased risk of in‐hospital mortality in VAP. Additionally, a linear relationship was found between delta RDW values and in‐hospital mortality. These findings suggest that RDW can be used to identify high‐risk patients with poorer outcomes in VAP.
Helpfulness of online customer reviews for shopping goods and services: The perspective of signalling theory
Authors: Chu My Giang , Lin Yu‐Hsun , Le Tram Dinh Thi , Phan Quyen Phu Thi , Van Thao Nguyen
Published: October 2023

To help customers get quality feedback from the huge number of online reviews, online retailers attempt to generate evaluations from consumers of how helpful product reviews are. Drawing on signalling theory, this study proposes a comprehensive model to examine the influence of factors related to the reviewer (signaller), the review (signal) and the users (readers of the signal) on online review helpfulness via e‐commerce sites and apps. This study also includes the moderating role of product categories (goods/services) in the model. Data were collected from 466 Vietnamese respondents. Using a Smart Partial Lease Square 3.0, the outcomes indicate that online review information quality, online reviewer information credibility and two dimensions of receivers (e.g. users’ attitudes towards information and information task‐fit) all have a significant influence on online review helpfulness; however, users’ need for information has no impact on the helpfulness of online reviews. Interestingly, the product type (goods vs services) has a moderating effect between online review information quality/attitude towards information and online review helpfulness. This study contributes significantly to signalling theory and online review helpfulness by comprehensively incorporating three attributes that are paramount to online reviews: the review, the reviewer and the users. Additionally, the information is enriched by the investigation of the moderating effect of product categories (goods vs services) on the context of online review helpfulness.
High‐performance liquid chromatographic separation and partial characterization of human protamines 1, 2, and 3
Authors: Balhorn R. , Corzett M. , Mazrimas J. , Stanker LH , Wyrobek A.
Published: October 2023

A method for separating the three human protamines by HPLC of underivatized, total protamine extracts on a Nucleosil RP‐C18 column is described. The identities of the three proteins have been confirmed by a combination of disc gel electrophoresis, amino acid composition, and primary sequence analysis. The results show that human protamine 3 elutes first, closely followed by protamine 2. Protamine 1 elutes later. The amino acid compositions and partial amino terminal sequences of human protamines 2 and 3 indicate that these two proteins are very closely related and suggest that they differ only by three amino‐terminal amino acids.
Photoaffinity Crosslinking of Etorphine with Opioid Binding Sites in the Bovine Adrenal Medulla
Authors: Cantau P. , Bourhim N. , Giraud P. , Oliver C. , Castanas E.
Published: October 2023

The covalent crosslinking of [3H]etorphine with opioid binding sites in the bovine adrenal medulla is reported. Of all the radiolabeled opiates tested (ethylketocyclazocine, etorphine, [D‐Ala2, D‐Leu5]enkephalin, [D‐Ala2, Me‐Phe4, Gly5‐ol]enkephalin only etorphine could be crosslinked under uv irradiation. In our conditions (black uv lamp, 160 W, peak mean 360 nm, from a distance of 10 cm) maximum covalent binding was observed after a 10‐min irradiation. Protein concentration was a crucial factor for the irreversible/total binding ratio. A good ratio (50%) was obtained at protein concentrations of about 1.0 mg/ml. Covalent binding of nonmodified opiates could be of interest for the biochemical characterization of their binding sites.
CarBamate Kinase of Lactobacillus Buchneri Ncdo110. II. KInetic Studies and Reaction Mechanism
Authors: de Manca Nadra MC , de Pesce Ruiz Holgado AA , Oliver G.
Published: October 2023

The participation of Mg2+ or Mn2+ nucleoside diphosphates in the reverse reaction catalyzed by purified carbamate kinase (ATP:carbamate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.2.2) of Lactobacillus buchneri NCDO110 was studied. The results of initial velocity studies have indicated that Mn2+ ADP is as effective as a substrate as Mg2+ ADP is. Product inhibition studies have revealed that the enzyme has two distinct sites, one for nucleoside diphosphate and the other for carbamyl phosphate. The reaction of the enzyme with the substrates is of the random type.
FOlding and Activation of Recombinant Human Prorenin
Authors: Sharma SK , Evans DB , Tomich CS , Cornette JC , Ulrich RG
Published: October 2023

In vitro folding of mature renin, prorenin, and fused prorenin, all produced in denatured form in inclusion bodies in recombinant Escherichia coli, has been studied in order to evaluate the importance of prosequence in the folding of human renin. These studies have been compared with the in vivo folding and subsequent in vitro activation of recombinant human prorenin secreted by a nonbacterial expression system, namely Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells grown in serum‐free medium. It is concluded that prosequence is essential in the folding of human renin and, therefore, the DNA coding for this sequence cannot be removed without affecting the recovery of active human renin from recombinant bacterial and nonbacterial systems.
Subcutaneous Administration of Carrier Erythrocytes: Slow Release of Entrapped Agent
Authors: DeLoach JR , Corrier DE
Published: October 2023

Carrier erythrocytes administered subcutaneously in mice release encapsulated molecules at the injection site and through cells that escape the injection site. One day postinjection, the efflux of encapsulated [14C]sucrose, [3H]inulin, and 51Cr‐hemoglobin from the injection site was 45, 55, and 65%, respectively. Intact carrier erythrocytes escaped the injection site and entered the blood circulation carrying with them the encapsulated molecules. Most of the encapsulated [3H]inulin that reached whole blood circulated within erythrocytes. Small but measurable numbers of encapsulated molecules were trapped within lymph nodes. Subcutaneous injection of carrier erythrocytes may allow for limited extravascular tissue targeting of drugs.
Potential Hazards of Biotechnology: The Viewpoint from the United Kingdom
Authors: Campbell PN
Published: October 2023

(1) There is a danger that our science may be severely restricted in the future if we do not as scientists take action to inform the public. (2) Scientists are agreed that some governmental controls are essential, but there is an urgent need that these should be applied uniformly worldwide. (3) The situation has changed rapidly now that the scientists are poised to demonstrate that genetic engineering has advanced to the stage where it can be applied to the field. Only in that way can we, as scientists, demonstrate that biotechnology can help humanity to overcome the problems of health, disease, and decent living which threaten to get progressively worse.
Synthesis of deacetylthymosin beta 11 and its effect on the impaired T‐lymphocytes of a uremic patient with common variable immunodeficiency
Authors: Abiko T. , Sekino H.
Published: October 2023

The untetracontapeptide corresponding to the entire amino acid sequence of deacetylthymosin beta 11 was synthesized by assembling six peptide fragments via the azide followed by deprotection with 1 M trifluoromethanesulfonic acid‐thioanisole in trifluoroacetic acid in the presence of dimethylselenide. The synthetic peptide was tested for its effect on the impaired blastogenic response of phytohemagglutinin‐stimulated T‐lymphocytes of a uremic patient with common variable immunodeficiency. The synthetic peptide had some restoring activity on the impaired blastogenic response of T‐lymphocytes in the one patient tested.
Methotrexate loading of red cell carriers by osmotic stress and electric‐pulse methods: ultrastructural observations
Authors: Kruse CA , Mierau GW , James GT
Published: October 2023

Transmission and scanning electron microscopy (EM) of osmotically stressed and electrically pulsed human erythrocyte carriers indicated that the mode of uptake of methotrexate (MTX) varied depending on the method of carrier production. The preswell and electroporation loading methods, apparently by facilitating passive diffusion across the cell membrane, promoted incorporation of the MTX directly into the cytoplasm of the carriers, as evidenced by their variable electron densities. The preswell method produced carriers displaying leptocytic characteristics, whereas the electroporation method produced carriers exhibiting sphero‐ and stomatocytic transformation. Hypotonic dialysis‐prepared carriers took up MTX primarily by endocytosis and secondarily by passive diffusion. Endocytotic activity was not induced by the MTX. Scanning EM revealed that most of the dialysis‐prepared carriers exhibited prominent invaginations of the cell surface. Transmission EM of serial thin sections through these carriers revealed numerous fully internalized, membrane‐bound vesicles. Endocytotic activity caused progressive loss of membrane and resulted in the sphero‐ and stomatocytic transformation of the carriers.