bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No Harm, Still Foul: Concerns About Reputation Drive Dislike of Harmless Plagiarizers
Authors: Silver Ike , Shaw Alex
Published: May 2017

Across a variety of situations, people strongly condemn plagiarizers who steal credit for ideas, even when the theft in question does not appear to harm anyone. Why would people react negatively to relatively harmless acts of plagiarism? In six experiments, we predict and find that these negative reactions are driven by people's aversion toward agents who attempt to falsely improve their reputations. In Studies 1–3, participants condemn plagiarism cases that they agree are harmless (i.e., stealing credit from an anonymous source). This effect is mediated by the extent to which participants perceive the plagiarizer to have falsely benefitted from plagiarizing. In Studies 4–5, we demonstrate that this effect is not explained solely by participants’ negative response to lies or violations of permission. In Study 6, participants condemn a plagiarism case in which the idea's original author actually benefits, providing the strongest evidence that people condemn plagiarism for reasons beyond perceived harm. We discuss how this work connects to broader questions of intellectual property and impression management.
Endoscopic findings of laryngopharyngeal and esophageal involvement in autoimmune bullous disease
Authors: Nakamura Rieko , Omori Tai , Suda Koichi , Wada Norihito , Kawakubo Hirofumi , Takeuchi Hiroya , Yamagami Jun , Amagai Masayuki , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: May 2017

Background and Aim

Autoimmune bullous disease (ABD) is induced by autoantibodies against cell adhesion molecules, and blistering may occur on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, oral cavity, laryngopharynx, and esophagus. Endoscopic prevalence and features of ABD‐associated esophageal lesions are not well known. We conducted the present study to assess the endoscopic prevalence of ABD‐associated mucosal lesions.

Methods

Endoscopic prevalence of mucosal lesions, particularly laryngopharyngeal and esophageal lesions, was used as the primary endpoint to assess the significance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and clinical and endoscopic features were secondary endpoints.

Results

Of 123 ABD patients, 50.4% had apparent oral or laryngopharyngeal lesions and 30.8% had laryngopharyngeal lesions. Esophageal lesions were detected through normal observation in 16.8% of affected patients, whereas 40.6% exhibited epidermolysis or blood blisters by mechanical inducement, regardless of esophageal mucosal lesion detection by normal observation. Additionally, 56.0% exhibited the Nikolsky sign with mechanical inducement. Of the 123 patients, 29.2% did not have exposed skin lesions. Of these patients, 77.7% had oral cavity or laryngopharyngeal lesions, 36.1% had esophageal lesions, and 58.3% exhibited the Nikolsky sign on esophageal mucosa.

Conclusion

It is important to determine the endoscopic characteristics and findings of ABD. ABD can be suspected from endoscopic findings.
Weight function, stress intensity factor and crack opening displacement solutions to periodic collinear edge hole cracks
Authors: Xu W. , Wu X. R. , Yu Y.
Published: May 2017

Periodic collinear edge hole cracks and arbitrary small cracks emanating from collinear holes, which are two typical multiple site damages occurred in the aircraft structures, are studied by using the weigh function method. An explicit closed form weight function for periodic edge hole cracks in an infinite sheet is obtained and further used to calculate the stress intensity factor and crack opening displacement for various loading cases. Compared to finite element method, the present weight function is accurate and highly efficient. The interactions of the holes and cracks on the stress intensity factor and crack opening displacement are quantitatively determined by using the present weight function. An approximate weight function method is also proposed for arbitrary small cracks emanating from multiple collinear holes. This method is very useful for calculating the stress intensity factor for arbitrary small cracks.
Growth and mortality of larval anchoveta Engraulis ringens, in northern Chile during winter and their relationship with coastal hydrographic conditions
Authors: Contreras Jorge E. , Rodriguez‐Valentino Camilo , Landaeta Mauricio F. , Plaza Guido , Castillo Manuel I. , Alvarado‐Niño Mónica
Published: May 2017

Larval growth, age, growth effect and instantaneous mortality were estimated in anchoveta, Engraulis ringens, collected biweekly during the austral winter of 2014 in nearshore waters off Bay of Antofagasta (23°41′W–70°30′S), northern Chile. Through measuring standard length (SL) and sagitta microstructure analysis, it was estimated that the growth rate of E. ringens larvae decreased from June (0.85 mm day−1) to August (0.50 mm day−1). However, the water temperature was homogeneous during the sampling dates (14.6, 15.2, 14.4, and 14.6°C), suggesting that the decelerating larval growth was not linked to changes in sea temperature. Additionally, larvae with slow growth have larger otoliths compared with conspecifics with fast growth (growth effect). Larval mortality rates tended to decrease until the middle of July (0.18 per day) but increased to 0.25 per day in early August, which coincided with lower food availability (i.e., chlorophyll‐a, 2.7–5.6 mg m−3) and a high occurrence of smaller larvae (1.58–11.5 mm). Partial least squares analysis indicates low covariance between the biological and oceanographic variables (PLS: 11.71%), suggesting that other factors, such as parental effects, may explain the abrupt decrease in the larval growth rates.
Identification of physical interactions between genomic regions by enChIP‐Seq
Authors: Fujita Toshitsugu , Yuno Miyuki , Suzuki Yutaka , Sugano Sumio , Fujii Hodaka
Published: May 2017

Physical interactions between genomic regions play critical roles in the regulation of genome functions, including gene expression. Here, we show the feasibility of using engineered DNA‐binding molecule‐mediated chromatin immunoprecipitation (enChIP) in combination with next‐generation sequencing (NGS) (enChIP‐Seq) to detect such interactions. In enChIP‐Seq, the target genomic region is captured by an engineered DNA‐binding complex, such as a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) system consisting of a catalytically inactive form of Cas9 and a single guide RNA. Subsequently, the genomic regions that physically interact with the target genomic region in the captured complex are sequenced by NGS. Using enChIP‐Seq, we found that the 5′HS5 locus, which is involved in the regulation of globin genes expression at the β‐globin locus, interacts with multiple genomic regions upon erythroid differentiation in the human erythroleukemia cell line K562. Genes near the genomic regions inducibly associated with the 5′HS5 locus were transcriptionally up‐regulated in the differentiated state, suggesting the existence of a coordinated transcription mechanism mediated by physical interactions between these loci. Thus, enChIP‐Seq might be a potentially useful tool for detecting physical interactions between genomic regions in a nonbiased manner, which would facilitate elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying regulation of genome functions.
Detection and characterization of individual endocytosis of AMPA‐type glutamate receptor around postsynaptic membrane
Authors: Fujii Shumpei , Tanaka Hiromitsu , Hirano Tomoo
Published: May 2017

Synaptic plasticity such as long‐term depression (LTD) has been regarded as a cellular mechanism of learning and memory. LTD is expressed by the decrease in number of postsynaptic AMPA‐type receptor (AMPAR) at glutamatergic synapses. Although endocytosis is known to play an essential role in the decrease in AMPAR on postsynaptic membrane, the difficulty to detect individual endocytic events hampered clarification of AMPAR dynamics around synapses. Previously, we developed a method to induce formation of postsynaptic‐like membrane (PSLM) on the glass surface and observed pHluorin‐tagged AMPAR around PSLM with total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. By this method, individual exocytosis of AMPAR‐pHluorin was recorded in both PSLM and non‐PSLM. In other studies, endocytic vesicles containing pHluorin‐tagged receptors were visualized by changing extracellular pH. Here, we have combined PSLM formation method and rapid pH change method, and detected individual endocytic events of AMPAR around PSLM with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Endocytic events of AMPAR were characterized by comparison with those of transferrin receptor. Constitutive endocytosis of AMPAR was not dependent on clathrin and dynamin in contrast to that of transferrin receptor. However, AMPAR endocytosis triggered by LTD‐inducing stimulation was clathrin‐ and dynamin‐dependent.
Recombinant factor VIIa addition to haemophilic blood perfused over collagen/tissue factor can sufficiently bypass the factor IXa/VIIIa defect to rescue fibrin generation
Authors: Li R. , Panckeri K. A. , Fogarty P. F. , Cuker A. , Diamond S. L.
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX)‐deficient haemophilic patients display deficits in platelet and fibrin deposition under flow detectable in microfluidics. Compared to fibrin generation, decreased platelet deposition in haemophilic blood flow is more easily rescued with recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa), whereas rFVIIa requires FXIIa participation to generate fibrin when tissue factor (TF) is absent.

Aims

Perfusion of haemophilic whole blood (WB) over collagen/TF surfaces was used to determine whether rFVIIa/TF was sufficient to bypass poor FIXa/FVIIIa function in blood from patients with haemophilia A and B.

Methods

Whole blood treated with high‐dose corn trypsin inhibitor (40 μg mL−1) from seven healthy donors and 10 patients was perfused over fibrillar collagen presenting low or high TF (TFlow or TFhigh) at wall shear rate of 100 s−1.

Results

With WB from healthy controls, platelet deposition and fibrin accumulation increased as TF increased. Factor‐deficient WB (1–3% of normal) displayed striking deficits in platelet deposition and fibrin formation at either TFlow or TFhigh. In contrast, mildly factor‐deficient WB (14–32%) supported fibrin formation under flow on TFhigh/collagen. With either TFlow or TFhigh, exogenously added rFVIIa (20 nm) increased platelet deposition and fibrin accumulation in WB from factor‐deficient patients (1–3% of normal) to levels commensurate with untreated healthy WB.

Conclusion

The absence of FIXa/FVIIIa in patients with severe haemophilia results in deficits in fibrin formation that cannot be rescued by wall‐derived TF ex vivo. The effects of rFVIIa on platelet adhesion and rFVIIa/TF can act together to reinforce thrombin generation, platelet deposition and fibrin formation under flow.
Development and validation of a Chinese medication literacy measure
Authors: Yeh Ying‐Chih , Lin Hsiang‐Wen , Chang Elizabeth H. , Huang Yen‐Ming , Chen Yu‐Chieh , Wang Chun‐Yu , Liu Jen‐Wei , Ko Yu
Published: May 2017

Background

Despite the impact of medication literacy (ML) on patients’ safe use of medications, existing instruments are mostly for general health literacy measurement or designed for specific disease populations, with few specifically designed for ML.

Objective

To develop and validate the first Chinese medication literacy measure (ChMLM).

Methods

The ChMLM was developed by a multidisciplinary and bilingual expert panel and subsequently pilot‐tested. The final version had 17 questions in four sections: vocabulary, non‐prescription drug, prescription drug and drug advertisement. Face‐to‐face interviews were administered in a convenience sample of adults with diverse sociodemographic characteristics. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Content validity was confirmed by the expert panel, and hypothesis testing was performed to assess construct validity.

Results

A total of 634 adults were interviewed. The mean (SD) total ChMLM score was 13.0 (2.8). The internal validity was acceptable (Cronbach's alpha=0.72). Nine of the ten a priori hypotheses were fulfilled. Younger age, higher income and higher education levels were significantly associated with a higher ChMLM score. Furthermore, higher scores on the ChMLM were associated with higher confidence or less difficulty in writing, reading, speaking and listening abilities in a health‐care encounter. No association was found between ChMLM total scores and frequency of doctor's visits.

Conclusion

The ChMLM is a valid and reliable ML measure. It may help pharmacists and other health‐care providers to target patients and problem areas that need interventions with the ultimate goal of preventing medication errors and harm.
A review of the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQL) model for dental hygiene: Eighteen years later
Authors: Gadbury‐Amyot CC , Austin KS , Simmer‐Beck M
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review available evidence to determine the impact of the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQL) Model for Dental Hygiene on education, research, and practice.

Methods

A search was conducted in PubMed using the search terms oral health‐related quality of life, OHRQL, and dental hygiene and limited to publications between 1998 and 2016. Google Scholar was also used to identify citations for the two original OHRQL model papers to capture the literature widely read by practicing dental hygienists but not indexed in PubMed. A total of 40 publications met the predetermined search strategy. Full publications were obtained and reviewed to determine how this research is being used in education, research, and practice.

Findings

The OHRQL is being utilized to a very limited degree in education, research, and practice. The literature shows how the OHRQL is actively being used in the school where the model originated in addition to a dental hygiene programme in Japan. Studies have been conducted on a variety of research instruments, including the OHRQL, designed to capture OHRQL outcomes. Japanese researchers have used the OHRQL in studies designed to determine the impact of oral healthcare delivery on patients’ oral health‐related quality of life.

Conclusion

Eighteen years of the literature confirms that the OHRQL is being used minimally in education, research, and practice. Greater emphasis is needed around the collection and assessment of oral health‐related quality of life measures for providing patient‐centred care.
Thermal shock behavior of Ti2AlC from 200°C to 1400°C
Authors: Bai Yuelei , Kong Fanyu , He Xiaodong , Li Ning , Qi Xinxin , Zheng Yongting , Zhu Chuncheng , Wang Rongguo , Duff Andrew Ian
Published: May 2017

The thermal shock behavior of Ti2AlC synthesized by means of self‐propagating high‐temperature combustion synthesis with pseudo hot isostatic pressing is investigated, with a focus on the effect of the quenching temperature and quenching times. In general, Ti2AlC exhibits a better thermal shock resistance than typical brittle ceramics like Al2O3. Although the flexural strength decreases quickly in the temperature range of 300°C‐500°C, no discontinuous decrease in the retained strength is observed in Ti2AlC which, as with other MAX phases, differs from the behavior of typical brittle ceramics. Overall, the initial strength (grain size) plays a determining role in the thermal shock behavior of Ti2AlC and other MAX phases. On increasing quench times to 5 cycles, the retained flexural strength decreases further, however with a lower rate of decrease compared with the first quench. Quenching at 300°C and above, voids after the pullout of grains and cracks are present, which however are absent in the un‐quenched samples, indicating the weakening of bonding among grains and the induced damage around the grain boundary during the thermal shock.
The effects of TEOS on the microstructure and phase evolutions of YAG phase by formation of alumina/yttria core‐shell structures
Authors: Kafili Golara , Loghman‐Estarki Mohammad Reza , Milani Mostafa , Movahedi Behrooz
Published: May 2017

In this work, pure yttrium aluminum garnet was obtained by the partial chemical method at the low temperature. In this approach, alpha‐alumina nanoparticle, yttrium nitrate, urea, and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) were used as Al3+, Y3+, precipitation agent, and both dispersant and phase formation assistant agents, respectively. The results showed that TEOS molecules as a dispersant agent caused the less agglomeration of the alumina‐yttria core‐shell structure with a diameter of 200‐300 nm, as compared to particles obtained without using TEOS molecules. Furthermore, by using 0.5 and 1 wt% of TEOS, the YAG formation temperature was decreased from 1400°C to 1200°C through the liquid‐phase diffusion mechanism. Thus, in this case, the TEOS molecules acted as phase formation assistant agent for the constitution of YAG phases.
The prevalence of pain and its relationship to falls, fatigue, and depression in a cohort of older people living in the community
Authors: Crowe Marie , Jordan Jennifer , Gillon Deborah , McCall Cate , Frampton Christopher , Jamieson Hamish
Published: May 2017

Aim

To examine the relationship of the pain severity scores with demographic variables (age, gender, and ethnicity) and with the frequency of falls, fatigue, and depression in a very large New Zealand sample of people over 65 years assessed using the Home Care International Residential Assessment Instrument.

Background

Pain is reported to be highly prevalent in older people yet it is poorly correlated with tissue damage. There is convincing evidence that it is related to depression and some evidence of its relationship with fatigue and falls.

Design

This is a cross‐sectional study examining a national cohort assessed on referral for a needs assessment for access to publicly funded service provision or support.

Method

Participants were 45,418 adults aged over 65 years referred for a mandatory needs assessment between 2012–2014. All variables analysed were drawn from the Home Care International Residential Assessment Instrument. Univariate descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample in relation to the association of severe pain with age, gender, and ethnicity and with the key variables of interest: falls, fatigue, and depression. Logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship of the presence or not of severe pain with the other key health‐related variables: falls, fatigue, and depression, respectively, after controlling for the presence of age, gender, and ethnicity. Odds ratios are reported to quantify the difference in risk with increasing severity of falls, fatigue, and depression.

Results

The mean age of the cohort was 82.48 years (SD 7.48) and 48.5% of the sample reported experiencing daily pain. The rates of severe daily pain were 12%–18% with those in the 65–74 years group having the highest reported rate of severe pain (18%) and a gradual decrease in severe pain with age. After co‐varying for age, ethnicity, and gender, the presence of severe daily pain was predicted by increasing frequency of falls and fatigue and having current depression. While two‐thirds reported their pain control was adequate, a third reported that their pain control was not adequate despite adhering to a therapeutic regime.

Conclusion

The study highlights how pervasive pain is in this group and its correlation with falls, fatigue, and depression. While the effect sizes were relatively small the results may be clinically significant and it may be clinically important that the presence of pain in older people could indicate the need for further nursing assessment in relation to falls, fatigue, and depression.
Association of pain ratings with the prediction of early physical recovery after general and orthopaedic surgery—A quantitative study with repeated measures
Authors: Eriksson Kerstin , Wikström Lotta , Fridlund Bengt , Årestedt Kristofer , Broström Anders
Published: May 2017

Aim

To compare different levels of self‐rated pain and determine if they predict anticipated early physical recovery in patients undergoing general and orthopaedic surgery.

Background

Previous research has indicated that average self‐rated pain reflects patients’ ability to recover the same day. However, there is a knowledge gap about the feasibility of using average pain ratings to predict patients’ physical recovery for the next day.

Design

Descriptive, quantitative repeated measures.

Methods

General and orthopaedic inpatients (n = 479) completed a questionnaire (October 2012–January 2015) about pain and recovery. Average pain intensity at rest and during activity was based on the Numeric Rating Scale and divided into three levels (0–3, 4–6, 7–10). Three out of five dimensions from the tool “Postoperative Recovery Profile” were used. Because few suffered severe pain, general and orthopaedic patients were analysed together.

Results

Binary logistic regression analysis showed that average pain intensity postoperative day 1 significantly predicted the impact on recovery day 2, except nausea, gastrointestinal function and bladder function when pain at rest and also nausea, appetite changes, and bladder function when pain during activity. High pain ratings (NRS 7–10) demonstrated to be a better predictor for recovery compared with moderate ratings (NRS 4–6), day 2, as it significantly predicted more items in recovery.

Conclusion

Pain intensity reflected general and orthopaedic patients’ physical recovery postoperative day 1 and predicted recovery for day 2. By monitoring patients’ pain and impact on recovery, patients’ need for support becomes visible which is valuable during hospital stays.
Spiritual care by nurses in curative cancer care: Protocol for a national, multicentre, mixed method study
Authors: Groot Marieke , Ebenau Anne F. , Koning Helen , Visser Anja , Leget Carlo , van Laarhoven Hanneke W.M. , van Leeuwen René , Ruben Riet , Wulp Marijke , Garssen Bert
Published: May 2017

Aim

To gain insight into the quantity and quality of spiritual care provided by nurses in curative cancer care, from the perspectives of both patients and nurses.

Background

Cancer causes patients to suffer from diverse symptoms related to their illness. Nurses play an important role in the care for people with cancer. Next to paying attention to physical and psychosocial needs, caring for spiritual needs of patients also belongs to good nursing. Most of the research concerning spirituality and spiritual care in relation to cancer has focused on palliative care.

Design

A mixed methods design will be used in two sub‐phases. First, we will conduct semi‐structured interviews with 72–90 patients coming from nine hospitals. Subsequently, approximately the same number of nurses working on oncology wards of these hospitals will be interviewed.

Methods

We meticulously composed both interview guides so that only near the end of the interview explicit terms like spirituality and spiritual care are explicitly mentioned. Until that point, we will use other words to define the concepts. Next to the interviews, demographics, answers to some statements and several questionnaires will be gathered. Content analysis supported by DEDOOSE will be used to answer the research questions.

Discussion

The insight we will gain in this study enables us to compare experiences from the perspective of both patients and nurses. This can also provide us with suggestions for the improvement of nursing care for people with cancer who are treated with curative intent, a topic until now hardly addressed.
Use of guideline‐recommended adjuvant therapies and survival outcomes for people with colorectal cancer at tertiary referral hospitals in South Australia
Authors: Adelson Pamela , Fusco Kellie , Karapetis Christos , Wattchow David , Joshi Rohit , Price Timothy , Sharplin Greg , Roder David
Published: May 2017

Rationale, aims and objectives

Adjuvant care for colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased over the past 3 decades in South Australia (SA) in accordance with national treatment guidelines. This study explores the (1) receipt of adjuvant therapy for CRC in SA as related to national guideline recommendations, with a focus on stage C colon and stage B and C rectal cancer; (2) timing of these adjuvant therapies in relation to surgery; and (3) comparative survival outcomes.

Methods

Data from the SA Clinical Cancer Registry from 4 tertiary referral hospitals for 2000 to 2010 were examined. Patterns of care were compared with treatment guidelines using multivariable logistic regression. Disease‐specific survivals were calculated by treatment pathway.

Results

Four hundred forty‐three (60%) patients with stage C colon cancer and 363 (46%) with stage B and C rectal cancer received guideline‐recommended care. While an overall increase in proportion receiving adjuvant care was not evident across the study period, the proportion having neoadjuvant care increased substantially. Older age was an independent predictor of not receiving adjuvant care. Patients with stage C colon cancer who received recommended adjuvant care had a higher 5‐year survival than those not receiving this care, ie, 71.2% vs 53.2%. Similarly adjuvant therapy was associated with better outcomes for stage C rectal cancers. The median time for receiving adjuvant care was 8 weeks.

Conclusions

Survival was better for stage C CRC treated according to guidelines. Adjuvant care should be provided except where clear contraindications present. Other possible contributors to guideline adherence warranting additional investigation include co‐morbidity status, multidisciplinary team involvement, and choice.
The Ciliary ProteinIFT57 in the Macronucleus ofParamecium
Authors: Shi Lei , Koll France , Arnaiz Olivier , Cohen Jean
Published: May 2017

The intraflagellar transportIFT57 protein is essential for ciliary growth and maintenance. Also known asHIPPI, humanIFT57 can be translocated to the nucleus via a molecular partner of the Huntingtin, Hip1, inducing gene expression changes. InParamecium tetraurelia, we identified fourIFT57 genes forming two subfamiliesIFT57A/B andIFT57C/D arising from whole genome duplications. The depletion of proteins of the two subfamilies induced ciliary defects andIFT57A andIFT57C localized in basal bodies and cilia. We observed thatIFT57A, but notIFT57C, is also present in the macronucleus and able to traffic toward the developing anlage during autogamy. Analysis of chimericIFT57A‐IFT57C‐GFP‐tagged proteins allowed us to identify a region ofIFT57A necessary for nuclear localization. We studied the localization of the uniqueIFT57 protein ofParamecium caudatum, a species, which diverged fromP. tetraureliabefore the whole genome duplications. TheP. caudatumIFT57C protein was excluded from the nucleus. We also analyzed whether the overexpression ofIFT57A inParameciumcould affect gene transcription as the human protein does in HeLa cells. The expression of some genes was indeed affected by overexpression ofIFT57A, but the set of affected genes poorly overlaps the set of genes affected in human cells.
Evidence for long‐term change in length, mass and migration phenology of anadromous spawners in French Atlantic salmon Salmo salar
Authors: Bal G. , Montorio L. , Rivot E. , Prévost E. , Baglinière J.‐L. , Nevoux M.
Published: May 2017

This study provides new data on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar life‐history traits across France. Using a long‐term recreational angling database (1987–2013) covering 34 rivers in three regions (genetic units), a decline in individual length, mass and a delayed adult return to French rivers was reported. Temporal similarities in trait variations between regions may be attributed to common change in environmental conditions at sea. The relative rate of change in phenotypic traits was more pronounced in early maturing fish [1 sea‐winter (1SW) fish] than in late maturing fish (2SW fish). Such contrasted response within populations highlights the need to account for the diversity in life histories when exploring mechanisms of phenotypic change in S. salar. Such detailed life‐history data on returning S. salar have not previously been reported from France. This study on French populations also contributes to reducing the gap in knowledge by providing further empirical evidence of a global pattern in S. salar across its distribution range. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that the observed changes in life‐history traits are primarily associated with environmental changes in the North Atlantic Ocean. They also emphasize the presence of less important, but still significant contrasts between region and life history.
Histological profiling of gonads depicting protandrous hermaphroditism in Eleutheronema tetradactylum
Authors: Shihab I. , Gopalakrishnan A. , Vineesh N. , Muktha M. , Akhilesh K. V. , Vijayagopal P.
Published: May 2017

The fourfinger threadfin Eleutheronema tetradactylum is reported as a protandrous hermaphrodite from Australian waters, while being a gonochorist in reports from Singapore and India, with a single report of protandrous hermaphroditism from the latter. Histological analysis of gonads of fish from Indian waters confirms protandrous hermaphroditism in E. tetradactylum. The study was based on 480 fish examined from eight locations along the Indian coast. Mean total length (LT) of male fish was 240 mm with the transition to female starting from 280 mm LT. Specimens confirmed as mature females were >380 mm LT.
Muscular thickness of lower esophageal sphincter and therapeutic outcomes in achalasia: A prospective study using high‐frequency endoscopic ultrasound
Authors: Li Shih‐Wei , Tseng Ping‐Huei , Chen Chien‐Chuan , Liao Wei‐Chih , Liu Kao‐Lang , Lee Jang‐Ming , Lee Yi‐Chia , Chuah Seng‐Kee , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Wang Hsiu‐Po
Published: May 2017

Background and Aim

Patients with achalasia typically have thicker lower esophageal sphincter muscles, which can affect the distensibility of the esophagogastric junction. We aimed to assess whether these muscular features, measured using high‐frequency endoscopic ultrasound, affect treatment outcomes.

Methods

Consecutive adult patients with suspected achalasia were enrolled prospectively. They underwent a comprehensive diagnostic workup, including endoscopic ultrasound. The thickness of the lower esophageal sphincter, including the internal circular and outer longitudinal muscles, was measured using a 12‐MHz ultrasonic miniprobe. Follow‐up was performed at 1 month and then at 6‐month intervals, after treatment. Treatment response was defined as a reduction in Eckardt score to ≤3 or an improvement in the height of the timed barium esophagogram of ≥50%.

Results

Of the 29 patients who received pneumatic dilatation, all but one (96.6%) exhibited a good short‐term treatment response. At an average follow‐up time of 18.5 (12–55.5) months, patients who had a mid‐term recurrence after pneumatic dilatation had a significantly thicker outer longitudinal muscle (1.8 [1.5–1.8] vs 0.9 [0.8–1.7] mm, P = 0.036), but not internal circular muscle (2.0 [1.9–2.5] vs 2.1 [1.2–2.7] mm, P = 0.874) or total lower esophageal sphincter (3.7 [3.5–4.4] vs 3.6 [2.0–4.1] mm, P = 0.362). Patients with an outer longitudinal muscle ≥1.3 mm thick had a significantly lower mid‐term remission rate than others (36.3% vs 100%, P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Thickening of the outer longitudinal muscle at the lower esophageal sphincter is associated with poor mid‐term treatment outcomes for achalasia patients treated with pneumatic dilatation.
Direct health‐care cost utilization in Hong Kong inflammatory bowel disease patients in the initial 2 years following diagnosis
Authors: Mak Lung‐Yi , Ng Siew C , Wong Irene O L , Li Michael K K , Lo F H , Wong Marc T L , Leung C M , Tsang Steven W C , Chan K H , Sze S F , Shan Edwin H S , Lam Belsy C Y , Hui Aric J , Hung Ivan F N , Leung Wai K
Published: May 2017

Background and Aim

There are scanty data on the health‐care utilization from Asia where the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising rapidly. We aim to determine the direct health‐care costs in the first 2 years of diagnosis in an IBD cohort from Hong Kong and the factors associated with high cost outliers.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study that included patients newly diagnosed with IBD in a territory‐wide IBD registry. Patients' clinical information, hospitalization records, investigations, and IBD treatments were retrieved for up to 2 years following diagnosis of IBD.

Results

Four hundred and thirty‐five newly diagnosed IBD patients were included: 198 with Crohn's disease and 237 with ulcerative colitis. Total direct medical expenditure for this cohort 2 years after the IBD diagnosis was $7 072 710: hospitalizations (33%), 5‐aminosalicylic acid (23%), imaging and endoscopy (17%), outpatient visits (10%), surgery (8%), and biologics (6%). Mean direct medical costs per patient‐year were significantly higher for Crohn's disease ($9918) than ulcerative colitis ($6634; P, 0.001). The total direct health‐care cost decreased significantly after transition to the second year (P < 0.01). High cost (> 90th percentile) outliers were associated with surgery (OR 7.1, 95% CI 2.9–17.2) and low hemoglobin on presentation (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.70–0.96).

Conclusions

Hospitalization and 5‐aminosalicylic acid usage accounted for 56% of total direct medical costs in the first 2 years of our newly diagnosed IBD patients. Direct health‐care costs were higher in the first year compared with the second year of diagnosis. Surgery and low hemoglobin on presentation were associated with high cost outliers.
A focus on reward in anorexia nervosa through the lens of the activity‐based anorexia rodent model
Authors: Foldi C. J. , Milton L. K. , Oldfield B. J.
Published: May 2017

Patients suffering anorexia nervosa (AN) become anhedonic, unable or unwilling to derive normal pleasures and tend to avoid rewarding outcomes, most profoundly in food intake. The activity‐based anorexia model recapitulates many of the pathophysiological and behavioural hallmarks of the human condition, including a reduction in food intake, excessive exercise, dramatic weight loss, loss of reproductive cycles, hypothermia and anhedonia, and therefore it allows investigation into the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. The use of this model has directed attention to disruptions in central reward neurocircuitry, which may contribute to disease susceptibility. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the utility of this unique model to provide insight into the mechanisms of reward relevant to feeding and weight loss, which may ultimately help to unravel the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa and, in a broader sense, the foundation of reward‐based feeding.
A willingness to go there: Nurses and spiritual care
Authors: Minton Mary E. , Isaacson Mary J. , Varilek Brandon Michael , Stadick Jessica L. , O'Connell‐Persaud Shannon
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To describe rural and urban palliative/hospice care nurses’ communication strategies while providing spiritual care for patients and families at end of life.

Background

Nurses aim to provide holistic care consisting of physical, psychological and spiritual components. However, it is well documented that spiritual care is largely missing from nursing care. Internationally, spiritual care is a growing topic of interest, yet many nurses feel unprepared to deliver spiritual care.

Design

This qualitative study used Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis method.

Methods

As part of a larger multimethod study, this study shares the narrative descriptions from 10 experienced palliative/hospice care nurses. Individual, face‐to‐face interviews were conducted and lasted 45–60 minutes. Each interview started with the same lead‐in questions, was audio‐recorded and was transcribed verbatim. The research team used an inductive analysis approach and met several times reviewing and analysing the detected themes until reaching consensus.

Results

The primary theme, sentience includes the capacity to act, a willingness to enter into the unknown and the ability to have deep meaningful conversations with patients regardless of the path it may yield. Subthemes include: (i) Willingness to Go There, (ii) Being in “A” Moment and (iii) Sagacious Insight.

Conclusion

Nurses are integral in the provision of spiritual care for patients/families across the lifespan and at end of life. Nurses must feel confident and competent before they are willing to enter uncomfortable spaces with patients/families. Nursing curriculum must include purposeful engagement and focused debriefing in spiritual assessment and care.

Relevance to clinical practice

There is a dire need to prepare undergraduate and graduate students to assess and support a patient's spiritual needs. Addressing spiritual care content as a clinical and educational priority will promote a patient‐centred approach for spiritual care and can further shape nursing curricula, policies, guidelines and assessment tools.
Molecular identification of diverse ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species associated with grapevine decline in Iran
Authors: Ghayeb Zamharir Maryam , Paltrinieri Samanta , Hajivand Shokrollah , Taheri Mahdi , Bertaccini Assunta
Published: May 2017

Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) is one of the most important fruits in Iran where the provinces of Qazvin, Lorestan and Markazi are main producers. During 2013–2015, vineyards located in these provinces were surveyed to verify the presence of phytoplasma. The sample collection was based on symptomatology including decline, leaf yellowing and shortening of internodes. Total DNA was extracted from symptomatic and symptomless grapevine samples and used in nested‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays with phytoplasma ribosomal primers (P1/Tint followed by R16F2n/R2, R16mF1/mR1, R16(I)F1/R1 or 6R758f/16R1232r). Nested‐PCR products were obtained only for symptomatic samples while samples from symptomless plants yielded no PCR products. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses with Tru1I, TaqI and Tsp509I and direct sequencing of amplicons followed by phylogenetic analyses indicated the presence of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma fraxini’, ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’, ‘Ca. P. solani’ and ‘Ca. P. phoenicium’‐related strains. In Marzaki province, there ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ strains were mainly detected, while in the other two provinces, all the four ‘Candidatus species’ were identified with the prevalence of ‘Ca. P. solani’‐related strains. In both provinces in one case, mixed phytoplasma infection was also detected by RFLP analyses. The presence of different phytoplasmas in positive samples indicates great phytosanitary significance due to grapevine economic importance for country. Grapevine phytoplasma infection represents a threat for other crops suggesting grapevine as alternative host species for the phytoplasmas already reported in Iran, while the ‘Ca. P. fraxini’ is for the first time identified in Iran.
Mental health literacy in korean older adults: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Kim Y. S. , Lee H. Y. , Lee M. H. , Simms T. , Park B. H.
Published: May 2017

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Mental health literacy is a fairly new concept, first introduced in 1997. It refers to what people know and believe about mental health disorders. People's knowledge and beliefs help them to recognize, manage and prevent mental disorders.

Generally, older adults have lower health literacy compared to young and middle‐aged adults.

What this study adds to existing knowledge?

This is the first study on the mental health literacy of Korean older adults.

This study looks beyond peoples’ ability to recognize mental health disorders and their opinions about them. It identifies factors that are associated with mental health literacy (level of education and social support, the number of people in one's social circles and how individuals rate their health).

What are the implications for practice?

Older adults might get more out of mental health literacy programmes in group or social settings.

Programmes that use older adult peer educators/supporters, such as the “older people's champions” of the Healthy Passport programme in England, might make the programmes more effective.

Mental health campaigns, such as Australia's beyondblue, might increase mental health literacy of older adults.

Introduction

Korea is experiencing rapid population ageing, spurring an increased need for mental health services for the elderly. Approximately one‐third of Korean older adults experience depressive symptoms, and Korea has the highest elder suicide rate among 34 developed nations. Mental health literacy is an important component of promoting mental health, yet studies on the concept have been conducted in few countries.

Aim

This study examines the level of mental health literacy among Korean older adults and identifies factors associated with their mental health literacy.

Method

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted with 596 community‐dwelling Korean adults aged 65 and older. Andersen's Behavioral Model of Health Services Use framed the study.

Results

Overall, participants displayed low levels of mental health literacy. They had difficulty recognizing their mental health issues and had limited knowledge about self‐help strategies. Mental health literacy was positively associated with education, social support, social network and health status.

Discussion and Implications

This study highlights a need for efforts to increase mental health literacy among Korean older adults. Strategies that have the potential to empower this population to proactively attend to their mental health include community‐based education and national mental health campaigns.
Safety and efficacy of sofosbuvir‐based direct‐acting antiviral regimens for hepatitis C virus genotypes 1‐4 and 6 in Myanmar: Real‐world experience
Authors: Hlaing N. K. T. , Mitrani R. A. , Aung S. T. , Phyo W. W. , Serper M. , Kyaw A. M. M. , Bwa A. H. , Win K. M. , Reddy K. R.
Published: May 2017

This open‐label, clinical experience investigated the safety and efficacy of direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy in Myanmar; 344 patients completed treatment between June 2015 and May 2016. Patients with HCV genotypes 1‐4 and 6 received one of four treatments: (i) Peg‐interferon (PEG‐IFN)+sofosbuvir (SOF)+ribavirin (RBV) for 12 weeks, (ii) SOF+RBV for 24 weeks, (iii) ledipasvir (LDV)+SOF for 12 weeks or (iv) daclatasvir (DCV)+SOF+RBV for 12 or 24 weeks. Genotype 3 was most common (n=133, 38.7%), followed by genotype 6 (n=122, 35.5%) and genotype 1 (n=86, 25%). Overall, 91% of patients achieved sustained virologic response (SVR); 99% in group 1, (n=148/149), 90% in group 2 (n=95/106), 78% in group 3 (n=65/83) and 100% in group 4 (n=6/6). In group 3, SVR rates were 96.8% in genotype 1 (n=30/31) and 64.1% in genotype 6 (n=25/39). Multivariable regression analysis identified advanced fibrosis (F3‐4) (OR=.16 CI: 0.05‐0.57, P=.005), genotype 6 (OR=.35, CI: 0.16‐0.79, P=.012) and diabetes (OR=.29, CI: 0.12‐0.71, P=.007) as negative independent predictors of response. Adverse events were mild with all‐oral therapy. Conclusion: DAA therapy ±PEG‐IFN achieved high SVR rates. Genotype 6 patients had a low SVR to 12 weeks of LDV and SOF raising the need for other regimens, RBV or longer treatment duration in this population.
Transferability of Human Capital and Immigrant Assimilation: An Analysis for Germany
Authors: Basilio Leilanie , Bauer Thomas K. , Kramer Anica
Published: May 2017

This paper investigates the transferability of human capital from various countries to Germany and the contribution of imperfect human capital portability to the explanation of the immigrant‐native wage gap. Our results reveal that, overall, education and, in particular, labor market experience accumulated in the home countries of the immigrants receive significantly lower returns than human capital obtained in Germany. We further find evidence for heterogeneity in the returns to human capital of immigrants across countries. Finally, imperfect human capital transferability appears to be a major factor in explaining the wage differential between natives and immigrants.
From Early Starters to Late Finishers? A Longitudinal Study of Early Foreign Language Learning in School
Authors: Jaekel Nils , Schurig Michael , Florian Merle , Ritter Markus
Published: May 2017

Foreign language education has now been implemented at the elementary school level across Europe, and early foreign language education has gained traction following language policies set by the European Commission. The long‐term effects of an early start, however, have not received ample scientific scrutiny. The present study assessed early receptive skills of two cohorts of English language learners in Year 5 (beginning of secondary education in Germany) and two years later in Year 7. The factors distinguishing between these two cohorts were onset of foreign language education and the amount of language exposure. The effects of the earlier start were found in the results for Year 5, when the early cohort outperformed peers with less and later exposure to English. However, in Year 7, the late starters surpassed their early starting peers.
Small‐cost asymptotics for long‐term growth rates in incomplete markets
Authors: Melnyk Yaroslav , Seifried Frank Thomas
Published: May 2017

This paper provides a rigorous asymptotic analysis of long‐term growth rates under both proportional and Morton–Pliska transaction costs. We consider a general incomplete financial market with an unspanned Markov factor process that includes the Heston stochastic volatility model and the Kim–Omberg stochastic excess return model as special cases. Using a dynamic programming approach, we determine the leading‐order expansions of long‐term growth rates and explicitly construct strategies that are optimal at the leading order. We further analyze the asymptotic performance of Morton–Pliska strategies in settings with proportional transaction costs. We find that the performance of the optimal Morton–Pliska strategy is the same as that of the optimal one with costs increased by a factor of . Finally, we demonstrate that our strategies are in fact pathwise optimal, in the sense that they maximize the long‐run growth rate path by path.
II. MORE THAN JUST CONVENIENT: THE SCIENTIFIC MERITS OF HOMOGENEOUS CONVENIENCE SAMPLES
Authors: Jager Justin , Putnick Diane L. , Bornstein Marc H.
Published: May 2017

Despite their disadvantaged generalizability relative to probability samples, nonprobability convenience samples are the standard within developmental science, and likely will remain so because probability samples are cost‐prohibitive and most available probability samples are ill‐suited to examine developmental questions. In lieu of focusing on how to eliminate or sharply reduce reliance on convenience samples within developmental science, here we propose how to augment their advantages when it comes to understanding population effects as well as subpopulation differences. Although all convenience samples have less clear generalizability than probability samples, we argue that homogeneous convenience samples have clearer generalizability relative to conventional convenience samples. Therefore, when researchers are limited to convenience samples, they should consider homogeneous convenience samples as a positive alternative to conventional (or heterogeneous) convenience samples. We discuss future directions as well as potential obstacles to expanding the use of homogeneous convenience samples in developmental science.