bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Dietary Ceramide 2-Aminoethylphosphonate on Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation and Colon Inflammation in 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Treated Mice: A Comparison with the Role of Sphingomyelin
Authors: Yamashita Shinji , Yutani Wakaba , Sugimoto Maho , Miyashita Kazuo , Kinoshita Mikio
Published: February 2025

Background: Ceramide 2-aminoethylphosphonate (CAEP), a major sphingolipid class in mollusks, possesses unique structures that are not observed in other sphingolipids. CAEP has a carbon–phosphorus bond and unusual long-chain bases (LCBs). CAEP has been reported to exhibit nutritional functions, such as improving skin conditions and promoting cholesterol metabolism. Objectives: In this study, we investigated the role of dietary CAEP in the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and colon inflammation induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in mice. Methods: Five-week-old female Bagg Albino/c mice were divided into four groups (n = 11), which were treated with the respective experimental diet and DMH intraperitoneal injection nine times for ten weeks. The results obtained after administering CAEP were compared with those obtained after administering sphingomyelin (SPM), which is a major sphingolipid in mammal-derived foods. Results: The predominant LCB in the octopus-extracted CAEP was determined as hexadeca-4-sphingenine. Dietary CAEP suppressed the formation of ACF, and egg yolk-derived dietary SPM exerted a higher suppressive effect on the formation of ACF. Additionally, dietary CAEP suppressed the DMH-decreased expressions of two inflammation-related cytokines in the colon mucosa, whereas dietary SPM normalized the expressions of two cytokines different from those suppressed by CAEP. Conclusions: CAEP provides intestinal protection, with effects that differ from those of SPM. The polar head groups or LCBs in sphingolipids are important for determining their nutritional function in the intestine. The study findings contribute toward the understanding of the nutritional benefits of sphingolipids in daily diets or supplements in maintaining intestinal health.
Internalization of Lactobacillus crispatus Through Caveolin-1-Mediated Endocytosis Boosts Cellular Uptake but Blocks the Transcellular Passage of Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Lidberg Kenny , Pilheden Sarah , Relloso Ortiz de Uriarte Mikel , Jonsson Ann-Beth
Published: February 2025

Neisseria meningitidis is a human-specific pathogen that colonizes the nasopharyngeal epithelium, which is populated by a dynamic microbiota that includes Lactobacillus species. Currently, little is known about the interaction between commensal lactobacilli and pathogenic Neisseria, emphasizing a need for deeper studies into the molecular interactions between the two bacteria species. This, in turn, could add clinical and therapeutic value to existing treatments against an N. meningitidis infection. In this work, we explored how lactobacilli affect the interplay between N. meningitidis and host cells. We report that Lactobacillus crispatus, but not other tested Lactobacillus species, efficiently enters pharyngeal cells via caveolin-mediated lipid raft endocytosis and simultaneously enhances the uptake of N. meningitidis, as well as uptake of other pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes. After promoting internalization, L. crispatus then prevented N. meningitidis from being released and transcytozed from a confluent cell layer on microporous transwell membranes. Infected cells increased the level of acidic vacuoles and pathogen clearance over time, while lactobacilli survived inside the cells. Taken together, the data suggest a possible route through which the cellular uptake of lactobacilli can increase the uptake of pathogens for destruction.
Molecular Detection of blaTEM and blaSHV Genes in ESBL-Producing Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from Antarctic Soil
Authors: Pazos Clara , Gualoto Miguel , Oña Tania , Velarde Elizabeth , Portilla Karen , Cabrera-García Santiago , Banchón Carlos , Dávila Gabriela , Hernández-Alomia Fernanda , Bastidas-Caldes Carlos
Published: February 2025

The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in cold environments, exemplified by the Antarctic, calls into question the assumption that pristine ecosystems lack clinically significant resistance genes. This study examines the molecular basis of AMR in Acinetobacter spp. Isolated from Antarctic soil, focusing on the blaTEM and blaSHV genes associated with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production; Soil samples were collected and processed to isolate Antarctic soil bacteria. Molecular detection was then conducted using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the bacteria species by 16S rRNA/rpoB and 10 different beta-lactamase-producing genes. PCR amplicons were sequenced to confirm gene identity and analyze genetic variability. Acinetobacter baumannii were identified by both microbiological and molecular tests. Notably, both the blaTEM and blaSHV genes encoding the enzymes responsible for resistance to penicillins and cephalosporins were identified, indicating the presence of resistance determinants in bacteria from extreme cold ecosystems. The nucleotide sequence analysis indicated the presence of conserved ARGs, which suggest stability and the potential for horizontal gene transfer within microbial communities. These findings emphasize that AMR is not confined to human-impacted environments but can emerge and persist in remote, cold habitats, potentially facilitated by natural reservoirs and global microbial dispersal. Understanding the presence and role of AMR in extreme environments provides insights into its global dissemination and supports the development of strategies to mitigate the spread of resistance genes in both environmental and clinical contexts.
The Facile Synthesis of Exogenous Lewis-Base-Free Amidoalanes: A Structural Comparison
Authors: Hemsworth Jake , Vinogradov Andrej , Lewis William , Woodward Simon , Willcox Darren
Published: February 2025

A simple one-pot reaction of LiAlH4, AlCl3, and a secondary amine HNR2 [R = Et, iPr, iBu, cyclo-C6H11, (CH2)4, and (CH2)5] in hydrocarbon solvents results in the formation of exogenous Lewis-base-free amidoalanes [H2Al(NR2)]n (n = 2 or 3) as crystalline solids (35–85% yield). In the solid state (seven X-ray structures), all the amidoalanes exist as dimers, with the exception of the pyrrolidine-derived alane which exists as a trimer. As solids, these amidoalanes exhibit significant kinetic stability towards oxygen/moisture allowing the brief (ca. 5 min.) handling of [H2Al(NiPr2)]2 in air.
Synthesis, Structure and Iodine Adsorption Properties of a Ni Cluster-Based Supramolecular Framework
Authors: Qiu Jingyi , Tang Linxia , Nan Ziang , Liu Luyao , Li Qing , Wang Wei , Zhuo Zhu , Zhang Dongwei , Huang Yougui , Zhang Liangliang
Published: February 2025

The capture of radioactive iodine (129I or 131I) is of significant importance for the production of nuclear power and the treatment of nuclear waste. In recent years, crystallized porous materials have been extensively investigated to achieve highly effective adsorption of radioactive iodine. Herein, by using the hydrothermal method, a Ni cluster-based framework (1) was successfully constructed through a self-assembly process. Driven by the π–π stacking interactions between π-electron-rich benzimidazole groups, [Ni5S6] clusters stack in a lattice, forming a porous framework with proper channels, rendering compound 1 as an ideal adsorbent for iodine. Compound 1 delivered a capability of iodine adsorption (2.08 g g−1 and 560 mg g−1 for gaseous and solution iodine, respectively) with stable cyclability.
Simultaneous Isolation and Purification of Transferrin and Immunoglobulin G from Human Serum—A New Biotech Solution
Authors: Četić Danilo , Miljuš Goran , Dobrijević Zorana , Gligorijević Nikola , Vilotić Aleksandra , Nedić Olgica , Penezić Ana
Published: February 2025

A fast and simple biotech method is presented for the simultaneous isolation and purification of transferrin (Tf) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) from the same pool-sample of human serum, yielding >98% pure proteins. Serum sample preparation was achieved by precipitation with ethacridine lactate (rivanol). Protein purification was performed with AKTA Avant 150 FPLC, using a Resource Q column. Three different buffers at pH 6.2 (MES, phosphate, and Bis-Tris) were tested. Isolated and purified proteins retained their native 3D structure, as shown by spectrofluorimetric measurements. Tf functionality was preserved, as confirmed by the retention of both the iron binding capacity and its ability to interact with the transferrin receptor (immunofluorescent staining), as well as the immunogenicity of IgG, as shown by Western blot analysis with immunodetection. The formation of IgG aggregates was avoided. This biotech method is a rapid, simple, and time-saving alternative to other methods for the isolation of extremely pure IgG and Tf, while it is also the only method so far described for their simultaneous isolation.
Microwave-Heating-Assisted Synthesis of Ultrathin and Ultralong Hydroxyapatite Nanowires Using Biogenic Creatine Phosphate and Their Derived Flexible Bio-Paper with Drug Delivery Function
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhu Ying-Jie , Li Si-Yi , Dong Li-Ying , Yu Han-Ping
Published: February 2025

With an ultrahigh aspect ratio and a similar chemical composition to the biomineral in bone and tooth, ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires (UHAPNWs) exhibit a meritorious combination of high flexibility, excellent mechanical performance, high biocompatibility, and bioactivity. Despite these exciting merits, the rapid and green synthesis of UHAPNWs remains challenging. In this work, we have developed an environment-friendly, rapid, and highly efficient synthesis of ultrathin UHAPNWs by the microwave-assisted calcium oleate precursor hydrothermal method using biogenic creatine phosphate as the bio-phosphorus source. Owing to the controllable hydrolysis of bio-phosphorus-containing creatine phosphate and the highly efficient heating of microwave irradiation, ultrathin UHAPNWs with a homogeneous morphology of several nanometers in diameter (single nanowire), several hundred micrometers in length, and ultrahigh aspect ratios (>10,000) can be rapidly synthesized within 60 min. This effectively shortens the synthesis time by about two orders of magnitude compared with the traditional hydrothermal method. Furthermore, ultrathin UHAPNWs are decorated in situ with bioactive creatine and self-assembled into nanowire bundles along their longitudinal direction at the nanoscale. In addition, ultrathin UHAPNWs exhibit a relatively high specific surface area of 84.30 m2 g–1 and high ibuprofen drug loading capacity. The flexible bio-paper constructed from interwoven ibuprofen-loaded ultrathin UHAPNWs can sustainably deliver ibuprofen in phosphate-buffered saline, which is promising for various biomedical applications such as tissue regeneration with anti-inflammatory and analgesic functions.
Versatile Tunable Terahertz Absorption Device Based on Bulk Dirac Semimetals and Graphene
Authors: Zhou Jie , Sun Xin , Xu Jun , Wu Shiyue , Jin Kaili , Tang Yongjian , Yi Zao , Yi Yougen
Published: February 2025

We employed the CST Microwave Studio software 2020 and the FDID algorithm for simulation. We have designed a terahertz broadband absorber based on Dirac semimetals and graphene, achieving continuous broadband absorption with a rate exceeding 80% over the range from 7.6776 to 9.172 THz. This broadband absorber features two independent tuning modes, utilizing graphene and Dirac semimetals, and exhibits strong electromagnetic adaptability. Furthermore, we conducted an in-depth analysis of the physical mechanisms underlying the high absorption in these absorbers using impedance matching theory and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) theory. Variations in the dielectric constants of different dielectric layers and the relaxation time of graphene can also modulate the absorption rate. In summary, our proposed terahertz broadband absorber, employing two distinct tunable materials, enhances the device’s flexibility and environmental adaptability, offering promising prospects for wideband absorption applications.
Laser Irradiation and Property Correlation in Double-Lasing Processes on Laser-Induced Graphene Electrodes
Authors: Thang Tran Quoc , Kim Joohoon
Published: February 2025

The fabrication of laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes by direct laser writing techniques has received considerable attention due to its simplicity, versatility, and cost-effectiveness for electrochemical applications in both sensing and energy storage. In general, a single-lasing irradiation process is used to prepare LIG electrodes. However, the intrinsic features of LIG can be further improved by taking advantage of additional lasing processes, even without any chemical treatments. In this work, we investigated the potential enhancement of LIG’s electrochemical performance through a double-lasing irradiation process. This process does not require any chemical modification of the LIG to improve its electrochemical performance. Importantly, we revealed the correlation between laser irradiation and the properties of LIG electrodes prepared through the lasing process. We evaluated the characteristics of LIG electrodes prepared by the single-lasing and double-lasing irradiation regarding their microstructures and electrochemical features, including the sheet resistance (RS), specific areal capacitance (CA), peak-to-peak separation (ΔEP), and peak current. The double-lasing LIG exhibited improved electrochemical properties, especially low RS and ΔEP values. This improvement results from a higher degree of graphitization, making them advantageous for developing electrochemical sensors. This was demonstrated by the improved electrochemical sensing of H2O2 using the double-lasing LIG.
Microencapsulation and Probiotic Characterization of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM-20: Therapeutic Application in a Murine Model of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Garfias Noguez Cynthia , Ramírez Damián Morayma , Ortiz Moreno Alicia , Márquez Flores Yazmín Karina , Alamilla Beltrán Liliana , Márquez Lemus Mario , Bermúdez Humarán Luis G. , Sánchez Pardo María Elena
Published: February 2025

Background: Microencapsulation improves the storage, handling, and administration of probiotics by protecting them from environmental factors and adverse conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. This process facilitates their controlled delivery in the body, which can simplify their use in therapies without compromising their therapeutic efficacy. Objectives: This study investigates the microencapsulation of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM-20, its probiotic properties, and its effects in a murine model of ulcerative colitis. Methods/Results: Synbiotic microencapsulation was carried out using spray drying with maltodextrin, gum Arabic, and inulin, achieving an encapsulation efficiency of 90.76%. The resulting microcapsules exhibited remarkable resistance to simulated gastrointestinal conditions in vitro, maintaining a survival rate of 90%. The drying process did not compromise the probiotic characteristics of the bacteria, as they demonstrated enhanced auto-aggregation, hydrophobicity, and phenol tolerance. The therapeutic potential of the microencapsulated synbiotic was evaluated in a murine model of dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis. The results revealed that mice treated with microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM-20 showed an 83.3% reduction in the disease activity index (DAI) compared to the ulcerative colitis control group. Moreover, a significant decrease was observed in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-1β and TNF-α) and myeloperoxidase activity, with values comparable to those of the healthy control group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus plantarum LM-20 could be a promising candidate for therapeutic applications in the prevention and management of ulcerative colitis.
Whey Protein Isolate-Encapsulated Astaxanthin Nanoemulsion More Effectively Mitigates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Dexamethasone-Induced Mice
Authors: Huan Yuchen , Yue Han , Song Yanli , Zhang Wenmei , Wei Biqian , Tang Qingjuan
Published: February 2025

Background: Skeletal muscle, as the largest organ in the body and the main protein pool, is crucial for various physiological processes, but atrophy of skeletal muscle can result from glucocorticoids, including dexamethasone, or from aging. Astaxanthin (AST) is a ketocarotenoid with a variety of physiological activities. However, the clinical application of AST is hampered by its strong hydrophobicity, intense off-flavors, and susceptibility to oxidation. Methods: In this study, we prepared whey protein isolate (WPI)-encapsulated AST nanoemulsion (WPI-AST, W-A) and investigated its alleviating effects on dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. Results: The optimal concentration of astaxanthin was determined to be 30 mg/mL with an oil/water ratio of 1:5. The W-A was a typical oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion with a particle size of about 110 nm. The bioaccessibility of astaxanthin was significantly improved, with the off-flavors of astaxanthin effectively masked. After oral administration, the W-A further ameliorated skeletal muscle atrophy by inhibiting skeletal muscle catabolism, promoting skeletal muscle production, and inhibiting mitochondrial autophagy compared with the same dose of WPI and AST. In addition to this, the W-A further improved the glycometabolism of skeletal muscle by reducing the expression of Foxo3 and increasing the expression of PGC-1α. Conclusions: In conclusion, the W-A nanoemulsion demonstrated good therapeutic value in alleviating skeletal muscle atrophy.
Isoschaftoside in Fig Leaf Tea Alleviates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice via the Regulation of Macrophage Polarity
Authors: Abe Tatsuya
Published: February 2025

Background: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a subset of fatty liver disease that is not caused by alcohol or viruses, and its increasing incidence presents a major global health concern. As few pharmacotherapies are available for NAFLD, lifestyle modifications, including diet and exercise, serve as the foundation for treatment. Therefore, NAFLD prevention is more important than cure, emphasizing the need for drugs with excellent safety and long-term efficacy. Fig leaf tea contains rutin and isoschaftoside (ISS), which may possess anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of this murine-model-based study was to investigate the potential benefits of fig leaf tea in alleviating NAFLD and to determine the underlying mechanism by gene expression analysis. Results: We found that in mice with NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet, the administration of high concentration fig leaf tea or 50 µM ISS significantly ameliorated lobule inflammation. In contrast, low concentration fig leaf tea containing 75 µM ISS did not improve inflammation. The balance between the NAFLD-promoting component of fig leaf tea and the inhibitory effect of ISS was thought to be affected. Gene expression analysis of the liver showed that high concentration fig leaf tea or ISS significantly suppressed the expression of M1 macrophage markers such as CD antigens, toll-like receptors (TLR), chemokines, and cytokines. Further, ISS suppressed the amount of TNF-α released during the M1 polarization of macrophage cells upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that controlling macrophage polarization may improve NAFLD. Furthermore, these findings highlight the potential clinical applicability of ISS.
The Potential Role of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Development of Kidney Disease
Authors: Ma Yibin , Wang Xinyu , Lin Shan , King Lei , Liu Liegang
Published: February 2025

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) represent a class of toxic and irreversible compounds formed through non-enzymatic reactions between proteins or lipids and carbonyl compounds. AGEs can arise endogenously under normal metabolic conditions and in pathological states such as diabetes, kidney disease, and inflammatory disorders. Additionally, they can be obtained exogenously through dietary intake, particularly from foods high in fat or sugar, as well as grilled and processed items. AGEs accumulate in various organs and have been increasingly recognized as significant contributors to the progression of numerous diseases, particularly kidney disease. As the kidney plays a crucial role in AGE metabolism and excretion, it is highly susceptible to AGE-induced damage. In this review, we provide a comprehensive discussion on the role of AGEs in the onset and progression of various kidney diseases, including diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease, and acute kidney injury. We explore the potential biological mechanisms involved, such as AGE accumulation, the AGEs-RAGE axis, oxidative stress, inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and AGE-induced DNA damage. Furthermore, we discuss recent findings on the metabolic characteristics of AGEs in vivo and their pathogenic impact on renal function. Additionally, we examine the clinical significance of AGEs in the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of kidney diseases, highlighting their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. By integrating recent advancements in AGE research, this review aims to provide new insights and strategies for mitigating AGE-related renal damage and improving kidney disease management.
Effectiveness of Herbal Medicines with Anti-Inflammatory, Antimicrobial, and Antioxidant Properties in Improving Oral Health and Treating Gingivitis and Periodontitis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Malcangi Giuseppina , Inchingolo Angelo Michele , Casamassima Lucia , Trilli Irma , Ferrante Laura , Inchingolo Francesco , Palermo Andrea , Inchingolo Alessio Danilo , Dipalma Gianna
Published: February 2025

Objectives: This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of natural extracts with anti-inflammatory properties for improving oral health, particularly in managing gingivitis and periodontal disease (PD). With PD being a major global health issue, exacerbated by microbial dysbiosis and oxidative stress, the integration of phytochemicals and herbal formulations into periodontal therapy offers a promising avenue for adjunctive treatments. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and registered under the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: 641944). Databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, were searched between 18–24 December 2024, using Boolean keywords combining terms such as “herbal medicine”, “plant extracts”, “anti-inflammatory”, and “periodontal therapy”. Studies involving animal models, in vitro data, or non-peer-reviewed articles were excluded. Results: Seventeen studies met inclusion criteria. Polyherbal formulations and single-component extracts (e.g., Camellia sinensis, Punica granatum, Zingiber officinale, and Rosmarinus officinalis) demonstrated comparable efficacy to conventional agents like chlorhexidine (CHX). Polyherbal rinses, camellia sinensis gels, and extracts like Punica granatum reduced inflammation, improved gingival health, and showed antimicrobial properties, offering effective natural alternatives. Conclusions: Natural products, including single extracts and polyherbal formulations, provide effective and safe alternatives for managing gingivitis and PD. Their anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties support their adjunctive role alongside with scaling and root planning therapy (SRP) in periodontal therapy. However, further large-scale, long-term studies are needed to standardize formulations and establish optimal protocols.
Inflammatory Responses to Non-Typeable Haemophilus influenzae Clinical Isolates from Invasive and Non-Invasive Infections
Authors: Huska Brenda , Ulanova Marina
Published: February 2025

Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) is often asymptomatically carried in the upper airways but can cause a wide spectrum of disease conditions, from local respiratory tract infections to invasive disease such as sepsis or meningitis. The factors driving NTHi’s transition from benign carriage to severe systemic disease remain poorly understood. It is unknown whether NTHi strains associated with invasive or non-invasive disease differ in their capacity to trigger inflammatory responses in innate immune cells. To address this question, we have used an in vitro infection model of human THP-1 cells differentiated to macrophages. To evaluate inflammatory responses, we studied the expression of 3 prototypic pro-inflammatory molecules, ICAM-1, TNF-α, and IL-1β. The role of lipooligosaccharide in triggering inflammatory responses was assessed using inhibition of Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Our experiments demonstrated that NTHi strains isolated from cases of invasive and non-invasive infections were similarly able to induce strong activations of macrophage pro-inflammatory responses. Our findings support the hypothesis that the development of invasive versus non-invasive NTHi disease may be more significantly influenced by the adaptive immune response than the innate immune response.
Epidemiological, Clinical, and Immunological Features of Ghanaian People-Living-with-HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) and Molecular Proof of Cystoisospora belli in Their Stool Samples
Authors: Frickmann Hagen , Sarfo Fred Stephen , Norman Betty Roberta , Agyei Martin Kofi , Dompreh Albert , Asibey Shadrack Osei , Boateng Richard , Kuffour Edmund Osei , Blohm Martin , Di Cristanziano Veronica , Feldt Torsten , Eberhardt Kirsten Alexandra
Published: February 2025

Cystoisospora belli is a coccidian parasite commonly associated with enteric infections in immunocompromised individuals. The study was conducted to assess epidemiological, clinical, and immunological features of Ghanaian people living with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) with and without antiretroviral therapy and molecular proof of C. belli-specific nucleic acid sequences in their stool samples. While C. belli was detected in 4.2% (n = 25) of the assessed HIV-positive patients, this was the case for only 1 (1.2%) Ghanaian control individuum without known HIV infection. Associations of cystoisosporiasis in Ghanaian HIV patients with reduced CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts and increased HIV viral loads, immune-activation as indicated by reduced CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocyte ratios as well as higher expression of HLA-DR+ CD38+ on CD4+ T-lymphocytes, a symptom complex comprising diarrhea, weight loss and a reduced BMI, a trend towards not being on antiretroviral medication, and lacking access to food safety procedures like storing food in refrigerators were shown. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) of the associations were 4.47 (1.52–12.09) for the abundance of C. belli DNA and clinical diarrhea, 3.51 (1.42–9.12) for the abundance of C. belli DNA and CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts <200 cells/µL, and 3.66 (1.52–9.01) for the abundance of C. belli DNA and not having a refrigerator in the household. In conclusion, the assessment contributed to existing insight into the epidemiology of cystoisosporiasis in immunosuppressed individuals in resource-limited tropical high-endemicity areas. Chronic diarrhea among people living with HIV should prompt a diagnostic assessment for confirmation or exclusion of C. belli infections in such settings.
Cryo-EM Structures and AlphaFold3 Models of Histamine Receptors Reveal Diverse Ligand Binding and G Protein Bias
Authors: Chen Anqi , Su Chenxi , Zhang Zisu , Zhang Haitao
Published: February 2025

Background: The four subtypes of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulated by histamine play critical roles in various physiological and pathological processes, such as allergy, gastric acid secretion, cognitive and sleep disorders, and inflammation. Previous experimental structures of histamine receptors (HRs) with agonists and antagonists exhibited multiple conformations for the ligands and G protein binding. However, the structural basis for HR regulation and signaling remains elusive. Methods: We determined the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the H4R-histamine-Gi complex at 2.9 Å resolution, and predicted the models for all four HRs in the ligand-free apo and G protein subtype binding states using AlphaFold3 (AF3). Results: By comparing our H4R structure with the experimental HR structures and the computational AF3 models, we elucidated the distinct histamine binding modes and G protein interfaces, and proposed the essential roles of Y6.51 and Q7.42 in receptor activation and the intracellular loop 2 (ICL2) in G protein bias. Conclusions: Our findings deciphered the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of different HRs, from the extracellular ligand-binding pockets and transmembrane motifs to the intracellular G protein coupling interfaces. These insights are expected to facilitate selective drug discovery targeting HRs for diverse therapeutic purposes.
Current Distribution of the Invasive Kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar, 1873 Along Artificial and Natural Habitats in North Portugal—Impacts and Mitigation Initiatives
Authors: Rubal Marcos , Fernández-Gutiérrez Jesús , Carreira-Flores Diego , Gomes Pedro T. , Veiga Puri
Published: February 2025

The kelp Undaria pinnatifida is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. The presence of Undaria in Portugal was reported more than 20 years ago, but there is not recent detailed information about its distribution and impacts. The aims of this study are to provide updated data about the distribution of Undaria in marinas and natural habitats along the north Portuguese coast, to afford insights about Undaria impacts on native macroalgae and to test the efficiency of mitigation actions based on Undaria removal. Mitigation measures were implemented in a marina where a native kelp was recently displaced by Undaria. The results showed stable populations of Undaria in marinas, but few ephemeral ones on natural rocky shores. The observed distribution pattern suggests an important role of salinity and wave exposure in shaping the distribution of Undaria. Moreover, Undaria was able to displace a native kelp and overgrow mussels in marinas, while on natural rocky shores, it was able to overgrow Gongolaria baccata but not native kelps. Finally, mitigation actions resulted in a partial recolonization by the native kelp.
CERES-Maize (DSSAT) Model Applications for Maize Nutrient Management Across Agroecological Zones: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gobezie Addey , Ademe Dereje , Sharma Lakesh K.
Published: February 2025

Effective nutrient management is essential for boosting maize yield and quality and tackling factors that limit or reduce productivity. The Crop Environment Resource Synthesis (CERES)-Maize model embedded in the Decision Support Systems for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) cropping system model (CSM), known for its accurate predictions, serves as a valuable tool for guiding agricultural decisions, particularly in nutrient management, offering an efficient alternative to traditional long term field trials. This systematic review consolidates the current knowledge on nutrient management practices for maize using the CERES-Maize (DSSAT) model, providing insights that benefit researchers, agronomists, policymakers, and farmers. By leveraging crop system, soil carbon and nitrogen, and daily water balance models with crop/land management options, the model accurately predicts the effect of agricultural practices on crop growth, yield, and environmental impacts. This enables the evaluation of diverse management strategies to improve productivity and sustainability.
African Mahogany Under Saline Stress: An Analysis of the Transpiration Response at Different Salinity Levels
Authors: Campos Willian Viana , Filho José Teixeira , São José Alcebíades Rebouças
Published: February 2025

Agriculture in semi-arid regions faces significant challenges due to water scarcity and soil salinity, conditions exacerbated by inadequate irrigation practices and high evaporation rates. African mahogany (Khaya senegalensis), a species valued for its high-quality wood, holds potential for cultivation in these regions, provided that appropriate management practices are adopted. This study investigated the leaf transpiration response of African mahogany seedlings subjected to seven levels of irrigation water salinity, ranging from 0.5 to 5 dS·m−1, using drainage lysimeters in an experimental field in Bahia. Data collection included measurements of stomatal conductance and photosynthetically active radiation (Qleaf) over a four-month period. The results showed a significant reduction in transpiration with increasing salinity, particularly above 3.5 dS·m−1. Regression analyses highlighted a negative correlation between electrical conductivity and leaf transpiration, demonstrating the impact of water quality on plant physiology. These findings underscore the potential of African mahogany for cultivation in semi-arid regions, provided that efficient management practices are implemented to promote sustainable water use and mitigate the effects of salinity.
Markov-Chain-Based Statistic Model for Predicting Particle Movement in Circulating Fluidized Bed Risers
Authors: Zhuang Yaming
Published: February 2025

To increase the calculation speed of the computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-based simulation for the gas–solid flow in fluidized beds, a Markov chain model (MCM) was developed to simulate the particle movement in a two-dimensional (2D) circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser. As a statistic model, the MCM takes the results obtained from a CFD–discrete element method (DEM) as samples for calculating transition probability matrixes of particle movement. The transition probability matrixes can be directly used to describe the macroscopic regularities of particle movement and further used to simulate the particle motion combined with the Monte Carlo method. Particle distribution snapshots, residence time distribution (RTD), and mixing obtained from both MCM and CFD-DEM are compared. The results indicate that the MCM offers a computational speed that is approximately 100 times faster than that of the CFD-DEM. The discrepancy in the mean particle residence time, as computed by the two models, is under 2%. Furthermore, the MCM provides an accurate depiction of time-averaged particle motion. In sum, the MCM can well describe the time-averaged particle mixing compared to the CFD-DEM.
Extraction and Characterization of High-Value Compounds from Yarrowia lipolytica W29 Using Sequential Hydrolysis
Authors: da Silva Rhonyele Maciel , da Silva Cristiane Nunes , de Faria-Júnior Célio Santos , Buarque Filipe Smith , Ribeiro Bernardo Dias , Lemes Ailton Cesar , Coelho Maria Alice Zarur
Published: February 2025

Yeast biomass, a by-product of various industrial processes, is a sustainable source of food ingredients. Despite its nutritional richness, studies on Yarrowia lipolytica W29 biomass for high-value compound production using low-cost substrates like glycerol and glucose remain limited. These substrates enhance productivity and modulate cell wall composition. Extracting these compounds is complex but can be optimized through sequential hydrolysis, including autolysis and acid hydrolysis. In this study, mannoprotein exhibited a 60% emulsification index, 40 mN m−1 surface tension for both substrates, and thermal stability with a mass retention above 30%. Acid hydrolysis yielded bioactive peptides (<1 kDa) with the highest antioxidant activity: 220 µM Trolox (ABTS), 270 µM Trolox (DPPH), and 125 µM ascorbic acid (FRAP). The raw biomass and feed ingredient (dry residue) provided 100% and 90% of the daily protein intake, respectively, with a β-glucan content of 17%. Glycerol and glucose resulted in similar high-value compounds, highlighting glycerol as a cost-effective carbon source. Thus, sequential hydrolysis is an effective strategy for extracting compounds from Y. lipolytica W29 biomass, offering a promising alternative for industrial applications due to its high nutritional value and functional properties.
Religious Discourse on Gender Identity: Freedom of Expression or Hate Speech? A European Perspective
Authors: Gas-Aixendri Montserrat
Published: February 2025

This paper explores the complexities arising from the intersection of religious freedom and the principles of gender equality and non-discrimination, a pressing issue within the modern European landscape. It investigates these challenges by examining legal responses to religious speech linked to gender identity, particularly in cases categorized as hate speech under criminal law. Through an analysis of jurisprudence and relevant legal and institutional frameworks, the study highlights the risks of relying on criminal law to address such disputes, including potential misuse and overreach. It critically assesses the appropriateness and impact of criminal sanctions, noting their potential to deepen societal divisions and intensify polarization. Moving beyond punitive measures, the article advocates for alternative approaches to resolving these conflicts, emphasizing dialogue, mutual understanding, and respect as means to reduce tensions and build more inclusive communities. By integrating legal analysis with broader societal perspectives, this study makes a meaningful contribution to ongoing debates. It examines how fundamental rights can be effectively reconciled within pluralistic and democratic societies.
Religious Governance in Interaction: Network Analysis of Public Management of Religion in Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina)
Authors: Mosqueira Mariela Analía , Carbonelli Marcos Andrés
Published: February 2025

Despite the unchanged nature of the general regulatory framework, the last decade has witnessed the emergence of new forms of governance over religious affairs at the local and provincial levels in Buenos Aires (Argentina). These initiatives constitute, on the one hand, a response to the demands presented by religious groups that were once invisible and experiencing marked demographic growth. On the other hand, they are a way of integrating religious expertise into territorial governance strategies, given the structural ineffectiveness of public policies in locally grounding them. In view of this scenario, this article will present a network and dynamic analysis of the public management of religion at the local and intermediate levels in the province of Buenos Aires. Specifically, we will give an account of the genesis of these state units, as well as the profiles of the political decision makers who direct them and the interactions between local and provincial religious affairs officials in the period of 2022–2023. Based on these data, we will evaluate the levels of innovation that these regulations present with respect to the general normative framework and the limits and advantages that they postulate in the face of the question of religious citizenship. In methodological terms, this research combines the analysis of secondary sources, participant observation, in-depth interviews, and network analysis.
Co-Response of Atmospheric NO2 and CO2 Concentrations from Satellites Observations of Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions for Assessing the Synergistic Effects of Pollution and Carbon Reduction
Authors: Guo Kaiyuan , Lei Liping , Song Hao , Ji Zhanghui , Liu Liangyun
Published: February 2025

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are one of the primary drivers of the increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. It has been indicated that reducing emitted pollution gases can simultaneously bring out anthropogenic CO2 reduction, known as the synergistic effects of pollution and carbon reduction for controlling increases in CO2 and pollution gas concentrations. This study aims to assess these synergistic effects, which are still not clearly understood, by analyzing the mechanisms of atmospheric CO2 and NO2 concentration variability in response to human emission reduction activities. We utilize satellite-observed NO2, which is a short-lived anthropogenic pollution gas with the same emission sources as CO2, along with CO2 concentration data to detect their simultaneous response to anthropogenic CO2 emissions, thereby assessing and comparing the synergistic effects of pollution and carbon reduction in the two study areas of China and the United States, as well as in a special scenario of abrupt reductions in anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The results show that the synergistic effects of pollution and carbon reduction in the United States are likely better than those in China, as the United States demonstrates a stronger response (R2 = 0.53) between atmospheric NO2 and anthropogenic CO2 emission compared with China (R2 = 0.36). This difference is attributable to the CO2 emissions from coal-fired power generation in China are much more than those in the United States, where oil and natural gas dominate. Furthermore, the analysis of special scenarios during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022) in China demonstrates that the types of anthropogenic emission sources are the main factors influencing the synergistic effects of pollution and carbon reduction. Specifically, the megacity regions, where fossil fuel power plants and transportation are the main emission sources, presented stronger synergistic effects of pollution and carbon reduction than those regions dominated by coal-based metallurgical and chemical plants.
Combining Global Features and Local Interoperability Optimization Method for Extracting and Connecting Fine Rivers
Authors: Xu Jian , Gao Xianjun , Wang Zaiai , Li Guozhong , Luan Hualong , Cheng Xuejun , Yao Shiming , Wang Lihua , Shi Sunan , Xiao Xiao , Xie Xudong
Published: February 2025

Due to the inherent limitations in remote sensing image quality, seasonal variations, and radiometric inconsistencies, river extraction based on remote sensing image classification often results in omissions. These challenges are particularly pronounced in the detection of narrow and complex river networks, where fine river features are frequently underrepresented, leading to fragmented and discontinuous water body extraction. To address these issues and enhance both the completeness and accuracy of fine river identification, this study proposes an advanced fine river extraction and optimization method. Firstly, a linear river feature enhancement algorithm for preliminary optimization is introduced, which combines Frangi filtering with an improved GA-OTSU segmentation technique. By thoroughly analyzing the global features of high-resolution remote sensing images, Frangi filtering is employed to enhance the river linear characteristics. Subsequently, the improved GA-OTSU thresholding algorithm is applied for feature segmentation, yielding the initial results. In the next stage, to preserve the original river topology and ensure stripe continuity, a river skeleton refinement algorithm is utilized to retain critical skeletal information about the river networks. Following this, river endpoints are identified using a connectivity domain labeling algorithm, and the bounding rectangles of potential disconnected regions are delineated. To address discontinuities, river endpoints are shifted and reconnected based on structural similarity index (SSIM) metrics, effectively bridging gaps in the river network. Finally, nonlinear water optimization combined K-means clustering segmentation, topology and spectral inspection, and small-area removal are designed to supplement some missed water bodies and remove some non-water bodies. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly improves the regularization and completeness of river extraction, particularly in cases of fine, narrow, and discontinuous river features. The approach ensures more reliable and consistent river delineation, making the extracted results more robust and applicable for practical hydrological and environmental analyses.
Geometric Alignment Improves Wheat NDVI Calculation from Ground-Based Multispectral Images
Authors: Haque Md Asrakul , Reza Md Nasim , Karim Md Rejaul , Ali Md Razob , Samsuzzaman  , Lee Kyung-Do , Kang Yeong Ho , Chung Sun-Ok
Published: February 2025

Multispectral sensors are integral to vegetation analysis, particularly in the calculation of various vegetation indices (VIs). The use of integrated multispectral sensors has become prevalent in research, although their effectiveness is influenced by several factors. This highlights the need for ongoing research into enhancement techniques to improve the accuracy and reliability of vegetation status estimation. This study investigated the impact of field of view (FOV) variability on normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) accuracy using a multispectral sensor. Data were collected from a wheat field at four growth stages (GS) (GS 1, GS 2, GS 3, and GS 4, at 10, 34, 70, and 84 days after sowing (DAS), respectively) and the sensors were mounted around 100 cm above the crop canopy. An active sensor was used to provide reference data for assessing multispectral measurement. A program was developed using the Python (ver. 3.10) programming language to process the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) coordinates and segment the images to align with the FOV of the active sensor and extracting the reflectance data for NDVI calculation. The results showed that proper FOV alignment significantly improved regression metrics (R2 and RMSE) at all growth stages, with R2 improvements ranging from 3% to 33%, and RMSE reductions from 0.03 to 0.06, respectively. The high vegetative growth stage was less affected due to the FOV misalignment. These techniques are promising toward improving NDVI accuracy, especially during early and mid-growth stages of the crop.
A Novel Method for Denoising Lunar Satellite Gravity Anomaly Data Based on Prior Knowledge Deep Learning
Authors: Meng Qingkui , Guo Lianghui , Yang Jing , Xu Yizhou
Published: February 2025

High-resolution lunar gravity anomaly data are of great significance for the study of the lunar crust and lithosphere structure, asymmetric thermal evolution, impact basin subsurface structure and mass tumor genesis, breccia, and magmatism. However, due to errors in satellite orbit and instrument observation, correlation error in high-order spherical harmonic coefficients, and other factors, satellite observation gravity anomaly data present evident aliasing phenomena of stripe noise and random noise in the spatial domain, resulting in difficulties in practical application analysis. In this paper, a lunar satellite gravity anomaly denoising method based on prior knowledge deep learning is proposed. In one instance, the prior knowledge is fused into the data set, the manual processing results are labeled, and the six label-superimposed directions of the simulated stripe noise are used as the sample input data. Conversely, because the gravity field is a harmonic field with smooth characteristics, the Laplace constraint is added to the loss function, and the deep learning results are optimized through Gaussian filtering. Synthetic and real data tests demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in removing complex noise from lunar satellite gravity anomaly data.