bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Life and Times of James Jeffray, Regius Professor of Anatomy, University of Glasgow 1790–1848
Authors: McDonald S. W.
Published: January 2017

James Jeffray, Regius Professor of Anatomy at Glasgow University from 1790–1848, worked at a time when the only legal supply of material for dissection was the bodies of hanged criminals. The Napoleonic Wars created a large demand for anatomical teaching and Jeffray saw the height of the body-snatching era. At Glasgow University, Jeffray supervised the establishment of the Hunterian Museum, negotiated a separate Chair of Botany and was a prime mover in founding the Botanic Gardens. The fetal circulation was a special interest and he is remembered as the inventor of the chain saw, which he designed from a watch chain for use in excision of diseased joints in an effort to prevent amputation.
Overwhelming Pneumoccoccal Sepsis in Two Patients Splenectomised More than Ten Years Previously
Authors: Hassan I.S.A. , Snow M.H. , Ong E.L.C.
Published: January 2017

Asplenic individuals are known to be at a higher risk of developing serious and occasionally fatal sepsis. Prophylactic measures are generally recommended for the first few years post-splenectomy. We report two cases of severe Pneumococcal Sepsis occuring more than 10 years post-splenectomy leading to prolonged hospitalisation and long term morbidity and suggest that Prophylactic Penicillin should be taken life-long.
Cholesterol Testing by General Practitioners in Grampian: Patterns and Outcomes
Authors: Smith B.H. , Vranjkovic V. , McEwan S.R. , Ritchie L.D.
Published: January 2017

Initiation, distribution, concomitants and follow-up of cholesterol testing were studied in Grampian. Data were examined for 4979 patients, representing all patients in one year from those general practices who made exclusive use of the clinical chemistry laboratory for cholesterol testing. A random sample of 215 patients was studied in further detail. Age and sex distribution, results of cholesterol tests and their follow-up, nature and results of associated biochemical tests, test initiation, testing rates by practice, and prescription rates of lipid lowering agents by practice were measured.

Cholesterol testing was mostly in line with current knowledge of cardiovascular risk, and associated with further cardiovascular and biochemical assessment. There was a 90-fold range in practice cholesterol testing rates, and a similarly wide range in prescription rates of lipid lowering agents; there was a significant correlation between these. Rates and results of follow-up testing suggests a “rule of halves” for cholesterol testing.
Atrial Septal Defect and Phaeochromocytoma: A Diagnostic Conundrum
Authors: McFarlane H.J.
Published: January 2017

A case is described of a patient who presented for closure of atrial septal defect (ASD) in whom a coexisting phaeochromocytoma was first suspected during induction of anaesthesia.
General Practice Blood Pressure Recording in Scotland: Variations in the Classification of Hypertension
Authors: Henderson B.S. , Taylor M.W. , Milne R.M. , Taylor R.J. , Ritchie L.D. , Begg A. , McEwan S.R. , Irving M
Published: January 2017

A questionnaire concerning blood pressure assessment, as part of health promotion activity, was circulated to all 770 Gpass practices in Scotland producing a 64.6% response rate. The results reveal a wide range in both the systolic and diastolic levels chosen to classify blood pressure as normal, borderline raised or raised. Practices are using a variety of values to indicate hypertension when considering systolic and, to a lesser extent, diastolic pressure. The variations found suggest that both over and under treatment are a significant risk to patients. The introduction of the 1993 health promotion regulations means that practices are required to actively target their practice population for blood pressure assessment and appropriate intervention. We suggest that this process will be enhanced if doctors are encouraged to adopt the established guidelines for the classification of blood pressure or general practice computer software is adapted to offer blood pressure protocol support.
Integrating Clinical Pharmacists into the Primary Health Care Team: A Framework for Rational and Cost-Effective Prescribing
Authors: Hamley J.H. , MacGregor S.H. , Dunbar J.A. , Cromarty J.A.
Published: January 2017

A recent Audit Commission report into general practice prescribing identifies areas where general practitioner and pharmacist collaboration could be beneficial. Two such areas are formulary development and repeat prescribing review. Increased generic prescribing is encouraged in the report and in central priorities for Scottish Health Boards. This study was designed to develop and assess the effects on prescribing, of a practice formulary and a procedure for change to generic name prescribing. A practice formulary, standards for generic name prescribing and an approach to prescribing review were agreed, developed and implemented. Formulary compliance and the extent of prescribing generically and of changes to generic prescriptions were assessed by prospective prescription monitoring.

Consultations resulting in a prescription reduced from 69% to 59% and 80% of acute prescribing events were met from 144 formulary medicines. Rapid change to generic name prescriptions was achieved without patient complaints and the overall generic prescribing level increased from 57% to 68%. Eighty percent of all new prescriptions were generic.
Quinine — Acute Self-Poisoning and Ocular Toxicity
Authors: Mackie M.A. , Davidson J. , Clarke J.
Published: January 2017

Quinine is widely prescribed as a treatment for nocturnal leg cramps. In acute overdosage, it may lead to significant ocular problems. This study reveals that some 30 patients were discharged from Greater Glasgow Health Board hospitals between 1988 and 1992 following acute self-poisoning with quinine. Six of these subjects had severe visual problems, two being registered as blind and another three as partially sighted. These observations, combined with the doubtful clinical efficacy of quinine, suggest that its continued widespread use should be reappraised.
Persistent Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus following Lithium Therapy
Authors: Thompson C.J. , France A.J. , Baylis P.H.
Published: January 2017

We report the case of a patient who developed severe hypernatraemic dehydration following a head injury. Ten years previously he had been diagnosed to have lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and lithium therapy had been discontinued. He remained thirsty and polyuric despite cessation of lithium and investigations on admission showed him to have normal osmoregulated thirst and vasopressin secretion, with clear evidence of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Lithium induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is considered to be reversible on cessation of therapy but polyuria persisted in this patient for ten years after lithium was stopped. We discuss the possible renal mechanisms and the implications for management of patients with lithium-induced nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.
Listeria Monocytogenes: A Rare Cause of Pleural Effusion in a Patient with Congestive Cardiac Failure
Authors: Hood S. , Liddell G. , Baxter R.H.
Published: January 2017

We report the case of a 65 year old immunocompetent man with a listerial pleural effusion. Infection of the pulmonary parenchyma and pleura with listeria monocytogenes has been reported in small numbers of immunocompromised patients but there have been only two previous reports of pulmonary listeria in non-compromised hosts.
Circannual Rhythm of Measles Subsequent to Immunisation
Authors: Douglas A.S. , Moffat M.A.J.
Published: January 2017

This is an epidemiological study of biennial and annual rhythms of measles in England and Wales between 1959–1994 highlighting changes following immunisation. The study describes annual rhythms starting in autumn (Week 41) and the statistical method tests the fit of a sine curve to annual data. Before immunisation the previously established biennial rhythm was seen: the two years differed in magnitude of seasonal variation, position of the peak, “visibility of school holidays” and peak breadth. After immunisation (1968) these biennial features tended to disappear, one annual rhythm becoming the predominant feature. By the late eighties adjacent years had very similar sine curve fits. About 1990 (89–91) the fit of the sine curve was no longer significant, was of low amplitude and numbers were at an all time low. In 1992 significant annual variation returned, numbers rose and magnitude of seasonal variation increased. At this time a new epidemic was being predicted on other evidence and this renewed sine curve fit may be an additional warning signal. A possible influence of normal birth rhythm on numbers of susceptibles is described.
The Neonatal Consequences and Neonatal Cost of Reducing the Number of Embryos Transferred following IVF
Authors: Liao X-H. , de Caestecker L. , Gemmell J. , Lees A. , McIlwaine G. , Yates R.
Published: January 2017

This clinical audit project examined the effects of change of policy between 1990 and 1993 transferring an average two (maximum three for particular cases) embryos to women undergoing IVF in the West of Scotland programme. All women who achieved clinical pregnancy in 1990 (92 women) and 1993 (93 women) as a result of the IVF programme were included in the study. The hospital records of women via the programme were analysed. The results of the study showed that there was a significant reduction in the rate of multiple pregnancy, preterm birth and low birth weight babies in the 1993 group (new policy). The cost of neonatal intensive care in 1993 for babies born following IVF was about nine times lower than that in 1990 (old policy). This study concluded that a policy of transferring two embryos (or three for particular cases) to women in an IVF programme, had improved the perinatal outcome and reduced the cost of the neonatal service for those babies.
Audit of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage: The Effects of Education and the Introduction of a Protocol
Authors: Anderson J.T. , Johnston D.A. , Mulroy A. , Pennington C.R. , Murray F.E.
Published: January 2017

The aim of this audit was to monitor the effects of the introduction of a protocol for the management of acute upper Gl haemorrhage and a teaching programme for House Officers in Ninewells Hospital Dundee. All patients admitted to hospital with a history of acute haematemesis or melaena were included in the study and purpose designed audit forms were completed on all patients. Following an initial six month audit period the protocol and teaching were introduced. A further six months audit was then performed. A total of 310 patients were audited over the two six month periods. The results suggest that the introduction of a management protocol and training, in conjunction with a policy of active endoscopic intervention may reduce the number of out of hours emergency endoscopies and the need for emergency surgery.
Psychiatric Disorder among the Homeless in Aberdeen
Authors: Sclare P.D.
Published: January 2017

A random sample of residents staying in a short-stay hostel in Aberdeen indicated that 25% of those interviewed suffered from a psychiatric disorder, most commonly depression. In addition, 57% were dependent on alcohol. These findings were similar to previous studies which examined short-stay hostels in larger, more disadvantaged cities. Untrained hostel staff showed considerable skill in picking out residents who suffered from serious mental illness. Only two out of 24 residents suffering from schizophrenia or depression were receiving treatment from the local psychiatric service.
Screening for Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease: A Psychological Perspective
Authors: Simpson W.M. , Johnston M. , McEwan S.R.
Published: January 2017

The success of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor screening programmes depends heavily on good uptake rates and the extent of risk factor modification following screening. It is thus important to try to understand what affects people's decision to attend a screening appointment and their motivation to change their lifestyle, if necessary, following screening. This paper summarises three studies undertaken to describe uptake of screening and risk factor modification and to identify the psychological factors involved. The studies tookplace in two settings: a worksite mobile screening service and a city health centre screening programme. The results identified a number of sociodemographic, personal and organisational factors involved in screening behaviour which offer suggestions for effective planning of screening programmes.
Second Malignancies in Cervical Cancer Patients in the West of Scotland
Authors: Macara L M. , Lamont D. , Symonds R.P.
Published: January 2017

A retrospective study was carried out to determine the incidence and nature of second primary malignancies in patients treated for cervical cancer in the West of Scotland. A total of 3911 patients treated for a primary cancer of cervix, diagnosed between 1975 and 1992, were identified from the West of Scotland Cancer Registry. The ratio of observed second primary cancers in the study cohort to the number expected to occur if incidence was the same as in the West of Scotland population as a whole was calculated. Of the 3911 women treated, 129 (3.3%) were diagnosed with a second primary malignancy. Tissues within the pelvic radiation field showed no significant excess of second primary tumours. A significant excess (O/E 2.52 [95% c.i. 1.89–3.30]) of second primary malignancy in the lung and pleura was identified even after correction for socio-economic deprivation. Women treated for cervical cancer in the West of Scotland appear to be at more risk of a subsequent cancer due to causes other than the late effects of radiotherapy.
Visual Loss in a Returning Traveller with Tick Typhus
Authors: McCarron B. , Clelland S.J. , Kennedy D. , Pithie A.
Published: January 2017

Ricketsial diseases are increasingly found world-wide and should be considered in febrile patients returning from abroad. This case report discribes the vasculitic complications of a patient returning from the Republic of South Africa with tick typhus.
The Witch Doctors of Scotland
Authors: McDonald S. W.
Published: January 2017

To investigate beliefs about healing in early modern Scotland, records of 61 witch trials were examined. Thirty-three were found to include healing in the charges. Seventeen described cures involving black magic, in which disease supposedly caused by the witch was removed or illness was transferred to another individual. Twenty-two included cures by white magic, ie. herbal remedies and non-harmful magical rites. Most cases citing cures by black magic included charges of other black magic. However, several trials describing white magical cures make no mention of black magic. Most of the accused were probably implicated through confessions by other witches. Others may have had psychiatric problems and made fantastical statements. Some were antisocial individuals reported as witches by neighbours. Few were tried primarily for their healing activities.
Listeria Endocarditis Causing Aortic Root Abscess and a Fistula to the Left Atrium
Authors: Hood S. , Baxter R. H.
Published: January 2017

We report the case of a 74 -year-old man who presented with endocarditis on a porcine aortic valve replacement. Five of six blood cultures grew listeria monocytogenes. Transoesophageal echocardiography demonstrated the presence of a cavity posterior to the aortic annulus, apparently communicating with the left atrium. The patient underwent successful aortic valve re-replacement.

Listeria endocarditis is rare with only 58 reported cases in the literature and is associated with high mortality.
A Study of the Irregularities Added in Apron Drafting
Authors: Balasubramanian N.
Published: January 2017

An assessment is made of irregularities added in apron drafting through comparisons of variance-length curves of fiber end density before and after drafting. In addition, the drafted products were examined for periodicities through correlograms. The investigations were made on a carded and a combed cotton and a cut staple fiber for a range of drafts. The studies were later extended to obtain relations of thickness irregularity with draft and hank of material fed. The implications of these results are discussed. Further, the effect of apron opening and doubling on yarn quality and a critical comparison of roller and apron drafting in regard to extent of irregularities added are presented.
Comparison of Textile Mechanical Properties of Cotton in Crosslinking with Dimethylolethyleneurea and Formaldehyde
Authors: Meyer U. , Müller K. , Zollinger H.
Published: January 2017

Cotton fabrics were crosslinked with dimethylolethyleneurea (DMEU) and with formaldehyde by the pad-dry-cure process. The following parameters were varied: concentration of catalyst (MgCl2) and crosslinking agent, reaction time, and temperature. The crosslinked fabrics were characterized by dry and wet crease-recovery angles, tensile strength, and degree of polymerization. The results show that with DMEU a significantly better dry crease-recovery angle/tensile strength relation is obtainable. This difference is due entirely to a greater degradation of cellulose by hydrolysis in treatments with formaldehyde. Furthermore, in the case of DMEU the effect/strength loss relation can be improved by using very high resin concentrations in the padding liquor.
Physical Properties of Textured Polyester Yarns: The Influence of Texturing Temperatures
Authors: Hardegree G. L. , Buchanan D. R.
Published: January 2017

The temperature dependence of textured yarn physical properties has been determined for five polyester feeder yarns textured on two texturing machines. The data show that there are important effects on physical properties of varying texturing temperature, but that the extent and type of the effects depends on the feeder yarn-texturing machine combination.

For the combinations studied, tenacity, basic elongation, crimp rigidity, crimp elongation, Leesona Skein Shrinkage, and the effective yarn temperature from Kanebo Thermal Stress Analyzer data showed significant dependence on texturing temperature for at least one feeder yarn. Neither denier nor initial modulus was texturing-temperature-dependent for any of these feeder yarns.

The data also show that, in those instances where a property is texturing-temperature-dependent for more than one feeder yarn, the magnitude of the dependence ( i.e., the slope of the property versus texturing temperature curve) is similar for all feeder yarns affected. Therefore, these feeder yarns tend to have equal sensitivity to changes in texturing temperature, if they have any sensitivity at all.
Further Studies on the Microfibrils from Wool Keratin
Authors: Kulkarni V. G.
Published: January 2017

An attempt is made to isolate the microfibrils by the oxidation, reduction, and chymotryptic digestion of the orthocortical cells obtained by ultrasonication of Merino wool in formic acid. Oxidative and reductive treatments appear to be severe and degradative, damage the microfibrils, modify certain amino acids in the isolated microfibrils, and dissolve an excessive amount of keratinous protein. By contrast, a mild chymotryptic digestion coupled with a short ultrasonication separated a fine fibrous material with a minimum dissolution of a keratinous protein and with a liberation of a small amount of globular protein.
The Internal Dynamic Mechanical Loss in α-Keratin Fibers during Moisture Sorption
Authors: Danilatos G. , Feughelman M.
Published: January 2017

The dynamic mechanical loss in α-keratin fibers such as wool and horse hair can be measured by the phase difference “φ” between the oscillating extension applied to the fiber and the resultant oscillatory force. When the environment of a fiber is changed from dry to more moist conditions, the value of φ has a maximum at the point in time when the swelling of the fiber reaches a maximum. This phenomenon parallels others already observed and confirms the general picture that during sorption the molecular structure of a keratin fiber has a maximum mobility. It follows that any applied deformation at this stage will reach structural equilibrium in the shortest time.
Pyrolysis Products from Cellulose Treated with Flame Retardants
Authors: Garn P. D. , Denson C. L.
Published: January 2017

Study of the effect of treatment of cellulose with a flame retardant required knowledge of the behavior of cellulose alone under the conditions of the experiment. Compounds obtained included carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, butene, acetaldehyde, furan, 2-methylfuran, methyl ethyl ketone, 2,5-dimethylfuran, 2,3-butanedione, methyl isopropenyl ketone (?), toluene, acetol, acetone, acetic acid, furfural, formic acid, 5-methyl-2-furfural, 2-acetyl furan, furfuryl alcohol, and a few other unidentified compounds obtained in small amounts. The typical effective flame retardant decreases the number of materials and the total amount of volatiles, but the specific effects upon the compounds-evolved differ substantially. These data reflect the volatile production step and are made available for use with existing data for improved interpretation of flame retardance and retardants.
Structure in “Amorphous Regions”, Accessible Segments of Fibrils, of the Cotton Fiber
Authors: Rowland Stanley P. , Howley Phyllis S.
Published: January 2017

The extent of hydrogen bonding of O(3)H and O(6)H in “amorphous” regions, more specifically in accessible segments of fibrils, of the cotton fiber varied from near perfection to almost complete disorder in samples under examination. Perfection of hydrogen bonding in various samples and segments of cotton fibers decreased with decreasing crystallinity of the cellulose within the fibrils. For the most part, extents of O(3)H hydrogen bonding and O(6)H hydrogen bonding followed similar patterns with substantial differences in degrees of perfection, the O(3)H ranging from about 95% hydrogen bonding down to 8% and the O(6)H) from 92% down to 41%. Details of hydrogen bonds assessed in these chemical studies are discussed relative to crystallinities and assignments of hydrogen bond structures from x-ray diffraction studies.
Effects of Heating on Chemical and Physical Properties and Processing Quality of Cotton
Authors: Brushwood Donald E.
Published: January 2017

Optimum quality from cotton at the textile mill depends on the need for improvements in a number of handling areas. Processing and yarn quality problems sometimes occur through overdrying practices. Excessive heating of cotton causes discoloration (yellowing), reductions in strength, and increased fiber breakage. The severity of damage increases as exposure time and temperature increase. Chemical and physical tests were conducted on heated cottons of high, medium, and low Micronaires to determine changes that may affect cotton processability and overall quality. Mechanical processing of cotton immediately after heating (at reduced moisture levels) had a greater adverse effect on physical fiber properties than did mechanical processing after heating and allowing time for moisture regain. Compared to yarn from unheated cottons, yarns from heated cottons had increased levels of neps and reduced strength and uniformity.
Objective Measurement of the Electrostatic Propensity of Carpets
Authors: Pailthorpe M. T.
Published: January 2017

The electrostatic propensity of carpets, as measured by a stroll test, has been compared with both the bulk and surface resistances of the carpets measured under the same atmospheric conditions. The correlations between electrostatic propensity and electrical resistance were poor for both the bulk resistance and surface resistance cases. In spite of the poor correlations, it would appear that the 2 times 1010 ohms recommendation presently in vogue will guarantee that the electrostatic propensity of the carpets should be less than the threshold of shock perception.
Selective Scouring of Dirt from Greasy Wool
Authors: Bateup B. O.
Published: January 2017

Laboratory experiments using samples of eleven Australian wools representing five different classes (merino fleece, lambs, merino pieces, crossbred pieces, and pieces and bellies) showed that the dirt could be selectively removed in a warm (35 °C) suint bowl containing nonionic surfactant and alkaline builder (modified suint scouring). Removal of grease was low, and in consequence the suint bowl liquor could be readily centrifuged to give good recovery of dirt as an easily disposable spadeable sludge. In a suint bowl without additives (control), the different wools displayed two distinct modes of behavior, which could be correlated with greasy wool characteristics. The fine fleece wools gave low dirt removal; the coarser wools gave much higher dirt removal and overall recovery. Only a small amount of recoverable grease was removed. This difference in the behavior of different wools may explain the varying ideas about the effectiveness of suint bowls in industry and provides an opportunity to improve the overall efficiency of the scouring operation.
Hot Theology in a Cool World
Authors: James Ralph E.
Published: January 2017

“The oddity of hot print theology in a cool electronic age does not stem simply from the strange world of new media. The oddity also comes from the abstract character of printed theology itself. TV is creating a new cool perspective from which the high definition of Scripture is seen as fragmentation. Is it any wonder that a church member thinks theological truths are bits of information? The form of the theology which has been dominant in the west has been the form of hot print. Could it be that Christian theology's problem has been less with the content of ‘the book,’ and more with the fact that it is formed by the peculiar sequential, uniform, abstractness of print?”
Hymns: Music, Text, and Meaning
Authors: Greene David B.
Published: January 2017

“Because simultaneous attention to words and music allows the music to organize the text and reveal the point which its words are being used to make, we are proposing that what we call a hymn is the resultant meaning of the sounds-as-words and the sounds-as-music. The musical-verbal phenomenon that performs a function in the church's worship is not the verbal meaning and the musical structure as two parallel or added quantities. It is the meaning that results from the fact that the same sounds articulate both; both are heard simultaneously, and the one reveals the meaning of the other.”
Low Back Pain in an Urban Population in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Omokhodion Folashade O
Published: January 2017

This cross-sectional study was designed to determine the prevalence and risk factors for low back pain in an urban community. A house-to-house enquiry was conducted using a questionnaire administered by trained interviewers. Four hundred and seventy-four respondents, 271 men (57%) and 203 women (43%) participated in the study. The 12-month prevalence of low back pain was 44%, while the point prevalence was 39%. Back pain was more prevalent among men (49%) than women (39%). It was also associated with a history of trauma and low educational status. The prevalence of back pain was highest among farmers (85%) and lowest among housewives (32%). The prevalence of low back pain in this community is comparable to levels recorded in industrialized countries. However, in this study low back pain did not feature as a main cause of morbidity, accounting for a mean of 3 days off work per person per year.
Clinico-Epidemiological Features of Snakebite: A Study from Eastern Nepal
Authors: Sharma Sanjib Kumar , Koirala Sekhar , Dahal Gehraj , Sah Chandra
Published: January 2017

We studied 604 suspected snakebite cases seen at the peripheral snakebite treatment centre, Oamak, Eastern Nepal from January to December 2000 using predesigned proforma. Seventy-five per cent of the patients were in the age group 11–40 years. The common victims were farmers (44.2%) and housewives (31.7%). The bite was commonly encountered during farming (29.4%), working in the field (16.2%). walking (13.7%) and feeding cattle (9.2%). Sixty-five per cent were bitten during outdoor and agriculture related activities. Bite during sleep was recorded in 7%: 62% had sustained bite in lower limb. Forty-two per cent of the victims arrived at the treatment centre within 2 hours of being bitten. Fourteen patients arrived 7 hours after being bitten and six were dead on arrival. Acommon local practice (seen in 56.7%)was to eat chilliesto confirm envenomation. Application of a tourniquet, often multiple, was the common (90%) first aid measure. Neurotoxicity was present in 11% (n=66) of the victims. Fivehad local features of envenomation. Nocase of coagulopathy was recorded. Reaction to anti-snake venom was noticed in 28.16%(n=20). Two patients died during treatment. Mortality among patients with features of neurotoxicity was 3%.
Oral Enalapril-Hydrochlorothiazide-Methyldopa as First Line Treatment for Severe Hypertension in Nigerians
Authors: Ofor Okezie O
Published: January 2017

A combination of low-dose oral enalapril, methyldopa and hydrochlorothiazide was evaluated in the acute treatment of severe hypertension. Blood pressure moved from an average 210/120 mmHg at the onset to an average 135/79 mmHg within 24 hours, without any significant side effects and at about half the cost of commonly used parenteral hydralazine.
Comparison of Four Methods for Detection of Rotavirus in Faeces
Authors: Ibrahim O S , Sunderland D , Hart C A
Published: January 2017

Faecal samples from 325 children with gastroenteritis and 23 children without gastroenteritis were examined for the presence of human rotavirus (HRV) using four different methods. Using the WHO-ELISA, HRV was found in the stools of 98 (30%) symptomatic and 2 (9%) asymptomatic children. A latex particle agglutination test had the highest sensitivity (92%) but the lowest specificity (96%). Both electron microscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of HRV RNA (RNA-PAGE) were highly specific (100%) but of lower sensitivity (73% and 84% respectively). Of the four methods tested latex particle agglutination is the simplest and since it requires little extra equipment is ideally suited for bedside tests in tropical countries. It is, however, not cheap. An alternative is to use RNA—PAGE which will require some equipment and a power supply but which is relatively cheap and will also provide epidemiological data.
Competitive and Cooperative Decision-Making Groups
Authors: Krueger Dorothy Lenk
Published: January 2017

This study investigates differences among four decision-making groups and describes the patterns of communication unique to two groups. In the first part of the investigation, four decision-making groups are given either competitive or cooperative inducements and are compared on two measures: competition and satisfaction. The two groups given the competitive inducement (Groups I and III) were found to have significantly higher competition and lower satisfaction than the groups given cooperative inducements (Groups II and IV). In the second part of the study a lag sequential analysis is conducted on the coded communicative sequences in the highest and lowest competition groups (I and II, respectively). This analysis yields patterns to decision-making unique to each sample group. Group I's communication is characterized by highly probable (above-chance) sequences of disagreement messages and few probable agreement messages. Group II's communication patterns consist of highly probable sequences of decision development and probable agreement/support messages throughout the group interaction.
Trait, Interactionist, and Behavior Assessment Variables in Open Communication
Authors: Montgomery Barbara M.
Published: January 2017

In an effort to explore viable alternatives to trait and situational orientations in behavioral research, this article examines an interactionist perspective. Specifically, the role of behavioral expectations in open communication is investigated. The findings suggest that personal expectations of openness are strongly related to general predispositions to disclose and to exhibit open style, to expectations of others' open behavior, and to self-ratings of open behavior. Personal expectations for open behavior are not as strongly related to ratings of open behavior by others. The findings are discussed in terms of the implications of considering personal expectations as an interaction variable in the study of open communication.
Nonverbal Communication from Superiors and Peers
Authors: Zahn G. Lawrence
Published: January 2017

Increased awareness of nonverbal communication in organizations raises the issue of how subordinates integrate the various components of superiors' messages. The double-bind theory and other research suggest that a dependent relationship such as that between organizational subordinate and superior might alter the relative importance of verbal and nonverbal information. Responses to hypothetical messages composed of verbal, vocal, and facial information from an organizational superior were compared with responses to messages from a peer. In the superior condition, subjects gave greatest weight to verbal content in judgments of overall supportiveness, while messages from peers were judged more by facial expression. In both conditions negative information had more impact than positive information. No significant differences between conditions were found in perception of sincerity. Inconsistency between any two channels caused the message to be perceived as insincere.
Media Exposure to Campaigns Public Anticipation and Involvement in Elections
Authors: Zimmer Troy A.
Published: January 2017

Mass media exposure to election campaigns was hypothesized as influencing beliefs about the closeness of the election race. and these beliefs were predicted as influencing the degree of involvement in the election. Persons perceiving a close race were expected to have greater political involvement than persons perceiving a one-sided contest. It was further hypothesized that the influence of media exposure on competition beliefs. and the influence of these beliefs on election involvement. would have the most impact on those persons who generally have lower rates of involvement in elections, such as the less educated. However, it was found that for both the 1968 and the 1972 presidential elections. there were no relationships between levels of media exposure and beliefs on the closeness of the election race. Also. whether expecting a close or a one-sided election had no relationship lo showing interest in the campaigns. attempting to influence the vote of others. or having voted or not. All of these findings basically held even when respondents were analyzed by distinct social categories.
Parks as Gyms? Recreational Paradigms and Public Health in the National Parks
Authors: Wexler Jay D.
Published: January 2017

When scholars and policymakers think about the relationship between public health and environmental law and policy, they likely think first about controlling pollution and other toxic substances. As other articles have amply demonstrated, water pollution, air pollution, and other environmental toxins can have significant deleterious effects on the public's health. Scholars rightly pay serious attention to these relationships, and policymakers wisely devise methods and strategies to ameliorate the public health risks posed by these polluting substances.

Although pollution control might be the most obvious and important intersection between environmental policy and public health, legal and policy decisions regarding the management and preservation of the nation's natural resources potentially also significantly affect the public's health. Preserving plant and animal species, allocating water resources, and managing the nation's public lands, just to name a few examples, all potentially bear on matters of public health and safety.
America's Public Lands and Waters: The Gateway to Better Health?
Authors: Norton Gale , Suk Michael
Published: January 2017

Obesity is the number one health problem facing America today. The connection to physical inactivity and a sedentary lifestyle has long been recognized, but only recently has it become a focal point for physicians worldwide. Surprisingly, the answer may be as close as America's backyardthe public lands and waters under the management of the U.S. Department of the Interior (Interior), as well as other federal, state, and local agencies. While traditional efforts to increase physical activity among Americans have focused on exercise-related activities such as calisthenics, treadmills, or stair machines, more recently leisuretime activities like gardening and housework have emerged as additions to the physical activity arsenal. These activities in turn have shifted attention away from individual obstacles and toward barriers to human movement in the built environment.
The Public Health Impact of Global Environmental Problems and the Role of International Law
Authors: Atapattu Sumudu
Published: January 2017

For several decades now we have been acutely aware of the increasingly intensifying effect that environmental degradation has on human health. While many of these effects are localized, given the increasingly global nature of environmental problems their impact on human health has also become global in dimension. Health experts are becoming more and more concerned about the potential impact on public health if no precautionary measures
are taken to deal with these global environmental problems.

Of course, environmental problems have consequences beyond their public health impact. The emphasis in this Article on public health should not be taken as advocating an anthropocentric approach to environmental problems. This Article focuses on public health as a way of drawing attention to the enormity of the problem.
Suppression of Environmental Science
Authors: Kuehn Robert R.
Published: January 2017

There is a long history of attacks on scientists. During the Inquisition, the Roman Catholic Church charged Galileo with heresy and, after imprisonment and threats of torture, forced him to renounce his theory that the sun, not the earth, was the center of the universe. In the 1950s, politicians sought to silence scientists that allegedly held political views sympathetic to Communists.

In recent years, research results, rather than the scientist's religion or politics, have motivated attacks on scientists. As environmental issues grow in economic significance and as science takes on increasing importance in influencing public opinion and resolving environmental policy debates, suppression of environmental science has become increasingly common. As one author observed, the power of science to legitimate environmental positions by claiming exclusive truth makes ownership of science one of the most contested issues in modern environmentalism.
Swing Low, Sweet Chariot: Abandoning the Disinterested Witness Requirement for Advance Directives
Authors: Kusmin Ben
Published: January 2017

Advances in medical technology over the past several decades have made it possible to increase life long past the point where many patients would otherwise suffer a natural death. In the past, the most common causes of death were abrupt killers such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, and injuries. Now the average American can expect to spend the final two years of life too disabled to perform even the routine activities of life unassisted. Thousands of people also languish in irreversible comas or persistent vegetative states due to illness or injury. Meanwhile, the ranks of the elderly can be expected to burgeon as Baby Boomers approach retirement age and the number of people treated with life support technology (alternatively described as “life-preserving” and “death-prolonging”) will rise accordingly. The conventional wisdom is that most people would like to avoid such treatment, preferring to die with dignity. Advance directives ostensibly enable people to avoid this fate, by expressing their treatment decisions in advance (a “living will”), or by designating someone they trust to make treatment decisions for them (a “durable power of attorney for health care”).
Selling Stem Cell Science: How Markets Drive Law along the Technological Frontier
Authors: Spar Debora , Harrington Anna
Published: January 2017

Since 2001, stem cell science in the United States has been explicitly constrained by federal prohibitions. Under an executive order announced by President George W. Bush on August 9 of that year, U.S. researchers can only receive federal funding for work done on the limited number of embryonic stem cell lines (an estimated sixty to sevent-eight) created prior to the executive order. Continued research on embryonic stem cells (ESCs) is not expressly prohibited. But, under the Bush administration's executive order, no federal funds can be used to develop new embryonic stem cells lines, or even to work on new lines developed after August 2001.

The problems with these restrictions, according to their critics, are threefold. First, they sharply limit the funds available to a high-cost, early-stage endeavor, limiting the pace of scientific discovery in the process. Second, they force stem cell researchers to maintain an administratively absurd line between research conducted in federally-funded laboratories (which include most university facilities) and that conducted in spaces free of federal funds.
The Ban on “Off-Label” Pharmaceutical Promotion: Constitutionally Permissible Prophylaxis against False or Misleading Commercial Speech?
Authors: Greenwood Kate
Published: January 2017

Critics of the Food & Drug Administration's ban on off-label promotion often claim that it violates the First Amendment because it suppresses pharmaceutical manufacturers' truthful speech about their legal—and beneficial—products. Characterizing the ban on off-label promotion in this way has more than rhetorical significance. Bans on truthful, non-misleading speech elicit special skepticism because of the belief that they “usually rest solely on the offensive assumption that the public will respond ‘irrationally’ to the truth.” The legislative history of the provisions of the Food Drug and Cosmetic Act that underlie the ban on off-label promotion, however, reveals that Congress was concerned that physicians were responding rationally to false and misleading promotional claims. In this Article, I explore the doctrinal questions raised by conceiving of the ban on off-label promotion not as a ban on “truthful speech to physicians” but instead as a prophylaxis against false and misleading pharmaceutical promotion. I review the evidence that false and misleading claims were commonplace before the ban's adoption and persist today, along with the enforcement challenges the FDA confronted at that time and would confront were the ban lifted, and conclude the government likely could develop the factual record necessary to establish that Congress' rejection of an after-the-fact case-by-case approach to combating false and misleading prescription drug promotion is constitutional.
Recovering from Research: A No-Fault Proposal to Compensate Injured Research Participants
Authors: Pike Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2017

National advisory committees have considered the obligations owed to research participants in the event of research-related injuries. These committees have repeatedly concluded that injured research participants are entitled to compensation for their injuries, that the tort system provides inadequate remedies, and that the United States should adopt no-fault compensation. But because the advisory committees have made no concrete proposals and have taken no steps toward implementing no-fault compensation, the United States continues to rely on the tort system to compensate injured research participants.

This Article argues that recent legal developments and a transformation in the global research landscape make maintaining the status quo morally indefensible and practically unsustainable. Recent legal developments exacerbate the longstanding difficulties associated with the tort system as a method of compensation; nearly every injured research participant will have difficulty recovering damages, and certain classes of injured research participants—those in federal research and those abroad—are prevented from recovering altogether, resulting in substantial unfairness. In the past ten years, many of the countries substantially involved in research have mandated systematic compensation. By not mandating compensation, the United States has become a moral outlier and risks having its noncompliant research embargoed by foreign ethics committees, thereby delaying important biomedical advances.

This Article examines alternative compensation mechanisms and offers a concrete no-fault compensation proposal built on systems already in place. The proposed system can be implemented in the United States and countries around the world to help harmonize various national compensation systems and to more equitably and effectively make those injured by research whole.
Semiconductor Chips, Genes, and Stem Cells: New Wine for New Bottles?
Authors: Rose Simone A.
Published: January 2017

This Article analogizes early semiconductor technology and its surrounding economics with isolated genes, stem cells, and related bioproducts, and their surrounding economics, to make the case for sui generis (of its own class) intellectual property protection for isolated bioproducts. Just as early semiconductors failed to meet the patent social bargain requiring novelty and non-obviousness in the 1980s, isolated genes and stem cells currently fail to meet the patent bargain requirements of non-obviousness and eligible subject matter that entitle them to traditional intellectual property protection. Like early semiconductor chip designs, nevertheless, the high cost of upstream bioproduct research and development, coupled with the need to sustain continued economic growth of the biotechnology industry, mandates that Congress provide some level of exclusive rights to ensure continued funding for this research. Sui generis intellectual property protection for isolated bioproducts would preserve the incentive to continue innovation in the field. As illustrated by the semiconductor industry, however, such sui generis protection for this technology must include limitations that address the need to provide an appropriate level of public access to facilitate downstream product development and enrich the public domain.
A Voice in the Room: The Function of State Legislative Bans on Sexual Orientation Change Efforts for Minors
Authors: Cella Arcangelo S.
Published: January 2017

Throughout the history of the mental health profession, many psychotherapists have asserted that homosexuality is a mental condition or defect that may be corrected through treatment. Homosexuality was not officially declassified as a mental illness until 1973, and it was not until recently that mainstream mental health organizations renounced the claim that therapy can alter sexual orientation. Sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) involve various types of psychotherapy, from the familiar and seemingly benign talk therapy to forms of behavioral therapy that include “masturbatory reconditioning, rest, visits to prostitutes[,] excessive bicycle riding,” and even physical abuse. SOCE are now widely regarded by mainstream mental health practitioners as unscientific, ineffective, and mentally and emotionally harmful. Nevertheless, due to persistent societal disapproval of homosexuality, some mental health providers continue to engage in SOCE, often causing their patients to experience shame and anxiety well into adulthood.