bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of the relationship between crime incidents and 911 calls
Authors: Wu Jiahui , Frias‐Martinez Vanessa
Published: February 2019

Crime incidents are a major concern of public safety. Residents can help in crime‐fighting by reporting suspicious behavior via call for service (calling 911 in the U.S.). To study this behavior at the city level, we analyze the relationship between crime incidents and 911 calls data. First, we propose an approach to pairing up calls with incidents based on spatiotemporal proximity. Based on the paired up calls and incidents, we define and compute the reporting rate for the studied city. Then we analyze the reporting rate and disaggregate it by types of crimes and neighborhoods. Our analysis reveals that residents are better at reporting shooting incidents than arson or rape incidents, and wealthier neighborhoods tend to have lower reporting rate. City planners can use the reporting rate to engage residents more in reporting suspicious behavior and provide better public safety services.
Online scholarly tools: Use and value
Authors: Xu Shenmeng , Brown Cecelia , Hemminger Bradley M.
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we describe our preliminary findings of our multi‐site study on researchers' use of online scholarly tools. Using surveys and in‐depth interviews, our study will provide information professionals and scholars a 360‐degree panorama of the ways social media is impacting the dissemination and evaluation of scholarly research. At the visual presentation session, we will present the statistical results and analysis of our data, as well as individual case stories exemplifying the main findings. Additionally, we will have an activity where our audience can participate in the same card sorting exercise that study subjects did, and compare their results with the study participants, to better understand the value of various scholarly activities.
Multi‐discipline correlation analysis between citations and detailed features of library holdings
Authors: Zhang Heng , Zhou Qingqing , Zhang Chengzhi
Published: February 2019

Citations and library holdings are two important metrics for assessing book impact. Traditional researches about correlations between these two metrics are mainly based on books' citations and holding numbers. More detailed information about books' holding (i.e. their holding regions) can be used in book impact assessment. In this paper, we will investigate the relationships between citations and more comprehensive features of library holdings, namely holding numbers, holding regions and holding distributions. We obtain citations of 2, 356 Chinese books from CSSCI and the corresponding library holding data from OCLC. Then, we conduct correlation analysis between citations and the three features of library holdings respectively. Results show that there are general weak correlations between the two metrics in all disciplines, while correlations in Linguistics, Ethnology and Archeology are stronger.
Extracting metadata of scientific references in patents based on combination of representation learning and machine learning
Authors: Zhang Jinzhu , Hu Yiming
Published: February 2019

The scientific references in patent (SRPs), one type of non‐patent references (NPRs), is the best representative of scientific knowledge cited in patents (SKCP). However, SKCP is often indicated by NPRs rather than SRPs currently, which may reduce the accuracy of the analysis of science & technology transfer and transformation. In the other hand, the content of SRPs is important for subsequent in‐depth patent analysis, which requires more accurate SRPs' metadata extraction. In order to enhance the accuracy of SRPs identification and SRPs' metadata extraction, this paper uses the representation learning method to learn vectors of the NPRs and the parts separated by delimiters with each SRP (metadata), respectively. These vectors conclude the context information and the same type of metadata may appear in the same position in vector space. Then the problem of SRPs identification and SRPs' metadata extraction are transferred as the automatic categorization with the machine learning method. The experiment is conducted in the field of gene where patents cite lots of SRPs. The result shows that in 1000 patent citations, the accuracy of SRP identification reaches 99.27% and the accuracy of SRP title extraction reaches 90.57% which is 4.51% higher than the pure machine learning method.
Increasing return response to changes in risk
Authors: Dicle Mehmet F.
Published: February 2019

Risk aversion theory is based on an individual's choice among risky assets with expected utility in its foundation. It is about investor behavior (i.e., investor choice), under normal circumstances, toward assets with various levels of risk. A positive and marginally diminishing relationship between risk and return exists. This study is about investor behavior related to their response (not choice) to risk. We present an argument and supporting evidence that investors’ return response to risk is increasing with the level of risk. Thus, investor behavior is subject to change and the level of risk is a determinant of such change. We also explain the negative time‐series correlation between risk and return.
Estimation of the worldwide seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zuhair Mohamed , Smit G. Suzanne A. , Wallis Gabriel , Jabbar Faiz , Smith Colette , Devleesschauwer Brecht , Griffiths Paul
Published: February 2019

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection does not usually produce symptoms when it causes primary infection, reinfection, or reactivation because these three types of infection are all controlled by the normal immune system. However, CMV becomes an important pathogen in individuals whose immune system is immature or compromised, such as the unborn child. Several vaccines against CMV are currently in clinical trials that aim to induce immunity in seronegative individuals and/or to boost the immunity of those with prior natural infection (seropositives). To facilitate estimation of the burden of disease and the need for vaccines that induce de novo immune responses or that boost pre‐existing immunity to CMV, we conducted a systematic survey of the published literature to describe the global seroprevalence of CMV IgG antibodies. We estimated a global CMV seroprevalence of 83% (95%UI: 78‐88) in the general population, 86% (95%UI: 83‐89) in women of childbearing age, and 86% (95%UI: 82‐89) in donors of blood or organs. For each of these three groups, the highest seroprevalence was seen in the World Health Organisation (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean region 90% (95%UI: 85‐94) and the lowest in WHO European region 66% (95%UI: 56‐74). These estimates of the worldwide CMV distribution will help develop national and regional burden of disease models and inform future vaccine development efforts.
Finite‐time posture stabilization of the unicycle mobile robot using only position information: A discrete‐time sliding mode approach
Authors: Thomas Maria , Bandyopadhyay Bijnan , Vachhani Leena
Published: February 2019

The posture stabilization of a unicycle mobile robot is useful in executing parking and docking maneuvers. It becomes more advantageous to guarantee the posture stabilization in finite time for a battery operated robot, especially in an application involving multiple robots. This paper addresses the posture stabilization of the unicycle mobile robot in finite time, especially when only the position information is available. We adopt the reaching law approach and design a discrete‐time sliding mode (DSM) controller by finitely discretizing the chained form of the unicycle, using the notion of multirate input sampling. Finite‐time stabilization of the equilibria is achieved by using multirate piecewise continuous inputs. Furthermore, the control inputs are realized using multirate output‐feedback (MROF) technique, wherein the states are estimated using the knowledge of the past fast output samples and immediate past control inputs. The proposed MROF‐DSM strategy avoids undesirable chatter in the system response owing to the nonswitching‐type controller and guarantees the stabilization in finite time. Simulations demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method.
Notice of Retraction: Inappropriate Image Duplication in “Recellularization of Acellular Human Small Intestine Using Bone Marrow Stem Cells”
Authors: Patil Pradeep B. , Chougule Priti B. , Kumar Vijay K. , Almström Stefan , Bäckdahl Henrik , Banerjee Debashish , Herlenius Gustaf , Olausson Michael , Sumitran-Holgersson Suchitra
Published: February 2019

Stem Cells Ttranslational Medicine 2013;2:307-315; http://dx.doi.org/10.5966/sctm.2012-0108

The above-referenced article published on March 13, 2013 in Stem Cells Translational Medicine has been retracted by agreement between the Journal Editors and co-publishers, AlphaMed Press and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed to with acknowledgment of problems with Figure 3, which we believe make some of the data unreliable.
Metabolic Syndrome Interferes with Packaging of Proteins within Porcine Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Eirin Alfonso , Zhu Xiang-Yang , Woollard John R. , Tang Hui , Dasari Surendra , Lerman Amir , Lerman Lilach O.
Published: February 2019

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) release extracellular vesicles (EVs), which shuttle proteins to recipient cells, promoting cellular repair. We hypothesized that cardiovascular risk factors may alter the pattern of proteins packed within MSC-derived EVs. To test this, we compared the protein cargo of EVs to their parent MSCs in pigs with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and Lean controls. Porcine MSCs were harvested from abdominal fat after 16 weeks of Lean- or MetS-diet (n = 5 each), and their EVs isolated. Following liquid chromatography mass spectrometry proteomic analysis, proteins were classified based on cellular component, molecular function, and protein class. Five candidate proteins were validated by Western blot. Clustering analysis was performed to identify primary functional categories of proteins enriched in or excluded from EVs. Proteomics analysis identified 6,690 and 6,790 distinct proteins in Lean- and MetS-EVs, respectively. Differential expression analysis revealed that 146 proteins were upregulated and 273 downregulated in Lean-EVs versus Lean-MSCs, whereas 787 proteins were upregulated and 185 downregulated in MetS-EVs versus MetS-MSCs. Proteins enriched in both Lean- and MetS-EVs participate in vesicle-mediated transport and cell-to-cell communication. Proteins enriched exclusively in Lean-EVs modulate pathways related to the MSC reparative capacity, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and activation, as well as transforming growth factor-β signaling. Contrarily, proteins enriched only in MetS-EVs are linked to proinflammatory pathways, including acute inflammatory response, leukocyte transendothelial migration, and cytokine production. Coculture with MetS-EVs increased renal tubular cell inflammation. MetS alters the protein cargo of porcine MSC-derived EVs, selectively packaging specific proinflammatory signatures that may impair their ability to repair damaged tissues. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:430–440
Water sharing, reciprocity, and need: A comparative study of interhousehold water transfers in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Brewis Alexandra , Rosinger Asher , Wutich Amber , Adams Ellis , Cronk Lee , Pearson Amber , Workman Cassandra , Young Sera ,   Household Water Insecurity Experiences‐Research Coordination Network (HWISE‐RCN)
Published: February 2019

Water sharing between households could crucially mitigate short‐term household water shortages, yet it is a vastly understudied phenomenon. Here we use comparative survey data from eight sites in seven sub‐Saharan African countries (Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, and Uganda) to answer three questions: With whom do households share water? What is expected in return? And what roles do need and affordability play in shaping those transfers? We find that water is shared predominantly between neighbors, that transfers are more frequent when water is less available and less affordable, and that most sharing occurs with no expectation of direct payback. These findings identify water sharing, as a form of generalized reciprocity, to be a basic and consistent household coping strategy against shortages and unaffordability of water in sub‐Saharan Africa.
Becoming with rainwater: A study of hydrosocial relations and subjectivity in a desert city
Authors: Radonic Lucero
Published: February 2019

Across the world, desalinization, wastewater recycling, and rainwater collection are just a few of the new technological and social processes transforming human–water relations in urban areas. Although rainwater collection is an ancient technology, I argue that its formalization as a water conservation technology in American cities brings into being novel resources and subjectivities. By analyzing the implementation of rainwater collection systems in Tucson, Arizona, I explore how precipitation and urban residents become internally related through their situated engagements in a water conservation program. The analysis presented in this article draws on ethnographic insights from the everyday lived experiences of rainwater management in urban households as well as in policy analysis, landscape surveys, and semistructured interviews with rainwater harvesters, experts, and decision makers. I demonstrate how, despite their involvement in a state‐funded water conservation program, rainwater harvesters are engaging in a new economic relationship with water, not to maximize efficiency in a place of scarcity (i.e., to reduce their potable water consumption), but rather to self‐fashion themselves into what they understand to be ethical subjects in a place of scarcity. Through this case study, I thus begin to ethnographically sketch the new hydrosocial relations emerging as cities confront the dual challenges of urban growth and climate change.
Noninvasive Featherlight Wearable Compliant “Marine Skin”: Standalone Multisensory System for Deep‐Sea Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Shaikh Sohail F. , Mazo‐Mantilla Harold F. , Qaiser Nadeem , Khan Sherjeel M. , Nassar Joanna M. , Geraldi Nathan R. , Duarte Carlos M. , Hussain Muhammad M.
Published: February 2019

Advances in marine research to understand environmental change and its effect on marine ecosystems rely on gathering data on species physiology, their habitat, and their mobility patterns using heavy and invasive biologgers and sensory telemetric networks. In the past, a lightweight (6 g) compliant environmental monitoring system: Marine Skin was demonstrated. In this paper, an enhanced version of that skin with improved functionalities (500–1500% enhanced sensitivity), packaging, and most importantly its endurance at a depth of 2 km in the highly saline Red Sea water for four consecutive weeks is reported. A unique noninvasive approach for attachment of the sensor by designing a wearable, stretchable jacket (bracelet) that can adhere to any species irrespective of their skin type is also illustrated. The wearable featherlight (<0.5 g in air, 3 g with jacket) gadget is deployed on Barramundi, Seabream, and common goldfish to demonstrate the noninvasive and effective attachment strategy on different species of variable sizes which does not hinder the animals' natural movement or behavior.
Five-dimensional Super-Yang-Mills and its Kaluza-Klein tower
Authors: Gustavsson Andreas
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We compactify the abelian 6d (1,0) tensor multiplet on a circle bundle, thus reducing the theory down to 5d SYM while keeping all the KK modes. This abelian classical field theory, when interpreted suitably, has a nonlocal superconformal symmetry. Furthermore, a nonabelian generalization, where all the KK modes are kept, is possible for the nonlocal superconformal symmetry, whereas for the local superconformal symmetry we can only realize a subgroup.
Gluon fragmentation into quarkonium at next-to-leading order using FKS subtraction
Authors: Artoisenet Pierre , Braaten Eric
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We present the calculation at next-to-leading order (NLO) in α

s
of the fragmentation function of a gluon into heavy quarkonium in the color-octet spin-singlet S-wave channel. To calculate the real NLO corrections, we adapt a subtraction scheme introduced by Frixione, Kunszt, and Signer. Ultraviolet and infrared divergences in the real NLO corrections are calculated analytically by evaluating the phase-space integrals of the subtraction terms using dimensional regularization. The subtracted phase-space integrals are then evaluated in 4 space-time dimensions. The divergences in the virtual NLO corrections are also calculated analytically. After renormalization, all the divergences cancel. The NLO corrections significantly increase the fragmentation probability for a gluon into the spin-singlet quarkonium states η

c
and η

b
.
Electric dipole moment constraints on CP-violating light-quark Yukawas
Authors: Brod Joachim , Skodras Dimitrios
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Nonstandard CP violation in the Higgs sector can play an essential role in electroweak baryogenesis. We calculate the full two-loop matching conditions of the standard model, with Higgs Yukawa couplings to light quarks modified to include arbitrary CPviolating phases, onto an effective Lagrangian comprising CP-odd electric and chromoelectric light-quark (up, down, and strange) dipole operators. We find large isospin-breaking contributions of the electroweak diagrams. Using these results, we obtain significant constraints on the phases of the light-quark Yukawas from experimental bounds on the neutron and mercury electric dipole moments.
Polarized microglia do not influence oligodendrocyte lineage cells via astrocytes
Authors: Gingele Stefan , Merkel Lukas , Prajeeth Chittappen K. , Kronenberg Jessica , von Hoevel Friederike Freiin , Skripuletz Thomas , Gudi Viktoria , Stangel Martin
Published: February 2019

Microglia can adopt different activation patterns, ranging from a pro‐inflammatory M1‐ to an anti‐inflammatory M2‐like phenotype in which they play crucial roles in various neuroinflammatory diseases. M2‐like microglia are described to drive remyelination, whereas detrimental effects have been attributed to M1‐like microglia. How polarized microglia might act on oligodendrocyte lineage cells indirectly by influencing astrocytes has not been studied in detail. In this study, conditioned media from polarized murine microglia were used to treat astrocytes and astrocytic gene expression was analyzed by microarray for genes known to influence oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Supernatants of astrocytes previously stimulated with soluble effectors from polarized microglia were used to investigate effects on oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC). Growth factors known to induce OPC proliferation, differentiation, and survival were upregulated in astrocytes treated with supernatants from M1‐like microglia while M0‐ and M2‐like microglia only had negligible effects on the expression of these factors in astrocytes. Despite the upregulation of these factors in M1 stimulated astrocytes there were no significant effects on OPC in vitro. All astrocyte supernatants induced proliferation of A2B5+ OPC and inhibited differentiation of OPC into mature oligodendrocytes. A trend toward enhanced migration of OPC was induced by M1 stimulated astrocytes. Our data suggest that M1‐like microglia may potentially influence OPC and remyelination indirectly via astrocytes by inducing the expression of respective growth factors, however, this has no significant effect in addition to the already strong effects of unstimulated astrocytes on OPC. Nevertheless, the observed effect may be of relevance in other pathophysiological scenarios.
Cambodia
Authors: Un Kheang
Published: February 2019

Drawing data from multiple sources, Un argues that following the 1993 United Nations intervention to promote democracy, the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) perpetuated a patronage state weak in administrative capacity but strong in coercive capacity. This enabled them to maintain the presence of electoral authoritarianism, but increased political awareness among the public, the rise in political activism among community-based organizations and a united opposition led to the emergence of a counter-movement. Sensing that this counter-movement might be unstoppable, the CPP has returned Cambodia to authoritarianism, a move made possible in part by China's pivot to Cambodia.
Making Policy in a Complex World
Authors: Cairney Paul , Heikkila Tanya , Wood Matthew
Published: February 2019

This provocative Element is on the 'state of the art' of theories that highlight policymaking complexity. It explains complexity in a way that is simple enough to understand and use. The primary audience is policy scholars seeking a single authoritative guide to studies of 'multi-centric policymaking'. It synthesises this literature to build a research agenda on the following questions: 1. How can we best explain the ways in which many policymaking 'centres' interact to produce policy? 2. How should we research multi-centric policymaking? 3. How can we hold policymakers to account in a multi-centric system? 4. How can people engage effectively to influence policy in a multi-centric system? However, by focusing on simple exposition and limiting jargon, Paul Cairney, Tanya Heikkila, Matthew Wood also speak to a far wider audience of practitioners, students, and new researchers seeking a straightforward introduction to policy theory and its practical lessons.
The sequential loss of allelic diversity
Authors: Achaz Guillaume , Lambert Amaury , Schertzer Emmanuel
Published: February 2019

In this paper we give a new flavour to what Peter Jagers and his co-authors call `the path to extinction'. In a neutral population of constant size N, assume that each individual at time 0 carries a distinct type, or allele. Consider the joint dynamics of these N alleles, for example the dynamics of their respective frequencies and more plainly the nonincreasing process counting the number of alleles remaining by time t. Call this process the extinction process. We show that in the Moran model, the extinction process is distributed as the process counting (in backward time) the number of common ancestors to the whole population, also known as the block counting process of the N-Kingman coalescent. Stimulated by this result, we investigate whether it extends (i) to an identity between the frequencies of blocks in the Kingman coalescent and the frequencies of alleles in the extinction process, both evaluated at jump times, and (ii) to the general case of Λ-Fleming‒Viot processes.
Persistence of small noise and random initial conditions
Authors: Baker J. , Chigansky P. , Hamza K. , Klebaner F. C.
Published: February 2019

The effect of small noise in a smooth dynamical system is negligible on any finite time interval; in this paper we study situations where the effect persists on intervals increasing to ∞. Such an asymptotic regime occurs when the system starts from an initial condition that is sufficiently close to an unstable fixed point. In this case, under appropriate scaling, the trajectory converges to a solution of the unperturbed system started from a certainrandominitial condition. In this paper we consider the case of one-dimensional diffusions on the positive half-line; this case often arises as a scaling limit in population dynamics.
Multi-type subcritical branching processes in a random environment
Authors: Vatutin Vladimir , Wachtel Vitali
Published: February 2019

We study the asymptotic behavior of the survival probability of a multi-type branching process in a random environment. In the one-dimensional situation, the class of processes considered corresponds to the strongly subcritical case. We also prove a conditional limit theorem describing the distribution of the number of particles in the process given its survival for a long time.
Multi-Method Research in the Social Sciences: A Review of Recent Frameworks and a Way Forward
Authors: Beach Derek
Published: February 2019

This article reviews recent attempts to develop multi-method social scientific frameworks. The article starts by discussing the ontological and epistemological foundations underlying case studies and variance-based approaches, differentiating approaches into bottom-up, case-based and top-down, variance-based approaches. Case-based approaches aim to learn how a causal process works within a case, whereas variance-based approaches assess mean causal effects across a set of cases. However, because of the different fundamental assumptions, it is very difficult for in-depth studies of individual cases to communicate meaningfully with claims about mean causal effects across a large set of cases. The conclusions discuss the broader challenges this distinction has for the study of comparative politics more broadly.
Curvature-induced deformations of the vortex rings generated at the exit of a rectangular duct
Authors: Ghasemi Abbas , Tuna Burak Ahmet , Li Xianguo
Published: February 2019

Rectangular air jets of aspect ratio$2$are studied at$Re=UD_{h}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}=17\,750$using particle image velocimetry and hot-wire anemometry as they develop naturally or under acoustic forcing. The velocity spectra and the spatial theory of linear stability characterize the fundamental ($f_{n}$) and subharmonic ($f_{n}/2$) modes corresponding to the Kelvin–Helmholtz roll-up and vortex pairing, respectively. The rectangular cross-section of the jet deforms into elliptic/circular shapes downstream due to axis switching. Despite the apparent rotation of the vortex rings or the jet cross-section, the axis-switching phenomenon occurs due to reshaping into rounder geometries. By enhancing the vortex pairing, excitation at$f_{n}/2$shortens the potential core, increases the jet spread rate and eliminates the overshoot typically observed in the centreline velocity fluctuations. Unlike circular jets, the skewness and kurtosis of the rectangular jets demonstrate elevated anisotropy/intermittency levels before the end of the potential core. The axis-switching location is found to be variable by the acoustic control of the relative expansion/contraction rates of the shear layers in the top (longer edge), side (shorter edge) and diagonal views. The self-induced vortex deformations are demonstrated by the spatio-temporal evolution of the phase-locked three-dimensional ring structures. The curvature-induced velocities are found to reshape the vortex ring by imposing nonlinear azimuthal perturbations occurring at shorter wavelengths with time/space evolution. Eventually, the multiple high-curvature/high-velocity regions merge into a single mode distribution. In the plane of the top view, the self-induced velocity distribution evolves symmetrically while the tilted ring results in the asymmetry of the azimuthal perturbations in the side view as the side closer to the acoustic source rolls up in more upstream locations.
A pointwise characterisation of the PDE system of vectorial calculus of variations in L∞
Authors: Ayanbayev Birzhan , Katzourakis Nikos
Published: February 2019

Let n, $N \in {\open N}$ with $\Omega \subseteq {\open R}^n$ open. Given ${\rm H} \in C^2(\Omega \times {\open R}^N \times {\open R}^{Nn})$, we consider the functional
1$${\rm E}_\infty (u,{\rm {\cal O}})\, : = \, \mathop {{\rm ess}\,\sup}\limits_{\rm {\cal O}} {\rm H}(\cdot, u,{\rm D}u),\quad u\in W_{{\rm loc}}^{1,\infty} (\Omega, {\open R}^N),\quad {\rm {\cal O}}{\Subset}\Omega.$$
The associated PDE system which plays the role of Euler–Lagrange equations in $L^\infty $ is
2$$\left\{\matrix{{\rm H}_{P}(\cdot, u, {\rm D}u)\, {\rm D}\left({\rm H}(\cdot, u, {\rm D} u)\right) = \, 0, \hfill \cr {\rm H}(\cdot, u, {\rm D} u) \, [\![{\rm H}_{P}(\cdot, u, {\rm D} u)]\!]^\bot \left({\rm Div}\left({\rm H}_{P}(\cdot, u, {\rm D} u)\right)- {\rm H}_{\eta}(\cdot, u, {\rm D} u)\right) = 0,\hfill}\right.$$
where $[\![A]\!]^\bot := {\rm Proj}_{R(A)^\bot }$. Herein we establish that generalised solutions to (2) can be characterised as local minimisers of (1) for appropriate classes of affine variations of the energy. Generalised solutions to (2) are understood as ${\cal D}$-solutions, a general framework recently introduced by one of the authors.
Impairment of pupation by RNA interference-aided knockdown of Broad-Complex gene in Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
Authors: Xu Q.-Y. , Meng Q.-W. , Deng P. , Fu K.-Y. , Guo W.-C. , Li G.-Q.
Published: February 2019

Dietary delivery of bacterially expressed double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has a great potential for management ofLeptinotarsa decemlineata. An important first step is to discover possible RNA-interference (RNAi)-target genes effective against larvae, especially the old larvae. In the present paper, five putativeBroad-Complex(BrC) cDNAs (Z1-Z4, andZ6) were identified inL. decemlineata. The expression of the fiveLdBrCisoforms was suppressed by juvenile hormone signaling, whereas the transcription was upregulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling at the fourth (final) instar larval stage. Feeding of bacterially expressed dsBrC(derived from a common fragment of the fiveLdBrCvariants) in the third- and fourth-instar larvae successfully knocked down the target mRNAs. For the fourth-instarLdBrCRNAi hypomorphs, they had a higher larval mortality compared with the controls. Moreover, most dsBrC-fed beetles did not pupate normally. After removal of the apolysed larval cuticle, a miniature adult was found. The adult head, compound eyes, prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax were found on the dorsal view. Distinct adult cuticle pigmentation was seen on the prothorax. The mouthparts, forelegs, midlegs, and hindlegs could be observed on the ventral view of the miniature adults. For the third-instarLdBrCRNAi specimens, around 20% moribund beetles remained as prepupae and finally died. Therefore,LdBrCis among the most attractive candidate genes for RNAi to control the fourth-instar larvae inL. decemlineata.
Diet, menopause and the risk of ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer
Authors: Dunneram Yashvee , Greenwood Darren C. , Cade Janet E.
Published: February 2019

Menopause, the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle, marks the end of a woman's reproductive lifespan. In addition to changes in sex hormone levels associated with menopause, its timing is another predictor of future health outcomes such as duration of the presence of vasomotor symptoms (VMS) and the risk of hormone-related cancers. With ageing of the population, it is estimated that worldwide 1·2 billion women will be menopausal by the year 2030. Previously the effects of reproductive factors (e.g. parity, age at menarche, pregnancy) and socio-demographic factors on intermediate and long-term health outcomes of menopause have been widely documented. However, little is known about whether diet could have an impact on these. Therefore, we review current evidence on the associations of diet with menopause, presence of VMS and the risk of hormone-related cancers such as ovarian, endometrial and breast cancer. Dietary factors could influence the lifespan of the ovaries and sex-hormones levels, hence the timing of natural menopause. Few studies reported an association between diet, in particular soya consumption, and a reduced risk of VMS. Sustained oestrogen exposure has been associated with a higher risk of hormone-related cancers and thus high-fat and meat diets have been linked with an increased risk of these cancers. However, to better understand the mechanistic pathways involved and to make stronger conclusions for these relationships, further studies investigating the associations of dietary intakes and dietary patterns with menopause, presence of VMS and the risk of hormone-related cancers are required.
Speaking and Signifying
Authors: Charlton William
Published: February 2019

After (1) a brief introduction I (2) compare accounts of what it is to say something I find in Plato, Frege and Grice, and I distinguish linguistic from practical meaning and words that signify things from ‘syncategorematic’ or ‘grammatical’ words. I then (3) argue that the relation between a signifying word and what it signifies must be understood in terms of two complementary acts, already recognised in antiquity, quantifying and predicating. Discussing quantification (4), I show how problems about universals can be avoided by accepting Aristotle's distinction between possible and actual existence. Discussing predication (5), I defend Aristotle's view that there are more forms of predication than one, and consider this issue in connection with non-mathematical discourse.
Navigating Life: A Taxonomy of Wayfinding Behaviours
Authors: Barker Andrew
Published: February 2019

This paper presents a taxonomy of human wayfinding behaviours. For the purposes of this paper, wayfinding is purposeful navigating in everyday life, in man-made environments, traversing an environment or aiming for an objective with which the individual is unfamiliar. The taxonomy is developed through a review of wayfinding literature from research and practice, user studies conducted specifically for this research and a process of thinking by designing. This taxonomy can also be applied to navigating in documents printed on paper and on-screen, but this paper concentrates on behaviours in environmental space. This taxonomy creates twelve categories of behaviour differentiated by the characteristics of the information that they use. The categories of behaviour are also separated into three groups: social, semantic and spatial. This paper briefly describes and gives examples of each of the categories of behaviour. This is followed by insights into the behaviours from user studies conducted by the author. (This paper borrows its title from Cohen, 2015).
Aldehyde dehydrogenase in fresh primordial germ cells as a marker of cell ‘stemness’
Authors: Svoradová Andrea , Vašíček Jaromír , Ostró Alexander , Chrenek Peter
Published: February 2019

Chicken primordial germ cells (PGCs) are the primary pluripotent stem cell types that will differentiate towards germ cells. High aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity is considered as a functional marker for the detection of cell ‘stemness’. In our study the ALDEFLUOR™ kit was used for determination of ALDH activity in PGCs. PGCs were co-stained with diethylaminobenzaldehyde (DEAB) and ALDH and analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results showed a small cell population (8.0 ± 3.3%) upon preincubation of the cells with the specific inhibitor DEAB, however cells without inhibitor staining showed a fluorescence shift as an ALDH-positive population (70.5 ± 1.6%). These findings indicate higher expression of ALDH in PGCs and ALDH activity can therefore be used as a new functional marker for the detection of cell ‘stemness’ in chicken PGCs. These results may have importance for characterization of PGCs as a potential genetic resource in poultry. Further research is necessary to elucidate the role of this functional marker in these cells.
Kant and Crusius on Belief and Practical Justification
Authors: Gava Gabriele
Published: February 2019

Kant’s account of practical justification for belief has attracted much attention in the literature, especially in recent years. In this context, scholars have generally emphasized the originality of Kant’s thought about belief (Glaube), and Kant indeed offers a definition of belief that is very different from views that were prevalent in eighteenth-century Germany. In this article, however, I argue that it is very likely that Christian August Crusius exerted influence on Kant’s definition of belief and his account of practical justification. In turn, acknowledging this influence has relevant consequences for how we understand the phenomenology of Kantian belief.
Leaving the Enchanted World Behind: Kant on the Order of Nature, Empirical Space and the Possibility of Miracles
Authors: Reichl Pavel
Published: February 2019

Despite relative neglect in the literature, Kant’s published and unpublished writings in theoretical philosophy reveal a sustained and at times ambivalent effort to come to terms with the problem of miracles. Because they entail a form of supernatural causation that undermines the law-governedness of the order of nature, miracles pose a significant problem for Kant’s metaphysics. I explore in detail Kant’s account of miracles in conjunction with the relevant aspects of his metaphysics of nature in order to establish in what sense miracles are possible, and how they fit into Kant’s architectonic more generally.
A NOTE ON THE INTERSECTIONS OF THE BESICOVITCH SETS AND ERDŐS–RÉNYI SETS
Authors: LI JINJUN , WU MIN
Published: February 2019

For $x\in (0,1]$ and a positive integer $n,$ let $S_{\!n}(x)$ denote the summation of the first $n$ digits in the dyadic expansion of $x$ and let $r_{n}(x)$ denote the run-length function. In this paper, we obtain the Hausdorff dimensions of the following sets: $$\begin{eqnarray}\bigg\{x\in (0,1]:\liminf _{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac{S_{\!n}(x)}{n}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC},\limsup _{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac{S_{\!n}(x)}{n}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD},\lim _{n\rightarrow \infty }\frac{r_{n}(x)}{\log _{2}n}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\bigg\},\end{eqnarray}$$ where $0\leq \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\leq \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}\leq 1$, $0\leq \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}\leq +\infty$.
Humanness in the 3rd Person Singular Personal Pronoun in Alemannic Dialects
Authors: Baechler Raffaela
Published: February 2019

This paper surveys the emergence of the categoryhumannessin the 3rd person singular personal pronoun in Alemannic (southwest German) dialects. The first part shows that some Alemannic dialects have developed a human/nonhuman distinction in the 3rd person singular neuter personal pronoun: a marked form encoding the human direct object has emerged. The emergence of this form can be explained by the differential object marking hypothesis. The second part reports on a pilot study of the 3rd person singular personal pronoun in Sense Alemannic on the basis of new data. In this dialect, humanness is distinguished not only in the neuter but also in the masculine and feminine. Additionally, some instances are observed that violate the differential object marking principle. Thus, both principles (humanness marking and the differential object marking) form part of the grammar, but the latter one may be violated.*
We've Always Done It This Way
Authors: Vickery Barry
Published: February 2019

This article represents a summary of the plenary session that Barry Vickery presented to delegates at the 2018 BIALL Conference in Birmingham. It explored the changing role of technology in a range of different markets and showed how different management styles, attitudes and strategies have created very different outcomes for those respective companies. Those that have chosen to ignore technology have generally suffered, fallen behind the competition and in ever increasing numbers, gone bust. Parallels were drawn between these companies and professional services today. Are there lessons we can take from these failures that we can use in our working life, even in our personal lives, or do we just keep our head down and convince ourselves that ‘We've always done it this way’?
Interview with the New Head of the Library of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law
Authors: Holland Claudia , Murray Liz
Published: February 2019

In this article, where Liz Murray, Information Resources Manager at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (IALS) in London, interviews Claudia Holland, Head of the Library of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law, the strategic direction of the new Head Librarian is explored. The strengths of this major international, comparative private law library are considered and the balance between providing electronic access to law resources while still maintaining an excellent legal print collection is examined. The importance of networks and collaboration is also highlighted.
The Crustacea of the Insect Bed (latest Eocene) of the Isle of Wight, England, including the first spinicaudatan (clam shrimp) from the British Cenozoic
Authors: GALLEGO Oscar F. , YAN-BIN Shen , JARZEMBOWSKI Ed , SLIPPER Ian J. , SELF Angela , MONFERRAN Mateo D.
Published: February 2019

The crustacean fauna of the Insect Bed (late Eocene), Isle of Wight is reviewed. The fauna comprises the branchiopodBranchipodites vectensisWoodward, 1879, ostracodPotamocypris brodieiJones and Sherborn, 1889, and isopodEosphaeroma margarum(Desmarest, 1822). In addition a new clam shrimp (Crustacea: Diplostraca: Spinicaudata) is described and namedParaleptestheria mitchellisp. nov. This is the first record of the genus outside China and the first ‘conchostracan' to be described from the European Cenozoic.
New lacewings from the Insect Bed (late Eocene) of the Isle of Wight (Neuroptera: Nemopteridae, Chrysopidae, Hemerobiidae)
Authors: NEL André , JARZEMBOWSKI Edmund A.
Published: February 2019

New fossils of the families Nemopteridae and Chrysopidae are recorded and a new species of Hemerobiidae, Sympherobius yulei sp. nov., is described from the late Eocene Insect Bed of the Isle of Wight. The new nemopterid belongs to the tribe Stenonemiini and is very similar to a specimen already recorded from the Early Oligocene of Alsace (France), suggesting that these warm-climate insects were not affected by the ‘Oi-1 Glaciation' cooling.
Kurzversion des Big Five Inventory für Kinder und Jugendliche (BFI-K KJ)
Authors: Kupper Katharina , Krampen Dorothea , Rammstedt Beatrice , Rohrmann Sonja
Published: February 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die Kurzversion des Big Five Inventory für Kinder und Jugendliche (BFI-K KJ) stellt einen deutschsprachigen Selbstbeurteilungsfragebogen zur Erfassung von Extraversion, Verträglichkeit, Gewissenhaftigkeit, Neurotizismus und Offenheit für Erfahrungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen dar. Der Fragebogen wurde basierend auf einer Stichprobe von N = 267 Kindern und Jugendlichen im Alter von 9 bis 16 Jahren ( M = 11.77, SD = 2.08; 52 % Mädchen) entwickelt und umfasst 26 Items. Die internen Konsistenzanalysen, Retest-Reliabilitäten und Interkorrelationen der Skalen sprechen für die Zuverlässigkeit des Verfahrens. Auch erweist sich das Verfahren als valide: So konnten (a) die 5-Faktoren-Struktur in einer Exploratorischen Faktorenanalyse (EFA) sowie in einem Explorativen Strukturgleichungsmodell (ESEM) bestätigt, (b) die konvergente und diskriminante Validität gestützt, (c) die aus der Literatur bekannten Zusammenhänge der Big Five mit Außenkriterien wie Alter und Geschlecht und (d) die Kriteriumsvalidität an einer klinischen Stichprobe aufgezeigt werden. Mit dem BFI-K KJ liegt demnach ein ökonomisches sowie reliables und valides Verfahren zur Erfassung der Big Five-Persönlichkeitsfaktoren für Kinder und Jugendliche vor.
Attenuation of Storm Surges by Coastal Mangroves
Authors: Montgomery J. M. , Bryan K. R. , Mullarney J. C. , Horstman E. M.
Published: February 2019

The interaction between mangroves and storm surges is explored using an analytical solution. A simplified momentum equation, balancing vegetation drag and pressure gradient, is combined with the continuity equation resulting in a diffusion equation. Assuming a simplified environment, a one‐dimensional analytical solution is obtained to predict peak surge level across a forest. The solution accurately reproduces peak water level of a 10‐year return period flood event in mangroves in the Firth of Thames, New Zealand, and in Ten Thousand Islands, Florida, during Hurricane Charley. Vegetation properties that determine the capacity of mangroves to reduce surges are forest density and cross‐shore extent. Storm characteristics—flood duration and peak water level at the forest fringe—also influence surge attenuation. Mangroves are shown to be an effective form of coastal flood protection if forests are sufficiently wide/dense, relative to the surge decay length scale, to restrict water exchange during a storm.
Parameterizing Sea Surface Temperature Cooling Induced by Tropical Cyclones: 1. Theory and An Application to Typhoon Matsa (2005)
Authors: Liu Xin , Wei Jun , Zhang Da‐Lin , Miller William
Published: February 2019

Sea surface temperature cooling (SSTC) induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) could produce a significant impact on the TC intensity. Although a coupled atmosphere‐ocean model could provide such SSTC, various challenges associated with coupled modeling often lead many TC researchers to continue to use atmosphere‐only models. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to develop a fast, robust, and effective parameterization scheme for TC‐induced SSTC that can be used in atmosphere‐only TC models. The following three steps are taken to achieve this goal: (i) Results from an idealized ocean simulation, together with theoretical and temperature budget analyses, are analyzed to isolate each major mechanism causing TC‐induced SSTC, which is then used as a basis for the parameterization; (ii) building upon the idealized ocean simulation, a new SSTC parameterization scheme including vertical mixing, advection, and SST recovery processes under the influences of sea surface height anomalies and ocean subsurface temperature is developed; and (iii) this SSTC parameterization scheme is evaluated through numerical simulations of Typhoon Matsa (2005) and validated against remote sensing data. Results show significant improvements in the simulated TC intensity and SST changes after applying this parameterization scheme. Although further testing with more TC cases is needed, these results are promising, and the parameterization scheme should be compatible with any TC weather prediction model.
The Akkadian Empire—Felled by Dust?
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: February 2019

Chemical measurements of a stalagmite from a cave in Iran reveal a large uptick in dust activity in northern Mesopotamia roughly 4,200 years ago, coincident with the decline of the Akkadian Empire.
Cyanobacterial antimetabolite 7-deoxy-sedoheptulose blocks the shikimate pathway to inhibit the growth of prototrophic organisms
Authors: Brilisauer Klaus , Rapp Johanna , Rath Pascal , Schöllhorn Anna , Bleul Lisa , Weiß Elisabeth , Stahl Mark , Grond Stephanie , Forchhammer Karl
Published: February 2019

Antimetabolites are small molecules that inhibit enzymes by mimicking physiological substrates. We report the discovery and structural elucidation of the antimetabolite 7-deoxy-sedoheptulose (7dSh). This unusual sugar inhibits the growth of various prototrophic organisms, including species of cyanobacteria, Saccharomyces, and Arabidopsis. We isolate bioactive 7dSh from culture supernatants of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. A chemoenzymatic synthesis of 7dSh using S. elongatus transketolase as catalyst and 5-deoxy-d-ribose as substrate allows antimicrobial and herbicidal bioprofiling. Organisms treated with 7dSh accumulate 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate, which indicates that the molecular target is 3-dehydroquinate synthase, a key enzyme of the shikimate pathway, which is absent in humans and animals. The herbicidal activity of 7dSh is in the low micromolar range. No cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells have been observed. We propose that the in vivo inhibition of the shikimate pathway makes 7dSh a natural antimicrobial and herbicidal agent.