bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric dispersal is a critical element of concordance between biophysical dispersal models and spatial genetic structure in Great Barrier Reef corals
Authors: Riginos Cynthia , Hock Karlo , Matias Ambrocio M. , Mumby Peter J. , van Oppen Madeleine J. H. , Lukoschek Vimoksalehi
Published: July 2019

Aim

Widespread coral bleaching, crown‐of‐thorns seastar outbreaks, and tropical storms all threaten foundational coral species of the Great Barrier Reef, with impacts differing over time and space. Yet, dispersal via larval propagules could aid reef recovery by supplying new settlers and enabling the spread of adaptive variation among regions. Documenting and predicting spatial connections arising from planktonic larval dispersal in marine species, however, remains a formidable challenge.

Location

The Great Barrier Reef, Australia.

Methods

Contemporary biophysical larval dispersal models were used to predict long‐distance multigenerational connections for two common and foundational coral species (Acropora tenuis and Acropora millepora). Spatially extensive genetic surveys allowed us to infer signatures of asymmetric dispersal for these species and evaluate concordance against expectations from biophysical models using coalescent genetic simulations, directions of inferred gene flow, and spatial eigenvector modelling.

Results

At long distances, biophysical models predicted a preponderance of north–south connections and genetic results matched these expectations: coalescent genetic simulations rejected an alternative scenario of historical isolation; the strongest signals of inferred gene flow were from north–south; and asymmetric eigenvectors derived from north–south connections in the biophysical models were significantly better predictors of spatial genetic patterns than eigenvectors derived from symmetric null spatial models.

Main conclusions

Results are consistent with biophysical dispersal models yielding approximate summaries of past multigenerational gene flow conditioned upon directionality of connections. For A. tenuis and A. millepora, northern and central reefs have been important sources to downstream southern reefs over the recent evolutionary past and should continue to provide southward gene flow. Endemic genetic diversity of southern reefs suggests substantial local recruitment and lack of long‐distance gene flow from south to north.
Women's views on screening for Type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: a systematic review, qualitative synthesis and recommendations for increasing uptake
Authors: Dennison R. A. , Fox R. A. , Ward R. J. , Griffin S. J. , Usher‐Smith J. A.
Published: July 2019

Aim

Many women do not attend recommended glucose testing following a pregnancy affected by gestational diabetes (GDM). We aimed to synthesize the literature regarding the views and experiences of women with a history of GDM on postpartum glucose testing, focusing on barriers and facilitators to attendance.

Methods

We systematically identified qualitative studies that examine women's experiences following GDM relating to glucose testing (diabetes screening) or experience of interventions to promote uptake of testing. We conducted a thematic synthesis to develop descriptive and then analytical themes, then developed recommendations to increase uptake based on the findings. We evaluated the quality of each study and the confidence that we had in the recommendations using published checklists.

Results

We included 16 articles after screening 23 160 citations and 129 full texts. We identified four themes of influences relating to the healthcare system and personal factors that affected both ability and motivation to attend: relationship with health care, logistics of appointments and tests, family‐related practicalities and concern about diabetes. We developed 10 recommendations addressing diabetes risk information and education, and changes to healthcare systems to promote increased attendance at screening in this population, most with high or moderate confidence.

Conclusions

We have identified a need to improve women's understanding about Type 2 diabetes and GDM, and to adjust healthcare provision during and after pregnancy to decrease barriers and increase motivation for testing. Encouraging higher uptake by incorporating these recommendations into practice will enable earlier management of diabetes and improve long‐term outcomes.
Life‐history traits of the Whiting polyploid line of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis
Authors: Leung Kelley , van de Zande Louis , Beukeboom Leo W.
Published: July 2019

In hymenopterans, males are normally haploid (1n) and females diploid (2n), but individuals with divergent ploidy levels are frequently found. In species with ‘complementary sex determination’ (CSD), increasing numbers of diploid males that are often infertile or unviable arise from inbreeding, presenting a major impediment to biocontrol breeding. Non‐CSD species, which are common in some parasitoid wasp taxa, do not produce polyploids through inbreeding. Nevertheless, polyploidy also occurs in non‐CSD Hymenoptera. As a first survey on the impacts of inbreeding and polyploidy of non‐CSD species, we investigate life‐history traits of a long‐term laboratory line of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) (‘Whiting polyploid line’) in which polyploids of both sexes (diploid males, triploid females) are viable and fertile. Diploid males produce diploid sperm and virgin triploid females produce haploid and diploid eggs. We found that diploid males did not differ from haploid males with respect to body size, progeny size, mate competition, or lifespan. When diploid males were mated to many females (without accounting for mating order), the females produced a relatively high proportion of male offspring, possibly indicating that these males produce less sperm and/or have reduced sperm functionality. In triploid females, parasitization rate and fecundity were reduced and body size was slightly increased, but there was no effect on lifespan. After one generation of outbreeding, lifespan as well as parasitization rate were increased, and a body size difference was no longer apparent. This suggests that outbreeding has an effect on traits observed in an inbred polyploidy background. Overall, these results indicate some phenotypic detriments of non‐CSD polyploids that must be taken into account in breeding.
Variation in susceptibility and selection for resistance to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in Mediterranean populations of Orius laevigatus
Authors: Balanza Virginia , Mendoza Jose Enrique , Bielza Pablo
Published: July 2019

Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam are neonicotinoids that have been tested in several Orius species, including Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), but not the variability in their effect among Orius populations of a single species. In this study, the variation in susceptibility to imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in 30 Mediterranean wild populations and four commercial populations of O. laevigatus was investigated in the laboratory using a standard dip bioassay method. Lethal concentration values (LC50) and the mortality of adults at the maximum field rate (MFR) were calculated. The range of LC50 of thiamethoxam was from 0.7 to 5.9 mg l−1, an 8.4‐fold variability, obtaining mortality at MFR (100 mg l−1) of >89.1% in all populations. The baseline obtained a value of 2.1 mg l−1, which is very low compared to the MFR. For imidacloprid, the LC50 varied from 7.7 to 94.7 mg l−1 (12.3‐fold variability). Mortalities at the MFR (150 mg l−1) were 57.7–99.2%, that is, more variable than for thiamethoxam. The LC50 value of the baseline was 48.7 mg l−1, also low compared to the MFR. This variation was exploited to select two populations resistant to thiamethoxam and imidacloprid, respectively. Artificial selection for on average 40 cycles significantly increased the resistance to thiamethoxam (LC50 = 149.1 mg l−1) and imidacloprid (LC50 = 309.9 mg l−1). Mortalities at the MFR in the thiamethoxam‐ and imidacloprid‐resistant populations were 44.5 and 36.9%, respectively. These results demonstrate that resistance can be enhanced in biocontrol agents by artificial selection under laboratory conditions, starting with populations showing no or very low tolerance. Our neonicotinoid‐resistant populations might enhance the wider adoption of biological control by allowing punctual or hotspot applications of neonicotinoids to control several main and secondary pests.
Climate change‐driven body size shrinking in a social wasp
Authors: Polidori Carlo , Gutiérrez‐Cánovas Cayetano , Sánchez Enrique , Tormos José , Castro Leopoldo , Sánchez‐Fernández David
Published: July 2019

1. Climate change is expected to produce shifts in species distributions as well as behavioural, life‐history, and/or morphological adaptations to find suitable conditions or cope with the altered environment. Most of our knowledge on this issue comes from studies on vertebrates, mainly endotherm species. However, it remains uncertain how small ectotherms, such as insects, respond to increased temperature.

2. This study tested whether climate change over the last 100 years (1904–2013) has affected morphological and functional traits in workers of the social wasp Dolichovespula sylvestris in the Iberian Peninsula.

3. Head width and forewing length, as well as body mass and wing area (assuming no change in shape), decreased over time and with increased mean annual temperature, even when controlling for geographical location and altitude. Interestingly, wing size decreased with a steeper slope compared with body size. If there is no change in wing shape, this would lead to an invariable wing loading (body mass:wing area ratio) over time, with potential consequences on flying ability of more recent (and thus smaller) wasp individuals.

4. These results suggest that recent climate change is leaving morphological signatures in social wasps, increasing the evidence for this phenomenon in insects. The data furthermore suggest that the known efficient thermoregulatory ability of social insect colonies may not successfully buffer the effect of global warming.
The influence of gender composition in a field of study on students' drop‐out of higher education
Authors: Meyer Jasmin , Strauß Susanne
Published: July 2019

Combining Tinto's classical model of student drop‐out with Kanter's assessment of minorities, this article examines the influence of gender composition in a field of study on drop‐out from higher education. Our empirical analysis is based on a sample of students who left German higher education in 2014. Our results confirm previous findings that women in gender‐atypical subjects show a higher drop‐out risk than their male fellow students. We assess several mechanisms which could contribute to explain this effect. Contrary to our expectations, social integration, in the sense of contact with lecturers, seems to be a protective factor for women and men in gender‐atypical subjects. For women in gender‐atypical fields of study, contact with peers is an additional protective factor against drop‐out. The most important mechanism to explain higher education drop‐out is women's more negative self‐assessment of their suitability for male‐dominated subjects.
Isotopic niche is not equal to trophic niche
Authors: Hette‐Tronquart Nicolas
Published: July 2019

The work of Sheppard et al. (Ecol. Lett., 21, 2018, 1395) relies on the strong assumption that isotopic niche is equal to trophic niche. Here I raise three main concerns showing that classic hypotheses built upon trophic niche cannot be directly interpreted in isotopic space. Future studies should always keep isotopic and trophic niches distinct.
The difficulty of diagnosing NCSE in clinical practice; external validation of the Salzburg criteria
Authors: Goselink Rianne J. M. , van Dillen Jeroen J. , Aerts Marjolein , Arends Johan , van Asch Charlotte , van der Linden Inge , Pasman Jaco , Saris Christiaan G. J. , Zwarts Machiel , van Alfen Nens
Published: July 2019

To improve the diagnostic accuracy of electroencephalography (EEG) criteria for nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), external validation of the recently proposed Salzburg criteria is paramount. We performed an external, retrospective, diagnostic accuracy study of the Salzburg criteria, using EEG recordings from patients with and without a clinical suspicion of having NCSE. Of the 191 EEG recordings, 12 (12%) was classified as an NCSE according to the reference standard. In the validation cohort, sensitivity was 67% and specificity was 89%. The positive predictive value was 47% and the negative predictive value was 95%. Ten patients in the control group (n = 93) were false positive, resulting in a specificity of 89.2%. The interrater agreement between the reference standards and between the scorers of the Salzburg criteria was moderate; disagreement occurred mainly in patients with an epileptic encephalopathy. The Salzburg criteria showed a lower diagnostic accuracy in our external validation study than in the original design, suggesting that they cannot replace the current practice of careful weighing of both clinical and EEG information on an individual basis.
No impact of a presumed manipulative parasite on the responses and susceptibility of fish to simulated predation
Authors: Ruehle Brandon , Poulin Robert
Published: July 2019

Parasites manipulating their host to facilitate trophic transmission is a widespread and diverse phenomenon. Trematode eye‐flukes in the family Diplostomidae infect a variety of fish species as metacercariae, many residing in the eyes. A recently described diplostomid,Tylodelphys darbyi, from the South Island of New Zealand has been found to infect common bullyGobiomorphus cotidianus, an endemic freshwater fish. Within the fish, the metacercariae move about freely in the liquid parts of the eye and are quite large. We hypothesized that increasing intensity ofT. darbyiinfection will result in increasing visual impairment, thus reducing the ability ofG. cotidianusto identify and react to a predatory threat. To test this hypothesis, we performed experiments to (a) examine the fish's reaction to a purely visual predator cue and (b) test their ability to avoid simulated predation under natural levels of infection. Among the 64 fish used in our experiments,T. darbyihad a prevalence of 98.7% with an average of 17.6 worms per fish. However, there was no relationship betweenT. darbyiintensity and either the fish's reaction to a visual predator stimulus or their ability to escape a simulated predator. Our findings indicate that despite being present in large numbers in the eyes of its fish host, the parasite appears incapable of improving its chances of trophic transmission to its avian definitive host. The results also suggest that the fishG. cotidianuscould be using other senses (e.g., olfaction and lateral line) to compensate for visual impairment, and detect and respond to predators.
Add to the map! Evaluating digitally mediated participatory mapping for grassroots sustainabilities
Authors: Nicolosi Emily , French Jim , Medina Richard
Published: July 2019

Digitally mediated participatory mapping (DGPM) has expanded significantly in recent years, along with the growth of open‐source mapping. Grassroots sustainability initiatives have exploited this opportunity, and today there are hundreds if not thousands of maps of these projects in locations around the world. However, to date little scholarly attention has been paid to participatory internet‐based mapping of grassroots sustainability projects. In this article, we begin to fill this gap by examining the potentialities and limitations of DGPM for grassroots sustainability projects from a critical geographic information systems perspective. Specifically, we investigate issues of participation, knowledge, and inclusion; and access, visibility, and sustainability. We also explore the benefits and complexities of these maps for local users and in the context of broader sustainability transitions. In so doing, we draw from our experience of participating in the process of creating and maintaining the Utah Resilience Map. We conclude with suggestions for future research in the field of participatory mapping of sustainability transitions.
Cities, transport and agglomeration: Addressing the urban mobility challenges in India
Authors: Mishra Alok Kumar
Published: July 2019

Cities are the drivers of economic growth and structural transformation in developing countries. Transport makes or mars a city. It connects people to opportunity and business to prosperity. Urban transport acts as a catalyst of growth through direct, indirect and induced effects, including those linked to agglomeration and networking externalities. Yet policy makers and planners in developing countries like India continue to neglect the economics of urban public transport. Hardly has there been any attempt to study relationships between city externalities, spatial planning, public transport infrastructure, economic growth and value capture financing. This paper delves into these aspects and presents lessons from theory for the strategies of development and financing of urban public transport in India. It is focused on the implications of urban externalities for transit‐oriented development, transport land use integration, strategic densification of growth nodes and public transport financing based on a value creation, capture and recycling paradigm.
Persistence rate of cervical human papillomavirus infections and abnormal cytology in Rwanda
Authors: Mukanyangezi MF , Rugwizangoga B , Manzi O , Rulisa S , Hellstrand K , Tobin G , Martner A , Bienvenu E , Giglio D
Published: July 2019

Objectives

In this study, we determined the incidence and persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) strains and of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) or worse cytology in 237 HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative Rwandan women and whether the interleukin (IL)‐28B single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at rs12979860 correlated with susceptibility to and persistence of HPV infection.

Methods

Cervical samples were collected at baseline and after 9, 18 and 24 months for a 40‐HPV DNA screening test and a ThinPrep Pap test. Genotyping of the IL‐28B SNP rs12979860 was performed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results

Chronic high‐risk (HR) HPV infections occurred in 56% of HIV‐positive women, while no HIV‐negative women developed HPV chronicity. High‐grade SIL (HSIL) or cancer was diagnosed in 38% of HIV‐positive women with persistent HR‐HPV infections. HIV and HR‐HPV positivity at baseline were factors associated with an increased risk of HPV persistence. Additionally, HR‐HPV positivity at baseline was associated with an increased risk of developing HSIL or worse cytology. The unfavourable T/x genotype at rs12979860 is common among Africans, and women with this genotype were found to be more commonly infected with HPV.

Conclusions

HPV screening in Rwanda may help to identify women at risk of developing cervical cancer and polymorphism in IL‐28B may be associated with risk of contracting  HPV infection.
Engineering optimisation of commercial facemask formulations capable of improving skin moisturisation
Authors: Mehta P. , Picken H. , White C. , Howarth K. , Langridge K. , Nazari K. , Taylor P. , Qutachi O. , Chang M.‐w. , Ahmad Z.
Published: July 2019

Introduction

The stratum corneum is the biggest obstacle in cosmetics with respect to skin moisturisation. Many approaches have been taken to overcome the barrier, one of which is incorporating natural cosmeceuticals into cosmetic products to enhance moisturisation effects. Here, a commercial facemask formulation was electrospun to develop dry facemasks capable of hosting cosmeceuticals within the pores of incorporated mesoporous silica.

Methods

Ethanolic solutions containing 40% w/w of the marketed facemask (7th Heaven Dead Sea peel‐off facemask) and mesoporous silica were prepared and electrically processed at 30 μL min−1 at an applied voltage of 12 ± 2 kV. In vitro characterisation and release studies using fluorescein dye as a model probe were carried out.

Results

SEM images confirmed the fibrous nature of the resulting matrix; showing an average fiber diameter of 298.32 nm. The electrospun mask was found to be advantageous due to this fibrous nature providing high active loading capacity whilst demonstrating 100% probe release within 60 min. Contact Angle hysteresis, thermal analysis and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) presented evidence of compatibility and stability of and within the formulation.

Conclusion

Adapting the formulation of a commercial polymeric facemask into an electrospun facemask has shown the versatility of the electrospinning process; now successfully crossing over into the cosmetic industry.
Financial versus operating liability leverage and audit fees
Authors: Barua Abhijit , Hossain Md. Safayat , Rama Dasaratha V.
Published: July 2019

We argue that different types of leverage have different implications for audit risk and audit fees, and hence need to be separately examined. Using data from the years 2004 to 2016, we find that operating liability leverage is positively associated with audit fees and that financing leverage is negatively related to audit fees. The results suggest that the benefits from monitoring effects of financial leverage outweigh the costs associated with the risk of financial distress and financial misreporting. We also find that estimated operating liability leverage has a bigger effect on audit fees than contractual operating liability leverage, consistent with suggestions that auditors are more conservative in the presence of higher estimation risk. Thus, our findings highlight the importance of recognizing sources of leverage in audit risk in general and audit fee models in particular.
Loan loss provisions in large publicly quoted European banks and auditor independence
Authors: Campa Domenico , Donnelly Ray
Published: July 2019

The European Commission, citing deficiencies in the financial statements of banks during the financial crisis, has questioned the independence of the auditors of European banks at the onset of the crisis. We test for evidence of impaired auditor independence by examining if the economic bond between auditors and clients is associated with the audit quality of banks, controlling for the strength of banking regulation of the country in which a bank operates. We find no evidence of income‐increasing loan loss provisions being positively associated with the auditor–client economic bond. There is no indication that auditor independence is impaired in EU banks. Stronger country regulation is associated with more conservative provisioning before and after the formation of the European Banking Authority. We also find that the strength of banking regulation mitigates any tendency of auditors' independence to be compromised by the auditor–client economic bond.
Salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction with dansyl chloride for the determination of biogenic amines in food
Authors: Francisco Karen C. A. , Brandão Pedro F. , Ramos Rui Miguel , Gonçalves Luís Moreira , Cardoso Arnaldo A. , Rodrigues José António
Published: July 2019

Biogenic amines (BAs) are compounds present in foodstuff of animal origin that not only can be harmful to the consumer but can also serve as indicators of the product's edibility status. However, BAs’ analysis is rather complicated. Derivatisation methods have been employed to make their analysis less challenging. Salting‐out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) was herein applied to decrease time that the derivatising agent dansyl chloride (DNS‐Cl) requires to be effective. DNS‐Cl derivates were separated and analysed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with UV and fluorescence detection (HPLC‐UV/FD). It was by this way possible to analyse methylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, β‐phenylethylamine, isopentylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine in a straightforward manner in several fish‐based and meat‐based samples, obtaining results in the order of magnitude of about a few mg per kg. All calibrations curves had r2 higher than 0.99, and limits of detection ranged from 0.0075 to 1.6 mg L−1.
Texture profile of fermented rice extracts with probiotic strains and different contents of waxy maize starch, and sensory acceptance of flavoured selected extract
Authors: Kiss Firmino Dourado Costa Kássia , Resende Oliveira Érica , Chaves Ribeiro Alline Emannuele , Ribeiro Oliveira Aryane , Lázara Ribeiro Rodrigues de Barros Vinhal Gabrielle , Ferreira de Oliveira Tatianne , Caliari Márcio , Soares Júnior Manoel Soares
Published: July 2019

Rice is a staple food for a great part of the world’s population, and its processing generates a great volume of low value by‐products, such as bran and broken grains. This work aimed to elaborate fermented rice by‐products extracts with probiotic strains and with different waxy maize starch (WMS) contents (0%, 4%, 8%, 12% and 16% w/w), in order to select one with texture profile similar to Greek‐style yogurt, and to characterise the chemical composition and sensory acceptance of the selected extract added with artificial strawberry aroma and fresh strawberry syrup. The texture profile of the extract changed with WMS content and the 4% WMS fermented rice by‐products extract was the most similar to Greek‐style yogurt. The flavoured fermented rice by‐products with WMS product presented 72.67% moisture, 2.55% protein, 0.2% lipid, 0.8% ash (340 mg 100 g−1 of potassium), 27.4 µmol Trolox g−1 and 134.74 mg GAE 100 g−1 of phenolic compounds. The flavoured fermented rice by‐products extract did not show microbiological risk and presented probiotic characteristic. Regarding the sensory analysis, it was observed that the aroma stood out among the other attributes, obtaining the highest score and acceptance index, while colour, flavour and texture scored ‘liked regularly to moderately’. The flavoured fermented rice by‐products extract is an innovative product and feasible regarding the technological, physical, chemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics, having great potential to be inserted into the market.
Crystal structure and enhanced microwave dielectric properties of Ta5+ substituted Li3Mg2NbO6 ceramics
Authors: Wang Gang , Zhang Dainan , Huang Xin , Rao Yiheng , Yang Yan , Gan Gongwen , Lai Yuanming , Xu Fang , Li Jie , Liao Yulong , Liu Cheng , Jin Lichuan , Harris Vincent G. , Zhang Huaiwu
Published: July 2019

Composition and structure play dominant roles in realizing the microwave dielectric properties that are necessary for the ever‐increasing demands of the Internet of Things and related communication technologies. In the present study, the substitution of Ta5+ in Li3Mg2Nb1−xTaxO6 ceramics and its effect on the structural characteristics and microwave dielectric performances is systematically studied. All the substituted compositions were determined to be pure phase orthorhombic Li3Mg2NbO6 structure of space group Fddd. Furthermore, a NbO6 octahedral distortion, Nb‐O bond valence, packing fraction and polarizability were calculated to explore the structure‐property‐performance paradigm in the context of microwave dielectric performance. Scanning electron microscopy revealed homogeneous microstructures, with the introduction of Ta5+ promoting grain growth. Raman spectra indicated that the variation of the band (blue shift and red shift) at 771 cm−1 was highly correlated with the variation in unit cell volume. The polarizability significantly impacted ɛr values. The Q × f values were strongly influenced by the packing fraction and grain size. The changes in the NbO6 octahedral distortion and Nb–O bond valence impacted the τf values. The Li3Mg2Nb0.98Ta0.02O6 composition displayed the most dramatic improvements in microwave dielectric properties: εr = 15.58, Q × f = 113 000 GHz and τf  = −4.5 ppm/°C, providing a potential candidate for next generation microwave and millimeter‐wave applications.
Prevalence and characteristics of neuropsychiatric symptoms, quality of life and psychotropics in people with acquired brain injury in long‐term care
Authors: Kohnen Roy , Lavrijsen Jan , Smals Odile , Gerritsen Debby , Koopmans Raymond
Published: July 2019

Aim

Establishing the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), quality of life and psychotropic drug use in people aged ≤65 years with acquired brain injury in nursing homes.

Design

Cross‐sectional, observational study among patients aged 18–≤65 years with acquired brain injury admitted to special care units in Dutch nursing homes.

Methods

According to the Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects in January 2017 this study did not require ethics approval. Nursing homes will be recruited through the national acquired brain injury expertise network for patients with severe brain injury, the regional brain injury teams and by searching the internet. Patient characteristics will be collected through digital questionnaires. Neuropsychiatric symptoms will be assessed with the NeuroPsychiatric Inventory‐Nursing Home version, the Cohen–Mansfield Agitation Inventory and the St. Andrews Sexual Behaviour Assessment; cognition with the Mini‐Mental State Examination, quality of life with the Quality of Life after Brain Injury Overall Scale and activities of daily living with the Disability Rating Scale. Medication will be retrieved from the electronic prescription system. Data collection commenced in 2017 and will be followed by data analysis in 2019. Reporting will be completed in 2020.

Discussion

Little is known about NPS among patients with acquired brain injury in nursing homes. In patients up to the age of 65 years, only six studies were found on prevalence rates of NPS.

Impact

Patients with severe acquired brain injury experience lifelong consequences, that have a high impact on them and their environment. Although there is increasing attention for the survival of this vulnerable group of patients, it is also important to enlarge awareness on long‐term consequences, specifically the NPS, quality of life and psychotropic drug use in acquired brain injury. Insight into the magnitude of these issues is necessary to achieve appropriate care for these patients.
A systematic review of treatments for pityriasis lichenoides
Authors: Bellinato F. , Maurelli M. , Gisondi P. , Girolomoni G.
Published: July 2019

Pityriasis lichenoides (PL) represents a spectrum of inflammatory skin diseases comprising pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) and pityriasis lichenoides chronica (PLC). This study aimed to provide a summary of effective treatments for PL. A systematic review was performed according to PRISMA guidelines for studies investigating PL treatment including ≥3 subjects and published in English between 1 January 1970 and 15 April 2019. A total of 441 papers were screened, and 37 original manuscripts meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were found, including 12 case series, 18 reviews, four prospective studies, two comparative studies and a single randomized controlled study. In most studies, ultraviolet (UV) phototherapy (narrow‐band UVB, broadband UVB, UVA1 or PUVA) was used. Clearance rates with the different modalities are hardly comparable between different studies, ranging approximately between 70% and 100%. Narrow‐band UVB showed an efficacy similar to PUVA as such as the combination of UVA and UVB vs. PUVA. Oral erythromycin showed clearance rates ranging between 66% and 83%, whereas methotrexate up to 100% but in small and dated studies. Evidence for other treatments is scarce. There is a lack of high level of evidence studies on PL treatment. The interpretation of the results is biased by the possible auto‐resolution of the disease, the sample heterogeneity between children and adults and the short follow‐up period of the studies. Only some studies investigated how results were durable after cessation of therapy. Quality of life and the impact of treatment were never assessed. According to the results of this review, we suggest narrow‐band UVB phototherapy as first‐line treatment. Oral erythromycin with or without topical corticosteroids and low‐dose methotrexate as second‐line therapies. High‐powered studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the optimal treatment for PL.
A new potential therapeutic remedy against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) using tetra, Cotinus coggygria
Authors: Bilen Soner , Elbeshti Housam Taher Abdul Ghani
Published: July 2019

Different antibiotic‐based drugs are being used for the treatment of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in rainbow trout, and several studies emphasize the use of medicinal plants as immunostimulants for prophylactic measure against Aeromoniasis disease. However, therapeutic effects of aqueous methanolic extracts of tetra (Cotinus coggygria) against A. hydrophila in rainbow trout were not investigated. Four different concentrations of tetra extract (0 [control], 4, 8 and 12 mg/100 µl) and also two different positive control groups (florfenicol and doxycycline antibiotics) were administered orally using feeding needles to individual rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss of all experimental groups twice a day after intramuscular inoculation of A. hydrophila. The study period was for 10 days. On 0th, 3rd, 7th and 10th day, blood and tissues were collected from the fish and changes in humoral immune responses, haematology and immune‐related gene expressions were determined. In the study, superoxide radical production was decreased generally in all experimental groups except in 12 mg tetra and florfenicol treatments compared to control (p < .05). Lysozyme activity was generally decreased (p < .05), or no differences were observed in all experimental groups compared to the control. Myeloperoxidase activity was significantly increased in florfenicol‐treated fish group on 7th day (p < .05). Generally, myeloperoxidase activity showed an increase in almost all tetra‐treated groups. Haematological parameters increased but were not significantly high enough in treatments. Almost all immune‐related gene expressions were significantly enhanced on 3rd and 10th day of the study. Survival rate of 53.33% was found in control group. There were no significant differences in survival between control and 4 mg tetra‐treated group (p > .05). All the other groups' survival rate was significantly increased compared to control. The highest survival rate was found in florfenicol group (80%). In 12 mg tetra‐, doxycycline‐ and 8 mg tetra‐treated groups, survival rate was recorded as 74.44%, 70% and 70%, respectively. Our results suggest that tetra methanolic extract is an effective therapeutic remedy against A. hydrophila infection in rainbow trout at the dose of 24 mg/32.34 g body weight/day.
Recurrent Measurement of Frailty Is Important for Mortality Prediction: Findings from the North West Adelaide Health Study
Authors: Thompson Mark Q. , Theou Olga , Tucker Graeme R. , Adams Robert J. , Visvanathan Renuka
Published: July 2019

OBJECTIVES

Frailty places individuals at greater risk of adverse health outcomes. However, it is a dynamic condition and may not always lead to decline. Our objective was to determine the relationship between frailty status (at baseline and follow‐up) and mortality using both the frailty phenotype (FP) and frailty index (FI).

DESIGN

Population‐based cohort.

SETTING

Community‐dwelling older adults.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 909 individuals aged 65 years or older (55% female), mean age 74.4 (SD 6.2) years, had frailty measurement at baseline. Overall, 549 participants had frailty measurement at two time points.

MEASUREMENTS

Frailty was measured using the FP and FI, with a mean 4.5 years between baseline and follow‐up. Mortality was matched to official death records with a minimum of 10 years of follow‐up.

RESULTS

For both measures, baseline frailty was a significant predictor of mortality up to 10 years, with initially good predictive ability (area under the curve [AUC] = .8‐.9) decreasing over time. Repeated measurement at follow‐up resulted in good prediction compared with lower (AUC = .6‐.7) discrimination of equivalent baseline frailty status. In a multivariable model, frailty measurement at follow‐up was a stronger predictor of mortality compared with baseline. Frailty change for the Continuous FI was a significant predictor of decreased or increased mortality risk based on corresponding improvement or worsening of score (hazard ratio = 1.04; 95% confidence interval = 1.02‐1.07; P = .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Frailty measurement is a good predictor of mortality up to 10 years; however, recency of frailty measurement is important for improved prediction. A regular review of frailty status is required in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:2311–2317, 2019
Social Media's Role in the Dissemination of Health Information
Authors: Dunn Phillip H , Woo Benjamin K.P.
Published: July 2019

See the Reply by Lee Lindquist et al.
A survey of nurse practitioner controlled drugs and substances prescribing in three Canadian provinces
Authors: O’Rourke Tammy , Kirk Joseph , Duff Elsie , Golonka Richard
Published: July 2019

Aims and objectives

In Canada, nurse practitioners (NP) were legally authorised to prescribe controlled drugs and substances (CDS) in 2012. The objective of this study was to understand current NP‐CDS prescribing in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada. This study is a component of a larger three‐phase survey of NP practice patterns in these same provinces.

Background

Nurse practitioners are nurses with a graduate degree who have the legal authority to perform expanded functions in health systems, including prescribing CDS. Given the novelty of CDS prescribing for NPs in Canada, little is known about this component of their role.

Design

A secondary analysis of survey data collected between March 2016 and May 2017 was used to examine NP‐CDS‐prescribing patterns and identify potential associated factors.

Methods

Nurse practitioners in Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan were invited to complete a professional practice pattern survey. The survey was administered through a secure electronic data collection software application (redcap). In the practice pattern survey, 42 variables from 15 distinct conceptual questions were analysed in this study as potential predictors of NP‐CDS prescribing within a purposeful selection ordinal logistic regression model. This scientific submission has been assessed for accuracy and completeness using the Equator STROBE guideline criteria (see Appendix S1).

Results/Findings

Five variables were found to be associated with an increased odds of more frequent NP‐CDS prescribing in addition to three confounders/clinically relevant variables. Factors commonly associated with an increased frequency of NP‐CDS prescribing relate to location of practice, area of practice, previous nursing experience, team environments and common diagnoses.

Conclusion

Little is known about NP‐CDS prescribing. Understanding this important component of the NPs emerging legal scope of professional practice can contribute to the continued refinement of this role as well as support ongoing enquiry into the causes of, and potential interventions to prevent, the present opioid overdose deaths occurring while under an active prescription.

Relevance to clinical practice

Understanding factors that influence NP‐CDS prescribing has relevance to the current drug‐related prescription fatalities crisis in all countries.
Pricing Schemes and Seller Fraud: Evidence from New York City Taxi Rides
Authors: Liu Ting , Vergara‐Cobos Estefania , Zhou Yiyi
Published: July 2019

Different pricing schemes gives sellers different financial incentives to defraud consumers. Using rich microdata on New York City taxi rides, we examine the differences in traveled distance, duration and fare between trips taken by non‐local passengers and those by comparable local passengers. We find that, for trips subject to a two‐part tariff, the discrepancies are larger when the variable rate is higher, or when the expected post‐dropoff occupancy is lower; furthermore, the impact of the post‐dropoff occupancy is more pronounced when the variable rate is higher. In contrast, trips subject to a flat fare scheme do not exhibit these patterns.
Viral hepatitis
Authors: Hardikar Winita
Published: July 2019

Hepatitis viruses A to E can cause abnormal liver function tests in children. Although, overall, they are relatively uncommon in children in Australia, epidemiology diagnosis and treatment modalities for these viruses have evolved over the last decade. This review provides an update on the diagnosis and treatment of viral hepatitis in children.
Glycerol in ovo feeding as an energy substrate improves performance of broilers from young breeders
Authors: Dal Pont Gabriela Cardoso , Goes Emanuele Cristiny , da Silva Kariny Fonseca , de Oliveira Simone Gisele , da Rocha Chayane , Miorka Alex
Published: July 2019

Glycerol is one of the substrates used for glycogen production by the chicken embryo, which is the predominant energy source during the last days of incubation and during hatching. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in ovo feeding (IOF) of glycerol in the light and heavy broiler eggs derived from breeders of two different ages. Two experiments, with 672 eggs each, were carried out. The only difference between the experiments was breeder age: 32 weeks old in Exp. I and 60 weeks old in Exp. II. A completely randomized experimental design in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement was applied. Treatments consisted of three glycerol IOF doses (0, 6, or 12 mg/ml) and two egg weights (light or heavy). Incubation parameters, glycogen reserves and live performance parameters (1–7 days of age) were evaluated. Hatch of fertile eggs, embryo mortality after IOF and the number of early‐hatching chicks were not affected by the treatments in both experiments. Hatchlings from heavy eggs (68.03 ± 0.64 g) laid by young breeders and receiving 6 mg glycerol/ml showed higher liver glycogen levels than those injected with 0 or 12 mg/ml. Glycerol IOF of embryos from young breeders increased feed intake and weight gain at 7 days of age, independently of egg weight. However, different glycerol dosages had no effect on the performance of the progeny of 60‐week‐old breeders. These results show that glycerol may be used as an IOF ingredient without affecting incubation parameters. The chickens from young breeders had greater glycogen deposition with inoculation of 6 mg/ml of glycerol and better performance with glycerol administration. However, glycerol IOF did not improve the performance of the progeny of 60‐week‐old breeders. Therefore, glycogen IOF may be recommended for eggs laid by young breeders.
Digesta passage and nutrient digestibility in Boran steers at low feed intake levels
Authors: Ali Asep I.M. , Wassie Shimels E. , Korir Daniel , Goopy John P. , Merbold Lutz , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Dickhoefer Uta , Schlecht Eva
Published: July 2019

The present study evaluated the effects of energetic undernutrition on liquid and solid digesta passage and on nutrient digestibility as well as their interdependencies. Using a 4 x 4 Latin square design, 12 growing Boran steers (183 ± 15.2 kg live weight) were allocated to four levels of metabolizable energy (ME) supply fixed at 100, 80, 60 and 40% of individual maintenance energy requirements (MER) during four experimental periods. Each period comprised three weeks of adaptation, two weeks of data collection and two weeks of recovery. Diets MER80, MER60 and MER40 only consisted of Rhodes grass hay (RGH), whereas diet MER100 contained (as fed) 83% RGH, 8% cotton seed meal and 9% sugarcane molasses. Feed intake differed between treatments (p < .001) and ranged from 40 ± 0.6 g dry matter (DM) per kg of metabolic weight (kg0.75) in MER40 to 81 ± 1.3 g DM in MER100. Digestibility of neutral and acid detergent fibre (NDF, ADF) was highest at MER80, whereas rumen retention time of liquid and solid digesta was longest at MER40. The correlation of rumen retention time of liquid and solid digesta with the digestibility of proximate diet components was weak but positive, whereas the correlation of liquid and solid rumen retention time with quantitative feed and nutrient intake was strong (p < .01) and negative. Our results suggest that tropical cattle are able to buffer a moderate energy deficit by prolonging rumen retention time of digesta and hence improve diet digestibility. Conversely, a severe energy deficit cannot be buffered by digestive adaptation mechanisms and will inevitably lead to productivity losses.
Characterisation and outcome of idiopathic pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis in 64 English springer spaniel dogs
Authors: Dor C. , Gajanayake I. , Kortum A. , Day M. J. , Tappin S. , Harris B. , Battersby I. , Walker D. , Glanemann B. , Myatt P. , Dunning M. , Bexfield N.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To describe the history, clinicopathological abnormalities, diagnostic imaging findings, lymph node cytological/histological appearance, treatment and outcome of English springer spaniels diagnosed with idiopathic pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis.

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective UK‐based multicentre study, 64 dogs were recruited from 10 referral centres, 32 first‐opinion practices and three histopathology/cytology laboratories, between 2010 and 2016.

Results

The median age at presentation was 6 years (range: 0.17 to 11.75). Neutered females were frequently affected. Pyrexia (83.8%), peripheral lymphadenomegaly (78.4%), dermatological lesions (72.9%), lethargy (67.6%), hyporexia (54%), diarrhoea (29.7%), coughing (24.3%), epistaxis, sneezing or nasal discharge (21.6%), ocular signs (21.6%) and vomiting (16.2%) were reported in dogs for which the history and physical examination records were available. Popliteal (45.3%), superficial cervical (35.9%) and submandibular (37.5%) lymphadenomegaly were frequently reported. Haematology and serum biochemistry revealed non‐specific changes. When undertaken, testing for infectious diseases was negative in all cases. Lymph node cytology, histopathology or both demonstrated mixed inflammatory (27%), pyogranulomatous (24%), neutrophilic (20%) or granulomatous (11%) lymphadenitis. Treatment details were available for 38 dogs, with 34 receiving prednisolone for a median duration of 15 weeks (range: 1 to 28 weeks). A good to excellent clinical response was reported in all but one case. Ten dogs relapsed after discontinuing prednisolone.

Clinical Significance

Idiopathic pyogranulomatous lymphadenitis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for lymphadenopathy and pyrexia in English springer spaniels. The characteristics of the disease, absence of identifiable infectious aetiology and response to glucocorticoid therapy suggest an immune‐mediated aetiology.