bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Images of Anti-Temporality: An Essay in the Anthropology of Experience
Authors: Turner Victor
Published: May 2019

Let me explain the jagged, cacophonous title of this talk, which must jar on ears expectant of a disquisition on immortality, the leitmotiv of the Ingersoll lecture series. By “anti-temporality” I denote that which is opposite in kind to being temporal, that is, pertaining to, concerned with, or limited by time. By “time” I provisionally accept the first definition offered by the Oxford English Dictionary: “A limited stretch or space of continued existence, as the interval between two successive events or acts or the period through which an action, condition or state continues: a finite portion of ‘time’.” Here, however, I would detect a certain ambiguity in the phrase, “interval between two successive events or acts,” for such intervals may, in many societies, be culturally detached from natural or logical sequentiality and formed into a domain governed by anti-temporality. Here the very definition of time implies its opposite.
Worship Your Enemy: Aspects of the Cult of Heroes in Ancient Greece
Authors: Visser Margaret
Published: May 2019

Herodotus, in the course of his account of the customs of the Scythians, describes the treatment which the inhabitants of the Tauric peninsula reserve for their enemies: after consecration to Iphigeneia, they are struck on the head with a club and decapitated; their bodies are either buried or precipitated from the temple rock, and their heads are impaled on stakes. The head of a prisoner of war is stuck on a long pole which is hoisted over his victor's house. These heads of their enemies, the Taurians say, now watch over their captors' houses, guarding them from their high vantage-point (Herodotus 4.103).
Clement of Alexandria and Secret Mark: The Score at the End of the First Decade
Authors: Smith Morton
Published: May 2019

Late Spring of 1982 will see the tenth anniversary of the full publication of Clement's letter and its gospel fragments. Accordingly, this seems an appropriate occasion to review the discussion of them to date. The following review is based on about 150 published items that have come to my attention. No doubt some have been missed, but I trust these are representative.
The Israeli Approach to Evidence Obtained in Violation of the Right to Privacy
Authors: Zalfzman Nina
Published: May 2019

In the Secret Monitoring Law, 5739–1979, the Israeli legislature enacted special protection of an individual's right to privacy with respect to his conversations. The Law prohibits:

a) the secret monitoring of a person's conversation without lawful authority,

b) knowingly using, without lawful authority, any information of the contents of any conversation obtained by secret monitoring, or knowingly disclosing any such information or the contents of any such conversation to a person not authorized to receive it.

The legislature, however, grants to certain investigative authorities (The Security Service and the Police Force) the right to conduct secret monitoring pursuant to certain statutory provisions. The legislature provided for this exception to the general prohibition whenever monitoring is deemed essential for reasons of state security, or in order to prevent offences or to detect offenders.
On the Tyranny of the Law
Authors: Jackson Bernard S.
Published: May 2019

As 1984 approaches, Orwell's vision throws its forward shadow over our perception of our situation. No one ever doubted that law could be made an instrument of tyranny. But there are aspects of1984which prompt us to ask whether even the concept of law does not itself constitute a social problem, specifically a deprivation of certain freedoms which in other contexts we value. I shall not be concerned with the extent to which thecontentof particular legal systems tyrannise their subjects. Rather, my concern is with the ways in which law, by virtue of itsformalnature, deprives the subjects of a legal system of freedom. So considered, there are two quite distinct accusations of tyranny which may be levelled at the law: one is so-called “legalism”, which may be regarded as a tyranny of the (intellectual) right; the other is existentialism, viewed as a tyranny of the (intellectual) left. I shall suggest that these two tyrannies in fact represent extreme points on a single spectrum, and that this spectrum may be observed not only in the operation of legal systems, but also in legal philosophy and indeed in theology. In fact, the parallels between legal philosophy and theology may be taken to reflect different (but not historically unrelated) modes of address of the same basic issue in the history of ideas.
The Antagonistic Action of 2,4-D and Bromoxynil on Glyphosate Phytotoxicity to Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
Authors: O'Donovan J. T. , O'Sullivan P. A.
Published: May 2019

The absorption, translocation, metabolism, and retention of an isopropylamine formulation of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] in the presence and absence of the commercial dimethylamine salt and isooctyl ester formulations of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], or the commercial isooctyl ester formulation of bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) was investigated in barley (Hordeum vulgare L. 'Summit′). In all treatments, absorption of 14C-glyphosate continued for up to 24 h, but no further absorption occurred with a further 48 h of treatment. A considerable reduction in absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate occurred when it was applied to the leaf surface in a mixture with the commercial formulation of either 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, or bromoxynil. When a 14C-glyphosate solution was spotted on the leaf adjacent to drops of the commercial formulation of either 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, or bromoxynil, no reduction in absorption or translocation of 14C-glyphosate occurred. The herbicide components of the 2,4-D amine and bromoxynil formulations were solely responsible for reduced absorption and translocation of 14C-glyphosate. No 14C-glyphosate metabolites were detected in barley following treatment with 14C-glyphosate either alone or mixed with the commercial formulations of 2,4-D amine or bromoxynil. No 14C-glyphosate complexes were detected in mixtures of the commercial formulations of 2,4-D amine, 2,4-D ester, or bromoxynil with 14C-glyphosate. Barley leaves retained less glyphosate when it was spray-applied together with the commercial formulation or the solvent system of 2,4-D amine.
Benazolin and Admixtures for Common Cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicum) and Prickly Sida (Sida spinosa) Control in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Walker Robert H. , Jolley Eddie R. , McGuire John A. , Murray Don S.
Published: May 2019

Benazolin (4-chloro-2-oxobenzothiazolin-3-ylacetic acid) formulated as the dimethylamine salt was evaluated for common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) control in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] between 1977 and 1979. Benazolin was applied alone or in admixtures with acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid}, bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4 (3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) plus naptalam (N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid), and 2,4-DB [4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)butyric acid] over-the-top of soybeans {V3 to V12 [V(N); vegetative stage with “N” nodes on the main stem beginning with the unifoliolate node]}. Benazolin effectively controlled common cocklebur at rates of 0.2 and 0.4 kg/ha. Soybean tolerance was acceptable even with a repeat application of 0.4 kg/ha. Early-season (July) control was less than late season (August) because it took 2 to 3 weeks for benazolin to kill common cocklebur. Prickly sida control was poor with benazolin even at 0.6 kg/ha. Soybean tolerance and seed yields were higher when soybeans were treated with admixtures of benazolin plus bentazon than with benazolin alone. Antagonism was observed with this admixture for prickly sida and late-season common cocklebur control. Antagonism was eliminated with ratios of benazolin to bentazon of 1 to 3 applied in a single application or a 1 to 1.5 ratio repeated.
Oximes as Seed Safeners for Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) to Herbicides
Authors: Chang Tsern-Shi , Merkle Morris G.
Published: May 2019

Studies in growth chambers indicated that CGA-43089 {α-[(cyanomethoxy)imino] benzeneacetonitrile} applied at a rate of 1.25 g/kg of seed reduced the phytotoxicity of metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], bensulide [o,o-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl) benzenesulfonamide], EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), UBI-S734 {2-[(1,2,5-dimethylphenyl)ethylsulfonyl] pyridineN-oxide} and MBR-18337 {N-[4-(ethylthio)-2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] methanesulfonamide} to grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] during seed germination and seedling emergence. The protected sorghum tolerated metolachlor over a wider range of rates than it tolerated the other herbicides. CGA-43089 did not protect sorghum from the phytotoxicity of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine). Of seven other oximes tested as seed treatments, dimethylglyoxime, benzophenone oxime, pyridine-2-aldoxime, benzoin-α-oxime, and methyl thioacetohydroxamate showed promise for increasing the tolerance of grain sorghum to metolachlor. In general, higher rates of these oximes than the rate of CGA-43089 were required for equivalent protection of sorghum.
Effects of Paraquat on Harvesting and Quality of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Seed
Authors: Ahring R. M. , Stritzke J. F.
Published: May 2019

The effects of chemical desiccation of bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] before seed harvest on seed yield and quality were studied. Harvest of 57.3% of available seed was obtained with the stripper harvester after chemical desiccation with paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion). Only 44.6% of the available seed was harvested by direct combining after paraquat treatment. This was significantly better than the 31.2% seed obtained by harvesting using the conventional swathing and combining method. Paraquat severely reduced germination of unhulled seeds. The inhibitory effects of paraquat application were removed by hulling or by hulling and scarifying the caryopses before germination. Significant improvement in germination of all seed (unhulled, hulled, and hulled-scarified) resulted from use of 0.2% KNO3rather than water as a substrate moistening agent.
Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Bentazon in Sunflower (Helianthus annum)
Authors: Irons S. M. , Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

Addition of a surfactant (alkylaryl polyglycol ether) increased the rate and quantity of14C-bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] absorbed by leaves of 3-week-old hydroponically grown sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.). Autoradiographs and radioassays of plant parts indicated that the surfactant enhanced acropetal movement of bentazon in sunflower, whereas bentazon applied alone remained in the treated leaves. Basipetal movement of14C-bentazon was insignificant in sunflower. High-pressure liquid chromatography showed that 3 days after treatment 40% of the absorbed14C-bentazon was metabolized to a methanol-soluble metabolite. Thinlayer chromatography substantiated the occurrence of a14C-bentazon metabolite 3 days after treatment.
Roller Applicator for Shattercane (Sorghum bicolor) Control in Row Crops
Authors: Schneider Gregory L. , Koehler Curt B. , Schepers James S. , Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted with a roller applicator at Lincoln, Nebraska, during 1979 and 1980. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] concentrations of 5, 10, and 20% and carpet saturations of 50 and 75% controlled shattercane [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] when applied to the top 30 cm of the plant in greenhouse research. In the field, glyphosate concentrations of 5 to 20% with a carpet saturation of 50% controlled shattercane acceptably in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], but a concentration of 2.5% with 25% carpet saturation did not. Weed control was comparable whether speed of application was 3.2, 6.4, or 9.6 km/h. Shattercane control in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] was excellent at glyphosate concentrations of 5, 10, and 20% and at carpet saturations of 50 and 75%, and sorghum injury was minimal at 25 and 50% carpet saturations. The roller applicator was compared to a ropewick applicator for shattercane control in sorghum. Excellent weed control (90% or greater) with minimal crop injury was obtained with the roller applicator at glyphosate concentrations of 10 and 20% at application speeds of 3.2 and 6.4 km/h and with the ropewick applicator with glyphosate concentrations of 35 and 50% applied at 3.2, 6.4, and 9.6 km/h.
Control of Creosotebush (Larrea tridentata) with Pelleted Tebuthiuron
Authors: Jacoby Pete W. , Ueckert Darrell N. , Hartmann F. Steve
Published: May 2019

Aerial applications of pelleted tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} at 0.5 kg/ha reduced creosotebush [Larrea tridentata (DC.) Coville] density by up to 86% and by 99% when applied at 1 kg/ha in February or March. Grass production 32 months after treatment was 174 to 305% greater in tebuthiuron-treated plots than on untreated ran gel and, but forb production in treated plots was reduced 38% or more and the poisonous half-shrub broom snakeweed [Gutierrezia sarothrae (Pursh) Britt. and Rusby] was reduced 94% or more.
Oxadiazon Treatments on Overseeded Putting-Green Turf
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Oxadiazon [2-tert-butyl-4(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-Δ2-1,3,4-oxadiazolin-5-one] at 2.2 to 4.4 kg/ha controlled goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn.] without injuring bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.], but severely injured overseeded common ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam. common) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. ‘Medalist VI′) for a 5 – to 6-week period after treatment in the spring and thus reduced turf quality. The transition was poor because ryegrass was killed faster than bermudagrass could initiate new spring growth. The combination of bensulide [O, O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioateS-ester withN-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide] and oxadiazon applied as a single treatment at 6.7 + 1.7 kg/ha controlled goosegrass as effectively as did oxadiazon applied alone at 2.2 kg/ha or higher rates and did not injure the turf, so the transition from cool-season grass to bermudagrass was uniform. Aeration of an overseeded bermudagrass turf after applications of oxadiazon did not significantly decrease goosegrass control.
Structure of the Covering Layers of the Wild Oat (Avena fatua) Caryopsis
Authors: Morrison Ian N. , Dushnicky Leonard
Published: May 2019

The anatomy of the husk (lemma and palea) and caryopsis coat (pericarp, seed coat or testa, and nucellar epidermis) of a typical mature wild oat (Avena fatua L.) caryopsis was investigated using both scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Both the lemma and palea consist of very thick-walled, lignified cells. In section, the lemma appears almost twice as thick as the palea. The pericarp is comprised of only one or two layers of relatively thin-walled cells and is closely appressed to the underlying seed coat over most of the grain. Both the outer seed-coat cuticle and the inner cuticle are present over almost the entire caryopsis and are continuous with the pigment strand that occurs deep in the crease region of the grain. The only discontinuities in the seed coat are at the basal end of the grain near the embryo. In the dorsal region of the caryopsis, the outer cuticle is approximately 3.5 μm in thickness, whereas the inner cuticle is less than 1 μm in thickness. Where the two pass over the embryo they are much thinner, with the inner cuticle becoming almost indistinguishable in places. The remains of the nucellar epidermis are tightly amalgamated to the seed coat and outer tangential walls of the underlying aleurone cells, which are clearly distinguishable by their large size and characteristic appearance.
Wild Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Control in Processing Peas (Pisum sativum) and Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Mcnevin Gregory R. , Harvey R. Gordon
Published: May 2019

Field studies in 1978 and 1979 evaluated the effectiveness of single and combination herbicide treatments in processing peas (Pisum sativumL.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] for the control of wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL.). Eight treatments that included dinitroaniline herbicides controlled wild proso millet adequately through the entire growing season of the early-planted peas (approximately 60 days). Wild proso millet emergence and growth in untreated peas was suppressed by the early emergence, rapid growth, and high plant density of the drill-planted crop. Trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 0.8 kg/ha stunted pea growth and was the only treatment that reduced yields significantly. No herbicide treatment evaluated in soybeans controlled wild proso millet adequately for the entire growing season without reducing soybean growth and yield. Treatments containing dinitroaniline herbicides, which controlled wild proso millet in peas and resulted in good yield, did not perform similarly in soybeans.
Distribution and Interference of Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) in Nebraska
Authors: Cramer Gary L. , Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

Infestations of common milkweed (Asclepias syriacaL.), in descending order of incidence in Nebraska, occurred on areas occupied by soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.], oats (Avena sativaL.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.], railroad rights-of-way, fallow land, roadsides, corn (Zea maysL.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.), pasture, and alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.). Average crop yield reductions, within common milkweed communities of 11100 to 45 200 plants/ha, ranged from 2 to 10% for corn, 4 to 29% for sorghum, and 12 to 19% for soybeans. Reductions in crop yields tended to increase with increasing common milkweed populations. Germination percentage of common milkweed and sorghum were not significantly affected by growing medium conductivities below 7 and 13 mmho/cm2, respectively. Growth media at pH 2 significantly reduced germination percentage, hypocotyl length, and radicle length of both common milkweed and sorghum as compared with pH 4 to 10. Undiluted aqueous extracts of common milkweed shoot and root material significantly reduced germination percentage, hypocotyl length, and radicle length of sorghum.
Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)
Authors: Morrow Larry A. , Young Frank L. , Flom Duane G.
Published: May 2019

Germination of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica Host.) seed in nitrate nitrogen (NO−3-N), gibberellic acid (GA3), or distilled water was studied in the laboratory, and depth of emergence of seedlings from soil was studied in the greenhouse and laboratory. After 14 days in germination chambers in distilled water, no difference in percent germination of 1-yr-old or freshly harvested seed existed between 10, 15, or 20 C. Jointed goatgrass seed germinated at temperatures ranging from 10 to 35 C and responded to temperature more than to NO−3-N. Seedlings did not emerge from below 5 cm in greenhouse and 6 cm in laboratory studies even though germination occurred. Jointed goatgrass has the seed germination and seedling emergence characteristics to develop into a severe annual grass weed in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)-producing regions, particularly where reduced-tillage practices are utilized.
Effects of Simulated MSMA Drift on Rice (Oryza sativa). II. Arsenic Residues in Foliage and Grain and Relationships between Arsenic Residues, Rice Toxicity Symptoms, and Yields
Authors: Wauchope R. Don , Richard Ed P. , Hurst Harold R.
Published: May 2019

To simulate the effect of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) drift onto rice (Oryza sativaL. 'Starbonnet’ or ‘Labelle′), foliar applications at 0.20 to 0.78 kg/ha were made on rice at stages of maturity ranging from early tillering to panicle emergence. Foliage, sampled 1 to 2 weeks after application, and grain and grain parts harvested at maturity were analyzed by arsine generation atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Washed foliage contained 0.7 to 1.5 ppm background As, and 1 to 21 ppm As after MSMA application. The As content depended on application rate, stage of maturity at application, and the formulation of MSMA. Arsenic concentrations in grain increased exponentially as the time of application approached harvest, ranging from 0.25 to 7 ppm. There was little correlation between grain residues and rates, principally because dependence on the time of application was overriding. This study confirms previous observations that there is a specific stage in rice plant development, probably meiosis, during which rice is susceptible to sterilization by arsenic, and also indicates that significant yield reduction can occur from MSMA drift even when visual injury symptoms are not obvious.
Response of Sweetcorn (Zea mays) to Alachlor, EPTC + R-25788, and Vernolate + R-25788
Authors: Ogg Alex G. , Drake Stephen R.
Published: May 2019

Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 6.7 kg/ha, twice the recommended rate, stunted early-season growth of ‘Jubilee,’ ‘Commander,’ and 'Stylepak’ sweetcorn (Zea maysL.) 9 to 15%, reduced plant populations of Commander and Stylepak 12 to 15%, reduced the kernel yield of Jubilee and Stylepak 14 to 16%, and delayed ripening of Jubilee and Stylepak by 2 or 3 days. Alachlor at 3.4 kg/ha slowed early-season growth of Jubilee and Stylepak, but reduced yield and delayed ripening of only Jubilee. EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloracetamide) and vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 at 4.5 + 0.4 or 9.0 + 0.8 kg/ha did not reduce the growth, yield, or quality of the three sweetcorn cultivars. Planting date did not influence the response of sweetcorn to the herbicides. In these experiments, none of these herbicides injured sweetcorn severely, as has sometimes occurred in commercial fields.
Greenhouse Benches and Pots Designed to Facilitate Subirrigation
Authors: Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse benches and pots were specially designed to facilitate herbicide research on plants. Four 0.8-cm risers were added to the bottom of polyethylene pots to improve drainage after subirrigation or surface watering. A rule die was made to punch out paper discs needed to cover the holes in the bottom of the pots to prevent soil loss during watering or drainage. Flat, level greenhouse tables with a 3-cm hinged side around the edges, were covered with 2-mm polyethylene sheeting to facilitate water retention when the side was in the up position during subirrigation and subsequent drainage of water when the side was down. Much time was saved and the soil was watered more uniformly by this system. Economics dictated discarding pots after herbicide experiments rather than incurring the expense of washing them and risking contamination of subsequent experiments.
Herbicidal Activity of Glyphosate in Soil
Authors: Salazar Luis C. , Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse studies were conducted using bentgrass (Agrostis tenuisSibth. ‘Highland′) as a bioassay species to measure herbicidal activity of 3.4 kg/ha of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] when applied directly to the soil surface prior to bentgrass emergence. Activity of glyphosate also was examined by applying glyphosate to a moist soil surface and placing alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Vernal′) and red clover (Trifolium pratenseL. ‘Kenstar′) seeds on the sprayed surface 3, 6, 9, and 24 h later. In two high-organic soils, glyphosate reduced bentgrass growth in each of four experiments, even when applied up to 5 days before bentgrass emergence. Significant glyphosate activity was measured in one of the experiments in another organic soil and in three of the experiments in a Chehalis sandy loam soil. Germination and growth of alfalfa and red clover were reduced when seeds were distributed on a sprayed soil surface up to 24 h after glyphosate application. These results show that glyphosate, at least under certain conditions, can cause significant crop injury when used prior to planting or emergence of some species.
Long-Term Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) Control in Two Cropping Systems
Authors: Swan Dean G.
Published: May 2019

Three herbicides, amine salt of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], and dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) were applied for field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) control in grain/summerfallow or grain/legume rotations. After the first year all herbicide retreatments were made using 2,4-D amine. The 2,4-D treatment at 3.4 kg/ha gave 65% field bindweed control. Field bindweed control averaged 17% higher when the 2,4-D was applied in August rather than July. The 3.4-kg/ha rate gave 45% better field bindweed control than the 1.1 kg/ha rate. Dicamba at 6.7 kg/ha gave 90% field bindweed control and glyphosate at 4.5 kg/ha gave 86% control. Dicamba persisted in the soil for 1 to 3 yr after application and caused winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and lentil (Lens culinarisMedik.) yield loss. Crop yields were highest more than 90% of the time from plots treated with 2,4-D or glyphosate.
Effects of Flooding on Dinitroaniline Persistence in Soybean (Glycine max) – Rice (Oryza sativa) Rotations
Authors: Brewer Fayte , Lavy Terry L. , Talbert Ronald E.
Published: May 2019

A field study was conducted with fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline], profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine], and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 1× and 2× rates in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] for 2 consecutive yr to evaluate their persistence in soil and to determine their residual effect on rice (Oryza sativaL.). In another field study that was conducted to evaluate the effect of winter flooding on the persistence of 4× rates of the same herbicides, gas chromatographic analysis and bioassay procedures both revealed increased dissipation of these herbicides because of winter flooding. Flooding rice for 2 or 4 months during winter reduced the adverse effect from herbicidal residues. Laboratory studies evaluated the persistence and volatility of these herbicides at 4 and 25 C in two soils at three moisture contents (air-dried, field capacity, and flooded). The persistence of the three herbicides was similar in the field and in the laboratory and usually followed the order fluchloralin > profluralin = trifluralin. Volatility was most rapid with moisture at field capacity, but overall dissipation was most rapid in flooded soil. Significant dissipation and volatility losses of all three herbicides occurred at 4 C in flooded soil and in soil at field capacity. These studies indicated that winter flooding is effective in reducing the concentration of dinitroaniline herbicides in soil.
Morphological and Anatomical Effects of Benefin Vapors on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Authors: Yamasue Yuji , Worsham Arch D. , Anderson Charles E.
Published: May 2019

In tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL. 'Speight G-28′) exposed to benefin (N-butyl-N-ethyl-α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-p-toluidine) vapors from treated soil, the leaves formed after treatment were shortened, narrowed, distorted in shape, and had an abnormal vein pattern. The leaves that had developed before treatment did not have these symptoms. More leaves developed on treated than on untreated plants. The height of treated plants was reduced and many axillary buds became active prematurely. The injured leaves, in general, had fewer epidermal cells, stomata, and trichomes per unit surface area; a smaller volume of intercellular space; and were thicker than those of untreated plants. Many of the meristematic cells in the leaf primordia and shoot apex of treated plants contained large and distorted nuclei and were oriented in improper planes. The plate meristems established by activity of the marginal meristems gave rise to a mass of undifferentiating parenchyma cells in the mesophyll of the young leaves. There was little formation of the palisade or spongy mesophyll layers, but enlargement of the undifferentiating cells caused a radial expansion of the lamina.
Degradation of Three Acetanilide Herbicides in Soil
Authors: Zimdahl Robert L. , Clark Susan K.
Published: May 2019

The persistence of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], and propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) in soil was examined under laboratory and field conditions using sorghum (Sorghum vulgarePers. ‘NB280S′) or annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorumLam.) as bioassay species. In laboratory studies, degradation rate of alachlor and propachlor was greater at 50 and 80% than at 20% field capacity at 20 C. Degradation of metolachlor was greater at 80 than at 20% field capacity. Degradation rate of alachlor and metolachlor at 50% field capacity was greater at higher temperatures. Propachlor degradation rate varied with temperature. Under irrigated, cropped field conditions, the order of persistence was metolachlor > alachlor > > propachlor.
Economical Control of Weeds in Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris)
Authors: Winter Steven R. , Wiese Allen F.
Published: May 2019

Economical combinations of herbicides and hand labor for weeding sugarbeets (Beta vulgarisL.) in high and low weed densities were determined for irrigated production in the southern Great Plains. Ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] preplant incorporated, a 50:50 mixture of phenmedipham (methylm-hydroxycarbanilatem-methylcarbanilate) and desmedipham (ethylm-hydroxycarbanilate carbanilate (ester)] sprayed postemergence on small weeds, and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) incorporated at layby controlled pigweed (Amaranthusspp.) and kochia [Kochia scoparia(L.) Schrad.] with acceptable selectivity in sugarbeets. Sucrose yield was identical for all methods of weed control. Using herbicides did not lower, and in some cases doubled, the total cost of weed control in an area with a low weed density. On the other hand, effective herbicide combinations saved $298 to $966/ha compared to total reliance on hand labor in an area with a high weed density. Elaborate combinations of herbicides were not justified even with heavy weed density. The last few weeds remaining in a field can be most economically removed by hand labor.
Effects of Chlorsulfuron or 2,4-D upon Diclofop-Methyl Efficacy in Oat (Avena sativa)
Authors: Hall Chris , Edgington Lloyd V. , Switzer Clayton M.
Published: May 2019

Oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Elgin′) seedlings were treated with combinations of diclofop-methyl {methyl ester of 2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} and 2,4-D amine [dimethylamine salt of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] or diclofop-methyl and chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1, 3, 5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide} to determine the effect of the added herbicide on diclofop-methyl activity. Diclofop-methyl applied alone at rates of 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 kg/ha killed the oat plants 14 days after treatment. When 2,4-D amine at 0.74 and 1.11 kg/ha was combined with diclofop-methyl, the phytotoxicity of diclofop-methyl was reduced. An antagonistic interaction between diclofop-methyl and 2,4-D was detected. Chlorsulfuron, applied alone, at 20, 40, or 60 g/ha did not affect the growth of oats. Chlorsulfuron additions did not affect the activity of diclofop-methyl. Diclofop-methyl reduced oat coleoptile elongation. Equimolar concentrations of diclofop-methyl and 2,4-D at or above 1 μM significantly reduced the 2,4-D response. A ten-fold increase of either 2,4-D or diclofop-methyl, above an equimolar concentration of 1 μM, significantly enhanced the effect of the herbicide being increased.
Lipid Mobilization in Dormant and Nondormant Caryopses of Yellow Foxtail (Setaria lutescens)
Authors: Lehle Fredric R. , Staniforth David W. , Stewart Cecil R.
Published: May 2019

The major reserve lipid of yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens(Weigel) Hubb.] caryopses is triacylglyceride stored in lipid bodies. Lipid bodies are heavily concentrated in the cells of the embryo axis, scutellum, and aleurone layer and are roughly spherical (average diam 0.5μm). Percentage lipid (hot isopropanol extract) on a fresh-weight basis of mature, unimbibed seed and caryopses collected locally was about 6.4 and 11%, respectively. About 95% of the total (0.23 mg/caryopsis) was saponifiable and distributed among fatty acid classes as follows: 16:0, 5.8%; 18:0, 1.5%; 18:1, 16.2%; 18:2, 73.7%; and 18:3, 2.8%. In nondormant caryopses, saponifiable lipid content declined (18:1 and 18:2 only) about 23% during the first 6 days after imbibition in the dark at 25 C. This modest decline was preceded by the appearance of an alkaline lipase at about 24 h after the onset of imbibition. Free fatty acids accumulated during these early stages of germination and accounted for about 22% of the total saponifiable lipid remaining (0.17 mg/caryopsis) 6 days after the onset of imbibition. Lipid content and lipase activity did not change in dormant caryopses treated similarly. The delayed initiation of lipid mobilization in germinating caryopses suggests that triacylglyceride degradation is not a pivotal metabolic pathway controlling dormancy.
Differential Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) Cultivar Response to Atrazine
Authors: Smith Albert E.
Published: May 2019

‘Wilmington’ and ‘Pensacola’ cultivars of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatumFlügge) were found to exhibit a differential level of tolerance to certain triazine herbicides. Pensacola was more susceptible to postemergence treatments of atrazine [2 - chloro - 4 - (ethylamino) - 6 - (isopropylamino) -s- triazine], simazine [2 - chloro - 4,6 - bis (ethylamino) -s-triazine], and cyanazine {2 - [ [4 - chloro - 6 - (ethylamino) -s - triazin - 2 - yl] amino] - 2 - methylpropionitrile} than Wilmington. Injury to Pensacola was noted as early as 2 weeks after the application of 2.4 kg/ha atrazine and cyanazine, whereas similar injury to Wilmington was not observed until later than 4 weeks after the treatment date. Results of14C-atrazine treatments indicated that Wilmington bahiagrass accumulated approximately twice as much14C-atrazine: peptide conjugate as the Pensacola cultivar.
Response of Soybeans (Glycine max) to Planting in Untilled, Weedy Seedbed on Clay Soil
Authors: Heatherly Larry G. , Elmore C. Dennis
Published: May 2019

Soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] were planted in an untilled, stale seedbed and conventionally tilled seedbed of Sharkey clay (Vertic Haplaquept) at Stoneville, Mississippi, in 1979 and 1980 to determine the feasibility of the stale -seedbed approach for soybean production in the Mississippi River Delta. Chemical weed control included applications of preplant, preemergence, and postemergence herbicides. Prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.) was the dominant weed in all tillage and weed-control systems. Perennial species were observed at harvest mostly in the stale - seedbed plots. Preemergence herbicides reduced the total weight of weeds per plot. Conventional seedbed preparation caused delays in planting of 3 weeks or more. In the presence of adequate soil moisture, yields of ‘Bedford,’ ‘Tracy’, and ‘Bragg’ cultivars from the stale - seedbed planting and areas that had been treated preemergence were always equal to or greater than yields from the tilled - seedbed plantings and areas that had been treated postemergence. In 1980, the hot, dry conditions of the growing season apparently negated any effect from either earlier planting or preemergence vs. post-emergence weed control.
Differential Growth of Two Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) Biotypes
Authors: Holt Jodie S. , Radosevich Steven R.
Published: May 2019

Comparative growth, development, and resource allocation of triazine - susceptible and triazine - resistant biotypes of common groundsel (Senecio vulgarisL.), grown under two light regimes, were studied over a 7 - week period. Dry-matter production, height, number of leaves, and leaf area of the susceptible biotype were greater than those of the resistant biotype at all harvests under both light regimes. Root/shoot ratios were lower in the resistant than in the susceptible biotype under high light. Lower values for these parameters in resistant plants are due to lowered photosynthetic capacity, which limits growth and lowers relative root production. Net assimilation rate (NAR) was lower in resistant than susceptible plants when grown under high light, but mean leaf area ratio over a harvest interval (L) of resistant plants was higher than that of susceptible plants under high light. Relative growth rate (RGR) was higher for susceptible plants before day 42 and higher for resistant plants after day 42 under high light. A lower plastochron index (PI) of resistant plants up to 5 weeks old, relative to susceptible plants of the same age, suggests that, when grown under high light, resistant plants are developmentally at least 2 days behind susceptible plants. Shading lowered dry-weight production, height, number of leaves, leaf area, NAR, RGR, PI and root/shoot ratios of both biotypes. Values for these growth parameters for susceptible plants were similar to or larger than for resistant plants when grown under low light. In both biotypes, resource allocation patterns and L shifted towards increased shoot and leaf production in response to shading.
Phenolic Deposits and Kranz Syndrome in Leaf Tissues of Spotted (Euphorbia maculata) and Prostrate (Euphorbia supina) Spurge
Authors: Elmore C. Dennis , Paul Rex N.
Published: May 2019

Spotted spurge (Euphorbia maculataL.) and prostrate spurge (E. supinaRaf.), both in subgenusChamesyce,were examined by light and electron microscopy using a caffeine - fixation technique to sequester the phenolic pools intercellularly. Both species have typical dicotyledon-type Kranz anatomy. Sequestered phenolic pools were located in vacuoles in epidermal and mesophyll cells. Only in spotted spurge, however, were additional phenolic pools formed in bundle - sheath cells. This study was undertaken because allelopathy has been demonstrated in prostrate spurge and because phenolic compounds have been implicated in allelopathy. These results would indicate that spotted spurge should also be allelopathic.
Layby Herbicide Application for Season - Long Weed Control in Irrigated Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Moomaw Russell S. , Martin Alex R. , Wilson Robert G.
Published: May 2019

Combinations of herbicides applied preplant incorporated and preemergence plus at layby were evaluated in corn (Zea maysL.) at three Nebraska locations in 1977 through 1980 for their effectiveness in providing season-long weed control. Pendimethalin [N-(1 -ethylpropyl) - 3,4-dimethyl - 2,6 - dinitrobenzenamine], pendimethalin + atrazine [2- chloro - 4 - (ethylamino) -6 - isopropylamino) -s- triazine ], metolachlor [2 - chloro -N- (2 - ethyl - 6 - methylphenyl) -N- (2 - methoxy -1 - methylethyl) acetamide], alachlor [2 - chloro -2′,6’ - diethyl -N- (methoxymethyl)acetanilide], cyanazine {2 -[[4 - chloro- 6 - (ethylamino) -s- triazin-2 - yl] amino] -2 -methylpropionitrile}, and cyanazine + atrazine were shown to be selective to corn and effective in controlling late - germinating weeds. Irrigated - corn yield was not increased by layby herbicide applications on the weed species and weed densities present in these experiments.
The Effects of Light and Temperature on Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Basal-Bulb Formation
Authors: Stoller E. W. , Woolley Joseph T.
Published: May 2019

Investigations were conducted to determine whether light, temperature, or their interaction stimulated primary basal-bulb formation on underground stems of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) seedlings grown from tubers. Basal-bulb formation results when internodes shorten and leaves lengthen. When seedlings were grown without medium around the underground shoots, a temperature alternation of 10C stimulated basal-bulb formation; light did not affect the process. When seedlings were grown with medium around the underground shoots, either light or alternating temperature stimulated basal-bulb formation. Nine colors of light gave the same stimulus as white (fluorescent) light. Phytochrome did not appear to be the photoreceptor for the stimulus, as both red and far-red light responses were identical to that of white light.
Effect of Water Quality, Carrier Volume, and Acid on Glyphosate Phytotoxicity
Authors: Buhler Douglas D. , Burnside Orvin C.
Published: May 2019

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was less phytotoxic when applied in 190 L/ha of well water with ionic strengths of 0.005 or greater than in distilled water. At a carrier volume of 24 L/ha, this inhibition of glyphosate was reduced or eliminated. Glyphosate was less phytotoxic when applied in 10-mM solutions of CaCl2, FeSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, MgSO4, NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and ZnSO4than in distilled water. Adding H2SO4, HCl, HClO4, acetic, and lactic acids at 5, 10, and 50 mM to the spray solution resulted in variable increases in glyphosate phytotoxicity. H2SO4was the most effective acid tested in increasing glyphosate phytotoxicity when added to well water. Lowering the pH of the spray solution by using potassium biphthalate and phosphoric acid buffers did not increase glyphosate phytotoxicity.
Influence of Planting Date on the Growth of Black Nightshade (Solanum Nigrum)
Authors: Keeley Paul E. , Thullen Robert J.
Published: May 2019

Black nightshade (Solanum nigrumL.) planted in the field at monthly intervals from March through October at Shafter, California, began to emerge in March when soil temperatures at a depth of 5 cm reached 17C. With the exception of August plantings, emergence remained constant for all plantings. Average weights of plants of May, June, and July plantings at 12 weeks were 60% greater than March and August plantings and 30% greater than April plantings. Plants began flowering 7 to 9 weeks after planting for the March through June plantings and 5 to 6 weeks after planting for the July through September plantings. Killing frosts in November prevented black nightshade planted in October from flowering. Black nightshade planted in April through July produced an average of 1000 berries/plant, which was 40 to 95% greater than those planted in March, August, and September. Seed production ranged from 20000 to 30000 seed/plant for the May through July plantings, and 600 to 8000 seed/plant for the March, April, August, and September plantings.
Early Interference between Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Four Weed Species
Authors: Elmore C. Dennis , Brown Michael A. , Flint Elizabeth P.
Published: May 2019

Early weed and crop interference was examined in a greenhouse pot experiment combining aspects of additive, substitutive, and diallel designs. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. 'Stoneville 213′) and four weeds {purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.), large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.], velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) and prickly sida (Sida spinosaL.)} were grown singly and in all possible combinations of pairs including reciprocals for 5 weeks in 10-cm plastic pots. After 5 weeks large crabgrass was the tallest species in all combinations except when grown with purple nutsedge. Purple nutsedge, however, had more leaf area and greater dry weight than all other species. Height, leaf area, and dry weight were lowest in prickly sida. Mean relative yields in mixtures (a measure of competitive ability) were 1.90, 1.15, 1.13, 0.86, and 0.41 for purple nutsedge, large crabgrass, cotton, velvetleaf, and prickly sida, respectively, when grown with the other four species as associates. Conversely, purple nutsedge and cotton as associates depressed mean relative yields of competing species to 0.59 and 0.94. Large crabgrass, velvetleaf, and prickly sida as associates increased mean relative yields of competing species to 1.17, 1.18, and 1.55, respectively. Analysis of these data and replacement-series diagrams indicated that purple nutsedge was the most competitive, prickly sida the least, and the other species were intermediate and approximately equivalent in competitive ability.
Planting-Site Preparation with Herbicides to Aid Conifer Reforestation
Authors: Dimock Edward J. , Beebe Thomas F. , Collard Ernest B.
Published: May 2019

Seven herbicides and two herbicide combinations were applied once either preplant or postplant to control perennial grasses and forbs as planting-site preparation for 2-yr-old seedlings of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosaDougl. ex Laws.) and Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesiivar.glauca(Beissn.) Franco] at locations in Washington and Oregon. Hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H, 3H)-dione] applied at 2.2 kg/ha provided most effective and lasting herbaceous weed control in both states. A combination of dalapon (2,2-dichloropropionic acid) and atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] applied at 9.0 + 4.5 kg/ha also proved similarly effective. In Washington, each conifer species responded with exponential growth increases over a 6-yr period. For ponderosa pine and Douglas fir, respectively, hexazinone treatment increased tree height by 58 and 70%, stem diameter by 70 and 69%, and stem-volume yield by 387 and 650% as compared to untreated checks. Corresponding gains for the two conifers associated with dalapon + atrazine were 73 and 54% in height, 63 and 46% in diameter, and 421 and 349% in yield.
Herbicide Effects on Liposome Leakage
Authors: Talbert David M. , Camper N. Dwight
Published: May 2019

Herbicide effects on chromate leakage from liposomes prepared from crude soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] phosphatidylcholine were determined over a concentration range of 2.5 × 10-5to 5.0 × 10-3M. Dye levels in the dialysate were measured spectrophotometrically (370 nm) after 1 h. Barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) at 2.5 to 5.0 × 10-4M and PCP (pentachlorophenol) at 0.5 to 1.0 × 10-3M induced significant leakage. MCPB {4-[(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] butyric acid}, 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], and ioxynil (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile), all at 2.5 × 10-3M, also caused dye leakage, but metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] induced dye leakage only at 3.0 to 5.0 × 10-3M. Nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) and atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] were least effective over the concentration range tested.
Sodium Alginate for Production and Formulation of Mycoherbicides
Authors: Walker H. Lynn , Connick William J.
Published: May 2019

Sodium alginate was used to prepare pelletized formulations for each of five fungi. Aqueous mixtures of 1.0% (w/v) sodium alginate and homogenized mycelia ofAlternaria cassiaeJurair & Khan,Alternaria macrosporaZimm.,Fusarium lateritiumNees ex Fr.,Colletotrichum malvarum(A. Braun & Casp.) Southworth, or aPhyllostictasp. were pelletized by dropwise additions of each mycelial-alginate mixture into 0.25 M CaCl2. Abundant conidia were produced on the pellets 24 to 48 h after the pellets were spread into trays and exposed 10 min/12 h to 275-W sunlamps. These conidia germinated readily (90 to 100%) and readily infected the respective host plants. Each liter of mycelium plus growth medium from submerged liquid cultures produced 4 L of the mycelial-alginate mixture. Each liter of the mycelial-alginate mixture produced approximately 18 g of air-dried formulation. When 10% (w/v) clay was incorporated into the pellets, each liter of the mycelial-alginate mixture produced approximately 118 g of air-dried formulation. The pelletized fungi sporulated readily following storage at 4 or 25 C for 6 to 8 months. This method of pelletization is potentially useful for the formulation of inoculum of fungi used as mycoherbicides, for the mass production of pycnidium-forming fungi, and for the production of inoculum for host-plant resistance studies.