bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth, Production, and Survival of Brown Trout in a Large Farm Dam
Authors: Weatherley AH
Published: November 2005

Two releases of yearling brown trout in a large farm dam were unsuccessful,
the first because of the escape of the fish in a flood, the second for unknown reasons,
though the fish which were recovered from both these releases had grown well.
A third release, of 3300 yearlings, proved comparatively successful, for while the fish
did not grow quite so well as in earlier years, 904 of them were recovered after 10
months. The total weight of fish in the dam as a result of the second and third
releases represented a standing crop of 43.5 Ib/acre (48.8 kg/hectare) or a production
(for 10 months) of 21.8 lb/acre (24.4 kg/hectare). It was found that trout could
become sexually mature in the dam, though they lacked suitable spawning grounds.
The Tasmanian Trout Fishery. III. The Rivers of the North and East
Authors: Nicholls AG
Published: November 2005

The study of the daily catch from the Korth and South Esk River systems, as derived from anglers' returns, shows a general fall which appears to be statistically significant in all rivers except the Meander. It appears to become increasingly important from west to east. It is accompanied by a fall in the annual catch per angler which is closely correlated with an increase in the number of licences issued, from which it might appear that these streams are being fished to their full capacity. A study of the mean lengths of fish at capture does not show any decrease compatible with over- fishing, and there has been no increase in growth rate, which might be expected under conditions of overfishing. The age distribution of fish caught bv anglers does not indicate any decrease in the proportions of older fish. A personal canvass of 53 anglers in one district showed a mean total catch per angler of 259 fish, whereas the figure derived from anglers' returns for the same season was 20 fish per angler. It is concluded that the apparent decline in catching rate was due to the returns from anglers being unrepresentative. So correlation was found between the catches by anglers and the fish available to them as a result of stocking these streams.
A General Account of the Intertidal Ecology of South Australian Coasts
Authors: Womersly HBS , Edmonds SJ
Published: November 2005

An account is given of the environmental features. the intertidal ecology.
and the biogeographical relationships of the coast of the State of South Australia .
The central and western coasts of South Australia are similar ecologically in
comparable areas . In the supralittoral Melaraphe unifasciata (Gray) is dominant
(except where conditions are very calm) and at high levels on very exposed coasts Calothrix fasciculata C. Agardh is found. The littoral zone where the coast is most
exposed consists of barnacles-Chamaesipho in the upper littoral, Catophragmus in the
mid littoral, and Balanus in the lower littoral-but where the coast is more
sheltered it consists of molluscs in the upper and mid littoral and algae (Corallina,
Gelidium, or Hormosira) in the lower littoral. In the upper sublittoral fucoid algae or
in calm regions marine angiosperms are dominant. The south-east coast, however,
differs in some respects from the central and west coasts. The number of barnacles
found in the littoral zone is much reduced and the giant brown algae, Durvillea
potatorum Areschoug and Macrocystis angustifolia Bory, are dominant in the upper
sublittoral. This is associated with slightly lower sea temperatures.
Sheltered coasts are more prominent in South Australia than in the eastern
States of Australia. These include the shores of Spencer and St. Vincent Gulfs, the
northern shores of Kangaroo I., and a number of scattered bays. The similarities between the coasts of South Australia and Victoria (Bennett and Pope 1953) are greater than the differences. Consequently the proposal of Bennett and Pope to recognize the Victorian and Tasmanian coasts as the Maugean Biogeographical Provinoe and the South Australian and the south-west Western Australian coasts as the Flindersian Province appears to be unjustified. It is suggested that
the Naugean is best regarded as a subprovince with the Flindersian. The latter includes most of the coast of southern Australia.
Considerable differences are noticeable between the organisms which inhabit the rocky coast of South Australia and the south coast of Western Australia. The available evidence indicates that a transition from the Flindersian to the tropical Dampierian Province occurs along the south and west coasts of Western Australia.
The terms "Indo-Australian Province" and "Baudinian Province" have been proposed by previous authors to describe this transitional region. The Flindersian Province appears to be intermediate between cold-temperate and warm-temperate regions, becoming distinctly cool-temperate in Tasmania. It is relatively distinct from the warm-temperate Peronian Province of the coast of New
South Wales.
An Ecological Survey of the Marine Fauna of Low Isles, Queensland
Authors: Stephenson W , Endean R , Bennett I
Published: November 2005

The marine fauna of Low Isles was surveyed by the Great Barrier Reef
Expedition of 1928-9. A cyclone in 1950 caused damage to the island's coral, and an
expedition visited Low Isles in 1954 with the prime objectives of assessing the extent
of this damage, and of ascertaining the extent and nature of changes undergone by
the island and its fauna and flora since 1929.
It was found that the cyclone had caused great destruction to branching
corals but that massive corals had, in most cases, survived. A heavy swell accompanying
the cyclone had struck what is normally the lee side of the island, where a dense
growth of fragile corals occurred. It is believed that the mechanical force exerted by
breaking waves was the chief factor causing the destruction of corals. Coral rubble
resulting from this destruction was being rolled about by waves on the seaward
slopes of the island, and was hampering recolonization by hard corals. Soft corals,
which appeared to have been unaffected by the cyclone, had spread, and appeared
to be competing with hard corals for the available substratum.
Alterations in the topography of habitats investigated by the 1928-9 expedition
were observed. Some of the shingle ramparts had increased in size, and shingle was
encroaching on many of the moats. The mangrove area had increased in extent.
No marked changes in the faunistic composition of the fauna generally had
occurred since 1929. However, direct comparison of the results of the 1928-9
expedition with those of the present survey proved difficult. In order to provide a
basis for future surveys of the fauna, attempts were made to separate a large
number of distinctive habitats, and to list the species found within each of these
habitats. The relative abundance of each species found in each habitat was noted,
and the general ecology and biogeography of the commoner animals investigated.
The Population of a Trout Stream and the Survival of Released Fish
Authors: Nicholls AG
Published: November 2005

The fish population of a river system was studied by electro-fishing in 25
places, after which 1000 marked yearling brown trout, Salmo trutta L., were released
at each of 10 sites. In a re-examination 8 to 9 months after the release it was
estimated that about 10 per cent. of these were surviving; the survival after 18
months was estimated to be below 5 per cent., and the survival to takable size, at
about 3 years of age, at 2 per cent. At no site were the younger age groups of the
natural population truly represented in either season, but the numbers of older
fish in the second season were greater than those of the corresponding year classes
in the preceding season, showing that the streams receive recruitment of younger
fish from other sources. Some evidence is produced to show that "nursery"
streams provide the source of recruitment. The average annual mortality for fish
of 2 and 3 years of age is estimated at from 70 to 80 per cent. for the system. It is
estimated that there were about 45,000 takable fish in this river system at the
beginning of each season. It is shown that the mean lengths of trout decrease with
increasing density of population, and that there is a curvilinear relationship between
population density and total weight of all fish per acre. The standing crop of trout
at different sites ranged from 1 to 182 lb/acre over the two seasons. The condition
factor showed a decrease with increasing age of the fish, and the released fish had a
lower factor than resident fish of the same age at all sites. In general there was a
relationship between the depth of water and the length of the fish, sections over
14 in. deep having greater populations of larger fish. A study of the ability of each
section of stream to carry fish, based on the lengths and condition factors of the
fish, the number and weight of the population per acre, and the ability of each
section to absorb additions to the population, shows that where populations were
low, conditions were Iess favourable to the growth and survival of fish.
The Development and Setting of a Serpulid Worm, Hydroides norvegica Gunnerus (Polychaeta)
Authors: Wisely B
Published: November 2005

Hydroides norvegica larvae were reared to settling in 8-10 days at 20°C. The
paired conical processes on the collar setae characteristic of the genera Hydroides and
Serpula were developed in the larvae by the sixth day. Settling differed from that
recorded for other larvae in that (i) larvae could become attached to surfaces
comparatively early in their free-swimming life, (ii) "searching" behaviour followed
by settling on a particular locus was not observed, (iii) feeding continued through
metamorphosis. The primary operculum of the young worm was formed by modification
of the third branchial filament of the left side. Certain identification as
H. norvegica could not be made until this had been shed and replaced by a secondary
operculum developed from the right side 4-8 weeks after metamorphosis.
The Settling and Some Experimental Reactions of a Bryozoan Larva, Watersipora cucullata (Busk)
Authors: Wisley B
Published: November 2005

The external anatomy and behaviour of the pelagic, crawling, and settling stages of Watersipora cucullata (Busk) are described. The main settling period in Sydney Harbour appears to be February-April. The usual negatively phototropic reaction at settling in subdued light could be reversed by increasing the illumination. There was some evidence of gregariousness. When "non-filmed" settling surfaces were offered settling was delayed and a high mortality appeared. In copper solutions of 2.5-5.0 mg Cu/l. larvae settled considerably faster than the controls but metamorphosis was abnormal and lethal. No such acceleration of the settling rate was observed in mercury solutions of the same strength but these appeared to be relatively more lethal.
Reproduction in Australian Pearl Oysters (Lamellibranchia). IV. Pinctada margaritifera (Linnaeus)
Authors: Tranter DJ
Published: November 2005

The gonad of Pinctada margaritifera (L.) is similar to that of P. albina in
appearance, development, and histological structure; minor differences are described
and figured. Although the primary gonad may begin to develop within 12 months,
complete and universal gonad maturity does not occur until the second year;
compared with P. albina, then, the species is late-maturing.
At first maturity, less than 30 per cent, are females; in later seasons this shows
a gradual rise to 50 per cent. Both protandric and protogynic sex-changes are
occasionally seen in gonad sections and the evidence suggests that the process is a
rapid one. It is therefore probable that sex-changes are common, and that the early
increase in the percentage frequency of females is due to the more frequent occurrence
of protandric change.
During 1956-57, major spawnings occurred in early January and late July,
and lesser spawnings in other months. There were two distinct cycles: March to
August, and September to February. It is considered, therefore, that breeding
takes place predominantly in summer and winter, and may continue, at a reduced
intensity, over the intermediate periods.
It is shown that the ripe oocyte becomes activated immediately prior to
spawning. The germinal vesicle breaks down and meiosis proceeds to the metaphase
of the first maturation division, at which stage there is a further arrestment. At
fertilization, a second activation occurs and meiosis continues to completion. The
maturation divisions and cleavage stages are described and figured.
The Egg Yield from Brow and Rainbow Trout in Tasmania
Authors: Nicholls AG
Published: November 2005

Counts of eggs stripped from brown and rainbow trout show that over a
sufficiently large size range the relationship to fish length is curvilinear. A direct
relationship exists between egg numbers and fish weights. Brown trout from the
Great Lake do not yield the expected number at larger sizes. The yield from rainbow
trout is higher than that from brown.
The Family Triphoridae (Mollusca) from Northern Australia; also Triphoridae from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)
Authors: Laseron CF
Published: November 2005

This is the first comprehensive study of the family Triphoridae (Molluscs)
from northern Australia, which comprises the Solanderian and Dampierian zoogeographical
provinces and, if the Queensland east coast be accepted as a separate
province, the Banksian also. In all 101 species, divided into 17 genera, are figured and
described, of which 91 species and 11 genera are proposed as new. In a separate
section 14 species, divided into 10 genera, from Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean
are described and figured, all the species and two genera being proposed as new.
The Introduction includes a review of the literature and previous work, details of
the proposed classification, and a key to existing genera.
Nomenclature of Water Masses in the Tasman Sea
Authors: Garner DM
Published: November 2005

In a recent paper by Rochford (1957) on the identification and nomenclature
of water masses in the Tasman and Coral Seas, three oceanic water masses of importance
to New Zealand hydrology have been described as "Coral Sea", "Sub-Antarctic",
and "East Central New Zealand". Reasons are advanced here to suggest
that the origins proposed for these water masses may require modification.
The Populations of Australian 'Salmon', Arripis trutta (Bloch & Schneider), in Australian Waters
Authors: Malcolm WB
Published: November 2005

In Australian waters the stock of Australian "salmon", a percomorph form,
is composed of two clearly defined populations. These populations are referred
to as the eastern and western subspecies. The western subspecies is normally the
only group found in Western and South Australia, whereas the eastern subspecies
is normally the only group found in New South Wales. The distributions of the
subspecies overlap in Tasmania and Victoria.
The subspecies differ in the number of rakers on the first gill arch; the western
subspecies has 25-31 rakers, the eastern subspecies 33-40. The number of gill
rakers can be related to the mode of feeding as the predominant food of the western
subspecies is the pilchard, Sardinops neopilchardus (Steindachner), while that of
the eastern subspecies is the euphausiid, Nyctiphanes australis Sars.
Small but significant differences are evident in the number of rays in the
dorsal fin, and in the number of scales around the girth.
Reproduction in Australian Pearl Oysters (Lamellibranchia). V. Pinctada fucata (Gould)
Authors: Tranter DJ
Published: November 2005

>Pinctacla fucata, in common with P. albina and P. margaritifera, is hermaphrodite.
The gonad develops in a series of phases, in which germ cells are formed anew
from indifferent "stem cells" which remain after spawning. Each phase is unisexual,
but sex may change from phase to phase. There is a tendency towards protandry,
but this is less marked than in P. albina. The percentage of individuals in female
phase increases until middle life, by which time the sexes are equally common. Both
protandric and protogynic sex-changes have been recorded in the field and, on
one occasioii, a bisexual, transitional condition was observed in gonad sections.
The evidence shows that sex change is not restricted to the wintering period.
Primary gonad differentiation begins 2-3 months after spat settlement,
and within 6 months sexual maturity is reached. Frequently, there is a second
phase of gonad development towards the end of the first year.
The typical adult breeding cycle consists of: a period of gonad differentiation
from September to November; a spawning period from December to May; and a
resting period from June to August. During the spawning season, there are usually
two periods of maximum intensity: January-February ("summer spawning") and
April-May ("autumn spawning"), the latter being the more consistent of the two.
However, lesser spawnings occur outside the major spawning season, and spatfalls
have been recorded throughout the year.
The macroscopic and histological structure of the gonad is similar to that
of P. albina and P. margaritifera. The following points are noted: gonad colour is
an unreliable indication of sex; the white mantle layer covering the gonad is
predominantly mucoprotein, and is probably concerned with shell secretion ; there
are no yolk nuclei visible in the cytoplasm of the oocyte, as in P. margaritifera;
activation of the ripe oocyte takes place within the gonad follicles immediately
prior to spawning; as in P. albina spawning is frequently incomplete, and
phagocytosis plays a major role in the resorption of unspent gonad products; the
haploid chromosome number is six.
Determination of Age in the Humpback Whale, Megaptera nodosa (Bonnaterre)
Authors: Chittleborough RG
Published: November 2005

The use of baleen, ear plugs, and ovaries in the determination of age in humpback whales is described. From the evidence of baleen, the majority of humpback whales reach puberty
at 4 or 5 years of age. The rate of accumulation of laminations in ear plugs is two laminations per
year. The mean rate of ovulation in sexually mature females is 1.1 per year. Age determination upon the same sample of mature females by these two methods gives very similar distribution of ages.
The age distribution within separate sexes from samples of mature humpback whales examined on the west and east coasts of Australia in 1957 are compared. The results indicate that the population migrating along the west coast is at present composed of younger individuals than that on the east coast of Australia.
The Naturalization of the Pacific Oyster in Australia
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

The pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, has been successfully transplanted
from Japan to southern Australia. Mortality was heavy amongst those transported by ship (20 days out of water), but negligible amongst those brought in by air (4 days out of water). The rate of growth has been greater than that of native oysters. Although the spatfall has been slight and irregular at other test sites, successful spatfalls have occurred in Port Sorell for three successive seasons. From Port Sorell natural spread has taken place to the Mersey River to the west and to
the Tamar River to the east.
The Family Pyramidellidae (Mollesca) from Northern Australia
Authors: Laseron CF
Published: November 2005

This paper reviews for the first time the family Pyramidellidae from northern
Australia. The area includes the Solanderian zoogeographical province, and part of
the Dampierian province. All species, whether previously described or now proposed
as new, are figured and discussed. The division of the family into three new subfamilies
is also proposed. In all 150 species or probable species belonging to 40
genera are reviewed. Of the genera 15 are proposed as new, and of the species 90 are
proposed as new, and seven are left specifically unnamed pending the acquisition of
more material. A key to the subfamilies and Australian genera is provided.
Some Aspects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., with Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish. II. Hydrology
Authors: Spencer RS
Published: November 2005

Lake Macquarie is a marine-dominated drowned valley connected to the
sea by a shallow narrow channel which damps tidal oscillations from 5 ft on the
coast outside to about 3 in. in the like. Superimposed on the semi-diurnal tides
are changes in level in response to changes both in the external daily mean sea-level
and in the volume of fresh water discharge into the lake.
Temperature and chlorinity cycles are closely linked. Discharge from the
creeks supplies phosphate but little nitrate for the lake. Prolonged heavy rainfall
in both 1955 and 1956 produced stratification of the water associated with lowered
oxygen tension in the underlying salt water. There is evidence of a wind-generated
circulation within the lake.
Some Aspects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., with Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish. III. Characteristics of Water and Mud
Authors: Baas Becking LGM
Published: November 2005

The water of Lake Macquarie is very similar to sea-water though deficient
in total base.
The deep muds are of a fine silt, partly oxidized, with an Eh about +225 mV.
Reduced muds (-75 mV) have been found only in semi-isolated places such as
"The Hole". The mud contains only a small clay fraction and includes very little
iron compared with most estuarine muds. This lack makes the bottom muds
theoretically susceptible to calamitous sulphate reduction when the oxygen level
of the superjacent water is lowered, as happens when stratification follows rainy
periods.
Some Aspects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., with Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish. VIII. Trends of the Commercial Fish Catch and Management of the Fishery
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

Although the total catch has fallen since 1922 the abundance of fish as measured by the catch per man has not. The total catch has dropped because fewer men are fishing. A red drop in the abundance of certain species, namely flathead, bream, luderick, and sea mullet, occurred between 1945 and 1947; the algal-feeding luderick and mullet regained their abundance by 1951, but the three ground fish had not regained their former abundance by 1957. The trends of the monthly catch are similar in all years, the catch expectation being least reliable in November and most predictable in February. Closing of the northern end of the lake to commercial fishing has resulted in a loss to the consumer of quantities of sea mullet and tailor, species which are fished ineffectively by amateur anglers. During the winter months netting in the northern part of the lake, except in certain bays which form nursery grounds for the young of several species, would have no injurious effect on the stocks.
Some Aspects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., with Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish. IX. The Fishes and their Food
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

During this investigation, 103 species of fish were taken in Lake Macquarie.
Thirty-four are fishes of commerce, though only 12 are of local importance. There
are no food records of 24 species; of the others, eight are herbivores, 13 omnivores,
and 58 carnivores. In the last group are 27 microphagous and 31 macrophagous
species. All hut six of the macrophagous species consume fish, mostly hardyheads
and gobies. Relatively few commercial species of fish were found in fish stomachs.
Twelve species of planktivorous fish are distinguished.
Some Aspects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., with Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish. X. The Movements of Fish.
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

Of 20,128 fish of 29 species tagged, 9.4 per cent. were recovered by commercial fishermen and anglers. A further 1.5 per cent. were retaken by the tagging crew. Only 11 species were tagged in numbers greater than 100. Returns covered 17 species, showing recovery rates varying from 1 to 21 per cent.
Some exchange of fish takes place between the northern and southern parts of the lake, but this is consistent only in the case of the flat-tail mullet. Within the two parts of the lake lateral movements of some species take place; other species are sedentary. These facts suggest that the necessary condition for population estimation, that tagged fish should be randomly distributed amongst the
population, is not achieved for most species.
Some Aspects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., with Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish. XI. Estimation of Fish Populations
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

Estimations of populations of six species of commercial fish were carried out
by the mark-and-recapture method using modifications of the calculation methods
of Petersen and Schnabel. Results from the two methods do not differ in order of
magnitude except in occasional months. The estimates, however, are probably
unreal, or refer to a part of the population rather than the whole, as it is doubtful
whether tagged fish became randomly distributed throughout the population and
migration and mortality must have continued during the period of calculation. It
was possible to make an estimate of mortality rate but not of the effects of migration,
nor of recruitment.
Some Aspects of the Ecology of Lake Macquarie, N.S.W., with Regard to an Alleged Depletion of Fish. XII. Summery Review
Authors: Thomson JM
Published: November 2005

The nature of the entrance channel determines the peculiar attributes of
Lake Macquarie. The food of the fish appears to be derived ultimately from the
benthic flora, including epiphytes, rather than from the plankton.
In terms of the commercial fish catch per man the lake is as productive as
it ever has been; amateur angling is increasing in intensity and in midsummer
rivals the effects of the commercial fishermen. The fall in catch of certain species
during the decade 1946 to 1955 is attributed to the reduction of food consequent
upon stratification of the lake waters after prolonged periods of heavy rain.
Age Studies in the Female Humpback Whale, Megaptera nodosa (Bonnaterre), in East Australian Waters
Authors: Robins JP
Published: November 2005

Baleen plates, accumulated corpora albicantia, and cores of wax ear plugs
are used as age determinants in this study of the female humpback whale. Baleen
plates afford a measure of age for whales up to the 3+ age group, but above that
age they are of limited use because of wear at the tip of the plate. The mean age at
puberty, determined from baleen plates, is between 4 and 5 years. Observations on
ear plugs and corpora albicantia from other whales show that this mean age occurs
when 9.48 laminations have been laid down in the ear plug. For material collected
in June to early September in the three seasons 1952-54 the average number of
ovulations per whale was 1.13, but for the material collected in September alone
in those seasons, the average number was 1.25. Assuming that two laminations per
year are formed in the core of the wax ear plug it has been shown that the rate of
accumulation of corpora in the ovaries is 1.10 per year. For several reasons this
figure is considered to be too low and an alternative method of calculation indicates
that an average rate of aocumulation of 1.48 per year would be closer to the actual
rate.
Experiments on Rearing the Barnacle Elminius modestus Darwin to the Settling Stage in the Laboratory
Authors: Wisley B
Published: November 2005

Nauplii from freshly collected adults were fed with the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin and dried liver powder in mass culture tanks. Details of the method of preparation of food, design of the tank, rate of flow of sea-water, and population densities are given. Low but consistent yields (0.02-3.80 per cent.) of settling cyprids were obtained, the total from five consecutive experiments
being 3431. At the locality (Menai Straits, Sorth Wales) natural settling of Elminius modestus Darwin took place in the summer months (May-September) with a main peak about June-July. The above experiments were made during winter (December-March) when natural settling was not detected on exposure plates immersed concurrently in the sea amongst adults of this species.
The Australian Portunids (Crustacea: Portunidae). IV. Remaining Genera
Authors: Stephenson W , Campbell B
Published: November 2005

Keys to the Indo-Pacific subfamilies, genera, and species are given.
Subfamily names are discussed, Portuninae being used in a new sense and
Macropipinae being proposed for Alcock's Portuninae.
Catoptrus and Aeneacancer are synonymized with Libystes and Ovalipes
respectively so that 11 genera (Carcinus, Nectocarcinus, Libystes, Carupa, Ovalipes,
Macropipus, Lissocarcinus, Caphyra, Lupocyclus, Scylla, and Podophthalmus)
containing 17 species are recorded from Australia, including two new species.
Whole specimens, male abdomens, and male pleopods of these are illustrated and
full descriptions are given in selected cases.
Supplementary Data on Freshwater Mussels (Mollusca: Pelecypoda) of the Australian Region
Authors: Hiscock ID
Published: November 2005

The holotype of Unio moretonicus Reeve has been found and identified as the
Tasmanian Velesunio, which, on the grounds of priority, must become V. moretonicus;
a lectotype has been selected for Unio aucklandicus Gray, and a number of dimensions
of type specimens have been recorded.
The Intermediate Depth Waters of the Tasman and Coral Seas. II.The 26.80σt surface
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

The distribution of salinity, dissolved oxygen, and phosphates on the 26.80 σt surface of the Tasman and Coral Seas is examined. The distribution patterns of these properties and the relations of salinity and phosphate and salinity and oxygen values are explained by horizontal mixing of three water types. These originated, one to the north of the Antarctic Convergence, one in the south-west Tasman, possibly in the Australian Bight, and one at the equator in the western Pacific. The major
sinking regions and the circulation paths of subtropical waters in the Tasman Sea are deduced from their summer and winter distribution and from the topography of the 26.80 σt, surface.
Some Aspects of the Deep Circulation of the Tasman and Coral Seas
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

Data from selected stations deeper than 2000 m in the Tasman and Coral Seas
are used to prepare meridional sections of salinity, oxygen, and phosphate along
the meridian 155� E. between latitudes 14� S. and 42� S., and zonal sections of the
same properties between meridians 149� E. and 155� E. in the latitude range
14-15� S. Meridional changes in the salinity minimum, phosphate maximum, and
deep salinity maximum indicate circulation below 1500 m. Utilizing all available
data, the general circulation of these waters in the Tasman and Coral Seas as a whole
is described. Phosphate-rich waters from the Equatorial Western Pacific and
probably from the Indian Ocean are found distributed along the western margin
to the north and south of the region, at about the 2000 m level. Below this level,
well-oxygenated waters of high salinity, presumably from the South-West Pacific,
enter the northern Tasman Sea, through the New Caledonian trench. By comparison
of temperature, salinity, and oxygen values the depth of the sill connecting the
Tasman and Coral Seas is estimated at 3000 m. Along the 155� E. meridian temperatures
recorded during the late nineteenth century were warmer by 0. 15-0.3�C
than those obtained recently.
Intertidal Zonation of the Exposed Rocky Shores of Tasmania and its Relationship with the Rest of Australia
Authors: Bennett I , Pope EC
Published: November 2005

The environmental factors and the zonation of the plants and animals on
the exposed rocky coasts of Tasmania are described, and the findings of the present
survey are compared with those of other workers both in Tasmania and in southeast
Australia generally.
A distinct biota, traces of which were first noticed in Victoria by the present
authors (1963), is evident on Tasmanian shores, and the validity of the authors'
cool temperate Maugean Province is reaffirmed.
This paper concludes the series of ecological studies (Dakin, Bennett, and
Pope 1948; Bennett and Pope 1953) on the intertidal zone of south-eastern
Australia.
A Freshwater Pond in Zew Zealand
Authors: Byars JA
Published: November 2005

A year's survey of the fauna and flora present in a freshwater pond provides
the first work of its kind recorded in New Zealand.
Attention was given to the effect of the recorded chemical and physical factors
on the fluctuations in number of the zooplankton. A comparison of the local phytoplankton
and zooplankton with those from similar studies in North America, Europe,
and Asia shows the cosmopolitan nature of the inhabitants of freshwater.
Experimental Studies on the Ecology of Intertidal Environments at Heron Island. I. Exclusion of Fish from Beach Rock.
Authors: Stephenson W , Searles RB
Published: November 2005

The zonation of dominant organisms on the beach rock at Heron Island was
reinvestigated following the work of Endean, Stephenson, and Kenny (1956) and three
zoning algae were noticed. Field indications suggested the apparent sparsity of
the biota was due to the browsing activities of fish.
Fish-proof enclosures were constructed, some containing browsing molluscs,
and the fauna and flora therein were compared with the surrounding areas by means
of detailed general observation, and by estimation of the chlorophyll concentration
per unit area of surface. The results confirmed that browsing fish are the most
important single controlling factor.
An Analysis of Variation in Australian Specimens of Pinctada albina (Lamarck) (Lamellibranchia)
Authors: Hynd JS
Published: November 2005

An analysis is made of variation in Australian specimens of Pinctada albina
(Lamarck). Eight characters are investigated, and it is shown that these characters
fall into two well-defined and unrelated groups.
In one group lie those characters which modify shape of shell. They are
shown to vary with ecological conditions but not geographically.
In the other group lie those characters which modify colour and size of shell.
Their variations are not ecological but are interpreted as geographical discontinuities,
or clines, dividing the species into eastern and western subspecies.
Shark Bay is selected as designated typical locality for Pinctada albina
(Lamarck) ; and P. albina albina (Lamarck) and P. a. sugillata (Reeve) respectively
are the valid names for the western and eastern subspecies.
Export of nutrients and suspended sediment during a cyclone-mediated flood event in the Herbert River catchment, Australia
Authors: Mitchell A. W. , Bramley R. G. V. , Johnson A. K. L.
Published: November 2005

Changes in the river chemistry of the Herbert River (northern Queensland)
during a flood event that followed Cyclone Sadie in January 1994 are
presented. Parallel data sets collected by AIMS and CSIRO were generally well
correlated. Around the flood peak, concentrations of dissolved inorganic
nutrients declined to a minimum, whereas particulate nutrient concentrations
increased to a maximum (particulate nitrogen, 1200 µg N
L-1; particulate phosphorus, 225 µg P
L-1). Concentrations of dissolved organic nutrients
varied erratically. Concentrations of silicate and potassium, pH and
electrical conductivity varied inversely with discharge. Good correlations
were observed between the concentrations of particulates and concurrent
discharge, with differing relationships existing during the rising and falling
stages of the flood. It is estimated that this flood event resulted in the
export of at least 600 t of N, 65 t of P and 100000 t of suspended sediments
over a period of six and a half days, with most transport (85%)
occurring within the first two days. Particulate fractions of N (50%)
and P (80%) constituted the bulk of the nutrient flux. This study
illustrates the potential for high nutrient exports during brief flood events
from intensively farmed agricultural land within tropical catchments.
Morphology of the mouthparts, gastric mill and digestive tract of the giant crab, Pseudocarcinus gigas (Milne Edwards) (Decapoda: Oziidae)
Authors: Heeren T. , Mitchell B. D.
Published: November 2005

Digestive tract histology, morphology of feeding appendages and gastric mill,
and examination of gastric contents showed P. gigas to
be carnivorous. The digestive tract showed typical decapod form and consisted
of oesophagus, anterior and posterior gastric chambers, and midgut and hindgut
segments. Dimorphic crushing-type chelipeds present food to the third
maxillipeds. The mandibles and third maxillipeds tear the food; however, large
fragments still reach the anterior gastric chamber. The mandibles are
dimorphic, with the right mandible possessing a pointed beak-like structure.
The ossicles of the gastric mill are blunt and used to grind and crush the
ingested food. Dietary analysis showed predation on asteroid starfish and
gastropod molluscs.
Feeding activity and the morphology of the digestive tract in stage-I phyllosoma larvae of the rock lobster Jasus edwardsii
Authors: Macmillan David L. , Sandow Shaun L. , Wikeley David M. , Frusher Stewart
Published: November 2005

First-stage phyllosoma larvae of the rock lobster
Jasus edwardsii attached to and fed on larvae of the
Tasmanian trumpeter fish, Latris lineata, when the two
were placed together in an aerated, through-circulating, sea-water aquarium.
Scanning electron micrographs of the mouthparts showed adaptations suitable
for scraping and cutting soft substrata. Phyllosomas removed from the fish
while feeding had pigment particles from the fish integument throughout their
digestive tracts. The behaviour of these phyllosomas, swimming in a Petri
dish, was recorded with a microscope and video system. The presence of the
pigment particles made it possible to see the lumen of the gut diverticulae
and parts of them undergoing regular contractions. Transmission electron
micrographs of the gut showed that the parts of the gut that contracted in the
video records have well developed muscle bands associated with them. The
ultrastructure of the digestive tract is relatively uniform throughout and is
lined by cells resembling the undifferentiated (E) cells of other scyllarid
and palinurid larvae. Extensive folding of the wall, together with a brush
border on the digestive cells, results in a large surface area for absorption.
There is no grinding or filtering apparatus in the digestive tract. The
behaviour of the phyllosoma, structure of the mouthparts, and ultrastructure
of the digestive tract, suggest that the first-stage phyllosoma of
J. edwardsii is adapted for removing soft tissue from
gelatinous organisms and pumping it around the digestive tract.
Carapace mineralization and hepatopancreatic indices in natural and cultured populations of marron (Cherax tenuimanus) in Western Australia
Authors: Jussila J.
Published: November 2005

Marron (Cherax tenuimanus) were sampled from three wild
populations in south-western Western Australia (Warren River, Donnelly River
and Gardner River) and from five farmed populations in south-western,
lower-western and central-western Western Australia. Mean calcium
concentrations in the carapace were higher in wild populations (from 182320 to
213140 mg kg-1 dry matter) than in farmed populations
(from 141960 to 182090 mg kg-1). The average calcium
concentrations in the carapace were two-thirds those of other freshwater
crayfish species. Mean carapace magnesium concentrations varied from 970 to
1880 mg kg-1 with no evident difference between wild and
farmed populations. The proportion of calcium and magnesium in carapace
inorganic matter varied from 54% to 78% and from
0·32% to 0·75%, respectively, being higher in the
wild than in the farmed populations. With minor exceptions, carapace
mineralization parameters correlated positively with calcium, magnesium and
hardness of the water, and negatively with water pH. The wet hepatosomatic
index, 4·5–6·0%, and the dry hepatosomatic index,
1·3–2·5%, were both higher in the farmed than in
the wild populations, indicating better condition in the farmed marron.
Hepatopancreas moisture concentration varied inversely with hepatosomatic
index, ranging from 56·2% to 71·9%.
The Flow of Water into the Deep Sea Basins of the Western South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wyrtki K
Published: November 2005

The hydrographic conditions in the deep sea basins of the western South Pacific Ocean are analysed using relations between potential temperature and salinity, based on observations made from H.M.A.S. Gascoyne in 1960. It is shown that the bottom waters in the Coral Sea Basin and in the Solomon Basin are both characterized by a comparatively high salinity and that they come from the East Australian Basin. The bottom waters in the New Hebrides Basin, the New Caledonia Trough, and the Fiji Basin come from the central Pacific Basin. The water in the New Hebrides Basin and that in the New Caledonia Trough both have a slight admixture of water of higher salinity which has escaped over the ridges on the east sides of the Coral Sea Basin and the Solomon Basin. The Coral Sea Basin and the Solomon Basin considered as a unit is an example, probably the unique case, of . the inflow into a basin occurring at a higher level than the outflow. The sill depths of the different basins are determined by using potential temperature characteristics. The water exchange of the Coral Sea Basin is discussed theoretically. The upward velocity at depths between 3000 and 4000 m is of the order of 1.5 × 10-5 cm/sec and the rate of inflow 0.04 million m3/sec.
The Tasmanian Trout Fishery. IV. The Rivers of the South and South-East
Authors: Nicholls AG
Published: November 2005

Two main river systems are included in this region, the Derwent and the Huon. Data derived from anglers' returns are analysed for each system separately but those from the Huon are insufficient for a thorough study. There is some doubt as to the representativeness of returns from either system. No significant changes have been found in the fishery over a period of 12 seasons either in the rate of daily catch per angler or in the length of fish taken. A study of the fish taken in an upstream trap at spawning time yields an annual mortality rate of about 60% for the Derwent River System and recaptures of tagged fish show a similar rate. Population estimates based on recaptures of tagged fish and on the spawning potential within the system indicate a total population of between one- half and one million, of which about 20% is of takable size. The contribution made by the release of hatchery-reared fish is shown to be insigniiicant. Evidence is produced which leads to the conclusion that there may be two distinct races of trout in Tasmania, the result of separate introductions of river and sea trout, distinguished by inherent meristic differences as well as by differences in growth rate and habits.
The Australian Portunids (Crustacea: Portunidae). V. Recent Collections
Authors: Stephenson W
Published: November 2005

Recent collections from Australian waters have contained four new species which are described and, in addition, seven species not recorded previously, five of which have merited full description. In addition the known ranges of several Australian species have been extended, including 14 new records for Western Australia. Minor comments on structure and coloration of certain species are also given.
Experimental Studies on the Ecology of Intertidal Environments at Heron Island. II. The Effect of Substratum
Authors: Stephenson W
Published: November 2005

Different kinds of rocks were cemented to the beach rock at Heron Island both upon the open surface to permit fish browsing, and within cages to prevent it. During a 12-month period, a negligible number of intertidal animals colonized these rocks, and their sparsity upon the surrounding beach rock is evidently not due to a substratum effect per se. Minor effects of the substratum on the flora were noted. On the harder rocks the brown alga, Ralfsia, was a conspicuous newcomer, while green algae were best developed on the calcareous substrata. The intensity of fish browsing was inversely related to the hardness of the rock surface, but the effect was concluded to be an indirect one, hardness affecting the thickness of the algal cover, and this, in turn, affecting the browsing intensity. Hard concrete placed upon the beach 7 years previously was appreciably higher than the general surface, and (after making certain assumptions) it appears that rock is removed by fish browsing to a thickness of about 0.5 mm per year. In a preliminary experiment acorn barnacles were transplanted from the reef crest to the beach rock, and a higher survival rate was observed on caged specimens.
The Subsurface Water Masses in the Western South Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wyrtki K
Published: November 2005

An analysis is made of subsurface water masses in the subtropical western
South Pacific Ocean, using temperature-salinity and temperature-oxygen relations.
Seven major water masses, characterized by extreme values of salinity and oxygen,
are distinguished. These are the Subtropical Lower Water (salinity maximum),
the upper oxygen minimum, the Subantarctic Intermediate Water (oxygen
maximum), the Antarctic Intermediate Water (salinity minimum and oxygen
maximum), the deep oxygen minimum, the Deep Water (salinity maximum), and
the Bottom Water. The core layer method is used to describe the distribution of the
different water masses and to draw conclusions on their spreading.
A Preliminary Investigation of the Recent Sediments off the East Coast of Australia
Authors: Loughnan FC , Craig DC
Published: November 2005

Recent sediments from the continental shelf and inner margin of the
continental slope for a section of the east Australian coast extending from Sydney to
Moreton Island have been examined with respect to composition and particle size
distribution. Although insufficient samples are available for conclusive evidence
it would appear that there has been very little longshore movement of material
and the bulk of the detritus in each sector has been derived from the immediately
adjacent land areas. In the Sydney sector there is a suggested variation in clay
mineral content with depth which tends to support the differential settling concept.
Glauconite, in association with clay pellets, foraminifera1 tests, and fine quartz,
occurs in goethite and siderite cemented nodules on the continental slope off
Port RIacquarie and Coff's Harbour.
Renewal of Bottom Water in the Sangihe Basin, East Indies, and Bottom Temperatures of the Recorder Expedition
Authors: Krause DC
Published: November 2005

A temperature measurement of bottom water in the closed Sangihe Basin
in the year 1961 at 3585 m depth suggests a renewal of bottom water since 1930
because of a cooler modern temperature. If the 1930 water is assumed to have
warmed from a temperature similar to the 1961 temperature and if the rate of
warming is assumed to be the same as found in the Caribbean Sea by Worthington
(1956), then the last renewal of bottom water in the basin occurred roughly 500
years ago. Bottom temperatures were also taken by the C.S. Recorder in the Coral
and Solomon Seas and are listed.