bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interventions for adolescents and adults with psychosis in Africa: a systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Hunt Xanthe , Abdurahman Haleem , Omobowale Olubukola , Afolayan Adeola , Munetsi Epiphania , Dzapasi Lloyd , Mokaya Nyareso , Koroma Alhaji , Barrie Ibrahim , Ogunmola Olusegun , Koroma Abubakar , Shakespeare Tom , Eaton Julian , Ryan Grace
Published: May 2022

Background

The Global Burden of Disease attributable to psychotic disorders in African countries is high and has increased sharply in recent years. Yet, there is a scarcity of evidence on effective, appropriate and acceptable interventions for schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders on the continent.

Methods

We carried out a systematic review and narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed literature evaluating the impact of non-pharmacological interventions for adolescents and adults (10–65 years) in African countries. Two reviewers independently double-screened all articles and performed data extraction and quality appraisal using standardized tools.

Results

Of the 8529 unique texts returned by our search, 12 studies were identified for inclusion, from seven countries: Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa and Sudan. They evaluated a range of interventions with one or more clinical, psychological or psychosocial, education or awareness or traditional or faith-based components, and were delivered by either mental health specialists or non-specialist health workers. Ten of the 12 included studies reported significant, positive effects on a range of outcomes (including functioning, symptoms and stigma). Nearly half of the interventions were based out of health facilities. Based on quality appraisals, confidence in these studies' findings is only rated low to medium.

Conclusion

Further research is needed to develop and evaluate interventions that meet the diverse needs of people with psychosis, within and beyond the health sector.
A hybrid artificial intelligence control of a turbulent jet: Reynolds number effect and scaling
Authors: Perumal A.K. , Wu Z. , Fan D.W. , Zhou Y.
Published: May 2022

This work aims to investigate experimentally the effect of the Reynolds numberRe,based on the nozzle diameterD, on jet mixing manipulation using an unsteady radial minijet. A novel artificial intelligence (AI) control system has been developed to manipulate the jet overRe = 5800–40 000. The system may optimize simultaneously the control law and a time-independent parameter, which dictate the actuation ON/OFF states and amplitude, respectively. The control parameters include the mass flow rate, excitation frequency and diameter ratios (Cm,fe/f0andd/D) of the minijet to the main jet as well as the duty cycle (α) of minijet injection. Jet mixing is quantified usingKeandK0, whereKis the decay rate of the jet centreline mean velocity, and subscriptseand 0 denote the manipulated and unforced jets, respectively. It has been found that the maximumKeachievable does not vary withRe.Scaling analysis of the huge volume of experimental data obtained from the AI system reveals that the relationshipKe = g1(Cm,fe/f0,α,d/D, Re, K0) may be reduced toKe/K0 = g2$(\zeta )$, whereg1andg2are different functions and the scaling factor$\zeta = ({C_m}/\alpha ){(D/d)^{1 - n}}(1/Re){({f_e}/{f_{e,opt}})^m}$,mand 1 − nare the power indices, and subscriptoptdenotes the value at whichKeis maximum. The scaling law is discussed in detail, along with the physical meanings of the dimensionless parametersKe/K0,ζ,$({C_m}/\alpha ){(D/d)^{1 - n}}(1/Re)$and${({f_e}/{f_{e,opt}})^m}$.
Prediction of Mach stem height in compressible open jets. Part 1. Overexpanded jets
Authors: Paramanantham Vinoth , Janakiram Sushmitha , Gopalapillai Rajesh
Published: May 2022

The flow from a supersonic nozzle when operated at off-design conditions exhibits a wide variety of complex flow structures. The prominent ones are the shock reflections inside the jet. The two main types of shock interactions are the regular reflection (RR) and Mach reflection (MR). The prominent characteristic change in the shock pattern when an RR transforms into an MR is the appearance of the Mach stem with a subsonic region downstream of it. The estimation of the Mach stem height gives the size of the subsonic domain and is a direct method to predict the transition from RR to MR or vice versa. The present study is carried out to estimate the size of the Mach stem in an inviscid jet in the overexpanded regime. The analytical methods employed here are the extension of the techniques developed to estimate the Mach stem size in the wedge flows by Li & Ben-Dor (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 341, 1997a, pp. 101–125), Mouton & Hornung (AIAA J., vol. 45, issue 8, 2007, pp. 1977–1987) and Bai & Wu (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 818, 2017, pp. 116–140). The results from the analytical formulation have been compared with the high resolution computational and experimental results. The analytical method reveals that the open jet has a unique, stable MR configuration and forms an upper limit for achievable Mach stem height for the wedge flows. Apart from the estimation of Mach stem height, the growth rates of Mach stem where the RR–MR transition takes place are also calculated and compared with the ones corresponding to wedge flows.
The separation angle of the free surface of a viscous fluid at a straight edge
Authors: Owens Robert G.
Published: May 2022

We rework some of the die-swell singularity analysis for Stokes flow, originally by Ramalingam (Ramalingam, 1994 Fiber spinning and rheology of liquid-crystalline polymers, PhD thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in appendix A of his PhD thesis, in an attempt to demonstrate that for capillary numbers in the range

$(0,\infty )$

the curvature may enter into the normal stress balance on the free surface and lead to separation angles exceeding

$180^{\circ }$

and infinite curvature at the separation point. The singular coefficients in the asymptotic solution and the free surface shape in a neighbourhood of the separation point cannot be determined by a local analysis of the Michael type (Michael, Mathematika, vol. 5, 1958, pp. 82–84) but must be found from matching with the solution valid away from the die edge. The numerical method that we use in the truncated die-swell domain is a boundary element method incorporating the singular solution near the separation point. Although there is some variation in the extrudate swell ratios at different capillary numbers reported in the numerical literature, our results for capillary numbers

$Ca$

from

$1$

to

$1000$

are within the range of values published in earlier papers. The computed separation angles at different values of

$Ca$

agree well with the range of separation angles to be found in experimental and numerical papers. The separation angle appears to converge to a value different from

$180^{\circ }$

as

$Ca$

increases, leading us to conclude that the case of zero surface tension (

$Ca=\infty$

, with corresponding separation angle of

$180^{\circ }$

), is a singular limit.
Spatial detection and hierarchy analysis of large-scale particle clusters in wall-bounded turbulence
Authors: Cui G. , Ruhman I. , Jacobi I.
Published: May 2022

Large-scale inertial particle clustering in a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) was investigated experimentally by two-colour particle-image velocimetry and particle-tracking velocimetry measurements in the wall-parallel plane of the log layer. The particle clusters were detected by Voronoi tessellation and a new application of a technique based on the spatial wavelet transform. Anisotropic wavelets spanning the range of measurable, large-scale particle clusters were applied to experimentally measured particle fields, and significance testing was used to identify hierarchies of particle clusters. Unlike the Voronoi tessellation, which primarily identified small-scale clusters, the wavelet technique also found a significant amount of anisotropic, large-scale clusters on the scale of the large-scale motions (LSMs) of the momentum field. The large-scale clusters were shown to be composed of a hierarchy of smaller clusters of varying degrees of isotropy. In addition to the cluster size distribution, the particle velocities within the clusters were studied as a function of cluster size. Larger clusters exhibited faster particle convection speeds, consistent with observations of the convection speeds of LSMs, thus providing additional evidence for the hypothesis that particles in the TBL accumulate on and are transported by large-scale, attached coherent structures.
A review of source models to further the understanding of the seismicity of the Groningen field
Authors: Kühn Daniela , Hainzl Sebastian , Dahm Torsten , Richter Gudrun , Vera Rodriguez Ismael
Published: May 2022

The occurrence of felt earthquakes due to gas production in Groningen has initiated numerous studies and model attempts to understand and quantify induced seismicity in this region. The whole bandwidth of available models spans the range from fully deterministic models to purely empirical and stochastic models. In this article, we summarise the most important model approaches, describing their main achievements and limitations. In addition, we discuss remaining open questions and potential future directions of development.
A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF ARTICLE 16 OF THE IRELAND–NORTHERN IRELAND PROTOCOL
Authors: Melo Araujo Billy
Published: May 2022

Article 16 of the Ireland–Northern Ireland Protocol annexed to the EU–UK Withdrawal Agreement is an escape clause which allows the parties to deviate from their obligations under certain conditions. This article maps out the main features of the safeguards provision in the Protocol in light of international trade law and international relations literature on treaty design. It provides a detailed examination of the safeguards provision in the Protocol and highlights the key design flaws associated with this regime as well as some potential solutions to such flaws.
In search of the origin of an Antarctic ghost ship: The legend of the Jenny re-evaluated
Authors: Schuster Frank M.
Published: May 2022

When Sir John Franklin’s expedition ships, lost since 1845, were found in the Arctic in 2014 and 2016, respectively, they were referred to several times in the media as ghost ships. However, such a comparison is not new. In 1862, an article linking the disappearance of the Franklin expedition to that of a ghost ship in Antarctic waters appeared in a newly founded German geographic journal aimed at a general audience. The story of the ghost shipJennyin the Drake Passage between South America and Antarctica would probably have been long forgotten had it not appeared again in this journal in English translation a century later. Since then, the story has appeared again and again in publications about mysterious phenomena, without succeeding in answering the question of whether such a ship ever existed at all. Instead of continuing to look for evidence of the actual existence of the ship, the following article not only presents the sources of the 1862 journal article but also examines how the story itself might have originated. In addition to a well-known legend about a ghost ship in the Arctic waters of Greenland, which will also be analysed in greater detail, oral tales and tradition about two almost forgotten voyages into Antarctic waters and a well-known one have probably also been incorporated into the tale of the ghost shipJenny. All translations from German are by the author.
A broad v. focused digital intervention for recurrent binge eating: a randomized controlled non-inferiority trial
Authors: Linardon Jake , Shatte Adrian , McClure Zoe , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew
Published: May 2022

Background

Empirically validated digital interventions for recurrent binge eating typically target numerous hypothesized change mechanisms via the delivery of different modules, skills, and techniques. Emerging evidence suggests that interventions designed to target and isolate one key change mechanism may also produce meaningful change in core symptoms. Although both ‘broad’ and ‘focused’ digital programs have demonstrated efficacy, no study has performed a direct, head-to-head comparison of the two approaches. We addressed this through a randomized non-inferiority trial.

Method

Participants with recurrent binge eating were randomly assigned to a broad (n = 199) or focused digital intervention (n = 199), or a waitlist (n = 202). The broad program targeted dietary restraint, mood intolerance, and body image disturbances, while the focused program exclusively targeted dietary restraint. Primary outcomes were eating disorder psychopathology and binge eating frequency.

Results

In intention-to-treat analyses, both intervention groups reported greater improvements in primary and secondary outcomes than the waitlist, which were sustained at an 8-week follow-up. The focused intervention was not inferior to the broad intervention on all but one outcome, but was associated with higher rates of attrition and non-compliance.

Conclusion

Focused digital interventions that are designed to target one key change mechanism may produce comparable symptom improvements to broader digital interventions, but appear to be associated with lower engagement.
FOCAL NODES AND RITUAL ECONOMY IN ANCIENT MAYA HINTERLAND COMMUNITIES: A CASE STUDY FROM SAN LORENZO, BELIZE
Authors: Ingalls Victoria , Yaeger Jason
Published: May 2022

Public structures in the Maya region materialize ideologies and define centers of power as they create politically charged sacred landscapes. These locations are focal nodes for community and polity making processes, embedding social hierarchies, ideologies, and social memories into the physical landscape. Archaeologists, however, have historically focused little attention on small-scale focal nodes within rural communities. To explore the ways hinterland or rural communities may integrate and articulate with larger heartland seats of power, this article examines one such public group at the hinterland site of San Lorenzo, Belize. Drawing from studies of integrative features, we explore practices of affiliation from the Late Preclassic through the Terminal Classic periods and the ways they are expressed at a civic-ceremonial community space through ritual economy. Focal nodes facilitated the face-to-face interactions that were necessary for community integration and the practices enacted within such spaces allow associated groups to negotiate and display their status within the community and to larger regional polities.
CONTROL, COLLAPSE, AND RESILIENCE AT RÍO AMARILLO IN THE COPAN VALLEY, HONDURAS
Authors: McNeil Cameron L. , Barrios Edy , Hruby Zachary X. , Meissner Nathan J. , Tokovinine Alexandre , Díaz García Mauricio , Burgos Morakawa Walter
Published: May 2022

This article documents the transition from the Late Classic to Postclassic periods at Río Amarillo, a hinterland outpost of the Copan polity, and at an associated residential group, Site 5, in the Río Amarillo East Pocket of the Copan Valley. Late Classic period evidence indicates that the site of Río Amarillo operated as an administrative center for the Copan polity with the likely objective of increased agricultural production for the burgeoning population in the Copan Pocket. In the Terminal Classic period, Río Amarillo shared the fate of Copan, with evidence indicating it was burned and sacked. However, unlike the Copan Pocket, many residential groups remained occupied during the Early Postclassic. Here we focus on Site 5. An unbroken occupation from the Late Classic through to the end of the Early Postclassic period, as this site provides a window into an existence without the requirements of tribute given to their western neighbor. We hypothesize that the smaller settlement size and higher amount of rainfall in this valley pocket, as well as a richer and more diversified environment, were important factors in the survival of some of its population.
Association of genetic variants related to combined exposure to higher BMI and waist-to-hip ratio on lifelong cardiovascular risk in UK Biobank
Authors: Wan Eric Yuk Fai , Fung Wing Tung , Yu Esther Yee Tak , Cheng Will Ho Gi , Chan Kam Suen , Wang Yuan , Chan Esther Wai Yin , Wong Ian Chi Kei , Lam Cindy Lo Kuen
Published: May 2022

Objective:

This study examines the individual and combined association of BMI and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) with CVD risk using genetic scores of the obesity measurements as proxies.

Design:

A 2 × 2 factorial analysis approach was applied, with participants divided into four groups of lifetime exposure to low BMI and WHR, high BMI, high WHR, and high BMI and WHR based on weighted genetic risk scores. The difference in CVD risk across groups was evaluated using multivariable logistic regression.

Setting:

Cohort study.

Participants:

A total of 408 003 participants were included from the prospective observational UK Biobank study.

Results:

A total of 58 429 CVD events were recorded. Compared to the low BMI and WHR genetic scores group, higher BMI or higher WHR genetic scores were associated with an increase in CVD risk (high WHR: OR, 1·07; 95 % CI (1·04, 1·10)); high BMI: OR, 1·12; 95 % CI (1·09, 1·16). A weak additive effect on CVD risk was found between BMI and WHR (high BMI and WHR: OR, 1·16; 95 % CI (1·12, 1·19)). Subgroup analysis showed similar patterns between different sex, age (<65, ≥65 years old), smoking status, Townsend deprivation index, fasting glucose level and medication uses, but lower systolic blood pressure was associated with higher CVD risk in obese participants.

Conclusions:

High BMI and WHR were associated with increased CVD risk, and their effects are weakly additive. Even though there were overlapping of effect, both BMI and WHR are important in assessing the CVD risk in the general population.
Distinct Oceanic Responses at Rapidly Intensified and Weakened Regimes of Tropical Cyclone Ockhi (2017)
Authors: Jyothi Lingala , Joseph Sudheer , P Suneetha , Huber Matthew , Joseph Lijo Abraham
Published: May 2022

This study analyzed the upper ocean responses to tropical cyclone (TC) Ockhi (2017) from two regions where it underwent (a) rapid intensification (RI) and (b) rapid weakening (RW) using simulations from the high‐resolution HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model. Pre‐existed oceanic conditions in the RI region were warmer and fresher than in the RW region. Though the translation speed was slower over the RI region, the storm‐induced sea surface temperature cooling was weaker (−0.8°C) while a significant cooling (−1.9°C) was observed at RW. The mixed layer heat budget analysis revealed that the dominant process driving the temperature tendency in the RI and RW regions were surface thermal forcing (−0.01°C h−1) and entrainment (−0.015°C h−1), respectively. The role of entrainment was restrained by a thick barrier layer in the RI region. The TC‐induced mixing over a weakly stratified ocean at RW resulted in a significant drop in dynamic temperature (Tdy) compared to the RI. The cooling differences were attributed to the contrasting salinity stratification at RI and RW regimes which modulated the ocean's negative feedback to TC intensity changes. Further, the difference between the depths of mixing length and 26°C isotherm at RI and RW regimes indicate that 26°C isotherm does not necessarily represent the mixing depth under the influence of TC. Hence, this study suggests Tdy may be a better metric for cyclone intensity changes than heat content above a fixed isotherm, particularly in the salinity stratified regions.
Dislocation Generation in Experimentally Shocked Olivine Crystals
Authors: Tielke Jacob A. , Peslier Anne H. , Christoffersen Roy , Erickson Timmons M. , Cline Christopher J. , Jakubek Ryan S. , Cintala Mark J. , Rahman Zia , Fries Marc D. , Bouilhol Pierre
Published: May 2022

During shock metamorphism, crystals in planetary bodies are exposed to extreme conditions of stress, pressure, and temperature, resulting in the development of a range of shock‐induced defects, including dislocations. To investigate the shock‐induced development of dislocations in olivine, one of the most common minerals found in meteorites and other planetary samples, a series of shock experiments were carried out on olivine single crystals. Olivine crystals were shocked to peak reverberation pressures ranging from 21.3 to 58.7 GPa in a flat‐plate accelerator. The crystals were characterized using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and electron microprobe. EBSD analyses reveal that geometrically necessary dislocations form on all common slip systems. Raman spectroscopy reveals that the full width at half height of characteristic peaks increases linearly as a function of shock pressure. Dislocation loops with the Burgers vector b = [001] have higher densities near fractures as revealed by TEM analyses, whereas dislocations away from fractures are more dependent on the crystal orientation relative to impact direction. The type and density of dislocations that form during shock are largely independent of the starting hydrogen content of crystals. Calculations that incorporate post‐shock cooling rates of meteorites ejected from planetary surfaces, dislocation annihilation rates in olivine, and dislocation densities measured in shocked olivine suggest that shock‐induced dislocations are preserved in olivine in meteorites ejected from planetary bodies and therefore give insight into the conditions of ancient impact events in the solar system.
Pathways to Better Prediction of the MJO: 1. Effects of Model Resolution and Moist Physics on Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Precipitation
Authors: Savarin Ajda , Chen Shuyi S.
Published: May 2022

Despite recent advancements in numerical models, prediction of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) remains a major challenge in numerical weather prediction and climate modeling. This study explores pathways for improving MJO prediction through systematic investigation of the effects of model resolution and moist physics on simulations of the MJO in Part 1, followed by effects of atmosphere‐ocean coupling in Part 2. The Unified Wave Interface—Coupled Model (UWIN‐CM) experiments with different cumulus parameterizations (CP) and explicit microphysics with convection‐permitting resolution are used to study the MJO convective initiation and eastward propagation. Observations of the atmosphere and ocean from the Dynamics of the MJO (DYNAMO) field campaign in 2011 are used to evaluate coupled model simulations. At lower resolution (12 km), the simulation with the Tiedtke CP produced an eastward propagating MJO event, while the simulation with the Kain‐Fritsch CP did not. The main difference between the two low‐resolution simulations is in the vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer which impacts the large‐scale MJO circulation and precipitation. The Kain‐Fritsch CP produced a persistent cloudy boundary layer that decoupled the tropospheric circulation from the surface and failed to produce the MJO. At higher resolution (4 km), convection‐permitting simulations are robust in capturing the observed eastward propagation of MJO precipitation and surface westerly winds. Increasing resolution improves the boundary layer structure and convective systems, which results in more realistic vertical structures of wind and moisture throughout the troposphere, as well as an improved eastward propagation of the MJO.
Narrower Paleo‐Canyons Downsize Megafloods
Authors: David S. R. , Larsen I. J. , Lamb M. P.
Published: May 2022

Catastrophic drainage of glacial Lake Missoula through the Columbia River Gorge, USA, produced some of the largest floods ever known. However, erosion of the gorge during flooding has not been quantified, hindering discharge reconstructions and our understanding of landscape change by megafloods. Using a neural network and geomorphic observations, we reconstructed the gorge topography and found ∼7.4 km3 of rock was eroded from gorge walls. Accounting for a narrower canyon and matching flood high‐water marks resulted in peak‐flood discharge reconstructions of 6 × 106–7 × 106 m3 s−1, which are 30%–40% lower than prior estimates based on the present‐day topography. Sediment transport modeling indicated that more frequent intermediate‐sized floods transported most of the eroded rock. Thus, similar to alluvial rivers, discharge magnitude‐frequency tradeoffs may also govern canyon formation by repeated megafloods.
The History of Water in Martian Magmas From Thorium Maps
Authors: Black Benjamin A. , Manga Michael , Ojha Lujendra , Longpré Marc‐Antoine , Karunatillake Suniti , Hlinka Lisa
Published: May 2022

Water inventories in Martian magmas are poorly constrained. Meteorite‐based estimates range widely, from 102 to >104 ppm H2O, and are likely variably influenced by degassing. Orbital measurements of H primarily reflect water cycled and stored in the regolith. Like water, Th behaves incompatibly during mantle melting, but unlike water Th is not prone to degassing and is relatively immobile during aqueous alteration at low temperature. We employ Th as a proxy for original, mantle‐derived H2O in Martian magmas. We use regional maps of Th from Mars Odyssey to assess variations in magmatic water across major volcanic provinces and through time. We infer that Hesperian and Amazonian magmas had ∼100–3,000 ppm H2O, in the lower range of previous estimates. The implied cumulative outgassing since the Hesperian, equivalent to a global H2O layer ∼1–40 m deep, agrees with Mars’ present‐day surface and near‐surface water inventory and estimates of sequestration and loss rates.
First Estimates of Hydrothermal Helium Fluxes in Continental Collision Settings: Insights From the Southeast Tibetan Plateau Margin
Authors: Zhang Maoliang , Liu Wei , Guan Lufeng , Takahata Naoto , Sano Yuji , Li Ying , Zhou Xiaocheng , Chen Zhi , Cao Chunhui , Zhang Lihong , Lang Yun‐Chao , Liu Cong‐Qiang , Xu Sheng
Published: May 2022

Continental regions are essential for the outgassing of deeply‐sourced helium in response to volcanic and tectonic processes. However, the helium fluxes remain largely unknown for continental collision settings such as the Tibetan Plateau. Here, we focus on hydrothermal helium degassing from the Simao block, Southeast Tibetan Plateau margin, and report flux estimates of (0.03 – 32) × 105 atoms m−2 s−1 for 3He and (3.2 – 32) × 1010 atoms m−2 s−1 for 4He, with mantle fractions of helium fluxes up to 2−3 orders of magnitude greater than those of stable continents. Geologically recent magma recharge beneath Quaternary volcanoes is proposed to account for the high mantle helium fluxes and 3He/4He up to 7.24 Ra. Active tectonics driven by the India‐Asia continental collision possibly maintained efficient release of crustal helium over geological timescales. These findings present the first flux estimates for hydrothermal helium degassing controlled by volcanic and tectonic processes in continental collision settings.
Northward Expansion of Desert Climate in Central Asia in Recent Decades
Authors: Hu Qi , Han Zihang
Published: May 2022

Climate variation in Central Asia is examined using changes of climate classification to obtain geographically specific information of the variation across the region. Major results show the northward expansion of desert climate by over 100 km in mid‐latitudes of the region since the 1980s. In the meantime, all types of climates in the region have increased temperatures. In mountainous areas, previous cold climate is replaced by warmer and also wetter climate. These changes could have largely resulted in the fast retreat of glaciers and the temporary rise of groundwater and the water levels of lakes in the drainage areas in recent decades. Because different climate types are associated with specific flora and fauna, the shifts of the climate types in locations have elevated the potential to initiate new feedbacks of the ecological systems to the climate and complicate its variation.
The High‐Frequency Signature of Slow and Fast Laboratory Earthquakes
Authors: Bolton David C. , Shreedharan Srisharan , McLaskey Gregory C. , Rivière Jacques , Shokouhi Parisa , Trugman Daniel T. , Marone Chris
Published: May 2022

Tectonic faults fail through a spectrum of slip modes, ranging from slow aseismic creep to rapid slip during earthquakes. Understanding the seismic radiation emitted during these slip modes is key for advancing earthquake science and earthquake hazard assessment. In this work, we use laboratory friction experiments instrumented with ultrasonic sensors to document the seismic radiation properties of slow and fast laboratory earthquakes. Stick‐slip experiments were conducted at a constant loading rate of 8 μm/s and the normal stress was systematically increased from 7 to 15 MPa. We produced a full spectrum of slip modes by modulating the loading stiffness in tandem with the fault zone normal stress. Acoustic emission data were recorded continuously at 5 MHz. We demonstrate that the full continuum of slip modes radiate measurable high‐frequency energy between 100 and 500 kHz, including the slowest events that have peak fault slip rates <100 μm/s. The peak amplitude of the high‐frequency time‐domain signals scales systematically with fault slip velocity. Stable sliding experiments further support the connection between fault slip rate and high‐frequency radiation. Experiments demonstrate that the origin of the high‐frequency energy is fundamentally linked to changes in fault slip rate, shear strain, and breaking of contact junctions within the fault gouge. Our results suggest that having measurements close to the fault zone may be key for documenting seismic radiation properties and fully understanding the connection between different slip modes.
TGF-β promotes pericyte-myofibroblast transition in subretinal fibrosis through the Smad2/3 and Akt/mTOR pathways
Authors: Zhao Zhenzhen , Zhang Yumeng , Zhang Chaoyang , Zhang Jingting , Luo Xueting , Qiu Qinghua , Luo Dawei , Zhang Jingfa
Published: May 2022

Subretinal fibrosis remains a major obstacle to the management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Choroidal pericytes were found to be a significant source of subretinal fibrosis, but the underlying mechanisms of pericyte-myofibroblast transition (PMT) remain largely unknown. The goal of this study was to explore the role and potential mechanisms by which PMT contributes to subretinal fibrosis. Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) was induced by laser photocoagulation in transgenic mice with the collagen1α1-green fluorescent protein (Col1α1-GFP) reporter, and recombinant adeno-associated virus 2 (rAAV2)-mediated TGF-β2 (rAAV2-TGF-β2) was administered intravitreally to further induce PMT. Primary mouse choroidal GFP-positive pericytes were treated with TGF-β2 in combination with siRNAs targeting Smad2/3, the Akt inhibitor MK2206 or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin to examine cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation into myofibroblasts. The involvement of the Akt/mTOR pathway in PMT in subretinal fibrosis was further investigated in vivo. Intraocular TGF-β2 overexpression induced GFP-positive pericyte infiltration and PMT in subretinal fibrosis, which was mimicked in vitro. Knockdown of Smad2/3 or inhibition of Akt/mTOR decreased cell proliferation, PMT and migration in primary mouse pericytes. Combined inhibition of Smad2/3 and mTOR showed synergistic effects on attenuating α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and cell proliferation. In mice with laser-induced CNV, the administration of the Akt/mTOR inhibitors suppressed pericyte proliferation and alleviated the severity of subretinal fibrosis. Our results showed that PMT plays a pivotal role in subretinal fibrosis, which was induced by TGF-β2 through the Smad2/3 and Akt/mTOR pathways. Thus, inhibiting PMT may be a novel strategy for the treatment of subretinal fibrosis.
Toll-like receptor 9 deficiency induces osteoclastic bone loss via gut microbiota-associated systemic chronic inflammation
Authors: Ding Peng , Tan Qiyuan , Wei Zhanying , Chen Qiyu , Wang Chun , Qi Luyue , Wen Li , Zhang Changqing , Yao Chen
Published: May 2022

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play pivotal roles in inflammation and provide important links between the immune and skeletal systems. Although the activation of TLRs may affect osteoclast differentiation and bone metabolism, whether and how TLRs are required for normal bone remodeling remains to be fully explored. In the current study, we show for the first time that TLR9−/−mice exhibit a low bone mass and low-grade systemic chronic inflammation, which is characterized by the expansion of CD4+T cells and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, RANKL, and IL1β. The increased levels of these cytokines significantly promote osteoclastogenesis and induce bone loss. Importantly, TLR9 deletion alters the gut microbiota, and this dysbiosis is the basis of the systemic inflammation and bone loss observed in TLR9−/−mice. Furthermore, through single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified myeloid-biased hematopoiesis in the bone marrow of TLR9−/−mice and determined that the increase in myelopoiesis, likely caused by the adaptation of hematopoietic stem cells to systemic inflammation, also contributes to inflammation-induced osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone loss in TLR9−/−mice. Thus, our study provides novel evidence that TLR9 signaling connects the gut microbiota, immune system, and bone and is critical in maintaining the homeostasis of inflammation, hematopoiesis, and bone metabolism under normal conditions.
The dental demolition derby: bruxism and its impact - part 2: early management of bruxism
Authors: Thayer Mark L. T. , Ali Rahat
Published: May 2022

Bruxism is a term that encompasses a range of presentations of rhythmic and repetitive muscular activity. For many, this is not a significant problem but for some, the behaviour leads to significant problems and extensive tissue damage. This is different to temporomandibular disorders. This paper will review methods of managing cases where bruxism is destructive, or potentially destructive, before needing to resort to full reconstruction.
Identifying a novel KLF2/lncRNA SNHG12/miR-494-3p/RAD23B axis in Spare Nerve Injury-induced neuropathic pain
Authors: Zhang Jinyuan , Zhao Hanping , Zhang Aimin , Zhao Chengyi , Mei Zhi , Yao Haiyan , Fan Zhidan , Liang Daochen
Published: May 2022

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition for patients, affecting nearly 2.5 million people globally. Multiple side effects of SCI have resulted in a terrible life experience for SCI patients, of which neuropathic pain has attracted the most scientific interest. Even though many efforts have been made to attenuate or eliminate neuropathic pain induced by SCI, the outcomes for patients are still poor. Therefore, identifying novel diagnosis or therapeutic targets of SCI-induced neuropathic pain is urgently needed. Recently, multiple functions of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) have been elucidated, including those in SCI-induced neuropathic pain. In this study, lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 (SNHG12) was found to be upregulated in the dorsal root ganglion (DRGs) of rats with spare nerve injury (SNI). By constructing SCI rat models, we found that lncRNA SNHG12 expression was increased in the DRGs, and mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of PC12 cells. Paw withdrawal threshold (PWT), paw withdrawal latency (PWL), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results indicated that lncRNA SNHG12 knockdown attenuated SNI-induced neuropathic pain, and decreased the expression levels of interleukin (IL)−1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) in the DRGs. Bioinformatics analysis, RNA pull-down, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase reporter gene assays showed that lncRNA SNHG12 regulates the RAD23 homologue B, nucleotide excision repair protein (RAD23B) expression, through targeting micro RNA (miR)−494-3p. Furthermore, the study indicated that Kruppel-Like Factor 2 (KLF2) could regulate lncRNA SNHG12 expression in PC12 cells. This study identified a novel KLF2/lncRNA SNHG12/miR-494-3p/RAD23B axis in SNI-induced neuropathic pain, which might provide a new insight for developing novel diagnosis, or therapeutic targets of SCI-induced neuropathic pain in the future.
Host genetic basis of COVID-19: from methodologies to genes
Authors: Zguro Kristina , Fallerini Chiara , Fava Francesca , Furini Simone , Renieri Alessandra
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is having a massive impact on public health, societies, and economies worldwide. Despite the ongoing vaccination program, treating COVID-19 remains a high priority; thus, a better understanding of the disease is urgently needed. Initially, susceptibility was associated with age, sex, and other prior existing comorbidities. However, as these conditions alone could not explain the highly variable clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, the attention was shifted toward the identification of the genetic basis of COVID-19. Thanks to international collaborations like The COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, it became possible the elucidation of numerous genetic markers that are not only likely to help in explaining the varied clinical outcomes of COVID-19 patients but can also guide the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics. Within this framework, this review delineates GWAS and Burden test as traditional methodologies employed so far for the discovery of the human genetic basis of COVID-19, with particular attention to recently emerged predictive models such as the post-Mendelian model. A summary table with the main genome-wide significant genomic loci is provided. Besides, various common and rare variants identified in genes like TLR7, CFTR, ACE2, TMPRSS2, TLR3, and SELP are further described in detail to illustrate their association with disease severity.
Periodic corner holes on the Si(111)-7×7 surface can trap silver atoms
Authors: Osiecki Jacek R. , Suto Shozo , Chutia Arunabhiram
Published: May 2022

Advancement in nanotechnology to a large extent depends on the ability to manipulate materials at the atomistic level, including positioning single atoms on the active sites of the surfaces of interest, promoting strong chemical bonding. Here, we report a long-time confinement of a single Ag atom inside a corner hole (CH) of the technologically relevant Si(111)-7×7 surface, which has comparable size as a fullerene C60 molecule with a single dangling bond at the bottom center. Experiments reveal that a set of 17 Ag atoms stays entrapped in the CH for the entire duration of experiment, 4 days and 7 h. Warming up the surface to about 150 °C degrees forces the Ag atoms out of the CH within a few minutes. The processes of entrapment and diffusion are temperature dependent. Theoretical calculations based on density functional theory support the experimental results confirming the highest adsorption energy at the CH for the Ag atom, and suggest that other elements such as Li, Na, Cu, Au, F and I may display similar behavior. The capability of atomic manipulation at room temperature makes this effect particularly attractive for building single atom devices and possibly developing new engineering and nano-manufacturing methods.
Solution-processable microporous polymer platform for heterogenization of diverse photoredox catalysts
Authors: Liu Richard Y. , Guo Sheng , Luo Shao-Xiong Lennon , Swager Timothy M.
Published: May 2022

In contemporary organic synthesis, substances that access strongly oxidizing and/or reducing states upon irradiation have been exploited to facilitate powerful and unprecedented transformations. However, the implementation of light-driven reactions in large-scale processes remains uncommon, limited by the lack of general technologies for the immobilization, separation, and reuse of these diverse catalysts. Here, we report a new class of photoactive organic polymers that combine the flexibility of small-molecule dyes with the operational advantages and recyclability of solid-phase catalysts. The solubility of these polymers in select non-polar organic solvents supports their facile processing into a wide range of heterogeneous modalities. The active sites, embedded within porous microstructures, display elevated reactivity, further enhanced by the mobility of excited states and charged species within the polymers. The independent tunability of the physical and photochemical properties of these materials affords a convenient, generalizable platform for the metamorphosis of modern photoredox catalysts into active heterogeneous equivalents.
Activation of Nkx2.5 transcriptional program is required for adult myocardial repair
Authors: de Sena-Tomás Carmen , Aleman Angelika G. , Ford Caitlin , Varshney Akriti , Yao Di , Harrington Jamie K. , Saúde Leonor , Ramialison Mirana , Targoff Kimara L.
Published: May 2022

The cardiac developmental network has been associated with myocardial regenerative potential. However, the embryonic signals triggered following injury have yet to be fully elucidated. Nkx2.5 is a key causative transcription factor associated with human congenital heart disease and one of the earliest markers of cardiac progenitors, thus it serves as a promising candidate. Here, we show that cardiac-specific RNA-sequencing studies reveal a disrupted embryonic transcriptional profile in the adult Nkx2.5 loss-of-function myocardium. nkx2.5−/− fish exhibit an impaired ability to recover following ventricular apex amputation with diminished dedifferentiation and proliferation. Complex network analyses illuminate that Nkx2.5 is required to provoke proteolytic pathways necessary for sarcomere disassembly and to mount a proliferative response for cardiomyocyte renewal. Moreover, Nkx2.5 targets embedded in these distinct gene regulatory modules coordinate appropriate, multi-faceted injury responses. Altogether, our findings support a previously unrecognized, Nkx2.5-dependent regenerative circuit that invokes myocardial cell cycle re-entry, proteolysis, and mitochondrial metabolism to ensure effective regeneration in the teleost heart.
Automated vitrification of cryo-EM samples with controllable sample thickness using suction and real-time optical inspection
Authors: Koning Roman I. , Vader Hildo , van Nugteren Martijn , Grocutt Peter A. , Yang Wen , Renault Ludovic L. R. , Koster Abraham J. , Kamp Arnold C. F. , Schwertner Michael
Published: May 2022

The speed and efficiency of data collection and image processing in cryo-electron microscopy have increased over the last decade. However, cryo specimen preparation techniques have lagged and faster, more reproducible specimen preparation devices are needed. Here, we present a vitrification device with highly automated sample handling, requiring only limited user interaction. Moreover, the device allows inspection of thin films using light microscopy, since the excess liquid is removed through suction by tubes, not blotting paper. In combination with dew-point control, this enables thin film preparation in a controlled and reproducible manner. The advantage is that the quality of the prepared cryo specimen is characterized before electron microscopy data acquisition. The practicality and performance of the device are illustrated with experimental results obtained by vitrification of protein suspensions, lipid vesicles, bacterial and human cells, followed by imaged using single particle analysis, cryo-electron tomography, and cryo correlated light and electron microscopy.
ZrTe2/CrTe2: an epitaxial van der Waals platform for spintronics
Authors: Ou Yongxi , Yanez Wilson , Xiao Run , Stanley Max , Ghosh Supriya , Zheng Boyang , Jiang Wei , Huang Yu-Sheng , Pillsbury Timothy , Richardella Anthony , Liu Chaoxing , Low Tony , Crespi Vincent H. , Mkhoyan K. Andre , Samarth Nitin
Published: May 2022

The rapid discovery of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) quantum materials has led to heterostructures that integrate diverse quantum functionalities such as topological phases, magnetism, and superconductivity. In this context, the epitaxial synthesis of vdW heterostructures with well-controlled interfaces is an attractive route towards wafer-scale platforms for systematically exploring fundamental properties and fashioning proof-of-concept devices. Here, we use molecular beam epitaxy to synthesize a vdW heterostructure that interfaces two material systems of contemporary interest: a 2D ferromagnet (1T-CrTe2) and a topological semimetal (ZrTe2). We find that one unit-cell (u.c.) thick 1T-CrTe2grown epitaxially on ZrTe2is a 2D ferromagnet with a clear anomalous Hall effect. In thicker samples (12 u.c. thick CrTe2), the anomalous Hall effect has characteristics that may arise from real-space Berry curvature. Finally, in ultrathin CrTe2(3 u.c. thickness), we demonstrate current-driven magnetization switching in a full vdW topological semimetal/2D ferromagnet heterostructure device.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals evolution of immune landscape during glioblastoma progression
Authors: Yeo Alan T. , Rawal Shruti , Delcuze Bethany , Christofides Anthos , Atayde Agata , Strauss Laura , Balaj Leonora , Rogers Vaughn A. , Uhlmann Erik J. , Varma Hemant , Carter Bob S. , Boussiotis Vassiliki A. , Charest Al
Published: May 2022

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable primary malignant brain cancer hallmarked with a substantial protumorigenic immune component. Knowledge of the GBM immune microenvironment during tumor evolution and standard of care treatments is limited. Using single-cell transcriptomics and flow cytometry, we unveiled large-scale comprehensive longitudinal changes in immune cell composition throughout tumor progression in an epidermal growth factor receptor-driven genetic mouse GBM model. We identified subsets of proinflammatory microglia in developing GBMs and anti-inflammatory macrophages and protumorigenic myeloid-derived suppressors cells in end-stage tumors, an evolution that parallels breakdown of the blood–brain barrier and extensive growth of epidermal growth factor receptor+ GBM cells. A similar relationship was found between microglia and macrophages in patient biopsies of low-grade glioma and GBM. Temozolomide decreased the accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells, whereas concomitant temozolomide irradiation increased intratumoral GranzymeB+ CD8+T cells but also increased CD4+ regulatory T cells. These results provide a comprehensive and unbiased immune cellular landscape and its evolutionary changes during GBM progression.
Downburst-like experimental impinging jet measurements at the WindEEE Dome
Authors: Canepa Federico , Burlando Massimiliano , Romanic Djordje , Solari Giovanni , Hangan Horia
Published: May 2022

This paper describes the dataset of measurements collected and published in the context of the comprehensive experimental campaign on downburst-like outflows that was performed at the WindEEE Dome at Western University, Canada. Downbursts are strong downdrafts of air that originate from thunderstorm clouds and create vigorous radial outflows upon hitting the ground. Downbursts are here simulated as transient phenomena produced by large-scale impinging jet. Two jet velocities were adopted in the experiments. The three-component velocity measurements were recorded using 7 Cobra probes mounted on a vertical stiff mast and displaced at 10 radial positions in respect to the downdraft centerline. For every radial position, each experiment with the same initial condition was repeated 20 times to inspect the deterministic features of the signal. Overall, the total of 2800 tests (2 jet velocities × 20 repetitions × 10 radial positions × 7 heights) represent one of the largest experimental campaigns on downburst winds carried out in a wind tunnel facility thus far.