bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What's in a Name? Personal Identity and Naming on Anuta
Authors: Feinberg Richard
Published: December 2004

Names and the messages that they communicate have been a subject of general and anthropological interest. Here data are presented from Anuta, a Polynesian island in the eastern Solomons, showing that one's sense of identification with one's name is as intimate as in the west, and that social bonds are frequently established through the naming process, but without the permanence and exclusivity that we associate with names. Suggestions are offered as to why names are such potent vehicles for shaping people's sense of who they are and where they fit into their universe.
Navajo Syllogisms: Structures and Use
Authors: Hamill James F.
Published: December 2004

Modern cognitive anthropology has shifted its interests from analyzing groups of related lexemes to analyzing discourse with emphasis on the schemata that provide coherence to speech. Logical inference patterns such as syllogisms play an important role in these schemata and have received attention in the recent literature. The results of an investigation into the structural validity and folkloric use of Navajo syllogisms are reported in this article. The syllogism is found to be a valid reasoning pattern in Navajo and a key schematic feature of Navajo folk tales.
Sex Bias, Ethnocentrism, and Myth Building in Anthropology: The Case of Universal Male Dominance
Authors: Bourguignon Erika
Published: December 2004

Currently flourishing comparative studies of and by women have raised challenging questions for anthropological research and theory building. Although male bias has been widely discussed, other sources of bias are also seen to be at work, and their effects, it is argued, are not limited to research concerning the position of women. Myth building, instead of the construction of scientific theories, may result. The theory of a universal male dominance is used to illustrate this point.
The Negotiation of Meaning in the Military
Authors: Jaffe Alexandra
Published: December 2004

The relationship of individual style to formal and informal codes of action and value in the military are examined. Three examples taken from the author's experience in the Army Reserves illustrate the conditions in which individuals can manipulate the formal system to their own interests. Although the ability to negotiate meanings in the military is strongly linked to the individual's status within the organization, the full weight of that identity is largely a function of acumen and personal style; that is, the judicious management of both formal and informal military codes and practices.
The Human Impact of a Pet Therapy Program in Three Geriatric Facilities
Authors: Savishinsky Joel S.
Published: December 2004

A participant‐observation study of a visiting pet therapy program for the residents of three geriatric facilities has revealed several unintended social effects. Though the program is designed to operate in a similar way in all three institutions, its impact varies with the size of the facility, the health status of the residents, and the format that visits follow in each home. These differences yield distinct levels of privacy, interpersonal sharing, and human/animal contact. The presence of pets and the people who accompany them also trigger distinct reminiscing patterns pertaining to childhood and pet loss. In addition, some elderly residents participate mainly to relate to humans rather than animals. Furthermore, certain patients perceive pets as sources of moral value: they use their presence to assess human qualities and their own treatment by others. Program volunteers also develop on‐going, intense bonds with residents whose emotional demands they sometimes find it difficult to meet.
Family Structure and Mental Health in Urban Guyana
Authors: Wilson Leon C. , Williams David R. , Wilkins Kendra
Published: December 2004

While there is much descriptive information on the structural features of the Caribbean family, little data exists on mental health outcomes that may be associated with these structures. Using a sample of 654 adults from urban Guyana, this study explores the extent to which family structure is related to psychological distress. The analyses indicate that female heads of household report more depressive symptoms than women in simple nuclear settings. Sociodemographic and psychosocial factors are more consistently related to mental health than family structure.
Maternal and Primary Care System Factors Affecting Oral Rehydration Therapy in Rural Guinea
Authors: Ward William , Glik Deborah , Gordon Andrew , Haba Fassu
Published: December 2004

Maternal sociodemographics, knowledge about oral rehydration, and specific health practices were found to interact with access to primary care system variables in predicting the use of oral rehydration in two areas of rural Guinea. Extremely limited primary health care resources were related to very low levels of usage even with a national effort to increase oral rehydration therapy. The study used a stratified sampling design to compare the differential effects of town, village, health care system availability and ethnic factors in oral rehydration solution use.
Wives' Roles in Fertility Decision‐Making Among Nepalese Caste‐Hindus
Authors: Folmar Steven
Published: December 2004

The study of wives' roles in fertility decision‐making among 97 caste‐Hindu women from West Central Nepal reveals wide variation on four issues: (1) Are fertility decisions conscious? (2) Who makes fertility decisions? (3) Do ideal family size and composition affect fertility decisions? and (4) Are economic, social, cultural or health factors the major motives in fertility decisions? Findings suggest a greater level of variation in and complexity of fertility decisions than appreciated by existing theory. This paper concludes that fertility decisions are highly individualistic and are based more on personal characteristics and life experiences than they are on generalized distinctions between societal types.
Health Care in the People's Republic of China: A Blend of Traditional and Modern
Authors: Anderson James G.
Published: December 2004

The People's Republic of China originally developed a unique health services system that embodies decentralization, continuity with traditional medicine, integration with the local political structure, and mass participation. In order to provide health services for over one billion people. China concentrated on training barefoot doctors, assistant doctors, midwives, and public health workers. Also, training programs attempted to integrate Chinese traditional medicine with Western medicine. However, economic reforms initiated during the 1980s currently are transforming the health care system. The rural cooperative medical service is being replaced by private hospitals and clinics and health insurance systems. In the future, China will have to balance increased specialization and technology with the delivery of health services to a largely rural population. This will be a difficult task for a nation in the process of economic reform.
Epilepsy in Indonesia: Notes from Development
Authors: Conrad Peter
Published: December 2004

Based on interviews with neurologists and medical personnel throughout Indonesia, the paper reports on the medical and cultural situation of epilepsy in a developing country. After briefly reviewing the context of Indonesian medical care, the paper examines the indigenous perspectives of epilepsy with particular attention the “underutilization” of western medical care. Contributing factors discussed include cultural beliefs, perception of stigma, and cost and accessibility of medical care. This is followed by a discussion of two grassroots initiatives to modify the image and treatment of epilepsy.
Reviews, Catalogues and New Publications
Authors: Reid Elizabeth B. , Ganteaume Cecile R. , Schevill Margot Blum
Published: December 2004

Cameron. Anne 1981 Daughters of Copper Woman. Vancouver. Press Gang Press. 21. 14 cm. 150 pp. $7.95 603 Powell Street. Vancouver. BC V6A 1H2. Canada.

Ferg. Alan. editor 1987 Western Apache Material Culture: The Goodwin and Guenther Collections. Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0‐8165‐1028‐8. 205 pp., 32 color plates, 170 black‐and‐white photographs,. maps,. line drawings, references and suggested readings. $19.95 paperback.

Dale Rosengarten 1986 Row Upon Row: Sea Grass Baskets of the South Carolina Lowcountry. South Carolina: The McKissick Museum, University of South Carolina. ISBN 0‐938983‐02‐4 64 pp. 107 blackand‐white photographs,. map, notes, list of basketmakers interviewed, catalog of exhibition, bibliography. $10.00, plus $1.50 postage and handling.

Morris. Walter F. Jr. 1987 Living Maya. New York. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers. 28.5. 23 cm., 224 pp., 125 color plates, approximately 60 line drawings,. maps. Selected Bibliography, Credit Illustrations, wrap‐around color cover. ISBN 0‐8109‐1298‐8. $40. Cloth cover.

Lester. Joan A. 1987 We're Still Here. Boston. The Children's Museum. 26. 26 cm., 86 pp., 96 black‐and‐white photographs. References, Objects in the Collection, photo credits. ISBN 0‐940203‐00‐6. No price. Soft cover. Children's Museum, Museum Wharf, 300 Congress St., Boston, MA 02210.
Book Reviews
Authors: Niessen Sandra A.
Published: December 2004

Mattieblle Gittinger (ed.) 1989. To Speak With Cloth: Studies in Indonesian Textiles.Los Angelese: The UCLA Museum of Cultural History. 256pp., 36 color plates, 278 b/w illustratiom, maps, glossary, bibliognphy, notes on contributor, $27 (paper) $40 (hardcover).
Money: Tokens of Value from Around the World
Authors: Anderson Robert , Mitchell Edna
Published: December 2004

Money: Tbkens of Value from Around the World, at the Lowie Museum of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley (April 16‐August 15, 1991).
The Nordenskiold Collection of Eskimo Material Culture from Port Clarence. (1990)
Authors: Larson Mary Ann
Published: December 2004

VanStone. James W. The Nordenskiold Collection of Eskimo Material Culture from Port Clarence, Alaska. Fieldiana Anthropology, n.s., 14. Chicago: Field Museum of Natural History, 1990. 56 pages,. figures, 25 black‐and‐white plates, bibliography, catalog appendix. Paperback, $16.00.
Africa Explores: 20th Century African Art
Authors: Wahlman Maude S.
Published: December 2004

Africa Explores: 20th Century African Art, at the Center for African Art, New York, NY, through January 5, 1992; Dallas Museum of Art (February 9‐April 5, 1992); St. Louis Art Museum (May 15‐ July 5, 1992); Mint Museum of Art, Charlotte, NC (August 8‐October 11, 1992); Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA (November 7‐January 10, 1993); Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington, DC (February 6‐April 4, 1993). catalogue of the exhibition, published by the Center for African Art and Prestel‐Verlag, is available for $39 (softcover) and $70 (hardcover).
Farm Parents' Attitudes Towards Farm Safety Experts*
Authors: Neufeld Steven J. , Cinnamon Jennifer L.
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Using both qualitative and quantitative data, this article analyzes farm parents' attitudes towards the trustworthiness, usefulness, and use of advice from farm safety experts. The article evaluates four different perspectives on trust in expert: the Validity of Knowledge perspective, the Salient Values Similarity perspective, the Diffusion of Innovation perspective, and the Local Knowledge perspective. Among other factors, the results show that negative attitudes towards experts are strongly influenced by attitudes towards the validity of scientific knowledge vs. farm experience. They also show that experts who are more involved in farm production have higher levels of trust and usefulness. While all of the perspectives receive some degree of support, the results suggest that local knowledge and culture are critical in shaping attitudes towards experts. Attitudes towards experts are shaped not solely by expert characteristics but by the meanings and significance they assume in specific socio‐cultural contexts.
Community Support for a Gold Cyanide Process Mine: Resident and Leader Differences in Rural Montana*
Authors: Richards Rebecca T. , Brod Rodney L.
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Previous studies have established that community residents and leaders differ in their support for hazardous waste facility siting in rural areas (Spies et al. 1998). We examine whether these same differences exist in rural communities that face other high‐risk development decisions by analyzing resident and leader support for a proposed gold cyanide process (GCP) mine in Montana. Compared to proposed hazardous waste facilities, a much stronger predictor of both resident and leader support in the GCP mine context is recreancy, or distrust in institutions and outside interveners. However, perceived economic benefits remain key differences between residents and leaders in both the GCP mine and hazardous waste facility cases.
Feminization of Agriculture, Relational Exchange, and Perceived Fairness in China: A Case in Guangxi Province*
Authors: Zuo Jiping
Published: December 2004

Abstract  This study examines the inconsistency between the unequal allocation of family labor and a lack of perceived unfairness among spouses of male‐outmigrant couples in rural Guangxi, China. It explores relational (versus transactional) exchange processes conditioned by husband‐wife mutual dependence. Using both qualitative and quantitative data collected in three villages, this study finds that among male‐outmigrant couples the gendered division of labor‐“men work and women plough”‐serves as a collective strategy to cope with poverty. Consequently, instead of engaging in direct exchange using privatized resources, marriage partners indirectly reciprocate each other through culturally prescribed family roles. Relational exchange emphasizes the equality of obligations and nonmarket strategies, which are likely to strengthen relational harmony by enhancing marriage partners' appreciative feelings of each other's contributions to the well‐being of the family, thus promoting perceived fairness despite the uneven allocation of family tasks.
Cover Picture: Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Domino Reaction for the Efficient Synthesis of Vitamin E (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2/2005)
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Sommer Konrad M. , Zinngrebe Julia , Stecker Florian
Published: December 2004

A domino reaction consists of several consecutive transformations in which the functions required for one reaction are generated in the preceding bond‐formation or fragmentation step. L. F. Tietze et al. applied this concept to the synthesis of vitamin E described on page 257 ff. They developed an enantioselective palladium‐catalyzed process for the construction of the chiral chroman framework with 96 % ee and concomitant introduction of part of the side chain.
Digital identity matters
Authors: Allison Arthur , Currall James , Moss Michael , Stuart Susan
Published: December 2004

Digital objects or entities present us with particular problems of an acute nature. The most acute of these are the issues surrounding what constitutes identity within the digital world and between digital entities. These are problems that are important in many contexts but, when dealing with digital texts, documents, and certification, an understanding of them becomes vital legally, philosophically, and historically. Legally, the central issues are those of authorship, authenticity, and ownership; philosophically, we must be concerned with the sorts of logical relations that hold between objects and in determining the ontological nature of the object; and historically, our concern centers around our interest in chronology and the recording of progress, adaptation, change, and provenance. Our purpose is to emphasize why questions of digital identity matter and how we might address and respond to some of them. We will begin by examining the lines along which we draw a distinction between the digital and the physical context and how, by importing notions of transitivity and symmetry from the domain of mathematical logic, we might attempt to provide at least interim resolutions of these questions.
Highly Photoluminescent Polyoxometaloeuropate‐Surfactant Complexes by Ionic Self‐Assembly
Authors: Zhang Tierui , Spitz Christian , Antonietti Markus , Faul Charl F. J.
Published: December 2004

Facile organization of the inorganic sandwiched heteropolytungstomolybdate K13[Eu(SiW9Mo2O39)2] (E) into highly ordered supramolecular nanostructured materials by complexation with a series of cationic surfactants is achieved by the ionic self‐assembly (ISA) route. The structure and phase behavior of the complexes were examined by IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, and small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. This class of materials shows a number of interesting physicochemical properties, namely liquid‐crystalline phases (both thermotropic and lyotropic) and strong photoluminescence. The photophysical behavior (fluorescence spectra, fluorescence lifetimes, fluorescence quantum yield) of the complexes differs widely in solid powders, films, and solutions. The amphiphilic cationic surfactants not only play a structural role but also have a strong influence on the photophysical properties of E. The photophysical behavior of E can in this way be easily modified by its organizational motifs.
Templated Ceramic Microstructures by Using the Breath‐Figure Method
Authors: Englert Brian C. , Scholz Stefan , Leech Peter J. , Srinivasarao Mohan , Bunz Uwe H. F.
Published: December 2004

We describe the synthesis of two cyclobutadiene(cyclopentadienyl)cobalt‐containing poly(p‐phenylene ethynylene)s (PPEs) and their use as precursors for stable ceramic surface coatings. Organometallic PPEs were shaped into hexagonally ordered assemblies by using the breath‐figure method. Such breath figures can be washed away with an appropriate solvent. Upon pyrolysis at 500 °C under either nitrogen or air, the bubble arrays persist as ceramics and are insoluble in organic solvents or water. The formed pyrolyzed bubble arrays were analyzed by optical and scanning electron microscopy, as well as energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDX). The composition of the ceramic materials is discussed based on EDX and IR data.
Standardization of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast carcinoma
Authors: Bold Richard J.
Published: December 2004

The German Society of Senology has done a remarkable job in developing standardized guidelines on a national scale for the implementation of sentinel lymph node biopsy in patients with breast carcinoma.

See also pages 451–61.
Paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine in metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Leong Swan‐Swan , Wee Joseph , Tay Miah Hiang , Toh Chee Keong , Tan Say Beng , Thng Choon Hua , Foo Kian Fong , Lim Wan Teck , Tan Terence , Tan Eng Huat
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) are treated primarily with radiotherapy. In the disseminated state, platinum‐based, 2‐drug combination regimens yielded response rates of 55–75%, achieving a median survival of 10–12 months. With the proven efficacy of second‐generation cytotoxics like paclitaxel and gemcitabine in patients with metastatic NPC, the authors hypothesized that a triplet combination incorporating these newer cytotoxics may improve treatment results.

METHODS

Thirty‐two patients with metastatic NPC were treated with combination chemotherapy that included paclitaxel 70 mg/m2 on Days 1 and 8, carboplatin dosed to area under curve of 5 on Day 1, and gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2 on Days 1 and 8 every 21 days for a maximum of 8 cycles.

RESULTS

Two patients achieved a complete response, and 23 patients achieved a partial response, for an overall response rate of 78%. The main toxicities were hematologic, with 41% of patients experiencing Grade 3 or 4 anemia, 41% of patients experiencing Grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia, and 78% of patients experiencing Grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. The median time to disease progression was 8.1 months, and the median overall survival was 18.6 months.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and gemcitabine showed promising efficacy against metastatic NPC but at the expense of considerable toxicity. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Bronchopulmonary carcinoid in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Authors: Sachithanandan Nirupa , Harle Robin A. , Burgess John R.
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) is an autosomal‐dominant syndrome associated with neoplasia of pituitary, pancreas, parathyroid, and foregut lineage neuroendocrine tissue. Although enteropancreatic carcinoid has been well described in patients with MEN 1, it was believed that bronchopulmonary carcinoid was relatively uncommon, occurring in approximately 5% of patients. It is unclear whether the increased screening of asymptomatic patients with MEN 1 will facilitate early diagnosis of this tumor and improve patient prognosis.

METHODS

The authors reviewed the patient records and, when available, thoracic computed tomographic (CT) images of 129 MEN 1‐affected adult members of a single family to determine the prevalence and prognosis of bronchopulmonary nodules and carcinoid.

RESULTS

Among 129 patients, a diagnosis of bronchopulmonary carcinoid was noted in the records for 6 individuals (1 male and 5 females; 5%). Thoracic CT scans also were available for review from 32 of those patients. Twelve patients (38%) had pulmonary nodules evident on CT scans. Only hypergastrinemia was significantly more common in patients with pulmonary nodules; otherwise, the spectrum of neoplasia was similar between individuals with and without pulmonary lesions. Histologic diagnoses were available in four patients (three female) with abnormal CT images, and carcinoid was confirmed in each patient. No deaths or distant metastases occurred among the patients despite long‐term follow‐up (mean, 127 months).

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggested that bronchopulmonary carcinoid is more prevalent in patients with MEN 1 than was recognized previously. Furthermore, the diagnosis did not appear to portend a poor prognosis in the majority of affected patients. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Complex genetic evolution of artificial self‐replicators in cellular automata
Authors: Salzberg Chris , Sayama Hiroki
Published: December 2004

It is widely believed that evolutionary dynamics of artificial self‐replicators realized in cellular automata (CA) are limited in diversity and adaptation. Contrary to this view, we show that complex genetic evolution may occur within simple CA. The evolving self‐replicating loops (“evoloops”) we investigate exhibit significant diversity in macro‐scale morphologies and mutational biases, undergoing nontrivial genetic adaptation by maximizing colony density and enhancing sustainability against other species. Nonmutable subsequences enable genetic operations that alter fitness differentials and promote long‐term evolutionary exploration. These results demonstrate a unique example of genetic evolution hierarchically emerging from local interactions between elements much smaller than individual replicators. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 10: 33–39, 2004
Xenopus tropicalis peroxidasin gene is expressed within the developing neural tube and pronephric kidney
Authors: Tindall Andrew J. , Pownall Mary Elizabeth , Morris Ian D. , Isaacs Harry V.
Published: December 2004

Peroxidasin, originally identified in Drosophila, is a member of the myeloperoxidase family with a novel domain structure. It is proposed that peroxidasin is secreted and has functions associated with stabilization of the extracellular matrix. We report the identification of the Xenopus tropicalis orthologue of the peroxidasin gene. We show that the predicted protein sequence of Xenopus peroxidasin shows high sequence identity with the human orthologue and that the exon structure is highly conserved between the two species. We describe the first detailed developmental expression pattern for peroxidasin in a vertebrate species. Maternal expression of Xtpxn is localized to the animal hemisphere where it persists through early cleavage stages. Initial zygotic Xtpxn expression is detected in the developing neural tube and becomes localized to the hindbrain and midbrain. Xtpxn is expressed in the primordium of the pronephric kidney and expression persists in the pronephric tubules and duct throughout development. Potential roles for peroxidasin during early vertebrate development are discussed. Developmental Dynamics 232:377–384, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of the Celsr/flamingo homologue, c‐fmi1, in the early avian embryo indicates a conserved role in neural tube closure and additional roles in asymmetry and somitogenesis
Authors: Formstone Caroline J. , Mason Ivor
Published: December 2004

Flamingo is one of a core group of proteins that regulate planar cell polarity of epithelial structures within the Drosophila embryo while their vertebrate counterparts have been implicated in the coordination of convergent extension movements during gastrulation and in neural tube closure, suggesting that planar polarity mechanisms also function in these processes. Failure of neural tube closure is one of the most common human birth defects, and a murine flamingo (fmi) homologue, Celsr1/fmi‐1, was identified as the defective gene in two mouse mutants exhibiting failure of closure 1 of the neural tube. This failure resulted in craniorachischisis in which the neural tube is open from the midbrain posteriorly. The avian embryo provides a tractable system to study neural tube closure. We have identified a chick Celsr1/fmi‐1 orthologue, c‐fmi1 and provide the first study of expression of an avian flamingo gene. We show that expression is highly dynamic in the early embryo and that c‐fmi1 transcripts become enriched within the avian neural epithelium at the initiation of neural tube closure, suggesting a conserved function for Flamingo proteins in this process. Our data also suggest a role for c‐fmi1 in myotome development. Developmental Dynamics 232:408–413, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental analysis of activin‐like kinase receptor‐4 (ALK4) expression in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Chen Yumei , Whitaker Lisha L. , Ramsdell Ann F.
Published: December 2004

The type I transforming growth factor‐beta (TGFβ) receptor, activin‐like kinase‐4 (ALK4), is an important regulator of vertebrate development, with roles in mesoderm induction, primitive streak formation, gastrulation, dorsoanterior patterning, and left–right axis determination. To complement previous ALK4 functional studies, we have analyzed ALK4 expression in embryos of the frog, Xenopus laevis. Results obtained with reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction indicate that ALK4 is present in both the animal and vegetal poles of blastula stage embryos and that expression levels are relatively constant amongst embryos examined at blastula, gastrula, neurula, and early tail bud stages. However, the tissue distribution of ALK4 mRNA, as assessed by whole‐mount in situ hybridization, was found to change over this range of developmental stages. In the blastula stage embryo, ALK4 is detected in cells of the animal pole and the marginal zone. During gastrulation, ALK4 is detected in the outer ectoderm, involuting mesoderm, blastocoele roof, dorsal lip, and to a lesser extent, in the endoderm. At the onset of neurulation, ALK4 expression is prominent in the dorsoanterior region of the developing head, the paraxial mesoderm, and midline structures, including the prechordal plate and neural folds. Expression in older neurula stage embryos resolves to the developing brain, somites, notochord, and neural crest; thereafter, additional sites of ALK4 expression in tail bud stage embryos include the spinal cord, otic placode, developing eye, lateral plate mesoderm, branchial arches, and the bilateral heart fields. Together, these results not only reflect the multiple developmental roles that have been proposed for this TGFβ receptor but also define spatiotemporal windows in which ALK4 may function to modulate fundamental embryological events. Developmental Dynamics 232:393–398, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of doublecortin (DCX) and doublecortin‐like kinase (DCLK) within the developing chick brain
Authors: Capes‐Davis Amanda , Tolhurst Ornella , Dunn Joanne M. , Jeffrey Peter L.
Published: December 2004

Doublecortin (DCX) is a microtubule‐associated protein widely expressed in the developing mammalian nervous system and important for neuronal migration. DCX is known to belong to a novel protein family defined by sequence homology and the presence of a conserved microtubule‐binding domain, but the functions of other members of this family are still undefined. In this study, we describe the cloning of the chick ortholog of doublecortin‐like kinase (DCLK), a member of this family, and assess the expression of DCX and DCLK in the layered regions of the developing chick brain. DCX and DCLK are widely expressed in pallial and subpallial structures, including the telencephalon, optic tectum, and cerebellum, in similar distribution patterns. In addition to their expression in migrating cells, both proteins were also detected in the ventricular zone and in postmigratory Purkinje cells. Finally, DCX and DCLK were found to be coexpressed in all areas examined. In postmigratory Purkinje cells, DCX and DCLK both colocalized to the cell membrane, although DCLK was also distributed more generally throughout the cell soma. These data are consistent with multiple roles for DCX and DCLK in the developing chicken brain and suggest that the chick cerebellum will be an intriguing system to explore the effects of DCX and DCLK on postmigratory neuronal function. Developmental Dynamics 232:457–467, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression and nutritional regulation of a zebrafish gene homologous to mammalian microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit
Authors: Marza Esther , Barthe Christophe , André Michèle , Villeneuve Laure , Hélou Chantal , Babin Patrick J.
Published: December 2004

The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) large subunit is required for the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B‐containing lipoproteins. We have found a zebrafish mtp homologous gene coding a protein with 54% identity with human MTP large subunit with the most conserved regions distributed in the corresponding predicted α‐helical and C‐ and A‐sheet domains. In situ hybridizations showed that zebrafish mtp transcripts were distributed in the yolk syncytial layer during early embryogenesis and in anterior intestine and liver from 48 hr postfertilization onward. Real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR confirmed the developmental regulation and tissue‐specificity of mtp expression. A significant pretranslational up‐regulation of mtp expression was observed in the anterior intestine after feeding. The nutritional regulation of zebrafish mtp expression observed in the anterior intestine supports the notion that this protein, similar to mammalian MTP large subunit, could be a factor implicated directly or indirectly in large lipid droplets accumulation observed in the fish enterocyte after feeding. Developmental Dynamics 232:506–518, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chalcogenide–Lewis Acid Mediated Tandem Michael Aldol Reaction — an Alternative to the Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction and a New Development
Authors: Kataoka Tadashi , Kinoshita Hironori
Published: December 2004

A tandem Michael aldol reaction mediated by a chalcogenide and Lewis acid was developed in three different types. Reactions of electron‐deficient alkenes with aldehydes or α‐keto esters in the presence of a sulfide and TiCl4 gave α‐chloromethyl aldols. Reactions of chalcogenide–enones with carbonyl compounds gave α‐(α‐hydroxyalkyl)enones (Mori‐ta–Baylis–Hillman adducts) after the work‐up of the reaction mixture with triethylamine. The intramolecular Michael aldol reactions of N‐enoylthioamides with aldehydes in the presence of BF3Et2O produced tricyclic compounds bearing a bridgehead bound to four heteroatoms and induced four stereocenters in one step, three of which were consecutive. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Incorporation of C(5′)‐Ethynylated Uracil‐Derived Phosphoramidites into RNA
Authors: Eppacher Simon , Christen Markus , Vasella Andrea
Published: December 2004

The D‐allo‐ and L‐talo‐hept‐6‐ynofuranosyluracil‐derived phosphoramidites 11A and 11T were prepared in 9–10% yield over eight steps from the previously described propargylic alcohols 1A and 1T, respectively. The corresponding nucleotides were incorporated into rU14 by standard solid‐phase synthesis. While the duplex consisting of rU14 with one L‐talo‐hept‐6‐ynofuranosyluracil in the middle of the strand and rA14 (I⋅V) had the same melting point as the reference duplex rU14⋅rA14 (I⋅II), the duplex with one D‐allo‐hept‐6‐ynofuranosyluracil in the middle of rU14 and rA14 (I⋅III) melted 1.5° lower than the reference duplex. The duplex I⋅VI consisting of rU14 with six L‐talo‐hept‐6‐ynofuranosyluracils distributed over the entire strand and rA14 showed a melting point that is 11° lower than the reference duplex. The corresponding duplex I⋅IV of rU14 possessing six D‐allo‐hept‐6‐ynofuranosyluracils and rA14 showed a melting point which is more than 20° below the one of the reference duplex. These results are in qualitative agreement with the predictions based on the conformational analysis of the nucleosides and the interference of the ethynyl moiety with the hydration of the oligonucleotides.
Redox Properties of the Iron Complexes of Orally Active Iron Chelators CP20, CP502, CP509, and ICL670
Authors: Merkofer Martin , Kissner Reinhard , Hider Robert C. , Koppenol Willem H.
Published: December 2004

Redox cycling of iron is a critical aspect of iron toxicity. Reduction of a low‐molecular‐weight iron(III)‐complex followed by oxidation of the iron(II)‐complex by hydrogen peroxide may yield the reactive hydroxyl radical (OH.) or an oxoiron(IV) species (the Fenton reaction). Complexation of iron by a ligand that shifts the electrode potential of the complex to either to far below −350 mV (dioxygen/superoxide, pH=7) or to far above +320 mV (H2O2/HO., H2O pH=7) is essential for limitting Fenton reactivity. The oral chelating agents CP20, CP502, CP509, and ICL670 effectively remove iron from patients suffering from iron overload. We measured the electrode potentials of the iron(III) complexes of these drugs by cyclic voltammetry with a mercury electrode and determined the dependence on concentration, pH, and stoichiometry. The standard electrode potentials measured are −620 mV, −600 mV, −535 mV, and −535 mV with iron bound to CP20, ICL670, CP502, and CP509, respectively, but, at lower chelator concentrations, electrode potentials are significantly higher.
Synthesis of Tetrahydropyridoimidazole‐2‐acetates: Effect of Carboxy and Methoxycarbonyl Groups at C(2) on the Inhibition of Some β‐ and α‐Glycosidases
Authors: Terinek Miroslav , Vasella Andrea
Published: December 2004

The gluco‐ and manno‐tetrahydropyridoimidazole‐2‐acetates and ‐acetic acids 16 and 17, and 20 and 21, respectively, were synthesized by condensation, in the presence of HgCl2, of the known thionolactam 26 with the β‐amino ester 25 that was obtained by addition of AcOMe to the imine 22, followed by debenzylation. The resulting methyl esters 16 and 20 were hydrolyzed to the acetic acids 17 and 21. The (methoxycarbonyl)‐imidazole 14 and the acid 15 were obtained via the known aldehyde 29. The imidazoles 14–17, 20, and 21 were tested as inhibitors of the β‐glucosidase from Caldocellum saccharolyticum, the α‐glucosidase from brewer's yeast, the β‐mannosidase from snail, and the α‐mannosidase from Jack beans (Tables 1–3). There is a similar dependence of the Ki values on the nature of the C(2)‐substituent in the gluco‐ and manno‐series. With the exception of 19, manno‐imidazoles are weaker inhibitors than the gluco‐analogues. The methyl acetates 16 and 20 are 3–4 times weaker than the methyl propionates 5 and 11, in agreement with the hydrophobic effect. The gluco‐configured (methoxycarbonyl)‐imidazole 14 is 20 times weaker than the methyl acetate 16, reflecting the reduced basicity of 14, while the manno‐configured (methoxycarbonyl)‐imidazole 18 is only 1.2 times weaker than the methyl acetate 20, suggesting a binding interaction of the MeOCO group and the β‐mannosidase. The carboxylic acids 6, 12, 15, 17, 19, and 21 are weaker inhibitors than the esters, with the propionic acids 6 and 12 being the strongest and the carboxy‐imidazoles 15 and 19 the weakest inhibitors. The manno‐acetate 21 inhibits the β‐mannosidase ca. 8 times less strongly than the propionate 12, but only 1.5 times more strongly than the carboxylate 19, suggesting a compensating binding interaction also of the COOH group and the β‐mannosidase. The α/β selectivity for the gluco‐imidazoles ranges between 110 for 15 and 13.4⋅103 for 6; the manno‐imidazoles are less selective. The methyl propionates proved the strongest inhibitors of the α‐glucosidase (IC50 (5)=25 μM) and the α‐mannosidase (Ki(11) =0.60 μM).
Synthesis of 1,4‐Diethynyl‐ and 1,1,4,4‐Tetraethynylbutatrienes
Authors: Auffrant Audrey , Diederich François , Boudon Corinne , Gisselbrecht Jean‐Paul , Gross Maurice
Published: December 2004

In this paper, we report the synthesis and opto‐electronic properties of differentially substituted 1,4‐diethynyl‐ and 1,1,4,4‐tetraethynylbuta‐1,2,3‐trienes. These novel chromophores greatly extend the series of building modules for oxidative coupling, which includes 1,2‐diethynyl‐ and 1,1,2,2‐tetraethynylethenes and 1,3‐diethynylallenes (Fig. 1). A general synthesis of 1,1,4,4‐tetraethynylbutatrienes, which tolerates a significant number of peripheral substituents, starts from pentadiynols that are oxidized to the corresponding dialkynyl ketones, followed by Corey–Fuchs dibromo‐olefination, and transition metal mediated dimerization (Schemes 2 and 3). A similar protocol, including oxidation of propargyl aldehydes, dibromo‐olefination, and dimerization yields the less stable 1,4‐diethynylbutatrienes (Scheme 4). Attempts to prepare 1,1,4,4‐tetraethynylbutatrienes with four terminal electron‐donor‐substituted aryl groups failed so far, mainly due to difficulties in the dibromoolefination step (Scheme 6). cis‐trans‐Isomerization of differentially substituted 1,1,4,4‐tetraethynylbutatrienes is remarkably facile, with barriers to rotation in the range of those for peptide bond isomerization (ΔG≠≈20 kcal mol−1). Barriers to rotation of 1,4‐diethynylbutatrienes are higher (ΔG≠≈25 kcal mol−1), allowing in some cases the isolation of pure isomers. Both UV/VIS spectroscopy (Figs. 2 and 3) and electrochemical studies (Table) demonstrate that the all‐C‐cores in diethynyl‐ and tetraethynylbutatrienes have strong electron‐acceptor properties that are greatly enhanced with respect to those of diethynyl‐ and tetraethynylethenes with two C(sp)‐atoms less. Substitution with peripheral electron donor groups leads to efficient intramolecular charge‐transfer interactions, as evidenced by intense, bathochromically shifted longest‐wavelength bands in the UV/VIS spectra.
Synthesis of Stable Dolichylphosphomannose Analogues
Authors: Kulesza Anna , Frank Christian G. , Aebi Markus , Vasella Andrea
Published: December 2004

Four oleyl or dolichyl thiophosphate esters 16, 17, 21, and 22, analogues of Dol‐P‐Man possessing C(1)S and/or PS bonds, were synthesized as potential inhibitors of mannosyl transferases operating in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The β‐mannosyl derivatives were prepared by a Mitsunobu reaction of 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐α‐D‐mannopyranose (1) with the thiophosphate 2 that provided O‐ and S‐glycosides with good‐to‐excellent diastereoselectivity. A second route to β‐mannosyl derivatives is based on the phosphitylation of the β‐D‐mannopyranosyl thiol 3 with the phosphoramidites 4a and 4b. Oxidation of the intermediate oleyl thiophosphite with t‐BuOOH led to mono‐ and dithiophosphates. The thiophospholipids 16, 21, and 22 were inactive as inhibitors of the Man6(GlcNAc)2‐PP‐Dol glycolipid elongation.
Synthesis, Characterization, and DNA Interaction Studies of the Ruthenium(II) Complexes [Ru(bpy)2(ipbp)]2+ and [Ru(ipbp)(phen)2]2+ (ipbp=3‐(1H‐Imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthrolin‐2‐yl)‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐2‐one; bpy=2,2′‐Bipyridine; phen=1,10‐Phenanthroline)
Authors: Liu Yun‐Jun , Chao Hui , Yao Jun‐Hua , Li Hong , Yuan Yi‐Xian , Ji Liang‐Nian
Published: December 2004

A novel ligand 3‐(1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthrolin‐2‐yl)‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐4‐one (ipbp) and its ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(bpy)2(ipbp)]2+ (1) and [Ru(ipbp)(phen)2]2+ (2) (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine, phen=1,10‐phenanthroline) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis and mass, 1H‐NMR, and electronic‐absorption spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of the complexes was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The DNA‐binding behavior of the complexes was investigated by spectroscopic methods and viscosity measurements. The results indicate that complexes 1 and 2 bind with calf‐thymus DNA in an intercalative mode. In addition, 1 and 2 promote cleavage of plasmid pBR 322 DNA from the supercoil form I to the open circular form II upon irradiation.
Synthesis of N‐Substituted (3S,4S)‐ and (3R,4R)‐Pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diols: Search for New Glycosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Łysek Robert , Vogel Pierre
Published: December 2004

N‐Substituted (3S,4S)‐ and (3R,4R)‐pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diols 9 and 10, respectively, were derived from (+)‐L‐ and (−)‐D‐tartaric acid, respectively. Compounds 9k, 9l, and 9m with the N‐substituents, BnNH(CH2)2, 4‐PhC6H4CH2NH(CH2)2 and 4‐ClC6H4CH2NH(CH2)2, respectively, showed modest inhibitory activities toward α‐D‐amyloglucosidases from Aspergillus niger and from Rhizopus mold (Table 1). Unexpectedly, several (3R,4R)‐pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diols 10 showed inhibitory activities toward α‐D‐mannosidases from almonds and from jack bean (Table 3). N‐Substitution by the NH2(CH2)2 group, i.e., 10g, led to the highest potency.
Prenatal sonographic features of esophageal and ileal duplications at 18 weeks of gestation
Authors: Gul Ahmet , Tekoglu Gungor , Aslan Halil , Cebeci Altan , Erol Onur , Unal Murat , Ceylan Yavuz
Published: December 2004

We present a case of esophageal and ileal duplications at 18 weeks of gestation. Transabdominal ultrasonography of the fetus showed multiple cystic masses of 12 to 17 mm in diameter and continuity with each other in the abdomen and a unilocular cystic mass of 15 mm in diameter in the posterior mediastinum. The cystic mass filled the abdominal cavity with signs of intestinal obstruction. The thoracic cystic mass was tubular, sausage‐shaped and behind the heart, which was displaced to the antero‐lateral wall of the chest. Amniocentesis revealed a normal fetal karyotype 46,XY. Peristaltic movements in the abdominal cystic structure at 30 weeks of gestation suggested dilated intestinal loops. Follow‐up ultrasound examinations showed polyhydramnios with amniotic fluid index of 30 cm and gradual enlargement of the cystic structures to 50 mm in the abdomen and 30 mm in the posterior mediastinum at 38 weeks of gestation. A male infant weighing 3900 g was delivered. Postnatal ultrasonographic examination and the findings of magnetic resonance imaging also suggested enteric duplication cysts. Prenatal diagnosis allowed prompt neonatal evaluation and surgical treatment of the esophageal and the ileal duplications, which was confirmed by pathological examination. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal echocardiography: are we getting it right?
Authors: Shub A. , Ward C. , Lee‐Tannock A. , Justo R. , Cincotta R.
Published: December 2004

Objective

To determine the diagnostic accuracy of prenatal fetal echocardiography.

Methods

The study was a retrospective chart review of 190 consecutive patients over a 3‐year period from November 1998 to February 2002 of all women referred to the Maternal Fetal Medicine unit, Mater Mothers Hospital, for fetal echocardiography. The prenatal diagnosis was compared with the postnatal diagnosis made by postnatal echocardiography, surgical findings or post‐mortem. The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis was described on a predetermined 4‐point scale.

Results

Of the 89 patients, for whom complete diagnostic follow‐up was available, there was complete agreement between the prenatal and postnatal diagnosis in 63 cases, minor discrepancies in 25 cases and major disagreement in 1 case.

Conclusions

In experienced hands, fetal echocardiography is accurate and allows medical staff and patients information in order manage a pregnancy appropriately. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for Niemann‐Pick disease type B
Authors: Hellani Ali , Schuchman Edward H. , Al‐Odaib Ali , Al Aqueel Aida , Jaroudi Kamal , Ozand Pinar , Coskun Serdar
Published: December 2004

Background

Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) deficient Niemann‐Pick disease (NPD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the ASM gene (SMPD1). More than 70 different mutations have been reported in this gene. NPD type B is the most common type in Saudi Arabia with a frequency of 1:40 000 to 1:100 000. The phenotype of Saudi Type B patients is more severe than patients reported from the West. Two mutations specific to Saudi patients have been inherited in the SMPD1 gene. Given the difficult management of the disease, we opted for a preventive approach to the suffering families by screening the whole SMPD1 gene for mutations followed by Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD).

Methods

The family suffering from NPD‐B underwent mutation screening for the entire SMPD1 gene followed by PGD using nested PCR and sequencing.

Results

A novel mutation in a family suffering from the same severe NPD‐B phenotype is described in this report (W533R). After PGD, a singleton pregnancy ensued after transfer of one heterozygous and one normal embryo. Postnatal DNA testing of the newborn showed a normal homozygous genotype.

Conclusions

This report reveals a new SMPD1 mutation responsible for similar Saudi severe phenotype, and the prevention of this disorder by PGD. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.