bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Eliminating Graphite Exfoliation with an Artificial Solid Electrolyte Interphase for Stable Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Junhua , Ma Keni , Lian Xueyu , Shi Qitao , Wang Jiaqi , Chen Zhujie , Guo Lingli , Liu Yu , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Sun Jingyu , Yang Ruizhi , Choi Jin‐Ho , Rümmeli Mark H.
Published: February 2022

Although graphite materials with desirable comprehensive properties dominate the anode market of commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), their low capacity during fast charging precludes further commercialization. In the present work, natural graphite (G) is reported not only to suffer from low capacity during fast charging, but also from charge failure after many charging cycles. Using different characterization techniques, severe graphite exfoliation, and continuously increasing solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are demonstrated as reasons for the failure of G samples. An ultrathin artificial SEI is proposed, addressing these problems effectively and ensuring extremely stable operation of the graphite anode, with a capacity retention of ≈97.5% after 400 cycles at 1 C. Such an artificial SEI modification strategy provides a universal approach to tailoring and designing better anode materials for next‐generation LIBs with high energy densities.
Transparent and Highly Flexible Hierarchically Structured Polydimethylsiloxane Surfaces Suppress Bacterial Attachment and Thrombosis Under Static and Dynamic Conditions
Authors: Khan Shadman , Jarad Noor Abu , Ladouceur Liane , Rachwalski Kenneth , Bot Veronica , Shakeri Amid , Maclachlan Roderick , Sakib Sadman , Weitz Jeffrey I. , Brown Eric D. , Soleymani Leyla , Didar Tohid F.
Published: February 2022

The surface fouling of biomedical devices has been an ongoing issue in healthcare. Bacterial and blood adhesion in particular, severely impede the performance of such tools, leading to poor patient outcomes. Various structural and chemical modifications have been shown to reduce fouling, but all existing strategies lack the combination of physical, chemical, and economic traits necessary for widespread use. Herein, a lubricant infused, hierarchically micro‐ and nanostructured polydimethylsiloxane surface is presented. The surface is easy to produce and exhibits the high flexibility and optical transparency necessary for incorporation into various biomedical tools. Tests involving two clinically relevant, priority pathogens show up to a 98.5% reduction in the biofilm formation of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. With blood, the surface reduces staining by 95% and suppresses thrombin generation to background levels. Furthermore, the surface shows applicability within applications such as catheters, extracorporeal circuits, and microfluidic devices, through its effectiveness in dynamic conditions. The perfusion of bacterial media shows up to 96.5% reduction in bacterial adhesion. Similarly, a 95.8% reduction in fibrin networks is observed following whole blood perfusion. This substrate stands to hold high applicability within biomedical systems as a means to prevent fouling, thus improving performance.
Starch‐Based Coatings for Food Preservation: A Review
Authors: Luciano Carla Giovana , Caicedo Chacon Wilson Daniel , Valencia Germán Ayala
Published: February 2022

Starch‐based coatings (SC) are materials used to extend the shelf life and preserve the quality of foods during storage. Several approaches such as panning, fluidized bed, dipping, and spraying can be used to apply SC on foods. In general, SC are produced using gelatinized starch in water, in the presence of plasticizers, however, mixtures of starches with other macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids also have been investigated aiming to manufacture SC with improved physicochemical properties. Recently, SC containing antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds have been used to reduce lipid oxidation, ripening, and microbial growth in foods. This review article focuses on the analysis of the state of the art available in the 10 last years and is related to the production and food application of SC. It is expected that this review can elucidate the recent trends of SC, encouraging future studies to expand the production and application of SC in the food sector.
Hybrid Differential Software Testing
Authors: Noller Yannic
Published: February 2022

Differential software testing is important for software quality assurance as it aims to automatically generate test inputs that reveal behavioral differences in software. Detecting regression bugs in software evolution, analyzing side-channels in programs, maximizing the execution cost of a program over multiple executions, and evaluating the robustness of neural networks are instances of differential software analysis to generate diverging executions of program paths. The key challenge thereby is to simultaneously reason about multiple program paths, often across program variants, in an efficient way. Existing work in differential testing is often not (specifically) directed to reveal a different behavior or is limited to a subset of the search space. This work proposes the concept of Hybrid Differential Software Testing (HyDiff) as a hybrid analysis technique to generate difference revealing inputs. HyDiff consists of two components that operate in a parallel setup: (1) a search-based technique that inexpensively generates inputs and (2) a systematic exploration technique to also exercise deeper program behaviors. HyDiff’s search-based component uses differential fuzzing directed by differential heuristics. HyDiff’s systematic exploration component is based on differential dynamic symbolic execution that allows to incorporate concrete inputs in its analysis. HyDiff is evaluated experimentally with applications specific for differential testing. The results show that HyDiff is effective in all considered categories and outperforms its components in isolation.
The Colonial Legacies of Copper Dependence: Inequality and Bifurcated Social Protection in Zambia
Authors: Wolkenhauer Anna
Published: February 2022

This chapter argues that colonial legacies influence social protection systems in Africa until the present. It focusses on Zambia where the dependence on copper exports has shaped not only social questions since independence but also the state’s ability to respond to them. It explains how the concentration of economic activity along the so-called Line of Rail has created a centre–periphery divide that spilled over into the unequal ability of citizens to exercise voice, as well as a bifurcated social protection system, where demand-driven social insurance exists in the centres, while supply-driven social assistance targets the peripheries. In the new millennium, the latter have been significantly expanded but this does not address the underlying economic structure that continues to limit the social policy capacity of the state.
Class-Based Communities: The Postcolonial Reform of School Education in South Africa
Authors: Veit Alex
Published: February 2022

When the African National Congress (ANC) assumed governmental powers in South Africa in 1994, it needed to confront the enormous educational disparities created by apartheid and colonial rule. However, remaining true to the ideals of the democratic struggle while also following neoliberal prescriptions of fiscal austerity presented a massive contradiction. To appease anxious white middle-class parents and offer new opportunities to its non-white constituency, the new government adopted the language of communitarianism, popular throughout the Anglophone world. The concept of community-run schools served to reconcile the contradictory demands of economic neoliberalism and political deracialisation. However, the poor and overwhelmingly non-white population was effectively still excluded from the elite, formerly white schools.
Between Economics and Education: How International Organisations Changed the View on Education
Authors: Niemann Dennis , Krogmann David , Martens Kerstin
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, we examine international organizations (IOs) that work in the educational sector and analyse how education as a field of activity has spread across and within IOs. We show how the vertical interdependence regarding the dissemination of ideas by IOs is increasingly manifested. We trace the general development of the IO population in the policy field of education to underscore that IOs whose mandates were not originally concerned with education entered the field of education. In this context, particularly IOs with economic policy backgrounds expanded into education policy. We illustrate how these economic IOs changed the way education is viewed today and which ideas regarding education dominate in global discourse, as exemplified by the cases of the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).
Social Protection in Mozambique from the 1990s to the 2000s
Authors: de Camargo Penteado Sarah Kassim
Published: February 2022

The Mozambican state has had a long history of a cash transfer programme dating back to 1992. It targeted primarily the elderly, in a move to protect these and their families from extreme poverty. After urban riots broke out in 2008 against cuts in fuel subsidies and general unhappiness with the outcomes of the structural adjustments of the 1990s, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations (UN), and World Bank analysed, designed, proposed, and funded the scaling up of the food subsidies programme and alternatives. Although there was a division of labour between international organisations, not all were on board with the cash transfer programmes, which led to weaknesses and a fragmented approach to the new programmes.
Labour Market Segmentation, Regulation of Non-Standard Employment, and the Influence of the EU
Authors: Dingeldey Irene , Gerlitz Jean-Yves
Published: February 2022

In wake of the 1970s energy crisis, labour markets in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries changed considerably: deindustrialisation, low economic growth, and high structural unemployment challenged the standard employment relationship (SER), and a flexibilisation of employment was promoted. Tertiarisation and increasing female labour market participation fuelled the spread of non-standard forms of employment (NSER) such as part-time and temporary work. Since the 1990s, EU member countries aligned their NSER regulation to that of the SER, while in other OECD countries, NSERs remained un(der)regulated. The chapter illustrates the transformation of labour markets and the development of NSER regulation for selected countries, relying on national Labour Force Surveys and the Cambridge Labour Regulation Index. It tells the story of how membership in a supranational organisation has shaped national labour legislation.
Pathways to Family Policy in Half a Century of Population Control: International Paradigms and National Programmes
Authors: Böger Tobias , Drobnič Sonja , Huinink Johannes
Published: February 2022

The size, structure, and productivity of populations have been major issues in politics since the emergence of the state in history. When the now-developed countries experienced the first wave of fertility decline, they reacted with population policy, including family policy, to counteract the looming reduction of national populations. After World War II, the opposite fear of global overpopulation started to dominate international discourse and population control became a model for national development. In our chapter, we ask whether this paradigm left room for a family policy. We analyse three major UN population conferences as platforms of interdependence and sketch how the two contrasting cases of China and Kenya have signalled commitment, criticism, or distance from global norms and whether their national policies mimicked global models.
Economic Interdependencies and Social Expenditures Revisited
Authors: Düpont Nils , Mossig Ivo , Lischka Michael
Published: February 2022

Driving the third wave of globalisation, foreign direct investments (FDI) gained momentum since the mid-1980s. Given that FDIs are unevenly distributed across the globe, this chapter reviews the globalist perspective that an internationalisation of the economy threatens the welfare state. We confront it with descriptive statistics, looking at FDIs and public social expenditure in 70 countries from 1995 to 2015. Our tentative results suggest that different modes of market integration—whether a country is a net recipient or sender of FDIs—trigger two processes: rich countries with a surplus of outward stocks rather compensate their citizens whereas FDI inward stocks help less developed countries to grow and fund social policies.
Standard-Setting in Colonial Labour Regulation and the Great Depression
Authors: Fechner Heiner
Published: February 2022

The Great Depression (1929–1939) can be seen as an international turning point in labour regulation in the colonies of European imperial powers in Sub-Sahara Africa. The context of the Great Depression essentially marked the beginning of the end of the era of post-slavery labour “market-making”, witnessing the move away from forced labour, first steps towards protection of employees and changes in form, length, administrative and penal framing of individual labour relations. The article traces the main features of labour-related legislation and its changes, reflecting modes of production, racial labour relations, the changing role of colonial administration and the contribution of the International Labour Organisation to legal developments especially in British, French and German Sub-Sahara colonies.
The Formation of a National Capital Stock and the Pension Systems in South Korea and Malaysia
Authors: Kuhlmann Johanna , Nullmeier Frank
Published: February 2022

The advantage of building a pension system is not limited to the social security of older people, but can also serve other political, societal, or economic functions. This chapter examines such an interdependence of policy areas by illuminating the relationship between expansive social policy and the export strategy of developmental states, focusing on South Korea and Malaysia. In both countries, contribution-based pension systems—a social insurance scheme in South Korea, and a provident fund in Malaysia—have become a cornerstone of economic development. By accumulating large amounts of money within their pension systems, the governments of both countries have been able to use this money for economic investments within their generally export-oriented economies, thus demonstrating that social policy and international economic interdependence are mutually supportive.
The “Great Recession” and Pension Policy Change in European Countries
Authors: Brosig Magnus , Hinrichs Karl
Published: February 2022

In the wake of the “Great Recession” and its severe fiscal implications, many European countries enacted significant pension reforms aimed at reducing public spending and limiting contribution rates. Unlike most changes carried out before, they were implemented swiftly and without building a broad political and social consensus, usually being suggested or even mandated by inter- and supranational organisations such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the European Union (EU). While some of these cuts were at least partly revoked during the following years of economic recovery, European welfare states still tend to face lower “pension burdens” in the upcoming decades than had been expected during the 2000s. Financial sustainability, however, puts adequacy at risk for present and future retirees, many of whom no longer achieve sufficient working careers anyway.
Trade and Immigration: How International Factors Shaped Social Policy in Argentina
Authors: Cortina Escudero Martín
Published: February 2022

In this chapter, trade and migration are considered to be two key factors that shaped social policy development in Argentina over the period 1880–1955. Trade is regarded here as an important factor because it shaped both the agro-export model in the late nineteenth century and the import-substitution industrialised economy in the 1930s and that these economic models led to different social policy systems. In addition, migration is considered to be a paramount factor for social policy development because, on the one hand, immigrants and domestic migrants had a significant influence on the political arena, and on the other hand, education and health policies were aimed at shaping a society, which had been altered by immigration.
Variations on Bismarck: Translations of Social Health Insurance in Post-Communist Healthcare Reforms in Central and Eastern Europe—The Role of Vertical and Horizontal Interdependencies
Authors: Kaminska Monika Ewa
Published: February 2022

In the 1990s, Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries (except for Latvia) moved away from tax-based financing of healthcare in favour of social health insurance (SHI). This paradigmatic change was domestically driven; the World Bank’s recommendations to retain tax-based healthcare financing were ignored. Yet, in defining the institutional set-up of the emerging SHI systems, CEE countries did rely on the expertise of international organisations as well as experts from Western Europe (mainly Germany and France). The external advisors tailored their recommendations to the diverse national contexts, which facilitated policy learning. Consequently, rather than strictly following the Bismarckian blueprint, CEE healthcare systems have developed into hybrids, combining Bismarckian, Beveridgean and private healthcare elements, thus diverging from Western European points of reference as well as among each other.
Social Protection for Migrant Workers in China
Authors: Liu Tao , ten Brink Tobias
Published: February 2022

One cornerstone of the economic miracle China experienced after 1978 was domestic migrant labour. Through the incremental liberalisation of migration control, rural residents had been allowed to move to urban coastal areas. This chapter is centred on the issue of social protection for migrant workers. First, we look at the origins of the problem, which lie in the household registration system. Second, we describe how during the first phase of economic reform, migrant workers were precluded from participating in urban welfare, and were inadequately protected by rudimentary rural welfare. Third, we then show how, under national and international pressure to alleviate the situation for migrant workers, social protection for this group has been expanded to a certain degree.
Differentiation of Welfare Rights for Migrants in Western Countries from 1970 to Present
Authors: Römer Friederike
Published: February 2022

Using comparative data for nineteen OECD countries for the years 1980–2018, the chapter shows that the welfare rights of non-naturalised immigrants continue to be differentiated along residency status and benefit type. Permanent migrants enjoy more rights than temporary ones, and access to social assistance is more restricted than access to unemployment insurance. Furthermore, over the last fifty years, immigrant welfare rights have undergone both restrictions and expansions. Differences between countries can to some extent be attributed to welfare regime characteristics: countries that are more generous towards their citizens tend to grant more rights to immigrants. Within countries, restrictions often stem from the increasing influence of populist radical right parties, but in some instances, they were also part of larger-scale retrenchment reforms by other parties.
The Coalition Between Medical Doctors and the Military: On the Establishment of Public Health in Chile, 1870–1939
Authors: González de Reufels Delia
Published: February 2022

This chapter focuses on the interdependency between military rivalries and the exchange of ideas across national borders, while the complex causal mechanism at play relates to the “able man mechanism” (Obinger et al., Introduction: Studying the Warfare-Welfare Nexus. In Warfare and Welfare: Military Conflict and Welfare State Development in Western Countries, ed. Herbert Obinger, Klaus Petersen, and Peter Starke, 1–35. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018). At the centre is the strategic coalition between Chilean military and the medical profession and its effects on the field of public health. Both, the military and the medical profession, had realised that poor health of soldiers jeopardised military success and weakened national defence as well as national productivity. This insight, however, was the result of the rise of medicine as a discipline that led to a re-interpretation of health as a resource of the state and established state responsibility for the health of national citizens.
Between Aspiration and Reality: The Effect of the French Colonial Legacy on Old-Age Pension Coverage in Africa
Authors: Grünewald Aline
Published: February 2022

When implementing their first old-age pensions after independence, all former French colonies opted for a social insurance design, following the role model of their colonial power (Schmitt, Social Security Development and the Colonial Legacy. World Development 70: 2015, 332–342). But to what extent did the French colonial legacy also affect other dimensions of old-age protection programmes in Africa? This chapter shows that most Francophone African countries used the broad definition of a wage worker enshrined in the colonial “Labour Code for Overseas Territories” from 1952 to define the group of pension beneficiaries. This definition was especially chosen in aspiration of industrialisation. However, it did not correspond with the socio-economic reality of most of these countries. Still today, the number of wage workers in former French colonies is low, hampering a broader coverage of pension systems.
Nachhaltigkeit in der Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft
Authors: Kannengießer Sigrid
Published: February 2022

Das Anliegen des dieses Buch abschließenden Kapitels ist dreigeteilt: In einem ersten Teilkapitel werden die bis hierher ausgeführten Ergebnisse zusammengefasst und -gedacht. Dafür wird das Konzept der konsumkritischen Medienpraktiken entlang seiner theoretischen Dimensionen pointiert erläutert, indem die Ergebnisse der hier präsentierten Studie in aller Kürze dargestellt werden. Dabei bildet die Aufarbeitung des Forschungsstandes zur Nachhaltigkeitskommunikation und dem Bereich, der sich in einem interdisziplinären Forschungsfeld bezogen auf Medien(Kommunikation) mit der Frage nach dem „guten Leben“ beschäftigt, die Folie dieser Diskussion. Mit der Zusammenfassung der bisherigen Ausführungen wird schließlich die hier gestellte Forschungsfrage beantwortet und dem identifizierten Forschungsdesiderat begegnet. Damit ist das Anliegen dieser Publikation jedoch noch nicht erfüllt. Vielmehr wird in einem weiteren Teilkapitel argumentiert, dass Nachhaltigkeit ein Querschnittsthema der Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft ist und aus seiner Nische heraustreten muss. In diesem Zusammenhang wird eine Verantwortung der Kommunikations- und Medienforschung postuliert, die in digitalen Gesellschaften in Hinblick auf Nachhaltigkeit ausgemacht wird: Es gilt, mit einer kritischen Kommunikations- und Medienwissenschaft die Herausforderungen und Probleme digitaler Gesellschaften zu analysieren und zu verstehen und diese sichtbar zu machen. Auf dieser Grundlage können dann gesellschaftliche Transformationsprozesse aufbauen – nicht zuletzt solche, die auf eine nachhaltige Gesellschaft und ein „gutes Leben“ zielen.
Thematischer Kontext: Polizeiliche Präventionsarbeit
Authors: Kepura Jürgen
Published: February 2022

In dieser empirischen Forschungsarbeit wird die polizeiliche Präventionsarbeit untersucht. Dazu ist es erforderlich, das Forschungsfeld abzustecken. Das geschieht durch eine Beschreibung von Funktionsbereichen der Polizei, die sich einerseits intensiv mit jungen Menschen befassen und andererseits präventiv wirksam werden sollen. Zuvor wird die Grundstruktur der Polizei in Deutschland sowie deren Rolle und Selbstverständnis erläutert. Polizeiliches Handeln gilt gemeinhin als Inbegriff der Ausübung von Staatsgewalt. In der Präventionsarbeit treffen pädagogische Vermittlungsansprüche und polizeiliche Durchsetzungsansprüche von Normen zusammen. Vom repressiven Charakter genuin polizeilicher Arbeit dürfte eine große Strahlkraft ausgehen, zumindest auf die Wahrnehmung präventiver Aktivitäten. Die sich daraus ergebenden Herausforderungen werden einerseits durch Annährungen an die polizeiliche Zwangsausübung und andererseits an der Relevanz pädagogischer Macht deutlich.
Methodischer Zugang
Authors: Kepura Jürgen
Published: February 2022

Diese Untersuchung nimmt das Handeln von Polizeibeamtinnen und Polizeibeamten in der Präventionsarbeit mit Kindern und Jugendlichen in den Blick. Bezogen auf die Forschungsfrage bedarf es daher der Rekonstruktion der berufsbezogenen sozialen Wirklichkeit der Akteurinnen und Akteure dieses Handlungsfeldes. Von Interesse sind die kollektiven empirischen Erkenntnisse über diese Arbeit mit jungen Menschen. In diesem Kapitel erfolgen die methodologische Verortung der Forschungsarbeit und die Darstellung des methodischen Vorgehens im Forschungsprozess. Dazu wird zunächst die Einordnung der Untersuchung in das qualitativ-rekonstruktive Forschungsparadigma begründet. Anschließend werden die Gruppendiskussion als Datenerhebungsmethode und die Dokumentarische Methode als Auswertungsmethode beschrieben. Die Vorstellung der Zusammenstellung des Samples schließt dieses Kapitel ab.
Introduction
Authors: Nakao Seiji , Harada Hidenori , Yamauchi Taro
Published: February 2022

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) present a new vision to establish an adequate and equitable sanitation system and require more consideration on the basis of the socio-cultural aspects of global sanitation. Despite these directions, the establishment of global sanitation in low- and middle-income countries has been challenging, and the socio-cultural aspects, especially the interconnections of socio-culture with materials and health, are overlooked. In this context, an interdisciplinary approach including humanities and social sciences is necessary based on the understanding that sanitation is embedded in society. In terms of the interconnection between socio-culture and materials, sanitation requires social relations to function its service chain, and in the interconnections between socio-culture and health, the risk of health by inadequate sanitation is socially allocated unevenly. In other words, an adequate and equitable sanitation system involves appropriate interconnections between the three components of sanitation (social-culture, health, and materials). Therefore, this chapter presents the concept of the “Sanitation Triangle” as an interdisciplinary framework by focusing on the relationship between the three elements.
Social Integration and Acceptance of Emerging Sanitation Infrastructure in Japan
Authors: Fujiwara Taku
Published: February 2022

Availability and sustainable management of the sewerage system are extremely important as sanitation infrastructure to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 6. Japan has become a depopulated society since 2010, and therefore sewerage systems in Japan will face difficulties because of the decrease in human resources, deterioration of the facilities, and limited budgets. Although innovative sanitation technologies to overcome these issues are strongly required, various barriers inhibit the development, implementation, and technology diffusion. The author and his research group have developed “dual dissolved oxygen control system in oxidation ditch process” through three-way university–industry–government partnerships. This chapter summarizes the history of the development, social acceptance, and expansion to other cities of the technology and analyzes the social integration and acceptance process. The key elements behind the success of this project are as follows: (1) enthusiasm of all stakeholders toward the shared goal, (2) win-win relationships among stakeholders and respect for each other, (3) research and development considering future applications and technology diffusion, (4) participation of local governments as important stakeholders, (5) agreement of the municipal parliament of Konan City, and (6) registration of the technology to “JS Innovation Program,” by Japan Sewage Works Agency.
Interactions Between Health and Socio-Culture in Sanitation
Authors: Yamauchi Taro
Published: February 2022

This part discusses sanitation from the perspectives of health and well-being. In particular, we focus on the socio-cultural aspects of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in relation to health. First, we discuss the social determinants of health (SDH) with an in-depth focus on the gender, cultural, and economic disparities that impact access to quality sanitation. We also spotlight sanitation workers, who play a significant part in existing sanitation systems yet unquantified and ostracized. Furthermore, as theoretical underpinnings, we review methodologies to behavioral changes including information dissemination, education approach, and community-based approach. Subsequently, we introduce the three chapters that constitute this part. Chapter 10.1007/978-981-16-7711-3_7 examines relationships between child health (e.g., undernutrition and diarrhea) and its associated factors (e.g., water, sanitation, and hand hygiene) in Indonesia. In Chap. 10.1007/978-981-16-7711-3_8, we argue the transfer of health risks in sanitation and its social allocation (i.e., genders) in Vietnam. Finally, in Chap. 10.1007/978-981-16-7711-3_9, we introduce Participatory Action Research (PAR) involving local children and youth in tackling WASH issues in Sub-Saharan Africa (Zambia). In the end, we reemphasize SDH by mentioning socio-cultural aspects of health and attitudinal and behavioral changes on WASH in society through community-based approach.
Influence of Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) on Children’s Health in an Urban Slum in Indonesia
Authors: Yamauchi Taro , Otsuka Yumiko , Agestika Lina
Published: February 2022

Unsafe drinking water, poor sanitation, and inadequate hygiene are key contributors to deteriorating child health in low- and middle-income countries. This chapter focuses on (1) evaluating child health and nutritional status; (2) clarifying the factors contributing to undernutrition and diarrhea prevalence by focusing on water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH); and (3) evaluating fecal contamination and children’s hand hygiene. The study was conducted at a preschool and two elementary schools in densely populated Bandung, Indonesia, targeting children and their caretakers, using anthropometric measurements, handwashing observation, hand bacteria testing, and questionnaires. The results showed that not using a towel after handwashing was significantly associated with increased risk of stunting. Children from households using tap water instead of tank water as drinking water suffered from increased risk of stunting and thinness. Moreover, children from households using open containers for water storage were associated with increased risk of diarrhea. Most children (98.7%) had hand fecal contamination, with girls having significantly less Escherichia coli (E. coli) than boys. E. coli counts were negatively correlated with handwashing technique, handwashing with soap, and a developed WASH index. The findings suggest that successful home drinking water management and proper personal hygiene practices are important for attaining better child health.
Participatory Action Research for WASH by Children and Youth in Peri-Urban Communities
Authors: Nyambe Sikopo , Kataoka Yoshimi , Harada Hidenori , Yamauchi Taro
Published: February 2022

In the study of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and its related health impact, it is imperative to understand the people and their respective environments to ensure lasting improvements in their quality of life. To explore this theme, this chapter provides details of a Participatory action research (PAR) conducted with members of Dziko Langa, a children and youth club, based in two peri-urban settlements in Lusaka, Zambia. The study was aimed at collaborative examination and intervention alongside club members, focusing on health and sociocultural aspects relating to WASH within their communities. The chapter is divided into three parts: (1) peri-urban WASH assessment and intervention through participatory approaches, (2) development of a quantitative self-assessment methodology for fecal contamination in their living environment, and (3) visualization approaches for community and stakeholder engagement. Through collaborative studies such as these, we can further explore the abilities of local communities to independently measure the health levels of their environment, identify WASH priorities, engage with stakeholders and policymakers, and share their findings for the betterment of the broader community.
Shockwaves in black hole microstate geometries
Authors: Chakrabarty Bidisha , Rawash Sami , Turton David
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Gravitational solutions involving shockwaves have attracted significant recent interest in the context of black holes and quantum chaos. Certain classes of supersymmetric two-charge black hole microstates are described by supergravity solutions containing shockwaves, that are horizonless and smooth away from the shockwave. These configurations have been used to describe how black hole microstates absorb and scramble perturbations. In this paper we construct the first family of asymptotically flat supersymmetric three-charge microstate solutions that contain shockwaves. We identify a family of holographically dual states of the D1-D5 CFT and show that these pass a set of tests, including a precision holographic test. We find precise agreement between gravity and CFT. Our results may prove useful for constructing more general families of black hole microstate solutions.
Happiness feels light and sadness feels heavy: introducing valence-related bodily sensation maps of emotions
Authors: Hartmann Matthias , Lenggenhager Bigna , Stocker Kurt
Published: February 2022

Bodily sensation mapping (BSM) is a recently developed self-report tool for the assessment of emotions in which people draw their sensations of activation in a body silhouette. Following the circumplex model of affect, activity and valence are the underling dimensions of every emotional experience. The aim of this study was to introduce the neglected valence dimension in BSM. We found that participants systematically report valence-related sensations of bodily lightness for positive emotions (happiness, love, pride), and sensations of bodily heaviness in response to negative emotions (e.g., anger, fear, sadness, depression) with specific body topography (Experiment 1). Further experiments showed that both computers (using a machine learning approach) and humans recognize emotions better when classification is based on the combined activity- and valence-related BSMs compared to either type of BSM alone (Experiments 2 and 3), suggesting that both types of bodily sensations reflect distinct parts of emotion knowledge. Importantly, participants found it clearer to indicate their bodily sensations induced by sadness and depression in terms of bodily weight than bodily activity (Experiment 2 and 4), suggesting that the added value of valence-related BSMs is particularly relevant for the assessment of emotions at the negative end of the valence spectrum.
Three-year functional outcome after open pelvic fracture treatment: a retrospective case series from a level I trauma center
Authors: Yu Yi-Hsun , Hsu Yung-Heng , Chou Ying-Chao , Liu Chang-Heng , Tseng I.-Chuan , Chen I.-Jung
Published: February 2022

Purpose

Open pelvic fractures have high mortality rates, and survivors may have ongoing functional deficits from severe trauma and invasive life-saving procedures. However, there are limited reports regarding the functional status evaluation following open pelvic fractures. We aimed to report the treatment experiences and short-term functional outcomes of patients with open pelvic fractures.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data of 19 consecutive patients with pelvic fractures who underwent treatment at a single institute between January 2014 and June 2018. The resuscitation protocol, osteosynthesis strategy, reduction quality of the pelvic ring, and functional outcomes were analyzed.

Results

The incidence and mortality rates in patients with open pelvic fractures were 4.9 and 21.6%, respectively. Ten, one, and seven of the open wounds related to the pelvic fractures were located in Faringer zones I, II, and III, respectively. Fractures of four patients were categorized as classes 1 and 2, and those of 11 patients as class 3, according to the Jones–Powell classification. Eleven of 19 (57.9%) and 9 of 19 (47.5%) revealed excellent reduction quality by Matta/Torenetta and Lefaivre criteria, respectively. The Merle d'Aubigné score improved at each evaluation but stagnated after 24 months. The Majeed hip score also improved at the 12-month evaluation but the improvement stopped thereafter. At a 3-year follow-up, the patients with excellent reduction of the pelvic ring showed the highest functional performances.

Conclusion

Improvements in functional status of patients with open pelvic fractures can be anticipated based on the reduction quality of the pelvis ring.
Transitionspsychiatrie – ein Definitionsversuch mit Praxisbezug
Authors: Schrank Beate
Published: February 2022

Die Transitionspsychiatrie stellt sich den spezifischen psychischen Herausforderungen der Aufgaben und Prozesse des Erwachsenwerdens vor dem Hintergrund des gesellschaftlichen Wandels. Die entsprechende Forschung untersucht Risikofaktoren für psychische Erkrankungen und protektive Faktoren für ein gesundes Erwachsenwerden sowie Möglichkeiten und Interventionen, psychisch gesundes Erwachsenwerden und die gesellschaftliche Integration junger Menschen zu fördern.
Klimaschutz i.e.S. nach dem Ampel-Koalitionsvertrag: Ökostromausbau und früherer Kohleausstieg
Authors: Frenz Walter
Published: February 2022

Der Koalitionsvertrag zwischen SPD, Bündnis 90/Die Grünen und FDP “Mehr Fortschritt
wagen. Bündnis für Freiheit, Gerechtigkeit und Nachhaltigkeit” vom 24.11.2021 enthält
wichtige Eckpunkte, welche die künftige Entwicklung für den Klimaschutz in Deutschland maßgeblich
prägen werden. Für das Naturschutzrecht besonders interessant sind die Lösungsansätze
für den Konflikt zwischen Windkraft und Artenschutz.
Women Leadership, Culture, and Islam: Female Voices from Jordan
Authors: Koburtay Tamer , Abuhussein Tala , Sidani Yusuf M.
Published: February 2022

This paper aims to explore the experiences of female leaders considering the interplay of gender, religion, and culture. Drawing on an inductive-qualitative study, the paper examines perceptions regarding the role of religion and cultural norms in women’s ascension into leadership positions in Jordan. The results indicated that Jordanian women leaders adopted an Islamic feminist worldview and did not embrace a liberal nor a socialist/Marxist feminist worldview. Women leaders seemed wanting to claim their religion back from those forces that are reportedly holding their aspirations hostage to monolithic interpretations of religious texts. By constantly referring to their religion, female leaders wanted to be granted spaces of trust and responsibility in leadership positions that they did not see contradictory to the way they understood their faith. The paper provides insights into how women leaders understand prejudicial stereotypes and discrimination in their society, explaining how those are linked to patriarchal socio-cultural traditions emphasizing male control.
Biased Humans, (Un)Biased Algorithms?
Authors: Pethig Florian , Kroenung Julia
Published: February 2022

Previous research has shown that algorithmic decisions can reflect gender bias. The increasingly widespread utilization of algorithms in critical decision-making domains (e.g., healthcare or hiring) can thus lead to broad and structural disadvantages for women. However, women often experience bias and discrimination through human decisions and may turn to algorithms in the hope of receiving neutral and objective evaluations. Across three studies (N = 1107), we examine whether women’s receptivity to algorithms is affected by situations in which they believe that their gender identity might disadvantage them in an evaluation process. In Study 1, we establish, in an incentive-compatible online setting, that unemployed women are more likely to choose to have their employment chances evaluated by an algorithm if the alternative is an evaluation by a man rather than a woman. Study 2 generalizes this effect by placing it in a hypothetical hiring context, and Study 3 proposes that relative algorithmic objectivity, i.e., the perceived objectivity of an algorithmic evaluator over and against a human evaluator, is a driver of women’s preferences for evaluations by algorithms as opposed to men. Our work sheds light on how women make sense of algorithms in stereotype-relevant domains and exemplifies the need to provide education for those at risk of being adversely affected by algorithmic decisions. Our results have implications for the ethical management of algorithms in evaluation settings. We advocate for improving algorithmic literacy so that evaluators and evaluatees (e.g., hiring managers and job applicants) can acquire the abilities required to reflect critically on algorithmic decisions.
Impact of time to distant recurrence on breast cancer-specific mortality in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer
Authors: Calip Gregory S. , Nabulsi Nadia A. , Hubbard Colin , Asfaw Alemseged A. , Lee Inyoung , Zhou Jifang , Cueto Jenilee , Mitra Debanjali , Ko Naomi Y. , Hoskins Kent F. , Law Ernest H.
Published: February 2022

Women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive early-stage breast cancer (BC) have five-year survival rates of > 90% but remain at serious risk for developing distant metastases beyond five years from diagnosis. This retrospective cohort study used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries to examine associations between distant recurrence-free interval (DRFI) and risk of BC-specific mortality following distant relapse. The analysis includes 1,057 women with second primary stage IV BC who were initially diagnosed with AJCC stages I–III HR-positive BC between1990 and 2016. Overall, 65% of women had a preceding DRFI of ≥ 5 years. Five-year BC-specific survival following development of distant recurrence was 52% for women with DRFI ≥ 5 years compared to 31% in women with DRFI of < 5 years. In multivariable analyses, risks of cancer-specific mortality following distant recurrence were lower in women with DRFI of 5 years or more (subdistribution hazard ratio = 0.72, 95% CI 0.58–0.89, p = 0.002). The results of this study may inform patient-clinician discussions surrounding prognosis and treatment selection among HR-positive patients who develop a distant recurrence of disease.
Revamping Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle in Classroom Practice: Negotiating Stereotypes, Literary Language, and Outdated Values
Authors: Malilang Chrysogonus Siddha , Walldén Robert
Published: February 2022

In this contribution, we explore something rarely reported on in research on children’s literature: how an old children’s book is re-appropriated and altered in ongoing teaching practice. The material consists of the book used in instruction, a Swedish translation ofMrs. Piggle-Wiggle (Tant Mittiprick), and transcribed audio recordings collected throughout six weeks of teaching. Participants include a librarian, who conducted the lion’s share of the discussions based on the books, two teachers, and two groups of Grade 3 students. The analysis is conducted based on Langer’s theory of building literary envisionments and the concept of the “third space”. The findings show that the students’ initial reception of Mrs. Piggle-Wiggle, playfully articulated in the classroom discussions, is shaped by literary stereotypes of old women and connections to everyday experiences. This reception is partly acknowledged by the adults. Thus, this shows the potential of the meaning making process through join negotiation of the third space—connecting prior knowledge and experience to the book. However, the librarian’s evaluations of student responses reinforce a particular didactic reading of the character as someone firm and knowledgeable, playing down the whimsical and silly characteristics of the protagonist. In reading the book aloud, the librarian made significant alterations to the text. With respect to literary language, the librarian provided numerous paraphrases and elaborations which served to support the students in making meaning of the book. More drastic alterations of the text served to avoid reinforcing outdated values, for example antiquated gender roles and references to physical punishment. While the paraphrases of literary terms created opportunities for negotiating the third space and learning about literary language, the sanitised reading of the book with respect to values failed to capitalise on opportunities for contextualising the book and making intertextual connections.
Assessing the impacts of climate change on climatic extremes in the Congo River Basin
Authors: Karam Sara , Seidou Ousmane , Nagabhatla Nidhi , Perera Duminda , Tshimanga Raphael M.
Published: February 2022

The Congo River Basin, located in central Africa, is the second-largest river basin in the world, after the Amazon. It has a drainage area of approximately 3.7 M km2 and is home to 75 million people. A significant part of the population is exposed to recurrent floods and droughts, and climate change is likely to worsen these events. Climate change studies of the Congo River basin have so far focused on annual and seasonal precipitation, but little attention was paid to extreme climatic events. This study aims to assess future changes in rainfall-induced flash floods and drought regimes in the Congo basin from the present day to 2100, using four selected extreme climatic indices as proxies to these two natural disasters. The indices are the total annual precipitation (PCPTOT), the number of days where rainfall is above 20 mm (PCP20), the standardized precipitation index (SPI), and the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The indices were calculated with the statistically downscaled output of eleven Regional Climate Models (RCMs) from the Coordinated Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX-AFRICA) under two Representative Concentration Pathways: RCP 8.5 (high emissions scenario) and RCP 4.5 (moderate emissions scenario). Precipitation and temperature simulated by the RCMs were statistically downscaled using quantile mapping, while wind speed, solar radiation, and relative humidity were projected using K-nearest neighbor downscaling. The evolution of the indices was then assessed between the reference period (1976–2005) and three future periods (2011–2040, 2041–2070, and 2071–2100). Multimodel average results suggest that (i) independently of the scenario and period, PCPTOT and SPI will increase in the north, east, and western extremities of the basin and decrease in the basin’s center. (ii) The maximum increase (+ 24%) and decrease (− 6%) in PCPTOT were both projected under RCP 8.5 in the 2071–2100 period. (iii) PCP20 will increase independently of the period and scenario. Under RCP 8.5, in the 2071–2100 period, PCP20 will increase by 94% on average over the whole watershed. (iv) The SPEI results suggest that in all periods and scenarios, the rise in evapotranspiration due to higher temperatures will offset annual precipitation increases in the north, east, and western extremities of the basin. Increased evaporation will exacerbate the decrease in annual precipitation in the center, leading to increased drought frequency in the entire basin.