bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relaxation and Exercise for Hyperactive Impulsive Children
Authors: Klein Stephen A. , Deffenbacher Jerry L.
Published: September 2011

This study explored the effectiveness of progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise in improving the cognitive performance of hyperactive, impulsive males. Progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise were compared to an attentional-training placebo, a no-treatment control, and a nonhyperactive control. While no differences were found on the Continuous Performance Task, relaxation, exercise, and nonhyperactive control groups performed significantly better on the Matching Familiar Figures test than the no-treatment control. Results were suggestive of the effectiveness of both progressive relaxation and large muscle exercise in treating hyperactive, impulsive youngsters.
Visual Masking of Targets Displayed against Two-And Three-Dimensional Backgrounds
Authors: Lawson R. B. , Whitmore Cynthia , Lawrence Dawn
Published: September 2011

Detection thresholds for targets displayed against two- and three-dimensional backgrounds were measured under backward masking and non-masking conditions. The results indicate that planar ring targets displayed against a two-dimensional ground are easier to mask than identical targets portrayed against a three-dimensional background. Also, the detectability of a planar ring target is enhanced when it is included within a three-dimensional rather than an identical but two-dimensional visual display. These results confirm and extend previous findings and suggest a processing asymmetry biased toward three-dimensional visual displays.
Typewriting Rate as a Function of Reaction Time
Authors: Hayes V. , Wilson G. D. , Schafer R. L.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine the relationship between reaction time and typewriting rate. Subjects were 24 typists ranging in age from 19 to 39 yr. Reaction times (.001 sec.) to a light were recorded for each finger and to each alphabetic character and three punctuation marks. Analysis of variance yielded significant differences in reaction time among subjects and fingers. Correlation between typewriting rate and average reaction time to the alphabetic characters and three punctuation marks was —.75. Correlation between typewriting rate and the difference between the reaction time of the hands was —.42. Factors influencing typewriting rate may include reaction time of the fingers, difference between the reaction time of the hands, and reaction time to individual keys on the typewriter. Implications exist for instructional methodology and further research.
Sound, Affect, and Visual Autokinesis
Authors: Van Eyl F. Phillip , Van Eyl Evelyn M.
Published: September 2011

Sound and the absence of sound were used during the adaptation period of a conventional experiment on autokinetic effect conducted in anechoic and reverberation rooms of equal size. Only the room condition led to significantly different results: more visual autokinesis in the reverberation room. The data are discussed in light of the results of an earlier, similar experiment where the reverberation room yielded less visual autokinesis. It is suggested that affect rather than sound influenced the autokinetic phenomenon.
Left-Handedness among Architects: Partial Replication and Some New Data
Authors: Peterson John M. , Lansky Leonard M.
Published: September 2011

As predicted, over a 6-yr. period, more left-handed proportionately than right-handed architecture students successfully completed their 6-yr. program. Contrary to expectation, the entering class in 1976 had 21% left-handed males, 12 of 57. Lastly these left-handed men had high factor scores in a group of academic predictors, design scores, and grade point averages during the first quarter. The 45 right-handed men in the entering class had almost zero mean scores on the predictors and negative mean scores on performance. The 19 right-handed women in the class had negative scores on the academic predictors and positive ones on performance.
Correlations of Sighting-Eye Dominance Tests and Comparison of Combined Scores in Classroom, Clinic, and Ophthalmological Populations
Authors: Palmer Lyelle L.
Published: September 2011

Contingency coefficients for near- and far-point binocular and monocular sighting tests determined from data of 240 classroom children in Grades 4, 8, and 12 were significant. Also significant differences were noted for distributions of sighting tests combined two at a time (correlated) when compared with distributions of responses on a single test. Comparison of combined test distributions for classroom and clinic populations yielded significant differences in near-point sighting and between near- and far-point tests. Comparison with the ophthalmological data of Fink confirmed the validity of the findings. All simple and combined score distributions deviated from normalcy. Near-point binocular sighting exerts a strong influence on combined score distributions because more mixed-eyedness is indicated by that test.
Spatial Behavior of Schizophrenic and Non-Schizophrenic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Rierdan Jill , Wiener Morton
Published: September 2011

The spatial behavior of schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic psychiatric patients ( n = 64) was assessed as subjects seated themselves for an interview. The methodology employed was one for which normative data were already available. Results indicated no differences in the seating selections of the patient groups, although the spatial behavior of the patient groups differed from that of normals. The results are interpreted in terms of factors generally associated with patient status rather than uniquely associated with a particular diagnosis.
Conceptual Deficits and Aging: The Category Test
Authors: Mack James L. , Carlson N. James
Published: September 2011

Category Test performance of 41 bright aged normals was compared with the performance of 40 young normals and a group of 43 patients with suspected neurological dysfunction. The aged normals were not only as deficient as the neurologic patients but showed a similar pattern of deficits on Category subtests. The extreme difficulty experienced by aged normals and patients on Subtests III and IV was explained as a function of task complexity rather than of conceptual difficulty. Further investigation of the relationship between the relative difficulty of conceptual principles and task complexity in a variety of impaired groups was suggested.
Comment on “Three Aspects of Cognitive Development”
Authors: Asher William
Published: September 2011

In Exp. 2 of Siegler's 1976 study a faulty quasi-experimental design was used. The stated results, that older and younger children with apparently equal initial performance derived different benefits from identical experience, can also be explained by a confounding with regression toward the mean. These effects are a result of a selective matching of subjects from two age groups on a fallible variable correlated with age.
Children's Response Speeds and Perseverative Responses following Failure as a Function of Instructions and Interresponse Interval
Authors: Dewson Michael R. J. , Whiteley John H.
Published: September 2011

Nonreward has been found to facilitate subsequent responding in a number of experiments with children whereas failure has consistently resulted in a decrement in performance. Two variables confounding comparisons of nonreward and failure studies are (a) the use of constant interresponse intervals of 5 sec or longer in nonreward studies as compared with the use of 0-sec. intervals in most failure studies and (b) the use of other-blame instructions in nonreward studies and self-blame instructions in failure studies. In the present experiment 18 second- and third-grade children were assigned to each of six conditions formed by the factorial combination of constant interresponse intervals of 0, 4, and 8 sec, and self-blame vs other-blame instructional sets. On each trial the subjects performed a light-switching task followed by a lever-pulling response. They were failed prior to completion of the light-switching task on one-half of the 20 trials. Lever-pulling responses following failure were slower than responses following success in the 0-sec. condition but not in the 4- or 8-sec. condition, and response speeds in the 0-sec. condition on failure trials were slower than speeds on 4- and 8-sec. condition failure trials. Decrements in response speeds following failure were found in both the self-blame and other-blame conditions although the decrement was greater in the former than the latter condition. In addition self-blame subjects made more perseverative responses on the light switching game than other-blame subjects. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of interresponse intervals and instructional set on the extent to which responses produced by failure would occur and interfere with the lever response.
Eyewitness Testimony: An Exploration of Question Wording upon Recall as a Function of Neuroticism
Authors: Zanni Guido R. , Offermann John T.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments are reported in which subjects viewed films and were interrogated with questions employing the definite or the indefinite article. A significant interaction existed between a witness's level of neuroticism and question wording. There were also significant correlations between Neuroticism and errors resulting from questions containing the indefinite article.
A Poisson Method of Controlling the Maximum Tolerable Number of Type I Errors
Authors: Hsu Louis M.
Published: September 2011

The problem of controlling the risk of occurrence of at least one Type I Error in a family of n statistical tests has been discussed extensively in psychological literature. However, the more general problem of controlling the probability of occurrence of more than some maximum (not necessarily zero) tolerable number ( xm) of Type I Errors in such a family appears to have received little attention. The present paper presents a simple Poisson approximation to the significance level P( EI) which should be used per test, to achieve this goal, in a family of n independent tests. The cases of equal and unequal significance levels for the n tests are discussed. Relative merits and limitations of the Poisson and Bonferroni methods of controlling the number of Type I Errors are examined, and application of the Poisson method to tests of orthogonal contrasts in analysis of variance, multiple tests of hypotheses in single studies, and multiple tests of hypotheses in literature reviews, are discussed.
Task Difficulty and Visual Similarity Increase a Distractor's Effects on Random Shapes
Authors: Hines David
Published: September 2011

Recognition of random shapes followed by a visual distractor is altered by the type of distractor and whether the distractor needs to be attended. Three experiments tested which characteristics modify a visual distractors effect on random target shapes presented for 75 to 150 msec. Exp. 1 showed that increasing the number of digits to be remembered (1, 3, or 8) increased the effectiveness of digits as distractors. Exp. 2 indicates that all novel visual stimuli are not equivalent in their effect as visual distractors for random target shapes. Random shapes were highly effective as distractors, while pictures of faces or complex colored pictures had a relatively small effect. In Exp. 3 decreasing the presentation time for novel visual distractors decreased recognition of the distractors but not of random target shapes. However, adding a three-digit distractor after the novel visual distractor did decrease recognition of target shapes. Exps. 2 and 3 showed that the order of the recognition tests of the target and distracting stimuli altered target recognition if and only if subjects did know which was to be reported first. These experiments indicate that the effect of a visual distractor depends on both the extent to which it is allotted attention and its visual similarity to the target stimulus.
A Monte Carlo Simulation of Effects of Central Tendency Error on the Magnitude of Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha
Authors: Bardo John W. , Hughey Joseph B.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between central tendency error and estimates of reliability based on Cronbach's coefficient alpha were explored. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, no differences were found between the means of distributions of alphas derived from “central tendency biased data” and “random data.” Further it was found that alphas' constancy was the result of systematic reduction in the item standard deviations and increase in inter-item correlations associated with central tendency error. It was noted, however, that in this simulation “equal error” among the test items was assumed; further research with other assumptions is recommended.
Disturbances of Rhythm Formation in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Part I. Characteristics of Tapping Response to the Periodic Signals
Authors: Nakamura R. , Nagasaki H. , Narabayashi H.
Published: September 2011

A tapping test in which the tasks required a synchronous response to a periodic sound signal by the finger tapping was performed by 27 normal subjects and 146 patients with Parkinson's disease. Some patients could not maintain a synchronous response at a critical frequency of 2.5 or 5 Hz (taps per second) and showed a hastened tapping of 5 ∼ 6 Hz, independent of the input signal frequencies, i.e., the ‘hastening phenomenon.’ The other patients and normal subjects could respond synchronously up to 5 ∼ 7 Hz. Autocorrelational analysis of the sequential tapping intervals suggested that the synchronized response was performed by a feedback control with the input signal as target except at 2.5 and 5 Hz, whereas the hastened tapping of patients was a random process. The frequency-dependence of the error in the tapping response had two maxima around 2.5 and 5 Hz. The hastened tapping was interpreted as representing an intrinsic oscillation in the central nervous system, which would be masked in normal subjects but released in patients with Parkinson's disease. Around 2.5 or 5 Hz the error of response becomes so large that some patients can no longer maintain the synchronized response and show a hastened tapping due to this intrinsic oscillation.
Effects of a Stimulant Drug on Extra Version Level in Hyperactive Children
Authors: McManis Donald L. , McCarthy Mike , Koval Randy
Published: September 2011

7 hyperactive children in a pilot study, and 15 hyperactive and 15 non-hyperactive control children in a later study, were assessed for salivation to lemon juice stimulation, reactive inhibition on an audio-vigilance task, and visual-motor maze errors. Hyperactive children were tested under stimulant drug and nondrug conditions and nonhyperactive children twice under nondrug conditions. Pilot study hyperactive children displayed significantly fewer maze errors and somewhat greater salivation and lesser reactive inhibition levels under the drug than the nondrug conditions. Follow-up study control children did not differ significantly between test occasions on any measure, while the hyperactive children displayed significantly fewer maze errors, mote salivation, and less reactive inhibition under the stimulant drug, indicating significant decreases in extraversion after the stimulant drug.
Complexity, Incongruity, Pre-Exposure and the Familiarity Effect in Visual Selection
Authors: Lemond L. Charles
Published: September 2011

A consistent finding in the literature concerning visual selection is that subjects spend more time viewing unfamiliar stimuli than familial stimuli. In the present investigation a procedure to measure competitive viewing times to familiar and unfamiliar stimuli was used. Results of the analyses of viewing times showed that the magnitude of the familiarity effect was a positive function of the duration of stimulus pre-exposure. In addition no differences were found in subjects' “preference” for familiar and unfamiliar stimuli as measured by “like-dislike” ratings.
Transcendental Meditation and Mirror-Tracing Skill
Authors: Williams L. R. T.
Published: September 2011

Learning, performance and patterns of inter- and intra-individual variability of 32 experienced Transcendental Meditators were compared to those of 32 non-meditators. The data indicated that certain effects attributed to the practice of Transcendental Meditation (such as increased alertness and maintenance of attention, greater consistency and less anxiety) are not manifested in terms of learning and performance of a novel perceptual-motor skill.
An Alternate-Form Instrument to Assess Vividness and Controllability of Mental Imagery in Seven Modalities
Authors: Switras Joseph E.
Published: September 2011

A review of the literature concerning assessment of the ability to produce mental images demonstrated that in both the clinical and research areas new instruments were needed. The problem was to produce an alternate-form measure that would enable simultaneous measurement of controllability and vividness on the same test items in seven modalities. The results seem to suggest that for the Survey of Mental Imagery alternate forms are strictly comparable, reliable, have a known factor structure, and combine simultaneous measurement of controllability and vividness in at least six sensory modalities.
Estimation of Treatment Effect and Measurement of Change
Authors: Campbell Michael E.
Published: September 2011

A variety of statistical procedures have been recommended for the evaluation of treatment effects in correlated sequential measures. Analysis of covariance is generally favored and recognized as an appropriate procedure although other techniques have been suggested as simpler and essentially equivalent. This paper examines several of these techniques and reports results of a Monte Carlo study comparing Type I error rate per experiment for the following procedures (1) analysis of variance of difference scores, (2) analysis of variance of final scores, and (3) analysis of covariance. It is shown that of these procedures only analysis of covariance produces error rates close to chance. Analysis of covariance is recommended for the assessment of treatment effects in data with pretreatment-posttreatment measures of the dependent variable and where experimental control is not possible.
Kindergarten Predictors of Three Aspects of Reading Achievement
Authors: Clark Charlotte R. , Bruininks Robert H. , Glaman Gertrude V.
Published: September 2011

Kindergarten measures of intelligence, auditory perception, visual perception, and associative learning were used to predict three aspects of reading achievement (word attack, word recognition, and comprehension) at the end of Grades 1, 2, and 3 for 79 subjects. The predictability of each measure was a function not only of grade, but also of the aspect of reading achievement being predicted. Multiple correlations of the predictors tended to increase across grade levels and were highest for the comprehension aspect of reading. The Number Facility subtest of the PMA was the over-all best predictor of reading achievement. Possible reasons for this and other findings are discussed.
Effects of Final Scores on Difference Score Computations
Authors: Campbell Michael E.
Published: September 2011

This paper demonstrates the peculiar dependency of the correlation ( fDX) between initial scores ( X) and change scores ( D) on the variance of final scores ( SY2). Parameters of the primary distributions are manipulated to do so. The paper provides further support for the contentions of redundancy and spuriousness of rDX without relying on the claim of additiviry of errors.
Volume Discrimination in Golden Hamsters
Authors: Thinus-Blanc Catherine
Published: September 2011

To 8 subjects (golden hamsters, Mesocricetus auratus), having learned to discriminate between two cubic volumes of very different size, test-situations were presented to determine if the three spatial dimensions were taken into account during learning. The results show that width is the most used dimension.
Effects of Imagery Instructions When the Context is Changed
Authors: Devane J. R. , Parkman R. A.
Published: September 2011

In a test of the hypothesis that the superiority of paired-associate learning brought about by Imagery instructions would be diminished by a change in stimulus conditions from practice to test, 80 women subjects were run in a factorial study with the factors, instructions (either image or associate), test conditions (practice and test in same or different rooms), and test modality (memory drum or audio tape). Instructions to Image yielded a significantly greater number of correct responses as a main effect. Instructions × test conditions yielded a significant effect, with a reduced superiority of image over associate instructions when practice and test took place in different rooms.
Effects of Type of Target, Cognitive Ability, and Age on Projection
Authors: Halpern James , Myers Anne
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that older and more cognitively developed children would be less likely to use both attributive and contrast projection. Real and ambiguous target figures were used to assess the effect of the type of target on projection. 30 boys and 31 girls between the ages of 7 yr., 10 mo. and 14 yr., 10 mo. predicted a favored classmate's preferences in each of several categories. They also predicted the preferences of an unfavored classmate and of favored and unfavored ambiguous targets. These predictions were compared with the subjects' own preferences to measure attributive and contrast projection. Type of target affected the amount of projection. There was significantly more contrast projection onto ambiguous targets (dolls) than onto real targets (classmates). There was significantly more attributive than contrast projection for the real targets only. A significant negative correlation of —.26 ( df = 59) was obtained between age and contrast projection onto the real targets. There were no significant correlations between the other measures of projection and the indices of cognitive ability, including age.
Organizational Changes in the Memory of Young Children
Authors: Wingard Joseph A. , Buchanan James P. , Burnell Angela
Published: September 2011

A set of 25 pictures of common objects classifiable either perceptually on the basis of five color categories or semantically on the basis of five categories of meaning were presented in a recall task to 4- and 5-yr.-old children. In one condition the items were presented sequentially, and in a second condition they were viewed simultaneously. Following free recall, half of the subjects received memory prompts based on the color categories and half received prompts based on the semantic categories. Four-yr.-olds displayed more color category clustering in free recall than 5-yr.-olds, but remembered fewer items with and without the aid of memory prompts. Five-yr.-olds showed a trend toward greater semantic clustering than 4-yr.-olds. Finally, more semantic clustering was observed following sequential than simultaneous item presentation, and semantic memory prompts evoked greater recall than color prompts. Developmental changes in organizational strategies were discussed.
Memory and Electro-Dermal Activity
Authors: Sorgatz Hardo , Dannel Wolfgang
Published: September 2011

To test Levonian's retentivity-accessibility hypothesis on arousal and retention 48 undergraduates participated in an experiment on retention while skin resistance was recorded. Results support Levonian's hypothesis only for longer-term (30-min.) retention but not for short-term (3-min.) retention.
Variations in Severity of Verbs and Eyewitnesses' Testimony: An Alternative Interpretation
Authors: Read J. Don , Barnsley Roger H. , Ankers Kim , Whishaw Ian Q.
Published: September 2011

96 subjects viewed three different videotaped sequences and then received testimony questions which manipulated the rated severity of verbs used to describe each event. The effects of such questioning on the recall of the events were evaluated after both short- and long-retention intervals. In contrast to the Loftus and Palmer hypothesis no effects of severity of verbs on the subjects' thematic interpretations of the event were obtained. Previously reported effects of severity of verbs on subjects' recall of an event were interpreted as representing changes at the verbal-associational or semantic level rather than at the conceptual or thematic level within memory.
Apparent Size Contrasts of Retinal Images and Size Constancy as Determinants of the Moon Illusion
Authors: Smith Olin W. , Smith Patricia C. , Geist Charles C. , Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

Kaufman and Rock (1962) and Rock and Kaufman (1962) concluded that the moon illusion is a function of and attributable to apparent distance. They also reported a large framing effect as an exception. Analysis of the effect suggests two components which can account for the illusion independently of apparent distance. These are apparent size contrasts of visual images of discriminable features or objects of the earth with the moon's image and size constancy of the features or objects plus the interactions of the two. Apparent distances to horizons are always a consequence of the necessary conditions for the illusion. They are related to the illusion but are not a determinant of it.
Shedd's Formulations concerning the Hyperkinetic Syndrome—An Empirical Test of Selected Features
Authors: Wallbrown Fred H.
Published: September 2011

According to Shedd's (1968) formulations, one of the distinguishing characteristics of hyperkinetic children is the score pattern which they earn on different types of ability tests. Specifically, Shedd's work suggests that IQs from a picture vocabulary test, the WISC, and a drawing test should show the following order relationship: picture vocabulary > WISC > drawing. This hypothesis was investigated for 62 overactive children (47 boys and 15 girls) enrolled in classes for learning disabled. The findings support Shedd's since the IQs from the Amnions' test were significantly higher than WISC IQs which were significantly higher than IQs from the Goodenough-Harris. The magnitudes of the mean differences in scores for the three tests were within the range indicated by Shedd and 51 of the 62 children showed the order of scores he specified.
The Golden Section: The “True” Ratio?
Authors: Piehl Jochen
Published: September 2011

Seven rectangles with different ratios of the lengths of their sides but of approximately equal areas were presented to 120 subjects to assess their aesthetic preferences for each rectangle. The method of pair comparisons was used for presentation of the rectangles. Subjects tended to prefer the golden rectangle. Also rectangles in the vicinity of the golden rectangle were preferred to those deviating markedly from it.
The Color-Word Connotative Incongruity Effect
Authors: Ridley Dennis R. , Johnson David E. , Braisted Philip D.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that color-naming speed is slower for inconsistent than for consistent color-word combinations as defined by separate semantic differential ratings of color and word components. In Exp. 1 15 undergraduate subjects individually made telegraph-key identifications of consistent and inconsistent instances of yellow or brown color-word combinations. For Exp. 2 an analogue of the Stroop Color-Word Test was constructed in which two cards contained only consistent, and two cards contained only inconsistent, adjective-color combinations. Antonym adjectival pairs, e.g., “hot”—“cold,” were used ensuring that two card-pairs contained cards identical in every respect except consistency. Color-naming times of 40 undergraduate subjects for consistent and inconsistent cards were compared. Results of the two experiments supported the hypothesis. Since semantic differential ratings presumably index implicit reactions to stimuli having no obvious relationship to color-naming, these data suggested that a response-competition explanation of semantic-color interaction is incomplete.
Use of Cautionary Instructions for Eliminating Position Error in Ranking
Authors: Wagner Edwin E. , Binning John F.
Published: September 2011

A control group ( n = 120) overranked position number one in ranking a set of five homogeneous entities. This error did not appear when two experimental groups ( ns = 120) performed the same task after reading a short paragraph and long paragraph, respectively, explicating the nature of “position error” in ranking. In fact, greater randomness was obtained with the short paragraph group, suggesting that a brief set of precautionary instructions is sufficient for eliminating such an error.
Nonparametric Statistics: Use and Nonuse
Authors: McSweeney Maryellen , Katz Barry M.
Published: September 2011

This paper clarifies the distinctions among parametric, non-parametric, and distribution free statistical tests. The principal circumstances prompting the use of nonparametric procedures, both rank order and qualitative data Techniques, are identified and illustrated. Historical factors and disciplinary orientations affecting the use of nonparametric procedures are discussed. Finally, some conditions which are conducive to the more frequent use of nonparametric statistics are identified.
Rate of Judges' Gaze at Different Types of Witnesses
Authors: Dorch Edwina , Fontaine Gary
Published: September 2011

To explore a methodology for studying non-verbal behavior in the courtroom to complement recent studies of verbal behavior, observers recorded the frequency of gaze over and under 2 sec. directed at defendants ( n = 51), civilian witnesses ( n = 53), and police witnesses ( n = 34) by Municipal and Magistrate Court judges in real courtroom settings. The results indicate: (1) a main effect for judges' race with a higher rate of gaze from white judges than black judges, (2) a main effect for type of witness with defendants receiving the highest rate of gaze followed by civilian, then police, witnesses, (3) an interaction of judges' race by type of witness with white judges gazing at the highest rate at police and black judges gazing at the lowest rate at police, (4) an interaction of judges' race by witnesses' race with black judges gazing at the highest rate at white witnesses and white judges at the highest rate at black witnesses, (5) a positive correlation of 0.48 between the rate of gaze at the defendant and the fine received if found guilty.
Psychotherapists' Perceptions of Clients' Satisfaction following Termination
Authors: Bloom Larry J. , Trautt Gregory M.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation sought to examine psychotherapists' perceptions of clients' satisfaction following termination. During a 6-mo. period, 86 clients who terminated treatment at a large mental health center were asked to evaluate the service that they had received from their therapists. Therapists were also asked to predict how their clients would evaluate them. Results indicated that clients were favorably impressed with the services provided by their therapists and therapists tended to underestimate the worth of their services. Further conclusions, which at this point can only be speculative due to the limited sample, were that there were no differences in reported satisfaction of clients among psychiatrists, psychologists, psychiatric social workers and para-professional groups, but psychiatrists predicted significantly greater satisfaction by clients than the other groups. They were the only group which predicted more satisfaction by clients than was actually reported.
Right-Left Orientation and Writing Hand in Children Referred for Neurodevelopmental Assessment
Authors: McCormick David P.
Published: September 2011

22 boys and 10 girls with school problems were referred to a pediatrician for medical and neurodevelopmental evaluation—children ranged in ages from 5–4 to 14–7. As pan of the pediatric developmental assessment a simple test was used to evaluate each child's ability to identify his own right or left eye, ear, hand and foot. Hand preference for writing was also noted. 32 control children from the same population matched for age and sex with patients were also tested. Patients over 5 yr. old were more likely to have difficulty identifying right and left body parts than control children. All controls over age 7 correctly identified their body parts. 5 patients and 5 controls showed left-hand preference for writing. It is concluded that a more sensitive test for hand preference should be utilized as part of the pediatric neurodevelopmental assessment.
Visual Refinement of Haptic Activity
Authors: Ball William A. , Hagen John W.
Published: September 2011

48 children 3.5 to 5.2 yr. old inspected blocks supporting two three-dimensional patterns. Subjects allowed simultaneous haptic and visual exploration and those merely seeing the standard showed greater visual recognition of the patterns than children who only inspected the blocks haptically. Compared with haptic exploration alone, bimodal inspection reduced the time children spent touching the patterns and sharply lowered the frequency of palmar grasping and simultaneous exploration by more than one finger. Under bimodal conditions, haptic activity thus seemed under visual guidance.
Analysis of the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test
Authors: Donovan G. , Mitchell M. M.
Published: September 2011

To identify children with learning problems and to compare test results, 28 kindergarten children were tested with the Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the Motor-free Visual Perception Test. The tests identified some children already noted by the teacher to exhibit characteristics of learning difficulty, failed to confirm the teacher's judgment in others, and identified some children with previously undetected difficulties. Basic differences in the two tests are reported.
Recognition of Familiar Scenes from New Perspectives
Authors: Rowland G. L. , Franken R. E. , Bouchard L. M. , Sookochoff M. B.
Published: September 2011

Viewing a real-world scene (picture) from several perspectives enhanced recognition of 16 and 36 college students of that scene from a new perspective but reduced detection of the new perspective as such. The accuracy of recognition for mirror-image transformed scenes declined slowly in comparison to the accuracy of detecting the transformed scenes as such. These findings support the notion that prototypes are abstracted from real-world scenes.
Note on Creativity and Scholastic Achievement of Women as a Function of Birth Order and Family Size
Authors: Farley Frank H.
Published: September 2011

From prior work it was predicted that greater creativity would be found for later than for firstborns, and the opposite would hold for scholastic achievement. On a sample of college women, with control over family size and in completed families, the predictions of creativity were supported significantly for the two-sibling family, but for the three-sibling family a non-significant trend suggested creativity might increase from first to second-borns but decrease from second- to third-borns. For scholastic achievement the results for the two-and three-sibling families were in accord with prediction but were not significant.
A Review of Heart-Rate Variability and Evaluation
Authors: Burdick J. Alan
Published: September 2011

A review of the literature concerning heart rate and various forms of heart-rate variability and studies of behavior associated with these variables has been presented. Emphasis has been placed on the apparent discrepancies and inconsistencies reported within the literature as well as major methodological differences which make the integration of the data presented by various researchers almost impossible.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Expression of Pain in Psychic Depression
Authors: Ganchrow Judith R. , Steiner Jacob E. , Kleiner Murray , Edelstein Eliezer L.
Published: September 2011

The expression of cold pressor pain was measured by recording simultaneously verbal magnitude estimates, heart rates, and facial displays of 16 recently hospitalized depressed patients, and 16 nondepressed adults. Independence of the two groups for the depression factor was verified using the Hamilton Scale for Depression and the 100-mm line self-rating scale. Verbal responses and amount of time the ice bath was tolerated, as well as heart-rate measures, indicated that depressed individuals were significantly more sensitive to the pain stimulus. However, this elevated intolerance to pain was not reflected by marked changes of facial display. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Nondepressed subjects, although clearly able to verbalize intensity of pain, were much less reactive to the pain along all dimensions.
Relationships between MMPI Measures of Psychopathology and Wais Subtest Scores and Intelligence Quotients
Authors: Gaines Thomas , Morris Robin
Published: September 2011

This study investigated relationships between MMPI scale elevations and WAIS subtest deviation scores and Full Scale intelligence quotients in 272 psychiatric patients. Analysis indicated few significant relationships between MMPI elevations and WAIS deviation scores, especially when compared with the high proportion of significant relationships found between demographic variables and WAIS measures. MMPI elevations were significantly related to Full Scale IQ. Although the results do not support the idea that specific WAIS subtest scores are related to psychopathology, they do support the idea that general intelligence is negatively related to psychopathology.
Individual Differences in Ability to Image Nouns
Authors: Turner Robert G.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to identify individual differences variables which were significantly related to performance on a paired-associates task of noun imagery. In Exp. 1, a self-report measure, the Paivio Imagery Scale, significantly differentiated subjects who spontaneously employed imagery to remember noun pairs of medium imagery/medium concreteness from those who did not. Under instructions to use imagery, verbal ability but not self-reported habits of imagery was significantly related to performance for low imagery/low concrete pairs. In Exp. 2, the significant effects for verbal ability in Exp. 1 were replicated and extended to medium imagery/medium concrete words. In addition, neither spatial ability nor self-reported habits of imagery added significant increments to explained variability on the noun tasks after verbal ability had been entered into the predictive equation. It was concluded that the Paivio Imagery Scale was a measure of preference for strategy, not ability, and that ability to image nouns was an expression of verbal ability. The consistency of these results with theoretical proposals of Paivio (1971) was noted.
Correlation between Responsiveness to Information and Vicarious Learning
Authors: Lyons Victoria M. , Levine Stephen M.
Published: September 2011

Children who have better developed responsiveness to information skills were expected to be better able to discriminate stimulus cues that signal appropriate social behavior; specifically, that high responders to information, while observing a model being reinforced for emission of critical responses, would in turn emit a higher frequency of critical responses than low responders to information. The subjects were 53 preschool children approximately 4 yr. old. The first phase of the experiment involved administering a picture arrangement test to each subject to divide them into high and low responders to information. Then these two groups were divided into four reinforcement groups to hear a taped word list according to appropriate reinforcement schedule (0%, 33%, 67%, 100%). High responders to information learned more effectively than low responders to information and seemed to need less environmental stimulus control to learn and emit target words. The results indicate that responsiveness to information does affect vicarious learning and interacts with the type and source of environmental cues.
Age, Familiarity, and Visual Processing Schemes
Authors: De Haven Diane T. , Roberts-Gray Cynthia
Published: September 2011

In a partial-report task adults and 5-yr.-old children identified stimuli of two types (common objects and familiar common objects) in two representations (black-and-white line drawings or full color photographs). It was hypothesized that familiar items and photographic representation would enhance the children's accuracy. Although both children and adults were more accurate when the stimuli were from the familiar set, children performed poorly in all stimulus conditions. Results suggest that the age difference in this task reflects the “concrete” nature of the perceptual process in children.
Mental Rotations, a Group Test of Three-Dimensional Spatial Visualization
Authors: Vandenberg Steven G. , Kuse Allan R.
Published: September 2011

A new paper-and-pencil test of spatial visualization was constructed from the figures used in the Chronometric study of Shepard and Metzler (1971). In large samples, the new test displayed substantial internal consistency (Kuder-Richardson 20 = .88), a test-retest reliability (.83), and consistent sex differences over the entire range of ages investigated. Correlations with other measures indicated strong association with tests of spatial visualization and virtually no association with tests of verbal ability.
Determination of the Minimum Number of Questions in a Multiple-Choice Test
Authors: Hsu Louis M.
Published: September 2011

A method of determining the minimum number of questions which should be included in a multiple-choice test is described. This method ensures a desired probability of correctly ranking any given pair of examinees who know answers to different proportions of questions in the test.
The Process of Habituation to Treadmill Walking: A Kinematic Analysis
Authors: Charteris J. , Taves C.
Published: September 2011

Initial work toward a more definitive kinematic analysis of perceptual-motor processes involved initially in accommodation of naive subjects to treadmill walking is described. The kinematic cyclograph technique holds promise of achieving this.
Anticipated Reward and Time Estimation in Young Navajo Children
Authors: Dinges Norman G. , Tollefson Gwen , Parks George A. , Hollenbeck Albert R.
Published: September 2011

Time estimations of 1-min. intervals using the method of reproduction by 112 Navajo children were measured under neutral and reward conditions in a repeated-measures design. Anticipated reward (a piece of candy) significantly reduced the accuracy of time estimations. In contrast to previous research the girls were more accurate than the boys; however, the effect of reward was more pronounced for girls than for boys. These data suggest that motivating factors play an important role in the reproduction of time by Navajo children.
Dyslexia, an Imbalance in Cerebral Information-Processing Strategies
Authors: Aaron P. G.
Published: September 2011

Reading ability seems to involve analytic-sequential processing of selected letters and a holistic-simultaneous perception of the salient features of the entire word. The dyslexic child, being normal in intelligence, is most likely deficient in either one of the two processes while being normal in the other. To test this hypothesis, 28 reading disabled children, on the basis of the nature of errors made in a writing from dictation task, were divided into two groups: analytic-sequential deficient and holistic-simultaneous deficient. Further testing showed that the first group was poor in processing a sequence of digits but normal on holistic-simultaneous memory tasks. The opposite pattern of performance was shown by the second group. A control group of 14 normal readers did not show such an imbalance.
An Arousal Interval Scale: A Psychophysical Scale for GSR Analysis
Authors: Brodsky Patricia , Brodsky Marvin
Published: September 2011

An interval scale method of measuring GSR is presented, which measures only deflections without correction for base level. The scale is derived from psychophysics. A distinction is made between the psychological meaning a GSR is given and its physical measurement. This paper asserts, on the basis of empirical studies, that GSR measures the hypothetical construct arousal. Therefore, scales of physical units are unjustified. A review of the literature finds that GSR does not conform to Wilder's (1962) Law of Initial Values. Therefore, an interval scale assuming base level as a “zero” of convenience is justified. Extensions of the use of such an interval scale are discussed.
Pupillary Size as an Indicator of Preference in Humor
Authors: Wagoner J. H. , Sullenberger C. B.
Published: September 2011

The effects of simple cartoons on pupil size were examined. Each of the 11 subjects was presented three cartoons for 10-sec. with a 5-sec. control period between the presentations. All subjects received the same task condition. When the presentation was complete, each subject ranked the three cartoons to show their preference on the dimension of humor. The data produced significant correlation between the rank order and the pupillary dilation. Means of pupil size for the cartoons were also significantly different from control means.
Effect of Room Size, Initial Approach Distance and Sex on Personal Space
Authors: Leventhal Gloria , Schanerman Joel , Matturro Michelle
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of room size, sex of subject, sex of invader, and initial approach distance on personal space. 10 male and 10 female subjects were approached by a male or female invader from the front and side in one of the following conditions: (1) a 9-ft. distance in a large room, (2) a 3-ft. distance in a small room, and (3) a 3-ft. distance in the large room. The 3 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial analysis indicated that the initial approach distance, not room size, significantly affected personal space. It was hypothesized that initial approach distance affected subjects' feelings towards the invader and consequently affected personal space. There was also an effect of sex of invader.
University Professors' Self-Descriptions of Left-Right Confusability: Sex and Handedness Differences
Authors: Harris Lauren Julius , Gitterman Steven R.
Published: September 2011

In a group of 364 university faculty members, frequency of self-reported confusion in left-right orientation was related to sex and handedness: among women, reports were statistically more common among left-handers than right-handers; among men, no relationship to handedness was evident. Over-all, women reported experiencing confusion more often than men did.
Reaction Time, Bilateral Differences, and the Poggendorff and Ponzo Illusions
Authors: Clayson Dennis E.
Published: September 2011

12 subjects responded with either hand to tachistoscopically presented Poggendorff and Ponzo figures in both their right and left visual fields. Reaction time decreased as illusory magnitude increased for both figures. Reaction time was faster for both figures when presented in the right visual field and showed a pattern characteristic of a dichotomous encoding strategy, while the reaction time for the figures presented in the left visual field followed a pattern characteristic of magnitude estimation.