bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjunctive Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Wright R. Scott , Syed Imran S. , Murphy Joseph G.
Published: May 2013

Adjunctive therapy for acute myocardial infarction should be initiated immediately the diagnosis is suspected—in many cases before the diagnosis confirmation or definitive reperfusion therapy is instigated. Adjunctive therapy should include the following (absent any contraindications): aspirin, oxygen, morphine, intravenous unfractionated heparin or subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin, β-blockade (initially intravenously and then orally), and nitroglycerin (except in patients with hypotension or suspected right ventricular infarction). Each component of adjunctive therapy is reviewed in this chapter, as well as management of diabetes mellitus and the long-term use of adjunctive therapy.
Reperfusion Strategies for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Murphy Joseph G.
Published: May 2013

The cause of ST-elevation myocardial infarction is rupture or erosion of an atheromatous plaque that leads to formation of an occlusive intracoronary thrombus. ST-elevation myocardial infarction is a medical emergency, comparable to major trauma in which a rapid, abbreviated clinical assessment trumps a comprehensive, but slower, clinical evaluation. Primary Percutaneous coronary intervention is the treatment of choice for all consenting patients, provided primary percutaneous coronary intervention can be performed in a timely manner by an experienced team, generally considered to be within 90 minutes from medical presentation.
Risk Stratification After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Thomas Randal J.
Published: May 2013

Risk stratification after MI is the process of estimating the risk of future CVD events in survivors of MI. This process helps health care providers tailor short- and long-term management plans, with the goal of applying cost-effective treatments that are most appropriate for the risk level of the patient and that are most likely to optimize the patient's quality and quantity of life. Several strategies are available to help risk-stratify patients after MI, according to their risk of future CVD events. The strategies include various patient characteristics and test results that can help risk-stratify patients at every point along the health care continuum, from the initial evaluation by emergency medical technicians to the evaluation visit in the physician's office a month after hospital discharge.
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Allison Thomas G.
Published: May 2013

Cardiac rehabilitation is defined by the World Health Organization as the sum of activities required to ensure patients the best possible physical, mental and social conditions so that they may resume and maintain as normal a place as possible in the community. This chapter reviews the 3 phases of cardiac rehabilitation and current practices related to their implementation.
Pregnancy and the Heart
Authors: Connolly Heidi M.
Published: May 2013

Approximately 2% of pregnancies occur in women who have heart disease. Congenital heart disease is the predominant form of heart disease among pregnant women in developed countries, whereas rheumatic heart disease predominates in developing countries. Heart disease does not preclude successful pregnancy but increases the risk for both mother and baby and requires special management. This chapter discusses the normal hemodynamic changes that occur during pregnancy and the resultant effect on common cardiovascular diseases.
Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Ammash Naser , Warnes Carole A.
Published: May 2013

Remarkable improvement in outcomes for patients with congenital heart disease has occurred over the past half century owing to better diagnostic tools leading to early recognition and enhanced surgical repair. Now it is estimated that 85% of all newborns with congenital heart disease will reach adulthood. Given the growing population of adults with congenital heart disease (increasing by 5% per year), there are more adults than children with congenital heart disease. This chapter addresses topics germane to the treatment of adults with congenital heart disease.
Systolic Heart Function
Authors: Miller Wayne L. , Olson Lyle J.
Published: May 2013

The myocardium is composed of cardiac myocytes enveloped in a dense extracellular matrix of collagen, the main structural protein of the heart. The coupling of cardiac excitation (an electrical event) and contraction (a mechanical event) is fundamentally molecular. Relaxation is brought about by the active reuptake of calcium into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Thus, calcium is essential to the excitation-contraction coupling, and when the calcium concentration decreases to a critical point, contraction ceases. These heart functions, their mechanical determinants (ie, preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate), and physiologic measures of left ventricular systolic function are reviewed in this chapter.
Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Borlaug Barry A.
Published: May 2013

Heart failure affects nearly 6 million Americans and represents the leading cause of hospitalization among patients 65 years of age and older. Of the total heart failure population, approximately half of patients with heart failure have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Chen Horng H. , Dandamudi Sanjay
Published: May 2013

Dilated cardiomyopathy is a myocardial disease characterized by dilation and impaired contraction of one or both ventricles. It is an important topic to review for cardiovascular examinations, and special attention should be paid to the general features, etiologies and evaluation of this disease process, all of which are covered in this chapter.
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kushwaha Sudhir S.
Published: May 2013

Restrictive cardiomyopathy is defined as myocardial disease that results in impaired ventricular filling with normal or reduced diastolic volume of either or both ventricles and normal or near-normal systolic function and wall thickness. The condition usually results from increased stiffness of the myocardium, which causes pressure within the ventricles to increase precipitously with only small increases in volume. This chapter reviews the pathogenesis, natural history, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Catheter Closure of Intracardiac Shunts
Authors: Reeder Guy S.
Published: May 2013

Percutaneous closure of an atrial septal defect is first-line therapy for carefully selected patients and has been performed in more than 30,000 patients since first described in 1976. Features of 9 commonly used devices for closure of the atrial septum are discussed in this chapter. Indications for catheter closure of atrial septal defect and possible complications are included. Attempts at ventricular septal defect closure have been mostly limited to defects in the muscular ventricular septum and, more recently, the perimembranous ventricular septum. Impingement on the atrioventricular and semilunar valves and on the conduction system has limited treatment of inflow septal ventricular septal defects.
Principles of Coronary Stenting
Authors: Murphy Joseph G. , Barsness Gregory W. , Gulati Rajiv
Published: May 2013

Coronary stents are classified as bare-metal stents composed of metal alone and drug-eluting stents composed of a core of metal covered with a drug-eluting layer that slowly releases antiproliferative medications. The major late benefit of PCI stent placement over PTCA alone is the marked reduction in coronary restenosis and the resultant lower rate of late target lesion revascularization seen in almost all coronary patient subsets studied to date in randomized trials. This chapter reviews current guidelines for stent implantation, consideration for surgery after stent implantation, and possible complications resulting from stent implantation.
Integrative phenomics reveals insight into the structure of phenotypic diversity in budding yeast
Authors: Skelly Daniel A. , Merrihew Gennifer E. , Riffle Michael , Connelly Caitlin F. , Kerr Emily O. , Johansson Marnie , Jaschob Daniel , Graczyk Beth , Shulman Nicholas J. , Wakefield Jon , Cooper Sara J. , Fields Stanley , Noble William S. , Muller Eric G.D. , Davis Trisha N. , Dunham Maitreya J. , MacCoss Michael J. , Akey Joshua M.
Published: May 2013

To better understand the quantitative characteristics and structure of phenotypic diversity, we measured over 14,000 transcript, protein, metabolite, and morphological traits in 22 genetically diverse strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. More than 50% of all measured traits varied significantly across strains [false discovery rate (FDR) = 5%]. The structure of phenotypic correlations is complex, with 85% of all traits significantly correlated with at least one other phenotype (median = 6, maximum = 328). We show how high-dimensional molecular phenomics data sets can be leveraged to accurately predict phenotypic variation between strains, often with greater precision than afforded by DNA sequence information alone. These results provide new insights into the spectrum and structure of phenotypic diversity and the characteristics influencing the ability to accurately predict phenotypes.
System-Wide Hypersensitive Response-Associated Transcriptome and Metabolome Reprogramming in Tomato
Authors: Etalo Desalegn W. , Stulemeijer Iris J.E. , Peter van Esse H. , de Vos Ric C.H. , Bouwmeester Harro J. , Joosten Matthieu H.A.J.
Published: May 2013

The hypersensitive response (HR) is considered to be the hallmark of the resistance response of plants to pathogens. To study HR-associated transcriptome and metabolome reprogramming in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), we used plants that express both a resistance gene to Cladosporium fulvum and the matching avirulence gene of this pathogen. In these plants, massive reprogramming occurred, and we found that the HR and associated processes are highly energy demanding. Ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation, hydrolysis of sugars, and lipid catabolism are used as alternative sources of amino acids, energy, and carbon skeletons, respectively. We observed strong accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as hydroxycinnamic acid amides. Coregulated expression of WRKY transcription factors and genes known to be involved in the HR, in addition to a strong enrichment of the W-box WRKY-binding motif in the promoter sequences of the coregulated genes, point to WRKYs as the most prominent orchestrators of the HR. Our study has revealed several novel HR-related genes, and reverse genetics tools will allow us to understand the role of each individual component in the HR.
VUV photochemistry simulation of planetary upper atmosphere using synchrotron radiation
Authors: Carrasco Nathalie , Giuliani Alexandre , Correia Jean-Jacques , Cernogora Guy
Published: May 2013

The coupling of a gas reactor, named APSIS, with a vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron radiation facility, for a photochemistry study of gas mixtures, is reported. The reactor may be irradiated windowless with gas pressures up to hundreds of millibar, and thus allows the effect of energetic photons below 100 nm wavelength to be studied on possibly dense media. This set-up is perfectly suited to atmospheric photochemistry investigations, as illustrated by a preliminary report of a simulation of the upper atmospheric photochemistry of Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn. Titan's atmosphere is mainly composed of molecular nitrogen and methane. Solar VUV irradiation with wavelengths no longer than 100 nm on the top of the atmosphere enables the dissociation and ionization of nitrogen, involving a nitrogen chemistry specific to nitrogen-rich upper atmospheres.
Human rights and sorcery in East Java (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Herriman Nicholas
Published: May 2013

Human rights acquires different meanings in different contexts. In this article, I demonstrate how a local interpretation of human rights was linked to an outbreak of ‘sorcerer’ killings.
Haptoglobin phenotype, pre‐eclampsia, and response to supplementation with vitaminsCandEin pregnant women with type‐1 diabetes
Authors: Weissgerber TL , Gandley RE , Roberts JM , Patterson CC , Holmes VA , Young IS , McCance DR ,   the Diabetes and Pre‐eclampsia Intervention Trial Study Group
Published: May 2013

Objective

The phenotype of the antioxidant and pro‐angiogenic protein haptoglobin (Hp) predicts cardiovascular disease risk and treatment response to antioxidant vitamins in individuals with diabetes. Our objective was to determine whetherHp phenotype influences pre‐eclampsia risk, or the efficacy of vitaminsCandEin preventing pre‐eclampsia, in women with type‐1 diabetes.

Design

This is a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial in which women with diabetes received daily vitaminsCandE, or placebo, from 8 to 22 weeks of gestation until delivery.

Setting

Twenty‐five antenatal metabolic clinics across theUK(in north‐westEngland,Scotland, andNorthernIreland).

Population

Pregnant women with type‐1 diabetes.

Methods

Hp phenotype was determined in white women who completed the study and had plasma samples available (n = 685).

Main outcome measure

Pre‐eclampsia.

Results

Compared withHp 2‐1,Hp 1‐1 (OR0.59, 95%CI0.30–1.16) andHp 2‐2 (OR0.93, 95%CI0.60–1.45) were not associated with significantly decreased pre‐eclampsia risk after adjusting for treatment group andHbA1c at randomisation. Our study was not powered to detect an interaction betweenHp phenotype and treatment response; however, our preliminary analysis suggests that vitaminsCandEdid not prevent pre‐eclampsia in women of anyHp phenotype (Hp 1‐1,OR0.77, 95%CI0.22–2.71;Hp 2‐1,OR0.81, 95%CI0.46–1.43;Hp 2‐2, 0.67, 95%CI0.34–1.33), after adjusting forHbA1c at randomisation.

Conclusions

TheHp phenotype did not significantly affect pre‐eclampsia risk in women with type‐1 diabetes.
Identification of chloroplast genome loci suitable for high‐resolution phylogeographic studies of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott (Araceae) and closely related taxa
Authors: Ahmed Ibrar , Matthews Peter J. , Biggs Patrick J. , Naeem Muhammad , McLenachan Patricia A. , Lockhart Peter J.
Published: May 2013

Recently, we reported the chloroplast genome‐wide association of oligonucleotide repeats, indels and nucleotide substitutions in aroid chloroplast genomes. We hypothesized that the distribution of oligonucleotide repeat sequences in a single representative genome can be used to identify mutational hotspots and loci suitable for population genetic, phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. Using information on the location of oligonucleotide repeats in the chloroplast genome of taro (Colocasia esculenta), we designed 30 primer pairs to amplify and sequence polymorphic loci. The primers have been tested in a range of intra‐specific to intergeneric comparisons, including ten taro samples (Colocasia esculenta) from diverse geographical locations, four other Colocasia species (C. affinis, C. fallax, C. formosana, C. gigantea) and three other aroid genera (represented by Remusatia vivipara, Alocasia brisbanensis and Amorphophallus konjac). Multiple sequence alignments for the intra‐specific comparison revealed nucleotide substitutions (point mutations) at all 30 loci and microsatellite polymorphisms at 14 loci. The primer pairs reported here reveal levels of genetic variation suitable for high‐resolution phylogeographic and evolutionary studies of taro and other closely related aroids. Our results confirm that information on repeat distribution can be used to identify loci suitable for such studies, and we expect that this approach can be used in other plant groups.
Using acellular aortic matrix to repair umbilical hernias of calves
Authors: Kumar V , Kumar N , Gangwar AK , Saxena AC
Published: May 2013

Background

Umbilical hernias are a relatively common, possibly hereditary, condition in calves. Acellular aortic matrix (AAM) was evaluated for the repair of umbilical hernias in nine calves.

Methods

Fresh buffalo aorta to be used as a graft was decellularised using 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and 0.25% trypsin. Under xylazine sedation and local analgesia, the hernial ring was exposed and repaired with theAAMgraft using an inlay technique.

Results

All animals had an uneventful recovery without clinical signs of wound dehiscence, infection or recurrence of hernias during the 6‐month follow‐up period.

Conclusion

AAMof buffalo origin has adequate strength to be used safely for the repair of umbilical hernias in calves.
Grandparents' entitlements and obligations
Authors: Draper Heather
Published: May 2013

In this article, it is argued that grandparents' obligations originate from parental obligations (i.e from the relationship they have with their children, the parents of their grandchildren) and not from the role of grandparent per se, and any entitlements flow from the extent to which these obligations are met. The position defended is, therefore, that grandparents qua grandparents are not entitled to form or continue relationships with their grandchildren. A continuation of grandparent‐grandchildren relationships may be in the interests of children, but the grandparental nature of the relationship is not decisive. What counts is the extent to which relationships children have with any adults who are not their parents are is significant to them. Sometimes, however, grandparents become parents or co‐parents of their grandchildren. They then gain parental rights, and as such are as entitled, ceteris parius, as any parent to expect their relationship with the child to continue. The issue of grandparents' entitlements can come to the fore when parents separate, and grandparents are unhappy with the access they have to their grandchildren. Grandparents' obligations may become a particular issue when parents die, struggle, or fail to care for their children. This article focuses particularly on these kinds of circumstances.
Climate Change is a Bioethics Problem
Authors: Macpherson Cheryl Cox
Published: May 2013

Climate change harms health and damages and diminishes environmental resources. Gradually it will cause health systems to reduce services, standards of care, and opportunities to express patient autonomy. Prominent public health organizations are responding with preparedness, mitigation, and educational programs. The design and effectiveness of these programs, and of similar programs in other sectors, would be enhanced by greater understanding of the values and tradeoffs associated with activities and public policies that drive climate change. Bioethics could generate such understanding by exposing the harms and benefits in different cultural, socioeconomic, and geographic contexts, and through interdisciplinary risk assessments. Climate change is a bioethics problem because it harms everyone and involves health, values, and responsibilities. This article initiates dialog about the responsibility of bioethics to promote transparency and understanding of the social values and conflicts associated with climate change, and the actions and public policies that allow climate change to worsen.
The New Genetics and Informed Consent: Differentiating Choice to Preserve Autonomy
Authors: Bunnik Eline M. , de Jong Antina , Nijsingh Niels , de Wert Guido M.W.R.
Published: May 2013

The advent of new genetic and genomic technologies may cause friction with the principle of respect for autonomy and demands a rethinking of traditional interpretations of the concept of informed consent. Technologies such as whole‐genome sequencing and micro‐array based analysis enable genome‐wide testing for many heterogeneous abnormalities and predispositions simultaneously. This may challenge the feasibility of providing adequate pre‐test information and achieving autonomous decision‐making. At a symposium held at the 11th World Congress of Bioethics in June 2012 (Rotterdam), organized by the International Association of Bioethics, these challenges were presented for three different areas in which these so‐called ‘new genetics’ technologies are increasingly being applied: newborn screening, prenatal screening strategies and commercial personal genome testing. In this article, we build upon the existing ethical framework for a responsible set‐up of testing and screening offers and reinterpret some of its criteria in the light of the new genetics. As we will argue, the scope of a responsible testing or screening offer should align with the purpose(s) of testing and with the principle of respect for autonomy for all stakeholders involved, including (future) children. Informed consent is a prerequisite but requires a new approach. We present preliminary and general directions for an individualized or differentiated set‐up of the testing offer and for the informed consent process. With this article we wish to contribute to the formation of new ideas on how to tackle the issues of autonomy and informed consent for (public) healthcare and direct‐to‐consumer applications of the new genetics.
The Influence of implant geometry and surface composition on bone response
Authors: AlFarraj Aldosari Abdullah , Anil Sukumaran , Alasqah Mohammed , Al Wazzan Khalid A. , Al Jetaily Samer A. , Jansen John A.
Published: May 2013

Objectives

The implant design and surface modification are independent conditions that can alter the implant bone response. The objective of this study is to compare the bone response to roughened tapered and cylindrical screw–type implants with and without hydroxyapatite (HA) surface coating in the femoral trabecular bone of rabbits.

Material and method

Thirty‐two implants (8 × 3.5 mm) consisting of four different types (eight implants in each group), that is, tapered implants, cylindrical implants, HA‐coated tapered implants, and HA‐coated cylindrical implants were installed in the femoral condyle of 16 rabbits. After 8 weeks of healing, the femoral condyles were retrieved and studied histologically. The bone‐to‐implant contact percentage was assessed and analyzed statistically.

Results

The histomorphometric analysis revealed that the bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC) values seemed to be higher for HA‐coated tapered implants (65.62 ± 13.02) followed by cylindrical non‐coated implants. All four types of implants showed wide distribution of BIC with no statistical significance between different types of implants.

Conclusion

It can be concluded that under the current experimental conditions, implant design and surface composition had little effect on the bone‐to‐implant interface.
A new classification of peri‐implant bone morphology: a radiographic study of patients with lower implant‐supported mandibular overdentures
Authors: Zhang Lei , Geraets Wil , Zhou Yongsheng , Wu Wuqing , Wismeijer Daniel
Published: May 2013

Objective

This study aimed to classify peri‐implant bone defects (PIBDs) on the basis of their radiographic appearance in a cohort of patients with lower implant‐supported overdentures.

Materials and methods

Eighty‐three patients with lower implant‐supported overdentures were recruited to participate in the study, which was approved by the ethics committee of Ignatius Teaching Hospital. Details about the patients' smoking habits were recorded. The participants had a total of 224 implants involving 3214 implant sites. The mean observation time of the subjects was 10.7 years. Panoramic radiographs of all sites were evaluated in duplicate (first evaluation [t1], second evaluation [t2]) during 2 weeks by one experienced observer. PIBDs were classified into the following types: saucer‐shaped, wedge‐shaped, flat, undercut, and slit‐like bone defects. Intra‐examiner agreement was tested using crosstabs and Cohen's kappa coefficient. The association of PIBD type with gender, time after implant placement, smoking, and treatment strategy was investigated using multivariate test of independence on the basis of spatial signs.

Results

Intra‐observer reliability was moderate (κ = 0.51). Saucer‐shaped defects were the most frequent (42.8% [t1] and 44.6% [t2]), followed by wedge‐shaped (26.0% [t1] and 27.4% [t2]), flat (10.7% [t2] and 17.7% [t1]), undercut (8.8% [t1] and 11.9% [t2]), and finally slit‐like defects (4.7% [t1] and 5.4% [t2]). Peri‐implant bone defects morphology was significantly associated with gender, smoking, and treatment strategy.

Conclusion

The morphology of PIBDs can be classified into five meaningful classes, as opposed to the two described in the literature.
On the relationship between gingival biotypes and supracrestal gingival height, crown form and papilla height
Authors: Fischer Kai R. , Grill Eva , Jockel‐Schneider Yvonne , Bechtold Markus , Schlagenhauf Ulrich , Fickl Stefan
Published: May 2013

Objectives

To determine the association between gingival biotypes and supracrestal gingival height (primary aim) and its relation to crown shape and papilla height (secondary aim).

Materials and methods

Eighty adult subjects were evaluated in this study. Based on the transparency of a periodontal probe through the buccal gingival margin, 38 subjects comprised the thin biotype group and 42 subjects comprised the thick biotype group, respectively. Three different parameters were clinically assessed: supracrestal gingival height (SGH) by bone sounding, crown width/crown length ratio and papilla height.

Results

No statistical difference (P > 0.05) was detected neither for the correlation between different biotypes (thick/thin) and SGH nor for the association of biotypes and crown width/crown length ratio. Papilla height was only significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) in the area of teeth no. 21/22 for the thin periodontal biotype. Intra‐examiner deviation was found to be very low for all clinical parameters (percentile agreement > 95%).

Conclusions

Within the limits of this study, we found that in young Caucasians (i) soft tissue dimensions seem to be similar between biotypes (ii) and the traditional hypothesis that a thick gingiva merges with broad‐short crown shape and flat papillae and a thin gingiva with a narrow‐long crown shape and high scalloping, may be questionable.
Mental health evaluations for adolescents prior to bariatric surgery: a review of existing practices and a specific example of assessment procedures
Authors: Sysko R. , Zandberg L. J. , Devlin M. J. , Annunziato R. A. , Zitsman J. L. , Walsh B. T.
Published: May 2013

Best practice guidelines for adolescents considering bariatric surgery recommend a preoperative mental health evaluation. However, only general information about these assessments appears in the literature, which makes consistency of administration challenging. This review proposes a specific empirically derived format for pre‐surgical mental health evaluations and summarizes currently available data on the psychiatric functioning of adolescents seeking bariatric surgery. Studies of mental health evaluations for adults preparing for bariatric surgery are reviewed, as is the limited literature relevant to adolescent evaluations. A specific and detailed example of an evaluation (clinical interview, self‐report questionnaires, cognitive assessment) used for younger patients at a major metropolitan hospital centre is presented, followed by data from an initial group of adolescents completing this evaluation. A total of 200 adolescents (n = 139 female; age: 14–18 years; body mass index: 35.4–83.3 kg m−2) are presented for bariatric surgery. A notable subset of adolescents reported current Axis I conditions (31.5%) and current mental health treatment (29.5%), but reports of current illicit drug use (1.5%) and regular alcohol use (0.5%) were relatively rare. Procedures for using the completed evaluation and post‐surgery monitoring of psychosocial issues are discussed. Adolescents considering weight loss surgery should receive comprehensive pre‐surgical mental health evaluations, but additional data are needed to develop specific recommendations for the use of these evaluations in post‐operative care.
Environmental Impacts of Large‐Scale Oil Palm Enterprises Exceed that of Smallholdings in Indonesia
Authors: Lee Janice Ser Huay , Abood Sinan , Ghazoul Jaboury , Barus Baba , Obidzinski Krystof , Koh Lian Pin
Published: May 2013

The expansion of large‐scale oil palm plantations in Indonesia has taken a heavy toll on forests, biodiversity, and carbon stocks but little is known about the environmental impacts from the smallholder sector. Here, we compare the magnitude of forest and carbon loss attributable to smallholdings, private enterprises, and state‐owned oil palm plantations in Sumatra. During 2000–2010, oil palm development accounted for the loss of 4,744 ha of mangrove, 383,518 ha of peat swamp forest, 289, 406 ha of lowland forest, and 1,000 ha of lower montane forest. Much of this deforestation was driven by private enterprises (88.3%) followed by smallholdings (10.7%) and state‐owned plantations (0.9%). Oil palm‐driven deforestation in Sumatra resulted in 756–1,043 Mt of total gross carbon dioxide emissions, of which ∼90% and ∼9% can be attributed to private enterprises and smallholdings, respectively. While private enterprises are responsible for the bulk of environmental impacts, the smallholder oil palm sector exhibits higher annual rates of expansion (11%) compared to private enterprises (5%). Both sectors will need careful monitoring and engagement to develop successful strategies for mitigating future environmental impacts of oil palm expansion.
Update or Outdate: Long‐Term Viability of the IUCN Red List
Authors: Rondinini Carlo , Di Marco Moreno , Visconti Piero , Butchart Stuart H.M. , Boitani Luigi
Published: May 2013

It is estimated that the global yearly expenditure on biodiversity conservation action exceeds one billion U.S. dollars. One of the key tools for prioritizing conservation actions is the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, the most authoritative and comprehensive source of information on the global extinction risk of species (covering ca. 60,000 as of today). While IUCN's vision is to increase the taxonomic coverage of the Red List, no adequate plan exists to keep it up to date. As species assessments become outdated after 10 years under IUCN rules, our simulations reveal that with the limited budget currently available for reassessment, most of the Red Listing effort may be wasted soon. Indeed, 17% of the species’ assessments are already outdated. To minimize the budget needed to keep assessments up to date in the Red List, we propose a mixed strategy of online reassessments and budget growth. We show that largely replacing workshops with online consultations is a more sustainable strategy that would save U.S. $2.8 million per year (35% of the budget). Sharing the cost of such a strategy among Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries (U.S. $156,000 per country per year) would ensure that the multimillion dollar spending based on the Red List remains effective in the long term.
Determinants of self‐monitoring of blood glucose in patients with Type 1 diabetes: a multi‐centre study in Brazil
Authors: Gomes M. B. , Tannus L. R. M. , Cobas R. A. , Matheus A. S. M. , Dualib P. , Zucatti A. T. , Cani C. , Guedes A. D. , Santos F. M. , Sepulveda J. , Tolentino M. , Façanha M. C. , Faria A. C. R. A. , Lavigne S. , Montenegro A. P. , Rodacki M. , de Fatima Guedes M. , Szundy R. , Cordeiro M. M. , Santos P. T. S. , Negrato C. A. ,   Brazilian Type 1 Diabetes Study Group (BrazDiab1SG)
Published: May 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the daily frequency of self‐monitoring of blood glucose and glycaemic control, demographic and socio‐economic status in patients with Type 1 diabetes under routine clinical care in Brazil.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional, multi‐centre study conducted between December 2008 and December 2010 in 28 public clinics in 20 Brazilian cities. The data were obtained from 3176 patients, aged 22 ± 11.8 years, of whom 56.3% were female and 57.4% were Caucasian. The mean time since diabetes diagnosis was 11.7 ± 8.1 years.

Results

The prevalence of self‐monitoring of blood glucose was 88.5%. There was a significant increase in self‐monitoring frequency associated with female gender, lower ages, more intensive diabetes management and higher socio‐economic status. A correlation between HbA1c levels and the daily frequency of self‐monitoring was observed (rs = –0.13; P = 0.001). The mean HbA1c levels were related to the daily frequency of self‐monitoring (P < 0.001) without additional benefit to patients who performed self‐monitoring more than four times daily (9.2, 11.2, 10.2,15.2 and 15% for one, two, three, four, five or more self‐monitoring tests daily, respectively; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

The majority of our patients (88.5%) performed three or more self‐monitoring tests daily, with more frequent testing reported by females, younger patients, those on intensive insulin regimens and of higher socio‐economic status. No additional benefit was found in patients who performed self‐monitoring more than four times daily. The diabetes care team must improve patients' education regarding self‐monitoring of blood glucose and its benefits.
Assessing the Practice and Challenges of Stream Restoration in Urbanized Environments of the USA
Authors: Shoredits Andreas S. , Clayton Jordan A.
Published: May 2013

We identify several common characteristics of urbanized watersheds in the USA and discuss some of the challenges frequently encountered with urban stream restoration projects. These projects necessarily differ in many respects compared with watershed restoration practices employed in less developed locations. The stream condition, common in urbanized watersheds, is not easily rehabilitated even with more contemporary bioengineering practices replacing traditional ‘harder’ engineering practices. Major challenges for restoration projects in these settings include (i) the increased efficiency with which runoff and pollutants are routed into streams by means of impervious surface cover and storm drains; (ii) a poor understanding of sediment sources and transport relations; and (iii) the general paucity of documented projects with sufficient long‐term monitoring to guide ongoing and future efforts. To succeed in this field may require (i) a more complete database of project characteristics that can be used for adaptive management, (ii) a broader watershed‐scale restoration approach, and (iii) an improved understanding of geomorphologic and ecological processes relevant to urban streams. Recent examples of urban stream projects in the USA highlight the diversity of site‐specific circumstances and considerations that accompany each project.
Lines in the Sand: Geomorphic and Geospatial Characterization and Interpretation of Sandy Shorelines and Beaches
Authors: Paris Paul , Starek Michael J. , Hardin Eric , Kurum Onur , Overton Margery , Mitasova Helena
Published: May 2013

The world's beaches hold an appeal that draws millions of people to live and, each year, millions more to relax and play. However, in the face of this allure fly the strain and consequence of overuse. Increasingly, the imperative to find ways to effectively manage this fragile, finite resource compels science to learn more about this complex, multifaceted system. It is through such understanding that the best hope for effective management lies. In this paper, we look at ways in which researchers study the shore. Specifically, we'll examine this active corner of geomorphology as seen through the lens of the geoscientist, with particular focus on two geomorphic features: the shoreline and the beach. Further emphasis is placed on how investigators have historically, and until today, applied concepts, tools, and methods borrowed from the spatial sciences and, in more recent times, geographic information technologies to the study of the shoreline and the beach. We begin this exploration with a first principal: the definition of shoreline—the boundary where land and water meet. Next, we examine ways in which researchers over the years have worked to generate a suitable shoreline analog or proxy for study. We then follow with a look at how shoreline position is measured—an area where much recent research attention has been placed. Taking matters a step further, we explore the beach, and beach change in three dimensions, looking at how investigators are using geospatial technologies to characterize and analyze change. Finally, we look at various ways in which researchers predict shore and beach changes, by combining spatial analysis and technology with numerical and statistical models. © 2012 The Author. Geography Compass © 2013 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Geographies of Policy Mobilities
Authors: Temenos Cristina , McCann Eugene
Published: May 2013

This article reviews geographic literature on policy mobilities. It outlines the emergence of the policy mobilities, mutations, and assemblage approach, and the geographic, sociological, and political science literatures from which it draws its origins. Focusing attention on the interplay between the structuring fields of the policy transfer and the policy actors who are ultimately responsible for the construction, conceptualization, adoption, education around, and implementation of policies, this article charts work that has focused on the mechanisms through which policies are mobilized, altered, and touched down in various places and how these processes shape cities. It concludes with commentary on possible future directions, both empirical and conceptual, that the policy mobilities approach might take and note the various methodological contributions that are emerging from it.
Clinical evaluation of the periodontal health condition and oral health awareness in Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Pradeep Avani R. , Singh Sonender P. , Martande Santosh S. , Raju Arjun P. , Rustagi Tagya , Suke Deepak K. , Naik Savitha B.
Published: May 2013

Objective and background

The objectives were to compare periodontal status between subjects with and without Parkinson's disease (PKD) to determine the influence of PKD on periodontal disease. This study was conducted to evaluate the relationship of periodontal status with severity of PKD.

Materials and methods

This study was conducted on 45 subjects with PKD (subjects with PKD were divided into 5 groups from group 2 to group 6 according to Hoehn and Yahr stages) and 46 control subjects (group 1). Probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI) and percentage of bleeding sites (%BoP) were evaluated. All subjects were interviewed regarding their practice of oral hygiene and access to professional dental care.

Results

There were statistically significant differences in PD, CAL, GI, PI and %BoP in subjects with PKD and controls (p < 0.001). All the evaluated periodontal clinical parameters and indices deteriorate with increase in severity of PKD. The mean PD value increased from 2.75 mm for group 1 to 6.17 mm for group 6, and mean CAL value increased from 3.14 mm for group 1 to 6.74 mm for group 6. The mean GI, PI and %BoP values increased from 0.55, 1.35 and 20.37 to 2.66, 3.80 and 70.86, respectively with increasing severity of PKD.

Conclusion

There is a need for dental care and encouragement to use plaque control methods for subjects with PKD as periodontal pathology presented a high prevalence even in the early stages of PKD.
Migraine and Gastroparesis From a Gastroenterologist's Perspective
Authors: Parkman Henry P.
Published: May 2013

Gastroparesis is a chronic stomach disorder manifested by delayed emptying of solids and liquids without evidence of mechanical obstruction. Evidence from pharmacokinetic and gastric motor studies conducted over the past 40 years shows that delayed gastric emptying often occurs in migraine. This paper provides a general overview of gastroparesis for the headache specialist, discusses the research on the association of gastroparesis and migraine, and considers the clinical implications of that association. The nature, causes, correlates, and consequences of gastric stasis in migraine are just beginning to be elucidated; much further study is warranted. The data available to date show that gastric stasis in migraine appears to be clinically important. Evidence from both pharmacokinetic studies and studies measuring gastric motor function suggests that gastric stasis may delay absorption of an orally administered drug, delay its peak serum concentrations, and delay its effectiveness. These results suggest that oral migraine medications, which rely on absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, may be affected in the presence of migraine‐associated gastric stasis. Several non‐oral formulations that do not rely on gastrointestinal absorption are available or in development for the treatment of migraine and symptoms of gastroparesis.
Rounding Behavior in the Reporting of Headache Frequency Complicates Headache Chronification Research
Authors: Houle Timothy T. , Turner Dana P. , Houle Thomas A. , Smitherman Todd A. , Martin Vincent , Penzien Donald B. , Lipton Richard B.
Published: May 2013

Objectives

To characterize the extent of measurement error arising from rounding in headache frequency reporting (days per month) in a population sample of headache sufferers.

Background

When reporting numerical health information, individuals tend to round their estimates. The tendency to round to the nearest 5 days when reporting headache frequency can distort distributions and engender unreliability in frequency estimates in both clinical and research contexts.

Methods

This secondary analysis of the 2005 American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention study survey characterized the population distribution of 30‐day headache frequency among community headache sufferers and determined the extent of numerical rounding (“heaping”) in self‐reported data. Headache frequency distributions (days per month) were examined using a simplified version of Wang and Heitjan's approach to heaping to estimate the probability that headache sufferers round to a multiple of 5 when providing frequency reports. Multiple imputation was used to estimate a theoretical “true” headache frequency.

Results

Of the 24,000 surveys, headache frequency data were available for 15,976 respondents diagnosed with migraine (68.6%), probable migraine (8.3%), or episodic tension‐type headache (10.0%); the remainder had other headache types. The mean number of headaches days/month was 3.7 (standard deviation = 5.6). Examination of the distribution of headache frequency reports revealed a disproportionate number of responses centered on multiples of 5 days. The odds that headache frequency was rounded to 5 increased by 24% with each 1‐day increase in headache frequency (odds ratio: 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.23 to 1.25), indicating that heaping occurs most commonly at higher headache frequencies. Women were more likely to round than men, and rounding decreased with increasing age and increased with symptoms of depression.

Conclusions

Because of the coarsening induced by rounding, caution should be used when distinguishing between episodic and chronic headache sufferers using self‐reported estimates of headache frequency. Unreliability in frequency estimates is of particular concern among individuals with high‐frequency (chronic) headache. Employing shorter recall intervals when assessing headache frequency, preferably using daily diaries, may improve accuracy and allow more precise estimation of chronic migraine onset and remission.
Features of hepatitis E virus infection in humans and animals in Japan
Authors: Takahashi Masaharu , Okamoto Hiroaki
Published: May 2013

In Japan, hepatitis E had long been considered to be a rare liver disease which can be accidentally imported from endemic countries in Asia and Africa, where the sanitation conditions are suboptimal. However, since the identification of the first autochthonous hepatitis E case and hepatitis E viremic domestic pigs in Japan in 2001, our understanding of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in this country has been changing markedly. This has largely been due to the development of serological and gene‐based diagnostic assays, the accumulation of molecular epidemiological findings on HEV infection in humans and animals (as potential reservoirs for HEV in humans) and the recognition of the importance of zoonotic food‐borne and other routes of transmission of HEV, including blood‐borne transmission. Although it is now evident that autochthonous hepatitis E in Japan is far more common than was previously thought, clinical and subclinical HEV infections indigenous to Japan remain underdiagnosed and their prevalence is still underestimated due to the presence of unknown transmission routes and a low awareness of the infection status by many physicians in Japan. This review focuses on the features of HEV infection in humans and animals, as definitive or potential reservoirs for HEV, in Japan, and updates the current knowledge on the routes of transmission, including zoonotic routes, which are important for the maintenance and spread of HEV in Japan.
ZrO2/Dy2O3 Solid Solution Nano‐Materials: Tunable Composition, Visible light–Responsive Photocatalytic Activities and Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Du Weimin , Wang Xiehuan , Li Hui , Ma Ding , Hou Suhan , Zhang Jiangshan , Qian Xuefeng , Pang Huan
Published: May 2013

A series of ZrO2/Dy2O3 solid solution nano‐materials with tunable compositions were successfully synthesized by the molten salt–assisted method. Structural characterization results show the positions, intensity, and width of the X‐ray diffraction peaks of products show a regular variation with increasing Dy3+ content which implies the gradually changes of crystal spacing and product size. In addition, all the products are single phase without the coexistence of zirconia and Dy2O3 further demonstrating the perfect formation of targeted solid solutions. Photocatalytic experiments reveal that Zr0.8Dy0.2O2−δ nano‐crystals have pretty photocatalytic degradation activities on Rhodamine B and Methylene blue under visible light irradiations. Reaction mechanism indicates that the excellent photocatalytic activities of Zr0.8Dy0.2O2−δ nano‐crystals result from the special defect structure, smaller size, and larger specific surface area. It follows that Zr0.8Dy0.2O2−δ nano‐crystals are promising visible light–responsive photocatalysts with better prospect in environmental protection and dye wastewater treatment. Moreover, the present molten salt–assisted route might be generalized to synthesize other solid solution nano‐crystals with more complicated structures.