bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factor Structure of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale with Athletes with Disabilities
Authors: Martin Jeffrey J. , Eklund Robert C. , Mushett Carol Adams
Published: August 2016

Individuals who perceive themselves as “athletes” are thought to have self-schemas composed of, in part, an athletic identity (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993). The recent development of the Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) has allowed sport psychology researchers to assess athletic identity. Research with adolescent athletes with disabilities has suggested that the AIMS is composed of 4 factors (Martin, Mushett, & Eklund, 1994). The purpose of the current study was to further examine the psychometric properties of the AIMS. Seventy-eight international swimmers (34 females, 44 males) with disabilities, ranging in age from 12 to 44 (M = 23.4 years), participated in the present study. Using structural equation modeling procedures, a confirmatory factor analysis determined that the data fit the 4-factor model specified in the Martin et al. (1994) study, thus providing support for the multidimensionality of the AIMS.
Promoting Inclusive Sport and Leisure Participation: Evaluation of the Paralympic Day in the Schools Model
Authors: Wilhite Barbara , Mushett Carol Adams , Goldenberg Lori , Trader Barbara R.
Published: August 2016

A field study was conducted to evaluate Paralympic Day in the Schools, a school-based visiting consultant model designed to encourage inclusive participation in sport and leisure. Information was sought relative to selected behaviors of respondents and perceptions of inclusive sport and leisure. Middle and high school respondents with and without disabilities (n = 704) were more alike than different relative to demographic and psychosocial variables. A commitment to sport and leisure was reported, and few participation constraints were noted. Respondents with disabilities, however, were less likely to agree that it was important for them to participate in these activities with their peers without disabilities (t=2.09, p < .05). Whereas the model demonstrated potential for facilitating inclusive participation, a lack of positive attitudinal change may be explained by the specific structure, leadership, and social context of the program.
Biological Changes Induced by Physical Activity in Individuals with Down’s Syndrome
Authors: Eberhard Yves , Eterradossi Jacqueline , Debû Bettina
Published: August 2016

The effects of exercise and of a physical conditioning program on 11 subjects (7 males, 4 females, aged 15 to 20) with Down’s syndrome (DS) were analyzed. Metabolic responses were evaluated before and after two ergometric cycle exercise tests: an incremental exercise to symptom limited VO2 max. and an endurance test performed at 60% of maximal aerobic power. Plasma substrates, electrolytes, catecholamines, lipoprotein lipid profiles, and superoxide dismutase were assayed immediately before and after these tests. The results indicated (a) a low blood lactate level for peak exercise, (b) slow free fatty acid mobilization at the start of exercise, (c) a low level of cholesterol HDL and a high level of pre-beta VLDL at rest, (d) adjustment to nearly normal lipid profiles with endurance activity, and (e) differences between before and after training for superoxide dismutase levels in subjects with DS. These results suggest that endurance training could have long-term effects on the pathophysiological consequences of DS.
Attitudes of Soccer Coaches Toward Youth Players with Mild Mental Retardation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Rizzo Terry L. , Bishop Paul , Tobar David
Published: August 2016

Attitudes and selected attributes of youth soccer coaches (N = 82, 18 women, 63 men, and one person who did not identify his/her gender) toward coaching a player with mild mental retardation (MMR) were assessed by Coaches’ Attitudes Toward Players With Disabilities (CAP-S) survey. Intereorrelations among 11 variables were reported. The highest were r = .72 between belief and attitude, and r = .57 between belief and intention. Results from a stepwise selection multiple regression procedure showed that as perceived soccer coaching competence increased, beliefs about coaching a player with MMR showed greater agreement. Results also indicated that, as perceived soccer coaching competence increased, attitudes and intention toward coaching a player with MMR improved. Perceived soccer coaching competence explained only a small amount of the variance for beliefs, attitudes, and intentions.
Perceived Physical Competence and Actual Motor Skill Competence of African American Preschool Children
Authors: Goodway Jacqueline D. , Rudisill Mary E.
Published: August 2016

This study examined the relationship between perceived physical competence and actual motor skill competence in African American preschool children at risk of school failure and/or developmental delay (N = 59). A secondary purpose was to determine gender differences and the accuracy of self-perceptions. All children completed a perceived physical competence subscale (Harter & Pike, 1984). Actual motor skill competence was measured by Ulrich’s (1985) Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD), resulting in three scores (locomotor, object-control, and TGMD-Total). Stepwise regression analysis revealed that locomotor competence (p = .99) and gender (p = .81) did not predict perceived physical competence, but object-control competence (p = .01) did significantly predict perceived physical competence. Adding gender to this regression model did not significantly predict perceived physical competence (p = .69). These findings showed that these children are not accurate at perceiving their physical competence.
Pushing Economy and Propulsion Technique of Wheelchair Racers at Three Speeds
Authors: Goosey Victoria L. , Campbell Ian G.
Published: August 2016

Pushing economy and wheelchair propulsion technique were examined for 8 wheelchair racers on a motorized treadmill at 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 m/s. Kinematic data for the sagittal view were collected by a video camera for two-dimensional analysis. Adaptations to speed changes occurred, initially by a decrease in cycle time and an increase in cycle rate, and later by an increase in the flexion of the elbow. At each speed there were large variations in pushing economy between individuals. The relationship between pushing economy and selected kinematic variables revealed that at 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0 m/s, economy was associated with (a) the lighter athletes (r = .89, .86, .83), (b) a greater range of elbow movement (r = -.85, -.65, -.63), and (c) a lower push rate (r = .73, .81, .63), respectively. Effects of lesion level and wheelchair design may be more important in explaining differences in pushing economy than differences in propulsion technique.
Exercise Effects on Health-Related Physical Fitness of Individuals with an Intellectual Disability: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chanias Angelos K. , Reid Greg , Hoover Michael L.
Published: August 2016

A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effects of exercise on health-related physical fitness of individuals with an intellectual disability. The data came from 21 individual studies yielding 100 effect sizes (ESs). Large effects were demonstrated for muscular and cardiovascular endurance, moderate for muscular strength, and small for flexibility. No significant effects were found for body composition. Document source and program length influenced muscular and cardiovascular endurance outcomes, as published studies and longer programs produced larger ESs. In addition, program type influenced muscular strength (resistance programs produced larger ESs than combined programs), and program frequency influenced flexibility (higher frequency programs had larger ESs than lower frequency programs). It was concluded that additional research is needed to investigate means to improve body composition, flexibility, and muscular strength. Future studies should upgrade their standards for reporting appropriate statistical information and information related to sample and exercise prescription components.
Questioning Our Philosophical and Methodological Research Assumptions: Psychological Perspectives
Authors: Bouffard Marcel , Strean William B. , Davis Walter E.
Published: August 2016

Philosophical and methodological assumptions often made by researchers working at the behavioral level of analysis in adapted physical activity are reviewed. Particular attention is given to movement skill acquisition research guided by a cognitive science or information processing approach and an ecological task analysis approach. In the final section of this paper, emerging views are used to illustrate other assumptions often tacitly made by movement skill researchers. Alternative possibilities offered by recent perspectives are also presented.
Manual and Attentional Asymmetries in Goal-Directed Movements in Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Kulatunga-Moruzi Chandani , Elliott Digby
Published: August 2016

The present study was designed to investigate attentional processes and performance asymmetries in goal-directed aiming in individuals with Down syndrome (DS; n = 6 in each group). Using the right and left hands, young adults with and without DS completed rapid aiming movements to small targets in ipsilateral and contralateral space. On some trials, a visual distractor was present. As attention and action were assumed to be coupled, the impact of distractors on reaction time (RT) and movement kinematics was examined. The performance of individuals with DS was quantitatively and qualitatively different from nonaffected participants, suggesting that participants in the two groups used different strategies to complete the task. Individuals with DS exhibited movement time (MT) interference when a distractor was present. This finding is consistent with an action-centered framework of attention.
Sport/Leisure Skill Learning by Adolescents with Mild Mental Retardation: A Four-Step Strategy
Authors: Yang Jin-Jin , Porretta David L.
Published: August 2016

Based on Singer’s (1986) method, we investigated the effects of a four-step strategy (ready, look, do, score) on training, maintenance, and generalization of three closed skills (basketball free throw, overhand softball throw, and dart throw) by adolescents (M age = 17.2) with mild mental retardation (MR). A multiple baseline across skills design was used. Performances of 3 males and 3 females across these three skills were examined. Participants averaged a total of 46 sessions for the duration of the study. Results indicated that participants increased performance 18–56% across all three closed skills during the training phase. A total of 4 participants maintained performance on all three skills when reminders were present, and 2 decreased performance when the reminders were removed. All participants exhibited improved performance when a reinforcer was introduced. Moreover, 5 participants were able to generalize the four-step strategy to a different setting.
Postmodernism and Adapted Physical Activity: A New Gnostic Heresy?
Authors: Shephard Roy J.
Published: August 2016

This paper examines the postmodernist critique of the scientific method in the specific context of adapted physical activity. Particular assumptions identified include (a) that truth must be approached through testing hypotheses, with acceptance of the most plausible explanation, (b) that underlying laws have general (if not universal) application, and (c) that the observer approaches an experiment free of bias and without interacting with the subject. Postmodernists also argue, less convincingly, that users of the scientific method are committed to reductionism, are tyrannized by the mean, and are unable to quantitate important components of disability. The overall critique raises consciousness regarding the limitations of scientific methodology and points to ways this methodology can be improved. But too often, postmodernists offer few viable alternatives to the scientific method. Too often, those who espouse postmodernism resort to convoluted semantics, using poorly defined words of uncertain etymology. Such an approach does little to help the human condition and should be rejected as a new gnostic heresy.
A New Test for Assessing Preschool Motor Development: DIAL-3
Authors: Mardell-Czudnowski Carol , Goldenberg Dorothea S.
Published: August 2016

Recent research and legislation in the United States regarding assessment of preschool children have guided the development of the latest version of the Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning, DIAL-3. This paper briefly describes the history of this test’s previous two versions (DIAL, 1975 and DIAL-R, 1983, 1990) followed by a description of the research and development of the motor items in DIAL-3. Then DIAL-3 is evaluated, using the key features for selecting an appropriate preschool gross motor assessment instrument (Zittel, 1994). DIAL-3 meets all of the common criteria for a technically adequate screening test.
Toward Progressive Inclusion and Acceptance: Myth or Reality? The Inclusion Debate and Bandwagon Discourse
Authors: DePauw Karen P. , Doll-Tepper Gudrun
Published: August 2016

Inclusion has been a topic of discussions and debate among adapted physical activity professionals since the 1980s. Although the initial discussions focused primarily on inclusion as a place or placement, the discourse today about inclusion must be expanded to incorporate issues of context, disability rights, and social justice. Inclusion must now be reconceptualized as an attitude or a process. Progressive inclusion and acceptance is not a myth but a reality. As international attention and efforts are focused on physical education as a right of all children, APA professionals must forego bandwagons and adopt a strong philosophical stance that guides our efforts toward achieving inclusive physical education.
Children’s Attitudes Toward Peers with Severe Disabilities: Revisiting Contact Theory
Authors: Slininger David , Sherrill Claudine , Jankowski Catherine M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to compare the effects of three physical education settings (structured contact, nonstructured contact, and no contact) on attitudes of children toward peers with severe mental retardation who used wheelchairs. Contact theory (Allport, 1954) guided the study. Participants were 131 Grade 4 students (62 females, 69 males) in three intact classes that were randomly assigned to treatments. During the experimental period (4 weeks, 20 sessions, each 25 min), two children in wheelchairs were integrated into each contact class, and a special helper model was implemented. The experimental design was pretest-posttest randomized groups. Attitudes were assessed by an adjective checklist and an intention survey. A three-way ANOVA (Gender X Group X Time) revealed that females had significantly better attitudes than males. Subsequent analysis revealed that males in the structured contact group improved significantly on the adjective checklist, whereas males in the nonstructured contact group improved significantly on the intention survey.
Aquatic Instructors’ Attitudes Toward Teaching Students with Disabilities
Authors: Conatser Phillip , Block Martin , Lepore Monica
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to examine attitudes of aquatic instructors (female, n = 59; male, n = 23) toward teaching swimming to students with mild to severe disabilities in an inclusive setting. Aquatic instructors from 28 states representing 75 cities across the U.S. participated in this study. Data were collected by mail with a modified version of Rizzo’s (1984) “Attitudes of Physical Educators Toward Teaching Handicapped Pupils” (renamed “Physical Educators’ Attitudes Toward Teaching Individuals with Disabilities - Swim”). A correlated t test showed that aquatic instructors were significantly more favorable toward teaching aquatics to students with mild disabilities than students with severe disabilities. Stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that conducting an inclusive aquatic program was the best predictor of favorable attitudes toward including students with mild disabilities, while having more certifications in aquatics was the best predictor of favorable attitudes toward including students with severe disabilities in regular aquatic programs.
Engagement in Playground Activities as a Criterion for Diagnosing Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Watkinson E. Jane , Dunn Janice Causgrove , Cavaliere Nancy , Calzonetti Karen , Wilhelm Larry , Dwyer Sean
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to develop a valid protocol for use by physical educators in assessing whether children suspected of having developmental coordination disorder (DCD) meet the American Psychiatric Association (1994) diagnostic criterion of interference in activities of daily living when interference is defined as culturally subaverage engagement in activities of daily living in physical play (ADL-PP) on the playground. Participants were 136 children (75 girls, 61 boys) from Grades 1 to 4 at three elementary schools in Canada. Data were collected two ways: (a) three administrations of an ADL-PP self-report of activities done during recess and (b) observation of children’s ADL-PP during two recess periods. Examination of reactivity, accuracy, content relevance, and content representativeness of the ADL-PP report form indicated protocol validity. An example illustrating the use of the ADL-PP self-report protocol to identify interference is described.
Bone Mineral Density Status of Women with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Foster Bernadette L. , Walkley Jeff W. , Temple Viviene A.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the bone mineral density of women with intellectual disability (WID) and a comparison group (WOID) matched for age and sex. One hundred and five women, ages 21 to 39, M = 29, were tested for their bone mineral density levels at the lumbar spine and three sites of the proximal femur using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. No significant difference between groups existed (λ = 0.94, F(4, 98) = 1.68, p = .16, η2 = .06); however, one-sample t tests revealed that bone mineral density for the WID group (n = 35) was significantly lower than zero at the Ward’s triangle (p < .01) and the lumbar spine (p < .05). Approximately one-quarter of WID had low bone density at these two sites, suggesting that WID may be at risk of osteoporotic fracture as they age.
Effects of Aerobic Dance on the Cardiovascular Endurance of Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Cluphf David , O’Connor John , Vanin Sandra
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to determine the effects of a 12-week, 3-days/week low-impact aerobic dance program on the cardiovascular endurance (CVE) of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID). The experimental group (8 males, 7 females) were adults (M age = 39) receiving employment training at a sheltered workshop. The control group (7 males, 5 females) were adults (M age = 37) affiliated with the same facility but employed offsite. Rockport Fitness Walking Test (RFWT) data were collected five times (pretest, and at 4, 8, 12, and 18 weeks). Repeated measures ANOVAs indicated that the experimental group performed significantly better than the control group on RFWT heart rates on the 8- and 12- week trials and on RFWT walk times at the posttest. Once the 12-week program was over, participants did not exercise. Follow-up measurements at 18 weeks revealed no significant differences between groups.
Prediction of the Gross Motor Development Quotient in Young Children Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine/Polydrugs
Authors: Leitschuh Carol A. , Dunn John M.
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to determine predictors of the gross motor development quotient of the Test of Gross Motor Development (Ulrich, 1985) for young children prenatally exposed to cocaine/polydrugs. Data were collected on 11 variables hypothesized to influence young children’s development. Participants were 28 children (15 males, 13 females), ages 3 to 6 years, exposed prenatally to cocaine/polydrugs and their nonbiological mothers (i.e., primary care providers). Multiple regression procedures indicated support for the hypothesis that the gross motor development quotient is predicted by the interaction of the child’s effortful control, the primary care provider’s understanding and confidence, and the amount of early intervention service the child received. Correlational analysis supported the hypothesis that with this group of children, early motor skill did not predict delay in the gross motor development quotient at ages 3 to 6 years.
Social Inclusion of Students with Physical Disabilities in General Physical Education: A Behavioral Analysis
Authors: Place Kimberly , Hodge Samuel R.
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to describe the behaviors of eighth-grade students with and without physical disabilities relative to social inclusion in a general physical education program. Participants were 3 girls with physical disabilities and 19 classmates (11 females, 8 males) without disabilities. The method was case study. Data for a 6-week softball unit were collected using videotapes, live observations, and interviews. Findings indicated that students with and without disabilities infrequently engaged in social interactions. Average percentage of time that classmates gave to students with disabilities was 2% social talk and less than 1% in each category for praise, use of first name, feedback, and physical contact. Two themes emerged in this regard: segregated inclusion and social isolation. Students with disabilities interacted with each other to a greater degree than with classmates without disabilities. Analysis of use of academic learning time revealed different percentages for students with and without disabilities.
Summary versus Every-Trial Knowledge of Results for Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Gillespie Mike
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a summary knowledge of results (KR) feedback schedule (KR after every fifth trial) versus every-trial KR on the acquisition and retention of a golf putting task for individuals with intellectual disabilities. Thirty-two individuals with mild intellectual disabilities were randomly assigned to either a summary or every-trial KR group. Participants performed 50 acquisition trials, 25 one-day retention trials, and 25 one-week retention trials. Participants in the every-trial KR group scored significantly better during acquisition, while the summary KR group performed significantly better for both retention intervals. Because of the absence of an acquisition block effect, results relative to learning must be viewed with caution. Findings partially support the guidance hypothesis.
Preoccupied with Able-Bodiedness? An Analysis of the British Media Coverage of the 2000 Paralympic Games
Authors: Thomas Nigel , Smith Andrew
Published: August 2016

This study analyzed British newspaper coverage of the 2000 Sydney Paralympics. Sixty-two articles from 4 British newspapers were examined for the terminology used to describe athletes’ disabilities and the language and images used to portray athletes’ performances. The results suggest a tendency to convey the achievements of Paralympic athletes using medicalized descriptions of disability and to compare them to athletes without disabilities. Photographic coverage tended to hide the athletes’ impairments, and female athletes were less likely to be photographed in active poses. Although coverage emphasized the sporting achievement of athletes with disabilities by comparing them to Olympic athletes and by deemphasizing disability, it may have inadvertently reinforced stereotypical perceptions of disability and reaffirmed a preoccupation with able-bodiedness.
Sport Adaptation, Participation, and Enjoyment of Students with and without Physical Disabilities
Authors: Kalyvas Vassilis , Reid Greg
Published: August 2016

The purpose was to investigate the effect of sport adaptations on participation and enjoyment of students with and without physical disabilities. Participants (ages 7-12) included 15 with a physical disability and 20 without a disability. Newcomb, a volleyball lead up game, was compared to an adapted newcomb game. Each game was played on three occasions. The participation variables were successful passes, unsuccessful passes, active time on task, inactive time on task, and off task time. Enjoyment was assessed by a questionnaire as well as by interviews. Sport adaptations generally increased participation of all students. Overall, most children enjoyed both games, although older students without a disability did express some dislike for the adapted game.
Attitudes Toward Teaching ChildrenWith Disabilities: Review of Literatureand Research Paradigm
Authors: Kozub Francis M. , Lienert Christoph
Published: August 2016

This review explores the known literature with respect to attitudes and introduces a criterion paradigm to aid future researchers in studying links to attitude behavior. Prior writing has varied from a more atheoretical study of attitude behavior to a focus using theories from other disciplines, most notably the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1985). The premise of this paper is that attitude study should progress beyond basic description regarding profiles of pre and inservice teachers to the study of teacher and learner behaviors as a function of known attitude profiles and other mediating variables.
Mental Imagery in Athletes with Visual Impairments
Authors: Eddy Kate A.T. , Mellalieu Stephen D.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate imagery experiences in performers with visual impairments. Structured, in-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with six elite goalball athletes regarding the processing and use of mental images in training and competition. Interview transcripts were analyzed using deductive and inductive procedures and revealed four general dimensions describing the athletes’ uses of imagery. Participants reported using imagery for cognitive and motivational purposes in both training and competition. Imagery was also suggested to be utilized from an internal perspective with the processing of images derived from a range of modalities. The findings suggest that visual impairment does not restrict the ability to use mental imagery and that psychological interventions can be expanded to include the use of all the athletes’ sensory modalities.
Proportionality in Wheelchair Basketball Classification
Authors: Vanlandewijck Yves C. , Evaggelinou Christina , Daly Daniel D. , Van Houtte Siska , Verellen Joeri , Aspeslagh Vanessa , Hendrickx Robby , Piessens Tine , Zwakhoven Bjorn
Published: August 2016

The player classification system in wheelchair basketball (composed of four classes) is based on an analysis of players’ functional resources through game observation and field-testing. This study examines if the classes are in the correct proportion relative to each other. During the Wheelchair Basketball World Championships in Sydney 1998, 12 teams were videotaped for three 40-min games. Eighty-eight male players were retained for a detailed performance analysis by means of the Comprehensive Basketball Grading System (CBGS). Although a slight underestimation of the functional potential of Class II and III players was noted, it was concluded that the player classification system in wheelchair basketball proportionally represents the functional potential of the players.
A Mental Skills Package for Special Olympics Athletes: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Gregg Melanie J. , Hrycaiko Dennis , Mactavish Jennifer B. , Martin Garry L.
Published: August 2016

The purpose in this study was to replicate and extend the mental skills training (MST) package of Wanlin, Hrycaiko, Martin, and Mahon (1997) to Special Olympics track and field athletes with intellectual disabilities. Three participants ranged in age from 21 to 23 years. A multiple baseline design across individuals was used to assess the effects of the intervention on off-task behaviors and athletic performance (i.e., work output and competition results). The results were clearly beneficial for two participants, decreasing the frequency and duraton of off-task behaviors and increasing the percentage of laps completed for the third participant. A social validity assessment provided further support for the effectiveness of the intervention.
The Effectiveness of Therapeutic Horseback Riding in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Cherng Rong-Ju , Liao Hua-Fang , Leung Henry W.C. , Hwang Ai-Wen
Published: August 2016

This study investigated the effectiveness of a16-week therapeutic horseback riding (THR) program on the gross motor function measures (GMFM) and the muscle tone of hip adductors in 14 children with spastic cerebral palsy (age: 3 years, one month to 11 years, 5 months). In the first phase of 16 weeks, nine of the children received the THR in addition to their regular treatment, while the rest received their regular treatment only. In the second phase (also 16 weeks), the arrangements were reversed. After THR, some of the children improved significantly in the GMFM E (walk/run/jump) score and the total score. The effect appears to be sustained for at least 16 weeks. No effect of THR on muscle tone was noted. We conclude that THR may be beneficial for some children with spastic cerebral palsy.
Reactions to the Metaphors of Disability: The Mediating Effects of Physical Activity
Authors: Goodwin Donna L. , Thurmeier Robin , Gustafson Paul
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe the metaphors of disability to which young people with physical disabilities felt they were exposed and the moderating influence of physical activity on the meanings ascribed to those metaphors. Fourteen participants (7 males, 7 females) with physical disabilities between the ages of 14 and 24 years participated in the study. Their experiences were captured by way of one-on-one audio taped semi-structured interviews and the use and interpretation of artifacts and field notes. Three themes emerged from the thematic analysis: don’t treat me differently, managing emotions, and physical activity balances perceptions. The implications of the findings are discussed within the context of stigma theory and the liminality of social indefinition.
APAQ at Twenty: A Documentary Analysis
Authors: Porretta David L. , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2016

This paper reports both the contents and key developmental activities of Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly over its second decade of publication (1994-2003). The first section describes the contents of Volumes 11-20 relative to the number of articles by journal section, science area, disability category, and country. These data are compared to selected data reported for the journal’s first decade (1984-1993) of publication by Reid and Broadhead (1995). The second section describes developmental activities pertaining to enhancing the journal’s international quality through selected writings, impact factor recognition, editorial board membership, and guest reviewer database development.
The Meaning of Summer Camp Experiences to Youths with Disabilities
Authors: Goodwin Donna L. , Staples Kerri
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the study was to capture the meaning of segregated summer camp experiences to youths with disabilities. The experiences of nine youths with physical, sensory, or behavioral disabilities between the ages of 14 and 19 were captured using the phenomenological methods of semistructured interviews, document review, and field notes. Mothers’ perceptions were also gathered. The thematic analysis revealed three themes: not alone, independence, and a chance to discover. Camp experiences provided a reprieve from perceptions of disability isolation often felt in their home communities. The campers experienced increased self-reliance, independence, and new understandings of their physical potential. The findings are discussed within the context of identity development and therapeutic landscapes.
Anaerobic Performance of Active and Sedentary Male Individuals with Quadriplegia
Authors: Morgulec Natalia , Kosmol Andrzej , Vanlandewijck Yves , Hubner-Wozniak Elzbieta
Published: August 2016

The purposes of this study were to compare the anaerobic performance of 19 active and 12 sedentary individuals with quadriplegia on the Wingate arm ergometric test and to investigate the relationship between participants’ demographic information (lesion level, time since injury, age, body mass) and their anaerobic performance variables. The following parameters were measured: peak power (PP), mean power (MP), lowest power (LP), time to achieve PP (t), fatigue index (FI), relative values of PP and MP with respect to body mass, and postexercise blood lactate accumulation (LA). Lowest power, MP, relative values of MP (rMP), FI and LApeak in the active group were significantly higher than in the sedentary group. There was a significant correlation between rMP and injury lesion level (p = .016). It was concluded that for active individuals with quadriplegia, muscle endurance (MP) and fatigability (FI) are higher than for sedentary individuals with quadriplegia.
Test Items and Standards Related to Muscle Strength and Endurance on the Brockport Physical Fitness Test
Authors: Short Francis X. , Winnick Joseph P.
Published: August 2016

This manuscript provides information on the rationale for the selection of the muscular strength and endurance test items associated with the Brockport Physical Fitness Test for youngsters with mental retardation and mild limitations in fitness, visual impairment (blindness), cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, or congenital anomalies or amputations. Information on the validity, attainability, and reliability of the 16 tests and their criterion-referenced standards is provided. Suggestions are made for future research.
Improving Health Status through Physical Activity for Individuals with Chronic Pulmonary Diseases
Authors: Varray Alain , Varray Alain
Published: August 2016

The aim of this paper is to show how pertinent pathophysiological bases have been built for physical activity prescription for individuals with obstructive pulmonary disease (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The pathophysiological bases were constructed by taking into account exercise mismatching, which was analyzed in terms of both short- and long-term impact on disease outcome. Specific exercise adaptations based on a keen understanding of the underlying physiological processes provided the key to an adapted intervention with well-defined exercise program aims. The results that were achieved are striking, and one might conclude that sometimes exercise is simply the best way to improve the general well-being of individuals with chronic disease. Since this is a major concern for health professionals and chronically ill individuals, physical activity offers a means to rise to this challenge.
Classwide Peer Tutoring in Physical Education: Assessing Its Effects as an Inclusion Strategy with Kindergartners with Autismn
Authors: Ward Phillip , Ayvazo Shiri
Published: August 2016

Researchers, textbooks authors, and educational policy makers recommend peer tutoring as an inclusion strategy for students with autism. However, there is little, if any, research supporting these recommendations in physical education. We assessed the effects of classwide peer tutoring (CWPT) in teaching catching skills to two typically developing peers and two children diagnosed with autism in kindergarten. A single subject withdrawal design assessed the effects of CWPT on total catches and correct catches. Results show that CWPT improved total and correct catches for the two students with autism. The results for the typically developing peers were mixed. These findings, while requiring further research, provide initial evidence to support CWPT as an inclusion strategy for children with autism in physical education.
A Social Constructionist Perspective of Teaching and Learning in Inclusive Physical Education
Authors: Grenier Michelle
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this qualitative case study was to examine an inclusive, third grade physical education class containing a child with severe cerebral palsy and a visual impairment from a social constructionist perspective. Data were collected from four primary sources over a six-month period: interviews, observations, document review, and journals. Boyzaitis’s (1998) five-step process was utilized in the data analysis, which uncovered three primary themes: the teacher’s belief in the development of social skills for students with and without disabilities, the teacher’s use of purposeful strategies to accommodate students with disabilities, and student learning shaped by personal experience. Student and teacher experiences were interpreted within the conceptual framework of social construction as a means of describing relevant and meaningful relationships.
Perceptions of the Motivational Climate, Perceived Competence, and Participation Behaviors of Children with Movement Difficulties in Physical Education
Authors: Dunn Janice Causgrove , Dunn John G.H.
Published: August 2016

The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among perceived competence, perceived motivational climate, and participation behaviors of children with movement difficulties (MD) in physical education. Behaviors of 65 children with MD and 65 matched peers without MD from Grades 4-6 were observed and coded. A MANOVA revealed significant differences between the two groups in the proportions of adaptive and maladaptive behaviors. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated a tendency for participants with MD with higher self-reported perceptions of competence to spend proportionally more time engaged in adaptive behaviors and less time engaged in maladaptive behaviors. Significant interactions revealed that the effect of self-reported perceptions of a performance climate on participation was conditional upon perceived competence levels.
Accuracy of Voice-Announcement Pedometers for Youth with Visual Impairment
Authors: Beets Michael W. , Foley John T. , Tindall Daniel W.S. , Lieberman Lauren J.
Published: August 2016

Thirty-five youth with visual impairments (13.5 ± 2.1yrs, 13 girls and 22 boys) walked four 100-meter distances while wearing two units (right and left placement) of three brands of voice-announcement (VA) pedometers (CentriosTM Talking Pedometer, TALKiNG Pedometer, and Sportline Talking Calorie Pedometer 343) and a reference pedometer (NL2000). Registered pedometer steps for each trial were recorded, compared to actual steps assessed via digital video. Inter-unit agreement between right and left VA pedometer placement was low (ICC range .37 to .76). A systematic error was observed for the VA pedometers on the left placement (error range 5.6% to 12.2%), while right placement VA pedometers were at or below ± 3% from actual steps (range 2.1% to 3.3%). The reference pedometer was unaffected by placement (ICC .98, error ~1.4%). Overall, VA pedometers demonstrated acceptable accuracy for the right placement, suggesting this position is necessary for youth with visual impairments.
A Systematic Ecological Model for Adapting Physical Activities: Theoretical Foundations and Practical Examples
Authors: Hutzler Yeshayahu
Published: August 2016

This article proposes a theory- and practice-based model for adapting physical activities. The ecological frame of reference includes Dynamic and Action System Theory, World Health Organization International Classification of Function and Disability, and Adaptation Theory. A systematic model is presented addressing (a) the task objective, (b) task criteria, (c) limitation and enablement criteria, (d) performance errors, and (e) adaptation suggestions. Four individual case examples are described, referring to the conceptual model and depicting its use in various settings of physical activity, including physical education, rehabilitation, competition, and recreation.
Shot Trajectory Parameters in Gold Medal Stationary Shot-Putters during World-Class Competition
Authors: Frossard Laurent , Smeathers James , O’Riordan Alison , Goodman Scott
Published: August 2016

The parameters of the shot’s trajectory were reported for male and female gold medalists (classes F52, F53, F54, and F55) who competed at the 2000 Paralympic Games and the 2002 International Paralympic Committee (IPC) World Championships. The specific objective was to determine the magnitude of differences in these parameters across classes and genders. The release velocity of the shot increased with the performance and the classification for both males (8.30 m/s – 9.96 m/s) and females (4.58 m/s – 8.50 m/s). The measured angle of the shot’s trajectory at release also increased with the performance and the classification for both males (27.54° – 32.47°) and females (9.02° – 34.52°). The position of the shot from a fixed reference point at release revealed a similar trend for both males (2.01 m – 2.68 m) and females (1.16 m – 1.98 m), although it was weaker.
The Nature and Control of Postural Adaptations of Boys with and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Przysucha Eryk P. , Taylor M. Jane , Weber Douglas
Published: August 2016

This study compared the nature of postural adaptations and control tendencies, between 7 (n = 9) and 11-year-old boys (n = 10) with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and age-matched, younger (n = 10) and older (n = 9) peers in a leaning task. Examination of anterior-posterior, medio-lateral, maximum and mean area of sway, and path length revealed one significant interaction as older, unaffected boys swayed more than all other groups (p < .01). As a group, boys with DCD displayed smaller anterior-posterior (p < .01) and area of sway (p < .01). Analysis of relative time spent in the corrective phase (p < .002) revealed that boys with DCD spent 54% under feedback control while boys without DCD spent 78%. This was attributed to reduced proprioceptive sensitivity, as confirmed by significant differences between the groups (p < .009) in spectral analysis of peak frequency of sway.
Parental Expectations of Adapted Physical Educators: A Hispanic Perspective
Authors: Columna Luis , Pyfer Jean , Senne Terry , Velez Luisa , Bridenthrall Nancy , Canabal Maria Yolanda
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to identify the perspectives of Hispanic parents of children with disabilities regarding adapted physical education (APE) professionals in relationship to their child’s purposeful play and transition to school programming. Participants (N = 11) were Hispanic parents of children with disabilities. Parents participated in one-on-one interviews in their preferred language (Spanish or English). Transcripts were analyzed through a constant comparative analysis. Three themes emerged from the data: (a) qualified APE professionals, (b) challenges for the family, and (c) normalcy. These themes were supported by subthemes. The results indicated that Hispanic families were not as familiar with APE services as Caucasian families were. Parental expectations among Hispanic parents were similar to Caucasian parents, but the preference for modes of communication and information differed.
Activity Levels during Physical Education and Recess in Two Special Schools for Children with Mild Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Sit Cindy H.P. , McKenzie Thomas L. , Lian John M.G. , McManus Alison
Published: August 2016

This study compared physical education (PE) and recess in two markedly different special schools for children with mild intellectual disabilities; one school had a reputation for focusing on sports (High Sport Focus-HSF) and the other did not (Low Sport Focus-LSF). Data were collected in 24 PE classes and 48 recess periods using a validated observation system. During both PE and recess, HSF students engaged in physical activity (PA) at greater intensity levels, but LSF students accrued more total activity min. Differences in PA during PE between the schools were associated with both lesson context and teacher behavior. The results suggest written (e.g., scheduling) and unwritten policies within schools affect children’s activity levels.
Eurofit Special: European Fitness Battery Score Variation among Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Skowroński Waldemar , Horvat Michael , Nocera Joe , Roswal Glenn , Croce Ron
Published: August 2016

The Eurofit Special Test is a battery of motor fitness tests resulting from a 10-year project of the Committee of Experts for Sports Research and is comprised of strength, speed, flexibility, and balance. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the Eurofit Special was able to distinguish variations in functioning among individuals with intellectual disabilities. Significant differences were found in long jump flexibility 25-m dash, medicine ball throw, balance walk, sit ups in 30-s. Analyses demonstrated that the Eurofit Special was able to discriminate performance levels by gender, age, and level of intellectual disability (mild: 177 female, 368 male; moderate: 359 female, 476 male; severe: 92 female, 111 male).
Economy and Preferred Speed of Walking in Adults with and Without Down Syndrome
Authors: Agiovlasitis Stamatis , McCubbin Jeffrey A. , Yun Joonkoo , Pavol Michael J. , Widrick Jeffrey J.
Published: August 2016

This study examined whether the net rate of oxygen uptake (VO2net) and the net oxygen uptake per kilometer (VO2net/km) are affected during walking in adults with Down syndrome (DS) and whether their preferred walking speed (PWS) minimizes the VO2net/km. Respiratory gases were collected as 14 adults with DS and 15 adults without DS completed a series of treadmill walking trials. PWS was measured over 15 meters in a hallway. The VO2net and the VO2net/km were higher in adults with DS than adults without DS. The overground PWS normalized for leg length was the same for both groups and did not appear to minimize the VO2net/km. Thus, adults with DS are less economical during walking than adults without DS. The overground PWS does not minimize the metabolic cost during treadmill walking.
Physical Activity Experiences of Boys with and Without ADHD
Authors: Harvey William J. , Reid Greg , Bloom Gordon A. , Staples Kerri , Grizenko Natalie , Mbekou Valentin , Ter-Stepanian Marina , Joober Ridha
Published: August 2016

Physical activity experiences of 12 age-matched boys with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were explored by converging information from Test of Gross Motor Development-2 assessments and semistructured interviews. The knowledge-based approach and the inhibitory model of executive functions, a combined theoretical lens, enabled the description of similarities and differences in experiences that emerged during interviews. Skill assessments indicated boys with ADHD were not as proficient movers as their peers without ADHD. Thematic analysis revealed that boys with ADHD reported playing with friends, paid little attention to detail, possessed superficial knowledge about movement skills, and expressed many negative feelings about physical activity. Task-specific interventions and a wider range of mixed methods research are recommended for future research studies in ADHD.
Friendship in Inclusive Physical Education
Authors: Seymour Helena , Reid Greg , Bloom Gordon A.
Published: August 2016

Social interaction and development of friendships between children with and without a disability are often proposed as potential outcomes of inclusive education. Physical activity specialists assert that exercise and sport environments may be conducive to social and friendship outcomes. This study investigated friendship in inclusive physical education from the perspective of students with (n = 8) and without (n = 8) physical disabilities. All participants attended a reversely integrated school and were interviewed using a semistructured, open-ended format. An adapted version of Weiss, Smith, and Theeboom’s (1996) interview guide exploring perceptions of peer relationships in the sport domain was used. Four conceptual categories emerged from the analysis: development of friendship, best friend, preferred physical activities and outcomes, and dealing with disability. The results demonstrated the key characteristics of best friends and the influential role they play.