bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adjusting to the unexpected
Authors: Jain Ajay K. , Sullivan Sherry
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– This study aims to provide a literature review of the 56 articles published in theJournal of Management History(JMH) from 2000 to 2004.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors conducted a thematic analysis using the categories of person, topic or event to classify articles as well as a citation analysis using Google Scholar.

Findings

– The number of articles published from 2000 to 2004 was almost 50 per cent fewer than published in the previous five years, and citation rates were lower.

Originality/value

– Results suggest that high-quality articles focused on persons or topics are more likely to be published in the JMH.
Information organizations and the Lean approach to service delivery
Authors: Cervone H Frank
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to introduce the Lean services methodology as a mechanism for improving products and services in libraries and information organizations. Through a high-level exploration of the philosophy, goals and principles of the methodology, the reader will gain an understanding of the methodology and its usefulness to information organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper is a general overview of the philosophy, goals and principles of the Lean services methodology. As such, it serves as a brief introduction to the topic.

Findings

– The Lean services methodology is an important tool for libraries and information organizations as they attempt to improve customer satisfaction and service. Having been adapted from the principles used in manufacturing to improve processes and customer satisfaction, Lean services is an appropriate tool to enable organizational improvement through individual empowerment.

Originality/value

– While the Lean services methodology has been widely adopted in other service-based industries, there is scant literature about the role of Lean services in libraries and information organizations.
Trading with privacy: the price of personal information
Authors: Steinfeld Nili
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine how users in an anonymous virtual environment react to an offer to trade in access to their social network profile.

Design/methodology/approach

– The experiment was conducted in Second Life (SL). Participants were offered varied sums of money in exchange for access to their Facebook profile, effectively undermining their anonymity.

Findings

– Even in an anonymous environment, money plays a role in users’ decisions to disclose their offline identity, but a closer look at the findings reveals that users also use deception to enjoy the benefits of the offer without paying the costs. The results illustrate three types of users according to the strategies they employ: abstainers, traders, and deceivers.

Research limitations/implications

– The implications to the field of online information disclosure lie at the ability to illustrate and distinguish between the different strategies users choose with regard to online information disclosure, as the study design simulates a common information disclosure trade offer in online environments.

Originality/value

– Unlike previous studies that focussed on trades with specific pieces of information, this study examines willingness to sell access to a user’s entire profile, by thus better simulating online services conduct. This is also the first privacy experiment conducted in the anonymous environment of SL, and the first to study deception as a privacy protection strategy.
Synthesis of nanosized mixed metal oxides heat and corrosion resistant pigments: CaMnO3, Ca2Cr2O5and CaSb2O6
Authors: Wahba Osama A. G. , Hassan Ali M. , El-wahab H. Abd , Mohy-Eldin A. , Naser A.M. , Fouad Osama A.
Published: October 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the synthesis of calcium-based group of mixed metal oxide (MMO) pigments. The evaluation of these pigments as heat and corrosion resistant was also explored.

Design/methodology/approach

– Two simple synthesis techniques, namely, co-precipitation and solid-state calcination method, were used to synthesise nanosized MMO pigments. And then the physico-chemical requirements according to standards for the synthesised pigments are investigated.

Findings

– The prepared MMO pigments were mainly in the single phase double oxide forms. The prepared oxides exhibited good heat (up to 600°C) and corrosion resistance properties (in 5 per cent NaCl for 500 h).

Research limitations/implications

– This paper investigates the physico-chemical properties of synthesised calcium-based group of MMO pigments. And then evaluate it as heat and corrosion resistant paints. The simple techniques used for synthesis of nanosized MMO pigments will significantly improve the research and development of pigments’ structure and performance.

Practical implications

– Calcium-based MMO pigments can be used as heat and corrosion resistant pigments. The easy synthesis of the mixed oxide pigments will open the door for further vital special industrial uses and applications.

Originality/value

– Low cost, simple techniques and using naturally abundant material can be used for mass production of some other low-cost nanosized materials.
Multicenter cross‐sectional observational study of antibiotic resistance and the genotypes of Propionibacterium acnes isolated from Chinese patients with acne vulgaris
Authors: Fan Yukun , Hao Fei , Wang Weizhen , Lu Yonghong , He Li , Wang Gang , Chen Wenchieh
Published: October 2015

Antibiotics are widely applied in management of acne vulgaris, which raises the issue of antibiotic resistance. Due to improper application and supervision of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance has become a serious problem in China. So, the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy in acne is unclear without an objective monitor of antibiotic resistance of Propionibacterium acnes. This cross‐sectional, multicenter observational study is aimed at understanding the status of antibiotic resistance in P. acnes, investigating the measures of acne management in China and analyzing the genotypes of antibiotic‐resistant strains of P. acnes. Altogether, 312 strains of P. acnes were collected from patients in five medical centers across central China after reviewing the corresponding medical history in detail. The samples underwent antibiotic susceptibility assays by agar dilution method with a total of 11 classes of antibiotics being tested. The antibiotic‐resistant strains were screened and further analyzed by investigation of the genotypes regarding 23S rRNA, 16S rRNA and erm(X). The predominant resistance occurred in macrolides and lincomycin with an overall resistance rate of 47.8%. The resistance to tetracyclines was scarce with only two cases identified. The emergence of minimum inhibitory concentration elevation for tetracyclines is associated with its application history (P < 0.005). The genotypes of the reported macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B resistance strains were also spotted in Chinese subjects while other resistance determinants may also exist. The tetracyclines have been proved to be vastly susceptible while macrolides and lincomycin face a serious resistance status in China.
Bromoderma mimicking pyoderma gangrenosum caused by commercial sedatives
Authors: Oda Fumiko , Tohyama Mikiko , Murakami Akiko , Kanno Kazuhisa , Sonobe Naomi , Sayama Koji
Published: October 2015

Bromoderma is a rare skin disorder caused by bromide intake. It presents as single or multiple papillomatous nodules or plaques, and ulcers studded with small pustules on the face or limbs. The clinical features of bromoderma are similar to those of pyoderma gangrenosum. A 41‐year‐old Japanese woman was diagnosed with pyoderma gangrenosum 11 years prior to presentation. Pyoderma had repeatedly appeared over her entire body despite treatment. She also frequently complained of syncopal episodes. She was admitted to our hospital after loss of consciousness and an episode of generalized convulsion. Laboratory tests revealed a negative serum anion gap and hyperchloremia. Her serum bromide level was significantly elevated, suggesting bromide intoxication. The patient had a 10‐year history of high serum bromide levels. After the intake of bromide‐containing sedatives was stopped, there was no recurrence of pyoderma in the absence of treatment. In conclusion, this case was diagnosed as bromoderma with commercial sedative‐induced bromide intoxication. Although the US Food and Drug Administration have banned the use of bromides, over‐the‐counter (OTC) treatments containing bromides are still used in Japan and other countries. Long‐term use of OTC medicines containing bromvalerylurea may result in the development of bromoderma. If unclarified neurological or psychiatric symptoms are associated with pyoderma, we propose measurement of the patient's serum chloride concentration. Determination of hyperchloremia is helpful for the diagnosis of chronic intoxication with bromides.
Prognosis of 234 rosacea patients according to clinical subtype: The significance of central facial erythema in the prognosis of rosacea
Authors: Lee Woo Jin , Lee Ye Jin , Lee Mi Hye , Won Chong Hyun , Chang Sung Eun , Choi Jee Ho , Lee Mi Woo
Published: October 2015

Rosacea has a wide spectrum of clinical features, which include persistent facial redness, flushing, telangiectasia, inflammatory papules/pustules, hypertrophy and/or ocular features. The prognosis of rosacea according to clinical subtype has not been evaluated. We analyzed the prognosis of rosacea in 234 patients, which included 120 patients with mixed subtype, 75 with the erythematotelangiectatic rosacea subtype and 39 with the papulopustular rosacea (PPR) subtype. The prognosis of rosacea was classified as: (i) no improvement; (ii) partial remission; and (iii) complete remission. The frequencies of complete remission, time to complete remission and 1‐year complete remission rate were compared between subtypes. Follow‐up periods ranged 2–72 months (median follow‐up, 17.5). Aggravation of the disease was found in 50.4% of patients during follow up. Partial or complete remission was noted in 61.5% and 20.9% of patients, respectively. The median time to complete remission was 56.0 months. The prognosis of disease was more favorable for patients with the PPR subtype than for patients with other subtypes with respect to the frequency of complete remission, median time to complete remission and the 2‐year complete remission rate. In conclusion, papulopustular rosacea without remarkable centrofacial erythema showed a more favorable prognosis than other subtypes. Erythematotelangiectatic lesions in rosacea patients present a challenge for the treatment of rosacea.
Possible paraneoplastic syndrome case of bullous pemphigoid with immunoglobulin G anti‐BP180 C‐terminal domain antibodies associated with psoriasis and primary macroglobulinemia
Authors: Maki Nobuki , Demitsu Toshio , Umemoto Naoka , Nagashima Kazutaka , Nakamura Toshinobu , Kakurai Maki , Nakamura Satoshi , Yamada Tomoko , Ishii Norito , Hashimoto Takashi
Published: October 2015

A 61‐year‐old Japanese man developed bullous skin lesions during topical therapy for psoriasis vulgaris. Physical examination demonstrated numerous tense bullae and scaly erythemas on the trunk and extremities. Histopathology of the skin biopsy demonstrated subepidermal bullae and lymphocytic infiltration with eosinophils in the dermis. Direct immunofluorescence revealed linear deposits of immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA and C3 along the basement membrane zone. Indirect immunofluorescence of 1 mol/L NaCl‐split skin showed IgG reactivity with both epidermal and the dermal sides. IgM reactivity with both the epidermal and dermal sides was also detected. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays showed negative results for both BP180 and BP230. Immunoelectrophoresis of serum and bone marrow aspiration revealed underlying primary macroglobulinemia with M‐proteinemia of IgM‐κ type. Immunoblot analysis revealed IgG, but not IgM, antibodies to recombinant protein of BP180 C‐terminal domain. We diagnosed the present case as bullous pemphigoid with IgG anti‐BP180 C‐terminal domain autoantibodies associated with primary macroglobulinemia and psoriasis vulgaris. Systemic administration of prednisolone 30 mg/day resulted in dramatic improvement of both bullous and psoriatic skin lesions. When the bullous and psoriatic lesions relapsed, DRC chemotherapy (dexamethasone, rituximab and cyclophosphamide) for macroglobulinemia was performed. Then, the psoriatic lesions improved and the bullous lesions disappeared. We suggested that the present case may be paraneoplastic syndrome of bullous pemphigoid associated with primary macroglobulinemia and psoriasis vulgaris.
Enhanced CCR9 expression levels in psoriatic skin are associated with poor clinical outcome to infliximab treatment
Authors: Koga Aiko , Kajihara Ikko , Yamada Saori , Makino Katsunari , Ichihara Asako , Aoi Jun , Makino Takamitsu , Fukushima Satoshi , Jinnin Masatoshi , Ihn Hironobu
Published: October 2015

Infliximab is an anti‐tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α antibody drug that suppresses TNF‐α and its associated inflammatory responses. Although infliximab therapy generally results in a 75% or greater improvement in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index from baseline in psoriasis patients, there is the heterogeneity of therapeutic efficacy in psoriasis patients among patients of a similar PASI baseline score. However, there are few published reports about the predictors of the clinical response among psoriasis patients who undergo biologic therapies. We thus evaluated the possible existence of biologic markers that would indicate poor prognosis of infliximab using skin biopsy specimens. This was because we assumed that the inhibitors for upregulated chemokine/chemokine receptors in non‐responders may have the ability to reduce the occurrence of psoriatic eruptions. PCR array analyses identified that the levels of various chemokines and chemokine receptors were increased in non‐responders in comparison to responders. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed that upregulation of the CCR9 protein levels was not associated with the pretherapeutic PASI score, but with poor response to infliximab. Our results indicated that the expression levels of CCR9 in lesional skin may be a useful biologic marker of the clinical efficacy of infliximab therapy in psoriasis patients.
Cushion plant morphology controls biogenic capability and facilitation effects of Silene acaulis along an elevation gradient
Authors: Bonanomi Giuliano , Stinca Adriano , Chirico Giovanni Battista , Ciaschetti Giampiero , Saracino Antonio , Incerti Guido
Published: October 2015

The stress‐gradient hypothesis (SGH) predicts that the balance of plant–plant interactions shifts along abiotic environmental gradients, with facilitation becoming more frequent under stressful conditions. However, recent studies have challenged this perspective, reporting that positive interactions are, in some cases, more common at the intermediate level of environmental severity gradients. Here, we test whether and how neighbour effects by Silene acaulis cushions vary along a 700 m wide altitudinal transect, in relation to cushion morphological traits and environmental severity.

Field measurements along the gradient, within and outside cushions, included (i) species richness and cover of coexisting vascular plants; (ii) cushion morphology; (iii) above‐ and below‐ground microclimate; and (iv) soil quality. We used the relative interaction index to decouple neighbour trait effects and environmental severity effects on plant diversity at different elevations.

The ability of the cushion plant to facilitate heterospecifics shifts considerably along the elevation gradient, being greatest at the intermediate level. On the other hand, Silene morphological traits steadily change along the gradient, from lax, soft and flat‐shaped cushion habits at low elevation to tightly knit and dome‐shaped habits at high elevation.

Cushion morphological changes are associated with mitigating effects on microclimate, indicating that cushions effectively act as a heat‐trap at medium and high elevations, while at low elevations the soft and flat cushions avoid excessive heat accumulation by tight coupling with the surrounding atmosphere. At the upper end of the gradient, cushion cespitose–pulvinate compactness and high stem density appear to be critical traits in modulating the net effect of plant–plant interaction, since the space available for hosting other vascular species is considerably reduced.

In conclusion, this work provides a mechanistic link between plant morphological traits, associated biogenic microclimate changes and variation in net plant–plant interactions along the explored severity gradient. Our findings support an alternative conceptual model to SGH, with plant facilitation collapsing at the upper extreme of the abiotic stress gradient.
Seed source impacts germination and early establishment of dominant grasses in prairie restorations
Authors: Gallagher M. Kate , Wagenius Stuart
Published: October 2015

Land managers choose seed from a variety of provenances for restoration projects. By selecting seed of the local ecotype, managers can increase establishment in the short term and prevent the disruption of local adaptations and genetic swamping in the long term. However, local seed may be disadvantageous if populations are inbred or maladapted to managed restoration environments. Seed selection may be further confounded by propagation methods.

Three dominant C4 grasses, Andropogon gerardii, Bouteloua curtipendula and Sorghastrum nutans, from three types of seed provenances (remnant, restoration and nursery) were planted as seeds and plugs into experimental plots at three established tallgrass prairie restorations in western Minnesota, USA. Using a common garden design, we tested whether (i) provenance and (ii) site of planting influence germination and first‐season survival and growth both (iii) for seeds directly planted in the field and for transplants (plugs).

Seed provenance impacted germination and seedling survival in all cases, except S. nutans seeded directly in the field. Andropogon gerardii and B. curtipendula nursery seedlings were consistently taller than those of the other provenance types.

When directly seeded, germination, survival and vigour differed among restoration sites; however, the results were species specific. Sorghastrum nutans germination varied among sites depending on provenance, indicating that this species may be particularly sensitive to environmental conditions.

Germination was 3–12 times greater for plugs than for seeds directly planted in the field in summer, but mortality after planting in the field was low for both groups.

Synthesis and applications. Provenance and restoration site had varying effects among species, indicating that the dominant C4 grasses used in this study ought not to be considered ecological equivalents. While we found little evidence of local adaptation, use of local remnant seeds diminishes the risk of spreading maladapted genotypes. Germination limited establishment when sowing seeds directly in summer. Supplemental use of plugs may increase species diversity in restorations.
Oxidation resistance 1 (OXR1) participates in silkworm defense against bacterial infection through the JNK pathway
Authors: Su Li‐De , Zhang Qiao‐Ling , Lu Zhiqiang
Published: October 2015

Bacterial infection causes enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in insects. Oxidation resistance 1 (OXR1) plays an antioxidant role in eukaryotic organisms, including insects. In this report, we demonstrated that Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus infection and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) injection induced the expression of specific transcriptional isoforms of OXR1 in larval silkworms. We further showed that a Jun kinase (JNK) pathway inhibitor, SP600125, down‐regulated expression of OXR1 during infection, leading to elevated H2O2 levels in the hemolymph, resulting in lower viability of the injected bacteria inside the silkworm larvae. Our study suggests that OXR1 participates in protecting larval silkworms from oxidative stress and bacterial infection through the JNK pathway.
Transport Mechanisms and Quality Changes During Frying of Chicken Nuggets—Hybrid Mixture Theory Based Modeling and Experimental Verification
Authors: Bansal Harkirat S. , Takhar Pawan S. , Alvarado Christine Z. , Thompson Leslie D.
Published: October 2015

Hybrid mixture theory (HMT) based 2‐scale fluid transport relations of Takhar coupled with a multiphase heat transfer equation were solved to model water, oil and gas movement during frying of chicken nuggets. A chicken nugget was treated as a heterogeneous material consisting of meat core with wheat‐based coating. The coupled heat and fluid transfer equations were solved using the finite element method. Numerical simulations resulted in data on spatial and temporal profiles for moisture, rate of evaporation, temperature, oil, pore pressure, pressure in various phases, and coefficient of elasticity. Results showed that most of the oil stayed in the outer 1.5 mm of the coating region. Temperature values greater than 100 °C were observed in the coating after 30 s of frying. Negative gage‐pore pressure (pw < pg) magnitudes were observed in simulations, which is in agreement with experimental observations of Sandhu and others. It is hypothesized that high water‐phase capillary pressure (pc > pg) in the hydrophilic matrix causes pw < pg, which further results in negative pore pressure. The coefficient of elasticity was the highest at the surface (2.5 × 105 Pa) for coating and the interface of coating and core (6 × 105 Pa). Kinetics equation for color change obtained from experiments was coupled with the HMT based model to predict the color (L, a, and b) as a function of frying time.
How Imaging Glutamate, γ‐Aminobutyric Acid, and Dopamine Can Inform the Clinical Treatment of Alcohol Dependence and Withdrawal
Authors: Hillmer Ansel T. , Mason Graeme F. , Fucito Lisa M. , O'Malley Stephanie S. , Cosgrove Kelly P.
Published: October 2015

Neuroimaging studies have dramatically advanced our understanding of the neurochemical basis of alcohol dependence, a major public health issue. In this paper, we review the research generated from neurochemical specific imaging modalities including magnetic resonance spectroscopy, positron emission tomography, and single‐photon emission computed tomography in studies of alcohol dependence and withdrawal. We focus on studies interrogating γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and dopamine, as these are prominent neurotransmitter systems implicated in alcohol dependence. Highlighted findings include diminished dopaminergic functioning and modulation of the GABA system by tobacco smoking during alcohol withdrawal. Then, we consider how these findings impact the clinical treatment of alcohol dependence and discuss directions for future experiments to address existing gaps in the literature, for example, sex differences and smoking comorbidity. These and other considerations provide opportunities to build upon the current neurochemistry imaging literature of alcohol dependence and withdrawal, which may usher in improved therapeutic and relapse prevention strategies.
Unhealthy Alcohol Use is Associated with Monocyte Activation Prior to Starting Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Carrico Adam W. , Hunt Peter W. , Emenyonu Nneka I. , Muyindike Winnie , Ngabirano Christine , Cheng Debbie M. , Winter Michael R. , Samet Jeffrey H. , Hahn Judith A.
Published: October 2015

Background

Alcohol use may accelerate HIV disease progression, but the plausible biological mechanisms have not been clearly elucidated.

Methods

HIV‐positive persons who were not on antiretroviral therapy (ART) completed the baseline assessment for a longitudinal study examining the association of alcohol use with HIV disease markers. Oversampling drinkers, baseline samples were tested for markers of monocyte activation (soluble CD14 [sCD14]), inflammation (interleukin‐6 [IL‐6]‐6), and coagulation (d‐dimer). We defined “unhealthy alcohol use” as testing positive using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test—Consumption (≥3 for women and ≥4 for men) in the past 3 months or testing positive using a biomarker of heavy drinking, phosphatidylethanol (≥50 ng/ml). Multiple linear regression was used to examine the associations of unhealthy alcohol use with sCD14, log10 IL‐6, and d‐dimer.

Results

Compared to those who were abstinent from alcohol, unhealthy drinkers had significantly higher sCD14 levels (mean = 1,676 vs. 1,387 ng/ml; mean difference [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 289 [83, 495], p < 0.01). In analyses adjusted for demographic factors, current cigarette smoking, and HIV disease markers, unhealthy drinkers continued to display significantly higher sCD14 levels compared to those who were abstinent from alcohol (adjusted mean = 1,670 vs. 1,406 ng/ml; adjusted mean difference [95% CI] = 264 [47, 480], p = 0.02). Unhealthy alcohol use was not significantly associated with IL‐6 or d‐dimer levels.

Conclusions

Unhealthy alcohol use was independently associated with a marker of monocyte activation (i.e., higher sCD14) that predicts mortality in treated HIV infection. Longitudinal research should examine whether unhealthy alcohol use predicts changes in sCD14 prior to and following ART initiation.
The prevalence of exfoliation syndrome in Turkey
Authors: Kılıç Raşit , Karagöz Naim , Çetin Abdi Bahadır , Çakmak Yasin , Sezer Hafize , Özay Yusuf , Çomçalı Sebile Üstün , Dursun Ayhan
Published: October 2015

Purpose

To investigate the prevalence of the exfoliation syndrome and its relationship with ocular and cardiovascular diseases in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey.

Methods

This cross‐sectional and population‐based study was conducted at the Sivas Province among the population aged 40 years and over. The diagnosis of XFS was made when exfoliative material was found on the anterior lens capsule or iris on slit‐lamp examination. The subjects were divided into an XFS group and a non‐XFS group according to the presence of exfoliative material, and the groups were compared for the presence of glaucoma, cataract, age‐related macular degeneration, phacodonesis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, smoking and alcohol‐use frequency.

Results

XFS was present in 63 subjects consisting of 42 males (8.0%) and 21 females (3.6%) for an overall rate of 5.7% (95% CI: 0.054–0.060). Once we adjusted the values for age, we found a statistically significant relationship of increased age and male gender with the presence of XFS (p = 0.001, p = 0.027, respectively). The relationship between XFS and glaucoma, cataract and phacodonesis was found to be statistically significant (p = 0.001). No relationship was found between exfoliation syndrome and hypertension, diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease.

Conclusion

The prevalence of exfoliation syndrome was 5.7% in this population‐based study. There was a statistically significant relationship between XFS and advancing age and male gender.
β‐Arrestin 2 dependence of δ opioid receptor agonists is correlated with alcohol intake
Authors: Chiang T , Sansuk K , van Rijn R M
Published: October 2015

Background and Purpose

δ Opioid receptor agonists are being developed as potential treatments for depression and alcohol use disorders. This is particularly interesting as depression is frequently co‐morbid with alcohol use disorders. Yet we have previously shown that δ receptor agonists range widely in their ability to modulate alcohol intake; certain δ receptor agonists actually increase alcohol consumption in mice. We propose that variations in β‐arrestin 2 recruitment contribute to the differential behavioural profile of δ receptor agonists.

Experimental Approach

We used three diarylmethylpiperazine‐based non‐peptidic δ receptor selective agonists (SNC80, SNC162 and ARM390) and three structurally diverse δ receptor agonists (TAN‐67, KNT127 and NIH11082). We tested these agonists in cAMP and β‐arrestin 2 recruitment assays and a behavioural assay of alcohol intake in male C57BL/6 mice. We used β‐arrestin 2 knockout mice and a model of depression‐like behaviour to further study the role of β‐arrestin 2 in δ receptor pharmacology.

Key Results

All six tested δ receptor agonists were full agonists in the cAMP assay but displayed distinct β‐arrestin 2 recruitment efficacy. The efficacy of δ receptor agonists to recruit β‐arrestin 2 positively correlated with their ability to increase alcohol intake (P < 0.01). The effects of the very efficacious recruiter SNC80 on alcohol intake, alcohol place preference and depression‐like behaviour were β‐arrestin 2‐dependent.

Conclusions and Implications

Our finding that δ receptor agonists that strongly recruit β‐arrestin 2 can increase alcohol intake carries important ramifications for drug development of δ receptor agonists for treatment of alcohol use disorders and depressive disorders. © 2015 The British Pharmacological Society
Wildlife Recovery During Tropical Forest Succession: Assessing Ecological Drivers of Community Change
Authors: Pinotti Bruno T. , Pagotto Camilla P. , Pardini Renata
Published: October 2015

Despite the high proportion of secondary forests in the tropics, their conservation value remains poorly understood, particularly with regard to animals. Most theoretical studies of succession have focused on plants, linking life history trade‐offs to well‐known patterns of community change. However, the same trade‐offs proposed for plants should apply to animals, and indeed, animal studies show a change in community dominance from habitat generalist to forest specialist species during succession. Focusing on the diverse terrestrial small mammals of the endangered Atlantic Forest, we assessed which ecological drivers (habitat structure and food availability) affect community changes during succession. If the change in community dominance is driven by trade‐offs between productivity and efficiency, it should be mainly associated with a decrease in food availability. As expected, from younger to older forest, habitat generalists decreased in richness and total abundance, concurrent with a decrease in arthropod biomass. By contrast, the increase in richness and total abundance of forest specialists was not clearly supported by the data; however, this group was not affected by food availability. These results are congruent with a trade‐off between competitive ability and ability to use abundant resources, and indicate that the major community change during succession involves habitat generalists. Secondary forests may thus be valuable for conservation, at least where habitat loss and fragmentation are not high, and old growth forest is available.
Unraveling the Complexity of Critical Consciousness, Political Efficacy, and Political Action Among Marginalized Adolescents
Authors: Diemer Matthew A. , Rapa Luke J.
Published: October 2015

This research examines the complex patterns by which distinct dimensions of critical consciousness may lead marginalized adolescents toward distinct forms of political action. Structural equation modeling was applied to nationally representative data from the Civic Education Study (2,811 ninth graders; Mage = 14.6), first establishing the measurement invariance of constructs across samples of poor or working class African American and Latino/a adolescents. Perceptions of societal inequality and aspirational beliefs that society ought to be more equal differentially predicted expected voting, conventional political action, and social action—while controlling for civic achievement and with nuances between ethnic and racial groups. Contrary to hypotheses and extant scholarship, political efficacy did not mediate or moderate relations between critical reflection and disparate forms of political action.
Iraqi, Syrian, and Palestinian Refugee Adolescents' Beliefs About Parental Authority Legitimacy and Its Correlates
Authors: Smetana Judith G. , Ahmad Ikhlas , Wray‐Lake Laura
Published: October 2015

This study examined intra‐ and interindividual variations in parental legitimacy beliefs in a sample of 883 Arab refugee adolescents (Mage = 15.01 years, SD = 1.60), 277 Iraqis, 275 Syrians, and 331 Palestinians in Amman, Jordan. Confirmatory factor analyses showed distinct latent factors for moral–conventional, prudential, and personal legitimacy items. Older adolescents rated legitimacy lower for personal issues, but higher for prudential issues. Beliefs were associated with socioeconomic status (fathers' education, family size), particularly for personal issues, but were more pervasively associated with displacement‐related experiences. Greater war trauma was associated with less prudential legitimacy for all youth and more authority legitimacy over moral–conventional issues for Syrian youth. Greater hopefulness was associated with more authority legitimacy over all but personal issues.
A comprehensive review of the nasal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS)
Authors: Mahdavinia M. , Keshavarzian A. , Tobin M. C. , Landay A. L. , Schleimer R. P.
Published: October 2015

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been known as a disease with strong infectious and inflammatory components for decades. The recent advancement in methods identifying microbes has helped implicate the airway microbiome in inflammatory respiratory diseases such as asthma and COPD. Such studies support a role of resident microbes in both health and disease of host tissue, especially in the case of inflammatory mucosal diseases. Identifying interactive events between microbes and elements of the immune system can help us to uncover the pathogenic mechanisms underlying CRS. Here we provide a review of the findings on the complex upper respiratory microbiome in CRS in comparison with healthy controls. Furthermore, we have reviewed the defects and alterations of the host immune system that interact with microbes and could be associated with dysbiosis in CRS.
Comparable actions of omalizumab on mast cells and basophils
Authors: Serrano‐Candelas E. , Martinez‐Aranguren R. , Valero A. , Bartra J. , Gastaminza G. , Goikoetxea M. J. , Martín M. , Ferrer M.
Published: October 2015

Background

Omalizumab (OmAb) has recently been approved for the treatment of diseases other than allergic asthma, including chronic urticaria. The exploration of the use of OmAb in chronic urticaria was based on the presence of IgE autoantibodies against autoantigens such as anti‐IgE, anti‐FcεRI, and IgE antibodies against thyroid peroxidase in certain patients with chronic urticaria. OmAb recognizes and sequesters free IgE to prevent its interaction with FcεRI. However, OmAb is equally and rapidly effective against autoimmune and non‐autoimmune urticaria, suggesting the possible involvement of additional mechanisms of IgE.

Objectives

We sought to investigate the in vitro mechanism of action of OmAb in mast cells and basophils.

Methods

Both LAD2 human mast cell line, previously sensitized with IgE, and ex vivo basophils were incubated with OmAb at different doses, analysing its effect on IgE‐dependent events (e.g., degranulation, phosphorylation‐mediated signalling, and eicosanoid release).

Results

We found that OmAb dissociates pre‐bound IgE from mast cells and basophils, resulting in a reduction of proximal phosphorylation‐mediated signalling events (Syk, PLCγ, and LAT) and in a decrease in degranulation and leukotriene synthesis.

Conclusion

Our data prove the existence of common mechanisms of action of OmAb in mast cells and basophils that would explain its effectiveness and rapid effect in chronic urticaria and provide a basis for its use in other diseases mediated by these cells.
Differential evolution of peripheral cytokine levels in symptomatic and asymptomatic responses to experimental influenza virus challenge
Authors: McClain M T , Henao R , Williams J , Nicholson B , Veldman T , Hudson L , Tsalik E L , Lambkin-Williams R , Gilbert A , Mann A , Ginsburg G S , Woods C W
Published: October 2015

Exposure to influenza virus triggers a complex cascade of events in the human host. In order to understand more clearly the evolution of this intricate response over time, human volunteers were inoculated with influenza A/Wisconsin/67/2005 (H3N2), and then had serial peripheral blood samples drawn and tested for the presence of 25 major human cytokines. Nine of 17 (53%) inoculated subjects developed symptomatic influenza infection. Individuals who will go on to become symptomatic demonstrate increased circulating levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-15, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 and interferon (IFN) gamma-induced protein (IP)-10 as early as 12–29 h post-inoculation (during the presymptomatic phase), whereas challenged patients who remain asymptomatic do not. Overall, the immunological pathways of leucocyte recruitment, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-signalling, innate anti-viral immunity and fever production are all over-represented in symptomatic individuals very early in disease, but are also dynamic and evolve continuously over time. Comparison with simultaneous peripheral blood genomics demonstrates that some inflammatory mediators (MCP-1, IP-10, IL-15) are being expressed actively in circulating cells, while others (IL-6, IL-8, IFN-α and IFN-γ) are probable effectors produced locally at the site of infection. Interestingly, asymptomatic exposed subjects are not quiescent either immunologically or genomically, but instead exhibit early and persistent down-regulation of important inflammatory mediators in the periphery. The host inflammatory response to influenza infection is variable but robust, and evolves over time. These results offer critical insight into pathways driving influenza-related symptomatology and offer the potential to contribute to early detection and differentiation of infected hosts.
Endobronchial plasmacytoma in patient with multiple myeloma
Authors: Sunnetcioglu Aysel , Ekin Selami , Bayram Irfan , Ekinci Omer , Bugday Inci Bahadır
Published: October 2015

Endobronchial plasmacytoma is a rare manifestation of extramedullary plasmacytoma. A 49‐year‐old woman with a history of multiple myeloma consulted to our pulmonary service with progressive dyspnoea and cough and abnormal chest X‐ray. A lesion measuring 6 × 5 cm in size existed in anterior baseline of the right lung's lower lobe in thoracic computed tomography in addition to right bronchial narrowing and atelectasis distal in lesions. Diagnostic bronchoscopy was performed previously for the obstruction and biopsy was taken from the lesion in the right middle lobe bronchus. Endobronchial biopsies showed extensive tumour infiltration with plasmocytoid cells. Immunohistochemistry was positive CD138 and Lamda. Microscopic and immunohistochemical findings supported the diagnosis of extramedullary endobronchial plasmacytoma.
815. WISTERIA SINENSIS ON THE SLOW BOAT FROM CHINA: THE JOURNEY OF WISTERIA TO ENGLAND
Authors: Compton James A.
Published: October 2015

The discovery of Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC., its introduction from China to England and subsequent dispersal is fully discussed. Biographical information is provided on the key figures connected with its introduction. A lectotype is designated for the name W. praecox Hand.‐Mazz. and a neotype is designated for the name W. sinensis f. alba (Lindl.) Rehder & E. H. Wilson.
THE IMPACT OF MANAGERIAL CHANGE ON PERFORMANCE: THE ROLE OF TEAM HETEROGENEITY
Authors: Muehlheusser Gerd , Schneemann Sandra , Sliwka Dirk
Published: October 2015

When a key responsibility of a manager is to allocate more or less attractive tasks, subordinates have an incentive to work hard and demonstrate their talents. As a new manager is less well informed, management dismissals reinvigorate this tournament competition—but only in sufficiently homogeneous teams. We investigate this hypothesis using a large dataset on dismissals of soccer coaches, whose main task is indeed the selection of players. We find that dismissals enhance performance (only) in homogeneous teams. Moreover, we show that there is typically a negative selection bias when evaluating succession effects, which reconciles previous contradictory findings. (JEL D22, J44, J63)
Cross‐resistance, mode of inheritance, synergism, and fitness effects of cyantraniliprole resistance in Plutella xylostella
Authors: Liu Xia , Ning Yubo , Wang Hongyan , Wang Kaiyun
Published: October 2015

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), has evolved resistance to various types of insecticides in the field. In the present study, the resistance of P. xylostella (designated Cya‐SEL) to cyantraniliprole increased to 30.6 and 326‐fold after 26 generations of selection, compared with the field population (TA) and susceptible population (LAB), respectively. The resistant population also had developed low to moderate levels of resistance to abamectin (3.3‐fold), flubendiamide (14.1‐fold), and chlorantraniliprole (24.3‐fold). Synergism tests indicated that piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) increased the toxicity of cyantraniliprole in the selected strain, i.e., synergism ratio was 2.8 and 3.3‐fold, respectively. Reciprocal crosses were made between the susceptible (LAB) and resistant strain collected from Zengcheng (ZC). The degree of dominance and overlapping confidence intervals of LC50 values of F1 progenies (ZC♀ × LAB♂ and LAB♀ × ZC♂) suggested an autosomal and incompletely recessive mode of resistance to cyantraniliprole. The test of monogenic inheritance based on a backcross of F1 progeny with the ZC population indicated that resistance to cyantraniliprole was controlled by multiple genes. Additionally, Cya‐SEL had a lower reproductive ability and relative fitness than the other tested populations. These findings provide useful information for effective resistance management strategies against P. xylostella.
Sexual differences in electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Cydia molesta to peach and pear volatiles
Authors: Lu Peng‐Fei , Wang Rong , Wang Chen‐Zhu , Luo You‐Qing , Qiao Hai‐Li
Published: October 2015

The oriental fruit moth (OFM), Cydia (= Grapholita) molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a serious invasive pest. The stone fruit peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, is its primary host, and the pome fruit pear, Pyrus bretschneideri Rehder (both Rosaceae), is its secondary host. Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of C. molesta females and males to peach shoot and pear fruit volatiles were compared in laboratory and field bioassays. Based on gas chromatography–electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) activity, 13 compounds in the headspaces of peach and pear volatiles elicited female antennal responses. Of these, eight compounds also elicited male antennal response. Four lures were developed based on male and female EAD responses to pear and peach‐derived volatile organic compounds (VOCs). More males than females were captured for all four lures during field trials, even in traps with lures that emitted VOCs based on female EAD responses. Lures based on female EAD responses to pear fruit VOCs consistently caught more females than lures based on male EAD responses to pear fruit VOCs in either peach or pear orchards. Peach shoot VOC lures based on female EAD responses did not attract more females than lures based on male EAD response to peach shoots. The two pear‐derived VOC lures were highly attractive to both sexes in peach orchards, whereas conversely, the two peach‐derived VOC lures showed stronger attraction in pear orchards. Seasonal population monitoring indicated both sexes made inter‐orchard flights during the late peach‐ and pear‐fruiting periods. A possible hypothesis that could explain different response profiles in females and males and seasonal migration for herbivores with multiple generations per year is discussed.
Screening of Corymbia and Eucalyptus species for resistance to Calonectria pteridis leaf blight
Authors: Alfenas R. F. , Freitas R. G. , Pereira O. L. , Coutinho M. M. , Zarpelon T. G. , Cândido T. S. , Alfenas A. C.
Published: October 2015

Calonectria leaf blight (CLB), caused by Calonectria pteridis, is a major foliar disease of eucalypt plantations in warm and high rainfall regions in Brazil. The use of resistant genotypes is the best method for disease control in the field, so identification of sources of resistance is strategic for the long‐term genetic breeding programmes of eucalypt. In this study, resistance of 13 species of Eucalyptus and 3 species of Corymbia to CLB was evaluated by spray inoculation of a spore suspension (1 × 104 conidia ml−1) of the pathogen, under controlled conditions. Eucalyptus brassiana, E. saligna, E. scias and E. agglomerata were the most resistant, while E. robusta, E. urophylla, E. camaldulensis, E. longirostrata and C. toreliana were moderately resistant and E. cloeziana, E. pellita, E. tereticornis, E. pilularis, C. maculata, E. grandis, E. dunnii and C. citriodora were the most susceptible. The broad inter and intraspecific variability of the species tested demonstrates the potential for introgression of resistance genes into valuable genotypes as a strategy for the breeding programmes and commercial plantation of eucalypt.
Biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: combining metabolomic and clinical parameters to define disease progression
Authors: Blasco H. , Nadal‐Desbarats L. , Pradat P.‐F. , Gordon P. H. , Madji Hounoum B. , Patin F. , Veyrat‐Durebex C. , Mavel S. , Beltran S. , Emond P. , Andres C. R. , Corcia P.
Published: October 2015

Background and purpose

The objectives of this study were to define the metabolomic profile of cerebrospinal fluid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, to model outcome through combined clinical and metabolomic parameters and independently to validate predictive models.

Methods

In all, 74 consecutive newly diagnosed patients were enrolled into training (Tr, n = 49) and test (Te, n = 25) cohorts. Investigators recorded clinical data and the metabalomic profile of cerebrospinal fluid at baseline was analyzed with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Markers of disease progression, collected in 1‐year prospective follow‐up, included change in ALS Functional Rating Scale (var_ALSFRS), change in weight (var_weight) and survival time. Stepwise multiple regression selected from metabolomic and clinical parameters to model rate of progression in the Tr cohort. Best fit models were validated independently in the Te cohort.

Results

The best‐fit statistical models, using both metabolomic and clinical covariates, predicted outcome with 70.8% (var_weight), 72% (var_ALSFRS) and 76% (survival) accuracy in the Te cohort. Models that used metabolomics or clinical data alone predicted outcome less well. Highlighted metabolites are involved in pathophysiological pathways previously described in ALS.

Conclusion

Cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics can aid in predicting the clinical course of ALS and tap into pathophysiological processes. The precision of predictive models, independently reproduced in this study, is enhanced through inclusion of both metabolomic and clinical parameters. The findings bring the field closer to a clinically meaningful disease marker.