bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Commentary: Improving well‐being for captive giant pandas: Theoretical and practical issues
Authors: Swaisgood Ronald R. , Ellis Susie , Forthman Debra L. , Shepherdson David J.
Published: August 2003

Here we present the outcome of a panel discussion from Panda 2000, an International conference held in San Diego, California. The discussion addressed how to use animal motivation theory to develop enrichment programs that will improve physical and psychological well‐being for giant pandas in captivity. Wild animals held in captivity too often develop behavioral abnormalities such as stereotypies. The motivational basis for these problems is related to species‐specific behavioral needs that arise from evolutionary processes adapting the animal to its environment. A more general need is the need for animals to exercise some control over their environment. We discussed these general principles of environmental enrichment with regard to past and future attempts to devise enrichment programs for giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca. Where possible, we looked to nature for guidance, but agreed that creative attempts to develop functional analogues of natural tasks and challenges is appropriate, regardless of “naturalness.” A holistic enrichment program should include improved enclosure design and husbandry practices; feeding enrichment modeled after bamboo feeding when possible; species‐appropriate opportunities for social interaction and communication; and routine exposure to a diverse array of novel objects to stimulate play and exploration. These enrichment efforts should attempt to address specific behavioral needs or give the animal more choice and control over its environment. Zoo Biol 22:347–354, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimation of General Stationary Processes by Variable Length Markov Chains
Authors: Ferrari Fiorenzo , Wyner Abraham
Published: August 2003

We develop new results about a sieve methodology for the estimation of minimal state spaces and probability laws in the class of stationary processes defined on finite categorical spaces. Using a sieve approximation with variable length Markov chains of increasing order, we show that an adapted version of the Context algorithm yields asymptotically correct estimates for the minimal state space and for the underlying probability distribution. As a side product, the method of sieves yields a nice graphical tree representation for the potentially infinite dimensional minimal state space of the data generating process, which is very useful for exploration of the memory.
On the Posterior Consistency of Mixtures of Dirichlet Process Priors with Censored Data
Authors: Kim Yongdai
Published: August 2003

Mixtures of Dirichlet process priors offer a reasonable compromise between purely parametric and purely non‐parametric models, and are popularly used in survival analysis and for testing problems with non‐parametric alternatives. In this paper, we study large sample properties of the posterior distribution with a mixture of Dirichlet process priors. We show that the posterior distribution of the survival function is consistent with right censored data.
Incremental Thinking: “Toward a Theory of Budgeting”
Authors: Lewis Verne B.
Published: August 2003

Editor's Note: V.O. Key's article bemoaning “The Lack of a Budgetary Theory” was reprinted in the previous issue of Public Budgeting & Finance. The problems identified by Key are normative; they go to the basic values arid purposes of society and, hence, cannot be resolved by budgetary solutions alone. But a dozen years after Key wrote, Verne Lewis sought to anchor a theory of budgeting in marginal analysis, His article, printed here by permission of the American Society for Public Administration, first appeared in the Public Administration Review in 1952, Rather than seeking a full‐blown political philosophy. Lewis thought that budgetary choice could be rationalized at the margins, by comparing the marginal costs and benefits of competing claims on public resources, While his hopes for a theory of budgeting have not been fulfilled, Lewis laid the groundwork for forms of marginal analysis introduced by PPB and ZBB in later decades. Indeed, there is a remarkable affinity between the budgetary structure proposed by Lewis and the one used by zero‐base budgeting in the 1970s.
A Public Accounting: “Behind the State Budget”
Authors: Miller Howard F.
Published: August 2003

Editor's Note: This article has been adapted from a series of articles written by Howard F. Miller for the Albany (N.Y.) Times‐Union in February 1961. Dr. Miller, who resigned as New York State's director of the budget this past June after an extended illness, now serves as fiscal policy advisor to the governor. His stature as a fiscal expert is attested to by his selection by four governors, two Republicans and two Democrats, to serve as deputy director of the budget, a discretionary political appointment.

Dr. Miller, a graduate of Syracuse University who earned two graduate degrees from Harvard, also served as secretary of the Ways and Means Committee of the New York State Legislature from 1965 to 67. While there, he established the first full‐time professional analytical staff in the legislature.

The only person in the history of New York State to hold the top fiscal staff positions in both the legislative and the executive branches, Dr. Miller was on the faculty of the Maxwell School at Syracuse University from 1947 to 1969, except for periods while on leave to New York State.
Appropriations Politics in Congress: The House Appropriations Committee and the Executive Agencies
Authors: LeLoup Lance T.
Published: August 2003

In the topsy‐turvy world of congressional budgeting, last year's analysis is often out of date this year. How, then, could a work as old as most college sophomores have any relevance today? Richard Fenno's The Power of the Purse is a classic that passes the most challenging test of all time. Despite the very significant changes that have occurred in the congressional budget and appropriations processes, more than mere historical interest is to be found in Fenno's masterful study. While there are many relevant parts of the book, the following selection is from Fenno's exploration of the interplay between agency budget officials and the appropriations subcommittees. It was a pleasure to read these chapters again and I suspect that many other readers will be surprised at how insightful and fresh the study remains.
Locoregional opening of the rodent blood–brain barrier for paclitaxel using Nd:YAG laser‐induced thermo therapy: A new concept of adjuvant glioma therapy?
Authors: Sabel Michael , Rommel Frank , Kondakci Mustafa , Gorol Marion , Willers Reinhard , Bilzer Thomas
Published: August 2003

Background and Objectives

Nd:YAG laser‐induced thermo therapy (LITT) of rat brains is associated with blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability changes. We address the question of whether LITT‐induced locoregional disruption of the BBB could possibly allow a locoregional passage of chemotherapeutic agents into brain tissue to treat malignant glioma.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

CD Fischer rats were subject to LITT of the left forebrain. Disruption of the BBB was analyzed using Evans blue and immunohistochemistry (IH). Animals were perfused with paclitaxel, and high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the content of paclitaxel in brain and plasma samples.

Results

LITT induces an opening of the BBB as demonstrated by locoregional extravasation of Evans blue, C3C, fibrinogen, and IgM. HPLC proved the passage of paclitaxel across the disrupted BBB.

Conclusions

LITT induces a locoregional passage of chemotherapeutic agents into the brain tissue. This is of potential interest for the treatment of brain tumors. Lasers Surg. Med. 33:75–80, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of thermal tissue effects induced by contact application of fiber guided laser systems
Authors: Janda Philip , Sroka Ronald , Mundweil Boris , Betz Christian S. , Baumgartner Reinhold , Leunig Andreas
Published: August 2003

Background and Objectives

Laser light of various wavelengths is being used for surgical procedures in otolaryngology. Apart from well‐known fiber guided laser systems such as Nd:YAG‐ and Ho:YAG‐lasers, newly developed diode‐laser systems of different wavelengths have recently become popular in surgery. In order to compare the effects of fiber guided laser light with respect to their induced tissue effects, these laser systems have been studied and compared under reproducible test conditions.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The laser fibers of four common medical laser systems (Ho:YAG‐ (λ = 2,080 nm), Nd:YAG‐ (λ = 1,064 nm), and diode‐laser (λ = 830 and 940 nm)) were fixed to a computer controlled stepper motor. The laser light was applied in contact mode onto ex vivo muscle tissue, using identical power settings and a reproducible application procedure (application velocity, application angle) under constant conditions (temperature of tissue and volume). The size of the thermal effects on the tissue (e.g., coagulation, ablation, and carbonization zones) were measured and photographed via optical microscopy.

Results

Depending on the laser wavelength used, the experimental results proved different degrees of tissue responses. Nd:YAG‐ and diode‐lasers provided for only low coagulation effects in the depth of the tissue, but produced severe carbonization at the surface. Ho:YAG‐laser light revealed the highest ablation capabilities of the lasers investigated in addition to large coagulation zones which were of larger extent than those produced by Nd:YAG‐ and diode‐laser light.

Conclusions

Contact treatment by Ho:YAG‐laser light might provide for a precise and effective tissue reduction in a bloodless manner because of its high ablation and coagulation capabilities, especially if large volumes are treated and structures beneath are non‐critical. In comparison, Nd:YAG‐ and diode‐laser treatment in contact application showed low thermal tissue effects (i.e., coagulation) in the depth, resulting from a high power loss caused by the development of large carbonization zones at the surface of the tissue. Therefore, the degree of blood‐perfusion and the capability of vessel‐closure induced by these lasers should be taken into account. The presented investigation also revealed that in contact mode, the tested laser systems produced tissue effects, which were highly different from those already described for applications in non‐contact mode. Physicians who are performing laser treatments in close boundaries must be aware that changing from non‐contact to contact mode in laser application greatly influences the resulting tissue effects. Lasers Surg. Med. 33:93–101, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Single‐cell sequencing and mini‐sequencing for preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Authors: Bermudez Mercedes G. , Piyamongkol Wirawit , Tomaz Susana , Dudman Evelyn , Sherlock Jon K. , Wells Dagan
Published: August 2003

There is increasing interest in the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) as an alternative to routine prenatal diagnosis. However, the costs associated with development and testing of new PGD protocols have forced some PGD centres to limit the number of diseases for which PGD is offered. One of the main factors in the design of new protocols, which affects cost and accuracy, is the choice of the mutation‐detection technique. We have assessed the reliability of DNA sequencing and mini‐sequencing for clinical diagnosis at the single‐cell level and have found them to be rapid and accurate. Extensive optimisation for individual mutations is not usually necessary when employing these versatile techniques and consequently a smaller investment of time and resources should be required during development of new protocols. Additionally, we report single‐cell protocols for the diagnoses of cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia and β‐thalassaemia, which utilise mini‐sequencing. Unlike most mutation‐detection techniques, mini‐sequencing permits analysis of very small DNA fragments. Small amplicons experience low allele dropout (ADO) rates, and consequently this approach could potentially improve the reliability of PGD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Duplex PCR for preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Moutou Céline , Gardes Nathalie , Viville Stéphane
Published: August 2003

The main difficulty in developing a molecular diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) resides in the specific genomic structure of the locus. Indeed, two highly homologous survival motor neurone genes, SMN1 and SMN2, are present at the locus. The detection of the homozygous deletion of exons 7 and 8 of the SMN1 gene, which is present in 90 to 98% of the patients, is based on methods highlighting 1 of the 8 nucleotidic mismatches existing between these 2 genes. In order to offer preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for SMA, we developed a new allele‐specific amplification method. The main disadvantage of our previously described strategy resided in the possibility of diagnosing, in case of amplification failure, an unaffected embryo as affected. We present here a new PGD‐SMA method. We established the conditions for three different duplex PCRs, allowing the specific detection of the SMN1 gene and one polymorphic marker, either D5S629, D5S1977, or D5S641. Of the 60 to 90 single cells tested, the PCR efficiency varied from 98 to 100% with a complete genotype obtained in a range between 81 and 87% with a global allele drop‐out rate of 9%. Such a test was used to perform 1 PGD cycle for which 7 embryos could be analysed. All the embryos were fully diagnosed, six as unaffected and one as affected. Four embryos were transferred, but no pregnancy ensued. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐activated no‐discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
Authors: Cristoni Simone , Bernardi Luigi Rossi , Biunno Ida , Tubaro Michela , Guidugli Federico
Published: August 2003

A new ionization method named surface‐activated chemical ionization (SACI) has been realized. In this invention a commercially available atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) chamber, employed without any corona discharge (no‐discharge APCI), has been modified with the insertion of a gold surface, leading to a significant improvement in the ionization efficiency. The ionization of the sample takes place by both gas‐phase and surface‐activated processes. This new ionization source is able to generate ions with high molecular mass and low charge states, leading to improved sensitivity and reduced noise. The new device has been tested in the analysis of some peptides. A comparison between the performance with and without the presence of the surface, and the optimization of the operating conditions (nebulizing gas flow, sample solution flow, pH of solution, and surface area), are reported and discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pattern of equestrian injuries presenting to a Sydney teaching hospital
Authors: Lim James , Puttaswamy Vikram , Gizzi Marcello , Christie Linda , Croker William , Crowe Philip
Published: August 2003

Background:  Equestrian activities are associated with a high rate of injury. Attempts to reduce the incidence and severity of injury require accurate characterization of risk factors and pattern of injury. The present study was performed to analyse the injuries seen at an Australian centre where a large number of equestrian injuries present.

Methods:  Data were collected prospectively over a 3 year period on all equestrian injuries presenting to the Prince of Wales ­Hospital complex. These data were compared against and combined with retrospectively collected data over the preceding 3 years at the same centre.

Results:  Two hundred and twenty‐one injured equestrians presented (181 consented) in the prospective period of the study, and 208 presented in the retrospective period. Overall, 81% of riders were wearing a helmet at the time of their injury. Helmet use was associated with a significantly lower admission rate (27% vs 55%; P < 0.0001, from combined data). Recreational equestrians had a higher admission rate than professional equestrians, and had a significantly higher head and spine injury rate than the professional group. Rate of helmet use increased from 72% in the retrospective group to 91% in the more recent prospective group, and total admissions decreased from 43% to 14%.

Conclusion:  Significant and serious injuries are associated with equestrian activities, with the higher risk group being recreational equestrians, and riders not using a helmet. The pattern of injury favours head and spine in recreational and non‐helmeted riders, and extremities for professional and helmeted riders. Helmet use is still not universal among riders, although an increase in its use may be contributing to an overall reduction in admission rate. Facial and spinal injuries still occurred in helmeted patients.
On Empirical Processes for Ergodic Diffusions and Rates of Convergence of M‐estimators
Authors: van Zanten Harry
Published: August 2003

Abstract. This paper contributes to the development of empirical process theory for ergodic diffusions. We prove an entropy‐type maximal inequality for the increments of the empirical process of an ergodic diffusion. The inequality is used to study the rate of convergence of M‐estimators.
The Relations among Organizational and Distribution Forms and Capital and Asset Risk Structures in the Life Insurance Industry
Authors: Baranoff Etti , Sager Thomas
Published: August 2003

Abstract

This article is the first step toward integrating in a single framework two previously separate lines of research on major structural decisions of life insurers. The literature has previously studied the relation between capital structure and asset risk on the one hand, and the relation between organizational form and distribution system on the other hand, without integrating them. Using life insurer data for 1993–1999, we model the four key insurer decisions of capital structure, asset risk, organizational form, and distribution system as endogenous choices in a single interrelated set of simultaneous equations. The model assesses the nature of the interactions among these decisions. The model also assesses the impact of insurers' fundamental business strategy (treated as predetermined) on these choices. The business‐strategy hypothesis views other key decisions as jointly determined and driven by the fundamental business strategy, once the latter is set in motion. Confirming previous studies, we find a positive relation between capital ratios and asset risk. We also find an association in the simultaneous context between stock ownership and brokerage distribution, which was not found in prior studies. Stock ownership is related to greater financial and asset risk taking, whereas brokerage distribution is associated with lower risk taking. These and other results are interpreted in light of several theories, including transaction‐cost economics (TCE), agency theory, and regulatory and bankruptcy cost avoidance. Deriving from these theories, the finite risk paradigm emerges as the most comprehensive interpretation of the results, as opposed to the risk‐subsidy hypothesis of the impact of guarantee funds. We also find support for the notion that the business strategy drives the capital and distribution decisions, as predicted by TCE.
An Empirical Study on the Lapse Rate: The Cointegration Approach
Authors: Kuo Weiyu , Tsai Chenghsien , Chen Wei‐Kuang
Published: August 2003

Abstract

We use the cointegration technique to reexamine the contending lapse rate hypotheses: the emergency fund hypothesis and the interest rate hypothesis. We find that the unemployment rate affects the lapse rate in both the long and short run, whereas the interest rate causes variations in the lapse rate mainly in the long run. This evidence seems to be in favor of the emergency fund hypothesis. However, according to the impulse response analysis of the estimated error‐correction model, the interest rate overwhelms the unemployment rate on the overall impact on the dynamics of lapse rate. In other words, the interest rate hypothesis is favored against the emergency fund hypothesis in the sense that the interest rate is more economically significant than the unemployment rate in explaining the lapse rate dynamics.
Mandatory Pensions and the Intensity of Adverse Selection in Life Insurance Markets
Authors: Villeneuve Bertrand
Published: August 2003

Abstract

This article examines the impact of varying mandatory pensions on saving, life insurance, and annuity markets in an adverse selection economy. Under reasonable restrictions, we find unambiguous effects on market size, participation rates, and equilibrium prices. The degree of adverse selection, whether a market is active or inactive, and social welfare are analyzed.
State Mandated Accounting, Auditing and Finance Practices and Municipal Bond Ratings
Authors: Ingram Robert W. , Copeland Ronald M.
Published: August 2003

The accounting, auditing, and finance practices of municipal governments often are legally constrained by regulations imposed by state governments under whose jurisdiction cities are created. These practices may impact on municipal security risks and returns, either directly in the bond market or indirectly through such market intermediaries as bond rating agencies. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of state mandates on municipal bond ratings.
Budgeting by the Ballot: Initiatives in the State of Montana
Authors: Tummala Krishna K. , Marilyn F. Wessel
Published: August 2003

Citizen participation in the decision‐making process and government's responsiveness to people's needs constitute the core of the democratic ethic. Three institutional arrangements are devised to make democracy more democratic: initiatives, referenda, and recall. This article deals specifically with the initiative process in the State of Montana. While citizen participation could be an end in itself, it is viewed here as a means to achieve specific ends. Three different initiatives are studied using four criteria to determine the efficacy of the process.
Graduate Curricula in Budgeting and Financial Management: Recommendations for Reform
Authors: On Curriculum Reform National Task Force
Published: August 2003

This is an abridged version of the final report of the American Society for Public Administration's (ASPA) Section on Budgeting and Financial Management's Task Force on Curriculum Reform. The report was produced by the Section on Budgeting and Financial Management's Executive Committee. The complete final report is available from Robert Berne, Graduate School of Public Administration, New York University, 4 Washington Square North, New York, NY 1003, or James Alexander, Department of Political Science, University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown, Johnstown, PA 15904.
Drawing Comparative Lessons from France and Germany
Authors: MAZUR AMY G.
Published: August 2003

The article reviews the lessons learned from a systematic comparison of the policy cases in France and Germany, presented in the previous articles, for building a theory of feminist policy formation and for the design of effective policy in this new arena of government action. It assesses the relative impact of Europeanization and different contextual factors found in each national setting—gender policy regimes, state–society relations, political party influences, structure of the state, women's movement mobilization, women's policy offices, and the role of women in political office. The analysis concludes the symposium with a reflection upon these findings in terms of our knowledge and under‐standing of feminist policy and the responsiveness of Western postindustrial democracies to demands for social justice and equality.
Community of Choice or Ghetto of Last Resort: Community Development and the Viability of an African American Community1
Authors: GLASER MARK A. , PARKER LEE E. , LI HONG
Published: August 2003

The viability of local government‐sponsored community development of poor ethnic enclaves hinges on the perceptions of residents. If residents view the enclave in which they live as their “community of choice,” they will be more likely to join with local government to coproduce community improvement. Residents who see their enclave as their community of choice tend to hold positive perceptions of neighbors and neighborhood and are less fearful of crime. Conversely, those who see the enclave where they live as a “ghetto of last resort” commonly are not meeting their economic expectations, are uneasy about race related issues, and are concerned about the desirability of their neighborhood. Government should not employ a community development strategy to preserve a “ghetto of last resort” where most residents remain because they feel they have few options. The vast majority of the residents examined here view the enclave where they live as their community of choice.
Phase Retrieval and Induction Mapping of Artificially Structured Micromagnetic Arrays
Authors: Volkov V. V. , Schofield M. A. , Zhu Y.
Published: August 2003

We report our study on magnetic structural evolution of artificially patterned micron and submicron magnetic arrays as a function of applied field using in situ electron microscopy. To understand magnetic dynamics and switching behavior we employ our newly developed phase retrieval method, based on Lorentz phase microscopy, to map local induction distribution at nanometric scale. We outline the principle of the new method and discuss its advantages and drawbacks in comparison with off-axis electron holography.
Magnetic Superlattice: Localized Magnetostatic Waves and Magnetic Polaritons
Authors: Tagiyeva R. T. , Saglam M.
Published: August 2003

Localized magnetostatic waves and magnetic polaritons at the junction of the magnetic material and magnetic superlattice composed of the alternating ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic layers are investigated in the framework of the electromagnetic wave theory in Voigt geometry. The general dispersion relation for localized magnetic polaritons and magnetostatic waves (MW) are derived in the long-wavelength limit. The dispersion curves and frequency region of the exsistence of the localized MW and magnetic polaritons are calculated numerically.
Rapid prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidies and zygosity in multiple pregnancies by amniocentesis with single insertion of the needle and quantitative fluorescent PCR
Authors: Cirigliano Vincenzo , Cañadas Paz , Plaja Alberto , Ordoñez Elena , Mediano Carmen , Sánchez Angeles , Farrán Inma
Published: August 2003

Objective

To investigate amniotic fluid (AF) samples retrieved in multiple pregnancies by single insertion of the needle, for rapid assessment of chromosome copy number, zygosity, and cross‐contamination between fetuses, using Quantitative Fluorescent Polymerase Chain Reaction (QF‐PCR) amplification of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers.

Methods

Fifty‐two multiple pregnancies were selected (47 twins, 5 triplets) and 108 samples of amniotic fluid were sampled between 12 to 20 weeks of gestation (mean 15.5) using the single‐needle technique. Aneuploidy screening by QF‐PCR amplification of short tandem repeats (STRs) on chromosomes X, Y, 21, 13, and 18 was carried out within 24 h of collection. Owing to the sampling procedure, the eventual presence of contamination between fetuses was also evaluated in every case.

Results

Normal and aneuploid fetuses were readily identified by QF‐PCR. Fetal reduction was made available, for trisomic fetuses, without further waiting for completion of fetal karyotyping. In twin gestations, the ultrasound examination of chorionicity was always in agreement with the molecular assessment of zygosity. Contamination between fetuses due to the sampling procedure with a single puncture was never observed.

Conclusion

Rapid prenatal diagnosis of aneuploidies by QF‐PCR is a sensitive, efficient, and reliable assay. When applied in multiple pregnancies, it has the added value of allowing the assessment of zygosity in all cases, independently of chorionicity and fetal sex. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix effects during analysis of plasma samples by electrospray and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry: practical approaches to their elimination
Authors: Schuhmacher Joachim , Zimmer Dieter , Tesche Frank , Pickard Volker
Published: August 2003

Some cases of occurrence of matrix effects (mostly ion suppression) in protein‐precipitated plasma samples, and their influence on the validity of plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters, are discussed. The comparison of matrix effects using either electrospray (TurboIonspray, TISP) or atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) indicated that APCI is less prone to matrix effects. Nevertheless, TISP is usually the first choice of ionization technique since unknown thermally labile metabolites might be present in the plasma samples causing erroneous results. A high impact of ion suppression on the plasma concentrations after intravenous (i.v.) administration was found, depending on the drug formulation (vehicle). Since ion suppression caused significantly lower plasma concentrations (by a factor of up to 5.5) after i.v. dosing, the area under the curve (AUC) was underestimated and the plasma clearance was consequently erroneously high, with an impact on drug candidate selection. By simple stepwise dilution (e.g. 10‐fold and 50‐fold) of the supernatant of protein‐precipitated plasma samples, including all calibration and quality control samples, the matrix effects were recognized and eliminated. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Giant panda enrichment: Meeting everyone' needs
Authors: Hare Valerie J. , Ripsky Dallas , Battershill Rhonda , Bacon Kim , Hawk Kathy , Swaisgood Ronald R.
Published: August 2003

In recent years, research in a variety of species has demonstrated that environmental enrichment can be an effective tool to promote animal welfare, enhance captive reproduction efforts, and elicit species‐appropriate behaviors that might otherwise not be observed in captivity. The San Diego Zoo is participating in an ongoing comprehensive enrichment plan for its three giant pandas. In February 1998, Panda Team members identified specific goals for each adult panda, and began developing an enrichment plan to meet those goals. All three giant pandas are provided with opportunities to explore their environment and exercise their physical and mental abilities. Behavioral data are routinely collected to assess the effectiveness of the strategies in use. However, meeting the needs of the giant pandas is just the beginning of creating an effective, long‐term enrichment plan. The plan must also consider staff time and effort, institutional requirements, resource availability, visitors' experiences, and research protocols. This paper describes the San Diego Zoo's Giant Panda Enrichment Plan, including the goals set for each panda; the specific enrichment items offered, and their effectiveness; and the mechanisms employed to address limitations due to staff, visitor, institutional, and research needs. The authors discuss the process of developing and maintaining this enrichment plan, and explore potential problems and their solutions, with the specific intention of providing guidelines for other institutions interested in creating an enrichment plan for giant pandas. Zoo Biol 22:401–416, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Labelled Graphical Models
Authors: Corander Jukka
Published: August 2003

A class of log‐linear models, referred to as labelled graphical models (LGMs), is introduced for multinomial distributions. These models generalize graphical models (GMs) by employing partial conditional independence restrictions which are valid only in subsets of an outcome space. Theoretical results concerning model identifiability, decomposability and estimation are derived. A decision theoretical framework and a search algorithm for the identification of plausible models are described. Real data sets are used to illustrate that LGMs may provide a simpler interpretation of a dependence structure than GMs.
Asset Allocation and the Liquidity Premium for Illiquid Annuities
Authors: Browne S. , Milevsky M. A. , Salisbury T. S.
Published: August 2003

Abstract

Academics and practitioners alike have developed numerous techniques for benchmarking investment returns to properly adjust seemingly high numbers for excessive levels of risk. The same, however, cannot be said for liquidity, or the lack thereof. This article develops a model for analyzing the ex ante liquidity premium demanded by the holder of an illiquid annuity. The annuity is an insurance product that is akin to a pension savings account with both an accumulation and decumulation phase. We compute the yield (spread) needed to compensate for the utility welfare loss, which is induced by the inability to rebalance and maintain an optimal portfolio when holding an annuity. Our analysis goes beyond the current literature, by focusing on the interaction between time horizon (both deterministic and stochastic), risk aversion, and preexisting portfolio holdings. More specifically, we derive a negative relationship between a greater level of individual risk aversion and the demanded liquidity premium. We also confirm that, ceteris paribus, the required liquidity premium is an increasing function of the holding period restriction, the subjective return from the market, and is quite sensitive to the individual's endowed (preexisting) portfolio.
Government Budget Reforms: Agenda for the 1980s
Authors: Premchand A.
Published: August 2003

A previous article (Vol. 1, No. 2, Spring 1980) examined the progress and problems of budgetary innovation in the postwar era. Through a succession of reforms, budgeting maintained its coherence and continuity, It is likely, however, that future innovations will take a different path, one less certain of its success and more a product of fiscal stress than of government affluence. This article considers the reform issues likely to emerge in the coming years.
Single-Cell Antisense RNA Amplification and Microarray Analysis as a Tool for Studying Neurological Degeneration and Restoration
Authors: Kelz Max B. , Dent Gersham W. , Therianos Stavros , Marciano Paolo G. , McIntosh Tracy K. , Coleman Paul D. , Eberwine James H.
Published: August 2003

Neurodegenerative diseases typically affect subpopulations of neurons. Characterizing these vulnerable cells and identifying the factors that make them susceptible to damage while neighboring cells remain resistant are essential to the understanding of molecular pathogenesis that underlies neurodegenerative diseases. Classically, molecular analysis of the central nervous system involves the identification and isolation of an anatomic region of interest; next, the relevant tissue is pulverized, and the resulting homogenate is analyzed. Although this method provides useful data, its effectiveness diminishes when used in areas of high cellular diversity or in instances in which one cell type is lost as a consequence of selective cell death or quiescence. A technique that affords the ability to assess molecular events in a very precise anatomical site would provide a powerful tool for this research discipline. In this review, we discuss the amplification of messenger RNA from single neural cells and the subsequent use of the RNA to probe DNA microarrays in an effort to create cell-specific molecular profiles. Specifically, recent work in single-cell expression profiling in Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases is discussed. We also review some new work with neural stem cells and their application to restorative neurobiology. Finally, we discuss the use of cell-specific molecular profiles to better understand the basics of neuronal cell biology.
Histological evaluations following 1,064‐nm Nd:YAG laser resurfacing
Authors: Dayan Steven , Damrose John F. , Bhattacharyya Tapan K. , Mobley Steven Ross , Patel Minu K. , O'Grady Kevin , Mandrea Steven
Published: August 2003

Background and Objectives

The long pulse 1,064‐nm Nd:YAG laser is used clinically to decrease rhytid formation. The dermal level at which this change occurs has not been established. This study attempts to answer these questions using a porcine skin model.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Non‐randomized prospective experimental trial involving the domestic piglet treated serially with the long pulse 1,064‐nm Nd:YAG laser.

Results

Collagen formation occurred at the level of the reticular dermis. After one laser treatment, a significant level of collagen formation was induced in the reticular dermis compared to controls. The greatest gain was observed after four laser treatments. Energy levels of 20, 30, 40, and 50 J/cm2 were evaluated. Although not statistically significant, 30 J/cm2 had the greatest effect on collagen formation. However, at 50 J/cm2, marked ablative changes to the epidermis were observed.

Conclusions

The long pulse 1,064‐nm Nd:YAG laser induces collagen formation in the reticular dermis in porcine skin. Lasers Surg. Med. 33:126–131, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ablation of composite resins using Er:YAG laser—comparison with enamel and dentin
Authors: Lizarelli Rosane de F.Z. , Moriyama Lilian T. , Bagnato Vanderlei S.
Published: August 2003

Objectives

The purpose of this work is to investigate comparative ablation rate between composite resins and dental hard tissues (enamel and dentin) after Er:YAG laser irradiation to verify possible development of an ultra‐conservative dentistry to with minimum effect for the teeth tissue.

Methods

We have used 11 extracted or exfoliated primary anterior and posterior teeth and six extracted permanent molar teeth. Three different types of composite resin were chosen (microfiller, hybrid, and condensable) in terms of chemical and structural composition. Composite tablets and the teeth were irradiated with a Er:YAG laser at different laser beam energy level per pulse (100, 200, 300, and 400 mJ). Diameter and depth of each resulted microcavity were measured and the material removed volumes were calculated. The resulted values were plotted and fitted to allow a comparative observation of the material removed as a function of energy level per pulse.

Results

While the idea of ultra‐conservative dentistry seems to apply well for enamel of primary and permanent teeth, at the present stage it does not apply well for primary or permanent dentin. For dentin, the composition and content of water makes the Er:YAG laser ablation equal or superior in rate compared with the three used resins.

Significance

This work presents of a comparative study of Er:YAG laser ablation, allowing to analyze the possible selective ablation between composite resin placed and cured and dental hard tissues, with the goal to propose a new clinical technique: differential ablation for composite resin restorations using Er:YAG laser. Lasers Surg. Med. 33:132–139, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brain ablation in the rat cerebral cortex using a tunable‐free electron laser
Authors: Ovelmen‐Levitt Janice , Straub Karl D. , Hauger Suzanne , Szarmes Eric , Madey John , Pearlstein Robert D. , Nashold Blaine S.
Published: August 2003

Background and Objectives

We used the MARK III free electron laser (FEL) tuned to molecular vibrational absorbance maxima in the infrared (IR) wavelength range of 3.0–6.45 μm to study the effect of these various wavelengths and a power level of 5 mJ/2 microseconds macropulse on photoablation of CNS tissue.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Laser lesions were produced in the parietal cortex of anesthetized rats using thermal confined mid‐IR (infrared) laser pulses tuned to the ‐OH, ‐CH, amide 1, and amide 2 absorbance bands. Histological assessments following recovery periods of 4 hours, 4 days, and 3 weeks were performed to determine the size, shape, and character of the photoablative lesions. Cell density studies were done in adjacent edematous tissue.

Results

Significant differences in lesion size and shape were observed as a function of wavelength. Although maximum ablation and collateral damage seemed to coincide with spectral peaks in the mid‐IR, area and depth/width ratios did not.

Conclusions

It was found in these experiments that wavelengths in the mid‐IR could be selected for optimal ablative properties. Using tunable, high‐peak‐power pulsed lasers, it will be possible to produce well‐defined photoablative lesions that conform to small, irregularly shaped neurosurgical targets. Lasers Surg. Med. 33:81–92, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of the Erbium:YAG laser for precise incision of ureteral and urethral tissues: In vitro and in vivo results
Authors: Fried Nathaniel M. , Tesfaye Zelalem , Ong Albert M. , Rha Koon H. , Hejazi Pooya
Published: August 2003

Background and Objectives

Tissue damage during endoscopic treatment of urethral and ureteral strictures may result in stricture recurrence. The Erbium:YAG laser ablates soft tissues with minimal peripheral damage and may be a promising alternative to cold knife and Holmium:YAG laser for precise incision of urological strictures.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Optimization of the Er:YAG laser was conducted using ex vivo porcine ureteral and canine urethral tissues. Preliminary in vivo studies were also performed in a laparoscopic porcine ureteral model with exposed ureter. Laser radiation with a wavelength of 2.94 μm, pulse lengths of 8, 70, and 220 micro seconds, output energies of 2–35 mJ, fluences of 1–25 J/cm2, and pulse repetition rates of 5–30 Hz, was delivered through 250‐μm and 425‐μm core germanium oxide optical fibers in direct contact with tissue.

Results

Ex vivo perforation thresholds measured 2–4 J/cm2, with ablation rates of 50 μm/pulse at fluences of 6–11 J/cm2. In vivo perforation thresholds were approximately 1.8 J/cm2, with the ureter perforated in less than 20 pulses at fluences greater than 3.6 J/cm2. Peripheral thermal damage in tissue decreased from 30 to 60 μm to 10–20 μm as the laser pulse length decreased from 220 to 8 microseconds. Mechanical tissue damage was observed at the 8 microseconds pulse duration.

Conclusions

The Er:YAG laser, operating at a pulse duration of ∼70 microseconds, a fluence greater than ∼4 J/cm2, and a repetition rate less than 20 Hz, is capable of rapidly incising urethral and ureteral tissues with minimal thermal and mechanical side‐effects. Lasers Surg. Med. 33:108–114, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applying a test system for discriminating fetal from maternal cells
Authors: Bayrak‐Toydemir Pınar , Pergament Eugene , Fiddler Morris
Published: August 2003

Objective

The objectives of this study were to enhance and apply a simple system capable of testing the capacity of putative, gender‐independent fetal cell markers, individually and in combination, to discriminate between fetal and maternal cells.

Methods

Chorionic villi tissue obtained from 25 male pregnancies at 10 to 12 weeks' gestation served as the experimental group. Following removal of villi pieces for clinical use, unattached cells were collected by centrifugation of the CVS fluid, fixed in the tube, and used as a source of mixed fetal and maternal cells. Blood obtained from a fetus at 13 weeks' gestation served as a positive control. Peripheral blood from two adult males served as negative controls. Antibodies to three possible fetal markers were tested using immunohistochemical techniques: anti‐Flk‐1, anti‐epsilon globin, and anti‐CD71. Each antibody was used alone and in combination in conjunction with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of X and Y chromosomes to confirm that positively stained cells were in fact fetal in origin.

Results

On CVS samples, the average predictive value for anti‐Flk‐1 was 35.8%, 76.2% for anti‐CD71, and 90.5% for anti‐epsilon. The combination of anti‐epsilon and anti‐CD71 antibodies identifying a fetal cell was 87.2% and the combined use of single and double antibodies gave a value of 82.7%. The combination of anti‐epsilon globin and anti‐CD71 increased the sensitivity of identifying pure fetal blood cells from 63%, for anti‐epsilon alone, and 67%, for anti‐CD71 alone, to 86%.

Conclusion

Although anti‐Flk‐1 has been reported to be a successful marker of fetal cells, the results in this test system did not support this finding. This work supports the use of CVS washings containing both fetal and maternal cells as a viable test system for assessing antigenic markers. The combination of anti‐CD71 and anti‐epsilon as fetal identifiers may increase the chances of identifying a fetal cell without compromising the predictive value. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal presentation of cervical congenital neuroblastoma
Authors: Gorincour G. , Dugougeat‐Pilleul F. , Bouvier R. , Lorthois‐Ninou S. , Devonec S. , Gaucherand P. , Pracros J. P. , Guibaud L.
Published: August 2003

Objective

To describe a cervical neuroblastoma revealed in the prenatal period.

Method

We were recently confronted with a case of fetal solid neck mass suggestive of teratoma, which proved postnatally to be a neuroblastoma. Combining this case with a review of recent literature, we have evaluated the diagnostic tools required for increased precision in the prenatal diagnosis and perinatal management of fetal solid neck masses.

Results

Detailed ultrasound and MRI of fetal neck and liver, in conjunction with amniocentesis for measurement of homovanillic acid levels, should enable fetal medical practitioners to consider the diagnosis of fetal cervical neuroblastoma.

Conclusion

Fetal cervical neuroblastoma is an extremely rare condition that has not been previously reported, but should be considered in the presentation of fetal solid neck masses. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A theoretical approach to the regioselectivity in 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of diazoalkanes, hydrazoic acid and nitrous oxide to acetylenes, phosphaalkynes and cyanides
Authors: Nguyen Loc Thanh , Proft Frank De , Dao Van Luong , Nguyen Minh Tho , Geerlings Paul
Published: August 2003

The 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of diazoalkanes (R2CNN), hydrazoic acid (HNNN) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to some simple dipolarophiles such as acetylenes, phosphaalkynes and cyanides were studied using quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) level and, in the simplest case, using also the CCSD(T) method. Along with frontier molecular orbital coefficients, the local softness being a DFT‐based reactivity criterion is established as a useful tool to predict the regioselectivity in these cycloaddition reactions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Converting the role of LiClO4 from salting‐in to salting‐out in Diels–Alder reactions by solvent manipulation
Authors: Deshpande Suvarna S. , Pawar Sanjay S. , Phalgune Usha , Kumar Anil
Published: August 2003

The low yield of endo products of a Diels–Alder reaction in aqueous LiClO4 can be enhanced by using a simple solvent manipulation. This report on the use of salt solutions opens up the possibility of creating effective conditions for Diels–Alder reactions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.