bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les programmes de cycles supérieurs en sciences de l’information au Brésil
Authors: Café Lígia , Cunha Miriam Vieira da
Published: September 2015

Le présent article décrit brièvement les programmes de cycles supérieurs en sciences de l’information (PPGCI) au Brésil et en présente la procédure d’évaluation, sur la base des critères du Système national d’évaluation, conçu par l’Agence brésilienne de perfectionnement de professeurs de l’enseignement supérieur (CAPES), organe lié au ministère de l’Éducation. Nous concluons que, même si les PPGCI évoluent au fil des ans, il y a place à amélioration. Dans ce scénario, le système d’évaluation de la CAPES joue un rôle important, montrant les points forts et les points faibles de chaque programme et indiquant des voies de rechange pour atteindre l’excellence.
Powerful remains: the continuing presence of victims of the Khmer Rouge regime in today‘s Cambodia
Authors: Jarvis Helen
Published: September 2015

The Khmer Rouge forbade the conduct of any funeral rites at the time of the death of the
estimated two million people who perished during their rule (1975–79). Since then,
however, memorials have been erected and commemorative ceremonies performed, both public
and private, especially at former execution sites, known widely as the killing fields. The
physical remains themselves, as well as images of skulls and the haunting photographs of
prisoners destined for execution, have come to serve as iconic representations of that
tragic period in Cambodian history and have been deployed in contested interpretations of
the regime and its overthrow.
Transient Workspaces
Authors: Mavhunga Clapperton Chakanetsa
Published: September 2015

An account of technology in Africa from an African perspective, examining hunting in Zimbabwe as an example of an innovative mobile workspace.

In this book, Clapperton Mavhunga views technology in Africa from an African perspective. Technology in his account is not something always brought in from outside, but is also something that ordinary people understand, make, and practice through their everyday innovations or creativities—including things that few would even consider technological. Technology does not always originate in the laboratory in a Western-style building but also in the society in the forest, in the crop field, and in other places where knowledge is made and turned into practical outcomes.

African creativities are found in African mobilities. Mavhunga shows the movement of people as not merely conveyances across space but transient workspaces. Taking indigenous hunting in Zimbabwe as one example, he explores African philosophies of mobilities as spiritually guided and of the forest as a sacred space. Viewing the hunt as guided mobility, Mavhunga considers interesting questions of what constitutes technology under regimes of spirituality. He describes how African hunters extended their knowledge traditions to domesticate the gun, how European colonizers, with no remedy of their own, turned to indigenous hunters for help in combating the deadly tsetse fly, and examines how wildlife conservation regimes have criminalized African hunting rather than enlisting hunters (and their knowledge) as allies in wildlife sustainability. The hunt, Mavhunga writes, is one of many criminalized knowledges and practices to which African people turn in times of economic or political crisis. He argues that these practices need to be decriminalized and examined as technologies of everyday innovation with a view toward constructive engagement, innovating with Africans rather than for them.
Earth System Governance
Authors: Biermann Frank
Published: September 2015

A new model for effective global environmental governance in an era of human-caused planetary transformation and disruption.

Humans are no longer spectators who need to adapt to their natural environment. Our impact on the earth has caused changes that are outside the range of natural variability and are equivalent to such major geological disruptions as ice ages. Some scientists argue that we have entered a new epoch in planetary history: the Anthropocene. In such an era of planet-wide transformation, we need a new model for planet-wide environmental politics. In this book, Frank Biermann proposes “earth system” governance as just such a new paradigm.

Biermann offers both analytical and normative perspectives. He provides detailed analysis of global environmental politics in terms of five dimensions of effective governance: agency, particularly agency beyond that of state actors; architecture of governance, from local to global levels; accountability and legitimacy; equitable allocation of resources; and adaptiveness of governance systems. Biermann goes on to offer a wide range of policy proposals for future environmental governance and a revitalized United Nations, including the establishment of a World Environment Organization and a UN Sustainable Development Council, new mechanisms for strengthened representation of civil society and scientists in global decision making, innovative systems of qualified majority voting in multilateral negotiations, and novel institutions to protect those impacted by global change. Drawing on ten years of research, Biermann formulates earth system governance as an empirical reality and a political necessity.
The Genealogy of a Gene
Authors: Jackson Myles W.
Published: September 2015

The history of the CCR5 gene as a lens through which to view such issues as intellectual property, Big Pharma, personalized medicine, and race and genomics.

In The Genealogy of a Gene, Myles Jackson uses the story of the CCR5 gene to investigate the interrelationships among science, technology, and society. Mapping the varied “genealogy” of CCR5—intellectual property, natural selection, Big and Small Pharma, human diversity studies, personalized medicine, ancestry studies, and race and genomics—Jackson links a myriad of diverse topics. The history of CCR5 from the 1990s to the present offers a vivid illustration of how intellectual property law has changed the conduct and content of scientific knowledge, and the social, political, and ethical implications of such a transformation.

The CCR5 gene began as a small sequence of DNA, became a patented product of a corporation, and then, when it was found to be an AIDS virus co-receptor with a key role in the immune system, it became part of the biomedical research world—and a potential moneymaker for the pharmaceutical industry. When it was further discovered that a mutation of the gene found in certain populations conferred near-immunity to the AIDS virus, questions about race and genetics arose. Jackson describes these developments in the context of larger issues, including the rise of “biocapitalism,” the patentability of products of nature, the difference between U.S. and European patenting approaches, and the relevance of race and ethnicity to medical research.
Psychological Realism and “Creatures Like Us”
Authors: Newman Olivia
Published: September 2015

This chapter surveys research in social, cognitive, moral, and developmental psychology that suggests character is not constituted by global character traits that inform behavior over a wide variety of situations. Instead, traits are much more local and specific, and situations shape behavior at least as much as traits do. Human character appears to be situated and social, resulting in differentiation by sphere; domain-differentiation may be a fundamental feature of moral character. This is the psychology of public reason. As this chapter suggests, domain-differentiation challenges common views of the self as unified around a single set of goals, beliefs, attitudes, and aptitudes. A brief examination of cross-cultural psychology bolsters this view of the self as differentiated by domain.
Domain-Differentiation
Authors: Newman Olivia
Published: September 2015

Domain-differentiation suggests that individuals are well equipped to hold different commitments and beliefs in different domains of their lives. Domain-differentiation is, this chapter argues, a precondition of moral reasoning and communication across difference. This is contrary to the claims of MacIntyre, who suggests that genuine moral discourse across difference is futile. This chapter argues, conversely, that individuals can develop a habitual disposition toward public reason in the sphere of public, political discourse even when their personal convictions provide no doctrinal reasons for doing so. This chapter suggests that we can and should exploit this possibility of developing such a habitual disposition toward public reason amongst the citizenry, as doing so is the only way to ensure the inclusion of many true believers in the process of public justification.
Consciousness, Attention, and Conscious Attention
Authors: Montemayor Carlos , Haladjian Harry Haroutioun
Published: September 2015

A rigorous analysis of current empirical and theoretical work supporting the argument that consciousness and attention are largely dissociated.

In this book, Carlos Montemayor and Harry Haladjian consider the relationship between consciousness and attention. The cognitive mechanism of attention has often been compared to consciousness, because attention and consciousness appear to share similar qualities. But, Montemayor and Haladjian point out, attention is defined functionally, whereas consciousness is generally defined in terms of its phenomenal character without a clear functional purpose. They offer new insights and proposals about how best to understand and study the relationship between consciousness and attention by examining their functional aspects. The book's ultimate conclusion is that consciousness and attention are largely dissociated.

Undertaking a rigorous analysis of current empirical and theoretical work on attention and consciousness, Montemayor and Haladjian propose a spectrum of dissociation—a framework that identifies the levels of dissociation between consciousness and attention—ranging from identity to full dissociation. They argue that conscious attention, the focusing of attention on the contents of awareness, is constituted by overlapping but distinct processes of consciousness and attention. Conscious attention, they claim, evolved after the basic forms of attention, increasing access to the richest kinds of cognitive contents.

Montemayor and Haladjian's goal is to help unify the study of consciousness and attention across the disciplines. A focused examination of conscious attention will, they believe, enable theoretical progress that will further our understanding of the human mind.
Chapter 5. Morphology: Pronouns
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

Have you ever wondered whether the so-called reflexive postfix ‑ся is related to the reflexive pronoun себя? Do you know the etymology of сейчас and сегодня? And do you know where the н in the pronoun comes from in prepositional phrases like к нему ‘to him’? Answers to these and many other questions are offered in this chapter, which explores the declension of personal pronouns (sections 5.1 and 5.2), demonstrative pronouns (section 5.3), possessive pronouns (section 5.4), вьсь ‘all’ (section 5.5), and interrogative pronouns (section 5.6).

 

Click on the links below to learn more!

5.6 Question words
Chapter 6. Morphology: Adjectives
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

You may have asked yourself why Russian makes a distinction between short and long forms of adjectives. Why are the short forms only used in a limited number of constructions? Why do they only have nominative forms? Read this chapter and you will find answers to these and other questions regarding the history of adjectives. Section 6.1 explores the relationship between short and long forms, while sections 6.2 and 6.3 outline their declension. In section 6.4 you will find a discussion of the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives. Section 6.5 sums up the main points.

 

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">Click on the links below to learn more!

<span style="font-family: 'Cambria',serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: 'MS Mincho'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;" lang="EN-US">6.3 Adjective long forms
Chapter 10. Phonology: Pre-Slavic and Common Slavic Vowels and Diphthongs
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

Now that you have learned about morphology and syntax, you are ready for phonology – the study of sound systems. Phonology is the topic of this and the following three chapters. We start with vowels and diphthongs in the Pre-Slavic and Common Slavic periods. You will learn how the difference between short and long vowels disappeared, and how a number of sound laws created a special type of syllables called “open syllables”. In addition, this chapter gives you the answer to a number of questions about Modern Russian. Why are there no words beginning with the letter ы in Contemporary Standard Russian? Why is ‘city’ represented as град in Leningrad and Stalingrad, but город in Novgorod? Why does the letter н show up in the inflected forms of nouns like имя and время (cf. nominative singular имя vs. genitive singular имени)?

 

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10.4 Open syllables   - licensed under CC-BY 4.0
Chapter 12. Phonology: From Old Rusian to Modern Russian
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

Why does Modern Russian have mobile vowels, such as /o/ in сон ‘dream’, which disappear in inflected forms such as the genitive singular сна? Why can the letters к, г, х be followed by и, but not ы? Why is род ‘family’ pronounced with [t] at the end, when it is spelled with the letter д, and why is легко ‘easy’ spelled with the letter г? This chapter shows that this and many other problems you have struggled with in Modern Russian are the result of phonological changes in medieval times.

 

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12.2 Jers - licensed under CC-BY 4.0
Chapter 14. A Visit from Novgorod: The Language of the Birch Bark Letters
Authors: Nesset Tore
Published: September 2015

Today, Novgorod is a small provincial town in northwestern Russia. However, in medieval times Novgord was a major city that served as a contact point between Rus’ and Scandinavia, and later between Rus’ and the Hanseatic League, the organization of German merchants that became an important trading partner for Rus’. From the perspective of Old Rusian language and literature, Novgorod is important because most of the birch bark letters have been found here. In section 2.3.7, you learned that these letters are a unique source of information about daily life in the Middle Ages. While birch bark letters can be fun to read, they display a number of dialect features that make them hard to penetrate. This chapter prepares you for the reading of birch bark letters by providing a survey of important dialect features. We explore orthography (section 14.1), phonology (sections 14.2–14.4), morphology (sections 14.5–14.6), and syntax (section 14.7). In section 14.8, we briefly discuss the role of the Old Novgorod dialect in the formation of the Russian language. This chapter is mainly based on Zaliznjak’s monograph Drevne­novgorodskij dialekt (2004), which contains much more information than could be included in this short chapter.

 

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14.2 Birch bark letter 247 and the second palatalization
Chapter 1. Introduction
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

 

 

 
Chapter 8 – Hands wet: counting the fish
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

QUESTIONS ASKED

How do biologists count organisms in the field?

How do they design their sampling?

How can one scale or extrapolate observations to other areas?

 

Sampling design scaling

Direct counting (general)
Chapter 11 – Competing with predators: multispecies and stakeholder interactions in fluctuating environments
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

QUESTIONS ASKED

How does the climate influence a fishery?

How to conciliate the interests of predators?

How to conciliate the interests of different industries?

 

 

Corrumane dam ecosystem Mono

Corrumane dam ecosystem Multi
Preface
Authors: Santos Jorge
Published: September 2015

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MAS, AFINAL: O QUE É INICIAÇÃO À DOCÊNCIA?
Authors: Silveira Helder Eterno da
Published: September 2015

Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão sobre a iniciação à docência induzida pelo Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência (Pibid), gerenciado pela Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Capes), Ministério da Educação/Brasil. Considerada como uma oportunidade para que aspirantes à profissão de professores se insiram na cultura da escola, a iniciação à docência pode representar um importante movimento de instituições formadoras na busca da superação de algumas concepções de formadores de professores que consideram que a atividade formativa para a docência é um ato trivial e simplista.
Recent decadal trends in global phytoplankton composition
Authors: Rousseaux Cecile S. , Gregg Watson W.
Published: September 2015

Identifying major trends in biogeochemical composition of the oceans is essential to improve our understanding of biological responses to climate forcing. Using the NASA Ocean Biogeochemical Model combined with ocean color remote sensing data assimilation, we assessed the trends in phytoplankton composition (diatoms, cyanobacteria, coccolithophores, and chlorophytes) at a global scale for the period 1998–2012. We related these trends in phytoplankton to physical conditions (surface temperature, surface photosynthetically available radiation (PAR), and mixed layer depth (MLD)) and nutrients (iron, silicate, and nitrate). We found a significant global decline in diatoms (−1.22% yr−1, p < 0.05). This trend was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) shallowing of the MLD (−0.20% yr−1), a significant increase in PAR (0.09% yr−1), and a significant decline in nitrate (−0.38% yr−1). The global decline in diatoms was mostly attributed to their decline in the North Pacific (−1.00% yr−1, p < 0.05), where the MLD shallowed significantly and resulted in a decline in all three nutrients (p < 0.05). None of the other phytoplankton groups exhibited a significant change globally, but regionally there were considerable significant trends. A decline in nutrients in the northernmost latitudes coincided with a significant decline in diatoms (North Pacific, −1.00% yr−1) and chlorophytes (North Atlantic, −9.70% yr−1). In the northern midlatitudes (North Central Pacific and Atlantic) where nutrients were more scarce, a decline in nutrients was associated with a decline in smaller phytoplankton: cyanobacteria declined significantly in the North Central Pacific (−0.72% yr−1) and Atlantic (−1.56% yr−1), and coccolithophores declined significantly in the North Central Atlantic (−2.06% yr−1). These trends represent the diversity and complexity of mechanisms that drives phytoplankton communities to adapt to variable conditions of nutrients, light, and mixed layer depth. These results provide a first insight into the existence of trends in phytoplankton composition over the maturing satellite ocean color era and illustrate how changes in the conditions of the oceans in the last ~15 years may have affected them.
An efficient and general approach for implementing thermodynamic phase equilibria information in geophysical and geodynamic studies
Authors: Afonso Juan Carlos , Zlotnik Sergio , Díez Pedro
Published: September 2015

We present a flexible, general, and efficient approach for implementing thermodynamic phase equilibria information (in the form of sets of physical parameters) into geophysical and geodynamic studies. The approach is based on Tensor Rank Decomposition methods, which transform the original multidimensional discrete information into a separated representation that contains significantly fewer terms, thus drastically reducing the amount of information to be stored in memory during a numerical simulation or geophysical inversion. Accordingly, the amount and resolution of the thermodynamic information that can be used in a simulation or inversion increases substantially. In addition, the method is independent of the actual software used to obtain the primary thermodynamic information, and therefore, it can be used in conjunction with any thermodynamic modeling program and/or database. Also, the errors associated with the decomposition procedure are readily controlled by the user, depending on her/his actual needs (e.g., preliminary runs versus full resolution runs). We illustrate the benefits, generality, and applicability of our approach with several examples of practical interest for both geodynamic modeling and geophysical inversion/modeling. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method is a competitive and attractive candidate for implementing thermodynamic constraints into a broad range of geophysical and geodynamic studies. MATLAB implementations of the method and examples are provided as supporting information and can be downloaded from the journal's website.
Thermoelectric Devices for Power Generation: Recent Progress and Future Challenges
Authors: Zhang Qi Hao , Huang Xiang Yang , Bai Sheng Qiang , Shi Xun , Uher Ctirad , Chen Li Dong
Published: September 2015

Thermoelectric (TE) devices for power generation have been attracting increasing attention on account of their advantages such as solid‐state operation, good stability, and high reliability. This paper presents an overview of the design principle, fabrication methods and testing technology of TE power generation devices. Particular attention is paid to skutterudite‐based devices regarding electrode fabrication, barrier layer design, interface optimization, protective coating, and evaluation of elements and modules. The development of Bi2Te3‐based devices for power generation focusing specifically on the optimization of Bi2Te3/electrode joints and fabrication and evaluation of Bi2Te3‐based modules is summarized. The future challenges concerning TE devices for power generation are discussed.
Improvement in Admicellar Polymerization of Polypyrrole on Cotton Fabric Using Precationization to Achieve High Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Khajavi Ramin , Berendjchi Amirhosein
Published: September 2015

This study aims to modify admicellar polymerization (AP) of polypyrrole (PPy) by increasing the adsorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on cotton fabric. The PPy films were formed on the pristine and precationized cotton samples using the AP method. The samples were characterized by UV–Vis and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the standard two‐probe method. The adsorbed amounts of SDS showed an increase up to 37% in the cationized samples. Both infrared spectroscopy and SEM images confirmed the formation of PPy layers on uncationized and cationized cotton samples. The agglomeration of PPy particles was also appeared on the uncationized fibers. However, a uniform distribution of PPy films was observed for the cationized cotton fabrics. Furthermore, the conductivity of these samples enhanced up to 49% (with a 0.0212 S/cm electrical conductivity). It was concluded that cotton precationization could result in a fabric with a very low resistance or improved conductivity.
Nosology and classification of genetic skeletal disorders: 2015 revision
Authors: Bonafe Luisa , Cormier‐Daire Valerie , Hall Christine , Lachman Ralph , Mortier Geert , Mundlos Stefan , Nishimura Gen , Sangiorgi Luca , Savarirayan Ravi , Sillence David , Spranger Jürgen , Superti‐Furga Andrea , Warman Matthew , Unger Sheila
Published: September 2015

The purpose of the nosology is to serve as a “master” list of the genetic disorders of the skeleton to facilitate diagnosis and to help delineate variant or newly recognized conditions. This is the 9th edition of the nosology and in comparison with its predecessor there are fewer conditions but many new genes. In previous editions, diagnoses that were phenotypically indistinguishable but genetically heterogenous were listed separately but we felt this was an unnecessary distinction. Thus the overall number of disorders has decreased from 456 to 436 but the number of groups has increased to 42 and the number of genes to 364. The nosology may become increasingly important today and tomorrow in the era of big data when the question for the geneticist is often whether a mutation identified by next generation sequencing technology in a particular gene can explain the clinical and radiological phenotype of their patient. This can be particularly difficult to answer conclusively in the prenatal setting. Personalized medicine emphasizes the importance of tailoring diagnosis and therapy to the individual but for our patients with rare skeletal disorders, the importance of tapping into a resource where genetic data can be centralized and made available should not be forgotten or underestimated. The nosology can also serve as a reference for the creation of locus‐specific databases that are expected to help in delineating genotype–phenotype correlations and to harbor the information that will be gained by combining clinical observations and next generation sequencing results. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genotype–phenotype correlation of congenital anomalies in multiple congenital anomalies hypotonia seizures syndrome (MCAHS1)/PIGN‐related epilepsy
Authors: Fleming Leah , Lemmon Monica , Beck Natalie , Johnson Maria , Mu Weiyi , Murdock David , Bodurtha Joann , Hoover‐Fong Julie , Cohn Ronald , Bosemani Thangamadhan , Barañano Kristin , Hamosh Ada
Published: September 2015

Mutations in PIGN, resulting in multiple congenital anomalies‐hypotonia‐seizures syndrome, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor deficiency, have been published in four families to date. We report four patients from three unrelated families with epilepsy and hypotonia in whom whole exome sequencing yielded compound heterozygous variants in PIGN. As with previous reports Patients 1 and 2 (full siblings) have severe global developmental delay, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and minor dysmorphic features, including high palate, bitemporal narrowing, depressed nasal bridge, and micrognathia; Patient 3 had early global developmental delay with later progressive spastic quadriparesis, intellectual disability, and intractable generalized epilepsy; Patient 4 had bilateral narrowing as well but differed by the presence of hypertelorism, markedly narrow palpebral fissures, and long philtrum, had small distal phalanges of fingers 2, 3, and 4, absent distal phalanx of finger 5 and similar toe anomalies, underdeveloped nails, unusual brain anomalies, and a more severe early clinical course. These patients expand the known clinical spectrum of the disease. The severity of the presentations in conjunction with the patients’ mutations suggest a genotype–phenotype correlation in which congenital anomalies are only seen in patients with biallelic loss‐of‐function. In addition, PIGN mutations appear to be panethnic and may be an underappreciated cause of epilepsy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vici syndrome in siblings born to consanguineous parents
Authors: Tasdemir Sener , Sahin Ibrahim , Cayır Atilla , Yuce Ihsan , Ceylaner Serdar , Tatar Abdulgani
Published: September 2015

Vici syndrome (OMIM 242840) is a rare syndrome and since its initial description by Vici et al. [1988], only 29 cases have been reported. We describe two brothers from healthy consanguineous Turkish parents with psychomotor delay, congenital bilateral cataracts, high palate, long philtrum, micrognathia, fair hair, and skin. They both had general hypotonia and elevated muscle enzymes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain confirmed agenesis of corpus callosum in both patients. Secundum type atrial septal defect (in Patient 1) and mild mitral, tricuspid, and pulmonary insufficiency (in Patient 2) were detected by echocardiographic examination. Immunological studies were normal, as were chromosome karyotype analyses (46, XY). Both children had bilateral cutaneous syndactyly between second and third toes and also bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Patient 1 had poor feeding and regurgitation necessitating a feeding tube; mild laryngomalacia was subsequently detected by bronchoscopy. Mutation analysis in patient 2 showed a homozygous p.R2483* (c.7447C > T) mutation in EPG5 gene. We report a summary of the clinical findings in our patients and 29 cases from the literature. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of a novel nonsense mutation in the FOXP3 gene in a fetus with hydrops—Expanding the phenotype of IPEX syndrome
Authors: Reichert Sara L. , McKay Eileen M. , Moldenhauer Julie S.
Published: September 2015

IPEX Syndrome is a well‐characterized, however rare, autoimmune condition primarily affecting males presenting with neonatal onset of severe diarrhea, diabetes, dermatitis, and other autoimmune symptoms. The gene responsible for this condition, FOXP3, is important in the function of T‐regulatory cells which maintain tolerance to self‐antigens and are implicated in many autoimmune conditions. While females who carry FOXP3 mutations are typically asymptomatic, pregnancy loss of male fetuses in families with a history of IPEX syndrome has been noted. This loss is likely unrelated to the maternal carrier status, and rather related to pathogenic fetal autoimmunity. Fetal presentation of IPEX Syndrome has been recently reported in two families. Of the two reported probands, one had onset of severe intrauterine growth restriction and the second involved monochorionic diamniotic twins affected with fetal hydrops. Loss of male fetuses was noted in both families. We present a third family who suffered the loss of two male fetuses as a result of fetal hydrops of an unknown etiology. Whole Exome Sequencing on fetal remains following the second loss identified a novel nonsense mutation in the FOXP3 gene, which was inherited from the mother and subsequently confirmed in saved cells from the first pregnancy. These two cases further expand the fetal phenotype of IPEX Syndrome. While rare, IPEX syndrome should be another potential differential when considering the onset of unexplained hydrops in a male fetus. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asymmetric Ring‐Opening of Cyclopropyl Ketones with Thiol, Alcohol, and Carboxylic Acid Nucleophiles Catalyzed by a Chiral N,N′‐Dioxide–Scandium(III) Complex
Authors: Xia Yong , Lin Lili , Chang Fenzhen , Fu Xuan , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: September 2015

A highly efficient asymmetric ring‐opening reaction of cyclopropyl ketones with a broad range of thiols, alcohols and carboxylic acids has been first realized by using a chiral N,N′‐dioxide–scandium(III) complex as catalyst. The corresponding sulfides, ethers, and esters were obtained in up to 99 % yield and 95 % ee. This is also the first example of one catalytic system working for the ring‐opening reaction of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes with three different nucleophiles, let alone in an asymmetric version.
Exploratory information searching in the enterprise: A study of user satisfaction and task performance
Authors: Cleverley Paul H. , Burnett Simon , Muir Laura
Published: September 2015

No prior research has been identified that investigates the causal factors for workplace exploratory search task performance. The impact of user, task, and environmental factors on user satisfaction and task performance was investigated through a mixed methods study with 26 experienced information professionals using enterprise search in an oil and gas enterprise. Some participants found 75% of high‐value items, others found none, with an average of 27%. No association was found between self‐reported search expertise and task performance, with a tendency for many participants to overestimate their search expertise. Successful searchers may have more accurate mental models of both search systems and the information space. Organizations may not have effective exploratory search task performance feedback loops, a lack of learning. This may be caused by management bias towards technology, not capability, a lack of systems thinking. Furthermore, organizations may not “know” they “don't know” their true level of search expertise, a lack of knowing. A metamodel is presented identifying the causal factors for workplace exploratory search task performance. Semistructured qualitative interviews with search staff from the defense, pharmaceutical, and aerospace sectors indicates the potential transferability of the finding that organizations may not know their search expertise levels.
Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Synthesis of Axially, Planar, and Helical Chiral Compounds
Authors: Shirakawa Seiji , Liu Shiyao , Kaneko Shiho
Published: September 2015

Axially, planar, and helical chiral compounds are indispensable building blocks in modern organic synthesis. A wide variety of chiral ligands and catalysts were designed based on these chiral scaffolds, and these chiral ligands and catalysts were used for various catalytic asymmetric transformations to produce important chiral compounds in an optically enriched form. Furthermore, these chiral skeletons are found in the structure of biologically active natural products. Thus, the development of efficient enantioselective methods for the synthesis of these chiral compounds is an important task in the field of organic chemistry. In the last few years, organocatalyzed approaches, which are one of the most reliable catalytic asymmetric methods, became a hot topic. This Focus Review summarizes asymmetric organocatalytic methods for the synthesis of axially, planar, and helical chiral compounds as useful chiral building blocks.
An Integrated Cooperative Antilock Braking Control of Regenerative and Mechanical System for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle Based on Intelligent Tire
Authors: Yu Hongxiao , Taheri Saied , Duan Jianmin , Qi Zhiquan
Published: September 2015

With the development of the global automotive industry, environmental pollution and driving safety have been major problems. This paper focuses on a novel integrated cooperative antilock braking system (ABS) controller, which is used for antilock regenerative braking systems (ARBS) and antilock mechanical braking systems (AMBS) for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) driving on different road surfaces. An intelligent tire system is utilized to detect varying road surfaces to obtain friction information and optimal operation slip ratio. In addition, the HEV eight‐degree‐of‐freedom dynamics model is developed for ABS control, which includes the LuGre tire model. Adaptive backstepping and finite state machine controllers are explored to maintain optimal wheel slip and regenerate energy, based on wheel slip, battery state of charge (SOC), motor capability torque, and vehicle velocity, and to develop the switching rules of regenerative and mechanical braking systems. In order to evaluate the performance of regenerative and mechanical braking systems on harvesting energy and driving safety, the HEV and LuGre dynamic tire models are developed in MATLAB SIMULINK /SimDriveline. The estimation results of different road surfaces and slip controller effects are tested via the experiments and simulations, finding good braking performances and high regenerative efficiency in different maneuvers.
Outcome following resection of retroperitoneal sarcoma
Authors: Smith H G , Panchalingam D , Hannay J A F , Smith M J F , Thomas J M , Hayes A J , Strauss D C
Published: September 2015

Background

Retroperitoneal sarcoma comprises a range of different histological subtypes with dissimilar behaviour and biology. This study sought to characterize the morbidity and mortality associated with multivisceral resection and oncological outcomes according to subtype.

Methods

All patients undergoing resection of primary retroperitoneal sarcoma at the Royal Marsden Hospital between January 2005 and December 2014 were identified from a database.

Results

Some 362 patients underwent resection, with 292 requiring multivisceral resection. The 30-day mortality rate was 1·4 per cent (5 patients), the 30-day morbidity rate was 15·7 per cent (57 patients), and 27 patients required a return to theatre. Age over 75 years was predictive of 30-day mortality (hazard ratio 1·37, 95 per cent c.i. 1·13 to 1·65). The overall disease-specific survival rate at 3 years was 81·2 per cent. For well differentiated liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma, 3-year local recurrence-free survival rates were 98 (95 per cent c.i. 83 to 99), 56·7 (45·7 to 66·2) and 80 (67 to 89) per cent respectively. At 3 years the distant metastasis-free survival rate was 100, 85·9 (77·4 to 91·4) and 65 (49 to 77) per cent, and the disease-specific survival rate was 97 (89 to 99), 78·5 (74·6 to 82·4) and 79 (63 to 85) per cent for well differentiated liposarcoma, dedifferentiated liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma respectively.

Conclusion

Resection of retroperitoneal sarcoma was associated with a 30-day mortality rate of less than 2 per cent and a morbidity rate of 15·7 per cent. The overall 3-year disease-specific survival rate was 81·2 per cent.
Practice changes beta power at rest and its modulation during movement in healthy subjects but not in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Moisello Clara , Blanco Daniella , Lin Jing , Panday Priya , Kelly Simon P. , Quartarone Angelo , Di Rocco Alessandro , Cirelli Chiara , Tononi Giulio , Ghilardi M. Felice
Published: September 2015

Background

PD (Parkinson's disease) is characterized by impairments in cortical plasticity, in beta frequency at rest and in beta power modulation during movement (i.e., event‐related ERS [synchronization] and ERD [desynchronization]). Recent results with experimental protocols inducing long‐term potentiation in healthy subjects suggest that cortical plasticity phenomena might be reflected by changes of beta power recorded with EEG during rest. Here, we determined whether motor practice produces changes in beta power at rest and during movements in both healthy subjects and patients with PD. We hypothesized that such changes would be reduced in PD.

Methods

We thus recorded EEG in patients with PD and age‐matched controls before, during and after a 40‐minute reaching task. We determined posttask changes of beta power at rest and assessed the progressive changes of beta ERD and ERS during the task over frontal and sensorimotor regions.

Results

We found that beta ERS and ERD changed significantly with practice in controls but not in PD. In PD compared to controls, beta power at rest was greater over frontal sensors but posttask changes, like those during movements, were far less evident. In both groups, kinematic characteristics improved with practice; however, there was no correlation between such improvements and the changes in beta power.

Conclusions

We conclude that prolonged practice in a motor task produces use‐dependent modifications that are reflected in changes of beta power at rest and during movement. In PD, such changes are significantly reduced; such a reduction might represent, at least partially, impairment of cortical plasticity.
White matter microstructure between the pre‐SMA and the cingulum bundle is related to response conflict in healthy subjects
Authors: Yamamoto Maeri , Kushima Itaru , Kimura Hiroki , Hayashi Akiko , Kawano Naoko , Aleksic Branko , Iidaka Tetsuya , Ozaki Norio
Published: September 2015

Introduction

Response conflict involves selectively attending to relevant information and suppressing distracting, irrelevant information. The medial frontal cortex (MFC) is considered to be involved in response conflict. However, it remains unclear which white matter connectivity is associated with response conflict. This study aimed to delineate the neural connectivity of response conflict in healthy subjects and investigate the association between white matter microstructure and performance of a response conflict task.

Method

Twenty‐eight healthy subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during the Flanker task and diffusion MRI. We identified the presupplementary motor area (pre‐SMA) using fMRI. Furthermore, we delineated the white matter connectivity between the pre‐SMA and the cingulum bundle (CB), which is located in the MFC, using probabilistic tractography. We calculated the mean diffusivity (MD), index of white matter microstructure, of this tract and evaluate the association between MD and performance of the Flanker task.

Result

The mean MD of this tract was significantly and positively associated with performance of the Flanker task.

Conclusion

The present study suggests the white matter connectivity between the pre‐SMA and the CB is related to the response conflict in healthy subjects and finer white matter microstructure is associated with smaller response conflict.
Outcomes of a dedicated stent in coronary bifurcations with large side branches: A subanalysis of the randomized TRYTON bifurcation study
Authors: Généreux Philippe , Kini Annapoorna , Lesiak Maciej , Kumsars Indulis , Fontos Géza , Slagboom Ton , Ungi Imre , Metzger D. Christopher , Wykrzykowska Joanna J. , Stella Pieter R. , Bartorelli Antonio L. , Fearon William F. , Lefèvre Thierry , Feldman Robert L. , Tarantini Giuseppe , Bettinger Nicolas , Minalu Ayele Girma , LaSalle Laura , Francese Dominic P. , Onuma Yoshinobu , Grundeken Maik J. , Garcia‐Garcia Hector M. , Laak Linda L. , Cutlip Donald E. , Kaplan Aaron V. , Serruys Patrick W. , Leon Martin B.
Published: September 2015

Objectives

To examine the benefit of the Tryton dedicated side branch (SB) stent compared with provisional stenting in the treatment of complex bifurcation lesions involving large SBs.

Background

The TRYTON Trial was designed to evaluate the utility of a dedicated SB stent to treat true bifurcation lesions involving large (≥2.5 mm by visual estimation) SBs. Patient enrolled in the trial had smaller SB diameters than intended (59% SB ≤2.25 mm by Core Lab QCA). The TRYTON Trial did not meet its primary endpoint due to an increased rate of peri‐procedural myocardial infarctions (MIs).

Methods

The TRYTON Trial randomized 704 patients to the Tryton SB stent with main vessel DES versus provisional SB treatment with main vessel DES. The rates of the primary end point of target vessel failure and the secondary powered end point of angiographic percent diameter stenosis in the SB at 9 months were assessed and compared between the two treatment strategies among patients with a SB ≥2.25 mm diameter at baseline determined by Core Lab QCA.

Results

Among the 704 patients enrolled in the TRYTON Trial, 289 patients (143 provisional and 146 Tryton stent; 41% of entire cohort) had a SB ≥2.25 mm. The primary end point of TVF was numerically lower in the Tryton group compared with the provisional group (11.3% vs. 15.6%, P = 0.38), and was within the non‐inferiority margin. No difference among the rates of clinically driven target vessel revascularization (3.5% vs. 4.3% P = 0.77) or cardiac death (0% both groups) were seen. In‐segment percent diameter stenosis of the SB was significantly lower in the Tryton group compared with the provisional group (30.4% vs. 40.6%, P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Analysis of the TRYTON Trial cohort of SB ≥2.25 mm supports the safety and efficacy of the Tryton SB stent compared with a provisional stenting strategy in the treatment of bifurcation lesions involving large SBs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Operando UV/Vis Analysis of the Synergy Effect between Copper and Gold in Nitric Oxide Reduction over Gold and Copper on Alumina Catalysts
Authors: Kondratenko Evgenii V. , Takahashi Naoki , Nagata Naoto , Ibe Masaya , Hirata Hirohito , Takahashi Hiroaki
Published: September 2015

Mono‐ (Cu or Au) and bi‐metallic AuCu nanoparticles were prepared by a modified polyol reduction method and deposited onto Al2O3 followed by calcination at 500 °C in air. The synthesised catalysts were tested for their activity for NO reduction with CO in excess H2O between 50 and 500 °C at a contact time relevant for automotive convertors. The bi‐metallic catalysts showed a significantly higher activity than Cu/Al2O3 and Au/Al2O3, and the latter was inert for the target reaction. In addition, the activity depended greatly on the Au/Cu ratio, which thus demonstrates a synergy effect between these two metals. Operando UV/Vis spectroscopy provided direct evidence for the transformation of initially oxidised CuOx species into metallic Cu0, which is the only active species for NO reduction. Promotion with Au was found to accelerate the reduction of Cu2+/Cu+ to Cu0.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Iterative C−H Bond Arylations: Synthesis of Medium‐Size Heterocycles with a Bridgehead Nitrogen Atom
Authors: Hagui Wided , Yuan Kedong , Besbes Néji , Srasra Ezzeddine , Soulé Jean‐François , Doucet Henri
Published: September 2015

Condensed N‐heterocycles were prepared by using iterative C−H bond activation reactions catalyzed by palladium. The first step consists of a palladium‐catalyzed direct desulfitative C−H bond arylation of brominated N‐benzylpyrrole derivatives with benzenesulfonyl chlorides. The presence of the bromine atom allows the formation in the second step of several N‐heterocycles with five‐, six‐, or seven‐membered rings by a palladium‐catalyzed intramolecular C−H bond arylation.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carboxylation of Benzyl Chlorides with Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide in Combination with Manganese/Magnesium Chloride
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Chen Wei‐Qiang , Yu Ao , He Liang‐Nian
Published: September 2015

An efficient direct carboxylation of a series of benzyl chlorides with CO2 catalyzed by Pd(OAc)2/dicyclohexyl (2′,6′‐dimethoxy‐[1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2‐yl)phosphine (SPhos) was developed to afford the corresponding phenylacetic acids in combination with Mn powder as a reducing reagent and MgCl2 as an indispensable additive. The reaction proceeded smoothly under 1 atm CO2. The application of Mn powder instead of a sensitive reducing reagent represents an operationally simple access to phenylacetic acids. Notably, MgCl2 is able to stabilize the (SPhos)2PdII(Bn)(Cl)(η1‐CO2)(MgCl2) adduct and thus facilitates CO2 insertion into the PdII−C bond, which is supported by a DFT study.
High‐Performance Fe–N‐Doped Graphene Electrocatalysts with pH‐Dependent Active Sites for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Pan Fuping , Zhao Qiuping , Wang Jia , Zhang Junyan
Published: September 2015

Advanced Fe–N‐doped graphene (FeNG) electrocatalysts are developed for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by annealing a mixture of sustainable and low‐cost corn starch, urea, and FeCl3. The Fe–N coordinations and Fe/Fe3C nanoparticles can be controllably achieved through space confinement and pyrolysis temperature‐induced effects, respectively. Electrochemical tests show that, compared to the commercial Pt/C catalyst, the ORR half‐wave potential of FeNG is 99 mV more positive in KOH and 34 mV more negative in H2SO4, with higher stabilities in both media. More importantly, the ORR mechanisms of FeNG are demonstrated to be diverse in both KOH and H2SO4, owing to the various catalytic centers. The obtained results indicate that the enhanced ORR activity in basic media can mainly be ascribed to quaternary N and Fe/Fe3C sites, whereas the ORR performance in acidic media originates primarily from Fe–NX complexes. The electrocatalytic origin of these species is governed, primarily, by their unique electronic structures and specific environments in different pH solutions.