bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of the level
of aggression in the first grade classroom on the course and malleability of aggressive behavior
into middle school
Authors: KELLAM SHEPPARD G. , LING XIANGE , MERISCA ROLANDE , BROWN C. HENDRICKS , IALONGO NICK
Published: July 2002

This paper is on the influences of the classroom context on the course and
malleability of aggressive behavior from entrance into first grade through the transition into
middle school. Nineteen public elementary schools participated in developmental
epidemiologically based preventive trials in first and second grades, one of which was directed at
reducing aggressive, disruptive behavior. At the start of first grade, schools and teachers were
randomly assigned to intervention or control conditions. Children within each school were
assigned sequentially to classrooms from alphabetized lists, followed by checking to insure
balanced assignment based on kindergarten behavior. Despite these procedures, by the end of
first quarter, classrooms within schools differed markedly in levels of aggressive behavior.
Children were followed through sixth grade, where their aggressive behavior was rated by
middle school teachers. Strong interactive effects were found on the risk of being highly
aggressive in middle school between the level of aggressive behavior in the first grade
classrooms and each boy's own level of aggressive, disruptive behavior in first grade. The
more aggressive first grade boys who were in higher aggressive first grade classrooms were at
markedly increased risk, compared both to the median first grade boys, and compared to
aggressive males in lower aggressive first grade classrooms. Boys were already behaving more
aggressively than girls in first grade; and no similar classroom aggression effect was found
among girls, although girls' own aggressive behavior did place them at increased risk. The
preventive intervention effect, already reported elsewhere to reduce aggressive behavior among
the more aggressive males, appeared to do so by reducing high levels of classroom aggression.
First grade males' own poverty level was associated with higher risk of being more
aggressive, disruptive in first grade, and thereby increased their vulnerability to classroom level
of aggression. Both boys and girls in schools in poor communities were at increased risk of being
highly aggressive in middle school regardless of their levels of aggressive behavior in first grade.
These results are discussed in terms of life course/social field theory as applied to the role of
contextual influences on the development and etiology of severe aggressive behavior.
Structural and
experiential neighborhood contexts, developmental stage, and antisocial behavior among urban
adolescents in poverty
Authors: SEIDMAN EDWARD , YOSHIKAWA HIROKAZU , ROBERTS ANN , CHESIR–TERAN DANIEL , ALLEN LARUE , FRIEDMAN JENNIFER L. , ABER J. LAWRENCE
Published: July 2002

This study explored the effects of
structural and experiential neighborhood factors and developmental stage on antisocial behavior,
among a sample of poor urban adolescents in New York City. Conceptually and empirically
distinct profiles of neighborhood experience were derived from the data, based on measures of
perceived neighborhood cohesion, poverty-related hassles, and involvement in neighborhood
organizations and activities. Both the profiles of neighborhood experience and a measure of
census-tract-level neighborhood hazard (poverty and violence) showed relationships to antisocial
behavior. Contrary to expectation, higher levels of antisocial behavior were reported among
adolescents residing in moderate-structural-risk neighborhoods than those in high-structural-risk
neighborhoods. This effect held only for teens in middle (not early) adolescence and was stronger
for teens perceiving their neighborhoods as hassling than for those who did not. Implications for
future research and preventive intervention are discussed.
Integrating qualitative
and quantitative methods in the study of developmental psychopathology in context
Authors: SULLIVAN MERCER L.
Published: July 2002

Qualitative methods are well suited to advance the understanding of the role of social context
in
the development of maladaptation and psychopathology. However, they have not been widely
used by developmental psychopathologists, despite being utilized in related fields, particularly in
the sociological study of crime and delinquency. This article assesses the potential for the
increased use of qualitative methods in developmental psychopathology and addresses the
challenges involved in integrating them with quantitative research strategies. The interplay of
qualitative and quantitative methods in the study of juvenile delinquency is reviewed for relevant
lessons about both the utility and the difficulties of integrating the two types of methods. The
problem of assessing continuities and discontinuities over the life course in patterns of antisocial
behavior is discussed as an example of the challenge of integrating methodological paradigms.
Schools of thought about qualitative methods and their relationship to quantitative research
paradigms are identified and compared. Examples are discussed of narrative life history
interviewing and qualitative observational techniques and of recent research endeavors
integrating these qualitative techniques with quantitative data analyses.
The design and
analysis of longitudinal studies of development and psychopathology in context: Statistical
models and methodological recommendations
Authors: WILLETT JOHN B. , SINGER JUDITH D. , MARTIN NINA C.
Published: July 2002

The utility and flexibility of recent advances in statistical methods for the
quantitative analysis of developmental data—in particular, the methods of individual
growth modeling and survival analysis—are unquestioned by methodologists, but have yet
to have a major impact on empirical research within the field of developmental psychopathology
and elsewhere. In this paper, we show how these new methods provide developmental
psychpathologists with powerful ways of answering their research questions about systematic
changes over time in individual behavior and about the occurrence and timing of life events. In
the first section, we present a descriptive overview of each method by illustrating the types of
research questions that each method can address, introducing the statistical models, and
commenting on methods of model fitting, estimation, and interpretation. In the following three
sections, we offer six concrete recommendations for developmental psychopathologists hoping to
use these methods. First, we recommend that when designing studies, investigators should
increase the number of waves of data they collect and consider the use of accelerated longitudinal
designs. Second, we recommend that when selecting measurement strategies, investigators
should strive to collect equatable data prospectively on all time-varying measures and should
never standardize their measures before analysis. Third, we recommend that when specifying
statistical models, researchers should consider a variety of alternative specifications for the time
predictor and should test for interactions among predictors, particularly interactions between
substantive predictors and time. Our goal throughout is to show that these methods are essential
tools for answering questions about life-span developmental processes in both normal and
atypical populations and that their proper use will help developmental psychopathologists and
others illuminate how important contextual variables contribute to various pathways of
development.
Competence in the context of adversity: Pathways to resilience and maladaptation from
childhood to late adolescence
Authors: MASTEN ANN S. , HUBBARD JON J. , GEST SCOTT D. , TELLEGEN AUKE , GARMEZY NORMAN , RAMIREZ MARYLOUISE
Published: July 2002

Competent outcomes in late adolescence were examined in relation to adversity over time,
antecedent competence and psychosocial resources, in order to investigate the phenomenon of
resilience. An urban community sample of 205 (114 females, 90 males; 27% minority) children
were recruited in elementary school and followed over 10 years. Multiple methods and
informants were utilized to assess three major domains of competence from childhood through
adolescence (academic achievement, conduct, and peer social competence), multiple aspects of
adversity, and major psychosocial resources. Both variable-centered and person-centered
analyses were conducted to test the hypothesized significance of resources for resilience. Better
intellectual functioning and parenting resources were associated with good outcomes across
competence domains, even in the context of severe, chronic adversity. IQ and parenting appeared
to have a specific protective role with respect to antisocial behavior. Resilient adolescents (high
adversity, adequate competence across three domains) had much in common with their
low-adversity competent peers, including average or better IQ, parenting, and psychological
well-being. Resilient individuals differed markedly from their high adversity, maladaptive peers
who had few resources and high negative emotionality. Results suggest that IQ and parenting
scores are markers of fundamental adaptational systems that protect child development in the
context of severe adversity.
Developmental associations between substance use and violence
Authors: WHITE HELENE RASKIN , LOEBER ROLF , STOUTHAMER–LOEBER MAGDA , FARRINGTON DAVID P.
Published: July 2002

This study examined the developmental associations between substance use and violence.
We examined the trends in each behavior throughout adolescence, how the behaviors covaried
over time, and the symmetry of associations taking into account frequency and severity of each
behavior. We also examined whether changes in one behavior affected changes in the other
behavior over time. Six years of annual data were analyzed for 506 boys who were in the seventh
grade at the first assessment. Concurrent associations between frequency of substance use and
violence were relatively strong throughout adolescence and were somewhat stronger for
marijuana than alcohol, especially in early adolescence. Type or severity of violence was not
related to concurrent alcohol or marijuana frequency, but severity of drug use was related to
concurrent violence frequency. Depending, to some degree, on the age of the subjects, the
longitudinal relationships between substance use and violence were reciprocal during
adolescence and slightly stronger for alcohol and violence than for marijuana and violence.
Further, increases in alcohol use were related to increases in violence; however, when early
alcohol use was controlled, increases in marijuana use were not related to increases in violence.
Only in early adolescence was the longitudinal relationship between marijuana use and later
violence especially strong. The strength of the longitudinal associations between violence and
substance use did not change when common risk factors for violence and substance use were
controlled. Overall, the data lend more support for a reciprocal than for a unidirectional
association between substance use and violence. Prevention efforts should be directed at
aggressive males who are multiple-substance users in early adolescence.
Pathological alcohol involvement: A developmental disorder of young adulthood
Authors: SHER KENNETH J. , GOTHAM HEATHER J.
Published: July 2002

In 1987, we began a longitudinal study of the offspring of alcoholic parents and have been
following this group of young adults from their freshman year in college throughout their
transition into later young adulthood. The goal of this review is to highlight some of the findings
we consider most important and relevant to the development of pathological alcohol involvement
in young adulthood. Courses of pathological alcohol involvement in young adulthood are
outlined. Predictors of both the development and course of pathological alcohol use in young
adulthood are also addressed, including family history of alcoholism, personality, alcohol use
motivations, and role transitions. While certainly a problem in its own right, pathological alcohol
involvement can also affect the attainment of important life tasks and success in various life
roles. Consequently, we also examine the effects of pathological alcohol involvement on later
role transitions and role attainment. Finally, prevention, policy, and treatment issues surrounding
this stage of life are discussed.
A theoretical model for multiply connected wings
Authors: BASSANINI P. , CASCIOLA C. M. , LANCIA M. R. , PIVA R.
Published: July 2002

Steady incompressible inviscid flow past a three-dimensional multiconnected
(toroidal) aerofoil
with a sharp trailing edge TE is considered, adopting for simplicity
a linearized analysis of
the vortex sheets that collect the released vorticity and form the trailing
wake. The main
purpose of the paper is to discuss the uniqueness of the bounded flow solution
and the
role of the eigenfunction. A generic admissible flow velocity u
has an unbounded singularity
at TE; and the physical flow solution requires the removal of
the divergent part of u (the
Kutta condition). This process yields a linear functional equation along
the trailing edge
involving both the normal vorticity ω released into the wake, and
the multiplicative factor
of the eigenfunction, a1. Uniqueness is then shown
to depend upon the topology of the
trailing edge. If δTE=[empty ], as, for example, in an annular-aerofoil
configuration, both ω and
a1 are uniquely determined by the Kutta condition,
and the bounded flow u is unique. If
δTE≠[empty ], as, for example, in a connected-wing configuration,
there is an infinity of bounded
flows, parametrized by a1. Numerical results of relevance
for these typical configurations are
presented to show the different role of the eigenfunction in the two cases.
ABRAHAM IBN EZRA'S SCIENTIFIC CORPUS BASIC CONSTITUENTS AND GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Sela Shlomo
Published: July 2002

Abraham ibn Ezra's (ca 1089-ca 1167) scientific corpus represented an exceptional case: instead of the common Latin model embodied by the scholar coming from the Christian North to the Iberian Peninsula to initiate a translation enterprise, we have in Ibn Ezra the contrary case of an intellectual imbued with the Arabic culture, who abandons al-Andalus, roams around the Christian countries and delivers in his wandering through Italy, France and England, the scientific and cultural cargo that he amassed during his youth in al-Andalus. The main purpose of this article is to provide a picture of Ibn Ezra's scientific corpus as comprehensive and detailed as possible given the present state of research. The paper will fall into two main parts: (a) Ibn Ezra's scientific work will be broken up into three main genres: (1) Mathematics, Astronomy, Scientific Instruments and Tools; (2) The astrological encyclopaedia; (3) Translations from Arabic into Hebrew. (b) In the second part, Ibn Ezra's scientific corpus will be reassembled as a whole in order to provide a global characterization, trying to point out its general organization and shape, and to indicate its main aims and special traits revealing Ibn Ezra personal contribution.
The inflammatory process in aging
Authors: Chung Hae Young , Kim Hyon Jeen , Jung Kyung Jin , Yoon Ji Sung , Yoo Mi Ae , Kim Kyu Won , Yu Byung Pal
Published: July 2002

Aging processes are time-dependent, deteriorative functional changes. These functional changes lead to a progressive loss of the organism’s ability to withstand both internal and environmental stresses, causing the failure of cellular homeostasis. Among the modern hypotheses, the ‘Oxidative Stress Hypothesis’ offers the best mechanistic elucidation of aging phenomena. Based on the ‘Free Radical Theory of Aging’, this hypothesis has gained popularity among researchers in the field of gerontology as well as other biomedical fields. Its primary premise proposes that aging and its related disease processes are the net result of free radical-induced damage, asserting further that an organism’s

inability to produce counterbalancing antioxidative defences, i.e. defences that offset disturbances in the redox state, underlies its cause.
Psychosocial aspects of adjusting to disability in older people
Authors: Ward MC , Higgs P
Published: July 2002

Studies across the European Union have noted that chronic illness and chronic disabling conditions rather than acute infectious diseases are now the major causes of morbidity and mortality in member states. This transformation in the nature of health and illness has, and will continue to have, profound effects on the nature of both medicine and the policy and organization of health care. It is estimated that not only will the share of consultations with doctors about issues connected with problems of living with chronic conditions increase, but there will also be a corresponding shift in medical practice from cure to care.
New knowledge on the epidemiology of dementia
Authors: Kay DWK
Published: July 2002

The last five years have produced a large output on the epidemiology of dementia and cognitive impairment, specially on apolipoprotein E (apo E), vascular changes, and education as risk factors. Minor cognitive deficits have been studied prospectively to assess their value in predicting dementia. Reviews of work from particular centres and articles on special aspects give more detail. Preference is given to population-based over clinic-based studies and to those published in or after 1994.
Dénomination et lexique
Authors: Petit Gérard
Published: July 2002

La dénomination est une propriété fondamentale et définitoire du lexique. La conceptualisation qui en est proposée actuellement est marquée par un héritage logicien: distinction tautologique entre nom syntaxique et nom sémantique; localisation de la propriété sur les seules unités classifiantes. Nous proposons d'adopter une perspective qui, fondée sur la stabilité et la récurrence de la relation référentielle, découple la dénomination de sa dimension syntaxique (de fait les verbes et les adjectifs seront tenus eux aussi pour des dénominations) et prend en compte la valeur axiologique des items lexicaux. Dans une telle configuration, qui rend compte de la diversité du lexique, catégories référentielles et catégories syntaxiques ne se superposent pas et l'on postule l'existance de chemins dénominatifs par lesquels est assurée la référence virtuelle.
Why do eared-pheasants of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau show so much morphological variation?
Authors: Lu Xin , Zheng Guang-mei
Published: July 2002

It is known that White Eared-pheasants Crossoptilon crossoptilon drouyni interbreed widely with Tibetan Eared-pheasants C. harmani at the boundary of their ranges. A new hybrid zone has been found recently in eastern Tibet, far away from the boundary of the parental species' ranges. Based on ecological observations of eared-pheasants and the geographical history and pattern of modern glaciers, we have attributed the complex morphological variation of eared-pheasants and the high biodiversity of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet plateau to its varied geography.
Avian electrocution mortality in relation to pole design and adjacent habitat in Spain
Authors: JANSS GUYONNE F. E. , FERRER MIGUEL
Published: July 2002

Quantitative differences were assessed in avian mortality by electrocution between the most frequent pole designs and
habitat types in south-west Spain. Pin-type insulators in natural habitats accounted for 36.9% of total avian mortality.
Including all species, we estimated a mean annual death rate of 4.5 birds per 100 poles (95% confidence interval: 3.0-
6.03), of which 53.8% were diurnal birds of prey. We identified all power poles in the distribution area of the Spanish
Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti population of the Doñana area. The estimated total mortality for adults was 0.38 birds
per year and for immature eagles 3.38, which was 1.3% of the adult population and 30.0% of the mean annual number
of fledged young. Adequate modification of 18.6% of power poles in the distribution area of the eagle population
could reduce the total estimated mortality by 51.6%.
The Gold Standard and the Great Depression
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Temin Peter
Published: July 2002

This paper considers why political leaders and central bankers continued to adhere to the gold standard as the Great Depression intensified. We do not focus on the effects of the gold standard on the Depression, which have been documented elsewhere, but on the reasons why policy makers chose the policies they did. We argue that the mentality of the gold standard was pervasive and compelling to the leaders of the interwar economy. It was expressed and reinforced by the discourse among these leaders. It was opposed and finally defeated by mass politics, but only after the interaction of national policies had drawn the world into the Great Depression.
Reshaping the European City and Territory
Authors: Montès Christian
Published: July 2002

Gordon Cherry, Town Planning in Britain since 1900 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 260 pp., £12.99, ISBN 0–631–19994–2.

Mark Clapson, Invincible green suburbs, brave new towns (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 242 pp., £45.00 (hb), ISBN 0–719–04135–X.

Mark Clapson, Mervyn Dobbin and Peter Waterman, eds., The Best Laid Plans. Milton Keynes since 1967 (Luton: University of Luton Press, 1998), 142 pp., ISBN 1–860–20556–9.

Gilles Massardier, Expertise et aménagement du territoire. L'Etat savant (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1996), 286 pp., 160 FF, ISBN 2–738–44903–4.

Danièle Voldman, La reconstruction des villes françaises de 1940 à 1954. Histoire d'une politique (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997), 488 pp., 270 FF, ISBN 2–738–45194–2.

About one century ago, a movement was born which aimed at reforming the
physical environment of cities in order to reform society. It greatly broadened the
scope of the former, piecemeal Improvement Commissions which had begun to
beautify the cities. Five recent and varied publications will be reviewed here,
originating from both British and French academics and planners. We shall use them
to make a second reading of ideas and processes contributing to the (re)shaping of
town and country in two west European countries. Often described as entities with
distinct political, social and economic agendas, both countries nevertheless developed strong
confidence in the planning role of the state in cities as well as in ‘town
and country’.
German Foreign Trade Policy Towards the East in the Light of Recent Research
Authors: Rudolph Karsten
Published: July 2002

Robert Mark Spaulding, Osthandel und Ostpolitik. German Foreign Trade Policies in Eastern Europe from Bismarck to Adenauer (Oxford and Providence: Berghahn, 1997), 546 pp., £60, ISBN 1–57181–039–0.

Volker R. Berghahn, ed., Quest for Economic Empire. European Strategies of German Big Business in the Twentieth Century (Oxford and Providence: Berghahn, 1996), 224 pp., £35:00 (hb), £16.50 (pb), ISBN 1–57181–027–7.

Meung-Hoan Hoh, Westintegration versus Osthandel. Politik und Wirtschaft in den Ost-West-Beziehungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1949–1958, (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1995), ISBN 3–631–49003–8.

Friedrich von Heyl, Der innerdeutsche Handel um Eisen- und Stahl, 1945–1972. Deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen im Kalten Krieg. (Cologne: Böhlau, 1997), DM 64, ISBN 3–412–03897–0.

Research into the history of foreign trade relations languishes in a grey area between the history of foreign policy and economic history. This is particularly true of German trade relations with eastern Europe during the Cold War, even though this was precisely the time when the topic was the focal point of public interest. Before Chancellor Willy Brandt and Foreign Minister Walter Scheel introduced their New Ostpolitik, the Federal Republic's trade with the East (Osthandel) was one of the most controversial issues in foreign policy. The reasons for this were, in no small measure, historical, closely tied up with the ‘ghost of Rapallo’ and the myth of red trade. The treaty concluded between the German empire and Soviet Russia at the economic conference of Genoa in 1922 created the fatal impression that this was a case of two underdogs in the international community getting together to undermine the status quo established by the Treaty of Versailles. From then on, whenever the ‘ghost of Rapallo’ was invoked what was meant was that Germany could be sure of Soviet support for the implementation of its revisionist claims in the East, and thus have greater room for manoeuvre vis-à-vis the West.
A Sentimental Patient
Authors: PORTMANN JOHN
Published: July 2002

Today's Zeitgeist dictates that physicians
not only care for their patients, but also care deeply
about them. According to a recent article in a prominent
journal, “patients who are given good medical treatment
are often upset or angry when they feel that their doctors
do not care about them personally.” It may well be
that the Zeitgeist says more about how we feel
as potential patients than what we actually expect of
physicians. Nonetheless, this Zeitgeist poses
an important problem for the physician who cares for a
sentimental patient. “Sentimental” here
describes a contrived exaggeration of the emotional
availability of physicians. Despite the impossibility
of articulating precisely how much emotional engagement
clinical encounters demand, sentimental patients expect
too much of their caregivers.
Expanding Boundaries
Authors: CAVANAUGH THOMAS A.
Published: July 2002

Itself a topic of constant comment, the Internet's
implications for healthcare remain unclear even while its
boundaries incessantly expand. The WorldWide Web and allied
technologies such as telephony are clearly permanent fixtures
of our world. These technologies have changed our ways
of life and demonstrate further dynamic capacities to do
so. They speak of what we shall be, but know not.
Commentary
Authors: MacKay Charles
Published: July 2002

The methodological device of “deception,”
or, as sometimes euphemistically labeled, “less than
full disclosure,” does not enjoy much support among
institutional review boards (IRBs) and a large portion
of scholars in bioethics. The reasons for this have been
documented sufficiently, beginning with the now-paradigmatic
attack on the well-known study by Milgram and the unsavory
study of Laud Humphries on male homosexual activities in
public restrooms. But are the current attitudes interfering
with some worthwhile approaches to data gathering that
seem to have no other methodology of equal effectiveness?
After Feticide: Coping with Late-Term Abortion in Israel,
Western Europe, and the United States
Authors: GROSS MICHAEL L.
Published: July 2002

Although the abortion debate continues to simmer
in many places, the general issue of a woman's right
to an abortion, at least in the Western democracies, is
largely settled. In its place, the question of late-term
abortion begins to assume a prominence only recently attributed
to abortion itself. The advent of sophisticated fetal screening
techniques makes possible detection of potentially severe
fetal anomalies that in many cases are detected only late
in the pregnancy, resulting in the need for late-term abortion.
Total Variation Asymptotics for Refined Poisson
Process Approximations of Random Logarithmic Assemblies
Authors: STARK DUDLEY
Published: July 2002

Assemblies are decomposable combinatorial objects characterized
by a sequence mi that
counts the number of possible components of size i. Permutations on n elements, mappings
from a set containing n elements into itself, 2-regular graphs on n vertices, and set partitions
on a set of size n are all assemblies with natural decompositions. Logarithmic assemblies are
characterized by constants θ > 0 and κ0 > 0 such that
miκi0/
(i−1)! → θ. Random mappings,
permutations and 2-regular graphs are all logarithmic assemblies, but set partitions are not.

Given a logarithmic assembly, all representatives having total size n are chosen uniformly
and a component counting process C(n)
= (C1(n), C2(n),
…, Cn(n))
is defined, where Ci(n)
is the number of components of size i. Our results also apply to C(n) distributed as the
Ewens sampling formula with parameter θ. Denote the component counting process up
to size at most b by Cb(n)
= (C1(n), C2(n),
…, Cb(n)). It is natural to
approximate Cb by Zb
= (Z1, Z2,
…, Zb), the b-dimensional process
of independent Poisson variables Zi for
which the ith variable has expectation [ ]Zi
= miκi0
exp((1−θ)i/n)/i!. We find asymptotics
for the total variation distance between Cb(n) and
Zb.
GROUP COGNITIVE THERAPY: TREATMENT OF CHOICE OR SUB-OPTIMAL OPTION?
Authors: Morrison Norma
Published: July 2002

In the present climate of limited resources and long waiting lists, it is not surprising that there is more emphasis on making sure that psychological treatments are not only clinically sound but also cost-effective. One solution to this is to provide time-limited, focused interventions such as cognitive therapy. Another obvious solution is to deliver treatment in groups rather than individually. However, what evidence is there that therapy can be delivered as effectively in groups as individually? This review will look at which different formats have been tried, what the advantages and disadvantages of those formats might be, which client groups have been targeted for cognitive-
behavioural group therapy (CBGT), and whether a group format in general offers any advantages over individual CBT. Outcome studies and their implications for the use of CBGT are considered. Results suggest that, in most client groups, there is little difference in efficacy between group and individual CBT, although there is some evidence that results for some types of patient can be disappointing in CBGT. It may be that the best compromise in terms of cost-
effectiveness between quality of therapy and quantity of patients treated is offered by large-scale psychoeducational
didactic group therapy.
PERITRAUMATIC EMOTIONAL “HOT SPOTS” IN MEMORY
Authors: Grey Nick , Holmes Emily , Brewin Chris R.
Published: July 2002

Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently report periods of intense emotional distress
(“hot spots”) when asked to describe their traumatic experience in detail. “Primary” emotions felt during the trauma
(i.e., peri-traumatically) are believed to consist mainly of fear, helplessness and horror. We report a preliminary
investigation into the emotions associated with these hot spots. Patients with PTSD described a wide variety of
emotions such as anger, humiliation and guilt present at the time of the trauma. The peri-traumatic cognitions associated
with these emotions are also detailed.
USING A HAND-TAP RESPONSE WITH A VIBRATION MICROSWITCH WITH STUDENTS WITH MULTIPLE DISABILITIES
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Singh Nirbhay N. , O'Reilly Mark F. , Oliva Doretta
Published: July 2002

Selecting a convenient response, and a microswitch suitable to it, is critical to successfully introduce students with multiple disabilities to a microswitch-aided programme. This study evaluated the use of a hand-tap response with a vibration microswitch with two students. Both students increased the frequency of the hand-tap response during treatment and maintained such an increase at 3-month follow-up. Procedural issues, practical implications of the findings, and measures for promoting long-term response maintenance/extensions were discussed.
Affective self-report during the intracarotid sodium amobarbital
test: Group differences
Authors: AHERN GEOFFREY L. , HERRING ANNE M. , LABINER DAVID M. , WEINAND MARTIN E. , HUTZLER RONALD
Published: July 2002

Emotional reactions are sometimes observed during
the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test. For instance,
euphoric/indifference reactions can be seen during right
hemisphere inactivation and catastrophic reactions may
accompany left hemisphere inactivation. Less dramatic changes
can also be detected in affective self-report during left
and right hemisphere amobarbital tests, with more negative
affect reported during left hemisphere inactivation and
either neutral or mildly positive affective states reported
during right hemisphere inactivation. The current study
not only replicated this effect, but in addition, found
significant group differences. The first group (right
way) showed a pattern of affective self-report during
left and right amobarbital tests entirely consistent with
prior findings, while a second group (wrong way)
showed results that behaved in a diametrically opposite
fashion. A third group (no change) showed little,
if any, difference in affective self-report during left
and right amobarbital tests. The major factor distinguishing
the wrong way group from the other two appeared to be an
asymmetrical distribution of left and right temporal lobe
lesions in the former group. In contrast, the factor differentiating
the right way group from the no change group appeared to
be the relative degree of left hemisphere inactivation
during the left hemisphere amobarbital test. The results
are discussed not only in terms of their impact on theories
of cerebral lateralization for emotion, but also in terms
of methodological issues in this field. (JINS,
2000, 6, 659–667.)
Perception and estimation of time in long-term survivors
of childhood posterior fossa tumors
Authors: HETHERINGTON ROSS , DENNIS MAUREEN , SPIEGLER BRENDA
Published: July 2002

We examined short duration perception (400 ms), long
duration estimation (30 and 60 min), and spatiotemporal
estimation in long-term survivors of childhood cerebellar
tumors with a mean time since diagnosis of 14.2 years.
Groups of individuals with tumors treated with surgery
only (astrocytoma, N = 20) were compared to those
with tumors treated with surgery, focal radiation, and
craniospinal radiation (medulloblastoma, N = 20),
and to age- matched controls (N = 40). Childhood
lesions of the cerebellum produced enduring deficits in
short-duration perception, but spared the ability to functionally
estimate long durations, regardless of the pathology or
treatment of the tumor. Evidence did not support any functional
recovery over time of the cerebellar system that underlies
short-duration perception. Younger age at treatment was
not a protective factor. Although no group differences
were present in the functional measures of long-duration
estimation, tumor-related prospective memory deficits interfered
with the ability to produce long-duration prospective estimates.
The utilization of sensory and somatomotor information
to refine real-world spatiotemporal estimates was compromised
in the medulloblastoma group only. (JINS, 2000,
6, 682–692.)
The ecological validity of tests of executive function
Authors: BURGESS PAUL W. , ALDERMAN NICK , EVANS JON , EMSLIE HAZEL , WILSON BARBARA A.
Published: July 2002

Ninety-two mixed etiology neurological patients
and 216 control participants were assessed on a range of
neuropsychological tests, including 10 neuropsychological
measures of executive function derived from 6 different
tests. People who knew the patients well (relatives or
carers) completed a questionnaire about the patient's
dysexecutive problems in everyday life, and this paper
reports the extent to which the tests predicted the patients'
everyday life problems. All of the tests were significantly
predictive of at least some of the behavioral and cognitive
deficits reported by patients' carers. However, factor
analysis of the patients' dysexecutive symptoms suggested
a fractionation of the dysexecutive syndrome, with neuropsychological
tests loading differentially on 3 underlying cognitive
factors (Inhibition, Intentionality, and Executive Memory),
supporting the conclusions that different tests measure
different cognitive processes, and that there may be limits
to the fractionation of the executive system. (JINS,
1998, 4, 547–558.)
Consistency of handwriting movements in dementia of the
Alzheimer's type: A comparison with Huntington's
and Parkinson's diseases
Authors: SLAVIN MELISSA J. , PHILLIPS JAMES G. , BRADSHAW JOHN L. , HALL KATHRYN A. , PRESNELL IAN
Published: July 2002

Patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's
type (DAT) and their matched controls wrote, on a computer
graphics tablet, 4 consecutive, cursive letter ‘l’s,
with varying levels of visual feedback: noninking pen and
blank paper so that only the hand movements could be seen,
noninking pen and lined paper to constrain their writing,
goggles to occlude the lower visual field and eliminate
all relevant visual feedback, and inking pen with full
vision. The kinematic measures of stroke length, duration,
and peak velocity were expressed in terms of consistency
via a signal-to-noise ratio (M value
of each parameter divided by its SD). Irrespective
of medication or severity, DAT patients had writing strokes
of significantly less consistent lengths than controls',
and were disproportionately impaired by reduced visual
feedback. Again irrespective of medication or severity,
patients' strokes were of significantly less consistent
duration, and significantly less consistent peak velocity
than controls', independent of feedback conditions.
Patients, unlike controls, frequently perseverated, producing
more than 4 ‘l’s, or multiple sets of responses,
which was not differentially affected by level of visual
feedback. The more variable performance of patients supports
a degradation of the base motor program, and resembles
that of Huntington's rather than Parkinson's
disease patients. It may indeed reflect frontal rather
than basal ganglia dysfunction. (JINS, 1999, 5,
20–25.)
Test–retest reliability and practice effects of Expanded
Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery
Authors: DIKMEN SUREYYA S. , HEATON ROBERT K. , GRANT IGOR , TEMKIN NANCY R.
Published: July 2002

Test–retest reliabilities and practice effects
of a broad range of neuropsychological measures were examined
in 384 normal or neurologically stable adults. Median test–retest
interval was 11 months (range 3–16 months). The reliability
estimates for most of the measures are reasonably good,
ranging from .70 to low .90s. An exception is the relatively
poor reliabilities of most memory measures. For all test
measures, the value on initial testing is a strong determinant
of the value on the second examination. Practice effects
are seen on most measures. The magnitude of the practice
effects, however, varies as a function of type of measure,
test–retest interval, age, and overall competency
level of the participant. This study provides several types
of retest information that may be useful for future research
and clinical work: comparative reliabilities of the various
measures, estimate of error variability associated with
each administration, standard deviation of the change,
and comparative magnitude of practice effects on various
tests. (JINS, 1999, 5, 346–356.)
Income and the demand for environmental quality
Authors: McCONNELL KENNETH E.
Published: July 2002

The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is an empirical regularity showing how some pollutants increase and then decrease with rising per capita incomes. Popular discussions and models of the EKC emphasize the role of the income elasticity of demand for environmental quality as a driving force for the inverted U-shaped relationship between income and pollutants. This paper explores the role of the income elasticity of demand for environmental quality by decomposing the reduced-form effect of income on pollution, showing that preferences consistent with a positive income elasticity of demand for environmental quality are neither necessary nor sufficient for the EKC. Increasing pollution may occur with increasing income but preferences that would imply a high income elasticity of demand for environmental quality, and decreasing pollution may occur simultaneous with preferences that put lower values on pollution reduction as incomes rise.
Introduction
Authors: Genesee Fred
Published: July 2002

This special issue of Bilingualism: Language and Cognition is devoted to syntactic aspects of bilingual acquisition. For the purposes of this issue, bilingual acquisition is defined as the acquisition of two languages during the period of primary language development, extending from birth onward. Bilingual acquisition can entail the acquisition of more than two languages (see Cenoz and Jessner, 2000) as well as the acquisition of a spoken and signed language (e.g., Richmond-Welty and Siple, 1999) or of two spoken languages; only studies of the simultaneous acquisition of two spoken languages are reported in this volume. An ideal definition of bilingual acquisition would include not only reference to the age of first exposure to two languages, but also reference to the regularity and extent of exposure to each language. While such stipulations are not necessary in defining the context for monolingual acquisition since virtually all children receive sufficient language exposure to fully acquire one language, they are important considerations in cases of bilingual acquisition since some children have insufficient exposure to two languages, either in terms of amount or continuity, to attain full bilingual proficiency.
Syntactic transfer in a Cantonese–English bilingual child
Authors: Yip Virginia , Matthews Stephen
Published: July 2002

Research on early bilingual development has suggested that syntactic transfer in bilingual acquisition is dependent on patterns of dominance and properties of the dual input the child is exposed to. In a case study of a Hong Kong bilingual child we present evidence of transfer from Cantonese to English in three areas where the two languages contrast typologically: wh-in-situ interrogatives, null objects and prenominal relatives are observed at a period when Cantonese is dominant as measured by MLUw. Comparisons with monolingual development show both qualitative and quantitative differences attributable to transfer. Language dominance is seen as the major determinant of transfer, with input ambiguity playing a role in the domain of null objects. While two distinct and separate linguistic systems are simultaneously developing in the bilingual mind, the pervasiveness of transfer implies a high degree of interaction between them. The findings show that the bilingual subject in our case study has taken a different path from monolinguals toward the target.
Bilingual first language acquisition at the interface between syntax and pragmatics
Authors: Hulk Aafke , Müller Natascha
Published: July 2002

This paper has as its starting point the assumption that in acquiring two languages from birth, bilingual children separate their grammars from very early on. This does not, however, exclude cross-linguistic influence – the possible influence of one language on the other. The main focus of the paper is on the acquisition of syntax in a generative framework. We argue that cross-linguistic influence can occur if (1) an interface level between two modules of grammar is involved, and (2) the two languages overlap at the surface level. We show that both conditions hold for object drop, but not for root infinitives. Root infinitives satisfy the first condition: they involve the interface between syntax and pragmatics. However, they do not satisfy the second condition. Therefore, we expect cross-linguistic influence to occur only in the domain of object drop and not in the domain of root infinitives. Comparing the development of the two phenomena in a bilingual Dutch–French and a German–Italian child to the development in monolingual children, we show that this prediction is borne out by our data. Moreover, this confirms the hypothesis that cross-linguistic influence is due to language internal factors and not to language external factors such as language dominance: the periods during which we observe influence in the domain of object drop and non-influence in the domain of root infinitives are identical.
Neurolinguistic evidence for bilingual language representation: a comparison of reaction times and event-related brain potentials
Authors: Kotz Sonja A.
Published: July 2002

The current study set out to examine word recognition in early fluent Spanish–English bilinguals using a single word presentation lexical decision task (LDT). Reaction times (RTs) and event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were measured while subjects (16 per language condition) made a lexical decision on words and pseudowords in either Spanish or English. Results show associative priming as measured by RTs, but both associative and categorical priming in the ERPs in both language conditions. The dissociation of RT and ERP effects suggests that the two measures might tap into different underlying processes during semantic priming or reflect different sensitivities towards semantic priming. Furthermore, both RT and ERP measures revealed symmetrical priming in L1 and L2. These data indicate that word recognition in early fluent bilinguals is equivalent for L1 and L2.
Language context effects on interlingual homograph recognition: evidence from event-related potentials and response times in semantic priming
Authors: de Bruijn Ellen R. A. , Dijkstra Ton , Chwilla Dorothee J. , Schriefers Herbert J.
Published: July 2002

Dutch–English bilinguals performed a generalized lexical decision task on triplets of items, responding with “yes” if all three items were correct Dutch and/or English words, and with “no” if one or more of the items was not a word in either language. Sometimes the second item in a triplet was an interlingual homograph whose English meaning was semantically related to the third item of the triplet (e.g., HOUSE – ANGEL – HEAVEN, where ANGEL means “sting” in Dutch). In such cases, the first item was either an exclusively English (HOUSE) or an exclusively Dutch (ZAAK) word. Semantic priming effects were found in on-line response times. Event-related potentials that were recorded simultaneously showed N400 priming effects thought to reflect semantic integration processes. The response time and N400 priming effects were not affected by the language of the first item in the triplets, providing evidence in support of a strong bottom-up role with respect to bilingual word recognition. The results are interpreted in terms of the Bilingual Interactive Activation model, a language nonselective access model assuming bottom-up priority.
The NF2 tumor suppressor gene product, merlin, mediates contact inhibition of growth through interactions with CD44
Authors: Morrison Helen , Sherman Larry S. , Legg James , Banine Fatima , Isacke Clare , Haipek Carrie A. , Gutmann David H. , Ponta Helmut , Herrlich Peter
Published: July 2002

The neurofibromatosis-2 (NF2) gene encodes merlin, an ezrin-radixin-moesin-(ERM)-related protein that functions as a tumor suppressor. We found that merlin mediates contact inhibition of growth through signals from the extracellular matrix. At high cell density, merlin becomes hypo-phosphorylated and inhibits cell growth in response to hyaluronate (HA), a mucopolysaccharide that surrounds cells. Merlin's growth-inhibitory activity depends on specific interaction with the cytoplasmic tail of CD44, a transmembrane HA receptor. At low cell density, merlin is phosphorylated, growth permissive, and exists in a complex with ezrin, moesin, and CD44. These data indicate that merlin and CD44 form a molecular switch that specifies cell growth arrest or proliferation.