bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bagging of bunches and protected production in ‘Niagara Rosada’ vineyard
Authors: Guérios Inês Thomaz , Cuquel Francine Lorena , Biasi Luiz Antônio
Published: May 2021

Vineyards of ‘Niagara Rosada’ have shown great productive potential. However, the grape production has been affected by factors related to climate adversities. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of plastic cover and bagging of bunches of ‘Niagara Rosada’, in Almirante Tamandaré, PR, Brazil. Plastic cover used was of polyethylene with 250 µm of thickness and bagging of the bunches with white non-woven fabric bags. The treatments were: without plastic cover over the vineyard and without bagging of bunches (control); with plastic cover over the vineyard and without bagging of bunches; with plastic cover over the vineyard and with bagging of bunches; and without plastic cover over the vineyard and with bagging of bunches. To determine the quality of the grapes, we evaluated weight of the bunches and berry, width and length of the bunch, number of berries per bunch, total soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), pH, and SS/TA ratio. In both crop seasons, treatments with the protected plants or bunches were superior in all evaluated traits. The plastic cover and bagging of bunches delayed maturation and improved the physical and chemical characteristics of bunches and berries of ‘Niagara Rosada’.
INTELLIGENT MEASUREMENTS AS A PROMISING WAY TO INTEGRATE AND JOINTLY DEVELOP ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE METHODOLOGIES AND MEASUREMENT THEORY
Authors:   Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, Prokopchina S. V.
Published: May 2021

Modern measurement problems are solved in conditions of uncertainty Significant information uncertainty is caused by the lack of complete and accurate knowledge about the models of measurement objects, influencing factors, measurement conditions, as well as a variety of experimental data. The article briefly discusses the history of the development of methods for the intellectualization of measurement processes, which are also focused on the situation of uncertainty and the classification of measurements and measurement systems. The basic requirements for intelligent measurement systems and technologies and their distinctive properties are formulated. The article discusses the conceptual aspects of intelligent measurements as measurements based on the integration of metrologically certified data and knowledge, and defines intelligent measurements. The properties of intelligent measurements are defined. The article discusses the main properties of soft measurements and their differences from deterministic classical measurements of physical quantities. Cognitive, systemic, and global dimensions are designated as new types of dimensions. In this paper, the methodology and technologies of Bayesian intelligent measurements based on the regularizing Bayesian approach are considered in detail. In conclusion, the main characteristics that should be inherent in intelligent measurement systems, the advantages and prospects of using intelligent measurements both for solving applied problems and for the development and integration of artificial intelligence technologies and measurement theory are formulated.
On nonuniform exponential stability for skew-evolution semiflows in Banach spaces
Authors:   AUREL VLAICU UNIVERSITY OF ARAD DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE ELENA DRAGOI STR. NO. 2, 310330, ARAD, ROMANIA E-mail address: codruta.stoica@uav.ro, STOICA CODRUTA , MEGAN MIHAIL ,   ACADEMY OF ROMANIAN SCIENTISTS INDEPENDENTEI SPL. NO. 54, 050094, BUCHAREST, ROMANIA WEST UNIVERSITY OF TIMISOARA FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE VASILE PARVAN BD. NO. 4, 300223, TIMISOARA, ROMANIA E-mail address: megan@math.uvt.ro
Published: May 2021

The paper considers some concepts of nonuniform asymptotic stability for skew-evolution semiflows in Banach spaces, which we have introduced in [Megan, M. and Stoica, C., Exponential instability of skew-evolution semiflows in Banach spaces, Stud. Univ. Babes-Bolyai Math., LIII (2008), No. 1, 17–24] and for which we present equivalent definitions, as well as integral characterizations in a nonuniform setting. Some examples are included to illustrate the results and to clarify the differences between the uniform and nonuniform cases.
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING PADA REMAJA TUNA DAKSA
Authors: Damayanti Evin , Maslihah Sri , Damaianti Lira Fessia
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui psychological well being remaja tuna daksa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif melalui wawancara. Wawancara ini melibatkan 5 remaja tuna daksa di SLB-D YPAC kota Bandung dan menggunakan metode analisis konten. Hasil dari penelitian yang dilakukan di SLB-D YPAC kota Bandung yaitu subjek 4 dari 5 memperkuat teori Ryff (1995) mengenai kesejahteraan psikologi yaitu memiliki dimensi penerimaan diri, hubungan positif dengan orang lain, otonomi, penguasaan lingkungan, memiliki tujuan hidup, pertumbuhan pribadi. Hasil wawancara selain menunjukan adanya kesejahteraan psikologis seperti teori yang dikemukakan oleh Ryff (1995) remaja tuna daksa di SLB D YPAC kota Bandung menunjukan dimensi rendah diri dan dimensi kecemasan.
Pengembangan Kawasan Wisata Berbasis Masyarakat di Taman Nasional Sebangau Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah (Studi Kasus di Kelurahan Kereng Bangkirai)
Authors: Tresy Wigreny  , Yunikewaty  , Tresia Kristiana
Published: May 2021

This study aims to determine the strategy for the development of community-based tourism areas in Sebangau National Park, Central Kalimantan Province. Descriptive qualitative analysis derived from the SWOT method was applied as an analytical tool. Data were collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation. Correspondents consist of the local tourism office, Sebangau National Park office, Sebangau district official, Kereng Bangkirai officials, community leaders, local communities and visitors. The results show that, first, the strategy for the development of Sebangau National Park tourist area includes building infrastructure that supports tourism development, and cooperating with the private sector and the government to invest. Secondly, strategies based on SWOT analysis obtained alternative ST (Strength and Threats) strategies. These are, first, to utilize the strength and to pay attention to threats in increasing visits to the Park. Secondly, considering that the Park has potentials that are still original and beautiful and paying attention to threats. Lastly, to develop other tourist areas that increase competition.
Pengaruh Kompetensi, Insentif dan Motivasi terhadap Kinerja Pegawai pada Badan Narkotika Nasional Provinsi Kalimantan Tengah
Authors: Jalmo Hadi Prayitno  , Asriansyah S. Mawung  , Achmad Syamsudin
Published: May 2021

During the last 2 years (in 2018 and 2019) drug cases in Central Kalimantan Province had increased. As agency in charge of the task, the Provincial National Narcotics Agency (BNNP) of Central Kalimantan, therefore, requires more staffs with specific skills and good performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of competence, incentives and motivation on staffs performance in BNN of Central Kalimantan Province. Primary data were collected from interviews. Secondary data, i.e. the number of BNNP staffs and the number of cases revealed and investigated obtained through media liaison or such as books, notes, evidence that already exists, or archives both published and not published. The respondents were all 37 of Central Kalimantan BNNP staffs. Data were analyzed through validity test, reliability test, hypothesis test, descriptive statistical analysis, inferential analysis, and model evaluation. The results showed that competence and motivation have a significant effect on performance, while the provision of incentives do not have a significant effect on performance.
Strategi Pengembangan Komoditas Unggulan di Kelurahan Banturung Kecamatan Bukit Batu Kota Palangka Raya
Authors: Andreas Jongguran Sihombing  , Evi Feronika Elbaar  , Soaloon Sinaga
Published: May 2021

Banturung village, located in Bukit Batu Subdistrict, Palangka Raya city, is known with its considerable agricultural products, especially in horticultural crops subsector. The superior horticultural crops commodities, however, needs more attention since input side of production process is still experiencing problems for further development. Hence formulating strategy for its development is a nessecity. This study aims to identify leading commodities and to formulate development strategy for such commodity in the village. A LQ analysis and farmers' preferences were used to determine the superior crops, while SWOT analysis was applied to formulete development strategy for the superior one. The results showed top four commodity were beans (LQ = 8.26), long beans (LQ = 2.75), onions red (LQ = 2.06), and eggplant (LQ = 1.84). The strategies could be took for their development are: 1) increasing cooperation/partnership between farmer institutions and private or government parties, 2) increasing the carrying capacity of infra-structure and facilities, 3) optimizing capital assistance from government as stimulant for processing innovation, mar-keting, and dissemination of products, and 4) providing information and data to support marketing inquiry.
Studi keterlibatan karyawan pada Lembaga Teknologi Informasi dan Bisnis “ELTIBIZ” Palangka Raya
Authors: Elistia Elistia , Danes Jaya Negara  , Tresia Kristiana
Published: May 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis Pengaruh kepemimpinan melayani dan budaya lembaga Terhadap keunggulan bersaing Melalui keterlibatan karyawan Sebagai Variabel Intervening pada “ELTIBIZ” Palangka Raya. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah eksplatori (research explanatory). Sampel penelitian ini berjumlah 39 orang. Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif dan analisis statistik inferensial model Structural Equation Modeling(SEM) dengan menggunakan pendekatan Partial least square (SEM-PLS) serta uji validitas dan reliabilitas. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kepemimpinan melayani secara langsung dapat meningkatkan keterlibatan karyawan, namun pada keunggulan bersaing tidak berpengaruh nyata. Selanjutnya budaya melayani secara langsung dapat meningkatkan keterlibatan karyawan kerja dan keunggulan bersaing. Keterlibatan karyawan yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan keunggulan bersaing. Selanjutnya keterlibatan karyawan yang tinggi dapat terbukti sebagai mediasi hubungan kepemimpinan melayani dan budaya lembaga terhadap keunggulan bersaing.
A Structure Hierarchy for the Aluminofluoride Minerals
Authors: Hawthorne Frank C. , Herwig Sasha
Published: May 2021

The structure hierarchy hypothesis states that structures may be ordered hierarchically according to the polymerization of coordination polyhedra of higher bond-valence, and such hierarchies are useful in understanding the general compositional, structural, and paragenetic variations within the structural group of interest. Here we develop a structure hierarchy for the aluminofluoride minerals based on the polymerization of the dominant (AlΦ6) octahedra and their linkage with other strongly bonded complex anionic groups. The minerals are divided first into the following categories: (1) simple aluminofluorides and (2) compound aluminofluorides containing other oxyanions. The minerals are then ordered according to the polymerization of the constituent polyhedra into a coherent structural hierarchy. The chemical composition and crystal-chemical details of the ions of the interstitial complex are a collective function of the Lewis acidity of the interstitial cations; the presence of interstitial anions, both simple [F–, (OH)–] and complex [(SO4)2–]; self-polymerization of the (AlF6)3– octahedra; and polymerization with both Mg(F,OH)6 octahedra and other complex anions: (SO4)2–, (PO4)3–, (CO3)2–.
The Methodology Of Assessment In Organizational-Economic Mechanism Of Management Of Food Industry Enterprises
Authors:   Andijan State University, Uzbekistan, Karimov Muzaffar Abdumalik Ugli
Published: May 2021

This article provides views about the factors which prevent an enterprise from achieving its goals in a timely manner due to uncertainty. In this case, it is proven that the importance of the organizational-economic mechanism of management, which develops a mechanism of self-management in the enterprise, allows to achieve the goals through an optimal amount of timely spending of resources.
Statistical Forecasts Of The Economic Potential Of Industry Of The Surkhandarya Region And The Prospects Of Its Further Development
Authors:   PhD Student, Termez State University, Republic Of Uzbekistan, Qosimov Azamat Abdukarimovich
Published: May 2021

This article examines the economic potential of the industrial sector of Surkhandarya region and analyzes it using statistical, economic-mathematical and econometric methods. Also, the medium-term forecast values of indicators representing the economic potential of the regional industry (2020-2025) were developed and the directions for its further development were highlighted.
Fundamentals Of Improving Strategic Management In The Energy Sector Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan
Authors:   Academy Of Public Administration Under The President Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, J.T Juraev , J.B Tleumuratov ,   Head Of The ERP Implementation Group Of Uzbekneftegaz JSC, Uzbekistan
Published: May 2021

Uzbekistan is developing its nuclear and regulatory infrastructure in strong partnership with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to widen the energy capacity, the country aims for becoming the leader of the energy sector in Central Asia. Thus, Uzbekistan needs a polished policy of management and strategies to have an environment like that they are planning, and of course to implement this, the strategic management is necessary and clarifying the problems in managing the energy sector of the state is also of high essentiality. Taking this into consideration, this not huge paper will be oriented for illuminating such issues.
Multi-Factor Modeling And Forecasting Of Employment Indicators In The National Labor Market Of Uzbekistan
Authors:   Doctoral Student, Ferghana State University, Ferghana City, Uzbekistan, Sultonovich Asrakulov Abdurakhmon
Published: May 2021

In the research theoretically studied and classified the characteristics of the factors for the multi-factor analysis of the employment indicators of the population. On the basis of theoretical research, analyzed employment indicators in the labor market of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the basis of the multi-factor link and determined econometric model. On the identified regression models, developed forecast indicators of the main employment indicators for 2020-2026 years and directions for effective employment in the labor market.
Some Aspects Related To The Procedural Order Of Fixing Evidence-Based Information In Digital Media
Authors:   Senior Researcher, Center For Scientific And Applied Research, Academy Of The Ministry Of Internal Affairs Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Muminov Muzaffar
Published: May 2021

The article analyzes some issues related to the procedural order of collecting, fixing, and consolidating evidence information obtained using digital photography, video recordings and audio recordings.
Current Condition Of Formalizing Evidence In The Investigation Process Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan
Authors:   Associate Professor, Doctor Of Science In Law, Deputy Chief Of The Department Of Criminal Procedural Law Of The Academy Of The Ministry Of Internal Affairs Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, Kulmatov Sharof Asadovich
Published: May 2021

This article develops proposals and recommendations for the elimination of problems in the conduct of procedural actions and the formalization of their results in the practice of authorized investigation officials.
Stages Of Legal Regulation Of Inquiry In The Republic Of Uzbekistan
Authors:   PhD, associate professor, Department of Criminal procedural law of Tashkent State University of Law, Uzbekistan, Khidoyatov Bakhtiyor
Published: May 2021

The article analyzes the notion of inquiry as a part of criminal procedure, preliminary investigation in particular. This analysis is carried out in the context of historical development of legal basis for criminal procedure and investigation. In the result, five stages of historical development of institute of inquiry are pointed out.
Invalidity Of A Contract Concluded As A Result Of Improper Use Of Material Rights (Property Rights) And Abuse Of Law
Authors:   Independent Researcher At The Tashkent State University Of Law, Uzbekistan, Boboxonovich Mamurov Shokhrukh
Published: May 2021

This article is aimed invalidity of a contract concluded as a result of improper use of material rights (property rights) and abuse of law. In addition to actions aimed at abuse of property rights constituting a violation, actions that disproportionately violate the rights and legitimate interests of neighbors (the benefit received by the owner, disproportionate to the inconvenience for the neighbor) can also be assessed as abuse. Invalidation of the agreement on the disposal of prohibited property to unscrupulous third parties allows the creditor to bring a claim for the seizure of property from the unscrupulous third party, and in the event of a substantial claim by the plaintiff, to obtain an excuse from the unscrupulous owner. Naturally, a refund request can be combined with a request to invalidate the transaction. At the same time, according to the logic of things, in cases of bad faith of the owner of the prohibited property, it is necessary to invalidate not only the transfer of property, but also the entire contract
The Role Of Legal Personnel In Raising Legal Awareness In The Society
Authors:   PhD, Independent Researcher Of The Academy Of The Ministry Of Internal Affairs Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, Aktamovich Amirov Zafar
Published: May 2021

This article analyzes the data provided by local law educational institutions and the Chamber of Advocates of the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as national legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and foreign experience. Analysis showed critical lack of legal personnel in comparison with the people of the Republic of Uzbekistan at the lack of legal training a couple of times population. Concluding the research, proposals and recommendations to increase the number of lawyers in the country were given.
The Protection Of Consumer Rights In Retail Trade In Accordance With The Laws Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan
Authors:   Candidate In Law (PhD), Professor At The Department “Civil Law” Of Tashkent State University In Law, Republic Of Uzbekistan, Babaev Djakhongir Ismailbekovich
Published: May 2021

The needs of the population in consumer goods are met through retail activities. Individuals who buy goods at retail are consumers, and the protection of their status and rights in this legal relationship is constantly relevant. The increase in the volume of retail trade in recent years, as well as the fact that retail trade is carried out in conjunction with the types of trade services, also creates new challenges and risks to consumer rights. This highlights the need to introduce effective and comprehensive methods of consumer protection, to identify measures to prevent violations of consumer rights and to develop mechanisms for the restoration of violated rights, which are fast and easy to implement. Factors such as providing complete and reliable consumer information on retail trade, monitoring the quality and range of goods at the level of established requirements, enhancing the business reputation and goodwill of retail entities.
Elections - An Important Political Process In The Formation Of The Supreme State Representative Body
Authors:   Associate Professor Of Military-Technical Institute National Guard Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, Doctor Of Law (DSc), Republic Of Uzbekistan, Turgunov Oybek , Zulfikorov Sherzodbek Khurramovich ,   Associate Professor Of Military-Technical Institute National Guard Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, Doctor Of Law (DSc), Republic Of Uzbekistan, Choriev Murod Shokirjonovich ,   Associate Professor Of Military-Technical Institute National Guard Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, Candidate Of Law (PhD), Republic Of Uzbekistan
Published: May 2021

The article examines the importance of elections as an important political process in the formation of the supreme state representative body, as well as the importance of parliamentary elections as an indicator of the will of the people and their preferences.
Emergence Of New Threats To Turkey’s National Security During The Syrian Crisis: “Euphrates Shield” Movement
Authors:   Lecturer Tashkent State University Of Oriental Studies Tashkent, Uzbekistan, Azimov Habibullokhon Yakubovich
Published: May 2021

The political crisis in Syria, which began in 2010 in North Africa and later spread to the Middle East under the name of the Arab Spring, has not changed for the better in 10 years. The crisis that began in the country has already become a regional problem in the local issue. The issue was followed by various issues that endangered Turkey’s national security for Turkey, Syria’s close neighbor. Such problems include refugees and wolves. The article describes the “Euphrates Shield”, a cross-border military operation aimed at eliminating a number of militant groups that have been seen as a threat to Turkey’s national security.
Signs Of The Objective Side Of Crime In The Theory Of Criminal Law Belonging To The Romano-Germanic Legal Family: Theoretical And Practical Problems
Authors:   Doctor Of Law, Teacher Of The Department Of Criminal Law, Criminology And Anti-Corruption, Tashkent State University Of Law, Uzbekistan, Khudaykulov Feruzbek Khurramovich
Published: May 2021

The objective side of the crime is one of the elements of the corpus delicti and consists of a number of interacting features that together characterize the process of external encroachment on the object of criminal law protection. In addition, proposals and recommendations for further improvement of the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Freedom Of Conscience Is The Foundation Of Social Stability
Authors:   Senior Lecturer Tashkent State Law University, Uzbekistan, Oblomuradova Khabiba Naimovna
Published: May 2021

The article investigates the essence of the concept of freedom of conscience, its legal guarantees, as well as large-scale works concerning freedom of conscience in our country. The author disclosed with examples extensive information about the goals, methods and means of centers and organizations involved in these activities. The article also explains the legal basis for preventing missionary movements, the role and importance of religious education and tolerance in ensuring the stability and prosperity of society.
State Of Stress In Legal Situations
Authors:   PhD In Psychology, Associate Professor, Academy Of The Ministry Of Internal Affairs Of The Republic Of Uzbekistan, Expert Psychologist Of The Republican Center, Uzbekistan, H. T. Makhmudova
Published: May 2021

The article discusses various scientific concepts of emotional states, considered as stress. This state in legally significant situations is related to situations in which control of the will and the ability to predict one's behavior are lost. The above circumstances are equated to the emotional states of a person in legally significant circumstances, when a person is provoked by circumstances exceeding the limit of his adaptive endurance.
SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG VIETNAMESE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: EVIDENCE OF GENDER DIFFERENCES
Authors: Ho Thi Truc Quynh
Published: May 2021

Social support is considered to be an important element of relationships. Previous studies have provided evidence that low social support is closely related to poor physical and mental health. Gender has an important influence on social support for university students; however, research on the level of social support and differences in social support by gender for Vietnamese university students is still lacking. The current study aims to investigate the level of social support and gender differences in social support for Vietnamese university students. A total of 859 Vietnamese university students have completed the Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS). The results revealed that Vietnamese university students have a high level of social support and that male students have a lower level of social support than female students. Factors that may contribute to gender differences in social support are discussed. These findings have important implications for the development of interventions to provide gender-based social support.
Minimal interplay between explicit knowledge, dynamics of learning and temporal expectations in different, complex uni- and multisensory contexts
Authors: Ball Felix , Spuerck Inga , Noesselt Toemme
Published: May 2021

While temporal expectations (TE) generally improve reactions to temporally predictable events, it remains unknown how the learning of temporal regularities (one time point more likely than another time point) and explicit knowledge about temporal regularities contribute to performance improvements; and whether any contributions generalise across modalities. Here, participants discriminated the frequency of diverging auditory, visual or audio-visual targets embedded in auditory, visual or audio-visual distractor sequences. Temporal regularities were manipulated run-wise (early vs. late target within sequence). Behavioural performance (accuracy, RT) plus measures from a computational learning model all suggest that learning of temporal regularities occurred but did not generalise across modalities, and that dynamics of learning (size of TE effect across runs) and explicit knowledge have little to no effect on the strength of TE. Remarkably, explicit knowledge affects performance—if at all—in a context-dependent manner: Only under complex task regimes (here, unknown target modality) might it partially help to resolve response conflict while it is lowering performance in less complex environments.
Synthesis of multiply fluorinated N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and D-galactosamine analogs via the corresponding deoxyfluorinated glucosazide and galactosazide phenyl thioglycosides
Authors: Hamala Vojtěch , Červenková Šťastná Lucie , Kurfiřt Martin , Cuřínová Petra , Dračínský Martin , Karban Jindřich
Published: May 2021

Multiple fluorination of glycostructures has emerged as an attractive way of modulating their protein affinity, metabolic stability, and lipophilicity. Here we described the synthesis of a series of mono-, di- and trifluorinated N-acetyl-ᴅ-glucosamine and ᴅ-galactosamine analogs. The key intermediates are the corresponding multiply fluorinated glucosazide and galactosazide thioglycosides prepared from deoxyfluorinated 1,6-anhydro-2-azido-β-ᴅ-hexopyranose precursors by ring-opening reaction with phenyl trimethylsilyl sulfide. Nucleophilic deoxyfluorination at C4 and C6 by reaction with DAST, thioglycoside hydrolysis and azide/acetamide transformation completed the synthesis.
Linking Community Development and Disaster Resiliency: An Exploratory Study of County Government Agencies in Central Florida
Authors: Hawkins Christopher V. , Andrew Simon A.
Published: May 2021

Building community resiliency requires input on community development initiatives from a variety of functional units of a local government. There is little evidence, however, of whether the types of agencies that are responsible for disaster planning and mitigation are involved in community development activities for the purpose of improving community resiliency. This exploratory study examines agency involvement in community development subfields, designing community development tools, and participation in community planning processes for the purposes of building community resiliency. The results of mean-t tests, based on data collected from an original survey of Central Florida (USA) county governments, provides preliminary evidence of differences between planning agencies and agencies that are focused on operations and logistics. The findings suggest local governments should consider roles and integration mechanisms to ensure participation of agencies in community development efforts to improve disaster resiliency.
Brazilian Municipal Expenditure and Scale Economies: Evidence from São Paulo
Authors: Bernardelli Luan V. , Kortt Michael A. , Dollery Brian
Published: May 2021

Advocates of municipal mergers usually claim that considerable economies of scale flow from council consolidations, which result in larger local government organizations. We examined whether scale economies are present in municipal outlays by investigating the expenditure of 644 São Paulo municipal areas using data over the period 2005 to 2017. We find evidence that considerable scale economies characterize municipal expenditure in São Paulo. However, given that population size and population density are positively correlated, it is critical to determine whether or not the influence of population on municipal expenditure arises because of disparities in density. We find that when São Paulo municipalities are decomposed into sub-categories based on different population densities, evidence in favour of scale economies persists. Thus, municipal mergers in the state of São Paulo may result in lower per capita expenditure.
Discovery of an Edge-on Circumstellar Debris Disk around BD+45° 598: A Newly Identified Member of the β Pictoris Moving Group
Authors: Hinkley Sasha , Matthews Elisabeth C. , Lefevre Charlène , Lestrade Jean-Francois , Kennedy Grant , Mawet Dimitri , Stapelfeldt Karl R. , Ray Shrishmoy , Mamajek Eric , Bowler Brendan P. , Wilner David , Williams Jonathan , Ansdell Megan , Wyatt Mark , Lau Alexis , Phillips Mark W. , Fernandez Jorge , Gagné Jonathan , Bubb Emma , Sutlieff Ben J. , Wilson Thomas J. G. , Matthews Brenda , Ngo Henry , Piskorz Danielle , Crepp Justin R. , Gonzalez Erica , Mann Andrew W. , Mace Gregory
Published: May 2021

We report the discovery of a circumstellar debris disk viewed nearly edge-on and associated with the young, K1 star BD+45° 598 using high-contrast imaging at 2.2 μm obtained at the W.M. Keck Observatory. We detect the disk in scattered light with a peak significance of ∼5σ over three epochs, and our best-fit model of the disk is an almost edge-on ∼70 au ring, with inclination angle ∼87°. Using the NOEMA interferometer at the Plateau de Bure Observatory operating at 1.3 mm, we find resolved continuum emission aligned with the ring structure seen in the 2.2 μm images. We estimate a fractional infrared luminosity of L
IR/L
tot

× 10−4, higher than that of the debris disk around AU Mic. Several characteristics of BD+45° 598, such as its galactic space motion, placement in a color–magnitude diagram, and strong presence of lithium, are all consistent with its membership in the β Pictoris Moving Group with an age of 23 ± 3 Myr. However, the galactic position for BD+45° 598 is slightly discrepant from previously known members of the β Pictoris Moving Group, possibly indicating an extension of members of this moving group to distances of at least 70 pc. BD+45° 598 appears to be an example from a population of young circumstellar debris systems associated with newly identified members of young moving groups that can be imaged in scattered light, key objects for mapping out the early evolution of planetary systems from ∼10–100 Myr. This target will also be ideal for northern-hemisphere, high-contrast imaging platforms to search for self-luminous, planetary mass companions residing in this system.
Measuring the Mass and Concentration of Dark Matter Halos from the Velocity Dispersion Profile of their Stars
Authors: Bose Sownak , Loeb Abraham
Published: May 2021

We use the IllustrisTNG (TNG) simulations of galaxy formation to measure the velocity dispersion profiles of dark matter and stars in Milky Way–mass, galaxy group, and cluster-scale dark matter halos. The mean profiles calculated from both tracers are similar in shape, exhibiting a large halo-to-halo scatter around the average profile. The so-called “splashback” radius demarcates the outer boundary of the halo, and manifests as a kink in the velocity dispersion profile, located on average between ∼1.0–1.5r
200m
, where r
200m
is the radius within which the density of the halo equals 200 times the background density of the universe. We find that this location may also be identified as the radius at which the (stacked) dispersion profile drops to 60% of its peak value (for line-of-sight motions in TNG halos). We further show that the scatter in the dispersion profiles may be attributed to the variations in the assembly history of the host halos. In particular, this segregates the profile into two regimes: one within ∼0.1r
200m
, where the scatter is set by the early assembly history of the halo; and the other beyond this radius, where the scatter is influenced more strongly by its late-time assembly. Finally, we show that a two-parameter model can be used to fit the measured velocity dispersion profiles and the fit parameters can be related directly to two fundamental halo properties: mass and concentration. We describe a simple model that allows us to express the stellar velocity dispersion profile in terms of these halo properties only.
Ionization Instability Driven Outbursts in SXTs
Authors: Bagińska P. , Różańska A. , Czerny B. , Janiuk A.
Published: May 2021

We study the hydrogen ionization instability mechanism in the context of low-mass X-ray binaries with a black hole as a central object. We make numerical calculations of the predicted outbursts’ light curves and compare them to the data observed by X-ray satellites. The comparison to the data is done for five sources observed by RXTE/ASM (XTE J1550−564, 4U 1630−472, XTE J1859+226, GX 339-4, XTE J1818−245) and one source observed by MAXI (MAXI J1659−152). The aim of this paper is to show that the hydrogen ionization instability operating in an accretion disk is responsible for the shape of outbursts observed in low-mass X-ray binaries. From the data fitting process, we put tight constraints on global source parameters such as black hole mass and disk accretion rate. The influence of chemical composition on the overall analysis is also shown. In the case of each outburst, we found the overall bolometric light curve shape that qualitatively matches the data. We were able to model the main outburst and secondary reflare often seen in the data, the latter one caused by the presence of metals in disk gas. In the case of 4U 1630−472, we analyzed two outbursts, which allowed us to put tight constraints on the black hole mass of 4 ± 0.5M
⊙ and on the accretion rate of

yr−1.
Fast Magnetic Reconnection Structures in Poynting Flux-dominated Jets
Authors: Kadowaki Luis H. S. , de Gouveia Dal Pino Elisabete M. , Medina-Torrejón Tania E. , Mizuno Yosuke , Kushwaha Pankaj
Published: May 2021

The ubiquitous relativistic jet phenomena associated with black holes play a major role in high and very-high-energy (VHE) astrophysics. In particular, observations have demonstrated that blazars show VHE emission with time variability from days to minutes (in the gigaelectronvolt and teraelectronvolt bands), implying very compact emission regions. The real mechanism of the particle acceleration process responsible for this emission is still being debated, but magnetic reconnection has lately been discussed as a strong potential candidate. In this work, we present the results of three-dimensional special relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the development of reconnection events driven by turbulence induced by current-driven kink instability along a relativistic jet. We have performed a systematic identification of all reconnection regions in the system, characterizing their local magnetic field topology and quantifying the reconnection rates. We obtained average rates of 0.051 ± 0.026 (in units of Alfvén speed), which are comparable to the predictions of the theory of turbulence-induced fast reconnection. A detailed statistical analysis also demonstrated that the fast reconnection events follow a log-normal distribution, which is a signature of its turbulent origin. To probe the robustness of our method, we have applied our results to the blazar Mrk 421. Building a synthetic light curve from the integrated magnetic reconnection power, we evaluated the time variability from a power spectral density analysis, obtaining good agreement with observations in the gigaelectronvolt band. This suggests that turbulent fast magnetic reconnection can be a possible process behind the high-energy emission variability phenomena observed in blazars.
The Pair-instability Mass Gap for Black Holes
Authors: Woosley S. E. , Heger Alexander
Published: May 2021

Stellar evolution theory predicts a “gap” in the black hole birth function caused by the pair instability. Many presupernova stars that have a core mass below some limiting value, M
low, after all pulsational activity is finished, collapse to black holes, while more massive ones, up to some limiting value, M
high, explode, promptly and completely, as pair-instability supernovae. Previous work has suggested M
low ≈ 50 M
⊙ and M
high ≈ 130 M
⊙. These calculations have been challenged by recent LIGO observations that show many black holes merging with individual masses M
low ≳ 65 M
⊙. Here we explore four factors affecting the theoretical estimates for the boundaries of this mass gap: nuclear reaction rates, evolution in detached binaries, rotation, and hyper-Eddington accretion after black hole birth. Current uncertainties in reaction rates by themselves allow M
low to rise to 64 M
⊙ and M
high as large as 161 M
⊙. Rapid rotation could further increase M
low to ∼70 M
⊙, depending on the treatment of magnetic torques. Evolution in detached binaries and super-Eddington accretion can, with great uncertainty, increase M
low still further. Dimensionless Kerr parameters close to unity are allowed for the more massive black holes produced in close binaries, though they are generally smaller.
Faint Active Galactic Nuclei Favor Unexpectedly Long Inter-band Time Lags
Authors: Li Ting , Sun Mouyuan , Xu Xiaoyu , Brandt W. N. , Trump Jonathan R. , Yu Zhefu , Wang Junxian , Xue Yongquan , Cai Zhenyi , Gu Wei-Min , Homayouni Y. , Liu Tong , Wang Jun-Feng , Zhang Zhixiang , Li Hai-Kun
Published: May 2021

Inconsistent conclusions are obtained from recent active galactic nuclei (AGNs) accretion disk inter-band time-lag measurements. While some works show that the measured time lags are significantly larger (by a factor of ∼3) than the theoretical predictions of the Shakura & Sunyaev disk (SSD) model, others find that the time-lag measurements are consistent with (or only slightly larger than) that of the SSD model. These conflicting observational results might be symptoms of our poor understanding of AGN accretion physics. Here we show that sources with larger-than-expected time lags tend to be less luminous AGNs. Such a dependence is unexpected if the inter-band time lags are attributed to the light-travel-time delay of the illuminating variable X-ray photons to the static SSD. If, instead, the measured inter-band lags are related not only to the static SSD but also to the outer broad emission-line regions (BLRs; e.g., the blended broad emission lines and/or diffuse continua), our result indicates that the contribution of the non-disk BLR to the observed ultraviolet/optical continuum decreases with increasing luminosity (L), i.e., an anti-correlation resembling the well-known Baldwin effect. Alternatively, we argue that the observed dependence might be a result of coherent disk thermal fluctuations as the relevant thermal timescale, τ
TH ∝ L
0.5. With future accurate measurements of inter-band time lags, the above two scenarios can be distinguished by inspecting the dependence of inter-band time lags upon either the BLR components in the variable spectra or the timescales.
X-Ray Polarimetry of the Crab Nebula with PolarLight: Polarization Recovery after the Glitch and a Secular Position Angle Variation
Authors: Long Xiangyun , Feng Hua , Li Hong , Zhu Jiahuan , Wu Qiong , Huang Jiahui , Minuti Massimo , Jiang Weichun , Wang Weihua , Xu Renxin , Costa Enrico , Yang Dongxin , Citraro Saverio , Nasimi Hikmat , Yu Jiandong , Jin Ge , Zeng Ming , An Peng , Baldini Luca , Bellazzini Ronaldo , Brez Alessandro , Latronico Luca , Sgrò Carmelo , Spandre Gloria , Pinchera Michele , Muleri Fabio , Soffitta Paolo
Published: May 2021

We report follow-up observations of the Crab Nebula with the PolarLight X-ray polarimeter, which revealed a possible variation in polarization associated with a pulsar glitch in 2019. The new observations confirm that the polarization has recovered roughly 100 days after the glitch. With the new observations, we find that the polarization angle (PA) measured with PolarLight from the total nebular emission has a difference of 18.°0 ± 4.°6 from that measured 42 yr ago with OSO-8, indicating a secular evolution of polarization with either the Crab Nebula or pulsar. The long-term variation in PA could be a result of multiple glitches in the history, magnetic reconnection, or movement of synchrotron emitting structures in the nebula, or secular evolution of the pulsar magnetic geometry.
Characterization and Phylodiversity of Implicated Enteric Bacteria Strains in Retailed Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Fruits in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Obafemi Yemisi Dorcas , Akinduti Paul Akinniyi , Ajayi Adesola Adetutu , Isibor Patrick Omoregie , Adagunodo PhD Theophilus Aanuoluwa
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND: Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) have very huge health-promoting benefits due to high nutritional composition; however, these fruits are potential reservoir of enteric food-borne pathogens causing major public health concerns.
AIM: Characterization and phylo-analysis of implicated enteric bacteria strains in retailed Tomato fruits in southwest Nigeria were studied.
METHODS: Ready to be retailed fresh tomato fruits were purchased from common food markets in southwest, Nigeria, which lies between latitudes 6° 21′ to 8° 30′ N and longitudes 2° 30′ to 5° 30′ E. Observation of sample storage potentials at different conditions and bio-typing of associated bacterial strains were carried out for consecutive 14 days. Enteric bacteria strains were genotyped with 16S rRNA assay and further profiled for antibiotic susceptibility to common antibiotics. High population rate frequently consume tomatoes.
RESULTS: Early spoilage characterized with yellow fluid, fungal growth and visible lesions were observed at 25°C storage compare to few patches of lesion at 4°C after 14 days. Higher bacterial count of 4.0–7.18 Log CFU/g was recorded at ambient storage compare to refrigerated samples with more than 10% occurrence rate of Citrobacter spp., Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. Identified Citrobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. showed 100% resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (ceftazidime, cefuroxime, cefixime, ciprofloxacin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid). Two-resistant enteric bacteria strains, Klebsiella aerogenes B18 and Citrobacter freundii B27 obtained from Nigerian tomato clustered with Citrobacter strains in food (China), water strains (India, Poland, Malaysia), milk (Germany), and human fecal (China).
CONCLUSION: Implicated multidrug-resistant enteric bacilli in retailed tomatoes can cause severe food-borne diseases which public oriented awareness, strategic farm to market surveillance are needed to be intensified.
Marriage jurisdiction in the Habsburg monarchy
Authors: Griesebner Andrea , Blaak Jennifer
Published: May 2021

La question du consentement au divorce, formulée par une femme dans une lettre non datée de la seconde moitié du xviii e  siècle, a été le point de départ pour interroger les options juridiques dont disposaient les femmes et les hommes catholiques mariés dans la monarchie des Habsbourg pour mettre fin à un mariage. Les mariages catholiques ne pouvaient pas, et ne peuvent toujours pas, être interrompus par un divorce, dans le sens où nous utilisons ce terme aujourd’hui. Le droit canonique du mariage n’autorisait qu’une séparation limitée ou une séparation de corps illimitée. Par la suite, la législation sur le mariage de Joseph, ainsi que les codes civils autrichiens de 1786 et 1811, n’ont pas plus introduit le mariage civil, acceptant la dimension religieuse du mariage et perpétuant la doctrine catholique romaine du mariage comme sacrement. Les couples catholiques ne pouvaient se séparer de corps et de biens que si les deux conjoints acceptaient de vivre séparément et signaient un accord de divorce extrajudiciaire réglementant la répartition des biens. Le code civil de 1811 a conservé cette option, mais a rétabli la possibilité d’intenter une action en séparation contre la volonté de l’un des conjoints. Les motifs stipulés font largement écho à ceux du droit canonique. Sur la base de l’évaluation de 1 761 procédures de mariage introduites par des épouses et des maris devant les tribunaux ecclésiastiques entre le milieu du xvi e  siècle et 1783, et de 696 procédures de mariage du magistrat civil de la ville de Vienne ayant compétence en matière de mariage entre 1783 et 1850, cet article présente des résultats statistiques préliminaires sur la transition entre les tribunaux ecclésiastiques et les tribunaux laïques. Pour les deux périodes, les femmes sont à l’origine de la plupart des demandes de divorce, les maris souhaitant plus souvent obtenir une sentence obligeant leurs femmes à reprendre la vie conjugale. Outre le déclin des cas de divorce, la comparaison des dix dernières années de juridiction ecclésiastique et des dix premières années de juridiction laïque montre que l’interdiction des séparations conflictuelles a massivement renforcé la position de la partie mariée opposée à la séparation, principalement les maris.
Vivre sans lui
Authors: Chatenet-Calyste Aurélie
Published: May 2021

Au xviii e  siècle, la séparation de biens est une pratique régulière dans le monde aristocratique français. Elle conduit fréquemment à la dislocation du lien conjugal et à la fin de la vie de couple. Examiner les papiers personnels des dames de la cour, les sources notariées et les mémoires des contemporains offre l’opportunité de réfléchir aux enjeux et aux modalités de la séparation conjugale dans le microcosme aulique. La documentation permet d’éclairer les conséquences socio-économiques de la rupture et les tensions générées par celle-ci. Les détails de la vie intime d’un couple sont étalés au grand jour et relayés par les rumeurs et les conversations.