bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The explosion of supernova 2011fe in the frame of the core-degenerate scenario
Authors: Soker Noam , García-Berro Enrique , Althaus Leandro G.
Published: November 2013

We argue that the properties of the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) SN 2011fe can be best explained within the frame of the core-degenerate (CD) scenario. In the CD scenario, a white dwarf (WD) merges with the core of an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star and forms a rapidly rotating WD, with a mass close to and above the critical mass for explosion. Rapid rotation prevents immediate collapse and/or explosion. Spinning down over a time of 0-1010 yr brings the WD to explosion. A very long delayed explosion to post-crystallization phase, which lasts for about 2 × 109 yr, leads to the formation of a highly carbon-enriched outer layer. This can account for the carbon-rich composition of the fastest-moving ejecta of SN 2011fe. In reaching the conclusion that the CD scenario best explains the observed properties of SN 2011fe, we consider both its specific properties, like a very compact exploding object and carbon-rich composition of the fastest-moving ejecta, and the general properties of SNe Ia.
Reclassification of

Bifidobacterium stercoris

Kim et al. 2010 as a later heterotypic synonym of

Bifidobacterium adolescentis
Authors: Killer J. , Sedláček I. , Rada V. , Havlík J. , Kopečný J.
Published: November 2013

The taxonomic position of

Bifidobacterium stercoris

Eg1T ( = JCM 15918T) based on comparative 16S rRNA gene and hsp60 sequence analyses was found to be controversial, as the strain showed high similarity to the type strain of

Bifidobacterium adolescentis

, CCUG 18363T. Therefore, the relationship between the two species was investigated by a taxonomic study that included, in addition to re-evaluation of the 16S rRNA gene sequence, determination of DNA–DNA binding and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) of housekeeping genes encoding the DNA-directed RNA polymerase B subunit (rpoC), putative xylulose-5-phosphate/fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase (xfp), elongation factor EF-G (fusA), 50S ribosomal protein L2 (rplB) and DNA gyrase B subunit (gyrB). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed relatively high similarity (98.9 %) between

B. stercoris

KCTC 5756T and

B. adolescentis

ATCC 15703T. MLSA revealed close relatedness between

B. stercoris

KCTC 5756T and

B. adolescentis

CCUG 18363T, with 99.3–100 % similarity between the rpoC, xfp, fusA, rplB and gyrB gene sequences. In addition, relatively high dnaJ1 gene sequence similarity of 97.7 % was found between the strains. Similar phenotypes and a high DNA–DNA binding value (78.9 %) confirmed that

B. stercoris

and

B. adolescentis

are synonymous. Based on these results, it is proposed that the species

Bifidobacterium stercoris

Kim et al. 2010 should be reclassified as a later heterotypic synonym of

Bifidobacterium adolescentis

Reuter 1963 (Approved Lists 1980).
Notification that new names of prokaryotes and new combinations have appeared in volume 63, part 8, of the IJSEM
Authors: Oren Aharon , Garrity George M.
Published: November 2013

This listing of names of prokaryotes published in a previous issue of the IJSEM is provided as a service to bacteriology to assist in the recognition of new names and new combinations. This procedure was proposed by the Judicial Commission [Minute 11(ii), Int J Syst Bacteriol
41 (1991), p. 185]. The names given herein are listed according to the Rules of Priority (i.e. page number and order of valid publication of names in the original articles). Taxonomic opinions included in this list (i.e. the creation of synonyms or the emendation of circumscriptions) cannot be considered as validly published nor, in any other way, approved by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes and its Judicial Commission.
Simultaneous Imaging of Structural Plasticity and Calcium Dynamics in Developing Dendrites and Axons
Authors: Siegel Friederike , Lohmann Christian
Published: November 2013

During nervous system development, the formation of synapses between pre- and postsynaptic neurons is a remarkably specific process. Both structural and functional plasticity are critical for the selection of synaptic partners and for the establishment and maturation of synapses. To unravel the respective contributions of structural and functional mechanisms as well as their interactions during synaptogenesis, it is important to directly observe structural changes and functional signaling simultaneously. Here, we present an imaging approach to simultaneously follow changes in structure and function. Differential labeling of individual cells and the neuronal network with distinct dyes allows the study of structural plasticity and changes in calcium signaling associated with neural activity at the same time and with high resolution. This is achieved by bulk loading of neuronal populations with a calcium-sensitive indicator in combination with electroporation of individual cells with a calcium indicator and an additional noncalcium-sensitive dye with a different excitation spectrum. Recordings of the two differently labeled structures can be acquired simultaneously using confocal microscopy. Thus, structural plasticity and calcium dynamics of the individually labeled neuron and the surrounding network can be related to each other. This combined imaging approach can be applied to virtually all systems of neuronal networks to study structure and function. We provide a comprehensive description of the labeling procedure, the imaging parameters, and the important aspects of analysis for simultaneous recordings of structure and function in individual neurons.
Labeling Defined Cells or Subsets of Cells in Zebrafish by Kaede Photoconversion
Authors: Schuster Kevin , Ghysen Alain
Published: November 2013

The lateral line is a mechanosensory system that comprises a set of discrete sense organs called neuromasts, which are arranged in reproducible patterns on the surface of fish and amphibians. The posterior component of the system, the posterior lateral line (PLL), comprises the neuromasts on the body and tail and its peripheral location makes the PLL accessible and easily visualized by imaging methods. The PLL develops from the migrating primordium and so can be used to examine various aspects of neural development, including the control of long-range, collective cell migration and the mechanisms underlying the establishment of appropriate connectivity. As the PLL develops, the transition from the simple, eight-neuromast-long embryonic system to the juvenile pattern of four lines extending anteroposteriorly and counting about 60 neuromasts involves three processes. First, two new primordia form that also migrate anteroposteriorly, one (primII) along the lateral myoseptum and the other (primD) along the dorsal myoseptum, depositing proneuromasts and interneuromast cells in a manner similar to the embryonic primordium. Second, displacement of differentiated neuromasts occurs along the dorsoventral axis, and third, local proliferation of interneuromast cells occurs to form additional neuromasts. Here we describe the use of Kaede photoconversion to label a chosen cell, or subset of cells, in the migrating primordium. This method can be used to study migration at the level of a single cell, to track cell lineages, or even to determine patterns of innervation.
Polarized Light Microscopy: Principles and Practice
Authors: Oldenbourg Rudolf
Published: November 2013

Polarized light microscopy provides unique opportunities for analyzing the molecular order in heterogeneous systems, such as living cells and tissues, without using exogenous dyes or labels. This article briefly discusses the theory of polarized light microscopy and elaborates on its practice using a traditional polarized light microscope and more specialized polarization microscopes such as the LC-PolScope, Oosight, or Abrio. The microscope components specific to analyzing the polarization of light, such as polarizer and compensator, are introduced, and quantitative techniques for measuring the birefringence of the specimen point by point using a traditional polarizing microscope are discussed. The new LC-PolScope greatly improves the analytic power of the technique, providing quantitative birefringence data simultaneously for every image point, thereby revealing molecular order with unprecedented sensitivity and at the highest resolution of the light microscope. Practical aspects discussed include the choice of optics, sample preparation, and combining polarized light with differential interference contrast and fluorescence microscopy. A glossary of polarization optical terms is also included to facilitate the discussion of observations made with a polarized light microscope.
Disrupting Autophagy Restores Peroxisome Function to anArabidopsis lon2Mutant and Reveals a Role for the LON2 Protease in Peroxisomal Matrix Protein Degradation
Authors: Farmer Lisa M. , Rinaldi Mauro A. , Young Pierce G. , Danan Charles H. , Burkhart Sarah E. , Bartel Bonnie
Published: November 2013

Peroxisomes house critical metabolic reactions that are essential for seedling development. As seedlings mature, metabolic requirements change, and peroxisomal contents are remodeled. The resident peroxisomal protease LON2 is positioned to degrade obsolete or damaged peroxisomal proteins, but data supporting such a role in plants have remained elusive. Arabidopsis thaliana lon2 mutants display defects in peroxisomal metabolism and matrix protein import but appear to degrade matrix proteins normally. To elucidate LON2 functions, we executed a forward-genetic screen for lon2 suppressors, which revealed multiple mutations in key autophagy genes. Disabling core autophagy-related gene (ATG) products prevents autophagy, a process through which cytosolic constituents, including organelles, can be targeted for vacuolar degradation. We found that atg2, atg3, and atg7 mutations suppressed lon2 defects in auxin metabolism and matrix protein processing and rescued the abnormally large size and small number of lon2 peroxisomes. Moreover, analysis of lon2 atg mutants uncovered an apparent role for LON2 in matrix protein turnover. Our data suggest that LON2 facilitates matrix protein degradation during peroxisome content remodeling, provide evidence for the existence of pexophagy in plants, and indicate that peroxisome destruction via autophagy is enhanced when LON2 is absent.
The Evolutionarily Conserved Iron-Sulfur Protein INDH Is Required for Complex I Assembly and Mitochondrial Translation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wydro Mateusz M. , Sharma Pia , Foster Jonathan M. , Bych Katrine , Meyer Etienne H. , Balk Janneke
Published: November 2013

The assembly of respiratory complexes is a multistep process, requiring coordinate expression of mitochondrial and nuclear genes and cofactor biosynthesis. We functionally characterized the iron-sulfur protein required for NADH dehydrogenase (INDH) in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. An indh knockout mutant lacked complex I but had low levels of a 650-kD assembly intermediate, similar to mutations in the homologous NUBPL (nucleotide binding protein-like) in Homo sapiens. However, heterozygous indh/+ mutants displayed unusual phenotypes during gametogenesis and resembled mutants in mitochondrial translation more than mutants in complex I. Gradually increased expression of INDH in indh knockout plants revealed a significant delay in reassembly of complex I, suggesting an indirect role for INDH in the assembly process. Depletion of INDH protein was associated with decreased 35S-Met labeling of translation products in isolated mitochondria, whereas the steady state levels of several mitochondrial transcripts were increased. Mitochondrially encoded proteins were differentially affected, with near normal levels of cytochrome c oxidase subunit2 and Nad7 but little Nad6 protein in the indh mutant. These data suggest that INDH has a primary role in mitochondrial translation that underlies its role in complex I assembly.
Finite element crack propagation analysis of shear loaded buckling panels
Authors: Bierbaum Julia , Horst Peter
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– In former work, test results of cracks in aluminium panels under cyclic shear buckling showed that cracks in the tensile stress field of a buckle propagate. The main influencing factor for the crack growth rate is the maximum principle stress. A simplified approach for crack propagation analyses based on this finding showed limitations for application on larger cracks because it disregarded the increasing out-of-plane deformation for larger cracks as well as stress redistributions. The purpose of this paper is to improve the results of the simplified approach with the help of finite element method (FEM).

Design/methodology/approach

– An approach for crack propagation based on FEM is presented taking into account the mutual interaction of cracks and buckling. The finite element (FE) model, which is described in detail, respects the boundary conditions of the test-set-up. Different initial crack positions, loads and panel thicknesses are analyzed. Results of the stress intensity factors KI calculated by the ABAQUS® FE model provide a function which is used to run a crack propagation analysis based on Forman law.

Findings

– The results of the FE-based crack propagation solution are in good agreement with test results and improve the prediction of the simplified approach. It is not restricted in terms of panel thickness, crack position or applied shear load.

Research limitations/implications

– Limitations of the FE-based crack propagation solution compared to the experimental results are discussed. These are, the sensitivity of crack propagation analyses to initial crack length and deviations of the experimental settings from the ideal FE model.

Originality/value

– The interaction of cracks and buckling in aluminium shells is mainly disregarded both in research and industrial work, but can be of interest considering, accidental damages in fuselage side shells. Cracks propagate under shear load as it was shown in former work. The FE modeling of the tests presented in this paper proves the mutual interactions of crack propagation and buckling deformation.
Safety factors in structural integrity assessment of components with defects
Authors: Matvienko Yury
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to develop basic principles of deterministic structural integrity assessment of a component with a crack- or notch-like defect by including safety factors against fracture and plastic collapse in criteria equations of linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics.

Design/methodology/approach

– The safety factors against fracture are calculated by demanding that the applied critical stress should not be less than the yield stress of the material for a component with a crack or a notch of the acceptable size. Structural integrity assessment of the engineering components damaged by crack- or notch-like defects is discussed from view point of the failure assessment diagram (FAD). The methodology of the FAD has been employed for the structural integrity analysis and assessment of acceptable sizes of throw-thickness notch in a plate under tension and surface longitudinal notch-like defects in a pressure vessel.

Findings

– Basic equations have been presented to calculate the safety factor against fracture for critical values of the stress intensity factor, crack tip opening displacement (CTOD), the J-integral and the FAD as well as to estimate an acceptable (safe) region for an engineering component with a crack- or notch-like defect of the acceptable size. It was shown that safety factors against fracture depend on both the safety factor against plastic collapse and employed fracture mechanics criterion. The effect of crack/notch tip constraint is incorporated into criteria equations for the calculation of safety factors against fracture.

Originality/value

– The deterministic method of fracture mechanics is recommended for structural integrity assessment of a component with a crack- or notch-like defect by including safety factors against fracture and plastic collapse in criteria equations of linear and nonlinear fracture mechanics.
Fatigue modelling of aluminium plates reinforced with bonded fibre metal laminates
Authors: Doucet Jeremy , Zhang Xiang , Irving Philip
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– This paper aims to present the implementation of a finite element (FE) model used to establish crack and delamination development in a Glare reinforced aluminium plate under fatigue loading. This model predicts the behaviour of bonded GLARE straps used as crack retarders for life extension of aircraft structures. In particular, it takes into account the interaction that exists between the substrate crack and the delamination crack at the interface with the reinforcement.

Design/methodology/approach

– In this work, a 3D FE model with three-layer continuum shell elements has been developed to calculate changes in substrate stress intensity and in fatigue crack growth (FCG) rate produced by bonded strap reinforcement. Both circular and elliptical strap delamination geometries were incorporated into the model. Calculated stress intensity factors (SIFs) were used together with measured FCG data for substrate material to predict FCG rates for the strapped condition.

Findings

– The model predicted a decrease in the SIF and a retardation of FCG rates. The SIF was predicted to vary through the thickness of the substrate due to the phenomenon of secondary bending and also the bridging effect caused by the presence of the strap. The influence of delamination shape and size on substrate crack stress intensity and delamination strain energy release rate has been calculated.

Originality/value

– This research aims at developing modelling techniques that could be used when studying larger reinforced structures found in aircraft.
Fatigue crack propagation behavior in railway steels
Authors: Peixoto Daniel , Andrade Ferreira Luis
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The present paper aims to characterize the fatigue crack propagation behavior of wheel and rail steels, in particular the AVE wheel steel and an UIC60 rail steel, including several R-values and near threshold behavior. To accomplish this objective, mode I fatigue crack growth tests were performed according to the ASTM E647 standard on C(T) specimens taken from a Spanish high-speed AVE train used wheel and a UIC60 rail, tested with 0.1, 0.4 and 0.7 load ratios.

Design/methodology/approach

– In the present study, the two different methodologies presented in the ASTM E647 standard were used to characterize the fatigue crack propagation behavior of the two studied materials. The K-decreasing test procedure was used to characterize fatigue crack propagation near the threshold, whereas the K-increasing with constant load range method was used in the Paris law regime.

Findings

– It was observed that for the wheel a small influence of R-ratio was found, with greater R implying higher fatigue crack growth rates. For the rail, the influence is small, and for large values of ΔK, it is slightly reversed. The near-threshold results obtained indicate lower threshold values for higher R-ratio, a fact that is possibly associated with crack closure phenomena. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of fatigue crack propagation surfaces identified a random behavior in the striation orientation for both materials and no correlation was found between striation spacing and actual fatigue crack growth rate.

Originality/value

– R-ratio and threshold behavior of fatigue crack propagation of a steel used in high-speed train wheels, as well as of UIC60 rail steel, were studied, with the objective of generating data to be used in maintenance and damage tolerance models.
Mediterranean diet and socio-economic status in Greek adolescents
Authors: Costarelli Vassiliki , Sdrali Despina , Konstantopoulou Aggeliki
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The study aims to explore the effect of socio-economic status (SES) on energy balance behaviours and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), in Greek adolescents.

Design/methodology/approach

– 391 students, 14-16 years old, have been recruited from two public high schools located in low SES areas of Athens and two private high schools from higher SES areas. Students completed a specifically designed energy balance behaviours questionnaire together with the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents and the KIDMED index.

Findings

– Adolescents of low SES reported lower adherence to the MD (p<0.05), higher consumption of soft drinks (p<0.001), lower breakfast consumption (p<0.001), fewer meals per day consumed with parents (p<0.05), lower physical activity levels (p<0.01) and more TV viewing hours (p<0.01) compared to adolescents of higher SES.

Research limitations/implications

– Family annual income, an indicator of family SES, has not been recorded, since this was considered a sensitive and difficult information to be obtained by the adolescents.

Originality/value

– This study was conducted during a period of Greek economic recession and was designed to investigate the effect of lower SES on diet quality and unhealthy behaviours in the youth. Understanding and limiting possible health inequalities in Greece, due to the economic crisis, is of paramount importance.
Extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction in children is not associated with growth impairment
Authors: Panagaria Namita , Roop Rai Ramesh , Varma Kanika
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to assess nutritional status among children with extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO).

Design/methodology/approach

– Forty six children with documented EHPVO with age and sex matched siblings and controls were selected from the Department of Gastroenterology, Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur. Nutritional assessment was done by anthropometry and dietary recall method (24-h dietary recall method). Height for age and BMI for age were compared with WHO standards.

Findings

– An equal percentage of EHPVO patients, siblings and controls (4.34 percent) were stunted. Nearly 23.9 percent EHPVO patients and their siblings and 30.4 percent of controls were severely wasted. Similar proportion of subjects had MAMA<5th percentile. Dietary intake was similar between the study groups. Growth velocity was similar among the groups after one-year follow-up.

Originality/value

– Data from India regarding EHPVO are very scarce from India. One study from Sarin et al. in 1992 reported EHPVO-affected children to be growth retarded. The present study, in contradiction to this study postulates that the affected children may not be growth retarded because of the disease but heredity and environmental factors may play a role.
Anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity of coleus leaves consumed as breast-milk stimulant
Authors: Muzaffar Ali Khan Khattak Muhammad , Taher Muhammad , Abdulrahman Suzanah , Abu Bakar Ibrahim , Damanik Rizal , Yahaya Azhary
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The aim of this study was to evaluate anti-bacterial anti-fungal activity of six Lamiaceae family coleus plants based on their traditional uses (breast-milk stimulants) from two Asian countries (Malaysia and Indonesia).

Design/methodology/approach

– Plants leaves of coleus species were collected from Kuantan (Malaysia) and Jakarta (Indonesia). From Kuantan,Coleus aromaticus– Malaysia (CATM),Pogostemon cablin– Malaysia (PCM),Coleus blumei-purple leaves – Malaysia (CBPM),Coleus blumei-red leaves – Malaysia (CBRM),Coleus amboinicus– Malaysia (CALM) and from JakartaColeus amboinicus– Indonesia (CALI) were collected freeze dried and extracted with aqueous methanol. The antimicrobial activity of the extract was determined by making use of macro dilution and disc diffusion methods. The selected bacteria and fungus used were namelyBacillus subtilisandStaphylococcus aureus(gram positive) andEscherichia coliandPseudomonas aeruginosa(gram negative) andCandida albicans(a fungi).

Findings

– All leaf extracts showed activity at least against one strain of bacteria and the result shows that there were significant differences (p<0.05) between the activities on microorganism. The minimum inhibitory concentration of all leaves extracts ranged from 1.0 to 2.0 mg/ml in inhibiting the growth ofS. aureus,E. coli,P. aeruginosaandB. subtilis. This study shows that the coleus plants leaves can be used as anti-bacterial anti-fungal agent apart from the breast-milk stimulation properties.

Research limitations/implications

– This research was carried out with a limited grant and it was not possible to study some more aspects, for example, the composition and the active components isolation, etc. Furthermore, to establish the relationship among the components and bacteria or fungus, etc.

Practical implications

– This research would have greater impact since the leaves of coleus plants are already in use in some communities for the purpose of breast-milk stimulation and insect bite therapy and many more.

Originality/value

– This research takes into consideration the effect of coleus plants on a few bacteria and a fungus which have never been studied before.
Information governance – beyond the buzz
Authors: Hagmann Juerg
Published: November 2013

Purpose

–This paper aims to discuss the still immature concept of information governance (IG) from a records and information management (RIM) perspective and attempts to identify some critical aspects, essential elements and challenges, drawing on lessons learned from corporate experience in a global setup.

Design/methodology/approach

–After a critical consideration of the notion “information governance” the paper reports some issues which turned out to be major barriers to success during IG implementation within a given organisation.

Findings

–Practical experience highlights the importance of carefully scoping IG frameworks in larger organisations; in particular, balancing the representation of all relevant stakeholders (especially lines of business) and targeting investment in initiatives that foster an information management culture. Equally critical to success is corporate communication which truly values information as a corporate asset and highlights the importance of information lifecycle management rather than technology under the motto “putting the ‘I’ into IT”.

Research limitations/implications

–This paper draws on experience from a single case study to discuss some of the cultural factors that influence the design and implementation of IG in general. However, more empirical research is needed in order to broaden the understanding of the impact of IG programmes in real-world organisations.

Practical implications

–When implementing IG programmes in global organisations it should not be limited to an IT perspective alone. The biggest challenge is the fact that no department or discipline alone can achieve the desired results. Success is only possible in an orchestrated scenario with clear value propositions for specific business functions.

Originality/value

–Based on a small selection of professional literature on the IG approach, the paper presents findings about issues and pitfalls when setting up and implementing an IG programme. It is hoped that it will inspire more exploratory research of this kind from members of the records management community to encourage them to raise the need for IG in their own organisations.
Managing multilinguality in organizations
Authors: Cardeñosa Jesús , Gallardo Carolina
Published: November 2013

Purpose

– The aim of this paper is to show how multilinguality is permanently present in organizations in this global world, and how they should take into account the multilingual phenomenon specifically from the perspective of knowledge management in order to gain presence in markets.

Design/methodology/approach

– The approach followed by the authors consists of a review of the published literature addressing this issue during the last years, followed by a proposal of applicable technologies in each step of the information processing.

Findings

– The clearest finding is that if technology is not used for solving the problems that arise when dealing with multilingual contents, efficient information managing turns out a rather difficult task.

Research limitations/implications

– The paper points out a number of different states in the information flows, which make it possible to study and analyse the most appropriate technologies for their orderly treatment. A unified treatment of the information flows is recommended, especially if there are multilingual components.

Originality/value

– The issue of multilinguality in organizations, a possible cause of a weak penetration in the global world, has been scarcely studied and hardly tackled from a methodological perspective. This paper suggests technologies adequate for different situations when managing organizational information.
Should pantomime and gesticulation be assessed separately for their comprehensibility in aphasia? A case study
Authors: van Nispen Karin , van de Sandt‐Koenderman Mieke , Mol Lisette , Krahmer Emiel
Published: November 2013

Background

Gesticulation (gestures accompanying speech) and pantomime (gestures in the absence of speech) can each be comprehensible. Little is known about the differences between these two gesture modes in people with aphasia.

Aims

To discover whether there are differences in the communicative use of gesticulation and pantomime in QH, a person with severe fluent aphasia.

Methods & Procedures

QH performed two tasks: naming objects and retelling a story. He did this once in a verbal condition (enabling gesticulation) and once in a pantomime condition. For both conditions, the comprehensibility of gestures was analysed in a forced‐choice task by naïve judges. Secondly, a comparison was made between QH and healthy controls for the representation techniques used.

Outcomes & Results

Pantomimes produced by QH for naming objects were significantly more comprehensible than chance, whereas his gesticulation was not. For retelling a story the opposite pattern was found. When naming objects QH gesticulated much more than did healthy controls. His pantomimes for this task were simpler than those used by the control group. For retelling a story no differences were found.

Conclusions & Implications

Although QH did not make full use of each gesture modes’ potential, both did contribute to QH's comprehensibility. Crucially, the benefits of each mode differed across tasks. This implies that both gesture modes should be taken into account separately in models of speech and gesture production and in clinical practice for different communicative settings.
Three different [NiFe] hydrogenases confer metabolic flexibility in the obligate aerobe Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Berney Michael , Greening Chris , Hards Kiel , Collins Desmond , Cook Gregory M.
Published: November 2013

Mycobacterium smegmatis is an obligate aerobe that harbours three predicted [NiFe] hydrogenases, Hyd1 (MSMEG_2262–2263), Hyd2 (MSMEG_2720‐2719) and Hyd3 (MSMEG_3931‐3928). We show here that these three enzymes differ in their phylogeny, regulation and catalytic activity. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Hyd1 groups with hydrogenases that oxidize H2 produced by metabolic processes, and Hyd2 is homologous to a novel group of putative high‐affinity hydrogenases. Hyd1 and Hyd2 respond to carbon and oxygen limitation, and, in the case of Hyd1, hydrogen supplementation. Hydrogen consumption measurements confirmed that both enzymes can oxidize hydrogen. In contrast, the phylogenetic analysis and activity measurements of Hyd3 are consistent with the enzyme evolving hydrogen. Hyd3 is controlled by DosR, a regulator that responds to hypoxic conditions. The strict dependence of hydrogen oxidation of Hyd1 and Hyd2 on oxygen suggests that the enzymes are oxygen tolerant and linked to the respiratory chain. This unique combination of hydrogenases allows M. smegmatis to oxidize hydrogen at high (Hyd1) and potentially tropospheric (Hyd2) concentrations, as well as recycle reduced equivalents by evolving hydrogen (Hyd3). The distribution of these hydrogenases throughout numerous soil and marine species of actinomycetes suggests that oxic hydrogen metabolism provides metabolic flexibility in environments with changing nutrient fluxes.
Challenging the Ongoing Injustice of Imprisonment for Public Protection:James,Wells andLeevTheUnitedKingdom
Authors: Bettinson Vanessa , Dingwall Gavin
Published: November 2013

The Government has recently abolished Imprisonment for Public Protection, a highly controversial form of indeterminate sentence. Yet, at the time of writing, nearly 6,000 inmates are still serving such sentences, all of whom will have to convince a Parole Board that detention is no longer necessary for the protection of the public. This paper evaluates recent European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence which considered the legality of post‐tariff detention in the absence of suitable rehabilitative provision. The Court held that there would be a violation of Article 5(1) if prisoners were held without access to such provision. Consideration is given to the implications of this ruling for those serving such sentences and, more broadly, to the impact it may have on risk‐based sentencing policies.
Sex and Capacity: The Management of Monsters?
Authors: Sandland Ralph
Published: November 2013

The first consideration by a civil court of the test of capacity to engage in sexual relations –X City CouncilvMB,NBandMAB– is as recent as 2005. This article places this and subsequent cases in the historical context of the way in which the law has constructed the sexuality of persons with intellectual impairment. The article argues that, beginning with a series of rape cases in the mid to late nineteenth century, which recognised the concept of consent given through the expression of animal instincts, the law has accepted and deployed a model of intellectual impairment which understands expressions of sexuality in terms of an increasingly unstable opposition between vulnerability and danger, understood as the presence or absence of instinct, and as indicating an underlying ‘monstrosity’. The article argues that the historical continuity apparent in the modern case law is unfortunate and should be rectified.
Connecting the Dots and Merging Meaning: Using Mixed Methods to Study Primary Care Delivery Transformation
Authors: Scammon Debra L. , Tomoaia‐Cotisel Andrada , Day Rachel L. , Day Julie , Kim Jaewhan , Waitzman Norman J. , Farrell Timothy W. , Magill Michael K.
Published: November 2013

Objective

To demonstrate the value of mixed methods in the study of practice transformation and illustrate procedures for connecting methods and for merging findings to enhance the meaning derived.

Data Source/Study Setting

An integrated network of university‐owned, primary care practices at the University of Utah (Community Clinics or CCs). CC has adopted Care by Design, its version of the Patient Centered Medical Home.

Study Design

Convergent case study mixed methods design.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Analysis of archival documents, internal operational reports, in‐clinic observations, chart audits, surveys, semistructured interviews, focus groups, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services database, and the Utah All Payer Claims Database.

Principal Findings

Each data source enriched our understanding of the change process and understanding of reasons that certain changes were more difficult than others both in general and for particular clinics. Mixed methods enabled generation and testing of hypotheses about change and led to a comprehensive understanding of practice change.

Conclusions

Mixed methods are useful in studying practice transformation. Challenges exist but can be overcome with careful planning and persistence.
Pure endoscopic full‐thickness resection with peritoneoscopy and omentectomy
Authors: Mori Hirohito , Kobara Hideki , Fujihara Shintaro , Nishiyama Noriko , Ayaki Maki , Yachida Tatsuo , Okano Keiichi , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Masaki Tsutomu
Published: November 2013

Objective

To investigate surgical procedures for pure endoscopic full‐thickness resection (EFTR) using a flexible endoscope and a prototype of a full‐thickness suturing device in animal experiments.

Methods

Six beagles were divided into two groups: sutured with over‐the‐scope‐clip (OTSC group, n = 3) and with a prototype of the double‐arm bar suturing system (DBSS group, n = 3). The peritoneoscopy, omentectomy and EFTR procedures were performed through the transgastric route. We examined the surgical procedures required to accomplish pure EFTR and survival rates of these dogs after EFTR.

Results

The duodenal balloon occlusion method maintained a sufficient endoscopic view during peritoneoscopy. Grooves of 10‐mm wide were created around the tumor down to the third layer for treating all blood vessels and adding landmark for full‐thickness resection lines. Using the muscle layer thin‐cutting method, hyaluronic acid was locally injected into the muscle layer and fine incisions were made. Creating tiny perforations provided safe access to the abdominal cavity. Although it was difficult to suture the resected site safely in the OTSC group, the DBSS prototype was useful and reliable for closing the resection sites with 3‐0 absorbable thread. After EFTR there were no complications in the DBSS group and the dogs were in good health on POD 30, whereas in the OTSC group two dogs died due to dehiscence and gastric juice leaks. Postmortem examinations showed abscess around the suturing sites and two OTSC were detached from the suturing sites.

Conclusions

Pure EFTR is feasible with DBSS when systematic methods are established. The high safety of full‐thickness resection suturing will permit their clinical application in the near future.
Zymographic analysis using gelatin‐coated film of the effect of etanercept on the extracellular matrix‐degrading activity in synovial fluids of rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Kamataki Akihisa , Ishida Mutsuko , Komagamine Masataka , Yoshida Masaaki , Ando Takanobu , Sawai Takashi
Published: November 2013

Aim

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease. Most RA patients develop cartilage and bone destruction, and various proteinases are involved in the destruction of extracellular matrix of cartilage and bone. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of our newly developed method to measure total gelatinolytic activity. We adopted this method for measurement in synovial fluid from RA patients treated by the anti‐rheumatic drug etanercept (ETN), a recombinant human soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor fusion protein, and compared the findings with clinical and laboratory data.

Methods

Enzymatic activity of synovial fluid was analyzed by zymography using gelatin‐coated film, and compared with the index of Disease Activity Score of 28 joints – C‐reactive protein (DAS28‐CRP), CRP and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐3 level before and after ETN therapy.

Results

Synovial fluids of 19 patients were collected before and after administration of ETN therapy. In nine of 19 patients, who showed a decrease in gelatin‐degrading activity in synovial fluid, the index of DAS28‐CRP (4.85–2.85, ΔDAS = −2.00) and CRP (3.30–0.94 mg/dL, ΔCRP = −2.36) was alleviated after ETN therapy, while cases with no change or an increase in gelatin‐degrading activity showed a modest improvement in clinical data: DAS28‐CRP (4.23–3.38, ΔDAS = −0.85) and CRP (1.70–0.74 mg/dL, ΔCRP = −0.96).

Conclusion

Our newly developed method for measurement of gelatin‐degrading activity in synovial fluid from RA patients is highly practicable and useful for predicting the effect of ETN therapy.
Role of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in focal therapy for prostate cancer: a Delphi consensus project
Authors: Muller Berrend G. , van den Bos Willemien , Brausi Maurizio , Cornud Francois , Gontero Paolo , Kirkham Alexander , Pinto Peter A. , Polascik Thomas J. , Rastinehad Ardeshir R. , de Reijke Theo M. , de la Rosette Jean J. , Ukimura Osamu , Villers Arnauld , Walz Jochen , Wijkstra Hessel , Marberger Michael
Published: November 2013

Objective

To define the role of multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) for treatment planning, guidance and follow‐up in focal therapy for prostate cancer based on a multidisciplinary Delphi consensus project.

Materials and Methods

An online consensus process based on a questionnaire was circulated according to the Delphi method.

Discussion points were identified by literature research and were sent to the panel via an online questionnaire in three rounds.

A face‐to‐face consensus meeting followed the three rounds of questions that were sent to a 48‐participant expert panel consisting of urologists, radiologists and engineers.

Participants were presented with the results of the previous rounds.

Conclusions formulated from the results of the questionnaire were discussed in the final face‐to‐face meeting.

Results

Consensus was reached in 41% of all key items.

Patients selected for focal therapy should have biopsy‐proven prostate cancer. Biopsies should ideally be performed after mpMRI of the prostate. Standardization of imaging protocols is essential and mpMRIs should be read by an experienced radiologist. In the follow‐up after focal therapy, mpMRI should be performed after 6 months, followed by a yearly mpMRI. mpMRI findings should be confirmed by targeted biopsies before re‐treatment.

No consensus was reached on whether mpMRI could replace transperineal template saturation biopsies to exclude significant lesions outside the target lesion.

Conclusions

Consensus was reached on a number of areas related to the conduct, interpretation and reporting of mpMRI for use in treatment planning, guidance and follow‐up of focal therapy for prostate cancer.

Future studies, comparing mpMRI with transperineal saturation mapping biopsies, will confirm the importance of mpMRI for a variety of purposes in focal therapy for prostate cancer.
Testicular‐sparing surgery for bilateral or monorchide testicular tumours: a multicenter study of long‐term oncological and functional results
Authors: Ferretti Ludovic , Sargos Paul , Gross‐Goupil Marine , Izard Vincent , Wallerand Hervé , Huyghe Eric , Rigot Jean‐Marc , Durand Xavier , Benoit Gerard , Ferriere Jean‐Marie , Droupy Stéphane
Published: November 2013

Objective

To review long‐term oncological and functional outcomes of testicular‐sparing surgery (TSS) in men presenting with bilateral or monorchide testicular tumours at one of five reference centres for testicular neoplasm and infertility.

Patients and Methods

We review 25 cases of bilateral synchrone and metachrone testicular tumours treated in five academic centres between 1984 and 2013.

Clinical, biological, ultrasonography and pathological tumour findings, overall survival (OS) times, local or metastatic recurrence, pre‐ and postoperative hormonal profile, paternity and the need for androgen substitution were assessed.

Results

Eleven patients with a bilateral synchrone tumour and 14 patients with a testicular tumour on a solitary testicle underwent a tumorectomy.

The mean (sem) patient age was 31.9 (1.04) years, total testosterone level was 4.5 (0.57) ng.mL and tumour size was 11.66 (1.49) mm.

Tumour types were as follows: 11 seminoma, nine non‐seminomatous or mixed germ cell tumours, four Leydig tumours, and one hamartoma. Frozen‐section examination was performed in 14 patients, and matched the final pathological analysis in 11 patients.

There was an OS rate of 100% and three patients (12%) presented with a local recurrence after a mean follow‐up of 42.7 months.

Radical orchiectomy was performed for six patients. No patient with a preserved testicle required androgen therapy; the mean postoperative total testosterone level was 4.0 ng/mL.

No patient remained fertile after radiation therapy.

Conclusions

TSS for bilateral testicular tumour is safe and effective in selected patients, and should be considered to avoid definitive androgen therapy.

Adjuvant radiotherapy remains poorly described in the literature, leading to adjuvant treatment heterogeneity for testicular tumours.
Modeling Effectiveness of Gradual Increases in Source Level to Mitigate Effects of Sonar on Marine Mammals
Authors: VON BENDA‐BECKMANN ALEXANDER M. , WENSVEEN PAUL J. , KVADSHEIM PETTER H. , LAM FRANS‐PETER A. , MILLER PATRICK J. O. , TYACK PETER L. , AINSLIE MICHAEL A.
Published: November 2013

Ramp‐up or soft‐start procedures (i.e., gradual increase in the source level) are used to mitigate the effect of sonar sound on marine mammals, although no one to date has tested whether ramp‐up procedures are effective at reducing the effect of sound on marine mammals. We investigated the effectiveness of ramp‐up procedures in reducing the area within which changes in hearing thresholds can occur. We modeled the level of sound killer whales (Orcinus orca) were exposed to from a generic sonar operation preceded by different ramp‐up schemes. In our model, ramp‐up procedures reduced the risk of killer whales receiving sounds of sufficient intensity to affect their hearing. The effectiveness of the ramp‐up procedure depended strongly on the assumed response threshold and differed with ramp‐up duration, although extending the duration of the ramp up beyond 5 min did not add much to its predicted mitigating effect. The main factors that limited effectiveness of ramp up in a typical antisubmarine warfare scenario were high source level, rapid moving sonar source, and long silences between consecutive sonar transmissions. Our exposure modeling approach can be used to evaluate and optimize mitigation procedures.

Modelado de la Efectividad de los Incrementos Graduales en el Nivel de la Fuente para Mitigar Efectos de Sonar sobre Mamíferos Marinos
The technical potential of Great Britain to produce ligno‐cellulosic biomass for bioenergy in current and future climates
Authors: Hastings Astley , Tallis Matthew J. , Casella Eric , Matthews Robert W. , Henshall Paul A. , Milner Suzanne , Smith Pete , Taylor Gail
Published: November 2013

Process and empirical‐based models that describe lignocellulosic biomass yield of the perennial energy grass Miscanthus (MiscanFor©), short rotation coppice (SRC) trees and shrubs, poplar and willow (ForestGrowth‐SRC) and a number of short rotation forest trees (ESC‐CARBINE), were used to estimate the yield potential for current and future climates across Great Britain (GB). In current climates, modelled yields for all feedstock crops varied between 8.1 and 10.6 Mg dry weight (DW) ha−1 yr−1 with willow SRC and poplar SRF producing the lowest and highest yields respectively. For the medium emissions scenario (UKCP09) in 2050, mean yield for all feedstock crops varied between 7.6 and 12.7 Mg DW ha−1 yr−1 with willow SRC and poplar SRF once again the lowest and the highest recorded yields. There were clear geographical trends within GB. Miscanthus yield was higher than all others in the south‐west (13.1 Mg DW ha−1 yr−1), SRC willow and SRC poplar in the north‐west (12.1–15.8 Mg DW ha−1 yr−1) and in the midlands and south‐east, SRF poplar was the highest yielding (10.5–11.6 Mg DW ha−1 yr−1). These geographical trends changed little with climate out to 2050, with mean yield of each ‘best feedstock’ increasing from 12.7 to 14.2 Mg DW ha−1 yr−1. Out to 2050, SRC declined slightly and Miscanthus and SRF poplar increased as the ‘best feedstock’ option. Except for a few localized examples, only SRF poplar had a higher yield than SRC or Miscanthus. These data suggest that in current and future climates, lignocellulosic biomass plantation species can be selected and optimized for best yield performance in different regions of GB. This modelling framework provides a valuable starting‐point for which to test the performance of new genetic material, as this becomes available and parameterized for the models and socio‐economic scenarios that may impact on the bioenergy industry.