bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Choreomusical Page-to-Stage Approach: Visual Representations of Musical Modernism Through the Works of Igor Stravinsky and George Balanchine
Authors:   , Hughes Eustacia Lynn Jocea
Published: November 2021

The musical developments of the Modernist period provided a new understanding and approach to composition. These developments are also seen in ballet, branching into several styles, with many choreographers providing their unique take to staging musical works. In this study, the modernist choreomusical relationship is examined with respect to the possibility of a page-to-stage approach in dance. This thesis examines how this approach is manifested in the complex relationships between the composer, and the choreographer. Drawing on nine examples of modernist era ballets categorised in to three styles (classical, neoclassical, and contemporary ballets), discussion of historical context, analysis of the musical and choreographic relationship, and other ideas surrounding adapting music for a visual medium are explored.  This thesis also examines changing attitudes to music/dance relationships. Two lines of enquiry are followed, the first assesses, through the example of Stravinsky, Balanchine, and several other contemporaries, whether a page-to-stage approach exists for ballet. A supplementary enquiry explores how such an approach is manifested within different methods of choreography. This study finds that there are difficulties in applying the choreomusical page-to-stage approach to analysing changing attitudes to music/dance relationships. At another level, this study points to the benefit of incorporating the concept of diegesis in analysing the changing attitudes to music/dance relationships.
Grasp
Authors:   , Rosemary Cann
Published: November 2021

A screenplay.
In the Neck of Time
Authors:   , Poojary Snehal
Published: November 2021

Numerous studies over the past decade have investigated to making human animation as realistic as possible, especially facial animation. Let’s consider facial animation for human speech. Animating a face, to match up to a speech, requires a lot of effort. Most of the process has now been automated to make it easier for the artist to create facial animation along with lip sync based on a speech provided by the user. While these systems concentrate on the mouth and tongue, where articulation of speech takes place, very little effort has gone to understand and to recreate the exact motion of the neck during speech. The neck plays an important role in voice production and hence it is essential to study the motion created by it.  The purpose of this research is to study the motion of the neck during speech. This research makes two contributions. First, predicting the motion of the neck around the strap muscles for a given speech. This is achieved by training a program with position data of marker placed on the neck along with its speech analysis data. Second, understanding the basic neck motion during speech. This will help an artist understand how the neck should be animated during speech.
Visitor satisfaction with services for environmental interpretation in Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam
Authors:   , Phan Thi Thuy Linh
Published: November 2021

The increase in visitor demand creates more and more pressures on visitor management, especially in protected areas like national parks. Environmental interpretation is regarded as an effective soft management strategy that aims to educate visitors in national parks. However, no study about visitor satisfaction with environmental interpretation using Importance-Performance analysis has been undertaken in national parks in general and national parks of Vietnam in particular. This study attempts to fill in the research gaps in the literature by examining visitor satisfaction with services for environmental interpretation in Cat Tien National Park of Vietnam using Importance-Performance Analysis. The research aims are: (1) To identify current interpretive services in Cat Tien National Park; (2) To explore visitor use of these services for environmental interpretation; (3) To investigate visitor satisfaction with these services using Importance-Performance Analysis and (4) To analyze similarities and differences in visitor satisfaction with services according to motivation-based segments and market-based segments.  Secondary research, a site visit and three semi-structured interviews were first implemented to provide information background for the study. Next, the main survey for both international and domestic visitors was conducted at the entry point of Cat Tien National Park. Data from 237 pre-visit and post-visit questionnaires collected in four weeks was then analyzed with relevant statistical analyses. Market-based segmentation and motivation-based segmentation were also implemented to analyze the data.  The findings show that site interpreters were the most important service provider for environmental interpretation in Cat Tien National Park. Site interpreters, interpretive signs and staff at the museum are very important and very satisfying services for environmental interpretation. Displays at the museum need to be redesigned to meet visitor satisfaction. Moreover, videos at the rescue centre need to improve the performance to ensure domestic visitor satisfaction. With regard to twelve roles of site interpreters, the role for a comfortable pace of the trip, the role for a good group organisation, the communicative roles and the roles of an environmental interpreter are important and satisfying roles according to visitors. The performance of the instrumental role for visitor safety and the social role for a positive group environment need to be enhanced to meet visitor satisfaction. Also, two roles of a motivator of responsible behaviour need to be enhanced to meet the satisfaction of “Passive visitors” and “Active learners”, as well as international visitors.  The study highlights the need for continuing research on visitor satisfaction with environmental interpretation using importance performance analysis and visitor segmentation. Some management implications were given for future development of services for environmental interpretation in Cat Tien National Park.
Blurring Binaries: A Queer Approach to Architecture
Authors:   , Caldwell Andrew Logan
Published: November 2021

Binary oppositions are a divisive force in social and physical space. This thesis engages the notion of heteronormativity as the primary source of binarism which oppresses expressive diversity of sexuality, gender and architecture. Queer, as the antithesis of binarism, is used as a process and as an action enacted through spatial design and experience to challenge normative assumptions in architecture. This thesis proposes a queer approach to design, questioning and blurring architectural binaries. A process of questioning, designing and reflecting – in non-linear, iterative, design-led research – establishes itself through three projects, each increasing in scale and complexity. For the purpose of clarity, the thesis is structured in a linear fashion: theoretical context and case study analysis is established before engaging with this design process at three scales – installation (breaking binaries), domestic (blending binaries) and public (blurring binaries) – followed by overall reflection. Primary modes of experimentation include analogue and digital drawing and modelling with photography as a method of documentation. This thesis concludes that, by focusing on modes of being and engagement, read and lived conditions combine in blurred non-binary experience. Blurring binaries enables people to engage their diverse subjectivities in space, making their space queer, instead of being defined by heteronormative social and architectural norms.
Washoku Down Under: The Localisation of Japanese Food in New Zealand
Authors:   , Petersen Grant
Published: November 2021

In this thesis I will examine the ways in which washoku (lit. Japanese food) has been adopted and adapted in New Zealand, by both New Zealand gastronomes and Japanese expatriates. The thesis will trace the history of well known Japanese dishes such as sushi, sashimi, and ramen, in both their “traditional”setting and their new antipodean home. Through a series of interviews with New Zealand and Japanese consumers of washoku, this thesis will challenge established notions of what Japanese food is, and by whom it is consumed. By examining New Zealand Japanese restaurants and their owners, the thesis will demonstrate how and why Japanese food has changed and evolved.
Community resilience and urban core shelter implementation: A Wellington case study
Authors:   , Titmuss Ralph Peter
Published: November 2021

As a result of climate change, extreme weather events are becoming more common around the world. Coupled with the ever-present threat of sea level rise that coastal cities face there is a potential for far more severe weather events to occur. This thesis will seek to understand how an existing city can adapt to a more hostile environment, and how in the event of an extreme weather occurrence it maintains its function. There is an urgent need to understand how a city can respond when faced with these situations. Previous extreme weather events, Katrina, the Indian Ocean tsunami, and extreme flooding around the world, highlight the danger of a lack of preparedness and resilience found in most cities.  The purpose of this thesis is to understand how the concept of a core shelter, as a way to address the threats of extreme weather events, can be applied to a well-established urban context, Wellington NZ. A core shelter is a structure that in the event of a large-scale disaster, protects its users, and post-disaster still reaches permanent housing standards without being deemed to be a permanent dwelling. It will also look at whether it is possible to create areas in an existing city that can be considered “safe havens” in the event of an extreme natural incident.  This thesis outlines the need for these shelters by identifying the potential threats of climate change in a Wellington context, and by understanding the vulnerability of Wellington’s current building stock. It reaches a conclusion that through the implementation of core shelters in Wellington NZ, resilience will be improved, disaster response efforts will be aided, and destruction arising from extreme weather events will be reduced. In addition, it identifies the areas of Wellington that are deemed to be of higher risk in a disaster or extreme weather event, analyses an existing building’s potential to become a community resilience/core shelter, and proposes a custom building that could be built on Leeds St and Ghuznee St.
Datatecture: Creating a real home for a virtual identity
Authors:   , Meekings Scott
Published: November 2021

It is increasingly common to live in continual flux between reality and virtuality – for architecture this means a dwindling focus on the built environment. For the architectural discipline to respond to these rapidly changing user-demands, a proactive relationship with our digital environment is required. It is proposed that a key occupation of the architectural discipline in the near future will be designing architecture that caters to our ‘real-world’ selves but takes advantage of the broad range of data available to us from the digital realm. This thesis proposes that within the big data stored about all those who engage with the digital environment, lies data that can influence and benefit the architectural discipline and allow us to respond convincingly to the increasing focus on digital and virtual engagement.   As people increasingly ‘live online’ architects can now derive information about clients not only from meeting them in person but also by scraping data on their digital lives and constructing what is referred to in this thesis as a digital identity. The digital identity can include data about a myriad of architectural influences such as taste, activity and lifestyle.   This thesis considers which data may become available over the next decade, how architectural designers can embrace it without specialist data-centric skill-sets and how it may help personalise architecture. A large amount of data is collected on the author from both ‘real-world’ scenarios and ‘virtual’ inhabitation of digital space. This data, along with other public sources of data are explored in terms of architectural potential, culminating in a vision for a new data-based and ultimately more efficient method for personalising and inhabiting architecture.
Wetland Square, Market Pier: Rethinking Heritage in the New Zealand Regional Landscape
Authors:   , Murray Rachel
Published: November 2021

This thesis addresses the rapid environmental degradation and socioeconomic decline to which many of New Zealand's lowland regions have succumbed. In the last 150 years, it is estimated that 90% of the country’s indigenous wetlands and swamp forests have been drained and converted to farming pastures and low-density urban sprawl. This thesis critiques existing settlement patterns, investigating innovative urban forms that work dually to reactivate the wetland environments while increasing population density to levels required for public systems to function sustainably and vitally.  These objectives are explored using design-led research, investigating a site-specific scenario in Kāpiti, Wellington region. The design project identifies a squared-off suburban conservation wetland, transforming it into a new Wetland Square: a civic heart of the region’s natural and cultural heritage with reference to the town square urban type. A Market Pier extends from the urban edge of the town square towards the central lagoon. This architectural intervention connects the new urban centre with the wider agricultural activity of Kāpiti while reinstating the historic functions and cultural significance of the wetlands which indigenous Māori historically navigated by canoe in search of food and resources.   The research rethinks land conservation practice in New Zealand’s settled regional landscapes. It advocates that conservation efforts should expand beyond current land protection measures to also consider conserving the historic relationship between early settlers and natural systems. The thesis stresses architecture’s responsibility to reconcile urban and ecological systems, with emphasis on celebrating the rich social and cultural heritage associated with New Zealand’s natural heritage to ensure environmental and community resilience in the regional landscape.
Epoch in life
Authors:   , Zhou Felicity
Published: November 2021

Death is an inevitable part of life. The impact this moment can have on you is different for everyone. Grief is an individualise process that is resolved differently by many people, some attend support groups and have a solid community of friends and family to help them. However some people don’t have that support network and may prefer to go through this event by themselves.  This thesis explores the opportunity to use architecture and the environment as a means to relieve personal grief. By creating a place dedicated to helping people deal with grief, whether they take this journey on their own or with another. Considering grief as an individualise process, the design intervention will give users the opportunity to determine how they want to use the space to meet their needs. The design is going to highlight important aspects in the journey of grief in order for them to heal and move on.
Intelligent Traffic Classification for Detecting DDoS Attacks using SDN/OpenFlow
Authors:   , Bakker Jarrod
Published: November 2021

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks utilise many attacking entities to prevent legitimate use of a resource via consumption. Detecting these attacks is often difficult when using a traditional networking paradigm as network information and control are not centralised. Software-Defined Networking is a recent paradigm that centralises network control, thus improving the ability to gather network information. Traffic classification techniques can leverage the gathered data to detect DDoS attacks.This thesis utilises nmeta2, a SDN-based traffic classification architecture, to study the effectiveness of machine learning methods to detect DDoS attacks. These methods are evaluated on a physical network testbed to demonstrate their application during a DDoS attack scenario.
The Unquantifiable Self: An exploration into the relationship between users and their activity trackers
Authors:   , Hitchings Henrietta
Published: November 2021

Digital self-tracking generates ever increasing amounts of personal data on anything from mood and relationships to health and finance. This thesis aims to explore the relationship between the consumer and their personal data, it seeks to discover how self-tracking changes the user’s experience and understanding of the world and themselves. The background research firstly discusses the usefulness and availability of self-tracking data to the consumer in comparison to other stakeholders. Secondly, it explores the services and cultural systems that guide how self-tracking might be used as a tool for self-expression. Thirdly, it outlines the ways that quantification can change how an experience is perceived and the meaning that people find in analysing their data.Finally, it discusses the impact of potential surveillance on consumers. Interviews and analysis concluded that activity trackers help users make day to day decisions, that personal data is both meaningful and useful to the user and can act as a way to express or represent their experiences and that the act of using an activity tracker also changes and often enhances the experiences of the user. These ideas were then explored in a series of design works that both critiqued self-tracking and used it as a creative medium.
'Of Milk and Honey: A design strategy for the economical, ecological and ideological resilience of a cultural landscape and its people
Authors:   , Sloane Findlay
Published: November 2021

Wetlands are one of New Zealand’s most important freshwater ecosystems. They are low-lying waterlogged areas bordering rivers and streams and forming quiet edges of lakes, rivers, low- lying floodplains estuaries and harbours. In the last 150 years more than 90% of New Zealand’s wetlands have been destroyed or severely impacted by agricultural developments.  The South Wairarapa region, in the lower part of the North Island, covers 2,485 km2 and is characterised by its expanses of lowland plains and lakes, surrounded by mountainous ranges. Once its wetlands provided important ecosystem services filtering nutrients and controlling floodwaters but they are now under pressure from agricultural land use, including drainage, grazing, nutrient runoff and the impacts of pest animals and plants.  For the indigenous Māori culture of New Zealand, wetlands are often regarded as equivalent to organs that cleanse the body (tinana) such as the kidneys (nga whatumanawa) and the liver (te ate), and therefore represent important sites for purifying and cleaning, by filtering or reducing nutrients, chemicals and suspended sediment before it reaches the Lake Wairarapa. Many wetlands have historical and cultural importance as well as are regarded as source of food (mahinga kai) for the Māori tribes, providing important habitats for a range of culturally important food sources such as eel or important flora for carving such as flax, bulrush, tall grasses and bamboo spike sedges. Māori people perceive their own health as directly linked to the condition of their environments.  This study examines how we can re-purpose / re-configure land use within the region to a more ecologically conscious industry, finding a balance between the existing farming and agricultural practices that the region relies on and a recognition to the cultural practices of the Māori people and its importance to healthy communities and resourceful environments.
Centennial Stances: Museums, Morals and the First World War
Authors:   , King Sophie
Published: November 2021

This thesis examines the extent to which New Zealand’s Centennial Great War exhibitions impact visitor perceptions, particularly those regarding their personal moral values. Two case studies are used, in order to inform discussions on the current and desired roles of New Zealand museums in relation to activism. While this research aims to provide New Zealand museums with more relevant findings than literature gaps currently allow, any discussions and recommendations may be more broadly applied to other countries. Similarly, despite a focus on the topical and largely publicised subject of WWI ‘100 years on’, discussions and recommendations are also relevant to general queries regarding museum representations, visitor interpretations and activism in museums. This research also intends to emphasise the benefits of interdisciplinary research by including museological, criminological and, to a lesser extent, philosophical literature.  The research methods used within the two case studies can be broadly separated into three parts. First, a thick description method is used to provide in-depth overviews of The Great War Exhibition and Te Papa Tongarewa’s Gallipoli: The Scale of Our War. This section attempts to present a largely unbiased description of Great War representation in New Zealand’s capital. Second, the interpretations of ten visitors from each exhibition are gathered in the form of researcher-accompanied, audio-recorded visits. Such a research method intends to extract visitor thought processes in a relatively fluid and natural way. Finally, visitor questionnaires taken at the conclusion of each visit provide information on visitor demographics and overall thoughts regarding the exhibition, war itself and any inclusion of activism in museums. Alongside museum studies literature, criminological literature and debates are referenced to explain and exemplify the plentiful and diverse perceptions surrounding war.  Overall, this study found most participants to be wary of activism in museum exhibitions. However, it also found that New Zealand museum visitors tended to possess a strong desire to determine their own moral perceptions through exposure to as many alternative narratives as possible. Therefore, any opposition to activism is not, in this case, due to any overriding wishes to favour ‘traditional narratives’. It is consequentially recommended that emphasis be put on clarity, transparency and multi-narrative approaches in museum exhibitions, as visitors appear to so strongly value their right to autonomous interpretation.
Influences on the policy process in local government in Vietnam: The case of low-income housing policy in Da Nang City from 2005-2013
Authors:   , Nguyen Thi Ha Vy
Published: November 2021

There is a growing literature on the policy process at the central level in Vietnam but less attention is paid to exactly how policy gets shaped and implemented at the local level in the specific culture and context of Vietnam and the evolving role of the one-party state. Accordingly, this thesis examines the development of low-income housing policy in Da Nang City from 2005 to 2013 in order to understand the critical influences on the policy process at a local government. It employs qualitative techniques to analyse data collected from interviews and conversations with the participants in the policy process and a collection of published and unpublished documents relating to the process.  The findings show that it is possible to apply Hofferbert’s (1974) funnel of causality model with some adjustments, based on insights from other theoretical approaches, to understand influences on the policy process. The significant influences include socio-economic conditions (particularly rapid urban population growth and the impact of urban renewal), which are shaped by some key historical and geographical features, institutional arrangements (especially the relationship between central and local government), and a network of policy actors centred on policy elites.  This study contributes to the literature in three ways. Firstly, although space for policy innovation was constrained by the authority of central government, the city government in fact enjoyed significant autonomy in policy implementation and the central–local relationship had room for policy experimentation and learning, which was still an effective way to change policy at both central and local levels. Secondly, local leaders in Vietnam could have a critical role in re-developing and implementing policies. This finding differs from the conventional wisdom that policymaking in Vietnam is collective and consensus-based. In this case, a strong policy leader could impose his will on the whole local state apparatus. Thirdly, the study also shed light on the opportunities for policy learning in the developing relationship between the state and private sectors in Vietnam. Faced with profit-driven private developers, the local government had to experiment with various incentives to ensure their participation in developing low-cost housing. Comparing the policy outcome before and after the private sector’s participation suggests that low-income housing can be developed in partnership with the private sector, given appropriate government policies. The findings of this study offer some implications for people in and outside Vietnam’s party and government systems, who want to influence public policy in Vietnam.
AdAPTA Home
Authors:   , Williamson Renée
Published: November 2021

The current housing situation in New Zealand has pushed young New Zealander’s out of home ownership. A national shortage of housing stock, high house and land prices, off-shore investors, high student loans and the fact that incomes have not risen as rapidly as house prices has contributed to this situation. Young New Zealander’s are increasingly spending prolonged amounts of time flatting, renting or living with family in order to have the fundamental requirement of a roof over their head and to save money.  The intention of this research is to establish a design outcome that provides an affordable and adaptable housing option for young New Zealander’s seeking home ownership. The outcome is informed by various examples of refined and affordable housing, the relationship between user and architecture, and the testing of what is truly necessary for a functional home.  The proposed solution is the 10m2 “AdAPTA Home”; a refined and mobile housing model free of excesses and yet functional and adaptable to user needs. The design looks at how much space is truly necessary in our homes for living, and how much can be removed. The design is intended to be used throughout one’s life; beginning as an affordable initial housing option for a young person to achieve full home ownership in a short time frame, before moving through various stages in life where the dwelling can grow and adapt in response to changing needs, various situations and environments.
Suburban to Urban: Wellington High Density Family Housing
Authors:   , Curran Emma
Published: November 2021

‘Suburban to Urban’ explores a family-focused high-density residential model as an inner-city alternative to the suburban detached home.  The research responds to two key criteria; first how to meet the needs and desires of families in an inner city high-density environment, second the spatial qualities that encourage a sense of community in a high-density mixed demographic environment to enable the creation of a positive public realm.  Located in Te Aro, Wellington, this thesis identifies through research a criterion of qualities intrinsic to suburban living in New Zealand and defines a methodology that enables the translation of this criterion into the spatial design of a family-focused high-density development in Wellington’s inner city.
Immensity - An Exploration of Emphasis in Kapiti Quarry
Authors:   , Cook Michael
Published: November 2021

Quarries are powerful. They are full of energy. They are vast. However, what happens when they are exhausted? What happens when the excavations cease and they begin to decay? This thesis is an investigation into how Kapiti Quarry’s post-industrial landscape can be redeveloped. Quarries are often repurposed, remediated and redeveloped in three ways. They are filled with water to become a lake. They are built upon to create housing developments. They are filled up with sculpted vegetation to become a garden.  This thesis is an investigation into how Kapiti Quarry’s powerful landscape can be characterised, emphasised and designed. The thesis contains a series of design experiments that examine how the landscape scale interacts with the human scale, how small interventions can create moments of emphasis, how framing and viewports highlight the landscape, and how large interventions interact with their surroundings.  These experiments come together to develop the post-industrial quarry while emphasising the quarry’s key characteristic of immensity.
Understanding the influence of development interventions on women beneficiaries' perceptions of empowerment: A case study in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors:   , Muchtar Adinda Tenriangke
Published: November 2021

This thesis argues that international development interventions influence the way women perceive empowerment. It does so by looking at aid relationships and the relevance of development interventions. It involves a case study of Oxfam’s Restoring Coastal Livelihoods Project (2010-2015) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia.  Efforts to empower women have been channeled through various approaches. However, little has been said about the practice of aid relations within projects and how aid relations work through the ‘aid chain’ and influence women’s perceptions of empowerment. Also, there has not been much said about how, in the intersectionality of aid relationships, women make ‘empowerment’ their own, appropriate it, transform it, adapt it to their stories and needs through their active engagement in projects.  The qualitative research which involved a five-month period of ethnographic research found that women beneficiaries perceived empowerment mostly based on their experiences in the project. However, the degree of empowerment is relative to the types of women’s engagement, the nature of activities, and their general understanding of gender relations. The project has brought economic-driven gender awareness by facilitating women’s practical and strategic needs through economic groups. It has also brought empowerment consequences which went beyond the economic dimension.  The research highlights the importance of personal, relational, and multidimensional aspects of empowerment in women’s perceptions of empowerment. Efforts to empower women seem to still rely on external intervention to facilitate the process and to deal with existing dynamics of power relations. The findings reassert that women’s empowerment requires enabling internal and external environments to promote women’s awareness of, and capacity for, empowerment.  Finally, the thesis underlines that empowerment depends highly on women’s personal experiences, awareness, agency, resources, choice, willingness, and commitment. This research contributes to our understanding of women, aid, and development as it highlights the multidimensional and multi-layered aspects of aid relations and women’s empowerment.
Education and labour migration in Solomon Islands: Policy interaction between the education system and the labour market
Authors:   , Parairae Ezekiel
Published: November 2021

Education is considered, in every sense, as one of the fundamental factors of development. No country can achieve sustainable development and economic growth without a systematic education system. Education raises people’s productivity and competency to build a strong economy and society. Many different development theories have influence and inform education systems in many countries in different ways.  Solomon Islands’ education system has shifted from traditional knowledge to Western oriented style of learning influenced by different development ideas, modernisation, capitalism and globalisation. Traditional knowledge existed for many generations before the introduction of Western education system. The transition period encountered more policy setbacks, rejection of traditional knowledge and incoherent policy models. These transformations happened in the political spheres, social ideas and economic system, influenced by the modern education system.  Today, Solomon Islands’ economy and population are largely diverse across the country. The recognition of alternative opportunities available through diverse economies model by Gibson-Graham will help national policymakers to see different education priorities and development needs. Even with the rapid change in the state’s modern machineries, political system and institutions, more responsibility and cooperation is required to tackle the relation between education, migration and development. Education must empower people of ages and market levels to realise their full potentials by becoming an effective instrument to provide an answer for linking education, migration and development. The policy dialogue and discussion must open despite many agreements and disagreements.
Classless Object Semantics
Authors:   , Jones Timothy
Published: November 2021

Objects have been categorised into classes that declare and implement their behaviour ever since the paradigm of object-orientation in programming languages was first conceived. Classes have an integral role in the design and theory of object-oriented languages, and often appear alongside objects as a foundational concept of the paradigm in many theoretical models.  A number of object-oriented languages have attempted to remove classes as a core component of the language design and rebuild their functionality purely in terms of objects, to varying success. Much of the formal theory of objects that eschews classes as a fundamental construct has difficulty encoding the variety of behaviours possible in programs from class-based languages.  This dissertation investigates the foundational nature of the class in the object-oriented paradigm from the perspective of an ‘objects-first’, classless language. Using the design of theoretical models and practical implementations of these designs as extensions of the Grace programming language, we demonstrate how objects can be used to emulate the functionality of classes, and the necessary trade-offs of this approach.  We present Graceless, our theory of objects without classes, and use this language to explore what class functionality is difficult to encode using only objects. We consider the role of classes in the types and static analysis of object-oriented languages, and present both a practical design of brand objects and a corresponding extension of our theory that simulates the discipline of nominal typing. We also modify our theory to investigate the semantics of many different kinds of implementation reuse in the form of inheritance between both objects and classes, and compare the consequences of these different approaches.
Making Connections 3D printing, Libraries and augmenting their reality
Authors:   , Hughes-Ward Dylan
Published: November 2021

Digital technologies have initiated a global shift in the way we conceive, configure, and exchange information. This shift is occurring on many levels and is impacting the way many organisations operate; including Libraries. “Individuals and organizations now have many sources alternative to those provided by libraries, which would suggest that the role of libraries is shrinking. However, libraries are expanding to include a wider array of services, such as providing digital libraries and support for distance learning” (Borgman, 2003, p. 653). As they continue to re-examining their role, many libraries are currently exploring 3D printing in the form of “makerspaces” in an attempt to engage people in the library environment. Doing this raises the question “But why exactly is it appropriate for a library service to provide 3D printing?” (Rundle, 2013).  In response to the question, this thesis explores the role that 3D printing may take in making connections between collections and people in new and interesting ways, beyond the typical application as a “makerspace” (Cavalcanti, 2013). In doing so it acknowledges that 3D printing does not exist in isolation and that its real potential to enhance both content and collections might best be realised in combination with the many other forms of 3D and 4D digital media and systems that are emerging at an exponential rate. This thesis speculates on what that potential may be, through a series of design scenarios that simulate future possibilities of 3D printing and Augmented Reality.  The National Library of New Zealand Te Puna Mātauranga o Aotearoa provides the context for this exploration and the opportunity to demonstrate how revisiting their collections with reference to these new technologies can empower its mandate to “collect, connect and co-create knowledge to power New Zealand” (National Library of New Zealand, 2015).
Youth Participation in Community Development: A Case Study of Youth in Takeo Province, Cambodia
Authors:   , Khin Sam Ann
Published: November 2021

Youth participation in community development has been viewed as one of the most effective methods for promoting young people’s active engagement with social services. However in rural communities of Cambodia, young people’s participation is most commonly related to their labour contribution, which lacks core components of participation such as decisions, choices, and management. Zeldin (2004) explains that adults usually initiate organisational structures and norms for young people’s participation, which can inhibit young people from reaching their needs or interests.  Addressing these issues this thesis, from a qualitative perspective, aims to contribute to local understandings about youth participation in development. With a focus on Cambodia, it explores the grounded experiences of two youth groups in order to offer considerations for social practice, programme implementations and further studies. The research involved in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, and participant observations with youth, village chiefs, commune councils, NGO staff, a church leader, a school teacher and young people’s parents in Chumras Pen commune, Samroang district, Takeo Province of Cambodia.  The examination of local perspectives of youth participation is unravelled through participants’ practical experience and knowledge. The respondents considered charitable contributions of youth as their primary form of active participation, including educational awareness and campaigns in the community. Provided there are some positive outcomes from youth engagement, one of the influential aspects is contributed by local partnerships. This substantial contribution stimulates interactions between key local members and youth so they can work together for positive change in the community. This thesis suggests that young people do need support from key local groups or recognised agents to assist them in initiating participation in terms of forming groups, and providing training and coaching to open new possibilities and strengthen youth’s initiatives.  The study also reveals several factors which have both direct and indirect effects on youth participation practices. These include religion and development, power relations, and women’s leadership. This research suggests that these factors either motivate or inhibit youth participation because of social norms and cultural acceptance.
Who killed Eileen Gray? E1027 and the making of an Architecture Methodology
Authors:   , Bradburn Natalie
Published: November 2021

This thesis looks at a E1027, a 1929 villa designed by Irish born architect, Eileen Gray. E1027 will serve as a case study for this thesis to assist in design based research. Peter Downtown discusses research as an investigation or inquiry into things, a definition that supports the ongoing and inquisitive peeling back of the existing as a way to understand something new. E1027 will be analysed as a crime scene and pursued as an investigation. The work will be dissected into a series of suspects, tools and spaces that influenced both the building and the architect, in a ‘whodunnit’ style of . These components of the investigation will accumulate into a body of work that contributes to a new design knowledge, through the making of a structured methodology. This methodology will be used to inform the design of an architecture school for women. Hand built maquette’s derived from existing details, furnishing and layouts found within E1027 will be analysed and multiplied as a way to generate an understanding of how Gray worked, and how her work can contribute to new architectures. The forensic act of dusting off and reexamining a work of architecture looks at the possibility of how we can learn from architects and the buildings they create. Integrating an architect with the author of a new work, presents the opportunity for a method of combined architectural authorship that derives from an existing body of knowledge.
Phylogeography of the New Zealand whelks Cominella maculosa and C. virgata
Authors:   , Walton Kerry
Published: November 2021

Cominella maculosa and C. virgata are common rocky shore whelk species from New Zealand. This study used DNA sequences from the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) to expand an earlier unpublished dataset and examine the phylogeographic structure of both species in the Cook Strait region, of C. maculosa in the Chatham Islands, and of C. virgata in the northern North Island. Both species are found to have a considerable degree of phylogeographic structure, concordant with that reported by an earlier study and for other species with direct development.  South Island sites sampled for C. maculosa had several private haplotypes and a high frequency haplotype that is shared with populations from the southern North Island. Together, these formed a ‘southern haplogroup’. Low diversity in ‘southern’ populations may reflect founder effects that would have occurred as part of a southward range expansion during the onset of the present interglacial period. The Chatham Islands samples had two haplotypes that formed a separate sub-group to the ‘southern haplogroup’, suggesting Chatham Islands populations are moderately isolated from those on mainland New Zealand but may have been founded from ‘southern’ populations relatively recently.  The high frequency haplotype present in South Island samples of C. virgata is absent in Wellington samples but widespread in those from the north-eastern North Island. South Island populations may have been founded from the Hauraki Gulf through human-mediated translocation events. Phylogenetic analyses with a focus on C. virgata were conducted using the mitochondrial genes CO1 and 16SrRNA, and the nuclear gene 18S rRNA, to expand an earlier published dataset. The purported northern subspecies C. virgata brookesi does not form a monophyletic lineage and voucher specimens fluidly intergrade with the nominal subspecies, with which it is synonymised. A lectotype is designated for Buccinum lineolatum Quoy & Gaimard, 1833, for which Cominella virgata is a replacement name. Potential causes of the disjunct distribution patterns of C. virgata and other mollusc taxa are discussed with particular reference to the formation and timing of marine straits through the Auckland Isthmus and Cook Strait.
Living in Generosity: The Making of a Refugee Resettlement Centre
Authors:   , Affandi Mohamad Ali
Published: November 2021

Generosity naturally reflects the idea of abundance, larger or plentiful. However, generosity as a language in architecture is vaguely understood, as it has neither a particular scheme nor definite form. This thesis focuses on the idea of generosity in architecture by exploring the language of generosity in providing a generous living for refugees resettling in New Zealand. It concerns the condition of living within a refugee resettlement centre when refugees spend their first six-week orientation program to prepare them for a new life in New Zealand.  Through design-led research process, the project takes the concept of elementary geometry from children’s drawing of a house and evolves by extracting the language of generosity to form an architecture. Anything that could be simple to us could mean more to others. Hence, the act of provocation in the simplicity of form, scale, scheme, and colour could transform our perception on “generosity”, and thus it gives the potential for architecture to create an ideal condition of living for future refugees resettling in New Zealand.
Place-making Through Time: Future-proofing Tauranga Borough through the evolution of 'Place Identity'
Authors:   , Gibb Callum
Published: November 2021

The water’s edge is a vital element in New Zealand’s natural environments and established communities. Development of industrial infrastructure along this threshold, has left many coastal settlements stagnant and slipping into demise, negatively impacting the connection with the land and people, while industries continue to thrive. This research responds to this problem by exploring the potential of a place’s identity to become a catalyst to moderate the impact of industrial infrastructure on inner city consumption, community engagement and urban use.  Tauranga City provides appropriate testing grounds for this research. It has an under-utilized and uninspiring city centre, that suffers from the impact of industrial domination. The lack of diversity in civic and community spaces and opportunity for community engagement and interaction with Tauranga’s water’s edge has encouraged its community to move out of the city into more vibrant neighbouring suburbs and cities. This situation is contributing to the gradual demise of Tauranga City.  This investigation considers the studies of Tauranga’s original settlement and evolution to its current condition, before turning to literature on place-making and resiliency for both people and environments. Appropriate and relevant cases from architectural practice, which address these urban issues, have been selected. Applying these studies, a speculative design has been developed which also sources other literature for guidance and idea generation.  This has resulted in a process of pro-grammatically representing place identity for spatial use, along with iteratively testing the organization and prioritisation of people and infrastructure within a city centre in a coastal context. Exploring the potential for prioritizing people over infrastructure, has resulted in the realization that we must engage, involve and consult with people to mediate the displaced developments of community and the impact of growth of industrial activity.