bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bile acids and cardiovascular function in cirrhosis
Authors: Voiosu Andrei , Wiese Signe , Voiosu Theodor , Bendtsen Flemming , Møller Søren
Published: February 2017

Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy and the hyperdynamic syndrome are clinically important complications of cirrhosis, but their exact pathogenesis is still partly unknown. Experimental models have proven the cardiotoxic effects of bile acids and recent studies of their varied receptor‐mediated functions offer new insight into their involvement in cardiovascular dysfunction in cirrhosis. Bile acid receptors such as farnesoid X‐activated receptor and TGR5 are currently under investigation as potential therapeutic targets in a variety of pathological conditions. These receptors have also recently been identified in cardiomyocytes, vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells where they seem to play an important role in cellular metabolism. Chronic cholestasis leading to abnormal levels of circulating bile acids alters the normal signalling pathways and contributes to the development of profound cardiovascular disturbances. This review summarizes the evidence regarding the role of bile acids and their receptors in the generation of cardiovascular dysfunction in cirrhosis.
Differential sharing and distinct co‐occurrence networks among spatially close bacterial microbiota of bark, mosses and lichens‬‬
Authors: Aschenbrenner Ines Aline , Cernava Tomislav , Erlacher Armin , Berg Gabriele , Grube Martin
Published: February 2017

Knowledge of bacterial community host‐specificity has increased greatly in recent years. However, the intermicrobiome relationships of unrelated but spatially close organisms remain little understood. Trunks of trees covered by epiphytes represent complex habitats with a mosaic of ecological niches. In this context, we investigated the structure, diversity and interactions of microbiota associated with lichens, mosses and the bare tree bark. Comparative analysis revealed significant differences in the habitat‐associated community structures. Corresponding co‐occurrence analysis indicated that the lichen microbial network is less complex and less densely interconnected than the moss‐ and bark‐associated networks. Several potential generalists and specialists were identified for the selected habitats. Generalists belonged mainly to Proteobacteria, with Sphingomonas as the most abundant genus. The generalists comprise microorganisms with generally beneficial features, such as nitrogen fixation or other supporting functions, according to a metagenomic analysis. We argue that beneficial strains shared among hosts contribute to ecological stability of the host biocoenoses.
Guanosine tetraphosphate modulates salicylic acid signalling and the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to Turnip mosaic virus
Authors: Abdelkefi Hela , Sugliani Matteo , Ke Hang , Harchouni Seddik , Soubigou‐Taconnat Ludivine , Citerne Sylvie , Mouille Gregory , Fakhfakh Hatem , Robaglia Christophe , Field Ben
Published: February 2017

Chloroplasts can act as key players in the perception and acclimatization of plants to incoming environmental signals. A growing body of evidence indicates that chloroplasts play a critical role in plant immunity. Chloroplast function can be regulated by the nucleotides guanosine tetraphosphate and pentaphosphate [(p)ppGpp]. In plants, (p)ppGpp levels increase in response to abiotic stress and to plant hormones which are involved in abiotic and biotic stress signalling. In this study, we analysed the transcriptome of Arabidopsis plants that over‐accumulate (p)ppGpp, and unexpectedly found a decrease in the levels of a broad range of transcripts for plant defence and immunity. To determine whether (p)ppGpp is involved in the modulation of plant immunity, we analysed the susceptibility of plants with different levels of (p)ppGpp to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) carrying a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter. We found that (p)ppGpp accumulation was associated with increased susceptibility to TuMV and reduced levels of the defence hormone salicylic acid (SA). In contrast, plants with lower (p)ppGpp levels showed reduced susceptibility to TuMV, and this was associated with the precocious up‐regulation of defence‐related genes and increased SA content. We have therefore demonstrated a new link between (p)ppGpp metabolism and plant immunity in Arabidopsis.
Kinesio Taping for pain control during labor: Protocol of a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Miquelutti Maria Amelia , Cecatti José Guilherme
Published: February 2017

This study protocol will evaluate the effectiveness and safety during labor and delivery of the Kinesio Taping bandage for pain sensation, satisfaction of patients, and obstetric and neonatal outcomes. A randomized controlled trial with 60 participants divided into two groups will be conducted. The intervention group will receive bandage application on the vertebral regions corresponding to uterine dermatomes – from T10 to L1 and from S2 to S4. The control group will receive bandage application away from uterine dermatomes, from T1 to T4. The primary endpoint is pain during labor. Secondary endpoints are perinatal outcomes and patient satisfaction with the bandage and with her labor. Pain levels will be evaluated on an hourly basis during labor, and intention‐to‐treat analysis will be performed. Risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals will be calculated. Findings on effectiveness of pain control with no adverse effects to both the mother and neonate are the first step in evaluating the systematic use of Kinesio Taping during labor. Since self‐control may affect birthing experience satisfaction, discovering new alternatives for pain control may allow for a better experience.
The Sorting of Female Careers after First Birth: A Competing Risks Analysis of Maternity Leave Duration
Authors: Arntz Melanie , Dlugosz Stephan , Wilke Ralf A.
Published: February 2017

A number of contributions have found evidence that motherhood is a critical life event for women's employment careers. This study presents a detailed analysis for the duration of maternity leave in which young mothers can make a transition into different types of employment, unemployment as well as the next birth. We provide a comprehensive picture of the sorting mechanisms that lead to the differentiation of women's employment careers after birth. Our empirical evidence is derived from large‐linked administrative individual labour market data from Germany for a period of three decades. We obtain unprecedented insights into how women's skills, the quality of the previous job match, firm level characteristics, labour market conditions and leave legislation are related to the length of maternity duration. Expansionary leave policies, e.g. are found to be a key factor for the rising share of women who have their second child out of inactivity.
ETHICAL CLIMATE AND RULE BENDING: HOW ORGANIZATIONAL NORMS CONTRIBUTE TO UNINTENDED RULE CONSEQUENCES
Authors: BORRY ERIN L.
Published: February 2017

Rules help ensure consistent employee behaviour, yet rule bending occurs in public organizations every day. Previous research indicates that rule bending is influenced by organizational structure and personal characteristics (DeHart‐Davis 2007). This present study considers the influence of organizational norms on rule bending by exploring the impact of ethical climate, which signals to employees the best course of action when faced with situations that are ethical in nature (Victor and Cullen 1987, 1988). To investigate this relationship, survey data from employees of a large American local government are analysed. Results from a structural equation model show that three ethical climates – ‘organization interest’, ‘team interest’, and ‘rules/SOP’ – significantly influence rule bending. Findings suggest that organizational norms play a critical role for employee behaviour and public managers can consider rule bending and ethical climate as impetuses for organizational change.
Longitudinal study examining abnormal white matter integrity using a tract‐specific analysis in individuals with a high risk for psychosis
Authors: Saito Junichi , Hori Masaaki , Nemoto Takahiro , Katagiri Naoyuki , Shimoji Keigo , Ito Shinya , Tsujino Naohisa , Yamaguchi Taiju , Shiraga Nobuyuki , Aoki Shigeki , Mizuno Masafumi
Published: February 2017

Aim

Although volume reductions in the grey matter have been previously observed in individuals with an at‐risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis, the features of white matter integrity and their correlation with psychiatric symptoms remain unclear.

Methods

Forty‐six ARMS subjects were examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to acquire diffusion tensor imaging (DTI); the subjects were also evaluated using the Scale of Prodromal Symptoms at baseline and at 52 weeks. Sixteen healthy controls also underwent MRI scanning. The DTI results were longitudinally analyzed using a tract‐specific analysis to measure the fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the entire corpus callosum (CC), as well as its genu, trunk, and splenium.

Results

During the 52‐week study period, seven patients developed psychosis (ARMS‐P) and 39 did not (ARMS‐NP). In the entire CC and the genu, trunk, and splenium of the CC, the FA values of the ARMS subjects were each significantly smaller than the respective values of the healthy controls at baseline. In the genu and trunk, the baseline FA values in the ARMS‐NP group were, paradoxically, smaller than those of the ARMS‐P group at baseline. Regarding the association between the FA values and psychiatric symptoms, a reduction in the FA value in the genu was significantly correlated with a deterioration of negative symptoms among the ARMS subjects.

Conclusion

Abnormal white matter integrity in the CC may predict the long‐term outcome of patients with prodromal psychosis, since negative symptoms are associated with poor functioning.
Risk factors hindering asthma symptom control in Saudi children and adolescents
Authors: Halwani Rabih , Vazquez‐Tello Alejandro , Horanieh Nour , Dulgom Said , Al‐Aseri Zohair , Al‐Khamis Nouf , Al‐Sum Zubaida , Al‐Jahdali Hamdan , Al‐Muhsen Saleh
Published: February 2017

Background

Maintaining good control of asthma symptoms can help to prevent exacerbations and its associated complications. The Asthma Control Test (ACT) can rapidly assess the effectiveness of asthma management plan and therapy. The aim of this study was therefore to identify risk factors associated with uncontrolled asthma symptoms in young Saudi asthmatic children (3–17 years old).

Methods

In this cross‐sectional hospital‐based survey, the ACT was administered to 297 asthmatic children/adolescents, recruited at the emergency department (ED) of two major hospitals.

Results

Most recruited patients had intermittent (63.5%) and mild persistent (27.6%) asthma; few had moderate persistent (8.9%) and none had severe asthma. These patients visited the ED four times (3.9 ± 3.2), on average. Almost half of the patients stated that they had not received education about asthma (47%) or education about medication use (43%). Most patients (60.3%) had uncontrolled symptoms (ACT score ≤19), of whom the intermittent asthma patients had better scores than those with more severe symptoms. Children ≤6 years old, with symptoms diagnosed <5 years previously and who were not attending school, had significantly worse control than older patients. Poor medication compliance and inappropriate inhaler device use were ascribed to younger patients (<12 years old) and worse scores; particularly in relation to stopping inhaled corticosteroid therapy when their symptoms improve. Patients with poor control also stated that they had not received education about inhaler device use.

Conclusions

Most Saudi asthmatic children/adolescents visiting the ED had poor control of symptoms; indeed, none achieved complete control, which is related to deficient medication compliance and improper medication inhaler device use; deficient knowledge about asthma was also another factor hindering control.
Several subspecies and sequence types are associated with the emergence of Xylella fastidiosa in natural settings in France
Authors: Denancé N. , Legendre B. , Briand M. , Olivier V. , de Boisseson C. , Poliakoff F. , Jacques M.‐A.
Published: February 2017

Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogenic bacterium emerging in Europe. In France its emergence has been demonstrated through interceptions of contaminated coffee plants and, in 2015, by a survey of natural settings. The first French focus of contamination was detected in 2015 in Corsica; since then, almost 300 foci have been found and nearly 30 plant species have been declared contaminated, with Polygala myrtifolia remaining the principal host, suffering from severe leaf scorch. This study reports on the diversity of X. fastidiosa identified in France in 2015. Multilocus sequence analysis/typing revealed the presence of mainly X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex sequence types (STs) ST6 and ST7. A focus of X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 was identified in mainland France; one sample contaminated by X. fastidiosa subsp. sandyi ST76, one novel recombinant, and coinfections of different isolates in individual samples were also identified, but could not be confirmed by successive samplings, indicating limited or transient contamination. Koch's postulates were fulfilled for two isolates of X. fastidiosa subsp. multiplex on P. myrtifolia, one being ST6 and the other ST7. Comparative genomics of the genome sequences of three French isolates (one ST6 and two ST7) with available sequences revealed that, unlike the American Dixon strain, the French ST6 and ST7 strains are devoid of a plasmid encoding a complete type IV secretion system. Other differences regarding phage sequences were highlighted. Altogether, the results suggest that the emergence of X. fastidiosa in France is linked to several introduction events of diverse strains from different subspecies.
Assessment of the genetic diversity of Xylella fastidiosa in imported ornamental Coffea arabica plants
Authors: Bergsma‐Vlami M. , van de Bilt J. L. J. , Tjou‐Tam‐Sin N. N. A. , Helderman C. M. , Gorkink‐Smits P. P. M. A. , Landman N. M. , van Nieuwburg J. G. W. , van Veen E. J. , Westenberg M.
Published: February 2017

A study was performed in order to assess the presence of Xylella fastidiosa in imported ornamental plants, among them Olea europaea, Coffea arabica and Nerium oleander. Positive results were only obtained from C. arabica, where 15 plant samples tested positive for X. fastidiosa by PCR, nine from Costa Rica and six from Honduras. Transmission electron microscopy observations indicated that rod‐shaped bacterial cells exhibiting the characteristics of X. fastidiosa cells were present in the xylem vessels of leaf petioles obtained from the infected C. arabica plants. Diversity of X. fastidiosa in C. arabica plants was assessed through a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis of seven housekeeping genes (leuA, petC, lacF, cysG, holC, nuoL and gltT) and compared with X. fastidiosa infecting different host plants worldwide. Based on this MLST analysis, the prevalence of different sequence types (STs) of X. fastidiosa in the C. arabica ornamental plants was demonstrated and related to different X. fastidiosa subspecies, underlining the risk of introducing additional genetic diversity for X. fastidiosa to Europe. ST53, related to X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca, was frequently found in these C. arabica samples. A second ST related to X. fastidiosa subsp. pauca, ST73, has been assessed in coinfection with ST53 in one individual plant. Additionally, ST72 and ST76, related to X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa, have been recorded. Next to these previously described STs, a novel ST, namely ST77 has been revealed, related to X. fastidiosa subsp. fastidiosa. Isolation of X. fastidiosa from leaf petioles and midribs of infected C. arabica plants was successfully performed only after the application of an additional ultrasonication step during the extraction procedure. Based on this approach, a number of X. fastidiosa isolates were obtained and further characterized.
Neuroplus biofeedback improves attention, resilience, and injury prevention in elite soccer players
Authors: Rusciano Aiace , Corradini Giuliano , Stoianov Ivilin
Published: February 2017

Performance and injury prevention in elite soccer players are typically investigated from physical‐tactical, biomechanical, and metabolic perspectives. However, executive functions, visuospatial abilities, and psychophysiological adaptability or resilience are also fundamental for efficiency and well‐being in sports. Based on previous research associating autonomic flexibility with prefrontal cortical control, we designed a novel integrated autonomic biofeedback training method calledNeuroplusto improve resilience, visual attention, and injury prevention. Herein, we introduce the method and provide an evaluation of 20 elite soccer players from the Italian Soccer High Division (Serie‐A): 10 players trained with Neuroplus and 10 trained with a control treatment. The assessments included psychophysiological stress profiles, a visual search task, and indexes of injury prevention, which were measured pre‐ and posttreatment. The analysis showed a significant enhancement of physiological adaptability, recovery following stress, visual selective attention, and injury prevention that were specific to the Neuroplus group. Enhancing the interplay between autonomic and cognitive functions through biofeedback may become a key principle for obtaining excellence and well‐being in sports. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that shows improvement in visual selective attention following intense autonomic biofeedback.
Metabolomic profiling in umbilical venous plasma reveals effects of dietary rumen‐protected arginine or N‐carbamylglutamate supplementation in nutrient‐restricted Hu sheep during pregnancy
Authors: Sun L , Zhang H , Fan Y , Guo Y , Zhang G , Nie H , Wang F
Published: February 2017

Contents

Maternal nutrient restriction during pregnancy is a major problem worldwide for human and animal production. Arginine (Arg) is critical to health, growth and reproduction. N‐carbamylglutamate (NCG), a key enzyme in arginine synthesis, is not extensively degraded in rumen. The aim of this study was to investigate ameliorating effects of rumen‐protected arginine (RP‐Arg) and NCG supplementation on dietary in undernourished Hu sheep during gestation. From day 35 to 110 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin foetuses were randomly divided into four groups: a control (CG) group (n = 8; fed 100% National Research Council (NRC) requirements for pregnant sheep), a nutrient‐restricted (RG) group (n = 8; fed 50% NRC requirements, which included 50% mineral–vitamin mixture) and two treatment (Arg and NCG) groups (n = 8; fed 50% NRC requirements supplemented with 20 g/day RP‐Arg or 5 g/day NCG, which included 50% mineral–vitamin mixture). The umbilical venous plasma samples of foetus were tested by 1H‐nuclear magnetic resonance. Thirty‐two differential metabolites were identified, indicating altered metabolic pathways of amino acid, carbohydrate and energy, lipids and oxidative stress metabolism among the four groups. Our results demonstrate that the beneficial effect of dietary RP‐Arg and NCG supplementation on mammalian reproduction is associated with complex metabolic networks.
Identification of sperm morphometric subpopulations in cooled‐stored canine sperm and its relation with sperm DNA integrity
Authors: Urbano M , Ortiz I , Dorado J , Hidalgo M
Published: February 2017

Contents

The aims of this study were to (i) identify different morphometric subpopulations in cooled‐stored canine sperm and their patterns of distribution during cool‐storage for up to 240 hr and (ii) determine whether or not morphometric sperm subpopulations (sP) are related to sperm DNA integrity. For that purpose, morphometric parameters were analysed by computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA) and sperm DNA fragmentation (sDFi) using the sperm Halomax test. Four morphometric sperm heads subpopulations were identified: sP1 (large and rounded), sP2 (large and elongated), sP3 (small and rounded) and sP4 (small and elongated). sP1 was the most predominant subpopulation for up to 72 hr and thereafter sP3 increased progressively. sDFi increased after 48 hr of cool‐storage. Although sP3 showed a positive correlation with sDFi, and both increased over time, it could not be ensured that only the sperm with fragmented DNA are accumulated in sP3. In conclusion, sP3 and DNA fragmentation increased progressively during cool‐storage, becoming possible indicators of sperm damage. However, it cannot be concluded that sP3 only contains sperm with fragmented DNA.
High‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T predicts mortality after hospitalization for community‐acquired pneumonia
Authors: Vestjens Stefan M.T. , Spoorenberg Simone M.C. , Rijkers Ger T. , Grutters Jan C. , Ten Berg Jurriën M. , Noordzij Peter G. , Van de Garde Ewoudt M.W. , Bos Willem Jan W. ,   the Ovidius Study Group
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Mortality after hospitalization with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP) is high, compared with age‐matched controls. Available evidence suggests a strong link with cardiovascular disease. Our aim was to explore the prognostic value of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (cTnT) for mortality in patients hospitalized with CAP.

Methods

CTnT level on admission was measured (assay conducted in 2015) in 295 patients hospitalized with CAP who participated in a randomized placebo‐controlled double‐blind trial on adjunctive dexamethasone treatment. Outcome measures were short‐ (30‐day) and long‐term (4.1‐year) mortalities.

Results

CTnT levels were elevated (≥14 ng/L) in 132 patients (45%). Pneumonia severity index (PSI) class was 4–5 in 137 patients (46%). Short‐ and long‐term mortality were significantly higher in patients with elevated cTnT levels. cTnT level on admission combined with PSI classification was significantly better in predicting short‐term mortality (area under the operating curve (AUC) = 0.903; 95% CI = 0.847–0.960), compared with PSI classification alone (AUC = 0.818; 95% CI = 0.717–0.919). An optimal cTnT cut‐off level of 28 ng/L was independently associated with both short‐ and long‐term mortality (OR = 21.9; 95% CI = 4.7–101.4 and 10.7; 95% CI = 5.0–22.8, respectively).

Conclusion

Elevated cTnT level on admission is a strong predictor of short‐ and long‐term mortalities in patients hospitalized with CAP.
Seismic characterization of switching platform geometries and dominant carbonate producers (Miocene, Las Negras, Spain)
Authors: Kleipool Lucas M. , de Jong Koos , de Vaal Eveline L. , Reijmer John J. G.
Published: February 2017

The primary goals of seismic interpretation and quantification are to understand and define reservoir architecture and the distribution of petrophysical properties. Since seismic interpretation is associated with major uncertainties, outcrop analogues are used to support and improve the resulting conceptual models. In this study, the Miocene carbonates of Cerro de la Molata (Las Negras, south‐east Spain) have been selected as an outcrop analogue. The heterogeneous carbonate rocks of the Cerro de la Molata Platform were formed by a variety of carbonate‐producing factories, resulting in various platform morphologies and a wide range of physical properties. Based on textural (thin sections) and petrophysical (porosity, density, carbonate content and acoustic properties) analyses of the sediments, eleven individual facies types were determined. The data were used to produce synthetic seismic profiles of the outcrop. The profiles demonstrate that the spatial distribution of the facies and the linked petrophysical properties are of key importance in the appearance of the synthetic seismic sections. They reveal that carbonate factory and facies‐specific reflection patterns are determined by porosity contrasts, diagenetic modifications and the input of non‐carbonate sediment. The reflectors of the seismograms created with high‐frequency wavelets are coherent with the spatial distribution of the predefined facies within the depositional sequences. The synthetic seismograms resulting from convolution with lower frequency wavelets do not show these details – the major reflectors coincide with: (i) the boundary between the volcanic basement and the overlying carbonates; (ii) the platform geometries related to changes in carbonate factories, thus sequence boundaries; and (iii) diagenetic zones. Changes in seismic response related to diagenesis, switching carbonate producers and linked platform geometries are important findings that need to be considered when interpreting seismic data sets.
CD137 is a Useful Marker for IdentifyingCD4+T Cell Responses toMycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Yan Z.‐h. , Zheng X.‐f. , Yi L. , Wang J. , Wang X.‐j. , Wei P.‐j. , Jia H.‐y. , Zhou L.‐j. , Zhao Y.‐l. , Zhang H.‐t.
Published: February 2017

Upregulation ofCD137 on recently activatedCD8+T cells has been used to identify rare viral and tumour antigen‐specific T cells from the peripheral blood. We aimed to evaluate the accuracy ofCD137 for identifyingMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb)‐reactiveCD4+T cells in the peripheral blood of infected individuals by flow cytometry and to investigate the characteristics of theseCD137+CD4+T cells. We initially enrolled 31 active tuberculosis (TB) patients, 31 individuals with latentTBinfection (LTBI) and 25 healthy donors. The intracellularCD137 and interferon‐γ(IFN‐γ) production byCD4+T cells was simultaneously detected under unstimulated andCFP10‐stimulated (culture filtrate protein 10, a Mtb‐specific antigen) conditions. In unstimulatedCD4+T cells, we found that theCD137 expression in theTBgroup was significantly higher than that in theLTBIgroup. Stimulation withCFP10 largely increased theCD4+T cellCD137 expression in both theTBandLTBIgroups. AfterCFP10 stimulation, the frequency ofCD137+CD4+T cells was higher than that ofIFN‐γ+CD4+T cells in both theTBandLTBIgroups. Most of theCFP10‐activatedIFN‐γ‐secreting cells wereCD137‐positive, but only a small fraction of theCD137‐positive cells expressedIFN‐γ. An additional 20 patients withTBwere enrolled to characterize theCD45RO+CCR7+,CD45RO+CCR7−andCD45RO−subsets in theCD137+CD4+T cell populations. The Mtb‐specificCD137+CD4+T cells were mainly identified as having an effector memory phenotype. In conclusion,CD137 is a useful marker that can be used for identifying Mtb‐reactiveCD4+T cells by flow cytometry.
A prospective study of adolescent mothers’ social competence, children's effortful control and compliance and children's subsequent developmental outcomes
Authors: Seay Danielle M. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Jahromi Laudan B. , Updegraff Kimberly A.
Published: February 2017

Previous work has established that caregiver and child temperamental characteristics are associated with child compliance. Given the critical role that parents play in this process, and that children of teen mothers are at risk for poorer developmental outcomes, it is important to understand the development of compliance in the context of at‐risk parenting such as adolescent motherhood. The current study examined child compliance (Wave 5; W5) as a mediator of the association between adolescent mothers’ social competence (Wave 4; W4) and children's behavioral and academic outcomes (Wave 6; W6), and whether this mediation varied depending on children's effortful control (W4) in a sample of 204 Mexican‐origin adolescent mothers (Mage at W4 = 19.94, SD = .99) and their children (Mage at W4 = 36.21 months, SD = .45). Adolescent mothers reported on their own social competence and their children's effortful control and externalizing problems; compliance was assessed using observational methods; and academic readiness was assessed using standardized developmental assessments. Findings based on structural equation modeling revealed that adolescent mothers’ social competence was positively related to children's compliance among children with high effortful control, but not among those with low effortful control. Moreover, child compliance mediated the longitudinal association between adolescent mothers’ social competence and child externalizing problems and academic readiness. Discussion focuses on the importance of considering the role of child temperament in understanding how adolescent mothers’ social competence is subsequently associated with children's social and academic adjustment.
Three new HLA alleles—B*49:43, C*03:321 and DQB1*02:72
Authors: Street J. , Williams L. , Climer T. , Harvey C. , Darke C.
Published: February 2017

Immunogenetic information is provided on 3 novel HLA‐B, ‐C and ‐DQB1 alleles.
Discovering patterns in interarrival data
Authors: Johnson Roger W.
Published: February 2017

It is suggested that students collect interarrival data for customers arriving at a queue. Two common features will often occur across these various datasets. Some data collection hints, some problems for students to pursue and a few pointers to the literature are given.
Global and local mechanisms sustain axonal proteostasis of transmembrane proteins
Authors: Cornejo Víctor Hugo , Luarte Alejandro , Couve Andrés
Published: February 2017

The control of neuronal protein homeostasis or proteostasis is tightly regulated both spatially and temporally, assuring accurate and integrated responses to external or intrinsic stimuli. Local or autonomous responses in dendritic and axonal compartments are crucial to sustain function during development, physiology and in response to damage or disease. Axons are responsible for generating and propagating electrical impulses in neurons, and the establishment and maintenance of their molecular composition are subject to extreme constraints exerted by length and size. Proteins that require the secretory pathway, such as receptors, transporters, ion channels or cell adhesion molecules, are fundamental for axonal function, but whether axons regulate their abundance autonomously and how they achieve this is not clear. Evidence supports the role of three complementary mechanisms to maintain proteostasis of these axonal proteins, namely vesicular transport, local translation and trafficking and transfer from supporting cells. Here, we review these mechanisms, their molecular machineries and contribution to neuronal function. We also examine the signaling pathways involved in local translation and their role during development and nerve injury. We discuss the relative contributions of a transport‐controlled proteome directed by the soma (global regulation) versus a local‐controlled proteome based on local translation or cell transfer (local regulation).
Schirmer tear test I in dogs: results comparing placement in the ventral vs. dorsal conjunctival fornix
Authors: Visser Hannah E. , Tofflemire Kyle L. , Love‐Myers Kim R. , Allbaugh Rachel A. , Ellinwood N. Matthew , Dees D. Dustin , Ben‐Shlomo Gil , Whitley R. David
Published: February 2017

Objective

To compare Schirmer tear test I (STT I) values obtained from placement of tear strips in the ventral and dorsal conjunctival fornices in dogs.

Procedure

Schirmer tear test I was performed on each eye of 16 clinically normal dogs (32 eyes) in a crossover study. Initial tear strip placement site was randomized for each eye. Alternative placement site measurements were obtained after 1 week.

Results

The mean (± standard deviation, SD) STT I for dorsal and ventral conjunctival fornices was 20.44 (±4.46) mm/min and 23.56 (±3.98) mm/min, respectively. STT I values obtained from the ventral conjunctival fornix were significantly greater than those obtained from the dorsal conjunctival fornix (P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Schirmer tear test I values were significantly greater with tear strips placed in the ventral conjunctival fornix.
The ‘Donor of the Future Project’ — first results and further research domains
Authors: Sundermann L. M. , de Kort W. L. , Boenigk S.
Published: February 2017

Background

The Alliance of Blood Operators initiated a project labelled ‘Donor of the Future’. This study gives an overview of the project results, in particular with regard to country differences.

Study Design and Methods

A large survey (N = 7663) among blood donors in six countries was conducted to analyse the effects of five global areas of change: (1) demographic change; (2) technological developments; (3) health innovations; (4) public, behavioural and attitudinal aspects; and (5) political, economic and environmental issues.

Results

The main results exhibited similarities and differences between blood donors of the participating countries. Greater differences were found, for example, regarding technological developments. Whereas only blood donors from the UK and Australia would like to be informed via SMS, blood donors from all countries would like to be informed via email.

Conclusion

Different priorities of donors have been uncovered. These differences give suggestions to improve the country‐specific donor management. Furthermore, the key findings provide a comprehensive overview of major future research domains.
Three‐year follow‐up of implementation of evidence‐based transfusion practice in a tertiary hospital
Authors: Norgaard A. , Stensballe J. , de Lichtenberg T. H. , White J. O. , Perner A. , Wanscher M. , Hillingsø J. , Holm M. L. , Mau‐Sørensen M. , Sillesen H. , Kjeldsen L. , Bäck C. , Nielsen J. , Seeberg J. , Hansen M. B. , Johansson P. I.
Published: February 2017

Background and Objectives

Traditionally, Denmark has had a high rate of allogeneic red blood cell transfusion caused by a liberal transfusion practice despite the existence of restrictive guidelines. We established a Patient Blood Management programme in a tertiary hospital and report the results of the implementation of evidence‐based transfusion practice.

Materials and Methods

Red blood cell transfusion quality indicators were compared with the evidence‐based guideline at hospital and department level. Based on this evaluation, wards were selected for interventions targeting doctors and nurses. The implementation process was monitored by transfusion quality and utilization data over a 3‐year period with totally 166 341 admissions in 98 960 mixed, adult medical and surgical patients.

Results

At the hospital level, transfusion above the upper guideline limit decreased from 23 to 10% (P < 0·001), and transfusion at or below the restrictive haemoglobin trigger of 7·3 g/dl increased from 7 to 19% (P < 0·001). The percentage of single‐unit transfusions increased from 72 to 78% (P < 0·001), and the majority of transfusion rates and volumes decreased significantly. Red cell use decreased with 41% in surgical procedures and 28% in admissions (P < 0·001).

Conclusion

The intervention was associated with a significant and sustained overall increase in compliance with national guidelines for red blood cell transfusion for non‐bleeding patients, and led to significantly fewer patients being exposed to transfusion.
Diverse and novel RHD variants in Australian blood donors with a weak D phenotype: implication for transfusion management
Authors: McGowan E. C. , Lopez G. H. , Knauth C. M. , Liew Y.‐W. , Condon J. A. , Ramadi L. , Parsons K. , Turner E. M. , Flower R. L. , Hyland C. A.
Published: February 2017

Background and Objectives

Variant RHD genes associated with the weak D phenotype can result in complete or partial D‐epitope expression on the red cell. This study examines the genetic classification in Australian blood donors with a weak D phenotype and correlates RHD variants associated with the weak D phenotype against D‐epitope profile.

Materials and Methods

Following automated and manual serology, blood samples from donors reported as ‘weak D’ (n = 100) were RHD genotyped by a commercial SNP‐typing platform and Sanger sequencing. Two commercial anti‐D antibody kits were used for extended serological testing for D‐epitope profiles.

Results

Three samples had wild‐type RHD exonic sequences, and 97 samples had RHD variants. RHD*weak D type 1, RHD*weak D type 2 or RHD*weak D type 3 was detected in 75 donors. The remaining 22 samples exhibited 17 different RHD variants. One donor exhibited a novel RHD*c.939+3A>C lacking one D‐epitope. Weak D types 1·1, 5, 15, 17 and 90 showed a partial D‐epitope profile.

Conclusion

The array of RHD variants detected in this study indicated diversity in the Australian donor population that needs to be accommodated for in future genotyping strategies.
Red blood cell concentrates treated with the amustaline (S‐303) pathogen reduction system and stored for 35 days retain post‐transfusion viability: results of a two‐centre study
Authors: Cancelas J. A. , Gottschall J. L. , Rugg N. , Graminske S. , Schott M. A. , North A. , Huang N. , Mufti N. , Erickson A. , Rico S. , Corash L.
Published: February 2017

Background and Objectives

Pathogen reduction technology using amustaline (S‐303) was developed to reduce the risk of transfusion‐transmitted infection and adverse effects of residual leucocytes. In this study, the viability of red blood cells (RBCs) prepared with a second‐generation process and stored for 35 days was evaluated in two different blood centres.

Materials and Methods

In a single‐blind, randomized, controlled, two‐period crossover study (n = 42 healthy subjects), amustaline‐treated (Test) or Control RBCs were prepared in random sequence and stored for 35 days. On day 35, an aliquot of 51Cr/99mTc radiolabeled RBCs was transfused. In a subgroup of 26 evaluable subjects, 24‐h RBC post‐transfusion recovery, mean life span, median life span (T50) and life span area under the curve (AUC) were analysed.

Results

The mean 24‐h post‐transfusion recovery of Test and Control RBCs was comparable (83·2 ± 5·2 and 84·9 ± 5·9%, respectively; P = 0·06) and consistent with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria for acceptable RBC viability. There were differences in the T50 between Test and Control RBCs (33·5 and 39·7 days, respectively; P < 0·001), however, these were within published reference ranges of 28–35 days. The AUC (per cent surviving × days) for Test and Control RBCs was similar (22·6 and 23·1 per cent surviving cells × days, respectively; P > 0·05). Following infusion of Test RBCs, there were no clinically relevant abnormal laboratory values or adverse events.

Conclusion

RBCs prepared using amustaline pathogen reduction meet the FDA criteria for post‐transfusion recovery and are metabolically and physiologically appropriate for transfusion following 35 days of storage.
Kyasanur forest disease virus breaking the endemic barrier: An investigation into ecological effects on disease emergence and future outlook
Authors: Ajesh K. , Nagaraja B. K. , Sreejith K.
Published: February 2017

Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) is found in a limited range of India, but is epidemiologically understudied. The seasonal patterns of KFD are well known; however, the significant concern is on the extent to which changes in epidemiology happen especially under the influence of ecological destructions and by the eventual effects of resulting climate change. Presently, a southward and northward spread of the Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) along the Western Ghats has been reported in the adjoining states of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Goa and Maharashtra. In this review, we investigate the cascade of factors that might have facilitated the resurgence of KFDV among the endemic regions in higher frequency and its recent emergence in the area previously not reported. Utilizing published data, we additionally endeavour to exhibit a portion of the impediments of control systems and embody the powerful option strategies for developing KFDV control.
Determination of Self-efficacy and Burnout State of Teachers Working in the Special Education Field in Terms of Different Variables
Authors: Nuri Cahit , Demirok Mukaddes Sakalli , Direktör Cemaliye
Published: February 2017

The aim of the study is to analyse the self-efficacy and burnout of special education teachers in terms of different variables such as gender, teachers’ educational levels, teachers’ daily working hours, and teachers’ daily student numbers.7 special education schools, affiliated to Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) Ministry of Education Primary Education Management Office, and 21 schools, which have a special education mainstreaming room, constituted the population of the research. 46 special education teachers working at special education institutions and 24 special education teachers working at a mainstreaming room in primary schools (a total number of 70 teachers) constituted the sample of the research.The Maslach Burn-out Scale and Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale were administered to the sample group. The collected data was entered into the SPSS and analysed using a t-test, Mann Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis.The working hours of teachers were found to be statistically significant for sufficiency in engagement of student sub-dimension. It was revealed that teachers with fewer working hours had lower self-efficacy scores than the teachers with more working hours. Statistically significant difference was also found in depersonalization of burnout sub-dimension of teachers according to their professional seniority.
Relationship between Problematic Internet Use, Depression and Quality of Life Levels of Turkish University Students
Authors: Tekinarslan Erkan
Published: February 2017

The relationship between problematic Internet use (PIU), depression and quality of life levels of individuals is a growing concern in many societies. One of the main purposes of this study was to examine the relationships or correlations among PIU, depression and quality of life levels of Turkish undergraduate students. Furthermore, this study sought to investigate whether correlated variables; if any, simultaneously predicted students’ quality of life levels on different domains of WHOQOL–BREF-TR in a significant manner. Moreover, this research examined whether some or any of study variables had a mediating effect in relationships between domains of WHOQOL–BREF-TR and other study variables. The data collected from 758 undergraduate student participants (431 female and 327 male) attending different faculties and colleges at a public university in Turkey. A demographical information form, the Beck Depression Inventory, the World Health Organization’s Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL–BREF-TR) and Online Cognition Scale (OCS) were used to collect data from the undergraduate Turkish students. The results indicated that the students’ PIU and depression levels were negatively associated with quality of life levels and positively associated with each other in a significant manner. Moreover, the results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that PIU levels of the students on the diminished impulse control dimension partially mediated the relationships between depression and quality of life levels on all domains of WHOQOL–BREF-TR.
Chronic alcohol feeding potentiates hormone‐induced calcium signalling in hepatocytes
Authors: Bartlett Paula J. , Antony Anil Noronha , Agarwal Amit , Hilly Mauricette , Prince Victoria L. , Combettes Laurent , Hoek Jan B. , Gaspers Lawrence D.
Published: February 2017

Key points

Chronic alcohol consumption causes a spectrum of liver diseases, but the pathogenic mechanisms driving the onset and progression of disease are not clearly defined.

We show that chronic alcohol feeding sensitizes rat hepatocytes to Ca2+‐mobilizing hormones resulting in a leftward shift in the concentration–response relationship and the transition from oscillatory to more sustained and prolonged Ca2+ increases.

Our data demonstrate that alcohol‐dependent adaptation in the Ca2+ signalling pathway occurs at the level of hormone‐induced inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3) production and does not involve changes in the sensitivity of the IP3 receptor or size of internal Ca2+ stores.

We suggest that prolonged and aberrant hormone‐evoked Ca2+ increases may stimulate the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and contribute to alcohol‐induced hepatocyte injury.

‘Adaptive’ responses of the liver to chronic alcohol consumption may underlie the development of cell and tissue injury. Alcohol administration can perturb multiple signalling pathways including phosphoinositide‐dependent cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) increases, which can adversely affect mitochondrial Ca2+ levels, reactive oxygen species production and energy metabolism. Our data indicate that chronic alcohol feeding induces a leftward shift in the dose–response for Ca2+‐mobilizing hormones resulting in more sustained and prolonged [Ca2+]i increases in both cultured hepatocytes and hepatocytes within the intact perfused liver. Ca2+ increases were initiated at lower hormone concentrations, and intercellular calcium wave propagation rates were faster in alcoholics compared to controls. Acute alcohol treatment (25 mm) completely inhibited hormone‐induced calcium increases in control livers, but not after chronic alcohol‐feeding, suggesting desensitization to the inhibitory actions of ethanol. Hormone‐induced inositol 1,4,5 trisphosphate (IP3) accumulation and phospholipase C (PLC) activity were significantly potentiated in hepatocytes from alcohol‐fed rats compared to controls. Removal of extracellular calcium, or chelation of intracellular calcium did not normalize the differences in hormone‐stimulated PLC activity, indicating calcium‐dependent PLCs are not upregulated by alcohol. We propose that the liver ‘adapts’ to chronic alcohol exposure by increasing hormone‐dependent IP3 formation, leading to aberrant calcium increases, which may contribute to hepatocyte injury.
Predicting human olfactory perception from chemical features of odor molecules
Authors: Keller Andreas , Gerkin Richard C. , Guan Yuanfang , Dhurandhar Amit , Turu Gabor , Szalai Bence , Mainland Joel D. , Ihara Yusuke , Yu Chung Wen , Wolfinger Russ , Vens Celine , schietgat leander , De Grave Kurt , Norel Raquel ,   DREAM Olfaction Prediction Consortium, Stolovitzky Gustavo , Cecchi Guillermo A. , Vosshall Leslie B. , meyer pablo
Published: February 2017

How will this molecule smell?

We still do not understand what a given substance will smell like. Keller
et al.
launched an international crowd-sourced competition in which many teams tried to solve how the smell of a molecule will be perceived by humans. The teams were given access to a database of responses from subjects who had sniffed a large number of molecules and been asked to rate each smell across a range of different qualities. The teams were also given a comprehensive list of the physical and chemical features of the molecules smelled. The teams produced algorithms to predict the correspondence between the quality of each smell and a given molecule. The best models that emerged from this challenge could accurately predict how a new molecule would smell.

Science
, this issue p.
820
Sources of variation: Animal microbiota
Authors: Mushegian Alexandra A.
Published: February 2017

The diverse effects of microbiota on animal physiology contribute to experimental variability.
Papers of note in
Science Translational Medicine
9
(377)
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: February 2017

This week’s articles report an integrated cell-based assay to test cardiac toxicity of anticancer drugs and discover a pathogen recognized by autoimmune antibodies involved in a form of epilepsy.
Microbiome-dependent recombination shapes the host antibody repertoire
Authors: Mushegian Alexandra A.
Published: February 2017

Secreted IgD concentration depends on the presence of microbiota.