bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strain Dependent Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Silica Filled Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Rubber
Authors: Mukhopadhyay K. , Tripathy D.K.
Published: March 2007

The dynamic mechanical properties of silica filled ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) rubber have been studied at room temperature (25°C) at different frequencies (3.5 to 110 Hz) and varying dynamic strain amplitudes (0.07 to 5%). From the dynamic analysis it was found that the trend of variation of in-phase modulus, out-of-phase modulus, and tan δ with dynamic strain for lightly filled EVA vulcanizates is similar to that of the gum EVA vulcanizate. The changes in low strain dynamic properties can be ascribed to the mobility of amorphous chains. For highly filled vulcanizates, the nature of the variation of dynamic mechanical properties follows the pattern of filled conventional rub ber systems. For the systems with intermediate filler loading, the characteris tics follow a transition between those exhibited by the gum and the highly filled systems. The increase of high and low strain moduli with volume fraction of filler could be partly due to the hydrodynamic effect of filler dispersed in the rubber matrix and partly due to the enhanced adsorptive interaction between silica and EVA rubber.
Effect of High Crystalline trans-Polyoctenylene (TOR) on Different Cure Systems of NR Compounds
Authors: Chattaraj P.P. , Mukhopadhyay R. , Tripathy D.K.
Published: March 2007

With a view to improve degradation properties of natural rubber on prolonged cure at moderately high temperature, a study is made using a co- vulcanizable processing aid known as trans-polyoctenylene (TOR) on natural rubber filled compounds. Rheometer results show that reversion resistance im proves at all curing temperatures in the presence of TOR-more so with EV (efficient vulcanization) and semi-EV systems compared to CV (conventional vulcanization) systems. Cure rate diminishes and activation energy increases with incorporation of TOR in natural rubber irrespective of the curing system. Modulus and hardness retention also are much better for TOR filled com pounds under anaerobic conditions. Tensile strength, however, drops unlike modulus and hardness. Heat buildup and loss tangent (tanδ) results reveal less heat development in TOR filled compounds. Retention of Vr (volume fraction of rubber) value indicates a similar trend like modulus and hardness, showing preservation of network structure. Such an improvement of reversion prop erties under anaerobic ageing conditions may be attributed to simultaneous crosslink formation on TOR phase in addition to natural rubber phase which has been explained through DSC studies.
Computer-Aided Optimization of the Vulcanization Process
Authors: Dinges U. , Westenberger H.
Published: March 2007

In the case of bulky rubber mouldings, the progress of vulcaniza tion depends on the non-uniform temperature distribution and is therefore a function of the location. For its part, the temperature distribution is influenced by the exothermic reaction of the vulcanization.
Adhesion of Poly(vinyl chloride) to Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber Part 1: Peel Studies
Authors: Manoj N.R. , De P.P.
Published: March 2007

The adhesion of poly(vinyl chloride) to hydrogenated nitrile rub ber is studied by Tpeel test. The peel-fracture energy is found to be dependent on the presence of stabilizer and plasticizer in the PVC phase, in addition to the molding and testing conditions. At high contact temperatures and long contact times, in addition to the segmental diffusion across the interface, the formation of chemical bonds is proposed to be the reason for the high joint strength.
Dry with a Wink
Authors: ADLER PATRICIA A. , ADLER PETER
Published: March 2007

This is a study about competing subcultures in conflict over preferred definitions of social order. With recent heavy migration producing a demographic shift in the population, two polarized groups have arisen in the state of Oklahoma. The evolving struggle over the control of alcohol legislation (public drinking and selling liquor by the drink are illegal in this state) represents the clash of norms and values held by these competing factions. We examine the laws governing liquor, the patterns of law enforcement, and the interactional strategies by which these laws are circumvented. We find a compromised reality, where serving alcohol remains outlawed, but violations are predominantly “winked at” rather than prosecuted. Winking is seen to have two divergent functions: Manifestly, it benefits drinking groups by allowing them to engage quietly in a “deviant” activity, but its more powerful effect is to latently benefit drys by maintaining the existing social order—a legalistic dominance hierarchy where their norms and values are accorded superior status.
The Placement of Insanity
Authors: HOLSTEIN JAMES A.
Published: March 2007

This ethnography of legal proceedings examines how judgments of “grave disability” are formulated to effect involuntary mental hospitalizations. Such commitment decisions are based on judges' pragmatic evaluations of the viability of candidate patients' proposed community living situations and the ability of those situations to contain the havoc associated with mental illness. In assessing the tenability of candidate patients' proposed living arrangements, judges consider the following: (1) the person's ability to provide life's basic necessities; (2) the willing presence of a “caretaker” to supervise the candidate patient; and (3) the candidate patient's cooperation with a community-based treatment/custody regime. In the absence of any of these, social and psychiatric disturbances are considered inevitable, and hospitalization is likely to be ordered.
Chicano Used Car Dealers
Authors: VALDEZ AVELARDO
Published: March 2007

This research examines the role of Chicano used car dealers as intermediaries between barrio residents, the community, and the larger economy. The study describes a hierarchy of used car dealers, race and ethnic relations in the used car business, the nature of profit in these settings, and business alternatives of barrio dealers. The roles and social organization of Chicanos in the used car business demonstrate the effect of larger societal forces upon the organizational response and social behavior of Chicanos.
Price-Setting as Social Activity
Authors: PRUS ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Focusing on the price-setting activities of vendors, this article provides valuable insight into the social dynamics of the marketplace. In contrast to rational-economic assumptions, this inquiry examines pricing as a problematic, processual, and negotiable activity. Consideration is given to the fundamental role buyers play in shaping vendors' prices.
Messiah and Justice: a Key To Matthew's Use of Isaiah 42.1-4?
Authors: Beaton Richard
Published: March 2007

This article builds upon the observation that a definition of κρíσiς as 'justice' rather than 'judgment' may offer a clue to the role of Isa. 42.1-4 in Mt. 12.18-21. It begins by exploring Old Testament contexts in which κρíσiς is linked to concepts of mercy, salvation, and the rule of the ideal Davidid. In Matthew, it appears that justice is central to the servant's ministry, Jesus' compassionate approach to people and the Law, and the anticipated messianic rule. The paper closes with an exploration of the ethical element of justice in Matthew's presentation of Jesus' message and ministry in Mt. 11.28-12.21 vis-à-vis Pharisaic leadership. As messiah, Jesus provides justice for the oppressed and down-trodden through miracles and teaching in a non-confrontational fashion, while the Pharisees promote injustice through their insistence upon strict halakic observance.
The Jerusalem Collection and the Book of Galatians
Authors: Hurtado Larry W.
Published: March 2007

The letter to the Galatians continues to be a fascina ting document, both for Christian theology and for historical reconstruction of the ministry of Paul and the situation of his churches. In this paper I will offer a suggestion concerning one aspect of the disturbance in Galatia. Speci fically, I suggest that in addition to the serious theological issues confronting him in the Galatian churches, Paul found that his effort to raise an offering for Jerusalem was being misinterpreted as proof of inferiority or subservience to the Jerusalem leadership. That is, if (as is widely believed) the major problems in Galatia involved a challenge to Paul's apostolic status, I am suggesting that the collecting of funds for Jerusalem was being used as incrimi nating evidence against Paul, and that a controversy over the offering provided part of the occasion for the letter. This suggestion, as I hope to show, illumines two passages in Galatians, 2:1-10, and 6:6-10. In order to prepare for the examination of these passages, it is necessary to review briefly the place of the Jerusalem collection in Paul's ministry.
The Visionaries of Laodicea
Authors: Goulder M.D.
Published: March 2007

Jewish Christians included visionaries. Such men—and women—were ravished out of the body to heaven and given access to the Throne, to praise God's glory, and even to be seated by it. They needed to be holy, both obeying Torah, and fasting and abstaining from sex. They passed through seven heavens guarded by formidable powers whose names they took on seals. Such powers filled the heavens, which were seen as a succession of temples; above all was God, pictured from Cant. 5 as having enormous size (cf. Shi'ur Qoma, the Measure of [God's] Stature). 'Ephesians' (a genuine Pauline letter, to the Laodicean church) was written to contest these claims. All Christians have access to God in Christ, who has ascended above all the heavens, seated with him by God with the powers under his feet, the Church being the temple he fills. It is the measure of the stature of Christ which matters, in love.
Strategies of Recovery and Resistance
Authors: Watson Francis
Published: March 2007

Two contrasting hermeneutical strategies, recovery and resistance, seek respectively to reassert the autonomy of a text over against a history of misreading, and to expose a text's oppressive tendencies. The narrative of Genesis 1-3, read within a feminist perspective, is paradigmatic in this respect: it can be read both as a patriarchal text to be resisted and as an egalitarian text to be recovered from a long history of distorted reading. Within a Christian context, the framework for interpreting this passage was established by certain Pauline statements which use it to promote patriarchy within the Church. While the Genesis narrative does not prescribe these interpretative state ments, it is nevertheless open to them. Resistance may therefore be the more appro priate strategy.
An Explanation of Acts 15.6-21 in the Light of Deuteronomy 4.29-35 (Lxx)
Authors: van de Sandt Huub
Published: March 2007

It is the purpose of this article to show that Acts 15.6-21 is a reinterpretation and adaptation of the LXX version of Deut. 4.29-35. In Deut. 4.29-31 Moses heralds the return of the exiled Israel to God. They will seek the Lord in the last days and they will find him for he is a God of mercy. In section 1 it is pointed out that Luke extends the object of this announcement to include the Gentiles. The quotation of Amos 9.11-12 LXX with its universal purport, replaces Deut. 4.29-31 in Acts 15.16- 17. The allusion to Isa. 45.21 in Acts 15.18, which is brought up for discussion in section 2, accounts for the temporal indications in Acts 15.7, 14. This twofold appeal to antiquity modifies the invitation to Israel in Deut. 4.32 to consider 'the days that are past'. Also of importance are Deut. 4.33 and 34, which refer to the revelation at Sinai and the Exodus. In section 3 it is shown that these unique experiences of Israel are linked by Luke to events in the recent past of believeing Gentiles as well.
What does it Mean to Be 'Saved by Childbirth' (1 Timothy 2.15)?
Authors: Porter Stanley E.
Published: March 2007

After discussing several ideologically based interpretations of 1 Tim. 2.15, this article examines six primary lexical and grammatical phenomena in the text: the subject of the verb σωθήσεται with respect to 'the woman' of v. 14, the sense of the verb σΏζω, the denotation of the term τεκνoγoνία, the function of the preposi tion διά with the genitive case, the shift in number of the verbs from singular to plural, and the use of the third-class conditional construction. The article concludes that the author of I Timothy apparently believed that for the woman who abides in faith, love and holiness, her salvation will come by the bearing of children.
Variation in Style in the Johannine Literature
Authors: Timmins Nicholas G.
Published: March 2007

The syntactic pattern which characterizes a fragmentary sample of text is proposed as a stylistic identifier which may be a mark of its origins. This can be used as a means of monitoring instances where the style of a text has become embedded in the style of another which has assimilated it. Rare pattern types shared between thematically similar samples drawn from the Johannine literature and other parts of the NT are offered as evidence that the samples have shared textual origin. It is also shown that, while parts of the Fourth Gospel embody pattern types found extensively in other parts of the NT (e.g. ch. 18, 19.24b-27 and ch. 20), other parts embody pattern types found only in that Gospel (e.g. ch. 17). These have apparently been protected from the influence of the Greek current in other parts of Scripture, despite an acknowledged late date of origin for the Gospel as a whole.
Barnabas and the Riddle of the Didache Revisited
Authors: Draper Jonathan A.
Published: March 2007

Most scholars in recent years have concentrated on identifying the sources of the Epistle of Barnabas, minimizing the creativity of its author and denying that it has a recognizable context. This article focuses on the use of the Two Ways material in Barnabas and its redaction to argue that there is a clear polemical thrust against Jewish Christianity. The author utilizes the classical rhetorical strategy of irony to subvert the original setting of the Two Ways material in catechesis for Gentile converts. Instead the material is recast as advanced gnosis for the elite. It is in this capacity that the Two Ways survives in the West. This purpose and strategy pervades the whole document.
Romans 2: A Deuteronomistic Reading
Authors: Ito Akio
Published: March 2007

Despite various proposals to solve the crux interpretum of Romans 2, none of them is satisfactory. This article proposes to incorporate elements of these solutions by paying attention to the covenantal perspective (i.e. the Deuteronomistic framework) and Paul's argumentative flow. Not only in 2.7-10, 29 but also in 2.14-15, 24 allusions to Deuteronomy 27-30 can be detected. With this Deuteronomistic frame work and other clues in mind, the Gentiles who without the law 'do by nature what the law requires' (vv. 14-15) can be identified with Christian Gentiles. On the other hand, the list of Jewish transgressions in vv. 17ff. can be understood as referring to the state of the spiritual 'exile' rather than their actual transgressions. Furthermore, the argumentative flow of Romans explains why Paul expresses himself so vaguely that the passage can be interpreted so differently: Paul deliberately avoids using Christian categories and expressions not to encourage Gentile Christians to boast over the Jews.
The Extent of the Pauline Corpus: A Multivariate Approach
Authors: Mealand D.L.
Published: March 2007

Samples of 1000 words were taken from the New Testament Epistles. From these 25 stylistic variables were analysed. After testing for normality 19 of these were used, first in cluster analysis, then in discriminant analysis. Where there were several samples from one epistle these usually grouped together. Epistles known to be by different authors (Paul, Hebrews, 1 Peter, 1 John) usually clustered in separate areas. Within the Pauline corpus the major and minor Paulines grouped together, but Colossians and Ephesians separated in one direction and the Pastorals in another. The cluster analysis identified these main groups. This was followed by discriminant analysis in which the data were partitioned into calibration and test sets. The results clearly assigned some initially marginal items to the groups mentioned above. Key probability factors confirmed the discrimination, and tables of distances corroborated the greater distance of the deutero-Paulines from the four major and three minor Paulines.
2 Corinthians: Implied Readers and Canonical Implications
Authors: Kurz William S.
Published: March 2007

Treating 2 Corinthians as a composite letter from earlier letters or fragments raises some challenges to the interpretive relevance of almost exclusive historical-critical reconstruction of original fragments and of the hypothetical history of epistolary exchange between Paul and the Corinthian churches. If 2 Corinthians is composite, the original Sitz im Leben of each of the fragments no longer applies to the later and different audience of the combined '2 Corinthians'. The situation of the intended audience of the composite letter is actually closer to the canonical setting of later and different audiences reading these letters as part of their Bibles, than to the historical- critically reconstructed original Corinthian audiences of the individual fragments or letters. As do later canonical readers, so did the audience for whom the composite letter was first created have to re-actualize and apply analogously as paradigms and examples for their later situations the historically explicit original issues between Paul and the Corinthians.
Foul Spirits, Fornication and Finance: Revelation 18 From an Old Testament Perspective
Authors: Provan Iain
Published: March 2007

The implications of the fact that the book of Revelation has been composed in intimate conversation with the Old Testament have not been fully appreciated. This article explores such implications in terms of the literary shape of ch. 18 and in terms of what can be deduced from it about the author's attitude to Roman economics or even to Rome in general. The main conclusion is that the kind of material we find in Revelation 18 does not lend itself to the kind of historical-critical reading of the chapter to which it has so often been subjected. It is the generalities of the chapter and of the book as a whole. rather than the peculiarities, that are important and to which the literature in fact gives the reader access.
Method in Fourth Gospel Studies
Authors: Motyer Steve
Published: March 2007

Is a rapprochement possible between text-immanent, narrative-critical approaches to texts such as the Fourth Gospel, and the more traditional historical-critical approaches that operate with a presumption of an 'ideal' original meaning which interpretation seeks to reconstruct? This essay proposes two arguments, from Speech-Act theory and from the notion of 'ownership', to suggest that a meeting of minds is certainly possible—but that proponents of the narrative approaches will finally have to accept that the Fourth Gospel makes an inescapable historical claim which must be acknowledged.
The Identity of John's Nathanael
Authors: Hill C.E.
Published: March 2007

The paper argues that the first known identification of Nathanael outside of John's Gospel equates him with James the son of Alphaeus ( Ep. Apost. 2). It is then observed that the several allusions to the Jacob narrative of Genesis found in the story of Jesus' encounter with Nathanael (Jn 1.45-51) would be poignantly explained by the supposition that Nathanael was also known by the name of Jacob/James. Because John does not explicitly use the name of James for Nathanael, however, we cannot be sure that he assumes it. Yet we find that he and his readers are acquainted with considerable information about the original disciples of Jesus which are not known from any other Gospel materials, and so the possibility cannot be ruled out. The paper concludes that (1) the author of the Epistula Apostolorum identified Nathanael as James son of Alphaeus, (2) this identification may have been supported through an exegesis of Jn 1.45-51, (3) it may also have rested on Asian tradition, and (4) less probably but still possibly, this identity for Nathanael was understood by the author of the Fourth Gospel himself.
Pointing and talk by low-income mothers and their 14-month-old children
Authors: Rowe Meredith L.
Published: March 2007

This study examines maternal talk and uses of the pointing gesture during interaction with young children in order to uncover the relationship between maternal and child pointing and talk. Forty- five low-income mother-child dyads were videotaped in their homes at child age 14 months. Results indicate that: (a) mothers and children who talk more point more during interaction, (b) the majority of pointing gestures are used to direct the hearer's attention, (c) mothers who communicate more with their children view their children as understanding more, (d) more educated mothers point more in the context of discussing a joint focus of attention and for conversation-directing purposes. Findings are discussed in terms of the relationship between maternal communi cative characteristics and child pointing and talk.
Learning different regularities: the acquisition of noun plurals by German-speaking children
Authors: Szagun Gisela
Published: March 2007

The acquisition of German noun plurals was examined on the basis of two-hour spontaneous speech samples from 6 children between 1;4 and 3;8 recorded every 5-6 weeks, and from 15 children recorded every 20 weeks. Adult speech was also sampled. Onset of use of plural forms was early, with variation in individual growth rates of type frequencies. Children used the different German plural markings from early on. Growth rates of type frequencies per different plural class corresponded to adult frequencies, with -n and -e plurals displaying fastest growth. At age 2;10 relative type frequencies per plural class differed from adult use, but not at age 3;8. Errors were produced from the beginning, with high error rates. Major error types, - n, - s, partial marking, and no marking did not differ in frequencies. Error patterns reflected the regularities of the German plural marking system.
Preverbal infants' understanding of referential gestures
Authors: Thoermer Claudia , Sodian Beate
Published: March 2007

In a short-term longitudinal study, 10- and 12-month-old infants' (N = 43) comprehension of referential gestures (gaze- and point- comprehension) was assessed independently in an attention- following task, and a preference-for-novelty task, measuring infants' encoding of actor-goal-relations (cf. Woodward 1998). Consistent with previous findings, marked developmental progress was found in gaze- and point-following between 10 and 12 months, with 12-month-olds approaching ceiling. In contrast, neither 10- nor 12-month-olds responded to a change in relation between actor and object, when the actor looked at or looked and pointed at the target object, whereas at 12 months of age they did, when the actor both looked at and reached for the target. These findings indicate that infants' ability to follow communicative gestures is not initially accompanied by an understanding of the intentional relation between communicator and referent independently of the communicative situation. The findings support the role of early pragmatic scaffolding in caretaker-infant interaction in building such an understanding.
Early communicative intents expressed by 12-month- old children with and without chronic otitis media
Authors: Yont Kristine M. , Snow Catherine E. , Vernon-Feagans Lynne
Published: March 2007

The current study compares the early communication of 12- month-old children with and without chronic otitis media during interactions with their parents. Results indicated that children with chronic otitis media used significantly fewer nonverbal strategies to help parents interpret their otherwise unintelligible vocaliz ations than their healthy peers did. The two groups were similar in early lexical development and some aspects of pragmatic development; however, there was much individual variation within groups in frequency and diversity of communicative intents. These findings suggest that children with chronic otitis media may be at risk for subsequent language problems, and that low frequency of nonverbal gestures may serve as an early marker of later language difficulties within this population. In addition to providing information about the earliest stages of communicative development in this group of children at mild to moderate risk of language problems, this finding confirms the results of other studies suggesting that nonverbal and verbal communicative attempts form a single system in the young child.
Pragmatic keywords and the first combining verbs in children's speech
Authors: Ninio Anat
Published: March 2007

The first two transitive verbs and the first two intransitive verbs which begin word-combinations in the speech of children acquiring Hebrew were examined for their use as expressions of communicative intents in an independent speech sample of mothers and of children. It was found that the first-combining verbs tend to be used as constants or keywords of communicative intents. Syntagmatic relations apparently emerge from pragmatic relations between two single-word expressions of communicative intents, one a constant and the other its detailed elaboration. The results suggest that developmentally, syntax emerges from pragmatics, through a transitional period using highly frequent,
Young children's use of phrase structure and inflectional information in form-class assignments of novel nouns and verbs
Authors: Dockrell Julie , McShane John
Published: March 2007

The ability of 3.5- to 5-year-old children to use phrase structure and inflectional information in form-class assignments of novel nouns and verbs was investigated in two experiments. In Experiment 1 perfor mance was assessed on singular and plural nouns and on verbs with -s and -ing inflections. Accurate form-class assignments were made for all but the -ing inflection. This is attributed to a conflict between phrase structure and inflectional cues. In Experiment 2 a new sentence frame was used with verb -ing, which did not present conflicting cues. Performance was significantly better than in Experiment 1. The results are interpreted in terms of a model that proposes that phrase structure and inflectional cues to form-class are learnt independently but serve as interacting sources of information. The cues may interact in a complementary or competitive fashion. For English, the competition is resolved, in developmental terms, in favour of phrase structure cues as the more reliable source of information about form-class. This is adaptive for the grammar of English.
On asking children - and adults - bizarre questions
Authors: Pratt Chris
Published: March 2007

Children aged 5 to 7 years and adults were presented with a set of nine questions, six of which were bizarre in so far as they involved making semantically anomalous comparisons. In one condition the subjects were simply asked the questions whereas in the other condition they were asked to judge whether the questions made sense. The results of the study confirm and extend previous research which had shown that children will answer bizarre questions. This study showed that adults will also answer such questions and, like children, are prepared to justify their answers. Both adults and children, however, when asked to judge whether questions make sense are able to do this with reason able accuracy.
Gendered differences in parents' encouragement of sibling interaction: implications for the construction of a personal premise system
Authors: Berghout Austin Ann M. , Braeger T.J.
Published: March 2007

Fathers' and mothers' encouragement of sibling interaction was examined in two-child families when the younger sibling was 5 weeks old and the older sibling about 22 months old and then approximately 3 months later. Concordant with the theories of J. Block (1982) and J. H. Block (1983,1984), fathers' and mothers' own linguistic behaviour as well as their encouragement of their children's behaviour reflected gender-specific patterns with fathers demonstrating as well as encouraging more accommodative or agentic patterns and mothers demonstrating as well as encouraging more assimilative or communion- enhancing patterns. Among other things, fathers more actively directed the older sibling's attention to the younger sibling, particu larly when both children were female. Likewise, fathers more than mothers more often responded to male infants' rather than female infants' movements and sounds, thus giving young boys more contin gent responsiveness which is thought to promote mastery and indepen dence. On the other hand, mothers more often vocalized to, and tried to establish contact with, the infant, especially when the older sibling present was female. Parents vocalized more often to children when mothers were paired alone with the children and fathers were paired alone with them, suggesting the importance of participation in smaller, rather than larger, family groups for the development of productive language skills. Finally, parental vocalizations, particularly those directed to the older sibling, decreased substantially over time, while parental vocalization to the infant increased over time, suggesting concerns for the quality of home linguistic environment when more children are added to the family.
Repeated maternal book reading with two children: language-normal and language-impaired
Authors: Evans Mary Ann , Schmidt Fred
Published: March 2007

The nature of mother-child interactions when repeatedly reading the same book was examined in two dyads, one having a language- impaired child (age 3;9), and the other a language-normal child (age 2;2) matched on mean length of utterance and expressive vocabulary. Each mother tape-recorded nine sessions reading the same picture book in her home with her son over a five month period. Each dyad displayed distinctive interaction styles, the dyad with the language- impaired child being initially characterized by many maternal verbal obliges and many child failures to respond correctly. In later sessions, however, this child answered questions with fewer errors and become more active by contributing more statements and more verbal obliges himself. Throughout the study, the dyad with the language-normal child displayed a more equal balance of power characterized by statements and acknowledgments from both mother and child. Both children engaged in deferred imitation, introducing in later sessions labels mentiond by mothers in earlier sessions. The language-impaired child was more likely to do this if he had repeated the label when his mother first mentioned it.
Internal state words: their relation to moral development and to maternal communications about moral development in the second year of life
Authors: Lamb Sharon
Published: March 2007

This paper, through a longitudinal study of four toddlers, examines the regularities in order and age of acquisition of internal state words in relation to emergence of signs of moral awareness and affect. Increases in internal state words occurred after children's peaks in awareness of standards and after the first signs of empathy. Maternal communications about awareness of standards appeared to increase and decrease in a pattern suggesting they were following their children's development. Maternal use of internal state words was rare and did not appear directly to promote children's acquisition of them. Results are discussed in terms of conceptual growth motivating language acquisition.
Infants' vocalization patterns across home and laboratory environments
Authors: Lewedag Vanessa L. , Oller D. Kimbrough , Lynch Michael P.
Published: March 2007

Differences in infants' vocalization patterns across home and laboratory recordings were examined. Audiorecordings of the infants were made in both environments during the month immediately following the observed onset of speech-like (canonical) syllables. Analyses indicated that: (a) infants produced more vocalizations per minute in the home than in the laboratory, (b) the vocalizations in the home included higher proportions of speech-like syllables than the vocalizations in the laboratory did, and (c) the vocalizations in the two environments had similar phonetic characteristics. These findings suggest that, while infants' vocalization patterns can be affected by the surrounding environment, the phonetic characteristics of their utterances do not show wide variation.
Nominal and pronominal reference in maternal speech during the later stages of language acquisition: a longitudinal study
Authors: Oshima-Takane Yuriko , Derat Leslie
Published: March 2007

Ten English-speaking mother-child pairs were videotaped at 21, 24, 30 and 36 months of age in 25-minute free-play interactions to investigate mothers' use of proper names and their use of personal pronouns during the child's second and third years. The results revealed that mothers' unconventional nominal reference to speaker and addressee decreased, as their consistent pronominal reference increased with the age of their children. In addition, the results indicated that mothers used third person pronouns more frequently in reference to toys than in reference to humans, when their children were 21 months of age. However, mothers' use of third person pronouns in reference to toys decreased with the age of their children, whereas their use of third person pronouns in reference to humans increased. These findings are discussed with regard to how such maternal input may help the child to learn correct nominal and pronominal references in English.
Grammatical deficits in German and English: a crosslinguistic study of children with specific language impairment
Authors: Roberts Stephanie S. , Leonard Laurence B.
Published: March 2007

Children with specific language impairment acquiring German and English were compared in terms of their use of articles, third person singular verb inflections, and copula forms. The German- speaking children showed higher degrees of appropriate use of third singular inflections and copula forms, but not articles. Verb errors in the form of bare stems outnumbered other types of errors even in the data for German. Of the four accounts of grammatical deficits in specific language impairment considered, one based on the morphological richness of the target language appears most consistent with the findings.
Evaluation and Treatment of Organic Impotence in the Male With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Baum Neil , Neiman Marla , Lewis Ronald
Published: March 2007

Erectile dysfunction, or impotence, is seen in approxi mately 50% of the male diabetic population in the United States. Erectile dysfunction is dependent upon an intricate interaction of psychologic, vascular, hormonal, and neurologic factors. This paper reviews the evaluation of organic impotence in the male diabetic patient and describes several treatments including pharmacologic modalities and surgical procedures.
The Stepped Approach to Patient Education
Authors: Bartlett Edward E.
Published: March 2007

Patient educators need an approach to patient education that balances the constraints of time and expertise with the most effective approaches to behavior change. The stepped approach to patient education involves three steps: (1) use of interpersonal skills, (2) teaching, and (3) overcoming obstacles to behavior change. This paper provides techniques and examples of how to implement the stepped approach to diabetes care.
Nutritional Management of Diabetic Patients During Intensive Insulin Therapy
Authors: Paige Myrna S.
Published: March 2007

Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) offers improved metabolic control while inviting flexibility in meal planning. Alterations in the size or timing of a meal and/or the timing of the preprandial insulin dose can be used to promote normoglycemia and accommodate life-style demands. Continual nutrition education and counseling are needed to aid the patient in making the appropriate self-management decisions to promote normoglycemia, control body weight, and minimize hypoglycemic episodes.
Factors That Influence Diabetes Patient Teaching Performed by Hospital Staff Nurses
Authors: Moriarty Donna R. , Stephens Lana C.
Published: March 2007

Hospital staff nurses are frequently expected to teach patients and families with diabetes. A study was conducted to answer the questions: (1) According to nurses' perceptions, what factors influence conducting diabetes education ? (2) Do staff nurses have sufficient knowledge to teach diabetes management principles? Thirty-nine staff nurses from adult units of a university hospital completed an investigator-designed survey and a Diabetes Knowledge Test (DKT). Eleven nurses attending a workshop on diabetes patient management were pre- and posttested to determine the workshop's effect on perceptions and knowledge. Perceived factors that interfered with teaching included lack of time, inadequate teaching skills, lack of patient interest in learning, and absence of a physician's order for teaching. The workshop had little influence on perceptions but significantly increased the mean DKTscorefrom 70% to 78% (P =.03). The findings suggest that expecting all staff nurses to adequately educate patients in diabetes management may not be realistic.
Review of Present and Future Use of Nonnutritive Sweeteners
Authors: Bertorelli Anna Maria , Czarnowski-Hill Joan V.
Published: March 2007

In response to growing consumer demand for better tasting, low- calorie, sugar-freefoodproducts, the number of food items containing nonnutritive sweet eners has grown markedly in recent years. In this paper, present sweetener consumption is reviewed; the history, properties, uses, advantages, and safety of approved sweeteners such as saccharin, aspartame, and acesulfame-K are presented, as well as those of sweeteners such as cyclamate, sucralose, and alitame that are awaiting FDA approval; the role ofsweeteners in the dietary management of persons with diabetes is discussed; and counseling guide lines for safe consumption are given.
Reliability and Validity of the Diabetes Family Behavior Scale (DFBS)
Authors: McKelvey Jane , Waller David A. , North Alvin J. , Marks James F. , Schreiner Barbara , Travis Luther B. , Murphy Jayn.
Published: March 2007

The Diabetes Family Behavior Scale (DFBS) was designed to measure diabetes-specific family support. The purposes of this study were to refine the scale and to assess reliability and criterion validity in terms of relationship to metabolic control.

The DFBS was administered to 321 children and adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). Blood was drawn for determination of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Based on an item-analysis procedure, the DFBS was revised to include 47 items with two subscales, one to reflect guidance-control and one to reflect warmth-caring. Acceptable internal consistency was found for the DFBS total score (.86), and for the guidance-control (.81) and warmth-caring (.79) subscales. There was a statistically significant relationship in the expected direction between DFBS total score and HbA1c (r = -.12, P<.03), and between the guidance-control subscale and HbA1c. (r=-.17, P<.002).
Using Quantitative and Qualitative Methods to Pretest the Publication Take Charge of Your Diabetes: A Guide for Care
Authors: Anderson Lynda A. , Satterfield Dawn , German Robert , Anderson Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Quantitative and qualitative methods used to pretest the guidebook Take Charge of Your Diabetes: A Guide for Care are presented in this paper. Questionnaires were used as the quantitative method (completed by 59 diabetes educators and 301 people with diabetes) and focus groups were used as the qualitative method (3 groups composed of 22 black men and women with diabetes) to examine the relevance, purpose, content, and presentation of the Guide. Findings from between-methods triangulation supported the relevance, clarity Of messages, identification of groups that would be most likely to benefit, readability, understandability, and credibility of the Guide. Specific areas that needed modification were identified. Each evaluation method provided unique data; for example, quantifiable data on intention to change behavior was provided from one method and a recommendation that diversity be maintained was provided from the other method, The relative strengths and limitations of combining quantitative and qualitative approaches are described.
Development and Formative Evaluation of a Foot Self-Care Program for African Americans With Diabetes
Authors: LEDDA MARY ANN , WALKER ELIZABETH A. , BASCH CHARLES E.
Published: March 2007

African Americans with diabetes have a higher rate of lower-extremity amputation due to diabetic foot complications than the general public. Education about proper foot care can help prevent serious diabetic foot complications and assist in early detection of problems. The purpose of this project was to develop, formatively evaluate, and pilot test a self-care, take-home program for the prevention of foot problems in African Americans with diabetes. The program included a brief one-on-one orientation session and a take-home foot self-care packet. Through telephone follow-up subjects reported the following: good to excellent overall rating of the program, favorable reactions to the patient instruction booklet, an overwhelming positive response to the large hand mirror, and a positive effect on their daily foot-care practices. The Afrocentricity of the patient education materials was preferred by younger subjects; older subjects found this approach too restrictive.
Telephone Communications Between Diabetes Clients and Nurse Educators
Authors: Leggett-Frazier Nancy , Swanson Melvin S. , Vincent Pauline A. , Pokorny Marie E. , Engelke Martha K.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the use of telephone communications between diabetes nurse educators (DNES) and their clients with diabetes. A questionnaire was designed to examine the use of the telephone with diabetes clients from the perspective of DNEs. A total of 465 DNEs across the US were selected using a systematic sample from the membership directory of the American Association of Diabetes Educators. A total of 247 were questionnaires completed and returned (55%). Ninety-one percent of DNEs reported using the phone with clients and averaged 15 phone calls per week. Over 90% frequently reported discussing the follovving topics with clients: home blood glucose monitoring, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, insulin use, and diet. Analysis of telephone users showed that DNE experience and diabetes educator certification were significant factors in the differences observed in the reported topics discussed over the telephone. These findings suggest the need for guidelines for telephone contact with diabetes clients.
Computer-Assisted Diabetes Nutrition Education Increases Knowledge and Self-Efficacy of Medical Students
Authors: Engel Samuel S. , Crandall Jill , Basch Charles E. , Zybert Patricia , Wylie-Rosett Judith
Published: March 2007

Medical students and physicians need to improve their understanding of the role of nutrition and the multidisciplinary team in diabetes care. To assist in this learning, an interactive computer program was cleveloped that focused on prescribing diets for patients with diabetes. Parallel 10-item knowledge tests and an 8-item self-efficacy scale were used to evaluate the efficacy of the computer program among 41 third-year medical students. Mean knowledge scores increased significantly after using the computer program. Posttest knowledge scores for the medical students approached the level achieved by general practice dietitians with no diabetes specialty training. Mean self-efficacy scores increased significantly. The mean time spent on the educational component of the program was under 30 minutes. Computer-assisted diabetes nutrition education proved to be an efficient and effective method for teaching basic nutrition competencies to medical students. This program is available on the World Wide Web (http://medicine.aecom.yu. edu/ diabetes/DEC.htm) and may be a useful means for providing basic diabetes nutrition education to primary healthcare providers from a variety of disciplines as well as for medical students.
Diabetes in Urban African Americans: Functional Health Literacy of Municipal Hospital Outpatients With Diabetes
Authors: Nurss Joanne R. , El-Kebbi Imad M. , Gallina Daniel L. , Ziemer David C. , Musey Victoria C. , Lewis Stephanie , Qinghong Liao  , Phillips Lawrence S.
Published: March 2007

Functional health literacy was assessed in 63 patients from the diabetes outpatient clinic, 20 from the general medicine clinic, and a total of 48 from two satellite medical clinics. All patients received a demographic questionnaire, visual screening, and the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults, an instrument with good validity and internal consistency used to measure the ability to read and understand medical instructions. Functional health literacy was adequate in only 47% of new patients at the diabetes clinic and only 25% of established patients at all sites. There were no significant differences in functional health literacy among established patients across all sites. Overall, patients' mean functional health literacy level was inadequate to marginal. Of the patients with inadequate functional health literacy, 43%, denied difficulty in reading. Patient education strategies and materials are needed to address this important barrier to healthcare delivery.
A Clinical Path for Adult Diabetes
Authors: Courtney Lisa , Gordon Malcolm , Romer Louise
Published: March 2007

The use of clinical paths for patient care management was explored by this development team as a mechanism to provide consistent, high-quality care to hospitalized patients in high-volume, high-risk diagnostic categories. Reviewing the historical aspects and importance of clinical paths helped expand the team's perspective to incorporate pre-and posthospitalization phases of patient care into the clinical path being developed.

A multidisciplinary team of physicians, nurses, health educators, and dietitians from both inpatient and outpatient departments of Kaiser-Santa Teresa Medical Center in San Jose, California, devised and implemented an Adult Diabetes Mellitus care path. Staff education preceded the implementation of the care paths. Measurements of quality indicators showed improvements in patient satisfaction, patient education, patient knowledge, and nutrition assessments.
A Primary Intervention Program (Pilot Study) for Mexican American Children at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: McKenzie Shirlyn B. , O'Connell Janelle , Smith Linda A. , Ottinger William E.
Published: March 2007

Many chronic diseases that are leading causes of morbidity and mortality can be prevented or controlled by primary or secondary interventions. Type 2 diabetes with its complications constitutes a major health problem, especially among Mexican Americans. The purpose of this pilot study was to develop an age- and culturally appropriate primary intervention program for Mexican American children at risk of type 2 diabetes. The sample included 37 Mexican American children ages 7 to 12 years who had at least one parent or grandparent with type 2 diabetes. A health screen of physiologic risk factors, a nutritional assessment, and a diabetes knowledge test were administered before and after the program. The eight-session activity oriented educational program focused on nutrition, exercise, and diabetes knowledge. Due to small sample size and limited study time, changes in physiologic factors and diet were not analyzed for statistical significance. Analysis of individual factors showed a trend toward more normal values. Results of this pilot program indicated that health intervention projects may be effective in helping children at risk of type 2 diabetes adopt healthier lifestyles.