bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Visual and Auditory Rhythmic Perception Abilities of Piano Majors
Authors: Decuir Anthony A. , Maranto Cheryl D.
Published: September 2011

7 male and 15 female college level piano majors representing three categories of majors served as subjects. Piano instructors were asked to rate subjects' sight-reading ability on a scale from 0 to 10, where 0 indicated minimum sight-reading ability and 10 professional sighting. Subjects were exposed to 30 pairs of rhythmic stimuli from the rhythm subtest, Seashore Measures of Musical Talents, to determine whether the second pattern was the same or different from the first. The visual test was reproduced by a 7.5-v bayonet lamp and socket. These flashes were near exact replications of the original source with little or no detectable latency. Aural and visual presentations were significantly different and favorable for aural medium. A significant correlation of .60 was found between ratings of sight-reading and grade point average.
Arousal Seeking as a Moderator of Life Stress
Authors: Johnson James H. , Sarason Irwin G. , Siegel Judith M.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between life stress and measures of anxiety, depression, and hostility as a function of subjects' arousal-seeking status. Results indicated significant relationships between negative life change and measures of both anxiety and hostility. These relationships, however, held only for subjects who were low on the arousal-seeking dimension. The results suggest that arousal-seeking status may serve as a moderator variable in determining the relationship between life stress and other variables.
Immediate Carbon Monoxide Estimates and Self-Reported Smoking
Authors: Fix A. James , Daughton David M. , Kass Irving , Bell C. William , Wass Alan
Published: September 2011

Because carbon monoxide (CO) is an easily understood danger of cigarette smoking, new breath CO analyzers may be useful in cessation programs. Self-reported cigarette consumption and breath CO correlated .70 using a 90-sec. CO-determination method. Smokers averaging 17 daily cigarettes had average breath CO of 24 parts per million (ppm), falling to 7.71 ppm for smokers claiming at least 24-hr. abstinence. Corresponding carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) estimates were 4.34% (slightly above World Health Organization 4% safety limit) and 1.39%. Smoking clinics can use CO-monitoring devices for feedback or surveillance, although feedback would provide the most benefits for participants.
Trimodal Reading Instruction with Disadvantaged Children
Authors: Gredler Gilbert R.
Published: September 2011

This study was undertaken to investigate the effectiveness of a programmed unit in reading for 12 (11 black, 1 white, M1Q = 81.33) students selected from Grades 2 and 3 (ages 7-2—9-8) in a K-5 school. Teachers chose from among children who had been in school 2 or 3 yr. and had not learned to read the basic vocabulary words for those grades. Students were administered a criterion test as a pretest. Upon completion of the program the criterion test was readministered. Improvement in recognition was significant.
Long-Term Retention of a Visually Cued Poison-Based Aversion in Monkeys
Authors: Johnson C. , Mason A. , Beaton R.
Published: September 2011

Retention of a poison-based aversion after a 3-yr. period by 8 vervet monkeys ( Cercopithecus aethiops) was found. The color of the visual cue appeared to effect the retention of the aversion.
Limited Magic of Binary-to-Octal Recoding and Memory Span
Authors: Slak Stefan
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to verify the effect of binary-to-octal recoding on memory span. Four experimental conditions were used: (1) all-binary condition consisting of lists of triplets of binary digits where binary digits were used as input and output in a memory span task; (2) binary-octal-binary condition in which the subject encoded binary triplets into octal digits, retained octal digits and at the time of recall decoded octal digits back into binary triplets; (3) binary-octal-octal condition in which the subject encoded the presented binary triplets into octal digits and at the time of recall reproduced the material in the encoded octal form; and (4) all octal condition with octal digits used as input and output in the same memory span task. Memory span was determined for all conditions in terms of octal digits or the corresponding binary triplets. Three subjects were tested repeatedly in all of the four conditions in a block-randomized order after having learned the binary-to-octal code. Results yielded significant increase in memory span in all three subjects when decoding at recall was not required and significant increase in memory span in two subjects when decoding was required in recall. The increase in memory span due to recoding was moderate and far less dramatic than predicted by constant-chunk hypothesis.
College Women with Differential Linguistic-Quantitative Ability Patterns: Performance on two Visual Serial-Search Tasks
Authors: McCarthy S. Viterbo
Published: September 2011

Two groups of 14 college women, equated on College Entrance Examination Board Scholastic Aptitude Test scores but showing a discrepancy of at least 150 points between the scores on the Verbal and Mathematical Aptitude Test, were compared on two visual serial-search tasks; a 2 × 2 mixed factorial design was used. There was a trend in the direction of more rapid visual serial-search by the low linguistic-high quantitative subjects than for the high linguistic-low quantitative subjects. Consonant with earlier findings, visual serial-search time was significantly faster for number targets than for letter targets. Between ability patterns and target characteristics there was no significant interaction. The need to include more complex visual serial-tracking tasks in any reexamination of the observed results was noted.
Representation of Complex Emotional and Abstract Meanings by Simple Forms
Authors: Lyman Bernard
Published: September 2011

Using curved and angular line drawings, several investigators found a relation between form and meaning in individuals reared before the age of television. In the present study 60 university students who had been exposed to television from earliest childhood were asked to indicate whether a curved or angular figure best represented each of 40 emotion or abstract concepts. For 36 of the concepts the frequencies were significantly different from a chance level, and it was concluded that television viewing had no adverse effect on the fittingness of form and meaning. Several possible explanations for the phenomenon are discussed.
Demographic Determinants of Mailed Survey Response Rates of Urban School Principals
Authors: Lietz Jeremy , Gregory Mary K.
Published: September 2011

To determine if demographic variables accounted for differential responding to a mailed survey, 8 characteristics of 239 urban school principals were measured. No significant differences in demographic characteristics were found between respondents and nonrespondents nor between prompt responded and those who participated after additional contact.
Bilateral Writing Ability, Cerebral Organization, and Hand Posture
Authors: Combs Allan L. , Beezley Dana A. , Prater Gary M. , Henning Gerald F. , Cottrell Rhonda F.
Published: September 2011

Among a group of 12 persons selected for the ability to write with ease with either hand, none were found to write using a hooked hand posture with either the right or left hand. Tests of verbal and manipulospatial ability indicated a normal balance of these two types of abilities, usually associated with the left and right hemispheres. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for cerebral organization and hand position in writing.
Perception and Perceptual-Motor Integration: There is a Difference
Authors: Harber Jean R.
Published: September 2011

Explored the independence of perceptual and perceptual-motor performance in a group of second graders with effects of chronological age and intelligence controlled. Resulting correlation indicated that 16% of the variance of one variable is predictable from the other variable, supporting the growing evidence that these two skills are to a large degree independent.
Temporal Duration as a Function of Information Processing
Authors: Berg Melvin
Published: September 2011

Estimation of duration has been shown to be a function of the amount and manner of organization of information processed during an interval. It was assumed that the use of an organizational schema to encode information reduces the actual amount of information stored. It was predicted that the use of an organizational schema will result in relatively shorter estimates of duration. Eighteen undergraduate subjects made estimates of intervals (.58 to 3.0 sec.) during which they watched film animations of moving geometric forms. In a second condition the same subjects were instructed to organize the animation as representing social interaction. An interaction showed that the use of an organizational schema to encode information resulted in smaller estimates for the longer intervals.
Seating Preference, Hypnotizability, and Imagery Ability
Authors: Cranney Jacquelyn , Mc Conkey Kevin M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of a specific hemispheric mode of functioning as indexed by lateralized seating preference was tested separately for male and female subjects in terms of their performance on the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A, the Creative Imagination Scale, and Betts' Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Males, but not females, who preferred right-side seating scored higher on the Harvard scale but not on the Creative Imagination Scale or Betts' imagery questionnaire. Findings provide some support for the notion that hypnotizability is associated with the right hemisphere for right-handed persons.
Auditory Misperceptions of Word-Association Stimuli in Schizophrenia
Authors: Silverstein Marshall L. , Harrow Martin
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether auditory misperception of stimulus words on a word-association test can account for idiosyncratic responses of 37 schizophrenics. Results indicated performance comparable to 19 nonschizophrenics' under conditions of auditory and visual presentation, and thus did not support the position that mishearing of stimuli artifactually increased associative thought disturbance.
Cerebral Asymmetry in the Perceived Duration of Color Stimuli
Authors: Koch Sue A. , Polzella Donald J. , Da Polito Frank
Published: September 2011

20 right-handed males judged the duration of small and large colored circles, which were briefly exposed in the left, center, and right visual fields. Perceived duration was a logarithmic function of exposure duration and a positive function of size and chromaticity. Over-all accuracy was equivalent in the left and right visual fields, but the effects of chromaticity and duration on subjects' judgments were asymmetrical. These and other findings suggest a two-process model of time perception in which there is right hemispheric control over a visual information processor and left hemispheric control over a timer.
Precise vs General Feedback in Reducing Field-Dependence
Authors: Erdos G.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the effect of feedback on performance of the Rod-and-frame Test the standard test procedure was altered. The result of the alteration was a procedure which was called the Rod-and-frame Test as a Learning Task. On this task the subject has to adjust the rod to the vertical twice in succession from each tilting position, whereby he is permitted a maximum of 10 trials in each tilting position and a range of tolerance of ±1°. After each trial the subject is given feedback about his performance. An experiment was conducted with 30 male and 30 female students to investigate whether a precise feedback giving both the direction and the degree of the rod's deviation from the vertical is more effective in reducing frame-dependence than a general feedback which states only the direction of deviation. The data were analyzed via analysis of variance with repeated measures on one factor. The results indicated a gradual improvement under precise feedback conditions for both men and women but under global feedback conditions only women improved their performance.
A Control Procedure in Operant Conditioning
Authors: Lachter Gerald D.
Published: September 2011

A control procedure in operant conditioning for the responsereinforcer relationship is described.
Differential Effects of Spatial Crowding and Sex on Behavior
Authors: Leventhal Gloria , Matturro Michelle
Published: September 2011

This study examined the nature of the interaction of the spatial variables, number of people in a group and density, with sex of subject as it affects the experience of crowding and behavior. A 3 × 2 factorial design was employed; the independent variables were spatial crowding and sex, and the dependent variables, measures of performance on a memory task, perceived comfort, and perception of the environment. 90 males and 90 females were tested in homogeneous sex groups in one of three conditions: (a) 30 subjects per group, (b) 6 subjects to a group sitting as close together as (a), and (c) 6 subjects per group sitting far apart. The major finding was the differential effect of the spatial variables on males and females for accuracy of perception of some aspects of the environment; for males, number of people in the group was the critical factor, for females density was the critical factor. Other results indicated that all subjects, regardless of sex, felt less comfortable in large groups than in small ones but that density influenced the judgment of how many people could fit comfortably in the room. There was no significant effect of the spatial variables on memory. One implication of this study is that future research on crowding should concentrate more on interactive effects rather than single factors.
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence: Effects of Diffuse Brain Damage on the Wais
Authors: Russell Elbert W.
Published: September 2011

In the 1940's two forms of intelligence, fluid and crystallized, were postulated. Active mental processing (WAIS performance subtests) were fluid while well learned abilities (WAIS verbal subtests) were crystallized. Brain damage was considered to affect fluid abilities more than crystallized. WAIS scores comparing normal and diffusely organically damaged subjects indicated that, as hypothesized, the verbal subtests were more affected than the performance subtests.
Reassessment of Factor Solution of Halstead's Matrix
Authors: Gordon Norman G. , O'Dell Jerry W.
Published: September 2011

Halstead's correlational matrix of 13 neuropsychological tests was reanalyzed with the objective of obtaining a more neuropsychologically meaningful solution. The emphasis was on solving for different numbers of factors (three and five). The three-factor solution supported and perhaps refined two of Halstead's original factors (P and A). The third factor loadings resulted in a considerably different concept than Halstead's D. The three factors (psychological vigilance, abstraction, and perception and memory for incidental stimuli) may be an essential factor pattern in recovery from head traumas. It was concluded that the investigator should not a priori be committed to a structure involving a particular number of factors. Experimentation with factor number or method would allow evaluation of the best psychological fit to the data.
Some Indices of Existential Confrontation from a Sample of Maximum Security Inmates
Authors: Thauberger Patrick C. , Davis Jack , Cleland John F.
Published: September 2011

Mean responses on measures of avoidance of existential confrontation, avoidance of ontological confrontation of death, and avoidance of ontological confrontation of loneliness from 35 maximum security inmates were compared with normative data established in earlier studies predominantly of college students. Statistically significant differences were found for both the death and loneliness measures; the inmates' groupings scored higher than the normative samples, indicating there is less confrontation of death and loneliness among maximum security inmates than among typical college students. Groups with high and low scores on these existential-ontological scales were compared for differences on several measures of psychological distress. High scorers on the loneliness measure recorded higher scores on the psychological distress indicators. Results are discussed in terms of implications to an existentially oriented theory of communication.
Evidence for an Effect by Colour Defect on Personality
Authors: Cobb Stephen R.
Published: September 2011

This paper discusses whether defective colour vision affects the type of personality of the individual. Three pieces of recent research are examined. Pickford and Cobb (1974) found a positive relation between colour defect and type of personality when they tested a sample of students in psychology. However, two later studies of school children did not demonstrate such a relationship. It is postulated that the contradiction in results between the first and the last two studies can be explained by the assumption that the effects of colour defect on the personality do not occur until later in life.
Effect of a Time-Slowing Suggestion on Performance Accuracy on a Perceptual Motor Task
Authors: Baer Lee
Published: September 2011

Three female subjects were hypnotized and played a video-tennis game under alternating control and experimental conditions in a within-subjects ABABAB withdrawal design. During control phases, subjects played the game under conditions of hypnotic relaxation. Prior to experimental phases a suggestion for subjective time-slowing, and ball-slowing, was presented. The initial presentation of the time-slowing suggestion did not result in improved performance accuracy However, for all subjects, the second and third presentation of the suggestion resulted in significantly more longer volleys during experimental periods as compared to control periods. Possible explanations of the processes underlying improved performance accuracy are discussed in light of the subjective reports of the participants.
Effects of Sex of Representative and Quality of Constituency's Position in a Technical Negotiating Task
Authors: Knouse Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

Negotiator's adherence to a constituency's position in a technical negotiation task was investigated in a 2 (male or female negotiator) × 2 (high or low quality of position) design. Results showed that positions of high and low quality produced differential negotiating behavior, while sex did not produce an effect. Results were discussed in terms of sex differences in influenceability.
A Psychometric Study of a Measure of Teachers' Directiveness, Student Perception of Teacher Style
Authors: Saklofske D. H. , Black R. , Schulz H. W.
Published: September 2011

A 17-item students' rating scale, the Student Perception of Teacher Style, was developed by Tuckman as a measure of teachers' directiveness. Tuckman argues that this instrument provides a practical, valid and reliable alternative to ratings of teachers' behavior by trained observers. Ratings of male and female mathematics and English teachers were obtained from Grade 10 boys and girls. Factor analyses of ratings of male mathematics teachers ( n = 7) by boys ( n = 195), male English teachers ( n = 6) by boys ( n = 114), female mathematics teachers ( n = 3) by girls ( n = 40) and female English teachers ( n = 7) by girls ( n = 108) did not confirm Tuckman's factor structure.
Wais Verbal-Performance Discrepancies as Predictors of Lateralization in Patients with Discrete Brain Lesions
Authors: Black F. William
Published: September 2011

This is an analysis of data on the effect of lateralized lesions on WAIS Verbal-Performance scores of 34 right- and 34 left-hemispheric lesioned adults who showed few associated deficits.
Construction and Validation of the Dalton Vocational Importance Questionnaire: A Test of Ginzberg's Theory of Occupational Choice
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C. , Dalton Donald H.
Published: September 2011

A 22-item questionnaire of elements (interests, capacities, and values) mentioned in the literature was pilot tested and checked for readability. Following revision, it was administered to 1,220 subjects from varied backgrounds from 5th to 12th grades and the responses factor analyzed. Three factors (Capacities, Interests, and Values) with 8, 5, and 5 items and .96, .94, and .94 reliabilities accounted for 32.4% of the total variance. Four items were discarded as not suitable. The revised questionnaire was used to test Ginzberg's theory of occupational choice at the Tentative period. No support for the theory was obtained.
Asymmetrical Inhibitory Effects of the First Stimulus on Reaction Time to the Second Stimulus in Double-Stimulation Situations
Authors: Honda Hitoshi
Published: September 2011

Inhibitory effects of S1 on the RT to S2 in double (visual-visual) stimulation situations were examined using 10 right-handed subjects, especially from the viewpoint of hemispheric input/output coupling. It was shown that the RT of the left hemisphere (right hand) to S2 after the projection of S1 into the right hemisphere was slower than the RTs under other conditions. The results were interpreted as showing an asymmetrical interhemispheric interfering effect in situations of double stimulation.
Changes in EEG Rhythms during Television Viewing: Preliminary Comparisons with Reading and other Tasks
Authors: Walker James L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to provide preliminary data for comparing EEG activity during television viewing with EEG during reading and other tasks commonly used in psychophysiological research. EEG was recorded from left and right occipital locations in 18 subjects and a 2 × 2 × 6 × 5 (sex × site × task × trial) mixed factorial design was used in the analysis of alpha and beta EEG. Significant task effects were obtained for both alpha and beta scores and internal analyses indicated that the highest levels of beta and the lowest amounts of alpha were associated with the two tasks (reading and TV) which presented participants with specific patterns of sensory stimulation whereas tasks calling for mental relaxation (eyes open and eyes closed) and tasks requiring only mental operations (imagine and counting) were associated with lower beta levels and higher alpha. Although not statistically significant, more beta activity was observed during reading than during TV and more alpha was observed during TV than during reading. No main effects or interaction terms involving sex differences or hemispheric effects were significant.
Salience of Handedness in the Spontaneous Description of others
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Fredman Marla
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that handedness will be more salient for left-handers than for right-handers in spontaneously describing others. 28 male college students, half left-handed and half right-handed, were shown a drawing of 8 children at a party. 7 children held objects in the left hand while one held an object in the right hand. Subjects were asked to describe the picture in detail. Significantly more left-handers than right-handers mentioned the hand use of the pictured figures, which supported the hypothesis.
Meaning of Garments: Relation between Impression of an Outfit and the Message Carried by its Component Garments
Authors: Gibbins Keith , Schneider Anthony
Published: September 2011

This paper examined the idea that the impression created by an outfit of clothing is a simple sum of the impressions produced by the component garments. The issue is equivalent to the idea that the evaluative meaning of a phrase is effectively the sum of the evaluations of the words that compose it. 54 judges rated pictures of outfits made up of all 16 combinations of 4 tops and 4 bottoms (skirts or trousers) and also rated the impressions produced by the garments alone. Ratings were made for 49 attributes. In most cases, the relationship between the outfit-impression and that of the component garment was strong but a linear model was not adequate. Discussion with the judges about their ratings suggested some of the ways the attribution was carried out, particularly when the garments carried conflicting messages.
Effects of Psychotherapy on REM Latency and REM Time
Authors: Karle Werner , Hopper Michael , Switzer Alan , Corriere Richard , Woldenberg Lee
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effect of a functional psychotherapy on the sleep EEG patterns of 6 patients. Contrary to original expectations no significant group differences in REM time and REM latency were found between two nights following therapy sessions and two normal nights. However, across the 4 nights the patients exhibited an average REM latency of 71 min. which was significantly shorter than that recorded in an independent study with the same design and a similar subject population. Clausen, Sersen, and Lidsky (1974) reported an average REM latency of 107.3 min. for 10 normal subjects also recorded across four nights. This result is compared with those in several other studies and discussed in relation to possible changes in dream patterns.
Effects of a Blacklight Visual Field on Eye-Contact Training of Spastic Cerebral Palsied Children
Authors: Poland D. J. , Doebler L. K.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of a blacklight visual field on eye-contact training with visually impaired, spastic cerebral palsied children. Four subjects, aged 6 and 7 yr., identified as visually impaired in reference to the Callier-Azusa Scale, were given training in making eye contact with a stimulus object under both white and a blacklight visual field. A counterbalanced design was used so that two of the subjects began training under white light and two began with a blacklight visual field. An analysis of variance for repeated measures indicated a significant main effect for the lighting condition. All subjects performed better under the blacklight condition, even overcoming the expected practice effect when white light training followed blacklight training.
Spatial Perspective-Taking and Pretend Play
Authors: Matthews Wendy Schempp , Beebe Susan , Bopp Michael
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that pretend play has a facilitatory effect on young children's spatial perspective taking, 45 children were individually engaged in fantasy or non-fantasy interactions with an adult, after which they were administered 3 standard perspective-taking tasks by a blind examiner. Evidence in support of the hypothesis was found.
Use of Video Replay in Judging Gymnastics Vaults
Authors: Puhl Jackie
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of using video replays to judge gymnastics vaulting was examined by determining reliability of judges' scores and comparing mean scores from original (live) vaults and video replays. Three experienced women gymnasts performed a total of 10 vaults (three different vaults) which were scored by 10 judges after the live vault, after randomized presentation of three replays (regular, slow, and regular speed) and after randomized presentation of one-replay (regular speed). Statistical analyses suggest that variability of scores was greater after the live vault than after either of the replay procedures, judges' reliability may be enhanced with video replays, and the use of video replays may be helpful in reducing variability of scores and producing more consistent mean scores with certain vaults. However, in a comparison of the conventional method of scoring (live vault) with the experimental method (live vault followed immediately by three replays), there was a significant difference between the two methods on only one of the 10 vaults. Further examination of the use of video replays to judge vaulting is suggested.
Validation of a Group Embedded Figures Test for Young Children
Authors: Cromack Theodore R. , Stone Meredith K.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the development and concurrent validation of a group-administered measure of field-dependence/independence for early elementary children. Following the procedure used to validate the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test (Level 2, 9 to 11 yr.), a validation study of a group test for younger children was undertaken with a second-grade sample ( N = 77). The test was reliable (alpha = .84) and significantly related to both the individually administered Children's Embedded Figures Test ( r = .56) and Portable Rod-and-frame Test ( r = .57). This measure, designated the Children's Group Embedded Figures Test—Level 1, provides a promising research instrument for assessing cognitive style of young children.
Visual-Motor Tracking by Hyperkinetic Children
Authors: Conners C Keith , Delamater Alan
Published: September 2011

Two studies of a visual-motor tracking task purported to be an effective discriminator of subtypes of minimal brain dysfunction are presented. Performances of 16 psychiatric inpatients were compared with those of 14 hyperactive males and of 15 normal controls. A second study evaluated effects of practice and drug sensitivity on tracking. The task discriminated patients from normals but did not discriminate the groups of patients from each other. Interactions of practice, age, and diagnosis were found. Some degree of sensitivity of the task to stimulant medication was also obtained. Visual-motor tracking is a useful measure of stimulant drug action but does not measure a defect specific to hyperkinetic patients.
Effects of Multi-Chromatic and Achromatic Targets and Darts on Throwing
Authors: Eason Bobby L. , Smith Theresa L.
Published: September 2011

This study determined the effects of achromatic and multi-chromatic targets and darts on throwing. Subjects were 56 college men assigned to one of four dart-and-target throwing conditions as follows: white target—white darts, white target—multi-colored darts, multi-colored target—white darts, and multi-colored target—multi-colored darts. Subjects threw from 20 ft. using an overhand throwing pattern. The main effect of target color and the interaction of target color and dart color were significant. The results indicated that white backgrounds are superior to colored backgrounds. Also, the interaction of colored darts against a white background produced the best combination for performance. In target tasks which depend upon response-produced feedback, color of figures and background interact apparently to affect motor performance.
Men's Fabric Preferences Related to Age, Inherent Color Vision, and Perceptual Disembedding Ability
Authors: Blackwell Lorna , Kernaleguen Anne
Published: September 2011

Non-random samples of 27 color-normal and 27 color-blind men between the ages of 18 and 52 were administered measures of color vision, fabric preferences, and perceptual disembedding (field dependence). Pearson product-moment correlation and analysis of variance were used to test associations among the variables. Results showed the rank order of men's fabric preferences from least to most preferred were pattern, large design, tint, textured, small design, shade, smooth, and plain. There was one significant relationship between age and a preference for tints. No significant relationships were found among fabric preferences and color vision, fabric preference and field dependence, or age and field dependence. Color-blind men were significantly more field-independent than color-normal men in the sample. It was concluded that social as opposed to inherent factors helped to determine men's fabric preferences.
Force Differentiation in Human Subjects: Effects of Criterion Range and Level
Authors: Schwartz Gerri E. , Mintz Donald E.
Published: September 2011

Four human subjects were provided with a cue-light stimulus as the nominal reinforcer for correct responses in a procedure involving the differential reinforcement of the peak force of a finger-press response. Force bands with 10, 20, 40, and 80 gm. widths above 120-gm. and a 240-gm. lower limit were the systematically manipulated criteria for reinforcement. Peak-force distributions showed a decrease in mean peak force and a decrease in the percent of in-band responses as the upper limit of the band was lowered. Response variability was less regularly affected but suggested some tendency toward reduction with band-width reduction. Equivalent band widths at 120- and 240-gm. levels produced considerably less variability and greater in-band frequencies at the lower level. A tendency interpreted as energy conservation was manifested by more frequent below than above-band errors and force-distribution medians below the midpoint of the reinforced range.
Construct Validation of the Hand Test Withdrawal Score on Institutionalized Older Adults
Authors: Panek Paul E. , Hayslip Bert
Published: September 2011

The Hand Test Withdrawal score was correlated with an independent criterion measure of general intactness, the Mental Status Questionnaire, for a sample of 57 “normal,” institutionalized, elderly ( M age = 77.26 yr.) to establish the construct validity of the Withdrawal score for older adults. A Pearson r of .43 ( p < .001) was obtained, suggesting that the Withdrawal score is a valid measure of mental status or general intactness for institutionalized older adults.
Diurnal Periodicity of the Human Vertex Potential
Authors: Browman Carl P. , Sullivan Helen T.
Published: September 2011

Averaged auditory evoked potential waveforms were recorded from the vertex of human subjects 3, 9, and 15 hr. after awakening. Responses to pure tones of 60 and 80 dB SL were obtained at each session. Amplitude measures of N1–P2 and P2–N2 components were largest in the morning followed by a gradual attenuation across sessions. Waveform amplitude during the late evening ranged from 85% to 91% of the morning amplitude.
A Theory of Spontaneous Pattern Generation and Learning
Authors: Sampath G.
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous firing in neural nets can be processed and interpreted as patterns of behavior. Such patterns can be learned through learning mechanisms present in synapses. This implies that behavioral patterns can form without a stimulus if the spontaneous firing rates in a neural net are sufficiently high.
Differences in Maximum Extent of Lateral Eye Movement and Relationship to Field Dependency and WAIS Subtests
Authors: Hustmyer Frank E. , Nyberg David A. , Stennet-Mason Linda
Published: September 2011

Subjects were asked to move their eyes as far as possible to the left and to the right ( n = 40). The right movement was significantly greater in extent. The extent of lateral eye movement correlated positively with scores on the rod-and-frame test and negatively with those on the WAIS Block Design and Similarities. Maximum extent of lateral eye movement may be a simple and useful index of cognitive style.
Report on a Group Form for the Measurement of Color-Word Interference: Speed of Color Discrimination Test
Authors: Häcker Hartmut , Schwenkmezger Peter , Utz Hans
Published: September 2011

Although there have been some suggestions towards the development of a standardized form for a group version of Stroop's color-word interference test yet, to some extent, a group form has not been applied in psychological research. In this study the equivalence of group and individual procedures as well as some standards for psychological tests of the group form were examined. The results show that the interference score does not comply with the requirements of psychological tests and the equivalence of the interference scores of the group and individual procedures could not be determined. For further research experimental analysis of convergent and discriminant validity is suggested.
A Response to Nicholas F. Skinner's “the Hess, ET AL. Study of Pupillary Activity in Heterosexual and Homosexual Males: A Re-Evaluation”
Authors: Hess Eckhard H. , Petrovich Slobodan B.
Published: September 2011

Specific aspects of the original study, its replicability and the soundness of the methodology in appreciating individual differences are commented on.
Effect of Body Recognition on Judgments of Length of Component Parts
Authors: Predebon John
Published: September 2011

Two groups of subjects judged the lengths of component parts of either an abstract representation of the human body form or a control figure lacking any body-like resemblance. Although subjects recognized the abstract figure as a human body the pattern of errors in judgments of length of the component parts failed to replicate the well established error pattern obtained in judgments of length of actual human body-parts. The results are discussed with respect to the hypothesis that recognition of a stimulus as human body is the critical determinant of the pattern of errors in judgments of lengths of body-parts.
Electrocortical Positivity and Personality
Authors: O'Connor Kieron
Published: September 2011

Individual differences in slow positive wave (SPW) amplitude occurring 200 to 400 msec. post-stimulus are reported in a group of 6 extraverts and 6 introverts. Introverts showed larger positivity of amplitude. Differences indicated that cortical specificity of components might relate to personality-specific attentional strategies.
Development of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Arithmetic Computation
Authors: Seales D. M. , Kennedy R. S. , Bittner A. C.
Published: September 2011

A paper-and-pencil test of simple arithmetic ability was exceptionally well suited for inclusion in a battery of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER). Mean performance stabilized after nine days of baseline testing. Variance was constant throughout 15 days of baseline testing. “Task definition” was high, and “differential stability” was present from the outset. Subjects apparently came to this test with well established differential levels of arithmetic ability.
Achievement as a Momentary Event, as a Continuing State, Locus of Control: A Clarification
Authors: Sherman Lawrence W. , Hofmann Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between locus of control and achievement is clarified by disaggregating achievement into a momentary event (standardized test results) and continuing state (grade-point average) utilizing a path diagram approach. Although there are no substantial correlations among socioeconomic status, sex, and locus of control in this study, the three variables predict school achievement as a continuing state ( R = 33) considerably better than they do as a momentary event ( R = .56) of 174 students in Grade 8.
Relationship between Learning Disabilities and Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: McKay Susan , Brumback Roger A.
Published: September 2011

Juvenile delinquency in the United States is increasing in incidence, and children are becoming involved in delinquent activity at a much younger age. Learning disabilities have been associated with juvenile delinquency. Learning disabled children are labeled by teachers and peers as different, which may alienate them from “normal society.” If children reject social institutions (such as school), they may seek alternative, frequently delinquent, activities. Learning disabled children must be identified so that programs which minimize the disability while emphasizing the children's strengths can be instituted. Since adjudicated delinquents of normal intelligence show a significant degree of academic underachievement, correctional programs must recognize the possibility of learning disability. Vocational training emphasizing an individual's strengths can be an effective alternative to traditional educational programs for delinquent juveniles.
Response Rates and Choices of Schizophrenics under Fixed-Ratio Contingencies of Reinforcement
Authors: Weiner Harold
Published: September 2011

Schizophrenics ( n = 12) were conditioned under different multiple fixed-ratio (mult FR FR) schedules of monetary reinforcement. The two FR components of these schedules differed in terms of ratio requirements (reinforcement frequency) or amounts of reinforcement per occurrence of reinforcement. Relatively low rates of responding were emitted by the schizophrenics under these schedules. Further, their response rates were positively correlated with the frequency and amount of FR reinforcement. In previous studies under comparable conditions, normal subjects tended to maximize reinforcement by responding at higher rates and to maintain these rates irrespective of the frequency or amount of FR reinforcement. When given the opportunity to select from among the two components of the mult FR FR schedules, the schizophrenics in the present study tended to respond like normal subjects in previous studies in that they chose to work predominantly under that FR component which provided the highest frequency or amount of reinforcement. It was concluded that schizophrenics resemble normals more and act more rationally in terms of maximizing reinforcement when reinforcement is less dependent upon rates of responding.
Stability of Teachers' Expectations for Elementary School Aged Children
Authors: Martinek Thomas J
Published: September 2011

To determine the stability of teacher expectations six elementary physical education specialists were asked to rate their students according to how they expected each to perform in terms of 4 expectancy variables: (1) over-all physical performance, (2) social relations with peers, (3) cooperative behavior during class, and (4) ability to reason. Each teacher was asked to rate students from a second, fourth and sixth grade class that they were teaching. Eight weeks after the first rating was taken, the teachers were again asked to rate the same students. Product-moment correlations calculated for each teacher showed a high degree of stability across the 4 expectancy variables for all three grades.
Effect of Perceived Size upon Perceived Brightness
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

The increase in perceived size which occurs with an increase in perceived brightness has been known for some time. A reverse effect—an increase in perceived brightness with a decrease in perceived size—is demonstrated.
Transfer Benefits of Biofeedback: A Research Note
Authors: Pardine Peter , Dytell Rita , Napoli Anthony
Published: September 2011

Three subjects who were given training in reduction of frontalis-upper trapezius tension maintained lower muscular tension during vigilance than 3 controls without biofeedback training. Perhaps linking biofeedback with practice may facilitate transfer.
College Students' Perception of Lecturers Using Humor
Authors: Tamborini Ron , Zillmann Dolf
Published: September 2011

Humor use in an audio-taped lecture by a male or female professor was varied to produce versions with (a) no humor, (b) sexual humor, (c) other-disparaging humor, and (d) self-disparaging humor. After exposure to the lecture materials, male and female subjects' perception of the lecturer's intelligence and appeal was assessed. On measures of appeal, significant transverse interactions between sex of speaker and sex of respondent were obtained for both sexual and self-disparaging humor. Effects were in opposite directions, however, for these two types of humor. The use of self-disparaging humor led to higher ratings of appeal when speaker and respondent were of the same sex. In contrast, the use of sexual humor led to higher ratings of appeal when speaker and respondent were of opposite sex. The variations in humor had no appreciable effect on the perception of the lecturer's intelligence.
Students' Pre-Election Perceptions of Jimmy Carter and Ronald Reagan
Authors: Gelineau Elaine P. , Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

As part of a continuing investigation into the public perception of national and international leaders, the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to 176 community college students. Instructions were to check those words which are descriptive of Jimmy Carter and his major opponent, Ronald Reagan. The data yielded two distinct clusters, (1) around AVA Pattern 4529 for Carter, which correlated perfectly with an image observed for him one year prior in the same setting and (2) around AVA Pattern 7616 for Reagan, which correlated .81 with the “administrative pattern” of U.S. self-made company presidents. The correlation between the Carter profile and the Reagan profile was .59, suggesting some overlap in their respective public images. It is the difference between the two candidates, however, which serves as the focus for discussion.
Caudate Nucleus Lesions Impair the Ability of Rats to Learn a Simple Straight-Alley Task
Authors: Kirkby Robert J. , Polgar Stephen , Coyle Ian R.
Published: September 2011

Learning to run down a straight alley for a food reward was investigated in rats with lesions of the telencephalon. Over 84 trials the running latencies of rats with lesions of the caudate nucleus were significantly greater than those of subjects with lesions of the frontal cortex or sham-lesioned rats. The running latencies of the cortical- and the sham-lesioned groups were not significantly different. It was suggested that the performance of the caudotomized rats reflected a learning deficit.
Children's Perception of the Competence of Boys and Girls
Authors: Bridges Judith S. , Del Ciampo Joseph
Published: September 2011

44 first and 46 third graders' perceptions of the competence of boys and girls was assessed. Using a three-point scale, subjects indicated how well they thought either a boy or a girl was performing a variety of activities previously classified as masculine, feminine, or neutral. The data indicated that the 59 boys and 39 girls tended to perceive the child performing the sex-appropriate activity as the more competent. In regard to neutral activities, boys showed a belief in the greater competence of males whereas girls indicated no sex differentiation in their perceptions.
Some Novel Propositions concerning Problem Solving
Authors: Hirschman Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a framework describing a sequential processing model of an individual's possible response pattern to a novel task. The framework is generally distinct from prior models of decision making which focused primarily upon the final stage of problem-solving activity. The perspective argues that several stages of cognitive processing must be completed prior to selection of a solution. It is proposed that selection of a solution follows (1) the construction of a mental representation of the problem confronting the individual together with the identification of an ideal point consisting of problem criteria and (2) the calling into consciousness of alternative concepts perceived to have attributes corresponding to problem criteria. These concepts are the perceived potential solutions to the problem. The discussion describes the possible functioning of these two cognitive activities.
Effects of Age and Reading Ability on Visual Discrimination
Authors: Musatti Tullia , Mecacci Luciano , Pietro Paola Di
Published: September 2011

60 children were shown 45 pairs of cartoons with the task of searching through the first cartoon and detecting which sequence of colors, geometrical patterns, or letters had the same couple of elements drawn in the second cartoon. Older children and those who were able to read performed better. The results' confirm the hypothesis that the development of some visual skills is a by-product of learning to read.
Factor Structure of the Tennessee Self-Concept Scale for an Institutionalized, Disabled Population
Authors: Boyle Edward S. , Larson Paul C.
Published: September 2011

Separate factor analyses of responses to the Tennessee Self-concept Scale using item and scale data are reported for a sample of 255 disabled veterans. A global self-satisfaction factor and several subsidiary factors roughly approximate the external dimension of the scale. The internal dimension interacts with the external one in defining several factors but does not emerge as an independent dimension. Scale data yield a self-esteem factor incorporating both external and internal scales and a self-concept conflict-integration factor. The evidence supports the external dimension more than the internal dimension. The findings are consistent with previous studies that have not validated the two-dimensional design of the scale.