bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Destruction Through Collaboration
Authors: Ligon Gina Scott , Derrick Douglas C. , Harms Mackenzie
Published: December 2017

Terrorism provides a rich yet understudied domain to examine creative teams. Because teams working in a violent ideological organization must continue to generate covert and novel ways to recruit members, raise finances, and plan attacks, theories of creativity typically applied to more conventional organizations should also apply to terrorist teams. However, with limited empirical data about this phenomenon, it is unclear which tenets of creative research hold versus which do not translate in the domain of violent extremist organizations. The present effort reviews the extant literature on malevolent creativity, as well as examines predictors of innovation in a longitudinal dataset of teams operating in 50 terrorist organizations. In addition, a case study of a historically creative team operating in the Aum Shinrikyo is examined.
Water Contaminants
Authors: Cantor Kenneth P. , Steinmaus Craig M. , Ward Mary H. , Beane Freeman Laura E.
Published: December 2017

Humans have long recognized the hazards of microbial contamination of drinking water. Only since the 1960s, however, have epidemiologic studies systematically examined whether naturally occurring and/or manmade pollutants in drinking water affect cancer risk. Ironically, some of the measures taken to reduce microbial hazards have increased exposure to other contaminants. This chapter begins by discussing three waterborne exposures that affect large numbers of people and have been studied most extensively: inorganic arsenic, disinfection byproducts, and nitrate. Of these, only arsenic and its compounds are currently designated as carcinogenic to humans. It then discusses the evidence concerning two emerging issues: the carcinogenicity of toxins from cyanobacteria, an ancient and ubiquitous family of prokaryotic organisms formerly known as blue-green algae, now affected by climate change, and the methods of studying cancer in local communities where the water supply has been contaminated by industrial chemicals. Methodologic challenges complicate studies of these issues.
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors, and Risk of Cancer
Authors: Moore Steven C. , Matthews Charles E. , Keadle Sarah , Patel Alpa V. , Lee I-Min
Published: December 2017

Current physical activity guidelines recommend that adults perform at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity (e.g., brisk walking), or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity activity (e.g., jogging), or an equivalent combination of these. In the United States and worldwide, many adults fail to meet these recommended activity levels, with deleterious consequences for health, including increased risk of some cancers. This chapter reviews the epidemiologic evidence for links between physical activity and cancer, emphasizing published meta-analyses and the results of a recent large consortium-based study. The authors find the evidence to be convincing that physical activity reduces risk of colon and female breast cancers, and probable that it reduces risk of kidney and endometrial cancers. Moreover, physical activity has been associated with lower risk of cancers of the bladder, liver, gastric cardia, head and neck, esophagus (adenocarcinoma), and myeloma, myeloid leukemia, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Hormones and Cancer
Authors: Hoover Robert N. , Black Amanda , Troisi Rebecca
Published: December 2017

Hormones are highly biologically active endogenous compounds that control the growth, development, physiology, and homeostasis of numerous organ systems. Because of this, they have long been thought likely to play key roles in both normal and abnormal (malignant) growth. They are also noteworthy for being produced away from the tissues that they control, and are thus secreted into circulating blood to reach their target organs. This combination of potent, targeted agents of growth and development that can be measured in available biologic fluids has made steroidal and peptide hormonesparticularly susceptible and relevant to epidemiologic investigation. In addition, medications containing hormones and hormone antagonists have come into widespread use, providing further opportunities for epidemiologic insights into hormonal carcinogenesis. The development of increasingly more accurate assays to measure sex hormones and their metabolites has resulted in major advances in understanding the hormonal etiology of breast and gynecologic malignancies.
Cancers of the Colon and Rectum
Authors: Wu Kana , Keum NaNa , Nishihara Reiko , Giovannucci Edward L.
Published: December 2017

Worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and second in women, with annual estimates of 1.4 million newly diagnosed cases and over 690,000 deaths. Incidence rates relate closely to economic development. Although incidence rates have stabilized at a high level in most economically developed countries, they continue to increase in many traditionally low-risk countries, following the uptake of Western patterns of diet and physical inactivity. In principle, CRC is among the most preventable of all common cancers. Potentially modifiable risk factors include obesity, physical inactivity, high intake of red or processed meat, tobacco smoking, and heavy alcohol use. Several screening tests effectively reduce both the incidence and death rates of CRC through the detection of precancerous lesions and the treatment of early stage cancers. Despite the preventability of CRC, incidence rates over the last twenty years have decreased in only a few countries.
Anal Cancer
Authors: Grulich Andrew E. , Jin Fengyi , Mary Poynten I.
Published: December 2017

Anal canal cancer is a generally uncommon cancer that has been increasing in incidence for several decades. In most geographic locations, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for 70% or more of cases, and incidence is slightly higher in women than in men. The remaining cases are mainly adenocarcinoma, but the degree to which this represents misclassified rectal cancer is uncertain. In almost all cases, anal SCC is caused by persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV); HPV-16 accounts for 75% or more of all cases. Survival is highly stage-dependent, and cure is usual if the cancer is diagnosed early. The main risk factor is anal exposure to HPV, and for this reason homosexual men are at particularly high risk. In women, risk is increased in those with higher numbers of sexual partners, and in those with a history of HPV-related disease at genital sites.
Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Cook Linda S. , Meisner Angela L. W. , Weiss Noel S.
Published: December 2017

Endometrial cancer is rare among women of reproductive age, but in older women can occur at an annual rate of up to 50 –100 per 100,000. The incidence varies more than five-fold across regions of the world, with the rates generally being highest in North America and Europe. Endometrial cancer can be classified into two broad histologic groups: the more common type I tumors (e.g., endometrioid adenocarcinoma), which have a relatively good prognosis (case-fatality in the neighborhood of 20%); and the less common type II tumors (e.g., serous carcinoma), which have a poorer prognosis. The endometrium is a hormone-responsive tissue, and there is a large body of evidence to support a hormonal basis for carciogenesis. Specifically, exposure to high levels of circulating estrogens increases endometrial cancer risk, especially for type I cancer, whereas exposure to progestogens reduces risk.
Vulvar and Vaginal Cancers
Authors: Madeleine Margaret M. , Johnson Lisa G.
Published: December 2017

Vulvar and vaginal cancers are rare and predominantly involve squamous cell carcinomas. Some studies combine these cancers, presumably because of their rarity, anatomic proximity, and shared risk factors. Major risk factors include human papillomavirus (HPV) and cigarette smoking. This chapter explores the similarities and important differences in etiology between these cancer sites. In addition to its focus on invasive cancer, the chapter also discusses high-grade precursor lesions, or in situ disease, that sometimes progress to cancer and must, therefore, be treated.
Testicular Cancer
Authors: McGlynn Katherine A. , Meyts Ewa Rajpert-De , Stang Andreas
Published: December 2017

Testicular cancer is a rare cancer in the general population, but is the most common neoplasm among young men in many countries. It has one of the highest heritabilities of all cancer types. The vast majority of testicular cancers are germ cell tumors; thus the terms “testicular cancer” and “testicular germ cell tumors” (TGCTs) are often used interchangeably. Globally, the incidence of testicular cancer is highest among men of European ancestry and lowest among men of African and Asian ancestries. Incidence rates have been increasing in many countries since at least the mid-twentieth century. Mortality rates, however, have sharply declined in developed countries. While the reason for the decline in mortality rates is well known, reasons for the increase in incidence remain poorly understood. Accumulating evidence supports the hypothesis that most TGCTs are linked to disturbed development of the testes, beginning in utero, but fostered by postnatal events.
Nervous System
Authors: Amirian E. Susan , Ostrom Quinn T. , Liu Yanhong , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill , Bondy Melissa L.
Published: December 2017

Although brain and other nervous system tumors are relatively rare, constituting up to 4% of incident primary cancer diagnoses, they are often associated with high morbidity and mortality. Several etiologic factors have been examined in relation to nervous system tumors, with the majority of studies focusing on central nervous system tumors. Despite decades of research, the only established risk factors for brain tumors are family history and moderate to high levels of ionizing radiation exposure. Differences in study designs, case ascertainment, control selection, and accuracy of exposure assessment are challenges associated with studying risk factors for nervous system tumors, and may partly explain why the majority of risk for these tumors remains unexplained. There is now substantial evidence that gliomas are inversely associated with allergies and atopy and positively associated with taller height.
Primary Prevention of Cancer
Authors: Thun Michael J. , Linet Martha S. , Cerhan James R. , Haiman Christopher , Schottenfeld David
Published: December 2017

Primary prevention has enormous potential to reduce the human, social, and economic costs of cancer worldwide. The following sections discuss the development and application of preventive interventions in six broad areas of public health: tobacco control, the prevention of obesity and physical inactivity, prevention of infection-related cancers, protection against excessive exposure to ultraviolet light, preventive drug therapies (chemoprevention), and the regulation of carcinogenic exposures. All of these areas affect multiple types of cancer and massive numbers of people. Different interventions are at varying stages of development. For example, effective, evidence-based approaches have been developed over several decades to reduce tobacco use, prevent chronic infection with hepatitis B virus, protect children from excessive sun exposure, regulate exposures in high-income countries, and reduce breast cancer incidence and recurrence in high-risk women. More recent efforts are seeking to identify upstream measures to prevent excessive weight gain, reduce caloric intake, and increase physical activity.
Prevention of Infection-Related Cancers
Authors: Bulterys Marc , Brotherton Julia , Chen Ding-Shinn
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses primary prevention measures that disrupt transmission of oncogenic infections. It begins by discussing vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV), two major causes of cancer for which safe and effective vaccines are currently available. It briefly discusses the importance of treatment and prophylaxis against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), which potentiates the virulence of other viral infections as well as directly increasing the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It does not discuss the treatment of HBV or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, since these are considered in Chapters 25 and 33. Also beyond the scope of this chapter are the randomized clinical trials currently underway to assess the efficacy and feasibility of eradication of Helicobacter pylori (Chapters 24, 31), vaccination against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (Chapters 24, 26, 39), or the prevention of schistosomiasis and liver flukes (Chapters 24, 33, and 52).
Protection from Ultraviolet Radiation
Authors: Lucas Robyn M. , Neale Rachel E. , Gies Peter , Slevin Terry
Published: December 2017

Strategies to protect against excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation are required to reduce the risk of melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancers, and eye diseases. The programs that have been most effective in reducing sun exposure involve combinations of education intended to change individual beliefs and behavior, tools for personal protection from the sun, and the creation of environments that support sun protection. Specific strategies include community-wide media campaigns, school-based interventions, counseling by healthcare providers about sun protection, education on the appropriate use of protective clothing and sunscreen, and policies to restrict access to indoor tanning beds. Sun protection strategies are most effective when introduced in childhood, although interventions in adulthood can also reduce skin cancer incidence. There are health risks of complete sun avoidance, so a balance between inadequate and excessive sun protection is necessary.
Preventive Therapy
Authors: Cuzick Jack
Published: December 2017

Compared to cardiovascular medicine, where preventive treatments have long been firmly established, the development of therapies to prevent cancer is still in its infancy. Cancers are more heterogeneous and biologically complex than cardiovascular diseases, and it is challenging to identify agents that selectively block neoplastic progression in one organ without producing countervailing toxicity elsewhere. Causal pathways are less well understood for cancer than for heart disease; thus it is not surprising that the incomplete mechanistic understanding of carcinogenic pathways has yielded candidate treatments with mixed results. The balance of risks and benefits is also inherently more precarious for preventive than for therapeutic interventions. All of the patients treated therapeutically already have the disease for which the treatment is designed and can experience benefits as well as harms. This chapter discusses selected pharmacologic agents that have proven to be of value or show some promise as potential anti-cancer drugs.
Regulation
Authors: Samet Jonathan M. , Goldman Lynn
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides a broad overview of governmental regulatory approaches to controlling exposure to carcinogens in air, water, food, drugs, and other consumer products. It covers general principles and approaches and the increasing emphasis on in vitro high-throughput testing to screen chemicals for potential toxicity. It focuses specifically on statutes related to the United States, while giving lesser coverage to approaches in Europe. The focus is at the federal level, even though states may also promulgate regulations. Although epidemiologic evidence and animal testing have historically provided the basis for regulations to limit exposure to environmental carcinogens, it is hoped that alternative testing methods that use high-throughput in vitro screening will accelerate testing of unregulated chemicals and limit reliance on animal bioassays.
Introduction
Authors: Choi Jinhee
Published: December 2017

The introduction shifts the focus of the existing scholarly debates on Ozu’s film style from his Japaneseness to his everydayness. As acknowledged by many scholars, such as Donald Richie, Hasumi Shigehiko, Yoshida Kiju, and Gilles Deleuze, Ozu’s everydayness is historical as well as aesthetic—a space that registers social changes through familial changes. The dense texture of Ozu’s everydayness further provides a useful framework for a cross-cultural analysis of domestic space manifest in global art cinema. The introduction also interrogates a thorny notion of influence. Instead of pigeonholing the methodological frameworks employed in delineating Ozu’s aesthetic into the humanist, the culturalist, and the neoformalist, the introduction detects ambivalences in the ways that leading scholars on Ozu have delineated the origins of and influences on Ozu’s film style. A conceptual distinction between formative versus constitutive influence in tracing Ozu’s influence on his successors is proposed.
Watch Again! Look Well! Look!
Authors: Bordwell David
Published: December 2017

This article traces some ways in which contemporary filmmakers have borrowed from and referred to the work of Ozu Yasujiro. In particular, the works of Wayne Wang, Hou Hsiao-hsien, Suo Masayuki, and Abbas Kiarostami are discussed as adopting stylistic or thematic materials from Ozu’s films. Far from simply copying Ozu’s work, these filmmakers have freely transformed his techniques for their own specific ends. The chapter briefly describes the cultivation of the “Ozu brand” by the Schochiku studio. It also situates Ozu’s development as a director in the context of the influence of Hollywood on Japanese cinema, explaining how Ozu responded to American movie techniques in cultivating his own filmic style.
A Dialogue with “Memory” in Hou Hsiao-hsien’s Café Lumière(2003)
Authors: Wada-Marciano Mitsuyo
Published: December 2017

The chapter analyzes the sense of “Japanese” in the film Café Lumière, in other words, the fact that many of the Japanese audience felt that it was a “Japanese film.” The “Japaneseness” of course did not simply occur at the site of reception but was also embedded as a strategic commodity, produced by multiple Japanese companies: Shôchiku, Asahi Newspaper, Sumitomo Corp., Satellite Theater, and IMAGICA. Hou states in an interview, “The theme of the film had already been decided from the beginning, and I was requested to make a Japanese film.” The chapter views the film as a success in creating a “common sense [kyôtsû-kankaku],” and its oxymoronic aspect—a Taiwan filmmaker’s Japanese film—is one of the film’s attractions. By adapting philosopher Ôhashi Ryôsuke’s concept of “systemic sense,” originated from Aristotle’s “common sense,” the chapter analyzes how the filmmaker made the oxymoron possible.
Autumn Afternoons
Authors: Bingham Adam
Published: December 2017

This chapter explores the intertextual place and presence of Ozu Yasujiro in the 2004 comedy drama Dogs and Cats by the first-time female director Iguchi Nami. It considers how Ozu as well as the genre, the shomingeki (middle-class home drama) has frequently figured as a marker or signpost of a particular era of cinema, a sociopolitical juncture and/or an attitude to gender in Japan. Taking this intertextuality as a point of departure, the chapter explores how such a presence animates meaning in Iguchi’s film; it analyzes style and structure as a means of elucidating how this young filmmaker distinguishes both herself and the world of her characters through implicit comparison with Ozu. Moreover, it examines how its narrative—about two young women living together under fractious conditions—contributes to discourse on Japanese models of feminisuto filmmaking, the country’s specific sociocultural model of feminism.
Synopsis
Authors: Harris Ellen T.
Published: December 2017

Nahum Tate’s libretto for Purcell’s Dido and Aeneas is based on the story in Virgil’s Aeneid, but he alters the narrative by drawing additionally on a variety of sources from seventeenth-century English theater. His distinctive alterations include the use of witches rather than gods and goddesses and Dido’s death from grief rather than suicide. In adapting seventeenth-century dramatic text, Tate succeeds brilliantly in transforming decasyllabic blank verse into short rhymed units particularly suitable for singing. His distinctive retelling, use of repeated images, and surprising adherence to the Aristotelian unities provide insight into the meaning of the text.
The Tenbury Manuscript
Authors: Harris Ellen T.
Published: December 2017

A comparison of the earliest surviving score and libretto with the playtext from the production of 1700 that incorporated Dido and Aeneas into Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure reveals significant discrepancies among the three sources. An evaluation of these provides information on line designations (who sings what) and vocal ranges (what type of singer plays each role). This process reveals that instances of the role of the Second Woman being eliminated occurred early on. Although the Tenbury manuscript lacks a setting of the Prologue, a comparison of the characters in the Prologue text and main text suggests the vocal ranges of the soloists, and the singers listed in a production of Eccles’s The Loves of Mars and Venus, a work coupled with Dido and Aeneas in 1704, provides still more evidence on vocal ranges. The choruses and dances of Dido and Aeneas are discussed in terms of their relationship and placement.
Musical and Dramatic Structure
Authors: Harris Ellen T. , Harris Ellen T.
Published: December 2017

The early sources of Dido and Aeneas differ in their overall layout. The harmonic structure of the opera provides a key to its organization in a practice based on earlier seventeenth-century models. Purcell, however, uses harmony in a more dramatic way than his models. The lack of a musical setting of the final chorus and dance indicated in the libretto at the end of Act II seems to skew the harmonic organization, but it also reflects his use of harmony as a dramatic tool. A structural analysis of the opera without these movements reveals a two-part symmetrical structure dividing the opera in half. The successive movements in the two halves are paired in musical structure while their textual opposition reflects the central conflict of the opera.
Why the Growing Concern About Corruption?
Authors: Heimann Fritz , Pieth Mark
Published: December 2017

The need for action to combat corruption is paramount. Corruption undermines democratic institutions and the rule of law. This chapter describes the escalating public demand for action against corruption, including in China, Korea, India, South Africa, Nigeria, Brazil, France, Italy, Mexico, and the United States. Corruption hurts all parts of society but its most devastating effect is on the poor who are widely extorted by government officials to pay for public services that should be freely available such as admissions to clinics and schools, and access to water and electricity. Corrupt interests have taken over failed states in different parts of the world and utilize them as bases for illicit activities including drug trafficking, prostitution, and smuggling of counterfeit goods. Anticorruption programs started in the past quarter century have laid a solid basis for making progress. Perseverance and redoubled efforts are required. Failure to confront corruption would be totally irresponsible.
The Politics of Anticorruption
Authors: Heimann Fritz
Published: December 2017

This chapter uncovers the politics behind anticorruption. During the two decades since corruption has emerged as an issue on the global agenda, the politics of anticorruption has developed through five phases. In the first phase, Transparency International (TI) began a solitary effort to combat global corruption. In the second phase, international organizations including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) became active developing anticorruption conventions. In the third phase, governments adopted national laws and regulations implementing these conventions. In the fourth phase, companies developed compliance programs. In the fifth phase, popular mass movements are playing an increasing role opposing corrupt governments.
The Art Market
Authors: Pieth Mark
Published: December 2017

This chapter covers the worldwide art markets that as a group have experienced a dramatic surge in corruption over the last decade. The reasons given for this extraordinary growth rate are on the one hand the low return on classic investments or investment tools since the crisis of 2008 and on the other hand the regulatory pressure on the banking system. Abuses are rather diversified with problematic transactions including trading in looted objects (be it looted by the Nazis or items from illegal digging in Tuscani, or more recently even the systemic exploitation of antiquities by the “Islamic State” to fund their war effort), professional counterfeiting and fake or incorrect certificates, or the sale of art for the purpose of money laundering. Of course, here all sorts of graft and illicit enrichment (e.g. by heads of state, ministers, or other officials), come into play.
Private Sector Response to Corruption
Authors: Heimann Fritz
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on what has been done to combat corruption in the private sector starting in the United States with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) in 1977: the first law that criminalized foreign bribery. The OECD Convention, which internationalized the FCPA, became effective in 1999; it prohibits foreign bribery of public officials by over forty countries. The UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) became effective in 2005; it deals with domestic as well as foreign bribery, bribery of public officials as well as bribery in the private sector. Corporate responses have also evolved with anticorruption compliance programs applied by US companies now for more than three decades. This chapter covers common problem areas such as gifts, entertainment, and travel expenses; lobbyists and sales representatives; political contributions; facilitation payments; foreign subsidies and joint ventures. This chapter also covers the psychology of corrupt conduct and factors to change the corporate culture.
Globalization and Digital Revolution
Authors: Heimann Fritz , Mbiyavanga Stefan
Published: December 2017

The development of a globalized economy has been one of the most influential developments of the past quarter century. It has redefined the arena where corruption is conducted and has changed the focus of anticorruption strategy. And the expansion of globalization will continue in coming decades. The period from the end of World War II until 1990 was characterized by the bipolar world of the Cold War. Economic life was conducted primarily at the level of nation-states operating within the ambit of the alliance system of the Cold War. The end of the Cold War stimulated the evolution of globalization.
Different Strategies for Different Countries
Authors: Heimann Fritz
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the different strategies applied by different countries in combatting corruption. Countries with strong democratic institutions typically have checks and balances in place to curb corruption. The most important checks and balances are access to information, independent and effective judicial systems, freedom of the press, and active civil society. These create transparency and accountability as a result of which abuses can be identified and addressed. In countries with weaker democratic institutions, transparency and accountability are insufficient to bring abuses to the surface until they reach a high level. However, popular support for reforms will be aroused by prominent scandals. In these countries the focus should be on strengthening access to information laws, independence of the judiciary and the media, and civil society organizations. The chapter also covers autocratic governments, China, and working with Russia. It concludes with providing a perspective on long-term strategies.
The Social Scientific Study of Morality
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Harkness Sarah K.
Published: December 2017

After introducing some basic concepts and definitions, this chapter first discusses the classic conceptions of morality found within the work of important social theorists—focused largely but not fully on sociological scholars. Second, it offers an overview of how different traditions across sociology and psychology (for example, Kohlberg, Durkheim, Social Intuitionist Theory) have studied and conceptualized morality, at both the micro and macro levels. We build on the observation that much of the work takes a micro, person-centric approach to morality. This discussion extends into newer theory and research across important anthropological, psychological, and sociological theories and empirical explorations.
Methodology and a Description of the Data
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Harkness Sarah K.
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides a primer on ACT data and analysis strategies provided by Interact, the computerized version of ACT. First, it describes the data sources for the Interact simulations before discussing how these categories of moral emotions are differentially felt across our five cultures via EPA dictionaries located in Interact. Next, it walks through an analysis strategy for generating likely moral emotional reactions across these cultures. To do so, it describes how Interact simulates social interaction by using empirically grounded, culture-specific equations.
Conclusion
Authors: Hitlin Steven , Harkness Sarah K.
Published: December 2017

The book concludes with this chapter summarizing the general argument, hopefully more compelling in light of our empirical support. Ultimately, we call for researchers to adopt alternate empirical approaches to test our argument that societal inequality is linked to culturally shaped moral codes and emotions. Gathering the data within a country to assess these interactional moral processes is almost prohibitively expensive, so it is difficult to replicate our ideas within a wider array of countries and methodological techniques. However, if this theory has merit, we hope others will pick up on the broad links between macro and micro to refine, or argue with, this admittedly ambitious thesis.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Gjesdal Kristin
Published: December 2017

The introduction to this volume offers an overview of Ibsen’s work and its philosophical significance. It traces the influence of nineteenth-century philosophers (Hegel, Kierekegaard, Nietzsche) on Ibsen’s work, but also brings to light how Ibsen’s work has provided material for philosophers from Dilthey, via Adorno, to Cavell. Furthermore, the introduction situates Ibsen’s work within the context of Scandinavian nineteenth-century art and intellectual life and a long-standing European discussion of theater and its philosophical and political relevance. Hedda Gabler remains among Ibsen’s most appreciated—and most thought-provoking—plays, capturing the Weltschmerz of the late Nineteenth Century and the protest against petit bourgeois lifestyles that Hedda Gabler, however flawed and cruel, represents.
Where Hedda Dies
Authors: Feagin Susan L.
Published: December 2017

Hedda’s behavior displays a pattern of attempts to distance herself from her responsibilities, which is integral to her concept of freedom. She exploits her social status, promotes outmoded and impractical ideals, prefers to listen to people’s exploits rather than engage with the world, and theatricalizes her own behavior. Underlining this flight from responsibility is the back room, significant as the site of her death and illustrative of her desire for freedom. Her death in the back room—a “non-place,” or no place in particular—reflects the vacuity of her quest for freedom. Without responsibilities during her life, her death means nothing, especially to family and friends who survive her.
Hedda Gabler and the Uses of Beauty
Authors: Stern Thomas
Published: December 2017

Ibsen connects the character of Hedda Gabler with beauty in two ways. First, there is her attractiveness, both functional and transient, which is associated in the play with the concept of loveliness (as indicated by the term ‘lovely’, [dejlig]). Second is her ideal of beauty [skønhed] and, relatedly, of freedom—ostensibly a peculiar ideal in that it appears to be both free from any meaningful content and, more importantly, useless. The play also explores usefulness and uselessness in relation to the work of its two historians. This chapter offers a critical analysis of how various Marxist critics, including Löwenthal and Adorno, tried to make sense of the relation between use, beauty, and those historians’ academic work. Ultimately the central notion at work in the play is that of not being conditioned by external forces, although Ibsen’s take on the possibility and desirability of such a condition remains highly ambiguous.
The Scars of Modern Life
Authors: Helland Frode
Published: December 2017

In Minima Moralia Theodor W. Adorno included three fragments or aphorisms on Ibsen. Here Adorno discusses Ibsen’s modernity, and the actuality of the realist dramas for Adorno’s own modernity six decades later. In this chapter I take Adorno’s reflections on Ibsen as a point of departure, and focus on the protagonist, her distance, her thinking, her reflection, as they are expressed in some of the central scenes in the play. In order to understand the play one has to take Hedda’s past into account, and see the importance of her ideals of “vine leaves in the hair,” on the one hand, and “beauty,” on the other, and not least to see how they relate to past and future—with consequences for a possible interpretation of the end of the play. Adorno’s reflections on the play bring out its negativity, and its relevance today.
Philosophy, Theater, and Love
Authors: Boyce Kristin
Published: December 2017

In the tenth book of Plato’s The Republic, Socrates famously invokes an ancient quarrel between philosophy and tragedy (among other art forms). In the Symposium, he shows philosophy triumphing over tragedy when Socrates bests Agathon, a tragic poet who has just taken first place at the Festival of Dionysus, in a competition for the best speech in praise of love. This chapter argues that Hedda Gabler represents an important further stage in this ongoing quarrel, one that takes the fight to philosophy’s home turf: that of soul-transforming conversation. In plays such as A Doll’s House, Ibsen develops a form of theater that takes on the Socratic aspiration to facilitate serious conversation. Hedda Gabler, though, goes even further. In this play Ibsen develops a form of theater that not only takes over the Socratic aspiration, but at the same time transforms it by transforming our understanding of what such conversation might consist in.
Two Pistols and Some Papers
Authors: Rush Fred
Published: December 2017

This chapter investigates the modernist credentials of Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler by considering the title character as an example of what Kierkegaard in Either—Or calls an “aesthetic” agent. Kierkegaard did not influence Ibsen in the writing of the play; rather, the claim is that the portrayal, especially of the extremely reflective aesthete of the “Seducer’s Diary,” is a formidable lens through which to view Hedda’s agency as a form of radical subjectivity. After establishing needed background in both the reception of the play and in Kierkegaard’s treatment of the seductive aesthete, the chapter discusses in detail two main scenes in the play: Hedda’s burning of Løvborg’s papers and the provision of her pistols to him and, finally, to herself. The chapter concludes with an argument that the play’s treatment of unhinged subjectivity is the most radical in the Ibsen canon, able to pass any test of high modernism.
Rome's Holy Mountain
Authors: Moralee Jason
Published: December 2017

Rome’s Capitoline Hill was the smallest of the Seven Hills of Rome. Yet in the long history of the Roman state it was the empire’s holy mountain. The hill was the setting of many of Rome’s most beloved stories, involving Aeneas, Romulus, Tarpeia, and Manlius. It also held significant monuments, including the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, a location that marked the spot where Jupiter made the hill his earthly home in the age before humanity. This book follows the history of the Capitoline Hill into late antiquity and the early Middle Ages, asking what happened to a holy mountain as the empire that deemed it thus became a Christian republic. This is not a history of the hill’s tonnage of marble- and gold-bedecked monuments but, rather, an investigation into how the hill was used, imagined, and known from the third to the seventh century CE. During this time, the triumph and other processions to the top of the hill were no longer enacted. But the hill persisted as a densely populated urban zone and continued to supply a bridge to fragmented memories of an increasingly remote past through its toponyms. This book is also about a series of Christian engagements with the Capitoline Hill’s different registers of memory, the transmission and dissection of anecdotes, and the invention of alternate understandings of the hill’s role in Roman history. What lingered long after the state’s disintegration in the fifth century were the hill’s associations with the raw power of Rome’s empire.
Living and Working on the Capitoline Hill
Authors: Moralee Jason
Published: December 2017

Chapter 2 surveys the evidence for the maintenance of the Capitoline Hill’s temples, statues, festivals, and administrative uses into the sixth century. While imperial rites celebrated at the Capitol faded in significance by the end of the third century, the hill was at the heart of the social and administrative worlds of late antique Rome. The chapter thus turns to the ways in which the hill was embedded in multiple late Roman neighborhoods and used for administrative purposes. Even as Rome’s urban environment was undergoing serious transformations in the use of public spaces, archaeology, epigraphy, and literary sources demonstrate that the Capitoline Hill was surrounded by neighborhoods displaying a high degree of sociability and commerce throughout this period.
Christianity, the Capitoline Hill, and the End of Antiquity
Authors: Moralee Jason
Published: December 2017

Chapter 3 continues to explore the social worlds of the Capitoline Hill by focusing on the Christian cultures of the streets around the Capitoline Hill and the ways in which this iconic place was valued locally from the last half of the sixth century to the middle of the eighth. By the middle of the sixth century, legends began to circulate in Byzantium that made the Capitoline Hill the location of oracles presaging the birth of the savior and the apocalypse. As in other locales in Rome, it was at this time that a small church was established on the Capitoline Hill in an urban environment in which public spaces were beginning to be used for Christian worship. Even as the hill was becoming a distinctly early medieval neighborhood, this location, with its church at its heart, was always associated with memories of the Roman Empire’s long-lost glory.
Schooling Diaspora
Authors: Teoh Karen M.
Published: December 2017

Schooling Diaspora relates the previously untold story of female education and the overseas Chinese in British Malaya and Singapore, traversing more than a century of British imperialism, Chinese migration, and Southeast Asian nationalism. This book explores the pioneering English- and Chinese-language girls’ schools in which these women studied and worked, drawing from school records, missionary annals, colonial reports, periodicals, and oral interviews. The history of educated overseas Chinese girls and women reveals the surprising reach of transnational female affiliations and activities in an age and a community that most accounts have cast as male dominated. These women created and joined networks in schools, workplaces, associations, and politics. They influenced notions of labor and social relations in Asian and European societies. They were at the center of political debates over language and ethnicity and were vital actors in struggles over twentieth-century national belonging. Their education empowered them to defy certain sociocultural conventions in ways that school founders and political authorities did not anticipate. At the same time, they contended with an elite male discourse that perpetuated patriarchal views of gender, culture, and nation. Even as their schooling propelled them into a cosmopolitan, multi-ethnic public space, Chinese girls and women in diaspora often had to take sides as Malayan and Singaporean society became polarized—sometimes falsely—into mutually exclusive groups of British loyalists, pro-China nationalists, and Southeast Asian citizens. They negotiated these constraints to build unique identities, ultimately contributing to the development of a new figure: the educated transnational Chinese woman.
Introduction
Authors: Teoh Karen M.
Published: December 2017

Disparate yet interlinked forces shaped the rise of girls’ schools serving ethnic Chinese in British Malaya and Singapore: Western imperialism in Southeast Asia; European and Chinese notions of race and gender; Chinese migration; and twentieth-century ideas about the modern nation. Female education in these colonies was a battleground of ideologies during an era of political reinvention. European missionaries, British colonials, and Chinese community leaders founded English-language and Chinese-language girls’ schools. These institutions reproduced social and cultural norms, but they were also disruptive, giving overseas Chinese women options to be colonial subjects, transnational actors, patriotic national citizens, or some combination of these roles. These women confronted tensions between tradition and modernity, and between the competing pulls of ethnic, cultural, and political loyalties. Their history is a microcosm of overseas Chinese migration and diaspora, whereby the purported flexibility of transnational existence can also limit identity expression and national belonging.
A Little Education, a Little Emancipation
Authors: Teoh Karen M.
Published: December 2017

From the mid-nineteenth to mid-twentieth centuries, British colonial policies toward Chinese female students in Malaya and Singapore were driven more by political than social considerations. An early period of inattention to female education by the British created spaces for missionary societies and the local Chinese community to establish linguistically plural, private girls’ schools. The colonial administration increasingly intervened in female education several decades after these schools had been founded, with different agendas depending on each institution’s language of instruction: in English schools, to bring the curriculum in line with racialized notions of femininity, and in Chinese schools, to fight the perceived threat of rising Chinese nationalism. Governmental concerns over managing the ethnic Chinese population outweighed the gender-specific assumptions that characterized educational policies for female students of other ethnicities.
Barrier against Evil, Encouragement for Good
Authors: Teoh Karen M.
Published: December 2017

The development of English-language girls’ schools in Malaya and Singapore began with their origins as providers of social welfare services and was tied to their role in overseas Chinese socioeconomic mobility. This chapter looks at the role of Catholic and Protestant missionaries, particularly the Order of the Infant Jesus, as well as the British administration in founding a large network of English girls’ schools. Although they introduced new possibilities for women, these schools also reinforced imperial hierarchies of gender, class, and race. While significant portions of the overseas Chinese community saw these schools as opportunities for improving their social status, other factions saw them as foreign institutions that undermined the integrity of Chinese identity. English-educated overseas Chinese women became committed to a path of linguistic and cultural transmission that led them closer to a new hybrid colonial identity and further from their Chinese-educated peers, causing the growth of intra-ethnic tension.
So That They May Be an Honor to You
Authors: Teoh Karen M.
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the ethno-culturally hybrid Straits Chinese, who intermarried with local Malays for generations in the Straits Settlements of British Malaya and Singapore, and the role of female education in efforts to restore their socioeconomic status during the early twentieth century. Straits Chinese were also known as Peranakan (Malay for “child/born of”), and their women were called Nyonya. Peranakan male elites (called Baba) expressed concerns about the backwardness of the Nyonya in the Straits Chinese Magazine and founded the Singapore Chinese Girls’ School to modernize their women and their community. The Straits Chinese perspective on female education was similar to that of elites in various modernizing nations around the world, but their case was unique because they occupied several ethno-cultural and national categories concurrently. Straits Chinese women were tasked with representing modernity and tradition simultaneously, and with helping to secure their community’s place in the transition from colony to nation-state.
Paradise or Empire?
Authors: George Alain
Published: December 2017

This essay revolves around a paradox of Umayyad art: the tendency for the same decorative schemes to yield apparently contradictory, yet internally coherent interpretations, mostly to do with paradise or empire. Through a discussion of the Dome of the Rock, the Great Mosque of Damascus, and two key Umayyad Qurʾan manuscripts, it investigates whether this ambiguity should in fact be understood as a consciously crafted polysemy. This reflection is set within a broader cultural context that involves, first of all, the inherent ambiguity of the Qurʾan as a text and related literary values; second, an ideology of the early caliphate in which the sacral and political dimensions of rulership were seen as inextricably linked; and third, a worldview in which physical space, especially sacred space, was perceived as being conjoined with the spiritual realm.
Hishām’s Balancing Act
Authors: Hillenbrand Robert
Published: December 2017

This is a study of the sculpted and painted iconography at the late Umayyad palace of Qaṣr al-Ḥayr al-Gharbī, in Syria. Its links with classical and Byzantine and, to a lesser extent, Sasanian art will be analyzed, leading to a consideration of whether these diverse borrowings should be regarded as random or as the reflection of some underlying purpose. The essay will argue that these are not random borrowings but that they point to a consistently followed plan to keep a balance between “western” and “eastern” elements in the major categories of ornament, iconography, technique, and material. This suggests a sophisticated awareness of the potential of art as a means of expressing propagandist themes. Contemporary political developments provide a strikingly relevant context for this decoration.