bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
They Say it's a Cultural Matter: Gender and Ethnicity at Preschool
Authors: Lappalainen PA
Published: November 2005

This article is part of an ethnographic study in two preschool classes, which aims to explore issues of nationality, ethnicity, gender, and citizenship. It explores firstly, the ways in which nationality, ethnicity and gender are discussed and negotiated by preschool girls at the age of six and how they become positioned in national space and secondly, how gendered citizenship is constructed in the educational practices of the preschool. The article draws on field notes and interviews with children, teachers, and parents. The theoretical starting points have been the sociological theorisations of childhood, poststructuralist feminist research and postcolonial theorisations. The article specifically looks at the interpretational resources, which girls have in their subject formation, and explores how preschool as an educational institution deals with ethnicity and gender.
Breaking Radical Monopolies: Towards Political Economy of Digital Literacy
Authors: Vadén Tere , Suoranta Juha
Published: November 2005

In this article, the authors argue for a leap from a ‘weak’ digital literacy (skills of interpretation and strategies of reception) to strong digital literacy (authorship and autonomous skills and capacities). Strong digital literacy implies politico-structural analysis of the information societies to come. Given the current forms of economic production and corporate markets, the liberating and democratic potential of digital information is counteracted by the concentration of media ownership, as well as by policy, legislation, and the development of propriety forms of technology. The authors apply the concept of radical monopoly in analysing the possibilities of strong digital literacy in two contexts: education and computer software. In these, as in other areas, digital technology promises abundance, but only if the formal vision of the information society in the singular is overcome. This would not only mean interaction and authorship, but breaking the preconfigured bubble of racially monopolised information.
Digital Literacies of the Cybergirl
Authors: Thomas Angela
Published: November 2005

This article explores the nexus between digital literacies and identity in the online graphical chat environment of the ‘palace’. With a focus on the adolescent cybergirl, it examines how girls use words and images to create a digital presence, and in so doing, ‘write’ their bodies and their selves. I discuss how the cybergirl is discursively constructed as well as self-produced within discourses of sexuality and idealised beauty. A grammatical analysis of both words and images is presented to describe the resources girls are using to construct their identities. In doing so, I highlight the particular ways that girls are creating cyberbodies that are encoded surfaces of the girls' fantasies and desires. I argue that the palace is a site that produces new forms of femininities through allowing girls the space to explore, experience a sense of empowerment and find new ways of reinventing themselves.
e-PD: Blended Models of Sustaining Teacher Professional Development in Digital Literacies
Authors: Anderson Neil , Henderson Michael
Published: November 2005

It is commonly agreed that professional development of teachers in the use of information and communication technologies should be sustained over time. Most professional development, however, is delivered in single or short sequences of face-to-face sessions, paying little heed to this requirement. Once the face-to-face training is completed, a large proportion of teachers seemingly succumb to entropy. Often there is limited application of the proposed outcomes of the professional development in the classroom and few (if any) opportunities to share examples of successful programs or student work examples, particularly when teachers return to isolated or regional areas. With particular reference to an Australian context, this article suggests one way within a pragmatic approach to extend the traditional boundaries of face-to-face training and sustain professional development.
‘Mindstorms’ and ‘Mindtools’ Aren't Happening: Digital Streaming of Students via Socio-Economic Disadvantage
Authors: Anderson Neil
Published: November 2005

This article considers the possibility that school-based uses of new technologies might actually exacerbate the educational disadvantage of already disadvantaged social groups – particularly, learners from low socio-economic status populations. It draws on some recent international studies that indicate how minority, poor and urban students may be less likely to receive exposure to computers for higher-order learning than their economically and socially advantaged peers, and to have teachers who have received professional development on technology use. Work by Papert and Jonassen, among others, is used to indicate principles and directions that attempts to integrate new technologies into pedagogy will need to observe if issues of educational disadvantage are to be addressed successfully. An example of an attempt to implement such principles and directions in the author's own work is presented.
The Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Education: The Missing Discourse between Three Different Paradigms
Authors: Aviram Aharon , Talmi Deborah
Published: November 2005

Using a new methodological tool, the authors analyzed a large number of texts on information and communication technology (ICT) and education, and identified three clusters of views that guide educationists ‘in the field’ and in more academic contexts. The clusters reflect different fundamental assumptions on ICT and education. The authors argue that these clusters represent three different paradigms, which they term the technocrat, the reformist and the holistic. They further argue that despite the burgeoning literature on the merger of ICT and education, discourse between the three paradigms is surprisingly limited. Given the doubtful results of the computerization of education, they suggest that identification of these paradigms would promote an essential discussion, vital for better future policies.
Knowledge Capitalism: The New Learning Economy
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: November 2005

The increasing economic importance of knowledge is redefining firm-market boundaries, work arrangements and the links between education, work and learning. This article describes a framework for identifying organisational knowledge assets and learning needs, optimising knowledge supply and planning knowledge growth. The framework enables firms to improve their selection and deployment of internal and external knowledge resources and individuals to improve their career planning. It also assists learning institutions to tailor their products and services to the needs of individual and corporate knowledge consumers.
Ideologies of the Knowledge Society and the Cultural Contradictions of Higher Education
Authors: Delanty Gerard
Published: November 2005

Much discussed in recent times is the idea of the knowledge society. However, on closer inspection we find that this is a highly contested concept and, moreover, it is associated with new ideologies, of which three are discussed in the article: postmodernism, neo-liberalism and third wayism. It is argued that these new ideologies are impacting on higher education, which is consequently experiencing far-reaching cultural contradictions. The article examines six of these: the contradiction of teaching and research, the contradiction of efficiency and scholarship, the contradiction of massification and democratisation, the contradiction of management and leadership, the contradiction of opinion and knowledge, and the contradiction of science and technology.
Education Policy in the Age of Knowledge Capitalism
Authors: Peters Michael A.
Published: November 2005

The term ‘knowledge capitalism’ emerged only recently to describe the transition to the so-called ‘knowledge economy’. Knowledge capitalism and knowledge economy are twin terms that can be traced at the level of public policy to a series of reports that emerged in the late 1990s by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (1996a,b,c) and the World Bank (1998, 1999), before they were taken up as a policy template by world governments in the late 1990s. In terms of these reports, education is reconfigured as a massively undervalued form of knowledge capital that will determine the future of work, the destiny of knowledge institutions and the shape of society in the years to come. This article focuses on the twin notions of knowledge capitalism and the knowledge economy as a comparative context for formulating education policy. First, it provides a brief theoretical context based on developments in the economics of knowledge and information by reference to the work of Hayek; second, it analyses recent documents of world policy agencies concerning these two concepts; third, it discusses the notion of knowledge capitalism as it has figured in the work of Alan Burton-Jones (1999). These accounts serve as three accounts of knowledge capitalism that have exerted a profound influence upon national education policies. This article is an essay in the new political economy of knowledge and information. It adopts the concept of knowledge capitalism as an overarching concept that denotes a sea change in the nature of capitalism. Finally, the article entertains the concept of knowledge socialism as an alternative organizing concept for knowledge creation, production and development.
Fostering a Global Imaginary: The Possibilities and Paradoxes of Japanese and Canadian Students’ Perceptions of the Responsibilities of World Citizenship
Authors: Richardson George , Blades David , Kumano Yoshisuke , Karaki Kiyoshi
Published: November 2005

This article presents the results of a pilot study comparing how high-school students in Canada and Japan ( n=194) understand and imagine the responsibilities of ‘world citizenship.’ Analysis of the results of our study indicate that despite similarities in perceptions between students in the two nations, significant differences exist in how Japanese and Canadian students construct a global imaginary of citizenship – particularly in terms of the extent to which students have a hopeful attitude towards the future and view themselves as active participants in the resolution of global issues. These results suggest that educational policy makers in Canada and Japan currently involved in curriculum reform that emphasizes internationalization and intercultural dialogue, must be mindful of the possibilities and paradoxes inherent in attempts to foster a global imaginary of citizenship among their students.
Education, Utopia and the Limits of Enlightenment
Authors: Davis Robert A.
Published: November 2005

In many recent explanations of the rise of modernity, Scotland has been cited as an illustration of the relationship between the growth of mass education and the influence of the Enlightenment faith in reason and progress. This article questions the prevailing account of the advance of education in Scotland by highlighting the impact upon it of utopian concepts of education and society from which Scottish Enlightenment thought recoiled. Originating in the radical theology of the Scottish Reformation, the utopian theme in Scottish culture has been a constant source of renewal and reproach, testing the limits of Enlightenment consensus and positing compelling alternatives to dominant educational practice.
What is the Future for National Policy Making in Education in the Context of an Enlarged European Union?
Authors: Livingston Kay
Published: November 2005

This article considers the impact of European policy making on national education systems. It discusses a selection of recent initiatives taken by the European Union (EU) and the growing emphasis on joint action in the Member States in the field of education. In particular, the article is concerned with the effects that common objectives, benchmarks and quality indicators set for education at EU level have on the education agenda in the Member States. The growing number of international studies comparing education systems and the concern that policy makers have about their country's place in international league tables add to the pressure to conform to goals and standards set at international level. For example, studies such as the Programme for International Student Assessment publish international comparisons and attract significant media attention. This undoubtedly puts pressure on policy makers to make changes at a national level to improve or maintain their international standing. The article considers a number of questions: will these trends in international cooperation and comparison result in a loss of diversity that is evident in the education systems in Europe today? And will they stunt the growth of innovation and creativity within each country and ultimately lead to conformity in education?
Inclusion: A Gender Perspective
Authors: Tinklin Teresa , Croxford Linda , Ducklin Alan , Frame Barbara
Published: November 2005

This article argues for the need to consider the gender dimension in discussions of inclusion, because of the prevalence and complexity of gender differences in education and beyond, and the interactions between gender differences and other sources of social inequality, such as social class background and ethnicity. Drawing on research carried out by the authors on gender differences in school education in Scotland, as well as on the findings of other research, the article demonstrates the complexity of gender differences in school education: at different stages, across the curriculum and in learning and behaviour support. It highlights the interaction between gender, social class background and ethnicity, demonstrating that social class is a greater source of inequality than gender in school attainment, and that gender and social class differences are further complicated by ethnic background. It describes continuing disadvantages for females in education and beyond, discusses factors related to gender differences and explores shifts in young people's views on work and family roles. The article concludes that more research is needed on the interactions between gender and other sources of inequality and that policy makers and practitioners need to take account of the ‘gender jigsaw’ rather than the ‘gender gap’.
Deafness, Disability and Inclusion: The Gap between Rhetoric and Practice
Authors: Brennan Mary
Published: November 2005

This article provides a critique of the interpretation and practice of educational inclusion, particularly in respect of deaf children. It is argued that the inclusion agenda, as presently realised, does not incorporate the fundamental paradigm shift required to bring about equity and social inclusion for deaf children. Superficially ‘inclusive’ practices, such as the attendance of deaf children at mainstream schools, often simultaneously deny the linguistic rights of deaf children and thus fail to ensure either full access to the curriculum and assessment or access to a satisfying social experience. Despite this, there are indications within Scotland and the Scottish Parliament of a more genuinely inclusive approach to linguistic and cultural diversity. Recent developments include the recognition of British Sign Language (BSL) by the United Kingdom Government and the explicit inclusion of BSL as one of the languages of Scotland. The challenge is to embed linguistic recognition and rights within education at all levels: this requires placing Deaf people at the heart of developments.
Confronting the Impact of HIV and AIDS: The Consequences of the Pandemics for Education Supply, Demand and Quality. A Global Review from a Southern African Perspective
Authors: Coombe Carol
Published: November 2005

The global spread of the HIV and AIDS pandemics will, for the next three generations at least, underline education access, quality and provision. Reforms within the sector will necessarily take account of the implications of this plague within national, provincial and local contexts. This article is based on several assumptions. The first is that HIV/AIDS is not only a medical problem: the spread of the disease has created a pandemic with social, economic, geopolitical and other consequences for all countries. Second, increasing numbers of countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean, are now facing one of the great crises of human history. The third is that other countries in Eastern Europe and the Asia and Pacific regions will confront similar challenges as the pandemic spreads. The article focuses specifically on the relationship between HIV/AIDS and education in countries with different levels of HIV/AIDS prevalence. It concentrates on the impact of the disease on education at schools level, with some attention to teacher education. It outlines our current understanding of the pandemic, analyses current and anticipated impact of HIV/AIDS on education in order to clarify probable changes in demand for and supply of education services, and looks at education's current responses to HIV/AIDS, principally in high prevalence countries.
The Knowledge Economy, the Techno-Preneur and the Problematic Future of the University
Authors: Kenway Jane , Bullen Elizabeth , Robb Simon
Published: November 2005

Knowledge economy policies are currently very powerful drivers of change in contemporary university approaches to research. They typically orientate universities to a national innovation system which both positions knowledge as the key factor of economic growth and sees the main purpose of knowledge as contributing to such growth. In this article, the authors explain the economic logic informing such policy interventions in university research and look at the conceptualisation of national innovation systems in various national and international policy sites around the world. Their interest is in what these particular sets of policies have in common, not in how they differ. They introduce three key themes of such systems and the academics they seek to produce. These themes are their techno-scientific orientation, network characteristics and commercial imperatives. The corresponding implied subjects are the techno-scientist, the knowledge networker and the entrepreneur. The authors make the case that evident in such constructions of the future of universities are some unacknowledged and under-acknowledged problems, one of which is a failure to recognise the power of the gift economies of academic culture.
US Imperialism, Transmodernism and Education: A Marxist Critique
Authors: Cole Mike
Published: November 2005

The author begins by discussing David Geoffrey Smith's analysis of the enantiomorphism inherent in the rhetoric of New American Imperialism. He goes on to examine critically Smith's defence of Enrique Dussel's advocacy of transmodernism as a way of understanding this enantiomorphism and of moving beyond what are seen as the constraints of both modernism and postmodernism. The author argues that transmodernism has purchase in analysing the genesis and genealogy of the New Imperialism. The author then offers a critique, from a Marxist perspective, of both postmodernism and transmodernism. He suggests that, in moving beyond the mere deconstruction of postmodernism, transmodernism is theoretically and practically more progressive than both non-Marxist forms of modernism and postmodernism. However, he suggests that, in rejecting all forms of totalising synthesis, transmodern analysis, like postmodern analysis, is ultimately conducive to capitalism. He also suggests that, since transmodernism's agenda for change is solely analectical rather than dialectical, transmodernist proposals for change are not viable in the context of the current imperialist project. Turning to education in societies characterised by an enantiomorphism and enfraudening, he argues that, from a Marxist perspective, the role of education should be to transform schools from sites of misrepresentation and conformity to the needs of neo-liberal capitalism and imperialism into sites of social justice.
New Public Management and Education
Authors: Tolofari Sowaribi
Published: November 2005

Public administration has always been under constant review. Such reviews were mostly parochial, incremental, initiated or driven by low-key staff and often ended as fads. From the end of the 1970s to the 1990s, however, governments around the world were engaged in widespread and sustained reforms of their public administration. These reforms were born out of economic recession, but also had political and social drivers. They were initiated by the political apex and fuelled by New Right ideology. Collectively, these reforms came to be termed New Public Management (NPM). NPM is characterised by marketisation, privatisation, managerialism, performance measurement and accountability. This employment of corporate attitudes in public administration is grounded on certain theories, mainly public choice, transaction cost analysis and principal-agent theory. As with every other sector, the education service was also reformed. In this field the major signs of NPM are the local management of schools on managerialist principles and the heightened influence of stakeholders in the daily life of the school, while the collegiality of academia is diminished. At the higher education level, institutions are tending towards full-fledged corporate organisations delivering enterprise education. This article discusses NPM in detail, tracing its origins, considering the theories and examining its principal characteristics, and then takes a critical look at its implications for education.
Multiple Effects of Education in Rural Areas: Action Research for Development Strategies in Croatia
Authors: Peršurić Anita Silvana Ilak , Gautier Patrick
Published: November 2005

The strategy of development in rural areas of Croatia includes several factors. Among them is education. The education system in Croatia has a number of institutional, infrastructural and regional characteristics that are a frame of research for this article. Rural areas confront additional factors such as population migrations, poor socio-professional structures, long distances from cities, etc., which have consequences on the quality of education. A high quality education system provides a base for a better professional structure that can curb migrations (e.g. people staying in villages for education and not migrating to cities) and raise the quality of life through open activities in schools, as schools provide a meeting point for children and the whole population. The objectives of this article are, firstly, to present the findings of an analysis of basic education in rural areas of Croatia and, secondly, to recommend measures to improve access to and quality of education for rural people in order to make a better contribution to rural development. Therefore, after a brief presentation of the context of and justifications for this article, the document presents the findings for each level of education in the form of problems and, from these problems, proposes measures to ensure that education in rural areas is contributing to rural development.
‘New People’ and ‘Old Structures’: Max Adler and Siegfried Bernfeld on Society, Education and Change
Authors: Sünker Heinz
Published: November 2005

This article deals with central issues in the field of theory of education and history of education. The examples of Max Adler and Siegfried Bernfeld show that contemporary debates on education and society, social reproduction of social inequality, and education and social change have been subjects of strong controversies in the first third of the twentieth century. Furthermore, the deepness of these approaches shows the contemporary relevance and the limits of these historical attempts to solve these controversies. The article aims to overcome some of these limits in proposing to deal with the approach of the central educational theorist in Germany in the twentieth century, Heinz-Joachim Heydorn.
Part 2 Final Rule: Where are the anti‐discrimination provisions?
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2024

The Legal Action Center has been a central resource for information on 42 CFR Part 2, the regulation protecting (ostensibly, now) confidentiality of substance use disorder (SUD) treatment records, for more than three decades. This article is our 350th one on Part 2 since 2010, when the move to weaken the consent part of the regulations began. So we talked to Legal Action Center attorneys Jacqueline Seitz and Deborah A. Reid last week about the Final Rule for Part 2, issued this month by the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) (see Confidentiality for SUD records: Final rule issued, ADAW Feb. 19; https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/adaw.34035).
Revealing the Effects of Friction Stir Processing on the Microstructural Evolutions and Mechanical Properties of As‐Cast Interstitial FeMnCoCrN High‐Entropy Alloy
Authors: Abbasi Alireza , Zarei‐Hanzaki Abbas , Charkhchian Javad , Moshiri Ali , Malayeri Niyusha Akhavan , Lee Jongwon , Park Nokeun , Abedi Hamid Reza
Published: February 2024

The present study aims to investigate the effect of friction stir processing (FSP) on the microstructural evolutions and mechanical properties of a nonequiatomic interstitial high‐entropy alloy (HEA). To achieve this, an as‐cast FeMnCoCrN interstitial HEA undergoes FSP to modify the as‐cast microstructure and investigate the resulting effects on mechanical properties. The grain size, sub‐boundaries, martensite fraction, and accommodated strain exhibit a gradient from the base metal (BM) to the stir zone (SZ). As a result of FSP, the average grain size in the upper SZ is significantly decreased from ≈700 μm in BM to 1.5 μm, which is around 500 times finer than that of the BM. Furthermore, the martensitic transformation in a single metastable face‐centered‐cubic phase specifically occurs in the thermomechanical‐affected and heat‐affected zones. Continuous and geometric dynamic recrystallizations triggered by FSP lead to the development of a refined equiaxed microstructure. This gradient microstructure, in turn, plays a pivotal role in achieving significantly improved mechanical properties when compared to the as‐cast microstructure. Remarkably, the yield strength doubles, the ultimate tensile strength increases from 548 to 852 MPa, and ductility increases by 16%.
Short‐Wave Infrared Photodetectors Based on β‐In2Se3/Te Heterojunctions for Optical Communication and Polarimetric Imaging Applications
Authors: Xiong Jingxian , Yu Qiang , Hou Xingang , Liu Bin , Li Sina , Deng Haiqin , Yang Zixin , Leng Jinyong , Zhu Sicong , Sun Yiming , Jiang Zongfu , Huo Nengjie , Wu Jian , Zhou Pu
Published: February 2024

Polarization‐sensitive infrared photodetectors have vast application prospects in imaging systems and polarization sensors due to the addition of new detection dimensions beyond wavelength and intensity. However, most polarization‐sensitive photodetectors are operated in the visible wavelength range and still encounter challenges of limited responsivity (R) and polarization ratio (PR) under short‐wave infrared illumination. To address these issues, a vertical heterostructure of β‐In2Se3‐on‐Te is reported, achieving high‐performance and polarization‐sensitive imaging sensors in the short‐wave infrared (SWIR) region. The high R (2 A/W at 1310 nm and 0.71 A/W at 1550 nm) and specific detectivity (2.14 × 109 Jones at 1310 nm and 7.3 × 108 at 1550 nm) are obtained, which surpasses most photodetectors using anisotropic 2D material in the infrared range. Considering the strong anisotropic nature of Te nanosheets, the device exhibits notable polarization sensitivity with a PR value of 4.95 under 1310 nm laser irradiation. This work proposes a multifunctional photodetector for the great applications of ASCII code transmission and polarization‐sensitive infrared imaging, offering a new opportunity for versatile angle‐resolved optoelectronics in the infrared communication band.
Lysosomal Rupture‐Mediated “Broken Window Effect” to Amplify Cuproptosis and Pyroptosis for High‐Efficiency Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhu Guoqing , Wang Man , Qiao Luying , Xie Yulin , Wang Junrong , Li Lei , Sun Qianqian , Zheng Pan , Li Chunxia
Published: February 2024

Autophagy, a lysosome‐involved degradation pathway, as a self‐protective cellular process, always weakens the efficiency of tumor therapies. Herein, for the first time, the biodegradable copper (Cu) ions doped layered double hydroxide (Cu‐LDH) nanoparticles are reported for cancer immunotherapy via lysosomal rupture‐mediated “Broken Window Effect”. Only injection of Cu‐LDH single therapeutic agent achieves various organelles destruction after lysosomal rupture, as well as the abnormal aggregation of Cu ions in tumor cells for cuproptosis and pyroptosis. More importantly, autophagy inhibition caused by lysosomal rupture improves Cu ions overload‐mediated cuproptosis and pyroptosis by blocking the lysosome‐mediated bulk degradation pathway, leading to good anti‐tumor immune responses and ultimately high‐efficiency tumor growth inhibition. This lysosomal rupture‐mediated “Broken Window Effect” provides a new paradigm for the autophagy enhanced tumor therapy.
Physicochemical Targeting of Lipid Nanoparticles to the Lungs Induces Clotting: Mechanisms and Solutions
Authors: Omo‐Lamai Serena , Zamora Marco E. , Patel Manthan N. , Wu Jichuan , Nong Jia , Wang Zhicheng , Peshkova Alina , Majumder Aparajeeta , Melamed Jilian R. , Chase Liam S. , Essien Eno‐Obong , Weissman Drew , Muzykantov Vladimir R. , Marcos‐Contreras Oscar A. , Myerson Jacob W. , Brenner Jacob S.
Published: February 2024

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have become the dominant drug delivery technology in industry, holding the promise to deliver RNA to up or down‐regulate any protein of interest. LNPs have mostly been targeted to specific cell types or organs by physicochemical targeting in which LNP’s lipid compositions are adjusted to find mixtures with the desired tropism. Here lung‐tropic LNPs are examined, whose organ tropism derives from containing either a cationic or ionizable lipid conferring a positive zeta potential. Surprisingly, these LNPs are found to induce massive thrombosis. Such thrombosis is shown in the lungs and other organs, and it is shown that it is greatly exacerbated by pre‐existing inflammation. This clotting is induced by a variety of formulations with cationic lipids, including LNPs and non‐LNP nanoparticles, and even by lung‐tropic ionizable lipids that do not have a permanent cationic charge. The mechanism depends on the LNPs binding to and then changing the conformation of fibrinogen, which then activates platelets and thrombin. Based on these mechanisms, multiple solutions are engineered that enable positively charged LNPs to target the lungs while ameliorating thrombosis. The findings illustrate how physicochemical targeting approaches must be investigated early for risks and re‐engineered with a careful understanding of biological mechanisms.
Optimizing Polarization Selective Unidirectional Photoluminescence from Phased‐Array Metasurfaces
Authors: Heki Larry K. , Mohtashami Yahya , Chao Roark , Ewing Jacob J. , Quevedo Alejandro , Nakamura Shuji , DenBaars Steven P. , Schuller Jon A.
Published: February 2024

Metasurface‐based optical elements offer a wide design space for miniature and lightweight optical applications. Typically, metasurface optical elements transform an incident light beam into a desired output waveform. Recent demonstrations of light‐emitting metasurfaces highlight the potential for directly producing desired output waveforms via metasurface‐mediated spontaneous emission. In this work, reciprocal finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) simulations and machine learning are used to enable the inverse design of highly unidirectional photoluminescent III‐Nitride quantum well metasurfaces capable of directive p‐, s‐, or combined p‐ and s‐ polarized emission at arbitrary angles. In comparison with previous intuition‐guided designs using the same quantum well architectures, the inverse design approach enables new polarization capabilities and experimentally demonstrated improvements in directivity of 54%. An analysis of ways in which the inverse design both validates and contradicts previous intuition‐guided design heuristics is presented. Ultimately, the combination of reciprocal simulations and efficient global optimization (EGO) grants remarkable improvements in emission directivity and results in full control over the polarization and momentum of emitted light, including simultaneous directional emission of s‐ and p‐polarized light.
Program director longevity in emergency medicine residencies: A 40‐year analysis
Authors: Chung Arlene S. , Pattee Katherine L. , Bass Rachel , Frisch Adam N. , Jordan Jaime
Published: February 2024

Objective

We sought to assess trends in emergency medicine residency program director (PD) length of service over the past 40 years and evaluate relationships between duration of service and important factors such as PD start year, geographic region, and year of program initial accreditation.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed program data from the American Medical Association Graduate Medical Education Directory and Emergency Medicine Residents’ Association Match database. We calculated descriptive statistics and used linear regression to assess the impact of PD start year, region, and year of program initial accreditation on PD duration of service.

Results

We gathered data on 783 unique PDs between 1983 and 2023. The overall mean ± SD PD duration of service was 6.19 ± 4.72 years (range 1–29 years). The mean duration of service by decade of start date was 6.49 years in the 1980s, 7.39 years in the 1990s, 5.92 years in the 2000s, 4.08 years in the 2010s, and 2 years in the 2020s. Both PD start year (p = 0.002) and program initial accreditation year (p = 0.001) significantly predicted duration of PD service. Region did not significantly predict duration of PD service (p = 0.225).

Conclusions

Duration of service as a PD is decreasing in recent decades. Both PD start year and year of initial program accreditation significantly predict duration of service as PD. Future research must be done to better understand this phenomenon and uncover strategies to promote PD longevity.
Photocatalytic Synthesis of β‐Keto Primary Chlorides by Selective Chlorocarbonylation of Olefins
Authors: Khatua Bitasik , Ghosh Anjulika , Ray Anuj Kumar , Banerjee Nayan , Dey Jayanta , Paul Ankan , Guin Joyram
Published: February 2024

Functionalized primary alkyl chlorides are precursors to a plethora of scaffolds but their access from chemical feedstocks remains challenging. Herein, we report a concise dual Ni/photoredox catalytic protocol for regioselective chlorocarbonylation of unactivated alkenes that enables rapid access to β‐keto primary chlorides. The catalytic process features an extensive substrate scope, scalability and functional group tolerance. The Ni/photocatalytic Cl⋅ generation and subsequent cross‐coupling is implicated for the process based on the control experiments and DFT study. The synthetic utility of the protocol has been further corroborated through functionalization of complex substrates and modifications of the product.
Cover Image, Volume 141, Issue 13
Authors: Liang Shuting , Li Fengjiao , Xie Shunbi , Chen JianYang , Jiang Dabo , Qu Xi , Zhang Haifeng
Published: February 2024

Created by Shuting Liang, the cover image shows electricity‐generating insoles that are composed of silicone holes filled with liquid metal. The movement of the human foot generates electricity. With a friction area of 18.75 cm2, a maximum output voltage of 221 mV is obtained. LM‐TENG could be used in various fields to convert human mechanical energy into electricity and continue to provide clean energy for wearable electronic devices. DOI: 10.1002/app.55092

image
Chemical Variability and Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Leaf Essential Oil from Algerian Sahara
Authors: Bekhechi Ahlem , Malti Charaf Eddine Watheq , Babali Brahim , Bouafia Miloud , Bekhechi Chahrazed , Casanova Joseph , Paoli Mathieu , Tomi Félix
Published: February 2024

The chemical composition of 71 oil samples from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L., harvested in three provinces: Naâma (Western Algeria), Béchar and Adrar (Algerian Sahara), was investigated by GC‐FID, GC/MS and 13CNMR. In total, 52 compounds were identified accounting for 88.8 % to 99.9 % of the total composition. The chemical composition of the oils was largely dominated by monoterpenes, with 1,8‐cineole (9.7–70.2 %), camphor (0.3–31.0 %) being the major compounds followed by borneol (0.3–21.0 %), α‐pinene (4.5–14.5 %), β‐pinene (0.1–12.0 %), linalool (0.7–9.9 %) and verbenone (up to 11.1 %) which was present only in the samples harvested in Adrar. All compositions (71 samples) were submitted to statistical analysis. Combination of hierarchical clustering dendrogram and principal component analysis suggested the existence of three groups (one of these being subdivided into two sub‐groups) which were distinguished on the basis of 1,8‐cineole, camphor and verbenone contents. Four essential oil samples, containing 1,8‐cineole and/or camphor as main components, exhibited anti‐inflammatory activity against lipoxygenase, with IC50 values in the range 93 to 155 μg/mL.
Controllable Construction of Vinyl Sulfones and β‐Keto Selenosulfones via Selective Oxidative Sulfonylation of Alkenes
Authors: Liu Xiang , Zhang Yuan , Zheng Yi , Huang Changfeng , Cao Hua
Published: February 2024

Comprehensive Summary

The selective oxidative sulfonylation of alkenes with selenium sulfonate depended on the reaction conditions. The electrochemical C—H sulfonylation proceeded smoothly to afford (E)‐vinyl sulfones with good selectivity in an undivided cell without external oxidant. While aerobic trifunctionalization of alkenes occurred in the presence of KI in the air, which provides β‐keto selenosulfones via the formation of C—O, C—S, and C—Se bonds in one‐pot. Following control experiments, a plausible mechanism is proposed to rationalize the experimental results.
A General Model of Impact Sensitivity for Nitrogen‐Rich Energetic Materials: A Combined Incremental Theory and Genetic Function Approximation Study
Authors: Zhang Zhixiang , Ma Yiding , Chen Chao , Bondarchuk Sergey V. , Liu Yingzhe
Published: February 2024

In this paper, we report the first example of impact sensitivity prediction based on the genetic function approximation (GFA) as a regression method. The prediction is applicable for a wide variety of chemical families, which include nitro compounds, peroxides, nitrogen‐rich salts, heterocycles, etc. Within this work, we have obtained 7 empirical models (with 27–32 basis functions), which all provide 0.80≤R2≤0.83 and 7.2 J≤RMSE≤7.8 J (for 450 training set compounds) and 0.64≤R2≤0.70 and 11.2 J≤RMSE≤12.4 J (for 170 test set compounds). The models were developed using Friedman Lack‐of‐Fit as a scoring function, which allows avoiding an overfitting. All the models have simple descriptors as basis functions and include linear splines. Furthermore, the applied descriptors do not require expensive calculation procedures, namely, non‐empirical quantum‐chemical calculations, complex iterative procedures, real space electron density analysis, etc. Most descriptors are based on structural and topological analysis and a part of them require very cheap semi‐empirical PM6 calculations. The prediction takes a few minutes as an average, and most of the time is for the structure preparation and manual calculation of the descriptor “Increment”, which is based on our recent incremental theory.
Large‐scale hybrid test of a curved bridge considering complete boundary condition by a large spatial loading system
Authors: Tian Yingpeng , Chen Jie , Du Chunbo , Xu Dan , Zhou Huimeng , Sun Zhiguo , Li Quanwang , Wang Dongsheng , Wang Tao
Published: February 2024

Small‐radius curved bridges are mostly used for overpass ramps, that are spatially irregular and usually have very complex seismic behavior. It is not easy to reproduce such behavior because of the need for large‐scale shaking tables. The hybrid test is one of the most effective approaches for solving this problem by considering the structural elements of interest as physically tested substructure while the rest is numerically simulated. In this paper, a hybrid test system was first developed based on the OpenFresco framework, where one of the piers was considered as the tested substructure, and the rest was simulated by OpenSees. A novel spatial loading device (SLD), configured as the Stewart pattern, was then developed to achieve the boundary conditions between substructures. The control schemes to perform the force‐displacement mixed control, conduct the geometric transformation while considering the load point offset, and achieve an external displacement control were proposed and validated through several rounds of hybrid testing. The experimental results indicate that the experimental system including loading control subsystem and hybrid control subsystem can realize the loading command accurately.
Neuroscience and Society: Supporting and Unsettling Public Engagement
Authors: Kaebnick Gregory E.
Published: February 2024

Advancing neuroscience is one of many topics that pose a challenge often called “the alignment problem”—the challenge, that is, of assuring that science policy is responsive to and in some sense squares with the public's values. This issue of the Hastings Center Report launches a series of scholarly essays and articles on the ethical and social issues raised by this vast body of medical research and bench science. The series, which will run under the banner “Neuroscience and Society,” is supported by the Dana Foundation and seeks to promote deliberative public engagement, broadly understood, about neuroscience. As a social goal, deliberative public engagement is both ubiquitous and elusive—called for everywhere yet difficult to undertake at a national level on a complex scientific topic. To be meaningful, deliberative public engagement must occur in many locations in a society and be carried forward by many actors. Scholarly writing might contribute in several ways.
Normal Serum Indices of Bone Collagen Biosynthesis and Degradation in Small for Gestational Age Infants
Authors: Namgung Ran , Tsang Reginald C. , Sierra Rosa I. , Ho Mona L.
Published: February 2024

Serum carboxyterminal propetide of type I procollagen (PICP) and cross‐linked carboxyterminal telopetide of type I collagen (ICTP), new markers of bone collagen type I biosynthesis and degradation, have not been studied in small for gestational age (SGA) infants. In an earlier study, we found a lower bone mineral content (BMC) and decreased serum osteocalcin in SGA than in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants, supporting the thesis that decreased fetal bone formation is a cause of lower BMC in SGA. In view of the role of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) in the regulation of collagen type I synthesis and degradation, and low serum IGF‐I concentrations in SGA infants, we hypothesized that serum PICP would be lower and serum ICTP would be higher in SGA than in AGA infants, reflecting decreased bone collagen type I biosynthesis or enhancement of bone collagen type I degradation in SGA. We studied 19 term SGA and 38 term AGA infants that were matched specifically 1:2 by gestation and birth month. There were no differences between SGA and AGA infants in serum PICP nor ICTP concentrations. Serum ICTP was correlated with osteocalcin and with PICP in SGA infants but not in AGA infants. Thus, serum biochemical indices of bone collagen type I biosynthesis and degradation in term SGA infants are similar to those in term AGA infants. These findings are not consistent with the thesis of altered fetal bone collagen type I biosynthesis or degradation in SGA. We suggest that the reduced bone mineral content in SGA infants is predominantly related to a lower supply of minerals rather than defective regulation of bone collagen type I metabolism.
Impact of Solid Food on Plasma Arachidonic and Docosahexaenoic Acid Status of Term Infants at 8 Months of Age
Authors: Luukkainen Päivi , Salo Matti K. , Visakorpi Jarmo K. , Räihä Niels C. R. , Nikkari Tapio
Published: February 2024

We studied healthy term infants at 6 and 8 months of age to assess the effect of fat‐containing solid foods (mashed veal, chicken, and pork provided in ready‐to‐feed cans) on plasma long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCP) status. Twenty‐one infants were breast‐fed and 49 were formula‐fed. The fat of the formula contained 16.2% linoleic acid and 2.3% α‐linolenic acid but no LCPs. The solid‐food intake was assessed with a 7‐day dietary record. Blood samples were obtained at 6 and 8 months of age, and the fatty acid composition of plasma cholesteryl esters (CE) and phospholipids (PL) were analyzed with capillary gas liquid chromatography. The solid food‐derived fat intake was higher in the formula‐fed than in the breast‐fed group at 6 months, and it increased significantly in both groups (from 0.15 to 0.39 g/kg/day and from 0.24 to 0.43 g/kg/day in breast‐fed and formula‐fed groups, respectively). The relative plasma concentrations of arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) were significantly lower in the formula‐fed than in the breast‐fed group at both 6 and 8 months. In the formula‐fed group at 8 months, the proportion of solid food‐derived fat correlated positively with plasma 20:4n‐6, and the mean percentage of PL‐20:4n‐6 were 8.0% (95% confidence interval, 7.4‐8.5) and 9.0% (8.3‐9.7) in its lowest and highest quartiles, respectively. In the breast‐fed group, solid food‐derived fat intake had no effect on plasma 20:4n‐6. The two groups were similar in that solid‐food fat had no effect on plasma PL‐ or CE‐22:6n‐3. In conclusion, the introduction of meat containing solid foods to formula‐fed infants increases their plasma 20:4n‐6, but not to levels found in breast‐fed infants. Further studies are needed to establish an optimal fatty acid composition of solid foods during weaning.
Sucrase‐Isomaltase Gene Expression in Suckling Rat Intestine: Hormonal, Dietary, and Growth Factor Control
Authors: Nsi Emvo Edouard , Raul Francis , Koch Bernard , Neuville Pascal , Foltzer‐Jourdainne Charlotte
Published: February 2024

The effect of hydrocortisone, sucrose, and epidermal growth factor (EGF), alone or in combination, was investigated on the precocious expression of sucrase activity and sucrase‐isomaltase (SI) mRNA in normal and adrenalectomized (ADX) suckling rats. In normal rats, each regulatory factor administered separately from 12 to 13 days of age induced a parallel expression of sucrase activity and SI mRNA. A potentiation of both sucrase activity and SI mRNA was observed after administration of hydrocortisone plus sucrose. Only SI mRNA was potentiated after EGF‐sucrose administration or EGF‐hydrocortisone administration. However, the potentiation of the activity was obtained after a prolonged treatment period of 4 days. In adrenalectomized rats, sucrose and EGF were still able to induce precocious induction of SI mRNA and sucrase activity, but sucrase activity was lowered by 75% by sucrose and by 30% by EGF. The combined treatments gave results similar to those obtained in normal rats. The results obtained in ADX rats indicate that the effects of sucrose and EGF on the precocious expression of sucrase and the potentiation of SI mRNA are independent of endogenous glucocorticoids. The rate of [3H] thymidine incorporation into mucosal DNA of normal sucklings was similar after single or combined treatments. From this study, we conclude that the precocious induction of intestinal sucrase by various regulatory factors, alone or in combination, is primarily regulated at the level of mRNA and is independent of increases in cellular proliferation and circulating glucocorticoids.