bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Nixon Doctrine and the Yusin Reforms: American Foreign Policy, the Vietnam War, and the Rise of Authoritarianism in Korea, 1968–1973
Authors: Kwak Tae Yang
Published: March 2011

Park Chung Hee presided over the Republic of Korea (ROK) longer than any other leader (1961–1979) and he remains the individual most responsible for defining the country's formative features. Having witnessed the worst excesses of Park's later years, many of the early scholars of Korean politics have characterized the whole of Park's long rule as a monolithic dictatorship. One of these pioneering scholars, Sungjoo Han, locates the moment of “the failure of Korean democracy” in 16 May 1961, the very day that Park and his co-conspirators seized control from Prime Minister Chang Myn through a military coup d'état. However, like the man himself, Park's career was complex and highly adaptive. Many historians now distinguish Park's rule into three distinct periods: the first and most tenuous years (1961–63) when he directed the government through a military junta, the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction; the middle years (1963–72) of elected presidential rule, referred to as the “Third Republic”; and the final years (1972–79) of dictatorial rule under the Yusin system, the “Fourth Republic.” In his early years, Park had begrudgingly adhered to a minimally democratic framework before finally turning to formal authoritarianism as the American war in Vietnam came to an end.
America in Indochina, 1957–1963: British Perceptions, Hopes, and Strategy
Authors: Nealis Meghan
Published: March 2011

British perceptions of the United States in Indochina between 1957 and 1963 were cautious and constructive. This article examines the perceptions of policymakers in Prime Minister Harold MacMillan's government and public opinion as expressed in the Times of London. British policymakers had basic doubts regarding American policy in Indochina, but Britain remained involved in the region after 1954 and agreed with the United States on defining the problem and on the broad methodological approach to the crisis. London wanted to ensure that Washington pursued the “right” policy in Indochina, that Britain utilized its expertise in post-colonial and counter-insurgency, and that the Anglo- American alliance maintained its importance for both countries. The study of these perceptions reveals some concerns which we would anticipate, but also shows that Britain respected the United States as a leader in the region and that it agreed with the United States on core issues.
Changing Minds: American Missionaries, Chinese Intellectuals, and Cultural Internationalism, 1919.1921
Authors: Dawley Evan N.
Published: March 2011

1919 was a year of change and upheaval the world over. The Great Powers conferred at Versailles on the design of a New World Order, even as they faced instability and discontent at home. The newly formed Soviet Union continued to be wracked by civil war two years after the October Revolution, while its future adversary, the United States, was in the throes of a Red Scare and struggling to reconcile the opposing currents of isolationism and Wilsonian internationalism. Across the Pacific, Korean nationalists launched an uprising against the forces of Japanese imperialism on 1 March. Although this rebellion failed, it reflected the new anti-colonial spirit which seemed to be sweeping across Asia and Africa and which would trigger further uprisings before years end. All across the globe, it seemed, unrest, transformation, and revolution were in the air.
The Discourse of Anti-Americanism and Hollywood Movies: Film Import Controls in Japan, 1937–1941
Authors: Tosaka Yuji
Published: March 2011

OCLC Online Computer Library Center In interwar Japan, urban middle-class audiences patronized Hollywood movies rather than domestic native films that should have appealed to them as native and culturally familiar. The rise of militant nationalism and cultural nativism fueled the growth of official movements that celebrated an indigenous Japanese essence and eschewed allegedly foreign, modern “contamination.” The alleged Americanizing influence of Hollywood cinema became an increasingly worrisome problem for Japanese officials beginning in the early 1930s. This article examines Japan's efforts to impose tighter restrictions on American films during the 1930s, culminating in a total ban on film imports following the onset of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937.
Union Theological Seminary and the Christian Church in China
Authors: Xu Yihua
Published: March 2011

Union Theological Seminary (Union) in New York City, established in 1836, has long been regarded as one of the best and most liberal Protestant theological seminaries in the United States. Served by prominent Christian theologians such as Harry Emerson Fosdick, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Paul Tillich, Union reached its peak development in the first half of the twentieth century, setting a standard of theological education in the United States and promoting the ecumenical movement around the world.
Introduction: Christianity in the History of U.S.-China Relations
Authors: Wang Dong
Published: March 2011

This special volume comprises six original articles, each of which locates Christianity as an international and local issue reaching beyond an American-, or Chinese-, or missionary-centered history. By bringing lesser-known aspects of Christianity to bear on the story, the contributing scholars from the humanities and social sciences in North America, Asia, and Oceania address three major sets of questions.
The Christian Student Movement, YMCAs, and Transnationalism in Republican China
Authors: Keller Charles A.
Published: March 2011

On Monday, 9 December 1935, the morning stillness in the frozen fields northwest of Beiping (Beijing) was broken by the sounds of singing and chanting. Several hundred Chinese students from Yenching (Yanjing) and Tsinghua (Qinghua) Universities, many of them members of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) and the Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), were marching into Beiping to express their outrage over the pending dismemberment of northeast China by the Japanese Army. Although the police forestalled the march by closing the city gates, several hundred other students from schools inside the city wall publicly vented their dissatisfaction with their government's failure to oppose Japanese imperialism. The “December Ninth Movement” (Yierjiu yundong) had begun. The patriotism of the students would eventually influence others in Chinese society, convincing them that national oblivion was near, and China would find the collective will to resist Japan for the next ten years.
Our Neighbors but Not Our Countrymen.: Christianity and the Chinese in Nineteenth-Century Victoria (Australia) and California
Authors: Welch Ian
Published: March 2011

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the United States of America and the British colonies of settlement in Australia shared the experience of gold rushes and the arrival of large numbers of immigrants including the Chinese. In both countries, the long-term impact of European imperialist expansion from the sixteenth century and the Anglo-Saxon dominance of the nineteenth-century world was inseparable from a wealth of explanatory theories about ethnicity in which culture, religion, and race contributed to a major (if unsubstantiated) corpus of evidence shared by the Anglo-Americans. The discovery of gold in 1847 in California (Gum San, Chin Shan—Gold Mountain) was followed by the 1854 gold rush to Victoria, Australia (Dai Gum San, Hsin Chin Shan—New Gold Mountain). The similarity of names indicates how close the connection was in Chinese minds at the time. This paper discusses one little-known aspect of the triangular relationship between China, America, and Australia during the second half of the nineteenth century—attempts by Protestant Christians to evangelize the Chinese immigrants.
Were Christian Members of the Yenching Faculty Unique?: An Examination of the Life Fellowship Movement, 1919–1931
Authors: Wang Peter Chen-main
Published: March 2011

The May Fourth Movement and the later Anti-Christian Movement of the 1920s posed severe challenges for the Christian church in Republican China. The major elements in that context—science, anti-imperialism, and nationalism—exerted a strong impact on the indigenous Christian community, causing its members, both individually and collectively, to reexamine their respective positions. Christian intellectuals and educators encountered difficulties in that they were obliged to accommodate the conflicting demands of science and Christianity, while also having to deal with the differing demands of loyalty both to the nation and to their religion, whether adopted or inherited, which seemed in the eyes of their contemporaries to be imbued with imperialist values. This latter problem was especially acute in the larger cities and on the campuses of Christian colleges which often became centers of anti-Christian sentiment.
Introduction: Looking Back at Yenching
Authors: Rosenbaum Arthur Lewis
Published: March 2011

Yenching’s closure in 1952 once served as evidence of its ultimate failure, but China’s commitment to modernization in the years after Mao Zedong’s death in 1976 alters our perspectives. Was the closure of Yenching the result of external factors beyond its control or of internal contradictions and flaws in the university? Did an imperfect strategy make failure inevitable or did the problem stem from inadequate implementation? One consequence of this reappraisal has been an analytic shift away from politically oriented narratives highlighting clashes between Chinese nationalism and Christian universities, student movements, and American efforts to transform China. Instead, attention has shifted to religious, cultural, and educational adaptations as representative of broader trends in globalization and modernization.
Reframing the Yenching Story
Authors: West Philip
Published: March 2011

One way to revisit and reframe the Yenching story is to imagine with a few bold strokes how the conflicting threads in that story are woven into the ironic twists and turns in twentieth-century Chinese-Western relations. Had it not been for the political collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911 and the cultural and spiritual vacuum created in its wake, core Chinese faculty at Yenching and many of the Yenching students might never have been attracted to liberal Christianity and the liberal arts. Had it not been for the extraterritorial protection under the unequal treaties going back to the days of the Opium War, it would not have been possible for the missionary educators to lead in introducing the liberal arts into China. Had it not been for the war with Japan and events leading up to it since World War I, followed later by the Chinese civil war, it would be difficult to explain to Western liberal ears how the patriotic passions of Yenching faculty and students could lead them to adapt as readily as they did to the Communist revolution.
Cultural Mixture: Yenching Students and Missionary Christianity
Authors: Shi Jinghuan
Published: March 2011

Yenching University, one of the most influential institutions in Chinese education in the first half of the twentieth century, also was emblematic of Sino-American cultural interchanges. Its development in the late 1910s and the 1920s coincided with a strong upsurge in national sentiment and anti-Christian movements in China. When the Communist victory and the Korean War brought patriotic anti-American feelings to a peak, the university was deeply shaken and was forced to close its doors. Forty years after its closure, Yenching’s name still arouses memories and fierce unresolved controversies. Both strong critics and defenders of the school need to include the Yenching experience in any discussion of cultural activities between the United States and China in the twentieth century. Yenching is more than a historical interlude, for the Yenching experience sheds light on issues that may influence the future of educational and cultural interactions in Sino-American relations.
Introduction: Transnationalism, Race, and the Links between Asian and Asian American Studies
Authors: Wong K. Scott
Published: March 2011

The three essays that comprise this section of this issue began as conference papers delivered at the annual meeting of the American Historical Association in January 2008, Washington, D.C. The panel was organized by Professor Samuel Yamashita of Pomona College, a longtime advocate of forging links between the fields of Asian Studies and Asian American Studies. In his usual gentle way, Sam Yamashita brought the panelists together, took care of the panel proposal, and then stepped aside and let these younger scholars take the floor. Over drinks after the panel, we all came to realize that Madeline Hsu and Catherine Ceniza Choy had both been students of Sam's as undergraduates. Charles Hayford approached Sam about creating a special issue of this journal based on the panel, and I, as the panel's discussant would serve as guest editor. Charles later suggested that we dedicate this issue to Sam as a token of our appreciation for his scholarship and mentorship. And we do so with great pleasure.
History of Three Mobilizations: A Reexamination of the Chinese Biological Warfare Allegations against the United States in the Korean War
Authors: Chen Shiwei
Published: March 2011

Chinese allegations that the United States used biological weapons against Chinese troops and Korean civilians is one of the most shocking episodes of the Korean War. While the Chinese government repeatedly reprimanded the U.S. government for its uncivilized combat behavior, the U.S. government vigorously issued denials, treating the charges as an extreme propaganda maneuver applied by China in that moment of military crisis, ideological fervor, and political passion. Since then, a huge amount of scholarship has been produced on the allegation.1 None, however, provided a persuasive conclusion on the incident, mainly due to the lack of reliable sources.
Race at the Center: The History of American Cold War Asian Adoption
Authors: Choy Catherine Ceniza
Published: March 2011

In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, international and transracial adoption have become more prominent than ever before. Celebrity culture and mainstream television and film—for example, Angelina Jolie's adoption of a Cambodian boy, an Ethiopian girl, and most recently a Vietnamese boy, and the adoption of a Chinese baby girl by Kristin Davis's character Charlotte York at the conclusion of the iconic HBO sitcom “Sex and the City”—have reflected as well as disseminated new racial sensibilities regarding family formation to the general public. But these sensibilities are not as new as they seem. They have a history. This essay challenges the popular notion that international adoption is an unprecedented facet of current American multiculturalism by connecting it to the international adoption by families in the United States during the Cold War 1950s and 1960s of mixed-race children of Asian women and U.S. servicemen. While histories of adoption have located the origins of Asian international adoption in the post–World War II and post–Korean War periods,2 the original contribution of this essay is to emphasize and to critically explore how the analytical category of race is fundamental to understanding the demographics, discourses, and institutions of earlier Asian international adoption history.
Brokering Race, Culture, and Citizenship: Japanese Americans in Occupied Japan and Postwar National Inclusion
Authors: Azuma Eiichiro
Published: March 2011

Many problems are being solved here, because the nisei boys in uniform are cooperating to the utmost. We are spreading news of democracy … and many other good things of life, which the Japanese people … never knew about … We are planting the seeds for a New Japan under the kind surveillance of the U.S.
Recognition, Deference, and Respect: Generalizing the Lessons of an Asymmetric Asian Order
Authors: Womack Brantly
Published: March 2011

As many distinguished academics and officials have pointed out, the current rise of China is not a completely new phenomenon, but rather the return of China to a position of regional centrality and world economic share that were considered normal less than two hundred years ago.1 This fact underlines the importance of history in putting the present into perspective, and at the same time, to the extent that all history is history of the present, it requires a reevaluation of the structure of China's traditional relationships. Hitherto, China's place in modern social science has been in an exotic corner, a failed oriental despotism. To be sure, traditional China did collapse, and today's China is a different China rising in a different world. We might assume that China is rising now precisely because of its differences from traditional China, that it is the last step toward the end of history rather than a resonance with the past. However, the convenience of such an assumption makes it suspect. If China is simply the latest avatar of Western modernity, then it requires of the West some readjustment, but not rethinking. However, the only certainty about China's rise is that it is a complex phenomenon, and the convenience of constructions such as China-as-Prussia or China-as-Meiji Japan derives from their preemption of open-ended study rather than from their insight into complexity. To the extent that China is China, both past and present require reconsideration.
How the Past Shapes the Present: Five Ways in Which History Affects China's Contemporary Foreign Relations
Authors: Harding Harry
Published: March 2011

The history of China's foreign relations is an interesting and controversial topic in its own right, as the essays in this special issue so amply demonstrate. But it is also central to an understanding of China's contemporary international relations. The history of China's foreign relations is not just a chronicle of the past, but also a set of facts and ideas and images that are alive in the minds of policy-makers and the public today, thereby shaping the present and future of China's relationship with the rest of the world.
Tribute, Asymmetry, and Imperial Formations: Rethinking Relations of Power in East Asia
Authors: Hevia James L.
Published: March 2011

In organizing the conference “History and China's Foreign Relations, ” John Wills set two difficult tasks for the participants. The first was to consider the role of the academy in U.S. policy-making toward China and surmise whether academics were more influential in John Fairbank's day than today. The second involved a consideration of the models or theoretical constructs used for characterizing China's relations with other countries. Although there is much to say about the relation between area studies and the state, my focus will be on the latter topic, models and theories of foreign relations.
Impetus for Immigration Reform: Asian Refugees and the Cold War
Authors: Davis Michael G.
Published: March 2011

Historians of foreign relations rarely consider the issue of immigration policy to be part of their field. Yet, immigration policy has much relevance for the study of the history of recent American foreign policy. The standards by which one nation chooses to admit immigrants can have an important effect on the sensitivities and attitudes of another nation, as was demonstrated in the tension that marked U.S.-Japanese relations after passage of the Asian Exclusion Act in 1924. Moreover, the movement of refugees escaping persecution, war, oppression, discrimination, and natural disasters can have an impact, both positive and negative, on a “receiving” nation’s economy, society, and political stability. In the recent history of the United States, debates over immigration policy have been guided in large part by foreign policy concerns. This is particularly true when considering the postwar debate between the executive branch and Congress about opening America’s doors to Asians.
Anglo-American Rivalry for Military Aviation in Southern China in the 1930s
Authors: Xu Guangqiu
Published: March 2011

In the 1930s, the Nationalist government in Nanking faced two major problems: warlord rebellions and Japan’s invasion. Established in 1928, the Nationalist government led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek exerted power in North China after suppressing the rebellions in that area in 1930, but the local governments in South China maintained their own armies and bases largely directed against this central government. Political divisions and tensions persisted. In May 1931, the Canton authorities rebelled against the Nationalist government, and a new full-scale civil war seemed imminent. The Manchurian Incident and subsequent invasion and occupation of Manchuria by the Japanese Army served to bolster national patriotism against Japan and, in response to public pressure, the Nanking and Canton governments held a series of peace conferences. The Canton government was forced to abolish its “Nationalist Government,” yet Kwangtung and Kwangsi Provinces remained functionally independent of Nanking until 1936.
Mao Zedong’s Perception of the World in 1968–1972: Rationale for the Sino-American Rapprochement
Authors: Cheng Joseph Y. S.
Published: March 2011

The leaders of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) have always been aware that every development in this world affects their country, and they are constantly analyzing and reacting to these developments. The importance of this analysis has already been discussed by John Gittings; and it is this constant analysis that is responsible for the evolution of the PRC leadership’s perceptions of the world on which the foreign policy framework of the PRC is based. Naturally, in this sense, the PRC’s foreign policy is continuously changing because the world is evolving. On the other hand, different interpretations of various developments and different views on priorities may give rise to debates within the PRC leadership. This is particularly so because, as Michael Yahuda pointed out, the authoritative conceptualizations of world developments serve as a very important basis in the foreign policymaking of the PRC.
Foreword
Authors: Iriye Akira , Cohen Warren I.
Published: March 2011

This is an extremely useful bibliography. It lists over two thousand important studies of American–East Asian relations—diplomatic, military, economic, social, and cultural. Anyone interested in these topics will find here a reliable guide to the literature. Charles Hayford, the general editor, and his associates are all scholars who have themselves contributed to the maturing of the study of American–East Asian relations, and they have performed an invaluable service in producing such a carefully crafted volume.
Editor’s Introduction to the Draft Bibliography
Authors: Hayford Charles W.
Published: March 2011

This Draft Bibliography, a special volume of The Journal of American– East Asian Relations, provides a selective, sparingly annotated bibliography of scholarship and public discourse in various media as an introductory guide to relations of all sorts between the United States and Canada, and China, Japan, and Korea, as well as Asian Americans from those countries. That is, it serves as a record of the scholarly field of American–East Asian relations as well as a representation of the public discourse about such relations. The intended audience is not so much research scholars in advanced stages as upper level undergraduates and graduate students in this and other fields, government and organization officials, scholars in the exploratory stage of research, teachers at the secondary level and above, acquisitions and collection librarians, and serious general readers. Our original purpose, which we still have in mind as an eventual book, was a more ambitious Guide to American–East Asian Relations to include Southeast Asia and other relevant topics, as well as a complete set of indexes, and we welcome comments and suggestions for this project based on the present draft.
CHANGE: Climate and Hydrology Academic Network for Governance and the Environment
Authors: Garfin Gregg , Lee Nancy , Magaña Victor , Stewart Ronald , Rolfe J. Terry , McEvoy Jamie
Published: March 2011

No abstract available.
Online Visualization and Analysis of Global Half-Hourly Infrared Satellite Data
Authors: Liu Zhong , Ostrenga Dana , Leptoukh Gregory
Published: March 2011

No Abstract available.
“2100? It Doesn't Keep Me Up at Night!”: Lessons for the Next Generation of Climate Assessments
Authors: Tryhorn Lee , DeGaetano Art
Published: March 2011

No Abstract available.
Anomalous Atmospheric Events Leading to the Summer 2010 Floods in Pakistan
Authors: Houze R. A. , Rasmussen K. L. , Medina S. , Brodzik S. R. , Romatschke U.
Published: March 2011

No abstract available.
Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth
Authors: Mildrexler David J. , Zhao Maosheng , Running Steven W.
Published: March 2011

No Abstract available.
Network Television’s Coverage of the 2008 Presidential Election
Authors: Farnsworth Stephen J. , Lichter S. Robert
Published: March 2011

Content analysis of network evening news coverage of the 2008 presidential election revealed a slight increase in the amount of coverage and a decline in the coverage of policy matters compared to 4 years earlier. Barack Obama received the most positive coverage recorded for any major party nominee on network television since the Center for Media and Public Affairs started analyzing election news content in 1988. The tonal gap between the Democratic and Republican nominees was also the largest recorded over the past six presidential elections. The one-sided coverage on ABC, CBS, and NBC was in sharp contrast to the more uniformly negative coverage of the two candidates during the evening newscasts on Fox News.
The 2008 Republican Nomination: John McCain as the Comeback Kid
Authors: Kenski Henry C.
Published: March 2011

John McCain won a comeback victory against great odds in the 2008 Grand Old Party presidential multicandidate race without a frontrunner. He capitalized on the winner-take-all Republican rules that awarded all of the delegates of a state to the candidate coming in first, even if winning by only a small plurality. Although he trailed several Republicans in money raised and in positive media coverage, he overcame these constraints by a strong leadership message that led to early primary victories. In the end, McCain won 25 of the 41 primaries. Unlike his 2000 campaign, he courted Republican identifiers and ran ahead of both Romney and Huckabee. He was strong among Independents and moderates and trailed only slightly behind Huckabee and Romney among conservatives. McCain was second to Huckabee among evangelical voters and was quite dominant among those voters who were not evangelicals. Ironically, McCain had the highest candidate support from Republicans disillusioned with President Bush. On candidate traits, McCain led on experience, being decisive, and electability. He ranked third behind Huckabee and Romney on “shares my values.” On issues, McCain led on the most salient issue, the economy, and also dominated on Iraq and terrorism, although Romney had an edge on immigration. McCain’s victory underscores that a winning candidate in a multicandidate primary need not be highest or first among all demographic groups, issues, or candidate traits. A winner, however, must be competitive on many factors and dominant on some of them to assure victory. In 2008 John McCain did so and was truly the comeback kid in presidential politics.
Distraction, Exposure Therapy, Counterconditioning, and Topical Anesthetic for Acute Pain Management During Needle Sticks in Children With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Slifer Keith J. , Hankinson Jessica C. , Zettler Melissa A. , Frutchey Robin A. , Hendricks Melissa C. , Ward Cynthia M. , Reesman Jennifer
Published: March 2011

A behavior therapy approach for obtaining cooperation during needle sticks was provided to 8 pediatric patients with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Therapy was provided during mock needle sticks. Hand lotion was applied to simulate topical anesthetic. Distracting activities established relaxation while needle stick materials were gradually introduced. Positive reinforcement was provided for cooperation. Behavioral distress was ignored, blocked, or redirected. After cooperating with mock needle sticks, needle sites were prepared with topical anesthetic (EMLA), then therapists and medical staff implemented the behavioral protocol while completing the actual needle stick(s). Observational measures of cooperation and interfering were obtained. Results were replicated across 8 children and evaluated using paired samples t tests. Initially, all children were uncooperative with needle sticks. With treatment, behavioral distress decreased, and patients cooperated with mock and actual needle sticks. Results support the effectiveness of behavior therapy for promoting cooperation in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities during needle sticks.
How to Improve Teaching Practices
Authors: Thoonen Erik E. J. , Sleegers Peter J. C. , Oort Frans J. , Peetsma Thea T. D. , Geijsel Femke P.
Published: March 2011

Purpose: Although it is expected that building schoolwide capacity for teacher learning will improve teaching practices, there is little systematic evidence to support this claim. This study aimed to examine the relative impact of transformational leadership practices, school organizational conditions, teacher motivational factors, and teacher learning on teaching practices. Research Design: Data were collected from a survey of 502 teachers from 32 elementary schools in the Netherlands. A structural model was tested on the within-school covariance matrix and a chi-square test taking into account nonindependence of observations. Findings: Results suggest that teachers’ engagement in professional learning activities, in particular experimenting and reflection, is a powerful predictor for teaching practices. Teachers’ sense of self-efficacy appeared to be the most important motivational factor for explaining teacher learning and teaching practices. Motivational factors also mediate the effects of school organizational conditions and leadership practices on teacher learning and teaching practices. Finally, transformational leadership practices stimulate teachers’ professional learning and motivation and improve school organizational conditions. Conclusions: For school leaders, to foster teacher learning and improve teaching practices a combination of transformational leadership behaviors is required. Further research is needed to examine the relative effects of transformational leadership dimensions on school organizational conditions, teacher motivation, and professional learning in schools. Finally, conditions for school improvement were examined at one point in time. Longitudinal studies to school improvement are required to model changes in schools’ capacities and growth and their subsequent effects on teaching practices.
Physical activity among older people and related factors
Authors: Persson Ann , While Alison
Published: March 2011

Objective: To investigate the duration, intensity and type of physical activity undertaken by people aged 60 years and over in relation to their reported levels of participation in social activities and their perceptions of their neighbourhood.

Design: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of older people attending two luncheon and eight social clubs in two London boroughs.

Methods: The questionnaires were distributed to volunteers and sought information on the following topics: physical and social activities undertaken, perceived health and weight status, views about local amenities and neighbourhood, and demographic data.

Results: The sample comprised 225 adults aged 60 years and over (response rate: 88.6 per cent; mean age 75.0 years; 76.7 per cent women). Only 20.8 per cent of the sample met the recommended levels of physical activity if heavy housework and heavy gardening were not included, rising to 48.0 per cent when these activities were included. Reported good health status was strongly associated with higher levels of physical activity although physical activity significantly declined with advancing age. Living in an area with good recreational facilities and taking part in social entertainment were significantly associated with being physically active at the recommended levels.

Conclusions: Good health status is associated with levels of physical activity in older people. Heavy housework is an important physical activity and provides an activity for maintaining functional independence in old age.
Knowledge about HIV and AIDS among young South Africans in the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province
Authors: Melwa Irene T , Oduntan Olalekan A
Published: March 2011

Objective: To assess the basic knowledge about HIV and AIDS among young South Africans in the Capricorn District of Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Design: A questionnaire-based cohort study, involving data collection from senior high school students.

Setting: Randomly selected high schools in the Capricorn District, Limpopo Province, South Africa.

Method: Following university research and ethics approvals and permissions from government officials and school principals, consent forms were completed by systematically selected students and their parents or guardians. Questionnaires were distributed to the students in classrooms after school hours and were collected the same day after completion.

Results: Many of the participants (64 per cent) knew what the acronym HIV stands for and 66 per cent knew what AIDS stands for. However, only 33 per cent could explain the difference between HIV negative and positive. Many knew that unprotected sex and mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy (85 and 63 per cent respectively) were modes of HIV transmission. Only two (0.1 per cent) of the participants could define the term ‘window period’. The majority (86 per cent) agreed that it is important to know one’s HIV status; however, only 6 per cent could explain why this is important. Many (66 per cent) indicated that traditional healers could not be consulted for diagnosis of HIV.

Conclusion: Participants exhibited good knowledge on certain questions but performed poorly on others, suggesting the need for more awareness campaigns on the basics of HIV/AIDS among young South Africans.
Neighborhood Disadvantage, Network Social Capital, and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Haines Valerie A. , Beggs John J. , Hurlbert Jeanne S.
Published: March 2011

Research on why neighborhood disadvantage matters for health focuses on the capacity of neighborhoods to regulate residents’ behavior through informal social control. The authors extend this research by conducting a multilevel analysis of data from a 1995 telephone survey of 497 residents of 32 neighborhoods in a U.S. city. The authors find that network social capital mediates the contextual effect of neighborhood disadvantage on depressive symptoms and that health effects of network social capital persist when perceived neighborhood disorder, a standard indicator of low informal social control, is controlled for. The findings demonstrate the value of a conceptualization and measurement of network social capital that (1) considers ties that transcend neighborhood boundaries, (2) investigates health benefits of network social capital in the forms of closure and embedded support resources and range and embedded instrumental resources, and (3) uses network data on specific network members with strong and weak ties to respondents.
Understanding Discrepancies in Rater Judgement on National-Level Oral Examination Tasks
Authors: Ang-Aw Hui Teng , Chuen Meng Goh Christine
Published: March 2011

The oral examination is an important component of the high-stakes ‘O’ Level examination in Singapore taken by 16-17 year olds whose first language may or may not be English. In spite of this, there has been sparse research into the examination. This paper reports findings of an exploratory study which attempted to determine whether there were any discrepancies in rater judgements and thereafter, explore the nature and scope of the discrepancies identified. Four audio recordings were obtained from a simulated oral examination of four candidates conducted by a trained ‘O’ Level oral examiner. Seven other trained ‘O’ Level oral examiners were asked to rate the recordings individually and provide concurrent verbal reports. Questionnaires were also given to the raters for data triangulation after the verbalization. The data were analysed through Verbal Protocol Analysis and descriptive statistics. Rater discrepancies detected in the scores were qualitatively determined to be due to four differences: emphases on factors assessed, constructs of oral proficiency, rater interpretations and approaches in assessment. These findings provide valuable insights into raters’ perceptions of the construct of speaking and offer implications for rater training and the development of rating scales.
Primary EFL Teachers’ Technology Use in China: Patterns and Perceptions
Authors: Guofang Li  , Xiaopeng Ni
Published: March 2011

Drawing on survey data, this paper examines the patterns and perceptions of technology use by primary EFL teachers in China. Findings suggest that although Chinese EFL teachers hold positive attitudes toward the value of technology for teaching and learning, they use technology mainly for teacher-centered purposes, such as teaching preparation and instructional delivery, and seldom utilize technology for student-centered activities. Factors constraining student-oriented technological use in early EFL instruction include teacher-center pedagogical practices and lack of effective professional development that focuses on instructional design and technology integration. These findings suggest that China must redirect its effort to promote teacher conceptual and pedagogical change in integrating technology in early EFL instruction and emphasize alignment among technology, curriculum, and pedagogy in EFL teaching.
Study on Magnetic and Physical Mechanical Properties of NBR Composites Filled with Nano-Sro.6Fe2O3
Authors: Qilei Wang  , Fengyu Yang  , Qian Yang  , Hongyan Guan  , Junhui Chen  , Bin Zhao
Published: March 2011

In this study, we used nano-SrO.6Fe2O3 particles as modified filler to prepare nitrile butadiene rubber/SrO.6Fe2O 3 composites. Surface microstructure of the composites was observed using scanning electron microscope, the distribution of nano-SrO.6Fe 2O3 particles was measured by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and magnetic properties of the composites were tested by a U5-10 magnetizer. The results showed that nano-SrO.6Fe2O3 particles were closely inosculated with nitrile butadiene rubber and well distributed in the nitrile butadiene rubber matrix. With adding different mass fractions of nano-SrO.6Fe2O3, stress at 300% definite elongation, maximum elongation, and tensile strength of the composites were slightly decreased, but shore A hardness of the composites was markedly improved. Magnetic properties of the composites were uncorrelated to the degree of scatter of nano-SrO.6Fe2O3 particles, and relied only on mass fraction of nano-SrO.6Fe2O3 particles. The nitrile butadiene rubber/SrO.6Fe2O3 composites have good soft magnetism performance, which laid the foundation for further application of the composites.
Reserve Identities: What Are They? And Do They Matter? An Empirical Examination
Authors: Griffith James
Published: March 2011

Identities of reservists, primarily those of the U.S. military, are examined in the context of identity theory. In the current study, previously acknowledged identities of reservists are reliably measured and are shown to have construct validity. Scales were constructed from items on a previous survey of National Guard members ( N = 1,256). Survey data were then used to establish scale reliability, both exploratory factor analysis and internal reliability. Scales had construct validity: Scale scores supported hypotheses derived from identity theory concerning relationships among identities, attitudes, and behavioral intentions. The importance of reserve identities to recruitment, retention, and readiness, including adaptability to deployment stressors is discussed. Identities also have implications for the broader issue of civilian−military relations.
Domestic Support for Wars
Authors: Canan-Sokullu Ebru Ş.
Published: March 2011

This study examines the differences recorded in transatlantic relations from the viewpoint of mass public opinion in the United States of America, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom concerning military engagements in the post-Cold War era, namely the Kosovo (1999), Afghanistan (2001), and Iraqi (2003) wars. Theoretically, this study builds upon the analysis of the “domestic support for wars” from three mainstream theories of public opinion concerning the use of force; namely, the “principal policy objectives,” “ends and means calculus,” and the “leadership effect.” It also offers a multidimensional approach by introducing a number of variables such as risk, halo effect, multilateral participation, legitimacy, escalation, and self-defence concerning wars. Taking a comprehensive view of the existing polling data on public opinion (1998–2004) an aggregate analytical method is devised and a quantitative analysis of the aggregate polling data is employed to map out correlations between trends in warfare and trends in domestic support for wars.
Out of the Woods
Authors: Salem Philip , Shields Patricia M.
Published: March 2011

In “Into the Woods,” Karen Evans describes an increasingly hollow public administration environment that is shaped by a misplaced quest for efficiency. She looks to the pragmatism of John Dewey as a way to remedy the situation. This article extends her analysis by linking pragmatism to reflective thought, inquiry, nonlinear dynamics, and communication theories. Finally, a few suggestions for how to more fully take pragmatism to the PA workplace are discussed.
Self-Verification as a Mediator of Mothers’ Self-Fulfilling Effects on Adolescents’ Educational Attainment
Authors: Scherr Kyle C. , Madon Stephanie , Guyll Max , Willard Jennifer , Spoth Richard
Published: March 2011

This research examined whether self-verification acts as a general mediational process of self-fulfilling prophecies. The authors tested this hypothesis by examining whether self-verification processes mediated self-fulfilling prophecy effects within a different context and with a different belief and a different outcome than has been used in prior research. Results of longitudinal data obtained from mothers and their adolescents ( N = 332) indicated that mothers’ beliefs about their adolescents’ educational outcomes had a significant indirect effect on adolescents’ academic attainment through adolescents’ educational aspirations. This effect, observed over a 6-year span, provided evidence that mothers’ self-fulfilling effects occurred, in part, because mothers’ false beliefs influenced their adolescents’ own educational aspirations, which adolescents then self-verified through their educational attainment. The theoretical and applied implications of these findings are discussed.
Geographic and Product Diversification in Charitable Organizations
Authors: Kistruck Geoffrey M. , Qureshi Israr , Beamish Paul W.
Published: March 2011

The diversification of firms into new geographic and product markets has received a tremendous amount of attention in the field of management. Charities, on the other hand, have garnered attention among management scholars primarily as social influencers on multinational corporations. However, over the past half-century, charities have become significant diversified entities in and of themselves. At their core, both charitable and for-profit organizations are bundles of routines that struggle to deal with administrative issues related to institutional isomorphism, organizational slack, and resource dependency. However, from a contextual standpoint, one of the primary mechanisms by which the diversification of charities impacts efficiency is the transaction costs associated with seeking out and maintaining external resources from donors in addition to charities’ internal set of capabilities and routines. Using panel data involving 3,616 charities over a five-year period, the authors’ findings suggest that while the main relationship between geographic diversification and efficiency is U shaped in nature, the main relationship between product diversification and efficiency is inverted U shaped. From an interaction perspective, the authors’ results also suggest that while charities that maintain lower levels of product diversification follow a similar U-shaped curve as they increasingly diversify into new regions, this curve is inverted for charities that are engaged in unrelated types of product diversification. Therefore, the study suggests that the extent to which one type of diversification produces positive or negative efficiencies depends significantly on the level of the other type of diversification. Such findings have theoretical implications for both the charitable and for-profit sectors.
Estimating the State-by-State Economic Impacts of a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Attack
Authors: Lee Bumsoo , Park Jiyoung , Gordon Peter , Moore James E. , Richardson Harry W.
Published: March 2011

The agricultural sector is highly vulnerable to bioterrorism attacks with the potential for severe economic consequences. This article presents estimates of state-by-state total economic impacts of a hypothetical agroterrorism attack that uses foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) pathogens, which is one of the most contagious animal diseases and can be easily weaponized. The authors estimate the economic impacts across the U.S. states by applying the National Interstate Economic Model (NIEMO), a multiregional input output (MRIO) model. Total economic impacts range from $23 billion to $34 billion. The overwhelming sources of the losses are due to domestic and international demand cuts. The results of this research highlight the point that the economic impacts are nationwide, regardless of the location of the attack because of large-scale export losses.
Bidirectional Shaping and Spaces of Convergence
Authors: Chow-White Peter A. , García-Sancho Miguel
Published: March 2011

This article proposes a new bi-directional way of understanding the convergence of biology and computing. It argues for a reciprocal interaction in which biology and computing have shaped and are currently reshaping each other. In so doing, we qualify both the view of a natural marriage and of a digital shaping of biology, which are common in the literature written by scientists, STS, and communication scholars. The DNA database is at the center of this interaction. We argue that DNA databases are spaces of convergence for computing and biology that change in form, meaning, and function from the 1960s to the 2000s. The first part of the article shows how, in the 1980s, DNA sequencing shifted from passively incorporating computers to be increasingly modeled in digital coding and decoding. Information retrieval algorithms, reciprocally, were altered according to the peculiarities of DNA in the first sequence-storage databases. The second part of the article investigates the impact of these reciprocal interactions and globalization on the organization of research centers, ways of conducting big science, and scientific values. Through convergence and new technologies such as data mining, biology and computing were transformed technologically, institutionally, and culturally into a new bio-data enterprise called genomics.