bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recomendaciones para el diagnóstico, clasificación y el manejo de la urticaria
Authors: Mejía Giovanni Sedó , Rodríguez Adrián Yong , Masís Osvaldo Monge , Matlock Benjamín Hidalgo
Published: March 2021

La urticaria es la aparición súbita de habones en la piel con o sin angioedema, es una enfermedad con un curso benigno, pero con un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de quien la padece; se trata de una entidad relativamente común, desencadenada por varios gatillos, muchas veces reconocibles con una buena historia clínica, sin embargo, en la mayoría de los casos estos son desconocidos, como en la urticaria crónica. Su fisiopatología está mediada por una respuesta inmune y su tratamiento es sintomático con antihistamínicos, aunque en ocasiones se debe recurrir a inmunomoduladores.
La investigación clínica en Costa Rica se encuentra en un punto crítico: aplicación actual de la “Ley Reguladora de Investigación Biomédica”
Authors: Mora María del Rosario Espinoza
Published: March 2021

La investigación es una parte inherente de la vida humana y constituye la base del avance y del desarrollo, pues nos permite comprender y aprender nuevos conceptos, aparte de optimizar los ya existentes. Estudiamos una profesión para ser especialistas o expertos en una determinada materia, y al final de un largo proceso de aprendizaje, hemos adquirido las habilidades y la experiencia para crear conocimiento propio. Dicho conocimiento debe compartirse para que otros también puedan aprender, dudar, comprobar y mejorar. En la etología, la ciencia del comportamiento animal, existe una clasificación que diferencia seres que aprenden ejecutando y seres que aprenden observando a otros. La inteligencia superior es aquella que permite aprender de otros y representa una característica definitoria del ser humano. En este sentido, la supervivencia, capacidad de adaptación y superioridad de nuestra especie se han basado en la conservación y la repartición del ingenio y del conocimiento.
Trombosis en paciente pediátrico con osteosarcoma
Authors: Rodríguez Yendry Jiménez , Muñoz Karla Garita , Solera Danny Ugalde
Published: March 2021

Paciente masculino de 12 años, con cuadro de 2 meses de evolución de dolor en cadera derecha y claudicación, con circulación colateral abdominal y edema de miembro inferior derecho al examen físico, con radiografías de pelvis que muestran masa en cresta iliaca derecha; ultrasonido de abdomen y miembro inferior derecho (con doppler  ) con masa en cresta iliaca derecha asociada a trombo oclusivo total de vena iliaca común derecha, hasta vena cava inferior en su desembocadura en aurícula derecha; además, tomografía de tórax con múltiples vasos de circulación colateral con extenso trombo en la vena cava inferior, que se extiende a la aurícula derecha, cruzando la válvula tricúspide e insinuándose en el ventrículo derecho, con múltiples nódulos pulmonares bilaterales, que por sus características, son altamente sugestivos de lesiones metastásicas, y tomografía de pelvis que muestra extensa lesión infiltrante del hueso iliaco derecho, la cual compromete la totalidad del hueso hasta la altura del techo acetabular. Además, se documenta masa de tejido blando que desplaza músculos adyacentes, estructuras vasculares y vísceras de la pelvis hacia la izquierda, con patrón blástico, con áreas líticas que comprometen el aspecto lateral derecho de S3 y S4, encontrándose también infiltradas por la neoplasia. Debido al patrón de destrucción ósea y aspecto morfológico del trombo, se desaconseja trombectomía, y se realiza biopsia tumoral, con reporte de osteosarcoma; se inicia quimioterapia.
Sangrado espontáneo masivo en adulto conocido sano
Authors: Murillo Alberto J. Alfaro , Ramírez Carlos Dobles , Segura Donato A. Salas
Published: March 2021

Se reporta el caso de un paciente que presentó de manera espontánea diátesis hemorrágica, sin tener causa alguna aparente que lo justificase. Tal diátesis hemorrágica forja un amplio apartado de posibilidades diagnósticas en cuanto a trastornos de la coagulación del adulto se refiere, en el contexto de un paciente conocido sano que nunca ha presentado episodios de sangrado mayor y debuta con hemorragias de forma masiva. Entre las muchas posibilidades diagnósticas se encuentra una poco conocida: la hemofilia adquirida. La hemofilia adquirida es un trastorno infrecuente de la hemostasia, caracterizado por la presencia de inhibidores adquiridos de los factores de la coagulación, en el plasma del paciente enfermo. Los inhibidores adquiridos son anticuerpos que a su vez podrían ser de tipo aloanticuerpos o autoanticuerpos. Los aloanticuerpos se desarrollan en pacientes deficitarios per se  de factores de la coagulación, en respuesta a la terapia de sustitución de factores, lo que complica su tratamiento. Por su parte, los autoanticuerpos se desarrollan en sujetos sin defectos previos; son anticuerpos específicos contra un factor de la coagulación, afectando o no su función, alterando una o varias etapas de las vías de la coagulación. El caso que aquí se presenta es de un paciente masculino de 58 años, quien se presentó con sangrado espontáneo masivo y a quien se diagnosticó hemofilia adquirida por la presencia de autoanticuerpo específico del factor VIII.
Patología/defensa en medicina evolutiva
Authors: Costarricense Acta Médica
Published: March 2021

La medicina evolutiva o darwiniana es la disciplina que trata de entender por qué la selección natural ha dejado al organismo vulnerable a las enfermedades. Selección natural es la eliminación de características deletéreas y la conservación de adaptaciones. Explicaciones para la vulnerabilidad son: 1) la selección natural maximiza la reproducción aún a expensas de la salud, 2) desajustes genético-culturales, o sea, ambientes modernos actuando sobre un genoma que evolucionó en otros ambientes, 3) restricciones en cuanto a lo que puede hacer la selección natural, 4) coevolución con patógenos en que la tasa de reproducción y respuesta a las intervenciones antropogénicas de los microorganismos patógenos siempre irá más adelante que la capacidad de respuesta evolutiva de los humanos, 5) trade-offs* inherentes a la selección natural, tales como beneficios en edades reproductivas al precio de enfermedad a edades mayores, 6) defensas que son útiles, no obstante tener complicaciones y causar sufrimiento. Aunque las seis explicaciones están en mayor o menor grado relacionadas, en el presente ensayo vamos a referirnos a esta última explicación.
Sistema de infusión intratecal implantable para el tratamiento del dolor refractario por cáncer
Authors: Valdy Gabriel Carvajal , Duporion Denis
Published: March 2021

El cáncer es la segunda causa de muerte en Costa Rica y un alto porcentaje de pacientes con cáncer tiene dolor producto de su enfermedad. Diferentes estrategias permiten ofrecer alivio del dolor en aquellos casos de altacomplejidad en los que el manejo médico no cumpla las metas de tratamiento. Se presenta un caso de un paciente con cáncer de esófago y dolor  severo por cáncer refractario a manejo médico comprehensivo, por lo cual se ofreció tratamiento con terapia combinada (morfina, ziconotide, ropivacaína), mediante un sistema implantable de analgesia intratecal. Esta estrategia permitió obtener rápidamente un adecuado y sostenido control del dolor asociado a una mejoría de la funcionalidad del paciente. Se discuten los hallazgos clínicos y los estudios de imagen.En este caso la analgesia intratecal demostró ser una opción eficaz para tratar adecuadamente el dolor, en el contexto de un paciente con dolor severo por cáncer refractario a manejo médico comprehensivo. Es necesaria una aproximación multimodal del tratamiento del dolor y considerar esta técnica mínimamente invasiva en casos complejos de dolor por cáncer.
Carrera docente en la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social
Authors: Sotelo Oswaldo Gutiérrez
Published: March 2021

La calidad en la formación del recurso humano en medicina sigue deteriorándose en el país, a pesar de más de una década de evaluaciones, advertencias y propuestas emitidas en múltiples foros. Se han señalado irregularidades en algunas universidades e insuficiente gestión de instituciones como el CONESUP o el SINAES, sin embargo, el aspecto más grave del problema es el nombramiento de los profesionales que laboran en los hospitales de la Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social como docentes independientes de diferentes universidades, dentro de un mismo servicio. La cohabitación de diversas facultades de  medicina, no solo ha generado diferentes estándares de calidad -lo cual repercute en la buena atención para los pacientes-, sino que, cada “profesor”, al tener asignados un número de estudiantes, genera hacinamiento de muchachos hasta en los pasillos, o lo que es peor, los devuelven a sus casas, por falta de espacio. Los que quedan deben repartirse, entre todos, las rotaciones, confección de historias clínicas e ingreso a sala de operaciones; pero solo existe capacidad logística para exigir estos objetivos docentes a una fracción de ellos. Además, claro, del acoso que deben soportar los pacientes hospitalizados a quienes les realizan variasveces su historia clínica, o sufren la presencia de múltiples estudiantes en  situaciones que comprometen la seguridad o la intimidad del enfermo o enferma, lo que es mucho más angustiante, cuando se trata de menores de edad o de mujeres gestantes.
Incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de tiroides en Costa Rica 1990-2014
Authors: Meza Raquel Rivera , Meza Ronald Evans , Carrión Roger Bonilla , Porras Alexander Muñoz
Published: March 2021

Justificación y objetivo: determinar la incidencia y mortalidad del cáncer de tiroides en Costa Rica 1990-2014.Metodología: investigación descriptiva observacional de corte transversal. El estudio fue realizado en los costarricenses con diagnóstico (7 265 casos nuevos) y muerte (382 defunciones) de cáncer de tiroides, en el periodo 1990-2014. La información se obtuvo de las bases de datos del Centro Centroamericano de la Población, el Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censo y el Registro Nacional de Tumores, usando los códigos de Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades 9 y 10. Se hace el cálculo de tasas ajustadas por 100 000 habitantes, porcentajes y años de vida potencialmente perdidos.
Immunotolerance induction in a pediatric hemophilic patient in Costa Rica
Authors: Moreno Adriana Porras , Solera Danny Ugalde
Published: March 2021

Hemophilia A is an X – linked bleeding disorder. It can be treated with Factor VIII prophylaxis or on demand treatment. Most countries in the world use prophylaxis as it is less expensive than treating patients when they are bleeding. The production of factor VIII inhibitors is the most common and serious complication of the treatment. Immune tolerance induction (ITI) is the only option of treatment when patients develop inhibitors proven to be successful to eradicate this condition, therefore decreasing inhibitors and costs. A case of a successful immune tolerance induction with low doses of factor VIII (FVIII) in a pediatric patient with severe hemophilia A and FVIII inhibitors is presented. Even though inmunotolerance has been practice before in our country, a case like this has never been published.
Estudio comparativo sobre las causas de mortalidad entre personas con trastorno bipolar y una muestra control en Costa Rica entre 1995 y 2005
Authors: Pacheco Margarita Ramírez , Trejos Sophie Ouabbou , Cartín María Fernanda Francis , García Eduardo Fournier
Published: March 2021

Justificación: el trastorno afectivo bipolar afecta entre un 1 % y un 2 % de la población mundial. Se ha descrito que se acompaña de un aumento en la mortalidad por causas tanto violentas como no violentas. Existen pocos estudios en el país acerca de las causas de muerte en esta población. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las causas de muerte de personas con trastorno afectivo bipolar y compararlas con las de controles sanos.Métodos: de los sujetos con trastorno afectivo bipolar previamente reclutados para estudios genéticos del Centro de Investigación en Biología Celular y Molecular de la UCR, se seleccionó a las 154 personas que habían fallecido entre1993 y 2005. Se eligieron 154 controles apareados por sexo, que hubiesen  nacido y fallecido en el mismo periodo que el sujeto, con una diferencia no mayor a tres meses. El análisis estadístico consistió en una prueba exacta de Fisher con 1000 simulaciones del valor de p con Monte Carlo. Resultados: de los 154 sujetos, un 50 % (n=77) fueron mujeres. No hubo diferencia en la causa de muerte entre sexos. Se encontró diferencia significativa en las principales causas de muerte entre casos y controles (p<0,05). Se observó una diferencia significativa en las categorías de “lesiones autoinflingidas” (χ2 (1)=11.0, p<0,05) y “cáncer” (χ2(1)= 4,1, p= 0,04). No se documentó diferencia en enfermedad cardiovascular (χ2(1)=0,3, p= 0,61), neumonía (χ2(1)=3,1, p= 0,07) y accidentes (χ2(1)= 2,0, p= 0,16).Conclusión: como se ha documentado en bibliografía internacional, las lesiones autoinfligidas son la causa de muerte de mayor importancia en la población afectada con trastorno afectivo bipolar.
Guido Miranda Gutiérrez: Pilar de la seguridad social Costarricense
Authors: Antillón Juan Jaramillo
Published: March 2021

Conocí a mi maestro y luego amigo en septiembre de 1961, cuando me presenté al concurso para realizar el internado en el Hospital Calderón Guardia. Desde ese día pude captar “la fuerza vital” que emanaba el Dr. Miranda, quien, como dice el filósofo Nietzche, era de esas personas que tenía un mandamiento “atrévete a ser lo que eres”, él, desde niño y joven y lleno de aspiraciones como audaz aventurero, no tenía temor a las dificultades, se realizaba superándolas y estas a su vez le ayudaron a desarrollar al máximo sus grandes capacidades personales. Con los años, sus aspiraciones se llenaron de realizaciones en Medicina y en esa área que el tanto quería, como era la seguridad social del país.
Seguridad de la sedación con propofol administrado por gastroenterólogos en endoscopia digestiva
Authors: Quesada Wagner Ramírez , Monge Farhad Rezvani , Martínez Doris Dávila , Madrigal Jorge Vargas
Published: March 2021

Se hizo un estudio retrospectivo en el cual se revisaron los expedientes de 1135 pacientes sometidos a endoscopias digestivas diagnósticas y terapéuticas, en el período comprendido entreenero de 2016 y marzo de 2017. Los pacientes se organizaron por su: edad, género, clasificación de riesgo de la Sociedad Americana de Anestesiólogos, indicación para la endoscopia, y dosis utilizada de propofol. Se registraron los efectos adversos asociados al uso de Propofol, tales como: episodios de hipoxemia transitoria, complicaciones cardiopulmonares serias y muerte.
Deficiencia de vitamina B 12: una presentación atípica
Authors: Barrantes Katherine Bolaños , Figuls Daniela Mora , Bratti María Paz León
Published: March 2021

La importancia de la detección de la deficiencia de vitamina B12 radica en que es una causa reversible de fallo de medula ósea y desmielinización del sistema nervioso. Se puede presentar en hallazgos de laboratorio con datos de hemólisis con recuento reticulocitario disminuido, a diferencia otras formas de anemia hemolítica. La degeneración combinada subaguda medular es una manifestación atípica de la deficiencia de cobalamina; se trata de un proceso desmielinizante asociado a muerte neuronal, que se manifiesta en individuos con niveles muy bajos de esta vitamina y con síntomas inicialmente neurológicos, como parestesias en extremidades y debilidad generalizadaSe reporta el caso de una paciente femenina de 35 años, con hemólisis asociada a bicitopenia, manejada con altas dosis de esteroides sin mejoría clínica, que luego consultó por cuadro de 2 meses de evolución de parestesias e inestabilidad de la marcha. Al examen físico se documentó marcha atáxica, Romberg positivo y estudios de laboratorio que revelaron anemia megaloblástica con datos de hemolisis y reticulocitos disminuidos.
Evaluation of Anthelmintic properties of Sesbania grandiflora Pers. (Kathurumurunga) against larvae of Toxocara canis and Haemonchus contortus – In Vitro Study
Authors: Ediriweera ERHSS
Published: March 2021

Sesbania grandiflora is a slender tree. It is a common garden plant in Sri Lanka, which grows well in mid and low country. In Sri Lanka, Sesbania grandiflora is used as a home remedy, in treatment of worm infections in humans. Toxocara canis is a helminth parasite infecting dogs and other canids. It also causes toxocariasis in humans. Haemonchus contortus is a nematode that infects goats and causes anaemia, marked reduction in growth and reproduction, and even death. Using this information, in vitro larvae migratory inhibition assay was carried out on Toxocara canis and Haemonchus contortus larve. This study revealed 98.1% and 94.3% larvae migration inhibition with larvae of Toxocara canis and Haemonchus contortus respectively. Least number of migrated larvae was observed in the positive control Levamisole and all the larvae were dead after migration. In decoction of S.grandiflora, all the migrated Toxocara larvae were dead and Haemonchus larvae were dead or in Grade1 (inactive but occasional movement can be observed) condition. Inhibition of Toxocara larval migration and Haemonchus larval migration with decoction of Sesbania grandiflora and Levamisole are statically significant (p < 0.05). Since mean of LMI (larval migration inhibition) of Levamisole is greater than mean of LMI of Sesbania grandiflora with both larvae, Levamisole is more effective than Sesbania grandiflora. Based on these findings, the aqueous extract of leaves of Sesbania grandiflora is shows a statistically significant anthelmintic activity in in-vitro model.
Ayurvedic Management of Interstitial Lung Disease : A Case Report
Authors: Dr.Minal Shashikumar Vaidya  , Shinde Vd.Ashwin Prakash , Vaidya Vd. Mugdha Aveenash
Published: March 2021

Interstitial Lung Diseases(ILD) are a group of diffuse parenchymal lung disorders, most of which cause progressive scarring of lung tissue associated with substantial morbidity and mortality as the scarring in ILD eventually affects the ability to breathe and get enough oxygen into the blood- stream. Prolonged ILD may result in pulmonary fibrosis. As there is no definite treatment for the disease, it has remained a great problem for the patients. Several conventional treatment modalities are in existence but not much comprehensive. Though the permanent cure for the disease is not available but Ayurveda can provide cost-effective and conveniently the better treatment which relieves the symptoms to a good extent and improves the quality of life of the diseased. In this article, a case study presented on a case of ILD. A 63 years old female, diagnosed case of ILD, attended Kayachikita OPD , with chief complaint of breathlessness since 2018 but severe from 1 month. Patient got admitted in IPD and treated on the Ayurvedic principles. At the time of discharge, symptomatic relief was found in breathlessness, effectiveness in FEV1( Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 sec)and also maitained saturation , but no significant changes in X-Ray Chest was observed after treatment.
Using the Integrated Developmental Model of Supervision in a Vocational Counseling Setting
Authors: Garza Viviana
Published: March 2021

This paper proposes a concept of supervision at a vocational counseling setting. Using the Integrated Developmental Model with triadic supervision for trainees employed at YGS Placement Service agency will facilitate client welfare and counselor in training development. Along with supervision comes evaluating and assessing trainees' competence. Using the Counseling Competency Scale, the Supervisee Levels Questionnaire-Revised, and reflective journaling will benefit the supervision experience. Determining the level of development of trainees using the integrated development model is the first step to organize and plan the supervision meetings.

Keywords: integrated developmental model, triadic supervision, vocational counseling, trainee, clinical supervision
FLEXIBILITY OF DIGITAL MEDIA FOR MANIPULATIVE ACTIVITIES OF SEXUAL PREDATORS
Authors: BJELAJAC ŽELJKO , FILIPOVIĆ ALEKSANDAR
Published: March 2021

The Internet has undoubtedly become a dynamic and sublime tool of communication. It gives us the freedom to create and maintain contacts with individuals and groups from all over the world, to cooperate, socialize and exchange information, content and experiences. At the same time, nowadays it is almost impossible to imagine an internet business or presentation without a presence on social networks / media. These are online web services that open unlimited spaces for users for various forms of communication and personal promotion. Some of the most popular social networks that are especially receptive to most users from global spaces are: Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, Google+, LinkedIn, TikTok… By the way, on most social networks, the presence is free. Digital media have the capacity to inform visitors in the most efficient and practical way about important events, current campaigns and innovations related to the business, products or services offered, with the quality content of the texts they manifest. Also, their significant impact is reflected in the domain of education and / or providing certain advice. In addition to colossal achievements and obvious positive sides, with the advent of the Internet and digital media, sexual predators have been given a new field / playground, in which to establish contacts with others (often with children). In this digital environment, they manipulatively lurk and recruit potential victims for various forms of abuse and sexual exploitation.
An update of the nutritional situation in eastern Algeria
Authors: Bencharif Meriem , Sersar Ibrahim , Touati-Mecheri Djamila , Agli Abdelnacer , Oulamara Hayet
Published: March 2021

The nutritional and epidemiological transitions have changed the way of life for Algerians. It is observed in their nutritional status, eating behavior, and health status. Overweight and obesity are present at all ages of life. This complex problem includes many factors related to the risk of developing, at an older age, non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The nutritional situation of children under 5 years remains a concern of low birth weight, low prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, stunting growth, and underweight. Nutritional deficiencies, mainly in micronutrients, persist in different age groups especially in pregnant and lactating women reflecting the consequences of a poor diet characterized by low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and higher consumption of fatty products as well as sweet having high energy density. The issue of food and nutritional security remains an important issue. Despite the persistent nutritional problems, the level of food security indicators show that the country is not exposed to food insecurity, but dependency on food imports remains quite high. The living conditions in rural areas must be improved in order to strengthen the agricultural sector which must be able to meet the needs of the population. Updating and analyzing the nutritional situation using existing data will enable the strategies put in place by national and international organizations to be implemented.
An Analysis on Impact of Lockdown on Working Women
Authors: Rana Sarita
Published: March 2021

Work from home during lockdown has become the need of the hour. Due to challenge posed by pandemic covid-19, work from home was the only option to continue business as well as job of the employees. Work from home is equally applicable to men and women, but the problem faced by women is acute as the women are expected to take care of household work and family responsibilities. quality time has been complimented when it is talked about work-life balance. The problem of the work and householdpressure has increased the difficulty of women. This study with the sample size of 120 working women was conducted to analyze the effect of lockdown on working women, to find out the difficulties and challenges faced by them and to explore the positive impact of lockdown. The data was collected from respondent through well designed questionnaire. After analyzing, results show that the women have been able to get time for themselves and the family too and are found contented.
SOCIAL MEDIA : YOUNGSTER’S AFFINITY AND ITS IMPACT ON E-COMMERCE
Authors: Selvi V. Darling , Kalarani D
Published: March 2021

Social media are interactive computer-mediated technologies that facilitate the creation
or sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via
virtual communities and networks. Social media has offered a new platform for peer
pressure with both positive and negative communication. From Face book comments to likes on Instagram, how the youth communicate and what is socially acceptable is now heavily based on social media. It’ growth drifts reflect that more and more students of different age groups and educational levels are catching on and using social networking platforms. In parallel, demands and realistic expectations of youngsters or university students in an age of digital social media are enormously changing at a rapid pace. Researcher made an attempt to study the various aspects and statistcs related to Internet and social media its penetration, users etc. Researcher also study about
the impact of Social Media on E-Commerce. Researcher made an attempt to study the various aspects and statistcs related to Internet and social media its penetration, users etc. Researcher also study about the impact of Social Media on E-Commerce. A sample of one hundred and twenty-five persons was taken for study from Tirunelveli District and the opinion of the youngsters was collected regarding the social media with the help of an Interview Schedule. The data collected were analyzed with the help of percentage analysis, one-way ANOVAs, one sample pair test, and independent chi-square. The researcher used IBM-SPSS version20 software for analysis and interpretation of data. ANOVAs test concluded that there are no significant differences in the opinion of the respondents of different age groups in Academia.edu, face book, Google+, snap
chat, YouTube, twitter and so on. It is suggested that the youngsters should focus and filter the most essential social media platforms so that the life will be balanced at both ends of career and relaxation. They should make the right choice concerning the use of social media networks for personal, academic and professional networking in different contexts. Proper awareness building will help them to choose the best for the survival and relaxation.
Startups Fund Raising – Options and Challenges
Authors: Kalyani P A L N S
Published: March 2021

In recent years, start-ups have received increasing attention in many countries. In India,
there are good number of start-ups increased very fastly and getting support from various
dimensions. Funding is very important for any start-up venture and it is difficult for start-ups to pitch the ideas to its investors and convince them to invest in it. Consumers hesitate to choose a product which is manufactured by a new start-up over something which they have been using since long time. In such situation start-up founders face challenges in order to get funding for their business. The article studies challenges faced by start-ups and opportunities available to them. Some recommendations are provided to make start-up successful
ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES OF FINANCING EDUCATION: A
REVIEW
Authors: Shrestha Milan
Published: March 2021

Existing finance in education is not being sufficient for providing quality education in Nepal. So, there is a need to explore alternative approaches for financing education. This paper aims to explore the approaches of alternative financing in education. For achieving this purpose, the researcher reviewed and analyzed several works of literature pertaining to this study. The researcher identified innovative financing, knowledge economy, and allocative efficiency as the alternative approaches to financing education. Moreover, the adoption of alternative approaches supports public financing in education by reducing the huge public spending in the educational sector.
CALVING PATTERNS OF N’DAMA COWS IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ayodele A. O. , Ologun A. G.
Published: March 2021

The calving patterns, calving and postpartum anoestrus intervals calving percentages and calf mortality of N’Dama cows in a cattle herd belonging to the Federal College of Agricultural, Akure were examined for the 1991 – 1995 calving periods. A total of 128 cows were involved. Calving patterns were irregular from year to year and calving percentage varied from 45 to 65% with a mean of 54.69% while calf mortality was between 6.25 and 11.11% during the period. Calving intervals were 786 ± 44.99 and 712 ± 14.70 days (1993 and 1995). Value for days open were 506 ± 44.99 and 432 ± 14.70 days (1993 and 1995) for the same years. The results of the study are suggestive of inefficient reproduction within the herd.
CASSAVA PEELS AND LEAVES IN THE DIET OF RABBITS: EFFECT ON PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Agunbiade J. A. , Adeyemi O. A. , Fasina O. E. , Ashorobi B. O. , Adebanjo M. O. , Waide O. A.
Published: March 2021

An experiment was conducted using 20 growing rabbits (5 – 6weeks in age) of mixed breeds and sexes with initial weight of 500 – 650g to evaluate the effect of replacing maize as a source of energy with cassava peel meal (CPM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) in their diets. The rabbits were randomly allotted to five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets. Each dietary treatment was replicated 4-time with individually caged rabbits. The experiment lasted 56days. Dietary treatment did not have effect (P > 0.05) on average daily weight gain, water consumption, feed intake and feed efficiency and carcass charactaristics. The utilization of CPM and CLM fortified with palm-oil sludge with or without amino acid supplementation greatly reduced the cost of producing a unit weight of rabbit (P < 0.001). It was concluded that combination of CPM and CLM can serve as a replacement for maize in rabbit diets without any adverse effect on growth performance and carcass characteristics
PROTEIN AND ENERGY UTILIZATION BY WEANERS PIGS FED CHICKEN OFFAL MEAL OR BLOOD MEAL WITH GRADED LEVELS OF MAIZE OFFAL
Authors: Adesehinwa A. O. K. , Ogunmodede B. K. , Dafwang I. I.
Published: March 2021

Thirty six weaner pigs (Large White x Landrace) averaging 8.86 ± 0.22kg body weight were randomly assigned to six isonitrogenous (20% crude protein) dietary treatment groups in a 2 x 3 factorial design of two protein sources (Blood Meal (BM) and Chicken Offal Meal (COM) and three replacement levels of maize offal (MO) for maize (0, 25 and 50%) in a fifty six (56) day feeding trial after an adjustment period of seven days. Dry matter intake was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by feeding COM or BM at the three levels of MO. The pigs fed the 0 and 25% levels of MO for both protein sources had comparable (P > 0.05) growth performance. They performed significantly (P < 0.01) better than for those fed BM. The metabolisable energy intake per day was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by varying MO levels and the protein sources. Conversely, the metabolisable energy intake per kilogramme gain was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by both treatments. The cost of feed per kg live weight gain followed the same pattern as the performance parameters. The 0 and 25% MO diets with comparable costs were more cost effective (P < 0.05) than the 50% MO diets while COM supported cheaper cost of feed per gain. The serum metabolites were not significantly (P > 0.05) influenced by the varying MO levels and the protein sources except for the urea and globulin contents. The results establish the fact that weaner pigs can tolerate maize offal inclusion in feed up to 25% but not up to 50% (P < 0.01) and that COM enhanced performance than does BM as an unconventional protein supplement in the diet for weaner pigs.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING GRADED LEVELS OF ALTERNATIVE LOCALLY PRODUCED NATURAL VITAMIN PREMIX ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYING HENS
Authors: Bolu S. A. , Balogun O. O.
Published: March 2021

One hundred and twenty (120) Harco laying hens were randomly allocated to diets containing graded levels (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) of locally produced Natural vitamin premix (LPNVP) with the sole objective of its assessing influence on the laying performance of the hens. Feed intake, percentage Hen-day production (HDP), feed utilization efficiency (FUE), egg weight (EW), egg specific gravity (ESG), egg shell thickness (EST), Haugh unit (HU) and estimated gross profit. (EGP) were not influenced (P < 0.05) by the type of premix used (synthetic or natural). Inclusion of LPNVP in layers’ feed at dietary levels 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% resulted in better egg quality and estimated economic returns than observed in birds fed with the diet containing reference synthetic vitamin premix (SVP)
THE USE OF TWO EMPIRICAL METHODS OF SUBSTITUTION OF FEEDSTUFFS: PARBOILED CASSAVA PEEL MEAL VERSUS MAIZE IN THE DIETS OF GROWTH COCKERELS
Authors: Salami R. I.
Published: March 2021

The effect of two empirical methods of substituting maize with parboiled cassava peel meal (PCPM) in the diets of 168, 11-week old Isa Brown cockerels were examined in a 3-week experiment. The control diet A contained 40% maize while the proportion of maize in the control diet was replaced with PCPM at the graded levels of 20% of diets B and C, 30% of diets D and E and 40% of diets F and G with and without regard to the energy content of PCPM respectively. Consequently, diets A, B, D and F contained metabolisable energy (ME) content of about 2600s kcal/kg while diets C, E and G contained ME of about 2400, 2300 and 2200 kcal/kg respectively. The calculated crude protein (CP) contents of all diets were similar (17% CP). The results on the performance characteristics studied did not reveal any adverse effect of the two empirical methods of substitution of maize with PCPM in the diets of growing cockerels. The growth rate and feed conversion ration of birds fed on diets containing 50 and 75% of PCPM at the expense of maize using the two substitution methods were similar to those of the control birds. However, there was depression in feed intake at the replacement levels beyond 50%. Thus, it was concluded that the two substitution methods could be used to replace maize with PCPM at the level of 75% of the former without adverse effect on weight gain and feed conversion ratio in the growing cockerels during the early stage of growth.
CATTLE SLAUGHTERING AND POSTMORTEM HANDLING PRACTICES IN SELECTED NIGERIA CITIES
Authors: Joseph J. K.
Published: March 2021

Cattle slaughtering and postmortem handing practices in Nigerian abattoris and markets were investigated. The study revaled poor pre- and post slaughter handling of cattle and carcass. The abattoirs were inadequately were inadequately equipped and maintained. The abbattors were characterized by lack of running tap water and proper waste disposal facilities. A critical assessment of the slaughtering process in the abattoirs when compared with the standard method showed a total absence of stunning (necessary for humance slaughtering) and aging or ripening (Which enhances tenderness and juiciness of meat) unit operations. The beef marketing chain was also found to be poorly organized and managed with associated poor preservation and storage facilities. Suggestions for improvement were also discussed.
THE EFFECT OF TRYPANOSOMOSIS ON PLASMA PROTEIN LEVELS IN INDIGENOUS CATTLE
Authors: Adedapo A. A. , Saba A. B. , Dina O. A. , Arowolo R. O.
Published: March 2021

A field survey involving 180 adult white Fulani cattle was carried out in the Guinea Savannah and Derived Savannah vegetational zones of South Western Nigeria to determine the effect of natural trypanosomal infection on plasma protein levels. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent examination were used as diagnostic indices. The results showed a prevalence of 36.7% mixed infection in the animals sampled. It was also observed that the albumin level was lowered, globulin level increased and the total protein level was slightly on the increase. Trypanosomal infection in this study therefore affects the concentration of total and differential plasma protein levels in indigenous cattle.
Data-centric Operating System
Authors: Николаенко А. , Волков Д.
Published: March 2021

Данные — основа цифровой эпохи, а значит, и архитектуры аппаратно-программных решений должны быть ориентированы на данные. Однако до сих пор серверные операционные системы ориентированы на управляющие потоки, что приводит к многочисленным проблемам

With data being the lifeblood of the digital age, the technologies and architectures of hardware and software solutions used for handling it should be data driven. And still, current server operating systems are centered on control flows rather than data, which leads to multiple issues.
Mid-latitude mixed-phase stratocumulus clouds and their interactions with aerosols: how ice processes affect microphysical, dynamic and thermodynamic development in those clouds and interactions?
Authors: Lee Seoung Soo , Ha Kyung-Ja , Manoj Manguttathil Gopalakrishnan , Kamruzzaman Mohammad , Kim Hyungjun , Utsumi Nobuyuki , Guo Jianping
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Mid-latitude mixed-phase stratocumulus clouds and their interactions with aerosols remain poorly understood. This study examines the roles of ice processes in those clouds and interactions using a large-eddy simulation (LES) framework. Cloud mass becomes much lower in the presence of ice processes and the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen (WBF) mechanism in the mixed-phase clouds as compared to that in warm clouds. This is because while the WBF mechanism enhances the evaporation of droplets, the low concentration of aerosols as ice nuclei (IN) and cloud ice number concentration (CINC) prevent the efficient deposition of water vapor whose mass is contributed by the evaporation. In the mixed-phase clouds, the increasing concentration of aerosols that act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) decreases cloud mass by increasing the evaporation of droplets through the WBF mechanism and decreasing the intensity of updrafts. In contrast to this, in the warm clouds, the absence of the WBF mechanism makes the increase in the evaporation of droplets inefficient, eventually enabling cloud mass to increase with the increasing concentration of aerosols as CCN. Here, the results show that when there is an increasing concentration of aerosols that act as IN, the deposition of water vapor is more efficient than when there is the increasing concentration of aerosols as CCN, which in turn enables cloud mass to increase in the mixed-phase clouds.
ALADIN laser frequency stability and its impact on the Aeolus wind error
Authors: Lux Oliver , Lemmerz Christian , Weiler Fabian , Kanitz Thomas , Wernham Denny , Rodrigues Gonçalo , Hyslop Andrew , Lecrenier Olivier , McGoldrick Phil , Fabre Frédéric , Bravetti Paolo , Parrinello Tommaso , Reitebuch Oliver
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The acquisition of atmospheric wind profiles on a global scale was realized by the launch of the Aeolus satellite, carrying the unique Atmospheric LAser Doppler INstrument (ALADIN), the first Doppler wind lidar in space. One major component of ALADIN is its high-power, ultraviolet (UV) laser transmitter which is based on an injection-seeded, frequency-tripled Nd:YAG laser and fulfills a set of demanding requirements in terms of pulse energy, pulse length, repetition rate as well as spatial and spectral beam properties. In particular, the frequency stability of the laser emission is an essential parameter which determines the performance of the lidar instrument, as the Doppler frequency shifts to be detected are on the order of 108 smaller than the frequency of the emitted UV light. This article reports the assessment of the ALADIN laser frequency stability and its influence on the quality of the Aeolus wind data. Excellent frequency stability with pulse-to-pulse variations of about 10 MHz (root mean square) is evident for over more than two years of operations in space despite the permanent occurrence of short periods with significantly enhanced frequency noise (> 30 MHz). The latter were found to coincide with specific rotation speeds of the satellite's reaction wheels, suggesting that the root cause are micro-vibrations that deteriorate the laser stability on time scales of a few tens of seconds. Analysis of the Aeolus wind error with respect to ECMWF model winds shows that the temporally degraded frequency stability of the ALADIN laser transmitter has only minor influence on the wind data quality on a global scale, which is primarily due to the small percentage of wind measurements for which the frequency fluctuations are considerably enhanced. Hence, although the Mie wind bias is increased by 0.3 m·s−1 at times when the frequency stability is worse than 20 MHz, the small contribution of 4 % from all wind results renders this effect insignificant (
Maastrichtian-Rupelian paleoclimates in the southwest Pacific – a critical evaluation of biomarker paleothermometry and dinoflagellate cyst
paleoecology at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1172
Authors: Bijl Peter K. , Frieling Joost , Cramwinckel Marlow J. , Boschman Christine , Sluijs Appy , Peterse Francien
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions based on isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraether (isoGDGT) distributions from the Eocene southwest (sw) Pacific Ocean are unequivocally warmer than can be reconciled with state-of-the-art fully coupled climate models. However, the SST signal preserved in sedimentary archives can be affected by contributions of additional isoGDGT sources. Methods now exist to identify and possibly correct for overprinting effects on the isoGDGT distribution in marine sediments. We here use the current proxy insights to assess the reliability of the isoGDGT-based SST signal in 69 newly analysed and 242 re-analysed sediments ODP Site 1172 (East Tasman Plateau, Australia) following state-of-the-art chromatographic techniques, in context of paleo-environmental and paleoclimatologic reconstructions based on dinoflagellate cysts. The resulting ~130 kyr-resolution Maastrichtian-Oligocene TEX86-based SST record confirms previous conclusions of anomalous warmth in the early Eocene sw Pacific and remarkably cool conditions during the mid-Paleocene. Dinocyst diversity and assemblages show a strong response to the local SST evolution, supporting the robustness of the TEX86 record. Soil-derived branched GDGTs stored in the same sediments are used to reconstruct mean annual air temperature (MAAT) of the nearby land using the MBT'5me proxy. MAAT is consistently lower than SST during the early Eocene, independent of the calibration chosen. General trends in SST and MAAT are similar, except for: 1) an enigmatic absence of MAAT rise during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum and Middle Eocene Climatic Optimum, and 2) a subdued middle–late Eocene MAAT cooling relative to SST. Both dinocysts and GDGT signals suggest a mid-shelf depositional environment with strong river-runoff during the Paleocene-early Eocene, progressively becoming more marine thereafter. This trend reflects gradual drying and more pronounced wet/dry seasons in the northward drifting Australian hinterland, which may also explain the subdued middle Eocene MAAT cooling relative to that of SST. The overall correlation between dinocyst assemblages, marine biodiversity and SST changes suggests that temperature exerted a strong influence on the surface-water ecosystem, probably in part through sea level changes caused by steric effects. Finally, we find support for a potential temperature control on compositional changes of branched glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraethers (brGMGTs) in marine sediments. It is encouraging that a critical evaluation of the GDGT signals confirms the vast majority of the generated data is reliable. However, this also implies the high TEX86-based SSTs for the Eocene sw Pacific, and the systematic offset between absolute TEX86-based SST and MBT'5me-based MAAT estimates remain unexplained.
Country-resolved combined emission and socio-economic pathways based on the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) and Shared Socio-Economic Pathway (SSP) scenarios
Authors: Gütschow Johannes , Jeffery M. Louise , Günther Annika , Meinshausen Malte
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Climate policy analysis needs reference scenarios to assess emission targets and current trends. When presenting their national climate policies, countries often showcase their target trajectories against fictitious so-called baselines. These counterfactual scenarios are meant to present future greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the absence of climate policy. These so-called baselines presented by countries are often of limited use, as they can be exaggerated and as the methodology used to derive them is usually not transparent. Scenarios created by independent modeling groups using integrated assessment models (IAMs) can provide different interpretations of several socio-economic storylines and can provide a more realistic backdrop against which the projected target emission trajectory can be assessed. However, the IAMs are limited in regional resolution. This resolution is further reduced in intercomparison studies, as data for a common set of regions are produced by aggregating the underlying smaller regions. Thus, the data are not readily available for country-specific policy analysis. This gap is closed by downscaling regional IAM scenarios to the country level. The last of such efforts has been performed for the SRES (“Special Report on Emissions Scenarios”) scenarios, which are over a decade old by now. CMIP6 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6) scenarios have been downscaled to a grid; however they cover only a few combinations of forcing levels and SSP storylines with only a single model per combination. Here, we provide up-to-date country scenarios, downscaled from the full RCP (Representative Concentration Pathway) and SSP (Shared Socio-Economic Pathway) scenario databases, using results from the SSP GDP (gross domestic product) country model results as drivers for the downscaling process. The data are available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3638137 (Gütschow et al., 2020).
Landslide-lake outburst floods accelerate downstream slope slippage
Authors: Yang Wentao , Fang Jian , Liu-Zeng Jing
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The Jinsha River, carving a 2–4 km deep gorge, is one of the largest SE Asian rivers. Two successive landslide-lake outburst floods (LLFs) occurred after the 2018 Baige landslides along the river. Using Sentinel-2 images, we examined the LLFs' impacts on downstream river channel and adjacent hillslopes over a 100 km distance. The floods increased the width of the active river channel by 54 %. Subsequently, major landslides persisted for 15 months in at least nine locations for displacements > 2 m. Among them, three moving hillslopes, ~80 km downstream from the Baige landslides, slumped more than 10 m one year after the floods. Extensive undercuts by the floods probably removed hillslope buttresses and triggered deformation response, suggesting a strong and dynamic channel-hillslope coupling. Our findings indicate that infrequent catastrophic outburst flooding plays an important role in landscape evolution. Persistent post-flood hillslope movement should be considered in disaster mitigation in high-relief mountainous regions.