bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Slovak‐American “Swaddling Ethos”: Homeostat for Family Dynamics and Cultural Continuity
Authors: STEIN HOWARD F.
Published: August 2004

This paper explores the systemic relationships among cultural ethos, family dynamics, personality configuration, and child‐rearing patterns among multi‐generation Slovak‐Americans. The “swaddling ethos” is posited to serve as a homeostat whose regulatory function can be discerned through the analysis of family structure and process, in particular through the explication of values, affective patterns, roles, boundaries, and structural units within the family. The core of the ethos is a dependency‐security complex that attaches the individual to an extended family network of obligation, indebtedness, and reciprocity (ethnic, Slovak); induces rebellion against such attachment (mainstream, American); and undermines efforts toward separation‐individuation, resulting in the perpetuation of an ethnic tradition.
Susan Smiled: On Explanation in Family Therapy
Authors: SCHEFLEN ALBERT E.
Published: August 2004

The contemporary psychotherapist is exposed to a variety of conceptual models and paradigms. These are usually presented as opposing truths in different doctrinal schools, but actually they are all valid from one point of view or another. And, accordingly, they are all tactically useful at some point or another. I thought it was important to say this, but I did not want to write a dry, academic paper on the subject. So I will tell a clinical story that weaves the threads into a fabric.
Some Notes on the Use of Family Sculpture in Therapy
Authors: JEFFERSON CARTER
Published: August 2004

Therapists learning to use family sculpture as a tool often find difficulty in exploiting the technique to its fullest. This article, designed to encourage therapists to take the risks involved in using a technique new to them, describes how the author and his cotherapists used sculpture in three cases in different ways. In each case, the author explains how the therapists made the choices involved in directing the therapeutic process. He suggests that even when a sculpture itself seems to have failed to produce useful information, it can elicit from clients signals that will indicate opportunities for effective use of other techniques and that a sculpture, once used, can be restaged to reinforce client behavior change.
Behavior Therapy in a Family Context: Treating Elective Mutism
Authors: ROSENBERG JOHN B. , LINDBLAD MARION B.
Published: August 2004

This paper discusses the necessity of using both behavioral and family approaches in combination, while working with electively mute children. The symptom and its significance within the family system is presented along with a rationale for avoiding the pitfalls of individual approaches with such children. A case history outlining specific behavioral techniques is described in detail with an exploration of the use of reinforcement theory, counter‐conditioning, and successive approximations in bringing about change in electively mute children. The need for bringing about changes within the family system so as to maintain the changes that have occurred through use of the behavior techniques is discussed and presented as crucial to the treatment process.

The paper takes the position that either approach, by itself, will not be effective in helping electively mute children but that the treatment of choice is a combination of therapeutic techniques.
A Multi‐Method Investigation of Two Family Constructs
Authors: KLOPPER ELIZABETH J. , TITTLER BENNETT I. , FRIEDMAN STEVEN , HUGHES SARA J.
Published: August 2004

Two family constructs—prominence and interpersonal distance—are examined. Their origins are traced in the experimental and theoretical literature. The validity of each construct is investigated using data obtained from 15 families with a symptom‐bearing child. Validity is supported in both cases through the occurrence of significant correlations among different measures of the same construct. It is suggested that the current distress of the families being studied may have increased the clarity of the prominence hierarchies and dyadic distances that emerged.
Behavioral Marriage Therapy: I. A Psychodynamic‐Systems Analysis and Critique
Authors: GURMAN ALAN S. , KNUDSON ROGER M.
Published: August 2004

After briefly summarizing the major theoretical premises and treatment strategies of Behavioral Marriage Therapy (BMT), five major clusters of implicit assumptions in BMT are identified and critically examined: I. “The Rational Observing Ego Shall Conquer All”; II. “Behavior Should Not Mean, But Be”; III. “What's Sauce for the Goose is Sauce for the Gander”; IV. “Repression Is Good for Your Marital Mental Health”; V. “The Folly of the Therapist as Technician.” Throughout this analysis, the conceptual and clinical limitations of a strictly or predominantly behavioral approach to couples therapy are described, and BMT is reconsidered in the light of object relations theory and communication theory perspectives on marital dysfunction and its treatment.
Behavioral Marriage Therapy: II. Empirical Perspective
Authors: GURMAN ALAN S. , KNISKERN DAVID P.
Published: August 2004

Two recent published reviews of research on behavioral marriage therapy stimulated us to supplement these accounts with additional relevant data. First, we place research on behavioral couples therapy in the broader context of outcome research on nonbehavioral marital therapy. We then summarize the results of 23 studies of behavioral couples therapy not included in these previous reviews and conclude that these additional data on controlled and comparative studies do little to enhance the current empirical status of the efficacy of behavioral marriage therapy and in no case do they establish the superiority of social learning approaches. It is concluded that an open mind to all sources of data on the efficacy of marital therapy is needed if the field is to make meaningful advances.
Behavioral Marriage Therapy. IV. Take Two Aspirin and Call Us in the Morning
Authors: GURMAN ALAN S. , KNUDSON ROGER M. , KNISKERN DAVID P.
Published: August 2004

The Jacobson‐Weiss critique of the Gurman‐Knudson and Gurman‐Kniskern discussions of behavioral marriage therapy (BMT), while scholarly, derives from such a narrow conceptual set that, with only minor exceptions, Jacobson and Weiss have failed basically to comprehend the essence of our theoretical and logical criticisms of BMT. Moreover, a careful reanalysis of the research cited by our critics as evidence for the efficacy of BMT reveals the strength of the empirical foundation of this approach to have been greatly exaggerated. While few of our concerns about a predominantly behavioral approach to marriage therapy have been ameliorated by Jacobson and Weiss' commentary, some success seems to have been achieved in terms of our original purpose: to stimulate critical thinking about the premises and process of marital therapy.
A Feminist Approach to Family Therapy
Authors: HARE‐MUSTIN RACHEL T.
Published: August 2004

Although family therapy recognizes the importance of the social context as a determiner of behavior, family therapists have not examined the consequences of traditional socialization practices that primarily disadvantage women. The unquestioned reinforcement of stereotyped sex roles takes place in much of family therapy. A feminist therapy orientation that considers the consequences of stereotyped sex roles and the statuses prescribed by society for females and males should be part of family therapy practice. This paper describes the ways in which family therapists who are aware of their own biases and those of the family can change sexist patterns through applying feminist principles to such areas as the contract, shifting tasks in the family, communication, generational boundaries, relabeling deviance, modeling, and therapeutic alliances.
Individual and Family Growth: A Gestalt Approach
Authors: KAPLAN MARVIN L. , KAPLAN NETTA R.
Published: August 2004

Gestalt therapy is described as a comprehensive framework of theory and techniques for experiential family therapy. Like other experientially oriented therapies, it is systems‐oriented, immediate‐experience‐oriented, and affect‐oriented. Unlike others, this method regards the client system's emergent processes as the central focus, and it emphasizes that growth occurs as the family and its members are helped to greater self‐awareness and responsibility for their own functioning.
An Interactional Approach to Dysfunctional Silencing in Family Therapy
Authors: Breunlin Douglas C. , Southgate Pam
Published: August 2004

This paper presents an interactional approach to the problem of dysfunctional silencing in family therapy. Silencing is classified as dysfunctional if it satisfies two conditions: (a) it occurs repeatedly and independently of content, and (b) it functions as negative feedback that limits change in the family system. Dysfunctional silencing is defined as those efforts of one or more family members to limit change by repeatedly blocking the communication of another family member, who in turn colludes by tacitly agreeing to remain silent. The interactional approach presented utilizes conflict‐resolution techniques and videotape feedback; it is illustrated by a case example.
Brief Family Therapy for Childhood Tic Syndrome
Authors: TILLER J.W. G.
Published: August 2004

This paper reports the success of brief analytically oriented outpatient family therapy exclusively in treating an eight‐year old girl presenting with a short history of multiple tics involving facial, thoracic, and upper limb musculature, with associated hoarse coughing and grunting. Diagnostic features are reviewed. No medicines were used, and the patient remained asymptomatic nine months after ceasing family therapy. Tentative indications for family therapy for tiqueurs are proposed.
Through the Looking Glass: The Experiences of Two Family Therapy Trainees with Live Supervision
Authors: GERSHENSON JUDITH , COHEN MARTIN S.
Published: August 2004

A thorough investigation of the literature pertaining to therapy supervision reveals that supervision has never been examined from the viewpoint of the trainee. This paper examines live supervision of family therapy from that viewpoint. It suggests that live supervision is a powerful and effective tool—a tool that engenders strong emotional responses.
Role Structure and Subculture in Families of Elective Mutists
Authors: KNUD GOLL
Published: August 2004

This study of ten case records points to a common role structure and subculture in families of elective mutists. The paper describes a theory of treatment based on breaking down the family's distrust of the outer world before social training of the identified patient is started.
The Corporate Executive Wife's Coping Patterns in Response to Routine Husband‐Father Absence
Authors: BOSS PAULINE GROSSENBACHER , McCUBBIN HAMILTON I. , LESTER GARY
Published: August 2004

The routine absence of corporate executive husband/fathers in intact families is a variation of father absence. Though not prolonged, frequent exits and reentries may stress the family system. To determine how nonclinical family members deal with routine father absence, a coping inventory was administered to 66 corporate wives. Factor analysis revealed wives coped with the stress of routine father absence by (a) fitting into the corporate lifestyle; (b) developing self; and (c) establishing independence. Though a pilot study, findings offer empirical support for a premise more traditionally accepted by family therapists than by family sociologists: Individual psychological variables need to be considered along with systems variables in the development of family stress theory.
Transfer of Therapeutic Effects from Institution to Home: Faith, Hope, and Behavior Modification
Authors: HOUSE ALVIN ENIS , STAMBAUGH EDWARD E.
Published: August 2004

Effective transfer of therapeutic results from institutional to home settings is a demanding problem facing family therapists. The issues involved and one approach to their solution are examined through the case of a 10‐year‐old boy hospitalized for severe antisocial behavior. Once results were obtained in an institutional setting, the therapeutic program there was faded out and concurrently faded into the home. Three‐ and 12‐month follow‐ups revealed continued improvement.
Learning Multiple Family Therapy Through Simulated Workshops
Authors: RAASOCH JOHN , LAQUEUR H. PETER
Published: August 2004

Multiple Family Therapy (MFT) can be learned more rapidly through simulated workshops. A chronological approach to a simulated workshop is outlined describing mechanics and techniques.

The hardest parts of simulated and real MFT are taking off and landing. Specific exercises are detailed to facilitate the early phases when professionals tend to simulate excessive psychopathology. However, recovery is usually rapid and dramatic in simulations; thus, the workshop leaders appear impressive.

How to end “healthily” is the final challenge. Group input for assessment of simulated and real MFT is essential. From this feedback, subassertives and schizophrenics may be at the highest risk for deleterious effects from real MFT.
The Family Therapy of Attempted Suicide
Authors: RICHMAN JOSEPH
Published: August 2004

Suicidal behavior is a multidetermined act based upon a variety of factors among which family tensions and patterns of interaction predominate. Family therapy, nevertheless, is underutilized for suicidal situations because too few practitioners possess the requisite skills in both suicidology and family treatment. This paper attempts to integrate the two fields, describes some assessment procedures, and presents an account of the method of family therapy utilized by the author with suicidal persons. The basic goals of therapy are to help initiate and to catalyze a healing process that will enable the participants to accept changes in both individual and family existence; to decrease the amount of destructive family interaction; to deal with the inevitable anxiety that accompanies growth and development; to make contact with and among the family members; and to provide hope.
Jealousy: Systematic, Problem‐Solving Therapy With Couples
Authors: TEISMANN MARK W.
Published: August 2004

Literature on the treatment of marital jealousy has focused on individual and interpersonal awareness/insight and the use of communication‐negotiation skills. This paper proposes an alternative viewpoint applying the problem‐solving approaches of Erikson, Haley, Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch to the alteration of jealous systems. Through a detailed case study, the author describes the concept of the therapeutic triangle and the use of paradox and symptom transfer as potential contributions in the treatment of jealousy. Finally, the author discusses briefly a possible factor leading to the success of the systematic, problem‐solving modality: serious playfulness.
“Nontherapy” Family Research and Change in Families: A Brief Clinical Research Communication
Authors: RISKIN JULES , McCORKLE MARGUERITE E.
Published: August 2004

This is the second interim report of an exploratory, prospective study of psychiatrically “nonlabeled” family interaction. The project focuses primarily on whole‐family interaction as it progresses through time.
Pilgrim's Progress III: A Trend Analysis of Family Theory and Methodology
Authors: HODGSON JAMES W. , LEWIS ROBERT A.
Published: August 2004

Exciting developments in family theory construction over the past few years demand a constant survey and evaluation of measurable progress. This paper documents some developmental trends that have taken place in family theory construction and its applications, as well as in the relation of theory to advances in methodology. Many of these trends are examined in the light of two earlier reports, Pilgrim's Progress I (21) and Pilgrim's Progress H (13).
Remarriage after Divorce: Dissolution and Reconstruction of Family Boundaries
Authors: Walker Kennet N. , Messinger Lillian
Published: August 2004

Remarriage is analyzed from the perspective of family boundaries and roles. The nuclear and remarriage family models are compared, and the process that begins with the formation of the first‐marriage nuclear family and ends with the formation of a second‐marriage family is conceptualized in terms of changing family boundaries and roles. Discussions with remarriage group members provide concrete illustrations of this process and suggest solutions to some of the problems confronting remarriage family members.
Toward a Metacommunicational Framework of Couple Interactions
Authors: BERNAL GUILLERMO , BAKER JEFFREY
Published: August 2004

A multi‐level, metacommunicational framework to understand couple interactions is presented. Five interactional levels are defined following a mode of abstraction that parallels the theory of logical types; case examples are offered of couples interacting at each of the levels. The clinical implications of the framework, as a metaphor for understanding transactional processes, are discussed with an emphasis on the pragmatics of working with punctuational differences, developing therapeutic strategies, measuring progress, and setting goals for therapy with couples.
A Family Myth: Sex Therapy Gone Awry
Authors: SEDERER LLOYD I. , SEDERER NOOY
Published: August 2004

The treatment of sexual disorders has achieved considerable popularity and respectability within the mental health profession and the lay community. As a consequence, it has become increasingly difficult to elude requests for this type of treatment and even more difficult to balance sexual concerns with the numerous other modes of relating that exist within a dyadic relationship.

This paper will report two versions of a case study in which sexual dysfunction served as a myth that was carefully constructed to veil certain more fundamental problems.
A Study of the Relationship Between Family Interaction and Individual Symptomology Over Time
Authors: STRAKER G. , JACOBSON R.
Published: August 2004

The study was designed to answer two questions: (a) Can a relationship over time between family interaction and individual symptomatology be demonstrated? (b) Can it be shown that changes in interaction have more influence on changes in the symptom than vice versa.

Five interaction dimensions were taped in weekly, three‐quarter hour sessions over 20 weeks in five families, each consisting of a mother‐father‐child triad who met certain criteria and had an encopretic child. The interaction dimension scores were abstracted weekly from these sessions by content analyses relying on various scales. The derived ratio scores were then related to the number of days the child soiled himself in the week preceding and following the interaction measurement. The relationship was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients and step‐wise multiple regression analyses adjusted to account for the possible inflationary effects of taking measures from the same subjects more than once. The results of the analyses answered both questions posed by the study in the affirmative, thus supporting the rationale underlying family therapy.
The Family Therapist Behavior Scale (FTBS): Development and Evaluation of a Coding System
Authors: Pinsof William M.
Published: August 2004

This study evaluated the validity and reliability of a new coding system — The Family Therapist Behavior Scale (FTBS) — that was designed to identify and study clinically relevant verbal behaviors of short‐term, problem‐oriented family therapists. Validity was assessed by testing the scale's ability to discriminate significant, predicted differences between the in‐therapy behaviors of eight beginning family therapists conducting observed interviews and eight advanced family therapists conducting supervisory interviews. All of the sessions, which were initial interviews, were videotaped. Two coders rated three five‐minute samples from each of the 16 tapes with the FTBS. The validity results supported over 50 per cent of the 16 research hypotheses. The reliability analysis, based on the actual study data, indicated that the interrater reliability of the 19 category FTBS differed from chance at less than the .001 level of significance. The implications of these findings are examined and future research directions are identified.
The Effects of Sibling Death on the Surviving Child: A Family Perspective
Authors: KRELL ROBERT , RABKIN LESLIE
Published: August 2004

The death of a child invariably affects the family, who in effect become survivors. Adaptations are made in order to secure a new family equilibrium attendant upon such a loss. Surviving siblings not infrequently become the focus of maneuvers unconsciously designed to alleviate guilt and control fate through silence and efforts to maintain silence, through substitution for the lost child, and through endowing the survivor‐child with qualities of the deceased. Three types of clinically identifiable types of survivor‐children are described. Families that emphasize silence and focus on guilt, families in which the child becomes incomparably precious, and families in which substitution and replacement provide the major theme lead respectively to the “haunted,”“bound,” and “resurrected” child.

These children share many features, as do their families, but there appears to be a connection between the family defensive maneuver and the specific consequences for a child of the bereaved family.
Young Women Struggling for an Identity
Authors: Dickerson Victoria C.
Published: August 2004

In this article, I propose that many young women in today's world are facing an intense internal struggle to find their identity, and that this struggle is an effect of what they experience as enormous pressure to achieve certain goals. My belief is that, in the contemporary atmosphere of postfeminism in which women seemingly have many more options, the young adult woman experiences these options as expectations. The effect of these demands is an enormous self‐doubt where women feel worthless, unimportant, and often unable to go forward in their lives. This article focuses on the stories of 3 young women and their struggles: a 25‐year‐old White middle‐class woman whose obsessive longing to find the “right” man leads to eating difficulties; a 23‐year‐old lesbian, also White, who is just graduating from college and believes that she is terminally depressed; and a 29‐year‐old Chinese American woman who has fought anxiety and chronic fatigue for most of her adult life. How they find their way clearly exemplifies both the struggle and the road to success—overcoming self‐doubt and challenging the expectations that create the conditions for it.
‘To each according to his needs’: public libraries and socially excluded people
Authors: Hicken Mandy
Published: August 2004

To deliver a comprehensive and efficient service to all the community, public libraries must first identify needs and allocate an appropriate level of resources. This article focuses on public libraries in England. It outlines: the Government's policy on social inclusion; the needs of the various socially excluded groups; partnerships and funding; staff training and motivation; and examples of good practice.
Social inclusion and the City of Swan public libraries in Western Australia
Authors: Lockyer‐Benzie Maureena
Published: August 2004

The focus of this paper is on an understanding of social exclusion/inclusion: the concept and how a specific public library service, namely the City of Swan Public Library service, has responded to this social issue. The terms social inclusion/exclusion are explored and clarified from an international, Western Australian State Government, and public library perspective. This is followed by a brief overview of Western Australia as an Australian state, and how public libraries operate based on a partnership with the State Library of Western Australia and Local Government. The City of Swan Public Libraries are described in some depth and also portrayed in their local setting namely the City of Swan, a city of extensive growth that offers a unique environment of both rural and urban areas. The concept of social inclusion is then applied to the City of Swan Public Library service and how the library service addresses social inclusion within its physical environment, policies, operations, future planning, programmes and services. This includes the results of a Library Non‐user Survey that was conducted in 2001. The aims of this survey were to: ascertain why non‐users within the City of Swan do not make use of the library facilities; explore why past members were not using the library services; examine the effectiveness of library promotions; and investigate the access to and usage of the Internet. The paper concludes with a list of the potential social conditions of which public libraries need to be aware in their strategic planning activities so that community members are not excluded from participating and accessing the public library service.
Developing health website quality assessment guidelines for the voluntary sector: outcomes from the Judge Project
Authors: Childs Sue
Published: August 2004

Background:  This paper describes the Judge project, the aim of which was to explore the need for health website quality assessment guidelines for the voluntary sector. Such guidelines would enable health consumers to assess the quality of health sites and assist support groups to produce their own good quality sites. The project was a partnership between the Information Management Research Institute, School of Informatics, Northumbria University and Contact a Family. It was supported by the Health Foundation.

Methods:  The views of health consumers and support group members and workers were obtained by focus groups (35 attendees) and questionnaires (55 responses). They were asked questions about quality issues and concerns about Internet health information and any help they needed with judging the quality of health websites.

Results:  The results supported the need for guidelines. The guidelines were written to reflect the requirements of health consumers and support groups articulated from the focus group and questionnaire data. They were then disseminated via a website.

Conclusions:  There is a need to improve communication and information exchange between health consumers and professionals and official organizations; publicise support groups to patients and carers; set up local Webs of Trust, linking together voluntary and statutory organizations within a locality. Professionals and official organizations in the public sector should make information provision to patients and health consumers a priority. Information provision should be embedded in the clinical setting via guidelines, protocols and administrative structures. Professionals should be trained in the role of information and how to provide it in appropriate ways. Support groups should use the Judge guidelines to assist them in producing good quality websites. Support groups should promote the Judge guidelines to health consumers, to help them make their own quality judgement about health‐information websites.
Effect of an evidence‐based answering service on GPs and their patients: a pilot study
Authors: Verhoeven Anita A. H. , Schuling Jan
Published: August 2004

Objectives:  For general practitioners (GPs), an important obstacle to practising evidence‐based medicine is lack of time. An evidence‐based answering service was developed that took over searching and appraisal of medical evidence from the GPs. GPs sent in questions, and the informationist formulated the answers. Our objectives were to find out if such an evidence‐based answering service was feasible, including assessing the effect of the answers on GPs and their patients, as reported by the GPs.

Methods:  After attending a workshop on building well‐formulated questions from daily practice, the GPs sent in questions to the informationist. The literature was searched, the relevant information was appraised, and the answers to the questions were formulated. With a questionnaire, the effect of the answers on the GP and the patient was assessed, as well as the perceived barriers to implementing the answers.

Results:  From 26 GPs, 61 questions were received. For 12% of questions, information was found with the highest evidence level, while for 36%, no information was found. However, for 89% of the questions for which no information could be found, the answer ‘no information found’ did have an effect on the GP concerned. In total, 81% of all the answers had an effect on the GP, and, according to the GP, 52% had an effect on the patient. Few barriers to implementing the evidence were perceived. Most of the answers were found in Pubmed/Medline, the Cochrane Library and Embase.

Conclusions:  This study indicates that an evidence‐based answering service can have an impact on GPs and their patients. Librarians can provide an evidence‐based answering service for GPs and their patients. The evidence‐based answering service for GPs in this study had an impact on 81% of the GPs and on 52% of their patients. Although for one‐third of the questions no evidence‐based answer was found, this message in itself had an impact on 89% of the GPs. An informationist as mediator between medical information and doctors can save doctors’ time.
Clathrin-Dependent Targeting of Receptors to the Flagellar Pocket of Procyclic-Form
Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Hung Chien-Hui , Qiao Xugang , Lee Pei-Tseng , Lee Mary Gwo-Shu
Published: August 2004

In trypanosomatids, endocytosis and exocytosis occur exclusively at the flagellar pocket, which represents about 0.43% of the pellicle membrane and is a deep invagination of the plasma membrane where the flagellum extends from the cell. Receptor molecules are selectively retained at the flagellar pocket. We studied the function of clathrin heavy chain (TbCLH) in the trafficking of the flagellar pocket receptors in
Trypanosoma brucei
by using the double-stranded RNA interference approach. It appears that TbCLH is essential for the survival of both the procyclic form and the bloodstream form of
T. brucei
, even though structures resembling large coated endocytic vesicles are absent in procyclic-form trypanosomes. Down-regulation of TbCLH by RNA interference (RNAi) for 24 h rapidly and drastically reduced the uptake of macromolecules via receptor-mediated endocytosis in procyclic-form trypanosomes. This result suggested the importance of TbCLH in receptor-mediated endocytosis of the procyclic-form trypanosome, in which the formation of large coated endocytic vesicles may not be required. Surprisingly, induction of TbCLH RNAi in the procyclic
T. brucei
for a period of 48 h prohibited the export of the flagellar pocket-associated transmembrane receptor CRAM from the endoplasmic reticulum to the flagellar pocket, while trafficking of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored procyclin coat was not significantly affected. After 72 h of induction of TbCLH RNAi, procyclics exhibited morphological changes to an apolar round shape without a distinct structure of the flagellar pocket and flagellum. Although trypanosomes, like other eukaryotes, use similar organelles and machinery for protein sorting and transport, our studies reveal a novel role for clathrin in the secretory pathway of trypanosomes. We speculate that the clathrin-dependent trafficking of proteins to the flagellar pocket may be essential for the biogenesis and maintenance of the flagellar pocket in trypanosomes.
Mutation of the Regulator of G Protein Signaling Crg1 Increases Virulence inCryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Wang Ping , Cutler Jim , King Jill , Palmer Daniel
Published: August 2004

The regulator of G protein signaling homolog Crg1 was found to be a key regulator of pheromone-responsive mating in the opportunistic human fungal pathogenCryptococcus neoformans. A mutation in theCRG1gene has greatly increased virulence in the prevalently distributedMATα strains of the fungus. Mouse survival time was shortened by 40%, and the lethal dosage was 100-fold less than that of wild-type strains. In addition, the increased virulence ofcrg1mutant strains was dependent on the transcription factor homolog Ste12α but not on the mitogen-activated protein kinase homolog Cpk1. The enhanced mating due toCRG1mutation, however, was still dependent on Cpk1. Interestingly,crg1mutants ofMATα cells produced dark melanin pigment under normally inhibitory conditions, which may relate to the mechanism for increased virulence.
Multiple Triclosan Targets in
Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Paul Kimberly S. , Bacchi Cyrus J. , Englund Paul T.
Published: August 2004

Trypanosoma brucei
genes encoding putative fatty acid synthesis enzymes are homologous to those encoding type II enzymes found in bacteria and organelles such as chloroplasts and mitochondria. It was therefore not surprising that triclosan, an inhibitor of type II enoyl-acyl carrier protein (enoyl-ACP) reductase, killed both procyclic forms and bloodstream forms of
T. brucei
in culture with 50% effective concentrations (EC
50
s) of 10 and 13 μM, respectively. Triclosan also inhibited cell-free fatty acid synthesis, though much higher concentrations were required (EC
50
s of 100 to 200 μM). Unexpectedly, 100 μM triclosan did not affect the elongation of [
3
H]laurate (C
12:0
) to myristate (C
14:0
) in cultured bloodstream form parasites, suggesting that triclosan killing of trypanosomes may not be through specific inhibition of enoyl-ACP reductase but through some other mechanism. Interestingly, 100 μM triclosan did reduce the level of incorporation of [
3
H]myristate into glycosyl phosphatidylinositol species (GPIs). Furthermore, we found that triclosan inhibited fatty acid remodeling in a cell-free assay in the same concentration range required for killing
T. brucei
in culture. In addition, we found that a similar concentration of triclosan also inhibited the myristate exchange pathway, which resides in a distinct subcellular compartment. However, GPI myristoylation and myristate exchange are specific to the bloodstream form parasite, yet triclosan kills both the bloodstream and procyclic forms. Therefore, triclosan killing may be due to a nonspecific perturbation of subcellular membrane structure leading to dysfunction in sensitive membrane-resident biochemical pathways.
The Forkhead Transcription Factor Fkh2 Regulates the Cell Division Cycle of
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Bulmer Richard , Pic-Taylor Aline , Whitehall Simon K. , Martin Kate A. , Millar Jonathan B. A. , Quinn Janet , Morgan Brian A.
Published: August 2004

In eukaryotes the regulation of gene expression plays a key role in controlling cell cycle progression. Here, we demonstrate that a forkhead transcription factor, Fkh2, regulates the periodic expression of
cdc15
+
and
spo12
+
in the M and G
1
phases of the cell division cycle in the fission yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
. We also show that Fkh2 is important for several cell cycle processes, including cell morphology and cell separation, nuclear structure and migration, and mitotic spindle function. We find that the expression of
fkh2
+
is itself regulated in a cell cycle-dependent manner in G
1
coincident with the expression of
cdc18
+
, a Cdc10-regulated gene. However,
fkh2
+
expression is independent of Cdc10 function. Fkh2 was found to be phosphorylated during the cell division cycle, with a timing that suggests that this posttranslational modification is important for
cdc15
+
and
spo12
+
expression. Related forkhead proteins regulate G
2
and M phase-specific gene expression in the evolutionarily distant
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, suggesting that these proteins play conserved roles in regulating cell cycle processes in eukaryotes.
THE ELECTRON–ELECTRON VERSION OF THE LINEAR COLLIDER — A MILLENNIUM UPDATE
Authors: HEUSCH CLEMENS A.
Published: August 2004

It has become a natural mandate to the particle physics community to look beyond presently active and approved high-energy accelerators for precision work at the edge of, and beyond, the Standard Model. We stress the mandate for complementary use of both charge modes of the Electron Collider, e+e- and e+e-. Choosing a few illustrative examples, we attempt to set the stage for technical developments needed to define and execute the key experiments using two incoming electron beams.
PHYSICS AT e-e- COLLIDERS
Authors: FENG JONATHAN L.
Published: August 2004

An overview of physics motivations for e-e- colliders is presented.
STRONGLY INTERACTING W BOSONS AT e-e- COLLIDERS
Authors: KILIAN WOLFGANG
Published: August 2004

If no Higgs boson exists, scattering amplitudes of massive vector bosons become strong at TeV energies. Below the threshold where new resonances appear, they are described by an effective chiral Lagrangian, which introduces a small number of new universal parameters at each order of a low-energy expansion. These parameters can be measured in (quasi-)elastic scattering processes of massive vector bosons in e-e± collisions. Analyzing processes such as e-e-→νeνeW-W-, a sensitivity of the order 10-2 can be reached at a high-luminosity 1 TeV linear collider.
LARGE EXTRA DIMENSIONS AT LINEAR COLLIDERS
Authors: SRIDHAR K.
Published: August 2004

In this talk, I first present the motivation for theories wherein the extra spacetime dimensions can be compactified to have large magnitudes. In particular, I discuss the Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos, Dvali (ADD) scenario. I present the constraints that have been derived on these models from current experiments and the expectations from future colliders. I concentrate particularly on the possibilities of probing these extra dimensions at future linear colliders.
TEV GRAVITY AND KALUZA–KLEIN EXCITATIONS IN e+e- AND e-e- COLLISIONS
Authors: RIZZO T. G.
Published: August 2004

We review the capability of e+e- and e-e- colliders to detect the virtual exchange of Kaluza–Klein towers of gravitons within the large extra dimension scenario of Arkani-Hamed, Dimopoulos and Dvali and in the localized gravity model of Randall and Sundrum with non-factorizable geometry.
SIGNALS FOR A GAUGE MEDIATED SUPERSYMMETRY BREAKING MODEL AT A FUTURE e-e- COLLIDER
Authors: GHOSH DILIP KUMAR
Published: August 2004

We study the pair-production and decay of right selectrons [Formula: see text] of a Gauge Mediated Supersymmetry Breaking Model in the polarised e-e- interaction. Detailed analyses of the possible signals and backgrounds are performed for five selected points in the parameter space. We also show that judicious choice of polarisation of the initial electron beam can almost kill the possible Standard Model backgrounds.
BILEPTON RESONANCE IN ELECTRON–ELECTRON SCATTERING
Authors: FRAMPTON PAUL H.
Published: August 2004

Theoretical background for bileptonic gauge bosons is reviewed — both the SU(15) GUT model and the 3-3-1 model. Mass limits on bileptons are discussed coming from e+e- scattering, polarized muon decay and muonium–antimuonium conversion. Discovery in e-e- at a linear collider at low energy (100 GeV) and high luminosity (1033/cm2/s) is emphasized.
NEXT LINEAR COLLIDER: OVERVIEW AND e-e- OPTION
Authors: TENENBAUM P.
Published: August 2004

A lepton collider capable of generating a luminosity of 5×1033 to 1×1034 at center-of-mass energies from 0.5 to 1.5 TeV would permit studies of fundamental interactions complementary to those planned at the Large Hadron Collider. Such energies would be more easily achieved for electrons at a linear collider than a conventional storage ring. We describe the Next Linear Collider (NLC), a proposed linear collider which utilizes room-temperature RF systems operating at 11.4 GHz to achieve the desired energies and room-temperature electromagnets and permanent magnets to achieve the extremely small beam sizes required to meet the specified luminosity goal. The NLC design has been optimized to permit electron–electron collisions as well as electron–positron collisions. We discuss a few of the detailed technical challenges which are posed by electron–electron collisions in the NLC parameter regime.
e-e- SWITCHOVER IN THE NLC LINAC
Authors: Larsen Raymond S.
Published: August 2004

This paper discusses various options for reconfiguring magnets and power sources to convert the NLC to e-e- operation. Operational practicality of various scenarios and likely cost impacts lead to a conclusion that potential e-e- options must be planned into the initial engineering design.
OPTIMIZATION OF NLC LUMINOSITY FOR e-e- RUNNING
Authors: THOMPSON K. A.
Published: August 2004

We examine the optimization of the NLC for e-e- running. The dependence of luminosity on the interaction point beta functions βx, βy, emittances ∊x, ∊y, bunch charge N, and bunch length σz are very different for e+e- and e-e- because disruption reduces the luminosity in e-e- rather than increasing it as in e+e-. We examine how much luminosity may be regained in e-e- by varying these parameters away from optimized flat beam e+e- values. The results are compared with round beam e-e- designs considered in an earlier paper.
BUNCH TO BUNCH ORBIT FEEDBACK AND LUMINOSITY CONSIDERATIONS OF e-e- INTERACTIONS IN TESLA
Authors: REYZL I. , SCHREIBER S.
Published: August 2004

Due to the high disruption during e-e- collisions — especially for the recent high luminosity e+e- parameter set — the luminosity is very sensitive to beam instabilities. In order to limit the reduction in luminosity due to beam separations to a few percent, the beam–beam interaction has to be vertically stabilized to within a fraction of the beam spot size of 5 nm. One of the benefits of TESLA is that, due to the large bunch spacing of 337 ns, an orbit correction at the interaction point is feasible on a bunch-to-bunch basis. The design of this feedback system and an improvement of the e-e- luminosity based on the given machine layout are discussed.
DETECTOR for the TESLA e+e- COLLIDER
Authors: SETTLES RONALD
Published: August 2004

The detector resulting from the ECFA/DESY Study of Physics and Detector for a Linear Collider is described. The detector is viable for JLC, NLC or TESLA, even though it was designed during the European workshops for TESLA. This detector is as well for e+e- physics because of its very good coverage of the forward direction.
POLARIZED ELECTRON BEAMS WITH P≥90%, WILL IT BE POSSIBLE?
Authors: SUBASHIEV A. V. , CLENDENIN J. E.
Published: August 2004

Recent results of electron spin depolarization studies in electron emission from the photocathode semiconductor structures are reviewed. The main mechanisms of electronic depolarization being well understood, a considerable improvement of polarization is expected to be achieved in new superlattice structures, which can be designed to have less depolarization at excitation and in extraction to the surface. Additional polarization growth is expected to be obtained by lowering the operating temperature of the source.
POLARIMETRY AT A FUTURE LINEAR COLLIDER — HOW PRECISE?
Authors: WOODS M.
Published: August 2004

At a future linear collider, a polarized electron beam will play an important role in interpreting new physics signals. Backgrounds to a new physics reaction can be reduced by choice of the electron polarization state. The origin of a new physics reaction can be clarified by measuring its polarization-dependence. This paper examines some options for polarimetry with an emphasis on physics issues that motivate how precise the polarization determination needs to be. In addition to Compton polarimetry, the possibility of using Standard Model asymmetries, such as the asymmetry in forward W-pairs, is considered as a possible polarimeter. Both e+e- and e-e- collider modes are considered.
DEPOLARIZATION IN e+e- AND e-e- COLLISIONS
Authors: WEIDEMANN ACHIM W.
Published: August 2004

I make some comments on the depolarization in beam–beam interactions at electron–electron and electron–positron colliders and present some results from a CAIN study of this effect.
LIMITATIONS IMPOSED BY BEAM–BEAM EFFECTS AND THEIR REMEDIES – II
Authors: SPENCER J. E.
Published: August 2004

Effects that limit the luminosities of a general purpose linear collider (GLC) capable of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] channels are discussed together with mitigations. Previous results are extended to understand the differences between channels to maximize the generalized luminosity. A standard NLC configuration at [Formula: see text] is used for comparison. Without charge compensation or bunch shaping, such flat beam configurations (aspect ratios R*≫1) imply major disadvantages for e-e- due to the strong disruption (D) and small, longitudinal f-numbers [Formula: see text] that are imposed. Previous round and flat beam configurations are studied as functions of D (or fb#), fl# and the constraints ΔB, Nγ and ϒ. Round beams with decreased disruptions and larger fl-stops are preferred with tensor beams, charge compensation or other bunch manipulation schemes. A low energy, high luminosity prototype is again proposed based on the possible physics.
DEPOLARIZATION AND LUMINOSITY ISSUES IN A HIGH ENERGY LINEAR COLLIDER
Authors: CHESHKOV S. , TAJIMA T.
Published: August 2004

In the next energy frontier of an electron–positron (electron–electron) linear collider its demand of both extreme high energy and high luminosity leads to a high production of W+W- (W- particles). In order to delineate processes of interest, it is advantageous to polarize the electron and positron beams, as this tends to suppress the above known processes and thus heightens the sensitivity to the sought-after processes. We investigate the possible depolarization of the electron (positron) beams in the acceleration stages as well as in the collision point. We take the example of the laser wakefield accelerator design at 5 TeV center of mass energy of colliding beams. We find that in this design the spin depolarization due to the stage jitter noise is certainly negligible, and the depolarization due to the self-generated fields at the collision point is still tolerable. We also consider several lower energy scenarios as they might be possible to achieve in a single beam driven acceleration stage.
PHOTON COLLIDERS: KEY PROBLEMS, NEW IDEAS
Authors: TELNOV VALERY
Published: August 2004

High energy photon colliders based on laser backscattering are a very natural extension of a e+e- linear colliders and open new possibilities to study of the matter. This option has been included in the pre-conceptual designs of linear colliders and work on Technical Design Reports is in progress. The physics motivation for photon colliders is quite clear though more studies are needed. The proof of its technical feasibility and the search for the best solutions is of first priority now. In this talk we discuss: physics motivation, laser problems and new possible solutions, and generation of low emittance beams needed for obtaining very high luminosities.
SIMULATION OF LASER-COMPTON COOLING OF ELECTRON BEAMS
Authors: OHGAKI TOMOMI
Published: August 2004

We study a method of laser-Compton cooling of electron beams. Using a Monte Carlo code, we evaluate the effects of the laser-electron interaction for transverse cooling. The optics with and without chromatic correction for the cooling are examined. The laser-Compton cooling for JLC/NLC at E0=2 GeV is considered.
DETECTION OF TOP QUARKS IN A PHOTON–PHOTON COLLIDER
Authors: TAKAHASHI TOHRU , IKEMATSU KATSUMASA
Published: August 2004

We report the feasibility of detection of top quark pairs in a photon–photon collider. A realistic luminosity and detection efficiency were estimated using a simulation with a set of accelerator and detector parameters. It was found that about 1000 events can be expected with the signal to noise ratio of 10 in a year of operation.
CONSTRAINTS ON EXTRA GAUGE BOSONS IN eγ COLLISIONS
Authors: GODFREY STEPHEN , KALYNIAK PAT , KAMAL BASIM , LEIKE ARND
Published: August 2004

We investigate the sensitivity of [Formula: see text] to extra charged gauge bosons. The sensitivity is much below that of [Formula: see text]. We conclude that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are also inferior to e+e- collisions in setting bounds on extra charged and neutral gauge bosons and on four fermion contact interactions.