bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HUBUNGAN ANTARA KONDISI KESEHATAN IBU, PELAKSANAAN IMD, DAN IKLAN SUSU FORMULA DENGAN PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF
Authors: Alamsyah Dedi
Published: March 2018

Exclusive breastfeeding means that the infant receives only breast milk. No other liquids or solids are given. Breastfeeding is influenced by a number of factors, such maternal health condition, early initiation of breastfeeding, and infant formula advertising. Data from Health Department of Kabupaten Sambas indicated that that the coverage of breastfeeding in Kecamatan Tangaran, in 2014, was 27,1% and it ranked the first of 19 districts with low coverage of breastfeeding. This study aimed at analyzing the correlation of maternal health condition, early initiation of breastfeeding, infant formula advertising, and exclusive breastfeeding in Kecamatan Tangaran Kabupaten Sambas.Using observational analytic design and cross sectional approach, this study employed 110 samples. Each variable was tested using chi square test.The results indicated that early initiation of breastfeeding (p value =0,047) has significant correlation with exclusive breastfeeding (p value=0,05). Meanwhile, maternal health condition (p value=0,071) doesn�t significantly correlate with infant formula advertising ( p value=0,606).From the findings, the health personnel are encouraged to inform the young mothers about exclusive breastfeeding, provide lactation clinic, and impose sanctions for birth attendants who do not perform early initiation of breastfeeding birth. Also pregnant women are encouraged to choose early initiation of breastfeeding birth. At last, further researcher need to have further discussion about the factors of exclusive breastfeeding.

Keyword keys :Early Initiation of Breastfeeding, Exclusive Breastfeeding.
PENGARUH USIA DAN LAMA KERJA BIDAN TERHADAP KESADARAN SOSIAL BIDAN DALAM PEMBERIAN TABLET FE PADA IBU HAMIL
Authors: Adriansyah Agus Aan
Published: March 2018

Coverage of Fe tablets during antenatal care visit from 2011-2013 in Public Health Centers in Surabaya was still low with an average percentage of 9.29% and 16.27%. The study aim to analyze effect of midwife�s age and length of employment towards social awareness of midwife in Fe tablets administration for pregnant women in Public Health Centers in Surabaya.This research was an analytic observational study and a cross sectional approach. The research location was in all Public Health Centers in Surabaya. The samples as many as 65 midwives were taken using multistage random cluster sampling technique from 62 Public Health Centers representing every region in Surabaya. The data obtained were analyzed by using Ordinal Logistic Regression technique.The results showed that the older midwives (more than 36 years) have a better social awareness since they have had experience in interacting with the social world. Midwives who work longer (more than 10 years) tend to have better social awareness.The conclusion of this study is that the midwife�s age and length of employment are closely towards social awareness of midwife.

Keyword: Social Awareness, Midwife, Fe tablets
PREDIKTOR SIKAP STIGMA DAN DISKRIMINASI TERHADAP ORANG DENGAN HIV DAN AIDS (ODHA) DI KABUPATEN JEMBER
Authors: Baroya Ni�mal
Published: March 2018

Globally, the HIV and AIDS epidemic shows stable conditions, but statistically there is still an increase in new infections in some areas including Jember District. The main barriers to HIV prevention are stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV. This study aims to analyze the predictors of stigma and discrimination attitude toward PLHIV in Jember District. This was an observational study used cross sectional design. Research subjects were people aged 15-24 years amounted to 247 respondents. Determination of the sample using a multistage sampling technique, ie the determination of simple random cluster of villages and then determine the respondents of each cluster randomly systematic. Data were collected using structured interview technique with questionnaire then analyzed using chi-square test and logistic regression with 5% significance level. The results showed the majority of respondents (81.4%) stated not willing to buy food if the seller knew HIV +. Fifty percent more they disagree if female teachers who are HIV + keep teaching. Similarly, children with HIV + cannot be admitted to school with HIV negative children. The distribution of stigma and discrimination attitudes toward people living with HIV significantly differed by age, sex, education level, marital status and occupational status. The level of knowledge and residence does not differ significantly. A significant factor to be a predictor of stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV is age and gender. Younger age (15-19 years) and women have a greater likelihood of being stigmatized and discriminating against people living with HIV. Dissemination of information about HIV and AIDS in adolescents aged 15-19 years is still needed to increase knowledge and accelerate the acceptance of PLHIV so that stigma and discrimination attitude toward PLWHA can be reduced.

Keywords: attitude, stigma, discrimination people suffering with HIV and AIDS.
PRAKTIK HIGIENE PERORANGAN DAN SANITASI WARUNG PECEL TUMPANG DI KOTA KEDIRI
Authors: PutriPutri Gading Giovani
Published: March 2018

To realize food safety is applying good personal hygiene and sanitation.This study aims to describe personal hygiene and foodstalls sanitation of pecel tumpang in Kediri.An observational study with cross sectional design done on 20 sampels. Data performed in table with descriptive analyzed. Most of respondents had quite personal hygiene (80%), good location and building (50%), poor waste disposal (50%), poor sanitation facilities(50%), good sanitation of equipments (100%), and good clean water (90%).Somevariables indicate poor sanitation i.e. waste disposal and sanitation facilities.

Keywords: personal hygiene, food stalls sanitation, pecel tumpang
Analisis Soal Dalam Buku Siswa Matematika Kurikulum 2013 Untuk Sekolah Menengah Pertama Kelas VII Berdasarkan Dimensi Kognitif Trends International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS)
Authors: Kuswanti Yayuk , Setiawani Susi , Lestari Nurcholif Diah Sri
Published: March 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan soal matematika dalam Buku Siswa Matematika Kurikulum 2013 untuk Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) Kelas VII berdasarkan dimensi kognitif Trends International Mathematics And Science Study (TIMSS). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif, dengan subjek penelitian adalah soal uji kompetensi dalam Buku Siswa Matematika Kurikulum 2013 untuk SMP kelas VII semester 1 (edisi revisi 2014) yang disusun dan ditelaah oleh berbagai pihak di bawah koordinasi Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan dan diterbitkan oleh Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemdikbud. Pengumpulan data yang dilakukan menggunakan metode dokumentasi dan metode angket. Pedoman yang digunakan pada analisis soal adalah deskriptor pada setiap domain berdasarkan dimensi kognitif TIMSS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa soal yang dianalisis memuat 2,82 % deskriptor A2 (mengenali), 7,35% deskriptor A3 (menghitung), 12,43% deskriptor (mengambil), 16,38% deskriptor (mengklasifikasikan/mengurutkan), 25,4% deskriptor B1 (memilih), 9,6% deskriptor B2 (menunjukkan), 7,35% deskriptor B3 (memodelkan), 0,6% deskriptor B4 (mengimplementasikan), 7,9% deskriptor B5 (memecahkan masalah rutin), 3,38% deskriptor C1 (menganalisis), 4,52% deskriptor C3 (mengintegrasikan/menyatukan), 1,69% deskriptor C4 (membenarkan) dan 0,6% lain-lain. Secara keseluruhan berdasarkan dimensi kognitif TIMSS soal yang termasuk domain penerapan memiliki persentase paling tinggi yaitu sebesar 50,85%, diikuti dengan domain pengetahuan yaitu sebesar 38,98%, dan paling sedikit termasuk domain penalaran yaitu sebesar 9,6%.

 

Kata Kunci: Dimensi Kognitif, TIMSS, Domain Pengetahuan, Domain Penerapan, Domain Penalaran.
Kentsel Yeşil Alanların Mikro-İklimsel Etkilerinin İzmir-Bornova Örneğinde Araştırılması
Authors: ADIGÜZEL Gülşah , KÜÇÜKERBAŞ Erhan Vecdi
Published: March 2018

Sanayi devrimi ile birlikte ivme kazanan
kentleşme hareketi ve insan faaliyetlerine bağlı olarak, kentsel peyzajlar ve
iklim değişime uğramıştır. Bu değişim ile birlikte, yakın çevrelerindeki doğal
peyzajlar ile iklimsel olarak farklılık gösteren kentlerde, artan sıcaklıklara
bağlı olarak ısı adası sorunsalı ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu araştırma ile artan
kentsel sıcaklıkları azaltmada bir kontrol parametresi olan yeşil alanların,
iklimsel parametreler ile olan ilişkileri, gerçek zamanlı verilere dayalı
olarak analiz edilmiştir. Bu ilişkiler, İzmir ili Bornova ilçesindeki 3 büyük
kentsel yeşil alan ve yakın çevresini içinde
bulunduran kent bölgesi kapsamında, kentsel örtü tabakası iklim
özellikleri belirleme yöntemlerinden olan sabit ve hareketli istasyon ölçümleri
yapılarak incelenmiştir. Bu ölçümler sonucunda toplanan meteorolojik veriler,
istatistiksel analizlerden yararlanılarak değerlendirilmiştir.

Bu değerlendirmelere bağlı olarak elde
edilen önemli sonuçların başında; yeşil alanların kentsel sıcaklıkları, kendi
karakteristiklerinin yanı sıra kentsel peyzajların özelliklerine bağlı olarak
farklı oranlarda etkilediği gelmektedir. Araştırma sonucunda ise; araştırma
alanı ve genel bağlamda planlama ve tasarım önerilerinin yanında, yasal ve
yönetsel bağlamda öneriler ile hem ileriki çalışmalar, hem de kentsel iklim
haritalarının hazırlanmasına öncülük edecek öneriler geliştirilmiştir.
Az önkéntes egyszerűsítők fogyasztói magatartása különös tekintettel a táplálkozási szokásokra
Authors: Schäfferné Dudás Katalin , Venczel-Szakó Tímea
Published: March 2018

A tanulmányban bemutatásra került egy új fogyasztói csoport, az önkéntes egyszerűsítőké, amelynek tagjai szakítanak a fogyasztói társadalom logikájával, és valamilyen szinten önként, szabad akaratukból korlátozzák a fogyasztásukat, az élettel való elégedettségüket, boldogságukat nem anyagi javaktól remélik. Ezek a fogyasztók egyrészt környezetbarát alternatívát választanak vásárlásaik, közlekedésük, és energiafogyasztásuk során, másrészt igyekeznek minimalizálni vásárlásaik mennyiségét. Ez a fajta fogyasztói magatartás egyrészt ökológiai, társadalmi és gazdasági szempontból egy fenntarthatóbb alternatívát kínál, másrészt az eddigi kutatási eredmények szerint az önkéntes egyszerűsítők jobbnak ítélik meg szubjektív „jóllétüket”, elégedettebbek az életükkel, mint azok az emberek, akik a jelenleg uralkodó fogyasztási mintáknak megfelelően fogyasztanak. Az önkéntes egyszerűsítők táplálkozási szokásai is sajátosak, a szakirodalom alapján jellemző rájuk az önellátás, a vegetarianizmus, a komótos étkezés (slow food); illetve preferálják a helyi termelőket, termelői piacokat, a vásárolt élelmiszertermékek tekintetében pedig a helyi és az organikus termékeket, valamint az etikus termékeket. Primer kutatásunk során az önkéntes egyszerűsítők táplálkozási szokásainak legfőbb momentumait két magyarországi ökofalu honlapjának tartalomelemzése segítségével vizsgáltuk. Összességében elmondható, hogy a vizsgált ökofalvak lakóira a táplálkozással kapcsolatban is a természetesség, a természet közeliség jellemző. Azt az élelmiszert tartják jó minőségűnek, amit ők maguk termeltek meg vegyszer nélküli gazdaságukban. Bár a vizsgált ökofalvak esetében kifejezetten a lakosok táplálkozásával kapcsolatban kevés információ volt fellelhető a honlapon, összességében elmondható, hogy az önellátásra való törekvés, a helyi termelők, helyi termékek és a saját maguk elkészített élelmiszer preferálása jellemző rájuk. Kutatásunk feltáró jellegű volt, így a téma alapos körüljárása további kutatásokat igényel. További primer kutatást tervezünk az ökofalvak lakosainak mélyinterjús megkérdezésével kifejezetten a táplálkozási szokásaikkal kapcsolatban, illetve a későbbiekben az önkéntes egyszerűsítők más csoportját is el szeretnénk érni.
Foglalkoztatók és foglalkoztatottak a hazai zöldség-gyümölcs feldolgozóiparban
Authors: Tóth-Kurmai Viktória
Published: March 2018

A KSH adatbázisok elemzése alapján elmondható, hogy az élelmiszeripar a feldolgozóipari ágazatink közül a foglalkoztatás területén bír a legnagyobb jelentőséggel. A zöldség-gyümölcs feldolgozóiparban dolgozók száma az ezredforduló óta drasztikusan csökken, miközben egyre növekszik a szellemi és részmunkaidős foglalkoztatásúak aránya. A vizsgált alágazat két szakágazattal kapcsolatban kiemelkedően magas mutatókkal rendelkezik az egy alkalmazottra jutó termelési értéke alapján. A zöldség- gyümölcs feldolgozóipari vállalkozások száma nagyságrendekkel nem változott, azonban a kis és középvállalkozások előtérbe kerültek.
Vadhúsfogyasztói magatartás a minőségi szarvashús imázsa és pozícionálása
Authors: Torma Dorisz , Fülöp Nikoletta , Szente Viktória
Published: March 2018

Kutatásunk célja a magyarországi lakosok vadhúsfogyasztási illetve szarvashús-fogyasztási magatartásának a megismerése volt. A felmérés alkalmával kérdőíves megkérdezést és fókuszcsoportos interjúztatást hajtottunk végre. A szarvashús hazánkban még egy kevésbé ismert, luxuscikknek tartott termék, aminek a kommunikációját, értékesítési stratégiáit szinte az alapoktól kell felépíteni. Korlátozó tényező, hogy a megkérdezettek nem ismerik, drágának vélik, és szezonális termékként tekintenek rá.
Bormarketing, borfogyasztás és bortermelés hazánkban
Authors: Törökné Kiss Klára Ágnes
Published: March 2018

A bor egy olyan nemes ital, amelyet egyes nemzetek büszkén fogyasztanak és készítenek. A szőlőművelésnek és borkészítésnek hagyományai vannak. A nemzetközi borpiacon a hagyományos bortermelő országok mellett megjelentek a „hódító” bornemzetek. A magyar borászat nincs rossz helyzetben. Kiváló szakembereink vannak és a természeti adottságaink is megfelelőek. A borfogyasztás szokásainak vizsgálatából kiderült, hogy itthon az egyik legkedveltebb alkohol a bor, amelyet a magyarok kiváltképpen ünnepekkor fogyasztanak szívesen. Míg a hazai borfogyasztás évről évre csökken, a fiatalok körében mégis divat lett érteni a borokhoz. A magyar borkultúra szintje viszonylag alacsony, bár fejlődési pályán van. Szükséges tehát a borkultúrát javító szerveződések támogatása, kitalálása.
Lokális élelmiszerek a jövő marketingjében
Authors: Szente Viktória
Published: March 2018

A kutatás során országos, 1000 fős reprezentatív fogyasztói felmérésre került sor 2014 nyarán a 18-75 éves népesség körében Magyarországon a helyi élelmiszerekkel kapcsolatos fogyasztói szokásokról és attitűdökről.Az eredmények egyértelműen tükrözik, hogy a magyar fogyasztók körében jelentős érdeklődés figyelhető meg a helyi élelmiszerek iránt, ám a rendelkezésükre álló információ rendkívül szűk körű és sokszor téves. Elfogadják helyi termelőként az országos lefedettséggel értékesítő nagyvállalatot (61,3%), a nagy mezőgazdasági termelőüzemet (81,2%) is, ha az „helyben” található. Nem fogadják azonban el azokat az előállítókat, akiket nem ismernek (55,9%) vagy nincs hagyománya azoknak az adott településen (68,5%), amely felhívja a figyelmet a helyi termékek bizalmi jellegére. A felismerhetőséget leginkább a termék eredetére utaló elnevezés (52,9%) segíti, de nem sokkal kisebb arányban említették az előállítóval való személyes ismertséget (48,3%). Rendkívül kedvező, hogy a válaszadók több mint fele (55,6%) hajlandó akár külön is elmenni a helyi termékekért, erre leginkább megfelelőnek pedig a termelői piacokat (58%) vélik. Legnagyobb előny számukra, ha a vásárolt termék minél kevesebb kézen megy keresztül, amely felértékeli a rövid értékesítési láncok (REL) szerepét.Életmód változók alapján 4 fogyasztói szegmenst sikerült elkülöníteni. közülük a legnagyobb méretű (n=394) tekinthető a helyi élelmiszerek leginkább elkötelezett vásárlójának. Nem csak az árat veszik figyelembe választásukkor, de tudatosnak tekinthetők az egészségvédelem és a család elvárásai alapján is.Az eredmények előrevetítik, hogy a célcsoport elérése érdekében elsődleges, még ha közhellyé is vált, az összefogás, vertikálisan (nem csak termelői szinten!) és horizontálisan (élelmiszerellátási-lánc szemlélet) egyaránt. Az alternatív értékesítési csatornáknak kiemelt szerepe van az elosztásban, de nem tekinthetők kizárólagosnak. A marketingstratégia tervezésekor a klasszikus eszközökön túl célszerű az emberi tényezővel is kalkulálni, mert a helyi élelmiszerek bizalmi jellege miatt az ellátási lánc minden lépcsőjében fokozott szerepe van.
Determinants Influencing Financial Performance of Public Hospitals: The Case of Vietnam
Authors: Tran Manh Dung , Vu Thi Sen
Published: March 2018

The study is conducted to investigate the impact levels of determinants on financial performance of public hospitals in the Northwest of Vietnam in the discipline of management accounting. Data are collected from 43 public hospitals in the Northwest of Vietnam. Regression analysis is employed for determining the impact levels of factors on financial performance of public hospitals in Vietnam. The results show that the impact levels of determinants on financial performance decrease from the factors of efficiency of revenue and expenses, efficiency of staff working, mission role, quality standard, satisfaction of service quality, quality of treatment, service supply, strategic planning, financial management efficiency, mission achievement, activity strategy planning; customer’s expectations, ratio of doctor per patient. Based on the findings, some suggestions are given for improving financial performance of public hospitals in the Northwest in particular and public hospitals in Vietnam in general.
Physicochemical Properties of TiO2 Nanoparticle Loaded APTES-Functionalized MWCNTs Composites and Their Photocatalytic Activity with Kinetic Study
Authors: Ahmad Amirah , Razali Mohd Hasmizam , Mamat Mazidah , Kassim Karimah , Mat Amin Khairul Anuar
Published: March 2018

In this study, functionalized-MWCNTs with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) loaded titania nanoparticles (MWCNTs-APTES-TiO2) were prepared to investigate their physicochemical properties and photocatalytic activity for methyl orange (MO) degradation. The TiO2 nanoparticles, functionalized-MNCNT and composite powders were characterized by XRD, raman, and TEM. The results obtained proved that titania (TiO2) nanoparticles was successfully loaded on APTES-MWCNTs. The best photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange solution under UV light irradiation was recorded over MWCNTs-APTES-TiO2 (1:2), with 87% after 180 min. Kinetic analysis indicated that photocatalytic degradation of MO solution by MWCNTs-APTES-TiO2 obeyed second-order kinetic model (R2 > 0.95), supported by half-life equations and graph. The presence of carbon nanotubes accelerated the degradation of methyl orange due to inhibition of electron-hole recombination, the formation of additional hydroxyl radicals and functional groups of the latter had an inhibitory effect on the degradation of methyl orange. This study shows that the MWCNTs-APTES-TiO2 nanocomposites exhibit promising photocatalytic degradation against methyl orange.
Cuttings-Transport Modeling–Part 1: Specification of Benchmark Parameters With a Norwegian-Continental-Shelf Perspective
Authors: Busch A.. , Islam A.. , Martins D. W. , Iversen F. P. , Khatibi M.. , Johansen S. T. , Time R. W. , Meese E. A.
Published: March 2018

In oil and gas drilling, cuttings-transport-related problems are a major contributor to well downtime and costs. As a result, solutions to these problems have been extensively researched over the years, both experimentally and through simulation. Numerous review articles exist, summarizing not only the research history but also the qualitative effect of individual case parameters such as pump-flow rate, pipe rotation, and rate of penetration (ROP) on cuttings transport. However, comparing different studies is challenging because there is no common reference defined in the form of a typical and representative set of case parameters.

To develop relevant and accurate cutting-transport models, it is critical that both experiments and models are targeting flow cases relevant for respective drilling operations. Development of a clear understanding of the industrial-parameter space, as well as establishing benchmarks, will help achieve a more-concerted effort in development of models and corresponding laboratory experiments.

Other industries have established research benchmarks, such as the “NREL offshore 5-MW baseline wind turbine” (Jonkman et al. 2009) in wind-power research, providing a standardized set of case parameters and profiles, readily available for use to researchers worldwide, and resulting in straightforward benchmarking and validation as well as faster establishment of projects.

For application to the modeling of cuttings-transport phenomena, we propose a methodology for deriving a well-defined and standardized set of geometrical, operational, and environmental case parameters describing various operating points of drilling operations and procedures as well as simplified problems. The methodology is exemplified with an 8.5-in.-section drilling-ahead use case with aggregated wellbore data from the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate (NPD). The relevance and application of the derived parameters are briefly discussed in light of modeling, both experimentally and through simulations. Applying this methodology before any cuttings-transport study may enable a better definition of industry-relevant case parameters.

In Part 2, we will apply and discuss the derived parameter sets in the context of nondimensional numbers for assessment of scalability.
Oil Bank Build Up: An Experimental Approach
Authors: Saadi Faisal Al , Wolf Karl-Heinz , Kruijsdijk Cor Van
Published: March 2018

In chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery surfactants, solvents or other water based additives are used to mobilize micro bubble size trapped oil. Under favorable physical, chemical and spatial conditions the mobilized oil collects in an oil bank that will be displaced to the producer. Our understanding of when, and under which conditions an oil bank is formed, is very limited. This is relevant when core flow experiments are interpreted and upscaled from centimeter scale to field scale in various steps.

We built two experimental high precision setups for different volume scales to obtain reliable and accurate results. The first one is a Microfluidic setup, which visualizes and characterizes the dynamic of fluid flow at micrometer/pore scale. The second one is a high-end core flow setup which is used to study the dynamics of a mobilization process at meter/Darcy scale. These high-end development set-ups provide us with robust, accurate and repeatable experimental data for oil mobilization from micrometer/pore scale to one meter scale samples.

We experimentally demonstrated the process of oil bank build up at two different pore framework scales. These experimental results provided a high degree of data integrity. In addition, results give direct evidence for the mechanism of oil bank build up and upscaling procedure. We ensured the repeatability, reproducibility and integrity of the experimental data. We visualized and explored semi-quantitatively the entire process from mobilizing residual oil to dispersed flow to oil bank formation using a micro-fluidic device and core flow tests using cores of different lengths (7 – 100 cm)
Designing a Cross Top Down Steam Drive Pilot to Unlock a Complex Ultra Heavy Oil Field in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Belghache Abdesslam , Holyoak Steve , Alwazeer Abdullah , Choudhury Suryyendu , Shibli Abdullah , Mahrazy Khalfan , Amri Zamzam , Yazidi Rashid , D'Amours Kevin
Published: March 2018

Thermal field development often requires trials or pilots to unlock additional oil recovery. "A" East (ALE) is a thermal EOR oil development project located on the Eastern Flank of the South Oman Salt Basin. An initial/ongoing development phase in the upper part of the reservoir primarily consists of Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) followed by steam drive. Aiming to increase the field's total ultimate recovery, the next development phase was conceived to target the more viscous oil (up to 200,000 cP) in deeper zones, deemed too challenging in the first phase.

Many concepts were evaluated, however "Cross Top Down Steam Drive" (X-TDSD) was ranked as the most favorable option to address the development uncertainties. Similar to the Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD), the injection wells will be positioned above the production wells. However unlike SAGD, the injectors will be placed perpendicular (cross) to the producers. Additionally, the XTDSD will assess the approach of utilizing a combination of steam flooding at the top, using vertical wells, and a gravity drainage process at the bottom using horizontal wells.

The X-TDSD trial scope includes the drilling and completion of two horizontal injectors, three horizontal producers, and three vertical observation wells. These will be accommodated within the existing infrastructure. The acceleration of the three observation wells reduced some of the main uncertainties prior to executing the horizontal wells. These included structural geology, stratigraphy, and grain size analysis for sand control requirements.

The success of the X-TDSD trial depends not only on reservoir properties, but also on the well and reservoir operating strategy. A clear plan for operating parameters and real-time surveillance were incorporated into the project development plan. Permanent production and injection monitoring are included, to facilitate systematic adjustment of the well parameters. This aims to optimize steam chamber development during the pilot's operating life. Flexibility was incorporated in the wells and facility design to accommodate the six planned modes of operation, as described later.

This paper will focus on the design details, which required integrated input from several disciplines.
Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding: Where is the Enhanced Oil Exactly?
Authors: Yang Hanxu , Li Junjian , Jiang Hanqiao , Hu Jinchuan , Zeng Jia , Nie Chunlin
Published: March 2018

With the advantages of high sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency, alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding can greatly improve the oil recovery by 20%. The microscopic displacement mechanisms have been reported in detail, however, the macroscopic 3D fluid flow characteristics still lack enough research. This paper is aimed to study the macroscopic flow dynamics in ASP and further clarify the distinctions of remaining oil saturation between waterflooding and chemical flooding.

The flow dynamics were examined at both laboratory and numerical scale. A sandpack physical model was designed to simulate the vertical heterogeneous reservoir. To analyze the pressure distribution during the ASP flooding, the model was equipped with 25 pressure transducers. Then we built the corresponding numerical model to simulate the ASP process. Basic experiments data were used for history match and chemical parameters. In the simulation, we investigated the base case (pure waterflooding) and seven chemical flooding scenarios (alkali, surfactant, polymer, alkali-surfactant, alkali-polymer, surfactant-polymer, alkali-surfactant-polymer flooding, respectively).

"Enhanced oil saturation (EOS)" is defined by subtracting each chemical flooding from waterflooding case. The distribution maps/profiles were generated for comparison in eight cases. Viewed from the x-y areal plane, in the cases added with polymer, the injected chemicals from main streamline were observed to gradually spread to the two sides apart to displace the remaining oil. Besides, chemicals were diverted into lower permeability at vertical section. Based on the saturation profile presented in each chemical flooding scenarios, we classified the enhanced oil area into 4 subzones: A-zone, S-zone, P-zone and ASP-zone. This division characterized both individual and synergistic effects in alkali, surfactant, and polymer. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to compare the influence of alkali, surfactant, and polymer with different concentrations on the area where oil was extracted. Results show that: (1) as the polymer concentration grew higher, all the sub-zones displayed increasing tendency, but the impact would diminish if the concentration exceeded 1500 mg/L; (2) a relatively rich surfactant-bearing solution helped expand P-zone, and the ASP-zone is also benefited; (3) an optimal alkali concentration is advised to be 1% ~1.5%.

We establish a comprehensive characterization of the fluid flow dynamics by performing physical experiments and numerical simulation. The novelty of the paper is the inspection on the location where extra oil is driven by the function of each component. The synergy in ASP is recognized by pressure and saturation distribution. The study provides a better understanding of macroscopic flow mechanisms in chemical flooding projects.
Hydraulic Concentric Tubular Pumping System for Lifting Oil in EOR Completions
Authors: Langbauer C. , Jax G. , Vita P. , Hofstätter H.
Published: March 2018

Conventional artificial lift systems are limited in their application by depth, borehole trajectory, and chemistry of the produced media. This paper presents a concentric tubular pumping system, combined with an efficient hydraulic pump to overcome the limitations of existing artificial lift systems and to assure a cost-effective production.

This pumping system consists of a specially designed pump&piston combination which is driven by a hydraulic pressure unit from the surface without any mechanical connection. The hydraulic pump itself can be circulated into and out of the borehole or can be run by slickline, resulting in fast and low-cost operations. The pump is designed to be run as a concentric tubular pumping system, which causes several advantages, especially in gas, thermal or chemical injection EOR installations. This new pump type is designed and manufactured in cooperation with the industry and tested at the Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria.

The performance and wear tests have demonstrated the saving potential in terms of energy efficiency as well as reduced CAPEX and OPEX. The unique design of this pump owns a very low number of moving parts, such no mechanical connection to the surface, and such providing minimal exposure to wear and corrosion. Tests have shown that the pump is very adaptable in terms of production rate, which just requires a change in surface hydraulic pressure. Based on experience the concentric tubular pumping system is the best selection for thermal and chemical EOR methods to enhance the lifetime of the completions. As a result of the natural phase separation of liquids and gases the presented pumping system has shown to be the ideal choice for the usage in all types of wells for gas injection EOR methods too.

This completely new pump type exceeds the performance of existing artificial lift systems, increases the mean time between failures and reduces the lifting costs essentially. These major issues are most important in times of low oil price, especially for tertiary recovery methods.
An Experimental Validation of a Smart Emulsion Flooding for Economic Chemical EOR
Authors: Wei Bing , Ning Jian , Shang Jing , Pu Wanfen
Published: March 2018

The depression of the current global oil market renders the majority of chemical EOR projects worldwide unprofitable, especially in china. Therefore, economic alternative technologies must be quickly developed. This paper evaluated the potential of a smart pre-formed emulsion flooding EOR in Block 9 based on the reaction between alkali and highly acidic crude oil. The static properties and dynamic displacement behaviors of the emulsion were thoroughly investigated. Particular emphasis was placed on the relationship between emulsion stability, droplet particle/pore radius matching, and EOR efficiency. The experimental results showed that the petroleum acids of the crude oil reacted with alkali (NaOH), and producing neutral emulsions (pH≈7.0). The emulsion rheology and morphology were strongly dependent on oil water ratio. From the economic point, the oil/water ratio of 0.5:9.5 was used to prepare two types of O/W emulsions (unstable and stable emulsions) with different particle sizes. The core flooding tests proved that a higher pressure during emulsion injection was generated than that of water injection due to Jiamin effect induced by the dispered oleic phase. As a consequence, the oil recovery factor was further improved by 6-17%. High matching factor and emulsion stability accounted for more significant EOR effect as we observed.
Influencing Factors Analysis in the Combination of Gel Treatment and Low Salinity Water Flooding Using Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Alhuraishawy Ali K. , Alfarge Dheiaa , Wei Mingzhen , Bai Baojun , Almansour Abdullah
Published: March 2018

Gel treatment is often used to control the excessive water production in fractured reservoirs. Combined technology has drawn a great interest in the oil industry over the last decade. Recently, gel treatment combined with low salinity waterflooding brought a significant attention in reservoir engineering. It has been reported that low salinity waterflooding can improve displacement efficiency. Gel treatment has been proved to plug fractures and improve sweep efficiency. The objective of this paper is to provide a deeper understanding of this combined technology by applying experimental and simulation approach (sensitivity analysis). The purpose of sensitivity analysis is to determine how sensitive the oil recovery factor obtained at different conditions to different parameters.

The experimental results found that the low-salinity water can improve oil recovery factor by 6% and plugging efficiency was also improved. The sensitivity analysis results showed that the initial oil saturation, oil viscosity, porosity, and matrix permeability were the most important parameters affecting improved oil recovery when combined technology applied. The matrix permeability was the most important parameter impacting the obtained oil recovery, and the oil saturation was the lowest. The performance of using low-salinity water increased when matrix permeability increased, and porosity decreased. Identifying the parameters which have a significant impact on oil recovery would give a good prediction for combined technology success or failure depending on reservoir properties.
Real-Time Fiber-Optics Monitoring of Steam Injection in Unconsolidated High Viscous Formation
Authors: Gonzalez Santiago , Al Rashidi Hamad , Pandey D. C. , Al-Mula Yousef , Safar Abdualaziz , Al-Kandari Jassim , Abdalla Waeil Abdelmohen , Gorgi Sam , Patel Dipen
Published: March 2018

Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) is running two pilot projects in South Ratqa Field to evaluate steam injection using cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and steam flooding (SF) methods. These projects are the first of their kind in KOC history and one of the major milestones in the North Kuwait Heavy Oil Development.

Two large-scale thermal pilot (LSTP) projects are located north and south of the South Ratqa Field, with the north running two different areas of 10 and 5 acres and well completion and the south running one area of 5 acres.

KOC has been injecting steam in these pilots in an unconsolidated high viscous formation since 2015, beginning with a CSS process that migrating to SF during the second half of 2017. A fundamental goal to help ensure success with this type of project is carefully monitoring the injected steam per well and per formation layer by installing fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) and pressure gauges in a portion of the wells; this goal was defined at the beginning of the project. For this purpose, 12 wells were drilled as observation wells and 6 idle wells were used for fiber-optic deployment to monitor the reservoir 24 hours a day, 7 days a week for the injection life of the pilots. The observation wells with DTS and pressure gauges were distributed along the pilots to cover a large predetermined observation area for the pilots.

The observation wells with DTS and pressure gauges in the north and south LSTP areas were also distributed along these pilots to cover a large area. The benefits of installing this technology in the pilots are to:To develop an understanding of steam breakthrough zones along the pay-zone interval of production wellsTo help improve the understanding of the steam injection profile for steam-injector wellsTo help improve the real-time temperature profile along the length of producer’s wellboreTo develop an understanding of heat management during steam flooding

This paper discusses the success story between two companies installing DTS and thermal pressure gauges and includes a description of DTS, the installation procedure of downhole and surface equipment, real-time data transfer, and data analysis.
Design of a Combined Foam EOR Process for a Naturally Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Chevallier Eloise , Chabert Max , Gautier Serge , Ghafram Hamid , Khaburi Saja , Alkindi Abdullah
Published: March 2018

This paper presents laboratory studies to apply a new approach based on combined foam EOR processes to a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir (NFR) located in Oman. Applications of EOR techniques in fractured reservoirs, despite their attractive potential, have always been challenged by the inability to efficiently control EOR fluid mobility in fractures, which results in inefficient flooding of the reservoir matrix and poor economics of the process. This work discusses the maturation of efficient foam EOR processes for NFRs. The foam is aimed at blocking aqueous solution flow in fractures on the one hand while allowing low interfacial tension (IFT) solution to enter the matrix on the other hand.

We use an extensive experimental workflow to develop such solution in the challenging salinity conditions of the considered reservoir. Using robotics, we first combine low-IFT and foam boosting surfactants to come up with the most adapted chemical cocktail in terms of solubility, IFT with crude oil and foaming properties in hard brine. The selected formulation is then quantitatively characterized for IFT with crude oil, phase behavior with live oil, foam stability in reservoir pressure and temperature conditions, and foaming properties in model porous media. Dedicated coreflood experiments mimicking flow in fractured reservoirs are finally used to quantitatively evaluate the process using the designed formulation. This includes evaluation of foam-induced pressure drop, effluent fluid composition and oil recovery in artificially fractured cores.

The designed combined foam EOR formulation is perfectly soluble in hard brine and yields an IFT with crude oil well below 10-2 mN/m at 65°C. It is able to generate and stabilize foam both in absence and in presence of crude oil. Process evaluation in artificially fractured core shows good control by foam of aqueous solution mobility in fracture, and efficient imbibition of aqueous solution from fracture to matrix. Interestingly, a filtration effect is observed whereby only aqueous solution enters the matrix from the fracture, while foam only exists in fracture. This, combined with the sensitivity of foam to presence of oil, enables an efficient production of oil from the matrix through the fracture, as measured during recovery experiments.

This paper presents the first steps toward a potential pilot application of a new process aimed at making chemical EOR in fractured carbonate technically and economically feasible. The approach presented here allows the design of a performing process in challenging conditions of water salinity and hardness.
Enhanced Aquifer Pump-Off Strategy for a Steam Flooding Development, A West Field, Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Belghache Abdesslam , Van Doren Jorn , Shibli Abdullah , Tromp JP , Hilali Ali , Bahri Sultan , Yazidi Rashid , D'Amours Kevin
Published: March 2018

One of the key challenges of the "A" West reservoir thermal development is the presence of an active bottom aquifer. If unmanaged, high aquifer pressures relative to the oil reservoir would have a detrimental effect on the ongoing thermal Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) process. Consequently, the "A" West development strategy includes an Aquifer Pump Off (APO) system.

The key APO management objectives are:Lower the reservoir pressure and hence:a.Improve injectivity.b.Improve heat efficiency (more latent heat).c.Prevent quenching of the injected steam.Secure the feed water for the steam generation.

In order to meet the above objectives, the following methods were used to evaluate the targeted pump off rate:Material Balance analysis.History matched full field model.History matched regional aquifer model, whereby several aquifer pump-off scenarios have been explored to further deplete the aquifer pressure in "A" West.

A high APO capacity is initially required for an accelerated aquifer pressure depletion to match the currently low reservoir pressure caused by historical cold production of the upper half of the reservoir. This initial APO capacity is only required until the target aquifer pressure is achieved, after which, aquifer pump off rate will be gradually reduced to avoid oil cusping into the aquifer. To monitor oil cusping, water samples are collected from APO wells and facilities and analyzed for oil contamination. Moreover, three observation wells were drilled for real time reservoir/aquifer pressure gradient monitoring. These observation wells will also ensure an optimum pressure differential between the reservoir and the aquifer.

The produced APO water is partly used as feed water for steam generation, with the remainder relocated to a shallow aquifer via a separate relocation system. To ensure oil free water, APO wells are located 100m below the OWC. In order to avoid well integrity issues and heat losses through the produced water, well trajectories have been designed to evade penetrating the steamed formation. An additional opportunity was realized by re-routing a portion of the excess water to a northern water-flooding project to maintain its reservoir pressure.

This paper will focus on the integrated APO strategy, which meets the reservoir management objectives of the "A" West steam flooding project, and the PDO water management strategy.
Fracturing Fluid Encapsulated Breaker: High Temperature up to 330°F
Authors: Al-Hulail Ibrahim , Al-Khabbaz Haidr , Al-Janabi Yahya , Rahal Raed , Dahlan Mohammed , Al-Marshad Khaled
Published: March 2018

Water-based gelled fracturing fluids with guar and guar derivative polymers are used for viscosity development, leakoff control, and proppant transport during hydraulic fracturing operations. After placement, the polymers' mass should be extensively degraded with breakers, such as acids, enzymes, and oxidizers, to help maximize fracture conductivity and minimize residual damaging materials. Without a mechanism to delay their activity, these types of breakers react quickly in most downhole environments, some even at low temperatures, and can degrade the fracturing fluid at an undesirable rate or too early in the treatment.

Oxidizers, such as ammonium peroxydisulfate, are widely used breakers. Oxidizer performance depends on many factors, such as time, temperature, breaker concentration, and polymer loading. Optimal breakers should generate minimum or no unbroken gel residues to help prevent formation damage or damage to the propped fracture. With wells being drilled deeper and at higher temperatures, a high-temperature encapsulated breaker is important for optimum fracturing fluid performance. The high-temperature encapsulated breaker discussed in this paper helps control gel breaking time, enables crosslinked fracturing fluid stability for a longer time than designed, and minimizes residual mass.

This paper presents a high-temperature encapsulated breaker that works at temperatures up to 330°F. The new breaker was thoroughly tested in a laboratory testing scheme that included rheology testing up to 330°F. Testing also included a comparison between the current industry oxidizer and the new high-temperature encapsulated breaker. Additionally, a high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) filter press study of current fracturing fluids and the new breaker was conducted although not included here.

This study highlights the high-temperature encapsulated breaker performance when added to zirconate crosslinked fracturing fluids and compares it to a control fluid without breaker. Also reported for each case are the results from using the same oxidizer without being encapsulated for the same testing conditions.
Study on Development Well Pattern of Combined Steam Drive and Gravity Drainage in a Reservoir with Interbeds and its Application: A Case Study
Authors: Hu Changhao , Zhang Tiantian , Wang Zhongyuan , Han Bing , Zhou Guangxing , Ge Mingxi , Zou Zhaoyu
Published: March 2018

SAGD with combination of vertical and horizontal well has been commercially applied in Liaohe Oilfield. The medium-depth massive super heavy oil D-X reservoir with edge and bottom water is the object of this study. As there exist several extensive interbeds above the horizontal section, the steam chamber is not able to spread to the oil zones above them, resulting low producing degree of the reservoir, and the indicators of development plan cannot be met. To overcome the present problems, a novel SAGD well pattern was proposed, in which oil is drained vertically and swept horizontally at the same time.

A high temperature and high pressure physical model was used to simulate the process of SAGD with combined steam drive and gravity drainage (hereinafter refers to as "CSDGD") in a reservoir containing interbeds. It was observed that the steam chamber fully spread when steam is injected and oils produced above the interbed using vertical wells while producing the reservoir with SAGD under the interbeds. In this way, reserve in the model was sufficiently produced. The width and length of interbeds and its distance to horizontal well are the main factors affecting development effect. The further step is to build numerical model of interbeds of different width, length and vertical position to investigate the effects of interbed distribution and development on SAGD. Finally, screening criteria were proposed for CSDGD and well pattern of steam flooding above the interbed was optimized as well.

At present this technique has been applied in 19 well groups in D-X Reservoir. Well temperature monitoring data shows that reservoir temperature above the interbeds was increased significantly from 70°C to 250°C. The oil production rate of well group was increased from 15t/t to 30t/t; the oil-steam ratio was increased by 0.02 ~ 0.03. Vertical producing percentage was increased by 20%.

A new SAGD well pattern was proposed for the reservoir with interbed in this paper, and the mechanism is revealed. This technique has been successfully used in D-X reservoir to overcome the unfavorable effects of interbeds on steam chamber forming. The study results can be applied to the SAGD development block that cannot meet economic indicators due to the effects of interbeds.