bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Recognition. Asymmetric Complexation of Diketopiperazines.
Authors: JEONG K.‐S. , MUEHLDORF A. V. , REBEK J. JUN.
Published: May 2016

The receptor compounds (VII) (separated on a Pirkle column into the enantiomers) and (VIII) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Phases of the Yb‐Ga System in the Range 20‐32 at.% Yb.
Authors: CIRAFICI S. , FORNASINI M. L.
Published: May 2016

The reinvestigation of the title system by XRD and metallographic methods reveals the presence of two new phases, Yb3Ga8 (I) and YbGa3‐x (II) with 0 ≦ x ≦ 0.36.
ChemInform Abstract: Role of Sulfide Additives on the Performance of Alkaline Iron Electrodes.
Authors: VIJAYAMOHANAN K. , SHUKLA A. K. , SATHYANARAYANA S.
Published: May 2016

The mechanism of depassivation of porous iron electrodes by addition of sulfide is discussed on the basis of experimental results of steady state, galvanostatic, and potentiostatic polarization studies.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Reactivity of Halo‐1,3‐azoles and Related Compounds Toward Aromatic SN2 Substitution.
Authors: YAMANAKA H. , OHBA S. , SAKAMOTO T.
Published: May 2016

Coupling of the activated methylene compounds (II) with the heterocyclic methyl sulfones (I) and (IV) or the halides (VI) and (VIII) is accompanied by elimination to yield the substituted azoles (III), (V), (VII), or (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Ethynyl Carbocations. Part 3. Diene Synthesis in the 4‐Phenylethynylpyrylium Salt Series.
Authors: KOBLIK A. V. , MURAD'YAN L. A. , DUBONOSOV A. D. , ZOLOTOVSKOVA G. P.
Published: May 2016

Diels‐Alder reaction of the phenylethynylpyrylium salts (I) with the cyclopentadienes (II) produces the norbornadienylpyrylium salts (III) of which (IIIc) and (IIIe) are transformed into the corresponding pyridinium salts (Vc) and (Ve) upon treatment with ammonium acetate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of 2‐Methylnaphthalene to 2‐Methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone with Ammonium Dichromate Catalyzed by RuCl3.
Authors: CHOCRON S. , MICHMAN M.
Published: May 2016

2‐Methylnaphthalene (I) is oxidized in acetonitrile/water solution to give 2‐methyl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (IV) either by bis(tetrabutylammonium) dichromate or ammonium dichromate at slightly elevated temperatures.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Some Stable Enamines of 4,4‐Disubstituted 3,5‐Diphenylcyclohexanones
Authors: AHMED S. A. , HICKMOTT P. W.
Published: May 2016

(i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Enantioselective Preparation of 2‐Substituted 3‐Hydroxypropionic Acids via Chemoenzymatic Reaction.
Authors: ATSUUMI S. , NAKANO M. , KOIKE Y. , TANAKA S. , OHKUBO M. , YONEZAWA T. , FUNABASHI H. , HASHIMOTO J. , MORISHIMA H.
Published: May 2016

The 1,3‐diols (I) are enantioselectively monoesterified in the presence of lipase P from Pseudomonas fluorescens to yields the chiral acetates (+)‐(III).
ChemInform Abstract: Herbicidal Activity of Some 4′‐Substituted 2‐(4‐Benzoylphenoxy)alkanoic Acids.
Authors: MASSOLINI G. , CARMELLINO M. L. , BORGNA P.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds, e.g. (I), are synthesized from the corresponding phenols according to known procedures.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Substituted 2,6‐Dialkylanilides.
Authors: KRUTOSIKOVA A. , DANDAROVA M. , KONECNY V. , KOVAC J.
Published: May 2016

Addition reaction of 2,6‐dialkylanilines (I) with carboxylic acid chlorides such as (II) gives the corresponding amides (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties of Some 1,3,5‐Substituted 2‐Pyrazolines.
Authors: KOOS M. , REPAS M. , STEINER B. , MLYNARCIK D.
Published: May 2016

The trisubstituted pyrazolines (III) are obtained by condensation reaction of the chalcones (I) with phenylhydrazine (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Antiparasitic Agents. Part 15. Synthesis of 4‐Phenyl‐1‐(2‐substituted‐ethyl)imidazolidin‐2‐ones as Structural Analogs of Levamisole Metabolite and Potential Leishmanicidal Agents.
Authors: BATRA S. , SHARMA S.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (VII) as well as the related imidazolidinones (VIII), (X) and (XI) are prepared as analogues of the metabolite (XII) of the effective leishmanicide (XIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Geminal Azo‐ and Heteroelement Functions. Part 9. Triazolium Salts. Part 3. 1‐(1,1‐Dimethylethyl)‐4,5‐dihydro‐3,3‐dimethyl‐5‐oxo‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazolium Chloride.
Authors: SCHANTL J. G. , LANZNASTER N. , GSTACH H.
Published: May 2016

The hydrazine hydrochloride (III) reacts with potassium cyanate (IV) under ring‐closure to yield 2‐tert‐butyl‐5,5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazolidin‐3‐one (V) which is oxidatively cleaved upon treatment with potassium permanganate, producing the isocyanate (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 1,3‐Thiazolidines and 1,3,4‐Thiadiazolines from Thiocarbohydrazides.
Authors: KABASHIMA S. , OKAWARA T. , YAMASAKI T. , FURUKAWA M.
Published: May 2016

Thiocarbohydrazide (I) reacts with α‐bromo‐γ‐butyrolactone (II) in ethanol to produce the azine (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Agents Acting on Central Nervous System. Part 30. Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxymethyl‐3‐phenylpiperidine and Related Compounds.
Authors: PILLAI K. M. R. , KAPIL R. S. , NAND N.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (IV) and the analogues (VI) are tested for their CNS activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Substituted 6‐(3′,5′‐Dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1′‐yl)quinolines and Evaluation of Their Biological Activities.
Authors: PATEL H. V. , VYAS K. A. , FERNANDES P. S.
Published: May 2016

All products obtained starting from (I) are screened for their antibacterial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions in Benzo(c)(1,8)naphthyridines. Part 2.
Authors: CHERUBIM P. , DEADY L. W.
Published: May 2016

The 3‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐substituted title compound (III) is prepared and its chemistry is compared with that of the 1‐chloro‐3‐methyl isomer (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of 1‐R‐3‐(3‐R′‐Amino‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐β‐carboline Dihydrochlorides.
Authors: SOLOMINA L. P. , SARKISYAN A. B. , PIRDZHANOV L. SH. , ARZANUNTS E. M. , SARKISYAN I. S. , MARKARYAN K. ZH. , POGOSYAN A. V. , MARKARYAN E. A.
Published: May 2016

The carbolines (I) react with epichlorohydrin (II) to form the 2‐glycidylcarbolines (III) which are treated with the primary amines (IV), producing the title compounds (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Some Reactions of Pyrimidine‐2‐thione Derivatives.
Authors: MAHMOUD M. R. , SOLIMAN A. Y. , BAKEER H. M.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (III) and their reaction products are prepared with the view to obtaining new heterocycle containing a pyrimidyl (and a thiazoloyl) moiety for pharmacological studies.
ChemInform Abstract: Restricted Rotation of the Pyrimidine Ring in Symmetrical 10‐S‐3 Sulfuranes: Evaluation of Hypervalent N‐S‐N Bond Energy.
Authors: OHKATA K. , OHSUGI M. , KUWAKI T. , YAMAMOTO K. , AKIBA K.
Published: May 2016

The 2,2'‐bispyrimidinylthiourea (I) reacts with sulfuryl chloride to form the tetracyclic sulfuranes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐Hetarylpyrazolo(3,4‐b)pyrazines and Their Use as Disperse Dyes for Polyester Fibres.
Authors: RANGNEKAR D. W. , DHAMNASKAR S. V.
Published: May 2016

Cyclocondensation of the aminonitrosopyrazole (I) with the keto esters (II) or the malonic acid derivatives (V) or (VII) gives the pyrazolopyrazines (III) and (IV), (VI), or (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Conjugate Addition of Allylsilanes with Subsequent Sila‐Wagner‐Meerwein Rearrangement: A Novel Methodology for Stereoselective Trimethylsilylcyclopentane Annulation.
Authors: KNOELKER H.‐J. + , JONES P. G. , PANNEK J.‐B.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the acetylcycloalkenes (I) with allyltrimethylsilane (II) in the presence of titanium tetrachloride yields a mixture of the acetylallylcycloalkane (III) and the acetyltrimethylsilylbicycloalkanes (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A New System Exhibiting a High Barrier to Rotation About the P‐N Bond. Syntheses and Spectral Studies of 1,3,2‐Diazaphosphetidin‐4‐one Derivatives.
Authors: MA X.‐B. , ZHANG J.‐L.
Published: May 2016

The 1H HMR signals of the title compounds (III) (9 examples) at ambient temp. display a broad doublet which eventually coalesces before becoming sharp upon warming, and the 13C NMR spectra show that the α‐ and β‐carbons of the dialkylamino group are non‐equivalent.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Reactions of Complexes Formed from 2,5‐Dithiahex‐3‐yne (MeSCCSMe) and Tungsten Carbonyls.
Authors: MILLER D. C. , ANGELICI R. J.
Published: May 2016

The alkyne (II) reacts with the W(II) carbonyl complexes (I) and (VI) to give the π‐alkyne products (III), (VII), and (VIII) (from (VI) and (II) in refluxing toluene; yield 35/31%).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Multibridged Ferrocenophanes Containing an Azatetramethylene Bridging Chain.
Authors: HISATOME M. , KAWAJIRI Y. , YAMAKAWA K.
Published: May 2016

The oxoferrocenophanes (I) are converted to the E‐ (III) and Z‐oximes (IV) which are separated by means of chromatography and then subjected to Beckmann rearrangement, forming the amides (V) or (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of (3‐Chloro‐2‐methylenecycloalkyl)palladium Chloride Dimers: Coupling with Phenyl Nucleophiles.
Authors: DONALDSON W. A. , WANG J.
Published: May 2016

Reactions of compounds of the title type such as (I), (V), and (VI) with NaBPh4 are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Desilylation and Cyclometallation Reactions of Diphenyl(tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl)phosphine with Platinum(II) Compounds. Crystal Structure of Cyclic trans‐(PtClPPh2C(SiMe3)2SiMe2CH2(PPh2CH(SiMe3)2)).
Authors: AL‐JUAID S. S. , EABORN C. , HITCHCOCK P. B. , SMITH J. D. , ZANOTTO L. , KAPOOR P. N.
Published: May 2016

The disilylmethylphosphane (II) reacts in the usual way with the trans Pt(II) complex (I) to give the trans‐bis‐(phosphane) analogue (III) (yield not given).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Electronic Spectra of Some Bisheterocyclic Methine Cyanine Dyes.
Authors: KORAIEM A. I. M. , HASSAN K. M. , ABD EL ALL R. M.
Published: May 2016

The pyrazolopyrazoles (Ia), (Ib), and the pyrazoloxazole (Ic) react with ethyl iodide (II) to produce the pyrazolium salts (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions with α,β‐Unsaturated Nitrile Oxides. Synthetic Studies in the Terpene Field. Synthesis of Tagetones, Ocimenones, Deodarone and Atlantone.
Authors: ISAGER P. , THOMSEN I. , TORSSELL K. B. G.
Published: May 2016

The generation of α,β‐unsaturated nitrile oxides is achieved by halogenation of oximes (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Acid‐Catalyzed Addition of Isobutylene to Hemiacetal Hydroxyl Groups. Synthesis of t‐Butyl Glycosides.
Authors: LACOMBE J.‐M. , RAKOTOMANOMANA N. , PAVIA A. A.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the acetylated reducing sugars (I), (IV), and (VI), obtained from the corresponding peracetylated derivatives by selective deprotection, with isobutylene (II) gives the t‐butyl glycosides (III), (V), and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N,N′‐(Bis(adenosin‐8‐yl))diaminoalkanes and ‐piperazine.
Authors: MAURINSH Y. A. , SUJINO K. , TOGO H. , YOKOYAMA M.
Published: May 2016

8‐Bromoadenosine (I) reacts with the diamines (II) in 95% aqueous ethanol to give monosubstituted diamines which are converted into the N,N'‐bis(adenosinyl)diamines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Improved Synthesis of N1‐Pyridylthiamine Pyrophosphate, a Coenzymatically Active Analog of Thiamine Pyrophosphate.
Authors: NEEF H. , GOLBIK R. , FAHLBUSCH B. , SCHELLENBERGER A.
Published: May 2016

The known multi‐step synthesis of the title compound (VIII) is modified for the transformation of the acetylpyridine (II) into the nicotinate (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Isoxazolidinylcephalosporin and Its Analogues via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of 3‐Vinylcephem.
Authors: HUANG S.‐P. , IKEDA D. , KOYAMA Y. , KONDO S.
Published: May 2016

The protected 7‐amino‐3‐vinyl‐3‐cephem‐4‐carboxylate (I) reacts with the nitrone, prepared in situ from formaldehyde (38% formalin) (II) and N‐methylhydroxylamine hydrochloride (III), to produce the diastereomeric methylisoxazolidines (IV) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of 3‐Formyl‐3‐cephem Dimethyl Acetal: Reaction of 3‐Chloromethyl‐3‐cephem with Sodium Iodide.
Authors: KOYAMA Y. , HUANG S.‐P. , IKEDA D. , KONDO S.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of the 3‐chloromethyl‐3‐cephem (I) with methanol (II) and sodium iodide under air yields a mixture of the dimethyl acetal (III) and the methyl ether (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Surface Analytical Studies of No‐Rinse Versions of Chromium Phosphate Pretreatment for Lacquers.
Authors: TREVERTON J. A. , BOSLAND A. , BROWN J. M.
Published: May 2016

Films formed on aluminum metal surfaces by a no‐rinse pretreatment solution based on CrF3, polyacrylic acid, and phosphoric acid are studied by XPS and SEM.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐3‐phenylsulfonyl‐2,2‐propanediol: A Building Block for Trifluoromethylated and Sulfonylated Heterocycles. Synthesis of 1‐Alkyl‐3‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐phenylsulfonylpyrazoles.
Authors: TAKAHASHI M. , KOTAJIMA H.
Published: May 2016

The anion of methyl phenyl sulfone (I) reacts with ethyl trifluoroacetate (II) to produce a mixture of the ketone hydrate (IV) and the amine (V) after work‐up with ammonium chloride (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Complexation Properties of a Novel Potassium‐Selective Trisanisyl Bis(benzo‐crown ether).
Authors: BEER P. D. , TITE E. L. , IBBOTSON A.
Published: May 2016

The title crown ether (III), containing a rigid preorganized trisanisyl chain backbone, is shown to form a 1:2 host:cation complex with Na+ and 1:1 complexes with K+, Rb+, and NH4+ at the crown ether binding sites.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Syntheses via Transition Metal Complexes. Part 48. Methyl Thiocarbene and Alkenyl Thiocarbene Chromium Complexes: Synthesis and Reactions.
Authors: AUMANN R. , SCHROEDER J. +
Published: May 2016

The thiocarbene‐Cr complexes (III) are readily obtained as shown.
ChemInform Abstract: The Crystal Structure of Cs5Eu(N3)8,
Authors: MAUTNER F. A. , KRISCHNER H.
Published: May 2016

obtained as outlined in the scheme, is determined by single‐crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Two Diacetonyl‐Tl(III) Compounds. X‐Ray Structure Analysis of (Tl(CH2C(O)Me)2(μ‐CF3SO3)(bpy))2.
Authors: VICENTE J. , ABAD J.‐A. , CARA G. , JONES P. G.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (VI) crystallizes in the space group P1 with Z=1.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid Crystals Containing Fluorine. Part 13. Esters of Carboxylic Acids of the Aromatic Series with Unsaturated Fluorinated Bridges.
Authors: MOKLYACHUK L. I. , KORNILOV M. YU. , FIALKOV YU. A. , KREMLEV M. M. , YAGUPOL'SKII L. M.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (I)‐(V) are prepared in 76‐97% yields by reacting the corresponding acyl halides with phenols or, respectively, alkanols.
Pattern of distribution of serotonergic fibers to the amygdala and extended amygdala in the rat
Authors: Linley Stephanie B. , Olucha‐Bordonau Francisco , Vertes Robert P.
Published: May 2016

As is well recognized, serotonergic (5‐HT) fibers distribute widely throughout the forebrain, including the amygdala. Although a few reports have examined the 5‐HT innervation of select nuclei of the amygdala in the rat, no previous report has described overall 5‐HT projections to the amygdala in the rat. Using immunostaining for the serotonin transporter, SERT, we describe the complete pattern of distribution of 5‐HT fibers to the amygdala (proper) and to the extended amygdala in the rat. Based on its ontogenetic origins, the amygdala was subdivided into two major parts, pallial and subpallial components, with the pallial component further divided into superficial and deep nuclei (Olucha‐Bordonau et al. 2015). SERT+ fibers were shown to distributed moderately to densely to the deep and cortical pallial nuclei, but, by contrast, lightly to the subpallial nuclei. Specifically, 1) of the deep pallial nuclei, the lateral, basolateral, and basomedial nuclei contained a very dense concentration of 5‐HT fibers; 2) of the cortical pallial nuclei, the anterior cortical and amygdala–cortical transition zone rostrally and the posteromedial and posterolateral nuclei caudally contained a moderate concentration of 5‐HT fibers; and 3) of the subpallial nuclei, the anterior nuclei and the rostral part of the medial (Me) nuclei contained a moderate concentration of 5‐HT fibers, whereas caudal regions of Me as well as the central nuclei and the intercalated nuclei contained a sparse/light concentration of 5‐HT fibers. With regard to the extended amygdala (primarily the bed nucleus of stria terminalis; BST), on the whole, the BST contained moderate numbers of 5‐HT fibers, spread fairly uniformly throughout BST. The findings are discussed with respect to a critical serotonergic influence on the amygdala, particularly on the basal complex, and on the extended amygdala in the control of states of fear and anxiety. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:116–139, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dicationic Surfactants with Glycine Counter Ions for Oligonucleotide Transportation
Authors: Pietralik Zuzanna , Skrzypczak Andrzej , Kozak Maciej
Published: May 2016

Gemini surfactants are good candidates to bind, protect, and deliver nucleic acids. Herein, the concept of amino acids (namely glycine) as counter ions of gemini surfactants for gene therapy application was explored. This study was conducted on DNA and RNA oligomers and two quaternary bis‐imidazolium salts, having 2,5‐dioxahexane and 2,8‐dioxanonane spacer groups. The toxicity level of surfactants was assessed by an MTT assay, and their ability to bind nucleic acids was tested through electrophoresis. The nucleic acid conformation was established based on circular dichroism and infrared spectroscopic analyses. The structures of the formed complexes were characterized by small‐angle scattering of synchrotron radiation. Both studied surfactants appear to be suitable for gene therapy; however, although they vary by only three methylene groups in the spacer, they differ in binding ability and toxicity. The tested oligonucleotides maintained their native conformations upon surfactant addition and the studied lipoplexes formed a variety of structures. In systems based on a 2,5‐dioxahexane spacer, a hexagonal phase was observed for DNA–surfactant complexes and a micellar phase was dominant with RNA. For the surfactant with a 2,8‐dioxanonane spacer group, the primitive cubic phase prevailed.
Plants adapted to warmer climate do not outperform regional plants during a natural heat wave
Authors: Bucharova Anna , Durka Walter , Hermann Julia‐Maria , Hölzel Norbert , Michalski Stefan , Kollmann Johannes , Bossdorf Oliver
Published: May 2016

With ongoing climate change, many plant species may not be able to adapt rapidly enough, and some conservation experts are therefore considering to translocate warm‐adapted ecotypes to mitigate effects of climate warming. Although this strategy, called assisted migration, is intuitively plausible, most of the support comes from models, whereas experimental evidence is so far scarce. Here we present data on multiple ecotypes of six grassland species, which we grew in four common gardens in Germany during a natural heat wave, with temperatures 1.4–2.0°C higher than the long‐term means. In each garden we compared the performance of regional ecotypes with plants from a locality with long‐term summer temperatures similar to what the plants experienced during the summer heat wave. We found no difference in performance between regional and warm‐adapted plants in four of the six species. In two species, regional ecotypes even outperformed warm‐adapted plants, despite elevated temperatures, which suggests that translocating warm‐adapted ecotypes may not only lack the desired effect of increased performance but may even have negative consequences. Even if adaptation to climate plays a role, other factors involved in local adaptation, such as biotic interactions, may override it. Based on our results, we cannot advocate assisted migration as a universal tool to enhance the performance of local plant populations and communities during climate change.
Periodontal diseases and risk of oral cancer in Southern India: Results from the HeNCe Life study
Authors: Laprise Claudie , Shahul Hameed Puthiyannal , Madathil Sreenath Arekunnath , Thekkepurakkal Akhil Soman , Castonguay Geneviève , Varghese Ipe , Shiraz Shameena , Allison Paul , Schlecht Nicolas F. , Rousseau Marie‐Claude , Franco Eduardo L. , Nicolau Belinda
Published: May 2016

Some studies suggest that periodontal diseases increase the risk of oral cancer, but contradictory results also exist. Inadequate control of confounders, including life course exposures, may have influenced prior findings. We estimate the extent to which high levels of periodontal diseases, measured by gingival inflammation and recession, are associated with oral cancer risk using a comprehensive subset of potential confounders and applying a stringent adjustment approach. In a hospital‐based case‐control study, incident oral cancer cases (N = 350) were recruited from two major referral hospitals in Kerala, South India, from 2008 to 2012. Controls (N = 371), frequency‐matched by age and sex, were recruited from clinics at the same hospitals. Structured interviews collected information on several domains of exposure via a detailed life course questionnaire. Periodontal diseases, as measured by gingival inflammation and gingival recession, were evaluated visually by qualified dentists following a detailed protocol. The relationship between periodontal diseases and oral cancer risk was assessed by unconditional logistic regression using a stringent empirical selection of potential confounders corresponding to a 1% change‐in‐estimates. Generalized gingival recession was significantly associated with oral cancer risk (Odds Ratio = 1.83, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.10–3.04). No significant association was observed between gingival inflammation and oral cancer. Our findings support the hypothesis that high levels of periodontal diseases increase the risk of oral cancer.
Accelerated geometry optimization of compact impedance matching transformers using decomposition and adjoint sensitivities
Authors: Bekasiewicz Adrian , Koziel Slawomir
Published: May 2016

This work addresses the problem of expedited design optimization of decomposable compact microwave structures, particularly impedance matching transformers. The approach proposed here exploits structure decomposition and a bottom‐up technique where the elementary building blocks of the transformer circuit of interest are first optimized with respect to specifications extracted from a conventional circuit design, and subsequently, the entire circuit is optimized using the previously obtained building‐block dimensions as a starting point. The optimization engine for each stage of the process is adjoint‐based gradient search embedded in the trust region framework. The bottom‐up approach turns out to be critical from the reliability standpoint: As the initial dimensions obtained from the optimized building blocks already result in reasonably good characteristics of the entire circuit, no global search is required to find a satisfactory design. This is in contrast to direct adjoint‐based optimization of the entire circuit which leads to a local optimum, which may not satisfy the imposed requirements. At the same time, computational cost of the design process is reduced compared with direct optimization of the entire circuit, because building block optimization is carried out in low‐dimensional search spaces and using simpler (i.e., less expensive) electromagnetic models. Our technique is demonstrated using a three‐section impedance matching transformer. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Notch signaling pathways in human thoracic ossification of the ligamentum flavum
Authors: Qu Xiaochen , Chen Zhongqiang , Fan Dongwei , Sun Chuiguo , Zeng Yan , Hou Xiaofei , Ning Shanglong
Published: May 2016

This study investigated the pathological process of Notch signaling in the osteogenesis of ligamentum flavum tissues and cells, and the associated regulatory mechanisms. Notch receptors, ligands, and target genes were identified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in ligamentum flavum cells and immunohistochemistry in ligamentum flavum sections from ossification of the ligamentum flavum (OLF) patients and controls. The temporospatial expression patterns of JAG1/Notch2/HES1 in human ligamentum flavum cells during osteogenic differentiation were determined by qPCR. Lentiviral vectors for Notch2 overexpression and knockdown were constructed and transfected into ligamentum flavum cells before osteogenic differentiation to examine the function of Notch signaling pathways in the osteogenic differentiation of ligamentum flavum cells. Alkaline phosphatase, Runx2, Osterix, osteocalcin, and osteopontin mRNA levels, alkaline phosphatase activity, and Alizarin Red staining were used as indicators of osteogenic differentiation. JAG1/Notch2/HES1 mRNA levels were up‐regulated in ligamentum flavum cells from OLF patients, which increased during osteogenic differentiation. Immunohistochemical analysis suggested positive Notch2 expression at the ossification front. Down‐regulation of Notch2 expression decelerated osteogenic differentiation of ligamentum flavum cells, and Notch2 overexpression promoted osteogenic differentiation of ligamentum flavum cells. Expression of Runx2 and Osterix increased in a manner similar to that of Notch2 during osteogenic differentiation of ligamentum flavum cells, and Notch2 knockdown and overexpression influenced their expression levels. Notch signaling plays an important role in OLF, and Notch may affect the osteogenic differentiation of ligamentum flavum cells via interactions with Runx2 and Osterix.© 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1481–1491, 2016.
Disgusted by Sexual Abuse: Exploring the Association Between Disgust Sensitivity and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Mothers of Sexually Abused Children
Authors: van Delft Ivanka , Finkenauer Catrin , Tybur Joshua M. , Lamers‐Winkelman Francien
Published: May 2016

Nonoffending mothers of sexually abused children often exhibit high levels of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms. Emerging evidence suggests that trait‐like individual differences in sensitivity to disgust play a role in the development of PTS symptoms. One such individual difference, disgust sensitivity, has not been examined as far as we are aware among victims of secondary traumatic stress. The current study examined associations between disgust sensitivity and PTS symptoms among mothers of sexually abused children (N = 72). Mothers completed the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised and the Three Domain Disgust Scale (Tybur, Lieberman, & Griskevicius, 2009). More than one third of mothers scored above a suggested cutoff (mean score = 1.5) for high levels of PTS symptoms. Hierarchical linear regression analysis results indicated that sexual disgust sensitivity (β = .39, p = .002) was associated with PTS symptoms (R2 = .18). An interaction analysis showed that sexual disgust sensitivity was associated with maternal PTS symptoms only when the perpetrator was not biologically related to the child (β = −.32, p = .047; R2 = .28). Our findings suggested that sexual disgust sensitivity may be a risk factor for developing PTS symptoms among mothers of sexually abused children.
Tractography‐Based Ventral Intermediate Nucleus Targeting: Novel Methodology and Intraoperative Validation
Authors: Sammartino Francesco , Krishna Vibhor , King Nicolas Kon Kam , Lozano Andres M. , Schwartz Michael L. , Huang Yuexi , Hodaie Mojgan
Published: May 2016

Background

The ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus is not readily visible on structural magnetic resonance imaging. Therefore, a method for its visualization for stereotactic targeting is desirable.

Objective

The objective of this study was to define a tractography‐based methodology for the stereotactic targeting of the ventral intermediate nucleus.

Methods

The lateral and posterior borders of the ventral intermediate nucleus were defined by tracking the pyramidal tract and medial lemniscus, respectively. A thalamic seed was then created 3 mm medial and anterior to these borders, and its structural connections were analyzed. The application of this method was assessed in an imaging cohort of 14 tremor patients and 15 healthy controls, in which we compared the tractography‐based targeting to conventional targeting. In a separate surgical cohort (3 tremor and 3 tremor‐dominant Parkinson's disease patients), we analyzed the accuracy of this method by correlating it with intraoperative neurophysiology.

Results

Tractography of the thalamic seed revealed the tracts corresponding to cerebellar input and motor cortical output fibers. The tractography‐based target was more lateral (12.5 [1.2] mm vs 11.5 mm for conventional targeting) and anterior (8.5 [1.1] mm vs 6.7 [0.3] mm, anterior to the posterior commissure). In the surgical cohort, the Euclidian distance between the ventral intermediate nucleus identified by tractography and the surgical target was 1.6 [1.1] mm. The locations of the sensory thalamus, lemniscus, and pyramidal tracts were concordant within <1 mm between tractography and neurophysiology.

Interpretation

The tractography‐based methodology for identification of the ventral intermediate nucleus is accurate and useful. This method may be used to improve stereotactic targeting in functional neurosurgery procedures. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A Novel Multi‐step Virtual Screening for the Identification ofHumanandMousemPGES‐1 Inhibitors
Authors: Corso G. , Alisi M. A. , Cazzolla N. , Coletta I. , Furlotti G. , Garofalo B. , Mangano G. , Mancini F. , Vitiello M. , Ombrato Rosella
Published: May 2016

We present here the development of a novel virtual screening protocol combining Structure‐based and Ligand‐based drug design approaches for the identification ofmousemPGES‐1 inhibitors. We used the existing3D structural data of themurineenzyme to hypothesize the inhibitors binding mode, which was the starting point for docking simulations, shape screening, and pharmacophore hypothesis screening. The protocol allowed the identification of 16 mousemPGES‐1 inhibitors with low micromolar activity, which, notably, also inhibit thehumanenzyme in the same concentration range. The inhibitors predicted binding mode is expected to be the base for the rational drug design of new potent dual species inhibitors ofhumanandmurinemPGES‐1.
Uropathogenic Escherichia coli causes fibrotic remodelling of the epididymis
Authors: Michel Vera , Duan Yonggang , Stoschek Elke , Bhushan Sudhanshu , Middendorff Ralf , Young Julia M , Loveland Kate L , Kretser David M De , Hedger Mark P , Meinhardt Andreas
Published: May 2016

Despite antibiotic treatment, up to 40% of patients have impaired fertility after epididymitis due to serovars of Escherichia coli, a frequent pathogen. The reasons for infertility are unclear, but it may result from epididymal duct obstruction. To determine whether E. coli infection of the epididymis causes obstruction due to fibrosis, and to identify the key mediators, tissues from patients with epididymitis were assessed. Additionally, epididymitis was induced with uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) or commensal serovars in wild‐type and MyD88−/− mice, which are relatively unresponsive to bacterial pathogens. Epididymal organ cultures were treated with activin A and bacteria and their histology and levels of cytokines and fibrosis markers were analysed. Patients with epididymitis showed severe fibrosis of the epididymal duct. In mice, UPEC infection also caused fibrosis and ductal obstruction in the cauda epididymis. Levels of mRNA for fibrotic markers (α‐smooth muscle actin, fibronectin) and cytokines (activin A, TNFα, IL‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6) and total collagen levels were significantly elevated. This fibrotic response was blunted by the loss of MyD88. Activin A induced fibrosis in cultured epididymis, which was inhibited by the activin‐binding protein follistatin. In summary, bacterial epididymitis causes fibrosis and obstruction. The milder tissue damage in Myd88−/− UPEC epididymitis highlights the importance of the host response to infection in causing epididymal damage. Elevated levels of activin A in vivo and fibrotic remodelling elicited by activin A in vitro indicate that this cytokine is a potential target for supplementary treatment to antibiotic therapy. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in quadrupole and time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry for peptide MRM based translational research analysis
Authors: Mbasu Richard J. , Heaney Liam M. , Molloy Billy J. , Hughes Chris J. , Ng Leong L. , Vissers Johannes P. C. , Langridge James I. , Jones Donald J. L.
Published: May 2016

The application of unit resolution tandem quadrupole and high‐resolution orthogonal acceleration ToF mass spectrometers for the quantitation and translational analysis of proteolytic peptides is described. The MS platforms were contrasted in terms of sensitivity and linear response. Moreover, the selectivity of the platforms was investigated and the effect on quantitative precision studied. Chromatographic LC conditions, including gradient length and configuration, were investigated with respect to speed/throughput, while minimizing isobaric interferences, thereby providing information with regard to practical sample cohort size limitations of LC‐MS for large cohort experiments. In addition to these fundamental analytical performance metrics, precision and linear dynamic ranges were also studied. An LC‐MS configuration that encompasses the best combination of throughput and analytical accuracy for translational studies was chosen, despite the MS platforms giving similar quantitative performance, and instances were identified where alternative combinations were found to be beneficial. This configuration was utilized to demonstrate that proteolytically digested nondepleted samples from heart failure patients could be classified with good discriminative power using a subset of proteins previously suggested as candidate biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases.
TRIC: Capturing the direct cellular targets of promoter‐bound transcriptional activators
Authors: Dugan Amanda , Pricer Rachel , Katz Micah , Mapp Anna K.
Published: May 2016

Transcriptional activators coordinate the dynamic assembly of multiprotein coactivator complexes required for gene expression to occur. Here we combine the power of in vivo covalent chemical capture with p‐benzoyl‐L‐phenylalanine (Bpa), a genetically incorporated photo‐crosslinking amino acid, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) to capture the direct protein interactions of the transcriptional activator VP16 with the general transcription factor TBP at the GAL1 promoter in live yeast.
Mitochondrial fission – a drug target for cytoprotection or cytodestruction?
Authors: Rosdah Ayeshah A. , K. Holien Jessica , Delbridge Lea M. D. , Dusting Gregory J. , Lim Shiang Y.
Published: May 2016

Mitochondria are morphologically dynamic organelles constantly undergoing processes of fission and fusion that maintain integrity and bioenergetics of the organelle: these processes are vital for cell survival. Disruption in the balance of mitochondrial fusion and fission is thought to play a role in several pathological conditions including ischemic heart disease. Proteins involved in regulating the processes of mitochondrial fusion and fission are therefore potential targets for pharmacological therapies. Mdivi‐1 is a small molecule inhibitor of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1. Inhibiting mitochondrial fission with Mdivi‐1 has proven cytoprotective benefits in several cell types involved in a wide array of cardiovascular injury models. On the other hand, Mdivi‐1 can also exert antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects, particularly in hyperproliferative cells. In this review, we discuss these divergent effects of Mdivi‐1 on cell survival, as well as the potential and limitations of Mdivi‐1 as a therapeutic agent.
Fasiglifam (TAK‐875) has dual potentiating mechanisms via Gαq‐GPR40/FFAR1 signaling branches on glucose‐dependent insulin secretion
Authors: Sakuma Kensuke , Yabuki Chiori , Maruyama Minoru , Abiru Akiko , Komatsu Hidetoshi , Negoro Nobuyuki , Tsujihata Yoshiyuki , Takeuchi Koji , Habata Yugo , Mori Masaaki
Published: May 2016

Fasiglifam (TAK‐875) is a free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1)/G‐protein–coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) agonist that improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes with minimum risk of hypoglycemia. Fasiglifam potentiates glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from pancreatic β‐cells glucose dependently, although the precise mechanism underlying the glucose dependency still remains unknown. Here, we investigated key cross‐talk between the GSIS pathway and FFAR1 signaling, and Ca2+ dynamics using mouse insulinoma MIN6 cells. We demonstrated that the glucose‐dependent insulinotropic effect of fasiglifam required membrane depolarization and that fasiglifam induced a glucose‐dependent increase in intracellular Ca2+ level and amplification of Ca2+ oscillations. This differed from the sulfonylurea glimepiride that induced changes in Ca2+ dynamics glucose independently. Stimulation with cell‐permeable analogs of IP3 or diacylglycerol (DAG), downstream second messengers of Gαq‐FFAR1, augmented GSIS similar to fasiglifam, indicating their individual roles in the potentiation of GSIS pathway. Intriguingly, the IP3 analog triggered similar Ca2+ dynamics to fasiglifam, whereas the DAG analog had no effect. Despite the lack of an effect on Ca2+ dynamics, the DAG analog elicited synergistic effects on insulin secretion with Ca2+ influx evoked by an L‐type voltage‐dependent calcium channel opener that mimics glucose‐dependent Ca2+ dynamics. These results indicate that the Gαq signaling activated by fasiglifam enhances GSIS pathway via dual potentiating mechanisms in which IP3 amplifies glucose‐induced Ca2+ oscillations and DAG/protein kinase C (PKC) augments downstream secretory mechanisms independent of Ca2+ oscillations.
Formulating Expectations for Future Water Availability through Infrastructure Development Decisions in Arid Regions
Authors: Siddiqi Afreen , Ereiqat Farah , Anadon Laura Diaz
Published: May 2016

Water resources development options are usually selected on a least‐cost basis. While economic considerations are dominant in choosing projects, there are also a mix of other factors including social demands, political viability, social equity, and environmental considerations that impact final decisions and development of water supply systems. Understanding local priorities in water resource management decisions can allow for forming expectations of future regional water availability through new infrastructure projects. In this research, we propose that future human mediated water availability in arid regions may be assessed by considering key projects that have been identified or proposed by regional experts and organizations. Using Multicriteria Decision Methods as a framework to organize a set of decision criteria and their relative salience, the likelihood of selection (and development) of a project can be determined and used to form expectations of future regional water availability. We apply this approach in a case study of Jordan, and find that large‐scale desalination projects—that have been in the planning books for decades—are now most likely to be pursued and implemented in the country. Finally, we discuss strengths, limitations, and the general applicability of this method for assessing future water availability in other arid regions.
Ultrasound‐Guided Placement of Central Venous Port Systems via the Right Internal Jugular Vein: Are Chest X‐Ray and/or Fluoroscopy Needed to Confirm the Correct Placement of the Device?
Authors: Miccini Michelangelo , Cassini Diletta , Gregori Matteo , Gazzanelli Sergio , Cassibba Simone , Biacchi Daniele
Published: May 2016

Background

Percutaneous central venous port (CVP) placement using ultrasound‐guidance (USG) via right internal jugular vein is described as a safe and effective procedure. The aim of this study is to determine whether intraoperative fluoroscopy (IF) and/or postoperative chest X‐ray (CXR) are required to confirm the correct position of the catheter.

Methods

Between January 2012 and December 2014, 302 adult patients underwent elective CVP system placement under USG. The standard venous access site was the right internal jugular vein. The length of catheter was calculated based on the height of the patient. IF was always performed to confirm US findings.

Results

176 patients were men and 126 were women and average height was 176.2 cm (range 154–193 cm). The average length of the catheter was 16.4 cm (range 14–18). Catheter malposition and pneumothorax were observed in 4 (1.3 %) and 3 (1 %) patients, respectively. IF confirmed the correct position of the catheter in all cases. Catheter misplacement (4 cases) was previously identified and corrected on USG. Our rates of pneumothorax are in accordance with those of the literature (0.5–3 %).

Conclusion

Ultrasonography has resulted in improved safety and effectiveness of port system implantation. The routine use of CXR and IF should be considered unnecessary.
DECIDE: a Decision Support Tool to Facilitate Parents’ Choices Regarding Genome‐Wide Sequencing
Authors: Birch Patricia , Adam S. , Bansback N. , Coe R. R. , Hicklin J. , Lehman A. , Li K. C. , Friedman J. M.
Published: May 2016

We describe the rationale, development, and usability testing for an integrated e‐learning tool and decision aid for parents facing decisions about genome‐wide sequencing (GWS) for their children with a suspected genetic condition. The online tool, DECIDE, is designed to provide decision‐support and to promote high quality decisions about undergoing GWS with or without return of optional incidental finding results. DECIDE works by integrating educational material with decision aids. Users may tailor their learning by controlling both the amount of information and its format – text and diagrams and/or short videos. The decision aid guides users to weigh the importance of various relevant factors in their own lives and circumstances. After considering the pros and cons of GWS and return of incidental findings, DECIDE summarizes the user's responses and apparent preferred choices. In a usability study of 16 parents who had already chosen GWS after conventional genetic counselling, all participants found DECIDE to be helpful. Many would have been satisfied to use it alone to guide their GWS decisions, but most would prefer to have the option of consulting a health care professional as well to aid their decision. Further testing is necessary to establish the effectiveness of using DECIDE as an adjunct to or instead of conventional pre‐test genetic counselling for clinical genome‐wide sequencing.
Successful resynchronization by permanent His‐bundle pacing in a patient with pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy
Authors: Iida Yoji , Izawa Tomoaki , Kobari Chikara , Yatsuhashi Toru , Makishima Nobuyuki
Published: May 2016

Right ventricular (RV) pacing has been reported to result in ventricular dyssynchrony, heart failure, and increased mortality. Pacing associated deterioration of left ventricular (LV) systolic function has been termed pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy (PICM). While upgrading to biventricular pacing (BiVP) is an effective therapy for PICM, permanent His‐bundle pacing (HBP) can be a physiological alternative to BiVP. We present a patient with PICM who responded dramatically to permanent HBP.
On the structure, thermal and tribotechnical properties of the antifriction infiltrated materials based on iron and copper
Authors: Dyachkova Larisa , Leonov Andrey , Feldshtein Eugene
Published: May 2016

This paper describes some properties of the Fe-based materials infiltrated with tin bronze and Cu-based materials infiltrated with tin. It was shown that due to the increased thermal conductivity infiltrated materials based on iron and copper have high tribotechnical properties. With an increase the thermal conductivity the coefficient of friction is reduced, and the seizure pressure increases in infiltrated iron-based materials as a result of the increase in the copper phase and certainty of its morphology, and in copper materials through the creation of a gradient structure in content of tin.
A CREDIBILITY APPROACH FOR COMBINING LIKELIHOODS OF GENERALIZED LINEAR MODELS
Authors: Christiansen Marcus C. , Schinzinger Edo
Published: May 2016

Generalized linear models are a popular tool for the modelling of insurance claims data. Problems arise with the model fitting if little statistical information is available. In case that related statistics are available, statistical inference can be improved with the help of the borrowing-strength principle. We present a credibility approach that combines the maximum likelihood estimators of individual canonical generalized linear models in a meta-analytic way to an improved credibility estimator. We follow the concept of linear empirical Bayes estimation, which reduces the necessary parametric assumptions to a minimum. The concept is illustrated by a simulation study and an application example from mortality modelling.
Tip region of a hydraulic fracture driven by a laminar-to-turbulent fluid flow
Authors: Dontsov E. V.
Published: May 2016

The focus of this study is to analyse the tip region of a hydraulic fracture, for which a fluid flow inside the crack transitions from the laminar to the turbulent regime away from the tip. To tackle the problem, a phenomenological formula for flow in pipes has been adapted to describe flow in a fracture through the concept of a hydraulic diameter. The selected model is able to capture laminar, turbulent and transition regimes of the flow. The near-tip region of a hydraulic fracture is analysed by focusing on steady propagation of a semi-infinite hydraulic fracture with leak-off, for which the aforementioned phenomenological formula for the fluid flow is utilized. First, the distance from the tip within which a laminar solution applies is estimated. Then, expressions for asymptotic solutions that are associated with fully developed turbulent flow inside the semi-infinite hydraulic fracture are derived. Finally, the laminar zone size and the asymptotic solutions are compared with the numerical solution, where the latter captures all regimes of the fluid flow.