bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some security results of the RC4+ stream cipher
Authors: Banik Subhadeep , Jha Sonu
Published: August 2015

The RC4+ stream cipher was proposed as an alternative to the well known RC4 stream cipher. It was claimed by the authors that this new stream cipher was designed to overcome all the weaknesses reported against the alleged RC4 stream cipher. In the design specifications of RC4+, the authors make use of an 8‐bit design parameter called pad that is fixed to the value 0xAA. The first distinguishing attack on RC4+ based on the bias of its first output byte was shown in a previous paper. In this paper, it was also mentioned that the distinguishing attack would still hold if the pad used in RC4+ is fixed to any even 8‐bit constant other than 0xAA. Therefore, the question that naturally arises is whether the design of RC4+ can be protected by fixing the pad parameter to some constant odd value. In this paper, we try to answer this very question. We show that the design is still vulnerable by mounting a distinguishing attack even if the pad is fixed to some constant 8‐bit odd value. Surprisingly, we find that if the value of the pad is made equal to 0x03, the design provides maximum resistance to distinguishing attacks. Lastly, we return to the original cipher, that is, in which pad is set to 0xAA and unearth another bias in the second output byte of the cipher. Thereafter, we will present a generalized way of finding biases in every M‐th output byte (M≥3) of RC4+, that is, ZM, based on the Hamming weight of m ≡ MmodN. Finally, we improve the differential fault attack on RC4+ proposed in a previous paper, both in terms of number of faults required and the computational complexity. In fact, we reduce the number of faults by around 11264 on average, and our algorithm is around 26 times faster. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deformation Bands in High‐Alloy Austenitic 16Cr6Mn6Ni TRIP Steel: Phase Transformation and Its Consequences on Strain Hardening at Room Temperature
Authors: Martin Stefan , Wolf Steffen , Decker Sabine , Krüger Lutz , Martin Ulrich
Published: August 2015

In this study, the formation of deformation bands during plastic deformation in austenite is analysed. The movement of (partial) dislocations on neighboring lattice planes formed pronounced deformation bands, which were identified as ϵ‐martensite if the stacking faults are predominantly aligned on every second {111} lattice plane. In these deformation bands, α′‐martensite nuclei are formed, severely fragmenting the mean free path of dislocations. The strain hardening is found to depend directly on the nucleation rate of α′‐martensite. The α′‐martensite nuclei represented effective barriers for (partial) dislocation movement in the deformation bands. On the basis of three different grain sizes, the strain‐hardening capability of the martensitic γ → ϵ → α′ phase transformation is analysed. Although the triggering stress for nucleation of α′‐martensite is influenced by grain size, the absolute value of the strain hardening due to α′‐martensite formation is the same. This is related to the fact that the continuous fragmentation of the dislocation mean free path is in the same order of magnitude for all grain sizes. Using a basic approach that treated the continuous reduction of the dislocation mean free path as a Hall–Petch‐like effect, comparable with strain hardening in TWIP steels, the contribution of the effect to the increasing strength in austenitic TRIP steels is estimated.
A new method for proportioning recycled concrete
Authors: Gupta Pramod K. , Khaudhair Ziyad A. , Ahuja Ashok K.
Published: August 2015

A new modified mix proportioning method for producing normal‐strength concrete using recycled concrete aggregate, called the equivalent coarse aggregate mass (ECAM) method, is proposed in this paper. The basic concepts of the proposed method with calculations for mix design are presented by designing 14 mixes and testing 99 concrete samples (57 cubes and 42 cylinders). Experimental work was carried out in two phases. In the first phase, an experimental programme was conducted to verify the proposed mix design method by studying a single parameter – uniaxial compressive strength. Five different mixes with initial 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 % replacement by mass were designed, cast and tested in this phase. It was concluded from the first phase that the proposed method can be adopted for designing the recycled concrete up to a nominal replacement ratio of 50 %. Accordingly, the second phase of experimental study was carried out to design three different grades of concrete strength using the proposed method to investigate the mechanical properties of the recycled concrete. Seven different mechanical properties – compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, Schmidt hammer test, ultrasonic pulse velocity test, fresh density and hardened density – were investigated and are presented and discussed here.
A Theory of Human Need
Authors: Doyal Len , Gough Ian
Published: August 2015

Rejecting fashionable subjectivist and cultural relativist approaches, this important book argues that human beings have universal and objective needs for health and autonomy and a right to their optimal satisfaction. The authors develop a system of social indicators to show what such optimization would mean in practice and assess the records of a wide range of developed and underdeveloped economies in meeting their citizens' needs.
Yeast Kluyveromyces lactis as host for expression of the bacterial lipase: cloning and adaptation of the new lipase gene from Serratia sp.
Authors: Šiekštelė Rimantas , Veteikytė Aušra , Tvaska Bronius , Matijošytė Inga
Published: August 2015

Many microbial lipases have been successfully expressed in yeasts, but not in industrially attractive Kluyveromyces lactis, which among other benefits can be cultivated on a medium supplemented with whey––cheap and easily available industrial waste. A new bacterial lipase from Serratia sp. was isolated and for the first time expressed into the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis by heterologous protein expression system based on a strong promoter of Kluyveromyces marxianus triosephosphate isomerase gene and signal peptide of Kluyveromyces marxianus endopolygalacturonase gene. In addition, the bacterial lipase gene was synthesized de novo by taking into account a codon usage bias optimal for K. lactis and was expressed into the yeast K. lactis also. Both resulting strains were characterized by high output level of the target protein secreted extracellularly. Secreted lipases were characterized for activity and stability.
Exploration of Male Attitudes on Partnerships and Sexuality with Female BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers
Authors: Mauer Caitlin , Spencer Sara , Dungan Jeffery , Hurley Karen
Published: August 2015

Women with BRCA mutations are inundated with decisions about managing cancer risks and childbearing considerations. Decisions become more complicated when women face disclosing their mutation and risk‐reduction options to a romantic partner. This study identifies the concerns and perspectives of male romantic partners regarding these unique decisions. Twenty‐five male participants completed an online survey posted to cancer support group message boards. Participants reported relationship changes regarding intimacy levels (n = 9), attraction (n = 2), and communication (n = 22) after mutation disclosure. Participants whose partners had not undergone prophylactic mastectomy (n = 14) reported concerns regarding sexual relations (n = 5), post‐surgical appearance (n = 2), post‐surgical attraction (n = 5), and health/lifespan (n = 9). Participants did not express attitude changes toward childbearing. While mutation disclosure conversations and surgical options are concerns for many BRCA mutation carriers in relationships, male partners share these concerns. Aspects of the relationship may change, but male study participants continued to support their partners. This information can benefit female BRCA mutation carriers, their current or future partners, and genetic counselors working with this particular population.
Academic dishonesty amongst Australian criminal justice and policing university students: individual and contextual factors
Authors: Eriksson Li , McGee Tara Renae
Published: August 2015

Over the past few decades, a body of research has developed examining the academic dishonesty of university and college students. While research has explored academic dishonesty amongst American criminal justice and policing students, no research has specifically focused on investigating the dynamics and correlates of academic dishonesty amongst Australian criminology students. This study drew upon data obtained from a survey of 79 undergraduate criminal justice and policing students studying at an Australian university. Overall, the results suggest that male gender, viewing academic dishonesty as less serious and holding justifications for engaging in this type of behaviour were significant predictors of self-reported academic dishonesty. The findings suggest that more proactive strategies need to be implemented by universities to prevent student involvement in academic dishonesty.
Functionality of Class A and Class B J‐protein co‐chaperones with Hsp70
Authors: Yu Hyun Young , Ziegelhoffer Thomas , Craig Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2015

At their C‐termini, cytosolic Hsp70s have an EEVD tetrapeptide that interacts with J‐protein co‐chaperones of the B, but not A, class. This interaction is required for partnering with yeast B‐type J‐proteins in protein folding. Here we report conservation of this feature. Human B‐type J‐proteins also have a stringent EEVD requirement. Human A‐type J‐proteins function less well than their yeast orthologs with Hsp70ΔEEVD. Changes in the zinc binding domain, a domain absent in B‐type J‐proteins, overcomes this partial EEVD dependence. Our results suggest that the structurally similar A‐ and B‐class J‐proteins of the cytosol have evolved conserved, yet distinct, features that enhance specialized functionality of Hsp70 machinery.
How Does Development Assistance Affect Collective Action Capacity? Results from a Field Experiment in Post-Conflict Liberia
Authors: FEARON JAMES D. , HUMPHREYS MACARTAN , WEINSTEIN JEREMY M.
Published: August 2015

Social cooperation is critical to a wide variety of political and economic outcomes. For this reason, international donors have embraced interventions designed to strengthen the ability of communities to solve collective-action problems, especially in post-conflict settings. We exploit the random assignment of a development program in Liberia to assess the effects of such interventions. Using a matching funds experiment we find evidence that these interventions can alter cooperation capacity. However, we observe effects only in communities in which, by design, both men and women faced the collective action challenge. Focusing on mechanisms, we find evidence that program effects worked through improvements in mobilization capacity that may have enhanced communities’ ability to coordinate to solve mixed gender problems. These gains did not operate in areas where only women took part in the matching funds experiment, possibly because they could rely on traditional institutions unaffected by the external intervention. The combined evidence suggests that the impact of donor interventions designed to enhance cooperation can depend critically on the kinds of social dilemmas that communities face, and the flexibility they have in determining who should solve them.
Beyond lifetime averages: tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological human skeletons
Authors: Sealy Judith , Armstrong Richard , Schrire Carmel
Published: August 2015

Stable-isotopic analyses of human bone, now an established aid to dietary reconstruction in archaeology, represent the diet as averaged over many years. Separate analysis of different skeletal components enables changes in diet and place of residence to be tracked, giving a fuller life-history for long-dead individuals.
Early Triassic disaster and opportunistic foraminifers in South China
Authors: SONG HAIJUN , TONG JINNAN , WIGNALL PAUL B. , LUO MAO , TIAN LI , SONG HUYUE , HUANG YUNFEI , CHU DAOLIANG
Published: August 2015

Survival and recovery are important dynamic processes of biotic evolution during major geological transitions. Disaster and opportunistic taxa are two significant groups that dominate the ecosystem in the aftermath of mass extinction events. Disaster taxa appear immediately after such crises whilst opportunists pre-date the crisis but also bloom in the aftermath. This paper documents three disaster foraminiferal species and seven opportunistic foraminiferal species from Lower Triassic successions of South China. They are characterized by extreme high abundance and low diversity and occurred occasionally in Griesbachian, Smithian and Spathian strata. The characteristics (small size, simple morphology) and stratigraphic ranges of these groups suggest thatr-selection is a commonly used strategy for survivors to cope with either harsh post-extinction conditions and/or environments lacking incumbents.
Theatre as Sacrament
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: August 2015

All theatre is sacramental. A theatrical event establishes itself as theatre by setting aside a measured space as inviolable for a measured time. This framing effect of theatre is sacramental. Within the frame of theatre, other sacraments can be represented or performed. Part I of this paper develops conceptual distinctions necessary to understanding the sacramental in theatre, using an ethics-based theory of sacrament. Part II sets out to use the theory, applying it to open up new questions for the interpretation of ancient Greek tragedy, and using the theory to explain certain plot elements in Sophocles' Philoctetes and other plays.

Any act of theatre has a sacramental effect. The art of theatre makes ceremonies possible, and by ceremonies we are able to make things sacred. In saying that theatre is sacramental, I am not saying that it is religious. Religious ceremonies employ the art of theatre and depend on that art, but theatre does not depend on religion. I understand sacrament as an ethical concept. A sacrament sets up an ethical hedge around something—makes it wrong to touch, to tread on, or to alter the thing in question.

By ‘theatre’ I mean the art that makes action worth watching for a measured time in a measured space. This art must of necessity draw a line between watching and being watched. Drawing that line is a minor, though fundamental, sacrament. Other sacraments may take place within the frame of theatre. My theory of the sacramental in theatre stands on its usefulness for understanding and interpreting the elements of theatre—the experiences of both the watchers and the watched in actual productions, on the one hand, and, on the other, the texts that survive to represent productions of the past. If the theory is coherent and useful, then we should use it. Otherwise, not.
Speech prosody, reward, and the corticobulbar system: An integrative perspective
Authors: Vicario Carmelo M.
Published: August 2015

Speech prosody is essential for verbal communication. In this commentary I provide an integrative overview, arguing that speech prosody is subserved by the same anatomical and neurochemical mechanisms involved in the processing of reward/affective outcomes.
5. An Experimental Research on the Antagonism between the Actions of Physostigma and Atropia
Authors: Fraser Thomas R.
Published: August 2015

In a Preliminary Note, read before this Society on the 31st of May 1869 (see Proceedings), a number of experiments were described, which proved that the lethal action of certain doses of physostigma can be prevented by the administration of atropia. Further, it was pointed out, that antagonism between any two substances, in the sense of the lethal action of the one being preventible by the physiological action of the other, had not previously been shown to exist by any certain and satisfactory evidence. In the various instances where experiment seemed to indicate the existence of such an antagonism, sufficient proof was not given that the dose of the substance whose action appeared to be antagonised was certainly a lethal one. The conflicting opinions and doubts this fallacy has given origin to, have induced the author to follow a plan whereby it may be completely avoided.
Erotomania secondary to cerebrovascular accident in frontotemporal impairment
Authors: Das Amlan , Mathur Shiva , Orrell Martin
Published: August 2015

We report a case of erotomania with onset coinciding with a cerebrovascular accident in a 65-year-old woman. She believed Dick Haymes, a famous singer and actor who died in 1980 was in love with her, visited her and wanted to have sex with her. It is argued that the erotomania stemmed from an interaction between the frontotemporal impairment due to the cerebrovascular accident and personality factors.
The great fire of medieval Valencia (1447)
Authors: FERRAGUD CARMEL , GARCÍA MARSILLA JUAN VICENTE
Published: August 2015

In March 1447, a great fire broke out in Valencia, caused by a former member of the municipal government. This fire destroyed many houses and craft workshops around the Market Square, the economic centre of the city. The municipal government had to compensate the citizens, who had lost everything, and restore everyday life in the area. A versatile Italian watchmaker living in Valencia was chosen to supervise the rehabilitation of the area. Under his direction, the debris was removed. Then after a conscious campaign of urban planning aimed at eliminating any traces of the old Islamic city, the streets were reconstructed according to the norms of the western city.
ON THE LOGIC OF FACTUAL EQUIVALENCE
Authors: CORREIA FABRICE
Published: August 2015

Say that two sentences arefactually equivalentwhen they describe the same facts or situations, understood as worldly items, i.e. as bits of reality rather than as representations of reality. The notion of factual equivalence is certainly of central interest to philosophical semantics, but it plays a role in a much wider range of philosophical areas. What is the logic of factual equivalence? This paper attempts to give a partial answer to this question, by providing an answer the following, more specific question: Given a standard propositional language with negation, conjunction and disjunction as primitive operators, which sentences of the language should be taken to be factually equivalent by virtue of their logical form? The system for factual equivalence advocated in this paper is a proper fragment of the first-degree system for the logic of analytic equivalence put forward in the late seventies by R. B. Angell. I provide the system with two semantics, both formulated in terms of the notion of a situation’s beingfittingly describedby a linguistic item. In the final part of the paper I argue, contra a view I defended in my “Grounding and Truth-Functions” (2010), that the logic for factual equivalence I advocate here should be preferred to Angell’s logic if one wishes to follow the general conception of the relationships between factual equivalence and the notion of grounding put forward in the 2010 paper.
Visible light communication channel disturbances and examination of the modulation formats
Authors: Fekete Gábor , Mészáros Gergely , Udvary Eszter , Fehér Gábor , Berceli Tibor
Published: August 2015

The paper experimentally investigates indoor visible light communication (VLC) channels. The disturbances come from the light bulbs and other VLC systems. The paper demonstrates that the noisiest light bulbs are the fluorescent lamps which emit high frequency disturbances. Different light bulbs are examined to make an optimal carrier choice for the transmitted signal. In the next part of the paper several modulation schemes and two kinds of detector systems are compared. The paper represents also the advantages and disadvantages of receiver constructions with and without a lens. The optimum modulation for different application is investigated.
How Can We Better Understand Low River Flows as Climate Changes?
Authors: Pal Indrani , Towler Erin , Livneh Ben
Published: August 2015

When rivers run low, they threaten ecosystems, economies, and the communities who depend on them. Scientists need to determine how climate change alters this process, but to do so, they'll have to abandon a long-held assumption.
The Use of Hebbian Cell Assemblies for Nonlinear Computation
Authors: Tetzlaff Christian , Dasgupta Sakyasingha , Kulvicius Tomas , Wörgötter Florentin
Published: August 2015

When learning a complex task our nervous system self-organizes large groups of neurons into coherent dynamic activity patterns. During this, a network with multiple, simultaneously active and computationally powerful cell assemblies is created. How such ordered structures are formed while preserving a rich diversity of neural dynamics needed for computation is still unknown. Here we show that the combination of synaptic plasticity with the slower process of synaptic scaling achieves (i) the formation of cell assemblies and (ii) enhances the diversity of neural dynamics facilitating the learning of complex calculations. Due to synaptic scaling the dynamics of different cell assemblies do not interfere with each other. As a consequence, this type of self-organization allows executing a difficult, six degrees of freedom, manipulation task with a robot where assemblies need to learn computing complex non-linear transforms and – for execution – must cooperate with each other without interference. This mechanism, thus, permits the self-organization of computationally powerful sub-structures in dynamic networks for behavior control.
Investigating carbohydrate isomers by IMS-CID-IMS-MS: precursor and fragment ion cross-sections
Authors: Gaye M. M. , Kurulugama R. , Clemmer D. E.
Published: August 2015

Fragmentation of melezitose by IMS-CID-IMS-MS.
Strand displacement activated peroxidase activity of hemin for fluorescent DNA sensing
Authors: Wang Quanbo , Xu Nan , Gui Zhen , Lei Jianping , Ju Huangxian , Yan Feng
Published: August 2015

The toehold-mediated DNA strand displacement was utilized to regulate the catalytic activity of the peroxidase mimic hemin and design a fluorescent DNA sensing method with high specificity.
Determination of 26 endocrine disrupting chemicals in fish and water using modified QuEChERS combined with solid-phase extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS
Authors: Yang Mei , Ma Youning , Gui Wenjun , Ren Yiping , Zhu Guonian , Liu Yihua
Published: August 2015

A modified QuEChERS combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) for the determination of 26 EDCs in water and fish by UHPLC-MS/MS.
Simultaneous determination of malachite green, crystal violet and their leuco-metabolites in aquaculture water samples using monolithic fiber-based solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wang Yulei , Liao Keren , Huang Xiaojia , Yuan Dongxing
Published: August 2015

Convenient, sensitive and environmentally friendly method for simultaneous monitoring of malachite green, crystal violet, leucomalachite green and leucocrystal violet in aquaculture water samples.
Reusable and specific proton transfer signalling by inorganic cyanide in solution and solid phase
Authors: Kaloo Masood Ayoub , Sankar Jeyaraman
Published: August 2015

A highly specific inorganic-cyanide mediated proton transfer signalling is demonstrated from an easy-to-synthesize pyrene-DAMN receptor. Physical impregnation on a silica surfaceviaa simple dip method offered an instantaneous signal transduction in the solid phase.
Synthesis of double-clickable functionalised graphene oxide for biological applications
Authors: Mei Kuo-Ching , Rubio Noelia , Costa Pedro M. , Kafa Houmam , Abbate Vincenzo , Festy Frederic , Bansal Sukhvinder S. , Hider Robert C. , Al-Jamal Khuloud T.
Published: August 2015

Azide- and alkyne-double functionalised graphene oxide (Click2 GO) was synthesised and characterised with ATR-FTIR, TGA, and Raman spectroscopy.
Thermal dimerization of [n]cumulenes (n = 5, 7, 9)
Authors: Wendinger Dominik , Januszewski Johanna A. , Hampel Frank , Tykwinski Rik R.
Published: August 2015

The dimerization of tetraaryl[n]cumulenes gives a radialene (n = 5) and expanded radialenes (n = 7 or 9).
High-energy organic group-induced spectrally pure upconversion emission in novel zirconate-/hafnate-based nanocrystals
Authors: He Xianghong , Yan Bing
Published: August 2015

A series of novel fluoride-based nanophosphors (NPs) exhibiting spectrally pure upconversion (UC) red fluorescence upon near-infrared (980 nm) excitation. The single-band deep-red UC luminescence feature of K3MF7:Yb3+,Er3+ (M = Zr, Hf) NPs is independent of the doping levels of Yb3+–Er3+ and the pump power of incident light.
Roaming as the dominant mechanism for molecular products in the photodissociation of large aliphatic aldehydes
Authors: Tsai Po-Yu , Li Hou-Kuan , Kasai Toshio , Lin King-Chuen
Published: August 2015

Photodissociation of isobutyraldehyde (C3H7CHO) at 248 nm is investigated using time-resolved Fourier-transform infrared emission spectroscopy to demonstrate the growing importance of the roaming pathway with increasing molecular size of aliphatic aldehydes.
Modeling the voltage loss mechanisms in lithium–sulfur cells: the importance of electrolyte resistance and precipitation kinetics
Authors: Zhang Teng , Marinescu Monica , O'Neill Laura , Wild Mark , Offer Gregory
Published: August 2015

We analyse the evolution of three major voltage-drop mechanisms in Li–S cells during discharge, with a particular emphasize on the importance of precipitation-induced variations in the electrolyte resistance and reaction potentials.
Interaction of ionic liquids with noble metal surfaces: structure formation and stability of [OMIM][TFSA] and [EMIM][TFSA] on Au(111) and Ag(111)
Authors: Uhl Benedikt , Huang Hsinhui , Alwast Dorothea , Buchner Florian , Behm R. Jürgen
Published: August 2015

Principles of structure formation and adsorbate–adsorbate interactions in ionic liquid adlayers on metal surfaces were investigated in a comparative STM study on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces.
Structure-controlled porous films of nanoparticulate Rh-doped SrTiO3 photocatalyst toward efficient H2 evolution under visible light irradiation
Authors: Okunaka Sayuri , Tokudome Hiromasa , Abe Ryu
Published: August 2015

Photocatalytic H2 evolution is demonstrated under visible light on porous films of Rh-doped SrTiO3 nanoparticles.
Synthesis and oxidation catalysis of a Ti-substituted phosphotungstate, and identification of the active oxygen species
Authors: Takahashi Eri , Kamata Keigo , Kikukawa Yuji , Sato Sota , Suzuki Kosuke , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: August 2015

A Ti-substituted phosphotungstate (I) showed high catalytic performance for several oxidation reactions. The truly catalytically active species was successfully isolated, and its anion structure was determined.
Neodymium 1D systems: targeting new sources for field-induced slow magnetization relaxation
Authors: Jassal Amanpreet Kaur , Aliaga-Alcalde Núria , Corbella Montserrat , Aravena Daniel , Ruiz Eliseo , Hundal Geeta
Published: August 2015

Two non-isostructural homometallic 1D neodymium species displaying field-induced slow magnetization relaxations are presented together with theoretical studies. It is established that both systems are better described as organized 1D single molecule magnets (SMMs).
A study on quality components and sleep-promoting effects of GABA black tea
Authors: Zhao Wenfang , Li Yun , Ma William , Ge Yazhong , Huang Yahui
Published: August 2015

The aims of this study were to analyze the changes in quality components of gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid (GABA) black tea during processing, and to investigate the effect of three dosages of GABA black tea on sleep improvement.
In situ synthesis of lanthanide complexes supported by a ferrocene diamide ligand: extension to redox-active lanthanide ions
Authors: Huang Wenliang , Brosmer Jonathan L. , Diaconescu Paula L.
Published: August 2015

The scope of an in situ method to prepare rare-earth alkyl and halide precursors was extended to cerium, praseodymium, samarium, terbium, thulium, and ytterbium.
Metal/organo relay catalysis in a one-pot synthesis of methyl 4-aminopyrrole-2-carboxylates from 5-methoxyisoxazoles and pyridinium ylides
Authors: Galenko Ekaterina E. , Tomashenko Olesya A. , Khlebnikov Alexander F. , Novikov Mikhail S.
Published: August 2015

Methyl 4-aminopyrrole-2-carboxylates were easily synthesized by the reaction of 5-methoxyisoxazoles with phenacylpyridinium salts under hybrid relay catalysis leading to 1-(5-methoxycarbonyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)pyridinium salts followed by a one pot Zincke cleavage.
A monolithic integration of robust, water-/oil-repellent layer onto multilayer encapsulation films for organic electronic devices
Authors: Kim Shin Young , Kim Bong Jun , Kim Do Heung , Im Sung Gap
Published: August 2015

Robust, water-/oil-repellent layer is monolithically integrated onto thin film multilayer encapsulation for organic electronic devices.
Highly responsive glutathione functionalized green AuNP probe for precise colorimetric detection of Cd2+ contamination in the environment
Authors: Manjumeena Rajarathinam , Duraibabu Dhanapal , Rajamuthuramalingam Thangavelu , Venkatesan Ramasamy , Kalaichelvan Puthupalayam Thangavelu
Published: August 2015

Precise colorimetric detection of Cd2+ using a glutathione functionalized phytosynthesized AuNP probe provides an ecofriendly approach to heavy metal detection.
Digestion of Gluten Peptides by Normal Human Jejunal Mucosa and by Mucosa from Patients with Adult Coeliac Disease
Authors: Douglas A. P. , Booth C. C.
Published: August 2015

1. The ability of homogenates of jejunal mucosa to liberate amino acids from a peptic-tryptic digest of gluten was assessed. Mucosal specimens were obtained from thirty-two control subjects without malabsorptive disease, from twenty-six patients with untreated adult coeliac disease and from nine patients with adult coeliac disease in whom the intestinal mucosa was histologically normal as a consequence of treatment with a gluten-free diet. In addition nine of the untreated patients were restudied after institution of a gluten-free diet.

2. The ability of the jejunal mucosa from the patients with untreated adult coeliac disease to liberate amino acids from the gluten peptides was significantly less than that of the mucosa from control subjects.

3. No significant difference from normal was found when jejunal mucosa from patients with treated adult coeliac disease was studied irrespective of whether or not the mucosa was histologically normal.

4. These results indicate that the impairment of jejunal mucosal digestion of gluten in untreated adult coeliac disease is a secondary phenomenon and do not support the hypothesis that coeliac disease is due to the absence from the intestinal mucosa of an enzyme normally concerned in the digestion of gluten.
Studies with Uraemic Serum on the Renal Transport of Hippurates and Tetraethylammonium in the Rabbit and Rat: Effects of Oral Neomycin
Authors: Bourke E. , Frindt G. , Preuss H. , Rose Evelyn , Weksler M. , Schreiner G. E.
Published: August 2015

1. The depression of p-aminohippurate and o-iodohippurate transport induced by uraemic serum in rabbit and rat renal cortex in vitro was confirmed. At the same time no change in oxygen consumption was observed.

2. The transport of the tetraethylammonium ion was unimpaired by uraemic serum from man or rat.

3. When sera from neomycin-treated uraemic rats were incubated with rabbit renal cortex, the uptakes of p-aminohippurate and of o-iodohippurate were 50% higher than when sera from untreated uraemic rats were used.

4. In rat uraemic serum, the levels of hippuric and indole acetic acids are markedly elevated. Administration of neomycin causes a substantial reduction in these levels.

5. The implications of these observations upon the impaired renal transport of hippurates produced by uraemic serum is discussed.
The Conversion of [35S]PTC-Angiotensin I to PTC-Angiotensin II in Plasma of Normotensive and Hypertensive Subjects
Authors: Osborn E. C. , Hodges N. G. , Pickens P. T. , Willicombe P. R. , Mahler R. F.
Published: August 2015

1. The rate of conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II was measured by using their [35S]PTC-analogues which can be separated and identified by radiochromatography.

2. There was no difference in the rate of conversion of one compound to the other in the plasma of normal subjects and hypertensive patients.
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase after Fat Ingestion: An Immunological Study
Authors: Kleerekoper M. , Horne M. , Cornish C. J. , Posen S.
Published: August 2015

1. Normal volunteers were given standard oral loads of cream, dextrose and skimmed milk. Serum alkaline phosphatase rose by a mean of 26%, 5 hr after fat ingestion. The rise was due, predominantly, to the appearance of intestinal alkaline phosphatase in the circulation.

2. Sera of secretors show greater intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities after fat ingestion than sera of non-secretors.
Effects of Chloride Restriction and Depletion on Acid-Base Balance and Chloride Conservation in the Rat
Authors: Luke R. G. , Warren Y. , Kashgarian M. , Levitin H.
Published: August 2015

1. In the rat dietary chloride restriction has been shown to cause an elevation of the plasma bicarbonate and urinary net acid excretion, provided dietary sodium is available. Likewise the degree of elevation of plasma bicarbonate during chloride depletion, produced by prior exposure to 8% CO2 for 24 hr, was dependent on whether sodium (as the neutral phosphate) was or was not being ingested.

2. Correction of the hypochloraemia and the elevated plasma bicarbonate following exposure to CO2 and subsequent recovery on a low chloride diet is more complete in the rat than the dog. Evidence is presented that the plasma chloride rises in the rat because of the movement of chloride out of intracellular sites, and that chloride depletion and/or the associated metabolic alkalosis elevates endogenous acid production.

3. Chloride depleted rats were re-exposed to 8% CO2 in air. Renal chloride conservation remained intact. The hypochloraemia and rise in plasma bicarbonate in response to CO2 were not dependent on chloruresis although urinary acid excretion and the rise in serum bicarbonate were inhibited when the plasma chloride did not fall.

4. Consideration of these experiments with the related micropuncture experiments of Warren et al. (1970) suggests that:

(a) the intimate relationship between hypochloraemia and the elevation of plasma bicarbonate in respiratory acidosis is related to reciprocal changes in proximal tubular absorption of chloride and bicarbonate; (b) chloride depletion can increase bicarbonate absorption in the proximal tubule and urinary net acid excretion; (c) a rise in TF/P Cl in the proximal tubule does not necessarily correlate with changes in external chloride balance; (d) the distal chloride conserving mechanism is unaffected by rates of sodium or phosphate excretion, exposure to carbon dioxide, or increases in the rate of tubular bicarbonate absorption.
Nocturia in Patients on Long-Term Steroid Therapy
Authors: Thomas J. P. , Coles G. A. , El-Shaboury A. H.
Published: August 2015

1. About half of our asthmatic patients on long-term treatment with prednisone developed nocturia.

2. This is due to reversal of the normal circadian rhythm of water and electrolyte excretion and is partially corrected within 48 hr of stopping treatment.

3. The disturbance in water and electrolyte excretion appeared to be due to a decrease in proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium at night. This was not directly related to a change in the secretion of Cortisol, aldosterone or antidiuretic hormone.
Observations of Renal Function in Patients Undergoing Therapeutic Diuresis with Frusemide
Authors: Jewkes R. F. , Burki N. , Guz A.
Published: August 2015

1. Changes in extracellular water, plasma volume, blood urea and glomerular filtration rate were recorded over intervals of up to 28 days in ten patients requiring diuretic therapy, eight of whom were oedematous and none of whom had obvious renal disease.

2. Diuresis with frusemide was invariably associated with a fall in extracellular water and, in all but one instance, with a fall in plasma volume. It was also associated in every case with a rise in blood urea and fall in glomerular filtration rate.

3. The fall in glomerular filtration rate was observed when the extracellular water and the plasma volume of each patient was still within the ‘normal’ range predicted on the basis of dry weight.

4. Cessation of treatment was followed by a return to initial levels of the plasma volume and extracellular water, blood urea and glomerular filtration rate.

5. When body weight became stable during the administration of frusemide, there was a partial re-expansion of the plasma volume and a tendency for the glomerular filtration rate to rise.

6. The mechanism whereby these changes in renal function are brought about is unknown.
A Detailed Study of the Urinary Peptides in a Patient with Osteomalacia and Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Cahill Rose , Smith R. , Westall R. G.
Published: August 2015

1. The urinary peptides and amino acids have been examined in a 28-year-old female with osteomalacia and severe parathyroid bone disease. Forty ninhydrin positive substances were identified.

2. These substances included nine hydroxyproline containing peptides of relatively simple composition. Of these eight contained 4-hydroxyproline, two contained cis-3-hydroxyproline and one had trans-3-hydroxyproline. Two larger peptides which contained a high proportion of 4-hydroxyproline residues were also found. Free 4-hydroxyproline, free hydroxylysine and a hydroxylysine complex were found.

3. Of the remaining twenty-six substances, which may not be derived from collagen, alaninol is reported as an urinary constituent for the first time, six are less common but have been reported previously whilst the remaining nineteen are well-known urinary constituents.

4. The significance of these findings in relation to collagen breakdown is discussed.
Unsteady State Measurement of Oxygen Transfer in Patients with Rheumatic Heart Disease
Authors: Auchincloss J. H. , Gilbert R. , Baule G. H.
Published: August 2015

1. Breath-to-breath oxygen uptake at the alveolar capillary membrane has been measured by an improved method during exercise in thirty-two patients with valvular heart disease and twenty-four control subjects. Exercise was of up to 3 min duration on a treadmill usually at 3–4 m.p.h.; the gradient was increased on successive walks up to the breaking point.

2. In the normal subjects the oxygen uptake over the last 0·3 min up to the breaking point (V̇o2 bp) was on average higher than the maximum predicted by the method of Åstrand. In two subjects V̇o2 bp was also higher than that obtained by the conventional method. Thus it is believed to be an approximation of maximal oxygen uptake. In two thirds of the patients the V̇o2 bp was reduced compared with the control subjects.

3. The curves relating oxygen uptake to time for exercise of increasing severity showed poor separation in thirteen of the patients compared with the other subjects studied. This finding is evidence for a defect in oxygen uptake during submaximal exercise in some cardiac patients which is identifiable by physiological means without recourse to clinical data.
Changes in Acid-Base Balance during Peritoneal Dialysis with Fluid Containing Lactate Ions
Authors: Dixon S. R. , McKean W. I. , Pryor J. E. , Irvine R. O. H.
Published: August 2015

1. Twenty-three peritoneal dialyses with fluid containing 45 mEq lactate per litre were carried out on six patients with acute or chronic renal failure. During dialysis arterial blood pH and base excess rose.

2. The lactate ions were rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the fluid in the peritoneal cavity. Blood lactate concentration rose, but in patients with adequate liver function it did not exceed the normal range. One patient with poor hepatic function and renal failure showed abnormally high blood lactate levels after peritoneal dialysis, but metabolic acidosis was still corrected.

3. The concentration of bicarbonate ions in the fluid drained from the peritoneal cavity rose as the dialysis progressed. A significant positive correlation was found between the arterial blood bicarbonate concentration and the bicarbonate concentration in the fluid drained from the peritoneal cavity.

4. If the lactate ions absorbed from the peritoneal cavity had not been metabolized the loss of bicarbonate ions in the fluid drained from the peritoneal cavity would have increased the metabolic acidosis.
An Approach to the Problems of Acid-Base Balance
Authors: Kappagoda C. T. , Linden R. J. , Snow H. M.
Published: August 2015

1. The existing methods for assessing states of acidosis are discussed with particular reference to non-respiratory acidosis. Most of these methods are based either on the Henderson—Hasselbalch equation or on the direct extrapolation of in vitro studies on blood to the whole animal. The evidence available shows that these methods cannot be used to obtain an accurate assessment of disturbances of acid-base balance in the whole animal.

2. The experiments were designed to investigate the acid-base parameters of an animal when a respiratory acidosis was superimposed on a non-respiratory acidosis caused by the infusion of n HCl; from these experiments it was possible to construct CO2 titration curves at various levels of non-respiratory acidosis.

3. A scheme which is based upon the CO2 titration curves, has been proposed for assessing an acute acid-base disturbance in terms of its respiratory and non-respiratory components.

4. The use of sodium bicarbonate to correct a non-respiratory acidosis was investigated, and it was shown that the amount of sodium bicarbonate required varied with the rate of infusion. No firm predictions could be made regarding the dose of bicarbonate required, but from the results of the present experiments an infusion rate of 0·1 mEq kg−1 min−1 is recommended in dogs.
A Method for Measuring Human Skin Elasticity in Vivo with Observations on the Effects of Age, Sex and Pregnancy
Authors: Grahame R.
Published: August 2015

1. A method is presented for the measurement of the elasticity of human skin in vivo. A simple suction cup device is applied to the intact skin and the distortion produced in response to pre-determined negative pressures recorded. By the use of appropriate formulae stress and strain may be calculated and a stress/strain curve drawn, the gradient of which represents the elastic modulus for intact skin.

2. The test, which is simple to perform and entirely innocuous to the patient, has been shown to achieve acceptable standards of accuracy and reproducibility.

3. In the present study, the physiological variation in skin elasticity that occurs in respect of age, sex and pregnancy is investigated and the implications concerning the physiological changes that occur in skin collagen discussed.
Central Vasomotor Stimulation by Angiotensin
Authors: Ferrario C. M. , Dickinson C. J. , McCubbin J. W.
Published: August 2015

1. When angiotensin was infused at low rates into the vertebral arteries of anaesthetized dogs, it raised the blood pressure. When infused at similar rates intravenously or into the internal carotid artery it either did not change blood pressure, or raised it only very slightly. The difference in response was highly significant over the range of 1–50 ng kg−1 min−1.

2. During intravenous infusion at higher rates, angiotensin usually produced the well-known reflex bradycardia and fall of cardiac output, but on infusion into the vertebral arteries it rapidly raised systemic arterial pressure, often increased heart rate, and usually produced a transient increase of cardiac output.

3. Angiotensin by both routes raised peripheral resistance, but noradrenaline, by contrast, produced the same response whether it was given into the vertebral arteries or into a vein.

4. These observations suggest that part of the pressor effect of intravenous angiotensin may be mediated by a direct stimulation of some part of the hind brain.
Dynamic Lung Compliance and the Effect of Oxygen Breathing in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis
Authors: Astin T. W.
Published: August 2015

1. Simultaneous measurements of the tidal volume and the intra-oesophageal pressure were made in fifteen hypoxaemic patients with chronic bronchitis during periods of air breathing and 30% oxygen breathing; values of dynamic lung compliance were obtained.

2. During the period of oxygen breathing, the dynamic lung compliance increased in fourteen of the patients (the mean increase was 28%).

3. The increase in dynamic lung compliance could not be accounted for by a change in the frequency of breathing, tidal volume or minute volume.

4. It is concluded that the increase in dynamic lung compliance reflected a reduction in airways resistance during oxygen breathing. It is suggested that this could lead to a change in the physiological dead space in the absence of any change in the overall ventilation of the lungs.
Inhibitors of the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System in Renal Disease
Authors: Bennett N. B. , Ogston D.
Published: August 2015

1. Levels of serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation, anti-plasmin and plasminogen activator were measured in normal subjects and patients with active glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure.

2. Patients with active glomerulonephritis all had grossly elevated levels of serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation and significant elevation of anti-plasmin. The majority of activator levels lay at the lower end of the normal range.

3. Patients with chronic renal failure had significantly elevated levels of serum inhibitor of plasminogen activation and anti-plasmin, but the changes were less marked than in those with active glomerulonephritis. Activator levels were consistently reduced.

4. The marked inhibition of fibrinolysis in active glomerulonephritis may be a factor in the persistence of glomerular fibrin and ultimately in perpetuation of renal damage. The changes in the fibrinolytic system in chronic renal failure may determine the development of the serosal exudates characteristic of that condition.
The Effect of Hypoglycaemia on Oral Glucose Tolerance in Normal Subjects and Patients with Pituitary and Adrenal Disorders
Authors: Oakley N. W. , Jacobs H. S. , Turner R. C. , Williams J. , Dos C. , Aquino S. , Nabarro J. D. N.
Published: August 2015

1. Hypoglycaemia induces glucose intolerance in normal subjects—the ‘Somogyi effect’–and may be responsible for some instances of ‘brittle diabetes’. This effect may be mediated through the growth hormone response to hypoglycaemia, but other possible hormonal mechanisms have not been excluded.

2. Paired 2-h oral glucose tolerance tests have been carried out 2 h after both (a) i.v. saline (control day) and (b) i.v. insulin (test day) in four normal subjects and twenty-seven patients with pituitary and adrenal under- and over-activity. Plasma glucose, insulin, Cortisol and growth hormone have been estimated at half-hourly intervals during the 4 h of each study.

3. A significant Somogyi effect is usually seen only when there is a growth hormone response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia; hypopituitary subjects do not show the effect.

4. There is a correlation between the extent of the Somogyi effect and the growth hormone response to insulin, using a simple derived index to represent each function (P < 0·05).

5. Insulin secretion in normal subjects tends to be higher on the test than the control day, making inhibition of insulin release an unlikely primary mechanism.

6. The presence or absence of a Somogyi effect could not be related to insulin-induced changes in plasma Cortisol values.

7. Examination of individual cases supports the view that, while growth hormone may be mainly reponsible for the Somogyi effect, yet it is sometimes difficult to explain the effect without invoking other endocrine mechanisms.