bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Logical Place to Take a Picture
Authors: Slavishak Edward
Published: November 2014

This article uses the photographer William Gedney's visit to Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, in 1975 to consider three aspects of urban touring. First, Gedney's appreciation of Bethlehem's aesthetics derived from his adoration of Walker Evans's well-known 1935 photo from Bethlehem. Gedney mimicked Evans's moves forty years later, much like fringe tourists interested in urban decay in the twenty-first century study each other's images to establish valuable sites and styles. Second, Gedney's visit remained largely disconnected from the variety of economic and demographic change that occurred locally in the sixties and seventies. His focus on surfaces in his photography was echoed by his surface contact with the city itself. Finally, I argue that his photographs should be interpreted in relation to his previous work in the United States and India. Gedney's trip provides an opportunity to rework narratives of urban decline in the twentieth century.
Joseph Replogle
Authors: Ruby Jay W.
Published: November 2014

A review of the life and work of an unknown and modestly talented photographer from rural Central Pennsylvania offers an opportunity to contrast a social approach to the history of photography with the more common art historical paradigm.
Structural evolution of long‐duration meteor trail irregularities driven by neutral wind
Authors: Li Guozhu , Ning Baiqi , Chu Yen‐Hsyang , Reid I. M. , Hu L. , Dolman B. K. , Xiong J. , Jiang G. , Yang G. , Yan C.
Published: November 2014

An experiment on spatial domain interferometry observations of meteor trail irregularities at a low‐latitude location in China was conducted during August 2013 using the Sanya VHF coherent radar (18.4°N, 109.6°E). More than 3 thousand range‐spread meteor trail echoes (RSTEs) were observed. Among the trail echoes, the spatial structure of meteor trail irregularities responsible for a single long‐duration RSTE event persisting for ~4 min was reconstructed. This RSTE was found to be initially generated at 90–115 km altitudes and aligned along the radar beam boresight. After about the first minute of the trail lifetime, the trail echo appeared only in a narrow altitude range of 94–98 km. An analysis on the spatial pattern of the long‐duration RSTE showed that the trail irregularities at lower range gates moved away from the region perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. The eastward drifts of the RSTE irregularities were found to decrease with increasing altitude, e.g., from 80 ms−1 at ~94 km to 20 ms−1 at ~100 km. Simultaneous horizontal neutral wind measurements made with the Fuke all‐sky meteor radar (located north of Sanya) recorded a similar velocity profile. We suggest that the neutral wind could drive the spatial structural evolution of the RSTE irregularities, and help to determine the altitudes where the longest portion of the RSTE was located.
A new process for fuel ethanol dehydration based on modeling the phase equilibria of the anhydrous MgCl2 + ethanol + water system
Authors: Zeng Lanmu , Li Zhibao
Published: November 2014

The use of ethanol as a fuel for motor engines has attracted significant attention because of its possible environmental and economic advantages over fossil fuel. However, the energy demand for the ethanol dehydration process significantly impacts its production cost. A new and energy efficient process is developed on the basis of salt extractive distillation, which uses recycled MgCl2 granules as a separating agent. Vapor‐liquor‐equilibria (VLE) data for the ternary MgCl2 + ethanol + water system, and the three constituent binary systems were measured at 30, 60, 90, and 101.3 kPa. A large enhancement of relative volatility of the ethanol + water system in the presence of MgCl2 is observed throughout the entire ethanol concentration range, which completely broke the azeotrope. The salt effect of MgCl2 is thought to be the result of energetic interactions and the hydration equilibrium reaction of the Mg2+ ion with water molecules. The calculation results by the mixed‐solvent electrolyte model embedded in the OLI platform equipped with new model interaction parameters and equilibrium constant (obtained via the regression of experimental VLE data), provided for a satisfactory means of simulating the MgCl2 salt extractive distillation process. Finally, the process was proven feasible at the laboratory‐scale resulting in large granules of recovered MgCl2 and a product of 99.5 wt % ethanol. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 664–676, 2015
Hydrogen and carbon dioxide adsorption with tetra‐n‐butyl ammonium semi‐clathrate hydrates for gas separations
Authors: Komatsu Hiroyuki , Ota Masaki , Sato Yoshiyuki , Watanabe Masaru , Smith Richard L.
Published: November 2014

Gas adsorption rates of H2, CO2, and H2‐CO2 gas mixture (H2/CO2 = 3.4) with tetra‐n‐butyl ammonium salt (bromide, chloride, and fluoride) semi‐clathrate hydrate particles were measured at 269 K to assess their properties for gas separation. Equilibrium gas occupancies in the S‐cages of the particles were in order of (high to low) for hexagonal structure‐I, tetragonal structure‐I, and superlattice of cubic structure‐I structures with the maximum fractional occupancy by CO2 being about 40%. The CO2 diffusion rate depended on the anion size of the salt, which is attributed to distortion of the S‐cage that is close to the molecular size of CO2. Simulations of semi‐clathrate hydrate particles with theory showed that H2/CO2 selectivities could be as high as 36 (3.0 mol% TBAF) and that selectivities for an ideal membrane (3.3 mol% TBAF) could be >100 (269 K, 0.3–4.5 MPa). Semi‐clathrate hydrates have wide application as separation media for gas mixtures. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 992–1003, 2015
Immune mediated disorders in women with a fragile X expansion and FXTAS
Authors: Jalnapurkar Isha , Rafika Nuva , Tassone Flora , Hagerman Randi
Published: November 2014

Premutation alleles in fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1)can cause the late‐onset neurodegenerative disorder, fragile X‐associated tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and/or the fragile X‐associated primary ovarian insufficiency in approximately 20% of heterozygotes. Heterozygotes of theFMR1premutation have a higher incidence of immune mediated disorders such as autoimmune thyroid disorder, especially when accompanied by FXTAS motor signs. We describe the time course of symptoms of immune mediated disorders and the subsequent development of FXTAS in four women with anFMR1CGG expansion, including three with the premutation and one with a gray zone expansion. These patients developed an immune mediated disorder followed by neurological symptoms that become consistent with FXTAS. In all patients we observed a pattern involving an initial appearance of disease symptoms—often after a period of heightened stress (depression, anxiety, divorce, general surgery) followed by the onset of tremor and/or ataxia. Immune mediated diseases are associated with the manifestations of FXTAS temporally, although further studies are needed to clarify this association. If a cause and effect relationship can be established, treatment of pre‐existing immune mediated disorders may benefit patients with pathogenicFMR1mutations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biopolyester‐based nanocomposites: Structural, thermo‐mechanical and biocompatibility characteristics of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)/montmorillonite clay nanohybrids
Authors: Panayotidou Elpiniki , Kroustalli Anthoula , Baklavaridis Apostolos , Zuburtikudis Ioannis , Achilias Dimitris S. , Deligianni Despoina
Published: November 2014

In this work, the structural, thermal, mechanical, and biocompatibility characteristics of biopolyester‐based nanocomposites with phyllosilicate clays, namely those of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) with octadecylamine‐modified montmorillonite (C18MMT), are reported. PHB/clay nanocomposites with various loadings were prepared by melt mixing. X‐ray diffraction measurements and transmission electron microscopy images revealed the coexistence of intercalated and exfoliated states in the produced nanocomposites. Atomic force microscopy imaging also shed light to the morphological characteristics of the pure PHB and the prepared nanocomposites. The thermal stability of the nanohybrid materials was improved with the 5 wt % loading nanocomposite to show the best improvement. In addition, the nanohybrids have lower melting point compared to pure PHB and enhanced storage modulus (E′). Finally, the biocompatibility of pristine PHB and the 5 wt % nanocomposite was assessed by studying the morphology and proliferation of osteoblast cells attached on their surfaces. The results after 3 and 7 days of cell culturing indicate the incorporation of nanoclays does not change the cell adhesion and spreading as compared to those on pure PHB. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41628.
Nanocomposites of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)/organomodified montmorillonite: Effect of the nanofiller on the polymer's biodegradation
Authors: Panayotidou Elpiniki , Baklavaridis Apostolos , Zuburtikudis Ioannis , Achilias Dimitris S.
Published: November 2014

Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) is a biopolymer that can be degraded by extracellular PHB depolymerase. This enzyme is secreted by various microorganisms, but bacterial PHB depolymerases are the most widely studied. The biodegradability rate depends on various factors. By controlling them, the biodegradability rate can change and be customized, and thus, the applications of the polymer can increase and become more diverse. In this work, the role of organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT) on PHB biodegradation was investigated. Using the melt‐mixing method, nanocomposites of PHB and OMMT as the nanofiller were prepared. The enzyme was isolated from the fungus Penicillium pinophilum and the enzymatic degradation was studied for both pure polymer and its nanocomposites. It was found that, after 25 days of enzymatic degradation, the mass loss was very low, while the polymer's average molecular weight as measured by gel permeation chromatography was significantly reduced (more than 50%). Additional peaks corresponding to PHB oligomers (from pentamers to nonamers) appeared after biodegradation. This behavior was observed for pure PHB and the hybrid materials. Scanning electron microscopy imaging of the biodegraded surfaces and analysis of these images showed that the higher amount of nanoclay (10 wt %) resulted in larger biodegraded area of the specimens. The results presented here demonstrate that the presence of the nanoclays enhances the biodegradation rate of pure PHB polymer and provide quantitative data for the biodegradation of PHB/organoclay hybrid materials. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41656.
Review
Authors: Rhoades James W.
Published: November 2014

Recent Prehistory in Southeast Papua. By Brian Egloff. Terra Australis, No. 4, 1979. Department of Prehistory, Australian National University, Canberra. $7.00.
Review
Authors: Strahan Ronald
Published: November 2014

A Museum to Instruct and Delight. By Roger G. Rose. B. P. Bishop Museum Special Publication, 68, 1980. Pp. 77. Price: $US6.50.
Review
Authors: Hayden Brian
Published: November 2014

The Great Kartan Mystery. By Ronald Lampert. Terra Australis 5. 1981. Pp. viii + 210. Price $A10.00.
Review
Authors: Morwood M. J.
Published: November 2014

Notes towards Mathesis Art. By John Clegg. Clegg Calendars, Balmain, 1981. Pp. 399. Price $A11.50.
Review
Authors: Haglund Laila
Published: November 2014

The Ethnography of Aboriginal Groups in the Central Queensland Highlands. By M. J. Morwood. Cultural Research Management Monograph Series No. 1. Department of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement, Archaeology Branch, 1982. Pp. 60. Free. ISBN 0 7242 0984 0

The Fitzroy River Region — A Guide to Anthropological and Archaeological Research. By N. Richardson. Cultural Resource Management Monograph Series No. 2. Department of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement, Archaeology Branch, Brisbane, 1982. Pp. 51. Free. ISBN 0 7242 1112 8

Aboriginal Sites of the Albert Valley, Southeast Queensland. By D. S. Gillieson. Cultural Resource Management Monograph Series No. 3. Department of Aboriginal and Islanders Advancement, Archaeology Branch, Brisbane, 1982. Pp. 46. Free. ISBN 0 7242 1113 6
Review
Authors: Wright Jaquetta
Published: November 2014

The Aboriginal People of Tasmania. By Julia Clark. Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart, 1983. ISBN 7246 1165 7. Pp. 56.
Review
Authors: Ambrose W. R.
Published: November 2014

The Prehistory of New Zealand. By Janet Davidson. Longman Paul, Auckland, 1984. Pp. iv + 278. Price $NZ39.95 ISBN 582 71793 0
Review
Authors: Coutts P. J. F.
Published: November 2014

A lot of spadework to be done. Edited by S. Bulmer, G. Law and D. Sutton. New Zealand Archaeological Association, Auckland, 1983. Pp. 329. Price $NZ24.40.
Review
Authors: Hamilton Annette
Published: November 2014

Past and Present in Hunter‐Gatherer Studies. Edited by Carmel Schrire. Academic Press, Florida, 1984. ISBN 0 12 629180 2. Pp. xvii + 299. Price: $US45.00.
Review
Authors: Rowland M.J.
Published: November 2014

Archaeological Research in Kakadu National Park. Edited by Rhys Jones. Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service, Special Publications 13, 1985. ISBN 0 642 52392 4. Pp. xviii + 317. Price: $12.95.
Review
Authors: Robertson Nola
Published: November 2014

The Evolution of the Polynesian Chiefdoms By P.V. Kirch. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984. ISBN 0 521 25332 2. Pp. ix + 314. Price: $A39.50.
Review
Authors: Cane Scott
Published: November 2014

Devil's Lair, A Study in Prehistory. By C. Dortch. Western Australian Museum, Perth, 1984. ISBN 0 7244 9968 7. Pp. 94. Price: $A8.40.
Review
Authors: Fletcher Roland J.
Published: November 2014

Land, pa and polity. A study based on the Maori fortifications of Pouto. By Geoffrey Irwin. New Zealand Archaeological Association, Monograph 15, 1985. Pp. v +118. Price: $NZ18, incl. postage.
Review
Authors: Higham Charles
Published: November 2014

Archaeology in Eastern Timor By Ian Glover. Terra Australis 11. Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, 1986. ISBN 0‐96784‐943‐6. Pp. xxi + 214. Price unknown.
Holocene mammal faunas from archaeological sites in island Melanesia
Authors: Flannery T.F , Kirch P.V. , Specht J. , Spriggs M.
Published: November 2014

Faunal remains from archaeological sites on Buka, Nissan, and Tikopia Islands. Southwest Pacific include a number of taxa not previously recorded from those islands. These are Rattus praetor for both Nissan and Tikopia, and Thylogale brunii. Unicomys poneeleti. and Uromys salebrosus for Buka. R. praetor and T. brunii were probably introduced into the region by humans during the mid Holocene. Following the initial expansion in the ranges of these taxa, some island populations became extinct.
Archaeological excavations on Santa Cruz (Nendö), southeast Solomon Islands: summary report
Authors: McCoy Patrick C. , Cleghorn Paul L.
Published: November 2014

The excavations of seven archaeological sites on the island of Santa Cruz (Nendö), undertaken during the second phase of the Southeast Solomon Islands Culture History Program in 1977–78 are briefly summarized and the results discussed in terms of a local and regional culture historical framework. The local sequence, characterized by an earlier ceramic period and a later aceramic period, appears to have begun some 3000 years ago with a Western Lapita occupation, though there is also evidence for a coeval plain pottery complex that existed for a longer period of time. On present evidence the important ceramic to aceramic transition took place on Santa Cruz between c. 100 BC and AD 100. Only one site contains evidence of the early part of the aceramic period, which thus remains essentially unknown, including the matter of whether or not Santa Cruz was part of a posited regional exchange network in the first millenium AD. The latter part of the local sequence is represented in several sites from which important data were obtained relating to settlement and subsistence patterns, material culture and technology. including craft specialization, and ritual dance circles.
Review
Authors: Murray Tim
Published: November 2014

Finding Australia. The History of Australia to 1821. By R. Ward. Heinemann Educational Australia, Richmond, 1987. Pp. xii + 459. ISBN 0‐85859‐402‐1.
Deconstructing Pacific palaeodemography: a critique of density dependent causality
Authors: Sutton Douglas G. , Molloy Maureen A.
Published: November 2014

Three demographic assumptions which underlie widely accepted models of process in Polynesian prehistory are examined. These are: 1) that population growth follows a sigmoid curve; 2) that the form of this curve is density dependent; and 3) that mortality increased as density rose. We argue that these three assumptions are based on the misuse of demographic algorithms; misapplication of a model based on colonising animal populations and the use of extraordinary cases to construct a general ‘Polynesian case‘. Algorithms developed since 1983 indicate that differences in fertility, rather than mortality, have structured the results of life table analyses in Pacific palaeodemography. These fertility shifts are not density dependent.
Review
Authors: Specht Jim
Published: November 2014

Island Societies: Archaeological Approaches to Evolution and Transformation. Edited by P.V. Kirch. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. ISBN 0‐521‐30189‐0. Pp. 98. $A65.00
Review
Authors: Feil D.K.
Published: November 2014

Reply to Ballard
Excavations at the Ureia site, Aitutaki, Cook Islands: preliminary results
Authors: Allen M.S. , Steadman D.W.
Published: November 2014

In 1987 we excavated 11m2 of cultural deposit at the Ureia site (AIT10), Aitutaki, Cook Islands. First discovered and excavated by Peter Bellwood in 1970, the coastal Ureia site is very rich in midden, particularly fish bone and marine molluscs. We identified 13 main stratigraphic layers at Ureia. of which Layers III. V. and VII represent the primary concentrations of cultural materials. Nine radio‐carbon dates on charcoal range from 200 ± 50 yr BP (Layer III) to 1040 ± 80 yr BP (Layer VII). Our attempts to date the presumably older strata that underlie Layer VII have been unsuccessful. The Ureia site has yielded bones of two species of birds that no longer occur on Aitutaki: the Sooty Crake (Porzana tabuensis) and an extinct, undescribed species of whistling duck (cf. Dendrocygna).
Review
Authors: Temple Helen
Published: November 2014

Archaeology and colonisation: Australia in the world context. Edited by Judy Birmingham, Damaris Bairstow and Andrew Wilson. Australian Society for Historical Archaeology Inc., Sydney 1988. ISBN 0‐909797‐15‐3. Pp.1 + 204. Price $A28.00.
Pleistocene faunal loss: implications of the aftershock for Australia's past and future
Authors: Flannery T. F.
Published: November 2014

A unifying, predictive hypothesis is developed that explains many facets of late Quaternary biotic change in Australia. Pleistocene faunal extinction (commonly called megafaunal extinction) is envisaged as the precipitating mechanism for much environmental change. The extinction is thought to be of the “blitzkrieg” type as presented by Martin (1973), and was followed by suppression through human hunting of the remaining large herbivores. Much vegetation was left uneaten because of these events, resulting in an increased standing crop of fuel. Increased fuel continuity and mass ensured that fires could become much larger and hotter than was usually possible previously. The changed fire regime eventually eliminated fire sensitive Gondwanan rainforest elements from almost all parts of the continent that were not protected. Aborigines responded to the changed fire regime with firestick farming. This maintained a high diversity as it ameliorated the worst effects of fires on medium‐sized mammals and possibly some plants. Twentieth century Australian mammal extinctions are the result of a trophic cascade that followed the cessation of firestick farming.
Radiocarbon dates from midden sites in the lower Darling River area of western New South Wales
Authors: Balme J. , Hope J.
Published: November 2014

Seventy two of the 88 radiocarbon determinations available for archaeological sites and the sediments associated with the Darling River, its anabranches and associated lakes between Wilcannia and the Murray River in western NSW, are on shell samples collected from middens. The geographic distribution of the dated sites reflects the past hydrology of the region and distribution of preservational sediments in the area as well as past human use of the region.

The earliest evidence for human use of the lakes is from a series of middens at Lake Tandou which are dated to about 27,000 years BP but the lack of older sites may simply reflect the lack of exposure normally provided by active dune formation. All of the Pleistocene shell middens are associated with an ancestral Darling River course which was activated some time before 36,000 years ago and is now represented by anabranches of the present river channel. Holocene shell middens between Wilcannia and the Murray River are all associated with the present Darling River channel which formed sometime between 9,000 and 7,000 years ago. These dates when taken in conjunction with the radiocarbon dates on shell middens from the Willandra area show that there has been an almost continuous use of aquatic resources in the Murray‐Darling Basin since about 36,000 years BP. When radiocarbon dates on charcoal from other archaeological sites in the area are added to this sequence the discontinuities in the shell date sequence are filled. This indicates that there has been a continuous human presence in the Murray‐Darling Basin since this time.
Helping the police with their inquiries: archaeology and politics at Angophora Reserve rockshelter, N.S.W.
Authors: McDonald Josephine , Ross Anne
Published: November 2014

In New South Wales the legal provisions for the protection of Aboriginal skeletal remains are clear. However, when human remains were discovered at the Aboriginal site of Angophora Reserve rockshelter in Sydney, the situation became complex and confused as coronial investigations and legal procedures dominated archaeological methodology and principle.

In this paper we discuss how normal archaeological techniques had to be modified, often beyond acceptable levels, because of the demands of the Coroner's Court. We also discuss the legal and moral ramifications of this case, and focus on the philosophical issue of identification and retention of archaeological Aboriginal skeletal remains when there is conflict between different groups of ‘professionals‘.

We also provide some initial results from the excavation, and outline the methodological constraints which were introduced by external influences. The problems and political ramifications generated by this approach are discussed within the framework of archaeological research and cultural resource management.
Review
Authors: Hastorf Christine
Published: November 2014

Plants in Australian Archaeology. Edited by Wendy Beck, Anne Clarke, and Lesley Head. Tempus: Archaeology and Material Culture Studies in Archaeology, 1, 1989. Anthropology Museum, University of Queensland. ISBN 909611 40 8. Pp. viii + 213. $A20.00 plus postage.
Review
Authors: Clegg John
Published: November 2014

Conserving Australian rock art: a manual for site managers. By David Lambert. Aboriginal Studies Press, Canberra, 1989. ISBN 0‐85575‐210‐6. Pp. x + 102. $A20.00
Review
Authors: Shennan S. J.
Published: November 2014

Doing multivariate archaeology and prehistory: handling large data sets with MV‐ARCH. By Richard Wright. Dept. of Anthropology, University of Sydney, 1989. 3 discs and manual. $A62 or $US45.
Review
Authors: Nadolski John A.
Published: November 2014

Out of Asia. Peopling the Americas and the Pacific. Edited by R.L. Kirk and E. Szathmary. Journal of Pacific History, Canberra, 1985. ISBN 0 9595477 4 6. Pp. xiii + 266. Price $18.50.
Review
Authors: Fullagar Richard
Published: November 2014

Mechanics of pre‐industrial technology. By Brian Cotterell and Johan Kamminga. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 0‐521‐34194‐9. Pp. xv + 325. A$59.00.
Review
Authors: Gorecki Paul
Published: November 2014

Prehistoric Hawaiian occupation in the Anahulu valley, O'ahu island: excavations in three inland rockshelters. Edited by Patrick V. Kirch. University of California, Archaeological Research Facility, Contribution 47, 1989. ISBN not given. Pp. 130. No price given.
The many faces of Wadjak Man
Authors: Storm Paul , Nelson Andrew J.
Published: November 2014

In 1888, ‘Wadjak Man’ became the first fossil hominid to be found in southeast Asia. It has generally been believed (following Dubois 1922) that ‘Wadjak Man’ was ancestral to the Australian Aborigines. This view has been repeatedly challenged, mostly through differing interpretations of morphometric data. However, there have been three reconstructions of the Wadjak I skull and there are at least five sets of cranial measurements in the literature.

A critical problem has been the fact that no absolute dates are available for this site. Faunal and elemental analyses can only suggest that the material is sub‐recent. Now that dates for the first occupation of Australia are well into the Pleistocene, the role of Proto‐Australian for ‘Wadjak Man’ no longer appears tenable.

Additional skeletal material excavated by Dubois from rockshelters in the Wadjak area has recently been described and may be of similar age to the original fossil.

To securely place ‘Wadjak Man’ in southeast Asian prehistory a reevaluation of the attributes of fossil and modern hominid material and a reconsideration of many methods of analysis will be required.
The impact of tropical cyclones on the archaeological record : an Australian example
Authors: Bird Michele K.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes the impact of two recent tropical cyclones on the coast and archaeological record at Upstart Bay, North Queensland. Resurveys of Upstart Bay following cyclone 'Charlie' in 1988 and cyclone 'Aivu' in 1989 indicate that considerable damage and even total destruction of late Holocene shell middens has occurred as a direct result of the destructive winds and storm surges associated with these cyclones. Of a total of 93 archaeological sites recorded at Upstart Bay during baseline studies in 1987, more than 50% have now been destroyed. This research raises questions about the effect of cyclones on site preservation throughout prehistory and their likely impact in the future under 'greenhouse' conditions. This study has important implications for the future management of cultural resources in the coastal zone.
Review
Authors: Cazabon Charles
Published: November 2014

Remains to be seen: archaeological insights into Australian prehistory. By David Frankel. Longman Cheshire, 1991. ISBN 0 582 870402. Pp.158. $19.99
The dental bridge between Australia and Asia: following Macintosh into the East Asian hearth of humanity
Authors: Turner Christy G.
Published: November 2014

In many of Macintosh's scholarly works he made comparisons between the physical anthropology of Australian Aborigines and East Asians in order to identify Aboriginal origins. One of his last papers (with Larnach, 1976) ended with the remarkable and unexplained speculation that it was out of South China, some 70,000 years ago, that modern humans explosively radiated overland to Europe, the Americas, SE Asia, and by watercraft to Australmelanesia. The present paper is sympathetic to that speculation and offers some dental morphological data in its support, and a preliminary suggestion for defining dentally modern humans. At the same time, these data can be interpreted differently, but nevertheless show the great mportance of native Australians and Melanesians for eventually understanding where and how anatomically modern humans originated and evolved.
Regionalism in the recent rock art of western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory
Authors: Tacon Paul S.C.
Published: November 2014

For at least a thousand years various areas within western Arnhem Land have been associated with a relative abundance of freshwater food resources. Aboriginal groups were thus able to subsist within the confines of territories that are much smaller than in many other parts of the Australian continent. As a consequence, the first Europeans to visit the area observed numerous regional language boundaries, many of which were associated with particular bands, clans and/or families. My recent research has found a strong correlation between forms and sub‐styles of recent rock paintings, linguistics and mythology associated with Ancestral Beings, the landscape and events of the past. This relationship adds a new dimension to interpreting the prehistory of the region. I outline many of the most significant trends in the rock art body and then rock paintings and myths are examined to throw light on major events of the prehistoric record that are further removed in time. I conclude that there are implications for other areas of Australia.
Pacific island avian extinctions: the taphonomy of human predation
Authors: Weisler Marshall I. , Gargett Robert H.
Published: November 2014

We propose a strategy for evaluating the contribution of human predation to the depletion of endemic birds on Pacific islands. Humans reduced avian populations indirectly through habitat alteration, for which there is much archaeological evidence. However, direct evidence of human predation and its role in avian extinctions has seldom been critically evaluated. Because many archaeological sites containing bird bones occur in nesting locales such as coastal dunes and rockshelters, distinguishing naturally from culturally deposited material is crucial. We address this problem by analyzing bird bones from nine archaeological sites on Moloka'i, Hawaiian Islands. Species composition, weathering, non‐human predation, burning, element frequencies, and modification are considered. Similarity between archaeological and replicated breakage suggests human consumption of some extirpated bird species. We couple these results with converging, independent lines of evidence to identify human predation in avian assemblages from Moloka'i. We stress that determining the chronology of avian extinctions is best accomplished by directly dating bird bones with butchering marks and other evidence of human consumption.
Review
Authors: Rhoads Jim
Published: November 2014

Methods in the Mountains: Proceedings of the UISPP Commission IV Meeting (Data Management, Mathematical Methods & Computing Archaeology). Mount Victoria, Australia. August 1993. Edited by Ian Johnson. Sydney University Archaeological Methods Series 2. Archaeological Computing Laboratory, Department of Prehistoric & Historical Archaeology, University of Sydney, 1994. ISBN 0‐86758‐923‐X. Pp. ix+192. $A27 (student discount available).
Mennge‐ya and the origins of points: new insights into the appearance of points in the semi‐arid zone of the Northern Territory
Authors: Attenbrow Val , David Bruno , Flood Josephine
Published: November 2014

Dates for the initial appearance of points in the semi‐arid zone of the Northern Territory are discussed in the light of archaeological excavations in a rockshelter near Katherine. Analysis of the stone artefacts from Mennge‐ya indicates the presence of a two‐phased sequence of stone artefact assemblages, with points restricted to the upper levels. A comparison of dates for the first appearance of unifacial and bifacial points in different parts of northern Australia suggests a movement from the northeast (Arnhem Land) to the southwest (Victoria River and the Kimberley), and then later to the arid interior. Relationships between the introduction of points and the arrival and expansion of new languages are briefly explored.
The Ngati Tiare Adze Cache: further evidence of prehistoric contact between West Polynesia and the Southern Cook Islands
Authors: Walter Richard , Sheppard Peter J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract

Both morphology and ethnohistory suggest that the adzes in the Ngati Tiare cache (Rarotonga, Southern Cook Islands) are derived from Samoa. If true, this is further documentation of post‐colonisation contact between West and East Polynesia, regions which were generally throught to have remined isolated from one another following human settlement. The results of geochemical analysis and thin section petrography indicate a very high probability that the adzes are Samoan with a close match to the islands of Manu'a. This provides a close correspondence with Rarotongan oral tradition. These sourcing results are discussed along with those available for adzes from other sites in the Southern Cooks. This evidence demonstrates significant interaction with West Polynesia during the early phase of Southern Cooks prehistory.
How does magnetization transfer influence mcDESPOT results?
Authors: Zhang Jing , Kolind Shannon H. , Laule Cornelia , MacKay Alex L.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

A steady‐state approach that was termed multicomponent driven equilibrium single pulse observation of T1 and T2 (mcDESPOT) has recently been proposed for myelin water fraction (fM) mapping in brain development and demyelinating diseases. However, fMs estimated by mcDESPOT are significantly higher than myelin water fraction derived from multiecho spin echo T2‐decay curve approaches. Magnetization transfer (MT), enhanced by the use of short, relatively high amplitude radiofrequency (RF) pulses in mcDESPOT, may artifactually influence fM maps. Our goal was to investigate the role of MT in mcDESPOT.

Methods

mcDESPOT data was collected twice from three healthy volunteers using short RF pulses with higher MT effect and long RF pulses with lower MT effect. MR parameters from 11 white and gray regions were compared using a paired student t‐test. Whole slice difference images were also compared.

Results

MT effects had a substantial influence on the signal generated by the balanced steady‐state free procession sequences used in mcDESPOT. However, these MT effects were not clearly evident in the fM values determined by the conventional two‐pool mcDESPOT analysis.

Conclusion

The signal generated from mcDESPOT is sensitive to MT, but the extracted myelin water fractions are relatively insensitive to changes of MT. Magn Reson Med 74:1327–1335, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primary stroke prevention in Nigerian children with sickle cell disease (SPIN): Challenges of conducting a feasibility trial
Authors: Galadanci Najibah A. , Abdullahi Shehu U. , Tabari Musa A. , Abubakar Shehi , Belonwu Raymond , Salihu Auwal , Neville Kathleen , Kirkham Fenella , Inusa Baba , Shyr Yu , Phillips Sharon , Kassim Adetola A. , Jordan Lori C. , Aliyu Muktar H. , Covert Brittany V. , DeBaun Michael R.
Published: November 2014

Background

The majority of children with sickle cell disease (SCD), approximately 75%, are born in sub‐Saharan Africa. For children with elevated transcranial Doppler (TCD) velocity, regular blood transfusion therapy for primary stroke prevention is standard care in high income countries, but is not feasible in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Procedure

In the first U.S. National Institute of Health (NIH) sponsored SCD clinical trial in sub‐Saharan Africa, we describe the protocol and challenges unique to starting a clinical trial in this region. We are conducting a single arm pilot trial of hydroxyurea therapy in children with TCD velocity ≥200 cm/sec in the middle cerebral arteries. Eligible children will be placed on hydroxyurea (n = 40) and followed for 3 years at Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Adherence will be measured via the Morisky Scale and adverse events will be determined based on hospitalization.

Results

Originally, a randomized placebo trial was planned; however, placebo was not approved by the local Ethics Committee. Hence a single arm trial of hydroxyurea will be conducted and five controls per patient with normal TCD measurements will be followed to compare the rate of adverse events to those with abnormal TCD measurements taking hydroxyurea. Using non‐NIH funding, over 9 months, multiple face‐to‐face investigator meetings were conducted to facilitate training.

Conclusion

A hydroxyurea trial (NCT01801423) for children with SCD is feasible in sub‐Saharan Africa; however, extensive training and resources are needed to build a global patient oriented multi‐disciplinary research team with a common purpose. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015;62:395–401. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Olfactomedin‐4 is a candidate biomarker of solid gastric, colorectal, pancreatic, head and neck, and prostate cancers
Authors: Guette Catherine , Valo Isabelle , Vétillard Alexandra , Coqueret Olivier
Published: November 2014

Olfactomedin‐4 (OLFM4, OLM4) is a 72 kDa secreted glycoprotein belonging to the olfactomedin family. The OLFM4 gene expression is regulated by the transcription factors NF‐kappa B and AP‐1, and the OLM4 functions are poorly understood. OLM4 has been described as being able to interact with cell surface proteins such as lectins and concanavalin‐A suggesting that one function of OLM4 is to regulate cell adhesion and migration. OLM4 is a marker for intestinal stem cells and is expressed at the bottom of the intestinal crypts. Expression of OLM4 during tumor development showed that OLM4 expression is increased in the early stages of tumor initiation. As OLM4 is a secreted protein, it is a prime candidate for biomarker research for tumor detection or progression. Levels of circulating OLM4 were significantly higher in patients with gastric, colorectal, and pancreatic cancers than in healthy subjects.
Ethical and Professional Challenges Encountered by Laboratory Genetic Counselors
Authors: Groepper Daniel , McCarthy Veach Patricia , LeRoy Bonnie S. , Bower Matthew
Published: November 2014

Laboratory‐based genetic counseling is a growing and yet under researched specialty. In this study, 111 laboratory‐based genetic counselors employed in various settings (commercial, academic, etc.) completed an online survey assessing demographics and frequency of encountering 16 domains of ethical and professional challenges encountered by clinical genetic counselors defined previously by McCarthy Veach et al. and validated by Bower et al. Forty‐nine of the laboratory genetic counselors also provided anecdotes of particularly challenging situations and strategies for their resolution. Most respondents had less than 5 years’ experience as laboratory counselors (71 %), worked full‐time (75 %) in industry‐based laboratories (91 %) with a focus on molecular diagnostics (84 %), and had limited patient contact (91 %). Similar to clinical counselors, every ethical and professional challenge was endorsed as occurring frequently by some respondents. The most common frequently occurring domains for the sample were: facing uncertainty, time and financial resource allocation, attaining and maintaining proficiency, and informed consent. Content analysis of respondents’ anecdotes yielded themes that most commonly concerned: professional identity issues, value conflicts, confidentiality, and colleague error. One unique domain labeled professional communication (educating professionals with limited genetics knowledge), and three salient categories within the professional identity domain ‐ gatekeeping, conflicts of interest, and professional image ‐ were extracted from the anecdotes. The most prevalent strategy for resolving challenging situations was inform health care professional. Results suggest laboratory‐based genetic counselors generally face similar ethical and professional challenges as clinical genetic counselors but their exact nature and relative frequency differ. These findings contribute to a greater understanding of common and unique experiences of genetic counselors in different professional specialties.
Onlay Tibial Implants Appear to Provide Superior Clinical Results in Robotic Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Gladnick Brian P. , Nam Denis , Khamaisy Saker , Paul Sophia , Pearle Andrew D.
Published: November 2014

Background

Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) is an increasingly popular option for the treatment of single-compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA) in adults. Two options for tibial resurfacing during UKA are (1) all-polyethylene inlays and (2) metal-backed onlays.

Questions/Purposes

The aim of this study was to determine whether there are any differences in clinical outcomes with inlay versus onlay tibial components.

Patients and Methods

We identified 39 inlays and 45 onlays, with average 2.7- and 2.3-year follow-up, respectively, from a prospective robotic-assisted surgery database. The primary outcome was the Western Ontario and McMaster University Arthritis Index (WOMAC), subcategorized by the pain, stiffness, and function subscores, at 2 years postoperatively. The secondary outcome was the need for secondary or revision surgery.

Results

Postoperative WOMAC pain score was 3.1 for inlays and 1.6 for onlays ( p = 0.03). For 25 inlays and 30 onlays with both preoperative and postoperative WOMAC data, pain score improved from 8.3 to 4.0 for inlays versus from 9.2 to 1.7 for onlays ( p = 0.01). Function score improved from 27.5 to 12.5 for inlays versus from 32.1 to 7.3 for onlays ( p = 0.03). Four inlays and one onlay required a secondary or revision procedure ( p = 0.18).

Conclusions

We advise using metal-backed onlays during UKA to improve postoperative clinical outcomes.
Phthalocyanine adsorption to graphene on Ir(111): Evidence for decoupling from vibrational spectroscopy
Authors: Endlich M. , Gozdzik S. , Néel N. , da Rosa A. L. , Frauenheim T. , Wehling T. O. , Kröger J.
Published: November 2014

Phthalocyanine molecules have been adsorbed to Ir(111) and to graphene on Ir(111). From a comparison of scanning tunneling microscopy images of individual molecules adsorbed to the different surfaces alone it is difficult to discern potential differences in the molecular adsorption geometry. In contrast, vibrational spectroscopy using inelastic electron scattering unequivocally hints at strong molecule deformations on Ir(111) and at a planar adsorption geometry on graphene. The spectroscopic evidence for the different adsorption configurations is supported by density functional calculations.
Blade tip clearance measurement of the turbine engines based on a multi-mode fiber coupled laser ranging system
Authors: Guo Haotian , Duan Fajie , Wu Guoxiu , Zhang Jilong
Published: November 2014

The blade tip clearance is a parameter of great importance to guarantee the efficiency and safety of the turbine engines. In this article, a laser ranging system designed for blade tip clearance measurement is presented. Multi-mode fiber is utilized for optical transmission to guarantee that enough optical power is received by the sensor probe. The model of the tiny sensor probe is presented. The error brought by the optical path difference of different modes of the fiber is estimated and the length of the fiber is limited to reduce this error. The measurement range in which the optical power received by the probe remains essentially unchanged is analyzed. Calibration experiments and dynamic experiments are conducted. The results of the calibration experiments indicate that the resolution of the system is about 0.02 mm and the range of the system is about 9 mm.
Timing of First Annulus Formation in White Sucker Otoliths
Authors: Beckman Daniel W. , Calfee John W.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of this study was to document the time of formation for the first two otolith annuli for White Sucker Catostomus commersoni. Young-of-the-year and age-1 individuals were sampled monthly from a population in the White River drainage of the Missouri Ozarks. The formation of a single annual opaque region during the months of June–September of the first 2 years of life was documented using edge analysis, whereby the progression of otolith annulus formation is followed throughout the year in the population. The documentation that the first annulus was formed within the first 6 months following birth provides for more accurate and precise age estimations than previously available for this species.

Received May 14, 2014; accepted July 23, 2014
Morphological learning in a novel language: A cross-language comparison
Authors: Havas Viktória , Waris Otto , Vaquero Lucía , Rodríguez-Fornells Antoni , Laine Matti
Published: November 2014

Being able to extract and interpret the internal structure of complex word forms such as the English word dance+r+s is crucial for successful language learning. We examined whether the ability to extract morphological information during word learning is affected by the morphological features of one's native tongue. Spanish and Finnish adult participants performed a word–picture associative learning task in an artificial language where the target words included a suffix marking the gender of the corresponding animate object. The short exposure phase was followed by a word recognition task and a generalization task for the suffix. The participants’ native tongues vary greatly in terms of morphological structure, leading to two opposing hypotheses. On the one hand, Spanish speakers may be more effective in identifying gender in a novel language because this feature is present in Spanish but not in Finnish. On the other hand, Finnish speakers may have an advantage as the abundance of bound morphemes in their language calls for continuous morphological decomposition. The results support the latter alternative, suggesting that lifelong experience on morphological decomposition provides an advantage in novel morphological learning.
Stimulus–classification and stimulus–action associations: Effects of repetition learning and durability
Authors: Moutsopoulou Karolina , Yang Qing , Desantis Andrea , Waszak Florian
Published: November 2014

It has been shown that acquired stimulus–response bindings result from at least two types of associations from the stimulus to the task (stimulus–task or stimulus–classification; S–C) and from the stimulus to the motor response (stimulus–response or stimulus–action; S–A). These types of associations have been shown to independently affect behaviour. This finding suggests that they are processed in different pathways or different parts of a pathway at the neural level. Here we test a hypothesis that such associations may be differentially affected by repetition learning and that such effects may be detected by measuring their durability against overwriting. We show that both S–C and S–A associations are in fact strengthened when learning is boosted by increasing repetitions of the primes. However, the results further suggest that associations between stimuli and actions have less durable effects on behaviour and that the durability of S–C and S–A associations is independent of repetition learning. This is an important finding for the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of associative learning and particularly raises the question of which processes may affect flexibility of learning.
Obama’s wavering: US foreign policy on the Egyptian crisis, 2011–13
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio , Yossef Amr
Published: November 2014

The existing literature explains the wavering course of President Barack Obama’s policy on the 2001–03 Egyptian crisis as attributed to either his personal characteristics (lack of an international experience, predisposition to sermonize rather than to strategize) or to the impact of the decline of the United States as a global superpower (inability to influence foreign actors and contexts). Although both explanations are worthy of consideration, this article seeks to demonstrate that they are insufficient when accounting for the uncertainties shown by the United States during the Egyptian crisis. Domestic factors, particularly the internally divided US political elite and a foreign policy team with different views, played a crucial intervening role in defining the features of US foreign policy. It was domestic politics that made the Obama administration ineffective in dealing with the new scenario that emerged in the Middle East and in Egypt in particular.