bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementasi Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah (MBS) di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 3 Karawang
Authors: Cecep Cecep , Sutarna Sutarna , Insan Husen  Saeful , Tanjung Rahman
Published: January 2022

Manajemen berbasis sekolah merupakan salah satu model manajemen yang memberikan kewenangan yang luas kepada sekolah untuk pengelolaan sekolah sesuai dengan potensi, tuntutan, dan kebutuhan sekolah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi manajemen berbasis sekolah di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 3 Karawang Kabupaten Karawang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik observasi, angket, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Subjek penelitian adalah kepala sekolah, wakil kepala, guru, dan komite sekolah. Teknik analisis data dilakukan melalui 3 alur kegiatan, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifi kasi data. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa implementasi mananajemen berbasis sekolah oleh kepala sekolah di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri 3 Karawang telah berjalan dengan baik dan sesuai dengan kebijakan, perencanaan, dan pelaksanaan. disamping itu kepala sekolah selalu mencari solusi dalam tiap permasalahan dalam menjalankan Manajemen berbasis sekolah (MBS).
“Beyond My Imagination”: Learning the Sociology of Poverty Through Service After the Tuscaloosa Tornado
Authors: Prohaska Ariane
Published: January 2022

In recent years, educators from diverse academic disciplines have created service learning courses in response to natural disasters. However, sociology courses have been slow to integrate service learning after disasters. In this paper, the learning experiences of fourteen students enrolled in a service learning course during the Fall 2011 semester at the University of Alabama are analyzed, four months after the April 27, 2011 tornado event. In this course, entitled Gender and Poverty, students were required to volunteer 30 hours over a 10-week period with an organization that assisted tornado survivors in addition to attending weekly class meetings and completing class assignments. Despite initial difficulties finding interactive service experiences for the students, post-tests and journal assignments indicated a shift in students’ explanations of poverty from mostly individual-level explanations to structural explanations of poverty. The service experience also emotionally transformed the students, who through their service efforts, developed empathy for storm survivors.
Competence to Moderate Factors Affecting Audit Quality
Authors: Kurniawan Natanael
Published: January 2022

This study aims to determine whether competence can moderate professional skepticism, time budget pressure, and also task complexity on the dependent variable, namely audit quality. In this study, audit quality is influenced by several factors, namely professional skepticism, time budget pressure, and also task complexity. Researchers conducted tests to determine the relationship between these variables on audit quality with the moderator, namely the competence variable. Competence is often associated with audit quality, because competence can make the resulting audit quality better. Through their own competence, the auditor can gain knowledge and from here can understand the problems that will arise during the audit according to Indriani & Wahasusmiah (2020). This study has respondents, namely external auditors who are in Semarang. This study uses multiple linear regression method and has a sample of 59 auditors. The results of this study indicate that competence can affect the relationship between professional skepticism, time budget pressure, and task complexity on audit quality. The conclusion obtained from this research is that the auditor must apply professionalism and time budget pressure on each assignment, and do not forget to develop the auditor's knowledge in carrying out audit assignments.
Pilihan Sistem Pemilu Dan Potret Keterwakilan Perempuan
Authors: K.D Sweinstani Mouliza
Published: January 2022

As a mechanism that turns voter preference into seats, the electoral system may have impact on women’s representation. Using qualitative methods through documentary study and analysis based on national vote recapitulation data, it is known that the simultaneous electoral system in Indonesia in 2019 provides a separate dilemma for women’s representation. Based on national recapitulation data, it is known that the potential of women elected in 2019 rose to 20.52 percent. However, this increase cannot be classified as a significant increase because elected women are still dominated by those from elite kinship. In addition, several elements of the electoral system such as the time of implementation, the district magnitude, the used of Pure Sainte Lague Formula and the stagnation of the affirmation policy make women have to work harder in the electoral districts to get as many votes as possible according to the laws of the Sainte Lague Pure formula. Therefore, this study suggests a commitment between political elements to be able to create a female- friendly electoral system so that the meaningful and substantive women representation can be achieved. In doing so, I recommend to consider the closed-PR List System and a voluntary gender quota within the party as the next electoral engineering.
Potret LHKPN dan LPPDK dalam Pemilihan Gubernur dan Wakil Gubernur di Provinsi Jawa Barat dan Jawa Timur Tahun 2018 untuk Mewujudkan Pemilu Berintegritas
Authors: Paramita Nurlia Dian
Published: January 2022

Report of State Official Assets (LHKPN) becomes one of the evidences for the amount of financial ownership owned by candidates for head and deputy regional head. This report is submitted as an effort to ensure data transparency and to prevent potential out-of-bounds money circulation during the campaign period. Law 10 of 2016 requires all participants in the head and deputy regional head elections to report the final financing results of activities in the campaign fund stage, namely Report of Receipt and Expenditure of Campaign Funds (LPPDK). Both report formats lead to the creation of elections with integrity. LHKPN does not have a standard assessment of the accuracy of assets owned by regional head candidates. The LPPDK as the final accountability report can only be reviewed from the results of the audit report announced by the KPU. Using a qualitative method, this paper is intended to explain the validity of the model as an instrumentation to create a fair election as well as to convey ideas about a more credible campaign funding reporting for the next local election.
Kerangka Evaluasi Pilkada : Evaluasi Pilkada Serentak Melalui Kerangka Integritas Pemilu
Authors: Imawan Rafif Pamenang
Published: January 2022

The implementation of simultaneous local elections has been carried out since the 2015 elections. The purpose of the simultaneous local elections is to encourage the formation of strong government. This is based on the assumption that voters will elect their representatives in the executive and legislative branches at once. It is expected that this election design will encourage consolidation between the two representative rooms. Strong consolidation will encourage effective governance and policy making processes. This paper would like to provide an evaluation framework for the simultaneous election implementation from the electoral integrity dimension. It is important to consider the aspect of electoral integrity since the regulated procedures need to be connected with substantial justice in the election. The absence of the consideration of this aspect will lead to the problems of political dynasty, money politics, and violence threat in the implementation of election.

This paper attempts to create a framework for evaluating simultaneous regional elections by using the concept of electoral integrity. Elaboration is made on the conception of electoral integrity with adjustments to local political problems in Indonesia. The data in this paper are sourced from journals, reports, and analysis related to the evaluation of simultaneous local elections. This paper shows that there are two important elements which need to be included from the global indicator in relation with electoral integrity, namely: the community participation and money politics, in order to review and evaluate the local election. The contribution of this paper is enriching studies related to the evaluation of elections at the local level, where the dominance of studies in local elections is on issues such as money politics, political dynasties, to the neutrality of ASN. Many of these local political problems have not been framed in a single election evaluation frame. This paper attempts to frame the dynamics of local politics with an evaluative framework adapted from the concept of elections with integrity contextualized to the dynamics of local elections.
Penerapan Activity of Daily Living (ADL) terhadap Insomnia pada lansia di UPTD Panti Sosial Lanjut Usia Tresna Werdha Natar Lampung Selatan Tahun 2021
Authors: Nurhayati  , Hanadila Rely Anggel
Published: January 2022

Insomnia adalah gangguan tidur paling sering terjadi pada lanjut usia, yang ditandai dengan ketidakmampuan untuk mengawali tidur, mempertahankan tidur, bangun terlalu dini atau tidur yang tidak menyegarkan. Penanganan yang dilakukan yaitu dengan mendorong aktivitas-aktivitas sehari-hari seperti makan, mandi, berkebun dll. Karya tulis ilmiah ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran penerapan Activity of Daily Living (ADL) pada lansia di PSLU Tresna Werdha Natar Lampung Selatan. Karya tulis ilmiah ini menggunakan desain karya tulis ilmiah deskriptif. Responden berjumlah dua orang lansia yang berjenis kelamin perempuan yang diambil menggunakan tekhnik wawancara. Instrumen yang digunakan untuk mengukur tingkat insomnia menggunakan kuesioner menurut KSPBJ – IRS Iskandar & Setyonegoro, 2014 pengukuran insomnia pada lansia. Hasil karya tulis ilmiah ini didapatkan pada kedua subjek mengalami penurunan dari insomnia sedang ke ringan. Saran untuk karya tulis ilmiah ini selanjutnya dapat menjadikan penerapan Activity of Daily Living (ADL) sebagai pengobatan non farmakologi yang dapat dilakukan setiap hari untuk peningkatan kualitas tidur.
Simon Stjernholm og Elisabeth Özdalga (red.), Muslim Preaching in the Middle East and Beyond. Edinburgh University Press, 2020
Authors: Eggen Nora
Published: January 2022

Bokanmeldelse av Nora S. Eggen.
A Series of Different Endeavors
Authors: Cox F. Brett
Published: January 2022

The chapter discusses Zelazny’s career through the remainder of the 1970s, a period during which his commercial popularity rose to new heights while his critical reputation began to decline. The next four novels of the Amber series show Zelazny’s continued interest in both exploring and undermining traditional fantasy narratives, while several standalone science fiction novels demonstrate his continued commitment to experimental narrative. Both the science fiction and the Amber fantasy novels begin the evolution of the “Zelazny hero” from a violent, alienated outsider to someone aware of the broader issues of community. Also noted are the importance of Zelazny’s relocation from Baltimore to Santa Fe, his unpublished crime novel as an example of the pitfalls of contractual overcommitment, and his limited and mostly unsatisfactory dealings with the film industry.
Introduction
Authors: Cervin Georgia
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter situates women’s artistic gymnastics in the Cold War. When the sport debuted at the 1952 Olympic Games, it was designed specifically for women. Eastern bloc gymnasts immediately dominated, going on to win nearly every gold medal over the next forty years, bringing names like Olga Korbut and Nadia Comăneci to households around the world. Sixty years later, US gymnasts were all but unbeatable, and the sport had transformed from its balletic origins to dynamic acrobatics. In a conflict defined by the absence of direct military confrontation, women’s artistic gymnastics became part of the cultural battlefield for Cold War supremacy. But gymnastics was also a site of international collaboration, which drove the sport’s development and contributed to its global popularity. This chapter makes the case for why a study of gymnastics is important and what its history can tell us about social values, global governance, and collaboration during the Cold War.
Coaching and Culture
Authors: Cervin Georgia
Published: January 2022

Chapter 6 argues that coaches, officials, and the cultures they create, are pivotal to ensuring women’s artistic gymnastics is a feminist experience. This chapter offers a nuanced account of abuse in the sport and the Federation internationale de gymnastique’s response. Analyzing the gendered division of coaching in gymnastics, it demonstrates pervasive hegemonic masculinity that has been fundamental to how the sport is practised. It shows how Eastern bloc coaches who migrated to the West, like the Károlyis, were tolerated rather than part of any true collaboration. Foreigners were often blamed for abuse, yet it is clear that issues existed before their arrival. The sport is characterized by a problematic culture, based on fear, that stems from the imbalance of power between the child gymnasts and the adults employed to achieve victories. Above all, this chapter confirms that it is true collaboration that gets results, as seen in the positive coach-athlete relationships responsible for some of the most illustrious gymnastic careers.
Nation in the Universe
Authors: Villegas Mark R.
Published: January 2022

This chapter observes Filipino Americans’ extraterrestrial and cosmic performances, which consult hip hop’s links to the 1960s Black Arts Movement and the science fiction genre of Afrofuturism. Some Filipino American hip hop artists embrace alternative worlds of civilization and temporality to counter Filipinos’ historical suspension from civilization and the modern nation. In particular, this chapter studies Filipino Americans’ roles in the Universal Zulu Nation, an arbiter of hip hop authenticity that exudes cosmic and fantastical cultural politics. This chapter also focuses on artists’ eccentric and otherworldly sonics and visuals, demonstrating how the spiritual, cosmological, and racial codes in hip hop inspire Filipino knowledge creation while unraveling “proper” political subjectivity through performers’ funky and alien representations.
Introduction
Authors: Finnegan Cara A.
Published: January 2022

The president of the United States symbolically represents the nation, yet few scholars have attended to the full history of presidents’ experiences with photography. This lack of attention is surprising, given that photography emerged as a public art form early in the nation’s history, that presidents participated in photography from its beginnings, and that strategic use of photography helped to elect leaders. This introduction makes the case that stories of presidents’ participation in photography offer a compelling lens through which to study how photography shapes public life.
Changing Visual Media from the Mid-Twentieth Century to the Digital Age
Authors: Finnegan Cara A.
Published: January 2022

The late twentieth and early twenty-first century transition to digital culture and the subsequent rise of social media transformed photography yet again, and in doing so transformed the ways presidents interacted with it. Highlighting moments in the presidencies of Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Barack Obama, and more, the chapter explores the impact of television and the internet, examines the push-pull relationship between the visual press and the presidency, and outlines the history of the job of official White House photographer.
Heebie Mesolithic Eon Drizzle
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the Peoria area’s rock ‘n roll history, notably including the success of local artists such as the Rockin’ R’s and Dan Fogelberg, as well as Central Illinois appearances by the Doors, the Who, King Crimson, the MC5, Alice Cooper, Black Sabbath, and others. The chapter also introduces some of the area’s first punk rockers, including Jon Ginoli, who later founded Pansy Division; Graham Walker of the Elvis Brothers; and Douglas McCombs of the band Tortoise.
I Was a Mutant Cornchip …
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter traces the emergence of a Peoria-specific youth subculture, derisively called “cornchips,” that spanned local record store Co-op Records, area punk rock shows, all-ages dance clubs, and skateboarding parks.
Great Loser Bands and Loosey-Goosey Backwash Gigs
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the underground music scene in Bloomington-Normal, Illinois, a central Illinois college town less than an hour’s drive from Peoria. In addition to outlining the relationship between the two city’s music scenes, the chapter introduces influential Bloomington-Normal area bands such as Semicids, Naked Hippy, Dr. Butcher and the MDs, Nameless Dread, and the Resinators, as well as venues including the Gallery and Mother Murphy’s.
Peoria Heights … and Lows
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the Peoria music scene following the success of Peoria-to-Denver transplants Planes Mistaken For Stars, who routinely toured the US and Europe with bands like Hot Water Music, Mastodon, Thursday, and Dillinger Escape Plan; and released records on emerging independent labels such as No Idea Records and Steve Aoki’s Dim Mak. While several Peoria acts tried to follow in their footsteps with the band’s assistance, the scene also experienced tragedy, notably the death of a prominent local musician.
Conclusion
Authors: Wright Jonathan , Barrett Dawson
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that Peoria’s youth-driven underground music scene can serve as a stand-in for that of dozens of similar-sized, deindustrializing cities with few countercultural offerings. While not impervious to the conservative leanings of its city, the Peoria DIY punk scene did provide a space for young people – albeit mostly white and majority male – to interact, exchange ideas, and build something of their own.
A Thorn in Her Foot
Authors: Quinn Rachel Afi
Published: January 2022

By presenting a series of ethnographic examples of the ways that interviewees experience their racial identities as Dominican women, this chapter reveals how anti-blackness emerges for individuals in the discourse of such a racially mixed place. Interviews included here reveal contrasting experiences with racialization in Santo Domingo and abroad in Europe (in Germany and Spain) that inform how particular Dominican women understand their social positions based on race and color. This chapter also includes several affective moments in the ethnographic research, the ethnographer’s own experiences navigating hierarchies of color, cognitive dissonances that emerge in talking about race cross-culturally, and the ways that whiteness privileges Dominican women while remaining fluid.
Reception
Authors: Stacy Jason
Published: January 2022

The book version of Spoon River Anthology (1915) proved to be a best seller that has never been out of print. Chapter 5 follows the reception of the book, starting with its acclaim by modernist critics like Amy Lowell and Ezra Pound for presenting the Midwestern small town as a microcosm for the contradictions and amorality of modern life. On the other hand, popular reviewers in venues as varied as the New York Times and the Topeka Daily Capital found a latent populism in Spoon River Anthology that sympathized with the laboring classes and lambasted immoral elites. These rival interpretations ignited debates that fueled sales of the book, which inspired imitators and parodies in the year after the book was published.
Southern Roots and Early Years
Authors: Mungons Kevin , Yeo Douglas
Published: January 2022

Homer Rodeheaver’s life-long work in song-leading and revivalism started with his family’s roots in West Virginia, Ohio, and Tennessee after the Civil War. His attitudes about gospel music and race were deeply influenced by formative events from his childhood, including family attendance in Methodist churches, racism and lynching near his home, early experiences playing the trombone, and a close relationship with his brothers. While studying at Ohio Wesleyan University he led football cheers and blackface minstrel shows, then led congregational singing at local revival meetings. In 1905 he began traveling as music director for the W. E. Biederwolf revivals, a position that led to national notice
Epilogue
Authors: Mungons Kevin , Yeo Douglas
Published: January 2022

In looking at Homer Rodeheaver’s life, work, and legacy, the authors offer new context for his contributions to gospel music. He borrowed from evangelical hymns, African American spirituals, and popular music to build a publishing empire in Chicago, selling hymnals the masses as a way to encourage community singing. After the decline of tabernacle revivalism, he successfully transferred his ideas to recorded music, radio, and film. While other gospel musicians had success in one or two of these areas, Rodeheaver brokered all of them to create the modern Christian music industry. His seminal influence is still felt today, even as much of the music he championed has faded into obscurity. Rodeheaver viewed gospel music as a catalyst for spiritual transformation—a belief that continues to shape the contemporary evangelical church.
Singing is Swinging
Authors: Coleman Jeffrey Lamar
Published: January 2022

This essay analyzes critical examples of socially conscious lyrics and performances in protest-oriented music created by Black people in the United States throughout the twentieth century. It emphasizes a continuum stretching between the Black folk music of the sharecropping and Jim Crow south and the rise and global expansion of Hip-Hop culture at the end of the twentieth century to demonstrate the effective connection between orality and physical acts of protests at the heart of the Black freedom struggle. In critically examining the cultural works of these Black artists and performers, especially during chaotic and oppositional periods of American history, this essay demonstrates that singing is, indeed, swinging.
Prologue
Authors: Holden Vanessa M.
Published: January 2022

In the summer of 1937, in his interview with Susie R. C. Byrd, a worker with the Works Progress Administration (WPA), Allen Crawford stated, “I was bred and born and reared within three miles of Nat Turner’s insurrection—Travis Place.”1 The interview documents Crawford’s recollections of the stories he’d heard growing up in Southampton County about the Southampton Rebellion. Workers asked all participants in Virginia’s WPA interviews about slave rebellions as a part of their official questions and were met with varying responses from interviewees....
Geographies of Surveillance and Control
Authors: Holden Vanessa M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the systems enslavers, landowners, and officials used throughout Virginia’s history to attempt to control and surveil free and enslaved African Americans’ mobility. Enslavers’ geographies of surveillance and control were present on individual landholdings, in the neighborhood where the Southampton Rebellion took place, and throughout Virginia. White enslavers did their best to extract labor from African Americans and to police their movement using slave patrols outside of working hours. They designed legal codes to bolster the power enslavers had over enslaved people’s lives. Enslaved people developed resistive strategies to evade and thwart white efforts to control them. Understanding the long history of surveillance allows for a deeper understanding of the history of African American evasion, resistance, and survival in Southampton County.
Generation, Resistance, and Survival
Authors: Holden Vanessa M.
Published: January 2022

Free and enslaved Black children and youth were a significant part of their community’s strategies for resistance and survival. Black children and youth, both free and enslaved, appear throughout the official record of the Southampton Rebellion. Their mobility in and around Southampton figured in the rebels’ strategy and recruitment practices. This chapter looks closely at the lives of five such children, four who were enslaved and one who was free, who appeared in court proceedings and were tried and convicted of participating in the rebellion. Adults intended to impart strategies of survival to future generations. The generational position of Black children as the Black community of the future was culturally significant and a pointed concern for African American adults, whose strategies for resistance and survival necessarily accounted for Black children. Recognizing the place of youth and children in community resistance provides a much richer picture of the rebellion as both gendered and generational.
The 1930s
Authors: Bell Melanie
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses how the key features of the British film industry impacted women's labor. It sets women's work in the context of a production boom in the British film industry in the 1930s, a time when the sector was modernizing after the introduction of sound, and film studios were keen to create a new image of themselves. The chapter shows how they achieved this by linking the modernization narrative to masculinity in fan and trade publications and sidelining women and their labor in the process. It then moves on to examine women's labor in costume, continuity, and editing/negative cutting — jobs that have come to define popular understanding of women's contribution to sound-era cinema. The chapter recounts some of the skills required to succeed in these roles and the processes through which they were assigned secondary status in film production hierarchies.
The 1960s
Authors: Bell Melanie
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses key developments in the British film industry in the 1960s before describing some of the film-related jobs in which women worked. The decade ushered in a “cultural revolution.” The chapter then examines the experiences of some of the first women who broke into the male-dominated domains of makeup and special effects in the 1960s, the “pioneers” of their day. Case studies reveal how women managed to establish an initial footing in these professions in the face of entrenched sexism in the feature film industry and the hostile tactics of the trade union. The chapter also highlights women's work in costume and wardrobe departments, opening up the idea of resourcefulness-as-creativity, and explores how the world of commercials, supporting the rapidly expanding television sector, offered new opportunities to different groups of women, affording some of them considerable professional autonomy.
Soccer Goes Pro
Authors: Bunk Brian D.
Published: January 2022

Two professional soccer leagues began play in 1894. The American League of Professional Football was formed by baseball club owners in Boston, Brooklyn, Philadelphia, New York, Baltimore, and Washington DC. A rival league called the American Association of Professional Football (AAPF) had four teams in Philadelphia, Trenton, Newark, and Paterson, New Jersey. The chapter argues that baseball owners launched a soccer league because they wished to maintain control over professional team sports and viewed it as an additional revenue stream that would allow them to make money year-round. The motivations for launching the AAPF are less clear. Both competitions were failures, shutting down after just weeks, with only twenty-five games played. Ultimately the leagues flopped because of poor organization, low attendance, and higher than expected costs. The failed experiments of 1894 meant that a major, fully professional soccer league would not return to the United States until 1921.
The Cultural Contexts of Mid-Century Women’s Tennis
Authors: Ruth Greg
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how women’s tennis assumed heightened cultural import in the contexts of the Cold War. One famous incident involved Gertrude Moran’s sartorial selection at the Wimbledon Championships. Women professionals such as Moran and Pauline Betz toured went on tour with Riggs and Kramer in the early 1950s, while Betz and Sarah Palfrey Cooke also toured independently of their male playing peers. Alice Marble became an outspoken critic of the men who ran the United States Lawn Tennis Association, a touring professional comfortable with the commercialization of the sport, and a voice for racial equity in the sport through her support of the African American champion Althea Gibson.
Tennis Opens
Authors: Ruth Greg
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses the years preceding and immediately following Open Tennis competition between amateurs and professionals that began in 1968. Jack Kramer had begun to step-back from leading professional tennis in the 1960s allowing for the International Professional Tennis Players’ Association to assume an increased role in scheduling professional tennis matches in the United States and around the world. A new organization called the National Tennis League soon had a number of the best professionals under contract. At the same time the national amateur associations that governed the game in the International Lawn Tennis Federation renewed on-again, off-again calls for open competition. The Lawn Tennis Association’s ties with the All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club meant the British would take the lead in pushing a successful vote for Open Tennis.
Women’s Professional Tennis in the Early Open Era
Authors: Ruth Greg
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the ways three important women shaped professional tennis leading up to and into the first decade of Open Tennis. Gladys Heldman published World Tennis, the leading tennis periodical of the time, and helped popularize both professional tennis and professional women players. Heldman also helped found the women’s professional tour by offering players contracts and tournament scheduling before stepping aside to allow for the well-funded and hugely popular Virginia Slims Tour. Billie Jean King came to lead the women professionals in the newly formed player’s union called the Women’s Tennis Association. That organization faced a major challenge when considering whether or not Renée Richards should be allowed to play women’s tennis tournaments.
Epilogue
Authors: Carson Matter
Published: January 2022

The epilogue examines the state of the laundry industry in the twenty-first century, arguing that power laundries have not disappeared but rather adapted to the changing needs of the customers. Laundries that had offered family service returned to the industry’s roots by branching out into institutional work and offering new services such as dry cleaning, carpet cleaning, and alterations. In the early 2000s the majority of laundry workers labor for corporations such as Cintas and Aramark, companies that provide and launder linen, uniforms, and other products for hospitals, hotels, restaurants, and other businesses that, in line with neoliberal ideologies and practices, have been outsourcing their work. The epilogue demonstrates that the industry continues to rely on low-wage female and racialized labor, including significant numbers of Latinx workers, some of whom are undocumented. The epilogue briefly discusses a recent campaign led by workers and UNITE HERE to organize laundry workers at Cintas, the nation’s largest uniform rental provider and launderer. The chapter argues that the campaign did not lead to unionization--in contrast to the 1930s--because of fears of employer retaliation as a result of capital’s increasingly sophisticated antiunion tactics and the evisceration of labor law protections; because of feelings of “do-nothing unionism” among workers disenchanted with what they see as a bureaucratic, top-heavy, and sometimes ineffective labor movement; and finally because of fears of job loss and deportation. The final section discusses what laundry workers today can learn from the laundry workers in this book who organized in the 1930s and subsequently led a militant battle for economic dignity and racial justice.
Introduction
Authors: Milward John
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Americana, which is a genre of music that presumes to include country and western, rock and roll, folk, blues, soul, and bluegrass (among other things). The genre is now more than twenty years old, with its own trade organization (the Americana Music Association was founded in 1999) and Grammy Award category (since 2009). But Americana was happening long before it had a name. The modern history begins with the 1927 recordings of Jimmie Rodgers and the Carter Family. Then Hank Williams twisted a yodel into 1949's “Lovesick Blues,” and Elvis Presley paired an Arthur Crudup blues (“That's All Right”) with a Bill Monroe bluegrass song (“Blue Moon of Kentucky”) for his 1954 debut. All this inspired recent generations of musicians to make music at the corner of country and rock; and that is Americana.
Sweetheart of the Rodeo
Authors: Milward John
Published: January 2022

This chapter studies how Gram Parsons and the Byrds went to Nashville to record Sweetheart of the Rodeo, a collection that amounted to an Americana hit parade. It included two selections from Bob Dylan's basement tapes (“You Ain't Goin' Nowhere” and “Nothing Was Delivered”) and songs written by or associated with Merle Travis (“I Am a Pilgrim”), George Jones (“You're Still on My Mind”), Woody Guthrie (“Pretty Boy Floyd”), Gene Autry (“Blue Canadian Rockies”), Merle Haggard (“Life in Prison”), the Louvin Brothers (“The Christian Life”), and William Bell (“You Don't Miss Your Water”). The record also included two of Parsons' finest original songs, “Hickory Wind” and “One Hundred Years from Now.” However, Jim McGuinn fired Parsons from the Byrds before the release of Sweetheart of the Rodeo, which, selling fewer than fifty thousand copies, was the group's least successful album. His replacement was Clarence White, the guitar virtuoso who had already played on the group's albums.
Troubadours
Authors: Milward John
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the Troubadour, which was ground zero for musicians playing various combinations of rock and folk. Crosby, Stills & Nash dominated turntables in the summer of 1969 the way Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band had during 1967's Summer of Love, but whereas the Beatles LP famously exploited the recording studio, the Crosby, Stills & Nash album succeeded on the earthier strength of vocal harmonies. Before David Crosby, Stephen Stills, and Graham Nash hit the road, however, they decided to add Stills's old foil from Buffalo Springfield, Neil Young, who had just released his first solo album and who shared manager Elliot Roberts with Joni Mitchell. Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young played their second gig at the Woodstock Festival in August 1969. Young would flip this coin throughout his career, and thereby embrace the two poles of Americana music. Meanwhile, by the release of her third album, Ladies of the Canyon, Mitchell had evolved from a highly literate folk singer into the creator of uniquely artful songs that employed unusual guitar tunings (and soulful piano playing) to accompany lyrics that were both personal and poetic.
Yesterday and Today
Authors: Milward John
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses how, since playing with the Drive-By Truckers, Jason Isbell had become a superstar of Americana; Something More Than Free (2016) and The Nashville Sound (2018), swept all the applicable Grammy and Americana awards. Meanwhile, Jeff Tweedy's band Wilco is the most enduring and critically acclaimed band born in the days when alt-country morphed into Americana. Wilco toured with Bob Dylan and My Morning Jacket on a 2013 package called the Americanarama Festival of Music. The chapter then recounts how Brandi Carlile hit it big when By the Way, I Forgive You swept the Americana awards at the 2018 Grammy; a star was born when she sang her song of empowerment, “The Joke,” on the telecast. I'm With Her, which won the best group award at the 2019 Americana Awards, performs around a single microphone and plays music that touches on folk, pop, and jazz.
Bob Dylan as Composer, I
Authors: Starr Larry
Published: January 2022

This chapter demonstrates how Bob Dylan composes music of significant expressivity and formal interest. His shaping of melody through the effective placement of high and low notes is evident in songs like “A Hard Rain’s a-Gonna Fall,” “Simple Twist of Fate,” and “Forever Young.” “Mr. Tambourine Man,” “Idiot Wind,” “In the Garden,” and many others illuminate his sensitivity to harmony. The descending bass line is creatively employed in “Ballad of a Thin Man” and “Lay Lady Lay,” among other examples. Rhythmic invention, another feature of Dylan’s compositional toolkit, manifests itself through uncommon phrase structures (“The Times They Are a-Changin’,” “Not Dark Yet”), metrical irregularities (“Romance in Durango,” “Nettie Moore”), and even songs with virtually improvisatory rhythmic structures, like the recent “Murder Most Foul.”
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Authors: West Martha Ullman
Published: January 2022

Describes Todd Bolender’s South American tour with George Balanchine, Lincoln Kirstein, Lew Christensen, and American Ballet Caravan.
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Authors: West Martha Ullman
Published: January 2022

Todd Bolender continues to choreograph for the New York City Ballet, creating show such as The Masquers and Creation of the World, while Janet Reed becomes the company’s ballet master. Both eventually leave the company.
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Authors: West Martha Ullman
Published: January 2022

Describes Todd Bolender’s establishment of the Kansas City Ballet, for which he had support from Lincoln Kirstein. He staged several of his own works, including The Still Point, as well as commissioning ballets from choreographers such as Christophe d’Amboise and Thomas Ruud.
Afterword
Authors: West Martha Ullman
Published: January 2022

“It is because of Todd Bolender, Janet Reed, and dancers like them that ballet in America is what it is today,” the late Edward Bigelow told his lunch guest at a restaurant near Lincoln Center in 2008, after asserting that Bolender’s greatest achievement had been the establishment of Kansas City Ballet as a major regional company....
Reenvisioning Wari
Authors: Jennings Justin
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with a discussion of the creation of the Inca-inspired model for the Wari Empire, and a questioning of this model’s core assumption that Wari migrants can be effectively glossed as administrators. The chapter then reviews our data on Wari and the Middle Horizon in general to offer a new model for Wari that takes into account the temporal and spatial variability of the period. It argues that a network model works better for the Middle Horizon, with people leaving the Wari heartland multiple times. Of particular concern is a ninth-century disruption that might be associated with state formation. By opening the possibility that Wari people left the heartland for different reasons, we can turn to both understanding why Quilcapampa was founded and unpacking its inter-regional, regional, and local relationships.
Party and Faction in Eighteenth-Century Political Thought from Montesquieu to Madison
Authors: Skjönsberg Max
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses some of the contexts and contents of the European debate about political parties in the eighteenth century, before moving on to delineate some facets of its reception in the early American republic, especially among some of its formative political writers and American presidents, including John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison. Whereas early American political thinkers were eager to avoid the extreme factionalism and partisanship which had been characteristic of Britain, most of them accepted that division was inevitable in politics. In addition to Madison’s familiar appropriation of “Humean” arguments about how to control factionalism in the Tenth Federalist, it is argued that Bolingbroke’s justification for partisan opposition within the party framework merits special attention.
National Power and the Presidency
Authors: Gienapp Jonathan
Published: January 2022

Leading constitutional framers Alexander Hamilton, James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris are often justifiably seen as staunch allies: the foremost champions of expansive national and presidential power at the Founding. Yet, in underappreciated ways, their respective constitutional visions pointed in subtly distinct directions. Contemporary legal debates help bring this into focus. Participants in these disputes often claim, rather curiously, that under the Constitution national power is limited and circumscribed while presidential power is vast and expansive, often deriving essential support from Hamilton’s own Founding-era writings. Using these debates as an entry point, this chapter probes the conflicting ways Hamilton, Wilson, and Morris balanced commitment to national and presidential power. While Hamilton was ready, if only rhetorically, to expand the latter at the expense of the former, it is doubtful that Wilson or Morris were similarly willing. Delineating these neglected differences reveals that there was not one single brand of national constitutionalism at the founding but in fact several, each of which should be understood on its own terms.
Defending an Energetic Executive
Authors: Arcenas Claire Rydell
Published: January 2022

In Federalist 70, Alexander Hamilton (writing as Publius) argued that an energetic executive, as envisioned by Article II of the United States Constitution, was essential to good government. To clinch his argument, he relied on a contrast between theory and practice that seems puzzling at first glance. This chapter elucidates Hamilton’s argument in three parts. It first identifies three strains of eighteenth-century thought concerning the relationship between political theory and political practice. It then examines the specific strain that appears in Federalist 70, with particular attention to its origins and its significance to both Hamilton and his audience. Finally, it uses Hamilton’s defense of an energetic executive as a point of departure to discuss a new development in American political thought—namely, what Americans in the 1780s were beginning to think of as a new, and distinctively American, science of politics, which emphasized practical experience over speculative theory.
The Political Practices of the First Presidents
Authors: Chervinsky Lindsay M.
Published: January 2022

Article II of the U.S. Constitution formed the presidency, but it provides scant details about the day-to-day details of governing. After his inauguration, George Washington set about creating countless precedents guiding the president’s social interactions, relationship with the other branches of government, and executive branch management. His immediate successors, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, largely followed his precedent. Washington’s creation of the cabinet proved to be one of his most influential legacies. This chapter explores the cabinets of the first three presidents—how they organized their cabinet meetings, how they interacted with their subordinates, and when they convened cabinet meetings. By evaluating the similarities and differences between the first three cabinets, this chapter also reveals the continuities between the first administrations and the ongoing evolution of the executive branch.
Quamhemesicos (Van Schaick) Island
Authors: Luscier Adam , Kirk Matthew
Published: January 2022

Trading stations were the core economic activity of New Netherland, and the trade center around Quamhemesicos Island was no exception. This chapter reviews the documentation of settlement and associated land transactions and the results of the excavations on east side of Quamhemesicos Island (Van Schaick Island) to provide important insights into Dutch-Mahican relationships in the mid-seventeenth century. This research on European-Mahican trade delves into the study of artifacts excavated, which suggest that Dutch trade was shaped by the demands of Native clients, particularly in the fur trade. Furthermore, the documentary evidence suggests a relationship orientation to land transfer, as opposed to the modern fee simple transactions.
Fort New Gothenburg and the Printzhof
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph
Published: January 2022

Johann Printz arrived in the Delaware Valley in 1643 as the third colonial governor of the tiny Swedish colony. Printz located his own home some 23 km (14 miles) upstream from modern Wilmington, on Great Tinicum Island. We now know that his first activity was to erect a small palisaded fort which he named Nya Göteborg; the name that became the official title for his administrative post. Subsequently he erected a small log structure, identified as the Printzhof, and other structures related to his farmstead. The fort served as the seat of government for New Sweden while Printz’s complex of buildings was both a private residence and an Indian trading station. The various lines of evidence identifying this important historical building are here summarized. Emphasis had been placed on the evidence from the rich mid-seventeenth-century material culture recovered during excavations. Here the focus is on the records for the previously unrecorded palisaded fort that was found during the second of three field seasons; a fortification that had not been clearly identified in the documentary record.
Marbles in Dutch Colonial New Netherland
Authors: Huey Paul R.
Published: January 2022

Excavations at sites in the former Dutch New Netherland of the seventeenth century have frequently recovered clay and stone marbles. Marbles are also often excavated at New York State sites dating from the eighteenth century, suggesting a pattern that continued in New York through the British colonial period. Some marbles were made of fired clay, while stone marbles were manufactured by grinding stone in a mill. Marbles were recovered from within a seventeenth-century feature in New York City that probably was an African American “divination basket.” Some marbles are precisely spherical, suggesting they were used for gambling or purposes other than children’s games. Marbles also could have been used as projectiles, fired upward from stonebows, and used to hunt birds. Marbles are very often recovered in excavations at sites in the Netherlands and in New York but are only seldom found in sites elsewhere before circa 1800.
Conclusion
Authors: Lukezic Craig , McCarthy John P.
Published: January 2022

This conclusion reflects on the revelation of the previous chapters and considers new approaches to research in this field. The multicultural aspects of the new global trade in seventeenth-century New Netherland can change the sense of cultural or national identity of those involved by creating a new mixed global identity.
The Cultural Landscapes of Colonial and Present-Day Copacabana
Authors: Christie Jessica Joyce
Published: January 2022

Brief historical account of the Christianization of the southern Titicaca Basin and Copacabana, Bolivia. Eight cultural sites are analyzed where indigenous Aymara people shape contemporary heritage by selectively drawing from the past. Such present heritage constructions are frequently performed in rituals as part of large religious events.