bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indirect effects of FRIGIDA: floral trait (co)variances are altered by seasonally variable abiotic factors associated with flowering time
Authors: BROCK M. T. , STINCHCOMBE J. R. , WEINIG C.
Published: July 2009

Reproductive timing is a critical life‐history event that could influence the (co)variation of traits developing later in ontogeny by regulating exposure to seasonally variable factors. In a field experiment with Arabidopsis thaliana, we explore whether allelic variation at a flowering‐time gene of major effect (FRIGIDA) affects (co)variation of floral traits by regulating exposure to photoperiod, temperature, and moisture levels. We detect a positive latitudinal cline in floral organ size among plants with putatively functional FRI alleles. Statistically controlling for bolting day removes the cline, suggesting that seasonal abiotic variation affects floral morphology. Both photoperiod and precipitation at bolting correlate positively with the length of petals, stamens, and pistils. Additionally, floral (co)variances differ significantly across FRI backgrounds, such that the sign of some floral‐trait correlations reverses. Subsequent experimental manipulations of photoperiod and water availability demonstrate direct effects of these abiotic factors on floral traits. In sum, these results highlight how the timing of life‐history events can affect the expression of traits developing later in ontogeny, and provide some of the first empirical evidence for the effects of major genes on evolutionary potential.
Epidemiology of Heterobasidion abietinum and Viscum album on silver fir (Abies alba) stands of the Pyrenees
Authors: Oliva J. , Colinas C.
Published: July 2009

In the last two decades, stand decline and increased mortality has affected silver fir (Abies alba) forests in the Spanish Pyrenees. Simultaneously severe occurrences of the root rot fungus Heterobasidion annosum s.l. and of the mistletoe Viscum album have been reported. We aimed to improve the understanding of the epidemiology of both pathogens in our region. All H. annosum isolates found on silver fir were typed as H. abietinum. H. abietinum was more frequently observed where cuttings had targeted fir trees rather than other species. H. abietinum fruiting bodies were observed in the most recently cut stumps. V. album was more abundant on more dominant fir trees, and in southern aspect stands. The number of V. album colonies in the stand correlated (R2 = 0.40) with silver fir mortality. Stands with a high level of V. album infection tended to have a smaller percentage of basal area in species other than silver fir, and they tended to be located on more south‐facing slopes. H. abietinum was widespread in silver fir forests of the Pyrenees. Our data suggest that, in the Pyrenees, the observed H. abietinum incidence may represent a combination of both primary and secondary spread of the pathogen. Favouring mixed forests should be tested as a potential control method for V. album. The correlation between silver fir mortality and V. album infection warrants further study, as the observed tree mortality could have occurred due to other factors than V. album, such as drought damage.
Morphological, biochemical and molecular characterisation of the first Italian Candida africana isolate
Authors: Romeo Orazio , Criseo Giuseppe
Published: July 2009

One atypical isolate of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans was isolated from an Italian patient with vulvovaginitis. The strain, germ tube positive and chlamydospore‐negative showed white‐thin turquoise colonies on Candida ID 2 medium. The yeast was identified as Candida africana by using morphological and biochemical tests. On the basis of the molecular results obtained in this study as well as in other studies, C. africana cannot be yet considered as a new species of Candida. It is possible that C. africana represents a new variant of C. albicans like the well‐known Candida stellatoidea. To our knowledge, this is the first isolation of C. africana in Italy.
Epidemiological phenotypic characteristics of vaginal yeasts at the Comoros
Authors: Farina C. , Saleri N. , Lombart J. P. , Toyb M. , Youssouf Z. , Caligaris S. , Matteelli A.
Published: July 2009

The aim of the prospective, descriptive survey conducted in Moroni, Comoros was to establish the distribution of vulvovaginal mycoses in pregnant and symptomatic women and to study the epidemiological characteristics of the yeast isolates. All isolated strains were epidemiologically evaluated by phenotypical methods. Three phenotypic epidemiological studies were performed by morphotyping methods (including the colour reaction according to Quindòs et al. and structural morphotypes as described by Soll), by determination of phospholipase and by chemosensitivity evaluation according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute approved standard. Out of 253 women, 108 were found positive for yeast culture (42.7%). Fungal identification results showed that 61.6% was Candida albicans and 28.6%C. sake (32/112). Candida sake was a frequent vaginal inhabitant.
A monoclonal IgM directed against immunodominant catalase B of cell wall of Aspergillus fumigatus exerts anti‐A. fumigatus activities
Authors: Chaturvedi Ashok K. , Kumar Rohitashw , Kumar Awanit , Shukla Praveen K.
Published: July 2009

Aspergillus fumigatus, a ubiquitous fungus, has been reported to cause human diseases like allergic pulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma and invasive infection. Limited spectrum and emergence of resistance has become a serious problem with available antifungals. Therefore, an alternative approach is required for successful treatment of mycoses. In the present study, immunogenic protein profile of A. fumigatus cell wall was generated using two‐dimensional‐gel electrophoresis and three hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs; IgM) were selected after fusion experiments. Of these three MAbs, MAb‐7 exhibited potent in vitro inhibitory activity, which was confirmed by MTT assay, fluorescence‐activated cell sorter analysis and immuno‐fluorescence studies, and the protein was identified as catalase B using MALDI‐TOF‐MS.
Potential for methotrexate exposure through contamination during parenteral use as an immunosuppressant
Authors: Wong L. S. , Tymms K. E. , Buckley N. A.
Published: July 2009

Background: To evaluate whether the risk of methotrexate (MTX) exposure through skin contamination using parenteral doses of 25 mg warrants special oncology handling precautions during administration.

Methods: We conducted a study with six human volunteers deliberately exposed to an entire dose of 25 mg MTX solution on their skin for 30 min. Serum levels of MTX were measured at baseline, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h as well as serum homocysteine at baseline and 24 h after clinical exposure. Twenty‐four‐hour urinary excretion of MTX and possible local or systemic signs of toxicity were also recorded.

Results: All MTX serum concentrations were less than 0.02 µmol/L within the 24‐h period. This is 500 times below the recommended serum concentration for which folinic acid supplementation is recommended. There was also no significant increase in homocysteine level to suggest MTX toxicity. The only adverse effects were mild local dermal reactions in three female volunteers.

Conclusion: Deliberate skin contamination and possible inhalation of a 25 mg MTX solution failed to show significant or quantifiable serum and urine concentrations to suggest MTX toxicity. Precautions to prevent contact with MTX designed for oncology protocols are unnecessary for our rheumatology patients or their carers using these much lower immunosuppressant doses for autoimmune diseases.
Prospective study of early bereavement on psychological and behavioural cardiac risk factors
Authors: Buckley T. , Bartrop R. , McKinley S. , Ward C. , Bramwell M. , Roche D. , Mihailidou A. S. , Morel‐Kopp M.‐C. , Spinaze M. , Hocking B. , Goldston K. , Tennant C. , Tofler G.
Published: July 2009

Background: Increasing evidence supports the role of emotional stress in the onset of cardiovascular disease. Although bereavement is a major emotional stress with both acute and more long‐term features, the mechanism of its association with cardiovascular risk is not well understood, in particular because of limited studies of acute bereavement. The aim of the study was to identify psychological and behavioural changes in acute bereavement and potential modifiers of these changes.

Methods: Bereaved (n= 62) and non‐bereaved individuals (n= 50) were evaluated within 2 weeks and at 6 months following loss using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression, Spielberger State Anxiety and Anger, Social Support Questionnaire and changes in appetite, cigarette and alcohol consumption, cortisol and lipids.

Results: Compared with non‐bereaved, acutely bereaved had increased symptoms of depression (26.7 ± 1.7 vs 5.9 ± 0.7, P < 0.001), anxiety (47.4 ± 2.0 vs 28.2 ± 1.4, P < 0.001) and anger (median 16.0 vs 15.0, P < 0.001). Greater depressive symptoms were associated with being unprepared for the death, decreased sleep duration and younger age. Acutely, bereaved slept less than non‐bereaved (5.8 ± 0.2 vs 7.2 ± 0.2 h, P < 0.001). Reduced sleep time was associated with increased anger and depression and decreased satisfaction with social support. Compared with the non‐bereaved, the acutely bereaved had higher cortisol (median 306 vs 266, P= 0.003), reduced appetite (P < 0.001) and lower total cholesterol (median 4.9 vs 5.4, P= 0.006) and low‐density lipoprotein (median 2.4 vs 2.9, P < 0.001).

Conclusion: These results offer insight into the psychological, behavioural and physical changes that may contribute to cardiovascular risk in bereavement.
Comparison of the MMSE and RUDAS cognitive screening tools in an elderly inpatient population in everyday clinical use
Authors: Pang J. , Yu H. , Pearson K. , Lynch P. , Fong C.
Published: July 2009

We compared test score and performance times of Folstein's Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Rowland Universal Dementia Assessment Scale (RUDAS). Forty‐six patients were recruited. The mean score was 20.6 for the MMSE and 20.5 for the RUDAS. Linear regression analysis revealed an r value of 0.83 (P < 0.05). The mean performance time was 9.4 min for both the MMSE and the RUDAS. Patient satisfaction was similar for both tests. Surveyed clinicians preferred the MMSE because of greater familiarity. We concluded that the RUDAS correlates well with the MMSE and is no more time‐consuming to perform. It has good clinical utility as a cognitive screening tool.
Central nervous system is a sanctuary site for chronic myelogenous leukaemia treated with imatinib mesylate
Authors: Isobe Y. , Sugimoto K. , Masuda A. , Hamano Y. , Oshimi K.
Published: July 2009

Imatinib mesylate (IM) is currently used as the first therapeutic choice against chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). Because IM poorly penetrates the blood‐brain barrier, IM‐treated CML patients may have a potential risk of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Here we report a case with lymphoid blast crisis isolated only in CNS after bacterial meningitis, although the patient achieved and maintained complete cytogenetic response by IM therapy. It is important to consider isolated CNS blast crisis as a possible event in IM‐treated CML patients.
Empirical studies of clinical supervision in psychiatric nursing: A systematic literature review and methodological critique
Authors: Buus Niels , Gonge Henrik
Published: July 2009

The objective of this paper was to systematically review and critically evaluate all English language research papers reporting empirical studies of clinical supervision in psychiatric nursing. The first part of the search strategy was a combination of brief and building block strategies in the PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO databases. The second part was a citation pearl growing strategy with reviews of 179 reference lists. In total, the search strategy demonstrated a low level of precision and a high level of recall. Thirty four articles met the criteria of the review and were systematically evaluated using three checklists. The findings were summarized by using a new checklist with nine overall questions regarding the studies' design, methods, findings, and limitations. The studies were categorized as: (i) effect studies; (ii) survey studies; (iii) interview studies; and (iv) case studies. In general, the studies were relatively small scale; they used relatively new and basic methods for data collection and analysis, and rarely included sufficient strategies for identifying confounding factors or how the researchers' preconceptions influenced the analyses. Empirical research of clinical supervision in psychiatric nursing was characterized by a basic lack of agreement about which models and instruments to use. Challenges and recommendations for future research are discussed. Clinical supervision in psychiatric nursing was commonly perceived as a good thing, but there was limited empirical evidence supporting this claim.
Effect of music on depression levels and physiological responses in community‐based older adults
Authors: Chan Moon Fai , Chan Engle Angela , Mok Esther , Kwan Tse Fionca Yuk
Published: July 2009

Many people over the age of 65 do not regard depression as a treatable mental disorder and find it difficult to express themselves verbally. Listening to music can facilitate the non‐verbal expression of emotion and allow people's inner feelings to be expressed without being threatened. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of music on depression levels in elderly people. A randomized controlled study was conducted with 47 elderly people (23 using music and 24 controls) who completed the study after being recruited in Hong Kong. Blood pressure, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and depression level variables were collected. In the music group, there were statistically‐significant decreases in depression scores (P < 0.001) and blood pressure (P = 0.001), HR (P < 0.001), and RR (P < 0.001) after 1 month. The implication is that nurses may utilize music as an effective nursing intervention for patients with depressive symptoms in the community setting.
Short and long term consequences of increases in exotic species richness on water filtration by marine invertebrates
Authors: Byrnes Jarrett , Stachowicz John J.
Published: July 2009

Although recent research has considered the consequences of global declines in the number of species, less attention has focused on the aggregate effects of regional increases in species richness as a result of human‐mediated introductions. Here we examine several potential ecosystem consequences of increasing exotic species diversity of suspension feeding marine invertebrates. First, we experimentally manipulated native and non‐native suspension feeder richness and measured its effect on short‐term phytoplankton clearance rates. Multispecies communities all performed similarly, regardless of whether they were dominated by natives, exotics, or an even mix of the two. Individual species varied considerably in filtration rates, but non‐native species often filtered less than the most similar native. Second, we determined potential changes in integrated function over time by comparing seasonal patterns of recruitment as a proxy for the ability to quickly recover filtration capacity after a disturbance. We found that exotic species have complementary seasonal phenologies both to native species and each other. Our results suggest that the consequences of local increases in species richness due to invasions may be manifest over long (annual to interannual) time scales, even when short term changes in ecosystem function are negligible.
Hierarchical partitioning of evolutionary and ecological patterns in the organization of phylogenetically‐structured species assemblages: application to rockfish (genus: Sebastes) in the Southern California Bight
Authors: Pavoine Sandrine , Love Milton S. , Bonsall Michael B.
Published: July 2009

Phylogenetic divergences have recently been included in analyses that aim to elucidate patterns of biodiversity in space and time. We introduce a generalized framework for two widely used phylogenetic diversity (PD) indices: Rao’s quadratic entropy (QE) and Faith’s PD. We demonstrate how this framework can be used to partition diversity simultaneously across evolutionary periods and spatial (e.g. local communities in a region) and/or time units (e.g. a community investigated yearly). From a study of rockfish hotspot diversity from the Southern California Bight, the analysis of PD revealed a recent decrease in the amount of fish caught from six evolutionary deep lineages, with implications for the community structure of this speciose group. This approach, which can also be applied to trees assembled from functional traits, contributes to our understanding of the mechanisms that underpin community organization and to the description of the consequences of human‐driven impacts in the environment.
A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of polyethylene glycol effects on fasting and postprandial rectal sensitivity and symptoms in hypersensitive constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Awad R. A. , Camacho S.
Published: July 2009

Aim  To assess the effect of polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG) on fasting and postprandial (PP) perception of rectal distension and symptoms in hypersensitive constipation‐predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS‐C).

Methods  Forty‐two patients meeting Rome II criteria for IBS‐C and with a pain threshold of < 32 mmHg were included in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Patients received either oral PEG, 3.45 g t.i.d. orally for 30 days or placebo. Rectal sensitivity was assessed before and after treatment with a barostat using the ascending method of limits, during basal and PP periods.

Results  No changes in fasting and PP rectal tone and thresholds for first sensation, gas sensation, urge to defecate, and pain was observed with PEG in relation to placebo. In both groups, pressure at which patients crossed the thresholds for noxious (PEG: from 28 ± 8.8 to 22 ± 6.9 mmHg) and non noxious (PEG: from 16 ± 4.9 to 12 ± 3.6 mmHg) stimuli decreased compared with pretreatment values. PEG improved consistency of faeces and showed a trend to diminish blood in faeces. PEG and placebo increased bowel movements per week (P < 0.001), and relieved symptoms without significant side‐effects.

Conclusions  Both PEG 3350 and placebo were clinically useful in patients with IBS‐C, an effect that cannot be explained by changes in rectal tone and sensation. The results support the concept that visceral sensitivity is not stable and has a heterogeneous response to drugs, and suggest the existence of a post healing hypersensitivity state.
There is no increased risk for colorectal cancer and adenomas in patients with diverticulitis: a retrospective longitudinal study
Authors: Lam T. J. , Meurs‐Szojda M. M. , Gundlach L. , Belien J. A. M. , Meijer G. A. , Mulder C. J. , Felt‐Bersma R. J. F.
Published: July 2009

Aim  This study was designed to assess the relationship between diverticulitis and the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colonic adenomas.

Method  A retrospective study was longitudinally conducted. Patients who had been admitted to the hospital between 1990 and 2000 with diverticulitis were retrieved and the incidence of CRC and prevalence of colonic adenomas in these patients was determined. Data were collected from the electronic clinical and pathology records. The incidence of CRC and prevalence of adenomas in this patient cohort was compared with the general population. The patients were followed until 2008.

Results  A total of 288 patients with diverticulitis were included (167 of whom were female patients [58%]). The mean age of patients at admittance for diverticulitis was 66 years (range: 27–92). CRC was detected in five patients (1.7%) (95% CI 0.8–3.5) with a mean age of  77 years; colonic adenomas were found in 18 patients (6.3%) (95% CI 4.3–9.0) with a mean age of  62 years. The lifetime risks of developing CRC and adenomas were presumed to be 4% and 20% respectively. Expected rates for CRC and adenomas in our patients were calculated as 17 (95% CI 4.0–8.6) and 69 patients (95% CI 20.1–28.3) respectively.

Conclusion  This study showed a lower prevalence of CRC and colonic adenomas in patients with diverticulitis compared with the lifetime risk which means that diverticulitis is not a risk factor for development of CRC and adenomas. Long‐term colonic screening after a negative colonoscopy for diverticulitis (generally performed several weeks after recovery) does not seem to be justified.
The survival effect of E‐cadherin and catenins in colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Filiz A. I. , Senol Z. , Sucullu I. , Kurt Y. , Demirbas S. , Akin M. L.
Published: July 2009

Aim  The E‐cadherin/catenin complex plays an important role in epithelial tissue architecture. Decreased expression of cell adhesion molecules (E‐cadherin, α‐, β‐ and γ‐catenin) have been reported to correlate with invasive behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between the expression of adhesion molecules and clinicopathological characteristics and survival in colorectal carcinoma.

Method  The expression of adhesion molecules were studied by immunohistochemistry in 138 colorectal carcinomas.

Results  The mean age of the patients was 65 years (range: 21–89 years). In primary carcinomas, a reduction in membranous expression of E‐cadherin, α‐catenin, β‐catenin, γ‐catenin was demonstrated (70%, 68%, 73%, 77%, respectively). Nuclear expression of β‐catenin was found in eight (5%) patients. Decreased membranous β‐ and γ‐catenin expression significantly correlated with tumour differentiation  (P = 0.013, P = 0.03, respectively). There was a significant association between advanced stage of the tumour and decreased membranous α‐catenin expression (P = 0.012). Decreased E‐cadherin and β‐catenin membranous expression correlated with short survival following curative resection of the primary tumour (P = 0.04, P = 0.03, respectively).

Conclusion  The decreased membranous expression of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin and increased cytoplasmic expression of β‐catenin might be used as a prognostic marker to monitor patients with colorectal cancer.
Marking essays on screen: An investigation into the reliability of marking extended subjective texts
Authors: Johnson Martin , Nádas Rita , Bell John F.
Published: July 2009

There is a growing body of research literature that considers how the mode of assessment, either computer‐based or paper‐based, might affect candidates' performances. Despite this, there is a fairly narrow literature that shifts the focus of attention to those making assessment judgements and which considers issues of assessor consistency when dealing with extended textual answers in different modes. This research project explored whether the mode in which a set of extended essay texts were accessed and read systematically influenced the assessment judgements made about them. During the project, 12 experienced English literature assessors marked two matched samples of 90 essay exam scripts on screen and on paper. A variety of statistical methods were used to compare the reliability of the essay marks given by the assessors across modes. It was found that mode did not present a systematic influence on marking reliability. The analyses also compared examiners' marks with a gold standard mark for each essay and found no shifts in the location of the standard of recognised attainment across modes.
Skilled Labour Migration and Positive Externality: The Case of Turkish Engineers Working Abroad
Authors: Gökbayrak Şenay
Published: July 2009

This study aims at exploring potential positive externalities of skilled labour migration from Turkey and highlighting social policies targeting “brain drain to brain gain” strategies in the case of Turkish engineers living abroad. Based on case study and further investigations, the skilled labour migration among Turkish engineers can be defined as a “brain over‐flow.” The main structural reason of this situation is discrepancy between educational and employment policies. Data indicate that it can be obtain positive externalities from skilled labour migration under certain conditions. Ninety per cent of all participants intended to give support to development practices in Turkey, even if they were not returning (n‐130). Only 10 per cent of all participants didn’t intend to give any kind of support. Cooperative projects, establishment of networks, forums and consultancy services to Turkish companies, were the most mentioned support manners. To realize these proposals, it is essential to develop active public policies aiming at a “brain drain to brain gain” approach, for short‐ and long‐term periods.
Development and validation of nail psoriasis quality of life scale (NPQ10)
Authors: Ortonne JP , Baran R , Corvest M , Schmitt C , Voisard JJ , Taieb C
Published: July 2009

Background  The chronic and treatment‐resistant nature of nail psoriasis affects patients’ lives not only physically but also psychologically. Although there are scoring systems available for disease severity, there is as yet no scale to evaluate the impact of this condition upon the patients’ quality of life.

Objectives  This study aims to develop and validate a quality of life scale specifically for nail psoriasis.

Methods  A questionnaire was developed during a study conducted in France between 2004 and 2005. With the cooperation of l’Association Pour la Lutte Contre le Psoriasis, the questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 4000 of its 17 000 members.

Results  The response rate was 33%. Of the 1309 questionnaires returned, 795 showed the presence of nail psoriasis and these were eligible. The scale score is obtained by adding together the responses to the 10 questionnaire items and the result is expressed as a percentage. The value of the score obtained is proportional to the functional difficulty experienced. The determination of Cronbach's α coefficient and a Principal Component Factor Analysis show, respectively, very good internal consistency and the unidimensional nature of the scale. Test–retest results on 15 patients showed good reproducibility. Results were validated with reference to the Dermatology Life Quality Index.

In this study, the NPQ10 score is significantly influenced by gender (women have a higher score) and by the duration of psoriasis (recent onset implies greater functional difficulty). Finally, the score is much higher when the nail psoriasis affects both the hands and the feet.

Conclusion  This study confirms a change in the quality of life of patients who have nail psoriasis. The NPQ10 scale, specific to this condition, is simple to use and has the attributes needed in a quality of life scale. The scale must now be tested in longitudinal studies (such as clinical trials) to confirm its ability to measure a change in status.
Presumed perinatal stroke in a child with Down syndrome and moyamoya disease
Authors: PYSDEN KAREN , FALLON PENNY , MOORTHY BHAGAVATHESWARAN , GANESAN VIJEYA
Published: July 2009

Moyamoya disease describes a cerebral arteriopathy characterized by stenosis or occlusion of the terminal internal carotid and/or the proximal middle cerebral arteries. We report a female child with trisomy 21 and bilateral moyamoya disease who presented, unusually, with a presumed perinatal cerebral infarct. The clinical, radiological, and angiographic features of moyamoya disease in children with Down syndrome are similar to those with other aetiologies or idiopathic cases. Early recognition is important as moyamoya disease presenting in childhood is associated with a high rate of recurrent stroke and there is evidence that surgical revascularization can prevent further events. An important practical lesson arising from this case is that although the evaluation of children with presumed perinatal stroke tends to be limited relative to the evaluation of arterial ischaemic stroke in older children, this may need to be more comprehensive in infants at high risk of arteriopathy. The parents of the child gave informed consent to the publication of this report.
Repeat botulinum toxin‐A injections in the upper limb of children with hemiplegia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: OLESCH CHRISTINE A , GREAVES SUSAN , IMMS CHRISTINE , REID SUSAN M , GRAHAM H KERR
Published: July 2009

Aim  To test the effectiveness of repeat botulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) injections in the affected arm of 22 children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (19 males, three females), aged 1 year 10 months to 4 years 10 months (mean 3y 8mo, SD 9mo) in a randomized controlled trial.

Method  Children received either three series of BoNT‐A injections plus twice‐weekly occupational therapy (OT) or OT alone in 16‐week cycles. Muscles targeted at each injection cycle in the 11 children receiving BoNT‐A+OT were the adductor pollicis (n=9), flexor pollicis longus (n=5), flexor digitorum superficialis (n=8), flexor digitorum profundus (n=8), flexor carpi radialis (n=2), flexor carpi ulnaris (n=6), pronator teres (n=10), and biceps brachii (n=11). Parental perception of treatment efficacy was assessed using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS), quality of movement using the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST), fine motor skills using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale – Fine Motor (PDMS‐FM), and spasticity using the Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS). Between‐group differences at 12 months were analysed using independent‐sample t‐tests.

Results  All children were at Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I (BoNT‐A+OT n=6; OT n=8) or II (n=5 and n=3 respectively) and were too young to be classified using the Manual Ability Classification System. The BoNT‐A+OT group had higher COPM performance scores (mean difference −0.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.5–0.0) and higher GAS T scores (mean difference −6.9, 95% CI −13.8 to −0.1]). No significant difference was found for the COPM satisfaction, PDMS‐FM, or QUEST scores. The BoNT‐A+OT group showed progressive reduction in spasticity compared with the OT group. At study completion MTS mean difference was 50.0° (95% CI 22.4–77.6) for pronators and 20.9° (95% CI 2.4–39.4) for wrist flexors.

Interpretation  Repeat BoNT‐A injections in the upper limb combined with OT resulted in progressively reduced spasticity and improved parental perception of performance.
A sensitized genetic background reveals evolution near the terminus of the Caenorhabditis germline sex determination pathway
Authors: Hill Robin Cook , Haag Eric S.
Published: July 2009

SUMMARY
Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae are both self‐fertile hermaphroditic nematodes that evolved independently from male/female ancestors. In C. elegans, FEM‐1, FEM‐2, and FEM‐3 specify male fates by promoting proteolysis of the male‐repressing transcription factor, TRA‐1. Phenotypes of tra‐1 and fem mutants are consistent with this simple linear model in the soma, but not in the germline. While both XX and XO tra‐1(lf) mutants have functional male somas, they produce both sperm and oocytes. Further, all three tra‐1; fem double mutants retain the expected male soma, but make only oocytes (the germline fem phenotype). Thus, a poorly characterized tra‐1 activity is important for sustained male spermatogenesis, and the fem genes affect germline sexual fate independently of their role in regulating TRA‐1. C. briggsae tra‐1 mutants are phenotypically identical to their C. elegans counterparts, while the fem mutants differ in the germline: XX and XO C. elegans fem mutants are true females, but in C. briggsae they are self‐fertile hermaphrodites. To further explore how C. briggsae hermaphrodites regulate germline sex, we analyzed Cb‐tra‐1/Cb‐fem interactions. Cb‐tra‐1 is fully epistatic to Cb‐fem‐2 in the germline, unlike the orthologous C. elegans combination. In contrast, Cb‐fem‐3 shifts the Cb‐tra‐1(lf) germline phenotype to that of a nearly normal hermaphrodite in the context of a male somatic gonad. This suggests that Cb‐fem‐3 is epistatic to Cb‐tra‐1(lf) (as in C. elegans), and that the normal control of C. briggsae XX spermatogenesis targets Cb‐tra‐1‐independent factors downstream of Cb‐fem‐3. The effect of Cb‐fem‐3(lf) on Cb‐tra‐1(lf) is not mediated by change in the expression of Cb‐fog‐3, a likely direct germline target of Cb‐tra‐1. As Cb‐fem‐2 and Cb‐fem‐3 have identical single mutant phenotypes, Cb‐tra‐1 provides a sensitized background that reveals differences in how they promote male germline development. These results represent another way in which C. briggsae germline sex determination is incongruent with that of the outwardly similar C. elegans.
Developmental expression ofapterous/Lhx2/9in the sepiolid squidEuprymna scolopessupports an ancestral role in neural development
Authors: Farfán Claudia , Shigeno Shuichi , Nödl Marie‐Therese , De Couet H. Gert
Published: July 2009

SUMMARYThe transcription factors Apterous/Lhx2/9 play many pivotal roles in the development of protostomes and deuterostomes, most notably limb patterning, eye morphogenesis, and brain development. Full‐lengthapterous/lhx2/9homologs have been isolated from several invertebrate species, but hitherto not from a lophotrochozoan. Here, we report the isolation, characterization, and spatio‐temporal expression ofapterousin the sepiolid squidEuprymna scolopes. The isolated composite cDNA encodes a hypothetical protein of 448 amino acid residues with a typical LIM‐homeodomain (LIM‐HD) structure and the greatest overall sequence similarity to vertebrate Lhx2/9 proteins. TheEuprymna scolopes apterous(Es‐ap) expression patterns provided no indication of a role in the early dorso/ventral patterning or growth of the arm crown that showed expression only in two ventral cords running in parallel inside the arms and tentacles and at the base of the suckers, a region rich in nerve endings and chemosensory neurons. TheEs‐aphybridization signal was also conspicuous in the eyes, olfactory organs, optic lobes, and in several lobes of the supraesophageal mass, among these the olfactory and vertical lobes, and paravertical bodies. The observed expression patterns suggest gene involvement in eye morphogenesis and neural wiring of sensory structures, including those for olfaction and vision.
Morphometric integration and modularity in configurations of landmarks: tools for evaluating a priori hypotheses
Authors: Klingenberg Christian Peter
Published: July 2009

SUMMARY
Identifying the modular components of a configuration of landmarks is an important task of morphometric analyses in evolutionary developmental biology. Modules are integrated internally by many interactions among their component parts, but are linked to one another only by few or weak interactions. Accordingly, traits within modules are tightly correlated with each other, but relatively independent of traits in other modules. Hypotheses concerning the boundaries of modules in a landmark configuration can therefore be tested by comparing the strength of covariation among alternative partitions of the configuration into subsets of landmarks. If a subdivision coincides with the true boundaries between modules, the correlations among subsets should be minimal. This article introduces Escoufier's RV coefficient and the multi‐set RV coefficient as measures of the correlation between two or more subsets of landmarks. These measures can be compared between alternative partitions of the configuration into subsets. Because developmental interactions are tissue bound, it is sensible to require that modules should be spatially contiguous. I propose a criterion for spatial contiguity for sets of landmarks using an adjacency graph. The new methods are demonstrated with data on shape of the wing in Drosophila melanogaster and the mandible of the house mouse.
Heterochronic shifts explain variations in a sequentially developing repeated pattern: palatal ridges of muroid rodents
Authors: Pantalacci Sophie , Sémon Marie , Martin Arnaud , Chevret Pascale , Laudet Vincent
Published: July 2009

SUMMARY
Metazoans are largely made of repeated parts, and metazoan evolution is marked by changes in the number of these parts, called meristic evolution. Understanding the mechanisms associated with meristic changes is thus a critical issue to evolutionary developmental biology. Palatal rugae are sensory ridges regularly arranged on the hard palate of mammals. They develop sequentially following mesio‐distal growth of the palate, and activation–inhibition mechanisms very likely control spacing and timing of this sequential addition. In this study, we characterized trends in rugae number evolution among muroid rodents, showing that most species display 8±1 rugae, changes by one being very frequent in the phylogeny. We then compared development of three muroid species: mouse (nine rugae), rat (eight), and golden hamster (seven). We showed that palatal growth rate, spacing, and addition rate in mouse/rat were remarkably similar (with respect to the embryo size difference), and that increase to nine rugae in mouse is achieved by postponing the end of the addition process (hypermorphosis). Such a heterochronic shift may be typical of ±1 variations observed among muroid rodents. In contrast, decrease to seven rugae in golden hamster is attributed to early growth termination (progenesis) of the palate, which correlates with the severe shortening of gestation in this species. Our results provide an experimental support to the intuitive view that heterochronies are especially relevant to meristic evolution of traits that rely on a sequential addition process. We also interpret our results in the light of developmental constraints specifically linked to this kind of process.
Interactive effects of distance and matrix on the movements of a peatland dragonfly
Authors: Chin Krista S. , Taylor Philip D.
Published: July 2009

We conducted a mark–release–recapture survey of a peatland dragonfly (Leucorrhinia hudsonica) in each of two years (2002; 2003) in a harvested forest landscape in western Newfoundland, Canada. The odds of an individual male moving between peatlands was influenced by both the distance between peatlands and the type of intervening habitat (the matrix). Specifically, at meso scales (>700 m) there was a positive effect of the amount of cut matrix between peatlands on the odds of moving, but at fine scales (<700 m) there was the opposite effect; proportionally fewer individuals moved between peatlands. The odds of moving out of a peatland decreased as the surface area of water in the peatland increased. Multi‐state mark–recapture models showed that the daily probability of a male moving between any two peatlands was 1.9% in 2002 and 6.9% in 2003 (n=1527 and 1280 marked individuals). The results suggest that additional empirical studies that directly measure patterns of movement with respect to landscape structure at multiple spatial scales in other taxa and situations are needed in order to uncover other possible non‐linear changes in behavior.
The role of migratory ducks in the long‐distance dispersal of native plants and the spread of exotic plants in Europe
Authors: Brochet Anne‐Laure , Guillemain Matthieu , Fritz Hervé , Gauthier‐Clerc Michel , Green Andy J.
Published: July 2009

Little is known about the role of migratory waterfowl in the long‐distance dispersal (LDD) of seeds. We studied the gut contents of 42 tealsAnas creccacollected in the Camargue, southern France, and found intact seeds of 16 species. There was no relationship between the probability that a given seed species was found intact in the lower gut, and the seed hardness or size. The number of seeds found in the oesophagus and gizzard (a measure of ingestion rate) was the only significant predictor of the occurrence of intact seeds in the lower gut, so studies of waterfowl diet can be used as surrogates of dispersal potential. In a literature review, we identified 223 seed species recorded in 25 diet studies of teal, pintailAnas acuta, wigeonA. penelopeor mallardA. platyrhynchosin Europe. We considered whether limited species distribution reduces the chances that a seed can be carried to suitable habitat following LDD. Overall, 72% of plant species recorded in duck diets in southern Europe (36 of 50) were also recorded in the north, whereas 97% of species recorded in duck diets in the north (137 of 141) were also recorded in the south. This suggests a great potential for LDD, since most dispersed plants species occur throughout the migratory range of ducks. Migratory ducks are important vectors for both terrestrial and aquatic plant species, even those lacking the fleshy fruits or hooks typically used to identify seeds dispersed by birds. Finally, we show ducks are important vectors of exotic plant species. We identified 14 alien to Europe and 44 native to Europe but introduced to some European countries whose seeds have been recorded in duck diet.
Statistical approaches in landscape genetics: an evaluation of methods for linking landscape and genetic data
Authors: Balkenhol Niko , Waits Lisette P. , Dezzani Raymond J.
Published: July 2009

The goal of landscape genetics is to detect and explain landscape effects on genetic diversity and structure. Despite the increasing popularity of landscape genetic approaches, the statistical methods for linking genetic and landscape data remain largely untested. This lack of method evaluation makes it difficult to compare studies utilizing different statistics, and compromises the future development and application of the field. To investigate the suitability and comparability of various statistical approaches used in landscape genetics, we simulated data sets corresponding to five landscape‐genetic scenarios. We then analyzed these data with eleven methods, and compared the methods based on their statistical power, type‐1 error rates, and their overall ability to lead researchers to accurate conclusions about landscape‐genetic relationships. Results suggest that some of the most commonly applied techniques (e.g. Mantel and partial Mantel tests) have high type‐1 error rates, and that multivariate, non‐linear methods are better suited for landscape genetic data analysis. Furthermore, different methods generally show only moderate levels of agreement. Thus, analyzing a data set with only one method could yield method‐dependent results, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions. Based on these findings, we give recommendations for choosing optimal combinations of statistical methods, and identify future research needs for landscape genetic data analyses.
Hypothyroidism in neonates post‐iodinated contrast media: a systematic review
Authors: Ahmet Alexandra , Lawson Margaret L , Babyn Paul , Tricco Andrea C
Published: July 2009

Aim:  To determine if neonates exposed to iodinated contrast media are at risk of hypothyroidism.

Methods:  A systematic review was conducted by searching electronic databases (e.g. MEDLINE), contacting experts and scanning reference lists. Studies examining the effects of contrast media on neonatal thyroid function were included. Two reviewers independently screened the literature and assessed the risk of bias, while one reviewer abstracted data.

Results:  Eleven studies were included; nine studies directly examined the risk of hypothyroidism (n = 182 neonates exposed to contrast media). All were highly affected by bias. In the three studies including term infants, one showed a trend towards increased thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) and decreased free thyroxine (FT4) among exposed groups. Six of 72 (8.3%) term infants exposed were treated for hypothyroidism. In studies of premature infants, there was a trend towards increased TSH (n = 3/7 studies), lower total thyroxine (n = 1), decreased triidothyronine and FT4 (n = 3) and hypothyroidism (n = 5). Twenty of 110 (18.2%) premature infants exposed were treated for hypothyroidism.

Conclusion:  Hospitalized neonates exposed to iodinated contrast media are at risk for abnormal thyroid function and development of hypothyroidism. Premature infants might be at increased risk. Well‐controlled studies are required to replicate our findings because the included studies were highly affected by bias.
Oral health and access to dental care: a qualitative investigation among older people in the community
Authors: Slack‐Smith Linda , Lange Andrea , Paley Glenys , O’Grady Martin , French Davina , Short Leonie
Published: July 2009

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00320.x
 
Oral health and access to dental care: a qualitative investigation among older people in the community

Objective:  The aim of this study was to explore older persons’ beliefs and attitudes towards oral health and access to and use of dental care services.

Background:  As the proportion of dentate older people increases, the need and demand for dental services will rise (J Public Health Dent, 60, 2000, 276).

Design:  Focus groups and semi‐structured interviews were used for data collection.

Setting and subjects:  The study participants included 63 older people in Perth, WA.

Results:  Five major themes emerged from the interviews – the need for information and knowledge; accessibility of services; cost and affordability of oral care; fear and anxiety regarding dental visits and relationships with dentists. Attitudes and behaviours were slow to change in this group.

Conclusion:  This investigation provided important perspectives regarding oral health and dental access for older people residing in the community and demonstrated the importance of understanding this group when considering provision and use of services.
Assessment of changes in oral health‐related quality of life among patients with complete denture before and 1 month post‐insertion using Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index
Authors: Shigli Kamal , Hebbal Mamata
Published: July 2009

doi:10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2009.00323.x
 
Assessment of changes in oral health‐related quality of life among patients with complete denture before and 1 month post‐insertion using Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index

Objective:  Geriatric Oral Health Assessment Index (GOHAI) is a 12‐item measure of “patient‐reported oral functional problems” intended for use in the assessment of the effectiveness of dental treatment.

Design and Setting:  As there is scanty literature available on GOHAI in the Indian population, the present study was undertaken to assess the changes in GOHAI before and 1 month after placement of dentures in completely edentulous patients reporting to a dental hospital at Indore, India.

Measurements:  The GOHAI questionnaire was completed by the examiner who interviewed the patients (n = 35) before placement of complete dentures and 1 month later. Mean, median values were calculated and the data were analysed using Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results:  When overall mean was considered, the GOHAI scores increased from 27.48 to 30.19 (p = 0.002; highly significant).

Conclusion:  Patients reported improvement in functional changes after placement of complete dentures.