bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing Microscopic Charcoal Particles Into a Global Aerosol-Climate Model
Authors: Gilgen Anina , Adolf Carole , Brugger Sandra O. , Ickes Luisa , Schwikowski Margit , van Leeuwen Jacqueline F. N. , Tinner Willy , Lohmann Ulrike
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Microscopic charcoal particles are fire-specific tracers, which are ubiquitous in natural archives such as lake sediments or ice cores. Thus, charcoal records from lake sediments are nowadays the primary source for reconstructing past fire activity. Microscopic charcoal particles are generated during forest and grassland fires and can be transported over large distances before being deposited into natural archives. In this paper, we implement microscopic charcoal particles into a global aerosol-climate model to better understand the transport of charcoal on the large scale. Atmospheric transport as well as interactions with other aerosol particles, clouds, and radiation are explicitly simulated. To estimate the emissions of the microscopic charcoal particles, we use recent European charcoal observations from lake sediments as a calibration dataset. We found that scaling black carbon fire emissions from the Global Fire Assimilation System (a satellite-based emission inventory) by a factor of ≈ 40 matches the calibration dataset best. The charcoal validation dataset, for which we collected charcoal observations from all over the globe, generally supports this scaling factor. In the validation dataset, we included charcoal particles from lake sediments, peats, and ice cores. The correlation coefficients for both the calibration and the validation dataset are positive and significantly different from zero, showing that the model captures a significant portion of the spatial variability. However, the model fails to reproduce the extreme spatial variability observed in the charcoal data. This can mainly be explained by the coarse spatial resolution of the model and uncertainties concerning fire emissions. Furthermore, charcoal fluxes derived from ice core sites are much lower than the simulated fluxes, which can be explained by the location properties (high altitude and steep topography, which are not well represented in the model) of most of the investigated ice cores. Global modelling of charcoal can improve our understanding of the representativeness of this fire proxy. Furthermore, it might allow to quantitatively validate past fire emissions provided by fire models. This might deepen our understanding of the processes driving global fire activity.
Ship-borne aerosol profiling with lidar over the Atlantic Ocean:
From pure marine conditions to complex dust-smoke mixtures
Authors: Bohlmann Stephanie , Baars Holger , Radenz Martin , Engelmann Ronny , Macke Andreas
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The multiwavelength Raman lidar PollyXT have been regularly operated aboard the research vessel Polarstern on expeditions across the Atlantic Ocean from North to South and vice versa. The lidar measurements of the Polarstern cruises PS95 from Bremerhaven to Cape Town (November 2015) and PS98 from Punta Arenas to Bremerhaven (April/May 2016) are presented and analysed in detail. The latest setup of PollyXT allows improved coverage of the marine boundary layer (MBL) due to an additional near-range receiver. Three case studies provide an overview of the detected aerosol over the Atlantic Ocean. In the first case, marine conditions were observed near South Africa on the autumn cruise PS95. Values of optical properties (depolarisation ratios close to zero, lidar ratios of 23 sr at 355 nm and 532 nm) within the MBL indicate pure marine aerosol. A layer of dried marine aerosol, indicated by an increase of the particle depolarisation ratio to about 10 % at both wavelengths and thus confirming the non-sphericity of these particles, could be detected on the top the MBL. On the same cruise, an almost pure Saharan dust plume was observed near the Canary Islands, presented in the second case. The third case deals with several layers of Saharan dust partly mixed with biomass-burning smoke measured on PS98 near the Cape Verde Islands. While the MBL was partly mixed with dust in the pure Saharan dust case, an almost marine MBL was observed in the third case. A statistical analysis showed latitudinal differences in the optical properties within the MBL, caused by the down-mixing of dust in the tropics and anthropogenic influences in the northern latitudes whereas the optical properties of the MBL in the southern hemisphere correlate with typical marine values. The particle depolarisation ratio of dried marine layers ranged between 4–9 %. Night measurements from PS95 and PS98 were used to illustrate the potential of aerosol classification using lidar ratio, particle depolarisation ratio and Ångström exponent. Lidar ratio and particle depolarisation ratio have been found to be the main indicator for the particle type, whereas the Ångström exponent is rather variable.
Halo ratio from ground based all-sky imaging
Authors: Dandini Paolo , Ulanowski Zbigniew , Campbell David , Kaye Richard
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The halo ratio (HR) is a quantitative measure characterizing the occurrence of the 22° halo peak associated with cirrus. We propose to obtain it from the scattering phase function (SPF) derived from all-sky imaging. Ground based fisheye cameras are used to retrieve the SPF by implementing the necessary image transformations and corrections. These consist of geometric correction of lens distortion by utilizing positions of known stars in a camera image, transforming the images from the zenith-centred to the light-source-centred system of coordinates, correcting for the air mass and for vignetting, the latter using independent measurements from a sun photometer. The SPF is then determined by averaging the image brightness over the azimuth angle and the HR by calculating the ratio of the SPF at two scattering angles in the vicinity of the 22° halo peak. In variance from previous suggestions we select these angles to be 20° and 23°, on the basis of our observations. HR time series have been obtained under various cloud conditions, including halo cirrus, non-halo cirrus and scattered cumulus. While the HR measured in this way is found to be sensitive to the halo status of cirrus, showing values typically > 1 under halo producing clouds, similar HR values, mostly artefacts associated with bright cloud edges, can also be occasionally observed under scattered cumulus. Given that the HR is an ice cloud characteristic, a separate cirrus detection algorithm is necessary to screen out non-ice clouds before deriving reliable HR statistics. Here we propose utilizing sky brightness temperature from infrared radiometry: both its absolute value and the magnitude of fluctuations obtained through detrended fluctuation analysis. The brightness temperature data permits the detection of cirrus in most but not all instances.
Coral reef carbonate budgets and ecological drivers in the
naturally high temperature and high total alkalinity environment of the Red Sea
Authors: Roik Anna , Roethig Till , Pogoreutz Claudia , Saderne Vincent , Voolstra Christian R.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. The coral structural framework is crucial for maintaining reef ecosystem function and services. Rising seawater temperatures impair the calcification capacity of reef-building organisms on a global scale, but in the Red Sea total alkalinity is naturally high and beneficial to reef growth. It is currently unknown how beneficial and detrimental factors affect the balance between calcification and erosion, and thereby overall reef growth, in the Red Sea. To provide estimates of present-day carbonate budgets and reef growth dynamics in the central Red Sea, we measured in situ net-accretion and net-erosion rates (Gnet) by deployment of limestone blocks to estimate census-based carbonate budgets (Gbudget) in four reef sites along a cross-shelf gradient (25 km). In addition, we assessed abiotic (i.e., temperature, inorganic nutrients, and carbonate system variables) and biotic (i.e., calcifier and bioeroder abundances) variables. Our data show that aragonite saturation states (Ω = 3.65–4.20) were in the upper range compared to the chemistry of other tropical reef sites. Further, Gnet and Gbudget encompassed positive (offshore) and negative (midshore-lagoon and exposed nearshore site) carbonate budgets. Notably, Gbudget maxima were lower compared to reef growth from undisturbed Indian Ocean reefs, but erosive forces for Red Sea reefs were not as strong as observed elsewhere. In line with this, a comparison with recent historical data from the northern Red Sea suggests that overall reef growth in the Red Sea has remained similar since 1995. When assessing reef sites across the shelf gradient, AT correlated well and positive with reef growth (ρ = 0.9), while temperature (ρ = −0.7), pH variation (ρ = −0.8), and pCO2 (ρ = −0.8) were weaker negative correlates. Noteworthy for this oligotrophic sea was the positive effect of PO43− (ρ = 0.7) on reef growth. In the best-fitting distance-based linear model, AT explained about 64 % of Gbudget. Interestingly, parrotfish abundances added up to 78 % of the explained variation, further corroborating recent studies that highlight the importance of parrotfish to reef ecosystem functioning. Our study provides a baseline for reef growth in the central Red Sea that will be particularly useful in assessing future trajectories of reef growth capacities under current and future ocean warming and acidification scenarios.
Practical experience and framework for sensitivity analysis of
hydrological models: six methods, three models, three criteria
Authors: Wang Anqi , Solomatine Dimitri P.
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Sensitivity Analysis (SA) and Uncertainty Analysis (UA) are important steps for better understanding and evaluation of hydrological models. The aim of this paper is to briefly review main classes of SA methods, and to presents the results of the practical comparative analysis of applying them. Six different global SA methods: Sobol, eFAST, Morris, LH-OAT, RSA and PAWN are tested on three conceptual rainfall-runoff models with varying complexity: (GR4J, Hymod and HBV) applied to the case study of Bagmati basin (Nepal), and also initially tested on the case of Dapoling-Wangjiaba catchment in China. The methods are compared with respect to effectiveness, efficiency and convergence. A practical framework of selecting and using the SA methods is presented. The result shows that, first of all, all the six SA methods are effective. Morris and LH-OAT methods are the most efficient methods in computing SI and ranking. eFAST performs better than Sobol, thus can be seen as its viable alternative for Sobol. PAWN and RSA methods have issues of instability which we think are due to the ways CDFs are built, and using Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics to compute Sensitivity Indices. All the methods require sufficient number of runs to reach convergence. Difference in efficiency of different methods is an inevitable consequence of the differences in the underlying principles. For SA of hydrological models, it is recommended to apply the presented practical framework assuming the use of several methods, and to explicitly take into account the constraints of effectiveness, efficiency (including convergence), ease of use, as well as availability of software.
Laboratory and Field Test and Distinct Element Analysis of Debris Flow
Authors: Cheng Yung Ming , Li Na , Fung Ivan Wing Hong
Published: February 2018

Abstract. Natural as well as fill slopes are commonly found in Hong Kong, China and many other countries, and slope failures with the subsequent debris flows have caused serious loss of lives and properties in the past till now. There are various processes and features associated with debris flow for which the engineers need to know so as to design for the precautionary measures. In this study, experiments on flume tests, friction tests, deposition tests, rebound tests have been carried out for different sizes of balls to determine the parameters required for modelling of debris flow tests. Different materials and sizes of balls are used in the flume tests, and various flow pattern and segregation phenomenon are noticed in the tests. Distinct element (DEM) debris flow modeling are also carried out to model the flow process. It is found that for simple cases, the flow process can be modelled reasonably well by DEM which is crucial for engineers to determine the pattern and impact of the debris flow. The single material and multiple material laboratory tests and numerical simulations can provide further insight into the debris flow process for which only limited field test data can be obtained in general. From the laboratory tests, large scale field tests and numerical simulations, it is also found that the particle size will be the most critical factor in the segregation process during debris flow. It is also found from the laboratory tests and numerical simulations that a jump in the flume can help to reduce the final velocity of the debris flow which is useful for practical purposes.
Review and Comments on Accrual Accounting Valuation Models
Authors: Liu Min , Rhodd Rupert
Published: February 2018

Early work by Miller and Modigliani (1961) proposes that a firm’s value is irrelevant to its dividend policy and relevant to its risk (i.e., earnings risk, volatility risk...) (Modigliani and Miller 1958). Inspired by Miller and Modigliani’s works, a line of research has developed accrual accounting valuation models based on the results of dividends policy irrelevance (i.e., Feltham and Ohlson, 1995; Ohlson, 1995; Penman, 2010; and etc.). Because of the profound effects of the accrual accounting valuation models on academic research and investment practices, any possible improvements will not be trivial. This paper reviews two popular accrual accounting valuation models and provides some comments on these models and future research suggestions for this line of research.
O sistema de integração das normas constitucionais de limitação ao endividamento público
Authors: Lochagin Gabriel , Oliveira Domingues Juliana
Published: February 2018

O sistema de integração das normas constitucionais de limitação ao endividamento público

Resumo: As normas constitucionais de limitação ao endividamento público exigem, em diversas hipóteses, posterior integração por normas infraconstitucionais. Entre elas se destacam a Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal, como norma geral de direito financeiro, as resoluções do Senado Federal e os orçamentos anuais. Este artigo argumenta que estas normas compõem um sistema de aplicação dos limites quantitativos e qualitativos previstos na Constituição. Por esta razão, as normas de caráter permanente e temporário (como as leis orçamentárias) são elementos centrais da sustentabilidade dos níveis de endividamento, e a gestão orçamentária dos encargos financeiros se torna condição do cumprimento dos objetivos constitucionais.
Palavras-chave: Brasil. Dívida Pública. Finanças Públicas. Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal. Resoluções do Senado.

The system for the integration of constitutional rules for limiting public debt

Abstract: Constitutional limits to public indebtedness require, in many cases, further integration through infra-constitucional legislation. Among them, the Fiscal Responsibility Law, as a general norm, Senate resolutions and annual budgets. This paper argues that such norms create a system of application of both quantitative and qualitative constitutional limits. For this reason, permanent and temporary norms (such as budgetary laws) are key elements of the sustainability of debt levels and the budget management of financial expenditures is paramount to accomplishing constitutional goals.
Keywords: Brazil. Public Debt. Fiscal Responsibility Law. Public Finance. Senate resolution.
Ecocídio e o Tribunal Penal Internacional
Authors: Gordilho Heron José de Santana , Ravazzano Fernanda
Published: February 2018

Ecocídio e o Tribunal Penal Internacional

Resumo: O presente artigo de revisão de literatura analisa o crime de ecocídio, caracterizado pela ofensa massiva ao meio ambiente capaz de provocar a morte de animais ou vegetais, ou por tornar inapropriados o uso das águas, o solo, subsolo e/ou o ar, e ocasionando também graves danos à vida humana. Utilizando o método hermenêutico, o artigo utiliza a interpretação declaratória para demonstrar que as práticas ecocidas podem ser consideradas como crime contra a humanidade previsto na alínea k do artigo 7° do Estatuto de Roma. Para este enquadramento é imprescindível que se preencham os requisitos objetivos e subjetivos do tipo, quais sejam, um ataque generalizado ou sistemático a uma população civil, praticado de forma dolosa, exigindo-se ainda o objetivo político do ataque como fim específico do crime. Por fim, o artigo conclui pela insuficiência da mera adequação do crime de ecocídio aos delitos contra a humanidade, propondo uma Emenda ao estatuto de Roma para incluir o tipo penal de ecocídio de forma autônoma.

Palavras-chave: Direito Ambiental; Crimes contra a humanidade; Tribunal Penal Internacional; Princípio da legalidade; Estatuto de Roma.

Ecocide and the International Criminal Court

Abstract: The present review article analyzes the crime of ecocide, which is characterized by a massive environmental offense capable of causing the death of animals or plants, or of rendering inappropriate the use of water, soil, subsoil and/or air, and, also, causing serious damages to human life. Using the hermeneutical method, the article uses declaratory interpretation to demonstrate that ecocidal practices can be considered as a crime against humanity provided for in Article 7 (k) of the Rome Statute. For this framework, it is imperative that the objective and subjective requirements of the type, e.g. a generalized or systematic attack on a civilian population, practiced in an intentional way, be demanded, and the political objective of the attack is also demanded as a specific purpose of the crime. Finally, the article concludes that the mere inclusion of the ecocide crime as an offense against humanity does not suffice to address its matter. Therefore, an amendment to Rome’s Statute, aiming to include ecocide as an autonomous criminal type, is suggested.

Keywords: Crimes against humanity. Environmental Law. International Criminal Court. Principle of legality. Rome Statute.
Uso de las TIC en la Práctica Pedagógica de los Docentes Rurales en Colombia
Authors: Gómez Becerra María Patricia , Bernal De Felipe Gloria Elizabeth , Medrano León Carolina
Published: February 2018

El artículo presenta los resultados de un estudio descriptivo llevado a cabo en veintiún instituciones educativas rurales del departamento de Cundinamarca en Colombia. El propósito fue indagar sobre los usos de las TIC en las prácticas pedagógicas de un grupo de profesores que atienden desde el nivel preescolar hasta básica primaria. La investigación utilizó un enfoque mixto con técnicas cualitativas y cuantitativas. El análisis de la información muestra que los maestros vinculados a las sedes rurales estudiadas, están en un nivel básico de apropiación con respecto al uso de las TIC. Sin embargo, es importante tener en cuenta que hay un progreso en la transición de algunos de estos maestros al nivel de apropiación intermedio, especialmente en el uso de las TIC para proponer y ejecutar proyectos de aula.

Conocimiento Educactivo, Vol. 2, 2015: 41-64
Rendimiento académico de estudiantes de nuevo ingreso en Licenciaturas e Ingenierías de la Facultad Multidisciplinaria de Ilobasco, Universidad Católica de El Salvador, durante el ciclo II-2013
Authors: Zeledón Héctor Raúl , Ayala Willian Edgardo
Published: February 2018

Se estudió el rendimiento académico de los alumnos de nuevo ingreso, inscritos en ciclo II 2013 de Licenciaturas e Ingenierías de la Facultad Multidisciplinaria de Ilobasco de la Universidad Católica de El Salvador. Se establecieron índices de aprobación y reprobación, a través de una comparación por carrera, sexo e institución educativa donde cursaron bachillerato. Además se presentan el listado de asignaturas impartidas en el semestre, con sus respectivos porcentajes de aprobación y reprobación.

Para la obtención de la información se utilizaron las calificaciones proporcionadas por registro académico de la Universidad, en la cual se identificó a los alumnos que reprobaron asignaturas, aplicándoseles una entrevista escrita, a fin de detectar las principales causas de este fenómeno.

En términos generales, se encontró que el rendimiento académico aumenta en el transcurso del ciclo en un 27.4% para el sexo masculino; mientras que para el sexo femenino lo hace en un 3.9%. Por otra parte el 31.3% de los alumnos reprobaron al menos una asignatura.

Conocimiento Educactivo, Vol. 2, 2015: 79-94
How does being a medical student determine health promoting behaviors?
Authors: Kaya Gülin , Save Dilşad , Sarı Adem , Arslantaş Ayşegül , Sökmen Furkan , Günay Hümeyra , Karadenız Simge , Bayar Elif Samiye , Karavuş Melda
Published: February 2018

Objectives: The aim of the study was to determine healthy lifestylebehaviors of the 1st and 6th grade students in a public medicalschool and the associated factors.Materials and Methods: Our descriptive study had includedstudents from grades 1 and 6. Healthy Lifestyle Behavior ScaleII (HLBS II) and a questionnaire for sociodemographic variableswere completed by 213 students.Results: The mean age of participants was 21.6 ± 2.5. 115(54.0%) were male and 119 (55.9%) were in the first grade. Thetotal mean score of HLBS II was found to be 128.61 ± 16.54. Nosignificant difference was found between the first and sixth yearmedical students (P>0.05). Subscale mean scores of spiritualdevelopment and interpersonal relationship for 6th grade studentswere higher than the scores of 1st grade students (P<0.05), whereas,average subscale scores of physical activity for 1st grade studentswere higher than the scores for 6th grade students (P<0.05).Conclusion: Healthy Lifestyle Behavior Scale II total scoreof the participants was slightly higher than moderate. In order topromote healthy lifestyle behavior, social programs for first gradestudents and intervention programs for physical activity for sixthgrade students are needed.
Application of an Optimization Model for Assessing the Performance of Water Appropriation in Iraq
Authors: Aljanabi Ahmed A. , Mays Larry W. , Fox Peter
Published: February 2018

The magnitude of water resources shortages in the Middle East represents an important factor in the stability of the region and it is a vital element in protecting sustained economic development in the region. This investigation addresses the ongoing challenge of water governance in Iraq by examining how profitability, at both the farm and basin levels, is affected by various water appropriation systems. Farmland irrigation in Iraq was evaluated using three water appropriation systems; upstream (UPR), downstream (DPR) and proportional (PSR) sharing rule. Their impacts on farm income under normal, dry, and drought water supply scenarios were evaluated using an irrigation water model coupled with a nonlinear programming (NLP) optimization model. As compared to UPR, PSR provided a 32% and 75% increase in total farm income for the Tigris River under dry and drought supply conditions, respectively. As compared to DPR, PSR provided a 47% and 83.5% increase in total farm income for the Euphrates River under dry and drought supply conditions, respectively.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Lung
Authors: Khatri Akshay , Agrawal Abhinav , Sikachi Rutuja , Mehta Dhruv , Sahni Sonu , Meena Nikhil
Published: February 2018

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT) of the lung, first reported in 1939, are considered a subset of inflammatory pseudo -tumors. They are a distinctive lesions composed of myofibroblastic spindle cells accompanied by an inflammatory infiltrate of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. IMTs may be benign, invade surrounding structures, undergo malignant transformation, recur or may even metastasize. They can occur due to a genetic mutation or can occur secondary to infectious or autoimmune diseases. Patients may be asymptomatic, or present with cough, hemoptysis, dyspnea, pleuritic pain, constitutional symptoms or pneumonia. In this article we review the pathophysiology, genetics, clinical presentation, imaging findings of IMT of the lung. We also discuss the various surgical and non-surgical treatment options and the prognosis associated with this disease.
The nutty world of hazel names – a critical taxonomic checklist of the genus Corylus (Betulaceae)
Authors: Holstein Norbert , Tamer Sarah el , Weigend Maximilian
Published: February 2018

Hazelnuts (Corylus L.) are the source of one of the globally most important nut crops. Despite their economic and cultural importance, taxonomic knowledge is poor, even the number of species is equivocal. Weak morphological differentiation, the inconsistent taxonomic treatment of horticultural selections and cultivars, and uncritical regional treatments generated a multitude of names. The situation is further complicated by an ancient history of use (at least 10 400 years), trade (at least 4000 years) and domestication (at least 2000 years). Here, we present an annotated checklist of the taxa in the genus Corylus based on an extensive literature review, electronic database research, and visits to some European herbaria. Full citations are given for all names, typifications are provided for the majority of them. Cultivars are listed if described under the rules of the ICN. We designate lectotypes and neotypes for 28 names, and discuss the identity of enigmatic C. maxima Mill., a taxon not known from the wild.
In The News
Authors: Free David
Published: February 2018

Welcome to the March 2018 issue of C&RL News. Providing library services and collections that reach all members of the campus community is an essential function of today’s academic library. Rebekah Scoggins writes about taking on a project to increase the Lander University library’s LGBTQIA collections in her article “Broadening your library’s collection.”
El protocolo en el marco del Derecho. Características de las normas que afectan al protocolo
Authors: Casal Maceiras Olga
Published: February 2018

El conjunto legislativo que afecta al protocolo español regula lo relativo a la normativa de precedencias y presidencias, al uso de los símbolos institucionales y la normativa de honores y distinciones  que utilizan las instituciones como instrumento de premiación. Este conjunto normativo presenta una serie de rasgos comunes que lo caracterizan.The package of legislation affecting the Spanish protocol regulates matters relating to the rules of precedence and presidencies, the use of institutional symbols and rules of honors and distinctions used by institutions as an instrument of awards. This group of rules has a number of common features that characterize it.
Ceremonial y loables costumbres de la Catedral de Cuenca durante la Semana Santa en el año 1617
Authors: Fernández Carrasco Eulogio
Published: February 2018

La Semana Santa, ha sido uno de los raros casos de la literatura religiosa en la que pueda dar cabida a un posible procedimiento privilegiado que posibilita el uso de las normas reguladoras de los Ceremoniales eclesiásticos. Este trabajo pone en antecedentes, la importancia de este instrumento normativo, como son los Ceremoniales, para la consecución de los fines ejercitados por el organismo encargado de conseguir tales objetivos, y que no son otros que normativizar los actos religiosos que acontecen en dos de los días más señalados en España, cuales son el Jueves y el Viernes Santo. En relación a la localización del material de nuestro objeto de estudio, hay que hacer notar, que dentro de los trabajos que versan sobre los Ceremoniales eclesiásticos del siglo XVII, no consta en la actualidad una monografía, sino sólo referencias, que aborden el examen que se hace aquí. Para el estudio de este trabajo, hemos estudiado en los manuscritos existentes en la Biblioteca Nacional.The Holy Week, it has been one of the rare cases of the religious literature in the one that could give content to a possible privileged procedure that makes possible the use of the regulatory procedure of the Ceremonial ecclesiastics. This work puts in precedents, the importance of this normative instrument, since they are the Ceremonial ones, for the attainment of the ends exercise for the organism entrusted to obtain such aims, and your that are not others that normativizar the religious acts that happen in two of the days most indicated in Spain, which are the Thursday and the Good Friday. In relation to the location of the material of our object of study, it is necessary to make notice, that inside the works that turn on the Ceremonial ecclesiastics of the 17th century, a monograph does not consist at present, but only you index, that approach the examination that is done here. For the study of this work, we have studied in the existing manuscripts in the National Library.
Oratoria y relaciones públicas: las Filípicas y las Olínticas de Demóstenes como una de las primeras campañas de comunicación institucional
Authors: Pulido Marta
Published: February 2018

En el siglo IV a. C. comienza el declive de la supremacía ateniense en Grecia derivado de las continuas luchas internas, el auge del imperio persa y la amenaza militar de una Macedonia fuerte conducida por Filipo II. En este contexto Demóstenes desarrollará, a través de sus Filípicas y sus Olínticas, la que puede ser considerada una de las primeras campaña de comunicación y relaciones públicas institucionales de la antigüedad, sustentada en la persuasión de la oratoria, para concienciar a la opinión pública a cerca de los peligros que el régimen autocrático macedonio representaba para los principios democráticos atenienses. A través de una revisión teórica fundamentada en el uso de fuentes secundarias, sobre todo bibliográficas, los resultados de este trabajo demuestran que la campaña desarrollada por Demóstenes contra Filipo II de Macedonia puede ser considerada como una de las primeras campañas estratégicas de relaciones públicas que, con una finalidad persuasiva, se sustentó en el uso intencional de la oratoria.________________________________In the 4th century B.C. it begins the decline of the Athenian supremacy in Greece derived from the continuous internal fights, the summit of the Persian empire and the military threat of a strong Macedonia led by Filipo II. In this context Demostenes will develop, through its Philippics and Olynthiacs, one of the first public relations campaigns of the antiquity, sustained in the persuasion of the oratory, to report to the public opinion about the danger that the autocratic Macedonian regime was representing by the democracy of Athens. Across a theoretical review based on the use of secondary sources, especially bibliographical, the results of this work demonstrate that the campaign developed by Demóstenes against Filipo II of Macedonia can be considered to be one of the first strategic campaigns of public relations that, with a persuasive purpose, were sustained in the intentional use of the oratory.
El Protocolo, la ‘red invisible’ en las Relaciones Internacionales y la Diplomacia
Authors: Martínez Cazalla Maria Dolors
Published: February 2018

Este artículo tiene por objetivo mostrar cómo el  protocolo puede no sólo modificar/matizar las relaciones internacionales, sino incluso llegar a producir cambios de 180º sobre los acontecimientos (aun sobre los ya previstos). Así pues, el artículo tratará de dar respuesta a la pregunta: ‘¿cómo el protocolo actúa a modo de ‘red invisible’, atrapando en su seno las relaciones internacionales y, por ende, a la diplomacia?’. La intención será mostrar esa ‘red invisible’ y demostrar cómo a pesar de su invisibilidad es el arma más potente de las relaciones internacionales y de la diplomacia. Para ello se estudiará el caso del viaje del Papa Benedicto XVI a Francia en septiembre de 2008. En su inicio, dicho viaje estaba pensado y organizado como viaje privado y acabó convirtiéndose en un Viaje de Estado. La ‘pócima’ utilizada no fue otra que el buen uso del protocolo, el refinado arte de tejer y de echar la ‘red’._______________The aim of the paper is to show how protocol can modify/add a quality to international relations, and even make  events turn 180º (even on those already agreed on). Therefore, this paper aims to answer the question: ‘how does the protocol work as an ‘invisible net’, trapping in its bosom the international relations and, consequently, the diplomacy?’ The intention will be to show this ‘invisible net’ and to prove how, despite its invisibility, this is the most powerful weapon of the international relations and of the diplomacy. The case of the trip of Pope Benedict the XVI to France in September 2008 will be analyzed as an example. This trip was initially organized as private visit; finally it turned into a State Visit. The ‘potion’ that could accomplish this change was the right use of protocol, the refined art of weaving and to throw the ‘net’ away.
Plantilla reseñas
Authors: Sánchez González Dolores del Mar
Published: February 2018

Plantilla reseñas
Connectivism in the Network Society. The Coming of Social Capital Knowledge
Authors: Díaz Martínez José Antonio , Hernández de Frutos Teodoro
Published: February 2018

Connectivism is a hypothesis of learning which emphasizes the role of the social and cultural context. The relationship among work experience, learning and knowledge, as expressed in the concept of connectivity, is central to connectivism, motivating the name of the theory. According to the current status of online social network approaches, the interconnected computers increase the human intellect, because the network increases the cognitive capacity of individuals. The change in the role of knowledge that is taking place in society has to do with the relationship between technology and society. A collaborative group of knowledge building in the network is emerging as a result of the technological trends and culture. This article discusses the arrival of Virtual Communities of Building Knowledge (VCBK) as a phenomenon that appears spontaneously online. Traditional theories of learning and construction of knowledge have not taken into account the revolution that has occurred in recent decades due to the emergence of ICT. The connectivism refers to the knowledge in the network that arises from the interaction within a group of knowledge construction. In this paper, we consider some cases of VCBK: GNU/Linux, Wikipedia and MOOC. In VCBK, knowledge is created by the group. The sense or meaning created is the result of the group’s dialogue.
Engaging Mathematicians with a Murder Mystery
Authors: Cloft Kristal
Published: February 2018

It is Friday, and I greet my tenth-grade geometry students in the hall. My door is closed and the lights are off; already my students know that something is happening. They are firing questions at me, which I respond to with the facial equivalent of “wait and see.” As the bell rings and the hall clears of everyone except my curious mathematicians and me, I announce, “Last night, there was an altercation at the school, and Mr. E was murdered in my classroom. I need you to figure out who did it.”
Mathematics of Motion Using GeoGebra
Authors: Budak Sirin , Sahin Nesrin , Dogan Bulent
Published: February 2018

In today's world, students are surrounded by computer games and animations. Teachers can take advantage of the appeal of such games by designing animations as tools to motivate students to understand the concepts of mathematics and science behind the scenarios or applications. When students realize how they can move an object on screen, they will want to understand the mathematical formulas involved in the dynamics of the situation. The dynamic mathematics software GeoGebra allows users to insert a picture into a file and manipulate that picture by changing its position on the screen.
Find The Area of a Heart
Authors: Pelikan Stephan , DeJarnette Anna F. , Phelps Stephen
Published: February 2018

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Talking with Our Hands
Authors: Thomas Jonathan N.
Published: February 2018

In the elementary mathematics classroom, the pursuit of meaning may take many forms, including how we communicate with our physical movements. Often, mathematical communication is organized around verbalization. For example, teachers are often encouraged to facilitate productive mathematical discourse among students (CCSSI 2010; Stein et al. 2008). Similarly, the spoken words of the teacher carry great importance as she or he elects to revoice certain strategies as stated and perhaps verbally modify the language of others to enhance their clarity for the entire class. Such verbal interactions are, indeed, quite important regarding the construction of meaning; but we cannot neglect the nonverbal, physical manner in which we communicate with students. As we will see in subsequent examples, such nonverbal communication plays a role in students' construction of mathematical arguments and critiquing the reasoning of others—the third of the Common Core's (CCSSI 2010, pp. 6-7) Standards for Mathematical Practice (SMP 3)—as well as teachers' facilitation of meaningful mathematical discourse—the fourth of NCTM's Mathematics Teaching Practices (NCTM 2014, p. 10). To put it succinctly, it is well worth our while to consider how we, as a learning community, talk with our hands.
Adaptive Models for the Energy Efficiency of Building Envelopes
Authors: Milardi Martino
Published: February 2018

The debate on energy efficiency in buildings has already established the strategic role of the envelope to achieve the control objectives of consumption and housing quality. The study shows, it ranks in the innovative experimentation scenario, following the directions of the regulations 2010/31/EU (EPBD 2) and its objective is the realization of a building envelope "adaptive", characterized by the ability to dynamically respond to stress from the environmental context with which it relates.
The experiment aimed at perfecting a model of intervention that can guide the design choices towards elements that make up the building envelope, characterized by a strong interactive-adaptive component. This is based on the combination of: layers of innovative envelope, systems using RES and SMART management requirements of the system, with a focus on intelligent control energy flows between external/internal and adaptive performance of the layers. The mode of "deferred layering" in relation to the orientation of the building and to climate periods, while for the control of wrap responses subjected to environmental stress, the research adopts BEMS & BIM systems and other related criteria will be defined.
The experiment aims to satisfy the requirements to improve the energy performance of buildings by reducing the impacts (emissions), through the development of a technical system.
The results obtained from inspections in progress, show that the constituent layers that envelope react in a synergistic way and adapted to different climatic conditions, ensuring high-quality performance, in line with the energy efficiency targets established by regulatory standards.
HOW DOES PRO-ENVIRONMENTAL BEHAVIOUR INFLUENCE THE ADOPTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES?
Authors: LIEBANA CABANILLAS FRANCISCO , HIGUERAS  CASTILLO HELENA , MUÑOZ LLEIVA FRANCISCO
Published: February 2018

Energy consumption has increased worldwide, causing environmental problems such as pollution, waste generation and the depletion of natural resources. The present scenario has caused the need to develop behaviours that are respectful of the environment and, at the same time, to analyse the motivations that underlie them in order to be exploited for the development of marketing campaigns and product marketing. Renewable and domestic energy sources contribute to this challenge by minimising the high dependence on energy from abroad, pollution and risks to the economy.
Droit romain aux Antilles : la pratique des affranchissements
Authors: Mignot Dom A.
Published: February 2018

La question de l’esclavage aux « isles d’Amérique » a suscité une longue et pénétrante littérature depuis de nombreuses années. En revanche, l’institution de l’affranchissement ne connaît pas un tel succès, soit que l’on trouve cette pratique trop réduite et que l’on tende à la minimiser, soit que la technique issue du « favor libertatis » romain ait été négligée involontairement par les auteurs. Or, les études traditionnelles font souvent référence à la matrice romaine (Lebeau, Y. Debbasch...) sans toutefois préciser à quel état exact d’avancement du droit romain ils font allusion. En effet, ce dernier a connu une longue évolution depuis les temps archaïques (époque royale) jusqu’au droit fixé par le Code de Justinien. Le modèle antique est lui-même très flexible : l’affranchissement n’a pas toujours connu l’engouement que les auteurs modernes prêtent aux Romains de l’époque impériale. On a trop en vue la montée sociale prodigieuse des affranchis impériaux décrite dans la thèse remarquable de G. Boulvert. La réalité fut plus mitigée. Le modèle romain, à l’instar de son application plus ou moins consciente aux Antilles a connu des périodes plus ou moins favorables aux affranchis, l’empereur Auguste allant jusqu’à dénoncer un « mélange de races » qui effondrera le monde romain...
La réforme foncière en Guadeloupe (1950-1994)
Authors: Beccaria Pierre
Published: February 2018

En Guadeloupe, depuis une quarantaine d’années, la réforme foncière se situe dans un processus assez semblable aux mouvements traditionnels de morcellement et de concentration des domaines sucriers. Toutefois, la réforme foncière introduit une plus grande amplitude d’action sur le système agraire et industriel sucrier, que ce soit en matière de morcellement foncier comme en matière d’intervention de l’État. Cette amplitude accrue est due à la Départementalisation qui, en promouvant la parité sociale avec la Métropole, a progressivement créé des espaces socio-économiques plus attractifs que la plantation pour la main-d’oeuvre comme pour l’investissement.

A elle seule donc, la Départementalisation remet en question la plantation et conduit ainsi les pouvoirs publics à financer toujours plus de mesures pour accompagner le morcellement foncier. La réforme foncière, en elle-même, ne cadre que les modalités de lotissement sur le terrain en aboutissant à un report massif de la production de canne à sucre sur la catégorie mixte des salariés/fournisseurs canniers des usines devenus exploitants propriétaires de leur terre. De nombreuses mesures, allant des soutiens à la production cannière aux prestations sociales spécifiques aux attributaires d’un mot de réforme foncière, ont couvert l’interface entre ces deux niveaux contextuel et sectoriel.

Un examen décennal des produits sucrier et cannier comparés aux salaires et charges salariales met en évidence le contexte globalement favorable puis défavorable de la Départementalisation sur la plantation. Malgré les mesures prises pour soutenir la production de canne et restructurer la filière, les petites plantations perdent plus de potentiel de production qu’elles ne le concentrent en accroissant leur productivité. De leur côté, les domaines sucriers issus des concentrations les plus importantes ferment au début des années quatre-vingts en cédant la majeure partie de leurs terres, notamment leur cannes en faire-valoir direct Ces terres serviront à une ultime et massive installation d’exploitations « moyennes » (10 ha dont 6 ha en canne à sucre). Les usines cessent donc leur processus traditionnel de concentration pour s’approvisionner majoritairement auprès d’un nombre croissant de leurs métayers acquéreurs des terres.

Cette restructuration fondamentale de la plantation traditionnelle faite sur le tard ne s’accompagne pas de la mise en place d’exploitations cannières solides. La mécanisation de la récolte, notamment, n’a pas connu d’adaptation spécifique pour l’attributaire d’un lot afin qu’il investisse réellement sa place dans l’exploitation de son lot. Ce fait amène à redéfinir la portée économique et sociale de la réforme foncière ou à en compléter les initiatives. L’examen de la mécanisation légère parallèlement aux solutions lourdes en coopérative peut donc apporter un éclairage sur les potentialités du secteur sucrier et sur l’avenir des populations rurales.
Production of exopolysaccharide by strains of Lactobacillus plantarum YO175 and OF101 isolated from traditional fermented cereal beverage
Authors: Adesulu-Dahunsi Adekemi Titilayo , Jeyaram Kumaraswamy , Sanni Abiodun Isiaka
Published: February 2018

Lactobacillus plantarum YO175 and OF101 isolates from Nigerian traditional fermented cereal gruel ‘ogi’, were investigated on the basis of their capability to produce an exopolysaccharide (EPS) on sucrose modified media. Functional groups analysis of the EPSs produced (EPS-YO175 and EPS-OF101) by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy revealed the presence of –OH, C=O and C-H groups. The chemical composition of EPS-YO175 and EPS-OF101 showed the presence of 87.1% and 80.62% carbohydrates and 1.21% and 1.47% protein. For maximum EPS yield, three significant factors were optimized using central composite design and response surface methodology, the predicted maximum EPS produced was 1.38 g/L and 2.19 g/L, while the experimental values were 1.36g/L and 2.18g/L for EPS-YO175 and EPS-OF101. The EPS samples showed strong antioxidant activities in-vitro. The scale-up of the production process of the EPS will find its potential application in food industries.
The transcription factors Runx3 and ThPOK cross-regulate acquisition of cytotoxic function by human Th1 lymphocytes
Authors: Serroukh Yasmina , Gu-Trantien Chunyan , Hooshiar Kashani Baharak , Defrance Matthieu , Vu Manh Thien-Phong , Azouz Abdulkader , Detavernier Aurélie , Hoyois Alice , Das Jishnu , Bizet Martin , Pollet Emeline , Tabbuso Tressy , Calonne Emilie , van Gisbergen Klaas , Dalod Marc , Fuks François , Goriely Stanislas , Marchant Arnaud
Published: February 2018

Cytotoxic CD4 (CD4CTX) T cells are emerging as an important component of antiviral and antitumor immunity, but the molecular basis of their development remains poorly understood. In the context of human cytomegalovirus infection, a significant proportion of CD4 T cells displays cytotoxic functions. We observed that the transcriptional program of these cells was enriched in CD8 T cell lineage genes despite the absence of ThPOK downregulation. We further show that establishment of CD4CTX-specific transcriptional and epigenetic programs occurred in a stepwise fashion along the Th1-differentiation pathway. In vitro, prolonged activation of naive CD4 T cells in presence of Th1 polarizing cytokines led to the acquisition of perforin-dependent cytotoxic activity. This process was dependent on the Th1 transcription factor Runx3 and was limited by the sustained expression of ThPOK. This work elucidates the molecular program of human CD4CTX T cells and identifies potential targets for immunotherapy against viral infections and cancer.