bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Precipitation of Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Clarke J.
Published: August 2008

The term “stressor agent” was first introduced to medicine by Selye (1950). Stressors really referred to patho-physiological phenomena associated with shock-like mechanisms, but psychiatrists have made use of the concept and to them stress implies mental conflict, anxiety-tension and defensive re-organization in relation to unpleasant psychic events. This re-organization might be maladaptive and lead to neurotic or deviant behaviour. It is always difficult to isolate a distressing event and attach prime importance to it in the aetiology of psychiatric disorders. What is minor discomfort for one, calling for minor adjustment, may represent severe pain for another by touching on some specially sensitive aspect of the personality, causing drastic emotional and behavioural changes. With these reservations in mind it is possible to extend the psychological concept of stressors to include the field of juvenile delinquency.
The Short-Term Storage of Auditory and Visual Two-Channel Digits by Elderly Patients with Memory Disorder
Authors: Caird W. K. , Inglis James
Published: August 2008

The investigation to be reported in this paper was conducted with two principal aims in view. Firstly, it was desired to confirm evidence that memory disorder in elderly psychiatric patients may be due to a breakdown of processes underlying short-term retention (Inglis, 1960; Inglis and Sanderson, 1961). Such previous evidence supported the notion that memory disorder may in fact result from a disturbance of one of the mechanisms adduced by Broadbent (1957) to account for the ability of young normal adults to respond sequentially to information simultaneously presented through different sensory channels (e.g. both ears at once). Secondly, it was desired to extend the study of these retention processes in such patients to the case in which the channels for the simultaneous presentation of digits comprise two different sensory modalities (i.e. eye and ear together).
The use of Anti-Depressive Drugs
Authors: Kennedy Alexander
Published: August 2008

The diagram, which has no relation to brain structure, represents the way in which, in terms of function, mood is regulated by a mechanism which is disordered in cases of pathological elation and depression. It illustrates the points in the regulation mechanism at which physical treatment with different agents can be applied. This theoretical model reconciles the following observations:
Clinical Features of Depression and the Response to Imipramine (“Tofranil”)
Authors: Fleminger J. J. , Groden Bernard M.
Published: August 2008

Since it was first reported by Kuhn in 1957, the value of imipramine in the treatment of depressive illness has become generally recognized and confirmed by clinical trials (Blair, 1960; Daneman, 1961; Rees et al., 1961). It continues to hold an important place in therapy despite the introduction of many other antidepressant drugs and the occasional adverse report (Ashby & Collins 1961). Nevertheless the indications for its use are by no means established. It has been claimed that certain types of depression respond better than others: “psychotic” better than “neurotic” (Azima, 1959), “endogenous” better than “reactive” (Ball and Kiloh, 1959). Yet the difficulty of making these categorical distinctions, and of making reliable comparisons between the findings based upon them by different workers remains notorious. It is clear, however, that only a proportion of depressed patients respond well to imipramine. It is also certain that within the group which does respond well are to be found representatives of every type and degree of depressive state. There is evident need, therefore, for information that will help to indicate which characteristics of an individual will render him more or less susceptible to imipramine, and there does not appear to have been any study particularly devoted to this. In this paper we give the results of correlating certain clinical features of depression with the response to treatment by this drug.
Haloperidol: a Controlled Trial in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Garry J. W. , Leonard T. J.
Published: August 2008

Haloperidol is a comparatively new tranquillizing drug synthesized by Janssen et al. (1959). It is chemically unrelated to other drugs acting on the nervous system. It is a substituted butyrophenone whose formula is 4-fluro-4(1-[4-hydroxy-4-(4-chloro)-phenyl-piperidino]) butyrophenone.
The Self-Referent Attitudes of Neurotic and Inadequate Personalities
Authors: Monro A. B.
Published: August 2008

Recent improvements in the treatment of psychotic patients (Ministry of Health, 1960; Registrar General 1957 and 1958) have, by contrast, drawn attention to the non-psychotic population of mental hospitals. This paper deals with this latter group. Their self-referent attitudes have been chosen for study as there is a persistent tradition in psychology which asserts their importance. This can be traced through McDougall (1923), the writings of Jung on Individuation (1939), Hilgard (1954), Sherif and Cantril (1947), Symonds (1951) and Carl Rogers (1951). Associated with this tradition is the concept that an important change in the attitude of a person to himself may lead to important changes in behaviour. This, if true, holds out hopes of therapeutic advance. This paper therefore studies the self-referent attitudes found in a characteristic sample population of non-psychotic patients in mental hospitals.
Porteus Maze Changes After Psychosurgery
Authors: Porteus S. D. , Diamond A. L.
Published: August 2008

Owing to the use of other therapeutic measures in mental hospitals, interest in brain operations undertaken for the relief of psychotic symptoms has fallen to a minimum. Hence, opportunities for studying the mental effects of such cerebral lesions are now practically non-existent. The investigation by Aaron Smith (1960) of the residual deficits as shown by the Porteus Maze Test in cases who had suffered topectomies eight years previously, as reported in this Journal in July, 1960, may very well be the last word on the subject. The time seems opportune, therefore, to make a brief summary of the results of a test that is now considered to be the most sensitive to frontal brain damage.
The Clinical Manifestations of Depressive Illness with Abnormal Acetyl Methyl Carbinol Metabolism
Authors: Anderson W. Mcc. , Dawson J.
Published: August 2008

The fasting blood acetyl methyl carbinol (A.M.C.) level was shown to be high at the start of the depressive phase in manic-depressives by Dawson, Hullen and Crockett (1). Such cases also showed large fluctuations of fasting blood A.M.C. level compared with normals. The findings in a manic-depressive patient investigated more recently are shown in Figure 1; those in a normal female are given also for comparison. In the manic-depressive, it can be seen that the fasting blood A.M.C. level tended to fluctuate widely, to be high before and at the start of a depressive phase. There is no evidence to suggest that A.M.C. in the quantities found could cause psychiatric manifestations (Stotz, Westerfeld and Berg, 8). It is hence possible that the alterations in A.M.C. level were merely an indication of an abnormal variability of some part of the biochemical milieu. It was decided therefore to investigate patients with other forms of depressive illness to see whether or not abnormalities of A.M.C. level and variability were present, similar to those in manic-depressives.
An Experimental Approach to Facilitation of Psychotherapy by Psychotomimetic Drugs
Authors: Hollister Leo E. , Degan Roger O. , Schultz S. Donald
Published: August 2008

Psychotomimetic drugs have been used increasingly in the past decade for facilitating psychotherapy, most experience being with lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) (Sandison, 3; Savage, 4; Abramson, 1; Cohen, 2). Few attempts have been made to study experimentally their effects on therapeutic interviews, largely because of technical difficulties.
The Thirty-Sixth Maudsley Lecture: Memory Mechanisms of the Brain
Authors: Young J. Z.
Published: August 2008

The invitation to give a commemorative lecture of such importance evokes feelings of gratitude and pleasure that a body as distinguished as your own should show interest in the work of one's collaborators. This is especially so for us because the field in which we work might seem, to superficial observation, to be remote from practical interests. It has long been our hope that by study of a relatively simple animal we might be able to discover some of the fundamental features of living memory systems, which have not yielded to investigation in mammals or man. Your interest encourages us to think that we may be on the right lines and I hope that in return it may be possible to tell you at least something of the principles that underlie the coding and storing of information in the nervous system. But the brain is a very complicated instrument and the problem is far from solution. The account that I shall give will be grossly over-simplified and will probably seem to present an absurdly static picture of what we all know to be a continually active and dynamic system.
Family Neurosis and Family Psychosis
Authors: Post Felix , Wardle Joan
Published: August 2008

Social medicine seeks to discover and tries to remedy pathogenic influences arising from poor housing, poverty, and occupational hazards. Similarly, social psychiatry has shown much concern with the prevalence and incidence of mental disorders in different socio-economic classes, in urban as against rural surroundings, and especially in conditions of relative social isolation or integration, which have often been found to be linked with certain areas of towns and cities. The limitations of this ecological approach have been summarized by Clausen and Kohn (1954). They were highly critical of many of the assumptions made by ecological workers, and they felt that their approach was too coarsegrained. The units studied were too big, and they suggested that a study of family relations and of more intimate interpersonal interactions would be more rewarding and more likely to shed some light on the social aspects of mental ill-health. They might have added that it would also be much more difficult.
Time Estimation and Personality
Authors: Orme J. E.
Published: August 2008

Recent time estimation studies (e.g. Loehlin 1959, Frankenhaeuser 1959, Wallace and Rabin, 1960) although carrying on studies dating back to the time of Vierodt and Wundt, suggest that time experiments merit more attention in modern psychology and psychiatry. Two omissions are (a) the time estimation of periods longer than one or two minutes and (b) the possible relation of individual variations of these estimates with individual personalty variations of a normal and abnormal kind. Everyday anecdote and observation in fact, do suggest a relationship in stressing how the passage of time varies with differing emotional states, even in normal people. In clinical groups striking variations of time experience have been recorded (see e.g. Dubois, 1954).
A Factor Analysis of Some Child Psychiatric Clinic Data
Authors: Collins L. F. , Maxwell A. E. , Cameron Kenneth
Published: August 2008

The Underwood Report (12) drew attention to the need for some system of classification in child psychiatry. This paper presents the results of a statistical study which was undertaken as relevant to that general enquiry.
A Comparative Study of the Fatiguability of a Group of Chronic Schizophrenics and a Group of Hospitalized Non-Psychotic Depressives
Authors: Wadsworth W. V. , Wells B. W. P. , Scott R. F.
Published: August 2008

To make a comparative study of the fatiguability of chronic schizophrenics and non-psychotic depressives and to test Kraepelin's hypothesis that schizophrenia is typified by rapid and acute fall-off in work performance (Kraepelin, 1910). Kraepelin's explanation of the cause of this fall-off was in terms of constriction of volition. However, on the basis of operational definitions, there appears to be little justification for regarding the phenomenon as other than a special case of fatiguability.
A Comparative Study of Chronic Schizophrenics and Normal Subjects on a Work Task Involving Sequential Operations
Authors: Wadsworth W. V. , Wells B. W. P. , Scott R. F.
Published: August 2008

This study is intended to yield information about the type of task that a chronic schizophrenic might be expected to succeed at and, conversely, the conditions under which their disabilities are magnified. The primary purpose is to obtain data to act as a guide in the design of work for such patients, and secondly to produce more general information about the differences between the normal person and the chronic schizophrenic on sequential operations. The task studied involved primarily both long and short-term memory functions, together with the associated processes of attention.
The “Supervisor”—A Hypothetical Mental Function Impaired by Brain Damage
Authors: Thomas H. B. G.
Published: August 2008

The common ground between neurology and psychiatry is regrettably slight, but in either field there have been men who sought to bring about a rapprochement between them by evolving broad conceptions of the structure of mind. For example, Hughlings Jackson's concept of “levels” and Freud's description of the mind in terms of Ego, Super-Ego and Id are both essentially attempts to define and classify the intellectual and behavioural functions of the brain, so as to form a coherent basis for the study of the interactions and disorders of these functions.
A Clinical Investigation of Reactions to Pain
Authors: Merskey H. , Gillis A. , Marszalek K. S.
Published: August 2008

This paper represents an attempt to measure the reliability of the clinical assessment of the reaction to pain and further to estimate the significance of this reaction in a group of chronic schizophrenic patients.
Perceptual Regulation and Mental Disorder
Authors: Dixon N. F. , Lear T. E.
Published: August 2008

While anomalies of sensory and perceptual responses characterize many mental disorders it is only recently that any serious attempt has been made to investigate them experimentally.
Cross-Validation of a Learning Test for use with Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Caird William K. , Sanderson Robert E. , Inglis James , Caird William K. , Sanderson Robert E. , Inglis James
Published: August 2008

One of the obvious requirements of a clinical test which purports to assess any aspect of the impairment of behaviour is that of cross-validation; it should be able to discriminate between different groups of patients similar to those on which it was first standardized. This paper reports such cross-validation of a paired-associate learning test which Inglis (1959) has shown to discriminate between groups of elderly psychiatric patients with and without memory disorder.
The Treatment of Mania with Haloperidol (‘Serenace’)
Authors: Entwistle C. , Taylor R. M. , MacDonald I. A.
Published: August 2008

In view of the reports of Mendigutia et al. (6), Delay et al. (3), Kamphausen (5), Harenko et al. (4), Alleva (1), that haloperidol was very effective in controlling manic states, it was decided to treat a number of cases with this diagnosis using this new preparation.
The Prognosis in Drug Addiction
Authors: Clark John A.
Published: August 2008

The problem of drug addiction is numerically a relatively minor one in this country at the present time, although the effects on the patients concerned, particularly as a considerable proportion belong to the medical and allied professions, are profound. The Interdepartmental Committee on Drug Addiction in its Report (1961) attributed our relative freedom from the problem largely to the present attitude of the public towards drugs and to the systematic enforcement of the current Dangerous Drugs legislation. In the U.S.A., on the other hand, drug addiction is a matter of national concern and there the hand of the physician treating drug addiction is controlled by Federal legislation. Tremendous efforts have been made, with only a limited degree of success, to diminish its incidence particularly during the past twenty years. Legislative measures, notably the Harrison Act of 1914, have been introduced; national committees have been set up to discuss the problem; and two hospitals (Lexington, in Kentucky, and Fort Worth) both entirely devoted to the treatment of drug addiction, have been established. As a direct result of these efforts a considerable amount of valuable information concerning drug addiction has become available, particularly as a result of the work of Isbell and his colleagues at Lexington Hospital. The addictive properties of new preparations have been assessed; the metabolic, pharmacological and biochemical aspects of drug addiction have been investigated, and research into the psychological mechanisms underlying drug addiction has been carried out.
Emergencies in Child Psychiatry
Authors: Kenyon F. E.
Published: August 2008

In a recent report (Reidy, 1960) of experiences in running a newly opened Centre for disturbed pre-adolescents, it was found that the majority of cases had presented as emergencies. The author goes on to state that “To my knowledge there has been little written on what constitutes a psychiatric emergency in pre-adolescent children. The dangers of suicide and homicide, the main reason for emergency hospitalization of adults, are, according to the literature, rarely present in pre-adolescents.”
A Study of Psychiatric Patients in North-East Scotland
Authors: Innes George , Sharp Geoffrey A.
Published: August 2008

In Great Britain systematic population studies of treated mental illness have received little attention. In exception Carstairs and Brown (5) have carried out a retrospective psychiatric census of two small communities in South Wales, to include admissions to mental hospitals, attendances at out-patient clinics and all cases of suicide and attempted suicide over a five and a half year period. Martin et al. (18) have explored the incidence of neurosis on a new housing estate. More extensive programmes have been undertaken in the U.S.A., particularly that of Hollingshead and Redlich (15) in their detailed study of New Haven, Connecticut, and in Scandinavia as exemplified by Larsson and Sjögren's (16) study of a rural population in Sweden.
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Behaviour, Subsequent Sleep, and Dreaming
Authors: Berger Ralph J. , Oswald Ian
Published: August 2008

In the course of the past few years, a series of related studies (Aserinsky and Kleitman, 1955; Goodenough et al., 1959; Wolpert and Trosman, 1958) has demonstrated beyond doubt the association of normal dreaming with the appearance of rapid, binocularly synchronous eye-movements. It has also been claimed that the rapid eye-movements (REMs) represent scanning movements made by the dreamer as he “watches” the visual events of the dream (Dement and Kleitman, 1957a; Dement and Wolpert, 1958). The REMs are absent during dreaming among those with life-long blindness, but are retained for some years by those whose blindness arises later than childhood (Berger et al., 1962a). In a study of undisturbed nocturnal sleep by Dement and Kleitman (1957b) periods of eye-movements were observed to occur fairly regularly at about 90-minute intervals throughout the night in association with the lightest phases of cyclic variation in depth of sleep, as indicated by the electroencephalogram (EEG). These REM periods had a mean duration of about 20 minutes, and 4–6 occurred per night.
A Comparative Study of Disordered Attention in Schizophrenia
Authors: Chapman James , McGhie Andrew
Published: August 2008

In recent years there has been increasing experimental evidence that specific disturbances of perception occur in schizophrenia. Reduced size constancy in schizophrenic patients has been reported in studies by Raush (13), Crookes (6), and Weckowicz (16). Further investigations by Weckowicz and his colleagues (17), have also demonstrated reduced distance constancy in schizophrenia. (The retinal image of an object alters proportionately with the distance at which it is perceived. Size and distance constancy refer to our normal ability to compensate for changes in the stimulus and thereby to retain a stable perception of the object.) Brengelmann (3) and Angyal (1) have shown that schizophrenic patients have difficulty in reproducing briefly exposed visual stimuli. Penrose (12) has shown that schizophrenics perform poorly in a variety of tests involving visual discrimination.
Trial of a New Phenothiazine in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Garry J. W. , Hill E. J.
Published: August 2008

SKF 7261 is a low dosage phenothiazine derivative belonging to the piperazine group, other members of which include trifluoperazine (“Stelazine”), prochlorperazine (“Stemetil”) and perphenazine (“Fentazin”, “Trilafon”).
100 admissions to a psychopathic unit
Authors: Craft Michael , Fabisch Walter , Stephenson Geoffrey , Burnand Gordon , Kerridge David
Published: August 2008

This paper reports the work of a clinical team on 100 consecutive first admissions to a unit constructed for the treatment of psychopaths at Balderton Hospital, Newark, Notts, and opened 1958–61. To prevent bias all male admission with behaviour disorder admitted between 1958–60 are here reported except: five admitted for observation of less than a week, twenty-two admitted only for remand, and those with a Wechsler or Stanford Binet I.Q. less than 56. The unit specialized in delinquents with mental disorder, and received admissions from all over Britain.
The effects of temporal lobectomy in epileptic patients with psychosis
Authors: Serafetinides E. A. , Falconer M. A.
Published: August 2008

The relationship in the same patient of epilepsy and psychosis is little understood. Although patients with temporal lobe epilepsy especially tend to show more psychiatric disturbances than do other epileptics, it is still not agreed whether an “epileptic psychosis” exists in its own right, any more than whether there is such an entity as the “epileptic personality”. The literature is full of contradictory statements and hypotheses. This is inevitable considering that epilepsy is a symptom-complex of diverse aetiology. However, within the total population of epileptics, it is possible to define groups with one or more common characteristics, e.g., similar pathology, localization, symptomatology, or inheritance. In studying the psychiatric manifestations it is probably better to try to relate them to such sub-groupings than to epileptics as a whole. The problem is of practical concern, for the incidence of epilepsy is between 0·4 and 0·5 per cent. of the general population (College of General Practitioners, 1960), while Pond and Bidwell (1959) in their survey of the practices of 14 family doctors pointed out that about a third of the epileptic patients had psychological difficulties.
The physique of female psychiatric patients
Authors: Fowlie H. C.
Published: August 2008

Parnell's method of physical anthropometry (Parnell, 1954), which has been derived from that of Sheldon (Sheldon, 1940), measures body build in three components. These three components of physique are designated (1) linearity, which is the ratio of height to weight; (2) muscularity, which is calculated from limb girth and bone measurements; and (3) fat, which is derived from skin fold measurements. The values obtained by actual measurement of a patient to elicit these components are plotted on a chart from which is obtained a first estimate of somatotype. This so called M4 Adult Deviation Chart has been devised so that a rating of 4 in muscularity will bear a constant proportional relationship to stature and is a means of converting the anthropomorphic data into an estimate of the three components of physique. The relative importance of these components is indicated by rating each on a 7 point scale. The first estimate of somatotype obtained in this way is then combined with a visual assessment of somatotype, which is made from a standard three-view photograph, to give the final estimate of somatotype, which must therefore be partially subjective. This final estimate of somatotype is then plotted on a somatochart.
The subjective assessment of normal sleep patterns
Authors: McGhie Andrew , Russell S. M.
Published: August 2008

“When we consider the immense human significance of sleep, the absolute necessity for us to spend a considerable part of our lives in abject mental annihilation, it is remarkable how little we know about it. …” In these words, Sir John Eccles introduced the recently published Ciba Foundation Symposium on “The Nature of Sleep” (3), in which are described many of the advances which have been made in recent years in our attempts to understand the phenomena which are involved in the state of sleep. In one of the papers included in this Symposium, Bremer (2) reviews the work which has been reported since 1954 on the neurophysiological mechanisms involved in sleep. The relationship of dreaming to the depth of sleep has been investigated by such workers as Kleitman (5), Dement (4) and Wolpert (11). These studies have been made possible by the application of modern techniques of measuring mental activity. The use of electroencephalographic methods has allowed an approximate classification of the different levels of sleep which enables different workers to adopt a standard frame of reference. Measurements of rapid eye movements and of changes in muscle potential during sleep have provided more objective methods of assessing dream activity. Other recent studies have attempted to make an objective assessment of the physical and mental effects of sleep deprivation (Morris et al., 7, Bliss et al., 1, Murray et al., 8, Wilkinson, 9, Williams et al., 10).
Experimental studies of a perceptual anomaly
Authors: Shapiro M. B. , Brierley J. , Slater P. , Beech H. R.
Published: August 2008

Previous papers in this series (Shapiro, 2, 3, 4; Shapiro and Tizard, 6; Yates, 13 and 16) have been concerned with the investigation of an aspect of the reproduction of designs called the rotation effect. Rotation is the term used to describe the fact that subjects often, when copying a design, make their reproductions in an orientation which is different from that of the model (see Figure 1).
A clinical comparison of phenelzine and electro-convulsive therapy in the treatment of depressive illness
Authors: Stanley W. J. , Fleming H.
Published: August 2008

The mono-amine oxidase inhibitors, of which phenelzine (“Nardil”) is one example, were introduced for the treatment of depressive illness as a result of the observation that iproniazid, which is a mono-amine oxidase inhibitor, produced euphoria and increased mental alertness in some tuberculous patients to whom it was given. Trials of iproniazid in mental illness were carried out (Loomeret al., 1957; Cesarman, 1959), but it was found to be very liable to give rise to side-effects, being particularly toxic to the liver. Other less toxic mono-amine oxidase inhibitors such as phenelzine, which is chemically related to iproniazid, were later developed.
Safe sedation?
Authors: Fox Richard
Published: August 2008

Death due to barbiturate overdosage has been an increasing problem, rising steadily in England and Wales from a death rate of 2 per million population in 1949 to 5 per million in 1958 (1). Of 2,044 consecutive fatal poisonings studied in Denmark between 1953 and 1959, over a quarter were due to barbiturates (2). 300 tons of barbiturate are consumed in the U.S.A. every year and acute poisoning with it in that country accounts for 1,500 deaths per year (3).
A social and clinical study of delusions in schizophrenia
Authors: Lucas C. J. , Sainsbury Peter , Collins Joyce G.
Published: August 2008

Many studies show that incidence and prevalence rates of schizophrenia are related to the social characteristics of the patient's environment; hypotheses—such as that of social isolation—have been invoked to account for the association, but for the most part remain unconfirmed. That the symptoms of schizophrenia or that the clinical form of the illness may also be affected by environmental factors is less clearly established. Nevertheless, some interesting observations have been made, by Benedict and Jacks (1954) and by Yap (1951) for example. Sherman and Sherman's (1934) study of delusions in a mixed American population is probably the most detailed investigation of this kind. They found that American men formulated their grandiose delusions in terms of wealth; foreign-born males did so more often in terms of literary or artistic abilities; and in negroes a religious component tended to predominate. White women were less grandiose and more paranoid than men; but in negro women the reverse was found. Hallucinations were more common in women than in men, and far more common among negroes than whites. Somatic delusions were found more frequently in white than in negro families.
The social orbit of psychiatric patients
Authors: Post Felix
Published: August 2008

The trainee psychiatrist usually looks upon patients' relatives as a nuisance. Later, he realizes that an essential part of psychiatric treatment is to mitigate the effects of the patient's illness on his family, and to protect him from injudicious interventions on the part of his friends. Finally, it may occur to him that the patient's illness might be causally linked with recent or past psychological disturbances of close associates. A review of recent researches into the relationship between illnesses of individual patients and psychological disturbances in the people around them (Post and Wardle, 7) revealed that much of the work was inconclusive, largely because the investigators had been prematurely preoccupied with some theoretical issues of interpersonal psychiatry. It was, therefore, decided to approach the subject from a practical, clinical angle.
The site of action of phenothiazine S35 in the central nervous system
Authors: Tadros Fathy W. , Wahab F. Abdel
Published: August 2008

The role of phenothiazine derivatives in controlling the symptoms of mental diseases has been investigated by many workers by determining its site of action in the central nervous system.
Bial's reaction for neuraminic acid in cerebrospinal fluid from schizophrenics
Authors: Jenner F. A. , Kerry R. J. , Fowler D. B. , Graves E. W.
Published: August 2008

The possibility that schizophrenia is associated with a relative deficiency of neuraminic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid has been suggested by Bogoch (1) and confirmed by Chistoni and Zappoli (5).
Some psychological aspects of intra-muscular injection
Authors: Haward L. R. C.
Published: August 2008

Taking the needleandbeing needledare contemporary colloquialisms which have some significance to those who administer injections for psychological purposes. They suggest that the experience of receiving hypodermic injections must be a relatively common one in our society, and also that such an experience is generally considered to be unpleasant. The corollary of these conclusions is that such a public attitude of mind is likely to foster preconceptions in relations to injections so that, whether or not the pain threshold itself is actually exceeded, the individual receiving an injection will be predisposed to regard the experience as a stressful one.
The effect of thioproperazine administered by a continuous method on long-term schizophrenic patients
Authors: Affleck J. W. , Booth J. C. D. , Forrest A. D. , Mackay K. J.
Published: August 2008

Thioproperazine is a phenothiazine compound with a piperazine nucleus in the side chain. The pharmacological investigations of Courvoisier et al. (1958) indicate that it is much less sedative than other phenothiazines and that it has weak anti-adrenaline, anti-histamine and anti-serotonin activity. Clinical reports by Delay et al. (1958), Perrin et al. (1958), Denber et al. (1959), Levy and Maarek (1960) and Perret et al. (1961) indicate improvement in schizophrenic patients, but their papers described trials of this drug in which both recent and long-term cases or other diagnostic groups were included. Denham and Carrick (1961) reported the total remission of symptoms in 32 of 58 chronic schizophrenics treated by the discontinuous method with significant improvement in a further 25. Their acceptance of the view that improvement was correlated with the occurrence of hypertonic syndromes and that failure of treatment was likely if anti-parkinsonism drugs were used to suppress the hypertonicity, excludes the possibility of the type of continuous treatment employed with other phenothiazines. Denber et al., however, advocated the suppression of these drug effects and Perret et al. reported 47% improvement using the continuous method in another mixed group of chronic patients.
v. Discussion and Conclusions
Authors: Slater Eliot , Beard A. W. , Glithero Eric
Published: August 2008

The task now arises to indicate the significance which should be given to the findings described in earlier pages. There are three possible theories by which the combination of a schizophrenia-like psychosis with a pre-existing epilepsy might be accounted for. First the combination might be co-incidental, due purely to chance, in which case there would be no medical problem of any consequence. Secondly the occurrence of epileptic fits might tend to precipitate the psychosis in individuals genetically predisposed, who otherwise would have had better chances of escaping such a development. Thirdly the psychosis might be the direct consequence of the epilepsy, and therefore to be regarded as an epileptic and not a schizophrenic disorder in the aetiological sense. Fourthly it would be possible to suppose that in any given collection of cases representatives of more than one of these causal chains could be found. These theories may be discussed in turn.
Behaviour Therapy and Phobic Disorders
Authors: Meyer V. , Gelder M. G.
Published: August 2008

There are a number of established forms of treatment for neurotic symptoms. In some patients symptoms are relieved by drugs which control anxiety, in others by antidepressant drugs (Sargant and Dally, 1962), still others appear to respond to some form of individual or group psychotherapy. More recently behaviour therapy has been introduced, and there are now a number of reports which claim that it is successful in a variety of neurotic disorders (Eysenck, 1960a).
A Controlled Trial of Abreaction with Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (Lsd-25)
Authors: Robinson J. T. , Davies L. S. , Sack E. L. N. S. , Morrissey J. D.
Published: August 2008

All who have used lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) acclaim it as a valuable aid to psychotherapy, regarding it as a “deep” abreactive agent, in that in certain cases it erupts early traumatic experiences as far back as infancy, with appropriate emotional catharsis which is believed to be of considerable therapeutic benefit to the patient. It is also claimed that it facilitates and enhances the transference situation.
Control Data for Evaluating the Efficacy of Psychotherapy in Habitual Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: James William H.
Published: August 2008

A spontaneous abortion is usually defined as the involuntary expulsion of the foetus before it is of viable age. A woman who has had three consecutive spontaneous abortions is called an habitual spontaneous aborter. The probability that a woman will abort a current pregnancy I call her abortion-probability. In the course of some uncontrolled studies it has been claimed that this probability can be reduced by psychotherapeutic means. For instance, Javert (1957) reported that, using an eclectic treatment, live births resulted from 81.2 per cent. of 154 pregnancies of women who had been habitual aborters. He attributed his success to the psychotherapeutic aspects of his regime.
Travels in Psychiatry
Authors: Wilson Isabel G. H.
Published: August 2008

Doctors have climbed mountains with explorers and travelled the world with kings and statesmen; they have gone on humble journeys with sick folk, voyaged for money, fled from their enemies, sought new knowledge. We have travelled to learn about psychiatric opinion and practice abroad, and have greatly profited thereby.
Section 29
Authors: Paterson H. F. , Dabbs A. R.
Published: August 2008

The wording of the Mental Health Act, 1959 makes it clear that an application under Section 29 replaces both the old Urgency Order and the D.A.O.'s three-day order as a means of compulsory admission to a mental hospital or the psychiatric ward of a general hospital. It was intended to be limited to cases where the patient's mind is so acutely deranged as to make him a grave and immediate danger to himself or others, so that the delay in obtaining a second medical recommendation required for admission under Section 25 might spell disaster.
A Case of Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome, with some Aetiological Observations
Authors: MacDonald Ian J.
Published: August 2008

The literature concerning this rare syndrome, alternatively known asmaladie des tics, has been mainly descriptive since it was first mentioned by Itard (1825) and later by Gilles de la Tourette (1885 and 1899). Its nature remains in doubt, and until recently it has been believed to be a progressive condition inevitably ending in psychosis or pursuing a chronic course.
A Case of Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Authors: Morrice J. K. W. , Small Winifred M.
Published: August 2008

In 1879 Sturge described a patient with hemiparesis, epilepsy and a facial naevus. He ascribed the neurological condition to a naevus of the brain similar to that on the patient's face. Weber gained the distinction of providing the other half of the eponym by describing the radiological appearances of a similar case. In 1955, however, he advanced the self-effacing descriptive term “encephalofacial angiomatosis”. The essential pathological features of the disorder are facial naevus and leptomeningeal angiomatosis. It is generally agreed that buphthalmos (present in Sturge's original case) is not a necessary component.
Amphetamine Substances in Mental Illnesses in Northern Ireland
Authors: McConnell W. B.
Published: August 2008

The use of amphetamine and its analogues as stimulants and for the control of appetite in the obese is well known. It is not so widely appreciated that they can produce both acute psychiatric disturbances and addiction. In spite of various publications drawing attention to amphetamine psychoses, the frequency of such states does not yet seem to be widely recognized, even among psychiatrists. Scant attention has been paid to the less alarming effects of these drugs, yet they cause a con siderable amount of ill-health. Addiction occurs and patients will go to great lengths to maintain their supplies.
Schizophrenia, 'Sernyl’ and Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Lawes T. G. G.
Published: August 2008

Previous studies suggest that chronic schizophrenics differ from normal subjects in their reactions and responses to experimental “sensory deprivation” conditions, not only in that they tolerate these with no difficulty or upset for weeks at a time, but also in that they display what may be an alleviation, albeit temporary, of the degree of severity of some signs of their disorder (Smith and Lewty, 1959; Smith, Thakurdas and Lawes, 1961).
Personality Change in the Treatment of Chronic Neurosis in a Therapeutic Community
Authors: Martin D. V. , Caine T. M.
Published: August 2008

In recent investigations of the neuroses by Foulds and Caine (1958, 1959), certain psychological tests were found to relate to diagnostic category (dysthymia or hysteria) whereas others were related to personality type (hysteroid or obsessoid) as rated by psychiatrists. The diagnostic measures included combinations of the Hypochondriasis (Hs), Depression (D) and Psychasthenia (Pt) scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). The measures related to personality type included psychomotor and intellectual speed measures and two specially constructed extra-punitive and intropunitive attitude scales drawn from the MMPI (Foulds, Caine and Creasey, 1960). This distinction between symptoms and traits has been discussed in some detail by Foulds (1961) and no attempt will be made to review his arguments here. In a subsequent investigation, however (Foulds, 1959), he found that following treatment of approximately one month's duration symptom measures changed in psychoneurotic women relatively more than did the personality measures. It was suggested that therapists who were dissatisfied with the mere alleviation of symptoms might try to change some of the personality scores. The implication is that changes in test measures related to symptomatology are more readily accomplished than are changes in tests related to personality traits. This differential suggests a possible parameter for comparative studies of different treatment methods. Therapies directed at personality reorganization and attitude change should produce more profound and enduring changes in the personality measures than should those therapies directed at symptom relief only. These changes should be more systematic and predictable than should those to be expected simply from the passage of time.
A Comparative Trial of Imipramine and Phenelzine in the Treatment of Depression
Authors: Martin Mary E.
Published: August 2008

Much work has been done in recent years on the use of individual anti-depressant drugs, but relatively little on comparative studies of their values. So many new drugs have appeared in such rapid succession that the psychiatrist has difficulty in knowing which to choose in the treatment of his depressed patient. The aim of this study was to compare imipramine (Tofranil) and phenelzine (Nardil), both of which had been found by personal experience to be of value in the treatment of depressive states. In the past two years there have been several well-controlled trials of both these drugs which have proved them to be of definite value in the treatment of depression. (Ball and Kiloh, 1959; Harris and Robin, 1960; Holdway, 1960; Hutchinson and Smedberg, 1960; Ashby and Collins, 1961; Rees et al., 1961.) At the time of commencement of this trial imipramine and phenelzine seemed to be the two best antidepressant agents available. It was decided to compare the remission rate or degree of improvement produced by them and the rapidity of response to each. It was hoped to determine what factors in the depressive illness were associated with a good or bad response to either drug. No similar direct comparison of these two drugs had been made, to the writer's knowledge.
Ascorbic Acid in Chronic Psychiatric Patients —A Controlled Trial
Authors: Milner G.
Published: August 2008

Anxiety and excitement have been shown by Maas (1961) to increase the rate of breakdown of ascorbic acid, and in schizophrenics this process may be exaggerated by an abnormality of adrenaline metabolism (Briggs, 1962). Schizophrenics receiving “adequate” dietary amounts of vitamin C, as judged by the requirements of the normal population, are commonly found to have low blood ascorbate levels. Evidence of low blood ascorbate levels in most psychiatric patients has been gathered by Horwitt (1942), Leitner and Church (1956) and others. It has been debated whether such laboratory findings are associated with a state of “subscurvy”, where the individual has the complaints of excessive tiredness, depression, irritability and vague ill-health. Many authorities claim that there is no clinical evidence to justify the distinction of a state of “hypovitaminosis C”. They claim that one either absorbs sufficient ascorbic acid to maintain health, or so little that the classical condition of scurvy supervenes.
Controlled Trial of P2647 in Elderly Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Dabbs Alan R. , Paterson Hugh F.
Published: August 2008

Claimed by the manufacturers as pharmacologically unique, benzquinamide (P2647) is structurally related to reserpine, and to a lesser degree, chlorpromazine (1). It has been demonstrated as markedly suppressing conditioned avoidance responses in animals without influencing the release of central amines, e.g. norepinephrine and serotonin. Animal studies have suggested that this drug is the least sedating of the benzoquinolizine derivatives, acts rapidly and is non-toxic at the recommended dosage levels.
The Demonopathology of Impotence
Authors: Trethowan W. H.
Published: August 2008

So little consideration is given in early medical writings to sexual disorders, that it seems that these were, for many centuries, hardly regarded as the concern of the physician. There are a few exceptions. For example: Hippocrates (Airs, Waters, Places XVII-XXII) discussed the part played by constitutional and environmental factors in the causation of impotence among the Scythians. Later, Caelius Aurelianus, according to Zilboorg (1941), while expressing disgust at the debauchery which characterized Imperial Rome, seems to have recognized that sexual perversions were illnesses which, at times, were epidemic in character. Subsequently, and in particular during medieval times, problems of this nature seem to have had a moral rather than a medical connotation. Indeed it was not until towards the close of the nineteenth century that any real insight into the medico-psychological nature of sexual difficulties and deviations became apparent. This new awareness reached its peak following the investigations of Havelock Ellis, Freud, Stekel and others, and the formulation of certain psychoanalytic hypotheses.
Psychological Observations on an Isolated Group in Antarctica
Authors: Palmai G.
Published: August 2008

Scientific interest in Antarctica has increased greatly since the inception of the International Geophysical Year, but relatively little attention has so far been paid to psychological aspects of adjustment amongst personnel.
Clinical Signs with Modified Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Whitwam J. G. , Moreton T. , Norman J.
Published: August 2008

In many electroconvulsive therapy centres atropine is used to mitigate adverse effects resulting from stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system, while the violence of muscular contractions is controlled with a muscle relaxant. It is customary to secure hypnosis with a short acting barbiturate prior to administration of the relaxant. The first report of the use of thiopentone for E.C.T. was by Rubinstein (1945), and methohexitone (Lilly 25398) was introduced by Friedman (1959). The use of succinylcholine (iodide) for E.C.T. was first reported by Holmberg and Thesleff (1951). The neurological signs during unmodified E.C.T. have been well documented (e.g. Klein and Early, 1948a, 1948b, 1949; Kalinowsky and Hoch, 1952). There is as yet no comparable detailed clinical description of E.C.T. when modified by atropine and a short acting muscle relaxant preceded by a barbiturate. This discussion is limited to some of those signs which may be of assistance in the management of therapy.
A Controlled Trial of Taractan in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Scanlan Eileen P. , May Arthur E.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the drug Taractan in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia.

Taractan (chlorprothixene) is chemically α-2-chloro-9-(w-dimethylamino propylidene)-thioxanthene. It is claimed to have neuroleptic and tranquillizing properties as well as thymoleptic activity. It is also claimed to be relatively free from side-effects. This property facilitated its use in a double-blind study.
A Controlled Trial on the Value of Prochlorperazine, Trifluoperazine and Intensive Group Treatment
Authors: Hamilton M. , Hordern A. , Waldrop F. N. , Lofft J.
Published: August 2008

The importance of non-drug factors in the response of patients treated with psychotropic agents has been widely commented upon in recent years, though very few investigations have been undertaken specifically to identify and study these factors and to determine their role in pharmacotherapy (Hamilton and Hordern, 1963).