bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of intentions to participate in politics and actual political behaviors in young adulthood
Authors: Eckstein Katharina , Noack Peter , Gniewosz Burkhard
Published: August 2013

Drawing on data from a three-wave longitudinal study, the present research examined predictors of young adults’ intentions to participate in politics and their actual political activities while referring to the broader assumptions of the theory of planned behavior. The analyses were based on a sample of university students from the federal state of Thuringia, Germany. The results showed that attitudes toward political behaviors and internal political efficacy beliefs explained changes in students’ intentions to participate in politics. However, the perceived meaning that political participation has for important others had no additional effect. Furthermore, students’ intentions to participate in politics and their internal political efficacy beliefs predicted changes in their actual behaviors. Together, the findings supported the theory of planned behaviors as a useful framework helping to predict young adults’ intentions and actual involvement in political activities.
Canadian youths’ trajectories of psychosocial competencies through university: Academic and romantic affairs matter
Authors: Lascano Dayuma Ixchel Vargas , Galambos Nancy L. , Hoglund Wendy L.
Published: August 2013

The increasingly prolonged transition to adulthood has raised concerns about the nature and timing of growth in the attainment of important psychosocial competencies in young people. Changes over time in self-reported competencies (work orientation, identity, intimacy) were examined in 198 Canadians, who were followed for the first 4 years of university. Work orientation and intimacy positively contributed to later levels of identity, and identity reciprocally contributed to later levels of work orientation. Work orientation decreased and intimacy increased in the first 2 years of university but work orientation rose and intimacy declined in the next 2 years. Identity grew across time but this trend disappeared when covariates were included. Academic performance and dating were covariates of change in competencies. Mechanisms for the observed patterns and their implications are discussed.
Latent Semantic Similarity and Language Style Matching in Initial Dyadic Interactions
Authors: Babcock Meghan J. , Ta Vivian P. , Ickes William
Published: August 2013

In the present study, we examined two indices of semantic similarity (i.e., latent semantic similarity [LSS], language style matching [LSM]) to determine their respective roles in initial, unstructured dyadic interactions. Transcripts of the dyad members’ conversations were used to compute the LSS and LSM indices, which were then correlated with various dyad-level behaviors and perceptions. The results suggest that LSS develops out of a highly involving interaction between mutually attentive and acknowledging partners in which a lot of verbal information is exchanged. On the other hand, LSM appears to be a behavior that is not associated with interactional involvement per se but may occur when dyad members are in the grip of a strong emotion and tend to repeat each other’s words and phrases in a relatively thoughtless and automatic manner.
When Actions Speak Louder Than Words
Authors: Hansen Karolina , Rakić Tamara , Steffens Melanie C.
Published: August 2013

Prejudice against a social group may lead to discrimination of members of this group. One very strong cue of group membership is a (non)standard accent in speech. Surprisingly, hardly any interventions against accent-based discrimination have been tested. In the current article, we introduce an intervention in which what participants experience themselves unobtrusively changes their evaluations of others. In the present experiment, participants in the experimental condition talked to a confederate in a foreign language before the experiment, whereas those in the control condition received no treatment. Replicating previous research, participants in the control condition discriminated against Turkish-accented job candidates. In contrast, those in the experimental condition evaluated Turkish- and standard-accented candidates as similarly competent. We discuss potential mediating and moderating factors of this effect.
The effect of altering a single component of a rehabilitation programme on the functional recovery of stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Hayward Kathryn S , Barker Ruth N , Carson Richard G , Brauer Sandra G
Published: August 2013

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of altering a single component of a rehabilitation programme (e.g. adding bilateral practice alone) on functional recovery after stroke, defined using a measure of activity.

Data sources:

A search was conducted of Medline/Pubmed, CINAHL and Web of Science.

Review methods:

Two reviewers independently assessed eligibility. Randomized controlled trials were included if all participants received the same base intervention, and the experimental group experienced alteration of a single component of the training programme. This could be manipulation of an intrinsic component of training (e.g. intensity) or the addition of a discretionary component (e.g. augmented feedback). One reviewer extracted the data and another independently checked a subsample (20%). Quality was appraised according to the PEDro scale.

Results:

Thirty-six studies ( n = 1724 participants) were included. These evaluated nine training components: mechanical degrees of freedom, intensity of practice, load, practice schedule, augmented feedback, bilateral movements, constraint of the unimpaired limb, mental practice and mirrored-visual feedback. Manipulation of the mechanical degrees of freedom of the trunk during reaching and the addition of mental practice during upper limb training were the only single components found to independently enhance recovery of function after stroke.

Conclusion:

This review provides limited evidence to support the supposition that altering a single component of a rehabilitation programme realises greater functional recovery for stroke survivors. Further investigations are required to determine the most effective single components of rehabilitation programmes, and the combinations that may enhance functional recovery.
Engines of Second Creation
Authors: Shew Ashley
Published: August 2013

We are in a position today to appreciate the ambiguity of technologies: that they are good, and bad, and neutral and present challenges in different ways. Reading U.S. national nanotechnology documents and histories of nanotechnology, one finds that rhetoric idealizing progress without serious consideration of negative side-effects remains unfortunately fixed within stories constructed about technology. Though we should be better aware of the potential for unintended consequences and negative social effects (and, if anything, we should expect these things), the narratives about nanotechnology today still center on unlimited power over nature, much like technological narratives of eras past. David Nye, in America as Second Creation: Technology and Narratives of New Beginnings, explains how American narratives during the 19th century focused on technology as both transformative and stabilizing. In this time, it seemed as if nature was ready and waiting to be transformed and made useful for the new Americans. While negative effects are predicted and worried about by some elements, the overwhelming voice in discussions of nanotechnology come from the funding agencies, governments, and businesses that seek to profit from it. This article gives us reason to be more skeptical about the types of rhetoric used in this field. The rhetoric used in nanotechnology mimics that of earlier rhetorics of progress. By focusing specifically on narratives of progress within the United States, this article reveals the odd correspondence of rhetoric about nanotechnology with earlier American rhetoric on other technologies.
Platelet-Rich Plasma for Arthroscopic Repair of Large to Massive Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Jo Chris Hyunchul , Shin Ji Sun , Lee Young Gil , Shin Won Hyoung , Kim Hyang , Lee Seung Yeon , Yoon Kang Sup , Shin Sue
Published: August 2013

Background:

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is expected to have a biological augmentation potential in the healing of various diseases and injuries, including rotator cuff tears. However, few evaluations have been performed specifically for large to massive tears.

Purpose:

To assess the efficacy of PRP augmentation in patients undergoing arthroscopic repair for large to massive rotator cuff tears.

Study Design:

Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1.

Methods:

A total of 48 patients scheduled for arthroscopic repair of large to massive rotator cuff tears were randomly assigned to receive either PRP-augmented (PRP group) or conventional treatment (conventional group). In the PRP group, 3 PRP gels (3 × 3 mL) were applied to each patient between the torn end and the greater tuberosity. The primary outcome measure was the retear rate assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomographic arthrography (CTA) at a minimum of 9 months after surgery. Secondary outcome measures included pain, range of motion, muscle strength, overall satisfaction, functional scores, and the change in cross-sectional area (CSA) of the supraspinatus.

Results:

The retear rate of the PRP group (20.0%) was significantly lower than that of the conventional group (55.6%) ( P = .023). Clinical outcomes showed no statistical difference between the 2 groups (all P > .05) except for the overall function ( P = .043). The change in 1-year postoperative and immediately postoperative CSA was significantly different between the 2 groups: –15.54 ± 94.34 mm2 in the PRP group versus −85.62 ± 103.57 mm2 in the conventional group ( P = .047).

Conclusion:

The application of PRP for large to massive rotator cuff repairs significantly improved structural outcomes, as evidenced by a decreased retear rate and increased CSA of the supraspinatus compared with repairs without PRP augmentation. While there was no significant difference in clinical outcomes except the overall shoulder function after 1-year follow-up, better structural outcomes in the PRP group might suggest improved clinical outcomes at longer term follow-up.
Are Navigation Systems Accurate Enough to Predict the Correction Angle During High Tibial Osteotomy?
Authors: Kyung Bong Soo , Kim Jae Gyoon , Jang Ki-Mo , Chang Minho , Moon Young-Wan , Ahn Jin Hwan , Wang Joon Ho
Published: August 2013

Background:

Unpredicted overcorrection of the mechanical axis can occur during navigation-assisted high tibial osteotomy (HTO). It is not clear whether the erroneous overcorrection stems from the navigation system itself or from other causes.

Purpose:

To evaluate the accuracy of the navigation system in HTO by comparing the change in the femorotibial angle provided by the navigation system with the bony correction angle of the proximal tibia on 3-dimensional computed tomography (3D CT) and with the change in mechanical femorotibial alignment on standing whole-leg radiographs.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

A total of 16 knees underwent navigation-assisted HTO, and their alignment data were obtained before and after correction. For comparison, preoperative and follow-up standing whole-leg anteroposterior radiographs, lateral knee radiographs, and preoperative and postoperative 3D CT scans were taken. The medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), posterior tibial slope, and mechanical femorotibial angle (mFTA) were measured in these images, and the 3 coronal and 3 sagittal correction angles were compared with each other.

Results:

In the coronal plane, the mean correction angle of the navigation system was 9.3° ± 2.0° valgus (range, 6°-13°), and the mean MPTA on 3D CT increased 9.7° ± 2.0° (range, 6.7°-13.8°) after correction. The mean correction angle of the mFTA on standing radiographs was 11.9° ± 3.2° valgus (range, 6.9°-16.5°). There was no statistical significance between the navigation system and 3D CT ( P = .187), but there was a statistically significant difference between the navigation system and standing radiographs ( P = .001). The results of the correction angle in the sagittal plane were similar to those in the coronal plane.

Conclusion:

The correction of the femorotibial angle by the navigation system was not different from the bony correction angle on 3D CT. There was a discrepancy between the correction angle of the navigation system and that of the standing radiograph.

Clinical Significance:

Surgeons must be cautious about the tension of soft tissue, even when using the navigation system during HTO.
Fibrous star poly(ε-caprolactone) melt-electrospun scaffolds for wound healing applications
Authors: Gazzarri Matteo , Bartoli Cristina , Mota Carlos , Puppi Dario , Dinucci Dinuccio , Volpi Silvia , Chiellini Federica
Published: August 2013

Polymeric fibrous scaffolds based on the biocompatible and biodegradable three-arm-branched star poly(ε-caprolactone) (Mw = 189,000 g/mol) were prepared by a melt electrospinning technique. The possibility of processing polymers without the use of organic solvents is one of the main advantages over solution electrospinning. Scaffolds were biologically tested for their ability of supporting skin tissue regeneration. For this purpose, mouse embryo fibroblast (BALB/3T3 clone A31) and human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cell lines were selected as models, and seeded onto the polymeric supports both as single and co-culture. Cell viability, proliferation, and collagen production were assessed by WST-1 assay and Direct Red 80 dye, respectively. Cell morphology and colonization of the supports were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results highlighted that the star poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds were able to promote collagen production by fibroblasts. In co-culture studies, scaffolds supported adhesion, proliferation, and spatial organization of both cell lines. By virtue of the observed results, the developed polymeric scaffolds appeared suitable as biodegradable and biocompatible three-dimensional supports for skin tissue regeneration in wound healing dressing.
Nutrition Support of the Postoperative Cardiac Surgery Child
Authors: Leong Amanda Y. , Field Catherine J. , Larsen Bodil M.
Published: August 2013

There may be a correlation in critically ill children between the accuracy of estimated energy requirement and infection, mortality, and length of stay. Historically, energy needs were estimated using predictive equations with stress factor adjustments. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the evidence for indirect calorimetry, predictive equations, and other clinical indicators (ie, patient outcomes) to estimate energy requirements of the postoperative, critically ill, cardiac infant. Consistent with current guidelines, indirect calorimetry provides the best estimate of energy requirements for critically ill children. Predictive equations are unreliable, either over‐ or underestimate energy requirements, and do not take into account the metabolic changes that occur in the postoperative cardiac infant. To address the changing metabolic state throughout the course of illness, clinicians need to individualize recommendations by implementing frequent indirect calorimetry measurements at bedside. Actual energy delivery to the postoperative cardiac surgery child in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) can be further hindered by many procedural and patient barriers. The provision of appropriate caloric requirements may help clinicians correct the metabolic state and promote recovery and anabolism. Therefore, optimizing nutrition intake of the postoperative, cardiac surgical child requires a paradigm shift toward individualized nutrition prescription, in the context of a PICU‐specific feeding algorithm.
Evaluation of Fat Separation and Removal Methods to Prepare Low‐Fat Breast Milk for Fat‐Intolerant Neonates With Chylothorax
Authors: Drewniak Michelle A. , Lyon Andrew W. , Fenton Tanis R.
Published: August 2013

Background: The purpose of this study was to compare 2 methods (syringe and spoon methods) of removing the fat from the low‐fat milk portion and compare 3 methods (refrigerated centrifuge, nonrefrigerated centrifuge, and refrigeration method) of separating breast milk into the fat and low‐fat milk components. Methods: Human milk was divided into 24 aliquots using the 3 separating methods, and 2 methods (syringe, spoon) were compared to extract the low‐fat milk. Thirty‐one human milk samples were separated into fatty and low‐fat milk layers using 3 methods: 24‐hour refrigerator storage (2°C), centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes at room temperature, and spun in the refrigerated‐centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes at 2°C. After 24 hours of refrigeration, a syringe was used to remove the low‐fat milk. Triglycerides were analyzed before and after separation and removal methods. Results: For fat removal, the syringe method (1.2 g/dl, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1‐1.4, fat content) left 34% less residual fat compared to the spoon method (1.9 g/dl, 95% CI, 1.5‐2.3); this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .065). For fat separation, the centrifuge methods (mean: 1.0 g/dl, 95% CI, 0.8‐1.1) left significantly less residual fat than the refrigerator method (3.4 g/dl, 95% CI, 3.0‐3.7; P < .0001). Conclusion: Using the syringe vs a spoon at removing the milk from the fat, although not statistically significant, was likely of clinical importance. A centrifuge was more effective at separating the fat in human milk.
Granulocyte Transfusion Therapy
Authors: Marfin Anthony A. , Price Thomas H.
Published: August 2013

Bacterial and fungal infections continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in severely neutropenic patients undergoing aggressive chemotherapy regimens or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Traditional granulocyte transfusion therapy, a logical approach in treating these infections, has been available for many years, and several controlled studies have shown this therapy to be useful. However, granulocyte transfusion therapy fell out of favor because the results were not clinically impressive, and adverse results were reported. These disappointing results were felt to be, in part, because of the low doses of granulocytes provided. More recent studies have attempted to increase the numbers of transfused cells by stimulating normal granulocyte donors with G-CSF (+/-corticosteroids). With these techniques, the number of granulocytes transfused can be increased 3-4 fold. The cells have been shown to circulate in recipients, and daily transfusions are capable of maintaining normal or near-normal blood neutrophil counts in previously severely neutropenic patients. The cells appear to function normally by a variety of in vitro and in vivo tests. Clinical benefit, as defined by survival or clearance of infection, has not been definitively determined. Results of an ongoing randomized controlled clinical trial should be available in the near future.
Effect of high porosity on biodegradation of poly (4-hydroxybutyrate) in vivo
Authors: Liu Yunqi , Yin Shengli , Wang Yujie , Cai Dongmei , Zhang Xi , Zhang Wenbo
Published: August 2013

Poly-4-hydroxybutyrate, P(4HB), is a biosynthetic thermoplastic polymer that has been studied as a bio-absorbable medical material. In order to explore the in vivo biodegradation behaviour of porous P(4HB) membranes with specified apertures (89–150 µm), membranes with different porosities were implanted subcutaneously into the backs of 27 eight-week-old Sprague Dawley® rats. The implanted specimens were examined with Masson and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Masson staining indicated that the P(4HB) membranes were encased in fibrous cysts and that more collagen fibers were present within the sections of the hyper-porosity group. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed that the residual area of the P(4HB) membranes in the hyper-porosity group decreased sharply compared to the hypo-porosity group, which implied that the P(4HB) membranes with higher porosity degraded faster than those with lower porosity. A slow degradation phase persisted for approximately 14 weeks during the degradation process. After the 16th week, the P(4HB) scaffolds fell into a fast degradation phase. The residual areas of the hyper-porosity P(4HB) membranes at the 32nd week were reduced by 39.76% compared with the second week after implantation. We concluded that P(4HB) membranes manifest a special biodegradation behavior in vivo and that the increased porosity of these membranes is an important factor favoring their biodegradation rates.
The Effects of Adolescent Intimate Partner Violence on Women’s Educational Attainment and Earnings
Authors: Adams Adrienne E. , Greeson Megan R. , Kennedy Angie C. , Tolman Richard M.
Published: August 2013

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious, widespread problem that negatively affects women’s lives, including their economic status. The current study explored whether the financial harm associated with IPV begins as early as adolescence. With longitudinal data from a sample of 498 women currently or formerly receiving welfare, we used latent growth curve modeling to examine the relationships between adolescent IPV, educational attainment, and women’s earnings. We found that women who had been victimized by a partner during adolescence obtained less education compared with nonvictimized women, with victimization indirectly influencing women’s earnings via educational attainment. The findings support the need for intervention strategies aimed at preventing IPV and promoting women’s educational and career development over the life course.
Repackaging the “Package Deal”
Authors: Randles Jennifer M.
Published: August 2013

In the 1996 overhaul of federal welfare legislation, Congress included provisions to promote employment, marriage, and responsible fatherhood to prevent poverty among low-income families. Little previous research has focused on how marriage promotion policies construct paternal identity. Drawing on data from an 18-month study of a federally funded relationship skills program for low-income, unmarried parents, I analyze how responsible fatherhood policies attempt to shape ideas of successful fatherhood and masculinity in the service of the government’s pro-marriage, antipoverty agenda. The program promoted a class-specific version of what I call marital masculinity, one that seeks to redefine marriageability for low-income men by claiming that marriage comes before financial success and encourages fathers to earn more. It did this by targeting fathers’ masculine identities in two ways: first, by emasculating fathers who only provide financially for their children, and second, by promoting a highly gendered conception of paternal caregiving. By analyzing how this strategy can be understood as both empowering and controlling for low-income men, this research adds to the sociological literature on how welfare policies shape paternal identity and gendered family practices.
Physical and Sociopsychological Characteristics of Older Community Residents With Mild Cognitive Impairment as Assessed by the Japanese Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Authors: Fujiwara Yoshinori , Suzuki Hiroyuki , Kawai Hisashi , Hirano Hirohiko , Yoshida Hideyo , Kojima Motonaga , Ihara Kazushige , Obuchi Shuichi
Published: August 2013

Background:

Although mild cognitive impairment (MCI) criteria are disputable, characterizing various aspects of operational MCI (O-MCI) may lead to a better understanding of potential modulators of cognitive decline and contribute to more effective public health strategies. The aim of the study is to examine characteristics of community-dwelling elderly people with MCI assessed using Japanese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-J).

Methods:

A total of 913 community-dwelling Japanese (65-84 years) participated in health examinations in Tokyo, 2011. The MoCA-J, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and other physical and mental tests were conducted. Excluded were those with <24 MMSE scores. Those with <26 in MoCA-J were divided into 2 subgroups, (A) participants independent of instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and no memory complaints and (B) participants independent of IADL with memory complaints or partially dependent on IADL with/without memory complaints. Those with ≥26 in MoCA-J and subgroup (A) of MCI were the normal controls (NCs, 57.4%), and subgroup (B) of MCI was O-MCI, 36.5%. We compared each variable between NC and O-MCI, using logistic regression analysis, adjusted for gender and age.

Results:

The majority of all the groups were independent of IADL. The O-MCI characteristics were increased depressive symptom, worse self-rated health, lower systolic blood pressure, poorer intellectual activities, no hobbies, weaker grip strength, and slower than usual walking speed compared to the NC group.

Conclusions:

Older persons with O-MCI defined by MoCA-J have partially decreased cognition and physical and sociopsychological functions.
Aerodynamic pitch control design for reversal of missile’s flight direction
Authors: Kim Yoonsoo , Kim Byoung Soo , Park JeongHo
Published: August 2013

This paper proposes a purely aerodynamic pitch control design scheme for agile missiles that need to reverse their flight directions for tracking a target. The main challenge in performing this kind of manoeuvre is that the missiles may enter the high angle of attack domain in which aerodynamic actuation is ineffective. Assuming that reliable aerodynamic data are available for the flight envelope, a systematic search algorithm is employed to find an aerodynamic control parameter and the motor thrust activation time, so as to enable the missile’s required manoeuvre. The strength of the proposed design scheme is that no third control mechanism such as thrust vectoring is required for the missile control even in the high angle of attack domain. The proposed design scheme is tested on aerodynamic data available in literature, and is shown to be promising via simulations.
Research on advanced flight control methods based on actuator constraints for elastic model of hypersonic vehicle
Authors: Liu Yan-bin , Xiao Di-bo , Lu Yu-ping
Published: August 2013

Powerful actuators are both indispensable and critical components for the flight control system of hypersonic vehicles. More importantly, the performance of actuators has substantial impact on the control ability; therefore, when designing the control system, one needs to fully take into account actuator restraints in order to meet the efficient and precise control demands under complex flight conditions. In this article, the advanced flight control methods concerned with actuator limitations are discussed for hypersonic vehicles. First, the longitudinal model of hypersonic vehicle is established with consideration of the nonlinear coupling dynamics. Second, the actuator constraints with the effect of elastic deformation are introduced to this built model and then the resulting unstable dynamics characteristic and the control limitation conditions are analyzed for hypersonic vehicle. Furthermore, the advanced flight control laws are designed by using the differential geometry principle and the total energy theory. Finally, simulation results verify the feasibility of the proposed methods for hypersonic vehicle.
Effect of Chlamydia diagnosis on heterosexual relationships
Authors: O’Farrell Nigel , Weiss Helen A
Published: August 2013

This study investigated whether a Chlamydia diagnosis was associated with relationship breakup or physical violence from partners when compared to other attenders at a sexually transmitted infections (STIs) clinic. Patients diagnosed with Chlamydia and who had a regular partner at the time of diagnosis, were contacted 3–12 months later and completed a questionnaire on relationship history. A comparison group of gender-matched non-STI patients were also interviewed. About half of Chlamydia cases (exposed) and non-cases (unexposed) had broken up with their partner since diagnosis (52% vs. 47%; p = 0.42), but cases were more likely to have split up within one week of diagnosis (48% vs. 24%; p = 0.003), and somewhat more likely to resume the relationship (24% vs. 15%; p = 0.24). The prevalence of reported physical violence in the past year was slightly higher in cases than the unexposed group (9% vs. 4%; p = 0.09). Cases that saw a health adviser were less likely to report experiencing physical violence than those who had not seen a health adviser (7% vs. 12%: p = 0.31). Patients with Chlamydia are more likely to suffer relationship breakup soon after diagnosis than STI clinic attenders without an STI. Health advice should include reassurance about sexual relationships as well as safer sex.
Training the Approximate Number System Improves Math Proficiency
Authors: Park Joonkoo , Brannon Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2013

Humans and nonhuman animals share an approximate number system (ANS) that permits estimation and rough calculation of quantities without symbols. Recent studies show a correlation between the acuity of the ANS and performance in symbolic math throughout development and into adulthood, which suggests that the ANS may serve as a cognitive foundation for the uniquely human capacity for symbolic math. Such a proposition leads to the untested prediction that training aimed at improving ANS performance will transfer to improvement in symbolic-math ability. In the two experiments reported here, we showed that ANS training on approximate addition and subtraction of arrays of dots selectively improved symbolic addition and subtraction. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that complex math skills are fundamentally linked to rudimentary preverbal quantitative abilities and provides the first direct evidence that the ANS and symbolic math may be causally related. It also raises the possibility that interventions aimed at the ANS could benefit children and adults who struggle with math.
Control of secondary flow structures on a highly loaded compressor cascade
Authors: Zander V , Nitsche W
Published: August 2013

This paper presents detailed flow-field measurements for a compressor cascade equipped with synthetic jet actuators for active flow control. The synthetic jets are mounted on the cascade sidewall and the suction side surface of the blade to reduce the total pressure loss caused by strong secondary flow structures developing in the passage. There are certain articles reporting that synthetic jets are well suited for flow control applications even in axial compressors and cascades. Most of them are focused on the parameter variation to optimize the efficiency of the control approach, still very little is known on the interaction of the synthetic jet actuators with the flow field. Detailed x-wire and pressure measurements were conducted to understand how synthetic jets influence the flow field and what causes the significant loss reduction in the cascade wake. It seems that the added momentum is not the key parameter for flow control with synthetic jets. In fact, the high mixing and the unsteadiness of the jets seem to amplify existing velocity fluctuations in the flow field. These increased fluctuations result in a shift of the shear layer between the flow separation and the surrounding flow, and thus in a dethrottling of the compressor cascade. Together with the increased mixing, loss reductions of approximately 10% can be reached using synthetic jet actuators.
General Roberts, the Occupation of Kabul, and the Problems of Transition, 1879–1880
Authors: Johnson Rob
Published: August 2013

In 1879, during the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80), General (later Lord) Frederick Roberts found himself in occupation of the defeated sovereign state of Afghanistan. Initially he claimed his authority stemmed from the Afghan amir and that he was acting on his behalf to suppress rebels, but the abdication of the Afghan ruler amid a popular insurgency and pressure from his political masters meant that Roberts had to establish his own military authority and implement martial law. This article examines the liberties and restrictions of occupation forces during protracted insurgencies, the difficulties in making the transfer of military command to political authority, and the tensions between commanders, political advisers, and civilian authorities.
Fighting Words: Canadian Soldiers’ Slang and Swearing in the Great War
Authors: Cook Tim
Published: August 2013

‘Trench slang is a language all its own. No dictionary will give you the meaning of half its words.’ This claim appeared in the soldiers’ paper The Listening Post, one of the Canadian trench newspapers that was an outlet for soldiers’ writing, cartoons, and culture. Among trench soldiers there was also a vibrant oral culture, which included new slang, words, and phrases. A study of swearing and slang reveals another way to better understand the social and cultural history of soldiers, how they made sense of the war, how they distinguished themselves from civilians, how they provided an outlet for issues of masculinity, and how they unified aspects of their identity.
Immediate and Late Outcomes of Bronchial and Systemic Artery Embolization for Palliative Treatment of Patients With Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer Having Hemoptysis
Authors: Fujita Takeshi , Tanabe Masahiro , Moritani Kazuko , Matsunaga Naofumi , Matsumoto Tsuneo
Published: August 2013

Background:

Hemoptysis in patients with advanced lung cancer can be a life threatening.

Objectives:

To evaluate immediate outcomes and late outcomes of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) for palliative treatment in patients with advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) having hemoptysis.

Methods:

The BAE was performed in 28 patients with NSCLC. Hemoptysis was defined as follows: massive bleeding greater than 300 mL within 24 hours (n = 8), moderate bleeding of 100 to 300 mL within 24 hours (n =12), and slight bleeding less than100 mL within 24 hours (n = 8).

Results:

Success rate was 96%. Immediate clinical success within 24 hours after BAE was achieved in 22 of the 27 patients who underwent embolization.

Conclusions:

The BAE with gelatin sponge particles can provide good management of hemoptysis as a palliative treatment in patients with advanced NSCLC.
A Physiological Perspective for Utility or Futility of Alcohol-Based Hand Rub Gel Against Nausea–Vomiting
Authors: Gupta Deepak , Mazumdar Ashish , Stellini Michael
Published: August 2013

Nausea-vomiting is a common and unpleasant phenomenon with numerous underlying mechanisms and pathways that are not always well elucidated. In clinical practice, refractory nausea-vomiting is encountered in several settings. Antiemetic medications may reduce these symptoms but are not always effective in all patients. In the absence of a well-defined optimal strategy for management of nausea-vomiting, the search for better approaches to treat this distressing symptom continues. One of the alternative treatment approaches is a compounded formulation called ABHR gel that is comprised of multiple antiemetic medications and has been shown to be useful for symptomatic relief in some patients with refractory nausea-vomiting. It has been suggested that alternative mechanisms should be explored to explain the perceived efficacy of ABHR gel, because transdermal absorption leading to nil-to-minimal or subtherapeutic blood concentrations of active ingredients does not explain the role of ABHR gel in the treatment of nausea-vomiting. In the current paper, we discuss possible mechanisms that may explain ABHR transdermal gel's efficacy. Compounded ABHR transdermal gel formulation's efficacy in antagonizing nausea-vomiting that has been recently questioned may be explained by alternative mechanisms mediated through the P-6 acupoint stimulation and facial-nasal, cooling-related counterstimulation.
Accuracy of Inhaler Use in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Lee Haejung , Boo Sunjoo , Lim Yeonjung , Kim Sungmin , Kim In-Ah
Published: August 2013

Inaccurate use of medication inhalers can reduce effectiveness, patient adherence, and disease stability. Therefore, the accurate use of inhalers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is crucial. This cross-sectional study evaluated 196 Korean patients with COPD for step-by-step accuracy of inhaler use with four different types of inhalers (metered-dose inhaler [MDI], Turbuhaler, Diskus, and HandiHaler); differences in accuracy levels by sociodemographic or clinical characteristics were evaluated. Descriptive statistics and t tests were used for data analysis. The proportion of patients with completely accurate inhaler use was low, ranging from 21.9% (Turbuhaler) to 46.2% (MDI). Errors with all types of inhalers were most commonly seen in the “breathing out” steps, before and after medication inhalation. Personalized nursing educational programs, correcting errors individually for each patient, could dramatically increase the accuracy of inhaler use and the effectiveness of the inhaled medications in patients with COPD.
Predictive Validity of Risk Assessments in Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Hilterman Ed L. B. , Nicholls Tonia L. , van Nieuwenhuizen Chijs
Published: August 2013

This study examined the validity and reliability of the Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), the Youth Level of Service/Case Management Inventory (YLS/CMI), and the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version (PCL:YV) in a sample of Spanish adolescents with a community sanction ( N = 105). Self-reported delinquency with a follow-up period of 1 year was used as the outcome measure. The predictive validity of the three measures was compared with the unstructured judgment of the juvenile’s probation officer and the self-appraisal of the juvenile. The three measures showed moderate effect sizes, ranging from area under the curve (AUC) = .75 (SAVRY) to AUC = .72 (PCL:YV), in predicting juvenile reoffending. The two unstructured judgments had no significant predictive validity whereas the SAVRY had significantly higher predictive validity compared with both unstructured judgments. Finally, SAVRY protective factor total scores and SAVRY summary risk ratings did not add incremental validity over SAVRY risk total scores. The high base rates of both violent (65.4%) and general reoffending (81.9%) underline the need for further risk assessment and management research with this population.
Measurement Invariance of Internalizing and Externalizing Behavioral Syndrome Factors in a Non-Western Sample
Authors: Yarnell Lisa M. , Sargeant Marsha N. , Prescott Carol A. , Tilley Jacqueline L. , Farver Jo Ann M. , Mednick Sarnoff A. , Venables Peter H. , Raine Adrian , Luczak Susan E.
Published: August 2013

This study examined the measurement structure of Child Behavior Checklist internalizing and externalizing syndrome scales in 1,146 eleven-year-old children from a birth cohort in Mauritius. We tested for measurement invariance at configural, metric, and scalar levels by gender and religioethnicity (Creole, Hindu, Muslim). A pared-down model representing five primary factors and two secondary factors met all three forms of invariance, supporting the validity of their use for group comparisons among Mauritian children. As rated by their parents, girls were higher than boys on Somatic Complaints and lower on Aggressive Behavior, Attention Problems, and Externalizing. Creoles were higher than Muslims and Hindus on all seven factors. Hindus were higher than Muslims on Somatic Complaints and lower on Aggressive Behavior. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate strict invariance of a Child Behavior Checklist-based internalizing and externalizing factor structure among subgroups within a society.
Virtual collocation method for a flexible rotor supported by active magnetic bearings
Authors: Kulesza Zbigniew
Published: August 2013

Local vibration control systems of mechanical structures can be collocated or non-collocated. If a sensor is placed at the same location as an actuator the system is said to be collocated. Otherwise, the system is non-collocated. It is not always possible to collocate the vibration control actuator at the location of interest, e.g. in active magnetic bearings (AMBs) eddy current sensors are used to measure displacements of the supported shaft. Due to inevitable electromagnetic interferences the sensors cannot be placed exactly at locations of electromagnetic coils of the AMB. Non-collocation complicates the control problem because the dynamics of the structure between the control actuator and sensor disturbs the performance of the vibration control system. Non-collocated systems have non-minimum-phase zeros at the right half-plane, which may even destabilize the control system. Non-collocation effects were suppressed by several methods including phase shifting, time delay or passive vibration absorber methods. However, none of these methods ensured the required stability, nor a good performance. The present paper recommends the virtual (recalculated) collocation method for local control loops of the AMB. The idea is to calculate displacements at actuators' locations given the displacements at sensors' locations. The approach is illustrated with numerical results of the flexible rotor supported by AMBs and controlled with four proportional integral derivative (PID) controllers. The finite element model of the rotor is developed and transformed to the state-space. The model is reduced by the modal truncation technique. Then, an observer for the reduced system is developed. This way the shaft displacements at any discretization node along the shaft axis are simply estimated and introduced to the inputs of PID controllers. Calculation results demonstrate a good performance of the collocated PID control systems, confirming the potential of the method and giving a rationale for its further development.
Preparation of anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) protein hydrolysates with high free radical-scavenging activity using endogenous and commercial enzymes
Authors: He Silian , Wang Fanghua , Ning Zhengxiang , Yang Bo , Wang Yonghua
Published: August 2013

Anchovy protein hydrolysates with high free radical-scavenging activity were prepared by endogenous and commercial enzymes. Various hydrolytic factors (commercial protease composition, protease concentration, temperature, and reaction time) were optimized. Using a single-factor experiment, three commercial proteases (Protamex, Flavourzyme 500 MG, and Alcalase 2.4 L) were selected for further optimization using a simplex lattice design. The optimum composition of Protamex:Flavourzyme 500 MG:Alcalase 2.4 L was found to be 1.1:1.0:0.9. The hydrolytic conditions (commercial protease concentration, temperature, and reaction time) for the optimum protease composition were optimized using a Box-Behnken design. The optimum hydrolytic conditions were as follows: total commercial protease concentration of 3.27%, pH of 7.5, temperature of 55.4℃, and reaction time of 2.7 h. Under these conditions, hydrolysate with a 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl scavenging activity of 84.7% was obtained. Meanwhile, a degree of hydrolysis of 33.2% and high protein nitrogen recovery of 87.5% were achieved. The amino acid composition of the hydrolysates demonstrated that they have high nutritional value, thereby suggesting that the hydrolysates have potential to be used as raw material for functional food.
Influence of maltodextrin and environmental stresses on stability of whey protein concentrate/κ-carrageenan stabilized sesame oil-in-water emulsions
Authors: Onsaard E. , Putthanimon J. , Singthong J. , Thammarutwasik P.
Published: August 2013

The influence of maltodextrin with different concentrations (0–30%) and dextrose equivalent (dextrose equivalent 10 and dextrose equivalent 15) under different environmental stresses (pH 3–8, NaCl 0–500 mM, and sucrose 0–20%) on the stability of whey protein concentrate/κ-carrageenan stabilized sesame oil-in-water emulsions was investigated by mean particle diameter, particle size distribution, ζ-potential, microstructure, and viscosity. Sesame oil-in-water emulsions containing anionic droplets stabilized by interfacial membranes comprising whey protein concentrate/κ-carrageenan/maltodextrin (15% sesame oil, 0.5% whey protein concentrate, 0.2% κ-carrageenan, 0.02% sodium azide and 0–30% maltodextrin with dextrose equivalent of 10 and 15, 5 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7) were produced using a homogenizer. The primary emulsion (1°) containing whey protein concentrate-coated droplets was prepared by homogenizing. The secondary emulsion (2°) containing whey protein concentrate–κ-carrageenan in the absence or presence of maltodextrin was produced by mixing the 1° emulsion with an aqueous κ-carrageenan in the absence or presence of maltodextrin solution. There were no significant changes in mean droplet diameter and ζ-potential of droplets at any maltodextrin concentration (0–30%) or dextrose equivalent (10 and 15) after 24 h storage. The apparent viscosity of emulsions increased when the maltodextrin concentration increased. The 2° emulsion containing 15% maltodextrin with dextrose equivalent of 10 had the stability to aggregation at pH 6–8, NaCl ≤ 300 mM, and sucrose 0–20%. The addition of maltodextrin to emulsion can be used to form emulsions with different physicochemical properties for various applications in food processing (for example, encapsulation).
The Relation Between Intelligence and Religiosity
Authors: Zuckerman Miron , Silberman Jordan , Hall Judith A.
Published: August 2013

A meta-analysis of 63 studies showed a significant negative association between intelligence and religiosity. The association was stronger for college students and the general population than for participants younger than college age; it was also stronger for religious beliefs than religious behavior. For college students and the general population, means of weighted and unweighted correlations between intelligence and the strength of religious beliefs ranged from −.20 to −.25 (mean r = −.24). Three possible interpretations were discussed. First, intelligent people are less likely to conform and, thus, are more likely to resist religious dogma. Second, intelligent people tend to adopt an analytic (as opposed to intuitive) thinking style, which has been shown to undermine religious beliefs. Third, several functions of religiosity, including compensatory control, self-regulation, self-enhancement, and secure attachment, are also conferred by intelligence. Intelligent people may therefore have less need for religious beliefs and practices.
Ecological Being
Authors: Metcalfe Andrew , Game Ann
Published: August 2013

This article develops an understanding of ecological being that, we argue, is based on the ontology of relation. We make a conceptual distinction between subject-based and relational ontological forms. While these ontological forms coexist in everyday life, we argue that ecological awareness arises only from the time and space of relational ontology. Ecological awareness involves open response to difference. When awareness is an attribute of a subject, the other is seen from the perspective of the subject’s identity. By contrast, the awareness arising through a relation is ecological because the difference is not locatable; it is both inside and outside. We develop a relational understanding of ecological being by drawing on research we have undertaken at Bondi Beach, Australia. For this research, we interviewed people who, every day, all year round, engage in recreational activities. Through an analysis of these beach experiences, we consider the ways in which ritual practice allows for a transformation to the relational state that entails ecological being and awareness.