Mapping the Association between Vitamin D and
Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis of Observational Studies
Authors: Zadro Joshua 
Published: February 2021

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is the highest contributor to disability worldwide, with current
intervention strategies only providing small to moderate analgesic effects. The use of vitamin D
supplementation for LBP has gained interest due to its proposed anti-inflammatory and neuromodulatory
properties. However, it is still unclear whether vitamin D levels differ between those with and without LBP
or if vitamin D levels are associated with pain intensity.
Objectives: We aim to investigate the association between vitamin D levels and LBP and to determine if
vitamin D levels correlate with pain intensity in individuals with LBP.
Study Design: This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines for performing a Metaanalysis and Systematic Review Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE).
Methods: We performed electronic database searches combined keywords relating to vitamin D and
LBP in MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, AMED, WEB OF SCIENCE, and SCOPUS from the earliest record to
March 2017. Studies were included if they reported any quantitative measure of vitamin D, such as serum
25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], with adequate data in patients with and without LBP or adequate data
on pain intensity in patients with LBP. No restriction on the type or duration of LBP, nor the age and gender
of patients was applied. Two reviewers independently performed the selection of studies, extracted data,
and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies using a modified 15-item Downs and
Black checklist.
Results: After the removal of duplicates and the screening of titles and abstracts, 105 full texts were
evaluated. There were 29 articles included in this systemic review (22 entered into a meta-analysis),
including 19 cross-sectional studies, 9 case-control studies, and one single-arm surgical trial where the
pre-operative data were used in our analyses. The pooled results from 19 studies showed that individuals
with LBP were more likely to have vitamin D deficiency (pooled OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.20 - 2.12, P = 0.001,
n = 19), severe deficiency (pooled OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.19 - 3.64, P = 0.010, n = 7), and lower serum
concentrations of 25(OH)D (weighted MD = 3.86, 95% CI: 0.20 - 7.52, P = 0.039, n = 12) compared to
those without LBP (where “n” is the number of studies). The association between vitamin D deficiency
(pooled OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.26 - 2.66, P = 0.002, n = 9) or serum 25(OH)D (weighted MD = 7.64,
95% CI: 4.02 - 11.26, P < 0.001, n = 4) and LBP was stronger for women but failed to be statistically
significant for men (pooled OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.62 - 1.81, P = 0.213, n = 3). In addition, there were
strong associations between vitamin D deficiency and LBP in patients < 60 years old (particularly women).
We found minimal evidence to support an association between vitamin D levels and pain intensity in
patients with LBP.
Limitations: We were unable to investigate whether vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of developing
LBP as there were no longitudinal studies included in this review.
Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with LBP, with stronger associations observed in younger
women and those with severe levels of deficiency. The association between vitamin D levels and pain
intensity is inconsistent. These results may guide the implementation of future studies on vitamin D
supplementation for LBP.
PROSPERO Registration No: CRD42016046874.
Key words: Vitamin D, low back pain, deficiency, pain intensity, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D,
supplementation, cross-sectional study, case-control study