bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nationwide Projection of Rice Yield Using a Crop Model Integrated with Geostationary Satellite Imagery: A Case Study in South Korea
Authors: Jeong Seungtaek , Ko Jonghan , Yeom Jong-Min
Published: October 2018

The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) of the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) increases the chance of acquiring images with greater clarity eight times a day and is equipped with spectral bands suitable for monitoring crop yield in the national scale with a spatial resolution of 500 m. The objectives of this study were to classify nationwide paddy fields and to project rice (Oryza sativa) yield and production using the grid-based GRAMI-rice model and GOCI satellite products over South Korea from 2011 to 2014. Solar insolation and temperatures were obtained from COMS and the Korea local analysis and prediction systems for model inputs, respectively. The paddy fields and transplanting dates were estimated by using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and land cover products. The crop model was calibrated using observed yield data in 11 counties and was applied to 62 counties in South Korea. The overall accuracies of the estimated paddy fields using MODIS data ranged from 89.5% to 90.2%. The simulated rice yields statistically agreed with the observed yields with mean errors of −0.07 to +0.10 ton ha−1, root-mean-square errors of 0.219 to 0.451 ton ha−1, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies of 0.241 to 0.733 in four years, respectively. According to paired t-tests (α = 0.05), the simulated and observed rice yields were not significantly different. These results demonstrate the possible development of a crop information delivery system that can classify land cover, simulate crop yield, and monitor regional crop production on a national scale.
Efficient and Secure Key Distribution Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Alshammari Majid R. , Elleithy Khaled M.
Published: October 2018

Modern wireless sensor networks have adopted the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. This standard defines the first two layers, the physical and medium access control layers; determines the radio wave used for communication; and defines the 128-bit advanced encryption standard (AES-128) for encrypting and validating the transmitted data. However, the standard does not specify how to manage, store, or distribute the encryption keys. Many solutions have been proposed to address this problem, but the majority are impractical in resource-constrained devices such as wireless sensor nodes or cause degradation of other metrics. Therefore, we propose an efficient and secure key distribution protocol that is simple, practical, and feasible to implement on resource-constrained wireless sensor nodes. We conduct simulations and hardware implementations to analyze our work and compare it to existing solutions based on different metrics such as energy consumption, storage overhead, key connectivity, replay attack, man-in-the-middle attack, and resiliency to node capture attack. Our findings show that the proposed protocol is secure and more efficient than other solutions.
Assessment of Fringe Pattern Decomposition with a Cross-Correlation Index for Phase Retrieval in Fringe Projection 3D Measurements
Authors: Zhu Xinjun , Song Limei , Wang Hongyi , Guo Qinghua
Published: October 2018

Phase retrieval from single frame projection fringe patterns, a fundamental and challenging problem in fringe projection measurement, attracts wide attention and various new methods have emerged to address this challenge. Many phase retrieval methods are based on the decomposition of fringe patterns into a background part and a fringe part, and then the phase is obtained from the decomposed fringe part. However, the decomposition results are subject to the selection of model parameters, which is usually performed manually by trial and error due to the lack of decomposition assessment rules under a no ground truth data situation. In this paper, we propose a cross-correlation index to assess the decomposition and phase retrieval results without the need of ground truth data. The feasibility of the proposed metric is verified by simulated and real fringe patterns with the well-known Fourier transform method and recently proposed Shearlet transform method. This work contributes to the automatic phase retrieval and three-dimensional (3D) measurement with less human intervention, and can be potentially employed in other fields such as phase retrieval in digital holography.
FAST Pre-Filtering-Based Real Time Road Sign Detection for Low-Cost Vehicle Localization
Authors: Choi Kyoungtaek , Suhr Jae Kyu , Jung Ho Gi
Published: October 2018

In order to overcome the limitations of GNSS/INS and to keep the cost affordable for mass-produced vehicles, a precise localization system fusing the estimated vehicle positions from low-cost GNSS/INS and low-cost perception sensors is being developed. For vehicle position estimation, a perception sensor detects a road facility and uses it as a landmark. For this localization system, this paper proposes a method to detect a road sign as a landmark using a monocular camera whose cost is relatively low compared to other perception sensors. Since the inside pattern and aspect ratio of a road sign are various, the proposed method is based on the part-based approach that detects corners and combines them to detect a road sign. While the recall, precision, and processing time of the state of the art detector based on a convolutional neural network are 99.63%, 98.16%, and 4802 ms respectively, the recall, precision, and processing time of the proposed method are 97.48%, 98.78%, and 66.7 ms, respectively. The detection performance of the proposed method is as good as that of the state of the art detector and its processing time is drastically reduced to be applicable for an embedded system.
Violence as an Environmentally Warranted Norm amongst Working-Class Teenage Boys in Glasgow
Authors: Holligan Christopher , McLean Robert
Published: October 2018

This study aimed to contribute to knowledge about contexts of violent assault perpetrated by white working-class teenage boys in Scotland. Despite studies exploring Scotland’s adolescent street gangs, there remains a gap in research where the collateral damage caused by gangs to others of the same class, age, and gender has gone unrecognized. Drawing upon insights from qualitative interviews with young, male, former offenders in Scotland we found that violence contained a strategic logic designed to foster bonding to a delinquent group, whilst offering a celebrity status and manliness. The co-presence of a violent culture worsened the likelihood of ameliorating mentalities associated with anti-social behaviors, which appear endemic to masculinity. That context of violence is associated with the criminal offending of boys who, though they may not be gang members, were nevertheless ‘contaminated’ by the aggressive shadow cast by the protest masculinity of gang-conflicted territories in disadvantaged neighborhoods.
Evaluation and Policy Research on the Sustainable Development of China’s Rare Earth Resources
Authors: Liang Xuedong , Ye Meng , Yang Li , Fu Wanbing , Li Zhi
Published: October 2018

As rare earth resources are indispensable raw materials for modern society, they have become strategic global reserve resources. Even though China is the world’s largest producer and exporter of rare earth, the industry has low efficiency and severe problems with over-exploitation and environmental pollution; therefore, there needs to be a greater focus on the sustainable exploitation of rare earth resources. This paper establishes an innovative evaluation index system for the sustainable development of China’s rare earth resources from six main aspects; economic development, social progress, environmental protection, technological innovation, rare earth development and utilization, and rare earth protection in which the indicators are assessed using an entropy method. Grey correlation analysis was used to evaluate China’s rare earth sustainable development level from 2006–2016, from which it was found that sustainable development was poor from 2006–2010 and marginally better from 2011–2016. The main factor affecting rare earth sustainable development in China was found to be the lag in the development of environment protection system and rare earth protection system. Policy recommendations for improving China’s rare earth protection, environmental protection, and technological innovation are proposed to guide government regulations and assist rare earth industry personnel.
Sustainable Development of Water Resources: Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Water Stress in South Korea
Authors: Kim Soojun , Devineni Naresh , Lall Upmanu , Kim Hung Soo
Published: October 2018

The development of South Korean water resources has been heavily concentrated in a few areas, corresponding to regions that have experienced economic growth. The resulting competition for the resource is leading to calls for more equitable water distribution. The objective of this study is to evaluate water stress areas for sustainable water resources management. For this, a spatially distributed water stress index that accounts for climate variability at intra- and inter-annual time scales is developed and applied to South Korea to better understand the water allocations, and the subsequent water stress. Water demand (household water, industrial water, agricultural water, and livestock water) and water supply (precipitation use, reservoir use, stream use, and underground water use) estimates based on the period 1973–2009 were used to compute the normalized deficit index (NDI) and normalized deficit cumulative (NDC) for each hydrologic basin. Water stress was assessed for each of the four decades (1973–1982; 1983–1991; 1992–2000; 2001–2009). The overall water stress has decreased in 2000–2009 compared to 1973–1982 because of water infrastructure development. However, while the risk of water stress was low in the Han River basin, the Nakdong River was found to be very vulnerable to water stress. It was possible to investigate where water management strategies are needed for the sustainable development of South Korean water resources.
Consumer Perceptions of the Commodification and Related Conservation of Traditional Indigenous Naxi Forest Products as Credence Goods (China)
Authors: Rokpelnis Karlis , Ho Peter , Cheng Gong , Zhao Heng
Published: October 2018

Commodification of Traditional Knowledge (TK) has been posited as a possible, although contested, alternative for the conservation of indigenous resources. Here we examine the case of the Chinese Naxi minority, with particular reference to the practice of sacred “Dongba” papermaking. The commodification of TK is a complex process with many pitfalls and trade-offs between the environment, economy, and social empowerment. In the process of commodification, consumers have arisen as an important force in environmental politics. To date, little is known about the way domestic tourists, the main consumer base of indigenous products, perceive Dongba paper. In this context, we examined their knowledge of Naxi culture, their willingness to pay for sustainably produced paper, and their perceptions of the product’s authenticity. This socio-economic study is based on a survey (n = 415) in rural Southwest China. We found a significant potential to market Dongba paper as a sustainable indigenous product. Although knowledge about Naxi culture was circumscribed (3% could identify the plant used for papermaking), the majority of respondents (55%) was willing to pay for TK protection. Respondents also preferred third-party labelling. We posit that TK products could be seen as credence goods, necessitating certification to ensure product authenticity and establish consumer trust. Markedly, the survey also found that attitudes as to who should provide third-party assurance are contradictory. The Chinese government was preferred as the strongest assurance of genuineness, but paradoxically, commanded the least trust in its ability to manage and fund the conservation of TK.
Risk Assessment of Underground Subway Stations to Fire Disasters Using Bayesian Network
Authors: Wu Jiansong , Hu Zhuqiang , Chen Jinyue , Li Zheng
Published: October 2018

Subway station fires often have serious consequences because of the high density of people and limited number of exits in a relatively enclosed space. In this study, a comprehensive model based on Bayesian network (BN) and the Delphi method is established for the rapid and dynamic assessment of the fire evolution process, and consequences, in underground subway stations. Based on the case studies of typical subway station fire accidents, 28 BN nodes are proposed to represent the evolution process of subway station fires, from causes to consequences. Based on expert knowledge and consistency processing by the Delphi method, the conditional probabilities of child BN nodes are determined. The BN model can quantitatively evaluate the factors influencing fire causes, fire proof/intervention measures, and fire consequences. The results show that the framework, combined with Bayesian network and the Delphi method, is a reliable tool for dynamic assessment of subway station fires. This study could offer insights to a more realistic analysis for emergency decision-making on fire disaster reduction, since the proposed approach could take into account the conditional dependency in the fire propagation process and incorporate fire proof/intervention measures, which is helpful for resilience and sustainability promotion of underground facilities.
Long-Term Decision on Wind Investment with Considering Different Load Ranges of Power Plant for Sustainable Electricity Energy Market
Authors: Valinejad Jaber , Marzband Mousa , Funsho Akorede Mudathir , D Elliott Ian , Godina Radu , Matias João Carlos de Oliveira , Pouresmaeil Edris
Published: October 2018

The aim of this paper is to provide a bi-level model for the expansion planning on wind investment while considering different load ranges of power plants in power systems at a multi-stage horizon. Different technologies include base load units, such as thermal and water units, and peak load units such as gas turbine. In this model, subsidies are considered as a means to encourage investment in wind turbines. In order that the uncertainties related to demand and the wind turbine can be taken into consideration, these effects are modelled using a variety of scenarios. In addition, the load demand is characterized by a certain number of demand blocks. The first-level relates to the issue of investment in different load ranges of power plants with a view to maximizing the investment profit whilst the second level is related to the market-clearing where the priority is to maximize the social welfare benefits. The bi-level optimization problem is then converted to a dynamic stochastic mathematical algorithm with equilibrium constraint (MPEC) and represented as a mixed integer linear program (MILP) after linearization. The proposed framework is examined on a real transmission network. Simulation results confirm that the proposed framework can be a useful tool for analyzing the investments different load ranges of power plants on long-term strategic decision-making.
Social Capital, Resource Constraints and Low Growth Communities: Lifestyle Entrepreneurs in Nicaragua
Authors: Klapper Rita , Upham Paul , Kurronen Kalevi
Published: October 2018

In the context of the connections between lifestyle entrepreneurship and sustainability, we discuss the way in which social capital may partially substitute or compensate for manufactured and natural capital. In terms of methods we use a case study community of lifestyle entrepreneurs in Nicaragua, operating under conditions of material resource constraints and weak formal institutions. We find that social capital is highly important in such a community, with the entrepreneurs adopting a range of effectuation or coping practices that enable them to function. We document these practices and consider the broader implications of such capital substitution, noting the particularities of the case study but also the implications for sustainability and the economics of a materially resource-constrained world. We draw particularly on Bourdieu’s conception of social capital, which posits that societies inherently organize for multi-capital accumulation, a proposal that itself has implications for sustainability. We conclude that while significant substitution of social for manufactured and natural capital is feasible in communities with values that are supportive of this, it remains to be seen whether this would be attractive to the wider, consumer society.
Smart Technology for Sustainable Curriculum: Using Drone to Support Young Students’ Learning
Authors: Chou Pao-Nan
Published: October 2018

The study developed a sustainable curriculum in which one smart technology (drone) was employed to inspire student learning. The study investigated the effect of using drones on the development of students’ spatial visualization and sequencing skills and examined related instructional tasks for drone use in the classroom. An after-school drone-flying program was developed at a public elementary school in Taiwan, with 10 third-grade students voluntarily participating in a six-week educational experiment. During drone programming training, young children used a visual block programming language on tablet computers to code lightweight drones. A two-phase research model was adopted to collect the necessary information. In the first phase of the model, a design-based research methodology facilitated the overall instruction preparation process for the four-week workshops. The second phase of the model emphasized a mixed-method research approach, employing a quasi-experimental pretest and post-test design to analyze the effect of drone use and a qualitative method to observe students’ learning behavior and programming work. The results showed that drone programming significantly improved students’ learning of spatial visualization and sequencing skills. Gender, as a potential variable, only influenced students’ programming patterns. Specific programming styles, learning behaviors, and instructional design issues were identified for further discussion.
Use of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate (BMAC) Associated with Hyperbaric Oxygenation Therapy in Maxillary Appositional Bone Reconstruction. A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Aloise Antonio Carlos , Pasquali Paulo , Sperandio Marcelo , Scavone de Macedo Luis Guilherme , Lucchesi Teixeira Marcelo , Pelegrine André Antonio , Calvo-Guirado José Luis
Published: October 2018

Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate bone reconstruction using xenograft alone and associated with bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Material and Methods: Twenty-four maxillary edentulous patients were randomly assigned into three groups: Control group (CG)—xenograft bone alone (n = 8); Group 1 (G1)—xenogeneic bone block combined with BMAC (n = 8), and Group 2 (G2)—xenogeneic bone block combined with BMAC and hyperbaric oxygenation (n = 8). Bone biopsies were harvested 6 months after grafting. Vital Mineralized Tissue (VMT), Non-vital Mineralized Tissue (NVMT), and Non-Mineralized Tissue (NMT) were measured. Computed tomography was also performed on three occasions T0 (preoperative), T4 (4 months postoperative), and T8 (8 months postoperative). The difference between T4 and T8 values with respect to T0 was used to determine the thickness level gain after 4 and 8 months, respectively. Results: The tomographic evaluation did not show significant differences between the groups either at 4 or at the 8 months postoperatively. Regarding the histomorphometric analysis, CG had the lowest percentages of VMT (36.58 ± 9.56%), whereas G1 and G2 had similar results (55.64 ± 2.83% and 55.30 ± 1.41%, respectively). Concerning NMT and NVMT levels, the opposite was observed, with CG levels of 51.21 ± 11.54% and 11.16 ± 2.37%, G1 of 39.76 ± 11.48% and 3.65 ± 0.87%, and G2 of 40.3 ± 11.48% and 4.10 ± 0.87%, respectively. Conclusions: The use of bone block xenograft associated with BMAC resulted in a significant increase of bone neoformation when compared to the xenograft alone, though hyperbaric oxygenation did not enhance the results.
Evaluation of Water Scarcity in Selected Countries of the Middle East
Authors: Procházka Petr , Hönig Vladimír , Maitah Mansoor , Pljučarská Ivana , Kleindienst Jakub
Published: October 2018

The primary goal of this article is to evaluate water scarcity in selected countries of the Middle-East and assess the impact on agricultural production. To begin with, the Weighted Anomaly Standardized Precipitation (WASP) Index from 1979 to 2017 was spatially computed for Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. In order to demonstrate the effect of reduced levels of water, the water shortage situation in cities with the population higher than one million was examined. This was accomplished by utilizing the Composite Index approach to make water related statistics more intelligible. A projection for the years of 2020 to 2030 was created in order to demonstrate possible changes in the supply and demand for water in selected countries of the Middle-East. In regards to evaluating the economic effects of water shortages on agricultural sector, effects of lower precipitation on agricultural production in Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia were estimated. With ever-increasing urbanization, all countries are currently experiencing a moderate to high water risk. Our research points to excessively high water stress for most analyzed cities through the year 2030. Also, it is demonstrated how much precipitation decreases influence agricultural production in Iran, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. From the analyzed countries, some evidence is found that precipitation negatively influences crop production, primarily for Iran.
Monitoring Temporal Change of River Islands in the Yangtze River by Remotely Sensed Data
Authors: Sun Jinyan , Ding Lei , Li Jiaze , Qian Haiming , Huang Mengting , Xu Nan
Published: October 2018

The spatial extent and area of river islands are always changing due to the impact of hydrodynamic conditions, sediment supply and human activities. A catastrophic flood disaster was driven by sustained and heavy rainfall around the middle and lower Yangtze River in 18 June to 21 July 2016. The flood resulted in the most serious social-economic loss since 1954 and caused a larger-scale inundation for a short time. It is essential to continuously monitor the dynamics changes of river islands because this can avoid frequent field measurements in river islands before and after flood disasters, which are helpful for flood warning. This paper focuses on the temporal change of three river islands called Fenghuangzhou, Changshazhou, and one uninhabited island in the Yangtze River in 2016. In this study, GF-1 (GaoFen-1) WFV (wide field view) data was used for our study owing to its fine spatial and temporal resolution. A simple NDWI (Normalized Difference Water Index) method was used for the river island mapping. Human checking was then performed to ensure mapping accuracy. We estimated the relationship between the area of river islands and measured water levels using four models. Furthermore, we mapped the spatial pattern of inundation risk of river islands. The results indicate a good ability of the GF-1 WFV data with a 16-m spatial resolution to characterize the variation of river islands and to study the association between flood disaster and river islands. A significantly negative but nonlinear relationship between the water level and the area of the river island was observed. We also found that the cubic function fits best among three models (R2 > 0.8, P < 0.001). The maximum of the inundated area at the river island appeared in the rainy season on 8 July 2016 and the minimum occurred in the dry season on 28 December 2016, which is consistent with the water level measured by the hydrological station. Our results derived from GF-1 data can provide a useful reference for decision-making of flood warning, disaster assessment, and post-disaster reconstruction.
Extraction of Urban Waterlogging Depth from Video Images Using Transfer Learning
Authors: Jiang Jingchao , Liu Junzhi , Qin Cheng-Zhi , Wang Dongliang
Published: October 2018

Urban flood control requires real-time and spatially detailed information regarding the waterlogging depth over large areas, but such information cannot be effectively obtained by the existing methods. Video supervision equipment, which is readily available in most cities, can record urban waterlogging processes in video form. These video data could be a valuable data source for waterlogging depth extraction. The present paper is aimed at demonstrating a new approach to extract urban waterlogging depths from video images based on transfer learning and lasso regression. First, a transfer learning model is used to extract feature vectors from a video image set of urban waterlogging. Second, a lasso regression model is trained with these feature vectors and employed to calculate the waterlogging depth. Two case studies in China were used to evaluate the proposed method, and the experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the method. This method can be applied to video images from widespread cameras in cities, so that a powerful urban waterlogging monitoring network can be formed.
Climate Change and Curtailment: Evaluating Water Management Practices in the Context of Changing Runoff Regimes in a Snowmelt-Dominated Basin
Authors: Steimke Amy L. , Han Bangshuai , Brandt Jodi S. , Flores Alejandro N.
Published: October 2018

Hydrologic scientists and water resource managers often focus on different facets of flow regimes in changing climates. The objective of this work is to examine potential hydrological changes in the Upper Boise River Basin, Idaho, USA in the context of biophysical variables and their impacts a key variable governing administration of water resources in the region in an integrated way. This snowmelt-dominated, mountainous watershed supplies water to a semi-arid, agriculturally intensive, but rapidly urbanizing, region. Using the Envision integrated modeling framework, we created a hydrological model to simulate hydrological response to the year 2100 using six alternative future climate trajectories. Annual discharge increased from historical values by 6–24% across all simulations (with an average 13% increase), reflecting an increase in precipitation in the climate projections. Discharge peaked 4–33 days earlier and streamflow center of timing occurred 4–17 days earlier by midcentury. Examining changes in the date junior water rights holders begin to be curtailed regionally (the Day of Allocation), we found that the it occurs at least 14 days earlier by 2100 across all simulations, with one suggesting it could occur over a month earlier. These results suggest that current methods and policies of water rights accounting and management may need to be revised moving into the future.
Control of Tropical Landcover and Soil Properties on Landslides’ Aquifer Recharge, Piezometry and Dynamics
Authors: Belle Pierre , Aunay Bertrand , Lachassagne Patrick , Ladouche Bernard , Join Jean-Lambert
Published: October 2018

Among the processes controlling landslide dynamics, piezometry plays a major role. The characterization of a landslide’s aquifer recharge (=inflows) is thus indispensable for predicting displacements. In this research, the recharge of the large Grand Ilet landslide in the humid tropical, Reunion Island was characterized through a multi-disciplinary and robust hydrological approach, notably comprising a precise water budget of the landslide (outflows = inflows). Surface processes play a major role in the landslide recharge regime. Runoff is less than 1% of rainfall (2400 mm/year) due to the soil’s high permeability. A large quantity of water (250 mm) is adsorbed in this shallow layer. This reservoir is submitted to high real evapotranspiration (1500 mm/year) due to the dense tropical broad-leaved vegetation. This explains the low aquifer recharge (860 mm/year), the fact that only major rainfall episodes during the rainy season induce recharge, with a consequent increase in landslide velocity, and finally low outflow from the landslide. Therefore, among other operational recommendations, it is necessary to maintain natural vegetation cover over such landslide surface in order to limit aquifer recharge and thus displacements. This study provides a methodological framework for landslide studies, particularly for modeling their recharge/piezometry, and key parameters of their dynamics.
Sur l'origine du strontium dans des formations récifales du sénonien toulonnais
Authors: Andrieux C.
Published: October 2018

Dans une première étude consacrée à la détermination des minéraux rencontrés dans des madrépores et hippurites fossiles, appartenant à une formation récifale du sénonien toulonnais, nous avons pu identifier à l'aide des rayons X, des célestines pures et des célestines contenant du cuivre, du calcium et du magnésium. Ces impuretés, de l'ordre de un pour cent, ont été déterminées par spectrographie.

La présente étude se propose de situer ces minéraux dans deux types de géodes fossiles. Ces deux types dépendent de la position et du faciès géologique des récifs.
Polarity sensitivity of question embedding: experimental evidence
Authors: Van Gessel Thom , Cremers Alexandre , Roelofsen Floris
Published: October 2018

Attitude predicates can be classified by the kinds of complements they can embed: declaratives, interrogatives or both. However, several authors have claimed that predicates like be certain can only embed interrogatives in specific environments. According to Mayr, these are exactly the environments that license negative polarity items (NPIs). In his analysis, both NPIs and embedded interrogatives are licensed by the same semantic strengthening procedure. If this is right, one would expect a correlation between acceptability of be certain whether and NPIs. The analysis also predicts a contrast between antecedents vs. consequents of conditionals and restrictors vs. scopes of universal quantifiers. This paper tests these predictions experimentally through an acceptability judgment task. We find that judgments for be certain whether do not correlate with judgments on NPIs, which suggests that be certain whether and NPIs are in fact licensed by different mechanisms.
Keep 'only' strong
Authors: Alonso-Ovalle Luis , Hirsch Aron
Published: October 2018

As defined in Horn 1969, only (p) presupposes p. von Fintel & Iatridou (2007) note, however, that only (have to p) may presuppose that p is possible, rather than necessary, and propose revising the analysis of only to weaken its contribution. Building on Ippolito 2007, we show that this revision predicts interpretations which are too weak in data involving plurals and negation. A paradox thus arises: Horn’s only is too strong in some cases, but required in others. To resolve the paradox, we maintain Horn’s only, but introduce an external source of weakening that is not always available: in von Fintel and Iatridou’s modal environment, the argument of only is weakened by a covert operator (AT LEAST, Crnic ̆ 2011; Schwarz 2004) that is blocked in the problematic cases involving plurals and negation.
The expression of exhaustivity and scalarity in Burmese
Authors: New Keely , Erlewine Michael Yoshitaka
Published: October 2018

The Burmese particle hma expresses exhaustivity in some contexts but a scalar, even-like meaning in other contexts. We detail the distribution of hma and its meaning and develop a uniﬁed semantics. Hma is a not-at-issue scalar exhaustive, similar to the semantics proposed for English it-clefts in Velleman, Beaver, Destruel, Bumford, Onea & Coppock 2012. When hma takes wide scope, it leads to an exhaustive, cleft interpretation which is not scale-sensitive. When hma takes scope under negation, the resulting meaning will have a scale-sensitive felicity condition. We also discuss the semantics of the sentence-ﬁnal mood marker dar, which we propose is a marker of propositional clefts (Sheil 2016), and its apparent role in the determination of the scope of hma.
A Study of the Point-spread Function in SDSS Images
Authors: Xin Bo , Ivezić Željko , Lupton Robert H. , Peterson John R. , Yoachim Peter , Jones R. Lynne , Claver Charles F. , Angeli George
Published: October 2018

We use SDSS imaging data in the ugriz passbands to study the
shape of the point-spread function (PSF) profile and the variation of its width
with wavelength and time. We find that the PSF profile is well described by
theoretical predictions based on von Kármán’s turbulence
theory. The observed PSF radial profile can be parameterized by only two
parameters, the profile’s full width at half maximum (FWHM) and a
normalization of the contribution of an empirically determined
“instrumental” PSF. The profile shape is very similar to the
“double Gaussian plus power-law wing” decomposition used by the SDSS
image-processing pipeline, but here it is successfully modeled with two free
model parameters, rather than six as in the SDSS pipeline. The FWHM variation
with wavelength follows the
λ

α
power law, where
α ≈ −0.3 and is correlated with
the FWHM itself. The observed behavior is much better described by von
Kármán’s turbulence theory, with the outer-scale parameter
in the range of 5–100 m, than by Kolmogorov’s turbulence theory. We
also measure the temporal and angular structure functions for FWHM and compare
them to simulations and results from the literature. The angular structure
function saturates at scales beyond 05−10. The power spectrum of
the temporal behavior is found to be broadly consistent with a damped
random-walk model with a characteristic timescale in the range of
∼5–30 minutes, though the data show a shallower high-frequency
behavior. The latter is well fit by a single power law with an index in the
range of −1.5 to −1.0. A hybrid model is likely needed to fully
capture both the low-frequency and high-frequency behavior of the temporal
variations of atmospheric seeing.
Catching the Birth of a Dark Molecular Cloud for the First Time
Authors: Zuo Pei , Li Di , Peek J. E. G. , Chang Qiang , Zhang Xia , Chapman Nicholas , Goldsmith Paul F. , Zhang Zhi-Yu
Published: October 2018

The majority of hydrogen in the interstellar medium (ISM) is in atomic form. The transition from atoms to molecules and, in particular, the formation of the H2 molecule, is a key step in cosmic structure formation en route to stars. Quantifying H2 formation in space is difficult, due to the confusion in the emission of atomic hydrogen (H i) and the lack of a H2 signal from the cold ISM. Here we present the discovery of a rare, isolated dark cloud currently undergoing H2 formation, as evidenced by a prominent “ring” of H i self-absorption. Through a combined analysis of H i narrow self-absorption, CO emission, dust emission, and extinction, we directly measured, for the first time, the [H i]/[H2] abundance varying from 2% to 0.2%, within one region. These measured H i abundances are orders of magnitude higher than usually assumed initial conditions for protoplanetary disk models. None of the fast cloud formation model could produce such low atomic hydrogen abundance. We derived a cloud formation timescale of ∼6 × 106 years, consistent with the global Galactic star formation rate, and favoring the classical star formation picture over fast star formation models. Our measurements also help constrain the H2 formation rate, under various ISM conditions.
Revealing Dusty Supernovae in High-redshift (Ultra)Luminous Infrared Galaxies through Near-infrared Integrated Light Variability
Authors: Yan Haojing , Ma Zhiyuan , Beacom John F. , Runge James
Published: October 2018

Luminous and ultra-luminous infrared galaxies ((U)LIRGs) are rare today but are increasingly abundant at high redshifts. They are believed to be dusty starbursts, and hence should have high rates of supernovae (multiple events per year). Due to their extremely dusty environment, however, such supernovae could only be detected in rest-frame infrared and longer wavelengths, where our current facilities lack the capability of finding them individually beyond the local universe. We propose a new technique for higher redshifts, which is to search for the presence of supernovae through the variability of the integrated rest-frame infrared light of the entire hosts. We present a pilot study to assess the feasibility of this technique. We exploit a unique region, the “IRAC Dark Field” (IDF), that the Spitzer Space Telescope has observed for more than 14 years in 3–5 μm. The IDF also has deep far-infrared data (200–550 μm) from the Herschel Space Observatory that allow us to select high-redshift (U)LIRGs. We obtain a sample of (U)LIRGs that have secure optical counterparts, and examine their light curves in 3–5 μm. While the variabilities could also be caused by AGNs, we show that such contaminations can be identified. We present two cases where the distinct features in their light curves are consistent with multiple supernovae overlapping in time. Searching for supernovae this way will be relevant to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to probe high-redshift (U)LIRGs into their nuclear regions where JWST will be limited by its resolution.
Determining the Evolutionary Stage of the δ Scuti Star HIP 80088 with Asteroseismology
Authors: Chen Xinghao , Li Yan
Published: October 2018

We have computed a grid of theoretical models to fit the 12 oscillation modes of HIP 80088 observed by K2. HIP 80088 is determined to be a pre-main-sequence star, in which the CN cycle has not arrived at the equilibrium state. Mass fractions of C12 and N14 in metal composition are

and

, respectively, indicating that 28% of C12 have turned into N14. Meanwhile, our fitting results show that physical parameters of HIP 80088 converge to a small range: M = 1.68–1.78 M
⊙, Z = 0.015–0.018,

km s−1, log g = 4.114–4.125, R = 1.882–1.914 R
⊙, τ
0 = 7636–7723 s, and age = 9.03–10.21 Myr. Based on our model fittings, f
3 is suggested to be one radial mode, f
2, f
4, f
8, and f
11 to be four ℓ = 1 modes, and f
1, f
5, f
6, f
7, f
9, f
10, and f
12 to be seven ℓ = 2 modes. In particular, we find that (f
2, f
4, f
8) form one complete triplet with the averaged frequency spacing of 16.045 μHz, and (f
5, f
7, f
9, f
10) form four components of one quintuplet with the averaged frequency spacing of 13.388 μHz. The two averaged frequency spacings are not equal. Based on the best-fitting model, those ℓ = 2 modes of HIP 80088 are found to be mixed modes, which are p-dominated modes with pronounced g-mode features, while oscillation modes with ℓ = 1 are p modes.
The Carnegie–Chicago Hubble Program. V. The Distances to NGC 1448 and NGC 1316 via the Tip of the Red Giant Branch∗
Authors: Hatt Dylan , Freedman Wendy L. , Madore Barry F. , Jang In Sung , Beaton Rachael L. , Hoyt Taylor J. , Lee Myung Gyoon , Monson Andrew J. , Rich Jeffrey A. , Scowcroft Victoria , Seibert Mark
Published: October 2018

The Carnegie–Chicago Hubble Program (CCHP) is recalibrating the extragalactic SN Ia distance scale using exclusively Population II stars. This effort focuses on the Tip of the Red Giant Branch (TRGB) method, whose systematics are entirely independent of the Population I Cepheid-based determinations that have long served as calibrators for the SN Ia distance scale. We present deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the low surface density and low line-of-sight reddening halos of two galaxies, NGC 1448 and NGC 1316, each of which have been hosts to recent SN Ia events. Provisionally anchoring the TRGB zero-point to the geometric distance to the Large Magellanic Cloud derived from detached eclipsing binaries, we measure extinction-corrected distance moduli of

mag for NGC 1448 and

mag for NGC 1316, respectively, giving metric distances of

Mpc, and

Mpc. We find agreement between our result and the available Cepheid distance for NGC 1448; for NGC 1316, where there are relatively few published distances based on direct measurements, we find that our result is consistent with the published SN Ia distances whose absolute scales are set from other locally determined methods such as Cepheids. For NGC 1448 and NGC 1316, our distances are some of the most precise (and systematically accurate) measurements with errors at 1.7 (2.8)% and 1.6 (2.7)% levels, respectively.
Molecular Clouds Associated with the Type Ia SNR N103B in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Sano H. , Yamane Y. , Tokuda K. , Fujii K. , Tsuge K. , Nagaya T. , Yoshiike S. , Filipović M. D. , Alsaberi R. Z. E. , Barnes L. , Onishi T. , Kawamura A. , Minamidani T. , Mizuno N. , Yamamoto H. , Tachihara K. , Maxted N. , Voisin F. , Rowell G. , Yamaguchi H. , Fukui Y.
Published: October 2018

N103B is a Type Ia supernova remnant (SNR) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We carried out new 12CO(J = 3–2) and 12CO(J = 1–0) observations using ASTE and ALMA. We have confirmed the existence of a giant molecular cloud at V
LSR ∼ 245 km s−1 toward the southeast of the SNR using ASTE 12CO(J = 3–2) data at an angular resolution of ∼25″ (∼6 pc in the LMC). Using the ALMA 12CO(J = 1–0) data, we have spatially resolved CO clouds along the southeastern edge of the SNR with an angular resolution of ∼1.″8 (∼0.4 pc in the LMC). The molecular clouds show an expanding gas motion in the position–velocity diagram with an expansion velocity of ∼5 km s−1. The spatial extent of the expanding shell is roughly similar to that of the SNR. We also find tiny molecular clumps in the directions of optical nebula knots. We present a possible scenario that N103B exploded in the wind-bubble formed by the accretion winds from the progenitor system, and is now interacting with the dense gas wall. This is consistent with a single-degenerate scenario.
Kilonova Emission from Black Hole–Neutron Star Mergers: Observational Signatures of Anisotropic Mass Ejection
Authors: Huang Zhi-Qiu , Liu Liang-Duan , Wang Xiang-Yu , Dai Zi-Gao
Published: October 2018

The gravitational wave event GW170817 associated with the short gamma-ray burst (GRB) 170817A confirms that binary neutron star (BNS) mergers act as one of the origins of short GRBs. The associated kilonova emission, radioactively powered by nucleosynthesized heavy elements, was also detected. Black hole–neutron star (BH–NS) mergers have also been argued to be a promising candidate for the origin of short GRBs and kilonovae. Numerical simulations show that the ejecta in BH–NS mergers is geometrically much more anisotropic than the BNS merger case. In this paper, we investigate observational signatures of kilonova emission from the anisotropic ejecta in BH–NS mergers. We find that a bump appears on the bolometric luminosity light curve due to the inhomogeneous mass distribution in the latitudinal direction. The decay slope of the single-band light curve becomes flatter and the spectrum also deviates from a single-temperature blackbody radiation spectrum due to the gradient in the velocity distribution of the ejecta. Future detection or nondetection of such signatures would be useful to test the mass ejection geometry in BH–NS mergers.
The Spin Alignment of Galaxies with the Large-scale Tidal Field in Hydrodynamic Simulations
Authors: Wang Peng , Guo Quan , Kang Xi , Libeskind Noam I.
Published: October 2018

The correlation between the spins of dark matter halos and the large-scale structure (LSS) has been studied in great detail over a large redshift range, while investigations of galaxies are still incomplete. Motivated by this point, we use the state-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulation, Illustris-1, to investigate mainly the spin–LSS correlation of galaxies at a redshift of z = 0. We mainly find that the spins of low-mass, blue, oblate galaxies are preferentially aligned with the slowest collapsing direction (

) of the large-scale tidal field, while massive, red, prolate galaxy spins tend to be perpendicular to

. The transition from a parallel to a perpendicular trend occurs at ∼109.4
h
−1
M
⊙ in the stellar mass, ∼0.62 in the g–r color, and ∼0.4 in triaxiality. The transition stellar mass decreases with increasing redshifts. The alignment was found to be primarily correlated with the galaxy stellar mass. Our results are consistent with previous studies both in N-body simulations and observations. Our study also fills the vacancy in the study of the galaxy spin–LSS correlation at z = 0 using hydrodynamical simulations and also provides important insight to understand the formation and evolution of galaxy angular momentum.
Assessment of Ionospheric Activity Tolerances for Epoch of Reionization Science with the Murchison Widefield Array
Authors: Trott Cathryn M. , Jordan C. H. , Murray S. G. , Pindor B. , Mitchell D. A. , Wayth R. B. , Line J. , McKinley B. , Beardsley A. , Bowman J. , Briggs F. , Hazelton B. J. , Hewitt J. , Jacobs D. , Morales M. F. , Pober J. C. , Sethi S. , Shankar U. , Subrahmanyan R. , Tegmark M. , Tingay S. J. , Webster R. L. , Wyithe J. S. B.
Published: October 2018

Structure imprinted in foreground extragalactic point sources by ionospheric refraction has the potential to contaminate Epoch of Reionization (EoR) power spectra of the 21 cm emission line of neutral hydrogen. The alteration of the spatial and spectral structure of foreground measurements due to total electron content gradients in the ionosphere creates a departure from the expected sky signal. We present a general framework for understanding the signatures of ionospheric behavior in the 2D neutral hydrogen power spectrum measured by a low-frequency radio interferometer. Two primary classes of ionospheric behavior are considered, corresponding to dominant modes observed in Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) EoR data, namely, anisotropic structured wave behavior and isotropic turbulence. Analytic predictions for power spectrum bias due to this contamination are computed and compared with simulations. We then apply the ionospheric metric described in Jordan et al. to study the impact of ionospheric structure on MWA data, by dividing MWA EoR data sets into classes with good and poor ionospheric conditions, using sets of matched 30-minute observations from 2014 September. The results are compared with the analytic and simulated predictions, demonstrating the observed bias in the power spectrum when the ionosphere is active (displays coherent structures or isotropic turbulence). The analysis demonstrates that unless ionospheric activity can be quantified and corrected, active data should not be included in EoR analysis in order to avoid systematic biases in cosmological power spectra. When data are corrected with a model formed from the calibration information, bias reduces below the expected 21 cm signal level. Data are considered “quiet” when the median measured source position offsets are less than 10.″–15.″.