bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Globalization and the Reconstitution of Local Gender Arrangements
Authors: DERNÉ STEVE
Published: March 2007

This article explores how globalization shapes the construction of masculinity among nationalist Indian men, filmgoing men in India, and diasporic Indian men in Fiji. These men are often attracted to transnational media depictions of male violence as the basis of male identity. But bureaucratic transnational forms and transnational media celebrations of cosmopolitan lifestyles also engender anxieties about national identity. Men often handle these anxieties by rooting their own national identity in women's acceptance of food habits, clothing, and gender subordination that men regard as traditional. Although participation in bureaucratic economies is an important source of men's anxieties about globalization, men address these anxieties in the realm of interpersonal gender relations over which they have some control.
Masculinities and Globalization
Authors: CONNELL R. W.
Published: March 2007

Recent social science research has made important changes in our understanding of masculinities and men's gender practices, emphasizing the plurality and hierarchy of masculinities, and their collective and dynamic character. These gains have been achieved mainly by close-focus research methods. But in a globalizing world, we must pay attention also to very large scale structures. An understanding of the world gender order is a necessary basis for thinking about men and masculinities globally. We can trace the emergence of globalizing masculinities at different stages of the history of the world gender order. Hegemony in the contemporary gender order is connected with patterns of trade, investment, and communication dominated by the North. A transnational business masculinity, institutionally based in multinational corporations and global finance markets, is arguably the emerging dominant form on a world scale.
Conceptions of Masculinity and of Gender Transgressions in Sport among Adolescent Boys
Authors: LABERGE SUZANNE , ALBERT MATHIEU
Published: March 2007

This article explores and interprets the various meanings that male adolescents give to masculinity, intermale tensions and oppositions, and their differential appraisals of men who participate in so-called women's sports—that is, men who transgress the rules of the gender order in sport. This study is theoretically inspired by Harding's (1986) conceptualization of the three processes that produce gender social life: gender symbolism, gender structure, and individual gender. Content analysis of 174 essays written by boys from three different socioeconomic milieux indicates that class interweaves with gender at both the symbolic and structural levels. Boys' images of masculinities as well as their appraisals of men's transgressions revealed differences that were closely linked to the specific material conditions in which they arose; they show specific class interests and intraclass gendered power relationships. As opposed to the girls' appraisals, the boys showed a marked reluctance toward degendering. The degendering issue is discussed.
A New Structural Thermal Insulating Material
Authors: Fazio P. , Low N.M.P.
Published: March 2007

A homogeneous glass-mica composite solid with different physical structures has been developed from mixtures of natural mica powders of the phlogopite-type and ground glass powders prepared from recycled waste soda- lime-silica glass. The mixtures can be fabricated into com posite solid with a cellular structure which consists of both closed and open cells or into composite solid with a highly densified ceramic body which contains very low porosity. The two different structural solids can also be jointly fabricated together in the form of sandwich and multi-layer products providing both load-bearing and thermal insulation in a single unit. The glass-mica composite solids exhibit several basic qualities as a thermal insulator including insulation efficiency, safety, strength and durability. Laboratory test results show that these glass-mica composite solids have great potential as structural thermal insulating material for building construc tion and other applications because of their contribution to energy conservation. This paper discusses some of the material characteristics.
Furnace Exposure of Insulated Sandwich Panel Systems
Authors: Dowling V.P. , Martin K.G.
Published: March 2007

Ten lightweight sandwich panel systems with cores of cellular plastics have been subjected to a 10-minute furnace test modelled on AS 1530, Part 4 [1], and their behaviour studied in relation to fire performance requirements for materials in the Australian Model Uniform Building Code. It was found that none of the lightweight sandwich panel systems assessed performed well in the furnace test. Difficulties were experienced with the test procedure and inter pretation of results. Amendments to the code requirements are proposed.
Thin-Heater Thermal Conductivity Apparatus
Authors: Hager Nathaniel E.
Published: March 2007

Apparatus is described for measuring the thermal conductivity of insulating materials. A constant current is passed through a rectangular sheet of stainless steel foil in such a manner that the rate of generation of heat per unit area can be computed from electrical measurements. Identical sample slabs are placed against opposite sides of the heater, and the combination is enclosed in a plastic film and immersed in a bath having constant and uniform temperature. When thermal equilibrium is reached, the temperature drops across the central portions of the sample slabs are measured with differential thermocouples. The elementary one-dimensional form of the Fourier heat transfer equation is used to compute the thermal conductivity from the observed quantities. In pre liminary tests with representative insulating materials equilibrium is reached within 15 min. It is estimated that the apparatus is capable of giving measure ments accurate to within 2%, and experimental results are not inconsistent with this estimate. Thermal conductivity values are reported for polystyrene and a cork-rubber composition at mean temperatures ranging from liquid nitrogen temperature up to room temperature. Differential thermocouple techniques are discussed. The characteristics of the apparatus make it especially suitable for academic laboratory instruction and for low-temperature measurement.
Aged Thermal Resistance of Extruded Polystyrene Foams An Approach of a Small, Newer Manufacturer
Authors: Divis Roy R.
Published: March 2007

New plastic foam insulation manufacturers or products encounter the problem that long age thermal performance data cannot be available, such as 5 years old. A method for estimating long-term thermal performance of extruded polystyrene foams based on computer curve fitting against a menu of classic techmcal equations is presented and compared with actual measurements at 5 years after insu lation manufacture. The effect of closed cell content, deviation of the foam from ideal uniformity, and foam density is discussed. The method permits estimation of long age thermal performance using relatively short age measurements without detailed and accurate knowledge of gas permeabilities, foam cell morphology, and deviations from ideal foam uniformity.
Adhesion of Weatherproofing Coatings to HCFC-141b Blown Spray Foam
Authors: Parker R.C. , Bement L.B.
Published: March 2007

Much of the polyurethane foam used in residential and commercial construction is applied as spray-on roof insulation. The current formulating trend in this type of foam is replacing CFC-11 with HCFC-141b. Some formulation adjust ments (catalyst and blowing agent levels, etc.) are required when converting from CFC-11 to HCFC-141b.

A weatherproofing coating must be applied to the sprayed-on roof. These coatings are usually elastomeric acrylics, silicones or urethanes. Selection of the coating nor mally lies with the spray foam contractor. Coverage costs and regional preferences can also play a role in coating selection. Regardless of the coating type, however, the foam/coating package must meet building codes.

In order for a coating/spray foam roofing package to perform properly, the bond between the coating and the foam must be good and permanent. This study com pares the adhesion of various commercially available coatings to HCFC-141b and CFC-11 blown foams, respectively, under different environmental conditions. The foam formulation used in this work was obtained from product literature, and the chemical components in the formulation are commercially available. The foam samples were prepared with commercial spraying equipment. Sample preparation technique provided a flat surface to allow coating applications of consistent wet film thicknesses. Coated samples were allowed to cure and were then subjected to aging under various conditions (heat, cold, humidity). Peel tests after aging were run on a laboratory tensile tester.

Experimental procedures (sample preparation, test methods, etc.) are described, results are reported and general comments are displayed.
Permeation of Gas Barrier Layers
Authors: Brodt K.H. , Brood R.R.H. , Bart G.C.J.
Published: March 2007

The thermal conductivity ageing of a polyurethane foam can be sig nificantly influenced by the presence of a diffusion barrier, i.e., a bitumen facer. Such a bitumen facer attached completely to the surface of a PUR slab is generally con sidered a tool to slow down the exchange of cell gas with the environment. A com parison of gas chromatographic measurements of the transversal gas concentration profiles across the slab with gas absorption measurements on the facer material itself revealed that the effect of gas exchange is more effectively influenced by a dense polyurethane film on top of the foam than by the bitumen facer.
The Importance of Wind Barriers for Insulated Timber Frame Constructions
Authors: Uvsløkk Sivert
Published: March 2007

The goal of this research project was to get more information about the influence of wind pressure on the heat transmission through timber frame con structions and to establish a recommended limit for air permeance of wind barriers.* The project was divided into three parts: wind pressure measurements on a rotatable test house, hot-box measurements on a wall, and calculations. The theoretical studies as well as the experimental investigations in the hot-box, have been restricted to one specific type of forced convection in the thermal insulation, the interchange of air be tween the insulation and the air gap between the wind barrier and the outer cladding. The results of the project show the importance of protecting the insulation layer with a wind barrier to achieve full effect of the insulation in wind exposed constructions. The measurements indicate that heat loss caused by this type of forced convection can be three to ten times higher than calculated for ideal constructions. Based on the measurements carried out in this project, Norwegian Building Research Institute, NBI, is recommending an upper limit for the air permeance of wind barriers, includ ing joints, of 0.05 m3/m2 h Pa (1.4E-5 m3/m 2 s Pa).
Performance Evaluation of Water Repellents for Above Grade Masonry
Authors: Chiovitti Domenic , Gonçalves Mario , Renzullo Antonio
Published: March 2007

Water penetration across brick masonry exterior walls is a prob lem that building owners and construction professionals must deal with fre quently. Water repellents are often used in an attempt to resolve water penetration problems in certain remedial applications. Unfortunately, the information avail able to building owners and construction professionals regarding the use and evaluation of water repellents is limited. Little practical information exists to assist in the selection of such products and in the evaluation of their performance and durability. As part of a CMHC research project, Patenaude-Chiovitti Inc. carried out an evaluation of such products, exposing problems of performance evaluation of water repellents for above grade masonry. Six series oftests were conducted us ing a modified ASTM E-514 procedure and water uptake tube methods to evalu ate the performance of five commercially available masonry water repellents. The results of the study have indicated substantial improvements in the resistance to water penetration upon application of these products to clay brick wall assemblies. The data accumulated during this study may have also revealed a trend indicating an increase in the rate of water penetration from the time of product application (i.e., reduced repellency), necessitating product reapplication after a given time interval. Readers are cautioned in the interpretation of the test data without addi tional information pertaining to the vapour diffusion characteristics of the ap plied products and durability concerns.
Letters
Authors: Perrin Bert
Published: March 2007

Letters are selected for their pertinence to material published in Evaluation Practice or because they discuss issues/problems of general interest to practicing evaluators. Letters pertaining to material published in EP may criticize articles or reports; correct errors; provide support or agreement; or offer different points of view, clarifications, or additional information. Depending on the nature of the discussion, authors of articles in question may be given an opportunity to reply in the same issue. Preference will be given to letters that do not exceed 500 words. Those accepted for publication may be edited and shortened.
Book Reviews : High Stakes Performance Assessment: Perspectives on Kentucky's Educational Reform, edited by Thomas R. Guskey. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 1994, 101 pp
Authors: Culver Steven M.
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broadfield of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences. in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Perry Sailor ( Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322-2810; phone: 801-797-0090 or e-mail: perrys@cpd2.usu.edu) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional lengths.

In the past, EP policy has been to commission a single review for each book. That will continue to be the practice for most books, but in the future two reviews will be commissioned for books judged by the Editor and/or Book Review Editor to be major works in evaluation. Such major evaluation books would include evaluation texts, edited books of evaluation readings, or other books dedicated solely to extending evaluation theory or practice. Conversely, books that focus on methods or techniques shared by evaluation and other disciplines or professions ( e.g., statistics; measurement; observation methods) will receive a single review.
An Examination of the Productivity and Perceived Effectiveness of Drug Task Forces
Authors: Jefferis Eric S. , Frank James , Smith Brad W. , Novak Kenneth J. , Travis Lawrence F.
Published: March 2007

Multijurisdictional drug task forces formalize cooperative ventures and dedi cate attention to drug crime with the assumption that such will lead to more effective drug law enforcement. This improvement in drug enforcement is hypothesized to benefit the task forces not only in the number of drug arrests achieved, but also in enhanced communication and cooperation among in dividual members. Using data collected from a survey of task force leaders, grant applications and quarterly arrest reports, this study compares effective ness across task forces and organizational contexts. Findings indicate that differences in task force organizational structure, context and managerial fac tors may not affect the number of drug-related arrests, though they may influence the level of perceived effectiveness.
Understanding Cytokines Part II: Implications for Nursing Research and Practice
Authors: Corwin Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2007

Cytokines are small signaling proteins released from a variety of cells that influence virtually every aspect of growth and development and every host response to infection, injury, and inflammation. Because of their widespread and potent effects across the life span, cytokines without a doubt influence nursing research and practice. From physiological and adaptive effects of cytokines to cytokine-induced diseases, nurses and nursing care are involved. Part II of this review highlights a few of the many examples of cytokines functioning in response to infection and inflammation, during the processes of reproduction, and in a variety of pathophysiological states. Implications for nursing research and practice are emphasized.
Critical Perspectives on Management Learning
Authors: Tight Malcolm
Published: March 2007

The study of the relationship between organizations and learning may be approached from the perspectives of both business and educational studies. Within this developing arena for research and practice, a variety of academic tribes are engaged in exploration, with only limited contacts with each other. These tribes include adult/continuing/lifelong education, organizational behaviour/occupational psychology and management development/learning/studies. This article focuses on the beliefs and understandings of one of the tribes, adult/continuing/lifelong education, and considers what it might have to say to, and share with, another group, management learning. Five particular areas of research-studies of adult learning and teaching processes, of policy development and implementation, of access and participation, of the adult educational curriculum, and of the relations between adult learning, work and society-are selected for discussion. It is argued that what adult/continuing/lifelong education may have to offer is a more radical and political perspective, and one which is always concerned to look beyond the organization and below the management level.
Learning and Leadership in Organizations
Authors: Driver Michaela
Published: March 2007

The goal of this study is to stimulate dialog in the research community around a model of learning linked to leadership in organizations. It is an attempt to integrate various communities of practice and divergent approaches by placing equal emphasis on developing a model of organizational learning as well as on embedding the development process itself into the context of a scientific dialog. A model of how learning in organizations can be conceptualized as a role negotiated between superiors and their subordinates is developed and investigated. The model postulates that individuals in organizations accomplish learning by specializing in certain learning tasks. This specialization is based on role behaviors and resources that constrain or facilitate learning opportunities negotiated in the workplace between subordinates and their superiors. How this learning may be shared to result in organizational learning and implications for theory development are discussed.
Women in Management
Authors: Marshall Judi
Published: March 2007

This paper reflects the individual perspectives and collaborative effort which constituted the Women in Management Study Group. The first section is a report (drafted by the convenor and added to by others) of the range of issues discussed in the group. It is followed by three shorter sections which represent certain individuals' personal thoughts on particular themes: Romy Jenkins on authority; Sandra Langrish on where to go from here; and Judi Marshall on change through staying the same.
Developing Conflict Management Skills in Hong Kong: An Analysis of some Cross-Cultural Implications
Authors: Tang Sara F.Y. , Kirkbride Paul S.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of an empirical study into the orientations towards conflict and preferred conflict management styles of Chinese managers in Hong Kong. The differences in styles between Chinese and Western managers are then traced back to aspects of Chinese culture and traditional values. The difficulties caused by these contrasting styles, both for the transfer of western managerial practices and for the operation of multi-ethnic organisations in Hong Kong, are noted. Similarly, the effects of these cultural values on the preferred Chinese learning styles are also discussed. Finally, the problems of attempting to develop the acquisition of contingent conflict handling skills by Chinese managers in Hong Kong are addressed and two central problems of attitude change and learning style identified.
Greening the Business School
Authors: Smith Denis , Hart Deborah , McCloskey Jo
Published: March 2007

The current upsurge in environmental problems within society has created a new set of forces which impact upon industry. On the one hand, the development of 'green issues' can be seen as a constraint on unfettered industrial production; whilst a more optimistic view would see such forces as an opportunity and potential driving force for sustained competitive advantage. The latter is certainly the case if industry and commerce can be made to change their core values and to accept a long-term .view on their investment rather than the short-termism that has characterized the past decade. Central to this change in values is the role of business education, for it is only through a sustained development of the intellectual base of management that we can hope to make meaningful changes to business practice. The aim of this paper is to explore the implications for management education inherent within the 'green challenge' by reference to the experience in UK business schools. The argument focuses around the view that if we want to change the values of management we should endeavour to change the way managers are educated.
Learning Organizing in a Changing Institutional Order
Authors: Czarniawska Barbara
Published: March 2007

A pragmatist definition of organizational learning is applied to a study of city management, revealing peculiarities of learning in a situation which could be described, with the help of new institutional theory, as an undeveloped organization field. Such a field lacks the supporting institutions and servicing organizations that are typical in more well-developed fields, which both helps and hinders organizational learning. The situation of Warsaw, exemplifying problems of many Eastern and Central European cities, is interpreted as translation of managerial philosophies originating in different institutional orders.
Management Learning and Normative Marketing Theory: Learning from the Life-World
Authors: Hackley Christopher E.
Published: March 2007

This speculative paper attempts to critically examine the theoretical coherence of managerialist marketing management education from a management learning perspective. The coherence in question concerns a perceived tendency for marketing models and maxims to refer to positive epistemologies in support of normative conclusions. The paper tries to address some of the contradictions which seem to arise when marketing is conceived as (a) a body of academic knowledge with a social scientific tradition, (b) a popular form of normative management education which is learned by managers and learned and taught by academics, and (c) an organizational function which exists in many forms in the life-world and has its own discursive, grammatical and linguistic structures which frame experience in distinctive local ways which are `taken for granted'. The discussion seeks a reflexive reconciliation between marketing's normative metaphors (market `orientation', segmentation, positioning, targeting and so on) and the apparent epistemological contradictions entailed in using them as a basis for learning marketing management. The conclusion tries to sketch out a theory of managerial marketing learning as a creative process of personal and organizational change which can acquire a quality of reflexivity through an appreciation of marketing management knowledge as a culturally and historically located product.
The Concept of Learning in the Strategy Field
Authors: Leavy Brian
Published: March 2007

This article begins by looking at how the concept of learning has informed our understanding of competitiveness. It then goes on to examine the fresh perspective that the notion of learning opens up on the traditional concerns of corporate strategy, diversification and vertical integration, and on the link between strategy and structure. Next, the association between learning and innovation is discussed. The final part of the review concentrates on the promise that the concept of learning appears to hold as a model for the strategy process itself and the advantages that it offers over more traditional planning and decision making approaches. The article concludes on a cautionary note, warning against the tendency to see learning as inherently virtuous and apolitical, and critically assessing the issues, challenges and implications that still face us in working with the concept in the strategy field, despite its early impact and current promise.
Telling Technological Tales
Authors: Bryman Alan
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between technology and the organization of work. Several theoretical positions are outlined and are drawn upon in the context of historical evidence relating to an industry case study. The empirical focus is the early US animation industry and in particular the introduction of cel animation in the second decade of the century and after. Standard histories of major studios and figures are examined, along with the patent applications for the cel animation process. A model of the main elements in the analysis is outlined and its connections with the theoretical positions that centre on technology and work are examined. The analysis emphasizes the importance of the wider institutional environment within which the technology of cel animation was designed and different aspects of its `interpretive flexibility'.
Civil Society and Civil Organizations
Authors: Ahrne Goran
Published: March 2007

Civil society is analysed from an organizational perspective. Many ideas about the quality of interaction in civil society are similar to ideas about how to create excellent organizations. Although there is no clear definition of civil society, it is first of all understood in contrast to the state. Organizational forms mentioned in connexion with civil society, such as voluntary associations, new social movements and networks, are analysed. None, however, has proved to be without restrictions inherent in all organizations. The quality of civil society cannot exceed the quality of its organizational forms. I conclude that the structures of civil society are not persistent. Civil society exists through the coincidence of several processes in the interaction between people and organizations, and the notion of civil society is not more incompatible with the state than with other organizational arrangements. On the other hand, there are no organizational forms to assure a permanent establishment of civil society.
An Organizational Perspective on Changing Buyer-Supplier Relations: A Critical Review of the Evidence
Authors: Bresnen Mike
Published: March 2007

This paper takes a critical look at current research on buyer- supplier relations and argues that the research to date is limited in its helpfulness in understanding contemporary changes in inter-organizational relations in three important respects. First, owing to the concentration of research effort in particular industrial sectors and cases, it is hard to extrapolate the findings to industry in general. Second, an oversimplification of the structure and dynamics of buyer-supplier relations tends to underplay the roles of perceptions, choice and action on the part of supplier organizations. And, third, there is an absence of any real consideration of the impact of intra-organizational structures and processes within supplier organizations insofar as they moderate or otherwise affect supplier dependency. The aim of the paper is to incorporate key elements of organizational and inter-organizational theory into the analysis of buyer-supplier relations, in order to help develop a more complete framework for the analysis of buyer-supplier relations than exists in the literature to date.
`Delayering Managers': Time-Space Surveillance and its Gendered Effects
Authors: Collinson David L. , Collinson Margaret
Published: March 2007

This article seeks to extend the growing interest in time-space issues within social and organizational theory (Giddens, 1984, 1987; Harvey, 1990) by focusing on management and gender in the workplace. It examines the impact of what we have termed `time-space surveillance' on managers who have survived delayering and also addresses the gendered conditions and consequences of these processes. Drawing on research from the UK insurance industry, we explore the various managerial responses to increased time-space surveillance, how intensified monitoring generated considerable problems for both men and women managers in attempting to balance `home' and `work', and the significant gender-specific effects of these processes. Finally, we consider the extent to which these empirical dynamics might have a wider generalizability.
Learning from Foundation: Asimov's Psychohistory and the Limits of Organization Theory
Authors: Phillips Nelson , Zyglidopoulos Stelios
Published: March 2007

In this article, we use Isaac Asimov's Foundation trilogy as a case study, analyzing the events that occur in the novels in order to reflect on metanarratives and their applicability to organizational realities. We argue that metanarratives, while perhaps attractive from a legitimacy perspective, are neither epistemologically defensible nor desirable for the development of organization studies. We conclude by arguing that narrative fiction in general, and science fiction in particular, provides an important addition to traditional approaches to organization studies and an interesting alternative perspective on the role of metanarratives.
Continental IR Theory:
Authors: JØRGENSEN KNUD ERIK
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the exotic theoretical landscape of Continental IR Theory (CIRT). While often neglected, or claimed to be uninteresting, or being a franchise business producing copies of theorizing done elsewhere, the article attempts to demonstrate that the discipline of International Relations can benefit significantly from an increased awareness of theorizing on the European continent. Far from being a franchise establishment, CIRT delivers original thought-provoking theorizing and challenging perspectives. An increased awareness of CIRT would probably destroy some of the dearest foundational myths of the discipline but in this case that is the price one must pay if one wants to be internationally minded, not only concerning the subject matter of our activities but also concerning intellectual curiosity.
Transnational Activism and Global Transformations: The Anti-Apartheid and Abolitionist Experiences
Authors: KLOTZ AUDIE
Published: March 2007

Communications technology, many analysts proclaim, heralds a profoundly transformed new world where time and space take on new meanings. As a result, networks of non-state actors proliferate, altering the functions of international organizations and creating new pressures on states. Yet previous eras also witnessed social activists pursuing their agendas through and around national governments. Then as now, social forces and global norms impinged on states with vitality and independence. The experiences of abolitionists and anti-apartheid activists demonstrate how transnational social movements in two different centuries mobilized across national boundaries around issues of race — despite barriers of time, distance and culture. This comparison provides the basis for disaggregating types of non-state actors in world politics and for understanding better the links between social activism and global normative change.
A Conceptualization of Trust in International Relations
Authors: HOFFMAN AARON M.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a conceptualization of trust in interstate relations in terms amenable to research. In the field of International Relations trust is often equated with the willingness to take risks on the behavior of others. However, this approach is problematic because it does not provide a basis for distinguishing between trusting and non-trusting relationships. In contrast, I propose that trust implies a willingness to take risks on the behavior of others based on the belief that potential trustees will `do what is right'. Recognizing that trust involves particular beliefs about the motivations of others distinguishes it from the broader category of risk and enables trusting relationships to be identified more precisely. After elaborating my definitional approach, I discuss indicators designed to gauge the presence of trusting interstate relations in empirical settings.
German Identity and European Integration
Authors: BANCHOFF THOMAS
Published: March 2007

Although the structural constraints facing Germany shifted dramatically with the end of the Cold War and reunification, the direction of its European policy did not. The more powerful Federal Republic continued to press for deeper economic and political integration, eschewing a more independent or assertive foreign policy course. Neorealism, neoliberalism and liberalism cannot adequately explain this continuity in the face of structural change. This article sets out a constructivist account centered around the effects of German state identity. It develops a two-step analytical framework designed to pinpoint the content of state identity and establish its effects on state action, and then applies it to the German case. In the wake of reunification, German leaders across the political spectrum identified the Federal Republic as part of an emergent supranational community. This European identity, with roots in the postwar decades, drove Germany's unflagging support for deeper integration across the 1989-90 divide.
Relations Before States:
Authors: JACKSON PATRICK THADDEUS , NEXON DANIEL H.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, paradigmatic debates in International Relations (IR) have focused on questions of epistemology and methodology. While important in their own right, these differences have obscured the basic divide in the discipline between substantialism, which takes entities as primitives, and relationalism, which takes processes of social transaction as the basic building blocks of theory. We argue that while both approaches can be fruitful, theories of processes and relations are better suited to address certain questions, most notably those involving change in global politics. Drawing on work in International Relations, sociology and philosophy, we examine what such theories entail and discuss areas of research for which they are especially suited.
A Cultural-Psychological Analysis of Emotions
Authors: Ratner Carl
Published: March 2007

I argue that an activity theory—which regards emotions as interdependent and interpenetrating with other cultural phenomena—is central for the cultural psychology of emotions. Activity theory maintains that the cultural characteristics, development and functions of psychological phenomena are shaped by social activities and cultural concepts. I present evidence that activity theory is central for the cultural psychology of emotions. I also explain the relation of biological to cultural factors in shaping the characteristics and development of emotions. Evidence is presented which shows that biological processes—hormones, neurotransmitters, autonomic reactions— underlie (mediate) but do not determine emotional qualities and expressions. Particular qualities and expressions are determined by cultural processes and factors.
Bilingual Autobiographical Memory: Experimental Studies and Clinical Cases
Authors: Schrauf Robert W.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that the consecutive bilingual’s dual cultural-linguistic self-representations act as filters for memory retrieval of events from the personal past. Examination of work in experimental psychology on bilingual autobiographical memory and clinical case reports from psychoanalytic therapy with bilinguals suggests that memory retrievals for events from childhood and youth (in the country of origin) are more numerous, more detailed and more emotionally marked when remembering is done in the first language (‘mother tongue’) rather than in the second language. The mechanism accounting for this phenomenon has been identified as encoding specificity and state-dependent learning, where the bilingual’s languages are considered the operative ‘states’ at encoding and retrieval. The paper suggests that this notion of ‘states’ be refined to include cultural-linguistic self-representations attending language socialization in first and second cultures. Such language-specific self-representations act as linguistically mediated ‘states’ that may or may not match similar states at encoding and thus account for qualitative and quantitative differences in retrieval.
Action, Culture and Development: Points of Convergence
Authors: Brandtstadter Jochen
Published: March 2007

Based on Boesch's contributions to cultural psychology, prospects as well as problems of connecting the theoretical perspectives of action, culture and development are explored in this paper. Cultural systems maintain and regenerate themselves through the regulation and control of development over the life-span. Within the matrix of sociocultural constraints, developing subjects select and construe their own developmental ecologies and create their personal cultures. Development over life-span is thus formed by intentional action; potentialities and intentional contents of action are in turn subject to developmental change. Selected methodological implications of these views will be discussed.
Party Financing in New Democracies
Authors: van Biezen Ingrid
Published: March 2007

In the relatively young democracies of Spain and Portugal, public funding plays a critical role in the financing of political parties, which generally lack the organizational capacity to generate their own income. The rules and practice of party financing show that, in addition to the overall heavy dependence on the state, by far the greatest part of the public money is assigned to the party central office. In this sense, they contradict the West European tendency, where it is the party in public office that has become the more privileged face of the party organization in recent times.
The Mythical Causes of the Republican Supply-Side Economics Revolution
Authors: Burns John W. , Taylor Andrew J.
Published: March 2007

In this paper we analyze the two conventional explanations of the Republican Party's adoption of supply-side economic philosophy in the 1977-81 period: first, that the position change was induced by the Sunbelt component of the party; and second, that the doctrinal shift was brought about by widespread concern with tax policy among the public and the Republican mass in particular. We reveal both arguments to be flawed and suggest that the party's advocation of large across-the-board tax cuts was the result of calculated and coordinated decisions by Washington elites within the party. We provide empirical and theoretical justification for a national elite-led explanation of this event. As a result, our study helps solidify contemporary scholarship that counteracts conventional wisdom in comparative politics and suggests that national American parties, at least when it comes to policy formation, can be relatively hierarchical institutions that shape as much as respond to mass and local behavior.
Issues and Party Competition Under Alternative Electoral Systems
Authors: Karp Jeffrey A. , Banducci Susan A.
Published: March 2007

Proximity and directional spatial models yield different predictions for mass-elite linkages under alternative electoral systems. Whereas the proximity or Downsian model predicts that parties are likely to adopt positions that are closer to their voters, the alternative directional model predicts parties will adopt more extreme positions in order to generate political support among an electorate that has diffuse policy interests (Macdonald and Rabinowitz, 1989; Macdonald et al., 1991; Rabinowitz et al., 1991). Theoretical arguments lead us to expect that the directional model is most applicable in plurality systems, while the proximity model is best for describing party and voter behaviour in multiparty systems. While others have examined these models from a cross-national perspective, we employ an alternative research design using candidate and mass opinion data from New Zealand, where voters have experienced a change in the electoral system.
Party Leaders, Power and Change
Authors: Goldstein Seth
Published: March 2007

Shocks to the incentive structures of party organizations are few and far between, making it difficult to see how different types of party professionals respond to attempts to change the systems providing them with power. I make use of one such shock - the adoption of the McGovern-Fraser reforms by the Democratic parties of the 50 American states in the early 1970s - to test the proposition that party leaders who wield a great deal of power over their organizations are more likely to resist changes intended to decentralize power than party leaders who do not. With the help of a duration model, I find that party leaders respond to reform movements in predictable fashion. Leaders of traditional, organized parties are less likely to reform party rules than other types of leaders. However, electoral incentives also play an important role. Party leaders, even while safeguarding their power, must monitor the desires of important constituencies.
The Social and Demographic Structure of Austrian Parties, 1945-93
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C. , Ulram Peter A.
Published: March 2007

This Report distinguishes party supporters and party members. Support for the two major Austrian parties, the SPÖ and ÖVP, has declined, particularly among young, well-educated, white-collar and urban voters. Recently blue-collar support for the SPÖ has also declined. At the level of party members both major parties have become more unrepresentative of the population at large. If party members indeed act as party `ambassadors to the community', these changes are counterproductive for the major parties.
Parties and Society in Slovakia
Authors: Wightman Gordon , Szomolänyi Soňa
Published: March 2007

Where the parliamentary elections in Slovakia in the autumn of 1994 suggested increasing fragmentation of the political scene, the formation by Vladimír Mečiar of a new coalition government in December confirmed that a distinctive feature of the country's party system was its polarization between `standard' parties comparable with Western models and `non-standard' political forces such as Mečiar's own Movement for a Democratic Slovakia. Explanations for Slovakia's divergence from the pattern found among its central European neighbours, where party systems closer to those of Western democracies had begun to develop, are to be found in the severity of communist rule and the absence of an effective opposition in the 1970s and 1980s as well as in post-communist developments and a popular and elite ambivalence towards reform.
The Influence of New Parties on Old Parties' Platforms
Authors: Harmel Robert , Svåsand Lars
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses upon a hybrid `performance hypothesis' positing that an established party will change its ideological identity in reaction to a successful new party only when the established party itself experiences poor election results which it can attribute to the new party. That hypothesis is addressed with original, longitudinal data on manifesto positions of the far-right Norwegian and Danish Progress parties, their Conservative neighbor-parties and (for control purposes) the Labour parties. Analyses support the authors' conclusion that both new parties have had a significant impact on their respective party systems according to the intentions and strategies of their founders.
Leadership Change and Party Change
Authors: Bille Lars
Published: March 2007

The aim of this article is to elucidate the problem of party performance, leadership change and party change by undertaking an empirical analysis of the change of party leader in the Danish Social Democratic Party 1960-1995. The analysis tries to answer two questions: why did the party change its leader and did this change in leader result in any party change? The analysis shows that the dominant cause of party leadership change is to be understood in the light of performance as regards government office. An electoral defeat may be condoned if the party is able to stay in office. It further shows that the change of party leader did not cause any change in the party's manifestos, the coalition behavior of the party was affected only in so far as other parties perceived the leadership change to be of any use to them and, finally, no important changes of the party rules were adopted due to a leadership change.
The Political Impact of Electoral System Change in Japan and New Zealand, 1996
Authors: Gallagher Michael
Published: March 2007

In 1996, both Japan and New Zealand adopted new electoral systems with strong similarities, though also significant differences. In each case the new electoral system entails the election of most MPs by single-member plurality, while the remainder are elected from lists. The aims of the reform were less clear, and more party-driven, in Japan than in New Zealand. In Japan there is no evidence as yet that `money politics', or the importance of the individual candidate, have disappeared. The new systems have had an effect on the internal life of the parties, especially on candidate selection. The change in the New Zealand system, as could have been predicted, has led to a great increase in proportionality, but the new Japanese system is actually less proportional than the previous single non-transferable vote electoral system. The effect on the New Zealand political system will be major, but the extent of the impact of electoral system change in Japan is not yet clear.
A Struggle for the Agenda?
Authors: Saglie Jo
Published: March 2007

The aim of the article is to explore electoral strategies employed by Norwegian party elites to handle the European issue between 1989 and 1995. On the basis of the literature on party strategies - especially agenda-setting - I present a hypothesis on selective emphasis in the party elites' communication to the electorate. The hypothesis predicts strong emphasis on the EU issue in the anti-EU parties, while conflicting aims - maximizing votes in elections and winning the referendum on EU membership - will lead the pro-EU parties to downplay the issue. To test this prediction, the contents of party programmes, questions asked during Question Time in parliament, and a televised party leader debate are analysed. The results are mixed; agenda-setting efforts seem to vary with different communication channels. While the hypothesis was supported in the case of the television debate, no selective emphasis was found in the party programmes.