Global analysis of emergency service provision to vulnerable populations during floods of various magnitude under climate change
Authors: Johnson Sarah , Wilby Robert , Yu Dapeng , Matthews Tom 
Published: February 2023

In a world of increasing global flood hazards, vulnerable populations (very young and elderly) are disproportionately affected by flooding due to their low self-reliance, weak political voice and insufficient inclusion in climate adaptation and emergency response plans. These individuals account for most flood casualties and often rely on emergency services&#8239;due to flood-induced&#8239;injuries,&#8239;exacerbated medical conditions,&#8239;and&#8239;requiring&#8239;evacuative assistance. However, emergency service demand often exceeds the potential capacity whilst flooded roads and short emergency response timeframes decrease accessibility, service area, and population coverage; but how does this compare across the globe and what will the future hold?
To answer this question, a global analytical framework has been created to determine the spatial, temporal, and demographic variability of emergency service provision during floods. This is based on global fluvial and coastal flooding (at 10-year and 100-year return periods), and present and future flood conditions (present-day and 2050, under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 climate scenarios). The framework includes an accessibility analysis to identify emergency service accessibility to vulnerable populations based on restrictions of flood barriers and response-time frameworks, a vulnerability analysis to compare the difference in emergency service provision between key demographic groups, and a hotspot analysis to identify the extent and distribution of flood hazards and at-risk vulnerable populations.
Research findings include the identification that (based on the scenario of 2050 riverine flooding at a 100-yr return period under RCP8.5 and a 30-minute response time):

Globally, 64% of schools are always accessible to the ambulance service and 56% of schools are always accessible to the fire service
Globally, 29% of schools are never accessible to the ambulance service and 38% of schools are never accessible to the fire service.
Globally, approximately 20% fewer people are accessible to emergency services than under non-flood conditions.
Africa and Asia experience the greatest accessible population reductions (14-27% and 24-25%) whilst Europe experiences the least accessible population reductions (8-9%).
Priority hotspot countries are primarily located in central North America (e.g., Belize), northern South America (e.g., Guyana) and west-central Africa (e.g., Liberia).

The highlighted geographical and temporal differences in emergency service provision globally and between regions, in addition to the framework itself, can be used by national and international organisations to inform strategic planning of emergency response operations and major investments of infrastructure, services, and facilities to maximise the benefit to the disproportionately affected vulnerable populations. This includes the production of more detailed flood hazard and evacuation maps that highlight vulnerability hotspots, the prioritisation of vulnerable population groups in emergency response plans to minimise geographic and population disparities of flood injuries and fatalities, and the allocation of emergency service hubs in regions of high vulnerability but low emergency response provision.