bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: IV. UFO Reports and Fortean Phenomena: Temporal Correlations in the Central U.S.A.
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

To test the general hypothesis that populations of Fortean events change qualitatively over time, temporal correlations between UFOs and several classes of Fortean events reported during a 20-yr. period (1949–1968) were completed for the central and eastern U.S.A. For the central U.S.A., numbers of UFO reports were significantly correlated with numbers of electromagnetic transients (power failures) (0.57) and odd human behaviors (0.62) of the previous year but with numbers of poltergeist-like (0.57) and odd fall reports (0.52) of the consequent two years. Only the latter correlations were evident for data in the eastern U.S.A. The analyses support the idea that as the geophysical source stimuli increase, Fortean events are first displayed as mundane electromagnetic episodes, then as frank UFO displays, and finally as more bizarre poltergeist-like reports.
Time Estimation in Some Group Situations
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Guerrera Antonia
Published: September 2011

The subjective estimations of long durations of time were studied for two different types of experience, an analytically oriented (Bionian) group situation and a task group. In each group were 15 subjects. Significant differences emerge in estimations of duration of time for the two situations. Whereas for the task group there are no substantial errors in the subjective estimation of time, the analytically oriented group shows notable oscillations with respect to different cognitive and emotional situations which, from time to time, characterize the group situation.
Effect of Response Mode on Projective Measures of Need Achievement and Hostile Press
Authors: Teevan Richard C. , Greenfield Norman , Smith Barry D.
Published: September 2011

42 males and 19 females (14 to 16 yr. old) tape recorded or wrote their responses to 6 standard slides of TAT pictures. Oral responses yielded higher motive scores than written responses for nAch measures only. Males scored higher than females on total nAch. Response mode requires careful study.
Spatial Behaviour in Golden Hamsters (Mesocricetus Auratus): A Returning Task in a T-Maze with no Intra- or Extra-Maze Cues Available
Authors: Chapuis Nicole
Published: September 2011

8 hamsters in a T-maze very slowly learned a returning task where they had to reverse the angle described on the outward route by using obvious kinaesthetic or “visual-kinaesthetic” information.
Effect of Item Context on Students' Global Appraisals of Instruction
Authors: Scott Owen , Hsu Yi-Ming
Published: September 2011

Based on data from the classes of 23 instructors in two institutions of higher learning, the authors concluded that the specific items included on an appraisal-of-instruction inventory probably do not influence students' global appraisals of instruction. If true, this conclusion has important implications for the use of such inventories in appraising the effectiveness of college instruction.
Skin Temperature and Motorcyclists' Braking Performance
Authors: Parry Malcolm
Published: September 2011

16 male and 12 female students who had previous experience with hand-operated lever-braking systems performed braking tests with their hands at normal temperatures (mean hand temperatures 27.8°C) and with their hands cooled to give finger temperatures of 6°C and back of hand temperatures of 14°C. Tasks required subjects, in response to a visual stimulus of a red light, to extend their digits to grip a motorcycle brake and pull it on. Reduced times were measured for (a) responding to the stimulus by grabbing the brake lever and pulling it to full braking pressure in the hydraulic system, (b) extending the digits, and (c) flexing the digits and pulling on the brake. In each case conditions produced a significant decrement in performance. This effect may occur when riding a motorcycle with cold hands, a common occurrence in Northern Europe.
Erratum
Authors: Dunbar Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Clare and Sanford (1979) were cited incompletely in the introdaction to the article, Multidimensional scaling and standardized testing of value systems (Dunbar, Smith, Bearse, Johnson, Salick, Erenkrantz, & Ironson, 1981). I sincerely apologize for the error and for any adverse consequences of that error. Clare and Sanford were referenced twice, but as a result of the mechanics involved in writing and re-writing by correspondence over an extended period of time, direct quotation marks were omitted. The error was certainly unincentional, and I assume full personal responsibility for this unfortunate occurrence.
Interpretations of Rod-and-Frame Test Scores: An Application of Pattern Analysis
Authors: Haller Otto , Edgington Eugene S.
Published: September 2011

Rod-and-frame test data of 100 undergraduates were analyzed by a recently developed pattern analysis and several interpretations of their test scores were considered. Pattern analysis showed (a) that most subjects (about 65%) tilt toward the spatial position of the frame and (b) that some (about 30%) utilize two frame cues, i.e., the nearest to vertical side and corner of the frame. Tilting to the starting position of the rod and tilting away from the frame or the starting position of the rod were not viable interpretations.
Pattern Analysis of Recorded Daydreams, Memories, and Personality Type
Authors: Ireland Mardy S. , Kernan-Schloss Lucy
Published: September 2011

56 undergraduates took the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and recorded a memory and a daydream. The latter two products were scored for seven characteristics. Interaction of personality variables and imagery were significant over-all; e.g., feeling types reported more vivid memories, extraverts showed more positive emotional tone in memories, and feeling types showed more intense emotional tone, etc. Memories were more vivid than daydreams. Analysis generated new hypotheses.
Oddity and Discrimination Learning after Pretraining on a Nonrepeated Oddity Task
Authors: Sugimura Takeshi
Published: September 2011

128 kindergarten children learned an oddity task with no repeated stimuli until they reached one of the three criteria of 4/4, 8/8, and 8/8 + 20 correct responses, and then they were given either an oddity task with repeated stimuli or a discrimination task. With increasing numbers of pretraining trials, the repeated oddity learning became significantly easier but ease of the discrimination learning did not change significantly. These findings were interpreted as showing that attention to relational cues increased to a high level through learning the nonrepeated oddity task, whereas attention to absolute cues remained at almost the same level as in the control group with no pretraining.
Embedded Figures Test in Old Age: A Psychometric Note
Authors: Fogliani-Messina T. M. , Fogliani A. M. , Di Nuovo S.
Published: September 2011

Normative data, item difficulty, and reliability of the Embedded Figures Test for a sample of 71 aged subjects (35 males, 36 females) are given. The usefulness of the material in extended studies on the causes of increased field-dependence in old age is outlined.
Developmental Differences in Bender-Gestalt Recall of Children with Learning and Behavior Problems
Authors: Finch A. J. , Spirito Anthony , Garrison Stuart , Marshall Patricia
Published: September 2011

To investigate the visual-memory ability of children referred for psychological evaluations of academic and/or behavior problems, 135 children were administered the Bender-Gestalt and then asked to reproduce as many designs from memory as they could. Analysis indicated that the number of designs recalled increased with age and Performance IQ but not Full Scale IQ. Results were discussed in terms of the importance of considering developmental level when evaluating children and the establishment of rough cut-off scores on recall of the Bender-Gestalt designs.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: VII. Prediction of Recent European UFO Report Years by Nineteenth Century Luminosity and Solar-Seismic Measures
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Discriminant analyses were used to determine optimal solar and seismic variables that could correctly classify years in which major luminous events had been reported within Germany, Italy, Austria, France, and Switzerland between the years 1849 and 1926. Expected discriminant scores were generated from these functions for the years 1820 to 1971. Functions that accurately classified more than 90% of the luminosity events between the years 1870 and 1905 also accurately predicted the major UFO flaps between 1945 to 1971 in this area. These analyses support the contention that luminous events reported in the nineteenth century share the same source of variance as modern UFO reports and these phenomena are associated with tectonic strain within the earth.
Previous Manipulative Experience in Relation to Infants' Processing of Mothers' Presentations of Objects
Authors: Demetre J. D.
Published: September 2011

Recent work by the present author has identified a sequence of events during joint play of mother and infant which may lead infants to process mothers' presentations of objects in a particular way. This sequence of events implies a special form of detection of discrepancy by infants. The present report is an attempt to determine whether a plausible alternative hypothesis, which also happens to be more parsimonious, can account for previously reported findings which are consistent with the discrepancy hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis states that infants' processing of objects either during mothers' presentations or during infants' independently initiated manipulations is determined by the duration of time infants previously devoted to manipulating the object. The findings contradict this alternative hypothesis, and in so doing, lend further support to the discrepancy hypothesis originally proposed.
Classroom Teachers' Attitudes toward Children with Articulatory Disorders
Authors: Ruscello Dennis M. , Stutler Sharon S. , Toth Donna
Published: September 2011

A group of 116 elementary and junior high school educators were asked to list terms descriptive of children with articulatory disorders. A list of 20 terms was established and then rated for desirability-undesirability by 100 college students. A majority of the terms were negative in nature and were given undesirable ratings. The results suggest that many of the educators in the sample possess a number of negative attitudes toward children with articulatory disorders.
Asymmetries in Perception of Tachistoscopically Presented Horizontal and Vertical Random-Letter Strings
Authors: Webb R. D. G. , Fisher-Ingram L. , Hope P.
Published: September 2011

Two studies examined perception of briefly presented (100-msec.) strings of letters. In Study One, 20 subjects were presented horizontal 5-letter strings in the left, central, and right visual fields. These were compared with 5-letter vertical strings presented centrally in the lower, central, and upper visual fields. Similar within-string patterns were found for all presentations. Between strings there was a typical right over left visual-field advantage in accuracy of report for horizontal strings. There was no equivalent lower over upper visual-field advantage for vertical strings. In Study Two, 24 subject, were presented vertical strings in the right and left visual fields, vertical strings in the upper and lower visual fields, and horizontal strings in the right and left visual fields. A post-stimulus cueing technique for single letters was used. Between-strings, the same right over left visual-field advantage for horizontal strings was noted but not for vertical strings. Between strings no advantage for lower over upper visual fields was found. An interaction for within-string patterns and visual field was found for vertical strings presented in the upper and lower visual fields. These results are explained in terms of an interaction between scanning and masking effects depending upon orientation and visual field.
Interpretation of White Space Responses in Children's Rorschach Protocols
Authors: Tegtmeyer Paul F. , Gordon Michael
Published: September 2011

While most texts continue to assert that the Rorschach white space response ( S) indicates hostility and oppositionality, several studies suggest that such responses are more accurately reflective of cognitive differentiation and autonomous strivings. In addition, there are no studies which have systematically explored the significance of S responses in children's protocols. To shed light on these issues, 47 children (7 to 13 yr.) were administered the Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test, and the WISC-R, while their parents completed a behavioral checklist. Subjects with high S-response, independent of age, IQ, or perceptual accuracy, used the whole blot more often than those who made less frequent use of white space. They also had higher frequencies of shading determinants and blends and used more content categories. These results were interpreted as suggesting a tendency for subjects showing high S-response to construe the world in more complex terms. No differences were found between subjects high and low on S-response on either behavioral ratings or projective indices of hostility or negativism.
Relationship between Nonverbal Sensitivities and Detection of Deception
Authors: Littlepage Glenn E. , McKinnie Robert , Pineault Martin A.
Published: September 2011

Subjects took a test of skill at interpreting nonverbal communication, the Profile of Nonverbal Sensitivity (PONS), and a videotaped test of ability to distinguish between truthful and deceptive statements. It was hypothesized that skill at reading the types of nonverbal cues known to indicate deception, i.e., body movement, paralinguistics, would be related to actual accuracy at detection of deception. Correlations between 23 PONS scales and 3 deception measures were generally nonsignificant, suggesting that accurate detection of deception may not be merely a function of sensitivity to nonverbal cues.
Links between Literacy Skills and Accurate Spatial Relations in Representations of the Face: Comparison of Preschoolers, School Children, Dyslexics, and Mentally Retarded
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: September 2011

A specific link is found between low of absent literacy skills and a specific misrepresentation of spatial relations exclusively of the upper part of the human face. This misrepresentation, determined by simple measurement, is found in 32% of the pictorial representations of 407 preschoolers whose drawings were published by various authors as well as in 32% of 44 preschoolers tested here. By contrast, after having had instruction in literacy, the proportion of such misrepresentations of the face drops to 7.5% and 10%, respectively, although, as expected, not in the drawings by 236 mildly mentally retarded or by 297 dyslexic children, 33% and 39% of whom, respectively, still misrepresent the face. In addition to a developmental factor, a further one, as yet undetermined, may be at work and related to a specific deficit in representing the spatial relations of the face. Data further support the previously suggested existence of a specific and general trend for a link between literacy skills and accurate representation of the spatial relations of the pattern of the face also noted previously in diverse cultural groups and periods.
Convergent Validity of Four Instruments for Teachers' Assessing Social Competence of Kindergarten Children
Authors: Bégin Guy
Published: September 2011

The construct of social competence of children has received much attention lately. Although a variety of methodologies have been used, most of the studies rely on teachers' evaluations. None, however, has systematically assessed their convergent validity. The present study establishes the correlations obtained among scores on four instruments for teachers' evaluating social competence, namely, the Popularity Ranking Task, Greenwood's Positive Social Behavior Scale, Kohn's Social Competence Scale, and Walker's Withdrawal Factor. Six kindergarten classes of 99 children were evaluated by their respective teachers and teachers-in-training. Analysis indicated that all instruments are significantly related, but that Walker's Withdrawal Factor and Kohn's Compliance-cooperation Factor assess different constructs from the other instruments. The author recommends studies include the Popularity Ranking Task and Greenwood's scale and suggests further study of validity.
Accuracy and Latency of Judgment of Facial Expressions of Emotions
Authors: Kirouac Gilles , Doré François Y.
Published: September 2011

The aim of the experiment was to study the relation between accuracy of judgment of facial expressions of emotions and time for judgment. The results for 34 college students confirmed previous data showing high performance in identification of all emotions, although there were some important differences between emotions. Also, times for judgment were longer for the emotions which were more difficult to identify.
Racial and Gender Differences in Perceptions of Fairness: When Race is Involved in a Job Promotion
Authors: Sherman Martin F. , Smith Robert J. , Sherman Nancy C.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined 106 black and 69 white undergraduates' (82 males and 93 females) perceptions of fairness in an ambiguous situation where one stimulus person (a male employee) was seen as promoted over another and race was the only manipulated variable. The 2 (race of subject) × 2 (sex of subject) × 2 (race of promoted employee) × 2 (race of non-promoted employee) factorial analysis of variance indicated that, as expected, not only did race of the evaluator influence perceptions of fairness but it also interacted with race of the stimulus persons. As predicted, black subjects perceived more unfairness operating in the situations than white subjects, and they saw the promoted employee as less qualified than white subjects did. As expected, black subjects perceived the white employee's promotion over the black employee as the most unfair while white subjects saw no difference among the situations. An expected sex difference was found: females were more likely than males to perceive the company's decision as unfair. Black subjects were more favorable to the use of quotas than whites, and blacks believed there had been more discrimination and less progress in the last decade.
Is Motor Development Really More Advanced in Third World Infants?
Authors: Paine Patricia Ann , Pasquali Luiz
Published: September 2011

Motor and adaptive development were studied longitudinally at 4, 8, 12, and 18 mo. in Brazilian infants of low and middle socioeconomic status. No significant differences were found between these two groups. Gesell Developmental Quotients were similar to those found in American infants, which did not confirm precocious motor development in Brazilian infants.
Use of the SCL-90R to Assess Health Care Staff's Perceptions of Patients' Psychological States
Authors: Nahmias Larry M. , Beutler Larry E. , Crago Marjorie , Osborn Kent , Hughes John H.
Published: September 2011

Many patients admitted through an emergency room service manifest significant psychological disturbance. This study of over 200 patients suggests that emergency room physicians and nurses are unable to judge accurately either the degree or nature of a patient's psychological state. While emergency room staff appear sensitive to the need for such awareness and use reliable dimensions for rating patients' subjective states, these ratings do not conform with patients' reports. The results reflect the need for more intensive psychological training of busy emergency room staff.
Comparative Study to Identify High-Frequency Words in Printed Materials
Authors: Kear Dennis J. , Gladhart Marsha A.
Published: September 2011

This study examined (1) the percentage of agreement between high-frequency word lists used for developing sight reading vocabularies and (2) whether a list of words common to a majority of six high-frequency word lists accounts for a high percentage of the words found in the preprimer through second grade levels of five popular basal reading series. Six high-frequency word lists used to develop the reading sight vocabularies of beginning readers were selected. Of the 501 different words contained on these six word lists 202 words appeared on four or more of the lists. These 202 words accounted for 63.7% to 75.6% of the total words used in the preprimer through the second grade levels of five popular basal reading series.
Patterns of Lateral Preference: Hand, Eye, Thumb and Clapping
Authors: Combs Allan L.
Published: September 2011

The incidences of four lateral preferences were studied in a sample of 143 college students (81 women and 62 men). These were handedness defined by writing, eye dominance using the Asher technique, the upper thumb when hands are clasped, and the upper hand when hands are clapped. A computer program was developed to obtain the incidence of all patterns of these lateral traits seen in the sample and to indicate which occurred beyond the chance level. The strongest paired lateral concurrence was between handedness and clapping (76.9% for both sexes combined). Greater coherence was found between right preferences than left ones.
Premotor and Motor Reaction Time as a Function of Force Output
Authors: Nagasaki Hiroshi , Aoki Fumi , Nakamura Ryuichi
Published: September 2011

The effects of variation in force output on fractionated reaction times (RTs) in elbow extension for 5 normal adults were examined. Force was manipulated by instructing the subject to respond with much or little force, and force output was measured by an accelerometer. Premotor RT increased with increased force output, indicating that organization of force for movement could affect not only the movement speed but the timing of its initiation. Motor RT became longer at manipulated force production than the control response, suggesting that motor RT was also influenced by the central processing of movement organization. The early electromyographic activities of the triceps brachii muscle were examined and discussed in relation to the production of force for initiation of movement.
Ability to Imitate Language in Kindergarten Predicts Later School Achievement
Authors: Day Kaaren C. , Day H. D.
Published: September 2011

Children's ability to repeat sentences of differing grammatical structure was determined three times during kindergarten and was associated with various measures of school achievement from Grades 1 through 4. For the total sample of 56, surprisingly high positive correlations between this verbal imitative ability and achievement occurred at all grade levels. With few exceptions and especially for language subtests, the correlations were higher for girls than for boys. Incremental validity of verbal imitative ability over a measure of intelligence was demonstrated for both boys and girls, and this imitative ability identified those children at high risk of being required to repeat a grade.
Hemispheric Asymmetries in a Signal Detection Task
Authors: Andreassi John L. , Rebert Charles S. , Larsen Ferol F.
Published: September 2011

Reaction time and signal detection performance were measured during a 78-min. vigilance task. 12 right-handed male subjects served in two experimental sessions. Subjects focused on a central fixation point and responded to signals presented at unpredictable times in one of three locations: 2.5° to right of central fixation, central, and 2.5° to the left of center. Subjects decided whether to press a response key with either the left or right hand with each presentation. Over-all vigilance performance (signal detections and response time) was similar for left and right visual-field presentations. Evidence from reaction times indicated that responses controlled by the left hemisphere were faster to a verbal stimulus (T) while reactions controlled by the right hemisphere were faster to an apparent non-verbal stimulus, an inverted T.
Measuring Creativity through Computer Graphics of Hearing-Impaired Children
Authors: Rose Susan , Waldron Manjula , Kolomyjec William
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate variables affecting visual creativity of 31 hearing-impaired children through the medium of computer graphics. These children ranged in age from 8.0 to 15.9 yr. 16 subjects attended total-communication educational programs and 15 subjects attended aural/oral classes. Each subject worked independently at a computer terminal equipped with a graphics menu developed for a subject's use. Hardcopy printouts of four images per subject were evaluated for creativity, aesthetics, and imagery. Analysis suggested that creativity among hearing-impaired children is influenced by age and communication mode used in the educational setting.
Perceived Traditionality and Nontraditionality of Career Aspirations of Black College Women
Authors: Thomas Veronica G.
Published: September 2011

132 black college women's perceptions of the traditionality and nontraditionality of their career choices were examined as a function of fear of success, delay of gratification, and risk-taking. Analysis indicated that women low in fear of success perceived their career choices to be more non-traditional than women high in fear of success. A three-way interaction of fear of success, delay of gratification, and risk-taking was noted. That is, women who were high risk-takers, high in preference for delayed gratification, and low in fear of success perceived their career aspirations to be more nontraditional than women who were low risk-takers, low in preference for delayed gratification and high in fear of success. The significance of these findings and implications for women's career aspirations and job performance are discussed.
Effects of Time and Perceptual Orientation on Actors' and Observers' Attributions
Authors: Martin Donald S. , Huang Ming-Shiunn
Published: September 2011

The actor/observer effect was examined by Storms in a 1973 study which manipulated perceptual orientation using video recordings. Storms' study was complex and some of his results equivocal. The present study attempted to recreate the perceptual reorientation effect using a simplified experimental design and an initial difference between actors and observers which was the reverse of the original effect. Female undergraduates performed a motor co-ordination task as actors while watched by observers. Each person made attributions for the actor's behaviour before and after watching a video recording of the performance. For a control group the video recording was of an unrelated variety show excerpt. Actors' initial attributions were less situational than observers'. Both actors and observers became more situational after the video replay but this effect occurred in both experimental and control groups. It was suggested the passage of time between first and second recording of attributions could account for the findings and care should be taken when interpreting Storms' (1973) study and others which did not adequately control for temporal effects.
Effect of Luminance on Perceptual Alternation of Ambiguous Patterns
Authors: Riani Massimo , Oliva Giulia Anna , Selis Giovanni , Ciurlo Giuseppe , Rossi Pietro
Published: September 2011

The perceptual alternation of the Necker cube, in its stationary phase, is studied as a function of the stimulus luminance down to the extreme condition in which the cones are completely inactivated so that the pattern of neural excitation reaching the primary visual cortex is very different from the normal one. No evident effect of luminance was found under passive observation either on the reversal rate or on the features of data distributions. Moreover, the complementary situation in which perception is based only on the cones does not affect the phenomenon either. These results permit the assumption that the perceptual alternation in its stationary phase, is a passive and automatic process, that is affected neither by a satiation of the first levels of the visual system nor by the psychological attitude of the subject consequent on dazzling the retina.
Sensory Modalities in Depth Perception by Golden Hamsters
Authors: Vauclair Jacques , Emmanuelli Edith , Etienne Ariane S.
Published: September 2011

Golden hamsters are able to detect differences in the height of a platform from which they jump, as measured by their increasing latencies prior to jumping from increased elevations. This ability is very effective when optical information is available, but it is also present when hamsters jump in total darkness. A second experiment shows that, when hamsters are placed on a real physical cliff, they preferentially use tactile information over visual information to guide their choice of the side from which to descend. In a nonvisual setting, tactile stimulation is used in conjunction with other types of cues. Evidence is provided to suggest that these cues are of an acoustical nature.
Procedural Correction to Gödel Arithmetization Procedure as the Basis for a Pattern Recognition System
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

A schema-abstraction process is presented in which is included a procedural correction to a previously published account.
Short-Term Memory for Duration of Movement
Authors: Elliott Digby , Jones Ruth
Published: September 2011

This study examined the short-term retention characteristics of temporal information about visually guided movements. Subjects attempted to recall a preselected movement of a particular duration either immediately or after an unfilled or filled retention interval. Subjects did not benefit from an opportunity to rehearse information about duration of movement over the interval. This finding supports a decay model of forgetting for temporal information about visually guided movements.
Sensed Duration of Time: Influence of Time as a Barrier
Authors: Quigley John J. , Combs Allan L. , O'Leary Nancy
Published: September 2011

This study examined the hypothesis that duration of time seems longer in situations in which time represents a barrier to a desired goal. 16 male and 20 female undergraduate students, randomly assigned to experimental and control conditions, were told that they would participate in a brief experiment. In the control condition the students were told that an assistant would arrive shortly with the questionnaires needed to begin. In the experimental condition, the experimenter appeared mildly frustrated and the students were told that the assistant was overdue. In both cases, the assistant arrived in 5 min., and the students were asked to estimate how long they had waited. Those in die experimental condition made significantly longer mean estimations than controls.
Correlates of Sensation Seeking by Heavy, Chronic Drug Users
Authors: Spotts James V. , Shontz Franklin C.
Published: September 2011

Product-moment correlations among number of drugs used and several measures of constructs related to sensation seeking were examined for four matched groups of chronic drug users and two supplementary groups of nine persons each. Number of drugs used correlated positively with all scores on the Sensation Seeking Scales, the Extraversion and Neuroticism Scales of the Eysenck Personality Inventory, and the Change Seeker Index. The pattern is consistent with the proposition that a need for stimulation or change underlies experimentation with a large number of chemical substances. The general pattern of correlations among tests resembled that reported by other investigators. The construct validity of the General Score from the Sensation Seeking Scales is enhanced by these findings. The data suggest that this score measures much the same construct as the Change Seeker Index.
Polydipsia's Contribution to Temporal Discrimination of Rats on a Fixed Interval Schedule
Authors: Cruser Linda , Klein Stephen B.
Published: September 2011

This experiment concerned the contribution of polydipsia on the temporal discrimination of rats during a fixed-interval 60-sec. schedule. In this study, the timing accuracy of 12 rats which had access to water during training was compared to that of 12 rats which had no water during training. The rats were trained for 25 sessions on an FI 60-sec. schedule. In early sessions before polydipsia was fully developed, no differences existed between the timing accuracy of the water group and no-water group. As the amount of water drunk by the water group increased as the number of sessions increased, a parallel increase was noted in the timing accuracy of the water group. In the final sessions, a significant difference was found between the timing accuracy of rats in the water group and that of those in the no-water group. It was concluded that polydipsia facilitated the development of the temporal discrimination which is characteristic of a fixed-interval 60-sec. schedule.
Listeners' Discrimination of Real and Human-Imitated Animal Sounds
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Hinzman Audrey R. , Eastham Sandra K. , Wright Tammie L. , Mills Karen J. , Bartlett Bonita S. , Summers Pamela A.
Published: September 2011

To determine if listeners can accurately distinguish between real and human-imitated animal sounds, a total of 165 recorded sounds (55 real and 110 human-imitated) of cats, cows, dogs, pigs, and sheep were randomly arranged on a master tape and presented to 30 listeners for discriminative judgments. Results indicate that, in general, listeners can accurately discriminate real from human-imitated animal sounds. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Some Elaborations on Handwriting Speed in 7- to 14-Year-Olds
Authors: Ziviani Jenny
Published: September 2011

This paper reports a test among Australian schoolchildren of earlier international findings on handwriting speed and legibility. No significant differences in speed were found on the basis of laterality, however, girls wrote faster than boys. Speed clearly increased with age. As independent skills, the abilities to write quickly and legibly were positively correlated.
Conceptual and Empirical Comparisons between Self-Consciousness and Field Dependence-Independence
Authors: Davies Martin F.
Published: September 2011

Certain similarities are noted between the constructs of self-consciousness and field dependence-independence suggesting that private self-consciousness is associated with field-independent modes of self-functioning while public self-consciousness is associated with field-dependent modes of functioning. These propositions were tested by correlating scores on the Self-consciousness Questionnaire with scores on the Embedded Figures and Rod and Frame Tests. For both male and female college students, more privately self-conscious individuals were significantly more field independent on both embedded-figures and rod-and-frame measures. Public self-consciousness, however, was not significantly associated with either measure of field dependence-independence. Discussion considered those aspects of psychological differentiation which have not been part of the self-consciousness construct or for which no relevant research exists. Suggestions were made for investigating possible links between self-consciousness/self-awareness and self-relevant features of field dependent-independent functioning.
Cognitive, Perceptual, and Personal-Social Development of Prematurely Born Preschoolers
Authors: Jacob Susan , Benedict Helen E. , Roach Jeff , Blackledge G. Louise
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine possible differences in the cognitive, perceptual, and personal-social development of prematurely and maturely born 3-yr.-olds which might foreshadow later learning problems. The subjects were 40 prematurely born graduates of a neonatal intensive care unit (birth weight < 2,500 gm, < 37 wk. gestation) matched on the pair-level with full-term controls on sex, race, post-conceptual age, and socioeconomic background. All subjects were singletons and parity was matched at the group level. No differences were found between the groups on tests of higher mental processes including the General Cognitive, Verbal, Quantitative, and Memory Scales of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities, and researcher-devised measures of problem-solving competence. No differences in parental reports of personal-social development were noted. Prematures did not perform as well as controls on perceptual performance tasks, and this difference was interpreted as reflecting relatively impaired visual-motor coordination.
Symbol Reversals, Reading Achievement, and Handedness of First Grade Students
Authors: Heydorn Bernard L.
Published: September 2011

60 boys and 55 girls in Grade 1 (and 6 to 7 yr. old) showed similar symbol reversal errors on the Jordan Left-Right Reversal Test Level 1 and reading achievement on the Gates-MacGinitie tests by handedness. These data confirm prior work.
Toward a Central-Peripheralist Model of Work Decrement
Authors: Kohl Robert M. , Roenker Daniel L. , Turner Paul E.
Published: September 2011

Payne and others, within a Hullian framework, have analytically defined reactive inhibition in terms of a negative drive occurring within the effector system. In strong support, they have demonstrated that the maintenance of work decrement is dependent upon limb, but not task, specificity. However, equally creditable research by Adams allows interpretations of inhibition based on the processing of information. These contrasting arguments are evaluated, and an initial model integrating the two is proposed.
Interrogative Suggestibility and Perceptual Motor Performance
Authors: Gudjonsson Gisli H.
Published: September 2011

This study investigates the relationship between interrogative suggestibility, as measured by the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale, and Arrow-Dot scores. The tendency of subjects (25 men and 25 women, mean age 30.2 yr.) to alter their answers once interpersonal pressure had been applied correlated significantly with poor Arrow-Dot Ego functioning.
Pre- and Posterror Responding in Serial Choice Tasks: Evidence for Trial-by-Trial Tracking
Authors: Phillips Colleen , Smith G. A. , Brewer Neil , Ryan Genevieve M.
Published: September 2011

Brewer and Smith in 1984 reported pre- and posterror RT data indicating that fast, accurate responding on a visual, four-choice RT task is mediated by a trial-by-trial tracking mechanism such as outlined by Rabbitt recently. In this study the generality of this account was examined by testing subjects on visual or vibrotactile choice-RT tasks (two-, four-, and eight-choice). The pre- and posterror RT patterns in all tasks and stimulus conditions were consistent with trial-by-trial RT tracking.
Application of Intermittent Time-Sampling to Calculations of Mean Length of Utterance
Authors: Casby Michael W.
Published: September 2011

Mean lengths of utterance in morphemes were calculated for language samples of 100 utterances, every third utterance, and every fifth utterance for 32 language samples. The resultant MLUs were then compared. A strong positive correlation was found across all three sample sizes.
Forward and Backward Continuations in Produced Number Sequences
Authors: Wiegersma S.
Published: September 2011

Forward and backward continuations were studied in a sequential number-production task. 30 psychology students produced series of 300 numbers from the set 1 to 10. Backward continuations such as ‘6,5’ occurred at least as frequently as forward continuations such as ‘5,6’. Considerable differences between both types of continuations were found for different positions on the ‘scale’ of numbers 1 to 10. Backward continuations occurred more frequently in low number positions, forward continuations occurred more frequently in high number positions. Results were discussed in terms of the associative strength and serial-position hypotheses. The latter hypothesis can better explain the data.
Some Pre- and Post-Treatment Characteristics of Cult Devotees
Authors: Spero Moshe Halevi
Published: September 2011

A summary of some test characteristics is presented. These were drawn from 51 religious cult devotees prior to and following 6 mo. of psychotherapy. Positive changes were attributed to increasing psychological differentiation.
Infants' Vocalizations as a Diagnostic Tool
Authors: Weston Alan J. , Mader Nancy T.
Published: September 2011

This article reviews the literature concerning infants' vocalizations and their relation to development of language and to diagnosis in studies of pathology. Some researchers believe that pre-speech vocalizations are reflexes, random activities that serve as practice for motor activities. Others believe they are directly related to the development of language. The literature reviewed dealing with the relationship between abnormal cries and pathology suggest a differential diagnosis of certain pathologies. Crying should be included in the collected symptoms to achieve a more accurate and comprehensive diagnosis.
A Modified Lateral Eye-Movement Measure, the Right Hemisphere and Creativity
Authors: Falcone David J. , Loder Karen
Published: September 2011

The relationship between direction of gaze and creativity was studied using a modified measure of lateral eye movement which recorded the total time of gaze rather than initial direction of gaze only. Twelve subjects were presented the Uses Test and the Remote Associates Test orally while direction of gaze was monitored. Analysis yielded a high positive correlation between left gaze and upward gaze for the Uses Test scores while directional gaze did not correlate with Remote Associates Test performance. These findings would have been obscured if the conventional method of recording lateral eye movements had been used.
Personality Characteristics Associated with Lateral Eye-Movement Patterns
Authors: Parrott C. A.
Published: September 2011

Personality determinants of characteristic trends in inferred hemispheric utilization were investigated using conjugate lateral eye movement as an index of hemispheric involvement. The Adjective Checklist provided a number of personality and cognitive-style variables. Two independent samples were assessed, a group of 54 undergraduate psychology students and a group of 39 mechanical engineering students. Subjects were classified as predominantly right-, left-, or bidirectional movers. Discriminant analyses significantly separated these groups in terms of checklist scales. Accuracy of classification was 51.9% in the psychology sample and 89.7% in the engineering sample. A bidirectional pattern in eye movement was associated with a more adaptive and well-adjusted personality style than unidirectional consistency.
Content of Waking Life Events and of Nightmare Themes
Authors: Cernovsky Zack Zdenek
Published: September 2011

Examined the relationship of incidence of 3 types of nightmare themes to incidence of specific events listed in the Social Readjustment Rating Scale and in the Life Events Inventory. The former list of events was administered to 98 and the latter to 56 part-time college students. Information on nightmares' content was available for both samples. Events and nightmare themes were retrospectively reported for the last 6 mo. No significant relationships were found between specific types of nightmare content and specific events. Persons who experienced more events of the Life Events Inventory also reported more nightmare themes, however, similar relationship was not observed for events listed in the readjustment scale.
Dyslexia: Saccadic Eye Movements
Authors: Black J. L. , Collins D. W. K. , De Roach J. N. , Zubrick S. R.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes an extensive study of the parameters of saccadic eye movement in a group of 28 poor-reading children and a comparative normally reading group of 31 children. Ages ranged from 6.0 to 16.9 yr. Poor readers had normal intelligence but were lagging by at least two years in reading ability as compared to their peer age group. Parameters studied in refixation eye movements included saccadic latency, accuracy, velocity, and acceleration, as well as differences in latency for abduct and adduct movements. Shapes of saccades were also studied. It was shown that eye-movement performance in simple saccadic refixation was not distinguishably different for poor readers and normal readers, even though in reading, which requires higher processing, eye-movement characterisics are quite different. Maturational changes for various saccadic eye-movement parameters were also examined for the normal and poor reading groups.
Intratask Integration as a Function of Age and Verbal Praise
Authors: Marisi D. Q. , Helmy D. K.
Published: September 2011

The effect of noncontingent verbal praise on the amount of learning and integration of the circular and linear movements of the rho task was examined in 6-, 11-, and 17-yr.-old boys. The 120 boys were randomly and equally divided such that one group at each age level received noncontingent praise while the other group acted as control. Analyses showed significant improvements in the circular and linear movement times for all age groups. The 6-yr.-old boys showed increasing disassociation of the two task components over trials while the correlation coefficients for the 11- and 17-yr.-old boys generally increased over trials. Noncontingent verbal praise, however, did not reliably influence performance or integration of the circular and linear movement times over the age groups.
Passage Independence in Reading Achievement Tests: A Follow-up
Authors: Lifson Steve , Scruggs Thomas E. , Bennion Karla
Published: September 2011

38 college undergraduates were administered reading-comprehension items from a major standardized achievement test with corresponding passages deleted. Analysis indicated that, after 20 years of similar research findings, highly passage-independent items still occur on major tests.
Geophysical Variables and Human Behavior: XVIII. Expected Perceptual Characteristics and Local Distributions of Close UFO Reports
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: September 2011

Although the frequent occurrences of UFORs (unidentified flying object reports) within regions of compressional deformation and the systematic variation over time between UFORs and seismic activity have been supported by empirical analyses, the mechanisms that could generate observable local phenomena have been less clear. A tectonogenic condition that includes electromagnetic (EM) characteristics is one hypothesis. Specific predictions require the delineation of local fault systems and the visualization of adjacent topography, geology and man-made structures as distributions of charge collectors, conductors, dielectrics and other EM equivalents. Extrapolations from recent laboratory experiments indicate that the major visual, kinetic and EM features of close UFORs can be explained. Since clusters of UFORs or “flap periods” are often accompanied by social concern, these extrapolations, applied cautiously, may be useful for field scientists who must predict when and where the phenomena could occur.
Children's Attitudes toward Reading and Reading Interests
Authors: Chiu Lian-Hwang
Published: September 2011

A sample of 1131 children from Grades 1 through 6 were asked about their attitudes toward reading and reading interests. Results show that (a) 70% of subjects liked reading, while 30% did not; (b) more girls than boys said that they liked reading; (c) children who liked reading also liked school, and vice versa; (d) in general, children were interested in reading books about animals, make-believe stories, mystery, people, and sports, though there were some variations between boys and girls and between younger and older children.