bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinant Factors of Purchasing Intention Toward Electric Vehicles in Indonesia
Authors: Fahmi Setiadi  , Nur Chayati
Published: February 2025

This study aims to examine things that affect the intention to buy an electric vehicle from the perspectives of theory of planned behavior, norm activation model, and frugality. The study's results reveal that attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, personal norms, and frugality directly influence the intention to buy an electric vehicle. The intenThe view of incentives, ascription of responsibility, and awareness of consequences also indirectly influence the intention to buy an electric The study's findings suggest that the government and entrepreneurs must play a significant role to hasten the transition from fossil fuel vehicles to electric energy vehicles. The government can play a role in fiscal and non-fiscal policies. The government can provide fiscal incentives to encourage the purchase of electric vehicles and accelerate SPKLU infrastructure development to make it easier for consumers to charge electric vehicles. Automotive entrepreneurs can play a role by promoting safe, comfortable, and affordable electric vehicles so that more and more people are confident to buy electric vehicles. Products for electric vehicles that prioritize the development of sustainability goals in the environmental field are crucial in persuading consumers that electric vehicles offer superior environmental solutions rather than creating new environmental issues.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CNN-ENHANCED GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR TOPOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION IN METAMATERIAL DESIGN
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Muliak Nazarii , Zdobytskyi Andriy ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lukaszewicz Andrzej ,   Bialystok University of Technology
Published: February 2025

The Combination of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Genetic Algo-
rithms (GA) provides a promising approach for topological optimization of complex lattice
structures. Lattice structures are commonly used as base in the design of high-performance
metamaterials. This paper presents a review of the effectiveness and efficiency of the CNN-GA
method. We will examine the ability of the method to generate optimal complex structures while
minimizing material usage. CNN is utilized mainly as an analysis instrument. That can evaluate and
predict key structural properties of generated lattice structures. The key purpose of the GA algorithm
is to provide diverse design configurations that will be later identified as optimal structures by CNN.
Key performance metrics include load-bearing capacity, strength-to-weight ratio, computational
time, and scalability. These key points can be utilized as tools that will evaluate the method`s
performance for a real-world application. The CNN-GA method can produce highly efficient,
lightweight structures with high performance and material economy compared to traditional
optimization techniques. Moreover, genetic algorithm random exploration techniques can reveal
unique lattice configurations and provide an option that might be overlooked by a standard
deterministic method. However, the method's effectiveness is partially constrained by its operations,
which may consume a lot of computational resources and time for a significant result. Additionally,
the accuracy of this method's prediction system is compromised by the inherent nature of the GA
generation process. This analysis highlights the method`s strengths, potential limitations, and
practical implications and provides a foundation for future research aimed at refining machine
learning-based topological optimization methods.
LINEAR RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR WITH COLLATZ TRANSFORMATION FUNCTION
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Vasylyshyn Bohdan , Kosobutskyy Petro ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: February 2025

For the first time, a statistical model of a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG)
with the Collatz transformation function is constructed and investigated in this paper. The PRNG is
implemented in the Python statistical programming environment, and the function is obtained using
the inverse transformation method. It is established that the probability integral function takes the form of a transcendental polynomial of quadratic nature, within which the range of PRNG values is justified.
SMART PARKING SYSTEM FOR LICENSE PLATE RECOGNITION BASED ON YOLO NEURAL NETWORK AND OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Vysotskyi Vladyslav , Jaworski Nazariy ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: February 2025

This paper describes a license plate recognition method, exemplified by training
and deploying a machine learning model. The study uses the YOLO (―You Only Look Once‖)
neural network architecture and optical character recognition (OCR) techniques to extract license
plate characters for real-time license plate recognition. Experimental tests, including model training, validation, and evaluation, demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods in enhancing automated access control in smart parking systems.
PRINCIPLES OF SOFTWARE AND INFORMATION FOR MODELING HYDROLOGICAL RIVER BASINS OF THE UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS
Authors:   Ukrainian National Forestry University, Kolinyk Igor , Chaskovskyy Oleh ,   Ukrainian National Forestry University, Mokrytska Olha ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Storozhuk Oleksandr ,   Ukrainian National Forestry University, Kryshtapovych Volodymyr ,   Ukrainian National Forestry University
Published: February 2025

This study addresses the information and software tools used for modeling
hydrological basins in the Ukrainian Carpathians, a region distinguished by its complex terrain and
diverse ecosystems. The research focuses on a variety of hydrological modeling software, including
HEC-HMS, SWAT, and GIS applications, which facilitate the analysis of hydrological processes
and the assessment of river runoff dynamics. Furthermore, the integration of meteorological data and
land use information is discussed to enhance the accuracy of hydrological models. The results
highlight the significance of using advanced software for understanding the impacts of climate
change, land use changes, and human activities on water resources in the region. This research aims
to provide a framework for sustainable water resource management and contribute to the
conservation of aquatic ecosystems in the Ukrainian Carpathians.
DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM FOR REAL-TIME AUDIO ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING BASED ON STM32 MICROCONTROLLER
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Holovatyy Andriy , Lukaszewicz Andrzej ,   Bialystok University of Technology, Holovata Sofia ,   Ukrainian National Forestry University, Klym Nazariy ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Kolesnyk Kostyantyn ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: February 2025

In the paper, the embedded system for real-time acquisition and processing audio
data has been developed using the STM32F407G-DISC1 Discovery kit with the STM32F407VGT6
ARM Cortex-M4 32-bit MCU. The basic modules of the STM32F4DISCOVERY kit are used for its
operation. The STM32F407VGT6 MCU I2S2 peripheral module has been configured in half-duplex
master mode to acquire PDM data from the MP45DT02 microphone. The STM32 USB peripheral
module is configured in host mode and the MSC protocol is implemented for transmitting and
receiving audio data to/from USB flash drive. The I2S3 peripheral module of the STM32F407VGT6
MCU is configured in master transmitter mode for transmitting audio data to the CS43L22 DAC.
The I2S2 DMA of the STM32F407VGT6 MCU is used to transfer data from the microphone to the
RAM buffer, which significantly relieves the CPU. The user buttons on the STM32F407G-DISC1
board are used for application control (playback or recording). The real-time audio acquisition and
processing software for STM32 MCU has been developed in C using the BSP audio driver and
PDM2PCM library.
Anti-SRP Immune-Mediated Necrotizing Myopathy and Recent Cytomegalovirus Infection: A Case Report
Authors: Sampaio Beatriz , Gomes Felisbela , Teixeira João , Leal Mafalda , Rebelo Maria
Published: February 2025

Anti-signal recognition particle immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM-SRP) is a rare, severe form of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM), marked by proximal muscle weakness, elevated creatine kinase levels, and significant muscle necrosis. This case report describes a 73-year-old woman with IMNM-SRP following a recent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, who presented with progressive proximal muscle weakness, dyspnea and dysphagia. Despite the initial severity, the patient showed substantial clinical improvement with an intensive immunosuppressive regimen, including corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, rituximab, and plasmapheresis. This case highlights the possibility of CMV as a triggering factor for IMNM-SRP, a rare association in current literature. The report emphasizes the role of early recognition and aggressive treatment in optimizing outcomes in immune-mediated necrotizing myopathies and underscores the need for further research into viral infections as potential contributors to its pathogenesis.
Description of the morphology, morphometric, and molecular of Aphelenchoides fragariae (Aphelenchida: Aphelenchoididae) causing crimp disease of strawberry in Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawati Fitrianingrum , Hidayat Sri Hendrastuti , Tondok Efi Toding , Syafutra Heriyanto , Supramana Supramana
Published: February 2025

Aphelenchoides fragariae, commonly known as strawberry crimp nematodes, primarily target the aerial parts of plants, affecting both internal and external structures. In Indonesia, where strawberries are predominantly cultivated in highland regions, the presence of strawberry crimp disease has been confirmed. Infected plants exhibit symptoms such as stunted growth, reddened foliage, crimped or curled leaves, and malformed buds and blooms. Aboveground damage caused by the nematodes includes contorted shoots, undersized leaves, and reddish petioles, often accompanied by discolored patches on the foliage. These symptoms significantly impair the growth and productivity of strawberry plants, highlighting the nematode’s potential as a serious pest in these regions. The identification of A. fragariae was achieved through a combination of morphological and molecular characterization methods. Species confirmation relied on PCR amplification of the nematode’s cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, using primers (COI F and COI R) designed in the laboratory. The amplification yielded a specific fragment of approximately 550 base pairs, which was sequenced for further analysis. Sequence alignment revealed identity levels ranging from 82.8% to 99.7%, confirming the presence of A. fragariae. The resulting sequences were deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers LC804455 (A. fragariae isolate RB) and LC804456 (A. fragariae isolate LB), providing a valuable resource for future studies on this nematode species.
The Rutherford-Harkins-Landau-Chadwick Key–I. Introduction to Nuclear Chemistry
Authors: Stávek Jirí
Published: February 2025

For organic chemistry, Kekulè ´s theory of the structure of benzene provided dramatic new clarity of understanding and a reliable guide to both analytic and synthetic studies. The field of organic chemistry developed explosively from this point. Many new models of atomic nuclei have been developed during the last hundred years, and they have advantages and disadvantages. However, no nucleus model based on unorganized structures of protons (usually depicted as red balls) and neutrons (usually depicted as blue balls) can offer a simple predictive model to describe and predict the results of fusion and fission reactions. Many experimental data in nuclear physics during the past century should be newly organized. Is it possible to discover a hidden key that opens doors to a deeper understanding of events occurring in the femtometer size scales? In our model, we propose returning to the bifurcation point in nuclear physics that Pauli and Fermi determined with their neutron and neutrino model in 1934. Based on the classical nuclei models proposed by Old Masters–Rutherford, Harkins, Landau, and Chadwick-before the year 1934, we attempt to further develop their models based on the compound neutron (the composition of proton and electron). Several basic rules for the nuclear structure were postulated, leading to a new view of the world of nuclei. The potential of this model will be documented in three interconnected papers.
AN EX POST FACTO STUDY ON DISASTER PREVENTION AND RISK REDUCTION EDUCATION IMPLEMENTATION IN SPECIAL EDUCATION SCHOOLS IN INDONESIA
Authors: Cabatay Mulina Madlangbayan , Pujaningsih Pujaningsih
Published: February 2025

Indonesia is taking proactive steps to enhance disaster resilience and safeguard its citizens through the implementation of the Satuan Pendidikan Aman Bencana (SPAB). However, in disaster contexts, children with special needs and disabilities (SEND) are frequently overlooked. To further improve SPAB implementation, this research aims to investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between the compliance-based status of disaster prevention and risk reduction education in special education schools, the challenges teachers face, and the strategies employed in teaching disaster education to children with special needs and disabilities. The study employed ex post facto research design to investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Data from interviews and brief surveys were analysed using the phi coefficient, a nonparametric tool that assesses the strength and direction of correlations between variables. The researchers collected information from twenty-three special education teachers, and thirteen school principals and public relations officers across twelve special education schools in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The results suggest that compliance-based implementation has an inverse effect on the main challenges that teachers encounter. As the quality of compliance with the specific provisions in SPAB increases, the barriers to teaching disaster education among students with special needs and disabilities decrease. However, it is important to consider that not all challenges that emerged during the implementation of disaster education were influenced by mere compliance with the SPAB provisions.
Laser-ultrasound cognitive transformation of energy and information in an electric drive
Authors: Terentiev Vladislav Evgen'evich
Published: February 2025

Energy-efficiency in contemporary electromachine technology depend on characteristics electrodrives, that requires optimization his exist and new structural elements. A model of optoelectronic electrodrive with laser-ultrasound cognitive transformation of energy and information is investigated. Model includes following basic elements: electromotor, driving a working mechanism; measuring-information complex, controlling and operating electromotor; amplifier on basis multi-modes solid laser with ultrasound quality modulator (UQML); transformer of laser pulses into voltage either current or magnetic field of electromotor. Researches dynamics of generating depend on pumping power and ultrasound intensity executioned on the rubin laser. Transition characteristic of electrodrive is defines by inertia of electromechanic elements, considerably exceed inertia of optoelectronic equipments. Inertia of electrodrive smooth out pulses of frequency-impulse energy (FIE). When estimation transition characteristic of electrodrive, take into account his inertia, FIE of laser radiation was accepted quasyconstant in time interval constant energy of pumping source and estimates alteration of rotation frequency and current force of electromotor were conducting on basic laws Kirchgof and Newton in approximation constant current by medium Matlab, Simulink. In the absence of ultrasound UQML radiates a chaotic optical impulse. By ultrasound control UQML passes into establish regime of frequency-impulse radiation. Repetition frequency of regular pulses is determination by pumping level when ultrasound power is constant, but did not depend on ultrasound frequency. Examined questions: self-regulation frequency-pulse generation, cognitive transformation of UQML; dynamics of electrodrive (ED) with UQML; equivalent powers sources of frequency-pulse and constant current; inertness ED with UQML; structure scheme of automatic ED with UQML. Self-regulation of UQML attach to increase energy-efficiency, possibility automatical of electrodrive.
Positive discrimination in the case law of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Malyshev B. V.
Published: February 2025

The study of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has shown that, in general, the ECtHR’s practice demonstrates its cautious approach to positive discrimination measures as a controversial, ambiguous issue, and one that to some extent contradicts the fundamental principle of the universality of human rights. This is the reason why the ECtHR considers positive discrimination measures primarily as a discretion of national governments, and not as a separate object of protection by the ECtHR.
The ECtHR’s case law on affirmative action is based on an attempt to strike a balance between achieving social justice and preventing new forms of discrimination. The Court recognizes the importance of affirmative action measures to remedy injustice or restrictions that are caused by the objective vulnerability of certain categories of the population or that have occurred in the past in relation to certain categories of society. At the same time, the ECtHR emphasizes that these measures must be proportionate and must not violate the rights of others.
Positive discrimination in the context of the ECtHR case law is justified only when its application is consistent with the principles of legal certainty and equality, and when it is necessary to ensure the common good. The ECtHR recognizes the need to use positive discrimination in specific situations to correct social inequality and ensure equality in various spheres of life.
The ECtHR judgment in Thlimmenos v. Greece (2000) paved the way for a more detailed interpretation of discrimination, recognizing that formal equality does not necessarily lead to substantive equality. However, the ECtHR retains certain restrictions on positive discrimination measures. Such measures must be temporary, proportionate, and should not lead to unjustified privileges for groups of the population. Positive discrimination should serve as a means of achieving real equality, not perpetuating differences.
In its case law, the ECtHR defines the limits of positive discrimination by a number of criteria: 1) Legitimate aim: Are the measures aimed at achieving a socially important goal? 2) Proportionality: Are the measures not excessive in relation to persons outside the group receiving the benefits? 3) Necessity in a democratic society: Is positive discrimination the only way to achieve the goal?
Thus, the ECtHR case law demonstrates that positive discrimination may be justified and necessary to ensure the principle of equality among all persons, as actual inequality may require the application of special measures (positive action) in favor of vulnerable groups who are discriminated against or have been oppressed in the past.
Vectors of transformation of the main functions of the state in modern conditions
Authors: Varych O. G.
Published: February 2025

The article explores the issues of modern directions of realization of the main functions of the state in the present conditions. The features of the activity of the state in the direction of ensuring the proper legal regulation of certain groups of public relations are outlined. In the process of scientific research, a functional approach is taken as a basis, which makes it possible to find out as widely as possible the question of modifying the functional purpose of the modern state under martial law.
Theoretical and legal problems of understanding and meaningful characteristics of the concept of «function of the state» are covered, where, on the one hand, their relationship with the essence of the state is emphasized, and on the other, the functions of the state are inextricably linked with society, since it is precisely such interaction that becomes the key to successful and effective implementation of them. That is why the functional purpose of the state at the present stage appears as a «way» of communication between the state and society, based on its institutional principles.
The author pays special attention to external and internal factors, under the influence of which the vectors, volumes and boundaries of the state’s implementation of its functions change.
The content of the scientific research is also associated with finding out the key spheres of public life that most require a change in the purpose, volume and boundaries of the state’s implementation of its functions. The author relates to such spheres: the sphere of preserving national security and international law and order, associated with the development of defense and security capabilities of the state, strategic relations with key foreign partners, the ability of society to quickly adapt to changes in the security environment; the scope of the rights of individuals and legal entities, which is largely associated with a temporary restriction of the constitutional rights and freedoms of man and citizen for the period of martial law; the financial sector (budget, tax, fiscal burden on business, the social component of budget policy) involves an active search for optimal tools to support the financial system, especially in conditions of martial law; sphere of social protection. Describing these areas, the author draws attention to the normative justification of changes in the directions of activity of the state and their content.
Restrictions on passive suffrage: international standards, European experience and relevance for Ukraine
Authors: Ivasiuk O. I.
Published: February 2025

The article analyses the legal nature of restrictions on passive suffrage from the perspective of international standards, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights and their relevance for Ukraine. The author examines the basic principles of international electoral law, in particular, the rules enshrined in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, UN resolutions, documents of the Council of Europe and the OSCE, which explain the general framework for imposing restrictions on the right to be elected and its admissibility.
Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, which, due to the recognition of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms as a flexible and living instrument, can carry out a dynamic and effective interpretation of its provisions. The author considers and identifies a set of necessary conditions which must be met in order to recognise the restriction of passive suffrage as compliant with the principles of the rule of law and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in particular. The author analyses the significance of historical, political and other circumstances inherent in a particular State which may serve as a justification for the application of restrictive measures, but which should be subject to periodic review by the State for their relevance.
A separate section of the article is devoted to the analysis of the socio-political situation in Ukraine today, which raises the issue of limiting passive suffrage not only on the basis of generally applicable electoral qualifications, but also with a view to protecting national sovereignty, territorial integrity of the State and its democratic order. The author briefly analyses and points out the shortcomings of the approach to restricting the right to stand for election set out in draft law No. 9081, in particular, its inconsistency with parts two and three of Article 76 of the Constitution of Ukraine, which contain exhaustive requirements for candidates for people’s deputies of Ukraine which cannot be expanded by law. The author outlines the joint position of the European Commission for Democracy through Law and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR) in their opinion on draft law No. 9081.
Ukrainian people: individuals and legal entities
Authors: Monastyrskyi M. V.
Published: February 2025

This article is devoted to the study of the concept of «Ukrainian people». The subject of the study is the physical and legal entities of the Ukrainian people. The hypothesis of the study is the thesis that the legal entities of the people of Ukraine are the bearers of sovereignty and the sole source of power in Ukraine. This thesis is called the hypothesis “A”.
It was found that the electoral legislation provides that the sole source of power in Ukraine is individual citizens (natural persons). These individuals are registered in the State Register of Voters. On the basis of this register, the state election management body, the Central Election Commission, organizes all elections and referendums in Ukraine, distributes ballots and summarizes the results of the popular will. Individuals of the Ukrainian people are the bearers of sovereignty and the sole source of power in Ukraine.
It was also found that legal entities of citizens are not registered in the State Register of Voters. All legal entities of Ukraine are registered in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, Individual Entrepreneurs and Public Organizations.
The illogicality of the idea that legal entities of Ukrainian citizens cannot be the bearers of sovereignty and the sole source of power in Ukraine is emphasized, simply because they are not included in the voter register by the state. It is argued that it is logical to assume that these legal entities are also the bearers of sovereignty and the sole source of power in Ukraine.
It has been proven that legal entities of citizens of Ukraine are legal entities of the Ukrainian people, and not of any other people. Natural persons of citizens of Ukraine and legal entities of citizens of Ukraine are one Ukrainian people.
Hypothesis “A” is tested for compliance with the real conditions of this war. It is found that the State Register of Voters was destroyed by this war and needs to be restored, while the Unified State Register of Legal Entities, Individual Entrepreneurs and Public Organizations has survived and is functioning. From this fact, it is concluded that the people remain the constitutional bearer of sovereignty and the only source of power in Ukraine during this war, namely the legal entities of the Ukrainian people, and not individual citizens, as it has always been.
The hypothesis “A” confirmed by this war means that the state of Ukraine at any moment of this war can distribute ballots to legal entities of Ukrainian citizens and the people of Ukraine will vote.
Prevention of corruption in the activities of subdivision of the MIA system аs a way of improving the quality of administrative services provided by them
Authors: Nesterenko K. O.
Published: February 2025

The article is devoted to the coverage and analysis of corruption prevention issues in the activities of the units of the MIA system that provide administrative services. It was noted that prevention of corruption remains one of the most acute and difficult problems on the path of Ukraine as an independent legal and socially oriented state and the main strategic goal of all authorities without exception. Considering the importance of this direction of state policy and information about the problems that accompany the processes of providing administrative services by units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, there was a need to research the specified problem. The article focuses on how the processes of preventing corruption in the provision of administrative services by units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are implemented in practice in today’s conditions. A number of offenses that create favorable conditions for the introduction of corruption in the police environment are highlighted. In addition, a number of factors that provoke corruption processes not only in the units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, but also in other state authorities have been singled out. The analysis of the state of implementation of the Anti-corruption program of the Ministry of Internal Affairs for 2023-2025 made it possible to identify the main groups of problematic issues raised by citizens, namely: a long wait for an appointment with the administrators of service centers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, unsatisfactory service and attitude towards customers, the visitor was unable to receive the service , it is not possible to get an electronic queue ticket otherwise. It was noted that the practice of permanent, standardized control by the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine of the relevant units should be highlighted both on the ministry’s portal and in the mass media. Such a control should refer to the following: a strict selection and selection of candidates for positions not only in the MIA of Ukraine, but also in those central organs of the executive power, the activities of which are MIA cooperation; constant monitoring of compliance with anti-corruption legislation; Mandatory response to appeals from citizens, etc. It has been proven that manifestations of corruption in the units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs represent the greatest danger for the realization of the rights of citizens in relations with the latter in the field of providing administrative services. ensuring compliance of MIA Ukraine’s activities with the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine and legislation.
Classification of liberal legal ideas
Authors: Dobroserdov A. R. , Hotsuliak Y. V.
Published: February 2025

The article analyses the criteria for classification of liberal legal ideas. The author proposes to classify legal liberalism into: State liberalism, when the principle of freedom primarily concerns the relationship between an individual and the State, his/her independence from it, and limited State interference in the private life of citizens; social liberalism, when the principle of freedom requires coordination with other fundamental principles of law, primarily equality, justice and humanism, which requires solving the problem of social class stratification; personal liberalism, when the principle of freedom establishes the sphere of privacy, opportunities for personal development and tolerance.
The author establishes that legal libertarianism is a type of legal liberalism which interprets the relationship between the principles of equality and freedom as equality of opportunity rather than social equality. The state should not interfere in personal and economic life, as freedom is capable of self-regulation and the formation of the legal order of a free society. Law should be ‘living’, based on independence and maximum freedom. The author advocates the priority of negative rights as those that correspond to human nature.
It is argued that modern liberalism is largely dependent on technology, in particular, the Internet, which is complexly regulated and the centre of the deployment of human freedom. The liberal doctrine of negative freedom, state restrictions, human rights, social equality and justice, private property and competition has moved to the global level, where any sphere of life is tested for expanding the boundaries of freedom: behaviour, worldview, self-identification, language, appearance, etc. Such liberalism can no longer be simply referred to by the preposition ‘neo’, it is global liberalism, the boundaries of which are constantly expanding.
The author proposes to classify legal liberalism according to the criterion of approaches to the organisation of democratic processes. 1. Organisational, based on the focus on governmental and non-governmental democratic institutions and institutions which, by their functional purpose, should ensure the processes of democracy and the implementation of the principle of individual and collective freedom.
2. Competitive, based on the position that individual and collective freedom develops through equal human opportunities, which in turn imposes the necessary institutions of democracy and human rights.
Directions for obtaining operational and investigative information by operatives in countering crimes committed by youth in the conditions of martial law
Authors: Babakin V. M. , Borysenko Y. D.
Published: February 2025

This article explores the vital issue of obtaining actionable operational and investigative information by law enforcement operatives to combat crimes committed by youth under the conditions of martial law. The study examines the challenges faced in implementing operational and investigative measures during wartime and outlines strategies to address these difficulties. Particular attention is given to the need for adapting operational approaches to wartime realities and strengthening coordination among operational units in combating youth crime. The authors analyze the specific dynamics of the operational environment that have emerged as a result of military actions. The article highlights the necessity of conducting systematic assessments of the operational situation, including the analysis and forecasting of crime trends within service areas. This enables the development and implementation of targeted operational and investigative measures to counteract youth crime effectively. Timely identification of new threats, both internal and external, is critical for adjusting operational tactics to martial law conditions. The study examines key methods for obtaining operationally significant information, such as confidential informants, undercover operations, strategic operational combinations, and advanced technical measures. It identifies problematic aspects of operational and investigative activities under martial law and proposes methods to overcome these challenges. The authors stress the importance of establishing robust interagency cooperation among law enforcement agencies and other relevant entities. The timely exchange of information and coordinated operational-preventive actions are essential for preventing and solving youth crimes. The article also discusses contentious issues in the field and offers recommendations for improving operational practices.
The issue of compliance with individual rights when using the results of secret investigative (search) actions
Authors: Lamakh K. T. , Kolesnyk V. A.
Published: February 2025

The article reveals scientific approaches to understanding the essence of covert investigative (detective) actions as separate and special means of activity of the investigator, detective, and prosecutor to collect evidence during the pre-trial investigation. It is pointed out that a significant number of such secret procedural actions are associated with the invasion of the sphere of personal interests of a person and allow the possibility of temporary restriction of basic human rights established by the Constitution. Today, scientists do not pay enough attention to the observance of such rights when using in evidence the secretly obtained results of the activity of the pre-trial investigation body.
Attention is drawn to the fact that temporary restrictions of a person’s rights in criminal proceedings are considered exceptional measures and are allowed only under conditions, if they are determined by the public interest and the interest of the disclosure and investigation of the crime, and their extent and duration, established with the permission of the investigating judge, must correspond to the achievement of legal goals. Limitations of constitutional rights should be aimed at establishing a reasonable compromise between public necessity and personal interests of a person.
In order to realize the legal rights of a person in criminal proceedings, it is necessary to develop an appropriate effective socio-legal mechanism, and in criminal proceedings, a procedural mechanism. The use of the results of secret procedural actions by investigators, detectives, prosecutors, and courts has certain features, but must be subject to the general principles of criminal proceedings, pre-trial investigation and trial of criminal cases. Features caused by the secrecy of procedural actions cannot violate the basic requirements of criminal justice and must have clearly defined formulations in the law. Such results can be used not only to collect or verify evidence, but also with a tactical purpose to organize and ensure the process of evidence in criminal proceedings. Taking into account the rights, freedoms or interests of a person should be attributed to the situation of conducting an investigative action and using the obtained results, regardless of the procedural status obtained by the persons.
It was concluded that the realization of the rights by each participant of the informal procedural activity consists in the real use of the benefit provided by this right and provides an opportunity to transform its legally established guarantees into actual behavior to satisfy and protect certain personal needs and interests.
Communicative competence of a lawyer as an important component of the profession
Authors: Yena I. V.
Published: February 2025

The article emphasizes the importance of developing a lawyer’s communication skills to ensure the effective provision of legal assistance, the formation of trusting relationships with clients, and successful interaction with participants in procedural relations. However, modern legal education focuses mainly on the technical aspects of law and pays insufficient attention to the development of communication skills, which creates a gap between theoretical training and practical requirements of the profession. That is why the study of a lawyer’s communicative competence, as a component of his profession, is relevant both from the point of view of professional development and to ensure the effective provision of legal assistance.
In order for a lawyer to carry out professional activities at a high professional level and be competent, he needs to have a set of basic knowledge on the basis of which professional activities will be carried out, to have social ideas about what can be done and what cannot be done, to have abilities, skills, to exert willpower, emotional effort. The article proposes to highlight such basic elements of competence as industry knowledge, practical skills, ethical and moral values, emotional and volitional component.
Based on the conducted study of the essence of communicative competence, we suggest considering it as a person’s ability to effectively interact with other people in the process of communication, taking into account the context, social norms and individual characteristics of the interlocutor.
Communicative competence plays an important role in the professional activity of a lawyer - it helps to build a relationship of trust with the client, ensures effective interaction with process participants, helps in resolving conflicts, and builds professional authority.
The author focuses attention on a number of problems in the development of communication competence of lawyers. Among them – paying insufficient attention to the formation of communicative competence in educational programs, lack of a sufficient number of practical trainings, low level of self-esteem of lawyers.
It is proposed to start solving the mentioned problems by revising approaches to the formation of communicative competences at the level of basic legal education students, and improving the communication skills of practicing lawyers is possible due to the organization and conduct of trainings and seminars, the use of simulation games, modeling of court sessions, the involvement of communication specialists in the training of lawyers, conducting psychological trainings.
Humanitarian aid: problem statement
Authors: Besedin I. O.
Published: February 2025

The article analyzes the issues related to the problems arising in the field of humanitarian assistance to Ukraine by the EU, the USA and other foreign partners of Ukraine. The author emphasizes that, given that Ukraine’s foreign policy plans include integration into the European political, economic, and legal space with a view to gaining membership in the European Union, national legislation should certainly take into account generally accepted international principles, including the basic principles of humanitarian assistance. The author defines the role played by the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine in matters related to humanitarian aid as a specially authorized central executive body for ensuring equal rights and opportunities for women and men and providing humanitarian aid. It is noted that scientific research on the selected issues is currently being actively conducted. However, such research is carried out mainly in the field of criminal law, criminal procedure and criminology. There is no comprehensive study of current issues related to the legal regime of humanitarian aid, especially in view of the introduction of martial law. This, in turn, increases the relevance and timeliness of the study. The dynamics of humanitarian assistance to Ukraine by the EU and its member states, the United States, other partner countries of Ukraine, international organizations, including the United Nations, since 2014 and its strengthening since the full-scale invasion of Russia are revealed. The reasons for the current decline in humanitarian aid and possible ways out of this crisis are outlined. The author emphasizes the need to study the following main problems in this area:

the issue of existing mechanisms for the implementation and control of humanitarian assistance in terms of identifying internal and external factors of corruption risks in the performance of relevant functions by authorized state bodies in the field of humanitarian assistance;
inconsistency of the regulatory framework of Ukraine in the field of humanitarian aid with the principles of humanitarian aid enshrined in international law;
lack of sufficient and complete legal mechanisms for implementing state control and monitoring of the procedure for recognizing cargo as humanitarian, its customs clearance, distribution and reporting;
identification of fundamental anti-corruption safeguards that should be reflected in the procedure for importing, providing, processing, distributing and monitoring the intended use of goods recognized as humanitarian aid.
Cosmic jurisdictions: quod lege naturae, moribus et consuetudine inductum est
Authors: Myklush M. I. , Marinich V. K.
Published: February 2025

The study is devoted to organizing the legal space of the Universe based on “ius naturale,” morals, and consuetudes of space activities, with the prospects for the existence of extraterrestrial intelligent beings in the Universe.
On the grounds of the results of the study, 7 natural factors and 2 technical factors are identified, the influence of which determines the spaces to which the sovereignty and jurisdiction of both states and all of humanity extend.
Based on these factors, the NMC Concept “natura, moribus et consuetudines” is proposed, according to which, due to natural and other factors, all outer space above the Earth`s surface is divided into a “domestic room” (our Solar System) and an “alien room” (outside the Solar System), the boundary between which are the Kuiper Belt and the center of the Sun.
At the same time, it is proposed to apply the principle of “Res Communis Humanitatus” to the “domestic room”, and the new principle of “Res Nullius Civitatis et Res Communis Animal Rationale” to the “alien room”.
Additionally, the authors emphasize the fact that the above factors have already formed the structure of the “domestic room” regardless of the existing intentions and suggestions, leaving the world to recognize and accept it.
Within the structure of the “domestic room”, the following two types of spaces have been formed: the “unified and sovereign spatial-territorial domains of states”, to which the exclusive jurisdiction of states extends, and “Res Communis Humanitatus”, to which generally recognized international law extends.
In these circumstances, considering all natural and technical factors, the authors take notice of the allocation of two separate layers in “Res Communis Humanitatus”: “Orbital layer” and “Ballistic space”.
The authors also propose developing a “sanitary atmospheric zone” to ensure humanity`s safety from the effects of the “X” factor.
Moreover, the authors suggest applying different principles of international regulation to the “Ballistic space,” the “Orbital layer” and the space beyond it, based on the mechanisms of “tacit consent,” “silent disapproval”, “active consent”, and “active disapproval”.
The result of this research is a draft Pact for the Cosmos.
The concept of waqf in Islamic law: nature, key features and doctrinal limitations
Authors: Pavliuk Y. V.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this article is to analyse an original concept of trust property – a waqf, which is a special religious endowment, the creation and functioning of which is governed by a system of Islamic law rules. The assets of a waqf are endowed through a voluntary and usually irrevocable donation and are directed to charitable purposes or purposes that are compliant with Islamic law.
The system of waqfs is one of the cornerstones of Islamic civilisation. The waqfs being philanthropic foundations have traditionally played a key role in the development of education, science, healthcare, and jurisprudence. From an economic perspective, a waqf can be considered as a savings and investment mechanism, where resources are not consumed, but invested in certain activities generating income.
The article describes a model of creation and functioning of a traditional waqf: a founder of a waqf (wakif) transfers property to a special manager (mutawalli) to be used for a specific purpose for the benefit of designated beneficiaries. We have analysed the principal types of waqfs – a charitable waqf (created for certain charitable purposes) and a family waqf (created to support one’s family), as well as a combined waqf, which incorporates elements of the two types.
It is established that a valid waqf must meet five conditions. First, the assets transferred to the waqf must be quantifiable property that could be sold. Second, a waqf must be established for a pious purpose, which may include charity and family support. Third, the assets transferred to a waqf must be certain and defined, which restricts, for example, the creation of a waqf in respect of future property. Fourth, a waqf must be unconditional, perpetual and irrevocable. Fifth, a waqif must have full legal capacity.
The article also analyses the doctrinal limitations for waqfs, in particular the principle of perpetual existence of waqfs, the principle of inalienability of property transferred to a waqf. Nowadays these doctrinal limitations can be overcome thanks to a more flexible interpretation of waqf requirements by some schools of Islamic law, as well as the modernisation of waqfs by borrowing concepts from the law of trusts.