bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NREM and other parasomnias
Authors: Ferri Caterina , Caletti Maria Turchese , Provini Federica
Published: June 2017

Parasomnias are a heterogeneous group of undesirable, but not always pathological, manifestations that accompany sleep. They consist in abnormal behaviors due to the inappropriate activation of cognitive processes or physiological systems such as the motor and/or autonomic nervous systems. In some cases, they can result in sleep disruption and injuries, with adverse health or psychosocial consequences for patients, bed-partners or both. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, parasomnias are distinguished on the basis of the stage of sleep in which they appear: (1) parasomnias arising from NREM (non-rapid eye movement) sleep, which include arousal disorders (confusional arousal, sleep terror, sleepwalking) and sleep-related eating disorders; (2) parasomnias associated with REM (rapid eye movement) sleep; and (3) “other parasomnias” occurring in any sleep stage (eg, sleep enuresis, exploding head syndrome). This chapter describes the NREM parasomnias and the “other parasomnias,” underlining the more recent and significant advances that have provided a better understanding of their clinical features and pathophysiology.
Sleep and the heart
Authors: Randerath Winfried J. , Javaheri Shahrokh
Published: June 2017

Heart function and sleep are closely associated. While NREM sleep reduces cardiac workload, phasic REM sleep increases sympathetic activity and cardiac vulnerability. Heart failure (HF) patients suffer from disturbed sleep due to frequent awakenings, periodic limb movements, sleep apnea, and depression. Insomnia seems to be associated with incident HF, and, when comorbid, results in a vicious circle. There is much evidence of a relationship between breathing disturbances during sleep and heart diseases. At least 50% of HF patients suffer from obstructive (OSA) or central (CSA) sleep apnea, both associated with impaired prognosis. OSA is a risk factor for arterial hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and HF. Continuous positive airway pressure devices reduce adverse cardiac events and improve outcome in severe OSA in compliant subjects. Adaptive servoventilation (ASV) is superior to other therapeutic options for CSA. However, the use of ASV is contraindicated in severe HF with reduced, but not preserved, ejection fraction.
Sleep in endocrine disorders
Authors: Steiger Axel
Published: June 2017

Related to bidirectional interaction between electrophysiological and endocrine activity during sleep, which are assessed by sleep electroencephalography (EEG) and hormone profiles, respectively, sleep changes occur frequently in endocrine disorders. In most of these disorders, sleep is impaired. Only in patients with prolactinoma is slow-wave sleep elevated. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge on sleep in disorders of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–somatotropic (HPS) systems, in hypo- and hyperthyroidism, in diabetes mellitus, in prolactinoma, in disorders related to gonadal hormones, and with regard to disturbed endocrine rhythms related to environmental influences.
Sleep disturbances in critically ill patients
Authors: Weinhouse Gerald L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter reviews the numerous reasons why critically ill patients often sleep poorly and describes the unique challenges of monitoring sleep in these patients. An inhospitable environment in the intensive care unit (ICU), care-related interruptions day and night, mechanical ventilation, numerous medications, and critical illness itself conspire to deprive these vulnerable patients of both deep NREM sleep and REM sleep. Under some conditions, sleep is so disturbed as to be almost unrecognizable by the Rechtschaffen & Kales criteria. Patients may suffer from “atypical sleep” or from “pathological wakefulness.” Patients often recall this poor sleep as one of their most stressful experiences while in the ICU. Ultimately, what may best restore good quality sleep for patients in the ICU is a multifaceted approach to creating a quiet, safe environment, combined with evidence-based management of medications, support devices, pain, and delirium and a conscious effort to set aside uninterrupted time for sleep.
Sleep and pain
Authors: Lavigne Gilles J. , Khoury Samar , Arbour Caroline , Gosselin Nadia
Published: June 2017

While sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in primary care populations, the patients with the highest rate of poor sleep complaints, including insomnia and nonrestorative sleep, are those with pain. In this chapter, a summary of the potential shared or interactive mechanisms underlying the coexistence of sleep and pain in chronic pain conditions is presented. Theoretical perspectives illustrating sleep–pain interactions are described, as well as the latest empirical evidence regarding sleep disruptions in the context of chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular disorders, headaches, and mild traumatic brain injury. Finally, multidimensional strategies for the co-management of sleep and pain are proposed and discussed.
Depression and anxiety disorders
Authors: Mackie Susan , Winkelman John W.
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses the frequent comorbidity of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders with specific sleep disorders as well as associated changes in sleep architecture and sleep quality. It includes a review of several of the most common mood and anxiety disorders that are known to be associated with abnormalities in sleep: major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and panic disorder. Changes in objective and subjective sleep parameters, including sleep architecture, sleep quality, and sleep quantity, are addressed in association with each psychiatric condition. The effects on sleep of medications used in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders are also outlined. Finally, the chapter discusses the over-representation in these psychiatric conditions of many common sleep disorders, including insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and delayed sleep phase disorder.
Fuzzy Logic in the Narrow Sense
Authors: Bělohlávek Radim , Dauben Joseph W. , Klir George J.
Published: June 2017

The chapter examines the various propositional and predicate many-valued logics that were studied prior to the emergence of the concept of a fuzzy set in the mid-1960s, which led to the genesis of fuzzy logic in broad and narrow senses. Early ideas regarding formal systems of fuzzy logic allowed for deduction from partially true premises to partially true consequences, as suggested first by Goguen in the 1960s and further developed by Pavelka in the 1970s, and these ideas were developed from the 1990s onward. The systematic development of fuzzy logics based on t-norms and their residua, pursued under the leadership of Hájek in the 1990s, is discussed in some detail. An overview is presented of fuzzy logics that are not truth-functional, such as probabilistic, possibilistic and modal fuzzy logic. The chapter concludes by reviewing relevant additional issues, such as issues of computational complexity for fuzzy logic or higher-order fuzzy logics.
Minds Without Fear
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This is an intellectual and cultural history of India during the period of British occupation. It demonstrates that this was a period of renaissance in India in which philosophy—both in the public sphere and in the Indian universities—played a central role in the emergence of a distinctively Indian modernity. This is also a history of Indian philosophy. It demonstrates how the development of a secular philosophical voice facilitated the construction of modern Indian society and the consolidation of the nationalist movement. We explore the complex role of the English language in philosophical and nationalist discourse, demonstrating both the anxieties that surrounded English, and the processes that normalized it as an Indian vernacular and academic language. We attend both to Hindu and Muslim philosophers, to public and academic intellectuals, to artists and art critics, and to national identity and nation-builidng. We also explore the complex interactions between Indian and European thought during this period, including the role of missionary teachers and study at foreign universities in the evolution of Indian philosophy. We show that this pattern of interaction, although often disparaged as “inauthentic” is continuous with the cosmopolitanism that has always characterized the intellectual life of India, and that the philosophy articulated during this period is a worthy continuation of the Indian philosophical tradition.
Introduction
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter motivates our project. We argue that is a recovery project documenting the achievements of Indian philosophy under British rule, and that anyone interested in the history of philosophy, the intellectual and cultural history of India and in intellectual life in colonial contexts should read on.
Looking Backward
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides a close reading of and commentary on Macaulay’s “Minute on Education.” It shows that he draws on the work of Ram Mohan Roy, and that this minute did not in fact define subsequent Indian education and that its role in the establishment of English has been misunderstood.
Anticipating India’s Future
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the ideas of swaraj and swadeshi and the variety of ways in which they were understood in Indian political debates in the colonial period. It also considers the ways in which these terms entered academic philosophical discourse and interacted with Vedānta thought. It discusses the Gandhi-Tagore debate about swadeshi and swaraj and the deployment of these ideas in academic philosophy and in art.
Theorizing Swaraj
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the ways that neo-Hegelian idealism entered Indian philosophical thought and interacted with neo-Vedānta and Sufi idealism. It discusses the role of Indian scholars who studied at Cambridge, Scottish missionaries often with Cambridge connections who taught philosophy in India, and the role of Cambridge in the imaginary that led to the establishment of Aligarh University.
Breaking Good
Authors: Coseru Christian
Published: June 2017

Proponents of Buddhist neuroethics argue for the need to make different aspects of moral cultivation receptive to the findings and conceptual resources of neuroscience. Given its centrality to the path, compassion holds the key to understanding how moral agency can have such profoundly transformative effects despite being conditioned by various biological, social, and psychological factors. If bodhisattvas, the iconic representations of compassionate undertaking, act compassionately because of their training and cultivation, they can benefit sentient beings habitually or spontaneously. However, how such spontaneity can guarantee that violations of conventional ethical norms (which the agent-neutral framework of Buddhist ethics allows) do not translate into detrimental outcomes is deeply mysterious. On the proposal put forward here, agency presupposes some degree of self-awareness and of concern for others, both of which, it is argued, resist its explanation in terms of impersonal causal series.
Todos Somos Cubanos
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

Chapter 1 examines racial ideology and how racial democracy works in Cuba. The revolution, throughout its decades, has reinforced the ideology of racial democracy and in doing so, has created a set of norms that guide much of the thinking and doing around race and racism in Cuba. These norms are silence regarding racism; anti-racialism; and an understanding of racism as racial prejudice, rather than systemic racism embedded in the country’s institutions. The ideology of racial democracy or racial harmony serves to legitimate the racial status quo by trivializing racial hierarchies or refuting them completely. Consequently the ideology has created, over time, standard ways of perceiving race, or racial norms. In addition to racial norms, the chapter also discusses racial categorization in Cuba and its relationship to racial ideology.
International Women's Year
Authors: Olcott Jocelyn
Published: June 2017

In June 1975, thousands of people converged on Mexico City for the United Nations (UN) conference celebrating International Women’s Year (IWY), the first of four UN women’s conferences that would eventually include those in Copenhagen (1980), Nairobi (1985), and Beijing (1995). Scholars and activists regard IWY as a watershed moment in transnational second wave feminism. Billed as the “greatest consciousness-raising event in history,” the IWY events included both an official conference, which offered an unprecedented opportunity to put women at the center of international policymaking, and a parallel nongovernmental organization (NGO) tribune, which launched a new generation of civil society organizations focused on issues related to women and gender. This book’s first part explores the history of the IWY conference. It particularly attends to the ways that geopolitical and institutional rivalries, competing ideologies, and material constraints fostered the idea of IWY, shaped the plan to hold an international conference, and resulted in the Mexico City conference serving as the year’s centerpiece. The second part follows the action in the conference and tribune, including conflicts over representation, sexuality, and human rights. The final part considers IWY’s legacies, which included the creation of enduring transnational NGO networks and far-reaching changes within the United Nations. Although the Mexico City conference is widely remembered for its failure to achieve consensus, this book demonstrates that IWY’s greatest achievements emerged from the moments that invited wide-ranging perspectives and even open conflict.
“Betty Friedan versus the Third World”
Authors: Olcott Jocelyn
Published: June 2017

This chapter centers on US feminists’ objections to the fact that a man, Mexican Attorney General Pedro Ojeda Paullada, presided over the IWY intergovernmental conference. Those more familiar with UN protocols pointed to the common practice of having the head of the host country’s delegation preside over thematic conferences, and many participants from around the world applauded the idea that men also should be concerned about women’s status. Those objecting to Ojeda Paullada’s presidency coalesced into the self-styled Feminist Caucus. The episode raised issues about which strands of feminism enjoyed legitimacy in different contexts and whether women needed separate spaces to deliberate without involvement by men.
“Other Kinds of Problems”
Authors: Olcott Jocelyn
Published: June 2017

This chapter opens with the arrival of Domitila Barrios de Chungara, a Bolivian labor activist who emerged as the standard-bearer for Third World women frustrated by US feminists’ efforts to define the IWY agenda. Although organizers of both the intergovernmental conference and the NGO tribune had hoped to put “politics” aside in order to focus on “women’s issues,” Barrios de Chungara articulated powerful reminders that the two remained inextricably intertwined. Tribune discussions returned to the question of how women’s domestic labor burdens limited women’s opportunities, although discussions frequently turned to condemnations of Augusto Pinochet’s government in Chile. Those stressing Third World concerns, whether about human rights or about subsistence labor, argued that the issues highlighted by US feminists, particularly around reproductive rights and sexual liberation, distracted from more compelling concerns.
Chaos in the Tribune
Authors: Olcott Jocelyn
Published: June 2017

As the IWY events neared their conclusion, chaos erupted in the NGO tribune when participants learned that the group representing the United Women of the Tribune, led by Betty Friedan, had attempted to represent the tribune to the intergovernmental conference. The Mexican press attributed the campaign entirely to Friedan, describing the group she “commands” as composed primarily of US women who sought to subordinate the more political concerns that preoccupied Third World women to the “secondary issues” that interested US women. A planned lunchtime forum for the United Women turned into a fracas that generated one of IWY’s most widely circulated images: an AP photograph of two women fighting over a microphone.
Epistemic adjectives: Likely and probable
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2017

This chapter investigates the (near-)synonymous relative adjectives likely and probable, starting with the hypothesis that they live on an upper- and lower-bounded ratio scale. If it is correct, then the scale in question is provably equivalent to a representation in terms of finitely additive probability. This would explain the puzzle around disjunction noted in chapter 3, and it is supported by the acceptability of ratio modifiers such as three times as likely and item-by-item consideration of ratio scale axioms (with a caveat involving connectedness). The second part of the chapter turns to a theoretical puzzle: in Kennedy’s (2007) theory, likely and probable could not be relative adjectives if their scale is bounded. However, this theory is falsified on independent grounds: among other empirical problems, relative adjectives routinely occur on bounded scales. Likely and probable provide two more counter-examples to the claim that relative adjectives are restricted to open scales.
Implications for the epistemic auxiliaries
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2017

The semantics of the adjectives places strong constraints on theories of the better-studied epistemic auxiliaries. This chapter motivates some basic connections – for instance, must asymmetrically entails likely; likely asymmetrically entails might and possible; and certain asymmetrically entails must (modulo the evidential presupposition of the latter). In addition, I present a lottery experiment showing that might has a context-sensitive meaning that is stronger than possible’s. These connections suffice to rule out the classical treatment from modal logic, as revived recently by von Fintel & Gillies (2010). It also rules out Kratzer’s (1991) theory. The probabilistic theory of Swanson (2006); Lassiter (2011, 2016) satisfies our desiderata, though, as does Swanson’s (2015) blend of the scalar semantics with Kratzer’s account. Both have access to a plausible formalization of must’s evidential component, but the latter has additional interesting features – both strengths and weaknesses – involving dualities and the treatment of so-called “epistemic ought”.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2017

This chapter summarizes the main message of the book. It briefly discusses the surprising connections between formal semantics and cognitive science that are implicit in the book’s conclusion that probabilistic and decision-theoretic concepts are deeply implicated in modal semantics.
Conservation issues around cheetahs
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main threats to the cheetah. Current dogma on cheetah conservation maintains that most protected areas are not large enough to sustain viable populations because the cheetah is wide ranging and especially vulnerable to interspecific competition. The emphasis has been on promoting coexistence with humans and in concentrating efforts outside protected areas. Here it is argued that the establishment and maintenance of large nature reserves should be the priority and that a triage approach should be applied to identifying suitable areas over a spectrum of landscapes for the conservation of ecological processes of which the cheetah is an integral part. Ecotourism and philanthropy are important aspects of conservation funding, and the divisive question of fencing needs to be addressed. Conserving cheetahs outside protected areas is most useful where this might facilitate the maintenance of corridors between functional ecosystems with all their species components.
Prologue
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

Pamela Hansford Johnson’s childhood was spent in a theatrical household in Battersea. Her grandfather had been treasurer to Sir Henry Irving, and her mother and her aunts at one time or another were all on the stage. Her father was largely absent when she was growing up since he was a Chief Railway Storekeeper on the African Gold Coast. He died when she was eleven years old. She attended a Clapham grammar school where she was an excellent student but for financial reasons was forced to leave school and take a course in shorthand-typing. While working in a West End bank for four years, she published her first novel and began to mix with a crowd of young writers. Exotically good-looking, she attracted many admirers, among them the conductor Leopold Stokowski.
Haunted by the Thirties
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

At the beginning of World War 2, Pamela, Neil, and her mother Amy moved to Laleham, a village on the Thames. Shortly thereafter, Neil joined the Army and was posted to India; and on New Year’s Day 1941 Pamela gave birth to her son Andrew Morven. While coping with rationing, the sound of bombers overhead, and the red sky of London in the Blitz, she continued to write. Her novel Winter Quarters deals with the temporary settlement of an artillery battalion in a quiet English village and is notable for her deft handling of male characters. In 1941 she reviewed enthusiastically the first of C.P. Snow’s Strangers and Brothers novels and they began exchanging letters and to meet for lunch in London. In May 1944 Pamela gave birth to her daughter Lindsay Jean.
Writing With Every Nerve
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

In the late 1940s, Pamela became an astute reader and critic of Snow’s work in progress. She learned of his working-class background in Leicester, his grammar school education and his academic success at Cambridge. As she became close emotionally to Snow, she felt increasingly estranged from Neil and began to spend less time with her husband and more time with Snow and his London literary friends, all of whom shared her belief that sterile Modernism was destroying the traditions of the English novel: social and psychological realism. Neil returned from the war unsettled and resentful of the intrusive presence of Pamela’s mother in their marriage. Despite domestic unhappiness, Pamela continued to write short stories, novels, and a well-received play, Corinth House.
Snow
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

In 1949, Pamela and Snow travelled to Venice for an international meeting of PEN. In the course of a magical week, they admitted their love for each other and Pamela returned to London determined to ask Neil for a divorce, whereupon Neil confessed that he was having an affair. After a tumultuous few months in which Snow wavered in committing himself exclusively to Pamela, they married in July 1950. Pamela had no knowledge of his complicated involvement with several other women, particularly Anne Seagrim, his long-time secretary. Pamela continued writing and published Catherine Carter, the narrative of a romance between a theatre manager modelled on Henry Irving and an actress who resembles Pamela. After the birth of her second son, Philip Snow, in 1952, the family moved to Nethergate, a seventeenth-century house in Suffolk where Pamela became increasingly lonely and unhappy due to Snow’s absence in London during the week.
Breaking Free
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

In the mid- to late 1950s, Pamela emerged as a critically acclaimed novelist, particularly after the family returned to London. In perhaps her best-known novel, The Unspeakable Skipton, she explores the life of a paranoid writer who sponges on English visitors to Bruges. The novel was hailed for its wit and sensitive depiction of the life of a writer. She also published a fine study of a London vicar martyred in marriage to a vain and selfish wife: The Humbler Creation is remarkable for its incisive and empathetic depiction of male despair. The Last Resort sealed her distinction as a brilliant novelist of domestic life in its frank depiction of male homosexuality. While continuing to publish fiction, Pamela maintained her reputation as a deft reviewer. In 1954, she and Charles travelled to the United States—the first of many trips that were to follow.
Abroad
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

In 1959, Snow delivered his famous lecture ‘Two Cultures’ in which he called for a civilized conversation between the sciences and the humanities. In response to Snow’s lecture, the well-known literary critic F.R. Leavis savagely attacked Snow not only for what he saw as simple-minded ideas but also for his lack of distinction as a novelist. Both Pamela and Snow began to feel increasingly under unfair attack—for their political support of Russian writers and for what some regarded as social climbing (for sending their son to Eton, for example). As always, Pamela continued writing and published a comic novel titled Cork Street, Next to the Hatter’s which featured a return of some characters from The Unspeakable Skipton and the beginnings of her controversial attack upon the rampant dissemination of pornography.
The Halting Shadow
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

The last years of Pamela’s life were marked by further illness but also by a remarkable dedication to work. She was hospitalized several times for respiratory illnesses, but in 1974 she published a book of autobiographical essays, Important to Me, which covered such topics as memories of her father, her relationship with Dylan Thomas, her visits to the USSR, and her friendship with other writers such as Edith Sitwell. After months of undiagnosed pain, Snow died in 1980 of a perforated ulcer and Pamela died almost one year later of congestive heart failure and respiratory illness exacerbated by having smoked since the age of fourteen. Yet characteristically she worked courageously until the very end on a novel published posthumously: A Bonfire, which similarly to her first novel deals explicitly with sexual desire. Her ashes were scattered at Stratford-upon-Avon, a place she visited every year on Shakespeare’s birthday.
Malleable Anatomies
Authors: Dacome Lucia
Published: June 2017

Malleable Anatomies examines the early stages of the practice of anatomical modelling. It investigates the ‘mania’ for anatomical displays that swept the Italian peninsula in the mid-eighteenth century, and traces the fashioning of anatomical models as important social, cultural, and political as well as medical tools. Anatomical models offered special insights into the inner body. Being coloured, soft, and malleable, they fostered anatomical knowledge in delightful ways. But how did anatomical models inscribe and mediate bodily knowledge? How did they change the way in which anatomical knowledge was created and communicated? And how did they affect the lives of those involved in their production, display, viewing, and handling? Examining the circumstances surrounding the making and early viewing of anatomical displays in Bologna, Naples, and Palermo, Malleable Anatomies addresses these questions by reconstructing how anatomical modelling developed at the intersection of medical knowledge, religious ritual, antiquarian and artistic cultures, and Grand Tour display. While doing so, it investigates the development of anatomical modelling in the context of the diverse visual and material practices that characterized the representation and display of the body. Drawing attention to the artisanal dimension of anatomical practice, and the role of women as both makers and users, it considers how anatomical models lay at the centre of a composite world of social interactions that led to the fashioning of modellers as anatomical celebrities. Moreover, it examines how anatomical displays transformed the proverbially gruesome practice of anatomy into an enthralling experience that engaged audiences’ senses and affects.
Transferring Value
Authors: Dacome Lucia
Published: June 2017

Chapter 6 turns to collectors to explore how anatomical modelling and anatomical displays were subject to processes of valorization. It examines how models had the capacity to generate and transfer value by exploring the events related to the sale of Morandi and Manzolini’s collection. In particular, the chapter reconstructs how the transferral of the anatomical collection to the palace of the Bolognese senator Girolamo Ranuzzi ended up supporting Ranuzzi’s own ambitions and commercial pursuits. It is argued that not only did anatomical models act as powerful vehicles through which their makers could be transformed into celebrities, they also became precious collectibles that could act as testimonials of their collectors’ involvement in natural inquiries and medical enterprises while, at the same time, adding value and prestige to their pursuits.
Injecting Knowledge
Authors: Dacome Lucia
Published: June 2017

Chapter 7 furthers the analysis of the role of anatomical models as cultural currencies capable of transferring value. It does so by expanding the investigation of the early stages of anatomical modelling to include a new setting. In particular, it follows the journey of the Palermitan anatomist and modeller Giuseppe Salerno and his anatomical ‘skeleton’—a specimen that represented the body’s complex web of blood vessels and was presented as the result of anatomical injections. Although Salerno was headed towards Bologna, a major centre of anatomical modelling, he ended his journey in Naples after the nobleman Raimondo di Sangro purchased the skeleton for his own cabinet of curiosities. This chapter considers the creation and viewing of an anatomical display in di Sangro’s Neapolitan Palace from a comparative perspective that highlights how geography and locality played an important part in shaping the culture of mid-eighteenth-century anatomical modelling.
The semantics of nouns
Authors: Ye Zhengdao
Published: June 2017

This introductory chapter explains the distinctive features which give the volume its coherence and uniqueness in the studies of the semantics of nouns. It explains the rationale of the volume, the importance of adopting a cross-linguistic and cross-domain perspective, and the unified framework which the contributors use for meaning analysis and meaning representation. In particular, it introduces the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) methodology, its approach to the studies of semantic content and the conceptual structure of concrete vocabulary over the last four decades, and its latest methodological developments, such as semantic molecules and semantic templates. The introduction also provides an overview of each chapter in the volume.
The semantics of standing-water places in English, French, and Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara
Authors: Bromhead Helen
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the semantics of selected words for standing-water places in English, French, and the Australian Aboriginal language Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara. It uses standing-water places as a case study to argue that languages and cultures categorize the geographic environment in diverse ways, influenced by both geography and a culture’s way of life. The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) technique of linguistic analysis is used to present semantic explications of the nouns. Furthermore, the chapter investigates the semantic nature of nouns for kinds of places, and shows how to approach the treatment of nouns for landscape within the NSM framework. The chapter finds that the meanings of landscape concepts, like those of other concepts based in the concrete world, are anchored in a human-centred perspective.
Furniture, vegetables, weapons
Authors: Goddard Cliff
Published: June 2017

This chapter deals with the semantic structure of functional collective superordinates, concentrating on three formally distinguishable classes. These can be termed ‘singular only’ (mass), e.g. furniture, cutlery; ‘plural mostly’, e.g. vegetables, cosmetics; and ‘countable’, e.g. weapons, vehicles. The chapter begins with a semantic overview, then moves to a selective review of the psycholinguistic and other cognitive science literature on superordinates. It is argued that much of this literature is flawed by the ‘All Superordinates are Taxonomic’ Fallacy. The study then presents semantic templates and explications for a sample of words from the three different formal classes just mentioned, in the process differentiating a number of semantic subclasses. A novel proposal is that the semantic structure of functional collective superordinates includes one or more hyponymic exemplars. This proposal and other semantic issues are reprised and discussed before some concluding remarks are offered.
Introduction
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

The chapter explains how the Principle of Least Action yields a unique answer to a physical problem irrespective of the frame of reference. The motivation arises from d’Alembert’s rousing words: “To someone who could grasp the Universe from a unified standpoint the entire creation would appear as a unique truth and necessity.” The requirement is that one “algorithm” can cope with all the specificity, variety, and complexity across the whole of physics. That one algorithm could ever be up to the task is made plausible by use of an allegory involving a King, the princess, and some suitors. Finally, the link with Least Action is made. Note that the terms extremal, objectivity, observer, and viewpoint are explained.
Final words
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

The Principle of Least Action has near-universal applicability, and the actual path taken by the system is the one that occurs in the flat region of the “space-of-paths.” While the Principle needs a whole book, maybe a whole library, to explain it, yet any candidate for a “TOE” (Theory of Everything) would share this feature. Teleological questions are dismissed, however the Principle can only be understood if concepts and philosophical implications are examined. It is probable that this must be done from within physics, that is, by a physicist. A comparison with economics is made. Finally, it is asked whether the Principle of Least Action is a necessary theory, that is, does it answer Einstein’s question: “[could] God … have made the world in a different way”?
Landscapes of the Cyclopes
Authors: Buxton Richard
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the interrelationship between one general and one specific feature of Greek myth. The general feature concerns mythical homonyms. The specific feature concerns the landscapes within which ancient narrators located the Cyclopes. Attempts have often been made to differentiate between types of Cyclopes: the builders, the blacksmiths, and the pastoral ogres. As notable as the differences, however, are the overlaps. In particular, one constellation of symbols is shared by the blacksmiths and the ogres: this characterizes Etna as a place where fire and liquid coalesce. For the blacksmiths, such a coalescing is what forging metal implies. For the ogres, from Euripides and Theocritus to Virgil and Ovid, Etna’s streams of fire come increasingly to serve as a symbolically significant landscape. Consideration of this question also raises interesting issues about the place of Sicily as a whole in the Greek imaginaire.
Imaginary Itineraries in the Beyond
Authors: Fowler Robert L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the contrasting conceptions of the Beyond (whether the afterlife, or the fantastic world at and beyond the fringes of our own) found in Homer, Pherecydes of Athens, and Herodotus. In Homer, the interpenetration of the two worlds is remarkable, and related both to his conception of the Beyond and his poetic aims. In Pherecydes, so far as our fragmentary evidence permits us to determine, there is no clear demarcation between the worlds, in spite of his clear cartographic and historiographic instincts; for him, history and myth are one. Herodotus has a transitional band or bands between Here and There (which, being beyond certain knowledge, he refuses to map); his extraordinary manoeuvres to determine what can and cannot be known of these border territories tell us much about his historical method.
Islands of Knowledge
Authors: Delattre Charles
Published: June 2017

Mythographic texts in the imperial age treat space as discontinuous. This is contrary to our modern idea of space, which is tied intimately to cartographical norms. In modern maps, each geographical entity is situated relative to others, obeys calculations of breadth and length, and respects proportionality rules. The space maps depict is full and continuous, standardized and precisely referenced. Space in imperial mythographic texts obeys other standards: it is a series of backdrops, made up of panels, each isolated from the next; space exists primarily to accommodate the deeds of heroes. Mythographic paragraphs chart an autonomous space which floats in a void, undefined by relationships to other enunciative spaces. Toponyms are used as cultural clusters around which a series of references are organized. Space in these texts is a cultural repertoire, emblematic of paideia, a common corpus of names, a shared landscape, before it is a geographical entity.
Serpents in the Soul
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses Dio Chrysostom’s ‘Libyan myth’, which tells of savage serpent-women who ate any man they found, until they were destroyed by Heracles; Dio explains that this myth is an allegory about destructive passions in the human soul. The chapter discusses the narrative technique with which Dio tells a story which mixes mythic and historical time; the chapter also traces the intellectual roots of the essay back to Plato and discusses what it can teach us about how myth was understood and used in antiquity. In addition, the chapter considers the relation between Dio’s myth and the scenes in the Libyan desert in Apollonius’ Argonautica and Lucan’s Civil War.
Production of geminate consonants in Russian
Authors: Dmitrieva Olga
Published: June 2017

Typology of geminate consonants demonstrates a number of contextual and manner restrictions the origin of which is not well understood. The present study examines the hypothesis that geminates are restricted to certain contexts, such as intervocalic, and certain manners of articulation, such as obstruents, because the durational differences between geminates and singletons are especially pronounced in these cases. Duration of geminates and singletons in Russian was examined in naturalistic speech and in non-words to determine the effect of contextual and manner factors. Results showed that, although the absolute duration of both geminates and singletons varied significantly under the effects of contextual and manner factors, the amount of difference between geminates and singletons remained stable. The results of this study, combined with other cross-linguistic evidence, suggest that asymmetry in the extent of geminate lengthening across contexts and manners of articulation is not a likely cause of the observed typology.
Effects of duration and phonological length of the preceding/following segments on perception of the length contrast in Japanese
Authors: Takeyasu Hajime , Giriko Mikio
Published: June 2017

This chapter assesses the influence of preceding vowel duration on the perception of singleton/geminate stops in Japanese. Through a perception experiment, it is shown that the identification of consonant length (singleton/geminate) is affected by both the physical duration and the phonological length of the preceding vowel, the former being an ‘assimilative’ effect and the latter being a ‘contrastive’ effect. The physical duration and the phonological length of the following consonant affect the identification of vowel length (short/long), but the former effect is not observable when the following consonant is perceived as geminate. Results of a production experiment also demonstrate that the effects of preceding vowel duration in speech perception are parallel to the contextual variations in preceding vowel duration in speech production.
Articulatory coordination in long and short consonants
Authors: Löfqvist Anders
Published: June 2017

This study examined interarticulator programming of lip and tongue movements in the production of single and geminate consonants in Japanese and Italian. One issue addressed is whether the traditional description of Japanese as mora-timed and Italian as syllable-timed is associated with differences in interarticulator programming at the segmental level. Native speakers of Japanese and Italian served as subjects. The linguistic material consisted of Italian and Japanese words forming minimal pairs, with a sequence of vowel-bilabial nasal-vowel, where the duration of the consonant was either long or short. Recordings were made of lip and tongue movements using a magnetometer system. The results show no evidence of any stable relative timing differences between Japanese and Italian. These findings are also very similar to the results of a study of American English. Thus, rhythm class does not appear to reliably influence the timing of lip and tongue movements.
The acquisition of long consonants in Norwegian
Authors: Payne Elinor , Post Brechtje , Garmann Nina Gram , Simonsen Hanne Gram
Published: June 2017

This study investigated the nature and acquisition of long consonants in Norwegian. By age 2;6 children already differentiate between [V:C] vs [VC:] structures in their own productions and, as with adults, do so most reliably through proportion of vowel duration in the rhyme (V/VC), the only systematic marker of the contrast. For both adults and children, the contrastiveness of vowel and consonant durations in themselves varies according to consonant manner: in sonorants both V and C duration are also contrastive, while in voiceless stops, consonant duration in itself is not contrastive. Evidence is also found for preaspiration as a possible secondary cue to long stops, and is present from the earliest stages of child speech investigated. By age 6, increasing speed and fluency in global intergestural coordination may undermine local temporal relationships already acquired at a slower speech rate, bringing about a transitional stage of apparent regression in development.
On the weight of edge geminates
Authors: Topintzi Nina , Davis Stuart
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on edge geminates (EGs), which, compared to intervocalic geminates, are rarer and potentially structurally different. An initial typology of the weight properties of EGs is presented and observations are made that may predict whether an EG patterns as heavy or light. Moreover, the relationship and possible correlations between EGs and edge consonant clusters in the languages under consideration are explored. An initial finding suggests that if EGs are unique in a language, i.e. the language lacks edge clusters, then the geminate is more likely to pattern as moraic (cf. Trukese and Pattani Malay initially and Hadhrami Arabic finally). Additionally, weightless EGs seem to co-occur with weightless clusters at the same edge. Weight asymmetries between initial and final geminates in the same language are also attested. Finally, tentative thoughts are offered as to why the typology is shaped the way it is.
Korean speakers’ perception of Japanese geminates
Authors: Kim Hyunsoon
Published: June 2017

This chapter investigates whether the grammar of a recipient language (L1) plays a role in borrowing words of a donor language (L2), by exploring Korean (L1) speakers’ perception of Japanese (L2) geminates. Eighty Seoul Korean subjects were asked to listen to Japanese words with the voiceless geminates [p:, t:, k:, s:], which are grouped as frequently and infrequently used in Korea. It was found that the Japanese geminates were mainly perceived either as the coda fricative /s/ and an onset fortis consonant or as an onset fortis with no coda. The results provide empirical evidence for an L1 grammar-driven borrowing process with the three intermediate steps of L1 perception, L1 lexicon, and L1 phonology between L2 acoustic input (= L1 input) and L1 output.
The Development of Latin Clause Structure
Authors: Danckaert Lieven
Published: June 2017

The focus of this book is Latin word order, and in particular the relative ordering of direct objects and lexical verbs (OV vs. VO), and auxiliaries and non-finite verbs (VAux vs. AuxV). One aim of the book is to offer a first detailed, corpus-based description of these two word order alternations, with special emphasis on their diachronic development in the period from ca. 200 BC until 600 AD. The corpus data reveal that some received wisdom needs to be reconsidered. For one thing, there is no evidence for any major increase in productivity of the order VO during the eight centuries under investigation. In addition, the order AuxV only becomes more frequent in clauses with a modal verb and an infinitive, not in clauses with a BE-auxiliary and a past participle. A second goal is to answer a more fundamental question about Latin syntax, namely whether or not the language is ‘configurational’, in the sense that a phrase structure grammar (with ‘higher-order constituents’ such as verb phrases) is needed to describe and analyse facts of Latin word order. Four pieces of evidence are presented which suggest that Latin is indeed a fully configurational language, despite its high degree of word order flexibility. Specifically, it is shown that there is ample evidence for the existence of a verb phrase constituent. The book thus contributes to the ongoing debate whether configurationality (phrase structure) is a language universal or not.
What is at stake
Authors: Danckaert Lieven
Published: June 2017

Starting from the observation that Latin word order is remarkably flexible, this chapter presents and compares four different approaches (non-configurational, semi-configurational, hybrid, and fully configurational) to Latin clausal syntax. It is pointed out that only fully configurational approaches can accommodate so-called higher-order constituents, like verb phrases. Next, the concept of structural ambiguity is introduced, and it is shown how the four systems mentioned make different predictions with respect to the availability of this phenomenon, and how one obtains very different descriptive results in a study on Latin word order if structural ambiguity is controlled for or it is not. The last part of the chapter provides a number of arguments that Latin has a VP constituent, and therefore that a configurational approach is on the right track. The conclusion is that in a study on Latin word order it is indeed necessary to systematically control for structural ambiguity.
Introduction
Authors: Brooks Thom , Stein Sebastian
Published: June 2017

This collection is dedicated to questions surrounding Hegel’s philosophical method and its relationship to the conclusions of his political philosophy. It contributes to the debate about the importance of a systematic context for political philosophy, and the relationship between theoretical and practical philosophy. It also engages with contemporary discussions about the shape of a rational social order and gauges the timeliness of Hegel’s way of thinking. The chapters do not approach the topic of the relationship between Hegel’s method and system with his political philosophy from the same perspective—nor do they reach the same conclusions. But they suggest that greater attention can and should be paid to how Hegel’s political philosophy relates to his larger philosophical enterprise. It is hoped that this volume will enliven a wider debate about the importance of Hegel’s system for understanding his philosophy as a fruitful site for future research.